cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
James Jesus Angleton

James Jesus Angleton (December 9, 1917 – May 12, 1987) was chief of CIA counterintelligence from 1954 to 1975. His official title was Associate Deputy Director of Operations for Counterintelligence (ADDOCI). He started towards the end of World War II, and worked in Italy for the OSS (Office of Strategic Services) after the war. Returning to Washington DC, he became one of the founding members of the CIA in 1949.

The peak of his career was in detecting "moles", that is, foreign spies in American and western secret services. The 1970s Church Committee of the US Senate established that Angleton was in charge of the domestic spying activities of the CIA under 'Operation CHAOS'.

Eventually he was fired when he accused several western prime ministers of aiding the Soviet Union, and the anti-war and civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s as having foreign funding.

References

 Engelberg, Stephen.  1987. James Angleton, Counterintelligence Figure, Dies. The New York Times, May 12, Late City Final Edition, Section D, Page 31, Column 1.
 Hersh, Seymour. The Angleton Story". The New York Times Magazine, June 25, 1978, p. SM4.
 Holzman, Michael. 2008. James Jesus Angleton, the CIA and the Craft of Counterintelligence, University of Massachusetts Press.

Other websites

 Frontline—"The Spy Hunter" May 14, 1991 by Tom Mangold for the PBS program
 

1917 births
1987 deaths
American autobiographers
Anti-Communists
Harvard University alumni
People from Boise, Idaho
Politicians from Idaho
Yale University alumni
Teresa Scanlan

Teresa Michelle Scanlan (born February 6, 1993) is a beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned as Miss America 2011. Before that, she was Miss Nebraska 2010. She became the youngest Miss America since Bette Cooper in 1937. She advocates for eating conditions, including bulimia. She was originally from California, but is now from Nebraska.

References

Beauty pageant winners
People from Nebraska
1993 births
Living people
Camden, New Jersey

Camden is a city in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. It is a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Camden is directly across the Delaware River from Philadelphia. The city of Camden was officially incorporated in 1828. Its population has gone up and down since the 1940s, and even more so since the 1950s.

Cities in New Jersey
County seats in New Jersey
1828 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Jersey
Non-volatile random-access memory

Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) is a type of computer memory. It is permanent storage similar to a hard drive. The startup configuration is stored in NVRAM. The best known form of NVRAM today is the flash drive.

Computer memory
2013 FA Cup Final

The 2013 FA Cup Final was the 132nd final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest football cup competition. The final took place on the 11 May 2013 at Wembley Stadium. Premier League clubs Manchester City and Wigan Athletic took part in the 2013 final, with Wigan Athletic defeating Manchester City 1–0 after an injury time goal from Ben Watson.

References

2013 in association football
Football competitions in the United Kingdom
Sport in London
The Football Association
2013 in London
Museo Reina Sofía

Museo Reina Sofía is a museum in Madrid, Spain. Picasso's painting Guernica is there.

The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (MNCARS, also called the Museo Reina Sofía, Queen Sofia Museum, El Reina Sofia, or simply The Sofia) is Spain's national museum of 20th century art. The museum was officially inaugurated on September 10, 1992 and is named for Queen Sofia of Spain. It is located in Madrid, near the Atocha train and metro stations, at the southern end of the so-called Golden Triangle of Art (located along the Paseo del Prado and also comprising the Museo del Prado and the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza).

The museum is mainly dedicated to Spanish art. Highlights of the museum include excellent collections of Spain's two greatest 20th century masters, Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí.  The Reina Sofia Museum also hosts a free-access library specializing in art, with a collection of over 100,000 books, over 3,500 sound recordings and almost 1,000 videos.

The central building of the museum was once an 18th-century hospital. Extensive modern renovations and additions to the old building were made starting in 1980. In 1988, portions of the new museum were opened to the public, mostly in temporary configurations; that same year it was decreed by the Ministry of Culture as a national museum. Its architectural identity was radically changed in 1989 by Ian Ritchie (architect) with the addition of three glass circulation towers.  A €92 million designed by French architect Jean Nouvel opened October 2005.

The building has been functioning as the Centro del Arte (Art Center) since 1986 but was established as the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in 1988. But analyzing the building's history up until these events, it appears that the building was subjected to being tested out as different representations of what it is today.

Photo Gallery, Reina Sofía Museum

Museums in Spain
Gentleman (PSY song)

"Gentleman" () is a song by South Korean musician, PSY. The first public performance of the song, with its associated dance, was unveiled at 6:30pm on April 13 at Seoul World Cup Stadium in Seoul.

2013 songs
Ensemble Studios

Ensemble Studios was a video game developer. It was founded in 1995 at first as an independent company. It was founded by Tony Goodman, Rick Goodman and John Boog-Scott. It was acquired by Microsoft in 2001 and operated as an internal studio until 2009, when it was officially disbanded. Ensemble developed many real-time strategy games, including the Age of Empires game series, Age of Mythology, and Halo Wars. In addition to game development, Ensemble Studios also made the Genie Game Engine used in Age of Empires, Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings, and Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds.

