cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chloroform

Chloroform (also called trichloromethane) is a chemical substance. It is an organic compound. Chloroform is one of the intermediate substances that occur in the production of Polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon. Chloroform is used as a solvent. In the 19th century, it was a widely used anaesthetic.

History 
The first who reported to have produced Chloroform was the French chemist Eugène Soubeiran, in 1831. Soubeiran took acetone and ethanol, and used bleach powder for the reaction.  The American physician Samuel Guthrie prepared gallons of the material and described its "deliciousness of flavor."  Independently, Justus von Liebig also described it. Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Starting in the 1850s factories made large amounts. Its use as an anesthetic declined in the early 20th century as safer chemicals were more used.

Production 
Chloroform is produced by mixing methane and chlorine at a temperature of 400 to 500°C. In this reaction, the result is a mix of chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane.

The four compounds get then separated with a distillation.

In laboratories, chloroform can be produced by mixing sodium hypochlorite and acetone together. This is an exothermic reaction, meaning it makes a lot of heat.

Uses 
The main uses of Chloroform are:
 as a solvent
 as an anaesthetic (though no longer used, as there are side-effects)
 as a catalyst to help other reactions

Problems 

Chloroform was used as an anaesthetic during childbirth and surgery, from about 1847. It replaced ether which was used before. Chloroform is very poisonous, and can cause breathing problems, and problems with the heart. Death from chloroform can come from cardiac arrest. When Chloroform is stored for a longer time period, it can decay into Phosgene. Phosgene was a chemical weapon (poison gas) used during the First World War. Chloroform can cause birth defects and lead to miscarriages. It may cause cancer.

References 

Chemical compounds
Organic compounds
Chlorine compounds
Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Santa Cruz de La Sierra, also known as Santa Cruz, is the largest city in Bolivia, capital city of the Santa Cruz department (in the eastern region of the country). The municipality's population was 1,528,683 inhabitants , and the urban population  was 1,545,161.

Santa Cruz is not only the most populated city in Bolivia, but the department is also the richest, with over 30% of the national GDP. The city is a major center of petrochemical production in Bolivia, especially because the production of natural gas that exports to neighboring countries. The main sectors that drive the economy are the oil, forestry and agrobusiness firms.

Settlements in Bolivia
Arithmetic logic unit

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a basic building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer,  even the simplest microcontrollers contain one for purposes such as timing. 

Now, modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs have very powerful and very complex ALUs. Also, more recent CPUs may contain up to more than 4 ALUs (see superscalar CPUs).

Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945.

Related pages
 FPU
 Execution unit

References

Other websites
A Simulator of Complex ALU in MATLAB

ALU full Form

Microprocessor design
Floating point unit

A floating point unit (FPU) is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers. Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. 

Some systems can also perform more advanced functions as exponential or trigonometric functions calculations, however in most modern processors these functions are done with software library routines, not by hardware.

In most modern general purpose CPUs, one or more FPUs are integrated inside the CPU; however many embedded microcontrollers, especially older designs, do not have hardware support for floating point operations. 

In the past, some systems as the Intel 8086 have implemented floating point via a coprocessor that is controlled by the CPU rather than as an integrated unit.

Most modern computers have integrated FPU hardware; but not all. In the absence of an FPU, many FPU functions can be emulated, which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower.

Related pages
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
 Execution unit

Computer science
Eating disorder

An eating disorder is when someone begins eating too much, or when someone begins to avoid eating. This affects one's mental and physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most well known eating disorders today. Eating disorders affect 5-7% of American women, and only a small percent of men are affected.

Eating disorders involve more than just food. Many people with eating disorders are very sad and feel alone. They get depressed and do not want to eat in front of other people. They might use food as a way to cope, or they might restrict their food intake as a means of control. They might eat a lot of food in a very short period of time. They might throw up their food because they feel guilty. They might eat very little because they want to lose weight, even if they are already dangerously underweight (weighing less than what it is considered healthy). Even if they are underweight, they might see themselves as very fat. Many people with eating disorders suffer physical complications, like malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients that the body needs to be healthy), or electrolyte imbalances (a change in the amount of elements such as sodium or potassium that causes problems in the body's ability to work properly). Eating disorders can cause death.

On 1 December 2013 the Daily Telegraph reported that the number of children under thirteen treated in hospital for eating disorders in the UK had tripled.

References

Other websites 
 National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
 National Eating Disorders Association
 Effects of Eating Disorders

Psychology
Derealization

Derealization (DR) is a change in the way someone views the world so that it seems unreal. Derealization can also make someone feel as if their environment does not have emotion or depth. This is a symptom of other problems, such as sleeping disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders. It can also be caused by drug intoxication.

Similar to derealization is depersonalization, but the two are different. Depersonalization is a sense of unreality about oneself. Derealization is a sense of unreality of the outside world.

