cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Zdeno Chára

Zdeno Chára (born March 18, 1977 in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia) is an NHL ice hockey defenseman that currently plays for the Washington Capitals. Until December 30 2020, Chára was the captain of the Boston Bruins. Chára played hockey in the WHL for 1 season with the Prince George Cougars. He is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL, measuring in at 6 ft 9 (2.06 m).

On March 8, 2011, He was involved in an on-ice incident when he hit Montreal Canadiens player Max Pacioretty into the stanchion at the end of the bench in the boards. Pacioretty had to be taken off the ice on a stretcher and he suffered a severe concussion and a non-displaced fracture to the 4th vertebra. Chara received a five-minute major penalty and a game misconduct. The NHL VP of hockey operations Mike Murphy decided that no further punishment was going to be warranted. Despite this a criminal investigation was announced by the Montreal police

Chára is married to his wife Tatiana Biskupicová and they have one daughter named Elliz Victoria Chára.

Awards 
He played in the NHL All-Star Game in 2003, 2007, 2008 (starter), 2009, 2011, and 2012. Chára was also one of the team captains in the 2012 game.
He was named to the NHL First All-Star Team in 2004 and 2009.
He was named to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 2006 and 2008.
He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy in 2009.
He won the Hardest Shot competition at the NHL All-Star Game SuperSkills Competition in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2011 where he set a record of 105.9 mph (170.4 km/hr).
He won the NHL Plus-Minus Award in 2011 with a +33 rating.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 2011.

References

Other websites 

1977 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
New York Islanders players
Ottawa Senators players
Prince George Cougars players
Slovak ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Mark Recchi

Mark Louis Recchi (born February 1, 1968 in Kamloops, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins for 6 seasons, the Philadelphia Flyers for 10 seasons, the Montreal Canadiens for 5 seasons, the Carolina Hurricanes for 1 season, the Atlanta Thrashers for 1 season, the Tampa Bay Lightning for 1 season and the Boston Bruins. Recchi also played hockey in the WHL for 4 seasons with the New Westminster Bruins and Kamloops Blazers. When he was playing with the Bruins in 2011 he was the oldest player in the NHL at the time at the age of 43. He has won the Stanley Cup three times: 1 with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1990, 1 with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2005 and 1 with the Boston Bruins in 2011.

Awards 
He was named to the West First All-Star Team (WHL) in 1987.
He was named to the Second All-Star Team (IHL) in 1988.
He played in the NHL All-Star Game in 1990.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1990.
He was named to the Second All-Star Team in 1991.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1992.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1993.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1996.
He was named the All-Star Game MVP in 1996.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1997.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1998.
He played in the All-Star Game in 1999.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2005.
He won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 2011

References

Other websites 

1968 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kamloops Blazers players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
New Westminster Bruins players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Milan Lucic

Milan Lucic (born June 7, 1988 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is an Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). Lucic played hockey in the WHL for 3 seasons with the Vancouver Giants. He has a banner in the Giants' Hall of Fame that hangs in the stands. He has been criticized for frequent unsportsmanlike conduct, most recently his "spearings" of Alexei Emelin in May and Danny DeKeyser in April of 2014. Lucic responded to the criticism, "I’ve been in the league for seven years and I think I’ve only done that three times. I don’t know why I did it.”

Awards 
He won the President's Cup with the Vancouver Giants in 2006.
He won the Memorial Cup with the Vancouver Giants in 2007.
He won the Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy in 2007
He was named to the Memorial Cup All-Star Team in 2007.
He was named to the NHL YoungStars Game in 2008.
He was chosen to play in the NHL YoungStars Game in 2009 but did not play due to an injury.

References

Other websites 

1988 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Calgary Flames players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Vancouver
Vancouver Giants players
Memorial Cup winners
Communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department

The following is a list of the 474 communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées département, in France.

 (CAT) Communauté d'agglomération of Grand Tarbes, created in 2000.

Hautes-Pyrenees
Lehener Stadion

The Lehener Stadion was a former football stadium in Salzburg and between 1971 and 2002 the homeground of SV Austria Salzburg (now F.C. Red Bull Salzburg).

History
Due to the fact that SV Austria Salzburg was promoted to the Nationalliga (former name of Bundesliga) the plan was to build a new stadium. In 1966 architect Hanns Wiser made the first sketch of the new venue with 15 000 seats and two roofed stands. In 1967 the City decided to build the new stadium in Lehen and to make places for 18 000 spectators. The space for the new venue was also before a football groundTogether with Jakob Adlhart Wiser made a new plan and the stadium was built between 1969 and 1971. Because money was short, the east stand was designed as standingroom so the capacity could be 18 000 although the building was cheaper. The floodlight was opened in 1974 because neighbours took legal action against it.

The stadium was opend with a friendly match between SV Asutria Salzburg and the national team of Tunesia.  In mid-1990s the stadium was to small because Austria Salzburg played international matches and the UEFA licensed it for only 5 300 spectators. So Austria Salzburg played the international matches in Viennas Ernst Happel Stadion. It was planed to expand the stadium but the city of Salzburg decided to build a new stadium in Wals-Siezenheim because the city needed a venue for the UEFA Euro 2008. The last match was held on 4 December 2002 versus SK Sturm Graz.

