cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
List of heavy mortars

Heavy mortars are large-calibre mortars which fire a heavy shell on a high angle trajectory.  These weapons have a short range, but are usually less complex than similar sized field artillery.

This category includes the "Trench Mortars" of World War I. These were all heavy and difficult to move.

Muzzle-loading

Breech-loading

Related pages
 List of field guns
 List of howitzers

References

Lists of weapons
Mme. Charpentier and Her Children

[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 094.jpg|thumb|300px|Mme. Charpentier and Her Children, 1878]]Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children''''' (1878) is an oil on canvas by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He displayed it at the Salon in 1879.  It drew much attention and admiration.  Publisher Georges Charpentier commissioned the painting. It is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the painting: "Wearing an elegant Worth gown, Marguérite Charpentier sits beside her three-year-old son, Paul. Following the fashion of the time, his hair has not yet been cut and his clothes match those of his sister, Georgette, who perches on the family dog. Pleased with the painting, Madame Charpentier used her influence to ensure that it was hung in a choice spot at the Salon and introduced Renoir to her friends, several of whom commissioned work from him."

References 

1870s paintings
French paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
List of howitzers

Howitzers are one of two main types of field artillery, the other being the field gun. Howitzers fire a heavy shell in a high-trajectory from a short barrel. They have a short range, but they are slightly more mobile than similar size field guns. Since World War II howitzers have gained longer barrels and increased range to become gun-howitzers.

Towed howitzers

Self-propelled howitzers

Related pages
 List of field guns
 List of heavy mortars

References

Lists of weapons
Kim Jang-saeng

Kim Jang-saeng (, July 8 1548 - August 3 1631) was a Korean scholar, writer, politician, and Neo-Confucian philosopher of the  Joseon period. His penname was Sagye (사계, 沙溪).

His Chinese names were Huiwon () and Huiji () .

Family 
 grandfather : Kim Ho (김호, 金鎬)
 father : Kim Gye-hui (김계휘, 金繼輝)
 mother : Lady Shin, Pyungsan clean (평산 신씨, 平山申氏)
 wife : Ladt Cho, Chanryung clean (창녕조씨)
 Son : Kim Jip
 Son : Kim Ban, father of Kim Ikhun and grandfather of Kim Manjung

Works 
 Sagyejeonseo (사계전서, 沙溪全書) 
 Gyungseopanui (경서판의) 
 Garyejipram (가례집람, 家禮輯覽), Exposition of Family Rites
 Sangryebiyo (상례비요, 喪禮備要) 
 Geunsaroksukui (근사록석의, 近思錄釋疑) 
 Gyungseobyunui (경서변의, 經書辨疑) 
 Songganghaengrok (송강행록, 松江行錄) 
 Sagyeyugo (사계유고, 沙溪有故)

Related pages 

 Yi I
 Kim Jip
 Song Siyeol
 Ahn Bang-jun
 Kim Yuk
 Seong Hon
 Song Ik-phil

References

1548 births
1631 deaths
Korean writers
Korean politicians
Korean philosophers
Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos is a statue possibly made by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles. The statue was discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece. It is now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. The statue was probably made in the 4th century BC. This date is based on a remark by the 2nd century Greek traveller Pausanias.

Hermes stands 2.15 meters (7 ft. ½ in.) tall. He is missing two fingers of his left hand, both forearms below the elbow, the left foot, and his penis. Dionysos is missing his arms (except the right hand on Hermes' shoulder). He is missing the end of his right foot. Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost. However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble.

The group is sculpted from a block of Parian marble. Hermes measures 2.10/2.12 meters, 3.70 m with the base. The right foot of Hermes is integral with a section of the base. The face and torso of Hermes are striking for their highly polished, glowing surface. The back shows the marks of the rasp and chisel. The rest of the sculpture is not completely finished. At the time of its discovery, the hair had some slight traces of cinnabar, a form of mercury sulfate with a red color that may have been a preparation for gilding. Cinnabar tints are seen on the sandal straps of the original foot, with traces of gilding. The sandal also bears the motif of a Heraclean knot.

Gallery 

Ancient Greek marble sculptures
Olympia, Greece
Ancient Greek and Roman statues
Lilith

Lilith is a female demon in Jewish legends, found first in the Dead Sea scrolls. The legend is related to a Hebrew language term lilith meaning night, and has also been linked to beliefs about demons called lili in ancient Mesopotamia. It is believed by some that during creation, Lilith was made before Eve was. This version states she was created from the same dirt as Adam. She later came to change the earth and make it peaceful. To make the blind see. To let man kind have power over themselves and not let a narcissist rule. To let love and joy rule. Just like magic.

