cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
James Murdoch (journalist)

James Murdoch (27 September 1856 – 30 October 1921) was a Scottish-Australian academic, journalist, translator, editor and Japanologist.  He is best known for writing a three-volume A History of Japan.  It was the first history of Japan published in the English.

Early life
Murdoch was born in Stonehaven, near Aberdeen, in Scotland. At the University of Aberdeen, he earned a bachelor's and master's degree. He also studied at Oxford University.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Murdoch, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 60+ works in 130+ publications in 4 languages and 1,300+ library holdings . 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it. 
 A history of constitutional reform in Great Britain and Ireland : with full account of the three great measures of 1832, 1867 and 1884, 1885
 The narrative of a Japanese; what he has seen and the people he has met in the course of the last forty years, 1890 (with Joseph Heco)
 Ayame-san, a Japanese romance of the 23rd year of Meiji (1890), 1892
 From Australia and Japan, 1892
 The Nikkō district, 1893
 Scenes from the Chiushingura and the story of the forty-seven Rōnin, 1893
 A history of Japan, 1903 
 Scenes from open air life in Japan, 1910 (with W. K Burton)

References

Other websites
  Murdoch, James, 1856-1921 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

James Murdoch at Kyushu Instittue of Technology 
Ayame-san
Scenes From the Chiushingura and the Story of Forty-Seven Ronin
The 47 Rônin are Introduced to the World

1856 births
1921 deaths
Japanologists
British historians
Australian academics
British translators
Edmund Papinot

Jacques Edmund-Joseph Papinot (1860-1942) was a French Roman Catholic priest, academic, historian, editor, Japanologist. 

Papinot is best known for creating an Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan which was first published in French in 1899.  The work was published in English in 1906.

Career
Papinot first arrived in Japan in 1886.  He taught at the Tokyo Theological Seminary for 15 years while working on his Dictionnaire japonais-français des noms principaux de l'histoire et de la géographie de Japon.

In 1911, he left Japan for China.  He returned to France in 1920.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Papinot, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 100+ publications in 7 languages and 1,200+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Dictionnaire japonais-français des noms principaux de l'histoire et de la géographie de Japon, 1899 
 Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan, 1906
 Nihon seiei (Japanese hymns), 1922 (with J. Lemaréchal)

References

Other websites
  Papinot, Edmund at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

1860 births
1942 deaths
Japanologists
French historians
Schlumbergera

Schlumbergera is a genus of cacti. The genus includes six species, originally found in south-eastern Brazil. These cacti, along with a number of cultivars are common houseplants. They are also known as Christmas Cactus or Thanksgiving Cactus. This name refers to the time of the year when the cacti flourish, in Europe. In the wild, the cacti grow on trees as epiphytes or rocks, and can form shrubss up to  high. The cacti do not have leaves, the green stem segments do photosynthesis. Charles Lemaire first described them in 1858. It is named after Frédéric Schlumberger a cactus collector and plant breeder.

Cactaceae

ru:Шлюмбергера#Название
Nestor (genus)

The genus Nestor is one of two genera of the family Nestoridae. Together with the Kakapo in the Strigopidae tribe, they form the small parrot superfamily Strigopoidea. The genus Nestor contains two extant parrot species from New Zealand and two extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia and Chatham Island, New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails.

Birds of New Zealand
Parrots
Doyle's Delight

Doyle's Delight is the highest peak in Belize.  It is 1124 m high. 

The name Doyle's Delight was first used by Sharon Matola in a 1989 report. The name is based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book The Lost World (1912).  The book has the quote "there must be something wild and wonderful in a country such as this, and we're the men to find it out!".

References

Geography of Belize
Mountains of North America
Keel-billed Toucan

The keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), also known as sulfur-breasted toucan or rainbow-billed toucan, is a colorful Latin American member of the toucan family. It is the national bird of Belize.

The Keel-billed toucan can be found from Southern Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia.   

Like many toucans, Keel-billed is a very social bird, rarely seen alone. It travels in small flocks of about six to twelve individuals through lowland rainforests. It is a poor flyer, and moves mostly by hopping through trees.

Description 

Including its bill, the Keel-billed Toucans ranges in length from around 17 to 22 inches (42–55 cm). Their large and colorful bill averages around 5-6 in (12–15 cm).  This is about one-third of its length. It weighs about 380-500 grams (13.4 oz.-1.1 lbs.)  While the bill seems large and weighty, it is in fact a spongy, hollow bone covered in keratin, a very light and hard protein. 

The feathers of the Keel-billed toucan are mostly black with a yellow neck and chest. Molting happens once per year. It has blue feet and red feathers at the tip of its tail. The bill is mostly green with a red tip and orange sides.

Keel-billed toucans have two toes that face forward and two that face back. Because toucans spend a large part of time in the trees, this helps the birds to stay on the branches of the trees and hop from one branch to another.

Food and feeding 

Keel-billed toucans eat mostly a wide range of fruit, but may also eat insects, eggs, and reptiles.  When eating fruit, it uses its bill to take apart the fruit, and then tosses its head back to swallow the fruit whole.

Breeding
The female keel-billed toucan will lay  1-4  white eggs in a natural or already-made tree cavity. The male and female share in the caring of the eggs, both taking turns incubating. The eggs hatch about 15–20 days after being laid.  After hatching, the male and female take turns feeding the chicks.  When the chicks hatch, they have no feathers, and have their eyes closed for about 3 weeks. The chicks stay in their nest for eight to nine weeks while their bills develop fully.

References

Toucan, Keel-Billed
Belize
Kim Hwang-sik

Kim Hwang-sik (; ; born 9 August 1948) is a South Korean lawyer and politician. He is the Prime Minister of South Korea. Before he became Prime Minister, he was Chairperson of the Board of Audit and Inspection. He was born in Jangseong, studied law at Marburg University (Germany) and graduated from Seoul National University.

1948 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Bight of Benin

The Bight of Benin is a bight on the western African coast. The bight is part of the Gulf of Guinea. The Republic of Benin and this bight were both named after the Benin Empire.

This area is known as the Slave Coast. This area was used heavily in the African slave trade.

Bays
Geography of Africa
Fon language

Fon is part of the Gbe language cluster. Fon is spoken mainly in Benin.  There are about 1.7 million speakers.  Like the other Gbe languages, Fon has a subject–verb–object word order.

References

Languages of Benin
Yoruba language

The Yoruba language is a Niger-Congo language spoken in West Africa. The number of speakers of Yoruba was thought to be 20 million in the 1990s.  It is one of the languages in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo and in communities in other parts of Africa, Europe and the Americas.

References

Languages of Africa
Niger-Congo languages
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

The South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone was formed in 1986 by the United Nations. There goal is to promote cooperation and peace and security in the South Atlantic region. It especially wanted to limit nuclear weapons in these countries.

Members

References

International organizations
United Nations
1986 establishments
Political organizations
Politics of Africa
Politics of South America
Kang Gyeong-ae

Kang Kyŏng-ae (20 April 1906 – 26 April 1944)  (, 姜敬愛) was a Korean novelist, poet and feminist. She was a labor activist and a writer for the political resistance movement.

Works 
 The Broken Geomungo (Pageum)
 Vegetable Garden (Chaejeon)
 Football Game (Chukgu jeon)
 Mother and Child (Moja)
 Mothers and Daughters (Eomeoni wa ttal)
 The Human Problem (Ingan munje)
 Salt (Sogom 1934)

References 
 억압받는 하층여성을 대변하는 식민지시기 최고의 소설가 - 강경애 
 [이영아의 여론 女論] 강경애가 경성 문단을 떠난 이유 중앙일보 2012.06.04 
 [한국의 여성운동가들 5] 강경애 
 "3월 문화인물 소설가 강경애는 김좌진장군 암살교사범 동거녀" 조선일보 2005.01.17 
 강경애(1907-1943) 여성문제를 인간문제로 파악한 문학인 

1906 births
1944 deaths
Korean feminists
Novelists
Korean writers
Autobiographers
First order logic

First order logic is a type of logic which is used in certain branches of mathematics and philosophy. First order logic enables the definition of a syntax which is independent of the mathematical or logical terms. 

In first order logic, reasoning can be done from two points of view: either using syntax alone, or including semantic terms. First order logic is different from propositional logic: In first order logic, there are quantifiers, called for all (written as ) and there is at least one (written as ). Negation, conjunction, inclusive disjunction, exclusive disjunction and implication are all defined the same way as in propositional logic. Because of that, first order logic can be thought of as an extension of propositional logic. 

The completeness of first order logic, the result which asserts the equivalence between valid formulas and formal theorems, is established by Gödel. Together with Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, first order logic is the foundation of many branches of modern mathematics.

Related pages 

 Gödel's incompleteness theorems
 Propositional logic
 Predicate logic

References 

Logic
Liaqat Hayat

Nawab Sir Liaqat Hayat Khan, KCIE (1887-1948) was a British Indian administrator and a Prime Minister of Patiala state in Punjab. He was the son of Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan and elder brother of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.

1887 births
1948 deaths
Indian politicians
Punjabi people
Richard P. Barth

Richard P. Barth is the current Dean of the University of Maryland in Baltimore. He has been the school's dean, since 2006. He is also a founder and president of the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare, which was formed in 2009.

Dean Barth wrote the book Social and Cognitive Treatment of Children and Adolescents (1986). Moreover, he has also co-written nine other books Preventing Adolescent Abuse (1992), From Child Abuse to Permanency Planning: Pathways Through Child Welfare Services (1992), Families Living with Drugs and HIV (1993), The Tender Years: Toward Developmentally-Sensitive Child Welfare Services (1998), The Child Welfare Challenge (1992, 2000), and Beyond Common Sense: Child Welfare, Child-Well-Being, and the Evidence for Policy Reform (2006).

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Educators from Baltimore
Boidae

Boidae, commonly known as boa or boas, is a family of nonvenomous snakes that includes the boa constrictor and anaconda. Most are found in America but some are in Africa, Europe, Asia and on some Pacific islands. Their common names are boas or boids. 

Adults are medium to large in size, with females usually larger than the males. There are two subfamilies with eight genera and 43 species.

References
Angela Fong

Angela Carolyn Fong (born February 3, 1985) is a Canadian former professional wrestler and actress. She is best known for her time at World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). She was known by the ring name Miss Angela during her time at Florida Championship Wrestling. She was later known by the name Savannah when she was the a ring announcer for ECW on SyFy and the official ring announcer for season one of WWE NXT. Fong was also a cheerleader for the Canadian Football League's BC Lions.

References

Other websites

Online World Of Wrestling profile

1985 births
Living people
Canadian professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Vancouver
Once Caldas

Corporación Deportiva Once Caldas is a Colombian association football team, based in Manizales. In 2004 they won the Copa Libertadores de América, the main South American football competition.

Colombian football clubs
1959 establishments
20th-century establishments in Colombia
Loquat

A loquat is a tropical fruit that grows on a tree. Since it is tropical, it will only grow in a warm, wet climate. It grows in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Turkey and Iran. 

Loquats are yellow or orange and contain large brown seeds.  People eat the skin or peel the fruit. 

Tropical fruit
Rosaceae
Chibougamau

Chibougamau is a town in central Quebec, Canada, located on Lake Gilman.

References

Cities and towns in Quebec
Bit (horse)

A bit is a type of equipment that is put in a horse's mouth to help control it. It is attached to a bridle to hold it on the horse's head, and to reins which the rider holds and allows them to control and cue the horse. The mouthpiece of the bit is the part that goes into the horses mouth. It is usually made of metal, but may also be made of plastic or rubber.

There are many different types of bits, including snaffles, pelhams, and curb bits. They all work a little differently. Some bits are "softer" than others, meaning that a pull on it is gentler to the horse than a "harsh" bit. For example, bits with a smooth mouthpiece are soften than those with a twisted mouthpiece. Bits are not cruel when used correctly, but a rider that pulls too hard can hurt a horse's mouth, especially if they use a harsh bit. If a rider is inexperienced, they should ride with a softer bit so when they make mistakes they do not hurt the horse. Experienced riders who can follow the horse's mouth as the horse moves and give very slight cues can use bits that are harsher. They have the skill to use the bits for very fine control over the horse, without hurting it. 

Certain bits are commonly used in certain horse activities. For example, western style riding usually uses a curb bit. English style usually uses a type of snaffle, although certain horses may be put in a different type of bit. Saddleseat riding and high levels of dressage riding use a double bridle. This is a bridle that holds 2 bits. Each bit works a little differently so the rider can cue the horse to do different things. The rider must ride with 2 reins in each hand. This requires the rider to be skilled so they can handle both reins without confusing the horse.

Horse riding
Mazie Hirono

Mazie Keiko Hirono (born November 3, 1947) is an American politician.  She is best known as the first Asian-American woman elected to the US Senate.

Early life
Hirono was born in Fukushima, Japan.  At the age of 8, she emigrated to Hawaii with her mother.  She became a US citizen in 1959. She considers herself among the Issei who are immigrants born in Japan.

Career
Hirono was elected three times to the US House of Representatives.  She was a member of Congress for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district before she was elected to the US Senate in 2012.

Personal life
In May 2017, Hirono was diagnosed with kidney cancer.

References

Naturalized citizens of the United States
US Democratic Party politicians
United States senators from Hawaii
People with cancer
Living people
1947 births
Lieutenant Governors of Hawaii
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

Francophonie is an international organization of politics and governments with French as the main language.  The countries have a large number of people who are francophones (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with the French language or culture.

It used to be called the Organisation internationale de la francophonie (OIF) or the International Organization of the Francophonie. There are 56 member states and governments, 3 associate members, and 19 observers. The modern organization was created in 1970. Its motto is "equality, complementarity, and solidarity". Its present Secretary General is Michaëlle Jean since 2015

French geographer Onésime Reclus made the word Francophonie in 1880.  It is used to refer to the community of people and countries using the French language.

References

1970 establishments
International organizations
French language
Community of Sahel-Saharan States

The Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD) aims to create a free trade area.

CEN-SAD was started in February 1998 by six countries.  Since then its membership has grown to 29. One of its main goals is to get economic unity through the free movement of people and goods.  This is to make the member states a free trade area.

List of members 
Founding members:
 
 
 
 
 
 

Countries that joined later:
  (1999)
  (1999)
  (2000)
  (2000)
  (2000)
  (2001)
  (2001)
  (2001)
  (2001)
  (2001)
  (2002)
  (2002)
  (2004)
  (2004)
  (2004)
  (2005)
  (2005)
  (2007)
  (2007)
  (2008)
  (2008)
  (2008)
  (2009)

References 

1998 establishments
International organizations
Economics organizations
Economy of Africa
1990s establishments in Africa
African Petroleum Producers Association

African Petroleum Producers Association is an organisation of African countries that produce petroleum. It was founded in 1986. The headquarters of the organisation are in Brazzaville in the Congo.

Membership 
The members of the African Petroleum Producers Association:

References

International organizations
Economics organizations
Economy of Africa
Niger Basin Authority

The Niger Basin Authority is an intergovernmental organisation in West Africa.  They manage and develop the resources of the basin of the Niger River. The group is called by both French and English acronyms, NBA or ABN.

The organisation was founded in 1964 as the River Niger Commission.  On 21 November 1980, it was refounded as the Niger Basin Authority.

Nine nations are members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Nigeria.  While a small area of Algeria is in the Niger Basin, it is not a member of the NBA. The organisation is based in Niamey.  They work in both French and English.

References

International organizations
Politics of Africa
Slave Coast

The Slave Coast is the name of the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin (formerly Dahomey) and western Nigeria.  This is a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin.  In pre-colonial times it was one of the most densely populated parts of the African continent. It was one of the most important places for the Atlantic slave trade from the early 16th century to the 19th century.

The slave trade became so large in the 18th and 19th centuries that an “Atlantic community” was formed. Slaves went to the New World, mostly to Brazil and the Caribbean. Ports that exported these slaves from Africa include Ouidah, Lagos, Aného (Little Popo), Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, and Badagry.

Researchers think that between 2 and 3 million slaves were exported out of this region.  They were traded for goods like alcohol and tobacco from the Americas and textiles from Europe. Religions, architectural styles, languages, knowledge, and other new goods were mixed at this time.

After slavery was ended by European countries, the slave trade continued for a time with independent traders (instead of government agents).

Notes

References
Law, Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550-1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991.
Law, Robin and Kristin Mann. “African and American Atlantic Worlds.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., 56:2 Apr. 1999, pp307–334.
Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd Edition, MacMillan Publishers Limited, NY USA 2005.
St Clair, William. The Door of No Return: The History of Cape Coast Castle and the Atlantic Slave Trade. BlueBridge.

Slavery
Togo
Geography of Benin
Geography of Nigeria
French Dahomey

Dahomey was a French colony. It was part of French West Africa from 1904 to 1958. In 1947, Dahomey became part of the French Union and had more freedom. On 11 December 1958, the French Fifth Republic was started. The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey. Two years later on 1 August 1960 the country had full independence. In 1975 it changed its name to Benin.

Benin
People's Republic of Benin

The People's Republic of Benin was a socialist state in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent.  It became present-day Benin. The People's Republic was started on November 30, 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey. It lasted until March 1, 1990, with a new constitution.  The end of Marxism-Leninism in the nation was in 1989.

References

1990 disestablishments
Benin
Former countries in Africa
1972 establishments
1970s establishments in Africa
1990s disestablishments in Africa
Flag of Benin

The national flag of Benin was adopted in 1959. It was changed after the Marxist regime started in 1975.  When that regime ended the old design was reintroduced on August 1, 1990. The colours are the traditional Pan-African colours : green symbolizes hope, yellow symbolizes wealth and red symbolizes courage.

Benin
Benin
Coat of arms of Benin

The coat of arms of Benin, was introduced in 1964.  It was replaced in 1975.  Then it was readopted in 1990.

At the top of the emblem is the national crest that has two horns with corn in the ear and filled with sand.  These are to stand for prosperity.  Below the crest is a shield that has the actual coat of arms of Benin.  

The shield is broken into four quadrants.  The top left quadrant has a castle in the style of the Somba.  This is for the history of Benin.  In the top right quadrant, is the Star of Benin.  This is the highest award of the nation.  Below this is a ship, that stands for the arrival of Europeans in Benin.  In the lower left quadrant is a palm tree.

The shield is supported by a pair of leopards, the national animal of Benin.  Below the shield is the motto of Benin (Fellowship, Justice, Work) in French.

Benin
Benin
L'Aube Nouvelle

L'Aube Nouvelle is the national anthem of Benin. In English the name is The Dawn of a New Day. It was written and composed by Gilbert Jean Dagnon.  It was adopted on independence in 1960

National anthems
Benin
Mont Sokbaro

Mont Sokbaro is the highest point of Benin.  The altitude is . It is on the border between Benin and Togo.

Sokbaro
Geography of Benin
Hills
John Lawrence

Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, GCB, GCSI, PC (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), better known as Lawrence of the Punjab  was a famous British colonial officer, administrator and statesman in British India. He had the distinction of serving as the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and later Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869. He was the younger brother of Sir Henry Lawrence. 

The Lawrence Gardens, Lahore (now renamed Bagh i Jinnah) were originally named after John Lawrence.

1811 births
1879 deaths
People of British India
W National Park

The W Regional Park is a major national park in West Africa.  It is formed around a meander in the River Niger shaped like a "W". The park includes areas of the three countries Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso.

The W National Park of Niger was formed by decree on 4 August 1954.  In 1996 it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  

In the three nations, the Regional park covers about 10,000 km².  Almost no people live in this area.

Fauna
The park is known for its large mammals, including aardvarks, baboons, buffalo, caracal, cheetahs, elephants, hippopotamuses, leopards, lions, serval and warthogs.  The park has a home for some of West Africa's last wild African Elephants. The W Park used to have packs of the endangered Painted Hunting Dog.  The National Park is one of the last strongholds for the Northwest African cheetah. There is a small but increasing population of at least 15-25 animals of this rare cat in the park.  

The W area is also known for its bird populations.  There are over 350 species identified in the park.

References

Other websites

National parks in Africa
Biosphere reserves
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Wetlands
Pendjari National Park

The Pendjari National Park is in north western Benin.  It is next to the Arli National Park in Burkina Faso.  It is named for the Pendjari River.  The national park is known for its wildlife and is home to some of the last populations of big game like elephants, West African lions, hippopotamuses, buffalo and various antelopes in West Africa. The Park is also famous for its variety of birds.

The Pendjari National Park has an area of 2755 square kilometres. The park is part of the WAP complex.  The WAP complex is the W, Arli and Pendjari parks. This is a large protected area in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger. 

Biosphere reserves
National parks in Africa
Geography of Benin
Nkroful

Nkroful is a village in Ghana. The village is known because it was the birthplace of Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah who lead the country to independence from Great Britain is also buried there. 

The local language spoken in Nkroful is the Akan language dialect Nzema but Fante is also spoken.

Villages in Africa
Settlements in Ghana
Spring (device)

A spring is a device typically made of metal, usually steel.

The metal can be compressed (squeezed). When the compression force is removed, the spring returns to its original length. The metal is usually spring steel, and it is wound tightly. There is lot of varitions with size and type, example some springs have designed for pulling, not pushing. Gas-springs are often used with vehicles tailgate.

History
Simple non-coiled springs were used throughout human history e.g., the bow. In the Bronze Age more advanced spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making bronze with spring-like characteristics by producing an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, and then hardening it by hammering after it is cast.

Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century, in door locks.  The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century. They evolved into the first large watches by the 16th century.

In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke discovered the principle behind springs' action, that the force it exerts is proportional to its extension, now called Hooke's law.

References 

Engineering
Cult suicide

An incident where all members of a group considered a cult kill themselves has been called a cult suicide.  In some cases, all or nearly all members commit suicide at the same time and place. Very often, this has been arranged as a mass suicide.

Groups that have committed such mass suicides and that have been called cults include Heaven's Gate, Order of the Solar Temple, and Peoples Temple. There are other cases, where the respective group has supported mass suicide, but where it did not encourage all members to kill themselves. An example for such a case is that of the Filippians.

References

Related pages

 Destructive cult
 Doomsday cult
 Mass suicide
 Puputan

Other websites
 "Global charts" World Health Organisation
 "The Creativity Movement" ReligiousTolerance.org
 "From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre"  by Barry Isaacson

Cults
Destructive cult

A destructive cult is a cult or other religious movement which has caused harm to its members or other people, or which will likely do so. There is a discussion of what harm really means in this context. For most researchers, it includes physical harm, so organisations who injure or kill their members qualify.

Some researchers also include mental abuse in this notion of harm, for example: "A destructive cult is a pyramid-shaped authoritarian regime with a person or group of people that have dictatorial control. It uses deception in recruiting new members (e.g. people are NOT told up front what the group is, what the group actually believes and what will be expected of them if they become members". Psychologist Michael Langone defines a destructive cult as "a highly manipulative group which exploits and sometimes physically and/or psychologically damages members and recruits". Lifton's "Eight criteria for thought reform" are criteria to identify a destructive cult.

The use of the term "destructive cult" has also been criticised. According to  some researchers, the term has been used to describe groups which are not necessarily harmful to themselves or others. The term may be used too widely, and equated with the deaths of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown.  Some complain that the term has been used to discredit groups. Lorne L. Dawson writes that though the Unification Church "has not been shown to be violent or volatile," it has been described as a destructive cult by "anticult crusaders".

The German Federal Constitutional Court  ruled in 2002, that the German government defamed the Osho movement by referring to it, among other things, as a "destructive cult". The court decided that "destructive cult" and other expressions employed by the government to describe the group had no factual basis to justify their use.

References

Cults

sv:Domedagssekt
Doomsday cult

A doomsday cult is a new religious movement or cult that says that the world is about to end. According to these cults, there will be a catastrophe. The only way to be saved is by joining the group, and by doing what it says. John Lofland first used the term in 1966, in a study of the Unification Church. Some researchers believe that the term should not be used by mass media or by governments, because it will reinforce the beliefs of the respective group, and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. 

Examples of groups said to be doomsday cults include the Peoples Temple, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, and Aum Shinrikyo. Aum Shinrikyo was responsible for an Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, where thirteen people died. The People's Temple organised a forced mass suicide in Guyana, at a facility now known as "Jonestown", where over 900 people died. The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten commandments, in Uganda, predicted the end of the world would be on the 31st December 1999.  When it did not come, people in the movement became skeptical, and wanted their property back, which they had donated to the church leader.  At a religious service on 17th March 2000, the church where the service was held was put on fire, and 530 people died.  During the inquiry, the police found other people dead, at the properties of the movement; they had likely been poisoned. In total, over 1000 people had died. The leader of the movement survived, and has not been seen since then.  

In Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism, Brynjar Lia notes that "Doomsday cults are nothing new," but also states that they are "relatively few". Lia cites the mass murder/suicide of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown, Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, the use of salmonella as a poison by followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and actions of Aum Shinrikyo as examples, noting that: "...during the past decades one has witnessed a number of increasingly violent doomsday sects, inflicting mass violence on their members and, in rare cases, also on outsiders".

References

Cults
Religious violence
New religious movement

New religious movement is a term that is used for certain religious communities. Such communities are usually small, compared to world religions. Very often, they do not have a long history. In most cases, the following will be true:
Most people in the movement converted from another religion; the case where the parents and children are part of the same movement does not occur often.
The members are all part of the same social group, for example the new middle class.
There is a charismatic leader.
There is a clear distinction between people who are part of the movement, and those that are not. This distinction can often not be made easily, for mainstream religions.
The way the group is organised may change.

Other names for such movements include sect and cult. They are problematic though, because they have a negative connotation. Examples for movements that have been called cults are Scientology, Transcendental Meditation, Unification Church, Family International also called Children of God, Branch Davidians, Heaven's Gate and Wicca.

References
Richard Hildreth

Richard Hildreth (June 28, 1807 – July 11, 1865), was an American journalist, author and historian.  He is best known for writing his six-volume History of the United States of America, 1849-1853.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Hildreth, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Archy Moore, the white slave; or, Memoirs of a fugitive, 1836
 The history of banks; to which is added a demonstration of the advantages and necessity of free competition in the business of banking, 1837 
 Theory of morals an inquiry concerning the law of moral distinctions and the variations and contradictions of ethical codes, 1844
 Theory of politics; an inquiry into the foundations of governments and the causes and progress of political revolutions. 1853 
 Despotism in America: an inquiry into the nature, results, and legal basis of the slave-holding system in the United States, 1854 
 The history of the United States of America, 1854 
 Japan as it was and is, 1855

References

Further reading
 Emerson, Donald E. (1946). Richard Hildreth Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

1807 births
1865 deaths
American journalists
American historians
Harvard University alumni
George H. Kerr

George H. Kerr (November 7, 1911 – August 27, 1992), also known in Taiwan as 葛超智 (or 柯喬治), was an American diplomat, author and academic.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Kerr, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Du Pont romance, a reminiscent narrative of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and company, 1938
 Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, 1953 
 Okinawa, the history of an island people, 1958
 Formosa betrayed, 1965 
 Formosa: licensed revolution and the home rule movement, 1895-1945, 1974
 Bibliography of the Ryukyus, 1961 
 琉球文献目錄 (Bibliography of the Ryukyus), 1962
 The Taiwan confrontation crisis, 1985

Notes

Other websites
  George H. Kerr Papers at the Online archive of California
 Formosa Betrayed full text in PDF 

1911 births
1992 deaths
American diplomats
American historians
Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt

Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (July 29, 1861 – February 14, 1884) was the first wife of Teddy Roosevelt. She died in 1884. She was of Mexican descent and born in Texas. She had 1 child with her husband.

1884 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Theodore Roosevelt
People from Texas
1861 births
Richard Mason (historian)

Richard Henry Pitt Mason (3 March 1934 – 27 June 2009), also known as R.H.P. Mason, was an Australian academic, historian and Japanologist.  He is a professor at the Australian National University in Canberra.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 10+ works in 50+ publications in 5 languages and 1,900+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 A history of Japan, 1972 (with J.G. Caiger)
 Japan's first general election, 1890, 1962
 Saigyō, 1979 
 日本の第一回総選挙, 1973 
 日本の歴史, 1997 
 A map guide to Japan, 1968

References

Other websites
 Mason, R.H.P at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

1934 births
2009 deaths
Japanologists
Australian historians
Richard Mason (novelist)

Richard Mason (16 May 1919-13 October 1997) was a British novelist and screenwriter.  He is best known for writing The World of Suzie Wong. The book was adapted into a Broadway play in 1958.  Mason's work became the basis for the 1960 film starring William Holden and Nancy Kwan.

Among Mason's film screenplays was At Town Like Alice. His work was nominated for the 1956 BAFTA British screenplay award.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 20+ works in 180+ publications in 15 languages and 1,400+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 The Wind Cannot Read, 1946
 The Shadow and the Peak, 1949
 The World of Suzie Wong, 1957
 The Passionate Summer, 1958
 The Fever Tree, 1962

References

Other websites
 Richard Mason at IMDb

1919 births
1997 deaths
British novelists
Jacques Prévert

Jacques Prévert (; 4 February 1900 – 11 April 1977) was a French poet and screenwriter.

His parents were André Prévert and Suzanne Catusse. Jacques Prévert was married to Simone Dienne (1925 – 1946) then divorced and re-married to Janine Tricotet (1947 – 1977).

References

Other websites

  Prévert, Jacques, 1900-1977 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
 
 Podcast: Audio reading of the poem "Barbara"  
 http://vieadeux.biotope.ca/?p=63  

1900 births
1977 deaths
French poets
French screenwriters
Shotokan

is a school or style of karate.  It is a  martial art which was developed in Japan by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957).

In the past, people practiced this martial art in many countries. Shotokan is still popular in modern culture. Karate is primarily a combat sport done with bare hands. That is the meaning of Kara-te: empty hand. So then the only weapons that can be used against a fighter are parts of the body.

History 
There are many styles of karate in different parts of the world. Shotokan is a style of karate that comes mainly from a small island south of Japan named Okinawa Island.  The person who began this martial art was Gichin Funakoshi. This master practised karate all his life.  He taught for many years and he wrote a book about his art.

In 1939, Funakoshi established the first Shotokan dojo.

Practise 
To exercise you must wear a karate uniform and a belt that tells what your level of experience is.
The order of karate belts is as follows for beginner to advanced levels: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown and black. (The order of the belts may vary depending on the style of karate). After the black belt, there are nine more levels before finishing all notions of karate. 

In a fight, you must wear shin guards, gloves, a chest protector and a mouth piece. 
 The heart of karate:  In this sport, people must learn the Japanese language to understand all technic. 
 The very foundation of karate Shotokan is the expression OSS. This means: heart, courage, patience, spirit and never give up.
 For welcome and to thank the Sensei (Master) this way, say OSS!

Benefits 
Karate is beneficial to maintain good physical and mental shape.  First, this discipline allows us to maintain good muscle tone. This is good for succeed as the strikes in karate take strength.
Flexibility is also developed as karate requires that one performs high kicks and jumps. In addition, better endurance is necessarily because in the fight, fighters always need a good breath.

For mental well-being, karate promotes greater self-esteem, because it is an individual sport. The students progress at their own pace and one learns to overcome. In fact, it is a physical activity, so it helps to release stress and feel less pressure. In addition, Karate improves concentration because the fighter must be more attentive to his mind and his body. Having good concentration is an advantage. When someone is hurting during a fight, with his concentration he can no longer feel pain. Also, the fighter has to watch the eyes of his opponent and thinki about what he can do to catch him off guard.

Related pages
 Shotokai

References

Other websites
  Japan Karate Association website 
 
  Association de karaté japonais du Québec
 Kreimers-karate institute 
 Shokosato.com
  France Shotokan

Karate
Acephalgic migraine

An Acephalgic migraine( also known as a 'Silent migraine') is a kind of migraine without the head pain.  Acephalgic is Latin for "without head pain"). Most kinds of migraines start before a person is 30-years-old but this kind of migraine usually starts sometime during middle-age, which is after 40-years-old, and becomes more common as a person gets older. Unlike other migraines, males have Acephalgic migraines more often then women do.

An acephalgic migraine may cause neurologic dysfunction in some people, which is when parts of the brain does not function right, and causes different kinds of problems, such as seeing flashing lights or having blind spots, where nothing can be seen. These kinds of neurologic dysfunction are known as an aura.

References

Migraine
Anal stricture

Anal stricture (also called anal stenosis) is a medical problem that is not common; it may be congenital (a baby is born with a medical problem), but usually if it does happen it is after anorectal surgery, which is surgery in the area of the rectum and anus. This may cause stricture (when a passage in the body becomes too narrow) of the anal canal, which leads to hard or painful bowel movements.   When anal stenosis does occur it is usually after a hemorrhoidectomy, which is the surgical removal of hemorrhoids; this is the cause in 90% of cases of anal stenosis.

Mild stenosis can be treated with stool softeners or fiber (which come from plant foods) supplements (in pill or powder form). When the narrowing of the anal canal is not too much, an operation called a sphincterotomy can be done to correct the problem. This is an operation done on the internal anal sphincter muscle, a round muscle inside the anal canal.  In cases where the anal canal becomes very narrow, an operation called an anoplasty is done. This is reconstructive surgery (also known as plastic surgery) of the anus.

References

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Mexican standoff

A Mexican standoff is a three person duel. In a two person duel the person who shoots first has the advantage. In a Mexican duel it is different. If person A shoots B, then person C has the advantage as they can shoot person A while they are busy. So in a Mexican standoff nobody wants to be the first one to shoot. As well as this, nobody can take the risk of backing down. The term is often used to describe a confrontation between two equals, where neither side will gain a winning advantage by being the first to shoot, but neither side can risk backing down. The Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union is often described as being a Mexican standoff, with neither country prepared to be the first to risk using nuclear weapons.

The idea of a Mexican standoff is often used as part of the plot in movies.

This page mentioned, but misquoted, in the last scene of The Big Bang Theory episode #506. 

Dispute resolution
Mughal dynasty

The Mughal dynasty, or Great Moguls or simply Moguls or Muguls (a corruption of the word 'Mongol') were a dynasty of Muslim rulers who came from Central Asia and founded the Mughal Empire in medieval India. It was a branch of the Timurid dynasty founded by Tamerlane.

The Mughal dynasty is generally divided into the following:

Early or Great Mughals
 Babur (reigned 1526-1530) founded the dynasty;
 Humayun (r: 1530-1540, then interregnum, then back in 1555-1556)
 Akbar the Great (1556-1605)
 Jahangir (1606-1627)
 Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
 Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707)

Later or Lesser Mughals
 Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712)
 Jahandar Shah (1712-1713)
 Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)
 Muhammad Shah Rangeela (1719-1748)
 Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)
 Alamgir II (1754-1759)
 Shah Alam II (1759-1806)
 Akbar (Shah) II (1806-1837)
 Bahadur Shah Zaffar II (1837-1858)

References

History of India
Royal dynasties
Mughal Empire
Dynasties in India
D. H. Lawrence

David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer. He was born in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire. He wrote under the pen name D. H. Lawrence. He wrote Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, ‘ ‘Odour of Chrysanthemums’, ‘ ‘ The Virgin and The Gypsy’ ‘, ‘ Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover. He died of tuberculosis in Vence, France.
He also did some poetry and one of his poems was "Last Lesson of the Afternoon."

LGBT writers
Deaths from tuberculosis
English LGBT people
English novelists
Infectious disease deaths in France
People from Nottinghamshire
1885 births
1930 deaths
Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of birds with 60 species of diurnal birds of prey. The family has two subfamiles, Polyborinae, which includes the caracaras and forest falcons, and Falconinae, which includes the falcons, kestrels and falconets.

Falconiformes
Louis Cavagnari

Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari,  KCB CSI (1841–1879), was a British military administrator in British India. He was the son of Count Louis Adolphus Cavagnari, from Parma, Italy, 

He later obtained naturalization as a British citizen, and entered the military service of the East India Company.In 1861 he was appointed an assistant commissioner in the Punjab region of British India, and in 1877 became deputy commissioner of Peshawar (now in Pakistan) and took part in several expeditions against the Pathan tribes.

In September 1878 he was attached to the staff of a British mission to Kabul, Afghanistan, which the Afghans refused to accept on their soil. In May 1879, after the British-Indian forces had invaded Afghanistan, and the death of Afghan Emir Sher, Cavagnari negotiated and signed the Treaty of Gandamak with Sher Ali's son and successor, Yaqub Khan. With this treaty, the Afghans agreed to admit a British representative to Kabul. The post was conferred on Cavagnari. He took up his residence in July 1879. However, on 3 September 1879, Cavagnari and the other European members of the mission, along with their guards who were made up of soldiers of the Corps of Guides, were killed after Afghan troops mutinied against them.

1841 births
1879 deaths
People of British India
Corps of Guides

The Corps of Guides was a regiment of the British Indian Army which was formed and served mostly in the North-West Frontier Province of British India. It had a unique composition of being part infantry and part cavalry.

The idea for raising such a body of troops was Sir Henry Lawrence's. He appointed a young officer,  Lt. Harry Lumsden as its commandant and on 6 February 1847 Lumsden took over his famous command. The class or tribal composition of the men recruited for 'The Guides' was mostly of Pathans of the region. The headquarters of the Guides was at Mardan (now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). 

After 1947 and the independence of Pakistan, the Guides regiment became part of the Pakistan Army. Its infantry section was incorporated into the Frontier Force Regiment while its cavalry side became the Guides Cavalry.

People of British India
Military of India
Military of Pakistan
Wah Cantonment

Wah Cantonment, also known as Wah or Wah Cantt (Punjabi, Urdu: واہ) is a city in the Rawalpindi District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a military garrison city that sprung up around the Pakistan Ordnance Factory and a cantonment with Pakistan Army barracks and other facilities. It has a proper market, hospital, schools, colleges and other civic facilities, and many areas for people to live. 

It is near the much older Wah village, along the Grand Trunk Road  (GT Road). Wah villiage is a small but scenic and historical place. It is the birthplace of a famous Punjabi leader and statesman, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Khattar.

Cities in Pakistan
Sable

The sable (Martes zibellina) is a species of marten in forest environments.

References 

Mustelids
Civil union

In some countries, a civil union is a contract between two people which gives them rights similar to those they can obtain in marriage. In countries where it is allowed, a civil union is often available to people of the same sex; marriage is often limited to people of opposite sex. The first country to introduce civil unions was Denmark, in 1989. In Denmark, a civil union was limited to people of the same sex. These people got the same rights and duties as married people. In 2010, such couples were also allowed to adopt children. As of 2012, Denmark allows people of the same sex to marry, and the civil union is no longer available.

LGBT rights
Family law
LGBT marriages