cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Disney Channel

Disney Channel is a cable television network that is owned by The Walt Disney Company. The channel shows programs that are made for family audiences, mostly pre-teens and teenagers. The channel began on the morning of April 18, 1983. Its programs ran for 18 hours a day until December 1986. In 1983-1997, the channel was called The Disney Channel.

Programming blocks

Disney Junior
Disney Channel programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on weekdays from 6 a.m.-2 p.m. ET/PT (6-10 a.m. during the summer months) and weekends from 6-9 a.m. ET, called Disney Junior. , the only programming featuring classic Disney characters is Mickey Mouse Clubhouse on the Disney Junior block. Other programming in this block includes Mickey and the Roadster Racers, Hotel Transylvania: The Series, Sofia The First, and Elena of Avalor. 

On May 26, 2010, it was announced that the Playhouse Disney block will be re-branded under the name Disney Junior starting on February 14, 2011 which later became its own digital cable and satellite channel on March 23, 2012, replacing SOAPnet. The Disney Junior channel is a direct competitor to Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. network and PBS and Comcast's PBS Kids Sprout.

Programming
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
The ZhuZhus
Hotel Transylvania: The Series
Tangled: The Series
Miles from Tomorrowland
Sofia The First
Elena of Avalor
Alexei: The Series
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Puppy Dog Pals
Nutri Ventures
Winx Club
Sonic X
Dragon Ball Z Kai
Yu-Gi-Oh!
Yu-Gi-Oh
Jackie Chan Adventures
Eon Kid
Jessie (TV series)
Special Agent Oso
Mona the Vampire
Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures
Pham Viet Dung
PhamVietDung
Phan Viet Dung
PhamVietDung
Scary Larry
Pink Panther & PalsRoboCop: Alpha CommandoSuper 4ClarenceMiraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat NoirThe Powerpuff GirlsDramaZak StormBig City GreensAssorted Hot Wheels TV SpecialsMax SteelRocket MonkeysTai Chi ChasersDuck DodgersTeenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesKirby Right Back At Ya!G.I. Joe Sigma 6Transformers: PrimeLegend GangMy Goldfish is EvilGrizzy and the LemmingsRabbids InvasionBackyard Wizard of OzBilly Dilley's Super Duper Subterranean SummerRight Now KapowComedy BitesStar vs the Forces of EvilTeen TitansRat-a-TatDorothy and the Wizard of Oz  
Masha and the bear

Programming

Disney XD
 Grossology''

References

1983 establishments in the United States
Disney
American television channels
American Broadcasting Company
Milli Vanilli

Milli Vanilli was a German musical group, formed in Munich. They consisted of Fab Morvan (born 1966) and Rob Pilatus (1965-1998). They were popular in the late-1980s. In 1990, people found out that the group never sang anything at all. Even at concerts, they pretended to sing (lip synching) while a recording was played.

Other websites
Milli Vanilli Music Videos @ MTV.com
MTV Artist Arena: Milli Vanilli
All Music Guide entry for Milli Vanilli 
Fabrice Morvan's official website 

1980s establishments in Germany
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
German pop music groups
Entertainers from Munich
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups established in 1988
Cheshire

Cheshire is a county in England. It is the North West part of the country. It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield which covers a large area of plains. The main attraction is in Kerridge where there is the famous landmark 'White Nancy.'

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea. The territory is made up of three islands: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac. Its capital, George Town, is on the main island (Grand Cayman).

Government 
The Cayman Islands are governed by the United Kingdom. The Queen chooses a Governor to represent the territory. The Governor can use his powers freely, but the Queen still has executive power.

Taxation 
There are no direct taxes that residents and companies have to pay. The government receives most income from indirect taxes. However, there are tourist taxes and airport taxes.

Climate 
The Cayman Islands have a Tropical climate. The wet season runs from May to October, and the dry season runs from November to April.

Tourism 
The Cayman Islands are a popular tourist spot because they have coral reefs. This is why many tourists travel on airplanes or on cruise ships to go snorkeling and scuba diving.

Airports 
There are three airports in the Cayman Islands. The main one is Owen Roberts International Airport. It is located on Grand Cayman near George Town.

Other websites 
 Cayman Islands at the CIA World Factbook

References

 
Caribbean Community
1167



Events 
 Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan
 Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily
 Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund
 Absalon fortifies Copenhagen
 William Marshal, "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted
 Afonso I of Portugal is defeated by the Kingdom of León
 Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt
 William of Tyre becomes archdeacon of Tyre
 May 29 – Battle of Legano, in which The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I
1210

1210 (MCCX) was .

