cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Michael Heseltine

Michael Ray Dibdin Heseltine, Baron Heseltine CH PC (born 21 March 1933) is a British politician and businessman. He was a Member of Parliament from 1966 to 2001 as a member of the Conservative Party.

He was born in Swansea, Wales and studied at the University of Oxford. He was briefly conscripted into the army, before becoming a self-made millionaire in the 1960s. At the 1966 General Election, Heseltine became the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Tavistock in Devon. From 1970 to 1974, he was a junior minister in the government of Edward Heath. From 1979 to 1983, he was in the cabinet of Margaret Thatcher as Secretary of State for the Environment. He was Defence Secretary from 1983 to 1986, but resigned in 1986 and became a backbencher.

As a backbencher, Heseltine became very critical of Thatcher's government and refused to support the Poll Tax in 1989. In November 1990, Heseltine challenged Thatcher for Conservative Party leadership and this led to Thatcher resigning, but Heseltine did not get to become party leader. New Conservative Prime Minister John Major made Heseltine Secretary of State for the Environment (1990-1992), President of the Board of Trade (1992-1995) and Deputy Prime Minister (1995-1997).

In 2001, Heseltine stood down as an MP and entered the House of Lords. He was considered to be one of Britain's top 200 richest people in 2004, owning a wealth of about £240 million.

Publications
 Michael Heseltine, Raising The Sights - A Tory Perspective, in the Primrose League Gazette, vol.91, no.2, Aug/Sept 1987 edition, London.
 Julian Critchley, Heseltine - The Unauthorised Biography, André Deutsch, London, September 1987, 
 Michael Crick, Michael Heseltine: A Biography, Hamish Hamilton, 1997, 
 Michael Heseltine, Life in the Jungle, Hodder & Stoughton, 2000, , written with the acknowledged assistance of Heseltine's lifelong friend Anthony Howard.

References
 Michael Crick, Michael Heseltine: A Biography, Hamish Hamilton, 1997, 

1933 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British autobiographers
British businesspeople
Companions of Honour
Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Members of the House of Lords
Politicians from Swansea
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
United Kingdom Life Peers
Geff Harrison

Geff Harrison (also known as Richie West, August 24, 1947, Manchester, United Kingdom), is an English singer-songwriter, mostly known for his bands King Ping Meh and Twenty Sixty Six And Then. He created the band Modern Talking along with Dieter Bohlen.

Controversy with Dieter Bohlen 

In January 20, 1986, Harrison filled a lawsuit against Dieter Bohlen claiming that he wrote English lyrics for Modern Talking and C.C.Catch, but the lawsuit was settled out of court. According to the ruling of the court, Bohlen and Harrison created the group Modern Talking together.

References 

1947 births
Living people
English musicians
Modern Talking
James McAuley

James Phillip McAuley (12 October 1917 – 15 October 1976) was an Australian poet who also composed hymns. He was a Catholic whose hymns were used in Catholic liturgy and now by other denominations. McAuley was born in Lakemba, Sydney. His first book of verse, Under Aldebaran, was published in 1946. He died of liver cancer in Hobart.

References

1917 births
1976 deaths
Australian Roman Catholics
Australian poets
Cancer deaths in Australia
Deaths from liver cancer
Writers from Sydney
Freedom of information

Freedom of information is the right to freedom of expression on the Internet and other information technology. Freedom of information is the ability to access the Web without censorship or restrictions. 

Freedom of information is a human right recognised in international law. Freedom of speech includes not only the text and pictures but also the means of expression. Freedom of information may also refer to the right to privacy in the context of the Internet and information technology. The right to privacy is a human right and freedom of information is an extension of this right.

Related pages
Digital rights
Free content
Freenet

References

Civil rights
Isaac Watts

Isaac Watts (17 July 1674 – 25 November 1748) was an English pastor, preacher, poet, and hymn writer. He is often called the "Father of English Hymnody": he was the first popular English hymn writer. Because of his short height and large head, in all his portraits Isaac Watts wore a large gown. He wrote about 600 hymns including When I Survey the Wondrous Cross, Am I a Soldier of the Cross, and Joy to the World. He is buried today in Bun­hill Fields Cem­etary, Lon­don, Eng­land.

Isaac Watts was born in 1674 as a small and sickly child. At this time, his father was in prison for being a nonconformist preacher. At that time in England, a man who did not preach the way the leaders of the Church of England thought about God could go to prison. Christians who were dissenters met secretly in fields and barns to hide from people who would report them. Dissenters were fined for preaching anywhere if five or more people were there. Isaac Watts gave much encouragement for people to continue to believe in Christ.

Childhood

Isaac, even when he was young, was good at and liked rhyming. He was a good student and liked books. Once, when his mother said she would give a farthing (a coin) to one of her husband's students who could make the best rhyme, Isaac tried and made this couplet:

"I write not this for a farthing, but to try 
How I your farthing writers can outvie’."

