cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Grail (web browser)

Grail is a free web browser. It was written in the Python programming language. It was made available for multiple platforms. It is open-source, allowing it to be changed to improve it. Grail started to be made in August 1995. It first came out in November 1995. The last version of Grail was version 0.6, which came out on 1 April 1999.

Unlike all web browsers of the time, it can run client-side Python code, mostly like how mainstream web browsers can run client-side JavaScript code.

It is thought Grail has that name because Guido van Rossum liked Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a film by Monty Python, a British comedy group. It is known Python was named after Monty Python.

References

Other websites

Free software
Web browsers
Car design

Car design is the process of determining how cars and other motor vehicles like trucks look and feel. Most cars are designed by a large group of people that usually includes artists and engineers.

Design process 
Typically, cars are designed based on many sketches and drawings, along with computer-aided design models. When the design team is satisfied with the basic shape of the car, a life-size model is sculpted from clay. Details are added to the clay model, and its shape may be changed by a small amount.

Then, the interior design team designs the car's interior, making sure that it fits the needs of the customer. These needs include things like comfort and entertainment systems. High-end cars like luxury cars and supercars have fancy interiors and are designed for an enjoyable driving experience, while utility vehicles like vans have plain, rugged interiors designed to endure various types of cargo.

Other parts of the car, such as the chassis and engine, are designed primarily by engineers, as it is less important for these parts to look attractive than it is for them to work properly.

History 
While most early cars were designed around usability rather than looks, that began to change when American businessman Alfred P. Sloan came up with the idea of changing a car's styling every year. This was done from the 1920s onward to keep cars looking "new" for each year they were sold, leaving customers unhappy with older models of the same car and increasing car sales in the United States. Sloan got this idea from bicycle companies.

After World War I, car companies in European countries focused on luxury, and companies called coachbuilders made bodies for luxury cars. Some of these bodies were customized for especially rich customers.

After World War II, the American economy grew and most American citizens were now able to afford cars. Because cars became more important in the United States, so did their styling, with the most famous American car designer being Harley Earl. The influence of car design would also grow massively in Europe, especially within France, Italy, and Germany.

References 

Vehicles
Design
Ripley County, Missouri

Ripley County is a county along the southern border of Missouri, United States. In 2010, 14,100 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Doniphan.

References 

1833 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Ozark County, Missouri

Ozark County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Gainesville. In 2010, 9,723 people lived there.

1841 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Gisella Donadoni

Gisella Donadoni (born 1968) is an Italian television presenter, journalist, and actress.  She was born in Bergamo, Italy. She began her career in 1994 as a news presenter on TV Bergamo.

Career 
Over the years she worked as a presenter and journalist on many shows on the RAI and Mediaset networks. Her first appearance as an actress was as Regina Sartori in the TV soap opera Vivere ("To live"). Her first appearance as a movie actress was in 2018 when she played the role of Angela Stefanelli in Un nemico che ti vuole bene ("An enemy who loves you”).

References

Other websites 
 

1968 births
Living people
People from Lombardy
Italian movie actors
James F. Byrnes

James Francis Byrnes (; May 2, 1882 – April 9, 1972) was an American judge and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was also the 104th Governor of South Carolina from 1951 through 1955. From 1945 through 1947, he was the United States Secretary of State during the Harry S. Truman presidency.

References

1882 births
1972 deaths
United States Supreme Court justices
Governors of South Carolina
United States senators from South Carolina
United States representatives from South Carolina
United States Secretaries of State
People from Charleston, South Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
Obazoa

Obazoa is a clade (a group of plants or animals that share an ancestor). It is a Unikont. Unikonts are one of the five superkingdoms in the classification of eukaryotes.

The Obazoa is made up of Breviatea, Apusomonadida and Opisthokonta. It does not include Amoebozoa, because that is a different clade. The connections between opisthokonts, breviates and apusomonads are not well known yet. Probably the Breviatea are the most basic of the three groups. RNA phylogenies (evolution clues) do not give much evidence that Obazoa is a clade. This could still mean Obazoa is from a very old ancestor, and there are not many clues left (because of its age).

References 

Eukaryotes
Holozoa

Holozoa is a group of living things that includes animals, and some single-celled relatives of animals. It excludes fungi. Holozoa is also an old name for the tunicate genus Distaplia. 

Holozoa is a clade: a group of plants or animals with a common ancestor. It has all organisms close to animals.An example of a well-known holozoan is the choanoflagellate, which looks a lot like the cells of a sponge. Proterospongia'' is an example of a choanoflagellate that might give clues as to how sponges evolved.

Evolution 
The phylogenic tree (evolution tree) below shows how clades broke into newer clades. This includes Holozoa.

References 

Eukaryotes
Jane on her Own

Jane on her Own is the fourth book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1999. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. 

Children's books
Books by Ursula K. Le Guin
Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings

Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings is the third book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1994. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. 

Children's books
Books by Ursula K. Le Guin
Catwings Return

Catwings Return is the second book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1989. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. 

