cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ulysses (novel)

Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce. The complete book was first published in 1922, although parts of it had appeared earlier. It was an early example of "stream of consciousness" writing. This attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue.

The story takes place on 16 June 1904, and is about a man named Leopold Bloom, who walks around Dublin. The book also tells the story of Molly Bloom, his wife, and of Stephen Dedalus, a school teacher.

The book became famous for several reasons, but mainly because it is written in a new this style. The book is now thought to be important modernist literature. Many professors and teachers teach this book in universities and colleges.

Background 
Joyce first encountered Odysseus in Charles Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses - an adaptation of the Odyssey for children. This seemed to establish the Greek name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on Ulysses as his 'favourite hero'. Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature. He thought about calling Dubliners by the name Ulysses in Dublin, but the idea grew from a story in Dubliners in 1906, to a 'short book' in 1907, to the vast novel which he began writing in 1914.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

Other websites 

A brief satirical summary of Ulysses with illustrations 
A large website discussing Ulysses 
The text of Joseph Collins's 1922 New York Times review of Ulysses
A hypertextual, self-referential, complete edition of Ulysses 
Daedalus and Odysseus: Two Mythic Heroes Influencing Fatherhood as Represented in James Joyce’s Ulysses 
Group audio recording of novel

1922 books

Fiction set in the past
Irish novels
Works of James Joyce
Gunpei Yokoi

, also romanized as Gumpei Yokoi, was a video game designer for Nintendo. He created the Game Boy and the produced the Metroid series of video games. He was also a mentor to Shigeru Miyamoto.  Yokoi's last invention, the Virtual Boy, was not a success. He left Nintendo and started a company called Koto Laboratory. His main product idea at this company was the WonderSwan, which came out in 1999, two years after he died.

1941 births
1997 deaths
Japanese video game designers
Road accident deaths
People from Kyoto Prefecture
Nintendo people
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a novel written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was first printed as a book in 1916. It tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a young man who is trying to be a writer in Dublin. The story begins from his childhood and ends with him deciding to go to Paris and leave Dublin, his hometown, to become a writer.

The book is written in a new style of writing called stream of consciousness. Therefore, the beginning of the book is very simple while the later parts become less simple. It shows how, when a person grows up, the language he or she uses becomes more and more complex.

Other websites 

 
 Searchable, self-referential edition of Portrait, with concordance 
 SparkNotes study guide
 The Literature Network
 Bibliomania
 Google Earth Placeset for A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 

Works of James Joyce
1910s books
Irish novels
1916 works
Finnegans Wake

Finnegans Wake is the last book written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was published in 1939.

He started to work on this book in 1924 and published parts of it under the titles "A New Unnamed Work" and "Work in Progress".  He did not complete until seventeen years later, in 1939.  During this time he faced many hardships, such as having no money, eye problems and family problems.

Finnegans Wake is a very hard book to read, even for people who read a lot of literature, because Joyce uses several languages and creates new words that come from combinations of old and new English and other languages as well. 
 
It can be understood as the story of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker and his family. But it is an experiment more than a story.

Related pages
Quark

Other websites
Finnegans Wake Extensible Elucidation Treasury (FWEET)

Etext of Finnegans Wake 
Annotated version of Finnegans Wake
Online shorter Finnegans Wake 
Online really short Finnegans Wake
Editions of Finnegans Wake
The James Joyce Scholars' Collection includes etexts of several works of Wakean scholarship.
Finnegans Wiki, an ambitious project to Wiki the Wake
"Icon O Graphing Finnegans Wake" is a visual fable based on James Joyce’s novel "Finnegans Wake" by Toronto artist Boris Dimitrov.
 Terence McKenna lecture 'Surfing Finnegan's Wake' 
"Genesis, Geniuses, and Guinesses," The Common Review, Fall 2005, pg. 58: a pop-culture gloss for effective reading, with headings based on Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit"

References

Works of James Joyce
1939 books
Irish novels
Freerunning sleep

Freerunning sleep can be sleep which is not adjusted, entrained, to the 24-hour cycle in nature.  Sleep which is entrained to 24 hours but is not artificially regulated by alarm clocks etc. can also be called freerunning sleep.

Scientific experiments 
Animals which are kept in a laboratory for research in constant conditions, that is in constant light or constant dark, will freerun.  They live by their built-in circadian rhythms.  Each day will be a little bit shorter or a little bit longer than 24 hours.  It will be shorter if the animal's natural cycle is less than 24 hours long.  The animals sleep and are active as usual, but their timing gets to be farther and farther off.

Scientists let the animals freerun and then do experiments to see what sort of signals are most effective at entraining them.  They also experiment to see how long or short a cycle that animal can be entrained to.  Some animals can be entrained to a 22-hour day, but they can not be entrained to a 20-hour day.