When he was six, he made some verses. When his mother saw them, she could hardly believe he had written them. So Isaac gave his mother a poem he had made with his name:

I am a vile polluted lump of earth
S-o I've continu'd ever since my birth
A-lthough Jehovah grace does daily give me
A-ssure this monster Satan will deceive me
C-ome, therefore, Lord, from Satan's claws relieve me.

W-ash me in thy blood, O Christ
A-nd grace divine impart
T-hen search and try the corners of my heart
T-hat I in all things may be fit to do
S-ervice to thee, and sing thy praises too.

Ministry

When he was in his early twenties, Isaac saw a need in the church. He told his father that the psalms sung in the church were rough and hard. Isaac's father challenged him to write better songs, and Isaac began writing hymns. Watts produced many hymns for which he is now famous.

Watts also saw that children needed to have hymns that suited their age, hymns that they could sing in their everyday life. Because of this, in 1720 he wrote Divine and Moral Songs, for the Use of Children. These songs were about problems of youth at that time and still today, with titles like Against Evil Company and Against Pride in Clothes.

Watts lived a long and full life preaching about Jesus, teaching, and writing books and hymns. When he died, his papers were given to Yale University.

Hymns

Some of Isaac Watts' most well known and loved songs are:
Joy to the world!
Come ye that love the Lord (often sung with the chorus [and titled] "We’re marching to Zion")
Come Holy Spirit, heavenly Dove]
Jesus shall reign where’er the sun
O God, Our Help in Ages Past
When I survey the wondrous cross 
Alas! and did my Saviour bleed
This is the day the Lord has made

References

1674 births
1748 deaths
Christian hymnwriters
Poets
Nowy Dwór Królewski

Nowy Dwór Królewski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Papowo Biskupie, within Chełmno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

References 

Villages in Poland
Arpin, Wisconsin

Arpin is a village of Wood County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. 337 people were living in Arpin as of 2000.  Arpin has a total area of 0.9 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Wood County, Wisconsin
Villages in Wisconsin
Wood County, Wisconsin

Wood County is a county in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  75,555 people were living in Wood County as of 2000.  The county seat of Wood County is Wisconsin Rapids.

Geography
Wood County has a total area of 809 square miles, says the U.S. Census Bureau.

Neighbor counties
Marathon County - to the north
Portage County - to the east
Adams County - to the southeast
Juneau County - to the south
Jackson County - to the southwest
Clark County - to the northwest

Divisions

Cities, villages, and towns
The following are the cities, villages, and towns of Wood County:

 Arpin
 Arpin (town)
 Auburndale (town)
 Auburndale
 Biron
 Cameron
 Cary
 Cranmoor
 Dexter
 Grand Rapids
 Hansen
 Hewitt
 Hiles
 Lake Wazeecha
 Lincoln
 Marshfield
 Marshfield (town)
 Milladore
 Milladore (town)
 Nekoosa
 Pittsville
 Port Edwards (town)
 Port Edwards
 Remington
 Richfield
 Rock
 Rudolph (town)
 Rudolph
 Saratoga
 Seneca
 Sherry
 Sigel
 Vesper
 Wisconsin Rapids (county seat)
 Wood

Unincorporated communities
The following are the unincorporated communities of Wood County:

 Babcock
 Bethel
 Blenker
 Dexterville

References

Other websites

 Wood County

1856 establishments in Wisconsin
Acarina

The Acarina, or Acari, are the mites and ticks. They are an order of Arachnids.

Their fossil history goes back to the Devonian era. Most acarines are tiny: less than a millimetre. It is estimated that over 50,000 species have been described, but a million or more species may be currently living. The study of mites and ticks is called acarology.

Acarines live in practically every habitat, and include aquatic (freshwater and sea water) and terrestrial species. They outnumber other arthropods in the soil and detritus. Many are parasitic, and they affect both vertebrates and invertebrates. Most parasitic forms are external parasites, while the free living forms are generally predators and may even be used to control undesirable arthropods. Others help to break down forest litter and dead organic matter such as skin cells. Others still are herbivorous and may damage crops. Damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the spider mites and their relatives, earth mites, thread-footed mites and the gall and rust mites.

Some parasitic forms affect humans and other mammals, causing damage by their feeding, and can even be vectors of diseases such as scrub typhus and rickettsia. A well-known effect of mites on humans is as an allergen which stimulates asthma. Predatory mites may be used in pest control and herbivorous mites used to attack weeds. A positive contribution of the Acari is their normal functioning in ecosystems, especially their roles in the decomposer subsystem.

Mites 

A hugely successful group with a large number of species. Mites are among the most diverse and successful of all the invertebrate groups, but because of their small size (most are microscopic) go largely unnoticed. They have exploited many habitats. Many live freely in the soil or water, but there are also a large number of species that live as parasites on plants, animals, and some that feed on mould (fungi).

