cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Takuya Matsuura

Takuya Matsuura (born 21 December 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Júbilo Iwata.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||11||1||0||0||3||0||14||1
|-
|2009||10||0||3||0||1||0||14||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
21||1||3||0||4||0||28||1
21||1||3||0||4||0||28||1
|}

References
Júbilo Iwata

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Ryu Okada

Ryu Okada (born 10 April 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Júbilo Iwata.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2008||5||0||1||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2009||14||1||3||0||3||0||20||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
19||1||4||0||6||0||29||1
19||1||4||0||6||0||29||1
|}

References
Júbilo Iwata

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Ryohei Yamazaki

Ryohei Yamazaki (born 14 March 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Júbilo Iwata.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2008||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
6||0||0||0||2||0||8||0
6||0||0||0||2||0||8||0
|}

References
Júbilo Iwata

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Niigata Prefecture
Yohei Kurakawa

Yohei Kurakawa (born 10 August 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|Gunma Horikoshi||Prefectural Leagues||||||2||3||colspan="2"|-||2||3
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||||||2||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2003||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||||
|-
|2004||Football League||29||4||4||1||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|-
|2005||Horikoshi||Football League||25||6||3||0||colspan="2"|-||28||6
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||16||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||28||1||1||0||2||1||31||2
|-
|2008||32||1||2||0||5||0||39||1
|-
|2009||15||0||1||0||3||0||19||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
145||14||16||4||10||1||171||19
145||14||16||4||10||1||171||19
|}

References
Kashiwa Reysol 

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Koki Yonekura

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Yonekura was born in Chiba on May 17, 1988. After graduating from Yachiyo High School, he joined J1 League club JEF United Chiba in 2007. JEF was relegated to J2 League first time in the club history end of the 2009 season. From 2011, he played many matches as defensive midfielder. In 2013, he was converted to right side back. In 2014, he moved to J1 club Gamba Osaka. In 2014, Gamba won all three major title in Japan; J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup. Gamba also won the champions in the 2015 Emperor's Cup. In July 2019, he moved to his first club JEF United Chiba.

In July 2015, Yonekura was selected the Japan national team for 2015 East Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against China on August 9. He played 2 games for Japan in 2015.

Statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="7"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J1 League||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008||8||0||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|2009||16||0||3||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||23||2
|-
|2010||rowspan="4"|J1 League||12||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||5
|-
|2011||35||7||3||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||38||8
|-
|2012||22||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|2013||40||6||2||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||42||7
|-
|2014||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J1 League||21||1||4||0||9||2||colspan="2"|-||34||3
|-
|2015||31||2||4||0||1||0||10||2||46||4
|-
|2016||21||1||0||0||5||0||5||0||31||1
|-
|2017||13||0||1||0||4||0||1||0||19||0
|-
|2018||26||1||0||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|-
|2019||8||0||0||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2018||Gamba Osaka U-23||J3 League||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2019||rowspan="3"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J2 League||16||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|-
|2020||22||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||22||2
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
295||28||22||4||38||3||16||2||371||37
295||28||22||4||38||3||16||2||371||37
|}

|-
|2015||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
JEF United Chiba players
Gamba Osaka players
Gamba Osaka U-23 players
Kazushige Kirihata

Kazushige Kirihata (born 30 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References
Kashiwa Reysol 

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamanashi Prefecture
Japanese association football goalkeepers
Takahiro Takagi

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||Thespa Kusatsu||Regional Leagues||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2005||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||Thespa Kusatsu||J. League 2||48||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||50||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||47||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||47||0
|-
|2008||J. League 1||20||0||0||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|2009||Omiya Ardija||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||5||0||5||0
|-
|2010||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|2012||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
116||0||2||0||6||0||124||0
116||0||2||0||6||0||124||0
|}

References

Other websites
 Albirex Niigata, http://www.albirex.co.jp/topteam/28_takagi.html 

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Ishikawa Prefecture
Albirex Niigata players
Kazuya Kawabata

is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2004||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Rosso Kumamoto||Regional Leagues||11||2||1||0||12||2
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Football League||3||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2007||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Roasso Kumamoto||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||33||1||1||0||34||1
|-
|2009||23||0||0||0||23||0
|-
|2010||Giravanz Kitakyushu||J. League 2||||||||||||
74||3||2||0||76||3
74||3||2||0||76||3
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Ryota Takasugi

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||Machida Zelvia||Regional Leagues||13||4||colspan="2"|-||13||4
|-
|2007||rowspan="6"|Ehime||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||12||1||0||0||12||1
|-
|2008||36||0||2||0||38||0
|-
|2009||22||0||0||0||22||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||
|-
|2011||||||||||||
|-
|2012||||||||||||
83||5||2||0||85||5
83||5||2||0||85||5
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Shinsaku Mochidome

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football player.

