cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Châtellerault

Châtellerault is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a subprefecture of the Vienne department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

Geography 
Châtellerault is in the centre of the Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city. Several tributaries of the Vienne river join the river in Châtellerault or near it: Clain, Ozon and Envigne.

Châtellerault is at about  from Bordeaux,  from Paris,  from Marseille and  from Toulouse.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Châtellerault is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Châtellerault, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Châtellerault are known, in French, as Châtelleraudais (women: Châtelleraudaises).

With a population of 31,722, Châtellerault has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Châtellerault

Châtellerault forms, with three other communes, the urban area of Châtellerault with a population of 40,124 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Châtellerault, formed by 32 communes, with a population of 69,645 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Châtellerault is a subprefecture of the Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Châtellerault and the administrative centre () of three cantons
 Châtellerault-1, with 25,646  inhabitants (2014).
 Châtellerault-2, with 26,004  inhabitants (2014).
 Châtellerault-3, with 21,733  inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Pays Châtelleraudais ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Châtellerault is twinned with:
  Velbert, Germany, since 1965
  Kaya, Burkina Faso, since 1976
  Corby, United Kingdom, since 1979
  Bouctouche, Canada, since 1984
  South Kent County, Canada
  Castellón de la Plana, Spain, since 1987
  Hamilton, United Kingdom, since 1993
  Piła, Poland, since 1994

Notable people
This is a list of people of interest who were born or resided in Châtellerault :
Clément Janequin, French musician
Rodolphe Salis (Le Chat noir)
Bernard Panafieu, French prelate of the Catholic church
Christiane Martel, French actress and beauty queen
Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French author

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Châtellerault
 Communes of the Vienne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Châtellerault - official website 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Vienne
Uptown Funk!

"Uptown Funk!" is a song by British DJ/producer Mark Ronson, featuring American singer Bruno Mars. This song was heavily influenced by Minneapolis sound from the early 1980s. The song was released on November 10, 2014. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was Mars' sixth #1 song on that chart. The song also hit #1 on other charts.

The song samples "Bye Bye" by Chimbala featuring Liro Shaq and Mozart La Para and "I Don't Believe You Want to Get Up and Dance (Oops!)" by The Gap Band.  It was written by Mars, Ronson, Jeff Bhasker, Philip Lawrence, Devon Gallaspy, Lonnie Simmons, Rudolph Taylor, and Robert, Ronnie, and Charlie Wilson. Mars, Ronson, and Bhasker produced the song.

The song finished as the #1 song of the 2010s decade on the Billboard Hot 100.

References

2014 songs
Disco songs
Funk songs
R&B songs
Romorantin-Lanthenay

Romorantin-Lanthenay is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department. About 17,000 people live there. Every year during the last weekend in October, a cuisine festival is held; First held in 1978, "Les Journées Gastronomiques de Sologne" now attracts around 13,000 visitors.

Communes in Loir-et-Cher
Subprefectures in France
Parthenay

Parthenay is a commune, an ancient fortified town, in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a subprefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Parthenay.

Geography 
Parthenay is considered the capital of the Gâtine poitevine (or Gâtine de Parthenay), a region with bocages that is found in the central third of the department of Deux-Sèvres. It is at  to the southeast of Bressuire, the other subprefecture of the department.

The city is at about  from Bordeaux,  from Paris,  from Marseille and  from Toulouse.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Parthenay is surrounded by the communes:

The Thouet river, a left tributary of the Loire river, flows through the city.

Climate
The climate of Parthenay, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Parthenay are known, in French, as  Parthenaisiens (women: Parthenaisiennes).

With a population of 10,367, Parthenay has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Parthenay

Administration 
Parthenay is a subprefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department, the capital of the arrondissement of Parthenay and the administrative centre () of the canton of Parthenay.

It is part of the intercommunality Parthenay-Gâtine ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Parthenay is twinned with:
 Manakara, Madagascar
 Weinstadt, Germany
 Arnedo, Spain
 Abrantes, Portugal
 Tsévié, Togo
 Tipperary, Ireland
 Edmundston, Canada

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Parthenay
 Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

Other websites

 City Council website 
 CC Parthenay-Gâtine  

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Deux-Sèvres
Narbonne

Narbonne () is a French commune, a subprefecture in the Aude department. It is in the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Narbonne.

It was a wealthy port and major city in Roman times but now is at about  from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

Geography
The commune of Narbonne has an area of . The lowest point in the commune is 0 m along the Mediterranean coast and the highest point is ; its average altitude is  and the city hall is an altitude of .

The commune of Narbonne is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Narbonne, in the Köppen climate classification, is Csa - Mediterranean climate with hot summers.

Population
The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as Narbonnais (women: Narbonnaises).

