cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Big Van Vader

Leon Allen White (May 14, 1955 – June 18, 2018) was a retired American professional wrestler. He was better known by the ring name, Big Van Vader.

Wrestling career 
Vader began his wrestling career at the World Heavyweight Championship (AWA) in (1985) and remained on the company for two years until (1987). He then traveled to Japan where he was hired by the New Japan Pro Wrestling. Vader won the final competition between eight men against Shinya Hashimoto and was crowned champion. Then a month after being crowned champion, Vader lost the title to the Russian Hashimikov Salman. Then recovered the titled against the winner of Hashimikov- Riki Choshu, thus becoming World Heavyweight Champion again CWA. Vader continued performing in Europe under the name of Otto Wanz. In 1990, Vader returned to America and was hired by World Championship Wrestling, in WCW Vader got a chance to face Sting in the July 12 event The Great American Bash 1992, where Sting defeated, and Vader and crowned as the new world champion heavyweight WCW. After having bloody battles against Mick Foley, Vader faced none other than Hulk Hogan in 1995. After leaving WCW, Vader returned to Japan in 1996.

WWF 
In 1996, Vader was hired by World Wrestling Federation, Vader appeared at WrestleMania XII, in a fight between six  Vader, Owen Hart, British Bulldog vs Yokozuna, Ahmed Johnson and Jake Roberts. Vader's team won the match. Vader faced the champion of the WWF Shawn Michaels at SummerSlam in 1996, and then faced The Undertaker in the Royal Rumble.

1998 to 2012 
In 1998 Vader returned to Japan in All Japan Pro Wrestling, then went to the Pro Wrestling Noah between 2000 and 2002 before being hired by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Vader turned to work for the WWE in 2003 performing in several episodes of Raw where he retired from the wrestling in 2012.

Health and death
In 2016, Vader was diagnosed with congestive heart failure following a car crash. White went in for heart surgery on March 12, 2018 followed by another in May to treat an arrhythmia. 

On June 18 2018, after being hospitalized in Boulder, Colorado for a month with pneumonia, Vader died at 63 years old.

References 

 Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling Field Guide: Legend and Lore by Kristian Pope
 The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Heels Escrito por Greg Oliver,Steven Johnson

Other websites 
Vader at YouTube
WWE Alumni profile
BigVanVader.com (fan site)

1955 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from congestive heart failure
2018 deaths
Sportspeople from California
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Holocephali

Holocephali ("complete heads") is a subclass of cartilaginous fish, of which the order Chimaeriformes is the only surviving group. 

Holocephali have a long fossil record that starts during the Devonian period. However, most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or, at best, poorly understood. Sequence analysis on living chimaera suggests the whole group originated  420 million years ago in the Silurian period.

References 

Cartilaginous fish
Getty Villa

The Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades, California, USA, is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. The Getty Villa is an educational center and museum that covers the arts and cultures of Ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD. The UCLA/Getty Master’s Program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation is here. The online GettyGuide as well as through audio tours tell about the items owned by the museum.

Collection

The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD.  Among the outstanding items is Victorious Youth, one of few life-size Greek bronze statues to have survived to modern times. The Lansdowne Heracles is a Roman sculpture that was probably copied from an older Greek statue. The Villa also has jewelry and coin collections. The Villa's library has  20,000 books covering art from these periods.  The Villa also displays the 'Getty kouros', which the museum lists as "Greek, about 530 B.C., or modern forgery" because scientific analysis is inconclusive as to whether the marble statue can be dated back to Greek times. If genuine, the Getty kouros is one of only twelve remaining intact kouroi. The Marbury Hall Zeus is a  tall marble statue that was recovered from the ruins at Tivoli near Rome.

GettyGuide
The "GettyGuide" has detailed information about the items owned by the museum. This is available both at the Museum, at various points known as "GettyGuide stations", and externally on its website.

Photographs

References

Further reading

Other websites 

 J. Paul Getty Trust official website
 A four-part documentary about the villa and its Roman model, the Villa of the Papyri
 Photos from the Getty Villa
 flickr.com photos tagged with "Getty Villa"

Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Museums in California
Villa
1954 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in California
Lee Ui-bang

Lee Ui-bang (, ? - 1174) was a Korean Goryeo dynasty soldier and politician. His father-in-law was Emperor Kangjong, grandfather of Emperor Goryo Kojong. He was killed by Emperor Uijong in 1170.

Life 
In 1170 Yi joined the Goryeo warrior rebellion. In 1174, he was murdered by Jeong Kyun.

His Young brother Lee In was 2 Great-grandfather of Yi Seonggye, was Founder of Joseon dynastys.

