cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Historical linguistics

Historical linguistics is the study of language change. It has five main concerns:
to study changes in particular languages
to discover the pre-history of languages, and group them into language families (comparative linguistics)
to develop theories about how and why language changes
to describe the history of speech communities
to study the history of words, etymology.

History and development
Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity.

At first, historical linguistics was comparative linguistics. The focus was on the well-known Indo-European languages, many of which had long written histories. Scholars also studied the Uralic languages, another language family for which less early written material exists.

Since then, there has been linguistic work in non-European languages, such as on the Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages.

Comparative linguistics is now part of a discipline of historical linguistics. For Indo-European languages, comparative study is now a well-developed field. Most research is being carried out on their later development, such as the development of the modern standard varieties.

Some scholars have done studies attempting to establish super-families. They have, for example, linked Indo-European, Uralic, and other families into Nostratic. Such attempts have not been accepted widely. The information needed to establish relatedness becomes thinner the farther back. The time depth of linguistic methods is limited because of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. Scholars can trace language changes back to around 10,000 years. The dating of the various proto-languages is also difficult; several methods are available for dating, but only approximate results are possible.

References 

Branches of linguistics
Nostratic

Nostratic is a hypothetical language family which includes many of the present-day language families of Eurasia. The idea is that Nostratic was spoken after the ice sheets melted but before people spread out throughout Europe and Asia.

Many of today's languages are descendants of Nostratic, so it is thought. These include the Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic and Kartvelian languages. The Afroasiatic languages, native to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Near East, as well as the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent, are usually included as well.

The name "Nostratic" is derived from the Latin nostrates, meaning "us" (in other words, fellow countrymen). The idea was expanded in the 1960s by Soviet linguists, called the "Moscovite school" by Bomhard. It has received renewed attention in English-speaking academia since the 1990s.

The hypothesis is controversial and has varying degrees of acceptance amongst linguists worldwide. Some linguists are unsure.

The hypothetical ancestral language of the Nostratic family is called Proto-Nostratic. It would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BC, in the Epipalaeolithic period, near the end of the last glacial period.

Related pages 
Historical linguistics

References 

Linguistics
Seligman, Arizona

Seligman () is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 456 at the 2000 census.

Delgadillo's Snow Cap Drive-In is a popular tourist stop in the town.

References

Census-designated places in Arizona
Mediant (mathematics)

In mathematics, the mediant of two fractions

is 

.

It is commonly referred to as the freshman sum, due to it being a common mistake when people learn about the addition of fractions. The operation is between two fractions, therefore the way these fractions are represented influence the mediant. For example, the mediant of 1/1 and 1/2 is 2/3, but the mediant of 2/2 and 1/2 is 3/4, even though the sum of both is 3/2.

Mathematics
Numbers
Arithmetics
Chamaerops

Chamaerops is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae (palm family). There is one species called Chamaerops humilis (European fan palm, Mediterranean dwarf palm or dwarf fan palm). It is the only palm species native to continental Europe. It is found in coastal areas of southern France, Morocco and Italy. It is a shrub-like clumping palm, with several stems growing from a single base. The stems grow slowly and often tightly together, eventually reaching 2–5 m tall.

References 

Arecaceae
Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota

The Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota is a Franco-German military helicopter design. It is built from the EC145 twin-turboshaft helicopter. It replaces the Bell UH-1 Iroquois in medical flights. The UH-72 can also replace Bell OH-58A & C in communication and observation duties. The helicopter is built in the United States by American Eurocopter, a branch of Eurocopter.

Users 

Royal Thai Army.

 
 US Army.
 US Navy.

In the US Navy this helicopter is used by US Naval Test Pilot School in support filghts.

United States Army aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
Helicopters
Eurocopter
Eurocopter EC145

The Eurocopter EC145 is a civil and military twin-turboshaft helicopter. It is built in Germany. It is a modernized variant of the MBB/Kawasaki BK117. It is used for both transport and SAR. The UH-72 Lakota is a military variant for the US Army. The military variants are mainly known as Eurocopter EC645.

Users 

Helicopters
EC145
French military aircraft
German military aircraft
Theodore Miller Edison

Theodore Miller Edison (July 10, 1898 – November 24, 1992) was an American inventor and businessman. He was the fourth son of Thomas Edison.

Edison worked for his father's company, Thomas A. Edison, Inc., starting as a lab assistant. He later started his own company, Calibron Industries, Inc. After that, he built his own laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey. He earned over 80 patents in his career.

Businesspeople from New Jersey
Scientists from New Jersey
American inventors
1898 births
1992 deaths
Alexis Hunter

Alexis Jan Atthill Hunter (4 November 1948 – 24 February 2014) was a contemporary New Zealand painter and photographer. She used feminist theory in her work and was a member of Stuckism.