References

American video game companies
1995 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States
Companies based in Dallas, Texas
Globe Theatre

The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London where Shakespeare's plays were held. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. Over the years, several theatres have held this name, all in central London.

The Globe could seat 3000 people and 1000 standing in the yard. It was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613.  A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614. It was closed in June 1642, with other theatres, by order of the Puritan Long Parliament.

Drawings
There are drawings of the outside of the theatre, but historians do not really know what the inside of the Globe looked like. They have had to use written descriptions, details from the building contracts, drawings of other theatres, and clues in the plays written to be performed in the Globe. In 1989 an archaeological dig at the site showed that the building was in the shape of a polygon, with 20 sides. They also discovered the building was 100 feet (30 m) in diameter.

Reconstruction
A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named "Shakespeare's Globe", opened in 1997 about 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre. The rebuilding was a project started by an American actor, director and producer, Sam Wanamaker. He set up the Globe Theatre Trust, and spent years raising money and researching so that the theatre could be built. He died before the new Globe was finished.

References 

Buildings and structures in London
London Borough of Southwark
Theatres in the United Kingdom
William Shakespeare
Xbox Game Studios

Xbox Game Studios is the video game production wing for Microsoft, responsible for the development and publishing of games for the Xbox, Xbox 360, Games for Windows and Windows Phone platforms. They were established in 2002 as Microsoft Game Studios to coincide with the release of the Xbox, before being re-branded in 2011. Microsoft Studios develops and publishes games in conjunction with first and third party development studios under their publishing label.

Other wbesites
 Microsoft's Official Xbox website
 

American video game companies
Microsoft
Blame It on the Rain

"Blame It on the Rain" is a song by Milli Vanilli. It was released in summer 1989. The song was their third and last Billboard Hot 100 number one hit before their lip synching scandal. The club mix version of the song was on their album All or Nothing. It hit number one in November 1989 and stayed there for two weeks.

References

1989 songs
Pop songs
Milli Vanilli songs
Altrincham

Altrincham is a town in the borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.

Altrincham has an ice-rink and a cinema.

Towns in Greater Manchester
Lin Biao

Lin Biao (Chinese: 林彪; December 5, 1907 – September 13, 1971) was a Chinese communist military leader. Lin was a general in the First Chinese Civil War (1927-1936) and the  Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Second Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) of the People's Liberation Army.

After the war, Lin was key in creating Mao Zedong's personality cult. He wrote the introduction to The Little Red Book. Lin was rewarded for his service to Mao by being named Mao's successor in the Ninth Party Congress, 1966. This he remained until his death in 1971.

Lin died in September 1971 when his aeroplane crashed in Mongolia. He was attempting to flee China with his son after what appeared to be a failed military coup. After Lin Biao's death, he was branded a traitor by the Communist Party of China. He, along with Jiang Qing (Mao's forth wife) and the Shanghai Radicals are still officially blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution (1966).

References
 Lin's introduction to the Little Red Book
 The Encyclopaedia Britannica's article on the man

1907 births
1971 deaths
Chinese generals
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Slot machine

A slot machine (American English), called also fruit machine (British English), the slots (Canadian English), poker machine or "pokies" (slang) (Australian English and New Zealand English) or simply slot (American English), is a casino gambling machine with set of numbers or pictures that after putting money in it and pressing button will randomly spin. The game is popular in casinos as it is easy and hassle free way to gamble money. Display of a slot machine have a reels, which have symbols and when player go to play, build in random number generator generates result in different symbols. If same numbers or pictures will line up - player will win his bet or multiplier of it.

Slot machines include a currency detector that detects if coins and notes are real ones and what values they have. The machine pays the winning or issue a coupon that will entitle to collecting reward in cash or prizes.
In some countries where money gambling in casinos is illegal the slot machines can issue free prizes, coupons or vouchers. Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and are responsible for about 70 percent of the US casino's income.

The first slot machine was invented by Charles Fey of San Francisco, California, U.S in 1894. The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement; it proved so successful at a local saloon that he soon quit his job and opened a factory to produce more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel slot machine with automatic cash payouts. The Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and playing card suitmarks that lined up to form poker hands. His next slot machine, the Liberty Bell, was built in 1899 and used horseshoes and bells as well as playing card suitmarks on the reels. Three bells lined up in a row meant the top payout. Chiefly because of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, only 4 of more than 100 Liberty Bell machines built by Fey survive. The Liberty Bell proved immensely popular among saloon patrons in San Francisco and was quickly copied by Fey’s competitors, such as the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago.

Variants 

 Progressive Jackpot Slots 
 Multiple Pay-Line
 Multiplier Slots
 Bonus Multiplier Slots

References

Gambling
Machines
Freemium

Freemium is a business model, and a marketing term, used for digital products. It means that the base features of a product can be used without payment, but that more advanced features require payment. 

