cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Alikovo, Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic

Alikovo (; , Elĕk) is a locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is  south of Cheboksary, on the Cheboksary—Krasnye Chetai and Cheboksary—Yadrin auto routes. Most of the 2,500 people who live there are Chuvash.

Geography
The Abashyrma River flows near Alikovo; and the closest village is Siner.

History
It was first mentioned in 1486.

Climate
The climate is moderately continental, with long cold winters and warm summers. Average January temperature is ; average July temperature is . The absolute recorded low was  and the record high was . Annual precipitation is up to .

Infrastructure
The facilities include a culture center, a theater, a library, a medical clinic, and stores. There is also a postal office, a stadium, a restaurant and cafés, and several gas stations. A market is open on Thursdays. There are two parks—central and one named after Andriyan Nikolayev.

Education
Educational facilities include a middle school and a music school.

Culture
Cultural facilities include a museum, a people's theater, a people's ensemble, a veteran's orchestra, a school's brass band, and a chorus. International Chuvash music festival "Vir'yal shevlisem" (Vir'yal's pancakes) is held during summers.

Economy
Industry in Alikovo is represented by a building plant, branches of banks and insurance companies, telecommunication offices, and building companies.

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L.A., Yefimov E.L., Ananyev A.A., Terentyev G.K., Cheboksary, 2009, .

Alikovsky District
Khirlepposi

Khirlepposi or Khirleppos' Melesh (; , Hirleppuş Mĕlĕš) is a locality (a village) in Tautovskoye Rural Settlement of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia, located  west of Alikovo, the administrative center of the district. Population: 245 (2006 est.), mostly females; 539 (1926); 482 (1907); 141 (1859).

Etymology
The name of the village is derived from the Chuvash words "" (the name of the river flowing through the village) and "" ("beginning").  "" was the name of the first settler.

Geography

The Khirlep River flows through the village.

Cheboksary–Alikovo–Krasnye Chetai auto route passes near the village.

History
The village was first mentioned in July 1774, when Yemelyan Pugachev passed near it. First school in Khirlepposi opened in 1895.

As the village grew, some of its residents moved out to found new villages in Alikovsky (Small Melesh (or Pavlooshkan'), Toropkasy, New Selo (now it's Azamat), Khitekooshkan', Khoravary) and Krasnochetaisky (Melesh) Districts.

Until 1927, Khirlepposi was a part of Alikovskaya Volost of Yadrinsky Uyezd. On July 1, 1927, the village was incorporated into Alikovsky District and on December 20, 1962 it was transferred to Vurnarsky District. On March 14, 1965, it was returned to Alikovsky District.

Infrastructure
The facilities in Khirlepposi include a club, a library, a first-aid post, and a store.

There are five streets in the village: Tsentralnaya (, earlier ), Komsomolskaya (), Kooperativnaya (), Pereulochnaya (, earlier  and ), and Shkolnaya ().

Climate
The climate is moderately continental, with long cold winters and warm summers. Average January temperature is ; average July temperature is . Record low of  was recorded in 1979, and the record high was . Average annual precipitation is up to .

Notable people
 Anatoly Ivanovich Platonov (b. 1952), Head of Alikovsky District Administration (as of December 2007)
 Gennady Sapozhnikov (1933–2004), scientist, biologist
 Nikita Larionov, Chuvash, writer and poet (here young writer is creating first novel).

References

Further reading
 L. A. Yefimov, "" (Alikovsky District), Alikovo, 1994
 "Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's EncYclopedia), authors: Yefimov L.A., Yefimov E.L., Ananyev A.A., Terentyev G.K., Cheboksary, 2009, .
 "Аликовскому району 75 лет. Очерки и материалы по истории района", под ред. Л. А. Ефимова, Шупашкар, 2002.

Alikovsky District
Tautovskoye Rural Settlement

Tautovskoye Rural Settlement (; , Tavăt jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a village) of Tautovo. Rural settlement's population: 2,532 (2006 est.).

Tautovskoye Rural Settlement comprises eleven rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Krasnye Chetai highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Tautovskoye Rural Settlement 

Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Alikovskoye Rural Settlement

Alikovskoye Rural Settlement (; , Elĕk jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Alikovo. Rural settlement's population: 4,291 (2006 est.).

Alikovskoye Rural Settlement comprises ten rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Yadrin and the Cheboksary–Krasnye Chetai highways cross the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Alikovskoye Rural Settlement 

Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Bolshevylskoye Rural Settlement

Bolshevylskoye Rural Settlement (; , Măn Vylă jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a village) of Bolshaya Vyla. Rural settlement's population: 1,279 (2006 est.).

