cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
East London line

The East London line is part of the London Overground network. It runs from north to south through  East London. The railway was built in 1869 by the East London Railway Company. It reused the Thames Tunnel which was built for horse-drawn carriages. The line became part of the London Underground network in 1933. It closed on 22 December 2007 for refurbishment and expansion. In April 2010, it reopened as part of the London Overground network. Phase 2, which links the line to the South London line with a terminus at , opened on 9 December 2012. This created an orbital railway around inner London.

Orbital railway
The orbital railway includes the following routes:
 East London line from Highbury & Islington to Surrey Quays
 South London line from Surrey Quays to Clapham Junction
 West London line from Clapham Junction to Willesden Junction
 North London line from Willesden Junction to Highbury & Islington

References

London Overground
Rail transport in London
1869 establishments in the United Kingdom
1860s establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2000s disestablishments in England
2010 establishments in England
South London line

The South London line is an Inner London part of the London Overground rail network.  The line is run together with the East London line to provide direct services between  and Highbury & Islington.  The line is  long and there are eight stations. Most of the line is on a high viaduct over other transport infrastructure. There is an interchange with London Underground at . The line is in Travelcard Zone 2.

London Overground
Rail transport in London
John Laird, Baron Laird

Professor John Dunn Laird, Baron Laird  of Artigarvan (23 April 1944 – 10 July 2018) was a Northern Ireland life peer and former chairman of the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency. In 2013 Laird allegedly offered to lobby for a firm against parliamentary rules. As a result, he resigned from the Ulster Unionist Party. He was created a life peer on 16 July 1999 as Baron Laird, of Artigarvan in the County of Tyrone.

Laird died on 10 July 2018 in Belfast at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
 Lord Laird website 
 John Laird, Crossbencher Stratagem 
 Ulster's 'Braveheart' on rebel hunt, Interview with the Sunday Tribune, 22 January 2006 (Newshound)
 Debrett's Limited
  Parliamentary answers 2010/11.

1944 births
2018 deaths
Northern Ireland people
British politicians
President of the European Commission

The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission. It is the executive branch of the European Union. The President of the Commission leads a cabinet of Commissioners. The President, is chosen by the Council and Parliament, and decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do.

Background
The President of the Commission also represents the EU abroad, together with the President of the European Council and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

The post was established in 1958. Each new President is nominated by the European Council and formally elected by the European Parliament, for a five-year term. 

The current President is Ursula von der Leyen, who took office on 1st December 2019. She is a member  of the European People's Party (EPP) and is the former minister of defence of Germany.

List of presidents

Commission of the European Economic Community (1958–1967)

Commission of the European Communities (1967–2009) and European Commission (2009–present)
 Parties

Notes

References

Other websites
Commission President (official website)
Terms of office
Organisation of the European Commission CVCE (Previously : European NAvigator)
Presidential candidates debate 2014
José Manuel Barroso

José Manuel Durão Barroso (; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician. He is the current non-executive chairman at Goldman Sachs International. He was the 11th President of the European Commission (2004–2014) and the 115th Prime Minister of Portugal (2002–2004).

References

1956 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Portugal
European Commissioners
Gaston Thorn

Gaston Egmond Thorn (3 September 192826 August 2007) was a Luxembourg politician. He served as the 20th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1974–79), President of the United Nations General Assembly (1975), and the seventh President of the European Commission (1981–85).

References

1928 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
European Commissioners
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
Jean Rey (politician)

Jean Rey (15 July 1902 – 19 May 1983) was a Belgian politician. He served as the 2nd President of the European Commission from 1967 to 1970. He served as European Commissioner for External Relations from 1958 to 1967.

Other websites
 Jean Rey (EU)
 Address given by Jean Rey on the merger of the executive bodies (Strasbourg, 20 September 1967)

1902 births
1983 deaths
Belgian liberals
European Commissioners
Freemasons
Government ministers of Belgium
People from Liège
Protestants
Franco Maria Malfatti

Franco Maria Malfatti () (13 June 1927 – 10 December 1991) was an Italian politician. He served as the 3rd President of the European Commission from 1970 to 1972. He served at Italian level as Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1979 to 1980 and Italian Minister of Education from 1973 to 1978.

References

1927 births
1991 deaths
European Commissioners
Italian politicians
People from Rome
Sicco Mansholt

Sicco Leendert Mansholt (; 13 September 1908 – 29 June 1995) was a Dutch politician. He served as the 4th President of the European Commission from 1972 to 1973.

Mansholt is known as one of the founding fathers of the European Union. He served as European Commissioner for Agriculture from 1958 to 1972, Minister of Agriculture, Fishing and Food Supply from 1945 to 1958, Minister of Economic Affairs in 1948 and Acting Mayor of Wieringermeer in 1945. He was a member of the Member of the House of Representatives on several occasions.