With a population of 52,855, Narbonne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Narbonne

Narbonne forms the urban area of Narbonne with a population of 52,855 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Narbonne, formed by 24 communes with a population of 91,825 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Narbonne is a subprefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the arrondissement of Narbonne and the administrative centre () of three cantons
 Narbonne-1, with 24,958 inhabitants (2014).
 Narbonne-2, with 19,785 inhabitants (2014).
 Narbonne-3, with 18,637 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Narbonne ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Narbonne is twinned with:
 Weilheim, Germany
 Aosta, Italy
 Salford, England

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Narbonne
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Other websites

 Mairie de Narbonne website 
 Narbonne official tourism website
 Le Petit narbonnais (Wiki Narbona)

Communes in Aude
Subprefectures in France
Fréjus

Fréjus is a commune located on the Mediterranean Sea in the Var department. About 53,000 people live there. It is a famous seaside resort.

Communes in Var
Loop (graph theory)

In graph theory a loop is an edge that connects a vertex to itself.

Graph theory
Truncated icosahedron

A truncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid. A regular icosahedron is made of 20 faces. When a regular icosahedron is truncated, this means that each "corner" (or vertex) is replaced by a pentagon, as there are five edges at each corner. 

A truncated icosahedron is made of 12 regular pentagons and 20 hexagons. It has 60 vertices, and 90 edges.

Truncated icosahedra in nature 
The molecule Fullerene is made of 60 carbon atoms and looks like a truncated icosahedron. 

Most soccer balls are truncated icosahedra. 

Icosahedron
Soviet Philatelist

Soviet Philatelist or Sovetskii Filatelist was a Soviet central philatelic magazine published in 1922–1932. In 1925 and in 1928–1932, its name was changed to Soviet Collector or Sovetskii Kollektsioner.

History 
By 1922, shortly after the Civil War, a number of magazines and pamphlets for collectors appeared in Soviet Russia:
 Russkii Kollektsioner (Russian Collector), published in Novocherkassk,
 Priural'skii Kollektsioner (Ural Collector),
 Krymskii Kollektsioner (Crimean Collector), etc.

However, centralisation of collectors' organisations and periodicals was wanted:

By 1924, these local magazines eventually closed down. In September 1922, the new magazine, Soviet Philatelist, first saw print in Moscow. Its founder and editor was F. G. Chuchin, Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily.

In 1925, the magazine name was changed to Sovetskii Kollektsioner. The magazine was published biweekly. It was edited by V. A. Bessonov at that time.

In 1926 three magazines, Sovetskii Filatelist, Sovetskii Kollektsioner and Radio de Filintern, were combined. They began to be published under one cover. Their individual lineal numeration was  preserved. The last combined issue came out in December 1927.

In the first half of 1928, the cover of the combined issues was only under one title, Sovetskii Filatelist. In July 1928, the magazine was renamed to Sovetskii Kollektsioner. It was published by the Soviet Philatelic Association and the All-Russian Society of Philatelists. The last issue appeared in December 1932.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelic Association

Notes

References

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites 
 

Philately of the Soviet Union
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
Journals
Monthly magazines
1930s disestablishments in the Soviet Union
1932 disestablishments
Academic journal

An academic or scholarly journal contains articles written by experts in a particular subject. Academic journals are often forums for discussing new research, and the critique of existing research. They usually contain articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The purpose of an academic journal is to give researchers a place to exchange knowledge. Academic journals can be traced back to the 17th century.

The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields. Scientific journals and journals of the social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities. A particular type of academic journal is the peer reviewed journal. Articles are sent out anonymously to other experts in the same field. In this way they won't know the author's name and can remain impartial. Experts review the article before it is published.

References

Related pages
 arXiv - This is a website to store scientific papers before academic journal appearance
 Elsevier - One of the largest academic journal publisher in world

Academia
Paul Eisler

Paul Eisler (1907 – 26 October 1992) was an Austrian inventor. He invented the modern circuit board. He also invented fish fingers (also called fish sticks).

Early life and education
Eisler was born in Vienna, Austria. He was a student at Vienna University of Technology. German nationalists would not let Eisler get a job in Vienna, because he was Jewish. He got a job with an English company (Gramaphone Company, EMI from March 1931).  He removed interference from music broadcast on trains. He moved to England but was sent to an internment camp during WWII.  Eventually, his circuit boards for the Americans helped defeat German V-1 flying bombs.

Inventions
He invented the modern circuit board. He created a pizza warmer, and the rear window defroster. He also invented fish fingers.

1907 births
1992 deaths
Inventors
People from Vienna
Austrian businesspeople
Ziegfeld Follies

[[File:Bessie Clayton03.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The dancer Bessie Clayton was, like  many of the girls, quite small by modern standards (5' 1)]]

The Ziegfeld Follies were a series of elaborate theatrical productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. The Ziegfeld Follies were inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. They were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld. The show producers were Klaw & Erlanger, the top turn-of-the-twentieth-century showmen.

