cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Curlew

The curlew is Numenius, a bird with a long downcurved bill (beak). With its beak the bird probes mudflats for food. 

In pre-modern times the world had many more mudflats than it does today. Many have been eliminated by draining so as to give more land for farming. So, in England, the places suitable for the bird were in river estuaries and low-lying land. Originally, southern England had wide areas of mudflats suitable for the bird.

What changed was the draining of the "levels" to make for better farming. In England areas in East Anglia, Kent and Somerset were all drained and made productive farmland. A similar process happened in many countries. The consequence is that the curlews' numbers have dropped and the bird has become rare in places where it was once common.

Broadly speaking, curlews are waders, as are the godwits which look similar but have straight bills.

Most curlews migrate and so one or more species occur at different times of the year in Europe, Ireland, Britain, Iberia, Iceland, Africa, Southeast Asia, Siberia, North America, South America and Australasia. There are nine species of curlew.

References 

Charadriiformes
Dalhatu Tafida

Dalhatu Sarki Tafida (born 24 November 1940) was a Minister of Health during the administration of Alhaji Shehu Shagari. He was the Senator of the Kaduna North constituency of Kaduna State.

Education 
Tafida holds a bachelor's degree in medicine and a bachelor's of surgery from the University of Lagos. He also received a Postgraduate Diploma in Public Health from the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.

References
National Republican Convention

National Republican Convention was a Nigerian political party started by the former head of state General Ibrahim Babangida.

Politics 
Babangida made to the party for Nigerians who like conservative politics. The party did well in the core northern states and eastern states of Abia and Enugu. Still, some people felt the National Republican Convention was almost the same as the other party.  These two parties joined together to become Nigeria's Social Democratic Party and another government-created party.

References

Nigeria
Political parties in Africa
List of cities in Kenya

This is a list of cities and towns in Kenya.

Cities and towns in Kenya 

Baragoi
Bungoma
Busia
Butere
Dadaab
Diani Beach
Eldoret
Emali
Embu
Garissa
Gede
Hola
Homa Bay
Isiolo
Kitui
Kibwezi
Kajiado
Kakamega
Kakuma
Kapenguria

Kericho
Keroka
Kiambu
Kilifi
Kisii
Kisumu
Kitale
Lamu
Langata
Litein
Lodwar
Lokichoggio
Londiani
Loyangalani
Machakos
Makindu
Malindi
Mandera
Maralal
Marsabit
Meru
Mombasa
Moyale

Mumias
Muranga
Mutomo
Nairobi
Naivasha
Nakuru
Namanga
Nanyuki
Naro Moru
Narok
Nyahururu
Nyeri
Ruiru
Shimoni
Takaungu
Thika
Vihiga
Voi
Wajir
Watamu
Webuye
Wote
Wundanyi

Kenya
Kenya
Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party

The leader of the Labour Party is the highest ranked politician within the New Zealand Labour Party. He or she serves as the parliamentary leader and leading spokesperson of the party. 

Since 1 August 2017, the office has been held by Jacinda Ardern, who is the Member of Parliament for Mount Albert.

References
Kelvin Davis (politician)

Kelvin Glen Davis (born 2 March 1967) is a New Zealand politician and a member of the House of Representatives. He has been Deputy Leader of the Labour Party since 1 August 2017.

References

Living people
1967 births
New Zealand politicians
Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)

Andrew James Little (born 7 May 1965) is a New Zealand politician. He is the Minister of Health and Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations. He is also the Minister for the Government Communications Security Bureau and the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. 

Little was Leader of the Opposition from 2014 to 2017.

References

1965 births
Living people
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Annette King

Dame Annette Faye King  (née Robinson, born 13 September 1947) is a former New Zealand politician. She is the Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2011, and from 2014 until 1 March 2017.

References

1947 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate)

Mount Albert (abbreviated as Mt Albert) is a parliamentary electorate that represents the suburb of Mount Albert in Auckland, New Zealand. It has elected only Labour Party MPs since it was first created at the 1946 election. 

The incumbent MP is Jacinda Ardern, currently serving as Prime Minister of New Zealand, who was first elected in a 2017 by-election. 

The electorate was represented by David Shearer from 13 June 2009 to 31 December 2016; it was represented by Helen Clark from the 1981 general election until her resignation from Parliament on 17 April 2009.

References

New Zealand electorates
David Shearer

David James Shearer  (born 28 July 1957) is a New Zealand United Nations worker and politician. He was a member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Labour Party from 2009 to 2016. He was Leader of the Opposition from 2011 to 2013.

Shearer resigned from Parliament in December 2016 and is in charge of the United Nations peace keeping mission in South Sudan.