Career

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Ehime||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||8||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2008||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2009||7||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||
16||0||0||0||16||0
16||0||0||0||16||0
|}

References

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Kenichi Ego

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Tottori||rowspan="3"|Football League||25||8||2||0||27||8
|-
|2004||28||5||2||0||30||5
|-
|2005||27||5||1||1||28||6
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Ehime||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||31||2||1||0||32||2
|-
|2007||45||1||4||0||49||1
|-
|2008||35||3||2||0||37||3
|-
|2009||5||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||
197||24||12||1||209||25
197||24||12||1||209||25
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Chaetognatha

Chaetognatha, commonly known as arrow worms, are a phylum of small predatory marine animals. They are present in huge numbers in plankton worldwide.

About 20% of the known species are benthic and can attach to algae or rocks. They are found in all marine waters from surface tropical waters and shallow tide pools to the deep sea and polar regions. Most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped, but some deep-sea species are orange. They range in size from .

Despite the huge numbers, there are only about 120 modern species in 20 genera. Some species are known to use the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin to subdue their prey.

Chaetognaths appear to have originated in the Cambrian Period. Complete body fossils have been described from China, and the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia.

These animals are usually considered a type of protostome.

References 

Minor phyla
Pepper spray

Pepper spray (also called OC spray, from Oleoresin capsicum) is a spray used for self-defence, by spraying it into an attacker's face. It makes eyes water and causes intense pain, sometimes even leading to temporary blindness. Pepper spray is an inflammatory agent. When someone is sprayed with pepper spray, their eyes will close and they will have difficulty breathing, a runny nose, and cough. The stronger the spray is, the longer the effects last, but the average full effect lasts around thirty to forty-five minutes, with longer effects lasting for hours. Pepper spray is mostly used by police forces for riot control, but in some countries people can use it for self-defence. 

The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, a chemical found in capsicums, chillis and other members of the pepper family. 

Pepper spray usually comes in canisters and can be sprayed up to twenty-five metres.

Alternate names 
 OC spray (from Oleoresin capsicum)
 Capsicum spray (Australia)

References

Capsicum
Safety
Law enforcement equipment
Roy Lichtenstein

Roy Lichtenstein (October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was an American artist. He is famous for his work in the "pop art" style around the late 1950s to early 1960s. He was friends with artist Andy Warhol.

He was born and grew up in New York City. After serving in the United States Army during World War II, he finished his education at Ohio State University and began teaching in colleges.

Lichtenstein was interested in popular culture, including comic books and advertising. He made his art about topics like these. He liked to make his art colorful and with bright lines.

Lichtenstein died of pneumonia.

References

1923 births
1997 deaths
American artists
Deaths from pneumonia
People from New York City
Pop artists
Andy Warhol
Sodor (fictional island)

Sodor is a fictional island in the Irish Sea used as the setting for The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry, and later used in the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends television series.

Fictional locations
Tomoki Suzuki

Tomoki Suzuki (born 8 June 1985) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="6"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||3||1
|-
|2004||27||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2005||20||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2006||31||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||2
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
78||2||5||1||0||0||83||3
78||2||5||1||0||0||83||3
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Yuki Kaneko

Yuki Kaneko (born 29 May 1982) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="5"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||3||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2001||8||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2002||1||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2003||1||0||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2004||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||8||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|2005||27||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|2006||19||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2007||7||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||0
74||1||12||0||11||0||1||0||98||1
74||1||12||0||11||0||1||0||98||1
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Jorge Sebastian Nunez

Jorge Sebastián Núñez (born 10 December 1986) is a former Argentine football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2006||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|}

1986 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Hiroshi Kichise

Hiroshi Kichise (born 10 July 1983) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||6||0||7||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2004||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2005||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||17||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0

|-
|2006||Albirex Niigata Singapore||S. League||15||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0

|-
|2007||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008||Gainare Tottori||Football League||22||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
57||1||3||0||6||0||66||1
15||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
72||1||4||0||6||0||82||1
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Zheng Zhi

