cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Leeds Triennial Festival

The Leeds Triennial Festival was a festival of music held in the town of Leeds, Yorkshire in England.  The festival started in the 19th century at a time when very large choirs were in fashion.  Although there is now no festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival the town of Leeds continues to put on music festivals.

History
On 7 September 1858 Queen Victoria opened the new Town Hall in Leeds.  It was a very large building, big enough for an audience of 4000 and a choir of 400 singers. The composer Sterndale Bennett conducted an orchestra and choir at the opening performance.

Although “triennial” means something that happens every three years, the next festival did not happen until 1874.  In 1880 the first festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival was conducted by Arthur Sullivan.  These festivals were very famous internationally because a lot of famous composers were asked to write new works for choir and to come and conduct them.  Composers such as Raff, Dvorak, Massenet,  Humperdinck, Parry, Stanford, Elgar and Sullivan himself all wrote new works for the festival.

Later in the 20th century many famous musicians continued to be associated with the festival including Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland.

Although the last Leeds Triennial Festival took place in 1985 both the Festival Chorus and the Leeds Philharmonic Chorus continue to perform at the Leeds International Concert Season in the Town Hall.

Other websites
A short history of the Leeds Triennial Festival

Classical music festivals
Music festivals in England
Leeds
19th-century establishments in England
Trimeresurus trigonocephalus

The Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, commonly known as the "Sri Lankan Green Pit viper", is a species of venomous Pit vipers found in Sri Lanka. There are no subspecies currently recognized.

Description
Males are smaller than females who can grow to the length of around 130 cm, while males can grow up to the length of 80 cm. They are green in color, and their back has some shades of yellow, they also have black stripes all over them and have a black tail.

Behavior
The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is nocturnal and arboreal (it lives in trees), but can sometimes be found on the ground looking for food like frogs, lizards, and small mammals, it also eats birds which it finds in the trees. In the morning Sri Lankan Green Pit vipers can be seen on top of trees so they can warm up their body with the sun rays that hit them.

Reproduction
The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is viviparous, meaning they give live birth. They give birth to their young during June and July. The have around 5 to 25 young at a time.

Where they live
They are found in grasslands and rain forests of Sri Lanka

Common Names
The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is also known as the "Pala Polonga" and the "Green Pit viper".

Venom
The venom of the Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is hemotoxic. The bite of a Sri Lakan Green Pit viper is very painful, when someone is bitten by a Sri Lankan Green Pit viper the bitten area swells up, and the pain may last for a few days. The cells of living tissue die, blisters occur, and ptosis and lymphadenopathy take place. However, there have been no reports on deaths.

References

Vipers
Venomous snake

A venomous snake is a snake that uses venom (poison) on prey to stop them and for self-defense.

Families 
Over 600 species are known to be venomous -- about a quarter of all snake species.

References

Other websites
 For goodness snakes Treating and Preventing Venomous Bites.
 Venomous Snakes Pictures, videos and description of the most venomous snakes in the world.
 Venomous snakes and outdoor workers Bite-prevention and treatment information for outdoor workers.

Snakes
Venomous animals
Reptiles

no:Slanger#Giftslanger
Yoxall

Yoxall is a town in Staffordshire, England, UK. The river Swabourne flows through the town and it is close to the A515 road. 

Towns in Staffordshire
Trimeresurus jerdonii

Trimeresurus jerdonii is a venomous pitviper species found in India (Assam), Burma, Tibet, China and Vietnam. Three subspecies are currently recognized, including this one.

Where they are found
Found from Assam in India, through northern Burma to Tibet, China (Hupeh, Szechwan and Yunnan) and Vietnam. The type locality given is "Khasi Hills, India.''

What they look like
Males grow to a maximum total length of 835 mm with a tail length of 140 mm; females 990 mm with a tail length of females 160 mm.

Subspecies

References

Vipers
AXXo

aXXo is the Internet alias of an individual or group, who has been allegedly harassed by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) for copyright infringement. He is famous for converting DVD movies into computer files that can be uploaded into the Internet and be downloaded by other people for free.

References 

File sharing
Ernest Moeran

Ernest Moeran (born Heston, Middlesex, England, 31 December 1894; died 1 December 1950) was an English composer.

Early life
Moeran (pronounce: “MOOR-an”) was born in Heston, to the west of London.  His father was an  Irish clergyman.  Ernest spent most of his childhood living on the coast of Norfolk.  He learned to play the violin and the piano.  At first he was taught at home by a  governess.  When he was ten he went to school.  In 1908, he went to Uppingham School where he spent five years.  When he left school in 1913 he started to study piano and composition at the Royal College of Music with Charles Villiers Stanford.

War service

Moeran’s studies at the Royal College of Music were interrupted after 18 months because of the start of World War I.  He joined the army as a despatch rider but he was soon badly injured in the head and could no longer fight in the army.    After the war he did some music teaching, but then he started to study music again.  His teacher this time was John Ireland who had been a pupil of Moeran’s earlier teacher Stanford.

Composing music

After these studies his music started to be performed a lot.  His First Rhapsody for orchestra was performed several times, including in 1924 by the Hallé Orchestra conducted by Hamilton Harty.  He was asked to compose a symphony for the Hallé Orchestra, but he preferred to write shorter pieces, especially chamber music and piano music.   In 1931 he wrote a String Trio which is one of his best works.   

