cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
God is dead

"God is dead" (German: ) is a well known phrase by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It is also known as the death of God. The phrase is not meant literally. Instead it is about what value destruction has done to people's belief in Christianity. Some religious thinkers do take it literally though.

Nietzsche wrote this phrase in his book The Gay Science (). It is in the section called "The Madman". He also used the phrase in his book Thus Spoke Zarathustra (), which is most responsible for making the phrase popular.
The idea is written in "The Madman" as follows:

Meaning 

"God is dead" does not mean that Nietzsche believed in an actual "God" who had died literally. Nietzsche is also not saying that atheists are right. Instead, the phrase means that everything built on Christianity will fall apart because "the belief in the Christian God has become unbelievable". This becomes a deep sadness because it includes all European morality as well. For Nietzsche, the destruction of Christian morality is  something to celebrate. It is also  something to confidently replace with a non-Christian morality. "God is dead" is an attack on anyone who thinks that a non-Christian morality can support the morals that people take for granted. Many philosophers still think this way and Nietzsche says they are wrong. He says it is impossible to have a Christian or pseudo-Christian morality without the belief in God. This was a problem he had with many modern sceptics.

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy says that even though the basis of Christianity was meant to have been unbreakable, it is already broken. In fact, it has been much more  than anyone could ever understand. This also means that without God, morals are not unquestionable or undoubtable anymore. Nietzsche says that when these morals are shown to be false they are also shown to be harmful. Also, trying to remove these harmful morals causes even more harm. This is because people have become dependent on them. He also says that the most harmful parts of morality have taken control of how we understand ourselves. Therefore, we don't know how to live without this harmful morality. Because of this, the death of God leads to many kinds of nihilism. Nietzsche says that Christianity itself is a kind of nihilism.

References 

Philosophy
Phrases

ca:Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche#El diagnòstic: el nihilisme
Jean-François Le Sueur

Jean-François Le Sueur (or Lesueur) (15 February 1760 — 6 October 1837) was a French composer, best known for his oratorios and operas.

Life 

Jean-François Le Sueur was born in a tiny village called Plessiel, near Abbeville. His great-uncle was the painter Eustache Le Sueur. He started his musical training by singing in the choir at the church of Abbeville, then at the cathedral of Amiens. Le Sueur became chorus master at the cathedral of Sées. He went to Paris to study harmony. His teacher was Abbé Nicolas Roze, chorus master at the church Saints-Innocents. Le Sueur got jobs at Dijon (1779), Le Mans (1782), Tours (1783) and then took over Roze’s job at the Saints-Innocents at Paris. In 1786 he was made music director at the famous church Notre-Dame de Paris.

At Notre Dame he started to use orchestras to play the music for some of the special services. The priests did not like this. Le Sueur replied by writing a little book about music for big religious celebrations. It was a bad time in France financially and the church had to make savings, so Le Sueur could not have his orchestra any more, so he resigned from his job.

Le Sueur spent some time in London, 1788–92, then returned to Paris where the revolution was going on. Three of his operas were performed, and he became professor at the École de la Garde Nationale, and then at the Conservatoire which was very new at the time. There he taught basic music theory. He was unable to get any more operas of his performed. He wrote a book saying how music should be taught in France, and criticizing the Conservatoire and its director. Because of that he lost his job at the Conservatoire.

Le Sueur now had no job and so he was very poor. Then, in 1804, Napoleon made him maître de la chapelle at the Tuileries in the place of Giovanni Paisiello. He was then able to have his most famous work performed at the Opéra. It was called Ossian ou Les bardes. Napoleon liked it very much and gave Le Sueur the cross of the Légion d'honneur. Le Sueur composed the Triumphal March for the coronation of Napoleon. In 1813, he was given a position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts, replacing André Grétry.

At the Bourbon Restoration, he was named composer of the royal chapel and conductor of the orchestra of the Opéra. From the beginning of 1818, he taught composition at the Conservatoire. He stayed there many years. His most famous pupils were Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas and Charles Gounod.

He died in Paris.

1760 births
1837 deaths
French composers
People from Hauts-de-France
Anton Reicha

Anton Reicha (born 26 February 1770; died 28 May 1836) was a Czech-born  composer who became naturalized French. He was a lifelong friend of Beethoven.
Reicha is now best remembered for the large number of quintets that he wrote for wind instruments, and for his work as a music teacher.  Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz were both pupils of Reicha.  Reicha wrote several books about music theory and composition.

Classical era composers
Romantic composers
Music theorists
Czech composers
1770 births
1836 deaths
British Rail Class 02

The British Rail Class 02 were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives. They were built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 (first ten, D2850-D2859) and 1961 (D2860-D2869). They were built for use in places of restricted loading gauge and curves such as docks.  They had the door to the cab at the rear, with a railed veranda behind the cab. This feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives. It was used on many Yorkshire Engine Co. designs and was/is quite normal in North American practice.

02
YEC locomotives
Heart-Shaped Box

"Heart-Shaped Box" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was written by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It was released on August 23, 1993 as the first single from their third studio album In Utero.

Cobain's wife Courtney Love thought the song was about her, although it was actually written about children with cancer.

