cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
John A. Williams

John Alfred Williams (December 5, 1925 – July 3, 2015) was an African-American author, journalist, and academic. His novel The Man Who Cried I Am was a bestseller in 1967.

Williams was born in Jackson, Mississippi. He studied at Syracuse University. Williams died in Paramus, New Jersey from Alzheimer's disease, aged 89.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American journalists
Educators from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
People from Jackson, Mississippi
Irwin Keyes

Irwin Keyes (March 16, 1952 – July 8, 2015) was an American actor He was known for his role as Hugo in the television series The Jeffersons.

Keyes' family announced his death on July 8, 2015. He was 63 years old. Keyes died from acromegaly.

References

Other websites

1952 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Fons van Wissen

Fons van Wissen (21 March 19337 July 2015) was a Dutch football player.

He made his debut for the Netherlands in an April 1957 friendly match against Belgium and has earned a total of 30 caps, scoring 4 goals. He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Limburg (Netherlands)
Mitraillette

A Mitraillette (, literally "submachine gun"), is a type of food from Belgium. It might come from Brussels, but is also popular in Flanders, Wallonia and the Nord region of France, where it is also known as an "Américain" (literally an "American").

Composition
A typical mitraillette consists of:

 A demi-baguette (or sometimes a smaller version of a baguette).
 Fried meat (as sausage, burger, steak, frikandel). The type of meat will be different in each restaurant.
 Fries
 One of a variety of sauces, including mayonnaise, ketchup, sauce andalouse, garlic sauce, bearnaise sauce and many others.

Crudités are often included (grated carrot, fresh lettuce, tomato slices), though different in each location. Cheese and cabbage are also sometimes included.

Originally mitraillettes only contained a sausage or sliced meat. Different versions quickly became available. Often, dürüms are served instead in more multicultural areas.

References

Other websites

Belgian culture
Sandwiches
Richard Shelby

Richard Shelby (born May 6, 1934) is the senior United States Senator from Alabama. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 1987. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1987.

Shelby was born on May 6, 1934 in Birmingham, Alabama. He graduated from the University of Alabama. Shelby Hall at the University of Alabama is the largest science facility in the US. It was finished in 2004 and named for Shelby and his wife. He is married to Dr. Annette N. Shelby. They have two children.

Shelby said he would retire in 2022 and not run to be elected again.

References

Other websites
 Richard Shelby, US Senator for Alabama, Home Page

1934 births
Living people
Lawyers from Birmingham, Alabama
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
People from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
State legislators of the United States
United States representatives from Alabama
United States senators from Alabama
US Democratic Party politicians
US Republican Party politicians
Mahogany

Mahogany is a hard tropical wood from the Americas. It was discovered by Europeans early in the 16th century (~1514). The wood comes from a tree, Swietenia mahagoni. The tree is native to southern Florida  and islands in the Caribbean including the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.

At first, mahogany was used by the Spanish and English to build ships. 
Mark Catesby's Natural History explains why: 
"[Mahogany] has properties for that use excelling oak, and all other wood, viz. durableness, resisting gunshots, and burying the shot without splintering".

The second use for mahogany was to make furniture. The Spanish were first to do this, but in the 18th and early 19th century it was much used by English workshops. This period is called "Age of Mahogany". Also much furniture in mahogany was made in France and other European countries.

It has a few special characteristics that make mahogany a helpful wood. It is strong and durable but easy to bend so is especially helpful for carpenters. Mahogany trees, although endangered, grow very tall and are so may be cut into large sheets. Also, mahogany is resistant to stains.

References 

Wood
Richard Burr

Richard Burr (born November 30, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from North Carolina. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2005. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2005. Burr is the chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. He succeeded Dianne Feinstein as chairman in January 2015.

In July 2016, Burr said that he would not run for re-election in 2022.

Burr was born on November 30, 1955 in Charlottesville, Virginia. He graduated from the Wake Forest University. He is married to Brooke Fauth. They have two children.

On February 13, 2021 Burr voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

References

Other websites
 Richard Burr, U.S. Senator for North Carolina, Home Page

1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Virginia
United States representatives from North Carolina
United States senators from North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Judd Gregg

Judd Gregg (born February 14, 1947) is an American politician. He was a United States Senator from the state of New Hampshire. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, he was Governor of New Hampshire from 1989 to 1993.

Gregg was born on February 14, 1947 in Nashua, New Hampshire. He studied at Columbia University and at Boston University School of Law. He is married to Kathleen MacLellan Gregg. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
Lawyers from New Hampshire
Boston University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Governors of New Hampshire
United States representatives from New Hampshire
United States senators from New Hampshire
US Republican Party politicians
People from Nashua, New Hampshire
Mike Lamb

Michael Robert Lamb (born August 9, 1975) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and first baseman. Lamb stands  and weighs .