Moeran became interested in folk music.  He liked to go to country pubs and listen to the people singing there.  He collected about 150 folk songs in Norfolk and Suffolk and made many arrangements of them.

By the mid-1920s, Moeran had become close friends with Peter Warlock.  They lived together and often went out drinking together.  Moeran gradually became an alcoholic.

In 1945, after Warlock had died, Moeran married the cellist Peers Coetmore. The marriage was not very happy although it helped Moeran to compose some of his best pieces:  the Cello Concerto and Cello Sonata.

Moeran was found drowned in the River Kenmare.  At first people thought he had committed suicide but then it was found that he had had a heart attack and died before he fell into the water.

His music
Moeran’s music is influenced by folk song.  His harmonies are often like those of Delius.  He was also influenced by Vaughan Williams, Holst, Bax, John Ireland and Peter Warlock.  For many years he concentrated on piano music, songs and chamber music, but in his later years he wrote larger works such as the Symphony in G minor (1934-7) and his Concertos for the Violin and the Cello.

Other websites 
The Worldwide Moeran Database by Andrew Rose, including a more detailed biography and a complete list of works.

20th-century English composers
1894 births
1950 deaths
Despatch rider

A despatch rider is someone in the army who delivers messages ("despatch" or "dispatch" means "to send someone or something off on a journey").  A despatch rider either rides a horse or a motorcycle.

Despatch riders were used by armies to send messages between headquarters and the fighting soldiers.  They might be delivering reports, but sometimes they took urgent messages which were often secret.  It was a very dangerous job.  Travelling between the lines of fighting armies the despatch rider could easily be blown up by a mine, shot by gunfire, or captured by the enemy.

Despatch riders always used to ride on horseback.  In the 20th century they usually rode motorcycles.  They were used a lot in World War I and even in World War II, although by the end of World War II electronic communications and cryptography had improved so that despatch riders were rarer.

Other websites 
 Despatch riders 

Army
Horse riding
Motorcycling
The Ting Tings

The Ting Tings are an English duo Pop-Retro rock indie band formed in England in 2004. They are famous for the studio album We Started Nothing and famous for the hit pop singles Shut Up and Let Me Go, Great DJ, That's Not My Name, and Be The One. The pop band is only a 2 member band with Katie White and Jules De Martino. The band members met whilst at Leeds University.

Discography for The Ting Tings

Albums
 May 2008 - We Started Nothin

Singles
 That's Not My Name / Great DJ from We Started Nothin (May 2008)
 Fruit Machine from We Started Nothin (2007 [originally 2008])
 Great DJ (Re-Release) from We Started Nothin (Feb-March 2008)
 That's Not My Name (Re-Release) from We Started Nothin (2008)
 Shut Up and Let Me Go from We Started Nothin (July 2008)
 Be The One from We Stated Nothin (October 2008)

References

English rock bands
English punk bands
Indie rock bands
New wave bands
We Started Nothing

We Started Nothing is an album recorded by Pop duo The Ting Tings. Singles include "Shut Up and Let Me Go", and "Be The One". The studio album was released May 2008. The album was also released as a limited edition LP on red vinyl limited to 2,000 copies.

Track Listing
 "Great DJ"
 "That's Not My Name"
 "Fruit Machine"
 "Traffic Light"
 "Shut Up and Let Me Go"
 "Keep You Head"
 "Be The One"
 "We Walk"
 "Impacilla Carpisung"
 "We Started Nothing"

2008 albums
Shut Up and Let Me Go

Shut Up and Let Me Go (aka: Shut Up & Let Me Go) is the third single off the studio album We Started Nothing by The Ting Tings. The song was released in the United Kingdom on July 21st of 2008, and was the follow-up to the number one hit single "That's Not My Name". The song was added to the coveted A-list of BBC Radio 1's playlist, and has received a substantial amount of airplay during the day on the station. The single peaked at number six in both the UK Singles Chart and the UK Download Chart.

2008 songs
1987 Sino-Indian skirmish

The 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish occurred at Sumdorong Chu Valley. This was the second conflict between the PRC and India, with the previous one taking place exactly a quarter of a century earlier.

1987
1980s in India
History of the People's Republic of China
Longbridge Plant

Longbridge Plant is an automobile plant in Longbridge, Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Most of it was demolished in 2005 and 2007.

Automobiles
Curzon Street railway station

Curzon Street railway station is a former railroad station in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It opened in 1838 and became a goods yard in 1854. 

Railway stations in England
1838 establishments in the United Kingdom
1830s establishments in England
Klamath River

The Klamath River flows through Oregon and northern California in the United States. It is  long. The river empties into the Pacific Ocean.

The Klamath is the second largest river in California after the Sacramento River.

Rivers of California
Rivers of Oregon
Humboldt County, California
Del Norte County, California
Bandai

Bandai Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company that makes toys and video games. It is the third largest toy maker in the world.

Companies of Japan
1950 establishments in Japan
Battle, East Sussex

Battle is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. It is known as this because it was the place where the Battle of Hastings was fought.