Marketing
Stamford

Stamford might mean:

Places

People

Other disambiguation pages
Stamford Bridge
Stanford
Donald A. Glaser

Donald Arthur Glaser (September 21, 1926 – February 28, 2013) was an American physicist and neurobiologist of Jewish descent. He won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the bubble chamber used in subatomic particle physics.

Glaser was born on September 21, 1926 in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Case Western University and at the California Institute of Technology. Glaser was married to Ruth Bonnie Thompson from 1960 until they divorced in c. 1970. Then he was married to Lynn Bercovitz from 1975 until his death in 2013. Glaser died on February 28, 2013 in his home in Berkeley, California from natural causes, aged 86.

References

Other websites

Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Biography of Glaser, Donald A. 

1926 births
2013 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Deaths from natural causes
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
American neuroscientists
Scientists from Cleveland, Ohio
Otfried Preußler

Otfried Preußler or Otfried Preussler (October 20, 1923 – February 18, 2013) was  a German children's book author. He wrote over 100 books. Some of them are The Robber Hotzenplotz and The Satanic Mill (Krabat). His books sold 50 million copies. They have been translated into over 55 languages.

Preußler was born on October 20, 1923 in Liberec, Czechoslovakia to German parents. He was married to Annelies Kind from 1949 until his death in 2013. He won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1972 for Krabat. Preußler died on February 18, 2013 in Bavaria, Germany from natural causes, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Preußler's Official Website 
 www.worldcat.org: List of Preußler's books that have been translated into English

1923 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
German writers
Czechoslovak writers
The City of God

The City of God is a work of Christian theology. It was written by Augustine of Hippo in Latin in the early 5th century.

The work's full title is On the city of God against the pagans (Latin: Dē cīvitāte Deī contrā pāgānōs). It is made up of 22 books. Augustine began to write it in 412 or 413. He finished it sometime between 422 and 429.

References

Other websites
Latin text
English translation by Marcus Dods
SparkNotes: The City of God 

Christian theology
Christian texts
Kirby's Tilt 'n' Tumble

Kirby's Tilt 'n' Tumble is an action puzzle video game for the Game Boy Color game console. It was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on August 23, 2000, and in North America on April 11, 2001. It is a spin-off game in the Kirby series of video games.

The player controls Kirby by moving the game console. The game comes with a built-in accelerometer to allow the player to do so. The object of the game is to guide Kirby to a level's goal within the time limit. To do so, the player tilts the console in the direction they wish to move Kirby. 

Kirby can jump if the player moves the console vertically in a jerking motion (moving the console forward quickly). The game involves the collection of stars that are in the level. Levels also have one secret star. The player has to collect all of the secret stars to fully complete the game.

References

2000 video games
Game Boy Color games
Puzzle video games
Kirby
Ureter

The ureter is the tube in the human body that takes urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Anatomy of the urinary system

The ureter are the tube that convey urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder  they are about 25 to 30 centimetre long  with the diameter of about 3 mm  the numerator is continuous with  the funnel shaped renal pelvis  it passes downward through the abdominal cavity
Credit history

Credit history or   credit report is, in many countries, an information about  past borrowing and repaying, including information about late payments and bankruptcy. The term "credit reputation" can be also used to describe credit history or credit score.

In many countries, when a customer apply for credit from a bank, store or credit card company, their information is checked with credit monitoring organization. Such an organization will check if potential lender have history of some unpaid loans or other problems.

References

Money
Rachel Robinson

Rachel Robinson (born Rachel Annetta Isum July 19, 1922) is a former nurse, educator, activist, and the widow of baseball player Jackie Robinson. 

Robinson was born in Los Angeles, California on July 19, 1922. Robinson was played by Nicole Beharie in the movie 42.

Personal life 
She studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. While she was at the University, she met Jackie in 1941. They married in 1946. Their son, Jackie Robinson, Jr., was born in November 1946. They later had a daughter, Sharon, and another son, David. Jackie Robinson died in 1972.

She currently resides on a  farm in Salem, Connecticut.

References

Other websites
 Jackie Robinson Foundation Website
 Timeline in the Life of Jackie and Rachel Robinson
 USA Today Q&A
 Rachel Robinson's oral history video excerpts at the National Visionary Leadership Project

1922 births
Living people
Educators from Los Angeles
American activists
Gauge

A gauge is a display of some kind that shows a measurement.  Common types of gauges are dials and scales.

Examples are rain gauges, speedometers and pressure gauges.

Measuring tools
Speedometer

A speedometer is a type of gauge that shows the speed a vehicle is moving.  It usually shows the speed in miles per hour (mph) for countries that use the statute mile for distances or Kilometres per hour (kph) for countries that use the metric system. Originally, a speedometer was an option that car owners could buy to put on their car. Beginning about 1910 it was built into all cars.

History 
The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888, and was originally called a velocimeter. Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer. These were usually fitted to locomotives.

