cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Amy Winehouse

Amy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English jazz, soul and R&B singer and songwriter. She debuted with the well-received album Frank in 2003.  Winehouse won five Grammy Awards for her 2006 album Back to Black. This made her the first British female to win five Grammys.  
Winehouse had many uncles who were jazz musicians, and she was interested in jazz from a young age. She named her first album after Frank Sinatra. Her music was also influenced by girl groups of the 1960s.

Early life
Amy was born to Jewish parents Janis and Mitch Winehouse. She was given her first guitar when she was 13 years old. When she was 14 she started writing songs. She’d often write music about her day to day experiences in a book given to her by father. It was later revealed that she used some of the songs she wrote as a teenager on her debut album  Frank  She went to Sylvia Young Theatre School and the BRIT School. Both schools have very notable alumni including soul-singer  Adele  and  X-Factor  contestant,  Leona Lewis

Career
On 20 October 2003 Winehouse's first album Frank was released. She won an Ivor Novello Award for it.

On 30 October 2006 her second album Back to Black was released. Five singles were released from the album. The first single "Rehab" spent 57 weeks in the UK Singles Chart. It won Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards.
Winehouse sung on Mutya Buena's 2007 single "B Boy Baby". Winehouse performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday Party concert at London's Hyde Park on 27 June 2008. The next day she performed at the Glastonbury Festival.

In 2011 Lioness: Hidden Treasures, a collection of Winehouse's unreleased songs, was released. It reached No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. Winehouse sung on the song "Cherry Wine" on Nas' 2012 album Life Is Good.

Personal life
She married Blake Fielder-Civil in 2007. They had legal troubles that resulted in criminal convictions for both of them. He was sent to prison. They divorced in 2009. She died of accidental alcohol poisoning in 2011 after years of drug and alcohol addiction. This made her a member of the 27 Club, a group of popular musicians who have died at that age, often due to drug or alcohol abuse. After Winehouse's death her dad published a book about her life called Amy: My Daughter. All of the money made from the book was given to the Amy Winehouse Foundation.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1983 births
2011 deaths
Brit Award winners
British jazz musicians
British R&B musicians
British soul musicians
Contraltos
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Grammy Award winners
Singers from London
Canuck

"Canuck" is a slang term for Canadian people.

History
The term was first used in the 19th century, although its etymology (origin) is not clear. Some possibilities are:
 kanata1 "village"
 Canada + -uc (Algonquian noun suffix)
 Canada + -inuk (Inuit for "man")
 Connaught, a rarely-used term for Irish-French-Canadians.

Meaning
The Random House Dictionary says that: "The term Canuck is first recorded about 1835 as an Americanism, originally referring specifically to a French Canadian. This was probably the original meaning, though in Canada and other countries, Canuck now more often refers to any Canadian."

Usage and examples
When "Canuck" is used by Canadians, the meaning is usually affectionate, friendly or patriotic.

The history and use of the term include:
 The Vancouver Canucks hockey team
 The Canada national rugby union team Canucks
 The Crazy Canucks, a group of Canadian alpine ski racers who were active in the '70s.
 Johnny Canuck, an image of Canadians in early political cartoons of the 1860s resisting Uncle Sam's bullying. Johnny Canuck was used again in 1942 by Leo Bachle to defend Canada against the Nazis.
 In 1975 in comics by Richard Comely, Captain Canuck is a super-agent for Canadians' security, with Redcoat and Kebec being his sidekicks. (Kebec is claimed to be unrelated to Capitaine Kébec of a French-Canadian comic published two years earlier.) Captain Canuck had enhanced strength and endurance thanks to being bathed in alien rays during a camping trip.  The captain was reintroduced in the mid-1990s, and again in 2004.
 Operation Canuck was the name of a British Special Air Service raid led by a Canadian captain, Buck McDonald in January 1945.
 "The Dark Canuck" is a song on The Tragically Hip's album In Violet Light.
In 1995, Canada Post released 45-cent postage stamps showing Johnny Canuck and Captain Canuck.
"Canuck" is a nickname for the Curtiss JN4 and Avro CF-100 aircraft.
One of the first uses of "Canuck" – in the form of "Kanuk" – specifically referred to Dutch Canadians as well as French Canadians. 
Team Canuck is a small-sized team at RoboCup.
 North Plainfield High School Canucks, is the mascot of this High School in New Jersey.
"Canuck Rubber", a reference to Canadian Tire stores.

The use of "Canuck" is similar to the use of some other potentially offensive nicknames. When it is used by the people it names – Canadians in this case – it is usually acceptable. But when it is used by an outsider it can be thought of as insulting one's heritage.

Related pages
 Soviet Canuckistan, a derogatory nickname for Canada.
 Canuck Letter

References

 Random House Dictionary
 The Oxford Companion To The English Language Oxford English Dictionary Unkind Words : Ethnic Labeling from Redskin to WASP'' - Irving Lewis Allen

Other websites

 History of the Vancouver Canucks National Hockey League team
 Canuck Unlimited Canadians airplane crews who operated in Southeast Asia during World War II
 Johnny Canuck: with a stamp illustration
 Captain Canuck: with a stamp illustration
 The Word Detective
 The National Superhero in Canadian Comic-Book Art 
 ECanuck Atlantic Canadian Web Portal / Community

Canada
Slang
Charles Kirk Clarke

Charles Kirk Clarke (c. 1857 - January 20 1924) was a psychiatrist who had a big role in Canadian politics. He was born in Elora, Ontario, to a former parliamentarian. He went to college at the University of Toronto in 1879. He later went on to found the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene. Clarke first practised psychiatry at the 999 Queen Street institution in Toronto. In 1880, then took a post at the Hamilton asylum.

