cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Typewriter

A typewriter is a machine that is for typing on a piece of paper instead of writing by hand.  It has keys for typing letters, numerals, and symbols one at a time.  Typewriters were created in 1829.  Typewriters were originally invented to make writing faster and printing.  The earliest typing was done on stone, clay, or metal sheets by inscribing them. 

A typewriter does not have computer memory.  As with writing with a pen, it is difficult to correct mistakes.  One advantage is that many of them are not electrical, so you do not need to plug them in.  Hackers cannot see what you have typed.  On many typewriters, a separate type element (called a typebar) corresponds to each key.  The first commercial typewriters were introduced in 1874. They did not become common in offices until after the mid-1880s.     

Typewriters quickly became a necessary tool for almost all writing other than personal handwritten letters.  They were used a lot by professional writers, in offices, and for business correspondence in private homes.  Typewriters were common in most offices up to the 1980s.  After that, computers often replaced them. Nevertheless, typewriters are still common in some parts of the world. They are needed for a few specific applications, and they are popular in certain subcultures.  Early typewriters, and later cheap ones, were "manual" typewriters. This means they were powered completely by the user.  After the mid-20th century, electric typewriters with a motor became most common.

Related pages 
 Teletypewriter

Writing tools
Czestochowa

Częstochowa is a city in south Poland on the Warta River. It has 248,894 residents. It has been in the Silesian Voivodeship (administrative division) since 1999, and was once the capital of Częstochowa Voivodship (1975-1998).

The town is known for the famous monastery of Jasna Góra Monastery, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine of the Virgin Mary. Every year, thousands of people from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it.

City name 

The name Częstochowa means Częstoch's place, and comes from the name of a person, Częstoch. It is mentioned in medieval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir. Częstochowa is also known as Czestochowa, Czenstochov, and Chenstochov.

Tourism 

Currently, the city is one of the main tourist attractions in the area. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors every year.
The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, kept at the Jasna Góra Monastery, is a very popular attraction.

Cities in Poland
Twilight

Twilight means either dawn (in the morning) or dusk (in the evening).

In the morning, dawn is when it is not dark any more, and the light of the sun is just starting to appear, before sunrise. In the evening, it is the other way around and that phenomenon is called dusk. At sunset, the sun disappears, and darkness is settling in. Light fades away.

The following have been defined:
Civil twilight is when the sun is less than 6° below the horizon. It ends at sunrise in the morning or follows sunset in the evening.
Dark twilight is when the sun is between 6° and 9° below the horizon.
Black twilight is when the sun is between 9° and 12° below the horizon.
Astronomical twilight is when the sun is between 12° and 18° below the horizon.
For all these definitions, the horizon is at sea level.

Other websites 

Definition of Twilight, US Naval Observatory
Twilight time calculator 
Formulae to calculate twilight duration , by Herbert Glarner

Parts of a day
Delhi

Delhi (;  Dillī;  Dillī;  Dēhlī), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is a territory in India. It includes the country's capital New Delhi. It covers an area of . It is bigger than the Faroe Islands but smaller than Guadeloupe. Delhi is a part of the National Capital Region, which has 12.5 million residents. The governance of Delhi is like that of a state in India. It has its own legislature, high court and a council of executive ministers.

Delhi is on the banks of the Yamuna River. Historians have evidence that people have been living in this region since at least the 6th century BC. People also believe that the legendary city of Indraprastha was here. This city has many remains and monuments of historic importance.

The India Gate is a war memorial in Delhi. Following the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1972, a structure consisting of a black marble plinth with a reversed rifle, capped by a war helmet and bounded by four eternal flames, was built beneath the archway. This structure, called Amar Jawan Jyoti (Flame of the Immortal Soldier), has since 1971 served as India's tomb of the unknown soldier

References

Other websites 
 Nightlife in Delhi
   newstaza

 
Capital cities in Asia
Friendship

Friendship means familiar and liking of each other's mind. 

People who are friends talk to each other and spend time together. They trust one another and also help each other when they are in trouble or are hurt. Friends are people that can be looked up to and trusted. Usually, friends have similar interests. A friend is one who admires a person's skill and helps or encourages them to make the right choices and do not get into any trouble at all.

The strength of the bond of friendship between two people can vary. If the bond is very strong, they are called best friends. This can usually be achieved by possessing the elements of friendship, by being kind, generous, loyal, honest, and by having fun. With these qualities, you can truly enjoy the bliss of friendship. 

There are expectations, demands, and complaints in friendship too. If friends don't match your expectations, it does not mean you will break the friendship. It is all about understanding, realizing, and helping whenever possible. 

Friendship is both good and necessary. Man cannot live all alone. He is a social being. He needs someone to share his joys and sorrows. Generally, it is only people of similar age, character, and background, mentality, etc., who can understand him and his problems. Friends are needed for support and for sharing.

There are many different types of friendships. Most people find friends at a very young age however it is harder for others. Many movies are based on a group of friends. An example of a friendship would be that of Sierra, Olivia, Emma, Langli, and Mallory in the movie Eight grade Whittier.