References 

Towns in East Sussex
John Key

John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) was the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand and was the leader of the New Zealand National Party.
John Key entered the New Zealand Parliament in 2002 representing the north-west Auckland area of Helensville as a National MP, a seat that he still holds. In 2006 he succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. Key led his party to victory in the November 2008 general election.

On 5 December 2016, Key resigned as prime minister and as party leader. Bill English soon replaced Key as prime minister and party leader.

Personal Life 

Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key. His father, who was from the UK, died of a heart attack in 1967. Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in Christchurch by his Jewish mother.

He attended Burnside High School, and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting from the University of Canterbury in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, although he did not receive a degree from this institution.

Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. They married in 1984. She is currently full-time mother of their two children, Stephie and Max.

Before politics 
In 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. That same year he was promoted to Merrill's global head of foreign exchange, based in London, where he may have earned around US$2.25 million a year including bonuses, which is about NZ$5 million at 2001 exchange rates. Some co-workers called him "the smiling assassin" for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens (some say hundreds) of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis. He was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001.

Prime Minister (2008-2016) 

Key became Prime Minister following the general election on 8 November 2008 which ended  the Labour-led government of nine years under Helen Clark. The National Party, promoting a policy of "change", won 45% of the party vote and 59 of the 122 seats in Parliament, a big margin over the Labour Party which won 43 seats.

Key was sworn in as Prime Minister on 19 November 2008 along with his new cabinet. His first international outing as Prime Minister was the 20th APEC meeting in Peru the following day.

Key announced he will step down from the role of Prime Minister and leader of the National Party effective 12 December 2016.

References 

1961 births
Living people
Jewish politicians
Oceanic Jews
People from Auckland
Politicians from North Island
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Peter Warlock

Peter Warlock (born London, 30 October 1894; died London, 17 December 1930),  was an English composer. “Peter Warlock” was not his real name. His real name was Philip Heseltine. He was also a music critic. When he wrote about music he used his real name, but when he composed music he used the pseudonym (borrowed name) "Peter Warlock", which is the name by which he is usually remembered today.

Life 
Philip Heseltine did not come from a musical family. When he was two years old his father died. His mother married again and went back to live in Wales, where she came from. Philip went to school at Eton College.

He was still a teenager when he was introduced to the composer Delius, who lived in France. They became good friends and Philip made piano arrangements of some of Delius’s music. Later he wrote a book about Delius. He studied in Germany for a time, and then at Oxford where he studied classics. He learned about music by teaching himself. He did not fight in World War I. He was a conscientious objector, but also, his health was not good enough for him to be in the army.

He spent most of his life in London, but he did visit Ireland for a year, and also spent three years with his mother in Wales, and four years in Kent where he lived with Ernest Moeran. Heseltine and Moeran often got drunk together. He became friends with the composer Bernard van Dieren whose music influenced him a lot. He also liked poetry from the time of Queen Elizabeth I.

He died in his apartment from gas poisoning. It is not certain whether it was suicide, but he did let his cat out before he turned on the gas.

His music
His music, written under the name of Peter Warlock, often has links with his literary writings. Some of the best works he wrote are his songs, especially the song-cycle The Curlew, which has lyrics from poems by W. B. Yeats. One of his most popular works is the Capriol Suite for string orchestra.

Warlock wrote many carols, such as Adam Lay Ybounden, Tyrley Tyrlow, and Bethlehem Down.

Warlock was not influenced by folksong like many other English composers of the time. He liked many different styles, including  Renaissance music and the music of Bartók whom he met.

Other websites
The UK branch of the Peter Warlock Society website 

1894 births
1930 deaths
20th-century English composers
Land mine

A land mine (called a "mine" when a naval mine is clearly not what is meant) is an explosive weapon that is put on the ground or just underneath the ground so that it explodes when a person or vehicle goes by. They are called "mines" because people who put them there often dig a tunnel under the ground (like miners who dig for coal etc.). Many people can be killed by mines, including civilians. Sometimes mines can lie in the ground and kill and injure people years after a war has ended. 

There are different types of land mines. Big anti-vehicle mines are against vehicles. Smaller infantry mines are used against foot soldiers.

Explosives
Charles Wood

Charles Wood (born Armagh, 15 June 1866; died Cambridge, 12 July 1926) was an Irish composer and teacher.

Charles Wood was born in Armagh, Ireland.  His father sang in the Cathedral choir.  Charles had music lessons from the cathedral organist, then he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied composition with C.V.Stanford and Hubert Parry.  He also learned to play the horn and piano.  After four years he went to Selwyn College, Cambridge, at first to study, then to teach harmony and counterpoint.  In 1889 he got a teaching job at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.  Soon he became their first Director of Music and Organist. When Stanford died, Wood became Professor of Music at Cambridge.

Wood is mainly remembered today for his Anglican church music.  He wrote music for the Communion Service and service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis.   These are often sung today in cathedrals and churches. He wrote many fine anthems including O thou, the central orb.  In Cambridge he is remembered for the chimes he wrote for the clocks of Gonville and Caius College.

