cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Juliusz Słowacki

Juliusz Slowacki (September 4, 1809 - April 3, 1849) was a Polish poet. He was born on August 23, 1809, according to the Old Calendar. September 4 is often given as his birthday but the calculation between days was wrong by one day. Slowacki is thought of as being as good a poet as most of the famous Polish writers. These include Mickiewicz, Norwid, Reymont (author of Chlopi), Wybicki, Krasinski and Sienkiewicz. He is buried in Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. This is the same crypt as Mickiewicz. He is considred third most important Polish poet.

Works 
His work included romantic poems, plays and sonnets included "Balladyna", "My Testament", "King Ghost", "Fantazy", "Kordian", "Beniowski", "Agamemnon’s Tomb", "Silver Dream of Salomea", "Hymn", "Lilia Weneda" and "Anhelli".

Burial 
Slowacki was first buried on April 5 1849 in Paris's famous Montmartre cemetery. Because he was not popular at the time, only about 30 people went to his funeral. In 1927, General Joseph Pilsudski ordered his body be dug up. It was taken back to Poland and honorably reburied on June 28 1927 in Krakow in the famous Wawel crypt for Polish nobles. He was buried with full military honors as a Polish hero. Pilsudski said: "Time to forget Slowacki is over, as long as there is Polish language, Slowacki will live on forever!"

Other websites 
Prominent Poles

1809 births
1849 deaths
Polish poets
Mistreat

Mistreat is a pro-white hard rock/Oi!/Rock Against Communism band from Kouvola, Finland. The band was formed in 1988.

Current line-up 
 Muke (quitar, vocals)
 Pete (bass)
 Miika (quitar)
 Atte (drums)

Albums 
Mistreat-EP (1990)
Faith And Fury (1995)
The Flame From The North (1997)
Waffenbruder (1997)
Battle Cry (2000)
Ultimate Mistreat (2001)
Beer Bottles & Hockey Sticks (with Bound for Glory, 2001)
Best Of... (2002)
Unfinished Business (2003)
Never Forgive - Never Forget (2005)
Greatest Hits (2014)
Heartless Bastards (2018)
The Rough - The Rare & The Rock-O-Rama Recordings (2019)

Rock Against Communism
Punk bands
Finnish musical groups
Red dwarf

A red dwarf is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light than hot stars.

Red dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. However, since red dwarf stars are cool and small, none can be found with the naked eye. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word proxima means "nearest to". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf.

Life and death 
Red dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage.

Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, as all stars are, and originally they were protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 100,000 years after being formed. This gives them their red glow. These stars burn at less than 4,000°K.

Even smaller stars are called brown dwarfs.

References 

 
Types of stars
Ali Khamenei

Grand Ayatollah  (Persian: آیت‌الله سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای ayatollah Seyyed `Ali Ḥoseyni Khamene'i) (born 19 April 1939) also known as Seyyed Ali Khamene'i, is the current Supreme Leader of Iran. He was the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989.

References

Other websites 
Personal Website

1939 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Heads of state
Iranian clerics
Iranian Muslims
Iranian politicians
Razavi Khorasan Province
Canon law

Canon law is the term used for the internal Ecclesiastical law of many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches.

Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the Western World. It is older than the common and European civil law traditions.  What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles themselves at the Council of Jerusalem in the First Century led to a highly complex and original legal system that included norms of the New Testament, of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions with thousands of years of human experience.

References

Further reading
  Baker, J.H. (2002) An Introduction to English Legal History, 4th ed. London : Butterworths, 
  The Episcopal Church (2006) Constitution and Canons , together with the Rules of Order for the Government of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, otherwise known as The Episcopal Church, New York : Church Publishing, Inc.
  Robinson, O.F.,Fergus, T.D. and Gordon, W.M. (2000) European Legal History, 3rd ed., London : Butterworths,

Other websites

Catholic
Code of Canon Law (1983) : non-official but approved IntraText edition with concordance in English (only the Latin version is official), hosted by the Vatican
Code of Canons of Oriental Churches, IntraText Digital Library
Code of Canon Law, IntraText Digital Library, organized in a Table of Contents outline format for easy search: Does not contain 1998 code updates
Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon Law : outdated, but useful
1911 Encyclopedia Britannica Article 
Canon Law Wiki: Notes, commentary, discussion and bibliography.

