cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Gondwana Rainforests

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, formerly known as the 'Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves', are the most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The area includes 50 separate reserves covering . It is around the New South Wales–Queensland border.

The Gondwana Rainforests are so-called because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today. The number of visitors to the reserve is about 2 million per year.

National parks
The Queensland areas include the Main Range, at its most northern point; and extending south, the Lamington, Mount Chinghee, Springbrook  and Mount Barney national parks.

The New South Wales areas include the Barrington Tops, at its most southern point; and extending north, the Dorrigo, Mount Warning, New England, Mebbin, Nightcap, Border Ranges, Oxley Wild Rivers, Washpool, Willi Willi and Werrikimbe national parks.

The most heavily visited parts are Dorrigo National Park and the Natural Bridge section of Springbrook National Park.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
 Numinbah Nature Reserve

References
Chihuahua

Chihuahua may refer to:

Chihuahua (state) the state.
 Chihuahua Municipality
 Chihuahua (city)
Chihuahua (dog).
Chihuahua (song) by DJ BoBo.
Chihuahua Municipality

Chihuahua is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat is the state capital, the city of Chihuahua.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 758,791, with 748,551 in the municipal seat. It covers an area of .

References
Municipio de Chihuahua  Enciclopedia de los municipios de México, INAFED

Municipalities of Chihuahua
Chihuahua City

The city of Chihuahua is the state capital of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is also the seat of Chihuahua Municipality. It has a population of about 825,327. The predominant activity is industry, including domestic heavy, light industries, consumer goods production, and to a smaller extent maquiladoras.

Capital cities in Mexico
Settlements in Chihuahua
Bridle path

A bridle path is a pathway or trail between two places.  It is designed for people riding horses, but can also be used by people walking.  A footpath is a track between two places designed only for people walking.

Horse riding
Trails
Gabrielle Giffords

Gabrielle Giffords is an American politician. She was born June 8, 1970. She is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives. She was badly injured January 8, 2011, during a shooting in Tucson, Arizona. Giffords was shot in the head at very close range, but survived. She was holding a meeting around the parking lot of a supermarket when the shooting happened.

Since 2007, she has been married to astronaut and United States Senator Mark Kelly.

References

1970 births
Living people
American crime victims
United States representatives from Arizona
US Democratic Party politicians
King in Prussia

King in Prussia was the title used by the rulers of Prussia from 1702 to 1772.

The rulers, who were also Princes and Margraves of Brandenberg wanted to be Kings, but knew that the Holy Roman Emperor would not allow them the title.  

In return for support in the War of the Spanish Succession Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to call himself King in Prussia.  The Duchy of Prussia was outside the Empire, and he was only regarded as King outside the Empire.

In 1772 Frederick II annexed most of Poland and decided to call himself King of Prussia.  The Holy Roman Emperor was not as strong as they had been, and in 1806 the Empire ceased to exist.

Prussia
Tabasco pepper

The tabasco pepper is a variety of chili pepper species Capsicum frutescens. It is best known through its use in Tabasco sauce, followed by peppered vinegar. 

Vegetables
Food ingredients
Capsicum
Tabasco sauce

Tabasco sauce  is the brand name for a hot sauce produced by  US-based McIlhenny Company of Avery Island, Louisiana. Tabasco sauce is made from tabasco peppers (Capsicum frutescens var. tabasco), vinegar, and salt, and aged in white oak barrels for three years. It has a hot, spicy flavor.

Condiments
Sauces
Kansas–Nebraska Act

The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 made the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing the states to vote on whether slavery was legal or not. This law canceled the Missouri Compromise, which declared that slavery was not legal in those areas. It was passed on May 30, 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act angered many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing agreement. In the pro-slavery South, it was strongly supported.  

After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed in to settle Kansas to affect the outcome of the first election held after the new law went into effect.  Pro-slavery settlers carried the election but anti-slavery settlers claimed the results were fraudulent, and did not accept defeat.  The resulting fighting in Kansas gave it the nickname "Bleeding Kansas".

Other websites
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas-Nebraska Act from the Library of Congress

1854 in the United States
Franklin Pierce
1850s in Kansas
History of Nebraska
Origins of the American Civil War
King of Prussia

King of Prussia was the title Frederick the Great started using in 1772 after he got part of the Kingdom of Poland.

Before this he had called himself King in Prussia.

The rulers of Berlin kept using the title after they also became German Emperors, up until Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated (resigned) in 1918.

References

German Empire
Prussia
Guerrero Municipality, Chihuahua

Guerrero is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Vicente Guerrero (aka Ciudad Guerrero). The municipality covers an area of 5,603.6 km².

Municipalities of Chihuahua
Guerrero Municipality, Coahuila

Guerrero is a one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Guerrero. The municipality covers an area of 3,219.7 km² and is located on the international border between Mexico and the USA, here formed by the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande), adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas.

