cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Genroku

was a  after Jōkyō and before Hōei. This period started in September 1688 and ended in March 1704. During this time, the emperor was .

The years of Genroku are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo period. A century of peace and seclusion created good economic conditions and cultural growth.

The nengō Genroku means "Origin of Good Fortune"

Events of the Genroku era

 1688 (Genroku 1):  Tokugawa shogunate published a code of conduct for funerals (Fuku-kiju-ryō) and for mourning.
 16 September 1689 (Genroku 2, 3rd day of the 7th month): Engelbert Kaempfer arrived at Dejima.
 1693 (Genroku 6, 12th month):  Arai Hakuseki became the tutor of Tokugawa Ienobu.
 1693 (Genroku 6): The code of conduct for funerals and mourning was changed.
 1695 (Genroku 8, 8th month): The shogunate placed the Japanese character gen (元) on copper coins.
 4 December 1696: Former-Empress Meishō died at age 74.
 1697 (Genroku 10): The 4th official map of Japan was made.
 1697 (Genroku 10): Great fire in Edo.
 1698 (Genroku 11): Another great fire in Edo.
 1703 (Genroku 16, 3rd month): Ōishi Yoshio commits seppuku.
 1703 (Genroku 16, 5th month): First performance of Chikamatsu Monzaemon's play The Love Suicides at Sonezaki (Sonezaki shinjū).
 31 December 1703 (Genroku 16, 23rd day of the 11th month): The Great Genroku Earthquake shook Edo.  Fire spread in the city.  The coast of Honshū was hit by tsunami.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 New York Public Library Digital Gallery, Engelbert Kaempfer's 1691 impression of Hōkō-ji compound (published 1727)

Japanese eras
1688 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1704 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
Keiō

was a  after Genji and before Meiji.  The period started in April 1865 and ended in September 1868. During this time, the emperors were   and . 

The nengō Keiō means "Joyous Concord"

Events of the Keiō era

 1866 (Keiō 2): Construction of Goryōkaku star fort at Hakodate.

 28 September 1866 (Keiō 2, 20th day of the 8th month): Tokugawa Iemochi died at Osaka; and Tokugawa Yoshinobu was named shogun.

 10 January 1867 (Keiō 2, 5th day of the 12th month): Yoshinobu was formally established as shogun.

 30 January 1867 (Keiō 2, 25th day of  the 12th month): Kōmei died; and the succession passed to his son (senso).

 10 November 1867 (Keiō 3, 15th day of the 10th month): An Imperial edict defines a restoration of Imperial government.
 
 1868 (Keiō 4,  3rd of the 1st month): The Boshin War began with the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.

 3 September 1868 (Keiō 4, 17th day of the 7th month): Edo was renamed "Tokyo", which means "Eastern Capital".

 8 October 1868 (Keiō 4, 23rd of the 8th month): Battle of Aizu began.

 12 October 1868 (Keiō 4, 27th day of the 8th month): Emperor Meiji's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 23 October 1868 (Keiō 4, 8th day of the 9th month): The nengō was formally changed from Keiō to Meiji; and a general amnesty was granted.

In 1868, the emperor moved his Imperial court to Tokyo; and Edo castle became an Imperial palace.  In this way, the capital of Japan moved from Kyoto to Tokyo.

Keio University was named after this era.  It is the oldest existing institution of higher learning in Japan.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" ...historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 National Archives of Japan Imperial standard and colors, Boshin War (1868) 

Japanese eras
1865 establishments
1860s establishments in Japan
1868 disestablishments in Japan
Tulisa

Tula Paulinea Contostavlos (born 13 July 1988) is an English singer-songwriter and actress who performs under the name of Tulisa. Her father is Greek; her mother is Irish. She is best known for being a member of the Camden-based hip hop group N-Dubz. She was in the band with her cousin Dappy and their friend Fazer. Contostavlos was a judge on the eighth series of The X Factor. She mentored the "Groups" category. They included Little Mix, the first group to win the competition.

As a recording artist, Contostavlos has recorded three studio albums with N-Dubz, Uncle B (2008), Against All Odds (2009) and Love.Live.Life (2010). In 2011, she started work on a solo album. In 2012 it was released. The Female Boss got a lot of bad reviews and didn't chart well. Three singles were released from the album. The first single, "Young", entered the UK Singles Chart at number one.

Personal life
In June 2013, Costostavlos, along with rapper Mike GLC were arrested on suspicion of supplying class A drugs.
 
In July 2014, Contostavlos' trial for supplying cocaine collapsed. Later the same month, she was convicted of common assault. In July 2014, her documentary Tulisa: The Price of Fame premiered on BBC Three to a moderate success, attracting 615,000 viewers (3.8% of the audience within its time slot).  In April 2015, Justice Nicholas Kearns, President of the Irish High Court, described her as having been "cruelly deceived in a shabby sting operation", but dismissed her attempt to sue the Irish Sun for defamation.

After the collapse of her drug trial, The Guardian Suzanne Moore wrote an article on Contostavlos image and reputation and wrote that "Tulisa is famously a working class girl made good, though of course made good is never what she is allowed to be". In Moore's opinion, "Tulisa has been branded by the media as a chav and therefore almost anything can be said about her".

