cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Brian Cox (physicist)

Brian Edward Cox OBE FRS (born 3 March 1968) is a British particle physicist. He is also a professor at the University of Manchester and a Royal Society University Research Fellow. He works on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Cox presents some BBC science television programmes the most notable being Stargazing Live and Wonders of Universe. He also presented some episodes of Horizon.

Early life
Cox was born in 1968 in Chadderton, Oldham, Lancashire. His parents worked for Yorkshire Bank, his mother as a cashier and his father as a middle-manager in the same branch. He used to be a keyboard player for pop band D:Ream in the 1990s.

References

Other websites
 
 
Personal website 

1968 births
Living people
English pop musicians
English physicists
Musicians from Lancashire
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
How to Win Friends and Influence People

How to Win Friends and Influence People is a self-help book. It was written by Dale Carnegie and first published in 1936. It is one of the best selling self-help books ever published. Since 1936, over 15 million copies have been sold worldwide.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1936 books
Non-fiction books
Jemma Palmer

Jemma "Jem" Palmer (born 10 April 1986) is an English model and professional wrestler. She was briefly signed to World Wrestling Entertainment. She is also known by the name Inferno. She used this name in the 2008 British television series Gladiators. In 2011, she became known for taking part in the twelfth series of Big Brother.

References

1986 births
Living people
Big Brother contestants
English professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Birmingham
Damien Sandow

Aaron Steven Haddad (born August 3, 1982) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in the WWE where he competed under the ring name, Damien Sandow.

He won the 2013 Money in the Bank for a World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank opportunity but became the first wrestler to outright lose his cash-in title match when he was defeated by John Cena on the October 28 episode of Raw.

Championships
Chaotic Wrestling
Chaotic Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Chaotic Wrestling Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Edward G. Xtasy)
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW 15 Championship (one time)
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Titus O'Neil)
International Wrestling Association
IWA Hardcore Championship (one time)
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Nova)
OVW Television Championship (one time)
Third OVW Triple Crown Champion
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #50 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
World Wrestling Council
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWC World Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Shawn Spears (one), Chicano (one), King Tonga Jr. (two) and Abbad (one))
WWE
Money in the Bank (2013)
WWE United States Champion (one time)

References

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
WWE wrestlers
Ulf von Euler

Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters.

1905 births
1983 deaths
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Swedish biologists
The Fighting Temptations

The Fighting Temptations is a 2003 musical drama movie with Cuba Gooding Jr., and Beyoncé Knowles.

2000s musical movies
2003 drama movies
English-language movies
American musical movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Lynn
Titus O'Neil

Thaddeus Bullard (born April 29, 1977 in Boynton Beach, Florida) better known under the ring name Titus O'Neil, is an American professional wrestler and former American football player currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

He is one half of the Prime Time Players along with Darren Young. He competed on the second season of NXT where he finished 5th and also competed on the fifth season of NXT called NXT Redemption. He played professional football in the Arena Football League for the Utah Blaze, Tampa Bay Storm, Las Vegas Gladiators and Carolina Cobras.

Championships
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Damien Sandow
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 82 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013
Rolling Stone
Most Deserved Push (2015) 
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Feud of the Year (2016) 
WWE
WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Darren Young
WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time, inaugural)
WWE Year-End Award (1 time)
Funniest Moment of the Year (2018) –

References

Other websites
Titus O'Neil at WWE.com

American professional wrestlers
1977 births
American football players
Sportspeople from Florida
Living people
Paul Bearer

William Alvin "bill" Moody (10 March 1947 - 5 March 2013) better known by his ring name “The Father of Destruction” and “The Fat Man (or Fatman)” Paul Bearer as well as Percival Pringle III, was an American professional wrestling manager and professional wrestler. He was best known for managing both The Undertaker as well as his on-screen brother, Kane in the WWF/WWE.

Moody was born on 10 April 1947 in Mobile, Alabama. He died on 5 March 2013 in Mobile, Alabama from a heart attack. Club board member of Cauliflower Alley Club "Cowboy" Bob Kelly said that during a reunion on 2 March, Moody was having trouble breathing and was also coughing. Moody said that he was going to be treated for respiratory problems and Kelly said that Moody was treated for a blood clot after the reunion.

References

Other websites

Paul Bearer at WWE.com

1954 births
2013 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from blood clot
People from Mobile, Alabama
Sportspeople from Alabama
WWE Hall of Fame
Maury Povich

Maurice Richard "Maury" Povich (born January 17, 1939) is an American television talk show host.  He hosts the tabloid talk show Maury.