Municipalities of Coahuila
Guerrero Municipality, Tamaulipas

Guerrero is a municipality in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.

Other websites
Gobierno Municipal de Guerrero Official website

Municipalities of Mexico
Tamaulipas
2006–07 Chicago Blackhawks season

The 2006–07 Chicago Blackhawks season was the Hawks' 81st season.

Regular season

Season standings

Final regular season standings for the 2006–07 NHL season.

Game log

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

Green background indicates win.     
Red background indicates regulation loss.   
White background indicates overtime/shootout loss.

Player stats

Transactions

Trades

Free agents acquired

Free agents lost

Claimed off waivers

Lost on waivers

Draft picks
Chicago's picks at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Other websites 
Official site of the Chicago Blackhawks

Related pages
2006–07 NHL season

References
Game log: Chicago Blackhawks game log on espn.com
Team standings: NHL standings on espn.com
Player stats: Chicago Blackhawks 2006–07 reg. season stats on espn.com
Draft picks: 2006 NHL Entry Draft

Goaltenders:

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Defensemen

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Forwards

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Chicago Blackhawks season, 2006–07
Chicago Blackhawks season, 2006–07
Chicago Blackhawks season, 2006–07
2000s in Chicago
2007 in Illinois
2006 in Illinois
Prince-elector

Prince-electors  were the group of rulers of German countries which elected the Holy Roman Emperor.  In English they were usually called "Electors" and included the Elector of Brandenburg, who also began ruling as King of Prussia, and the Electors of Hanover, who were also kings of Great Britain after 1714.

Electors and Electresses
Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg

In 1692 the Duke of Hanover was made an Elector of the Holy Roman Emperor.  After then the Dukes were usually called Electors of Hanover, .

Queen Anne of England and Great Britain had no children, Sophia-Dorothea was chosen as her protestant heir.  When Anne died in 1714, Sophia Dorothea's son the Elector of Hanover became King George I of Great Britain.  

Holy Roman Empire
1692 establishments
1690s establishments in Europe
Base Ball Bear

Base Ball Bear is a Japanese rock band from Tokyo, Japan. Base Ball Bear has four members in the band; the current band members are Yūsuke Koide, Shiori Sekine and Daisuke Horinouchi.

Career 
The band, originally called “Planet,” was formed by four friends for a one-time performance at a high school culture festival. But they decided to continue playing because of how well they were received at the festival and how much fun they were having. The band was afviced by Toshiba EMI to change their name after sending their demo tapes to record labels and they chose Base Ball Bear which they got from Chocolate's song, Base Ball and Elvis Presley. The band currently has Yūsuke Koide on Vocals and guitar, Shiori Sekine on bass guitar and backing vocals and Daisuke Horinouchi on drums and chorus. Shōhei Yuasa, who used to play the guitar along with them, left the band on March 2nd, 2016.

Band members 

Current
Yūsuke Koide – Vocals/guitar
Shiori Sekine – bass guitar/backing vocals
Daisuke Horinouchi – drums/chorus

Former
Shōhei Yuasa - guitar

Other websites 
 Official website (Japanese)

Japanese rock bands
Pontiac Bonneville

The Pontiac Bonneville is an American automobile. It was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 2005 model year. The Bonneville was available as a convertible, sedan or coupe. This car was distributed through the Pontiac division of General Motors.

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Pontiac automobiles
Pontiac Grand Prix

The Pontiac Grand Prix was an American-made car. It was first introduced around 1962. The car was sold through the Pontiac division of General Motors. They stopped selling the car in 2008.

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Pontiac automobiles
Aeronwy Thomas

Aeronwy Bryn Thomas-Ellis (3 March 1943 – 27 July 2009)
was the second child of the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.

Born in London, where her parents lived at the time, she was named for the River Aeron. In 1949, the family moved to the Boat House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, Wales.
After her father's death in 1953, she and her mother went to Rome, later moving to Sicily.
She learnt Italian and became a translator of Italian poetry. She was also known as an ambassador for her father's work, and as a patron of the Dylan Thomas Society.
Visiting professor in schools and universities in the U.K. and abroad, in the late ‘90s  she was very popular with the students of Giuseppe Perotti School in Torino, Italy,  for her "creative writing" courses.
In 2007 she became President of IMMAGINE&POESIA (Image and Poetry), the international artistic literary movement founded at Teatro Alfa, Torino, Italy.

Aeronwy Thomas died in 2009 in New Malden London, aged 66.

