cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Adze

An adze is an ancient type of "edge tool". It dates back to the stone age. 

Adzes are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking. They are similar to an axe, but with the head mounted perpendicular (at right angles) to the handle. The cutting edge was made from chipped flint in the Mesolithic, polished stone in the Neolithic, and metal later on.

A very similar (but blunt) tool used for digging in hard ground is called a mattock.

References 

Cutting tools
733

The year 733 (DCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar.

Births
 Junnin, emperor of Japan (d. 765)
 Lu Yu, Chinese author (d. 804)

Deaths
 Mildthryth, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)
Konrad Emil Bloch

Konrad Emil Bloch ForMemRS (21 January 1912 – 15 October 2000) was a German American biochemist.

Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 with Feodor Lynen "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism".

Life
He was born on 21 January 1912 in Nysa, Prussian Silesia, German Empire (today Poland). He studied at the Technical University in Munich from 1930 to 1934. He fled to the Schweizerische Forschungsinstitut in Davos, Switzerland in 1934 because of the Nazi persecutions of Jews. He then moved to the United States in 1936. While in the United States, he joined the department of biological chemistry at Yale Medical School.

He  earned his Ph.D in biochemistry from Columbia University in 1938. He taught at Columbia University from 1939 to 1946. After that, he went to the University of Chicago and then Harvard University in 1954. He worked there until 1982. He then retired to Florida State University.

In 1964, Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Feodor Lynen. They won the prize "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism". The work that they did showed that the body first makes squalene from acetate over many steps and then converts the squalene to cholesterol.

Bloch traced the carbon atoms in cholesterol back to acetate. Some of the research that he did was conducted using radioactive acetate in bread mold and this was possible because fungi also produce squalene. The results were confirmed after he tested it on rats.

He was one of the researchers who showed that all steroids were made from cholesterol. His Nobel Lecture was The Biological Synthesis of Cholesterol.

In 1985, Bloch was named as a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988.

References

1912 births
2000 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German Jews
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Refugees from Nazism
Scientists from Massachusetts
German Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Deaths from heart failure
Fellows of the Royal Society
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Educators from Massachusetts
Frank Cashen

John Francis Cashen (September 13, 1925 – June 30, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball general manager and writer. He is often said to have turned the New York Mets into champions with choosing their squad. He was also an executive while the Baltimore Orioles won the 1966 World Series and 1970 World Series.

Chashen was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He gradated from Loyola University Maryland. He had seven children with wife, Jean: Gregory, Terry, Tim, Brian, Sean, Stacey and Blaise.

Cashen died on June 30, 2014 in Easton, Maryland, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 

1925 births
2014 deaths
American columnists
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Sportspeople from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
Baseball executives
Álvaro Corcuera

Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río (22 July 1957 – 30 June 2014) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest. He was the former General Director of the Catholic Order of the Legionaries of Christ, replacing Marcial Maciel after a sexual abuse scandal. He had served from January 2005 until early 2012.

Corcuera was born in Mexico City. In April 1975, he became one of the first members of the Regnum Christi Consecrated Men.

Corcuera died from a brain tumor on 30 June 2014 in Mexcio City. He was 56.

References

Other websites
 Legionaries of Christ 
 Regnum Christi Consecrated Men

1957 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Mexico
Deaths from brain cancer
People from Mexico City
Roman Catholic priests
Brian Roe

Brian Roe (27 January 1939 – 28 June 2014) was an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Somerset from 1957 until 1966. He was a right-handed opening batsman. He made four first-class centuries. He later moved to Minor Counties cricket. Here he played for Devon.

Roe was born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire. He retired from playing cricket during his early seventies.

Roe died on 28 June 2014 in Barnstaple, Devon, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 Brian Roe at Cricket Archive
 Brian Roe at ESPNcricinfo

1939 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in England
English cricketers
People from Devon
Sportspeople from Lincolnshire
Rex Whitehead

Rex Vernon Whitehead (26 October 1948 – 26 June 2014) was an Australian Test cricket match umpire and cricketer. He umpired four Test matches between 1981 and 1982. His first match was between Australia and India in Sydney on 2 January to 4 January 1981. Altogether, he umpired 15 first-class matches in his career between 1979 and 1983.

Whitehead was born in Victoria. He retired from umpiring in the 1980s.

Whitehead died from a massive stroke on 26 June 2014, aged 65.

References

Other websites
 Rex Whitehead at Cricket Archive
 Rex Whitehead at ESPNcricinfo

1948 births
2014 deaths
Australian cricketers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from stroke
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Wolf Koenig

Wolf Koenig (October 17, 1927 – June 26, 2014) was a German-born Canadian movie director, producer, animator and cinematographer. He was a founder of Direct Cinema at the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). For NFB, he worked on movies such as Neighbours (1952) and Lonely Boy (1962). His animations included What on Earth! (1966) and The House That Jack Built (1967).

