cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ghost Festival

The Ghost Festival, also called the Hungry Ghost Festival, is held on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month. Both Buddhists and Taoists celebrate this festival. The belief is that the gate to the underworld opens on the first day of the seventh lunar month. This month is regarded as the Ghost Month. All of the ghosts and spirits are released from hell. They are free to wander for the whole month. People hold ceremonies to welcome the ghosts and spirits.

History 
Traditionally, the Chinese call Ghost Festival "Chung-yuan Festival". Taoists believe it is the birthday of Yenlo Wang, the Demon King. In the first half of the 6th century AD it became a Buddhist festival. It has kept the same form since then. During the 20th century Republican and Communist governments saw this as a relic of the past.  The People’s Republic of China did not allow public religious celebrations including ghost festivals. But reforms in the 1970s allowed these festivals to return.

Traditional Rituals

The Offering Ritual 
The offering ritual is the most important part of the celebration. People arrange long tables in front of the houses and temples. This is for offering food to ghosts. At the height of the celebration priests toss food and candy in the air. This is to feed the hungry ghosts. Children, and sometimes adults, scramble to gather the sweets. People also offer the ghosts incense, paper clothes and "spirit money".

Salvation Lanterns 
Salvation lanterns are used to guiding the wandering spirits and evil ghosts. They are placed at the doors of homes and temples. The lanterns are set up on the last day of the end of the sixth lunar month. They are lit at midnight each night during Ghost month. When the gates to the ghost world are closed, the lanterns are put away.

Releasing Water Lanterns  
Water lanterns are for the water ghosts who died from drowning. They illuminate the waterways to bring ghosts up to the celebrations. This allows the ghosts from the underworld and underwater are able to be in the same space peacefully.

Stealing the Lone Object 
The stealing the lone object activity is called “Chiang-Gu”. This is celebrated in Yi-Lan. Competitors climb up a tall tower to reach a prize. The game was banned for some time due to people falling and being injured or killed. In 1991 the game was brought back.

Closing the gate of the underworld 
On the first day of the eighth month in the lunar calendar the gates to the temples are closed. This represents the end of the Ghost month. It is the time for the wandering souls to go back to the underworld. A Taoist priest uses a sword to expel away the wandering soul. He shuts the gate of the underworld in the northeast position, and brings the event to a successful close.

Ghost festivals are celebrated across Asia. This includes China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan. It is also celebrated by many of the 34 million Chinese who live overseas.

References

Other websites 
 Hungry Ghost Festival..., Huffington Post
 Hungry Ghost Festival Singapore
 In pictures: Hungry Ghost Festival, BBC News
 Hungry Ghost Festival in Malaysia,  USA Today

Chinese culture
Traditions
Peter A. Peyser

Peter A. Peyser (September 7, 1921 – October 9, 2014) was an American politician. He was a United States Representative from New York. He served as representative from 1971 to 1977 as a Republican and from 1979 to 1983 as a Democrat.

On October 9, 2014, he died of Parkinson's disease. He was 93.

References

1921 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States representatives from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Mona G:s orkester

Mona G:s orkester was a dansband in Växjö, Sweden, founded in 1996 in that town by Mona Gustafsson, Patrik Ahlm and René Saulesco, former members of Leif Bloms, which had been disbanded on 31 December 1996. The band's first gig was at "Sommarlust" in Kristianstad during the 1996 Epiphany holiday.

Discography

Albums 
"Många vackra stunder" - 2001
"Du finns alltid i mitt hjärta" - 2006

Singles 
"Lite av din tid lite av din kärlek/Ung blåögd och blyg" - 1996
"Med dig är himlen alltid blå/Vägen hem till dig" - 1996
"La Romantica" - 1998
"Vid älvens strand" - 1998
"Aldrig nån som du" - 1999
"Jag hörde änglarna sjunga" - 1999
"Bortom natten finns en dag" - 2001
"Ditt liv är nu" - 2002
"Trivselvarning special" - 2002
"Om så himlen faller ner" - 2003
"Vem ska älska dig som jag" - 2004
"Om du tror att jag glömt" - 2004
"Jag ska inte räkna tårarna" - 2005
"Vem kan älska dig som jag"/"Jag ska inte räkna tårarna" - 2005
"Du finns alltid i mitt hjärta" - 2006
"Inte en dag utan dig (i mina tankar) (radio single) - 2006
"Så länge mina ögon ser" (radio single) - 2007
"Hur kan du tro att jag ska glömma" - 2008

Video 
"La Romantica" - 1998

Svensktoppen songs 
"Med dig är himlen alltid blå" - 1996
"Aldrig nå'n som du" - 1999
"Jag hörde änglarna sjunga" - 1999

Failed to enter chart 
"La Romantica" - 1998

References 

1996 establishments in Europe
2009 disestablishments in Europe
Dansbands
1990s establishments in Sweden
2000s disestablishments in Sweden
Fernandoz

Fernandoz is a Swedish dansband formed in 1986 in Vitsand, near Torsby. They had a big hit in 1991 entitled with the song "Jag vet att jag vill ha dig". The band won the "svenska dansbandsmästare" award in 1993 and soon begun to appear at Bingolotto. Their most recognized hits include "Guld och gröna skogar", "En dag den sommaren", "När ett hjärta har älskat" Band guitarist Conny Ohlson and singer Anders Nordlund have won a Swedish Grammy "Guldklaven" for their work.

Members
Because of its long existence, the band has seen many changes. 

