cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Luis Raymond Villafuerte

Luis Raymond Villafuerte is a politician from the Philippines. He is the son of former governor Luis Villafuerte Sr.

1968 births
Living people
Filipino politicians
People from Quezon City
High arch

High arch is a human foot type, where the foot arch is higher than normal. People with high arches often feel foot pain, and have to wear special shoes.

Feet
Gamophobia

Gamophobia (prounced 'ga-me-PHO-bia', from the Greek 'gamo' meaning 'marriage') is the fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or commitment. The opposite of 'gamophobia' is 'anuptaphobia'-it is the fear of not being in a relationship (to be single or alone). A person who has gamophobia may like or love a person, but when he or she finds out about that person liking them back and attempting to be together, there is a possibility that their  would change to hate.

Rather than a phobia, such behavior is linked to a number of personality disorders and neuroses. The majority of phobias are socially created, and are not found in any DSM Psychology manual. The inability to allow oneself to  be vulnerable and show their 'bad parts' has a personality disorder. When the individual displays reaction formation (love to hate) this is a neurotic defense mechanism. This can also be known as commitment phobia.

References

The Hindu, 6 December 2011, Chennai, India

Phobias
Cluny Abbey

Cluny Abbey is a Benedictine abbey in Cluny. It was built in Romanesque style and its three churches date rom the 10th to the 12th century. It was founded by William I of Aquitaine in the year 910. Soon the place was noted because it followed the Rule of St. Benedict more strictly than the place where the rule was developed, that is Subiaco in Italy. Cluny became the leader of a movement called monasticism. The abbey also started the Cluniac Reforms, and was subject only to the pope, Sergius III at the time. The Benedictine order was very important for the stability of f European society at the time.In 1790, during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked, and mostly destroyed. Today, only very little of the original remains. 

Dating around 1334, the abbots of Cluny had a townhouse in Paris known as the Hôtel de Cluny, what is now a public museum since 1833. Apart from the name, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.

Benedictine abbeys
Buildings and structures in France
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Irish rebellion of 1798

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| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
}}
The Irish rebellion of 1798 was an uprising of Irish people against British rule in Ireland. It was led by Wolfe Tone and consisted primarily of a secret society called the United Irish. It was aided by Republican France. However, it never gained much traction due to its alliance with anti-Catholic France, because Ireland was primarily Catholic. Despite the British government's anti-Catholicism, most Irish Catholics supported the Crown as the lesser of two evils because of the issue of Revolutionary France's involvement. The uprising lasted several months. A group called the United Irishmen were the main driving force in the rebellion. They were influenced by revolutions taking place in America and France around the time. The uprising is also known as United Irishmen Rebellion.
 
Between 10.000 and 50.000 people died as casualties on the Irish side, between 500 and 2000 on the English side.

References 

History of Ireland
1798
1790s in Europe
Volcanic winter

A volcanic winter is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large volcanic eruption. Such an eruption releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. They form aerosols of sulfuric acid. When they reach the stratosphere more sunlight is reflected, and some is absorbed by the stratosphere. These reactions heat up the stratosphere, but lead to a drop in the temperature on the ground.

The Siberian Traps, Emeishan Traps, and Deccan Traps are huge flood basalt provinces caused by volcanism. They are the cause, or part of the cause, of several mass extinctions, especially the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Nuclear winter is a theory of similar effects which might be caused by a large-scale nuclear war.

Recent events

The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant.

Most recently, the 1991 explosion of Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines, cooled global temperatures for about 2–3 years.

In 1883, the explosion of Krakatoa (Krakatau) created volcanic winter-like conditions. The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards. Record snowfalls were recorded worldwide.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England and Newfoundland and Labrador in what came to be known as the "Year without a Summer" of 1816.

A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland, where the eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population. Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1 °C in the year following the Laki eruption.

In 1600, the Huaynaputina in Peru erupted. Tree ring studies show that 1601 was cold. Russia had its worst famine in 1601 to 1603. From 1600 to 1602, Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia had exceptionally cold winters. The wine harvest was late in 1601 in France, and in Peru and Germany wine production collapsed. Peach trees bloomed late in China, and Lake Suwa in Japan froze early.

In 1452 or 1453, a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano named Kuwae.  It caused worldwide disruptions.

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 in Europe may have been precipitated by a volcanic event, perhaps that of Kaharoa, New Zealand, which lasted about five years.

References

Weather
Volcanoes
Climate
4Minute

4Minute () is a five-member South Korean K-pop girl group. Its members are Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, Jeon Ji-yoon, Kim Hyun-ah and Kwon So-hyun. They belong to Cube Entertainment in Korea. Far Eastern Tribe Records in Universal Music Japan is responsible for 4minute's labels in Japan. Their official fan club name is 4Nia. This is a combination of 4Minute and mania.

They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown on June 18, 2009 with their song "Hot Issue". The name 4minute has two meanings. One means that each of its member will attract audiences in 4 minutes and this is why all of their songs are shorter than 4 minutes. The other meaning is that they will do their best for a minute (for every moment).

