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Potassium manganate

Potassium manganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2MnO4. It contains potassium and manganate ions.

Properties
Potassium manganate is a green solid. It can disproportionate into potassium permanganate and manganese(IV) oxide. This happens in acidic pH. This reaction, because of its color change, is known as a "chemical chameleon".

Preparation
It is made by reacting manganese(IV) oxide with very hot potassium hydroxide. Sometimes oxygen or potassium nitrate is used as the oxidizing agent. This makes potassium manganate. Normally the potassium manganate is converted to potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is more common. Potassium iodide can reduce potassium permanganate to potassium manganate. It can also be made by reacting hot potassium permanganate with potassium hydroxide. This makes oxygen and potassium manganate.

Uses
Potassium manganate does not have many uses. It is mainly made when potassium permanganate is made.

Safety
Potassium manganate is a moderate oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it can made black or brown stains on glass, clothing, or skin.

Related pages
Permanganate
Manganese(VII) oxide

Potassium compounds
Manganese compounds
Manganates
Sodium manganate

Sodium manganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2MnO4. It contains sodium and manganate ions. It is a bright green solid. It cannot be made by reacting manganese dioxide with sodium hydroxide, like potassium manganate is made. It is made by reacting hot sodium hydroxide with sodium permanganate. This releases oxygen and makes sodium manganate. It is more expensive than potassium manganate because it is harder to make.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(VII) oxide
Potassium permanganate

Sodium compounds
Manganese compounds
Manganates
Hypomanganate

Hypomanganate is an ion. Its chemical formula is MnO43-. It is bright blue. It disproportionates into manganates and manganese(IV) oxide easily. This can be stopped by adding a lot of a base. They are both reducing agents and oxidizing agents. They are made by reducing manganates with sulfites and hydrogen peroxide.

Related pages
Permanganate
Potassium hypomanganate
Potassium manganate

Manganese compounds
Potassium hypomanganate

Potassium hypomanganate is a chemical compound. It contains potassium and hypomanganate ions. It is a bright blue solid. It is unstable and rare. It can be made several ways: reduction of potassium permanganate with potassium sulfite; reduction of potassium manganate with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide; and disproportionation when manganese dioxide is dissolved in potassium hydroxide. It disproportionates into potassium manganate and manganese dioxide easily. Only a strong base can stop it from disproportionation.

Related pages
Sodium manganate
Sodium permanganate

Potassium compounds
Manganese compounds
Manganates
Potassium sulfite

Potassium sulfite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2SO3. It contains potassium and sulfite ions.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It can react with oxidizing agents to make potassium sulfate.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sulfur dioxide with potassium hydroxide.
2 KOH + SO2 → K2SO3 + H2O

Uses
It is used to preserve food. Sulfites can cause allergies in some people, though.

Related pages
Sodium sulfite
Potassium sulfate

Potassium compounds
Sulfur compounds
Ray Ceresino

Ray Ceresino (April 24, 1929 – May 1, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

References
 

1929 births
2015 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Tom Cook

Thomas John Cook (May 7, 1907 – October 2, 1961) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 348 games in the National Hockey League. Born in Fort William, Ontario, he played for the Montreal Maroons and Chicago Black Hawks. He won the Stanley Cup in 1934 with the Chicago Black Hawks.

Other websites

1907 births
1961 deaths
American Hockey Association (1926–42) players
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Maroons players
People from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Dave Creighton

David Theodore Creighton (June 24, 1930 – August 18, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

Creighton started his National Hockey League career with the Boston Bruins in 1948. He would also play with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks, and New York Rangers. He left the NHL after the 1960 season. He played several more seasons in the AHL before retiring after the 1969 season. After this, he coached the Providence Reds from 1969 to 1970.

Creighton died at his home in Wesley Chapel, Florida on August 18, 2017 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2017 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
Frank Daley

Francis Patrick Denis "Dapper Dan" Daley (August 28, 1908 – October 15, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Cougars in the National Hockey League (NHL).

References

1908 births
1968 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Detroit Cougars players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Ice hockey centres
Reg Noble

Edward Reginald Noble (June 23, 1895 – January 19, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 17 professional seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Blueshirts, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Maroons, Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings. He was a three-time winner of the Stanley Cup, with Toronto and Montreal and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962. He was also the last active NHL player from both the NHL's inaugural season  and the 1910s.

