cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bierhübeli

Bierhübeli-oder auch Sahli genannt is the name of a concert hall in the center of Berne, Switzerland. Many famous artists from all around the world have played there including Sugarhill Gang, Adam Green, Sportfreunde Stiller, Wir sind Helden, Joy Denalane and Bad Religion.

History
From 1729 there has been a restaurant there called Bierhübeli.  In 1847 the Bierhübeli restaurant burned down. After that, they decided to build a hall as well as rebuilding the restaurant. It was finished in 1912. The hall was named after the restaurant. 

Many styles of music are played there, ranging from rock and metal to rap and hip-hop. 

The stage, the walls and the floor are made of wood. There is also a bar in the hall. In the hall, the audience feels very close to the artist. The sound in the hall is very rich, because of the shape and the way the building was made.

Buildings and structures in Switzerland
Concert halls
Bern
1912 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
Hakan Yakin

Hakan Yakin () (born 22 February 1977 in Basel, Switzerland) is a Swiss football player of Turkish origin. He is the brother of Murat Yakin and half-brother of former Swiss football professional Ertan Irizik.

Yakin's biggest success was the winning of the Swiss Super League and the Swiss Cup with the Basel in 2002. With the Swiss national team, he took part at the UEFA Champions League in 2004 and 2008 and at the World Cup in Germany in 2006. Yakin is a specialist in free-kicks and final passes.

Yakin received the award for the "Most Valuable Player" in Swiss football in 2003 and 2008.

He currently plays for Al-Gharafa (Qatar).

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||Concordia Basel||||9||4
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Basel||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga A||34||6
|-
|1996/97||25||3
|-
|1997/98||Grasshopper Zürich||Nationalliga A||11||1
|-
|1997/98||St. Gallen||Nationalliga A||14||1
|-
|1998/99||Grasshopper Zürich||Nationalliga A||6||2
|-
|1998/99||St. Gallen||Nationalliga A||21||7
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga A||29||10
|-
|2000/01||19||10
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Basel||rowspan="4"|Nationalliga A||11||4
|-
|2001/02||27||14
|-
|2002/03||29||13
|-
|2003/04||6||3

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Stuttgart||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||8||0
|-
|2004/05||1||0

|-
|2004/05||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||2||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Young Boys||rowspan="3"|Super League||20||6
|-
|2006/07||31||10
|-
|2007/08||32||24

|-
|2008/09||Al-Gharafa||Stars League||15||5

|-
|2009/10||Luzern||Super League||||
324||118
9||0
2||0
15||5
350||123
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||7||3
|-
|2001||6||2
|-
|2002||8||5
|-
|2003||6||2
|-
|2004||12||2
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||8||0
|-
|2007||9||1
|-
|2008||13||5
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
!Total||79||20
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Sportspeople from Basel
Lyss

Lyss is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the Canton of Berne in Switzerland. It has a population of 11,000 people. About 84% of these people are Swiss German. Politically, Lyss can be called a city. The name "Lyss" comes from the local river Lyssbach.

On 1 January 2011, the old municipality of Busswil bei Büren was combined with Lyss.

References

Other websites 

 Official municipality website 

Municipalities of Bern
Cities in Switzerland
Globi

Globi is a Swiss cartoon character. He is often called the Swiss Mickey Mouse. Globi is one of the most famous cartoon figures in the Swiss-German part of Switzerland. It was created in 1932 by the Globus department store chain for advertising. It is a blue human-like parrot with a black beret and trousers in black and red. It was so much liked by the children in Switzerland that it got published independently in 1944. There are a many Globi cartoon books and tapes in Switzerland today. Its appearance has changed several times since his development.

History 

Globi was created in 1932 by the Globus stores as a media vehicle for children. They wanted to address Globi to children. First, the figure was named "Kimbukku". Because the people of the canton of Bale named the Globus warehouse "Globi", they thought would be a better name than Kimbukku. The figure was well liked by the young customers from the beginning. First "Globi" appeared as a comic strip in the magazine "der Globi". In 1935, the first book Globi the Childfriend appeared. This book has sold over a million copies. It was only really successful in Switzerland. Until today, 79 illustrated classic books have been published. The Globi books were always successful, but in the 1970s they were criticized because of the racism, sexism and violence in books of the 1940s and 1950s. Today, Globi is seen as politically correct. It started to be interested in ecology and animal protection and became more of a role model. For example, in a newer volume, Globi goes with the small rhino named Najma to Africa. The readers learn about the problems of life in the savanna of Africa for rhinos. There was also a movie with Globi in the cinemas in 2005.

Publisher 

Because of the big success of Globi, the costs for the warehouse became too big. Because of this, Globi Publisher AG was founded in 1944. Since 1 January 2007, the Globi Publisher AG has been owned by Orell Füssli Publisher. The publisher is active in the Swiss market. In addition to books, they sell other Globi merchandise. These include dishes, cutlery, watches and alarm clocks, plush toys, drapery, lamps, card games and foods. There are also tourist attractions such as Globi hotel, a trail and a bus. In December 2008, a Globi winter park was built in Engelberg. In addition to Globi, other characters including Papa-Moll and Glöbeli exist. Yearly, over 80,000 Globi comic books, 40,000 educational Globi books, between 25,000 and 30,000 Papa-Moll books and 100,000 cassettes are sold.