Hunter was born in Epsom, Auckland. Her and her sister, Alyson, were twins. Her parents were from Australia. She married to Baxter Mitchell from 1986 until her death.

Hunter died from motor neurone disease on 24 February 2014 in London, England. She was 65.

References

Other websites

 
 

1948 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Disease-related deaths in England
Feminists
New Zealand painters
People from Auckland
Photographers
Twin people
Maurice Faure

Maurice Faure (2 January 1922 – 6 March 2014) was a French politician and diplomat. He was a member of the French Resistance and a minister in several French governments. He was born in Azerat, Dordogne.

Faure died on 6 March 2014 in Cahors, Lot. He was 92 years old.

References

Other websites
 Maurice Faure at the European Parliament

1922 births
2014 deaths
French diplomats
French people of World War II
Government ministers of France
MEPs for France
People from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Manlio Sgalambro

Manlio Sgalambro (9 December 1924 – 6 March 2014) was an Italian philosopher, poet and writer. He wrote poetry between the 1940s until his death. He was born in Lentini, Province of Syracuse.

Sgalambro died on 6 March 2014 in Catania. He was 89 years old.

References

Other websites

 

1924 births
2014 deaths
Italian poets
Italian writers
People from Sicily
Italian philosophers
Shamrock Summit

The Shamrock Summit was a summit meeting that took place in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada during March 1985. It was a meeting between Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney and President of the United States Ronald Reagan. 

It was nicknamed the "Shamrock Summit" because both leaders had an Irish background. The meeting is well known because both leaders began to sing the song "When Irish Eyes are Smiling".

References

1985 in Canada
Diplomatic conferences
Quebec City
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Coleen Gray

Coleen Gray (October 23, 1922 – August 3, 2015) was an American movie, stage and television actress. 

She was known for her roles in Nightmare Alley, Kiss of Death, Red River, and in The Killing. She began her acting career in 1944. Gray retired in 1988. 

Gray was born in Staplehurst, Nebraska. She studied at Hamlin University. 

Gray was married to Rodney Amateau from 1945 until they divorced in 1949. Then, she was married to William Bidlack from 1953 until his death in 1978. They had a son, Bruce Bidlack. She was last married to Fritz Zeiser from 1979 until his death in 2012. 

Gray died in Los Angeles, California, aged 92.

Other websites

1922 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Nebraska
Naantali

Naantali is a city in Finland. It had 19,000 living there in February 2014. The municipalities next to it are Parainen, Masku, Raisio, Taivassalo and Turku.

Other websites 

 The official page 

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Southwest Finland
Aaron Carter

Aaron Charles Carter (born December 7, 1987) is an American pop singer.He was born in Tampa, Florida. He became famous in the late 1990s.

Career
Carter started his music career when he was seven years old as the singer of Dead End. He left the band after two years.

Carter performed for the first time on his own in Berlin in March 1997 as the opening act for Backstreet Boys. He was 9 years old. After this he was signed to Edel America. His first album Aaron Carter was released in December 1997 in Europe. It was released in the United States on June 16, 1998. 

Carter acted in the 2004 movie Fat Albert.

Carter has an older brother, Nick, and three sisters, Angel (twin sister), B.J. and Leslie.

References

Other websites
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004809/ IMDB

1987 births
American child singers
American pop singers
Living people
Singers from Tampa, Florida
Alejandro Zaffaroni

Alejandro Zaffaroni (February 27, 1923 – March 1, 2014) was a Uruguayan–American entrepreneur. He is best known for founding several successful biotechnology companies in Silicon Valley. He was born in Montevideo.

Zaffaroni died from complications of dementia on March 1, 2014 at his home in Atherton, California. He was 91 years old.

References

Other websites
 Alejandro Zaffaroni interview  at the TheTech

1923 births
2014 deaths
Businesspeople from California
Deaths from dementia
People from Montevideo
Martin Nesbitt (politician)

Martin Luther Nesbitt, Jr. (September 25, 1946 – March 6, 2014) was an American Democratic member of the North Carolina Senate. He represented the 49th district (Buncombe County). He was born in Asheville, North Carolina.

Nesbitt died from stomach cancer on March 6, 2014 in his hometown of Asheville, North Carolina. He was 67.

References

Other websites
 

1946 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from stomach cancer
People from Asheville, North Carolina
Politicians from North Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
The Stone Roses

The Stone Roses are an English rock band fronted by Ian Brown. It was started in Manchester in 1983.

History
In 1989 the band released their first album The Stone Roses. Seven singles were released from the album which went on to be voted the best British album of all time. 

In 1994 the band released their second album, Second Coming. In 1996 the band broke up. The band got back together in 2011. On May 21 2012 the band announced a reunion tour and performed for the first time in 16 years. In 2013 a documentary called The Stone Roses: Made of Stone was released. 

The band split up for a second time in 2017.