Children's books
Books by Ursula K. Le Guin
Catwings

Catwings is the first book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1988. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. 

Children's books
Books by Ursula K. Le Guin
Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris

Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker (September 27, 1940 – December 13, 2019) and Roy Lewis Norris (February 5, 1948 – February 24, 2020), also known as the Tool Box Killers, were American serial killers and rapists who kidnapped, raped, tortured, and killed five teenage girls in Southern California over a period of five months in 1979.

Bittaker was in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Norris was born in Greeley, Colorado.

Norris accepted a plea bargain whereby he agreed to testify against Bittaker and was sentenced to life imprisonment on May 7, 1980, with possibility of parole after serving 30 years. He was incarcerated at Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County, California. He died there on February 24, 2020 at the age of 72.

Bittaker was sentenced to death and was imprisoned at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California. He died in prison on December 13, 2019 at the age of 79.

Bittaker and Norris became known as the "Tool Box Killers" due to the fact the majority of instruments used to torture and murder their victims, such as pliers, ice picks, and sledgehammers, were items normally stored inside a household toolbox.

References

1940 births
1948 births
2019 deaths
2020 deaths
Duos
American rapists
American serial killers
American people convicted of manslaughter
Criminals from California
People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
People from Colorado
Yury Belyayev (footballer)

Yury Ivanovich Belyayev (; 2 April 1934 – 14 December 2019) was a Soviet football player and coach. He played in 111 matches for CSKA Moscow, scoring 52 goals. He was a member of the national team that won a gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

From 1974 to 1980, he coached in the Soviet Armed Forces.

In 1991, Belyayev was honored as a Merited Master of Sport by the Soviet Union.

On 14 December 2019, Belyayev died at the age of 85.

References

1934 births
2019 deaths
Russian footballers
Russian football managers
Sportspeople from Moscow
Gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. 

When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool.

Small amounts of bleeding over a long time may cause iron-deficiency anemia resulting in feeling tired or heart-related chest pain. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, shortness of breath, pale skin, or passing out.

Sometimes in those with small amounts of bleeding no symptoms may be present.

References

Medical emergencies
Puzzle globe

A puzzle globe (also called jigsaw globe, globe puzzle, puzzle ball, puzzle sphere or spherical puzzle) is a series of puzzle pieces that are a complete sphere or globe when put together. Puzzle globes usually have a substrate made of one piece that helps the puzzle pieces as they are put in place. In some puzzle globes, the substrate is made of steel and the puzzle pieces are magnetic, the magnetic attraction keeping pieces on the lower part of the sphere from falling off.

Like a two-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, a globe puzzle is often made of cardboard and the pieces put together make one layer. Most globe puzzles make things in the shape of a sphere, such as the Earth, the Moon, or historical globes of the Earth.

The logo of Wikipedia is a puzzle globe. It has characters from many different writing systems on it.

A jigsaw puzzle globe from the 1870s is in the collection of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science. It is a copy of an earlier one made in Germany.

References 

Puzzles
Three-dimensional shapes
Chuy Bravo

Chuy Bravo (born Jesús Melgoza; December 7, 1956 – December 14, 2019) was a Mexican-American actor and comedian, best known as the sidekick of host Chelsea Handler on the talk show Chelsea Lately during its run from 2007 to 2014. He usually provided comedic relief to Handler's show, and was the topic of many of her jokes. He also appeared in some pornographic videos.

Bravo was born in Tangancícuaro, Michoacán, Mexico. He had dwarfism and was 4 feet 3 inches (130 cm) tall. Bravo died of a heart attack caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage on December 14, 2019 in a Mexico City hospital at the age of 63.

References

Other websites
 

1956 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage
People with dwarfism
American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American pornographic actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican comedians
Comedians from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Greeley, Colorado

Greeley is the city that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Weld County, Colorado, United States. Greeley is in northern Colorado and is  north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver.  

According to a July 2018 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the city is 107,348.

References

Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Bill Simpson

Bill Simpson (March 14, 1940 – December 16, 2019) was an American racecar driver and businessman. He was best known as a key figure in the racing safety business with his company Simpson Performance Products. He left Simpson Performance in a controversy surrounding Dale Earnhardt's death.

He was added into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2003. He was the author of the book Racing Safely, Living Dangerously, and its sequel, Through the Fire.

Simpson died of stroke-related problems in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 16, 2019 at the age of 79.

References

Other websites
Official website for Impact Race Products

1940 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American racecar drivers
American autobiographers
Sportspeople from Indianapolis, Indiana
Businesspeople from Indianapolis, Indiana
Writers from Indianapolis, Indiana
Joanna Barnes

Joanna Barnes  (born November 15, 1934) is an American actress, novelist and journalist. She was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Her best known roles include Gloria Upson in the movie Auntie Mame (1958), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for New Star of the Year and as Jane in Tarzan, the Ape Man (1959).

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Speaking of Stories: Joanna Barnes bio
 Golden Globes: Auntie Mame

1934 births
Living people
American columnists
American journalists
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts 
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Rebecca Long-Bailey

Rebecca Roseanne Long-Bailey (born 22 September 1979) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Salford and Eccles since the 2015 general election. 

