cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Arsinoitherium

Arsinoitherium is an extinct genus, a large mammal that lived during the early Oligocene (about 38 to 23 million years ago). Although it looked like a rhinoceros, it is more closely related to elephants. Fossils of Arsinoitherium have been found in Faiyum, Egypt.

References 

Fossils
Mammals
Sydney Brenner

Sydney Brenner CH FRS (13 January 1927 – 5 April 2019) was a South African biologist and a 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate, shared with Robert Horvitz and John Sulston. He was of Jewish descent.

Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology.

He established the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology. He founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California.

Work 
Brenner made several important contributions to molecular biology in the 1960s. With Francis Crick and others, he worked out the genetic code, where triplets of nucleic acid bases are translated into amino acids.

Brenner then focused on establishing Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of animal development including development of the nervous system. Brenner chose this 1 millimeter-long soil roundworm mainly because it is simple, is easy to grow in bulk populations, and turned out to be convenient for genetic analysis. For this work, he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Robert Horvitz and John Sulston. His Nobel lecture in December 2002, "Nature's gift to science" is a homage to this modest nematode. He considers chosing the right organism is as important as picking the right problems to work on. In recognition of his pioneering work on C. elegans, another closely related nematode was given the scientific name Caenorhabditis brenneri.

Brenner founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, CA in 1996. He is currently associated with the Salk Institute, the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, the Singapore Biomedical Research Council and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In August 2005 Brenner was appointed president of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. He is also on the Board of Scientific Governors at the Scripps Research Institute.

Known for his scientific insight and wit, Brenner for many years penned a regular column ("Loose Ends") in the journal Current Biology. Brenner was noted for his generosity of ideas and the great number of students and colleagues his ideas have stimulated.

Brenner died on 5 April 2019 in Singapore. He was 92.

Books 
Brenner S. 1997. Loose ends: a collection of loose ends/false starts columns by Uncle Syd, from January 1994 to December 2000. Current Biology. 
Brenner S. 2001. My life in science, with Lewis Wolpert; edited by Errol C. Friedberg and Eleanor Lawrence. Biomed Central. 
Friedberg, Errol 2010. Sydney Brenner: a biography. CSHL Press.

Related pages
List of biologists

References

Other websites

 Sydney Brenner at NobelPrize.org

1927 births
2019 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Geneticists
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
South African Jews
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African scientists
White South African people
Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium

The Gerhard Hanappi stadium was a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. It was the homeground of SK Rapid Wien and is named after Gerhard Hanappi, the architect of the stadium and former player of Rapid Wien.

History
The work started in 1971 but there was a delay in finishing it. The plan was not fully built because it should be cheaper. The new stadium was named "Weststadion" (western stadium) because it lays in the western part of Vienna. It was planned that the two major clubs should play in this new stadium, but Austria Wien was not amused that her rival has got a stadium in its own district, so they went back to their former homeground, the Franz Horr stadium. But till 1992 they often came back because the Horr stadium was not licensed for international matches. In April 1981 it got the name of its architect Gerhard Hanappi, who was player for Rapid Wien.

The first match which was played here was a leaguematch SK Rapid versus Austria Vienna. But the official opening was on September 14th, 1977 with a UEFA-Cup match Rapid versus FK Inter Bratislava (1:0). It was not love at first sight between the fans and the new stadium, but meanwhile they accept it. It is even called "Saint Hanappi" following the slogan of the fans "Rapid is our religion."

The stadium was demolished in 2014 to build the Allianz Stadion, which was opened on 16 July 2016. During its construction, Rapid Vienna played their home games at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion in the Prater.

Special matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium

ÖFB-Cup finals

 1977: FK Austria Wien – Wiener Sport-Club 3:0 (2:0)
 1983: SK Rapid Wien – Wacker Innsbruck 3:0 (1:0)
 1984: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 2:0 (2:0)
 1985: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:3 (1:1) (0:0) n. V.- Pen. 6:5
 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 4:6 (3:3) (2:1) n.V.
 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:0 (2:0)
 1998: SV Ried – SK Sturm Graz 3:1 (2:0)
 2007: FK Austria Wien – SV Mattersburg 2:1 (0:1)

Supercup (Austria) 

 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:1 (2:0)
 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:1 (1:1)

International matches 
(Till 1992 FK Austria Vienna has to play international matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium.)

