cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Theory

Hybrid Theory is the first studio album and third overall album by Linkin Park. It was released on June 12, 2000.

Before release
Before Linkin Park was known as "Linkin Park," they were known as Xero. After Mark Wakefield left Xero, Chester Bennington joined, and their name was changed to "Hybrid Theory." They produced a demo tape with nine songs and sent it to several record companies, but they all refused to sponsor Linkin Park. Eventually, they were signed by Warner Bros. Records in 2000.

About the songs
Most of the songs on Hybrid Theory came from early versions of them that Xero recorded with Mark Wakefield.

The songs were mostly about Chester Bennington's problems as a child, such as child abuse, social isolation, the divorce of his parents, and drug abuse. Bennington and Mike Shinoda have said that the songs turned into songs about "everyday emotions that you talk about and think about."

In 2002, all of the songs were remixed for Linkin Park's fourth album, Reanimation.

List of songs
"Papercut"
"One Step Closer"
"With You"
"Points of Authority"
"Crawling"
"Runaway"
"By Myself"
"In the End"
"A Place for My Head
"Forgotten"
"Cure for the Itch"
"Pushing me Away"

Three of the songs from Hybrid Theory were released as singles: "One Step Closer,"  "Papercut," and "In the End." They were all very popular and appeared on charts. "Runaway" was not a single, but it also appeared on charts.

Critics' opinions of Hybrid Theory
Critics had mixed opinions of Hybrid Theory. The magazines Rolling Stone, PopMatters, The Village Voice and Sputnikmusic liked the album. Robert Christgau from The Village Voice enjoyed listening to "Papercut" and "Points of Authority."

However, Allmusic and NME did not like the album. They thought it was a generic rock and heavy metal album, and not very creative.

References

2000 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Linkin Park albums
Nu metal albums
Hybrid Theory EP

Hybrid Theory EP is an EP by the American nu metal/alternative rock band Linkin Park that was recorded and released in 1999. At this time, Linkin Park were called Hybrid Theory, making this EP a self-titled EP named after the band.

It was Linkin Park's first record. Before it, in 1997, the band only made a demo tape called Xero. The band changed its name later in 1999, after Chester Bennington replaced Mark Wakefield as the lead singer.

About the EP 

Only one thousand were made, and the EP was sent to different record labels, such as Warner Bros. Records. The rest of the copies of the EP were sent to the first members of Linkin Park's fan club.

On November 19, 2001, Linkin Park Underground, Linkin Park's fan club, was made. The first fan club package that was sent to members had a new edition of Hybrid Theory EP, with a note from the band. The first 500 copies of the CD were signed by all 6 members of the band.

The only ways to get the EP are to buy it from eBay, or win a contest in the Linkin Park Underground when the EP is awarded as a contest prize. But the prizes awarded by the LPU are the original EP.

Track listing

Band line-up 
Chester Bennington – vocalist, occasionally guitar
Mike Shinoda – Vocals, MC, keyboardist, rhythm guitarist, samples
Brad Delson – guitar
Kyle Christener - Bass
Rob Bourdon – drummer
Joe "Mr. Hahn" Hahn – turntablist, samples

Personnel 
Produced by Mike Shinoda.
The rest of the tracks – Written by Mike Shinoda, Joe Hahn, Brad Delson, Chester Bennington and Rob Bourdon. Produced and mixed by Mike Shonida
"Part of Me" – Written by Mike Shinoda, Joe Hahn, Brad Delson, Chester Bennington and Rob Bourdon. Produced and mixed by Mudrock and Mike Shonida

1998 albums
2001 albums
Linkin Park albums
ISO 3166-2:GB

ISO 3166-2:GB is an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) coding system that gives geocodes to administrative divisions of the United Kingdom:
England
 34 counties with county councils (all shire counties except Berkshire)
 32 London boroughs
 36 City Sections 
 47 Large Areas (including the Isles of Scilly)
 1 city corporation (the City of London)
Northern Ireland
 26 Subdivisions of Northern Ireland
Scotland
 32 Council Areas of Scotland
Wales
 22 Unitary Authorities of Wales
The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK, but ISO offers codes for them under "GB-".

The first part of each code is the ISO 3166-1 code GB for the United Kingdom. The second part is a three-letter code which is the same as in the British Standard BS 6879.

Codes

Alternate Welsh codes
The ISO has also issued codes for some areas with Welsh names and codes.

Other codes
These codes are used by the BS. They were added to ISO 3166-2 in Newsletter 9, except for the Isle of Man and Channel Islands:

GB-UKM United Kingdom
GB-GBN Great Britain
GB-EAW England and Wales
GB-ENG England
GB-WLS Wales (ISO also includes the Welsh version, GB-CYM for Cymru)
GB-SCT Scotland
GB-NIR Northern Ireland
GB-IOM Isle of Man
GB-CHA Channel Islands

BS also has Welsh language code for Welsh names of Wales and its subdivisions, where they differ from the English language names. These are not listed here.

