cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Flor-de-Lis

Flor-de-Lis are a folk music group from Lisbon, Portugal. They competed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song Todas as ruas do amor where they finished 15th.

Members

 Daniela Varela
 Paulo Pereira
 José Camacho
 Jorge Marques
 Ana Sofia Campeã
 Rolando Amaral
 Pedro Marques

References

Folk music groups
Portuguese musicians
Gulf Air

Gulf Air is an airline based in the Middle East. They operate scheduled flights in the Middle East and international flights.

Transport companies
Airlines of Asia
Bahrain
Terraforming

Terraforming is changing a planet or large natural satellite that we cannot live on at present without spacesuits and similar technology. The idea is to change it so some life from Earth could exist there. It would need a suitable atmosphere (air), heat, and water. "Paraterraforming" or "worldhousing" is a variant of terraforming that would involve building domes over the majority of a planet or moon.

Some think it is possible to terraform Mercury, Venus, Mars, Ceres, Pluto, our Moon, Titan, Callisto.

It is arguable that we have already succeeded in terraforming right here on Earth. Thanks to modern technology, humans can now thrive in places that should be impossible to live in such as deserts and the Arctic.

References

Space colonization
Felixstowe

Felixstowe is a town in Suffolk, England. It has the largest container ports in Europe.

About 30,000 people live in Felixstowe.

References

Other websites
Felixstowe Town Council 

Towns in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
Suffolk Coastal
Malcolm Lowry

Clarence Malcolm Lowry (; 28 July 1909 – 26 June 1957) was a British writer. He is most famous for his 1947 novel Under the Volcano about an alcoholic Consul in Mexico. Lowry was himself an alcoholic and a lot of his writings were about the effect alcohol had on his life and on the lives of his characters.

References
Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowry. Penguin edition 2000 (Introduction by Michael Schmidt)

1909 births
1957 deaths
British writers
Torn Curtain

Torn Curtain is a 1966 movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Paul Newman and Julie Andrews. It is set mainly in East Germany during the Cold War and tells the story of a scientist (played by Newman) who pretends to betray his country, the United States of America to the USSR in order to gain vital information about a new weapon which the Soviet Union is building.

Other websites 

1966 thriller movies
American thriller movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
English-language movies
Universal Pictures movies
Frenzy

Frenzy is a 1972 British crime thriller movie set in London. It is directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Alex McCowen and Barry Foster. It tells the story of an innocent man, played by McCowen who is wrongly believed to be a serial killer by the police and his efforts to avoid capture and bring the real killer to justice. This was the second to last movie that Hitchcock made before he died in 1980 and the first time in many years he had made a movie in the United Kingdom.

References
Frenzy at the Internet Movie Database

1972 movies
1970s horror thriller movies
1970s serial killer movies
British crime movies
British thriller movies
Crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in London
Marnie

Marnie is a 1964 American mystery drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based on the novel of the same name. It starred Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery. It tells the story of Marnie, a compulsive thief and liar, played by Hedren. She is befriended by and later marries a rich businessman called Mark Rutland, played by Connery. He tries to find out more about the tragic events which took place in her past and finally forces her to face up to these events and the secret which her mother kept from her since she was a child.

References

1960s mystery movies
1960s crime drama movies
1964 crime movies
1964 drama movies
American crime drama movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Rape in movies
Shadow of a Doubt

Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Theresa Wright and Joseph Cotton. It tells the story of a naïve young girl called Charlie (played by Wright) who lives in a sleepy town in California with her well-meaning parents, and how her life is put in danger when her sinister uncle (played by Cotton) comes to stay with the family. Over the course of the movie, Charlie discovers that her uncle is a wanted serial killer who has murdered a lot of rich widows for their money. When her uncle finds out that Charlie has discovered his secret he sets out to murder her before she exposes him.

Other websites 

1943 movies
1940s crime movies
1940s thriller movies
American serial killer movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in California
United States National Film Registry movies
Rope (movie)

Rope is a 1948 American drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It stars James Stewart, John Dall and Farley Granger. It tells the story of two young intellectuals, played by Dall and Granger, who murder one of their friends in an apartment in Manhattan. They do it in order to prove that it is possible to commit the perfect murder. Then they hold a dinner party at which they invite the parents of the victim as well as their former teacher, played by Stewart. During the dinner party they come close to boasting about their crime and arouse the suspicions of the teacher who eventually exposes them and alerts the police. The movie is famous for seemingly being made in one long shot without changing the camera angle. It is also known for implying a homosexual relationship between the two intellectuals at a time when homosexuality was rarely mentioned in movies or popular American culture.

References

1948 drama movies
1940s crime movies
1940s crime drama movies
1940s LGBT movies
American crime drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
LGBT crime movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies about murderers
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in Manhattan
Early modern period

The early modern period is a time from 15001800 (roughly). This time follows the Middle Ages. It is the start of recognizable nations that we know today.

