cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, most commonly referred to as the stimulus bill or stimulus package, was a spending bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2009.  It was one of the early things Barack Obama did as president.  Despite Obama trying to get Republicans as well as Democrats to vote for the bill, only three did.  The bill did several things:

 It gave more money to unemployed people (people with no jobs) for longer.
 It cut taxes for workers, students, and the middle class
 It gave more money to Medicaid
 It gave money to improve roads and bridges in the U.S.
 It gave millions of dollars to various government agencies, including the National Endowment for the Arts

It has taken awhile for the stimulus money to be used.  Vice-President Joe Biden is one of the people in charge of making sure the money is used right.

United States Democratic Party
2009 in the United States
Truthout

Truthout is a political website aimed at providing another choice to mainstream news sources. It was started after the 2000 presidential election with the idea of, in its own words, "hoping to reach a few people, have some small impact on the dialogue, and maybe try to restore a little integrity." 

Some of its authors include William Rivers Pitt, Jason Leopold, Scott Galindez, David Bacon, Dean Baker, Tom Engelhardt, William Fisher, Dahr Jamail, Ray McGovern, J. Sri Raman, Norman Solomon, David Swanson and James Zogby. The website has reported a lot on the anti-war movement and helped to make Cindy Sheehan better known by using many of her writings. Attention is also given to problems including the environment, work (and work ethic), women,  health, and voter rights. Its articles are now carried by press release information centers like World News,  Scoop Newzealand and California News.  

Truthout is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization (a charity). In 2012, the company took in over $1,900,000.

The website also had a blog where visitors can talk about various issues or specific articles, which was taken down a short time ago.

Notes

Other websites
 TruthOut web site

Non-profit organizations of the United States
Websites
Politics
7 Seconds

7 Seconds is a hardcore punk band from Reno, Nevada. The band formed in 1979 as a hardcore thrash band.

The original members of the band were vocalist Kevin Seconds, bassist Steve Youth, drummer Troy Mowat and guitarist Bobby Adams. Seconds and Youth did most of the song-writing.

Between 1982 and 1987, the band released four EPs and three LPs. In 1988, they released "Ourselves" on the indie label Restless Records.

Adams left the band in 1987. In 1990, the band took 3 years off from touring and recording music. Adams rejoined the band when they reformed in 1993. They recorded a new album in 1993 which was called "Out the Shizzy".

They are sometimes classified as a straight edge band but the members refuse to embrace the label.

References 

American punk bands
Musical groups from Nevada
1980 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Absolution (album)

Absolution is the third album by British alternative rock band Muse.

Songs
Intro
Apocalypse Please
Time Is Running Out
Sing for Absolution
Stockholm Syndrome
Falling Away With You
Interlude
Hysteria
Blackout
Butterflies and Hurricanes
The Small Print
Endlessly
Thoughts of a Dying Atheist
Ruled by Secrecy

References

2003 albums
Muse albums
Origin of Symmetry

Origin of Symmetry is the second album by British alternative rock band Muse.

Songs
New Born
Bliss
Space Dementia
Hyper Music
Plug In Baby
Citizen Erased
Micro Cuts
Feeling Good
Screenager
Dark Shines
Megalomania
Futurism

References

2001 albums
Muse albums
Showbiz

Showbiz is the first album by the British alternative rock band Muse.

Songs
Sunburn
Muscle Museum
Fillip
Falling Down
Cave
Showbiz
Unintended
Uno
Sober
Escape
Overdue
Hate This and I'll Love You
Spiral Static

References

1999 albums
Muse albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
Phoenix (band)

Phoenix is a French alternative rock band that was Grammy awarded. It consists of Thomas Mars (vocals), Deck D'Arcy (bass) and Laurent Brancowitz and Christian Mazzalai who play guitar. They are related to Air and Daft Punk.

Discography
United (2000)
Alphabetical (2004)
It's Never Been Like That (2006)
Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix (2009)
"Bankrupt!" (2013)

References

Alternative rock bands
French musical groups
1999 establishments in France
Leap of faith

A Leap of faith commonly refers to believing something that cannot be touched or proved by science, for which there is no evidence. Usually the term is attributed to Søren Kierkegaard, even though he never really used it. According to Kierkegaard, such a leap involves circular reasoning, because a leap is made by faith.

