cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chromium(VI) oxide

Chromium(VI) oxide, also known as chromium trioxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CrO3.It has chromium in its +6 oxidation state. It also has oxide ions. It is a solid used in cleaning glass. Chromium-6 is odorless and tasteless.

Properties
It is a dark red crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can ignite alcohol when it is mixed with it. It is very toxic and irritates skin. It is a stronger oxidizing agent than chromate. It dissolves in water to make chromic acid, which is acidic. It reacts with strong bases to make chromates. It gives off oxygen when heated and turns into chromium(III) oxide.

Preparation
It is normally made by reacting sodium chromate or potassium chromate with sulfuric acid. It can also be made by drying chromic acid.

Uses
It is used to clean glass. It is also used to plate chromate on things. It reacts with metals to make a metal chromate which stops the metal from corroding.

Safety
Chromium(VI) oxide is very toxic and irritating. It is a carcinogen and can cause mutations. It can be destroyed by reacting it with a reducing agent like ferrous sulfate. It is a dangerous hazard to the environment.

Related pages
Manganese(VII) oxide
Chromium(IV) oxide

References

Chromium compounds
Chromyl chloride

Chromyl chloride, also known as chromium oxychloride is a chemical compound. It has the formula CrO2Cl2. It is an red liquid. It is made by reacting hydrochloric acid with chromium(VI) oxide or potassium chromate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. When it is mixed with sulfur it oxidizes it. It is the result of a test for chloride. It is toxic because it contains chromium in its +6 oxidation state, and its fumes can irritate the eyes. It can also burn the skin and can cause cancer. It also contains some hydrochloric acid. It reacts with grease and some plastics.

Related pages
Chromic acid
Chromate
Dichromate

References 

Chlorine compounds
Chromium compounds
Oxides
Sodium iodide

Sodium iodide is a chemical compound. It is composed of sodium and iodide ions. The chemical formula is NaI. It is a white crystalline solid. It is a weak reducing agent. When it is exposed to oxygen in the air, it turns yellow-brown. It does this because some of the iodide was oxidized to iodine. It is used to supply iodine to the human body.

Related pages
Sodium fluoride
Sodium bromide
Sodium chloride

Sodium compounds
Iodine compounds
Sodium fluoride

Sodium fluoride is a chemical compound. It is made of sodium and fluoride ions. Its chemical formula is NaF. It tastes bitter and is toxic. It is made by reacting hydrofluoric acid with sodium hydroxide. It is used in toothpaste to prevent tooth decay. It is a white crystalline solid.

Related pages
Sodium chloride
Sodium bromide
Sodium iodide

Sodium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Todd Heap

Todd Benjamin Heap (born March 16, 1980 in Mesa, Arizona) is an American football player. , he played tight end for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). Heap was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens out of the Arizona State University by the Baltimore Ravens with the 31st pick in the first round of the 2001 NFL Draft. 

Heap wore #80 while playing college football and #86 as a professional. With Baltimore, Heap was known for his quiet personality. Heap's NFL career with the Ravens and Cardinals has been plagued by injuries. He has missed portions of most of his NFL seasons and huge parts of the 2004, 2007, and 2011 NFL seasons. However, he is the Ravens second all-time leader in receptions (the Ravens offense struggled much during Heap's stay there, and Heap was often the primary receiver), and all-time leader in yards and touchdowns. He was released by the Ravens in the 2011 offseason, and signed with the Cardinals, where he struggled to produce. Heap has also taken a number of big hits. He has been greatly popular with the Ravens fan base.

Todd Heap is married to Ashley Heap.

References

Other websites
Todd Heap at baltimoreravens.com

1980 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
American football tight ends
Sportspeople from Arizona
People from Mesa, Arizona
List of governors of Alabama

This is list of the governors of U.S. state Alabama

List of governors

References

Notes

Lists of politicians from the United States
Volkswagen Tiguan

The Volkswagen Tiguan is an SUV produced by Volkswagen since 2007.

Engines 
 1.4 TSI 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 TSI 125 kW (170 hp) and 147 kW (200 hp)
 2.0 TDI 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp), 120 kW (163 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

Tiguan
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Obaman oppivuosi

Obaman oppivuosi - Amerikan idoli putosi maanpinnalle () is a 245-page book written by University of Arizona professor and former Finnish foreign minister Keijo Korhonen. The book is about Barack Obama, the 44th president of United States, and his first year as President. It was published by WSOY in 2010.

2010 books
Barack Obama
Rover 25

The Rover 25 is a car produced by Rover. It replaced the Rover 200 Series in late 1999 and received a sporty version in 2001 with the MG ZR. It was facelifted in 2004 and was produced until 2005 with the collapse of MG Rover.

Engines 
 1.1 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 62 kW (84 hp) and 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.6 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.8 86 kW (117 hp) and 107 kW (145 hp)
 2.0 TD 74 kW (101 hp) and 83 kW (113 hp)

25
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Front wheel drive vehicles
Sedans
SEAT Toledo

The SEAT Toledo is a car produced by SEAT in three generatifrom since 1991. It's currently in its fourth generation.