 History 
The Follies were lavish variety shows, something like music hall or high class Vaudeville. Many of the top entertainers of the era appeared in the shows. The list includes W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Ann Pennington, Bert Williams, Eva Tanguay, Bob Hope, Will Rogers, Ruth Etting, Ray Bolger, Helen Morgan, Louise Brooks, Marilyn Miller, Ed Wynn, Gilda Gray, Nora Bayes, Sophie Tucker. The Ziegfeld Follies also were famous for many, beautiful chorus girls commonly known as Ziegfeld girls, usually wearing elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon or Ben Ali Haggin. The first Follies was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre Jardin de Paris.

The Ziegfeld girls "paraded up and down flights of stairs as anything from birds to battleships."  The "Tableau vivants" were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the scenic designer for the Follies shows starting in 1915.

After Ziegfeld's death, his widow Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the Follies. When later it toured, the 1934 edition was recorded in its entirety, from the Overture to Play-out music. First issued as a series of 78 rpm discs, the recording was later released as a compact disc (1997).

 Media 
They became a radio program in 1932 and 1936 as The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air. The 1936 Academy Award Best Picture winner was M-G-M's The Great Ziegfeld'', starring William Powell as the master showman and co-starring Myrna Loy (as Ziegfeld's second wife Billie Burke),

References 

Broadway musicals
Mississippian culture

Mississippian culture is the culture of the Mississippian people. They were Native Americans who lived in the Mississippi River Valley.  Around 900–1450 AD, the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the Eastern Woodlands. Mississippian people were most often farmers who settled into river valleys and grew the "three sisters" of corn, beans and squash.

The Mississippian peoples lived throughout the Southeast and Midwest, an area from the Florida panhandle westward into Oklahoma, northward to Minnesota and eastward to Ohio.

References 

Native American
First derivative test

In calculus, the first derivative test is used to determine local maxima and minima of a function. Furthermore, the first derivative test can be used to determine intervals of increase and intervals of decrease.

Critical Points (and how to find them)
Critical points are values in the domain of a function where its derivative is 0 or undefined (  or  doesn't exist).

To find the critical points of a function, compute the first derivative of the function and set it equal to zero. Solve for the zeroes of this equation. Similarly, if you have a rational function (, where ) find what values will cause the denominator to be equal to 0 because this will make the function undefined, and therefore not differentiable at this point. These are all of your critical numbers.

Plug these numbers into your original function to find the exact coordinate of these critical points.

Example:  

 and 

So the two critical points are  and .

First derivative test
To determine whether these points are local maximas, minimas, or neither, we need to consider the intervals between each of the points.  Plug in a value from each interval into the first derivative of the function. If the value is positive, then that is an interval of increase. If the value is negative, then that is an interval of decrease. Finally, if two neighboring intervals change sign then that point is either a local maxima or minima. If the first interval is positive and the second interval negative, then the critical point is a local maxima. If the first interval is negative and the second interval positive, then the critical point is a local minima. If both intervals are positive or both intervals are negative, then the critical point is neither a local maxima or minima.

The first derivative test is used in calculus optimization problems.

References

Calculus
Frankenstein's monster

Frankenstein’s monster is a fictional character from Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. He is created by another character in the novel called Victor Frankenstein. The creature has no name in popular culture, but is sometimes called "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it".

In the novel, Victor creates the human-like monster in the upstairs room of his apartment at the University of Ingolstadt. He creates it by putting together body parts from graveyards and butcher shops. He uses a method that is not clearly explained involving chemistry and galvanism to make the creature come alive. Victor leaves the creature in horror the minute it is awake. It leaves his apartment in the middle of the night.

Appearance 

In the novel, the monster looks as though:

He is 8.1 feet tall because Victor believed that it would be easier to make a human body if all the body parts were bigger. In popular media and culture, he is shown with green skin. In the novel, his skin is actually more of a yellow hue. The green portrayal of the creature with electricity bolts in his neck came from Boris Karloff’s movie portrayal of the monster.

Personality 
In the beginning, Frankenstein’s monster is like a baby. He is unable to talk. He discovers the world through sensing and observing. The monster develops understanding of simple things such as temperatures of hot and cold, sounds of birds chirping, and the differences between the sun and the moon. He eats roots, nuts, and berries when he is hungry. He finds a coat and some books while out in the wilderness.

He is described as sensitive, emotional, intelligent, prone to anger and violence, and very good at speaking. He learns how to speak from a family that he observes. He teaches himself how to read the books that he found. He has a severe sense of rejection from Victor and from every human he encounters. He has bad experiences with people. That makes him feel as though he is hated and unwanted. He resents humans and even feels hateful towards them because of how he has been treated. As a response, he kills several people, including Victor's younger brother William, Victor's best friend Henry Clerval, and later Victor's wife Elizabeth Lavenza.

