cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Anna Karenina

Anna Karenina (), also Anglicised as Anna Karenin, is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.

Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel.

Characters in "Anna Karenina" 
 Anna Arkadyevna Karenina – The title character, the sister of Stepan and the lover of Vronsky
Anna Arkadyevna Karenina is romantic and has a very strong character. For example, she likes to write children's books and admires art. She is described as being very beautiful, and there is a lot of energy in her. She loves her son very, very, much, and this is one of the biggest reasons why she is afraid of running away with Vronsky. Although she does not love her husband, Karenin, she feels sorry and guilty. However, she says that "I hate him for his virtues!" She is emotionally honest and really does not like to pretend. She thinks that Karenin loves to pretend, and this is one of the greatest reasons why she does not like him. She thinks that love is more important than anything, even duty.

 Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky – The lover of Anna
Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky is a handsome, rich, passionate soldier. He is romantic and charming, but he, too, is just a man. Anna is disappointed after she runs away with him and commits adultery because he is not perfect. His head begins to become bald, he loses at horse games, and he does not care about Kitty's feelings. He becomes a bored, embittered man. Tolstoy does not often write about his thoughts and feelings as he does about the other characters.

 Prince Stepan Arkadyevitch Oblonsky ("Stiva") – a good, kind servant

 Darya Alexandrovna Oblonskaya ("Dolly") – Stepan's wife

 Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin – Anna's husband

 Konstantin Dmitrievitch Levin – Kitty's suitor and the novel's other protagonist

 Nikolai Levin – Konstantin's brother

 Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya ("Kitty") – Darya's younger sister

 Countess Lydia Ivanovna – Interested in all things mystical

 Kapitonich - Karenin's butler

Movies 
 Anna Karenina (1935 movie), a critically acclaimed 1935 drama movie, directed by Clarence Brown. It is based on the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. The movie stars Greta Garbo, Fredric March, and Maureen O'Sullivan. 
 Anna Karenina (1948 movie), directed by Julien Duvivier with Vivien Leigh as Anna Karenina.
 Anna Karenina (1997 movie), a 1997 British-American production filmed in St. Petersburg, Russia, by director Bernard Rose with Sophie Marceau as Anna Karenina. 
 Anna Karenina (2012 movie),  a 2012 British production movie directed by Joe Wright adapted by Tom Stoppard.

Related pages
War and Peace

Other websites 

 
 
 Anna Karenina Map

Anna Karenina in English 

 Anna Karenina formatted for online reading (At literature.org.)''
 Sparknotes: Anna Karenina An analysis of the book.

Anna Karenina in Russian 
 «Анна Каренина» at LitPortal.ru 
 Full Russian text of Anna Karenina at Alexey Komarov's Internet Library

Related works 
 Tolstoy's Confession
 Literature at IBN.ru

References

1878 books
Adultery in fiction
Books by Leo Tolstoy
Russian novels
Cross section (geometry)

A cross section is what one gets if one cuts an object into slices.

In geometry the correct definition of cross section is: the intersection of a body in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane. 

A cross section, or section is also an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object. A floor plan is a section viewed from the top.

Related pages
 Orthographic projection
 Plans (drawings)

Geometry
Space (physics)

Space, in everyday language, is something that we all know. It is measured in the three dimensions of distance: length, width, and height.

In modern physics, space is a "boundless four-dimensional continuum" known as spacetime. Disagreement exists about whether it is an entity (something that actually exists). It may be just a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.
 
The standard space interval, called a metre (or meter), is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of about 1/300,000,000 of a second.

Before Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein's discoveries have shown that due to relativity of motion space and time can be mathematically combined into space-time.

Notes 

Physics
Philosophy of science
Horace

Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known to English speakers as Horace, was a famous poet in the Roman Empire.

Life 
Horace was born in the small Italian town of Venusia. His father used to be a slave, but was known as a freedman because his master had freed him. They moved to Rome a short time later. Horace's father had a job taking items from the seller to the buyer. He received money from these sales. His father became richer and was able to send Horace to the best schools in Rome. He was also able to send him to Athens (Greece) to study the Greek language and philosophy. Horace's native language was Latin. Horace was incredibly proud of his father, and said he felt no shame in being the son of a freedman.

In his early adult life, Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was killed. War was declared against the people who killed him. Horace joined the army. When the war was over, Horace returned to Italy to find that other people were living in his apartment. His father was also gone. Horace became very poor. Eventually, he found a job in the treasury. This involved sorting the country's money.

His friends, Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil, who were also writers, introduced him to Maecenas. Maecenas was a close friend of Augustus, the emperor of Rome. Horace lived in Tivoli, an area of Rome. When he died, he gave the land he owned to Augustus, to increase the land the state owned. Today, other writers visit the land to remember him.

Quotes 
Horace wrote many famous quotes in his poems. These lines are still spoken today, by speakers of every language, in the original Latin.
 Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country.
 Carpe diem - Pluck the day (Seize the day is the common translation, though it is incorrect in terms of translation and usage).

Poetry 
Some of Horace's poems are difficult to translate because of their syntax, grammar and structure, which is sometimes very different to modern languages.

Horace is viewed by many people, including experts, to be one of the best Latin poets.

