cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Crowland

Crowland is a village and civil parish in South Holland, Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 there were 3,607 people living in Crowland.

References 

Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Villages in Lincolnshire
Persistent organic pollutant

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. 
For this reason, they persist in the environment for a long time. They can be transported over long distances and bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue. When going up a food chain, there will be larger amounts of these substances. For this reason, they have a large impact on human health and the environment.

Many POPs are currently or were in the past used as pesticides.  Others are used in industrial processes and in the production goods such as solvents, polyvinyl chloride, and pharmaceuticals.  There are a few natural sources of POPs; most POPs are created by humans in industrial processes, either intentionally or as byproducts.

References

Pollution
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an international treaty signed in 2001. The treaty became effective in May 2004. Its aim is to limit the use and production of Persistent Organic Pollutants. Examples of substances affected by the treaty are Polychlorinated biphenyl and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. An extension to the treaty in 2009 added other substances, like Lindane. Critics have said that the treaty limits the effectiveness of the fight against diseases such as malaria. This is not the case, as the use of certain substances for vector control is permitted; this includes the use against mosquitoes.

Chemicals listed
The following chemicals are listed:

References

Pollution
Tokyo Electric Power Company

, also known as  or TEPCO, is a Japanese company that sells electrical power in Japan's Kantō region, Yamanashi Prefecture, and the eastern part of Shizuoka Prefecture. This area includes Tokyo. Its headquarters are in Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It has international offices in Washington, D.C., and London.

After the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, its power plant at Fukushima Daiichi became a continuing nuclear disaster. The  Fukushima disaster forced 50,000 households to leave the evacuation zone because of radiation leaks into the air, soil and sea.

Tokyo Prefecture is the largest shareholder in the company with 9.37 percent voting rights.

References

Other websites 

Electric power companies
1951 establishments in Asia
Tokyo Prefecture
1950s establishments in Japan
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

The following is a list of the 472 communes of the Charente-Maritime département in France.

 (CALR) Communauté d'agglomération de La Rochelle, created in 2000.
 (CARF) Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Rochefortais, created in 2000.
 (CAR) Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Royannais, created in 2002.
 Communauté de communes de l'Ile-de-Ré
 Communauté de communes Plaine d'Aunis
 Communauté de communes de Surgères
 Communauté de communes du canton de Loulay
 Communauté de communes du canton d'Aulnay-de-Saintonge
 Communauté de communes du canton de Saint-Jean-d'Angély
 Communauté de communes du Sud-Charente
 Communauté de communes Charente-Arnoult-Coeur de Saintonge
 Communauté de communes du Pays Savinois
 Communauté de communes du canton de Saint-Hilaire-de-Villefranche
 Communauté de communes du Pays de Matha
 Communauté de communes Vignobles et Vals boisés du Pays Buriaud
 Communauté de communes de la région de Pons
 Communauté de communes de la Haute-Saintonge
 Communauté de communes de l'Île-d'Oléron
 Communauté de communes des bassins Seudre-et-Arnoult
 Communauté de communes du canton de Gémozac et de la Saintonge Viticole
 Communauté de communes du Bassin de Marennes
 Communauté de communes du Pays Marandais
 Communauté de communes du Pays Santon
 Communauté de communes du Val de Trézence, de la Boutonne à la Devise
 Communauté de communes du canton de Courçon

Charente-Maritime
Bourges

Bourges is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Cher department.

Sister cities

Bourges is twinned with:
    Augsburg, Germany
    Aveiro, Portugal
    Forlì, Italy
    Koszalin, Poland
    Palencia, Spain
   Peterborough, United Kingdom
    Yoshkar-Ola, Russia

Communes in Cher
Departmental capitals in France
Communes of the Cher department

The following is a list of the 290 communes of the Cher département in France.

 (CAB) Communauté d'agglomération de Bourges, created in 2003.

Cher
Tulle

Tulle () is a French commune, the prefecture of the Corrèze department in central France. It is in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Tulle.

Geography
Tulle is in the valley of the Corrèze river at the confluence of this river with several tributaries: the Solane and the Céronne on the right side, and Saint-Bonnette and Montane on the left side. The city is in narrow part of the valley along several Kilometres.

The commune of Tulle has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Tulle is surrounded by the communes:

Three rivers flow through the communeː the river Diège (the town sometimes is called Ussel-sur-Diège), the river Sarsonne and the stream Étang Roux.

Climate
The climate of Tulle, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as Tullistes.

With a population of 14,325, Tulle has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Tulle

Tulle forms, together with other 7 communes, the urban area of Tulle with a population of 21,108 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Tulle, formed by 25 communes, with a population of 30,970 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Tulle is the prefecture of the Corrèze department, the capital of the arrondissement of Tulle and the administrative centre () of the canton of Tulle.