His pupils included Ralph Vaughan Williams at Cambridge and Herbert Howells at the Royal College of Music.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie ISBN 1-56159-174-2

1866 births
1926 deaths
20th-century composers
Romantic composers
Irish composers
Arthur Bliss

Sir Arthur Bliss CH KCVO (London, 2 August 1891; died London, 27 March 1975) was a British composer (a person who writes music).  When he started composing, his music sounded very modern and harsh. As he got older he changed his style and wrote more Romantic music in the style of English composer Edward Elgar.  For more than twenty years he was Master of the Queen's Music.

Early life
His father was American, his mother was English.  He went to school at Rugby. He went to Cambridge University where he studied with Irish composer Charles Wood.  Wood also taught the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. Bliss got to know Elgar whose music influenced him very much.

For a short time he learned music from Charles Villiers Stanford at the Royal College of Music.  During World War I he served in the army.

After World War 1
After the war he started to play his music in public.  These compositions show the influence of Stravinsky, Ravel and Les Six.  His music even sounded jazzy.  After a few years his music became more Romantic.  Elgar asked him to write something for the Three Choirs Festival in 1922.  The piece he composed was his Colour Symphony in which he tries to describe colours in music.

During the 1920s his music became more traditional.  He wrote a lot of music for movies including music for the movie Things to Come (H.G.Wells).  He loved the theatre and composed music for the ballets Checkmate and Miracle in the Gorbals.  One of his best works is the choral symphony Morning Heroes (1930). This was written to remember those who were killed in World War I.

America
When World War II started he was in the USA.  He stayed there and taught at Berkeley, California until 1941.  Then he returned to England.  For a time he was Director of Music of the BBC.  He wrote an opera The Olympians.  In 1953 he was made Master of the Queen's Music.  He kept that position until his death, writing many pieces of music for official royal occasions.

He was given many honours, including the Companion of Honour and the Royal Victorian Order.

In his later years he composed several works for orchestra as well as for choirs.

He died on 27 March 1975.  His wife, Gertrude died on 21 November 2008 at the age of 104.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie

Other websites
The Arthur Bliss society

20th-century English composers
1891 births
1975 deaths
Companions of Honour
Royal Victorian Order
Copepod

Copepods (meaning "oar feet") are small, shrimp-like crustaceans that swim in seas, lakes, and ponds. Copepods are very important in the food web, and many animals eat them.

There are 10 orders of copepods and over 4500 species; a few orders are free-swimming, but many are parasites (of fish). The free-swimming copepods move through the water in jerky motions by moving their swimming legs. 

Crustaceans
Donegal

Donegal is a town in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. 

There are many sandy beaches in the area round Donegal and the town is used as a base for hill-walking in the nearby Bluestack Mountains. Traditionally the largest employer in the town has been Magee of Donegal, makers of tweed garments.

Towns in Ireland
Gaeltacht
County Donegal
Dingle

Dingle is a town in County Kerry, Republic of Ireland. It has a large natural harbour.

Towns in Ireland
County Kerry
Ammunition

Ammunition, often called ammo, comes from the French word la munition. At first it meant all items used for war. This was from the Latin word munire (to provide). It now is used only for bullets and other projectiles that are thrown at the enemy by guns, and the gunpowder or other propellant that throws the projectiles. The group word for all types of ammunition is munitions. This means any explosive thing that can be used in combat and includes bombs, missiles, warheads, and mines (landmines, naval mines, and claymore mines). These are made in munitions factories. 

Ammunition is mainly used to attack a target. Ammunition can include flares and incendiary devices that start fires.  Since the invention of the cartridge, ammunition has come to mean the putting of a projectile - the item that is sent to hit the target, and its propellant - the chemical that creates the force, into a single package. 

Ammunition is a complex subject.  It includes many different weapons used by people, such as explosives and propellants, cartridges, high explosive projectiles (HE), warheads, special shells to attack armour and aircraft, carrier projectiles, fuses, mortar ammunition, small arms (revolver and pistol) ammunition, grenades, mines, flares, improved conventional munitions, and computer guided munition.

References

 
Explosives
Emirate

An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by an emir, a dynastic Arab Monarch. The word emirate or amirate comes from , Imaarah ; plural: إمارات, Imaraat.  The United Arab Emirates is a federal state of seven federal emirates, each administered by a hereditary emir, these seven elect the federation's President and Prime Minister. Most emirates have either disappeared or become part of a larger modern state, some changed their rulers' title, e.g. to Malik (Arabic for King) or Sultan. Therefore true emirate-states have become rare. 

In Arabic the term can be generalized to mean any province of a country that is administered by a member of the ruling class, especially of a member of the royal family, as in Saudi Arabian governorates.

List of independent Emirates 
 Kuwait
 Qatar
 United Arab Emirates

List of former and integrated emirates 
 The Emirate of Armenia
 Emirate of Sicily, Sicily 965-1072
 Emirate of Granada, Spain 1228-1492
 Emirate of Trarza, modern southwest Mauritania 1640s-1910s
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
 Islamic Emirate of Waziristan
 Az Zubayr
 Bahrain, became a kingdom in 2002

References

Other websites 
 What Is Life Really Like In Dubai, UAE?; YouTube

Feudalism
Forms of government
Mike Busniuk

Mike Busniuk (born December 13, 1951 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is the younger brother of Ron Busniuk, who played for the Buffalo Sabres.

