cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rheine

Rheine is a city in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the biggest city in the district.

Geography 
Rheine is on the river Ems, about 40 kilometers north of Münster, about 45 kilometers west of Osnabrück and 45 kilometers east of Enschede (Netherlands).

Division of the town 
Rheine consists of 15 districts:

Neighbouring municipalities 
 Salzbergen
 Spelle
 Hörstel
 Emsdetten 
 Neuenkirchen

History 
Although a lot of people have lived in the area around the city since prehistorical times, Rheine was first mentioned in a document signed by Louis the Pious only in 838. On 15 August 1327 it got its town charter from Louis II, Bishop of Münster. 

The settlement was founded by reason of two old merchant roads crossing nearby, as well as a ford crossing the river Ems. Frankish soldiers secured this strategic point by a barrack yard at first. Later a church and more buildings were added to this outpost. 

In the end of Thirty Years' War the city burned down almost completely. Swedish and Hessian troops besieged imperial soldiers who entrenched themselves in Rheine. On 20th/21st September and 19th October 1647 glowing cannonballs set fire to the city, 365 houses got razed.

During the industrialisation textile industry prospered. It continued to be an important economical factor until the second half of the 20th century. Today engineering industries and services form the largest part of economy in Rheine.

Twin towns 
  Borne (Netherlands) -- since 1983
  Bernburg (Saale) (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) -- since 1990
  Leiria (Portugal) -- since 1996
  Trakai (Lithuania) -- since 1996

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 Association for Rheine's twin towns

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Steinfurt Rural District
Recke

Recke is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography 
Recke is about 20 km north-east of Rheine and 25 km north-west of Osnabrück.

Municipalities near Recke 
 Ibbenbüren
 Hopsten
 Mettingen 
 Voltlage
 Neuenkirchen

Twin town
  Ommen (Overijssel, Netherlands)

References

Other websites

 Official site 

Steinfurt Rural District
Bryggen

Bryggen (Norwegian for the Wharf), also known as Tyskebryggen (the German Wharf), is a series of Hanseatic commercial buildings found on the eastern side of the fjord coming into Bergen, Norway. Bryggen is on the UNESCO list for World Heritage sites. The name has the same origin as the Flemish city of Brugge.

World Heritage Sites in Europe
Buildings and structures in Norway
Westerkappeln

Westerkappeln is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is about 15 km north-west of Osnabrück.

References

Other websites

Steinfurt Rural District
Osnabrück (district)

Osnabrück () is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is near the districts of Emsland, Cloppenburg, Vechta and Diepholz, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (districts of Minden-Lübbecke, Herford, Gütersloh, Warendorf and Steinfurt) and the City of Osnabrück.

History 
The district is almost the same as the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück which existed until 1803. When the clerical states of Germany were dissolved, Osnabrück became part of the Kingdom of Hanover, which in turn fell to Prussia in 1866. The district was established in 1972 by merging four old districts (Osnabrück, Melle, Bersenbrück, Wittlage).

Geography 
The landscape is characterised by two mountain chains: the Wiehengebirge in the north and the northern foothills of the Teutoburg Forest in the south. These chains go around the City of Osnabrück.

Coat of arms

Cities and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website
Michelle Branch

Michelle Jacquet Branch-Landau (born July 2, 1983) is a singer from the United States. She writes songs and plays the guitar. She made her first album, Broken Bracelet, in 2000, and released the platinum-selling albums The Spirit Room and Hotel Paper in August 2001 and June 2003, respectively. During this period, she worked with Carlos Santana on the single "The Game of Love", which won a Grammy Award. In 2004, she formed the musical duo The Wreckers with fellow musician Jessica Harp.

References

1983 births
Living people
Singers from Arizona
Scanning electron microscope

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons in producing a variety of signals at the surface of a solid specimen. The signals produced by the interacting electrons contain useful information such as the shape, atomic structure and conductivity.

Introduction
When an electron hits the surface, it may be reflected (backscattered), absorbed, or conducted away. Electrons that are absorbed can cause the atom that they hit to become unstable, forcing it to give off another electron (a secondary electron), or to give off light in order to stabilize. Different detectors, for the different types of reactions, may be fitted to an electron microscope, depending on what is being looked for.

The magnification that can be achieved in a scanning electron microscope depends on how narrow the beam of electrons that strikes the surface can be, and can reach 1 nanometer, about the size of 3 to 5 atoms. The control of the beam is achieved using magnetic fields, with other magnetic fields being used to shape the beam, and to move it across the sample. The range of magnification may range from 30x to as high as 500,000x.

Sample
The electron beam is affected by air and water molecules, so the sample must be placed in a vacuum. The sample must also be conductive to allow the electrons not reflected or absorbed to be conducted away. This gives some limits on the type of sample that can be used. In the case of samples from plants or animals, it often means that they must first be coated in gold before they can be placed in the microscope. This is done in order to preserve the sample and keep it from changing or decaying throughout the scanning process.

Components
The scanning electron microscope is made up of several components:

1. The electron gun is located at the very top or bottom of an SEM and is used to fire a beam of electrons at the object that we are looking at under SEM.