Life
Clarke was a student and brother-in-law of Joseph Workman, Superintendent of the Toronto Asylum. By 1905, Clarke had abandoned the movement, and many of the other leading psychiatrists would follow suit by the end of World War I, when it was clear that eugenic measures were not having the desired effects.

1857 births
1924 deaths
People from Ontario
Canadian psychiatrists
Medical researchers
The Internationale

"The Internationale" (, ; 
,
, , , ) is a very well known communist, socialist, and social democratic/democratic socialist song. While it was originally written in French, it was translated into many other languages, including English. The most famous versions, however, are those in Russian and Chinese.

The French words, written by Eugene Pottier, were originally supposed to be sung to the tune of "La Marseillaise", but a separate tune was created for it by a Belgian named Pierre Degeyter.

The Russian version, written by Arkady Yakolevich Kots () in 1902, was adopted as the national anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) in 1918 and as that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the Soviet Union) in 1922. It stayed like this until 1944, when it was replaced by the State Anthem of the Soviet Union written by Alexander Alexandrov.

The Chinese lyrics were written by Qu Qiubai ().

The song is known by its tune, and its chorus, which in French begins with "" (meaning "It's the final battle").

Original French lyrics

Russian lyrics

Chinese lyrics

Other websites 

 Downloadable recordings in more than 30 languages 
  Another large collection

Songs
Communism
Socialism
Hartley, Kent

Hartley is a village in Kent, England. It is 6 miles south of Gravesend and Dartford. The old church is called All Saints.

Hartley has many new buildings and some old houses, it now joins Longfield, the place in the north.  In 2001 there were 5,395 persons living here.  There are also woods and a farm near the houses.  Most of the 2,145 houses in Hartley are owned by the persons who live in them.

The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are".   It was a very small place, but now is like a town.  No great events happened here, and not many famous persons lived in Hartley.

Geology 
In the Cretaceous time, much of England was under the sea. In the deep waters, the chalk of the North Downs of Kent was made. Then the sea made the clay which is over the chalk. Then the Ice Age froze the chalk and there were rivers which made the "dry valley" at Hartley Bottom.

History 
In the year 1086, 15 families and 3 slaves lived in Hartley.  Before the Black Death (1348) about 150 persons lived here.  53 persons made tax payments in 1377, which means about 85 lived here then.  In 1392 a paper tells us that there was a chief house, where a manager lived.  He farmed land for the owner.  This land was called Hartley Court.  Other persons who owned land in Hartley, had to go to the court of the owner and do some other work for him.  
There was a fight at Hartley Wood in 1554, between supporters and opponents of Queen Mary I of England. Her supporters won.  Hartley in 1650 was like the place in 1850, because almost all the buildings were there then.  In 1770 the writer Edward Hasted said not many persons go to Hartley.

Some buildings were made in the 1700s (like Hartley House and Yew Cottage).  In 1841 there were 224 persons living in Hartley.  Almost all worked on the farms.  There was also a wheel maker, metal worker and drink sellers.

The growth of Hartley started after the railway came to Longfield in 1876, and water by pipe came in 1902.  Next two companies – Payne, Trapps and Co Ltd, and Small Owners Limited sold land for houses and small farms.  After 1945 there were many new houses and roads.

Other websites
Local information and history website
Hartley Parish Council

Villages in Kent
Stephanie McMahon

Stephanie Marie McMahon-Levesque (born September 24, 1976), better known as Stephanie McMahon, is the "Executive Vice President of Talent and Creative Writing" for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). She is married to Paul "Triple H" Levesque. They have three daughters together. She is the daughter of WWE founder, Vince McMahon. She is the sister of Shane McMahon and daughter of Linda Mcmahon.

References

1976 births
Living people
WWE people
American screenwriters 
Writers from Connecticut
Cienfuegos

Cienfuegos is the capital city of the Cienfuegos province, Cuba. It has a population of about 150,000.

Cities in Cuba
1819 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Cuba
Hartley

Hartley could mean

Places

In England
In Cumbria
Hartley, Cumbria (village)
Hartley Castle
In Devon
Hartley, Plymouth (see Places in Plymouth)
In Kent
Hartley, Kent 
Hartley, Cranbrook
In Northumberland
New Hartley
Old Hartley, part of Seaton Sluice

Worldwide
Hartley, South Australia Australia
Electoral district of Hartley is a state electoral district in South Australia.
Hartley, New South Wales Australia
Hartley's Creek, Queensland Australia
Hartley Bay, British Columbia Canada
Hartley, Texas, United States
Hartley County, Texas, United States
Hartley, Iowa, United States
Hartley, Zimbabwe (formerly called Rhodesia)