Derealization often happens during a traumatic or tragic event.

Psychology
Paresthesia

Paresthesia (pron. ; paraesthesia in British English, pron. ) is a feeling of tingling, prickling, or numbness with no permanent effects. It is commonly called "pins and needles". This feeling may last a short while, or may be more long-lasting. A long-term effect means there is something wrong with neurons in the body.

An example of this can be felt when sitting cross-legged for a long time and your foot "falls asleep". The tingling feeling you get when you move is paresthesia.

Causes

Paresthesia has many known causes, including the following:

Alcoholism
Anticonvulsant drugs such as topiramate, sultiame, and acetazolamide
Anxiety and/or Panic Disorder
Decompression sickness
Dehydration
Fabry disease
Fibromyalgia
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
Heavy metals
Hyperventilation
Hyperkalemia
Hypothyroidism
Immune deficiency, such as Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Ingestion of Beta-alanine
Lidocaine poisoning
Lomotil
Low blood-sugar (Hypoglycaemia)
Menopause
Migraines
Multiple sclerosis
Nitrous Oxide, long term exposure 
Obdormition
Radiation poisoning
Vitamin B5 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Withdrawal from certain SSRIs, such as paroxetine

References

Other websites
 Paresthesia in detail 
 What makes your arms, legs and feet fall asleep?

Neurology
Garonne river

The Garonne is a river that runs through northern Spain and the southwest France. Its mouth is at the Atlantic Ocean. It is  long.

Rivers of France
Rivers of Spain
Catalonia
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Occitanie
Physical abuse

Physical abuse is a form of abuse which causes feelings of pain, injury, or other physical suffering. Physical abuse may lead to low self-esteem and other mental problems.

Types of physical abuse
Physical abuse has many forms. A few examples of physical abuse are:

 Striking or hitting
 Punching
 Pushing or pulling
 Slapping
 Whipping
 Striking with an object
 Pinching
 Kicking
 Strangling
 Drowning
 Sleep deprivation
 Freezing
 Burning
 Electric shock
 Cutting
 Exposure to a dangerous animal
 Poisoning
 Withholding food or medication
 Assault
 Humiliation
 Neglect
 Biting
 Torture
dragging
threatening with a gun
Psychology
Sexual abuse

Sexual abuse (also called sexual molestation) is when one person forces another person to unwillingly commit any sexual act, harassment or any sexual assault. A person who commits sexual abuse is called a molester, abuser, or sexual abuser. When a victim of sexual abuse is under the age of consent, it is known as child sexual abuse. 

Sexual abuse can lead to many psychological problems, including low self-esteem, clinical depression, and other mental disorders, especially if the victim is a child and/or the abuse is severe. 

Some groups of people are more likely to be sexually abused than others. It is common knowledge that girls and women are sexually abused more often than boys and men, and that abusers are usually men. Disabled people, especially disabled girls, are much more likely than non-disabled people to be sexually abused. They are often abused by authority figures in their lives, such as carers. Disabled people are more vulnerable to sexual assault for a number of reasons. People of different races have different rates of being sexually abused. African American girls and women 12 years old and older experience higher rates of sexual abuse.

Other websites 
 
 Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network RAINN is the largest anti-sexual assault organization and operates the National Sexual Assault Hotlines.
 Gender Male - False Accusations of Sexual Abuse  First-hand accounts from men falsely accused of rape and its effect on their lives.

Psychology
Saka

The Sakas were a population of Iranic nomadic tribesmen lived in the plains of Eurasia from Eastern Europe to China, from the Old Persian Period to the Middle Persian Period. Then Turkic language speakers took their place.

The ancient Greeks called the Sakas the Scythians.

Sakas came across the river Indus and overan Sind and Saurashtra (near Gujrat) .They finally settled down in Kathiawar and malwa. They were often in war with the Satavahanas. Rudradaman, one of their best known king was the one who stopped the expansion of Sata ahana power to the north of river Narmada. The Sakas themselves could not expand to the north as they would have liked to, because Kushanas held them back.

References

Books and Articles 

 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. 1st Trade printing, 2003.  (pbk).
 Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). Les Saces: Les <<Scythes>> d'Asie, VIIIe av. J.-C.-IVe siècle apr. J.-C. Editions Errance, Paris.  (in French).

Other websites 
Sacaes/Scythians/Chionits
Genetic heritage of central Asia
Genetic journeys and ancestors 
Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.
Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.

Punjab, India
History of Pakistan
Hill Auditorium

Hill Auditorium is the largest performance place on the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor in the United States. The auditorium was named after Arthur Hill (1847-1909), who was a regent of the university from 1901 to 1909. He gave 200,000 dollars to the university to build it. Opened in 1913, the auditorium was designed by Albert Kahn and Associates. It was recently fixed up by the same firm beginning in 2002 and was re-opened in 2004.