Koenig was born in Dresden, Saxony. He and his family fled Nazi Germany for Canada in 1937.

Koenig died on June 26, 2014 in Toronto, Ontario, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 
 Wolf Koenig at the Canadian Encyclopedia

1927 births
2014 deaths
Animators
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Cinematographers
German Jews
Jewish businesspeople
People from Dresden
People from Toronto
Refugees from Nazism
Paul Lauterbur

Paul Christian Lauterbur (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist. Lauterbur won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".

Career
He served as a professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1963 until 1985. While there, Lauterbur conducted research on the development of the MRI. Along with his wife Joan, Lauterbur became a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1985. Lauterbur served as the professor for 22 years until he died on March 27, 2007 in Urbana, Illinois.

Awards
Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research (1984)
General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Kettering Prize (1985)
The Harvey Prize (1986)
National Medal of Science (1987)
National Medal of Technology (1988) (with Raymond Damadian)
Bower Award, Franklin Institute of Philadelphia (1990) (first recipient)
Carnegie Mellon Dickson Prize in Science (1992)
Kyoto Prize (1994)
NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society of the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
Charter member, Phi Kappa Tau Hall of Fame (2006)
National Inventors Hall of Fame (2007)

References

1929 births
2007 deaths
American chemists
American biophysicists
Scientists from Ohio
Nigel Calder

Nigel Calder (born Nigel David McKail Ritchie-Calder; 2 December 1931 – 25 June 2014) was a British science writer and television screenwriter.

He wrote for the magazine New Scientist from 1956 until 1966. He was also an editor for the magazine from 1962 until 1966. He soon moved to television screenwriting. He won the Kalinga Prize in 1972.

Calder was born in London, and grew up during World War II. His father was Lord Ritchie-Calder. Nigel Calder was a brother of the historian Angus Calder (1942–2008), mathematician Allan Calder and educationist Isla Calder (1946–2000). He was the father of travel writer Simon Calder and four other children. He was married to Elisabeth Palmer from 1954 until his death.

Calder believed the threat from global warning had been muchly magnified. He helped in making the movie The Great Global Warming Swindle. He also co-authored The Chilling Stars. About global warming, Calder said: "Governments are trying to achieve unanimity by stifling any scientist who disagrees. Einstein could not have got funding under the present system".

Calder died on 25 June 2014 in Crawley, West Sussex, aged 82.

References

Other websites
 
 Nigel Calder at DeSmogBlog

1931 births
2014 deaths
English novelists
English science writers
English television writers
Screenwriters from London
Writers from London
Arvid Jacobsen

Arvid Jacobsen (11 October 1938 – 25 June 2014) was a Norwegian newspaper editor. 

Jacobsen was born in Oslo. He started off his career with the Labour newspaper Dagsavisen (then Arbeiderbladet). He was a journalist for Arbeiderbladet from 1967 to 1977 and editor-in-chief in presses from 1977 to 1990. He was the main editor-in-chief of Arbeiderbladet from 1991 to 1994. Later, he was the information director for the Norwegian Bar Association from 1994 to 2003.

Jacobsen died after a short illness on 25 June 2014 at Ullevål Hospital, Oslo. He was 75.

References

1938 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Norwegian journalists
Writers from Oslo
Baruj Benacerraf

Baruj Benacerraf (October 29, 1920 – August 2, 2011) was a Venezuelan-born American immunologist.

Benacerraf won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 for his "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface protein molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self". He shared the prize with Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell.

Life
He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from Morocco and Algiers. Benacerraf's brother is Paul Benacerraf, a well-known philosopher. His father was a textile merchant. In 1925, he moved from Venezuela to Paris. In 1940, after he went back to Venezuela, he emigrated to the U.S.. He earned his B.S. at Columbia University School of General Studies in 1942. Benacerraf later went to the Medical College of Virginia where he earned his Doctor of Medicine degree.

References

1920 births
2011 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Columbia University alumni
French Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Caracas
Scientists from Paris
South American Jews
Venezuelan people
Steve Viksten

Stephen Lee "Steve" Viksten (July 19, 1960 – June 23, 2014) was an American television producer, writer and voice actor. He was best known for voicing the character Oskar Kokoshka (and co-creating, writing and producing) on the Nickelodeon animated series Hey Arnold!. He also wrote many episodes for the shows Hey Arnold!, Rugrats, Recess and Duckman. He co-wrote a The Simpsons' season 22 episode called "Homer Scissorhands" with Peter Gaffney in 2011. This was his last credit.

Viksten was born in Ventura, California. He went to the University of Missouri, UCLA, and Cal State Fullerton.

Viksten died from a cranial hemorrhage on June 23, 2014 in Roseville, California. He was 53.