Other websites

References 

Living people
1975 births
Texas Rangers players
Florida Marlins players
Baseball players from California
The Highwaymen (country supergroup)

The Highwaymen were a Country music supergroup. It included four of the biggest stars at the time. All were well known for their pioneering influence on the outlaw country genre. These included Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson. The group was active between 1985 and 1995. All four had worked together before in various combinations. Their first single, "Highwayman," went to number one on the country charts. The album of the same name on Columbia Records also hit number one on the country album charts.

Between the years of 1997 and 1999, Nelson, Kristofferson, Cash, and Jennings also provided the voice and dramatization for the "Louis L'Amour Collection". This was a four CD box set of seven Louis L'Amour stories published by the HighBridge Company. But the four were not credited as "The Highwaymen" in this work. Only one other recording artist ever appeared on a Highwaymen recording: Johnny Rodriguez. He provided a Spanish vocal on 'Deportee', a Woody Guthrie song, from "Highwayman".

Discography

Albums

References 

Country musicians
Musical groups established in 1985
Johnny Cash
James Tate (writer)

James Vincent Tate (December 8, 1943 – July 8, 2015) was an American poet whose work earned him the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. He was a professor of English at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

References

Pulitzer Prize winners
1943 births
2015 deaths
American poets
Writers from Kansas City, Missouri
Yoash Tzidon

Yoash "Chatto" Tzidon, , (November 28, 1926 – July 8, 2015) was an Israeli former Air Force commander and politician.

He joined the Movement for Greater Israel, and later the Tzomet party. He was elected to the Knesset in 1988 on the Tzomet list, and was one of the instigators of the law that led to direct elections for the Prime Minister. He lost his seat in the 1992 elections.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Aviators
Former Members of Knesset
Israeli military people
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish military people
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Romanian Jews
Saud bin Faisal

Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (), also known as Saud Al Faisal (‎; 2 January 1940 – 9 July 2015), was a Saudi diplomat and statesman. He served as Saudi Arabia's foreign minister from 1975 to 2015.

By the time of his retirement, he was the world's longest-serving foreign minister. He was a member of  the Saudi royal family.

Saud died on 9 July 2015 from complications from Parkinson's disease after going through surgery in Los Angeles, California at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 

1940 births
2015 deaths
Asian politicians
Civil servants
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Saudi Arabian people
Caspar Bowden

Caspar Bowden (died July 2015) was a privacy advocate, formerly chief privacy adviser at Microsoft. Styled as "an independent advocate for information privacy rights, and public understanding of privacy research in computer science", he was on the Tor anonymous service network board of directors.

References

2015 deaths
Deaths from cancer
British computer scientists
Ken Stabler

Kenneth Michael "Ken" Stabler (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed "The Snake," was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama.

Other websites
 Ken Stabler Facebook
 KenStabler.com
 XOXO Stabler Foundation

1945 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Oakland Raiders players
Tennessee Titans players
New Orleans Saints players
Sportspeople from Alabama
Mark Everson

Mark Whitty Everson (born September 10, 1954) is an American politician. He served as the 46th Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 2003 until 2007.

On March 5, 2015, Everson announced his intention to seek the Republican Party's nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 Presidential election. He launched his bid with a video and sixteen page open letter in which he laid out six primary issues. He withdrew from the race on November 5, 2015.

References

2016 United States presidential candidates
1954 births
Living people
Yale University alumni
New York University alumni
Commissioners of Internal Revenue
Politicians from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
Death hoax

A death hoax is a false report of someone's death.

In some cases, it might be because the person has faked their own death on purpose. In some cases they are mistakes while in most cases, they are intentional. Hoaxes are designed to play on other people's emotions. Sometimes, a death hoax is designed to be a practical joke; however, most are to give the person starting the rumor a sense of power over their victims.

There are often consequences when the person who started the hoax is discovered. The news media has to be especially careful of hoaxes, including death hoaxes. While some people will believe anything, most people resent being tricked. However, it depends on how the story is handled: For example, a death hoax ran in Canadian papers about a hard-drinking, hard-swearing Carcross Parrot who had just died; most forgave the writers since the story was published on April Fools' Day.

Mark Twain is one of the most famous people to be the subject of a death hoax. In his case, the newspapers were just careless. This is when he uttered his famous quote, "The report of my death was an exaggeration." It has often been misquoted as "reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated".

References

Death
Hoaxes
Absolute truth

Absolute truth is something that is true at all times and in all places. It is something that is always true no matter what the circumstances. It is a fact that cannot be changed. For example, there are no round squares. There are also no square circles. The angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees. These are all true by definition. Very similar are the propositions of Euclid, because they are proved once the axioms are accepted. One way or another, these are all truths because they are logically true. Absolute truths are discovered, not invented. They exist in all cultures.