Today Globi Publisher employs 4 permanent employee, 2 exponents, 3-4 graphic artists and bookkeepers and about 10-12 illustrators and writers.

Book list of most important and best-sold books 

Globi’s Worldtour
Globi the Childfriend
Globi and Pinoccio in Venice
Globi and it’s Swiss adventure travel
Globi the farmer
Globi the soldier
Globi the postman
Globi the fireman
Globi in the Zoo
Globi and the railroad
Globi and panda
Globi and the madagaskarbird
Globi the knight
Globi in Paris
Globi and his adventures at the sea bottom

References

Fictional birds
Animated characters
Swiss culture
Second Coming

In Christianity, the Second Coming is a time when Jesus Christ will come back to earth.  The Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed state that "Christ will come again". This coming is to judge the living and the dead.  Throughout history, there have been different ideas about the details of this event. These disagreements are related to the Millennium which is described in the Book of Revelation as a 1000 year reign of Christ on the earth. Some Christians, called Amillennialists, think the 1,000 years refers only to the eventual triumph of the Gospel. Others, called Postmillennialists think that Jesus will return physically to earth.  This will happen only after Christianity has been predominant for the 1,000 years. This may be a real 1,000 years or an indefinitely long time.  In recent times, many Christians, especially in the United States, have believed that there will be a Rapture of the Christians.  This means that at a certain time all Christians will go up to heaven to be with Jesus.  After seven years of trouble on earth, Jesus will return with all the Christians to defeat the Antichrist and rule on earth for 1,000 literal years. Others who believe in the rapture put it at in the middle or at the end of the seven years. These different views come mainly from the Book of Revelation, but other Old Testament and New Testament books are also used to develop the different views. Since the Book of Revelation uses highly symbolic language, it can be understood in different ways.  What virtually all Christians agree on is that in some way, Jesus will someday destroy all evil from the earth and bring goodness and peace.

References

Related pages
Acts
Book of Revelation

New Testament
Christian eschatology
Eschatology
Islam
Beret

A beret is a soft, round type of hat. They are similar to caps, but without the peak at the front. Berets are usually made of felt or a similar material.  Berets are often worn in France.  

Berets are worn as part of the uniform of many military and police units across the world.  Many other organizations also wear berets for different purposes.

References

Headgear
Autoclave

An autoclave is a device that uses pressure to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling point. It is done to kill microbiological organisms, called sterilization. The autoclave was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.

Laboratory equipment
Martin O'Neill

Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill, OBE (b. 1 March 1952) is an Northern Irish football manager. He is currently the manager of Sunderland F.C., and has previously managed Celtic F.C.. and Aston Villa F.C. O'Neill was born in Kilrea, Northern Ireland.

References

1952 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Northern Irish football managers
Jim Duffy

James Duffy (born 27 April 1959) is a former Scottish football player and manager.

1959 births
Living people
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major university in Berkeley, California, United States. The oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The university occupies 6651 acres with the central campus resting on approximately 200 acres.

The University was founded in 1868 when the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College merged. Berkeley was a founding member of the Association of American Universities and 61 Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the university as faculty, researchers and alumni. Berkeley physicists worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II and the university now manages the nation's two principal nuclear weapons laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Berkeley student-athletes compete intercollegiately as the California Golden Bears. A member of both the Pacific-12 Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in the NCAA, Cal students have won national titles in many sports, including football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, water polo, rugby and crew. In addition, they have won over 100 Olympic medals. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are Berkeley blue and California gold.

Other websites

University of California, Berkeley official website
California Golden Bears official website

Notes

Association of American Universities
California
Berkley
Berkeley, California
1868 establishments in California
Metadata

Metadata (also Meta data) is data about data, that is information about other information. This is often useful. Libraries usually group books by subject and keep a catalog of the books. In that context the metadata in the catalog include various pieces of information including the author and the subject it is classified under. The index and table of contents of a book also present metadata.

Digital cameras allow people to take pictures. Here the data is the picture taken, and the metadata is information about the picture taken, like when (the date and time), photographic exposure, focal length and other technical details about how the camera made the picture. Some cameras, especially smartphones, have GPS and can include the location in metadata.

Computer science
Data science
Photography
Failure rate

Failure rate is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails. Usually it is expressed in a number of failures per time period, like failures per hour. It is often written as the Greek letter λ (lambda) and is important in reliability theory. In practice, the closely related Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is more commonly expressed and used for high quality components or systems.

Failure rate is usually time dependent, and an intuitive corollary is that the rate changes over time versus the expected life cycle of a system.  For example, as an automobile grows older, the failure rate in its fifth year of service may be many times greater than its failure rate during its first year of service–one simply does not expect to replace an exhaust pipe, overhaul the brakes, or have major transmission problems in a new vehicle.  
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is closely related to failure rate.  In the special case when the likelihood of failure remains constant with respect to time (for example, in some product like a brick or protected steel beam), and ignoring the time to recover from failure, failure rate is simply the inverse of the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF).  MTBF is an important specification parameter in all aspects of high importance engineering design–such as naval architecture, aerospace engineering, automotive design, etc.–in short, any task where failure in a key part or of the whole of a system needs be minimized and severely curtailed, particularly where lives might be lost if such factors are not taken into account. These factors account for many safety and maintenance practices in engineering and  industry practices and government regulations, such as how often certain inspections and overhauls are required on an aircraft.

