cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1417



Events of 1417 
April 18 – Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule as margrave of Brandenburg
June 24 – The Isle of Man holds the first known Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of its parliament Tynwald which has continued every year until present.
July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
November 11 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII as the 206th pope.
 The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemas.

Births 
February 23 – Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (died 1468)
November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (died 1487)
date unknown
Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden
Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (died 1487)

Deaths 
January – Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (born 1357)
April 29 – Louis II of Naples (born 1377)
September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop
September 16 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
October 18 – Pope Gregory XII
December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader
probable – Huitzilíhuitl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
1418



Events of 1418 
May 19 – Capture of Paris by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
September – Beginning of English Siege of Rouen
Mircea I of Wallachia, is succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul.
The first Portuguese settlers move to Madeira Islands.

Births 
December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (died 1463)
date unknown – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (died 1457)

Deaths 
March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (born 1401)
December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (born 1364)
date unknown
Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs
Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (since 1386)
1419



Events of 1419 
 January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England which brings Normandy under the control of England.
 June 20 – Start of the Oei Invasion of Tsushima Island in Japan by Joseon Korea.
 July 30 – 1st defenestration of Prague
 September 10 – Assassination of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy by adherents of the Dauphin
 Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator discover the Madeira islands
 The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.

Births 
 July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (died 1471)

Deaths 
 April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (born 1350)
 August 16 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (born 1361)
 September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (born 1371)
 November 22 – Antipope John XXIII
December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England
date unknown – Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (born 1357)
1420

Year 1420 was a leap year starting on Monday.

Events 
 May 21 – Treaty of Troyes.  With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir and as virtual ruler of most of France.
 May 25 –  Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
 The Madeira Islands were discovered by the Portuguese João Gonçalves Zarco.
 Hussite Wars – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor fails at the battle of Vysehrad and is ejected from  Bohemia.
 Catherine of Valois marries Henry V of England.
 Henry V of England starts the construction Grace Dieu (ship)
 Construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China while the Forbidden City is completed.
 World population reaches 3.75 million.

Births 
 November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (died 1473)
date unknown
Jean Fouquet, French painter (died 1481)
Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (died 1480)

Deaths 
June 11 – John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (born c.1369)
August 9 – Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian and cardinal (born 1351)
September 3 – Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland
date unknown
Epiphanius the Wise, Russian saint
Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish chronicler (born 1350)
1421



Events of 1421 
 March 21 – Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of  Henry V of England, in Normandy.
 May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II.
 November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth flood. The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands was flooded due to an extremely high tide of the North Sea. 72 villages were drowned, killing about 10,000 people.
John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.
In a theory proposed by Gavin Menzies, supposedly the year that Chinese explorer Hong Bao and Zhou Wen discovered the Americas, beating Columbus by about 70 years.

Births 
 July 25 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (died 1461)
 December 6 – King Henry VI of England (died 1471)
date unknown
Sogi, Buddhist priest and Japanese poet (died 1502)
Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France
Ponhea Yat, ruler of the Khmer Empire (died 1467)

Deaths 
January 21 – Niccolò I Trinci, lord of Foligno (assassinated)
March 22 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (born 1388)
May – Balša III, ruler of Zeta
May 26 – Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1389)
date unknown – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (born 1385)

References
1423



Events 
April 27 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Horic – The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.
 July 31 –  Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
 August 23 – English with Burgundian soldiers defeat the French, who were supported by the Scots, at Verneuil. The English-Burgundian alliance was strengthened by the marriage of the Duke of Bedford to Anne of Burgundy. Anne was sister of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Philip the Good had allied Burgundy with England after his father was murdered in 1419 by the French Dauphin, son of Charles VI of France.
 According to the 1421 theory, the return of Zheng He's fleets to China.

Births 
May 30 – Georg Purbach, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1461)
June 2 – Ferdinand I of Naples (died 1494)
July 3 – King Louis XI of France (died 1483)
August 24 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (died 1500)
November 24 – Baron Raß von Balzers, descendant of Frederick II

Deaths 
May 23 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (born 1328)
October 20 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York
December 15 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
date unknown – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (born 1358)
1424

Year 1424 was a leap year starting on Saturday.

Events of 1424 
 August 17 – Battle of Verneuil – An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas.  Alençon was captured and Douglas killed.
June – Battle of L'Aquila – Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo for the Kingdom of Naples defeat Braccio da Montone for Alfonso V of Aragon.

Births 
October 31 – King Wladislaus III of Poland (died 1444)
date unknown
Demetrius Chalcondyles, Greek scholar (died 1511)
Abu Sa'id, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (died 1469)

Deaths 
January 4 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero
May 10 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
June 5 – Braccio da Montone, Italian condottiero
June 10 – Duke Ernest of Austria (born 1377)
June 16 – Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga
August 12 – Yongle Emperor of China (born 1360)
December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, English military leader
date unknown
Parameswara, Malay prince (born 1344)
Jan Žižka, Czech general and Hussite leader
probable – Johannes Abezier, provost and bishop of the Teutonic Knights (born 1380)
1426



Events of 1426 
 March 6 – Battle of St. James (near Avranches).  An English army under John, Duke of Bedford defeats the French under Arthur de Richemont, forcing the Duke of Brittany to recognize English suzerainty.
 June 16 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Usti nad Labem The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
 "Castello Orsini-Odescalchi" built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.