It is part of the intercommunality Tulle Agglo ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Tulle is twinned with:
  Schorndorf, Germany
  Errenteria, Spain
  Bury, England, United Kingdom
  Lousada, Portugal
  Smolensk, Russia
  Dueville, Italy

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Tulle
 Communes of the Corrèze department
Tulle massacre

References

Other websites

 Mairie de Tulle website 
 Office de Tourisme Intercommunal Tulle et Cœur de Corrèze

Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Corrèze
Communes of the Corrèze department

The following is a list of the 286 communes of the Corrèze département in France.

 (CAB) Communauté d'agglomération de Brive, created in 2002.

Correze
Edward

Edward is an English male given name. It is an old name, dating from before the Norman conquest of England in 1066. It means "wealthy" (rich) and "guard". Ted, Teddy, and Ned are often used as nicknames for people called Edward, such as Ted Kennedy, or Ned Kelly. There have been many kings of England called Edward, such as Edward the Confessor, and Edward VIII.

Variations of "Edward" in other languages
 Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese: Eduardo
 Spanish and Portuguese also use Duarte
 Italian also uses Edoardo
 French: Édouard
 Norwegian: Edvard

People named Edward

English people
 Edward the Elder (c. 874–924), the son of Alfred the Great
 Edward the Martyr (c. 962–978), English king and Christian martyr
 St. Edward the Confessor (c. 1003–1066), English King; patron saint of England until 1348
 Edward I of England (1239–1307), called Longshanks; conqueror of Wales
 Edward II of England (1284–1327), deposed in January 1327, probably murdered
 Edward III of England (1312–1377), one of the most successful English kings of medieval times
 Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376), eldest son of King Edward III
 Edward, Duke of Guelders (1336–1371)
 Edward IV of England (1442–1483), older brother of Richard III, father of Edward V
 Edward V of England (1470–c. 1483), one of the princes in the Tower
 Edward VI of England (1537–1553), the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
 Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1841–1910), the son of Queen Victoria
 Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (1894–1972), the son of George V, abdicated

Other people
 Edward Balliol (c. 1283–1367), pretender to the Scottish throne during the reign of David II
 Ed Gainey, American player of Canadian football
 Edward Gierek (1913-2001), First Secretary of Polish United Workers Party from 1970-1980
 Edward Heath (1916–2005), former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 Edward Stanley Kellogg (1870-1948), 16th Governor of American Samoa
 Ed Miliband (born 1969), former leader of the UK Labour Party
 Edward Snowden (born 1983), American who disclosed National Security Agency secrets
 Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1900–1949), former United States Secretary of State

References

Given names
Holiday Inn

Holiday Inn is a brand of hotels. Holiday Inn is one of the world's most recognized hotel brands. It is part of the InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG).

Kemmons Wilson had the idea for the business after a family road trip to Washington, D.C.. During the trip, he was disappointed by the quality of roadside motels at that time. Mr. Wilson partnered with Wallace E. Johnson to build the first four motels on roads entering Memphis, Tennessee. Eddie Bluestein was the architect who designed these first hotels.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Holiday Inn Hotels review 

Hotel chains
Companies based in Atlanta, Georgia
1952 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Tennessee
Walter Kogler

Walter Kogler (born 12 December 1967 in Wolfsberg, Carinthia) is a retired Austrian football defender and coach. At the moment he is coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck, which is playing in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Career
In his youth years he played for FC St. Michael and Wolfsberger AC. He start as professional player with SK Sturm Graz. His next club was Austria Wien, where he started also his team career. After one year in France with AS Cannes he came back to Austria, where he played for LASK Linz, Austria Salzburg and FC Kärnten.

After his professional career he became football coach starting in the football academy of FC Kärnten. His first team was SK St. Andrä in the Regionalliga (3rd level). After one year with DSV Leoben he went to FC Wacker Innsbruck. With this team he reached in 2010 the championship and was promoted to the Bundesliga.

Walter Kogler played 28 matches for the Austrian team and scored one goal. He was member of the Austrian team for the FIFA World Cup 1998. As player he was 5 times Austrian Champion (with Austria Wien, Austria Salzburg and Wacker Innsbruck). In 17 years as professional he played 495 matches in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Honours

as player
Austrian Bundesliga (5):
 1993, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002
Austrian Cup (1):
 1994
Fifa World Cup 1998
Member of the Austrian team

as coach
Austrian 1.Division
Champion 2010 with FC Wacker Innsbruck

1967 births
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Living people
AJ Lee

April Jeanette "AJ" Brooks (born Mendez, March 19, 1987) is an American retired professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in WWE under the ring name AJ Lee. She competed on the third season of NXT but finished fourth overall. Even though she did not win NXT she was still given a contract with the WWE and debuted in her first match for the SmackDown brand on May 27, 2011 edition where she teamed with Kaitlyn in a losing effort against Alicia Fox and Tamina.

AJ Lee held the Divas Championship 3 times in the WWE, successfully retaining her title at WrestleMania XXX. the night after on 'Raw' she was defeated and lost her title to NXT Woman's Champion, Paige. On the June 30, 2014 episode of Raw, Lee returned to the WWE. She challenged Paige for the Divas Championship and won her second championship.

On April 3, 2015, it was announced that AJ decided to retire from the company.