People
 Adele Hartley
 Aidan Hartley
 Al Hartley
 A. N. Hartley
 Alex Hartley
 Alfred Hartley
 Ann Hartley
 Anne Jane Hartley
 Anthony Hartley (1925-2000), British writer and critic
 Bill Hartley
 Bill Hartley (athlete)
 Blythe Hartley
 Bob Hartley
 David Hartley (philosopher) (1705-1757), English philosopher and psychologist
 David Hartley (the Younger) (1731-1813), Member of Parliament and son of the English philosopher
 Edmund Barron Hartley
 Fergal Hartley
 Fred Hartley
 Fred A. Hartley, Jr., U.S. politician, known for sponsoring the Taft-Hartley Act
 Gene Hartley
 Grover Hartley
 Hal Hartley
 J. R. Hartley, fictional character
 Jesse Hartley
 Joe Hartley K-O Joe, renowned boxer, cricket player and professor of English literature (born late 1970s)
 John Hartley:
John Hartley (poet)  (1839–1915), Yorkshireman
John Anderson Hartley (1844–1896), Australian educationalist
John Hartley (tennis player) (1849–1935), English clergyman who won Wimbledon
John Hartley (cricketer) (1874–1963), played for Oxford and Sussex
 Jonathan Scott Hartley
 Julia Hartley-Brewer
 Justin Hartley (born 1977), American actor
 L. P. Hartley (1895-1972), British author
 Lauren Hartley
 Linda Hartley
 Lindsay Hartley
 Mariette Hartley
 Marsden Hartley (1877-1943), American artist 
 Matthieu Hartley
 Mike Hartley
 Nina Hartley (born 1959), adult-film actress
 Oliver C. Hartley
 Paul Hartley
 Peter Hartley
 Phil "Otis" Hartley
 Ralph Hartley (1888-1970), electronics researcher
 Richard Hartley
 Steven Hartley
 Thomas Hartley
 Wallace Hartley (1878-1912), violinist and band leader who died on the Titanic
 Walter Hartley

 Hartley William Shawcross (1902-2003), British barrister and politician

Other
hartley (ban) unit of information
Hartley Brewery, in Ulverston, Cumbria from c.1754 until about 1989.
Hartley College, Point Pedro, Sri Lanka
Hartley's Potato Chips, makers of kettle cooked potato chips since 1935, Lewistown, Pennsylvania
Hartley oscillator
USS Hartley, a Dealey class Destroyer Escort in the US Navy from 1957 to 1972

Other websites
Hartley Family Surname Research
Gribble

A gribble is any species of marine isopod from the family Limnoriidae. They are mostly pale white and small (1-4  mm long) crustaceans. 

The term gribble was originally used for the wood-boring species, especially the first species described from Norway by Rathke in 1799, Limnoria lignorum. The Limnoriidae have species which bore into seaweed and sea grass, as well as wood borers. 

There are three genera, Paralimnoria, Limnoria and Lynseia. Limnoria has species in most seas. Those gribbles able to bore into living marine plants are thought to have evolved from a wood (dead plant) boring species. 

Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for food. The cellulose of wood is digested. The most destructive species are Limnoria lignorum, L. tripunctata and L. quadripunctata. According to an expert, they are the only animals able to make a cellulase to dissolve plant cell walls. Other animals that eat plant fibres make use of bacteria in their gut to produce the enzyme. Gribbles do not. This has led some biologists to think of biofuels.

Related pages 
Gut flora

References 

Isopods
Tuatara

The Tuatara are reptiles which look like lizards. However, they are the only surviving member of an order of reptiles which flourished 200 million years ago.

There is now only the genus Sphenodon, with two species of Tuatara. Both are endemic to (only live in) New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.

Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80 cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back: the Maori word tuatara refers to this.
The crest is more pronounced in males. Tuatara are special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among living species.

Sense organs

Third 'eye' 
Tuatara are also unusual because they have a third 'eye'. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It does not see like a normal eye. The parietal eye, as it is called, is only visible in hatchlings. They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months this becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment.

The function of the parietal eye is unknown, but it may be useful in absorbing ultraviolet rays to manufacture vitamin D. It may also do other things. Of all living tetrapods, the parietal eye is most obvious in this animal. The parietal eye is part of the pineal system. The animal's pineal gland secretes melatonin at night. Some salamanders use their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.

Hearing 
Tuataras do not have ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.

Endangered species 
The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895. The second species, S. guntheri, was not discovered until 1989.

Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and the introduced Polynesian Rat Rattus exulans. They were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands, until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.

References

Scaled reptiles
Living fossils
Animals of New Zealand
Dinosaur Jr

Dinosaur Jr is an American rock band. The band was formed in 1984 in Massachusetts. The band stopped playing in 1997 but came back together in 2007. The people in the band right now are J Mascis, Lou Barlow and Murph.  The band has recorded many albums over the years that were very important to rock music. Some of these albums are You're Living All Over Me, Green Mind and Beyond.

The band is famous for J Mascis' good guitar sounds and his powerful guitar solos.

Discography 
 Dinosaur (1985)
 You're Living All Over Me (1987)
 Bug (1988)
 Green Mind (1991)
 Where You Been (1993)
 Without a Sound (1994)
 Hand It Over (1997)
 Beyond (2007)
 Farm (2009)
 I Bet on Sky (2012)
 Give a Glimpse of What Yer Not (2016)

Other websites

Official Dinosaur Jr site

1984 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Band Aid (band)

Band Aid was a British and Irish charity music supergroup. It was started in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure. The purpose was to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia by making the record "Do They Know It's Christmas?" The single was very successful. It was Number One on the music charts during Christmas. Two re-recordings of the song were done. They raised more money and also finished Number One on the charts.

