cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mesosaurus

Mesosaurus is an extinct marine  reptile from the early Permian of southern Africa and South America. It was one of the first known marine reptiles, and had many adaptations to a fully aquatic lifestyle. 

It is sometimes considered an anapsid, but there is some disagreement about that. It is described by Benton as a 'parareptile', that is, a sauropsid.

Palaeobiology
Mesosaurus was one of the first reptiles to return to the water after early tetrapods came to land in the later Devonian. 

It was around  in length, with webbed feet, a streamlined body, and a long tail that may have supported a fin. It probably propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and flexible tail. Its body was also flexible and could easily move sideways, but it had heavily thickened ribs, which would have prevented it from twisting its body. Specimens show it was viviparous, bearing live young.

Mesosaurus had a small skull with long jaws. The nostrils were located at the top, allowing the creature to breathe with only the upper side of its head breaking the surface. Its teeth were suitable for catching small nektonic prey such as crustaceans.

Distribution
Mesosaurus was significant in providing evidence for the theory of continental drift, because its remains were found in southern Africa and eastern South America, two far away places. As Mesosaurus was a coastal animal, and therefore could not have crossed the Atlantic Ocean, this distribution indicated that the two continents used to be joined together.

References 

Fossils
Marine reptiles
Bokbunja ju

Bokbunja ju (hangul: 복분자주; hanja: 覆盆子酒; also spelled bokbunjaju, bokbunja-ju, or bokbunjajoo, and also called bokbunja wine) is a Korean traditional wine made from fermented Korean black raspberries called bokbunja (hangul: 복분자; hanja: ; Rubus coreanus). It is made by fermenting berries with water.

Bokbunja ju is crimson in color and sweet. It has between 15% and 19% alcohol by volume, depending on the brand. Koreans believe that it is good for health  and promotes male sexual stamina. It is often drunk on special occasions.

References

Wine
Hangwa

A hangwa is a Korean traditional cookie. Hangwa includes Yumilgwa Yugwa, Dasik Dasik and Yeot Gangjeong. Hangwa is also called Jogwa since it is made of diverse grains and looks like fruits.

Origin 
Hangwa was very popular among people over the Shilla and Goryeo because the yield of grains had went up a lot and people tried not to eat meat for religious reasons. The religion at that time was Buddhism. Since then, Hangwa has become necessary in wedding ceremonies, memorial sacrifice days, and social dinners.

Types of Hangwa 
The basic materials of Hangwa are mostly natural and based on the materials Hangwa is primarily divided into seven kinds and the recipes are slightly different.

Characteristics 
Hangwa does not go bad easily because it is very good at preservation. This comes from the fermentation of grains and use of honey. Also, Hangwa is very nutritious. Ancestors thought that food was natural medicine and the idea was reflected on the nutrition of Hangwa too. Also, Hangwa shows Korean traditional virtue and emotions. It represents the warmth of neighbors. In ancient times, when people had ceremonies or social meetings, they made their guest go back with some food, which was mostly Tteok and Hangwa. In other words, Hangwa talks about the kindness and the affection between people in Korea.

References 
한과의 디저트 상품화를 위한 브랜드아이덴티티 디자인 개발 연구
International Strategy of Rice Cake and Korean Traditional Cookie

Other websites 

 What is Hangwa
 The origin of Hangwa 

Korean food
Hōei

was a  after Genroku and before Shōtoku. This period started in March 1704 and ended in April 1711. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Hōei era

 11 November 1707 (Hōei 4, 14th day of the 10th month): 1707 Hōei earthquake, also called the "Great Hōei Earthquake".
 16 December 1707 (Hōei 4, 23nd day of the 11th month): After the eruption of Mount Fuji, cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.
 1708 (Hōei 5): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with the Hōei nengō name (Hōei Tsubo).
 28 April 1708 (Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.
 19 February 1709 (Hōei 6, 10th day of the 1st month): Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi died.
 1709 (Hōei 6, 4th month): Tokugawa Ienobu became the head of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 7 August 1709 (Hōei 6, 2nd day of the 7th month): Emperor Higashiyama abdicated; and his son received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Nakamikado's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 16 January 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Former-Emperor Higashiyama died.
 7 July 1710-22 March 1711 (Hōei 7, 11th day of the 6th month – Shōtoku 1, 4th day of the 2nd month): Diplomatic mission from Ryukyuan Kingdom was received in Edo.

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1704 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1711 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1700s establishments in Asia
Verdin

The Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps) is a small bird. It is the only species in the genus Auriparus, and the only species in the family found in the New World.

The Verdin is a very small bird. At 4.5 inches in length, it rivals the Bushtit as one of the smallest passerines in North America. It is gray overall, and adults have a bright yellow head and rusty "shoulder patch" (the lesser coverts). Unlike the tits, it has a sharply pointed bill.

Verdins are insectivores. They keep looking among the desert trees and scrubs. They usually live alone except when they pair up to make their nests. They are very friendly birds. Verdins occasionally try to get tidbits of dried sugar water from hummingbird feeders.

Verdins always have and will live in southwestern United States and northern Mexico, ranging from southeastern California to Texas, throughout Baja California and into central Mexico, north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.