Births 
February – Christian of Oldenburg, later King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
date unknown
William Brandon, English nobleman (died 1485)
John II, Duke of Bourbon (died 1488)
Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (died 1492)

Deaths 
December – Pipo of Ozora, Hungarian military leader
 December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter (born c. 1377)
date unknown
Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of John of Gaunt
Tezozomoc, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
1427



Events of 1427 
August 4 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
August 17 – First band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizen of Paris.
Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.
Balsics rule of Montenegro comes to an end.
Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.
Gabriel V elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.
Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Burma).
 Conflict of Druimnacour in Sutherland, Scotland.
 First witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
 Celestine Order established in France.
 Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he would later become its patron saint).
 Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.

Births 
September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (died 1464)
October 14 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (died 1499)
October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (died 1496)
November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (died 1464)
November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (died 1492)
date unknown
Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)

Deaths 
April 17 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)
May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
August 27 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr (born 1395)
date unknown
Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (born 1397)
Qu You, Chinese novelist (born 1341)
probable
Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (born 1350)
Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
1430



Events of 1430 
May 14 – First French attempts to relieve the Siege of Compiègne.
May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne.
June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.
 The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians.
 The Order of the Golden Fleece is founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage.
Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.
Švitrigaila succeeds his cousin as ruler of Lithuania.
 First use of optical methods in the creation of art.
 Janissaries are created.

Births 
 October 16 – King James II of Scotland (died 1460)
 October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English politician (died 1475)
date unknown – Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
probable – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (died 1505)

Deaths 
January 29? – Andrei Rublev, Russian iconographer (born 1360)
August 14 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)
August 18 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)
October 27 – Vytautas the Great, Grand Prince of Lithuania (born 1352)
date unknown
Thomas FitzAlan, English nobleman
Christine de Pizan, proto-feminist writer

Related pages
 List of state leaders in 1430
1432

Year 1432 was a leap year starting on Tuesday.

Events of 1432 
 April – At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour; end of Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.
 June 1 – Battle of San Romano – Florence defeats Siena.
 Foundation of Université de Caen.

Births 
 January 15 – King Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481)
 March 30 – Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1481)
 August 15 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (died 1484)
 date unknown
 Pope Innocent VIII (died 1492)
 Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal (died 1455)
 probable – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (died 1488)

Deaths 
 January 22 – John of Schoonhoven, theologian (born 1356)
 May 5 – Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, Italian adventurer (executed)
 June 29 – Janus of Cyprus (born 1375)
 October 19 – John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (born 1392)
 date unknown – Gyaltsab Je, throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (born 1364)
1434



Events of 1434 
 April 14, The foundation stone of Cathedral St. Peter and St. Paul in Nantes, France was laid.
 May 30, Battle of Lipany in the Hussite Wars
 Jan van Eyck paints the wedding of Giovanni Arnolfini
 Explorer Gil Eanes reaches Cape Bojador in Western Sahara.  In the same year, Portuguese traders deliver their first cargo of African slaves to Lisbon.
 Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia

Births 
 March 19 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shogun (died 1443)
 September 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess of Savoy (died 1478)
 probable
 Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet (approximate date; died 1494)
 Kano Masanobu, Japanese painter (died 1530)

Deaths 
 30 May
 Prokop the Great, Hussite general (b. 1380)
 Yuri IV, Russian grand prince (b. 1374)
 June 11 – King Wladislaus II of Poland
 June 19 – Alexandra of Lithuania, Duchess of Masovia
 November 12 – King Louis III of Naples (b. 1403)
 date unknown
 John I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1381)
 Amda Iyasus, Emperor of Ethiopia
1437



Events of 1437 
 Foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford.
 Ulugh Beg's Zij-i-Sultani star catalogue is published.
 Kazan Khanate is established.
 Edinbourgh is made the capital of Scotland.

Births 
 October 4 – John IV, Duke of Bavaria
 date unknown – Isaac Abrabanel, Jewish statesman (died 1508)
 probable – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of King Edward IV of England (died 1492)

Deaths 
 January 3 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry V of England (born 1401)
 February 21 – King James I of Scotland (b. 1394)
 June 10 – Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles the Bad, King of Navarre (born 1370)
 November 20 – Thomas Langley, cardinal bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England (born 1363)
 December 9 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1368)
 date unknown
 Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian Renaissance humanist (born 1364)
 John II Stanley of the Isle of Man
1441



Events of 1441 
 King's College, University of Cambridge, is founded by King Henry VI.
 Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Empire.
 Two Ethiopians attend an ecclesiastical council at Florence, as part of the negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic and Roman Catholic Christianity. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian Church with Europe.
 Revolt in Yucatán capital Mayapan; Maya civilization falls into warring city-states.
 Christopher of Bavaria succeeds Karl Knutsson Borde as king of Sweden.
 Alfonso V of Aragon captures Naples after a five-month siege.
 With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Haci Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.
 The Republic of Venice annexes the  seigniory of Ravenna, ending the Da Polenta dynasty.

