cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Presenter

A presenter, or host / hostess, is a person who guides or introduces an event, especially on television.

A similar term is master of ceremonies (MC, emcee, or host). The main use of the term 'presenter' is on television, where the presenter introduces other speakers, and introduces program sections. The role is similar to narrator, who talks over visuals ("voice over")  or plays a main role in the program. A presenter does not have to be an expert on the content of the program, but a narrator or commentatior is often an expert.

Television presenter
A television presenter is a person who introduces or hosts television programmes.  It is common for minor celebrities to do this. There are also many people whose main job is presenting. This is very common with children's television series. One example of this is Mister Rogers.

Some presenters may also be an actor, model, singer, comedian or other profession.  Others may be experts on certain things. These include scientists or politicians They work as presenters for a programme about what they are an expert at. For instance, Carl Sagan, an astronomer was the host of Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, a television series that dealt understanding the universe. Some television presenters are celebrities who have made their name in one area and use their fame to work in other areas.  Examples of this include British comedian Michael Palin who now presents programmes about travel (such as Around the World in 80 Days), and Alan Alda, who has presented Scientific American Frontiers.

The term is also used in other countries, such as Ireland.  In the United States, the term host or MC (Master of Ceremonies) is commonly used.

News presenter 
A news presenter (also called an anchor, news anchor or newscaster) is a person who presents news during a news program. The program can be on television, on the radio or on the Internet. A news presenter, or anchor, puts together the entire program. This may include writing, selecting, and reading stories on the air. The job of an anchor is often more improvised than scripted. This is especially true during breaking news (when events are happening quickly). They have to coordinate other reporters, interviews and behind-the-scenes events as they happen. They must also deal with technical difficulties and keep the broadcast going.

Other presenters
There are presenters for many types of things. These include: 
 Radio presenter: A radio presenter (or radio personality) is similar to a television presenter, except that they present radio programs instead of television programs. 
 Sports presenter: A presenter introduces the programme, but a sports commentator is an expert role: it must be done by someone with detailed knowledge of the sport.
 Weather presenter: A weather presenter  is a type of journalist on television who presents weather forecasts. He or she does not compose the weather report: they present the work of people who the viewer never gets to see.

References

Entertainers
Television presenter

A television presenter (often referred to as a television personality or television host) is a person who introduces or hosts television programs, often serving as a mediator for the program and the audience. Nowadays, it is common for people who garnered fame in other fields to take on this role, but some people have made their name solely within the field of presenting—such as children's television series or infomercials—to become television personalities.

Related pages
 Television director
 Television producer
Television presenters
Dollar sign

The dollar or peso sign ($) is a symbol that is for either the peso or dollar.  These are types of money around the world. Sometimes it is an S with one line through it.  Sometimes it is an S with two lines through it.  When there are two lines it is called a cifrão.  There are many stories about why this symbol is used to mean money.

Currency symbols
Time in Argentina

Argentina is at a place that would naturally put it in the UTC−4 time zone.  It actually uses the UTC−3 time zone. Argentina decides whether to have daylight saving time on a year-by-year basis.  The provinces may choose to follow the national choice or not. In 2009, Argentina did not have daylight saving time.

References

Argentina
Argentina
UTC−04:00

UTC−04:00 makes clocks 4 hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time. 

These are the places who are on the UTC−04:00 time zone.

As standard time (all year round)

ECT - Eastern Caribbean Time Zone
Anguilla (UK)
Antigua and Barbuda
Barbados
Dominica
Grenada
Montserrat (UK)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
British Virgin Islands (UK)

Atlantic Standard Time
Puerto Rico (US)
U.S. Virgin Islands (US)

Other Caribbean
Aruba
Curaçao
Dominican Republic
Guadeloupe (France)
Martinique (France)
Sint Maarten

South America
Bolivia
Guyana
Brazil - parts of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima

North America
Canada - Quebec (east of the 63°W longitude)

As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)

Atlantic Standard Time
Bermuda (UK)
Canada
all of New Brunswick (legally offset from GMT), Nova Scotia (legally offset from GMT), Prince Edward Island 
Newfoundland and Labrador - most of Labrador
Greenland (Denmark) (Kalaallit Nunaat)- northwestern (observes United States daylight saving time rules)

As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)

South America
Chile - Mainland. See also Time in Chile
Falkland Islands
Paraguay

As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)

Caribbean
Bahamas
Cuba
Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)

Eastern Daylight Time
Canada
Nunavut (eastern), most of Ontario and most of Quebec
United States
All of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia (U.S. state), Maine, Maryland,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
Most of Florida, Indiana, Michigan
Eastern parts of Kentucky, Tennessee

References

UTC offsets

cs:Časové pásmo#UTC-4 Q, AST (Atlantic Standard Time)
es:Huso horario#UTC−04:00, Q
UTC−03:00

UTC−03:00 makes clocks 3 hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time.