Present members:
Anders Nordlund (1990-) - Solo singer, bass, guitar, accordion
Tom Manninen (2004-) - Saxophone, guitar, vocals
Kevin B. Nordlund (augusti 2010-) - Keyboards, accordion, vocals
Thomas Wikström (2011-) - Drums, vocals

Earlier members:
Stefan Olsson - Guitar (1986 - 1997)
Erik Strandberg - Keyboards, accordion (1986 - 1990)
Peter Stolpe - Bass (1986 - 1990)
Lars "i vika" Olsson - Drums, vocals (1986 - 1990)
Christer Strandberg - Guitar, vocals (1986 - 1987)
Lars-Inge Bergström - Guitar, vocals (1987 - 1989)
Karl-Olof Werner - Saxophone, guitar, vocals (1989 - 2004)
Per-Olov Olsson - Keyboards, accordion, saxophone, vocals (1991 - 1998)
Martin Säfström - Drums, vocals (1991 - 1992)
Mikael Kvarnlöv - Drums (1992 - 1998)
Kenneth Herrgård - Keyboards, accordion, saxophone, vocals (1998 - 2007)
Peter Månsson - Drums (1998 - 2001)
J-O Ekström - Drums, vocals (2001 - 2002)
Robert Eriksson - Drums (2002 - 2003)
Mattias Berghorn - Drums, vocals (2003 - 2005)
Göran Landberg - Drums (2005 - 2006)
Conny Haglund - Keyboards (2007 - 2008)
Git Persson - Accordion, vocals (2007 - 2009)
Svante Gustavsson - Keyboards, accordion, vocals (2009 - 2010)
Conny Ohlson - Guitar, steel guitar (1997 - 2011)
Conny Falk - Drummer, vocals (2006 - 2011)

Discography

Albums
Studio albums

Compilation albums
1995: Mitt liv med dig
1998: När ett hjärta har älskat
2002: En dag den sommaren
2006: Maria Therese
2008: Mest av allt - Fernandoz bästa låtar (Reached number 56 in Swedish Albums Chart)
2009: Upp till dans 11 (Expressens dansbandssatsning 2009)

Singles
1993: "Jag vill ha dig" / "Stand by Me" / "Café Nostalgi" / "What a Wonderful World"
1993: "Radio Luxemburg/Elvis Medley"
1994: "Våga tro på kärleken" / "The Great Pretender" / "Härliga lördag"
1994: "Dina ögon svarar ja" / "Det är dig jag tänker på"
1996: "När alla vindarna vänder" / "Stuck on You"
2000: "Störst av allt är kärleken" / "I kväll så ska det hända"
2001: "Tomma löften" / "Far och son i okänt land"
2001: "Stjärnor ska tändas i natt" / "Rock'N'Roll Crazy"
2003: "Vem får din kärlek i natt" / "I natt jag drömde"

Svensktoppen songs
1995: "Dina ögon svarar ja"
1995: "Mitt liv med dej" with Christina Lindberg
1997: "När alla vindarna vänder"
1997: "När ett hjärta har älskat"
1998-9: "Guld och gröna skogar"
1999: "En dag den sommaren"
1999: "Midnight Rendez-Vous"
2000: "Störst av allt är kärleken"
2001: "Tomma löften"
2002: "Stjärnor ska tändas i natt
Non-charting
1994: "Våga tro på kärleken"
1997: "Livets källa"
2008: "En helt ny dag"

References

Other websites
Official website

Dansbands
Musical groups established in 1986
Helene & gänget

Helene & gänget was a dansband in Kristianstad in Sweden. It was founded in 1990 by members of the Färmarna dansband. The band broke through in 1995 with the album Segla din båt i hamn. The band broke up in 2002 and its singer Helene Persson begun acting as SR Kristianstad programme host. Famous songs recorded by the band are Segla din båt i hamn, En korg med blommor and Nånstans så finns du.

Members
Helene Persson - vocals (1990-2002)
 Henric Svensson - keyboars (1990-1994)
 Lars Färm - guitar (1990-1996)
Magnus Olsson - drums (1990-2002)
Roland Andersson - bass (1990-2002)
Fredrik Jansson - keyboard, accordion, vocals (1994-1998)
Ulf Nilsson - guitar (1996-1997)
 Mattias Olofsson - guitar (1997-2002)
 Magnus Persson - keyboard, accordion, vocals (1998-2002)

Discography

Albums
Segla din båt i hamn - 1995
Det är du som är livet - 1997
Helene & gänget - 1998
Som ett ljus - 2000

Compilation albums
Stå på egna ben - 1996
Gløm inte bort - 1998
Nånstans så finns du - 2001

EP's
Strunta i etiketten - 1993

Singles
Sticka iväg/Vinden har vänt - 1990
Jag sjunger för dej (I Write You a Love Song) - 1991
Enkel resa/Jag sjunger för dej (I Write You a Love Song) - 1991
Vindens sång/drömmar av guld - 1993
Segla din båt i hamn/Om du ger mig tid - 1994
Nyckeln till mitt hjärta/Rätt eller fel - 1997
En korg med blommor/Om man tar varje dag som den kommer - 1997
Över land, över hav/En man för en kvinna som jag - 2001
Så speglas kärleken/Fågel, fisk & mittemellan - 2002

Svensktoppen songs
Varje morgondag - 1994
Segla din båt i hamn - 1995
Stå på egna ben - 1995
Glöm inte bort - 1996-1997
En korg med blommor - 1997
Det är du som är livet - 1997
Mitt livs lyckligaste sommar - 1998
En enda fråga - 1999
Som ett ljus - 1999-2000
En liten, liten bit - 2000
Låt ödet styra - 2000
Nånstans så finns du - 2000
Över land, över hav - 2001
Så speglas kärleken - 2002

Failed to enter Svensktoppen 
Jag sjunger för dig -1991
Drömmar av guld-1992
Du får mig att längta - 1998

References

Other websites
 Helene & gänget 

2002 disestablishments in Europe
Dansbands
Musical groups established in 1990
1990 establishments in Sweden
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2000s disestablishments in Sweden
Sarracenia

Sarracenia ( or ) is a genus of 8 to 11 species of carnivorous plants. They are often called trumpet pitchers.  The genus is in the family Sarraceniaceae. That family also contains  Darlingtonia and Heliamphora.

