cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Fore-and-aft rig

A fore-and-aft rig is a sailing rig that mainly has sails that are set along the line of the keel instead of perpendicular to it. Such sails are described as fore-and-aft rigged.

History 
Two of the earliest fore-and-aft rigged sailing designs were the Chinese junk and the triangular lateen sails of the Egyptian Feluccas and dhows. The lateen sail was used by Greek ships as early as the 9th century. By the 11th century the fore-and-aft rig began to be used in the Italian city-states and the Mediterranean Sea. The generally gentle climate made its use practical. There seems to be no record of when it was first used in Northern Europe. The square rigged sails came first in the North. The Vikings used square rigged sails which became popular in Britain and Northern Europe. They certainly had seen its use in the course of trade and during the Crusades. The Renaissance changed this. Slowly the fore-and-aft rig came into common use on rivers and in estuaries in Britain, Northern France, and the Low Countries. The square rig remained standard for the harsher conditions of the open North Sea as well as for transatlantic sailing. The lateen sail was more maneuverable and faster, while the square rig was clumsy but seaworthy.

Related pages 
 Square rig

References

Other websites 
 The Rigging of a Sailing Ship
 fore and aft; YouTube
 The Physics of Sailing; YouTube

Sailing
Boats
Sloop

A sloop is a sailboat usually with one mast and fore-and-aft rigged sails. It can also describe a square rigged sailing ship of two or more masts which is sometimes called a sloop of war. The French called them corvettes. Originally the definition of a sloop was vague. A 1750 book said sloops "are sailed and masted as men's fancies lead them, sometimes with one mast, with two, and with three." Modern recreational sloops are almost always one-masted sailing ships with fore-and-aft sails. Their simple layout makes them popular with amateur sailors. The sloop is a manageable sailboat layout up to a length of about .

History 
The sloop design dates back to the early part of the 17th century. By the 20th century they became very popular. Their main advantages are their ease of handling and ability to sail upwind (into the wind). 

An early 17th century design was the Bermuda sloop, so-named for the Bermuda trade with North America. It was designed to be fast and could sail in both directions. They needed to be fast to outrun French privateers. The hull was made from Bermuda cedar. The wood was light and resisted rot. They had from one to three masts. 
 
Most modern sailboats are based on the Bermuda sloop design. The Bermuda rig replaced the earlier gaff rig which used a four-cornered sail (instead of a triangular sail) and a spar. A gaff rig design allows more sail on a mast. Another advantage is the gaff rig and other early designs can spill wind faster in a blow (heavy wind). 

The sloop of war was the most numerous design in the Royal Navy by the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Yet very little has been written about them or their French counterpart, the Corvettes. Later, the United States used sloops of war. The Royal Navy used the class of "sloop" right up until the end of World War II. The sailing sloop, like its larger cousin the frigate, were fast and used in a variety of roles. They were not usually used in battle, but were more often used for support in reconnaissance and for carrying messages. They were probably the best of the Royal Navy sailing ships for maneuverability and could function in all but the roughest sea conditions.

Related pages 

 Frigate
 Schooner
 Brig
 Brigantine
 Cutter (boat)
 J-class yacht
 Lugger
 Keelboat
 Yacht
 Skerry cruiser
 Smack (ship)
 Yawl
 Thames sailing barge
 Pocket cruiser

Reference

Other websites 
 Class B Bahamian Racing Sloop "Tari Anne"; YouTube
 19th century Sloop of War U.S.S Constellation; YouTube

Sailing
Boats
East Croydon station

East Croydon station is a railway station and tram stop on the Croydon Tramlink. It is in fare zone 5.

Platforms
Platform 1 serves fast London-bound trains to Victoria station and platforms 2 and 3 serves fast south-bound trains to Brighton, Eastbourne and Southampton Central railway station. Platform 4 serves fast trains towards London Bridge station. Platform 6 is used for fast trains towards Oxted, Uckfield and East Grinstead and for stopping services towards Tattenham Corner and Caterham. Platform 5 is for slow services that stop in many places.

Buses
London buses  traveling routes 64, 119, 194, 197, 198, 312, 367, 410, 433, 466, 689 and X26 all serve this station.

Departures

References

Other websites
 http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/ECR.aspx

1841 establishments in Europe
1840s establishments in England
1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision

The 1956 Grand Canyon was a mid-air collision that happened on Saturday, 30 June 1956 at 11:31 am Mountain Standard Time. A United Airlines plane running as United Airlines Flight 718 hit another airplane owned by Trans World Airlines (TWA), operating as Trans World Airlines Flight 2. The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-7 and a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation. The crash happened over the Grand Canyon within the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park. All 128 passengers and crew on board both flights died in the collision. The crash was the first commercial airline crash with over 100 deaths, and led to lots of changes in flight control in the United States. The crash site today is considered as a National Historic Landmark.

Aircraft
A total of two airplanes were involved in the collision. These planes were:

United Airlines Flight 718 - nicknamed Mainliner Vancouver, the aircraft was a Douglas DC-7. The airplane had an aircraft registration of . The aircraft carried a total of 58 people (53 passengers and 5 crew members). The aircraft was flying under the orders of pilot Robert F. Shirley, co-pilot Robert W. Harms,and flight engineer Gerard Fiore.