Bolshevylskoye Rural Settlement comprises three rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Yadrin highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Bolshevylskoye Rural Settlement 

Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Chuvashsko-Sorminskoye Rural Settlement

Chuvashsko-Sorminskoye Rural Settlement or Chuvash-Sorma Rural Settlement  (; , Chăvash Surăm yal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the eastern part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Chuvashskaya Sorma. Rural settlement's population: 1,758 (2006 est.).

Chuvashsko-Sorminskoye Rural Settlement comprises sixteen rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Yadrin highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Chuvashsko-Sorminskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
KB

KB can mean any of the following:

 kb, Kilobit, unit equal to 1000 bits
 kB, Kilobyte, unit equal to 1000 bytes (byte = 8 bits)
 Kibibyte
 kB, Boltzmann constant, a constant in science, related to temperature and energy
Kilobit

A kilobit is 1000 (kilo-), as in SI, bits.  A bit is either 0 (off) or 1 (on). The kilobit is usually written as kbit or kb.  Kibibit is similar, except it has 1024 (power of two) bits instead of 1000.  They are sometimes confused.

Related pages 
 Kilobyte
 Kibibit
 Kilo-
 Bit
 SI

References

Computing measurement
Krymzaraykinskoye Rural Settlement

Krymzaraykinskoye Rural Settlement (; , Krymzaraykă jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Krymzaraykino. Rural settlement's population: 1,081 (2006 est.).

Krymzaraykinskoye Rural Settlement comprises nine rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Yadrin highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Krymzaraykinskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Pitishevskoye Rural Settlement

Pitishevskoye Rural Settlement (; , Yountapa jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a village) of Pitishevo. Rural settlement's population: 1,095 (2006 est.).

Pitishevskoye Rural Settlement comprises six rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Yadrin highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Pitishevskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement

Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement (; , Uraskilt jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the western part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Raskildino. Rural settlement's population: 1,366 (2006 est.).

Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement comprises five rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Yadrin and Cheboksary–Krasnye Chetai highways cross the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Raskildinskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Shumshevashskoye Rural Settlement

Shumshevashskoye Rural Settlement (; , Shĕmshesh jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Shumshevashi. Rural settlement's population: 2,289 (2006 est.).

Shumshevashskoye Rural Settlement comprises nineteen rural localities.

The Alikovo–Shumshevashi highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Shumshevashskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Teneyevskoye Rural Settlement

Teneyevskoye Rural Settlement (; , Teni jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Teneyevo. Rural settlement's population: 900 (2006 est.).

Teneyevskoye Rural Settlement comprises five rural localities.

The Alikovo–Tautovo highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Teneyevskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Yandobinskoye Rural Settlement

Yandobinskoye Rural Settlement (; , Yountapa jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Yandoba. Rural settlement's population: 1,081 (2006 est.).

Yandobinskoye Rural Settlement comprises twelve rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Alikovo highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites
Official website of Yandobinskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Yefremkasinskoye Rural Settlement

Yefremkasinskoye Rural Settlement (; , Yountapa jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a village) of Yefremkasy. Rural settlement's population: 2,608 (2006 est.).

Yefremkasinskoye Rural Settlement comprises thirteen rural localities.

The Cheboksary–Vurnary highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.

References

Notes

Further reading
L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
"Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L. A., Yefimov Ye. L., Ananyev A. A., Terentyev G. K. Cheboksary, 2009, .

Other websites 
Official website of Yefremkasinskoye Rural Settlement 



Alikovsky District
Rural settlements of the Chuvash Republic
Nikolay Yut

Nikoláj Jákovlevič Jut —( & ), 30 July 1898 in village Siner of Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic (Russia) - 27 March 1967 in Shumerlya) was a Chuvash writer, folklorist and literature critic.

Biography
Nikolai Yut was born in the village of Siner, which is now in Alikovsky District, Chuvash Republic, Russia. He graduated from the Simbir Chuvashia teachers School. He then graduated from the Communist University of Peoples of the East in 1923. He completed graduate studies at the Institute of History of Material Culture of the USSR from 1923–1925. Jut was the editor of the newspaper "Canvas". He was head of the Chuvashia Writers association from 1923–1925. He was the author of numerous literary-critical articles. He was the Author of "A brief sketch of Chuvash Folk Poetry" (1928). Jut was a USSR writers Union’s member (1934). He was critical of members of the regional committee accusing them of sloppiness. For this he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was later reinstated. He had a significant influence on the literature of his time.

Yut served in the Russian Civil War and World War II. He was arrested in 1937, he was released in 1943. Yut was rehabilitated in 1956. He died on 27 March 1967 in Shumerlya.