Education and career 
Povich graduated from the Landon School in 1957. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 with a degree in television journalism. He hosted the 2000 revival of the television game show Twenty One.

Personal life 
Povich is married to former news anchor Connie Chung.

References

Living people
1939 births
American television talk show hosts
American game show hosts
Darwinopterus

Darwinopterus (meaning "Darwin's wing") is a genus of pterosaur, discovered in China and named after Charles Darwin. It is the first known pterosaur to display features of both long-tailed (rhamphorhynchoid) and short-tailed (pterodactyloid) pterosaurs. Darwinopterus is a transitional fossil between the two groups. 

Between 30 and 40 fossil specimens have been found, all collected from the Tiaojishan Formation, which dates to the Middle Jurassic, 160 million years ago (mya). The type species, D. modularis, was described in February 2010. 

Two additional species, D. linglongtaensis and D. robustodens, were described from the same fossil beds in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.

The specimens showed sexual dimorphism: the males had crests on their heads, and narrower hips than the females.

Mosaic features 
This genus, and its near relatives, show a combination of 'primitive' (basal) and 'advanced' (derived) pterosaurian features. This is characteristic of transitional fossils ('missing links'), and is called modular evolution or mosaic evolution.

Darwinopterus had long tails and other features of rhamphorhynchoids, they also had distinct pterodactyloid features, such as long vertebrae in the neck and a single skull opening in front of the eyes.

Eggs 
The specimen preserved along with an egg gave information on the reproductive strategies of Darwinopterus and pterosaurs in general. 

Like the eggs of later pterosaurs and modern reptiles, the eggs of Darwinopterus had a parchment-like, soft shell. In modern birds, the eggshell is hardened with calcium carbonate, completely shielding the embryo from the outside environment. Soft-shelled eggs are permeable to water, and allow significant amounts to be absorbed into the egg during development. Eggs of this type are more vulnerable to the elements and are typically buried in soil. 

David Unwin, a co-author of the paper, suggested that Darwinopterus probably laid many small eggs at a time and buried them. Juveniles could fly upon hatching, and required little to no parental care. 

These results imply that reproduction in pterosaurs was more like that in modern reptiles and significantly differed from reproduction in birds.

References 

Pterosaurs
Rubén Sierra

Rubén Sierra (b. October 6, 1965) is a retired Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player.  Sierra was an outfielder.

1965 births
American League All-Stars
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
Minnesota Twins players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Puerto Rico
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Matt Clement

Matthew Paul Clement (born August 12, 1974, in Butler, Pennsylvania) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. Clement played for the San Diego Padres, Florida Marlins, Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox. While on the Red Sox active roster, he was injured all of the 2007 season. He batted and threw right-handed.

On April 5, 2009, Clement said he was no longer going to play baseball.

References

1974 births
Living people
San Diego Padres players
Florida Marlins players
Chicago Cubs players
Boston Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Tarkovsky

Tarkovsky () is a Russian surname. The feminine form is Tarkovskaya (). A well-known person with this name was Andrei Tarkovsky, a Soviet movie director. 

Russian-language surnames
Marin County, California

Marin County, California is a county in the US state of California. It is north of the San Francisco Bay.

Notable sites
The Marin County Civic Center is a historic landmark. The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
Mount Tamalpais is  high. From the top, people can see great distances.
Muir Woods National Monument has 1000-year-old redwood trees that are over  high.
The north end of the Golden Gate Bridge is in Marin County.

Cities
Some of the cities in Marin County are:
Mill Valley
Novato
San Rafael
Sausalito

References

Other websites

 
1850 establishments in California
Dolce & Gabbana

Dolce & Gabbana, often called D&G, is an Italian fashion label. They make and sell clothes including shirts and underwear. The company was founded in Milan in 1985 by Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana.

1985 establishments in Europe

Italian fashion houses
Milan
1980s establishments in Italy
Transitional fossil

Transitional fossils (or missing links) are the fossilised remains of lifeforms that show features typical of two distinct groups. It may be a rare fossil, such as Archaeopteryx, which shows early features  of a group which later becomes widespread.

The rarity of transitional forms is interesting. It suggests the new forms are not yet dominant in the ecology of their time, and their populations are relatively small. It follows that their fossils would be scarce. In the Solnhofen limestone where Archaeopteryx was found, there are more examples of pterosaurs of several genera than there are of the proto-bird. In the Jurassic, the pterosaurs were dominant in the air.