According to Martin Luther (the reformer), "I shall never be a heretic; I may err in dispute, but I do not wish to decide anything finally; on the other hand, I am not bound by the opinions of men."  This means that if truth is not absolute it is not truth at all. Interestingly enough, Aristotle states that, “The high-minded man must care more for the truth than for what people think.”  So if we consider ourselves to be wise individuals, our concern should be to find the truth not to submit to opinions.     

"In two national surveys conducted by Barna Research, one among adults and one among teenagers, people were asked if they believe that there are moral absolutes that are unchanging or that moral truth is relative to the circumstances. By a 3-to-1 margin (64% vs. 22%) adults said truth is always relative to the person and their situation. The perspective was even more lopsided among teenagers, 83% of whom said moral truth depends on the circumstances, and only 6% of whom said moral truth is absolute."     

Quite different are empirical truths. All the findings of science are empirical: they are based on evidence, and might be wrong or incomplete. Also, we can be wrong about what we think we see or experience. Of course, we rely on science and our senses in practical life. That does not alter the fact that absolute truth is only to be found inside a well-defined logical system. That kind of truth may, or may not, correspond to the real world.

References 

Logic
Philosophy
Deb Fischer

Deb Fischer (born March 1, 1951, Lincoln, Nebraska) is the United States Senator from Nebraska. She is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2013. Fischer is the senior senator from Nebraska. She was in the Nebraska Legislature from 2005 to 2013.

Fischer was born on March 1, 1951 in Lincoln, Nebraska. She graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a Bachelor of Science degree. She is married to Bruce Fischer. They have three children.

References

Other websites
 Deb Fischer, U.S. Senator for Nebraska, Home Page

1951 births
Living people
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
United States senators from Nebraska
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Steve Koven

Steve Koven is a Canadian Jazz pianist and member of the Steve Koven Trio. Steve Koven is a composer, performer and educator. In 1993 Steve started the Steve Koven Trio. He performs worldwide with his trio. Koven also performs solo piano concerts throughout North America, Europe and the Caribbean. After nine albums with his trio, Koven has gone solo. 

Dozens of Koven’s compositions have been licensed for national and international film and television productions. As an educator, Koven has been teaching in the Faculty of Music at York University since 2003. He teaches Contemporary Improvisation and Jazz Piano. Koven also teaches Music at Toronto's Centennial College. He holds a Masters in Music Composition. Koven has presented master classes and clinics in China, Japan, Colombia, Barbados, Bahamas and Mexico.

Steve lives in Toronto with his wife Lee-Anne.

References 

Canadian composers
Canadian entertainers
Teachers
First Peoples (TV program)

First Peoples is a 2015 television documentary about the first people on the continents of the Earth.  The five-part PBS series covers each continent or group of continents one at a time. The focus is on very recent work in paleogenomics (the study of genomes from very long ago).  It was produced by Wall to Wall Television. The series challenges the East African origin theory of modern man showing there were other origins in other parts of Africa.

A two-disk DVD of the documentary was made in 2015.

References

Other websites 
 home page
 PBS First Peoples trailer, YouTube

Reviews 
 arstechnia/Condé Nast
 Forbes

Documentaries
Humans
Television series
Genetics
Oestradiol

Oestradiol, E2, is an oestrogen, a steroidal hormone secreted by the ovaries. It is a main female hormone. Oestradiol regulates  female characteristics, the maturation of female sex organs and the  oestrus and menstrual cycle. It stimulates the production of mammary glands.

The serum concentrations of oestradiol and other female hormones change during the menstrual cycle. During gestation there is a high serum concentrations of oestradiol, E3. During menopause, oestrone has the higher concentration.

Oestradiol and oestrone can interchange. Oestradiol has a big effect on bone formation. Women past menopause have an accelerated loss of bone because they have less oestrogen.

Oestradiol also has some functions in males. Its serum concentration in men is < 35 pg/mL, level equivalent to that seen in post-menopausal women.

References 

Hormones
Chicken soup

Chicken soup is a soup made with chicken. The chicken is simmered in water. Classic chicken soups are made of clear broth. There are usually pieces of chicken and vegetables. There can also be grains, pasta or dumplings.

Chicken soup is thought to be a remedy for colds and influenza. In many countries, it is considered a comfort food.

Soups
Chicken as food
Archer (TV series)

Archer is an American adult animated black comedy, action adventure television series. The series airs on FX. A preview for the series aired on September 17, 2009. The first season started on January 14, 2010. Aisha Tyler plays Lana. Jessica Walter plays Malory Archer.

