cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

Henry Stewart or Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o' Field in 1567.  He is usually called Lord Darnley.

Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. He was their oldest surviving son. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland. It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on 7 December, but this is disputed. He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I.

Darnley was found dead outdoors, dressed for bed, after an explosion near his bedroom. Many people thought the Queen had arranged his murder.

References 

Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
1545 births
1567 deaths
Assassinated people
Klaas Bakker

Klaas Bakker (22 April 1926 – 7 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a midfielder and striker. He played for De Volewijckers between 1943 and 1951. He later played for Ajax until 1957. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.

Bakker died on 7 January 2016 in Amstelveen, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Sol Polansky

Sol Polansky (November 7, 1926 – January 6, 2016) was an American diplomat. He served as the Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1987 until 1990. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1957. While in the Foreign Service, he was stationed in the Soviet Union, Poland, West Germany, East Germany and Austria.

Polansky was born Newark, New Jersey. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University.

Polansky died after a long illness on January 6, 2016, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to East Germany
American diplomats
Columbia University alumni
Politicians from Newark, New Jersey
Valerio Zanone

Valerio Zanone (22 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Italian politician. He was secretary and president of the Italian Liberal Party. He was also a senator of the Democratic Party. He was mayor of Turin from 30 July 1990 until 31 December 1991. He was born in Turin, Piedmont.

Zanone died on 7 January 2016 in Rome, aged 79.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Rome
Italian politicians
People from Turin
Yves Vincent

Yves Fred Vincent (5 August 1921 – 6 January 2016) was a French movie and television actor. He appeared in Sins of Rome (1953), Babette Goes to War (1959), Muriel (1963), Le gendarme se marie (1968) and Hibernatus (1969). 

Vincent was born in Thônes, Haute-Savoie. He spent much time growing up in Algiers, Algeria. He was married twice and had three children.

Vincent died on 6 January 2016 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 

1921 births
2016 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
Sian Blake

Sian Samantha Blake (13 September 1972 – 14 or 15 December 2015), also known as Syan Blake, was a British actress. She was best known for playing Frankie Pierre on the television show EastEnders, appearing in 56 episodes between 1996 and 1997. She also appeared Casualty, The Bill and Skins. She voiced Yugiri in the 2015 video game Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn.

Blake was born in Walthamstow, London. She had two sons with her partner Arthur Simpson-Kent. She had motor neurone disease.

Blake, aged 43, went missing in December 2015 with her sons. Their dead bodies were found on 5 January 2016 in Erith, London. They all died from head and neck injuries. In February 2016, Simpson-Kent was charged with three counts of murder and was remanded in custody.

References

Other websites
 

1972 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
Black British actors
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
White-bellied sea eagle

The white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), is also known as the white-breasted sea eagle. It is a large daytime bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is closely related to Sanford's sea eagle of the Solomon Islands. 

It is a distinctive bird, with a white belly, white head, breast, under-wing coverts and tail. The upper parts are grey. The black under-wing flight feathers contrast with the white coverts. The tail is short and wedge-shaped as in all Haliaeetus species. Like many raptors, the female is slightly larger than the male, and can be  long with a wingspan of up to , and weigh . Immature birds have brown plumage, which is gradually replaced with white by the age of five or six years. Its call is a loud goose-like honking.

The bird lives in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia on coasts and major waterways. It breeds and hunts near water, and fish form around half of its diet. 

Opportunistic, it eats carrion and a wide variety of animals. Although rated of Least Concern globally, it has declined in parts of southeast Asia. It is ranked as Threatened in Victoria and Vulnerable in South Australia and Tasmania. Human disturbance to its habitat is the main threat. The white-bellied sea eagle is revered by indigenous people in many parts of Australia, and is the subject of various folk tales throughout its range.

References 

Accipitriformes
Seabirds
Off-road vehicle

An off-road vehicle is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension. Off-road vehicles should not be confused with  off-highway vehicles. These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.

Many uses 
Off-road vehicles have a large following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

Rockcrawling 

Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving. Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.

Tread Lightly! 
In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel. At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly! created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to “RIDE ON Designated Routes”. This was to prevent unregulated motor vehicle travel on public lands. Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment. Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel.

References 

Land vehicles
RAM Rebel truck

The Ram Rebel is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC). The Rebel is a new model for 2015. It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks. The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package. It is designed for use both on-road and off-road. The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.

