cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Prince François, Count of Thorigny

Prince François of Monaco, Count of Thorigny (François Charles; 4 February 1726 – 9 December 1743) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title Count of Thorigny.

Life
Born in Paris. 

Born at the "Hôtel Matignon" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Count of Thorigny but the title was given to François. His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751. 

He died unmarried and childless

References

1726 births
1743 deaths
Earls and countesses
House of Grimaldi
Joel Weisman

Joel D. Weisman (February 20, 1943 – July 18, 2009) was an American doctor who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS in the United States. He later became an advocate for the development of treatments and prevention of the disease.

Early life and education 
Weisman was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1943. He attended the Kansas City College of Osteopathy (later known as the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, graduating in 1970 with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). He practiced medicine in his hometown of Carteret, New Jersey, for several years and ended his brief marriage by disclosing that he was gay.

Discovery and treatment of AIDS 
He moved to Los Angeles and was hired by a doctor's office in North Hollywood. There, he started to see a number of patients in 1978 who had a series of unusual conditions, including younger men with shingles, a case of Kaposi's sarcoma, and several patients who had symptoms of what appeared to be, but was not, lymphoma.

Weisman referred two of these cases in 1981 to Michael S. Gottlieb, an immunologist at the UCLA Medical Center, who had a patient of his own with a similar pattern of symptoms. A report theyy jointly wrote published by the Centers for Disease Control in the June 5, 1981, issue of its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, describing how their patients, "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report.<ref>Staff. "Pneumocystis Pneumonia — Los Angeles", Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, August 30, 1996 / Vol. 45 / No. 34. Accessed July 24, 2009. This is a reprint by the CDC of the original June 4, 1981, report.</ref> This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking "the official start" of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".via Associated Press. "Doctor Who Co-Authored First AIDS Report Dies", The New York Times, July 23, 2009. Accessed July 24, 2009.

In Weisman's obituary in the Los Angeles Times'', Gottlieb described him as "a very astute physician" who recognized "that something out of the ordinary was happening" by being "alert to unusual symptoms in his patients". Krim described how Weisman immediately knew that "he was observing something that was never seen before."

Personal 
Weisman died at age 66 due to heart disease on July 18, 2009, at his home in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was survived by his domestic partner of 17 years, Bill Hutton, as well as by a daughter and granddaughter, a brother and two nieces. Timothy Bogue, his partner for 10 years, died of AIDS in 1991.

References
Dunellen, New Jersey

Dunellen is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

Population

History
Dunellen started in 1867. It grew around a railroad station. The station was originally called New Market station. It served the nearby community of that name in Piscataway.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.048 square miles (2.715 km2). All of it is land. Dunellen is in the Raritan Valley, a line of communities in central New Jersey.

References

Other websites

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1887 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Jersey
2016 Kumamoto earthquakes

The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes happened on April 14−16, 2016 near Kumamoto Prefecture in southern Japan. A foreshock of magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale happened on the evening of April 14 at 21:26 Japan Standard Time. The main earthquake happened at 1:25 am JST with a magnitude of 7.0 on April 16.

A total of 48 people died in the two earthquakes. About 3,000 more were injured. There was severe damage in and around Kumamoto. Many structures including Kumamoto-Castle fell and some of them caught fire and infrastructures, especially water, electricity and gas supply are destructed. More than 44,000 people had to leave the area because of the disaster and most of them suffer hard living in shelters.

References

Kumamoto earthquakes
2010s in Japan
April 2016 events
Earthquakes in Japan
2016 in Asia
Game & Watch Gallery 4

Game & Watch Gallery 4, known in Europe and Australia as Game & Watch Gallery Advance, is the fifth game in the series in Europe and Australia and the fourth in North America. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in Europe on October 25, 2002, in the United States on October 28, 2002, and in Australia in 2002. It is the second Game & Watch Gallery game not to receive a Japanese release until 2016 via the Wii U's Virtual Console. It is also the first title in the Game & Watch Gallery series to credit TOSE as a co-developer, after the company had gone uncredited in the previous installments.
This game features Game & Watch games in two styles: Classic, which features faithful reproductions of the original games, and Modern, which gives the games a different visual style using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series. It features 11 games with both Modern and Classic modes, and nine games with only Classic mode. This game facilitates multiplayer for Boxing and Donkey Kong 3.

List of games
 Fire
 Boxing
 Rain Shower
 Mario's Cement Factory
 Donkey Kong Jr.
 Donkey Kong 3
 Chef
 Mario Bros.
 Donkey Kong
 Octopus
 Fire Attack

Also included are several unlockable games that can only be played in Classic mode:

 Manhole
 Tropical Fish
 Mario's Bombs Away
 Parachute
 Bomb Sweeper
 Climber
 Safebuster
 Life Boat
 Zelda

Wii U games
Game Boy Advance games
2002 video games
Metuchen, New Jersey

Metuchen ( ) is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States

History
Metuchen was created by the New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1900. The land was part of Raritan Township (now known as Edison).