First generation (1991–1999)

Engines

Petrol 
 1.6 53 kW (72 hp), 55 kW (75 hp) and 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.8 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.8 16V 94 kW (128 hp)
 2.0 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.0 16V 110 kW (150 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 D 47 kW (64 hp) and 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.9 TD 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)

Second generation (1999–2004)

Engines

Petrol 
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.6 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8 20V 92 kW (125 hp)
 1.8 20V Turbo 132 kW (180 hp)
 2.3 VR5 110 kW (150 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 96 kW (130 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

Third generation (2004–2009)

Engines

Petrol 
 1.4 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.6 75 kW (102 hp)
 1.8 TSI 118 kW (160 hp)
 2.0 FSI 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 TSI 147 kW (200 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 TDI 77 kW (104 hp)
 2.0 TDI 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

T4 generation (2013-2019)

Engines

Petrol 
 1.2 TSI 63 kW (86, 105 hp)
 1.4 TSI 75 kW (122 hp)

Diesel 
 1.6 TDI 77 kW (90, 105 hp)

Toledo
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Alfa Romeo 145

The Alfa Romeo 145 is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 33 in 1994, and were replaced by the Alfa Romeo 147 in 2000.

Engines

Petrol 
 1.4 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.4 Twin Spark 16V 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.6 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.6 Twin Spark 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.7 16V 95 kW (129 hp)
 1.8 Twin Spark 16V 103 kW (140 hp) and 106 kW (144 hp)
 2.0 Quadrifogilo 110 kW (150 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 JTD 77 kW (105 hp)
 2.0 TD 66 kW (90 hp)

145
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Renault Safrane

The Renault Safrane was a car produced by Renault. It replaced the Renault 25 in 1992, facelifted in 1996 and was produced until 2000. It was replaced by the Renault Vel Satis in 2001.

Engines

Petrol 
 2.0 79 kW (107 hp)
 2.0 12V 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.2 79 kW (107 hp)
 2.2 12V 101 kW (137 hp)
 2.5 20V 121 kW (165 hp)
 3.0 123 kW (167 hp)
 3.0 24V 143 kW (194 hp)
 3.0 Biturbo 193 kW (262 hp)

Diesel 
 2.1 dT 65 kW (88 hp)
 2.2 dT 83 kW (113 hp)
 2.5 dT 83 kW (113 hp)

Safrane
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Renault 21

The Renault 21 is a car produced by Renault. It replaced the Renault 18 in 1986, facelifted in 1989 with a hatchback model added and were replaced by the Renault Laguna in 1994. The Nevada station wagon continues until 1995.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.4 52 kW (71 hp)
 1.7 56 kW (76 hp), 67 kW (91 hp) and 69 kW (94 hp)
 2.0 78 kW (106 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
 2.0 12V 104 kW (141 hp)
 2.1 Turbo 119 kW (162 hp) and 131 kW (178 hp)
 2.2 79 kW (107 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 d 47 kW (64 hp)
 2.1 d 50 kW (68 hp)
 2.1 dT 66 kW (90 hp)

21
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Rover 45

The Rover 45 is a car produced by Rover. It replaced the Rover 400 Series in late 1999 and received a sporty version called the MG ZS in 2001. It was facelifted in 2004 and was produced until 2005 when MG Rover collapsed.

Engines 
 1.4 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.6 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.8 86 kW (117 hp)
 2.0 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 TD 74 kW (100 hp)

45
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Derrick Mason

Derrick James Mason (born January 17, 1974 in Detroit, Michigan is a former American football wide receiver and returner. He played college football for Michigan State University. He never won a Super Bowl. Mason was known for his work ethnic (motivation), but sometimes took it too far when he did not receive the ball, like he sometimes did with Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco.

In the National Football League, Mason was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in 1997. He played as a returner and wideout and helped Tennessee to a Super Bowl XXXIV appearance. Before the 2005 season, Mason signed with the Baltimore Ravens. With Baltimore, Mason became a very successful veteran receiver. He is their all-time leading wideout.

In 2011 however, the Ravens released Mason. Mason spent portions of 2011 with the New York Jets and Houston Texans, where there was more controversy (arguments, etc.) He announced that he was going to retire from professional football after he signed a 1-day contract with Baltimore Ravens on June 11, 2012.

References

Other websites
Derrick Mason at NFL.com

1974 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Houston Texans players
New York Jets players
Tennessee Titans players
American football wide receivers
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
John Madden

John Earl Madden (April 10, 1936 – December 28, 2021) was an American football player, broadcaster, and commentator. He was the coach of the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) for 10 years. After retiring from coaching, he became a well-known color commentator for NFL telecasts.

Madden never had a losing season. As head coach his teams won seven division titles and one Super Bowl. He used his commentary on many football games, including the long-running Madden NFL video game series since 1988. He is also known for his award-winning play, "The Bootleg."