But in the Lower Cretaceous the situation is reversed. The pterosaurs are in decline, and large numbers of different bird species are found in the famous Chinese lagerstatten deposits such as the Jehol biota. The Lower Cretaceous birds are clearly more bird-like, and the features they developed enabled them to invade habitat niches which had been the preserve of pterosaurs, or maybe were not previously exploited at all.

Mosaic evolution 
Typical of transitional fossils is that some features are clearly basal or primitive. Other features are advanced ('derived'). With Archaeopteryx, the front legs are derived, and show clearly the capacity for flight. Also, the feathers had the rachus (stem) off-centre, a feature of all bird flight feathers. The rest of the skeleton was just like any other small carnivorous dinosaur.p35

When transition takes place between one group and another, not all features change at the same time. This is called mosaic evolution.408 Transitions between higher groups would involve a series of transitional species, only a few of which may be found as fossils.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Fossils
Jan Vyčítal

Jan Vyčítal (March 8, 1942 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia – March 1, 2020) was a Czech country music singer and songwriter. He was founding member of Greenhorns. 

Vyčítal died on March 1, 2020 at the age of 77.

Selected discography
 1990 Semtex
 1992 Když sme opustili Prahu
 1993 Pivní džip
 1995 Modlitba za Wimpyho a Wabiho
 1997 Zvířecí farma
 1997 Nejhezčí písničky Honzy Vyčítala (jen vzpomínky poštmistrovic kluka...)
 1999 Master serie
 1999 V baru Zlatá Praha
 2000 60 - Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns
 2003 Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns - Dalas!
 2006 T jako textař
 2007 To tenkrát v druhý světový...
 2007 Vracecí kocour

References

Other websites

 Jan Vyčítal on Greenhorns website

1942 births
2020 deaths
Czech musicians
Period 3 element

A period 3 element is an element found on the third period (row) of the periodic table. The row has eight elements sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon.

Period 3 elements have electrons in the first three electron shells. The first and second electron shells are always full. The third electron shell (valence electrons) fills when atomic number gets bigger. Two electrons join the 3s orbital, and six electrons join the 3p orbitals.

Periodic table
Period 2 element

A period 2 element is an element in the second period (row) of the periodic table. Period 2 has eight elements: lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon. Their atomic numbers go from 3 to 10.

Period 2 elements have electrons in the first two electron shells. The first electron shell is always full. The second electron shell (valence electrons) fills when atomic number gets bigger. Two electrons join the 2s orbital, and six electrons join the 2p orbitals.

These atoms can become stable in two ways:
 They can lose electrons so the second electron shell is empty. Lithium, beryllium, and sometimes boron do this.
 They can gain electrons so the second electron shell is full, with 8 electrons. Fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon usually do this.

Periodic table
Mariner 1

Mariner 1 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 1 was planned to do a Venus fly-by. However, it was destroyed by the Range Safety Officer 293 seconds after launch. It was destroyed because the rocket moved off course and was a safety risk. Mariner 1 was followed by Mariner 2.

Why it was destroyed 

The Atlas-Agena rocket was controlled by a hand-written formula:

Which means "the th smoothed value of the time derivative of a radius R". However, for this mission, an overline (‾) was missing in the formula, which looks something like this:

Because the smoothing function was missing, the rocket became sensitive at minor changes. Then, the rocket became out of control and destroyed by the Range Safety Officer. Few years later, Arthur C. Clarke wrote that Mariner 1 was "wrecked by the most expensive hyphen in history".

References

Other websites 

Mariner 01

de:Mariner#Mariner 1 und 2
Cornish cookery

Cornish cookery denotes the cooking styles, traditions and recipes associated with Cornwall. It has been heavily influenced by the geography of the county as well as its social history.

Being a peninsula, fish dishes form a major part of the historical and modern recipes in Cornwall, with the fishing industry playing a major part in its economy. The iconic dish of Cornwall, the pasty, has its roots in the mining industry. 

Cornwall's cookery has influenced and been influenced by other British cuisine, as well as having similarities with the cuisine of its neighbour, Devon.

Much of Cornwall's farming land is suitable for milk production and one of the by products is clotted cream (cream thickened by cooking). This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream and is used in Cornish cream teas. Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law, and cannot be made anywhere else.

Pasties
Cornwall is perhaps best known for its pasties, a savoury baked dish made from pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies.

References

Cornwall
Cooking
Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma

Pedro Eliezer Rodríguez Ledesma, commonly known as Pedro (born 28 July 1987) is a Spanish footballer who plays for AS Roma and the Spanish national team.