Light is the most effective signal.  Some animals are quite easily entrained by the timing of meals.  Exercise is a signal for some animals. Heat is not effective.

Sometimes people stay in a laboratory for a few days in very low light without any knowledge of the time.  Such experiments show that adults, both older and younger, have a circadian cycle which is 24 hours and 11 minutes, on average.

People freerunning

Illness 

Some people have a condition, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, which makes them freerun all the time, even if they get out into daylight and eat regular meals.  Many of these people are blind, but some of them can see.  They have a long  circadian cycle and they do not entrain.  Scientists do not yet know why.

Intentional freerunning 
Some people believe they will be more healthy if they do not sleep on a regular schedule.  They try to go to bed only when they are sleepy. They do not use alarm clocks.  They call this freerunning, but since they are exposed to daylight and dark, it's not the same as freerunning as the scientists use the term.

Sleep
Frederico Mompou

Federico (Frederic) Mompou (born Barcelona, 16 April  1893; died Barcelona 30 June, 1987) was a Spanish (Catalan) composer. He is best known for his short works for solo piano and his songs.

Life
Mompou was born in Barcelona (Spain), and studied piano there at the Conservatorio del Liceo.  In 1911 he went to Paris.   He was studying to be a concert pianist, but he was very shy, and decided to become a composer.

Although he left Paris and returned to Barcelona when World War I broke out in 1914, he went to Paris again in 1921 and stayed there until 1941 when, once again he went back to Catalonia, because the German army were invading Paris in World War II.  He continued to lecture about his music until he had a stroke.   He died at the age of 94.

His music
Mompou is best known as a miniaturist (someone who composes short pieces).  His music often sounds as if is being improvised.  When he wrote his Scènes d'enfants (1915-18) a French music critic, Émile Vuillermoz, said he would be the next great composer after Debussy.  Although he did not become as famous as Debussy, his musical style shows the influence of French Impressionism and of Erik Satie.  He liked using short, repeated note-patterns (ostinati), imitations of bells, and a kind of thoughtful, religious sound which is heard in his piece called "John of the Cross."  His music often uses the rhythms and modes of  Catalan folkmusic.

References
Groves Music Online

1893 births
1987 deaths

20th-century Spanish composers
Right triangle

A right triangle, (also called a right-angled triangle), has one angle that is 90 degrees. The other two angles always add up to 90 degrees but can be different sizes.
The side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side in the right triangle. The other two sides are the legs or catheti (singular: cathetus) of the triangle.

Missing sides or angles of a right triangle can be found using trigonometry, the Pythagorean theorem, and many other ways.
In any triangle all the angles add up to 180 degrees.

Polygons
List of social democratic parties

This is a list of parties in the world that consider themselves to be upholding the principles and values of social democracy. Some are also members of the Socialist International.

Names used by social democratic parties
 Socialist Party
 Social Democratic Party
 Democratic Socialist Party
 Labour Party
 Social Democratic Union

Alphabetical list

References

Other websites
Social Democratic Parties
VIS Interactive

VIS Interactive was a video game company by WB Interactive. It was formed in 1996 by Chris van der Kuyl and Peter Baillie. The company also provided interactive content for Interactive Digital Television ("iTV") and broadband. VIS entertainment plc consisted of VIS Games and associated companies Axis Animation and VIS iTV. The company had over 100 employees.

On April 7, 2005, VIS filed for bankruptcy. Later in the month, all development work was cancelled and assets were sold to other developing companies.

References 

Video game companies
Stream of consciousness writing

Stream of consciousness is a term used in literary criticism for a literary technique that reports the thought processes of a person. 

If it is done in context with the surrounding world it is called interior or internal monologue. That means it is unspoken, and in some cases could not be spoken. For example, in Mikhail Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog (1925) the first chapter is entirely based on the dog's unspoken thoughts on the world about him.

Stream-of-consciousness writing is typical for the modernist movement. The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his  Principles of Psychology. The use of the term in literature is attributed to May Sinclair. 

Several famous works that employ stream of consciousness are:
 Édouard Dujardin's Les Lauriers sont coupés (1888)
 Arthur Schnitzler's Leutnant Gustl (1901)
 Nadine Gordimer's July's People
 Shikibu's The Tale of Genji
 Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song.
 Dorothy Richardson's Pilgrimage (1915-28)
 James Joyce's Ulysses (in particular Molly Bloom's Soliloquy), as well as A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
 Samuel Beckett's Trilogy
 Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and The Waves
 William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying
 T.S. Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
 Jack Kerouac’s On the Road
J.D. Salinger Seymour: An Introduction
Sam Selvon's The Lonely Londonders
Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time
William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch

References 

Literature
Courtedoux

Courtedoux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura, Switzerland.