Trans World Airlines Flight 2 - nicknamed Star of the Seine, the aircraft was a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation. The aircraft had an aircraft registration of . The aircraft carried 70 people (64 passengers and 6 crew members). The aircraft was flying under the orders of pilot Jack S. Gandy, co-pilot James H. Ritner, and flight engineer Forrest D. Breyfogle.

Collision
At about 11:31 AM MST, the track of both airplanes intersected over the canyon, and they hit each other.

Gallery

References

other websites
A photograph of the TWA funeral by Life Magazine in 1956

Aviation disasters in the United States
1956 in the United States
20th century in Arizona
Glyfada

Glyfada is a district in southern Athens and a famous coastal resort.
The area developed as a tourist destination through the 1970s and 1980s and has a large number of hotels, shops, restaurants and clubs. It is situated close to the old international airport.

References

Athens
Shelby County, Tennessee

Shelby County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The estimated population for 2016 was 970,221. Memphis is its county seat.

References

Tennessee counties
Cutter (boat)

A cutter is typically a small, but in some cases a medium-sized, watercraft designed for speed rather than for capacity.  Traditionally a cutter is a smaller sailing ship with a single mast. It is fore-and-aft rigged, with two or more headsails and often has a bowsprit. The cutter's mast may be set farther back than on a sloop.

In modern usage, a cutter can be either a small- or medium-sized ship whose occupants exercise official authority. Examples are harbor pilots' cutters and cutters of the U.S. Coast Guard or UK Border Force.

Cutters can also be a small boat serving a larger one to ferry passengers or light cargo between larger ships and the shore. This type of cutter may be powered by oars, sails or a motor.

References 

Sailing
Ships
Plastic wrap

Plastic wrap (also cling wrap, food wrap, or clingfilm) is a thin plastic material. It is used for sealing food in containers. It keeps food fresh over a long period of time without spoiling. It is usually sold on rolls in boxes with a cutting edge.

Plastic wrap was first made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A common, cheaper alternative to PVC is low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE doesn't stick to itself as well as PVC.

In the United States and Japan, Plastic wrap has sometimes been made of polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC). PVdC was the main ingredient in Saran Wrap, a popular brand of plastic wrap. Now, Saran Wrap is made with polyethylene.

Research shows that plastic wrapping of food is often not wasteful, because the food lasts longer. A study showed that only 3% of wrapped food was wasted in the UK, but up to 50% of food was wasted in an African country, where it was sold unwrapped.

References

Related pages 
Cellophane
Polyethylene

Polymer chemistry
Materials
Bad Moms

Bad Moms is a 2016 American comedy movie. It was released in July 2016.

Plot
Amy Mitchell is a married woman with two children, Dylan and Jane. Amy feels overworked and over-committed. She works as a sales representative for a "hip" coffee company. She is active in her school's Parent-Teacher Association or PTA. The PTA is run by Gwendolyn James (Christina Applegate), Stacy (Jada Pinkett Smith) and Vicky.

Cast 

 Mila Kunis as Amy Mitchell
 Kristen Bell as Kiki
 Kathryn Hahn as Carla Dunkler
 Christina Applegate as Gwendolyn James
 Jada Pinkett Smith as Stacy
 Annie Mumolo as Vicky
 Jay Hernandez as Jessie Harkness
 Lilly Singh as Cathy
 Oona Laurence as Jane Mitchell
 Emjay Anthony as Dylan Mitchell
 Billy Slaughter as Veterinarian
 Wendell Pierce as Principal Daryl Burr
 David Walton as Mike Mitchell
 Megan Ferguson as Tessa
 Wanda Sykes as Dr. Elizabeth Karl
 J. J. Watt as Coach Craig
 Clark Duke as Dale Kipler
 Martha Stewart as herself

Reception
Bad Moms took in over $179 million at the box office.

The movie's reviews were mixed. It scored a 60 on Metacritic's reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie a 60% rating.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2016 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
2010s feminist movies
Unterbäch

Unterbäch is a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Valais
Wiler (Lötschen)

Wiler (Lötschen) is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Valais
Carshalton railway station

Carshalton railway station is a railway station at Carshalton in the London Borough of Sutton in South London. It is located between Sutton and Hackbridge.

The station opened on 1st October 1868. The two main trains that run in this station is Southern and Thameslink. This station is in fare zone 5.

Platforms
There are two station in this station. Platform 1 is for trains towards Central London and Bedfordshire. This includes trains towards Victoria station, St Albans and Luton. Platform 2 is for southbound trains. This includes trains to Sutton (Surrey) and Epsom.

Frequency
This list shows the frequency of trains on typical off-peak hours.

Up (northbound)
 2 to Victoria Station via Balham station
 1 to St Albans via St Pancras station
 1 to Luton via St Pancras station

Down (southbound)
 2 to Sutton (Surrey) (last stop)
 2 to Epsom via Sutton (Surrey)

Buses
London buses routes 127, 157 and S3 operate at this station.

Departures
This table shows the departures from this station with the calling points and the time that is taken to get to the end of the line.

Other websites
 Live Departure Boards - National Rail Enquiries

1868 establishments in the United Kingdom
1860s establishments in England
Railway stations opened in 1868
Beah Richards

Beah Richards (July 12, 1920 – September 14, 2000) was an American actress. She performed on stage, in movies and on television. During her career, she received two Primetime Emmy Awards for her performances on television.

Richards made many guest television appearances in shows, like The Bill Cosby Show, Designing Women and ER.

Richards was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Emphysema took her life in September 2000. She was age 80.

References

American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from Mississippi
1920 births
2000 deaths
People from Vicksburg, Mississippi
Emmy Award winning actors
ER (TV series)

ER was an American medical drama series on NBC. The show aired from September 19, 1994 to April 2, 2009.

Overview 
The show was about fictional County General Hospital in Chicago. It showed stories from the emergency room. Novelist Michael Crichton was the creator of the show.

ER won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards. It won 116 awards overall, including the Peabody Award. It was nominated for 124 Emmys.

References

1994 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s American workplace television series
1990s medical television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2000s medical television series
American medical television series
American workplace drama television series
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
ZooParc de Beauval

The ZooParc de Beauval (or Beauval zoo) is a zoo in Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher. It has nearly 35,000 animals, including two giant pandas, found nowhere else in France. It was created in 1980 by Françoise Delord. It is considered to be one of the largest zoos in Europe.

References

1980 establishments in France
Zoos
Centre-Val de Loire
Jib

A jib is a triangular sail that sets ahead of the foremast of a sailing vessel. Its tack (lower leading edge) is attached to the bowsprit, to the bow, or to the deck between the bowsprit and the foremost mast. Jibs and spinnakers are the two main types of headsails on a modern boat.

Traditional vessels 
 
Schooners typically have up to three jibs. The foremost one sets on the topmast forestay and is generally called the jib topsail. A second jib on the main forestay is called the jib. The innermost jib is called the staysail. Actually, all three sails are both jibs and staysails, in a general sense. A large square-rigged ship typically has four jibs, but could have as many as six. 

From forward (fore) to the back of the boat (aft), these sails are called:
 Jib of jibs
 Spindle jib
 Flying jib
 Outer jib
 Inner jib
 Fore (topmast) staysail.

The first two were rarely used except by clipper ships in light winds. A storm jib was a small jib of heavy canvas set to a stay to help to control the ship in bad weather.

Modern vessels 

Boats may be sailed using a jib alone. More commonly jib(s) make a minor direct contribution to moving the boat, compared to a mainsail. Generally, a jib's most important function is as an airfoil, increasing performance and overall stability of the mainsail.
 
On boats with only one jib, it is common for the clew of the jib to be further aft than the mast, meaning the jib and mainsail overlap. An overlapping jib is called a genoa jib or simply a genoa (see illustration). These are efficiently used when  reaching more broadly than a close reach. Alternatively, a boat may carry smaller jibs, to compensate aerodynamics when the mainsail is  reefed; these more rugged sails are called storm jibs or spitfires.

On a boat with two staysails the inner sail is called the staysail, and the outer (foremost) is called the jib. This combination of two staysails is called a cutter rig (or in North America a yankee pair) and a boat with one mast rigged with two staysails and a mainsail is called a cutter.

On cruising yachts, and nearly all racing sailboats, the jib needs to be worked when tacking. On these yachts, there are two sheets (ropes) attached to the clew of the jib. As the yacht comes head to wind during a tack, the active sheet is released. At the same time the other sheet (the lazy sheet) on the other side of the boat is pulled in. This sheet becomes the new active sheet until the next tack.

References

Other websites 
 Beginners Guide to Sailing - An Introduction; YouTube

Sailing
Brian (name)

Brian (sometimes spelled as Bryan) is a common name in the English language. The name came from Irish and Breton origins. The name is also a surname of Occitan origins.The exact meaning of Brian is not known. However, it is possible the  name is from Old Celtic, meaning "high" or "noble".

People named Brian
Brian Blessed (born 1937), English actor
Brian Clough (1935–2004), British football manager
Brian Cowen (born 1960), former Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of the Republic of Ireland
Brian Cox (born 1946), Scottish actor
Brian De Palma (born 1940), American film director
Brian Eno (born 1948), English electronic musician, music theorist and record producer
Brian Epstein (1934–1967), English businessperson, manager of The Beatles
Brian Johnson (born 1947), member and lead vocalist of the hard rock band AC/DC
Brian Jones (1942–1969), founding member, guitarist and multi-instrumentalist in the English rock group The Rolling Stones
Brian Jossie (born 1977), American professional wrestler performing under the ring name of Abraham Washington
Brian Joubert (born 1984), French figure skater and 2007 World Champion
Brian Lara (born 1969), former West Indian cricketer
Brian Laudrup (born 1969), former Danish international soccer player
Brian Littrell (born 1975), member of the boy band, The Backstreet Boys
Brian May (born 1947), famous guitarist from the band, Queen
Brian Molko (born 1972), lead vocalist of the band Placebo
Brian Mulroney (born 1939), former Canadian prime minister (1984–1993)
Brian Williams (born 1959), anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News on the NBC Television Network
Brian Wilson (born 1942), member of American music group, The Beach Boys
Brian Wilson (born 1982), pitcher for the San Francisco Giants

References

Given names
Surnames
LaMia Airlines Flight 2933

LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 was a flight operated by LaMia that crashed near the city of Medellín in Colombia. The airplane was carrying players from the Chapecoense football team. The airplane had an aircraft registration of . The airplane crashed on 28 November 2016, at around 22:00 local time. The crash killed 71 people. Seven people originally survived the crash. However, one of the survivors, a goalkeeper known as Danilo, died a few hours after the plane crashed. The three Chapecoense players that survived were Alan Ruschel, Jakson Follmann, and Neto.

It crashed on November 28, 2016 at approximately 21:58 (UTC-5: 00).  Among the passengers were players from the Brazilian soccer team Chapecoense, who were on their way to play the 2016 Copa Sudamericana final against Atlético Nacional. Six people survived the accident. The Colombian Civil Aeronautics Special Administrative Unit investigated the accident with the support of the British Air Accidents Investigation Branch.

The preliminary Colombian report indicated that the plane was traveling overweight and with fuel at the limit, and that the pilots mistakenly decided not to make stopovers to refuel at the Alfredo Vásquez Cobo de Leticia or El Dorado of Bogotá airports.  In addition, they did not inform air control of the fuel shortage until the last moment.  They did not comply with the flight plan, which should not have been approved by the airport authorities.

The final report of Aeronáutica Civil de Colombia, released on April 27, 2018, highlights that the LaMia company "did not comply with the minimum quantity of fuel requirements demanded in international standards, since it did not take into account the fuel required for fly to an alternate airport, the contingency airport, the reserve airport, or the minimum landing fuel"

Aircraft

The aircraft was an Avro RJ85, registration CP-2933, which made its first flight on March 26, 1999. After being in service with other airlines and going through a storage period between 2010 and 2013, it was acquired by LaMia. The company had a fleet of three RJ85s, but at the time of the accident, the CP-2933 was the only aircraft of the company that could fly.

In popular culture 
The United States cable TV network ESPN produced an hour long story about the crash for its E:60 news magazine TV show.  It focused on how one of the pilots was also a co-owner of the airline company and the effects on the survivors and on family members of the people killed in the accident.

The crash of LaMia Flight 2933 was covered in "Football Tragedy", a Season 19 (2019) episode of the internationally syndicated Canadian TV documentary series Air Crash Investigation.  The show premiered in the United States on the Smithsonian Channel's Air Disasters as "Soccer Tragedy" in November 2019.

Gallery

References

Aviation disasters in the 2010s
November 2016 events
2016 in South America
History of Colombia
Hurricane Otto

Hurricane Otto was a strong tropical cyclone in November 2016. The storm was the southernmost hurricane on record to hit Central America. It was also the first Atlantic storm to survive the crossover into the Pacific Ocean since Hurricane Cesar-Douglas in 1996.

Otto started late on November 21 in the southwest Caribbean Sea.

Costa Rica, southern Nicaragua and Panama had heavy damage from the storm.

At least 23 people died because of Hurricane Otto.

2016 in weather
Hurricanes
November 2016 events
History of Panama
History of Costa Rica
History of Nicaragua
2016 in North America
NES Classic Edition

The NES Classic Edition (also known as NES Mini) is a smaller version of the Nintendo Entertainment System with 30 games pre-installed. It is also known as the Famicom Mini in Japan. It was released in North America and Europe on November 11, 2016, in Japan and Australia on November 10, 2016,
and November 23, 2016 in Russia. The console comes with one controller. The cable of the controller is 0.7 meter long.

The Super NES Classic Edition, released in 2017, is the successor to the NES Classic Edition.

Hardware
The console features 720 HDMI display output and controllers that are similar to the original SNES controller. The console also includes an emulation engine developed by Nintendo European Research and Development.

Games
The NES Mini comes with 30 games. Each game can be saved. There are 4 save states for each game.

All versions of the console (no matter what region) include the following games:
Balloon Fight
Castlevania
Donkey Kong
Double Dragon II: The Revenge
Dr. Mario
Excitebike
Galaga
Ghosts 'n Goblins
Gradius
Ice Climber
Kirby's Adventure
Mario Bros.
Mega Man 2
Metroid
Ninja Gaiden
Pac-Man
Super C
Super Mario Bros.
Super Mario Bros. 2
Super Mario Bros. 3
The Legend of Zelda
Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

The North American, European, and Australian versions have the following exclusive games:
Bubble Bobble
Castlevania II: Simon's Quest
Donkey Kong Jr.
Final Fantasy
Kid Icarus
Punch-Out!! Featuring Mr. Dream
StarTropics
Tecmo Bowl

The Japanese "Famicom" version has the following exclusive games:
Atlantis no Nazo
Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku: Soreyuke Daiundōkai
Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari
Final Fantasy III
NES Open Tournament Golf
Solomon's Key
Tsuppari Ōzumō
Yie Ar Kung-Fu

Reception 
Some people think that the cables of the controllers of the NES Mini are too short.

Sales 
The NES and SNES Classic editions sold more than 10 million units by September 30, 2018.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 

Nintendo video game consoles
Morton Sobell

Morton Sobell (born April 11, 1917 in New York City) is an American former engineer with General Electric and Reeves Electronics. He worked on military and government contracts. He was found guilty of spying for the Soviets as a part of a ring that included Julius Rosenberg and others. Sobell was tried and convicted of espionage in 1951 and sentenced to 30 years in prison. He was released in 1969 after spending 17 years and 9 months in prison.