2. The lenses are used to focus electron beams so that we can get clear and detailed images of the examined object. They are not made of glass, but they are made of magnets that change the path of electrons created from the electron gun.

3. The sample chamber is the area where the specimen of interest is examined under SEM. As the technique is very sensitive, the chamber must be very sturdy and have no vibrations happen. This is to allow for the specimen to be kept very still in order for the SEM to produce good images.

4. The detector is the "eyes" of the microscope. It is able to produce the most detailed images of a specimen's surface. Many different detectors can be used depending upon the information wanted from the sample used.

5. The vacuum chamber is used to keep the electron beam from constant interference from air. The air particles are bad for electron beams in that the electrons would be knocked out of the air and onto the specimen, which will produce bad distorted surfaces of the specimen.

Microscopes
Leporidae

Leporidae is a mammal family in the order Lagomorpha. It has about 60 species of rabbits and hares. The animals of the family Leporidae are called Leporids. The names "rabbit" and "hare" are not names of separate biological groups, but are "randomly" given to different leporid species.

Taxonomy 
 Family Leporidae
 Genus Brachylagus
 Pygmy Rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis
 Genus Bunolagus
 Riverine Rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis
 Genus Caprolagus
 Hispid Hare, Caprolagus hispidus
 Genus Lepus (true hares, ca. 30 species)
 Antelope Jackrabbit, Lepus alleni
 Cape Hare, Lepus capensis
 European Hare, Lepus europaeus
 Granada Hare, Lepus granatensis
 Mountain Hare, Lepus timidus
 White-tailed Jackrabbit, Lepus townsendii
 Genus Nesolagus
 Annamite Striped Rabbit, Nesolagus timminsi
 Sumatran Striped Rabbit, Nesolagus netscheri
 Genus Oryctolagus
 European Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (includes the domestic rabbit)
 Genus Pentalagus
 Amami Rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi
 Genus Poelagus
 Bunyoro Rabbit, Poelagus marjorita
 Genus Pronolagus
 Natal Red Rock Hare, Pronolagus crassicaudatus
 Jameson's Red Rock Hare, Pronolagus randensis
 Smith's Red Rock Hare, Pronolagus rupestris
 Genus Romerolagus
 Volcano Rabbit, Romerolagus diazi
 Genus Sylvilagus (Cottontail rabbits, ca. 14 species)
 Swamp Rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus
 Brush Rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani
 Tapeti, Sylvilagus brasiliensis

Other websites 

Lagomorphs
Casimir III of Poland

Casimir III the Great () (April 30, 1310 – November 5, 1370) was the King of Poland from 1333 until 1370. He was the son of Wladyslaw I the Short. He was the last king of the Piast dynasty, his daughter Jadwiga having married the Lithuanian duke Wladyslaw Jagiello.

Casimir III is the only Polish king to ever receive the title of "the Great". His reign was a time of prosperity and growth for the Polish kingdom. He focused on the economy and strengthening of the country and not on wars and expansion. He kept peace with the Teutonic Order during his reign, for he knew that Poland was weak and would not survive the confrontation with the knights. Because of that, he focused his attention on the south-eastern borders of the country and expanded there. In 1340, he conquered Red Ruthenia (Lviv along with it) from Hungary. Various trade laws created by him made it easier for Polish cities to gather more wealth. Cracow and Lviv gained in importance during his reign.

Curiosities 
 There is a proverb about the king: "Zastał Polskę drewnianą, a zostawił murowaną" (When he ascended Poland was wooden, when he left us, it was from stone) – he had raised many castles during his reign.
 The old Jewish part of Cracow is called "Kazimierz". It was one of the many cities established by the king.

Other websites 
 Poland during the reign of king Casimir III 

1310 births
1370 deaths
Kings of Poland
Piast dynasty
Thunbergia

Thunbergia Retz. is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and southern Asia. Its members are known by various names, including thunbergias; clockvine on its own usually refers to Thunbergia grandiflora, while Thunbergia alata is often known as Black-eyed Susan vine or just Black-eyed Susan (not to be confused with other flowers called Black-eyed Susan). Orange clockvine is the name of Thunbergia gregorii.

Thunbergia was named for Carl Peter Thunberg.

References 

Acanthaceae
The Pillows

The Pillows (or the pillows) is a Japanese rock band made in 1989. They sang FLCL's theme song.

Members 
 Sawao Yamanaka - vocals, guitar, the leader.
 Yoshiaki Manabe - guitar.
 Shinichirou Sato - drums.
 Jun Suzuki - bass.

Albums 
 Moon Gold (1991)
 White Incarnation (1992)
 Kool Spice (1994)
 Living Field (1995)
 Please Mr. Lostman (1997)
 Little Busters (1998)
 Runners High (1999)
 Happy Bivouac (1999)
 Smile (2001)
 Thank You, My Twilight (2002)
 Penalty Life (ペナルティーライフ, 2003)
 90's My Life Returns (2004)
 Good Dreams (2004)
 My Foot (2006)
 Wake Up! Wake Up! Wake Up! (2007)
 Pied Piper (2008)

Other websites 
 Official website

Japanese musical groups
People from Hokkaido
Rio Negro (Amazon)

The Rio Negro is a river which flows through the Amazon rainforest in north-western Brazil, in the state of Amazonas.