 1984: SK Rapid Wien – Celtic Glasgow 3:1 (0:0)
 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Liverpool 1:1 (1:0)
 1985: SK Rapid Wien – Dynamo Dresden 5:0 (3:0)
 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Bayern München 3:3 (1:1)
 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (2:1)
 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Aberdeen 1:0 (1:0)
 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (0:1)
 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Lüttich 1:0 (0:0)
 1990: SK Rapid Wien – Inter Mailand 2:1 (0:1)
 1992: FK Austria Wien – FC Brügge 3:1 (0:0)
 1997: SK Rapid Wien – 1. FC Brünn 6:1 (2:0)
 2000: FK Roter Stern Belgrad – Leicester City 3:1 (1:1)
 2001: SK Rapid Wien – FK Partizan Belgrad 5:1 (2:0)
 2005: SK Rapid Wien – Lokomotive Moskau 1:1 (0:1)
 2009: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:0 (1:0)
 2010: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:1 (0:1)

References

Football stadiums in Austria
Vienna
Observe and Report

Observe and Report is a 2009 black comedy movie that was produced by Donald De Line and was directed by Jody Hill. Observe and Report was released on April 10, 2009 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 51% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 54 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
 Seth Rogen as Ronnie
 Ray Liotta as Detective Harrison
 Michael Pena as Dennis
 Collette Wolfe as Nell
 Anna Faris as Brandi
 Dan Bakkedahl as Mark
 Jesse Plemons as Charles
 John Yuan as John Yuen
 Matthew Yuan as Matt Yuen
 Celia Weston as Mom
 Aziz Ansari as Saddamn
 Randy Gambill as Pervert
 Patton Oswalt as Roger
 Danny McBride as Caucasian Crackhead
 Alston Brown as Bruce
 Cody Midthunder as D-Rock

Other websites 
 
 
 

2009 movies
2009 comedy movies
English-language movies
2000s black comedy movies
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist

Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist is a 2009 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Kerry Kohansky Roberts, Andrew Miano, Chris Weitz and Paul Weitz and was directed by Peter Sollett. Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist was released on October 3, 2008 in North America. The plot involves Nick and Norah following rabbit-associated clues to see a music band, and during their adventure they fall in love.  The movie received positive reviews with a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
Michael Cera as Nick O'Leary
Kat Dennings as Norah Silverberg
Ari Graynor as Caroline
Alexis Dziena as Tris
Aaron Yoo as Thom
Rafi Gavron as Dev
Jay Baruchel as Tal
Jonathan B. Wright as Lethario
Rachel Cohn (Cameo appearance)
David Levithan (Cameo)
Eddie Kaye Thomas (Cameo)
Devendra Banhart (Cameo)
John Cho (Cameo)
Seth Meyers (Cameo)
Andy Samberg (Cameo)
Kevin Corrigan (Cameo)

Other websites 
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist's Official website 
 
 

2009 movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Kicking & Screaming

Kicking & Screaming is a 2005 sports comedy movie that was produced by Jimmy Miller and Judd Apatow and was directed by Jesse Dylan. Kicking & Screaming was released on May 13, 2005 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 41% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 47 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
Will Ferrell as Phil Weston
Robert Duvall as Buck Weston
Mike Ditka as Himself
Kate Walsh as Barbara Weston
Musetta Vander as Janice Weston
Dylan McLaughlin as Sam Weston
Josh Hutcherson as Bucky Weston
Francesco Liotti as Gian Piero
Alessandro Ruggiero as Massimo
Elliott Cho as Byong Sun Hogan-Jones
David Herman as Referee
Rachael Harris as Ann Hogan
Dallas McKinney as Connor (Goalie)
Phill Lewis as John Ryan
Alex Borstein as Obnoxious Hummer Lady (uncredited)
Jeremy Bergman as Hunter Davidson
Erik Walker as Ambrose Hanna
Steven Anthony Lawrence as Mark Avery
Laura Kightlinger as Donna Jones
Sammy Fine as Jack
Timmy Deters as Alex
Joseph R. Sicari as Umberto
Stephen Rudrick as Young Ceeb

Other websites 
Kicking & Screaming's Official website 
 
 

2005 movies
Sports comedy movies
English-language movies
How Do You Know (movie)

How Do You Know is a 2010 American comedy-drama movie produced by Julie Ansell, James L. Brooks and Paula Weinstein, and written and directed by Brooks. It premiered on December 17, 2010 and received negative reviews with a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 47 out of 100 from Metacritic. It became poor at the box office with $7.6 million made in North America, which made it eighth in the box office at its first weekend. It fell off the chart on the third weekend and grossed a total of $47,707,151 worldwide. It failed to recoup for its $120 million budget and made it a massive box-office bomb.

Cast 
Reese Witherspoon as Lisa Jorgenson
Paul Rudd as George Madison
Owen Wilson as Matty Reynolds
Jack Nicholson as Charles Madison
Dean Norris as Tom
Kathryn Hahn as Annie
Yuki Matsuzaki as Tori
Andrew Wilson as Matty's Teammate
Shelley Conn as Terry
Tony Shalhoub as Psychiatrist
Domenick Lombardozzi as Bullpen Pitcher
Ron McLarty as George's Lawyer
Lenny Venito as Al
Mark Linn-Baker as Ron
Molly Price as Coach Sally

Other websites 
How Do You Know's Official website
 

2010 comedy-drama movies
2010 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
The Girl He Left Behind

The Girl He Left Behind is a 1956 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Frank P. Rosenberg and was directed by David Butler. The Girl He Left Behind was released on 1956 in North America and in 1957 in Europe by Premier Productions.