A similar ratio used in the transport industries, especially in railways and trucking is 'Mean Distance Between Failure', a variation which attempts to correlate actual loaded distances to similar reliability needs and practices.

Failure rates are important factors in insurance, business, and regulation practices as well as fundamental to design of safe systems throughout a national or international economy.

Statistics
Engineering
Copy-on-write

Copy-on-write (COW) is a means of optimisation in Computer Science. When several callers ask for the same resource, they can all be given a pointer to the same address. Only when they try to change the resource does a local copy need to be made. This happens without the caller noticing. It is done so that all the other callers do not see the change they did not do. 

Computer science
Write Anywhere File Layout

Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) is a file system. It was developed with large RAID arrays in mind. After a failure, the RAID array can be directly restarted. Other features like making the filesystem bigger without taking it offline are also supported.

Software
Tibetan blue bear

The Tibetan bear or Tibetan blue bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) is a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). It is found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.(In the Himalayas).

Ursidaes
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Tibetan red deer

The Tibetan red deer (Cervus affinis affinis or Cervus affinis wallichi), also known as shou, is a subspecies of Central Asian Red Deer that is native to the Tibetan highlands of Central Asia.

Deer
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Mammals of Asia
Wild goat

The wild goat (Capra aegagrus) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
The wild goat is a widespread species, with a distribution ranging from Europe and Asia Minor to central Asia and the Middle East.

The wild goat is an ancestor of the domestic goat.
Wild goats do not rely on humans for shelter, food or medical care

References 

Caprids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Asiatic wildcat

The Asiatic wildcat (Felis silvestris ornata) is also known as the Asian Steppe wildcat or Indian Desert cat. It is a subspecies of the Wildcat. 

It lives mainly in the Thar Desert, and the Rann of Kutch in India and Pakistan. It is about the size of a domestic cat, with a pale yellowish body marked with black spots.

References

Other websites

IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Asiatic Wildcat 

Felines
Mammals of Pakistan
Woolly Flying Squirrel

The woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) is a squirrel. It is the only species of the genus Eupetaurus. 

Until recently scientific knowledge of this rare species was limited to 11 skins collected in the late nineteenth century. However, recent research has confirmed that it is still extant in Pakistan-administered Kashmir (P.A.K). It is the longest member of the family Sciuridae and the most massive gliding animal known, but observations confirm that despite its size, it does glide effectively like other flying squirrels.

References

Squirrels
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Wild yak

The wild yak (Bos mutus) is a large wild bovid native to the Himalayas in Central Asia. It is the ancestor of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens).

Most yaks are domestic, which means they live on  farms run by people. There are a few wild yak but there are not many left and are in danger of extinction. There may be as few as 100 yak left in the wild. Wild male yaks stand about 2–2.2 meters tall at the shoulder, the females about 1 metre. Domestic Yaks are shorter, between 1 and 2 metres for both males and females. All yaks have long, thick hair to keep them warm in the cold places they live. Wild yaks can be black or brown. Some domestic yaks are white. All kinds of yaks have horns.

Life 
Yaks are herd animals. This means they live in groups called herds.  Yaks are herbivores, they don't eat meat. The oldest yaks can live up to 25 years.

References 

Bovines
Mammals of Asia
STV (TV channel)

STV is a free television channel in Scotland. It is part of the ITV network. It is one of the five main channels in Northern and Central Scotland. It started in 2006, when the old Grampian Television (Northern Scotland) and Scottish Television (Central Scotland) were merged. STV has the channel 3 licence in these areas. In the Scottish Borders, ITV is shown. STV's director is Gordon MacMillan.

References

British television networks
Media in Scotland
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Scotland
Scotsport

Scotsport is a television programme on STV in Scotland. It covers the results of football in Scottish games.

Football in Scotland
English-language television programs
BBC Scotland

BBC Scotland is a part of the BBC in Scotland. It operates the television and radio channels in Scotland.

Related pages
BBC Radio Scotland

BBC
Daily Record

The Daily Record is a Scottish newspaper printed in Glasgow. For many years, it had been the best-selling daily paper in Scotland, with average sales of 363,411 as of April 2008.

References

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Boiga

Boiga is a large genus of mildly venomous, rear-fanged, colubrid snakes typically known as the cat-eyed snakes or just cat snakes.