Birds of North America
Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Eje Volcánico Transversal) also known as the Transvolcanic Belt and locally as the Sierra Nevada (Snowy Mountain Range), is a volcanic belt that extends 900 km from west to east across central-southern Mexico. Several of its highest peaks have snow all year long, and during clear weather, they can be seen bythose who live in Mexico on the many high plateaus from which these volcanoes rise.

References

Volcanic landforms
Volcanoes of Mexico
Volcanic belt

A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active place.Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields. Volcanic belts are found above zones of very high temperature (700-1400°C) where magma is made by melting of rock in the Earth's crust and upper mantle. These areas usually appear along tectonic plate boundaries at depths of 10-50 km.
The biggest volcanic belt is Pacific Ring of Fire

Volcanoes
Sikhae

Sikhae is a salted fermented food with grains in Korean cuisine as one of jeotgal. Sikhae is made with various fish, such as flat fish, shellfish, pollack, squid and fish intestines, and cooked grains, such as rice, glutinous rice,  glutinous foxtail millet and nonglutinous millet. Sikhae is less salty than jeotgal because most jeotgal is made with seafood and salt, but sikhae is made with not only the ingredients of jeotgal but also grains, shredded radish, etc. Therefore, sikhae is stored for short-term, while jeotgal is able to be stored for rather long-term because of the large amount of salt.

The types of sikhae can be different, depending on the main ingredients, regions, what the family and the person like. In past times, because of the limited transportation, regions near the sea had more types of sikhae compared to the inland areas. Koreans usually eat this food as a banchan (small dishes of food).

History (Documentaries on Sikhae)
Sikhae was not included in any literature before the early part of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. However, that doesn't mean there was not sikhae and rather it guesses that sikhae was not written down. After the middle of Joseon Dynasty, sikhae have been mentioned in literature.

Recipe
Sikhae is made with fish, salt, cooked rice, Korean traditional spices, etc. First, wash fishes and put drained fishes with salt in a pot. After about 10 days, take the salted fishes out of the pot, cut them into bite-size pieces and then put them with cooked rice and chili powder in the pot again. Lastly, put shredded radish into the pot after another four days and finally eat sikhae as 10 more days are passing.

Types
Gajamisikhae (가자미식해) - gajamisikhae made with flat fish(gajami, 가자미) in Hamgyong-do
- Gajamisikhae is the typical and popular Korean sikhae. It is made mostly in the region of North Korea. 
Dorumooksikhae (도루묵식해) - dorumooksikhae made with sailfin-sandfish(dorumook, 도루묵) in Gangwon-do
Boogasikhae (북어식해) - boogasikhae made with dried pollack(Booga, 북어) in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do
Mareungogisikhae (마른고기식해) - Mareungogisikhae made with dried squid(mareun ojingeo, 마른 오징어) in Gyeongsang-do
Yeonansikhae (연안식해) - Yeonansikhae made with the flesh of a shellfish or clam meat(joegaetsal, 조갯살) in Hwanghae-do

Effects
Sikhae has a lot of effects. First, sikhae, as one of fermented food, is easily digested by creating peptone, peptide, and free amino acid through the process of decomposition of protein and so good nourishing food for patients, the old and the infirm and children. Also, millet, one of ingredients of Sikhae, helps people warm body in the winter when people have cold hands or feet due to the very cold weather.

Other websites

 Information about Sikhae

Korean food
Boltzmann constant

For the constant pertaining to energy of black body radiation see Stefan–Boltzmann constant

The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is a physical constant. It is defined to be  J/K. It relates the average kinetic energy of a particle in a gas with the temperature of the gas. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA:

The Boltzmann constant has SI units of J⋅K−1 (also written J/K), the same as entropy. It is named after the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.

References

Thermodynamics
Physics
December Boys

December Boys is a 2007 Australian movie. It was directed by Rod Hardy and written by Marc Rosenberg. It was taken from the 1963 novel of the same name by Michael Noonan. It was released on 14 September 2007 in the UK and US and 20 September 2007 in Australia. December Boys is Daniel Radcliffe's first non-Harry Potter movie role since 2001's The Tailor of Panama.

References 

2007 drama movies
2007 romance movies
2000s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Australian drama movies
Australian romance movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1960s
Warner Bros. movies
Anapsid

An anapsid is an amniote whose skull does not have openings on the sides behind the eyes. This is
A primitive ('basal') condition for early amniotes in the Mississippian (early Carboniferous).
A secondary ('derived') condition of some other reptile groups, probably including turtles (Chelonia).

Some other groups were anapsids, such as the mesosaurs.

References 

Tetrapods
Bushtit

The bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) is a long-tailed tit found in North America. It is the only species in the family found in the New World, and the only member of the genus Psaltriparus.

The bushtit lives in mixed open woodlands. It also lives in parks and gardens. It lives in the western United States and highland parts of Mexico all year, ranging from Vancouver through the Great Basin and the lowlands and foothills of California to southern Mexico and Guatemala.

The bushtit is one of the smallest passerines in North America, at 11 cm in length and 5.3 g in weight. It is gray-brown overall, with a large head, a short neck, a long tail, and a short stubby bill. The male has dark eyes and the adult female, yellow.

