cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
P. J. Mara

Patrick James "P. J." Mara (1942 – 15 January 2016) was an Irish public affairs consultant and former senator. He was best known as a political adviser to former Taoiseach Charles Haughey. He served briefly in the Seanad on two separate occasions, in 1981 and 1982. He was nominated by the Taoiseach Charles Haughey. 

Mara served as Press Secretary to Fianna Fáil between 1983 and 1987. In 1987 he was appointed Government Press Secretary, and he held this position until February 1992, when he left the public service to move into the private sector. He later returned to serve as Fianna Fáil director of elections for the  1997, 2002, and 2007 general elections.

He was regularly lampooned on the satirical RTÉ radio sketch show Scrap Saturday, which ran from 1989 to 1991.

Mara died on 15 January 2016 at a hospital after a long-illness in Dublin, Ireland at the age of 73.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Civil servants
Disease-related deaths in the Republic of Ireland
Irish politicians
George Carroll (judge)

George Carroll (January 6, 1922 – January 14, 2016) was an American lawyer. He was an important civic figure in Contra Costa County, California and the city of Richmond. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

He was the first black lawyer in Richmond, California. In 1961 Carroll became the first African American elected to the city council (1961–1964) and later became the first black mayor of Richmond (1964–1965) or any large American city.

Carroll died in his sleep on January 14, 2015 in Richmond, California from respiratory failure at the age of 94.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
American judges
Lawyers from California
American mayors
American civil rights activists
Politicians from Brooklyn
Politicians from California
US Democratic Party politicians
People from Richmond, California
Gastón Guzmán

Gastón Guzmán (August 26, 1932 – January 12, 2016) was a Mexican mycologist and anthropologist. He was an authority on the genus Psilocybe. He was born in Xalapa, Veracruz.

Career
Guzmán began his career in 1955. During his early field work, he found many species which was little known at the time. This inspired him to choose fungi as the topic of his professional thesis. He was the co-founder and former president of the Mexican Mycological Society (1965), he was also president of the Latin American Mycological Association (2000–2002). He retired in 2010.

Death
Guzmán died of a heart attack in Guadalajara, Mexico on January 12, 2016 at the age of 83. He is survived by his daughter, Laura Guzmán Dávalos, is also a mycologist.

More reading

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mexican scientists
Mexican writers
Mexican educators
Mexican anthropologists
People from Veracruz
Kiwi Travel International Airlines

Kiwi Travel International Airlines was a discount airline from New Zealand. It flew both scheduled (planned) and charters (irregular/unplanned) flights from New Zealand to Australia, Samoa and Tonga. The airline borrowed airplanes from many different companies.At different times, it flew Boeing 727, Boeing 737, Boeing 757 and Airbus A320 airplanes. The airline was among one of the first low-cost carriers. In December 1995, Air New Zealand started Freedom Air. It was another discount airline intended to compete with Kiwi. In September 1996, Kiwi Travel stopped flying due to the intense competition from Freedom Air. Ewan Wilson, the former CEO of Kiwi Travel International, is involved with starting a new airline, Kiwi Regional Airlines.

References

Transport in New Zealand
Airlines of Oceania
1994 establishments in Oceania
1996 disestablishments
1990s establishments in New Zealand
Qaisra Shahraz

Qaisra Shahraz  (born 1959) is a British-Pakistani novelist and scriptwriter, college inspector, teacher and freelance journalist.

References

1959 births
Pakistani writers
Living people
Bano Qudsia

Bano Qudsia (28 November 1928 –  4 February 2017) is a Pakistani writer. She wrote mostly in Urdu. Her most famous novel was Raja Gidh (published in 1981). She wrote more than forty novels and plays. She was born in Firozpur, Punjab, India.

Qudsia died on 4 February 2017 in Lahore at the age of 88.

References

1928 births
2017 deaths
Pakistani writers
Musa (genus)

Musa is one of two or three genera in the family Musaceae; it includes bananas and plantains. Around 70 species of Musa are known, with a broad variety of uses.

Many bananas and plantains grow as high as trees, but they are not woody. Their apparent "stem" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks. For this reason, they are technically gigantic herbs.

Musa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth and other Hypercompe species, including H. albescens (only recorded on Musa), H. eridanus, and H. icasia.

References

Monocots
Breakwater

Breakwaters are structures built to protect structures along a coastline against the impact of waves. They reduce the intensity of waves, and lessen the amount of erosion.

Buildings and structures
Oleksandr Shevchenko

Oleksandr Oksentiyovych Shevchenko (; 26 June 1937 – 15 January 2016) was a Ukrainian scientist, judge, politician, and teacher. He was the deputy of the Svoboda party from 2012 to 2014. He was later a member of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc until 15 September 2015. He supported the right to bear arms and was against the death penalty. He was born in Simferopol Raion, Crimea, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.