References

1957 births
Living people
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
List MP

A list MP is a member of parliament (MP) elected from a party list rather than from by a geographical constituency. The place in Parliament is because of the number of votes that the party won, not to votes received by the MP personally. This happens only in countries which have an electoral system based wholly or partly on party-list proportional representation.

References

Politics
Raymond Huo

Raymond Huo (; born 1964) is a New Zealand politician who was a Member of Parliament from 2008 to 2014 and from 2017 to 2020. He was first elected in 2008 as the New Zealand Labour Party's first MP of Chinese descent. 

He was the third Chinese New Zealander to enter Parliament. Huo announced in July 2020 that he would not be running in the 2020 election.

References

1964 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
Clarke Gayford

Clarke Timothy Gayford (born 24 October 1976) is a New Zealand radio and television broadcaster. He was a presenter of the fishing documentary show Fish of the Day. He is the fiancé of New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.

References

1976 births
Living people
Jacinda Ardern
Television presenters
New Zealand radio personalities
Ross Ardern

David Ross Ardern (born 28 February 1954) is a New Zealand diplomat and former police officer. He is currently the Administrator of Tokelau. He was the High Commissioner of New Zealand to Niue from 2014 to 2018, and as Niue's police commissioner from 2005 to 2009.

Ardern is the father of the Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern.

References

1954 births
Living people
Jacinda Ardern
Police officers
New Zealand politicians
Premier House

Premier House () is the official residence of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, located at 260 Tinakori Road, Thorndon, Wellington, New Zealand.

A private house bought for the prime minister's official residence when government moved its base to Wellington in 1865.

It was leased to private individuals for six years in the late 1890s then returned to use as an official residence for the prime minister until the Great Depression when a new government in 1935 wished to avoid "show". It was renovated and recommissioned as Premier House in 1990.

Other websites

Prime Minister's Residence at Heritage New Zealand
Information about Premier House at Te Ara
History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Housing the Prime Minister
University of Waikato

The University of Waikato (), informally Waikato University, is a university in Hamilton, New Zealand. The university was created in 1964. It has another campus in Tauranga.

References

1960s establishments in New Zealand
1964 establishments
Colleges and universities
Morrinsville

Morrinsville is a provincial town in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island, with a population of 7,000 in the 2013 Census The town is located at the northern base of the Pakaroa Range, and on the south-western fringe of the Hauraki Plains.  Morrinsville is around 33 kilometres east of Hamilton.

References

Towns in New Zealand
Murupara

Murupara is a town located in the Whakatāne District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. The town is located in an isolated part of the region between the Kaingaroa Forest and Te Urewera protected area, on the banks of the Rangitaiki River, 65 kilometres southeast of Rotorua.

References

Towns in New Zealand
Cabinet Office

The Cabinet Office (CO) supports the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, and ensures the effective running of government. The Cabinet Office is also the corporate headquarters for government, in partnership with HM Treasury, and takes the lead in certain critical policy areas.

Ministers

The Cabinet Office is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom works for supporting the prime minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. It is made of many units that support Cabinet committees. Staff working in the Prime Minister's Office are part of the Cabinet Office.

References

United Kingdom
International Union of Socialist Youth

The International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) is an international organization which was founded in 1907. Their activities include publications, support of member organizations and the organization of meetings. It was formed as the youth wing of the Second International.

References

1907 establishments
International organizations
2008 New Zealand general election

The 2008 New Zealand general election was held on 8 November 2008. The liberal-conservative National Party, headed by its parliamentary leader John Key, won the largest share of votes and seats, ending nine years of government by the social-democratic Labour Party, led by Helen Clark. This marked the beginning of the Fifth National Government which governed for the next nine years, until the 2017 general election, when a government was formed between the Labour and New Zealand First parties.

The Chief Electoral Officer released the official results on 22 November 2008.

References

2008 elections
21st century in Oceania
Elections in New Zealand
November 2008 events
New Zealand electorates

An electorate or electoral district () is a geographical constituency used for electing members (MPs) to the New Zealand Parliament. The size of electorates depends on that all electorates have about the same population.

The 72 electorates are made up from 65 general and seven Māori electorates. The number of electorates increases with national population growth; the number was increased from 71 to 72 starting at the 2020 general election.

References
2017 Mount Albert by-election

The 2017 Mount Albert by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the Mount Albert electorate on 25 February 2017 during the 51st New Zealand Parliament. 

The seat was vacated after the resignation of David Shearer, a former Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party.

No all right and centre-right parties ran, and turnout was low. The electorate was won by Labour Party list MP Jacinda Ardern by a large margin. Another Labour member, Raymond Huo, filled Ardern's list seat.

References

2017 elections in New Zealand
February 2017 events
Jacinda Ardern
Julie Anne Genter

Julie Anne Genter  (; born 17 December 1979) is an American-born New Zealand politician. She is a member of the House of Representatives representing the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. She was the Minister for Women, Associate Minister for Health and Associate Minister for Transport during the first term of Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.