Other websites 

 
 Espace Horace
 The works of Horace at The Latin Library
 Selected Poems of Horace
 The Perseus Project -- Latin and Greek authors (with English translations), including Horace
 Biography and chronology 
 Litweb 
 Horace's works: text, concordances and frequency list

65 BC births
8 BC deaths

Ancient Roman writers
Space

Space in simple understanding is an area or volume.

Space or spacing may also refer to:

In science:

 Outer space, the area beyond the limit of the atmosphere of Earth
 Space (physics), one of the fundamental concepts like time and mass.

In music:

 Space music, music that facilitates the experience of contemplative spaciousness.
 Space-themed music, music of any genre with themes or lyrics about outer space.
 Space rock, a musical genre related. to 1970s progressive rock.
 Space jazz, a musical genre related to free jazz.
 Space age pop, certain musical styles popular in the 1950s and early 1960s.
 Space, Space music, or Space jam - free musical improvisation, with or without melody, often using non-tonal sounds, see:
Grateful Dead
Rhythm Devils
 Names of bands, albums, or nightclubs:
 Space (indie rock band), a 1990s indie band from England
 Space (electronic band), a 1970s electronic music band from France
 Space (album), an eponymous album by members of The Orb
 Space Music (album) by Eloy Fritsch
 Space (Ibiza nightclub), world-renowned nightclub
 Space (Miami nightclub), one of the biggest nightclubs in downtown Miami

In media:
 Space (computer game), a computer role-playing game
 Space (novel), a novel by James A. Michener
 Manifold: Space, a science-fiction book by Stephen Baxter
 SPACE: The Imagination station, a Canadian television channel
 Spacing (magazine), a Toronto-based magazine
 Episodes, films, or series by this title:
 Space: Above and Beyond, a.k.a. Space 2063, an American sci-fi TV series
 Space: 1999 was a British science-fiction television show
 Space (documentary), a 2005 BBC documentary
 "Space" (The X-Files episode)

People:
 Zack Space, a United States Representative from the 18th District of Ohio

Television:
 Space (TV series), a 1980 TV mini-series starring James Garner

In other fields:
 Space (punctuation), the. gap between text characters
 Personal space, in the study of human relations
 White space (visual arts). portion of a page, canvas or other medium that left unmarked,
 Space (commercial competition), a loose.ly defined term to classify businesses and technology,
 SPACE -  Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment, Kerala.
 A space or square in a board game.
Physical object

In physics, a physical object (or body) is a collection of masses, which you look at as one object only. It applies to both living and non-living things.

A human's and animal's physical body is made up of organs and tissues. It is a part of a total living being, and might  include its behaviour and way of thinking.

The point of the term is to include those systems which are separate in one sense. but connected in another sense. A galaxy has many different parts, but can be treated as a whole for some purposes. Likewise, a group of galaxies can be treated as one gravitationally. The Solar System is another example.

In general language it is usual for "object" to mean a physical boundary {border}, but a "system" to mean a group of connected objects. 

Mechanics
Objects
Systems
Ebisu

Ebisu (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷, 戎), also known as Yebisu or Hiruko (蛭子) or Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami (事代主神), is the Japanese god of fishermen, good luck and working men, and also the guardian of the health of children. He is one of the Seven Lucky Gods.

Origins as Hiruko
Ebisu was first named Hiruko, meaning "leech child". He was the first child of Izanagi and Izanami, born without bones (or, in some stories, without arms and legs) because of his mother's mistake in her marriage.  Hiruko tried hard to survive but he was thrown to the sea in a boat made out of reeds. He was eventually washed ashore and was cared for by the Ainu people Ebisu Saburo (戎三郎).

Life Story
The weak child overcame many problems, grew legs, and became the god Ebisu. He remains slightly crippled and deaf, but is still joyful (which is why he has the title, "The Laughing God"). He is often shown wearing a tall hat — the Kazaori Eboshi (風折烏帽子) — holding a fishing rod and a large sea bass.

In Popular Culture
The brand name Evisu is named after Ebisu.

References

Japanese deities
Luck
Dominican peso

The Dominican peso is the money of the Dominican Republic. Its official name is Peso oro and its symbol is "$" with RD in front of it (RD$) to differentiate it from other pesos or dollars. The ISO 4217 for the Dominican peso is DOP. Each peso is divided into 100 centavos (English, "cents").

History
The first Dominican peso was introduced in 1844. It replaced the Haitian money. In 1905, the peso was replaced by United States currency. The peso oro was introduced in 1937, although the US dollar continued to be used alongside the peso oro until 1947.

Coins were introduced in 1937 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos. Since 1991, coins of denominations 1, 5, 10 and 25 pesos have been introduced. However, due to inflation, coins below 1 peso are now rarely found. Banknotes in use are 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 pesos.

Other websites 
General information on the Dominican Peso

Dominican Republic
Currency of North America
1844 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Proprioception

Proprioception is the sense that people have of knowing where the parts of their body are.  It is also called kinesthetic sense.

Proprioception is used when a person touches the tip of their nose while keeping their eyes closed.  Even though they cannot see their finger or their nose, they can sense how to touch them together.