It is the largest blackwater river in the world. It is called Negro (Spanish and Portuguese for "black") because its waters are colored by particles of humus, which make them look much like tea.

The Rio Negro is the largest tributary of the Amazon on the left-hand side (as it goes towards the sea). It starts in Colombia and ends in the Amazon basin.

Rio Negro has a very high species richness. About 700 fish species have been documented in the river basin, and it is estimated that the total is 800–900 fish species, including almost 100 endemics and several undescribed species. Among these are many that are important in the aquarium trade, including the cardinal tetra.

References 

Rivers of Brazil
Rivers of Venezuela
Rivers of Colombia
Castella

Castella (Kasutera in Japanese) is a sponge cake produced in Japan. It is made of sugar, flour, eggs, and starch syrup, very common at festivals and as a street food.
It was originally produced in Portugal during medieval times, and when the Portuguese reached Japan they gave some of it to the Japanese nobility. The name is derived from Portuguese Pão de Castela which means "bread of Spain".

Cakes
Mallow, County Cork

Mallow (Irish Mala "plain of the rock") is the "Crossroads of Munster" and the administrative capital of north County Cork, in the Republic of Ireland. The Northern Divisional Offices of Cork County Council are in the town.

Towns in Ireland
County Cork
Krishnadevaraya

Sri Krishnadevaraya (, , 1509-1529 CE) was the most famous king of Vijayanagara Empire. He ruled the Vijayangara empire at the most important time. He is considered to be one of the great kings of India. Emperor Krishnadevaraya also earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (ಕನ್ನಡರಾಜ್ಯರಮಾರಮಣ), Moorurayaraganda (ಮೂರುರಾಯರಗಂಡ) (what means King of three kings) and Andhra Bhoja (ఆంధ్రభోజ). Much of our information about his reign comes from the accounts of Portuguese travelers Domingos Paes and Nuniz. King krishnadeva Ray and was the 3rd and the greatest ruler of the Tulava empire 

Paes describes the king's attitude to law and order by the sentence, "The king maintains the law by killing."  Offences against property (designed to maintain stability) and for murder ranged from cutting of a foot and hand for theft and beheading for murder (except for those occurring as a result of duel). Paes could not estimate the size of Vijaynagar as his view was obscured by the hills but estimated the city to be at least as large as Rome. Furthermore, he considered Vijaynagar to be "the best provided city in the world" with a population of not less than a half a million.

Paes praises Krishnadevaraya as, “the most feared and perfect King… a great ruler and a man of much justice”. 

The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of good literature in many languages. But it is known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many  Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishnadevaraya was fluent in many languages.

References
 Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, Fourth Edition, pgs. 306-307, and 312-313.
 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
 Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

Other websites
 The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
 (Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati) 
 Statutes of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati. 
 http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm  (gold coins during his reign.)
 Hampi - History and Tourism
 Incredible India Hampi Guide 
 A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga" written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell).''available freely at Project Gutenberg

1509 births
1529 deaths
Indian monarchs
Kings and queens
Tocantins River

The Tocantins River is a river that flows through the northeastern part of Brazil. It rises in the district with a lot of mountains known as the Pireneus.  These can be found to the west of the Federal District. Its western tributary, the Araguaia River, has headwaters very far south on the slopes of the Serra dos Caiapós.

Rivers of Brazil
Bukka

Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE) (also known as Bukka Raya I was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Bukka patronised Telugu poet Nachana Soma.
It is said that Bukka also sent a mission to China during his reign.

Important works of literature were also written during his rule. Dozens of scholars lived under the guidance of Vidyaranya and Sayana. Sayana's commentary on the Vedas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas was written under the patronage of Bukka.

References
 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
 Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003.

Other websites
AP Online: Medieval history 

Emperors and empresses
Indian monarchs
1356 births
1377 deaths
McGill University

McGill University or just McGill is an English language university in Montreal, Canada. It was created in 1821, few years before the country Canada existed. McGill University ranks first in Canada for 16 consecutive years according to Maclean's University Rankings.

References

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Canada
1821 establishments in North America
1820s establishments in Canada
Montreal
Renault Koleos

The Renault Koleos is the second SUV from Renault after the Renault Scénic RX4. It was first presented on the Geneva Motorshow in the year 2000, then on the "Autosalon Paris" 2006. It was designed by Patrick le Quément (chief designer) and developed by Nissan.

This car is 4520 mm long, 1890 mm wide and 1700 mm high and has a weight of 1800 kg.

Other websites

Sport utility vehicles
Koleos
Busan
Beagle

The Beagle is a breed of small to medium-sized dog. It is a Hound, and it has short legs and long, soft ears. Beagles are mostly developed for hunting and finding hare, rabbit, and other kinds of game. They can do this because they can smell well and have very quick instincts. They are also popular as pets because of their good size, sweet temper, and health. This kind of character also makes them be used very much for animal testing. 