Works (selection)
 Later than Laugharne  (Celtion, 1976)
 Christmas in the Boathouse (2003)
 A daughter remembers Dylan (Merton Books, 2006) - an expanded version of the booklet Christmas and Other Memories
 I Colori Delle Parole (Rotaract, 2007) -  includes poems by Aeronwy Thomas and paintings by Gianpiero Actis (in Italian and English)
 Burning Bridges (Cross-Cultural Communications, Merrick, New York, 2008)
 Shadows and Shades - Selected Poems (Poetry Monthly Press, 2009)
 My Father's Places (Constable, 2009)

References

1943 births
2009 deaths
Welsh writers
Poets
Droseraceae

Droseraceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is also known under its common name, the sundew family.

It consists of carnivorous plants: besides the sundews, the genus Drosera, it also contains the even more famous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). The sundews produce sticky substances on their leaves that traps prey, and the Venus fly trap has leaves that form traps that close when disturbed.

Caryophyllales
Carnivorous plants
Amaranthaceae

Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants are the Amaranth family, contains about 160 genera and 2,400 species. Most of these species are herbs or subshrubs; very few are trees or climbers.

This is a widespread and cosmopolitan family found mostly in subtropical and tropical regions, although many species belong in cool temperate regions.

Amaranthaceae
Art Fleming

Art Fleming (May 1, 1924-April 25, 1995) was an American television host. He is best known as the original host of the game show Jeopardy! from 1964 until 1975 and again from 1978 to 1979. on 1964 to 1979 The All New Jeopardy Before Alex Trebek or Other Art Fleming Born on May 1 1924-April 1995

Biography
His full name was Arthur Fleming Fazzin. He was born in New York City to William and Marie Fazzin, who had emigrated to the United States from Austria. Art studied at Colgate and Cornell Universities, and he later served in the United States Navy during World War II.

Fleming first appeared on television as a body double for Ralph Bellamy in a detective series called Man Against Crime. He later starred in movies like The Flying Tigers and International Detective. He also played a lawyer named Jeremy Pitt in an NBC series called The Californians. It was set during the gold rush in San Francisco in the 1850s. He also appeared in television commercials before becoming the first host of the game show Jeopardy! on March 30, 1964. Fleming hosted Jeopardy! until 1975. He won two Emmy Awards for that program. Premierie on NBC on 1964 Until End 1979 by Merv Griffin Productions 

Fleming died of pancreatic cancer on April 25, 1995, just before turning 71.

American movie actors
American television actors
American game show hosts
Cornell University alumni
Actors from New York City
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
1924 births
1995 deaths
Emmy Award winners
David Herman

David Herman is an American actor, comedian and voice actor best known as an original cast member of MADtv and for his role as Michael Bolton in Office Space. He is also known for his voice roles on television programs such as Futurama, and King of the Hill.

Biography 
David Herman was born in New York City and raised in Washington Heights. He graduated from the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in 1987, then attended the acting program at SUNY Purchase. Herman appeared in the films Born on the Fourth of July, Lost Angels and Let It Be Me, but he is probably best known for his role as Michael Bolton in Mike Judge's Office Space.  Earlier, Herman had joined the cast of John Leguizamo's House of Buggin' in 1994; however, that show was short-lived. When FOX decided to mount a sketch comedy show to replace House of Buggin''', Herman was kept on as an original MADtv'' cast member.

Filmography

Voice and video game appearances

American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
1967 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
Dimples

Dimples are genetically inherited indentations of the skin. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.

References 

Human body features
Ford Aerostar

The Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford. The vehicle was introduced in 1985 as a 1986 model. The Aerostar was discontinued after 1997 and replaced by the Windstar, which was sold alongside since 1995. although Aerostar's role went unfilled until the 2010 introduction of the Ford Transit Connect van.

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Aerostar
Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii is a species of pathogenic bacteria, referred to as an aerobic gram-negative bacterium, which is resistant to most antibiotics. As a result of its resistance to drug treatment, some estimates state the disease is killing tens of thousands of U.S. hospital patients each year and specialists say they could emerge as a bigger threat. They are typically short, almost round, and rod shaped. The illness can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body. 

Gram-negative bacteria
Strict weak ordering

Strict weak ordering is a binary relation on a set. Such relations define a strict ordering, but they contain several elements of the same type. An example might be the relation "costs less than", or "is cheaper than". For any two elements that are of different types, the relation holds. On the other hand, there are some elements that cannot be ordered that way, because they are of the same type. An example for such a relation may be the relation, costs less than: milk may cost less than bread, and bread may cost less than cake. Two items of different types may cost less than another, but they can otherwise have the same price.

Two different algorithms that sort words by the number of letters in the word may not give the same ordering of the words with the same number of letters, but they will always give an ordering where the four-letter words come before the five-letter-words, and after the three-letter-words.

Time will give a strict weak ordering too; Events that are equivalent in the timeframe happen at the same time.

Mathematics
Colour vision

Colour vision is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit. Colour is a quality made by the visual brain and not a property of objects.

A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies that are reflected.

It is these frequencies which are perceived as red.