Other websites

  Dr. S.L. (Sicco) Mansholt Parlement & Politiek

1908 births
1995 deaths
Dutch mayors
Dutch people of World War II
European Commissioners
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Politicians from Groningen (province)
François-Xavier Ortoli

François-Xavier Ortoli (16 February 1925 – 30 November 2007) was a French politician. He served as the 5th President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1977. He served as Minister of the Economy of France from 1968 to 1969.

References

1925 births
2007 deaths
European Commissioners
French Ministers of Finance
Roy Jenkins

Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead,  (11 November 1920 – 5 January 2003) was a British Labour Party, SDP and Liberal Democrat politician, and biographer of British political leaders.

Jenkins was elected to Parliament as a Labour MP in 1948. He served as Home Secretary from 1965 to 1967 and Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1967 and 1970. He was elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party on 8 July 1970, but resigned in 1972 because he supported entry to the European Communities, while the party opposed it.

In 1977, he was appointed President of the European Commission, serving until 1981. He was the first British holder of this office, and is likely to be the only such (considering the United Kingdom's decision in June 2016 to leave the European Union). 

He was also a known historian, biographer and writer. His A Life at the Centre (1991) is thought to be as one of the best autobiographies of the later 20th century, which "will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten".

References

Other websites

 "Roy Jenkins (The Rt Hon Lord Jenkins of Hillhead)", Fellows Remembered, The Royal Society of Literature

1920 births
2003 deaths
Abortion-rights activists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Biographers
British Army officers
British autobiographers
British military personnel of World War II
Chancellors of the Exchequer
European Commissioners
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Social Democratic Party (UK)
Members of the House of Lords
Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Social Democratic Party MPs (UK)
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
United Kingdom Life Peers
Welsh politicians
Welsh writers
Piet Dankert

Pieter "Piet" Dankert (8 January 1934 in Stiens – 21 June 2003 in Perpignan) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Labour Party.

From 1968 till 1981 he was a member of the Second Chamber.

In the late 1970s he moved to the European Parliament, and was President of the European Parliament from 19 January 1982 to 24 July 1984.

In the third government of Ruud Lubbers (1989–1994) he was Secretary of State for European matters.

From 1994 till 1999 he was again an MEP.

References 

1934 births
2003 deaths
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Former MEPs
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
MEPs for the Netherlands
Politicians from Friesland
Presidents of the European Parliament
Pierre Pflimlin

Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin (; 5 February 1907 – 27 June 2000) was a French Christian democratic politician. He served as the  Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic for a few weeks in 1958, before being replaced by Charles de Gaulle during the crisis of that year.

More reading
 "The Little Plum" Time June 10, 1957 
 
 Morris, Peter. "Homo politicus; the political careers of Pierre Pflimlin and Jacques Chaban‐Delmas." Modern & Contemporary France 1.1 (1993): 42-44.

1907 births
2000 deaths
Presidents of the European Parliament
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
Enrique Barón Crespo

Enrique Barόn Crespo (born 27 March 1944 in Madrid) is a Spanish politician, economist, and lawyer. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and was a member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists group until 2009.

After election to the European Parliament he was President of the European Parliament (1989–1992), and was PES Group chairman from 1999 to 2004. He was Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (1992–1995).

Other websites
European Parliament: Your MEPs
European Parliament Office in Spain

1944 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Parliament
MEPs for Spain
People from Madrid
Egon Klepsch

Egon Alfred Klepsch (January 30, 1930 – September 18, 2010.) was a German politician (CDU).

In 1979 Klepsch became chairman of the EPP parliamentary group. After he had stood in vain in 1982 for the office of President of the European Parliament, he was elected in 1992. In 1994 he retired from the European Parliament and became an advisor to Deutschen Vermögensberatungs AG.

Honors
  : Honorary Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (25.03.1994)

References

1930 births
2010 deaths
German politicians
Presidents of the European Parliament
Pat Cox

Patrick Cox (born 28 November 1952) is an Irish politician and former television presenter. He was President of the European Parliament from 2002 to 2004. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1989 to 2004. Before this Cox was a journalist and presenter with RTÉ's Today Tonight and then a Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork South-Central.

References

1952 births
Living people
Irish politicians
Irish television personalities
Presidents of the European Parliament
Josep Borrell

Josep Borrell i Fontelles (born 24 April 1947 in La Pobla de Segur, Lleida) is a Spanish politician. He was President of the European Parliament from 20 July 2004 until 16 January 2007.

References

Other websites
Official biography

1947 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Parliament
Spanish politicians
Hans-Gert Pöttering

Hans-Gert Pöttering (born 15 September 1945) is a German conservative politician (CDU, European People's Party), and was the President of the European Parliament from January 2007 to July 2009.

He has served as a Member of the European Parliament since the first elections in 1979 until 2014 and was Chairman of the European People's Party-European Democrats 1999–2007.

He is a member of the Reconciliation of European Histories Group.

References

1945 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Parliament
German politicians
Prime Minister of Luxembourg

The Prime Minister of Luxembourg is the head of government in Luxembourg. His official residence and office is in the Hôtel de Bourgogne at 4 rue de la Congrégation in the city of Luxembourg.