Madden was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He worked as a color analyst for all four major networks: CBS (1979–1993), Fox (1994–2001), ABC (2002–2005), and NBC (2006–2009). Madden wrote several books. He was a commercial pitchman for various products and retailers. He retired from broadcasting on April 16, 2009 to spend more time with his family.

Madden died on December 28, 2021 in Pleasanton, California, at the age of 85.

References 

1936 births
2021 deaths
National Football League coaches
Sportspeople from Minnesota
American sports commentators
Medicine Hat

Medicine Hat is a town in the Canadian province of Alberta. In 2015, the city had 63018 people.

References

Towns in Alberta
Massachusetts General Hospital

Massachusetts General Hospital is a hospital in the state of Massachusetts.

Hospitals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Massachusetts
Life After Life

Life After Life is a 1975 book written by psychiatrist Raymond Moody. The book presents the author's account of what it is like to die. 

Life After Life sold more than 13 million copies and became an international best seller which made the subject of near death experiences popular, and opened the way for many other studies. 

Moody wrote a second book, Reflections on Life After Life, in 1977.

Related pages
 Bruce Greyson
 Ian Stevenson
 Parapsychology
 Life Before Life

References 

Death
Psychiatry
Non-fiction books
1975 books
Raymond Moody

Raymond Moody (born June 30, 1944) is a psychologist and medical doctor. He has written books about near death experiences (NDEs), a term that he coined in 1975. His best-selling book is Life After Life.

Related pages
Bruce Greyson
Ian Stevenson
Parapsychology
Life Before Life

1944 births
Living people
American psychiatrists
American psychologists
Golden, British Columbia

Golden is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia and is nicknamed "Kicking Horse Country".

Golden was first known as The Cache and Kicking Horse Flats.

Frederick W Aylmer heard about a development west of Banff, Alberta being called Silver City, thought to call this community Golden City. "City" was dropped when the CPR arrived in 1885.

The current mayor of Golden is Christina Benty. The mayor in 2009, Aman Virk died suddenly of a surpise heart attack while vacationing in India.

The population is 3,811 from the 2006 census.

Golden is home to the longest freestanding timber frame bridge in Canada called the "Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge".

NHL player Doug Barrault was born in Golden.

References

Other websites
Official city website

Cities in British Columbia
Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Saint Croix (; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean Sea.  It is a county and a district of the United States Virgin Islands. It is the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

US Virgin Islands
Taryn Terrell

Taryn Nicole Terrell (born December 20, 1984) is an American professional wrestler, referee, actress, and stuntwoman. She is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). She is best known for her time with the WWE, where she competed under the ring name Tiffany.

On August 13, 2010, it was reported that she had been suspended by the WWE after she was involved in an incident which involved her real-life husband, Drew McIntyre. She she could return from her suspension, the WWE released her from her contract on November 19, 2010.

In wrestling
Finishing moves
Diving crossbody
Signature moves
Northern Lights suplex
Wrestlers managed
Nic Nemeth
Entrance themes
"A Girl Like That" by Eleventh Hour
"Insatiable" performed by Patsy Grime and composed by Jim Johnston

References

Other websites
TNA profile 
WWE profile

1984 births
Models from Louisiana
American movie actors
American professional wrestlers
American television actors
Living people
Sportspeople from Louisiana
Stuntmen
TNA wrestlers
The Usos

The Usos (born August 22, 1985) are a professional wrestling tag team consisting of identical twin brothers Jimmy and Jey Uso. They are signed to the WWE  

Jimmy (real name Jonathan Solofa Fatu) and Jey (real name Joshua Samuel Fatu) are the twin sons of Solofa Fatu, better known as Rikishi, and are part of the Anoa'i family.

In wrestling
Finishing moves
Double diving splash

Signature moves
Assisted Samoan drop

Managers
Tamina Snuka
Naomi

Championships and accomplishments 
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time)

WWE
WWE Tag Team Championship (5 times)
Slammy Award for WWE Tag Team of the Year (2014)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Tag Team of the Year (2014)
PWI ranked Jimmy #25 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2014.
PWI ranked Jey #26 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2014.

References

Other websites

1985 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Twin people from the United States
WWE teams and stables
WWE wrestlers
City for Conquest

City for Conquest is a 1940 boxing-drama movie that is produced by William Cagney, Anatole Litvak and Hal B. Wallis who was uncredited and was directed by Anatole Litvak and Jean Negulesco who was uncredited.

Plot 
The movie based on the novel City for Conquest by Aben Kandel and is about truck driver, Danny Kenny (James Cagney), who starts as a New York boxing contender. His girlfriend, Peggy is played by Ann Sheridan. Danny's brother, Eddie wants to become a professional musician and Danny decides to help him. Peggy falls in love with her dancing instructor and Danny proposes to her but she rejects him. Danny gets blinded in a fight with a boxer who put rosin dust on his gloves. Danny works as an operator for a newspaper stand and Peggy is sad when her dreams of a dancer are dashed. Eddie becomes a successful composer and dedicates his first major symphony at Carnegie Hall to Danny and Danny is listening to the concert on the radio from his newsstand.