A leap of faith is commonly associated with religious belief because many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety.

References

Theology
Capoeira

Capoeira is a combination of martial arts, sport and popular culture that developed in Brazil, by African slaves and Brazilian natives, starting in the 16th century. It was made to give slaves a chance to escape and to survive. Capoeira was illegal in Brazil until the 1930s.

Capoeira uses strong and fast kicks, dodges and fast counter-attacks. It also uses acrobatics and simple take-downs.

History

As a form of martial arts for slaves
Capoeira's history probably begins with the beginning of African slavery in Brazil. When Portuguese colonists began exporting West African slaves, Brazil, with its vast territory, received most of the slaves; almost 40% of all slaves sent across the Atlantic Ocean.

Although rebellions were rare, capoeira was invented as a hope of survival for slaves. If they managed to escape, as after an escape attempt, colonial agents were sent after the escapees. The martial arts were incorporated into a dance, to escape detection–with music and rhythmic moves, no suspicion could be raised regarding potential martial art training. Due to city growth, more slaves were brought to cities and so made capoeira more prominent and allowed it to be taught and practiced among more people. In Rio, the colonial government tried to suppress it and established severe physical punishments for its practice.

Post-slavery
After slavery was abolished in 1888, free former slaves had nowhere to live and no jobs. They were thought of by the public as lazy workers. Capoeira then found a new role—as a dance of criminals.

They used capoeiristas (capoeira dancers) as bodyguards and hitmen. In 1890, the Brazilian government prohibited capoeira when police identified it as an advantage in fighting and they didn’t want criminals to have this advantage. After the ban, anybody caught practising capoeira for any reason would be arrested and tortured by the police. Some practises still occurred in remote places with guards to warn of police.

By the 1920s, repression of capoeira had declined. Mestre Bimba from Salvador, a strong fighter in both legal and illegal fights, thought capoeira was losing its martial roots due to the use of its playful side to entertain tourists. Bimba began developing the first systematic training method for capoeira, and in 1932 founded the first capoeira school. He called it Luta Regional Baiana because it was illegal to use capoeira in the name. By 1940, capoeira was legalized.

Today

Today, capoeira is viewed as one of the symbols of Brazilian culture all around the world and in 1970 it was taught outside of Brazil for the first time. Capoeira presentations, normally theatrical and with little martiality, are common sights around the world.
The martial arts part, however, is still present and still disguised, just as it was in the time of slavery, and trickery is still present and expert dancers used. An attack can be disguised even as a friendly gesture, such is the expertise gone into the research of new moves. Capoeira is now a symbol of Brazilian culture, its ethnic amalgam, and of resistance to oppression.

References

Sport in Brazil
Martial arts
Dances
Vaishnavism

Vaishnavism () is a tradition of Hinduism. Its followers worship Vishnu or his avatars, mainly Rama and Krishna as the highest, or original God. This worship in different perspectives or historical traditions addresses God under the names of Narayana, Krishna, Vāsudeva or more often "Vishnu", and their associated avatars.  Its beliefs and practices, especially the concepts of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga, are based largely on the Upanishads, and associated with the Vedas and Puranic texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, and the Padma, Vishnu and Bhagavata Puranas.

The followers of Vaishnavism are referred to as Vaishnava(s) or Vaishnavites. A large percentage of Hindus are Vaishnavas, with the vast majority living in India. Awareness, recognition, and growth of the belief has significantly increased outside of India in recent years. The Gaudiya Vaishnava branch of the tradition has significantly increased the awareness of Vaishnavism internationally, since the mid-1900s, largely through the activities and geographical expansion of the Hare Krishna movement, primarily through ISKCON and more recently, through several other Vaishnava organizations conducting preaching activities in the West.

References

Hinduism
Oracle Corporation

Oracle Corporation is an American company. It makes hardware systems and enterprise software (software for businesses) such as database management systems. Its headquarters are in Redwood City, California, United States. The founder is Lary Ellison. In 2010, it employed 105,000 people worldwide. It has increased in size through natural growth and by buying other companies. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM.

In January 2010 it bought Sun Microsystems.

The corporation has arguably become best known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of marshmallow-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software.

, Anusha Shetty, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its history. He also served as the Chairman of the Board until his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in 2004.  On August 22, 2008 the Associated Press ranked Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world.