She holds dual citizenship of New Zealand and the United States.

References

1979 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
Politicians from Minnesota
People from Rochester, Minnesota
New Zealand First

New Zealand First (), commonly abbreviated to NZ First, is a nationalist and populist political party in New Zealand. The party formed in July 1993 following the resignation on 19 March 1993 of its leader and founder, Winston Peters.

It has formed coalition governments with both major political parties in New Zealand: first with the National Party from 1996 to 1998 and then with the Labour Party from 2005 to 2008 and from 2017 to 2020.

References

1990s establishments in New Zealand
1993 establishments
Political parties in New Zealand
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand

The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand (), commonly known as the Greens, is a green and left-wing political party in New Zealand. They support ecological wisdom, social justice, grassroots democracy, and nonviolence. The party's ideology are environmentalism with left-wing and social-democratic economic policies.

References

1990s establishments in New Zealand
1990 establishments in Oceania
Political parties in New Zealand
New Zealand property bubble

The property bubble in New Zealand is a major national economic and social issue. Since the early 1990s, house prices in New Zealand have risen faster than incomes. It has put pressure on public housing providers as fewer households have access to housing on the private market. The property bubble has caused large impacts on inequality in New Zealand, which now has one of the highest homelessness rate in the OECD and a record-high waiting list for public housing.

References

New Zealand
Child poverty

Child poverty is when children are living in poverty and are children from poor families or orphans being raised with limited state resources. In developing countries, these standards are low and, when combined with the increased number of orphans, the effects are more extreme.

Statistics
An estimated 385 million children live in extreme poverty. According to the UNICEF:

 663 million children, that is one in three children, live in poverty
 Children from the poorest households die at twice the rate of their better-off peers
 Children are more than twice as likely to live in poverty than adults
 385 million children live in extreme poverty, forced to survive on less than $1.90 a day

References

Poverty
Social inequality

Social inequality happens when resources in a society are given out unevenly. This can be because of gender, sexuality, race, income, legal status and education level. Social inequality usually talks about the lack of equality of outcome and the lack of equality of access to opportunity. The social rights include labor market, the source of income, health care, and freedom of speech, education, political representation, and participation.

References

Politics
TUDN (TV network)

TUDN (formerly Univision Deportes) is a sports programming division of Univision, a Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by Univision Communications.

Sports
Television
2012 establishments
Public relations

Public relations (PR) is the practice of deliberately managing the release and spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public in order to affect the public views.

References

Business
Harry Duynhoven

Harry James Duynhoven  (born 1955) is a New Zealand politician and member of the New Zealand Labour Party. He was the mayor of the city of New Plymouth from 2010 until 2013. He was a Member of Parliament for the New Plymouth electorate from 1987–1990, from 1993–2003, and again from 2003–2008.

Duynhoven was elected as Mayor of New Plymouth in October 2010.

References

1955 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
1999 New Zealand general election

The 1999 New Zealand general election was held on 27 November 1999. The governing National Party, led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clark's Labour Party and the smaller Alliance.

References

1999 elections
20th century in Oceania
Elections in New Zealand
November events
General elections
New Zealand Young Labour

Young Labour () is the youth wing and student wing of the New Zealand Labour Party. It hosts an annual conference and many national events, includingsessions at the Labour Party's annual conference. All Labour Party members aged 15 to 30 years old are members of Young Labour.

References

New Zealand
Waikato (New Zealand electorate)

Waikato is an electorate in the New Zealand Parliament. A Waikato electorate was first created in 1871 and an electorate by this name has existed from 1871 to 1963, 1969 to 1996, and 2008 to the present, though exact borders have often changed.

References

New Zealand electorates
TVNZ

Television New Zealand (), more commonly known as TVNZ, is a free-to-air public broadcasting television network that is broadcast throughout New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region.

TVNZ was created in February 1980. About 90% of TVNZ's revenue is from commercial activity (such as advertising and merchandising).

References

20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Television networks
1980 establishments in Oceania
Breakfast (New Zealand TV programme)

Breakfast (also referred to as 1 News Breakfast) is a New Zealand morning news and talk show airing weekday mornings on TVNZ 1, produced by 1 News. The first episode came out on 11 August 1997. It was the first of its genre in New Zealand. It has a mixture of breaking news, news, sport, weather and feature items. Originally a two-hour programme, it was expanded to three hours in 2012.

References

New Zealand
Auckland Central (New Zealand electorate)

Auckland Central is a New Zealand electoral division returning one member to the New Zealand House of Representatives. The electorate is currently represented by Chlöe Swarbrick, a member of the Green Party; she has represented the seat since 2020.

References

New Zealand electorates
2011 New Zealand general election

The 2011 New Zealand general election on Saturday 26 November 2011.