Cast 
 James Cagney as Danny Kenny
 Ann Sheridan as Peggy 'Peg' Nash
 Arthur Kennedy as Eddie Kenny
 Frank Craven as Old Timer
 Anthony Quinn as Murray Burns
 Elia Kazan as Googi Zucco

Ratings 
City of Conquest gained positive reviews:

 Rotten Tomatoes - 80%
 IMDB - 7.3 out of 10

Other websites 
 City of Conquest at Turner Movie Classics 

1940 movies
1940s drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jean Negulesco
Movies directed by Anatole Litvak
Hattie McDaniel

Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895 – October 26, 1952) was an American actress and singer. She was born in Wichita, Kansas. She made her movie debut in the 1932 movie, The Golden West. McDaniel is probably best known for her role as Mammy in the 1939 movie, Gone with the Wind where she won a Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress making her the first African-American to win a Academy Award.

McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for singing and one for acting.

McDaniel died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, on October 26, 1952 at age 57 from breast cancer.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 Hattie McDaniel's IMDB profile

1895 births
1952 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from breast cancer
Actors from Wichita, Kansas
Pedro de la Rosa

Pedro Martínez de la Rosa (born 24 February 1971, Barcelona) is an Spanish Formula One racing driver. He has driven in Formula One since 1999. 

For , de la Rosa was signed by the Sauber team to drive with teammate Kamui Kobayashi. After the Italian Grand Prix, Sauber announced that Nick Heidfeld had been signed to replace de la Rosa. Heidfeld drove for Sauber from  to , and  to . De la Rosa wishes Sauber well, and said, "I still intend to be in Formula One for 2011."

On 27 September, Pirelli announced that de la Rosa had been hired as their new test driver. He will replace Romain Grosjean. Grosjean filled in for Heidfeld when he left Pirelli to join Sauber.

After the Friday morning practice for the  Canadian Grand Prix, Sergio Pérez became ill. He had received a concussion at the Monaco Grand Prix and was unable to race. Sauber announced that de la Rosa would replace Pérez for the remainder of the weekend.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

 The official website for Pedro de la Rosa

1971 births
Living people
Spanish sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
John Bellamy Foster

John Bellamy Foster (born August 19, 1953) is editor of the independent socialist magazine Monthly Review and professor of sociology at the University of Oregon in Eugene. His writings have focused on political economy, environmental sociology, and Marxist theory. 

Foster's most recent book, The Ecological Revolution: Making Peace with the Planet, examines the ecological crisis, and includes essays on global warming, peak oil, species extinction, world water shortages, global hunger, alternative energy sources, sustainable development, and environmental justice. Foster says that any attempt to solve our problems merely by technological, industrial or free market means, divorced from fundamental social relations, cannot succeed.

References

1953 births
Living people
socialists
American sociologists
Sébastien Buemi

Sébastien Olivier Buemi (born October 31, 1988 in Aigle, Vaud) is a Swiss racing driver, who competes for Scuderia Toro Rosso in Formula One.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References 

Career statistics from driverdb.com, retrieved June 2, 2007.

Other websites 

Official website

1988 births
Living people
Swiss sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Boy with the Blues (EP)

Boy with the Blues is an album by the rock band Oasis.  It was released in early July 2009 as an iTunes exclusive EP.  It contained two songs not previously available on general release and also a remix of "(Get Off Your) High Horse Lady" from their album Dig Out Your Soul.

Track listing
 "Boy with the Blues"
 "I Believe in All"
 "(Get Off Your) High Horse Lady" - the May 29th Devendra Banhart Mix

The first two tracks were only available on the Dig Out Your Soul Deluxe Boxset Bonus Disc, while the third track had only been released as a listen only track on Oasisinet's Radio Supernova.

2009 albums
Oasis (band) albums
Vitaly Petrov

Vitaly Aleksandrovich Petrov (born September 8, 1984 in Vyborg) is a Russian Formula One driver for the Renault F1 team. He is known as "Vyborg Rocket" in Russia. By racing in the  Bahrain Grand Prix, he is the first Russian driver to take part in the Formula One World Championship. He lives in Valencia, Spain.

Racing career

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

 VitalyPetrov.com   - Официальный Виталий Петров сайт
 Vitaly Petrov career statistics at Driver Database

1984 births
Living people
Russian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
Chamomile

Chamomile (KAM-ə-meel or KAM-ə-myl), also known as camomile, is a plant from the genus Anthemis. Its name comes from the Greek word chamaimelon, meaning "ground apple", because of its smell. It has white or yellow flowers, and over 100 species. It can be used as a medicine or as tea. It has been shown to make rodents feel calmer, and helps make people less stressful. It is the national flower of Russia.

References 

Herbs
Asteraceae
Sam Koch

Samuel David Koch ("Koch" is pronounced "Cook") (born August 13, 1982 in York, Nebraska) is an American football punter for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL).