Species
Boiga andamanensis (Wall, 1909) - Andaman Cat Snake
Boiga angulata (Peters, 1861) - Leyte Cat Snake
Boiga barnesii (Günther, 1869)
Boiga beddomei (Wall, 1909) - Beddome's Cat Snake
Boiga bengkuluensis (Orlov, Kudryavtzev, Ryabov & Shumakov, 2003)
Boiga blandingii (Hallowell, 1844) - Blandings Tree Snake
Boiga bourreti (Tillack, Ziegler & Le Khac Quyet, 2004)
Boiga ceylonensis (Günther, 1858) - Sri Lanka Cat Snake
Boiga cyanea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Green Cat Snake
Boiga cynodon (Boie, 1827) - Dog-toothed Cat Snake
Boiga dendrophila - Gold-ringed Cat Snake or Mangrove Snake
Boiga dendrophila annectens (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila dendrophila (Boie, 1827)
Boiga dendrophila divergens (Taylor, 1922)
Boiga dendrophila gemmicincta (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Boiga dendrophila latifasciata (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila levitoni (Gaulke, Demegillo & Vogel, 2005)
Boiga dendrophila melanota (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila multicincta (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila occidentalis (Brongersma, 1934) 
Boiga dightoni (Boulenger, 1894) - Pirmad Cat Snake
Boiga drapiezii (Boie & Boie, 1827) - White-spotted Cat Snake
Boiga forsteni (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Forsten's Cat Snake
Boiga gokool (Gray, 1835) - Arrowback Tree Snake
Boiga guangxiensis (Wen, 1998)
Boiga irregularis (Merrem, 1802) - Brown Tree Snake
Boiga jaspidea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Jasper Cat Snake
Boiga kraepelini (Stejneger, 1902) - Kelung Cat Snake
Boiga multifasciata (Blyth, 1861) - Many-banded Tree Snake
Boiga multomaculata (Boie, 1827) - Many-spotted Cat Snake
Boiga nigriceps (Günther, 1863) - Black-headed Cat Snake
Boiga nuchalis (Günther, 1875)
Boiga ochracea (Günther, 1868) - Tawny Cat Snake
Boiga philippina (Peters, 1867) - Philippine Cat Snake
Boiga pulverulenta (Fischer, 1856) - Fischer's Cat Snake
Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908)
Boiga saengsomi (Nutafand, 1985) - Banded Cat Snake
Boiga schultzei (Taylor, 1923)
Boiga siamensis (Nootpand, 1971) - Gray Cat Snake
Boiga tanahjampeana (Orlov & Ryabov, 2002)
Boiga trigonata - Indian Gamma Snake
Boiga trigonata trigonata (Schneider, 1802)
Boiga trigonata melanocephala (Annandale, 1904)
Boiga wallachi (Das, 1998) - Nicobar Cat Snake
Boiga ranawanei (Samarawickrama, Samarawickrama, Wijesena & Orlov, 2006 (2005)) - Ranawana's Golden Cat Snake

Other websites 

Boiga at The Reptile Database

Reptiles of Pakistan
Bungarus

Bungarus is a genus of elapid snakes. They are commonly known as kraits. Kraits are venomous. They are found in India and South-East Asia.

Reptiles of Pakistan
Common Krait

The Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) is a type of snake that is found in the jungles of India. This snake is a very poisonous. It is one of the "big four" snakes in India.

Reptiles of Pakistan
Geoclemys hamiltonii

Black Pond turtle or Spotted Pond turtle Geoclemys hamiltonii is a species of turtle found in South Asia.

Sources

Reptiles of Pakistan
Atomicity

Modern database systems are governed by things about transactions called the ACID principle. In that context, several operations can be grouped into what is called a transaction. From the outside, there are two points in time: before the transaction, and after the transaction. If one operation of this transaction fails, the whole transaction will. In other words: Either all the operations are done, or none is.

References 

Computer science
GNU Parted

GNU Parted is a free computer program for creating, destroying, resizing, checking, and copying partitions, and the file systems on them. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems, reorganising hard disk usage, copying data between hard disks, and disk imaging. It was written by Andrew Clausen and Lennert Buytenhek.

Graphical frontends 

GParted is a graphical program using the parted libraries. It is adapted for GTK+. It is often included as utility on many live CD distributions to make partitioning easier.

Linux software
Continuum (album)

Continuum is the 3rd studio album by rock musician John Mayer. The album was released in September 2006. The album holds singles by John Mayer like "Waiting on the World to Change", "Gravity", and "Belief".

Album 
The album features mainly new songs, though "Gravity" and "Vultures" are available in live versions from John Mayer Trio's Try!, and "Bold as Love", which is a Jimi Hendrix cover: the first Hendrix cover that Mayer has ever recorded as a studio release (although Mayer has recorded other Hendrix songs over time in live settings such as "The Wind Cries Mary" and "Wait Until Tomorrow"). (Mayer had played "Bold as Love" live many times prior to the release of Continuum such as on the televised Tsunami Aid: A Concert of Hope which aired on January 15, 2005.) The album contains a collaboration between Mayer and 8-string guitarist Charlie Hunter on the song "In Repair".

Singles 
 "Dreaming With a Broken Heart" (2007)
 "Waiting on the World to Change" (2007)
 "Gravity" (2007)
 "Belief" (2006)
 "Say" (only on the re-release) (2008)

Track listing 
 "Waiting on the World to Change" - 3:20
 "I Don't Trust Myself (With Loving You)" - 4:52
 "Belief" - 4:02
 "Gravity" - 4:05
 "The Heart of Life" - 3:18
 "Vultures" - 4:10
 "Stop This Train" - 4:45
 "Slow Dancing in a Burning Room" - 4:02
 "Bold as Love" - 4:18
 "Dreaming With a Broken Heart" - 4:05
 "In Repair" - 6:00
 "I'm Gonna Find Another You" - 2:43

Discography 
Album
 2002 - Room for Squares
 2003 - Heavier Things
 2006 - Continuum

Charts and certifications

References 

2006 albums
Chir Pine

The Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) named after William Roxburgh, is a pine native to the Himalaya. It has little green needle type leaves.