The word Friendship is also the official motto of Texas.

Related pages
 Platonic love
 Cross-sex friendship

Other websites

Friendship facts by RoastedBook.com 

Sociology
Emotions
Relationships
State mottos of the United States
Texas
Łódź

Łódź (pronounced "wuj") is the third-largest city in Poland, with 776,000 inhabitants. It is in the Łódź Voivodeship in the centre of the country. In Polish the name also means "boat". The mayor of Łódź is Hanna Zdanowska.

History 
The first documents mentioning the city date from 1332. Łódź was awarded city rights (according to the Magdeburg law) in 1432. The Congress of Vienna decided in 1815 that the city should be part of Russia. Only in 1918 did the city fall back to Poland.

Geography 
The city is about 120 km south-west of Warsaw. In and around the city, there are some textile and electronics industries. Because of prolonged economic difficulties, there has been a decline in the population of the city. The city has a university and a film academy. Łódź has a humid continental climate (Dfb in  the Koeppen climate classification).

Sports 
There are two major football teams in Łódź: the first is called ŁKS Łódź and the second is Widzew Łódź.

Images

Notable residents 
Grażyna Bacewicz, composer
Max Factor, Sr., businessman, founder of the Max Factor cosmetics company
Piotr Fronczewski, Polish actor
Marcin Gortat, NBA basketball player for the Phoenix Suns
Roman Polanski, cinema director, Oscar and Golden Palm winner
Władysław Reymont, writer, Nobel Prize winner
Paweł Rogaliński, journalist
Artur Rubinstein, pianist, settled
Julian Tuwim, poet
Miś Uszatek, cartoon character
Marek Saganowski, football player
Adam Ostrowski, better known as O.S.T.R., rapper
Kraków

Kraków (Polish: Kraków; (pronounced: ); variant English spelling Cracow; in full Royal Capital City of Krakow, Polish: Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków) is one of the oldest and largest cities in Poland. In 2014 in Kraków lived 759,800 people. It is on the Vistula river. Krakow is the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship (województwo małopolskie); before that it was the capital of Kraków Voivodship (since 14th century).

During the mid-early 19th century, Krakow became an independent city-state, under the name of "The Free, Independent and Strictly Neutral City of Krakow". However, it was annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1846.

Pope John Paul II was raised in Krakow and was its archbishop from 1964 until he was elected as Pope in 1978. When it was later announced that the city will host World Youth Day in 2016, it will be a tribute to the late Pope who became a saint in 2014.

The current mayor of Krakow is Jacek Majchrowski.

Sister cities
Kraków is twinned, or maintains close relations with:

Related pages 
Trams in Kraków
 Buses in Kraków

Other websites 
 www.e-krakow.pl
Portland, Oregon

Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the county seat of Multnomah County. About 538,544 people live in the city of Portland, and about 1,927,881 people live in the city's metropolitan area. It is found in the north part of the state, where the Willamette River meets the Columbia River. Portland has the second most people of any city in the Northwest United States, after the city of Seattle.

Portland has many nicknames. One of these is "The City of Roses," because roses grow well there. Some other nicknames of Portland are "Stumptown" (from the fact that Portland was built over a forest), and "Puddletown" (from the fact that it often rains in Portland).

Many things are from Portland. Some of these things are Powell's Books, Beverly Cleary (and some of her most popular fictional characters, Henry Huggins and Ramona Quimby, which also have statues in the city's Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden for Children), and the Portland Trail Blazers basketball team.

References

 
Cities in Oregon
County seats in Oregon
1845 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Oregon
Frame of reference

In physics, a frame of reference, or reference frame, is a perspective that one uses to determine if an object is moving. A frame of reference consists of an object or environment that is considered to be stationary. Typically the observer is at rest in the reference frame; in this context, the term is "observational frame of reference."

For example, when you see a ball roll down a street, you can tell the ball is moving because the frame of reference is the streets, whatever may be on the side of the roads, or the Earth. All of these are frames of reference.

All measurements of motion will be compared to a frame of reference. Therefore, the most commonly used frame of reference is Earth itself, even though it moves. Stars are used as a frame of reference when discussing the motions of the Earth.

When we walk from one side of a ship to the other, our frame of reference is the ship; whether the ship is moving is not relevant to that frame of reference.

Inertial frame of reference 

An inertial frame of reference is a frame that is either not moving or moving at a constant velocity. In other words, an inertial frame of reference has no net force acting upon it, and therefore Newton's laws of motion are observed.

Inertial reference frames are often used in general relativity and special relativity to describe relative motion of observers or objects and the effects they will endure.

Inertial frames of reference are useful in everyday life as well. For example, consider a situation where two cars are traveling along a road. See Figure 1. If they are separated by a distance of 100 meters, the car in the back is moving at 10 meters per second and the car in front is moving at 5 meters per second, both relative to the ground.