Mechanism
 The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Colors of the spectrum such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet are in this range. These spectral colors do not refer to a single wavelength, but rather to a set of wavelengths: red, 625–740 nm; orange, 590–625 nm; yellow, 565–590 nm; green, 500–565 nm; cyan, 485–500 nm; blue, 450–485 nm; violet, 380–450 nm.

The nervous system derives colour by comparing the responses to light from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye. These cone photoreceptors are sensitive to different portions of the visible spectrum.

For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 740 nm, and there are normally three types of cones. The visible range and number of cone types differ between species.

With colour vision gets better vision (more information) about the things it sees. This lets it see when fruit or vegetables are ripe, and lets it see animals hiding from plain sight. The advantage of colour vision is mainly in the daytime. At night the main problem is to collect light and see in the weak light. This is something rods do better than cones.

Types of colour vision
Colour vision is not an all-or-none state. Many groups of animals can distinguish colour, but in different ways. In mammals, for instance, some groups have no colour vision, and some are dichromats. The dichromats have two kinds of cones, and cannot see ultraviolet, red and orange light. 

It is thought that the mammals which survived though the Jurassic period were small nocturnal or burrowing animals with little need to see colour. Later, after the extinction of the dinosaurs, many lines adapted to be more active in the daytime. Most developed a form of colour vision, which is much more useful in the daytime. Primates developed full (trichromacy) colour vision. For them, the ability to distinguish the colour of fruit and leaves is almost essential.

Many insects have colour vision in the ultraviolet range, which humans do not. That is why honey guides on flowers are so noticeable in ultraviolet light photographs.

Related pages
 Evolution of colour vision
 Opsin

References

Physiology
Vision
Color

fr:Vision#Vision des couleurs
Compound eye

Compound eyes consist of many photoreceptor units or ommatidia. Each 'ommatidium' (singular) is an individual 'eye unit'. 

The image perceived is a combination of inputs from ommatidia on a convex surface. Thus they point in slightly different directions. 

Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a wide-angle view. They can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

The general picture 
Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system.  Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

Almost all insects and arachnids use both simple and compound eyes.

Types of compound eye 
Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.

Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.

Good fliers
Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a foveal area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution.

Other types 
Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye.

The body of Ophiocoma wendtii, a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons.

References 

Physiology
Vision
Miyazaki Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Miyazaki.

History 
After the Meiji Restoration, the area of Hyūga Province was renamed Miyazaki Prefecture.

Miyazaki is famous for various foods such as meat and fruit.

Geography
Miyazaki Prefecture is on the eastern coast of the island of Kyūshū.  The southeast coastline faces the Pacific Ocean. Ōita Prefecture is north of Miyazaki. Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefectures are to the west.

Cities

National parks
National parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Plants
Miyazaki is one of only two locations on Earth where the fungus Chorioactis geaster lives.

Shrines and temples
Tsuno jinja is the main Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages 
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum

References

Other websites 

 Miyazaki Prefecture ;  
JNTO, Miyazaki
Thundersnow

Thundersnow is a thunderstorm with snow instead of rain.  This rare kind of weather is less rare around the Midwestern United States, the Great Lakes and Rocky Mountains, the Sea of Japan, and Mount Everest.  Thundersnow mostly happens in March.

How it is made
A thunderstorm at the front of a wave of cold air or warm air (cold front or warm front)
The edge of a big ocean storm (or cyclone) where lower warm and higher cold air mix.
Thunderstorms going over a warm lake while the air is cold (or lake-effect).

Thunder can be heard many miles away, but thundersnow thunder can only be heard a few miles away. The snow stops sounds of thunder more than rain does.

Severe weather
Alachua County, Florida

Alachua County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on February 29, 1824. As of 2000, the population is 217,955. Alachua County's seat is Gainesville.

Other websites
 Official county website

Florida counties
1824 establishments in Florida Territory
Opsin

Opsins are the universal photoreceptor molecules of all visual systems in the animal kingdom.   

They change from a resting state to a signalling state by absorbing light. This activates the G protein, resulting in a signalling cascade which produces physiological responses. 

This process of capturing a photon and transforming it into a physiological response is known as phototransduction.

Five groups of opsins are involved in vision. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex, but not in image-forming.

Some opsins allows vision in just a short stretch of wavelength. This is equivalent to seeing in only one colour. Two opsins allow vision in two colours, and is usual in mammals. Four opsins allows vision in full colour, and is usual in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. In mammals, only Old World monkeys, apes and humans have trichromacy, full colour vision. 

It is thought – see evolution of colour vision – that mammals lost much of their colour vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as mostly nocturnal animals. 
"...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals derive more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".

References 

Physiology
Biochemistry
Sinoceratops

Sinoceratops, whose name means 'horned face from China', was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. The dinosaur used to live in what is now China during the Upper Cretaceous. Sinoceratops is an ancestor of Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus. The head of a full-grown Sinoceratops was probably about  long.