Beagles can have coats of different colors. Some variations can be tri-colored, orange, red, or lemon, although they are widely known for sporting the tri-colored look (Black, brown, and white). They usually have brown eyes.

Although beagle-type dogs have existed for over 2,000 years, the modern kind came from Great Britain around the 1830s.

Beagles have been included in popular culture since the times when Queen Elizabeth began to rule, in literature and paintings, and more recently in movie, television and comic books. Snoopy of the comic strip Peanuts has been picked as "the world's most famous beagle".

History

Early beagles 
Dogs that look almost the same as the modern Beagle can be traced in Ancient Greece
back to around the 5th century BC. In the Treatise on Hunting or Cynegeticus, written by Xenophon, who said there was a hound that hunted hares by scent and was followed by foot. Small hounds were mentioned in the Forest Laws. If these laws were true, it would be enough proof that beagle-type dogs lived in England before 1016, but it is likely that the laws were written in the Middle Ages for tradition. 

In the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the Talbot hound to Britain. The Talbot was a white, slow hound. Once, English Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to make them faster in running. They are extinct now, but once they had made the Southern Hound more popular, which helped the Southern Hound descend to the Beagle.

From medieval times, beagle was used as a general description for small hounds, even though they are actually very different from the modern breed. Small breeds of beagle-type dogs were living even from the times of Edward II and Henry VII. Edward and Henry both had packs of Glove Beagles, who were named because of their small size. Also, Queen Elizabeth I kept a breed known as a Pocket Beagle, which stood  at the shoulder. It was named so because it could fit in a "pocket" or saddlebag, when they rode along on the hunt. Elizabeth I called the dogs her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates and cups. Ever since then, it is possible that the name was used to refer to the same kind of small hounds. In George Jesse's Researches into the History of the British Dog from 1866, Gervase Markham is quoted referring to the Beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand and to the:

References 

Dog breeds
N. T. Rama Rao

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (Telugu:నందమూరి తారక రామా రావు)(28 May 1923–18 January 1996), more commonly known as N.T. Rama Rao, NTR by his fans, or Anna garu, was an Indian movie actor, director, producer, and politician. He founded the Telugu Desam Party and served three times as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His movies included mythological, social, and folk themes. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in the 1960s for his work in Telugu cinema. After acting, Rao became a political activist and party leader.

References 

1923 births
1996 deaths
Indian actors
Indian movie directors
Indian movie producers
Indian politicians
Piast dynasty

The Piast dynasty was a Polish dynasty that ruled Poland as first lords in the 10th century, until 1370. Piasts ruled also in Masovia until 1526 and Silesia until 1675.

List of Polish rulers from Piast dynasty
M-Tram

M>Tram was a tram operator in Melbourne, Victoria. They got a 12-year contract on 29 August, 1999 to run the Swanston Trams franchise, which was later renamed to M>Train. M>Tram stopped running trams in April 2004. Yarra Trams runs all tram services in Melbourne now. M>Tram's slogan was Moving Melbourne.

Related pages
 M>Train

References 

Public transport in Melbourne
Australian transport companies
Scrooge McDuck

Scrooge McDuck or Uncle Scrooge is a fictional character first appearing in the Disney comic book Christmas on Bear Mountain. The character was created by Carl Barks and has appeared in many comic books, television shows (most notably in his own animated television series DuckTales) movies, and video games. Since 1952 Scrooge McDuck has appeared in his own comic book series, called Uncle Scrooge. He is partially based on the fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge, from Charles Dickens' novel, A Christmas Carol and on the real Scottish-born American businessman Andrew Carnegie, whose life story resembles that of Scrooge McDuck. 

Scrooge was born in Scotland in 1867, the son of Fergus McDuck. His family is very poor, so Scrooge emigrates to USA where he finds gold and becomes rich. In 1902 he moves to Duckburg and builds the Money Bin on Killmotor Hill in the center of Duckburg. Over the next years, Scrooge travels the world, learning about many cultures. In 1930, Scrooge became the richest duck on Earth. 

In 1942, Scrooge retires and buys a mansion called the Manor McDuck. In 1947, he invites his nephew Donald Duck and his grand-nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie to spend Christmas at his mansion. His main enemies include the criminal gang called the Beagle Boys who keep trying to steal Scrooge's money, and Flintheart Glomgold, the second richest duck in the world, who tries to destroy Scrooge's wealth and become the richest duck in the world. 

Despite his huge wealth, Scrooge does not like to spend his money, and instead likes to swim in his "Money Bin" full of coins. Although he is well-meaning and cares about his relatives and other people, he reluctantly gives allowance to his grand-nephews, with the condition that they spend it wisely.

References

Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s
Fictional ducks
Disney characters
Money Bin

Money Bin is a fictional building that Scrooge McDuck owns. The building was constructed in 1902, after Scrooge entered the diamond market.

The building contains all of Scrooge's fortune, which is 'quadrillions' of dollars. The old duck also owns factories, mines, railroads, oil wells and spaceships. 