Zheng Zhi (born 20 August 1980) is a Chinese football player. He plays for Celtic and China PR national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Shenzhen Ping'an||rowspan="2"|Jia-A League||23||3||||||||||||||23||3
|-
|2002||22||6||||||||||||||22||6
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Shenzhen Jianlibao||Jia-A League||16||3||||||||||||||16||3
|-
|2004||Super League||16||2||||||||||||||16||2
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Shandong Luneng Taishan||rowspan="2"|Super League||18||10||4||2||4||4||6||5||32||21
|-
|2006||26||21||6||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||32||22

|-
|2006/07||Charlton Athletic||Premier League||12||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||1

|-
|2007||Shandong Luneng Taishan||Super League||1||0||0||0||0||0||3||2||4||2

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Charlton Athletic||rowspan="2"|League Championship||42||7||2||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||45||9
|-
|2008/09||13||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1

|-
|2009/10||Celtic||Premier League||||||||||||||||||||
122||45||10||3||4||4||9||7||145||59
67||9||2||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||70||11
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
189||54||12||4||5||5||9||7||215||70
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||21||9
|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||5||1
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||6||1
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||49||12
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Chinese footballers
Shinya Tokuni

Shinya Tokuni (born 8 April 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2001||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Shogo Ebisawa

Shogo Ebisawa (born 29 July 1985) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2005||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||Kamatamare Sanuki||Regional Leagues||13||0||0||0||13||0
13||0||0||0||13||0
13||0||0||0||13||0
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Sportspeople from Sapporo
Michihisa Date

is a Japanese professional athlete and coach.  He is best known as an Association football or soccer player.

Club career statistics
Date retired in 1997. 

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="5"|Yamaha Motors||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|1990/91||11||1||||||0||0||11||1
|-
|1991/92||17||0||||||1||0||18||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||18||0||||||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1993||17||0||1||0||5||0||23||0
|-
|1994||Júbilo Iwata||J. League 1||25||0||1||1||0||0||26||1
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||28||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|1996||19||2||1||0||12||1||32||3
|-
|1997||13||0||2||1||0||0||15||1
166||5||6||2||18||1||190||8
166||5||6||2||18||1||190||8
|}

References

1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Dejan Petković

Dejan Petković (born 10 September 1972) is a Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Radnički Niš||rowspan="3"|First League||2||0
|-
|1989/90||17||7
|-
|1990/91||17||0
|-
|1991/92||Red Star Belgrade||First League||23||10

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Red Star Belgrade||rowspan="4"|First League||26||5
|-
|1993/94||29||10
|-
|1994/95||26||8
|-
|1995/96||12||6

|-
|1995/96||Real Madrid||La Liga||3||0
|-
|1995/96||Sevilla||La Liga||8||1
|-
|1996/97||Real Madrid||La Liga||2||0
|-
|1996/97||Racing Santander||La Liga||9||0

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Vitória||rowspan="3"|Série A||8||2
|-
|1998||21||14
|-
|1999||0||0

|-
|1999/00||Venezia||Serie A||13||1

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||23||14
|-
|2001||21||4
|-
|2002||Vasco da Gama||Série A||19||2

|-
|2003||Shanghai Shenhua||Jia-A League||22||7

|-
|2004||Vasco da Gama||Série A||36||18

|-
|2004/05||Al-Ittihad Jeddah||Professional League||0||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Fluminense||rowspan="2"|Série A||20||6
|-
|2006||19||5
|-
|2007||Goiás||Série A||2||0
|-
|2007||Santos||Série A||21||1
|-
|2008||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||27||4
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||23||8
|-
|2010||||
59||17
93||29
22||1
230||78
13||1
22||7
0||0
439||133
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||5||1
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
!Total||6||1
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
Serbian footballers
Tweenies

The Tweenies is an British TV show for children shown on the Nickelodeon in the United States and BBC in the United Kingdom. The show is set in a preschool attended by the four Tweenies: Milo, Jake, Bella and Fizz, also with two adults Max and Judy, and two dogs, Doodles and Izzles. The theme song is "Hey, hey, are you ready to play". It was first shown on September 6, 1999. It is made by Tell-Tale Productions and Nick Jr. Productions. Hit songs from the show include "I Believe In Christmas", "Number 1" which went into the Top 10, "Best Friends Forever", "Do The Lollipop", "Have Fun, Go Mad!" which went into the Top 20. They also have a number 56 hit album and a number 34 hit Christmas album. Video games include an action game by BBC Multimedia/Tell-Tale called "Tweenies: Doodles' Bones" which was released in 2005 and a compilation game by BBC Multimedia/Various called "Tweenies: Game Time"  which was released in 2003.

Awards

References

Other websites
 
 

Children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
BBC Television programmes
English-language television programs
1999 television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
Pavel Eljanov

Pavel Eljanov (born 1983) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.
 
Eljanov's most notable tournament result to date was winning Corus B tournament 2007 in Wijk aan Zee, Holland with a score of 9/13. This result enabled him to qualify for the category 20 tournament Corus A 2008.

On the September 2010 FIDE rating list, Eljanov had a rating of 2761, making him number 1 in Ukraine and number 6 in the world. His results in the Russian premier league had been exceptional. Since then he has slipped to #21.