References

Other websites
 Steve Viksten at Wikisimpsons
 

1960 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Ventura County, California
American television producers
American television writers
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke
Screenwriters from California
E. Donnall Thomas

Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas (March 15, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American physician.

Thomas won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 with Joseph E. Murray for his help in the development of cell and organ transplantation.

Life
He was born on March 15, 1920 in Mart, Texas. His father was a general practice doctor and often shadowed him. In 1941, Thomas earned his B.A. and studied chemistry and chemical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He also earned his M. A. from there in 1943. Thomas met his wife, Dorothy (Dottie) Martin while he was an undergraduate. He had three children with her. In 1943, he went to Harvard Medical School. Thomas worked closely with his wife after she became a lab technician during this time to support their family. He did residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital before he joined the US Army. "In 1955, he was appointed physician in chief at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, now Bassett Medical Center, in Cooperstown, N.Y., an affiliate of Columbia University."

He studied rodents that received lethal doses of radiation who were then saved by an infusion of marrow cells at Mary Imogene Bassett. At the time, patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation had all died due to either infections or immune reactions that were not seen in the rodent studies. He began to use dogs as a model system. He moved his lab to the United States Public Health Service in Seattle in 1963. In 1990, he received the National Medal of Science. He was one of 22 Nobel Laureates that signed the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

References

1920 births
2012 deaths
American physicians
People from Texas
Jaroslav Walter

Jaroslav Walter (6 January 1939 – 20 June 2014) was a Czech ice hockey player. He played for the Czechoslovak national team from the 1950s until the 1970s. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.

Walter was born in Sobědraž, Kostelec nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia (now part of the Czech Republic).

Walter died on 20 June 2014 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 Jaroslav Walter  at Slovak Hockey Hall of Fame 
 Jaroslav Walter  at Sports-Reference

1939 births
2014 deaths
Czech ice hockey players
Czechoslovak ice hockey players
Olympic bronze medalists
Anatoly Kornukov

Anatoly Mikhaïlovich Kornukov (; 10 January 1942 – 1 July 2014) was a Russian army general from 1959 until 2002. He was a fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Defence Forces. He was commander-in-chief of the Russian Air Force from 1998 to 2002. He got internationally known when it was found out that he ordered Korean Air Lines Flight 007 to be shot down on 1 September 1983.

Kornukov was born in Kadievka, Soviet Union (now Stakhanov, Ukraine).

Kornukov died on 1 July 2014 in Moscow, aged 72.

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Russia
Russian generals
Soviet generals
Bob Jones (police commissioner)

Robert "Bob" Jones  ( – 1 July 2014) was a British police officer and politician. He was the West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner for Labour West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner from 15 November 2012 until his death. He served as a Labour Councillor for Blakenhall Ward on Wolverhampton City Council from 1 May 1980 until 2013.

Jones was born in Wolverhampton. He studied at the University of Nottingham. He got a CBE in 2010.

Jones died in his sleep on 1 July 2014 in Wolverhampton, aged 59.

References

Other websites

 Bob Jones at West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner 

1955 births
2014 deaths
English politicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Wolverhampton
Police officers
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Nottoway River

The Nottoway River is a river in southern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. It is part of the Chowan River system, which flows into Albemarle Sound in North Carolina. The Virginia portion of the river has an abrupt fall line. It has many waterfalls, one after the other. Past Cortland, Virginia it joins the Blackwater river before it flows into North Carolina. The Nottoway has large areas of Cypress groves that supports a logging industry. Archaeologists have been working at a site at Cactus Hill, Virginia (about 45 miles south of Richmond, Virginia) since 1995. The site was occupied by humans as early as 15,000 years ago. It is one of the two earliest known places where humans lived in the eastern United States.

References 

Geography of North Carolina
Rivers of the United States
Rivers of Virginia
Money in the Bank (2014)

Money in the Bank (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on June 29, 2014 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the fifth Money in the Bank event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Money in the Bank 2014 website

2014 in American television
2014 in professional wrestling
Sports in Boston, Massachusetts
WWE Money in the Bank
2010s in Boston, Massachusetts
Money in the Bank (2013)

Money in the Bank (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on July 14, 2013 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the fourth Money in the Bank event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Money in the Bank 2013 website

2013 in American television
2013 in professional wrestling
Sports in Philadelphia
WWE Money in the Bank
2013 in the United States
2010s in Philadelphia
Breakup

The word "breakup" is an idiom. It is when an intimate relationship ends. The term is not used for relationships that end because of death. Marriages which end are not normally called breakups.

Reasons
A breakup can happen when one person is unhappy in their relationship. If a person ends a relationship, that person "dumps" their partner.

Some relationships end because both people are unhappy. The breakup is then "mutual".