Many movie adaptations have him mute and like a child instead of being intelligent.

Relationship with Victor 
The creature has a complex relationship with Victor. He was rejected by Victor in the beginning, but he still wants to have a “father-like” figure. Victor is the only real human connection that the monster has. He demands that Victor take responsibility for his happiness.

In the novel, the creature refers to himself as “Adam”. This makes Victor a sort of God-like figure. 

After the monster learns how to read and speak, he goes on a journey to find Victor. He meets him in the mountains and tells him his story. After telling Victor about his difficult journey, he asks Victor to make a female monster for him so that he does not have to be alone anymore.

References 

Characters in written fiction
Fictional murderers
Tabassum Adnan

Tabassum Adnan (Urdu: تبسم عدنان) (born 1977) is a women's rights activist from Pakistan. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award because of her work for justice for Pakistani women.

Life 

Tabassum Adnan was born in 1977.  She grew up in the Swat Valley of Pakistan.

Tabassum was married when she was 13 years old.  She had four children.  She was a victim of domestic violence.  After she was married for 20 years, she divorced her husband.

The jirga for women 

Tabassum did not have a home or money, so she went to a local group for women.  The group gave her the idea to work for more participation for women. First, she went to the Swat Qaumi Aman Jirga, a group with only men, but they refused her.   A jirga is an informal court that enforces qisas (retribution laws).  It is not a formal court, but many times the formal courts will listen to their decisions.  

In May 2013, Adnan started her own jirga.  It was the first women's jirga in Pakistan.  

In Pakistan, women are used as chattel, or property, to settle disagreements between men.  They are traded in marriage to pay debts and claims of honor, and to pay for crimes. Because women have little power, Adnan knew that her group needed to get the police and the courts to act. Her jirga has 25 women.  It works to pressure the police and the traditional court system, and it gives legal help to the victims. The Khwendo Jirga, or Sister’s Council also works for free education for girls, good health for women and girls, training in both home skills and work skills, loans for small business, and voting.    The jirga also works for laws to stop violence against women, especially honor killings, dowry harassments, acid attacks, and torture. 

At first, the men's jirgas did not like the Khwendo Jirga.  Women's rights activists did not like it either. Then, in 2014, that changed. A child was raped, and the authorities did nothing.  Khwendo Jirga had a protest walk, to attract the attention of the public. The police made arrests.  Then, for the first time in Pashtun history, a woman, Adnan, was asked to sit on the men's jirga and help decide the case.   After the first protest, the women had more success.  In July, 2014, Adnan and Khwendo Jirga worked to pass a law against child marriage. Although some religious groups were not happy,  the Sindh Assembly passed a law against marriages for anyone under the age of eighteen.  In December, 2014 the Punjab Assembly voted to change the present law.

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1977 births
Living people
Activists
Pakistani people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Margaret Dunning

Margaret Isabel Dunning (June 26, 1910 – May 17, 2015) was an American philanthropist. She was the benefactor of the Plymouth (Michigan) Historical Museum. She was born in Redford, Michigan.

Dunning died at the age of 104 from complications from a fall while on a trip in Santa Barbara, California.

References

1910 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Accidental deaths in California
American centenarians
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Michigan
Jerome Cooper

Jerome Cooper (December 14, 1946 – May 6, 2015) was an American free jazz musician. He was known as a multi-dimensional drummer. Cooper played balafon, chirimia and electronic tonal activator in addition to trap drums. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Cooper died in Brooklyn, New York City from multiple myeloma, aged 68.

References

1946 births
2015 deaths
American drummers
American jazz musicians
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Musicians from Chicago
Dean Potter

Dean S. Potter (April 14, 1972 – May 16, 2015) was an American free climber, alpinist, BASE jumper, BASEliner, and highliner. He was known for hard first ascents, free solo ascents, speed ascents, and enchainments in Yosemite National Park and Patagonia.

Death
On May 16, 2015, Potter and Graham Hunt were killed while attempting a wingsuit flight from Taft Point above Yosemite Valley. While attempting to maneuver through the cliffs, each in turn collided with the rocks. Their bodies were discovered by a helicopter searching for the two men. Neither had deployed their parachute.

References

Other websites
Official website
Outside Magazine feature
Dean Potter's climbing profile on Climbandmore.com 
New York Times article
Video interview about Potter's childhood dreams of flying, wingsuit piloting and BASE jumping
"Dean Potter’s Extreme Life in 7 Hair-Raising Videos"

1972 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths in California 
Accidental deaths from falls
BASE jumpers
Deaths in sport
Mountain climbers
Sportspeople from Kansas
People from Leavenworth, Kansas
Flora MacNeil

Flora MacNeil, MBE (1928 – 16 May 2015) was a Scottish Gaelic singer. MacNeil was born in 1928 on the island of Barra. She was known for signing Mo Run Geal Og (“My Fair Young Love”), one of the greatest of the Orain Mor, or “Big Songs”. She was known as the "Queen of Gaelic singers".