Ukrainian chess players
1983 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Lactase

Lactase is an enzyme which acts on lactose, breaking it down so it can be digested. 

Mammals in their infancy usually make lactase: they need it for digesting the lactose found in their mother's milk. Mammalian adults usually lose the capacity to produce lactase. Thus, if you give milk to an adult cat it causes discomfort and diarrhea.

Lactase evolution in humans 
Humans are somewhat different. Some humans continue to produce lactase, and some do not. It is a type of polymorphism.

The ability to digest lactose into adulthood ('lactase persistence') was useful to humans after the development of animal husbandry. This created a system providing a consistent supply of milk. 

Hunter-gatherer populations before the Neolithic revolution were overwhelmingly lactose intolerant. So are modern hunter-gatherers.

Genetics 
A mutation on chromosome #2 stops the shutdown in lactase production, making it possible for those with the mutation to continue drinking fresh milk (and eating other dairy products) throughout their lives.

This appears to be a recent adaptation to dairy consumption. It has occurred independently in both northern Europe and East Africa in populations with a pastoral lifestyle. Lactase persistence, allowing lactose digestion to continue into adulthood, is a dominant allele, making lactose intolerance a recessive trait. 

Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence only reached appreciable levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. Therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.

Related pages 
 Lactose intolerance

References 

Genetics
Enzymes
Evolutionary biology
Tanduay

Tanduay Rhum is an alcoholic drink from the Philippines. It is produced by Tanduay Distillers Inc., and with origins dating from 1854.

References

Other websites
Tanduay's official website

1854 establishments
Alcoholic spirits
Companies of the Philippines
1850s establishments in Asia
Establishments in the Philippines
Asia Brewery

Asia Brewery is a brewery founded in 1982 in Makati City, the Philippines. It is one of only two breweries in the Philippines, and is the smaller of the two, with only 10% market share. It is owned by Lucio Tan, listed by Forbes Magazine as the second richest Filipino in the Philippines, with assets worth $1.5 billion.

Products

It produces malt beverages like beer, shandy, iced tea, bottled water and carbonated soft drinks. Its sister company Tanduay Distillers, Inc. produces hard liquor. It somewhat mimics the structure of its bigger rival San Miguel Corporation, except that ABI has no food and agribusiness divisions.

It offers eight beers in the Philippines with its flagship brand Beer na Beer launched in 1988 as Beer Pale Pilsen. It changed its name to Beer na Beer after lawsuits by other breweries using the term pale pilsen. In 2001, Beer na Beer was reformulated and now has 6.0% alcohol volume.

ABI's seven other beers are sold on a somewhat limited scale, but its Colt 45 brand, launched in 1995, is the biggest among them. This malt liquor's biggest competitor is Red Horse Extra Strong from San Miguel. ABI's other licensed brands are Carlsberg (the brewery's first beer in 1987), Lone Star (launched in 2000), Lone Star Light (2002), Colt Ice (2003), Lone Star ULTRA (the country's first low-carb beer, launched in 2004, Stag (either cancelled or it's just hard to find in the country), and Coors (2008).

The company also offers Absolute distilled drinking water, the second biggest-selling bottled water brand in the market behind SMC's Wilkins, and Summit mineral water. They are both launched in 1992.

In 1995, Q Shandy was launched to compete with SMC's Cali. In 1999, Pacific Sun iced tea was launched. In 2009, Asia Brewery introduced Feelgood, the first juice drink in the Philippines to contain prebiotics. 

Asia Brewery entered the low-priced carbonated soft drinks market by acquiring a license to produce Virgin Cola from Virgin Drinks. They are responsible in distributing products such as Summit Vitaminwater, ZeroCal and 100Plus.

In 2008, Asia Brewery partnered with Cobra International Beverage Holdings, Inc. introduced the Philippine version of Cobra Energy Drink, is the ready-to-drink energy drink now in the Philippine market.

Related pages
 List of Philippine companies
 ABI's Main Competitor, San Miguel Corporation

References

Other websites
 Asia Brewery Official Website

Companies of the Philippines
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in the Philippines
Ginebra San Miguel

Ginebra San Miguel, Inc. (GSMI) is a Philippines-based alcoholic drink company. It is owned by San Miguel Corporation, then called La Tondeňa Distillers, Inc. (LTDI) from 1987 to 2003.  Founded originally by the late Carlos Palanca, Sr. as La Tondeña, Inc. (LTI) in 1902 in the district of Tondo, Manila (where its name come from), it manufactures a range of products and carries packaging innovations that satisfy the needs of its target consumers. Its main product is hard liquor.

Other websites
Ginebra San Miguel official website 
San Miguel Corporation

Companies of the Philippines
1902 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in the Philippines
Fox (Asia)

Fox was a Asian pay television channel,] It was owned and operated by Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific, a compsny owned by Disney International Operations.