In the history of Europe, the early modern period follows the Medieval period. It begins around the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and includes the Renaissance period, and the Age of Discovery. It includes the discovery of America, and the discovery of the sea route to the East. It ends around the French Revolution in 1789.

Europe 
In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. Science, transport, and communications improved. This is also called the Renaissance. For European countries with many ships, this was the Age of Discovery. Europe was beginning to expand to the New World.  
Trade with Asia was common, after Europeans found their way around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. Late in this period the European countries started setting up colonies there.

Asia 
The Mughal Empire began in 1526. This Empire had a orderly government, widespread economic prosperity and religious tolerance. At this time Asia was flourishing in Math and Science. Also the Ottoman Empire was ruling the Middle East, along with the Persian Empire.

Related pages
 Renaissance

References 
 Discussion of the medieval/modern transition from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History (1903)
 Society for Renaissance Studies

Periods and ages in history
National Assembly

The National Assembly is a type of legislature in some countries. The best known National Assembly, and the first legislature to be known by this title, was established during the French Revolution in 1789, known as the Assemblée Nationale. Almost every country in Africa has a National Assembly. However, outside of Africa there are not that many countries with National assembly. In Europe there is Britain, France, Germany etc. In Asia there is China, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan,Bangladesh etc.
Kenneth Clarke

Kenneth Harry Clarke, Baron Clarke of Nottingham,  (born 2 July 1940), often known as Ken Clarke, is a British politician. He was the Justice Secretary in the coalition government. Clarke has had a long career in politics and has served in the cabinets of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. On February 26, 2017, Clarke became Father of the House after the death of Gerald Kaufman.

Early life and politics
Clarke was born in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He became the Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe at the 1970 general election and became a Queen's Counsel in 1980. He held a number of lower positions in government under Margaret Thatcher until she promoted him to Health Secretary in 1988. He became Education Secretary in 1990 and when Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced with John Major he stayed on as Health Secretary until 1992 when he was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer. He stayed as Chancellor until 1997 when the Conservatives were defeated in the General Election.

In opposition
John Major resigned as leader of the Conservative Party soon after he was defeated in the general election and Clarke stood for election to replace him as leader and therefore become the Leader of the Opposition. However he was defeated by William Hague in this contest. When Hague himself resigned after losing the 2001 General Election Clarke again stood for leader but was defeated by Iain Duncan Smith. In 2005 he stood for the leadership for a third time but was defeated by David Cameron. It is thought that Clarke was unable to become leader because many in the Conservative Party do not wish to see the United Kingdom replace the pound with the Euro as the main currency whereas Clarke has always been very much in favour of this policy.

As Shadow Business Secretary
Clarke returned to the Conservative front bench in 2009 as the Shadow Business Secretary where he has the job of monitoring the performance of the current Business Secretary Peter Mandelson. When the coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010 Clarke was made the Justice Secretary.

References 

1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Lord Chancellors
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Nottinghamshire
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Swansea City A.F.C.

Swansea City AFC are a Welsh football (soccer) team who have played in the English Premier League since 2011. Before being promoted to the Premier League for the 2011–12 season, they had played in the English Football League since 1920. They were founded in 1912 as Swansea Town and played at the Vetch Field ground until 2005 when they moved to the Liberty Stadium. Their most successful period as a team was in the early 1980s under their manager John Toshack when they played in the old First Division from 1981-1983 (which was the highest tier of English football at the time). Swansea play their home games in an all white strip. Their main rivals are Cardiff City and a match between the two sides is known as the South Wales derby. As well as competing in the English League they have also won the Welsh Cup ten times and the Football Association of Wales Premier Cup twice. In 2011, they were promoted to the Premier League after winning the Football League Championship play-offs after finishing third in the league. They avoided relegation in their first Premier League season ending up in 11th place.

Name
1912-1970 Swansea Town F.C.
1970-present Swansea City A.F.C.

League position

Former position

References
http://www.swanseacity.net/page/Welcome  - Club home page

Premier League clubs
Swansea
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Wales
Hartlepool United F.C.

Hartlepool Utd F.C are an English football team playing in the English Football League. They were founded in 1908 as ‘Hartlepools Utd’ and currently play at the Victoria ground. The well known football manager Brian Clough started his career as a manager with Hartlepool in 1965 before leaving to go on and manage Derby County.

References 
 Club homepage 

1908 establishments in England
English football clubs
Hartlepool
Tippi Hedren

Tippi Hedren (born Nathalie Kay Hedren, January 19, 1930) is an American actress. Her paternal grandparents were Swedish immigrants. Her maternal ancestry is German and Norwegian. She is best known for her performances in two movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock: The Birds and Marnie. She is the mother of actress Melanie Griffith and has acted in movies with her daughter.