Related pages
ISO 3166-2, the reference table for all country region codes.
ISO 3166-1, the reference table for all country codes, as used for domain names on the internet.

References
"Gazetteer for the Reorganised Statistical Regions and Local Authorities in the United Kingdom", Office for National Statistics, June 1997.

Geography of the United Kingdom
2:GB
Compilation album

A compilation album is an album of songs, made by different recording artists, or by one group or artist at different times. Some compilations are greatest hits albums, which feature the biggest hit records of a given year, or a certain genre of music, or artists from the same era or location. 

Others are called "best-ofs" or anthology albums that are picked as favorites by the person who puts together the new album. Some compilations include only the biggest record chart hits, while others may include B-sides, hard-to-find songs, or songs that were not released earlier.

Marketing
BSC Young Boys

BSC Young Boys (official Berner Sport Club Young Boys) is a Swiss football football club of the Swiss capital, Berne. The BSC Young Boys played since 2005 in the Stade de Suisse, where in former times the “legendary” Wankdorf stadium stood.

History 

The FC Young Boys club was founded on 14 March 1898, taking its name in contrast to the existing club Old Boys Basel. The club played its first game, against FC Viktoria on the following 17 June. It won the Swiss Championship three years in succession, in 1909, 1910, and 1911.

Honours 

 Swiss Super League:
 Winners (11): 1903, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1920, 1929, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1986

 Swisscom Cup:
 Winners (6): 1930, 1945, 1953, 1958, 1977, 1987

 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:
 Quarterfinals (1): 1986

 Coppa delle Alpi
 Winners (1): 1974

Current squad 
As of 10 December, 2007

Trainer

Vereinspräsidenten 

Bern
Swiss football clubs
1898 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Switzerland
Adobe Inc.

Adobe is an American software company.  Most of their products are for creative uses, such as Adobe Flash, Adobe Dreamweaver and Adobe Photoshop.  Adobe products on their website can be downloaded, and used for a limited trial period, and paid for unlimited use.

Products 
 Adobe Flash – Allows the user to create animations.
 Adobe Dreamweaver – Used to create websites.
 Adobe Reader – Can display .PDF files, used for documents. Adobe Reader can be downloaded and for free without limit.
 Adobe Acrobat – Acrobat can display .PDF files and can convert them to other formats.
 Adobe Photoshop – Graphics and photo editing program and their most famous product. Users can create drawings and edit images.
Adobe Lightroom organizes, edits, and shares photos.
 Adobe Creative Suite – Contains many different Adobe software.
 Adobe After Effects – A high quality video editing software.

References

Other websites 
 Adobe – United Kingdom

 
1982 establishments in California
Märkischer Kreis

The Märkischer Kreis is a district (Kreis) in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

The district was created in 1975 as part of the reorganisation of North Rhine-Westphalian districts.

Twinning
The district is twinned with
 , Wrexham County Borough. This was started in 1970 by Iserlohn.
 , Elbe-Elster. This started as a twin with Finsterwalde before Finsterwald became a part of Elbe-Elster.
 , Racibórz district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Politics and administration
The district is led by a Landrat. The headquarters of the government of the county are in Lüdenscheid, but there are county halls with parts of the administration in Iserlohn and Altena, too. The police headquarters of the county are in Iserlohn.

The county council meets in the county hall in Iserlohn. Its last election was on September 26 2004.

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
 Touristical website for the Märkischer Kreis (German)
Mettmann Rural District

Mettmann is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

In the district is the valley of the small river Düssel, the Neanderthal, where the fossils of the human species Neanderthals were first found.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
Minden-Lübbecke

Minden-Lübbecke is a district in northeastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The modern district was formed in 1973 when the two districts of Minden and Lübbecke joined to become one district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official Website (German)

Rural Districts in Regierungsbezirk Detmold
Oberbergischer Kreis

The Oberbergische Kreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Oberbergische means Upper Bergian, meaning it is the part of the medieval county of Berg which is up river. The other part of the county, lower down the river Wupper was called Niederbergisch or Lower Berg.

The districts in North Rhine Westphalia were changed between 1969/75.