The building appears on Ducktales, The Life and times of Scrooge McDuck, and Ducktales the movie.

Fictional buildings and structures
DuckTales

en:Duck universe#Money Bin
Resurrection Ship

The Cylon Resurrection Ship is a fictional type of spacecraft found in the television series Battlestar Galactica. The ship is a part of Cylon fleet.

Cylons who are killed have their consciousness downloaded into a nearby resurrection ship. A new body is created for their consciousness. This lets them live again after they die. If a cylon is too far away from the nearest resurrection ship, death will be permanent. With nowhere for the consciousness to download to, they will simply cease to exist.

Battlestar Galactica
DIY

DIY or Do it yourself is a method of home improvement, where the home owner gets materials and tools for themself, then does the work on their own, without professional help.
 
DIY can also mean using any skill to do work or a hobby for fun and not hire help. An example is an activity in arts and crafts. A DIY culture is also used in the alternative rock, punk rock, and indie rock music scenes; and in the zine community. 
Construction
Culture
Boleslaw I of Poland

Bolesław I the Brave (Polish Bolesław I Chrobry) (967 - June 17, 1025) was the duke of Poland from 992 to April 18, 1025 and King of Poland from April 18 to June 17, 1025.He was also a duke of Bohemia known as Boleslav IV from 1003 to 1004. He was the son of Mieszko I, first known ruler of Poland.

Conquests
Boleslav wasn't aggressive as long as his friend - the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire lived. After his death in 1002, Boleslav started the imperial policy. During the chaos in Reich, duke conquered the border areas : Lusatia and Meissen. When finally Henry II took over the German Throne, he accepted annexiation of Lusatia, giving it to Bolslav as a fiefdom, and giving Meissen to his ally - Gunzelin. In 1003 the duke of Bohemia - Vladivoj, died. This death caused intervention in Czechia, where Boleslav put on the throne Boleslav III, that was banished before. In the same year, probably thanks to requests of the czech oposition, Boleslav (Polish one) put out the Boleslav's (Czech one) eyes and become the Duke of Bohemia himself. He wouldn't like to pay tribute to the German Emperor, like did the czech dukes, and that was an excuse, that started Polish - German War from 1003 -1018.

We know 7 children of Bolesław I. Two of them, Mieszko II Lambert and Bezprym ruled Poland after his death.

Interesting Facts 
 The King introduced new law - any man that will sleep with multiple woman will be taken to the bridge and his private areas will be nailed to it. Then he will be left with knife and choice - either die on the bridge over the time or cut himself. This simple rule caused - until now pogan - culture to promote sacred life with one partner only.
 Image of Bolesław the Brave is on 20 zlotys paper money

References 

967 births
1025 deaths
Polish dukes
Kings of Poland
Piast dynasty
All Grown Up!

All Grown Up! was a Nickelodeon animated television series. It was set in California. It was a spin-off of the Rugrats series. The series was about the original Rugrats characters being nine to thirteen years older. It was first shown on April 12, 2003.

Characters

Children 
Thomas "Tommy" Malcolm Pickles, American person of Russian and French descent, leader, filmmaker, songwriter, play-writer, keyboardist, singer
Dylan "Dil" Prescott Pickles, dancer, keyboardist, singer, songwriter
Charles "Chuckie" Crandall Finster, drummer, best friend of Tommy
Kimberly "Kimi" Watanabe-Finster (friend of Tommy), tomboy, best friend of Susie
 Phil and Lil DeVille (friends of Tommy)
Angelica Charlotte Pickles (tomboyish cousin and frenemy of Tommy), singer
Susanna "Susie" Yvonne Carmichael (friend of Tommy), singer, best friend of Kimi
Harold Frumkin, guitarist

Adults 
Didi and Stu Pickles
Chas Finster
Kira Finster
Betty and Howard DeVille
Drew Pickles
Charlotte Pickles

2003 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
2000s American television series
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
Television series set in California
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Randalstown

Randalstown is a town in County Antrim in Northern Ireland.

One famous person who came from Randalstown is the suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams, born in 1899.

Towns in Northern Ireland
Settlements in County Antrim
Connex Melbourne

Connex was a train operator in Melbourne, Australia. They ran all Melbourne railway lines, and took over all M-Train services on April 16, 2003, however Metro Trains Melbourne took over all Connex's services on November 30, 2009. All Connex services used the Metcard fare system.

Other websites 
Official website

Australian transport companies
Public transport in Melbourne
Rail transport in Australia
Battlestar Galactica

Battlestar Galactica is a science fiction franchise. It includes two separate television series, one sequel series, movies, books, comic books, toy and other merchandise. The series are named after the main spacecraft, the Battlestar (a large type of warship in space) Galactica.

Original series
The first series was created in 1978 after the successful theater release of Star Wars. The series was shown on the American network ABC. The series lasted for eight months and 17 episodes before it ended. The cost of making the series was said to be one of the reasons for it ending. The series starred Lorne Greene as Commander Adama, captain of the Galactica. Richard Hatch played his son, the pilot Apollo. Dirk Benedict played Apollo's friend and fellow pilot, Starbuck.