Anglican
"Canons of the Church of England" 
"Canon Law in the Anglican Communion" 

Types of law
Roman Catholicism
New Super Mario Bros.

New Super Mario Bros. is a 2006 platformer video game made and sold by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console.  It is the first Mario platform game in 2D on a handheld console since Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins in 1992. It was first sold in stores in North America on May 15, 2006, and was later sold in stores in Japan on May 25, 2006, in Australia on June 8, 2006, and in Europe on June 30, 2006. It is the first game in the New Super Mario Bros. series. A follow-up, New Super Mario Bros. Wii for Nintendo Wii, was released in November and December 2009 and a sequel to this game and follow-up to the Wii version, New Super Mario Bros. 2 was released on the Nintendo 3DS in August 2012.

Story
Mario and Princess Peach are out for a walk when Bowser Jr. kidnaps Peach. Mario must go through eight worlds to save her from Bowser, and the new antagonist Bowser Jr.

Gameplay
The game uses many old features from the older Mario games. The countdown game clock is back; if Mario does not reach the castle at the end, he will lose a life. Mario also must jump and catch onto a flagpole at the end of the level and goes into a castle, just like he did in Super Mario Bros. Before and after a level, Mario is on a world map, which was last used in Super Mario World.

Mario also has new powers from the 3D games (Super Mario 64 and Sunshine). He can do a ground-pound and can do a triple jump in the air. Both of these things first started in the 3D games.

References

2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Mario platform games
Galina Vishnevskaya

Galina Vishnevskaya (born Leningrad, October 25, 1926 - December 11, 2012) was a Russian opera singer and recitalist.

Birth
Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad, the town which is now called St Petersburg.  In 1952 she won an important  competition singing a song by Rachmaninoff and an aria by Verdi.  She soon became a member of the famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

Career
In 1960 she sang the part of in Aïda at the National Theatre in Sarajevo.  In 1961, she made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as Aïda and the next year she sang in the Royal Opera House in the same role. In 1964 she sang Aïda at La Scala.

Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007. Her husband, as well as being a great cellist and conductor, was also an excellent pianist and he accompanied her for her recitals.  They were very close friends of Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten and performed a lot of their works.  She made many recordings including the main part in Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and in Britten's War Requiem.  She had not been allowed to take part in the first performance of the War Requiem because the Soviet politicians would not let her sing together with the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau because he was German.

Retirement
In 1974, they left the Soviet Union because they had criticized the Soviet government.  They settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982 she retired from singing in opera.  Her last role was in Paris where she sang Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin.

After the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union she and her husband were allowed to return from exile and live in Russia again.  In 2002 she opened her own opera theater in Moscow:  The Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Center.

Other websites 
 The Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Foundation homepage

1926 births
2012 deaths
Russian opera singers
Russian singers
Sopranos
Voting system

The voting system is a set of rules about the way people vote and how the votes are counted. Different countries have different voting systems. There are many different types of voting system. One of the first voting systems to be used is called "first-past-the-post". Under this system each voter writes an "x" next to their chosen candidate. At the end, the votes are counted. The candidate with the most votes wins. Some people think that first-past-the-post is unfair because they believe that many votes are wasted.

List of voting Systems 

 Additional member system
 Approval voting
 Instant Runoff Voting
 Plurality voting
 Proportional representation
 Single Transferable Vote
 Schulze method
 Supplementary vote
 First-past-the-post voting

Related pages
Election

Voting systems
Single transferable vote

Single transferable vote (STV for short) is a type of voting system that gives proportional representation. It is used to elect more than one person (though it becomes Instant Runoff Voting in one-winner elections), and voters rank the candidates when voting.

How to vote in an STV election

Write a number "1" next to your favourite candidate, a number "2" next to your second favourite, a number "3" next to your third favourite and so on.