Club career statistics

Honours

Barcelona
La Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
Copa del Rey (1): 2008–09
Supercopa de España (2): 2009, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009

Spain
FIFA World Cup (1): 2010

References

Other websites
FC Barcelona profile 

1987 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Sergio Busquets

Sergio Busquets i Burgos (born 16 July 1988) is a Spanish footballer who plays for FC Barcelona and the Spanish national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2008/09 || rowspan="4"| FC Barcelona ||rowspan="3"| La Liga || 24 || 1
|-
|2009/10||33||0
|-
|2010/11||28||1
|-
85||2

Honours

Barcelona
La Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
Copa del Rey (1): 2008–09
Supercopa de España (2): 2009, 2010, 2011
UEFA Champions League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009

Spain
FIFA World Cup (1): 2010

References

1988 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Edifício Itália

Edifício Itália  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 165 meters (550 feet) tall and has 46 floors. It was built in 1965.

Related pages
 Downtown São Paulo
 Mirante do Vale

Other websites 

 Edifício Itália Official Page

Skyscrapers in Brazil
São Paulo
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
Start

The start is a beginning of an activity or the beginning of a race. It can also mean switching on an engine. 

Basic English 850 words
Ito Hirobumi

was a Japanese politician and thinker. He served as the 1st, 5th, 7th, 10th Prime Minister of Japan.

Ito was the first Japanese Governor General of Korea 1896–1909.

Political life 
In 1874, Ito became the Interior Minister, and from 1878 to 1880, he served as the Second Interior Minister. From 1884 to 1887, Ito was Imperial Household Minister. 

From 1885 to 1888, he was first Prime Minister of Japan, and also, in 1887, was the  Adjunct Foreign Minister of Japan. He served again as Prime Minister from 1892 to 1896, and again in 1898, and his final term was in 1900-1901 as the 10th Prime Minister.

He was killed for political reasons.

Related pages 
 Meiji period

References

Other websites 

1841 births
1909 deaths
Anti-Communists
Japanese educators
Japanese politicians
Murder victims
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Complexity class

A Complexity class is a concept from theoretical computer science and mathematics: All problems that have the same complexity are in the same complexity class. This means, that for a given input, they need about the same amount of resources, such as compute time, or memory. The most often used models for complexity are time complexity, which measures the time needed to calculate a result, or space complexity, which looks at the amount of memory or storage needed. When talking about complexity classes, a worst case scenario is usually assumed.

Mathematics
Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi

Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi (born June 25, 1972) is one of the sons of Muammar al-Gaddafi. He is a candidate for President of Libya.

Saif studied architecture and political science. He holds a PhD from the London School of Economics. Saif presides the Gaddafi International Foundation of Charitable Associations. In 2011, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Saif. The court said that Saif may have committed crimes against humanity. According to the court, the Gaddafi regime used torture, killed people and raped women to incite the population to support the regime.

After the Libyan civil war, Gaddafi was arrested.  He tried to flee but was caught. He was flown to Zintan and has stayed there.

References

1972 births
Living people
People from Tripoli
Kim Jong-suk

Kim Jong-suk(김정숙, December 24, 1917 – September 22, 1949) was a Korean independence activist, and communist politician. She was the first wife of North Korean President Kim Il-sung, and the mother of Kim Jong-Il, North Korean Great Leader.

References

Other websites
"Kim Jong Suk Biography"  (PDF)
로동신문 - 김정숙,전세계녀성들의 귀감
13. 항일의 녀성영웅 김정숙녀사께서

1917 births
1949 deaths
North Korean politicians
Pope Pius VI

Pope Pius VI (; 25 December, 1717 – 29 August 1799), born Giovanni Angelo Braschi, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 251st Pope from 1775 to 1799.

Pope Clement XIII named him treasurer of the Roman Church in 1766.

Cardinal
In 1775, Pope Clement XIV made Braschi a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Braschi was elected pope in 1775; and he chose to be called Pius VI.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius VI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Braschi

1717 births
1799 deaths
Italian popes
Mariner 2

Mariner 2 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 2 was the first successful mission from Earth to another planet.

Mission 
Mariner 2 was launched on August 27, 1962 aboard an Atlas-Agena B rocket at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.  The aim of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly-by the planet Venus and return information on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass.  Mariner 2 was at its closest to Venus, at a distance of 34,773 km, on December 14, 1962.  Orbital perihelion was on December 27, 105,464,560 km away.  The last radio signal from Mariner 2 was received on January 3, 1963.  Mariner 2 is still orbiting around the Sun today.