Kim Hyun-ah already released two singles. She used to be a member of Wonder Girls and Kwon So-hyun was a member of girl group Orange.  Nam Ji-hyun is best in dance, Heo Ga-yoon in drama, Jeon Ji-yoon in music and Kim Hyun-ah is best in the Department of Theater and Film. 
 
In December 2010, it released its first Japanese album, Diamond. In 2011, the group released its first Korean full-length album, 4Minutes Left with the title track "Mirror Mirror" and the following years they have promoted 2 more mini albums and 2 chart topping hits "Volume Up" and "What's Your Name"
The group received the Bonsang Award at the 20th Seoul Music Awards, and the Kpop New Artist Award at the 2010 Billboard Japan Music Awards.

The Group disbanded in 2016 after 4 of the 5 members left Cube Entertainment.

Members

Music 
 Hot Issue (2009)
 For Muzik (2009)
 Jingle Jingle (Hangul:징글 징글) (2009)
 개인의 취향 OST Part.3 (2010)
 Hit Your Heart (2010)
 'Muzik (Single) (2010)
 Superstar (2010)
 I My Me Mine (Single) (2010)
 지구대표 롤링스타즈 OST (2010)
 First . Dreams Come True (Standard Ver.) (2010)
 Diamond (2011)
 Heart To Heart (2011)
 4Minutes Left (2011)
 FreeStyle (2011)
 Volume Up (2012)
 Love Tension (Japanese Single) (2012)
Name is 4Minute (2013)
4Minute World (2014)
Crazy (2015)
No. 7 (2016)

References

Other websites 

 
 

South Korean girl groups
K-pop music groups
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
2010s disestablishments in Asia
Musical groups established in 2009
Disestablishments in South Korea
The Brady Bunch

The Brady Bunch is an American situation comedy created by Sherwood Schwartz. It stars Robert Reed, Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis. It is about a large blended family who live in a suburban setting. It ran ABC from 1969 to 1974.

Cast
 Robert Reed as Mike Brady
 Florence Henderson as Carol Brady
 Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson
 Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady
 Eve Plumb as Jan Brady
 Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady
 Barry Williams as Greg Brady
 Christopher Knight as Peter Brady
 Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady
 Allan Melvin as Sam Franklin
 Jack Collins as Mr. Phillips 
 Robbie Rist as Cousin Oliver

Guest Stars
 Herbert Anderson
 Melissa Sue Anderson
 Desi Arnaz Jr.
 Jim Backus
 Ken Berry
 Imogene Coca
 Don Drysdale
 Don Ho
 Davy Jones
 Deacon Jones
 Bartell LaRue
 E. G. Marshall
 James McDivitt
 Joe Namath
 Denise Nickerson
 Wes Parker
 Vincent Price
 Marion Ross
 Natalie Schafer
 Marcia Wallace
 Rita Wilson
 Paul Winchell

Other websites

1969 establishments in the United States
Fictional families
Television series about families
English-language television programs
Tristania

Tristania is a gothic metal band from Norway. The band was created by Morten Veland.

Style
The album Widow's Weeds (1998) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal and doom metal. The album Beyond the Veil (1999) is a mix of gothic metal and doom metal. The album World of Glass (2001) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, symphonic metal and folk metal. 

Death metal bands
Doom metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Stavanger
Double acute accent

The double acute accent ( ˝ ) is a special mark called a diacritic. It is usually used to make a vowel sound longer. It is only used in the Latin alphabet. The double acute accent is mainly used in Hungarian. Because of this, it is sometimes called the hungarumlaut. This is a way of writing Hungarian umlaut.

Related pages 
 Acute accent

Alphabetic diacritics
Ken Park

Ken Park is a 2002 American movie. It is a co-direction by Larry Clark and Edward Lachman. It was written by Harmony Korine, based off Clark's journals. The movie was highly controversial because of its subject matter. The movie was not rated by the MPAA but is similar to an NC-17 due to foul language and strong sexual material involving minors. In Australia, Ken Park was rated Refused Classification due to content.

Obscenity
2002 drama movies
American erotic movies
American drama movies
Dutch drama movies
French drama movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Movies about child sexual abuse
2000s erotic movies
V-1 flying bomb

The V-1 flying bomb (also called the Buzz Bomb or Doodlebug) was a World War II weapon. 

It was a flying bomb, an early cruise missile. Its jet engine made it travel at 350 mph (600 kmph).  The Luftwaffe aimed it at London, and also Antwerp in Belgium. V-1s destroyed nearly as many houses as the Blitz did but killed fewer: 22,892 people were killed by the weapon. 

The Allies tried to stop these attacks by bombing their launching places, by shooting at them in the air, and by flying fast planes close to them and nudging them off course using their wings.

They had a fairly crude guidance system. Overall, only about 25 per cent of V-1s hit their targets. Most were lost lost by defensive measures, mechanical unreliability or guidance errors.

Related pages
 V-2 rocket

References

Explosives
Nazi Germany
Citrus Blast

Citrus Blast is a grapefruit flavored soft drink. It is made by PepsiCo.  It has no caffeine.  It was first sold in 2011.