Related pages
 Goryeo

References

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=127558
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_5COb_A9999_1_0010319
 http://www.sanzoa.net/lee/gosa_13.htm 
 리인 - 전주이씨 

Year of birth unknown
1174 deaths
Korean military people
Korean politicians
Left-wing fascism

Left-wing fascism (or left fascism) is a term for left-wing politics that resemble fascism in some way. However, fascism is widely known as a form of far-right politics. The concept was first written about shortly after World War II, by researchers such as Jürgen Habermas, Irving Louis Horowitz, and Victor Klemperer. They criticised specific left-wing groups that they thought were becoming more fascistic.

References

Related pages 
 Authoritarianism
 Jürgen Habermas
 Totalitarianism

Other websites 
 
 좌파 파시즘 

Discrimination
Fascism
Gacy (movie)

Gacy is a 2003 American biographical crime drama movie directed by Clive Saunders and written by Saunders and David Birke. The movie is based on the life of John Wayne Gacy, an American rapist and serial killer in Illinois. The movie was rated "R" by the Motion Picture Association of America, and stars Mark Holton as John Wayne Gacy.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2003 crime movies
2003 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s crime drama movies
2003 horror movies
2000s LGBT movies
American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
American horror movies
American LGBT movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies set in Illinois
Movies set in the 1970s
American independent movies
Dear Mr. Gacy

Dear Mr. Gacy is a 2010 Canadian crime drama movie thriller directed by Svetozar Ristovski. The movie stars William Forsythe as American serial killer John Wayne Gacy. It is based on a book by Jason Moss, The Last Victim. The movie was rated "R" by the Motion Picture Association of America.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2010 crime movies
2010 drama movies
2010 thriller movies
2010s biographical movies
2010s crime drama movies 
2010s drama thriller movies
2010s serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction

Canadian crime movies
Canadian drama movies
Canadian thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Illinois
Serial killer movies
Wyomia Tyus

Wyomia Tyus (pronunciation: why-o-ma; born August 29, 1945 in Griffin, Georgia, United States) is an American athlete. She was the first person to win and keep the Olympic title in the 100 m. She participated in the 1964 Summer Olympics at age 19. In the heats of the event, she equalled Wilma Rudolph's World Record. She was in a good position for the final. Her main rival was another American, Edith McGuire. Tyus won the final, beating McGuire by two tenths of a second. At the same Olympics, she also won a silver medal with the 4 x 100 m relay team.

Tyus continued to compete and won national championships in sprint events and a gold medal in the 200 m at the Pan-American Games. In 1968, she returned to the Olympics to defend her title in the 100 m. In the final, she set a new World Record of 11.08 seconds. She became the first woman to hold the Olympic 100 m title through a second Olympic Games. Tyus also finished sixth in the 200 m. She ran the final leg for the relay team and helped set a new World Record. Winning the relay was her third gold medal.

Tyus retired from amateur sports after the 1968 Olympics. She became a member of the National Track & Field Hall of Fame in 1980 and the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1985.

Other websites
 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 
 Wyomia Tyus Olympic Park 
 Women's Sports Illustrated 
  New Georgia Encyclopedia

References

1945 births
Living people
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
American track and field athletes
Female athletes
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Willie Mosconi

William Joseph Mosconi (; June 27, 1913 – September 12, 1993) was an American professional pool (pocket billiards) player from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is best known as Willie Mosconi. Between 1941 and 1957, he won the World Straight Pool Championship 15 times--more than any other player. He was one the first people to become a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame. Mosconi created many trick shots that he used often. He set many records and helped make pool a popular recreation activity.

References

Cardiovascular disease deaths in New Jersey
Cue sports players
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Sportspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1913 births
1993 deaths
Yuri Lyubimov

Yuri Petrovich Lyubimov (September 30, 1917 – October 5, 2014) is a Soviet and Russian actor and director, founder of the internationally-renowned Taganka Theatre. He is one of the leading names in the Russian theatre world. 

After service in the Soviet Army during the World War II, Lyubimov joined the Vakhtangov Theatre. In 1953, he received the USSR State Prize. Lyubimov started teaching in 1963 and formed the Taganka Theatre the following year. Under Lyubimov, the theatre became the most popular in Moscow, with Vladimir Vysotsky and Alla Demidova as the leading actors. 

After Vysotsky's death in 1980, all of Lyubimov's productions were banned by the Communist authorities. In 1984, he was stripped of Soviet citizenship. Thereupon Lyubimov worked abroad before returning to the Taganka Theatre in 1989. While in the West he maintained a busy directing career. In the US he directed Crime and Punishment at Arena Stage and Lulu at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. In 1983 he directed Crime and Punishment in London, winning the Evening Standard Award for Best Director.

His staging of Eugene Onegin premiered in the Taganka on his 85th birthday to much critical acclaim.