Championships and accomplishments 
 Florida Championship Wrestling
 FCW Divas Championship (1 time)[25]
 Queen of FCW (1 time)[22]
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 PWI ranked her #43 of the top 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2013[145]
 Women Superstars Uncensored
 WSU Tag Team Championship (1 time)[13] — with Brooke Carter
 WSU/NWS King and Queen of the Ring (2004)[18] — with Jay Lethal
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Worst Worked Match of the Year (2013)[146] with Aksana, Alicia Fox, Kaitlyn, Rosa Mendes, Summer Rae and Tamina Snuka vs. Cameron, Eva Marie, JoJo, Naomi, Natalya and The Bella Twins at Survivor Series on November 24
 WWE
 WWE Divas Championship (4 time)
 Slammy Award for Diva of the Year (2011)
 Slammy Award for Kiss of the Year (2012) — with John Cena
 NXT Women's championship

References

Other websites

 

1987 births
American professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Union City, New Jersey
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Basset Hound

The Basset Hound is a short-legged dog, of the hound family. Bassets are used in hunting to detect the scent of game. Their sense of smell for tracking is second only to that of the Bloodhound.

The name Basset comes from French words meaning "rather low". 

Basset Hounds usually have coats of brown, black or white and are most often spotted.  Sometimes they can be other colors. Basset Hounds have been bred from the nineteenth century. They are said to descend from the Basset d'Artois. Basset Hounds are  tall, and can weight up to .

References

Dog breeds
Alvin Plantinga

Alvin Plantinga (born November 15, 1932, Ann Arbor, Michigan ) is an American epistemologist, philosopher of religion and professor at the University of Notre Dame. He is a founding member of the Society of Christian Philosophers.

Plantinga's aim in philosophy is to defend believing in God as rational. His epistemology is one that tries to say that knowledge is only possible if you accept the possibility of some form of intelligent design by God.

References

1932 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American academics
American Calvinists
American theologians
Christian theologians
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Educators from Michigan
Acute radiation syndrome

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a syndrome or group of health effects which occur within months of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation. The term generally refers to acute (serious, rapid onset) problems rather than ones that develop after a prolonged period. It is mainly damage to the blood, digestive system, and nervous system.

References

Syndromes
Castorocauda

Castorocauda was a genus of small, semi-aquatic proto-mammals which lived in the Jurassic period, about 154 million years ago. 

Its fossil was found in lakebed sediments of the Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia. Castorocauda was highly specialized, with adaptations like those of modern semi-aquatic mammals such as beavers, otters, and the platypus (convergent evolution). It is the earliest animal found with fur.

Castorocauda is one of the near-mammals in a group called the Docodonta.  

Although Castorocauda was not a crown group mammal, it is important in the study of how mammals evolved. It was the first find with an almost complete skeleton. Also it is not a "small nocturnal insectivore".
It was larger than most Mesozoic mammaliaform fossils  about  from its nose to the tip of its  tail, and may have weighed .
It is the earliest absolutely certain evidence of hair and fur. Previously the earliest was Eomaia, a crown group mammal from about 125M years ago.
It had aquatic adaptations including flattened tail bones and remnants of soft tissue between the toes of the back feet, suggesting that they were webbed. Previously the earliest known semi-aquatic mammaliaforms were from the Eocene, about 110 million years later.
Castorocauda's powerful forelimbs look adapted for digging. This feature and the spurs on its ankles make it resemble the platypus, which also swims and digs.
Its teeth look adapted for eating fish: the first two molars had cusps in a straight row, which made them more suitable for gripping and slicing than for grinding. These molars are curved backwards, which helps in grasping slippery prey.

References 

Docodonts
Fossils
Jurassic
Element Skateboards

Element Skateboards (sometimes shortened to Element) is an American company. It is known for making skateboards and swimwear. It was founded in 1992 by Johnny Schillereff. The company is based out of Irvine, California. The company was originally known as Underworld Element Skateboards but Schillereff decided to drop the "Underworld" part due to the company being absorbed because of financial problems. The Element company also sponsors professional skateboarders like Bucky Lasek, Bam Margera, Chad Muska, Ray Barbee, Vanessa Torres, Mark Appleyard, Nyjah Huston and 
Madars Apse

Companies based in California
Skateboarding
1992 establishments in the United States
Irvine, California
WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009

WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 is a wrestling video game that was published by THQ. It is available for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, Wii and Xbox 360 systems. The game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded. It featured new features like the Inferno match, a newer tag team match, and also four new game modes: Create-a-Finisher, Road to WrestleMania, Career and multiplayer season. The game received positive reviews from video game reviewers. Triple H and Shawn Michaels both as member of D-Generation X are on the cover.

It is part of the WWE SmackDown vs. Raw video game series.

Other websites
 Official game website 

2008 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
SmackDown vs. Raw 2009
Mobile games
THQ games
Junkyard Dog

Sylvester Ritter (December 13, 1952 – June 2, 1998) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring names, Junkyard Dog and JYD for short. He died in Forest, Mississippi on June 2, 1998 after he fell asleep at the wheel of the car he was driving home in and crashed into another car.