Events 
 End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan
 Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210
 Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210
 Beginning of Delhi Sultanate
 Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz

Births 
 May 5 – King Afonso III of Portugal (died 1279)
 June 24 – Count Floris IV of Holland (died 1234)
 July 22 – Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
 Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist (died 1288)

Deaths 
 Lu You, Chinese poet (born 1125)
 Jinul, Korean Buddhist philosopher
 July 17, King Sverker II of Sweden (born in the 1160s), in the Battle of Gestilren
1242

1242 is a year in the 13th century

Deaths 
 February 10 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231)
 October 7 – Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197)
 William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
 Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
 Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183)
 Richard Mor de Burgh
The Dillinger Escape Plan

The Dillinger Escape Plan is an American Mathcore/metal music group. They formed in New Jersey. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains.

Releases
Calculating Infinity (1999)
Miss Machine (2004)
Ire Works (2007)
Option Paralysis (2010)
One of Us Is the Killer (2013)

American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New Jersey
Queensrÿche

Queensryche is an American progressive heavy metal band. They formed in Bellevue Washington in 1981.

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Progressive metal bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
1981 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1981
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Jon Bon Jovi

John Francis Bongiovi (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American musician and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi.

Biography 
In 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi. Earlier he sang in bands Starz and Atlantic City Expressway.

In 2006, Jon was ranked in 31st place out of 100 the best vocalist in history.

He starred in 18 films, last time in 2011.

Other websites 

1962 births
Living people
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
American heavy metal singers
Maxi Priest

Maxi Priest (born Max Alfred Elliot on June 10, 1962) is an English reggae singer.

Sources

English singers
Reggae musicians
1962 births
Living people
On the Waterfront

On the Waterfront is a 1954 American movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey. Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.

The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg). The catchphrase, "I could've been a contender", is said by Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history . Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

Other websites 

 

1954 drama movies
1950s crime movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Columbia Pictures movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies set in New Jersey
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Elia Kazan
Faith No More

Faith No More is an alternative metal band. They formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998. However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since.

They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Richie.

Discography
So far, Faith No More has released six studio albums, which include:
We Care a Lot (1985)
Introduce Yourself (1987)
The Real Thing (1989)
Angel Dust (1992)
King for a Day...Fool for a Lifetime (1995)
Album of the Year (1997)

Musical groups established in 1981
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Alternative metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
1981 establishments in California
1990s disestablishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
Chlorofluorocarbon

A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays. They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems. In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion. CFCs are also greenhouse gases. An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming.

Related pages 
Thomas Midgley (American inventor)
Freon

References 
 

Carbon compounds
Greenhouse gases
Fluorine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Hydrogen compounds
Singin' in the Rain

Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies".

It is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made.

Shooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21.

Other websites

 

1952 comedy movies
1950s musical movies
American musical movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Stanley Donen
North and South

North and South is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.

North and South had two sequels. They are called Love and War and Heaven and Hell. The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987. 

There were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part).

1982 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Novels about the American Civil War
Cameroon

Cameroon (officially called the Republic of Cameroon) is a country in Central Africa. Its capital is Yaoundé. The largest city in Cameroon is Douala. The population of Cameroon is about 20 million. Cameroon's president is Paul Biya. They speak nearly 250 languages in Cameroon. French and English are the official languages.

Geography

At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is about the size of Papua New Guinea. The country is in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.  The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south.

Regions
The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 regions. On 12 November 2008, the President changed the divisions from provinces to regions.  Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.

The regions are divided into 58 divisions. These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers.

Cities
Some of the largest cities in Cameroon are:

Languages 
The official languages of Cameroon are French and English. It is part of both the British Commonwealth and La Francophonie. Most people speak French.

Related pages
Cameroon at the Olympics
Cameroon national football team
List of rivers of Cameroon

References

Other websites
 
 

 
English-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1960 establishments in Africa
Mauritius

The Republic of Mauritius is an island nation in the Mascarene Islands. It includes Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon as well as Mauritius. It was formerly ruled by the European countries Portugal, France and the United Kingdom, but is now independent. 

Port Louis is its capital. In the 2000 census, the country had a population of 1,178,848 people. The country is prosperous, and trades mainly with South Africa and India.
The island of Mauritius was the home of the dodo.

Location 
The island is in the southwest Indian Ocean. It is about  east of Madagascar. The country includes the island of Mauritius as well as the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands along with the French island of Réunion  to the southwest.