A speedometer was patented by a German, Otto Schulze on October 7, 1902, it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the output of the vehicle's transmission. The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel.

Speedometer accuracy 
Most speedometers have tolerances of some ±10%, mainly due to variations in tire diameter. Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size. Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to show the vehicle is going faster.

Underinflation 
When a tire has less air pressure than it should, it is underinflated. Underinflation causes excessive heat and reduces the diameter of the tires. This causes it to rotate faster than the speedometer shows it is. Tires underinflated by only 10 psi can mean a car or truck reading 70 mph on the speedometer is actually traveling at 72 mph.

References 

Auto parts
Measuring tools
Automotive technologies
AFL-NFL Merger

The AFL–NFL merger of 1970 was the merger of the two major professional American football leagues in the United States at the time: the National Football League (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL). The merger combined the two leagues and retained the "National Football League" name and logo, to become one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States.

National Football League
1970 in sports
Major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada

The major professional sports leagues, or simply major leagues, in  Canada and United States are the highest professional competitions of team sports in the two countries. Although individual sports such as golf, tennis,  auto racing, and gymnastics are also very popular, the term is usually limited to team sports.

The term "major league" was first used in 1921 in reference to Major League Baseball (MLB), the top level of professional American baseball. Today, the major northern North America professional team sports leagues are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). Other notable leagues include Major League Soccer (MLS), the Canadian Football League (CFL),  the Arena Football League, Major League Lacrosse, the National Lacrosse League, Professional Lacrosse League and the Women's National Basketball Association.

Sports in the United States
Sport in Canada
All Through the Night

"All Through the Night" is a song by American singer Cyndi Lauper. It is off her first album, She's So Unusual.  It is a synthpop song written by Jules Shear and produced by Rick Chertoff. This was the only single by Lauper released worldwide which did not have a music video. It peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100. It became her fourth top-five song in the United States.

The song received mostly positive reviews from critics. It was released in September 1984 in the United States.

References

1984 songs
Pop songs
Jon Santacana Maiztegui

Jon Santacana Maiztegui (born 1 November 1980) is a Spanish skier who has problems seeing. He skis with help from Miguel Galindo Garces who helps him with directions. Santacana has played in the IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships, in the European Cup and the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup, and Spanish national competitions. He represented Spain at the 2002 Winter Paralympics, 2006 Winter Paralympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics, making, getting a gold and a two silvers at the 2010 Paralympics.

He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships and was the second skier to finish in the visually impaired men's downhill race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super-G race. He was the first skier to finish in the men's visually impaired Super Combined race and in the Giant Slalom race. He was the second skier to finish in the slalom race. Because he cannot see, Miguel Galindo Garces was his guide and told him where to when going down the mountain.

References

Living people
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1980 births
Spanish skiers
2002 Winter Paralympics
2006 Winter Paralympics
2010 Winter Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Competitors at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Diving bell

A diving bell was an early system for underwater diving.  The basic idea of a bell is that a hollow object, even with an open bottom, will hold air when put under water (this can be seen with a glass in a sink).  If the bell is heavy enough it will sink below the water. A swimmer can be inside the bell and breathe, or hold his breath and swim outside the bell for a short time, and come back to the bell to breath again.  The idea had been around for a long time, but became useful in the 1600s. Scuba diving has mostly replaced diving bells although they are still used sometimes.

References

diving
Anne T. Hill

Anne T. Hill (November 24, 1916 – March 8, 1999) was an American fashion designer and yoga teacher.

Hill was born on November 24, 1916 in Atlanta, Georgia. She studied at Commercial High School and at the University of Georgia. Hill was married to Harry Leher. Then she was married to Roy W. Hill from 1971 until his death in 1986. Then she was married to Edgar L. McCoubrey from 1990 until her death in 1999. Hill died on March 8, 1999 in her home in Rancho Mirage, California from heart failure, aged 82.

Other websites

 

1916 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American fashion designers
American teachers
Businesspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Educators from Atlanta, Georgia
Spanish Paralympic Committee

Spanish Paralympic Committee (, CPE) is a Spanish non-profit sport organisation started in 1995. It oversees disability sport organisations in Spain. The organisation has a Secretary General and a President. Since 2005, they have been supported by Plan ADO. In 2000, the CPE had a scandal.

References 

Paralympic Games
Sports for the disabled
Sport in Spain
1995 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Spain
Parks Australia

Parks Australia is an agency that manages national parks and conservation areas in Australia. The parks are governed by the Director of National Parks, which is a division of the federal government's Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities. Parks Australia looks after parks in the federal territories; those in the six states are managed by their own state-government agencies. Parks Australia provides some support to each state in managing their parklands. It also supports indigenous landholders to establish Indigenous Protected Areas.

Parks Australia manages six national parks and two botanical gardens:
 Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens, Jervis Bay Territory
 Christmas Island National Park, Christmas Island
 Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory
 Norfolk Island National Park, Norfolk Island
 Pulu Keeling National Park, Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Northern Territory
Booderee, Kakadu and Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa are managed jointly with their traditional owners.