She was the Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet from February 2017 to April 2020, losing the position when Keir Starmer became the leader of the party.

In January 2020, Long-Bailey announced her candidacy for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election. She came in second place with 135,218 votes, representing 27.6% of the total overall votes. The winner of the election was Keir Starmer.

Long-Bailey became Shadow Secretary of State for Education in Keir Starmer's Shadow Cabinet in April 2020. Keir Starmer later sacked her from the Shadow Cabinet in June 2020, saying she shared an article containing an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory. The claim came from an article retweeted by Long-Bailey that was an interview with English actress and Labour supporter Maxine Peake in The Independent.  In one line of the article Peake said "The tactics used by the police in America, kneeling on George Floyd's neck, that was learnt from seminars with Israeli secret services." Long-Bailey said that she shared the article because of Peake's significant achievements "and because the thrust of her argument is to stay in the Labour Party" but she did not endorse "all aspects of it".

References

1979 births
Living people
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
English Roman Catholics
British lawyers
People from Greater Manchester
Labour Party (UK) MPs
2020 Israeli legislative election

Legislative elections for the 23rd Knesset was held in Israel on 2 March 2020. 

According to the relevant Basic Law, the elections were required to be held no later than the third Tuesday of the Hebrew month of Cheshvan four years after the previous elections, making the latest possible date 31 October 2023. 

However, due to the failed attempts to form a government by 11 December after the September elections, early elections were called, the third within a year.

On 20 April 2020, Benny Gantz and Benjamin Netanyahu announced that an agreement on a unity government had been reached following the election. The deal would involve both parties splitting power and Gantz and Netanyahu taking turns being prime minister. The deal says Gantz will be Vice Prime Minister until October 2021, by then he will become Prime Minister.

References

2020 elections in Asia
December 2019 events
March 2020 events
2020
Blue and White (political alliance)

Blue and White ( Kaḥol Lavan) is a centrist and liberal political alliance in Israel.

Participating in the Netanyahu-Gantz Government and the Bennett-Lapid Government.

References

Political parties in Israel
Zionist parties
2010s establishments in Israel
New Right (Israel)

The New Right (, HaYamin HeHadash) is a right-wing political party in Israel, established in December 2018 by justice minister Ayelet Shaked and education minister Naftali Bennett.

Participating in the Bennett-Lapid Government.

References

Political parties in Israel
Zionist parties
2010s establishments in Israel
2018 establishments in Asia
Labor-Gesher

Labor-Gesher is a joint list of the Israeli Israeli Labor Party and Gesher parties for elections for the twenty-second Knesset. The list is jointly headed by Amir Peretz of the Israeli Labor Party and Orly Levy of the Gesher party.

References

Former political parties in Israel
Jewish Home-National Union

The Jewish Home-National Union is a parliamentary faction represented in the Knesset.

Leaders

References

Former political parties in Israel
Democratic Union (Israel)

The Democratic Union () is a left-wing political alliance in Israel formed between Meretz, Israel Democratic Party, Labor defector Stav Shaffir, and the Green Movement that ran in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election.

References

Former political parties in Israel
Amir Peretz

Amir Peretz (; born on 9 March 1952 in Boujad, Morocco) is an Israeli politician and trade unionist. He was the leader of the Labor Party, and as a member of the Knesset for the party.

In the 1980s he was mayor of Sderot.

A Knesset member almost continuously since 1988, he has also been Minister of Defence and Minister of Environmental Protection, as well as heading the Histadrut trade union federation between 1995 and 2006.

Since 17 May 2020 he has been minister of economy in the Fifth Netanyahu Government.

References

1952 births
Living people
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Israeli former political leaders
Israeli mayors
Israeli opposition leaders
Israeli trade unionists
Jewish Israeli politicians
Members of Knesset
Moroccan Jews
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Moroccan politicians
Nitzan Horowitz

Nitzan Horowitz (; born 24 February 1965) is an Israeli politician. He is the head of the Meretz party and the Democratic Union. He previously was the chief U.S. correspondent and commentator for the Israeli News Company, known as Channel 2 News. 

In 2013, he ran for mayor of Tel Aviv. Before being elected to the Knesset, he was the Foreign Affairs commentator and head of the International desk at Hadashot 10, the news division of Channel 10. 

In June 2019, he won the Meretz leadership election, and currently serves as leader of the party.

References

1965 births
Living people
Gay Jews
Israeli journalists
Israeli LGBT people
Israeli political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish Israeli writers
LGBT journalists
LGBT politicians
Members of Knesset
Meretz politicians
Rafi Peretz

Rafael "Rafi" Peretz (; born 7 January 1956) is an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and politician. He was born in Jerusalem.

Peretz was a brigadier general who was the Chief Military Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces. He is currently leader of the Jewish Home party and a member of the Knesset for the The Jewish Home–Tkuma alliance.