Literature 
 Leo Efimov, Alikovsky Encyclopedia, Chuvash book publishing house, Cheboksary, 2009.
 L. I. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
 Zolotov A.A., Murakhaeva (Zolotova) S.A., "Принципам не изменили", Alikovo-Cheboksary, 1898.
 Zolotov A.A., Zolotov V. A., Zolotov V. T., "Николалай Яковлевич Золотов. К 110-летию со дня рождения, к 85-летию со дня организации Союза писателей "Канаш", Cheboksary, "Новое время", 2008.

References

Other websites 
Biography of Nikolai Yut
 Chuvash State Historical Museum

1898 births
1967 deaths
Russian writers
Alikovsky District
Robert Moresco

Robert "Bobby" Moresco (born April 30, 1951) is a Hollywood screenwriter. Some of the movies he has written for are 10th & Wolf and Crash. He won an Academy Award for Crash. He also was a producer of Crash. He has acted in three movies.  He wrote scripts for the television series EZ Streets, Millennium and The Black Donnellys.

In 2012 he received the Pioneer in Screenwriting Award at the Burbank Film Festival.

References

Other websites

 Robert Moresco Interview  at Current.com
 

Living people
1951 births
American screenwriters
Academy Award winning writers
American movie producers
Jolbon

Jolbon was the capital city of the ancient Korean Kingdom of Goguryeo.

The city was established in 37BCE by Jumong.

References

Related pages
 Goguryeo

Capital of Korea
History of Korea
30s BC establishments
Sequoia

Sequoia is a genus of redwood trees in the Cupressaceae family. It includes the largest trees in the world. The only living species of the genus is  Sequoia sempervirens, the coast redwood, in northern California and southern Oregon in the United States. Several other species have been named from fossils, but are now extinct. These include Sequoia affinis, Sequoia chinensis in China, Sequoia langsdorfii, Sequoia dakotensis of South Dakota, and Sequoia magnifica. Other related species of the subfamily Sequoioideae include Sequoiadendron Giganteum, the Giant Sequoia  and Metasequoia Glyptostroboides, the Dawn Redwood.

The oldest known fossils in the Sequoia genus are those of Sequoia jeholensis, which have been found in Jurassic deposits of southern Manchuria. By the late Cretaceous it had spread to other parts of China, Europe, and western North America.

Giant sequoia  are much more recent in the fossil record, appearing 25 million years ago. They grow only in 75 groups across 35,600 acres in California, near the Sierra Nevada mountains. These groups were formed as a protection from logging. The most famous area with giant sequoia trees is Sequoia National Park. The park was made as the second national park, after the Yellowstone in 1980. The Sequoia National Park is managed with Kings Canyon National Park. Together, the two parks are called Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Several trees in Sequoia National Park have even been named, for example General Grant, the Grizzly Giant or General Sherman.

References

Cupressaceae
Plants of North America
Ecological footprint

An ecological footprint measures how much people take from nature. The footprint is then compared to the amount of natural resources nature can renew. The ecological footprint takes into account how much farm land, forest area, grazing land and sea area it takes to provide everything people use. More simply, footprint calculations answer the questions: how much nature do we have? And how much do we use?

When analyzing the world as a whole, humanity is using nature about 1.7 times faster than nature renews itself. It is like using 1.7 planet Earths. Since people consume differently around the world, it is also possible to calculate how many planet it would take if everybody around the world consumed like a particular population. For instance, if everybody consumed like the Germans, it would take nearly 3 planet Earths. Expressed in area: The ecological footprint per world citizen is about 2.8 global average hectares per person while there are only 1.6 global hectare of biologically productive land and water per person on Earth. This means that humanity has already overshot global biocapacity by 70% and now lives unsustainably by depleting stocks of "natural capital". 

All this data is based on the 2020 assessment from Global Footprint Network, York University, and FoDaFo. It uses 2017 data.

Related pages 
Population growth
Overpopulation

References

Other websites
The Sustainable Scale Project's introduction to the Ecological Footprint

Global Footprint Network - international think-tank advancing the Ecological Footprint

Environmental issues
Pope Innocent VII

Pope Innocent VII (; 1336 – November 6, 1406), born Cosimo de' Migliorati, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 205th Pope from 1404 until his death in 1406.

Early life
Migliorati was born at Sulmona in the Abruzzi region of Italy.

Migliorati studied at Perugia, Padua and Bologna. He taught law at Perugia and Pagua.

Bishop
Pope Urban VI made Migliorati Bishop of Bologna in 1386.  He became Archbishop of Ravenna in 1387.

Cardinal
Pope Boniface IX made Migliorati cardinal in 1389.

Pope
Migliorati was elected pope on October 17, 1404; and chose to be called of Innocent VII.

He elevated his nephew as a cardinal Ludovico Migliorati.  Cardinal Migliorati had a unique role as cardinal-nephew.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Western Schism
Innocent VII was pope during the years of the Western Schism, which was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.