How votes are counted

Each candidate needs a certain number of votes to be elected. This number depends on how many people are voting and on how many people are to be elected. 

Then the number "1" votes for each candidate are counted. But it can happen that one candidate or several candidates have more than the needed number of votes. These candidates are elected. But since they have more votes than they needed, they pass on the votes which they do not need to other candidates. Which candidate or candidates get those "surplus" votes depends on the voters' number of "2" votes given on the ballots papers of the candidates that have already been elected. If those number "2" votes make another candidate win and give them too many votes, this new "surplus" is passed on again, using number "3" votes, and so on. 

If not enough candidates have been elected so far, the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded. Votes for this candidate are passed on to the candidate given as the next preference of each of his voters (the next higher number in each listing of candidates). This may help to elect another candidate. If not, the next candidate which now has the fewest votes is excluded. 

Passing on the "surplus" votes and excluding the weakest candidates goes on until the needed number of candidates has been elected.

Places that use STV 
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ireland
Malta
New Zealand
Australia
Northern Ireland
Scotland
India

Other websites

STV Action  a website that says STV should be used for all elections
VoteScotland.com a website about elections in Scotland

Voting systems
Individual Savings Account

An Individual Savings Account is called an ISA.  It is a special type of bank account in United Kingdom. It was started on 6 April 1999. Before that, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts (TESSAs) were used. You can put £3600 or less in an ISA every year. It is special because you do not pay any tax on the  interest you get.

Money
Bound for Glory

Bound for Glory is a Neo-Nazi thrash metal/Rock Against Communism band from Minnesota, USA. The band was formed in 1989. They are one of the best known and oldest bands of their genre in the United States.

In October 2016, Bound for Glory planned to play a concert in Falkirk, Scotland. A public outcry by the Scottish people, including anti-racist groups like Hope Not Hate, caused the event to be cancelled.

Discography

Albums 
 1990: Warriors Glory 
 1992: When the Hammer Falls
 1993: Over the Top 
 1994: Bound for Attack (with Brutal Attack)
 1994: The Fight Goes On 
 1996: Behold the Iron Cross 
 1996: Never Again!
 1997: Glory Awaits
 1999: Hate Train Rolling 
 1999: Last Act of Defiance
 2002: Beer Bottles and Hockey Sticks (split album with Mistreat)
 2011: Feed the Machine
 2014: Death And Defiance
 2017: Ironborn

Singles & EPs 
 1990: 100%
 1990: Payback
 1991: Assassination
 2002: Russian Winter
 2014: Stuka Pilot

Live-Alben 	
 1998: Requiem
 2004: Rolling Through Europe
 2004: Us against the world (Live in Deutschland)
 2005: Live and Loud

References

Other websites 
Official Website 
Discography On Thiazi

American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Minnesota
Rock Against Communism
Thrash metal bands
Neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazism means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. Neo-Nazis believe in loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, belief in a Germanic master race, xenophobia (hating and fearing people from different countries), extremist nationalism, supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia).  

Neo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the swastika. Neo-Nazism has been linked to far-right political parties in England such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party as well as being linked to the skinhead sub-culture.
Israeli West Bank barrier

The Israel West Bank barrier is a wall built by the State of Israel to separate Palestinian territories from Israel. It is built mostly of fences and in some places it is built of high concrete walls. It is 708 kilometers (439 miles) long.

Construction
The barrier was built in the Second Intifada that began in September 2000. It is when the Israeli government argued that it necessary to stop the violence and suicide bombing attacks coming from the West Bank.

Arguments
There are many arguments about the barrier. People who want the barrier say it is needed to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism. Since the barrier was built, the number of attacks has gone down, especially in areas where the barrier has been fully completed. Israel says that it is necessary for the country's security.

People who are against the barrier say that it is against international law because Israel and the Palestinians have not agreed where the border between them should be and have not reached a consensus. While the Palestinian Authority is in charge for water sources, the economic system, etc. in the West Bank, Palestinians who travel to Israel for medical, educational or work purposes have said that the barrier has negative effects on daily life and gives them less freedom (due to checkpoints).