In June, 2011 Lyubimov left the Taganka theatre. 

Lyubimov died at 97 after being admitted to the Botkin Clinic in Moscow with heart failure.

Selected filmography
 Michurin (1948)

References

Other websites 

Website on Lyubimov

1917 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Russian movie actors
Soviet actors
Russian theatre directors
Russian playwrights
8213: Gacy House

8213: Gacy House is a 2010 horror movie. It was directed by Dan T. Hall. The plot follows paranormal investigators searching a house that was built on the land of serial killer John Wayne Gacy.

References

Other websites
 
 

2010 crime movies
2010 horror movies
2010 mystery movies
American crime movies
American horror movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Illinois
Jeong Mong-Ju

Jeong Mong-ju (, Hanja:鄭夢周, 1337 - April 1392) was a Korean Goryo Dynasty politician, writer, poet and thinker. The last Prime Minister of Goryo Dynastys 1390 to 1392. He was murdered by Lee Bang-won (이방원) and Jo yeong-mu (조영무), in Sunjukkyo (선죽교). Another name was 'Mongran' (몽란, 夢蘭) and 'Mongryong' (몽룡, 夢龍), nickname was Poeun (포은, 圃隱). Best friends and rival of Jeong Do-jeon.

Books 
 《PoeunJip》(포은집)
 《PoeunSigo》(포은시고)

Related pages
 Jeong Do-jeon
 Neo Confucianism

References 

http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=136035
http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3586

1337 births
1392 deaths
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Murder victims
Confucianism
Korean writers
Jeong Do-jeon

Jeong Do-jeon (, Hanja:鄭夢周, 1337(?) - August 26, 1398) was a Korean Goryo Dynasty politician, educators and Joseon Dynasty politician, educator, writer, poet and thinker. First Prime minister of Joseon Dynastys 1392 to 1398. In 1398 he was murdered by Lee Bang-won. Another name was 'Jongji'(종지, 宗之), nickname was Sambong(삼봉, 三峯).

Other 
Best Friends and Political Rival of Jeong Mong-ju

Work book 
 《Sambongjip》(삼봉집, 三峯集)
 《Joseonkyunggukjeon》(조선경국전, 朝鮮經國典)
 《Kyungjemoongam》(경제문감, 經濟文鑑)
 〈Kyungjeuiron〉(경제의론, 經濟議論)
 《Bulssijapbyon》(불씨잡변, 佛氏雜辨)
 《Simmooncheondap》(심문천답, 心問天答)
 《Shimkiri》(심기리, 心氣理)
 《Hakjajinamdo》(학자지남도, 學者指南圖)
 《Jinmaekdokyeol》(진맥도결, 診脈圖結)
 《Goryoguksa》(고려국사, 高麗國史) 37
 《Sangmyungjein Taesanbeop》(상명태일제산법, 上明太日諸算法)
 《Jinbeop》(진법, 陣法)
 《Daemyungryujikhae》(대명률직해, 大明律直解)

Related pages
 Jeong Mong-ju
 Goryeo Dynastys
 Joseon Dynastys
 Neo Confucianism
 Yi Seak
 Gil Jae
 Gyunggukdaejeon

References 

 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135920
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3622 

1330s births
1398 deaths
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Murder victims
Confucianism
Korean writers
Suzuka, Mie

is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

As of 2008, the city has an estimated population of 197,437 and a population density of 1,010 people per km². The total area is 194.67 km².

Suzuki is about 83 km east from Nara, and 52 km southwest from Nagoya.

History

In the Edo period, Ishiyakushi-juku and Shōno-juku were 44th and 45th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. Both Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Suzuka.

In December 1942, two towns and twelve villages were merged to form Suzuka. It was a military administered city, and had a population of 52,000. After World War II, many automotive companies and other industries moved into Suzuka.

Local Dialects 
Suzuka is by the Suzuka Quasi National Park (the boundary between Suzuka and Shiga). Since the industrial boom, it has been a interchange point for the main commuter train lines. With the mix of commuters passing through Suzuka city, the local dialect (hōgen) is a mixture of three, variations of Japanese.

Industry 
Suzuka has a significant industrial base. It has large factories for both Sharp and Honda.

Motor racing circuit 

Suzuka Circuit was the home of the Japanese Grand Prix from 1987 to 2006.

The Grand Prix returned in 2009 and the racing continues through the present.

It was the only figure-of-eight circuit in the championship, and is very popular with the drivers.

Next to the circuit is the Honda Safety Riding/Driving School. Thousands of car and motorcycle drivers have been trained at the school.  Graduates include many police officers and instructors throughout the world.