One hundred and twenty-one MPs were elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives, 70 from single-member electorates, and 51 from party lists including one overhang seat.

A referendum on the voting system was held at the same time as the election, with voters voting by majority to keep the MMP system.

References

2011 elections
2010s elections in New Zealand
November events
General elections
2014 New Zealand general election

The 2014 New Zealand general election took place on Saturday 20 September 2014.

Voters elected 121 members to the House of Representatives, with 71 from single-member electorates (an increase from 70 in 2011) and 49 from party lists.

A total of 3,140,417 people were registered to vote in the election; around 92.6% of all eligible New Zealanders. A total of 2,446,279 votes were cast. 

The centre-right National Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister John Key, gained a plurality with 47.0% of the party vote and 60 of the 121 seats.

Notes

References

2014 elections
2010s elections in New Zealand
September 2014 events
General elections
Nikki Kaye

Nicola Laura Kaye (born 11 February 1980) is a New Zealand politician. She was Deputy Leader of the New Zealand National Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 22 May 2020 to 14 July 2020.

Kaye was the member of the New Zealand Parliament from 2008 until 2020.

She is a breast cancer survivor.

References

1980 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
People from Auckland
Breast cancer survivors
Denise Roche

Denise Maree Roche (born 9 July 1963) is a New Zealand politician. She was a member of the Waiheke Local Board and the New Zealand House of Representatives, where she represented the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand from 2011 to 2017.

Roche was born in 1963 in Helensville.

References

1963 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
Sandinista National Liberation Front

The Sandinista National Liberation Front or Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) is a political party in Nicaragua. It was founded by Augusto César Sandino.

History

Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, and Carlos Fonseca started the party in 1961.

In 1979, the Sandinista Party overthrew Anastasiio Somoza Debayle's dynasty. The Sandinistas then ruled from 1979 to 1990, and the FSLN took over as the country's sole power-sharing government in March 1981. Despite implementing a policy of mass education and promoting gender equality, the government came under international scrutiny for human rights abuses and the oppression of indigenous people.
The FSLN is Nicaragua's sole political party. It currently holds the country's only seat in congress. It often polls in opposition against the PLC. In 2006, Daniel Ortega was reelected as the country's president with many more votes than the other person who ran.

References

Political parties in South America
Nicaragua
Leima Linthoingambi

Leima Linthoingambi was the queen of king Ningthoukhomba (1432-1567) of Manipur kingdom. During the Ankla invasion, the king had to proceed at the war field. At the King's absence in the capital city Kangla, the Tangkhul tribes raided the city. But in disguise as the king, the queen resisted their revolution by offering strong wine at the king's absence. With her wits, the kingdom was saved. This account is recorded in the Ningthourol Lambuba.

References

History of Manipur
Manipur
Maharani Kumudini

Maharani Kumudini Devi is the Queen of King Gambhir Singh and mother of King Chandrakirti of Manipur kingdom. After the death of her husband in an early age, she took full responsibility to protect her minor son, Prince Chandrakirti from the evil plots of palace intrigues. After her son ascended the throne of Manipur kingdom, she is best known for being the greatest royal lady holding utmost powers in the history.

References

History of Manipur
Manipur
2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election

The 2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election was held on 1 August 2017 to choose the next Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party. The election was won by Deputy Leader and Mount Albert MP Jacinda Ardern.  She was the only candidate running. 

Labour leader Andrew Little had led Labour since 2014 and, after many poor results, announced his plan to retire from the leadership. According to Ardern, Little had previously approached her on 26 July 2017 and stated he thought she should take over as party leader, as he was of the opinion he could not turn things around for Labour. Ardern said she had refused, telling him to "stick it out".

References

2017 elections in New Zealand
August 2017 events
Jacinda Ardern
Steven Joyce

Steven Leonard Joyce (born 7 April 1963) is a New Zealand former politician. He became a member of New Zealand House of Representatives in 2008 as a member of the New Zealand National Party.

As a broadcasting entrepreneur with RadioWorks, he was a millionaire before he entered politics.

On 6 March 2018, he announced his resignation from politics.

References

1963 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
University of Auckland

The University of Auckland is a public university based in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the largest and highest-ranked university in New Zealand. It places among the Top 100 universities in the world by QS World Rankings. The institution was created in 1883. Today, the University of Auckland is New Zealand's largest university by enrolment, hosting about 40,000 students on five Auckland campuses. There are eight faculties, including a law school, as well as three research institutes associated with the university.

References

19th-century establishments in New Zealand
1883 establishments
Colleges and universities
Auckland
Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)

The Minister of Foreign Affairs is a senior member of the New Zealand Government heading the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. They are responsible for relations with foreign countries.

The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Nanaia Mahuta.