In the wild, Sarracenia grows around the East Coast of the United States, Texas, the Great Lakes area and southeast Canada.  Most species grow only in the southeast United States. Only S. purpurea can live in cold places. The plant's leaves have evolved into a funnel in order to trap insects. The plant digests its food with proteases and other enzymes.

Ericales
Carnivorous plants
Jan Hooks

Janice "Jan" Hooks (April 23, 1957 – October 9, 2014) was an American actress and comedian. She was best known for her work on NBC's Saturday Night Live (SNL). She starred in SNL from 1986 to 1991. She was also known for her roles in Designing Women, 3rd Rock From the Sun, The Simpsons, and in Batman Returns. 

Hooks died on October 9, 2014 in Woodstock, New York from non-chemo reactive throat cancer, aged 57.

References

Other websites
 
 Notice of death of Jan Hooks, tmz.com; October 9, 2014; accessed October 9, 2014
 "SNL" sketch - Jan Hooks as Bette Davis in a videotaped reading of her will, NBC.com; accessed October 9, 2014

1957 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
Cancer deaths in New York
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Decatur, Georgia
Karen Lewis

Karen Lewis  (June 26, 1953 – February 7, 2021) was an American Chicago Public Schools teacher and labor leader.  She was the president of the Chicago Teachers Union from 2010 to 2014. She was a former King College Prep High School and Lane Technical High School chemistry teacher. She was a teacher for 22 years.

Lewis was considering running for Mayor of Chicago in 2015. In July 2014 poll, Lewis defeated Emanuel in a hypothetical electoral contest by 45-36 . She decided not to run for mayor due to health issues and endorses Chuy Garcia.

On October 9, 2014, Lewis was hospitalized for a "serious illness". At the time, no further details about Lewis' health have been revealed. On October 13, a source confirmed that Lewis had been diagnosed with glioblastoma. 

Lewis died from problems caused by the cancer in Chicago on February 7, 2021 at the age of 67.

References

1953 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from glioblastoma
American teachers
American labor leaders
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Educators from Chicago
Sphagnum

Sphagnum is a genus of about 120 species of mosses. Sphagnum moss can store water. Both living and dead plants can soak up water. Each sphagnum plant can hold up to 1 billion times as much water as their dry weight, depending on the species.

Sphagnum helps make peat bogs in temperate wetlands.

References 

Bryophytes
Denard Span

Keiunta Denard Span (born February 27, 1984) is an American professional baseball player for the Tampa Bay Rays. He is an outfielder. He has also played for the Minnesota Twins, Washington Nationals, and the San Francisco Giants.

Span bats and throws left-handed. He is also one of the top defensive players.

References

Living people
1984 births
Minnesota Twins players
San Francisco Giants players
Washington Nationals players
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
African-American baseball players
Five Nights at Freddy's

Five Nights at Freddy’s is an indie survival horror video game. It was made by Scott Cawthon and is powered by Clickteam Fusion.The first game was released August 8, 2014. The game takes place in the fictional pizza restaurant, Freddy Fazbear’s Pizza. The player acts as a night security guard with the aim of keeping safe from the animatronic animal characters that are stated to be "malfunctioning" (though later games imply a more supernatural reason). To complete the levels of the game- called "nights"-  the player must keep the antagonists away from the guard's office, using mechanical doors, lights, and a CCTV camera panel. The animatronic characters in the first game of the series are named Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica, Foxy and Golden Freddy.

The game series has a complicated and heavily hidden storyline that has sparked thousands of fan-made theories around the world, with the main goal being a reliable "timeline" of the events and characters in the series. Scott Cawthon, the sole developer of the Five Nights at Freddy's games, has stated that nobody has figured out a completely accurate conclusion of the story.

In November 2014, a prequel, Five Nights at Freddy's 2 was released. In 2015, Five Nights at Freddy's 3 and Five Nights at Freddy's 4 were released. A Five Nights at Freddy's RPG called FNAF World was released on 2016. A fifth game, Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location was released the same year. and pizza simulator made in 2017 In 2018, yet another game was released called Ultimate Custom Night featuring every character from the series, including some fan characters.

Five Nights at Freddy’s is installed an estimated 4,694 times per day, earning a daily revenue of $12,879. Cawthon has given away $256,499 to a charity livestream, surpassing the initial goal of $15,000.

References

Other websites
FNAF 

2014 video games
Five Nights at Freddy's (series)
Eutely

Eutelic organisms have a fixed number of somatic cells when they reach maturity. The exact number is constant for any one species. Development proceeds by cell division until maturity; further growth occurs by cell enlargement only.

Most eutelic organisms are small or even microscopic: examples include the nematodes like ascaris, gastrotrichs, rotifers, tardigrades and dicyemida.