In 2019, he became Minister of Education in the Fourth Netanyahu Government. Since 17 May 2020 he has been minister of Jerusalem affairs in the Fifth Netanyahu Government.

From 2019 to 2021 Peretz was leader of The Jewish Home.

References

1956 births
Living people
Chief Military Rabbis of Israel
Government ministers of Israel
Israeli former political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Members of Knesset
People from Jerusalem
Elaine Hendrix

Katherine Elaine Hendrix (born December 28, 1970) is an American actress, model, producer, singer, dancer, and activist. She is known for her roles in the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap, Inspector Gadget 2, and the 2004 documentary movie What the Bleep Do We Know!?. She was born in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

References

Other websites
 
 

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Models from Tennessee
American movie producers
American activists
Actors from Tennessee
Singers from Tennessee
Brian Keith

Brian Keith (born Robert Alba Keith, November 14, 1921 – June 24, 1997) was an American actor. His best known movie roles were in the Disney family movie The Parent Trap (1961), the comedy The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966), and the adventure saga The Wind and the Lion (1975).

References

1921 births
1997 deaths
Suicides by firearm in the United States
People with cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New Jersey
People from Bayonne, New Jersey
Pokki

Pokki is a free digital distribution platform and Windows Shell extension. It was made by SweetLabs, Inc. It gives computers running Windows a mobile app-like interface. It is available for Windows XP and later; the Windows 8 version takes over the Start screen to imitate a look and feel of the second generation Start menu in earlier versions of Windows.

Pokki is adware, according to Malwaretips.  Meanwhile, Sophos AV has said Pokki is "viruses and spyware".

History
Pokki first launched as a beta version in June 2011. Pokki's framework is built on Chromium, allowing developers to make desktop applications with normal internet languages, such as HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript.

In April 2012, Pokki launched the Pokki Store, a marketplace and app store for desktop apps for social networking services and social gaming apps. With the Pokki Store, users can browse, search, and download applications in various categories. Developers submit applications using the Pokki Developer Center.

In August 2012, Pokki finished being in the beta stage. It said it had 1 million monthly active users. It released the Pokki Menu, an app launcher for access, management, and discovery of its apps, and a notification center for real-time updates.

In October 2012, Pokki for Windows 8 was released as a free software download to bring back core things to the Windows Start menu that had been removed from Windows 8. It had about 1.5 million users as of January 2013.

References

Other websites
 
Microsoft Windows software
The Darkness of the Morning

The Darkness of the Morning is a novel by Gordon Parker.  It was published in 1975.  The novel is about coal miners in 19th-century England.  It follows the lives of fictional coal miners and their families through the great strike of 1844, the Crimean War, and the Hartley Colliery disaster of 1862.  The book was widely and positively reviewed. In 1978, it was re-published in English with commentary in Russian for school reading.

References

1975 books
Novels
Santa Clara

Santa Clara (Portuguese and Spanish for Saint Clare or Saint Clair) may refer to:

Places

Africa
 Santa-Clara (municipality) or Curoca, Angola
 Santa Clara, Gabon

Asia
 Santa Clara, Santa Maria, Philippines
 Santa Clara, Santo Tomas, Batangas, Philippines

Europe
 Santa Clara, Coimbra, Portugal
 Santa Clara (Lisbon), Portugal
 Santa Clara-a-Velha, Odemira, Portugal
 Santa Clara-a-Nova e Gomes Aires, Almodôvar, Portugal
 Santa Clara (Ponta Delgada), Azores
 Santa Clara Island (San Sebastian), Spain

North and Central America
 Santa Clara, Corozal District, Belize
 Santa Clara Province, Cuba
 Santa Clara, Cuba
 Santa Clara, Consolación del Sur, Cuba
 Santa Clara, San Vicente, El Salvador
 Santa Clara La Laguna, Guatemala
Santa Clara, Chiriquí, Panama
 Santa Clara, Coclé, Panama
 Santa Clara, Panamá Oeste, Panama
 Santa Clara, Durango, Mexico 
 Santa Clara del Cobre, Mexico

United States
 Santa Clara, California
 Santa Clara County, California
 Santa Clara station (California)
 Santa Clara Valley, better known as "Silicon Valley"
 Santa Clara Valley AVA, a wine region
 Santa Clara University
 Mission Santa Clara de Asís, origin of the city and county
 Santa Clara station (VTA), San Jose, California
 Santa Clara River (California), north of Los Angeles
 Santa Clara River Valley
 Santa Clara station (Metrorail), Allapattah, Miami, Florida
 Santa Clara, New Mexico
 Santa Clara Indian Reservation, New Mexico
 Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico
 Santa Clara, New York
 Santa Clara, Eugene, Oregon
 Santa Clara, Texas
 Santa Clara, Utah
 Santa Clara River (Utah)
 Santa Clara Volcano, Utah

South America
 Santa Clara, Jujuy, Argentina
 Santa Clara, La Rioja, Argentina
 Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
 Santa Clara d'Oeste, São Paulo, Brazil
 Santa Clara Island, Chile