During this period, there was more than one who claimed to be the true pope.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent VII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Migliorati

Italian popes
1336 births
1406 deaths
Environmental impact of aviation

Air travel has a major impact on the world's environment, especially the atmosphere. With fast globalisation, air traffic has quickly increased, and is one of the biggest causes of climate change.

This is due to the noise pollution emitted from the aircraft while it is flying. It also takes fuel to fly the planes which causes pollution. Aircraft pollution has increased a great deal although flying or taking a transportation method that can carry more than a few individuals at a time is more environmentally friendly than a smaller vehicle.

Public awareness of the impact of aircraft on the environment is a lot less compared with automobiles.

References 

International Civil Aviation Organization, Air Transport Bureau (ATB) (undated). "Aircraft Engine Emissions". Retrieved 2008-03-19.
Enviro.aero (undated). "What is the impact of flying?". Retrieved 2008-03-19.
Travis, David J. (2002). "Contrails reduce daily temperature range". Nature 418 (6898): 601. doi:10.1038/418601a. PMID 12167846.

Environmental issues
Aviation
Happiness (Alexis Jordan song)

Happiness is a song by Alexis Jordan. It peaked at number-one in three countries. "Happiness" is the lead single from Jordan's debut album Alexis Jordan (2011).

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References 

Alexis Jordan songs
2010 songs
Alexis Jordan (album)

Alexis Jordan is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Alexis Jordan.

Track listing

Charts

References 

Alexis Jordan
2011 albums
Debut albums
Dance-pop albums
House albums
R&B albums
Alexis Jordan discography

This is a discography for American singer Alexis Jordan.

Discography

Albums

Singles

As a featured artist

Guest appearances

Music videos

References 

Jordan, Alexis
Discography
Opening act

An opening act (or warm-up act) is an entertainer who performs first before the headliner goes on stage to perform. The opening act's role is to keep the audience at a concert excited which helps the headliner get ready to perform their act on stage.

Entertainment
StarRoc/Roc Nation

StarRoc/Rock Nation is an American record label and music publishing company that was founded by American rapper Jay-Z. Currently, Alexis Jordan and Willow Smith (Will Smith's daughter) are sighed to the record label.

American record labels
T4 on the Beach

T4 on the Beach is a one-day yearly music event that occurs in Weston-super-Mare in June or July. It began in 2003 as Pop Beach in Great Yarmouth, changing in 2005 to its current name and location. The event is broadcast live on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Other websites

2003 establishments in England
Channel 4 television programmes
Music festivals in England
Norfolk
Somerset
JLS

JLS (short for Jack the Lad Swing) are an English boy band, which consists of members Aston Merrygold, Oritsé Williams, Marvin Humes, and JB Gill, originally formed by Williams. They initially signed to Tracklacers production company New Track City and then went on to become runners-up of the fifth series of the ITV reality talent show The X Factor in 2008, coming second to Alexandra Burke. During their initial stint as as boy band, they have sold over 3 million records worldwide. They were runners-up in the 2008 UK series of The X Factor. JLS signed a record deal with Epic records in 2009. Their debut album peaked at number-one on the UK Albums Chart and sold more than 1 million copies.

Awards and nominations

Discography
 JLS (2009)
 Outta This World (2010)
 Jukebox (2011)

References

Other websites 
 
 

2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2000s British music groups
2006 establishments in England
2010s British music groups
Black British people
English boy bands
English R&B bands
English pop music groups
English hip hop bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups from London
The X Factor contestants
I Have Nothing

I Have Nothing is a song by American singer Whitney Houston. It was recorded for The Bodyguard soundtrack (1992).
Later as a duet recorded in 1993 by the late singers Michael Jackson featuring Whitney Houston.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Other websites 
 

1993 songs
Whitney Houston songs
Michael Jackson songs
Hot Dance Club Songs

The Hot Dance Club Songs is a Billboard chart that ranks the top 50 songs played by American DJs in night clubs. This chart was currently suspended after the March 28, 2020 issue due to the Coronavirus pandemic that resulted in nightclubs in the United States to shut down or cut back due to limits on social gatherings.

Chart milestones
Artists with the most number-one Hot Dance Club Songs hits:

1. Madonna — 40
2. Janet Jackson — 19
3. Beyoncé — 16 (tie)
3. Kristine W — 16 (tie)
3. Rihanna — 16 (tie) 
3. Donna Summer1 — 16 (tie)
7. Mariah Carey — 15
8. Whitney Houston — 13
9. Lady Gaga — 11 (tie)
9. Jennifer Lopez — 11 (tie)

References

Other websites 
Billboard Online 
Current Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart (top 25) 
Current Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart (top 10) 

Billboard charts
Hush Hush (Alexis Jordan song)

"Hush Hush" is a single by American singer Alexis Jordan for her debut album Alexis Jordan (2011).