The stadium was demolished in 2006. One part of the former stadium is now used by Salzburgs Citylibrary and a housing project is planed.

Notable matches
In the stadium 9 matches of the Austrian nationalteam were held. The most memorable was the 9:0 versus Malta on 30 April 1977 (Qualification for the FIFA World Cup 1978) where the young Hans Krankl scored 6 goals. But Austria Salzburg played notable matches in the venue for example the 3:0 victory over Sporting Lissabon in the 1993/94 UEFA Cup and in the second round of the UEFA Cup 1976  versus Roter Stern Belgrad.

Football stadiums in Austria
Salzburg
Zonia Baber

Mary Arizona "Zonia" Baber (August 24, 1862 – January 10, 1956) was an American geographer and geologist.  She is best known for forming a way for teaching geography.  

Baber first worked as a teacher of geography and as a principal in a private school. She began working at the University of Chicago in 1895.  She got her Bachelor's degree there in 1904.

In 1898 Baber formed the Geographic Society of Chicago.  She was the President and helped the Society for 50 years.  In 1948 she received a lifetime achievement award.

Baber also cared about social issues.  She was called a feminist, anti-racist and anti-imperialist.  In 1926 she represented the women of Puerto Rico to help women get the right to vote.  She worked as chairman of the Pan-American Committee of the International League for Peace and Freedom.

References

Further reading

1862 births
1955 deaths
American geologists
American geographers
Pauline M. Austin

Pauline Morrow Austin (b. 1916 d. 2011) was an American meteorologist.

Austin got a BA from Wilson College in 1938, an MA from Smith College in 1939, and a PhD in Physics from MIT in 1942.

Austin worked as a meteorologist during World War II.  She was one of nine women recognized for wartime scientific and technical contributions.  Next she worked at MIT as the Director of the weather radar, and as part of the research staff in the Radiation Laboratory.  She also was associate writer for the Journal of Applied Meteorology.

Personal life
Austin was married for 59 years to Dr. James Murdoch Austin.  Their two daughters are Doris A. Price of Annapolis, Maryland and Carol T. West of Gainesville, Florida.

In later years she volunteered at the Florida Museum of Natural History.

References

2011 deaths
1916 births
American meteorologists
Scientists from Florida
Ruth F. Allen

Ruth Florence Allen (1879-1963) was an American plant pathologist.  She helped the understanding of cytology of rust fungi, which are a large cause of cereal disease.  These diseases can have a bad effect on coffee, apple and pine trees.

Allen got a PhD from the University of Wisconsin in 1909, becoming the first woman to get a PhD in the Department of Botany. She worked at the University of Wisconsin, Michigan State College, Wellesley College and the United States Department of Agriculture.

The American Phytopathological Society formed the Ruth Allen Award in 1965 to respect "individuals who have made an outstanding, innovative research contribution that has changed, or has the potential to change, the direction of research in any field of plant pathology."

References

1879 births
1963 deaths
American botanists
Australian Overland Telegraph Line

The Australian Overland Telegraph Line was a 3200 km telegraph line that joined Darwin with Port Augusta in South Australia. Completed in 1872 the Overland Telegraph Line allowed fast communication between Australia and the rest of the world. It was one of the great engineering feats of 19th century Australia. It followed the route discovered by the explorer John McDouall Stuart in 1862. It was probably the most important milestone in Australia's telegraphic history.

Because of the limits of technology, the telegraph messages could only travel about 300 km along the line. Repeater stations were built at regular intervals so that the messages could be resent. Some of the stations became the start of cities such as Alice Springs or Tennant Creek, while others became forgotten ruins, such as the Peake Repeater Station built near Freeling Springs in South Australia.

References

Other websites
 A Wire Through the Heart An ABC movie on the Telegraph Line

Telecommunications
Australia
Warumungu people

The Warumungu (or Warramunga) are a group of Indigenous Australians, who live in the region of Tennant Creek and Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia as well as small towns in South Australia. Many still speak the traditional language, and others speak Kriol.

In June 1861 explorer John McDouall Stuart who was the first Europen person to visit the area was attacked by a group of about 30 Warumungu warriors. They threw boomerangs at the explorers, and then set fire to grass. Stuart says in his journal that he and his men fired their guns at the Warumungu, but he does not mention if any were wounded or killed. The site of the battle has been called Attack Creek. Stuart was forced to return to Adelaide. The Northern Territory government has built a roadside memorial park near the site on the Stuart Highway.

References

Australian Aboriginal groups
Bryan Gunn

Bryan Gunn (born 22 December 1963 in Thurso) used to be a footballer. He was a goalkeeper. He played for Aberdeen and Hibernian in Scotland, but mostly he played for Norwich City. He also played a few times for Scotland, in the early 1990s.

When he finished playing football, he had many different jobs at Norwich City, working at Carrow Road until he eventually became manager of the team. A terrible 7-1 defeat caused him to lose his job and he has since become a businessman.

One of Bryan Gunn's children died of leukaemia. Since then, he has raised more than £1,000,000 to pay for projects to help people with the disease and to try to find a cure for it.