Championships
Ritter held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

Mid-South Wrestling Association
Mid-South Louisiana Championship (three times)
Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship (four times)
Mid-South Tag Team Championship (eight times) – with Buck Robley (one), Terry Orndorff (one), Killer Karl Kox (one), Dick Murdoch (three), Mike George (one), and Jerry Stubbs (one)

NWA Mid-America
NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Gypsy Joe

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year in 1980.
PWI ranked him #51 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.

Stampede Wrestling
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (two times)

United States Wrestling Association
USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Championship Wrestling
WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (one time) with Ricky Morton and Tommy Rich

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)
Wrestling Classic tournament winner in 1985.
Slammy Award – Best Single Performer in 1986.

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Feud of the Year in 1982 (vs. Ted DiBiase)
Worst Feud of the Year in 1990 (vs. Ric Flair)
Worst Tag Team in 1986 (with George Steele)

References

1952 births
1998 deaths
African-American wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Road accident deaths in Mississippi
Sportspeople from North Carolina
WWE Hall of Fame
Full Dark, No Stars

Full Dark, No Stars (2010) is a book of four novellas that was written by Stephen King. The book was published on November 9, 2010. The four novellas are 1922, Big Driver, Fair Extension and A Good Marriage.

Other websites
About the book from King's website

2010 books
Books by Stephen King
Cell (novel)

Cell (2006) is a novel by Stephen King. The book was published on January 24, 2006. It is about Clayton Riddell, an artist from New England who tries to reunite with his son after a signal is sent out over the global cell phone network which turns every cell phone user into a murderer.

Other websites
About the novel from King's website

2006 books
Books by Stephen King
Lisey's Story

Lisey's Story (2006) is a novel that was written by Stephen King. The novel was published on October 24, 2006. The novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award in 2007.

References

Other websites
About the novel from King's website

2006 books
Books by Stephen King
Guéret

Guéret () is a commune of France. It is the prefecture of the  Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

History
In 1514, Guéret became the capital of the County of Marche,  a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern Creuse department.

In 1790, when the departments were created, Guéret was named as the capital of the Creuse department.

Geography
Guéret is in a plateau between the Creuse and the Gartempe rivers, at the foot of two hills: the Puy de Gaudy,  high, and the Maupuy,  high. The commune has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The city of Guéret is at about  from Bordeaux, at  from Toulouse, at  from Paris and at  from Lyon.

The communes that are around Guéret are Saint-Fiel, Sainte-Feyre, Savennes, Saint-Christophe, La Chapelle-Taillefert, Saint-Léger-le-Guérétois and Saint-Sulpice-le-Guérétois.

Climate 
Guéret has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.

Population
The inhabitants of Guéret are known, in French, as Guérétois (women: Guérétoises).

The commune of Guéret has a population, in 2014, of 13,342; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Guéret

Guéret forms, together with Saint-Fiel, the urban area of Guéret with a population of 14,157 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Guéret, formed by 32 communes with a population of 31,499 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration 
Guéret is the prefecture of the Creuse department, the capital of the arrondissement of Guéret and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
 Guéret-1, with 9,332 inhabitants (2014).
 Guéret-2, with 9,724 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Guéret ().

Sister cities 
Guéret is twinned with:
  Stein, Germany since 1991

Sites of interest
 The Hotel de Moneyroux. This building, of Gothic style, was built in the fifteenth century. It is now the headquarters of the General Council of the Creuse.
 The Presidial, dating from the seventeenth century, now is the town hall.
 The Museum of the Sénatorerie. The building served as house for senators under Napoleon. Since 1832, the Society of Archaeological and Natural Sciences of the Creuse has been housed here.
 Courtille lake, a recreation area south of Guéret, is an artificial lake along a shaded path.
 Chabrières forest is a large forest to the south of Guéret. It has a zoo, where one can see wolves in semi-liberty in large espaces with walls. Here  there are some big dolmens.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Guéret
 Communes of the Creuse department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Guéret - official website 
 La Communauté d’Agglomération du Grand-Guéret 
 Conseil Départamental de la Creuse 
 Préfecture de la Creuse 

Communes in Creuse
Departmental capitals in France
Communes of the Creuse department

The following is a list of the 260 communes of the Creuse département of France.

Creuse
Périgueux

Périgueux () is a commune in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. It is the capital, prefecture, of the Dordogne department.

Geography
Périgueux is in the centre of the Dordogne department, in the tourist region named as Périgord Blanc. The Isle river flows through the city.

The city is at about  from Angoulême,  from Limoges,  from Agen,  from Bordeaux and  from Cahors.

The commune of Périgueux has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Périgueux is surrounded by the communes Château-l'Évêque, Champcevinel, Trélissac, Boulazac, Notre-Dame-de-Sanilhac, Coulounieix-Chamiers, Marsac-sur-l'Isle and Chancelade.