References

Demons
Judaism
Common year starting on Wednesday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Wednesday, January 1 (dominical letter E).  Examples include 1975, 1986, 1997, 2003, 2014 and 2025 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2015 and 2026 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 200 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1800 and the next one will be 2200 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).

This common year is one of three common years that has only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Friday and Common year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in June. This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Tuesday.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 20, Valentine’s Day is on a Friday, Presidents Day is on February 17, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Monday, Mother’s Day is on May 11, Memorial Day is on May 26, Father’s Day is on its earliest possible date, June 15, Independence Day is on a Friday, Labor Day is on its earliest possible date, September 1, Columbus Day is on October 13, Halloween is on a Friday, Veterans Day is on a Tuesday, Thanksgiving is on November 27, and Christmas is on a Thursday.

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

Previous year (common) | Next year (Common)
Previous year (leap) | Next year (leap)

References

Calendars
Common year starting on Tuesday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Tuesday, January 1 (dominical letter F).  Examples include Gregorian years 1974, 1985, 1991, 2002, 2013, 2019, and 2030;
or 2014 and 2025 in the Julian calendar (see bottom tables).

This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Monday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in September and December. This characteristic share it with a Leap year starting on Monday.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its latest possible date, January 21, Valentine’s Day is on a Thursday, Presidents Day is on February 18, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, and Christmas is on a Wednesday.

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

Notes

Calendars
Common year starting on Monday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Monday, January 1 (dominical letter G). Examples incude Gregorian years 1973, 1979, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2018, and 2029;
or 2013 and 2019 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 300 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1900 and the next one will be 2300 in the Gregorian calendar (See tables at bottom.)

This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Tuesday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in April and July. This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Sunday but they also have another one in January.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Saturday, Mother’s Day is on May 13, Memorial Day is on May 28, Father’s Day is on June 17, Independence Day is on a Wednesday, Labor Day is on September 3, Columbus Day is on its earliest possible date, October 8, Halloween is on a Wednesday, Veterans Day is on a Sunday, Thanksgiving is on it’s earliest possible date, November 22, and Christmas is on a Tuesday.

A common year is a year with 365 days; in other words, not a leap year.

References

Calendars
Common year starting on Thursday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Thursday, January 1 (dominical letter D). Examples include years 1970, 1981, 1987, 1998, 2009, 2015 and 2026 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2010, 2021 and 2027 in the Julian calendar (see bottom tables). 

This is the only common year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in February, March and November. The other type of year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th is a Leap year starting on Sunday which has three Friday the 13ths in January, April, and July. Also interestingly, with the exception of skipped leap years, leap years starting on Sunday falls exactly three years either side of two consecutive common years starting on Thursday; the most recent occurrence was 2012 between 2009 and 2015. From February until March in this type of year is also the shortest period (one month) that runs between two instances of Friday the 13th.

In this common year, February is rectangular in calendar where weeks start on a Sunday, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 19, Valentine’s Day is on a Saturday, President's Day is on February 17, Saint Patrick’s Day is on a Tuesday, Memorial Day is on its earliest possible date, May 25, U.S. Independence Day and Halloween are on a Saturday, Labor Day is on its latest possible date, September 7, Veterans Day is on a Wednesday, Thanksgiving is on November 26, and Christmas is on a Friday. This common year is also the only one where Memorial Day and Labor Day are not 14 weeks (98 days) apart: they are 15 weeks (105 days) apart in this common year. Leap years starting on Wednesday share this characteristic. Like leap years starting on Wednesday, this common year also has the shortest gap between Halloween (October 31) and the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (November 1) by one day. Prior to 2007, this common year had the longest gap between the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (October 25) and Halloween by 6 days.

A common year is a year with 365 days, i.e. not a leap year.
This kind of year has 53 weeks in the ISO 8601 week - day format.

References

Calendars
Common year starting on Friday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Friday, January 1 (dominical letter C).  Examples include 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999, 2010, 2021, and 2027 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2011 and 2022 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 100 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1700 and the next one will be 2100 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine’s Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Wednesday, Mother’s Day is on May 9, Memorial Day is on its latest possible date, May 31, Father’s Day is on June 20, Independence Day is on a Sunday, Labor Day is on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Halloween is on a Sunday, Veterans Day is on a Thursday, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday.

This is one of three common years to have only one Friday the 13th, the other two being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in August. This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.

A common year is a year with 365 days, i.e., not a leap year.

 

This is the only year type where the nth "Doomsday" (this year Sunday) is not in ISO week  n; it is in ISO week n-1.

