cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Forestry Commission

The Forestry Commission is a UK Government agency that was set up in 1918.

The commission is  responsible for many forests and woodlands in Great Britain. Its job is to protect and expand Britain's forests and woodlands and increase their value to society and the environment.

Some of its forests are pine trees which the commission manages and carefully cuts down trees for wood and paper making.  The money from this helps the commission to maintain it other forests which are not farmed but which are used for recreation, by people wanting to visit the countryside, and also to fund some scientific research into the ways to grow trees and to keep them healthy.

The Forestry Commission looks after a lot of the forests in the list of Forests in the United Kingdom

Departments of the United Kingdom Government
Government agencies of the United Kingdom
Forests of the United Kingdom
Forestry
Arara, Paraíba

Arara is a Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. Its population in 2007 was 12,920 inhabitants. Its area is 89 km².

Other websites

Cities in Paraíba
1961 establishments in South America
1960s establishments in Brazil
Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga

Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga y Balzola (born Bilbao 27 January 1806; died Paris 17 January 1826) was an early 19th-century Spanish composer. He was still only 19 years old when he died. Like Mozart, he was a child prodigy and he might have become one of the world’s most famous composers if he had lived.

His life 

Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga was born in Bilbao, in the Basque Country in Spain. His father and older brother first taught him music. He started to compose when he was 11 years old, and by the time he was 15 he had already written 20 works. Many of these are now lost. He may have thrown them away, thinking that they were not very good. In 1921 he went to Paris where he studied the violin with Pierre Baillot, and counterpoint and harmony with François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. He was so good that by 1824 he had become a teaching assistant in Fétis's class. 

Arriaga died in Paris at the age of nineteen, probably of a lung disease and exhaustion.

His music 

Arriaga has been called “The Spanish Mozart”. His music, however, does not sound particularly Spanish. It has a more general European character, based on the style of Mozart and Beethoven. He wrote a symphony which sounds at times like Schubert. He also wrote an opera Los esclavos felices ("The Happy Slaves"), and three string quartets. The string quartets were the only works that were published while he was still alive.

1806 births
1826 deaths
Spanish composers
Romantic composers
Deaths from exhaustion
Deaths from lung disease
Conservatoire de Paris

The Conservatoire de Paris (Paris Conservatoire) is a music conservatory where students can study dance, drama and music.  It has now been split into two "Conservatoires".  One is for Acting, Theatre and Drama and is called the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique (CNSAD).  It is in the old building in the centre of Paris.  The other is called  Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris.  It is farther from the centre of the city.  This is where Music and Dance are taught.

The Paris Conservatoire has been famous for music since it was formed in 1795.  Nearly all famous French composers and performing musicians studied there, and many young musicians came from abroad to study.  It was, and still is, one of the best places to study music in the world.

Related pages
 Paris
 Conservatoire
 Prix de Rome

Music schools
Buildings and structures in Paris
1795 establishments
1790s establishments in France
Prix de Rome

The Prix de Rome was a scholarship (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.

In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won “second prize” which allowed them to study for a shorter period.

Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Augustin Pajou Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big argument about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.

The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.

Other websites 
 The Prix de Rome Contests in Painting .

Art awards
Paris
Caulfield railway station, Melbourne

Caulfield is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb Caulfield, on the Pakenham, Frankston and Cranbourne railway lines. At this station the Frankston line splits from the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines.

Caulfield is a Premium Station.

Location

The station is between Sir John Monash Drive (formerly Railway Avenue) and Normanby Road. The tram route 3 and some bus routes stop here. The Caulfield campus of Monash University and Caulfield Racecourse are close to the station.

Facilities

The station has four platforms. Two platforms make an island in the middle of the station. Platform 1 has a large red brick building. Platforms 2&3 ( the island platforms) contain a large red brick building with a waiting room and a ticket office. Platform 4 has a large red brick building. Outbound V/Line (country trains) services leave from this platform. A large Metcard ticket machine is inside the waiting room. This machine is able to sell most tickets. It also accept notes and coins. Small Metcard machines are  at the entrances to platforms 1 and 4. A subway is located underneath the station. This allows people to get to the island platform. It has a  Coca-Cola Red Engine take away food shop.

History

Caulfield station was opened on Wednesday, 7th May 1879.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
1879 establishments
1870s establishments in Australia
Officer railway station, Melbourne

Officer railway station is an ummanned railway station in Officer, Victoria. It is located in Metcard Zone 2.

Railway stations in Melbourne
ß

The letter ß (also known as sharp S, German: Eszett or scharfes S) is a letter in the German alphabet. It is the only German letter that is not part of the basic Latin alphabet. The letter is pronounced   (like the "s" in "see") and is not used in any other language.