The network operated six subnetworks. All of them were named as Fox. It had one feed for East Asia and individual feeds for Japan, Thailand, The Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. All of the networks had programming with the original English audio along with either subtitling or second audio feeds in each nation's main language. It also had a deal with Tcast until the end of 2020 for a version of Fox in South Korea.

History 
In Japan, the channel launched in February 1998. Other Fox channels such as Fox Crime and Fox Life (now FOX bs238) also launched at that time.

In Asia, the channel began testing in December 2009. It broadcast US TV series on loop. The first Asian provider who carried Fox was SkyCable. This was in the Philippines. It launched the channel on 4 January 2010. Next was StarHub TV in Singapore on 1 February 2010. 

Fox Taiwan was officially launched on 1 September 2012, as FOX Showbiz (). It replaced Channel V Taiwan. They broadcast Asian programming and some of American series reruns with Chinese subtitles. The feed was renamed Fox in January 2014 and broadcast both local and foreign programmes.

In 2020, Tcast announced that it had ended its license agreement with Disney's domestic division. It changed the name of its channels after 31 December 2020. Fox in South Korea then became Ch.NOW (채널 나우).

On 31 August 2021, the Fox Networks Group channels ended operations in Hong Kong. The entire group of Fox networks in Asia ended operations on 30 September 2021. This did not include networks in Taiwan and Japan. Its content transferred to Disney+ and Hotstar.

On 1 January 2022, Fox Taiwan was renamed to Star World. This marked the return of Star World in Taiwan.

References

Other websites
 Official Site Fox Asia 
 Fox Asia in YouTube
 Official Site Fox Japan 

Television channels in Asia

Fox Broadcasting Company
1998 establishments in Asia
2021 disestablishments
WarnerTV

For the similar Indian channel, see WB Channel.

Warner Channel (often shortened to WBTV) is an Asian and Latin American TV channel owned by HBO (along with company Warner Bros.) that focuses on airing American-made series and films. Most of the shows air in their original English language audio with subtitles in different languages.

WarnerTV headquarters are located in Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, Singapore and Malaysia, however the broadcasting is based in Miami.

Other websites
Official Website (Spanish and  Portuguese)
Official Website (Chinese, Malay language and Indonesian) 

Time Warner subsidiaries
Miami, Florida
All Sports Network

All Sports Network is an Asian sports television channel. It covers some of the biggest sports in the United States and other events from around the world. Some of these sports are the U.S. National Football League (up to 4 live games per week), the National Hockey League (up to 5 live games per week), and NCAA college basketball and football. They also cover motor sports (such as Formula Drift, Touring Car, GT racing), Extreme sports, Pro Bull Riding, and UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship).

References

Other websites
 Official Site 

Sport in Hong Kong
Television channels in Asia
Sports media
RHTV

DZRH Television or RHTV is a 24-hour cable television channel of Manila Broadcasting Company in the Philippines. Its programs are mainly from MBC's AM station DZRH. DZRH-TV can be seen on Cignal Digital TV channel 30, Cablelink channel 9, and 54 cable TV affiliates nationwide, as well as live internet TV streaming on their official website.

History
On October 1, 2008 DZRH-TV began as an Interactive Radio/Cable TV channel. It was first seen on SkyCable, later on Dream Satellite TV & other cable TV Channels nationwide with 300 cable affiliates. It was first called TV Natin, then DZRH RadyoVision. It was later changed to DZRH Television or RHTV. RHTV is now available in satellite Measat 3 platform along with other MBC Radio stations.

Programming
RHTV airs the live video feed of DZRH programs, except Ang Dating Daan and selected radio dramas. RHTV also airs its produced programs.

RHTV on Cable Television

- With 300 cable affiliates nationwide.

Channels internationals on satellite.

Related pages
Manila Broadcasting Company
DZRH
DZRH-TV
DZMM TeleRadyo

References

Other websites
Official Website 

Companies of the Philippines
Television channels in Asia
2008 establishments in Asia
Discovery Channel (South East Asian TV channel)

Discovery Channel (formerly The Discovery Channel) is an Asian satellite and cable TV channel which provides documentary programming. Its documentaries focused mainly on popular science, technology, history and culture, similar to that of the National Geographic Channel and History.

It is owned and operated by Discovery Networks Asia, a division of Discovery Communications. Discovery Channel SE Asia now divided into two channel feeds.

Operating Channels
 Discovery Channel SE Asia
 Discovery Channel Philippines - same with the Asian feed including the schedule, but different in advertising.