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.766 square miles (7.166 km2). That included 2.764 square miles (7.160 km2) of land and 0.002 square miles (0.006 km2) of water (0.09%).

References

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
1900 establishments in the United States
Bukit Panjang LRT line

The Bukit Panjang LRT Line is a LRT  Line in Singapore.

The line takes about 28 minutes for the full loop. This route starts at the Choa Chu Kang and travels around the Bukit Panjang area.

This line uses C801 and C801A trains.

History
The Bukit Panjang LRT was first opened on 6 November 1999. Ten Mile Junction Station was closed from 10 December 2010 to 30 December 2011.

Services
There are three services on the line: A and B terminate at Choa Chu Kang, and C ends at Ten Mile Junction.

Stations

All stations, except Choa Chu Kang and Ten Mile Junction, have two facing side platforms. Choa Chu Kang has an island platform, similar to most Singapore MRT stations, while Ten Mile Junction has only a single platform and is the only station with platform screen doors (supplied by Horton Automatics). Bukit Panjang and Choa Chu Kang have half-height platform barriers. Choa Chu Kang station will have two additional platforms and a new set of fare gates to ease crowding during peak hours. Between 2016 and 2017, Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at the remaining 11 LRT stations.

As of January 2019, the Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at all stations except for Ten Mile Junction.

References

Light Rail Transit (Singapore)
Prince Antoine, Marquis of Baux

Prince Antoine of Monaco, Marquis of Baux  (16 December 1717 – 4 February 1718), was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known as the Marquis of Baux as the heir to the throne of Monaco. He was also the  and Count of Matignon. He died before succeeding his mother.

Life

Born in Monaco, he was the eldest son of the then-reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband, Jacques I. He was given the title of Marquis of Baux, the traditional title for an heir to the Monégasque throne. 

Heirs apparent who never acceded
1717 births
1718 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Ten Mile Junction LRT Station

Ten Mile Junction LRT Station (BP14) is an LRT station in Singapore. It is along the Bukit Panjang LRT Line.

Services are provided at a lower frequency than other LRT stations. Trains only arrive every 20 minutes.

Timeline
6 November 1999: Station opened
10 December 2010: Station closed
30 December 2011: Station reopened

Former Codes
Formerly the code was: A14 (1999 - 2001)

Following Stations
Previous: Bukit Panjang (BP6/DT1)Next: N/A

Light Rail Transit (Singapore) stations
Paya Lebar MRT station

Paya Lebar MRT station (EW8/CC9) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and Circle Line in Geylang, Singapore.

It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.

History
This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.

A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8 am.

Station Information
There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.

For the East West Line, train platforms are on Level 2. For the Circle Line, train platforms are on Basement 2. This is the only interchange station that has a middle track on the underground line, and it is the terminus for short-working trips after peak hours.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Petitioner

A petitioner is a very specific legal term. It is the person who presents a formal legal petition to a court or a legislature that requests a certain action be taken. A petitioner is also the person who files a motion  or an appeal to a higher court. A party who petitions the Supreme Court to review a case is known as either the petitioner or the appellant. The person or entity (such as a corporation or government) who opposes the petition is called a respondent. In some cases a third party, an amicus curiae (friend of the court), may be heard.

Appeal process 
In the case of an appeal, the petitioner is usually the party who lost in a lower court. This can be either the plaintiff or the defendant who files the petition to the higher court for judicial review. If the petition is granted, the petitioner files an appellate brief giving the legal arguments for filing the appeal. The respondent is given a short period of time to respond to the brief with arguments for their side of the case and to refute any arguments made by the petitioner. In some jurisdictions, the petitioner is allowed to file a short reply. In all three cases, arguments must be based on the trial record which includes the Transcripts of testimony and evidence from the original trial.

Civil law 
In civil law the person who files the case against another person is called the petitioner or plaintiff. In a divorce this is the party who files or starts the action to legally end the marriage.

References

Other websites 
 Legal Language
 Is it better to be the petitioner or the respondent?

Legal terms
Steven Universe episodes

Steven Universe is an American animated television series. It was created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network. The series is about Steven Universe (voiced by Zach Callison), who protects his hometown of Beach City as part of the Crystal Gems, alongside Garnet (voiced by Estelle), Amethyst (voiced by Michaela Dietz), and Pearl (voiced by Deedee Magno).

Series overview

Episodes
The following lists are ordered based on the list on official website of the series, which reflects the intended watching order of the creators. While similar to the original broadcast order, three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season.

Pilot (2013)

Season 1 (2013-15)

Season 2 (2015–16)

Season 3 (2016)

Season 4 (2016-17)

Season 5 (2017-19)
Subhas Chandra Bose

Subash Chandra Bose was an Indian freedom fighter and one of the causes to Indian freedom. He was known as Netaji. He was the President of Indian National Congress (INC)  from 1938 to 1939. He attempted to get rid of British rule in India during World War II.

Career 
Netaji's attempt was successful. He was also recognised as the person who founded the Azad Hind Army or Indian National Army with the help of Japan in 1942.