References

1980s British music groups
1980s establishments in England
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
Folland Gnat

The Folland Gnat is a British fighter aircraft. It was also used as a training aircraft. The Folland Gnat is a single-turbojet aircraft. It is completely made of metal. The Gnat was used by RAF's Red Arrows as a team plane. Finland also used it. In India the aircraft company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited built this aircraft as HAL Ajeet.

Royal Air Force aircraft
Indian military aircraft
IAR-99

The IAR-99 is a military training jet aircraft. It was designed and built in Romania by IAR (Industria Aeronautică Română). The IAR-99 was flown for the first time in 1985. It is used only by the Romanian Air Force.

Bibliography 
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London : Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

Military aircraft
Romania
Arado Ar 234

The Arado Ar 234 was the first twin-turbojet bomber in the world. It was designed and built by the Arado company in Nazi Germany. The Ar 234 was used by the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe) near the end of World War II. It was flown for the first time in 1943.

Bibliography 
 

World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft
Boeing C-40 Clipper

The Boeing C-40 Clipper is a military variant of the Boeing 737-700C. It is used by the US Air Force and the US Navy. Only 19 versions have been built. The C-40A version is built for the US Navy. It is used to provide logistics support. The C-40A is capable of carrying 121 passengers, cargo, or cargo and passengers. The C-40B is the US Air Force model. It is designed to be an "office in the sky" for senior military and government leaders.

C-40
United States Air Force aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
Chernóbil, la noche del fin del mundo

Chernóbil, la noche del fin del mundo () is a Spanish documentary. It was produced by Plural Entertainment. It is hosted by Iker Jiménez and his partner and wife, Carmen Porter.

The documentary is about the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. It was broadcast for the first time on 11 June 2008 at Yelmo Islazul cinemas in Madrid.

Documentary movies
Spanish-language movies
Spanish movies
2008 movies
Luis Villoro

Luis Villoro Toranzo (3 November 1922 – 5 March 2014) was a Spanish–Mexican philosopher,  researcher, university professor, diplomat, academic and writer. He published more than ten books between 1950 and 2007. He was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Villoro died from respiratory failure on 5 March 2014 in Mexico City. He was 91 years old.

References

Other websites
 Luis Villoro at the Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas

1922 births
2014 deaths
Academics
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Mexico
Mexican educators
Politicians from Mexico City
Writers from Mexico City
Writers from Barcelona
Spanish philosophers
Welsh English

Welsh English (or Wenglish) () is a mixture of Welsh and English. It is mainly spoken by people in Wales. There are also variations (the use of different words and grammar) of Welsh English spoken in different parts of Wales. This is in addition to the several different accents that are used throughout Wales.

British English
Welsh culture
Lappajärvi

Lappajärvi is a municipality in Finland. It had 3,310 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Evijärvi, Kauhava, Lapua, Veteli and Vimpeli.

Some villages 
Mynkelinmäki, Nissi, Itäkylä, Savonkylä, Tarvola and Karvala.

Other websites 

 Tervetuloa Lappajärvelle!

Municipalities of Finland
Eye contact

Eye contact occurs when "two people look at each other's eyes at the same time".

Eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication. It is a meaningful sign of social communication, but exactly what it means depends on the situation. The customs and significance of eye contact vary widely between cultures, with religious and social differences often altering its meaning greatly.

Eye contact and facial expressions give social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. Sometimes, the meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.

Eye contact is also an important element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the other's interest in some situations.

Different societies 
In traditional societies, the role of women is usually very different from men. So, women lower their eyes, and do not to look directly at a man's face.  Lustful glances at the opposite sex, young or adult, are forbidden. 

Another social difference is that of status. Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.

In many cultures, such as East Asia and Nigeria, it is respectful not to look the dominant person in the eye, but in Western culture this can be interpreted as being "shifty-eyed", or untrustworthy.

References 

Non-verbal communication
Lexington, Massachusetts

Lexington is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Its population in the 2010 census was 31,394. It is famous for being the place where the American Revolutionary War began, with the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775.

Cities in Massachusetts
Hellmuth Walter

Hellmuth Walter (26 August 1900 in Wedel near Hamburg – 16 December 1980 in Upper Montclair, New Jersey) was a German engineer. He pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines. 

His most noteworthy contributions were rocket motors for the Messerschmitt Me 163 and Bachem Ba 349 fighter planes. He designed JATO (jet-assisted take-off) units for various Luftwaffe aircraft during World War II, and a revolutionary new propulsion system for submarines known as air-independent propulsion (AIP).

In 1945 he got the Knight's Cross for his work. After the war he worked for the Royal Navy and in America. Finally, in 1956, he founded the company Hellmuth Walter GmbH in Kiel. In 1967 he built a civilian submarine, STINT, with Walter propulsion.