There are three obvious inertial reference frames that can be used to determine when the cars will be even with each other: one where the back car is not moving but the front car is moving backwards at 5 m/s, one where the front car is stationary and the back car is moving forward at 5 m/s, or one where the ground is not moving and the cars are moving at their given velocities. These three perspectives all describe the situation accurately and are physically identical.

Related pages 
 General relativity
 Special relativity
 Cartesian coordinate system
 Lorentz transformation
 Principle of relativity

References 

Relativity
Reference
Broadway

Broadway is a -long main street in New York City. It is different from other streets in that it runs diagonally across the street grid of Manhattan, diagonally crossing newer streets. The street also goes through the Bronx. It continues north as U.S. Route 9 to Albany, the capital of New York State.

Times Square, where Broadway meets 7th Avenue and 42nd Street, is a center of entertainment and is famous for its many theaters and stage plays.  

One of the New York City Subway lines, the BMT Broadway Line, runs under the street in Manhattan, south of Times Square. The IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line runs under Broadway, north of Times Square.

Manhattan
Roads in New York City
Theater
The Bronx
1399



Events 
 February 3 – death of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
 September 30 – Accession of Henry IV of England
 October 13 – Coronation of Henry IV of England
 November 1 – Accession of John VI, Duke of Brittany

Deaths
 February 3 – death of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
54

54 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
October 13 – Roman Emperor Claudius dies after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece.
Nero succeeds Claudius as emperor of Roman Empire
Patriarch Onesimus succeeds Stachys the Apostle as Patriarch of Constantinople.
Judea is returned piecemeal to Agrippa I's son Marcus Julius Agrippa between 48 and 54.
Saint Paul begins his third mission.
Apollos, a later assistant of Paul, is converted to Christianity in  Ephesus
Maiden Castle, Dorset in Dorset was captured from the Celtic Durotriges by Vespasian.
1244



Events 
 Dogen Zenji establishes the Eiheiji temple in Japan, in doing so founding the Soto sect of Zen Buddhism.
 Sultan Malik al-Muattam razes city walls.
 James I of Aragon reconquers Altea, Spain.
1263



Events 
 October – King Alexander III of Scotland defeats the Viking armada of King Haakon IV of Norway in the Battle of Largs.
 King James I of Aragon conquers Crevillente, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.
 Mindaugas, the only Christian king of Lithuania, is assassinated by his cousin Treniota.
 The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to the Norwegian king, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Icelandic civil war.
 Genoa captures the city of Chania on Crete from the Venetians.
 Hulagu Khan is defeated in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus.
 Based on Magdeburg Law Żnin (Poland) was given city rights
1641



Events 
The Long Parliament passes a series of laws written to help keep Charles I's absolutist policies.
 August 10 – Charles I of England runs from London to the north
 Irish Rebellion of 1641 – revolt of the Gaelic Irish in Ulster against the English settlers
The Dutch found a trading colony on Dejima, near Nagasaki, Japan.
Portugal is ousted from Malacca by the Dutch.
Claudio Monteverdi's opera Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria is first performed.
Moses Amyraut's De l'elevation de la foy et de l'abaissement de la raison en la creance des mysteres de la religion is published.
The Norwegian city of Kristiansand was founded by King Christian IV
Hierarchy

A hierarchy (in ; this comes from -hieros, sacred, and -arkho, rule) is a way of ranking and organizing things or people. Beneath the top of the hierarchy, each part of it is below some other part. This turns out to be like a pyramid. It is a system to decide who can make decisions, and who is forced to comply with those decisions.

An example with people would be the structure of a company. There is the top manager, and there are a few levels of middle and lower management. At the bottom are the common workers. Another example would be an army that might have a general, followed by colonels, corporals, and sergeants, then privates.

In democracy this is done by educating people in the issues and then voting - in an election to choose leaders, or a referendum to actually choose one option from several. Competing power networks each form a political party and each offers only one leader or one option to the public, to simplify the issues to make decisions possible. After the decision, they typically do not fight it to the point of civil war, but wait for the next election.

In dictatorship this is done by asking one powerful person to make the decision and then agreeing to force everyone to follow it. Any who will not are exiled, imprisoned, or killed, even if the decision is not very important, since the refusal to follow is taken as a challenge to the power structure itself. There is only one power network and all others are forced to become part of it, or fight it. Civil war is much more common in a dictatorship than in a democracy.

In these examples, people who are higher up have more authority and power than people below them.

Related pages
 Anarchism
Sultan

Sultan is a name for Islamic rulers. 

The word sultan comes from the Arabic language. It means "strength", "authority", or "rulership". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty. They did not have to take orders from any higher monarch, without claiming the overall caliphate. There is no specific word for a sultan's wife in Arabic. The word, sultana began to be used (as the feminine version of the Italian word for sultano) in the 16th century in Italy, to describe the  wife, mother, daughter, or concubine of a sultan. The Italian word also passed to other European languages.

The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called a sultanate. During the 20th century, several Sultans in the Arab world changed their title to "Malik", which means "king" in Arabic.
States and union territories of India

The Republic of India is divided into twenty-eight States and eight union territories, including the National Capital Territory.