Other websites
 
 Discovery Asia 

Television channels in Asia
Singaporean culture
1995 establishments in Asia
National Geographic Channel (Asia)

The National Geographic Channel, also known as Nat Geo, is an Asian subscription television channel. It has non-fiction, programming involving nature, science, culture, and history. These programs are made by the National Geographic Society, just like History and the Discovery Channel.

The channel was launched on August 1, 1994 in partnership with STAR TV. Star TV is a Hong Kong-based satelite television service for Asia and the Pacific. It is owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. Nat Geo replaced the NBC Asia channel on July 1, 1998. , the Asian version of National Geographic Channel was available in over 56 million homes. NGC Asia has eight different channels feeds.

Operating Channels
 National Geographic Channel Asia - This channel has a bilingual feed with English and Cantonese in selected programs only.
 National Geographic Channel India - This channel has a bilingual feed with English and Hindi in selected programs only.
 National Geographic Channel Korea - With Korean subtitles.
 National Geographic Channel Japan - This channel has a bilingual feed with English and Japanese in selected programs only.
 National Geographic Channel MENA - Simulcast from NGC Asia from 11:00 P.M. to 5:00 A.M. HK Time.
 National Geographic Channel Philippines - Same with Asia feed with local advertisement.
 National Geographic Channel Taiwan - With Traditional Chinese subtitles.
 National Geographic Channel Israel - With Hebrew subtitles.
 National Geographic Channel HD Asia

Related pages
 National Geographic Channel

References

Other websites
 National Geographic Channel Asia 
 National Geographic Channel Hong Kong 
 National Geographic Channel Taiwan 
 National Geographic Channel Korea
 National Geographic Channel India 
 National Geographic Channel Middle East
 National Geographic Channel Japan
 National Geographic Channel China 
 National Geographic Channel Israel

Television channels in Asia
News Corporation
1994 establishments in Asia
Disney companies
Gifted education

Gifted education is a term for special ways to educate (teach) children who have been identified as gifted. There is no definition of a gifted student which everyone agrees on.

Gifted and talented education has a long history of thousands of years. Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BCE) was in favour of providing specialized education for intellectually gifted young men and women. In China's Tang Dynasty (580-618 CE), child prodigies were summoned to the imperial court for specialized education. Throughout the Renaissance, those who showed creative talent in art, architecture, and literature were supported by both the government and private patronage.

In 2011, the National Association for Gifted Children published a position paper that stated what a gifted student is. The word "gifted," describes people who demonstrate outstanding aptitude or competence in one or more domains. An "aptitude" is defined as an exceptional ability to learn or reason. "Competence" is defined as documented performance or achievement in the top 10 percent of the population.

References 

Giftedness
Sport England

Sport England is the name for the English Sports Council.  It is a non-departmental public body under the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. It works with national governing bodies of sport to grow the number of people in sports. Their goal is to keep these people in the sports. Sport England also helps more talented people do well by identifying them early, nurturing them, and helping them move up to the top level.

Sport England has two statutory, functions: (1) a lottery distributor for sport; and (2) it must be consulted on planning applications that affect playing fields. The funding it distributes comes from both H.M. Treasury and the National Lottery. Since 1994, it has invested over £2bn of lottery funds and £300 million from the Exchequer into sports in England.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Sport in England
Manic Street Preachers

Manic Street Preachers (often referred to as the Manics) are an alternative rock band from Blackwood, Wales, formed in 1986. They are James Dean Bradfield (vocals, guitars), Nicky Wire (bass, occasional vocals) and Sean Moore (drums, backing vocals, occasional trumpet). The band is part of the Cardiff music scene. Their biggest success was during the 1990s.

The band were originally a four piece band: lyricist and rhythm guitarist Richey Edwards mysteriously vanished on 1 February 1995. In November 2008, 13 years after his disappearance, he was officially declared presumed dead.

The Manics released their debut album Generation Terrorists in 1992. Their combination of androgynous glam punk imagery, outspoken
invective and songs about "culture, alienation, boredom and despair" soon gained them a loyal following and cult status. The band's later albums kept a politicized and smart lyrical style. They also adopted a broader alternative rock sound. Enigmatic lyricist Richey Edwards gained early notoriety by carving the words "4 REAL" into his arm with a razor blade (narrowly missing an artery and requiring seventeen stitches) in response to the suggestion that the band were less than authentic. The dark nature of 1994's The Holy Bible showed the result of Edwards' instability.