Soft drinks

da:Citrus Blast
Young Dracula

Young Dracula is a British children's fantasy television series. It is shown on CBBC. The series is based on Young Dracula AND Young Monsters, a children's book by Michael Lawrence. The series is directed by Joss Agnew. It was first broadcast in 2006.

Young Dracula was nominated for Best Children's Drama in the 2008 BAFTA Awards. A fourth series is now being filmed.

References 

Children's television series
BBC Television programmes
English-language television programs
Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search

The Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search, or SWEEPS, was an astronomical survey. It was carried out in 2006. SWEEPS used the Hubble Space Telescope to look at 180,000 stars for seven days to find extrasolar planets.

Area looked at

The stars that SWEEPS monitored were all in the Sagittarius-I Window. This is a rare transparent look at the huge group of closely packed stars at the Milky Way's centre (central bulge), in the Sagittarius constellation. Our view to most of the stars in the centre of the galaxy is blocked by lanes of dust. These stars are about 27,000 light years from Earth.

Planets discovered
Sixteen planets were discovered by SWEEPS. They took from 0.6 to 4.2 days to go around the Sun. Planets which took less than 1.2 days to go around the sun have not been detected yet; these have been called "ultra-short period planets" (USPPs) by the search team. USPPs were discovered only around stars with a low mass. This means that larger stars might have destroyed any planets orbiting so closely, or that planets could not move as far inward around larger stars.

SWEEPS-4 and SWEEPS-11 orbited stars that were very different to other stars close by. This made it possible for these to be looked at again using the radial velocity method. Their masses could then be found.

Related pages
 Hubble Space Telescope

References

Other websites
 News Release Number: STScI-2006-34 Hubble Finds Extrasolar Planets Far Across Galaxy 

Astronomy
Tenna

was a  after Enpō and before Jōkyō.  This period started in September 1681 and ended in February 1684. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Tenna means "Peace of Heaven".

Events of the Tenna era

 1681 (Tenna 1): Tokugawa Tsunayoshi is established as the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

 5 February 1681 (Tenna 1, 28th day of the 12th month): The Great Tenna Fire in Edo.

 1681 (Tenna 2): A famine afflicts Heian-kyō and the nearby areas.

 1683 (Tenna 3): Tokugawa shogunate grants permission for Mitsui money exchanges (ryōgaeten) to open in Edo.

 1683 (Tenna 4): Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated.

In Tenna, the first book was written about the coins of Japan.  The work was entitled Classified Collection of Coins (Kwacho Kuien).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1681 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1684 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan
Brown asbestos

Brown asbestos, also called grunerite or amosite, is one of the six types of asbestos. It has the chemical formula Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. It is less common than white asbestos but can be found in some construction materials. Like other types of asbestos, being exposed to it can cause mesothelioma and asbestosis.

Asbestos
Jōkyō

was a  after Tenna and before Genroku.  This period started in February 1684 and ended in September 1688.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Jōkyō era
The new era of  was created by the Imperial court.  After 1684, the power to create a calendar shifted to the shogunate.  The Tokugawa astrology bureau developed a calendar which was independent of Chinese almanacs.

 1684 (Jōkyō 1): A fire burned the Imperial palace to ashes; and the reconstruction took a year.

 1684 (Jōkyō 1): Chikamatsu Monzaemon began to write plays for the kabuki audience in Heian-kyō.

 26 March 1685 (Jōkyō 2, 22nd day of the 2nd month): The former Emperor Go-Sai died; and a large comet appeared in the night sky.

 13 April 1686 (Jōkyō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): Emperor Reigen abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Higashiyama's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 1689 (Jōkyō 6'): Calendar with seven-day week.

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Jōkyō calendar

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

 

Japanese eras
1684 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1688 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan
Data Encryption Standard

The Data Encryption Standard is a 56-bit cipher that was once recommended by the U.S. Government. In 1998, it was defeated by a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. It has been replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard in most uses.

3DES 
After DES was cracked, the NIST, the US institution for technology and also cryptography, developed 3DES. It has 3 times more bits, but is otherwise the same as DES.

Theoretically, 3DES should provide 168 bits of security. But because of the design, the NIST later said it only provides 80 bits of security. That can be broken by a modern computer and thus the cipher should be considered broken.

Cryptography
Sha Tin Racecourse

The Sha Tin Racecourse is a horse racing venue in Hong Kong.

Horse racing
Sports buildings
Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
1925 Geneva Protocol

The Geneva Protocol of 1925 (The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) was a law that made it illegal to fight with chemical or biological weapons in war.  The Geneva protocol was signed on June 17, 1925 and the protocol was entered into force on January 8, 1928. Before, it was signed by some countries like the United Kingdom and France originally. Any country who has signed this Protocol must follow it.

After World War I, the Geneva Protocol was made from the treaties signed with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. The use of chemical weapons began in WWI when one million deaths resulted from chemical weapons.

After signing the treaty, some countries wanted to change it so that they would not have to follow it if the country fighting them did not follow the treaty. Because of this, many countries like France and United Kingdom withdrew from it. Others, like the United States still follow it but with this extra condition.