The bushtit is active and gregarious, searching for small insects and spiders in mixed-species feeding flocks with species such as chickadees and warblers, of 10 to over 40 birds. Members of the group keep making calls to each other that can be described as a short tsit.

Birds of North America
Birds of Central America
Birds of the United States
IUCN Red List least concern species
Duck pond

A duck pond is a pond for ducks and other waterfowl. Duck ponds give habitats for water fowl and other birds who use the water to bathe in and drink. Duck ponds usually attract people who come to feed the ducks.

Ponds
Ducks
Diapsid

A diapsid is a reptile with two fenestrae (holes) behind the eye on each side of its skull. Most reptiles are diapsids, and the condition does not occur in mammals. The function of the holes is to improve jaw movements, and to reduce the weight of the skull. The holes give places for muscle attachment; also, as jaw muscles contract, the holes allow space for the muscles to bulge.

The Allosaurus skull shows the way the skull became lighter in dinosaurs, especially the large theropods. It is here not much more than a series of struts, yet provides massive bite power.

Euryapsids 
Some aquatic reptile groups lost the lower of the two openings, leaving just one behind the eye. This is called the euryapsid condition. It is fairly certain that this is secondary, and that the groups were originally diapsids. The groups include:
Ichthyosaurs
Plesiosaurs
Placodonts

Reptiles
Skeletal system
World of Tanks

World of Tanks is a team-based massively played multiplayer online game featuring tanks from the World War II era. the 1930s to the 1950s. World of Tanks includes more than 500 armored vehicles from China,the Soviet Union, Germany, the United States, France, Britain, Japan,Italy, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, and Romania.  The vehicles have been carefully detailed with historical accuracy. Eventually, there will be around 500 vehicles available in the game. World of Tanks was released on April 12, 2011 in Europe and North America. There has been a mobile version of the game, World of Tanks Blitz

References

2011 video games
Online games
Android (operating system) games
Freeware games
IOS games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
MacOS games
PlayStation 4 games
Simulator video games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Multiplayer online game

A Multiplayer Online Game is a multiplayer video game which can be played over the internet, with other players around the world. Some examples of this are Battlefield 2, Halo 3, Counter-Strike, Quake 3, StarCraft,  Call of Duty: Black Ops, NBA 2K11, and the Sega Meganet.

These games are different from MMORPGs because they do not create a persistent world, but create a playing arena for the purpose of a single game or round.

Online games
NBA 2K11

NBA 2K11 is a basketball video game. It was developed by Visual Concepts and 3K Sports and published by 2K Sports. It was released on October 5, 2010 on Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PSP, PC, while the Wii version came out on October 21, 2010. Retired Chicago Bulls star Michael Jordan is the cover athlete of the game and is featured in the game in different ways. NBA 2K11 is the successor to NBA 2K10 and is succeeded by NBA 2K12.

References

Sports video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
2010 video games
Windows games
Heydar Aliyev International Airport

Heydar Aliyev International Airport (IATA: GYD, ICAO: UBBB) is the international airport in Azerbaijan. It is 20 km (12 mi) northeast of the capital city Baku. The airport is the home of Azerbaijan Airlines (AZAL).

Runways: 2,700x60m (8,858 ft) Asphalt, 3,200x45m (10,499 ft) Asphalt/Concrete

Other websites 

 Heydar Aliyev International Airport Renovation Project 
 Baku International Airport Official Website 

Buildings and structures in Azerbaijan
Airports in Europe
Buildings and structures in Baku
Transport in Azerbaijan
Doug Hutchison

Doug Hutchison (born 26 May 1960) is an  American actor. He was in the X-Files and The Green Mile.  He owns the production company Dark Water Inc.Hutchison was born in Dover, Delaware, the son of Deloris and Richard Hutchison.

Personal life
On May 20, 2011, Hutchison married Courtney Alexis Stodden (born August 29, 1994) in Las Vegas, Nevada. Stodden is Hutchison's third wife.

Filmography

References

Actors from Delaware
American movie actors
American television actors
1960 births
Living people
People from Dover, Delaware
Weapons of World War I

Major advances were made to weapon technology during World War I.  There were better grenades, flame throwers,  poison gas, and artillery. The submarine, warplane and the tank were new weapons. 

Both sides used a much better heavy machine gun than they had used before in Europe. Four to six people worked one. They fired 400 to 600 bullets per minute. The machine guns got too hot and needed water on them. This kind of  gun was invented in 1884 by Hiram Maxim. The German version was the MG08. The British used the Vickers machine gun, which was very safe and easy to use.  The machine guns changed how war went; and killed many soldiers.  Because they sometimes got too hot, they could be slow. In case that one of the crew of the machine gun were shot, the whole squad were trained to fill their spot. As the war progressed, more machine guns were used in trench warfare in combination with barbed wire defensive positions, making them the most deadly weapon on the battle field.

The normal British army rifle was the Lee Enfield 0.303. This was made in 1907 by James Lee. The Lee Enfield could fire twelve bullets per minute. The Germans used the Mauser rifle made in 1898 by Paul Mauser. This was an excellent rifle, but it only held five bullets.