 

He was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack and died in a plane crash in 18 August 1945.

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 

Indian independence movement
1897 births
1945 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Aviation deaths
History of India
Indian military people
Indian politicians
Indian revolutionaries
Military personnel of World War II
Missing people
Pages with script errors
Socialists
World War II political leaders
Charlotte of Monaco (1719 – 1790)

Princess Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie Grimaldi of Monaco  (19 May 1719 – circa 1790), was a Monégasque princess.  Charlotte never married and as a result became a nun at a convent in Paris.

Life

Born in Paris, she was the eldest daughter of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques  I. Styled as "Mademoiselle de Monaco", she was known as either Charlotte or Thérèse Nathalie. Never marrying, she eventually took religious vows and became a nun at the Convent of Visitation in Paris on 21 January 1738.

She remained unmarried, and died childless. She was once engaged to Frédéric Jules de La Tour d'Auvergne, "Prince of Auvergne". Yet, this proposed marriage did not come to be and before she was much older the engagement was broken off and Charlotte went to a convent to begin her education. She considered becoming a nun while there, wrestled with the decision but did finally take her vows as a sister of the Order of the Visitation. She did leave the convent a number of times to visit her family

Other websites

References

1719 births
1790 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Nuns
2016 Ecuador earthquake

On April 16, 2016, a 7.8 magnitude struck Ecuador at 18:58 local time. It was centered about 17 miles from the town of Muisne and about 110 miles from the capital Quito. There was widespread damage, so that most infrastructures are destroyed. Structures hundreds of miles from the epicenter collapsed.

Over 272 people died. Over 2,500 people were injured.

President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency after the earthquake.

References

Ecuador earthquake
2016 in South America
April 2016 events
History of Ecuador
Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland

Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland (born Sofia Kristina Hellqvist on 6 December 1984) is the wife of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland. She began dating Prince Carl Philip in 2010. She has also been a glamour model and reality television contestant. Hellqvist has appeared on the reality show Paradise Hotel.

Marriage and motherhood 
She married Prince Carl Philip at Slottskyrkan in Stockholm on 13 June 2015. After the marriage she got the title Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland. Their first child Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, was born on 19 April 2016. In March 2017, it was announced that the couple's second child is expected in September 2017. Their second son Prince Gabriel Carl Walther was born on 31 August 2017.

Titles, styles and honours 
 6 December 1984 – 13 June 2015: Miss Sofia Kristina Hellqvist 
 13 June 2015 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland (swedish: Hennes Kungliga Höghet Prinsessan Sofia av Sverige Hertiginna av Värmland)

References

1984 births
Living people
Swedish models
Seymouria

Seymouria was an amphibian tetrapod from the early Permian of North America and Europe, about 280 to 270 million years ago (mya). It was small, only 2 ft (60 cm) long. 

As an adult animal, Seymouria was well adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features. It was for quite a long time thought to be a primitive reptile. However, it is now known that its early life stages were in water. Apparently, it is an amphibian whose adult stage was adapted for life in a dry climate.

The discovery of its amphibian nature was a considerable surprise.
"... the discovery of larval stages... demonstrated conclusively that the seymouriamorphs were not biologically amniotes". Fossil larvae have been found of three related genera, from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of five European countries.
"It has been shown conclusively that seymouriamorphs had an amphibian-type life history, with aquatic young stages that lost their external gills after metamorphosis.... Seymouriamorphs were definitely not amniotes themselves". This means they were not reptiles.

The adult skeletons were first found in the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma. These beds were laid down in the huge delta complex of a large river flowing towards a coast, much like the Mississippi of today. The species found in Germany and New Mexico, Seymouria sanjuanensis, had massive legs and held its body well off the ground. This shows an "effective adaptation to terrrestrial locomotion".

A simplified life cycle might be: eggs laid in water, larval stages in water, young animal with limbs climbs out and instinctively moves to higher ground. All its life lived as a carnivore on dry land, returning to water occasionally to drink and to breed. The adults would be able to operate in a fairly dry climate.

References 

Fossils
Amphibians
Karaikal

Karaikal is a port city in the south-eastern coast of India. It is also a municipality and headquarters of the Karaikal district. France got control over Karaikal in 1674 and ruled it for over 280 years until Pondicherry became independent in 1954.

After the independence, Karaikal was also joined with Yanam, Mahe, and Pondicherry forming the Puducherry Union territory. Karaikal and other surrounding parts like Tirumalairayanpattinam, Thirunallar, Nedungadu, Kottucherry, Neravy, Varichikudy etc. form the Karaikal district. This district divides the Nagapattinam district into two. This makes Nagapattinam district as the only district to be divided into two in India.

The rivers of Arasalar River, Virasolanar River, Tirumalairajanar River, Vikramanar River and tributary rivers of Arasalar River flow into the sea through Karaikal.

Karaikal is in the Kaveri river delta region. The land around Karaikal is rich in alluvium, which makes it fertile land.