References

1930 births
Living people
Actors from Minnesota
American movie actors
American television actors
Japanese morning glory

Japanese morning glory, also called the Ipomoea nil, is an attractive cultivated plant, a climbing annual commonly with white edges, also named white-edge morning glory. It is found in US Florida to South America, also in Galapagos Islands.

References

Other websites

Plants and classification of genus Ipomoea
Morning glories, moonflowers, and their relatives  
Decoding the genome of the Japanese morning glory

Convolvulaceae
Pyrrhic victory

A Pyrrhic victory is battle won at too great a cost.

It is one in which the side that won the victory suffers very badly. A Pyrrhic victory may take place when the victorious army has lost a huge number of men or when the enemy army has reinforcements about to arrive which greatly outnumber the winning army and mean that the chances of a second victory are very low. A Pyrrhic victory is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus. He won a battle against the Romans in 280 BC but many of his men and most of his friends and top commanders died in the battle.

References 

Battles of the Ancient World
Phrases
Iain Duncan Smith

Sir George Iain Duncan Smith (born 9 April 1954 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a British politician who is the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2016 - 2016. He was the leader of the Conservative Party from September 2001 to November 2003 and is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Chingford and Woodford Green.

Iain Duncan Smith served in the Scottish part of the British Army, the Scots' Guard from 1975 to 1981. He became a Conservative Party MP at the 1992 General Election for the constituency of Chingford (called Chingford and Woodford Green from 1997). He became a member of William Hague's shadow cabinet in 1997 and became Shadow Defence Secretary in 1999. When Hague resigned in 2001, Iain Duncan Smith was elected leader of the Conservative Party, defeating Kenneth Clarke and Michael Portillo. In November 2003, Conservative Party MPs passed a Vote of No Confidence in Iain Duncan Smith because they believed he could not win the general election. He was replaced by Michael Howard. After the 2010 General Election, Iain Duncan Smith was made the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He resigned in March 2016.

Iain Duncan Smith was the first leader of the Conservative Party to have been Roman Catholic and was the first to have been born in Scotland since Arthur Balfour.

References

Other websites 
- Official site

1954 births
Living people
British Army officers
British Roman Catholics
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Edinburgh
Scottish Christians
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Bill Hicks

William 'Bill' Hicks (16 December 1961 - 26 February 1994) was an American stand-up comedian known for his controversial act which made fun of religion and politics amongst other areas. Since then, many other stand-up comedians in the United States and United Kingdom have said they have been very influenced by his work, which is still very popular today.

Hicks was born in Valdosta, Georgia and raised in Houston, Texas. He died of pancreatic cancer in Little Rock, Arkansas.

References
True, Cynthia (2002). American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story. New York, NY: HarperCollins. .

1961 births
1994 deaths
American stand-up comedians
Cancer deaths in the United States
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Comedians from Houston, Texas
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Disease-related deaths in Arkansas
Valdosta, Georgia
Gene Wilder

Gene Wilder (Jerome Silberman; June 11, 1933 – August 29, 2016) was an American actor, author, comedian, director and screenwriter. He was most famous for his acting work and in particular for the movies he made with Mel Brooks which include The Producers, Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein. He also played the part of Willy Wonka in the musical movie Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.

Wilder studied Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of Iowa.

Wilder was drafted into the Army on September 10, 1956.

An unauthorized  biography of Wilder called Gene Wilder: Funny and Sad by Brian Scott Mednick was published in December 2010 by BearManor Media.

Wilder died from Alzheimer's disease on August 29, 2016 in Stamford, Connecticut at age 83.

Work

Movies

Television
Voice for The Electric Company'''s segment The Adventures of Letterman (60 episodes, 1972–77)Something Wilder (1994–95)Will & Grace (2002) Episode "Boardroom and a Parked Place" (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)Will & Grace (2003) Episode "Sex, Losers & Videotape" (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)

Stage
 The Complaisant Lover (Broadway, 1962)
 Mother Courage and Her Children (Broadway, 1963)
  Death Of A Salesman
 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Broadway, 1963)
 The White House (Broadway, 1964)
 Luv (Broadway, 1966)
 Laughter on the 23rd Floor (London, 1996)
 The Scarecrow (Broadway, 1972)
 Rhinoceros'' (1974)

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
Jewish American actors
People with cancer
Writers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Comedians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Exeter City F.C.

Exeter City F.C. is an English association football club currently competing in the English Football League. They were founded in 1904 and currently play at the St James Park ground. 

Possibly their most famous game was when they drew 0-0 against Manchester United in an FA Cup match in 2005 at United's home ground of Old Trafford.

Other websites 
 Official website 

English football clubs
1904 establishments in England
Water opossum

The water opossum (Chironectes minimus) is also  known as the yapok. It is an aquatic marsupial and a member of the opossum family. It has black and grey waterproof fur and webbed hind feet. It is the only living marsupial where both sexes have a backward-pointing pouch. 