Before 1857, the Prime Minister was the President of the Council.  In addition to these titles, the Prime Minister uses the title Minister of State.

Since the foundation of the party system, only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has not included members of more than one party.  Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter their ideology; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world.  Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in the Chamber of Deputies.

Former living prime ministers

References

Other websites
 Website of the Prime Minister of Luxembourg (in French)
Prime Minister of Croatia

The Prime Minister of Croatia (), officially the President of the Government of the Republic of Croatia (), is Croatia's head of government, and is the de facto the most powerful and influential state officeholder in the Croatian government.

In the formal Croatian order of precedence, however, the position of prime minister is the third highest state office, after the President of the Republic and the Speaker of the Parliament.

The Constitution of Croatia describes the role as the "Parliament supervises the Government" (Article 81) and that "the President of the Republic ensures the regular and balanced functioning and stability of government" (as a whole; Article 94), while the Government is introduced in Article 108.

The current Prime Minister of Croatia is Andrej Plenković.

The Government of Croatia meets in Banski dvori, a historical building located on the west side of St. Mark's Square in Zagreb.

Living former Prime Ministers
There are eleven living former Heads of government (3 former Presidents of the Executive Council of SR Croatia and 8 former Prime Ministers of Croatia). The last former head of government to die was Hrvoje Šarinić (1992-1993) on 21 July 2017.

Presidents of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (until 1990):

Prime Ministers of the Republic of Croatia (1990–present):

References
Ema Derossi-Bjelajac

Ema Derossi-Bjelajac (sometimes rendered Derosi-Bjelajac; 3 May 1926 – 20 June 2020) was a Croatian politician. She served as the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Croatia from 1985 until 1986. She was the first woman to hold a title equivalent to a head of state in modern day Croatia.

References

Other websites
DEROSSI-BJELAJAC, Ema at lzmk.hr 

1926 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of Croatia
Stjepan Mesić

Stjepan "Stipe" Mesić (; born 24 December 1934) is a Croatian politician. He served as the President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010. He was the last President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1991) and served as Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement (1991), as well as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament (1992–1994), a judge in Našice and mayor of his home town of Orahovica.

References

1934 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Croatia
Presidents of Croatia
Presidents of Yugoslavia
Andrej Plenković

Andrej Plenković (; born 8 April 1970) is a Croatian politician and diplomat. He serves as  Prime Minister of Croatia since 19 October 2016. He has been the Chairman of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) since 2016.

References

Other websites
Andrej Plenković Personal website
MEP Andrej Plenković Profile at European Parliament website
You Tube Channel Personal You Tube Channel
Twitter account "Personal Twitter account"

1970 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Croatia
Current national leaders
European Union politicians
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović

Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (; born 29 April 1968) is a Croatian politician and diplomat. She was the 4th President of Croatia from 2015 to 2020. She is the first woman to be elected to the office. At 46 years of age, she also became the youngest person to assume the presidency.

In 2020, she lost her re-election bid to Zoran Milanović.

References

1968 births
Living people
Presidents of Croatia
President of Croatia

The President of Croatia (), officially styled the President of the Republic (), is the head of state, commander in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. 

The President is the holder of the highest office within the Croatia's government however, the president is not the head of the executive branch ("non executive president") as Croatia has a parliamentary system in which the holder of the post of Prime Minister is the most powerful person within the country's constitutional framework and within everyday's politics.

List of presidents

References

Other websites
 Office of the President of Croatia 
 President of the Republic of Croatia 2000–2010
Franjo Tuđman

Franjo Tuđman, also written as Franjo Tudjman (; 14 May 1922 – 10 December 1999) was a Croatian politician and historian. He became the first President of Croatia and served as president from 1990 until his death in 1999. He was the 9th and last President of the Presidency of SR Croatia from May to July 1990.

References

1922 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Presidents of Croatia
Tom Osmond

Thomas Rulon Osmond (born October 26, 1947) is an American musician and activist. He was born in Ogden, Utah. He is known mostly as a non-performing member of the Osmond family. Osmond is the first deaf missionaries from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
 
His siblings are Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny, Marie and Jimmy.

Osmond worked for the United States Postal Service for 28 years before retiring in 2014.

On July 7, 2018, Osmond underwent a quadruple bypass surgery, but suffered complications and was placed under life-support.

References

Other websites
 
Tom Osmond on Osmond family Official site 

1947 births
Living people
American activists
People from Ogden, Utah
Musicians from Utah
Lea Valley lines

The Lea Valley lines are two commuter lines and two branches in North East London. They run along the valley of the River Lea. They were part of the Great Eastern Railway and they are now part of the Anglia Route of Network Rail.

On 31 May 2015, services from London Liverpool Street to Chingford, Cheshunt and Enfield Town were transferred to London Overground. Services between London Liverpool Street and Stratford via Tottenham Hale to Hertford East and Bishops Stortford remain with Greater Anglia.