Career statistics

Source:

Awards and achievements
 1914–15 -  OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team
 1918 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto Arenas)
 1922 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto St. Pats)
 1926 - Stanley Cup championship (Montreal Maroons)
 1962 - Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame

Transactions
 November 25, 1916 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHA)
 February 11, 1917 - assigned to Montreal Canadiens (NHA) by NHA in dispersal of Toronto (NHA) players
 December 5, 1917 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHL)
 November 1, 1921 - named player coach of Toronto (NHL).
 November 1, 1922 - resigned as coach and captain of Toronto (NHL)
 December 9, 1924 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Toronto for $8,000.
 October 4, 1927 - traded to Detroit by Montreal Maroons for $7,500.
 December 9, 1932 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Detroit for John Gallagher.
Source:

References

Other websites
 

1896 births
1962 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Detroit Cougars players
Detroit Falcons players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) players
Montreal Maroons players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Arenas players
Toronto Blueshirts players
Toronto St. Pats players
Ontario Hockey League players
Larry Aurie

Harry Lawrence "Little Dempsey" Aurie (February 8, 1905 in Sudbury, Ontario – December 12, 1952 in Detroit, Michigan) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings.

Awards and achievements 
 IAHL Second All-Star Team, 1939
 Led NHL in goals in 1936–37
 Named to NHL First All-Star Team, 1936–37
 Played in NHL All-Star Game, 1933–34
 Won the Stanley Cup (with the Detroit Red Wings) 1936, 1937

References 

Aurie holds Detroit's forgotten number, Macomb Daily
, Kukla's Corner: Ilitch Celebrates Yzerman, Desecrates Aurie

Other websites 

1905 births
1952 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Cougars players
Detroit Falcons players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ontario Hockey League players
Stanley Cup champions
Hurricane Gloria

Hurricane Gloria was an Atlantic tropical cyclone in September 1985. The storm was the first major storm to affect Long Island and New York directly since Hurricane Donna 25 years before.

The storm started as a tropical depression on September 16; it became Tropical Storm Gloria on September 17.

On September 18, it weakened back to a tropical depression. Two days later, it became a tropical storm again.

After being a weak tropical cyclone for several days, on September 22, Gloria became a hurricane. It quickly became stronger on September 24; the next day, its winds peaked at 145 mph. A 2008 reanalysis later found the winds had been even stronger.

On September 27, the hurricane struck eastern North Carolina as a Category 2 storm. It then moved up the East Coast of the United States. Later that day, the storm struck western Long Island, with winds of 85 mph. One hour after striking Long Island, it hit near Westport, Connecticut.

Gloria moved northeast through Atlantic Canada.

Damage from the storm was $900 million.

The death toll from the storm was fourteen.

The name Gloria was later retired and replaced with Grace.

References

1985 in the United States
Hurricanes in New York
Hurricanes in New England
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Hurricanes in Virginia
1980s in North Carolina
1980s in New York (state)
1985 in Canada
Amherst, Nova Scotia

Amherst is a Canadian town in northwestern Cumberland County, Nova Scotia.

References

Towns in Nova Scotia
Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride, also known as sulfur(VI) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF6. It contains sulfur in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

BBC News says "It's the most powerful greenhouse gas known to humanity, and emissions have risen rapidly in recent years. Sulphur hexafluoride, or SF6, is widely used in the electrical industry to prevent short circuits and accidents. Leaks of the little-known gas in the UK and the rest of the EU in 2017 were the equivalent of putting an extra 1.3 million cars on the road".

Properties
Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless gas. It is very heavy for a gas (about 5 times heavier than air). It is non reactive, and hard to find anything that reacts with it. It is a strong greenhouse gas. This has made people put some restrictions on using it.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sulfur with fluorine. That combination also makes toxic disulfur decafluoride, which has to be removed.

Uses

It is used in electronics and various electrical devices. It can be used in the body since it is not toxic. It can be used as a test gas to look where gas flows in a heater system, for example. It is detected easily. It is used in some torpedoes. Lithium is one of the only things that reacts with sulfur hexafluoride. Sulfur hexafluoride is sprayed on lithium. This makes the lithium very hot. It creates steam from water and shoots the torpedo. It can be breathed in to make the voice deeper. This is the opposite of breathing in helium gas.

Safety
Sulfur hexafluoride is not toxic. It can fill up in closed spaces though. A person may suffocate in the closed space if sulfur hexafluoride has pushed out the oxygen from the space.

Greenhouse gas

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,  is the most potent greenhouse gas that it has evaluated, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 22,800 times that of  when compared over a 100-year period.  Measurements of SF6 show that its global average mixing ratio has increased by about 0.2 ppt per year to over 7 ppt.  Sulfur hexafluoride is also extremely long-lived. It is inert in the troposphere and stratosphere. It has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800–3200 years.  is very stable. (For countries reporting their emissions to the UNFCCC, a GWP of 23,900 for  was suggested at the third Conference of the Parties: GWP used in Kyoto protocol). Average global SF6 concentrations increased by about seven percent per year during the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as the result of its use in the magnesium production industry, and by electrical utilities and electronics manufacturers. Given the low amounts of SF6 released compared to carbon dioxide, its overall contribution to global warming is estimated to be less than 0.2 percent.