Shevchenko died on 15 January 2016 at the age of 78.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Ukrainian educators
Historians
Judges
Ukrainian politicians
Ukrainian scientists
Manuel Velázquez

Manuel Velázquez Villaverde (24 January 1943 – 15 January 2016) was a Spanish footballer. He played as a striker. He played for Plus Ultra, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga, Real Madrid, and Toronto Metros-Croatia. He also played for the Spain national football team. He was born in Madrid.

Velázquez died on 15 January 2016 in Madrid, aged 72.

References

Other websites

 

1943 births
2016 deaths
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Madrid
Rajesh Vivek

Rajesh Vivek Upadhyay (31 January 1949 – 14 January 2016) was an Indian actor. He was best known for his roles in Lagaan, Swades, Mahabharat, Mujhse Shaadi Karogi, Bharat Ek Khoj, What's Your Raashee? and Bunty Aur Babli. He was born in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Vivek died from heart attack on 14 January 2016 in Hyderabad, Telangana. He was 66.

References

Other websites
 
 

2016 deaths
1949 births
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Actors from Uttar Pradesh
Thomas Newcomen

Thomas Newcomen (February 1664 – 5 August 1729) was an English inventor. He made the first practical steam engine for pumping water, the Newcomen steam engine.

Newcomen was an ironmonger and a Baptist lay preacher.  He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England, to a merchant family and baptised at St. Saviour's Church on 24 February 1664.

Flooding in coal and tin mines was a large problem. Newcomen was trying to improve ways to pump out the water from the mines. His ironmonger's business specialised in tools for the mining industry.

His first engine was not very efficient, and used a lot of coal. The Watt steam engine, was much more fuel efficient. Watt and his partner Matthew Boulton got substantial royalties because their machines saved so much on fuel bills.

Surviving Newcomen engines
There are examples of Newcomen engines in the Science Museum (London) and the Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan.

Perhaps the last Newcomen-style engine to be used commercially – and the last still on its original site – is at the Elsecar Heritage Centre, near Barnsley in South Yorkshire. Newcomen engines that can be seen working are the Newcomen Memorial Engine at Dartmouth and the replica engine at the Black Country Museum in Dudley, West Midlands.

References 

1664 births
1729 deaths
British engineers
British inventors
Superphylum

A superphylum is an unofficial grade in taxonomy, above the phylum and below the subregnum, used to describe a group of phyla which probably evolved from a common ancestor.

It is used especially in the animal kingdom. Examples:

Ecdysozoa
Lophotrochozoa
Radiata
Deuterostomia
Bilateria
 Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae (PVC)

Notes 

Taxonomy
Chinese name

Chinese names () are names for people in Chinese languages. They are mostly used by Chinese people, but some Korean people and Vietnamese people also use forms of Chinese names.

Modern Chinese names are made up of a surname and a personal name. The surname (xìng ) appears first. It is usually only one syllable. The personal name (míng ) appears second. It is nearly always either one or two syllables. When written, each syllable is written with one character. So a person's name will usually be written with two or three characters. For example, Wei () of the Zhang () family – currently China's most common single name – is called "Zhang Wei" and written as .

Before the 20th century, educated Chinese people also used a "courtesy name" or "style name" (zì ). This is the name by which they were known among those outside of their family and friends.

Names
Chinese language
Lennie Bluett

Lennie Bluett (January 21, 1919 – January 1, 2016), was an American actor, pianist, dancer and singer. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Bluett played a soldier in Gone With the Wind in 1939. He also appeared in Mighty Joe Young and in A Star Is Born.

Bluett died on January 1, 2016 in Los Angeles at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
 

1919 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American dancers
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Conrad Phillips

Conrad Phillips (born Conrad Philip Havord; 13 April 1925 – 13 January 2016) was a British movie and television actor. He was born in London, England. He was known for playing William Tell in The Adventures of William Tell and for guest-star role as Mr. Lloyd in Fawlty Towers.

Phillips died in Chippenham, Wiltshire from complications of pneumonia at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

Aiming True - The Autobiography of Conrad Phillips 
Screen Heaven: William Tell 
Screenonline: William Tell
Dateline Diamonds
Skeoch - Our New Life On A Scottish Hill Farm

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
British movie actors
British television actors
British radio actors
Actors from London
Household

In economics, a household is the name given to a number of people who live in the same place, and who share a number of things. Very often, this is the case with a family, but this need not be the case. People living in the same household profit, because they can share some of the expenses.