Other websites 
List of eutelic animals and other eutelic websites

Cell biology
Developmental biology
Hypnagogia

Hypnagogia is the state of mind that exists between being awake and sleep, or just after waking up.

People in this state may have experiences that resemble hallucinations, but are not. The person usually knows that it is not real, but very often nothing can be done against it. Most of these pseudohallucinations are visual experiences.

Other experiences that may happen are sleep paralysis and lucid dreams. All of these symptoms happen because of the changes that occur in the brain, and they are not linked to a disease.

The writings of Aristotle already talk  about hypnagogia. In more recent centuries, many authors have referred to the state. Edgar Allan Poe, for example, wrote of the "fancies" he experienced "only when I am on the brink of sleep, with the consciousness that I am so".

Serious scientific inquiry began in the 19th century with Johannes Peter Müller, Jules Baillarger and Alfred Maury, and continued into the 20th century with Leroy.

With electroencephalography (EEG) in the mid 20th century, detecting such a state has become easier.

References 

Cognition
Sleep
Church of la Magdalena (Torrelaguna)

The Church of la Magdalena (Spanish: Iglesia de la Magdalena) is a Gothic-style church located in Torrelaguna, central Spain. It was listed as Spain's national heritage listing in 1983. The bell tower in this church was built in the 15th century, and was commissioned by cardinal Cisneros.

Gallery

References 

Madrid
Gothic architecture
Jenny from the Block

"Jenny from the Block" is a song performed by American singer Jennifer Lopez. The song is a contemporary R&B and old school hip hop song. The single is about not changing despite having a fortune and being famous, and never forgetting where one came from. 

The song was released on September 26, 2002. It hit #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song got mixed reviews from critics. It was a commercial success.

2002 songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Jennifer Lopez songs
Receptor antagonist

A receptor antagonist is a biological repressor molecule. A receptor antagonist slows down the cell by stopping some of the cell reactions by clogging up the areas that make the cell work. They are sometimes called blockers, such as beta blockers. An antagonist is a ligand which blocks or dampens a biological effect. It acts against an agonist. They may block enzymes or passages through cell membranes.

They are part of the homeostatic system which regulates the body physiology. Some are made for pharmaceutical uses.

Drugs
Biochemistry
If You Had My Love

"If You Had My Love" is the debut single by Jennifer Lopez released on May 4, 1999 from Lopez' debut album On the 6. The lyrics are about Lopez making rules for her lover before starting a relationship. The song was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1999.

References

1999 songs
Debut singles
Pop songs
R&B songs
Jennifer Lopez songs
Billboard Rhythmic Songs number-one singles
Valeri Karpov

Valeri Yevgenievich Karpov (, 5 August 1971 – 10 October 2014) was an Russian ice hockey player. He played in the Soviet Hockey League and National Hockey League.  He competed for Traktor Chelyabinsk and HC CSKA Moscow in Russia before moving to North America.

In the summer of 2014, during a fight in his house he took a hit to the head. Afterwards, he had a bad fall that resulted in a coma. He underwent two trepanning surgeries, but did not regain consciousness. He died on 10 October 2014.

References

1971 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Russian ice hockey players
Ed Nimmervoll

Edward Charles "Ed" Nimmervoll (21 September 1947 – 10 October 2014), was an Austrian-born Australian rock music journalist, author and historian. He worked with rock magazines Go-Set (1966–1974) and Juke Magazine (1975–92) both as a journalist and as an editor.

Nimmervoll died of brain cancer on 10 October 2014, at the age of 67.

References

1947 births
2014 deaths
Australian journalists
Australian writers
Deaths from brain cancer
Australian historians
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Muhammad Jalal-ud-din

Muhammad Jalal-ud-din also known as Jalal Baba (1910-1981) was an activist and political leader of the All India Muslim League. He was born in Abbottabad District in British India. He was active from 1935 and 1936 onwards in the Pakistan Movement.

The Jalal Baba Auditorium in Abbottabad city, now in Pakistan, is named after him.

References

1901 births
1918 deaths
People of British India
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Per Almar Aas

Per Almar Aas (11 June 1929 – 18 May 2014) was a Norwegian politician. He was for the Christian Democratic Party. He was born in Ballangen.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms in 1973, and was re-elected on three occasions. He had previously served as a deputy representative during the term 1969–1973.

On the local level he was a member of Harstad municipal council from 1967 to 1971. From 1971 to 1975 he was a member of Troms county council. He chaired the county party chapter from 1970 to 1973, and was a member of the national party board from 1970 to 1973 and 1985 to 1999.
 
Outside of politics he started his career as a manual laborer in Ballangen (1945–1950), Snåsa (1951), Ørsta (1951–1952) and Volda (1952–1953). In 1969 he settled in Harstad to become a school teacher.

Aas died in Oslo, Norway, aged 84.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Norwegian politicians
Pauline Wagner

Pauline Cynthia Wagner (August 18, 1910 – May 2, 2014) was an American actress and glamour girl. She had minor roles in the 1930s. She made her debut in King of Jazz in 1930. 

Her first big role was in College Lovers. She was Fay Wray's back-up in King Kong in 1933. She had small parts in Lady Killer and Mr. Deeds Goes to Town. She worked for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and RKO. Her movie career ended in 1941. 

Wagner died in Glendale, California on May 2, 2014, aged 103.

References

Other websites
 
 Pauline Wagner at the American Film Institute
Fay Wray's Stunt Double Remembers the Big Ape NBC Los Angeles interview with Pauline Wagner

1910 births
2014 deaths
American movie actors
Models from Oklahoma
American centenarians
Actors from Oklahoma
Kailash Satyarthi

Kailash Satyarthi (born 11 January  1954) is an Indian children's rights activist. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (Save the Childhood Movement) in 1980. He has acted to protect the rights of 80,000 children.