References

Calendars
Common year starting on Saturday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Saturday, January 1 (dominical letter B).  Examples include 1977, 1983, 1994, 2005, 2011, 2022 (the current year), and 2033 in the Gregorian calendar,
or Julian years 2017 and 2023 (see bottom tables). The question mark for the ISO week before week 1 is due to ambiguity based on whether or not the previous year was a leap year. If it was, then that week is week 53, if it was a common year then it is week 52. 

This common year is one of three common years that have only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Friday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in May. This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Friday.

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 17, Valentine’s Day is on a Monday, Presidents Day is on its latest possible date, February 21, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Thursday, Mother’s Day is on its earliest possible date, May 8, Memorial Day is on May 30, Father’s Day is on June 19, Independence Day is on a Monday, Labor Day is on September 5, Columbus Day is on October 10, Halloween is on a Monday, Veterans Day is on a Friday, Thanksgiving is on November 24, and Christmas is on a Sunday. 

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year.

References

Calendars
Common year starting on Sunday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday, January 1 (dominical letter A) or for any year in which “Doomsday” is Tuesday.  Examples include years 1978, 1989, 1995, 2006, 2017, and 2023 in the Gregorian calendar,
or Julian years 2018 and 2029 (See tables at bottom.)

In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 16, Valentine’s Day is on a Tuesday, Presidents Day is on February 20, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Friday, Mother’s Day is on its latest possible date, May 14, Memorial Day is on May 29, Father’s Day is on June 18, Independence Day is on a Tuesday, Labor Day is on September 4, Columbus Day is on October 9, Halloween is on a Tuesday, Veterans Day is on a Saturday, Thanksgiving is on November 23, and Christmas is on a Monday.

This common year is one of two common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Monday and Common year starting on Tuesday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in January and October.

A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year.

Notes

Calendars
ARPANET

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and we me of the first to use TCP/IP. It was made by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense. It was the main network of a set that came to make up the global Internet.

Internet
Gung Ye

Gung Ye (, 869? - 24 July 918) was the Korean Goryeo Dynasty's first King. He was a Silla noble. His family name was Kim (김, 金), but was changed to Gung (궁, 弓). His first name was Seonjong (선종, 善宗).

Life 
He was the illegitimate child of King Heonan of Silla or Gyungmun of Silla. Later, around 880 he lost in the  Silla royal family's war of succession. Gung Ye disappeared in the north. In 900, he started a country called Goryeo.

References 

 The Academy of Korean Studies, Korea through the Ages Vol. 1, The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005. 

918 deaths
Korean monarchs
Murder victims
Kings and queens
Religious people
Cantor (church)

A cantor is the chief singer in Jewish or Christian worship.  
The cantor's duties and qualifications have varied a lot in different times and places.  In Roman Catholic and Anglican worship the cantor is the person (usually a man) who sings the solo parts of a chant, while the choir sing the choral parts.  In the Middle Ages the cantor came to be the supervisor or director of the choir.  In Anglican cathedrals they are often known as the precentor.

References 
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie 1980 vol 3; 

Christian music
Singing
Crelle's Journal

Crelle's Journal, or just Crelle, is a journal that was published monthly for mathematical articles.  It was founded by August Leopold Crelle in 1826 in Berlin.  The full German title is  Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (in English: Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics).

Crelle edited the journal until his death in 1855.  Lots of very important mathematical articles were published in it.  Some of these were articles which had a very big influence on the development of mathematics.  It published famous articles by mathematicians such as Niels Henrik Abel, Georg Cantor, and Gotthold Eisenstein. It was edited by Carl Wilhelm Borchardt from 1856–80, during which time it was known as Borchardt's Journal. The editor today is Rainer Weissauer (Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg).

Other websites 
 

journals
Mathematics journals
Alvis Stormer

The Alvis Stormer, usually just called the Stormer, was a British armoured vehicle. It was in service with the British Army until mid-2009, when the Stormers were gradually retired.

It was made by the British company Alvis Vickers. Alvis Vickers is now called BAE Systems Global Combat Systems.

Different types of Stormer 
There are three different kinds of Stormer. These are:

Stormer HVM

The British Army use Stormers with the Starstreak missile for short range air defence.

Flat bed Stormer
A different kind of Stormer with a flat load bed is used to carry the Shielder minelaying system.

Stormer 30

Stormer 30 is a changed Stormer chassis which gives a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. This type has a turret.

The vehicle is still only a prototype. It is unknown when it will enter service. The vehicle will be able to be moved around by the C-130 Hercules used by the RAF aircraft as well as the CH-53, which is currently in service with NATO and other nations across the world.