References

Other websites
Official website
Official blog

National Parks Australia Council

Government agencies of Australia
Conservation in Australia
Michael D. Higgins

Michael Daniel Higgins (born 18 April 1941) is the ninth and current President of Ireland. He took office on 11 November 2011. Higgins is an Irish politician, poet, sociologist, author and broadcaster. 

Higgins was a Teachta Dála (TD) and represented the Galway West constituency. He also was the Minister for Arts, Culture and Gaeltacht from 1993 to 1997. Higgins was the President of the Labour Party from 2003 until his election to the presidency in 2011.

Higgins is known because he was the first president to make a state visit to the United Kingdom.

Early life 
Higgins was born on the 18 April 1941. His father's name was John and he was from Ballycar, County Clare. His father was a member of the militant group, the Irish Republican Army. His fathers rank was a 2nd Lieutenant. He served alongside his brother Peter and Michael.

In the 1970s and some of the 1980s, Michael was involved in University and College positions, but later moved to politics in 1987.

On 11 November 2011, Michael D. Higgins became the 9th President of Ireland, after Mary McAleese. It was the first time the President of Ireland has been a male since Patrick Hillery left in 1990.

Personal life 
Higgins studied at University College, Galway, at Indiana University, Bloomington, and at the University of Manchester. Higgins has been married to Sabina Coyne since 1974. They have four children.

References

Other websites

Biography at Áras an Uachtaráin website
 Documentary about Michael D. Higgins (family, career, and presidential campaign)  on YouTube, TG4,  2011.
Presidential election acceptance speech (RTÉ video in Irish and English)  
Presidential inauguration speech (Text)
Audio recording of speech opening the G. B. Shaw: Back in Town conference, Dublin 2012
Henry, William (2002). Role of Honour: The Mayors of Galway City 1485–2001. Galway: Galway City Council. 

1941 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Presidents of Ireland
People from Limerick
José Abal

José Manuel Abal Lores (born 15 July 1961) is a disability sport athlete from Spain. He is a T53/F53 type track and field athlete.  He ran in the pentathlon events and he ran the marathon.  He was at the 1992 Summer Paralympics and 1996 Summer Paralympics. He won a silver medal in 1992 in the pentathlon. He lost to Vojtech Vasicek from Czechoslovakia. He did not win any other medals in 1992 or 1996.

References

Spanish athletes
Living people
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1961 births
1992 Summer Paralympics
1996 Summer Paralympics
Nicolás Maduro

Nicolás Maduro Moros (born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician who has been the 46th President of Venezuela since 2013. He previously was the Vice President of Venezuela and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Maduro became the interim President of Venezuela following the death of Hugo Chávez.

On 14 April 2013, Maduro was elected President of Venezuela, narrowly defeating Henrique Capriles, with 1.5% of the vote separating the two candidates. Capriles demanded a recount, refusing to recognize the outcome as valid.

Maduro was born on 23 November 1962 in Caracas, Venezuela. Maduro was raised as a Roman Catholic, and his paternal family ancestry is of Sephardic Jewish origin. He is married to Cilia Flores. Before Maduro became a politician, he was a bus driver in Caracas.

In 2013, Maduro denied rumors of homophobia. He stated that if he were gay he would "shout it to the four winds". He said that "I would have no problem loving whoever I had to love with my heart". He also stated that the Chávez government had supported LGBT rights starting from 14 years ago, promoting inclusion and non-discrimination.

In March 2016, Maduro endorsed United States senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

In January 2017 Maduro endorsed the murder of Venezuelan dissident Óscar Pérez in what has been named as the Raid in El Junquito.  The international media and some politicians & citizens all over the world defined what has happened in El Junquito as a massacre. They harshly criticized about Maduro & his government.

Despite calls to resign as president when his first term ended on 10 January 2019, Maduro inaugurated himself. This caused many people to be angry across the world and caused the National Assembly to call for a State of emergency. Many countries removed their embassies from Venezuela. Many believe that his election was illegitimate, they claimed that by retaking power, Maduro was making Venezuela into an illegal de facto dictatorship.

References

Other websites

Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores  (Venezuelan Foreign Ministry) 
Biography by CIDOB 

1962 births
Living people
Presidents of Venezuela
Vice Presidents of Venezuela
Current national leaders
Dictators
Hindus
People from Caracas
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust

Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust is the land trust that holds the freehold title to the land of Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park (referred to as Northern Territory Portion 1728). The trust is the legal landowner and holds the title on behalf of the people who are recognised as the land's traditional owners. It was created on 26 October 1985.

The land was originally claimed as part of the Katiti Land Claim in 1979. It was sumbitted by the Central Land Council on the behalf of several hundred people, most of whom lived at Muṯitjulu. The claim was judged in 1980, and Commissioner Justice John Toohey formally recognised 104 traditional owners for Uluṟu and 57 for Kata Tjuṯa. He granted them freehold title to the land now held by the Katiti Aboriginal Land Trust. They were not granted the title to Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa because it was already being used as a national park.