Origin 

Today's ß was created around the 1900s. (See w:en:ß and w:de:ß for details on the so-called "Sulzbacher Form".) It has two origins, one in Blackletter and one in Roman type (also called Antiqua).

The letter came from the long s (ſ) and the normal z. Written fast by hand, they over time joined together to form a single glyph.

Spelling 
The ß is used only in German and never at the start of German words. The uppercase ß (ẞ) exists only for typesetting, such as in a dictionary. Instead of lowercase ß, one can also write ss. As no words start with double s or ß, no uppercase ß is necessary.

However, not every ss can be written as ß. German often puts two or more words together to make a longer word. If the new word has ss, it cannot be written as ß.  For example, Voßstraße is two words joined together (Voß and straße). It can also be written as Vossstraße but not as Vosßtraße because sstraße (or ßtraße) is not a word, and the ß is in the word Voss (Voß).

The rules for German orthography have changed since 1996. Many common words that used to be written with ß are now written with ss. For example, Fluß (river) is now spelled Fluss. When the preceding vowel is short, as in Fluss, ss is used. However, the ß is used when the preceding vowel is long as in Straße.

German language
Latin letters
General Motors railway station, Melbourne

General Motors Railway Station was a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. 

The station was opened on November 18, 1956 to service the General Motors factory near it. The station had two platforms and a footbridge into the factory.  In 1991, the General Motors factory closed. Since the main purpose of the station was to support the factory, the station was no longer needed, but the station stayed open for eleven years after the factory had been destroyed. It was estimated to be the least used station in the entire city network. It had an average of eight passengers using it a day. The last trains stopped at the station on July 28 2002.

Other websites 
 General Motors station photo gallery #1 (metf2nk)
 General Motors station photo gallery #2 (Station pix by Somebody)
 PTUA: Monty Python Bureaucracy Closes Railway Station
 Victorian Railway Stations - General Motors

Railway stations in Melbourne
1956 establishments
1950s establishments in Australia
2002 disestablishments in Australia
Agronomy

Agronomy is the study of soil in relation to how it affects plant growth. Agronomists work to make methods that will improve the use of soil and increase the amount of food and fiber crops.

Branches of botany
Subfields of ecology
Metlink

This article is about the Melbourne public transport network. The same name is also used for public transport in Wellington.

Metlink is the marketing name  for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.

Introduction 
The Metlink brand was introduced in 2003.

Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables are colour-coded blue, tram stop signs and timetables are green, and the bus network is orange. The regional train network is colour-coded purple.

Future role 

Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later).  In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services.  

While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line have helped Metlink.

Viclink
Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named Viclink. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006 . The signage will be fully implemented when V/Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project.

Related pages
Railways in Melbourne

Other websites
Official Metlink website
Official Viclink website 
BATBYGOBSTOPL Metlink website 

Public transport in Melbourne
Intermodal transport authorities
Sanyo

Sanyo is a Japanese electronics company. They specialise in home appliances.

Overview 
Sanyo was founded in 1947 by Toshio Iue.

Panasonic acquired it in 2011.

As of 2018, the company's revenue was ¥84.678 billion.

Other websites 
Sanyo on Panasonic website

References 
Technology companies of Japan 
Electronics companies of Japan
Celtic Frost

Celtic Frost was a thrash/black metal band from Zurich, Switzerland. The band was formed in 1984 and broke up in 1993. The reunited in 2001 and broke up again in 2008.

Discography 
Celtic Frost released 6 studio albums:

Albums
Morbid Tales (1984)
To Mega Therion (1985)
Into the Pandemonium (1987)
Cold Lake (1988)
Vanity/Nemesis (1990)
Monotheist (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Thrash metal bands
Death metal bands
Swiss heavy metal bands
Zürich
Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Switzerland
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in Europe

2000s establishments in Switzerland
I
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
Privy Council

The Privy Council is a group of advisors to a Monarch. 

The Privy Council of the United Kingdom
The Queen's Privy Council for Canada
The Privy Council of Northern Ireland
Cable knitting

Patterns called cables are created using special cable knitting needles.  The cables often look like braids.  They are typically used on sweaters, particularly on Aran sweaters from Ireland.

Cloth
Maraghar Massacre

The Maraghar Massacre happened on April 10, 1992, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Other websites 
 Photographs of the Maraghar Massacre  – Warning: Graphic Content
 Christianity Today Article 
 Ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
 UK House of Commons report
 Survivors of Maraghar massacre: It was truly like a contemporary Golgotha many times over

20th century in Armenia
1992
Circular knitting

Circular knitting or knitting in the round is a form of knitting that creates a seamless tube. It is done with circular or double-pointed needles. Socks, mittens, and sweaters can be made with circular knitting.