These are countries who use UTC-03:00 for time.

As standard time (all year round)
Suriname
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
Brazil - Brasília Time
Except the western states of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, and far-away islands
Argentina
 Antarctica - Graham Land

As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)
Uruguay

As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - most of island, including south coast and southwest coast - observes European Union DST rules
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) - observes North American DST rules

As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
Canada (Atlantic Daylight Time)
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Labrador except the southeastern tip
Bermuda (UK)
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - Northwest - area around Thule - observes North American DST rules

As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer)
Chile - mainland
Paraguay

References

UTC offsets
Telephone numbers in Argentina

Phone numbers in Argentina have ten digits.  This is when both the area code and the subscriber's code are included. The area code may have 2, 3 or 4 numbers. The remaining 8, 7 or 6 numbers are the subscriber's number. For example, phone number (11) 1234-5678 for Buenos Aires has a 2-digit area code number and an 8-digit subscriber's number. (264) 123-4567 is an example of a San Juan number.

Public utility numbers
Here is a list of the most common public utility service numbers:

 100: Firefighters
 101: Police
 102: Child services
 103: Civil defense
 106: Coast Guard 
 107: Ambulance
 110: Phone directory
 112: Customer service
 113: Official time
 114: Phone repair service 
 115: Ring test
 121: Phone usage info (subject to availability)
 125: Assistance service for the hearing-impaired
 911: Emergency (only in cities where 100, 101 and 107 have been merged into one emergency number, such as the Buenos Aires Metro Area and Buenos Aires Province)

References

Telephone numbers
Argentina
Municipalities of Argentina

A municipality is one way Argentina is divided. It is a city, town, or township.  A province is the biggest way Argentina is divided. The provinces are divided into departments.  The Departments are then divided into municipalities.

Subdivisions of Argentina
Departments of Argentina

A department is one way Argentina is divided. A province is the biggest way Argentina is divided. The provinces are divided into departments.  The Departments are then divided into municipalities.

There are no departments in the city of Buenos Aires.  There are 376 departments.  Because names do not have to be unique, 75 departments have same or similar names.

Subdivisions of Argentina
House of Savoy

The House of Savoy was the ruling dynasty of the Duchy of Savoy, then the Kingdom of Sardinia and later Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946. 

The House of Savoy began in Switzerland in the Middle Ages. The Savoy rose to power in Sicily War of Spanish Succession then gave up Sicily for Sardinia in 1720 later adding Piedmont to their kingdom.

In 1792 they joined the alliance against Napoleon Bonaparte. They were defeated at first but had their kingdom restored after Napoleon was defeated. 

In 1859, King Victor Emmanuel II led the unification of Italy and ruled until 1878. His grandson Victor Emmanuel III came to power in 1900 after King Umberto I was assassinated. Victor Emmanuel III was king during both World War I and World War II. He also appointed Benito Mussolini Prime Minister in 1922. 

After World War II, public support for the monarchy fell and Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in 1946. His son Umberto II was king for a month before a referendum abolished the monarchy. Today the leadership of the House of Savoy is contested between Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples, who is the son on Umberto II, and his cousin Prince Amedeo, Duke of Asota.

There was also a branch of the family that settled in France they were known as the Dukes of Nemours and often had close ties with the Court of Louis XIV. 

From 2006 until his death in 2021, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta was the disputed head of the House of Savoy.
Bourbon Restoration

The Bourbon Restoration was the return of the House of Bourbon to France after the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte. It began in 1814 after Napoleon was defeated and exiled to Elba island off the coast of Italy. Louis XVIII of France, the younger brother of Louis XVI of France, was named king in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna.

After being removed by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, Louis XVIII was returned to power in 1815 and died in 1824. Louis XVIII was succeeded by his younger brother Charles X of France who ruled until he was removed in 1830 by the July Revolution.

House of Bourbon
19th century in France
1814 establishments
1830 disestablishments
1810s establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in France
Disestablishments in France
19th-century disestablishments in Europe
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was a kingdom in southern Italy from 1816 until 1861. It was created by Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, after the Congress of Vienna of 1814, by uniting the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples, which had been ruled by Joseph Bonaparte who conferred the title "Prince of Naples" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren, during the reign of Napoleon. The ruling dynasty was a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

The capital of the kingdom was Naples. Roman Catholicism was the state religion.  The kingdom was full of corruption and poverty: mainly because of this, most of the population welcomed the Risorgimento with the unification of southern Italy to the rest of Italy in 1861.