On 9 March 2020, Contostavlos revealed she suffered from Bell's palsy.

Discography

 The Female Boss (2012)

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 

Actors from London
British people convicted of assault
British R&B musicians
English movie actors
English singer-songwriters
People from the London Borough of Camden
Singers from London
Television personalities from London
1988 births
Living people
Musicians from London
English R&B singers
English hip hop musicians
Grime music artists
English dance musicians
Alexandra Stan

Alexandra Stan (born June 10, 1989 in Constanța, Romania as Alexandra Ioana Stan) is a Romanian singer-songwriter, model and occasional dancer. She begun her career by releasing her debut single "Lollipop (Param Pam Pam)", which was diffused by radio stations around the world, but failed to enter any international chart. Her next single "Mr. Saxobeat" was also distributed by her long-time managers and producers' label MAAN Studio. It became a worldwide success when it reached number-one on nine international charts and got Gold and Platinum certification awards around the world for selling an estimate of 10,000,000 copies of it worldwide. Her next records entitled "Get Back (ASAP)" and "One Million" were also praised and seen in charts around the world, especially in Eastern Europe. She released her debut album "Saxobeats" in late 2011. The record gained major sales and reached the top-forty in several album charts. 2013, Stan rose to fame after it was reported by worldwide newspapers that she was beaten by her manager Marcel Prodan, who she later sued for blackmailing and injuring.

Awards and nominations

References

Romanian singers
1989 births
Living people
Thompson Island (South Atlantic)

Thompson Island is a phantom island, in the South Atlantic. It was thought to be about 150 km north-northeast of Bouvet Island. 

Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovered Bouvet Island in 1739. In 1808, James Lindsay of the Snow Swan discovered Bouvet Island again, and named it Lindsay Island. The next time, George Norris of the Sprightly sighted Bouvet on 10 December 1825. He landed on 16 December, and took possession of the island, which he named Liverpool Island, for King George IV of the United Kingdom.

Between December 13 and December 16, Norris sailed the waters northeast of Bouvet Island, where he discovered another island. It was much smaller, and the sea around it was much rougher. Three miles southeast of the newly discovered island, he found three rocks. In his log, he named the newly found island Thompson Island, and the rocks chimneys, because of their form. He also marked the position of his discoveries on a map. Unfortunately, the positions of the islands on the map did not match those written down in the log. In 1853 the discoveries of Thompson Island, Bouvet Island, and the Chimneys showed up on an official map of the British admiralty. 

In 1893, Captain Joseph J. Fuller reported another sighting of Thompson Island, on his ship, Francis Allyn.

The Valdivia expedition wanted to find the exact position of Bouvet and Thompson Island, in November 1898, but was unable to find Thompson Island.

In 1915, a German ship, the Meteor, gave a depth of the sea of 1579 m at the position where Thompson had been reported. If Thompson ever existed, it is probable that it disappeared in a volcanic eruption sometime in the 1890s.

The Norwegian Arctic Expedition (1928/29) failed to find Thompson Island, and declared it did not exist.

Thompson Island continued to appear on maps published as late as 1943.

The only person to have seen Thompson Island was probably Norris. Fuller's description of Thompson Island matches more or less that given of Bouvet Island in Norris' diary, and is therefore questionable.

References

 Gerhard Engelmann: Die Bouvet-Insel. Mit 4 Karten. In: Geographische Zeitschrift. Bd. 46, Nr. 11, Leipzig 1940, pp 408–424.
 Rupert Thomas Gould: Oddities: a book of unexplained facts; London [1928] (Chapter VII: The Auroras, and other doubtful islands pp. [190]–247)

Phantom islands
GIS

GIS may stand for Geographic Information Sciences or for Geographic Information System. These are two different but related things in geography. The Geographic Information Sciences include many fields of knowledge that help to understand geographic information while a Geographic Information System is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data and allow for the study of "layers" of geographic information.

GIS also known as geographic information system is a computer system made for capturing and displaying positions on the earth’s surface and portraying data in many different ways on maps.  Its main job is to help in analyzing groups of data and in finding correlations or patterns.  For example a map could use GIS to find out the amount of rubbish in one area, and also include how many factories and types of factories are in that area.

GIS can store information about a location and help provide knowledge on many different topics in a location.  Users can specify a place via latitude and longitude, postal code or address.  Then GIS can provide information about the people in that area including: income, population and education levels.  It can also tell about physical things such as soil types, vegetation, water sources, manmade structures like buildings and roads.  

Acronyms
Branches of geography
Mike Pelino (ice hockey)

Mike Pelino (born November 13, 1959 in Welland, Ontario) is a Canadian Ice hockey coach. He has been an assistant coach for the New York Rangers from 2004 until 2009.  Pelino started his coaching career in the NHL as an assistant coach for the Florida Panthers in 2003. In 2010, he became the head coach of the Peterborough Petes in the OHL.

Since 2013, he has been working for the Metallurg as an assistant coach in KHL. In the 2013/2014 season the team won Gagarin's Cup and became the KHL champions.