Plants of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Ulmus villosa

Ulmus villosa (Brandis ex Gamble, the Cherry-bark Elm) is one of the more distinctive Asiatic elms. It can live a long time.

Plants of Asia
Non-player character

A non-player character (or an NPC) is a character played by a computer in a video game. NPCs are in many video games and help the player learn how to play the game or guide the player through the game.

Video game characters
Role-playing games
Shayne Ward

Shayne Ward (16 October 1984) is an English singer. He was born in Clayton, Greater Manchester. He won the 2005 UK series of television programme The X Factor. He has released three studio albums.

Other websites 

English pop musicians
English singers
Musicians from Manchester
The X Factor contestants
1984 births
Living people
The X Factor (UK)

The X Factor is a British television programme, in which ordinary people who want to be singers compete for a recording contract and a cash prize. It is shown from August-December each year on Saturdays and Sundays on the channel ITV. It replaced Pop Idol by Simon Cowell in 2004.

Hosts
The show started being presented by Kate Thornton, but she left in Series 3 (2006.) Ben Shephard was hoping to present, but his offer was turned down. Instead, Dermot O'Leary took over in Series 4 (2007) and presented for 8 series, until his departure from the show in Series 10. Olly Murs and Caroline Flack became the first duo to host the show, but only lasted one season, mainly because they were very unpopular with the public. Dermot O'Leary returned to present the 13th series and has continued to present the show since.

Judges

Series overview

Xtra Factor
The Xtra Factor was the spin-off show of the X Factor UK. It is broadcast on British Television channel ITV2. The hosts of the spin-off are well known for hosting for short periods of time. The first Xtra Factor host was Ben Shephard, and he quit in Series 3, because his offer of being the main presenter (after Kate Thornton's departure) was turned down by the show's producers. Fearne Cotton  then hosted for the fourth series. Holly Willoughby, Cotton's close friend, replaced her during the following two series, but was replaced by Blue Peter former presenter, Konnie Huq in 2010, however, Konnie lasted only one series. Olly Murs and Caroline Flack became the first duo to host the Xtra Factor in Series 8, and they presented together for two seasons. Olly then left in order to focus on his music career. He was replaced by Matt Richardson, but then Caroline and Matt announced their leave. Sarah-Jane Crawford hosted for only the 11th season. The Saturdays singer Rochelle Humes teamed up with Melvin Odoom to present the Xtra Factor's twelfth season. Matt Edmondson and Rylan Clark-Neal presented the thirteenth and final series

On 18 January 2017, it was announced that The Xtra Factor would be axed after 13 years and would be replaced by an online show instead.

References

2000s British television series
2010s British television series
2004 British television series debuts
ITV reality television programmes
The X Factor
English-language television programs
Television series created by Simon Cowell
Cheryl (singer)

Cheryl Ann Tweedy (born 30 June 1983) is an English singer and dancer.

Career

Girls Aloud 
In 2002, Cole auditioned for music reality show Popstars: The Rivals. She and four other girls, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts, Kimberley Walsh, and Nadine Coyle won the competition. They formed a group called Girls Aloud on 30 November 2002, which has since been very successful. They have had 20 top ten singles in the United Kingdom, and have been nominated for four BRIT Awards, winning best single for 'The Promise."

The X Factor 
Cole was asked to become a judge on The X Factor in 2008. She won it in her first year with Alexandra Burke. Burke has had a number one single and a number one album in 2009. Cole won it again in 2009, mentoring the eventual winner Joe McElderry.

Solo work 
Cole released her first solo single, Fight for This Love, in October 2009 from her solo album "3 Words". It went straight to number one in the charts, becoming the best-selling song of 2009. Her new album 'Messy Little Raindrops' went straight to number one in the album charts, 'Promise This' is a hit single from the album. She has a new song called "Call My Name", which was released on 10 June 2012. Her autobiography was published in 2012.

Assault 
In January 2003, Cole punched a toilet attendant in a nightclub in Guildford, Surrey. In October that year, she was convicted of assault occasioning actual bodily harm. She was sentenced to 120 hours of community service.

Personal life 
Cole married Chelsea and England football player Ashley Cole in July 2006. In February 2010, they announced their separation after several newspapers claimed he had been unfaithful with other women.

References 

British autobiographers
British people convicted of assault
English dancers
English R&B singers
English pop singers
English dance musicians
English singers
English television personalities
Girls Aloud
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
1983 births
Living people
Dannii Minogue

Dannii Minogue (born 20 October 1971) is an Australian pop singer, actress, presenter and model. She was a judge on the British television programme The X Factor from 2007 to 2010. She was born Danielle Jane Minogue in Melbourne on 20 October 1971 to a Welsh immigrant mother and Irish-Australian father. Her sister is singer Kylie Minogue. Her most successful hit was "Who Do You Love Now".

References

Other websites
Official website 

Actors from Melbourne
Australian child actors
Australian models
Australian movie actors
Australian pop singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Musicians from Melbourne
Television personalities
1971 births
Living people
Side project

In music, a side project is a musical project by one or more people who are already famous for their work in another band. The term "side project" can also be used when a musician changes their style. Side projects usually happen so that a musician can do music that they would not normally do as part of the band.