References

London Overground
Rail transport in London
Latrine

A latrine is a toilet or an even simpler facility which is used as a toilet within a system of sanitation. For example, it can be a communal trench in the earth in a camp to be used as emergency sanitation, a hole in the ground (pit latrine), or more advanced designs, including pour-flush systems.

Waste
Liu Zhenhua

Liu Zhenhua (; July 1921 – 11 July 2018) was a Chinese People's Liberation Army general (shang jiang) and politician. He was born in Tai'an, Shandong Province. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1938.

Liu fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Korean War. He was a member of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and a delegate to the 8th National People's Congress. In 1964, he was promoted to major general. He was Ambassador of China to Albania from 1971 to 1976.

Liu died in Beijing on 11 July 2018 at the age of 97.

References

1921 births
2018 deaths
Ambassadors of China
Chinese politicians
Chinese generals
James Dyson

Sir James Dyson  (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial design engineer and founder of the Dyson company.  He is best known as the inventor of the Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner. His net worth is £7.8 billion.

He was the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017.

References

1947 births
Living people
British engineers
British inventors
British businesspeople
People from Norfolk
Surrey Quays railway station

Surrey Quays is a station on the East London line branch of the London Overground.

Background
It is located in Rotherhithe, which is part of London Borough of Southwark. It is in Travelcard Zone 2 and the next station to the north is . To the south, the railway splits into two branches. One goes to . The other goes to New Cross, Crystal Palace and West Croydon. The station was closed in late 2007 for refurbishment. It re-opened on 27 April 2010 as part of the London Overground network.

References

London Overground stations
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2000s disestablishments in England
2010 establishments in England
Canada Water station

Canada Water is a London Underground and London Overground station located in Rotherhithe, in south-east London, England. It takes its name from Canada Water, a lake which was created from a former dock in the Port of London.

The station is located on the Jubilee line between  and Canary Wharf stations and on the London Overground East London line between  and  stations. It provides an interchange point between the two lines. It is in Travelcard Zone 2.

London Overground stations
Jubilee line stations
Aspach

Aspach is the name or part of the name of several places:

 Aspach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 Aspach, Thuringia, Germany
 Aspach, Upper Austria, Austria
 Aspach, Moselle, in the Moselle department, France
 Aspach, Haut-Rhin, in the Haut-Rhin department, France
 Aspach-le-Bas, in the Haut-Rhin department
 Aspach-le-Haut, in the Haut-Rhin department

Other 
 Asbach
Berne (disambiguation)

Berne can mean:

Places 
 Berne (more commonly Bern), the capital of Switzerland
 Berne, Germany, a municipality in Lower Saxony
 Berne, Indiana
 Berne, New York

People 
 Eric Berne, Canadian psychiatrist
Oberblegisee

Oberblegisee is a lake in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland. It is above the municipality of Luchsingen and below the peaks of Glärnisch. The surface area is .

Other websites 

Oberblegisee  report on fishing in the lake
   

Lakes of Switzerland
Canton of Glarus
Towcester

Towcester, the Roman town of Lactodorum, is an affluent market town in south Northamptonshire, England.

The town is about  southwest of Northampton and about  northwest of Milton Keynes, the nearest main towns.

The name comes from the Latin for "Camp on the (river) Tove".

Towcester is famous for its racecourse. Many important national horse racing events are held there. Greyhound racing is also held at the same venue. In 2010 the World Hovercraft Championship was held on the racecourse.
 
Nearby is the Silverstone motor racing circuit, currently home to the British Grand Prix. In fiction the "Saracen's Head Inn" in Towcester features in Charles Dickens's novel The Pickwick Papers as one of Mr Pickwick's stopping places along what is now the A5 trunk road.

History

Prehistoric and Roman periods
Towcester may be the oldest town in Northamptonshire. There are Iron Age finds in the town, so it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the country. There is evidence that it was settled by humans since the Mesolithic era (middle stone age). There is also evidence of Iron Age burials in the area.

In Roman Britain, Watling Street, now the A5 road, was built through the area. A garrison town called Lactodurum was built. Two candidate sites for the Battle of Watling Street, fought in 61 AD, are close to the town.

Saxon period and Medieval age
When the Romans left in the 5th century, the area was settled by Saxons. In the 9th century, Watling Street became the frontier between the kingdom of Wessex and the Danelaw, so Towcester became a frontier town. Edward the Elder fortified Towcester in 917. In the 11th century, the Normans built a motte and bailey castle on the site. Bury Mount are the remains of the fortification and is a scheduled ancient monument. It was renovated in 2008 with an access ramp added and explanatory plaques added.

References 

Civil parishes in England
Towns in Northamptonshire
Sant'Antonino, Haute-Corse

Sant'Antonino () is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island of Corsica. It is one of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France.

Population

References 

INSEE commune file

Communes in Haute-Corse
Confederation of Government Employees Association Delhi (CGEAD)

Confederation of Government Employees Association Delhi (CGEAD) is a government employees union recognized by Delhi government that represents employees serving under various departments of Delhi government.

History  
CGEAD was established in the last decade of 20th century as a trades union and was recognized by Delhi government in 2018.