References 

Nirvana songs
1993 songs
Paul Thompson

Paul Ivan Thompson (born November 2, 1906 in Calgary, Alberta – September 13, 1991) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a left wing. 

Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1926. He played for the New York Rangers and the Chicago Black Hawks. He stopped playing in 1939. 

He was part of the All-Star team two times. He won the Stanley Cup three times. He won in 1928 with New York and in 1934 and 1938 with Chicago.

His brother was Tiny Thompson.

Career statistics

Coaching record

Other websites

 

1906 births
1991 deaths
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Calgary
Stanley Cup champions
Junior ice hockey

Junior ice hockey, most often referred to as junior hockey, describes many levels of ice hockey play for players generally between the ages of 16 and 20 years old.

Ice hockey
British Rail Class 07

The British Rail Class 07 diesel locomotive is an off-centre cab dock shunter. They were used in Southampton Docks, to replace SR USA Class steam locomotives.  It is a 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunter built by Ruston & Hornsby in 1962.   They were originally numbered D2985-D2998 and later given the TOPS numbers 07001(D2985)-07013(D2997), D2998.

07
Ruston & Hornsby locomotives
Memorial Cup

The 'Memorial Cup is the trophy for the winners of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). Every year, winning teams from the three CHL  leagues, the Western Hockey League (WHL), the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), and the hosting team, compete in a tournament. The Spokane Chiefs are the most recent winners.

Ice hockey trophies and awards
Memorial Cup
Yellow fever

Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The illness can cause bleeding problems. It is called yellow because it makes the skin and the eyes yellow in color, like jaundice.

There is a vaccine which can stop the disease, but many people in Africa and South America are not vaccinated against it. The World Health Organization say that 200,000 people are made ill with yellow fever every year, and that 30,000 people die from it.

Yellow fever peaked in 1842, killing hundreds of people. There was an outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793.

Yellow fever is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. The name of the mosquito which commonly carries the virus is Aedes Aegypti. The female carries the disease.
The yellow fever originated in Central Africa.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Diseases spread by insects
Alexandra Burke

Alexandra Imelda Cecelia Ewan Burke (born 25 August 1988 in Islington, London, England) is a British soul singer. She is known for winning the 2008 UK series of The X Factor. She had the 2008 Christmas number one single in the United Kingdom with a cover of Leonard Cohen's Hallelujah.

References

1988 births
Living people
Black British musicians
British R&B musicians
English pop musicians
British soul musicians
Singers from London
The X Factor winners
Opéra-Comique

The  Opéra-Comique is an opera house and opera company in Paris. Its full name is théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique (National Opéra Comic Theatre).

The Opéra-Comique company was started in 1714 to give somewhere to perform French operas. At the time operas throughout Europe were nearly always in Italian. Opéra-comique (literally: Comic opera) was a French tradition. The operas in this tradition were performed with spoken dialogue between the musical numbers. This is why the opera house and company were given that name.

The Opéras-Comiques were more popular and less formal that the traditional Italian operas that were performed at the Académie Royale de Musique. During the three centuries of its existence there have been several changes to it. For a time the Opéra-Comique and the Opéra were organized by the same institution.

The Opéra-Comique put on first performances of many famous operas, especially Bizet's Carmen on 3 March 1875 and Debussy's only opera, Pelléas et Mélisande, on 30 April 1902. Berlioz's The Damnation of Faust was also first performed there on 6 December 1846. That first performance was a disaster.

The building in which the Opéra-Comique performs is called the "salle Favart,". It is not the same building as in 1714. Two previous buildings were burnt down in 1838 and 1887. The present building was built in 1898.

Other websites 
 Opéra-Comique website

Opera houses in France
Opera companies
Buildings and structures in Paris
Walter Scott

Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, widely popular in the first half of the 19th century.

Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime.  As adventures, Ivanhoe, and Rob Roy are very well-known, and both were made into films. Waverley is important because it is the first historical novel. It was, for most readers, their first encounter with Highland culture. Scott wove together history and fiction. What he started with Waverley, he continued with his other novels.

Scott's output was huge. Though many of his works are little read now, they sold well in their day, and paid for his great house, Abbotsford. Of his poetry The Lady of the Lake is best liked. 

Scott was also an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession. Throughout his career he combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire.

A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an active member of the Highland Society and served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–32).

Education and early life 
Scott was educated at Edinburgh High and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1783. After spending some time in his father's office he became a barrister in 1792. In 1797 he married Charlotte Charpentier and in 1799 was appointed deputy Sheriff of Selkirkshire. He now began to write books in earnest.
In 1821 he was made a baronet. His house is now a public museum visited by many tourists each year.

Financial problems and death 
In 1825 and 1826, a banking crisis swept through the cities of London and Edinburgh. The Ballantyne printing business, in which he was heavily invested, crashed. Scott was ruined. He placed his house and income in a trust belonging to his creditors, and set out to write his way out of debt. 

He kept up his huge output of fiction, as well as producing a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte. By  1831 his health was failing. Still, he did a grand tour of Europe, where he was welcomed wherever he went. He returned to Scotland and, in September 1832, died at Abbotsford, near Melrose in the Roxburghshire. Though he died owing money, his novels continued to sell well. The debts of his estate were eventually discharged.