Karaikal is where Karaikal Ammaiyar, one of the 63 nayanmars, was born and lived. She is one of the renowned saints, who showed her devotion to Lord Shiva. She was also known as the mother of southern music.

Karaikal has many temples like the Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple. The grand and famous festival of Mangani festival is celebrated in Karaikal. The other temples are Kailasanathar Kovil, Sri Nithyakalyana Perumal temple etc.

References

Cities in India
Settlements in Puducherry
Karaikal District
Melksham

Melksham () is a small-sized English town, on the River Avon in the county of Wiltshire. It is  east of the city of Bath and  south of Chippenham. Melksham is  west of Devizes and  north of Warminster on the A350 national route.

The name is thought to come from "meolc", the Old English word for milk, and "ham", a village. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both Melksham (for the hundred) and Melksham (for the town itself). There are nine schools in Melksham. Melksham also has a very popular football and rugby team that play competitive matches in a small league. The population of Melksham in 2019 is 19,357. In Melksham there is a park called King George, it has a tennis court and a football court all together in one. It has a massive field with lots of apertures and swings.

Preschools 

 ABC Day Pre-School
 Bowerhill Pre-school
 King Fishers Pre-School
 Little Joeys
 Little Robins
 Queensway Chapel
 Sunflowers Pre-School

Shops 

 Aldi
 Boots
 Co-op
 Factory Shop
 Garden Centre
 Greggs
 Iceland
 Leeks
 Lidl
 Mc Donalds
 Melksham Flower Shop
 Peacocks
 Sainsburys
 Savers
 Specsavers
 Sports Bug
 Starbucks
 Toy master
 Waitrose
 Whitehall

Restaurants 

 Bear
 Kings Arms
 Mc Donalds
 Milk Churn
 Reffa Tandori
 Water Meadow
 Weather Spoons

Walks in Melksham 

 Conigre Mead
 Melksham Forest
 River Avon

References 

Towns in Wiltshire
Nan Chiau High School

Nan Chiau High School is a co-educational secondary school in Singapore. It is one of the 11 schools in Singapore that offer the Special Assistance Plan (SAP) Special/Express stream.

The school is affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan (also known as the Singapore Hokkien Association).

Brief History 

 Nan Chiau High School was originally Nan Chiau Teachers' Training School which started in 1941 by Tan Kah Kee, at Kim Yam Road in River Valley.
 During World War II, the school was used as the headquarters and training grounds for Dalforce, against the invading Japanese.
 In 1947 Nan Chiau Teachers' Training School was changed into Nan Chiau Girls' High School. 
 In 1965, Nan Chiau Girl's High School was rebuilt at a cost of 2 million dollars. On 8 March 1969, the new school building was opened by then education minister Ong Pang Boon 8 March 1969.
 In 1974, the school was further expanded due to high number of students.
 In 1980 the school became an English medium school. 
 In 1984, the school started to take in boys. The school was renamed "Nan Chiau High School"
 In 2000, Nan Chiau High School was relocated to Sengkang New Town. The primary section separated to form Nan Chiau Primary School
 In November 2010, Nan Chiau High School was announced by the Ministry of Education to become the 11th Special Assistance Plan (SAP) school from January 2012.

Notable Alumni 
 Peh Chin Hua
 Member of Paliament of Singapore, 1988 to 2001.
 Dr. Leong Chan-Hoong
 Deputy Head, Social Lab, Lee Kuan Yew Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore
 Han Kim Ling
 Product Lifecycle Manager, Volex
 Former Project Manager, Tyco Electronics
 Goh Lay Kuan
 Singapore pioneer dance choreographer and arts educator
 Recipient of the Singapore Cultural Medallion, 1995
 Co-founder of Singapore Performing Arts School

Gallery

Notes 

Schools in Singapore
Promenade MRT station

Promenade Station (CC4/DT15) is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is an underground interchange station along Circle MRT Line and Downtown MRT Line. It is the deepest station in Singapore at 43 meters below ground. The deepest platform is at Basement 7.

Timeline
17 April 2010: Station opened along Circle Line
22 December 2013: Downtown Line was opened, making Promenade the deepest MRT interchange station.
27 December 2015: Downtown Line Platforms changed from A and B to C and D

Unusual Layout
It is the only station to have four separated stacked side platforms on its own levels -

Basement 2: Circle Line towards Dhoby Ghaut or Marina Bay
Basement 4: Circle Line towards HarbourFront
Basement 6: Downtown Line towards Expo
Basement 7: Downtown Line towards Bukit Panjang
This is due to lack of space and the tight corridor at Temasek Avenue area. The two levels were restricted (B3 and B5).

Exits
A: The Helix Bridge towards Marina Bay Sands, The Float @ Marina Bay, Singapore Flyer, Conrad Centennial Singapore, F1 Pit Building, Mandarin Oriental, Marina Promenade, Marina Square, Raffles Boulevard, Ritz-Carlton Marina
B: Millenia Walk, Centennial Tower, Millenia Tower
C: Suntec City

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Jurong East MRT station

Jurong East Station (NS1/EW24) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line. The station is a terminus for the North South MRT Line, and is currently the only elevated station to have triple island platforms.