University of Michigan campus
1913 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Michigan
2002 disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in Michigan
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Michigan
Goulburn, New South Wales

Goulburn is a city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is 190 km south-west of Sydney on the Hume Highway. It is 690 metres above sea-level. In 2006 there were 20,127 people living in Goulburn. Goulburn calls itself as "Australia's first inland city". The city of Bathurst also claims to be the first inland city in Australia. 

Goulburn was named by James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, a British politician. The Governor Lachlan Macquarie approved the choice of name. The Aboriginal name for Goulburn is Burbong. This is a Murring/Wiradjuri word meaning a special place.

Goulburn has a railway station on the Main Southern railway line. It is a service centre for the many farms in the area. It also provides a rest stop for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a central park and many historic buildings, including old houses near the railway station on Sloane Street. It also has two 19th-century cathedrals. It is home to the Big Merino, the world's largest cement sheep.

References

Other websites 

Cities in New South Wales
Women's suffrage

Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote and to be elected to an office. The right has generally been given after long political campaigns. In many countries, it was recognised before universal suffrage. Before the late 19th century, a very few countries allowed women to vote in political elections.

The modern movement for women to gain the right to vote started in France in the late-18th century. The French Republic had been founded after a revolution, and political scientist Antoine Condorcet and activist Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women to be allowed to vote in the national election.

In early cases of women's suffrage, only those women who met certain requirements were given the right to vote in certain kinds of elections. In Sweden, there was conditional women's suffrage during the Age of Liberty (1718–1771). Unmarried women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807. In the 1792 election in Sierra Leone, all heads of household—one-third of whom were women—could vote.

Several British colonies recognised women's suffrage before most countries. The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838. This right was kept when they were resettled on Norfolk Island in 1856. Women in South Australia allowed to vote in local elections from 1861, and those on the Isle of Man could vote in parliamentary elections from 1881. In 1893, New Zealand became the first independent country to give all adult women the right to vote in national elections. The women in South Australia got the same right in 1894, and became the first to get the right to stand (run) for seats in parliament.

Many countries did the same soon after, following similar battles. Limited voting rights were also gained by women in several Western countries in the late 19th century, including Sweden, Finland and the United Kingdom. Russian Empire was the first European country to introduce women's suffrage, in 1906. It also elected the world's first female members of parliament in its 1907 elections. At that time it was a part of the Russian Empire. In the years before World War I, women in Norway (1913) and Denmark (1915) also won the right to vote, as did women in the other Australian states. In most other Western countries, women's suffrage came at the end of World War I.

Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka, recognised the right in 1931. It elected the world's first female head of government, Sirimavo Bandaranaike, in the country's 1960 elections. Women's suffrage was explicitly recognised as a right by the United Nations in 1979.

References

Related pages 
Suffragette

Feminism
Grenfell, New South Wales

Grenfell is a country town in the central west of New South Wales, in Australia. It is in the Weddin Shire. It is  west of Sydney. It is close to Forbes, Cowra and Young.  In 2006 there were 1,994 people living in Grenfell.

History
The Grenfell area was the home of the Wiradjuri Aborigines. Europeans first settled when gold was found at Emu Creek. The town was renamed after John Grenfell, the Gold Commissioner at Forbes. He had been killed in 1866 when bushrangers attacked a stagecoach on which he was travelling.

By 1870-71 more gold was found at Grenfell than in any other town in NSW. By the middle of the 1870s the gold was running out.  Wheat was first grown in the area in 1871.  The railway reached Grenfell in 1901.

The Grenfell area has been badly affected by drought since 2001.

Events
The poet and story writer Henry Lawson was born on the gold fields at Grenfell. On the Queen's Birthday weekend in June every year, the town has The Henry Lawson Festival of Arts. Thousands of people come from all over Australia for the art, poetry and writing competitions. Over the years, famous visitors have included Chips Rafferty, Barry Humphries, Patrick White and Sigrid Thornton.

In June 2007, the Spirit of the Bush Concert was held. It was organized by Australian of the Year, Lee Kernaghan, local and international star Steve Forde and the Flange, Adam Brand, Leo Sayer, Diesel, and The McClymonts.

Famous people
Cricketer Stan McCabe, cyclist Reggie "IronMan" McNamara and tennis player Jan Lehane and Creative Writer Adam Burn were born in Grenfell.

References

Other websites
 Grenfell's web site
 About the town
 Sydney Morning Herald 5 January 2003: Grenfell's attempts to woo people to move to the town.