In 1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his men, who were known as "red shirts", captured Sicily. This was welcomed by the local population. Garibaldi then crossed the Strait of Messina and captured Naples. South Italy and Sicily then joined the Kingdom of Italy.

Administrative division

The peninsula was divided into fifteen "departments" and the island of Sicily was divided into seven departments. The island itself had a special administrative status, with its base at Palermo.

After the Two Sicilies were conquered by Garibaldi, the departments became provinces of Italy.

Royal family

For a time the heir to the throne was given the title of "Hereditary Prince of Naples". But this was later changed to the Duke of Calabria after the uniting of the two kingdoms. Collectively the royal family generally lived at the Palace of Caserta. Children of the monarch were born with the style of Royal Highness as well as the title of Prince/ss of the Two Sicilies. Several males in the family were given titles such as "Duke of Castro", "Count of Caserta", "Prince of Salerno", a majority of which were lost due to a lack of male heirs. The present pretending monarch is Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria, who does use the title of Duke of Calabria.
.                                           |
* The city of Benevento was formally included in this department, but it was occupied by the Papal States and was de facto an exclave of that country.

References

19th century in Italy
1816 establishments in Europe
1861 disestablishments
Former monarchies in Italy
House of Bourbon
19th-century establishments in Italy
1860s disestablishments in Italy
Black Rain

Black Rain is a 1989 American-Japanese crime action movie. It stars Andy Garcia, Michael Douglas and Ken Takakura. It was released in September 1989. The movie is about the Japanese underworld of crime with American crimes mixed in.

Other websites 

1989 action movies
1989 crime movies
1989 thriller movies
1980s crime thriller movies
American action movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Gangster movies
Japanese movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Japan
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Paramount Pictures movies
Mer Hayrenik

Mer Hajrenikh (hy. Մեր Հայրենիք / Мер Һајрениқ, pron. [mɛɾ hɑjɾɛˈnikʰ] "mair hahy-reh-NEEK"; lit. 'Our Fatherland') is the national anthem of Armenia, composed by Barsegh Kanachyan and written by Mikael Nalbandian in 1861. It was first adopted in 1918 as the anthem of the First Republic of Armenia, but when the country became part of the Soviet Union, this song became banned and was instead replaced by the Armenian SSR anthem. In 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mer Hajrenikh was successfully restored with minor changes to the lyrics.

Lyrics

Current lyrics

Poetic English translation
Our Fatherland, free, independent,
That has fo' centuries liv'd,
Now summoneth its descendents
To free, independent Armenia.

Here a flag for thee, my br'er,
That I have sewn by my hand
O'er the nights which felt fore'er,
Bath'd in my tears now so grand.

O, look at it, tricolour'd,
Fo' us 'tis a symbol priz'd.
Letteth it shine forth 'gainst thy foe.
Mayeth Armenia with grace glow.

Death is no different anywhere
He who dieth but even once,
Bless'd is he who sacrificeth
Fo' the freedom o' his land.

Original lyrics
This is the original version of Mer Hayrenik, based on the first, third, fourth, and sixth stanzas of the poem The Song of an Italian Girl.

References

Armenia
National anthems
Yazidi

The Yazidi (also Yezidi) are a ethnoreligious group with Indo-Iranian roots. They are a separate branch of the Abrahamic religion tree. Their religion blends monotheism with Zoroastrianism and the religions of ancient Mesopotamia. 

They mostly live in the Nineveh Province of northern Iraq. More people are in Transcaucasia, Armenia, Turkey, and Syria. They have been fewer since the 1990s. Their religion is Yazidism. The Yazidis believe in a single god who created the world. They believe that he placed the world under the care of seven holy beings or angels. The main angel is Melek Taus, the peacock angel.

The Yazidis got worldwide attention in 2014. They face religious persecution and expulsion from their ancient home in Iraq by the jihadist Islamic State (ISIL).

References

Abrahamic religions
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Kurds
Serzh Sargsyan

Serzh Azati Sargsyan (born June 30, 1954) is the third President of Armenia. He won the February 2008 presidential election. He took office in April 2008.

Political career
Sargsyan was in the Soviet Armed Forces from 1971 to 1972. He is the chairman of the Chess Federation of Armenia. Besides speaking Armenian, he also can speak in Russian.

Even though the former Prime Minister of Armenia, Tigran Sargsyan, has the same last name, they are not related.