Everyday life
Economics
Eddie Robinson (baseball)

William Edward Robinson (December 15, 1920 – October 4, 2021) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman, scout, coach and front office executive of the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. He was the author of an autobiography, published in 2011, Lucky Me: My Sixty-five Years in Baseball.

Robinson was born in Paris, Texas. He studied at Pairs Junior College. His career began in September 1942.

Robinson played for the Cleveland Indians in 1942, again from 1946 through 1948 and lastly in 1957. He also played for the Washington Senators from 1949 through 1950, for the Chicago White Sox from 1950 through 1952, the Philadelphia Athletics in 1953, the New York Yankees from 1954 through 1956, the Detroit Tigers in 1957, and for the Baltimore Orioles in 1957.

After the death of Val Heim on November 21, 2019, Robinson became the oldest living player. He turned 100 in December 2020.

Robinson died on October 4, 2021 in Bastrop, Texas at the age of 100.

References

Other websites
Baseball Almanac

1920 births
2021 deaths
American centenarians
Cleveland Indians players
Minnesota Twins players
Chicago White Sox players
New York Yankees players
Detroit Tigers players
Baltimore Orioles players
Sportspeople from Texas
Writers from Texas
People from Paris, Texas
TAP Portugal

TAP Portugal is the flag carrier airline of Portugal. Its headquarters and hub are at Lisbon Portela Airport. TAP operates about 2,000 flights a week to 88 destinations in 38 countries worldwide.

History
TAP Portugal was founded on March 14, 1945. It began flying on September 19, 1945.  It's first flight was from Lisbon to Madrid.  The one-millionth passenger flew on TAP on 19 June 1964, 18 years after the airline began operations. In 1969, TAP began flying New York City. Boston was added to the New York service in 1970. TAP bought Boeing 747 airplanes during the 1970s. In 1975, TAP was nationalised, becoming a state-owned corporation (Empresa Pública) and changing its name to TAP Air Portugal in March 1979. TAP became a member of Star Alliance in 2005.

References

Airlines of Europe
Portugal
Star Alliance
1945 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Portugal
IATA members
XTRA Airways

XTRA Airways is a charter airline from the United States. It began in 1987. It was first known as "Casino Express Airlines". In 2005, it was renamed "XTRA Airways". The airline's headquarters are in Coral Gables, Florida. As of 2016, XTRA has 9 airplanes.

Gallery

References

Airlines of the United States
1987 establishments in the United States
Miami, Florida
1980s establishments in Florida
Companies based in Florida
Googleplex

Googleplex is the head office of Google, Inc. The office is located at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California, United States, near San Jose.

The original complex has 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of office space. It is the company's second largest building. The Bay View addition to the building was added in 2015. This made it part of the biggest collection of Google buildings. It has 3,100,000 square feet (290,000 m2) of space.

Facilities and history

Original campus

SGI Campus 
The place was owned by Silicon Graphics in the past. The office space and corporate campus is in a bigger 26-acre (110,000 m2) site. The place also includes Charleston Park and better connection to Permanente Creek, as well as roads that connect to Shoreline Park and the Bay Trail. The project was started in 1994. It was built on the site of one of the working farms in the area.The city owned it at the time.

Google Campus 
Google got the facilities in early 2003. Clive Wilkinson Architects redesigned the inside in 2005. Google bought some of Silicon Graphics' properties in June 2006 for $319 million.

The buildings are not tall, but the complex covers a large area of land. The inside of the headquarters has items like shade lamps and giant rubber balls for decoration. The lobby has a piano and a projection of current live Google searches. There are also facilities like free laundry rooms, two small swimming pools, volleyball courts, and eighteen cafeterias with different menus. Google has also put in models of SpaceShipOne and a dinosaur skeleton.

Since 2007 the place has a set of solar panels covering the roofs of eight buildings and two solar carports. These can produce 1.6 megawatts of electricity. 30% of the peak electricity demand comes from the panels in their solar-powered buildings.

Bay view addition 
In 2013 construction started on a new 1.1 million square foot headquarters campus called "Bay View". This was next to the original campus on  leased from NASA. The estimated cost of the project is $120 million with a target opening date of 2015.

NBBJ is the architect of the addition. This is also the first time Google has designed its own buildings.

The addition is close to northeast corner of the complex. Google tried to get permission from the city to build bridges over Stevens Creek before announcing its construction. Google's 2012 year-end annual report says that it can expand only  of the  site.

In popular culture

The Googleplex was featured in the 2013 film The Internship, with the Georgia Tech campus standing in as a double. It was also the inspiration for the fictional Hooli headquarters in the HBO TV series Silicon Valley.