This television series has a rating of TV-MA, usually for foul language and violence. Sometimes there is also nudity.

References

2009 American television series debuts
2000s American sitcoms
2010s American sitcoms
Black comedy television series
English-language television programs
Ghulam Sughra

Ghulam Sughra is a human rights activist in Pakistan. She is the head of the "Marvi Rural Development Organization" (MRDO). In 2011 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Life 

Sughra was born in Sindh Province in Pakistan.  She was married at the age of 12. Six years later, she was the first woman in her village to divorce.  When she tried to go to school, her brothers beat her. So she studied at home. Sughra became the first girl in her village to finish secondary school. Later she was the first teacher in the first school for girls.

Work 

Ghulam Sughra started the Marvi Rural Development Organization (MRDO) in her village.  The MRDO works for education, health, and human rights. It also loans money for women to start small businesses.

Awards 

 International Women of Courage Award

References

Other websites 

 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pakistani people
Vanda

Vanda is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae).

It is one of the most important orchids, with about fifty species. The genus is very  highly prized in horticulture for its showy, fragrant, long lasting, and intensely colorful flowers.

Vanda is widespread across East Asia, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea, with a few species extending into Queensland and some of the islands of the western Pacific. The genus is sometimes abbreviated as V. in the flower trade.
It belongs to angiosperm.

References 

 Grove, D. L. 1995. Vandas and Ascocendas. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 241 pp.
 Motes, Martin R., and Alan L. Hoffman. 1997 Vandas, Their botany, history and culture.

Other websites 
 
 
 Breeding in Vanda  Breeding in Vanda

Orchids
Adipocyte

An adipocyte, also called a fat cell, is a cell in loose connective tissue, which is specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. This tissue is called adipose tissue.

Hormones
Cell biology
Bridgewater, Nova Scotia

Bridgewater is a town in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada. The LaHave River runs through the town. Bridgewater is the largest town in the South Shore region.  A lot of the South Shore's economy is based on tourism. Bridgewater is also a commercial and industrial center. One of the main employers is a Michelin tire plant. The town was named after the bridge built over the LaHave River.

The first house in Bridgewater was built in 1812 by Ralph Hotchkiss. The town was incorporated in 1899. This was shortly after a fire in Bridgewater which burned the entire downtown area. For much of the 20th century, the town's economy depended on forestry. There was a large wood mill in the center of town. The Nova Scotia Central Railway and later the Halifax and Southwestern Railway had a central hub at Bridgewater.  The "Acadia Marine Engine Company" was based in Bridgewater. It made engines for fishing boats.

References

Other websites

Towns in Nova Scotia
1899 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
Erik von Detten

Erik Thomas von Detten (born October 3, 1982) is an American actor and voice actor.

He is known for his roles as Danny in the television movie, Escape to Witch Mountain, the voice of the toy-destroyer Sid Phillips in Toy Story, Andy Brinker in the Disney Channel original movie Brink!, Josh Bryant in The Princess Diaries, Chris Savage in the television series, Complete Savages, and Clu Bell in the television series, So Weird.

Filmography

Movies
All I Want for Christmas - Choir (1991)
Top Dog - Matthew Swanson (1995)
Toy Story - Sid Phillips (1995) (voice)
Amanda - Kelsey Farnsworth (1996)
Hercules (1997 movie) - Boy #1 (1997) (voice)
Leave It to Beaver - Wallace 'Wally' Cleaver (1997)
Mulan - China Boy (1998) (voice)
Brink! - Andy Brinker (1998)
Tarzan - Flynt (1999) (voice)
The Princess Diaries - Josh Bryant (2001)
Recess: School's Out - Erwin Lawson/Captain Brad (2001) (voice)
Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street - Erwin Lawson (2001) (voice)
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2001) (uncredited)
American Girl - Kenton (2002)
National Lampoon's Barely Legal - Deacon (2003)
Recess: All Growed Down - Erwin Lawson (2003)
Smile - Chris (2005)
Curious George - Boat Worker #1 (2006) (uncredited)
Over the Hedge - Sid Phillips (2006)
Toy Story 3 - Sid Phillips (2010) (voice, cameo)