1963 births
Living people
British association football goalkeepers
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
Königslutter

Königslutter am Elm is a city in the district of Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany, near the Elm hills. In 2003, about 17,000 people lived in Königslutter.  Königslutter is twinned with Taunton in Somerset, in the southwest of England.

Königslutter is on the tourist route called the German Half-Timbered House Road (Deutsche Fachwerkstraße).

In its current form, the city was created in 1974 by joining the following 18 municipalities:

 Beienrode
 Boimstorf
 Bornum am Elm
 Glentorf
 Groß Steinum
 Klein Steimke
 Königslutter
 Lauingen
 Lelm
 Ochsendorf
 Rhode
 Rieseberg
 Rotenkamp
 Rottorf
 Scheppau
 Schickelsheim
 Sunstedt
 Uhry

Königslutter proper is on the Lutter stream and developed from the village of Lutter which was first mentioned in 1150. It became a market town around 1300, then a city around 1400. In early modern times, beer brewing and Elm limestone mining and cutting have been its main industries. Tourism is also important, because of the German Half-Timbered House Road and the Dom - the monastery church built by Emperor Lothar II.

In 1924, the village of Oberlutter and the monastery church of Königslutter were incorporated as a city. The Benedictine monastery was founded near the village of Lutter in 1135 by Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II. The monastery church is known for its sculptural art and the tomb of the emperor.

Königslutter is also the site for a large psychiatric hospital.  The hospital, run by AWO can treat over 500 people plus outpatients and day-care therapy in the clinics in Wolfsburg and Peine.

References

Other websites

 Königslutter Official site
 AWO Psychiatriezentrum
St Ives, Cornwall

St Ives is a seaside town and port in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town lies north of Penzance and west of Camborne on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It was once commercially dependent on fishing but fishing has declined and the town is now primarily a holiday resort. St Ives has become renowned for the large number of artists who work there. It was named best seaside town of 2007 by the Guardian newspaper.

Tate St Ives is an important art gallery that is located in St Ives.

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Airport (1970 movie)

Airport is a 1970 American drama movie. It is based on a novel by Arthur Hailey. It is about an airport almost being closed because of a snow storm while a mad suicide bomber is trying to blow up an airliner in flight.

Cast
 Burt Lancaster as Mel Bakersfeld, airport manager
 Dean Martin as Captain Vernon Demerest
 Jean Seberg as Tanya Livingston
 Jacqueline Bisset as Gwen Meighen, stewardess
 George Kennedy  as Joe Patroni, chief mechanic
 Helen Hayes as Mrs. Ada Quonsett, stowaway
 Van Heflin as D. O. Guerrero, airplane bomber
 Maureen Stapleton as Inez Guerrero, wife of D.O. Guerrero
 Barry Nelson as Captain Anson Harris
 Dana Wynter as Cindy Bakersfeld, wife of Mel Bakersfeld
 Lloyd Nolan as Harry Standish
 Barbara Hale as Sarah Demerest (sister of Mel Bakersfeld, wife of Vern Demerest)
 Gary Collins as Cy Jordan
 Christopher Lloyd as Patron in diner (uncredited)

Awards
Academy Awards
Oscar Award - Best Actress in a Supporting Role: Helen Hayes
Golden Globe Awards (1971)
Golden Globe Award - Best Supporting Actress: Maureen Stapleton (Tied with Karen Black)
Laurel Awards (1971)
Golden Laurel - Best Supporting Female Performance: Helen Hayes

Sequels
Airport has three sequels: Airport 1975, Airport '77, and The Concorde... Airport '79.

Other websites 
 

1970 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
Disaster movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies about terrorism
Movies directed by Henry Hathaway
Movies directed by George Seaton
Universal Pictures movies
Grace Andrews

Grace Andrews (May 30, 1869 – July 27, 1951) was an American mathematician.

Andrews got her undergraduate degree from Wellesley College in 1890. She got a master's degree from Columbia University in 1899 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1901. She was one of only two women listed in the first edition of American Men of Science, which appeared in 1906. Charlotte Angas Scott, was the other female mathematician.

She worked as an Assistant Professor of Mathematics for Barnard College from 1900 to 1902. She then worked as accountant to the treasurer for Wesleyan University from 1903 to 1926.

Related pages
 Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States

References

1869 births
1951 deaths
American mathematicians
Columbia University alumni
Gladys Anslow

Gladys Amelia Anslow (1892-1962) was a physicist who worked at Smith College.

Anslow got her undergraduate degree and Master's from Smith College.  She then got a Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1924.  She got the President's Certificate of Merit for service during World War II.

References 

1892 births
1962 deaths
American physicists
Scientists from Massachusetts
Yale University alumni
Andrea Lloyd

Andrea Lloyd (b. August 10, 1971 in Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was in the 1996 Summer Olympics.  She won a Bronze medal for Jamaica in the 4 X 100 metres Relay. 

Lloyd attended high school in Camperdown.  She studied at the University of Alabama. Her personal best is 11.36 seconds in the 100 metres which came in 1996.

References

Living people
1971 births

es:Andrea Lloyd
it:Andrea Lloyd
Absh Khatun

Absh Khatun was a Queen of Persia from 1263 to 1287.  Her mother was Bibi Khatun. 
 