Sensory system
Permutation

A permutation is a single way of arranging a group of objects.  It is useful in mathematics.   

A permutation can be changed into another permutation by simply switching two or more of the objects. For example, the way four people can sit in a car is a permutation. If some of them chose different seats, then it would be a different permutation.

Permutations without repetitions
The factorial has special application in defining the number of permutations in a set which does not include repetitions. The number n!, read "n factorial", is precisely the number of ways we can rearrange n things into a new order. For example, if we have three fruit: an orange, apple and pear, we can eat them in the order mentioned, or we can change them (for example, an apple, a pear then an orange). The exact number of permutations is then . The number gets extremely large as the number of items (n) goes up.

In a similar manner, the number of arrangements of r items from n objects is considered a partial permutation. It is written as  (which reads "n permute r"), and is equal to the number  (also written as ).

Related pages 

 Combination (mathematics)
 Superpermutation

References 

Mathematics
1 E6 m²

To help in showing the sizes of different geographic regions, areas between 1 km² (100 hectares) and 10 km² (1000 hectares) are listed below.
 Areas smaller than 1 km²
 1 square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. It is equal to:
 100 hectares
 1 E+6 m² or 106 m² in scientific notation
 1,000,000 m²
 0.386 square miles
 247.105381 acres
 the area of a square of side length 1 km 
 a cube with this surface area has sides of length 408 m
 a circle of this area has a radius of 564 m
 a sphere of this surface area has a radius of 282 m
 179 hectares—Bennebroek, smallest municipality in the Netherlands
 195 hectares—Monaco (country ranked 192nd by area) 
 200 hectares—Herm, Channel Islands
 250 hectares—Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens in London 
 290 hectares—City of London
 320 hectares—Hampstead Heath in London
 341 hectares—Central Park in New York
 400 hectares—Great Wall of China, largest human structure.
 460 hectares—Pitcairn Island
 493 hectares—University of the Philippines Diliman
 650 hectares—Gibraltar
 890 hectares—size of largest organism on Earth, Armillaria ostoyae.
 Areas larger than 10 km²

Notes

Orders of magnitude

en:Orders of magnitude (area)
Lipid

A lipid is a type of organic molecule found in living things. It is oily or waxy. Fats are made from lipid molecules. Sources of lipid can be found in algae, seeds, meat, cheese, butter and fish. Lipids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules. Lipids are classified as simple and complex. Examples of complex molecules could be steroids or phospholipids.  

A very important biological function of lipids is as lipid bilayers, the basis of many cell membranes. Another function of lipids is to serve as an energy reserve. Lipids can be hydrophobic (non-polar), or amphipatic (containing both polar and non-polar parts).

Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), glycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signalling, and acting as components of cell membranes.

References 

Biochemistry
 
Chemistry
St. Vartan Cathedral

St. Vartan Cathedral is the first cathedral of the Armenian Apostolic Church to be constructed in North America. It is located in New York City on the corner of Second Avenue and 34th Street. It was built to resemble the St. Hripsime Church in Etchmiadzin.

Cathedrals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Margherita of Savoy

Margherita of Savoy or Margaret of Savoy (born November 20, 1851 in Turin, died January 4, 1926 in Bordighera), was an Italian queen of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign (1878-1900) of her husband, Humbert I.

Family
She was a daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa and Elizabeth of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were John of Saxony and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria.

Marriage and child
She married her first cousin Humbert (Prince Umberto of Savoy) on April 21, 1868. In November 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel.

Life
On January 9, 1878, Humbert succeeded as the new King of Italy. She became his Queen consort and remained by his side for the rest of his reign. Humbert was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci on July 29, 1900.

Margherita supported artists and writers,and the Red Cross, and founded cultural institutions, like the Società del Quartetto, and the Casa di Dante.

In 1889 the pizza Margherita was named after her. It is the colors of the Italian flag. Red sauce, green basil and white cheese. After the pizza, a Peak was named like the queen, and then in 2007, the third highest mountain in Africa.

Politically she supported the Fascism.

Children

 Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy (future king of Italy) (I11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) married Princess Elena of Montenegro and had children.

Titles and styles

Titles and styles

20 November 1851 – 21 April 1868 Her Royal Highness Princess Margherita of Savoy
21 April 1868 – 9 January 1878 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piedmont
9 January 1878 – 29 July 1900 Her Majesty The Queen of Italy
29 July 1900 – 4 January 1926 Her Majesty The Queen Mother of Italy

1851 births
1926 deaths
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Kings and Queens of Italy
House of Savoy
Kings and Queens consort
Consonance and dissonance

In music, consonance and dissonance are words which are used to describe certain musical intervals or chords.  The adjectives are consonant and dissonant.

A consonant interval or chord is one which sounds stable and pleasant.  It could, for example, be the end of a piece of music.  For example: C and E sound well together, or the chord C, E and G (a C major chord).

A dissonant interval or chord is one which sounds unstable.  It may even sound harsh by itself.  The notes seem to clash.  It cannot be the end of the piece of music (if the music is a normal, traditional tonal piece).  It sounds as if it wants to move on to a consonant interval (this is called "resolving" onto a consonant chord).  The notes C and Fsharp together make a dissonant interval.  The chord C - Dsharp - Fsharp is a dissonant interval: it is full of tension, and it sounds as if it wants to "resolve" onto C - E - G.