Births 
 February 9 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, politician and poet (died 1501)

Deaths 
 January 14 – Corrado IV Trinci, former lord of Foligno
 July 9 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
 July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shogun (born 1394)
National Air Traffic Services

The United Kingdom's National Air Traffic Services (NATS) is a company set up in 2001 to run air traffic control services.  This means that NATS  makes sure aircraft can fly safely across Britain, and that aircraft can take-off and land safely at British airports.

NATS is a private company, but the government owns 49%, just under half.

Before 2001 the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) handled air traffic control.

Air traffic control
Companies of the United Kingdom
2001 establishments in the United States
Fantasy (disambiguation)

Fantasy is a genre of art, books, movies, television and music that uses magic and other supernatural things as a main part of either plot, theme, setting or all three. Fantasy may also refer to:
 Fantasy (psychology), a situation imagined by an individual or group, which does not correspond with reality but expresses certain desires or aims of its creator
 Fantasy movie, movies with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, make-believe creatures, or exotic fantasy worlds.
 Fantasy (fragrance), a women's fragrance by Elizabeth Arden, endorsed by Britney Spears
 Fantasy, another name for Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a date-rape drug
 Fantasy sport, a game where fantasy owners build a team that competes against other fantasy owners based on the statistics generated by individual players or teams of a professional sport
 Sexual fantasy
 Fantasy (music), a free-form musical composition

Discographies
 Fantasy (Aldo Nova song), a song by Aldo Nova
 Fantasy (Appleton song), 2003 single by the British-Canadian duo, Appleton
 Fantasy (Aiko Kayo song), a 2004 single by the Japanese singer
 Fantasy (The Blizzards song), a 2007 single by the Irish band
 Fantasy (Carole King album), a 1973 album by Carole King
 Fantasy (Mariah Carey song), 1995 single by Mariah Carey
 Fantasie (album) a 1988 album by Münchener Freiheit
 Fantasy (Münchener Freiheit album), the English version
 Fantasy (R&B group), a vocal group based in New York
 Fantasy Records, a United States-based record label founded in 1949
 Fantasy (Jay Chou album), Jay Chou's 2nd album which was released on 1st September 2001
 Fantasy (Lena Philipsson album), a 1993 album by Lena Philipsson
 Fantasy (Candy Lo album), an album by Candy Lo (盧巧音)
 Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire), 1977 song by Earth, Wind & Fire

Transportation

Fantasy a cruise ship built by Carnival Cruises, which currently sails out of New Orleans to the Caribbean.
Czech Airlines

Sometimes called the CSA; for other uses see CSA.
Czech Airlines was started as Czechoslovak State Airlines on 6 October 1923. This was when the Czech Republic and the Slovakia were one country.  

The company started flying domestically (only inside Czechoslovakia) in 1924. In 1930 they made their first international flight.

CSA stopped flying between 1938 and 1945 when the country was occupied by Germany.

When Czechoslovakia split into two countries, all of the Czechoslovak State Airlines stayed in the Czech Republic and became Czech Airlines. That is why Czech Airline's logo still says CSA : Czech Airlines

Gallery

Czech Republic
Airlines of Europe
1923 establishments in Europe
Arika Yumemiya

Arika Yumemiya is a fictional protagonist from the anime My-Otome.

Story
Arika lived with just her grandmother, who died when Arika became 15. The grandmother told Arika that her mother was an otome, and gives Arika a necklace from her mother. Wanting to find out more about her mother, and to become an otome like her, Arika walks to Garderobe (a school in Windbloom for training otomes). She meets a girl called Nina Wang, who is from Garderobe.

Arika is from the countryside, so she does not know much about the city of Windbloom. Nina soon becomes angry with Arika's clumsiness. When Arika tells Nina that she also wants to find Garderobe to become an otome, like Nina, Nina does not agree to tell her where Garderobe is, because she thought that Arika was not good enough to be an otome.

They save a girl who is called Mashiro from some men, and Mashiro leads Nina and Arika to Garderobe in return. But they are attacked by a robot called a Slave monster. Nina then makes a temporary contract with Mashiro to protect her, so that she can prove that she was a good otome. Arika finds this very interesting, when the Slave Monster defeats Nina.

They all run to a plane, and Arika's necklace shines, making the plane fly by itself. Nina sees the necklace and thinks that she might be Rena Searrs's daughter. A Five Pillar called Shizuru and an otome called Akane saves them, and leads them to Garderobe. Arika thinks that the otomes are good, and asks the headmaster of Garderobe, Natsuki, that she wants to become an otome as well. Natsuki agrees.