Career
Koch was drafted out of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln by the Baltimore Ravens with the 203rd pick in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Koch has had a good career, with an impressive 43.8 punting average. In a 2008 Week 16 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Koch has a critical fourth down run. In 2010, he passed to cornerback Cary Williams for a first down on another fake punt. Koch has also kicked occasionally in relief of Matt Stover. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31. During the end of the game, Koch scrambled in his own end zone and took an intentional safety to leave 4 seconds on the clock, he then booted a 60-yard free kick which Ted Ginn, Jr. returned for 31 yards but was tackled in the midfield as the time ran out.

References

Other websites
Sam Koch at nfl.com

1982 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
American football punters
Sportspeople from Nebraska
Vitantonio Liuzzi

Vitantonio "Tonio" Liuzzi (born 6 August 1981) is an Italian raceing driver. He was born in Locorotondo. He currently drives for the Hispania Formula One team. He has homes in Lugano, Switzerland and Pescara, Italy.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.
 As Liuzzi was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicates fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

 The official website for Vitantonio Liuzzi
 Vitantonio Liuzzi profile and statistics 

1981 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
Italian racecar drivers
People from Apulia
Billy Cundiff

William A. "Billy" Cundiff (born March 30, 1980) is an American football placekicker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Cundiff played college football at Drake University and was also part of the Drake Bulldog's Men's Basketball team.

References

Other websites

Billy Cundiff at baltimoreravens.com

1980 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Dallas Cowboys players
Cleveland Browns players
New Orleans Saints players
American football placekickers
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Kyle Richardson

Kyle Davis Richardson (born March 2, 1973 in Farmington, Missouri) is a retired American football punter who used to play for the Miami Dolphins, Seattle Seahawks, Baltimore Ravens, Minnesota Vikings, Philadelphia Eagles, Cincinnati Bengals, Cleveland Browns of the NFL. He was on the Baltimore Ravens championship team in 2000 when they won Super Bowl XXXV in 2000.

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Missouri
Baltimore Ravens players
Miami Dolphins players
Seattle Seahawks players
Minnesota Vikings players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Cleveland Browns players
American football punters
Book frontispiece

A frontispiece is a picture. It is in a book, on one of its front title pages. It is usually a big scene of the book, or a portrait of the writer. In older times, the picture of the writer was more often used. This was because it was less costly, and could be used again for the writer's other books. Frontispieces were often used in scholarly books and Bibles, and many are fine works of art.

Art
Sakon Yamamoto

is a Japanese racing driver. He last raced in Formula One for the Hispania Racing team. He currently is the test driver for Marussia Virgin Racing.

Early life
He was born in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture,

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

 Sakon Yamamoto Official Website 

1982 births
Living people
Japanese racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
People from Aichi Prefecture
Muscle atrophy

Muscle atrophy or “muscle wastage” is a medical problem where a person loses muscle tissue.  This makes the person's muscles weaker.  With muscle atrophy, muscles can waste away completely, or only partly.

Many older people have muscular atrophy. Muscle atrophy can also happen to people with certain diseases or medical conditions, like cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and renal failure (where the kidneys do not work correctly).  Muscles can atrophy (or get smaller and weaker) when those muscles are not used as much as usual - for example, when a person has to wear a cast for a broken arm or leg, or when a person must be on bed rest for a long time during a long illness.  Muscle atrophy can also be caused by Dejerine Sottas syndrome, cachexia, burns, liver failure, and starvation.
 
Muscular atrophy can cause serious problems in a person's life.  As the person loses muscle strength, he will lose the ability to do more and more things.  When he tries to do things, he will be more likely to have accidents.  Muscular atrophy also increases the risks of falling among people with certain medical conditions, such as IBM (inclusion body myositis).

No one knows exactly what causes muscular atrophy. It may be due to the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibres, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival.

In muscle atrophy, the normal balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation changes.  There is a down-regulation of protein synthesis pathways, and an activation of protein breakdown pathways.  
In the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway,  particular proteins are targeted for destruction by the ligation of at least four copies of a small peptide called ubiquitin onto a substrate protein. The substrate is later targeted for destruction by the proteasome.

Muscle atrophy can be treated 
 by exercise which induces an increase in muscle mass. The exercise downregulates the pathways which induce muscle hypertrophy, or an increase in muscle size.  
 by the use of functional electrical stimulation to stimulate the muscles. This has seen a large amount of success in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients.
 by therapy with muscle-building amino acids for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. The branched-chain amino acids or BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are critical to this process, in addition to lysine and other amino acids.

References

Physiology
33rd Annie Awards

The 33rd Annual Annie Awards were held on 4 February 2006 at the Alex Theatre in Glendale, California. They were hosted by Tom Kenny.

Winners and nominees

Winners are highlighted in boldface.