References

"Primary Documents- Geneva Protocol, 17 June 1925." firstworldwar.com. First World War.com, 22 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
"1925 Geneva Protocol." un.org. UNODA: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
"Geneva Protocol." fas.org. FAS: Weapons of Mass Destruction, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

Treaties and Conventions
1925
1920s in Europe
20th century in Geneva
Chemical warfare
1920s treaties
Fledge

Fledge is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles become developed enough for flight. It also describes the act of a chick's parents raising it until it is fully grown. A young bird that has recently fledged but still needs care and feeding is called a  fledgling.

In ornithology, fledging has many meanings, depending on species. Birds are sometimes considered fledged once they leave the nest, even if they still cannot fly.

References 

Developmental biology
Birds
Rat snake

Rat snakes are medium to large snakes that can be found mostly in the northern hemisphere. They feed primarily on rodents and birds and, with some species being over 3 m (10 feet), they are on the top levels of some food chains.  Many species make attractive pets and one, the corn snake, is one of the most popular reptile pets in the world. Other species can be very sensitive and sometimes aggressive, but the bites are not dangerous. Rat snakes were long thought to be completely nonvenomous, but recent studies have shown that some do have harmlessly small amounts of venom in them. When frightened, rat snakes may freeze, which is why a lot has been killed in traffic.

Rat snakes in captivity
Rat snakes are commonly kept as pets. The corn snake especially is one of the most popular pet reptiles, and belongs to the rat snake family.

References

Other websites 
 Information on a variety of Rat Snakes

Colubrids
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that is highly sensitive. It can see  a range of metals and several non-metals at concentrations below one part in 1012 (part per trillion). It is based on hooking together an inductively coupled plasma as a method of producing ions (ionization) with a mass spectrometer as a method of separating and detecting the ions. Many chemists use Argon as a carrier gas to make the plasma. The machine sends the sample ions through a series of small cones.  The cones let the plasma ions slowly enter the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer.

In trace elemental analysis, the method has advantages of high speed, precision and sensitivity compared to atomic absorption techniques. Analysis of lower concentrations at the same time is more prone to disruption by trace contaminants in labware and reagents used. Some analytes can not work with ICP-MS. Verification of analysis results requires additional work.

The variety of applications exceeds that of ICP-OES and includes isotopic speciation. Because ICP-MS can help make atom bombs, ICP-MS hardware is a subject for special exporting regulations.

Mass spectrometry
Laboratory equipment
Analytical chemistry
The Birds of America

The Birds of America is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon. It includes illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the United States. It was first published between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London.

The work is of hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from engraved plates, measuring around . It includes images of six birds that are now extinct: Carolina Parakeet, Passenger Pigeon, Labrador Duck, Great Auk,
Esquimaux Curlew, and Pinnated Grouse.

References 

Biology books
Charles Wright (poet)

Charles Wright (born August 25, 1935) is an American poet. He was awarded the National Book Award (1983) for Country Music: Selected Early Poems and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1998) for Black Zodiac.

References 

American poets
Writers from Tennessee
1935 births
Living people
Emeishan Traps

The Emeishan Traps is a flood basalt volcanic province in Southwestern China, around Sichuan province. Many igneous rock types can be found there. This is known as large igneous province in geology. Other names for the traps include Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, and other variations. The Traps are the step-like rock made up of many layers of basalt, which were laid down by successive eruptions of magma. 

The eruptions that lead to the Emeshian traps began about 260 million years ago. The traps are much smaller than the Siberian Traps, which occurred not long afterwards, about 251 million years ago. Despite this, the Emeshian traps were large enough to have an impact on the ecology of the time, and on paleontology. They are part of the mass extinction events towards the end of the Permian period.

The Emeishan Traps are part of the scientific debate on the causes of mass extictions. The end-Guadalupian extinction occurred at almost the same time as the Emeshian Traps were formed. This supports the argument, that volcanism is the main driving force behind mass extinctions. Another theory that has been proposed to explain mass extinctions is that meteor or comet impact events caused them. In this context, the hypothesis is that impact events cause flood basalt eruptions, such as those which generated the Emeshian Traps. This hypothesis is not widely supported.

References 

 Dobretsov N.L. 2005. Large igneous provinces of Asia (250 Ma): Siberian and Emeishan traps (plateau basalts) and associated granitoids. Geologiya i geofizika. 46, 870-890.
 He, Bin et al 2003. Sedimentary evidence for a rapid kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 213, 391-405.

Geography of China
Extinction events
Flood basalts
Hurricane Janet

Hurricane Janet was a deadly hurricane in September 1955. She killed 687 people in the Caribbean and in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Janet peaked at Category Five strength: her winds reached the 175 mile per hour level. The name Janet was later retired.

Deadly storms
1955 in North America
Hurricanes in Mexico
1950s in Mexico
September events
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
RMS Carpathia

RMS Carpathia was a passenger steamship of the Cunard Line.

Carpathia was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson.  The ship made her maiden voyage in 1903.

She was famous for rescuing the survivors of RMS Titanic after the RMS Titanic hit an iceberg and sank on 15 April 1912.