He became the Armenian defense minister in 1993.  In 1995 he was head of Armenian state security department and minister of national security in 1996.  In 1999, he became Robert Kocharyan's chief of staff, then secretary of the national security council, and defense minister. He became prime minister in 2007.

On 17 April 2018, Sargsyan became Prime Minister of Armenia. Following mass-scale protests, he resigned from the office six days later on 23 April. Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.

Personal life
In 1983, he married socialite Rita Sargsyan. She died in 2020 from COVID-19.  They have two daughters, Anush and Satenik, and one granddaughter, Mariam.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Armenia
Presidents of Armenia
Prime Minister of Armenia

The Prime Minister of Armenia is the most senior minister in the Armenian government.  They "oversee the Government's regular activities and coordinate the work of the Ministers."  The President of Armenia chooses the Prime Minimster. The office of President is generally thought to be more powerful than the office of Prime Minister.

List of Heads of Government of Armenia (1918 – present)

Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Prime Ministers
Hovhannes Katchaznouni (30 June 1918 – 28 May 1919) (in Tbilisi, Georgia until 19 July 1918)
Alexander Khatisyan (28 May 1919 – 5 May 1920)
Hamo Ohanjanyan (5 May 1920 – 25 November 1920)
Simon Vratsian (25 November 1920 – 2 December 1920)

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936) and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Sergey Lukashin (21 May 1922 – 24 June 1925)
Sarkis Ambartsumyan (24 June 1925 – 22 March 1928) (1st time)
Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (22 March 1928 – 10 February 1935)
Abram Guloyan (10 February 1935 – February 1937)
Sarkis Ambartsumyan (March 1937 – May 1937) (2nd time)
Stepan Akopyan (May 1937 – 21 September 1937)
Aram Piruzyan (23 November 1937 – October 1943)
Agasi Sarkisyan (October 1943 – 1946)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
Agasi Sarkisyan (1946 – 29 March 1947)
Saak Karapetyan (29 March 1947 – November 1952)
Anton Kochinyan (20 November 1952 – 5 February 1966)
Badal Muradyan (5 February 1966 – 21 November 1972)
Grigory Arzumanyan (21 November 1972 – 28 November 1976)
G.A. Martirosyan (28 November 1976 – 17 January 1977) (acting)
Fadey Sarkisyan (17 January 1977 – 16 January 1989)
Vladimir Markaryants (16 January 1989 – 13 August 1990)
Vazgen Manukyan (13 August 1990 – 25 September 1991)

Republic of Armenia (1991 – present)
Prime Ministers

Armenia
Government of Armenia
 
1918 establishments
20th-century establishments in Armenia
Tigran Sargsyan

Tigran Sargsyan (born January 29, 1960) was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 9 April 2008 to 13 April 2014. 

From 1980 to 1983, Sargsyan attended Leningrad's Voznesenski Financial and Economic Institute. 

On April 9, 2008 he became Prime Minister of Armenia.  He was selected by President Serzh Sargsyan.

Sargsyan is married and has three children (daughter Nelly Sargsyan and two sons Armen and Abgar Sargsyans) and a grandchild. He is of no relation to the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan.

References

1960 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Armenia
National Assembly (Armenia)

The National Assembly of Armenia is the official name of the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.  There are 131 members.  They are elected for four-year terms.

Armenia
Government of Armenia
Hovik Abrahamyan

Hovik A. Abrahamyan (born 24 January 1958) is an Armenian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 13 April 2014 to 8 September 2016. He is a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from the Republican Party. Before he was the speaker of the National Assembly.

Hovik Abrahamyan was born on 24 January 1958 in Mkhchyan village, Ararat Marz of Armenia. He is married and has three children and five grandchildren.

Abrahamyan graduated from the Armenian State University of Economics.

On November 21, 2011 Hovik Abrahamyan resigned as the Speaker. Samvel Nikoyan was then elected as the Speaker.

References 

1958 births
Prime Ministers of Armenia
Living people
Legislative speakers
Soviet military people
Samvel Nikoyan

Samvel Nikoyan is the current speaker of the parliament of Armenia. In 2005 he was awarded the "Andranik Ozanyan" medal of the Armed Forces of Armenia.  He was also given the RA Prime Minister Commemorative Medal. Nikoyan is married with three children.

Other websites
Samvel Nikoyan - National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia

Armenian politicians
1958 births
Living people
Legislative speakers
336 BC


Year 336 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Persian Empire 
 The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts to poison him. Instead, Arses and all his children are killed by Bagoas.
 Bagoas then seeks to install a new monarch who will be easier to control. He chooses Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house, who takes the name Darius III. When Darius tries to assert his independence from Bagoas' control, Bagoas attempts to poison him. The king is warned and makes Bagoas drink the poison himself.