References

1771 births
1832 deaths
British playwrights
Scottish poets
Scottish writers
British Rail Class 09

The British Rail Class 09 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel locomotive designed primarily for shunting but also short distance freight trips along branch lines. For this reason, though similar to the existing Class 08 shunting locomotives, Class 09s were re-geared to give a maximum top speed of 27.5 mph (44 km/h) at the expense of a lower tractive effort. They originally operated in the Southern Region of British Railways, though following privatisation in 1997 they have been distributed much farther afield.

References 

09
British Rail Class 10

The British Rail Class 10 diesel locomotive was a variation on the Class 08 diesel-electric shunter. A Blackstone diesel engine was fitted instead of one made by the English Electric company.  Traction motors were by either the General Electric Company plc (GEC) or British Thomson-Houston (BTH). 

The locomotives were built at the BR Works in Darlington and Doncaster over the period 1953-62.  Early batches were classified D3/4 (those with GEC motors) and D3/5  (those with BTH motors).

10
British Rail Class 12

The British Rail Class 12 is a diesel locomotive built mainly for shunting duties. 

This was the second batch of standard Southern Railway shunters based on the English Electric 6KT 350 hp (260 kW) diesel engine.  These locomotives (BR numbers 15201-15203) were built by the SR in 1937 and were later classified D3/12. 

The Class 12 locomotives were built at the BR Ashford Works over the period 1949–1952. They were numbered 15211–15236 and became Class 12. No locomotives survived long enough to acquire Class 12 TOPS numbers though.

12
British Rail Class 14

The British Rail Class 14 is a type of small diesel-hydraulic locomotive built in the mid-1960s.  Twenty-six of these 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered in January 1963, to be built at British Railways Swindon railway works. The anticipated work for this class was yard shunting, trip work (between local yards) and short distance freight trains. The order was expanded to 56 in mid-1963, before work had started on the first order.

14
British Rail Class 15

The British Rail Class 15 diesel locomotives, also known as the BTH Type 1, were designed by British Thomson-Houston, and built by the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company, between 1957 and 1961.

15
YEC locomotives
British Rail Class 20

The British Rail Class 20, originally known as an English Electric Type 1, is a class of diesel electric locomotive.  228 locomotives in the class were built by English Electric between 1957 and 1968. The large number was partly to do with the failure of other early designs in the same power range, and reliable locomotives being needed.

The locomotives were originally numbered D8000–D8199 and D8300–D8327. They are known by railway enthusiasts as "Choppers", a name taken from the distinctive beat the engine produces under load which resembles the sound of a helicopter.

References

20
Pawn (chess)

The pawn (♙♟) is the weakest piece in the game of chess. They represent infantry. Each player starts the game with eight pawns, one on each square of the second row (or rank) from the view of the player. In the white pawns start on a2, b2, c2, ..., h2, while the black pawns start on a7, b7, c7, ..., h7.

Moving
Pawns move differently than other pieces. Unlike all the other pieces, pawns cannot move backwards. Most of the time, a pawn moves by going up a single square, but the first time each pawn is moved from its starting place, it can go forward two squares. Pawns cannot use the first two-square move to jump over a square with another piece on it or to capture.  Any piece in front of a pawn, white or black, stops its moving. If a pawn touches the other side it is exchanged for one of the players pieces that got captured.

Capturing 

The white pawn at e4 can capture either the black rook at d5 or the black knight at f5, but not the bishop at e5, which blocks its straight way forward. Unlike other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the same way as it moves. A pawn captures diagonally, one square forward and to the left or right. In the diagram to the left, the white pawn can capture either the black rook or the black knight.

En passant 
An even more unusual move is the en passant capture.

En passant happens when a pawn uses its first-move option to move two squares forward instead of one. If it passes over a square guarded by an enemy pawn, that pawn can take the first pawn "in passing" as if the first pawn had moved forward only one square. The taking pawn moves into the empty square over which the first pawn moved. The first pawn is removed from the board. To capture en passant can only be done on the move right after the double-square pawn advance. Otherwise the chance is lost.

The en passant move was added in late fifteenth-century Europe, to make up for the then newly added two-square first move rule. We have no record of why the rule was added, but it is easy to see that it works to prevent the position becoming blocked and uninteresting.

Promotion 
Once a pawn reaches the other side of the board and cannot move further, it is promoted, meaning it can become any other piece on the board, except the king. Players usually promote their pawns to a queen because it is the next most-powerful piece on the board.

History

As the simplest piece in chess, the pawn was in the oldest version of chess, Chaturanga. It is present in all other types of chess around the world.

The changes which took place in the fifteenth century were aimed at allowing the pieces to develop faster, and make the game more exciting.

Chess pieces
British Rail Class 22

The British Rail Class 22, originally called the North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic, was a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives designed for the Western Region of British Railways and built by North British Locomotive Company.  They were very similar in appearance to the Class 21 diesel-electrics. The Class 22 was nicknamed "Baby Warship" because of its similarity to the British Rail Class D20/2.