In 1980, ABC made the sequel series Galactica 1980. This series took place after the fleet got to Earth. The series did not do well in the ratings and quickly ended. Several movies were made using edited version of both series.

Remake series
In 2003, Universal Television along with the Sci-Fi Channel and Sky One created a three-hour mini-series based on the original television series. This series was very well liked by both the audience and critics. This led to the Sci-Fi Channel making it into a series in 2004. After the 2007 season of Battlestar Galactica, the Nielsen ratings said that over 119 million people watched the series. This made it the highest rated and most watched series on cable networks. Edward James Olmos plays Commander William Adama. Jamie Bamber plays his son, Lee "Apollo" Adama. Katee Sackhoff plays Kara "Starbuck" Thrace. Starbuck was one of several characters to be changed from a male character into a female character.

Story
All of the Battlestar Galactica series have the same basic setting. In a far away part of the universe, a civilization of humans live on planets known as the "Twelve Colonies". In the past, the Colonies were at war with a cybernetic race known as the Cylons. With the help of a human named Gaius Baltar, the Cylons attacked on the Colonies. This surprise attack caused much damage to the planets where the humans lived and killed most of their populations. A few thousand of humans did not die in the attacks. They fled into space aboard any spacecraft they could. Of all the Colonial Fleet, the battlestar Galactica appears to be the only military ship that was not destroyed in the attack. Under the leadership of military leader Commander Adama, the Battlestar Galactica and its crew lead and protect the fleet of survivors into space in search of a fabled Thirteenth Colony and its home planet, Earth.

Other websites 
Official site 

Battlestar Wiki

Amazon.com interview with Battlestar Galactica star Katee Sackhoff

 
1978 television series debuts
1979 television series endings
Black-capped chickadee

The black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a passerine songbird of the family Paridae. It lives in Canada, Alaska and the northern United States. This is a small, common bird which sings a simple song.

Appearance 
The bird is about 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long and weighs 9-15 g (0.32-0.49 oz).

The male and female black-capped chickadees look the same. The black-capped chickadee has black and white on its head. The top of the head and throat are black, and the sides are white. It has a short, black beak.

The back of the bird is gray. The front of the body is white and light brown. The bird has short wings and a short tail.

Song 
The song of the black-capped chickadee is a clear whistle.

Behavior 
In the summer, the birds eat many insects. In the winter, they eat seeds and berries. They will hide seeds in different places and return later to eat
them. When two chickadees want to build a nest, they use a hole in a tree.

References 

Birds of North America
Passeriformes
Harihara

Harihara is the deity that combines Vishnu and Shiva. It comes from the Hindu tradition. Harihara is also sometimes used as a philosophical term when one wants to speak of the unity of Vishnu and Shiva as different aspects of the same Supreme God.

Other websites

The Position of Shiva & Vishnu

 Shiva and Vishnu as One and the Same (dlshq.org)
 The Position of Shiva and Durga in connection with Vishnu (veda.harekrsna.cz)
 Vishnu and Shiva as different aspects of the one and same God.  (Shaivite guru, Bodhinatha)

Harihara images
 Harihara - Photograph of Carving from Hoysaleshvara Temple, Halebid (art-and-archaeology.com)
 Bronze Harihara from Thailand

Hindu mythology
Harihara I

Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE) also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. He was the eldest son of Bhavana Sangama and was founder of the Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara. Immediately after coming to power, he built a fort at Barkuru, on the west coast of present day Karnataka. Kannada inscriptions of his time call him Karnataka Vidya Vilas (master of great knowledge and skills), Bhashegetappuvarayaraganda (punisher of those feudatories who do not keep their promise), Arirayavibhada (fire to enemy kings). Among his brothers, Kampana governed Nellur region, Muddppa administered Mulabagalu region, Marappa oversaw Chandragutti and Bukka Raya was his second in command.

At first he conquered the valley of Tungabhadra River, then he expanded his control to certain regions of Konkan and Malabar Coast. By that time Hoysala Empire had lost its last ruler  and Harihara I could gain power.

An inscription of 1346 speaks of Harihara I as the ruler of “whole country between the eastern and the western seas, and the inscription describes Vidya Nagara (that is, the city of learning) as his capital.

Harihara I was succeeded by Bukka I who was the most distinguished amongst the five rulers (Panchasangamas) of the Sangama dynasty.

References
 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
 Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. 

Indian monarchs
1336 births
1356 deaths
Emperors and empresses
Tibetan people

The Tibetan people () are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet. They number about 7.8 million. In 2014, there were 7.5 million Tibetans living in Tibet and the 10 Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. Large populations of Tibetans live outside of Tibet, in other parts of China, and in India, Nepal and Bhutan.

Tibetans speak the Tibetic languages. Many of these languages are cannot be understood by each other. These languages are also spoken by people in Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. The main language among Tibetans in Tibet is the Central Tibetan language.

Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism. Some practice the native Bön religion. There is a small Muslim minority.