Design
The spacecraft's design was exactly the same as that of Mariner 1. Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program, but it had to be destroyed shortly after launch because its trajectory was wrong.

Discoveries
The spacecraft found out that the surface temperature on Venus was at least 425 °C (797 °F), on both the day and night sides. It discovered that Venus rotates in the opposite direction from most planets in the Solar System. The spacecraft also found that the atmosphere of Venus is mostly of carbon dioxide and that there is a very high pressure at the planet's surface. Continuous cloud cover was detected but no magnetic field was, however. It also found that solar wind is  continuous and that the density of cosmic dust between planets is much lower than it is near Earth.

References

Other websites

Mariner 02

de:Mariner#Mariner 1 und 2
Peugeot 5008

The Peugeot 5008 is a MPV automobile produced by Peugeot since 2009. It is a longer version of the Peugeot 3008 and a MPV version of the Peugeot 308.

Engines 
 1.6 VTi 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.6 THP 115 kW (156 hp)
 1.6 HDi 80 kW (109 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
 2.0 HDi 110 kW (150 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)

5008
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Fiat Multipla

The Fiat Multipla is a car produced by Fiat between 1998 and 2010. The original model became well known for its styling that divided opinion before it was facelifted in 2004. Fiat discontinued the model in 2010. It is a MPV version of the Fiat Bravo.

Engines 
 1.6 16V 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.9 JTD 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 88 kW (120 hp)

Multipla
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
TSV Hartberg

The Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg is a football club from Hartberg, Styria. The club is playing in the First league, the second division in Austrian football. Beside the football section the club has 14 others, like chess, Judo and gymnastics.

History
The club was founded on 29 April 1946. Then the club had two parts, football and handball. In the meantime there are 14.

After a long time in lower classes Hartberg was first promoted to the Landesliga, the highest class in Styrian football, in 1978. 1978/79 the club won the Landesliga, but failed in the relegation tournament for promotion. A year later the club reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Cup. 1994/95 the club became champion again and was promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division). 2006 the team became champion of the Regionalliga Mitte and was promoted to the Ersten Liga (2nd division). Due to reforms of the league Hartberg was relegated the same season. On the last day of the season 2008–2009, TSV Hartberg finished in first poisition of the Austrian third division and was promoted to the 2009–2010 second division where they play at the moment.

Team in the 2011/12 season
.

The second squad is playing together with FSC Eggendorf (TSV Hartberg Amateure/FSC Eggendorf ).

Honours
 3 x promotion to the second division:1996, 2006, 2009
 4 x Champion Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division):1996, 1999, 2006, 2009
 3 x Styrian Landesliga:1988, 1990, 1995
 Cup Semifinals: 1995
 Cup Quarterfinals: 1989

Stadium

The club plays in the Hartberg stadium. It is a multi-purpose stadium for 6000 visitors.

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Styria
Candidatus

Candidatus  is a term in the taxonomy (scientific classification) of bacteria.

It is a label put before the name of a bacterium which cannot be grown on an agar plate or in any other bacteriology culture. An example would be "Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae". Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well studied but cannot be cultured. Nowadays much information is got by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis.

History 
For correct publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a bacteriology culture collection. However, some bacteria require special tissue culture conditions and cannot be maintained in Bacteriology Culture Collections. This includes bacteria which live inside other organisms or cells. These include obligately intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts, insect symbionts, and populations from oceans or sludge. 

In 1994, Murray and Schleifer published a taxonomic note. They recommended that the new category of indefinite rank (Candidatus) be established for certain putative taxa that could not be described in sufficient detail to warrant establishment of a new taxon. It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.

According to the "IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group" the abbreviation for Candidatus should be Ca.

References 

Bacteria
Taxonomy
Carsonella ruddii

Candidatus Carsonella ruddii is an endosymbiotic gamma proteobacterium. It has the smallest known genome of any bacterium.

The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap-feeding insects known as psyllids. The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome.

In 2006 the genome of one strain of Ca. C. ruddi was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona. The genome is a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted genes was 182, also the lowest on record (NCBI-Genome). Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like status.

In comparison, Mycoplasma genitalium, which has the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has a genome of 521 genes.