References

Canadian ice hockey coaches
Ice hockey people from Ontario
1959 births
Living people
Carl Sandburg

Carl Sandburg (January 6, 1878 – July 22, 1967) was an American poet. He won several awards, including three Pulitzer Prizes. He also wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln. The majority of his poems were about the city of Chicago. He was born in Galesburg, Illinois.

Writers from Illinois
American poets
Pulitzer Prize winners
1878 births
1967 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Industrial Workers of the World
Hard Again

Hard Again is a album by Muddy Waters. It was produced by Johnny Winter who also played guitar. The record was his first for Blue Sky Records. It was also the first studio album after he left Chess Records

Recording 
The recordings lasted three days. For the recordings Muddy used his then current touring band of guitarist Bob Margolin, pianist Pinetop Perkins, and drummer Willie "Big Eyes" Smith. James Cotton played harmonica and Charles Calmeses the bass.

Songs 
Three of the songs on the album – "Mannish Boy", "I Want to Be Loved", and "I Can't Be Satisfied" – were re-recordings of songs for Chess Records. One of the songs recorded, "The Blues Had a Baby and They Named It Rock and Roll, Pt. 2", was co-written by Brownie McGhee and another song, "Bus Driver", was co-written by T. Abrahamson.

An outtake from the recording sessions, "Walking Through the Park", appeared on the 2004 Legacy Recordings reissue CD, while several more unused tracks appeared on King Bee in 1981.

Reception 
The album has been well received by several critics.  Dan Oppenheimer of Rolling Stone magazine said that "Mannish Boy" sounded like it was recorded live while both Oppenheimer and Daniel Gioffre of Allmusic state how powerful Willie "Big Eyes" Smith's drumming is. Oppenheimer, Gioffre, and Robert Christgau all share the opinion that Hard Again is Muddy Waters comeback album.

Charts and awards 
Hard Again peaked at #143 on the Billboard 200, which was his first appearance on the chart since Fathers and Sons in 1969.

Track listing 
All songs written by McKinley Morganfield, except where others are noted.

Original album 
 "Mannish Boy" (Morganfield, Ellas McDaniel, Mel London) – 5:23
 "Bus Driver" (Morganfield, Terry Abrahamson) – 7:44
 "I Want to Be Loved" (Willie Dixon) – 2:20
 "Jealous Hearted Man" – 4:23
 "I Can't Be Satisfied" – 3:28
 "The Blues Had a Baby and They Named It Rock And Roll, Pt. 2" (Morganfield, Brownie McGhee) – 3:35
 "Deep Down in Florida" – 5:25
 "Crosseyed Cat" – 5:59
 "Little Girl" – 7:06

2004 bonus track 
<li>"Walking Through the Park" – 3:55

Personnel 
The following people contributed to Hard Again:

Muddy Waters – vocals, guitar
Bob Margolin – guitar
Pinetop Perkins – piano
James Cotton – harmonica
Willie "Big Eyes" Smith – drums
Charles Calmese – bass
Johnny Winter – guitar, producer
Dave Still – engineer
Andy Manganello – assistant engineer
Joseph M. Palmaccio – mastering
Al Quaglieri – reissue producer
Chris Theis – mix engineer

Release history

References

Other websites 
musicbox-online Hard Again album review

Blues albums
First Boer War

In the 19th Century Scramble for Africa, the British Empire tried to control all of southern Africa. They won control of the Cape of Good Hope in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Many Boers (Dutch, German and French farmers) did not like Britain controlling the area. The British taxed them, made English the official language, and in 1834 abolished slavery. Some of the Boers moved north in the Great Trek and made a new country called the Orange Free State. In 1877 the British Army moved in to control the Orange Free State in pursuit of diamonds, one of the Orange Free State's rich natural resources. On 16 December 1880 the First Boer War began. It took ten weeks in 1880 and 1881. The British were defeated.

From 1896 to 1899 Governor of the Cape and High Commissioner for South Africa, Alfred Milner made preparations for another war in order to gain the wealth of the Orange Free State and in September 1899 British troops arrived in South Africa. Paul Kruger president of the Transvaal sent Britain an ultimatum asking strongly for their departure.

Boer farmers from Sandspruit, Volksrust, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal fought in the war. As the Boers lost men in battle they recruited young boys and old men to fight. Black people also fought alongside the Boers in the war and they made up 20 to 25 percent of total Boer manpower. The German Empire was friendly to their cause, and the Boers used Krupp guns. Much of the fighting was on  horseback. As the Boers lost battle after battle they were eventually forced to make peace on the 23rd of March, 1902, and surrender to British authority.

Related pages 
 Second Boer War

References 

Wars involving the British Empire
19th century in South Africa
Lilly Ledbetter

Lilly Ledbetter (born Lilly McDaniel April 1938) was the plaintiff in the American employment discrimination case Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. She has since become a women's equality activist.

Women's equality

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Goodyear paid Ledbetter significantly less than men holding the same job. This violated the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which said that she could sue to get the pay difference. Her lawsuit eventually reached the Supreme Court. The court said that she waited too long to sue Goodyear. In response to the court decision, Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which is named after her. Under the new law, other women will be able to get backpay after employers keep pay discrimination secret.