Towns in New South Wales
Mike Vernon

Michael "Mike" Vernon (born 24 February 1963 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. For 21 years he played in the National Hockey League, he played as a goaltender for the Calgary Flames, Detroit Red Wings, San Jose Sharks and the Florida Panthers. He won the Stanley Cup twice as a member of the Flames in 1989 and then again in 1997 with the Red Wings, where he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP. In 2002 he retired and started working as a Special Assistant to Vice President of Hockey Operations for Tampa Bay Lightning.

Awards
 Hap Emms Trophy, Outstanding Goaltender, Memorial Cup Championship - 1983
 William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Chris Osgood) - 1996
 Conn Smythe Trophy - 1997
 Played in NHL All-Star Game 5 times - 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993
 His number 30 was retired by the Calgary Flames on February 6, 2007.

Records
Mike Vernon holds the following Calgary Flames franchise records:

 Most games played by a goaltender (526)
 Most wins (262)
 Most minutes played by a goaltender (29,649)
 Most playoff games played by a goaltender (81)
 Most playoff minutes played by a goaltender (4,773)
 Most playoff wins (43)

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Other websites

References

1963 births
Calgary Flames players
Calgary Wranglers players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Detroit Red Wings players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
Portland Winterhawks players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Calgary
Stanley Cup champions
1997 United Kingdom general election

The UK general election, 1997 was an election held on 1 May 1997 to elect 659 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The three main candidates to become Prime Minister are shown to the right: 

The Labour Party and its leader Tony Blair gained the majority of seats and created the first Labour government since 1979. The Labour Party won 418 seats which was the highest majority of seats for any party since the Conservatives in the 1931 General Election. The Conservative Party suffered it's lowest number of seats since 1906 and lost all of its seats in Scotland and Wales. Several prominent Conservative politicians lost their seats such as Defence Secretary Michael Portillo, Foreign Secretary Malcolm Rifkind, Scottish Secretary Michael Forsyth as well as Edwina Currie, David Mellor and Ian Lang. 

The Liberal Democrats won 46 seats, which was the highest number of seats for a third party since 1929. The Referendum Party ran on the single issue of taking Britain out of the European Union and won 2.6% of the vote but no seats.

The final results of the election were:

 Labour Party (418 MP's, 43.2% of vote)
 Conservative Party (165 MP's, 30.7% of vote)
 Liberal Democrats (46 MP's, 16.8% of vote)
 Referendum Party (0 MP's, 2.6% of vote)
 Scottish National Party (6 MP's, 2.0% of vote) - Scotland only
 Ulster Unionist Party (10 MP's, 0.8% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Social Democratic and Labour Party (3 MP's, 0.6% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Plaid Cymru (4 MP's, 0.5% of vote) - Wales only
 Sinn Fein (2 MP's, 0.4% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Democratic Unionist Party (2 MP's, 0.3% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 UK Independence Party (0 MP's, 0.3% of vote)
 Green Party (0 MP's, 0.3% of vote)
 Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (0 MP's, 0.2% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Socialist Labour Party (0 MP's, 0.2% of vote)
 Liberal Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)
 British National Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)

Notes

References

1997 in the United Kingdom
1997 elections
United Kingdom general elections
Metropolitan France

Metropolitan France ( or la Métropole) is the part of France that is in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France plus the island of Corsica. By contrast, Overseas France (France d'outre-mer) is the collective name for all of the French overseas departments, territories and collectivities and New Caledonia. Metropolitan France and Overseas France together form the French Republic.

Metropolitan France covers an area of 551,695 km² (213,011 sq. miles). Excluding the territory of Adélie Land in Antarctica, this is 81.8% of the nation's territory. As of January 1, 2011, 63,136,180 people lived in metropolitan France. This is 95.9% of the nation's population.

The five overseas departments – Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, French Guiana, and Mayotte – have the same political status as the departments in metropolitan France. Metropolitan France and these five overseas departments together are sometimes called France entière ("entire France") by the French administration, especially by INSEE. This grouping does not include the French overseas collectivities and territories, which have more autonomy than the overseas departments.

Related pages 
 French colonial empire

References 

Geography of France
Justin Raimondo

Justin Raimondo (born Dennis Raimondo; November 18, 1951 – June 27, 2019) was an American writer and the editorial director of the website Antiwar.com. He was born in White Plains, New York.

Raimondo died on June 27, 2019 in Sebastopol, California from lung cancer at the age of 67.

References

Other websites

 Raimondo's Online Work at AntiWar.com
 Raimondo's Online Work at TakiMag.com 

Politicians from California
Politicians from New York
Writers from New York
Writers from San Francisco
Anarcho-capitalists
LGBT people from New York
LGBT people from California
Gay men
LGBT writers
LGBT politicians
1951 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in California
American bloggers
People from White Plains, New York
Chelsea Clinton

Chelsea Victoria Clinton (born February 27, 1980) is the only child of Bill Clinton, former President of the United States, and his wife, former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.