 Greece 
 Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria. However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns.
 Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor.  They are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.
 At a grand celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's marriage to Alexander I of Epirus (brother of Olympias), Philip II is assassinated at Aegae by Pausanias of Orestis, a young Macedonian noble with a bitter grievance against the young queen's uncle Attalus and against Philip for denying him justice. Pausanias is killed on the spot.
 Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III. One of the leading generals in Macedonia at the death of Philip II, Antipater, helps to secure the succession to the Macedonian throne for Alexander.
 The Macedonian general Parmenion declares for Alexander III.  He helps to murder the princes of the Lynkestis region, who are alleged to be behind Philip's murder, along with other possible rivals and members of factions opposed to Alexander. Olympias, Alexander's mother, has Philip's last wife Eurydice, her infant daughter and her influential uncle, Attalus, killed.
 Alexander immediately has Amyntas IV, son of King Perdiccas III and cousin of Alexander, executed.
 Alexander puts down a rebellion in Macedonia and crushes the rebellious Illyrians. He then appears at the gates of Thebes and receives the city's submission. After that he advances to the Corinthian isthmus and is elected by the assembled Greeks as their commander against Persia.
 Conscription is introduced in Athens. Young men are required to perform duties which are part military and part civic.
 Aeschines brings a suit against Ctesiphon for illegally proposing the award of a crown to the Athenian leader Demosthenes in recognition of his services to Athens.

Deaths 

 Philip II, King of Macedonia (b. 382 BC)
 Arses, King of Persia
 Bagoas, Vizier of Persia
 Attalus, Macedonian general (b. c. 390 BC)
 Pausanias of Orestis, personal bodyguard of Philip II of Macedon
 Eurydice, 5th wife of Philip II, queen of Macedonia
 Amyntas IV, usurper king of Macedon

336 BC
331 BC


Year 331 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Macedonia 
 Alexander leaves Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia. He leaves Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt.
 October 1 – Alexander of Macedonia wins the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Darius turns his chariot and flees. Alexander chases the  Persian forces to Arbela. Darius escapes with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.
 Alexander encounters for the first time war elephants.
 Alexander becomes the master of the Persian Empire.  This ends the Achaemenid dynasty. Babylon and Susa open their gates to him. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gets huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents.

 Greece 
 Agis III of Sparta leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. He holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routes a force under the Macedonian general Coragus. Athens stays neutral, but he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis.

 Italy 
 Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii.
 Tarentum turn against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he wants to make a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.

 Roman Republic 
 The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans enter a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.

Deaths 

 Alexander I of Epirus, Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c. 370 BC)
 Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty

330s BC
Northern Court

The  in Japan was a set of six pretenders to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

List of pretenders
Emperor Kōgon, 1331–1333
Emperor Kōmyō, 1336–1348
Emperor Sukō, 1348–1351
Emperor Go-Kōgon, 1352–1371
Emperor Go-En'yū, 1371–1382
Emperor Go-Komatsu, 1382–1412

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession..

List of pretender-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Northern Court pretenders recognized 19 Japanese era names (年号, nengō, lit. year names), including
 Gentoku, 1329–1332
 Shōkyō, 1332–1334
 Kemmu, 1334–1338
 Ryakuō, 1338–1342
 Kōei, 1342–1345
 Jōwa, 1345–1350
 Kannō, 1350–1352
 Bunna, 1352–1356
 Enbun, 1356–1361
 Kōan, 1361–1362
 Jōji, 1362–1368
 Ōan, 1368–1375
 Eiwa, 1375–1379
 Kōryaku, 1379–1381
 Eitoku, 1381–1384
 Shitoku, 1384–1387
 Kakei, 1387–1389
 Kōō, 1389–1390
 Meitoku, 1390–1394

Related pages
 Southern Court
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392),  Muromachi Period (1392–1573)

14th century in Japan
1336 establishments in Japan
1390s disestablishments in Japan
1392 disestablishments
201 BC


201 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Carthage 
 On Hannibal's advice, Carthage asks for peace with the Romans.  This ends the Second Punic War. Carthage is made a client state of Rome. 
 After peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. The office was insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal makes it powerful.

Roman Republic 
 The Romans remove the Carthaginians from Malta.
 In Rome, land is given to veterans of the Second Punic War.

Greece 
 Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then makes war on  Chios to the north.
 Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships. 
 The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. The Spartans leave when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen helps. Nabis' forces are defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen.

China 
 The construction of Nanchang begins.