States and capitals 

Union territories:

 
India-related lists
Madness

Madness (or Insanity)  is a word that can have different meanings:
 Up to about the 19th century someone who acted strangely, or outside the socially accepted norms was called mad or insane. This could range from having bizarre ideas to someone having delusions or hallucinations, as they are common in some mental illnesses, such as psychosis. 
 Today, those having delusions or hallucinations (or other mental illnesses) are sometimes called mad or insane by people who are not doctors. Doctors say they have "mental disorders
 Certain diseases, such as rabies, lead to a markable change in behaviour.   An animal that suffers from rabies is sometimes called rabid or mad. 

Being able to tell right from wrong is the base of a working society and of law; for this reason, the law treats those people differently who are not able to make this distinction.

Related pages 
 Lunatic
 Psychiatry
 Insanity defense

Mental illnesses
Rabies

Rabies is a neurotropic (referring to the nuerons) virus, viral zoonotic disease (can spread to humans by animals) that causes acute encephalitis.

Usually, people (and animals) die from it (it is fatal). There is no cure for it. People who are treated soon after becoming infected have a chance to survive.

The disease is transmitted through the saliva and the blood. The usual form of getting it is a bite of a rabid mammal. Pets, like dogs need to be vaccinated against it, in most countries.

Treatment 
There is no cure for Rabies. There is a vaccine (medicine to try to prevent rabies) against it. The vaccine was first developed by Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux in 1885. This vaccine used a live virus grown in rabbits, and weakened (through drying it). The first person to be vaccinated was Joseph Meister (a 9-year-old boy who had been bitten by a dog). Vaccines similar to this are still used today, but other vaccines (growing the virus using cell cultures) are more used.

There is also a form of treatment that can be done once a person has been bitten. It needs to be done within 6 days of being bitten. There is no way to know whether someone is infected, until it's too late. Treatment starts with washing the wound. This is done to reduce the number of virus particles that enter the body. Often patients are given one dose of immunoglobulin and a certain number of vaccines, over a determined period of time, usually a month.

Other websites 
History of Rabies in Los Angeles

References 

CDC. Human-to-human transmission of rabies via a corneal transplant -- France. MMWR 1980;29:25-6
Javadi MA, Fayaz A, Mirdehghan SA, Ainollahi B. Transmission of rabies by corneal graft. Cornea. 1996 Jul;15(4):431-3.
Manbir Online
CNN News report of CDC news release - July 1, 2004.
Associated Press report: Families of rabies transplant victims react to deaths - July 3, 2004
BBC News Europe Report: Romanian killer bear had rabies - 19 October, 2004.
First Unvaccinated Rabies Survivor Goes Home - January 3, 2005

Other websites 

Rabies Information 
Rabies - A Comprehensive Guide 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
World Health Organization factsheet on Rabies
World Health Organization factsheet on Rabies vaccine
Rules for importing pets to the United Kingdom 
A Rabies-Free World, Inc.  - NPO dedicated to fighting rabies worldwide
Rules for importing pets to the European Union  
Rules for importing pets to the European Union Q&A 
Aspen Skunk Rabies Research 
"When Raccoons Attack" from Field & Stream Online 
“Only Known Unvaccinated Rabies Survivor Thrives” (USA Today) Progress report on the one known survivor of rabies

Diseases caused by viruses
Tirana

Tirana ( or Tirana) is the capital city of Republic of Albania. It is the largest city in that country. The population of the city is estimated at 353,400 people (2003). Other people think there may be up to 1 million people who live in the city. Tirana was founded in 1614. It became Albania's capital city in 1920.

References and notes
Muteness

Muteness means not being able to speak. A person that cannot speak is called a mute. A mute keeps the ability to hear the speech of others. If not, the person would be a deaf mute.

Muteness is a type of speech  disorder. A person who chooses not to speak is said to be silent rather than mute. Slang for this (British English) is "keeping mum".

Originally, the common word dumb or dumbness used to mean "unable to speak". Unfortunately this was taken over to mean "unwilling to speak". So people prefer "muteness". "Dumb" is a much commoner word, and might be used if it would not be misunderstood.

Cause (eteliology)   
In general, someone who is mute may be mute for one of several different reasons: genetics, psychological, or trauma.

For children, a lack of speech may be developmental, neurological, psychological, or due to a physical disability or a communication disorder. 

Adults who previously had speech and then became unable to speak: this may be due to disease, injury, damage or surgery affecting areas of the brain needed for speech. Loss of speech in adults may occur, but rarely, for psychological reasons. Damage (however caused) to the parts of the brain needed for speech is called aphasia.

Action 
Treatment or management of muteness depends on what has caused the absence of speech. When there is an absence of speech, a speech assessment is strongly recommended to determine cause and treatment. Treatment of absence of speech is possible in a variety of cases. If the absence of speech is determined to be a permanent condition, a range of assistive and augmentative communication devices are available to aid communication.

Speech-generating devices help people with speech deficiencies.