Municipalities of Jura
Villages in Switzerland
Courtemaîche

Courtemaîche is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Courtemaîche, Buix and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.

Former municipalities of Jura
Damphreux

Damphreux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Information in French about Damphreux on Juranet

Municipalities of Jura
Damvant

Damvant is a former municipality, in the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Jura
Fahy

Fahy is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Jura
Benazir Bhutto

Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 - 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician. 

Bhutto was the elder daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto (née Ispahani).

Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. She was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan two times.  She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on a belief that she was corrupt. In 1993 Bhutto was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari.

Death 
On December 27, 2007, Benazir Bhutto was killed while getting into a vehicle to leave a political meeting for the Pakistan Peoples Party in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. An assassin shot her in the neck and chest before detonating an explosive vest. This killed about 30 people and wounded many others. She is called Shaheed-e-Jamhuriat (Martyr of Democracy) by her fans.

References

Other websites 

The Official Website of Benazir Bhutto 
Benazir Bhutto was Kurdish
Watch Benazir's videos and interviews
Benazir Bhutto becomes Prime Minister
Asif Zardari Profile
Bhutto cleared of corruption
Bhutto on Al-Qaeda 
All About Benazir Bhutto
Musharraf blocks PPP rallies
Pakistan Peoples Party website 
Pakistani opposition protests Bhutto case

Assassinated people
Pakistani murder victims
People murdered in Pakistan
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
1953 births
2007 deaths
Sitar

The sitar ( or ; , Punjabi: ਸਿਤਾਰ, Urdu:   ) is a plucked string instrument. It uses sympathetic strings along with a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber to make a rich sound with complex harmonic resonance. It is used throughout India.

Other websites 

 A knowledge base on Sitar 
 International sitar learning and information website (sitar.co.za)
 Origin of Sitar
 Information on the Sitar
 More about Sitar
 History and Origins of the Sitar
vimoksha - Indian classical music resources - Information on Indian classical music, stringed instruments and Indian classical dance.
Sitar FAQ 
 Sitar buying guide

Plucked string instruments
Oud

The oud  is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument. It is similar to a modern western lute. It does not have frets. It is commonly used in Middle Eastern music and East African music.

Other websites 
 NileCart  Egyptian oud gallery.
 Oud Cafe, a website dedicated to Oud music
 

Plucked string instruments
Pickup (music)

A pickup is a device that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from stringed instruments like the electric guitar, electric 
bass guitar or electric violin) and converts them to an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.

There are two main types of pickups. While piezo pickups are more common on acoustic guitars, and magnetic on electric ones, some guitars have both kinds.

Piezo pickups contain a crystal that produces an electrical signal when physically vibrated.

Magnetic pickups contain magnets with wire wrapped around them. When a metal string vibrates near the magnet an electrical signal is produced in the wire.

Other websites 

 Technical detail on how pickups work
 UltimateGuitar.com Pickup FAQ 
 Constructing an Under Saddle Transducer - Instructions for building a piezo cable guitar transducer.  An article on the Liutaio Mottola Lutherie Information Website.
 Properties of Magnetic Materials (chapter)
 Neophyzix Sound Research/Q-tuner neodymium powered guitar & bass pickups. Downloadable 24 Bit/96 kHz audio wav demo.

Musical instrument construction
Electronics
Vihuela

Vihuela is a name given to two different guitar-like string instruments: one from 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings, and the other, the Mexican vihuela, from 20th century Mexico with five strings and typically played in Mariachi bands.

Other websites 
 lutesandguitars.co.uk Stephen Barber & Sandi Harris, lutemakers and researchers
 vihuelademano.com Alexander Batov, vihuela maker and researcher
 Goldberg magazine: Los dos rinacimintos de la vihuela  The twentieth-century resuscitation of the vihuela.
 Several photos of Spanish vihuelas can be found among the instrument photos at Wayne Cripps' lute pages.
 Pictures 

Plucked string instruments
Mischa Barton

Mischa Anne Marsden Barton (born January 24, 1986) is an award-winning Anglo-American actress. She was born in Hammersmith, west London. She moved to New York City when she was six. She has British and American citizenship. She is best known for her role as Marissa Cooper in the American television series The O.C.

Legal troubles
According to TMZ she was arrested for DUI on December 27, 2007.

References

Other websites 
 Mischa Barton on BollyTrendz
 

Actors from London
Actors from New York City
American child actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
British child actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
1986 births
Living people
Range (music)

The range of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, this is known as vocal range.

Musical terminology
Antonio Torres

Antonio De Torres Jurado (13 June 1817 – 19 November 1892) was a Spanish guitarist and guitar maker.