Coat of arms

Politics

District Administrator 
 1945-1951: Dr. August Dresbach, CDU
 1951-1952: Fritz Eschmann, SPD
 1952-1956: Wilhelm Henn, CDU
 1956-1961: Fritz Eschmann, SPD
 1961-1964: Reinhard Kaufmann, CDU
 1964-1969: Dr. Heinrich Schild, CDU
 1969-1989: Hans Wichelhaus, CDU
 1989-1994: Hans-Leo Kausemann, CDU
 1994-1999: Herbert Heidtman, SPD

Since the October 1st, 1999 there is only one (directly elected) District Administrator who at the same time is head of management:
 1999-2004: Hans-Leo Kausemann, CDU
 2004-today: Hagen Jobi, CDU

District Administrator for the management 
 1946-1979: Dr. Friedrich-Wilhelm Goldenbogen, CDU
 1979-1987: Dr. Dieter Fuchs, CDU
 1987-1994: Dr. Gert Ammermann, CDU
 1995-1999: Heribert Rohr, SPD

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Touristical website 
 Kreisinformationssystem Oberberg  

Rural Districts in Regierungsbezirk Cologne
Olpe (district)

Olpe is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1817 as Bilsteiner Kreis, in 1819 the capital was moved to Olpe. During the reorganization of the districts in 1969 several of the municipalities in the district were joined together to become cities, but the district itself was only changed a little bit. Even in the second reorganization 1974 it stayed nearly in the same borders as in 1817.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official Webpage
 Der Vokalismus der Mundarten im Kreise Olpe 

Rural Districts in Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg
Paderborn (district)

Paderborn () is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History 
Paderborn became a part of Prussia in 1802. After the Napoleonic wars when Prussia created the province Westphalia it split Paderborn into two districts - Paderborn and Büren. In 1975 these two districts were joined together again to make the current Paderborn district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites

 Official website (German)
Recklinghausen (district)

Recklinghausen () is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Coat of arms

Cities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
 Corpus juris of the county of Recklinghausen
Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis

The Rheinisch-Bergische Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
Rhein-Erft-Kreis

The Rhein-Erft-Kreis is a district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History
The district in its current borders was created in 1975, when the previous rural districts of Bergheim and Cologne were merged. On November 1, 2003 the district was renamed from Erftkreis to Rhein-Erft-Kreis.

Geography
The main river in the district is the Erft, which also gave it the name. The Erft flows through the foothills of the Eifel, on the left side of the Rhine river.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts in Regierungsbezirk Cologne
Rhein-Kreis Neuss

Neuss is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History 
In 1975 the urban district of Neuss lost its independent status and was merged into the Grevenbroich district, which was renamed to Kreis Neuss. On May 26 2003 it changed its name, and is now officially called Rhein-Kreis Neuss.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website  (German)
Rhein-Sieg-Kreis

The Rhein-Sieg-Kreis is a district in south North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It nearly completely surrounds the city of Bonn.

History
The district as known today was created in 1969, during the reorganization of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia, by combining Sieg District with the Rural District of Bonn.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites

 Official Website (German, English, French)

Rural Districts in Regierungsbezirk Cologne
Gänsbrunnen

Gänsbrunnen is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Günsberg

Günsberg is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Halten

Halten is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Herbetswil

Herbetswil is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Hochwald, Switzerland

Hochwald is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. The name means high forest.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Chachapoyas Province

Chachapoyas is a province of Amazonas Region, Peru.

Political division

Chachapoyas is divided into twenty-one districts, which are:

Other websites
Chachapoyas province official website 

Provinces of Peru
Cusco Province

Cusco Province is the smallest of thirteen provinces in the Cusco Region in southern  Peru.

Political division
The province has eight districts (Spanish: distritos, singular: distrito). Each of the districts are led by a mayor (alcalde). The districts, with their capitals, are:

 Ccorca (Ccorca)
 Cusco (Cusco)
 Poroy (Poroy)
 San Jerónimo (San Jerónimo)
 San Sebastián (San Sebastián)
 Santiago (Santiago)
 Saylla (Saylla)
 Wanchaq (Wanchaq)

Provinces of Peru
Hofstetten-Flüh

Hofstetten-Flüh is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Hubersdorf

Hubersdorf is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Hägendorf

Hägendorf is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Härkingen

Härkingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Kappel, Switzerland

Kappel is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Kestenholz

Kestenholz is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
Genealogy website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Star Search

Star Search is an American television game show, hosted by Ed McMahon. It began in the 1980s, and new versions appeared in the 1990s and 2000s.

Star Search is a talent competition, where performers compete for prizes, including contract offers from different companies. Musical performers, dancers, models, comedians, and other kinds of talented people appear. Winners are chosen by celebrity judges, and also audience votes.

Some of the celebrities to win Star Search competitions include singers Tiffany and Christina Aguilera, and comedienne Rosie O'Donnell.

Television game shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Kleinlützel

Kleinlützel is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Kriegstetten

Kriegstetten is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Siegen-Wittgenstein

Siegen-Wittgenstein is a landkreis (rural district or county) in the southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History
In 1816 – 17 the two districts of Siegen and Wittgenstein were made as parts of the Prussian province of Westphalia. In 1974 the two districts were merged, and in 1984 the district changed its name to Siegen-Wittgenstein.