22
NBL locomotives

Category:Locomotives by builder
British Rail Class 28

The British Rail Class 28, originally known as Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2, diesel locomotives were built as part of the British Railways Modernisation Plan.  The locomotives had a Co-Bo wheel arrangement. There was a 6-wheel bogie at one end a 4-wheel bogie at the other end. This wheel arrangement was unique in British Railways practice but not uncommon in some other countries, notably Japan. This affected their route availability, due to the different axle loading at each end of the loco, and made maintenance more complicated.  The maximum tractive effort  was unusually high for a Type 2 locomotive but, as there were five (not four) driving axles, the risk of wheelslip was minimal.

Preservation
D5705 is preserved at the East Lancashire Railway.

References

28
British Rail Class 31

The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and originally as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957–62.

31
A1A-A1A locomotives
Asterids

In the APG II system, for the classification of flowering plants, asterids are a clade of eudicots. That means they are a monophyletic group.

The clade includes 17 orders in the traditional Linnaean system. 

Common examples include the forget-me-nots, nightshades, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, peppers, tobacco, petunias, morning glory, sweet potato, coffee, lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, honeysuckle, ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.

References
Eudicots

Eudicots or eudicotyledons are a group of flowering plants. They are one of two major clades, the non-magnoliid dicots. Their sister group is the Magnoliids, a much smaller group.

The dicots and monocots are the flowering plants which took over in the long Cretaceous period. They largely replaced the earlier types of plants. Of the old forests of the Mesozoic era, only the conifers are still common today.

The big groups of eudicots are the rosids and asterids (together 70% of angiosperms). Monocots make up most of the rest.

A few examples of eudicots are forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, dandelion, buttercup, maple and macadamia.

The tree forms of flowering plants evolved during the Cretaceous period. These began to displace the conifers during the Tertiary era (66 to 2 million years ago). Forests covered much of the globe before the climate cooled.

References 

Eudicots
Caryophyllales

Caryophyllales is a flowering plant order that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and most carnivorous plants.  Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.

Classification
Order Caryophyllales
Family Achatocarpaceae
Family Aizoaceae
Family Amaranthaceae
Family Ancistrocladaceae
Family Asteropeiaceae
Family Basellaceae
Family Cactaceae
Family Caryophyllaceae
Family Didiereaceae
Family Dioncophyllaceae
Family Droseraceae
Family Drosophyllaceae
Family Frankeniaceae
Family Molluginaceae
Family Nepenthaceae
Family Nyctaginaceae
Family Physenaceae
Family Phytolaccaceae
Family Plumbaginaceae
Family Polygonaceae
Family Portulacaceae
Family Rhabdodendraceae
Family Sarcobataceae
Family Simmondsiaceae
Family Stegnospermataceae
Family Tamaricaceae
British Rail Class 42

British Railways' (BR) Type 4 "Warship" class diesel-hydraulic locomotives were introduced in 1958. It was apparent at that time that the largest centre of expertise on diesel-hydraulic locomotives was in Germany.  The Western Region of British Railways (in view of post-World War II sensibilities) negotiated a licence with German manufacturers to scale down the German Federal Railway's "V200" design to suit the smaller loading gauge of the British network, and to allow British manufacturers to construct the new design.  The resultant design bears a close resemblance both cosmetically and in the engineering employed. They were divided into two batches: examples built at BR's Swindon works were numbered in the series D800 to D832 and from D866 to D870, had a maximum tractive effort of 52,400 pounds force and are the British Rail Class 42 of this article.  33 others, D833-865, were constructed by the North British Locomotive Company and became British Rail Class 43.  They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Plymouth Laira, Newton Abbot and Old Oak Common.

42
British Rail Class 48

The British Rail Class 48 was a diesel locomotive class which consisted of five examples, built at Brush Falcon Works in Loughborough and delivered between September 1965 and July 1966.  They were part of the British Rail Class 47 order, but differed from their classmates by being fitted with a Sulzer V12 12LVA24 power unit producing , as opposed to the standard 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit of the remaining fleet.

References

48
British Rail Class 55

The British Rail Class 55 is a class of diesel locomotive built between 1961 and 1962 by English Electric.  They were designed for the high-speed express passenger services on the East Coast Main Line between London King's Cross and Edinburgh. They gained the name "Deltic" from the prototype locomotive, DP1 Deltic, which in turn was named for its Napier Deltic power units. 22 locomotives were built, and they dominated services on the line until their withdrawal at the end of 1981.  Six locomotives were preserved and are still running today.

55
British Rail Class 56

The British Rail Class 56 is a type of diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work.  It is a Type 5 locomotive, with a Ruston-Paxman power unit developing 3,250bhp (2,423kW), and has a Co-Co wheel arrangement.  The fleet was introduced between 1976 and 1983.

The first thirty locomotives (Nos.56001-56030) were built by Electroputere in Romania, but these suffered from poor construction standards, and many were withdrawn from service early. The remaining 105 locomotives were built by BREL at Doncaster Works (Nos.56031 to 56115) and Crewe Works (Nos.56116 to 56135). Enthusiasts nicknamed them "Grids", likely due to the grid-like horn cover on the locomotive's cab ends. The 'Grid' name was given due to the fact that class 56 locomotives were the main motive power used on merry-go-round coal deliveries to national grid power stations.