Track listing

UK Digital EP
"Hush Hush" – 3:42
"Hush Hush" (Tom Neville's Turned Up to 11 Remix) – 6:21
"Hush Hush" (Cahill Full On Club Remix) – 7:10
"Hush Hush" (Cahill Full On Dub Remix) – 7:10
"Hush Hush" (Cahill Lounge Remix) – 7:11
"Hush Hush" (Full Intention Club Remix) – 6:10

Australian Digital EP
"Hush Hush" – 3:42
"Hush Hush" (Cahill Full On Remix Edit) – 3:29
"Hush Hush" (Full Intention Radio Remix) – 4:54
"Hush Hush" (Tom Neville's Turned Up To 11 Radio Remix) – 3:42
"Hush Hush" (Stargate Extended Mix) – 5:20

Credits and personnel
Autumn Rowe – songwriter
StarGate (Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen) – songwriter, producer and instrumentation
Sandy Vee – songwriter, producer, recording, mixing and instrumentation
Petr Brdicko - songwriter
Mikkel S. Eriksen – recording
Phil Tan – mixing
Damien Lewis – additional and assistant engineering
Tom Coyne – mastering

Charts

References 

Alexis Jordan songs
2011 songs
Good Girl (Alexis Jordan song)

Good Girl is a song recorded by American singer Alexis Jordan for her debut album Alexis Jordan (2011).

Track listing
UK digital EP
"Good Girl" – 3:56
"Good Girl (Radio Edit)" - 3:40
"Good Girl" (Freemason's Radio Edit) – 3:31
"Good Girl" (Kim Fai Radio Edit) – 3:55
"Good Girl" (Freemason's Club Edit) – 8:47
"Good Girl" (Kim Fai Club Edit) – 6:52

Australian digital download
"Good Girl" – 3:56
"Good Girl (Radio Edit)" - 3:42
"Good Girl" (Freemason's Radio Edit) – 3:31
"Good Girl" (Kim Fai Radio Edit) – 3:55

Credits and personnel
Autumn Rowe – songwriter
StarGate (Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen) – songwriter, producer and instrumentation
Sandy Vee – songwriter, producer and instrumentation
Petr Brdicko - songwriter
Espionage (Espen Lind and Amund Björklund) – songwriter
Mikkel S. Eriksen – recording
Miles Walker – recording assistant
Antonio Resendiz – recording assistant
Phil Tan – mixing
Damien Lewis – additional and assistant engineering
Espen Lind – guitar
Tom Coyne – mastering

Credits adapted from Alexis Jordan album booklet.

Charts

References 

Alexis Jordan songs
2011 songs
Mixed race

A mixed race (or multiracial) person is someone whose ancestors (or parents) come from different races.

Race
Sonny Terry

Saunders Teddell, or Saunders Terrell (or other variants, sources differ) (October 24, 1911 – March 11, 1986), known as Sonny Terry, was an American Piedmont blues and folk musician, who was known for his energetic blues harmonica style, which frequently included vocal whoops and hollers and occasionally imitations of trains and fox hunts.

Life 
He was born Saunders Terrell. His father, who was a farmer and musician, taught him the basics of harmonica playing. At the age of 16 he became blind. Because of this  he was not able to work on the farm of his father. He started playing music. He developed a harmonica style which included also vocal parts and hollers. Also the imitation of trains was part of his style.

In 1938 he played in the Carnegie Hall during the first From Spirituals to Swing concert. The same year he recorded for the Library of Congress. Although he was famous as pure folk blues artist he also played jump blues in a band. From 1941 till 1982 he played together with the guitarist  Brownie McGhee (1915–1996). He also played with other folk and blues legends like  Woody Guthrie, Leadbelly, Pete Seeger, Champion Jack Dupree, Blind Gary Davis, Mississippi John Hurt, Big Bill Broonzy amongst others.