Other uses
 Santa Clara (baseball club), a Cuban team from 1922 to 1941, known as the Leopards
 Niña, or Santa Clara, one of the three ships on Christopher Columbus's first voyage
 C.D. Santa Clara de El Salvador, a football club in Pasaquina, La Union
 C.D. Santa Clara, a football club in Santa Clara, Ponta Delgada, Azores
 , originally Santa Clara, a 15th century ship
 The Santa Clara, a student newspaper of Santa Clara University, California
 Battle of Santa Clara, a 1958 conflict in Cuba

Related pages

Saint Clair (disambiguation)
Saint Clare (disambiguation)
 St. Claire (disambiguation)
Santa Clarita (disambiguation)
Floppotron

The Floppotron is a musical instrument. It was made by Polish engineer Paweł Zadrożniak. It is made of a set of computer hardware that plays music together. The latest version, the Floppotron 2.0, has 64 floppy drives, eight hard drives, and two flatbed scanners.

Development

First version
The first version of the Floppotron was made in 2011. It is made of two floppy drives and an ATMega microcontroller. The sound is made by the magnetic head being moved by its stepper motor. The floppy drive's heads have be moved at the correct speed to make the correct sound.

The instrument became well known thanks to a video of the instrument on YouTube playing the Imperial March, which has more than 6 million views.

2.0 version
In 2016, Paweł Zadrożniak made a better version of the Floppotron, which has 64 floppy drives, 8 hard drives, and two flatbed scanners. Every column of eight floppy drives is controlled by an ATMega16 microcontroller, and the hard drives are controlled by two SMD MOSFETs that push and pull. The flatbed scanner head are controlled by Arduino Uno boards.

How it works
Any device that has an electric motor can make sound. Scanners and floppy drives use stepper motors to move the head with sensors that scan an image, or read or write, onto a magnetic disk. The faster the motor, the higher the pitch of the sound the motor makes. Hard disks use a magnet and a coil to tilt the head. When voltage is supplied for long enough, the head speeds up and hits the bound, which makes the "drum hit” sound.

The Floppotron makes MIDI music files into commands that tell each device when to buzz, click, or be silent.

Song covers

As of April 2019, Paweł Zadrożniak's YouTube page shows more than one hundred songs played with the Floppotron. Some of those songs are Queen's "Bohemian Rapsody", Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", White Stripes's "Seven Nation Army", Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller".

References

Other websites
 Inventor Paweł Zadrożniak home page

Musical instruments
Taree

Taree is a town on the Mid North Coast, New South Wales, Australia. Taree was colonized in 1831 by William Wynter. The name Taree is derived from "tareebit", a word from the native language Biripi word which means tree by the river, or more specifically, the Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata). According to the Australian census, the estimated population in the locality in the year 2016 is 16,197 people.

References 

Towns in New South Wales
MacOS Sierra

macOS Sierra (version 10.12) is the thirteenth major release of macOS (previously  from 2001 to 2012 and  from 2012 to 2016), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh. It was the first version of the operating system issued under the June 2016 renaming as macOS. Sierra is named after the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California and Nevada.

References

MacOS
Gena Turgel

Gena Turgel (née Goldfinger; 1 February 1923 – 7 June 2018) was a Jewish Polish author, educator, and Holocaust survivor.

Her memoir, I Light a Candle, was published in 1987. She spent much of her life educating British school pupils about the Holocaust.

References

Holocaust survivors
1923 births
2018 deaths
Polish writers
Polish educators
People from Kraków
Taki Theodoracopulos

Panagiotis "Taki" Theodoracopulos (; , ; born 11 August 1936) is a Greek journalist and writer. Theodoracopulos's column "High Life" has appeared in The Spectator since 1977, where he wrote a series of controversial articles. Some of his articles have been edited by Boris Johnson.

In 2002, Theodoracopulos founded The American Conservative magazine with Pat Buchanan and Scott McConnell. He was also the publisher of the British magazine Right Now!.

He lives in New York City, London and Gstaad, Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Taki's Magazine
 

1936 births
Living people
Journalists
Greek writers
Anthony Smith (producer)

Professor Anthony Smith CBE (14 March 1938 – 28 November 2021) was a British broadcaster, author and academic. He was President of Magdalen College, Oxford, between 1988 and 2005. He worked for the Annan Committee on The Future of Broadcasting, and became engaged in the national debate which led to the foundation of the UK's Channel 4.

Smith died on 28 November 2021 in London from renal failure, aged 83.

References

1938 births
2021 deaths
British educators
British writers
People from Oxford
Deaths from renal failure
Robert Winston

Robert Maurice Lipson Winston, Baron Winston  (born 15 July 1940) is a British professor, medical doctor, scientist, television presenter and Labour Party politician. In December 1995, he became Member of the House of Lords. He was born in London.

References

Other websites
President of the BA, Biography at the British Association
Another biography at the BA
Age of the Sage: Robert Winston

1940 births
Living people
English television presenters
English physicians
British educators
Politicians from London
Scientists from London
Writers from London
Peregrine Worsthorne

Sir Peregrine Gerard Worsthorne (22 December 1923 – 3 October 2020) was a British journalist, writer and broadcaster. Worsthorne spent the largest part of his career at the Telegraph newspaper titles, eventually becoming editor of The Sunday Telegraph for several years. He left the newspaper in 1997.