References

New Zealand
Nanaia Mahuta

Nanaia Cybele Mahuta (born 21 August 1970) is a New Zealand politician. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hauraki-Waikato. She became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in November 2020. She is also the Minister of Local Government and was Minister for Māori Development from 2017 to 2020.

References

1970 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
People from Auckland
Council of Women World Leaders

The Council of Women World Leaders, created in 1996, is a network of 77 current and former Presidents and Prime Ministers. It is the only organization in the world dedicated to women heads of state and government. The Council's Ministerial Initiative also involves current and former cabinet ministers and secretaries in the work of the Council.

Leadership
Madeleine Albright: Founding Chair of the Ministerial Initiative (1996–2007); Secretary of State of the United States (1997–2001)
Kathy Calvin: CEO (2009–present); President (2013–2019) of the United Nations Foundation
Kim Campbell: Prime Minister of Canada (1993); Council Chair (1999–2003)
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir: President of Iceland (1980–1996); Founding Council Chair (1996–1999)
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović: President of Croatia (2015–2020); Council Chair (2019–2020)
Dalia Grybauskaitė: President of Lithuania (2009–2019); Council Chair (2014–2019)
Tarja Halonen: President of Finland (2000–2012); Council Chair (2009–2014)
Katrín Jakobsdóttir: Prime Minister of Iceland (2018–present); Council Chair (2020–present)
Laura Liswood: Secretary General (1996–present)
Mary Robinson: President of Ireland (1990–1997); Council Chair (2003–2009)
Margot Wallström: Chair of the Ministerial Initiative (2007–present); First Vice President of the European Commission (2004–2010); Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (2014–2019)

Other websites
 Official website

International organizations
Edward Stafford (politician)

Sir Edward William Stafford  (23 April 1819 – 14 February 1901) was the third Premier of New Zealand. He was the prime minister three times.

More readings
 
 
 

1819 births
1901 deaths
People from Edinburgh
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Capital gains tax

A capital gains tax (CGT) is a tax on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset. The most common capital gains are seen from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals, real estate, and property.

Not all countries have a capital gains tax and most have different rates of taxation. Countries that do not impose a capital gains tax include Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Isle of Man, Jamaica, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Singapore, and others. 

In some countries, such as New Zealand and Singapore, professional traders and those who trade frequently are taxed on such profits as a business income.

References

Taxation
Waitangi, Northland

Waitangi ( or , ) is a locality in the Bay of Islands on the North Island of New Zealand.  It is close to the town of Paihia, 60 kilometres north of Whangarei. "Waitangi" is a Māori-language name meaning "weeping waters".

References

Settlements in New Zealand
Waitangi Day

Waitangi Day (), the national day of New Zealand, celebrates the anniversary of the initial signing  – on 6 February 1840 – of the Treaty of Waitangi, which is seen as the founding document of the nation. The first Waitangi Day was not celebrated until 1934, and it was made a national public holiday in 1974.

References

New Zealand
Marae

A  (in New Zealand Māori, Cook Islands Māori, Tahitian),  (in Tongan),  (in Marquesan) or  (in Samoan) is a sacred place that is for religious and social purposes in Polynesian societies. In all these languages, the term also means cleared, free of weeds, trees.

References

Maori
The Spinoff

The Spinoff is a New Zealand online magazine and news site founded by Duncan Greive in 2014. It is known for current affairs coverage, political and social analysis, and cultural comment. It is financed by subscription.

References

Newspapers
New Zealand
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), also known as TPP11 or TPP-11, is a trade agreement among Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. It is an updated agreement from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). The eleven signatories have combined economies representing 13.4 percent of global gross domestic product. a

References

Trade
Xinjiang internment camps

The Xinjiang internment camps, officially called Xinjiang Vocational Education and Training Centers (Chinese: 新疆职业技能教育培训中心) by the government of China, are internment camps run by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government and its Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Human Rights Watch says that they have been used to imprison Uyghurs and other Muslims since 2017 as part of a "people's war on terror," a policy announced in 2014. The camps have been criticized by many countries and human rights organizations for alleged human rights abuses.

Notes

References

Prisons
China
Xinjiang
Rohingya genocide

The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing crimes by the Myanmar military of the Muslim Rohingya people. The genocide has commited in two phases to date: the first was a military crackdown that happened from October 2016 to January 2017, and the second has been happening since August 2017. The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh. Others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia.

References

Genocides in Asia
Gun buyback program

A gun buyback program, or gun buyback scheme, is a gun policy that would allow the government to purchase privately owned firearms to reduce firearms in a country, especially those sold on the streets. A buy back program would provide a process whereby civilians can sell their privately owned firearms to the government without risk of prosecution.

References

Legislation
Community centre

Community centres or community halls are public locations where members of a community gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. They may sometimes be open for the whole community or for a specific group within the greater community. Community centres can be religious in nature, such as Christian, Islamic, or Jewish community centres, or can be secular, such as youth clubs.