History

When the company started, computer database technology was only starting. Ellison had read a 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS).
He had also heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the IBM Research Journal by Ed Oates. System R was also based on Codd's theories. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the error codes for their DBMS (DataBase Management System) secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1982, RSI renamed itself Oracle Systems to make the relation to its main product, Oracle Database, clearer. At this stage Bob Miner was the company's senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation.

Part of Oracle Corporation's early success came from using the C programming language to install its products. This made changing the setup to different operating systems (most of which support C) easier.

References

Other websites 

 The Oracle Corporation website

Companies based in California
2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season ran through all of 2006. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This was the first year the cyclones got named in the northern Indian Ocean. There was about $6.7 million in damage and about 192 people got killed in 2006 because of the cyclones.

Storms

Deep Depression ARB 01

Deep Depression ARB 01 or Tropical Cyclone O1A stared on January 13 to the south of India. It died on the next day.

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala

Mala started as Tropical Cyclone 02B on April 25 and became Cyclonic Storm Mala later on that day. It headed northeast and later it became a very sever cyclonic storm. Mala made landfall in Myanmar on April 29, the winds were close to 115 mph. The cyclone died over Myanmar later that day. Mala killed about 22 people.

Deep Depression BOB 02

Tropical Cyclone 02 started on July 2 near India. The cyclone made landfall in India later that day and it survived until July 5.

Deep Depression BOB 03

This Deep Depression was Tropical Cyclone 03 and started on August 2. By August 5 it had died.

Depression BOB 04

The fifth depression in 2006 started on August 12 and it died on August 13.

Depression BOB 05

This depression lasted from August 16 to August 18.

Depression BOB 06

This depression started on August 29 and it died on September 1.

Depression BOB 07

Depression BOB 07 started on September 3 and died by the next day.

Depression BOB 08

This depression started on September 21. It later made landfall near the India and Bangladesh border. It died on September 24. The cyclone killed about 170 people.

Severe Cyclonic Storm Mukda

Mukda started in the Arabian Sea on September 21. It became a strong tropical storm over the next few days. It died on September 24.

Depression BOB 09

This depression started on September 28. On September 29 it made a landfall in India. The cyclone died on the next day over India.

Cyclonic Storm Ogni

Ogni was the final cyclone that started on October 29 as a deep depression. It moved very slowly and made a landfall in India. Cyclonic Storm Ogni died on October 30, after it killed at least 35 people.

Storm names
These three names got used in the 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:

Related pages
2006 Atlantic hurricane season
2006 Pacific hurricane season

Other websites 
 WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Thirty-fourth session 

Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
Cyclonic storms
North Indian Ocean cyclones
List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

These are lists of seasons for the List of North Indian Ocean cyclone. A North Indian Ocean cyclone season lasts an entire year. It covers the North Indian Ocean to the north of the Equator, it also covers the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

2000s 
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008  2009

2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018  2019

2020s
2020

Weather lists
North Indian Ocean cyclones
2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season ran through all of 2005. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This season was tied for the season with the second highest number of cyclones. The damage is unknown but there were about 1,227 people got killed in 2005 because of the cyclones.

Storms

Tropical Depression 01B

A tropical depression started on January 7. It moved to the north and pass by Sri Lanka before it had died on January 10.

Cyclonic Storm Hibaru

Cyclonic Storm Hibaru was the first cyclone that got named in 2005. It started on January 13 and it moved around for a few days until it died on January 17.

Deep Depression

This deep depression started on July 29, it caused rain in India which killed almost 1,050 people. The deep depression died on July 31.

Cyclonic Storm Pyarr

Cyclonic Storm Pyarr started on September 17 as a depression. It became a tropical storm by the next day. Pyarr made landfall in India on September 19, and it died on September 21. The cyclone killed at least 49 people.

Tropical Storm 03B

This tropical storm started on October 1, made landfall in India on October 2, and it died on October 3. This tropical storm killed no one.

Deep Depression (04B)

This deep depression started on October 26 and made landfall in India by October 29. The deep depression died later that day. It killed about 100 people.

Cyclonic Storm Baaz

Cyclonic Storm Baaz started on November 28 and cross the Bay of Bengal. It died on December 2 near India.