Features 
The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series. It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge. It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles. Standard equipment includes an off-road powder coated front bumper, skid plates, tow hooks and fog lights. It has projector headlamps with LED marker lights. The aluminum sports hood is distinct to the Rebel. 

The Rebel is standard with an air suspension that rides higher than other RAM 1500s. It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents. It comes with 33-inch (LT285/70R17E) Toyo Open Country A/T all-terrain tires, Bilstein shock absorbers, and has a different steering and stability-control system than a stock RAM. The Rebel is not intended to be a competitor to the Ford Raptor or the RAM Power Wagon although it is often compared to them.

Powertrains 
The standard engine in the Rebel is a 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 engine that makes 310 horsepower, 269 pound-feet of torque. It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway. The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque. It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.

References 

Pickup trucks
Ashraf Pahlavi

Ashraf Pahlavi (Persian: اشرف پهلوی / Aŝraf Pahlawi, 26 October 1919 – 7 January 2016), was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persia) and a member of the Pahlavi dynasty. She was born in Tehran. She was thought to be the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne. She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights. 

Her brother was Gholamreza Pahlavi, who also lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2017. Her half-brother was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.

Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in New York City, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken on her country's politics.

Pahlavi died in Monte Carlo, Monaco at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
People from Tehran
Twin people
Princes and princesses
Judith Kaye

Judith Ann Kaye (née Smith; August 4, 1938 – January 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist. He was the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008.  She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in the New York state, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.

Kaye died on January 7, 2016, at her home in Manhattan, New York from cancer, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 Biography: Judith Smith Kaye by Steven C. Crane, the Historical Society of the New York Courts (includes extensive list of writings in law journals and elsewhere)

1938 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York
American judges
Lawyers from New York City
Women judges
Troy Shondell

Troy Shondell (born Gary Wayne Schelton; May 14, 1939 – January 7, 2016) was an American singer. His career began in 1957 and he was most famous during the 1960s. He was best known for his 1961 rock and roll single "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)". The song made the record charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

Shondell was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was married to Trina Shondell.

Shondell had Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. He died from problems caused by the diseases on January 7, 2016 in Picayune, Mississippi. He was 76.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2016 deaths
American pop singers
American rock singers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Mississippi
Musicians from Indiana
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Jenean Hampton

Jenean M. Hampton (born May 12, 1958) is an American politician. She is a graduate of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan with a degree in Industrial Engineering. Hampton was a captain in the United States Air Force and a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. After her service in the Air Force she was a manufacturing plant manager for 19 years. She entered politics in 2014 with an unsuccessful run for state representative in Kentucky. Hampton became the Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 2015, under Governor Matt Bevin. She is a Republican and a tea party supporter. Hampton is the first African American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.

References

1958 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
African-American military personnel
African American politicians
US Republican Party politicians
Automotive lighting

The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted on the front, rear, sides, and in some cases on the top of a motor vehicle, and lights the roadway for the driver. The lighting system also makes the vehicle more visible, especially in low light conditions. It gives warning to other drivers and pedestrians of a vehicle's presence and direction of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to alert drivers and pedestrians of their rapid movement during an emergency.

History 
Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years. Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages. The first cars, then called horseless-carriages were lit by gas lights. By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles. Red tail lights and yellow brake lights were in use by 1915. Sealed beam headlights were used starting in 1936. By 1940 turn signals were used. Before 1939, headlight design was not standardised. Between 1940 and 1956, all vehicles built in the U.S. were required to have 7’’ round headlights (sealed beams). As of 1956 and up, it became possible to install 4 headlights on 1 vehicle (2 lights per 1 side). In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979. Replaceable car light bulbs were in use in the US beginning in 1983.

Lights 
Headlights are for lighting the space in front of the vehicle. Headlights are designed to see as far forward as possible, without "blinding" oncoming cars. Most drivers learn not to "overdrive their headlights". This means not going too fast so your stopping distance is farther than the area lit by the headlights.
Tail lights are red (only) and are lit when the headlights are lit. Modern vehicles are required to have two tail lights. Most tail light assemblies stop lights which warn other drivers that a vehicle is slowing or stopping. They also include the rear *Marker lights and often the turn signals.
Third brake light. Since 1986 in the US and Canada, 1990 in Australia and New Zealand, and in most of Europe since 1998 a third brake lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's two regular stop lights is required. In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying UN Regulation 48 since 1998, a central stop (brake) lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lamps is also required.
Fog lights are optional on many vehicles. Regular headlights reflect light and cause glare when the vehicle is operating in fog. Fog lights are aimed lower to better see the road. They also spread the light out in a wider pattern to aid the headlights in fog, rain, snow or dust.
Driving lights are auxiliary lights designed to help the headlights see farther. They project a narrow beam much farther than headlights usually do.