In Europe,  falls under the F-Gas directive which ban or control its use in several ways. Since 1 January 2006,  is banned as a tracer gas and in all applications except high-voltage switchgear.

Related pages
Sodium fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Salt

References 

Sulfur compounds
Fluorine compounds
Greenhouse gases
Disulfur decafluoride

Disulfur decafluoride, also known as sulfur pentafluoride and sulfur(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2F10. It contains sulfur in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Disulfur decafluoride is a colorless liquid. It has no odor. It is very toxic. It disproportionates to sulfur hexafluoride and sulfur tetrafluoride when heated. It reacts with sulfur dioxide. It also can react with chlorine, bromine, and ammonia. It is more toxic than phosgene.

Uses
It was thought of as a poison gas in World War II, but it was never used. It has almost no uses.

Related pages
Sulfur trioxide
Phosphorus pentoxide

Sulfur compounds
Fluorine compounds
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is a form of open-wheeled auto racing. It is the highest class defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules. These rules tell the builders and drivers of the cars what they may and may not do. The F1 world championship season is a series of races. These races are known as Grands Prix. They are usually held on purpose-built circuits. In a few places, they are held on closed city streets. The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo. The top finisher of each race are awarded championship points. The points are added up at the end of they year. There are two yearly Championships. The one for drivers and one for constructors.

Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories. He has won 91 times. Alain Prost is second with 51 wins, and Ayrton Senna is third with 41 wins. Michael Schumacher also has the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in  at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in  at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day. The youngest winner of a Grand Prix is Sebastian Vettel, who was 21 years, 73 days old when he won the Italian Grand Prix in . Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix. He was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the  French Grand Prix.

As of the , there have been 109 different Formula One Grand Prix winners. The 100th Grand Prix winner was Heikki Kovalainen at the  Hungarian Grand Prix.  746 drivers have started a Grand Prix race.

By driver
All figures correct as of the 2016_Australian_Grand_Prix

By nationality 
List of races won by nationality of driver.

''All figures are correct as of 31 July 2011.

Related pages
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
 Formula One official website
 FIA official website 

Grand Prix winners
Formula One lists
Turdidae

The Turdidae are a family of passerine songbirds, the thrushes. It includes the common song thrush and the blackbird.

 
Passeriformes
Paridae

The Paridae is a family of tiny birds, the tits (called 'chickadees' or 'titmice' in North America). They are passerine songbirds which are native to the northern hemisphere and Africa. Most of them used to be classified in the genus Parus, which has now been split up.

These birds are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout  bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 centimetres. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. 

Many species will live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods. In Britain, great tits and blue tits learned to break through the foil caps sealing bottles of milk on doorsteps, to get at the cream on top. Of course, the change in milk packaging has robbed them of this delicacy.

These are hole-nesting birds, typically using trees, although some species build nests on the ground. They lay anything from three to nineteen speckled white eggs, depending on species.

Behaviour
The tits are active, noisy, social birds. They are territorial during the breeding season. The tits are highly adaptable and, after the corvids (crows and jays) and parrots, amongst the most intelligent of all birds.

Vocalisations

The tits make a variety of calls and songs. They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously and loudly. They are only ever silent for reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory. Quiet calls are made while feeding to keep contact with others in their social group. Other calls are used for signalling alarm—the most famous of which is the "Chic-a-dee-dee" of North American species in the genus Poecile. The call also serves a rallying call to summon others to mob and harass the predator. It has been demonstrated through experiments that the number of "dee" syllables at the end of the call increases with the level of danger the predator poses.

Diet and feeding

The tits are insectivorous, and eat a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates, particularly small leaf-eating caterpillars. They also eat seeds and nuts, especially in winter. A typical activity is hanging, where they inspect a branch or twig and leaves from all angles while hanging upside down to feed. 

In areas with several species of tit, the different species will forage (search) in different parts of a tree. Larger species search on the ground, medium sized species search on larger branches, and the smallest species on the ends of branches. If they get larger prey or seeds, tits will do 'hold-hammering'. They hold the item with one foot, and hammer it with their bill (beak) until it is open. In this way they can open hazelnuts in 20 minutes. 

Many birds store food in a cache or hiding place. They hoard supplies of food for the winter. These caches are usually of seeds but may be of insects.

Related pages 
Black-capped chickadee

References 

Passeriformes
Sulfur tetrafluoride

Sulfur tetrafluoride, also known as sulfur(IV) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF4. It contains sulfur in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Sulfur tetrafluoride is a colorless gas. It is toxic and corrosive. It releases hydrogen fluoride when exposed to water.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium fluoride, chlorine, and sulfur dichloride. The chlorine does not have to be included. If no chlorine is used, other products form that need to be taken out.