Cyclonic Storm Fanoos

Cyclonic Storm Fanoos started on December 6. It moved to the west and crossed the Bay of Bengal. Fanoos passed to the north of Sri Lanka and caused some damage. Later, Fanoos made landfall in Inda before it died on December 10.

Deep Depression (07B)

This deep depression started on December 15. It moved around in the Bay of Bengal for a week, and it passed near Sri Lanka. The deep depression died on December 22.

Other storms
There were also five depressons. The first one started on June 21 and died on June 22. While the second started on June 27 and died on July 5, after it killed about 34 people in India. The third started on September 12 and died on September 16. Fourth, it started on September 14 and died on September 16. The last depression started on November 20 and died on that same day.

2005 storm names
These four names got used in the 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:

Related pages
List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
2005 Pacific hurricane season

Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
Cyclonic storms
North Indian Ocean cyclones
India Meteorological Department

The India Meteorological Department (IMD), also referred to as the Met Office, is a weather forecasting organization run by the Government of India, it also tracks and forecast tropical cyclones, similar to the National Hurricane Center. The headquarters in New Delhi, India.

Sources

Other websites
IMD website 

Government of India
New Delhi
1875 establishments in Asia
1870s establishments in India
Sauropodomorph

Sauropodomorpha is the suborder of dinosaurs with massive, quadrupedal herbivores with extremely long necks and tails. 

Sauropodomorpha are divided into prosauropods and sauropods. Among the sauropods were the largest land animals ever known: Seismosaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus (popularly known as Brontosaurus), and others.

Description 
Only the modern blue whale is larger than these creatures; no land animal comes close. Argentinosaurus, with a vertebra over 1.59 metres long, is the largest.

See Sauropod for the full account.

Taxonomy 
 Suborder Sauropodomorpha
Panphagia
Saturnalia?
Thecodontosaurus
Infraorder Prosauropoda
Family Massospondylidae
Family Plateosauridae
Family Riojasauridae
Infraorder Sauropoda
Family Vulcanodontidae
Family Omeisauridae
Division Neosauropoda
Family Cetiosauridae
Family Diplodocidae
Subdivision Macronaria
Family Camarasauridae
Infradivision Titanosauriformes
Family Brachiosauridae
Cohort Somphospondyli
Family Euhelopodidae
Family Titanosauridae

References
Marginocephalia

Marginocephalians (meaning "fringed heads") are a group of Ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs that have a distinctive skull structure (a slight shelf or bony frill on the back of the skull), a unique palate (part of the mouth) and a short pubis (part of the hip).

Description 
These herbivores include the ceratopsians (horned dinosaurs like Triceratops, Styracosaurus, Pentaceratops, and Protoceratops) and the pachycephalosaurians (thick-skulled dinosaurs like Stegoceras and Pachycephalosaurus).

Ornithischia
List of WWE Tag Team Championship reigns by length

This is the title history of the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship. Before, it was called the WWE Tag Team Championship and was a SmackDown championship. That ended when it was made into one with the World Tag Team Championship of Raw in 2009 and the WWE Brand Extension ended in 2011. The brand extension was brought back in July 2016. Then, the title became a Raw championship and was renamed the Raw Tag Team Championship.

Title History

Names

Reigns

Combined Lengths

By team

By wrestler

References

Other websites
 WWE Tag Team Title History

Lists of professional wrestlers
Tag Team Championship reigns by length
Yunnan

Yunnan (; ) is a province in southwest province of the People's Republic of China. The area of Yunnan Province is . It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 45.7 million (2009). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Vietnam, Laos and Burma.

Political divisions 
Yunnan Province is divided into eight municipalities (地级市) and eight autonomous prefectures (自治州).
 Kunming Municipality (昆明市) - Provincial capital
 Qujing Municipality (曲靖市)
 Yuxi Municipality (玉溪市)
 Baoshan Municipality (保山市)
 Zhaotong Municipality (昭通市)
 Lijiang Municipality (丽江市)
 Pu'er Municipality (普洱市)
 Lincang Municipality (临沧市)
 Dehong
 Nujiang
 Diqing
 Dali
 Chuxiong 
 Honghe
 Wenshan
 Xishuangbanna

Culture 
Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. It is famous for ethnic minority groups, Yuanmou Human archaeological findings, ancient Tea Horse Road legends, Puer teas and Yunnan Baiyao medicines.