References

Google
Mountain View, California
Buildings and structures in California
Bloons Tower Defense

Bloons Tower Defense (also Bloons TD or BTD) are a series of tower-defense games that were created by Ninja Kiwi. The focus of the games is to use towers to defeat an enemy called Bloons to progress through the game. As you play the game, the Bloons become more difficult to defeat. Players are able to upgrade their towers to help defeat stronger enemies. Bloons can come with power ups, such as camouflage and regeneration. Most of the Tower Defense games can be played on computers and mobile/tablets.

Pricing 
On mobile, all of the Bloons Tower Defense Games (except Bloons Monkey City and Bloons TD 3, which are free on the App Store) cost $2.99 to play and download. A free game is also on their website. Some of the Bloons games have lite versions, such as Bloons TD or Bloons TD 4, which are free to play, but have limitations.

Bloons 
The enemies of the series are "Bloons". (The trademarked word Bloons is a spinoff of the word "balloons".) Once the Bloons come, a monkey will have to be placed to pop them. These monkeys pop the bloons. Red Bloons release no "children". B.A.Ds also have no "parents". Children & parents are terms determining what Bloons release when pop (children) and what Bloon releases that Bloon (parents). For example, the child of a Blue Bloon is a Red Bloon, and the parent of a Blue Bloon is a Green Bloon. A Red Bloon Equivalent (RBE) value is the number of Red Bloons it is equivalent to.

Towers 
In Bloons, there are a lot of towers. All towers can be upgraded four tiers. You can only upgrade one side of the tower to the fourth tier but upgrade the other side to the second tier. As of BTD6, here are the list of towers and camo status:

Bloons Tower Defense Games

Popularity 
The Bloons Tower Defense series has been a top seller on the Apple app store. Bloons TD 4 reached No. 6 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone and iPad games in 2010. Bloons TD 5 was able to reach No. 8 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone app downloads in 2013.

References

Mobile games
Tower defense

Tower Defense is a type of game where players use strategy to build towers to help defeat an enemy. In many tower defence games the player's towers must stop an enemy from invading a base. If the towers cannot stop the enemy, the player loses the game.

History

The first game that was thought to be a tower defense game was Rampart (Atari Games, 1990). Other games started to be used for tower defense by using tools in the games to change them. Those games were ones like Starcraft (Blizzard Entertainment, 1998), Age of Empires II (Microsoft Games, 1999), and Warcraft III (Blizzard Entertainment, 2002). 

Tower defense games were made by independent developers also. The first game made in Flash was Flash Element Tower Defense (January 2007). The next game was made quickly after and was called Desktop Tower Defense (Handdrawngames, March 2007). Desktop Tower Defense won an award from the Independent Games Festival.

References

Types of video games
Video game genres
Mel Tillis

Lonnie Melvin "Mel" Tillis (August 8, 1932 – November 19, 2017) was an American country music singer and songwriter. He recorded songs since the late 1950s. His biggest success occurred in the 1970s, with a long list of Top 10 hits. His biggest hits include "I Ain't Never", "Good Woman Blues", and "Coca-Cola Cowboy".

Awards and recognitions 
On February 13, 2012, President Barack Obama awarded Tillis the National Medal of Arts for his contributions to country music. He also has won the CMA Awards' most coveted award, Entertainer of the Year. He was also known for his stutter, which does not affect his singing voice. His daughter is country music singer Pam Tillis.

Tillis died on November 19, 2017 of respiratory failure complicated by sepsis in Ocala, Florida at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 
 Mel Tillis at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum 

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Florida
Country musicians from Florida
American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
Singers from Florida
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Noreen Corcoran

Noreen M. Corcoran (October 20, 1943 – January 15, 2016) was an American actress, singer and dancer. Her career began in 1951. She was best known for her co-starring role as the teenager Kelly Gregg in the television sitcom Bachelor Father. She also appeared in movies such as Gidget Goes to Rome and in The Girls on the Beach. She retired in 1965.

Corcoran was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She studied at California State University. Corcoran died in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California from heart and lung disease (cardiopulmonary disease) at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 
 Bachelor Father  at TV.com

1943 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Massachusetts
American child actors
American dancers
American movie actors
American pop singers
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Singers from California
Singers from Massachusetts
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
William Craig (philosopher)

William Craig (November 13, 1918 – January 13, 2016) was an German-born American professor of Philosophy at University of California, Berkeley. His interests included mathematical logic, and philosophy of science. He was mostly known for the Craig interpolation theorem. Craig received his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1951.

Craig died in Berkeley, California at the age of 97.

References

1918 births
2016 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German philosophers
American philosophers
Educators from Berkeley, California
People from Nuremberg
Abbey Simon

Abbey Simon (January 8, 1922 – December 18, 2019) was an American concert pianist, teacher, and recording artist. He was a student of Josef Hofmann at the Curtis Institute of Music. He was the winner of the Naumburg International Piano Competition in 1940.  He was called a "supervirtuoso" by the New York Times.