United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg stated:Lilly

Ledbetter was a supervisor at Goodyear Tire and Rubber’s plant in Gadsden, Alabama, from 1979 until her retirement in 1998. For most of those years, she worked as an area manager, a position largely occupied by men. Initially, Ledbetter’s salary was in line with the salaries of men performing substantially similar work. Over time, however, her pay slipped in comparison to the pay of male area managers with equal or less seniority. By the end of 1997, Ledbetter was the only woman working as an area manager and the pay discrepancy between Ledbetter and her 15 male counterparts was stark: Ledbetter was paid $3,727 per month; the lowest paid male area manager received $4,286 per month, the highest paid, $5,236.

Activism
On August 26, 2008 (Women's Equality Day), Ledbetter spoke at the Democratic National Convention, on the topic of pay equity.

In June 2011, she dined with New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney, who introduced the Equal Rights Amendment the previous month, and Eleanor Smeal.

References

Other websites

A documentary on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
 English Wikisource has original text related to this article: Lilly Ledbetter on the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

Living people
1938 births
Feminists
Sonar

Sonar is a machine that uses underwater sound waves to find other objects in the sea. A sonar can work by sending out sound and listening for echoes (active sonar), like a radar, or by listening for sound made by the object it is trying to find (passive sonar).

The basic parts of an active sonar are:
 the transmitter creates the sound waves.
 the hydrophone or hydrophone array converts the sound waves into electricity. 

The first use of passive sonar was in 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci, when he put a tube onto water and listened. Active sonar was first used in 1917 by Paul Langevin. The word SONAR was created during the Second World War as an acronym for Sound Navigation and Ranging. This acronym replaced the British acronym ASDIC. The word is now thought by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym.

References
 

Machines
Wave physics
Rococo

Rococo is an artistic style which originated in the 18th century in France. Often referred to merely as Late Baroque, the Rococo developed from the Baroque artistic movement. Whilst it kept several characteristics of the original style, including elaboration and ornate themes, it was also more playful and asymmetrical. The Rococo is associated with the reign of French king Louis XV (Louis XIV is associated with the Baroque, whilst Louis XVI with Neoclassicism, albeit his style started off as Rococo at the beginning of reign). Rococo's popularity was at its height towards the middle of the 18th century, fading out by the end in favour of Neoclassicism.

Rococo art and architecture was feminine, graceful, florid and ornate. Creamy and pastel-like colours were used for paintings, unlike the darker shades in Baroque art. Religion and politics were no longer necessarily the core theme of Rococo art, unlike the Baroque, and everyday life became more commonly represented. In such a way, Rococo art revolved around themes such as love, romance, fun, landscapes, and mere portraits. Additionally, Far Eastern themes became popular in Rococo, especially Chinoiserie. Famous Rococo artists include Boucher, Watteau and Fragonard, amongst several others.

The Rococo has been the focus of much discussion, analysis and criticism by art historians throughout history. It has been criticised over the years for being over-the-top, superficial and frivolous; in such a way, the term has even been used derogatively in various points of history. Nevertheless, Rococo art and theatre has also received praise for the elegance, "beauty", and "charm" of its artwork.

References 

Art
Architectural styles
French culture
18th century in France
Azerbaijani food

Azerbaijani food is what people cook and eat in Azerbaijan. Foods from different cultures have influenced Azerbaijani food. However, it remained different from foods in other countries. Many foods that started in Azerbaijan are now part of other cultures. For the Azerbaijanis, food is an important part of the country's culture and is very connected with the history, traditions and values of the nation.

Out of 11 climate types in the world, Azerbaijan has nine. This adds to the fertility of the soil, so there are many kinds of vegetables used according to seasons and the dishes. The climate helps to create the richness of the food. Fresh herbs, including mint, coriander, dill, basil, parsley, tarragon, leek, chive, thyme, marjoram, green onion and watercress, are very popular and are often put in the main dishes. The Caspian Sea has many edible species of fish, including the sturgeon, Caspian salmon, kutum, sardines, grey mullet, and others. Black caviar from the Caspian Sea is one of Azerbaijan’s best known delicacies wanted in many parts of the world.

The main courses of Azerbaijani cuisine are over 30 kinds of soups, including those prepared from plain yogurt. One of the most famous dishes is plov. Plov is a saffron-covered rice, served with different herbs. The Azerbaijani cuisine has more than 40 different plov recipes. Other second courses include many kinds of kebabs and shashliks, including lamb, beef, chicken, and fish (baliq) kebabs. Sturgeon, a common fish, is normally skewered (skewer is a thin metal or wood stick used to hold pieces of food together) and grilled as a shashlik, being served with a tart pomegranate sauce called narsharab.  Dried fruits and walnuts are used in many dishes. The traditional condiments are salt, the spices black pepper, sumac, and especially saffron. Much of the saffron comes from the Absheron Peninsula.

Black tea is the national drink, and is drunk after food is eaten. It is also popular on its own or with dried fruits.

Another popular drink is sherbet, a sweet cold drink made of fruit juice mixed or boiled with sugar, often perfumed with rose water. Azerbaijani sherbet is not sorbet, the cold dessert.