He was awarded the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Malala Yousafzai, "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".

References

1954 births
Living people
Indian activists
Shirin Ebadi

Shirin Ebadi ( Širin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist. She is the founder of Defenders of Human Rights Center in Iran. On 10 October 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her "significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights". She was the first ever Iranian to receive the prize.

References

Other websites

 Shirin Ebadi at the Nobel Prize website
 Shirin Ebadi's autobiography on the Nobel Prize website
 Shirin Ebadi's Nobel lecture
 Nobel Women's Initiative

1947 births
Living people
Human rights activists
Iranian people
Women judges
Women lawyers
Jinnah-Sikandar Pact

The famous Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was an agreement signed between Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, at Lucknow, British India, October 1937.

Background
In 1937 the All India Muslim League was a weak party with very little political strength. It had lost the 1936 general elections in India quite badly. It needed more support from powerful Muslims to make it strong. The party wanted to help Muslims in India get their rights. So, in October 1937, M.A. Jinnah, the main leader of the Muslim League party, invited some very powerful Muslims to a conference in Lucknow city. One of the most powerful Muslim leaders was Sardar Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, KBE (1892-1942), Premier of the Punjab province and head of the Punjab Unionist Party. He was also invited by Jinnah to this big conference.

Events
At this conference, at first most of the big and powerful Muslim leaders refused to accept Jinnah's request for help. Only Aga Khan III was ready to support him. At this time, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan thought that it would be bad if the Muslims did not stand united to get their rights. He thought it was time for unity. So, he convinced some other big leaders to join him. These included Sir Saadullah of Assam, Molvi A.K. Fazlul Huq of Bengal, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan of Bhopal State and some others. They all went together and told Jinnah that they would support and help the Muslim League. A special agreement or pact was also signed at this time, between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar, called the 'Jinnah-Sikandar Pact'. This pact also said that all the Muslim members of the Punjab Unionist Party could join the Muslim League if they wanted to. Muslim people all over India were very happy to know that now, they had strong support from big leaders.

Effects
The Jinnah-Sikandar Pact was one of the most important documents and agreements of the Pakistan Movement. According to Professor Stanley Wolpert, '...it made Pakistan possible'. The Punjab was the biggest and richest province of British India. It linked together all the other Muslim areas and provinces. After this pact was signed in 1937, the Muslim League was next able to make the famous Pakistan Resolution at Lahore, Punjab, in 1940. And just seven years later, in 1947, an independent Pakistan was finally made.

Syed Amjad Ali, a Muslim leader of Punjab said that 'Thanks to the agreement reached between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar in Lucknow, the dream of Pakistan became real. All Pakistanis today should be thankful to these two great Muslim leaders and their wisdom'.

References

1937
1930s in Asia
20th century in India
Pakistan Movement
Khaksar movement

The Khaksar movement was a fanatical political and social movement of British India. It was probably started in 1931 by the genius and leader Inayatullah Mashriqi.

Background
There are different opinions about the Khaksar Movement and its followers (called 'Khaksars'). Some conservative Sunni Muslims in India and Pakistan believe it was a movement to help reform Islam and guide Muslims to a better life. But many other people believe it was a fascist organization which wanted freedom from British regime in India. It wanted to then come to power and set up a secular and real Islamic state, in India.

Organisation
The Khaksars (meaning 'humble persons') used to wear Khaki colored (light brown) uniforms and carry spades all the time. They were very well organized and ready all the time to obey the orders of their leaders.

1940 onwards
In 1940, the Government of the Punjab ordered that the Khaksar leaders should be arrested in Lahore city. But the Khaksars attacked the official police force very violently, and then the police fired back at them killing many. This was called the 'Khaksar massacre of 1940'. In 1947, when Pakistan was finally made the Khaksars Movement closed down for some time. But later on, it started again. It wants to bring an 'Islamic Revolution' there.

References

Partition of India
Indian independence movement
Pakistan Movement
Sunni organizations
Fascism
Terrorism
1931 establishments in Asia
Inayatullah Mashriqi

Inayatullah Mashriqi or Inayatullah Khan al-Mashriqi also sometimes called Allama Mashriqi (1888-1963) was an Indian and later Pakistani mathematician, evil genius  and political leader. He was the founder of the fascist Khaksar Movement.

References

1888 births
1963 deaths
People of British India
Pakistani people
IHeartMedia, Inc.

iHeartMedia, Inc. (known in the past as CC Media Holdings, Inc.) is a radio organization that was established in 1972. It was then taken as a private company in 2008. It is the holding company of iHeartCommunications, Inc. (used to be known as Clear Channel Communications). It owns more than 850 AM radio and FM radio stations through the United States alone.

On September 16, 2014, CC Media Holdings changed their name to iHeartMedia, Inc., while Clear Channel Communications became iHeartCommunications, Inc.

References

Other websites
 Offical website 

1972 establishments in the United States
Radio programs
Luxor Temple

Luxor Temple is an Ancient Egyptian temple, located in modern-day Luxor, which was known as Thebes at the time. The temple was dedicated to the god Amun, his wife Mut, and their son Chons. The temple was built during the time of the New Kingdom. Because some of the stones were re-used, an older monument was probably there beforehand, during the 12th dynasty. Some of the stones of the temple were later re-used to build Abu el-Haggag mosque. 