Musical terminology
Martin Cash

Martin Cash (baptised 10 October 1808 – 26 August 1877) was a famous Australian bushranger. He was one of the few people who escaped from the prison at Port Arthur, Tasmania. In 1870 he wrote a book (autobiography) about his life.

Early life
Cash was born at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland. As a boy he worked on a farm at Wexford. In March 1827, he was convicted of stealing from houses. In his book, Cash says he shot a man in the bottom (buttocks). The man had been kissing and hugging Cash's mistress. He was sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia.

Convict
Cash was sent as a convict to Sydney, sailing in the ship Marquis of Huntley. He was sent to work for George Bowman in the Hunter River area. After being set free, he continued to work for Bowman. He was suspected of stealing cattle so he left New South Wales and went to Van Diemen's Land with Bessie Clifford and arrived in February 1837. In 1839 he was again convicted of stealing and sent to prison for seven years. During the next three years he escaped three times. He nearly escaped from Port Arthur by swimming. He was given an extra four years in prison at Port Arthur.

Bushranger
On Boxing Day 1842 Martin Cash, with George Jones and Lawrence Kavenagh escaped from a work party. They hid in the thick bush and walked to Eaglehawk Neck. They swam across with their clothes tied up above their heads. They all lost their clothes and had to steal some. For nearly two years, they robbed mail coaches, houses and hotels. They almost never used violence and became known as 'gentlemen bushrangers'. They were called Cash and Company. On July 14, 1843, the government offered a reward of 100 sovereigns or 100 acres of land for help in capturing Cash.

Cash thought that Bessie Clifford was with another man. He went to Hobart in August 1843, but was captured. During his capture he shot and killed a policeman. Cash was sentenced to death by hanging. At the last minute, the lieutenant-governor changed the punishment to prison for life. Cash was sent to Norfolk Island for ten years. He became a well-behaved prisoner and given some important jobs, such as looking after the young boys.

Farmer and Author
In March 1854, he was able to marry Mary Bennett (1824–1914), a convict from County Clare. He was let out of prison and went back to Tasmania. He worked in the gardens in the government Domain, Hobart. In May 1856, he went to New Zealand, but came back to Tasmania four years later. He bought a hop farm at Glenorchy. Cash told the story of his life to James Lester Burke, an Irish ex-convict. Burke wrote down the story which was published in Hobart in 1870. It has been reprinted many times. Martin Cash died on August 27, 1877.

References

 F. Clune, Martin Cash (Syd, 1955); M. Cash, Martin Cash: The Bushranger of Van Diemen's Land in 1843-4: A Personal Narrative of His Exploits in the Bush and His Experiences at Port Arthur and Norfolk Island (Hob, 1961)
 L. L. Robson, Russel Ward, 'Cash, Martin (1808–1877)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, pp 214–215.

1808 births
1877 deaths
Australian criminals
Bushrangers
Autobiographers
Saga Prefecture

is a prefecture of Japan in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyūshū. The capital city is Saga.

History
The area of Nagasaki Prefecture and Saga Prefecture was formerly called Hizen Province. The current name dates from the Meiji Restoration.

In the Edo period this area was called the .

Seven Wise Men of Saga
"The Seven Wise Men of Saga" is the name for seven men from Saga. Each of them was important to the development of modern of Japan. They began changing the country around the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate. They continued modernizing Japan during the Meiji Restoration.

 Lord Naomasa Nabeshima was lord of the Nabeshima clan. He brought in European technology and culture.
 Sano Tsunetami started the Japanese Red Cross.
 Shima Yoshitake explored Hokkaidō.
 Soejima Taneomi was a Diet member, Foreign Minister, and Minister of Domestic Affairs. He was also a well-known writer and poet.
 Ōki Takatō was Minister of Civil Affairs, Education, and Legal Affairs. He was a Diet member.
 Eto Shimpei, also once a Minister of Legal Affairs He was a Diet member and started Japan's system of courts and judges.
 Ōkuma Shigenobu was Prime Minister of Japan. He also started Waseda University.

Timeline
 November 19, 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Battle of Bun'ei
 August 15, 1281 (Kōan 4, 30th day of the 7th month): Battle of Kōan
 1716 Hagakure, a famous Bushido manual is compiled 
 1874 (Meiji 7): Saga Rebellion.
 1975 (Shōwa 50): Genkai Nuclear Power Plant begins operation
 2011 (Heisei 23):Kyūshū Shinkansen opens

Geography
Saga is the smallest prefecture on Kyūshū.  It is bordered by the Genkai Sea and the Tsushima Strait to the north and the Ariake Sea to the south. Nagasaki Prefecture is on its western border. Fukuoka Prefecture and Kumamoto Prefecture are east of Saga.

Cities

Towns

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Yodohime jinja and Chiriku Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Sagan Tosu
 Kyushu Ceramic Museum

References

Other websites

 http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/web/saga-english.html ,  
 http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/en/ ,  
SagaJET website
What Is This?