Scientifically a consonant interval is one in which the two notes vibrate at frequencies which have a simple mathematical relationship, e.g. in two notes which are an octave apart the higher note vibrates exactly twice as fast.  If they are a fifth apart the top note vibrates 1 1/2 times as fast as the lower note.  The more complicated mathematically the interval, the more dissonant it will sound.

Music theory
Carpe diem

Carpe diem is a famous phrase from one of the poems of Horace. It means "seize the day" in Latin.

What it means 
Especially during the Baroque era, the phrase was important. In the 17th century there was the Thirty Years' war, which lasted roughly from 1618 to 1648. For the people of the time, death was present almost everywhere. To compensate for that there were the concepts of Carpe diem (There is little time left, use it as best you can), Vanitas (Vanity; things are not what they seem), and Memento mori (Remember you will die). 

The poem is originally from Odes 1.11. It is given in Latin and English below.

The poem in Latin and English

Better translation 
A better translation of the phrase would probably be pluck the day (as a fruit might be plucked from a tree).

Latin phrases
Gustav Heinemann

Gustav Walter Heinemann (born 23 July 1899 in Schwelm; died 7 July 1976 in Essen) was a German politician. He was Interior Minister under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. He resigned when Adenauer started getting ready to set up the German Army. He later resigned from the CDU and joined the SPD. He also served as Justice Minister before he was elected Federal President in 1969. He served for one term, and left office in 1974.

1899 births
1976 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Essen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Schwelm

Schwelm is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Geography
Schwelm is in the southeast of the "Ruhrgebiet", the Ruhr Area of Germany, between Westphalia and the "Bergisches Land". Schwelm is commonly known as the "Pforte Westfalens" ("Gate to Westphalia").

History
The history of Schwelm goes back to the ninth century, where it is first mentioned as "Suelmiu". The city of Schwelm was officially established in 1496 and became seat of the Ennepe-Ruhr district in 1929. According to its area, Schwelm is the smallest town in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Points of interest
Schwelm is home to the "Brauerei Schwelm", the Schwelm Brewery, one of the few remaining private breweries in Germany. It was started in 1830 by Haarmann & Kathagen, the brewery was one of the first worldwide to switch from wooden to metal barrels. The original office building of the brewery, the "Rietz'sche Haus" built in 1701, is still in use today.

The oldest piano manufacturer in the world is in Schwelm. Since 1794, "Rud. Ibach Sohn" has been building pianos and, until 1904, organs in Schwelm.

Notable citizens
 Friedrich Christoph Müller (1751 in Allendorf (Lumba) - 1808): theologian and map maker (in Schwelm between 1785 and 1808)
 Gustav Heinemann (July 23, 1899 - July 7, 1976): third president of the Federal Republic of Germany (from 1969 to 1974)
 Johannes Joachim Degenhardt (January 31, 1926 - July 25, 2002): Cardinal and Archbishop of Paderborn
 Franz Josef Degenhardt (March 12, 1931): political singer/songwriter
 Friedrich Niewöhner (September 7, 1941 - November 1, 2005): philosophy historian
 Martin Grötschel (October 9, 1948): mathematician and laureate of the Leibniz price
 Rolf Rüssmann (October 13, 1950): footballer and football manager
 Judith Kuckart (June 17, 1959): tripper, choreographer, stage director and author
 Thorsten Schmidt (February 18, 1972): racing cyclist and participant of the Tour de France
 Olivia Luczak (November 24, 1981): Polish-German amateur boxer

References

Other websites

 www.schwelm.de 
 Ibach Pianos  
 Schwelmer Brauerei 

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District
Bundesarbeitsgericht

The Bundesarbeitsgericht or Federal Labour Court is the German federal supreme court of appeals for cases of labour law.  This includes "individual" labour law (mostly about contracts of employment) and "collective" (more than one) labour law (e.g. cases about strikes and collective bargaining). The court hears cases from the Landesarbeitsgerichte (Superior State Labour Courts), which, in turn, are the courts of appeals against decisions of the Arbeitsgerichte (ordinary State Labour Courts).

The Bundesarbeitsgericht is in the city of Erfurt.

Other websites

Official homepage

Erfurt
Bundessozialgericht

The Bundessozialgericht (German for Federal Social Court) is the German federal supreme court of appeals for social security cases.  The court was created on 11 September 1954 to hear cases about public health insurance, long-term care insurance, pension insurance and occupational accident insurance plans.  These cases usually start in the Sozialgerichte ("Social Courts"), then the Landessozialgerichte  ("Superior State Social Courts"), before the cases wind up at the Bundessozialgericht.

The Bundessozialgericht is located in the city of Kassel.

References

Other website 
 Official homepage
Federal Administrative Court of Germany

The Bundesverwaltungsgericht or Federal Administrative Court is one of the five federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the federal court of appeals for generally all cases of administrative law.  These cases are mainly arguments between people and the government, but sometimes are disputes between two different parts of government.