She married Manku Timur and lived in Urdu, capital of the Ilkhanate.  Her father-in-law, Khan Hulägu, sent Absh to Shiraz to rule in 1263. When Absh returned to Shiraz the people were happy.  Coins were made in her name. She was the last ruler of the Atabek dynasty.

References

More books
 Mernissi, Fatima.  The Forgotten Queens of Islam.  Mary Jo Lakeland.  Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1993. p. 104.
 Uçok Un, Badriye.  Al-nisa’ al-hakimat fi tarikh.  Trans. I. Daquqi.  Baghdad:Matba’a al-Sa’dun, 1973. pp. 101ff.

13th-century births
13th-century deaths
Kings and queens
Persian people
Miss Marple

Miss Jane Marple is a British fictional character, that appeared in twelve of Agatha Christie's crime novels and in twenty short stories. She is an elderly spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead and acts as an amateur detective. She is one of the most famous characters of crime fiction and murder mystery. Many movies and television series have been made about her investigations.

Novels with Miss Marple
 The Murder at the Vicarage (1930)
 The Body in the Library (1942)
 The Moving Finger (1943)
 A Murder is Announced (1950)
 They Do It with Mirrors, or Murder with Mirrors (1952)
 A Pocket Full of Rye (1953)
 4.50 from Paddington, or What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw! (1957)
 The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side (1962)
 A Caribbean Mystery (1964)
 At Bertram's Hotel (1965)
 Nemesis (1971)
 Sleeping Murder (written around 1940, published 1976)

Short stories
 The Thirteen Problems (short story collection, also published as The Tuesday Club Murders) (1932)
 Miss Marple's Final Cases and Two Other Stories (written between 1939 and 1954, published 1979)

Related pages
 Hercule Poirot

References

Other websites
Miss Marple at the official Agatha Christie website

Characters in written fiction
Fictional British people
Tragedy of the anticommons

The tragedy of the anticommons is a new phrase invention of Michael Heller. It says, that things can go bad if too many people have rights on a shared thing. It is related to the phrase tragedy of the commons, which says that things can go bad if not enough people have rights. It is a general phrase for problems like patent thickets, submarine patents, nail houses, and more red tapes. It is difficult to find solutions, but some of them are eminent domain, Laches, patent pools or other agreements on rights and copyrights.

Related pages
 Tragedy of the commons
 Market failure
 Georgism
 Network effects
 Rivalry (economics)

Tragedy of the anticommons is one of four outcomes:

The prevalent outcome depends on the details of the situation.

References

Rose, Carol M. (1986) The Comedy of the Commons: Commerce, Custom and Inherently Public Property, 53 Univ. of Chi. L. Rev. 711, reprinted as chapter 5  in: Rose, Carol M., Property and persuasion: Essays on the history, theory and rhetoric of ownership, Westview Press 1994

Other websites 
 The Tragedy of the Anticommons (Abstract, with link to complete paper)
 Can Patents Deter Innovation?  The Anticommons in Biomedical Research (full text of article)
 The comedy of the commons, speech by Lawrence Lessig (Lawrence Lessig)
 Heller's talk in the Authors@Google series
 Website complementing gridlock economy: How Too Much Ownership Wrecks Markets, Stops Innovation, and Costs Lives 

Property
Rupert Bottenberg

Rupert Bottenberg (born: 19 July 1971 in Wolfville, Nova Scotia) is a comic artist and writer.  He works for the Montreal Mirror newsweekly.

Bottenberg grew up in Montreal.  He started "Comix Jams, public events centered around collaborative, improvised comic art," a concept other North American cities copy.  His way of drawing is called "clean-line" and full of "technical precision."

References

Other websites
Home page 

Living people
1971 births
Canadian writers
Comics artists
Sophie Bledsoe Aberle

Sophie Bledsoe Aberle (October 21, 1896 - October 1996) was an American anthropologist, physician and nutritionist. She got a Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics from Stanford University in 1927 and a Master's degree from Yale University in 1930. As a Native American, Aberle supported Native Americans in the southwestern United States. In 1951 President Harry S. Truman put Aberle to work on the first National Science Board.

Aberle worked with the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1935 to 1944. She then worked with the National Research Council until 1949. From 1949 to 1954 she worked at the University of New Mexico. She worked for the Bernalillo County Indian Hospital until 1970. Then she returned to the University of New Mexico.

References

1896 births
1996 deaths
American centenarians
American physicians
American anthropologists
Stanford University alumni
Yale University alumni
Bernice Ackerman

Bernice Ackerman (1925-1995) was an American meteorologist.  In 1965 she got a Doctor of Philosophy in geophysical science from the University of Chicago.  She was the first woman weathercaster in the United States. She was the first woman meteorologist at Argonne National Laboratory.  She worked at the U.S. Weather Bureau, the University of Chicago, Texas A&M University and Argonne National Laboratory.  Before college, Ackerman was a weather observer for the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) in World War II.

References

1925 births
1995 deaths
American meteorologists
E. Ruth Anderson

Elsie Ruth Anderson (born: 23 Jun 1907 in Newport, Rhode Island; died: 24 November 1989 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American meteorologist and book writer.  Anderson studied at the New England Conservatory of Music from 1924 to 1931, 1934, and 1940 to 1941. She got a diploma from the New England Conservatory in "Orchestral Course in Violin" in June 1931.
 