Office bearers 
Ajay Veer Yadav serves as the General Secretary of Confederation of Government Employees Association Delhi (CGEAD).

References 

Delhi
Unions
1990s establishments in India
Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines

Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. In 2015, 5,136 people lived there.

Geography 
Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines is in the massif of the Vosges Mountains.

The valley of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines is called the Val d'Argent. It has five municipalities: Aubure, Lièpvre, Rombach-le-Franc, and Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines.

Localities 
Adelspach, Altenberg, Bourgonde, Brifosse, Clésio, la Côte d'Échéry, Échéry, Faunoux, Fenarupt, Fertrupt (Fordelbach), Haut de Faîte, la Haute Broque, le Haycot, Hergauchamps, Mongoutte, la Petite Lièpvre (Kleinleberau), le Petit Haut, le Rauenthal (le Fond-nu), Saint-Philippe, Saint-Pierre sur l'Hâte, Surlattes (Zillhardt).

History 
Eddie Slovik, the only U.S. soldier of either World War I or World War II to be executed for desertion, suffered the fate by firing squad near the town on 31 January 1945.

Related pages 
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

References 
INSEE commune file

Other websites 

 Official website of the commune of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Everipedia

Everipedia () is a for-profit, wiki-based online encyclopedia founded in December 2014. The site was launched in 2015 as a fork of Wikipedia. The company is headquartered in Westwood, Los Angeles, California. In 2017, Everipedia was the largest English-language encyclopedia by number of pages.

On December 6, 2017, the company said they were going to start using EOS.IO blockchain technology and work on a cryptocurrency token called IQ to encourage generating information.

Origins 

Everipedia was co-founded by Sam Kazemian, Theodor Forselius, Travis Moore, Mahbod Moghadam, George Beall, and Christian Deciga. It started as a small project of Sam Kazemian and Theodor Forselius in Kazemian's college dormitory room at UCLA in December 2014. In December 2017, the site announced that co-founder of Wikipedia Larry Sanger had joined as chief information officer. On October 18, 2019, Sanger announced that he had resigned from his position at Everipedia and returned his stock holdings in Everipedia without compensation in order to establish the Knowledge Standards Foundation and develop the website Encyclosphere. Explaining the venture, Sanger said, "We need to do for encyclopedias what blogging standards did for blogs: there needs to be an 'Encyclosphere.' We should build a totally decentralized network, like the Blogosphere—or like email, IRC, blockchains, and the World Wide Web itself."

Article development 

Anyone can contribute to a page by making an account. Everipedia allows users to create any page on anything as long as the content is cited and neutral, even on non-notable topics. Startups, celebrities and other contributors are permitted to create their own articles, as long as the content is sourced.

Critical view 

Mistakes will inevitably be introduced into articles because Everipedia is a wiki, according to Moghadam in 2017 in Paste. The site has been criticized for presenting false information in wiki pages on breaking news topics.

References

Other websites 

Entertainment websites
Wikis
Kulsoom Nawaz

Begum Kulsoom Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: بیگم كلثوم نواز شريف‬‎) (29 March 1950 – 11 September 2018) was a Pakistani politician. She was the First Lady of Pakistan three times; from 1990 to 1993, 1997 to 1999 and then from 2013 to 2017.

Kulsoom served as the President of Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N) from 1999 to 2002.

Nawaz was diagnosed with lymphoma in August 2017 and since has been in treatment in London. In June 2018 Nawaz suffered a cardiac arrest and since has been placed on ventilator. On 11 September 2018, she died in London at the age of 68.

References

First Ladies
Pakistani politicians
1950 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in London
Terry Todd

Terry Todd (December 31, 1937 – July 7, 2018) was an American powerlifter, and Olympic weightlifter. Todd was co-founder of the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports, co-editor of Iron Game History: The Journal of Physical Culture, and creator and event director of the Arnold Strongman Classic.

Todd held a career as a journalist on the staff of Sports Illustrated magazine.

Todd died on July 7, 2018 in Austin, Texas at the age of 80.

References

1937 births
2018 deaths
American historians
American journalists
American Olympians
Weightlifters
Writers from Austin, Texas
Sportspeople from Austin, Texas
Scorpio (astrology)

Scorpio is an astrological sign, related to the constellation Scorpio, the Sun meets Scorpio from October 23 to November 22.

Astrological signs
Billy Knight (basketball, born 1979)

William Price Knight (January 20, 1979 – July 8, 2018) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Los Angeles, California. His last professional stops were in Japan with Hamamatsu, Osaka, Hyogo and Yamagata. Knight helped the Hamamatsu Higashimikawa Phoenix to their first bj league title in 2009–10, when he was the league's third-leading scorer, averaging 19.6 points per game.

Knight abused an ex-girlfriend’s nine-year-old daughter and was arrested on June 13, 2018. He was found dead a month later on July 8, 2018 in Phoenix, Arizona, aged 39.