The Federal Administrative Court was set up on 8 June 1953.  It was based in Berlin, but in 2002 moved to the city of Leipzig in Saxony.

It hears appeals from the Oberverwaltungsgerichte, or Superior Administrative Courts, which, in turn, are the courts of appeals for decisions of the Verwaltungsgerichte (Administrative Courts).

Although cases about social security law and tax law are arguments between a person and the government, there are special courts for these matters. The Bundessozialgericht is federal court of appeals for social security law, cases about tax and customs law are decided by the Finanzgerichte (Finance Courts), and lastly by the Bundesfinanzhof.

The Bundesverwaltungsgericht has its headquarters at the former Reichsgericht (Reich Court of Justice) building in Leipzig.

References

Other websites
 Official homepage

Leipzig
1953 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany
Santa María de Iquique School Massacre

The Santa María de Iquique school Massacre was on December 21, 1907.  At that time Chile's government was led by Pedro Montt.  Hundreds of workers died in the front of the school Santa María de Iquique. 

The workers had been walking from saltpetre mines of Tarapacá, striking to get better life conditions. 

The strikers first went to San Lorenzo, and then to Iquique.  They arrived in Iquique on December 16.  They stayed peacefully in the school.  Military forces arrived, and without provocation General Silva Renard give the order to shoot the people there in front of school. Hundreds of people were killed.

20th century in Chile
1907
Wookieepedia

Wookieepedia (the Star Wars Wiki)  is an online encyclopedia for information on the Star Wars fictional universe—including information of all eleven films, as well as Expanded Universe. It is a more specialized and useful wiki for those who wish to go farther than the basics in the Star Wars universe, and is almost entirely in-universe. The name Wookieepedia is a mix of Wookiee and encyclopedia, based on the name of Wikipedia. Wookieepedia is hosted by Fandom.

Other websites

Wikis
Star Wars
Chianti

Chianti is a kind of red wine. It is produced in Tuscany in the famous area of "Chianti" inside the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Sienna.

There are many types of Chianti:
 Chianti is a really famous red wine. It is put into a "fiasco", a traditional Italian straw-covered wine bottle.
 Chianti Classico a kind of Chianti. It is proteced by the Italian laws and can only be made in the provinces of Florence and Siena.
 Chianti Colli Aretini a kind of Chianti made only in the Arezzo area.
 Chianti Colli Fiorentini  a kind of Chianti made only in the Florence area.
 Chianti Colline Pisane a kind of Chianti made only in the Pisa area.
 Chianti Colli Senesi a kind of Chianti made only in the Siena area.
 Chianti Montalbanoa kind of Chianti made only in the areas of Prato, Florence and Pistoia.
 Chianti Montespertoli another kind of Chianti made near Florence
 Chianti Rùfina a kind of Chianti, first made in the area of "Rufina", near Florence
 Chianti Superiore a special Chianti, made in Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia and Siena. This Chianti is costs more than others kinds of Chianti.
 Vin Santo del Chianti a kind of sweet wine. It is made in the areas of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Siena
 Vin Santo del Chianti Classico a kind of sweet wine made only in the areas of Florence and Siena

Italian wines
Tuscany
Italian food
Maxïmo Park

Maxïmo Park (sometimes spelled Maximo Park) are an English indie rock band who formed in 2001.

History 
Maxïmo Park formed in 2001 (with frontman Paul Smith coming from Billingham in Teesside). To Start off with, the four founding members played only a little amount small shows, with Archis Tiku on vocals, constantly switching the instruments he played. Almost about to split up, but instead they decided to look for somebody else to sing vocals. Singer Paul Smith was discovered by the then-girlfriend of drummer Tom English in a pub while he was singing along to a Stevie Wonder song. Having found someone with a stage presence, they started to write their first songs together, all despite the fact that the frontman never imagined himself as a frontman of a band. Paul Smith had never sung on stage before.

Around March 2004, a friend of the band's paid for 300 copies of a 7" red vinyl single "Graffiti" and later released a vinyl of their tracks ("The Coast Is Always Changing"/"The Night I Lost My Head") that they’d recorded in their house in Fenham. After some time of doing shows around their home town, Steve Beckett of the dance-electronic label Warp Records found one of these records and decided to sign Maxïmo Park to his record label.

Members 
Tom English – drums
Duncan Lloyd – guitar
Paul Smith – vocals
Archis Tiku – bass
Lukas Wooller – keyboard

Discography

Albums 

A Certain Trigger

Missing Songs

Our Earthly Pleasures

References

Other websites 
Maxïmo Park official website
Maxïmo Park MySpace
An acoustic session for Vox podcast 
Karaoke Plays Review 
Maximo Park, Newcastle 15th Dec 07 Review

Interviews 
The Scenestar Maxïmo Park Interview July 2007
Interview by Alexander Laurence (The Portable Infinite 2006)
 Die Klangschau: 15 Songs chosen by Maxïmo Park  and interview 
Maximo Park video interview with stv/music, June 2007 
Video interview with Paul from Maximo Park  
SUPERSWEET interview 
Interview by Natalie Shaw for Clash Magazine 

2001 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Music groups from Newcastle upon Tyne
Musical groups established in 2001
Math rock

Math rock is a guitar-based style of indie rock which has complex rhythms. This genre started in the late 1980s. A closely-related genre is post-rock. Some of the same bands might be called both. Post-rock is usually characterized by a stronger jazz influence.