Best Animated Feature

Chicken Little
Corpse Bride
Howl's Moving Castle
Madagascar (film)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit

Best Home Entertainment Production

Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows
Kronk's New Groove
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has A Glitch
Tarzan II
The Batman vs Dracula

Best Animated Short Subject

The Fan and the Flower
Life in Transition
Milch
Moongirl
The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation

Best Animated Television Commercial

ConocoPhillips - "1975"
They Might Be Giants - "Bastard Wants to Hit Me"
Coke - "Futbol"
GE - "Tower"
United Airlines - "Mr. Pants"Best Animated Television ProductionAvatar: The Last AirbenderFoster's Home for Imaginary FriendsMy Life As a Teenage RobotStar Wars: Clone WarsThe BatmanBest Animated Video GamePsychonautsResident Evil 4SpongeBob SquarePants: Lights, Camera, Pants!Tak: The Great Juju ChallengeUltimate Spider-Man''

Annie Awards
Glendale, California
February 2006 events
2006 in entertainment
2006 in the United States
2000s in California
Genesis Award

The Genesis Awards are awarded annually to major news and entertainment personalities and media for producing outstanding works which raise public understanding of animal issues. Presented by The Humane Society of the United States, the awards show takes place every March in Beverly Hills, California. The awards have honored such well-known personalities as Peter Gabriel, Jane Goodall, Peter Jennings, David E. Kelley, Sir Paul McCartney, Arthur Miller and Prince as well as journalists, film and documentary writers and producers, print and broadcast news outlets in the United States.

The Genesis award was launched in 1986, by animal advocate, actress and Broadway star Gretchen Wyler.

References

Other websites
Genesis Awards 
The Hollywood office of the HSUS
The Humane Society of the United States

Awards
Animal rights
Karun Chandhok

Karun Chandhok (born 19 January 1984 in Chennai) is an Indian racing driver. In  he began driving for the HRT F1 Team in Formula One. After the British race, HRT announced that Sakon Yamamoto would replace Chandhok at the German Grand Prix. 

Before Formula One, Chandhok won the Formula Asia championship in 2001, and he was the first Formula Asia V6 by Renault champion in 2006. He then drove in the GP2 Series for three years, winning two races.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References

Other websites 

Official website
Karun Chandhok career statistics

1984 births
Living people
Indian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
People from Chennai
Chromium(II) oxide

Chromium(II) oxide is a chemical compound. It contains chromium in its +2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CrO. It reacts with oxygen when heated to produce chromium(III) oxide. It is a reducing agent. It is made by reduction of chromium(III) oxide by hypophosphites.

Related pages
Chromium(IV) oxide
Chromate
Chromium(VI) oxide

Chromium compounds
Oxides
Chromium(IV) oxide

Chromium(IV) oxide is a chemical compound. It is used in cassettes. Its chemical formula is CrO2. It is made by heating chromium(VI) oxide and water at very high pressures. It is a black crystalline solid.

Related pages
Chromium(II) oxide
Chromium(III) oxide
Chromium(VI) oxide

Chromium compounds
Oxides
Disproportionation

Disproportionation is a redox reaction in which an electron from one atom is taken by another one, making two different chemicals. It is the opposite of symproportionation, which is the giving of electrons from one atom to another atom, It makes one chemical from two different chemicals.

Example of disproportionation
Sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) reacts with itself when it is dried. One atom gives two electrons away to two other atoms. The first atom becomes sodium chlorate, while the other two that got the electrons becomes sodium chloride.
3 NaClO → 2 NaCl + NaClO3

Example of symproportionation
Ferric ions react with iron metal. Two ferric ions give two electrons (one electron for each atom) to one iron atom. The ferric ion becomes a ferrous ion. The iron also becomes a ferrous ion. 
2 Fe3+ + Fe → 3 Fe2+

Related pages
Deprotonation
Protonation
Chemistry

Chemical reactions
Chemical processes
Organic reactions
Biochemistry
Sodium chlorate

Sodium chlorate is a chemical compound. It is a crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Its chemical formula is NaClO3. It contains sodium and chlorate ions. It is made by electrolysis of a hot sodium chloride solution. It is used as a herbicide. It is toxic because of its oxidizing properties. It is mostly known to be used as non-selective herbicide.

Related pages
Potassium chlorate
Perchlorate
Chlorate

Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Hypophosphite

Hypophosphite, also known as phosphonate, is an ion. Its chemical formula is H2PO2-. It contains phosphorus in its +1 oxidation state. It is made by disproportionation of phosphorus in warm alkali. Phosphine is also produced. It is a strong reducing agent. Chemical compounds that contain the hypophosphite ions are called hypophosphites. They are poisonous. Hypophosphites are salts of hypophosphorous acid.

Related pages
Phosphite
Phosphate
Sodium hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Nigel Short

Nigel David Short MBE (born 1 June 1965 in Leigh, Lancashire) is often regarded as the strongest English chess player of the 20th century. He became a Grandmaster at age 19. He challenged for the World Chess Championship against Garry Kasparov at London 1993. Still active, Short continues to enjoy international success. He is also a chess columnist, coach and commentator.

Short's best achievement was in the World Candidates matches of 1992, when he beat world-class players Boris Gelfand, Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman to reach the final. In the World Championship match, London 1993, he was decisively beaten by the reigning World Champion, Gary Kasparov. The match caused controversy because the two players broke away from FIDE, for reasons mostly to do with the prize money.