Flag
The Mauritian flag is made up of four colours of equal width. 
The colours represent the following:
 Red represents freedom and independence,
 Blue is for their Indian ocean which surrounds the island,
 Yellow for the sun, and 
 Green for their agriculture.

History 
Mauritius, an island of volcanic origin sheltered by barriers of coral reefs forming natural, safe, crystal clear lagoons, has long been a dream destination. Known to the Arabs as early as the 10th century, but officially explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch in the 17th century. The Dutch were the ones who named the island in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU. 
Mauritius was occupied successively by the Dutch (1598-1712) and later by the French (1715-1810). The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing the Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. 
The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars through the Treaty of Paris. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later on, an air station playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. On 12 March 1968, Mauritius became Independent.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Mauritius
 Mauritius at the Olympics
 Mauritius national football team

References 

1968 establishments
It's a Wonderful Life

It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 movie directed by Frank Capra. It inspired the story similar to A Christmas Carol.

Cast
 James Stewart as George Bailey
 Donna Reed as Mary Hatch
 Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Potter

Other websites 

 
 Essay on the deeper meaning of the movie 
 Excerpts from Ray Carney's analysis of the movie.

1946 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Christmas movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York
Paramount movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Frank Capra
Mauritania

Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa. The capital city, which is also the biggest city in the country, is Nouakchott. It is on the Atlantic coast. Its president is General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani.

At 1,030,700 km² (397,929 mi²), Mauritania is the world's 29th-largest country (after Bolivia). It is similar in size to Egypt. The land is flat in most places.

References

Other websites

 

 
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Lake Erie

Lake Erie is one of the Great Lakes in North America. It is the second to the last in the Great Lake system before water flows into the St. Lawrence River. Like Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario, Lake Erie is part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. In 1813 a naval battle was fought on the lake.

Most of the water that flows into Lake Erie flows through a small river, the Detroit River, that moves water down from Lake St. Clair past Detroit, Michigan. Some more water flows into Lake Erie from other rivers, including the Maumee and the Cuyahoga. At the foot of the Maumee is Toledo, Ohio. At the bend of the Cuyahoga is Cleveland, Ohio.

Water that flows out of Lake Erie flows past Buffalo, New York, and into the Niagara River.   The river pours over Niagara Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in North America, and then into the lowest of all the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario. 

Great Lakes
Geography of Michigan
Geography of New York
Geography of Ohio
Geography of Pennsylvania
Lakes of Canada
Geography of Ontario
Lakes of the United States
Square mile

A square mile (sometimes written mi² ) is an American unit of measurement of area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one statute mile (5,280 feet or 1,760 yards). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is on a farm, or in a city or country, for example.

One square mile is just less than 2.6 square kilometres.
Imperial units
Units of area
Regions of Peru

A Region is the name for one of 25 areas into which the land is divided in Peru. 

Provinces of Peru

 Name of the region (capital of the region)

 Tumbes (Tumbes)
 Piura (Piura)
 Lambayeque (Chiclayo)
 La Libertad (Trujillo)
 Ancash (Huaraz)
 Lima (Huacho)
 Callao (Callao)
 Ica (Ica)
 Arequipa (Arequipa)
 Moquegua (Moquegua)
 Tacna (Tacna)
 Cajamarca (Cajamarca)
 Huánuco (Huánuco)
 Pasco (Cerro de Pasco)
 Junín (Huancayo)
 Huancavelica (Huancavelica)
 Ayacucho (Ayacucho)
 Apurímac (Abancay)
 Cusco (Cusco)
 Puno (Puno)
 Amazonas (Chachapoyas)
 San Martín (Moyobamba)
 Ucayali (Pucallpa)
 Madre de Dios (Puerto Maldonado)
 Loreto (Iquitos)
    *     Lima Province (Lima)

da:Peru#Regioner
pl:Peru#Podział administracyjny
Ica Region

Ica is one of 25 regions of Peru. The capital of the region is Ica.

Regions of Peru
Togo

Togo is a small country in West Africa.  It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The capital city Lomé is located along the Gulf of Guinea. In 2016, about 7.5 million people lived there. The official language is French. Togo was a hub of the Atlantic slave trade for Europeans. Togo was a part of the Slave Coast. Many Togolese descendants live in the Americas. The country is known for Voodoo. Togo is also known for its various flora and fauna. Monkeys, snakes, and lizards are numerous in many areas in Togo.

History 
From the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the Ewé from the east, and the Mina and Guin from the west; most of them settled in coastal areas. The Portuguese explored the area in the late 15th century. As Togoland, it became a protectorate of Germany in 1884. After World War I, Togo was ceded to the French. Togo gained independence from French rule in the 1960s. General Gnassingbé Eyadéma became the military leader in 1967. When Eyadéma resigned in 2002 and later died in 2005, his son, Faure Gnassingbe became president.