There was then a long legal case over the freehold title (actual ownership) of the park lands. The case continued until November 1983, when Prime Minister Bob Hawke acknowledged that the traditional owners had the rights to Uluṟu. In 1985, the Territory passed two amendments: one for the Aboriginal Land Rights Act and one for the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. The freehold title to the land in the park was passed to the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust on 26 October 1985. As part of the agreement, the land was immediately leased back to the Director of National Parks for a period of 99 years. The title is inalienable, which means that it can not be sold, traded or given away; it is inherited continuously by the community's descendants.

References

Other websites
Uluru - Kata Tjuta Aboriginal Land Trust  at the Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project, University of Melbourne

Uluru
Northern Territory
1985 establishments in Australia
Palisades Sill

The Palisades Sill is a Triassic intrusion, formed 200 million years ago. It runs through parts of New York and New Jersey. It is noteworthy for The Palisades, cliffs which rise steeply above the western bank of the Hudson River. The visibility of the sill,and its unique features, have got much attention from nature enthusiasts, rock climbers, and geologists.

Location
 

The outcrop of the Palisades Sill is quite recognizable for its prominent cliffs above the Hudson River; it is easily seen from the western portions of Manhattan. The exposure is approximately  long, most of it following the Hudson River. It first emerges in Staten Island in New York City. The sill then crosses the state line into New Jersey, where Hoboken, Jersey City, Union City, Fort Lee, and Englewood Cliffs all lie on it.

Geology

The end of the Triassic saw large-scale rifting during the break-up of Pangaea. What is now eastern North America began to separate from what is now north-western Africa, creating the young Atlantic Ocean. Magma came from decompression melting, and some was pushed into the pre-existing sandstones and arkoses. The magma solidified and, after millions of years, the overlying rocks got uplifted and eroded, exposing the Palisades Sill as we see it.

There is an average stratigraphic thickness of 300 meters (~1000 feet), with the famous cliffs rising 100 meters (300 ft) on average above sea level. The intrusion dips between 10 and 15 degrees westward for most of its length. The sill was intruded at a depth of about 3-5 kilometers. These studies also concluded that the sill was in a position nearly identical to its current one (10-to-15-degree dip); this is further confirmed by the still-vertical orientation of the columnar jointing.

The Watchung basalt flows of the Watchung Mountains are eruptions onto the surface of the same magma that created the Palisades Sill.

References 

Igneous rocks
New York
New Jersey
Moccasin

A moccasin is a shoe made of deerskin or any other soft leather. It has a sole and sides made out of a single piece of leather. It is stitched together toward the top, sometimes with vamps (which are additional panels of leather). The soles are usually soft and flexible. Moccasins are usually worn outside. The shoes protect the foot while allowing whomever wears them to feel the ground.

Footwear
Mannanana Range

The Mannanana Range () is a mountain range in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is a section of the Petermann Ranges. It roughly consists of a single ridge about  long. It extends northwest towards Kaltukatjara from Tjunti, where it is split from the Curdie Range by the Hull River. The Hull winds around the range from the south and then runs along its northeastern side.

The name "Mannanana" was first recorded on maps by Herbert Basedow. It comes from , which is actually the Pitjantjatjara name for the range immediately to the west. This western range takes its name from  (meaning "woman's buttocks"), which is a formation overlooking Kaltukatjara and the Docker River on the range's western end. The name for the Mannanana Range in Pitjantjatjara is , after the Tjunti soakage at its eastern end.

References

Other websites
Mannanana Range  at Geoscience Australia

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
Court shoe

Court shoes, also called pumps, are shoes with a low cut front and usually without a fastening. They can be made under any material, although patent leather is the most popular. The shoes are often worn with formal and informal dresses.

Footwear
Scalar boson

Scalar is a concept meaning relating to a directionless magnitude (such as mass or speed) that is completely specified by its magnitude. Bosons which are quantums of any scalar unit are scalar bosons.

Elementary particles
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 13

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 13 is the thirteenth cycle of ANTM. The season included originally 15 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Nicole Fox.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Wilhelmina Models
 A spread in Seventeen Magazines
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Contestants
 Jennifer An (3rd/4th)
 Lulu Braithwaite (11th)
 Courtney Davies (12th)
 Amber DePace (15th) (Disqualified)
 Rachel Echelberger (13th)
 Nicole Fox (Winner)
 Ashley Howard (9th)
 Laura Kirkpatrick (Runner-up)
 Sundai Love (5th)
 Brittany Markert (6th)
 Lisa Ramos (14th)
 Bianca Richardson (10th)
 Kara Vincent (8th)
 Erin Wagner (3rd/4th)
 Ashley "Rae" Weisz (7th)