References

Public services
Condolence book

A condolence book or book of condolence is a book in which people may write their condolences after a death or great tragedy.

After the death of a leading figure or great disaster, condolence books are put in public places for members of the general public to use.  When closed, the books are given to the relatives.

After especially notable deaths, official records of the condolences may be reprinted.  For example, after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the Government Printing Office published a leather-bound, gilt-edged collection of official condolences in 1867.

References

Books
Death customs
Assault weapon

The term assault weapon is used in the United States to define some types of firearms. Usually they have a detachable magazine, a pistol grip and sometimes other have a vertical forward grip, flash suppressor or barrel shroud. Some firearms are specified by name.

References

Weapons
Christchurch Call to Action Summit

The Christchurch Call to Action Summit (also called the Christchurch Call), was a political summit started by New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern that took place on 15 May 2019 in Paris, France, two months after the Christchurch mosque shootings of 15 March 2019. Co-chaired by Ardern and President Emmanuel Macron of France. The purpose was to "bring together countries and tech companies in an attempt to bring to an end the ability to use social media to organise and promote terrorism and violent extremism".

References

Jacinda Ardern
COVID-19 lockdowns

COVID-19 pandemic caused many governments to limit the spread of the disease by adding stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, cordons sanitaires and similar societal restrictions. By April 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments.

References

COVID-19 pandemic
Carbon neutrality

Carbon neutrality refers to the goal of getting to net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. This can be done by balancing emissions of carbon dioxide with its removal (often through carbon offsetting) or by eliminating emissions from society (the transition to the "post-carbon economy"). It is used in the context of carbon dioxide-releasing processes associated with transportation, energy production, agriculture, and industry.

References

Climate change
Hybrid vehicle

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more specific types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.

Switching from one to the other at the proper time while speeding up yields a win-win in terms of energy efficiency, as such that translates into greater fuel efficiency, for example.

References

Vehicles
Māori Party

The Māori Party () is a political party in New Zealand supporting indigenous rights and  centre-left policies. It contests the Māori electorates, in which its main rival is the centre-left  Labour Party.

References

2000s establishments in New Zealand
2004 establishments
Political parties in New Zealand
ACT New Zealand

ACT New Zealand, known simply as ACT (), is a right-wing, classical-liberal political party in New Zealand. According to former party leader Rodney Hide, ACT's values are "individual freedom, personal responsibility, doing the best for our natural environment and for smaller, smarter government in its goals of a prosperous economy, a strong society, and a quality of life that is the envy of the world".

ACT was briefly led by former National Party leader Don Brash for the 2011 election, after which the party caucus was reduced to one seat.

References

1990s establishments in New Zealand
1994 establishments in Oceania
Political parties in New Zealand
Novavax

Novavax, Inc., is an American biotechnology company based in Gaithersburg, Maryland that creates vaccines to fight against serious infectious diseases. Before to 2020, company scientists developed experimental vaccines for Ebola, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other emerging infectious diseases. 

During 2020, however, the company redirected its efforts to focus on development and approval of a vaccine for COVID-19.

References

20th-century establishments in Maryland
1987 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Maryland
Montgomery County, Maryland
Biotechnology companies of the United States
Zhao Lijian

Zhao Lijian (; born 10 November 1972) is a Chinese politician and the deputy director of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Information Department.

References

1972 births
Living people
Chinese politicians
Suhayra Aden

Suhayra Aden (born 1995) is a New Zealander and former dual Australian citizen who travelled to Syria in 2014 to join the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Because of her connections to ISIL, her Australian citizenship was removed. In February 2021, she was detained by Turkish authorities while trying to enter the country with her two children. Turkey dropped charges against Aden and began proceedings to deport her.

References

1995 births
Living people
New Zealand people
British Vogue

British Vogue is a British fashion magazine published based in London since autumn 1916. It is the British version of the American magazine Vogue. The magazine is considered to be one that connects fashion to high society and class.

References

1910s establishments in the United Kingdom
1916 establishments in Europe
Magazines of the United Kingdom
Fashion magazines
Time 100

Time 100 (often stylized as TIME 100) is an annual article that lists 100 of the most influential people in the world. It is published by the American news magazine Time. It was first published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, the list is now a highly publicized annual event. 

Only the winner of the Reader's Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public.

References

People
Italian lira

Italian lira was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002 and of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy between 1807 and 1814 and of the Albanian Kingdom between 1941 and 1943. Between 1999 and 2002, the Italian lira was officially a national subunit of the euro. The subdivison of the lira was Centesimi.

The official sign of the lira was ₤.

One United States dollar was equal to 1,591 lira.