References

Other websites

UCLA Bruins bio
Stats in Japan

1979 births
2018 deaths
African-American basketball players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
American basketball players
Billy Knight

William R. Knight (born June 9, 1952) is an American former professional basketball player and executive. He served as the Executive Vice President and General Manager of the National Basketball Association's Atlanta Hawks from 2003 to 2008.

Knight spent eleven seasons, from 1974–85, in the ABA and NBA as a member of the Indiana Pacers, Buffalo Braves, Boston Celtics, Kansas City Kings, and San Antonio Spurs.  He scored 13,901 points in his ABA/NBA career and appeared in two All-Star games.

References

Other websites
Career stats at basketball-reference.com
Profile at nba.com

1952 births
Living people
Indiana Pacers players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Boston Celtics players
San Antonio Spurs players
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Darryl Rogers

Darryl Dale Rogers (May 28, 1935 – July 10, 2018) was an American football player and coach.  He served as the head coach at California State College at Hayward—now known as California State University, East Bay (1965), California State University, Fresno (1966–1972), San Jose State University (1973–1975), Michigan State University (1976–1979), and Arizona State University (1980–1984).

Rogers was then the head coach of the National Football League's Detroit Lions from 1985 to 1988, where his record was 18–40. In 1991, served as head coach of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL) coaching the Blue Bombers to a 9–9 record.

Rogers was born in Los Angeles, California. He studied at California State University, Fresno. Rogers died in Fresno, California on July 10, 2018 at the age of 83.

References

1935 births
2018 deaths
American football coaches
American football defensive ends
American football wide receivers
Detroit Lions
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
People from Fresno, California
Braddock, Pennsylvania

Braddock is a borough in the eastern suburbs of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 10 miles (16 km) from the Monongahela River. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census. The town is named for General Edward Braddock (1695–1755). Current Lieutenant Governor Democrat John Fetterman was mayor from 2005 to 2019.

References

Boroughs in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
John Fetterman

John Fetterman (born August 15, 1969) is an American politician. He is the 34th and current Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania since 2019. He was the Mayor of Braddock, Pennsylvania from 2005 to 2019.

He won the Braddock mayoral primary election in 2005 by a single vote, and was re-elected in 2009, 2013, and 2017.

As mayor, Fetterman became known for trying to modernize the economy in Braddock, with an article in The New York Times, an appearance on Comedy Central's The Colbert Report, and a Levi's jeans ad. He has made equality, environmental protection, gay rights, immigration, and marijuana legalization major campaign issues.

Fetterman ran for the United States Senate in 2016, but was lost in the Democratic primary. Fetterman was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania in the 2018 election against Republican Jeff Bartos. He won the general election in November 2018 along with Tom Wolf as Governor.

Fetterman supported Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election.

Fetterman announced an exploratory committee to run for the United States Senate in the 2022 election in January. On February 8, 2021, he officially entered the U.S. Senate race.

References

1969 births
Living people
American mayors
Harvard University alumni
Lieutenant Governors of Pennsylvania
US Democratic Party politicians
Shridath Ramphal

Sir Shridath Surendranath "Sonny" Ramphal (born 3 October 1928) is a Guyanese politician. He was the second Commonwealth Secretary-General, from 1975 to 1990. He was the Foreign Minister of Guyana, from 1972 to 1975, and Assistant Attorney General of the West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962.

Ramphal is an Earth Charter International Commission member.

References

Other websites

Transcript of the interview, part one
Transcript of the interview, part two
The Ramphal Institute - Official website for the continuation of the work of Sir Shridath Ramphal: promoting good governance, economic development and social justice around the world.

1928 births
Living people
Diplomats
Guyanese politicians
Commonwealth Secretaries-General
Emeka Anyaoku

Chief Emeka Anyaoku, GCVO, CFR, CON (born 18 January 1933) is a Nigerian politician. He was the third Commonwealth Secretary-General. He is also a vice-president of the Royal Commonwealth Society.

Career 
Emeka Anyaoku joined the Commonwealth Development Corporation in 1959 and In early 1962, Anyaoku came in contact with Sir Abubakar Tafawa Belewa (Prime Minister of Nigeria)

References

1933 births
Living people
Nigerian politicians
Commonwealth Secretaries-General
Commonwealth Secretary-General

The Commonwealth Secretary-General is the head of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the central body which has served the Commonwealth of Nations since its establishment in 1965. They are responsible for representing the Commonwealth publicly.

The Commonwealth Secretary-General should not be confused with the Head of the Commonwealth, who is currently Elizabeth II.

List of Secretaries-General

References
Arnold Smith

Arnold Cantwell Smith (January 18, 1915 – February 7, 1994) was a Canadian diplomat. He was the first Commonwealth Secretary-General, serving from 1965 to 1975.

In 1975 he was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour. In 1984, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for "a long and distinguished diplomatic career".

Other websites
 Arnold Cantwell Smith at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1915 births
1994 deaths
Canadian politicians
Canadian diplomats
Commonwealth Secretaries-General
Don McKinnon

Sir Donald Charles McKinnon (born 27 February 1939) is a New Zealand politician. He is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand. He was the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2000 until 2008.