References 

Music genres
Middle Kingdom of Egypt

The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC.

The period had two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th and the following dynasties which revolved around el-Lisht. These two dynasties were originally considered to be the full extent of this unified kingdom, but historians now  consider the 13th Dynasty to at least partially belong to the Middle Kingdom.

Notes & references

References

Further reading 
 W. Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History,Archaeology and Society, Duckworth, London 2006 

Ancient Egypt

he:היסטוריה של מצרים העתיקה
Thebes, Egypt

Thebes (, Thēbai) was a city in Ancient Egypt about 800 km south of the Mediterranean Sea, on the east bank of the river Nile (). It was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome.

Sources 

 Gauthier, Henri. 1925–1931. Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes hiéroglyphiques. Vol. 3 of 7 vols. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire. (Reprinted Osnabrück: Otto Zeller Verlag, 1975). 75, 76.
 Polz, Daniel C. 2001. "Thebes". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, edited by Donald Bruce Redford. Vol. 3 of  3 vols. Oxford, New York, and Cairo: Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press. 384–388.
 Redford, Donald Bruce. 1992. "Thebes". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 6 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 442–443.  (6-volume set)
 Strudwick, Nigel C., & Strudwick, Helen, Thebes in Egypt: A Guide to the Tombs and Temples of Ancient Luxor. London: British Museum Press, 1999,  (hardcover)/ (paperback)

Other websites 
 Theban Mapping Project
 Ancient Thebes Digital Media Archive (photos, laser scans, panoramas) 

Archaeological sites in Egypt
Cities in Egypt
Capital of Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Egypt
Musicology

Musicology means the study of music by a scholar.  A scholar is an academic person, often a professor or lecturer at a university.  Someone who studies musicology is a Musicologist.

Musicologists study all kinds of music.  They study the history of music and learn about all the composers and how they developed their ideas and learned from one another.  They can do this by studying music scores, or by looking for historical documents which tell us about musicians from the past.  Musicologists may also study the philosophy of music (thinking about what music means).  

They write articles in musical journals or books on music.  This can help us to know and understand more about the music we play or listen to.

Related pages 
Acoustics
Music school

References 

Music
Armenian-Tatar massacres 1905-1907

The Armenian-Tatar massacres (also known as the Armenian Tatar War and the Armeno-Tatar War) refers to the ethnic fight between the Armenians and the Caucasian Tartars (modern Azeris) in the Caucasus in 1905—1907.

The massacres started during the Russian Revolution of 1905. Hundreds of people were killed. The most violent fights happened in 1905 in February in Baku, in May in Nakhichevan, in August in Shusha and in November in Ganja.

1905
1906
1907
20th century crimes
Anti-Armenianism
Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
20th century in Armenia
20th century in Azerbaijan
Massacres
2005 German federal election

The election of the German Federal Diet (Bundestag) 2005 took place on 18 September 2005.

References 

2005 in Europe
2005 elections
Federal elections in Germany
German Bundestag
2000s in Germany
September 2005 events
Mudra

In Indian religions, a mudra (Sanskrit, literally "seal") is a gesture made with the hand or fingers.  Along with asanas (body postures), they are used in yoga.  Each mudra has a meaning. They are a central part of Hindu iconography. Mudras are also used in Buddhism. There are  hand gestures in both Hindu and Buddhist iconography. An example would be the outward-facing open palm known as Abhay (without fear) mudra, a gesture meant to dispel fear.

References
 Originally published 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul plc, London.

Other websites

 Mudras Photo Gallery
 Mudras in Buddhism 

Buddhism
Hinduism
Yoga
Styrene

Styrene is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C8H8. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be styrol, vinylbenzene, phenylethene, or phenylethylene.

Uses 

Styrene is used in polymer chemistry as a monomer.  This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization. 

Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called copolymers. For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene).

Production 
In industry, styrene is made from ethylbenzene by this chemical reaction: 

This kind of reaction is called dehydrogenation. Hydrogen is also made by this reaction..

Organic compounds
Para Para Sakura

Para Para Sakura is a 2001 romance-comedy movie directed by Jingle Ma, starring Aaron Kwok and Cecilia Cheung. It was filmed and produced in Hong Kong. It runs for 107 minutes and is in the language Cantonese.

Plot Outline
Kwok plays the role of Phillip Wong, a colour-blind dance instructor who holds a class devoted to the latest dance craze, the Japanese Para Para. While in Shanghai, Phillip meets Yee (Cheung), a spoiled rich girl who is running away from her up-coming arranged marriage. Soon, Yee begins using Phillip's dance studio as a sanctuary from her responsibilities, and an attraction begins to form between the two. However, Yee is called back to Japan to be married before long, and Phillip must use more than his dance skills and charisma to prevent her from taking her vows.