Cast 
Tab Hunter as Andy L. Shaeffer
Natalie Wood as Susan Daniels
Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs. Madeline Shaeffer
Jim Backus as Sgt. Hanna
Henry Jones as Hanson
Murray Hamilton as Sgt. Clyde
Alan King as Maguire
James Garner as Preston
David Janssen as Capt. Genaro
Wilfred Knapp as Congressman Hardison
Les Johnson as Lt. Taylor
Raymond Bailey as General
Florenz Ames as Mr. Hillaby
Fredd Wayne as Sgt. Sheridan
Ernestine Wade as Lorna

Other websites 

1956 comedy movies
1950s romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by David Butler
Thermal power plant

A thermal power plant is a power plant where steam is used to drive a steam turbine. This turbine is connected to an electrical generator. After this, the water is condensed, and may be used again. This is known as the Rankine cycle. There are different procedures that can be used to heat the water;

Components of a thermal power plant

 Cooling tower
 Cooling water pump
 transmission line (3-phase)
 Step-up transformer (3-phase)
 Electrical generator (3-phase)
 Low pressure steam turbine 
 Condensate pump
 Surface condenser
 Intermediate pressure steam turbine
 Steam Control valve
 High pressure steam turbine
 Deaerator
 Feedwater heater
 Boiler steam drum
 Superheater
 Forced draught (draft) fan
 Reheater
 Combustion air intake
 Induced draught (draft) fan

Main disadvantage of fossil fuel thermal power plant
Fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
 It occupies lot of space and release gases.

Related pages

 Geothermic power plant
 thermal energy from the oceans
 solar power
 nuclear power plant
 coal and other fossil fuels, such as gas

Power plants
Ruth Buzzi

Ruth Ann Buzzi (born July 24, 1936) is an American comedian and actress.  She is most famous for her performances on the variety show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. She most often appeared as the unwilling object of "dirty old man" character Tyrone F. Horneigh's affection. Ruth appeared as Ruthie on seasons 25 (1993-1994)-32 (2001) of Sesame Street.

Awards
Buzzi received 5 Emmy Award nominations.  She won the Golden Globe Award in 1973 for her work on Laugh-In.  

Buzzi received the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Pasadena Playhouse of the Performing Arts.

Buzzi received a Clio Award for Best Spokesperson in a television commercial for her series of Clorox-2 commercials. She is among the first of only a few Caucasian women to win an NAACP Image Award.  

Ruth Buzzi guest starred as a music and comedy performer on dozens of prime time television specials with colleagues including Jonathan Winters, Carol Burnett, Jim Nabors, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lee Lewis, Wayne Newton, Anne Murray, Rolf Harris, Dom DeLuise, Tony Orlando to name just a few.  She appeared 8 times on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and has made more than 200 other television guest appearances.   

Ruth Buzzi graduated with honors from the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California.  She was one of the first recipients of the Pasadena Playhouse Alumni Achievement Award along with her former classmates Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman.

Buzzi was a presenter at the 2009 Emmy Awards along with several members of her debut series, Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In.

Personal life
Buzzi lives in Fort Worth, Texas with her husband.  

Buzzi and her husband collect automobiles.  Some of their collection is at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California.

References

Comedians from Rhode Island
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Rhode Island
1936 births
Living people
Clio Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
NART TV

NART TV (National Adighe Radio and Television) is a Circassian satellite TV channel which broadcasts from Amman, Jordan. The channel is gaining in popularity and is beginning to get a larger audience in Jordan, Syria and Turkey.

History 
Young Circassians from Jordan decided to open a Circassian-language TV channel with a hope to find international exposure for the Circassian people who live overseas. The experimental channel began broadcasting Circassian music and dance like on MTV. Through the years it has become a commercial channel broadcasting social events, documentaries and activities of the Circassian diaspora. It is continuously under development and regeneration with the increase of advertising incomes from local commercial activities.

TV programming
The footpath of the transmission covers a large area of Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Starting in 2011, the channel began to broadcast new programs, moving to normal entertainment schedules. It also switched to including some programs in Arabic because of the concern that many young Circassians (especially in Jordan) do not understand the original Circassian language. A collection of new shows were introduced including live interviews and specific social programs and entertainment programs. Teaching Circassian language in different dialects was also introduced.  

2008 establishments in Asia
Television channels in Asia
Jordan
Volcano rabbit

The volcano rabbit (also known as teporingo or zacatuche) is a small rabbit native to Mexico. The rabbit lives on about 280 square kilometers of land in central Mexico. The rabbit is ranked as endangered by the IUCN.

References

Mammals of North America
Lagomorphs
Happy Science

is a new religious movement in Japan. Ryuho Okawa started the religion on October 6th, 1986. On February 2nd, 2008, the group changed its official English name. It had been called Kofuku-no-Kagaku, which is a version of the Japanese name in Latin alphabet. The group now calls itself "Happy Science" in English.

Related pages
 The Happiness Realization Party is the religion's political party. Although it fields many candidates in almost every Japanese nationwide election, as of 2018 it has no seats in the Japanese Diet.