Climate 
Périgueux has an oceanic climate with template summers (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Population 
The inhabitants of Périgueux are known, in French, as Pétrocoriens (women: Pétrocoriennes). Another name for the inhabitants of Périgueux is Périgourdins.

With a population of 30,069 (2014), Périgueux has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Périgueux

Périgueux forms, together with 8 other communes, the urban area of Périgueux with a population of 66,895 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Périgueux, formed by 55 communes with a population of 102,855 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration
Périgueux is a prefecture of the Dordogne and the capital of the arrondissement of Périgueux.

The commune is the administrative centre () of two cantons
 Périgueux-1, formed with a part of Périgueux; and
 Périgueux-2, formed with the remaining part of Périgueux.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Périgueux ().

Twin towns 
Périgueux is twinned with:
  Amberg, Germany

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Périgueux
 Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Périgueux - Official site 
 Office de Tourism, Périgueux 
 Departamental Council of Dordogne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Dordogne
Communes of the Dordogne department

The following is a list of the 557 communes of the Dordogne département in France.

(CAP) Communauté d'agglomération Périgourdine, created in 2000.

Dordogne
Évreux

Évreux is a commune. It is found in the Eure department in France.

Sister cities

Évreux is twinned with:
  Rugby, England
  Rüsselsheim, Germany
  Sueca, Spain
  Djougou, Benin

Communes in Eure
Departmental capitals in France
Communes of the Eure department

The following is a list of the 675 communes of the Eure département in France.

 (CAE) Communauté d'agglomération d'Évreux, created in 2000.
 (CAL) Communauté d'agglomération Seine-Eure, created in 2001.
 (CAV) Communauté d'agglomération des Portes de l'Eure, created in 2003.

Eure
Eric Nickulas

Eric Nickulas (born March 25, 1975 in Hyannis, Massachusetts) is an American professional ice hockey right winger who last played for the ERC Ingolstadt of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Nickulas has also played a total of 7 seasons in the NHL; 4 with the Boston Bruins, 2 with the St. Louis Blues and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He won the Calder Cup in 1998 while he was apart of the Boston Bruins farm team, the Providence Bruins.

Other websites
Eric Nickulas at The Internet Hockey Database

1975 births
Living people
American ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
St. Louis Blues players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Halteres

Halteres are small knobbed structures modified from the hind wings in flies. They vibrate during flight, and help the insect fly better.

The halteres evolved from wings. Ancestral flying insects had two pairs of wings, like dragonflies, hymenoptera and lepidoptera still do. Flies have only the front pair of wings.

Function 
Halteres help balancing and improve flight. They help flies to perform their fast aerobatics. In addition to providing rapid feedback to the muscles steering the wings, they also help stabilise the head during flight.

They are flapped rapidly and work as gyroscopes, telling the insect about its body position during flight.

Every vibrating object tends to maintain its plane of vibration, a result of the Coriolis effect. If the body of the insect changes direction in flight or rotates about its axis, the vibrating halteres exert a force on the body. The insect detects this force with sensory organs at the base of the halteres.

The two halteres vibrate in different planes, each forming an angle of about 45 degrees with the long axis of the insect. This increases the information got from the halteres.

Development 
In Diptera, the formation of the haltere during metamorphosis is dependent on the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx). If this gene is experimentally deactivated, the haltere will develop into a fully developed wing. This is an excellent illustration of an important mechanism of evolutionary development; a simple homeotic gene change can result in a radically different phenotype.

Convergent evolution 
The Strepsiptera, small insects parasitic on bees, wasps and cockroaches, also have halteres. We know the evolution was independent because in the Strepsiptera the forewings evolved into halteres while, in the Diptera, the hindwings changed into halteres. This is a classic case of convergent evolution.

Grimaldi and Engel say halteres have evolved at least seven times in insects, and "in most cases it is known to be associated with improved manoeuvering in flight".

References 

Flies
Evolutionary biology
Chartres

Chartres is a French commune in the Eure-et-Loir department. About 39,000 people live there.

Sister cities
Chartres is twinned with:
  Ravenna, Italy
  Speyer, Germany
  Chichester, United Kingdom
  Bethlehem, Palestinian Authority
  Évora, Portugal
  Cusco, Peru

Communes in Eure-et-Loir
Departmental capitals in France
Jethou

Jethou is a small island that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is privately leased, and not open to the public.

It is immediately south of Herm and has an area of approximately 44 acres (18 ha).

History

It is said that in AD 709 a storm washed away the strip of land which connected the island with Herm.

The island's name contains the -hou suffix, which means "a small island".

In 1416, it became part of Henry V of England's estate.  It is still a Crown lease, and is owned by the States of Guernsey.

Modern history
From 1920 to 1923 it was leased by Compton MacKenzie along with Herm and remained part of that estate for years, although it is currently part of a different one.

The British 1957 musical Free as Air by Dorothy Reynolds & Julian Slade was set on the fictitious island of 'Terhou', which was based on Jethou.

On the top is a marker. It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Crevichon.

From September 1964 until December 1971 the island was occupied by the Faed family consisting of Mr Angus Faed, his wife Susan Faed and their four children, Colin, Erik, Colette and Amanda. Mrs. Susan Faed was the 22nd tenant of Jethou.

It is flanked by two islets, Crevichon to the north and Fauconniere to the south. There is one house on the island and two cottages as well as a large garage where vehicles such as quad bikes and tractors are stored.

It is now leased by Sir Peter Ogden of IT company Computacenter.

Politics
Unlike the largely autonomous islands of Sark and Alderney within the Bailiwick, Jethou cannot pass its own laws.  It is administered by the States of Guernsey, and elects members to the States of Deliberation as part of the St. Peter Port South electoral district.

Wildlife
At the east of Jethou, puffins can be seen swimming off the rocks.

They also nest there in the east clifftop.

Related pages
List of tenants of Jethou

References

 BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (Oxford UP, 1971)

Other websites 
 Jethou Homepage 
 Free Gutenberg Project book, a Crusoe-like novel on Jethou
 Stamps from Isle of Jethou 
 Island of Jethou at Britlink 

Islands of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department

The following is a list of the 403 communes of the Eure-et-Loir département, in France.

 (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération de Chartres, created in 2000.
 (CAD) Communauté d'agglomération du Drouais, created in 2003.

Eure-et-Loir
Lihou

Not to be confused with Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve

Lihou () is a small tidal island (95 vergées; 38½ acres; 15.6 hectares) that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: . The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is connected to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone causeway between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's. Lihou's bird and marine life makes it an important conservation area.

History

Like many other Channel Islands, Lihou's name contains the Norman language suffix "-hou" of Old Norse origin.

The island has the ruins of the priory of St. Mary which is believed to have been set up by Benedictine monks in the 12th century. The monks of the priory were not very popular with the local people, who thought they were devil worshippers.  This animosity may be due to the monks' insistence on rights of wreck.  Until 1415 it was under the control of Mont Saint Michel and then Eton College until the Reformation when it was closed and fell into disrepair.

The house on Lihou was used for target practice by heavy artillery during the German Occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II.  It has now been rebuilt as accommodation for school groups, and is used as an educational resource.

Vraic (seaweed) was harvested and dried on frames set up on the beach. A 1927 factory building produced iodine from seaweed. All traces of the industry disappeared during the German Occupation.

The Lihou family name is included in parish records which go back as far as the early 15th century and there are a number of groups who study the ancestry of the Lihou's. More recently a group was set up using the social networking site 'Facebook' which links Lihou's around the world.

Other websites 
 Lihou Island
 "History of Little Lihou" 
 Archeology on Lihou

References

 BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names (Oxford UP, 1971)

Tidal islands
Islands of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
-hou

-hou is a suffix (part added to the end of a word) found in many Channel Islands and Norman names. It is the Norman language version of the Old Norse holmr, meaning a small island, and often found anglicised elsewhere as "holm". It can still be found in modern Scandinavian languages, e.g. Stockholm.

The Norman hommet/houmet also comes from this suffix.

In Parisian French, the equivalent is îlot, which is the same as the English "islet".

Bailiwick of Guernsey 
 Off Guernsey
 Lihou
 Les Houmets including - Houmet Benest/Benet, Houmet Paradis & Houmet Hommetol (Omptolle).
 Off Alderney
 Burhou
 Off Herm
 Jethou
 Le Plat Houmet
 Off Sark
 Brecqhou

Bailiwick of Jersey 

 Les Écréhous
 Le Plat Hommeit
 Le Hommet du Ouaisné
 Les Hommets
 La Rocco (from rocque-hou)
 Icho (from ic-hou)

Normandy 
 Tatihou
 Quettehou
 Néhou
 Tribehou

References 
 
 

Language
Channel Islands
Vergée

A vergée, or vergee, is a unit of area, a quarter of the French acre. Other spellings include vergie and vrégie. It is not an SI unit. The SI unit of area is the square metre.

The term derives from Latin virga (rod). Compare French verge (yard).

In the Channel Islands, it is a standard measure of land, but the statutory definition differs between the bailiwicks.

 In Guernsey, a vergée (Guernésiais: vergie) is 17,640 square feet (1,639 m²). It is 40 (square) Guernsey perches. A Guernsey perch (also spelt perque) is 21 feet by 21 feet.
 In Jersey, a vergée (Jèrriais: vrégie) is 19,360 square feet (1,798.6 m²). It is 40 (square) Jersey perches. A Jersey perch (also spelt pèrque) is a square 24 pied de perche on each side (i.e. a square 22 imperial feet on each side).

In France a vergée was 12,100 square Paris feet (1,276.8 m²). It was 25 (square) perches. The surveying perch measured 22 French feet. the royal perch was 18 French feet.

Conversions
1 vergée (Guernsey) is equivalent to:
1 638.809 63 m²
0.404958678 acres

1 vergée (Jersey) is equivalent to:
1,798.60285 m²
0.444444444 acres

References

Related pages
French units of measurement (to 1795)
Virgate

Channel Islands
Units of area
Crevichon

Crevichon is an islet off Herm, immediately to the north of Jethou, in the Channel Islands.

According to Dr S.K. Kellett-Smith, the name "Crevichon" means "island of crabs, crayfish or cranes".

Like many names in the Channel Islands, it is Norman language in origin. A thousand years ago, the water level was ten feet lower (3 m), so there were many more of the animals the island was named after.

Geography 
The island is about 212 by 168 metres (696 by 551 ft) at its widest.  Its area is less than . The distance to Jethou is about 215 metres (705 ft).

History

A 16th-century drawing of the islet, now in the British Museum, shows Crevichon as apparently a wooded islet.

Prof. John Le Patourel, in The Building of Castle Cornet said that in 1566, iron and hammers were taken to "Creavissham", and the island quarried for the castle. The quarry has been used since then, but this has made the island much smaller, and less visible. As a result, a fifteen-foot () marker was built on the top. Crevichon may have provided the granite for the steps of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

It is said that in earlier times, pirates were hanged on it with chains, like nearby Jethou.

Compton Mackenzie, former owner of Herm called Crevichon "Merg" in his book, Fairy Gold, which is a fictionalised version of the islands.

Wrecks
In 1953, Victor Coysh says that he saw the remains of a German bomber, from the time of the occupation.

Other wrecks include:
 Courier, a Guernsey steamer, beached in 1905 with 80 passengers.

References
 Channel Islets - Victor Coysh

Other websites 
 Pictures of Crevichon by the Faeds of Jethou 
 Faed Family WebSite with pictures of Jethou and Crevichon

Uninhabited islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
Communes of the Gard department

This is a list of the 353 communes of the Gard département, in France.

 (CAN) Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole, created in 2002.
 (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Alès en Cévennes, created in 2000.
 (CAA) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon, created in 2001, most of which is located in the Vaucluse  département.

Gard
Thylacosmilus

Thylacosmilus is a extinct genus of carnivorous sparassodont. found as fossils in deposits dated from about 10 million to 3 million years ago (late Miocene to late Pliocene epoch) in Argentina, South America. 

Thylacosmilus was sabre-toothed and was about as large as a modern jaguar. To a remarkable degree, Thylacosmilus paralleled the evolution of felid sabre-toothed cats like Smilodon. Its canine teeth were long and powerfully developed; they were used for stabbing prey. Its killing method was to hold its prey, and make deep bites into the soft tissue driven by powerful neck muscles. The canine teeth were protected by a well-developed flange, or projecting edge, in the chin region of the lower jaw. The canines continued to grow during adult life, which they do not in marsupials or placental mammals.

Thylacosmilus died out during the late Pliocene, whereas saber-toothed cats did not get to South America until the middle Pleistocene epoch. As a result, the last appearance of Thylacosmilus is separated from the first appearance of Smilodon by over one and a half million years.

References 

Mammals of South America
Fossils
Metatheria
Sabretooth cats
Châteauroux

Châteauroux is a commune in the Indre department in the center of France.

Aérocentre is in Châteauroux.

Sport
 Châteauroux is the end of the 7th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.

Sister cities
Châteauroux is twinned with:
  Gütersloh, Germany since 1977
  Bittou Department, Burkina Faso since November 1985
  Olsztyn, Poland since 23 February 1991

Communes in Indre
Departmental capitals in France
Communes of the Hérault department

The following is a list of the 343 communes of the Hérault département, in France.

 (CAM) Communauté d'agglomération Montpellier Agglomération, created in 2002.
 (CAB) Communauté d'agglomération Béziers Méditerranée, created in 2002.
 (CAS) Communauté d'agglomération du Bassin de Thau, created in 2003.
 (CAA) Communauté d'agglomération Hérault Méditerranée, created in 2003.

 
Herault
Communes of the Indre department

The following is a list of the 247 communes of the Indre département, in France.

 (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération Castelroussine, created in 2000.

Indre
Compromise of 1877

The Compromise of 1877 was an unwritten agreement after the American Civil War between leaders of the Democrats, who mostly ruled the South, and the Republicans, who mostly ruled the North. The Democrats agreed to settle the Presidential election of 1876 by allowing Rutherford B. Hayes to become President and not their own candidate, Samuel J. Tilden. 

The Republicans promised to remove the Army from the occupied territory of the South, thus ending the Reconstruction era. The Democrats promised they would maintain African American rights.

The government stopped trying to fix Southern society and stopped helping the African Americans and Republicans there. Additional details are unclear, because it was an unwritten agreement.

1877
1870s in the United States
American civil rights
Keys to the City (song)

"Keys to the City'" is a 2007 industrial metal song by the American industrial metal band Ministry & Co Conspirators. The song was made for the
Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL and the Wirtz family who is the owner of the Blackhawks. The money that was collected from the iTunes downloads was donated to Blackhawks Charities. It was the final song that Ministry did before the band was retired in 2008. The song was featured in the EA Sports video game NHL 10.

References

2008 songs
Chicago Blackhawks
Credo Reference

Credo Reference is a company that offers subscription-based online reference content. It provides full-text online versions of more than 700 published reference works from over 70 publishers, including general and subject dictionaries and encyclopedias.

History
The company began in 1999 and has offices in Oxford, England, and Boston, Massachusetts. It changed its name from Xrefer in 2007.

Subscriptions are available to academic, government, public and company libraries. Access to Credo Reference is free to users if their library is a subscriber. Librarians can select which titles they wish to subscribe to within Credo General Reference. They can manage the selection during their subscription period by swapping titles in and out.

Between 2000 and 2003, Xrefer offered a free site supported by advertising, and was one of Wikipedia's main competitors as a free content encyclopedia. When the dot com bust caused Internet advertising revenues to collapse, Xrefer launched a premium subscription variant, called Xreferplus. On 17 June 2003, the free service stopped.

References

More information
 Golderman, Gail; Connolly, Bruce. "eReviews: General Reference Sources and Short Takes", Library Journal.com, Oct 15, 2010.

Other websites
 corp.credoreference.com

Internet
Dictionaries
Encyclopedias
Coober Pedy, South Australia

Coober Pedy is a small town in South Australia. It is famous for the opals which have been mined there since 1915. The town was first settled after opals were first discovered. The town is about half way between Adelaide and Alice Springs, on the Stuart Highway. The highway was named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart, who was the first Europen person to see the area in 1858. 

The area around Coober Pedy is very dry, treeless flat desert. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification). The town has about 1700 people, many of whom live in underground houses to keep out of the heat. The name comes from two Aboriginal words which mean "white men in holes in the ground."

References

1915 establishments
Towns in South Australia
George Balabushka

George Balabushka (December 9, 1912 – December 5, 1975) was a Russian-born  American billiards (pool) cue maker. He may have been the most important cue stick maker. He is sometimes called "the Stradivarius of cuemakers". His full name or last name alone is often used to refer to a cue stick made by him. He arrived in the U.S. in 1942. He worked at different carpentry and toy and furniture making jobs. He loved playing pool and bought a pool room with a business partner in 1959. Then he started making cues as gifts for friends. This soon became a business when others wanted to buy them. 

Balabushka made about 1,200 handcrafted cues during his 16 year career from 1959 to his death in 1975. His cues are highly valued collectors items. They appeared in Martin Scorsese's 1986 film, The Color of Money. Original Balabushka cues may sell for tens of thousands of dollars at auction.

Life and career

Early life
George Balabushka was born in Russia on December 9, 1912 and immigrated to the United States in 1924 at 12 years of age. His family, parents Anton and Natalie and younger sister Mary, settled in New York City. Although originally named Gregori, according to Balabushka he was given a new first name, George, by emigration officials when he was processed through Ellis Island.

Employment
Balabushka's first job was as a wooden toy designer and maker at the Educational Equipment Company. in Manhattan, The company made building blocks for nurseries and schools. Later, he built children's furniture for the Playtime Woodworking Company in Greenwich Village. While working, Balabushka lost his middle finger to a band saw. Using a wooden mold, he made himself a replacement plastic finger. It was very realistic so that even his friends did not realize his loss until long after the incident. As Balabushka's carpentry skills improved he began building accordions and other detailed carpentry pieces on his own time. 

Balabushka worked hard on playing ability and fine craftsmanship in his cues. He created new methods of cue construction, cue finishes and cue design. Most Balabushka cues look simple. Many of his construction techniques have become standard in the industry.
 	
George Balabushka died in 1975 at the age of 62. He was named the first member the American Cuemakers Association Hall of Fame in February, 1993. In 2004, he entered the Meritorious Service category of the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
George Balabuska's listing in the BCA Hall of Fame
George Balabuska's listing in the ACA Hall of Fame

1912 births
1975 deaths
Carpenters
Cue sports
Designers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Russian people
Soviet people
Ballad

A ballad is a form of verse. It is often a story set to music. Ballads were popular in British and Irish poetry and music until the 19th century from the late medieval period. It was also used in Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. Poets and composers from the 18th century used this form. In this way, they produced lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, ballads were slow form of popular love song. The term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.

Power ballad

Power ballad is a name given to love songs that were predictably included in heavy metal albums in the 1980s.  

The power ballad was usually slower in tempo and much less aggressive in lyrics than the other music on the album.  The songs were often made in a hope of scoring a Top Forty hit, and were particularly associated with bands in the hard metal genre. Examples include Poison's "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" and Bon Jovi's "Wanted Dead Or Alive".

References

Song forms
Folk music
Le Puy-en-Velay

Le Puy-en-Velay is a commune. It is found in the Haute-Loire department in the south of France.

Sister cities
Le-Puy-en-Velay is twinned with:
  Meschede, Germany
  Tonbridge, United Kingdom
  Tortosa, Spain
  Brugherio, Italy
  Mangualde, Portugal

Communes in Haute-Loire
Departmental capitals in France