References 

1900 births
1980 deaths
German engineers
Kronoby

Kronoby () is a municipality in Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had about 6,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Evijärvi, Kaustinen, Kokkola, Luoto, Pedersöre and Veteli. 

The municipality was established in 1607.

References

Other websites 
The official page
 

Municipalities of Finland
Kaustinen

Kruunupyy is a municipality in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 4,293 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Halsua, Kokkola, Kruunupyy  and Veteli.

The municipality was established in 1868.

Other websites 

 The official page

Municipalities of Central Ostrobothnia
1868 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in Finland
Instagram

Instagram (sometimes shortened to Insta or IG) is an online photo and video sharing social networking service. It allows users to take pictures and videos, add digital filters to them and share them to their followers. They can then share them on a variety of social networking services, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Flickr.

Until 2015, Instagram confined photos to a square shape, similar to Kodak Instamatic and Polaroid images. This was different than the 4:3 aspect ratio typically used by digital cameras. Users were able to share very short videos. In 2017, the length limit was raised to ten minutes.
 
Instagram was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. When Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger talked to famous NY Photographer Peter Parker, a photographer for the Daily Bugle, Systrom and Krieger were inspired to make an app just for photography. It was released on October 6, 2010.

As of December 2021, Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed celebrity on Instagram.

References

Other websites
How to delete Instagram account in app

2010 establishments in the United States
Photography
Companies based in San Francisco
Social networking
2010s establishments in California
Technology
Websites established in the 2010s
Guy Lafleur

Guy Damien "The Flower"/"Le Démon Blond" Lafleur OC, CQ (born September 20, 1951) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. Lafleur became the first player in the National Hockey League to score 50 goals and 100 points in six straight seasons. Lafleur spent 17 seasons in the NHL between the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Quebec Nordiques. During his time in the NHL, he won five Stanley Cups.

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988.

References

Other websites

1951 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Memorial Cup winners
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Order of Canada
Living people
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Quebec Nordiques players
Stanley Cup champions
Halsua

Halsua is a municipality in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 1,233 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kaustinen, Kokkola, Lestijärvi, Perho and Veteli.

Halsua was established 1868.

Many swamps cover the municipality's area, up to 60%.

Other websites 

 The official Halsua page

Municipalities of Central Ostrobothnia
Daniel Sturridge

Daniel Andre Sturridge (born 1 September 1989) is an English footballer. He plays for Liverpool and the England national team as a striker.

References 

1989 births
Living people
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Black British sportspeople
Chelsea F.C. players
English footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from Birmingham
Premier League players
Battle of Glorieta Pass

The Battle of Glorieta Pass was a battle during the American Civil War. It was fought in New Mexico Territory on 28 March 1862.  It was one of the farthest west battles of the war. There was a skirmish (or minor battle between small groups) on March 26. This was between scouting parties from each army. The main battle took place on March 28. The Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass. However, the Confederates had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses were run off. Eventually, the Confederates had to leave the territory and return to Texas.

References

Other websites 
The Battle of Glorieta Pass: A Shattered Dream, National Park Service 

Glorieta Pass, Battle of
1862 in the United States
History of New Mexico
March 1862 events
Bugsy Siegel

Benjamin Siegel (February 28, 1906 – June 20, 1947) was an American mobster with the Luciano crime family. He was Jewish.

Siegel was a sociopath who had a criminal record for rape, robbery and murder. Siegel was one of the founders and leaders of Murder, Inc. and became a bootlegger during Prohibition. After Prohibition was repealed in 1933, he turned to gambling. He was one of the key people in the rise of Las Vegas in the 1940s.

Warren Beatty starred as Siegel in the 1991 movie of his life, Bugsy. Siegel was the model for the character Moe Greene in The Godfather (Godfather part I).

References

1906 births
1947 deaths
American gangsters
American murderers
American murder victims
American rapists
American robbers
Criminals from New York City
Jewish American criminals
Murdered criminals
Murders by firearm in California
People murdered in California
People with antisocial personality disorder
Unsolved murders in the United States
Mid Suffolk

Mid Suffolk is a local government district of Suffolk in the East of England. It was formed on 1 April 1974. It has 122 parishes and towns. In 2011, 97,100 people lived there.

1974 establishments in England
Suffolk boroughs
Parliamentary republic

A parliamentary republic is a name for a government. The system is used in many countries.

What it looks like
In a parliamentary system, the legislature is the part of government that makes laws. The legislature also gives power to the executive (the part of government that enforces laws). This is the basic form of a parliamentary republic. The difference is how the legislature gets its power. The legislature is not chosen by a ruler or by birth. The peoples choose the legislature in an election. This means that the executives get their power from the legislature, but the legislature gets its power from the people.