Cast and Credits
Aaron Kwok --- Kam-Shing "Phillip" Wong
Cecilia Cheung --- Yuriko "Yee" 
Ah Niu --- Henry Ko
Niu Tien --- Yamfeifei, Yuriko's Mother
Kazuhiko Nishimura	--- Shunichi Kukukawa

Sources

http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/309054/Para-Para-Sakura/
http://au.rottentomatoes.com/m/para_para_sakura/about.php
http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1807634811/details

2001 movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s comedy-drama movies
Musical movies
2000s romantic drama movies
Cantonese-language movies
Hong Kong movies
JJ Lin

Wayne Lim Junjie (born March 27, 1981) is a Singaporean singer, songwriter, and music composer. Lin is commonly known as JJ Lin and his Chinese name is Lin Jun Jie.  In 2004, with his self-composed song Jiang Nan, his career began to take off and his name became quickly known throughout China and Taiwan. JJ Lin was originally managed by the entertainment agency called Ocean Butterflies from 2003 to 2011. On August 8, 2011, he left his previous agency and joined Warner Music Taiwan.
 
Even though JJ Lin was born in Singapore, he is actually a descendant from a Chinese province known as Fujian. JJ can speak English and Mandarin fluently. JJ Lin’s hobbies include drawing, composing songs, singing, and photographing. The idols that he likes include Michael Jackson, Britney Spears, Jacky Cheung (Zhang Xue You), David Tao (Tao Zhe), and so on. The food that JJ hates most is tomatoes. In various variety shows, he showed strong fear and dislike whenever tomatoes were put in front of his eyes. The colors that he likes the most are blue, black, white and grey. One of unforgettable experiences in his life was traveling in Japan when he was young. 

In China and Taiwan, JJ Lin was best known for his talent in composing songs instead of his appearance. He composes most of the songs in his albums. From his debut in 2003, he has produced several “hit” albums. For example, his album named No.89757, published in 2005, which mainly talked about the love between a robot and a girl a thousand years from now, sold more than 1,500,000 copies in just three months. His next album, known as Cao Cao, did even better. This album sold around 2,000,000 copies in just two weeks, a miracle in the Chinese Music Industry. Whenever JJ Lin publishes an album, it almost always becomes a hit. JJ’s songs can be heard throughout China and Taiwan in various TV programs, singing competitions, and radio channels. JJ Lin not only writes songs for himself but also for other famous celebrities, notably Ji De (Remember) for Taiwanese pop diva A-Mei and Fang Shou for his fellow label mate A-Do.

JJ Lin’s undeniable talent in composing has earned him numerous awards every year. For instance, in 2004, he won the “Best New Artist” award in 15th Taiwan Golden Melody Awards. In the same year, he also won “Best New Act” in Singapore Hit Awards. In 2006 Beijing Music Awards, with his popular album Cao Cao, he swept several big awards including Most Popular Male Artist, Top Twenty Golden Melody, Best Album, Best Producer, and “True Hero” Award.
In 2011, with his latest album She Says, JJ Lin has earned himself Best Mandarin Male Singer Award in 22nd Golden Melody Awards.

Other websites 
 Official Site 
 SINA 
 SINA Blog
 JJ Federation Overseas (JJFO)
 JJ Facebook Official Page - JJ Federation

1981 births
Living people
Chinese musicians
Chinese singers
Singaporean musicians
Singaporean singers
C-pop singers
Pop musicians
Nyingma

Nyingma is the name of one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Nyingma school is made up of several different lines that start with Padmasambhava, the legendary founder of Tibetan Buddhism. The word "Nyingma" means "ancient". Nyingma followers see themselves as holding the oldest teachings of Vajrayana. Some of these teachings can be found in the local Bön religion of Tibet.

Notable modern Nyingma teachers include Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche (c. 1904–1987), Sogyal Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Khenpo Choga Rinpoche, filmmaker Khyentse Norbu (also known as Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche), and Penor Rinpoche.

Tibetan Buddhism

fi:Nyingmapa
Svecchachara

Svecchachara is the Sanskrit equivalent of the Greek word Thelema, interpreted by Aleister Crowley as "Do What Thou Wilt."

In the first volume of the TWILIGHT YOGA, Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity, Shri Gurudev Mahendranath wrote,

Sveccha means one's own wish or free will. Svecchachara means a way of life where one acts as one wishes and does what is right in one's own eyes. Doing one's own Will. The concluding Sanskrit expression in the Avadhoota Upanishad is "Svecchachara Paro."

The term "Paro" means a mysterious or secret pattern to that action done by one's own Will. In other words, we do our Will but with discretion, not making it too obvious, nor to harm or hurt other people. Yet this is also a typical Nathism; a complete reversal of Vedic morals and philosophy.

References
Free Encyclopedia of Thelema . Svecchachara . Retrieved March 5, 2005.
Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity . Retrieved Oct. 15, 2004.

Hinduism
Ole Nydahl

Ole Nydahl (born 19 March 1941 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is the founder and leader of Diamond Way Buddhism, an organisation in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Since the 1970s he has travelled the world teaching and founding meditation centres.

Teachers 
Ole Nydahl’s first teacher was the Drukpa-Kagyu master Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche. In December 1969, Ole Nydahl and his late wife, Hannah Nydahl met the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, a renowned yogi and the head of the Karma Kagyu lineage. They were among the first Western students of the 16th Karmapa. Ole Nydahl is also a student of Shamar Rinpoche.