Other websites
Q&A: What is the West Bank barrier? on the BBC website
The Security Barrier on the ADL website

Arab–Israeli conflict
Buildings and structures in Israel
Buildings and structures in Palestine
Politics of Palestine
Walls
West Bank
Joey Maxim

Joey Maxim (born Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli March 28, 1922 - June 2, 2001) was an American boxer. He was the light heavyweight boxing champion of the world from 1951 to 1952. Archie Moore beat him by decision over 15 rounds for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. During Maxim's time as champion, he beat Sugar Ray Robinson in a title defense. He also tried to win the heavyweight championship during this time, but Ezzard Charles beat him by a unanimous decision.

In 1954, Maxim gave future world heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson his first pro defeat by unanimous decision in eight rounds.

Other websites 
Boxing record of Joey Maxim
 

1922 births
2001 deaths
American boxers
Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Armed Islamic Group

The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة‎,  al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.

Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States.

History of Algeria
Islamic terrorism
Takfir wal-Hijra

Takfir wal-Hijra ( - Excommunication and Exodus) is a violent radical Islamist extremist group. The group that was founded in Egypt in the 1960s. Today Takfir wal-Hijra has members or supporters in several other countries, allied to Al-Qaeda. In Spain the group is also known as Martyrs for Morocco. 

Members of the group are radical Islamists. It looks like the members of the group are not bound by the usual Islamic religious constraints. They adopt non-Islamic appearances. They might  shave their beard or wear a tie. They do this to be hard to detect in crowds. Sometimes, even other Muslims have problems detecting them. They can drink alcohol and even eat pork to deceive their enemies. They believe that any means justify the end and, that killing other Muslims can be justified in their cause and that Western society is heathen and it is their duty to destroy it.

Little is known about the current organization or hierarchy of the group. Several groups which adhere to the same ideology have possibly used the name independently of each other.

References

1960s establishments
Islamic terrorism
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Religion in Egypt
Irmo, South Carolina

Irmo is a town 12 miles outside of Columbia, South Carolina. There were 11,039 people living in Irmo as of the year 2000.

Geography
Irmo is found at  (34.092629, -81.186073).

The United States Census Bureau says the town has an area of 10.7 km² (4.1 mi²). There is no water in that area.

Festivals 
Irmo is home to the annual Okra Strut .

Origin 
Irmo was chartered on Christmas Eve in 1890 because of the opening of the Columbia, Newberry, and Laurens Railroad. The strange name of Irmo was the result of putting together the names of Captain C.J. Iredell and Henry Moseley, two important figures in the founding of the town. The town of Irmo does not have an actual downtown area. It is only several clusters of suburban neighborhoods.

References

Other websites 
 Town of Irmo

Cities in South Carolina
Mediterranean climate

A  Mediterranean climate is a climate that has dry summers that are mild to hot as well as winters that are mild to cool with moderate or high rainfall. It includes the climate of much of the land near the Mediterranean Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, one can find this climate only in rather small areas. It is found in many places that are roughly between latitudes 30° to 45° north and south of the equator.

In the Köppen climate classification, it is split between hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb) and cool-summer Mediterranean (Csc). Examples of Csa are Rome, Lisbon and Adelaide. Examples of Csb are Porto, Cape Town and San Francisco. Csc only occurs at very high altitude.

Location 

Besides the Mediterranean Basin, regions which have a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Western United States, down to Los Angeles, the Western Cape in South Africa, central Chile, southern Western Australia and the coastal areas of South Australia.

Other websites 
 Explanation of Mediterranean Climate 

Climate
Köppen climate classifications
Hans Richter

Hans Richter (born as Raab (now Györ) 4 April 1843; died Bayreuth 5 December 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor.  His name was originally János Richter.

Richter came from a musical family and studied violin, horn and music theory at the Vienna Conservatory.  He became famous for his conducting of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner and Johannes Brahms.