Records
Only player in AHL history to be a member of four consecutive Calder Cup championship teams (1976–1979)

Other websites

1951 births
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Philadelphia Flyers players
Living people
American Hockey League players
Glasgow Subway

The Glasgow Subway is a subway system serving Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

Rail transport in the United Kingdom
Subway
Tyne and Wear Metro

Tyne and Wear Metro is a rapid transit in Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside and Sunderland in United Kingdom.

Light rail in the United Kingdom
Transport in England
Electric railways in the United Kingdom
Sunderland, Tyne and Wear
Newcastle, Tyne and Wear
Rapid transit in the United Kingdom
Sydney White

Sydney Rae White (born 30 November 1991) is an English actress and singer.

Biography 
Sydney was born in London on 30 November 1991. She first attended Broomfield House School in Kew. She got her parents to take her to the children's agency Young'uns. After her first audition she was offered the role of Cosette in Les Misérables. The next year she had four performances per week at London's Palace Theatre while still doing schoolwork. Sydney then auditioned for the Sylvia Young Theatre School. She was accepted and started in September 2002.

Sydney lives in West London with her parents, two older brothers (Paul and Adam) and two younger brothers (Cameron and Spike). She also has a dog called Digger. She won a LAMDA award in 2003. She currently stars in the CBBC programme Young Dracula. She plays one of the main characters, Erin Noble.

Filmography 
 The Snow Queen (2005) (TV)...Gerda
 Prime Suspect: The Final Act (2006) (TV)...Girl on Heath
 The Sarah Jane Adventures (1 episode, 2007)... Bubbleshock girl
 Disney Channel Games...Herself
 As the Bell Rings (1 episode, 2007)...Emma
 Welcome to PCA (2009) (TV)...Missy Mean
 The Rules of Love (Jess) (2010)
 Doctors (Nikki) (2010)
 Young Dracula (2011-Present) (TV)...Erin Noble

Discography

Albums 
 Welcome to PCA (2009)

Singles 
"Sun goes down" (2011)

English television actors
English singers
1991 births
Living people
Judicial nullification

Judicial nullification is a right of a judge to nullify (make invalid) a law if they feel it is too harsh in a certain situation where it is being applied. During the Constitutional Convention many, including George Mason, Elbridge Gerry and James Wilson felt the courts could decide if a law was unconstitutional, and if so, refuse to enforce it. Other founding fathers including John Francis Mercer, Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson argued against allowing judges to have that power. The issue was left unanswered. However, when deciding that a new law needed the approval of the president, all attempts to have the judiciary approve new laws were soundly defeated. Judicial Nullification is sometimes used to mean jury nullification. More often it means nullifying a law, legal code or statute by a member of the judiciary.

In 1832 South Carolina said a new tariff law was unconstitutional, thus not really a law. Vice President John C. Calhoun agreed, but President Andrew Jackson disagreed. Jackson threatened to send troops. The two sides negotiated. Congress changed the tariff, and South Carolina decided the new law was not against the Constitution.

In 2011 the Supreme Court made a ruling that, in essence, says lower court judges can ignore the law. There were three petitions before the Court asking if federal courts need to be stopped from ignoring laws, rules and facts. The Supreme Court refused to grant certiorari (a writ seeking judicial review of a matter). In other words, the Court refused to consider the three petitions.

References 

United States law
Emir

Emir (; female: ; emira; (Persian and Urdu: ) "commander" or "general", also "prince"; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer) is a high title of nobility or office. It is used throughout the Arab world and historically in some Turkic states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheiks, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes; then "emirate" means more or less the same as principality in this context.
Emir is used also as a name in Turkey like Emir Niego and Emir Sevinc.  
Emir is the most common spelling in English and many other languages (for example, United Arab Emirates). The spelling amir, that is closer to the original Arabic, is more common for its compounds (e.g., admiral) and in individual names.

Related pages

Islamic titles 
 Caliph
 Mahdi
 Sheikh
 Sayyid
 Sultan

Other websites
 WorldStatesmen Religious Organisations – see also many present Muslim countries

Heads of state
UTC+08:00

UTC+08:00 is the timezone for:
 Brunei
 China
 Republic of China
 Hong Kong
 Indonesia (central areas)
 Macau
 Malaysia
 Mongolia
 Philippines
 Singapore
 Western Australia - Australian Western Standard Time (AWST)

UTC offsets

cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+8 H, AWST (Australian Western Standard Time)
es:Huso horario#UTC+08:00, H
Launceston, Tasmania

Launceston is a city in Australia. It is the second biggest city in the state of Tasmania. It has about 100,000 people. It is at the place where the North Esk, South Esk and Tamar Rivers meet. It was founded in 1806.

References

Cities in Tasmania
1806 establishments
19th-century establishments in Australia
Governess

A governess is a female person who works for a family, teaching the children in their home. She is not like a nanny who looks after them all day, dressing them etc. The governess's job is to be their teacher. She saw to their discipline and early education. Often girls received all their education from their governess (or sometimes a tutor), though boys usually went away to boarding school before their teen years, and then some went on to college.