Television
Days of Our Lives - Nicholas Alamain (1992-1993)
Night Sins - Nicholas Alamain (1993) (TV movie)
In the Best of Families: Marriage, Pride & Madness - Older John (1994) (TV movie)
Aaahh!!! Real Monsters - Vic (voice) (1994) 
A Season of Hope - Tyler Hackett (1995) (TV movie)
Kidnapped: In the Line of Duty - Sam Honeycutt (1995) (TV movie)
Escape to Witch Mountain - Danny (1995) (TV movie)
ER - Ben Larkin (1995)
A Stranger to Love - Justin (1996) (TV movie)
Life with Louie (1996) (voice)
Mr. Rhodes - Milo (1996)
7th Heaven - Randy (1996)
Christmas Every Day - Billy Jackson (1996) (TV movie)
Toy Story Treats - Sid (voice) (1997)
Things That Go Bump - Christian (1997) (TV movie)
Meego - Trip Parker (1997)
Recess - Erwin Lawson (voice) (1997-2001)
You Wish - Jeff Collins (1998)
Brink! - Andy 'Brink' Brinker (1998) (TV movie)
The Wild Thornberrys - Adolescent Jaguar (voice) (1998)
Replacing Dad - Drew (1999) (TV movie)
Odd Man Out - Andrew Whitney (1999-2000)
So Weird - Clu Bell (1999-2001)
As Told by Ginger - Kid #2 (voice) (2000)
Raising Dad - Brad Singer (2001)
The Legend of Tarzan - Flynt (voice) (2001)
Do Over - Gary Ross (2002)
Dinotopia - Karl Scott (2002-2003)
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit - Drew Lamerly (2003)
Charmed - Newspaper Reporter (2003) (uncredited)
8 Simple Rules - Erik (2004)
Complete Savages - Chris Savage (2004-2005)
Malcolm in the Middle - Brad (2005)
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2006) (voice)
Girl, Positive - Jason (2007) (TV movie)
Avatar: The Last Airbender - Chan (voice) (2007)
Bones - Ed Dekker (2008)
Family Guy (2009) (voice)

Other websites

1982 births
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
American Protestants
Christian Audigier

Christian Audigier (; May 21, 1958 – July 9, 2015) was a French fashion designer and entrepreneur. He worked for Ed Hardy and Von Dutch. Audigier was born in Avignon, France.

Audigier died in Los Angeles, California from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 57.

References

Other websites

1958 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
French businesspeople
French fashion designers
People from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Roger Rees

Roger Rees (5 May 1944 – 11 July 2015) was a Welsh-American actor. He was known for his stage work. He won an Olivier Award and a Tony Award for his performance as the lead in The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby. 

He also received Obie Awards for his role in The End of the Day and as co-director of Peter and the Starcatcher.

He was widely known to American television audiences for playing the characters Robin Colcord in Cheers and Lord John Marbury in The West Wing.

Rees was born in Aberystwyth, Wales. Rees became a naturalised United States citizen in 1989. He converted to Judaism in the 1980s. Rees was married to his husband, writer/producer Rick Elice, from 2011 until Rees' death.

Rees died of brain cancer at his home in New York City, aged 71.

References

Other websites

Article on appointment to Williamstown Theater Festival
Roger Rees  – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org

1944 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in New York City
Converts to Judaism
Deaths from brain cancer
Gay Jews
Jewish American actors
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish British actors
LGBT actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Tony Award winning actors
Welsh LGBT people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Nasta Palazhanka

Nasta Palazhanka (Russian: Наста Палажанка) is an activist in Belarus. In 2011, she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U. S. State Department.

Life 

Palazhanka became part of the youth movement in Belarus at the age of 14.   In  2011 she became the Deputy Chairperson of the Malady Front (Young Front), an NGO in Belarus.  She worked for freedom and human rights in Belarus, in spite of threats, harassment, and imprisonment.

In September 2011, she was engaged to another Young Front activist, Zmitser Dashkevich. They got married in December 2012, when Palazhanka visited him in Hrodno prison.

Other websites 

 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Belarusian people
Political activists
Shukria Asil

Shukria Asil is an Afghan women's rights activist. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award

Work 

In 2009, Asil saved the jobs of three women teachers in Baghlan.  They lost their jobs when the Ministry of Education wrote bad information about them.  

In 2010 Asil was one of four women in the Baghlan Provincial Council.  In 2012 she was the head of the Baghlan Provincial Culture and Information Department. 

Asil also helped a girl who was gang-raped.  The girl's family would not accept her.  Asil helped the family get together, although the governor of the province said it was not a good idea.  She also worked for women's rights, made groups for women, and worked for women's driving schools and education for young girls. She received threats of kidnapping and death for her work.  She also had to change her address because of the threats.

References

Other websites 

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Afghan activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Daniel Quinn (actor)

Daniel Quinn (August 19, 1956/1957) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles on The Young and the Restless, police series Hunter, and independent drama twentysixmiles.

References

1956 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Alan Walton

Alan Walton (April 3, 1936 – July 4, 2015) was a British biochemist. He was Chairman of Oxford Bioscience Corporation. He served on numerous Boards of Directors. Walton was an important figure in the development and funding of the Human Genome Project.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
British chemists
People from Birmingham
Jim Bede

James R. "Jim" Bede (17 April 1933 – 9 July 2015) was an American aircraft designer. He designed well over a dozen aircraft since the 1960s, but a string of business failures have kept most of these designs out of widespread use.