Torres Jurado is often respected among guitarists the same way Antonio Stradivari is respected among violinists. His work established the shape, design, and construction of the modern classical guitar.

Spanish musical entertainers
Guitarists
1817 births
1892 deaths
George Beauchamp

George D. Beauchamp (1899 - 1941) was an inventor of musical instruments and co-founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker.

Born in Texas, he played the violin and the lap steel guitar in Vaudeville before going into the business of then manufacturing of electric lap steel guitars, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, electric violins and combo instrument amplifiers. He is well known for his creation of the Frying pan electric guitar. He died in Los Angeles, California while deep-sea fishing.

Other websites 
The Earliest Days of the Electric Guitar
Which Came First- Electric Guitar or Amp? 
Digital Violin - Article examining Beauchamp's Electro violins

1899 births
1941 deaths
American inventors
People from Texas
Vaudeville performers
Danelectro

Danelectro is an American company that makes musical instruments and accessories. Their main products are guitars, bass guitars, amplifiers and effects units. The company  was founded by Nathan Daniel in 1947 in Red Banks, New Jersey. Jimi Hendrix is among the many well-known guitarists to have used Danelectro. The company is headuartered in Camarillo, California

Other websites 
Danelectro Guitars - official website
DanGuitars - specialist dealer website with a good history section
Guitarbitz.com  - UK based retailer of the recent Danelectro Reissues
Doug Tulloch - Vintage Danelectro Authority
Tribute to Danelectro founder Nathan I. Daniel by son Howard E. Daniel

American music companies
Musical instrument companies
Companies based in California
1947 establishments in the United States
Allegra Versace

Allegra Versace (born in Milan on 30 June 1986) is the daughter of designer Donatella Versace and ex-fashion model Paul Beck.

Allegra, a 50% owner of the Versace fashion design business, is a sufferer from anorexia nervosa.

References

Other websites 
 Official Versace website

1986 births
Living people
Italian businesspeople
Rickenbacker

Rickenbacker International Corporation, also known as Rickenbacker () ), is an American company that makes electric guitars.  The company invented the first electric guitar during the 1930s. The guitars are made at its headquarters in Santa Ana, California. Rickenbacker is the largest guitar company to make all of their guitars within the United States.

Other websites 
Rickenbacker International Corporation
"Born to Rock" guitar exhibit at Harrods, London, February 2007, featuring the 1931 Rickenbacker "Frying Pan". Also see BBC 6 Music
 news story.

American music companies
Guitars
Companies based in California
Santa Ana, California
Donatella Versace

Donatella Versace (born 2 May 1955) is an Italian fashion designer and a current part-owner of the Versace fashion line. She is now their chief designer.

She was born in Reggio Calabria. She owns 20 percent of the entire stock market assets of Versace. Her brother, Santo Versace, owns 30 percent. Donatella's daughter Allegra Versace inherited 50% of the company stock. They inherited the company from Donatella's brother Gianni Versace after he was murdered.

A year and three days after Gianni's death in July 1998, Donatella Versace mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris.  She built her runway over the hotel's swimming pool, using sheer glass. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year. Donatella is just as famous for her celebrity entourage and glittering parties. Regular guests include Sir Elton John, Elizabeth Hurley, Rakeem Young, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kate Moss. Even Prince Charles attends Donatella's parties for the famous and elite in Europe.

Lady Gaga wrote the song "Donatella" from her 2013 album Artpop for Versace.

References

Websites
Official Website

Italian businesspeople
Italian fashion designers
People from Calabria
1955 births
Living people
Ministry of Justice of Germany

The Federal Ministry of Justice is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany .

History 
Germany has five "Classic Ministries", rather like the United Kingdom's "Great Offices of State".

The classic ministries are:
 Justice
 Interior
 Finance
 Defence (or "War" as it was called before World War II) and
 the Foreign Office

The Reich Justice Office was created in 1875. It was a part of the Chancellor's department until 1 January 1877 when it became independent. The first Minister of Justice was appointed in 1919, when the Office of Justice became the Reichsministerium der Justiz of the Weimar Republic

Responsibility

Political 
The Federal Minister of Justice heads the Ministry. He has two senior assistants.
 The Parliamentary State Secretary, a member of the Bundestag who acts as a "junior minister"
 The "beamteter Staatssekretär". This is the senior civil servant of the department.

Role 
Germany is a federal country. The administration of the justice and criminal prosecution is mainly a matter for the federal states.

The federal ministry's main job is ensuring that federation and the states, and all laws, keep within the "Rule of Law".