Simon was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His career began in 1940. Simon died in Geneva on December 18, 2019 at the age of 99.

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 Moores School of Music Faculty Profile: Abbey Simon
 Yamaha Artists: Abbey Simon
 A Chat with Piano Legend Abbey Simon  by Mike Emery, The Houston Chronicle, January 31, 2014
 Interview with Abbey Simon by Bruce Duffie, February 19, 1988
 Abbey Simon dedicated photo 1965, from first of two acclaimed tours of Southern Africa.

1922 births
2019 deaths
American pianists
Educators from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Rudolf Haag

Rudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist. He was born in Tübingen, Germany.

Works
He was best known for his works to the algebraic formulation of axiomatic quantum field theory, namely the Haag-Kastler axioms
, and a central no-go theorem in QFT, Haag's theorem, which demonstrates the nonexistence of a unitary time-evolution operator in the interaction picture.

In 1965 he founded the journal Communications in Mathematical Physics, which he guided as Chief Editor for eight years.

He was awarded the Max Planck medal in 1970 and the Henri Poincaré Prize of the International Association of Mathematical Physics in 1997.

Haag died on 5 January 2016 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 A picture of Rudolf Haag at II. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Hamburg University (Photographer: Ralf D. Tscheuschner, a pupil of Haag)

1922 births
2016 deaths
German academics
German theoretical physicists
Jean-Noël Rey

Jean-Noël Rey (23 December 1949 – 16 January 2016) was a Swiss socialist politician. He was the Secretary of the Socialist Group of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland. He was a member of the National Council of Switzerland between 2003 and 2007. He was also the CEO of the national postal service Swiss Post.

Rey was born in Sierre. He was married twice and had two children.

Rey was shot and killed by terrorists on 16 January 2016 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He was 66.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Murders by firearm
Socialist politicians
Swiss politicians
Francisco X. Alarcón

Francisco Xavier Alarcón (February 21, 1954 – January 15, 2016) was an American poet and educator. He was awarded the American Book Award for Snake Poems in 1993. He taught at University of California, Davis. He published over twenty works of poetry between 1985 and 2010. He wrote poetry in English, Spanish and Nahuatl. His works were often translated into other languages including Gaelic and Swedish.

Biography 
Alarcón was born in Wilmington, Los Angeles, California.  He grew up in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. He studied at Stanford University and California State University, Long Beach. He was openly gay.

Alarcón died from cancer on January 15, 2016 in Davis, California, aged 61.

References

1954 births
2016 deaths
Educators from Los Angeles
American poets
Gay men
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT poets
Stanford University alumni
Carina Jaarnek

Eva Carina Kvistborg Jaarnek (26 December 1962 – 16 January 2016), better known as Carina Jaarnek, was a Swedish singer. She was a member of several dansbands during the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Carina Jaarneks orkester. She recorded many songs with Elvis Presley artists.

Jaarnek was born in Säbrå, Ångermanland. She was married to her manager Niels Kvist Borg and had two daughters. Her sister, Towe, is also a singer.

Jarrnek died from a brain haemorrhage on 16 January 2016 in Stockholm, aged 53.

References

1962 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
Soul musicians
Swedish singers
Lawrence H. Cohn

Lawrence Harvey Cohn (March 11, 1937 – January 9, 2016) was an American heart surgeon, researcher, and medical educator. He was best known for his heart valve repair and replacement surgeries. He was on the surgical staff at Harvard Medical School from 1971 until his death. He was also Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School from 1980 until his death. He was awarded the Chair in Cardiac Surgery at Harvard Medical School in 2000.

Cohn was born in San Francisco, California. His family was Jewish. He was married and had two daughters.

Cohen died from a stroke on January 9, 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was 78.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Educators from California
American Jews
American physicians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from stroke
Scientists from San Francisco
Batch file

A batch file is a special kind of computer file that tells a computer a list of instructions to do in order. Batch files were used a lot when DOS was used by many people. They are good for automating many small pieces of work. Some people still use batch files today.

Hello World example

This is an example of a batch file. It is called a "Hello World" example because it prints the text "Hello World!" to the screen.

<syntaxhighlight lang="dos">
@ECHO off
ECHO Hello World!
PAUSE
</source>

When that text is put into a file with an extension of .bat, saved, and run, it will put this on the screen:

Hello World!
Press any key to continue . . .

Computer programming
Demand forecasting

Demand forecasting is when a business predicts future demand for its products. A business looks at many things when they do demand forecasting. Some of these things are past sales, data from test markets, and statistics. Businesses can also use educated guesses to help predict future demand. Businesses use demand forecasting to help them come up with the amount of demand for their products so they know how much supply to make.