References

Other websites 
 Dashboard Warning Lights
 Emergency vehicle lighting explained

Auto parts
Automotive technologies
Light sources
Qui-Gon Jinn

Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars saga. He is played by Liam Neeson in the 1999 movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. Qui-Gon is an important  character in the first episode of the prequel trilogy. He is a wise and powerful Jedi Master and the mentor of Obi-Wan Kenobi. Jinn is killed by Darth Maul who pierced his body with his lightsaber.

References

Other websites
  at 

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars characters
Boba Fett

Boba Fett is a fictional character in the Star Wars series.  In The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader. He was also added briefly to the earlier movie A New Hope when the movie was digitally remastered.

In Attack of the Clones, it tells his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son. His aura of danger and mystery has created a cult following for the character.

References

Other websites
  at StarWars.com
 Meet Boba Fett – screen-test footage of the prototype Boba Fett costume
 Boba Fett fan club

Fictional characters introduced in 1978
Star Wars characters
BB-8

BB-8 is a robot character in the Star Wars franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens. It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head. BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. It is similar to R2-D2. It's owner is Poe Dameron. It is voiced by Bill Hader.

References

Other websites
 BB-8 in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Rey (Star Wars)

Rey Palpatine is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, played by Daisy Ridley. She is the main protagonist of the Star Wars sequel trilogy.

She first appeared as one of the lead characters in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.

Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine. This disproved fan theories,
saying that she is the daughter of Han Solo, Princess Leia or Luke Skywalker or even Obi-Wan Kenobi's granddaughter.

References

Other websites
 Rey in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia
 Celebrity Biography, Height, Weight, Age, Wiki, Salary, Family & More  | in the official Celebrityboss.com encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Finn (Star Wars)

Finn (originally called FN-2187) is one of the main characters in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In the movie, he is a Stormtrooper for the First Order who escapes after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them. He is played by English actor John Boyega.

Finn became a member of the resistance after he became friends with resistance pilot Poe Dameron. He becomes romantically attached to Rey.

References

Other websites
 Finn in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Poe Dameron

Poe Dameron is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He was introduced in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens. He was played by Oscar Isaac.

Poe is an X-wing pilot for the Resistance who brings renegade stormtrooper Finn and Jakku scavenger Rey into the fight against—and eventually a victory over—the sinister First Order. He is the master of the loving android BB-8.

He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising, and will appear in the movie's forthcoming sequel, Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original Star Wars movie trilogy.

References

Other websites
 Poe Dameron in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Brad Fittler

Bradley Scott Fittler (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "Freddy", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He played mostly as a five-eighth. His career lasted from 1989 to 2004. He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters. He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.

Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales. He is of German ancestry. He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.

References

Other websites 
 Brad Fittler stats at Rugby League Project

1972 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Sportspeople from Sydney
Coaches
Red Simpson

Red Simpson (March 6, 1934 – January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter. He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck". The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts. He began his career in 1966. 

Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona. He grew up in Bakersfield, California.

In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital. He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield. He was 81.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from Arizona
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Bakersfield, California
Singers from Arizona
Singer-songwriters from California
Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska

Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska (3 December 1922 – 2 January 2016) was a Polish actress. She began her career in 1946. She appeared in movies such as Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka (2006) and Aftermath (2012). Her television credits included Plebania and Ojciec Mateusz. She was a member of the National Theatre in Warsaw from 1969 to 1979. She was born in Garbów.

Garbowska-Kierczyńska died on 2 January 2016 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2016 deaths
Polish movie actors
Polish stage actors
Polish television actors
Achim Mentzel

Achim Mentzel (15 July 1946 – 4 January 2016) was a German musician, television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting his show Achims Hitparade from 1989 to 2006. He released 23 singles and seven albums between 1978 and 2010. He was a member of the cover band, Fritzens Dampferband (), together with Nina Hagen. He appeared in the films The Legend of Paul and Paula (1973) and Der Wixxer (2004). He also appeared in the television shows Das Amt and SOKO Leipzig.

Mentzel was born in Berlin. He was married four times and had eight children.