Deaths 

 Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist (b. c. 264 BC)

200s BC
185 BC


Year 185 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Roman Republic 
 The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder of receiving bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. 

 Egypt 
 The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.

 India 
 Pusyamitra Sunga kills the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata.  He forms the Sunga dynasty.

Births 

 Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic. As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC)
 Panaetius of Rhodes, Greek philosopher (d. 110 BC)

Deaths 

 Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)

180s BC
77 BC


Year 77 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

Roman Republic 
 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul and leader of the democratic party, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus outside Rome.
 Pompeius marches to Spain to join with Quintus Metellus Pius.  They try to stop the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but do not succeed.
 The city of Tigranakert is built.

Births 

 Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar, editor of the Shan Hai Jing, compilator of the Lienü zhuan, and father of Liu Xin (died 6 BC)

Deaths 

 King Duttagamani of Sri Lanka

70s BC
Southern Court

The  in Japan was a set of four emperors during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

List of monarchs
Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318–1339
Emperor Go-Murakami, 1339–1368
Emperor Chōkei, 1368–1383
Emperor Go-Kameyama, 1383–1392

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

List of monarch-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Southern Court monarchs recognized 11 Japanese era names (年号, nengō, lit. year names), including
 Gentoku, 1329–1331
 Genkō, 1331–1334
 Kemmu, 1334–1336
 Engen, 1336–1340
 Kōkoku, 1340–1346
 Shōhei, 1346–1370
 Kentoku, 1370–1372
 Bunchū, 1372–1375
 Tenju, 1375–1381
 Kōwa, 1381–1384
 Genchū, 1384–1392

Related pages
 Northern Court
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392),  Muromachi Period (1392–1573)

14th century in Japan
1336 establishments in Japan
1390s disestablishments in Japan
1392 disestablishments
120


Year 120 (CXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
 Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
 An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian. 
 Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis.
 Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

Asia 
 Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
 The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.

Births 

 February 8 – Vettius Valens, Hellenistic astrologer
 Irenaeus, Christian bishop and apologist
 Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist, writing in the Greek language

Deaths 

 Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian
 Nicomachus of Gerasa, Greek mathematician (approx. date)
 Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist
 Saint Matthias of Jerusalem, Bishop of Jerusalem
 Marcian of Tortona (or in 117), martyred saint
 Getulius, Saint Hermes, martyred saints

120
69 BC


Year 69 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Republic 
 Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.
 Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is made king of Syria.
 Roman troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta.  They capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.
 Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.
 Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.

Egypt 
 Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.

Greece 
 Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.
 Rhodes becomes a safe place against pirates.  The Rhodians are unable to stop piracy in the Aegean Sea. Delos gets the status of a free port.

Births 

 January – Princess Cleopatra of Egypt, later Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (or December, 70 BC) (d. 30 BC)
 Octavia Minor, grandniece of Julius Caesar (d. 11 BC)
 Wang Zhengjun, Empress of the western Han Dynasty of China (d. 13)

Deaths 

 Julia, wife of Gaius Marius (b. c. 130 BC)

References
330


Year 330 (CCCXXX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates Constantinople, or Nova Roma (modern Istanbul), and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. He spent 4 years building the city on the site of ancient Byzantium.  He chose the site for its location (a seaport with easy access to Anatolia and the Danube).  
 The Goths devastate the city of Tanais in the Don River delta.

Africa 
 Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë.

By topic

Religion 
 Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).
 Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.
 The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila. 
 Pagan temples are starting to be abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, except those that are turned into Christian churches.

Births 

 Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379)
 Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379)
 Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405)
 Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date)

 Iamblichus, neoplatonist philosopher

330
8 BC

Year 8 BC was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Gallus.

Events 
 King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni.  He fights against the Roman expansion in Bohemia.
 Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken hostage to Rome where he receives a military education.

Births 

 Empress Wang (d. AD 23)

Deaths 

 Horace, Roman poet (b. 65 BC)
 Maecenas, Roman politician and patron of the arts (b. 70 BC)
 Empress Xu

8 BC
336


Year 336 (CCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Constantine I is able to gain back most of Dacia for the Roman Empire.
 The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra.

By topic

Religion 
 January 18 – Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope.
 Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco. The church is devoted to St. Mark.
 Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street at Constantinople (approximate date).
 Pope Mark dies at Rome after an 11-month reign. No successor is immediately found.

Births 

 Murong De, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan (d. 405)

Deaths 

 Arius, founder of Arianism
 October 7 – Pope Mark
 Rhescuporis V, king of Bosporus

References 

336
428


Year 428 (CDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Bonifacius, Roman governor of Africa, asks for help from the Vandals in his revolt.
 Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire.