Further reading
  Clarke, Peter B. (ed.) (1999), 'Kofuku-no-Kagaku: The Institute for Research in Human Happiness' in A Bibliography of Japanese New Religious Movements: With Annotations, Surrey, UK, Japan Library (Curzon), , pp. 149–67
 Yamashita, Akiko (1998), 'The "Eschatology" of Japanese new and new new religions: from Tenrikyo to Kofuku-no-Kagaku' in Japanese Religions, Vol. 23, January 1998, NCC, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 125–42
 The Transformation of a Recent Japanese New Religion: Okawa Ryuho and Kofuku no kagaku, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22 p 343-380

Other websites
 Official website
 HS North America

New religious movements
1986 establishments in Japan
Organisations based in Japan
Daniel Sedin

Daniel Sedin (born September 26, 1980) is a Swedish professional ice hockey winger with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL), and serves as an alternate captain for the Canucks during home games. His identical twin brother Henrik also plays for the Canucks, and is the team captain. Born and raised in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, they have played together throughout their careers; the pair are known for their effectiveness playing off one another. Daniel is known as a goal-scorer, while Henrik is known as a playmaker.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

International

*All statistics taken from NHL.com

NHL All-Star Games

Awards

References

Other websites

 

1980 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Living people
Olympic gold medalists
Swedish ice hockey players
Swedish Hockey League players
Twin people
Vancouver Canucks players
West Coast Eagles

The West Coast Eagles are an Australian Rules Football team in Perth, Western Australia.

Australian football clubs
Australian Football League
Perth, Western Australia
Subiaco Oval

Subiaco Oval, also known as Patersons Stadium and Domain Stadium, until its closing in 2017, is a sports stadium. is the largest sports stadium in Perth, Western Australia. It is in the suburb of Subiaco, about three kilometres west of Perth's city centre.

References

Further reading
 Wilson, Ray (2008) Field of Dreams: Celebration of Subiaco Oval's 100th year Perth, Western Australia: The West Australian  16 pp – inserted into 7 May 2008 edition of The West Australian newspaper.

Other websites
 Satellite image of Subiaco Oval

Football stadiums
Football in Australia
Sports buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Perth, Western Australia
1908 establishments in Australia
John Sulston

Sir John Edward Sulston FRS (27 March 1942 – 6 March 2018) was a British biologist. He was a joint winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

He was the first Director of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and then Chair of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the University of Manchester.

Sulston was one of 20 Nobel laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

Work 
He first studied at the University of Cambridge in Pembroke College, where he graduated in 1963. He then stayed on to do his PhD there. After working at the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, for a while, he returned to Cambridge to work under Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Sulston played a central role in both the Caenorhabditis elegans roundworm and human genome sequencing projects. As sequencing of the worm genome proceeded, the project to sequence the human genome began. At this point he was made director of the newly established Sanger Centre (named after Fred Sanger).

One of Sulston's most important contributions during his research years at the LMB was to find the precise order in which cells in C. elegans divide. In fact, he and his team succeeded in tracing the nematode's entire embryonic cell lineage.  Sulston was a leading campaigner against the patenting of human genetic information.

Death 
Sulston died on 6 March 2018 at the age of 75.

References 

1942 births
2018 deaths
English biologists
English geneticists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
British Nobel Prize winners
Aaron Klug

Sir Aaron Klug OM PRS (August 11, 1926 – November 20, 2018) was a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist. 

Klug won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing crystallographic electron microscopy and working out the structure of nucleic acid-protein complexes.

Biography
Klug was born in Želva, Lithuania to Jewish parents. The family moved to South Africa when he was two. Klug graduated with a degree in science at the University of Witwatersrand and studied crystallography at the University of Cape Town before moving to England, completing his doctorate at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1953. 

He moved to Birkbeck College, University of London, in late 1953, and started working with Rosalind Franklin in John Bernal's lab. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in viruses. During his time there he worked on the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. 

In 1962 he moved to the newly built MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Klug used methods from X-ray diffraction to develop crystallographic electron microscopy. In this method, two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to make three-dimensional images of the target. He worked out the structure of important nucleic acid-protein complexes.

Between 1986 and 1996 he was Director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, and was knighted in 1988. He was elected President of the Royal Society, and served from 1995–2000.  He was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1995.

Klung died on November 20, 2018 in Cambridge at the age of 92.

References

Further reading

 this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
 Aaron Klug tells his life story at Web of Stories
Aaron Klug biography at the Nobel Foundation
Aaron Klug interviews with Harry Kroto
Aaron Klug article   by Bob Weintraub.
 The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
 Aaron Klug interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 11 December 2007 (film)
 Listen to an oral history interview with Aaron Klug – a life story interview recorded for National Life Stories at the British Library

1926 births
2018 deaths
British biophysicists
British chemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Knights Bachelor
Lithuanian Jews
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Order of Merit
South African Jews
White South African people
STS-2

STS-2 was the second flight of the space shuttle. It flew in November 1981.