Together with the Temple at Karnak, Luxor Temple is on the list of World Heritage Sites. 

Note that Luxor Temple is different from the necropolis of Hatshepsut, located in Deir el-Bahari, which is also near Luxor. 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Egypt
Temples
Trace fossil

Trace fossils (or ichnofossils) are geological records of biological activity. They are fossils, but not of the living things themselves. Probably the best-known examples are dinosaur trackways.

Trace fossils may be impressions made on the substrate by an organism. Burrows, borings, footprints, feeding marks, and root cavities are examples. The term includes the remains of other organic material produced by an organism  for example coprolites (fossilized droppings) or chemical markers. Stromatolites are sediment structures produced by bacteria. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, which are the fossilized remains of parts of organisms' bodies, usually altered by later chemical activity or mineralization.

Structures which are not produced by the behaviour of an organism are not considered trace fossils.

The study of traces is called ichnology. Traces reflect the behaviour, not usually not the biological affinity of their makers. They are given their own names in taxonomy, based on their appearance and the implied behaviour of their makers.

Gallery

Related pages 
Ichnology

References 

Fossils
Ichnology
Lorenz attractor

The Lorenz attractor (also called Lorenz system) is a system of equations. Edward N. Lorenz formulated the equations as a simplified mathematical model for atmospheric convection. The equations are ordinary differential equations, called Lorenz equations.  They are notable for having chaotic solutions for certain parameter values and starting conditions. In particular, the Lorenz attractor is a set of chaotic solutions of the Lorenz system which, when plotted, resemble a butterfly or figure eight.

The notion of butterfly effect is coupled with that of the Lorenz attractor. Lorenz first used the phrase in a speech he gave in 1972.

Mathematics
Ordinary differential equation

An ordinary differential equation (often shortened to ODE) is a differential equation which contains one free variable, and its derivatives. Ordinary differential equations are used for many scientific models and predictions. The term ordinary is used to differentiate them from partial differential equations, which contain more than one free variable, and their derivatives.

Numerical methods

Since ODEs have appeared in mathematics and physics, many scientists have studied methods to solve them. But unfortunately, no one could establish methods to solve any kind of ODE. Therefore, numerical methods for ODEs are widely studied since the appearance of computers.

Literature
 Arnolʹd, V. I., Ordinary differential equations. Springer.
 Wolfgang Walter, Ordinary differential equations. Springer.
 Logemann, H., & Ryan, E. P. (2014). Ordinary differential equations: Analysis, qualitative theory and control. Springer.
 Hermann, M., & Saravi, M. (2014). A First Course in Ordinary Differential Equations. Analytical and Numerical Methods, Springer India.
 Chicone, C. (2006). Ordinary differential equations with applications. Springer Science & Business Media.

References

Differential equations
Margin Call (movie)

Margin Call is a 2011 American independent drama movie. The movie is about insider trading on Wall Street. Demi Moore plays Sarah Robertson. Mary McDonnell plays Mary Rogers. Kevin Spacey plays Sam Rogers.

The movie got positive reviews from the movie critics. It was released on October 21, 2011.

Other websites 

2011 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
American independent movies
Lionsgate movies
Inoculation

Inoculation (also known as variolation) is an historical method of making people immune to smallpox. Unlike a vaccine, inoculation uses infected material (for example scabs) from an infected patient. The benefit of inoculation is it gives the individual a less dangerous type of the virus. Another benefit of inoculation is the fact it has a death rate of 0.5% - 2% (as opposed to the 35% death rate of smallpox). Inoculation was eventually replaced after Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine against smallpox.

Historical uses

China 
China may have used inoculation in the 10th century. The Emperor of China at the time lost his eldest son to smallpox. He wanted a way to help prevent smallpox from killing any more members of his family. He summoned many people from throughout the empire to attempt to find a cure to smallpox. A man carried out inoculation to Immunise his family. However, the source of the story was supposedly written 100's of years after the event. 

Inoculation was not widely used in China until the 'Longqing Emperor'  in the 16th century. This was written by Yu Tianchi. Inoculation using the most deadly strain of the virus was banned from use in China to prevent high death rates. Inoculation is documented to have been used in India in the 18th century. It may have been used earlier than that, but there is no evidence to prove this.

Importation to Europe 
The practice of Inoculation was first used in England after an ambassador's wife witnessed it in Constantinople. Her name was Lady Mary Wortley Montague and she was impressed by the benefits. She had lost her son, and bore scars of the virus herself. When an epidemic of smallpox occurred in England in 1721, she ordered that her daughter be inoculated. Many people visited her daughter, and were impressed at the results of inoculation. Eventually, inoculation was tested in Newgate Prison. This was before the members of the royal family were inoculated. After the success in England, many European countries began to use inoculation against smallpox.

Decline in Use 
In 1796 Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine against smallpox which had a very low death rate. It was also more effective. Inoculation began to be replaced by this new vaccine, and was eventually outlawed in England in 1840. France banned Inoculation in 1762 due to the death rates associated with it.

References 

Smallpox
Evermoor

Evermoor is a new television series for the Disney Channel. It is produced by Lime Pictures. The series premiered on the Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) on 10 October 2014. It began on 17 October 2014 on the Disney Channel in the United States,  and on the Family Channel in Canada.

Plot
The series is about Tara Crossley. She is an American teen who moves from the United States to an English village called Evermoor. As her mother and father unpack at their new home, Tara, her brother, and her British step-siblings adjust to their new life. Danger, mystery and intrigue come along with the adventure.