Early life and education  
Clinton was born at Baptist Health Medical Center in Little Rock, Arkansas. She moved in to The White House when she was twelve years old when her father, Bill Clinton, became president.  She has helped her mother, Hillary Clinton, many times by campaigning for people to elect her mother as the first woman President of the United States.

Clinton has a Bachelor of Arts in History. She also has a Master of Philosophy qualification. She went to university at Oxford University and Stanford University. 

Clinton is vegetarian.

Personal life 
On November 30, 2009, it was announced that Clinton was engaged to Marc Mezvinsky, an investment banker. They married on July 31, 2010. On November 14, 2011, Clinton announced joining as a "special correspondent" for NBC News. She will continue as a PhD student.

On September 2014, Clinton gave birth to a daughter Charlotte.  She was gave birth to a eldest son Aiden on June 2016. 

Her youngest son, Jasper, was born in New York on July 2019.

References 

Bill Clinton
Children of Presidents of the United States
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
1980 births
Living people
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Crich

Crich ( kryech)  is a village in the English county of Derbyshire. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum in the Crich Tramway Village.

Memorial Tower
At the top of Crich Hill is a tower. The tower was built to remember members of the regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I.

The tower was built in 1923 on the site of an older tower called Crich Stand. The Memorial Tower is the end of an annual pilgrimage on the first Sunday in July. It is  above sea level. The tower has 52 steps to the top. From the top of the tower, eight counties and landmarks such as the Humber Bridge and Lincoln Cathedral can be seen.

History
Crich is mentioned in 1009 by Ethelred the Unready when he gives away Weston-on-Trent to his minister.

A workhouse opened in 1734 and had 40 people. The workhouse accepted poor people from places, including Melbourne, Pentrich, Willington, Mercaston and Denby.

The television series Peak Practice and the 2007 movie "And When Did You Last See Your Father" were filmed in Crich.

Related pages
National Tramway Museum (Crich Tramway Village)

References

Other websites 

Crich village website 

Villages in Derbyshire
Edwardian period

The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period which included the reign of King Edward VII (1901–1910). The "Edwardian era" usually includes some years before and after his reign, up to the First World War.

History 
King Edward VII was very different from Queen Victoria. Victoria had become almost a recluse after her husband died. On the other hand, Edward was an important leader. Edward and his fashionable friends followed the art and fashions of other European countries. Edward enjoyed travelling, and his visits to Paris improved relations between the two countries.

The United Kingdom was a powerful nation in the nineteenth century. There was progress in British science and industry at this time. The British Empire was large. The Royal Navy was the most powerful navy in the world at that time. 

The prosperity of the Edwardian era was built on trade and manufacturing. These were the main industries at the time:
Mining, especially coal, the main source of power
Manufacture of iron and steel
Shipbuilding
Manufacturing cloth and other fabrics from cotton and wool
Manufacture household goods and equipment (such as ceramics and cutlery)

The extent of this trade was big. Railways all over the world were built by the British. They were equipped with machinery made in Britain. Germany also became a powerful nation, and the United States was already becoming an industrial giant. By Edward VII's time. Both of these countries were as industrially advanced.

Most British people in the "Edwardian era" were sure that British progress would continue. They were certain that the United Kingdom would continue to be very powerful. The era came to an unexpected end with the First World War. Economically and in human terms, this was a disaster for most of the European nations. 

There was a lot of inequality in society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era, as there always had been. Rich people and poor people had very different living standards at this time. 
Most adult men could vote, but women could not. Suffragettes were fighting for the right to vote.

References

Further reading

Other websites
The Edwardian Country House (Channel 4 TV series, very evocative of the period)
Home Decor from the Edwardian Age (from the BBC)
Edwardian Promenade (Website devoted to the Edwardian era)

1900s in the United Kingdom
1910s in the United Kingdom
Objectivity (philosophy)

Objectivity is a philosophical opinion or method that believes that reality exists outside of the human mind. People can separate their own ideas and opinions from the observations they make. Objective observations are true no matter who makes the observation. Being objective helps people focus on things that everyone can agree on. 

The Scientific method claims objectivity but see epistemology, the philosophy of science and the work of Karl Popper.  The opposite of objectivity is subjectivity.

Philosophy
Reality
Rod Paige

Roderick Raynor "Rod" Paige (born June 17, 1933), served as the 7th United States Secretary of Education from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve as the nation's education chief. He earned a bachelor's degree from Jackson State University in Mississippi and a Master's degree and an Ed.D from Indiana University Bloomington.  He also holds an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Houston presented to him in 2000.

Paige was sitting with George W. Bush at the Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, when Bush received the news that a second plane had hit the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

On November 15, 2004, Paige announced his resignation after overseeing the President's education agenda for four years. White House domestic policy adviser Margaret Spellings was nominated as his successor. The U.S. Senate confirmed her on January 20, 2005 after Bush's inauguration for a second term.