Cloth
Skills
Knitting machine

Knitting machines are used to make knitted cloth for clothing or household items. They can make flat shapes or tubular shapes. The tubular shapes can be used for t-shirts.

Machines
Kirovabad pogrom

The Kirovabad pogrom was an attack by Azeris against the targeted Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani town of Kirovabad  in November 1988. It is estimated that at least 130 people were killed.

References

Other websites 
Pogroms in Kirovabad - MIATSUM

20th century in Armenia
20th century in Azerbaijan
1988
Tree of Knowledge

In the Book of Genesis, chapters two and three, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was a tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden, along with the Tree of Life. God Told Adam and Eve) to never eat from this Tree. When Eve and Adam, ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, they discovered that they were naked, and were banished from the garden and forced to survive through farming.

Different views of the tree itself

In Judaism
According to the Jewish tradition, God telling Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree was to give them free choice and allow them to earn perfection instead of getting it with a simple deed. According to this tradition, Adam and Eve would have become perfect and immortal had they not eaten from the Tree. After failing, they were sentenced to a long time of hard work to get themselves back into God's trust.

In Christianity 
In Christianity, the Tree of Knowledge is connected to the beginning of sin. By eating the fruit of the Tree, Adam and Eve tried to become like God.

Trees in other religions
In Buddhism, the Buddha became enlightened under a Bodhi tree. While the biblical tree is usually seen as representing pleasure, the Bodhi tree gave pure knowledge.

The symbol of the Tree
Symbolically, the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge tries to divide human action into Right or Wrong, Good or Evil and Lawful or Unlawful with privileges and punishments for each case.

Related pages

 Adam and Eve
 Knowledge
 Morality
 Original sin
 Pelagianism

Mythology
Royal Academy of Music

For the institution founded in London in 1719 for putting on performances of operas see George Frideric Handel.

The Royal Academy of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music.  It was founded in 1822. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal Academy of Music.

The Royal Academy of Music was officially founded (started) in 1822 and was opened the next year. King George IV was the patron of the conservatory. At first it had 21 students.

In 1830 it received its Royal Charter, but for many years it had financial problems and it was not until 1868, when the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone arranged for it to have a regular grant, that it began to do well.  During the 19th century the Academy was in Hanover Square, but in 1912 it moved to Marylebone Road near Regent's Park.

Since 1912 many changes and extensions have been made to the building. Many concerts are given in the Duke’s Hall and operas are performed in the Sir Jack Lyons Theatre. Many of the professors (teachers) at the Academy come from other countries. The Academy works together with King’s College, London where many of the students take a 4 year performance course.  In 1997 they won some lottery money which helped them to get a new building for their collection of musical instruments.  It has a large library which includes all the books and music which used to belong to the conductors Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer.

Today the students come from over 50 countries.  Students from abroad can attend a special “English for Musicians” course.  There are over 600 students at the Academy. The students have many opportunities to perform, both in the Academy and in concerts in other places. Over 90% of the students find a career in music after they leave the Academy.

The principal of the Royal Academy of Music is Jonathan Freeman-Attwood.

Some famous people who studied at the Royal Academy of Music
 John Barbirolli (conductor)
 Arnold Bax (composer)
 Richard Rodney Bennett (composer)
 Harrison Birtwistle (composer)
 Dennis Brain (French horn|horn player)
 William Crotch (first Principal of the Royal Academy of Music)
 Sir Clifford Curzon (pianist)
 John Dankworth (jazz composer)
 Lesley Garrett (soprano)
 Evelyn Glennie (percussionist)
 Myra Hess (pianist)
 Elton John (rock musician) Junior Academy
 Freddy Kempf (pianist)
 Philip Langridge (tenor) 
 Felicity Lott (soprano)
 Moura Lympany (pianist) 
 Joanna MacGregor (pianist)
 Michael Nyman (composer)
 Sir Simon Rattle (conductor)
 Arthur Sullivan (composer)
 Eva Turner (soprano)
 Christopher Warren-Green (conductor)
 Sir Henry Wood (conductor)

Music schools
Colleges and universities in London
Automated teller machine

The full form of ATM is Automated Teller Machine for short, is a machine that lets people take out (withdraw) cash from their bank accounts. In the UK ATMs are often called cash machines, cashpoints or the hole in the wall.

Some ATMs allow people to do more than take money out. They may allow people to put in money, or check how much money is in a bank account.

ATMs may be found in stores and shopping malls. Sometimes, they can be found in bars or restaurants. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.

People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They will also need to have a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which is a code that lets them get into their account.