Personality
Arika is very cheerful, and seems to be a good potential for an otome, because she is strong. For example, when she saves Mashiro with Nina, she attacks the men with skill. When the nanomachine is put to her so that she can fight with Nina later on, she does not get tired easily. Her power might have come from her mother, Rena Searrs, who was a very strong otome.

But when she sometimes does not understand what is happening, she cries easily, but hides it from the others. She always tries to listen to what her grandmother said before she died. For example, the grandmother once said to her "never to give up hope in a dream," so she does not give up her dream to become an otome.

Meaning of name
Arika in Japanese means a place. Yume in her surname, Yumemiya, means dream. Together, it means that Arika's dream is to become an otome, and she tries to find a place (Garderobe) where she can have her dreams come true.

My-Otome
Protagonist

A protagonist is the main character of a story. It can be used for any kind of story: in literature, a movie, a television show or a play. The protagonist is also called the central character or main character and is often the hero of the story. However, the protagonist does not always win and survive in a story.

Protagonists are usually moral and benevolent, helping other characters to change their badness to become good again, or defeating the bad characters. This is not always the case. For example, the protagonist in Psycho is a serial killer.

The protagonist's name can sometimes be in the title of the fiction he or she is in, for example:
In Harry Potter, Harry Potter is the protagonist.
In the anime Naruto, Naruto is the protagonist.
In the tragedy Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the prince Hamlet himself is the protagonist of the story. 
In DC Comics, Batman is the protagonist. 
In Marvel Comics, Spider-Man is the protagonist.                                
In the Mario Games, Mario is the protagonist.
In the Sonic Games, Sonic is the protagonist.

+
Russian Armenia

Russian Armenia () is the time of Armenia's history under Russian rule from 1829, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire to the start of the Democratic Republic of Armenia in 1918.

History of Armenia
19th century in Russia
1829 establishments
1918 disestablishments
20th century in Russia
Ruben Studdard

Ruben Studdard (born September 12, 1978) is an African-American singer. He won season 2 of American Idol. His runner up is Clay Aiken.

Performances and results

 Corey Clark was taken out of the contest so the Top 9 performances became Top 8 when no one was taken out.
 When Ryan Seacrest said the results of this Studdard was at the Bottom 2. He was safe, as Trenyce was taken out of the contest.

Awards and nominations
American Music Awards
2004, Favorite Male R&B Artist: (Nominated)

BET Awards
2004, Best Male R&B Artist: (Nominated)
2004, Best New Artist: (Nominated)

2005, Best Gospel Artist: (Nominated)

Billboard Music Awards
2003, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Sales Single - "Superstar/Flying Without Wings"
2005, Top Gospel Artist
2005, Top Gospel Album  -I Need an Angel

Grammy Awards
2004, Favorite Male R&B Vocal Performance - "Superstar": (Nominated)

Image Awards
2004, Outstanding Male Artist: (Nominated)
2004, Outstanding New Artist: Won

Soul Train Awards
2004, Best New R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist: "Superstar": (Nominated)

Teen Choice Awards
2003, Choice Male Reality/Variety Star for American Idol: Won

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums
Ruben has songs on an album that put together from songs on other albums

Singles

Single certifications

Other albums
 American Idol Season 2: All-Time Classic American Love Songs (2003)
 "What the World Needs Now"  (with Season 2 Finalists)
 "God Bless the U.S.A. (Proud to Be an American)" (with Season 2 Finalists)
 Superstar
 American Idol: The Great Holiday Classics (2003)
 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (American Idol Ensemble)
 "This Christmas"
 Genius & Friends (2005)
"Imagine" with Ray Charles and The Harlem Gospel Singers
 Ain't Misbehavin' (2009 Cast Recording)
"Honeysuckle Rose" duet with Frenchie Davis
"The Jitterbug Waltz" with Patrice Covington & Company
"Lounging At The Waldorf" with Frenchie Davis, Trenyce Cobbins & Patrice Covington
"Your Feet's Too Big"

Movies
Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
Natural Born Komics (2006) (direct-to-DVD)
 Lifted (2011)
 The Perfect Gift (2011)

References

Other websites
Official Foundation site

1978 births
Living people
American Idol winners
Singers from Alabama
Monocotyledon

Monocotyledons are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.
The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. 

You can recognize a monocot by its leaves: they have long parallel veins running down the leaf. In contrast, dicot plant leaves have a complex netted vein pattern on their leaves.

Monocots usually have a fibrous root system.

Clade diagram

Other websites 
 APG II
 Petrosaviales
Hornsby, New South Wales

Hornsby is a suburb and shire in the northern part of Sydney.

History
The name 'Hornsby' comes from a convict who became a constable. His name was Samuel Henry Horne, and he was given some land for helping catch two bushrangers, whose names were Dalton and MacNamara. He named the land he was given 'Hornsby Place' after himself.