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Disqualified: Amber DePace
Added: Lisa Ramos
Best: Rae Weisz
Worst: Bianca Richardson & Lisa Ramos
Eliminated: Lisa Ramos
3.
Eliminated Outside Of Judging Panel: Rachel Echelberger
Best: Erin Wagner
Worst: Bianca Richardson & Courtney Davies
Eliminated: Courtney Davies
4.
Best: Kara Vincent
Worst: Lulu Braithwaite & Brittany Markert
Eliminated: Lulu Braithwaite
5.
Best/Immune: Brittany Markert
Worst: Ashley Howard & Bianca Richardson
Eliminated: Bianca Richardson
6.
Best: Brittany Markert, Jennifer An & Rae Weisz
Worst: Ashley Howard & Kara Vincent
Eliminated: Ashley Howard
7.
Best: Nicole Fox
Worst: Sundai Love & Kara Vincent
Eliminated: Kara Vincent
8.
Best: Jennifer An
Worst: Erin Wagner & Rae Weisz
Eliminated: Rae Weisz
9.
Best: Nicole Fox
Worst: Erin Wagner & Brittany Markert
Eliminated: Brittany Markert
10.
Best: Jennifer An
Worst: Erin Wagner & Sundai Love
Eliminated: Sundai Love
11.
Best: Nicole Fox
Worst: Erin Wagner, Jennifer An & Laura Kirkpatrick
Eliminated: Erin Wagner & Jennifer An
12.
Final Two: Nicole Fox & Laura Kirkpatrick
America's Next Top Model: Nicole Fox

America's Next Top Model
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12 is the twelfth cycle of America's Next Top Model. 13 girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Teyona Anderson.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Elite Model Management
 A spread in Seventeen Magazine
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Contestants
 Celia Ammerman (4th)
 Teyona Anderson (Winner)
 Aminat Ayinde (3rd)
 Tahlia Brookins (8th)
 Kortnie Coles (10th)
 Kelly Marie "Isabella" Falk (13th)
 Nijah Harris (11th)
 Allison Harvard (Runner-up)
 Lauren "London" Levi-Nance (7th)
 Sandra Nyanchoka (9th)
 Natalie Pack (6th)
 Felicia "Fo" Porter (5th)
 Jessica Santiago (12th)

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Isabella Falk & Sandra Nyanchoka
Eliminated: Isabella Falk

3.
Best: Teyona Anderson
Worst: Fo Porter & Jessica Santiago
Eliminated: Jessica Santiago

4.
Best: Sandra Nyanchoka
Worst: Allison Harvard & Nijah Harris
Eliminated: Nijah Harris

5.
Best: Tahlia Brookins
Worst: Kortnie Coles & Sandra Nyanchoka
Eliminated: Kortnie Coles

6.
Best: Fo Porter
Worst: Celia Ammerman & Sandra Nyanchoka
Eliminated: Sandra Nyanchoka

7.
Best: Celia Ammerman
Worst: Tahlia Brookins & Allison Harvard
Eliminated: Tahlia Brookins

8.
recap episode

9.
Best: Teyona Anderson
Worst: Aminat Ayinde & London Levi-Nance
Eliminated: London Levi-Nance

10.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Aminat Ayinde & Natalie Pack
Eliminated: Natalie Pack

11.
Best: Teyona Anderson
Worst: Celia Ammerman & Fo Porter
Eliminated: Fo Porter

12.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Celia Ammerman & Aminat Ayinde
Eliminated: Celia Ammerman

13.
Best: Allison Harvard
Worst: Teyona Anderson & Aminat Ayinde
Eliminated: Aminat Ayinde
Final Two: Allison Harvard & Teyona Anderson
Winner: Teyona Anderson

America's Next Top Model
Students for a Free Tibet

Students For a Free Tibet (SFT) is an American non-profit international group of students and activists working with the Tibetan people for human rights and freedom. It was started in 1994. The group educates people and uses non-violent methods of action for making Tibet independent. SFT tries to influence public policy decisions within government institutions. It recommends self-determination for Tibet because of Tibet's historical status. It opposes the Chinese government's violation of the Tibetan people's human rights, cultural heritage, environment, language and religion.

References

Other websites
Students for a Free Tibet homepage

1994 establishments in the United States
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Human rights organizations in the United States
Tibet
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 18

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 18 "British Invasion" is the eighteenth cycle of ANTM. This cycle includes British models from Britain's Next Top Model (BNTM) who didn't win. The winner was 22-year old Sophie Sumner from Oxford, England. The cycle had a total of 14 contestants, 7 seven American and 7 British.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with LA Models & NY Model Management
 A spread in Vogue Italia
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl
 A correspondent for Extra
 A chance to be the face of the America’s Next Top Model perfume product "Dream Come True"
 A production of a music title

Contestants
British        Original Rank ANTM Rank
 Ashley Brown 4th           10th
 Annaliese Dayes 7th        3rd
 Jasmia Robinson 3rd        14th
 Sophie Sumner  Runner-up  Winner
 Catherine Thomas Runner-up 6th
 Louise Watts Runner-up 12th (quit)
 Alisha White Runner-up 4th (quit)