Band Aid II re-recorded the song in 1989, and Band Aid 20 did the same in 2004.

Other websites
Registered Charity No. 292199  (Band Aid Charitable Trust)

1984 establishments in the United Kingdom
Musical groups established in 1984
Hüsker Dü

Hüsker Dü was an American hardcore punk and later alternative rock band from the 1980s. The band formed in 1979 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The people in the band were Bob Mould who sang and played electric guitar, Greg Norton (later replaced by Enrique Peña Nieto) who played bass guitar and Grant Hart who sang and played drums. The band stopped playing together in 1987.

The band's sound changed very much over the years they were together, but it was always very loud and powerful. The band began as a hardcore band. They played extremely loud and very fast and often screamed their vocals instead of singing. As time went on, the songs began to get slower and more melodic. By the time the band had stopped playing together, their music was no longer punk rock and had changed to alternative rock.

Hüsker Dü always had more than one singer. This is because the band decided early in their time together that whoever wrote the lyrics of a song would sing that song. This meant that many of the songs were be very different from each other, but it also caused fights within the band. In 1987, the band stopped playing together because of these fights.

American punk bands
Musical groups from Minnesota
Musicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Minnesota
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
1988 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Minnesota
Deir el Qamar Synagogue

The Deir el Qamar Synagogue is a synagogue in Deir el Qamar, Lebanon; it is the oldest synagogue in Mount Lebanon. The synagogue was built in the seventeenth century to serve the local Jewish Lebanese population. Some of them were under the rule of Emir Fakhreddine II.

Related pages
History of the Jews in Lebanon
Maghen Abraham Synagogue (Beirut, Lebanon)
Wadi Abu Jamil

Other websites
The Jews of Lebanon blog 
Corporation of Lebanese Jews in Canada 

Synagogues
Buildings and structures in Lebanon
17th-century establishments in Asia
History of Lebanon
Interstate 75

Interstate 75 (often shortened to 75) is an Interstate Highway in the midwest and southeastern United States that runs north and south. It travels from State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway) and State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway) in Hialeah, Florida (just west of Miami) to Sault St. Marie, Michigan, at the Ontario, Canada, border. The route is  long.

Major Cities along the highway
Sault Ste. Marie, MI
Detroit, MI
Toledo, OH
Dayton, OH
Cincinnati, OH
Lexington, KY
Knoxville, TN
Chattanooga, TN
Atlanta, GA
Macon, GA
Tampa, FL

References

75
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael

Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael applied the Daubert standard to expert testimony from non-scientists.

Facts of the case
Patrick Carmichael was driving his minivan on July 6, 1993, when the right rear tire blew out. One of the passengers in the vehicle died, and others were severely injured. Three months later, the Carmichaels sued the manufacturer of the tire, claiming that the tire was defective and the defect caused the accident. The Carmichaels' case rested largely on testimony from a tire failure expert.

The tire failure expert relied on features of tire technology that the manufacturer did not dispute, as well as background facts about the particular tire on the Carmichaels' van. The expert's conclusion that a defect in the tire caused the accident rested on certain observations about the tire that Kumho Tire vigorously disputed. Kumho also disagreed with certain aspects of the tire expert's methodology, and asked the federal district court hearing the case to exclude it under Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.

The district court took its cue from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, which had solidified a gatekeeping role for trial judges in admitting expert testimony. Under Daubert, certain factors contribute to the reliability, and hence the admissibility, of expert testimony, one of which is the general validity of the expert's methods. The district court found the tire expert's methods not to be scientifically valid, and hence excluded his testimony. This meant that Kumho Tire would prevail. The Carmichaels appealed to the Eleventh Circuit.

The Eleventh Circuit reversed the district court's ruling in favor of Kumho Tire. It reasoned that Daubert was expressly limited only to scientific expert testimony and did not apply to "skill- or experience-based observation." The tire expert's testimony rested on observation and experience, and so the Eleventh Circuit reasoned the district court should have made a different ruling based on Rule 702 without the Daubert gloss. Kumho Tire asked the Supreme Court to review whether Daubert applied solely to scientific evidence.

United States law
Politics
Deodorant

Deodorant is anything that takes away an odor, or bad smell. Often, it means something people put on their bodies so their sweat does not smell as bad. The most commonly used deodorants are for use on the armpits. These are also anti-perspirants because they reduce the production of sweat. There are deodorants for other places on the body as well. Deodorant can be sold in the form of sprays, bottles, or sticks that are rolled onto the body.

Hygiene
Silesia

Silesia (; ; ; Silesian: Ślůnsk) is a historical region of Poland. Between 1742 – 1945, it was the eastern part of Germany and was a Prussian province. In 1945, all of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Red Army. In the following years, the communist occupant enacted laws that in effect chased away the remaining all owners.

Geography 
Silesia is along the upper and middle Oder River, upper Vistula River, and along the Sudetes Mountains and the Carpathian Mountains.

The highest point of Silesia is the Śnieżka, in the Sudetes Mountains.

Cities 
The largest cities of Silesia (Population of 1939):

Other cities are Brzeg, Boleslawiec, Kozle, Zabkowice Slaskie, Klodzko, Głogów, Strzelce Opolskie, Zielona Gora, Zlotoryja, Jelenia Gora, Glubczyce, Nysa, Swidnica and Trzebnica.