The animal is found in the freshwater streams and lakes in Mexico, Central and South America. The water opossum lives in bankside burrows. It comes out after dusk to search for fish, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank.

The yapok's webbed back feet helps it chase its prey in the water.

References 

Marsupials of South America
Central America
Blazing Saddles

Blazing Saddles is a 1974 comedy western movie directed by Mel Brooks starring Cleavon Little, Gene Wilder and Harvey Korman. It tells the story of a black Sheriff, played by Little, who is appointed Sheriff of a small Western town and how he must try to make friends with the racist towns people and stop a ruthless businessman from knocking down the town to make way for a railway line.

While the movie is widely said to be a classic comedy today, critical reaction was mixed when the movie was first released.

Cast
 Cleavon Little as Sheriff Bart
 Gene Wilder as Jim, aka "The Waco Kid"
 Harvey Korman as Hedley Lamarr
 Madeline Kahn as Lili von Shtupp, the "Teutonic Titwillow"
 Slim Pickens as Taggart
 Dom DeLuise as Buddy Bizarre
 Mel Brooks as Gov. William J. Le Petomane / Indian Chief / Tough wearing sunglasses and a bomber jacket.
 Liam Dunn as Reverend Johnson
 George Furth as Van Johnson
 Burton Gilliam as Lyle
 John Hillerman as Howard Johnson
 David Huddleston as Olson Johnson
 Richard Collier as Dr. Samuel Johnson
 Alex Karras as Mongo
 Jack Starrett as Gabby Johnson
 Robyn Hilton as Miss Stein (the governor's secretary)
 Rodney Allen Rippy as Young Bart
 Charles McGregor as Charlie
 Robert Ridgely as Boris, the hangman
 Carol Arthur as Harriet Johnson
 Anne Bancroft as Extra in Church Congregation (uncredited)

Awards and honors
In the scene where Lamarr talks to his band of bad guys, he says, "You men are only risking your lives, while I am risking an almost-certain Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor!" Harvey Korman did not, in fact, get an Oscar nomination.  The movie did receive three other Academy Awards nominations in 1974: Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Madeline Kahn, Best Film Editing, and Best Music, Original Song. The movie also earned two BAFTA awards nominations, for Best Newcomer (Cleavon Little) and Best Screenplay.

The movie won the Writers Guild of America Award for "Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen" for writers Mel Brooks, Norman Steinberg, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor, and Alan Uger.

In 2006, Blazing Saddles was chosen by the Library of Congress for the National Film Registry.

References

Other websites

 
 

1974 comedy movies
1970s western movies
United States National Film Registry movies
American comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American parody movies
American western movies
Movies about racism
Movies directed by Mel Brooks
English-language movies
Self-reflexive movies
Alexander Rybak

Alexander Rybak (13 May 1986) is a Belarusian-Norwegian singer, composer and violinist. He was born in Minsk, Belarusian SSR. He moved to Norway when he was four. He is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Fairytale" for Norway. Rybak went to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo to perform his winning entry from the previous year.

1986 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Norwegian composers
Norwegian singers
People from Minsk
Violinists
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Pika

Pikas are small mammals that resemble chinchillas. Chinchillas are rodents, but pikas are related to the hare and the rabbit, they are lagomorphs. Pikas are also known as rock rabbits or coneys. There are 30 different species of pika. 

Most Pikas live in colder climates, on rocky mountain slopes, in Asia, North America and parts of Eastern Europe. They are active during the day or the twilight, that is at nightfall, and in early morning. Pikas do not hibernate. They collect hay, which they pile up to dry. They sometimes steal hay from each other. This often results in disputes. Predators, like ferrets, and large birds often use such disputes to catch pikas. 

Pikas in Eurasia lead their lives in family groups, they also share their duties. The pikas in North America don't, they are asocial outside the breeding season.

Pikachu from Pokemon is based off this creature.

References 

Lagomorphs
Two-source hypothesis

The Two-source hypothesis is a hypothesis that was made in the 19th century. It tries to explain what is called the synoptic problem in Christian theology. This problem is that certain parts of the gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke have texts that are very similar. The hypothesis claims that the Gospels of Matthew and Luke were written based on the gospel of Mark, and lost source text, called Q. The Q is for German Quelle, and means source. The lost document was likely a collection of Jesus' sayings, very probably written in Ancient Greek. The hypothesis is widely accepted among Christian scholars.