Ceratopsids
Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped

Crash Bandicoot: Warped (known in Europe as Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped) is the third video game for the Crash Bandicoot series. Time trials were a new feature introduced with this game.

Release dates

PlayStation 

North America: October 31, 1998
Europe: November, 1998
Japan: December 17, 1998
Australia: October 31, 2000

PlayStation Network 

Japan: September 27, 2007
North America: February 7, 2008
Europe: October 23, 2008

References

Further reading

Other websites

1998 video games
Naughty Dog games
PlayStation games
Crash Bandicoot games
Crash Bash

Crash Bash (or Crash Bandicoot Carnival in Japan) is the fifth video game for the Crash Bandicoot series. In this game, a variety of mini-games are available for the player to play. The warp rooms were brought back here.

Release dates

PlayStation 

North America: November 6, 2000
Europe: December 1, 2000
Japan: December 14, 2000

PlayStation Network 
Japan: March 21, 2008
Australia: October 31, 2009

2000 video games
PlayStation games
Crash Bandicoot games
Bowery

Bowery, (commonly called The Bowery) is the name of a street and a small neighborhood in the southern Manhattan. The name comes from the Dutch bouwerij, which is an old word for "farm." The neighborhood is surrounded by the East Village to the north, Canal Street and Chinatown to the South, Allen Street and the Lower East Side to the east and Little Italy to the west. The area was home to many Irish immigrants in the early 19th century after the Great Irish Famine.

Manhattan
Five Points, Manhattan

Five Points (or The Five Points) was a slum (poor neighborhood) named after the five-cornered intersection of Anthony (now Worth St.), Cross (now Mosco), and Orange (now Baxter) in Manhattan it was located on. However, over time, the intersection sometimes had four or six corners. Five Points was the home of to a lot of Irish and Italian immigrants, and to the 18th century Five Points Gang.

Other websites 
 What is Five Points? 

Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City
Amber Heard

Amber Laura Heard (born April 22, 1986 in Austin, Texas) is an American actress.

Background
She made her movie debut in the 2004 sports movie Friday Night Lights. She had a recurring role on the television show, Hidden Palms as Greta Matthews. Heard came out at GLAAD's 25th anniversary event. From 2008 to 2011, she was in a relationship with photographer Tasya van Ree. She began a relationship with Johnny Depp in 2012. The couple became engaged in December 2013. They married in February 2015. In May 2016, she filed for divorce. On 2020 it was revealed that she abused Depp and falsely accused him of domestic violence to ruin his career. As a consequence of her actions, she was cancelled and blacklisted by Hollywood.

Filmography
 Friday Night Lights (2004) - Maria
 Side FX (2005) -  Shay
 Drop Dead Sexy (2005) - Candy
 North Country (2005) - Young Josey Aime
 Price To Pay (2006) - Trish
 The Prince (2006) (TV movie) - Serena
 You Are Here (2006) - Amber
 Alpha Dog (2006) - Alma
 Day 73 With Sarah (short film) (2007) - Mary
 Remember the Daze (2007) - Julia
 All the Boys Love Mandy Lane (2008) - Mandy Lane
 Never Back Down (2008) - Baja Miller
 Pineapple Express (2008) - Angie Anderson
 The Informers (2009) - Gwen Pearson
 Zombieland (2009) - 406
 The Stepfather (2009) - Kelly Porter
 ExTerminators (2009) - Nikki
 The Joneses (2010) - Jenn Jones
 The River Why (2010) - Eddy (Yet to be released)
 And Soon the Darkness (2010) - Stephanie
 The Ward (2010) - Kristen
 Drive Angry (2011) - Piper
 The Rum Diary (2011) - Chenault
 Justice League (2017) - Mera
 Aquaman (2018) - Mera

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Austin, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT models
LGBT people from Texas
Magnoliids

Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae or Magnolianae) are a group of flowering plants. They are descendants of the earliest flowering plants: they keep some features which look like those of conifers.

The group include magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree and many others.  They  have three-part flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.

The magnoliids has today about 9,000 species of flowering plants. The group has many food crops (such as avocados) and many with psychotropic effects. The famous Polynesian drink kava is prepared from a magnoliad, and nutmeg fruits are a source of the hallucinogen myristicin. 

Psychotropic effects are usually a defence against herbivory.

References 

Magnoliopsida
Commelinids

The name commelinids is a plant taxonomy (plural, not capitalised) is used by the APG II system for a clade within the monocots, which in its turn is a clade within the angiosperms. The commelinids are the only clade that the APG II has named within the monocots, the remaining monocots are a paraphyletic unit, occasionally referred to as the "basal monocots".

Plant taxonomy
Ford Thunderbird

The Ford Thunderbird is an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company starting in 1955. The Thunderbird was also known as the T-Bird. The car was often used in NASCAR races.