References 

Firearms
Yume Nikki

is a PC game. It was made in 2007 by a Japanese game creator named Kikiyama. It was created using RPG Maker 2003. It is about a girl named  who has odd dreams when she falls asleep.

The game is known for its strange and sometimes scary content.

Gameplay
The player controls Madotsuki and can move her using the arrow keys. If you make her go to sleep by interacting with the bed, she goes into a dream version of her room. From there, you can make her explore 12 different dream worlds by going through doors that are in a large, dark place north of her room.

To beat the game, the player has to find all 24 "effects" that are hidden in Madotsuki's dreams.

Other websites 
Yume Nikki & KIKIYAMA's Official Website
Download Yume Nikki 

2005 video games
Freeware games
Windows games
Adventure games
Suncheon

Suncheon is  a city in South Korea. It belongs to Jeollanam-do. 70% of Suncheon  is composed of mountains and the city has the greatest number of mountains in the province. The average temperature for the year is 12.5℃. The average temperature in January is -0.5℃ and the average temperature in August is 25.2℃. Since Suncheon fronts the southern sea, the city is relatively warm during the winter by the effect of oceanic climate.

Suncheon is famous among Korean travelers due to its beautiful tourist attractions and local food of great taste. Among many spots, Suncheon bay is the most well-known. It was selected as one of the top 5 coastal wetlands in the world. The large mud flat stretches out and several kinds of birds and other living creatures live there. Also, the wide field of reeds along the waterside forms magnificent view. The Suncheon bay reeds festival is held every October and it gets great reputation.

Since the city is located near to the sea, dishes made of diverse fresh fish highly attract those who visit Suncheon. Especially, thanks to the well-protected ecological environment, mudskippers which exist usually in the very clean mud flat are seen in the Suncheon bay. They are used  for cooking in Suncheon and the dish is  very famous for its greater taste than any other region in the country.

Cities in South Korea
Dean Edwards

Dean Edwards (born July 30, 1970) is an American actor and comedian. Edwards joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in 2001. He created several impressions. These include Michael Jackson, Wayne Brady, Chris Tucker, Don Cheadle, Colin Powell, Serena Williams, Nipsey Russell, Denzel Washington, Grace Jones, and Billy Ocean. Chris Tucker was Edwards' first impression. This was also the an impression done by Jay Pharoah on his first SNL episode on September 25, 2010. Even though Edwards was very good at impressions, he was not used much during his time working on the program. He left after the program's 28th season. He said it was because of creative differences. He also appeared in Tony N' Tina's Wedding, The Sopranos, Robotomy, and Scared Shrekless. In Scared Shrekless and Thriller Night, he voiced the part of Donkey.

Many feel that Edwards voice and style is very similar to that of Eddie Murphy. 
 
On YouTube, Edwards currently has his own channel known as "deanedwardscomedy".

References

Other websites
 Official website
 
 Dailycomedy.com

African American actors
American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
1970 births
Living people
American Internet celebrities
Comedians from New York City
Shōtoku (era)

was a  after Hōei and before Kyōhō.  This period started in April 1711 and ended in June 1716.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Shōtoku means "Correct Virtue".

Events of the Shōtoku Era

 1711 (Shōtoku 1): An ambassador from Korea was received at Court.
 12 November 1712 (Shōtoku 2, 14th day of the 10th month): Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu died.
 1713 (Shōtoku 3): Tokugawa Ietsugu became the 7th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The shogunate introduced new gold and silver coins into circulation.
 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The poet Nozawa Bonchō died. 
 20 April 1715 (Shōtoku 5, 17th day of the 3rd month): The 100th anniversary of the death of Tokugawa Ieyasu was celebrated.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1711 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1716 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1710s establishments in Asia
Ice storm

Ice storms are weather phenomena caused by freezing rain. The falling rain comes into contact with surfaces and turns into a thin sheet of ice. Ice storms cause accidents, take power lines down and cause serious damage.

Formation 

It starts with a layer of warmer (not freezing) air above a layer of huge-freezing temperatures lower down. Frozen precipitation melts to rain while falling into the warm air layer, and then begins to refreeze in the cold layer below. 
If the precipitate refreezes while still in the air, it will land on the ground as sleet. 
Or, the liquid droplets continue to fall without freezing. They pass through the cold air just above the surface. This thin layer of air cools the rain to a temperature below freezing (), but the drops themselves do not freeze. This is a phenomenon called supercooling. When the supercooled drops strike ground or anything else below  (e.g. power lines, tree branches, aircraft), a layer of ice builds up, hence "freezing rain".

Reeferences 

Severe weather
Miguel Cabrera

José Miguel Cabrera Torres, commonly known as Miguel Cabrera, is a baseball player for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born on April 18, 1983 in Maracay, Venezuela. He is a first baseman and a right-handed player; he bats and throws right-handed.  At the beginning of his career, he was a third baseman.  Cabrera is regarded as one of the best batters of all time - he currently holds the highest batting average among active players and is 2nd among active players in career home runs.