Problems
There are two major problems with this hypothesis:
There is something that is called minor agreements. These are parts of the text, where both Matthew and Luke agree, but where Mark does not. To explain this,  many people believe that Matthew and Luke did not use the text of Mark as it was included in the New Testament, but rather an earlier version. Some people even say that they did not use the same version of this earlier text. This could also explain why the text in Mk 6,45-8,26 is missing from Luke.
The two source hypothesis requires a second source, called Q. The problem is that this source is not mentioned in the many fragments of early Christian texts that were found, or in the early Christian Church tradition.

Gospels
Favicon

A favicon is small image (known as an icon) that is used to identify a website or webpage.

This type of icon (also known as a favorite icon or favorites icon) is usually a square image that is only 16 pixels in height and 16 pixels in width. However, modern browsers, especially those installed on smartphones, can display bigger favicons that are 32 pixels or 64 pixels in size. And when a favicon is included in a webpage it can be seen next to a browser's address bar, inside a browser's tab or in the browser's Favorites' or Bookmarks' list.

Related pages
 GIMP
 Internet Explorer
 Mozilla Firefox
 Web
 Internet

Other websites 
 How to Add a Favicon to your Site 

Computers
Henry Rollins

Henry Rollins (born February 13, 1961 in Washington D.C.) is an American singer, writer and actor. After a few wild years in the punk rock band Black Flag, he started his own metal band, the Rollins Band. Rollins is now a solo artist. He often tours in many countries performing spoken-word concerts.

References

Other websites 
Henry Rollins' website

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American bloggers
Tay-Sachs disease

Tay-Sachs disease (also called Tray-Sachs syndrome) is a disease that causes problems with the metabolism of fat. Tay-Sachs is caused by a lack of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A.

Tay-Sachs is a genetic disease. It happens when Chromosome 15 has a genetic problem. The problem is caused by a defective HEXA gene. It is recessive, which means both parents must give the baby the defective gene for the baby to have Tay-Sachs. One in every twenty seven Jewish American has one defective gene and can give Tay-Sachs the defective gene to their child. The disease is very rare. It is most common in Jewish families. There is a blood test to see if a person has the Tay Sachs gene. This blood test has helped reduce the number of babies born with Tay-Sachs. In 1800’s, there were 60 new cases and in the 21st century there were 5.

Infants with the Tay-Sachs gene from both parents usually die of pneumonia or other infections during their first four years of life. Some symptoms include: lack of energy, loss of vision and motor skills (paralyzation), and seizures.  Tay–Sachs disease is usually first noticed in infants around six months old. They show an abnormally strong response to sudden noises or other stimulus. This is called the "startle response". The child may also be listlessness or have muscle stiffness (hypertonia). The disease is classified into several forms, which are based on the age when the neurological symptoms began. There is no known treatment for this disease.

The disease is named after Warren Tay and Bernard Sachs who first described the disease in the late 19th century. After the discovery, he noticed a red spot on the retina of a one year old child. The child was experiencing the same symptoms of the disease. Bernard Sachs was a neurologist from the United States. He was the first person to describe the cellular changes from the disease. In 1969, researchers discovered that Tay-Sachs is caused by a lack of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A.

References 

Diseases
Joseph Swan

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (31 October 1828–27 May 1914) was an English physicist and chemist who was well known because he created the incandescent light bulb, about a year before Thomas Edison.  His house was the first in the world to be lit by electric light bulbs.

In 1904, Swan was knighted, awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal, and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. He had already received the highest award in France, the Légion d'honneur, when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881. The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with electric light, thanks to Swan's invention.

References 

1828 births
1914 deaths

English inventors
English physicists
English chemists
People from Sunderland
Legion of Honour
Atom Egoyan

Atom Egoyan, OC ()  (born July 19, 1960) is a Canadian-Armenian movie maker.  His work often explores themes of alienation and isolation. Egoyan's movies often follow non-linear plot-structures, in which events are placed out of sequence in order to elicit specific emotional reactions from the audience by withholding important information.

Movies
 Where the Truth Lies - 2005 murder mystery starring Kevin Bacon and Colin Firth.

References 

1960 births
Living people

Canadian movie directors
Armenian movie directors
Armenian diaspora
Standard asteroid physical characteristics

The standard asteroid physical characteristics of an asteroid include, but can also include things other than: diameter, mass, density, surface gravity, escape velocity, rotation period, spectral class, absolute magnitude, albedo, and surface temperature, or what the temperature is on the asteroid.

Asteroids
Crowded House

Crowded House are an Australian rock group. They formed in 1985 in Melbourne, led by New Zealand singer-songwriter Neil Finn. Finn is the main songwriter and creative director of the band. He has led it through several changes. The band has people from a few different countries: from New Zealand (Neil and his brother, Tim Finn and Eddie Rayner), Australia (Paul Hester, Nick Seymour, Peter Jones and Craig Hooper) and the United States (Mark Hart, and Matt Sherrod). Crowded House are referred to as The Crowdies by Australian fans.