Carpathia was sunk in the Atlantic on 17 July 1918 during the First World War. She sank after being torpedoed by an Imperial German Navy U-boat. The captain of the Carpathia  was    A.H. Rostron.

References

Other websites

Carpathia (1903–1918 ; 13,555 tons) 
Maritimequest RMS Carpathia Photo Gallery
Carpathia 1907 photos by Marjorie Champlin Bowen

Ships
RMS Titanic
Pope Clement V

Pope Clement V (; 1264 –20 April, 1314), born Bertrand de Got, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 196th Pope from 1305 until his death.

He was the first of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life
Bertrand de Got was born around 1264 in Villandraut in Gironde region of France.

Bishop
Betrand was Archbishop of Bordeaux.

Pope
He was elected pope on June 5, 1305; and he chose to be called Clement V.  He was the fourth of six non-cardinals to be elected pope in the Middle Ages.

Pope Clement moved the papacy to Avignon.

The pope was involved in conflicts with the Knights Templar.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Clement V

1264 births
1314 deaths
French popes
Mucous membrane

A mucous membrane (or mucosae; singular mucosa) is a skin-like lining. A mucus membrane is covered in epithelium. They secrete mucus, and in the alimentary canal they absorb nutrients. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. 

At several places they connect up (are contiguous) with the skin. For example, at the nostrils, the mouth, the lips, the eyelids, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. Unlike skin, which has hair growing out of it, mucous membranes are hairless.

The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and glands is called "mucous". The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body. However, not every mucous membrane secretes mucous.

Anatomy
Thimble

A thimble is a small, hard cup. People wear one on their finger for protection from the needle when sewing.

Needlework
Raymond Poincaré

Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 - 15 October 1934)  was a French politician of the Third Republic. He was a cousin of the mathematician Henri Poincaré. He was president of France from 1913 to 1920, and Foreign minister several times. He had studied law at the Sorbonne and was trained to be a lawyer. He held a neutral view in the Dreyfus Affair at first, but later supported Dreyfus.

1860 births
1934 deaths
French Ministers of Finance
French people of World War I
Government ministers of France
Presidents of France
Knob and tube wiring

Knob and tube wiring (abbreviated K&T) was an early type of electrical wiring. It was commonly used from the 1880s to the early 1940s, and is occasionally, but very rarely, still used today. In knob and tube wiring, wires were held to the wooden structure by ceramic knobs, and were protected by ceramic tubes when they went through a piece of wood. Wires were held to the knobs by another piece of non-conducting wire. A material called loom protected the wire when it entered a junction box, which usually contained an outlet, switch, or light fixture. Splices were soldered together and wrapped in cloth electrical tape. The insulation on knob and tube wiring was usually cotton cloth soaked in asphalt. To prevent short circuits, the hot and neutral wires were kept far apart. This is not necessary on modern wiring because modern insulation alone is enough to prevent short circuits. Knob and tube wiring did not have a ground wire and therefore did not have three-prong outlets. Most electrical codes allow the use of a GFCI to update knob and tube outlets to three-prong without installing any new wire.

Safety 
Knob and tube wiring used cloth insulation. Over time this insulation can wear out, become brittle, and fall off, leaving bare wire. The ceramic knobs and tubes provide some protection because even if the insulation does fall off, the bare wire can not touch the wooden structure. The insulation is also somewhat flammable. Some knob and tube insulation intended for industrial use contained asbestos, which reduced the risk of fire, but can cause cancer. Unlike modern wiring, splices were not contained in a protective box. If a splice failed, it could make a spark and start a fire. The fuse boxes usually had no protection from using an incorrect fuse. An incorrect fuse could cause the wiring to overheat and become damaged or start a fire. Another problem is that when a fuse blew, people who didn't know or didn't care about the hazards would sometimes replace it with a coin or a ball of foil if a replacement fuse wasn't available, leaving no overload protection at all. These issues can be partially corrected by installing a modern circuit breaker panel with arc fault circuit interrupter breakers. There was also no ground wire. Knob and tube can be updated with a GFCI to add the equivalent of grounding. There is generally no need to replace knob and tube wiring if it is in good condition.

Unusual wiring layouts 
Unlike modern wiring, knob and tube supply and return wires were not always alongside each other. In the oldest installations, several branch circuits could share the same neutral wire, which can cause overloads. To prevent overloads in this layout, the neutral wires were protected with fuses. If a neutral fuse blew or was removed, it could create a dangerous condition where the power appeared to be off, but was in fact still present. Three-way switches could also be wired in such a way that the outer ring of a lamp socket, which is normally connected to neutral, could be connected to hot, which is an electric shock hazard.

Related pages
Aluminum wiring
National Electrical Code

Electrical wiring
Construction
Post-postmodernism

Post-postmodernism is a general term used to describe new developments emerging from postmodernism. A similar term is metamodernism. These terms are not always accepted: for example, they are not in the Tate Guide to modern art terms.

History
Modernism began around 1900. It was a rejection of tradition and an attempt to see the world differently. Events such as World War 2 and the Great Depression made many feel modernism had failed. This led to postmodernism, which is cold and skeptical of the grand narrative of Western Society. This grand narrative is explained by Jean-François Lyotard as something. Postmodernism is a very broad term that cannot be defined by specific themes. It is an all-encompassing way of thinking.