Richter helped Wagner to prepare the printed musical scores of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and the four operas in the cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.  He conducted a lot in Vienna and at the Bayreuth Opera House which Wagner had built for the performance of his own operas.

Later he became very popular in England and lived in Manchester.  He was conductor of the Hallé Orchestra and director of the Birmingham Music Festival.  He conducted German operas at Covent Garden and in 1909 he conducted Wagner’s Ring cycle which was being performed in English for the first time.

When he retired he lived in Bayreuth until his death.

Richter helped the English audiences to get to know the music of Wagner, Dvořák and Elgar.  Elgar dedicated his First Symphony to Hans Richter, describing him as a “true artist and true friend”.

1843 births
1916 deaths
Austrian conductors
Hungarian conductors
Thylacine

Thylacine was a carnivorous (mainly meat eating) marsupial animal. The Thylacine was also known as a Tasmanian tiger, a Tasmanian wolf and a Tasmanian hyena. The last known Thylacine died in a Hobart zoo on 7 September 1936. They once lived across Australia and New Guinea. There are paintings of the animals in the north of Western Australia, and in the Northern Territory. At Riversleigh in north Queensland, scientists have discovered the fossil bones of thylacines that are at least 30 million years old.

Extinction
Thylacines were common across Australia. Fossil remains have been found in Queensland, paintings have been found in Western Australia, and a mummified body was found in cave on the Nullabor Plain in South Australia. The body was dated as being 4,650 years old. The thylacine began to disappear from the Australian mainland about 5,000 years ago. This is about the same time as the arrival in Australia of the dingo. Because of rising sea levels 10,000 years ago, Tasmania was separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait which the dingo never crossed. By the time Europeans came to Australia in 1788, the Thylacine was only living in Tasmania.

Sailors on Abel Tasman's ship in November 1642 reported seeing "tygr" footprints.  The French explorer, Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, found a thylacine jaw bone in 1792. On May 13, 1792, he made the first confirmed sighting, which was described as being the size of a large dog, streaked with black. In 1805, Lieutenant Governor Paterson sent a description of a thylacine to Sydney. He said the animal was rare and uncommon.

Thylacines were hunted because farmers said they were killing sheep. The Tasmanian government gave money to farmers for each thylacine they killed. The last thylacine shot and killed was at Mawbanna, Tasmania, on 13 May, 1930, by farmer Wilfred Batty. The government brought in laws to protect them a few months before the last one died. They are now extinct, which means there are no thylacines left alive anywhere in the world.

Appearance 
The Thylacine was about 1.8 metres (71 inches) long and its tail was up to 53 cms (21 inches) long. It would have been about 58 centimetres (23 inches) tall and could be up to 30 kilograms (66 pounds) in weight. It was grey and brown in colour with 16 black or brown stripes on its back. It had the same shape as a dog, but the back, rump and tail were more like a kangaroo. Its tail was quite stiff. It had very short legs. It had teeth like a dog, but with more incisor teeth. The Thylacine was able to open its mouth about 120 degrees. 

The thylacine was a nocturnal (night) hunting animal. They ate wallabies, rats, birds, echidnas, rabbits and sheep.

The thylacines were marsupials, which means the female carried the babies in a pouch. The pouch opened to the rear.

Other websites
 The Thylacine Museum

References 

Dasyuromorphia
Marsupials of Australia
Rock Against Communism

Rock Against Communism (RAC) is a type of rock music. It started as a series of Neo-Nazi concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first RAC concert was in Leeds, England in 1978.

RAC bands 
Skrewdriver
Bound For Glory
Skullhead
Landser
Mistreat
Blue Eyed Devils

Related pages
Blood and Honour
British National Front

Other websites 
Blood and Honour
Zoo Tycoon 2

Zoo Tycoon 2 is a 2004 simulation computer game. In the game, the player must create and run a zoo. This is done by managing its finances, employees and animal exhibits. The goal is to become a "zoo tycoon".

The game is a sequel the 2001 game Zoo Tycoon. Six expansion packs have been created for the game. The latest is Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals.