Originally active from 1985 to 1996, the band has had consistent commercial and critical success in Australia and New Zealand and international chart success in two phases, beginning with their self-titled debut album, Crowded House, which reached number twelve on the US Album Chart in 1987 and provided the Top Ten hits, "Don't Dream It's Over" and "Something So Strong". Further international success came in the UK and Europe with their third and fourth albums, Woodface and Together Alone and the compilation album Recurring Dream, which included the hits "Fall at Your Feet", "Weather with You", "Distant Sun", "Locked Out", "Instinct" and "Not the Girl You Think You Are".

Founding drummer Hester left in May 1994, citing family reasons, but returned for their Farewell to the World concerts in Melbourne and Sydney in 1996. Neil Finn had decided to end the band to concentrate on his solo career and the Finn Brothers project with Tim. On 26 March 2005 Hester committed suicide, aged 46.

In 2006, the group re-formed with new drummer Matt Sherrod. They have since released two albums, which have both reached number one on Australia's Album Chart. The new albums are called "Time on Earth" (2007) and "Intriguer" (2010).

References

1985 establishments in Australia
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Australian rock bands
Musical groups from Melbourne
Maiden voyage

Maiden voyage is the name given to the first trip a ship makes after it has been launched. Sometimes important people will go on the maiden voyage including politicians, business people and celebrities.

References 

Ships
Travel
Riaz Shahid

Riaz Shahid (1927 - October 1, 1972) was a noted Pakistani filmmaker, movie writer, and journalist. His real name was Sheikh Riaz, but was called by his nickname Shahid.  Riaz was from Lahore where he started his career as a journalist for newspaper Chataan and later joined Faiz Ahmed Faiz's Lail-o-Nihar. He also wrote a novel named Hazar Dastaan.

In 1962, Riaz started his movie career as a director for the movie Susraal. From this point onwards, he went on to direct several hits like Zarqa, Shaheed, Farangi, and Yeh Aman.

Riaz Shahid was married to then famous actress Neelo and had three children. The first child their daughter was named Zarqa followed by two sons Shaan, who is now a well known Pakistani movie actor and Sarosh, who also worked in a couple of Pakistani movies.    

Riaz died of leukemia in 1972.

1927 births
1972 deaths
Cinema of Pakistan
Pakistani entertainers
People from Lahore
Neelo

Neelo (born Abida Riaz; 30 June 1940 – 30 January 2021) was an actress from Lahore City. She was the mother of the movie actor Shaan. She was born June 29, 1945 in Bhera, near Sargodha. 

Later, when she got married to Riaz Shahid she changed her name to Abida Riaz, and also became a Muslim. Shahid died in 1972, but Riaz has kept her name the same.

Neelo died of cancer on 30 January 2021 in Abbottabad at the age of 80.

References

2021 deaths
1941 births
Deaths from cancer
Pakistani movie actors
High on Fire

High on Fire is an American Heavy metal band. It was started by guitar player Matt Pike. He used to be in the band Asleep. The band has released 4 albums.

Discography
Studio albums

References

American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Indian rhinoceros

The Indian rhinoceros or the Asian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is a large mammal primarily found in Pakistan, north-eastern India, Nepal and parts of Bhutan. It lives in the tall grasslands and forests in the foothills of the Himalayas. 

Rhinoceros was hunted for sport, and is now poached because its horn is used for traditional Chinese medicine (alternative medicine).

Mammals of Asia
Rhinoceroses
Augusto Righi

Augusto Righi (27 August 1850 – 8 June 1920) was an Italian physicist who was a big part in the study of electromagnetism. He was born and died in Bologna.

In 1872 and 1880 in Bologna, he was researching mostly in electrostatics. He became an  in physics at the University of Palermo in 1880, when he was there he studied the transfer of heat and electricity in bismuth. From 1885 to 1889 he was a professor at the University of Padua (Padova), studying the photoelectric effect. In late 1889 he went to the University of Bologna, where he worked for the rest of his life on things like the Zeeman Effect, 'Roentgen rays', and magnetism.

Other websites
 Righi  at chem.ch.huji.ac.il

The professor of G. Marconi. http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/augustorighi.html 

1850 births
1920 deaths
People from Bologna
Italian physicists
Fountain Hills

Fountain Hills is a town in the Maricopa County of Arizona. It is close to Phoenix and Scottsdale. Fountain Hills has the 4th largest fountain in the world, which goes off every hour for 15 minutes. The general entertainment consists in the local high school sporting events.

Towns in Arizona
Yu-Gi-Oh! (trading card game)

The Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game is a Japanese card game developed and published by Konami. It is based on the fictional game of Duel Monsters, which is the main story for the anime series Yu-Gi-Oh!. It is played around the world, but mostly in Japan, North America, Europe and Australia. It was first sold to the public in 1999. In 2009 it broke the world record for most trading cards sold.