MacNeil died after a short-illness, aged 86.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Scottish singers
The Thrill Is Gone

"The Thrill Is Gone" is a 1969 slow minor-key blues song written by West coast blues musician Roy Hawkins and Rick Darnell in 1951. Hawkins' recording of the song reached number six in the Billboard R&B chart in 1951.  In 1970, "The Thrill Is Gone" became a major hit for B.B. King. Afterwards, many blues and other artists have recorded their versions of the song.

References

1969 songs
Blues music
Wind of Change

"Wind of Change" is a 1990 hard rock pop ballad song by the Scorpions. The song is about the ending of the Cold War and hope when tense conditions came up. 

The song was released in January 1991. It became a worldwide hit single during 1991. The song has sold millions of copies worldwide since then. It hit #4 on the American Billboard Hot 100. notable soundtrack includes is featured in the films or television The Powerpuff Girls Movie unused trailer, Godzilla vs. Kong fan-fiction dub version, Nutri Ventures as a international dub parody version. 

There is also a Russian language version of the song.

References

1990s ballads
1990 songs
Cold War
Rock ballads
Automeris io

Automeris io is the North American Io moth. It has anti-predator defences common in the Lepidoptera. The adults have a two-stage defence system: first they are cryptic with their wings closed. If predators get too near, they flash their vivid eye markings. This startles the predator, and the moth has time to fly off and hide. The adults are nocturnal, they only fly at night, and during the day they sit on tree trunks or branches.

Very widespread, the moth ranges from southern Canada to Mexico and Costa Rica. In between, it is found widely in the USA.

Life cycle

Adults 
They do not eat, and live only about a week: all they do is reproduce. This is typical of Saturniid moths. They have sexual dimorphism as can be seen from the illustrations, and fly at night. The females come out of the cocoon with ready-made eggs, and the males pick up the female pheromones with their extra-big antennae.

Caterpillars 
The caterpillars live together (are gregarious), and travel in single file all over the food plant. They start off orange in colour, and eventually  turn bright green. As they grow in size they become covered with stinging spines. The spines deliver a very painful venom which is released at the slightest touch.

General advice: large-haired caterpillars should not be touched except by experts.

References 

Saturniidae
Charlotte Motor Speedway

{{Motorsport venue
| Name              = Charlotte Motor Speedway
| Image             = 
| Location          = 5555 Concord Parkway SouthConcord, North Carolina, 28027
| Broke_ground      = 1959
| Opened            = 1960
| Owner             = Speedway Motorsports, Inc.
| Operator          = Speedway Motorsports, Inc.
| Construction_cost = $1.25 million
| Architect         = Bruton Smith and Curtis Turner
| Former_names      = Charlotte Motor Speedway (1960–1998, 2010–present)Lowe's Motor Speedway (1998–2009)
| Events            = NASCAR Sprint Cup Series
NASCAR Xfinity Series
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour
NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series
World of Outlaws
| Capacity          = 134,000
| Layout1           = Quad oval
| Surface           = Asphalt
| Turns             = 4
| Miles_first       = True
| Length_mi         = 1.5
| Length_km         = 2.4
| Banking           = Turns: 24° Straights: 5°
| Record_time      = 0:24.490
| Record_driver    = Tony Stewart
| Record_team      = Team Menard
| Record_year      = 1998
| Record_class     = IndyCar Series
| Layout2           = ZMAX Dragway
| Surface2           = Asphalt
| Miles_first2       = False
| Length_mi2         = 0.25
| Length_km2         = 0.4
| Banking2           =8000$
| Layout3           = The Dirt Track
| Surface3           = Clay
| Miles_first3       = True
| Length_mi3         = 0.4
| Length_km3         = 0.64
| Webpage           = Charlottemotorspeedway.com
}}Charlotte Motor Speedway''' is a motorsports complex in Concord, North Carolina, United States. It is  from Charlotte, North Carolina. The complex features a  quad oval track that hosts NASCAR racing. It is best known for the Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day weekend. The All-Star Race, as well as the Bank of America Roval 400 also run here. The speedway was built in 1959 by Bruton Smith. It is considered the home track for NASCAR with many race teams located in the Charlotte area. The track is owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports Inc. (SMI) with Marcus G. Smith (son of Bruton Smith) as track president.

The  complex also features a state-of-the-art quarter mile (0.40 km) drag racing strip, ZMAX Dragway. It is the only all-concrete, four-lane drag strip in the United States. It hosts NHRA events. Alongside the drag strip is a modern clay oval that hosts dirt racing including the World of Outlaws finals.

References

Other websites

1959 establishments in the United States
Auto racing
1950s establishments in North Carolina
Socks (cat)

Socks Clinton (1989 – February 20, 2009) was the pet cat of U.S. President Bill Clinton and his family while he was in the White House.