Economy 
The economy of this small African country is based on agriculture. Agriculture provides jobs for 65% of the labor force according to the CIA Factbook. Agricultural products include coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, and sorghum. Industries include phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, and beverages.

Government 
The president of Togo is elected for 5 years. The president is also the commander of the armed forces. The president also has the right to begin legislation and dissolve parliament.

After Togo's independence from France, General Gnassingbé Eyadéma became the military leader. When Eyadéma died in 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbe became president.  During his re-election campaign, he helped get port concessions in Lomé extended for Bolloré Groupe from 10 to 35 years in exchange for help from the group's public relations subsidiary Havas.  In a 26 Feb 2021 civil hearing at the Paris judicial court, French billionaire Vincent Bolloré, along with associates Gilles Alix and Jean-Philippe Dorent, pleaded guilty to corrupt practices in Togo.  The President of the court rejected the negotiated plea bargain and ordered that the three be tried in criminal court.  In the same trial, Bolloré SE was fined $12 million.

Regions
Togo is divided into 5 regions.  The regions are divided into 30 prefectures and 1 commune.  From north to south the regions are Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux and Maritime.

Cities
The largest cities in Togo are:

Religion

About 51% of the population has local beliefs, 29% is Christian, and 20% Muslim.

Food and drink 
The Togolese enjoy many foods including tropical fruits, pastries, and many different products made from peanuts. Major drinks include tea, coffee, and wine. Togolese often snack on plantains and French donuts or beignets.

Related pages
List of rivers of Togo
Togo at the Olympics
Togo national football team

References

 
Least developed countries
French-speaking countries
Longboarding

A longboard is a type of skateboard. It is often longer than a regular skateboard. Longboard are made inmany different shapes. They are often  faster than regular skateboards. This is because of the size of the wheel and what the board is made of. Longboards are commonly used for cruising, traveling and downhill racing. Downhill racing is known as longboarding. Longboard 'dancing' and 'freestyle' are also popular. In this, the rider uses skateboard-like motions and steps up and down the board.

History 
The first longboards were made by Preston Nichols in the 1940s and 50s. They replaced surfing when the waves were too dull. Early skaters made boards out of planks of wood and roller skates. It was called "Sidewalk Surfing". Longboards were first sold in 1959. Makaha, Jack's and Hobie were the first sellers. These early longboards were crude. They had wheels made of metal. Clay wheels were used later to make them safer. Longboarding became popularin the late 1950s and early 1960s. It had become much less popular by 1965. Longboarding started becoming popular again in 1972 when Frank Nasworthy and the Cadillac Wheel Company create the urethane longboard wheel. Urethane wheels let skaters move much faster thanthey could before. Reverse kingpins(RKP) also made them more stable. 

These changes made the boards more stable. They helped downhill longboarding grow into a sport. The International Gravity Sports Association (IGSA) was its governing body. The cutout deck was added in the 1990s. It had sections cut out around the wheels. This stopped the wheels from touching the board during hard turns. There has been many changes to longboard technology because of the many different ways people ride them. Modern longboard decks can be made from many materials. These include fiberglass composites, aluminum and carbon fiber.

Dimensions

Most boards are  in length. Widths vary from . Longboard are made in many shapes. These include pintails, swallowtails, flat-nose riders, drop-through decks, drop decks and boards with the same shape as a regular skateboard. Pintails have looser trucks and larger wheels. They are better suited for carving or a "smooth" feel. Drop decks and drop throughs let the rider be closer to the ground. This gives them a lower center of gravity which increases stability. This also makes the boards better for downhill racing. Mid-length boards,  have many different uses. They have more weight and bulk. This makes them move with a fluid motion by providing more momentum. The longboard's design lets rider make big turns or quick short carves. These movements are similar to the motions of surfers or snowboarders.

References

Skateboarding
Graffiti

Graffiti is marks, scratching or drawings made on a surface on a public place. It is often created with paint or spray paint (paint that is sprayed from a can). A single mark could be called a graffito but the word graffiti is usually used, meaning that there is more than one mark.

Graffiti can take the form of art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's permission it is considered vandalism. Sometimes it is just a person's name or a rude word. Sometimes it is a public political protest because graffiti is illegal without permission.