Famous people 
There are many famous people who were born in Silesia:

 Writers, poets and playwrights like Andreas Gryphius, Martin Opitz, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau, Carl Hauptmann, Gerhart Hauptmann (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1912), Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Gustav Freytag
 Members of the German Resistance such as Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke,
 Military officers such as Manfred von Richthofen, Erwin von Witzleben
 Painters like Adolph von Menzel
 Philosophers like Jakob Böhme
 Actors like Dieter Hildebrandt, Victor de Kowa, Ludwig M. Lommel, Wolfgang Neuss, Willy Fritsch, Hanna Schygulla, Georg Thomalla
 Politicians like Paul Löbe (SPD), Klaus Töpfer (CDU), Manfred Kanther (CDU), Ferdinand Lassalle, Erich Mende (FDP)
 Scientists like Hans G. Dehmelt (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1989), Paul Ehrlich (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1908), Friedrich Bergius (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1931), Max Born (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1954), Fritz Haber (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1918), Reinhard Selten (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 1994), Konrad Bloch (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1964), Bernhard Grzimek, Johannes Winkler, Maria Goeppert-Mayer (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1963), Kurt Alder (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1950), Otto Stern (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1943)
 Builder and architects like Carl Gotthard Langhans
 Musicians like Katja Ebstein, Roy Etzel, Michael Jary

Gallery

Other websites 

 http://www.schlesien-lm.de - official website of the Landsmannschaft Schlesien
 http://www.schlesierbund.de - Schlesierbund from Nürnberg, Germany
 http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/provinz_schlesien.htm - Deutsche Schutzgebiete - Provinz Schlesien

Geography of the Czech Republic
Geography of Poland
Geography of Saxony
Regions of Germany
Josh Holloway

Josh Holloway (born July 20, 1969 in San Jose, California) is an American actor most known for his role as James "Sawyer" Ford on ABC's Emmy award-winning show Lost.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos and games

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Santa Clara County, California
People from San Jose, California
Manuel Fraga Iribarne

Manuel Fraga Iribarne (November 23, 1922 in Vilalba – January 15, 2012 in Madrid) was a Spanish and Galician politician. Fraga was a politician in Spain under Francisco Franco's dictatorial regime and in the democracy after Franco's death. He was the President of Galicia from 1990 to 2005 and governed the region strictly with a hard hand. He was loved by those who supported him, and loathed by his opponents.

1922 births
2012 deaths
Presidents of the Regional Government of Galicia
Galicia (Spain)

Galicia or Galiza is a nationality in Spain that became a Spanish autonomous community in 1978. It is in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It shares borders with Portugal to the South and the communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east.

History 
Galicia is a green country with Celtic features. Since re-gaining autonomy in 1978, Galicia has been governed by the Xunta de Galicia (government of Galicia). Galicia was strictly governed from 1990 until 2005, during the Manuel Fraga years. The Xunta de Galicia was then under a socialist president Emilio Perez Touriño, who had made Galicia more liberal than ever before, until 2009. From March 2009 Partido Popular (right-wing party) won power and the new president is Alberto Núñez Feijoo, who won a second term as President in 2012.

Language 
Galicia has one main language:Galician "galego". It has many similarities with Portuguese. Galego and Portuguese have the same origin. Spanish is also spoken in Galicia, but mainly as a second language.

Cuisine 
Galicia is very famous for its fishing industry and seafood remains an important part of its cuisine. A very popular dish in Galicia is polbo á feira, ("polbo" means octopus). There are many restaurants that serve seafood in Galicia.
Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a product that comes from the breakdown of haemoglobin. Its levels are higher in certain diseases and it causes the yellow color of bruises and the brown color of faeces. Its level usually measured to monitor liver or gallbladder problems.

Biochemistry
Physiology
Nelly Furtado

Nelly Kim Furtado ComIH (born December 2, 1978) is a Canadian singer-songwriter.

Music
She can also play many musical instruments. She learned to play the trombone and the ukulele at the age of four. In later years, she learned to play the guitar and keyboard. She has released five albums. The first album was released in 2000 and was called Whoa! Nelly. She become famous worldwide because the album was very popular. The first single released was "I'm Like a Bird" which earned her a Grammy Award. Her second album was Folklore released in 2003. It was not as popular as the previous album. Her third album in 2006 was Loose which spawned many hit songs including "Promiscuous", "Maneater", "Say It Right" and "All Good Things (Come to an End)".  She then released a Spanish language album in 2009 titled Mi Plan and in 2010 released a greatest hits album. Her next English language album The Spirit Indestructible was released in 2012. Furtado's parents are Portuguese immigrants. She sings in English, Spanish and Portuguese.

Family
On September 20, 2003, she gave birth to a daughter, Nevis.

Biography
Her parents named her Nelly Kim in reference to Kazakh gymnastics champion Nellie Kim who won 5 gold medals (3 in 1976 and 2 in 1980) and 1 silver (in 1976) at the Olympic Games.

She learned to play trombone, guitar and ukulele at the age of 9 and the synthesizer at age 11. Passionate about music from an early age, she knows from the age of 4 that she wants to become a singer. Nelly sang with her mother in a choir, especially during Portugal's National Day.