Worsthorne died on 3 October 2020 at his home in Buckinghamshire, aged 96.

Writings
Mary Wilson (et al.) (1977) The Queen, Penguin [contributor]
Peregrine Worsthorne (1958) Dare democracy disengage?, Conservative Political Centre [pamphlet]
Peregrine Worsthorne (1971) The Socialist Myth, Cassell
Peregrine Worsthorne (1973) Edwina Sandys, Crane Kalman Gallery [exhibition catalogue introduction]
Peregrine Worsthorne (1980) Peregrinations: Selected pieces by Peregrine Worsthorne, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
Peregrine Worsthorne (1987) By the Right, Brophy Educational [selections from his Sunday Telegraph columns]
Peregrine Worsthorne (1988) The politics of manners and the uses of inequality: Autumn address, Centre for Policy Studies [pamphlet]
Peregrine Worsthorne (2004) In Defence of Aristocracy Harper Collins [published in paperback as Democracy Needs Aristocracy Perennial 2005]

References

Other websites
 KPIX-TV 1962 San Francisco interview of Worsthorne about U.S. political conventions.

1923 births
2020 deaths
English journalists
Writers from London
Paul Oestreicher

Paul Oestreicher (born 29 September 1931) is a German Anglican priest, Quaker, peace and human rights activist. He was born in Meiningen, Germany. He was a member of the General Synod of the Church of England from 1970-81 and 1995-97. From 1981 to 1985 he was Director of the Division of International Affairs of the British Council of Churches. He was a known critic of apartheid and the 1986 United States bombing of Libya.

References

1931 births
Living people
German critics
German political activists
Lewis Wolpert

Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS FRSL FMedSci (19 October 1929 – 28 January 2021) was a South African-born British developmental biologist, author, and broadcaster. Wolpert was known for his work on the intracellular positional information that guides cellular development.

Wolpert died at a hospital in London on 28 January 2021 from COVID-19, aged 91.

Publications

 Paperback  First published 1992 by Faber & Faber, London.

References

1929 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
South African scientists
South African writers
British biologists
Scientists from London
Writers from London
2b2t

2builders2tools (2b2t) is a Minecraft multiplayer game server founded in 2010 by an unknown owner, known online as Hausemaster. 2b2t is one of the oldest servers in Minecraft. 2b2t is also the oldest server in Minecraft where there are no rules, which Minecraft players like to call an "anarchy server". The server is running on the same map without a single reset since its creation, with its Spawn area being extremely damaged. The server has no rules, cheating and griefing are common, in addition to violence and racism in the game chat. The server became famous among the players of Minecraft thanks to its chaotic nature. According to the owner of 2b2t, as of March 2021, the server is over 10,300 gigabytes in size, and had over 600,000 players visiting at least once. The server is also a viral topic on YouTube, with videos about it reaching millions of views on that website.

History
The Minecraft server 2b2t.org was founded in 2010 by an unknown owner, known online as Hausemaster. It was advertised on 4chan and Reddit. Members from different forums launched raids against each other and their work. YouTuber TheCampingRusher uploaded a YouTube video on June 1, 2016, where he played on 2b2t. This caused a conflict on the server known as "The Rusher War".  A queue to enter the server was soon added due to the massive influx of new players caused by the video's popularity. Players can also pay $20 to access a separate priority queue for a month.

Since its creation, the server gained attention from the news. Articles were created about 2b2t on Kotaku, Vice, IGN, Newsweek and The Independent. In the book Master Builder 3.0 Advanced, in April 2015, 2b2t was described as crazy, that it can get "outright wild," and that the server is a "nightmare wasteland." The book also stated that it is known as "online royalty" among Minecraft servers.

Other websites
Official Reddit page

References

Minecraft
Fay Weldon

Fay Weldon CBE FRSL (born 22 September 1931) is an English author, essayist and playwright. She was born in Birmingham, England. Weldon's most known work is her 1983 novel The Life and Loves of a She-Devil which she wrote at the age of 52.

References

1931 births
Living people
English playwrights
English novelists
English essayists
Jim Haynes

James Haynes (10 November 1933 – 6 January 2021) was a British sociologist and writer. He was a former figure in the British "underground" and alternative/counter-culture scene of the 1960s. He was the founder of Edinburgh's Traverse Theatre, the paper International Times and the London Arts Lab in Drury Lane.

Haynes died on 6 January 2021 at his home in Paris, aged 87.

References

1933 births
2021 deaths
British sociologists
Writers from London
Jerome L. Singer

Jerome Laurence Singer (February 6, 1924 – December 14, 2019) was an American psychologist. He was the Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the Yale School of Medicine. He was a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the New York Academy of Sciences. He ws known as the "the father of daydreaming" due to his works about daydreaming.