Space Shuttle flights
1981 in the United States
November events
Planck units

The Planck units are physical units of measurement. The system of these units was first developed by Max Planck. The four basic Planck units are based only on four physical constants found in nature.  When Planck units are used to express any of these four physical constants, the value is 1.  This allows physicists to simplify many equations about physical law. Planck proposed these units in 1899. 

Planck units are unique: they are based only on properties of free space (a vacuum). Planck units are also called natural units because they come only from properties of nature and not from any human construct.  Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems. The constants that Planck units define as 1 are these:

The speed of light in a vacuum, c;
The gravitational constant, G;
The reduced Planck constant, ħ;
The Boltzmann constant, kB (sometimes k).

Each of these constants has at least one fundamental physical theory: c with special relativity, G with general relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, ħ with quantum mechanics, ε0 with electrostatics, and kB with statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. 

Planck units are very important for theoretical physics, because they simplify several recurring algebraic expressions of physical law. They are particularly relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity.

Planck units may sometimes be semi-humorously referred to by physicists as "God's units".  They eliminate human centered arbitrariness from the system of units: some physicists argue that communication with extraterrestrial intelligence would have to use such a system of units to make common reference to scale. Unlike the meter and second, which exist as fundamental units in the SI system for historical reasons, the Planck length and Planck time are linked at a fundamental physical level.

Natural units help physicists to reframe questions.  Frank Wilczek puts this succinctly:

The strength of gravity is simply what it is and the strength of the electromagnetic force is simply what it is.

References 

Basic physics ideas
Units of measurement
Blah Blah Blah

"Blah Blah Blah" is a song by American singer Kesha. It is from her first album, Animal. It was produced by Benny Blanco. Kesha, Blanco, Neon Hitch and Sean Foreman wrote the song. It was released as the album's second single on February 19, 2010. It features the alternative band 3OH!3. The song is an electropop song. The lyrics are about a woman who would rather have sex than listen to a man speak.

Critics have mixed opinions on the song. The single was successful commercially by reaching the top five in Australia and Canada. It reached the top ten in the United States and New Zealand. The song became Kesha's second top ten single in Australia, Canada and the United States. It has gone on to sell over two million copies in the United States. It has been certified two times platinum in Canada.

2010 songs
Kesha songs
Dorothy Hodgkin

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin  (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994), was a British chemist, credited with the development of protein crystallography. Hodgkin received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

Early Life 
Hodgkin was born in Cairo, Egypt. She and her sisters were sent to live in England when World War l started. She spent the rest of her life there. Her mother was an expert on nature and Ancient Egyptian Textiles. Hodgkin’s father was a British archeologist and scholar.

Career 
She studied crystals and became a teacher Somerville College at University of Oxford. In 1969, Hodgkin was able to use computer technology discover the structure of Insulin. Insulin is a protein in the body that is used to treat diabetes. 

She advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three dimensional structures of biomolecules. 

Ernst Chain thought he found the structure of penicillin. Hodgkin proved he was right. She also found the structure of vitamin B12. For her work she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 

In 1969, after 35 years of work and five years after winning the Nobel Prize, Hodgkin was able to find the structure of insulin. 

X-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and helped to find structures of many biological molecules such as DNA. The structure of molecules helps us understand how they work.

Honors 
Apart from the Nobel Prize, she was appointed to the Order of Merit, and given the Copley Medal, the top award of the Royal Society.

She was Chancellor of Bristol University from 1970 to 1988, and President of Pugwash from 1976 to 1988. Pugwash is an organization which holds conferences on Science and World Affairs. 

Her best-known student was Margaret Thatcher, who consulted her when she (Thatcher) was in office.

Controversies 
Hodgkin was not allowed to enter the United States without special permission from the CIA. She protested and wanted world peace. She also had a good relationship with J.D. Bernal, who was considered too liberal. She received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1987.

Hodgkin died of a stroke in 1994.

References 

Fellows of the Royal Society
Order of Merit
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
People from Warwickshire
British chemists
1910 births
1994 deaths
British biologists
British Nobel Prize winners
Friday (Rebecca Black song)

"Friday" is a song by American singer Rebecca Black. It was written and produced by Clarence Jey and Patrice Wilson. It was released as a single on February 10, 2011, and then, it premiered on iTunes on March 14, 2011 by Ark Music Factory as Black's debut single.

Background

A worker for Ark Music Factory told Rebecca Black's mother about the company's production services in late 2010; Black was 13 years old at the time. She was living in Anaheim Hills, California. Rebecca Black's mother, Georgina Kelly, paid Ark Music $4,000 for a song and a music video that included a choice of two songs written beforehand. Black chose "Friday", as "the other song was about adult love – I haven't experienced that yet. I felt like it was my personality in that song."