In World War II, she joined the WAVES.  She studied at the Navy Aerographers School.  She then worked for the American Meteorological Society for 20 years.

Books
Contemporary American Composers: A Biographical Dictionary, 1976 and 1982

References

1907 births
1989 deaths
American meteorologists
Scientists from Rhode Island
People from Newport, Rhode Island
Jacqueline Wonsetler

F. Jacqueline Wonsetler (Born:13 June 1918; Died:1 December 1974) was an American meteorologist. She got the "Department of Commerce Outstanding Accomplishment Award for work in the development of service and briefing methods for transcontinental air races."  She worked for the Weather Service Office for 29 years.

References

1918 births
1974 deaths
American meteorologists
Madge Adam

Madge Gertrude Adam (6 March 1912 – 25 August 2001) was an English solar astronomer.  She was "internationally known for her work on the nature of sunspots and on their magnetic fields."  She worked at the University of Oxford in the Department of Astrophysics from 1937-1979.   She was a member of the Royal Astronomical Society.

References

1912 births
2001 deaths
British astronomers
Nancy Adams

Jacqueline Nancy Mary Adams (Born: 19 May 1926; Died: 27 March 2007) was a New Zealand botanist.  She studied zoology and botany at  Wellington Girls’ College and Victoria University of Wellington.  Her detailed and delicate algae illustrations got international attention.  Her awards include the Loder Cup in 1964, the Queen's Service Order and the Commemoration Medal.

Books
 Mountain Flowers in New Zealand, 1980
 Wild Flowers in New Zealand, 1980
 Seaweeds of New Zealand:An illustrated guide, 1994

References

1926 births
2007 deaths
Botanists
New Zealand scientists
Anna Stout

Anna Paterson Stout née Logan (29 September 1858 - 10 May 1931) was a social reformer in New Zealand.

The Girls' Provincial School let Anna study at age 12.  After completing her schooling she returned home to Dunedin.  She married Robert Stout at age 18.  In 1885 she helped form the Women's Christian Temperance Union.  In 1892 she became President of the Women's Franchise League.  In 1896 the National Council of Women of New Zealand chose her as Vice President.

Stout was also active in England for acceptance for women to vote.  She worked closely with the Women's Social and Political Union.

References

1858 births
1931 deaths
People from Dunedin
Ada Wells

Ada Wells née Pike (29 April 1863 – 22 March 1933) was a feminist and social worker in New Zealand.

Wells worked as a student-teacher and attended Canterbury College.  In the 1880s she became active in the women's suffrage movement.  In 1892 she formed the Canterbury Women's Institute. She also helped form the National Council of Women of New Zealand.  In 1917 she was the first woman to work on the Christchurch City Council. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage now offers an Ada Wells Memorial Prize for Undergraduate Students.

References

1863 births
1933 deaths
Feminists
New Zealand people
Najib Ullah

Najib Ullah (February 14, 1914 to August 2, 1965) was an Afghan writer and ambassador.

Ullah worked for the Foreign Office of Afghanistan for many years. He was also a representative to India, England and the United States.  He worked as the Head of the Afghan group at UNESCO General Assembly in Beirut, Lebanon in 1948.

Books
Political History of Afghanistan, 1942-1944
Strabo and Aryana, 1945
Negotiations With Pakistan, 1948
Islamic Literature, 1963

References

1914 births
1965 deaths
Afghan writers
Ambassadors of Afghanistan
Awista Ayub

Awista Ayub (c. 1979) is an Afghan writer.  She formed the Afghan Youth Sports Exchange in the United States.

In her novel Kabul Girls Soccer Club, first called However Tall the Mountain, Ayub writes of eight girls brought to the US to learn soccer.

The Afghan Youth Sports Exchange has grown from the first 8 young women to hundreds playing through the Afghanistan Football Federation.

References

Other websites
Home page

Living people
1979 births
Masood Farivar

Masood Farivar (born 1969) is an Afghan-born writer, journalist and author of Confessions of a Mullah Warrior (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2009), which describes two teenage years while a member of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen resistance movement. Since early 2017, he has been the Voice of America (VOA) justice correspondent.

Farivar moved with his family to Pakistan in 1983.  He obtained a degree from Harvard University in 1994 and subsequently worked as a business reporter for Dow Jones Newswires.  According to his LinkedIn resume, as of 2013 he was Chief of the Afghanistan Service at VOA and based in Washington, D.C. Previously he was with Internews Network and spent the 2011-2012 academic year as a Knight Fellow at Stanford University.

References

Living people
1969 births
Afghan writers
Journalists
Matthew Shepard

Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was an American college student who was murdered while attending the University of Wyoming. At the trial for the two attackers, the men were accused of targeting Shepard because he was gay.