Socks was an adopted stray cat and the only pet of the Clintons during the first years of Clinton's presidency.  A picture of Socks was always on the children's White House website.  After Clinton left office, Socks went to live with  Clinton's secretary, Betty Currie and her husband. This was because Socks fought a lot with the Clinton family dog Buddy. Socks never got along with the dog.

Biography 
Socks became the pet cat of the Clintons in 1991 after he jumped into Chelsea Clinton's arms at her piano teacher's home in Little Rock, Arkansas. Socks was playing with his sibling, Midnight, who was later adopted by another family.

When Bill Clinton became President, Socks moved with the family from the governor's mansion in Arkansas to the White House.  Even though he was the official 'first pet', he shared his food and water with a stray tabby cat, named Slippers. Socks was often taken to schools and hospitals to visit. Children visiting the White House website would be shown around by a cartoon version of Socks.

In December 2002, Socks was part of the Little Rock, Arkansas Christmas parade.

Buddy 
Things changed for the worse for Socks in 1997. The Clintons got a pet dog named Buddy, a Labrador Retriever. Socks hated this dog.  Hillary Clinton said Socks "despised Buddy from first sight, instantly and forever." Bill Clinton said, "I did better with ... the Palestinians and the Israelis than I've done with Socks and Buddy." When the Clintons left the White House in 2001, they took Buddy to their new home, but left Socks with Betty Currie. Buddy died within a year, being hit by a car in 2002.

Later life and death 
In June 2008, Socks was still living with Currie and her husband in Hollywood, Maryland, about 60 miles from Washington.  But Socks was losing weight and losing his fur. In December 2008, Socks was again reported to be in failing health from cancer. Socks was euthanized on February 20, 2009, in Hollywood, Maryland. He had cancer in his jaw.

Letters written to Socks
First Lady Hillary Clinton wrote a children's book called Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets in 1998. It included more than 50 letters written to the First Pets by children. It had more than 80 photos of Socks and Buddy.

A Republican Representative in the United States Congress, Dan Burton once argued against the use of White House employees, postage, and stationery being used to answer mail that was written to the cat.

References

Other websites 

Pic - with photographers
Purr 'n' Fur Famous Felines: Socks Clinton, and other Presidential Felines
A web-based version of the children's book, Socks Goes to the White House - A Cats-eye view of the President's house

Individual cats
Bill Clinton
Hillary Rodham Clinton
United States presidential pets
Earthrise

"Earthrise" is a photo of the Earth from the Moon taken on the Apollo 8 mission. It was taken by astronaut William Anders on December 24, 1968. It was a very important picture, because it helped people realize how fragile the Earth looks. It started making a large amount of people want to pass laws and create government programs that help the environment. It also became the symbol for Earth Day because of how powerful it was, and it started the environmental movement of the 1970's. Earthrise's most notable use is as the symbol of Earth Day.

Related pages
 Earth phase
 Extraterrestrial sky
 Pale Orange Dot (Early Earth)
 Spaceship Earth
 The Blue Marble

References

Other websites
 Earthrise image

Photography
Moon
Apollo program
Earth
Daewoo Motors

Daewoo Motor was a South Korean automotive company owned by General Motors. The company started in 1937 as National motors in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, South Korea. In 1965 it became Shinjin Motor after becoming affiliated with Toyota. In 1972 Toyota withdrew. The same year Shinjin became General Motors Korea, a joint venture with General Motors. The company was renamed Saehan Motors in 1976. In 1982 the company was bought by the Daewoo group. Daewoo was known for its affordable cars many of which were made in partnership with GM until the mid '90s. The Daewoo Group ran into financial trouble in the late 1990s. It was then put up for sale and acquired by General Motors in 2001. It was renamed GM Daewoo, and began to produce GM vehicles again. This included the Chevrolet Aveo which is based on Daewoo's Kalos model. In 2011 GM Daewoo was renamed GM Korea.

References 

Automobile companies
Robert S. Wistrich

Robert Solomon Wistrich (April 7, 1945 – May 19, 2015) was a British-Israeli academic and author. He was a leading scholar of antisemitism in Europe. He was also the Neuburger Professor of European and Jewish history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He wrote and edited at least 30 books.

Wistrich was born in Lenger, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan). His parents were leftist Polish Jews who moved to escape antisemitism. He later moved to France with his family, and grew up in England.

Wistrich died from a heart attack on May 19, 2015 in Rome, Italy. He was 70.

References

Other websites

 

1945 births
2015 deaths
British historians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Israeli academics
Israeli Jews
Jewish academics
Jewish British academics
Jewish British writers
Kazakhstani people
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Polish Jews
Soviet Jews
John Templeton Jr.