Postmodernism is seen as a theory for explaining 20th Century culture. With the 20th Century now behind us and a new century beginning, many have suggested that Postmodernism is outdated in our current world. Advances such as the internet have changed the way we live, making the world a smaller place but also making communication and interaction with things around us less intimate. Post-Postmodernism takes this as a key reason why a return to sincerity and authentic expression is the way forward for the 21st Century.

Definitions
Post-postmodernism is a very new idea that is still forming. There are many different ideas about how post-postmodernism could evolve and shape culture. They look to where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to overcome postmodern irony.

References

Art movements
Philosophical movements and positions
Enzo Fortuny

Enzo Favio Fortuny (born June 7, 1981 in Veracruz, Mexico) is a Latin American voice actor. He is always credited as Enzo Fortuny. While he remains as a specialist in young men's voices, his range is ample enough to allow him to portray either gentler roles (like Yukito Tsukishiro) or much rougher ones (like InuYasha). He is the Latin American Disney XD channel speaker and the official Latin American Dub-over artists of Drake Bell and Elijah Wood.

Filmography
 The Lord of the Rings movies series (2001 & 2002) - Frodo Baggins (voiceover for Elijah Wood) (all Latino Versions)
 InuYasha (2002–2006) - InuYasha (Latino Version)
 Harry Potter movie series - Fred and George Weasley (Latino Version)
 Toy Story - Sid (Latino Version)
 Drake & Josh (2004–2007) - Drake Parker (Latino Version)

References

Child actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican voice actors
1981 births
Living people
People from Veracruz
Exercise physiology

Exercise physiology is the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide-range of physical exercise conditions. In addition, many exercise physiologists study the effect of exercise on pathology, and the mechanisms by which exercise can reduce or reverse disease progression. Professional bodies in most developed countries review and approve education programs to ensuring the quality and consistency of education.

Area of study
An exercise physiologist's area of study may include but is not limited to biochemistry, bioenergetics, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, biomechanics, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and central and perpheral nervous system function. Also, exercise physiologists range from basic scientists, to clinical researchers, to clinicians, to sports trainers.

Physiology
Evolutionary biology
Sports
Short circuit

A short circuit is a problem in an electrical circuit where two or more wires that are not supposed to come in contact with each other touch.  A short circuit can result in a very high current flowing through the circuit. The high current can destroy components, melt insulation and start a fire. If there is enough voltage, it can also cause an explosion called arc flash. Circuit breakers and fuses are devices that detect short circuits and (usually) shut the power off before any damage can be done.

A "short circuit" also happens when there is a bypass of electrical current. As electricity is "lazy", when there is a bypass without a "load" (e.g. Bulb), it will travel that route of least electrical impedance.

The term "short circuit" is frequently  misused to describe any electrical problem.

Electricity
Circuit breaker

A circuit breaker is a device designed to shut off an electrical circuit when too much current is flowing. This usually occurs if too many devices are plugged in or if there is a short circuit. Circuit breakers are usually installed in the electrical panel. Some circuit breakers also have GFCI protection. Inside the circuit breaker, there is usually an electromagnetic coil. When too much current flows through the coil, it pulls on the switch, shutting the power off. The coil reacts to immediate short circuits. There is also a bimetal strip that will bend and pull on the switch if it gets too hot. This reacts to extended periods of too much current. 

Some advanced circuit breakers monitor current electronically, and shut the power off when an electronic sensor detects too much current. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker does not need to be replaced to be reset, except in some severe cases such as very high-current short circuits and lightning strikes that may damage the circuit breaker.

Types

By voltage level
 Low voltage circuit breaker.
 Medium voltage circuit breaker.
 High voltage circuit breaker.

By medium of arc suppression
 Air circuit breaker
 CO2 circuit breaker
 Disconnecting circuit breaker 
 Oil circuit breaker
 Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker

Related pages
 Electricity

Electrical wiring
The Merchant of Venice

The Merchant of Venice is a play written by William Shakespeare. The date the play was written in unknown, but the play was mentioned in 1598 in Francis Mere's Wit's Treasury. A date of 1596-1597 is now accepted. Shakespeare's source was Il Pecorone by Ser Giovanni, a 14th century  Florentine writer.

The Merchant of Venice was first published in 1600. It was published again in 1619, and then in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. The play has been made into television programs many times and also into some movies. Three operas are based on the play.

Story
Bassanio is an aristocratic but poor young man of Venice. He has fallen in love with Portia, a beautiful young lady of Belmont.  Bassanio needs money to woo the lady. He asks his friend Antonio, the merchant of Venice, for a loan. 

Antonio's money is tied-up in business ventures. Antonio borrows money from a Jewish moneylender named Shylock. Antonio signs a bond agreeing to give Shylock a pound of his flesh if the money is not repaid on a certain date. Bassanio uses the money to travel to Belmont. He wins Portia's love.