How it works
The people choose the legislature. There are many people in the legislature. That group then gets together to choose one person to be their leader. The leader is often part of the legislature. The name for this job is Prime Minister in most countries. The Prime Minister is the head of government. This person leads the country. This way, the people are the power behind the parliamentary republic. They choose the units that make government work. 

This is different from other parliamentary systems because the legislature is chosen in a different way. In other parliamentary systems, members are chosen by the head of state, the local leaders, or by birth. In a parliamentary republic, the people choose the members. The people do this through elections. Sometimes they vote for every person in parliament. Other times they vote for people in their area. The politicians they elect go to parliament to make laws and select the head of state. This gives the people power to decide who is in government.

Examples

Notes

References

Forms of government
Systems
Parliaments
Chicagoland (TV series)

"Chicagoland" is a documentary series based in Chicago, Illinois. It is produced by Robert Redford. Its pilot episode was premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 19. It was aired on CNN on March 6, 2014. The documentary is about the problems facing both the city and its mayor Rahm Emanuel. The series ended on April 24, 2014.

References

2010s American television series
Documentaries
Television series set in Chicago, Illinois
Nicolaas Bloembergen

Nicolaas "Nico" Bloembergen (March 11, 1920 – September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-American physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981. 

He won the award with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn. He won the prize for his works in laser spectroscopy.

Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht, Netherlands. He studied at Leiden University and at the University of Utrecht. Bloembergen became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1951.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2017 deaths
American academics
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Arizona
Dutch academics
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Dutch physicists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Dordrecht
Yulia Lipnitskaya

Yulia Lipnitskaya (; born on 5 June 1998) is a Russian figure skater. She is a 2014 Olympic champion in the figure skating team event, the 2014 World Championships silver medalist, the 2014 European champion, the 2013/14 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, the 2012 World Junior champion.

References

Other websites

 Julia Lipnitskaia at the International Skating Union
 Yulia Lipnitskaya  at the 2014 Winter Olympics

1998 births
Living people
Russian figure skaters
Olympic gold medalists
Francis George

Francis Eugene George OMI (January 16, 1937 – April 17, 2015) was an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was the eighth Archbishop of Chicago. George resigned in September 2014 because of health issues. Blase J. Cupich succeeded him. From 2007 to 2010, he was President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

George was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2012. George died in Chicago from the disease at the age of 78.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2015 deaths
American Roman Catholics
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Deaths from bladder cancer
People from Chicago
Roman Catholic archbishops
Harrison Dillard

William Harrison "Bones" Dillard (July 8, 1923 – November 15, 2019) was an American former track and field athlete. He was the only male so far to win Olympic titles in both sprinting and hurdling events. 

Dillard was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at East Technical High School and at Baldwin-Wallace College. Dillard died of stomach cancer in Cleveland on November 15, 2019 at the age of 96.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Ohio
Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
American track and field athletes
Fred Phelps

Fred Waldron Phelps Sr. (November 13, 1929 – March 19, 2014) was an American pastor, civil rights activist and disbarred lawyer. He was born in Meridian, Mississippi. He is best known for heading the Westboro Baptist Church (WBC), an independent Baptist church based in Topeka, Kansas. He was often called "the most hated man in America".

Early life
On September 3, 1935, when Phelps was five years old, his mother died of esophageal cancer.  After the death of their mother, Phelps and his younger sister were raised by their great-aunt Irene Jordan in Meridian. In 1950, Jordan died in a car accident. On December 25, 1944, Phelps' father married Olive Briggs, and Phelps and his sister were raised by their father and stepmother in Meridian.

Legal career
Phelps earned a law degree from Washburn University in 1964. He started the Phelps Chartered law firm. In 1989 Phelps' legal career ended.

Political views
Phelps was a member of the Democratic Party.

Death
Phelps died from congestive heart failure on the morning of March 19, 2014 in Topeka, Kansas. He was 84 years old.

References

Other websites

 
 

1929 births
2014 deaths
American activists
American Baptists
American civil rights activists
Lawyers from Mississippi
Anti-LGBT rights activists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Christian ministers
Deaths from congestive heart failure
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Mississippi
People from Topeka, Kansas
Lawyers from Kansas
Politicians from Kansas
Flight of the Conchords

Flight of the Conchords is a New Zealand comedy duo. They consist of Bret McKenzie and Jemaine Clement. Together they are actors, comedians and musicians. Their work spawned a BBC radio series and then a HBO television program Flight of the Conchords (2007–09).

The group was formed in Wellington during 1998.

References

Other websites

 
 

New Zealand television actors
New Zealand movie actors
Comedians
Grammy Award winners
People from Wellington
Rock bands
1998 in music
Jemaine Clement

Jemaine Atea Mahana Clement (born 10 January 1974) is a New Zealand comedian, actor and musician. He is best known as one half of the Grammy Award-winning comedy duo Flight of the Conchords with Bret McKenzie. He has starred in movies such as Gentlemen Broncos (2009), Rio (2011), Men in Black 3 (2012), The BFG and Moana (both 2016).