Ticks 
Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites, mostly of mammals and birds. They wait on grass or bushes, and jump onto passing animals. A number of birds specialise in picking them off larger animals: the Cattle Egret and the Oxpecker for example. They are quite serious pests, and can be hard to get rid of. They are vectors, carrying diseases such as Lyme disease.

Related pages 
Chigger
Lyme disease

References 

Arachnids
Parasites
Eppertshausen

Eppertshausen is a municipality in the Darmstadt-Dieburg Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography 

Eppertshausen is located in the Rhine-Main area 15 km northeast of Darmstadt. The whole area of the village is 13.11 km2 large and it lies 130 – 190 m above sea level. It is a plain area with a few hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The neighbours of Eppertshausen are: 
 Rödermark and Rodgau (North) (all Offenbach Rural District)
 Babenhausen (East)
 Münster (South)
 Messel (West)

Eppertshausen has 5,829 inhabitants (2008).

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch) spoken in the south of Hesse. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and  the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History 

Eppertshausen is an early place where people lived. In the time of the 7th to the 9th century new places to live got name endings like -hausen.

In 836 the name of Eppertshausen was written down in a document for the first time. It was owned by the monastery of the nearby city of Seligenstadt.

Formerly the people in Eppertshausen were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine-Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working, leather manufacturing and chemical processing. Many men became workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

Twinned cities 

  Chaource, France
  Codigoro, Italy

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Eppertshausen

Municipalities in Hesse
Craig Brown (footballer born 1940)

Craig Brown CBE (born 1 July 1940 in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire) is a Scottish former professional football player and manager. He is currently the manager of Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen after he left Motherwell in December 2010.

References

1940 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Scott Brown (Scottish footballer)

Scott Brown (born 25 June 1985 in Dunfermline, Fife) is a Scottish association football player, currently playing for Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen. Brown, who started his professional career with Hibernian, is a regular in the Scottish national team. His transfer to Celtic from Hibs in the summer of 2007 broke the record for the biggest transfer fee paid between two Scottish clubs.

References

1985 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Seven-arm octopus

The seven-arm octopus (Haliphron atlanticus), also known as the septopus or the heptopus, is claimed to be the largest octopus. The claim is based on a partial specimen, and the estimation is of a 4 metre length and a weight of 75 kg. The North Pacific giant octopus is its rival in size.

In 2002, a single specimen of giant proportions was caught by fisheries trawling off the eastern Chatham Rise, New Zealand. This specimen, the largest of this species and of all octopuses, was the first validated record of Haliphron from the South Pacific. It had a mantle length of 0.69 m, total length of 2.90 m, and weight of 61.0 kg, although it was incomplete.

Description

The seven-arm octopus gets its name because the male's hectocotylus (a specially modified arm used in egg fertilization) is coiled in a sac beneath the right eye. 

Cephalopods
Hierarchical database model

In a Hierarchical database model is a data model where the data is organised like a tree. The structure allows repeating information using parent/child relationships: each parent can have many children but each child only has one parent. All attributes of a specific record are listed under an entity type.

In a database, an entity type is the equivalent of a table; each individual record is represented as a row and an attribute as a column. Entity types are related to each other using 1: N mapping, also known as one-to-many relationships. 

The most recognized and used hierarchical databases are IMS developed by IBM and Windows Registry by Microsoft.

Database modeling
Network model (database)

Database systems use a network model to store their data in a graph. Much like the Hierarchical database model, the nodes of the graph contain information. The information  is stored in a graph, so one parent can have many children, and one child can relate to several parents. The model is also known as CODASYL model, because it was originally proposed by the CODASYL consortium (who also developed COBOL).

In a network model, the defining feature is that each record has a link to another record.

Database modeling
Saint Valentine

Saint Valentine is the name of many martyred saints that lived in Ancient Rome. At least three different people named Valentine are said to have died on the 14th of February. Even though nobody knows who exactly Valentine was and where he came from, it has been confirmed that he existed because archaeologists discovered a church dedicated to Valentine.

In the Catholic church, Valentine was the patron of love, young people, and happy marriages.

Valentine's Day 

There are many guesses about how Valentine's Day, a celebration of love, started. One legend says that Valentine, being a priest, performed secret wedding ceremonies when they were outlawed by Emperor Claudius II. When someone discovered that Valentine was breaking the law, he was ordered to be executed.

Another theory is that Valentine helped captive Christians to break out of prison. When he himself was in prison, Valentine may have sent the first love letter to a young girl who liked to visit him.

References 

Year of birth unknown
Christian saints
3rd-century deaths
Ahaziah of Israel

This entry is not about King Ahaziah of Judah.
Ahaziah or Ochozias (אחזיהו המלך) (Israel, ca. 870 BC – ca. 850 BC) was king of Israel and the son of Ahab and Jezebel. In the Bible, it says that he is very bad, and that he walked in the ways of his evil father King Ahab.

Ahaziah's Reign
Ahaziah son of Ahab was king of Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two years. He "did evil in the eyes of the LORD, because he walked in the ways of his father and mother and in the ways of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. He served and worshiped Baal and provoked the LORD, the God of Israel to anger, just as his father had done" (1 Kings 22:51 - 53).