Cabrera has played a total of 2,226 games and compiled .317 average with 462 homers and 1,613 RBIs from 2003 to 2017. He is a seven-time Silver Slugger Award winner. Also, he was an American League (AL) Home run leader in 2008, a AL RBI Champion in 2010, a AL leading hitter in 2011.  In 2012, Cabrera won the AL Triple Crown, leading the league in home runs, RBI and average.  He won the 2012 AL MVP.  In 2013, he improved on the previous year's performance, and won a second AL MVP.

Also, Cabrera is a popular MLB player. He is an 11-time All Star. He was a National League All Star in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and an AL All Star every year from 2010 to 2016. He is nicknamed 'Miggy' by his fans.

Cabrera is well known for his ability to drive pitches.  He hits for power to all fields, and is able to hit every type of pitch.

Cabrera's wife is named Rosangel. They have two daughters and one son. Cabrera and his family live in Birmingham, Michigan.

References 

Batting stats at Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
Biography.  Jockbio.com. Retrieved December 13, 2011.

1983 births
Detroit Tigers players
Living people
National League All-Stars
American League All-Stars
Florida Marlins players
Venezuelan sportspeople
Heterojunction bipolar transistor

The heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is  a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) which uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. The HBT  can handle signals of much higher frequencies, (up to several hundred GHz) than BJT. HBT is commonly used in modern ultrafast circuits, mostly radio-frequency (RF) systems, and in applications requiring a high power efficiency, such as RF power amplifiers in mobile  phones. The idea of using a heterojunction is as old as the conventional BJT, dating back to a patent from 1951.

Materials

The principal difference between the BJT and HBT is in the use of different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. This limits the injection of holes from the base into the emitter region, since the potential barrier in the valence band is higher than in the conduction band. Unlike BJT technology, this allows a high doping density to be used in the base. The high doping density reduces the base resistance while maintaining gain. The efficiency of the heterojunction is measured by the Kroemer factor.

References

Other websites
 
 HBT Optoelectronic Circuits developed in the Technion (15Mb, 230p)
 New Material Structure Produces World's Fastest Transistor  604 GHz Early 2005

Electronic components
Wet chemistry

Wet chemistry studies chemical reactions that occur in the liquid phase. It is also called bench chemistry because many of the tests performed are done at a lab bench.

Materials
Wet chemistry uses laboratory glassware, such as beakers and flasks, without quantitative chemical analysis using instrumentation. Many high school and college laboratories teach students basic wet chemistry methods.

History
Before the age of theoretical and computational chemistry, it was the main form of scientific discovery in the chemical field. So, some people call wet chemistry classic chemistry or classical chemistry. Today's society and quality control requirements need a high volume of wet chemistry. So, many wet chemistry methods have been automated and computerized for faster analysis.

Uses
Wet chemistry techniques can be used for qualitative chemical measurements, such as changes in color (colorimetry), but often involves more quantitative chemical measurements, using methods such as gravimetry and titrimetry. Some uses for wet chemistry include tests for:

 pH (acidity, alkalinity)
 concentration
 conductivity (Specific Conductance)
 cloud point (nonionic surfactants)
 hardness
 solids or dissolved solids
 salinity
 specific gravity
 density
 turbidity
 viscosity
 moisture (Karl Fischer titration)

Wet chemistry is also used in environmental chemistry settings and is used for to test:

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Chemical Oxygen Demand
 eutrophication
 coating identification

It can also involve the elemental analysis of samples, e.g., water sources, for items like:

 Ammonia Nitrogen
 Chloride
 Chromium
 Cyanide
 dissolved Oxygen
 Fluoride
 Nitrogen
 Nitrate
 Phenols
 Phosphate
 Phosphorus
 Silica
 Sulfate, Sulfide

Further reading

Other websites
Wet Chemistry Lab Photo 

Branches of chemistry
Placodont

Placodonts were a group of Triassic marine reptiles which had heavy flat teeth. These teeth were used for crushing shellfish. Placodonts are in the Order Sauropterygia, the group that includes Plesiosaurs. Placodonts were mostly between  in length, up to a maximum  long. They are found in marine sediments of the Middle and Upper Triassic, 235–250 million years ago.

The first specimen was discovered in 1830, and the group was very widely distributed. Shellfish were common throughout the Mesozoic period, but this group of shellfish-eaters went extinct at the end of the Triassic. They were clearly a victim of some event which disturbed their lifestyle. The end-Triassic had several extinction events which are not well understood.

Palaeobiology
The earliest forms like Placodus, in the early to middle Triassic, looked rather barrel-shaped. Later placodonts had bony plates on their backs which protected their bodies while they were feeding.

By the Upper Triassic, these plates had grown so that some placodonts of the time looked like the sea turtles of modern day.  Other placodonts developed plates that resembled the shells of horseshoe crabs and trilobites rather than those of sea turtles. These adaptations are examples of convergent evolution. 

Because of their dense bone and heavy armour plating, these creatures would have been too heavy to float in the ocean. They would have used a lot of energy to reach the water surface. For this reason, and because of the type of sediment found with the fossils, it is suggested placodonts lived in shallow waters and not in deep oceans.

Feeding 
The placodonts ate shellfish. Their front teeth stuck out: they would be used to dig up the shellfish, and pull them from any attachment to the ground. Inside their mouth, the teeth were large and flat: they were used to crush the shells.