Clement was born in Masterton, Wellington Region. He is of Māori ancestry. He has a son with his wife, theatre actress and playwright Miranda Manasiadis.

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
Entertainers from North Island
Grammy Award winners
New Zealand comedians
New Zealand movie actors
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand Māori people
New Zealand singers
New Zealand television actors
People from Wellington
Geneva Summit (1985)

The Geneva Summit of 1985 was a meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. It was held on November 19 and 20, 1985. It was between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. 

The two leaders met for the first time. They met to hold talks about not to use nuclear weapons and to seek a partnership between the United States and the Soviet Union.

1985 in Europe
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Mikhail Gorbachev
Diplomatic conferences
20th century in Geneva
1985 in the United States
1980s in the Soviet Union
Moscow Summit (1988)

The Moscow Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. President of the United States Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. 

It was held on May 25 through June 3, 1988. The summit was held in order to seek peace and to ban nuclear weapon use between the Soviet Union and the United States. The treaty they signed was the INF Treaty.

1988 in the United States
Diplomatic conferences
20th century in Moscow
Mikhail Gorbachev
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1980s in the Soviet Union
Washington Summit (1987)

The Washington Summit of 1987 was Cold War-era summit meeting between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 8-10 in Washington, D.C.. 

Reagan and Gorbachev talked about problems in Afghanistan, Central America, and South Africa, arms control porblems for chemical weapons, the status of START agreements, and human rights. 

Reagan achieved the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty during the summit.

1987 in the United States
Diplomatic conferences
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Mikhail Gorbachev
1980s in Washington, D.C.
1980s in the Soviet Union
December events
Ristijärvi

Ristijärvi is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had 1,434 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Puolanka, Hyrynsalmi, Kuhmo, Sotkamo, and Paltamo.

Other websites 

 The official page

Municipalities of Kainuu
Lapua

Lapua is a city in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had almost 14,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Kauhava, Kuortane, Lappajärvi  and Seinäjoki.

Other websites 

 Perhekoon kaypunki

Cities in Finland
Vesilahti

Vesilahti is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 4,4800 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Akaa, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Sastamala and Urjala.

Other websites 

 The official Vesilahti page

Municipalities of Finland
Pirkkala

Pirkkala is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 18,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Tampere, Nokia, Lempäälä, and Vesilahti. Pirkkala has been growing fast but doesn't yet have the status of a town or city.

Other websites 

 The official Pirkkala page

Municipalities of Finland
Tamás Nádas

Tamás Nádas (20 March 1969 – 7 March 2014) was a Hungarian aerobatics pilot and world champion air racer. He was born in Kiskunlacháza, Hungary.

Nádas was killed when his plane crashed during an inverted (upside down) flyover at the Al Khor Airport in Al Khor, Qatar. He was 44 years old.

References

Other websites

 

1969 births
2014 deaths
Aviation deaths
Aviators
Hungarian sportspeople
Victor Shem-Tov

Victor Shem-Tov (, ; 1 February 1915 – 8 March 2014) was an Israeli politician. He was minister without portfolio from 1969 to 1970, minister of health from 27 July 1970 to 20 June 1977, and also minister of welfare and social services from 3 June 1974 to 29 October 1974.

Shem-Tov was born in Samokov, Bulgaria and mostly lived in the capital Sofia. In 1939, at the age of 24, he made aliyah. The same year he joined Hashomer Hatzair.

Shem-Tov died on 8 March 2014. He was 99 years old.

References

Other websites

 Bio at Knesset Website

1915 births
2014 deaths
Bulgarian Jews
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Jewish Israeli politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Jeremy Thorpe

John Jeremy Thorpe (29 April 1929 – 4 December 2014) was a British Liberal politician.

Thorpe was born in South Kensington, London, the son of former Conservative Member of Parliament John Henry Thorpe. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was the MP for North Devon from 1959 until 1979. He was leader of his party from 1967 until 1976.

In 1979 at the Central Criminal Court in London, Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder model Norman Scott.

The Scott affair 
In 1961, Norman Scott (b. 12 February 1940), a former model, met Thorpe while working as a stable lad. He claimed that he and Thorpe had a sexual relationship between 1961 and 1963, when homosexual acts were illegal in Britain.

Enquiries led to Thorpe and three others being charged with conspiracy to murder Scott. During the investigation, an antique firearms collector, Dennis Meighan, confessed he had been hired by a representative of a person called "a Mr Big in the Liberal Party" to kill Scott for £13,500. Meighan later claimed that his 1975 oral confession was significantly shortened when it was offered to him for signing: "I read the statement, which did me no end of favours, but it did Jeremy Thorpe no end of favours as well, because it left him completely out of it..." 