References

Other websites 
Scientific American – Tiny genome may reflect organelle in the making

Gram-negative bacteria
Büsingen am Hochrhein

Büsingen am Hochrhein often just known as Busingen, is a German village. It is part of the German state (Bundesland) of Baden-Württemberg. The village belongs to the district (Kreis) of Konstanz. Büsingen has an area of about . About 1,350 people live there. The village is the only exclave of Germany. It is surrounded by territory that belongs to Switzerland.

A 680-metre wide strip of Swiss land separates the village from the rest of Germany. The village next to Büsingen is the Swiss village Dörflingen.

There are no border controls between Büsingen and Switzerland because Büsingen is in a customs union with this country. The two countries agreed this in 1964 and the treaty became law in 1967. At the same time another even small part of West Germany separated from the rest of the country by land belonging to Switzerland, called Verenahof became part of the Swiss village of Büttenhardt.

Because the village is completely surrounded by Swiss territory, but is politically German, many things exist twice there. Büsingen has for example two postal codes and residents may have phone numbers from two countries. The official currency is the Euro. However, most things like electricity and cable television come from Switzerland and have to be paid in Swiss francs. Büsingen depends heavily on Switzerland in economics.

Büsingen only has one elementary school. Pupils can attend the school there up to the fourth grade. After this, the parents have to decide whether the children should attend a German or a Swiss school.

A Swiss Postbus connects the village to the Swiss city Schaffhausen the Swiss villages Dörflingen, Buch and Ramsen and the German village Randegg.

Most people who live in Büsingen, work in Switzerland and earn their salary in Swiss francs. 

Büsingen has a large proportion of residents who are retired people, many are Swiss, because they pay little or no tax on their pensions. 

About 30% of the resident population of Büsingen hold a Swiss passport.

History 
The oldest finds in the area of Büsingen date back to the Bronze Age. The village was first mentioned in historical documents in 1090. The area belonging to the village contains the sites of two abandoned villages.

References

Other websites 

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Konstanz (district)
CAE Global Academy Phoenix

CAE Global Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center) is a private flight school (airline pilot training) in Mesa, Arizona, USA. The school is located at Falcon Field airport and has 49 aircraft including 15 Diamond DA20-C1, 10 Diamond DA40, 4 Diamond DA42-L360, 11 Piper Archer, 8 Piper Arrow and one Beechcraft 90. The school has also three flight simulators.

History 

In 1991, Belgian government gives the École d’aviation civile created in 1953 to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center. The same year, it was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Following that decisions, the school is created as a subsidiary of Sabena Flight Academy and under the name of Sabena Airline Training Center.
In 2008, following the absorption of the Belgian school by CAE, the US subsidiary is also purchased. The school becomes part of the CAE Global Academy network and is renamed CAE Global Academy Phoenix.

References

Bibliography 
 Nicolas Tenoux (CAE Phoenix 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 13

Aviation
Mesa, Arizona
1995 establishments in the United States
Mastère Spécialisé

A Mastère Spécialisé (MS), also called Specialized Master or Advanced Master, is a French degree (created in 1986) that a person gets after completing a Master's degree and then continuing to study in a Grande École in some specific field. These students are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they study, as compared to those who only get a Master's degree.

The course takes one year to complete, including at least four months of practical internship.

History 

The history of the Mastère Spécialisé starts in 1986. During the end of the 1980s, the Commission des titres d'ingénieur required that a student spend two years in a school to graduate with the French Master's degree. But a lot of foreign students sometimes came one entirely year in the French schools and came back to their own country without a degree. Also, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System was not yet adopted by all the schools.

Otherwise, companies in France was looking for graduated students with specialized skills, for jobs in key sectors.

For these two reasons, the French Conférence des Grandes Écoles has created the Mastère Spécialisé.

References 

Qualifications
1986 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in France
Beaumaris Castle

Beaumaris Castle (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) was a castle built in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales by King Edward I of England. King Edward built the castle to help him take over North Wales. It was one of several castles built along the North Wales coast.

History 

The castle was started in 1295 and work stopped in 1330. The castle was left unfinished. Small amounts of money were spent in the 1330s and 1400s to maintain (keep up) the castle. However, these payments were stopped. By 1609, the castle was a ruin. In 1642, money was spent on repairs. No more work was done and it became a ruin again. In 1925, Richard Williams-Bulkeley placed Beaumaris Castle in state care. Since then, it has been fixed and maintained. In 1986, the castle was placed on the World Heritage List. Today, Beaumaris is cared for by Cadw, an environmental service run by the Welsh Government. It is open to visitors.

More reading

Other websites 

 

Castles in Wales
1330 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Wales
Cuthbert

Saint Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth. Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, his cult being centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.