John Denver recorded a song in 1986 called "Along for the Ride", about the 1956 Thunderbird. The words and music were by Danny O'Keefe and Bill Braun. The Beach Boys had a big hit with the song "Fun Fun Fun" which also was about the Thunderbird.

References

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Thunderbird
Chevrolet Camaro

The Chevrolet Camaro is a car manufactured by Chevrolet. The Camaro was first sold in 1967. It was designed to compete with Ford Mustang, which was a very successful car. The Camaro was discontinued in 2002, but returned again in 2010 as a completely new car. The current generation Camaro's body shell comes from GM Korea formerly known as GM Daewoo.

History 
The Chevrolet Camaro was made to compete with the Ford Mustang. It would eventually become one of the most popular pony cars.

The first-generation Camaro was made from 1967 to 1969. It was designed as a sporty pony car. The first-generation Camaro came with many different engines. There were some inline-6s and some V8s. It was available as a coupé or a convertible. The design inspired the fifth-generation Camaro's design.

The second-generation Camaro was made from 1970 to 1981.  

The third-generation Camaro was made from 1982 to 1992.  

The fourth-generation Camaro was made from 1993 to 2002.  

The fifth-generation Camaro was made from 2010 to 2015.  

The sixth and current generation Camaro is made from 2016 to the present day.

References

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Camaro
International Species Information System

The International Species Information System (ISIS) is an international non-profit organization that helps zoos and aquariums around the world. ISIS gives its members software to collect and share information about animals. The ISIS database has information on 2.4 million animals of 10,000 species. ISIS members use basic information (age, sex, parents, place of birth, reports of deaths, etc.) collected in the ISIS system to care for and manage their animals.

Other websites
Official site

International organizations
Non-profit organizations
National Wildlife Federation

The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) is the United States' largest private, nonprofit conservation education and advocacy organization. It has over four million members and supporters.

NWF seeks to educate people of all ages by publishing a variety of wildlife magazines, including Wild Animal Baby, Your Big Backyard, Ranger Rick, and National Wildlife Magazine, and by the Backyard Habitat series on Discovery's Animal Planet along with IMAX films, such as Coral Reef Adventure, India: Kingdom of the Tiger, Bears, Wolves, and Dolphins. It has an online field guide of plants and animals called Enature.com. Also, the NWF offers hands-on training and support for habitat restoration through its Backyard Wildlife Habitat and Schoolyard Habitat programs.

Some of NWF's goals include: solutions to global warming; reducing mercury pollution; strengthening the Endangered Species Act; fighting invasive species; saving the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from oil drilling; restoring America's waterways; reforming the Army Corps of Engineers; and educating future environmental stewards.

NWF's headquarters is in Reston, Virginia.

Board members 
The following individuals make up NWF's top executive staff:
Larry J. Schweiger, President & Chief Executive Officer
Jaime Matyas, Executive Vice President & Chief Operating Officer
Dulce Gomez-Zormelo, Treasurer, VP for Finance & Chief Financial Officer
Cynthia Lewin, Secretary, Senior VP and General Counsel

Volunteer programs 
The NWF runs a large network of volunteer programs that reaches over 10 million people.

Some of the current programs include:

Habitat Ambassadors
Habitat Steward Volunteers
Habitat Steward Hosts
The Louisiana Grant Project
Global Warming Ambassadors
Wildlife Literacy Ambassador
Frogwatch USA Volunteer
Behind the Scenes Volunteers

Regional offices 
Apart from its headquarters, the NWF runs ten regional offices across the United States.

Other articles
Sustainability
Biodiversity
Global warming
Ecology
Earth Science
Natural environment
Recycling

References

More reading
 Thomas B. Allen, Guardian of the Wild: The Story of the National Wildlife Federation, 1936-1986 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987)

Other websites
National Wildlife Federation Website
NWF Chief Naturalist Craig Tufts Memorial 
Enature.com
Arizona Wildlife Viewing
NWF Budget Summary at CharityNavigator.com
Alaska Youth for Environmental Action Website

Environmental organizations
Virginia
Organizations based in the United States
1936 establishments in the United States
Gums

The gums are the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla. They are also called gingiva. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them.

About of healthy gums

Color
Healthy gums are usually "coral pink."  Other colors like red, white, and blue can mean there is a problem. Red gums mean that the patient has gingivitis, or the inflammation of the gum.

Shape
Healthy gums fill and fit each space between teeth.

Texture
Healthy gums are firm and do not move very much.

Reaction to disturbance
Healthy gums usually have no reaction to normal disturbance such as brushing.

Additional images

Related pages
Gum graft
Head and neck anatomy
Periodontitis

Other websites
Periodontal disease 

Mouth
Jacobson's organ

The Jacobson's organ, is part of the body that helps an animal smell things. It is found in many animals. It was discovered by Frederik Ruysch and later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. It is also called the vomeronasal organ or VNO.