References

Other websites

Profile: Don McKinnon - BBC news
The Global Panel Foundation

1939 births
Living people
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Commonwealth Secretaries-General
Kamalesh Sharma

Kamalesh Sharma, GCVO (born 30 September 1941) is an Indian diplomat. He was the 5th Secretary General of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2008 to 2016. He served as the High Commissioner for India in London.

References

1941 births
Living people
Indian politicians
Commonwealth Secretaries-General
Patricia Scotland

Patricia Janet Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal  (born 19 August 1955) is an English politician and barrister. She served in ministerial positions within the UK Government, mainly as the  Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland. In 2015, she was elected the 6th Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations and took office on 1 April 2016. She is the first woman to hold the post.

She is a dual citizen of the United Kingdom and Dominica.

References

1955 births
Living people
Dominica people
English politicians
Commonwealth Secretaries-General
Commonwealth Chair-in-Office

The Commonwealth Chair-in-Office (CIO) is the chief executive and presiding officer of the Commonwealth of Nations, and is one of the main leadership positions in the Commonwealth.  It is held by the host chairperson of the previous Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), and is maintained until the next CHOGM.

List of Chairs-in-Office

Elizabeth II (1999–present)

References
Olusegun Obasanjo

Chief Olusegun Mathew Okikiola Aremu Obasanjo, GCFR, Ph.D.
(;  born 5 May 1937) is a Nigerian politicians and general. He was President of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007. He was a military ruler from 13 February 1976 to 1 October 1979, and a democratically elected president from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007.

From July 2004 to January 2006, Obasanjo also was Chairperson of the African Union.

In August 2021, the African Union appointed Olusegun Obasanjo as High Representative for Peace in the Horn of Africa.

References

Other websites
Olusegun Obasanjo Related News

1937 births
Living people
Presidents of Nigeria
Generals
African Union chairpersons
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Lawrence Gonzi

Lawrence Gonzi  (born 1 July 1953) is a Maltese politician. He served for twenty-five years in Maltese politics.  Gonzi was Prime Minister of Malta from 2004 to 2013, and leader of the Nationalist Party. He also served as speaker of the House from 1988 to 1996, and Minister of Social Policy from 1998 to 2004, as well as Deputy Prime Minister from 1999 to 2004.

References

1953 births
Living people
Lawyers
Prime Ministers of Malta
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Maithripala Sirisena

Pallewatte Gamaralalage Maithripala Yapa Sirisena   (; ; ; born 3 September 1951) is a Sri Lankan politician and the 7th President of Sri Lanka from January 2015 through November 2019.

Notes

References

1951 births
Living people
Presidents of Sri Lanka
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Joseph Muscat

Joseph Muscat (born January 22, 1974) is a Maltese politician. He was Prime Minister of Malta from 2013 through 2020. He is also the Leader of the Partit Laburista (PL) since June 2008. Muscat was re-elected as Prime Minister in 2017.

He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2008. He was Leader of the Opposition from October 2008 to March 2013.

He has been seen as a controversial politician due to broken promises and corruption. His cabinet has been linked to the murder of journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia.

In December 2019, Muscat announced he would resign on January 12, 2020. He resigned on January 13, 2020.

References

1974 births
Living people
Former MEPs
Prime Ministers of Malta
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
MEPs for Malta
Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici

Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici (born 17 July 1933) is a Maltese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Malta from December 1984 to May 1987. He is a member of the Labour Party.

References

1933 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Malta
Eddie Fenech Adami

Edoardo "Eddie" Fenech Adami  (born 7 February 1934) is a Maltese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Malta from 1987 until 1996, and again from 1998 until 2004. He was the seventh President of Malta from 2004 to 2009. He is pro-European, Fenech Adami is the longest serving Maltese prime minister since Malta's independence, and was important for Malta being part of the European Union.

References

1934 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Malta
Presidents of Malta
Alfred Sant

Alfred Sant  (born 28 February 1948) is a Maltese politician and a novelist. He led the Labour Party from 1992 to 2008. He served as Prime Minister of Malta between 1996 and 1998 and as Leader of the Opposition from 1992 to 1996 and from 1998 to 2008.

References

1948 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Malta
European Union politicians
MEPs for Malta
Prime Minister of Malta

The Prime Minister of Malta () is the Head of Government, which is the highest official of Malta. The office of "Head of Ministry" was created as soon as Malta was granted autonomous government in 1921.

Appointment
The President of Malta, who heads the Executive branch, appoints the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister advises the President on the appointment of the other Ministers.

Role
As minister in his own right the Prime Minister is responsible for a number of departments of government. The Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) has been based at the Auberge de Castille in Valletta since 1972, playing a central role in decision-making apart from being the administrative headquarters of the Government.

Living former prime ministers

References
President of Malta

The President of Malta () is the head of state of Malta. The President is appointed by a resolution of the House of Representatives of Malta for a five-year term, taking an oath to "preserve, protect and defend" the Constitution. 