Other websites 

 Comparison of Cuisine between North and South Azerbaijan , Azerbaijan International, Autumn 2000, pp. 24–27.
 Proverbs about Food in Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan International, Autumn 2000, pp. 36–37.
 Food! Glorious Food!, Special issue of Azerbaijan International, Autumn 2000.
 Azerbaijani dishes: Photographs and descriptions
 Azerbaijani cuisine: Descriptions of dishes by category on Advantour.com
 Cuisine of Azerbaijan based on the book Azerbaijani Cooking  published in Baku 
 Selected recipes from Azerbaijani cuisine
 Farida's Azerbaijani Cookbook
 Azerbaijani Food 

 
Foods by nationality
Food
Genji

was a  after Bunkyū and before Keiō.  This period  spanned only slightly more than a single year from February 1864 through April 1865. The reigning emperor was . 

The nengō Genji means "original rule".

Events of the Genji era
.
 8 July 1864 (Genji 1, 5th day of the 6th month): Skirmish at Ikedaya near  Kyoto, also known as  Ikedaya Jiken or Ikedaya Incident.  Samurai supporting the emperor clashed with police forces of the Tokugawa shogunate.

 12 August 1864 (Genji 1, 11th day of the 7th month): Sakuma Shōzan is assassinated at age 53.  Anti-shogunate (sonno joi) forces were responsible for his death.

 5-6 September 1864 (Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month): Bombardment of Shimonoseki

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1864 establishments
1860s establishments in Japan
1860s disestablishments in Japan
1865 disestablishments
Kde domov můj?

"Kde domov můj" (pron. [ɡdɛ ˈdomof muːj] "gdeh DOH-mohf MOO-ee") is the national anthem of the Czech Republic. It—combined with the lyrics of Nad Tatrou sa blýska—was used as the anthem of Czechoslovakia, and after Czechoslovakia splitted into Czechia and Slovakia, "Kde domov můj" became the anthem of the former (Czechia, the short-form name for the Czech Republic). It was created by Josef Kajetán Tyl and František Škroup in 1834 and was first published in the play Fidlovačka aneb žádný hněv a žádná rvačka.

Lyrics

Czech original
The lyrics were written by Fidlovačka in 1834. Only the first verse is used as the anthem.

Czechoslovakia: 1918–92 lyrics
See also Nad Tatrou sa blýska.
Kde domov můj,
kde domov můj.
Voda hučí po lučinách,
bory šumí po skalinách.
V sadě stkví se jara květ
zemský ráj to na pohled!
A to jest ta krásná země
země česká domov můj!
Země česká domov můj!

Nad Tatrou sa blýska, hromy divo bijú
Nad Tatrou sa blýska, hromy divo bijú
Zastavme ich, bratia, veď sa ony stratia,
Slováci ožijú.
Zastavme ich, bratia, veď sa ony stratia,
Slováci ožijú.

Poetic English translation
This version was translated into English by Czech poet Václav Sládek (1845–1912).
Where is my home, where is my home?
Over leas are waters streaming,
On the hills blue forests dreaming,
Flowery wolds Spring‘s happy skies,
Like as earthly Paradise:
There‘s the land so full of beauty,
Čechia, my fatherland!

Where is my home, where is my home?
Where God self to man had spoken:
Gentle be, but never broken,
Ever cheerful, hopeful, strong,
Bravely thwarting any wrong:
There‘s the land of manly honor,
Čechia, my fatherland!

German version
Between 1918 and 1938 there was an official version in German by Karl Wenzel Ernst.
Wo ist mein Heim, mein Vaterland,
Wo durch Wiesen Bäche brausen,
Wo auf Felsen Wälder sausen,
Wo ein Eden uns entzückt,
Wenn der Lenz die Fluren schmückt:
Dieses Land, so schön vor allen,
Böhmen ist mein Heimatland.
Böhmen ist mein Heimatland.

Hungarian version
Between the same years there was an official version in Hungarian.
Hol van honom, hol a hazám,
Hol patak zúg a hegyháton,
Csörgedez a rónaságon.
Üde virág a kertben,
Mint egy földi édenben.
Ez az istenáldotta föld,
Csehszlovák föld a hazám,
Csehszlovák föld a hazám.

References
Brave (2012 movie)

Brave is a 2012 American computer-animated fantasy-adventure movie which stars Billy Connolly and Emma Thompson. The movie was released on June 22, 2012, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Pixar was the studio that worked on this movie. It received positive responses from critics and won an Oscar.

The movie is set in Scotland during the Medieval period. 16-year-old Princess  causes chaos in the kingdom of DunBroch by not wanting to marry.

It took six years to make.

Release Dates 

2012 animated movies
2012 comedy movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s fantasy movies
2010s American adventure movies
American animated movies
2010s American comedy movies
2010s American fantasy movies
English-language movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies about animals
Movies set in Scotland
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Pixar movies
2010s feminist movies
2010s computer-animated movies
Bunkyū

was a  after Man'en and before Genji.  This period spanned the years from February 1861 through February 1864. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Bunkyū era

 1861 (Bunkyu 1): Ukai Gyokusen established the first commercial photography studio (Eishin-dō) in Edo.