Short has played 21 times for England in Chess Olympiads, and European and World Team championships. He has been living in Greece with his wife and children for a number of years.

References 

1965 births
Living people
British chess players
Chess grandmasters
Sodium hypophosphite

Sodium hypophosphite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaH2PO2. It contains sodium and hypophosphite ions.

Properties
It is a white solid. It is a strong reducing agent. When it is heated, it produces phosphine gas and sodium phosphite. It is quite poisonous. It can be oxidized to sodium phosphate.

Preparation
It is made by heating white phosphorus in sodium hydroxide solution. This makes phosphine gas and sodium hypophosphite.

Uses
It is used for nickel plating without doing electrolysis.

Related pages
Phosphorus
Phosphate
Hypochlorite

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds
Steve Yzerman

Stephen Gregory "Steve" Yzerman (born May 9, 1965) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre and current general manager of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. Yzerman played his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Detroit Red Wings and is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. He has three daughters, the youngest being Sophia Yzerman, middle is Maria Yzerman, and the eldest is Isabella Yzerman. All three of them attended Academy of the Sacred Heart in Bloomfield Hills, Mi, with the Isabella at University of Michigan. He won an gold medal with Team Canada at the 2002 Winter Olympics. This made Yzerman one of few players to win an Olympic gold medal and the Stanley Cup in the same year.

Yzerman retired as the longest serving Captain in North American Sports history.

1965 births
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Ontario Hockey League
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Union City, California

Union City is a city in Alameda County, California. Union City estimated at year 1959. At 2008, population of the Union City was 73,402. Mayor of the city is Mark Green.

References 

Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in Alameda County, California
Shayne Graham

Michael Shayne "The Franchise" Graham (born December 9, 1977 in Radford, Virginia) is an American football placekicker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Graham played college football at Virginia Tech University.

Websites
Shayne Graham at baltimoreravens.com

1977 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Buffalo Bills players
Carolina Panthers players
Cincinnati Bengals players
American football placekickers
Sportspeople from Virginia
Fiat 500

The Fiat 500 is a car produced by the Fiat company of Italy between 1957 and 1975. The car was designed by Dante Giacosa. In 2007 Fiat launched a similar car, the Fiat Nuova 500.

500
1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
Fiat Marea

The Fiat Marea is a car produced by Fiat. It replaced both the Fiat Tempra and the Fiat Croma in 1996, and were replaced by the Fiat Stilo Multi Wagon in 2002.

Engines

Petrol 
 1.4 12V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.6 16V 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.8 16V 83 kW (113 hp)
 2.0 20V 108 kW (147 hp), 110 kW (150 hp) and 113 kW (154 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 TD 55 kW (75 hp) and 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.9 JTD 77 kW (105 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
 2.4 TD 91 kW (124 hp)
 2.4 JTD 96 kW (130 hp)

Marea
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Phosphite

Hydrogen Phosphite is an ion. Its chemical formula is HPO32-. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Chemical compounds containing the phosphite ion are called phosphites. Phosphites are the salts of phosphorous acid. They are poisonous. They are reducing agents. An example would be sodium phosphite.

Related pages
Phosphate
Hypophosphite
Phosphorus

Phosphorus compounds
Hypophosphorous acid

Hypophosphorous acid, also known as phosphinic acid, is a chemical compound. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and hypophosphite ions. Its chemical formula is H3PO2.

Properties
It is a colorless solid. It can absorb water to make an oily liquid. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make hypophosphite salts such as sodium hypophosphite. It is a powerful reducing agent. It breaks down when heated into phosphine and phosphorous acid.

Preparation
It is made by protonation of hypophosphites.

Uses
It can be used as a reducing agent. It is also used to make medicines. It can be used to make illegal drugs, which is why it is restricted. It is used to plate metal on objects without using electroplating.

Related pages
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium phosphite

Sodium phosphite is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and phosphite ions. Its chemical formula is HNa2O3P.

Properties
It is a white solid. It is a salt of phosphorous acid. It is poisonous. It is a reducing agent.

Preparation
Sodium phosphite is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with phosphorous acid.

Related pages
Sodium phosphate
Sodium hypophosphite
Phosphine

Other websites 
 Chem Spider (has formula and diagram)

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds
Phosphorous acid

Phosphorous acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is H3PO3. It contains hydrogen and phosphite ions.

Properties

It is a white solid. It absorbs water. It is a strong reducing agent. It can be deprotonated twice. When it is heated, it turns into phosphoric acid and phosphine. It is toxic. Salts of phosphorous acid is called phosphites. It reacts with mercury(II) chloride to make mercury(I) chloride. If it still is kept, it reacts with mercury(I) chloride to make mercury.

Preparation
It is made by reacting phosphorus(III) oxide with water. It is also prepared by reaction of phosphorus trichloride with water, which produces hydrochloric acid too.

Uses
It is used as a reducing agent. It is also used to kill certain bacteria that grow on plants.