There are a number of scams with ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and find their PIN; this is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may install a video camera and get PIN numbers from that way. They then make cards using the PIN number and account number to be able to use that person's account.

Money
Technology
Quilt

A quilt is a type of blanket made of three layers: a top piece of cloth, a layer of insulating material often called batting, and a bottom piece of cloth for backing. The layers are joined together either by sewing or by tying the layers together with pieces of yarn, thread, or ribbon.

The top layer of the quilt can be made from many pieces of cloth sewn together in patterns, known as patchwork. Other patterns can be made by running lines of stitching through the three layers.

Sometimes quilts are not used as bedding, but are works of art made to be hung on a wall (wall hangings) or used as decoration.

Quilting is done in many cultures, such as the Amish, in Hawaii, and in India.

Cloth
Textile arts
Ribbon

A ribbon is a thin, flexible band, usually cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal. 

Ribbons are mostly used for tying or decorating things. Ribbons can be used to tie a person's hair, decorate clothing or uniforms, or to tie up packages. A typewriter uses a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink.

Cloth
Wigmore Hall

The Wigmore Hall is a famous concert hall in London.  It is called a “recital hall” because it is designed for recitals: concerts given by one soloist, or sometimes a small group of musicians (chamber music). It is in Wigmore Street in the centre of  London, just north of Oxford Street.

The Wigmore Hall was built in 1901 by the German firm Bechstein who made pianos.  Originally it was called Bechstein Hall.  Bechstein’s showrooms were next door.  The hall was built in a Renaissance style, with alabaster and marble walls and a rectangular hall with a small, raised stage.  Above the stage the ceiling is in the form of a cupola which has a painting which shows the Soul of Music looking up at the Genius of Harmony: a ball of eternal fire whose rays are reflected across the world.  These are separated by thorns from the rest of the picture which includes a musician and, on the other side, Psyche inspiring a composer to write music.

The "Bechstein Hall" opened on 31 May 1901 with a concert given by the virtuoso pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. During its early period many famous musicians played there, including Artur Schnabel, Pablo Sarasate, Percy Grainger, Myra Hess, Arthur Rubinstein and Camille Saint-Saëns.

Because it was owned by a German firm, the hall was seized as enemy property during World War I. The hall with over 130 pianos was sold at an auction to Debenhams for a very small amount of money, and was re-opened as Wigmore Hall in 1917.  Musicians who have performed there since include Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Victoria de los Ángeles, Sergei Prokofiev, Shura Cherkassky, Paul Hindemith, Andrés Segovia, Julian Bream, Peter Pears, Benjamin Britten and Francis Poulenc.

Today the Wigmore Hall seats 540 people.  Many concerts are broadcast on BBC Radio 3.  Famous musicians perform there, as well as young musicians who are just starting their career.

The Wigmore Hall publishes on its own record label "Wigmore Hall live" recordings of concerts that were given by famous musicians.  The pianos in the Wigmore Hall today are made by Steinway.

The Wigmore Hall's director is John Gilhooly.  His future plans include having lots of music by living composers

Other websites
 Official Wigmore Hall Web Site

Concert halls in London
Ron Dennis

Ronald "Ron" Dennis CBE (born 1 June 1947) is the executive chairman of McLaren Automotive and McLaren Group.  He was the team principal of the McLaren Formula One team until 2009.

He was placed at number 648 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2006 with a wealth of £90 million. The Times put his wealth at £200 million in 2009.

References

1947 births
Living people
English businesspeople
Formula One people
People from Woking
Sabaragamuwa Province

Sabaragamuwa is a province in Sri Lanka. It has two main districts: Ratnapura and Kegalle. Ratnapra is famous for its gems.

Provinces of Sri Lanka
Solo

Solo may refer to:

 Solo (music), to play music or sing alone
 Solo (dance), a dance done by an individual
 Hope Solo (born 1981), American soccer (football) player
Tiger Woods

Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer. His achievements, which include winning 70 tournaments on the PGA Tour, including 14 major championships, make him one of the best golfers in the world.

Early life
Woods was born in Cypress, California. His parents Kultida (Tida) (born 1944) and Earl Woods (1932–2006). He is the only child of their marriage. He does have two half-brothers, Earl Jr. (born 1955) and Kevin (born 1957) and a half-sister, Royce (born 1958) from the 18-year marriage of Earl Woods and his first wife, Barbara Woods Gray. Earl, a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran, was of mostly African-American, as well as Caucasian and possible Native American and Chinese ancestry. Kultida (née Punsawad), originally from Thailand (where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968), is of mixed Dutch, Chinese and Thai ancestry. He refers to his ethnic make-up as "Cablinasian" (a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian, Black, American Indian and Asian).