Mentzel died on 4 January 2016 in Cottbus, Brandenburg, aged 69. It is believed the cause was a heart attack or stroke.

References

Other websites

 

1946 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Disease-related deaths in Germany
German movie actors
German television actors
German television presenters
Distributive property

Distribution is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers. 
For example, in arithmetic:
 2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).

In the left-hand  side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 distributes over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers distributes over addition of real numbers.

Definition

Given a set  and two binary operators ∗ and + on , we say that the operation:

∗ is left-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,

∗ is right-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
 and
∗ is distributive over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.

Applications 
The distributive property can also be applied to:
 Real numbers
 Complex numbers
 Matrices (special rules apply)
 Vectors (special rules apply)
 Sets
Propositional logic

References
 Ayres, Frank, Schaum's Outline of Modern Abstract Algebra, McGraw-Hill; 1st edition (June 1, 1965). .

Algebra
Antônio Pompêo

Antônio Pompêo (23 February 1953 – 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor. He appeared in the television shows Balacobaco, Rebelde, A Casa das Sete Mulheres, O Rei do Gado, Mulheres de Areia and Pedra sobre Pedra. He also appeared in the movies Xica (1976), A Samba for Sherlock (2001) and Que sera, sera (2002). He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.

Pompêo was found dead on 5 January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 62.

References

Other websites

 

1953 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
People from São Paulo
Unexplained deaths
Ioannis Petridis

Ioannis Petridis (; 18 August 1931 – 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician. He was a member of the New Democracy party. He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989. He was born in Katerini.

Petridis died on 6 January 2016 in Athens, aged 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Greek economists
Greek scientists
Anton Srholec

Anton Srholec (12 June 1929 – 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.

Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Humanitarians
Roman Catholic priests
Slovakian people
William Astbury

William Thomas Astbury FRS (Bill Astbury, 25 February 1898, Longton – 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist.

Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin helped Linus Pauling discover the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in working out its structure.

The road to DNA 
In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well-prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern showed it had a regular structure. Astbury reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart. At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains. Actually, the spacing of the bases in the B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.

In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another... one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids". He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".

Astbury was unable to propose the correct structure of DNA from his data. However in 1952 Linus Pauling used Astbury's insufficient data to propose a structure for DNA, which was also incorrect. Nevertheless Astbury's work encouraged Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College, London. Their X-ray crystallography results were used by Francis Crick and James D. Watson to identify the structure of DNA in 1953.

References 

British biophysicists
English molecular biologists
1898 births
1961 deaths
People from Staffordshire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Karan Brar

Karan Brar (born January 18, 1999) is a teenage American actor. He is known from his role as "Chirag Gupta" in the movie series Diary of a Wimpy Kid. He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series Jessie and its spinoff series Bunk'd.

Acting

Movies

TV Shows

Achievements

References 

American television actors
1999 births
Living people
Actors from Washington
American child actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American voice actors
Otis Clay

Otis Clay (February 11, 1942 – January 8, 2016) was an American R&B and soul singer, who started in gospel music. He was known for his songs "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" and "The Only Way Is Up". He was born in Bolivar County, Mississippi, but raised in Muncie, Indiana.

In 2013, Clay was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Clay died of a heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 An interview in May 2013 at Soul Express
 An Interview in June 2015 at Soul Express

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Indiana
Musicians from Indiana
People from Muncie, Indiana
Maria Teresa de Filippis

Maria Teresa de Filippis (11 November 1926 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver. She was known as being the first woman to race in Formula One. She was born in Naples. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points. 

Though largely unsuccessful in her Formula One racing career, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.

De Filippis died in Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, in January 2016 at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Italian sportspeople
People from Naples
Ed Stewart

Ed "Stewpot" Stewart (23 April 1941 – 9 January 2016)  was a British broadcaster. He was known for his work as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 (particularly the Saturday morning Junior Choice) and BBC Radio 2 and as a presenter for Top of the Pops and Crackerjack on BBC Television.

Stewart died in Bournemouth, Dorset from a stroke at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
 Archive Ed Stewart images, bio and audio from Radio Rewind website

1941 births
2016 deaths
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke

English radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Devon
Triple Nine Society

The Triple Nine Society (or just TNS) is a large and famous group for people with a high intelligence quotient. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 99.9th percentile or higher on a standard intelligence test. In many cases, people need an IQ of 146 or higher to join. There are now over 1,600 members in 50 countries.

TNS publishes a journal named Vidya. Members write articles and poetry. Vidya also has other official business of the society. TNS members communicate with one another online through email lists, a Facebook group two Yahoo! Groups, a LinkedIn group and a scheduled weekly IRC chat. European members have established a group in XING and a French language Members-only Yahoo! Group. TNS has meetings in the US every Fall ("ggg999") and meetings in Europe every Spring ("egg999").

The Triple Nine Society started in 1978. It has democratic principles. TNS wants members to freely speak about their views in keeping with the Society's commitment to friendship and intellectual growth.

Related pages 
 Intertel
 Mensa International

References

Other websites 
 

Intelligence
1978 establishments in the United States
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Lyudvig Chibirov

Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov (Cybyrty Aleksejy fyrt Ljudvig, , ; born November 19, 1932) is a Ossetian politician. He was born in Tskhinvali. He was the first elected-President of South Ossetia serving from 1993 through 2001.

References

1932 births
Living people
Presidents of South Ossetia
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Merab Chigoev

Merab Ilyich Chigoev (; 15 February 1950 – 9 January 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the former Prime Minister serving from August 1998 until June 2001. He was also Minister of Justice in Yury Morozov's cabinet. He was born in Leningor district, South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.

Chigoev was killed in a car crash in Tskhinvali, South Ossetia on 9 January 2016 at the age of 65.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths
Prime Ministers of South Ossetia
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Communists
Bob Oatley

Robert Ian "Bob" Oatley  (11 June 1928 – 10 January 2016) was an Australian businessman, winemaker and yachtsman. He was perhaps best known for owning the Sydney to Hobart-winning yacht Wild Oats XI. He bought Hamilton Island, Queensland in 2003 for $200 million. He was also responsible for the Rosemount winery, which he founded in 1969.

Oatley was born in Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales. He was married with three children. His granddaughter is equestrian Lyndal Oatley.

Oatley died after an illness on 10 January 2016 in Sydney, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2016 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian billionaires
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Angus Scrimm

Lawrence Rory Guy (August 19, 1926 – January 9, 2016), better known as Angus Scrimm, was an American actor and writer. He best known for playing the Tall Man in the horror movie Phantasm (1979) and its sequels, Phantasm II (1988), Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994), Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998), and his final movie Phantasm: Ravager (2016). He also appeared in the television series Alias. He wrote liner notes for musician such as Frank Sinatra to The Beatles. He won a Grammy Award for his liner notes. 

Scrimm was born in Kansas City, Kansas. He studied at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California.

Scrimm died on January 9, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 89.

References

Other websites

 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Kansas
American journalists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Grammy Award winners
Writers from Kansas
Jim Ross (ice hockey)

James "Jim" Ross (May 20, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman from 1944 until 1955. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers.

Ross was born in Edinburgh. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Margaret, died in 2008. They had four children.

Ross died on January 1, 2016 in Woodstock, Ontario, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Ice hockey defencemen
New York Rangers players
Scottish ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
José María Rivas

José María Rivas (12 May 1958 – 9 January 2016) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for Independiente, Atlético Marte, San Pedro, Huracán and Cojutepeque. He played for his national team 22 times. He was born in San Salvador.

Rivas died from leukemia on 9 January 2016, aged 57.

References

Other websites
 

1958 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Salvadoran footballers
École de l'Air

{{Infobox University
|name = École de l'Air
|image_name=
|image_size= 
|established = 1933
|type = Public, military school 
|students=500
|city = Salon-de-Provence
| campus = Base aérienne 701
|country = France
|coor = 
|affiliations=Conférence des Grandes Écoles, PEGASUS
|website = http://new.ecole-air.fr
}}
The École de l'air et de l'Espace is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air Force.  It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.

 Degrees 
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:
 Ingénieur École de l'air (École de l'air Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
 Mastères Spécialisés (In partnership with the French Civil Aviation University and the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace''.
 Massive Online Open Course in air defense.

It trains fighter pilots, military engineers and technicians.

Famous former students 
 Caroline Aigle, French fighter pilot.
 Michel Tognini, French test pilot, astronaut, educator, writer and administrator.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Technical colleges and universities in France
1933 establishments
Military schools
1930s establishments in France
Peter Powell (kite)

Peter Trevor Powell (c. 1932 – 3 January 2016) was an English kite maker. He developed a steerable kite in 1972, using dual lines. Powell's kites had spars made of Gonystylus which were later replaced with aluminium tubing and, later still, by glass fibre spars.