The ministry oversees the writing of new laws, and the changing or the abolition of existing laws in these areas:
 Civil law
 Criminal law
 Commercial and Company law
 Copyright and protecting industrial property rights
 Organisation and procedures of the courts (except the Labour and Social Security Courts)

The ministry also oversees the laws about qualifying and working as a judge, prosecutor, lawyer or notary

The ministry has also been responsible for the legal problems after the reunification of Germany. This meant changing a lot of criminal and administrative law. Also professional rehabilitation was needed. Judges and lawyers were just some of the people who were used to working in the communist system, and now had to change.

Furthermore, the ministry checks that all laws and ordinances prepared by other ministries do not break the constitution.

The Ministry publishes the official newspaper the "Bundesgesetzblatt" the Federal Law Gazette und "Bundesanzeiger" the Federal Gazette. It also prepares the elections of Judges to the Bundesverfassungsgerichts and the highest level of federal courts.

List of Justice Ministers
Learning by teaching

In professional education, learning by teaching means a method that trains pupils and students to prepare and to teach lessons, or parts of lessons. This method is designed to teach them better understanding than any method where the teacher talks to the pupils and gives them work they have to prepare.

Learning by teaching should not be confused with presentations or lectures by students, because they have to do much more. They have to choose their own methods and didactic approaches in teaching classmates that subject. And it is something else than tutoring, because the teacher gives continuous support when they prepare teaching.

References 
 Alan Gartner, Mary Conway Kohler, Frank Riessman: Children teach children. Learning by teaching. Harper & Row, New York u.a. 1971, .
 Jean-Pol Martin: Zum Aufbau didaktischer Teilkompetenzen beim Schüler. Fremdsprachenunterricht auf der lerntheoretischen Basis des Informationsverarbeitungsansatzes. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1985, . (zugl. Dissertation, Universität Gießen 1985)
 Jean-Pol Martin: Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1994, . (zugl. Habilitations-Schrift, Universität Eichstätt 1992)

Other websites 
 Videoclip LdL in English 
 Learning by teaching - by Jody Skinner 
 LdL in theory and practice (University Münster 2005/2006) 
 Learning By Teaching: The Didactic Model LdL in University Classes  - by Joachim Grzega
 Students teach literature (LdL) by Rosmarie Frick - 2005 

Psychology
Education
Jean-Pol Martin

Jean-Pol Martin (born 1943, Paris, France) was a professor for foreign language teaching in Germany. He established the teaching method learning by teaching, a method for students to learn by teaching their peers.  This concept has developed into a common practice throughout Germany and has been experimented with in other countries.

Biography
Martin was born in 1943 in Paris and went to Germany in 1968.  He studied German and French in order to become a teacher at a German grammar school, becoming a professor for foreign language teaching didactics at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1980.  In that year he had the idea to let the students teach their peers in French.  That experience was successful, so he could establish the "Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) (learning by teaching) method in Germany.  He was the first scholar to do active research on that topic for 25 years, building a wide network with several thousand teachers and promoting it to a large scale.  All teachers in Germany are trained in that method during their pedagogic studies.

Bibliography 
1994: Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Tübingen 1994 (Habilitation)

Other websites
LdL-Portal
Video about JP.Martin (Learning by teaching in English) 

French educators
1943 births
Living people
Tutor

A tutor is a person who teaches or guides another person. Usually, the tutor is an older expert who teaches a younger learner. Early examples were Socrates, who taught philosophy by holding conversations with his students, and Aristotle, who was appointed the personal tutor of Alexander the Great when the latter was a youth.

The essence of a tutor's work is to adjust the teaching to the individual learner. The tutor has to take account of: 
what the learner already knows and does not know
what the learner has incorrectly learnt
the personal interests and goals of the learner
the particular talents of the learner

The idea is that a tutor teaches, or 'moulds' the student as a whole. However, there is an obvious difference between the tutor's need for topical knowledge and his or her need for 'people skills'. The system operated at the older colleges of Oxford University recognises this by appointing two tutors to a student: a subject-matter tutor and a moral tutor. The latter helps the student with problems of a personal nature.

Education by a tutor is often thought to be an ideal kind of education, because the tutor can adjust the learning to suit one student. However, the word is often misused. If students are taught in groups larger than three or four, then much that makes a tutorial special is lacking.

Special cases 
High achievers in fields like  music, mathematics and chess may be tutored when classroom methods do not meet their needs.

There are parallels in other walks of life. Sports people have coaches, and the job of a coach is very similar to that of a tutor. A guru might be regarded as a kind of tutor. A mentor is a kind of tutor. Parents with children do much that a tutor does.

Tutoring in mainstream education

Universities 
In British, Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer who conducts a seminar for undergraduate students. These seminars are often known as a tutorial. In the United States and the rest of Canada, a tutor is known as a teaching assistant.