The judge's summing-up was widely criticised for its bias, and it made headlines when he described Scott as "a crook, an accomplished liar ... a fraud".   The four defendants were all acquitted on 22 June 1979. Dennis Meighan was never called to give evidence and remained silent until 2014, when he acknowledged his involvement and commented: "It was a cover-up, no question, but it suited me fine".

The Scott Affair ruined Thorpe, who resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, and was defeated at the next general election in 1979.

Personal life 
Thorpe was married to Caroline Allpass from 1968 until she was killed in a car crash in 1970. The couple's son was born in 1969. Thorpe was married to pianist Marion Stein (1926-2014) from 1973 until her death. Thorpe was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He died from the disease in London on 4 December 2014, aged 85.

References 

1929 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in London
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Party (UK)
Liberal Party MPs (UK)
People acquitted of murder
People educated at Eton College
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
Bristol Belvedere

The Bristol Belvedere was a British helicopter used for military transport. It was a tandem-rotor (2 rotor) aircraft with two turboshafts. 

Royal Air Force aircraft
Helicopters
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water

Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water is the third studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was released on October 17, 2000.

The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 1.05 million copies in its first week which made it the fastest-selling rock album ever, breaking the record which was held for 7 years by Pearl Jam's Vs. The album was also the 18th best-selling album of the 2000s in the US.

The album featured the singles "My Generation", "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)", "Take a Look Around", "Boiler", and "My Way".

Songs

References

2000 albums
Limp Bizkit albums
Nu metal albums
Significant Other (album)

Significant Other is the second studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. Significant Other was released on June 22, 1999.

The album featured the singles "Nookie", "Re-Arranged", "N 2 Gether Now", and "Break Stuff".

The band performed at Woodstock '99. When they performed, the crowd turned violent especially when the band performed the song "Break Stuff". Many several sexual assaults were reported in the aftermath of the concert. Durst announced during the concert that "People are getting hurt. Don't let anybody get hurt. But I don't think you should mellow out. That's what Alanis Morissette had you motherfuckers do. If someone falls, pick 'em up. We already let the negative energy out. Now we wanna let out the positive energy". Durst later said in an interview, "I didn't see anybody getting hurt. You don't see that. When you're looking out on a sea of people and the stage is twenty feet in the air and you're performing, and you're feeling your music, how do they expect us to see something bad going on?".

Songs

References

1999 albums
Limp Bizkit albums
Nu metal albums
Three Dollar Bill, Y'all

Three Dollar Bill, Y'all$ is the debut studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. Three Dollar Bill, Y'all$ was released on July 1, 1997.

The album featured the singles "Counterfeit", "Sour", and a cover of George Michaels' song "Faith". Guitarist Wes Borland said in an interview that George Michael hated Limp Bizkit's cover and "hates us for doing it".

The album had attracted controversy when Interscope Records paid a Portland, Oregon radio station $5,000 to play the single "Counterfeit" fifty times which attracted criticism of "payola" toward both the band and the label.

Songs

References

1997 albums
Limp Bizkit albums
Nu metal albums
Vyond

Vyond (formerly GoAnimate) is an American cloud-based web service. It is for creating and distributing animated videos. Founded by Alvin Hung on November 1 2007. Vyond allows users to develop narrative videos, in which characters speak with lip synching and move around. Users can also create video presentations with voices which can also move around. The service has multiple prices based on subscription level. There is a basic free version also. In October 2015, Vyond announced it was migrating to HTML5 starting on January 4, 2016.

References

Other websites 
Inspiration: How People Use GoAnimate
Tutorial: How To Use GoAnimate

Computer graphics
Web software
Convair R3Y Tradewind

The Convair R3Y Tradewind is a US military flying boat. It was first flown in 1954. The R3Y was used by Squadron VR-2 of the US Navy. It has four turboprop engines. The front of the R3Y-2 would open for loading and it had a high cockpit. It was intended to be taxied (moved in the water) to a beach like a landing craft. But pilots found it too hard to control.

References 

United States Navy aircraft
Shaanxi KJ-200

The Shaanxi KJ-200 is a Chinese military aircraft. It is designed to be an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft. It is a modification of the Y-8 transport aircraft. There are 3 examples in service in China.

Similar aircrafts 
 Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
 SAAB S-100

References 

Military aircraft
Transport in the People's Republic of China
Tachikawa Ki-36

The Tachikawa Ki-36 was a single-engine light attack aircraft. It was flown by Japan during World War II. The Ki-36 was first flown in 1938. It was not very fast having a top speed of only 217 mph.

References 

World War II Japanese aircraft
The End (A Series of Unfortunate Events)

The End is the thirteenth and last book in the series A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket. The book was released on Friday, October 13, 2006.

It reveals many secrets including the real meaning of V.F.D.; the secret organisation. It tells what is hidden in the famous Sugar Bowl.