Powell's kites came with a long, hollow polyethylene tail that was inflated by the wind. The tail added stability as well as looking good when performing stunts. He was born in Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

Powell died from a stroke in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire at the age of 83.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke

English inventors
People from Gloucestershire
Royal Parker

Royal Pollokoff (April 8, 1929 – January 8, 2016), better known by the stage name Royal Parker, was an American television personality. He began his career in the 1940s and would last until his retirement during the 1990s. He appeared in many roles on television, becoming a staple on television screens. 

Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland He studied at Baltimore City College. Parker began his career in radio. During his career he announced Dwight D. Eisenhower's victory in the U.S. presidential election, 1952, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon's resignation, the Iran hostage crisis and the near assassination of Ronald Reagan.

After leaving broadcasting, he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1994, but lost in the primary election.

Parker died of congestive heart failure in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 The Royal Parker Photo Album

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American television personalities
American radio personalities
People from Baltimore
Dermot Mulroney

Dermot Mulroney (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, musician and director. He has been acting since 1986. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia.

He is known for his roles in the movies Young Guns, Where the Day Takes You, My Best Friend's Wedding, The Last Outlaw, About Schmidt, and August: Osage County. Mulroney played the main villain of NBC's Crisis, Francis Gibson.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
People from Alexandria, Virginia
Actors from Virginia
Musicians from Virginia
Sam Rockwell

Sam Rockwell (born November 5, 1968) is an American actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2018.

He is known for his leading roles in Lawn Dogs (1997), Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002), Matchstick Men (2003), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005), Choke (2008), Moon (2009) and Seven Psychopaths (2012), as well as for his supporting roles in The Green Mile (1999), Galaxy Quest (1999), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007),  Frost/Nixon (2008), Conviction (2010), Iron Man 2 (2010), Cowboys & Aliens (2011), The Way, Way Back (2013) and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017).

References

Other websites

 
Sam Rockwell Interview 

1968 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from San Mateo, California
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Ka-Bar

Ka-Bar (trademarked as KA-BAR, capitalized) is a combat knife first obtained by the United States Marine Corps in November 1942. It was then designated as the 1219C2 combat knife. Later it was called the USMC Mark 2 combat knife. When the United States Navy obtained the knife they called it the U.S. Navy utility knife, Mark 2. KA-BAR is the trademark and namesake of a related knife manufacturing company, KA-BAR Knives., Inc. (formerly Union Cutlery Co.) of Olean, New York. KA-BAR Knives is a subsidiary of the Cutco Corporation.

History 
At the start of World War II, the US Marine Corps was still using the World War I issue Trench knife.  Called the knuckle knife, it was a dagger with a studded steel hand guard.  The trench knife was suited for trench warfare but it did not meet the needs of the Marines in the Pacific war. The Marine Corps purchased different designs from different knife manufacturers. The Ka-Bar, however, quickly became the marine's favorite. They were made by the Union Cutlery Company (later changed to KA-BAR Cutlery Inc.). Soon other companies were under contract to produce the Ka-Bar. The main use for the Ka-Bar combat knife was hand-to-hand combat with an enemy. However, the number of enemy soldiers killed with a Ka-Bar is thought to be very small. The knife, weighing just over , had a solid pommel (the butt end of the knife) which could be used as a hammer.The knife was used to open food cans in c-rations or k-rations. It was used for cutting wires, opening crates of ammunition and other non-combat uses.

Modern Ka-Bars 

Although KA-BAR Knives, Inc. currently makes a wide variety of knives and cutlery, it is best known for the Ka-Bar Fighting/Utility knife. It has traditionally used a 7 inch (178 mm) long blade. It is made of 1095 carbon steel with a clip point blade and a stacked leather-washer handle.  Other, more modern versions of this knife feature single or dual-edge blades. Many have synthetic handles made of Kraton (a non-slip rubber substitute). For modern outdoor survival use the Ka-Bar knives are still a proven design.

References

Other websites 

 All About KA-BAR Knives
 KA-BAR Knife History
 KA-BAR Fighting Knife Review
 Things to Know About Ka-Bar Becker Fixed Blade Survival Knife
Military terminology
Blades
Jeanne Cordova

Jeanne Cordova (July 18, 1948 – January 10, 2016) was an American lesbian and gay rights activist and writer. She was a founder of the West Coast LGBTQ movement. She was a columnist for Lesbian Tide, Los Angeles Free Press and The Advocate. Her memoir, When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love and Revolution, won a Lammy.