References

See also
Aphasia
Aphonia
Autism
Deafness
Dysarthria

Health
Disability
Wooden spoon

A wooden spoon is a spoon that can be made from wood. Wooden spoons are used for mixing food.  Wooden spoon is also a  term for last place in a sporting contest.

Other websites
Stuart King's collection of carved wooden spoons 

Food utensils

sv:Slev
Nayarit

Nayarit is a middle sized Mexican state. It is on the West coast of Mexico (on the Pacific Ocean shore).
Native people from Nayarit are called Nayaritas (singular: Nayarita).

States of Mexico
Phylum

A phylum (plural: phyla) is the third highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. The second rank is kingdom and the highest is domain. Usually biologists count about 32 phyla of animals, about 14 of plants, and about 8 phyla of fungus, but definitions vary.

With genome analysis, groups of phyla have been put together based on evolutionary relationships. These are informal, not part of the standard classification.

Botanists usually prefer the word division instead of phylum.

Related pages 
List of animal phyla

Other websites 
Hogenboom, Melissa 2015. All animal life in 35 photos. BBC Earth. 

Taxonomy
Royal family

A royal family is the family of a monarch (king or queen of a country). Or, it is someone who is related to a queen, king or a monarch. Examples of royal families are the British Royal Family, Dutch Royal Family and Thai Royal Family. Many countries have abolished royalty altogether, as in post-revolution France, the United States, Brazil, Portugal, China, Germany, Austria, Russia, Turkey, Ethiopia, Iran, etc.

Royalty and nobility
Monarchy
Bottrop

Bottrop is a city in west central Germany, on the Rhine-Herne Canal, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen). Bottrop is in the Ruhr industrial area, It is next to Essen, Oberhausen, Gladbeck and Dorsten. The city had been a coal-mining and rail center. There are factories producing coal-tar derivatives, chemicals, textiles, and machinery. The population is currently 119,655. Bottrop grew as a mining center beginning in the 1860s and was chartered as a city in 1921. In 1975 it was put together with the unification with the neighbor communities of Gladbeck and Kirchhellen, but Gladbeck left in 1976.

History 
The place is first heard of in 1150, as Borthorpe. This name means village on the hillside. In the year 1423, Bottrop is awarded the status of a market town. In 1786 the first cotton mill opens. Coal mining starts in 1856. The city gets town privileges in 1919. In 1953, the population passed 100.000 people for the first time.

Popular persons 

 Josef Albers
 August Everding
 Theo Jörgensmann

References

Other websites 
 Official city website

Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Münster
New York Yankees

The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in New York City, New York in the Bronx. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as part of the American League (AL) east division. They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City, the other being the National League's (NL) New York Mets. They won 27 World Series championships to date, more than any other team in the Major Leagues. From 1923 to 2008, the Yankees home stadium had been Yankee Stadium. Currently, they are playing at their new Yankee Stadium.

The word "Yankee" (slang for "American") and the "Uncle Sam" top hat, make up part of what they are all about. As with the more common use of the term "Yankee", the team name is more often called "the Yanks". Their most commonly used "unofficial" nickname is "the Bronx Bombers", or simply "the Bombers". This nickname was given to them by the press a long time ago. It refers to their ability to hit home runs a lot (a home run is sometimes called a "bomb"). A less used nickname is "the Pinstripers", for their well-known uniform style.

The Yankees currently don't have a team captain. Derek Jeter retired after the 2014 season

The Yankees' current team ace is Geritt Cole.

The New York Yankees' main rival is the Boston Red Sox.

The Yankees' current team manager is Aaron Boone.

The Yankees' current General Manager is Brian Cashman.

The official fight song for the Yankees is "Here Come the Yankees".

After the game, they play Frank Sinatra's "New York, New York".

They have 18 retired numbers, more than any other teams in MLB. The number 42 was retired not only in the Yankees but also throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson who broke the color barrier.

The Yankees were also the last team to repeat as World Series champions. They won three straight titles from 1998 to 2000.

References

Other websites
 Official website of the New York Yankees
 New York Yankees Home Uniform - American League (AL) - Chris Creamer's Sports Logos Page - SportsLogos.Net

Further Reading
Pinstripe Pride by Marty Appel

 
The Bronx
1048



Events 
 The city of Oslo is founded by Harald Hardråde of Norway.
 Battle of Pasinler – Seljuks defeat a force of Byzantines and Georgians.
 Benedict IX driven from Rome, ending his third and final pontificate.
Terry Pratchett

Sir Terry Pratchett OBE (Terence David John Pratchett; 28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015) was an English author. He was known for his fantasy works, including the famous Discworld series. His first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971. He was the UK's best-selling author of the 1990s. He was born in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England.

Pratchett died at his home in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, England on 12 March 2015 from a severe chest infection with final complications from his Alzheimers, aged 66.

References

Other websites 
TerryPratchettBooks.com Official US site
Transworld  Official UK, Europe and Canada site
TerryPratchettBooks.org Fan site

1948 births
2015 deaths
English science fiction writers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Wiltshire
English novelists
Infectious disease deaths in England
Writers from Buckinghamshire
1218



Events 
 Damietta is besieged by the knights of the Fifth Crusade.
 Livonian Brothers of the Sword begin to conquer Estonia.
 Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes Minister of the Right (udaijin) of Japan.
 Alfonso IX of Castile founds a university in Salamanca.
1282



Events 
 March 30 – The Sicilian rebellion known as the Sicilian Vespers begins
 March – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle
 Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I of Germany makes his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolph II of Austria as rulers of the of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg dynasty in those territories.
 Floris V, Count of Holland defeats the Frisians at the battle of Vronen and retrieves the body of his father, who had been dead for 26 years.
Critic

A critic is a person who reviews things like movies, books, and food to see if they are any good and if other people would like them.  They write reviews about what they have seen or read. 

Critics may write about art, music, theatre, politics, movies, television, books, or anything in which good or bad is a matter of personal opinion.

Roger Ebert, Gene Siskel, Raymond Williams, Susan George, John Ruskin, Rene Ricard, John Amis, Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza, George Bernard Shaw, Robert Schumann and Pauline Kael are some famous critics of art, music, politics and movies.

Related pages
Art critic
Criticism
Movie criticism
Music critic
Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep (; ISO: , formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy and Aminidivi Islands (), are a group of islands in the Arabian Sea. They belong to India. Their capital is Kavaratti. It covers an area of . Eleven of the 36 coral atoll islands of Lakshadweep are inhabited. 

The islands are the only coral atolls in India. The people living there are Malayalam and Mahl people, who have been influenced by Arab traders. Lakshadweep is a Muslim region just like the neighbouring Maldives, where tourism is strictly regulated. Lakshadweep has the largest percentage of Muslims - 98%, even larger percentage than Jammu and Kashmir and is the only Muslim-majority Indian administrative division entirely within India. 

Apart from the emerging tourism, government jobs, fishing and coconut production are the mainstays of the Lakshadweep economy.

Territorial symbols of Lakshadweep

Other websites 

Commonwealth dependent states
Islands of India
Territories of India
Daman and Diu

Daman and Diu is a union territory in India. It covers an area of 50 mi² or 130 km², it is bigger than Saint Helena but smaller than Wallis and Futuna.

The territory used to belong to Portugal.
Riding helmet

A riding helmet, sometimes called a horse riding helmet, is a type of helmet made for people who ride horses. It is important to wear a riding helmet when riding. It is easy for a person to fall off a horse and hit his or her head.  Riding helmets keep the rider of a horse from being hurt. Horses can accidentally step on a person who has fallen to the ground.

Helmets should be worn by all riders, but are most often worn by English style riders.

Protective clothing
Horse riding
Headgear
1718



Events 
 July 21 – Treaty of Passarowitz signed
 November 22 – Off the coast of Virginia, English pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") is killed in battle when a British boarding party cornered and then shot and stabbed him more than 25 times.
 November 30 – After the death of Charles XII, Ulrika Eleonora becomes Queen of Sweden.
 December 17 – Austria, Great Britain, and France declare war on Spain, launching the War of the Quadruple Alliance.
 The Funj warrior aristocracy deposes the reigning mek and places one of their own ranks on the throne of Sennar. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))

Births 
 March 31  -  Mariana Victoria of Spain, queen regent of Portugal (d. 1781)
 November 3  -  John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, English statesman (d. 1792)

Deaths 
 May 7  -  Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (b. 1658)
 July 30  -  William Penn, American settler, founder of Pennsylvania (b. 1644)
 November 22  -  Blackbeard, English pirate (b. c. 1680)
 November 30  -  King Charles XII of Sweden (b. 1682)
 December 10  -  Stede Bonnet, the "gentleman pirate"
Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a territory in India. It covers an area of 188 mi² or 487 km², it is bigger than Andorra, but smaller than Saint Lucia.

Territories of India
1323



Events 
 Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas
 Vilnius becomes capital of Lithuania
 The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) is signed, deciding on the border for the first time
 Pharos of Alexandria Lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders of the world) is destroyed by many earthquakes
Birthday

A birthday is the day when a person was born. In many places, on a person's birthday, he or she celebrates with friends and family at a party, where they eat cake or other foods, and get gifts.

Western birthdays 
Not everyone celebrates birthdays, including Jehovah's Witnesses.

In many English-speaking countries, people sing the song "Happy Birthday to You" to the person celebrating her or his birthday. There are similar songs in other languages.

A birthday cake is usually decorated and covered with candles. Most of the time, the number of candles is the same as the age of the birthday person.

Coming of age 
Children usually reach their age of majority on a birthday.

In the United States of America and Czech republic, a person can buy tobacco and pornography, vote, and become a legal adult at age 18.
In Judaism, boys have a bar mitzvah around the time they become 13. Girls sometimes have a bat mitzvah around their 12th or 13th birthday.
In Latin America, a quinceañera party marks a girl's 15th birthday.

Astrology 
A person's astrological sign is based on his or her birthday.

Symbolism

Birthstones
A birthstone symbolizes the month of birth. In 1912, the Jewelers of America agreed on a list of birthstones:

References
1442



Events

Births 
 April 28 – Edward IV of England

Deaths
Yi I

Yi I (December 26, 1536–1584) was a Korean Confucian scholar. His mother was a famous calligraphist, Shin Saimdang. He was very intelligent as a child, learning to read at three and being very bright at his studies. He was also devoted to his parents: when his mother was sick, he prayed to his ancestors to heal her; and when his father was sick, he cut his own finger with a knife and let his father drink his blood (at that time, people thought human blood was very good medicine).

Works 

 Seonghakjipyo (성학집요 聖學輯要)
 Gyukmongyogyul (격몽요결 擊蒙要訣)
 Donghomundap (동호문답 東湖問答)
 Gijasilgi (기자실기 箕子實記)
 Gyungyeonilgi (경연일기 經筵日記)
 Suneon (순언 醇言)

Korean people
Confucianism
1536 births
1584 deaths
Sunrise (company)

Sunrise is a Japanese animation company. The staff uses the name Hajime Yatate in all their productions by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, but this is not a real person--it is a name that all the people who work for the studio use for themselves. 
Some cartoons made by the company are:
Argentosoma (also "Argento Soma, and "Argent Soma")
(The) Big O
Blue Comet SPT Layzner
Brain Powerd (also "Brain Powered")
Brave Raideen (勇者ライディーン; Yuusha Raidiin) (co-production with Tohoku Shinsha)
City Hunter
Cowboy Bebop (Co-production with Tokyo Movie Shinsha)
Cyborg 009 (1979 color series; co-production with Toei Animation)Crest of the Stars (星界の紋章; Seikai no Monshō)Dirty PairFuture GPX Cyber Formula (新世紀ＧＰＸサイバーフォーミュラ; Shin Seiki GPX Saibaa Fohmyura) (literally "New Century GPX Cyber Formula")Gasaraki Infinite Ryvius (無限のリヴァイアス; Mugen no Ryvius)
InuYasha (犬夜叉)
My-HiME (舞-HiME)
My-Otome
Mobile Suit Gundam (機動戦士ガンダム; Kidō Senshi Gandamu) co production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 
Outlaw Star 
Overman King Gainer
Planetes
Scryed
The Ultraman (co-production with Tsuburaya Productions)
The Vision of Escaflowne (天空のエスカフローネ; Tenkuu no Esukaforohne) (literally "Escaflowne of the Heavens")
Witch Hunter Robin
Yakitate!! Japan (焼きたて!! ジャぱん)
Yoroiden Samurai Troopers (鎧伝サムライトールパー) (Ronin Warriors)

Entertainment companies
X-ray

X-radiation is a kind of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are waves of X-radiation. X-rays have a shorter wavelength, and therefore more energy, than ultraviolet radiation. They have a much shorter wavelength than visible light (the light that we can see). Radiation with shorter wavelengths (more energy) than the X-ray is called Gamma radiation (γ-rays). These are all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The wavelength of X-rays covers a wide range. Most X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometres. This corresponds with frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV.

X-rays can go through many solid materials. For this reason, taking photograms with X-rays is used in medicine in order to see bones and other things inside the body. Sometimes the term "X-Ray" means these pictures instead of the radiation that makes them.

What these images show will depend on three things: Rayleigh scattering, Compton scattering and photoabsorption. The images show bone because it is dense enough that X-rays are not able to pass through it. Instead, the X-rays are either absorbed or scattered. The images do not show skin and muscle, however, because these tissues are transparent enough for the X-rays to pass through them without being absorbed too much. To detect tumors, other imaging devices are used; such as magnetic resonance imaging. A computed tomography scanner combines an X-ray machine and computer to construct a three dimensional (3D) picture. This has some ability to see other things besides bone.

X-rays are made by hitting metal with fast-moving electrons. They are photons, tiny packets of energy that can move atoms and change chemicals in the body. They are ionizing radiation but the things they do depend on the wavelength of the X-rays (or how much energy they have). X-rays with smaller energies ("soft" x-rays) cause the photoelectric effect. Mid-level energies cause Compton scattering. High-level energies ("hard" X-rays) cause pair production. X-rays used for making pictures of people have low to medium energy. Radiation therapy that treats cancer uses Compton scattering and sometimes Pair production.

There are small amounts of X-rays in the air. Like other energy in the air, X-rays can change living cells. Exposing the human body to high doses of X-rays for a long time is dangerous. It can cause cancer. However, cancer cells are hurt more easily, so X-rays are sometimes used to kill them.