Bede died of an aneurysm in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 82.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from aneurysm
People from Cleveland, Ohio
Cheng Siwei

Cheng Siwei (June 1935 – 12 July 2015) was a Chinese politician and economist. He was the Chairman of China Soft Science Research Association; President of the Chinese Society for Management Modernization; Director of the Research Center on Fictitious Economy and Data Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dean of the School of Management of the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; and Honorary President of East China University of Science and Technology. 

Siwei died on the morning of 12 July 2015 at the age of 80.

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Chinese politicians
Chinese economists
Giacomo Biffi

Giacomo Biffi (13 June 1928 – 11 July 2015) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna, having served as archbishop there from 1984 to 2003. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Italian Roman Catholics
People from Milan
Roman Catholic archbishops
Johnny Kemp

Jonathan "Johnny" Kemp (2 August 1959 – 16 April 2015) was a Bahamian singer-songwriter and record producer. He began singing at nightclubs in the Bahamas at 13. In 1979, he moved to New York City, New York in the United States and later signed with Columbia Records. His best known song is "Just Got Paid", which he got a Grammy Award nomination.

Kemp was born in Nassau. He was married and had two sons.

Kemp was found dead on 16 April 2015 on a beach in Montego Bay, St. James, Jamaica. He was 55 and is believed to have fallen, hit his head on some rocks and drowned.

References

1966 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths from falls
Bahamian people
R&B musicians
Record producers
Singer-songwriters
Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa

Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, GCB, GCMG (; 3 June 1933 – 6 March 1999) was the 1st emir of Bahrain from 1961 until his death. Born in Jasra, he became emir upon the death of his father, Salman ibn Hamad.

The emir died of a heart attack. He was succeeded by his son, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.

1933 births
1999 deaths
Arab people
Bahraini people
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Wheelspin

Wheelspin is the practice of making wheels lose traction on a road surface. This can occur in manual transmission cars when the clutch is released too quickly while accelerating. This can happen when pulling away from stop. 

How to do a Wheelspin in a manual car
Press the clutch full down
Select 1st gear
Push down the gas pedal
Release the clutch pedal as fast as possible

This should result in a wheelspin

Vehicles
Aglaophyton

Aglaophyton is a genus of early Devonian fossil land plants. Its fossils have been found in the Rhynie chert. Only the sporophyte generation have been found as fossils. Only one species has been found, Aglaophyton major.

Relationship to other plants
Aglaophyton was at first thought to be a species of the vascular plant genus Rhynia which lived at the same time. Later it was discovered that it is not really a vascular plant. It had vascular tissue, but the cells had thin walls. It might therefore be a missing link between the Bryophytes and Horneophyton and the vascular plants like Rhynia.

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram which has Aglaophyton as the sister group of the vascular plants.

References

Other websites
 Cladogram from 

Fossil plants
Extinct plants
Amy Yang

Amy Yang (born July 28, 1989) also known as Yang Hee-Young is a Korean professional golfer. She plays on the United States-based Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour and on the Ladies European Tour (LET). Since turning professional at age 17, she has six professional wins.

Yang began playing golf at age 10. She moved to Australia with her family at age 15 to play golf. In 2005 she won the "Queensland Amateur Championship", the youngest winner ever of that championship. In 2006, while still an amateur she won the ANZ Ladies Masters on the Ladies European Tour. Yang was also the youngest winner ever on the LET at age 16 years, 6 months and 18 days. She was given an exception to join the LET at age 17. Yang qualified for the LGPA on her first attempt.

References 

Golfers
Church Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis

Church Saint-Paul-Saint-Lous (also known as Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis) is a church located in the 4th arrondissement in Paris. It was constructed from 1627 to 1641, by Jesuit architects Étienne Martellange and François Derand. It is also called Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites. Louis XIII commissioned it to be built.

Churches in France
Scott Walker 2016 presidential campaign

The 2016 presidential campaign of Scott Walker, the 45th Governor of Wisconsin, was announced at an event in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 13, 2015. The scheduling of an announcement event was made public on July 2, two weeks after the formation of a "testing the waters" fundraising committee.

Background
Two weeks before his announcement, he formed a "testing the waters" fundraising committee to see if running for President is a good idea.

Announcement
On July 2nd, Walker started a countdown by posting a slice of his presidential campaign logo on Instagram, with eight more pieces to come in the days ahead. He also tweeted an image of himself waving next to an American flag with the message "It begins."

On July 10, then-Governor Walker's official Twitter account tweeted a premature presidential announcement, which is being investigated by Twitter.

Suspension
On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign after low polling numbers.