Coat of arms 

On the coat of arms, the two upper sections show, to the right, the arms of the Dukes of Nassau, who founded Siegen, and to the left, those of the Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein. At the bottom a miner's lamp and a coppicing hook are pictured, to remember the mining and charcoal-burning history of the district.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official webpage 
 History and genealogy for Wittgenstein
Soest (district)

Soest () is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German, English)
Steinfurt Rural District

Steinfurt is a Kreis (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Bentheim, Emsland, district-free Osnabrück and the Osnabrück district, Warendorf, district-free Münster, Coesfeld, Borken.

Geography
The district is at the Lower Saxon border, north of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from south to north. The highest point in Steinfurt is the Westerbecker Berg with 234m, the lowest point is the Bentlage castle at 32m.

History
In late medieval times Steinfurt became an independent earldom. At first it was a part of the earldom of Bentheim, before it became independent in 1454. 1804 Steinfurt was joined back with Bentheim, before it became a part of the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1815. The new government in 1816 made the districts Steinfurt and Tecklenburg.

In 1975 the old district Steinfurt was merged with the district Tecklenburg, and together with Greven and Saerbeck from the old district Münster the current district was made.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
Official website 
Corpus juris of the Principality of Münster / Steinfurt, Anholt, Gemen
Unna (district)

The Unna () district is a Kreis (district) in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History 
The area was known as Hamm for a long time. In 1901 the town of Hamm itself became a separate urban district, but government of Hamm Rural District stayed in the city until 1929. In that year the administration was moved to Unna, when the district name also changed to Unna.

By 1975, the towns of Lünen, Schwerte, Selm and Werne had joined the district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website
Viersen (district)

Viersen is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History 
In 1816, the new Prussian government created the district of Kempen. In 1929 the district was made a lot bigger and renamed Kempen-Krefeld.

In 1975 the district again changed its borders and was renamed to Viersen even though Kempen remained the capital. Viersen city replace Kempen as the capital in 1984.

Since 1983 the district has had been twinned with Cambridgeshire in England.

Coat of arms

Cities and municipalities 

based on data from: 31. December 2005>

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts in Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf
Windows Update

Windows Update is a feature found in Microsoft Windows (after Windows 98) that lets the user update their copy of Windows. The Windows Update website can only be used with Internet Explorer.

It also allows updates to the definitions file of Windows Defender and to the Junk Mail filter in Windows Mail.

Microsoft Update 

Microsoft Update is a feature in Windows Update that provides updates not only for Windows but also other Microsoft software (such as Microsoft Office).

History 

Windows Update first became part of windows with the launch of Windows 98. Since then the Windows Update site has gone through many updates.

With the release of Windows Me a feature called Automatic Updates was added; this meant updates could be installed in the background.

In Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7, instead of using a Windows Update website you now use a application to receive your updates in Windows.

Microsoft software
Warendorf (district)

Warendorf is a Kreis (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History 
In medieval times the region was part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. When it became part of the Prussian Province of Westphalia, the new government in 1816 created the districts of Warendorf and Beckum. In 1975 these two districts were joined to form today's district.

Geography 
The district is located east of the city of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from east to west. The Lippe River forms part of the southern border of the district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts in Regierungsbezirk Münster
Windows Defender

Windows Defender (which used to be called Microsoft AntiSpyware), is an application made by Microsoft. It was released on October 24, 2006. Windows Defender prevents, quarantine, and removes spywares in Windows Vista and Windows 7, computer viruses in Windows 8 and above. It also can be downloaded for free in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.

Related pages
Microsoft Security Essentials

References

Other websites 

Microsoft software
Wesel (district)

Wesel () is a Kreis (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History
The district was created in 1975 by merging old districts of Dinslaken, Moers and Rees, which were all created in 1816 when the area became part of Prussia.

Geography
The main river through the district is the River Rhine.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
Xi'an

Xi'an ( pinyin:Xī'ān) is the capital city of the Shaanxi Province in China. Its metropolitan area has a population of 6 million people in 2011.  This city is famous for the splendid Terracotta Army was found inside the tomb of Chinese first emperor Qin Shi Huang.

History  
In past China, it was the capital of 13 dynasties, including the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty. It was the eastern end of the ancient Silk Road and was commercial hub linked to home of silk production city Suzhou and Hangzhou. 
Xi'an is regarded as one of the most oldest capitals in the world history together with the other three Athens, Rome and Cairo.

Name   
Xi'an was called Chang'an in ancient times. In Classical Chinese it literally means "Perpetual Peace". But from 9 AD-23 AD, during the Xin Dynasty, it was renamed "Constant Peace" (it is said the same way). By the time of the Ming Dynasty it had been named Xi'an (which means "Western Peace"). It was named Xi'an because was in the western part of the Ming Empire.