Secondary school form tutors 
In English and Irish secondary schools, form tutors are similar to American home room teachers. They are in charge of a group of students in a particular year group.

Peer tutoring 
In the United States, peer tutors are students teaching other students of the same or similar age or grade level. When peer tutors are trained how to tutor correctly, peer tutoring is both cost effective and academically effective.

Related pages 
Learning by teaching

References

Other websites 
National Tutoring Association A U.S. professional trade association dedicated exclusively to tutoring.

Learning
Great Offices of State

The Great Offices of State are the four most important cabinet jobs in the United Kingdom.

Only one person has ever held all four, James Callaghan, who was Prime Minister from 1976 to 1979.

The four posts are
Prime Minister
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Foreign Secretary
Home Secretary

Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Politics of the United Kingdom
Foreign Secretary

The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (known as the Foreign Secretary) is the Minister in charge of the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In many countries this job is called Foreign minister.

Until the 1960s, the Foreign Secretary only handled relations with foreign countries and international organisations. There was a separate Commonwealth Secretary and a Colonial Secretary, but all three are now joined into one.

Dominic Raab has been Foreign Secretary since 24 July 2019.

The Foreign Secretary's is one of the four Great Offices of State.

References
 

Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Politics of the United Kingdom
Hermetschwil-Staffeln

Hermetschwil-Staffeln was a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Aargau
2014 disestablishments
2010s disestablishments in Switzerland
Herznach

Herznach is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the municipality of Herznach 

Municipalities of Aargau
Hilfikon

Hilfikon is a former municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Since 2010, it is part of the municipality of Villmergen.

Former municipalities of Aargau
Claudine Monteil

Claudine Monteil (born 1949) is a French writer and women's rights specialist. She holds a PhD on Simone de Beauvoir's writings and life. She was inspired by the example of her mother, Dr Josiane Serre, a chemist and president of the École Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles (ex-Sèvres), the equivalent of one of the Seven Sisters. Her father is the mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre, Fields medal and Abel prize.

Dr Monteil is one of the founders of the women's rights movement in 1970. She is also a specialist on Simone de Beauvoir. While working on women's rights, she was a long close friend of Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir's sister, the painter Hélène de Beauvoir.

Books
Her writings on the Beauvoirs, Sartre and French feminism, have been translated into multiple languages:

Simone de Beauvoir, côté femme, Timée-éditions (English: Simone de Beauvoir, her story as a woman) - translated into Chinese and Japanese
Les Sœurs Beauvoir (English: The Beauvoir Sisters) - translated in English, Korean, Spanish, German and Chinese.
Les Amants de la liberté, Sartre et Beauvoir dans le siècle (English: The Lovers of Freedom, Sartre and Beauvoir in the Century) - translated into Greek, Portuguese, Swedish, Japanese, Chinese, Romanian and Turkish.
Simone de Beauvoir le mouvement des femmes, mémoires d'une jeune fille rebelle (English: Simone de Beauvoir the women's movement, memories of a rebellious girl) - translated into Japanese and Swedish.

Claudine Monteil has also written a biography on Charlie Chaplin with his wife Oona Chaplin. 
"Les Amants des Temps Modernes, Oona et Charles Chaplin" (English: Lovers of Modern Times: Oona and Charles Chaplin) - translated into Greek and Portuguese

Other websites 
Claudine Monteil Official site in English and French

1949 births
Living people
Feminists
French writers
Fontenais

Fontenais is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Bressaucourt merged into the municipality of Fontenais.

Municipalities of Jura
Fregiécourt

Fregiécourt was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Jura
Grandfontaine, Switzerland

Grandfontaine is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites

Municipalities of Jura
Hirschthal

Hirschthal is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Mortification

Mortification is a Christian extreme metal band from Australia. The band was formed in 1990.

Current members 
Steve Rowe - singer and bassist
Mick Jelinic - guitarist
Damien Percy - drummer

Other websites 
Official website

Australian heavy metal bands
Christian metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Groove metal bands
Musical groups from Melbourne
Lugnez

Lugnez is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Jura
Holderbank (disambiguation)

Holderbank can mean:

Two municipalities of Switzerland:
Holderbank, Aargau
Holderbank, Solothurn
Holderbank, Aargau

Holderbank is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Steve Rowe

Steve Rowe (born January 1965 in Melbourne) is an Australian bassist. He is the founder of the Christian extreme metal band Mortification.

References

Other websites
Rowe Productions official website 

1965 births
Australian Christians
Australian guitarists
Australian rock musicians
Christian music singers
Heavy metal musicians
Living people
Musicians from Melbourne
Montenol

Montenol is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Montenol, Epauvillers, Epiquerez, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne and Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs

Former municipalities of Jura
Holziken

Holziken is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Montignez

Montignez is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Montignez, Buix and Courtemaîche merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.