Zoo Tycoon
2004 video games
Zoo Tycoon

Zoo Tycoon is a simulation computer game. It was developed by Blue Fang Games and released by Microsoft Game Studios. It is a game in which the player must run a business, in this case a zoo, and try to earn money. Zoo Tycoon was followed by Zoo Tycoon 2 in 2004.

Zoo Tycoon
2001 video games

fr:Zoo Tycoon
Clandestine chemistry

Clandestine chemistry is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment. The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes. Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. "Clandestine" means "secret". 

Branches of chemistry
Illegal drugs
Flask

A flask is a type of container made of glass. They are a common piece of apparatus used in laboratories. Their size are chosen by the volume they can hold, and is measured in metric units, like litres (L) or mililitres (mL). Their shape depends on what they are used for, but they usually consist of a wider body, which contains the materials, and a more narrow neck with an opening at the top. The opening is the way to insert materials into the body. Some flasks have more than one neck and opening at the top.

Flasks are used to contain substances. They are usually made of glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). This is to ensure that the substances inside the flask do not react with the flask itself, due to the volatile nature of many chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid), They can be used to heat a substance. There are many different types of laboratory flasks. They differ in their shape and what they are used for. The most common types of flask are:
 Erlenmeyer flask
 Florence flask
 Volumetric flask
 Büchner flask
Fernbach flask

Flasks can be used to make and hold solutions, to measure chemicals, and to contain chemical reactions like boiling, precipitation and analysis.

Laboratory equipment
Glass
Containers
Ebermannstadt

Ebermannstadt is a German town in the district of Forchheim, Bavaria, Germany. The population of the town is about 7,000. The next largest cities are: Forchheim, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Kulmbach and Erlangen. The city parts of Ebermannstadt are:
 Breitenbach
 Ebermannstadt
 Gasseldorf
 Niedermirsberg
 Rüssenbach
 Neuses-Poxstall
 Wohlmuthshüll
 Buckenreuth
 Moggast
 Wolkenstein
 Thosmühle
 Burggaillenreuth
 Windischgaillenreuth
 Eschlipp

References

Other websites

Forchheim (district)
Zebra mussel

The zebra mussel is a small shellfish. It is a bivalve mollusc, a type called a mussel.

Color patterns vary, with only dark or colored shells or no stripes. They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces, or each other by threads underneath the shells. Although similar in appearance to the quagga mussel, the two species can be easily distinguished. When placed on a surface zebra mussels are stable on their flattened underside while quagga mussels, lacking a flat underside, will fall over. 

These musssels spread rapidly by sticking to boats. They spread by this passive method to many places where they have no natural predators. That explains their huge growth in numbers.

Zebra mussels are a problem in  Northern America's Great Lakes region because they reproduce fast. They colonize water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities. As a result, they clog water sources.  They colonize pipes constricting flow, therefore reducing the intake in heat exchangers, condensers, fire fighting equipment, and air conditioning and cooling systems. It is estimated that zebra mussels will continue to populate the Great Lakes and even enter the Mississippi River region. 

Bivalves
San Marcos, Texas

San Marcos is a city in central Texas. Texas State University-San Marcos is there. It is in the Interstate 35 corridor, between Austin and San Antonio.

In 2013 and 2014, the United States Census Bureau named it the fastest-growing city in the United States. In December 2013, it was named #9 on Business Insider's list of the "10 Most Exciting Small Cities In America."

References 

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Bar (music)

A bar or measure is used in writing music.  It is a way of organizing the written music in small sections. Each bar is a small amount of time.  Most music has a regular beat (or pulse) which can be felt.  Each bar usually has the same number of beats in it.  Music that feels like 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 will be divided into bars with four beats worth of music in each bar.

The bar line (or barline) is a vertical line written in the music which separates the bars. 

At the beginning of a piece of music there will be a time signature. The top number shows how many beats there are in each bar. The time signature tells you how long each measure is. 

A double bar does not mean "two bars".  It is two single bar lines drawn close together. These are simply ways of visually dividing the music into sections. A double bar line can be written with one being thicker than the other. This double bar line shows the end of a piece of music.