The President of Malta also resides directly or indirectly in all three branches of the state. They are part of Parliament and responsible for the appointment of the judiciary. They also help appoint the Prime Minister.

List of presidents
Status

Living former heads of state
 there are five living former Maltese Heads of State:

References
Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca

Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, KUOM (born 7 December 1958) is a Maltese politician. She was the 9th President of Malta from April 2014 to April 2019. She served as a member of the Labour Party, she was a Member of Parliament in the Parliament of Malta from 1998 to 2014, and served as the Minister of the Family and Social Solidarity from March 2013 to March 2014.

References

1958 births
Living people
Presidents of Malta
Ugo Mifsud Bonnici

Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, KUOM (born 8 November 1932) is a Maltese politician. He was the fifth President of Malta from 4 April 1994 until the same day in 1999.

References

1932 births
Living people
Presidents of Malta
George Abela

George Abela (born 22 April 1948) is a Maltese politician. He was President of Malta from April 2009 to April 2014. His son, Robert Abela, is the 14th Prime Minister of Malta.

References

1948 births
Living people
Presidents of Malta
Maltese lawyers
Qormi

Qormi ( ;  in the Qormi dialect), also known by its title Città Pinto, is a city in the Southern Region of Malta, located southwest of Valletta in the centre of the island. It has a population of 16,779 (as of March 2014), which makes it the fifth largest locality in Malta.

References

Cities in Malta
Birgu

Birgu ( , ), also known by its title Città Vittoriosa, is an old city on the south side of the Grand Harbour in the South Eastern Region of Malta. In the 1950s, it was the de-facto capital city of Malta.

Other websites
 

Cities in Malta
Cospicua

Cospicua ( ), also known by its titles Città Cospicua or Civitas Cottonera, is a city in the South Eastern Region of Malta. With Birgu and Senglea, it is one of the Three Cities, located within the Grand Harbour to the east of the capital city Valletta. 

With a population of 5,395 as of March 2014, it is the most dense city of the Three Cities.

The Maltese name "Bormla" or Burmula comes from Bir Mula that means [the] well of the Lord.

References

Cities in Malta
Settlements established in the 18th century
Three Cities

The Three Cities is a description of the three cities of Birgu, Senglea and Cospicua in Malta. The oldest of the Three Cities is Birgu, which has existed since the Middle Ages. The other two cities, Senglea and Cospicua, were both founded by the Order of Saint John in the 16th and 17th centuries. They are surrounded by the Cottonera Lines.

Together, the Three Cities have a total population of 10,808 people as of March 2014.

References

Geography of Malta
Grand Harbour

The Grand Harbour, also known as the Port of Valletta, is a natural harbour on the island of Malta. It has been modified over the years with docks, wharves, and fortifications.

References

Geography of Malta
Ports and harbours of Europe
Mdina

Mdina a city in the Northern Region of Malta. It served as the island's capital until the medieval period. The city is still build within its walls, and has a population of just under 300.

References

Cities in Malta
Victoria, Gozo

Victoria (, meaning "the city Victoria"), also known among the native Maltese as Rabat (which is the name of the old town centre) or by its title Città Victoria, is the capital city of Gozo, the second largest island of Malta. The city has a total population of 6,901 (as of March 2014).

References

Cities in Malta
Gozo

Gozo (; , , formerly Gaulos) is an island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of Malta. It is the second-largest island in Malta. Gozo is more rural and known for its scenic hills, which are featured on its coat of arms.

References

Islands of Malta
Malta (island)

Malta is the largest of the three major islands. It is sometimes referred to as Valletta. Malta is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea directly south of Italy and north of Libya. The island is  long and  wide.  The capital is Valletta. The island is made up of many small towns.

Notes

Islands of Malta
Comino

Comino (), formerly called Ephaestia, is a small island of the Maltese archipelago between the islands of Malta and Gozo in the Mediterranean Sea. It is  in area. It has a population of only three residents, following the death of the fourth resident in 2017.

References

Islands of Malta
Cominotto

Cominotto (), sometimes referred to as Cominetto, is a Mediterranean island of the northern coast of Malta. The island is uninhabited, meaning no one lives here. It measures only  in area it is the second largest uninhabited island of Malta, Cominoto lies  to the north west of Comino.

Islands of Malta
Uninhabited islands
Filfla

Filfla is a small uninhabited islet  south of Malta, and is the most southerly point of the Maltese Archipelago. filflu (or filfluu), a small rocky islet some  southwest of Filfla, has the southernmost point of Malta.

References

Islands of Malta
St Paul's Island

St Paul's Island (Maltese: Il-Gżejjer ta' San Pawl), also known as Selmunett, is a small island off Selmun near the north-east of the main island of Malta. St Paul's Island is sometimes split into two islands and it is sometimes called to in the plural as St Paul's Islands. 

St Paul's Island has been uninhabited since World War II, and it is the second  largest uninhabited island of Malta, having an area of .

There are many shipwrecks on the island.

References

Islands of Malta
Uninhabited islands