Geography

The Shire
Hornsby shire is one of the biggest Local Government areas of Sydney, with a population of 155,971. It consists of the following suburbs:
 Arcadia
 Asquith
 Beecroft
 Berowra
 Berowra Heights
 Berowra Waters
 Berrilee
 Brooklyn
 Canoelands
 Carlingford
 Castle Hill
 Cheltenham
 Cherrybrook
 Cowan
 Dural
 Epping
 Fiddletown
 Forest Glen
 Galston
 Glenhaven
 Glenorie
 Hornsby
 Hornsby Heights
 Kangaroo Point

 Laughtondale
 Maroota
 Middle Dural
 Milsons Passage
 Mount Colah
 Mount Ku-ring-gai
 Normanhurst
 North Epping
 Pennant Hills
 Round Corner
 Thornleigh
 Wahroonga
 Waitara
 Westleigh
 West Pennant Hills
 Wisemans Ferry

The suburb
Hornsby station, Hornsby Westfield, Hornsby Library and many business buildings are in the centre of the suburb. The eastern side of the train line is often called the 'modern part' of Hornsby, and Westfield and the Hornsby Library are here, with many new towering apartment blocks. The western side of the railway line is home to Hornsby's main post office, court house, police station, council office, public swimming pool, TAFE college and many older shops and businesses. There is also an industrial area on the far western part of Hornsby, with many large warehouses and factories.

There are also many schools, including:
Hornsby Girls High School
Barker College
Hornsby South Public School
Hornsby North Public School

Hornsby Hospital and Mt Wilga Rehabilitation Hospital are two hospitals in Hornsby.

Population
Hornsby is a place of many cultures, and many people from around the world live there.

The current population of Hornsby is 18,702.

Sydney
Persian Armenia

Persian Armenia means the Armenian land ruled by Persia in some time. The size of Persian Armenia changed over time.

History of Iran
History of Armenia
Iuridictum

Iuridictum is an encyclopedia about law in Czech language made with a wiki, which means that anyone can change the encyclopedia or create new articles.  The project was started in 2005 by Tomáš Pecina, former administrator of Czech Wikipedia.

References

Other websites
 Iuridictum

Encyclopedias
Wikis
Rena Searrs

Rena Searrs, in the fictional anime My-Otome, was a powerful otome of the king of Windbloom, but she died from a war 14 years ago. She is later revealed to be the mother of Arika Yumemiya.

Her Gem (jewel) is the Blue Sky Sapphire.

My-Otome
Nina Wang

Nina Wang is a fictional character from the anime My-Otome.

Background
Nobody knows of Nina's past, just that she was kidnapped by assassins when she was young. She trained to become an assassin with other young children, until a man called Sergay Wang came to kill the assassins. Sergay sees Nina, and decides to adopt her. Nina trains in Garderobe from then on, to become Nagi's (Sergay's master) otome. She grows to love her stepfather more than loving a father, and is jealous when she finds that Sergay loved a woman called Rena Searrs from a photo album.

When she first meets Arika, she is angry at Arika for embarrassing her. This is because Arika tried to catch a drink from falling and landed on Nina instead. Nina fell down, showing the inside of her skirt, and she felt embarrassed in front of other people who were there, for example, Sergay. It is her dream to please Sergay and so she pretends that her dream is to become an otome, because Sergay would be proud.

Fictional Japanese people
My-Otome
Gurkha

Gurkhas (Gorkhas) are Nepali citizens of Khas origin recruited into the British Army, and now also recruited into the modern Nepali and Indian Armies. They come from the mountains of Nepal and are best known for their courage, honesty, and loyalty. 

The Brigade of Gurkhas are a part of the British Army. They have fought with the British for the past 200 years. The Gurkha unit in the British army has won 26 Victoria Cross medals and many other medals. The Gurkhas also work in the security forces of Brunei, Singapore, India and other countries.

Their symbol is the kukri or khukuri, the curved knife which they use as a weapon and a tool.

Their name in English mean "cowboys".

Nepalese people
Moses of Chorene

Moses of Chorene () is known as the author of the most important mediaeval Armenian history. He is known as the first Armenian historian.

Armenian writers
Armenian historians
490s deaths
5th-century births
Numeral system

A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a way to write numbers. Roman numerals and tally marks are examples. "11" usually means eleven, but if the numeral system is binary, then "11" means three.

A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols, or a word in a natural language that represents a number. Numerals differ from numbers just as the word "rock" differs from a real rock. The symbols "11", "eleven" and "XI" are different numerals, all representing the same number. This article tries to explain the different systems of numerals. Greek numerals and Roman numerals are among the systems that were long used, before the Hindu–Arabic numeral system largely replaced them.