Former municipalities of Jura
Hornussen, Aargau

Hornussen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites 
Official website of the municipality of Hornussen

Municipalities of Aargau
Hottwil

Hottwil was a municipality, in the new municipality of Mettauertal and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Aargau
Montmelon

Montmelon is a former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it is a part of the new municipality Clos du Doubs.

The municipality is made of several villages and of many spread out farms. The municipality has about 100 people living there, many of them are farmers.

Former municipalities of Jura
Hunzenschwil

Hunzenschwil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 
Municipalities of Aargau
Extreme metal

Extreme metal describes a mixture of heavy metal music subgenres formed since the 1980s. Extreme metal is much harsher than other heavy metal. It is also underground, or less commercial.

Types of Extreme Metal

Main types 

 Black metal
 Ambient black metal
 Symphonic black metal
 War metal
 Death metal
 Melodic death metal
 Technical death metal
 Doom metal
 Epic doom
 Funeral doom
 Traditional doom
 Speed metal
 Thrash metal

Fusions with other genres 

 Black-doom
 Blackened death metal
 Dark metal
 Death-doom
 Melodic death metal
 Pagan metal
 Viking metal

References 

Heavy metal subgenres
Islisberg

Islisberg is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Ocourt

Ocourt was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Jura
Ittenthal

Ittenthal was a municipality, in the municipality of Kaisten and district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Aargau
Jonen

Jonen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Kaiseraugst

Kaiseraugst is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Aargau
Kaiserstuhl, Switzerland

Kaiserstuhl is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Kaisten, Switzerland

Kaisten is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1st January 2010 the former municipality of Ittenthal merged into the municipality of Kaisten.

Municipalities of Aargau
Kallern

Kallern is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Killwangen

Killwangen is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

The village is in the Limmat river valley between Baden and Zürich.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Limmat

The Limmat is a river in Switzerland that flows northwest until it joins into the river Aare north of the small town of Brügg.

Its name comes from Linth and Maag the main tributaries of the lake of Zürich.

The main tributaries of the Limmat river are the Sihl (in Zürich) and the Reppisch (in Dietikon).

This river is one of the main providers of hydroelectric power in Switzerland.

Towns near the river
 In the canton of Zürich:
 Zürich
 Oberengstringen
 Unterengstringen
 Schlieren
 Dietikon
 Geroldswil
 Oetwil an der Limmat
 In the canton of Aargau
 Spreitenbach
 Würenlos
 Neuenhof
 Wettingen
 Baden
 Ennetbaden
 Nussbaumen
 Untersiggenthal
 Turgi

Rivers of Switzerland
Kirchleerau

Kirchleerau is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Aargau
Klingnau

Klingnau is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Koblenz, Switzerland

Koblenz (or Coblenz) is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites 
Official municipality website (in German)

Municipalities of Aargau
Asshole

Asshole (or arsehole in British English) is slang for the anus and is also used as a word to hurt people's feelings. It's made up from the word arse, which has been used for a long time as another name for the anus. This was first added to the word hole about 1500 in books, but may have been used in talking a long time before that. By the 1970s, Hustler magazine featured people they did not like as "Asshole of the month."

How it is used
Asshole is mainly used as a bad word towards someone that the speaker does not like. 
You could not say "asshole" on normal television in the US until the early 1990s, but it was sometimes in PG-13 and R rated films before this.

Political usage
In 2000, during a Labor Day event, George W. Bush made an off-hand remark to his running mate, Dick Cheney, that New York Times reporter Adam Clymer was a "major league asshole."

Rock songs using the word asshole 
Gene Simmons of rock band Kiss released a solo album called Asshole which also featured a song of the same name. Denis Leary also had a song called Asshole in 1993.

Similar words 
Words similar to asshole are asshat, assclown, asstard, asspat and asspit.Aydin

Footnotes

Pejoratives
English profanity
Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

Religious debates over the Harry Potter series of books by J. K. Rowling are usually because people say the books have occult or Satanic parts. These sayings come from some Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox Christians. It also comes from Muslims who argue against the series.

A great number of people have replied to these claims. People who support the series say that the magic in Harry Potter is not really like occultism. They say it is more like fairy tales like Cinderella and Snow White. They also suggest that it is more like the works of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. Both writers are known for writing fantasy novels with Christian values. Some argue that the Harry Potter novels try hard not to discuss religion at all.

In the United States, people tried to get the books banned in schools. Their argument was that witchcraft is a registered religion, so letting the books in schools went against the separation of church and state. This then went to court to decide whether it was against the freedom of religion.