Very few children nowadays have a governess, but it was quite common in the families of rich people until around the beginning of the 20th century. In England quite a lot of young children who lived in the country, a long way from good schools, had a governess. When the boys were old enough they were sent away to a boarding school.

Governesses taught basic skills such as Reading, Writing and Arithmetic. They may also have taught other skills such as French, piano playing and drawing or painting. Sometimes other teachers might be 

A governess was not a household worker, but she was not treated like a member of the family either. This meant that they were often quite lonely, and they usually ate their meals alone. For girls from a middle class background who were not married it was one of the only ways of earning a living. When the children she taught (her "charges") grew up, she would have to find a new job.

Novels of the time were usually about rich families, and a governess often comes into the story, e.g. in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre or Anne Brontë's Agnes Grey. Maria, the main character in The Sound of Music, leaves the convent and becomes a governess to the children of the von Trapp family.

Other websites
Confederation of the Rhine

The Confederation of the Rhine was a client state of First French Empire. It existed from 1806 through 1813. Its ruler was Napoleon I of France, called "Protector of the Federation".  It included most of the German states but not the two biggest, Prussia and Austria.  The Confederation of the Rhine was one of the successors of Holy Roman Empire and one of the predecessors of the German Confederation.  The confederation only lived a few years but it was a precedent for the later unification of Germany.  It temporarily unified many of the diverse German states east of the Rhine River.

19th century in Germany
Former federations
Former German countries
1806 establishments in Europe
1813 disestablishments
1810s disestablishments in Europe
1800s establishments in Germany
19th-century disestablishments in Germany
Constant Lambert

Leonard Constant Lambert (23 August 1905 – 21 August 1951) was a British composer and conductor.

Early years
Lambert’s father was the painter George Washington Lambert who had come to England from  Australia. Lambert was often ill when he was a child.   He went to school at Christ's Hospital and won a scholarship to the  Royal College of Music. He soon became interested in French and Russian music. He became friends with other famous people including the Sitwell family, William Walton, Philip Heseltine and Bernard van Dieren.  He and Edith Sitwell were the reciters at a performance of Walton’s Façade.

Lambert was a prodigy: he was composing music for orchestra when he was only 13, and when he was 20 he was asked to write a ballet for Serge Diaghilev's world-famous Ballets Russes (Romeo and Juliet). 

He soon became very famous.  His best known work is The Rio Grande for piano solo, chorus and orchestra.  It has a mixture of musical styles: jazz, habaneras and the influence of  Delius and Duke Ellington.

Works
During the 1930s he performed a lot as a conductor with the Vic-Wells Ballet (later the Royal Ballet), but he stopped composing music. Lambert thought he had failed as a composer, and only finished two more big works in the last  sixteen years of his life. He continued conducting, and appeared at Covent Garden and in BBC broadcasts, and travelled to Europe and America conducting ballets.  He was an excellent ballet conductor and helped the dancers to give their best performance.

During the war he became ill.  He refused to see a doctor.  He was working very hard and also drinking a lot.

Lambert liked jazz and thought it was an important influence on popular culture of the time.  He wrote a book about this, called Music Ho! (1934).  The book is widely read today, although it shows a very personal approach to music.

Lambert was married twice.  His first marriage was to Florence Kaye.  He later married Isabel Nichols, an artist, in 1947.  After Constant Lambert's death, Isabel married the composer Alan Rawsthorne. 

Lambert died on 21 August 1951.  He had pneumonia and it was also found that he had diabetes made worse by alcoholism. 

20th-century English composers
British conductors
1905 births
1951 deaths
Kensington, Calgary

Kensington is a neighborhood in Calgary, Alberta.  It is around the intersection of Kensington Road and 10th St. NW.

The neighborhood hosts Christmas in Kensington Village in December, the Sun and Salsa Festival in July, as well as the Bizarre Bikes & Bazaar in May.

Kensington is home to the Calgary Kookaburras Australian rules football club.

References

Calgary
Neighborhoods
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (born London, 15 August 1875; died Croydon,  1 September 1912) was an English composer.

Coleridge-Taylor died in Holborn, London.  His black father was a doctor from Sierra Leone,  his mother was English. His parents were not married. The father went back to Africa by February 1875. He had the job of coroner for the British Empire in the Gambia in the late 1890s.  He did not know anything about his son’s existence.

Life
Coleridge-Taylor was brought up in Croydon .  He studied the violin at the Royal College of Music and composition with Charles Villiers Stanford.  In 1899 he married Jessie Walmisley who had been a student with him at the RCM.  Her parents did not want her to be married to someone of  mixed race.  The couple had a son, Hiawatha (1900-1980) and a daughter, Avril, born Gwendolyn (1903-1998).

Soon Coleridge-Taylor became known as a composer.  Edward Elgar helped him get one of his pieces performed at the Three Choirs Festival.  Two months later Stanford conducted the cantata Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast, the piece for which he is best remembered.  He toured the United States in 1904.  This made him even more interested in finding out about his racial heritage. He wanted to do for African music what Johannes Brahms had done for Hungarian music and Antonín Dvořák for Bohemian music. He had met the American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar in London and set some of his poems to music.  Several people encouraged him to learn more about his heritage.