People in a relationship may be unhappy because of differences in:
 age
 intelligence
 physical attractiveness

Grief
After a breakup, people may feel grief or unhappiness. Their personality or "sense of social value" may change.

People may need "time to heal" after a breakup. This time can depend on the length of the relationship.

Statistics
eNation did a survey on breakups in 2008. Almost one in three Americans were in a breakup within the last ten years. Young people were more likely to have been in more than one breakup.

References

Relationships
Money in the Bank (2012)

Money in the Bank (2012) was a professional wrestling pay per view show made by WE. It was held on July 15, 2012 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona. It was the third Money in the Bank event held by the WE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Money in the Bank 2012 website

2012 in American television
2012 in professional wrestling
Sports in Phoenix, Arizona
WWE Money in the Bank
2010s in Phoenix
July events
Money in the Bank (2011)

Money in the Bank (2011) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on July 17, 2011 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the second Money in the Bank event held by the WWE.

The main event between CM Punk and John Cena received a rare 5-star rating from Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Money in the Bank 2011 website

2011 in American television
2011 in professional wrestling
Sports in Illinois
WWE Money in the Bank
2010s in Illinois
July 2011 events
Ski-orienteering

Ski orienteering (Ski O) is a winter sport. It combines the events of cross-country skiing and orienteering.

Other websites

Winter sports
Edsbyns IF

Edsbyns IF is a sports club in Edsbyn in Sweden. The club was established on 6 June 1909 and adopted the game of bandy in 1925. It won the Swedish national men's championship in the years of 1952, 1953, 1962, 1978, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2017 and 2018.

References

Other websites

 Official website

1909 establishments in Europe
Bandy clubs in Sweden
1900s establishments in Sweden
Vetlanda BK

Vetlanda BK is a bandy club in Vetlanda in Sweden. Established in 1945, the club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the years of 1986, 1991 and 1992.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Bandy clubs in Sweden
1945 establishments in Sweden
Slottsbrons IF

Slottsbrons IF is a sports club in Slottsbron in Sweden. Established in 1918, the club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the years of 1934, 1936, 1938 and 1941.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1918 establishments in Sweden
Bandy clubs in Sweden
Nässjö IF

Nässjö IF is a sports club in Nässjö in Sweden. It was established on 22 November 1899. The club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the year of 1949.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1899 establishments in Sweden
Bandy clubs in Sweden
Tammy (movie)

Tammy is a comedy movie released in 2014 directed by Ben Falcone. The movie is about the title character having a terrible day. Melissa McCarthy plays the title character. Toni Collette plays Missi. Susan Sarandon plays Pearl. Kathy Bates plays Lenore.

This movie got negative reviews from many critics. It was released in July 2014.

Movies directed by Ben Falcone
2010s comedy movies
2014 movies
Paul Mazursky

Irwin Lawrence "Paul" Mazursky (April 25, 1930 – June 30, 2014) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and actor. His best known movies were Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969), Harry and Tonto (1974), An Unmarried Woman (1978), Moscow on the Hudson (1984), and Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986). He was nominated for five Academy Awards: three times for Best Original Screenplay, once for Best Adapted Screenplay, and once for Best Picture.

Mazursky was born in Brooklyn, New York City. His family were Jewish and his grandfather was a Ukrainian immigrant. He was married to Betsy (Purdy) Mazursky from 1953 until his death. They had two children. He was an atheist.

Mazursky from a pulmonary cardiac arrest on June 30, 2014 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 84.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
2014 deaths
Actors from New York City
American atheists
American movie actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Hazleton, Pennsylvania

Hazleton is a city in northeastern Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1780. It became a city in December 1891. At the 2010 United States Census, about 25,340 people lived there.

Cities in Pennsylvania
1780 establishments in North America
1780s establishments in Pennsylvania
Figeac

Figeac () is a commune in southern France in the region of Occitanie. It is the sous-prefecture (capital) of the arrondissement of the same name in the Lot department.

History
In the late ninth century, the King Pepin I of Aquitaine founded a monastery in Figeac; the town developed around the monastery as an important city on the pilgrimage routes. In the 14th century, the walls of Figeac were built.

Figeac is on the via Podiensis, a major medieval pilgrimage trail which is part of the Way of St. James.

Geography
Figeac is on the southwestern edge of the central plateau (Massif Central), north of the valley of the Lot river, on the right bank of the Célé river, a left tributary of the Lot.

The commune has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Figeac is surrounded by the communesCamburat, Planioles, Viazac, Lunan, Capdenac, Faycelles, Béduer, Camboulit, Lissac-et-Mouret.

Climate
The climate of Figeac, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Figeac are known, in French, as Figeacois (women: Figeacoises).