Gallery

Related pages 
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites 

 Suzuka City website  
  Hiroshige prints, Ishiyakushi ,  Shono 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Mie Prefecture
Yeongam

Yeongam is a county in South Jeolla Province of South Korea. It borders Mokpo and Naju to the north, Jangheung County to the east, and Haenam and Gangjin to the south. Yeongam contains two towns, called eups, and nine townships, called myeons. The populated is about 60,000 people, and the county hall is seated in Yeongam-eup.

In 2010, the first ever Korean Grand Prix was held next to the harbor, at the Korean International Circuit. The track was designed by Hermann Tilke. The circuit is part permanent, part temporary. Construction began in 2007, and was completed in September/October 2010. The circuit will host the Grand Prix until 2016. After that, a 5-year option would have to be picked up to keep the race until at least 2021.

Sister cities 
 Huzhou, China
 Yeongdeungpo, Seoul, South Korea

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the County Government

Cities in South Korea
Alienation

Alienation is the feeling of being left out, not belonging or not understanding yourself in relation to your environment. Alienation can be talked about in many ways. In psychology, researchers talk about alienation in terms of how well or unwell people fit in to their social groups. This may include how well people relate to their peers in a school or workplace, and how connected they feel to those around them.

In sociology, alienation is a more complex and difficult idea. Alienation is how people understand themselves in relation to their entire society. A good example of this is how people think of themselves when they are working and doing a job. Karl Marx wrote about this. This kind of alienation happens when people do work that they are not interested in or find boring. However, in almost all societies some people may have to do jobs that they don't like because they need to earn money. This can be seen as a type of alienation because a person's true feelings and their actions are separated and unrelated. On the other hand, a person might feel empowered and connected if they do a job that they do like. Empowerment and the feeling of being connected is the opposite of alienation.

Alienation is also a key element in the existentialism of Sartre and Camus. The connection between these ideas is the theme of Colin Wilson's The Outsider (1956). Anomie is another related idea.

References

Other page 
Social isolation

Sociology
Philosophy
Josef Hickersberger

Josef Hickersberger(born  27 April 1948 in Amstetten, Austria) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He is now football manager. He was two times coach of the Austrian national footballteam.

Career

Player
He started playing professional football in 1966 for FK Austria Wien. After six seasons he went to Germany playing for Kickers Offenbach and Fortuna Düsseldorf. Coming back to Austria he played for Wacker Innsbruck and later for SK Rapid Wien. After finishing as professional he played for the amateur squads of Badener AC, UFC Pama, SV Forchtenstein and WSV Traisen. In Traisen he had his first time as coach. He played 372 matches in the leagues of Austria and Germany scoring 71 goals.

He played 39 matches for the Austrian national football team and scored five goals. His first match was versus Romania. His last match was the 3:2 win versus Germany during the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

Manager
He was the coach of the Austrian national football team during the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 2008 UEFA European Championship. After losing a qualifying match versus the  Faroe Islands he resigned and coached Fortuna Düsseldorf and Austria Wien. The years between 1994 and 2004 he spent in the Arabian region coaching various club teams and national teams. 2002 he went back to Austria and became coach of SK Rapid Wien. In this time Rapid won the first championship since 1995. The team also qualified for the UEFA Champions league. 2006 he became again coach of the Austrian soccer team and played in the EURO 2008. After the event he resigned and went back to Arabia.

Honours

As a player
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1969, 1970, 1982
Austrian Cup (3):
 1969, 1971, 1979
Member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978

As a manager
Austrian Cup (1):
 1994
Bahraini Premier League (1):
 1996
Qatari League (1):
 2002
Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):
 2005

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
1948 births
Living people
SK Rapid Wien players
SK Rapid Wien managers
Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia

The Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (translates to united self-defense groups of Colombia, officially called United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia in English) is a grouping of far-right paramilitary organisations in Colombia. The group was founded in 1977, from several independent groups active in the 1960s and 1970s. Their official goal is to support the guerilla active in Colombia, the FARC and ELN, in military affairs. They are among the main actors of the armed conflict in Colombia. In Colombia, the European Union and the United States considers the AUC as a terrorist organisation.

Colombia
Terrorism
1977 establishments
1970s establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Colombia
Brian Dennehy

Brian Mannion Dennehy (July 9, 1938 – April 15, 2020) was an American actor, director, and producer. Dennehy acted in many movies, such as First Blood, A Real American Hero, and To Catch a Killer. He won two Tony Awards and one Golden Globe Award.

Dennehy died on April 15, 2020 at his home in New Haven, Connecticut, aged 81. The cause of death was cardiac arrest caused by sepsis.

References

Other websites

Tony Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Actors from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers 
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from sepsis
1938 births
2020 deaths
Annonaceae

Annonaceae (custard-apple, or annona family) is the largest family of the magnolia order. It has 129 genera and 2,300 species.  

Many species are valuable for their large pulpy fruits. Some are useful for their timber, while others are prized as ornamentals. The family consists of trees, shrubs, and woody climbers found mainly in the tropics, with a few species in temperate regions.

Sources
 Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Annonaceae
University of Hawaii, Botany Department. Annonaceae

References
2010 Asian Games

The 2010 Asian Games was a many-sport event held in Guangzhou, China from November 12 to November 27, 2010. This was the second time that any Chinese city had hosted the Games, after Beijing in 1990. A total of 9,704 athletes from 45 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 476 events from 42 sports and disciplines, making it the biggest event in the history of Asian Games.

2010 in Asia
2010s in China
2010 in sports
Asian Games by year
Sport in China
Guangzhou
November 2010 events
Telomere

A telomere is a region of DNA at the end of a chromosome. It protects the end of the chromosome from deteriorating (getting worse) or fusing (joining) with other chromosomes.

The telomeres are made of repeated sequences of DNA ('repetitive DNA'). During cell division, enzymes that duplicate DNA cannot continue their work all the way to the end of chromosomes. If cells divided without telomeres, they would lose the ends of their chromosomes, and the information they contain. 

The telomeres are disposable buffers blocking the ends of the chromosomes. They are destroyed during cell division, and are remade by an enzyme, telomerase reverse transcriptase.

The Australian Elizabeth Blackburn and the Americans Carol Greider and Jack Szostak won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on telomeres.

References 

Chromosomes
Molecular biology
Gernot Jurtin

Gernot Jurtin (9 October 1955 – 5 December 2006) was an Austrian football striker. Due to his long stay with S.K. Sturm Graz and over 100 goals he is a legend amongst Sturm Graz fans.

Career
He started his career with WSV Judenburg and went to SK Sturm Graz in 1974. In 378 matches he scored  119 goals in the league. Together with Božo Bakota he formed a dangoures striker duo. 1980/81 he was the best scorer of the Austrian Bundesliga.

Between 1979 and 1983, he played 12 times for Austria, scoring one goal. He made two appearances for them in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, against Chile and Northern Ireland.

1955 births
2006 deaths
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian footballers
Gene Colan

Eugene (Gene) Jules Colan (September 1, 1926 — June 23, 2011) was an American comic book artist. He worked for the comic book publishers DC and Marvel for over 60 years. He drew comics for Batman, Wonder Woman, Iron Man, Captain America and Daredevil. He was well known for his artwork on the Tomb of Dracula where he was able to create atmosphere through the use of shadows.

He was born in the Bronx, New York in 1926. His parents were Jewish migrants from Germany who had changed their name from Cohen. Colan served in the US Air Force in the Philippines during World War II. His first comics were called Army Life and were published in the Manila Times. In 2010 he won an Eisner Award for a Captain America story.

References

1926 births
2011 deaths
American comics artists
People from the Bronx
Woodward–Hoffmann rules

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules are a set of organic chemistry rules to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions where the molecule is a ring (e.g. benzene ring).  They were written by Robert Burns Woodward (a chemistry professor at Harvard University) and Roald Hoffmann (a chemistry professor at Cornell University). Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model. Woodward did not share the prize because he died two years before. Generally, the Nobel Prize is awarded only to living people. Woodward had already won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for a different discovery.

A recent paper in the journal Nature describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward–Hoffman rules.<ref>Biasing reaction pathways with mechanical force. Nature 2007 446:423-427  (See also the corresponding "News and Views" in the same issue of Nature)</ref>

 Related pages 
 Woodward's rules for calculating UV absorptions
 Torquoselectivity

 References 

 Other websites 
 Symmetry rules!'', Sophie Wilkinson Chemical & Engineering News January 27, 2003 Volume 81, Number 04 CENEAR 81 04 pp. 59 ISSN 0009-2347 Article
 "SHMO calculator", Simple Huckel molecular orbital theory calculator Link 

Organic chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Juno (spacecraft)

Juno is an unmanned NASA New Frontiers spacecraft. It studies the planet Jupiter from orbit. It is the first mission to an outer planet to use solar panels for power instead of a radioisotope thermoelectric generator. The spacecraft was launched on August 5, 2011 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and entered a polar orbit of Jupiter on July 5, 2016. Scott Bolton is leading the mission.

Juno's main goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter. Juno will also study the planet's atmospheric composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere.

References

Other websites

NASA spacecraft
Jupiter
Mark Holton

Mark Holton (born April 2, 1958) is an American actor. His movies include Hoboken Hollow (2007), Gacy, The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (2000) and Little Giants (1994).

Holton went to school at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma.

References

1958 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Oklahoma
William Forsythe

William Forsythe (born June 7, 1955) is an American actor. Forsythe played Al Capone in the television series The Untouchables. Forsythe has also played Sammy Gravano in the HBO movie Gotti and the serial killer John Wayne Gacy in Dear Mr. Gacy.

References

American movie actors
1955 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Toyota Prius

The Toyota Prius is a hybrid automobile from the Japanese automobile producer Toyota. It is called 'hybrid' because it has two different engines: a gasoline engine (combustion engine) and an electric motor. Because of the electric motor, it uses less fuel than a normal gasoline automobile when driving at low speeds (for example in the city). The electric motor uses batteries for its power, and these batteries are charged by a dynamo when the gasoline engine is used at higher speeds. The first generation launched in Japan in December 1997, then it reached the rest of the world in 2000. It entered its second generation in 2003 and it began to become more popular with buyers. The third generation arrived in 2009 and grew larger in size. The current fourth generation appeared in December 2015.

References 

1990s automobiles

2000s automobiles

2010s automobiles

2020s automobiles

Prius
Foxhall (Washington, D.C.)

Foxhall is a rich neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. It is bordered by Reservoir Road on the north side and Foxhall Road on the west and south sides. Glover-Archibold Park makes up the eastern border.
The first homes were constructed along Reservoir Road and Greenwich Park Way in the mid-1920s. By the end of December, 1927, some 150 homes had been erected, and the community given the name of Foxhall Village.

Foxhall is mostly residential. Foxhall has a distinct architecture. The vast majority of the homes are a brick Tudor style.

Sources

Other websites 
 Foxhall Community Citizens Association

Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.
1927 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
James Jabara

James "Jabby" Jabara (10 October 1923, Muskogee, Oklahoma – 17 November 1966) was the first American pilot to shoot down 5 Mig-15 airplanes in Korea.  He was then transferred to Washington DC for duty before returning to K-14 Kimpo, Korea.  He was the Executive Officer in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. While stationed there he was responsible for 10 more Mig kills thus making him a triple ace.

Early life
Jabara's father operated a grocery store at the corner of 3rd and Martin Luther King streets.  At an early age the family moved to Kansas. According to newspaper reports he died in a car crash along with a daughter in 1966.  He was also a fighter pilot in world war 2.  In Korea he was flying F-86 Sabre Jets in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron formerly known as the Fighting Eagles Squadron formed in England before we entered world war 2.

1923 births
1966 deaths
People from Florida
People from Kansas
American aviators
American military people
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Oklahoma
Walter Schachner

Walter Schachner (born 1 February 1957 in Leoben, Austria) is a retired Austrian football striker and former Austrian national team player. He is now working as football coach for LASK Linz for Austrias Erste Liga.

Career

Player
He started his professional career with DSV Leoben in the second division. After one and a half season he was nominated for Austrias national football team although he was playing in the 2. league. After three years with Austria Wien he played seven years in Italy for  AC Cesena, Torino Calcio, SC Pisa and US Avellino. After returning from Italy he played for different clubs in Austria in the upper three divisions. He played his last match in the final round of the 2000/01 season for FC Kärnten whre he was coach at this time.

For Austria he played 64 matches and scored 23 goals. He was member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978 and 1982. 1978 he was in the starting team in the 3:2 win versus Germany (Miracle of Cordoba).

Mananger
His first club was the FC Zeltweg which he promoted from 4th to 3rd division. His first team in professional football was FC Kärnten in the First league. They promoted to the Bundesliga. 2002 he was coach of FK Austria Wien but was replaced by Christoph Daum in October despite the fact that the team was 7 points ahead of the second in the league. Only a few days later he became coach of the GAK from Graz. With GAK he won the Championship in 2004.

From 2006 till 2007 he was coach of TSV 1860 München then he came back to Austria and managed FC Kärnten again. From 2008 to 2010 he managed Admira Wacker Mödling.  The first year they reached the Cup final. 2010 he was replaced by Dietmar Kühbauer. 
2011 he became coach of LASK Linz but could not avoid the relegation to the First League.

Honours

Playing
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1979, 1980, 1981
Austrian Cup (1):
 1980
Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (2):
 1979, 1980 
Italy Cup Top Goalscorer (1):
 1984 (8 goals)
Austrian squad for the FIFA World Cup
1978, 1982

Coaching
Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):
 2004
Austrian Cup (2):
 2001, 2004
Austrian Supercup (1):
 2001

References

1957 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Grazer AK managers
FC Admira Wacker Mödling managers
Yashoda

Yasoda/Yashoda () was the wife of Nanda in the Puranic books of Hinduism.

Hindu mythology
or:ଯଶୋଦା (୧୯୯୬ର ସିନେମା)
Edvard Beneš

Edvard Beneš (28 May 1884 in Kožlany – 3 September 1948 in Sezimovo Ústí) was the second president of Czechoslovakia (1935 - 1938 and 1945 - 1948). During World War II, he led the government-in-exile in England (1939 - 1945). The next president was Klement Gottwald, a communist. 

1884 births
1948 deaths
Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
Deaths from natural causes
Johns Hopkins Hospital

The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 

It was founded in 1889 by Johns Hopkins. 

It is thought to be one of the greatest hospitals in the world. It was ranked by U.S. News & World Report news magazine as the best overall hospital in America for 21 years (1991–2011).

References

Hospitals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Maryland
Baltimore
To Catch a Killer

To Catch a Killer is a television movie from 1992. It was directed by Eric Till, and starred Brian Dennehy and Michael Riley. The movie is based on the true story of the pursuit of American serial killer John Wayne Gacy.

References

Other websites
 To Catch a Killer at IMDb

1992 movies
1990s crime movies
American serial killer movies
American television movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Kazimierz Świątek

Kazimierz Świątek (; born October 21, 1914 – died July 21, 2011) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal in Belarus. He was sentenced to death by the Soviet Union, but escaped after two months. He was later spent nine years hard labor by the Gulag and survived.

Early life 
Świątek was born at Valga in the Apostolic Administration of Estonia on October 21, 1914. He graduated from the Major Seminary in Pinsk, Belarus.  Świątek was ordained as a priest on April 8, 1939 He was sent to work in Pruzhany.

Death sentence 
In Pruzhany in 1939, Świątek was accused of spying. He was found guilty in Stalinist show trial, and sentenced to death. A show trial is a highly public trial where the sentence has been decided before the trial starts. When German troops gained control of the territory, Świątek was able to escape from prison and avoid his execution.

Siberian labor camp 
Świątek was arrested by the KGB on December 18, 1944. He Minsk until July 21, 1945. Świątek   was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag concentration camps. He spent two years in Mariinsk, Siberia, and seven years north of the polar circle in Vorkuta and Inta. He release on June 16, 1954. Świątek returned to Pinsk and his pastoral work in the cathedral parish.

Leadership in the church 
On April 13, 1991, Pope John Paul II appointed the 77 year old Świątek the first archbishop of the new archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev. He was also appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Pinsk.

On November 26, 1994, Pope John Paul II named Świątek Cardinal. On February 11, 1999, Cardinal Świątek was elected the first president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Belarus. On the 14th of June 2006 Pope Benedict XVI accepted Świątek's resignation from the pastoral care of the Archdiocese of Minsk.

Other websites 
 Roman Catholic Church in Belarue 
 His Eminence Cardinal Kazimierz Świątek

References 

Belarusian people
Religious leaders
1914 births
2011 deaths
Roland Petit

Roland Petit (13 January 1924 – 10 July 2011) was a French choreographer who wrote dances for Rudolf Nureyev and was later in charge of the Paris Opera.

He was born in 1924 at Villemomble, France and began ballet lessons at the age of nine at the Paris Opera's School of Dance. After World War II, Petit started several ballet companies in Paris, as well as creating 11 ballets for the Paris Opera. He worked in Hollywood for four years and choreographed the 1953 ballet "The Lady in the Ice" with Orson Welles. He also worked on movies including "Hans Christian Andersen" starring Danny Kaye (1952), "Daddy Long Legs" with Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron (1955) and "Anything Goes" with Bing Crosby and Zizi Jeanmaire (1956).

In 1970 he was head of the Paris Opera and wrote works for Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn. He then did the choreography for the Casino de Paris. He has also worked with the San Francisco Ballet, the Bolshoi (Moscow), La Scala (Milan), the Asami Maki Ballet (Tokyo) and the National Ballet of China. He spent the last part of his life working with the National Ballet of Marseille-Roland Petit.

References

1924 births
2011 deaths
French ballet dancers
Choreographers
Malay Archipelago

The Malay Archipelago refers to the archipelago between mainland Southeastern Asia and Australia.

It has also been called the East Indies, the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago and other names over time. 

The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The group has over 25,000 islands. It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world. It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor. 

The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago. The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago.

Natural history 
The Malay Archipelago is the place where two large tectonic plates meet, and is an area where orogeny (mountains) and volcanoes are common. 

The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography. It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast. On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species. The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands.

"In this archipelago there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as do those of Africa and South America... yet there is nothing on the map or on the face of the islands to mark their limits. The boundary line passes between islands closer together than others belonging to the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, while the eastern is a fragmentary prolongation of a former west Pacific continent".

References 

Australasia
Islands of Indonesia
Geography of Malaysia
Islands of the Philippines
Melanesia
Lucian Freud

Lucian Michael Freud (December 8, 1922 — July 20, 2011) was a Anglo-German painter. He is regarded as having been one of the greatest painters of the human form. He was born in Berlin in 1922, and moved with his family to England in 1933 to escape from the Nazis. He became a British citizen in 1939. His father, an architect, was the son of Sigmund Freud. During World War II, Freud studied art as well as working as a sailor in the British Merchant Navy. His brother was Clement Freud (1924-2009).

He painted portraits which have been described as being brutally honest; he did not try to make people look good. He often painted them nude, with the faces staring straight ahead. He used thick layers of paint, impasto, using colours of green, grey and purple, which he blended to with pink to suggest skin color. He was popular for a while in the 1960's, but his work was rediscovered in 1987 after an exhibition in the US. In 2008 his painting “Benefits Supervisor Sleeping” was sold for US$33.6 million — the most ever paid for a painting by a living artist. This painting was of a fat nude woman asleep on a couch.

He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993. This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas.

He died in London after a short illness.

Related pages

List of German painters

References

1922 births
2011 deaths
Artists from London
British Jews
British military personnel of World War II
English painters
German Jews
German painters
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Berlin
Parthian language

The Parthian language is an old Iranian language. It has been spoken in the northeast of Iran, in the region called Parthia. The main time of this language was about 248 B.C. until 224 A.D. That was during the Parthian Empire. Parthian is an Indo-European language.

At the time of Sassanid Empire, the Parthian language was destroyed. Middle Persian replaced it.

There are many words in Armenian that came from Parthian.

References

Iranian languages
Indo-European languages
President of the Czech Republic

The President of the Czech Republic is head of state of the Czech Republic. The first President took office in 1993.

List President of the Czech Republic

References
Wallace Line

The Wallace Line (or 'Wallace's Line') is a boundary that separates the ecozone of Asia and the Australasian ecozone. The transitional zone is sometimes called Wallacea.

Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west. Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with some Asian species. The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed this clear dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century. 

The line runs through Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and through the Lombok Strait between Bali (in the west) and Lombok (in the east).  

The distance between Bali and Lombok is only about 35 kilometers. Surprisingly, the distributions of many bird species observe the line, because many birds do not cross even the smallest stretches of open ocean water. Some bats have distributions that cross the Wallace Line, but other mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; an exception is the Crab-eating Macaque. Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent.

The term 'Wallace's Line' was first used by Huxley in 1868.

Cause 
The root cause of Wallace's line is that the ancient supercontinent Gondwana was separated entirely from other parts of the world after Pangaea broke up. Australasia and its smaller islands were part of Gondwana, and that is why their fauna is so different from that of south-east Asia. Wallace's line marks where part of the old Gondwana plate touches part of the old Laurasia plate.

Ice age 
During Quaternary ice age cold periods, when the ocean levels were up to 120 m lower, both Asia and Australia were joined with their respective islands. The deep water between those two large continental shelf areas was — for over 50 million years — a barrier that kept the flora and fauna of Australia separated from that of Asia. Wallacea consists of islands that were never recently connected by dry land to either of the continental land masses, and thus was populated by organisms capable of crossing the straits between islands. 'Weber's Line' runs through this area (rather to the east of centre), at the tipping point between dominance by species of Asian vs. species of Australian origin.

Related pages 
Alfred Russel Wallace
Biogeography
Malay Archipelago

References 

Ecology
Physical geography
Japanese macaque

The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), also known as the snow monkey, is a monkey that lives in the high mountains of the island of Honshū in Japan. They live in below-zero temperatures, and they like to warm themselves and relax in hot springs.

Diet
Macaques eat fruit, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, shrimp, and insects.

Weight and physical appearance
Macaques weigh around 12 kilograms and can grow up to 70cm. They have short tails.

References

Old World monkeys
Animals of Japan
Mammals of Asia
Macaque

The macaques are a genus (Macaca) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia. One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'. Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight.

Social behavior 
Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy. If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.

Copyright test case 
In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a  copyright claim.

The photos had been sold widely by David Slater, a professional nature photographer, whose camera was temporarily carried away by a group of macaques. After the photos were uploaded to Wikipedia, the organisation refused to delete them, claiming "This file is in the public domain, because as the work of a non-human animal, it has no human author in whom copyright is vested.

References 

Old World monkeys
42 (answer)

42 is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books.  It was computed by 
Deep Thought, the second greatest computer ever.  The descendants of Deep Thought's creators are upset by the numeric nature of the answer, not understanding what to do with it or what to tell the people who had commissioned the 7.5-million year project.

When asked to produce The Ultimate Question to go with the answer "42", Deep Thought admits it is not capable of computing that itself, but that it can help to design an even more powerful computer, which can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. It is the planet Earth.

Notes 

Science fiction books