As a teenager, she began to write songs and was part of a Portuguese fanfare. During this time, she listened to R & B, hip-hop, alternative rock, alternative hip-hop, trip hop, fado, bossa nova, Indian music and variety. The artists that Nelly loved (and influenced her) include: Jeff Buckley, Caetano Veloso, Jennifer Lopez, Amalia Rodrigues, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Cornershop, Maryh Blige, Mariah Carey, TLC, Digable Planets, De The Soul, Aaliyah, Radiohead, Oasis, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Verve, U2, Kylie Minogue, Beck.

1978 births
Living people
Canadian pop singers
Grammy Award winners
 
Musicians from Victoria, British Columbia
Portuguese singers
R&B musicians
Latin Grammy Award winners
Anna Jurkiewicz

Anna Jurkiewicz (born February 9, 1984 in Oświęcim, Poland) is a Polish figure skater.

As a young girl, she was one of the best young skaters in the world. Then she had some health problems and was not able to skate. She returned in 2006 and has been competing internationally since autumn 2006.

Other websites 
 Official Homepage
 ISU Official Profile 

1984 births
Living people
Polish sportspeople
Figure skaters
Exmoor

Exmoor is a national park in England. The border of two counties, Devon and Somerset, runs through it. It is an area of sandstone hills which form tall cliffs on its north coast. The high ground of Exmoor is mostly rough grassland, but there are small woodlands on its lower slopes.

In Exmoor is an important water reservoir, Wimbleball Lake.

It is also famous for the Exmoor Pony.

Other websites

Exmoor National Park Authority
North Devon & Exmoor Official Guide  

Devon
Somerset
National parks in the United Kingdom
Barnstaple

Barnstaple is a town in Devon, a county in South West England. 20,724 people live there. It is found  west southwest of Bristol,  north of Plymouth and  northwest of the county town of Exeter.

References

Other websites 
 
 Barnstaple Town Council and Town Centre Management 
 North Devon District Council
 Barnstaple Webcam (from Civic Centre) 
 Barnstaple's History
 Museum of Barnstaple & North Devon
 State of Devon's economy 2006 
 Pannier Market's History 

Towns in Devon
Bideford

Bideford is a town in north Devon, a county in South West England. It is on the River Torridge. 14,407 people live there. It is a port, and its main export is clay.

References 

Towns in Devon
Tiverton

Tiverton is a town in Mid Devon, Devon, England. In 2001, it had a population of 18,621. It was once a centre of lace making, but this industry has now declined.

People have lived around the area since the Stone Age. There is a hillfort on a hill above the town. Roman fortifications have been found nearby.

References

Other websites 
 Tiverton's Homepage 
 Genuki Tiverton page
 2nd Tiverton Scouts 
 Tiverton Town Council
 Tiverton Town Football Club 
 Tiverton Town Youth Development The Youth section of Tiverton Town Football Club 
 Tiverton Museum
 Tiverton High School
 East Devon College 
 Tiverton Gazette
 Mid Devon District Council
 Tiverton on Panoramio 

Mid Devon
Towns in Devon
Persian

Persian might mean:

Something related to Iran, which used to be called Persia before 1935
Persian language
Persian people
Persian Empire
Achaemenid Empire, one of the Persian Empires
Persian (cat), a cat breed
Torbay

Torbay is a Unitary authority in England. 120,000 people live there. It is on the south coast and has over 20 beaches. Tourism is very important to the local economy.

Torbay is not a town. Rather, it contains three towns (Torquay, Paignton and Brixham) and a few villages, the largest of which is Galmpton.

Torbay was first created as a county borough in 1967, uniting the urban districts of its three towns. In 1974 it became a borough of Devon, its surrounding county. Then in 1993 It was given unitary authority status, having the powers of both a borough and a county. In 2007 a referendum led to the adoption of a directly elected Mayor.

Unitary authorities in Devon
1215



Events 
 In England, Magna Carta is signed by King John.
391



Events 
 Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, decrees that Christianity should be the only religion allowed in the Empire.
Beyond (album)

Beyond is an album by the American alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr.  It was released in April 2007. It was the band's first album since 1997's Hand it Over. It was the first album since 1988's Bug to have all of the band's original members.  The album is in the usual Dinosaur Jr style of very loud guitars with many skillful guitar solos.  The album has been successful. It is generally well thought of by music critics.

Songs on the Album
"Almost Ready"
"Crumble"
"Pick Me Up"
"Back to Your Heart"
"This Is All I Can Do"
"Been There All the Time"
"It's Me"
"We're Not Alone"
"I Got Lost"
"Lightning Bulb"
"What If I knew"

2007 albums
Laboratory glassware

Laboratory glassware refers to various items which are usually made of glass and used for scientific work in chemistry and biology laboratories. Some of these items are now made of plastic which is less expensive and more convenient.

Pipettes, petri dishes, and test tubes are examples of laboratory glassware. These items are used to store materials, to measure their volume, to mix and prepare solutions, or to contain a chemical reaction.

Laboratory equipment
Volta (album)

Volta is a 2007 album by Icelandic rock singer Björk. She has claimed the album is about "returning to her roots". The style of the album is electronic pop. Five singles were released from it. The first single "Earth Intruders" was released April 2007. It was produced by Timbaland.