The payment covered one half or less of the production costs of the music video, and Black's family could have paid nothing in exchange for giving up all rights to the song. Black chose "Friday", as "the other song was about adult love – I haven't experienced that yet. I felt like it was my personality in that song." Ark Music extensively used the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune. Although Kelly had some doubts over the quality of the lyrics, Black assured her that "I sang it as they wrote it, Mom." "Friday" co-writer Patrice Wilson explained that "I wrote the lyrics on a Thursday night going into a Friday. I was writing different songs all night and was like, 'Wow, I've been up a long time and it's Friday.' And I was like, wow, it is Friday!"

Reception
The music video for the song became a viral video. The song was criticized for the lyrics, the use of Auto-Tune and the video. On March 11, 2011, the video's view count on YouTube was still about 4,000. As of April 15, 2011, the video had over 102 million views, 2.1 million comments, 240 000 "likes" and 2 million "dislikes". Since the growth in popularity of the song and video, there have been numerous parody videos and remixes.  Forbes has said that the unpopularity of the song is another sign of the power of social media – specifically Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr. It also said these media could create "overnight sensations." Despite the very bad reviews, pop music celebrities Chris Brown, Miley Cyrus, and Simon Cowell have supported Black.

References

2011 songs
Pop songs
Aurora, Colorado

Aurora is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado. The city is in Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties. It is the third biggest city by number of people in Colorado, and the 59th biggest city by number of people in the United States. The city's population was 325,078 during the 2010 United States Census.

Main cities 
Denver and Aurora are the main cities of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, a United States metropolitan area (MSA). In 2007, the cities within the statistical area had about 2,464,866 people, which makes it the MSA with the 22nd most people. 

However, Denver and Aurora together make up less than half of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield Metropolitan Statistical Area's people and Aurora has about half of the population of Denver. In 2007, the Denver–Aurora–Boulder Combined Statistical Area (CSA) had about 2,998,878 people. That makes it the CSA with the fifteenth most people.

History
Aurora started in the 1880s, when it was known as Fletcher, the name of Denver businessman Donald Fletcher. Fletcher thought of Aurora as a chance for real estate. He and his companions went out four square miles east of Denver, but the town and Colorado were not doing well after the Silver Crash of 1893.

Shootings 
On July 20, 2012, a spree shooting took place at a during the midnight premiere of The Dark Knight Rises at a local movie theater - 12 people were shot dead.

References

 
1880s establishments in Colorado
SpongeBob SquigglePants

SpongeBob SquigglePants is a video game based on the television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is the fourth game in the uDraw Series. It was published by THQ and developed by WayForward Technologies. 

The game was released for Wii on April 12, 2011. It was released for Nintendo 3DS on May 17, 2011.

It contains over 100 mini-games that require using the uDraw GameTablet. It allows players to draw their own paintings or color in them.

2011 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Wii games
THQ games
Video games based on television shows
SpongeBob SquarePants
Derby Museum and Art Gallery

Derby Museum and Art Gallery was started in 1879 in a new building given to Derby by a local brewer. The collection today includes paintings of Joseph Wright of Derby and porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area.

Wright of Derby
In 2011, Derby City Council announced that it was to use Joseph Wright of Derby to brand the city of Derby. At the same time, the Museum announced that it was "joining forces" with Wikipedia to improve the quality of its information. In February 2011 it was announced that Derby Museum had been given an award for its collection of paintings and drawings by Joseph Wright.

Related pages

 Derwent Valley Mills

References

Other websites
 Official site 

Derby Museum and Art Gallery
1879 establishments in England
All Killer, No Filler

{{Infobox Album
| name = All Killer, No Filler 
| type = studio
| artist = Sum 41
| cover = 
| released = May 8, 2001
| recorded = 2000-2001
| genre = Pop punk, pop rock
| length = 32:13
| language = English
| label = Aquarius (Canada)Island (US)
| producer = Jerry Finn
| Reviews     = * Allmusic  
| prev_title = Half Hour Of Power(2000)
, No Filler(2001)
| next_title = Does This Look Infected?(2002)
}}All Killer, No Filler''' is the first studio album by Canadian rock band, Sum 41. It was released on May 8, 2001. The producer of the album was Jerry Finn. The album was ranked as the 9th greatest punk pop album of all time by Top40.com.

Songs

References

2001 albums
Sum 41 albums
Joseph Wright of Derby

Joseph Wright (3 September 1734 – 29 August 1797), (Wright of Derby), was an English landscape and portrait painter. He painted the Industrial Revolution."

Wright showed the contrast of light and dark. His paintings of early science in the English Midlands, show the Age of Enlightenment.

Many of Wright's paintings and drawings are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

Related pages
 Derby Museum and Art Gallery

References, notes and sources

Other websites 

English painters
1734 births
1797 deaths
Derby Museum and Art Gallery
People from Derbyshire
Rotary evaporator

A rotary evaporator (or rotavap) is  commonly used in chemical laboratories to remove solvents by evaporation.

The liquid is put in a round-bottomed flask and placed in the device. The rotavap spins and heats the flask and reduces the pressure inside by creating a vacuum. The vacuum makes the liquid evaporate at a low temperature than normal. The liquid becomes a gas and is collected by cooling it so it condenses into another flask.