"Spade-like incisors at the front, for snipping and scraping oysters from the rocks; and broad circular back teeth that acted as a pounding board to crush the shells, before the flesh was swallowed". Benton.p119

Their diet consisted of marine bivalves, brachiopods, and other invertebrates.

References 

Sauropterygia
Marine reptiles
Becoming Jane

Becoming Jane is a movie directed by Julian Jarrold in 2007. The setting of this movie is Hampshire, England in the 1700s. The movie’s story was based on a fictional biography written by Jon Spence. Anne Hathaway played Jane Austen. James McAvoy played Thomas Lefroy. This movie won the 2007 People's Choice Award for "Favorite Independent Movie". It was nominated for 2008 Ivor Novello Award for Best Original Film Score.

Plot
Jane (played by Anne Hathaway) is a writer. She lives in a rural area. Her father is a pastor of small church. Her her family is poor. She is under a lot of stress since her mother wants her to marry Mr. Wisley (Laurence Fox). He is the nephew of the wealthy Lady Gresham (Maggie Smith).

Meanwhile, Thomas Lefroy (played by James McAvoy) is working with his uncle as a lawyer in London. He is ordered to go Hampshire due to his dissipated life. When they meet the first time, Tom criticizes Jane’s works and she becomes angry about that. Both of them have hostile feelings toward each other. However, the feelings changes into affection as they meet several times. Finally they decide to marry. With a lot of expectation, they visits Tom’s uncle Judge Langlois. The uncle does not approve of the marriage due to Jane’s poverty. They break up, but since they love each other deeply, they elope. But after knowing about the fact that Tom is the only hope of his family, Jane gives up their elopement and leaves to go home.

Twenty years later, Jane becomes famous writer and after a gathering, Jane and Tom meet again. There, Tom is with his daughter who likes Jane’s book a lot. His daughter asks Jane to read the novel. To stop her Tom called his daughter’s name – Jane. Knowing that Tom named his daughter after her, Jane accepts her request and reads her book, Pride and Prejudice.

Jane Austen
2007 movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
People's Choice Award winners
Pororo the Little Penguin

Pororo the Little Penguin is a South Korean 3D computer animation series planned by Iconix Entertainment and produced by Ocon, SK Broadband, and EBS. Each season has 52 episodes and three seasons have been aired in South Korea until now. In 2003, Season 1 was aired in 27 November 2003 in Korean channel, EBS. In the beginning, 22 episodes of season 1 were made by North Korean company, Samcholli. About 110 countries imported Pororo and aired it. Pororo is so loved by children in Korea and he is perceived as an idol of children, so he is called Bbo-tong-ryung(뽀통령 in Korean)which means president Pororo.

Story 
Pororo and little animal friends live together in the town covered all over with snow and ice. Pororo, a little curious penguin,  and his friends are all different, so great and small commotions occur in this little town. Then one day, when Pororo and his friends hang out as usual, they find novelty egg under a tree in the woods. Pororo takes that egg to his house. Surprisingly, the egg hatches out and the little dinosaur is born, whose name is Crong. Crong becomes new friends of Pororo. Pororo and his friends learn lessons and form a friendship through adventures and events.

Danish Voice Cast
 Silas Victor Phillipson – Eddy

Additional Voices
 Bjarke Seitzberg Sørensen
 Gustav Johannes Hoder
 Kit Eichler
 Malte Milner Find
 Nis Bank-Mikkelsen
 Sidsel Agensø
 Søren Spanning
 Tillie Bech

Characters 
Pororo - The main character of this animation. He is little blue penguin. He always acts on impulse, because he is very curious. He is obsessed about unusual stuff. He enjoys adventures and challenges.

Crong - A little dinosaur who is found in the snow. He is a troublemaker. He wants to know many things and do many things.

Eddy - A little fox who wants to be a scientist. He invents many things that cause problems. He shows off himself and his inventions.

Rody - A robot who is strong. He has arms and legs stretch. Eddy made Rody, imitating before.

Poby - A big polar bear. He is so kind that he is always there to help his friends when they are in trouble.

Tongtong - A little dragon who has magical powers. He can fly and transform before. He appears in the animation from season 3.

Loopy - A little beaver. She is a crybaby who is very timid. However, she is nice to her friends and takes care of them. 

Petty - A little female penguin. She is good at sports although bad at cooking.

Harry - A little bird who is pleasant. Even though he is tone-deaf, he enjoys singing. He always brightens up the atmosphere.

Popo and Pipi - Funny aliens. Popo is timid and feminine and Pipi is eager and outgoing. 

Animation
South Korean culture
Queen Seondeok of Silla

Queen Seondeok of Silla (606 – 8 January 647) was 27th ruler of Silla, one of the three ancient kingdoms of Korea. She was a daughter of King Jinpyeong and Lady Maya of the Kim clan. Because King Jinpyeong did not have any sons, Queen Seondeok became the first female ruler in Korean history after her father died. Besides the name Seondeok, she was also called Sung-Jo Hwang-Go which means "sacred and dedicated queen".