Uses
Sulfur tetrafluoride is used to make organic molecules containing fluoride ions. It is not used much.

Related pages
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur pentafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Fluorine compounds
Sulfur dichloride

Sulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(II) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SCl2. It contains sulfur in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
Sulfur dichloride is a red liquid. It has a strong odor. It is a common sulfur chloride. It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide. When it is old, it might have some chlorine in it. It reacts with fluorides to make sulfur tetrafluoride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting chlorine with sulfur. Disulfur dichloride is an intermediate. It is also a common impurity in sulfur dichloride.

Related pages
Sulfur hexafluoride
Disulfur decafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Chlorine compounds
Disulfur dichloride

Disulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(I) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2Cl2. It contains sulfur in its +1 oxidation state. It contains chlorine in its -1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow or orange liquid. It smokes in air because it reacts with water. It releases sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid when reacted with water. It reacts with chlorine to make sulfur dichloride. It can dissolve sulfur.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a little chlorine with sulfur. A lot of chlorine would make sulfur dichloride.

Uses
It is used to place sulfur atoms some organic compounds.

Related pages
Tetrasulfur tetranitride
Sulfur tetrafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Chlorine compounds
Tetrasulfur tetranitride

Tetrasulfur tetranitride, also known as tetrasulphur tetranitride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S4N4. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.

Properties
It is a gold solid. It is an explosive, releasing sulfur and nitrogen when detonated. The purer the substance is, the more easily it explodes. It is pale yellow when cold, orange at normal temperature, and red when hot. It reacts with bases. It can be split into disulfur dinitride when it is reacted with silver. It does not dissolve in water.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting disulfur dichloride with ammonia. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chloride with disulfur dichloride.

Uses
It can be used to react with many organic compounds.

Safety
It is an explosive, so it should not be ground. Explosion releases harmless nitrogen and sulfur.

Related pages
Nitrate
Sulfate

Sulfur compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Disulfur dinitride

Disulfur dinitride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2N2. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.

Properties
Disulfur dinitride is a colorless crystalline solid. It is explosive, similar to tetrasulfur tetranitride. It easily evaporates. It does not dissolve in water. It turns back into tetrasulfur tetranitride when exposed to water.

Preparation
Disulfur dinitride is produced by reacting elemental silver with tetrasulfur tetranitride. This forms silver(I) sulfide, which acts as a catalyst. This reaction happens in a vacuum.

Uses
It reacts with some chemical compounds that are acids.

Related pages
Sulfur nitride
Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Nitrogen compounds
I puritani

I puritani is an Italian opera in three acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed in Paris, on January 25, 1835, libretto by Carlo Pepoli, after Jacques Ancelot and Xavier Boniface Saintine's Têtes Rondes et Cavaliers, itself based on Sir Walter Scott's Old Morality. Bellini's last work and one of his greatest triumphs.

Principal characters
 Elvira - soprano
 Arturo - tenor
 Riccardo - baritone
 Giorgio - bass
 Enrichetta - mezzo-soprano
 Bruno - tenor
 Gualtiero - bass

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Operas
Compositions by Vincenzo Bellini
La sonnambula

La sonnambula is an Italian opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed at La Scala in Milan, on March 6, 1831, libretto by Felice Romani, after Eugène Sribe's ballet-pantomime La somnanbule. Bellini's most pastoral work, it was an immediate success and is still regularly performed.

Principal roles and voice types
 Amina - soprano
 Elvino - tenor
 Count Rodolfo - bass
 Lisa - soprano
 Teresa - mezzo-soprano

Discography
 1952: Lina Pagliughi (Amina), Ferruccio Tagliavini (Elvino), Cesare Siepi (Rodolfo), Wanda Ruggeri (Lisa), Anna Maria Anelli (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra Sinfonica della RAI di Torino, Franco Capuana - (Preiser Records)
 1955: Maria Callas (Amina), Cesare Valletti (Elvino), Giuseppe Modesti (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Gabriella Carturan (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Leonard Bernstein - (EMI Classics)
 1957: Maria Callas (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Nicola Zaccaria (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Fiorenza Cossotto (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
 1962: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Fernando Corena (Rodolfo), Sylvia Stahlman (Lisa), Margreta Elkins (Teresa); Orchestra e Coro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
 1980: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Luciano Pavarotti (Elvino), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Rodolfo), Isobel Buchanan (Lisa), Della Jones (Teresa); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
 2006: Natalie Dessay (Amina), Francesco Meli (Elvino), Carlo Colombara (Rodolfo), Sara Mingardo (Lisa), Jael Azzaretti (Teresa); Chœur et Orchestre de l'Opéra National de Lyon, Evelino Pido - (Virgin Classics)
 2008: Cecilia Bartoli (Amina), Juan Diego Flórez (Elvino), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Rodolfo), Gemma Bertagnolli (Lisa), Liliana Nikiteanu (Teresa); Chor des Opernhauses Zürich, Orchestra La Scintilla, Alessandro de Marchi - (L'Oiseau-Lyre)

Reference 
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Operas
Compositions by Vincenzo Bellini
Roméo et Juliette

Roméo et Juliette is a French opera in five acts by Charles Gounod, first performed in Paris, on April 27, 1867, libretto by Jules Barbier et Michel Carré, after Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. One of Gounod's most successful works, it contains his most beautiful and melodious music. It is still regularly performed.