References

Walker
Gamil Ratib

Gamil Ratib (جميل راتب, November 28, 1926 – September 19, 2018) was an Egyptian actor. He was known for his roles in Lawrence of Arabia, Poussière de diamant, and in The Aquarium. 

Ratib was born in Cairo, Egypt. He died in Cairo on September 19, 2018 at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2018 deaths
Egyptian actors
People from Cairo
Peterson

Peterson is a common English language surname. It means "Son of Peter". There are over 700 different spellings of the name. The form Peterson may have also come from the Danish form Petersen.

People 
Cassandra Peterson (1951 - ) is an American actress.
Oscar Peterson (1925 - 2007) was a Canadian jazz pianist.

Surnames
Rhopalostylis sapida

Rhopalostylis sapida, the nikau () is a palm tree endemic to New Zealand. It is the only palm tree to grow there. It also does not grow naturally anywhere else in the world.

Nīkau is a Māori word. In the languages of the Pacific tropics, it means the leaves of a coconut palm. 

The Maori had many uses for the nīkau palm. The bases of the inner leaves and the young flowers were eaten raw or cooked. Food was wrapped in the leaves for cooking.  The old tough leaves were used to make baskets, floor rugs and waterproof thatched roofs for buildings.

Natural location 

The nīkau palm lives along the coast and lowland forests on the North Island and on the South Island. It lives where there is humidity. It is the world's most southern palm at 44° 18'S latitude.

Description 
The nīkau grows tall with a wide, green trunk which has grey-green leaf scars. The trunk is topped by a smooth, bulging crown of fronds (leaves). The flowers are coloured lilac to pink. The fruit is circular or oblong and is red when ripe. The nīkau has flowers between November and April (summer). The fruit ripens from February to November and is a favourite food for the native wood pigeon.

Caring for the palm 
 
The nīkau makes an excellent potted plant, and is quite healthy. It is slow-growing. It grows easily from a seed if the fruit is soaked in water for a few days and then gently scrubbed to remove the skin. The seed will then germinate in sealed plastic bags in part shade. Later, they can be planted in deep pots. 

The nīkau lives well in cool temperatures. In New Zealand, it does not get exposed to freezing weather. It can survive a few degrees of frost. It is hurt most by a sudden large drop in temperature even above freezing. It does well in areas with a mild Mediterranean climate.

References

Other websites 

New Zealand native plant website: Rhopalostylis sapida 

Trees
Arecaceae
CNN Chile

CNN Chile is the Chilean version of CNN international. It was founded on December 4, 2008. It broadcasts 24 hours a day nationwide in Chile.

Coverage
 News
 Sports
 Program reviews

Related pages 
 CNN en Español

Other websites 
 Official website

Television channels in South America
CNN
2008 establishments
Chile
21st-century establishments in Chile
Great Stink

The Great Stink was in central London in July and August 1858. During hot weather the smell of untreated faeces was overpowering.

It was caused by untreated human waste in the River Thames, and on its banks. An ageing and inadequate sewer system emptied directly into the Thames.

The bad air was thought to transmit contagious diseases. There were three outbreaks of cholera before the Great Stink was blamed on the problems with the river. A proposal from  the civil engineer Joseph Bazalgette for sewage treatment was finally accepted.

References 

1858
1850s in the United Kingdom
19th century in London
Infectious diseases
Water infrastructure
London
Cholera pandemics
Water pollution
Cracked Rear View

Cracked Rear View is the major-label debut album by Hootie & the Blowfish. It was released on July 5, 1994 by Atlantic Records.

Reception

Cracked Rear View is Hootie & the Blowfish's most successful album. It was the highest-selling album of 1995, with 10.5 million shipments that year alone. It eventually shipped 16 million copies by March 31, 1999. Cracked Rear View reached number one on the Billboard 200 five times during 1995. The album also reached number one in Canada and New Zealand. Three million copies were sold through the Columbia House mail-order system.

Critical reviews of Cracked Rear View were mostly positive. The Allmusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it four and a half stars out of five. He wrote that it was "the success story of 1994/1995." He also said, "Although Hootie & the Blowfish aren't innovative, they deliver the goods. They turned out an album of solid, rootsy folk-rock songs that have simple, powerful hooks."

References 

1994 albums
Paddington

Paddington is a location in the London borough of City of Westminster, in central London. It has a train station called Paddington station.