With a population of 9,820, Figeac has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Figeac

Figeac forms with other 4 communes the urban area of Figeac, with a population of 16,468 inhabitants (2013) and an area of ; one of the communes is Capdenac-Gare that belongs to the Aveyron department. This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Figeac, formed by 33 communes with a population of 25,593 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration 
Figeac is a subprefecture of the Lot department, the capital of the arrondissement of Figeac and the administrative centre () of the Figeac-1 and Figeac-2 cantons.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Figeac ().

People from or related to Figeac
 Jean-François Champollion, the first translator of Egyptian hieroglyphs, was born in Figeac, where there is a Champollion Museum. On the "Place des écritures" ("Square of the Writings"), there is a giant copy of the Rosetta Stone, by Joseph Kosuth.
 The actor Charles Boyer was also born in Figeac.

Sister cities
Figeac is twinned with:
  Roubaix, France
  Carrara, Italy
  Huesca, Spain

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Figeac
 Communes of the Lot department

References

Other websites

 City Council website  
 Pays de Figeac tourist office 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Lot
Željko Šturanović

Željko Šturanović (; 31 January 1960 – 30 June 2014) was a Montenegrin politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG). He was the Prime Minister of Montenegro from 10 November 2006 to 29 February 2008. He stepped down from the job because of health reasons. 

Šturanović was born in Nikšić, People's Republic of Montenegro, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (now Montenegro). He studied at the University of Montenegro Faculty of Law.

Šturanović died from lung cancer on 30 June 2014, aged 54. His wife and two children outlived him.

References

Other websites
 Željko Šturanović at Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG)

1960 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Lawyers
Prime Ministers of Montenegro
Frank M. Robinson

Frank Malcolm Robinson (August 9, 1926 – June 30, 2014) was an American science fiction and techno-thriller writer, editor and screenwriter. His best known novel was The Power. In the 1970s, he was a speechwriter for gay politician Harvey Milk, before he was murdered in 1978.

Robinson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was openly gay. He had a small role in the movie Milk (2008) about Harvey Milk, starring Sean Penn.

Robinson died on June 30, 2014 in San Francisco, California, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 
 

1926 births
2014 deaths
American science fiction writers
Gay men
LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Chicago
LGBT screenwriters
Screenwriters from Chicago
Writers from San Francisco
Pierre Bec

Pierre Bec (; 11 December 1921 – 30 June 2014) was a French poet and linguist of the Occitan language. He was one of the founders of the Institut d'Estudis Occitans (Institute for Occitan studies, IEO). He was also its president as well from 1962 to 1980. 

Bec's literature works were Petite anthologie de la lyrique occitane du Moyen Âge (1954), Les saluts d'amour du troubadour Arnaud de Mareuil (1961), La langue occitane (1963) and Raconte d’una mort tranquilla (1993). Meanwhile, his linguistics works included Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne (1973–1983) and Les Interférences linguistiques entre gascon et languedocien dans les parlers du Comminges et du Couserans (1968).

Bec was born in Paris. He spent his childhood in Comminges, where he learnt Occitan. He was deported to Germany between 1943 and 1945. After returning, he studied in Paris, where he graduated in 1959.

Bec died on 30 June 2014 in Poitiers, aged 92.

References

2014 deaths
1921 births
French poets
French linguists
Translators
Writers from Paris
Alejandra Da Passano

María Alejandra Ana Da Passano (26 July 1947 – 30 June 2014), better known as Alejandra Da Passano, was an Argentine actress of movies, stage plays and television shows. Her best known roles were in Mr. President (1970), Malevo (1972) and La madre María (1974). She was born in Buenos Aires.

Da Passano died on 30 June 2014 in Buenos Aires, aged 66.

References

Other websites

 

1947 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Argentina
Argentine movie actors
Actors from Buenos Aires
Argentine stage actors
Argentine television actors
SK Tirfing

SK Tirfing is a sports club in Harnäs in Sweden. It was Established on 20 January 1923. The club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the year of 1930. Between 1931 and 1942 the club played seven seasons in the Swedish top division. The club gave up bandy in 1981. Today only the women's team handball section remains.

References

Other websites
 Official website (team handball section)

1923 establishments in Sweden
Bandy clubs in Sweden
Handball clubs in Sweden
Ljusdals BK

Ljusdals BK is a bandy club in Ljusdal in Sweden. Established in 1943, the club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the year of 1975.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1943 establishments in Sweden
Bandy clubs in Sweden
Sweden women's national bandy team

Sweden women's national bandy team () represents Sweden on the women's side in bandy. Sweden has won the world championship several times, including the first women's edition in 2004.

Bandy in Sweden
Sweden men's national bandy team

Sweden men's national bandy team () represents Sweden on the men's side in bandy. Sweden has won the world championship several times, first time was in 1981.