 1861 (Bunkyu 1): Great comet of 1861.

 January 1862 (Bunkyū 1, 12th month): The Bonin Islands (Ogasawara Islands) were confirmed as part of Japan.

 1862 (Bunkyū 2): The Bunkyū Reforms reduced restrictions on daimyo which had beeb ordered by Ii Naosuke. 

 14 September 1862 (Bunkyū 2, 21st day of the 8th month): Satsuma samurai killed Charles Lennox Richardson at Namamugi on the Tōkaidō road, also known as the Namamugi Incident (Namamugi Jiken).

 22 April 1863 (Bunkyū 3, 5th day of the 3rd month): Shogun Iemochi traveled in a great procession to the capital.  He had been summoned by the emperor, and he had 3,000 retainers as escort.

 28 April 1863 (Bunkyū 3, 11th day of the 3rd month): Emperor Komei made an Imperial progress to the Kamo Shrines.  He was accompanied by the shogun and many feudal lords.

 15-17 August 1863 (Bunkyū 3, 2nd-4th of the 7th month ): British Bombardment of Kagoshima in retaliation for the death of Charles Lennox Richardson.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, The Japanese Calendar -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 "The procession of the Shôgun nearby Shono, in Shirasagi-zuka, Ise, at night," woodblock print by Utagawa Tsuyanaga

Japanese eras
1861 establishments
1860s establishments in Japan
1860s disestablishments in Japan
1864 disestablishments
France at the Olympics

France has taken part in every Olympic Games with the possible exception of the 1904 Games. In 1904, different sources list Albert Corey as taking place in the games for either the United States or France.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for France is FRA.

History
France has hosted the Games 5 time:
1900 Summer Olympics in Paris
1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix
1924 Summer Olympics in Paris
1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble
1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville

French athletes have won 671 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Fencing and cycling are their best sports.  France has won 94 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Most of these are in alpine skiing.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport
     Leading in that sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 France at Olympic.org
 France profile at London2012.com
 

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Enryaku

was a  after Ten'ō and before Daidō.  This period started in August 782 and ended in May 806.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Enryaku era

 782 (Enryaku 1, 6th month): Fujiwara no Uona was removed from his office.
 783 (Enryaku 3, in the 3rd month): Fujiwara no Tamaro died at the age of 62 years.
 783 (Enryaku 3, in the 7th month): Fujiwara no Korekimi was promoted in the hierarchy of the Imperial court.
 784 (Enryaku 3): The emperor moves the capital to Nagaoka
 788 (Enryaku 7): The Buddhist monk Saichō establishes a monastery on Mt Hiei
 793 (Enryaku 12): Construction began on the Buddhist temple complex at Enryaku-ji.
 17 December 794 (Enryaku 13, 21st day of the 10th month): The Emperor moved by carriage in a grand parade from Nara to Heian-kyō.
 796 (Enryaku 15): Copper coins were minted with the legend Ren-hei Ei-hō.
 797 (Enryaku 16): Shoku Nihongi was written.
 806 (Enryaku 25): Emperor Kammu died at the age of 70.

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō), Mausoleum of Emperor Kammu 

Japanese eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
782 establishments
806 disestablishments
Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Jean-Honoré Fragonard (5 April 1732 in Grasse – 22 August 1806 in Paris) was a French artist. He is remembered as one of the most important French painters of the rococo style. He was a pupil of François Boucher, and developed Boucher's style further. At first he did historical paintings, but soon gave up on these.

He then painted things that were light-hearted, and slightly erotic. His works include The Swing, A Young Girl Reading, and The Secret Meeting. Together with Boucher and Antoine Watteau, he is one of the principal painters of French Rococo. He lost his wealth during the French Revolution. After the revolution, the painting style was different, because he had trouble adapting, he died a poor man.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of French painters

References 
 

French painters
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
1732 births
1806 deaths
François Boucher

François Boucher (29 September 1703 in Paris - 30 May 1770) was a French painter, mostly known as one of the main artists of the French rococo movement. He painted several portraits of his patroness, Madame de Pompadour. He is also known for his open-minded voluptuous paintings.

Gallery of selected works

Related pages 
 List of French painters

French painters
1703 births
1770 deaths
Valdivia expedition

The Valdivia expedition was a scientific exedition to explore the Deep sea. It was a German expedition, done in 1898 and 1899. A ship was bought from Hamburg-Amerikanischen Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft HAPAG and given instruments to be able to perform scientific measurements. The ship left Hamburg on 31st July 1898 and returned on  1st May 1899. The ship had travelled over  32.000 nautical miles. The expedition was very successful. The results were published in 24 volumes; publishing them took until 1940. 

Exploration
Oceanography
Spain at the Olympics

Spain first took part in the Olympic Games in 1900. It has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since 1920. Spain has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since 1936.

Spain boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany. They also boycotted the 1956 Games in Melbourne because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary.  The equestrian events in 1956 took place five months earlier in Stockholm, and Spain did compete in those events.