What Is This? was a rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band started in 1977 with two friends from Fairfax High School, Hillel Slovak and Jack Irons, who formed a band called Anthym. Flea joined the band as bass player, before leaving to go to college. Flea and another school friend, Anthony Kiedis, asked Slovak and Irons to play with them in a one off group they called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem. This group became the Red Hot Chili Peppers.  Hillel Slovak, Flea, and Jack Irons were members of both bands. Slovak and Irons left after Red Hot Chili Peppers' first album to keep playing with What Is This?M After Natasha Shneider joined the band, they changed their name to Walk The Moon and then to Eleven.

References

American rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Shanghai World Financial Center

The Shanghai World Financial Center is a  high skyscraper in Shanghai, China. It has 101 storeys and is currently the third tallest building in the world, because Burj Khalifa is the tallest. Inside the building, there are offices, hotels and shopping malls.

This building's roof is actually higher than Taipei 101's roof, but Taipei 101 has a spire on top, making Taipei 101 taller than Shanghai World Financial Center.

References 

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
Cucumber

The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely grown plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. This family also includes squash. A cucumber looks similar to a zucchini (British English: courgette). 

To a botanist, cucumbers are biologically fruits even if they are commonly considered vegetables: that is their value as a food. They can be cooked, eaten raw, or pickled.

fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Anne Wood

Anne Wood CBE (born December 1, 1937) is a British children's television producer.  Her independent production company, "Ragdoll Productions", was founded in 1984 and specialises in making original programming for children 10 and under. Ragdoll is based in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK and has produced Pob, Brum, Rosie and Jim, Tots TV, Teletubbies, Boohbah and most recently In the Night Garden.
She has won a BAFTA.

Notable TV guest appearances 
Good Morning Australia playing "Herself" 10 February 2004

Other websites 
 

Teletubbies
Living people
1937 births
British television producers
List of Teletubbies episodes

This is a list of episodes of the children's television series with the Teletubbies.

Original Series (1997-2001)

Season 2 1998-1999

Season 3 1999-2000

Season 4 2000-2001

Season 5 (2001)

New Series

Season 6 2015-present

Season 7 2016-present

References 
 Teletubbies episode list  at TV.com
 Teletubbies episode list at IMDb.com

Teletubbies
Tim Whitnall

Timothy Charles "Tim" Whitnall (born 27 June 1961 in Canvey Island, Essex) is an English playwright, screenwriter, and actor known for playing Angelo in the long-running CITV series Mike and Angelo and narrating the BBC children's TV programme Teletubbies (UK and Canada). In the USA, the USA narrator was Rolf Saxon.  He currently co-provides voices in Thomas & Friends.

Career
He has starred in many West End musicals including Elvis, Grease, The Rocky Horror Show, and Good Rockin' Tonight.

He worked extensively in film, TV, and radio and presented (and wrote for) the BBC School's series, "The Music Arcade" (with Lucie Skeaping), "Into Music", "Time and Tune", "Music Workshop", and "Let's Sing". He has provided many voice-overs and vocals for TV commercials, animations, and jingles.

Whitnall's theatre play The Sociable Plover, first performed at Old Red Lion Theatre in 2005, was made into a feature film by Poisson Rouge Pictures and Solution Films (re-titled as The Hide) and received its UK première on Film4 in February 2009. Following its screen release at the ICA Cinema, London, the film was released on DVD in January 2010. For this work, Whitnall was nominated for Best First Feature Length Screenplay category in the 2010 Writer's Guild of Great Britain Awards.

Whitnall's stage-play Morecambe – a tribute to the late comedian Eric Morecambe – won a Fringe First Award for 'innovation and excellence in new writing' at the 2009 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The show opened at London's Duchess Theatre the following December and toured the UK through 2010. The piece was nominated in two separate categories in the 2010 Laurence Olivier Awards and won the 'Best Entertainment' category.

In 2012, BBC Four screened Whitnall's 90-minute drama Best Possible Taste: The Kenny Everett Story, which examined and celebrated the life of Kenny Everett. It was directed by James Strong, produced by Paul Frift and starred Oliver Lansley and Katherine Kelly. For it, Whitnall won the Breakthrough Talent Award in the 2013 BAFTA Television Craft Awards.

During 2014, Whitnall joined the cast of the CGI version of the British TV series Thomas & Friends, and has provided the voices of the characters Timothy and Reg (in the UK/US), and since 2015-6, Mike, Jerome and Oliver the Excavator in the UK/US.

Personal life
He lives in Richmond, Surrey with his partner, Anna Murphy, with whom he has a production company, Feather Productions Ltd.

Filmography

Actor

Film

Video games

Screenwriter

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 

Actors from Essex
English television actors
English voice actors
Teletubbies
Living people
1961 births
73 (number)

73 (seventy-three) is a number. It comes after seventy-two, but before seventy-four. 73 is the 21st prime number. Its mirror, 37, is the 12th, and its mirror, 21, is the product of multiplying seven and three and in binary, 73 is a palindrome, 1001001, which backwards is 1001001.

Integers
Prime numbers
Fowler Ridge Wind Farm

The Fowler Ridge Wind Farm is a wind farm in Benton  County, Indiana, near the city of Fowler, IN about  northwest of Indianapolis.  Fowler Ridge was constructed in two phases and has a generating capacity of 600 MW.