Personal life
He is brought up as a Buddhist from childhood.

On February 23, 2021, Woods was involved in a serious car accident in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. He suffered from multiple leg injuries and had surgery for non-life threatening injuries.

References

Other websites
Official site

African-American golfers
People from Orange County, California
Sportspeople from California
1975 births
Living people
House of Commons of Canada

The House of Commons (French: Chambre des communes) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. The House of Commons is an elected body, of 338 members, who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs).  Members are elected for a maximum of four years at a time. Each member is elected by one of the country's federal electoral districts which are usually called ridings.

The House of Commons was established in 1867, when the British North America Act 1867  created the Dominion of Canada, and was modelled on the British House of Commons. The House of Commons is sometimes called the "lower house", even though it has more power than the "upper house", the Senate. Both Houses is must agree to new laws but the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons (though the Senate does occasionally amend bills). The Government of Canada is responsible only to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she has the support of the Lower House. 

The Canadian House of Commons is  in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on  Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario.

Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada are limited, because provincial legislatures have the sole right to pass laws about some things.

Until 1982 only the Parliament of the United Kingdom had the power to change the British North America Act, this was to protect the rights and powers of the provincial legislatures.  This was changed by the Canada Act.  In Canada the British North America Act is now called the Constitution Act. 

A lot of the work of the House of Commons is done by committees which can spend more time investigating a subject than the whole House of Commons could

Seat distribution

The table below shows how many seats each political party has in the Parliament. Many of the MPs were elected in the 2019 election.

Notes

List of committees
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics
Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canadian Heritage
Citizenship and Immigration
Environment and Sustainable Development
Finance
Fisheries and Oceans
Foreign Affairs and International Development
Government Operations and Estimates
Health
Human Resources, Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities
Industry, Science and Technology
International Trade
Justice and Human Rights
Liaison Committee
National Defence
Natural Resources
Official Languages
Procedure and House Affairs
Public Accounts
Public Safety and National Security
Status of Women
Transport, Infrastructure and Communities
Veterans Affairs

References

Canada
Parliament of Canada
1867 establishments in Canada
Earl Marshal

The Earl Marshal is a member of the British Royal Household, and is in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions. The Earl Marshal is not a member of the College of Arms, but he must give his permission before the College of Arms can issue a coat of arms.  

The Earl Marshal is always the Duke of Norfolk, and because he is Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk is a member of the House of Lords, without being elected by the other hereditary peers.

Occupations
England
Heraldry
Government
Crysis

Crysis is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10.  It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.

Main features 

Time of lighting: The game represents a true time of the day.
Real Time Ambient (means surroundings) Maps: CryENGINE 2 pre-calculates the amount of ambient light in indoor surfaces, improving the quality of lighting when applying new light sources and shadows.  This means current light position and color can be dynamically added to light intensity (means strength or density of lights) applied in interiors.
Dynamic Soft Shadows: natural looking shadows.
Light Beams: Like ones you will find between the leaves of trees.
Long Range View Distance: of about 8 kilometers range.
Parallax Occlusion Mapping: for greater sense of depth. In other words, to let the hero concentrate on an attractive thing. Such as an explosion.
3D Ocean Technology: to create a realistic ocean depends on wind and wave variables.
Facial Animation: to let the faces in the game look realistic as they react with the environment.
Object Motion Blur: this feature will help to blur things when they move fast.
Depth of Field: like of the camera's.
Breakable Buildings: So someone can break anything in the game.
Breakable Vegetation System: Even the jungles can be affected by weapons.
Advanced Rope Physics: These ropes can even be affected even by the rain.
Component Vehicle Damage: Every thing in a car, plane, boat etc. is breakable.
Next-Gen Physics System: allows game developers to make a full-of-life game.

Story 
You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere (ball shape) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.

Game information 
The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. A sequel, Crysis 2, was released in March 2011.

Other websites 
Technical support 
Official Site
Recent news

Shooter video games
2007 video games
Electronic Arts video games
Peerage

A peer is a member of the nobility.  It is sometimes used instead of 'Lord'. In formal or old British documents, the House of Lords is called the House of Peers.

Ranks 

In the United Kingdom there are five ranks of the peerage:

 Baron is the lowest. In Scotland this is called a Lord, short for Lord in Parliament.
 Viscount
 Earl - this is an old Saxon word. In Continental Europe this rank is called 'count', the lord in charge of a county. An earl's wife is called a countess
 Marquess - A special rank higher than an earl because a marquess's land was in the Marches, the border areas that must be defended. A marquess's wife is called a marchioness.  There were not many marquesses in Scotland, and they usually spelled the title 'marquis' like the French
 Duke - the highest rank.

