cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Abdelbaset al-Megrahi

Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi (1 April 1952 – 20 May 2012) was a Libyan man who was convicted for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Megrahi was the head of security for Libyan Arab Airlines, Libya's national airline, and was accused of being a spy. He was born in Tripoli.

Megrahi was the only person convicted in connection with bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which happened on 21 December 1988. He was held under armed guard in Libya from 1991 until 1999, when he was moved to the Netherlands. His trial began in May 2000 in a special court in the Netherlands. On 31 January 2001, he was convicted of 270 counts of murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment.

He was held in Scottish prisons until he was released on compassionate grounds on 20 August 2009 because he had terminal prostate cancer. He returned to Tripoli that day and died of the disease there.

References 

Deaths from prostate cancer
Murderers
People from Tripoli
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
1952 births
2012 deaths
Tony Hancock

Anthony John Hancock (12 May 1924 – 24 June 1968) was a British comedian and actor. He worked on radio, on television and in movies. He was best known for appearing in the BBC radio comedy Hancock's Half Hour (1954–1961). He worked with comedian Sid James until 1960.

Hancock was born in Hall Green, Birmingham. He grew up in Bournemouth, Hampshire and was educated in Swanage, Dorset and Reading, Berkshire. 

Hancock was a depressed alcoholic. In 1968, killed himself with an overdose of amphetamines and vodka in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

References

Other websites
  

1924 births
1968 deaths
Actors from Birmingham
Actors who committed suicide
British radio actors
British screenwriters
Comedians from Hampshire
Comedians who committed suicide
Drug-related suicides
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Bournemouth
Suicides in Australia
Writers from Birmingham
Writers from Hampshire
Writers who committed suicide
Chōwa

was a   after Kankō and before Kannin.  This period started in December 1012 and ended in April 1017. The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Chōwa era
 1012 (Chōwa 1, 8th month): Emperor Sanjō marries a daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga.  Michinaga was the kampuku in the court hierarchy.
 1016 (Chōwa 4, 11th month): A great fire broke out in the Imperial palace; and it was reduced to cinders.
 10 March 1016 (Chōwa 5, 29th day of the 1st month): In the 5th year of Emperor Sanjō's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a cousin.  Soon after, Emperor Go-Ichijō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (sokui).

Related pages 
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Kannin

was a   after Chōwa and before Jian.  This period spanned the years from April 1017 through February 1021. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kannin era
 5 June 1017 (Kannin 1, 9th day of the 5th month): Former-Emperor Sanjō died at the age of 42.
 22 January 1018 (Kannin 2, 3rd day of the 1st month): The emperor celebrated his coming-of-age ceremony.

Related pages 
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Jian (era)

was a , also known as Chi'an,  after Kannin and before Manju.  This period started in February 1021 and ended in July 1024. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Jian era
 1023 (Jian 3, 4th month): A major epidemic in Kyoto; disease spread throughout the country.
 1023 (Jian 3, 10th month): Fujiwara no Michinaga visited Mount Koya.
 29 December 1023 (Jian 3, 14th day of the 11th month): a lunar eclipse.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Tawang

Tawang district is one of the 16 Districts of Arunachal Pradesh in the North-east India. The area is historically Tibetan territory and is claimed by China as a part of South Tibet. It is the eighth least populous district in the country (out of 640).

References 

Tibet
Territorial disputes of China
Arunachal Pradesh
Clara Petacci

Clara Petacci (28 February 1912 – 28 April 1945) was the last mistress of Benito Mussolini, who was 28 years older. She was born in Rome. 

Mussolini tried to escape to Switzerland, with some of his helpers. After being captured Petacci was given an opportunity to flee, which she declined. She was shot, with the other prisoners.The bodies were then hung head down in Milan.

References

Other websites

1912 births
1945 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Italy
People from Rome
Filippo Raciti

Filippo Raciti (17 January 1967–2 February 2007) was an Italian police officer who was killed in a fight between Calcio Catania fans outside a stadium in Catania. Raciti's death was in the news around the world. All of the Italian football matches, even the national team, were suspended for a week.

References 

Italian people
1967 births
2007 deaths
Police officers
Natural law

Natural law is the idea that there are forms of law that exist by themselves in nature, regardless of whether people exist or recognise them or not. Unlike other forms of law (called positive laws) that have been agreed on by society, such laws would be given to all, and would not be possible to go against. Such rights are called natural. In modern times, human rights are often seen as coming from natural law, but the idea goes back to Ancient Greece.

Natural law is often founded on the following:
God, who created natural law with creating the world
Logos, an idea from philosophy; this is interpreted to be divine law
Part of natural law inside human beings (called Self-knowledge, sometimes conscience)
Certain laws that can be deduced from the natural sciences
Nature itself
Reason

Important philosophers who developed natural law include Aristotle, Plato, Seneca the Younger, Thomas Aquinas, and Immanuel Kant. People who criticized this approach include Jeremy Bentham and Hans Kelsen.

Related pages
Constitution
Jurisprudence

Types of law
Philosophy
Robert Zemeckis

Robert Lee Zemeckis (born May 14, 1952) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Chicago and raised in the community area of Roseland, Chicago.