Features 
 Weight: 13.5 tonnes
 Top speed: 80 kilometres per hour
Range: 650 km.

Related pages 
 Starstreak (missile)

References

Other websites 

Land vehicles
British Army equipment
Skip

Skip (written as $kip) is a singer-songwriter and pop artist. He is known for his single entitled "Skippin'" which is a part from his self-titled debut album. The song was a hit in the Philippines, certified gold.

Music career
At the age of 10, $kip performed for live audiences and clubs where people gave him credits for his act. People also rated him performances. One comment lead him to join a local competition and sang "Benny And The Jets", but didn't he win. Two days after the competition, a call from his old record label offered him to get signed. In 2011, he rejected his label and was forced to move to another one.

A week after releasing his first single, the song directly charted in the Philippines where it peaked in the top 8 for 2 straight weeks. The single was then a certified Gold. According to PARI (Philippine Association of the Record Industry), the single's certification was supposed to be higher, but all agreed that the single can only make it to Gold.

Skip has said that his debut album will be released some time in December 2012. In February 2012, he performed his second single from the album, titled "Clap! Clap! Clap!". The song directly debuted on the Philippine Charts and there it peaked on number 10.

Discography

Albums
 $kip (2012)

Singles

References

Living people
1998 births
Filipino singers
Kim Jip

Kim Jip (1574 - 1656) was a Korean politician, scholar, teacher, and writer during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also known as Shindokjae (신독재, 愼獨齋) or Shindok (신독, 愼獨). His Chinese name was Sagang (). He was the son of Kim Jangsaeng, and the teacher of Song Siyeol and Yun Seongeo.

Works 
 Shindokjaejip (신독재집, 愼獨齋集)
 Uiryemunhaesok (의례문해속, 疑禮問解續)

Related pages
 Yi I
 Seong Hon
 Kim Jang-saeng
 Song Siyeol
 Song Ik-phil

1574 births
1656 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Korean writers
List of places in New York: B



Ba...

Be...

Bi...

Bl...

Bo...

Br...

Bu...

B
List of places in New York

The following is a series of lists of counties, towns, cities, villages, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York. The lists include information on the number and names of counties in which the places lie and their lower and upper ZIP code bounds, if applicable. 

Click a letter to find places in New York starting with that letter. For the links to individual pages of places (counties, towns, cities, villages, and census-designated places), please see the Administrative divisions of New York at the bottom.

Other websites 
USGS Fips55 database
List of places in New York: A

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

A
List of places in New York: C

C
List of places in New York: D

D
List of places in New York: E

E
List of places in New York: F

F
List of places in New York: G

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

G
List of places in New York: H

H
List of places in New York: I

I
List of places in New York: J

J
List of places in New York: K

K
List of places in New York: L

L
List of places in New York: M

M
List of places in New York: N

N
List of places in New York: O

O
List of places in New York: P

P
List of places in New York: Q

Q
List of places in New York: R

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

R
List of places in New York: S

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

S
List of places in New York: T

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

T
List of places in New York: U

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

U
List of places in New York: V

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

V
List of places in New York: W

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper ZIP Code bounds, if applicable.

W
List of places in New York: Y

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

Y
List of places in New York: Z

This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

Z
Jeong Gu

Jeong Gu (1543 - 1620) was a Korean politician and philosopher, historian, writer, Confucian scholar and poet of the Joseon Dynasty. a penname was Hangang (), Chinese style name was Dogah () or Gabo ().

Works 
 HangangMunjip (한강문집 寒岡文集)
 Taegeukmunbyun (태극문변 太極問辨)
 GAryejipramboju (가례집람보주 家禮輯覽補註)
 Ohseonsaengyeseolbunryu (오선생예설분류 五先生禮說分類)
 Gangjangrok (갱장록 羹墻錄)
 Shimgyungbalhwe (심경발휘 心經發揮)
 Shimuijejobup (심의제조법 深衣製造法)
 Yefisangryubunryu (예기상례분류 禮記喪禮分類)
 Ohbokyunhyukdo (오복연혁도 五福沿革圖)
 Toegyesanjeryemundab (퇴계상제례문답 退溪喪祭禮問答)
 Gaejeongjujaseojeolyochongmok (개정주자서절요총목 改定朱子書節要總目)
 SEonghyunpung (성현풍 聖賢風)
 SEonghyunpungBeom (성현풍범 聖賢風範)
 Susaeuninrock (수사언인록 洙泗言仁錄)
 Yumjangarngjangrock (염락갱장록 濂洛羹墻錄)
 Gwanui (관의 冠儀)
 Honui (혼의 婚儀)
 Jangui (장의 葬儀)
 Gyeui (계의 稧儀)
 Yukdaeginyon (역대기년 歷代紀年)
 Gogeumchungmo (고금충모 古今忠謨)
 Chiranjeyo (치란제요 治亂提要)
 wharyongji (와룡지 臥龍誌)
 Uianjipbang (의안집방 醫眼集方)
 Gwangsasoljip (광사속집 廣嗣續集)
 Changshanji (창산지 昌山誌)
 Dongbokji (동복지 同福志)
 Kwandongji (관동지 關東志)
 Younggaji (영가지 永嘉志)
 Pyungyangji (평양지 平壤志)
 Hamjuji (함주지 咸州志)
 Jujashibunryu (주자시분류 朱子詩分類)
 Ghogeumhoisu (고금회수 古今會粹)