The American botanist Joseph Rock saw the fighting between the Hui Muslim warlord Ma Qi and the Tibetan Buddhist of Labrang monastery. Even more brutal fighting broke out when war between Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian clique happened against the Guominjun warlord Feng Yuxiang in 1925, autumn. The position of Gansu governor was taken by Feng Yuxiang. Only Muslim warlords were left after many of the non-Muslim warlords were expelled by Liu Yufen's Guominjun army of 15,000 soldiers as acting governor under Feng Yuxiang. A huge amount of taxes were squeezed for Feng by Liu Yufen after an earthquake and famine brought about by drought. The in Hezhou a revolt against Liu Yufen was led in Liangzhou by Hui Muslim warlord Ma Tingxing (son of Ma Anliang) in 1928, Spring. Hui, Dongxiang and Salar Muslims were recruited to also siege Hezhou in the army of 10,000 by Ma Zhongying, who was related to Ma Qi. Ma Zhongying's Muslim soldiers were starving and numbered 25,000 by November so that attacked the Tao river valley in the south, slaughtering Tibetan Buddhist monks, burning the palace of the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing, sacking the Tibetan city of Chone and defeated Yang Jiqing's 3,000 strong Tibetan militia. Tibetan areas all across southern Gansu were laid waste to. Tibetan militias defeated Taozhou from Ma Tingxing. The Tibetans inflicted heavy casualties upon Ma Tingxian so he supposed Ma Zhongying's Muslim forces and together they ravaged and destroyed the Taozhou-Chone region destroying and burning Tibetan areas. The Muslims burned the printing presses and temple of the Tibetan Buddhists in Chone. The Muslims then looted the gompa and massacred the Tibetan Buddhist monks of the Labrang monastery after fleeting from Liu Yufen in January 1929. 2 million died in the war as villages and towns across Gansu's south and east were destroyed during the war when Ma Zhongying was fighting as Feng Yuxiang attacked him. The Chone temple and palaces were rebuilt by the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing after the 1928-1929 war. The rebellion was put down by Feng Yuxiang and Gansu became peaceful again until the 1935 when the communist Long March came.

Related pages
 Sherpa people
 Burig

References

 
Ethnic groups in China
Li people

The Hlai or Li () are an ethnic group living primarily on the island of Hainam, off the southern coast of mainland China and just east of Vietnam. The Hlai are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Chinese government.

The Hlai were known to the Sui Dynasty Chinese by the name Liliao. Presently they refer to themselves as the Hlai or Sai people. The ethnic group is called Lí in Mandarin and Lai in Cantonese.

The Hlai people have their own language. Some dialects of the Hlai language are too different from each other for people to mutually understand each other. The Hlai language is distantly related to languages such as Thai, Lao, and Cuengh. The Hlai language did not have a writing system before the 1950s, when the Latin alphabet was adopted. Some to most Hlai people nowadays can understand Mandarin and Hainanese.

Ethnic groups in China
Altes Museum

Altes Museum (German for Old Museum) is a museum in Berlin. It is on an island of the Spree River. The museum is made of Greek columns but it is not of Greek origin. It was created between 1822-1830 in a major German city.

Other websites 

 Altes Museum on GreatBuildings.com
 Altes Museum on Archiseek 
 Altes Museum on museum-location.de (in German) 

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Museums in Germany
The Sleepers

The Sleepers is a painting by Gustave Courbet. The painting was made in 1866. In it, two naked women lie on a bed.  It is typical of Courbet's later erotic paintings.  The painting is done in oil on canvas. It measures 135 cm high and 200 cm wide. It is currently in the museum Petit Palais in Paris, France. The painting is also known as The Dream (French: Le Sommeil), or Lust or The Sloth and Friends.

1860s paintings
French paintings
Religion in China

The main religions in China are Buddhism, Chinese folklore, Taoism and Confucianism among many others

Abrahamic religions are also practised. There is a Kaifeng Jewish community living in China. Also, Islam has been historically popular, introduced since the Tang Dynasty. The Hui people and Uyghur people are Muslims.

Buddhism
There are three main existing branches of buddhism: Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Theravada. The first two are in China. They come from the Mahayana.they also practise other religions and also fall under the Hindu religion

Folk Religion

Chinese folk religion is a religion that has been practised in China for thousands of years. There are at least 800,000,000 followers of Chinese folk religion worldwide (estimate). Most if not all of these followers are also followers of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, as these three philosophy-religions are major influences of China's folk religion. The influence from and to these three philosophy-religions goes to the extent that some mythical figures from folk culture have merged into those philosophy-religions and vice versa.

Chinese folk religion is made up of a combination of religious practices, including Confucianism, ancestor veneration, Buddhism and Taoism. Folk religion also retains traces of some of its ancestral neolithic belief systems which include the veneration of the Sun, Moon, Earth, Heaven and various stars,  as well as communication with animals. It has been practised alongside Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism by Chinese people throughout the world for thousands of years.

Taoism in China

Daoism, or Taoism, is a philosophy-religion that is at least 2,500 years old. It originated from China and is now widely practised in Korea.