Following Edwards' disappearance, Bradfield, Moore, and Wire kept with the Manic Street Preachers and went on to gain critical and commercial success. They became one of Britain's top rock bands. They have had eight top ten albums and fifteen top ten singles. They have reached number one three times, with their 1998 album This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours and the singles "If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next" (1998) and "The Masses Against The Classes" (2000). They have also won the Best British Album and Best British Group accolades at the BRIT Awards in 1997 and 1999, and were lauded by the NME for their lifetime achievements in 2008. Their ninth studio album, Journal For Plague Lovers, was released on 18 May 2009 and features lyrics Edwards had left behind to the band weeks before his disappearance.
In 2010 their tenth album Postcards from a Young Man was released. Their eleventh album Rewind the Film was released on 16 September 2013. Their next album Futurology is going to be released in 2014.

References

Other websites

 
 
Manic Street Preachers biography from BBC Wales
MspPedia, a comprehensive Manic Street Preachers wiki and archive 

1986 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Musical groups established in 1986
Welsh rock bands
20th-century establishments in Wales
Turnstile

A turnstile, also called a baffle gate, is a type of gate. It only allows one person to pass at a time.  It can also be made so as to make one-way traffic of people. It can also make passage only to people who put in a coin, a ticket, a pass, or similar. A turnstile can be used for paid access (sometimes called a faregate when used for this). For example, it can be used in public transport as a ticket barrier or at a pay toilet. 

Turnstiles are used at a variety of places. This includes stadiums, amusement parks, museums, and mass transit stations.

Other websites 

Page showing various designs of turnstiles in the history of the New York subway system.

Gates
Toroid (geometry)

A toroid is a geometric shape that resembles a torus. A toroid is constructed by rotating a geometrical shape around an axis which is outside the shape. If this is done to a circle, a torus results.

Shapes
Ashburys railway station

Ashburys railway station in Openshaw serves Beswick and West Gorton in Manchester, England. It is located on the Manchester-Glossop Line at its junction with the branch line to  and  and the freight-only line to Phillips Park Junction (on the Huddersfield Line).

Other websites 

Railway stations in England
1855 establishments in Europe
1850s establishments in England
Regional casino

A Regional Casino, more commonly known as a Super Casino (or occasionally known as Mega Casino), is the term given to the largest category of casino that was to have been permitted under UK law. It is meant to be the same size as the larger casinos in Las Vegas. The first Regional Casino was proposed to be in the City of Manchester. This was stopped by the UK government soon after Gordon Brown became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

History 
The Gambling Act 2005 revised many regulations relating to gambling in England. Amongst the most controversial provisions was the establishment of  a number of 'destination casinos' in the style of Las Vegas, commonly referred to in the media as 'Super Casinos'

Initial drafts of the act proposed eight regional casinos but concerns expressed in the national media and by a range of addiction related social and religious groups meant that the final revision of the act permitted only one casino of the largest size, referred to as a 'Regional Casino', with a further eight 'large' and eight 'small' casinos of a smaller sizes and with reduced Jackpot limits.

Prior to the act there were 140 casinos in the UK, the largest of which in Star City, Birmingham had a floor area of around 950 square metres. Customers were required to register twenty-four hours prior to gaming.

Definition of casino types 
Under the terms of the Gambling Act the Secretary of State is able to define each type of Casino, with reference to any matter he or she chooses; although the act specifically mentions as facts to consider the number, location and concentration of gaming tables, and the floor area designated for a specific purpose.

Definitions have been determined such that the 'super casino' will have a minimum customer area of 5000 square metres and at most 1250 unlimited-jackpot slot machines.

'Large casinos' will have a minimum area of 1000 square metres and up to 150 slot machines with a maximum jackpot of £4000.

The 'small casinos' will have a minimum customer area of 750 sq metres, up to 80 slot machines and a jackpot of £4000.

The shortlist 
In May 2006, a short-list of eight sites, selected from various ones submitted by local councils, was announced for the location of the Regional Casino. These were:
 Wembley Stadium, Brent, London (which removed itself from consideration prior to the decision being made)
 The O2, Greenwich, London
 Cardiff
 Blackpool
 Eastlands, Manchester
 Newcastle
 Bramall Lane, East End (Don Valley Stadium) or Meadowhall, Sheffield
 Glasgow Many sites were put forward; including Ibrox Park

On 30 January 2007 it was announced that the first Regional Casino would be built in East Manchester near the City of Manchester Stadium. This was a shock to the Blackpool and The O2 (formerly the Millennium Dome) bids. Both of them were thought of as the favourites.  However, the Blackpool bid organisers pledged to continue the work in getting government approval for a 'supercasino'.

References

Other websites 
 Text of the Gambling Act, 2005
 Casino Advisory Panel Announcemenet of the Super Casino Venue 

Gambling
Royal Institute of British Architects

The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional organisation for architects in the United Kingdom.

It was originally named the Institute of British Architects in London and formed in 1834. The group was started by several important architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, John Buonarotti Papworth and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. It was awarded a Royal Charter in 1837, becoming the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892.