Bandy in Sweden
Stephen Gaskin

Stephen Gaskin (February 16, 1935 – July 1, 2014) was an American counterculture hippie icon. He was best known for co-founding "The Farm", a famous spiritual intentional community. He was also known for being in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California in the 1960s.

Gaskin was born in Denver, Colorado. He was married to Ina May Gaskin. He had five children. He was in the US Marine Corps from 1952 to 1955.

Gaskin died on July 1, 2014 in Summertown, Tennessee. He was 79.

References

Other websites
 Stephen Gaskin  at The Farm official website

1935 births
2014 deaths
American activists
Nonviolence advocates
Writers from Denver, Colorado
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from Tennessee
Umaru Dikko

Umaru Dikko (31 December 1936 – 1 July 2014) was a Nigerian politician. He was also the Nigerian Ministry of Transport from 1979 until 1983. He was also an adviser to President Shehu Shagari.

Dikko was born in Zaria, Kaduna State. On 5 July 1984, he played the main role in the Dikko Affair. He was found drugged in a crate at Stansted Airport in the United Kingdom in an appearent kidnapping by Nigerian-Israeli officials.

Dikko died after having many strokes on 1 July 2014 at a hospital in London, England. He was 79.

References

Other websites
 Umaru Dikko obituary at The Daily Telegraph

1936 births
2014 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke
Nigerian politicians
Ron Hall (Australian footballer)

Ronald Maxwell "Ron" Hall (11 November 1945 – 26 June 2014) was an Australian rules footballer. He played for Scottsdale FC during the 1960s and 1970s. He represented Tasmania many times. He played for Tasmania at the 1969 Adelaide Carnival. He was added as a member of the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

Hall was born in Scottsdale, Tasmania. After he retired, he still had behind-the-scenes roles at the club.

Hall died from a heart attack on 26 June 2014 in Tasmania. He was 68.

References

Other websites
 Ron Hall at The Mecury

1945 births
2014 deaths
Australian rules footballers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Tasmania
Anjan Das

Anjan Das (13 June 1951 – 2 June 2014) was an Indian movie director. His movies were in the Bengali language. His best known movie was Faltu (2006). He won a National Film Award in the Best Feature Film category.

Das died from colon cancer on 2 June 2014, aged 62. His wife and son outlived him.

References

Other websites
 

1951 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in India
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Indian movie directors
Spanking the Monkey

Spanking the Monkey is a 1994 American black comedy movie. It is about incest, masturbation and troublesome relationships.

The movie was a box office success. It won several independent movie awards.

Other websites 

1990s black comedy movies
1994 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Incest in movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by David O. Russell
Writer's block

Writer's block is when a writer loses the ability to write new material. Some people may not write anything new for years. Writer's block has been a problem through history, but people started paying more attention to it in the 20th century.

Writer's block may have several causes. An author may run out of ideas of what to write about. Pressure to work may lead to the problem. It may also come from intimidation.

There are several forms of writer's block.

References

Writing
Sally Gray

Constance Vera Browne (or Sally Gray; 14 February 1916 – 24 September 2006) was an English actress during the 1930s and 1940s. She did mostly melodrama movies. She played herself in Cheer Up (1936). She also played Carole in Dangerous Moonlight.

Gray was born in London. She died there.

English movie actors
Actors from London
1916 births
2006 deaths
IOS 5

iOS 5 is the fifth major version of Apple's mobile operating system, iOS. It came after iOS 4, and was replaced by iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012. The current version of iOS 5 is iOS 5.1.1.

History
iOS 5 was announced during Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2011. Support was dropped for the iPhone 3G and the iPod Touch (2nd generation), and devices that are supported are the iPhone 3GS and later, the iPod Touch (3rd generation) and later, and the first generation iPad and later.

When the iPhone 4S was announced on October 4, 2011, the release date for iOS 5 was also announced. iOS 5 was released on October 12, 2011.

The iPhone 4S already had iOS 5 installed on it, but other devices had to have the update installed through iTunes. At first, many people could not install iOS 5 because they got error messages when they tried to download it. This was because Apple's servers could not keep up with the number of people who are downloading the update.

Features

iCloud

Apple's cloud-based service, iCloud, came as part of the iOS 5 update. This feature allows users to sync their music, pictures, videos, and more across all of their devices that have iCloud on them. Each user is given 5 gigabytes of storage for free, but they are allowed to sync unlimited amounts of music, apps, books, and photos.

New apps
A new feature called iMessage, built into the Messages app, allows anyone with an iOS device to send unlimited messages to people with iOS 5. It also allows iPhone users to send text messages to people who don't have an iOS device. The Messages app used to be only on the iPhone, but iOS 5 brought it to the iPod Touch and iPad.

The Reminders app allows users to make lists and alerts that can be based on a date or a location.