56
BREL locomotives
British Rail Class 57

The British Rail Class 57 diesel locomotives is a diesel locomotive that was built by Brush Traction between 1997 and 2004. They are rebuilds, with new engines, of older Class 47 locomotives, originally introduced in 1964–1965. They are known as "bodysnatchers", or "Zombies" to enthusiasts, because the shell (body) of the class 47 has been stripped, rewired and re-engined. The first ever class 57 named was “Freightliner Envy” after the first one entering Freightliner.

References 

57
British Rail Class 58

The British Rail Class 58 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight.  Introduced in 1982, they followed American practice of modularisation. From new they were painted in grey Railfreight Sector livery, instead of BR blue. EWS withdrew them in 2002 after 20 years in service, though 30 were subsequently hired abroad—four to the Netherlands, eight to Spain, and twenty to France.

58
BREL locomotives
British Rail Class 66

The Class 66 locomotive is a development of the Class 59 and used both on British and European railway networks—where it is marketed as EMD Series 66. 

66
British Rail Class 67

The Class 67 locomotives are a type of diesel electric locomotives built from 1999 to 2000 by Alstom in Valencia, Spain under sub-contract from General Motors Diesel in Canada.

67
Freightliner Project Genesis

The Class 70 is a British designation for a type of diesel locomotive made by General Electric, which calls the type PowerHaul. The first were built for Freightliner (UK) by General Electric in a country in the  USA.

On 10 January 2011, while being unloaded by a crane from a boat after delivery, locomotive number 70012 was dropped from about 13 feet in the air back into the boat.

References 

69
Balaenoptera omurai

Balaenoptera omurai is a species of whale. Little is known about it. It is called the dwarf fin whale, the little fin whale, or Omura's whale. It gets up to 11. 5 meters (about 38 feet) long. It lives in the Indo-Pacific.

Balaenoptera omurai is one of the Bryde's whales, a group of closely related and similar whales.

Baleen whales
Rook (chess)

A rook (from Persian رخ rokh) is a piece in the board game of chess. It gets its name from its name in the old Indo-Arabic game (see History of chess). Each player starts the game with two rooks. When recording games, it is shortened to R, and when printed a figurine is used.

Starting place and moving 

In chess notation, the white rooks start on the a1 and h1 squares, and the black rooks start on the a8 and h8 squares. 

The rook moves forward or back on the files through any number of squares without other pieces on them, and sideways on the ranks. This is shown in the diagram below. Like other pieces, it captures by going into the square on which an enemy piece stands. 

The rook and king also take part in a special move called castling.

Chess pieces
Angels & Airwaves

Angels and Airwaves (AvA) is an American alternative rock band. It was formed by former Blink-182 singer and guitarist, Thomas DeLonge. The members of the band were Atom Willard, former Offspring drummer; Matt Wachter, former bassist of 30 Seconds to Mars; and David Kennedy, former guitarist of Hazen Street and Boxcar Racer. 

DeLonge created the band angels and airwaves to bring good music to people ears. The band performed amazing live performances and was well liked by Delonge's fans. Most of the songs have long built up intros with guitars, synthesizer, drums and keyboards. Delonge showed over time that his live voice had improved since his time singing for Blink 182. 

Angels and Airwaves released their first album, We Don't Need To Whisper in 2005. The second studio album, I-Empire was released in October 2007. It was a more lighthearted album with a faster beat. AvA has toured very much. They have said that they will be playing for the second year in a row at Vans Warped tour. They will be playing the entire tour. 

DeLonge has covered a few songs from Blink 182 but he has never played the full song in respect to his former band mates. He has played slowed versions of "Down", "I Miss You", "Not Now", and "Reckless Abandon". He only plays these songs by himself with his guitar.

Discography 
 We Don't Need to Whisper (2006)
 I-Empire (2007)
 Love (2010)
 Love: Part Two (2011)
 The Dream Walker (2014)

American rock bands
Musical groups from San Diego, California
Kolathur

Kolathur () is a town in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of the 2001 India census, Kolathur had a population of 10,319. Males make up 53% of the population and females 47%. A total of 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Settlements in Tamil Nadu
Salem district
Louis Antoine Jullien

Louis Antoine Jullien (23 April 1812 – 14 March 1860) was a French conductor who was famous for his showmanship.

Life

Early years

Jullien was born in Sisteron, in the French Alps.  At his baptism he had 36 godfathers and was given 36 Christian names.  He studied at the Paris Conservatoire.  He was a good musician, but mostly he enjoyed popular dance music.  He conducted a band, but had to leave Paris because he owed people a lot of money.