Europe 
 King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years.  He is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric.
 King Vortigern asks Germanic warriors to help him strengthen his position in Britain.  He hires Saxons as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.
 Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks, invades Northern Gaul.  He defeats the Roman army at Cambrai. He extends his kingdom south to the River Somme. Tournai (modern Belgium) becomes his residence.

Asia 
 Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.

By topic

Astronomy 
 October 26 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.

Religion 
 April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism. It comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria.
 Hydatius becomes bishop of Aquae Flaviae in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.
 John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius.
 Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.

Births 

 Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451)

Deaths 

 Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 379)
 Qifu Chipan, prince of the Xianbei state Western Qin
 Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian

References 

 

428
422


Year 422 (CDXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 End of the Roman–Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100-year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war. Both give freedom of religion in their territories.
 March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns to buy peace.
 Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), writing praises him as “everywhere and forever victorius.”
 The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake.

Europe 
 The Roman army invade Gaul. They capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.

Asia 
 Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China).

By topic

Art 
 Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).

Religion 
 September 4 – Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign. His time was interrupted for 15 weeks by the faction of the antipope Eulalius. He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope.

Births 

 Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque
 Genevieve, patron saint (approximate date)
 Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (d. 462)

Deaths 

 Abraham of Cyrrhus, Syrian hermit and bishop
 Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (approximate date)
 September 4 – Pope Boniface I
 Theudemeres, king of the Franks (approximate date)
 Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 363)

References 

420s
84 BC


Year 84 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

Roman Republic 
 The First Mithridatic War comes to an end.

Births 

 Catullus, Roman poet (approximate date) (d. c. 54 BC)
 Surena, Parthian general (d. 52 BC)

Deaths 

 Lucius Cornelius Cinna, consul, killed by mutinying troops

80s BC
34 BC

Year 34 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Libo.

Events 
 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian made Dalmatia and Pannonia happy by forming the province of Illyricum.  
 Antony regained Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona.  He sets up siege works and forces them to surrender.
 Antony goes into Armenia with an army.  He marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.
 The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.  Antony made Cleopatra a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria.  He gave her the title "Queen of Kings".

Deaths 

 Sallust, historian of the fall of the Roman Republic (b. 86 BC)

30s BC
Yu Gamdong

Yu Gamdong (, ? - ?), also written as Yu Gam-don, was a dancer, poet, artist, writer, and prostitute during the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

She was the first dancer of from the nobles and a divorced women, but her dancing was condemned as obscene or disorderly.

Related pages
 Uhwudong
 Hwang Jinyi
 Shin Saimdang
 Heo Chohui
 Na Hye-sok

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=748101
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOa_A9999_2_0018457&curSetPos=1&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B 
 '에너벨 청'과 조선의 '유감동' - 오마이뉴스 2000.04.29 
 조선 성 풍속사 <제11화>:일요서울 
 유감동의 奸夫가 되다, 초수리 성달생  충북일보 2011.12.23 
 풍기문란죄로 교수형에 처해진 기생, 어우동(어을우동)과 살아남은 유감동  

15th century births
15th-century deaths
Autobiographers
Dancers
Korean painters
Korean poets
Korean writers
Prostitutes
Yangnyeong

Prince Yangnyeong or Grand Prince Yangnyung (, 1394 – 1462) was a politician, prince, writer, and poet during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was the first son of Taejong of Joseon and first enclosed Crown Prince of Korea. His real name was Yi Je (; also written Lee Je).

Related pages 
 Sejong the Great
 Taejong of Joseon

Other websites 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 역사인물 재조명:풍운아인가 처세의 달인인가, 양녕대군

Princes and princesses
Korean poets
Korean writers
Autobiographers
1394 births
1462 deaths
Wadō (era)

was a  after Keiun and before Reiki.  This period started in January 708 and ended in September 715. The reigning empress was .