Zemeckis directed Romancing the Stone, Back to the Future, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Back to the Future Part II, Back to the Future Part III, Death Becomes Her, Forrest Gump, Contact, What Lies Beneath, Cast Away, The Polar Express, and A Christmas Carol.

References

Other websites 

1952 births
Living people
American television directors
American television producers 
American television writers
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
Offensive guard

In American and Canadian football, a guard (G) is a player that lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team.

The guard's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming defensive line and linebackers during pass plays, as well as creating openings (holes) for the running backs to run through. 

American football positions
Center (American football)

Center (C) is a position in American football and Canadian football.  The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team's offense.  The center is also the player who passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play.

Besides that centers protect the quarterback and block for the running back during a play.

American football positions
Joseph Epstein

Joseph Epstein (born January 9, 1937 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American academic, writer and editor.  He is best known as an editor of The American Scholar from 1975 to 1997.  He was given the National Humanities Medal in 2003.

Selected works
In an summary based on writings by and about Joseph Epstein, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 60+ works in 135 publications in 6 languages and 21,000+ library holdings.
Divorced in America: Marriage in an Age of Possibility (1974)
Familiar Territory: Observations on American Life (1979)
Ambition: The Secret Passion (1980)
Middle of My Tether: Familiar Essays (1983)
Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing (1985)
Once More Around the Block: Familiar Essays (1987)
Partial Payments: Essays on Writers and Their Lives (1988)
A Line Out for a Walk: Familiar Essays (1991)
Pertinent Players: Essays on the Literary Life (1993)
With My Trousers Rolled: Familiar Essays (1995)
Life Sentences: Literary Essays (1997)
Narcissus Leaves the Pool: Familiar Essays (1999, paperback 2007)
Snobbery: The American Version (2002)
Envy (2003)
Friendship: An Exposé (2006)
Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy's Guide (2006)
In a Cardboard Belt!: Essays Personal, Literary, and Savage (2007)
Fred Astaire (2008)
Gossip: The Untrivial Pursuit (2011)

Honors
 National Humanities Medal, 2003

References

1937 births
Living people
Writers from Chicago
Ross Lynch

Ross Shor Lynch (born on December 29, 1995) is an actor, singer, instrumentalist and dancer U.S. of Littleton, Colorado. He is most recognised for playing Austin Moon in the musical comedy of Disney Channel, Austin & Ally. He is a the key vocalist in his family band, R5 , which includes his two older brothers Rocky, Riker and only sister Rydel. His brother, Riker Lynch, has a minor recurring character in the hit series Glee.

Personal life 
Ross Lynch was born and raised in Littleton, Colorado and is the fourth son of Mark and Stormie Lynch. He, with his brothers and sister, are members of the hit band R5. He was educated at home from the fourth grade and only attended a music/singing class in which they found their fifth and final member of the band, Ellington Ratliff. After his oldest brother  had taken a liking to the bass guitar, He decided to also practice and thus the band had formed. He grew up imitating the songs of the movie Grease and former band 'N Sync with his brothers. The Teen heart-throb is one of five children, with three brothers and a sister (Riker, Ryland, Rocky, Rydel). In 2007, he moved with his family to California to pursue his career, which is where he gained his Disney career and later met his girlfriend, Courtney Eaton, an Australian model and actress.

Career 
Ross Lynch has appeared in over 20 national commercials and several national campaigns and print advertising. R5 has also been featured in a series of music videos such as Hannah Montana on Disney Channel ,Kidz Bop and Kung Fu Panda. Ross can play piano, drums, guitar and the violin. In his Disney days he danced for The Rage Boyz Crew
, a group founded by a dance company in the Southern California. He has appeared in So You Think You Can Dance and has had guest appearances on the series Moises Rules!, And can even be see in the movie Grapple!  Anton Troy.

Ross Lynch starred in the Disney Channel Original Series, Austin & Ally, in which he played a confident and charismatic singer Austin Moon, half of a musical duo that became a teen sensation (and heart-throb) on the Internet.

Ross plays rhythm guitar in his family band R5 and has written Many original songs with his brothers, sister and family friend.

Filmograph

Tour

Tour

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Ross Lynch at TV Guide

1995 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Colorado
Flo Rida

Tramar Lacel Dillard (born September 16, 1979) better known by his stage name  Flo Rida  is an American rapper and singer-songwriter. Some of his hits are "Low", "Club Can't Handle Me", "Good Feeling", "Wild Ones", and "Whistle". He is known for pairing up with Taio Cruz, David Guetta, Sia, and T-Pain. He also made famous songs with Alexandra Burke and Olly Murs. Rida is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

Living people
1979 births
African-American singers
American hip hop musicians
Rap musicians from Florida
Democrats (United States)
Singers from Florida
People's Choice Award winners
Atlantic Records artists
Bram Cohen

Bram Cohen (born October 12, 1975) is an American computer programmer. He made the first torrent client, called BitTorrent.

References

Living people
1975 births
American computer scientists
American Jews
Scientists from San Francisco
American bloggers
Icy Tower

Icy Tower is a freeware computer game. It involves a small avatar (or character) with a winter hat, jumping across platforms in an icy tower. The goal of the game is to climb as high as you can up the tower.