Coleridge-Taylor was a shy man, but he was a very good conductor.  He was often asked to adjudicate at music festivals.

Coleridge-Taylor was 37 when he died of pneumonia. His widow hardly had any money, but  King George V gave her a pension of GB£100, which shows how popular Coleridge-Taylor had been as a composer.   A memorial concert was held later in 1912 at the Royal Albert Hall and gathered £300.

Coleridge-Taylor's works were often performed by Sir Malcolm Sargent who conducted ten seasons of a costumed ballet version of Hiawatha at the Royal Albert Hall between 1928 and 1939 with the Royal Choral Society (600 to 800 singers) and 200 dancers.

His music
Coleridge-Taylor's best-known work is his cantata Hiawatha's Wedding-feast, which was  performed very often by choral groups in England during his lifetime and for many years after his death.  He wrote several other pieces about Hiawatha: The Death of Minnehaha, Overture to The Song of Hiawatha and Hiawatha's Departure.

He also wrote a lot of chamber music, anthems and other works.  The orchestral piece Petite Suite de Concert used to be very popular, but its Romanticism sounds a little old-fashioned now.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed Stanley Sadie; 

1875 births
1912 deaths
20th-century English composers
Romantic composers
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro

The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro is a Catholic university based in the neighborhood Gavea in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was founded in 1941 by D. Sebastião Leme and the Rev. Leonel Franca, and was officially recognized in January 15, 1946.
The PUC-Rio was one of the first universities that taught Entrepreneurship in the graduation courses in Brazil.

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
1941 establishments
1940s establishments in Brazil
Quim Monzó

Quim Monzó (born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1952) is a Catalan writer of novels, short stories and discursive prose, mostly in the Catalan language.

In the early 1970s, Monzó reported from Vietnam, Cambodia, Northern Ireland and East Africa for newspapers in Barcelona. His fiction is full of irony. His other prose maintains this humor. One collection of his essays, Catorze ciutats comptant-hi Brooklyn, is notable for its account of New York in the days immediately following September 11.

Bibliography

Books in English
 O'Clock, 1986. New York: Ballantine Books. Translated by Mary Ann Newman. 
 The enormity of the tragedy, 2007. London: Peter Owen Publishers. Translated by Peter Bush. 
 Gasoline, 2010. New York & Rochester: Open Letter. Translated by Mary Ann Newman. 
 Guadalajara, 2011, Rochester, NY: Open Letter. Translated by Peter Bush. ; 
 A thousand morons, 2013, Rochester, NY: Open Letter. Translated by Peter Bush. ; 
 Why, Why, Why?, 2019, Rochester, NY: Open Letter. Translated by Peter Bush. ;

Books in Catalan

Fiction
 L'udol del griso al caire de les clavegueres, 1976..
 Self Service, 1977. In collaboration with Biel Mesquida.
 Uf, va dir ell, 1978.
 Olivetti, Moulinex, Chaffoteaux et Maury, 1980.
 Benzina, 1983.
 L'illa de Maians, 1985.
 La magnitud de la tragèdia, 1989.
 El perquè de tot plegat, 1993.
 Guadalajara, 1996.
 Vuitanta-sis contes, 1999.
 El millor dels mons, 2001.
 Mil cretins, 2007.

Collected articles and essays
 El dia del senyor, 1984.
 Zzzzzzzz, 1987.
 La maleta turca, 1990.
 Hotel Intercontinental, 1991.
 No plantaré cap arbre, 1994.
 Del tot indefens davant dels hostils imperis alienígenes, 1998.
 Tot és mentida, 2000.
 El tema del tema, 2003.
 Catorze ciutats comptant-hi Brooklyn, 2004.
 Esplendor i glòria de la Internacional Papanates, 2004

Other websites 
 
Website dedicated to Quim Monzó
Open Letter Publishing House 
Peter Owen Publishers 
More than twenty-five years of essays by Monzó in the Barcelonian newspaper La Vanguardia 

1952 births
Living people
Writers from Barcelona
Northern Light Infantry

The Northern Light Infantry (NLI) is a Light Infantry Regiment of the Pakistan Army. Headquartered in Gilgit, the capital of Northern Areas, Pakistan, it is the main force protecting the strategically important northern areas of Pakistan.

Military of Pakistan
Pakistan National Command Authority

The National Command Authority (NCA) of Pakistan is the Pakistani organisation responsible for policy formulation. It has control over employment and development for all strategic nuclear forces and strategic organizations.

Pakistan
Setting (fiction)

A setting is the time, location, and atmosphere (e.g. happy, sad, exciting, frightening, etc.) that a piece of writing is taking place in.

Fiction
Sei whale

The sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) is a dark-gray, stream-lined baleen whale that is found worldwide except in polar waters. It swims in small pods of 3-5 whales but larger groups may form at rich feeding grounds. It has very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. It is a rorqual whale (a large baleen whale) that is similar to the Bryde's whales.

Description 
The Sei whale is also called the Sardine whale, the Pollack whale, the Coalfish whale, the Japan Finner, and Rudolphi's rorqual. Large numbers of these whales were hunted until recently for their oil and meat. It is the fastest of the great whales and can swim at about 23 mph (20 knots) in short bursts.