Career in England

He went to London where he formed a good orchestra.  His orchestra played at a series of summer concerts (called Concerts d’été).  Later he conducted a series of winter concerts (Concerts d’hiver).  Although he was a good conductor he was a great showman.  He would make a big show of putting on his white gloves which were given to him on a silver plate.  He used a special baton (conductor’s stick) which had jewels in it when he conducted Beethoven.  He wore a white waistcoat and enormous wrist bands, and he had a huge moustache and long, black hair.  He would throw himself around when conducting and finish by sinking into a velvet chair.  The audience loved it, especially when he added military bands to his orchestra.  He used to conduct facing the audience.  He conducted concerts in the London theatres and parks (promenade concerts).

Jullien’s programmes included works by the great composers, e.g. Beethoven and Mozart, but they were always mixed with light music: dances, quadrilles, marches, etc.  He often added lots of extra instruments to the great classics, e.g. when he conducted Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony he added four ophicleides, a saxophone and side drums.

Jullien travelled to Scotland, Ireland and America with his orchestra.  In 1852 he produced an opera, Pietro il grande, at Covent Garden, but it cost a ridiculous amount of money and he was financially ruined.

His final years
Eventually he went back to France where he was arrested and put in prison because of his debts.  He died in a lunatic asylum.  His wife, to whom he had been happily married, lived on for many years, and their son Louis became a conductor and tried to conduct promenade concerts, but he did not have much success.

His reputation

Jullien’s behaviour might seem strange to us today, but he lived at a time when the role of the conductor was becoming very important as orchestras had become much larger than they had been in the 18th century.  He gave people who had never heard good classical music the chance to hear the music by the great composers.  He had a very big influence on the musical scene in London and people talked about him for many years after his death.

References
Louis Jullien : Musique, Spectacle et Folie au XIXe Siècle by Michel Faul (Atlantica, 2006 ).
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 
The Henry Wood Proms, by David Cox, BBC 1980;

Other websites
Site about Louis-Antoine Jullien

1812 births
1860 deaths
French conductors
Parachutes (album)

Parachutes is the debut studio album by Coldplay. The album was released on 10 July, 2000. Parachutes includes the hit singles "Don't Panic", "Trouble", "Yellow", and "Shiver".

Track listing 
 "Don't Panic"
 "Shiver"
 "Spies"
 "Sparks"
 "Yellow"
 "Trouble"
 "Parachutes"
 "High Speed"
 "We Never Change"
 "Everything's Not Lost"

Coldplay albums
Debut albums
2000 albums
Rock albums
A Rush of Blood to the Head

A Rush of Blood to the Head is the second studio album by Coldplay, released on 26 August, 2002. The album includes the singles "In My Place", "The Scientist", "Clocks", and "God Put a Smile Up On Your Face".

Track listing 
 "Politik"
 "In My Place"
 "God Put a Smile upon Your Face"
 "The Scientist"
 "Clocks"
 "Daylight"
 "Green Eyes"
 "Warning Sign"
 "A Whisper"
 "A Rush of Blood to the Head"
 "Amsterdam"

Coldplay albums
2002 albums
X&Y (album)

X&Y is the third studio album by Coldplay, and was released on 6 June, 2005.

Track listing 
 "Square One"
 "What If"
 "White Shadow"
 "Fix You"
 "Talk"
 "X&Y"
 "Speed of Sound"
 "A Message"
 "Low"
 "The Hardest Part"
 "Swallowed in the Sea"
 "Twisted Logic"
 "Til Kingdom Come [Hidden Track]"

Coldplay albums
2005 albums
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends

Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (or short for simply Viva la Vida) is the fourth studio album by the rock band Coldplay. Released on 12 June 2008, Coldplay recorded Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends from June 2007 - April 2008. In November Coldplay re-released Viva la Vida (album) and added more songs to the album from their EP called Prospekt's March. The singles "Violet Hill", "Viva la Vida", "Lost!", "Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)", and "Lovers in Japan" are featured in the album and including the extended edition of Viva la Vida: Prospekt's March Edition.

Track listings

Original track list for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends 
 "Life in Technicolor"
 "Cemeteries of London"
 "Lost!"
 "42"
 "Lovers in Japan/Reign of Love"
 "Yes"
 "Chinese Sleep Chant" (hidden track)
 "Viva la Vida"
 "Violet Hill"
 "Strawberry Swing"
 "Death and All His Friends"
"The Escapist" (hidden track)

Prospekt's March 
 "Life in Technicolor II"
 "Postcards from Far Away"
 "Glass of Water"
 "Rainy Day"
 "Prospekt's March/Poppyfields"
 "Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)"
 "Lovers in Japan (Osaka Sun Mix)"
 "Now My Feet Won't Touch the Ground"

References 

Coldplay albums
2008 albums
Lost!

Lost is a series of songs/singles recorded especially by Coldplay. The songs are a part of the full extended version of Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends called Prospect's March Edition.

Songs 
 Lost! from Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
 Lost? from Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (Bonus Track)
 Lost@ (Live at United Centre in Chicago) from iTunes Digital Download (Lost! EP)
 Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z) from Viva la Viva: Prospekt's March Edition/Prospect's March
 Lost- (instrumental version of Lost!) from iTunes Digital Download (Lost! EP)
 Lost? (acoustic version of Lost!) from a 3 Track Promotional CD 

Coldplay
British Rail Class 73

The British Rail Class 73 electro-diesel locomotives are very unusual in that they can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail supply but also have a diesel engine to allow them to operate on non-electrified routes. This makes them very versatile, although the diesel engine produces less power than is available from the third-rail supply so they rarely stray from the former Southern Region of British Rail. Following the withdrawal of the more powerful Class 74 electro-diesels in 1977, the Class 73 is now unique on the British rail system.