Political divisions 

Xi'an Municipality is divided into 10 districts and 3 counties.
 Beilin District
 Yanta District
 Weiyang District
 Baqiao District
 Xincheng District
 Lianhu District
 Chang'an District
 Yanliang District
 Lintong District
 Gaoling District
 Lantian County
 Zhouzhi County
 Huyi District

Culture  
Xian's profound culture is featured by many kind of traditional festivals, handicrafts and more ethnic flavor. 
 Yango - Popular rural folk dance 
 Qinqiang - Shaanxi  local opera
 Shaanxi Shadow Play
 Fengxiang Clay Figurines

Tourism  
As ancient capital, Xian's rich history is reflectey by the relic of Chinese dynasties such as ancient emperor story, imperial tombs, palace legends in the Qin, Han and Tang Dynasty. The following attractions is top among them.  
 Banpo Neolithic Village
 Terracotta Army & Warriors 
 Xian Ancient City Wall   
 Bell & Drum tower
 Big Wild Goose Pagoda
 Hanyangling Mausoleum

References

Cities in China
Shaanxi
Arthritis

Arthritis is a group of diseases where a person or animal's body joints are damaged. "Arthritis" means inflammation of bone or body joint. Arthritis can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. It can hurt to move with arthritis. Arthritis is a condition that lasts for a long time.

Forms of diseases 

There are more than 100 kinds of arthritis. The three most common kinds are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.  Other kinds of arthritis include psoriatic arthritis and septic arthritis (when an area is invaded by bacteria).

Osteoarthritis is when the cartilage in between two bones breaks down. This condition causes the bones to rub together. This kind of arthritis is more common in elderly people. The most common places for this arthritis are the hips, knees, lower back, and neck. There are medicines that can relieve the pain and prevent disability.

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. The most common places for this arthritis is in the wrists and the knuckles. It usually starts between the ages of 20 and 40. Children and elderly people can also get this kind of arthritis. There are medicines to slow down the process of this disease. There are also some medicines to relieve pain. It is important to treat this kind of arthritis early.

Gout causes severe pain and swelling. Gout normally affects the big toe. It can also affect heels, ankles, hands, wrists or elbows. Gout is from high levels of uric acid that is in the blood. Gout can cause urate crystals to settle in tissues of joints. Gout creates stone-like shapes. The stone-like shapes build in joints, ligaments and tendons.

Arthritis is more common in older people. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis affect women more often than men.

Animals, including dogs and cats, can also get arthritis.

References 

Diseases
Inflammation
Mental calculation

Mental calculation or mental maths is doing arithmetic without using any tools such as a computer or a calculator. and without writing anything down. Mental calculation uses only the human brain. People who use mental arithmetic use shortcuts to make the calculation easier. 

Mental calculation often involves the use of specific techniques devised for specific types of problems. There are specific methods for adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing and more calculations such as squaring numbers or its opposite [square] "root finding". And even specific methods depending on the numbers used, such as "multiply by 10" or "multiply any 2-digit numbers", or "square numbers near 50".

Calculation methods 
There are many methods to do mental operations such as multiplying.

To multiply an integer by 10, simply add an extra 0 to the end of the number.  To multiply a non-integer by 10, move the decimal point to the right one digit.  In general  for 100, 1000, 10000 and so on, multiply by ten for repeatedly for each zero in that number.

Another way to do multiplications with two numbers is to use binomial formulas.

Other websites 
 Mental Arithmetic  -History topics

Mathematics
Richmond, Kentucky

Richmond is a city in North-central Kentucky. It is a little south of Lexington, Kentucky and is the county seat of Madison County. Eastern Kentucky University is in Richmond. It had 27,152 people in 2000 and an area of 19.3 square miles (49.5 square kilometers). It has an elevation of 948 feet (289 meters) and a density of 1,420.4/square mile (548.4/square kilometer). It is the sixth largest city in Kentucky when listed by the number of people.

Other websites
City of Richmond

Cities in Kentucky
County seats in Kentucky
Caligula

Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, 31 August 12 – 24 January 41) was the third Roman Emperor. He reigned from AD 37. After only four years, he was assassinated by members of his bodyguard and the Roman Senate. During his reign, many innocent people were killed without fair trials. Even with all that, he was popular with the Roman public in his time.

Life 
Caligula's father Germanicus was the nephew and adoptive son of emperor Tiberius. He was a very successful general. He was one of Rome's most beloved public figures.

When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19 AD, his mother Agrippina the Elder returned to Rome with her six children. She had a bitter feud with Tiberius. That eventually led to the destruction of her family. Caligula was the only male survivor. In 31, he joined the emperor on the island of Capri. Tiberius had gone there five years earlier. When Tiberius died in 37, Caligula became emperor.

There are few surviving sources on Caligula's reign. He is described as a noble and moderate ruler during the first two years of his rule. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, extravagance, and sexual perversity, presenting him as an insane tyrant.