References

Business
Commerce
Economic theories
Aldebaran

Aldebaran (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star. It is about 65 light years away in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. With an average apparent magnitude of 0.87 it is the brightest star in the constellation and is one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. The name Aldebaran is Arabic ( ) and means "the Follower", presumably because it rises near and soon after the Pleiades. The diameter of Aldebaran is larger than 50 million kilometers.

In 1993 a companion body was reported. A paper recently accepted shows evidence for a planetary companion.

References 

Red giants
Tau Ceti

Tau Ceti (τ Cet, τ Ceti) is a star in the constellation Cetus. It can be seen with the unaided eye as a third-magnitude star.

It has a spectrum similar to the Sun, but is only 78% of the Sun's mass. It is just under 12 light-years from the Solar System, a relatively nearby star. It is the closest solitary G-class star. The star appears stable, and is "metal-deficient" because (like the Sun) it is mostly made of hydrogen and helium.

There is more than ten times as much dust surrounding Tau Ceti as in the Solar System. There are probably five planets orbiting Tau Ceti,  two in the habitable zone. Because of its debris disk, any planet orbiting Tau Ceti would get far more impact events than Earth. Despite this, its Sun-like characteristics have led to widespread interest in the star. Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and it appears in some science fiction literature.

Searching 
Project Ozma searched for intelligent life (SETI) by examining selected stars for artificial radio signals. It was run by the astronomer Frank Drake, who selected Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani as the first targets. Both are near the Solar System and are similar to the Sun. No artificial signals were found after 200 hours of observations. Subsequent radio searches of this star system have also turned up negative.

Planets? 
On December 19, 2012, evidence was presented for a system of five planets orbiting Tau Ceti. The planets' estimated minimum masses are between two and six times the Earth's mass. Their orbital periods range from 14 to 640 days. One of them, Tau Ceti e, appears to orbit about half as far from Tau Ceti as Earth does from the Sun. With Tau Ceti's luminosity of 52% that of the Sun and a distance from the star of 0.552 AU, the planet would receive 1.71 times as much stellar radiation as Earth does. This is slightly less than Venus, which gets 1.91 times Earth's. Some research places it within the star's habitable zone. 

The habitable zone for a star is where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet. For Tau Ceti, this is at a radius of 0.55–1.16 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.

References in Science Fiction 
The Expanse (TV): Destination of the Nauvoo, on a 100 year voyage. The ship is 500m cylinder, 2000m long. It would require a continuous acceleration of 0.05 m/s for 50 years, and an equal deceleration at the halfway point.

The Foundation book series by Isaac Asimov: The home star of the planet Aurora, first planet to be colonized by humans.

References 

Stars
Oliver Jeffers

Oliver Jeffers (born 1977) is an artist, illustrator and writer from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from the University of Ulster in 2001. He creates art for children and adult alike.

His picture books, including 'How to catch a star, Lost and found, Stuck have been highly acclaimed.  This Moose Belongs to Me won the Irish Book Awards Children's Book of 
the Year, Junior category in 2012.

Originally from Belfast, Oliver now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. His favourite colour is striped.

Here is a list of books that Oliver has illustrated:
The Day the Crayons Quit,
How to Catch a Star,
Lost and Found,
The Way Back Home,
Up and Down,
Oliver Jeffers presents the Incredible Book Eating Boy,
the Great Paper Caper,
The Heart and the Bottle,
Stuck,
This Moose Belongs To Me,
The Hueys in The New Jumper,
The Hueys in It Wasn't Me,
The Hueys in None the Number (A counting Adventure,) 
Once Upon an Alphabet (Short stories For all the Letters.)

In 2013, Jeffers illustrated the vinyl record cover for the U2 song "Ordinary Love". It is a drawing of Nelson Mandela.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Oliver Jeffers at British Council: Literature
 Discover author Oliver Jeffers  at publisher HarperCollins

1977 births
Living people
British children's writers
People from Belfast
British illustrators
Blowfly (musician)

Clarence Henry Reid (February 14, 1939 – January 17, 2016), better known by the stage name Blowfly, was an American musician, singer, comedian, rapper and producer. He released over 25 parody albums as "Blowfly" and another three albums as "Clarence Reid". He also wrote ten songs for Gwen McCrae.

Blowfly was born in Cochran, Georgia. His daughter, Tracy Reid, was a professional basketball player.