Elijah and Ahaziah's death
After Ahab's death, Moab rebelled from Israel, and Ahaziah had fallen through the lattice of his upper room in Samaria and injured himself. So he sent messengers, saying to them, "Go and consult Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron, to see if I will recover from this injury." 
But God was angry at this, because Ahaziah did not consult him, but only a god of Ekron, so on the way, Elijah went and met the servants, and told them (2 Kings 1:6) as the Lord had instructed him, "Go back to the king who sent you and tell him, 'This is what the Lord says:Is it because there was no God in Israel that you are sending men to consult Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore (Because of this) you will not leave the bed you are lying on. You will certainly (surely) die!'" And the messengers did has he was told. At King Ahaziah's questions, they described Elijah as "a man with a garment of hair and with a leather belt around his waist". King Ahaziah recognized him at once, and sent a captain with fifty men to call Elijah.
Now Elijah was sitting on a hill, and the captain called out, "Man of God, the king says, 'Come down!'" but Elijah replied, "If I am a man of God, may fire come down from heaven and consume you and your fifty men!" he did like this the second time, too. Finally, the king sent a third captain with his fifty men, who "...fell on his knees before Elijah..." and bowed before him, humbly asking him to come. Elijah was told by the angel of the Lord to go down, so he went down and told the king again, "You will certainly die!" "So he died, according to the word of the Lord that Elijah had spoken". (2 Kings 1:17, NIV) 
And, according to the Bible, Ahaziah fulfilled the prophecy by dying. Because Ahaziah had no son, Joram became king.

Related pages
Ahab
Elijah
Bible

References

Other websites
Bio at AboutBibleProphecy.com
Bio at AllAboutGod.com

Old Testament people
Kings of ancient Israel
Teignmouth

Teignmouth (, ) is a town in Devon, South West England. It is built on the north bank of the mouth of the River Teign. In 1690, it was the last place in England to be invaded by a foreign power. The town was once a fishing port. Fishermen used to fish for cod in Newfoundland. In the Georgian period, it became a popular place to stay. The town grew more with the opening of the South Devon Railway in 1846. Today, its port is still working and the town remains a popular seaside holiday location.

Sister city
Teignmouth is twinned with:
 Perros-Guirec, France

Towns in Devon
Utility

Not to be confused with Public utility

In economics, utility is the amount of satisfaction you get from consuming (using) goods and products. Changes in utility are called utils, even though there is not really a standard scale for them. For example, a cup of hot chocolate can have 100 utils, and a cup of orange juice 80 utils. One of the most well-known uses of utility, especially in economics, is the utility of money.

Economics
Nescafé

Nescafé is a brand of instant coffee made by Nestlé. Instant coffee is a powder which is mixed with hot water to make coffee. There are several different products that have the name Nescafé. The name is a mix of the words "Nestlé" and "café". Nestlé's instant coffee product was introduced in Switzerland on April 1, 1938 after being developed for seven years by Max Morgenthaler and Vernon Chapman.

References

Other websites

Drinks
Nestlé
Oxfam

Oxfam Internationa is a group of 14 organisations working with over 3,000 partners in around 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice. It brings these problems to public attention, sets programs to make changes, and provides help in major disasters, also promotes sustainable development and fair trade. It works directly with communities and seeks to influence the powerful to ensure that poor people can improve their lives with having a say in decisions that affect them. The principal belief is that people should have a respect for human rights and that will help alleviate poverty.

Oxfam began in Oxford in 1942 as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief. It was started by a group of Quakers (which included Marcus Tite), social activists, and Oxford academics. This is now Oxfam Great Britain, still based in Oxford, UK. It was one of several local committees formed to support the National Famine Relief Committee. Their job was to get the British government to allow food through the Allied blockade for the starving people of Axis occupied Greece.

The first overseas Oxfam began in Canada in 1963. The committee changed its name to its telegraph address, OXFAM, in 1965.

References

International organizations
Charities
1942 establishments
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Medical and health organizations
Mushroom Records

Mushroom Records is an Australian record company started by Michael Gudinski and Ray Evans in Melbourne in 1972. After its sale in 1998, it joined with Festival Records (Australia) and became Festival Mushroom Records. In 2006 it became one of the record labels owned by Warner Bros. Records. It is currently internationally known as WEA International Inc.

Australian record labels
1972 establishments
1970s establishments in Australia
The Resistance

The Resistance is the fifth album by Muse, a British rock band.

Songs
"Uprising"
"Resistance"
"Undisclosed Desires"
"United States of Eurasia"
"Guiding Light"
"Unnatural Selection"
"MK Ultra"
"I Belong to You / Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix"
"Exogenesis: Symphony Part I (Overture)"
"Exogenesis: Symphony Part II (Cross Pollination)"
"Exogenenis: Symphony Part III (Redemption)"

References

2009 albums
Muse albums
Jinan

Jinan (Chinese: 济南/濟南) is a city in eastern China and the capital of China's Shandong province. Jinan's most famous attraction is the Baotu Spring. Li Qingzhao(李清照, 1084 - 1151 A.D) was born in Jinan and is a famous poet in China.