Spain hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Barcelona was the home city of the International Olympic Committee's president at the time, Juan Antonio Samaranch.

Spanish athletes have won a total of 132 medals. Sailing has given them their largest number of medals in one sport.  Spain has only won two medals at the Winter Games.

The Spanish Olympic Committee (Comité Olímpico Español) was created in 1924.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Spain profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Croatia at the Olympics

Croatia took part in the Olympic Games for the first time as an its own nation in 1992. It has taken part in every Games since then.  Before 1992, Croatian athletes competed for Yugoslavia at the Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Croatia is the Croatian Olympic Committee. It was created in 1991. The IOC accepted the committee in 1993.

Croatian athletes have won 23 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They won gold medals by the men's handball team in 1996 and 2004. At the Winter Olympic Games, Janica Kostelić won six medals (four gold) between 2002 and 2006. Her brother Ivica won several silver medals (in 2006 and 2010). Jakov Fak won a bronze in 2010.

Summer Olympic Games

Results by Games

Medals per sport

Winter Olympic Games

Results by Games

Medals per sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Croatia profile at London2012.com
 Croatia at Olympic.org

Sport in Croatia
Nations at the Olympics
Cyprus at the Olympics

Cyprus (CYP) has sent athletes to every Olympic Games held since 1980.

Cyprus earned its first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Pavlos Kontides earned a silver medal in the men's laser sailing event.

They almost won a medal in the 2008 Olympics when Antonis Nikolaidis lost the bronze medal shoot-off in men's skeet. The first athlete from Cyprus in the modern Olympics was Anastasios Andreou in 1896. He competed under the Greek flag.  At this time, Cyprus was a British colony. The olympics does not recognise Northern Cyprus and Turkish Cypriots are unable to participate.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Cyprus profile at London2012.com

Republic of Cyprus
Nations at the Olympics
Czech Republic at the Olympics

The Czech Republic first took part in the Olympic Games as an independent country in 1994. It has competed in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.  Before 1993, Czech athletes took part in the Olympics from 1920 to 1992 as Czechoslovakia and from 1900 to 1912 as Bohemia.

Athletes from the Czech Republic have won a total of 43 medals at the Summer Games. Canoeing, shooting  and athletics have been their best sports.  They have also won 16 medals at the Winter Games. Most of their medals came from  the Czech Republic national ice hockey team and cross-country skier Kateřina Neumannová.

The National Olympic Committee for the Czech Republic is the Czech Olympic Committee. It was founded in 1899 and accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
 Bohemia at the Olympics

References

Other websites 

 Czech Republic profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Ten'ō

was a  after Hōki and before Enryaku.  This period started in January 781 and ended in August 782.   During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Ten'ō era

 22 December 781 (Ten'ō 1, 3rd day of the 12th month):  In 11th year of  the reign of Emperor Kōnin's reign (光仁天皇11年), he abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Kammu is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
782 disestablishments
781 establishments
Scaphognathus

Scaphognathus was a rhamphorhyncoid pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone of the  Upper Jurassic. 

It had wings that was about one meter long and a long tail shaped like a leaf. The leaf-tail probably acted like a rudder, helping it steer through the air. It was probably a diurnal (daytime) flier, where Rhamphorhynchus was probably nocturnal.

Diet 
Scaphognathus ate Pholidophorus fish.

References 

Pterosaurs
Czechoslovakia at the Olympics

Czechoslovakia in the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 20 countries and 2,000+ athletes. Since 1920, Nicaragua has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Czechoslovakia was CZS.   Czechoslovakia was peacefully separated into two nations in 1993.  The Czech Republic is now is CZE and Slovakia is now SVK.

History
Czechoslovakia first took part in the Olympic Games in 1920. Before this, it competed as Bohemia from 1900 to 1912. The nation sent athletes to compete almost every Summer Olympic Games since then. They did not take part in the 1984 Games as part of the Soviet boycott of those Games.
Czechoslovakia has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924.

In 1993, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Each of these countries sent their own teams to the Olympics since 1994.

Czechoslovakian athletes have won a total of 143 medals at the Summer Games. Most of these medals were won in gymnastics. The nation also won 25 medals at the Winter Games. Ski jumping and ice hockey have been their best sports.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

This table of summer sports does not include the bronze medal won in ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

Medals by winter sport

This table includes the bronze medal won in Ice hockey in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 

Olympics
Former nations at the Olympics
Denmark at the Olympics

Denmark at the Olympics is a history which includes 40 games in 22 countries  and 1,800+ athletes.  Since 1896, Denmark has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Denmark is DEN.

History
Teams from Denmark have taken part in the Olympic Games since the very first games in 1896.

The National Olympic Committee for Denmark (National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark or Danmarks Idræts-Forbund Olympisk Komite) was created in 1905; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Denmark has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games except for the 1904 Games.

Denmark has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games several times since 1948. They have been at every Games since 1988.

Danish athletes have won a total of 171 medals.  Sailing is their best medal winning sport.