Blowfly died from liver cancer on January 17, 2016 in Florida, aged 76.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2016 deaths
African American comedians
African-American singers
American funk musicians
American hip hop musicians
American punk musicians
American R&B singers
American soul singers
Rap musicians from Georgia
American record producers
American funk singers
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Cancer deaths in Florida
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from liver cancer
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Bob Harkey

Bob Harkey (June 23, 1930 – January 16, 2016) was an American racecar driver. He was in the USAC Championship Car series. He raced in the 1963–1979 seasons. He had 85 career starts, including the Indianapolis 500 in 1964, 1971 and 1973–1976. He finished in the top ten 23 times. His best finish in 4th position in 1964. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Harkley died on January 16, 2016 in Indianapolis, Indiana, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 Bob Harkey profile at Driver Database

1930 births
2016 deaths
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Bern Herbolsheimer

Bern Herbolsheimer (September 2, 1948 – January 13, 2016) was an American composer and pianist. He was born in Great Falls, Montana. Herbolsheimer served on the music faculty at Cornish College in Seattle. He performed for the National Endowment for the Arts and for the Chamber Music America. He has composed over 500 pieces of work. 

Herbolsheimer died of cancer in Seattle, Washington, aged 67.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
American composers
American pianists
People from Great Falls, Montana
Musicians from Montana
Musicians from Seattle, Washington
Gottfried Honegger

Gottfried Honegger (12 June 1917 – 17 January 2016) was a Swiss artist and graphic designer. From 1955 through 1958, he was art director at Geigy. He worked at the University of Dallas until his death in 2016.

Honegger was born in Zürich, Switerland. He was married to the Swiss illustrator Warja Lavater. He studied shop-window display at the Zurich Kunstgewerbeschule and taught there from 1948. His early work was commercial graphic design. Honegger died at his home in Zürich, Switzerland from a short-illness, aged 98.

References

Other websites

 Gottfried Honegger on artnet
 Gottfried Honegger by Museo Cantonale d’Arte von Lugano 

1917 births
2016 deaths
Swiss artists
Swiss educators
People from Zürich
Paris School of Business

Paris School of Business (formerly the ESG Management School) is a European business school. The school has two locations, one in Paris and one in Rennes, France. It was created in 1974. PSB offers degrees in the fields of economics, social sciences, luxury markets, arts and management.

References

Other website 

 PSB Paris School of Business (in English)

1970s establishments in France
1974 establishments in Europe
Colleges and universities in France
Paris
Rennes
Monster Strike

Monster Strike (モンスターストライク: Monsutā Sutoraiku) is a mobile game with elements of RPGs, strategy games and cooperative multiplayer. It is developed by Mixi for the iOS and Android platforms. The game was co-created by Yoshiki Okamoto. In Japan, its name is often shortened to . As of June 30, 2015, the game has daily revenues of $4.2 million. A more traditional RPG of Monster Strike was released for the Nintendo 3DS in December 2015.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Monster Strike

Mobile games
2013 video games
Tobacco mosaic virus

The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered. That is to say, it was the first to be known as a virus.

It is a single stranded RNA virus which infects many plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.  The infection causes "mosaic"-like discolouration on the leaves. Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was known to be a virus.

History
In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections. 

In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent. He claimed that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest filters. 

In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature. 

Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work, he was awarded 1/3 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939. 

In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy).
The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded.  This conjecture was proved correct after her death. 

The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.

References 

Viruses
Diseases and disorders of plants
Business school

A business school is a university-level school that offers degrees in a variety of business-related subjects. It may often be a department or institution within a university or it can be a separate school. Instead of a general education, business schools prepare students to enter into the business world. ESCP Europe is considered to be the world's oldest business school.

Subjects 
A business school teaches topics that include: 
accounting
administration
business strategy
economics
entrepreneurship
finance
human resources management
information systems
logistics
marketing
organizational psychology
organizational behavior
public relations
research methods
real estate

References

Other websites 
 Best Business Schools 2015
 The 50 best business schools in the world (2015)

Schools
Colleges and universities
Types of educational institutions
Business
Martinair

Martinair is currently a cargo airline from The Netherlands. It started in 1958. In 1991, Martinair started flying cargo. KLM became the only shareholder of Martinair in December 2008. Originally, Martinair flew passengers. On October 30, 2011, Martinair stopped flying passengers and now only flies cargo.

Gallery

References

1958 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Companies of the Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands
20th-century establishments in the Netherlands
Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Close Encounters of the Third Kind is an 1977 American science fiction movie written and directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Teri Garr, Melinda Dillon, Bob Balaban, Cary Guffey, and François Truffaut. The movie tells the story about Roy Neary, an everyday blue-collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an undentified flying object (UFO).

Made on a production budget of $19.4 million, Close Encounters was released in a limited number of cities on November 16, 1977 and November 23, 1977 before expanding into wide release the following month. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $300 million worldwide. The movie received numerous awards and nominations at the 50th Academy Awards, 32nd British Academy Film Awards, the 35th Golden Globe Awards and the 5th Saturn Awards, and has been widely acclaimed at the American Film Institute.