Yu-Gi-Oh! is a trading card game in which players draw cards from separate decks and take turns playing cards. The game is like a battle, and the cards have different uses to help the player win the battle. There is one deck of cards for each player. Each deck contains 40 to 60 cards. Each player also has an optional "extra deck" of up to 15 cards that are used in certain situations. There is also a 15-card "side deck", which allows players to modify their deck between games. Players are only allowed three of the same card per deck and side deck. Each player starts with a certain number of "Life Points". To win the game, a player has to reduce their opponent's Life Points to zero. This is usually achieved by using "monster" cards to attack the monster cards of the opponent or damage the opponent's life points. The other two card types are "spells" and "traps". There are many, many types of spells and traps. For example, these cards' effects may eliminate an opponent's card, counter the effects of an opponent's card, or retrieve a specific card from one's own deck, to name just a few. Most monster cards also have extra abilities of their own.

References

 
Card games
1999 establishments in Japan
Weston-on-Trent

Weston-on-Trent is a village and parish in Derbyshire. It is to the north of the River Trent. At the 2004 census there were about 800 people in the village aged sixteen to seventy-four years.

In 1009 Æþelræd Unræd (King Ethelred the Unready) signed a document  which agreed the size of Weston. The document shows that Weston owned the crossings of the River Trent. These crossings were for one of the roads going up or down England. The land was at Weston upon Trent and at Morley, Smalley, Ingleby, Crich and Kidsley. This land was given to Morcar, the King's chief minister. Morcar could decide a person's life or death without the King.

References

Villages in Derbyshire
Sochi

Sochi (Russuan:Со́чи) is a city in Russia on the Black Sea coast. It is in the oblast of Krasnodar Krai. The 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were played there. The Sochi Olympic Stadium will also be used to host 2018 FIFA World Cup football matches. Sochi is also a popular health resort. It is one of very few places in Russia with a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).

Other websites 
Official site of XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi

Olympic cities
Catherine II of Russia

Catherine II of Russia (Also titled Catherine the Great or Yekaterina Aleksei'evna) (April 21, 1729, Stettin, Germany – November 17, 1796 Tsarskoye Selo, Russia) was Empress of Russia. She came to power by a Coup d'état that deposed her husband, who was killed. 

Catherine greatly increased the power of the crown. In wars against the Ottoman Empire and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth she conquered much land in the west and south. During Catherine's rule, Russia became a strong power in Europe.

Early life 
Catherine was born in Stettin, which was a part of the Kingdom of Prussia at the time. She was the  daughter of Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst and Princess Johanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. She had five brothers and sisters. She married Peter III (who, like Catherine, was German) at age fifteen, and became empress of Russia at age 32. She was educated in three languages (Russian, German and French). She grew up as a Lutheran (Protestant). When she married Peter, she changed to the Russian Orthodox church.

Marriage 
Catherine's marriage was said to be unfaithful and distraught. Peter and Catherine were each said to have several lovers. After they had been married nine years, Catherine bore a son, Paul. Paul was born on . Both parents accepted him as legitimate, even though there had been rumors about Catherine having been unfaithful. Catherine also had a daughter Anna, born in 1757. Anna died in 1759. Catherine and Peter had a very difficult relationship. When Peter died, Catherine was left to rule Russia on her own. Catherine had many lovers, probably because of the difficult marriage. Over twenty lovers are known. A few of these seem to be more important:
 Count Serge Saltykov was her first lover, and was probably the father of Paul
 Count Stanisław August Poniatowski was made king of Poland, because of Catherine's help
 Count Grigory Orlov was one of the leading figures of the coup against Peter III, together with his brother Alexey Grigoryevich Orlov. They also gave Catherine the Orlov diamond as a gift. This diamond was later put into the Russian sceptre.
 Prince Grigory Potyomkin was very successful in the military forces. He started the Black Sea Fleet, founded cities such as Sevastopol or Kherson. He is said to have been Catherine's true love. The two are said to even have married in secret.
 Count Platon Zubov was her last love. When she died, aged 67, he was not even 40 years old.

Reign 
Six months after Peter took the throne, Catherine led a palace coup to overthrow him. The question of who killed him and why is still much discussed. Catherine was greatly admired by the public. She was much involved in foreign affairs, including successful Russo-Turkish Wars which conquered new territories for Russia.

Death 
Catherine suffered a stroke on 1. Due to the stroke, she lost consciousness. She died in her bed at 9:20 the following evening, while she was still unconscious. Catherine was buried at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg.

Russian royalty
Russian Orthodox saints
Emperors and empresses
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Deaths from stroke
Hiccups

A hiccup (also spelled hiccough) is sudden tightening of the diaphragm, which is a muscle inside the chest and below the lungs that causes air to be pulled in. A short time after diaphragm contracts, the throat suddenly closes. This closing stops the air from flowing in, and results in the "hic" sound that gives "hiccups" its name. A hiccup is a reflex, a kind of action happens in the body without trying. Hiccups often repeat several times per minute, and end on their own after a few minutes.