History
This station was opened on 5 November 1988. The Branch MRT Line was opened on 10 March 1990, and it merged with North South MRT Line on 10 February 1996. The station code was originally W9. Two additional platforms were opened on 27 May 2011.

Following stations
East West Line
Previous: Clementi (EW23)Next: Chinese Garden (EW25)

North South Line
Previous: N/ANext: Bukit Batok (NS2)

Platforms

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1988 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Singapore
Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire is the first large empire of India. The empire was founded in 322 BC by Chandragupta Maurya.

Chandragupta Maurya's rule
Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya empire by overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and expanded the empire with the help of Chanakya. By 316 BC , the Maurya empire fully occupied North-Western parts of India, defeating and conquering the governors left by Alexander the Great. Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus I Nicator and gained the territories beyond Indus River.

After Chandragupta Maurya, his son Bindusara started to rule from 298 BC. He was called as "Amitraghata", the sanskrit word telling that Bindusara is the "slayer of enemies". He conquered the southern parts of India. After his death, only Kalinga (modern Orissa) and parts of Tamil Nadu were left unconquered.

Golden age of the empire
King Ashoka, son of Bindusara, became the emperor of Mauryan Empire in 268 BC. He is one of the greatest emperor of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka conquered Kalinga in the violent and bloody war, which is known as the Kalinga War. This is the only war fought by King Ashoka. The casualities are more than 200,000. The region of Kalinga was destroyed and looked bloodshed. This changed the mind of Ashoka. He devoted the rest of his life to 'ahinsa' and 'dharma-vijaya'. He became a Buddhist after this war. King Ashoka made many Rock edicts and Stupas in his empire. The present emblem of India was taken from one of his rock pillars. He was commonly called as Ashoka the Great.

Decline
After his death in 232 BC, the empire started to decline. The empire lasted just fifty years after his death. Brihadratha Maurya, the last Mauryan emperor was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga, who founded the Sunga Empire in 185 BC.

References

4th-century BC establishments
South River, New Jersey

South River is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

Demographics
At the 2010 United States Census, there were 16,008 people, 5,652 households, and 4,019 families residing in the borough.

South River's largest incoming immigrant population are Asian's, Mexican's and Brazilian populations.

Belarusians in South River

South River has become a center for Belarusian Americans in the postwar-period. The immigrants reestablished the Belarusian Orthodox parish of St. Eufrasinnia, that previously existed in Germany. In 1953 a Belarusian cemetery was opened, that houses also Radasłaŭ Astroŭski.

Government

Local government
The town government council has a Mayor and a Borough Council. It has 6 members that serve three-year terms. Two members are up for election each year.

Federal Representation
South River is located in the 12th Congressional District

Education
The South River Public Schools serve students in Kindergarten through Twelfth grade.

As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's four schools had a total enrollment of 2,305 students and 163 classroom teachers

Transportation

Roads and highways
The borough had a total of  of roads    were maintained by the municipality.  are maintained by Middlesex County.</p>

The mains roads that travel through are CR 535 and CR 527. Route 18 passes just west of the borough, which provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95).

Public transportation
New Jersey Transit bus service is provided on the 811 and 815 routes.

References 

Middlesex County, New Jersey
Boroughs in New Jersey
1898 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New Jersey
Russell Westbrook

Russell Westbrook Jr. (born November 12, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets, Washington Wizards, and the Lakers  of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Westbrook played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins. Westbrook is the point guard and stands . He was named as the best player in the NBA in 2017 winning the MVP (Most Valuable Player) Award, because he is argubaly one of the best players in the NBA because, he has had more triple doubles in three games than lebron james has had his whole 2016-2017 season

1988 births
Houston Rockets players
Living people
Oklahoma City Thunder players
Lyubomir Ivanov

Lyubomir Lalov Ivanov  is a Bulgarian mathematician, geographer, linguist and politician.

Chairman of the "Mathematical Logic" section at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1990-2011). Chairman of the Bulgarian Antarctic Place-names Commission since 1994, and national representative to the International Committee on Antarctic Geographic Information. President of the Manfred Wörner Foundation since 1994. Chairman of the Atlantic Club in Bulgaria (2001–2009).

Biography
Lyubomir Ivanov was born on 7 October 1952 in Sofia. In the period 1986-1988 he organized a successful dissident campaign against the candidacy of Sofia for hosting in the city and adjacent Vitosha Mountain the Winter Olympics of 1992 and 1994.

He was an activist of the independent association Ecoglasnost in 1989. Author of Charter '89 for the preservation of Bulgarian natural heritage. Co-founder of the association Wilderness Fund and the Green Party, 1989. Participant in the National Round Table, 1990. Member of the National Coordination Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (1990-1991). Member of the VII Grand National Assembly. He authored scientific works in the field of mathematics, linguistics and toponymy, which have been applied in particular in designing the Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian. Ivanov suggests using his approach to Cyrillic transliteration also for other alphabets, notably Russian. Participant in several Antarctic expeditions and author of the first Bulgarian topographic map of Antarctica. Leader of the topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, noted by Discovery Channel as a timeline event in Antarctic exploration.