1977 movies
1977 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Columbia Pictures movies
Alcide De Gasperi

Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian politician who started the Christian Democracy party, and helped to start the Council of Europe and the European Coal and Steel Community.

He was the Prime Minister of Italy for eight years, between 1945 and 1953. That is longer than any other Italian prime minister except Benito Mussolini, who was a dictator.

De Gasperi was born in Austria-Hungary, and did not become an Italian citizen until after the First World War. In 1927, he was put in prison for one and a half years because he did not support Mussolini's Fascist government. Mussolini released him from prison because the Pope asked him to.

References 

1881 births
1954 deaths
Former MEPs
MEPs for Italy
Presidents of the European Parliament
Prime Ministers of Italy
Water tower

A water tower is a building that is used to hold and give out water. It is almost always built on a high place. It works because a pump gives water to the tower, and gravity makes the saved water go out to the places that need water. Those places are connected to the tower by pipes. A water tower is good when there is no power because it uses gravity to send out the water.

Water infrastructure
Notary

A notary is a person who has learned some laws and has been appointed by a government to do some certain things using those laws. A notary is most often used to witness signatures on legal papers. A notary does this to help stop fraud and to help a person prove that they are who they say they are. Notaries in some locations can also perform marriage ceremonies.

Related pages 
Authentication

Law
Occupations
Gaheris

Gaheris is a legendary character, a member of the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. He was a nephew of King Arthur. He was the third son of Arthur's sister Morgause and her husband Sir Lot. He was described as being valiant, agile, handsome, and his left arm was shorter than his right arm.  He was killed by Lancelot in the Prose Lancelot He was Sir Gawain's brother. 

Arthurian legend
Fictional knights
S7 Airlines

S7 Airlines is a Russian airline. It is the second largest airline. It was created in May 1992. Originally, it was named Siberia Airlines. In 1994, the airline joined IATA. The airline's name was changed to S7 Airlines in 2005. In 2010, the airline joined Oneworld. S7 Airlines stopped flying Soviet planes in 2008. As of 2015, the airline has Airbus A319s, Airbus A320s, Airbus A321s, Boeing 737s and Boeing 767s.

Gallery

References

1992 establishments in Russia
Airlines of Asia
Transport in Russia
Glenn Frey

Glenn Lewis Frey () (November 6, 1948 – January 18, 2016) was an American singer, songwriter, producer and actor. He was best known as a founding member of rock band the Eagles. 

During the seventies, Frey played guitar with the band, as well as piano and keyboards. Frey was one of the primary singers of the Eagles, he sang lead vocals on songs such as "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Tequila Sunrise", "Already Gone", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", and "Heartache Tonight".

On January 18, 2016, Frey died in New York City at the age of 67 from rheumatoid arthritis, acute ulcerative colitis, and pneumonia. He had been recovering from intestinal surgery. He was replaced by Bob Mothersbaugh from Devo, who continues to perform with the Eagles to this day.

References

Other websites

Grammy Award winners
1948 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from pneumonia
American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
American rock musicians
American country musicians
American painters
American movie actors
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Michel Tournier

Michel Tournier (19 December 1924 – 18 January 2016) was a French writer. He has won awards such as the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française in 1967 for Friday, or, The Other Island and the Prix Goncourt for The Erl-King in 1970. He was a member of the Académie Goncourt. His autobiography has been translated and published as The Wind Spirit (Beacon Press, 1988). He had been named as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was born in Paris, France.

Tournier died on 18 January 2016 in Choisel, France at the age of 91.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Writers from Paris
Viral envelope

A viral envelope is the outermost layer of a virus. It protects the virus when it moves between host cells as part of its life-cycle. Not all viruses have envelopes.

The envelopes are made from parts of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope help to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing virus genome to enter and infect the host.

Some enveloped viruses also have a capsid. This is another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome.

The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents This makes it easier to sterile these viruses than non-enveloped viruses. They can not survive for very long outside host environments, and usually need to move directly from host to host. They are very adaptable and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.

Examples of enveloped viruses 
There are several classes of enveloped viruses that can infect humans and cause illness:

 DNA viruses
 Herpesviruses
 Poxviruses
 Hepadnaviruses
 Asfarviridae
 RNA viruses
 Flavivirus
 Alphavirus
 Togavirus
 Coronavirus
 Hepatitis D
 Orthomyxovirus
 Paramyxovirus
 Rhabdovirus (Rabies)
 Bunyavirus
 Filovirus
 Retroviruses
 Retroviruses

References

Other websites 

 
Virology