The game was released in 2001. It was pretty successful and is known for its fast game pace and funny sounds.

Freeware games
2001 video games
Platform games
Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile

In France, the corps of Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (TSEEAC, Civil aviation opérations Technicians) of the French civil aviation authorities is a B-class job on the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing.

Also called TSA fonctionnaires (TSA civil servants), perform a two-year training at the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university).

TSEEAC can do many jobs at the French civil aviation authorities (DGAC) : technical assistant, aerodrome air traffic controller, ramp manager (at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport), aeronautical information operator, officer of the regional offices of information and assistance in flight, investigation assistant, ...

History 
The corps of TSEEAC has several name changes since the 1960s :
 1962 : TNA : Technicien de la Navigation Aérienne (Air navigation Technician) including the operations air traffic controller and the Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel.
 1964 : scission of the corps: the corps of the TNA remains, despite the departure of air traffic controllers and electricians, respectively to the new corps of "Officiers Contrôleurs de la Circulation Aérienne" (OCCA) - became air traffic controller after that - dans those of electricians - became Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel.
 1975 : TNA becomes TAC, Techniciens de l'Aviation Civile (Civil aviation technicians).
 1993 : TEEAC : Technicien des Etudes et d'Exploitation de l'Aviation Civile.
 2000 : TSEEAC : Technicien Supérieur des Etudes et d'Exploitation de l'Aviation Civile.
 2011 : The initial training at ENAC of TSEEAC is opened to non civil servant and renamed  TSA (Technicien supérieur de l'aviation).

Related pages 
 Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (TSA)
 Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (civilian) (TSA civil)

References

Further reading 
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson et Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
 Décret n°93-622 du 27 mars 1993 concerning the corps of techniciens supérieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile
 TSEEAC on ENAC website 

Occupations in aviation
French Civil Aviation University
Aviation licenses and certifications
Air traffic control
Babak (name)

Babak () is an Iranian name coming from the Middle Persian Pāpak. Babak means "father" in Persian.

Notes

References

Given names
Persian language
On the Buses

On the Buses is a British sitcom set in fictional Luxton in Essex. It ran from 28 February 1969 until 6 May 1973.

The show stars Reg Varney as bus driver Stan Butler, Bob Grant as his conductor and best friend Jack Harper and Stephen Lewis as their inspector Blakey. Anna Karen plays Stan's sister Olive Rudge and Michael Robbins plays her husband Arthur Rudge. The role of Stan's widowed mother Mabel Butler was played by Cicely Courtneidge in series 1 and by Doris Hare in the other series.

Other websites 

1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
1973 television series endings
1960s British television series
1960s sitcoms
1970s British sitcoms
1970s British workplace television series
1970s workplace comedy television series
British workplace comedy television series
Essex
Television series about families
Television series about friendship
English-language television programs
Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity (word derived from  "hyper" and  "to act") can be described as a physical state. 

People who have it can not control their overactive behavior and are abnormally active.

References 

Human behavior
Symptoms
Manju (era)

was a  after Jian and before Chōgen.  This period started in July 1024 and ended in July 1028. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Manju era
 1024 (Manju 1): Fujiwara no Kintō withdrew from his public duties; and he retired to Kitayama in the north of Kyoto. 
 4 May 1026 (Manju 3, 15th day of the 4th month): a partial lunar eclipse. 
 1027 (Manju 4): Fujiwara no Michinaga died at age 62.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Amy Heckerling

Amy Heckerling (born May 7, 1954) is an American movie director. Her movies include: Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Johnny Dangerously, National Lampoon's European Vacation, Look Who's Talking, Look Who's Talking Too, Look Who's Talking Now, Clueless, A Night at the Roxbury and Loser. 

Heckerling was born in The Bronx and spent her childhood there, before moving to Queens.

Other websites 

1954 births
Living people
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City 
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from the Bronx
Chōgen

was a  after Manju and before Chōryaku.  This period started in 1028 and ended in April 1037.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Chōgen era
 15 May 1036 (Chōgen 9, 17th day of the 4th month): In the 9th year of Go-Ichijō's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.

 1036 (Chōgen 9, 7th month): Emperor Go-Suzaku's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (sokui).

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Chōryaku

was a  after Chōgen and before Chōkyū.  This period spanned the years from April 1037 through 1040.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Chōryaku era
 1037 (Chōryaku 1, 2nd day of the 7th month): The eldest son of Emperor Go-Suzaku (Prince Chikihito, who was would become Emperor Go-Reizei) has his coming of age ceremony.
 1037 (Chōryaku 1, 17th day of the 8th month): Go-Suzaku formally names Chikihito as his heir and Crown Prince.
 1038 (Chōryaku 2, 1st day of the 9th month): Fujiwara no Chikaie was killed by a servant during an  attempted robbery; and all the greats of the Fujiwara went into mourning.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Mercenary (band)

Mercenary is a heavy metal band from Aalborg, Denmark.