Caligula worked to give more authority to the emperor. He put a lot of his effort into ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself. He started the construction of two new aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. During his reign, the empire took over the Kingdom of Mauretania and made it into a province.

In early 41, Caligula was assassinated. There was a conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard, members of the Roman Senate and members of the imperial court. After Caligula's death, the conspirators' tried to bring back the Roman Republic, but they were unsuccessful. The Praetorian Guard declared Caligula's uncle Claudius emperor in his place.

Ancestry
Ancestors of Caligula

Insanity? 
There are stories about Caligula that show cruelty and insanity. He was accused of killing just for amusement. He was accused of committing incest with his sisters and prostituting them with other men. He was accused of turning the palace into a brothel.

Caligula appeared in public dressed as various gods. He demanded to be worshipped as a god. There was a legend that he appointed a horse to the priesthood.

It is difficult to know anything for certain about Caligula. Only two sources from his time still exist. Those are the works of Philo and Seneca. They give mostly anecdotes. At one time, there were detailed histories on Caligula. Now they are lost. Caligula's sister, Agrippina the Younger, wrote an autobiography which certainly had a lot of information about Caligula's reign. It is also lost. No surviving source paints Caligula in a favorable light. It is not known whether Caligula was insane.

Relics
In 2017 a mosaic from one of Caligula's Lake Nemi pleasure ships was discovered in New York City

References

Other websites

 

 
 

12 births
41 deaths
Roman Emperors
Counter-Strike: Source

Counter-Strike Source is a first-person shooter computer game developed by Valve Corporation. The game normally involves 2 teams, one called 'Terrorists' or 'T' for short and 'Counter Terrorists' or 'CT' for short. The two teams have different guns and objectives. For example, Terrorists can use the AK-47 and Counter Terrorists can use the M4A1.

About the game 
The game started off as a modification of Half-Life, called Counter-Strike. Its popularity grew enough that Valve made it into a retail game. Counter-Strike: Source is essentially the same game on the Source engine. It remains one of the most popular online shooter games in the world. The game has real-life weapons. Most of them are still used today.

Modes 
There are two officials modes, bomb-defusal and hostage rescue. The aim of the game generally is to kill the opposing force and carrying out other objectives such as defusing bombs and rescuing hostages.

Changes from the community 
These changes called modifications or "mods" for short, are created by the game's players generally and are not regarded as official changes. There are many mods such as Warcraft, Deathmatch, Gungame, Zombie Survival, and surf.

Reception
 Metacritic 88

Other websites 
 Official site
 Counter-Strike: Source GameSpot profile
 Counter-Strike: Source player videos and images at Xfire
 Counter-Strike: Source servers
 N/U Counter-Strike: Source Community

2004 video games
Windows games
Silver (color)

Silver  is the color of the metal silver.  It is a grayish-white color.

The first written use of silver as a color name in English was in 1481.

Meaning of silver 

 Like the color gold, silver represents wealth because the metal silver is valuable, although not quite as valuable as gold.

Tones of silver color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Pyromania

Pyromania is an impulse control disorder involving and obsession with fire and explosives. Pyromaniacs frequently set fire to things. They get pleasure or relief from seeing things burn. Pyromaniacs are often convicted of arson. When children have pyromania, later in life they usually are diagnosed with a mental disorder. Pyromaniacs set fire to relieve stress and it gives them pleasure and relief.

Impulse control disorders
Oscar de la Hoya

Oscar de la Hoya (born February 4, 1973), also known as the "Golden Boy", is a former boxer. He is Mexican-American. He won a gold medal for the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites

 Official Site, Golden Boy Promotions

American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
1973 births
Living people
San Salvador Island

San Salvador Island, also known as Watling Island,  is an island in the Bahamas, that is said to have been found by Christopher Columbus during his first trip to the New World.  It has a population of about 1,000 people, and it is a very good tourist spot.

Other websites
Info on Watling Island

Islands of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas
Jane Roberts

Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, psychic and trance medium  who "channeled" a spirit named Seth. The publication of the Seth books established her as an important person in the world of the paranormal. She wrote short stories, novels and children's books.

Selected writings

 Roberts, Jane (1974). The Nature of Personal Reality. Amber-Allen Publishing. 
 Roberts, Jane (1981). The Individual and the Nature of Mass Events. Amber-Allen Publishing. 
 Roberts, Jane and Robert F. Butts (1994). Seth Speaks: The Eternal Validity of the Soul. Amber-Allen Publishing. 

1929 births
1984 deaths
Writers from New York
Pound (currency)

The pound (£) is the currency used by Egypt, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey and the United Kingdom where it is called Pound sterling. Centuries ago, it was one Troy Pound (mass) of silver coins. 

Currency of Africa
Currency of Europe
Attraction

In general, an attraction is when two things are drawn to one another.

 In physics, attraction may refer to gravity or to electromagnetic force.
 In entertainment, attraction is a theatrical production.
 In metaphysics, the Law of Attraction says that a person's attitude will attract situations and events that match the attitude.

Basic English 850 words
Alb-Donau-Kreis

Alb-Donau (Alemannic German: Alb-Donau-Krois) is a rural district or county (Landkreis) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

History 

The history of the region is linked with the history of Ulm and the Swabian Alb.

The district of Alb-Donau was established in 1973 by joining the former districts of Ulm and Ehingen.

Geography 

The city of Ulm is surrounded by the district. The government of the county is in Ulm, even though Ulm is not a part of the districztIt is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district, although it is not part of the district.

The district is named after the Danube River (German Donau) and the Swabian Alb (Schwäbische Alb) mountains. The Danube enters the district in the southwest, runs through the southern parts of the district and leaves eastwards to Ulm. North of the Danube banks the hills of the Swabian Alb rise. The hill chain extends from southwest to northeast parallel to the course of the Danube River and is continued on either side of the district. An affluent of the Danube, the Iller River, forms the southeastern border of the Alb-Donau district, before it meets the Danube in Ulm.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

1973 establishments
Freddy Cannon

Freddy "Boom Boom" Cannon (born December 4, 1936) is an American singer. He was most famous in the early 1960s. His hit records include "Abigail Beecher", "Tallahassee Lassie", and "Way Down Yonder In New Orleans".

One of Cannon's hits, "Palisades Park", was written by Chuck Barris, who later created The Dating Game and The Gong Show. Cannon also appeared in the movies Just for Fun and Village of the Giants.

1936 births
Living people
Singers from Massachusetts
Hudson Bay

The Hudson Bay is a bay that goes into East-central Canada. It is the fourth largest sea in the world with an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square kilometres). The northern and western shores belong to Nunavut, the southern shore is split between Manitoba and Ontario, and the eastern shore belongs to Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait, which is in the northeast of the bay, and with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Channel in the north part of the bay.

It was named for the English explorer Henry Hudson, who, in 1610 on the ship Discovery, found the bay and clamed it for England.

Other websites 
Britannica Online-Hudson Bay

Seas
Bays of Canada
La fanciulla del West

La fanciulla del West, meaning The Girl of the Golden West, is an opera by Puccini. The opera is three acts long. It was based on the play The Girl of the Golden West by David Belasco. The first showing of the opera was at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in 1910.

1910s operas
1910
Kora (instrument)

The kora is a 21-string harp-lute used mostly by peoples in West Africa.

References 

Plucked string instruments
Gao Region

The Gao Region is in eastern Mali. The region's capital city is Gao.

Cercles 
 Ansongo
 Bourem
 Gao
 Menaka (cercle)

Regions of Mali
Kayes Region

The Kayes Region is in eastern Mali.

Cercles 
Kayes is divided into 7 cercles:
 Bafoulabe
 Diema
 Kita
 Kenieba
 Kayes
 Nioro
 Yelimane

Regions of Mali
Kidal Region

The Kidal Region is a region in Mali.

Cercles 
Kidal Region is divided into 4 cercles that contain 11 municipalities:
 Abéibara
 Kidal
 Tin-Essako
 Tessalit

Other websites 

 Kidal info  

Regions of Mali
Koulikoro Region

The Koulikoro Region is a region in western Mali. It is the second administrative area of Mali and covers an area of . Its capital is the city of Koulikoro.

References

Regions of Mali
Mopti Region

The Mopti Region is a region in Mali.

Cercles 
Mopti is divided into 8 cercles that contain a total of 108 municipalities:
 Bandiagara
 Bankass
 Djenne
 Douentza
 Koro
 Mopti
 Tenenkou
 Youwarou

Regions of Mali
Ségou Region

The Ségou Region is a region in Mali.

Regions of Mali
Sikasso Region

The Sikasso Region is a region in Mali.  Sikasso is the capital of the region.  It is the second largest city in Mali.  Because of people fleeing the violence in Côte d'Ivoire the city is growing quickly.

Other important towns are Bougouni and Koutiala.

References

Regions of Mali
Tombouctou Region

The Tombouctou Region (also spelled Timbuktu) is a region in Mali.

Regions of Mali
Toni Morrison

Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019) was an African-American author. She was the second child in her working-class family. 

She normally wrote about racial discrimination (racism, mainly the dislike of blacks). She won awards for writing some books and she changed African-American history. She was perhaps the most successful mainly story-writing African woman in the world. 

She was a famous writer and she got her good writing by the people she looked up to. They were B.W.Jones and A.I.Vinson. Her first novel (The Bluest Eyes) is the story of a girl ruined by a racist society and its violence and she had son named slade who she wrote this book with dreaming emmett. One of her books, Beloved, was made into a movie in 1998. This movie starred Oprah Winfrey.