Informally Barons, Viscounts, Earls and Marquesses are called lords, and instead of their name when speaking to them, the term 'my lord' is used. A Duke is never called a lord. 'Your grace' is used for a Duke.

Since 2004 a list of peers has been kept by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice. This list, called the Roll of Peerage had to be kept to prove who was a peer.  The list of members of the House of Lords used to be the same until the hereditary peers were excluded. Official documents can only call someone a peer if their name is on the Peerage Roll.

Precedence 
Sorting out which peer should precede (come in front of) in a procession or other event depends on three different things:
The rank.  All dukes come before all marquesses, then earls, then viscounts and finally barons.
Country the peerage was created in.  All Dukes first created by the King of England come before those created by the King of Scotland.  After this come Dukes of Great Britain whose titles were created between 1707 and 1801 (during the existence of the United Kingdom of Great Britain). In 1801, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, so Dukes of Ireland come next, followed by Dukes of the United Kingdom. The other types of peer follow in the same order.
England
Scotland
Great Britain
Ireland
United Kingdom
Finally the order is decided on the year the title was created.

Exceptions 

The only exceptions are the royal dukes, and the Duke of Abercorn.
The dukes of Gloucester, Kent, Edinburgh, York, Cambridge, and Sussex are the most junior dukes, but because they are princes they rank ahead of all other dukes.  In 1952 the Queen ordered that her husband, the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, would be second only to her. The Duke of Edinburgh is now Elizabeth II's son, Charles, Prince of Wales.
The Duke of Abercorn.  When the Irish Marquess of Abercorn was "promoted" in 1868 the duke was listed as a duke of the kingdom of Ireland, but was given precedence as if it was a peerage in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Irish peers cannot attend the House of Lords.

References 

British royalty
Fin de siècle

Fin de siècle means turn of the century in French. It is widely used for the time around 1900, but also for the closing of an old era, and the start of a new one. 

Fin de siècle is sometimes used to mean the type of art, culture and way of behaving at the end of the nineteenth century.
The end of the 19th century was felt to be a period of degeneration, but at the same time a period of hope for a new beginning.<ref>Schaffer, Talia. 2008. Literature and culture at the fin de siècle. New York: Longman, 3.</ref> 

The "spirit" of fin de siècle often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, including 'pessimism', and  a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence.

The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism.Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism, 1914-1945. Oxon, England, UK: Routledge, (1995, 2005): 23-24. The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy.

 Examples in literature 
Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The Brothers KaramazovFriedrich Nietzche. Thus spoke Zarathustra.
Oscar Wilde. Salomé''.

Reference 

Phrases
Eraser

An eraser, or a rubber, is a tool made from rubber that is used to get rid of marks made from a pencil, or some types of pen. Another kind of eraser is made of felt and is used to remove chalk marks from a blackboard. Some may also be automatically be attached to a pencil, or could be bought to be shoved on a top of a pencil. Erasers can be used by rubbing the mistake and it will slowly clear away. All erasers will produce some dust called debris after rubbing and it will usually be black as it cleared away the pencil marks. Some erasers produce a lot of dust while some produce dust that all stick together. There are some good-quality erasers which are very soft and can erase easily, while some are very hard, and a lot of rubbing is needed. The classic pink eraser is made for smaller, lighter errors, whereas a thick, white eraser is made for bigger and/or darker marks.

Writing tools
Sercquiais

Sercquiais, also known as Sarkese or Sark-French (Lé Sèrtchais), is a language which is spoken on the island of Sark. It is a Norman language. Only 4 people can speak it, and a few more can understand it. It is a lot like Jerriais, a language spoken on an island called Jersey.

Languages of the Channel Islands
Guernsey
Jèrriais

Jèrriais is a language that is spoken in Jersey. Some people call it Jersey French. Just over 2000 people speak it. It is a Norman language. 3% of the people in Jersey speak it, and around 15% can understand it.

History 
In the 19th century, almost everyone in Jersey could speak Jèrriais. Then, people stopped learning it, and it nearly became extinct. These days, lots of people are trying to get more people to speak the language. Now, signposts and road signs on Jersey are written in Jèrriais and English.

Languages of the Channel Islands
Jersey
Auregnais

Auregnais, Aoeur'gnaeux or Aurignais was the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Alderney. It became extinct in the mid 20th century. People think it became extinct because people did not bother to speak it or learn it. Only about 20 people still speak it.

Languages of the Channel Islands
Alderney
Colwyn Bay

Colwyn Bay (Welsh: Bae Colwyn) is a town, community and seaside resort on the north coast of Wales, in the Conwy County Borough.