Bibliography 
Ole Nydahl has written several books in either English or German which have been translated into several European languages.

Most popular English titles:
 Ngondro: The Four Foundational Practices of Tibetan Buddhism. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1990). 
 Riding the Tiger: Twenty Years on the Road - Risks and Joys of Bringing Tibetan Buddhism to the West. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1992). 
 Entering the Diamond Way: Tibetan Buddhism meets the West. Blue Dolphin Publishing (1999). 
 The Great Seal: Limitless Space and Joy - The Mahamudra View of Diamond Way Buddhism. Fire Wheel Publishing (2004). 
 The Way Things Are: A Living Approach to Buddhism. John Hunt Publishing (2007).

References

Other websites 

 Personal web page, including teaching schedule
 Diamond Way Buddhism
 Parachute accident -- Asia Times Online 
 Photographs of Ole Nydahl Teaching 

1941 births
Living people
Buddhist clergy
People from Copenhagen
Tank (Taiwanese singer)

Tank (real name 呂建中 Lǚ Jiàn Zhōng, born February 6 1982) is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter.  He is currently signed to HIM International Music, which also manages famous singers and groups like S.H.E, Fahrenheit and Power Station. Tank's first album, Fighting 生存之道 was released on 23 February 2006.

Early life
Tank was born in Taitung, Taiwan. He is an aboriginal Taiwanese. Before releasing his debut album, Tank helped write songs for Vic Zhou and S.H.E, among many other famous C-Pop artists. By the age of 21, he was already well known for composing more than 200 songs.

He bloomed into fame when two songs he composed, 三國戀 (Romance of Three Kingdoms) and 給我你的愛 (Give Me Your Love), were used as theme songs for Taiwanese TV shows. Another song, titled as 千年淚, was used as an ending theme for the drama serial 天外飛仙. His second album Keep Fighting! (延長比賽) was released on 19 January 2007. His single, My Angel, was used for an ending theme of romantic comedy series Hana Kimi.

In 2010, he was announced to be down with lung cancer.

Discorgaphy
Tanks has released two albums.

Tank is currently writing his third album. It is set to be released later in 2008

Sources
Official Site 
Official Blog
Tank Lyrics

C-pop singers
Taiwanese singers
1982 births
Living people
Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod

Der Dativ ist dem Genitv sein Tod (German: the dative case is the genitive case's death) is a book series written by Bastian Sick which deals with doubtful cases of grammar, orthography, and punctuation. Because of that, the writer wants to fight against unthinking habit and what he believes to be a change to a lower state of the language. The book came from a collection of Zwiebelfisch-collumns of Bastian Sick, which appear weekly in the Spiegel Online. At present, the second and third volumes are available. The volumes are from one time to another at the top of book sales lists.

In several states of Germany, writings from the books have been officially recognized as teaching documents after Sick's foreword was used in Saarland in August 2005.

Eats, Shoots & Leaves written by Lynne Truss is a book which in a similarly popular style discusses punctuation in English. In Sweden, a similar book, which is based on Lynne Truss' book, has come out, describing the interesting aspects of the Swedish pronunciation.

Original Book Titles 
 Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod – Ein Wegweiser durch den Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2004,  (Hörbuch: )
 Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod, Folge 2 – Neues aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln 2005,  (Hörbuch: )
 Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod. Folge 3. Noch mehr aus dem Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache. Kiepenheuer und Witsch, Köln November 2006,  (Hörbuch: )

21st-century books
Non-fiction books
Made of Bricks

Made of Bricks is the first album by the British singer-songwriter, Kate Nash. It was released on 6 August 2007 on Fiction Records. It reached number one in the UK album charts.

The album was released five weeks earlier than first planned due to the popularity of the single "Foundations". In its opening week of sales the album sold over 56,000 copies, and was certified gold.
The album has now been certified Platinum in the UK for sales of over 300,000.  It has sold over 450,000 copies worldwide.

Track listing 
 "Play" - 1:11
 "Foundations" - 4:05
 "Mouthwash" - 5:01
 "Dickhead" - 3:42
 "Birds" - 4:25
 "We Get On" - 4:34
 "Mariella" - 4:15
 "Shit Song" - 3:05
 "Pumpkin Soup" - 2:59
 "Skeleton Song" - 5:07
 "Nicest Thing" - 4:05
 "Merry Happy/Little Red" - 13:10 (UK bonus track)

Bonus Tracks 
 "A Is For Asthma" - 2:37 (Digital download bonus track)

Chart positions

References

2007 albums
Debut albums
Pop albums
Matinée (album)

Matinée is the first album from British singer-'songwriter Jack Peñate. It was released on October 8, 2007 on XL Recordings.

Track listing
 "Spit At Stars"
 "Got My Favourite"
 "Have I Been A Fool"
 "Torn On The Platform"
 "Learning Lines"
 "Run For Your Life"
 "We Will Be Here"
 "Made Of Codes"
 "My Yvonne"
 "Second, Minute or Hour"
 "When We Die"
 "Learning Lines (demo) (Hidden Track)

References

2007 albums
Debut albums
Rock albums