Antonio cannot repay the borrowed money on time. Shylock insists on the pound of flesh as stated in the bond. The case goes to court. Portia disguises herself as a lawyer. She says that Shylock's bond is cruel. His insistence on the terms of the bond is just, but justice must be softened with mercy but Shylock does not relent. Portia then traps Shylock in the loopholes of his own bond and thus Shylock is not only forced to release Antonio but also give away his wealth and religion.

Plays by William Shakespeare
Yoji Koda

is a Japanese naval officer, academic, writer and senior fellow in the Asia Center at Harvard University.

Early life
Koda was born in December 1949 at Tokushima Prefecture.  He studied at the Defense Academy at Yokosuka in 1968-1972.

Career
Koda served on several JMSDF ships, including the Yudachi (DD-108), the Shirayuki (DD-123), and the Sawayuki (DD-125).

Timeline
 1973: Commissioned as Ensign in the  or JMSDF
 1982-1984: Exchange officer at United States Naval Academy
 1983: Lieutenant Commander
 1987: Commander
 1990-1991: Commanding Officer, Destroyer Sawayuki (DD-125)
 1991-1992: Naval Command College at U.S. Naval War College
 1997: Rear Admiral
 1997-1999: Chief of Staff, Commander Fleet Escort Force
 2003: Vice Admiral
 2005-2007: Commandant, Sasebo JMSDF District
 2007-2008: Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet

Admiral Koda retired from JMSDF in August 2008.

Selected works
  "The Russo-Japanese War: Primary Causes of Japanese Success,"  Naval War College Review (Spring 2005)
 "A New Carrier Race? Strategy, Force Planning, and JS Hyuga,"  Naval War College Review (Summer 2011)

Honours
 Griffith Asia Institute in Brisbane, Australia: 2011 Synnot Lecture

References

More reading 
 Chun, Tarryn.  "Profile: Retired Vice-Admiral Yoji Koda, Asia Center Senior Fellow, 2009-2011," Harvard Asia Newsletter (Winter 2010), p. 5.

1949 births
Living people
Admirals
Japanese academics
Japanese military people
Japanese writers
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Regionalliga Mitte

The Regionalliga Mitteis one of three 3rd level leagues in Austrian football. It is formed by teams from Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia and East Tyrol. It is the highest level of amateur football in Austria. The champion plays a relegation match versus the champion of the Regionalliga West. In the 2010/11 season the champion was the LASK Juniors team. In Austria second teams of professional clubs are not allowed to promot to professional football. In the relegation match versus WSG Wattens Blau Weiß Linz, the second of the season won and was promoted to Austrian Football First League .

Teams of the 2011/12 season
  Grazer AK   from Styria
  SAK Klagenfurt   from Carinthia
  SV Allerheiligen  from Styria
  Villacher SV  from Carinthia
  Austria Klagenfurt  from Carinthia
  FC Gratkorn  from Styria-relegated from First League
  Union St. Florian from Upper Austria  
  DSV Leoben  from Styria
  [[SV Kapfenberg|Kapfenberger SV Amateure]]   from Styria
  SV Gleinstätten  from Styria 
  UVB Vöcklamarkt  from Upper Austria 
  Sturm Graz Amateure   from Styria
  FC Wels   from Upper Austria
  Vorwärts Steyr   from Upper Austria
  FC Pasching   from Upper Austria
  LASK Juniors   from Upper Austria

Other websites 
Regionalliga Mitte (german)

References

Football in Austria
Football leagues
Tawakel Karman

Tawakel Karman (born 7 February 1979) came to international attention as a leader in the 2011 Yemeni uprising, part of the Arab Spring. Yemenis have called her "Iron Woman" and "Mother of the Revolution." She won the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize with two other women. She is the first Yemeni and the first Arab  woman to win the prize. She is the second Muslim woman to win any Nobel Prize and the youngest Nobel Peace Laureate.

Journalist, politician, and rights worker
Karman is a journalist. She is also politician and senior member of the of Al-Islah political party. She is also works to improve human rights. She is one of the people who started the group "Women Journalists Without Chains". She became well known in Yemen after 2005. As a journalist, she helped a mobile phone news service after the government did not give them a license. She led protests for press freedom and organized weekly protests for reform. She lead the Yemini protests to support the Arab Spring after the Tunisian people overthrew the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. She has opposed President Ali Abdullah Saleh and thinks he should not be president any longer.

Personal
Karman earned a college degree in commerce from the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a. She also completed a graduate degree in political science from the  University of Sana'a. She is married to Mohammed al-Nahmi

Spelling her name in English
Tawakel is sometimes spelled differently in English, for example:  Tawakul, Tawakkol, Tawakkul or Tawakel Abdel-Salam Karman

Some of her writing in English
Karman, Tawakkol. "Our revolution's doing what Saleh can't - uniting Yemen." The Guardian, 9 April 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "Yemen’s unfinished revolution." New York Times, 18 June 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "The world must not forsake Yemen's struggle for freedom." The Guardian, 1 November 2011. (Includes a link to the Arabic version.)