This body part is mainly used to detect  pheromones, chemicals that carry information between individuals of the same species. So, sometimes it is called the "sixth sense."

References

Sensory system
Vertebrates
Los Angeles Zoo

The Los Angeles Zoo, founded in 1966, is a  zoo in  Los Angeles, California. The City of Los Angeles owns the entire zoo, its land and buildings, and the animals. Animal care, grounds maintenance, construction, education, public information, and administrative staff are city employees.

History and overview 
The zoo, located in Los Angeles' Griffith Park, is home to 1,100 animals from around the world. The first zoo opened in 1912 and was about two miles (3.2 km) north of its current site until about 1965.

In the 1971 20th Century Fox film Escape from the Planet of the Apes, the characters Zira and Cornelius are briefly kept at the Los Angeles Zoo.

The zoo is open from 10am–5pm every day of the year except December 25.

Botanical Gardens
In 2002, the zoo became a certified Botanical Gardens and the official name of the institution was changed to the Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens. There are 15 different collections around the zoo. They show over 800 different plant species, with a total of over 7,400 individual plants.

Gottlieb Animal Health and Conservation Center
The Gottlieb Animal Health and Conservation Center is in a restricted area of the zoo. Among other features, it includes a state-of-the-art intensive care unit, an on-site commissary, a surgical suite with observation area, and research facilities. In 2007 the facility handled 853 medical cases. The smallest patient treated was a spider tortoise (0.08 kg) and the largest was an Asian elephant (4,826 kg). It is named after Robert and Suzanne Gottlieb.

References

Other websites 

Zoos in the United States
Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
1966 establishments in California
Phil Bronstein

Phil Bronstein (born October 4, 1950) was the executive vice president and editor of the San Francisco Chronicle.

Career
Bronstein's career began as a reporter with KQED-TV in San Francisco. He later moved to the San Francisco Examiner. At the Examiner, Bronstein specialized in investigations and was a foreign correspondent for eight years. He has won awards for his writing about the Philippines from the Overseas Press Club, Associated Press, the World Affairs Council and Media Alliance. He was named executive editor of the Examiner in 1991, having previously served as managing editor for news. Under his service, the Examiner circulation declined rapidly, which Bronstein blamed on the afternoon delivery of the paper.

Bronstein was named executive vice president and editor of the San Francisco Chronicle in March 2003. He had been senior vice president and executive editor of the paper when Hearst Corp. bought The Chronicle.

The newspaper had been selling fewer newspapers each year. In late March 2007, Bronstein called an emergency staff meeting and reportedly stated that the news business "is broken, and no one knows how to fix it." This meeting happened after several weeks of articles focused on the influence of the Internet and the blogosphere made front page headlines in the Chronicle.

On January 23, 2008, Bronstein announced that he was leaving his job as editor of the Chronicle. He became editor-at-large with Hearst Newspapers.

Personal life
He was married to actress Sharon Stone from February 1998 until January 2004.  They adopted a son named Roan. Bronstein married again later. He lives in Mill Valley, CA with his wife and three kids.

In June 2001, he was seriously injured by a Komodo dragon. He entered its cage at the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in by the dragon's keeper.  Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot. He did not wear shoes because the zoo worker had told him to take them off. The shoes were white could have excited the dragon.

References

Other websitess
Bronstein's Official Hearst Corp. biography page
Transcript: Sharon Stone vs. the Komodo Dragon  from Time.com regarding Bronstein's attack by a Komodo Dragon

Living people
Businesspeople from San Francisco
1951 births
American editors
Danny DeVito

Daniel Michael "Danny" DeVito, Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He has starred in and directed a number of movies. DeVito is of Italian descent. He was born in Neptune Township, New Jersey and grew up in Asbury Park, New Jersey.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

1944 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Emmy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winners
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Predation

In ecology, predation describes a relationship and actions between two creatures. A predator catches, attacks, and eats its prey. Predators may or may not kill their prey before eating them. But the act of predation always causes the death of its prey and taking in the prey's body parts into the predators body. A true predator can be thought of as one which both kills and eats another animal, but many animals act as both predator and scavenger.

A predator is an animal that hunts, catches, and eats other animals. For example, a spider eating a fly caught at its web is a predator, or a pack of lions eating a buffalo. The animals that the predator hunts are called prey. A top predator or apex predator is one that is not the prey of other predators.

Predators are usually carnivores (meat-eaters) or omnivores (eats plants and other animals). Predators will hunt other animals for food. Examples of predators are hawks, eagles, falcons, cats, crocodiles, snakes, raptors, wolves, killer whales, lobsters, lions, and sharks.

Predators mostly do not eat other predators.

Ambush predator

Ambush predators or sit-and-wait predators are carnivorous animals or other organisms, such as some carnivorous plants. They capture or trap prey by stealth or strategy (not conscious strategy), rather than just by speed or strength.