If there are two dots on the left of the double bar line, this is a repeat sign. The player should go back to the beginning and start again. If the composer only wants the performer to repeat a section of the music, and not go back to the beginning, they can put in a "start repeat" sign. This is a double bar line with two dots on the right.

The first beat of a bar feels stronger than the others.  When a conductor beats time, his hand (or baton) always goes DOWN for the first beat of the bar.  This feels strong.  The last beat of a bar is an "upbeat" because the conductor's hand always goes up.

Barlines have been used since around 1600.

Musical terminology
Rostov

Rostov (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia. It was first mentioned in the year 862 as an already important town. By the 13th century Rostov became the capital of an important area.

Now it is an important tourist centre of the so-called Golden ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast. About 35,300 people lived there in 2002.

While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as Rostov Veliky, i.e. Rostov the Great. This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov on Don, which is now a much larger city. Rostov Yaroslavsky is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast), but not of the town itself.

Towns in Russia
Alaskan king crab fishing

Alaskan king crab fishing is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska. People fish for many King Crabs. The crabbers fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet (13-75m) in length. They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crabs are lured to bait placed in them. When the pots have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane. The crabs in the pots are examined and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank. When the ship gets back to the shore, the crabs are sold to stores around the world for eating. 

The people working on the boat are paid a lot of money. The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught. Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs. Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year.

To show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen. And they also catch a lot of Crabs.

Ocean acidification threatens crabs.

References

Fishing
The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass

is a part of Legend of Zelda series of video games. It is for the Nintendo DS. The game is played only using the touch screen on the Nintendo DS. It is a sequel to the 2002/2003 GameCube game The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker. The game was released in Japan on June 23, 2007, in the United States on October 1, 2007, in Australia on October 11, 2007, and in Europe on October 19, 2007. It was followed by a sequel in 2009, The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, also released for the DS.

The games story happens after The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker's story. The player plays as the main character of the Zelda games, Link. The game will let the player sail around a Ocean using a boat. The game also has an online mode.

2007 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Virtual Console games
Phantom Hourglass
Link (The Legend of Zelda)

Link is the main character from The Legend of Zelda series.
The game was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. 47 million copies of the game have been sold since 2007.

Description 

Link wears a green shirt and a long, floppy green hat on his head. In the Legend of Zelda games, the player must use Link to fight against evil, especially Ganondorf. Although Link is the main character in the game, he never speaks (he does speak in the Legend of Zelda CD-I games). He is also left-handed, and has large ears, like most Hylians. He has also appeared in all 6 of the Super Smash Bros. games. Link mainly used a sword and a shield but he is able to use a large number of weapons like bombs, bow, hammer or a boomerang and the hook shot.

Reception 

Link has been in many GameFAQs "Character Battle" contests and is the only character to have won more than once. In one of IGN's 2007 "Hero Showdowns", Link was voted the favorite over Cloud Strife. Link ranked first on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. IGN asked its readers to vote for their favorite Nintendo character in which Link came first.

References

The Legend of Zelda characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1986
Soulcalibur series guest characters
Solar power station in Victoria

A big new Solar power station in Victoria is planned. 

A company called Solar Systems has announced a large 154 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power station for north-western Victoria. The A$420 million project will provide enough electricity for more than 45,000 homes. It will create jobs and will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Full completion is expected in 2013, with the first stage to be finished by 2010. 

Four smaller solar power stations have already been built in central Australia.

Related pages
 Global warming
 Photovoltaics
 Renewable energy
 Renewable resource
 Solar power

References

Other websites 
 Solar Systems home page
 Sunny outlook for solar power players 

Solar power plants
Buildings and structures in Victoria, Australia
Waldpolenz Solar Park

Waldpolenz Solar Park, is a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology. It is in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million.