In the 1980s he stopped due to age his career.He played only some concerts. He died in 1986. This year he also was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Discographie

Main albums 
    California Blues – Universal (Pty) Ltd.
    On the Road – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
    Sonny Terry's Harmonica and Vocal Solos – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
 1958  Sonny Terry's New Sound – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
 1960  Sonny's Story – Bluesville/Original Blues Classics
 1963  Sonny Is King – Bluesville/Original Blues Classics
  1965  Sonny Terry – Archive Folk
  1960's  Sonny Terry Guitar & Harmonica – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
  1976  Black Night Road – Tomato
   1976  Harmonica Blues – Storyville
   1976  Sonny Terry's Washboard Band
    1984  Whoopin' – Alligator Records

Compilations 
 1991  The Folkways Years, 1944–1963 – Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
1995  Whoopin' the Blues: The Capitol Recordings, 1947–1950  Capitol
1996  Complete Recordings 1938–1945 – Document

References 

Blues musicians
1911 births
1986 deaths
Blues harp players
Water footprint

A water footprint is the amount of freshwater used by individuals, groups or companies in order to make goods or provide services used by the community. These goods and services may be needed around the entire world. A water footprint can be determined by math for any well-established group of users, or producers. It is measured by dividing the total amount of water used, by the water that became polluted, in the same area during the same amount of time. While the water footprint of an organization is a good indicator for its water consumption and pollution, it does not show how other water sources are affected. More studies will need to be done in order to determine the effect of the water footprint on water sources.

Etymology 
The water footprint concept was introduced in 2002 by A.Y. Hoekstra from UNESCO-IHE as an alternative indicator of water use.[2]. The concept was refined and accounting methods were established with a series of publications from two lead authors A.K. Chapagain and A.Y. Hoekstra from the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, now at WWF-UK and University of Twente respectively. The most elaborate publications on how to estimate water footprints are a 2004-report on the 'Water footprint of nations' from UNESCO-IHE [3] and the 2008-book Globalization of Water by A.Y. Hoekstra and A.K. Chapagain, published by Blackwell, 2008. Cooperation between global leading institutions in the field has led to the establishment of the Water Footprint Network in 2008 that aims to coordinate efforts to further develop and disseminate knowledge on water footprint concepts, methods and tools.

Other websites 
 Water Footprint Network
 WWF-UK 
 WWF-NL 
 UNESCO-IHE
 WSOURCE 

Footprint
Pope Boniface IX

Pope Boniface IX (; 1350 – 1 October 1404), born Piero Tomacelli, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 204th Pope from 1389 until his death in 1404.

Early life
Piero Tomacelli was born into the baronial family of Casarano in the Kingdom of Naples.

Cardinal
In 1381, Pope Urban VI raised Tomacelli to the rank of cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Tomacelli was elected pope in 1389; and he chose to be called Boniface IX.

Pope Boniface was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Papal actions
 1391 – University of Ferrara established
 1392 – University of Efurt confirmed
 1396 – Jubilee celebrated at Rome
 1398 – University of Fermo established

Boniface canonized St. Birgitta of Sweden.

Western Schism
Boniface IX was pope during the years of the Western Schism, which was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.

During this period, there was more than one who claimed to be the true pope.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Boniface IX
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Tomacelli

Italian popes
1350 births
1404 deaths
Recursive algorithm

A recursive algorithm is a function that tells itself to do something, resulting in it running over and over on smaller and smaller inputs. At the end, it gives back a value.

Recursion
Bang!

Bang! is a card game. It is set in the Wild West. It was made by an Italian man named Emiliano Sciarra. This year, there were many expansion packs for the game. With all of them, this game can be played with eight players at the most.

Start of the game 

At the beginning of game, every player chooses their character and role. When the player is choosing their character, they take two random cards, looks at special ability and picks one of them. Every character has a different count of lives (from three to five). The sheriff has one more.

There are four roles. Every player knows only their own role. Only the sheriff is known to everybody. Roles are different depending on the number of players:

 4 players  –  one sheriff, two bandits and one renegade.

 5 players  –  sheriff, two bandits, one vice and renegade

 6 players  –  sheriff, three bandits, vice and renegade

 7 players  –  sheriff, three bandits, two vices and renegade

The roles 
Each player has a different mission:

 The sheriff is the most imortant role. Every time, he starts the game. His mission is to kill all the bandits and renegades. If he kills his deputy (vice), he will lose all his cards. If he dies, the game ends.

 The vice (deputy) has to protect the sheriff and kill the bandits and renegades.

 The bandit has to kill the sheriff in every game. There has to be more than two bandits.

 The renegade is the hardest role in the game. He has to stay alive so he can kill the bandits, vice (if he is playing) and sheriff at the end.

Gameplay 
After everyone chooses their character and role, the game starts. Every player gets the same number of cards as the number of lives they have, so if a player has three lives, they get three cards. At the beginning of turn, the player takes two cards. There are three kinds of cards. They have brown, blue and green edges. Brown cards allow players to play immediately, blue cards mean a player has to put it on the table first. Green cards also mean this, but the player needs to wait for one lap before he can use the card.

Card games
Aspen

Aspens are a type of poplar tree with leaves that move with the slightest wind. The two main species are both called 'trembling aspens' or 'quaking aspens' on account of their leaves.

American aspen 
Populus tremuloides is the American aspen. It is common in temperate and colder regions of North America.