Related pages
 X-ray crystallography
 Interventional Radiology

References

Medical procedures
Light
Electromagnetism
Medical imaging
Hanoi

Hanoi () is the capital of Vietnam. It is also the second most populated city in the country. In 2004, about 3,083,800 people lived in the city. It has been the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) since 1945 and the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (all of Vietnam) since 1976. Before that, it was the capital of the country now called Vietnam for most of the time from at least the 11th century until 1802. The city is on the right of the Red River, and the city's name translates to English as "inside the river". Things made there include machine tools, plywood, textiles, chemicals and handicrafts. Hanoi is at 21°2' North, 105°51' East, 1,760 km north of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). Popular tourist sites in the city include Ho Chi Minh's Mausoleum, Hoa Lo Prison, and the Palace of Literature. Nearby Hanoi is also where pho, Vietnamese beef noodle soup, was first created.

References

Capital cities in Asia
Cities in Vietnam
Asatru

Asatru (Icelandic: Ásatrú) is a religion which involves the worship of ancient Germanic spirits and Gods. It got its official legal establishment in the 1970s in Iceland by the efforts of Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson and other Icelanders who had rejected Christianity and had been performing "Launblót" (secret offering) to the old pre-Christian Nordic Gods and Goddesses, a practice that has been known in Iceland since "Kristnitaka" (Christianization of Iceland). The name comes from two words in a language called Old Norse. It means "faith in the Æsir." The Æsir are the Germanic gods.

A person who practices Asatru is called an Asatrui (pl. Asatruar), and is sometimes referred to as a heathen. Sometimes Asatru is also called Wodanism, Wotanism or Germanic paganism.

Common books that describe the knowledge in depth include the Sagas and the Eddas.

Gods and Goddesses 
Asatru is a polytheistic religion in which various goddesses and gods are worshipped. The most prominent are Thor, Odin, Freyja, Frigg, Freyr, Tyr, Loki, and Heimdall.

Festivals
Major holidays revolve around the changing seasons with Yule being the most important. It is celebrated in late December and continues for twelve days.

Other websites 
 Asatru (German/English)

Paganism
Otherkin

Otherkin are people who believe that part of them is not human inside. They say that, inside themselves, they feel more like another animal than a human. That other animal can be e.g. a wolf, a dragon or an alien. Some otherkin say that they are vampires and are usually acting like them, e.g. by drinking blood.

Otherkin may also identify as feeling a special connection to other natural elements, i.e. minerals, the likes of fire, water, and wind, plants, etc..

Otherkin is a neologism—a new word—and it is usually used only by people who say they are otherkin. The definition can change depending on who uses the word. Some otherkin say that their souls or minds are not human, that they were another species in a past life, or that being not-human is part of their religion. (Otherkin practice many different religions, however.) A few of them say that their physical bodies are not human, either, but there is no proof either for or against that.

Lifestyles
Psychology
Sputnik programme

The Sputnik programme was a Soviet Union spacecraft programme. Sputnik 1, the first satellite in the programme, was launched on October 4, 1957. This was the first man-made satellite ever to enter orbit.

The United States was very surprised when the Soviet Union sent Sputnik 1 into space. It did not want to fall behind. So, it began spending more money on science and education. This was when the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States began.

Etymology 
The word Sputnik comes from the ,
 or , not .

References

Other websites 

 Sputnik, Citizendium

Soviet spacecraft
Satellites
1950s in the Soviet Union
Fasting

Fasting is a kind of abstinence. It is when someone does not eat or drink for some specified period of time. It is only the case if the person does so of his or her own will. It may also be that the person only eats and drinks certain kinds of food. Most often, fasting is done for religious reasons. Depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).

Fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. It is mentioned in the Qur'an, in the Mahabharata, in the Upanishads, and in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament. In Buddhism it is also taught as a way to getting Nirvana. 

In almost all cases, there are exceptions for observing the fasting. These are made for the following groups of people
children
pregnant women
Those who have a disease, or are recovering from one
In some cases, old people

Politics 

Fasting as a form of protest is called a hunger strike.

Intermittent fasting 
Timed fasting is known as Intermittent fasting.

There are different ways to time your fast. You can:

 Not eat for 16 hours
 Not eat for 20 hours
 Not eat for one day and feast on the next day and repeat
Eat one meal a day

Religious behavior and experience
Food and drink
Bird flu

Bird flu (also called avian influenza, avian flu, bird influenza, or grippe of the birds), is an illness caused by a virus. The virus, called influenza A or type A, usually lives in birds, but sometimes infects mammals, including humans. It is called influenza when it infects humans.

There are many types of influenza A, which was first found in a bird in Italy in 1878. Most types have weak symptoms, such as breathing problems, similar to the common cold.

But some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. One type of bird flu, called Spanish flu, killed 50 to 100 million people  in 1918/1920. Another type, called Asian Flu killed one million in 1957, and another one, called Hong Kong Flu, also killed one million people in 1968.

A subtype, called H5N1, killed six people in Hong Kong in 1997, but did not kill again until 2003, this time in China. Until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast Asia but since then has spread to parts of Africa and Europe. It has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. So far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. The concern about H5N1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate and could create a human flu pandemic that could kill many millions of people. Governments around the world are spending billions of dollars to deal with this problem: studying H5N1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other important activities.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Zoonoses