American
 Seymone Cohen-Fobish 7th
 Eboni Davis 5th
 Ashley "Kyle" Gober 8th
 Laura LaFrate Runner-up
 Ashley "AzMarie" Livingston 9th
 Candace Smith 11th 
 Mariah Watchman 13th

Episodes
1.
Best: Seymone Cohen-Fobish
Worst: Ashley Brown & Jasmia Robinson 
Eliminated: Jasmia Robinson
2.
Best: Laura LaFrate
Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Mariah Watchman
Eliminated: Mariah Watchman
3.
Quit: Louise Watts
Best: AzMarie Livingston
Worst: Alisha White, Ashley Brown, Candace Smith, & Eboni Davis
Eliminated: None
4.
Best: AzMarie Livingston
Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Candace Smith
Eliminated: Candace Smith
5.
Best: Eboni Davis
Worst: Ashley Brown & Catherine Thomas 
Eliminated: Ashley Brown
6.
Best: Alisha White
Worst: AzMarie Livingston & Kyle Gober
Eliminated: AzMarie Livingston 
7.
Best: Sophie Sumner
Worst: Alisha White & Kyle Gober
Eliminated: Kyle Gober
8.
Best: Alisha White 
Worst: Seymone Cohen-Fobish & Eboni Davis
Eliminated: Seymone Cohen-Fobish
9.
Best: Laura LaFrate
Worst: Alisha White & Catherine Thomas 
Eliminated: Catherine Thomas 
10.
Best: Laura LaFrate
Worst: Eboni Davis & Alisha White
Eliminated: Eboni Davis
Quit: Alisha White
11.
Best: Sophie Sumner
Worst: Laura LaFrate & Annaliese Dayes
Eliminated: Annaliese Dayes
12.
Final Two: Sophie Sumner & Laura LaFrate
Winner: Sophie Sumner
America's Next Top Model
Sansha

Sansha (三沙) is a city of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Hainan Province.  The city government's main building was built on Woody Island in the South China Sea.

History
In 2012, the city was established to administer several uninhabited island groups and undersea atolls in the South China Sea, including the Spratly and Paracel Islands as well as the Macclesfield Bank. 

The area of city includes disputed territory not controlled by China. 

The city plans to develop virtual economic activity. In early 2013, there were 11 companies that have registered in Sansha.  They are paying tax in Sansha.

Timeline
 1911: Guangdong Provincial Government of PRC claims the Xisha Islands as part Hainan's Yaxian County 

 1946–1948: the Republic of China (ROC) took over Xisha Islands

 1959: PRC sets up the Guangdong Province administrative office for Xisha, Nansha and Zhongsha islands

 1984: Hainan Administrative Region was set up

 1988: Hainan Province was set up to take over the administrative office

 2012: Sansha City established

Government
The first mayor of the city was elected by a People’s Congress with 45 delegates.  

The city has a court of justice and a clinic. A kindergarten and a school are being planned.

Related  pages
 Kalayaan, Palawan

References

Other websites
 Administrative divisions of Hainan Province 
  "Paracel Islands Cruise? China Invites Tourists To Disputed South China Sea"

Cities in China
2012 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in China
Quantum teleportation

Quantum teleportation is a way of transferring the quantum state of one quantum system to another using the quantum entanglement between two other systems.

For example, let's assume Alice and Bob share an entangled pair of particles A and B, and Alice wants to teleport the information of another "message" particle M to Bob. 

What Alice does is interact her half of the entangled pair, A, she shares with Bob, so that now the message particle M is entangled with Alice's other particle A.

Next Alice measures both of her particles A and M and tells what the outcomes of these measurements are to Bob. Because the message particle M was entangled with Alice's other particle A, and Bob has the information of Alice's measurements, he can use this information to recreate the original message particle M out of the one he has B. 

What makes quantum teleportation special is that we didn't need to physically move the message particle M from Alice to Bob.

Quantum mechanics
Theoretical computer science
Paracel Islands

Paracel Islands is the name for a number of uninhabited atolls and reefs in the South China Sea. They are about  from Hainan and about  from Vietnam. Currently they are under the control of the People's Republic of China, but Taiwan and Vietnam also claim them. The islands are uninhabited. 

The islands are located in the South China Sea consisting of over 30 islets, sandbanks and reefs with about  of the ocean surface. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of Vietnam and China,  southeast of Hainan Island, and about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents except military personnel and fishermen.  

The islands are divided into two main groups. The Amphitrite group is in the northeast and the Crescent group is in the southwest, and they are located about  from one another. Subject to hot and humid climate, with abundant rainfall and frequent typhoons, the archipelago is surrounded by productive fishing grounds and potential oil and gas reserves.

Related pages
 Sansha

References

Territorial disputes
Territorial disputes of China
Islands of Asia
Pacific islands
Uninhabited regions