Biography
In 676 he began the life of a hermit and retired to a cave on Lindisfarne. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and made his life more simple. 

In 684, Cuthbert was chosen to be bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was unwilling to leave his retirement and take up his charge. It was only after a visit from a large group, including King Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York on 26 March 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later moved to Durham Cathedral.

References

Monks
Christian saints
Durham Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham (usually known as Durham Cathedral) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093. The cathedral is known as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The present cathedral replaces the 10th century "White Church" built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede. 

Durham Cathedral occupies a strategic position on a promontory high above the River Wear. The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the central tower of 217 feet (66 m) giving views of Durham and the surrounding area.

There are many famous people who are interred (buried) in the Cathedral and in the surrounding grounds including Bishop Alfred Tucker.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

1090s establishments
Anglican Cathedrals
Durham
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Lofoten

Lofoten is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Though lying within the Arctic Circle, Lofoten has one of the world's largest higher temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.

Lofoten is well known for its natural beauty within Norway. Lofoten includes the municipalities of . The main islands, running from north to south, are
Southern tip of Hinnøya.
Southern 60% (approx.) of Austvågøy (526.7 km² in total ),
Gimsøy (46.4 km² ),
Vestvågøy (411.1 km² ),
Flakstadøya (109.8 km² ),
Moskenesøya (185.9 km² ),
whilst further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy and Røst. The total land area amounts to 1,227 km², and the population totals 24,500.

Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago is the vast, open Vestfjord, and to the north is Vesterålen. The main towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy and Svolvær in Vågan.

The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture is important and has been so since the Bronze Age.

Other websites 

 Lofotrådet (in Norwegian)
 Turisme- og begivenhetsinformasjon om Lofoten (in Norwegian)
 Miljøstatus i Norge: Lofoten og Barentshavet (in Norwegian)
 Lofot-Tidende online (in Norwegian)

Islands of Norway
Black hole information paradox

The black hole information paradox is a phenomenon in astrophysics. It is when quantum mechanics and general relativity are put together. In 2004, Stephen Hawking introduced the studies which supported the theory.  

This phenomenon states that the information of a physical system can be lost when it enters a black hole. The object that falls into a black hole, only keeps information about its spin, mass and charge. However, quantum mechanics suggests that information cannot be lost. This makes it a paradox and serious problem.

It is said that all objects that fall into a black hole are reset.

Quantum mechanics
Black holes
Sabena Flight Academy

CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy is a Belgian flight school created in 1953. It is in Steenokkerzeel (Brussels Airport). The school trains airline pilot and is part of CAE Global Academy.

History

The Belgian national aviation school 

The origins of the creation of a school providing training for future airline pilots start in 1953, when the Belgian government, which owns the aircraft, contracted the operation thereof to Sabena under the name École d’aviation civile (EAC). The theoretical and flight training parts are conducted at the airfield of Grimbergen in a building which no longer exists. Basic training is done through the De Havilland DH82A "Tiger Moth" replaced in 1968 by Siai Marchetti SF260, while the advanced training is entrusted to the Saab Safir 91B, replaced in 1958 by the Cessna 310B and in 1981 by the Embraer Xingu.

The Sabena airline flight school 

In 1991, the government gives the École d’aviation civile  to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center, and the school moved into a new building at Brussels National Airport. It was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Despite the bankruptcy of Sabena in 2001, the activities didn't stop. In 2004, the school was sold to two former managers of Sabena and became the Sabena Flight Academy.

The acquisition by CAE 

It is finally absorbed in 2008 by the Canadian group CAE. The acquisition of SFA by CAE was conducted as part of a larger program to complete a global training network: the CAE Global Academy.

Bibliography 

 Olivier Wilmart, De Sabena à Air France, Éditions Racine, 2002, 285 p. ()
 Olivier Wilmart, La nuque bleue, Éditions Racine, 2007, 196 p. ()
 Willy Buysse, Marguerite Coppens, Etienne Reunis, Frans Van Humbeek, Michel Wautelet, Sabena, le progrès venait du ciel, Bruxelles, Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2011, 224 p. ()
 Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 12
 Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 12

References

Other websites 
 CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Sabena Flight Academy website
 CAE

Aviation
Colleges and universities in Europe
1953 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Belgium
1988 Pacific hurricane season

The 1988 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1988 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1988 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1988. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being twenty-three tropical cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only four storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Tropical Storm Aletta and Hurricane Kristy both caused minor flooding in Mexico. Elsewhere, Uleki was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon. In addition, Tropical Depression Seventeen-E and Tropical Storm Miriam both entered from the Atlantic Ocean, were they were called Hurricane Debby and Hurricane Joan, respectively.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Other websites 
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1988
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Period 5 element

A period 5 element is an element in the fifth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 18 elements, beginning at Rubidium and ending at Xenon.