Related pages
 Photovoltaics
 Pocking Solar Park in Germany
 Renewable energy commercialization
 Solar cell
 Solar power station in Victoria
 Wind power in Germany

References

Other websites
 World’s largest solar power plant being built in eastern Germany 

Buildings and structures in Saxony
Power stations in Germany
Solar power plants
Wind power in Germany

Germany is the world's biggest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621MW in 2006, ahead of Spain which had 11,615MW. There are 18,000 wind turbines in Germany. The country plans to build more.

Related pages
 Renewable energy in Germany
 Passivhaus
 Global warming

References

Wind farms
Germany

de:Windenergie#Deutschland
Wind power in Denmark

After the world's oil crises in the 1970s, Denmark started to develop wind power. In 1988, two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants.

The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas.

Wind power in Denmark provided 30% of the electricity produced in Denmark in 2012, and cumulative installed capacity over recent years is shown in the Table below.

Wind turbines are popular with people in Denmark.

Sources: Global Wind 2005 Report, p.7  Global Wind 2006 Report, p.9

Related pages
 List of wind turbine manufacturers
 Renewable energy
 Renewable resource
 Wind
 Wind farm
 Wind power in Germany
 Wind power in Spain

References

Books
 Caldicott, Helen (2006). Nuclear power is not the answer to global warming or anything else, Melbourne University Press, 

Denmark
Wind energy
Don River (Russia)

The Don (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870 km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov.

From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.

History 

In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs, and has been a major trading route ever since.

Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes.  The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) Dānu "river", akin to modern Ossetic don "river".

At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.

The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya.

Views of Don River

Footnotes 

Rivers of Russia
Grace Hopper

Grace Murray Hopper (December 9 1906 – January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer.

Early Life
Hopper was born in New York, USA. Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.D degree in mathematics. She joined the US Navy during the World War II in 1943. She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years. She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992. 

She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator.  She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.

She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy. It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it. The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding. It became used in government, industry, and commerce.

Hopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began. She joined the Navy.  Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943. The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944.

After the War
Hopper retired from the Navy in 1986. After the war, she was still interested in computers. Hopper worked at Remington Rand. She worked at Sperry Corporation later. She did not return to her teaching career after the war. She continued working on software for the other computers. She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve. She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC. The  FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler. Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). Hopper’s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand.

Grace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992. She had retired from the navy six years before. 

A park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor.  The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.

On December 9, 2013, Google had an animation of Hopper for their Google Doodle.

References

American computer scientists
American military people
Scientists from New York City
1906 births
1992 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Marin Alsop

Marin Alsop (born Manhattan, New York, October 16, 1956) is an American conductor.

Alsop went to Yale University and then got a master's degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing. She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein.

Alsop has conducted many of the world’s most famous orchestras. Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony. This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra.

Alsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings. She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber.

Other websites 
 www.marinalsop.com – her official website

1956 births
Living people
American conductors
Yale University alumni
Nevada Solar One

Nevada Solar One is the third biggest solar power plant in the world, generating 64MW. It was built in Boulder City, Nevada.

Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal power station and will use parabolic troughs, heating tubes of liquid (solar receivers).  These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel.

Nevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase-changing molten salts.  This energy can then be drawn on at night.

Nevada Solar One started producing electricity in the June 2007.

References

Other websites

Nevada Solar One video 
Largest solar power plant in a generation to be built in Nevada
Ten facts about solar thermal power

Solar power plants
Buildings and structures in Nevada
Integrated pest management

In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy. This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort. 

It is an ecological approach that can reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides.

Related pages
Biological control

Agriculture
Serpa solar power plant

Serpa solar power plant (also known as Hércules solar power plant) is a power plant found in Serpa, Portugal. It was begun in June 2006 and finished in January 2007. The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy.
 
The Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp.  The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky.
 
Generating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture. The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation.

Notes

Solar power plants
Buildings and structures in Portugal
2007 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Portugal
Indian Solar Loan Programme

The United Nation Environment Programme's Indian Solar Loan Programme has won the World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems.
 
Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, mainly in areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.

Related pages
Energy policy of India

References

Other websites
Solar loans light up rural India

India
Solar energy