Morrison died at a hospital in The Bronx, New York City on August 5, 2019, from problems caused by pneumonia, aged 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Writers from Ohio
American novelists
American poets
American Nobel Prize winners
People from Lorain, Ohio
Bret Michaels

Bret Michael Sychak, better known as Bret Michaels (born March 15, 1963 in Butler, Pennsylvania), is the lead singer of the glam metal band Poison. He also starred on VH1's reality television program Rock of Love 2. He is also a contestant on Celebrity Apprentice.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official Poison website

1963 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie actors
Singers from Pennsylvania
American television actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Participants in American reality television series
American rock musicians
American heavy metal singers
Jacques Arcadelt

Jacques Arcadelt (also called Jacob Arcadelt) (born probably in Liège,  1504 or 1505; died Paris, 14 October  1568)  was a Franco-Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was an extremely popular composer of madrigals and chansons. 

We know hardly anything about his early life, but we know he was living in Rome by 1539 whe was made a member of the Julian Chapel.  Soon he joined the Sistine Chapel, where he had the job of "magister puerorum" (director of the boys choir), and later he became choirmaster.  In the same year he published four of his total of six books of madrigals for four voices.  Probably around 1553 he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life.  He wrote a very large number of chansons (French songs). He also wrote some masses.

Arcadelt's music became extremely popular because it was quite simple and easy to sing with beautiful melodies that people could remember. One very famous madrigal is called Il bianco e dolce cigno (The white and gentle swan).  The style of Arcadelt’s music influenced the next generation of madrigal composers.

1500s births
1568 deaths
Arcadelt, Jacques
Arcadelt, Jacques
Adela Florence Nicolson

Adela Florence Nicolson (née Cory) (9 April 1865–4 October 1904) was an English poet who lived in India. She wrote under the pseudonym Laurence Hope.

References
 Bickley, Francis L. and Sayoni Basu, "Nicolson [née Cory], Adela Florence [pseud. Laurence Hope] (1865-1904)," Dictionary of National Biography 2004.

1865 births
1904 deaths
English poets
The Sarah Jane Adventures

The Sarah Jane Adventures was a science fiction television series, that started in 2007 and ended in 2011, due to Elisabeth Sladen's death. It was a spin off from the British cult series Doctor Who.

The series starred Elisabeth Sladen as the journalist Sarah Jane Smith, who was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor in the classic Doctor Who series. Sladen played the original part of Sarah Jane from 1973 until 1976. Sarah Jane was considered the most popular companion of the Doctor and appeared in the new series episode "School Reunion" along with her robot dog, K-9.

Unlike the other spin off of Doctor Who, Torchwood, the target audience for The Sarah Jane Adventures was children as it is shown on CBBC.

Connections to Doctor Who 
The series featured many connections to Doctor Who.  The Slitheen family, who first appeared in the Doctor Who episode "Aliens of London" appeared in two stories in the first series, and the Sontarans, who first appeared in the Doctor Who story The Time Warrior featured in two stories in the Second series. The character Doctor Who also appeared in the episodes "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith" (played by David Tennant) and "Death of the Doctor" (played by Matt Smith).

Doctor Who also used ideas from The Sarah Jane Adventures. In the Doctor Who episode "Turn Left", the Doctor makes a reference to the Trickster - an enemy who had only featured in The Sarah Jane Adventures. Sarah Jane also appeared with her son Luke Smith in the Doctor Who episodes "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End".

Episodes

Special (2007) 
The first episode was a 60-minute special, and served as a basic introduction to the series.

Series 1 (2007) 
The first series featured five stories. Each story was made up of two episodes.

Series 2 (2008) 
The second series featued six stories.  As with the first series, each story was made up of two episodes

Comic Relief Special (2009) 
A short, 5-minute special was made for the 2009 Comic Relief appeal.

Series 3 (2009) 
The third series featured six stories. As with previous series, each story was made up of two episodes.

Series 4 (2010) 
The fourth series featured six stories. As with previous series, each story was made up of two episodes. The final episode of this series was the last to air before Elisabeth Sladen's death on the 19th of April, 2011.

Series 5 (2011) 
The fifth series only featured three stories, as those three were filmed alongside series four, before Elisabeth Sladen's death. As with the previous series, they were all made of two episodes.

Related pages
List of Characters in The Sarah Jane Adventures
Doctor Who

Doctor Who
2007 television series debuts
BBC Television programmes
British science fiction television series
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Dailymotion

Dailymotion is the world's largest independent video sharing website. It is based in Paris, France. Dailymotion was started March 15, 2005 by Benjamin Bejbaum and Olivier Poitrey.

Websites established in 2005