Band members

Current
Martin Buus - Lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (since 2002)
Jakob Mølbjerg - rhythm guitar (since 1995)
René Pedersen - Bass guitar, vocals (syne 2006)
Peter Mathiesen - drums (since 2011)

Former
 Nikolaj Brinkman (lead guitar 1993-2000)
 Signar Petersen (lead guitar 2000-2002) 
 Hans Jørgen Andersen (rhythm guitar 1991-1993)
 Henrik "Kral" Andersen (bass 1993-2006, also harsh vocals 1991-2006, lead guitar 1991-1993) 
 Andreas W. Hansen (bass 1991-1993)
 Jakob Johnsen (drums 1991-1993)
 Rasmus Jacobsen (drums 1992-2002)
 Mike Park Nielsen (drums 2002-2009)
 Morten Sandager (keybuird 2002-2009)
 Mikkel Sandager (vocals 2002-2009)
 Morten Løwe (drums 2009-2011)

Discography

Studio albums
 First Breath (1998)
 Everblack (2002)
 11 Dreams (2004)
 The Hours that Remain (2006)
 Architect of Lies (2008)
 Metamorphosis (2011)
 Through Our Darkest Days (2013)

EPs
 Supremacy (1996)

Compilations
 Mercenary (2006)

Demos
 Domicile (1993)
 Gummizild (1994)

Videography

 Firesoul (from 11 Dreams)
 My World is Ending (from The Hours that Remain)
 Isolation (from Architect of Lies)
 The Endless Fall (from Architect of Lies)

Other websites 

Official Mercenary website
Mercenary Myspace

Danish heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Melodic death metal bands
Power metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1991
20th-century establishments in Denmark
1991 establishments in Europe
Accept (band)

Accept is a heavy metal band from Solingen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was formed in 1968 by Udo Dirkschneider. The band played an important role in the development of speed metal.

Band members

Current members
 Wolf Hoffmann – guitars, backing vocals 
 Peter Baltes – bass, backing vocals 
 Mark Tornillo – lead vocals 
 Uwe Lulis – guitars 
 Christopher Williams – drums

Former members
 Udo Dirkschneider – lead vocals 
 Frank Friedrich – drums 
 Dieter Rubach - bass 
 Gerhard Wahl – guitars 
 Jörg Fischer – guitars 
 Stefan Kaufmann – drums 
 Herman Frank – guitars 
 David Reece – lead vocals 
 Stefan Schwarzmann – drums 
 Michael Cartellone  – drums

Live members
 Ken Mary – drums 
 Jim Stacey – guitars 
 Rob Armitage – lead vocals 
 Michael White – lead vocals

Discography
Studio Albums
Accept (1979)
I'm a Rebel (1980)
Breaker (1981)
Restless and Wild (1982)
Balls to the Wall (1983)
Metal Heart (1985)
Russian Roulette (1986)
Eat the Heat (1989)
Objection Overruled (1993)
Death Row (1994)
Predator (1996)
Blood of the Nations (2010)
Stalingrad (2012)

Other websites

Accept's official website acceptworldwide.com

German heavy metal bands
Autumn (band)

Autumn is a Dutch gothic metal band formed in 1995.

Members

Current members

Former members

Discography

Studio albums

Other releases

References

Other websites

 

Musical groups established in 1995
Gothic metal bands
Dutch heavy metal bands
Groningen (city)
Jennifer Stone

Jennifer Lindsay Stone (born February 12, 1993) is an American actress. She played Harper Finkle on the television series Wizards of Waverly Place and Harriet Welsh in the movie Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars.

References

Other websites 

1993 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Texas
Arlington, Texas
Jennette McCurdy

Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy (born June 26, 1992) is an American actress. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy played Sam Puckett on the Nickelodeon TV series iCarly. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy also appeared in other TV series. These include True Jackson, VP, Malcolm in the Middle and Lincoln Heights. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy grew up in Garden Grove, California. Between 2013 and 2014, Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy played in the TV series Sam & Cat as Sam Puckett, a meat loving babysitter.

Early life 
Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy was born on June 26, 1992. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy was born in Long Beach, California. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy grew up in Garden Grove with her parents. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy has three older brothers.

Beginning career 
Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy 
began to act with the age of 8 years. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy had some guest appearances like Zoey 101. Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy played from 2007 to 2012 in the TV series iCarly and then in 2013 Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy played in the spin-off series which was titled Sam & Cat. Always credited as "Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy".

Movies

TV series 
 MADtv - Cassidy Gifford (2000; 1 episode)
 Malcolm in the Middle - Daisy / Penelope (2003, 2005; 2 episodes)
 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit - Holly Purcell (2005; 1 episode)
 Zoey 101 - Trisha Kirby (2005; 1 episode) 
 Will & Grace - Lisa (2006; 1 episode)
 iCarly - Sam Puckett (2007-2012; 96 episodes, lead role)
 True Jackson, VP - Pinky Turzo (2009-2010; 2 episodes) 
 The Penguins of Madagascar - Becky (2010-2013; voice)
 The Cleveland Show - Girl #1 (2010; voice, 1 episode) 
 Big Time Rush - Training Fan (2010; 1 episode)
 Victorious - Ponnie / Linda / Fawn (2012; 1 episode)
 Sam & Cat - Sam Puckett (2013-2014; lead role) 
 Between - Wiley Day (2015-present; lead role)

References

Other websites

 Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy on Facebook
 Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy on Twitter

1992 births
Living people
American child actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
American stage actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American country singers
American pop singers
Adder

The adder, Vipera berus is a venomous viper that can be found throughout most of Western Europe and all the way to East Asia. It is the only venomous snake in the British Isles.

They are not highly dangerous: the snake is not aggressive and usually only bites when alarmed or disturbed. Bites can be very painful, but they are rarely fatal. The snake is not threatened, though it is protected in some countries.

Description 
Adults grow to about 60 centimeters (24 in) in length. The largest, at around 90–104 (35–41 in), are found in Scandinavia. In France and Great Britain, the maximum size is 80–87 centimeters (31–34 in), weighing from 50 grams (1.8 oz) to about 180 grams (6.3 oz).

Unusually for snakes, the sexes can be seen by their colour. Females are usually brownish with dark-brown markings, the males are pure grey with black markings.

The species has two morphs. The common pattern is the one with dark stripe with crossbars along the back, on a lighter body. The melanistic morph is very dark all over. The dark morph is more common in females. Polymorphism is usually  maintained by natural selection.

The adder has a wide range. It lives in across Eurasian. 
In several European countries it is the only native venomous snake.

The adder's diet is mainly small mammals such as mice, voles, shrews and even weasels and moles. Sometimes, they eat slow worms and lizards. They feed on amphibia, such as frogs, newts, and salamanders. There have been reports of adders eating birds, especially nestlings and eggs. Adders are ovoviviparous. Once they reach about 30 cm (1 ft) in length, their diet becomes adult.

They are protected by law in the U.K., (Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981), and by the Berne Convention (the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats). It is an offence to harm them.

References 

Vipers
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 fantasy movie directed by Mike Newell. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 2000 novel of the same name. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) and the fourth movie in the Harry Potter movie series. 

It stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger.

The movie is the first of the series to receive a PG-13. It was the highest-grossing movie of 2005 and the sixth-highest-grossing movie in the Harry Potter series.

The movie was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, and won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design.

Other websites
 
 
 

2005 movies
2000s fantasy movies
British fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
Harry Potter 4
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Mike Newell
Tapaculo

The tapaculos (pronounced ta-pa-COO-lo) are a group of small passeriform birds. They have many species, and are found mostly in South America, especially in the Andean regions. Three species, the Choco, the Pale-throated and the Silvery-fronted Tapaculo, are found in southern Central America. Tapaculos nest in many places, from ground burrows to tree holes. Some make a ball nest in a bush.

References 

Tyrannides
Gnateater

The gnateaters are a bird family, Conopophagidae. They are made of ten small passerine species in two genera. They live in South and Central America. They are very closely related to the antbirds and less closely to the antpittas and tapaculos. Gnateaters are not studied or known as much because of their remote habitat. However, they are often watched by birdwatchers. Gnateaters feed on insects. They catch them in the understory of South American forests.

References 

Tyrannides
Ovenbird

The Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) is a small songbird of the order Passeriformes. Its family is Parulidae. The ovenbird was named after its domed nest with a side entrance, which looks like an oven. This migratory bird is found in eastern North America and winters in Central America, many Caribbean Islands, Florida, and northern Venezuela. The ovenbird walks, unlike most other members of its family, which hop.

References 

Passeriformes
Wang Jha-ji

Wang Jha-ji (; hanja: , 1066 – May 1122)  was a Korean politician, general, musician, and ambassador during the Goryeo dynasty. His posthumous name is Jangsoon ( ; ), Chinese style name was Wonjang ( ; ), first name was Sojoong ( ; ).

Related pages 
 Yun Gwan
 Oh Yeonchong
 Kang Gamchan
 Seo Hee

References 
 Wang Jha-ji:Naver 
 Wang Jha-ji:Koran historical person informations  
 Wang Jha-ji:Nate 
 Wang Jha-ji:britannica 

1066 births
1122 deaths
Ambassadors
Autobiographers
Generals
Korean educators
Korean military people
Korean musicians
Korean politicians
Korean writers
Hemopneumothorax

Hemopneumothorax is a medical problem where the lung is damaged and the chest fills up with air and blood. It is treated by opening the chest and putting in a chest drain. This can only be done by paramedics or doctors. A hemopneumothorax often happens after high speed crashes and penetrating chest wounds.

References

Medical emergencies
Respiratory system
Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant

In France, the training of the Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (civilian) (TSA civilian, in English Advanced Technician in Aviation non civil servant) is performed by the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university). The TSA civilians can have different jobs in airports, airlines or manufacturers.

History 
 2011 : The TSA civilian training is created in addition to the one of Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile available since 1962.

Related pages 
 Technicien supérieur de l'aviation
 Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile

References

Further reading 
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
 TSA on ENAC website 

Occupations in aviation
French Civil Aviation University
Aviation licenses and certifications
State Duma

The State Duma () is the Lower House of the Parliament. It is a part of the legislative branch of the government of Russia. The State Duma was first introduced in 1906. It was Russia's first elected parliament. In 1922, it was replaced with the Soviet Parliament. It was re-established in 1993. 

It makes laws, elects the prime minister and supervises the work of the government. It also has the power to remove the President from office. It can also call new elections. The Duma has de jure authority to make and change any laws without being overturned.

It can pass any law by a simple majority. There are 450 members in the Duma.

Russia
Politics of Russia
1906 establishments
20th-century establishments in Russia
Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park

The Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park is part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site. It is a large park with lakes, temperate rainforests and alpine heathland. Cradle Mountain is a jagged dolerite mountain peak. There are sites around the park where the Australian Aborigines lived 10,000 years ago during the last ice age. Tasmania's tallest mountain, Mt. Ossa,  above sea level, is in the park.

An area of  was protected in May 1922 as a scenic reserve, becoming a National Park in 1972. The National Park now covers an area of . There is a  walking track, called the Overland Track, between Cradle Mountain and Lake St Clair.

Related pages
Other National Parks and reserves in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area are:
 Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
 Hartz Mountains National Park
 Mole Creek Karst National Park
 Southwest National Park
 Walls of Jerusalem National Park
 Central Plateau Conservation Area
 Devils Gullet State Reserve
 South East Mutton Bird Islet
 South East Mutton Bird Islet

Related pages
Other National Parks and reserves in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area are:
 Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
 Hartz Mountains National Park
 Mole Creek Karst National Park
 Southwest National Park
 Walls of Jerusalem National Park
 Central Plateau Conservation Area
 Devils Gullet State Reserve
 South East Mutton Bird Islet

References

Protected areas of Tasmania
National parks in Australia
Tasmanian Wilderness
Whatcheeria

Whatcheeria is an extinct genus of early tetrapod from the early Mississippian of Iowa. Fossils have been found in an old limestone quarry in the town of Delta. They date to 340 million year ago (mya). The type species W. deltae was named in 1995. It is classified with the closely related Pederpes in the family Whatcheeriidae.

Description
Whatcheeria possesses a mixture of basal and derived  (advanced) traits. Like other stem tetrapods it has a series of lateral lines across the skull, and rows of teeth on the palate These are basal traits derived from its lobe-finned fish ancestors.

It has a cleithrum, a bone in the pectoral girdle that extends from the scapula. The cleithrum once attached to the skull in lobe-finned fish, the ancestors of tetrapods, but detached to allow the neck to move freely.

Whatcheeria grew to about  long. The skull is deep (this is an advanced trait) and the snout is pointed.  A hole on the top of the skull behind the eyes called the parietal foramen is relatively large in Whatcheeria. The bones on the skull surface are unusually smooth, unlike the pitted skulls of many other early tetrapods.

Classification 
With modern cladistic taxonomy, Whatcheeriidae is not placed in Amphibia or any other class but simply as its own family within Tetrapoda. Its relationships with other tetrapods are left unclear.

References 

Tetrapods
Fossils
IAS

IAS may stand for:

Accounting, Auditing 
International Accounting Standards
Internal Audit Service (European Commission)

Administration 
Indian Administrative Service (Civil Service)

Religion 
International Association of Scientologists

Science 
Institute for Advanced Study
IAS computer, built at the Institute for Advanced Study
Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
Indian Academy of Sciences
Islamic World Academy of Sciences, an organization promoting science and technology in the Muslim World
Iranian Arachnological Society, an academic society for Iranian and International arachnologists

Health 
International AIDS Society, the world's leading independent association of HIV/AIDS professionals

Politics 
Institute for Anarchist Studies

Technology

Aeronautics 
Indicated airspeed
Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences
Institut aéronautique et spatial

Computing 
Internet Authentication Service
Internet Application Server, a component of Oracle Application Server from Oracle Corporation
IAS, a version of Digital Equipment Corporation's RSX-11 operating system

Transportation 
Iaşi International Airport in Iaşi, Romania, designated by IATA the airport code IAS
IAS Cargo Airlines, a British airline

Other 
Independent Australian Scouts
Instituto Ayrton Senna
TAE

TAE may refer to:

 Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation, a French aviation job title
 TAE connector (Telekommunikations-Anschluss-Einheit), German standard for telephone plugs

Other
 the initials of Thomas Alva Edison

Acronyms
Badge (disambiguation)

A badge is a device or patch which is displayed to indicate a special accomplishment or as a symbol of authority.

Badge may refer to:
 Access badge, credential used to gain entry to an area
 Heraldic badge, a badge to display allegiance to a particular royal figure
 Web badge, a small image used on websites to promote web-standards and other things
 Synonym for a pin-back button in the United Kingdom
 A distinguishing logo or hood ornament on automobiles or trucks, altered by badge engineering

The acronym BADGE refers to:
 Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a component of epoxy resin
 Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles, French degree created in 2001 by the Conférence des grandes écoles

Related pages
 "Badge" (song) by the 1960s rock group Cream
 "Badge" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode), 2001 US TV episode
 Stinking badges, a film quote
Monarchy of Barbados

Barbados was a Commonwealth realm.  Queen Elizabeth II was the reigning monarch since 6 February 1952. She was Barbado's head of state, but was substituted by the President when Barbados became a republic.

Many of the jobs of the government were done by the Governor-General. It was abolished on 30 November 2021.

References

Politics of Barbados
Commonwealth realms
Barbados
List of governors-general of Barbados

The Governor-General of Barbados was a vice-regal representative of the Queen of Barbados.  The Governor-General acted as the nation's Head of State.  This is because the Queen cannot live in all her realms at once. The office was abolished along with the monarch on 30 November 2021 and replaced with the presidency.

List of Governors-General of Barbados
On 30 November 1966, Barbados became independent from Britain.

References

 
Politics of Barbados
Barbados
1966 establishments in Barbados
Elliott Belgrave

Sir Elliot Belgrave, CHB, QC (born March 16, 1931), is a Barbadian politician and retired High Court Judge. He was the Acting Governor-General of Barbados from 1 November 2011 to June 30, 2017. Belgrave graduated from the universities of Cambridge (MA) and London (LLB). He is a former Director of Public Prosecutions in Barbados.  He was Judge of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal of Barbados.  He is a Queen's Counsel.  Belgrave was awarded the Companion of Honour of Barbados for his contribution to the legal system in Barbados.

References 

1931 births
Governors-General of Barbados
Living people
Bajan Creole

Bajan is an English-based creole language. People on the Caribbean island of Barbados speak it. Bajan, like many other English-based Caribbean creole languages, has a West African substrate and an English superstrate. Bajan is similar but different from the creoles of neighbouring Caribbean islands.

Bajan is the Caribbean creole with the closest grammar to Standard English.

In general, the people of Barbados speak standard British English on TV and radio, in courthouses, in government, and in day-to-day business. Bajan is for less formal situations, in music, or in social commentary.

References

Barbadian culture
Languages of the Caribbean
Prime Minister of Barbados

The Prime Minister of Barbados is the head of government of Barbados. The Prime Minister is picked by the Queen of Barbados. The Governor-General is responsible for holding the parliamentary elections.  He says which one of the electors is Prime Minister.

This is a list of prime ministers of Barbados.

Premiers of Barbados (1953-1966)

Prime ministers of Barbados (1966-present)

 * Note - Died in office

Barbados
Parliament of Barbados

The Parliament of Barbados is the national legislature of Barbados.  The Parliament is bicameral, meaning there are 2 houses. The Senate is the Upper house. The House of Assembly is the Lower house.  Parliament is in the national capital Bridgetown in Saint Michael.

Senate
The Senate is made up of twenty-one Senators and The Queen.  The Queen is represented by the Governor-General. Senators are appointed.  The term is 5 years.

House of Assembly
The House has thirty Members of Parliament (MPs).  There is also the Honourable Speaker of the House.  Members of the House are elected. The term is 5 years. The next election is due to be scheduled by January 2013.

References

Politics of Barbados
Barbados
Barbadian dollar

The dollar has been the currency of Barbados since 1935. The present dollar has the ISO 4217 code BBD.  It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign "$".  Sometimes it is written "Bds$" to be different from other currencies that are called dollar. It is divided into 100 cents.

Other websites 
 Banknotes of Barbados 

Barbados
Currency of North America
1935 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Barbados
North American Numbering Plan

The North American Numbering Plan (NANP) is a telephone numbering plan.  It includes 24 countries and territories, including the United States, Canada, Bermuda, and 17 nations of the Caribbean. 

There are three-digit area codes and seven-digit telephone numbers.

Related pages
 List of North American Numbering Plan area codes

References

Telephone numbers
Area code 246

The area code 246 is a part of the telephone numbering plan for Barbados.  Phone numbers in Barbados have 7 digits.

General
Police Force: 211, Ambulance: 511, Fire: 311
Information/Directory Assistance: 411
Operator: 0

Area codes
Barbados
Mount Hillaby

The peak of Mount Hillaby is the highest point on the Eastern Caribbean island nation of Barbados.  The peak is  in the parish of Saint Andrew. It overlooks the area known as the Scotland District to the north and east.

References

Barbados
Geography of the Caribbean
Hillaby
Saint George, Barbados

The parish of Saint George ("St. George") is in the interior of Barbados.  It is one of two land-locked parishes. The other is Saint Thomas to the north.  A landmark in the parish is Gun Hill Signal Station.  It is one of the few remaining signal stations, dating back to 1818.

Saint George borders six of the eleven other parishes.  This is more than any other parish.

Parishes of Barbados
1966 establishments in Barbados
Saint James, Barbados

The parish of Saint James ("St. James") is in the western part of the country of Barbados. St. James is known as the "Platinum Coast". There are many rich people who visit or live here. The parish is home to the Queen's College.

References

Parishes of Barbados
8 Out of 10 Cats

8 out of 10 Cats is a British television comedy panel game. It began on 3 June 2005 and is shown on Channel 4. It is hosted by Jimmy Carr. Each episode has two teams, each has a captain and two celebrity guests. The captain of one team is Sean Lock. The other captain in series 1–4 is Dave Spikey; in series 5–10 it is Jason Manford; from series 11 onwards it is Jon Richardson. The 22nd series ended in January 2021.

Other websites 

2005 British television series debuts
2000s British comedy television series
2010s British comedy television series
2020s British comedy television series
British television game shows
Channel 4 comedy
English-language television programs
Panel games
Chōkyū

was a  after Chōryaku and before Kantoku.  This period started in November 1040 and ended in November 1044. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Chōkyū era
 1040 (Chōkyū 1, 1st day of the 1st month): a partial eclipse of the sun, predicted for midday, occurred in mid-afternoon, causing complaints about the astronomers' failure to be more accurate.
 1040 (Chōkyū 1, 9th month): The Sacred Mirror was burned in a fire.
 1041 (Chōkyū 2): The Sanjo Palace burned; and it was reconstructed.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most prevalent female endocrine health matters. PCOS is a complex and heterogeneous problem of uncertain etiology, although there is major evidence that the PCOS can be classified as a genetic health problem. This condition produces symptoms in between five percent to ten percent of females during the reproducing ages. Problems include although are not limited to hormones resulting in acne, hirsutism, resistance to insulin (which then results in diabetes mellitus, in particular Type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults), overweight and (in some women) high cholesterol levels. The symptoms and severity vary greatly among affected women.
Treatments include weight reduction, low-dose oral contraceptive pills, medroxyprogesterone and spironolactone. Clomiphene can be used as the treatment for those women who wish to get pregnant.

Symptoms of PCOS 
Symptoms of PCOS vary from woman to woman. Some common symptoms of PCOS are:

 Menstrual problems – PCOD mainly causes oligomenorrhea (less than nine periods in a year) or amenorrhea (no periods for 3 or more consecutive months). However, other problems related to menstruation can also occur.
 Infertility – This is usually due to lack or lack of frequent ovulation.
 Male pattern baldness – The hair on the scalp becomes very thin and may fall out.
 Weight gain
 Metabolic disorder
 High levels of masculinizing hormone
 Irregular periods

References

Related Read 

 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Diagnosis and Treatment
 Causes of PCOS

Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
Syndromes
Zola (entertainer)

Bonginkosi Dlamini, professionally known  as Zola, is a South African musician, actor and presenter. He also presents Zola 7, a television program named for him, on SABC 1.

He was born on 24 April 1981 in the Soweto Township of Johannesburg, South Africa. Zola had time in prison as a youth for car theft.

Zola become well known for his role as the notorious gangster Papa Action in Yizo Yizo 2. Zola has enjoyed success as a Kwaito superstar.  He is also the owner of the music company Guluva Entertainment.

Zola raps in isiZulu and uses a lot of tsotsi.

Musical awards
He has received four South African Music Awards:
 Artist of the Year - 2002
 Best Soundtrack - Yizo Yizo
 Best Music Video - "Ghetto Scandalous"
 Best Kwaito Album - Umdlwembe

At the Metro FM Awards 2001, Zola won on public vote:
 Song of the Year - "Ghetto Scandalous"
 Best Album of the Year - Umdlwembe
 Best Kwaito Album - Umdlwembe

Discography

 Umdlwembe (2000)
 Khokhovula (2002)
 Bhambatha (2004)
 Ibutho (2005)
 Tsotsi (2006 Motion Picture)
 Impepho (2009)
 Unyezi (2011)

References

1981 births
Living people
Actors
Musicians
South African entertainers
Television presenters
Arlette Zola

Arlette Zola (born 29 April 1949) is a Swiss singer. She was born Arlette Jaquet in the city of Fribourg. Zola was in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1982. Zola was placed third behind Germany and Israel. She made two more tries at reaching the Eurovision finals. In 1984 she took third place in the Swiss final. 1985 also saw her in third spot.

Discography 
1965 Un peu d’amour, Libéria
1966 Elles sont coquines, Disc AZ
1967 Arlette Zola, Disc AZ
1967 Deux garçons pour une fille, Disc AZ
1967 J n'aime que vous. Disc AZ
1968 Musique en tête, Disc AZ LP
1969 C’est toute la terre, Disc Concert Hall LP
1969 La marchande de bonbon, Vogue
1970 L’été, Vogue
1971 Je suis folle de tant t’aimer, Vogue
1972 Pour que vienne enfin ce grand matin, Evasion
1977 Tu inventais des saisons, Tourel
1980 Offre moi un sourire, Libéria
1981 Frappe dans tes mains, Libéria
1981 Les fiancés du lac de Côme, LP Libéria
1982 Amour on t’aime, LP Jupiter Records
1982 Je n’ai pas changé, LP Jupiter Records
1983 Billy Boogie, LP Vogue
1984 Hasta manana amore mio, Disc Ibach
1990 Mais moi je l’aime, Libéria
2003 Laissez-moi encore chanter, Azo
2005 Amour... Amitié, Azo
2007 Le bonheur ne coûte rien, Azo
2009 Souvenir, mes anées 6o

References

1949 births
Living people
Swiss singers
David Warner (actor)

David Hattersley Warner, who is known by his credited stage name as David Warner (born 29 July 1941) is an English actor.  He is known for playing both romantic leads and sinister or villainous characters.  He has been in a range of various media, including film, animation, television, and video games.

Movies

References

1941 births
Actors from Manchester
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Living people