Related pages 

 Heo Mok
 Yun Hyu
 Yun Seondo

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135770
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3521 

1543 births
1620 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Korean writers
Korean poets
Nitrocellulose

Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) catches fire quickly. It is formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as guncotton. Nitrocellulose can be plasticized by camphor. Kodak, and other suppliers, used placticized nitrocellulose as a film base in photograph, X-ray films and motion picture films. People call this nitrate film. After numerous fires caused by unstable nitrate films, safety film started to be used from the 1930s in the case of X-ray stock and from 1948 for motion picture film.

References

Nitrogen compounds
Functional groups
Explosives
Movie production
Big Bertha

Big Bertha  is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer made by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp in Germany on the eve of World War I. Another huge gun,  42-cm Gamma-Device howitzer, was the forerunner of the Bertha.

Name 
Bertha's official name was the L/12 (the barrel was 12 calibre in length), or the M-Device.

Many sources say that Bertha is a reference to Bertha Krupp, heiress and owner of the Krupp industrial empire. However, not all accept this. During the war, the Germans gave numerous other nicknames to the M-Device. 'Dicke', meaning fat or big in German, is apparently not a reference to the physical aspect of Ms Krupp.

The name "Big Bertha" subsequently came to be applied generally by the Allies to any very large German gun. This included the railway guns which used mounted battleship guns known as "Langer Max" and the ultra-long range "Paris Gun". Strictly speaking, however, Dicke Bertha, or Big Bertha, is only applicable to the 42-cm M-Device howitzer.

Origin 
Bertha was the result of lessons learned by the Germans (and Austrians) from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. During the war, the Japanese had dismounted a number of their coastal defence 28-cm howitzers and used them to help break their siege of the fortified Russian naval base at Port Arthur.

This was a complete novelty as, until that time, it had been assumed by military experts that the largest transportable siege guns were around 20-cm in calibre. Other Europeans completely failed to draw the lessons the Japanese had taught, and went forward without any huge siege guns.

In use 
Big Bertha gained a strong reputation on both sides of the lines due to its early impressive successes in smashing the forts at Liege, Belgium. The German press went wild with enthusiasm and declared the Bertha a 'wonder weapon'. When used later during the German assault upon Verdun in February 1916, however, it proved less effective, as the fort, made of concrete reinforced with steel, could mostly withstand the large semi-armour-piercing shells of the Berthas. Only Fort Vaux was severely damaged during this event, destroying the water storage and leading to the surrender of the fort.

A total of 12 complete M-Devices were built; besides the two available when the war started, ten more were built during the war. This figure does not include additional barrels.

As the war ground on several Berthas were destroyed when their barrels burst due to faulty ammunition. Later in the Great War, an L/30 30.5-cm barrel was developed and fitted to a number of Bertha carriages in order to provide longer-range, though not quite as heavy fire.

References 

German Empire
Howitzers
World War I
Sun, Moon, and Talia

"Sun, Moon, and Talia" () is a fairy tale by Giambattista Basile. It was published in his Pentamerone (1636). It is similar to the "Sleeping Beauty" tales by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.

Story 
A great lord consults several wise men about the future of his newborn daughter Talia. They predict she will be put in danger from a splinter of flax. To protect his daughter, the father commands that no flax be brought into his house. Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle. She asks if she may try it. As soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail. She drops to the ground, and appears dead. Her father puts Talia in one of his country houses and abandons her.

Some time later, a king, hunting in the nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house. He finds Talia, and tries unsuccessfully to wake her up. He rapes her and returns to his own city. 
Still deep in sleep, Talia gives birth to twins (a boy and a girl). They are tended by fairies. One day, the boy begins to suck on Talia's finger and draws out the flax splinter. Talia awakens immediately. She names them "Sun" and "Moon" and lives with them in the house. The king returns and finds Talia is the mother of twins. He tells her what happened and they form a bond.