History 

Graffiti has been found in very old cities. For example, in the Roman Empire, people wrote messages and drew caricatures on walls. Graffiti is also found in many places. Some people do murals of graffiti rather than just writing one mark in a location. It was used for good instead of vandalism. Probably the simplest graffiti is when a person cuts (or carves) the name of a lover on a tree with a knife.

Today, many graffiti are very complicated mixtures of writing and pictures. They are sometimes made by gangs and applied with spray-paint to buildings, bridges, street signs, and other areas. These are often signed with a tag (in graffiti slang, a signature), which is a shape special.

Graffiti can be thought of as a part of hip hop or street protest. It is often but not always illegal. Some cities have small areas where graffiti can be made. Sometimes graffiti are very beautiful. Some people consider graffiti as not only something bad, but something good, like art. Some people pay graffiti artists to do graffiti on their buildings. In the 1980s, some graffiti artists like Keith Haring became very famous.

Modern graffiti was made famous in New York City in the early 1970s by the children of the working class. They called it "writing," and called themselves "writers." In a 1971 New York Times article, the term "graffiti" was first used to refer to the new urban art explosion that was becoming popular in New York City. This period of the early 1970s is known as the "Original School." Later in the 1980s, the next generation of graffiti artists is known as "Old School."

Other websites 
 Graffiti.CX  Online Graffiti Contest 
 Graffiti art on train
 Graffiti.org.br 
 Walls & bridges from south Belgium
 How to remove graffiti?
 Remove Graffiti From Different Surfaces?
 Graffiti art or vandalism

Graphics
Murals
Hip hop
Appellation d'origine contrôlée

Appellation d'origine controlée (AOC, "controlled designation of origin") is a French phrase which shows that a product comes from a certain area.  

Some products must come from a certain area and be made in a certain way in order to have the name of the product.  The most famous example is champagne, which must be fermented in the bottle and be made in the Champagne region of France.

The French government set up the Institut national des appellations d'origine  et de la qualité (INAO, "National institute of controlled designation of origin") in 1935 to oversee the system.  Although usually linked with wines, the start of the system of protecting the name of goods started in the 15th century when the French parliament defined what could be called Roquefort cheese.   

AOCs are most often found in connection with:
 Wine regions (like Bordeaux Entre-Deux-Mers AOC)
 Some ciders
 Some cheeses (like Roquefort) and Parmesan (in Italy)

References

Economics
French culture
Food and drink
Lawyer

A lawyer (also called an "advocate", "attorney", "barrister", "counsel", "counsellor", or "solicitor") is someone who practices law. A lawyer has earned a degree in law, and has a license to practice law in a particular area. 

If people have any problem regarding the law, they can contact a lawyer for advice.  A legal problem is referred to as a case.  A person can hire a lawyer to start a case against someone else, or to help with a case that has been started against them.  If the case goes to court, the lawyer will represent their client in court.  The lawyer will use their knowledge of the law to convince the court that the client is on the right side of the argument.  Lawyers also help people "settle out of court," which means that both sides of the argument agree to resolve the dispute ahead of time so that they will not have to go to trial. 

When a person is accused of a crime, the person has a defense lawyer to try to show they have not committed a crime.  The lawyer arguing that they did do the crime is called the prosecutor.

Lawyers also prepare legal documents for their clients. Examples: buying or selling property or making a will (testament). Certain lawyers (called "commissioners of oaths" in England) can take legally binding witness statements which can be presented to the court.

Lawyers work in different settings.  Some work by themselves, while some work in law firms.  Some lawyers work for hospitals and private companies. Lawyers who work for private companies are usually called in-house counsel.

Lawyers generally charge a fee for the work that they do, but sometimes advice is offered freely, which is called "pro bono," meaning "for the public good."  In many countries, if a person is accused of a crime and unable to pay for a lawyer, the government will pay a lawyer to represent them using tax money.

[SEE TALK PAGE. This page has uncorrected  misinformation on it from 10 years ago]

Law occupations
Loreto Region

Loreto is Peru's most northern region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is the nation's biggest region.  It is also one of the least populated ones, because of its remote location in the Amazon rainforest. Its capital is the city of Iquitos.

Boundaries
 Northwest: Ecuadorian provinces of Sucumbíos, Orellana, Pastaza and Morona-Santiago
 North: Colombian department of Putumayo
 Northeast: Amazonas Department, also in Colombia
 East: Brazilian states of Amazonas and Acre
 South: Ucayali and Huánuco regions
 West: San Martín and Amazonas regions

Administrative divisions
The region is divided into eight provinces (provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 53 districts (distritos, singular: distrito). The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:
 Maynas (Iquitos)
 Alto Amazonas (Yurimaguas)
 Datem del Marañón (San Lorenzo)
 Loreto (Nauta)
 Mariscal Ramón Castilla (Caballococha)
 Putumayo (San Antonio del Estrecho)
 Requena (Requena)
 Ucayali (Contamana)

Other websites 

 INEI Peru

Regions of Peru
Iquitos

Iquitos is the capital city of the Loreto Region in northern Peru. It is on the banks of the Amazon River. Iquitos is the biggest city in the rain forest of Peru, with about 400,000 residents. It is a major port on the Amazon. 

Excluding towns on islands, Iquitos is thought to be the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road. One can only get to Iquitos by boat, or by airplane. It is very remote, in the middle of the Amazon rainforest. 

Iquitos was founded in 1747 by Jesuit José Bahamonde. Originally it was the home of the Iquito native tribe. About 100 years ago, Iquitos was a very rich town, because of the rubber industry. Today Iquitos relies mostly on tourism, wood industry and local trade.

Other websites 
 http://www.munimaynas.gob.pe/ (in Spanish) (uses Macromedia Flash)
 Iquitos information at biopark.org 

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
1747 establishments
Establishments in Peru
18th-century establishments in South America
Calvados (drink)

Calvados is an alcoholic drink. It is made from distilling cider in Normandy, one of the oldest Provinces of France (created in 911). It got its name from the place called Calvados which is famous for making it (sometimes called 'le Pays d'Auge'). It is also made in the  other places in Normandy including la Manche (Cotentin) and l'Orne (Domfront).

How Calvados is made 
The way to make Calvados is to distil cider twice. The first time it is done, the result is a liquid containing 28% to 30% alcohol. The second time it is done, the amount of alcohol is increased to about 40%.

Since 1942, the Calvados has its own Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC), which means it is from one place. The rules are:
 The « Calvados Pays d’Auge » (25% of production): The Cidre needs to come from apples of the « Pays d'Auge ». Two rounds of distillation in a multi-pass still
 The « Calvados » (74 % of production): The apples used for the cidre need to be from Normandy.
 The « Calvados Domfrontais » (1% of production) : Base for the production are apples and pears from the region called « domfrontais », there is only one round of distillation in a still.

How Calvados is served 
Calvados can be served either dry or with ice, as a cocktail, an aperitif, or as a digestif. It goes very well with cheese, chocolate, dessert or ice cream. Crepes can also be served with Calvados.

Calvados can also be added to coffee. People usually do this at the end of dinner.

Other websites 
 Apples, cider and Calvados in Pays d'Auge, Normandy (Multilingual)*
 Ferme du Ponctey Normandy (Multilingual)*

Alcoholic spirits
Normandy
Apple products
Still

A still is a tool used to clean a liquid. It does this by first boiling the liquid and turning it into a gas. This gas is then cooled, changing it back into liquid. Stills get their name from the word distillation. Distillation is the process of boiling and cooling a liquid to purify it. Stills are most often used to create alcohol, but they can also be used with any liquid. Some examples are medicines and perfumes.

There are two main types of stills: pot stills and reflux stills. In a pot still, the pot (like a large kettle) holding the liquid is heated. The hot gas is cooled in a simple neck, or tube, and collected. Pot stills are used for making alcohol like whisky. A reflux still is much more complex. It works with a continual flow of liquid going into the boiler, and a continual flow of distilled liquid coming out. The distilled liquid can also be put through the process several times, which is why it is called a reflux still. This allows for a more pure product, and the person working the still can control the level of purity. Reflux stills are used in the chemical and petroleum industries.

References

Tools

es:Alambique
fr:Alambic
it:Alambicco
The Bridge on the River Kwai

The Bridge on the River Kwai is a British 1957 movie from Columbia Pictures, based on Pierre Boulle's 1952 book The Bridge over the River Kwai (). The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England.

In 1941 the Japanese Army invaded Thailand.  They built a railway to link Bangkok to Rangoon.  Thousands of Asian workers and POWs (prisoners of war) died while working on the project.  Part of this project was building bridges over Thailand's Kwai Yai, at a place named Tamarkan, which is near a town named Kanchanaburi.

The deaths of the Asian workers and the prisoners were real events, but most of the book and the movie are not true.  The British soldiers were slaves; they did not help the Japanese.  Two bridges were built; one was made of wood, one was made of concrete and steel.  Both bridges stood for two years and were destroyed by bombers in 1945.

In the movie the bridge is destroyed by commandos.  A real train rode over the bridge as it blew up. (This can be compared to a scene in the 1927 movie, The General, which starred Buster Keaton.)

The movie is best known for the "Colonel Bogey March", the song that is whistled by the POWs. It is also known as the "River Kwai March".

The movie won seven Academy Awards, one for Best Picture.  It also won the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.

Other websites 
 Account of bombing crew 
 

1957 movies
Adventure movies
Best Picture Oscar
British drama movies
British war movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by David Lean
United States National Film Registry movies
World War II
Multilingual movies
Cuisine

Cuisine refers to any style of cooking, including its practices, traditions and recipes. A cuisine is usually associated with a specific culture. It is mainly influenced by the ingredients that are available to that culture. Cooking methods, customs and ingredients together form meals that are unique to a particular region. When people talk about Italian cuisine, they are referring to the food that Italians are famous for. Cuisine is a French word that means "kitchen", but it originally comes from the Latin word coquere, which means "to cook". 

Traditionally, cuisines are shaped by a number of things. In some religious traditions, certain foods are forbidden by law (an example is pork in Islam). Climate and trade affect the what ingredients are available. Climate may also affect the methods by which food is prepared. Before the exploration of Asia and America by Europeans, certain foods were not known to European cuisine. Tomatoes, maize, avocados and cacao, for example, did not enter European diets until merchants brought these ingredients back from the New World. In modern times, cuisines are becoming more and more multicultural. New cuisines continue to develop even today.

Cuisines have different courses or three meals Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner. Ancient Greeks had breakfast—bread dipped in wine.  The bread was made from barley, the main source of all bread in ancient times.  It was probably hard, which is why the Greeks would dip it in the wine, to soften it and make it easier to eat.

The history of breakfast goes back to the ancient Greeks who ate something called a teganites (τηγανίτης), which resembled a pancake. These were made with wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk, and usually topped with honey or cheese.

Related pages 

 :Category:Foods by nationality
 Diet
 Food

References 

Food and drink
Hotel

A hotel or a guest-house is a large building with many rooms, where people can sleep when they are not at home. A motel is a hotel especially for motorists - people who drive cars - where the room door usually opens into the parking lot. Inn is sometimes used to mean a smaller hotel.

These places will rent a room for any number of days. They offer rooms to sleep as their business. There are also hotels where conferences are held. 

Some hotels have swimming pool. Some hotels are called capsule hotels (in Japan).

History 
Hotels emerged as inns along important transport routes. The first hotels appeared in the days of the Ancient World, in the Middle Ages they also served as shelters for the infirm. This is indicated by the etymology of the word hotel, hôtel: through st.-fr. ostel, hostel it comes from Latin. cubiculum hospitale ("guest room"), whence the word "hospital".

In the 16th-17th centuries, the hotel is an aristocratic residential building with ceremonial and service courtyards.

Today, according to the definition of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), hotels are called a house with furnished rooms for short-term stay of visitors, consisting of a number of rooms that have a single guide and provide certain services. They are grouped into classes and categories according to the types of services provided, with the equipment available in them.

The hotel is also called a residential property complex (building, part of the building, equipment and other property), designed to provide services.

Types 

 International luxury 
International luxury hotels have high-quality amenities, full-service restaurants and rooms. They usually provide the highest level of personalized and professional service in major or capital cities.

 Upscale full-service

Upscale full-service hotels range in quality from upscale to luxury. 

 Lifestyle luxury resorts 

Branded hotels are typically full-service and classified as luxury. A key characteristic is focus on a unique guest experience.

 Boutique
Smaller independent non-branded hotels with 100 rooms or fewer.

 Focused or select service
Small to medium hotels that give a limited number of amenities. This amenities cater and market to a specific demographic of travelers, such as the single business traveler. Such hotels may lack leisure amenities such as an restaurant or a swimming pool.

 Economy and limited service
Extended stay
Small to medium-sized hotels where vlients can stay longer then in traditional hotels.

 Timeshare and destination clubs
 Microstay
Motel 
A motel is an abbreviation for "motor hotel". It is a small-sized low-rise lodging establishment. Usually motels have access to individual rooms from the car park. Motels are good for road travellers, travellers on road trip vacations or workers who drive for their job.

References

Other websites
Some Like It Hot

Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American comedy movie starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, Pat O'Brien, Jack Lemmon and George Raft, and directed by Billy Wilder. It is seen by some as a remake of the 1951 German movie, Fanfaren der Liebe. (Michael Logan wrote the story for the version) The movie is set in 1929. It has been remade for the stage twice (in 1972 and 2002). It was ranked at Number One on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list and fourteen on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

Other websites 

 
 
 JenFlick.com Review 
 Roger Ebert's Great Movies review 

1959 comedy movies
1950s crime movies
American criminal comedy movies
American movie remakes
American musical movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies set in the 1920s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Billy Wilder
Halogen

The halogens are chemical elements under the second-to-right column in the periodic table, also known as Group 17. The elements in the group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and tennessine. Halogen literally means "salt becomer", but it is often cited to mean "salt producer". They are very reactive, so they are likely to join with other elements on the left side of the periodic table to make compounds. This is due to the fact that they are missing one electron. They are rarely found alone in nature. Fluorine is the most reactive, while iodine is the least reactive. Astatine is very radioactive and hard to get.

Halogens
Periodic table
Adultery

Adultery is a word used in religious texts like Exodus 20:14. Adultery applies to a married person sleeping with someone other than the person who they are married to. In countries where religion is important, adultery often comes with a heavy punishment. Some Muslim countries punish it with death by stoning. In most countries adultery is no longer a crime, but most people still see it as a bad thing.(see Gospel of John 8) If a person who is married takes part in adultery, that person's husband or wife would usually have the right to be able to go to court to divorce them.

The word adultery originates not from “adult”, as is commonly thought in English-speaking countries, but from the Late Latin word for “to alter, corrupt”: “adulterare”.  “Adulterare” in turn is formed by the combination of “ad” (towards), and “alter” (other), together with the infinitive form “are” (making it a verb). Thus the meaning is literally “to make other”. In contrast, the word “adult” (meaning a person of mature years) comes from another Latin root, “adolescere”, meaning to grow up or mature: a combination of “ad” (towards), “alere” (to nourish, to grow), and the inchoative infix “sc”(meaning to enter into a state of).

Literature 
Famous adulterers include :
 Paris (mythology) and Helen in the Iliad
 Lancelot and Guinevere
 David and Bathsheba the wife of Uriah (2 Samuel 11)
 Anna Karenina and Vronsky
 Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
 Genji
 Hestor Prynne

 Othello

Related pages 

 Infidelity: the same concept, but without a religious background
Bromine

Bromine (Br) is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 35, and its atomic weight is 80. It is part of the Group 7 elements (halogens) on the periodic table. It is diatomic, which means that two atoms are stuck together to make a molecule in any bromine sample.

Properties

Physical properties
Bromine is a red-brown liquid. Liquid elements are rare; only bromine and mercury are liquid at room temperature. It easily evaporates to make suffocating brown fumes. It has a bad smell. Its name means "stench of he-goats". It can become a metal at very high pressures.

It has two stable isotopes. They are 79Br and 81Br. There are about 29 other radioactive isotopes.

Chemical properties
Bromine is quite reactive. Its reactivity is between chlorine, which is more reactive, and iodine, which is less reactive. It reacts with metals and nonmetals. Phosphorus reacts violently with bromine. Aluminum reacts in a similar way.  It can bleach things like chlorine. It reacts better in the light. It dissolves a little in water. Hot water makes it disproportionate into hydrobromic acid and hypobromous acid. Bromine can form compounds with substances such as sodium to form sodium bromide.

Chemical compounds

Bromine forms compounds in many oxidation states: –1, +1, +3, +5, and (sometimes) +7. –1 is the most common. It is found as bromide. Bromides are not reactive. They are colorless solids that dissolve in water easily. Covalent bromides can be liquids or gases. The other compounds are all strong oxidizing agents. Their chlorine cousins are more common. +1 has the hypobromites, which are unstable. +3 has the bromites. Bromine dioxide is the only common bromine compound found in the +4 oxidation state. +5 has the bromates, which are more common than all the other ones except the bromides. Bromates are strong oxidizing agents and are sometimes added to flour. +7 has the perbromates. Perbromates are very unstable.

Occurrence
Bromine is found as bromide in the ocean and in brine pools. The Dead Sea has a lot of bromide in it. Bromine is not an important part of our body, unlike its relatives chlorine and iodine.

Preparation
Bromine is made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of a bromide. The bromide is oxidized to bromine, while the chlorine is reduced to chloride.

Uses
It is mainly used to make organobromine compounds, organic compounds with bromine in them. Organobromines are used to put out fires. They used to be added to gasoline. Some were used as pesticides. Some inorganic bromides were used as sedatives. Bromine can also be used as a disinfectant. Silver bromide is used in film.

Safety
Bromine is toxic and corrosive to skin. Bromine gas is irritating when it is breathed in, too. Bromine can react violently with many things.

Halogens
Chemical elements
Nonmetals