References

Wind farms
Shepherds Flat Wind Farm

The Shepherds Flat Wind Farm is an 845 megawatt (MW) wind farm in the eastern part of U.S. state of Oregon, near Arlington, in both Gilliam and Morrow counties. Groundbreaking came in 2009, and it officially opened in September 2012.

Related pages
Fowler Ridge Wind Farm
Wind power

References

Wind farms
Buildings and structures in Oregon
Pampa Wind Project

T. Boone Pickens, a former Texas oilman, is planning to build the world's largest wind farm, called the Pampa Wind Project, as part of the Pickens Plan. It will be developed by Pickens' company, Mesa Power. The proposed 4,000 MW facility will be located near Pampa, Texas, which is on the Texas Panhandle, and will stretch to the east, spanning 400,000 acres in five counties. This will provide enough power for 1.5 million average homes.

When it was planned, it would have been the largest wind farm in the United States. As of May 2008, the largest U.S. wind plant is the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center with a capacity of 736 MW.

Electric transmission lines must connect wind farms to the places where the electricity is used. People fought over whether wind farm owners or electricity users should pay to build these lines. On July 17, 2008, the Texas Public Utilities Commission ruled that ratepayers should pay $4.93 billion to build the lines to connect wind farms in the Texas Panhandle to the Texas electric grid. This implements a 2005 Texas law designed to promote new wind energy projects.

On March 2, 2009, Mesa Power announced that it was working on the first phase of the project. But had put off work on the later phases. It canceled 120 of 197 wind leases. 
In July 2009, Mesa Power delayed (but did not cancel) the project. Mesa Power said the project must wait because it did not have transmission capacity to the site and poor credit market. Mesa Power will restart the Pampa Wind Farm project in 2013, when transmission lines are due to be completed in the area.  In the meantime, Mesa Power will use the 667 turbines it purchased to build several smaller wind farms.

References

Wind farms
Texas
Cluster headache

Cluster headaches are a type of headache.  They are the least common type of headache. 

Cluster headaches are very painful.  They usually cause very strong pain on one side of the head, behind the eye and temple.  The headaches can last anywhere from 15–180 minutes.  People with severe cases may have cluster headaches many times a day.  

Cluster headaches may also cause other symptoms.  Most people get restless or agitated during an attack.  Some people get a runny or stuffy nose.  The eye on the side of the head that hurts can also get red or start tearing up. 

They are called "cluster headaches" because they usually come and go.  For a while, person may have many attacks of cluster headaches.  Sometimes, they may then have no cluster headaches for a while.  If a person has no cluster headaches for a while, this is called a remission period.  No one knows why remission periods happen.  Some people with cluster headaches never have a remission period. 

Cluster headaches can be genetic (passed down through families).  However, when they are, a person may never have a cluster headache unless they have a bad head injury. 

In people who do not carry a gene for cluster headaches, nobody knows what causes them.

Other websites 

 The International Headache Society (IHS): 2nd Edition of The International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) - 3.1 Cluster Headache 
 Diagnosis and treatment  from National Guideline Clearinghouse (DHHS)
 A. May, M. Leone, J. Áfra, M. Linde, P. S. Sándor, S. Evers, P. J. Goadsby: EFNS guidelines on the treatment of cluster headache and other trigeminalautonomic cephalalgias. European Journal of Neurology. 2006; 13: 1066–1077. PMID 16987158. Free full text (PDF) 
 Leroux E, Ducros A: Cluster headache. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008 Jul 23;3:20. PMID 18651939
 Organization for Understanding Cluster Headaches (O.U.C.H.)

Diseases
Ultimate (sport)

Ultimate (often called Ultimate Frisbee in reference to the trademarked brand name) is a non-contact team sport played with a 175 gram flying disc on a rectangular field. Opposing teams of 7 players try to move the disc into the opponent's end zone by throwing the disc to each other. A point is scored when one team catches the disc in the other team's end zone. A typical ultimate game will finish when one team scores fifteen points. Ultimate is most often played on grass or turf fields but can also be played on sand.

Game Length 
An ultimate game is made up of two periods of play which are called halves. In a game played to fifteen points, the first half finishes when one team reaches eight points. A game of ultimate may finish before one team reaches fifteen points if there is a time cap. A time cap limits the duration of a game.

Rules and Spirit of the Game 
The World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) controls the rules of play and game structure for international competitions. However, players of ultimate are individually responsible for upholding the rules of ultimate. Unlike other sports, there are no referees in ultimate. Players must call their own fouls or infractions and must resolve conflict by communicating directly with the opposing team. All  players are expected to follow the Spirit of the Game, which describes how fair play is critical to ultimate.

Passing 
The disc can only be moved by passing, but the player with the disc can pivot on one foot. If a pass is incomplete (touches the ground or is caught or knocked down by a defending player) or out of bounds, it is a "turnover" and the other team gets possession of the disc.

References

Other websites 
Ultimate Canada
USA Ultimate (USAU)
World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF)

Team sports
Sports in the United States
Sweetwater Wind Farm

Sweetwater Wind Farm is the second largest wind farm in Texas. Construction of the 585 MW wind farm has proceeded in five stages, and some generating capacity is still being built.

Related pages
Wind power in Texas

References

Wind farms in Texas