These organisms usually hide quiet and wait for prey to come within striking distance. They often are camouflaged, and may be solitary. This may be safer for the predator, because lying in wait exposes it less to its own predators.

When a predator cannot move faster than its preferred prey, ambushing its prey is likely to be more efficient than pursuit. A predator that can move at high speed for a long time can be a pursuit predator, chasing until its prey tires and slows. There are however many intermediate strategies; for example when a pursuit predator is faster than its prey over a short distance, but not in a long chase, then either stalking or ambushing becomes part of the strategy.

Gallery

Related pages
Prey-predator equations
Hunting

References

Carnivores
Pink (singer)

Alecia Beth Moore, better known as Pink (or P!nk, born September 8, 1979), is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She was at first an R&B singer but then added pop and rock to her music. Her father is of English, Jamaican, German, Irish and Scottish descent, and her mother is Jewish (of Bohemian Jewish, Czech Jewish, Lithuanian Jewish and Russian Jewish descent). As of 2012, she sold over 40 million records and 70 million singles worldwide. She has won 3 Grammy Awards and 1 Brit Award.

Early life 
Alecia Beth Moore was born in Abington, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and raised in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in Bucks County.  Her parents divorced when she was three years old.  She was formerly a member of the girl group Choice.

Personal life 
In 2006, she married motocross racer Carey Hart in Costa Rica, after proposing to him at the X Games in Philadelphia, near her hometown of Doylestown, Pennsylvania. On June 2, 2011, they had a baby girl named Willow Sage Hart. Willow is the first child for both Moore and Hart.  They welcomed their son, Jameson Moon Hart, on December 26, 2016.

Discography

Studio albums 

Can't Take Me Home (2000)
Missundaztood (2001)
Try This (2003)
I'm Not Dead (2006)
Funhouse (2008)
The Truth About Love (2012)
Beautiful Trauma (2017)
Hurts 2B Human (2019)

Compilations 

 Greatest Hits... So Far!!! (2010)

References 

American R&B singers
American pop musicians
American rock singers
American hip hop musicians
American singer-songwriters
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Pennsylvania
1979 births
Living people
Avoca River

The Avoca River drains a large area of western and central Victoria, Australia. It is 270 kilometres from its beginnings near Amphitheatre to Lake Bael Bael. It flows through several towns including Avoca, Bealiba, Charlton and Culgoa. It is not a deep river, most of it is less than 2m, but there are some deeper pools near Logan. There are 13 creeks which flow into the Avoca River. The river carries varying amounts of water, and in summer can stop flowing for several months. At other times it can flood. In January 2010 the river flooded and covered about 80% of the town of Charlton. The roads into the town were cut and emergency food supplies had to be brought in by helicopter. The town of Culgoa was also flooded.

References

Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
Thomas S. Monson

Thomas Spencer Monson (August 21, 1927 – January 2, 2018) was an American religious leader and writer. On February 3, 2008, he became the sixteenth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, after the death of Gordon B. Hinckley. He was appointed on the basis of seniority following the death of the previous president. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Monson was made an apostle at age 36. He was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles until he became the President of the Church. As president of the church, Monson is said to be a prophet, seer, and revelator of God's will. Monson has spent most of his time engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service.

He has received three honorary doctorates. He is Chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System. He was appointed by Ronald Reagan to the President's Task Force for Private Sector Initiatives. Monson received the Boy Scouts of America's Silver Buffalo and the World Organization of the Scout Movement's Bronze Wolf—both awards. Both awards are the highest given in each organization.

Monson died in Salt Lake City on January 2, 2018 at the age of 90. He was replaced by Russell M. Nelson.

Early life 
Monson was born on August 21, 1927 in Salt Lake City, Utah. His Father was George Spencer Monson (1901–1979) and his mother was Gladys Condie Monson (1902–1973). Nels Monson was his Swedish grandfather. Nels Monson was born in Torhamn, Switzerland and moved to Utah at the age of 16. Thomas S. Monson was the second of six children. He grew up in a close family. Many of his mother's family lived on the same street. Aunts, uncles, and cousins frequently vacationed together. The family's neighborhood had many families from Mexico. Monson said he developed a love for the Mexican people and culture. Monson often spent weekends with family on their farms in Granger (now part of West Valley City).  Monson's father owned a printing business. Monson worked there when he was a teenager.

From 1940 to 1944, Monson attended West High School in Salt Lake City. In 1944, he started going to the University of Utah. While Monson was at school he met his future wife, Frances. Frances's family came from a higher social class on the east side of the city. Her father, Franz Johnson, was excited to meet Thomas. He knew Monson's great uncle, Elias Monson. Elias had baptized Franz into the LDS Church in Sweden.

References

1927 births
2018 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Christian religious leaders
Christian writers
Writers from Salt Lake City, Utah