Cast and characters
 Clive Rowe as Mayor Chester Doyle
 Finney Cassidy as Cameron Marsh
 George Sear as Seb Crossley
 Georgia Lock as Bella Crossley 
 Georgie Farmer as Jake Crossley  
 Jordan Loughran as Sorsha Doyle
 Naomi Sequeira as Tara Crossley

Development
On 17 March 2014, the series was announced. Filming took place in the spring of 2014 at Arley Hall in Cheshire. The series has been described as "a hugely exciting project for the team here in EMEA with a gripping story that I’m sure will captivate our global Disney Channel audience. The movie’s intriguing cast of characters also gives us a great opportunity to find exciting new talent” by David Levine. Lime Pictures produced the special, which was created by Diane Whitley and Tim Compton. The executive producers was Rebecca Hodgson. The producer was Compton. It was a co-production between Disney U.S. and the Walt Disney Company EMEA.

Episodes

Series overview

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="padding:0 8px;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Season
! scope="col" style="padding:0 8px;" rowspan="2"| Episodes
! scope="col" style="padding:0 80px;" colspan="2"| U.K. air date  
! scope="col" style="padding:0 80px;" colspan="2"| U.S. air date
|-
! scope="col" |First aired
! scope="col" |Last aired
! scope="col" |First aired
! scope="col" |Last aired
|-
| scope="row" style="background:#50f5f5; color:#fff;" | 
| 1
| 4
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

Episode list

References

Disney Channel shows
English-language television programs
Battersea Dogs & Cats Home

Battersea Dogs & Cats Home is the United Kingdom's oldest and most famous home for dogs and cats. It is in the Battersea area of London, England. The home gets its money from donations.

History 
Battersea Dogs & Cats Home was started in Holloway in 1860 by Mary Tealby. Its name was Temporary Home for Lost and Starving Dogs. In 1871 it moved to Battersea. Its name was changed because of this. In 1885, Queen Victoria became Patron of the home. The television show For the Love of Dogs is mostly filmed at Battersea. There are Battersea centres in Old Windsor, Berkshire and Brands Hatch, Kent as well as in Battersea.

Mission 
The home has a goal to never turn away a dog or cat in need of help. It reunites lost dogs and cats with their owners. When they can not do this, the home cares for them until a new home can be found for them. It also aims to educate the public about responsible pet ownership.

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Battersea Dogs & Cats Home, Registered Charity no. 206394 at the Charity Commission
 Independent – The curious incident of the hungry dog in the night-time

1860 establishments in England
Battersea
Charities
Apse

In architecture, the apse (from Latin apsis: "arch, vault") is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome. It is similar to another form known as an exedra. In Romanesque, Byzantine and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral and church architecture, the term is applied to a semi-circular or polygonal termination of the main building. This is usually at the liturgical east end (where the altar is). It is also regardless of the shape of the roof, which may be flat, sloping, domed, or hemispherical.

References 

Architectural elements
All I Have to Do Is Dream

"All I Have to Do is Dream" is an American popular song. The song was recorded in 1958 by the Everly Brothers. The song was near the top of several music charts in the United States in 1958.

The song was written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant. It was recorded many times by other musicians, including Roy Orbison and Juice Newton.

1950s songs
Pop songs
Marked for Death

Marked for Death is a 1990 action movie. This movie is about a former DEA agent finding Jamaican drug dealers in his home town. Steven Seagal plays John Hatcher. Elizabeth Gracen plays Melissa Hatcher. Danielle Harris plays Tracey Hatcher.

This movie was released on October 5, 1990. It got mixed reviews from the critics. It got back almost $58 million at the box office.

Other websites 

1990 action movies
1990 movies
Ontario Highway 417

Ontario Highway 417 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It starts on the eastern Ontario border with Quebec, near Hawkesbury, as an extension of Quebec Autoroute 40. It ends near Arnprior, where it becomes Ontario Highway 17. Construction on Highway 417 started in May 1969. The last section of the highway near Arnprior was finished in 2012.

Sources

400
Zilpha Keatley Snyder

Zilpha Keatley Snyder (May 11, 1927 – October 8, 2014) was an American author of books for children and young adults. Three of Snyder's works were named Newbery Honor books: The Egypt Game, The Headless Cupid and The Witches of Worm.

Snyder died in San Francisco, California from a stroke, aged 87.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from stroke
Writers from California
Decatur, Georgia

Decatur is a city in, and county seat of, DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It has a population of 19,335 since the 2010 census.

References

Other websites

 

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Pavel Landovský

Pavel Landovský (September 11, 1936 – October 10, 2014) was a Czech actor, playwright and director. He was born in Německý Brod. He studied at the Faculty of Theatre in Prague. Landovský died in Prague, Czech Republic from a heart attack, aged 78.

Some of his movies

References

Other websites

1936 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Czech actors
Czech theatre directors
Carmelo Simeone

Carmelo Simeone "Cholo", (September 22, 1933 - October 11, 2014) was an Argentine football defender. He won three league championships with Boca Juniors. Simeone played for the Argentina national team. He was born in Ciudadela, Argentina.

Simeone started his playing career in 1955 with Vélez Sársfield. In 1961 he joined Boca Juniors where he was an important defensive player in the teams that won the Argentine Primera in 1962, 1964 and 1965. Simeone left Boca In 1967 and spent some time playing for Sportivo Belgrano in the lower leagues of Argentine football.

Simeone represented Argentina at the Copa América in 1959, and at the 1966 FIFA World Cup.

Simeone died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 81.