Principal roles

 Juliette - soprano
 Roméo - tenor
 Frère Laurent - bass
 Mercutio - baritone
 Stephano - soprano
 Gertrude - mezzo-soprano
 Thybalt - tenor
 Capulet - baritone

Reference

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Operas
Roberta Peters

Roberta Peters (May 4, 1930 – January 18, 2017) is an American soprano. She had a long and successful career at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. She was particularly associated with light coloratura roles in Italian, French and German operas.

Life and career

Born Roberta Peterman in New York City, she began vocal study at the age of 13 with William Herman, encouraged by tenor Jan Peerce, a family friend. 

She made her unscheduled debut (as an emergency replacement) at the Metropolitan Opera, on November 17, 1950, as Zerlina in Don Giovanni, aged only 20 and having no previous stage experience. The success was immediate. Her well schooled voice, good looks and charming personality quickly made her a great favorite of this theatre where she was to sing regularly for 35 seasons.

Some of her most performed roles include; Susanna (Le nozze di Figaro), Despina (Cosi fan tutte), The Queen of the Night (The Magic Flute),  Rosina (Il barbiere di Siviglia), Adina (L'elisir d'amore), Norina (Don Pasquale), Lucia (Lucia di Lammermoor), Gilda (Rigoletto), Oscar (Un ballo in maschera), Nanetta (Falstaff), Olympia (Les contes d'Hoffmann), Sophie (Der Rosenkavalier), Zerbinetta (Ariadne auf Naxos), etc.

She also appeared abroad, notably at the Royal Opera House in London in 1951, as Arline in The Bohemian Girl, and later appeared at the Vienna State Opera, the Salzburg Festival, the Bolshoi in Moscow. She also made several appearances on television, notably on The Ed Sullivan Show. 

Roberta Peters retired from the stage in 1985, but continued to give recital until recent years. She was briefly married to baritone Robert Merrill.

Peters died from Parkinson's disease on January 18, 2017 in Rye, New York. She was 86.

References

 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.

1930 births
2017 deaths
American opera singers
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in New York
Singers from New York City
Sopranos
Hannibal Alkhas

Hannibal Alkhas (1930 – 2010) was a sculptor, painter and author. He was born in 1930 in Iran into an ethnic Assyrian and Christian family and spent his childhood and teenage years in Kermanshah, Ahwaz and Tehran. In 1951, Hannibal Alkhas moved to the United States in pursuit of his education and studied philosophy for three years at Loyola University of Chicago, Illinois.

From 1953 to 1958 he attended the Art Institute of Chicago where he earned his Bachelor's and Masters of Fine Arts.
 
In 1959, after the death of his father, the famous Assyrian writer Rabi Adai Alkhas, Hannibal Alkhas returned to Iran and began to teach painting, drawing, and art history at the Tehran School of Fine Arts for the next four years. During this time he established the successful Gilgamesh gallery, the first modern art gallery in Iran where aspiring young artists were introduced.
In 1963 he returned to the United States and taught a Monticello College in Illinois where he became the chairman of the art department.

In 1969 Hannibal again returned to Iran and spent the next eleven (11) years teaching at Tehran University [6].

He taught at Islamic Azad University in Iran.

Hannibal Alkhas has also created book illustrations, written poems and translated many poems to and from Assyrian. His works have been displayed in numerous exhibitions in Iran, Europe, Canada, Australia and the US.

Hannibal Alkhas died on September 14, 2010 at the age of 80 in the United States. He was suffering from cancer.

References 

1930 births
2010 deaths
Assyrian people
Iranian people
Iranian writers
Blue tit

The blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) is a passerine songbird in the family Paridae. It is 10.5 to 12 cm (4.2 to 4.8 inches) long. 

The blue tit is a widespread and common resident breeder. It lives throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and western Asia in deciduous or mixed woodlands. It is a resident bird; most do not migrate.

Behaviour
Blue and great tits form mixed winter flocks, and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts on the slender twigs. A blue tit will often ascend a trunk in short jerky hops, imitating a treecreeper. As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens, but in hard weather will shelter in a hole. Blue tits are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere.