If there are substances dissolved in the liquid they will be left behind in when it evaporates. If water with salt dissolved in it is evaporated, then pure water and dry salt will be separated. Scientists use rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in.

Rotary evaporators are often quicker to use than evaporating basins. They can be used for distillations.

References

Laboratory equipment
Chemistry

ja:エバポレーター#ロータリーエバポレーター
Reptar on Ice

"Reptar on Ice" was the twenty-third episode of the Nickelodeon show Rugrats. It aired November 8, 1992.

Summary 
Tommy is disgruntled at a comment Angelica makes at a breakfast about the dinosaurs being extinct and expresses his concern to the other babies of the possibility of Reptar being extinct too. After an accidental suggestion by Chuckie's that he's "hiding," the babies look for him in the backyard and discover a lizard which looks exactly like him and come to assumption that it is Reptar's child. To keep him in a secret from the grown-ups, Tommy hides the lizard inside his diaper and the lizard crawls around inside Tommy’s diaper causing him to twitch and squirm a lot while the babies ponder what to do with Reptar's Baby. A commercial for "Reptar on Ice" suddenly plays, to the shock of the babies and Stu decides to take them all. The babies are now thrilled because they can now "return" the lizard to its "father".

As they arrive at the ice show, Leo, the actor portraying "Reptar", shows his outrage at the theme of the show manager, Harry, how he questions why he chose to the play the part due to his dislike of children, lizards, and his inability to the ice skate. The performance begins and as it continues, the adults fall asleep; the babies then take this time to give the lizard to "Reptar." They go onto the ice and rides on the props to catch up with him. They get caught in the midst of a scene and inadvertently interrupt the performance; Leo tries to continue performing, but freaks out and runs off when Tommy shows him the lizard. Stu gets on the ice and picks up the babies, to the audience's applause. As Stu is holding Tommy up against him, the lizard crawls out of Tommy’s diaper looking around then notices another place to explore which is Stu’s jeans and jumps out of Tommy’s diaper and inside Stu’s jeans making Stu move abnormally causing him to strongly twitch and squirm as the lizard crawls around inside his jeans....

Cast 
 Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
 Phil and Lil DeVille (voiced by Kath Soucie)
 Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
 Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
 Reptar (voiced by John Schuck)
 Stu Pickles (voiced by Jack Riley)
 Grandpa Lou (voiced by David Doyle)
 Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

Home releases 
"Reptar on Ice" was released on the VHS Rugrats: Return of Reptar, the DVD Rugrats: Decade in Diapers, Rugrats: Season 2 and will be released on Rugrats: The Complete Series.

Rugrats
1992 television episodes
Death of Baby P

Peter Connelly (1 March 2006 – 3 August 2007) (also known as "Baby P", "Child A" and "Baby Peter") was a 17-month-old British child. He died of child abuse on 3 August 2007 in London, England after suffering more than 50 injuries over an eight-month period. His mother, her partner and his brother were sent to prison for attacking him. The case resulted in several big investigations into how the social services department of Haringey Council carried out its job looking after children in danger.

References

2007 crimes
2007 in the United Kingdom
2000s in London
August events
Crime in London
London Borough of Haringey
Waikiki

Waikīkī is a neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii. Waikiki Beach is the shoreline in front of Waikīkī.

The name  means "spouting fresh water" in the Hawaiian language. This because the area had springs and streams that fed wetlands.

References

Other websites

Beaches of the United States
Honolulu
Neighborhoods in the United States
Interchange (road)

An interchange a place where two freeways meet, or where a freeway and another road meet. An interchange has two levels so traffic going through does not meet. Different levels are connected by ramps. There are many different types of freeway interchanges. The two most common types of freeway interchanges are the diamond interchange and the cloverleaf interchange:

 A diamond interchange has four ramps that enter and leave the freeway at a small angle and meet the non-freeway at almost right angles. These ramps at the non-freeway can be controlled through stop signs or traffic signals. The name comes from the diamond-like shape.
 A cloverleaf interchange has eight ramps that handle all traffic without stop signs or traffic lights. To turn left, traffic goes in a 270° turn. The name comes from the four-leaf clover-like shape.

Roads
Bridge types
A Rugrats Passover

"A Rugrats Passover" (possibly known as "Passover" in the opening title) was the sixty-fifth episode of the Nickelodeon show Rugrats. It aired April 13, 1995.

Summary 
While attending a Passover seder at Didi's parents' house, Boris and the kids (and later, most of the adults), get locked in the attic because the door doesn't open from the inside. To pass the time, Boris tells the kids the story of why Jews celecrate Passover, and how Moses saved his people from slavery.

Cast 
 Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
 Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
 Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
 Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)
 Grandpa Boris (voiced by David Doyle)
 Grandma Minka (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

Home releases 
"A Rugrats Passover" was released on the VHS Rugrats: A Rugrats Passover, and will be released on the DVD Rugrats: The Complete Series.