Singer was born in New York City. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. Singer died on December 14, 2019 at a hospital in New Haven, Connecticut at the age of 95.

References

1924 births
2019 deaths
American psychologists
Writers from New York City
Scientists from New York City
Tantric yoga

Tantric yoga is a religious belief. This ancient practice is actually a powerful combination of asana, mantra, mudra, and bandha (energy lock) and chakra (energy center) work that you can use to build strength, clarity, and bliss in everyday life. By harnessing and embodying the five forces of Shakti, the female deity that represents creativity and change, Tantric Yoga suggests we can move through the world with more confidence and contentment.

The simple principle of tantra yoga is: whatever can take you down can also take you up. The ways in which a man usually sinks in his life are through food, alcoholic drink and sexuality. Tantra yoga uses the same three vehicles to rise up.

Tantric practices, including Tantra yoga, work on the subtle energies within the body to enhance spiritual growth and physical wellbeing. Through the exploration of these energies and their connection to the universe, the purpose of life and the connection to others can be understood in a new dimension.

Yoga
Religion
Jerome Kagan

Jerome Kagan (February 25, 1929 – May 10, 2021) was an American psychologist. He was the Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology, Emeritus at Harvard University, and co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. He was one of the key pioneers of developmental psychology.

Kagan died on May 10, 2021 in Durham, North Carolina at the age of 92.

References

1929 births
2021 deaths
American psychologists
Scientists from Newark, New Jersey
Harvard University faculty
Educators from Newark, New Jersey
Mikey Madison

Mikey Madison (born March 25, 1999) is an American actress. She is best known for starring as Max Fox on the FX television comedy series Better Things (2016–present) and as Manson Family follower Susan Atkins (Sadie) in Once Upon a Time ... in Hollywood (2019). She was born in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites
 

1999 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American child actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Singleton, New South Wales

Singleton is a town on the banks of the Hunter River, New South Wales, Australia. Singleton is  northwest of Sydney and  northwest of Newcastle. According to the 2016 Australian census, the estimated population number of the town was 13,214 people in the urban centres and localities.

References 

Towns in New South Wales
Glide (API)

Glide is a  3D graphics API made by 3dfx Interactive for their Voodoo Graphics 3D accelerator cards. It was proprietary at first, then 3dfx later made it open source. It was only designed to draw graphics, mostly geometry and texture mapping, in data formats like those used in their cards. It was popular in the late 1990s because 3Dfx 3D accelerator cards were widely used,  but became obsolete because Microsoft's Direct3D got better, full OpenGL implementations from other graphics card vendors came out, and 3D hardware became more diverse.

API 
Glide is based on the basic geometry and "world view" of OpenGL 1.1. That version of OpenGL is an API that has 336 calls, most of which were not of use to draw graphics for video games at the time. Glide was designed to only have the features that were of use to draw graphics for video games at the time. The allowed the API to be small enough to fully run using late-1990s hardware.

Use in games 
Voodoo cards mostly dominated the video game market during the last half of the 1990s because they ran fast and Glide was easy to use. The name Glide was chosen to reference OpenGL, which it was based on, while being different enough to not make trademark problems happen.

Glide wrappers and emulators 
Glide emulator development started in the late 1990s. Before 3dfx ended, the company tried very hard to stop these attempts, ending early emulation projects using legal threats. However, a short amount of time before it ended and Nvidia bought its assets, 3dfx made the Glide API, and also the Voodoo 2 and Voodoo 3 specifications, open source, which later became an open source project. No games released after 1999 only support Glide for 3D acceleration (Direct3D and OpenGL are used instead), but Glide emulation is still needed to run older games with hardware acceleration. Because the specifications and code are now open source, multiple emulators and wrappers are available that allow older games that use the Glide API to run on non-Voodoo hardware. Other projects, such as Glidos, allow even older games to use Glide.

Related pages 
 Vulkan (API)
 3dfx Interactive
 MiniGL
 Mantle (API), another low-level API

References

Other websites 
 Glide SourceForge Project
 GLIDE programming manual
 Glide Wrappers List
 OpenGL Documentation

Computer graphics
Software
Kenning

A kenning is a phrase that describes a noun in metaphorical terms often in a form of imagery. It is often used in literature.

Examples 
 Story keeper - book
 Web maker - spider
 Sky climber/Big rock - mountain

Medieval literature
Poetry
Iceland
Adam Price

Adam Price (born 23 September 1968) is a Welsh politician. He is the leader of Plaid Cymru since 2018. He has sat in the National Assembly for Wales for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Carmarthen East and Dinefwr constituency.

References

1968 births
Living people
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Welsh politicians
Colum Eastwood

Colum Eastwood  MP MLA (born 30 April 1983) is a Northern Irish politician. He has been the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) since 2015. He was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2011, and had since been re-elected. He quit in 2019.

He was also the SDLP candidate in the 2019 European Parliament election to represent Northern Ireland. In December 2019 he was elected as Member of Parliament for Foyle.

Eastwood was also mayor of Derry from 2010 to 2011.