The blue tit has an average life expectancy of 1.5 years

Diet

The blue tit is a destroyer of pests. It is fond of young buds of various trees, and may pull them to bits in the hope of finding insects. No species, however, destroys more coccids and aphids, the worst foes of many plants. It also eats leaf miner grubs and green tortrix moths (Tortricidae). Seeds are eaten, as with all this family.

Learning
An interesting example of culturally transmitted learning in birds was the phenomenon dating from the 1960s of blue tits teaching one another how to open traditional British milk bottles with foil tops, to get at the cream underneath. This behaviour has declined recently because of the replacement of doorstep delivery by supermarket purchases of milk, and by hard-topped containers instead of the old bottles.

Sources

Other websites 

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Blue tit)
 Blue tit videos, photos & sounds  on the Internet Bird Collection.

Passeriformes
Crow

Crows form the genus Corvus in the family Corvidae. They are medium to large sized birds, carnivores and scavengers.

The genus includes the crow (carrion crow or hooded crow), the rook, jackdaw, and the large common raven. The genus has 40 or so members on all temperate continents except for South America, and some islands. 

The Corvus makes up a third of the species in the Corvidae. Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from corvid stock which had evolved in Australia. The collective name for a group of crows is a flock or, more poetically, a murder.

Intelligence 
Some crow species not only use tools but also make tools.  Crows are now thought to be, with parrots, among the world's most intelligent birds. 

They have a brain size (adjusted for body size) as large as some apes. The jackdaw and the European magpie have a nidopallium about the same relative size as the equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees, and significantly larger than is found in the gibbon.

A story of how a girl fed crows, and in return they brought her tiny gifts, shows what the birds are capable of.

References 

Corvids
Silver(I) sulfide

Silver(I) sulfide, also known as silver sulfide and silver sulphide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ag2S. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains sulfide ions.

Properties
It is a black solid. It reacts with acids. It is heavy. It can irritate the skin.

Occurrence and preparation
It exists in the ground as acanthite and argentite. It is also made when silver is in air containing hydrogen sulfide. The oxygen in air cannot oxidize the silver directly; the hydrogen sulfide helps it. It is the tarnish on silver items.

Uses
It is mostly an unwanted product when silver tarnishes.

Related pages
Silver(I) oxide

Sulfur compounds
Silver compounds
Silver nitrate

Silver nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgNO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state as an ion. It also has nitrate.

Properties
Silver nitrate is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. Most silver compounds do not dissolve in water. It can get dark if light shines on it. It is an oxidizing agent. Most of the times the silver ion is reduced, but sometimes the nitrate ion is reduced. It reacts with copper to make silver crystals and copper(II) nitrate. It turns into silver, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when it is heated. It is the least expensive silver compound. It reacts with bases to make dark brown silver(I) oxide.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving silver in nitric acid. This produces nitrogen dioxide, so it should be done where the person can get fresh air.

Uses
It was used to separate silver and gold. Gold does not dissolve in nitric acid. It is used to make other silver compounds. It reacts with chloride, bromide, and iodides to make white, cream, and yellow-colored solids. It is also used as an oxidizing agent. It can also be used to kill germs.

Safety
Silver nitrate is an oxidizing agent and should be kept away from chemicals that can burn. It can burn and stain skin. If too much is eaten, it can turn the skin blue.

Related pages
Silver bromide
Silver iodide
Silver chloride
Silver(II) fluoride

Silver compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Burt Munro

Burt Munro (25 March 1899 – 6 January 1978) was a motorcycle racer from New Zealand. He began riding motorcycles when he was 15. He is famous for setting a world record on 26 August 1967 with his motorcycle. The speed was 295.453 km/h (183.59 mph). To qualify he made a one-way run of 305.89 km/h (190.07 mph), the fastest-ever officially recorded speed on an Indian.

References

Other websites 
  Letters from the hand of Burt Munro
Burt Munro: A New Zealand Legend
E Hayes and Sons: The World's Fastest Indian Exhibition (original motorcycles), The World's Fastest Indian Legend 
A Tribute to H.J Munro, a.k.a "Burt" Munro
Indian Motorcycle website

, a documentary

1899 births
1978 deaths
New Zealand sportspeople
Lilongwe River

Lilongwe River is a river in Malawi flowing through Lilongwe. Its length is near 200 kms and at mouth of the Lilongwe River is as lake called the Malawi Lake.

Rivers of Africa
Geography of Malawi
Finch

Finches are passerine songbirds in the family Fringillidae. They are mostly seed-eaters. The scientific name Fringillidae comes from the Latin word fringilla for the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), which is common in Europe.

Most species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, but one subfamily is endemic to the Neotropics, one to the Hawaiian Islands, and one genus is found only in the Palaearctic (Eurasia and north Africa).

Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches" They include 
• some species in the very similar-looking waxbills (family Passeridae, of the Old World tropics and Australia;
• several groups of the bunting and American sparrow family (Emberizidae);
• Darwin's 'finches' of the Galapagos Islands, which provided evidence of natural selection. They are now recognized to be peculiar tanagers (Thraupidae).

Some species are being imported or smuggled into other countries and sold as exotic pets.

Sub-families 
Fringillinae: Fringilla
Carduelinae:
Grosbeaks
American rosefinches
Bullfinches
Arid-zone clade
Asian rosefinches
Goldfinch-canary-crossbill clade
Drepanidinae: Hawaiian honeycreepers
Euphoniinae: Euphonious finches

References
Third way

Third Way tries to create consensus that restores friendly relations between the two parties, right-wing and left-wing, in an effort to settle their differing standpoints.

Supporters of the Third Way include Bill Clinton and Tony Blair.

Political philosophy
Silver(II) fluoride

Silver(II) fluoride, also known as argentic fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgF2. It has silver in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a white or gray crystalline solid. It is usually black or brown because of impurities. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is one of the only silver compounds that is in the +2 oxidation state. Most of the silver compounds are in the +1 oxidation state. It can react with glass. It should be stored in certain fluorinated plastics.

It is extremely reactive. It reacts with xenon. It also reacts with water to make oxygen and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with acids to make ozone. It reacts with iodide to make iodide. It also reacts with hydrogen peroxide to make oxygen.

It is very expensive. Only a little is made each year.

Preparation
Silver(II) fluoride is made by reacting fluorine with silver(I) oxide. It can also be made by reacting silver(I) fluoride or silver chloride with fluorine.

Uses
Silver(II) fluoride is used to add fluoride to certain chemical compounds. It is not used much because it is very expensive.

Safety
Silver(II) fluoride is very corrosive and toxic. It reacts with water to make toxic hydrofluoric acid. It also corrodes glass.

Related pages
Potassium fluoride

Fluorine compounds
Silver compounds
Katrina cottage

Katrina cottages are small houses designed and marketed in the United States in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005). They were designed as a response to the inadequacies of the trailers issued to flood victims by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The homes are designed to attempt to fulfill the needs of their occupants in a more permanent and weather-resistant manner, while addressing the challenges of building and protecting a home in the Gulf Coast region. Some of the homes are elevated, on stilts, particularly in southern Louisiana and Mississippi, where much of the land currently used is near sea level, protected by levees, or prone to flooding by nearby rivers or coastal storm surges or high tides.

Though designs differ somewhat, the main factor for appearance is that Katrina cottages look like traditional homes in the area, reduced in size to lower costs and ease construction so that multiple units can be built quickly as needed. The Katrina cottages are usually one-bedroom, shotgun-house designs, with a front porch that helps stabilize the house from strong winds. Hence, they tend to be smaller than many house trailers, which have 2 or 3 bedrooms (as in a double wide trailer); however, the cottages are constructed of heavier materials to resist winds that would buckle the light-weight walls of mobile homes.

The best-known of these designs are those by Marianne Cusato, whose original "Katrina Cottage" made the term popular and received in 2006 the first annual People's Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution. As Cusato's design and others gained increasing media attention, the number of designs has increased.  The home-improvement retailer Lowe's offers pre-packaged Katrina Cottage kits, including plans and all materials needed for construction. A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pilot program accommodating 900 Mississippi coast families encountered some opposition from local government officials opposed to permanent small housing units, although Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour urged local officials to accept the cottages as safer than trailers, in high winds or moderate floods.

Other websites
 "The house that Katrina built", St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 2006.
 "The little house that roared", San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 2006.
 "Lowe's Makes Katrina Cottages Available for Purchase", Architectural Record Digest, November 3, 2006.

Notes

Houses in the United States
Hurricane Katrina
Silver(I) fluoride

Silver(I) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgF. It contains silver in its +1 oxidations state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a yellow-brown solid. It can turn black when in moist air. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent because of the silver ion.

Preparation
It is made by reacting silver(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

Uses
It is used to add fluoride to organic compounds.

Safety
Silver compounds can stain skin. They are also oxidizing agents and should be kept away from metal.

Related pages
Silver(II) fluoride
Silver chloride

Fluorine compounds
Silver compounds
Silver(I) carbonate

Silver(I) carbonate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ag2CO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

Properties
It is a yellow solid. It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide and a silver(I) salt. It does not dissolve in water.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium carbonate with silver nitrate.

Uses
It is used as a catalyst.

Safety
Silver compounds can irritate skin. If consumed, they may turn the skin blue.

Related pages
Silver oxide
Silver chloride

Silver compounds
Silver chloride

Silver chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgCl. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It does not dissolve in water. When it is exposed to light, it turns back into silver and chlorine. It dissolves in several solutions, such as ammonia.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting a common chloride such as sodium chloride with silver nitrate.