Songs 
 "Earth Intruders"
 "Wanderlust"
 "The Dull Flame of Desire"
 "Innocence"
 "I See Who You Are"
 "Vertabrae by Vertabrae "
 "Pneumonia"
 "Hope"
 "Declare Independence"
 "My Juvenile"

2007 albums
Björk albums
Pop albums
Mulatto

Mulatto is a word referring to a person who is born to one black parent and one white parent. The term may be considered offensive or rude to some, because of its origin. The term is also used to refer to a light brown color, because of a mulatto's skin color.  Many people prefer terms such as "biracial" and "of mixed race" over "mulatto".

In some cultures, such as in Cuba, there are a number of terms describing skin colour, and none of them is taken as evaluative. There are simply descriptive terms. And in the Spanish language the term mulata would be used for females of mixed race.
 
There are other descriptive terms which are used in the Caribbean and Latin America, without their being regarded as racial in the pejorative sense.

References 	

Ethnic groups
Spanish language
Water polo

Water polo is a sport played in water with a ball. It has similarities to basketball and soccer, although players are in the pool. Players try to get the ball into the goal more times than the opposing team, without using goggles.

Outline 
Water polo is a team game. Two teams play a match. Each match has four periods called quarters. The length of each period is usually between 5 and 8 minutes. Because the amount of time spent on fouls or out throws is not counted in the quarter time, an average quarter really lasts around 12 minutes.

Each team has six field players and one goalkeeper. Water polo players need to be good at swimming and ball handing. They need good reflexes and awareness.

Players must keep floating in a game. Players may not stand on the bottom of the pool.

Water polo is played in a pool : depth is above 2 m, a vertical line is 30 m and width is 20 m.

Positions 
 Goal Keeper (2)
 Floater (1)
 Floater Back (1)
 Driver (4)

Equipments 
To play water polo, you need swimwear, caps, mouth guards, a ball and a goal.
The caps' design is unique. They are designed to protect head and ears.

Fouls
 Putting an offensive player who doesn't have a ball under the water; a defensive player who does this should go outside of the field for 20 seconds
 Sinking a ball
 Grasping a carrier's swimwear
 Touching a ball with both hands
 Putting both hands up to defend from shoot

History 
The rules of water polo were originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. The game originated as a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes in England and Scotland with a ball constructed of Indian rubber, probably from the 1850s onwards.

Famous players 
 Koji Kikkawa
 Kan Aoyagi
 Seichiro Okuda
 Yoshitaka Koike
 Gerben Zwiep

Other websites 
 FINA Official Website
 Waterpolo-world
 Water Polo Planet
 Coaching Information on Water Polo 

 
Summer Olympic sports
Fishstick

Fishsticks or fish fingers are a type of food probably invented in the United Kingdom.  They are made of a whitefish like cod that is battered and breaded.  They are often eaten with tartar sauce, cocktail sauce, or ketchup. Fishsticks are popular with children and their parents as an easy-to-prepare finger food that is somewhat healthy for kids.

History
Fishsticks first came about as a result of the invention of the plate froster in 1929, the first quick freezer. To ensure rapid freezing, food needed to be in slim rectangular slabs. A suitable candidate for this freezing method was fishsticks, slivers (small, thin pieces) cut from large fish and dipped in bread crumbs for frying.

In Britain in the 1950s, most of the herring catch was pickled and exported to other North European countries. In an attempt to make herring more appealing on the home market, companies tried to present it in a new way, creating herring fishsticks called “herring savouries” and were tested on the market against a bland control product of cod sticks, sold as “fish fingers.” Shoppers in Southampton and South Wales, showed an overwhelming preference for the cod. Cod fishsticks were first produced in Great Yarmouth and introduced in Britain on 26 September 1955. They became immensely popular after television advertising began in 1956.  To this day, fish sticks are a favorite food among children.

Production

On modern production lines, headless fish are processed through a machine that removes a fillet from each side of the backbone. The fillets then pass over a wheel and a blade that separates the skin from the flesh. Machine filleting leaves a few pin-like bones in the fillet, so the flesh containing the bones is cut out.

Fillets are formed into frozen blocks. A conveyor sends the blanks through batter and breadcrumbs, doubling the thickness of the fishstick. Then each is passed through a hot vegetable oil bath for about one minute to seal the coating and allow the fishstick to be grilled or fried. Then the fishstick is frozen again, with the center reaching -4 °F/-20 °C in less than 20 minutes. After packaging, it is stored at -18 °F/-28 °C, ready for distribution.

Trivia 

 Fans of the New York Rangers of the NHL often taunt their rival team and fans, the New York Islanders because in the mid 1990s, the Islanders briefly changed their uniform from their traditional logo to a more new-age logo that featured a fisherman that many thought resembled the one on the box of Gorton's fish sticks. Rangers fans have been known to chant "We want Fishsticks" at both Madison Square Garden and the Nassau Coliseum during games between the teams.

Sources
 Readers Digest. (1990). "Fish fingers: coated cod fillets ready for frying." How in the World? Pleasantville, NY: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. 

Seafood
Fast food
Nelly

Cornell Iral Haynes Jr. (born November 2, 1974) is an American rapper, singer, and entrepreneur. He is better known as his stage name Nelly. He won three Grammy Awards in 2003.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Remix albums

EPs

Filmography

References

1974 births
Living people
Rap musicians from Texas
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Missouri
Singers from Austin, Texas
 
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Boy band

A boy band is a type of musical group with three or more young male singers. Usually, the singers are able to perform as dancers as well. Most singers in boy bands do not play musical instruments. Boy bands usually perform pop or R&B music.