Political divisions 
Jinan Municipality is divided into 6 district and 3 counties.

Sister cities
 Wakayama, Japan
 Coventry, United Kingdom
 Yamaguchi, Japan 
 Suwon, South Korea 
 Rennes, France 

Cities in China
Cao Xueqin

Cao Xueqin (, 1724 or 1715 — 1763 or 1764), was a Chinese writer during the Qing Dynasty. The most famous work by Cao Xueqin is the Dream of the Red Chamber, which is thought to be a great novel in Chinese literature. There are very little details known about his life. He came from a rich family that had lost its money in 1728 after the death of the Kangxi Emperor. He lived in the country west of Peking where he worked as a teacher and sold his paintings. He spent ten years writing the book, but a large part of the end of the book was written by a different writer after he died.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References 

Chinese writers
18th-century births
1760s deaths
Tianjin

Tianjin (Chinese: 天津), is a city in Northern China. It has a population of 11,760,000. It has an area of 11,917.3 square kilometers. Built in 1403, Tianjin has been named by Yongle Emperor in memory of his success in occupying Ming capital Beijing through the harbor of Tianjin. It locates on the banks of the Hai River, west of Bohai Sea, south of Yanshan Mountains, east of Beijing. The distance between Tianjin and Beijing is 137 kilometers and it’ll take you only half an hour to go from Tianjin to Beijing by the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway.

Tianjin is the birthplace of China’s modern mechanical industry and textile industry. Since the beginning of the Open Door Policy, Tianjin has been built more than a dozen industrial zones, creating a lot Chinese famous brand like Flying Pigeon bicycles, Seagull brand watches. Now Tianjin gradually forms 6 industries of electronic information, automobile, metallurgical, chemical, biotechnology and modern medicine, new energy and environmental protection. Among Fortune 500 companies, more than 106 have invested in Tianjin. From 1994 to 2008, Tianjin's GDP rate increased 12.5% on average, entered the ranks of China's rapid development area.

Tianjin is the birthplace of the first university in China. In 1895, some officials established the first modern university in China – Peiyang University, the predecessor of Tianjin University. Nankai University in Tianjin is a famous university in China. The first Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai graduates from Nankai University. Tianjin has 37 universities and has nearly 20 million students. Tianjin is one of the first nine-year compulsory education regions. The quality of workers is high. Tianjin has nearly one thousand scientific and technological research institutions, together with more than 600 thousand professionals in different fields. It has a large number of famous experts and scholars.

Tianjin is not far away from sea, so a lot of Tianjin cuisine is seafood. One of the most famous cuisine in Tianjin is The Four Great Stews, which refers actually to a very large number of stews, including chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and mutton. Tianjin also has several famous snack items. Goubuli is a traditional brand of Baozi (steamed buns with filling) that is famous throughout China. Guifaxiang is a traditional brand of mahua(twisted dough sticks). Erduoyan is a traditional brand of fried rice cakes.

Cities in China
4th-century BC establishments
Shenzhen

Shenzhen () is a city in Guangdong province, China. It is just north of Hong Kong. It has a subtropical climate.

Until recently, Shenzhen was a fishing village with just over 30,000 people. In 1980, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, Shenzhen became one of China's Special Economic Zones (SEZ). It was in this city where China first experimented with capitalism. Since then, its population has grown to about 10.6 million people. 

Shenzhen is a progressive city. It has a strong economic connection with Hong Kong. It is also one of the main trading centers of the Pearl River Delta. The manufacturing company Gionee is located in the city.

Twin towns — Sister cities 
 Houston, United States
 Perm, Russia
 Turin, Italy

References

Cities in China
Guangdong
Piracy in the Caribbean

For the movie, see Pirates of the Caribbean.

Piracy in the Caribbean was the terror of the Caribbean Sea, especially to the Spanish navy that controlled those seas. The English had defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, which stopped the Spanish control of the oceans.  However, the Spanish still controlled the Caribbean. 

In the 1770s, the English used pirates to help their government. By doing harm to the Spanish navy and export, the English hoped to get more land in the New World and stop the Spanish from controlling the New World trade. They did get what they wanted, but made a new problem.

Sir Henry Morgan was one well-known pirate who was encouraged by the English government. He worked for the government, but he kept the money. As time went on, though, Morgan stopped working for the government and began working to get money only for himself. He and other pirates soon began attacking any trading ship, even if it was an English ship.

Morgan and his helpers called themselves the Brethren. They wore rough shirts, knee-long pants, felt hats, and leather belts.  On their belts, they hung gunpowder , butcher's knives, and blunderbusses (short muskets.) They had a "pirate code" which said each man had the right to vote on all things, like choosing a captain or the next ship to attack.