Banknotes 
The banknotes of the lira were the ₤1000, ₤2000, ₤5000, ₤10,000, ₤50,000, ₤100,000 and the ₤500,000.

Coins 
The coins of the lira were the ¢1, ¢2, ¢5, ¢10, ¢20, ¢25, ¢50, ₤1, ₤2, ₤5, ₤10, ₤20, ₤50, ₤100, ₤200, ₤500, ₤1000.

Former currencies of Europe
Italy
Grape juice

Grape juice comes from crushing and blending grapes into liquid form. Sugars in grape juice allow it to be used for a sweetener.

In North America, the most common grape juice is purple. The juice is made from Concord grape. White grape juice is made from Niagara grapes. In California, Sultana grapes are sometimes used from the raisin or table grape to produce white juice.

Grape juice from concentrate means that excess water from the grapes was removed. This makes grape juice more concentrated. This allows grape juice to be compressed and frozen. It makes the packaging and transport easier. Water is then added to the juice before being sold. 

A major brand of American grape juice, Welch's, is made from Concord grapes, using an entire grape (pulp, skin and seeds). A small amount of citric acid is naturally found in grapes. It may be added for tart taste and antioxidant properties.

References

Fruit juices
Prospect (magazine)

Prospect is a monthly British general-interest magazine, specializing in politics, economics, and current affairs. 

The magazine was launched in October 1995 by David Goodhart.

Some of the world's leading intellectuals have featured in Prospect in the last few years.

Prospect received worldwide attention in October 2005 when it published its list of the world's top 100 public intellectuals, which included Noam Chomsky, Umberto Eco, Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker and Christopher Hitchens.

References

1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines of the United Kingdom
Wētā

Wētā (also spelled weta) is the common name for a group of about 70 insect species in the families Anostostomatidae and Rhaphidophoridae. They are found in New Zealand. They are giant flightless crickets, and some are among the heaviest insects in the world. Wētā are preyed on by introduced mammals, and some species are now critically endangered.

References

Insects
Animals of New Zealand
Hemiandrus jacinda

Hemiandrus jacinda is a species of wētā endemic to New Zealand. It was first described by Steven A. Trewick in 2021. This species was named in honour of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Jacinda Ardern.

References

Jacinda Ardern
Insects
Animals of Oceania
Mecodema jacinda

Mecodema jacinda is a large-bodied ground beetle endemic to Maungatautari Sanctuary, Waikato, New Zealand. It is the largest species of Mecodema found on Maungatautari, which also has the medium-sized M. curvidens inhabiting the forest. It is named after New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern.

References

Beetles
Animals of Oceania
Whanganui

Whanganui (;), previously spelled Wanganui, is a city in the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand. The city is located on the west coast of the North Island at the mouth of the Whanganui River.

References

Cities in New Zealand
Hamish McDouall

Hamish McDouall is a New Zealand local government politician. He has been the mayor of Whanganui since 2016. He is a member of the New Zealand Labour Party.

References

Living people
Mayors
New Zealand politicians
Jacinda Ardern
Shane Ardern

Philip Shane Ardern (born 26 January 1960) is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the National Party and represented the electorate of Taranaki-King Country from 1998 to 2014.

References

1960 births
Living people
New Zealand politicians
Māori electorates

In New Zealand politics, Māori electorates, also known as the Māori seats, are a special category of electorate that until 1967 gave reserved positions to representatives of Māori in the New Zealand Parliament. 

Every area in New Zealand is covered by both a general and a Māori electorate; as of 2020, there are seven Māori electorates.

References

Maori
New Zealand electorates
Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013

The Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013 is an Act of Parliament in New Zealand, which since 19 August 2013, allows same-sex couples to legally marry.

The Act was proposed as a member's bill by MP Louisa Wall in May 2012, and was drawn from the ballot in July of that year. It passed its third reading in the House of Representatives on 17 April 2013, and became law when it received the Royal Assent two days later.

References

New Zealand
Crimes Act 1961

The Crimes Act 1961 is an Act of the New Zealand Parliament that forms a leading part of the criminal law in New Zealand. It repeals the Crimes Act 1908. Most crimes in New Zealand are created by the Crimes Act, but some are created elsewhere.

References

New Zealand
Abortion Legislation Act 2020

The  New Zealand Abortion Legislation Act 2020 is an Act of Parliament in New Zealand that amends the law to decriminalise abortion. Under the act, abortion is available without restrictions to any woman who is not more than 20 weeks pregnant. Women seeking an abortion after 20 weeks have to be looked at by a qualified health professional.

References

New Zealand
Abortion
Two-state solution

The two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is a plan for an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel, west of the Jordan River. The boundary between the two states is still controversial and under negotiation, with Palestinian and Arab leadership. The territory of the former Mandate Palestine (including Jerusalem) which did not form part of the Palestinian State would continue to be part of Israel.