Tourism 
 Dali, the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms.
 Chuxiong, the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town.
 Jinghong, the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture.
 Lijiang, a Naxi minority city. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
 Xamgyi'nyilha County (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan's northwestern mountains.
 Shilin (Stone Forest), a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming.
 Yuanyang, a Hani minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains.
 Xishuangbanna, a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions.

References

Other websites 
Yunnan Travel Guide

 
Provinces of China
Deluge myth

A Deluge myth or Flood myth is a mythical story about a flood. Usually this flood is sent by a deity to destroy a civilisation as a punishment. The theme can be found in many cultures. Well-known examples that are believed to be myths include the story of Noah's Ark in the Bible, the Hindu Puranic story of Manu, Deucalion in Greek mythology or Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Theology
Mythology
Conservation of mass

The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither  be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.  Thus, the amount of matter cannot change. Sir Antoine Lavoisier promoted this idea. 

This law says that when a chemical reaction rearranges atoms into a new product, the mass of the reactants (chemicals before the chemical reaction) is the same as the mass of the products (the new chemicals made). More simply, whatever you do, you will still have the same amount of stuff.  

Broader account: In any chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or radioactive decay in an isolated system, the total mass of the starting materials must be equal to the mass of the products.

History 
The principle of conservation of mass was first outlined by Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) in 1748. He proved it by experiments—though this is sometimes challenged. Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) had expressed these ideas in 1774. Others whose ideas pre-dated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black (1728–1799), Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), and Jean Rey (1583–1645).

References 

Laws of physics
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC (c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer. He was King Henry VIII's chief minister (like Prime Minister) from 1532 to 1540. He held many important posts, ending as Lord Chamberlain. Cromwell did not come from a rich or noble family: he rose in life by his work and merit.

Cromwell tried to modernize government, but this meant that both the nobility and the church would have less power. Because of this he was seen as an upstart. He was one of the strongest supporters of the English Reformation, the English Church's break with the papacy in Rome. Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England by Parliament in 1534. Cromwell helped control the new Church with his two new jobs; Vicegerent for spirituals and Vicar general.

Downfall and execution
Cromwell had supported Henry VIII in disposing of Anne Boleyn and replacing her with Jane Seymour. During his years as the King's chief minister, Cromwell created many powerful enemies for himself.

His final downfall was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves. This was a marriage that Cromwell hoped would put the English Reformation back on track after the recent setback with the Six Articles. The enterprise became a disaster when King Henry told Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage. Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance. The king's marriage to Anne of Cleves was a disaster for Cromwell. It was the opportunity that Cromwell's opponents (most notably the Duke of Norfolk) needed to press for his downfall.

Cromwell was executed at Tyburn on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king divorced Anne of Cleves and married Catherine Howard.p60 After his execution, Thomas Cromwell's head was boiled and then set upon a spike on London Bridge, facing away from the City of London.

Henry came to regret Cromwell's execution. About eight months afterwards, Henry accused his ministers of bringing about Cromwell's downfall by false charges.p496 Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.

Note 
Oliver Cromwell, the revolutionary leader who overthrew the British monarchy and led a short-lived republican government in the 17th century, was a descendant of Thomas Cromwell's sister, Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1482).

References 

1480s births
1540 deaths
Criminals
English politicians
English Earls
British lawyers
People from Middlesex
Photolithography

Photolithography is the combination of photography and lithography. Its uses include the mass printing of photographs. Microphototolithography is the use of photolithography to transfer geometric shapes on a photomask to the surface of a semiconductor wafer for making integrated circuits.

Manufacturing 

Photolithography makes integrated circuits such as memory and central processing units.
 
A special light-and-shadow pattern is shone through a photomask, onto a sheet or wafer of silicon that had been covered with a material called a photoresist. The light hardens the photoresist. When the board is dipped into a special acid, the parts that had no light on them are dissolved away. 

Memory chips have thousands or millions of identical cells. Because is much easier to make than a CPU, (a large die with a non-repetitive structure), RAM chips are far less expensive than processors.

Technology
Electronics
Christian liturgy

A Christian liturgy is a set of steps or rituals done by Christians as a form of worship, done by Christian denomination. The liturgy or form of worship has changed over time, and different groups also have different prescriptions on how such a celebration should be done. The worship on a Sunday might be different from that which is done on Easter.

Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. Liturgy may mean an elaborate formal ceremony such as the Catholic Mass. The open or waiting worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.

Liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted. The liturgy may date to the second century or earlier. Most Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches are liturgical, most other churches to a far lesser extent. Non-liturgical churches usually follow a common worship sequence from one service to the next, with several elements common to many such services. These elements often include readings from the Bible, hymns, a sermon, offerings of money, and at certain times, Communion.

Notes

Related pages
Christian calendar

References
Bowker, John, ed. (1997) Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. .
"What Do Quakers Believe?". Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

Liturgy
Booby prize

A Booby prize is a prize of low value or a joke prize. It is sometimes given for a terrible performance or last-place finish. Booby prizes are sometimes humorously and jokingly seen as an object of pride as being noticed for doing something special - losing or coming in last-place. A booby prize is usually awarded and received with pleasant humor and understanding, it is not seen as a sign of disgrace.

Examples 
If a contestant playing the Monty Hall problem does not win a car, then the goat that he wins instead is considered a booby prize.
Traditionally, the cadet graduating a military academy with the lowest academic record was given a silver dollar (booby prize) by each of his classmates.
A red lantern (booby prize) is given to the cyclist who finishes last in the Tour de France.
Jerilderie, New South Wales

Jerilderie is a town of 768 people in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia.  It is the only town in the Jerilderie Shire Council Local Government Area.

It can be found along the Newell Highway  south-west of Sydney and  north of the Victorian state border. Jerilderie's post code is 2716.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Ned Kelly
Macropod

Macropods are marsupials belonging to the family Macropodidae. That family includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, pademelons, quokkas and others. They are native to Australia, New Guinea, and their surrounding islands. Before European settlement, there were about 65 species of macropods. Six species have since become extinct. Another 11 species have been greatly reduced in numbers.

Physical description

Modern macropods are herbivores. They have specialized teeth made for grinding up fibrous plants. Macropods usually have a row of broad, straight front teeth, no canines, and a gap before their large molars. 

The stomachs of the macropods contain lots of bacteria that help them to digest their food by breaking it down for them. Macropods have a certain blend of bacteria in their stomachs that lowers the amount of methane produced.

Macropods come in all different sizes. Almost all have a powerful tail and large back legs. The word 'macropod' comes from the Greek for 'large foot'. Their long legs allow macropods to move quickly, and for long distances.

Gestation lasts about one month. In larger species, it lasts a little longer. Usually a single offspring is born. It attaches itself to a teat inside the mother's pouch. The offspring is able to leave the pouch after 5-11 months. It is sexually mature at 1-3 years old, depending on the species.

Fossil record

Marsupials evolved about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period. They reached Australia in the Palaeocene about 50 million years ago. The oldest macropod fossil found is about 12 million years old. 

 
Marsupials of Australia
Shengzhou

Shengzhou is a city of Zhejiang Province in China. It is a part of Shaoxing Municipality. Its population (including suburbs) is about 735 000. Yueju Opera, which is a Chinese opera popular in China, originated in Shengzhou.

Cities in China
Zhejiang
Yueju Opera

Yueju Opera (),is a Chinese opera popular in China. It originated in Shengxian County(namely Shengzhou). The word "Yue" in Chinese means Zhejiang province and the regions around it. "ju" means (Chinese) opera. At present, Yueju Opera is the second most popular opera in China, after the Beijing Opera.

Chinese culture
Zhejiang
Harbin

Harbin, is the capital city of Heilongjiang, a northeast province of China. In recent years, Harbin is well-known worldwide for Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival, Harbin Summer Music Festival and  Harbin International Beer Festival.

History

From 1897 to 1902, the Russian Empire built the Chinese Eastern Railway; A concession from Imperial China allowed that; Russia's administration of this railway and the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone - was from Harbin. The settlement founded by the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway, quickly turned into a boomtown, growing into a city within five years. The majority of settlers in Harbin came from southern Ukraine (in the Russian Empire).