References 

73
British Rail Class 76

The British Rail Class 76, also known as Class EM1, is a class of 1.5kV DC, Bo-Bo electric locomotive designed for use on the now-closed Woodhead Line in Northern England.

76
British Rail Class 80

Class 80  was the TOPS classification allocated by British Rail to the prototype 25 kV AC electric locomotive.  This locomotive was built by Metropolitan-Vickers, initially as a prototype Gas turbine-electric locomotive, numbered 18100.  British Rail allocated the number E1000 (and later E2001) to the locomotive following its conversion from gas turbine propulsion.

References 

80
A1A-A1A locomotives
British Rail Class 77

The British Rail Class 77, also known as Class EM2, is a class of 1.5 kV DC, Co-Co electric locomotive. They were built by Metropolitan Vickers in 1953–1954 for use over the Woodhead Line between Manchester and Sheffield.

77
British Rail Class 87

The British Rail Class 87 is a type of electric locomotive built from 1973-75 by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL). 36 of these locomotives were built to work passenger services over the West Coast Main Line (WCML). They were the flagships of British Rail's electric locomotive fleet until the late 1980s, when the Class 90s started to come onstream.  The privatisation of British Rail saw all but one of the fleet transferred to Virgin Trains; they continued their duties until the advent of the new Pendolino trains, when they were transferred to other operators or withdrawn. The last Class 87 in UK mainline use was withdrawn from service on 31 December 2007. Most have now been sold for reuse in Bulgaria.

87
BREL locomotives
British Rail Class 89

The Class 89 is a prototype design for an electric locomotive.  Only one unit was built, no. 89001, which was officially named Avocet by the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on January 16 1989 at Sandy, Bedfordshire - the home of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (whose logo is an avocet).  It was built in 1986, by BREL at their Crewe Works, and was used on test-trains on both the West Coast Main Line and East Coast Main Line. It was fitted with advanced power control systems and develops over 6,000 bhp (4,500 kW). It was given the nickname "Aardvark" although the railfans used to call it "The Badger" owing to its sloping front ends.

89
BREL locomotives
British Rail Class 90

The British Rail Class 90 electric locomotives are electric locomotives that were built by BREL at Crewe from 1987-1990. Each locomotive weighs 84.5 tonnes and has a top speed of . They operate from 25 kV AC overhead wires and produce . The class is employed on both express passenger services and heavy freight trains.

81
BREL locomotives
Japan Cup

The Japan Cup is the most important horse race in Japan. It is held at the end of November in the Tokyo Racecourse. The race is 2400 metres long and the winner gets about ¥533 million (about US $4.6 million) as an award (the highest reward for horse racing in the world).

Winners 

 The 2002 race took place at Nakayama Racecourse over a distance of 2,200 metres.

References

Horse racing
1981 establishments in Japan
November events
List of British Rail unbuilt locomotive classes

There have been a number of TOPS class numbers assigned to proposed locomotives that have not been built for one reason or another.

Diesel locomotives

Type 1 locomotives
Class 18 - A proposed new Type 1 locomotive proposed in the mid 1980s. No prototype model was ever produced.

Type 3 locomotives
Class 38 - Projected classification for new generation of Type 3 freight locomotives in the 1980s. The Class 38 was dropped in favour of the Class 60.

Type 4 locomotives
Class 41 - The second use of Class 41 was for a proposed class of Class 60 locomotives with 2,500 hp engines in the early 1990s.
Class 48 - The second use of Class 48 was for a new class of freight locomotive in the mid 1980s.

Type 5 locomotives
Class 51 - Projected classification for the proposed "Super Deltic" locomotive intended as a follow on from the Class 50 and Class 55.
Class 62 - Projected classification for proposed Type 5 coal train locomotives in the early 1990s.
Class 65 - Projected classification for proposed 4,000 hp freight working locomotive intended for liner trains.

Electro-diesel locomotives
Class 75 - Spare classification for projected "super electro-diesel" follow on from Class 73 and Class 74.

Electric locomotives
Class 88 - Proposed electric version of the Class 58, powered through 25 kV AC from overhead wire.
Class 93 - Proposed electric locomotive for use on the West Coast Main Line as part of the InterCity 250 project.

Other websites
UK Traction Classification - Locomotives

British Rail locomotives
British railway-related lists
British Rail Class 91

The British Rail Class 91 is a class of 140 mph, 6,300 hp electric locomotives ordered specifically for the East Coast Main Line modernisation and electrification programme of the late 1980s. Built to replace the previous Class 43 (better known as the InterCity 125), the Class 91s were given the auxiliary name of InterCity 225 to indicate their status as a new version of the 125 and their envisaged top speed of 225 km/h (140 mph). The other end of the InterCity 225 train set is formed of a Driving Van Trailer, built with a similar bodyshell to the Class 91 locomotives.