Titles

References

Other websites
 Boca Juniors profile 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Argentine footballers
Juan José Pizzuti

Juan José Pizzuti (9 May 1927 – 24 January 2020) was an Argentine football striker and football manager. He enjoyed his most notable successes as player. He was the manager of the Racing Club de Avellaneda. He was born in Barracas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Pizzuti played for Argentina between 1951 and 1959, he was part of the squad for the South American Championship in 1959 where he scored three goals to help them to win the title.

Pizzuti died on 24 January 2020 in Buenos Aires at the age of 92.

Titles as a player

Titles as a manager

References

1927 births
2020 deaths
Argentine footballers
Argentine football managers
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires
José Varacka

José Varacka (27 May 1932 – 22 October 2018) was an Argentine football player and coach. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Career

Club career
Varacka played for three of the big five teams in Argentina. He started his career in 1952 with Independiente. In 1954 he played and scored in a famous 6–0 win over Real Madrid. He joined River Plate in 1960 where he played for six seasons.

International career
In 1966 Varacka joined San Lorenzo de Almagro and after one season with the club he would down his career at Colo-Colo in Chile and then Miraflores in Peru.

Manager career
Varacka played in the 1958 and 1966 editions of the FIFA World Cup. He played in the Copa América 1956 and 1959. He also played in the 1964 Copa de Las Naciones, played in Brazil.

Varacka started his managerial career with Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata in 1968. He went on to serve as the manager of Boca Juniors and River Plate.

Death
Varacka died on 22 October 2018 in Buenos Aires at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 BDFA profile

1932 births
2018 deaths
Argentine footballers
Argentine football managers
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires
José Sarney

José Sarney de Araújo Costa (born 24 April 1930) is a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and writer. He was President of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.

He was originally elected Vice President of Brazil with Tancredo Neves as President. However the day before the inauguration, Neves died from diverticulitis. Sarney was sworn in as Vice President of Brazil on 15 March 1985 and became president on 21 April.

In July 2021, Sarney was hospitalized for pleural effusion and had surgery to remove fluid from his lungs.

References

1930 births
Living people
Presidents of Brazil
Vice Presidents of Brazil
Presidents of the Federal Senate
Albacete Cathedral

Albacete Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of San Juan de Albacete) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Albacete, Spain.

Other websites

Cathedral of Albacete in jdiezarnal
Cathedral of Albacete in Arteguias
Bells of the Cathedral of Albacete

Cathedrals in Spain
Castile-La Mancha
Jaca Cathedral

Jaca Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of St Peter the Apostle), is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Jaca. It is in  Jaca, Huesca, Spain.

This is the first Romanesque cathedral built in Aragon (1070s-early 12th century). It is one of the oldest cathedrals in the Iberian peninsula.

References

Other websites
 In Spanish
Page at jaca.com 
 
 
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Jaca Cathedral (no. 88)

Cathedrals in Spain
Aragon
12th-century establishments in Spain
Ourense Cathedral

Ourense Cathedral (Catedral de Ourense or Catedral do San Martiño) is a cathedral in Ourense, Spain. It was founded in 550. It was made a Heritage site of Spain in 1931. It is mainly in the style of Gothic architecture. Building the cathedral was completed in 1220.

Further reading
 José Manuel García Iglesias (ed.): La Catedral de Ourense, Laracha 1993,  
 José Camón Aznar. La escultura y la rejería españolas del siglo XVI. Summa Artis. Historia general del arte. Vol. XVIII. Espasa Calpe, Madrid 1961.

Other websites 

Cathedrals in Spain
Galicia
1220 establishments
13th-century establishments in Spain
1220s establishments in Europe
Getafe Cathedral

Getafe Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of La Magdalena) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Getafe, Spain. It was designed by Alonso de Covarrubias. The construction was begun in 1549. It was finished in 1770. The bell tower is in Mudéjar architectural style. The cathedral is known for its collection of fine paintings. It was declared as Spanish Property of Cultural Interest in 1958.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the Cathedral
 Images in Google maps

Cathedrals in Spain
Community of Madrid
1770 establishments
18th-century establishments in Spain
1770s establishments in Europe
Santander Cathedral

Santander Cathedral is one of the most famous Roman Catholic holy buildings in the city of Santander, Spain. It is mainly built in the Gothic architectural style.

Sources 
 Casada Soto, José Luis (ed.), nd: La Catedral de Santander. Fundación Marcelino Botín

Other websites 

 Arteguias.com: Santander Cathedral 
 Diocese of Santander official website: history  
 Campaners.com: Santander Cathedral 

Cathedrals in Spain
Cantabria
Damask

Damask is a weaving pattern that is usually used with silk or wool. It is a poular classical pattern. It is made with a special technique: the original Damask was made in the Ottoman Empire, Syria, Iran and Jordan.

History
Damask was first made using the five original weaving methods during the Middle Ages. It was common in the Byzantine Empire, and in Islamic areas. Its name comes from the city of Damascus, where the pattern and the manufacturing technique were invented. Damask lost popularity after the ninth century, except in Andalusia. It was revived by European weaving manufacturers, who got interested in oriental patterns and models. They made it on weaving looms from the 14th century onwards.

Modern uses 
Damask is a pattern used today on computerized looms. Even if the original pattern was a colored one, the modern Damask is usually monochromatic. It is woven in silk, linen and even synthetic materials. The patterns can represent plants, flowers and fruits, but also other classical Arabian designs. The unique characteristic of the pattern is that the light reflects differently, when watched from different angles.

References

Other websites

A Short History of Damask and Drawlooms

Woven fabrics