1933 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Education
Politicians from Mississippi
Joshua Bolten

Joshua Brewster Bolten (born August 16, 1954) was the White House Chief of Staff serving U.S. President George W. Bush. Bolten replaced Andrew Card on April 14, 2006.

1955 births
Living people
White House Chiefs of Staff
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
US Republican Party politicians
Alan Stephenson Boyd

Alan Stephenson Boyd (July 20, 1922 – October 18, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson in November 1966.

He was appointed to the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1959 by Dwight Eisenhower and promoted to chairman by John F. Kennedy.

When the Richard M. Nixon administration took power, Boyd left the government and became the president of the Illinois Central Railroad, a position he held from 1969 to 1972.

Boyd died at a retirement home in Seattle, Washington on October 18, 2020 at the age of 98.

References

1922 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
United States Secretaries of Transportation
University of Florida alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Florida
Businesspeople from Florida
Mary Peters (politician)

Mary E. Peters (born December 4, 1948) was the United States Secretary of Transportation. She is the second woman and first Arizonan to hold the position. Peters joined the Arizona Department of Transportation in 1985, and was appointed by Gov. Jane Dee Hull to serve as its director in 1998. In 2006, President Bush appointed Peters as the Co-Vice Chairwoman of the National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission.

References

United States Secretaries of Transportation
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
1948 births
Living people
President-elect

A President-elect is a political candidate who has been elected president but who has not yet taken office.
2000 United States presidential election

The 2000 United States presidential election happened on November 7, 2000. George W. Bush, the Republican candidate who was the Governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st president, George H. W. Bush, won the election. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Al Gore, who was the Vice President.

Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton was not eligible to serve a third term, and Vice President Gore was able to secure the Democratic nomination. Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination, and despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates, secured the nomination by Super Tuesday. Many third-party candidates also ran, most prominently Ralph Nader. Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate, and Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman as his. Both candidates focused primarily on domestic issues, such as the budget, tax relief, and reforms for federal social insurance programs, though the foreign policy was not ignored. Clinton and Gore did not often campaign together, a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky scandal two years prior.

Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266. There was a disagreement over who won Florida's 25 electoral votes because the way Florida voted was different from other states. A recount happened in the state and the uncommon event that the winner got fewer popular votes than the loser. The Court's decision in Bush v. Gore announced on December 12, 2000, this ended the recounts, effectively awarding Florida's votes to Bush and granting him the victory.

Candidates

Democratic Party

Nominees

Withdrawn candidate
Bill Bradley, a former U.S. Senator from New Jersey withdrew on March 9, 2000 and endorsed Al Gore.

Republican Party

Nominees

Withdrawn candidates

References 

Presidential election
2000 elections
2000
2000s elections in the United States
2004 United States presidential election

The 2004 United States presidential election happened on November 2, 2004. George W. Bush, the incumbent president and Republican candidate, won reelection. He defeated John Kerry, the Democratic candidate, who was the junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Foreign policy was the biggest issue during the election mainly because of the War on Terrorism and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.

Since the last presidential election, there were concerns about voting. The winner was not determined until the following day when Kerry decided not to dispute Bush's win in the state of Ohio. The state held enough electoral votes to determine the winner of the presidency. Both Kerry and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean have stated their opinion that voting in Ohio did not proceed fairly and that, had it done so, the Democratic ticket might have won that state and therefore the election.

Only three states changed which party to vote for. New Mexico and Iowa voted Democratic in 2000, but those states voted Republican in 2004. New Hampshire voted Republican in 2000 but the state voted Democratic in 2004. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 electoral votes, and Kerry received 251 electoral votes. Kerry was supposed to have 252, but one electoral vote that was supposed to go for Kerry went for his running mate, John Edwards.

Candidates

Republican

Nominees

Democrats

Nominees

Withdraw candidates
John Edwards, U.S. Senator from North Carolina (withdrew on March 2, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont (withdrew on February 18, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Wesley Clark, retired U.S. General from Arkansas (withdrew on February 11, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Dennis Kucinich, U.S. Representative from Ohio (withdrew on July 22, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Al Sharpton, Reverend and civil rights activist from New York (withdrew on March 15, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Joe Lieberman, U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 2000 US Election Democratic vice-presidential nominee (withdrew on February 3, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Dick Gephardt, U.S. Representative from Missouri (withdrew on January 20, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
Carol Moseley Braun, former U.S. Senator from Illinois (withdrew on January 15, 2004, and endorsed Howard Dean. She then endorsed John Kerry)
Bob Graham, U.S. Senator from Florida (withdrew on October 6, 2003, and endorsed John Kerry)

References

2004 in the United States
2004 elections
John Kerry
2004
2000s elections in the United States
Chesterfield

Chesterfield is a market town and borough in the county of Derbyshire in the East Midlands of England. It is on the River Rother and the River Hipper. It is Derbyshire's largest town (Derby is a city).