Period 5 elements have electrons in the first five electron shells. All period 5 elements have one or more electrons in the fifth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 5s orbital, ten electrons join the 4d orbital, and six electrons join the 5p orbitals.

Periodic table
Period 6 element

A period 6 element is an element in the sixth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 32 elements, beginning at Caesium and ending with Radon. The Lanthanides (also called the rare earth elements) are part of this period. The lanthanides stretch from lanthanum (57) to lutetium (71).

Period 6 elements have electrons in the first six electron shells. All period 6 elements have one or more electrons in the sixth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 6s orbital, 14 electrons join the 4f orbital, ten electrons join the 5d orbital, and six electrons join the 6p orbitals.

Periodic table
Period 7 element

A period 7 element is an element in the seventh period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains  32 elements, beginning at francium and ending with oganesson. The Actinides are part of this period. They are all really radioactive. As of 2016, period 7 elements are the last period of elements that have been made.

Period 7 elements have electrons in the first seven electron shells. All period 7 elements have one or more electrons in the seventh electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 7s orbital, 14 electrons join the 5f orbital, ten electrons join the 6d orbital, and six electrons join the 7p orbitals.

References

Periodic table
Caroline Wozniacki

Caroline Wozniacki (born 11 July 1990) is a Danish professional tennis player. As of January 2018, she is the number 2 ranked female tennis player in the world. She used to be world number one. In her career, she has won one Grand Slam (2018 Australian Open) and 23 singles tournaments on the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. She also reached the finals of the 2009 and 2014 U.S. Open. She lost to Kim Clijsters and Serena Williams.

Wozniacki was born in Odense to Polish Catholic immigrant parents. She was engaged to golfer Rory McIlroy until 2014.

References

1990 births
Living people
Danish sportspeople
Female tennis players
Odense
World No. 1 tennis players
Algeciras

Algeciras is a city in the south of Spain. Is on the Mediterranean coast, in the Bay of Gibraltar. It is also the most important port in the country.

In 2009, about 116,209 people lived in the city. The municipal area is 86 km². It is approximately 20 km to the north of Africa.

The city has a long history. It was founded by phoenicians. Named Iulia Traducta by the Romans in the First Century.
In 711, Arab from the North of Africa invaded the city and renamed it Al-Yazirat al-Hadra (green island). In 1344 the city was conquered by Alfonso XI of Castile but it was reconquered by moors in 1369, ten years before Algeciras was destroyed.

In 1704 the city was refounded by Gibraltarians refugees.

Cities in Andalusia
Municipalities in Andalusia
Luke Mitchell

Luke Mitchell (born 17 April 1985) is an Australian actor from Queensland. Now living in Sydney, he is known for his role as Romeo Smith on the soap opera Home and Away. He is presently dating his co-star Rebecca Breeds who plays Ruby Buckton on Home and Away.

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Queensland
Chris Smalling

Christopher Lloyd Smalling (born 22 November 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Manchester United.

1989 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
Sportspeople from London
Jonny Evans

Jonathan (Jonny) Grant Evans (born 2 January 1988) is a Northern Irish footballer who plays for Leicester City and Northern Ireland.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006/07 ||rowspan="2"| Sunderland || The Football League ||18||1
|-
|2007/08|| Premier League ||15||0
|-
|2008/09 ||rowspan="3"| Manchester United ||rowspan="3"| Premier League ||17||0
|-
|2009/10||18||0
|-
|2010/11||13||0
|-
94||3
|}

1988 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Sportspeople from Belfast
Danny Welbeck

Daniel (Danny) Nii Tackie Mensah Welbeck (born 26 November 1990) is an English international footballer who plays for Manchester United. He is of Ghanaian descent. Welbeck debuted for Manchester United in a league match against Sunderland.

Rôle:Attaquant

1990 births
Living people
English footballers
Arsenal F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
Rafael Pereira da Silva

Rafael Pereira da Silva (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.

1990 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Rio de Janeiro
Fábio Pereira da Silva

Fábio Pereira da Silva (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.
He's the twin brother of Rafael Pereira da Saliva

1990 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Rio de Janeiro