References 

A Series of Unfortunate Events
2006 books
Dara Ó Briain

Dara Ó Briain (; born 4 February 1972) is an Irish comedian and television presenter. He is best known for hosting panel shows such as The Panel (2003–2011), Mock the Week (2005–present), Dara Ó Briain: School of Hard Sums (2012–present) and The Apprentice: You're Fired! (2006–present). He has also been on Don't Feed the Gondolas (1997–2001), Three Men in a Boat (2006–2011), Have I Got News for You (1990–present), QI (2003–present), Stargazing Live (2011–present), Dara Ó Briain's Science Club (2012–2013) and School of Hard Sums (2012–2014).

Ó Briain was born in Bray, County Wicklow. He has two children with his wife, Susan, a surgeon. They live in London, England.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1972 births
Living people
Irish stand-up comedians
Irish television personalities
Irish television presenters
People from County Wicklow
Graham Norton

Graham William Walker (born 4 April 1963), better known by his stage name Graham Norton, is an Irish actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for hosting So Graham Norton (1998–2002), V Graham Norton (2002–03), The Graham Norton Effect (2004), Graham Norton's Bigger Picture (2004–05) and The Graham Norton Show (2007–present).

Norton was born in Clondalkin, Dublin and grew up in Bandon, County Cork. He comes from a Protestant family. He is openly gay.

References

Other websites

 
 

1963 births
Living people
Gay men
Irish LGBT people
Irish movie actors
Irish stand-up comedians
Irish television actors
Irish television personalities
Irish television presenters
People from County Cork
People from Dublin
Baarle

The town of Baarle legally consists of two towns. Baarle-Nassau is in the Netherlands and Baarle-Hertog is in Belgium. The farmland surrounding the town is in the Netherlands. The town of Baarle-Hertog consists of 16 "islands" of Belgian territory within the Netherlands. Inside these islands are a further seven islands that are Dutch territory.

During the twelfth century the area was swampland.  In 1198 Hendrik I, the Duke of Brabant made over some of the land to Godfried of Schoten, the Lord of Breda. Hendrick kept the lands that were paying him a rent. The area that Hendrick kept is now part of Belgium. The area that was given to Gotfried is now in the Netherlands. The title "Lord of Breda" is now held by Willem-Alexander, king of the Netherlands.  The title, "Duke of Brabant" is now a courtesy title of the heir to the Belgian throne.

Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau each have a burgermeester (mayor). Each town has its own elected town council and each has a police station. Each town has its own church. In some areas the two town councils can cooperate. They have set up a joint council to look after things like electricity, water and gas supplies, highway maintenance and refuse collection. 

Both councils also fund a joint cultural centre that houses a combined library. The cultural centre has two official entrances. The international border passes through the building. The Dutch entrance is at 7 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The Belgian entrance is at 5 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The tourist office is affiliated to both the Dutch and the Belgian tourist boards.    

Dutch trading law applies to the Dutch parts of the town. Belgian trading laws apply to the Belgian parts of the town. Difference in the laws have encouraged smuggling. After the Second World War many people smuggled butter from the Netherlands into Belgium. In modern times many people buy fireworks in Belgium and smuggle them into the Netherlands.

References

Settlements in Belgium
Settlements in North Brabant
Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370, also named under a codeshare agreement as China Southern Airlines Flight CZ748) is a missing Malaysia Airlines international passenger flight. The aircraft had 227 passengers and twelve crew members on board.

Flight 370 left Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, at 00:41 on 8 March 2014 (MST; UTC+8) for a scheduled six-hour flight to Beijing, China. Subang Air Traffic Control Centre lost contact with the plane at about 01:22, while over the Gulf of Thailand. It was reported missing at 02:40.

The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is investigating to see if terrorism is involved. Two passengers, one from Austria and another one from Italy, were named on the manifest. However, they were later discovered not to have been on board, their passports having been stolen. Meanwhile, Malaysian authorities are also ruling the identity of two other passengers to be false.

On 24 March 2014, officials with both Malaysia Airlines and the Malaysian government stated that while the aircraft's whereabouts were still not known, "unparalleled" analyses by the United Kingdom's Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) and UK satellite company Inmarsat indicated that it had crashed into the southern Indian Ocean. It was presumed by these officials that all 239 people aboard died. 

On 29 July 2015, a flaperon was found on a beach in Saint-André, on Réunion island. On 5 August, the Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak announced that the found flaperon was confirmed to be from flight MH370's aircraft.

References

2014 disasters in Asia
Aviation disasters in Asia
Aviation disasters in the 2010s

History of Malaysia
March events
SAAB S-100

The SAAB S-100 is a Swedish military aircraft. It is designed to be an AWACS aircraft. It was built form the SAAB 340's airliner.

Bibliography 
 

Military aircraft
Transport in Sweden