The Spanish Amaro Pargo also stands out, who frequently traded in the Caribbean while looting ships of the enemy powers of the Spanish Crown that he encountered on the way. Amaro Pargo lived for ten years in the Caribbean, specifically on the island of Cuba where he had descendants.

Reasons for piracy 
The pirates easily found new members. Seamen in naval services often lived much harder lives than pirates. They could be punished cruelly by people higher than them, did not have good food to eat, and were paid only a little money. The pirates offered equality, good food (when it was there), and a chance to become rich.

Pirate life 

However, pirates were little better. The commanders of trading ships were terrified at seeing pirate ships, because pirates had little mercy on the people they captured. They shot them, beat them to death, tortured them, or  them on desert islands. Pirates were not very kind to each other, either. Even though they had a "pirate law", they argued with each other, and members could receive the same punishment as their enemies.

Life on a pirate ship was very hard. There was never a dry place to sleep; bathing was very rare; food was often bad; and danger was expected. Many pirates had missing arms or legs after bloody sea battles. Even pirates who finally became rich still risked being hanged if they were caught.

References

Other websites 
 2004 vs. 2007 global piracy summary, The Economist, published 23 Apr 2008, accessed 2008-04-28.
 The Golden Age of Piracy, and its origins in class struggle - on peopleshistory.co.uk
 Pirates of the Caribbean, In Fact and Fiction- from BlindKat Publishers
Really Bad Eggs: Pirates of the Caribbean
Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies

he:שודדי הים הקאריביים
Zhejiang

Zhejiang is a province in east China. "Zhejiang" is named by the Qiantang River, which is also called "Zhejiang". "Zhejiang" means "bent river". It has a population of more than 64 million people. The capital of Zhejiang Province is Hangzhou.

Political divisions 

Zhejiang Province is divided into eleven municipalities (Chinese:地级市).
 Hangzhou Municipality
 Ningbo Municipality
 Huzhou Municipality
 Jiaxing Municipality
 Jinhua Municipality
 Lishui Municipality
 Quzhou Municipality
 Shaoxing Municipality
 Taizhou Municipality
 Wenzhou Municipality
 Zhoushan Municipality

References 

 
Provinces of China
Shaoxing

Shaoxing () is a city and a municipality in China. It is in the Zhejiang province. 4,347,200 people live there. The area of Shaoxing Municipality is 8,256 square kilometres. Lu Xun () born in Shaoxing is a famous writer in China.

Political divisions 
Shaoxing Municipality is divided into 1 district, 3 cities and 2 counties.

Yuecheng District ()
Shangyu City ()
Shengzhou City ()
Zhuji City ()
Shaoxing County ()
Xinchang County ()

Sister cities 
 Sandakan, Malaysia

Cities in China
Zhejiang
Lu Xun

Lu Xun (), (September 25, 1881 – October 19, 1936), was a Chinese writer. His real name is Zhou Shuren (周树人), as Lu Xun is his pen name. He was born in Shaoxing of Zhejiang Province. He had a lot of works, for example, "The True Story of Ah Q", " Medicine", and so on.

Lu Xun Park in Shanghai has a museum about his life and his tomb.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

Chinese writers
Zhejiang
1881 births
1936 deaths
Pen names
U.S. Open (golf)

The U.S. Open is a golf tournament, which is one of the four major championships played annually. It is organized by the United States Golf Association. The torunament takes place annually on the third weekend in June, and the host course changes every year.

Past winners

References

Golf tournaments
Sports in the United States
1895 establishments in the United States
Black Holes and Revelations

Black Holes and Revelations is the fourth album from the British alternative rock band, Muse. It was released in 2006.

Songs
Take a Bow
Starlight
Supermassive Black Hole
Map of the Problematique
Soldier's Poem
Invincible
Assassin
Exo-Politics
City of Delusion
Hoodoo
Knights of Cydonia

References

2006 albums
Muse albums
United National Independence Party

The United National Independence Party (UNIP) is a political party in Zambia. It governed the country from 1964 to 1991. This was under President Kenneth Kaunda. It was the only party allowed to exist in Zambia between 1973 and 1991. The party was founded in October 1959 after the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC) was banned. It was first led by Mainza Chona, because Kaunda, who was leader of the ZANC, had been imprisoned. Kaunda became the party's leader when he was released in January 1960.

References

Political parties in Africa
Zambia
UE Sant Andreu

Unió Esportiva Sant Andreu (UE Sant Andreu) is a Spanish football team formed in 1909 and based in the district of Sant Andreu, in the city of Barcelona. They will play the 2008-09 season in the Segunda División B - Group 3.