91
BREL locomotives
Enchanted

Enchanted is a 2007 American fantasy romantic comedy musical movie. It was produced and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in association with Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment. The story is about Giselle, a typical Disney Princess, who is forced from her traditional animated world into the live-action world of New York City.

The movie was first shown on October 20, 2007, at the London Film Festival. It released on November 21, 2007 in the United States. Enchanted was well-received critically. It won the 2007 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Motion Picture, received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. The movie earned more than $340 million worldwide at the box office.

Cast
 Amy Adams as Giselle
 Patrick Dempsey as Robert
 James Marsden as Prince Edward
 Timothy Spall as Nathaniel
 Idina Menzel as Nancy Tremaine, Robert's fiancée
 Rachel Covey as Morgan. Morgan is Robert's six-year-old daughter.
 Susan Sarandon as Queen Narissa.
 Jeff Bennett and Kevin Lima as Pip
 Jon McLaughlin as Himself, singing "So Close" at the ball while Robert and Giselle dance together as do Edward and Nancy
 Fred Tatasciore as the Troll
 Several actresses who have played characters in Disney movies have cameos:
 Paige O'Hara as Angela, a soap opera character. O'Hara was the speaking and singing voice of Belle in Beauty and the Beast.
 Jodi Benson as Sam, Robert's secretary. Benson was the speaking and singing voice of Ariel in The Little Mermaid. She also voiced the Barbie dolls in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3.
 Judy Kuhn as Pregnant Woman with Kids. Kuhn was the singing voice of the title character in Pocahontas and its sequel.

Julie Andrews was the narrator of the story.

Video game
A video game based on the movie was developed by Altron for Nintendo DS. It was released by Disney Interactive on November 7, 2007.

References

Other websites

 
 

2007 movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
American family movies
East Coast Main Line

East Coast Main Line is an electrified main line between London and Edinburgh in United Kingdom. The trains on this line are operated by National Express East Coast.

Stops
Starting point at London King's Cross railway station
Stevenage
Peterborough
Grantham
Newark North Gate
Retford
Doncaster
York
Northallerton
Darlington
Durham
Newcastle Central
Morpeth
Alnmouth
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Dunbar
Finishing point at Edinburgh Waverley

Rail transport in the United Kingdom
West Coast Main Line

West Coast Main Line is a main line between London and Glasgow in United Kingdom. Train services are operated by Virgin Trains and CrossCountry.

Stops
Starting point at London Euston
Watford Junction
Milton Keynes Central
Rugby
Nuneaton
Tamworth
Lichfield Trent Valley
Stafford
Crewe
Warrington Bank Quay
Wigan North Western
Preston
Lancaster
Oxenholme Lake District
Penrith
Carlisle
Lockerbie
Carstairs
Motherwell
Finishing point at Glasgow Central

Railway lines of England
Railway lines of London
Transport in Scotland
Rail transport in Wales
Georg Michaelis

Georg Michaelis (8 September 1857 – 24 July 24 1936) became the first Chancellor of Germany with a non-noble background.

Early life
Michaelis was born at Haynau in Silesia. He studied law in Breslau, Leipzig and Wurzburg. He graduated from Göttingen University in 1884.

Career
He was invited by the Japanese government to teach at the German school of law in Tokyo from 1885 to 1889.

When he returned to Germany, he joined the civil service.  The Emperor appointed him Reich Chancellor (Reichskanzler) from July to November 1917.

Related pages
 Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

References

Other websites

1857 births
1936 deaths
Chancellors of the German Empire
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
German people of World War I
Ministers-President of Prussia
People from former German territories
British Rail Class 100

The British Rail Class 100 diesel multiple units were built by Gloucester Railway Carriage & Wagon Company Limited from 1956 to 1958, designed and built in collaboration with the Transport Sales Dept. of T.I. (Group Services) Ltd. 

100
BREL locomotives
British Rail Class 101

The British Rail Class 101 diesel multiple units were built by Metro-Cammell at Washwood Heath in Birmingham from 1956 to 1959, following construction of a series of prototype units. This class proved to be the most successful and longest-lived of all BR's First Generation DMUs, with the final five units being withdrawn on 24 December 2003. The oldest set was, by then, just over 47 years old.

101
BREL locomotives
British Rail Class 108

The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles.

These units stayed in were used till the 1990s after which they were withdrawn from traffic.

References 

108
Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa

Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa () is a 2002 Pakistani Urdu movie starring Sana, Moammar Rana and Saleem Sheikh among others. It was directed by Javed Sheikh and ran successfully in theaters across Pakistan. The movie's soundtrack composed by Amjad Bobby was a success prior to its release.

Pakistani movies
2002 movies
Urdu-language movies
British Rail Class 111

The Class 111 DMUs were based on Class 101/2s, but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character headcode box was fitted above the front cab windows, with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window.

The first cars built, part of an order for 339 Met-Camm cars, were 4 power/trailer sets for the LMR Manchester area built in early 1957. One of these had supercharged 230 hp 6-cylinder engines. This was followed by ten 3-car sets comprising DMBS/TS/DMC for the NER at Bradford, then a further twenty 3-car sets.

111