Queen Seondeok was an intelligent and capable ruler who established the foundation of Silla's unity of Korea peninsula. She ruled her kingdom wisely and improved her people’s life. Also, she made a lot of effort to accept advanced culture of ancient China by sending international students and monks. The star-gazing tower named Cheomseongdae and wooden tower with nine floors in Hwangnyongsa temple are the results of her effort.

According to some legend (in Korean history book Samguk Sagi) related to her, Queen Seondeok had great intuition and foresight. She noticed where the enemy was hiding by natural phenomena, predicted many incidents before it happened, and even knew when she would die a couple of days ago and left her will before death. Because of her extraordinary and heroic life, many Korean people make novels, plays, musicals and so on till now.

606 births
647 deaths
Kings and queens
Korean monarchs
Styx Records

Styx Records is an Austrian record label. It was founded in 1999  by the former drummer of the Mojo Blues Band, Peter Müller. The label focuses on blues, rhythm&blues and boogie woogie from Austria.

Artists
  Mojo Blues Band;
 Frank Muschalle Trio; 
 Vince Weber; 
 Martin Pyrker; 
 Andreas Sobczyk;
 Siggi Fassl;
 Norbert Schneider’s R&B Caravan; 
 Henning Pertiet Trio;

Other websites 
 Styx Records Homepage with samples from the labels records
Blues labels
Record labels
Independent record labels
Disability Discrimination Act 1995

The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c 50) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which has now been repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010 (), except in Northern Ireland where the Act still applies. Formerly, it made it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport.  

1995 in the United Kingdom
Disability
Discrimination
Education in the United Kingdom
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Rights
Pachypleurosaur

Pachypleurosaurs were primitive sauropterygian reptiles that vaguely resembled aquatic lizards, and were limited to the Triassic period.  They were long animals, ranging in size from 20 cm to about four metres in length, with small heads, long necks, paddle-like limbs, and long deep tails.  The limb girdles are greatly reduced, so it is unlikely these animals could move about on land.  The widely spaced peg-like teeth project at the front of the jaws, indicate that these animals fed on fish.

Pachypleurosaurs are usually included among the Nothosaurs.

References

Sauropterygia
Marine reptiles
Harrington Hump

The Harrington Hump is a modular and easy-to-install system by which the height of a railway platform can be increased at relatively low cost. The system takes its name from the Harrington railway station, which was the location of the first production version. Harrington Humps are slowly being installed on other UK railway stations.

Rail infrastructure
Railway stations
Seven Sisters Road

Seven Sisters Road is a road in north London, England. The road runs within the boroughs of Islington, Hackney and Haringey. It is an extension of Camden Road, and runs from Holloway Road (the A1 road) at the Nags Head crossroads then on to another crossroads with Blackstock Road and Stroud Green Road. It carries on uphill alongside Finsbury Park to Manor House, and from there downhill to the junction with Tottenham High Road (the A10 road) at Seven Sisters Corner. The road was authorised in 1829 and constructed in 1833 by the Metropolitan Turnpike Trust. Seven Sisters Road is part of the A503. The stretch running past Finsbury Park is open to the park on the west side, and on the east side are large Victorian villas now used mainly as hotels.

References

Roads in London
Indigo bunting

The indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) is a small seed-eating bird. It is migratory. Its range is from southern Canada to northern Florida during the breeding season, and from southern Florida to northern South America during the winter. It often migrates by night, using the stars to navigate. Its habitat is farmland, brush areas, and open woodland. The indigo bunting is closely related to the lazuli bunting. 

The indigo bunting is a small bird, with a length of 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5 in). The male is a vibrant blue in the summer and a brown color during the winter months, while the female is brown year-round. The male displays brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate. Nest-building and incubation are done solely by the female.  The diet of the indigo bunting is insects during the summer months and seeds during the winter months.

Passeriformes
The Railway Magazine

The Railway Magazine is a monthly British railway magazine, aimed at the railway enthusiast market, that has been published in London since July 1897.  it has been, for three years running, the railway magazine with the largest circulation in the U.K., having a monthly average sale during 2009 of 34,715 (the figure for 2007 being 34,661). It was published by IPC Media until October 2010, with ISSN 0033-8923, and in 2007 won IPC's 'Magazine of the Year' award. From November 2010, The Railway Magazine is now published by Mortons Media Group Ltd. (Mortons of Horncastle).

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
 Official website

Rail transport in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines
1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
London Transport Board

The London Transport Board was the organisation responsible for public transport in London, England, United Kingdom, and its environs from 1963-1969. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organisation was London Transport.

Related pages
Alexander Valentine - Chairman, 1962 to 1965
Maurice Holmes (barrister) - Chairman, 1965 to 1969

References

1963 establishments in England
1969 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Transport in London
1960s disestablishments in England
Northern shoveler

The northern shoveler (; Anas clypeata) is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and Asia and across most of North America, and is a rare vagrant to Australia. In North America, it breeds along the southern edge of Hudson Bay and west of this body of water, and as far south as the Great Lakes west to Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon.

The northern shoveler is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.  The conservation status is Least Concern.