The Newsstand app is not a real app, but it is a folder that shows the newspapers and magazines that the user is subscribed to.

Other new features
iOS 5 allows devices to sync with iTunes wirelessly for the first time, without being connected to a computer. iOS devices can also be activated and updated over a wireless network for the first time.

In iOS 5, you can get to the camera quickly from the lock screen swiping up on the camera icon. Users can get to the camera without having to enter a passcode, but you can only use the camera. At first, you had to double-click the home button on the lock screen to get to the camera button, but it was changed in iOS 5.1 so that you could swipe up on the camera button.

Notification Center was introduced in iOS 5, and it also changed how notifications are displayed. Instead of a message that appears in the middle of the screen, stopping what was going on at the time, they appear in a banner on the top of the screen. You can access Notification Center by swiping down from the top of the screen, where it is hidden, and it shows notifications that happened in the past.

References

IOS
Operating systems
Trailways

Trailways Transportation System, or Trailways, is an American group of bus companies. It is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. 

The predecessor to Trailways was founded on February 5, 1936 by Burlington Transportation Company, Santa Fe Trails Transportation Company and other travel companies. Its closest competition is Greyhound Lines.

Trailways members are spread across North America. They provide bus tours, charter bus service and route scheduling services.

Bus transport
American transport companies
Companies based in Virginia
1936 establishments in the United States
Fairfax, Virginia
Vera-Ellen

Vera-Ellen (February 16, 1921 – August 30, 1981) was an American actress and dancer. She danced with Fred Astaire, Danny Kaye, Gene Kelly and several others. She played Princess Maria in the movie Call Me Madam. She also played Judy Haynes in the movie White Christmas.

She was born in Norwood, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati. She died from cancer at age sixty.

References

American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from Ohio
1921 births
1981 deaths
Moses Gunn

Moses Gunn (October 2, 1929 – December 16, 1993) was an American actor. He co-founded the Negro Ensemble Company in the 1960s. He was known mostly for Broadway stage plays. 

Gunn was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He died from asthma at sixty-four.

American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
1929 births
Gourdon, Lot

Gourdon () is a commune in southern France in the region of Occitanie. It is the sous-prefecture (capital) of the arrondissement and canton of the same name in the Lot department.

The town is on a hill, like an acropolis; from here, it is possible to see for about  the landscape of the surrounding region.

Geography
Gourdon is the capital of the Bouriane (a sandy natural region of southwestern France) which is part of the Quercy and that goes up to the Dordogne river and that is next to the Périgord, which is a natural region and old province of France.

The town is in the middle of the commune, above the right side of the Bléou, a stream tributary of the Céou river, which forms most of the commune's southern border.

The commune has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune is at  of Cahors and is surrounded by the communes Payrignac, Anglars-Nozac, Le Vigan, Saint-Cirq-Souillaguet, Saint-Clair, Concorès, Dégagnac and Léobard.

Climate
The climate of Gourdon, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Gourdon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of . There are an average of 168.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in January with 17.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 10.0 days.

The average temperature for the year in Gourdon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Gourdon are known, in French, as Gourdonnais (women: Gourdonnaises).

With a population of 4,297, Gourdon has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Gourdon

Sister cities
Gourdon is twinned with:
  Ibbenbüren, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Gourdon
 Communes of the Lot department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Pays de Gourdon tourist office 
 Städtepartnerschaft - Jumelage Ibbenbüren - Gourdon 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Lot
Jim Brosnan

James Patrick "Jim" Brosnan (October 24, 1929 – June 28, 2014) was an American baseball and writer. He played Major League Baseball from 1954 and 1956 through 1963. He was a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds and Chicago White Sox. 

Brosnan was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was born on Black Thursday, the beginning stage of the stock market crash.

Brosnan died on June 28, 2014 in Morton Grove, Illinois, aged 84.

References

Other websites
 

1929 births
2014 deaths
American baseball players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Disease-related deaths in the United States
St. Louis Cardinals players
Sportspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
Emilio Álvarez Montalván

Emilio Álvarez Montalván (31 July 1919 – 2 July 2014) was a Nicaraguan diplomat and politician. He served as the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Nicaragua from 1996 until 2001. He was an ophthalmologist, medical doctor and writer.

Álvarez was born in Managua. He was married to Carmen Guerra. They had six children. 

Álvarez died from a heart attack on 2 July 2014, aged 94.

References

2014 deaths
1919 births
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Nicaraguan politicians
Diplomats
Physicians
Writers
Elitettan

Elitettan is the second highest division of women's soccer in Sweden. It was created in 2013. The season runs from April to October.