Titles 

Catalan Second Division: 1919-20, 1920-21, 1939-40
Segunda División: 1991-92
Tercera División: 1949-50, 1957-58, 1968-69, 1984-85, 1989-90
Catalan Historical Teams Tournament: 2007
Copa Catalunya: 2008-09

Barcelona
Spanish football clubs
1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Spain
Ceratopsia

The Ceratopsia are the horned dinosaurs of the order Ornithischia. Triceratops is the best-known, and one of the largest. They are a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs which thrived in what is now North America and Asia, during the Cretaceous period.

 

Ancestral forms of this group lived earlier, in the Jurassic. Early members, such as Psittacosaurus, were small and bipedal. 

Later members, including Centrosaurus and Triceratops, became very large quadrupeds. They developed elaborate facial horns and a neck frill. The frill served mainly to protect the vulnerable neck from bipedal predators like Tyrannosaurus, who attacked from above. 

The frill was no doubt also used in display, thermoregulation, the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above. 

Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter (3 ft) and 23 kilograms (50 lb) to over 9 meters (30 ft) and 5,400 kg (12,000 lb).

Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public.

References
Pachycephalosauria

The Pachycephalosaurs are a group of ornithopod dinosaurs in the suborder Cerapoda. Their thick round skulls were used for defence and, probably, for mating contests.

In some species, the skull roof is domed and several inches thick; in others it is flat or wedge-shaped.The flat-headed pachycephalosaurs are usually regarded as distinct species or even families, but they may be juveniles of dome-headed adults. The domes were often surrounded by nodes and/or spikes.

There is evidence of head-butting in pachycephalosaurs. Of 100 domes studied, 20 percent showed signs of healed injuries, all consistent with combative behavior. The pathologies included pitting where the bone had become infected from wounds that originated in the skin. These findings suggest that pachycephalosaurids may have been using their heads for both display and defence as many modern animals do.

Genera

Family Pachycephalosauridae
Acrotholus
Amtocephale
Dracorex
Gravitholus
Micropachycephalosaurus
Pachycephalosaurus
Prenocephale
Sphaerotholus
Stegoceras
Stygimoloch
Tylocephale
Wannanosaurus

Tribe Pachycephalosaurini
Pachydephalosaurus

References
Obertshausen

Obertshausen is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography 

Obertshausen is in the Rhine Main area. The town is about 15 km southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 13.62 km2 large and it is 113 m above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the Age of Tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the two former independent villages Obertshausen and Hausen, which are now the two urban districts of Obertshausen. On 1 January 1977 they were united.

The neighbours of Obertshausen are: 
 Offenbach (Northwest)
 Mühlheim (North)
 Hanau (Northeast) (Main-Kinzig-Kreis Rural District)
 Hainburg (East)
 Rodgau (Southeast)
 Heusenstamm (Southwest)

Obertshausen has 24,141 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History 

In the year 865 the name of the village Obertshausen was written down in a document for the first time. It was a kind of farm of the monastery of Seligenstadt to produce food for the monks.

In 1979 the city got the town privileges.

In former times the people in the Obertshausen area were mostly farmers, craftsmen, but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor.

In the time period of the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got many factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical engineering. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This made living conditions partly better.

Twinned cities 

  Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
  Laakirchen, Austria
  Meiningen, Germany

References

Other websites 

 
, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.

Cities in Hesse
Offenbach (district)
Ankylosauria

Ankylosaurs were herbivorous armoured dinosaurs in the order Ornithischia. Their armour was made of scutes (bony scales). They were quadrupeds with short and strong legs. Fossils of Ankylosaurs have been found on every continent. They were of two types:

 Ankylosauria
Ankylosauridae: armoured from their head to their club-ended tail.
Nodosauridae: no tail club but spikes and bony bumps on body.

They first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, and lived until the end of the Cretaceous period.

Size 
When adult, they were large: Edmontonia was bulky, broad and tank-like. Its length when adult has been estimated at about 6.6 m (22 ft). Both main Edmontonia species, E. longiceps and E. rugosidens weighed about three tonnes.

Diet and feeding 
Ankylosaurs were low to the ground. The large hyoid bones left in skeletons shows they had long, flexible tongues. They also had a large, side secondary palate. This means that they could breathe while chewing. 

Their huge gut suggests they fermented their food, using symbiotic bacteria and gut flora. Their diet was mainly ferns and cycads, which were hugely widespread, especially in the Lower Jurassic. The tropical climate supported plant growth, as it does today. Ankylosaurs fed on vegetation at or below the height of a meter.

References
Stegosauria

The Stegosaurs were a group of dinosaurs in the suborder Thyreophora. They have small heads, peg-like teeth and vertical bony plates and spines on their back and tail. They flourished from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous.

Classification 
The Stegosauria was originally named as an order by O.C. Marsh in 1877. Now it is treated as an infraorder or suborder (or simply a clade) within Thyreophora, the armoured dinosaurs. It includes the families Huayangosauridae and Stegosauridae.

The Huayangosauridae were an early family of stegosaurs which lived during the Middle Jurassic. They were smaller than later stegosaurs and had shorter and higher skulls. Currently, the only confirmed genus included is the type genus Huayangosaurus of China. The poorly-known remains of Regnosaurus from England, however, indicate it too could be a member. Its lower jaw is very similar to the former. 