Awards
In 1987 he was awarded the prize Nikola Obreshkov – the highest national award for achievements in mathematics, given for his monograph Algebraic Recursion Theory. UNHCR Award for his contribution to refugee studies.

Notes

Other websites
 Lyubomir Ivanov on ResearchGate

Activists
Antarctica
Bulgarian people
Explorers
Mathematicians
People from Sofia
Doug Harvey

Douglas Norman Harvey (December 19, 1924 – December 26, 1989) was a Canadian professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1947 until 1964, and from 1966 until 1969 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest defencemen ever to play the game.  He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the league's top defenceman on seven occasions.

Career statistics

NHL coaching record

Awards

NHL

Related pages
List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame
List of NHL players with 1000 games played

References

Other websites
 
 
 Stole This from a Hockey Card: A Philosophy of Hockey, Doug Harvey, Identity and Booze 

1924 births
1989 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Deaths from cirrhosis
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
People with bipolar disorder
St. Louis Blues players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Stanley Cup champions
Alissa Rubin

Alissa Johannsen Rubin is an American journalist who writes about war. She is of Jewish descent. She is the bureau chief for The New York Times in Paris. In 2016 she received a Pulitzer Prize for her stories about women in Afghanistan.

Work 
Rubin worked for The Congressional Quarterly, The Wichita Eagle, and The American Lawyer magazine. 

In 1997, Rubin went to work at The Los Angeles Times, where she wrote about Iraq, Afghanistan and the Balkans.

In 2007 she went to work for the The New York Times, where she wrote about Iraq and France.  She worked in the Baghdad bureau as a journalist, and then she became chief. In 2009, she became chief of the bureau in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Awards 
 2016 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting 
 2016 Michael Kelly Award for reports on the treatment of women in Afghanistan 
 2015 John Chancellor Award

References

Other websites 
"Flawed Justice after a mob killed an Afghan woman", by Alissa J. Rubin.  This story about the death of Farkhunda Malikzada won her the Pulitzer Prize.
Alissa J. Rubin on Twitter

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American journalists
Jewish American writers
Pulitzer Prize winners
Suraya Pakzad

Suraya Pakzad is an Afghan activist.  She started Voice of Women, an organization that helps women in Afghanistan. In 2008 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Life 

Pakzad was born in Herat, Afghanistan. She received a degree in literature from Kabul University in 1990.

When Pakzad was 12 years old, she saw a gunman kill the headmistress of her school.  A few weeks later, a bomb hit her school and killed a girl in her class.

Work 
Pakzad started Voice of Women in 1998.  Its main office is in the city of Herat, but it has other offices in three provinces. The organization continued during the time of the Taliban rule, mostly in the city of Kabul.  The organization helps women with housing.  It helps women who get out of jail, women who run away from violent men, and girls who run away from forced marriages. 

During the time of the Taliban, the organization had secret schools for girls in Kabul.  After the end of the Taliban in 2001, Voice of Women was the first women’s NGO to register with the new government.

In 2014 Pakzad started a women-only restaurant in Herat Province.

Awards 
International Women of Courage Award, 2008, U.S. State Department.
National Medal (Malali Medal), 2008, President of Afghanistan.
"Time 100" most influential people, 2009.
Women, Power and Peace Award, 2009.

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Afghan activists
1972 births
Spotswood, New Jersey

Spotswood is a town in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

History 
Its first settler James Johnston originally called the place "Spotteswoode", named for his old place of residence in Scotland. The settlement dates back to 1685.

Spotswood was originally part of East Brunswick Township, but decided to become its own town on April 15, 1908.

Geography

The town had a total area of 2.472 square miles (6.402 km2).

Population
As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,880 people, 3,099 households, and 2,163 families residing in the borough.

References

Towns in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1685 establishments
1680s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New Jersey
Bokeo Province

Bokèo (Laotian: ບໍ່ແກ້ວ;) is a northern province of Laos. It has the fewest people. Bokeo Province is the smallest of the country's provinces, covering an area of .

History
Bokeo ("gem mine") was named after the sapphires gems that is found in the province.

Geography
Bokeo Province is the smallest of the country's provinces, covering an area of .

Protected areas
The Bokeo Nature Reserve was created as protection for the black crested gibbon (also known as "black-cheeked gibbon"), discovered in 1997, previously thought to be extinct. Elephants and wild water buffalo migrate through the reserve; bears and tigers are also present. 

Other than the gibbons the wildlife in the reserve reported are: tigers, bears, otters and wild cattle.

Demographics
Its population was 145,000 in 2007, in 36 townships, more than 400 villages. The province has more than 34 ethnicities.