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are allowed to call themselves chartered architects and to add the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. In the past, fellowships of the institute were given, but this has stopped; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the exhibition galleries and Library. It has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events.

References

Bibliography 
 H.M. Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 (1997) 
 Charles Read, "Earl de Grey" (2007)

Other websites 
 RIBA
 RIBA Library  Books, photographs, drawings and archives
 RIBApix Images from the RIBA Library collections
 Register of Architects (ARB) 

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Institution of Structural Engineers

The Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) is an organisation for structural engineering based in the United Kingdom. It has 23,600 members in 105 countries. The Institution is a learned body and provider of professional accreditation for structural engineers. The Institution publishes a monthly journal, The Structural Engineer.

References

Other websites
www.istructe.org – Official website
www.istructe.ie  – Republic of Ireland Branch website
Structural Awards 07

Organisations based in London
Bahrain International Circuit

The Bahrain International Circuit (BIC) is a motorsport track opened in 2004 and used for auto racing. The main race is the Bahrain Grand Prix. The 2004 Grand Prix was the first held in the Middle East. In 2006, Australian V8 Supercar started racing at the BIC. 24 Hour endurance races also hosted at BIC.

History 
Building the Bahrain circuit (track) was important for Bahrain, and was started by the Crown Prince, Shaikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa. The Crown Prince is the Honorary President of the Bahrain Motor Federation.

In  the track became the first Grand Prix circuit to be awarded the distinguished (important) FIA Institute Centre of Excellence award. The award was given for having and keeping high race safety and medical facilities.

Construction and design 
The track was designed by German architect Hermann Tilke. Tilke also designed the Sepang circuit in Malaysia.  The track cost approximately US $150 million to build. It can be set-up as six different tracks, including a test oval and a drag strip.

The track had a special problem. The track was located in the middle of a desert. There were concerns that sand would blow onto the track and disrupt the race. Organizers (the people who run the race) were able to keep the sand off the track by spraying an adhesive (glue) on the sand around the track.

The surface of the track has a high level of grip.  The same surface is used at the Yas Marina Circuit for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.

Layouts

Facilities

Series hosted 
The Bahrain International Circuit hosts a number of races, including the FIA Formula One World Championship, the Australian V8 Supercar Championship Series, the GP2 Series, GP2 Asia, Chevrolet Lumina Series, Speedcar Series, Thunder Arabia and Radical.

In the past the track has hosted the FIA GT Championship, and a one-time Bahrain Superprix involving Formula Three cars, following from the failure of the Korea Super Prix. The first Formula BMW World Final took place in Bahrain. Every year there is the 24 Hours of Bahrain race.

Bahrain Grand Prix 

The first Bahrain Grand Prix took place on 4 April 2004, making history as the first Formula One Grand Prix to be held in the Middle East. Other countries, including Egypt, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates wanted to host the Formula One Grand Prix.

The Bahrain Grand Prix is usually the third race on the Formula One schedule. In the 2006 season, Bahrain traded places with the usual first race, the Australian Grand Prix. The Australian Grand Prix date was changed to avoid interfering with the Commonwealth Games. In , Bahrain was moved to the fourth race on the schedule. In , Bahrain was the first race of the season. For 2010, the Formula One cars raced on the full  "Endurance Circuit".

Starting in 2011, Formula One will return to the original track layout. This is the layout that was used in 2004.

References

Other websites 

 Bahrain International Circuit
 Circuit info from official F1 site
 Bahrain International Circuit's Webcast

Formula One circuits
Sport in Bahrain
Buildings and structures in Bahrain
2004 establishments in Asia
Phase 10

Phase 10 is a card game for people to play, somewhat similar to Uno, or Skip-Bo.

Card games
Muharraq Governorate

The Muharraq Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It is together with the municipality of Al Muharraq and with Muharraq Island and with outlying islets. It includes the former municipality of Al Hadd at the southern end of that island. 

Muharraq is Bahrain's second largest city and is also called the "Place of Ashes".

Governorates of Bahrain
1997 Qayen earthquake

The 1997 Qayen earthquake was a large earthquake that struck in Northern Iran's Khorasan Province on May 10, 1997. It was also known as the Quayen, Ardekul or Qaen earthquake. It was the largest in that area since 1990 and measured 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale. It was the third earthquake in 1997 that caused a lot of damage. It killed 1,567 people and injured over 2,300. It also left 50,000 homeless by damaging over 15,000 homes. There were 155 aftershocks that added to the damage, which was guessed to cost about $100 million.

The United States Geological Survey said that it was the most deadly earthquake in 1997.

References 

1997 in Asia
Earthquakes in the 1990s
20th century in Iran
Earthquakes in Asia