The vast majority of stegosaurs being to the Stegosauridae, found in the later part of the Jurassic and the early Cretaceous. It includes the well-known Stegosaurus. The family is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere and Africa.

Suborder Thyreophora

Infraorder Stegosauria
 Family Huayangosauridae
 Huayangosaurus (Sichuan, China)
?Regnosaurus (Sussex, England)
 Family Stegosauridae
 Adratiklit – (Morocco)
 Chialingosaurus – (Sichuan, China)
 Chungkingosaurus – (Chongqing, China)
 Dacentrurus – (England, France & Spain)
 Hesperosaurus – (Wyoming, USA)
 Miragaia – (Portugal) 
 Monkonosaurus – (Tibet, China)
 Paranthodon – (South Africa)
 Wuerhosaurus – (Xinjiang, Western China)
 Kentrosaurus – (Tanzania, Africa)
 Lexovisaurus  – (England & France)
 Stegosaurus – (Wyoming, USA)
 Tuojiangosaurus – (Sichuan, China)
 ?Craterosaurus – (Bedfordshire, England)
Jiangjunosaurus – (Xinjiang, Western China)

 Uncertain placement (incertae sedis)
 Gigantspinosaurus – (Sichuan, China)

References
Hainburg

Hainburg is a village in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography 

Hainburg is in the Rhine Main area. The village is about 20 km southeast of Frankfurt. The municipality is 15.95 km2 large and it is 90 m above sea level. It is a flat area with no hills.

About 20 to 35 million years ago in the Age of Tertiary the whole region was below sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediment sank to the bottom. Then the region rose again and the water receded, leaving soil which is mostly sandy.

The village consists out of the two former independent villages Hainstadt and Klein-Krotzenburg, which are now the two districts of Hainburg. On 1 January 1977 they were united.

Hainburg's neighbors are: 
 Hanau and Großkrotzenburg (North) (both Main-Kinzig-Kreis Rural District)
 Kahl and Karlstein (East) (both Aschaffenburg Rural District)
 Seligenstadt (South)
 Rodgau and Obertshausen (West)

Hainburg has 14,528 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people speak a regional German dialect language with a certain intonation and some different words (slang). It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This  type of dialect is related to other dialects in southern Germany. A long time ago, almost every town had its own special dialect, making it hard to understand for people from other parts of Germany. Today people who speak this dialect are in the minority and the majority of them do not speak the real dialect. They speak regular German with a special pronunciation of certain words.

History 

In the 12th century the names of both villages Hainstadt and Crutzenburch (Krotzenburg) were written down in documents for the first time.

In those times the most people in the Hainburg area were farmers and craftsmen, rather than tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed down to the next generation, it was divided among the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor.

During the industrial revolution many factories were built in the Rhine Main area and it soon developed into a center for the metal business  and leather manufacturing, as well as chemical engineering. Many men learned these trades and found jobs in the factories to earn money. This helped improve living conditions somewhat.

Twinned cities 
  Vernouillet, France
  Alberndorf im Pulkautal, Austria
  Retz, Austria
  Trumau, Austria

References

Other websites 

Official website of Hainburg, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.
, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.

Municipalities in Hesse
Offenbach (district)
Offenbach (district)

Offenbach Rural District is a rural district () in the south of Hesse, Germany. It is a part of the Darmstadt Government Region ().

Geography 

The Offenbach Rural District is in the middle of the Rhine Main area in the south of the state of Hesse. The district is in the metropolitan area of Frankfurt. In the east it touches the state of Bavaria.

The whole area of the district is 356.29 km2 large and it is about 100 – 150 m above sea level. It is a mostly plain area with only a few hills. The district is southwest of the river Main. The municipalities Mainhausen and Hainburg and the cities Seligenstadt and Mühlheim are near the river.

There are two creeks, the Rodau and the Bieber running from south to north through the district. They are flowing to the river Main.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The district has 336,818 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the area is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Towns and municipalities 

Since 1977 the Offenbach Rural District has 10 cities and 3 independent villages. In the year 2002 Dietzenbach became the capital of the district. The city of Offenbach is not a part of the district.

Neighbours 

The neighbouring cities and rural districts of the Offenbach Rural District are the following:

 City of Frankfurt, City of Offenbach and Main-Kinzig-Kreis Rural District (North)
 Aschaffenburg Rural District (East) (Bavaria)
 Darmstadt-Dieburg Rural District and City of Darmstadt (South)
 Groß-Gerau Rural District (West)

History 

In the year 1832 the Offenbach Rural District was founded. The capital was Offenbach. In 1938 the city of Offenbach became an independent urban district, but the rural district administration still was in Offenbach. In 2002 the capital changed and now Dietzenbach is the new capital of the Offenbach Rural District.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the Offenbach Rural District, German.

Districts of Hesse