However, sometimes religion has supported the Harry Potter series. "At least as much as they've been attacked from a theological point of view", says Rowling, "[the books] have been lauded (praised) and taken into pulpit, and most interesting and satisfying for me, it's been by several different faiths".

References

Other websites 
hisvoicetoday.org - Laura Mallory's official website
Sword of Gryffindor: Home
 

Harry Potter
Dr Pepper

Dr Pepper is a soft drink (soda) similar to Coca Cola in its color. Each can of Dr Pepper contains 150 calories.

Dr Pepper's Slogans 

 1889–1914: "King of Beverages." 
 1920s–1940s: "Drink a Bite to Eat at 10, 2, and 4 o'clock." 
 1940s: "Good For Life." 
 1945: "Dr Pepper has 23 flavors" 
 1950s: "The Friendly Pepper Upper." 
 1960s: "America's Most Misunderstood Soft Drink." 
 1970s: "The Most Original Soft Drink Ever." 
 1977–1985: "I'm a Pepper, He's a Pepper, We're a Pepper.", "Be a Pepper.", "Wouldn't you like to Be a Pepper too?" 
 c. 1986 "Out of the Ordinary. Like You." 
 c. 1986 "Out of the Ordinary for Out of the Ordinary Bodies." (Diet Dr Pepper) 
 1986–1997: "Hold Out For the Out of the Ordinary." 
 1991: "Just what the Doctor ordered." 
 c. 1997: "It's Dr Pepper Flavour, Silly!" Australia 
 c. 1997: "Expect the Unexpected!" Australia 
 1997: "Now's the Time. This is the Place. Dr Pepper Is The Taste." 
 2000: "Dr Pepper, It Makes the World Taste Better." 
 2000–Present: "Just What The Dr Ordered." 
 c. 2001 "Dr Pepper, so misunderstood" 
 2002–2004: "Be You." 
 2002–Present: "Solves All Your Problems." (used in Europe) 
 2003 "Dr Pepper, to try it is to love it" (used in the UK) 
 2004–Present "Dr Pepper, what's the worst that could happen?" (used in the UK) 
 2005–Present: "One Taste & You Get It." 
 2006: "Can You Handle The Taste?" (seen in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, and Poland) 
 2006: "Authentic blend of 23 flavors." USA, Canada 
 2006: "Dr Pepper, makes the world go round." 
 2006: "Dr Pepper, nothing better." USA 
 2006: "The Dr knows the right touch." (used in Europe) 
 2006: "There's more to it." USA 
c. 2006: "Get Berried in Cream" USA (used for the new Berries and Cream flavor) 
 2007: "I Want It All." USA 
 (2007): "El Dr muy bueno" Latin America 
 (2008): "What's the worst that could happen?" Europe 
 (2008): "Drink It Slow, Dr's Orders" (USA) 
 (2009): "Trust me - I'm a Doctor." (ft. Julius Erving, Kelsey Grammer, Gene Simmons and Dr. Dre) USA 
 (2009): UK based television advertising; Sung "Dr Pepper, What's the worst that could happen?" UK

Websites
Dr Pepper's Official website

References

Soft drinks
Pleujouse

Pleujouse is a former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it is part of the new municipality of La Baroche

Former municipalities of Jura
Porrentruy

Porrentruy (German: Pruntrut) is a Swiss municipality and seat of the district of the same name found in the canton of Jura.

Municipalities of Jura
Cities in Switzerland
Roche-d'Or

Roche-d'Or was a municipality, in the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Jura
Rocourt

Rocourt is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Rocourt merged into the municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

References 

Former municipalities of Jura
Kölliken

Kölliken is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Künten

Künten is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Küttigen

Küttigen is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Saint-Ursanne

Saint Ursanne (population about 1,000) is a city and was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura, Switzerland which has kept its medieval style.

Its name refers to Saint Ursicinus, a 7th century monk who made a monastery there.

Other websites 

 Events and Culture program in St-Ursanne

Cities in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Jura
Laufenburg, Switzerland

Laufenburg is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital city of the district with the same name.

Since 2010, Sulz is part of the municipality.

Other websites 
 Laufenburg (Baden)
 Laufenburg AG
 Laufenburg: Pictures 

Municipalities of Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Leibstadt

Leibstadt is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Leimbach, Aargau

Leimbach is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Leuggern

Leuggern is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website of Leuggern 

Municipalities of Aargau
Leutwil

Leutwil is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Lengnau, Aargau

Lengnau is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Linn, Switzerland

Linn was a municipality, in the new municipality of Bözberg and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Aargau
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Lupfig

Lupfig is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Scherz merged into the municipality of Lupfig.

Municipalities of Aargau