The 2011 UK census revealed the community had a population of 34,284.

The town is dominated by the tourist trade, because of its famous beaches. Colwyn Bay is a Fairtrade Town as certified by the Fairtrade Foundation as part of the Fairtrade Towns scheme.

The town had a famous pier which was extremely popular with tourists and visitors. However, Victoria Pier was closed to the public in 2009 after a dispute between Conwy County Borough Council and the pier's owner led to him being declared bankrupt. In January 2017, the lower end of the pier partially collapsed into the sea and Conwy Council announced plans to dismantle and store the pier, with a view of restoring it in the future. The pier was demolished in May 2018.

Gallery

Towns in Conwy
Maple syrup urine disease

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic medical disorder. It causes a problem with how the human body deals with amino acids. It is also called branched chain ketoaciduria. Maple syrup urine disease affects about 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide.

The most noticeable symptom of the disorder is an infant with sweet-smelling urine. Infants with this disease seem healthy at birth. If the disease is not treated, the person will suffer severe brain damage and eventually die. MSUD is much more common in children of Amish and Mennonite descent.

From a very early age, the condition can be recognised by poor feeding, vomiting, lack of energy, seizures, and mental health issues. The urine of infants with this disease has a very sweet odor, much like burned caramel or maple syrup. This is what gives the condition its name.

Other websites 
 Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Overview on NLM)
 MSUD Family Support Group

Genetic disorders
Anglesey

Anglesey () is an island and county in Wales. There is a town there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people. Its largest town is Holyhead.

Culture and people 
Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.

Places and sights 
Anglesey does not have a capital. Instead, it has a County Council Office in the town of Llangefni. It was once famous for its markets. There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead which is the largest town on the island. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross. Anglesey is quite a flat island but there are several hills near the middle of the island and one larger hill in the west of the island.

The oldest suspension bridge carrying a main road joins Anglesey to the rest of Wales. It is called the Menai Bridge and is shares its name with the town on the Anglesey end of the bridge.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village that is known for it's long name

Other websites 
 Anglesey Community Forums - All Welcome 
 Anglesey Tourist Information
 Anglesey Today
 Anglesey History
 Isle of Anglesey County Council / Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn 
 The Anglesey Edge - local and tourist information 

Islands of the United Kingdom
Geography of Wales
Plateosaurus

Plateosaurus (meaning 'flat lizard') is a plateosaurid prosauropod dinosaur genus. They lived during the Norian and Rhaetian stages of the Upper Triassic period, around 216 to 199 million years ago in what is now Europe.

The Plateosaurus was the first long-necked plant eater in the Triassic. An adult Plateosaurus could weigh up to  and grow  long. They used both hands to pull leaves off trees, but since they had weak teeth, they used their sharp thumb claws to defend themselves against predators.

References

Prosauropods
Triassic dinosaurs
Cotton Mather

Cotton Mather (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a politically important Puritan minister and writer. He lived in North America before the creation of the United States in the area that is now known as Boston, Massachusetts. Cotton Mather was the son of minister Increase Mather. He is most well known for his connection to the Salem witch trials.

References 
 Cotton Mather, the Puritan priest. Barrett Wendell. Dodd, Mead & co. New York. 1891

1663 births
1728 deaths
American Calvinists
Christian religious leaders
Christian writers
Colonial Americans
Puritanism
Salem Witch Trials
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Fethiye

Fethiye is a city and district in the Mugla Province in Turkey. It is on the "Turquoise Coast". 59,425 people live there. There is a big harbor in the town and a marina. There are no beaches in Fethiye town, but there are many nice beaches around Oludeniz, a nearby town. There is a number of different places to stay including hotels.

The ancient name for the town was Telmessos. There are a number of historic sites including rock tombs. These were dug into cliffs by the Lycians. The tomb of Amnytas was built in the 4th century BC. Next to the harbor is a castle built by the Knights of Rhodes. In nearby villages there are also many historic sites including a temple to Apollo at Letoon, which is a World Heritage Site.

References

Other websites 
 All About Fethiye 

Cities in Turkey
N-Dubz

N-Dubz were a British hip hop group based in Camden Town, London. They released four albums, including a greatest hits album. They were signed to All Around the World records. They were featured on Tinchy Stryder's number one single, "Number 1".