It forms large stands (groups) of genetically identical trees (clones) connected by a single underground root system. These trees form through root sprouts coming off an original parent tree. The largest known fully connected aspen is a grove in Utah nicknamed 'Pando', and some experts call it the largest organism in the world, by mass or volume. It covers 0.43 km2 (106 acres) and is estimated to weigh .

European aspen 
Populus tremula is a species of poplar native to cool temperate regions of Europe and Asia, from the British Isles east to Kamchatka, north to inside the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and northern Russia, and south to central Spain, Turkey, the Tian Shan mountain system, North Korea, and northern Japan. It also occurs at one site in northwest Africa in Algeria. In the south of its range, it occurs at high altitudes in mountains.

It is a hardy species which tolerates long, cold winters and short summers. Aspen is dioecious, so individual trees are either male or female (in contrast to most trees, where male and female flowers occur on the same tree). Trees flower in March and April, before the leaves appear, with both the male and female trees producing catkins. Pollinated female catkins ripen in early summer and release tiny seeds which are tufted with hairs.

Like other aspens, its main method of reproduction is vegetative (asexual). It spreads extensively by root sprouts, which may be produced up to 40 metres from the parent tree. They form extensive clonal colonies. Large numbers of new shoots can be produced in this way, especially after a major disturbance such as fire.

References 

Trees
Malpighiales
Iyyampalayam

Iyyampalayam is a panchayat town in Dindigul district  in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. There also exists another village by the same name, in the Erode district in Tamil Nadu. For the Ayyampalaym in Erode district, see here: Ayyampalayam, Erode district. There is another village of the same name near Manachanallur in Trichy district.

Demographics
As of 2001 India census, Iyyampalayam had a population of 12,131. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Iyyampalayam has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 56% of the males and 44% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.Coconuts and Mangoes are  the main production in this village. This village is located at the bottom of Kodaikanal.  Marudanadi dam is very nearer to  this village and through which around   of lands gets irrigated.  

An ancient Muthalamman Temple festival is very famous in this village. This festival was  headed by Alappa gowder and their family members every year. This takesplaces for three days Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. Wednesday night is the most important day of the festival, during that day they bring silk cloth covered goddess statue from Thevarapanpatti and removing this silk cloth and eye opening and decorate the goddess in Alappa gowder's temple house and then only it goes to the temple where festival  begins and final Friday aarathi was also taken by Alappa gowder family to the goddess as send of function. Sadayandi swami petti festival is also equivalently important.  Periya Iyyanar temple on the bank of Marudanadi river is also a worth seeing place.   Pandit Nehru Portrait was given divine status in this temple proves this village people are very patriotic by birth. 

Persons from this village have  joined in the INA  founded by Nethaji Subash Chandra Bose.  The forefathers of Dr.Subramania Siva lived in this village. Pongal festival during the month of January, jallikattu competition will be held with great enthusiasm. 

This village is well connected by road.  N.P.Ramasamy Memorial Higher Secondary School caters to the needs of this village education.

References

Villages in India
Kenny G

Kenneth Bruce Gorelick (born June 5, 1956), better known by his stage name Kenny G, is an American adult contemporary and smooth jazz saxophonist. His fourth album, Duotones, brought him breakthrough success in 1986. Kenny G is the biggest-selling instrumental musician with global sales totaling more than 75 million records.

Early life
Kenny G was born in Seattle, Washington, to Jewish parents and grew up in the city's Seward Park neighborhood, which is a center of the city's Jewish community. His mother was originally from Saskatchewan, Canada. He came into contact with a saxophone when he heard someone performing with one on The Ed Sullivan Show. He started playing the saxophone in 1966 when he was 10 years old. He learned how to play under the direction of trumpeter Gerald Pfister and by practicing along with records (mostly of Grover Washington, Jr.). His first saxophone was a Buffet Crampon alto.

Personal life
Kenny G married Lyndie Benson-Gorelick in 1992, and the couple had two sons. In January 2012, Benson-Gorelick filed for legal separation. Kenny G filed for divorce in August 2012.

Kenny G lives in Malibu, California. He has been an avid golfer, with a handicap of +0.6. He had participated in the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am tournament seven times as of 2007 and teamed with Phil Mickelson to share the AT&T pro-am title in 2001 with the team of Tiger Woods and Jerry Chang. In the Golf Digest rankings of Top 100 in Music, according to golf handicap indexes of musicians, he was first in 2002 and second in 2006. He has been a member at Sherwood Country Club in Thousand Oaks, California.

Kenny G is an aircraft pilot and has a De Havilland Beaver seaplane that he flies regularly.  He was also an early investor in the Starbucks coffee house chain.

References

Other websites

Kenny G at Myspace
Kenny G at Legacy Recordings 
Kenny G  at VH1.com
Kenny G Interview – Billboard en Español
[ Kenny G] at Allmusic

1956 births
Living people
Musicians from Seattle, Washington
American jazz musicians
Jewish American musicians
Git

Git () is a distributed revision control system. It is a computer program that helps people create other computer programs together. Git was made to be fast. It was created by Linus Torvalds for use in developing the Linux kernel which he also created. Git's current development is looked after by Junio Hamano. It is free and open source software released under the GNU General Public License version 2 software license.

References

Notes

Other websites

 
 Git Community Book
 Introduction to git-svn for Subversion/SVK users and deserters  by Sam Vilain
 Git for computer scientists
 Git Magic: a comprehensive listing of Git tips & tricks
 Git Quick Reference 
 Linus Torvalds hosting a Google Tech Talk on Git
 Git Wiki at kernel.org

Free software
Microsoft Windows software
Linux software
Škoda Auto

Škoda Auto (), better known as Škoda, is an automobile maker. It is based in the Czech Republic. Škoda was bought by the Volkswagen Group in 2000. Its total sales reached 684,226 cars in 2009 and 85,000 for the month of March 2011.

History 

Škoda Works was started as a firearms maker in 1859.

Škoda Auto goes back to the early 1890s as a company which started out making bicycles. In 1894, 26-year old Václav Klement (a bookseller in Mladá Boleslav) could not find any spare parts to fix his bicycle. Klement returned his bicycle to the makers, Seidel and Naumann, with a letter. It was written in Czech. The letter asked the company to repair the bicycle. When Klement got his reply, it was in German. It said (in English): "If you would like an answer to your inquiry, you should try writing in a language we can understand". Klement was very unhappy at this. Even though he did not have any experience, he decided to start a bicycle repair shop. He and Václav Laurin opened this in 1895 in Mladá Boleslav. Before working with Klement, Laurin was a bicycle maker in the town of Turnov. Turnov was near to Mladá Boleslav. In 1898, after moving to their newly-built factory, the pair bought a Werner "motorcyclist". It was made by French manufacturer Werner Brothers. Laurin & Klement's first motorcyclette was powered by an engine on the handlebars. It drove the front wheels. It was dangerous and unreliable. Laurin had an accident on it, and lost one of his front teeth. To design a safer motorcycle, the pair wrote to German specialist Robert Bosch for advice. The pair's new motorcycle went on sale in 1899.

In 1900, when the company had 32 people working for them, motorcycles began being exported. 150 machines were shipped to London. Shortly after, the press said that they were the makers of the first motorcycle.  The first model, Voiturette A, was a success. The company was set up both within Austria-Hungary and all over the world. By 1905 the company was making automobiles.

After World War I, the Laurin-Klement company began making trucks. However, in 1924, the company looked for a partner after running into problems. It was bought by Škoda Works, a firearms maker. Most things made later were under the Škoda name. Škoda was successful again after an economic depression. The Popular in the late 1930s is an example of a popular car.

During World War II, when Nazi Germany had invaded Czechoslovakia, the Škoda works was turned into part of Reichswerke Hermann Göring. It helped the German war effort.

Car models 
This table shows the Škoda car models still being made.

Concept cars 
 MissionL (2011)
 Vision D (2011)
 Fabia Super (2007)
 Joyster (2006)
 Yeti II (2006)
 Roomster (2003)
 Tudor (2002)
 Fabia Paris Edition (2002)
 Ahoj (2002)
 Felicia Golden Prague (1998)
 783 Favorit Coupé (1987)
 Škoda 110 Super Sport Ferat (1971)
 Škoda 1100 GT (1968)
 Škoda F3 (1964)
 Škoda 1100 Type 968 (1958)
 Škoda 973 Babeta (1949)

Gallery

Bibliography

Notes

References

Other websites 

 

Automobile companies
1895 establishments in Europe
Czech Republic
Masolino

Masolino da Panicale (common name Tommaso di Cristoforo Fini, born around 1383 in Panicale, died 1447 in Florence) was an Italian painter. He is commonly known as Masolino. Among his best-known works are frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel, and a madonna called Madonna and Child with St. Anne. He painted the madonna together with another artist, commonly known as Masaccio.

Related pages
 Italian Renaissance art
 List of Italian painters

1380s births
1440s deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Got 2 Luv U

Got 2 Luv U is a duet with American reggae singer Sean Paul and American R&B singer Alexis Jordan. The music video was filmed by Ben Mor. It peaked at number-one in Switzerland while it peaked at number 20 on Billboards Rap Songs chart.

Charts

Year-end charts

References 

2011 songs
Alexis Jordan songs