John Marks "Jack" Templeton Jr. (February 19, 1940 – May 16, 2015) was an American medical doctor. He served as the Chairman and President of the John Templeton Foundation until his death, and also worked as a pediatric surgeon. He was a Republican.

Templeton was born in New York City. He was the elder son of Judith (Folk) and the American-born British stock investor, businessman and philanthropist John Templeton. He studied at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut and at Harvard Medical School. He was married to Josephine and had three daughters.

Templeton was an Evangelical. He gave large sums of money to conservative organizations, like those opposing same-sex marriage.

Templeton died from brain cancer on May 16, 2015 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. He was 75.

References

Other websites
 

1940 births
2015 deaths
American activists
American Evangelicals
American philanthropists
American physicians
Anti-LGBT rights activists
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from brain cancer
Harvard University alumni
People from New York City
Republicans (United States)
Surgeons
Yale University alumni
John Mahaffy

John Mahaffy (July 18, 1918 – May 2, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 37 games in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens.

Mahaffy was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was married to Angie Péloquin. He died on May 2, 2015, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 
 

1918 births
2015 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Sportspeople from Montreal
Ahmad Alasgarov

Ahmad Latifovich Alasgarov (, ; born 5 October 1935 – 19 May 2015) was an Azerbaijani footballer and manager. He played as a defender from 1955 until 1965. He managed nine teams between 1966 and 2006, including the Azerbaijan national football team. He was born in Baku.

Alasgarov died after a long illness on 19 May 2015 in Odessa, Ukraine, aged 79.

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Azerbaijani footballers

Football managers
People from Baku
Soviet sportspeople
Trajan's Column

Trajan's Column is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy. It was built to remember Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It was probably built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate. It is in Trajan's Forum, near the Quirinal Hill, north of the Roman Forum. It was completed in AD 113. It has a spiral bas relief, which shows the wars between the Romans and Dacians (101–102 and 105–106). Its design has inspired numerous victory columns, both ancient and modern.

The column is about 30 metres (98 ft) in height, 35 metres (125 ft) including its large pedestal. It is made from a series of 20 hollow Carrara marble pieces. Each one weighs about 32 tons, with a diameter of 3.7 metres (11 ft). The 190-metre (625 ft) frieze winds around the column 23 times. Inside the column, a spiral staircase of 185 steps gives access to a viewing platform at the top. The capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted to a height of c. 34 m.

Ancient coins show plans to put a statue of an eagle on top of the column. However it was built with a statue of Trajan. This statue disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned by Pope Sixtus V with a bronze figure of St. Peter. When it was built the column was next to two libraries, which perhaps held the soldier-emperor's account of the Roman-Dacian Wars.

References

Ancient Rome
Jean Baptiste Charbonneau

Jean Baptiste Charbonneau (11 February 1805 – 16 May 1866) was the son of Toussaint Charbonneau and Sacagawea.  He was a fur trapper and guide. He was an important figure in the Mexican-American War. Charbonneau and his mother are pictured on a one-dollar coin.

1805 births
1866 deaths
Native American people
A. J. Allmendinger

Anthony James "A. J." Allmendinger (born December 16, 1981) is an American open-wheel and stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series driving the No. 16 car for Kaulig Racing.

Allmendinger earned five wins and a third championship place in the 2006 Champ Car season. Afterwards, he began competing in NASCAR. He has competed in the 24 Hours of Daytona, finishing first in 2012, second in 2006 and third in 2013.

References

Living people
1981 births
American racecar drivers
NASCAR drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Regan Smith

Regan Smith (born September 23, 1983) is an American stock car racing driver. 

He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. He drives the No. 7 Chevrolet SS for Tommy Baldwin Racing. He also races part-time in the Xfinity Series. There he drives the No. 88 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports, and the No. 2 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing.

References

Other websites
Official page

Living people
1983 births
American racecar drivers
NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from New York
Sudha Shivpuri

Sudha Shivpuri (14 July 1937 – 20 May 2015) was an Indian stage, movie and television actress. She was known for her role as "Baa" in the Hindi TV serial Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi (2000–2008).

Shivpuri died from multiple organ failure on 20 May 2015 in Mumbai, India, aged 78.

References

Other websites
 

1937 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Indian movie actors
Indian stage actors
Indian television actors
Academy of Urbanism

The Academy of Urbanism is a non-profit academic research organization dedicated to urban planning and urban development. The institute is located in London. It has branches in Europe and other places in the world. The Academy employs 500 professionals engaged in various subjects related to the field of urban planning and the chief of the Mossad motto is: "to recognize, encourage, and celebrate great places".

National workshops, lectures, an internet site and spend magazine. In addition, the Academy maintains Festival prizes and conducting congresses in the UK each year and operates a voluntary activity.