Administration
Governing 12 districts and 10 counties, Harbin Municipality has a population of 9,873,743 and 4,754,753 of whom lives in the city proper of Harbin. 
Administrative divisions as below:
 Daoli District 
 Nangang District 
 Daowai District 
 Xiangfang District	 
 Pingfang District	 
 Songbei District 
 Hulan District	 
 Acheng District 
 Shuangcheng District

 Shangzhi	 
 Wuchang	 
 Yilan County	 
 Fangzheng County	 
 Bin County	  
 Bayan County	  
 Mulan County	  
 Tonghe County	  
 Yanshou County

Other websites
Harbin Travel Guide  
Harbin Ice Festival 

Cities in China
Sirach

Sirach, by Ben Sira, which is also known as Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, or Ecclesiasticus, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew. It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

Quotes
"All wisdom is from the Lord
and with him it remains for ever. 
The sand of the sea, the drops of rain, 
and the days of eternity- who can count them?"
(Opening of first chapter, New Revised Standard Version)

Full text.
Sirach texts

Literature
Bible
Alveolus

An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within a body.

Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals. These are also called pulmonary alveoli. These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.

When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.

In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli. Their total surface area is around 75 square meters.

Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange occurs. Gas exchange is a biological process through which (usually two) different gases are transferred in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system for their exchange is extremely important. It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.

References 

Anatomy of the respiratory system
Parasitoid

Parasitoids are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species. 

In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation. The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host. The host is food for their growth. 
Normal parasites use vectors as the way of getting to other hosts. 

In Hymenoptera there are many variations. The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin. 
In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera  more than in any other insect order  and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them. Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea. These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain. They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects. Only a beetle family, the Staphylinidae, is near the thousand mark. Ichneumonoids also include the largest parasitoids.

 
Hymenopteran parasitoids often have unique life cycles. In one family, the Trigonalidae, the female wasps deposit eggs into small pockets they cut into the edge of leaves with their ovipositor. A caterpillar chewing these leaves may swallow some of the eggs. When they get into the caterpillar's gut, they hatch and burrow through the gut wall and into the body cavity. Later they search the caterpillar's body cavity for other parasitoid larvae, and it is these they attack and feed on. Some trigonalids, once they are in a caterpillar or sawfly larva, need their host to fall prey to a social wasp. The wasp carries the caterpillar back to its nest, and there it is butchered and fed to the wasp's young. The young serve as host for the trigonalid, the eggs of which are in the butchered caterpillar.

Related pages 

 Botfly

References
Imago

In entomology, the imago is the last stage in the development of an insect. In an incomplete metamorphosis it comes after the last ecdysis. If the metamorphosis is complete, it comes after emergence from the pupa. This is the only stage where the insect is sexually mature and (if a winged species) has functional wings. The imago is often referred to as the adult stage.

References 

Insects
Jennifer Todd

Jennifer Todd (born in 1969 in California) is an American movie producer. She and her sister Suzanne run a production company called "Team Todd".

They have helped make movies including the three Austin Powers movies, Boiler Room, Prime, Must Love Dogs, Memento, Across the Universe, and The Accidental Husband.

She won the 2001 Independent Spirit Award for best movie for Memento.

References

Other websites
 

American movie producers
1969 births
Living people
Christopher Paolini

Christopher Paolini (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer. He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books Eragon, Eldest,  Brisingr, and the fourth book. He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana.

Paolini is famous for publishing his book, Eragon when he was only seventeen years old. He began writing the book when he was fifteen. His second book, Eldest, was released in 2005. His third book, Brisingr, was released in 2008. The final book of the Inheritance Cycle, Inheritance, was released on 8 November, 2011.

Writers from California
1983 births
Living people
Dougie Poynter

Dougie Lee Poynter (born 30 November 1987) is a British musician. He was born in Corringham, Essex. He is the bass player and singer for British pop punk band, McFly. The band's first single, "Five Colours In Her Hair", reached number one in the charts, as did their first album, Room On The Third Floor. McFly were signed to Island Records before creating their own indie label, Super Records in December 2007. Poynter is the band's youngest member having joined the band at the age of 15.

Poynter won the 2011 UK series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.

Other websites 

1987 births
Living people
British bass guitarists
English pop singers
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
McFly
Musicians from Essex
Ali Hassan al-Majid

Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikritieh ( , 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was an Iraqi minister. He was a member of the Baath Party. During his life, he was Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War.

He was a first cousin to the late President of Iraq Saddam Hussein. During the 1980s and 1990s,  he became notorious for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia religious dissidents of the south. Repressive measures included deportations of the population and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed "Chemical Ali" by Iraqi Kurds for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against them.