It is a very old town and was founded between 70–100 AD. The town received its market charter from King John in 1204.

It is 24 miles (39 km) north of Derby and 11 miles (18 km) south of Sheffield.

The town is located on the A61 between Derby and Thirsk in North Yorkshire. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) from the M1.

A 2019 census estimated that the borough has around 104,900 residents.

Chesterfield's most famous landmark is Church of St Mary and All Saints. It is famous because of its "crooked spire". The town's football club, Chesterfield F.C., are nicknamed The Spireites due to this.

Chesterfield railway station is on the Midland Main Line. Passengers can get local trains to towns and villages around the East Midlands as well as long-distance trains, operated by East Midlands Railway, to London, Sheffield and Nottingham. CrossCountry trains also stop at Chesterfield, providing passengers with direct trains to Birmingham, the North East, Scotland and Cornwall.

Twin towns
Chesterfield is twinned with:
 Darmstadt, Germany
 Troyes, France
 Tsumeb, Namibia
 Yangquan, China

Gallery

Unitary authorities
Towns in Derbyshire
Market towns in England
Can't Stop This Thing We Started

"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" is a song by Bryan Adams. The song was the second single from Adams' 1991 album Waking Up the Neighbours, a successor of the single "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You".

The song
The song is a rock song unlike "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You". It reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind Prince's "Cream". This track received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1992 for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance, Solo. It did not win either award.

Track listing
 "Can't Stop This Thing We Started" (4:29)
 "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" [Full length version] (6:38)

Chart performance

References

1991 songs
Bryan Adams songs
Graeme Pollock

Robert Graeme Pollock, known as Graeme, (born 27 February 1944 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was a national cricketer for South Africa. He played in 23 test matches for his country.

He comes from a famous cricketing family, Pollock is widely seen as South Africa's greatest cricketer, and as one of the best left-handed batsmen to have played Test cricket. 

He won many awards, including:
 South Africa's Cricketer of the 20th Century  (chosen in 1999)
 One of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year  (chosen in 1966)
 Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for 1967 and 1969 (chosen in 2007).

Donald Bradman said that Pollock and Sir Garfield Sobers were the best left-handers Bradman had ever seen play cricket.

References 

1944 births
Living people
People from Durban
South African cricketers
White South African people
Garfield Sobers

Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers (born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown, Barbados) is a former West Indian cricketer. He is often known as Garry.

Sobers was a very good batsman and highly effective bowler. He was able to bowl both fast and as a spinner. Sobers is widely regarded as the greatest all rounder of all time and, with Sir Donald Bradman, as one of the greatest cricketers of any type.

1936 births
Living people

West Indies cricketers
Barbadian sportspeople
Uttoxeter

Uttoxeter is a small market town and civil parish in East Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England. In 2001, 12,023 people lived there. This number was expected to grow when new developments in the town finished. Uttoxeter is close to the River Dove. It is near the cities of Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Lichfield. It is twinned with Raisdorf in Germany (with whom close links are still maintained), and Fumel in France.

References 

Towns in Staffordshire
Civil parishes in Staffordshire
Market towns in England
Terry Nation

Terry Nation (August 8 1930 – March 9 1997) was a Welsh television screenwriter. 

He is best known for creating the Daleks in 1963 in the long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who. Nation also created two science-fiction shows - Survivors and ''Blake's 7.

Welsh writers
British screenwriters
Doctor Who
1930 births
1997 deaths
Rogério Ceni

Rogério Mücke Ceni (born 22 January 1973) better known as Rogério Ceni, is a retired Brazilian football player. He was a goalkeeper. He played for the football team São Paulo from 1990 to 2015. Ceni had been the holder of his position since 1997. He retired in December 2015.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1992||rowspan="19"|São Paulo||rowspan="19"|Série A||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1994||5||0||0||0||8||0||13||0
|-
|1995||3||0||4||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||25||1||4||0||11||0||40||1
|-
|1998||22||0||6||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1999||18||2||3||0||8||1||29||3
|-
|2000||22||3||12||1||5||0||39||4
|-
|2001||21||0||6||0||4||0||31||0
|-
|2002||19||1||8||1||0||0||27||2
|-
|2003||40||2||6||0||8||0||54||2
|-
|2004||44||3||0||0||16||2||60||5
|-
|2005||38||10||0||0||16||5||54||15
|-
|2006||29||8||0||0||13||3||41||11
|-
|2007||35||7||0||0||13||0||48||7
|-
|2008||35||4||0||0||11||0||46||4
|-
|2009||16||2||0||0||3||0||19||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
373||43||49||2||121||11||543||56
373||43||49||2||121||11||543||56
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||2||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||15||0
|}

Other websites 
 Official Site 
 IFFHS Top Division goal scorer ranking among Goalkeepers

References 

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
Brazilian football managers
Inauguration

Inauguration is a ceremony marking the beginning of a politician taking office or the opening of, for example, a bridge.