References

Ducks
Stiff-tailed duck

The stiff-tailed ducks are part of the Oxyurinae subfamily of ducks. All have, as their name implies, long stiff tail feathers, which are erect when the bird is at rest. All have relatively large swollen bills.

These are freshwater diving ducks. Their legs are set far back, making them awkward on land, so they rarely leave the water.

Their unusual displays involve drumming noises from inflatable throat-sacs, head throwing, and erecting short crest.

Feather sequences are complicated, and it is hard to tell how old one of these ducks is. Feathers are vital for survival because of this animals tendency to spend time in the water. Without feathers this duck would die of hypothermia because it could not regulate its body temperature.

Ducks
Kyōhō

was a  after Shōtoku and before Gembun.  This period started in July 1716 and ended in April 1736. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kyōhō era

 1717 (Kyōhō 2): Kyōhō reforms are directed and overseen by Shogun Yoshimune.

 1718 (Kyōhō 3): The bakufu repaired the Imperial tombs.

 1718 (Kyōhō 3, 8th month): Shogunate creates a  in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).

 1721 (Kyōhō 6): Edo population of 1.1 million makes it the world's largest city.

 1730 (Kyōhō 15): The Tokugawa shogunate monitors the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka.

 3 August 1730 (Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month): A fire destroyed 3,790 houses in Heian-kyō.

 1732 (Kyōhō 17): Locusts eat crops in areas around the inland sea.

 24 September 1732 (Kyōhō 17, 24th day of the 9th month):  Former-Emperor Reigen died.

 1733 (Kyōhō 18): Ginseng grown in Japan begins to be available in the Japanese food markets.

 13 April 1735 (Kyōhō 20, 21st day of the 3rd month) : Nakamikado abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Empress Sakuamachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 1735 (Kyōhō 20): Sweet potatoes were introduced into the Japanese diet.

Noteworty coins were minted during this era, including the gold ōban and koban.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1716 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1735 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1710s establishments in Asia
Tteokbokki

Tteokbokki () is a Korean traditional food which has sticks of rounded rice cake as the main ingredient. ' tteok ' is the Korean word for rice cake and 'bokki' is the Korean word for something fried.

Tteokbokki is divided into gungjung tteokbokki and general tteokbokki as one of Korean street foods.

Types

Gungjung tteokbokki 
Gungjung tteokbokki () is made by frying beef and rice cake with soy sauce. It was developed in gungjung which means a Korean court.

General tteokbokki is cooked with seasoning using gochujang with starch syrup or sugar for the sweet taste. Generally gungjung tteokbokki uses beef and vegetable because it was cooked at court but general tteokbokki uses fish cake, green onions and boiled egg.

jja-jang tteokbokki 
jja-jang tteokbokki () is a stir-fried dish with jjajang.

History

In a cook book named 'Siuijeonseo' which was written in late 1800s, there is a record of tteokbokki. However, tteokbokki might have existed before the late 1800s because the main ingredient is rice cake and there were rice cakes during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period.
Gungjung tteokbokki is different from tteokbokki because there were no red peppers in Joseon Dynasty so they made gungjung tteokbokki with vegetables and meats. Modern tteokbokki was first made by Mabokrim who has sold tteokbokki with gochujang since 1953.

Korean food
Rice dishes
Hōreki

, also known as Horyaku, was a  after Kan'en and before Meiwa.  The period started in October 1751 and ended in June 1764. During this time, the emperor and emperess were   and .

The nengō Hōreki means "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac". This time frame was created  by Emperor Momozono in 1754.

Events of the Hōreki era
The previous era ended in 1751 (Kan'en 4, 27th day of the 10th month); however, this nengō was created years later. By Imperial command, the era was re-named on December 2, 1754, which then became 19th day of the 10th month of the 4th year of Hōreki.
 1752 (Hōreki 2): An ambassador from the Ryūkyū Kingdom was received in Edo.

 1754 (Hōreki 4): Shimazu clan was ordered to complete Kizo River flood control project
 1755 (Hōreki 5): Calendar reform by Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō and Nishiyama Seikyū is named Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki (Hōryaku calendar)
 1758 (Hōreki 8): Takenouchi Shikibu and others taught Confucianism and martial arts to the emperor in Kyoto.
 1760 (Hōreki 10): Shogun Tokugawa Ieshige resigned and his son, Tokugawa Ieharu, became the 10th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 1762 (Hōreki 12): Emperor Momozono  abdicated; and the succession passed to his sister (senso).  Soon after, Empress Go-Sakuramachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 31 August 1762 (Hōreki 12, 12th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Momozono died.
 1763 (Hōreki 13): A merchant association handling Korean ginseng is founded in the Kanda district of Edo.
 1764 (Hōreki 14): Sweet potatoes are exported from Edo to Korea. The food crop in Korea is the result of a diplomatic mission.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1751 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1764 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
South African Republic

The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, ZAR), often informally called the Transvaal Republic, was a sovereign state in southern Africa ruled by the Afrikaners. It was defeated by the UK and its colonies, the British Cape Colony and the Colony of Natal in the Second Boer War and became the British colony of Transvaal.

Former countries in Africa
History of South Africa
1856 establishments
1850s establishments in Africa
1900s disestablishments in Africa