Al-Majid was captured after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s. His appeal against the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010. Al-Majid was executed by hanging eight days later.

References 

1941 births
2010 deaths
Iraqi politicians
People executed by hanging
People from Tikrit
Bamba (snack)

Bamba () is an Israeli corn snack. It is a popular snack for children. 

Bamba has been made since 1963. Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market.

References

Snack foods
List of ChuckleVision episodes

This is a list of ChuckleVision episodes. ChuckleVision is a popular British children's television series.

Series 1 (1987)

Series 2 (1988-1989)

Series 3 (1989-1990)

Series 4 (1991)

Series 5 (1992-1993)

Series 6 (1994)

Series 7 (1995)

Series 8 (1995-1996)

Series 9 (1996-1997)

Series 10 (1997-1998)

Series 11 (1998-1999)

Series 12 (1999-2000)

Series 13 (2000-2001) 

All the episodes in Series 12-13 were originally 20 minutes in length, but in 2004 the BBC cut them down to 15 minutes in length to suit their schedule. The original length 20 minute episodes are very rarely broadcast.

Series 14 (2002)

Series 15 (2002-2003) 

2002 Christmas Specials

The Series

Series 16 (2004)

Series 17 (2005)

Series 18 (2006)

Series 19 (2007)

Series 20 (2008) 
            

2008 Christmas Special

Series 21 (2009)

References 
All information in this article is sourced from "http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006w487/episodes". Due to the fact that not all episodes are displayed on this website at any one time, the information in this article was also confirmed as being correct from the BBC helpline - 03700 100 222.

Lists of television series episodes
Car stereo

A car stereo is a device that can be in a car to listen to the radio, play cassettes or CDs. More modern car stereos can also play music from memory sticks.

Car stereos typically can not produce much power without circuit which makes the car's battery voltage higher. Often car speakers have lower impedance. Then it is easier to get more audiopower without having higher voltage.

Audio technology
Automotive technologies
Eudora Welty

Eudora Alice Welty (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an award-winning American author who wrote short stories and novels about the American South.  Her book, The Optimist's Daughter, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards.  She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America.  Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, is a National Historic Landmark and open to the public as a museum.

Life
Welty worked as a publicity agent for the work progress administration. She had to travel around Mississippi for her job. In her own time, she took memorable photographs. These mostly show how different people from all economic and social classes coped with the Great Depression. Collections of her photograph were published as One time, One place (1971) and Photograph (1989). 
Very often, a photograph was the basis of one of her short stories, including Why I live at the P.O., which was inspired by a woman she photographed  ironing in the back of a small post office.

References

1909 births
2001 deaths
Writers from Mississippi
People from Jackson, Mississippi
O. Henry Award winners
Talisman

A talisman is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers. A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences. It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck.

It is also said that when making an talisman the person intending to use it must craft it.             

Superstitions
Magic (paranormal)
Eagle Comics

Eagle Comics was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's 2000 A.D. magazine for distribution in North American. They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada.

History 
The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks). In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications.

Titles 
The series they brought to American audiences included-

 Judge Dredd (33 issues - continued by Quality Comics)
 Judge Dredd: The Judge Child Quest (5 issue mini-series)
 Judge Dredd's Crime File (6 issue mini-series)
 Judge Dredd: The Early Cases (6 issue mini-series)
 The Stainless Steel Rat (6 issue mini-series)
 Strontium Dog (8 issue mini-series)
 Robohunter (5 issue mini-series)
 Nemesis The Warlock (7 issue mini-series)
 2000 A.D. Monthly (6 issues)

Comic companies
London
1986 disestablishments
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s establishments in England
1980s disestablishments in England
Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow

Saint Tikhon of Moscow was a  of Moscow in the beginning of the Soviet Union. His name, before he became a saint, was Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin(). He was  by the Synod of Bishops. It is possible that the character of the elder Zosimov in the Russian novel The Brothers Karamazov was influenced by him.

1865 births
1925 deaths
Patriarchs
Russian Orthodox saints
Henry James

Henry James OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century. James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.

Novels
In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.

Other books
He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.

1843 births
1916 deaths
American novelists
British novelists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Order of Merit
Writers from New York City