Diet 
Sei whales are carnivores that filter-feed plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill, copepods, etc.) and small fish from the water.

References

Baleen whales
Vithoba

Vithoba is a Hindu god worshipped mainly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is also known as Vitthala and Panduranga. He is generally considered a form of the Hindu god Vishnu or Krishna. In stone images and pictures, he is shown as a dark young boy. He stands on a brick with his hands on his waist. His wife Rukmini or Rakhumai stands with him.

Vithoba's main temple is at Pandharpur in Maharashtra. It is close to its border with Karnataka. Two Hindu sects, the Varkari sect of Maharashtra and Haridasa sect of Karnataka worship Vithoba as their main god. The Varkari poet-saints have written devotional poems called abhangas in praise of god Vithoba. The abhangas are written in the language Marathi. The Haridasa poets have also written poems, devoted to Vithoba in the Kannada language. The two most important festivals associated with Vithoba are Shayani Ekadashi in the Hindu month of Ashadha, and Prabodini Ekadashi in the Hindu month of Kartik.

Hindu gods and goddesses
Breadalbane, New South Wales

Breadalbane () is a small village on the Lachlan River in New South Wales, Australia. It is near Goulburn in the Upper Lachlan Shire. This little town is also on the Hume Highway which links Sydney and Melbourne. The highway used to go through the small town but it was bypassed in the early 1990s. Breadalbane is also situated on the Sydney-Melbourne railway line.

Breadalbane is also near the start of the Federal Highway. This branches off the Hume Highway just south of Goulburn and goes to Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. Canberra is the capital city of Australia where the Federal Parliament sits.

History
Breadalbane is a very historic town. There are now only a few houses. In the past there was a hotel, service station and a railway station. These are now closed, although the old hotel and service station buildings are still there. They are now used as private houses. The railway station opened in 1875 and closed in 1974. The signal box was still used until 1979. All trace of the station has been removed, although a loading bank is still standing.

There is a memorial at the school to people from Breadalbane who fought in World War II. It has 40 names on it.

There is a memorial at the school to people from Breadalbane who fought in World War II. It has 40 names on it.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Hydrofoil

A hydrofoil is a type of boat that can lift its hull out of the water with a pair of special wings underwater. These wings are like the wings of an airplane.

How it works 
When a hydrofoil moves quickly, its wings allow it to fly. When this happens the boat is said to be in foilborne. The result of flying means less of the boat is touching the water and can make the boat have less drag which allows it to move faster (drag slows a boat down).
or special pontoons when going fast keep it out of the water.

Other websites 

 The International Hydrofoil Society
 Classic Fast Ferries Magazine
 Kawasaki Jetfoil 
 Rodriquez Cantieri Navali
 Soviet-made hydrofoils 
 Swiss experimental hydrofoils

Boats
Gundaroo, New South Wales

Gundaroo is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire.  It is built near the Yass River. Gundaroo is about 16 kms north of Sutton and about 15 km west of the Lake George range.  About 300 people live there.

History
The explorers Charles Throsby and Joseph Wild travelled through the Yass River valley in 1820.  The Aborigines called the valley Candariro which means blue crane. This name might be the meaning of the word Gundaroo.  Governor Lachlan Macquarie gave the first Europen settler, Peter Cooney, 30 acres in 1825.  Other farms were started quickly with about 400 people in the 1840s. The Harrow Inn (hotel) was built in 1834.  A post office was built in 1848 and an Anglican church, St Lukes in Upper Gundaroo (now part of a pottery business), in 1849. The first school opened in 1850 and a Police station in 1852.  When gold was discovered in the area in 1852 many more people came to the town.

Gundaroo has become a place where people who work in Canberra can live. It is a village for tourists from Canberra to visit because of its well cared for historic buildings.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Jack Adams

John James "Jack" Adams (June 14, 1895 – May 1, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach and general manager in the National Hockey League and Pacific Coast Hockey Association. He was a Hall of Fame player during a 10 year professional career with Toronto, Vancouver and Ottawa. He is best known for his 36-year association with the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL as coach or general manager. He later became president of the Central Hockey League.

Awards & achievements
 Won Stanley Cup as Player 1918 Toronto, 1927 Ottawa
 Won Stanley Cup as Manager-Coach 1936-37-43 with Detroit
 Won Stanley Cup as Manager 1950-52-54-55 with Detroit
Named in his honour, the Jack Adams Award was introduced in 1974 and is awarded annually to the most outstanding coach in the NHL.
Lester Patrick Trophy in 1966.
Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1959.
First All-Star Team Coach in 1937 & 1943.
Second All-Star Team Coach in 1945.

Related pages
List of NHL seasons
List of NHL players

References

Other websites
 

1895 births
1968 deaths
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ottawa Senators (original) players
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Arenas players
Toronto St. Pats players
Almas Tower

Almas Tower is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.  It is 363 meters (1,191 feet) tall and has 68 floors.  It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites

 Emporis.com - Almas Tower
SkycraperPage.com – Almas Tower

Skyscrapers in the United Arab Emirates
Buildings and structures in Dubai
2009 establishments in Asia
Establishments in the United Arab Emirates