Sometimes a single hiccup happens, or they may happen over and over, a few times each minute, in a series called a bout of hiccups. Hiccups are rhythmic: the time between one hiccup and the next usually doesn't change much. A bout of hiccups generally ends by itself, without having to doing anything to end it on purpose. Many home remedies (cures) are often tried to attempt to shorten how long the hiccups last, because hiccups can be uncomfortable and make it hard to pay attention to other things. It is rare that medical help is necessary because it is rare that they last long enough to cause any harm. 
 
Hiccups may be triggered (started) by several common human conditions such as swallowing air, eating very quickly, and laughing for a long time. They can also be caused by some drugs and by some diseases.

The reason that people hiccup is not known for sure. A leading theory (idea) is that hiccups evolved to help human babies and other young mammals obtain milk more easily during breast feeding. This is related to the pattern that hiccups often happen when a bubble of air forms below the diaphragm and takes up space in the belly.

References 

Health
Napoleonic era

The Napoléonic era was a time in the history of France and Europe. This era existed during the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution. It is the time when Napoleon ruled France. The Napoleonic era begins  when Napoléon Bonaparte began to rule by overthrowing the government of France which was then called the Directory, creating the French Consulate.  The era ends with Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (November 9, 1799 - June 28, 1815). Afterwards, the Congress of Vienna tried to bring Europe back to pre-French Revolution days.

It was a time of many wars in Europe. 

History of Europe
History of France
VIPoma

A VIPoma  (Pronounced "V I P oma") (also called Verner Morrison syndrome after the doctors who first noticed it), is a tumor that does not happen a lot (1 per 10,000,000 per year) in the pancreas. VIPoma makes something called vasoactive intestinal peptide, or VIP.  It can do bad things to the heart, brain, gut, gallbladder, and more.

Treatment
Octreotide (a somatostatin analogue) can be used to help symptoms. Surgery is the only thing that will make it go away completely.

References

Health problems
2 Esdras

2 Esdras is the name of a book in many English versions of the Bible. It is a Deuterocanonical book. This means it is a book of the Christian Old Testament that is not part of the Jewish Bible.  The original Hebrew version has been lost, but it is known from other languages.

Old Testament books
Achlorhydria

Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria is when there is very little, or no gastric acid in the stomach. It can come with other medical problems.

Signs 
The lowering acid level itself can make symptoms similar to gastroesophageal reflux disease, and hinders protein digestion by holding back the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin needs a low gastric PH to become active. Low acid levels in the stomach are also linked with bacteria growing too much, which can stop the body taking in nutrients or vitamins.

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Adenoid

Adenoids (also called pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are tissues at the very back of the nose.  They are in the part of the nose where is joins the mouth.

In most children they make a soft bump on the top and back section of the nose's air passage.

Taking away adenoids with surgery is called adenoidectomy.

Head (body part)
Phlegm

Phlegm (said: flem) is sticky fluid hidden by the mucous membranes of humans and animals.

Respiratory system
Mobile home

A mobile home, or house trailer, is a moving home which can be pulled behind a truck, tractor or strong car on major roads. Some mobile homes have multiple sections, such as with a double-wide trailer, which can be joined together after being pulled onto a lot as separate trailers. Some also have front or back porches which can be joined outside the doors of the house trailer. Mobile homes can also be referred to as simply trailers or caravans.
Mobile homes are usually left in one location permanently, but they have possibility to move in emergencies or other events.

References

Home
Konstantin Rokossovsky

Konstanty Rokossovsky, Polish: Konstanty Rokossowski, (21 December 1896 in Warsaw - 3 August 1968 in Moscow) was a Marshall of the Soviet Union (1944), a marshall of Poland (1949), and twice a Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945). 

In World War II he commanded an army in the Moscow battle, Bryansk, and Donskoy fronts (in the Stalingrad battle).

References 

1896 births
1968 deaths
Polish communist politicians
Politicians from Warsaw
Soviet generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Grand Theft Auto IV

Grand Theft Auto IV (GTA IV) is a 2008 action-adventure video game. The game was made by Rockstar North, and was published and released by Rockstar Games for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and PC. The Xbox 360 and PS3 versions were released around the world on April 29th 2008.

Gameplay 
Grand Theft Auto IV has the same basic gameplay from the earlier games in the series. The player can walk, run, swim, climb, jump and use weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can steal and drive many types of cars, boats, helicopters and motorcycles. Players can explore and choose how they want to play the game. Players can complete missions, but these are not needed to get farther into the game to open content. When the player does a crime and the police see it, they will start to follow the player and try to catch him.

Notes

References 

2008 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Grand Theft Auto