Economy

Houay Xay, the capital city of the province, has a lot of eco nomic activity. The province produces a lot of maize. Also there is a big industry for precious stones and gold

Paa beuk, a catfish, the largest freshwater fish in the world, is found in the Mekong river. It grows to  in length and could weigh up to 300 kg. It is an economic resource for the people as it has a high price in the market, the meat of this endangered fish being a delicacy.

Gallery

References

Bibliography
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 

Laos
Tempora

Tempora is the codeword for a computer system  used by the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). It collects most internet communications from fibre-optic cables. The data base of messages can be searched later as required. The system went into action in autumn 2011.

Tempora uses intercepts on the fibre-optic cables that make up most of the internet. It gets large amounts of internet users' personal data, without any individual suspicion or targeting.

The existence of Tempora was revealed by Edward Snowden. He is a former American intelligence contractor who leaked information to former Guardian journalist Glenn Greenwald in May 2013. This was part of Snowdon's revelations of government-sponsored mass surveillance programs. Data collected by the Tempora program is shared with the National Security Agency of the United States.

References 

Telecommunications
Secrecy
Intelligence agencies
USA3000 Airlines

USA3000 Airlines was an airline from the United States. The original name of the airline was Brendan Airways. For commercial reasons, the airline chose to be known as USA3000 Airlines. It was started by Apple Vacations in 2001. The airline started charter (irregular) flights to Cancún and Punta Cana in December of 2001.
 Scheduled (planned) flights were started in 2002. The airline flew mostly new Airbus A320 family airplanes. In 2011, Apple Vacations said it would stop USA3000 Airlines from flying. The last flight was on January 30, 2012. All of the airline's planes were sold to other airlines, such as Frontier Airlines and VivaColombia.

Gallery

References

Airlines of the United States
2001 establishments in the United States
2012 disestablishments in the United States
Companies based in Pennsylvania
Defunct companies of the United States
Lampang Province

Lampang (, ) is one of the northern provinces (changwat) of Thailand.

Geography
Lampang is in the broad river valley of the Wang River. It has mountain chains.  The highest mountain is Doi Luang. It stands at  high.

Economy

Lampang is famous for the production of ceramic goods and its mining operations.  A great deal of ball clay, china stone, and lignite are extracted from the surrounding mountains.

There are more than 200 ceramic factories in and around Mueang Lampang district. Most of ceramic factories are small to medium-sized operations mainly producing novelties (plant pots, dolls), tablewares, and building materials (tiles, railings).

The largest coal fired power plant in Southeast Asia is in Mae Mo district near the lignite mining area. The plant uses the abundant lignite as fuel. The largest concrete plant is also north of Mueang Lampang. This is also powered by lignite. Limestone is another abundant rock mined in Lampang. The agricultural products that this province is famous for are rice and pineapples.

History

In the 11th century, the Khmer Empire occupied the Lampang area. King Mengrai of Lanna took control of the region and made it part of his kingdom in 1292. Lampang became a province of Thailand in 1892.

Tourism

Local products 
Hand-made cotton (ผ้าทอมือ) comes in different patterns designed by different villages.

Wood-carving (ไม้แกะสลัก) is a major industry at Tambon Na Khrua of Mae Tha district

Terra-cotta or ceramics (เซรามิก) produced in Lampang are of the best quality in Thailand.

Sa Paper (กระดาษสา) is a fine product made from a type of soft wood. The process is purely traditional and the major producing center is the village of Ban Nam Thong.

Culture

Festivals
Luang Wiang Lakhon Fair (งานหลวงเวียงละคอน) features  Lampang's own historical backgrounds and long-established customs and traditions.i

Khantok Chang Fair (งานขันโตกช้าง หรือ สะโตกช้าง) hosts an elephant fiar

Lampang Trains and Horse Carriages Day (งานวันรถไฟรถม้าลำปาง) is organized at the Nakhon Lampang Railway Station at the beginning of April to commemorate the first royal train that arrived to the station 1 April 1916. In the event, there will be an exhibition and Kat Mua market, where the participants will dress up in the traditional style of costume of some 80 years ago, when the horse carriage was first used in Lampang. The carriage service is also provided in the event.

Salung Luang Procession and Songkran Festival (งานแห่สลุงหลวงและสงกรานต์) is a festival held from 12–14 April every year. On 12 April, water bowls will be decorated". On 13–14 April every year, there will be, sand pagoda making, ceremony of pouring water onto the elderly, splashing of water, fairs and various forms of entertainment.

References

Other websites

Province page from the Tourist Authority of Thailand 
Golden Jubilee Network province guide 
 Lampang provincial map, coat of arms and postal stamp

Provinces of Thailand
Pathum Thani Province

Pathum Thani (, ) is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand.

The province is north of Bangkok.

Geography
Many canals are in the province. They are used to feed the rice paddies.

History
In 1815, King Rama II visited the city. He was given a lot of lotus flowers. Because of this, the king decided to rename the city to "Pathum Thani". It means "the lotus flower town".

Education and technology
Pathum Thani has a very high concentration of higher education institutions, especially ones in the field of science and technology. This, together with a large number of industrial parks and research facilities (including those in Thailand Science Park), make the region the educational and technology hub of the area.