Related pages
Hypophosphorous acid
Phosphorus

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphorus(V) oxide

Phosphorus(V) oxide, also known as phosphorus pentoxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is P4O10. It contains phosphorus and oxide ions. It contains phosphorus in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Phosphorus(V) oxide is a colorless solid. It has a strong odor. It dissolves in water to produce phosphoric acid. It can corrode metals. It is irritating to the skin. It can make bad burns.

Preparation
It is made by burning phosphorus into high amounts of air.

Uses
It is used to dry things out because it absorbs water. It dries things out from acids like nitric acid to organic compounds like carboxylic acids.

Safety
Phosphorus(V) oxide is corrosive. Its vapors are toxic and burn the eyes and skin. It also irritates skin and eyes.

Related pages
Phosphorus(III) oxide
Hypophosphite
Phosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphorus(III) oxide

Phosphorus(III) oxide, also known as phosphorus trioxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is P2O3 or P4O6. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. It contains phosphorus and oxide ions.

Properties
It is a white, waxy solid that can absorb water. It reacts with water to make phosphorous acid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make phosphorus trichloride and phosphorous acid. It is a reducing agent. It is toxic and has a garlic-like odor.

Preparation
It is made by burning phosphorus in a little air. This is the source of many phosphorus compounds.

Uses
It can attach to certain transition metals.

Related pages
Phosphorus(V) oxide
Phosphate
Phosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphorus trichloride

Phosphorus trichloride is a chemical compound. It is a molecular compound made up of phosphorus covalently bonded to three chlorine atoms. The phosphorus is considered to be in a 3+ oxidation state and each chlorine is considered to be in a 1- oxidation state. The chemical formula is PCl3.

Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It reacts with water to make phosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid. It is very toxic. It is a weak reducing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting extra phosphorus with chlorine. It is used to make phosphorous acid industrially (in factories).

Uses
It is used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make other phosphorus compounds.

Related pages
Phosphorus(III) oxide
Phosphorus(V) oxide
Hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Chlorine compounds
Phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H3PO4. It contains hydrogen and phosphate ions. Its official IUPAC name is trihydroxidooxidophosphorus.

Properties
Phosphoric acid is a white solid. It melts easily to make a viscous liquid. It tastes sour when diluted (mixed with a lot of water). It can be deprotonated three times. It is very strong, although not as much as the other acids like hydrochloric acid. It does not have any odor. It is corrosive when concentrated. Salts of phosphoric acid are called phosphates.

Preparation
Phosphoric acid can be made by dissolving phosphorus(V) oxide in water. This makes a very pure phosphoric acid that is good for food. A less pure form is made by reacting sulfuric acid with phosphate rock. This can be purified to make food-grade phosphoric acid if needed.

Uses
It is used to make sodas sour. It is also used when a nonreactive acid is needed. It can be used to make hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride. Phosphoric acid is heated with a sodium halide to make the hydrogen halide and sodium phosphate. It is used to react with rust to make black iron(III) phosphate, which can be scraped off, leaving pure iron. It can be used to clean teeth. 

There are many minor uses of phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid with a certain isotope of phosphorus is used for nuclear magnetic resonance. It is also used as an electrolyte in some fuel cells. It can be used as a flux. It can etch certain things in semiconductor making.

Safety
Phosphoric acid is one of the least toxic acids. When it is diluted, it just has a sour taste. When it is concentrated, it can corrode metals.

Related pages
Phosphorous acid
Hypophosphorous acid
Phosphorus compounds

Phosphorus compounds
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, also known as the KCA's, is an annual awards show that shows on Nickelodeon.

Awards

Categories in italics indicate past awards.

Hosts

Special awards

The Hall of Fame Award

Hall of Fame Award winners

The Wannabe Award

Wannabe Award winners

The Big Help Award

Big Green Help Award winners

Big Help Award winners

Mystery slimed celebrities

References

Other websites
 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards – Official Site
 Indonesian Kids' Choice Awards – Official Site 
 
 

Entertainment awards
Nickelodeon
Sodium phosphate

Sodium phosphate is a group of chemical compounds. The phosphate atom can hold three other atoms. They can be three hydrogen (phosphoric acid), two hydrogen and one sodium(sodium dihydrogen phosphate), one hydrogen and two sodium (disodium hydrogen phosphate), or three sodium (trisodium phosphate).

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, also known as monosodium phosphate, is a chemical compound with the formula NaH2PO4. It is acidic. It is used in some baking powders. It is used as a laxative or a pH buffer (something that keeps a chemical from getting more acidic or basic). It is made by reaction of a little sodium hydroxide with phosphoric acid.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as disodium phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula Na2HPO4. It is about neutral (not acidic or basic). It is used to prevent clumping in foods. It is made by reaction of some sodium hydroxide with phosphorus.

Trisodium phosphate

Trisodium phosphate, also known as sodium phosphate, is a chemical compound with the formula Na3PO4. It is basic. It formerly was used in detergents, but the phosphate fueled algal blooms. It is made by combining sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid.

Related pages
Phosphite
Sodium phosphite
Hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds