cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Vanessa Redgrave

Vanessa Redgrave CBE (Blackheath, London, England, 30 January 1937) is an English actress. She is active in theatre, movies and television.

Life and career 

Born in a theatrical family, her father was actor Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-1985). Her mother was actress Rachel Kempson (1910-2003). Her brother Corin Redgrave (1939-2010) and sister Lynn Redgrave (1943-2010) were both actors. She began her career in theatre in 1958 with the Royal Shakespeare Company. 

She made her movie debut in 1966 in Morgan, a Suitable Case for Treatment, followed by Blowup. 

In 1967, she appeared in the musical Camelot, opposite Richard Harris. Other notable movies have included; The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), Isadora (1969), The Devils (1970), The Trojan Women (1971), Mary Queen of Scots (1972), Murder on the Orient-Express (1974), Julia (1977), for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress, Agatha (1979), The Bostonians (1984), Wetherby (1985), Howard Ends (1992), Mrs Dalloway (1997), etc.

On television, she appeared in Playing for Time in 1980, which won her an Emmy Award for best actress, as well as in the teleseries Peter The Great (1986) and Young Catherine (1991). 

In 2010 she received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Redgrave was married to movie director Tony Richardson from 1962 until 1967, with whom she had two daughters: actresses Natasha Richardson (1963-2009) and Joely Richardson (b. 1965). She has a son, Carlo Gabriel Nero (b. 1969) with Italian actor Franco Nero, whom she married in 2006.

Filmography

Reference 

 The Illustrated Who's Who of the Cinema, Lloyd, Fuller & Desser, Portland House, New York, 1987.

1937 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
English activists
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
WarioWare DIY

WarioWare D.I.Y., known in Japan as , is a minigame video game released for the Nintendo DS in 2009. It is the seventh title in the WarioWare series. It was first revealed on October 2, 2008 and it was released in  Japan on April 29, 2009. In North America, it was announced at E3 2009 on June 2nd, 2009.

Gameplay 
WarioWare D.I.Y. allows players to design their own minigames, creating their own graphics, music and designing a 'cassette' for them. The game features three sections in its main menu: My House, where the player designs minigames, WarioWare, the tutorial, and My Shop, where the player makes microgame cassettes. When creating the music, the player can sing through the DS's microphone, which the DS then turns them into notes. These notes can then be performed by various instruments such as pig noises. 

Players can send their creations to other D.I.Y. owners or receive other people's works. They can also be uploaded to Nintendo Wi-Fi connection for contest purposes. Microgames made available by Nintendo can be downloaded, too. Additionally, the WiiWare game Asobu Made in Ore allows users to play the microgames on the Wii with the Wii remote's pointer.

References 

Wario
2009 video games
Nintendo DS games
Phil Keaggy

Philip Tyler Keaggy (born March 23, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American musician. He is most famous for playing Contemporary Christian music. He has won seven Dove Awards for his instrumental albums and he has been nominated twice for the Grammy Award for "Best Rock Gospel Album." The style of guitar playing he is most famous for is his "fingerpicking" style which means he usually plucks the strings with his fingers rather than use a plastic guitar pick. Many guitar magazines have voted him as one of the best in the world at the fingerpicking style.

Notes

Other websites
 PhilKeaggy.com

American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Ohio
Musicians from Ohio
Christian music singers
1951 births
Living people
People from Youngstown, Ohio
Apocynaceae

The Apocynaceae or dogbane family is a family of flowering plants in the order Gentianales. It includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. They usually have a milky sap. There are about 200 genera and 2,000 species.

Apocynaceae
Reaction inhibitor

A reaction inhibitor is a substance that slows down chemical reactions without being involved in the actual reaction. It does the opposite of a catalyst, which speeds up reactions without undergoing a permanent change in itself. An example is snake venom, which is deadly for humans because it can slow down their internal chemical reactions.

Biochemistry
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment

The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment is one of the six infantry regiments of Pakistan Army. Its Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regimental Centre is located at Mansar (Pakistan), Attock District, The Pak-Punjab.

Military of Pakistan
Federal Capital Territory

The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) around Karachi was the original Capital territory of Pakistan. The FCT was created in 1948 from the city of Karachi and surrounding areas as the location for Pakistan's capital following independence. The FCT was bordered by the province of Sind Province (1936–1955) to the northeast and the princely state of State of Las Bela to the northwest with the Arabian Sea to the south.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Merlot

Merlot is a type of red wine and it is the main agricultural production of the Swiss canton called ticino.

Wine
Iconostasis

Iconostasis is the name given to a "wall" of icons in Eastern Orthodox Churches. These icons or religious paintings divide the church into a part for the public, and one which is reserved to priests, called the sanctuary. 

Eastern Orthodox Church
Charles Bronson

Charles Bronson (Charles Dennis Buchinsky; November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was a Purple Heart recipient.

Background
He was born in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania. Bronson was married to Jill Ireland (his second marriage, 1968–1990) until her death from breast cancer. He died of pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease. He is of Tatar origin. He died in Los Angeles. 

He played Paul Kersey in the Death Wish movie series. He was 5'9". He was 81 years old when he died. His real full name was Charles Dennis Buchinsky 
Rectified - Karolis was the 1st name, his parents being from Litva, a Balto-Slavic nation, not Tartar. 

Born Charles Buchinsky, Bronson changed his last name during his early career in the 1950s during the rise of McCarthyism. This was suggested by his agent in order to save his career from potentially being blacklisted as a communist.

Film

Television

References

Other websites

 
 
 Japanese fansite 

1921 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from congestive heart failure
People with Alzheimer's disease
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
American military people
Purple Heart recipients
Sundance Film Festival

The Sundance Film Festival is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States. 

The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.

2015 
The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. What Happened, Miss Simone?, a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, Grandma, was the closing night movie. It  stars Lily Tomlin.

Success of festival 
Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch. 

The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as Saw, Super Troopers, The Blair Witch Project, Spanking the Monkey, Reservoir Dogs, Primer, Little Miss Sunshine, Clerks, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, The Brothers McMullen, Afternoon Delight, Napoleon Dynamite, and Whiplash.

References

Further reading
Anderson, John. Sundancing: Hanging Out And Listening In At America's Most Important Film Festival. Harper Paperbacks, 2000.
Biskind, Peter. Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film. Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Craig, Benjamin. Sundance – A Festival Virgin's Guide. Cinemagine Media Publishing, 2004.
Smith, Lory. Party in a Box: The Story of the Sundance Film Festival . Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1999.
von Roon, Alexander. "Grass and dark Tunnels: Sundance is a Marketing-Tool for the US Film Industry", Berliner Zeitung 2000.

Other websites 

 – official site
Sundance: A Festival Virgin's Guide – detailed festival history and information for attendees

Movie festivals
Park City, Utah
1978 establishments in the United States
Turner Field

Turner Field is a baseball ballpark in Atlanta, Georgia, home to the Atlanta Braves. The park first opened in 1996 to host the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, when it was known as Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the Olympics, the park was changed to allow baseball to be played, and opened for the 1997 braves season., The stadium replaces Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, which was built in 1966.

On November 11, 2013, it was announced that the Braves would leave Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County. The lease which allowed the Braves to play in Turner Field was set to end in 2016, and the team stated that many fans had problems getting to the stadium on game days. At the new stadium's groundbreaking on September 16, 2014, that venue's name was revealed as SunTrust Park.

References 

Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in Atlanta, Georgia
Atlanta Braves
1996 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Stevie Nicks

Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks (born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac. Within the band and as a solo singer, she has over forty Top 50 hits and has sold over 140 million albums. 

Nicks was named "The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll" and one of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by Rolling Stone. As a member of Fleetwood Mac, she was selected to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. She was included again in 2019 for her solo career. 

With Fleetwood Mac, Nicks has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards. They won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for  Rumours. They also won the 2003 Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

Discography

Fleetwood Mac
Studio albums
 Fleetwood Mac (1975)
 Rumours (1977)
 Tusk (1982)
 Mirage (1982)
 Tango in the Night (1987)
 Behind the Mask (1990)
 Say You Will (2003)

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 

American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Living people
1948 births
American rock singers
Atlantic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Baloristan

Baloristan (Gilgit-Chitral) is the name of a region of Northern Areas of Pakistan.  It borders Pakistan's North-West Frontier to the west, Afghanistan and China to the north, Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to the east, leading to the frozen wastes of the Third Pole. 

The central administrative unit of Baloristan, Gilgit Agency.

Regions of Pakistan
Michael Waltrip

Michael Curtis Waltrip (born April 30, 1963 in Owensboro, Kentucky) is an American race car driver and owner of his team called Michael Waltrip Racing. Michael Waltrip is the younger brother of three time Sprint cup champion, Darrell Waltrip.

1963 births
Living people
Daytona 500 winners
Sportspeople from Kentucky
American racecar drivers
People from Owensboro, Kentucky
Jean Simmons

Jean Simmons (January 31, 1929 - January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.

Life and career
Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's Great Expectations (1946) and Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948) while still a teenager.

As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as The Robe (1953), Young Bess (1953), Désirée (1954), The Egyptian (1954), The Big Country (1958), Spartacus (1960), Elmer Gantry (1960), Life at the Top (1965), A Rough Night in Jericho (1967), etc.

In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and North and South  (1985).

Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Simmons died aged 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.

References

Actors from London
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
British child actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
1929 births
2010 deaths
Emmy Award winning actors
Ernie Coombs

Ernest "Ernie" Coombs, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called Mr. Dressup. 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.

He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called Butternut Square which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.

After "Butternut Square" ended Coombs started the "Mr. Dressup" TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his "Tickle Trunk".

Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.

His TV show did not stop until February 1996.  The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada . 

Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.

After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.

Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.

Other websites
Ernie Coombs' Order of Canada Citation 
Ernie Coombs' CBC personalities page
Canadian Connections' Ernie Coombs page 
The Mr. Dressup Pictures and Sound Page by Buffalonian Steve Cichon

Multimedia 
CBC Archives Remembering Mr. Dressup - CBC News 2001

1927 births
2001 deaths
Canadian musicians
Canadian television actors
Deaths from stroke
People from Lewiston, Maine
People from Ontario
Pleiotropism

Pleiotropism is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism. 

These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue. 

The term may be contrasted with pleiomorphism, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.

Evolutionary implications 
Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.

Antagonistic pleiotropy refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:

1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.

2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.

3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.

References 

Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
Empire of the Sun (band)

Empire of the Sun is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007. The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau. The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.

Their first album also called Walking on a Dream, released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia. Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25. Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009. They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK. In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.

Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band. We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.

Other websites
 Official Empire of the Sun website
 Empire of the Sun on MySpace

References 

Australian pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical duos
Musical groups from Sydney
Interrobang

An interrobang or interabang is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!) and the question mark (?).

The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex. You did what‽)

It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !? or ?!

On a computer an interrobang looks like this: ‽

On a chromebook the unicode is: Ctrl+Shift+u+2+0+3+D

Grammar
Punctuation
Visegrád Group

The Visegrád Group (also the Visegrád Four or V4) is a group of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. It was created in 1991 in Visegrád, Hungary for the purposes of better cooperation among these countries.

Other websites 
 Official website

International organizations
Politics of Europe
Czech Republic
History of Hungary
History of Poland
Slovakia
1991 establishments in Europe
Really Wild Animals

Really Wild Animals was a National Geographic television series. It had Dudley Moore as the voice of "Spin".

Episodes

Season 1 
 Swinging Safari
 Wonders Down Under
 Deep Sea Dive
 Totally Tropical Rain Forest
 Amazing North America
 Adventures in Asia
 Polar Prowl
 Hot Dogs and Cool Cats

Season 2 
 Dinosaurs and Other Creature Features
 Monkey Business and Other Family Fun
 Farmyard Friends
 Awesome Animal Builders
 Secret Weapons and Great Escapes

Children's television series
The Fabulous Moolah

Mary Lillian Ellison (born July 22, 1923 in Kershaw County, South Carolina – died November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina), better known by her ring name The Fabulous Moolah, was an American female professional wrestler.  She wrestled for WWE. She was a 4 time WWF Women's Champion.  She was champion for almost thirty years.  That made her champion longer than anyone else in the sport. She was inducted into the 1995 WWE Hall of Fame.  She was the first woman to join the WWE Hall of Fame. She is also the oldest WWE Women's Champion ever to win the title against Ivory at No Mercy in 1999. She was best friends with fellow wrestler Mae Young. The Fabulous Moolah also has a book about her life titled, The Fabulous Moolah: First Goddess of the Squared Circle.

Moolah died on November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina of a heart attack.

References

Other websites
The Fabulous Moolah's WWE Hall of Fame page
The Fabulous Moolah at findagrave.com

1923 births
2007 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Carolina
WWE Hall of Fame
Percentile

A percentile (or a centile) is a measure in statistics.  

It is a way of expressing where an observation falls in a range of other observations. 

For example, if a score falls in the 20th percentile, this means that 20 percent of all the scores recorded are lower. If a score is in the 90th percentile, this means that 90 percent of all the other scores were lower. 

In statistics, percentiles are found by taking a large set of numerical data, arranging it in ascending order, and then dividing it into 100 groups with an equal number of data points. Each of the 99 dividing points is called a percentile of the data set. 

Some of the percentiles have special names. For example. the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles are called the first, second and third quartile, respectively. The 50th percentile is also called the median.

Related pages 

 Decile

References 

Statistics
Grand Coulee

The Grand Coulee used to be a river in the U.S. state of Washington. This dry river stretches for sixty miles from the Grand Coulee Dam to Soap Lake. A feature known as Dry Falls divides the Coulee into two parts. Dry Falls is thought to be the remains of the largest waterfall ever, two or three times higher than Niagara Falls.

Geological history
The Grand Coulee is granite bedrock which is 40 to 60  million years old. The volcanic basalt is  thick. The coulee is said to have been made when the Columbia River was blocked by a large glacier. At the end of the last ice age the Columbia River went back to its old route and left the coulee. The coulee is a mile wide and was formed by a river that now flows a different way.

Modern Uses

The area surrounding the Grand Coulee is shrub land. It has a rainfall of twelve inches per year. The Lower Grand Coulee contains the Park, Blue, Alkali, Lenore, and Soap lakes. Until recently, the Upper Coulee was dry.

The Columbia Basin Project dammed the river in 1952. It used the Grand Coulee as an irrigation network.  The Upper Grand Coulee was dammed and made Banks Lake. The lake is filled by pumps from the Grand Coulee Dam. Banks Lake feeds a hundred-mile (160 km) irrigation system.

References

Geography of Washington (U.S. state)
Latent autoimmune diabetes

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is similar to both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.  Like type 1 diabetes, LADA is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas.  This means the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that are supposed to make insulin. But LADA is also like type 2 diabetes, because it causes insulin resistance. This means that insulin does not work as well as it should in a person's body.

Most people with latent autoimmune diabetes are thin or skinny  or have a normal BMI, although some are overweight to slightly obese.

LADA and diabetes

Differences between LADA and type 1 diabetes 
The biggest difference between LADA and type 1 diabetes is that LADA has a gradual onset (it comes on slowly).

Also, people with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin.  But if they are given a shot of insulin, the insulin works and does its job in their bodies.  But in people with LADA, even if they are given insulin, the insulin may not work as well as it should.

Differences between LADA and type 2 diabetes 
Most people with LADA become insulin-dependent (have to inject insulin) within 3-15 years. This is very different from type 2 diabetes.  Only 20%-30% of type 2 diabetics end up being insulin-dependent.

Another difference is that type 2 diabetes can happen to anyone at any age.  But LADA does not affect children or teenagers.  It usually affects people age 35 and older, but can affect anyone between 20-29 years of age.

With LADA, the pancreas cannot make insulin because the immune system is attacking its insulin-making cells.  This does not happen in type 2 diabetes.

Contrary to popular belief, some people with LADA do have family members with type 2 diabetes.

Diagnosis and treatment 
People with LADA are sometimes misdiagnosed (diagnosed incorrectly) as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. A special blood test can prove what kind of diabetes a person has.  The test looks for an antibody that only diabetics with LADA have.  It is called a GAD antibody test.

People with LADA usually control their diabetes using very similar methods and changes of lifestyle to type 2 diabetes: eating right, exercising and oral medications; weight loss is optional. Unlike Type 2 diabetics who might never need to inject insulin, however, the LADA patients become insulin dependent within several years.

Complications 
The complications of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults are highly similar to those for types 1 and 2 diabetes, like stroke, heart disease, gangrene, kidney trouble, and heart attacks.

Genes and antibodies
There are glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies connected with LADA. There are also TCF7L2 genes associated with Type 2 diabetes which are also connected with LADA.

Related pages 
 Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Insulin
 Autoimmune disease
 Insulin resistance

References

Diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune diseases
Screwdriver (alcoholic drink)

The Screwdriver is an alcoholic cocktail. It is made from orange juice mixed with vodka which is an alcohol. It got its name because American builders used to add vodka to their orange juice and stir it with their screwdrivers.

References 

Alcoholic drink
Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was a French nobleman, chemist and biologist. He is often called the "Father of Modern Chemistry". His work is an important part of the histories of chemistry and biology. It also contributed to the beginnings of atomic theory. He was the first scientist to recognise and name the elements hydrogen and oxygen. He was executed, as were hundreds of other nobles, during the French Revolution.

Early life 
Antoine de Lavoisier began studying at the Collège Mazarin in Paris in 1754, when he was 11 years old. Collège Mazarin was one of the best secondary schools in France then. He studied to be a lawyer like his father and his grandfather. He got his degree in 1763 and practised law at the parliament; however, he really preferred scientific research to law, so he also studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. He got his law degree in 1763, but never practised as a lawyer. He started a career as a scientist instead.

Science career 

During his career, Lavoisier brought major changes to the study of chemistry. Much of his research was done on combustion. He is the person who explained combustion by oxidation. To prove this, Lavoisier studied the air. In order to do this, in 1776, he burned mercury in an enclosed vase. His conclusion: the air is a combination of oxygen and is not a chemical element.

He also discovered the law of conservation of mass that is nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed. It says that the mass of the final products of a chemical reaction is the same as the reactants’ ones. Today, this principle is the basis of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier, together with L. B. Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet and Antoine François de Fourcroy, created the first system of chemical nomenclature in the 1780s.

POLITICAL CAREER :

While he was doing research for chemistry, Lavoisier was also working at the house. During this time, the French Revolution began in 1789. Antoine kept his position in the government. But, two years later, a new government arrived in power. This new government was suspicious of Lavoisier's great success as a scientific researcher and as a public administrator. He was accused of selling modified tobacco. He was arrested for conspiracy against the people. Even though there was no proof that showed that Antoine de Lavoisier broke the law, he was sentenced to death on 8 May 1794. He was executed using the guillotine.

References 

1743 births
1794 deaths
French chemists
French biologists
People executed by decapitation
Scientists from Paris
Tequila Sunrise

The Tequila Sunrise is an alcoholic cocktail made using tequila. Mexico is known for having Tequila in its bars. It is named afer the way it looks when it is poured into a glass, similar to the sky at sunrise. 

Alcoholic drink
Daisy Duck

Daisy Duck is a cartoon character created in 1940 at Walt Disney Animation Studios. Daisy is the girlfriend of Donald Duck. She is characterized by her big ribbon on her head. Her best friend is Minnie Mouse. Minnie Mouse is Mickey Mouse's girlfriend. 

Daisy made her official debut (an earlier love interest for Donald called Donna was introduced in the 1937 short 'Don Donald') in the 1940 short Mr. Duck Steps Out.

She likes shopping and she is a showboat. Daisy Duck is popular among women though she has made relatively few appearances in media compared to Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck..

Related pages
 Walt Disney Pictures
 List of Disney movies

Fictional characters introduced in 1940
Duck, Daisy
Duck, Daisy
List of 100 greatest NHL players by The Hockey News

This is The Hockey News top 100 National Hockey League players of all-time. The Hockey News is a newspaper that write about ice hockey. This list is included in the book The Top 100 NHL Players of All-Time ().

Judges 
The judges who helped make the selections for this list included writers, journalists, and broadcasters (Don Cherry, John Davidson, Milt Dunnell, Stan Fischler, Dick Irvin, Brian McFarlane, Bob McKenzie, Jim Matheson, Harry Neale, Frank Orr), as well as coaches, referees, general managers, and former players (Al Arbour, Scotty Bowman, Emile Francis, Howie Meeker, Scotty Morrison, Roger Neilson, Bud Poile, Sam Pollock, Marcel Pronovost, Billy Reay, Glen Sather, Harry Sinden, Red Storey).

The list 
Players in boldface were active when the list was published in early 1998.  Flags of players born outside of Canada (regardless of nationality) are included next to their names.
 Wayne Gretzky
 Bobby Orr
 Gordie Howe
 Mario Lemieux
 Maurice Richard
 Doug Harvey
 Jean Beliveau
 Bobby Hull
 Terry Sawchuk
 Eddie Shore
 Guy Lafleur
 Mark Messier
 Jacques Plante
 Ray Bourque
 Howie Morenz
 Glenn Hall
 Stan Mikita  
 Phil Esposito
 Denis Potvin
 Mike Bossy
 Ted Lindsay
 Patrick Roy
 Red Kelly
 Bobby Clarke
 Larry Robinson
 Ken Dryden
 Frank Mahovlich
 Milt Schmidt
 Paul Coffey
 Henri Richard
 Bryan Trottier
 Dickie Moore
 Newsy Lalonde
 Syl Apps
 Bill Durnan 
 Charlie Conacher
 Jaromir Jagr  
 Marcel Dionne
 Joe Malone
 Chris Chelios  
 Dit Clapper
 Bernie Geoffrion
 Tim Horton
 Bill Cook
 Johnny Bucyk
 George Hainsworth
 Gilbert Perreault
 Max Bentley
 Brad Park
 Jari Kurri  
 Nels Stewart
 King Clancy
 Bill Cowley
 Eric Lindros
 Busher Jackson
 Peter Stastny  
 Ted Kennedy
 Andy Bathgate
 Pierre Pilote
 Turk Broda
 Frank Boucher
 Cy Denneny
 Bernie Parent
 Brett Hull
 Aurel Joliat
 Toe Blake
 Frank Brimsek  
 Elmer Lach
 Dave Keon 
 Grant Fuhr
 Brian Leetch 
 Earl Seibert
 Doug Bentley''
 Borje Salming  
 Georges Vezina
 Charlie Gardiner
 Clint Benedict
 Steve Yzerman
 Tony Esposito
 Billy Smith
 Serge Savard
 Alex Delvecchio
 Babe Dye
 Lorne Chabot
 Sid Abel
 Bob Gainey
 Johnny Bower
 Sprague Cleghorn
 Mike Gartner
 Norm Ullman
 Sweeney Schriner  
 Joe Primeau
 Darryl Sittler
 Joe Sakic
 Dominik Hasek  
 Babe Pratt
 Jack Stewart
 Yvan Cournoyer
 Bill Gadsby
 Frank Nighbor

Notes

Lists of ice hockey players

en:The Hockey News#All-time NHL player rankings
James Norris Memorial Trophy

The James Norris Memorial Trophy is given out to the National Hockey League's best "defense player who demonstrates throughout the season the greatest all-round ability in the position". The James Norris Memorial Trophy has been awarded 53 times to 22 different players since it was first created in 1954. At the end of each season, members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association vote to decide the player who was the best defenseman during the regular season.

History
The trophy is named in honour of James E. Norris, owner of the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings from 1932 to 1952. The trophy was first awarded at the end of the 1953–54 NHL season. 

Bobby Orr of the Boston Bruins won the award for a record eight seasons in a row (1968–75). Doug Harvey and Nicklas Lidström has won the award seven times, while Ray Bourque has won it five times during his career. The Boston Bruins have won the most Norris Trophies with 14. The Montreal Canadiens are second with 11.

There are only two players that have won both the Norris and Hart Memorial Trophy for the same season: Bobby Orr, who won both trophies for the 1969–70, 1970–71 and 1971–72 seasons, and Chris Pronger, who won the Hart and Norris for the 1999–2000 NHL season.

Seven different defensemen won the Hart Trophy before the Norris Trophy's establishment: Billy Burch, Eddie Shore (four times), Herb Gardiner, Albert "Babe" Siebert, Ebbie Goodfellow, Tommy Anderson and Babe Pratt.

The voting is done at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association, and each voter picks their top five candidates on a 10–7–5–3–1 points system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL awards ceremony after the end of the playoffs.

Winners

Related pages
List of NHL players
List of NHL statistical leaders

References
General
James Norris Memorial Trophy history at NHL.com
James Norris Memorial Trophy history at Legends of Hockey.net

Specific

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Epistle to the Colossians

Colossians is the fifty-first book in the Christian Bible, and the twelfth in the New Testament.

Author  
This book has been long thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the Christians in Colossae, a small Phrygian city in modern day Turkey. Some modern scholars think it was written by a follower of Paul based on how it describes Jesus.  They believe those ideas took some time to be thought out. It is not as certain that Paul wrote this letter as it is with his other letters.

Date 
The letter may have been written by Paul at Rome when he was in jail the first time. Other scholars have suggested that it was written from Caesarea or Ephesus. This could have been about 62 A.D.,but it could have been later.

Content 
The letter to the Colossians says that Jesus Christ is over the entire created universe and tells Christians to lead godly lives. The letter consists of two parts: first a teaching section, then a second section about how to live. Some believe that the letter was needed to warn about growing heresy in the church. In both parts of the letter are warnings about false teachers who have been teaching wrong things to the people. Others see both sections of the letter as mainly about encouraging and teaching a growing church.

In the first two chapters the letter strongly says that Christ is over all that has been created. All things were created through him and for him, and the universe is kept by him. God had chosen to fully live in Christ. The "cosmic powers" honored by the false teachers had been defeated at Christ's death. Christ is the master of all angels and the head of the church. Christ is the only one who can be a go between with God and humans. It is the Father (God) in Colossians who is said to have saved us from darkness and put us in the kingdom of His well loved Son, Jesus also in some way restores all of the created world as well ("all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven").

The second part of the letter, chapters 3 and 4, tells the Christians how to live based on what they know about Jesus.  They are told to think about things that are above, to kill the bad desires of their old nature, and to put on the new (Christian) person. Many special duties of the Christian life are also taught.  These show that we are true Christians. The letter ends with prayer, instruction, and greetings.

References

Other websites 
Colossians (KJV)
Colossians (NIV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Bernhard Rensch

Bernhard Rensch (21 January 1900 – 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist, and ornithologist who did field work in Indonesia and India. He is probably best known as one of the architects of the modern evolutionary synthesis, which he popularised in Germany. His work on the evolution of geographically isolated populations, and on evolution above the species level, contributed to the modern synthesis. He also worked extensively on animal behavior (ethology).

Rensch's education and scientific work was interrupted by service in the German military during both World War I and World War II. His autobiography, published later in life, translates as 'Life of a biologist in a turbulent century'.<ref>Rensch B. 1979. Lebensweg eines Biologen in einem turbulenten Jahrenhundert. A short memorial was published in Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges.
83:673-675 (1990).</ref>

Works
This is a select list of books alone and includes English translations.
(1930) Eine biologische Reise nach den kleinen Sunda-Inseln. Berlin: Bornträger
(1947) 
(1947) Evolution above the Species Level. London: Methuen. (German original 1947; 3rd enlarged ed. 1972.)
(1971) Biophilosophy. New York: Columbia University Press. (German original 1968.)
(1972) Homo sapiens: From Man to Demigod. London: Methuen. (German original 1959.)
(1973) Gedächtnis, Begriffsbildung und Planhandlungen bei Tieren. Berlin: Parey.
(1979) Lebensweg eines Biologen in einem turbulenten Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: Fischer.
(1979) Gesetzlichkeit, psychophysischer Zusammenhang, Willensfreiheit und Ethik. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot.
(1984) Psychologische Grundlagen der Wertung bildender Kunst. Essen: Die blaue Eule.
(1985) Biophilosophical Implications of Inorganic and Organismic Evolution''. Essen: Die blaue Eule.

References 

German evolutionary biologists
Autobiographers
Ornithologists
1900 births
1990 deaths
Kinect

Kinect is a device that was made by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One. Kinect uses cameras and a special microphone to see and hear Xbox 360/One users. The device also uses equations to know what is a person and what is not. It was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles in May of 2009. It has won many awards. Kinect allows a user to move his or her body to control games, movies, and more. People can move their hand to go through menus, or they can use their whole body to control a body in a game. Kinect is special because it is the first way to play games that does not use a controller.

Kinect was released to retail stores in late 2010. The retail price is $149.99 and the Kinect is also optionally bundled with a new Xbox 360 S model that includes a game called Kinect Adventures!. Microsoft has said they will advertise it almost like a new video game console. They want Kinect to increase the time that people make games for Xbox 360 before a new video game console is made. In the future, Microsoft hopes Kinect starts a new idea of people using televisions, computers, and games with their hands and voices. PlayStation Move, which is for the PlayStation 3 console, is Kinect's main competitor.

The Kinect was named the "Fastest selling consumer electronics device" by the Guinness World Records, selling an average of 133,333 kinects per day with a total of 8 million units in its first 60 days.

A new version of the Kinect sensor was released with the Xbox One, which was released on November 22, 2013.

However, on October 2017, Microsoft stopped making Xbox One Kinect devices and the Xbox One Kinect doesn't want to work for Xbox One dashboard anymore, but only works for games.

Following the discontinuation of the Xbox line of Kinect sensors, Microsoft released a non-gaming version as the Azure Kinect, which uses Microsoft Azure cloud computing applications.

References

 USPAT 20100225746 REFERENCE IMAGE TECHNIQUES FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SENSING
 USPAT 20100118123 DEPTH MAPPING USING PROJECTED PATTERNS

Other websites
the Kinect on Xbox.com

Video game technology
Rusty Wallace

Russell William Wallace, Jr. (born August 14, 1956 in Fenton, Missoui) is a retired American race car driver. Wallace won the 1989 NASCAR Cup Series. In 2013 Wallace was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame.

He is known for driving the number 2 Miller Lite/Miller Genuine Draft car for Team Penske in NASCAR. He raced from 1980 to 2005. He won 55 races from 1986 to 2004. Wallace won many races on short tracks such as Bristol Motor Speedway and Richmond Raceway.

In 2006, he became a broadcaster for ESPN and ABC. He covered many auto racing events, such as the Indianapolis 500.

References

Living people
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Missouri
1956 births
Kevin Clash

Kevin Clash (born September 17, 1960) is an American puppeteer and voice actor. Clash currently performs Elmo on Sesame Street. He has also performed Splinter from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Clifford from Muppets Tonight, and Baby Dinosaur from Dinosaurs. Mr. Clash is an important part of Sesame Street Workshop. He often performs Elmo in hospitals for sick children. Mr. Clash is well known for his ability to improvise.

Filmography

1960 births
Living people
American voice actors
American puppeteers
Atomic clock

An atomic clock is a clock that works with atoms, as opposed to most other clocks which are mechanical. The frequency comes from the crossing radiation of electrons. Atomic clocks are currently the most exact clocks of the world. They are also called primary clocks.

Most clocks know the time  because they count how many times something moves back and forth. Atomic clocks count how many times an atom wiggles back and forth.

Worldwide, there are over 260 atomic clocks at over 60 different places. All data is collected at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris, France. The International Atomic Time is calculated there.

The basics were developed by Isidor Isaac Rabi. He was an American physicist at Columbia University. He got the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944.

References

Clocks
Physics
Typography

Typography is the practical art of arranging how the printed word appears on the page. Typography was born when print was born. Early types were based on the letterforms of scribes, and the letters cut into Trajan's Column ("monumental inscriptions"). Later, gradually, type designs were based on the special needs of books, pamphlets, newspapers and advertisements.

Typography includes not only letters, but all the set of symbols in a font, and it includes the overall design of a page or document. It applies to any medium which may be read; therefore it includes text on computer screens. A typographer may design type, select fonts, and design the layout of pages and books. The term does not cover the act of printing itself, though many of the early printers were themselves typographers.

Typography in the 20th century was greatly influenced by three things:
Modernism and the modern art movement.
Information about the effectiveness of typography and design. Some of this comes from formal 'scientific' experiments, but most comes from commercial sources. Naturally, sales results before and after a book or magazine redesign are compared. A redesign of the typography on the jacket of a book (Roget's Thesaurus) "nearly doubled the sales". Typographers themselves carry out mini-experiments to test alternatives. This is an extension of scientific method to what is, at heart, an artistic process. 
The development of modern computer technology, which affected type design, and changed printing methods.

A traditional aim of the typographer would be to produce a page which is, above all, legible and attractive to read, without its being obtrusive. For display typography, such as advertising, the display must be noticed before it is read. This had led to the development of many display typefaces which are highly visible, and which are available in large sizes.

Related pages 
 Printing
 Typeface
 Writing
 Calligraphy

References 

 
Graphics
Communication
Book terminology
History of printing
Cape

A cape can mean any outer piece of clothing that has no sleeves. However, it usually it is long and covers only the back half of the wearer, It fastens around the neck. Capes were common in medieval Europe, especially when combined with a hood. Capes have had periodic returns to fashion. Roman Catholic clergy wear a type of cape known as a ferraiolo, which is worn for formal events. Capes are often used as rain wear in various military units and police forces. In modern times, comic-book super-heroes, such as Superman and Batman, are often shown wearing capes.

Clothing
Cab Calloway

Cabell "Cab" Calloway III (December 25, 1907 – November 18, 1994) was an American jazz musician and actor. He was famous for his "scat" style singing. He was the leader of one of the most famous big bands in the 1930s and 1940s. Calloway's band featured many famous musicians including Dizzy Gillespie.

In 1931 he recorded his most famous song, '"Minnie the Moocher."'

In his later career Calloway became a popular actor in movies and stage shows. In 1980 he acted and sang in the movie "The Blues Brothers." In the movie he sang "Minnie the Moocher." He sang the song "The Jumpin' Jive" on the famous children's TV show Sesame Street.

In May 1994, Calloway suffered a stroke. He died six months later on November 18, 1994.

Other websites

The Official Cab Calloway website

1907 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Musicians from New York
Singers from New York
Grammy Award winners
People from Rochester, New York
The Stranger (novel)

The Stranger (sometimes known as The Outsider) is an existentialist novel written by French writer Albert Camus. It was written in 1942.

The title is "L'Etranger" in French. It discusses philosophical ideas.

Related pages

 Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

1942 books
French novels
French literature
Toei Asakusa Line

The Toei Asakusa Line (都営浅草線, とえいあさくさせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation in Tokyo, Japan.

Station 
Explanation of marks:
 ●: Train stops at this station
 |: Train does not stop at this station
 No mark: Train bypasses station

Related pages
 Tokyo

Japanese railways
1080p

1080p refers to a level of high definition. It is the highest level of high definition that most high definition televisions can show. The number 1080 means there are 1,080 lines of color going from left to right in each picture on the screen. The p means progressive scan (every picture has all the lines every time). 1080p is almost always widescreen.

Television technology
Teriyaki

Teriyaki is an Asian cuisine dish usually made from pork, chicken, or beef on a stick or separately on plates. It is mostly found in Thailand, China, and Japan and other Asian countries. The taste is something of sweet, or sour, or spicy usually.

Related pages
 Asado
 Barbecue

Japanese food
Sauces
Dance hall

A dance hall is a place where people go to dance and talk to each other. It also usually has drinks and lounging, with music and disco lights or lighting of some sort.

Entertainment venues