People from Paddington

Related pages 
 Paddington Bridge
 Paddington Green TV series
 Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green

References

Other websites
Tenzin Delek Rinpoche

Lithang Tulku Tenzin Delek Rinpoche or Tenzing Deleg (1950 – 12 July 2015) was a Tibetan Buddhist leader from Garze, Sichuan. He was born in Lithang, Tibet. He was arrested on April 7, 2002 during a raid on Jamyang Choekhorling in Garze, Sichuan, China. He was accused of being involved in a bomb attack on April 3, 2002 on the central square of Sichuan's provincial capital, Chengdu. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in prison in Chengdu.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Buddhists
People who died in prison custody
Tibetan people
Philipp Mißfelder

Philipp Mißfelder (August 25, 1979 – July 13, 2015) was a German politician and a member of the Bundestag.  From January through March 2014 he served in the German government as the Coordinator for Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Intersocietal Relations, Cultural and Information Policy.

References

1979 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Former members of the German Bundestag
German historians
People from Gelsenkirchen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
2015 Pan American Games

The 17th Pan American Games were held from July 10 to July 26, 2015 in Toronto, Canada.

Over 6,000 athletes from 41 countries. They competed in 36 sports.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2015 in sports
2015 in Canada
Pan American Games
Sport in Toronto
2010s in Toronto
1951 Pan American Games

The 1st version of the Pan American Games was held in 1951 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Over 2,500 athletes from 21 countries competed in 20 sports.

References

Pan American Games
1951 in sports
Anderson (name)

Anderson is both a first name and a family name. In Scotland, the name first appeared in records of the 14th century as "Fitz Andreu" (it means "son of Andrew"). Anderson is one of the most common family names. It is especially common in Scotland, United States, Canada and England.

People with Anderson as a family name include Rona Anderson, Pamela Anderson, Loni Anderson, Laurie Anderson and Lynn Anderson.

People with Anderson as a first name include Anderson Cooper, who is the son of Gloria Vanderbilt.

People with Anderson as a first name
 Anderson Dawson (1863-1910), Australian politician
 Anderson Hernández (born 1982), Dominican former Major League Baseball player, currently playing in the Mexican League
 Anderson Ribeiro (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
 Anderson Varejão (born 1982), Brazilian National Basketball Association player

People with Anderson as a last name
 Alf Anderson (1914-1985), American baseball player
 Ben Anderson (born 1975), British journalist
 Bibi Andersson (born 1935), Swedish actress
 Bud Anderson (born 1922), American aviator and flying ace
 Charles D. Anderson (1827–1901), Confederate general
 Daphne Anderson (1922–2013), British actress
 Martina Anderson (born 1962), Northern Irish politician

Surnames
Given names
Carter

Carter is a family name. It originally meant to haul goods in a cart. The name comes from the Gaelic and Celtic word cairt (cart). It originated in Ireland and Scotland. It later migrated to England, where it was changed to its English form.

People who have the name Carter include Lynda Carter, June Carter Cash, actress Dixie Carter and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Surnames
Wilberfoss Primary School

Wilberfoss Primary School is an outstanding school, according to the Ofsted report of 2012. The school has about 200 pupils. It is a Church of England school.

Wilberfoss is in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Schools in England
Hybrid vigour

Hybrid vigour (or hybrid vigor) is the improved  activity and survival of hybrid offspring. The technical term in genetics is heterosis.

Inbreeding in a normal population leads to the offspring getting worse, less fit, less fertile and usually not living as long as the parents. The opposite, outbreeding, leads to fit, healthy, fertile offspring. This effect has been known for a long time. Animal breeders have known it since the 18th century, and Darwin investigated it in detail with plants.

On the other hand, when two parents are from widely different populations, such as different subspecies, this usually does not apply. In that case it is more usual for the hybrids to have lower fitness. Mules are usually not fertile, and that automatically makes them of lower fitness, as that term is used in biology. They are very hardy animals, but they leave few offspring. The puzzle for scientists has been to explain these facts.

Genetic theories 
When a population is small or inbred, it tends to lose genetic diversity. The loss of fitness is due to loss of genetic diversity. Inbred strains tend to be homozygous for recessive alleles. Recessive alleles tend to be mildly harmful. Heterosis or hybrid vigor, on the other hand, is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness.

In the early 20th century, after Mendel's laws came to be understood and accepted, two explanations were proposed.

 Dominance hypothesis. Undesirable recessive alleles from one parent are suppressed by dominant alleles from the other. Inbred strains lose genetic diversity, because they become homozygous at many loci.
 Overdominance hypothesis. Certain combinations of alleles that can be obtained by crossing two inbred strains are advantageous in the heterozygote. Cases such as sickle-cell anaemia show this at one gene locus, and overdominance is explained by this happening at many loci.

Present status 
At present, the first idea seems to fit the facts best. "The current view ... is that the dominance hypothesis is the major explanation of inbreeding decline and the high yield of hybrids".

An epigenetic effect heterosis has been found in plants, and also in animals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which repress the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or degrade mRNAs. The miRNAs may also have an effect on hybrid vigour.

References 

Genetics