In 2008, at the age of 91, he told The New York Times that he did turn over military secrets to the Soviets during World War II. This was the first time he publicly admitted guilt.

References

Other websites
An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive 
Morton Sobell de-classified FBI records

1917 births
Living people
Engineers from New York
Criminals from New York City
Sumner Redstone

Sumner Murray Redstone (born Sumner Murray Rothstein; May 27, 1923 – August 11, 2020) was an American businessman and media magnate. He was the majority owner and chairman of the board of the National Amusements theater chain. Redstone and his family are majority owners of CBS Corporation and Viacom (itself the parent company of Viacom Media Networks, BET Networks, and the movie studio Paramount Pictures).

According to Forbes, as of September 2015, he was worth US$5 billion.

Redstone was formerly the executive chairman of both CBS and Viacom. In February 2016, at the age of 92, a week after a court-ordered examination by a geriatric psychiatrist, Redstone resigned both chairmanships, replaced by Leslie Moonves at CBS and Philippe Dauman at Viacom. Redstone then became chairman emeritus.

Redstone was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard College and at Georgetown University. He was married to Phyllis Raphael from 1947 until they divorced in 1999. He then was married to Paula Fortunato from 2002 until they divorced in 2009. He had two children: Brent and Shari.

Redstone died on August 11, 2020 at his mansion in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 97.

References

Other websites
 
 Sumner Redstone  at Viacom, Inc.
 Sumner Redstone Foundation

1923 births
2020 deaths
American billionaires
American Jews
Businesspeople from Boston, Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Sid Hartman

Sid  Hartman (March 15, 1920 – October 18, 2020) was an American sports journalist for the Minneapolis Star Tribune and the WCCO 830 AM radio station. He was also a 20-year panelist on the weekly Sports Show with Mike Max, which aired Sunday nights at 9:30 p.m. on WUCW 23 in the Twin Cities metro area.

Hartman died on October 18, 2020 in Minneapolis at the age of 100.

References

1920 births
2020 deaths
American centenarians
American journalists
Writers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman

Aharon Yehuda Leib Shteinman (), also Shtainman or Steinman (November 3, 1914 – December 12, 2017), was a well-known Haredi rabbi and posek (halakhic authority) in Bnei Brak, Israel. Following the death of Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv in 2012, he was widely regarded as the Gadol Hador (Leader of the Generation), the leader of the non-Hasidic Lithuanian world.

References

1914 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Belarusian Jews
Israeli centenarians
Israeli rabbis
Jewish centenarians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Brest, Belarus
Polish Jews
Refugees from Nazism
Bob Dold

Robert James "Bob" Dold Jr. (born June 23, 1969) is an American politician. He was the U.S. representative for the 10th congressional district of Illinois. Dold served from 2011-2013, as well as 2015-2017. In the 2016 election, he lost to Congressman Brad Schneider. Robert is a member of the Republican Party.

References

1969 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
People from Evanston, Illinois
Jonas Mekas

Jonas Mekas (December 24, 1922 – January 23, 2019) was a Lithuanian-American filmmaker, poet and artist. He was often called "the godfather of American avant-garde cinema." His work were exhibited in museums and festivals worldwide.

His best known works were Walden, Reminiscences of a Journey to Lithuania and As I Was Moving Ahead Occasionally I Saw Brief Glimpses of Beauty.

Mekas died on January 23, 2019 at his home in New York City at the age of 96.

References

1922 births
2019 deaths
American movie directors
American poets
Lithuanian writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Camren Bicondova

Camren Renee Bicondova (born May 22, 1999) is an American actress, dancer and model. Bicondova is best known for her role as young Selina Kyle/Catwoman on the Fox television series Gotham.

References

1999 births
Living people
American dancers
Models from San Diego, California
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Institut national universitaire Jean-François Champollion

Institut national universitaire Jean-François Champollion is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ISIS (ISIS Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Bachelor's degree
 Master of Science.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at Univ JFC.

Research labs 
Research activities at Univ JFC relate to the following topics:
 Education Physical Activity Intervention
 Albi Research and Legal Studies Group
 Computer science and information systems for health
 Public Policy, Environment and Societies
 Serious Game Research Lab
 Texts, contexts and borders

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in France
2002 establishments in France
Desmond Morris

Desmond John Morris (born 24 January 1928) is an English zoologist, educator, ethologist and surrealist painter. He is a popular author in human sociobiology. He was known for writing The Naked Ape (1967). 

Morris was born in Purton, Wiltshire, England. He studied at Dauntsey's School in West Lavington, Wiltshire.

Related pages
List of biologists

References

Other websites

 Official website including a complete biography
 
 
 Dinjet il-Qattus/Catlore by Desmond Morris , translated into Maltese by Toni Aquilina, D es Litt.

1928 births
Living people
English painters
British zoologists
British educators
Ethologists
People from Wiltshire
Carshalton Beeches railway station

Carshalton Beeches railway station is a railway station in south Carshalton in the London Borough of Sutton in south London. It opened on the 1st October 1906. The train operator on this station is Southern (train operating company). This station is in fare zone 5.

Platforms
There are two platforms on this station. Platform 1 is for northbound trains towards Victoria Station only. Platform 2 is for southbound trains towards, Sutton (Surrey), Epsom and Epsom Downs.

Frequency
This list shows the frequency of trains on typical off-peak hours.

Up (Northbound)
 6 trains to Victoria station including 4 trains via Norbury and 2 trains via Crystal Palace.
 1 train to London Bridge (until 9:00am and again at the evening)

Down (Southbound)
 4 trains to Sutton (Surrey) (last stop)
 1 train to Epsom
 1 train to Epsom Downs
 1 train to Dorking (until 7:00am and again at the evening)

Buses
London buses routes 154 operates at this station.

Routes

Departures
This table shows the departures from this station with the calling points and the time that is taken to  get to the end of the line.

Other websites
 National Rail Enquiries - Station facilities for Carshalton Beeches
 Live Departure Boards - National Rail Enquiries
 https://tfl.gov.uk/hub/stop/910GCRSHLTB/carshalton-beeches-rail-station/?Input=Carshalton+Beeches+Rail+Station
Clarel (poem)

Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land is an epic poem by American writer and poet Herman Melville. The work was published in New York by G. P. Putnam & Company in 1876. It was author's last big book. The poem is really huge. It is composed of four parts. It consists of 150 cantos and comprises almost 18, 000 lines. It is written in rhymed verse. All the poem is written in iambic tetrameter, only final section is written in iambic pentameter. In some places the poet uses alliteration. The poem tells about a young man, named Clarel, who went on a trip to the Holy Land. The journey became for him a pilgrimage. The main theme of the poem is the seeking for faith. The main hero had lost his faith during his studies and wanted it back. One of his companions, named Vine, is believed to be a portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne was Melville's friend and a writer, too. The poem ends with some words of hope for the hero.

Then keep thy heart, though yet but ill-resigned --
Clarel, thy heart, the issues there but mind;
That like the crocus budding through the snow --
That like a swimmer rising from the deep --
That like a burning secret which doth go
Even from the bosom that would hoard and keep;
Emerge thou mayst from the last whelming sea,
And prove that death but routs life into victory.

Melville's poem was not much appreciated in 19th century. In 20th century, however, it was called by Robert Penn Warren a precursor of The Waste Land. In fact, T.S. Eliot's poem is about seeking for faith, too.

References

Bibliography 
 Herman Melville, Clarel, a poem and pilgrimage in the Holy Land. Edited by Walter E. Bezanson.

Epic poems
Mauisaurus

{{speciesbox
| name = Mauisaurus
| fossil_range = Late Cretaceous, 
| image = Mauisaurus.jpg
| image_caption = Holotype| genus = Mauisaurus
| parent_authority = Hector, 1874
| authority = Hector, 1874
| species = haasti
}}
 Mauisaurus ("Maui reptile") is a genus of plesiosaur that lived during the Upper Cretaceous about 80 to 69 million years ago. It was the largest plesiosaur, and perhaps the largest marine reptile in New Zealand waters at the time. Mauisaurus haasti is the only known species of the genus. A handful of specimens have been found, although only a few are well preserved and mostly complete. 

With 68 cervical vertebrae, Mauisaurus had one of the longest necks of any plesiosaur. It was large, over  in length. Like other plesiosaurs, it had a long slender body, with numerous vertebrae, allowing flexible movement. On its underside, Mauisaurus had two sets of large flippers. These aided in swimming at high speeds, but may have also allowed the plesiosaur to venture onto shorelines for short amounts of time. Mauisaurus'' was a carnivore, with sharp jagged teeth that would have been used to grip fish or squid.

References 

Plesiosaurs
Dapedium

Dapedium is an extinct ray-finned fish from the Triassic and Jurassic.

Species

Dapedium caelatum

Dapedium granulatum

Dapedium noricum

Dapedium pholidotum

Dapedium punctatum

Extinct fish
Komlosaurus

Komlosaurus (Komlo lizard) is a dinosaur known from footprints found in Hungary.

Dinosaurs of Europe

Jurassic
Ludvik Dolezal

Ludvik Dolezal (1956 - December 26, 2016) and a Czech man known by 'Dirtiest man in Europe was dead in December 26, 2016 and his age 60 years in Hradec Králové Region, Czech Republic.

He suffered from a psychological condition which made him burn everything he could get his hands on and sleep in the ashes.

He lived on an abandoned farm in the village of Skrivany in north-central Czech Republic.

References

Other websites

1956 births
2016 deaths
Parts of a sail

In sailing the parts of a sail have certain terms that clearly describe them.

There are two types of common mainsails. The Three Sided Mainsail and the Four sided Mainsail. Each of these Mainsail types have many different names according to exact location and relationship of supporting spars.

Parts of the three sided mainsail 
 The head is the very top of the sail.
 The tack (noun) is the name for the lower corner of the sail closest to the mast. Not to be confused with a tack which describes which side of a sailboat the wind is coming from while under way—port or starboard.
 The foot is the bottom edge of the sail from the tack to the clew. The foot of a sail attaches to the boom.
 The luff is the forward or leading edge of a sail.
 The leech is the back edge of the sail.
 The clew is the bottom back corner of the sail (furthest from the mast).

Parts of the four sided mainsail 
 The peak is the very top of the sail.
The throat is the top front corner of the sail.
 The tack (noun) is the name for the lower corner of the sail closest to the mast. Not to be confused with a tack which describes which side of a sailboat the wind is coming from while under way—port or starboard.
 The foot is the bottom edge of the sail from the tack to the clew. The foot of a sail attaches to the boom. 
The head is the top edge of the sail. This is different from the three sided sail where head refers to a corner. 
 The luff is the forward or leading edge of a sail.
 The leech is the back edge of the sail.
 The clew is the bottom back corner of the sail (furthest from the mast).

Parts of a headsail 
The headsail of a sailboat is any sail set forward of the mast (on a single masted boat) or foremast (the mast nearest the bow). The corresponding parts are the same relative to the front of the boat.  (Note: The headsail tack is the name for the lower corner of the headsail -- the sail closest to the front of the boat.)

Associated parts 
 The boom is a horizontal spar (pole) that runs along the foot of a fore-and-aft rigged sail.
 The jib is the next most common sail on a sailboat. It is always forward of the mainmast.
 A sheet is a rope used to control a sail.

References 

Sailing
Pterygotus

Pterygotus anglicus is an extinct Eurypterid, related to arachnids (the spider family) and commonly called "sea scorpions." It lived in the Silurian and Devonian periods.

Fossils have been found in North America, South America, Europe and Australia. It is related to the larger Jaekelopterus. It is similar to the freshwater Slimonia.

Pterygotus could reach a body length of . It had a pair of large compound eyes. It also had another pair of smaller eyes in the center of its head. It had 4 pairs of walking legs. A fifth pair of legs were swimming paddles. It also had a pair of large pincers.

References

Chelicerata
Arthropods
Extinct species
American Airlines Flight 96

American Airlines Flight 96 was a flight operated by American Airlines. The flight was operated with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10. On 12 June 1972, the flight went into explosive decompression after a cargo door was blown out from the airplane. This incident occurred near the city of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Because the incident occurred near the city, this incident is sometimes referred to as the Windsor Incident.

The incident was caused because of the cargo door. The cargo door was blown out of the plane because the locks of the cargo door failed. When the locks failed, the cargo door blew out and caused rapid decompression in the cargo area of the airplane. This caused the collapse of part of the passenger section of the airplane, which in turn led to some problems with the plane. The rudder of the airplane was jammed to the right, and cable controls to the second engine were separated. Luckily, no hydraulics were broken. Despite having little control of the airplane, Captain Bryce McCormick was successful in landing the airplane at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. After the incident, McDonnell Douglas, the maker of the aircraft, made minor changes to the locks of the cargo door. These changes would prove to be not successful with the crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981. The crash was caused by exactly the same reason as this incident.

Related pages
Turkish Airlines Flight 981

References

Ontario
Disasters in Canada
1972 in North America
Aviation disasters in the 1970s
1970s in Canada
June events
Buriolestes

Buriolestes (meaning "Buriol's robber") is a genus of early sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Late Triassic of Brazil. It contains one species, B. schultzi, named in 2016. The type specimen was found alongside a specimen of the lagerpetid dinosauromorph Ixalerpeton.

References

Sauropods
Lariniscotes

Lariniscotes is a trace fossil attributed to sea scorpions. The tracks were probably made by Pterygotus or Eurypterus.

Fossils
Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ

"Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ" () is a poem by 17th century Polish poet Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. It is one of the finest examples of sonnet form in Old Polish literature. The poem is a part of The Poems of Lent (in Polish Poezje postu świętego). It was translated into English by Michael J. Mikoś (Michael J. Mikos).

The author  
Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski was a Polish nobleman. He was born in 1642. He travelled a lot in his youth. He visited France, Spain, Italy and Austria. He as interested in literature and theatre. After he had returned to Poland, he became a politician. He was a member of Sejm (Parliament). He became also the Great Marshall (that is a secretary of internal affairs). He died in 1702.

The sonnet 
The sonnet was not very popular in Old Polish literature. This genre existed for three hundred years in Italy, when Polish poets started writing such poems. The first poet to write sonnets in Polish was Jan Kochanowski. After him two notable poets wrote such poems. They were Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and Sebastian Grabowiecki.

The form 
Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ is one of the best poems of the genre in 17th century Polish poetry. It follows the rules of Italian sonnet. It is made up of 11-syllable lines. All Italian sonnets were written in endecasillabo that is 11-syllable metre. The rhyme scheme is the most classical. There are only four rhymes. The scheme is abba abba cdc dcd.

Wielkiej miłości i nieogarnionej
Tryumf, czy piekła łupy, czy mogiły
Zawisnej śmierci, czy niebieskiej siły
Są cudem męki, co zniósł Bóg wcielony?

Moc, myśl, żal, strach, pot, krew, sen zwyciężony,
Zdrada, powrozy, łzy, sąd i niemiły
Twarzy policzek, i rózgi, co biły,
Słup, cierń, krzyż, gwóźdź, żółć i bok otworzony

Są to dobroci dary, a nie męki,
Nie dary, ale łaski źrzódła żywe,
Nie źrzódła, ale boskie cuda ręki,

Tej ręki, co nam zbawienie szczęśliwe
Z swych ran wylała, za które niech dzięki
Oddaje-ć serce, o dobro prawdziwe!

An unusual feature of the poem is a long enumeration in the 5th line and in the 8th line. It is composed of 1-syllable words. In Polish language such words are very rare. Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski was not the only poet to use such a poetic device. Daniel Naborowski used it earlier in the poem The Brevity of Life (in Polish Krótkość żywota). This poem was put into English by Michael J. Mikoś, too.

References 

Poems
Eurypterus

Eurypterus is a type of extinct sea scorpion. It is the most famous type of sea scorpion, although it was far from the largest. It lived during the Silurian era and out has been found in the United States, Canada and Europe. The first Eurypterus fossil was discovered in 1818.

References 

Chelicerata
Arthropods
Extinct species
Crackdown (disambiguation)

Crackdown has multiple meanings.

Games

Crackdown, a 2007 game
Crackdown 2, a 2009 game
Crackdown 3, an unreleased 2017 game
64-bit computing

In computer science, 64-bit computing refers to a microprocessor's data stream. It means an operating system can use more computer memory at one time. This makes a 64-bit system much faster than a 32-bit system. A 32-bit system can only use up to 3.56 gigabytes of random-access memory (called RAM or memory). A 64-bit system can use much more memory making it considerably faster. Using an analogy, a 64-bit system is like a 64 line highway. If each bit were a car, it means 64 of them can move at the same time.

References

Other websites 
 32-bit vs 64-bit Computers & Phones as Fast As Possible; YouTube

Computer science
Sutton Common railway station

Sutton Common railway station opened in 1930. The only train that operates at this station is Thameslink. This station is in fare zone 4.

Platforms
There are two platforms at this station. Platform 1 is for trains towards Luton via Wimbledon station. Platform 2 is for trains towards Sutton (Surrey).

Frequency
This list shows the frequency of trains on typical off-peak hours.

Up (northbound)
 2 trains to Luton via Wimbledon station

Down (southbound)
 2 trains to Sutton (Surrey)

Buses
London buses routes 470 and S3 operates at this station.

Departures
This table shows the departures from this station with the calling points and the time that is taken to get to the end of the line.

Other websites
 
 
 

1930 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in England
Singapore Airlines Flight 006

On October 31, 2000 Singapore Airlines Flight 006 crashed after taking off on the wrong runway at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taiwan, caused by pilot error in bad weather. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-400 with 179 people on-board. 83 people were killed in the crash while 96 survived.

Causalities

79 passengers and four crew members died in the crash. 24 Americans, 26 Taiwanese, 11 Indians, 12 Singaporeans, 4 Malaysians, 2 Koreans, 2 British, 1 Vietnamese, 1 Chinese, 1 Hong Konger, 1 Indonesian, 1 Japanese, 1 Dutch, 1 Macaoan, 1 Kazakhstani, and 1 Filipino were among the dead.

2000 in Asia
Aviation disasters in the 2000s
History of Singapore
2000s in Taiwan
October events
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16

LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 a Boeing 767 was a regular flight from Newark to Warsaw, that made a belly landing at Warsaw Chopin Airport on November 1, 2011 without any loss of life to the 231 passengers and crew on board.

2011 in Europe
Aviation
21st century in Poland
Warsaw
Forestay

On a sailing vessel, a forestay, sometimes called a jibstay, or a headstay, is a piece of standing rigging. It keeps a mast from falling backwards.  It is usually attached to the very top of the mast. The other end of the forestay is attached to the bow of the boat.  

Often a sail is attached to the forestay.  This sail may be a jib or a genoa.  In a cutter rig, the jib or jibs are flown from stays in front of the forestay, perhaps going from the masthead to a bowsprit.  The sail on the forestay is then referred to as the staysail. A forestay might be made from stainless steel wire or rod.

References 

Sailing
Arrondissements of the Bas-Rhin department

There are 5 arrondissements in the Bas-Rhin department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Bas-Rhin are:

History
Bas-Rhin is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in four districts: Haguenau, Benfeld, Strasbourg and Wissembourg, with Strasbourg as is capital. Soon, the district of Sarre-Union was created and the name of the district of Benfeld was changed to Sélestat (in its origins, Schlestadt).

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the five districts were changed into four arrondissements: Strasbourg, Barr, Saverne and Wissembourg. The subprefecture of Barr was moved to Schlestadt (Sélestat) in 1806.

The Bas-Rhin department was eliminated in 1871 when the territory became part of Germany.

In 1919, Bas-Rhin is again an department when the territory became part of France with the arrondissements Strasbourg-Ville, Strasbourg-Campagne, Erstein, Haguenau, Molsheim, Saverne, Sélestat and Wissembourg.

The arrondissements Sélestat and Erstein were combined in 1974 to form the arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein.

In 2015, the arrondissements Strasbourg-Campagne and Wissembourg were eliminated and their territories passed to the remaining arrondissements, and only 5 were kept: Haguenau-Wissembourg, Molsheim, Saverne, Sélestat-Erstein and Strasbourg.

Related pages
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Bas-Rhin
Grand Est