Karman, Tawakkol. "Tawakkol Karman - Nobel Lecture." Nobelprize.org. 10 Dec 2011. (Includes links to the English, Norwegian, and Arabic versions.)

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 Leymah Gbowee 
 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf

References

Other websites 
 Renowned activist and press freedom advocate Tawakul Karman , interviewed by Nadia Al-Sakkaf, Yemen Times, 17 June 2010
 Tawakel Karman interview with Al Jazeera
 Press Conference of 2011 Nobel Laureate, Tawakkul Karman Women's eNews.
 Tawakkol Karman's Official Facebook
 Tawakkol Karman's official Twitter
 Tawakkol Karman's Official website

1979 births
Living people
Human rights activists
Journalists
Yemeni people
Porsche 911

The Porsche 911 is a luxury sports car made by Porsche since 1964, in Zuffenhausen, Stuttgart.

Sports cars
911
Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the study of measurement and proportions of the human body.

Alphonse Bertillon and Criminology 

Anthropometry was first created by Alphonse Bertillon (April 24, 1853 – February 13, 1914). He was born in Paris, France. When he became a police officer, he created Anthropometry so that criminals could be easily identified. The system helped the police to get through many criminal records quicker. Having produced a set of characteristics of criminals, it became easier for the police to identify offenders.

Anthropometric measurements 

The system involves 10 measurements:
Height
Stretch
Bust  
Head length (crown to forehead)
Head width (temple to temple)
Cheek width
Ear length (both left and right)
Middle finger
Foot length
Cubit (length from elbow to middle finger)

References 
Burnett, “Introduction to Human factors, Human anatomy and Biomechanics”.  Web.10 Dec.2011
 "Anthropometry." Ergonomics4schools. Web. 10 Dec. 2011
 Webster's Online Dictionary  - Web. 11 Dec. 2011

Anatomy
Measurement
Anthropology
Physical anthropology
Eyelid

An eyelid is a thin piece of skin that covers and protects the eye. It is one of the thinnest areas of skin on a persons body. A muscle pulls back the eyelid to "open" the eye. People do this willingly or without thinking.  The human eyelid has a row of eyelashes that help protect the eye from dust and other small objects. Eyelashes also keep sweat out of the eye. Eyelids regularly spread tears and other secretions on the surface of the eye to keep it moist. The cornea is one part of the eye that must be kept moist.  Eyelids keep the eyes from drying out when asleep.  Also, the blink reflex protects the eye from things touching it.

Image gallery

Eye
Copenhagen Airport

Copenhagen Airport  () or Copenhagen Airport (; ) is international airport in Denmark and has 3 terminals. This airport is largest in the Nordic countries.

Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle are the largest airlines in Copenhagen.

It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Copenhagen city centre, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Malmö city centre.

There are three runways: 3,600m, 3,300m and 2,800m, all are asphalt.

The most popular flight destinations from Copenhagen are London, Oslo and Stockholm.

History

1925 - Opens for service.
1982 - The Cargo terminal opens.
2006 - 20 million passengers for the first time.
2007 - A metro station opens, connecting the airport to the Copenhagen Metro.
2010 - The new low cost terminal CPH Go opens the 31st of October.

Passengers (2010)  21,501,750

Sources

1925 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Denmark
Airports in Denmark
Copenhagen
Korean Americans

Korean Americans (Korean: ; Hanja: ; Hangukgye Migukin) are Americans of Korean descent. They are mostly from South Korea. A small amount are from North Korea. The Korean American community comprises about 0.5% of the United States population or about 1.6 million people and is the fifth largest Asian American subgroup, after the Indian American, Chinese American, Vietnamese American and Filipino American communities. The U.S. has the second-largest Korean community in the world. The largest is in the People's Republic of China.

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
Gentlemen's agreement

A gentlemen's agreement is an agreement made between two or more people. It can be written down, spoken, or just understood. A gentlemen's agreement needs people to be honourable and stick to the agreement, instead of enforcing the agreement. Because of this, it is different from a legal agreement or contract, because a legal agreement or contract can be enforced if needed.

Everyday life
Hovenia dulcis

Hovenia dulcis is also called the oriental raisin tree. It is a plant that lives in Japan, Korea, Eastern China and the Himalayas.

Life cycle 
The oriental raisin tree grows about 10 meters tall. Its bark of the tree is dark gray. Its flowers are white, and they open between June and July. The tree grows fruit in September and October. The fruits are brown, and they are shaped like a chicken's claw.  Its seeds fall off from February to March.  Its germination rate, which is the number of seeds that begin to spore or grow, is about 2 – 15%. Most trees begin to grow their own fruit when they are two years old.

Living conditions 
The oriental raisin tree can grow with shade or light. Cold does not hurt the tree, but too much time without rain does hurt it. Unlike many other plants, the oriental raisin tree can grow even if the soil has lots of salt in it, so often lives near the sea. Pollution does not hurt the oriental raisin tree either, so it can live in cities and other industrial areas.

Uses and effects 
The wood of the oriental raisin tree can be used to make buildings, musical instruments, ships, and furniture. Because the stem tastes sweet, people like to eat it and make drinks from it. This stem is also used for medicine.

Rhamnaceae