Rugrats
1995 television episodes
Major Oak

The Major Oak is the main Tree in Sherwood Forest. Legend said Robin Hood lived near here.

It weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a waistline of 33 feet (10m), and is about 800–1000 years old.  Because of its age, the tree is held up by chains.

In June 2002, the Tree Council decided that The Major Oak was one of fifty "Great British Trees" in because of its place in the national heritage.

References

Nottinghamshire
Legends
Trees
Jar Jar Binks

Jar Jar Binks is a fictional character from the Star Wars movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. He also appears in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. He is a Gungan and was born on the planet Naboo. Jar Jar is treated like the "class clown" by the other Gungans, and is often yelled at for being clumsy. This changes when two Jedi named Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn are stranded on Naboo and Jar Jar accidentally stumbles into them in a swamp. He shows them his home, an underwater city built by Gungans to stay away from humans. There, he gets in trouble for letting humans into their secret city. The Jedi use the Force to convince the Gungan leader, Boss Nass, to let them leave safely. He is hated by many fans, and critics have accused him of being a racist stereotype of black people.

Reception
Jar Jar is considered one of the worst characters in movie history since his debut. Because of this, his actor, Ahmed Best nearly killed himself due to the death threats toward his character.

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars characters
Gungan

The Gungans are a fictional race of creatures from the Star Wars universe. They are amphibious (frog-like) creatures that live on the planet Naboo. The most famous Gungan is a character named Jar Jar Binks from Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.

Fictional races
Star Wars species
Sonic & Knuckles

Sonic & Knuckles is the fourth video game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series. It was made by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Mega Drive in 1994. In the game, you are able to play as Sonic the Hedgehog and Knuckles the Echidna. You can insert a Sonic the Hedgehog 2 or Sonic the Hedgehog 3 cartridge into it and you will get new modes for those games. This is called Lock-on Technology.

How to play the game 

This game is similar to Sonic the Hedgehog 3. The point of the game is to collect Rings, defeat robots and get to the end of a Zone.

In Sonic and Knuckles, there are eight Zones. But only Super Sonic can reach the last Zone of the game. Only Sonic or Tails can play the second to last Zone, the Death Egg. Most zones have two levels, which are named "acts" in the game. At the end of every act 1, you've got to fight one of Dr. Eggman's robots, and at the end of every act 2, you've got to fight Dr. Eggman himself. There are small robots called "Badniks" in the acts. Most of them can be destroyed if you jump on them. If the badnik is destroyed, a little animal jumps out of it. 

Rings are floating in the air and they are gold. If you collect 100 or 200 Rings, you get a life. If you have no Rings and something hits you (for example, a badnik, spike, or Dr. Eggman), you lose a life. 

There are also Starposts in the acts. If you hit a Starpost, it will spin for a bit, and if you lose a life, you restart at the last Starpost you touched. Starposts can be used to go to the Bonus Stage, if you touch them if you have 20 or more Rings. Then, a ring made of stars will spin above the Starpost, and if you jump into it, you go to the Bonus Stage.

Notes 

Sonic the Hedgehog games
1994 video games
Platform games
Sega Genesis games
Video games developed in Japan
Video game sequels
Half-Life (series)

Half-Life is a series of video games created by Valve Corporation. The player plays as a character named Gordon Freeman, who is a survivor of a terrible accident at the Black Mesa Science Research Company. A group of scientists make a portal to another dimension, and accidentally let in many alien monsters that start killing everyone.

In the first game, Half-Life, made in 1998, you play through this disaster and try to escape.

In 2004, the sequel, Half-Life 2, was released. Half-Life 2 was followed by two expansions, Half-Life 2: Episode One and Half-Life 2: Episode Two.

A related game, Portal, was released in 2007 and takes place in the same universe. Portal, Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2: Episode One, Half-Life 2: Episode Two, and Team Fortress (an unrelated game) were put together into one package for sale in 2007. This package is known as The Orange Box.

References
Frank Oz

Frank Oz (born Richard Frank Oznowicz on May 25, 1944) is an English-American puppeteer, actor, and filmmaker. He is known for his work on The Muppets, Star Wars, and Sesame Street. He also directed some popular films, such as Little Shop of Horrors and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels. His most popular puppets are Yoda and Cookie Monster. He played Cookie Monster, Bert and Grover on Sesame Street and he did Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the Eagle on the Muppets.

References

1944 births
Living people
American voice actors
American television actors
English voice actors
English television actors
Muppets
Puppeteers
People from Hereford
Gingerbread man

Gingerbread men are cookies made of gingerbread shaped like people. 

In America, they are most popular at Christmastime. Ingredients include ginger, molasses, spices, flour, butter, eggs, etc. The dough is rolled out on a flat surface, and the gingerbread man is made with a cookie cutter. The cookies can be frosted and decorated with various trims such as raisins and silver dragees.

These cookies can be made with different decorations such as chocolate chips, jelly beans, chocolate sauce etc. They can also be made in different sizes.

Cookies