Denmark has won only one medal at the Winter Games. This was in curling at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark 
 Denmark profile at London2012.com

Sport in Denmark
Nations at the Olympics
Drug cartel

The term drug cartel is used to describe a group who makes, distributes and sells illegal drugs on national level. Drug cartels are often doing so across multiple countries. Mostly, the cartels in areas like Mexico and South America bring drugs to North America.

Illegal drugs
Estonia at the Olympics

Estonia first competed in the Olympic Games at the 1920 Summer Olympics after becoming independence from Russia in 1918. The National Olympic Committee was created in 1923. They were a part of the first Winter Olympics in 1924. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country became a part of the Soviet Union in 1940. In the 1980 Summer Olympics,  the Sailing regatta was held in the capital city of Tallinn.  Estonia has taken part in all Olympics since it became independent again in 1991. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing.

Medals by Olympics sport

Medals by Summer Olympics sport

Medals by Winter Olympics sport

Summer Olympics Medal Count

Winter Olympics Medal Count

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Eesti Olümpiakomitee (Estonian Olympic Committee) website 
 Estonia profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Estonia
Neo-Keynesian economics

Neo-Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed after World War II from the writings of John Maynard Keynes. A group of economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalize Keynes' writings, and to synthesize it with the neo-classical models of economics. This model, the IS/LM model, is nearly as influential as Keynes' original analysis in determining actual policy and economics education. It relates aggregate demand and employment to three variables, that is, the amount of money in circulation, the government budget, and the state of business expectations. This model was very popular with economists after World War II because it could be understood in terms of general equilibrium theory. Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis. It created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics. These ideas dominated mainstream economics in the post-war period, and formed the mainstream of macroeconomic thought in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.

In the 1970s a series of developments occurred that shook neo-Keynesian theory. The developed world suffered from slow economic growth and high inflation at the same time (stagflation). Also, the work of monetarists like Milton Friedman cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories. The result was a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s. The next great wave of Keynesian thinking began with the attempt to give Keynesian macroeconomic reasoning a microeconomic basis. The new Keynesians helped create a "new neo-classical synthesis" that currently forms the mainstream of macroeconomic theory. Following the emergence of the new Keynesian school, neo-Keynesians have sometimes been referred to as Old-Keynesians.

Notes and references

Economic theories

sk:Neokeynesovstvo
Pinetop Smith

Clarence Smith, better known as Pinetop Smith or Pine Top Smith (June 11, 1904 – March 15, 1929) was an American boogie-woogie style blues pianist. His hit tune, "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie," featured rhythmic "breaks" that were an essential ingredient of ragtime music.

In 1991, he was added to the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
Clarence "Pine Top" Smith on redhotjazz.com  with .ram files of his vintage recordings
[ All Music article]
Official website of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame

1904 births
1929 deaths
Musicians from Alabama
African American musicians
American pianists
Blues pianists
Sea wall

A sea wall is a wall built to protect land along the coast from erosion and flooding from the sea. While they do provide protection from the waves and tides, a sea wall may also create more problems. Erosion of beach sand may increase because of the wall, and the wall may change the direction and flow of waves and caused erosion in other places.

Engineering
Flood control
Unity Broadcasting Network

The Unity Broadcasting Network is an over-the-air religious television network.  The office of the company is in Booneville, Mississippi, and individual transmitter stations are located in Mississippi and Tennessee.

List of Stations

Current Stations
W15CG 15 Pontotoc, Mississippi
W18BL 18 Adamsville, Tennessee
W34DV 34 Booneville, Mississippi
W39CD 39 Fulton, Mississippi

Possible Future Stations
Channel 42 in Rolla, Missouri.
W30DC 30 in Lexington, Tennessee (Construction Permit)
W45DP 45 Humboldt, Tennessee (Construction Permit)

Former Stations
W06AW 6 Selmer, Tennessee
W45CW 45 Russellville, Alabama
W46CF 46 Tuscumbia, Alabama
K38HE 38 West Plains, Missouri
W53AF 53 Booneville, Mississippi (moved to channel 34)

Cable coverage
UBN's website says that their Booneville Channel 34 programs are carried on Comcast Cable channel 8 in Corinth, MS, and their MySpace account says they are on Comcast Cable channel 56.

References

Other websites
 Official Unity Broadcast Network web-site
 UBN's Present Page , displaying the current affiliates, and their broadcasting facilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

American television networks
Religious media
Jewish Life Television

Jewish Life Television (JLTV) is an American television network. It shows Jewish-themed programs.  It started in 2007.  JLTV has  news, sports, lifestyle and entertainment programming. It shows movies, documentaries, music, reviews, interviews and special events.  It has broadcast studios in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto. JLTV has bureaus in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Washington DC, Miami, London and Moscow. Members can access live and on-demand programming and watch local, national and international news stories. In the UNited States, JLTV can be seen by 33 million households across all 50 states through DirecTV, Time Warner Cable, Comcast and independent broadcast systems.

Canadian distribution
On January 26, 2011, Jewish Life Television was officially added to the CRTC's approved list of foreign services. This let the channel to expand into Canada.  Ethnic Channels Group sponsored the application to get JLTV on the approved list. That company is the official Canadian distributor of the channel.

References

Other websites
 

American television stations
2007 establishments in the United States