However, the king is married. His wife is suspicious and learns the truth. She gains possession of the two children. She orders the cook to prepare them for consumption. The cook spares the children and sends the queen a dish of lamb. The queen taunts the king while he eats. The queen has Talia brought to court. She commands that a huge fire be lit in the courtyard, and that Talia be thrown into the flames. Talia undresses and screams with grief.  The king hears Talia's screams. He commands that his wife be thrown into the fire instead. The king and Talia marry.

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 81-3.

Other websites 
Sun, Moon, and Talia 
Unexpurgated translation of Sun, Moon, and Talia 
Analysis of the Sleeping Beauty stories

Fairy tales 
Sleeping Beauty
Blackout (album)

Blackout is the title of pop music singer Britney Spears' fifth studio album.
It was her fifth studio album overall. It was released in late 2007 by Jive Records.
It had the singles "Gimme More", "Piece Of Me", and "Break The Ice."

2007 albums
Britney Spears albums
Pop albums
Radar (song)

"Radar" is a song performed by the pop music singer Britney Spears. 
It was originally supposed to be the fourth single released off of her fifth studio album Blackout. 
It ultimately wasn't but despite that fact it did chart in some countries. 
It was later included as a bonus track on her sixth studio album Circus. 
It was released as the fourth single off of that album.

2007 songs 
Britney Spears songs
La Belle au bois dormant (opera)

La Belle au bois dormant () is an opera in three acts by Michele Carafa to a French libretto by François-Antonine-Eugène de Planard after the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault. It was first performed on March 2, 1825 at the Salle Le Peletier of Paris Opera. The famous tenor Adolphe Nourrit created the role of the Prince. The choreography was composed by Pierre Gabriel Gardel, and sets designed by Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri.

Main roles 
 Aurora, soprano
 The Queen, soprano
 The Prince, tenor
 Carabosse, baritone
 King Florestan, baritone

Other websites 
Amadeus Almanac

Operas
Sleeping Beauty
Type 38 75 mm field gun

The  was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It became a standard field gun of the IJA after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.

History
Japan had experience with artillery in its war with Russia in 1904-05.

In 1905 (Meiji 38), the Imperial Japanese Army selected Krupp's artillery design.  At first, the field guns were imported.

Over 2000 guns were produced under license at the Army’s Osaka Arsenal.

After World War I, the weapon was re-designed in Japan.

Plans to replace the Type 38s with Type 90 75 mm field guns went forward in 1931.   However, Type 38s continued to be used.

Combat record
Type 38s were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II.

Related pages 
 Artillery of Japan
 List of field guns

Notes

Other websites

 Type 38 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page
 US Technical Manual E 30-480

Japanese weapons
Artillery
Himalayan cat

The Himalayan is a cat breed that was created in 1950 by crossing the Siamese and the Persian. It has point markings and blue eyes like a Siamese, and long fur like a Persian. Sometimes it is considered to be a color variation of the Persian, and not a separate breed.

Colorpoint cat breeds
1950 establishments
Bombard (weapon)

A bombard is a large-caliber, muzzle-loading, medieval cannon or mortar. It was used in sieges for throwing heavy stone balls. The name bombarde was used in a French historical text around 1380. The modern term bombardment comes from this.

Bombards were usually used during sieges to hurl various things into enemy forts. Items such as stone or metal balls, burning materials and weighted cloth soaked in quicklime or Greek fire are have been written about.

The name comes from medieval Latin and French words from an earlier Greek word meaning the making of a humming noise.

Famous examples 
A famous example of a bombard is Mons Meg, a large weapon built around 1449 and used by King James II of Scotland. It was very powerful and used for bringing down castle walls. Mons Meg could fire  shots and was one of the largest bombards in its time.  It is now on public display at Edinburgh Castle. Other known bombards include two wrought iron weapons, the Pumhart von Steyr and Dulle Griet. There were also weapons cast in bronze, the Faule Mette, Faule Grete, and Grose Bochse. The Tsar Cannon is a late 16th century show-piece.

The Dardanelles Gun was built in the Ottoman Empire in 1464 by Munir Ali. It weighed 18.6 t and was 518cm long. It could  fire stone balls of up to 63cm diameter.

Bombards were replaced by weapons using smaller calibre iron shells with more powerful gunpowder.

Gallery

References

Further reading 

Artillery
Bombardment

A bombardment is an attack by artillery weapons against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings. It word came from the name of the medieval artillery weapon, the bombard, which was used to fire heavy stones during a siege.