Events of the Wadō era
 5 May 708 (Wadō 1, 11th day of the 4th month): A sample of copper from Musashi Province was given to the empress.
 708 (Wadō 1, 3rd month):  is named Minister of the Right (udaijin).  Iso-kami Marō is given the office of Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 709 (Wadō 2, 3rd month): There was an uprising in Mutsu Province and in Echigo Province.
 709 (Wadō 2, 5th month): An ambassador was received from the Korean kingdom of Silla.
 710 (Wadō 3): Japan's capital city was established in Nara (Heijō-kyō).
 712 (Wadō 5): The Kojiki was finished.
 712 (Wadō 5): Dewa Province and Mutsu are separated.
 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month):  Tamba Province was separated from Tango Province. Mimasaka Province was divided from Bizen Province. Hyūga Province was divided from Ōsumi Province.
 Wadō 6, 5th month, 2nd day (713): Empress orders work to begin on official reports (fudoki} about the history and geography of the provinces.
 713 (Wadō 6): Road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was made wider.  Also, the road was made wider the Kiso District of what is today Nagano Prefecture.
 715 (Wadō 8): Empress Gemmei abdicated in favor of her daughter.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Asuka period
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
700s establishments in Japan
710s disestablishments in Japan
708 establishments
715 disestablishments
ISO 639-2

ISO 639 is a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names. First there was ISO 639-1. To list more languages, ISO 639-2 was made. Later versions include ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-5.

Each language has a 3 letter code.  The list below shows all the codes in ISO 639-2.

List
The following is a complete list of three-letter ISO 639-2 codes. Where two ISO 639-2 codes are given in the table, the one with the asterisk is the bibliographic code (B code) and the other is the terminological code (T code).

Entries in the Notes column show:
 ancient languages (extinct since ancient times);
 collections of languages;
 constructed languages;
 languages extinct in recent times;
 historical languages (distinct from their modern form);
 macrolanguages.

References
 

ISO 639
ISO 639-3

The ISO 639-3 is the third version of a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names. Such codes are also known as language codes. Before this version was out, there was already ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2, but due to the increase in languages being added to the database, ISO639-3 was therefore released, and all language codes have three letters, unlike the previous two, which allowed two letters in the code.

Each known language has a 3 letter code, and requests to add additional languages into the database can be made at the SIL International website. The standard was published by ISO on 2007-02-05.

References

Other websites 
 SIL International website for ISO639-3 language codes

ISO 639
Vehicle registration plate

A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate on a motor vehicle or trailer.  It is used for official identification purposes. There is a numeric or alphanumeric (meaning that the code is made up of numbers and letters) code that identifies the vehicle. In some countries, the identifier is unique in the entire country.  In other countries, it is unique in a state or province. Sometimes the identifier is for a person and sometimes for a vehicle. Each country calls a vehicle registration plate something different. Some examples are license plate or tag (US), licence plate (Canada), number plate or registration plate (UK).   

Identification documents
Law
Road transport
Armenian dram

The dram (Armenian: Դրամ) is the money of Armenia. It is divided into 100 luma. The word "dram" translates into English as "money".  It is similar to the Greek drachma and the Arabic dirham. The Central Bank of Armenia is the only place that can print drams.

The first time the word dram was used for money in Armenia was from 1199 to 1375.  The current dram began to be used 22 November 1993. This was after Armenia was no longer part of the Soviet Union.

References

Other websites 

 Central Bank of Armenia
 Armenian Currency Exchange 
 Central Bank of Armenia next day USD to AMD exchange rate prediction Engine
 Armemian Dram Sign History, shape, and promotion of Armenian Dram Sign
 Coin Types from Armenia Lists, pictures, and values of Armenian coin types
 The banknotes of Armenia 

Currency of Europe
Armenia
Currency of Asia
1993 establishments
20th-century establishments in Armenia
Telephone numbers in Armenia

Below is how the telephone numbering system in Armenia works.  The calling code for Armenia is +374.

Dialing plan
The dialing plan is as below:

Calling Armenia from abroad
From abroad to Yerevan, marzes, mobile network, Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   + 374 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number           (to Yerevan, regions(marzes))
   + 374 + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Subscriber Number (to mobile network)
   + 374 + 47 + Subscriber Number                         (to NK fixed telephone network)
   + 374 + 97 + Subscriber Number                         (to NK mobile network)

Calling from Armenia
From Yerevan, marzes, mobile network and Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan) to abroad:
   00 + Country Code + Destination Code + Subscriber Number

Calling within Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh
   0 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number

Calling Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia
From Yerevan, marzes and mobile network to Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   0 + 47 + Subscriber Number                      (to NK fixed telephone network)
   0 + 97 + Subscriber Number                      (to NK mobile network)

Telephone numbers
Armenia
Aragatsotn Province

Aragatsotn is a province (marz) of Armenia.  It is in the west of the country.  The capital is Ashtarak. The name means "a foot of Aragats".  During the Arsacid Dynasty of the Kingdom of Armenia, the region was part of the Ayrarat province.  It was ruled by the Amatuni noble family with its capital at Oshakan.

Aragatsotn's western edge forms part of Armenia's border with Turkey.

There are 3 urban communities and 111 rural communities.

References

Provinces of Armenia