Early years 

All of the members of N-Dubz attended school at St Johns Wood Secondary in Camden Town. They came together as a group managed by Costadinos "Dino" Contostavlos's father, Byron Contostavlos (formerly of Mungo Jerry), who died on 12 April 2007. They described him as the "inspiration behind the band". The band is made up of Dino, known as Dappy and Tula, known as Tulisa, who are cousins and their best friend Richard, known better as Fazer. Each appeared on Channel 4's Dubplate Drama after they began to be noticed as a group. Performing as the Lickle Rinsers Crew, they released the singles "Bad Man Riddim" and "Life Is Getting Sicker by the Day". Both became hits on English pirate radio stations. Their last independent release, "Better Not Waste My Time", was number one on Channel U for 5 weeks before dropping out and then rising again. They have received 3 MOBO awards, for Best Newcomer, Best Act, and Best Album. They won the Digital Award at 02 Silver Clef Awards in 2008.

Members

Tulisa 
Tulisa is the singer and mostly sings the choruses and second verses as well as ad-libbing, saying 'uh-oh, uh-oh' at the beginning of many N-Dubz tracks. She also sometimes sings the first verse on the group's songs. Her real name is Tula Paulina Contostavlos.

Fazer 
Fazer is the co-producer and writer of the group. He raps as well but his main role is to produce in-studio beats and produce the tracks. His real name is Rayan Rawson and he is of Jamaican and English heritage. He has a daughter.

Dappy 
Dappy is of Greek ancestry and is most famous for what has been dubbed the "Dappy Hat", he is the lead rapper. His real name is Costadinos Contostavlos. He always opens his songs with the words "Na na naii". He has two sons.

Discography

References 

2000 establishments in England
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2011 disestablishments in Europe
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English hip hop bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups from London
English R&B bands
66

66 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
 July 19 – Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome

60s
70

70 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
August – destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus.
674



Events 
 Saint Benedict Biscop founds the Monastery at Monkwearmouth, now part of Sunderland

670s
Pachycephalosaurus

Pachycephalosaurus was a genus of ornithischian dinosaur which lived during the last five million years of the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now North America. Pachycephalosaurus was a member of the Pachycephalosaurid family. This dinosaur is only known from a single skull and a few extremely thick skull roofs. From this it is estimated that its length was about 4.5 to 5 metres long (about 15 feet). It is the largest known pachycephalosaur.

Scientists do not yet know for sure what these dinosaurs ate. Having very small, ridged teeth they could not have chewed tough, fibrous plants as effectively as other dinosaurs of the same period. It is assumed that pachycephalosaurs lived on a mixed diet of leaves, seeds, fruit and insects. The sharp, serrated teeth would have been very effective for shredding plants.

References 

Pachycephalosauria
Utopia

Utopia  is a name for an imaginary community or society with a perfect system of laws and politics. 

Sir Thomas More invented the word for his 1516 book Utopia. The book was about a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean. The word has been used to describe both a perfect society, and societies in literature. A related idea is dystopia.

There have been many utopias based on politics, economics, religion, ecology. Some of these have been propagated in books and pamphlets, some as actual communities. In practice, attempts to create utopias seem doomed, as good intentions run against problems. Most of the literary utopias are actually satires of existing societies.

Literature examples 
Plato's Republic by Plato (~380 BCE) is one of the earliest conceptions of a utopia.
The City of God by Augustine of Hippo, (413–426 AD) describes an ideal city, the "eternal" Jerusalem, the archetype of all Christian utopias.
New Atlantis by Francis Bacon (1627).
Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726), a satire on human nature and on 'travellers tales'.
Erewhon by Samuel Butler (1872), a satirical utopia.
News from Nowhere by William Morris (1892). Nowhere: a place without politics, a future society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production.
A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells (1905).
Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1949), a dystopia.

References

Society
Durban

Durban (Zulu: eThekwini; IPA: ) has the third largest population of a city in South Africa. It is part of the province KwaZulu-Natal.

History 
It is thought that the first known inhabitants of the Durban area arrived from the north around 100,000 BC, according to carbon dating of rock art found in caves in the Drakensberg. These people lived in the central plains of KwaZulu-Natal until the expansion of Bantu people from the north during the last millennium.

Sister cities 
Durban's sister cities are:
  Alexandria, Egypt
  Chicago, Illinois, United States
  Eilat, Israel
  Leeds, England (United Kingdom)
  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  Guangzhou, China

Partner cities 
 Rotterdam, The Netherlands

References 

 Municipal Demarcation Board
  
 Independent Electoral Commission 2004 election results

Other websites 

 Official Durban city website 
 Durban Art Deco Directory 
 Accommodation in Durban 
 Durban harbour
 Google Maps
 durbanscouts.za.net Events, culture, news and information from Durban 
 Business in Durban 
 Durban Shack Dwellers' Organisation
 South Africa Today A YouTube Channel giving news updates on SA's high crime situation for tourists, business and media. Based in Durban, South Africa.

 
1880 establishments
1880s establishments in South Africa