References 

2013 establishments in Sweden
Women's football
Football in Sweden
Errie Ball

Samuel Henry "Errie" Ball (November 14, 1910 – July 2, 2014) was a Welsh-American professional golfer. He played at the first Augusta National golf tournament in 1934 (now known as the Masters Tournament). He was the last living person to play in the first Masters. He was an active golfer between the 1930s and the 1970s.

Ball was born in Bangor, Gwynedd, north west Wales. During his 20s, he moved to the United States, under the request from his uncle. He turned 100 in November 2010. He was married to Maxie for 78 years until his death. Maxie was 99 when Ball died. They had a daughter named Leslie.

Ball died from natural causes on July 2, 2014 in Stuart, Florida, aged 103. His wife and their daughter outlived him.

References

Other websites
 Erri Ball  at the Illinois Golf Hall of Fame

1910 births
2014 deaths
American centenarians
American golfers
British centenarians
British golfers
Deaths from natural causes
Sportspeople from Florida
Welsh sportspeople
Compliance (medicine)

In medicine, compliance or adherence refers to the fact that a patient follows the advice of the doctor, and takes the prescribed drugs in the quantities prescribed. Compliance is important for the treatment of chronic diseases.

Worldwide, non-compliance is a major obstacle to the effective delivery of health care. In 2003,   the World Health Organization estimated that only about half the patients with chronic diseases living in developed countries follow treatment recommendations. In particular, low rates of adherence to therapies for asthma, diabetes, and hypertension are thought to contribute substantially to the human and economic burden of those conditions. Compliance rates may be overestimated in the medical literature, as compliance is often high in the setting of a formal clinical trial but drops off in a "real-world" setting.

Some drugs are difficult to take, because they must be taken at a specific time or interval; sometimes, several drugs must be taken together. This is seen as a major obstacle to compliance.  Other factors that may adversely influence compliance are that many patients do not understand the benefits of being treated, or they see side-effects that they were not told about, the drugs costing a lot of money, poor communication or lack of trust between the patient and their health-care provider. Efforts to improve compliance have been aimed at simplifying drug packaging, providing effective medication reminders, improving patient education, and limiting the number of medications prescribed at the same time.

References

Medicine
Jean Garon

Jean Garon (May 6, 1938 – July 1, 2014) was a Canadian politician, lawyer, academic and economist. He was a member of the Parti Québécois. He was Minister of Agriculture and Education, Quebec MNA from 1976 until 1985. He was also Mayor of Lévis from 1998 until 2005.

Garon was born in Saint-Michel, Quebec. He graduated from Université Laval in 1960.

Garon died on July 1, 2014 in Quebec City, aged 76.

References

Other websites

 Jean Garon at the National Assembly of Quebec 

1938 births
2014 deaths
Canadian academics
Canadian lawyers
Canadian mayors
Disease-related deaths in Canada
Canadian economists
Politicians from Quebec City
Furusjö

Furusjö is a settlement in Habo Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Jonkoping County
Skelleftehamn

Skelleftehamn is a settlement in Skellefteå Municipality, in the county of Västerbotten in Sweden.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Vasterbotten County
Andy Schleck

Andy Raymond Schleck (born 10 June 1985) is a road cyclist who was the winner of the Tour de France in 2010.

References

Living people
Tour de France winners
1985 births
Dagen

Dagen is a Christian daily newspaper in Sweden. The first issue was published on 1 November 1945. Lewi Pethrus, leader of the pentecostal movement in Sweden was its founder and its chief editor until his death in 1974.

Circulation 
As of 2017, Statista estimates its current circulation to be in 15,700.

References

Other website
 Official website

1945 establishments in Sweden
Christianity in Sweden
Newspapers published in Sweden
Elida

Elida is a Swedish all-Christian organisation, working with the motto "Sailing for Jesus" with the goal of spreading the message about Christianity via a sailing boat using the same name. The boat is berthed in Gothenburg, Sweden.

References

Other websites
Elida 

Christianity in Sweden
Sailing
Bibeltemplet

Bibeltemplet the (Bible temple) is a Christian website in Sweden. Its administrator Leif Liljeström was sentenced to prison for two months in April 2005 for expressing critical views on homosexuality. The case was appealed twice, and in November 2007 the Supreme Court of Sweden acquitted him.

References

Other websites
Bibeltemplet website 

Christianity in Sweden
Supreme Court of Sweden

The Supreme Court of Sweden (, abbreviated HD)  is the highest lawcourt of Sweden. It is the third and final instance in all civil and criminal cases in Sweden.

Other websites
Official website

Government of Sweden
Government of Sweden

The Government of Sweden () is the national cabinet and highest executive authority in Sweden.

Other websites

Government of Sweden - Official site
Rosenbad

Rosenbad is a government building in central Stockholm in Sweden, precinct of Norrmalm. The building is owned by the state of Sweden, and is the seat of the Swedish government.

Other websites

Government buildings
Government of Sweden
Stockholm