Best-selling boy bands
Despite negative critical reception, boy bands continue to be generally successful, with some notable ones managing to sell tens of millions of records, placing them among the world's best selling music artists. The best-selling boy bands based on sales figures are:

Total sales

Examples 
For a full list, see :Category:Boy bands
Some of the most popular boy bands include the following:

 Big Bang (band) (2000s–present)
 The Jackson 5 (1960s–80s)
 The Monkees (1960s-present)
 The Temptations (1960s–present)
 One Direction (2010s–present)
 'N Sync (1990s–2000s)
 Backstreet Boys (1990s–present)
 O-Town (2000s–present)
 Westlife (1990s–present)
 Jonas Brothers (2000s–present)
 Blue (2000s–present)
 98 Degrees (1990s–present)
 A1 (1990s–present)
 New Edition (1980s–present)
 New Kids on the Block (1980s–present)

Related pages 
 Girl group
Solo (music)

In musical performance, a solo is a piece or a section of a piece that is played or sung by a single performer. This performer is called a soloist. A soloist can be a singer or an instrumentalist.

Solos are common in classical music and jazz. In popular music, a solo is an improvised melody played by a single performer, such as a guitar solo. In the country music genre a solo is known as a ride.

Related pages
Concerto
Virtuoso

References

Music
Antarctic krill

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a species of krill that lives in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. They are shrimp-like and belong to the invertebrates. 

They live in large groups, called swarms. Sometimes these swarms have a density of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic meter. 

They feed directly on very small phytoplankton, so they can use the energy that the phytoplankton originally got from the sun in order to sustain their life in the open ocean. They grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh up to 2 g, and can live for up to six years. They are a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and are, in terms of biomass, probably the most successful animal species on the planet (approximately 500 million tonnes).

In aquaria, krill have been observed to eat each other.

References

Further reading
 Hempel, G.: The krill-dominated pelagic system of the Southern Ocean. Envir. Inter. 13, pp. 33 – 36; 1987.
 Hempel, G.: Life in the Antarctic sea ice zone. Polar Record 27(162); pp. 249 – 253; 1991
 Hempel, G.; Sherman, K.: Large marine ecosystems of the world: trends in exploitation, protection, and research. Elsevier, Amsterdam: Large marine ecosystems 12, 423 pp; 2003
Nicol, S. & de la Mare, W. K. Ecosystem management and the Antarctic krill. American Scientist 81 (No. 1), pp. 36–47. Biol 9:129–135; 1993.
 Nicol, S.; Foster, J.: Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill , Aquat. Living Resour. 16, pp. 42 – 45; 2003.
 Sahrhage, D.: Antarctic Krill Fisheries: Potential Resources and Ecological Concerns. In Caddy, J. F. (ed.): Marine Invertebrate Fisheries; their assessment and management; pp. 13 – 33. Wiley, 1989.
Ikeda, T. (1984) The influence of feeding on the metabolic activity of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Polar Biology 3(1)
Clarke, A. (1983) Towards an energy budget for krill: The physiology and biochemistry of Euphausia superba Dana. Polar Biology 2(2)

Other websites 

 Euphausia superba from MarineBio.
 "Virtual microscope"  of Antarctic krill for an interactive tour of their morphology and behavior, along with other peer-reviewed information.
 "Krill fights for survival as sea ice melts" from the NASA's "Earth Observatory".
 "Antarctic Wildlife at Risk From Overfishing, Experts Say", from National Geographic News, August 5 2003.
  Diary  of the RRS James Clark Ross, giving a popular introduction to the Antarctic krill.
"Less krill for predators in the Southern Ocean"  from the British Antarctic Survey. See also "Climate row touches blue whales", from the BBC, July 19 2001.
 A time to krill
 Extensive bibliography.
 Krill Count Project
 WIKIversity Lecture "Biology of Antarctica" 

Krill
Cubic metre

The cubic metre (symbol m³) is the SI unit of volume. It is a cube with a length, height, and width of one metre, with 1,000 litres of space.

In the many places it is spelled "cubic meter". Other names are stère and kilolitre or kiloliter.

Conversions 

1 cubic metre equals:
 1,000 litres
 Approximately 35.3 cubic feet
 Approximately 1.31 cubic yards
 Approximately 6.29 oil barrels

A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 °C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0 °C, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kg.

It is sometimes abbreviated , , , , , when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups).

Abbreviated CBM in the freight business and MTQ (or numeric code 49) in international trade.

Multiples and submultiples

Multiples 
Cubic decametre
the volume of a cube of side length one decametre (10 m)
equal to a megalitre
1 dam3 = 1,000 m3 = 1 ML

Cubic hectometre
the volume of a cube of side length one hectometre (100 m)
equal to a gigalitre
1 hm3 = 1,000,000 m3 = 1 GL
 
Cubic kilometre
the volume of a cube of side length one kilometre (1,000 m)
equal to a teralitre
1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3 = 1 TL

Submultiples 
Cubic decimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one decimetre (0.1 m)
equal to a litre
1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 = 1 L

Cubic centimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one centimetre (0.01 m)
equal to a millilitre
1 cm3 = 0.000001 m3 = 10-6 m3 = 1 mL

Cubic millimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one millimetre (0.001 m)
equal to a microlitre
1 mm3 = 0.000000001 m3 = 10-9 m3 = 1 µL

Units of volume