Bases
Various symbols are used as numerals to make numbers. A system with base 10 (the normal decimal system), normally uses the symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The numbers 0 to 9 can be written as one symbol, 0 ... 9. To count past 9, symbols have to be put together. 10 can be seen as 1 in the tens' place and 0 in the ones' place, or as 1 times 101 plus 0 times 100. With a base of 2, only the symbols 0 and 1 are used. 10 in base 2 notation is therefore 1 times 21 plus 0 times 20. This is the same as 2, in the base 10 notation.

For bases bigger than 10, capital letters are used as symbols.
For example, the hexadecimal numeral system (base 16) uses the numerical digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

Today, mainly base 10 is in use. Computers use binary and people who study computers often use octal and hexadecimal numeral systems. Ancient Sumer used sexagesimal (base 60). Mesoamerica used base 20. 

Most electronic calculations are done in binary (base 2), but most people do calculations in decimal (base ten).

Other websites

History of Counting and Numeral Systems-PlainMath.Net 
 Online Converter  for Different Numeral Systems (Base 2-36, JavaScript, GPL)
 Online Converter  for Decimal/Roman Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)
 Number Sense & Numeration Lessons
 Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea

 
Number theory
Numbering systems
Mashiro Kazahana

Mashiro Kazahana is a main character in the anime My-HiME. Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom is her name in My-Otome.

Mashiro first meets Mai Tokiha when Mai is trying to find Mikoto Minagi, and Mashiro is seen in a rose garden with a maid. When she later meets Mai, Mai finds out that Mashiro is the chairwoman of the Fuuka Academy. She is calm and seems to know more than the people of her age, even though she is just 14. She knows about the Himes, feeling sorry for them as if it was her own fault that the Himes were created.

Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom

Mashiro Blanc de Winbloom is the queen of Windbloom, who is only 15. She is bossy and loud, parallel to Mashiro Kazahana. She gets angry easily, and when people say that she is a fake princess, she is surprized because she wants to be a queen so much. But a rumour says that the real princess was floated away in a casket, and that Mashiro was just a replacement for not finding the real princess. Mashiro does not look like the last rulers of Winbloom as well.

My-Otome
Chairperson

A chairperson is a person who presides over meetings, such as a board of directors for a corporation, or any other meeting.  The chairman of a corporation is not the chief executive officer, and only conducts the meetings in most companies.  

Although "chairman" has been used for both men and women, some prefer to use the terms "chairperson", "madame chairman" or "chairwoman."   The conduct of meetings is governed by the organization's by-laws or charter, or, more formally, Parliamentary procedure for government organizations or large meetings generally.  Rarely the chairperson is called the "chair," though in educational institutions a "chair" indicates a specific endowed position on a faculty.

Business
NeXTSTEP

NeXTSTEP was a computer operating system made by a company called NeXT. NeXT was run by Steve Jobs, who was the CEO of Apple until his death in 2011. NEXTSTEP was based on UNIX and used source code from BSD. It had a graphical user interface and it let people write computer programs using object-oriented programming. NeXTSTEP ran only on computers made by NeXT. Later on, NeXTSTEP was changed so that it could run on other computers. This new operating system was called OPENSTEP. In 1997, Apple bought the NeXT company and used NeXTSTEP to make Mac OS X.

Operating systems
Darwin (operating system)

Darwin is a free, open source, Unix operating system made by Apple Inc. It is named after Charles Darwin. Darwin is used as the base of macOS, but it cannot run macOS programs by itself.

Operating systems
Apple software
Mashiro

Mashiro is a Japanese name meaning white. Mashiro may refer to:

Mashiro Matsumura 
Mashiro Kazahana or Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom, fictional characters in My-HiME and My-Otome 
Mashiro, a fictional character in Bleach (manga)

Given names
Graduation

Graduation is the confirmation of the finishing of an academy. Graduation is celebrated in a ceremony done at the day of that confirmation; the name of that ceremony is usually the degree day. This is also called commencement, invocation, or convocation. 

Graduation also means the moving of a student from one grade to another higher grade.

Education
Ceremonies
Loyalty

Loyalty is a devotion for someone or something. Someone who is loyal can be trusted, because they never betray the people they are loyal to.

Loyalty in business 
Being loyal can also bring good to business because the boss, or person in control, may let the person do something difficult but greatly paid. This is because loyal people are expected and trusted to behave responsibly.

Some firms (e.g. insurance brokers) may give "loyalty discounts" to customers who stay with them for a long time (who are loyal to the firm).  Some stores may offer their customers "loyalty cards" to get some money off their purchases.

Emotions
Virtues
ITunes

iTunes is a media player made by Apple. It came out on January 10, 2001, at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco. iTunes is used for playing and sorting music and video files. It also lets users see and change what is on their iPod or iPhone. 
iTunes is a free download for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows from Apple's website. The download is also included with QuickTime, a program used to play videos. It also comes with all Apple Macintosh computers, and some HP and Dell computers. However, on 3 Jun 2019, Apple announced that iTunes would not be available on macOS Catalina.

iTunes Store 

The iTunes Store is an online store built into iTunes. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store if there is an internet connection to buy and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod games, audiobooks, podcasts, and movies. The files from the iTunes Store used to use Digital Rights Management (DRM) to prevent piracy. However, iTunes now sells music and videos called iTunes Plus, which are higher quality and have no DRM.

Some singers and bands do not have most of their music on iTunes yet: The KLF, Garth Brooks, Bob Seger, Def Leppard, King Crimson and Tool.

For a long time, you could not get music by The Beatles on iTunes due to a legal conflict between Apple Inc. and Apple Records. Starting in November 2010, you can now get music by the Beatles. It is very popular nowadays. There is a lot of advertisement by Apple for Beatles music.

Beginning 
Bill Kincaid had developed SoundJamMP which was released later in the year of 1999. It was later renamed iTunes which was then purchased by Apple in 2000.

As SoundJam was being worked on throughout the years, the interface of the site was changed to make it easier for people to understand how to use it.  And added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support.

On January 9, 2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco. Macintosh users immediately began to dig through iTunes’s resource fork where they discovered that there were so many other strings and other resources that indicated iTunes was a re-engineered SoundJam MP. Casady & Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001 at the request of the developers.

References 

 

IPod
Apple software
AAC

AAC is a file format for storing music or other sounds. It stands for Advanced Audio Coding or Advanced Audio Codec. It is used by Apple Inc. in the iPod and iTunes. AAC is one of the standard formats that comes from the MPEG organization, the same people who invented MP3. Like MP3, AAC is a compressed format. It works by removing parts of the music that people can not hear. A good AAC encoder can compress CD quality music to about 10% of its original size without affecting the perceived sound quality.

Profiles 
There are several profiles (variants) of AAC. These are the most popular:
 AAC LC – Standard AAC profile with no extensions. All AAC players support this profile. This is the format used by Apple (iPod / iPhone), Sony (Walkman), and many others; it takes up more space, has high audio quality, and is used for music stored on an iPod, CD-ROM, or disk drive.
 HE-AAC v1 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication - a more efficient format; it saves space for music sent over a network, like over the Internet or to a cell phone, although at the cost of sound quality. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™, Nero Digital™, and AAC+. A variant of this format is used for HD Radio.
 HE-AAC v2 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication and Parametric Stereo - an even more efficient format for music sent over a network, although at the cost of reduced stereo separation. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™ v2, eAAC+™, and AAC+ Enhanced™.
 AAC-LD - Low delay profile used for VOIP applications.

Various other profiles exist, but are not commonly used.

File names 
Here are some common AAC file name endings:
 .aac–music only (raw file without mp4 container, uncommon)
 .m4a–music and information
 .m4p–music and information, with DRM
 .m4b-speech and information, "Audiobook" recognized by Apple that keeps the listener's position
 .m4r-music and information used by Apple as a ringtone
 .mp4–music, video, or both, plus information

An AAC file that has only music and information could have a name that ends with either .m4a or .mp4.

Encoders 
A number of encoders exist for AAC. These are some of the most popular:
 Fraunhofer FDK AAC
 Fraunhofer FhG AAC
 Nero AAC
 Apple AAC
 Microsoft AAC
 FAAC
 FFmpeg AAC
 Coding Technologies HE-AAC
 VisualOn AAC (obsolete)
 PsyTel AAC (obsolete)
 Compaact (obsolete)

Metadata 
A KDE/Qt application for Linux/Unix called easytag will edit metadata about AAC-encoded files as long as they end with the .m4a extension. Typically, renaming files to .m4a and back to the original extension after editing is sufficient. This method can be used to configure typical ID3v2 metadata including cover art. This cover art is used by Apple's iTunes and their media players. Note that easytag does not have the ability to add chapter points into Audiobooks (.m4b).

Computer file formats for audio
WMA

WMA is a file format for storing music. It was made by Microsoft. It stands for Windows Media Audio. It is used in Windows Media Player and many portable music players.

Computer file formats for audio
I am an amazing person who knows all about WMA but am not going to tell you anything
My-HiME

My-Hime (舞-HiME, Mai-Hime) is an anime made by the Sunrise Inc. My-Otome is the parallel sequence to this story.

Story 

Mai Tokiha, the protagonist, is once of the Himes (Princesses) who are girls with power who fight against monsters and an evil organisation. 

Anime
Zodiac

The Zodiac is the twelve constellations in the form of animals or humans.

Western Zodiac

The modern astrological signs are the simplified pictures of the signs used in the Hellenistic times. These are the twelve aspects the signs represent:

Aries  (The Ram)
Taurus  (The Bull)
Gemini  (The Twins)
Cancer  (The Crab)
Leo   (The Lion)
Virgo (The Virgin)
Libra (The Scales)
Scorpius  (The Scorpion)
Sagittarius (The Centaur-Archer)
Capricorn (The Sea-Goat)
 Aquarius  (The Water-Bearer)
Pisces  (The Fish)
A person's Zodiac sign is determined by at what time and on what day they are born.

Chinese Zodiac

In the Chinese Zodiac, years match twelve animals in turn.
Rat
Ox
Tiger
Rabbit
Dragon
Snake
Horse
Goat
Monkey
Rooster
Dog
Pig

Culture
Artemis Fowl

Artemis Fowl is a series of books about a young criminal mastermind. The books were written by Irish author Eoin Colfer. The series currently has eight main books and two short stories. The first two books are have been made into graphic novels.

Artemis Fowl
Artemis Fowl And The Arctic Incident
Artemis Fowl And The Eternity Code
Artemis Fowl And The Opal Deception
Artemis Fowl And The Lost Colony
Artemis Fowl And The Time Paradox
Artemis Fowl And The Atlantis Complex
Artemis Fowl And The Last Guardian

The two short stories are:
LEPrecon
The Seventh Dwarf
LEPrecon comes before Artemis Fowl, and is about one of the main characters, an elf called Holly Short. It tells how she moves to a unit in the fairy 'police' called LEPrecon (a word-play on leprechaun).
The Seventh Dwarf comes between Artemis Fowl and Artemis Fowl and the Arctic Incident. The Seventh Dwarf is about when two of the characters are trying to steal a tiara. They do not originally know they are both trying. They meet, and end up helping each other.

As the books advance, more attention is given to the moral progressiveness of the main character, Artemis Fowl II. In the first book he is shown as the bad guy, but further on in the series he is shown as a goodie.

Series of books
Fantasy books
Lists of books
Lee Hazlewood

Barton Lee Hazlewood (July 9, 1929 – August 4, 2007) was an American country singer, songwriter and record producer. He was most famous for writing the song These Boots Are Made For Walking for Nancy Sinatra. He was born in Mannford, Oklahoma.

Hazlewood died of kidney cancer on August 4, 2007 in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 78.

Other websites
Article about his death at the BBC Website

1929 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from kidney cancer
Record producers
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
Singers from Oklahoma
Decimal separator

The decimal separator is a symbol used to mark the border between the integral and the fractional parts of a decimal numeral. This symbol can be a period ("."), as is common in United States and other English-speaking countries, or a comma (","), as in continental Europe. Decimal point and decimal comma are also common names for the decimal separator. For example, 9.5 means nine and one half in English speaking countries, while in many European countries, the same number might be written as 9,5.

Related pages 

 Arithmetic precision
 Decimal degrees
 Dewey Decimal System

References 

Mathematics
Moving Picture Experts Group

The Moving Picture Experts Group, or MPEG for short, is a group of people that figure out ways to put music and video onto computers. Then they publish this information for people to use.

MPEG invented a number of file formats for music and video.

MP3 and AAC, which are two of MPEG's music formats, are very popular. The MPEG-2 video format, used in DVDs, is also very popular.

Companies like Apple use MPEG formats in iTunes and the iPod. Many YouTube videos use the MPEG-4 format, which sometimes goes by the brand names DivX™ or Xvid.

Computer file formats
Princess Iman bint Al Hussein

Princess Iman bint Al Hussein (born April 24, 1983) is the daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and Queen Noor. She is the half-sister of the present Jordanian king, Abdullah II. Princess Iman was educated at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England.

Jordanian princes and princesses
Princes and princesses
1983 births
Living people
Clannad

Clannad are a musical group from  Gweedore, in County Donegal, which is in the north-west of Ireland. They are very famous for their haunting sound that has been used in many Hollywood movies. They have sold over 20 million albums all over the world and won a Grammy award in 1999. They are brothers and sisters Máire, Ciarán, and Pól Brennan and their uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan. Their younger sister Enya was once part of the group.
Altan
Their first language is Gaelic and many of their songs are sung in that language.

Discography
 1973 – Clannad (The Pretty Maid) debut
 1975 – Clannad 2
 1976 – Dúlamán
 1978 – Clannad In Concert [live]
 1980 – Crann Úll
 1982 – Fuaim
 1983 – Magical Ring
 1984 – Legend [soundtrack for Robin of Sherwood]
 1985 – Macalla
 1987 – Sirius
 1988 – Atlantic Realm [soundtrack]
 1989 – Past Present [compilation]
 1990 – The Collection [compilation]
 1989 – The Angel and the Soldier Boy [soundtrack]
 1990 – Anam (US: 1992)
 1993 – Banba (with The Last of the Mohicans soundtrack theme)
 1994 – Themes
 1996 – Lore
 1996 – Rogha: The Best Of Clannad
 1997 – Landmarks
 1998 – An Díolaim [collection of early recordings for Irish Gael-Linn label]
 2003 – The Best Of: In A Lifetime
 2005 – Clannad: Live In Concert, 1996 [live]

Websites 
Official Clannad site
Fan site with videos, galleries and news blog

Irish rock bands
Grammy Award winners
County Donegal