Before World War I the word bombardment was only used for the attack of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. Since then it has come to mean any mass attack delivered by artillery or short range  missiles, and also as aerial bombardment if delivered by bomber aircraft or long range missiles.

It now is also used to describe activities in science, such as firing high energy particles like electrons into atoms in the study of nuclear reactions. The word can also be used informally, for example, a person could be "bombarded" with questions.

History
In its old strict sense the term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. The purpose is to destroy the courage of your enemies. Civilians in a besieged town would put pressure on their military leaders to surrender before the place was destroyed. The practice of using artillery to do this was especially common up until World War I. Since then long range artillery bombardment has been joined by aerial bombardment delivered by aircraft and missiles.

References 

Artillery
Step Up

Step Up is a 2006 American romantic musical teen drama movie set in Maryland. This movie is similar to "Bring It On" (which was released in 2000), except there is hip hop involved. This movie was released August 11, 2006 in the United States. The reviews were mixed to negative, though the movie had a high box office intake.

Sequels
The sequel, Step Up 2: The Streets, was released February 14, 2008. It stars Briana Evigan, Robert Hoffman, and Cassie and directed by Jon Chu. A second sequel called Step Up 3D was released on August 6, 2010. A third sequel called Step Up Revolution was released in 2012 and the fifth and final movie, Step Up: All In, was released in 2014.

References

Other websites

2006 movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Maryland
Type 90 75 mm field gun

was a field gun of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. 

This artillery piece was planned to replace the Type 38 75 mm field gun in front line combat units.  However, Type 38s continued to be used.

History
Before World War I, the Imperial Japanese Army mainly had Krupp cannons from Germany. After the Versailles Treaty, the Japanese considered other options including field guns designed by Schneider et Cie from France. 

In 1931, IJA began to use the "Type 90" which was based on Schneider designs.

The Type 90 was not considered successful.

Combat record
The Type 90 75 mm field gun was used in Manchukuo. It was used against the Soviet Red Army at the Battle of Nomonhan.

Related pages 
 Artillery of Japan
 List of field guns

References

Other websites

 Type 90 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page
 U.S. Technical Manual TM-E 30-480

Japanese weapons
Artillery
Step Up 2: The Streets

Step Up 2: The Streets is a 2008 American musical teen drama movie. It is the sequel to Step Up. This sequel is set in the Baltimore region and was released in February 2008. The movie got substandard reviews, though it received almost $151 million throughout the world.

Plot
The movie tells of teenager Andrea "Andie" West whose mother died from cancer when Andie was 16. Andie now lives with Sarah (her guardian and her mother's best friend), though actually Andie always feels like she does not really belong anywhere. She loves dancing, although she is performing very poorly during school. One day, Andie, who is with Maryland School of Arts, is expelled from there by the MSA school director after the dance studio at her school is vandalized by students from 410 (four-one-oh), a competing [hip hop] dancing crew. She is also expelled from MSA due to her connection with a hip hop crew known as The Streets, at which point Sarah has had enough of Andie's behavior and threatens to send Andie to Texas to live with her aunt. Andie then receives a text from her best friend Missy.

Other websites 

2008 drama movies
2000s musical movies
2000s teen drama movies
American musical movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Maryland
Sequel movies
Movies directed by Jon M. Chu
List of phobias

Phobias are irrational fears of things and situations which can be a danger but most are not harmful. There are many kinds of phobias. Here are listed more than 200 of them.
Phobias are most known to cause panic attacks and shock and epileptic fits, with phobias that have loneliness, spiders, fumes, and maybe heights.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T 

Trypophobia - fear of clustered holes
Turophobia - fear of cheese
Transphobia - fear of　transgender and transsexual people 
Trypanophobia - fear of needles/ injections
Trudoculphobia - fear of a sharp object piercing the eye

U

V

W

X

Z

Funny and fictional phobias 
 Anatidaephobia - fear that a duck, somewhere, is watching you
 Arachibutyrophobia - fear of peanut butter stuck to the roof of the mouth
 Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia - fear of long words
 Venustraphobia - fear of pretty women

References

Other websites 

Lists
Ion cannon

In science fiction, an ion cannon is a  beam weapon. It shoots beams of ions (atoms or molecules  with an electrical charge). Because of its power, it is usually said to be a superweapon. An ion cannon is a type of particle cannon. The particles it shoots are ionized. Because of their electrical charges, they can cause electronic devices, vehicles, and anything else that has an electrical or similar power source to stop working. Ion cannons are used in many  science-fiction movies and television series. Ion cannons are also used in many video games.

Real-world connections

The science fiction idea for these weapons comes from the particle cannon created by Nikola Tesla. Tesla's cannon shot ions into the ionosphere. This caused them to be charged more. Research of this idea is still being done with directed-energy weapons.