Other websites 
  The Academy of Urbanism

Urban planning organizations
Non-profit organizations of Europe
Research organizations in the United Kingdom
London
World Community Grid

World Community Grid (WCG) is a large public computing grid to work on scientific research projects that help people. People donate time on their personal computers to the project. The software can be set up to run only when the computer is not being used for other work.

WCG began operation on November 16, 2004. It is coordinated by IBM to use their Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software. Software for the grid of personal computers is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and Android operating systems.

World Community Grid's research projects have performed analysis of aspects of the human genome, HIV, dengue, muscular dystrophy, cancer, influenza, rice crop yields and renewable energy. 

Open projects running as of May 2015 are looking for drug treatments for the Ebola virus and HIV, seeking new materials for the next generation of solar cells, comparing genomes of many organisms, and investigating cancer genes. As of May 2015, the organization has partnered with 467 other companies and organizations to help its work, and has over 65,000 active registered users.

References

Other websites
 World Community Grid website
The New York Times > Technology > Unused PC Power to Run Grid for Unraveling Disease
Computerworld announcement article (2004)

Computing
Charities
Research organizations in the United States
2004 establishments in the United States
Raymond Gosling

Raymond Gosling (15 July 1926 – 18 May 2015) was a British biophysicist. He was known for doing X-ray diffraction studies on DNA. These studies were the first step in understanding the 3-D structure of DNA. He did these studies as a doctoral student in the research group headed by Maurice Wilkins at Kings College London.

Gosling's first supervisor was A.R. Stokes of the Physics Department. By 1950, Gosling's diffraction photographs were described by Wilkins at the time as "much better than Astbury's, and almost like single crystals".

Gosling was re-assigned to Rosalind Franklin when she joined Wilkins' group in 1951. For the next two years, they worked closely together to improve the X-ray diffraction photography of DNA and get a sharper image. Gosling made the X-ray diffraction image of DNA known as "Photo 51". This work led directly to the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine being awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins. Gosling was the co-author with Franklin of one of the three DNA double helix papers published in Nature in April 1953.

Gosling died in London at 88 on 18 May 2015.

References

Other websites
 Detailed interview 2013 in Genome Biology 
 Raymond Gosling in The King's story
 Doppler-shifted ultrasound units (1974-1981) jointly developed by Dr.B.A.Coghlan and Prof.R.G.Gosling's Blood Flow Group at the Physics Dept., Guy's Hospital Medical School, London. These early devices were used for haemodynamic assessment of normal volunteers and assessment of patients with peripheral vascular disease. The work reflects a close and extensive collaboration with Dr.M.G.Taylor.

1926 births
2015 deaths
British physicists
Donald Caspar

Donald L. D. Caspar (born January 8, 1927) is an American structural biologist. He is known for his works on the structures of biological molecules such as tobacco mosaic virus. He is an emeritus professor of biological science at the Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, and an emeritus professor of biology at the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University.

References

1927 births
Living people
American biologists
Roscoe Bartlett

Roscoe Gardner Bartlett, Jr. (born June 3, 1926) is an American politician and physiologist. He is a former U.S. Representative for , serving from 1993 to 2013.

He is a member of the Republican Party and was a member of the Tea Party Caucus. At the end of his tenure in Congress, Bartlett was the second-oldest serving member of the House of Representatives, behind only fellow Republican Ralph Hall of Texas.

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Representative Roscoe Bartlett  official U.S. House site
 
 
 Profile  at SourceWatch
 An interview with Rep. Bartlett regarding peak oil  April 18, 2005
 Transcript of Bartlett speech in Congress on Peak Oil  May 2005
 Video of Rep. Bartlett in Congress on Peak Oil February 2005
 Bill Text 109th Congress (2005–2006) H.RES.507.IH, THOMAS

1926 births
Living people
American Protestants
American physiologists
Politicians from Texas
Seventh-day Adventists
United States representatives from Maryland
US Republican Party politicians
Pack hunter

A pack hunter or social predator is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom, which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species.  Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related. Except where only males normally hunt (humans and chimpanzees), all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting. The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf. The wolf is the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog. Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters. Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins, lions and spotted hyenas. A number of avian social predators exist. These include the Harris's hawk, butcherbirds, three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes. There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters. Forexample, simple arthropods such as army ants. Another example is the yellow saddle goatfish Occasionally crocodiles are pack hunters. Hunting in packs allows smaller predators to hunt larger prey.

References 

Animals
Striped hyaena

The striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) is a widespread small carnivore. It is native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is listed by the IUCN as near threatened, and the global population may be under 10,000 mature individuals. It is persecuted, and its prey base is declining.

It is the smallest of its genus and has many primitive viverrid characteristics which are lost in the larger species. For example, it has a smaller and less specialised skull.

The striped hyaena features prominently in Middle Eastern and Asian folklore. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as tzebua or zevoa, though the species is absent in some English translations.

References 

Hyaenas
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Africa