References

New Zealand
2018–2019 Gaza border protests

The 2018–2019 Gaza border protests, by the organiser called the Great March of Return (), were a series of demonstrations held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the Gaza-Israel border from 30 March 2018 and onwards.

The protests demanded that the Palestinian refugees must be allowed to return to lands they were displaced from in what is now Israel. They also protested against Israel's Gaza blockade and United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel.

References

Israel
Palestine
Ritz Crackers

Ritz Crackers are a brand of snack cracker. They were introduced by Nabisco in 1934. They are disc-shaped and lightly-salted.

Ritz Crackers varieties include the Original Ritz, Low Sodium Ritz, Honey Butter Ritz, Whole Wheat Ritz and Honey Wheat Ritz.

Sydney Stern chose the name Ritz. The name appealed to people who went through the difficulties of the Great Depression by offering them "a bite of the good life."

References

Snack foods
Breads
Sybil (cat)

Sybil (2006 – 27 July 2009) was a cat living at 11 and 10 Downing Street. Named after Sybil Fawlty from the television show Fawlty Towers, she was the pet of then Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling.

When introduced in September 2007, Sybil, who was black and white, was the first cat at Downing Street since Humphrey was reportedly removed in November 1997, due to Cherie Blair's aversion to cats. In January 2009, she returned to Edinburgh.

Related pages 

 Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office
 Larry (cat)

References 

Individual cats
Chief Mouser
Saint Sarah

Saint Sarah, also called Sara la Kali is a patron saint of the Romani people. She was born in the 1st century, in Upper Egypt to a family of South Indian traders from Kerala. According to legends, Saint Sarah sailed to France in a boat with the Three Marys. Her day of honour is on May 24. 

Sarah
Baba Fingo

Baba Fingo or Father Fingo is a person in folklore.  The Roma in Turkey believe in Baba Fingo. The Festival Kakava is celebrated at Edirne on 5-6 May. The Romanlar made a Bonfire and went to the Meric River in the Night. They believe Baba Fingo come out of the water and protect the Romani people. 

The legend of Baba Fingo says that long ago, the people lived in Egypt.  But the Pharaoh was cruel to them.  So Baba Fingo led the people out through the Red Sea.  Another legend says that Baba Fingo was a good and wise commandant who worked for Pharaoh, but he liked women and alcohol too much.  Pharaoh's other commandants were jealous of him.  They tricked him with women and alcohol and he got lost in the river.

References

Folklore
Roma
The Gap Band

The Gap Band was an American contemporary R&B and funk band. The group became famous in the 1970s. The band had three brothers, Ronnie, Charlie and Robert Wilson. They were based in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

In 1979, the group released "Oops Up Side Your Head" (also titled "I Don't Believe You Want to Get Up and Dance (Oops!)". The studio album released that year, The Gap Band II, went gold.

In 1980, the album Gap Band III''' hit #1. This album had soul ballads. They were, "Yearning for Your Love", "Burn Rubber on Me (Why You Wanna Hurt Me)", which was a chart topper, and "Humpin".

In 1982, the album Gap Band IV'' peaked at #1. Songs from this album included "Early in the Morning", which hit #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, then known as the Hot Black Singles chart. Another Gap Band #1 hit in 1982 on the same chart was "Outstanding".

On August 26, 2005, The Gap Band was honored as a Broadcast Music, Inc. Icon at the 57th annual BMI Urban Awards.

Robert Wilson died from a heart attack at his home in Palmdale, California. He was 53.

Starting in the 1990s, R&B and hip hop artists, including Brand Nubian, Mary J. Blige, Shaquille O'Neal, Ice Cube and Snoop Dogg.

References

Singers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
American R&B singers
1974 establishments in the United States
2010 disestablishments in the United States
Dendropsophus ozzyi

Dendropsophus ozzyi is a frog that lives in Brazil.

References

Frogs
Animals of South America
Old Bawn

Old Bawn is a small town in Tallaght, Dublin.

Etymology 
Old Bawn translates in Irish to Seanbhábhún, meaning that Old Bawn was founded by someone named Sean.

History 

Old Bawn House was built back in 1635 by an archibishop. In the rebellion of 1641, the original Old Bawn House was destroyed but rebuilt. During the 19th century, the house was sold to the O'Donnell family who would establish a paper mill in the area.

In the 1960s, Old Bawn House was demolished, although its ruins can still be found.

Geography 
Old Bawn lies just south of Tallaght, and is a small town bordering the Tallaght Village area, Firhouse and Bohernabreena.

Roads and Estates include St. Maelruain’s Park, Home Lawns, Seskin View (western part), Old Bawn Way, etc.

The Dublin Bus routes that serve here are 65b, 175, 75 and 77a.

Towns in Ireland