References

1983 births
Living people
British mayors
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom
Members of the British House of Commons for Northern Irish constituencies
Northern Ireland Assembly, Former Members
UK MPs 2019–present
Naomi Long

Naomi Rachel Long (née Johnston; born 13 December 1971) is a Northern Irish politician. She has been leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland since 2016. She has again been a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Belfast East since 2020. She has also been minister of Justice in the government of Northern Ireland since 2020.

From 2010 to 2015 she was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Westminster constituency of Belfast East. She was the second elected female Lord Mayor of Belfast from 2009 to 2010. 

In 2019, she was elected as the Alliance Party candidate for the European Parliament, becoming the first ever Alliance MEP.

References

1971 births
Living people
British activists
British mayors
British Protestants
Former members of the British House of Commons for Northern Irish constituencies
Former MEPs
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom
LGBT rights activists
MEPs for the United Kingdom
Northern Ireland Assembly, Members
Northern Irish Christians
Politicians from Belfast
Presbyterians
UK MPs 2010–2015
Women politicians
Karin Balzer

Karin Balzer (née Richert, 5 June 1938 – 17 December 2019) was a East German hurdler. She competed in the 80 m hurdles event at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympics, and in the 100 m hurdles in 1972. She won a gold medal in 1964 and a bronze in 1972.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1938 births
2019 deaths
German Olympic gold medalists
German Olympic bronze medalists
Bronco Horvath

Bronco Joseph Horvath (March 12, 1930 – December 17, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 434 games in the NHL between 1955 and 1968. Horvath played for New York Rangers, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Toronto Maple Leafs and Minnesota North Stars. He was born in Port Colborne, Ontario.

Horvarth died on December 17, 2019 at the age of 89.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Minnesota North Stars players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Sportspeople from Ontario
Ice hockey centres
Tunç Başaran

Tunç Başaran (October 1, 1938 – December 18, 2019) was a Turkish screenwriter, movie director, movie producer and actor. He was born in Istanbul. In 1964 he directed his first feature Survival. By 1962, he had directed about 40 movies. He directed Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde, Don't Let Them Shoot the Kite and Piano Piano Kid.

Başaran died on December 18, 2019 in Istanbul of soft-tissue sarcoma at the age of 81.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from soft-tissue sarcoma
Turkish movie directors
Turkish screenwriters
Turkish movie producers
Actors from Istanbul
Zafar Chaudhry

Zafar Ahmad Chaudhry (Urdu: ظفر احمد چودھری;  19 August 1926 – 17 December 2019), , was a Pakistani human rights activist and an airline executive. He was the first Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force, appointed in 1972 until his resignation in 1974. He was born in Sialkot, Punjab in British India.

Chaudhry died on 17 December 2019 in Lahore of cardiac arrest at the age of 93.

References

1926 births
2019 deaths
Generals
Pakistani businesspeople
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Human rights activists
Geulah Cohen

Geulah Cohen (, 25 December 1925 – 18 December 2019) was an Israeli politician and activist. She founded the Tehiya party. She won the Israel Prize in 2003. She was born in Tel Aviv. Cohen was a member of Knesset between 1972 and 1992. 

Cohen died on 18 December 2019 at the age of 93.

References

1925 births
2019 deaths
Former Members of Knesset
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Human rights activists
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish women politicians
People from Tel Aviv
Kenny Lynch

Kenneth Lynch, OBE (18 March 1938 – 18 December 2019) was an English rock singer-songwriter, entertainer and actor. He appeared in many variety shows in the 1960s. His best known single was "You Can Never Stop Me Loving You". An actor, his best known role were in Carry On Loving and The Playbirds.

He died in the early hours of 18 December 2019 of cancer, aged 81.

Discography

Chart singles

Movies
 Just for Fun (1963)
 Dr. Terror's House of Horrors (1965)
 The Plank (1967)
 Carry On Loving (1970)
 The Alf Garnett Saga (1972)
 The Playbirds (1978)
 The Plank (1979) – remake of the 1967 film
 Confessions from the David Galaxy Affair (1979)
 The Riddle (2007)

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cancer
English singer-songwriters
English rock singers
English movie actors
Singers from London
Writers from London
Actors from London
Filozoa

Filozoa is a clade (a group of plants or animals with a common ancestor) that is in the Opisthokonta clade. It includes animals, and their close single-celled relatives. These relatives are more closely related to animals than they are to fungi, and other Opisthokonts.

Three groups are in Filozoa: Filasterea, Choanoflagellatea, and Kingdom Animalia. Animalia is the most important one, which has all proper animals in it.

Evolution 
The phylogenic tree (evolution tree) below shows how clades broke into newer clades. This includes Filozoa.

References 

Eukaryotes
Ibrahim Diarra

Ibrahim Diarra (25 May 1983 – 18 December 2019) was a French rugby union footballer. He played as a flanker for Castres. He was born in Paris. He made his international debut for France.

Diarra died on 18 December 2019 in Paris of a stroke at the age of 36.

References

1983 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
French rugby union players
Sportspeople from Paris