Media references

In the Star Wars universe, Ion weapons are common. They range from handheld pistols to star ship cannons. Ion weapons are mainly used to stop electronic systems from working. They can stop vehicles, droids and starships without doing any damage. In Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, the Rebel Alliance uses a large ion cannon on the planet Hoth to disable Imperial Star Destroyers near the planet. This is done to stop them from firing on Rebel ships trying to leave the planet. The Jawas used ion blasters to disable R2-D2.
In StarCraft, Raynor's faction is stopped from leaving because of Tarsonis' ion cannon. The weapon is destroyed as part of a mission.
In the computer game Conquest: Frontier Wars, huge Ion Cannon space stations can be built.
 In Master of Orion 2, Ion cannons are used to damage ship's internal systems. They are not stopped by armor.
 In the Pixar movie WALL-E, the robot EVE has an ion cannon in her right arm.
 Destroy All Humans! and its sequels has a weapon called the Ion Detonator.
 In the Command&Conquer franchise the Global Defense Initiative(GDI) uses a orbital ion cannon as that faction superweapon.

Other websites
 Watch the C&C Ion Cannon in action. (Created by Tiberian Dawn Mod team)

Science fiction technology
Weapons
Lumsden, Saskatchewan

Lumsden is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The population of Lumsden was 1,523 in 2006. The mayor of Lumsden is Bryan Matheson. The town was originally known as Happy Hollow in 1881 and was changed to Lumsden in 1889 after Hugh Lumsden, a senior engineer with the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway.

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Saskatchewan
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a children's story. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It is  written in rhymed verse. Dr. Seuss drew the pictures. It was published in 1957 as a book by Random House. It was also published in a magazine called Redbook. The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas. It also makes fun of those who profit from exploiting the holiday. An animated television program of the story was made in 1966. Boris Karloff narrated the show. The character then appeared in the television specials Halloween is Grinch Night and The Grinch Grinches The Cat in the Hat. He also was a recurring villain in The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss, an educational show for kids, and had a small part in the Broadway play Seussical. In 2000 a movie was made based on the book. Jim Carrey played the Grinch. And in 2018, another movie based on the book was made, which was The Grinch. Benedict Cumberbatch plays the Grinch in that one.

Story 
The Grinch is a nasty creature who lives high on a mountain with his dog Max. He hates the happy people of Whoville and their Christmas celebrations. He goes to Whoville. He steals all the presents, decorations, and food. He thinks Christmas will not come because he has been so mean. Christmas comes all the same. He realizes that Christmas is more than just presents and decorations. His heart grows three sizes larger. He returns all the presents and trimmings. The people of Whoville welcome him.

References

1957 books
Books by Dr. Seuss
English-language picture books
Mortier de 12 Gribeauval

The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval (Gribeauval 12-inch mortar) was a French mortar. It was made using the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery. The measurement of the mortar is given by the diameter of the ball. It is measured using the French ancient system of measurement, in which 1 pouce (1 inch) is equal to 2.707 cm. The Gribeauval system was a new way of making artillery as a single piece of metal and then drilling a bore hole. This meant they could be made much lighter and more accurate.
 
The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was first used during the American Revolutionary War from 1780-82. It was used during the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. It was later used in by the French army during the wars that followed the French Revolution and during the Napoleonic Wars.

The Mortier de 12 pouces used a cylindrical chamber. Although this was quite efficient, it used to wear easily. This shape was later replaced by the Gomer system using a conical chamber.

Some of the Mortier de 12 pouces were used for coastal defense, in which case they were fixed on solid metal platforms.

Related pages

References

Artillery
Aerospace Valley

Aerospace Valley is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the regions of Occitanie and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest of France and is mainly concentrated in and around the city of Toulouse.

There are over 500 companies, including Airbus, Dassault Aviation, EADS and Air France Industries. About 120,000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aerospace Valley is in Toulouse. The chairman of the group is Agnès Paillard.

References

Other websites 
 Website of Aerospace Valley

2005 establishments in France
Aerospace engineering
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Aviation in France
Companies of France
Toulouse
Ivry-sur-Seine

Ivry-sur-Seine is a town and commune in the southeast suburb of Paris, France. It is in the Île-de-France region and the Val-de-Marne department. About 56,000 people lived there in 2006.

Education 
The engineering schools École spéciale de mécanique et électricité, École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique and Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées are located at Ivry-sur-Seine.
The schools École des technologies numériques appliquées and IONIS School of Technology and Management are also located in the commune.

Communes in Val-de-Marne