Cordova was born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She grew up in California. She was of Irish and Mexican ancestry.

Cordova died from brain cancer on January 10, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 67.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
American columnists
American LGBT rights activists
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from brain cancer
Journalists from California
Lesbians
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from Los Angeles
People from Bremen (state)
Ralph Hauenstein

Ralph Hauenstein (March 20, 1912 – January 10, 2016) was an American philanthropist and businessman. His leadership has made the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University, the Hauenstein Parkinson's and Neuroscience Centers at Saint Mary's Hospital and the Grace Hauenstein Library at Aquinas College. He was also a colonel in the U.S. Army.

Hauenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He fought for his country during World War II. He turned 100 in March 2012. His wife of 75 years, Grace Byrnes, died in 2007.

Hauenstein died from natural causes on January 10, 2016 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was 103.

References

Other websites

Related pages

 Irving Kahn

1912 births
2016 deaths
American centenarians
American military personnel of World War II
American philanthropists
Deaths from natural causes
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Businesspeople from Indiana
Businesspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Hernán Gamboa

Hernán Gamboa (18 June 1946 – 10 January 2016) was a Venezuelan musician, composer and singer. He began his career in 1956. He was a member of Serenata Guayanesa from 1971 to 1984. He was born in San Tomé, Anzoátegui.

Gamboa died from cancer on 10 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was 69.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Argentina
Composers
Folk singers
Venezuelan entertainers
D. A. Pennebaker

Donn Alan "D. A." Pennebaker (/ˈpɛnibeɪkə/, July 15, 1925 – August 1, 2019) was an American documentary filmmaker. He was one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema. Performing arts and politics are his subjects. His subjects cover events of the 1960s.

In 2012, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award or "lifetime Oscar".

Pennebaker died at his home in Sag Harbor, New York on August 1, 2019, aged 94.

References

Other websites 

 
 

1925 births
2019 deaths
Movie directors from Illinois
Writers from Illinois
María Lorenza Barreneche

María Lorenza Barreneche Iriarte (3 July 1926 – 5 January 2015) was an Argentine public figure. She was the wife of the late President Raúl Alfonsín from 1949 until his death in 2009. She was First Lady of Argentina from 1983 to 1989.

Barreneche was born in Chascomús, Buenos Aires. She was of Basque ancestry. She had six children with Alfonsín.

Barreneche died after years of poor health on 5 January 2016 in Buenos Aires. She was 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Argentina
People from Buenos Aires
Socialites
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Argentina
Pat Harrington, Sr.

Daniel Patrick "Pat" Harrington, Sr. (February 6, 1901 – September 2, 1965) was a Canadian actor. His Broadway credits include Panama Hattie (1940), Star and Garter (1942), The Front Page (1946), Call Me Madam (1950) and Sunday in New York (1961). He also appeared in the early television series A Couple of Joes (1949) and The Wonderful John Acton (1953).

Harrington was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was the father of American actor Pat Harrington, Jr. (1929–2016).

Other websites
 
 
 

1901 births
1965 deaths
Actors from Montreal
Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Demmus Hentze

Demmus Hentze (4 December 1923 – 3 January 2016) was a Faroese politician and lawyer. He was a member of the People's Party. He served as Finance Minister from 1975 to 1981. He was born in Sandur, Sandoy. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen.

Hentze died on 3 January 2016 in Tórshavn, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Danish politicians
Faroese people
Lawyers
Eddie Redmayne

Edward John David "Eddie" Redmayne, OBE (born 6 January 1982) is an English actor. 

He is known for his roles in The Good Shepherd (2006), Savage Grace (2007), Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), My Week with Marilyn (2011), Les Misérables (2012), The Theory of Everything (2014), Jupiter Ascending (2015), The Danish Girl (2015), Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure (2015), and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016).

Redmayne received many awards for his role as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award, the Golden Globe Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Award. He has continued to perform in theatre, most notably in the play Red (2010), on Broadway, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play.

References

Other websites

 Eddie Redmayne at Yahoo! Movies
 
 

Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1982 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Teofil Codreanu

Teofil Codreanu (1 February 1941 – 10 January 2016) was a Romanian footballer. He played as an attacking midfielder. He played for Rapid Bucureşti and the Romania national football team.

References

Other websites
 

1941 births
2016 deaths
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Romanian footballers