Murder
On October 7, 1998, Shepard met two people named Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney at the Fireside Lounge. McKinney and Henderson decided that they would give Shepard a ride home. They drove the car to a remote, rural area, then robbed and tortured Shepard, beating him with a pistol. They tied him to a fence post and left him there to die. They also found out where Shepard lived and they planned to burglarize his house. Shepard was found by a cyclist named Aaron Kreifels, who thought Shepard was a scarecrow at first. Shepard was in a coma and suffered fractures to the back of his head and the front of his right ear. He had severe damage to his brain stem, a part of the brain which controls the body's heart rate, body temperature, and other important functions. He died at 12:53 a.m. on October 12, 1998.

Matthew Shepard Act
A hate crimes law named the Matthew Shepard Act was first introduced on March 20, 2007. The bill passed the House of Representatives and the Senate but then-president George W. Bush said that he would veto the legislation if it had reached his desk. As a result, the legislation was dropped. It was again brought up on April 2, 2009. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act was passed by President Barack Obama on October 28, 2009.

References

1976 births
1998 deaths
American LGBT people
American murder victims
Gay men
People from Wyoming
People murdered in the United States
People with HIV/AIDS
Victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes
Green River, Wyoming

Green River is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Sweetwater County where it is the county seat. The city has about 11,808 people. The city was started in 1868 in what used to be the Dakota Territory. Every year, a festival is held there called the Flaming Gorge Days where acts will perform music. Acts like Poison and REO Speedwagon have played there.

Arts and Culture 
The Flaming Gorge Days is a festival.

Other websites

Official City of Green River website

Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
1868 establishments in Wyoming Territory
Walter Rudolf Hess

Walter Rudolf Hess (17 March 1881 – 12 August 1973) was a Swiss physiologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for "locating the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs". The prize was shared with Egas Moniz. Hess was born on 17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland and died on 12 August 1973 in Locarno, Switzerland.

By stimulating the hypothalamus of cats with tiny electric currents, Hess induced behaviours. The behaviours ranged from excitement to apathy, depending on the position of the stimulation. He could induce different types of responses in the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus. When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of breathing and responses such as wanting food, wanting water, needing to pee and needing to poop. On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defensive behaviour.

Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats – a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed. His work was important step in scientist's understanding of neurosecretion.

References

1881 births
1973 deaths
Swiss scientists
Physiologists
Neuroendocrinology
Inductively coupled plasma

An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source. Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. Movement of the ions generates energy in the form of heat.

Operation
Inductively coupled plasma sources usually use argon as a fuel. Unfortunately, most ICP sources require at least 5 L/min of argon. This makes inductively coupled plasma a rather expensive source. The argon atoms are ionized with a spark from tesla coil. These ions will circulate due to the magnetic field to produce heat and high temperatures. This will cause additional ions to be formed from the argon fuel. After a period of time, the torch will reach temperatures between 6 000 and 10 000 Kelvin.

Applications 
The high temperatures produced by ICP make it a popular source for many scientific experiments. This source had the advantage of providing strong signals and only small amounts of noise or interference. Also, the data obtained from experiments using an inductively coupled plasma source is often linear. This makes it easy for scientists to determine the amount of something in a sample. Some of the most common applications are 

 ICP-AES, a type of atomic emission spectroscopy
 ICP-MS, a type of mass spectrometry.
 ICP-RIE, a type of reactive-ion etching.

ICP-AES

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the most common applications of ICP. The plasma source is used to heat a sample. At high enough temperatures, electrons in the sample atoms will gain enough energy to move into an excited state. Energy is released in the form of photons when electrons "fall" from the excited state to a lower energy. The lower energy state is usually called the ground state of an atom.

The wavelength of the emissions are determined by a detector. Most atoms will emit light at different wavelengths so scientists may use this information to identify atoms in a sample. The intensity of emission is related to the amount of an atom in the sample. Scientist may use the wavelength and intensity to determine both the identity and amount of an atom. ICP-AES is often used for the detection of toxins, such as heavy metals. It may also be used for chemical studies.

Detection
Inductively coupled plasma source may be used for the detection of approximately 60 different elements. These include most alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metalloids, all transition metals, and some f-block elements.

Related pages
Plasma (physics)

References

Other websites 
 Inductively Coupled Plasma by Traci Bradford and M. Nicole Cook 

Electromagnetism
Spectroscopy
Andrea Sassetti

Andrea Sassetti (born 1960 in Fermo) is an Italian shoe designer and the owner of a fashion company named Andrea Moda. He owned a Formula One team also named Andrea Moda.

References

Living people
Italian sportspeople
Italian businesspeople
Italian fashion designers
1960 births
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born October 20, 1942 in Magdeburg) is a German biologist and biochemist. She won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 for her research on the genetic control of embryonic development which she shared with both Eric F. Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis. She has an asteroid named after called 15811 Nüsslein-Volhard. She started a foundation called the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation which helps young female German scientists with children.

References

1942 births
Living people
German developmental biologists
German geneticists
German biochemists
German Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Magdeburg
Na-NaNa-Na

"Na-NaNa-Na'" is a 2005 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American singer Jazze Pha. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Sweat. The song was released in 2005 in the United States. The song reached #65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2005 songs
'N' Dey Say

"N Dey Say'" is a 2005 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features a sample from the song True by Spandau Ballet. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Suit. The song was released on May 23, 2005. The song reached #6 on the UK Singles Chart, #21 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks and #64 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

Track listings

UK CD1 and Australian CD single
 "'N' Dey Say" – 3:34
 "'N' Dey Say" (Shake Ya Cookie remix) – 3:31
 "'N' Dey Say" (Craig Groove remix) – 3:54
 "Another One" – 4:39

UK CD2 and European CD single
 "'N' Dey Say"
 "'N' Dey Say" (Shake Ya Cookie remix)

UK 12-inch vinyl
A1. "'N' Dey Say"
A2. "Another One"
B1. "'N' Dey Say" (Shake Ya Cookie remix)
B2. "'N' Dey Say" (Craig Groove remix)

References 

Nelly songs
2005 songs
Grillz

"Grillz'" is a 2005 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features rapper Paul Wall, rap duo Ali & Gipp and singer Brandi Williams. It was the 13th track from his first compilation album Sweatsuit. The song was released on November 8, 2005. The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #11 on the Australia (ARIA) and #24 on the UK Singles Chart.

Nelly songs
2005 songs
Rice University

William Marsh Rice University, also called Rice University, is a private university in Houston, Texas. Rice was started in 1912.  It is ranked one of the best universities in the world, especially for undergraduate education.  Rice is named after the Houston businessman William Marsh Rice who provided the money in his will to begin the university.

Rice is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of study, for natural sciences, engineering, humanities, business, architecture, and music.  The students at Rice abide by an honor code that is strictly enforced.

References 

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Texas
Conference USA
Houston, Texas
1912 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Texas
Stonefly

The Stonefly or Plecoptera are an order of aquatic insects. There are some 3,500 described species worldwide, and new ones are still being discovered. Although stoneflies are found worldwide, they are absent from Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera. Their close relatives are identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods. True stoneflies, known from fossils, are only a little younger. The larva have claws on their legs. This allows them to better hang on to things in their environment and withstand stronger current. They need fast moving water in streams and rivers to survive. They cannot tolerate the low oxygen saturation found in warm water. They usually live in cold clean streams with a lot of turbulence (such as rapids). The adult stoneflies are easily identified by their wings that fold over their abdomen. The pteronarcys Stoneflies, found only in North American waters, live for several years.

References 
 

Insects
Nake M. Kamrany

Nake M. Kamrany (Born: August 29, 1934 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a professor at the University of Southern California and Afghan-American financial expert.

Kamrany wrote over 20 stories on the political economy of Afghanistan.  He worked as a Consultant to the United Nations and the U.S. Government.

References

Other websites 
 Home page

Living people
1934 births
Educators from Los Angeles
Afghan scientists
Mohammed Jamil Hanifi

Mohammed Jamil Hanifi (Born: 27 June 1935 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a writer of several books.

Hanifi got his Master's degree from Michigan State University. He got his Doctor of Philosophy from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. In 1981, Southern Illinois University staff learned that Hanifi copied a lot of his PhD dissertation (and a book based on it) from two other works that were not his. At the time, Hanifi was a professor at Northern Illinois University. Hanifi resigned from his position at that university.

References

Living people
1935 births
Embioptera

The Embioptera are an order of insects, commonly known as webspinners. 

Webspinners are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects. They are in the subclass Pterygota. The group first appeared during the Jurassic and is well represented in Cretaceous amber. The common name webspinner comes from the insects' ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs. They use the silk to make a web-like pouch or gallery in which they live. They feed on leaf litter, moss, bark and lichen. 

Occasionally they arrive in temperate countries, usually as passengers on cargo.

References 

Insects
Jane Maria Atkinson

Jane Maria Atkinson née Richmond (15 September 1824 to 29 September 1914) was a pioneer, writer, and the first British woman to climb Mt Taranaki.

Early life
Maria grew up in a Unitarian household. The early death of her father, Christopher Richmond, caused financial trouble for the family. At the age of 28, Maria and her family left for New Zealand along with the Hursthouses, Richmonds, and Ronalds. They came to Auckland May 25th, 1853. They moved to the early New Plymouth colony. She and Arthur Samuel Atkinson  found love on the ship. They married 30 December 1854.

New Zealand
Maria first was a pioneering housewife and mother.  She and Arthur moved to Nelson, New Zealand in 1867.  In Nelson she became active in the community.  She helped support women's right to vote, talked to many about forming a girl's college and guided a debate team.  The Atkinsons let teachers for Nelson College for Girls use their home called Fairfield House.

References

More reading
Born to New Zealand: A Biography of Jane Maria Atkinson by Frances Porter (1989, Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, Wellington) 

1824 births
1914 deaths
New Zealand people
Zoraptera

Zoraptera is a order of insects, is one of the least diverse and most poorly understood of insect lineages. Zoraptera are minute, hemimetabolous insects superficially resembling barklice (Psocoptera) or termites (Isoptera).

Description 
Individuals are generally less than 3 mm in total body length, exclusive of their antennae, and are gregarious. Overall, zorapterans are quite homogenous in their morphology and tend to be off-white (mostly nymphs) to brown in color. Individuals of each species occur in two morphs: eyed and winged forms that then shed their wings after dispersal or blind and apterous forms that predominate in colonies.

Insects
Mary Jane Bennett

Mary Jane Bennett (1816 to 6 July 1885) was the first official lighthouse keeper in New Zealand, and the only woman to have the position.

Personal life 
Mary moved to New Zealand in 1840.  She soon married George White Bennett.  In 1852 George took the position of lighthouse keeper at Pencarrow Head.  Following the death of her husband in 1855, Mary worked at the lighthouse.  In January 1859 a good lighthouse building was made.  She was selected as keeper.  Pencarrow Lighthouse was the first permanent lighthouse in New Zealand.

References

1816 births
1885 deaths
New Zealand people
Heni Materoa Carroll

Heni Materoa Carroll (1850s to November 1, 1930) also known as Te Huinga was a leader of the Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki (a group of the Māori)) and wife of politician James Carroll.

She became chief of her people when her mother died in 1887.  When her husband was elected to Parliament, she did not move from Gisborne.  During World War I she worked to support Māori soldiers.  She became chairperson of the Eastern Māori Patriotic Association.  She was given the Order of the British Empire in 1918.

References

1930 deaths
1850s births
New Zealand Māori people
Margaret Cruickshank

Dr Margaret Barnett Cruickshank (1 January 1873 – 28 November 1918) was the first registered woman doctor in New Zealand.

Biography

Cruickshank studied at the University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine and was the second woman, following Emily Siedeberg, in New Zealand to complete medical school.  During World War I she planned the work of the Waimate Red Cross Fund. She died from the 1918 flu pandemic.

Legacy
In 1923 a memorial statue was shown at Seddon Square in Waimate. The plinth was prepared by Daniel Berry and the statue was carved by William Trethewey. In 1948 the maternity room in Waimate Hospital was named after her.

References

More reading
 Ancestry.com page

1873 births
1918 deaths
Deaths from influenza
New Zealand scientists
Physicians
Helsinki Stock Exchange

The Helsinki Stock Exchange (formerly OMX Helsinki,  officially NASDAQ OMX Helsinki) is a stock exchange that is in Helsinki, Finland. The Helsinki Stock Exchange was first made in October 7, 1912 when they made their first transaction. After that they had remained a "free form" type of financial association until 1984. Then it changed to a cooperative owned mostly by banks, traders, other companies and associations. The stock exchange lists 141 businesses.

Other websites
 

Stock exchanges in Europe
1912 establishments in Europe
Helsinki
1910s establishments in Finland
Kate Edger

Kate Milligan Evans Edger (January 6, 1857 to May 6, 1935) was the first woman in New Zealand to get a university degree and the first woman in the British Empire to get a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Edger's family moved from England to New Zealand in 1862.  On 11 July 1877, she graduated from the University of New Zealand.

Legacy
The Kate Edger Educational Charitable Trust gives money to help women get degrees.  In 2004 the Kate Edger Information Commons was formed at The University of Auckland.

References 

1857 births
1935 deaths
New Zealand people
John Ruganda

John Ruganda (30 May 1941 to 8 December 2007) was Uganda's best-known playwright.  Ruganda was also a professor at University of North, South Africa, University of Nairobi, and Makerere University.

Ruganda's plays "reflect the reality of the East African sociopolitical situation after independence."  He helped outline East African theater.  The Burdens (1972) and The Floods (1980) are regularly studied in literature classes.

Writing

Plays
 The Burdens, Kampala, Uganda, National Theatre, January 1970
 Black Mamba, Kampala, 1972
 The Good Woman of Setzuan, by Bertolt Brecht, translated into Swahili by Ruganda, Nairobi, Nairobi University Players, November 1978
 The Floods, Nairobi, French Cultural Centre, 1 March 1979
 Music without Tears, Nairobi, Nairobi University Players, February 1982
 Echoes of Silence, Nairobi, 1985

Television
 The Secret of the Season, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, March 1973
 The Floods, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, April 1973
 The Illegitimate, screenplay by Ruganda, Voice of Kenya, August 1982

References

More books
 Horn, "Uhuru to Amin: T he Golden Decade of Theatre in Uganda," Literary Half-Yearly, 19, no. 1 (1978): 22-49.
 Peter Nazareth, "Africa under Neocolonialism: New East African Writing". Busara, 6, no. 1  (1974): 19-32.
 Mineke Schipper. Theatre and Society in Africa (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1982).

1941 births
2007 deaths
Party People

"Party People'" is a 2008 Hip hop/crunk/rave/chopped and screwed/R&B/West coast hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features American singer Fergie. It was the first single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on March 18, 2008. The song reached #7 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #14 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, #14 on the UK Singles Chart and #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks, #23 on the German Singles Chart, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100, #40 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #46 on the Austrian Singles Chart, #52 on the Canadian Hot 100 and #62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.

Nelly songs
2008 songs
A Just Russia

A Just Russia  (, СР, Spravedlivaya Rossiya, SR), also translated as Fair Russia, is a social democratic party in Russia that currently holds 38/450 seats in the State Duma. The party was created on October 28, 2006.

Political parties in Russia
Nikolai Levichev

Nikolai Vladimirovich Levichev (, born May 28, 1953) is a Russian politician, and the leader of A Just Russia party. He was elected the party leader on April 16, 2011.

1953 births
Living people
Russian politicians