Uses
It is used in photographic film. It darkens when exposed to light, which makes a picture. It is also used in electrochemistry. It is used as a disinfectant in bandages. It is also used to make stained glass. It can be used when someone is poisoned with mercury.

Safety
It can irritate skin. It can also stain the skin. It is a weak oxidizing agent.

Related pages
Silver bromide
Silver iodide

Silver compounds
Chlorine compounds
Silver bromide

Silver bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgBr. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains bromide ions.

Properties
It is a light yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It darkens when light shines on it. The darkening is because it turns into silver metal and bromine gas. It reacts with ammonia to dissolve.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a bromide such as potassium bromide or sodium bromide with silver nitrate.

Uses
It is used in photographic film. Many science studies are on this. Scientists are figuring out how it changes color when light shines on it.

Related pages
Silver chloride
Silver fluoride
Silver iodide

Silver compounds
Bromine compounds
Potassium bromide

Potassium bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KBr. It contains potassium and bromide ions.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It dissolves easily in water. When it is dilute, it tastes sweet; when it is a little concentrated, it tastes bitter; when it is very concentrated, it tastes salty. This taste is because of the potassium ion.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting hydrogen bromide with potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by reacting bromine and potassium metal. This is very difficult, though.

Uses
It is used to put people to sleep (sedative). It is also used to stop convulsions. This is because of the bromide ion, not the potassium ion. It is used to make silver bromide. It is used to treat various animals.

Safety
Bromide ions can be toxic in large amounts. Potassium ions can burn, similar to salt when someone eats too much.

Related pages
Potassium iodide
Sodium bromide

Potassium compounds
Bromine compounds
Silver iodide

Silver iodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgI. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains iodide ions.

Properties
Silver iodide is a yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It turns dark when light is shined on it. The darkening is caused by a chemical reaction. The silver iodide turns into silver and iodine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting an iodide such as sodium iodide with silver nitrate.

Uses

Silver iodide is sprinkled in clouds to make rain. It can also be used in photographic film.

Safety
Silver iodide is toxic. It can stain skin. It is not as toxic as other silver compounds that dissolve in water. The iodide also is toxic.

Related pages
Silver fluoride
Silver chloride
Silver bromide

Silver compounds
Kasana

Kasana are a part of the Gurjar clan. They mostly live in Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan.

Ethnic groups in Asia
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Drosera regia

Drosera regia, also known as the King sundew, is a carnivorous plant of the sundew family. In the wild, it only grows in two places in a single valley in South Africa. Its leaves can grow to a size of 70 cm in length. It also has features which are not found in many other sundews, such as wooded rhizomes and special covered pollen. These features have been combined with a genetic analysis, and it was found that D. regia is among the older species of sundew. The Venus Flytrap, another carnivorous plant, shares some of the features, which suggests a close relationship between the two. 

The leaves of the plant are covered with tentacles. They are able to capture large prey, such as beetles, moths and butterflies. The tentacles of all Drosera species are specialized glands, capable of producing sticky mucus. The leaves are active flypaper traps: they capture prey by surrounding it. In its native habitat, the plants compete for space with native marsh grasses and low evergreen shrubs. There are two known populations of the plant in the wild. The higher-altitude site is overgrown, and D. regia no longer grows there. On the lower-altitude site, there are about 50 mature plants. For this reason, D. regia is the most endangered Drosera species, since it is threatened with extinction in the wild. It is often grown by people who like carnivorous plants and a single cultivar, "Big Easy", has been registered.

References

Other websites 

Caryophyllales
Green tree python

Morelia viridis, also called the green tree python, is a species of python found in New Guinea, islands in Indonesia, and Cape York Peninsula in Australia.

References

Pythons
Ohm

There are some materials which offer some resistance to the current flow; they are not good Electrical conductors or good Electrical insulators. They are resistive materials, for example graphite, iron, and certain synthetic materials.

The magnitude that represents this characteristic is the resistance, and it is measured in ohms. An ohm (referred to by the Greek letter Ω (Omega)) is the SI unit of resistance (R). It can be defined by Ohm's law and the equation: 

where  is resistance in ohms,  is voltage in volts, and  the current in amperes.

The ohm was named after Georg Ohm.

Further reading 

    Resistors Basics : Everybody is able to understand electronics

SI units
Electricity
Cathedral Prep Events Center

The Cathedral Prep Events Center is an outdoor multi-purpose sports stadium in Erie, Pennsylvania. It is home to the Cathedral Prep Ramblers. The field name is Dollinger Field. It has an official seating capacity of 1,800. That makes it the second largest football stadium in the City of Erie.

Buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
Stadiums in the United States
Erie, Pennsylvania
2010 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in Pennsylvania