When a politician, for example a President, takes office, he may make an oath of office in front of an audience as part of the inauguration ceremony.

The Inauguration of the President of the United States takes place on January 20 in the year after an election.

Related pages
 Coronation
 Incumbent

Politics
Ceremonies
Beige

Beige is a very pale brown color. 

The name comes from beige cloth, a woolen fabric left in its natural color. It then came to be used for a range of light tints of yellow chosen for their neutral or pale warm colored appearance.  

In the 1920s, the meaning of the term beige expanded to the point where it is now also used for not only for pale yellows but also for a wide range of pale brown shades.

The first recorded use of beige as a color name in English was in 1887. 

The color beige means  neutral, calm, and relaxing.

Meaning of beige 

 Since many computers are colored beige (an ordinary non-remarkable computer is sometimes called a beige box), and since most people who are employed nowadays use computers, the color beige has come to represent the world of work.

Tones of beige color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Fahmida Mirza

Dr. Fahmida Mirza (), sometimes also spelled as Fehmida Mirza (born December 20, 1956), is a medical doctor, agriculturist and businesswoman from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. She was elected as the first female Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan on March 19, 2008. She is also the first female parliamentary speaker in the Muslim world.

1956 births
Living people
Pakistani politicians
Physicians
Pakistani businesspeople
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Pakistani scientists
Dominion of Pakistan

The Dominion of Pakistan was an independent federal dominion in South Asia that was created in 1947 in the partition of British India into two sovereign dominions (the other being the Union of India).

The dominion included modern-day Pakistan (called West Pakistan) and Bangladesh (East Pakistan). It was supposed to be a homeland for the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent.  It became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. The eastern part of the country became independent as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.

20th century in Pakistan
20th century in Bangladesh
Partition of India
1947 establishments in Asia
1956 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in Asia
Rubens Barrichello

Rubens Gonçalves "Rubinho" Barrichello (born May 23, 1972 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver. Driving for the Brawn GP team, Barrichello finished third in the 2009 championship. He raced for WilliamsF1 in 2010, and will race for Williams in 2011.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races 
in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

References 

1972 births
Living people
Brazilian racecar drivers
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
Digital signal processor

A digital signal processor (DSP or DSP micro) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally used in real-time computing.

Digital signal processing algorithms require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly on a set of data.  Signals are converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to form digital to analog, as shown in the diagram.  Many digital signal processing applications have real-time constraints; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some time limit.

The microarchitecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing applications.

Related pages
Digital Signal Controller

References

Other websites
DSP Processor - Core-Based Wireless System Design
Microcontroller.com
DSP Engineering Magazine
Introduction to DSP - Processor tutorial 
Improv Systems Homepage
Analog Devices Homepage
DSP Discussion Groups
DSP Online Book
DSPs and VLIW
Pocket Guide to Processors for DSP - Berkeley Design Technology, INC
DSP Online eBooks
Texas Instruments Homepage
CEVA, Inc. Homepage
Freescale Semiconductor Homepage
 BDTi 
BDTI DSP Kernel Benchmarks™ Results
The 2008 EDN DSP directory 
DSP-FPGA.com Magazine
 AR Parameter Estimation using TMS320C30

Digital signal processing
Lies for the Liars

Lies for the Liars is a full-length album released in 2007 by The Used.

Track listing
 All songs written by The Used.
 "The Ripper" – 2:56
 "Pretty Handsome Awkward" – 3:32
 "The Bird and the Worm" – 3:46
 "Earthquake" – 3:29
 "Hospital" – 2:57
 "Paralyzed" – 3:13
 "With Me Tonight" – 3:06
 "Wake the Dead" – 4:14
 "Find a Way" – 3:23
 "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" – 2:52
 "Smother Me" – 4:20

Hidden track
"Smother Me" ends at 4:20 but runs to 6:17 due to the addition of a hidden track titled "Queso". "Queso" is a 30 second song that is about a quesadilla. Though it was first released on The Used's MySpace in late 2006, most fans talked about it on message boards and thought of it as a joke - it was not expected to actually be on the album.

The music
Lies for the Liars contains emotive, heartfelt and sometimes sarcastic or Gothic lyrics. It has more swearing than previous The Used albums, but this is used on fewer songs. For example, "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" swears 10 times.

The first song "The Ripper" has an ending that makes the CD appear to be stuck, but its only part of the song.

2007 albums
Reprise Records albums