道 Dao, also Romanized as Tao, is the "Force" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. It is very mysterious, and instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have a problem with something, it is better to find a way around it.

Some important Taoists are:
 老子 Lao Zi.  Some say he wrote Dào Dé Jīng.
 庄子 Zhuangzi. He wrote a book with stories that talk about Taoism.
 黄帝 Huang Di the Yellow Emperor. People say he was one of the first Taoists, but it is disputed whether he even existed or not.
Kim Ungyong

Kim Ung-yong (born 8 March 1962) was a Korean  child prodigy. He was able to read and write in Japanese, Korean, German and English before he turned four years old. At the age of four, on 2 November 1967, he answered differential and integral calculus questions on Japanese television, showed that he could speak German, English, Japanese and Korean, and write poetry. Kim was listed in the Guiness Book of World Records under "Highest IQ"; the book guessed the boy's score at "over 200."

Kim was a guest student of physics at Hanyang University from the age of 3 until he was 6. At the age of 7 he was invited to the United States by NASA. He finished his university studies, eventually getting a Ph.D. in physics at Colorado State University  before he was 15. In 1974, during his university studies, he began his research work at NASA and continued this work until his return to Korea in 1978.

When he returned to Korea, he decided to switch from physics to civil engineering and eventually received a doctorate in that field. Kim was offered the chance to study at the most prestigious universities in Korea, but instead chose to attend a provincial university.

As of 2007 he also serves as adjunct faculty at Chungbuk National University.

Related pages
child prodigy
genius
multilingualism

References

Other websites 
Time magazine article mentioning Ung-Yong 
Article in Korean mentioning Kim Ung-Yong (Currently Working as the Leader of the Compensation Department of the Chungcheongbuk-do Government Office of Development)

Child prodigies
South Korean people
1963 births
Living people
Hikaru

Hikaru (or Hikari) is a adaptation of , a Japanese language kanji which means "light" or "shining." It is also a given name. Some people with this given name are:

Hikaru Nakamura, a chess player
Utada Hikaru, also known as Cubic U, Utada and Hikki, a J-pop and R&B singer

Given names
Hikaru Nakamura

is the leading U.S. chess grandmaster (GM). He was born on 9 December 1987 in Japan (Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture). His parents moved to the United States of America when he was two. He has won the U.S. chess championship four times, and represented the United States of America at five Chess Olympiads.

In 2011, Nakamura won the Tata Steel Grandmaster A tournament in Wijk aan Zee. His opponents included world #1 and defending champion Magnus Carlsen, former world champion Viswanathan Anand, world #2  Levon Aronian, and former world champion Vladimir Kramnik.

References 

Child prodigies
People from Osaka Prefecture
American chess players
1987 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters

He is considered as the best chess player like Magnus Carlsen..
Quickdraw

A quickdraw is used in rock climbing for lead climbing. One end is hooked into an anchor in 
the wall. Afterwards the rope is hooked into the other end. Usually quickdraws are used every few meters. Quickdraws are made of two carabiners connected by a sling. Quickdraws can hold up to 22 kN.
The quickdraw has one straight gate carabineer and one bent gate carabineer. The bent gate carabineer should always be the one clipped to the rope. For leading and top roping at an indoor climbing wall usually a quickdraw is already attached to each of the protection points on the route. The lower carabineer, (the one with the bent gate) should be clipped so the gate is pointing away from the rope and pointing away from the climbing wall or rock face. Doing this will help prevent the quickdraw from twisting the gate into the wall. The rope should run freely through the spine of each carabineer, not along the gate. The spine is the strongest part of the carabineer.

Rock climbing
Seedling

A seedling is a small plant that grows from a seed.

Plant anatomy
Work (song)

"Work" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Kelly Rowland. It was written by Rowland, Scott Storch and Jason "Pooh Bear" Boyd and co-produced by Storch and Boyd for Rowland's second studio album, Ms. Kelly (2007). 

Following the less successful chart performances of previous singles "Like This" and "Ghetto", "Work" was released during the first quarter of 2008 (see 2008 in music) as the album's second single in most international music markets. The song has since enjoyed commercial success, becoming Rowland's best-charting solo single since her 2002 song "Stole," reaching the top of the charts in Bulgaria and Poland, as well as the top 10 in Australia, Finland, France, Ireland, Malta, Poland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "Work."
CD maxi single
 "Work" (Freemasons radio edit) - 3:11
 "Work" (album version) - 3:28
 "Work" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Radio Edit) - 3:33
 "Work" (Freemasons dub mix) - 7:09
 "Work" (Freemasons radio remix video) - 3:11

 "Work" (Freemasons radio edit) - 3:11
 "Work" (album version) - 3:28

U.S. digital EP
 "Work" (Freemasons radio edit) - 3:11
 "Work" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna radio edit) - 3:33
 "Work" (Edit) - 3:28
 "Work" (Freemasons Club Mix) - 10:37
 "Work" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna club mix) - 7:59
 "Work" (AJ Bhandary remix) - 3:10

References

Kelly Rowland songs
2008 songs