 Academic institutes
 There are 10 of them.

 Research bodies
 There are 9 of them.

 Industrial parks
 Several

References

Other websites

Provinces of Thailand
Bible of Borso d'Este

The Bible of Borso d'Este or Bibbia di Borso d’Este is a famous illuminated Latin Bible from the Renaissance period in the history of Europe. It was made in 1455-61 for Borso d'Este, the Duke of Ferrara. It has more than 600 pages and more than 1000 small paintings. It has many pictures of plants and animals as well as pictures showing life in the fifteenth century, including pictures of music and dance. In 1937 the Bible of Borso d'Este was reproduced in a limited edition by Bestetti Edizioni d'Arte which today has a high auction value considered as a work of art.

Style 

Northern Italy had a tradition of miniature painting for many years. The French Bible of Niccolò III was painted in this tradition. It was a model for Borso's miniatures. Niccolò's Bible was written in 1434.  It is now in the Vatican.

History 

The Bible of Borso d'Este was made between 1455 and 1461. A group of artists made the drawings.  Taddeo Crivelli and Franco dei Russi were the leaders of the artists.  Other artists were Girolamo da Cremona, Marco dell’Avogadro, and Giorgio d’Alemagna. Pietro Paolo Marone, a scribe from Bologna, did the writing.

In 1598, the Estense family moved to Modena, after the Pope took control of Ferrara.  They took the Bible with them to Modena. In 1859, the city of Modena became part of Italy, and Francesco V d’Austria-Este went to Vienna with the Bible.  In 1923, Giovanni Treccani degli Alfieri bought the Bible in a Paris bookstore.  He returned the Bible to the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy.

The Bible of Borso d'Este is now in the Biblioteca Estense (Este Library) in the Palazzo dei Musei, a museum and art gallery.  The museum building was originally a poorhouse called Grande Albergo dei Poveri, built from 1767 to 1771.  In 1788 the building became an art gallery.   In 1883, the government got the building. The Bible of Borso d'Este is one of the most famous books in the museum.

Other websites 

Biblioteca Estense Universitaria 
Biblia Latina [Bibbia di Borso d'Este], v.1
Biblia Latina [Bibbia di Borso d'Este], v.2
World Digital Library

More images

References  

Christian art
Bibles
Hume's fork

David Hume divided knowledge into two categories “relations of ideas”, and “matters of fact”. Relations of ideas are truthful and correct statements (for example “all unmarried men are bachelors”). Matters of fact are statements we are nearly certain are truthful but there is still a chance for it to be false: “the sun will rise in the morning”: there is a chance it will not rise.

Philosophy
Purple Rain (song)

"Purple Rain" is a pop and rock song by the musician Prince. The song is from the 1984 album of the same name. It was the third single off that album.

On the Billboard Hot 100, the album reached #2 for two weeks. It was certified as Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. One million copies were shipped in the United States.

Prince won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for "Purple Rain".

The original version is eight minutes/forty five seconds long. The song was shortened to four minutes before it was released as a single.

References

1984 songs
1980s ballads
Pop ballads
Prince songs
Rock ballads
When Doves Cry

"When Doves Cry" is a 1984 rock–pop ballad from the musician Prince. It was the lead single off his 1984 album Purple Rain. It was a worldwide hit. It was also his first American #1 hit song. It topped the charts for five weeks.

According to Billboard magazine, "When Doves Cry" was the top selling single of the year. It was certified as Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Over two million copies were shipped in the United States.

The song is one of Prince's signature songs.

References

1984 songs
Prince songs
Rock ballads
Hans-Jochen Vogel

Hans-Jochen Vogel (3 February 1926 – 26 July 2020) was a German politician. Vogel was born in Göttingen. In December 1972, Chancellor Willy Brandt made Vogel Minister for Regional Planning, Building, and Urban Development. Brandt's successor, Helmut Schmidt, made him Minister of Justice in 1974. From 1987 to 1991, Vogel was also the Leader of the Social Democratic Party. He was an MP in the Bundestag until 1994. He was the mayor of Munich from 1960 through 1972 and served as Mayor of Berlin in 1981.

Vogel died of Parkinson's disease-related problems on 26 July 2020 in Munich, aged 94.

References

Other websites

Short biography  

1926 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Civil servants
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Mayors of Berlin

Politicians from Lower Saxony
Georg Kronawitter

Georg Kronawitter (21 April 1928 - 28 April 2016) was a German politician. He was a member of the SPD. He was mayor of Munich from 1972 to 1978 and from 1984 to 1993. He joined the SPD in 1961 and was elected to the Landtag of Bavaria in 1966. In the 1972 local elections, he was elected Mayor of Munich with 55.9 percent of the votes.

Kronawitter was born in Oberthann, a part of Schweitenkirchen, in the district of Pfaffenhofen.

He died in Munich, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Homepage of Georg Kronawitter (in German language)

1928 births
2016 deaths
German mayors
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany