cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Anyang, Gyeonggi

Anyang () is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. With a population about of 600,000 People, it is the 20th largest city in South Korea. It is a satellite city of Seoul and located about  to south of Seoul, and  to north of Suwon. It is connected to Seoul via the Seoul Subway Line 1 and Line 4.

Development 

The city has developed along the Anyang Stream, which is 32.2 km long. The city is divided into two halves; the Manan district and Dongan districts. 
The Dongan district has about 356,566 people and the Manan district has about 216,714 people. Anyang is famous for Anyang yuwonji and the Anyang art park. It has seven mountains. Mt. Suri is the most famous one.

References 
Cities in South Korea
Hyrule Warriors

Hyrule Warriors is a video game for the Wii U console. It is a crossover between The Legend of Zelda and Dynasty Warriors series. It was developed by Tecmo Koei and Nintendo. It is a spin-off game in The Legend of Zelda series. It was released on August 14, 2014.

Gameplay
The game plays like the Dynasty Warriors series, using the setting and characters from The Legend of Zelda. The player controls Link to take on a large number of enemies from The Legend of Zelda series and you can unlock other characters who you can also play as. The player can use weapons such as a sword and bombs, as well as Link's spin attack. Like in other The Legend of Zelda games, the player can get new items by finding and opening chests.

References

2014 video games
The Legend of Zelda
Wii U games
Tatsumi Fujinami

is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is best known for competing in New Japan Pro Wrestling from 1972 to 2006. He has been competing for Dradition since 2004.

He was the innovator of both the Dragon sleeper and Dragon suplex wrestling movies. He used them as his finishing moves.

He has a son named Leona who is also a professional wrestler and made his debut on November 19, 2013.

On March 28, 2015, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Ric Flair.

Championships
Catch Wrestling Association
CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (one time)Dramatic Dream TeamKO-D Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mikami)New Japan Pro WrestlingIWGP Heavyweight Championship (six times)
IWGP Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Kengo Kimura (four) and Osamu Nishimura (one))
NWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship (two times)
NWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WCWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWF International Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWF International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Kengo Kimura)
WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
G1 Climax (1993)
Super Grade Tag League (1991) (with Big Van Vader)
Karl Gotch Cup (1974)Pacific Northwest WrestlingNWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (one time)Pro Wrestling IllustratedHe was ranked #31 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.Tokyo SportsBest Bout Award (1983) (vs. Riki Chōshū on April 3)
Best Bout Award (1986) (vs. Akira Maeda on June 12)
Best Tag Team (1981) (with Antonio Inoki)
Distinguished Service Award (1978)
Fighting Spirit Award (1984)
MVP Award (1985)
Outstanding Performance Award (1980, 1982, 1987, 1988)
Rookie of the Year (1974)
Technique Award (1979)Universal Wrestling AssociationUWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling FederationWWF International Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards'''
Best Technical Wrestler (1985, 1986, 1988)
Most Outstanding Wrestler (1988)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

References

Other websites

CAGEMATCH profile

1953 births
Japanese professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
WWE Hall of Fame
People from Ōita Prefecture
Kirby: Triple Deluxe

Kirby: Triple Deluxe is a Kirby video game for the Nintendo 3DS console. It is the 13th platform game in the series. It was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on January 11, 2014, in North America on May 2, 2014, and in Europe on May 16, 2014.

Gameplay
Kirby: Triple Deluxe is be a 2.5D (a type of game which plays like a 2D game, but has 3D graphics) platform game. Kirby is able to go into both the foreground and the background by using a special type of Warp Star, like in Donkey Kong Country Returns.

References

Other websites
Official website 

2014 video games
Kirby
Platform games
Nintendo 3DS games
Linear predictor function

In statistics and in machine learning, a linear predictor function is a linear function (linear combination) of a set of coefficients and explanatory variables (independent variables), whose value is used to predict the outcome of a dependent variable.  Functions of this sort are standard in linear regression, where the coefficients are termed regression coefficients. However, they also occur in various types of linear classifiers (e.g. logistic regression, perceptrons, support vector machines, and linear discriminant analysis), as well as in various other models, such as principal component analysis and factor analysis.  In many of these models, the coefficients are referred to as "weights".

Statistics
Functions and mappings
Dere Street

Dere Street (later Via Regia in Scotland) was a Roman road in Britain. It ran between Eboracum (York) and 
the Antonine Wall at Bo'ness (Veluniate), in what is now Scotland. 

Dere Street still exists as the route of major roads, including the A1 and A68  just north of Corbridge. 

Its name comes from the post Roman Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira, through which the first part of its route lies. It was sometimes referred to as "Watling Street" and marked on some maps as such. This can cause it to be confused with the Watling Street that linked Dover with Wroxeter.

Roman roads in Britain
Chris Furrh

Chris Furrh (born December 18, 1974) is an American actor. He was born in San Marcos, Texas. He is most famous for starring as Jack in the 1990 movie version of Lord of the Flies. After Lord of the Flies, he played the role of Nick Bankston in the 1990 television movie A Family for Joe. He played another castaway teenager in Exile. Furrh has since retired from acting.

Other websites
 

Actors from Texas
1974 births
Living people
American movie actors
Simplex algorithm

The Simplex algorithm is an algorithm which is used to solve problems of Linear programming or linear optimization. It was first used by George Dantzig in 1947, but other people like Kantorovich laid the foundations in 1939. The algorithm runs in two steps:
First a solution to the problem is found, or the certainty that no solution exists.
The solution found earlier is improved, if this is possible.
Step 2 is run multiple times: Each time, a given solution is improved, until this is no longer possible.

Combinatorial optimization
East 17

East 17 are an English boy band. They have sold 18 million records worldwide. Their first album Walthamstow went straight to number one in the UK. In 1994 they released the single "Stay Another Day". It was their only number one single. The band started in 1991 in Walthamstow, London with four members.

Other websites
Official website

References

1991 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English boy bands
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from London
Suicide of Amanda Todd

Amanda Michelle Todd (born November 27, 1996) committed suicide on October 10, 2012 at the age of 15 at her home in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada. She was a sophomore when she died. On September 7, 2012, she posted a video on YouTube called My Story: Struggling, bullying, suicide and self-harm. Todd's suicide was written about in lots of newspapers. Many news websites linked to Todd's video. It had 1,600,000 views by October 13, 2012. Todd's death made people pay attention to the issue of cyberbullying. People made memorial pages for Todd on Facebook. Some people posted mean comments on them.

Background
On her YouTube video Todd revealed that she showed her breasts on a video chat. She got a message on Facebook from a man. The message said that if Todd did not show more parts of her body then he would post the pictures he had taken of her from the video chat to the Internet. The police came to her home to tell her that photos of her were sent to "everyone". Todd then got depression and panic disorder. She started abusing alcohol and drugs. Todd was asked by a boy to come to his house. The boy had a girlfriend but he acted like he liked Todd. She went to his house. The next week the boy's girlfriend appeared at Todd's school with fifteen other people. Todd was hurt really really bad and it was filmed by people who watched. When she went home she drank bleach. People made fun of her for doing this and wrote on Facebook that they wished that she had not survived.

Aftermath
A 35-year-old man was charged with extortion, internet luring, criminal harassment and child pornography in connection with Todd's suicide in 2014.

References

Other websites
My Story: Struggling, bullying, suicide and self-harm

2012 deaths
British Columbia
Suicides by hanging
Suicides in Canada
Janet Rowley

Janet Davison Rowley (April 5, 1925 - December 17, 2013) was an American geneticist. She was the first scientist to identify a chromosomal translocation as the cause of leukemia and other cancers in humans.

Rowley died at the age of 88 from complications of ovarian cancer.

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from ovarian cancer
American geneticists
Scientists from New York City
Ronnie Biggs

Ronald Arthur "Ronnie" Biggs (8 August 1929 – 18 December 2013) was a British robber. He is took part in the Great Train Robbery of 1963. The robbery happened on his birthday. 

Biggs was born in Stockwell, Lambeth, London. He escaped from prison in 1965 and lived as a fugitive for 36 years. In 2001, he chose to return to the United Kingdom and spent the next eight years in prison. 

Biggs was released from prison on compassionate grounds on 6 August 2009. He died in Barnet, London, aged 84. His cause of death was not released.

References

Other websites
Biggs' own web site
Guardian photo gallery of Biggs
"The Big One: Ronald Biggs and the Great Train Robbery" , Crime Library
Obituary  at the Daily Telegraph

1929 births
2013 deaths
Criminals from London
Disease-related deaths in England
Great Train Robbers
HM Prison Wakefield

Her Majesty's Prison Wakefield is a Category A prison for men in Wakefield in England. Category A means that the prison is for the most dangerous criminals. It was built in 1594. It has about 740 prisoners. Harold Shipman was a prisoner there until he committed suicide in 2004. Ian Watkins was also a prisoner there.

References

1594 establishments
Buildings and structures in England
Prisons
West Yorkshire
1590s establishments in England
Bruce Reynolds

Bruce Richard Reynolds (7 September 1931 – 28 February 2013) was a British criminal. He led the Great Train Robbery of 1963. At the time it was Britain's largest robbery. He stole an amount equal to £41 million today (2013). Reynolds spent five years on the run from police. He was imprisoned for 25 years in 1969. He was released in 1978. He wrote three books and performed with the band Alabama 3, for whom his son, Nick, plays.

Reynolds was born in Strand, London. He also had convictions for assault and supplying drugs.

He died in Croydon, London, at the age of 81.

References

1931 births
2013 deaths
British people convicted of assault
British people convicted of drug offences
Criminals from London
Drug dealers
Great Train Robbers
Buster Edwards

Ronald Christopher Edwards (27 January 1931 – 28 November 1994), known as Buster Edwards, was a British career criminal. He was born in Lambeth, London. He was a member of the gang of the Great Train Robbery. He had also been a boxer and nightclub owner. Edwards was in prison for nine years.

Death 
Edwards died after hanging himself (suicide) in Lambeth, at the age of 63. His cause of death is still disputed because many people thought he was too drunk to have chosen to kill himself.

A biopic, Buster, was released in 1988.

References

1931 births
2013 deaths
Criminals from London
Great Train Robbers
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Brian Field

Brian Field (15 December 1934 – 27 April 1979) was a British clerk and criminal. He was one of the people who organised the Great Train Robbery of 1963.

Fields died in a car crash in London. He was aged 44. His wife also died in the crash.

References

1934 births
1979 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United Kingdom
British criminals
Great Train Robbers
People from London
Charlie Wilson (criminal)

Charles Frederick "Charlie" Wilson (30 June 1932 – 23 April 1990) was a British criminal. He was born in Battersea, London. He was a member of the Great Train Robbery gang. He was shot dead by a hitman on a bicycle in 1990 when he was living in Marbella, Spain.

References

1932 births
1990 deaths
Criminals from London
English murder victims
Great Train Robbers
Murders by firearm
Operation Uphold Democracy

Operation Uphold Democracy was a military operation in Haiti. It was led by the United States, with help from Argentina and Poland. It lasted from 19 September 1994, to 31 March 1995.

In 1991, the Haitian army overthrew Haiti's legally elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and created a new military government. The goal of Operation Uphold Democracy was to remove this military government and bring President Aristide back to power. The operation was protected and supported by the United Nations through Security Council Resolution 940, passed on 31 July 1994.

Operation Uphold Democracy was successful, bringing President Aristide back into control of the Haitian government.

References

20th centuy in Haiti
1995 in the United States
1994 in the United States
20th century in Poland
20th century in Argentina
1990s conflicts
Connemara

Connemara () is a district in the west of the Republic of Ireland. The Owenglin River flows into the sea at An Clochán/Clifden.  At first, Connemara was divided into North and South Connemara. The mountains of the Twelve Bens and the Owenglin River were the natural boundaries between the two parts.

Actor Peter O'Toole was born here in 1932.

County Galway
Districts
County Galway

County Galway () is a county in Ireland. It is in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the city of Galway. The population of the county is 250,541 according to the 2011 census.

References

 
Districts
West Riding of Yorkshire

The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of the three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. From 1889 to 1974 the administrative county, County of York, West Riding (abbreviated: County of York (WR)) (the area under the control of West Riding County Council), was based closely on the historic boundaries. The lieutenancy at that time included the City of York and as such was named West Riding of the County of York and the County of the City of York.[3]

Its boundaries roughly correspond to the present ceremonial counties of West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and the Craven, Harrogate and Selby districts of North Yorkshire, along with smaller parts in Lancashire (for example, the parishes of Barnoldswick, Bracewell, Brogden and Salterforth became part of the Pendle district of Lancashire and the parishes of Great Mitton, Newsholme and Bowland Forest Low became part of the Ribble Valley district also in Lancashire), Cumbria, Greater Manchester and, since 1996, the unitary East Riding of Yorkshire.

References

1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Yorkshire
Venus (movie)

Venus is a British comedy-drama movie. It stars Peter O'Toole, Leslie Phillips, Vanessa Redgrave, Richard Griffiths, and Jodie Whittaker. It is directed by Roger Michell and written by Hanif Kureishi. It was released to positive reviews on December 21, 2006.

2006 comedy-drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Roger Michell
Smart grid

The smart grid is a modern electrical grid that uses communication and information technology to collect information from the behavior of its customers. This is done so that it can automatically work itself to be more efficient and reliable in distributing electricity.

Electricity
Invoice

An invoice is a document used in commerce, particularly in retail. It is made by a person or company who is selling something to a customer (or "buyer"). The invoice is given to the customer as a request for payment. It lists the goods or service provided to the customer, along with the price being charged for each of them.

Once the customer has paid for the goods or services, they may be given a receipt. The receipt is the customer's proof that they have paid for the products. A receipt is not the same thing as an invoice.

From the seller's point of view, an invoice is called the sales invoice. From the buyer's point of view, an invoice is called the purchase invoice.

Components
 The word invoice
 Unique reference number
 Invoice date
 Credit terms
 Tax payments
 Name and contact detail of the seller and buyer
 Tax or company registration details of seller
 Date of transaction
 Purchase order number
 Description of products
 Unit prices of products
 Total amount charged
 Payment terms

Types
 Collective invoice
 Continuation invoice
 Commercial invoice
 Credit memo invoice
 Debit memo invoice
 Electronic invoice
 Evaluated receipt settlement invoice
 Pro forma invoice
 Progress billing invoice
 Self-billing invoice
 Statement invoice
 Timesheet invoice

Electronic invoices
 EDIFACT
 Open Application Group Integration Specification
 UBL
 ISDOC

References

Business
Documents
Stan Stennett

Stanley Llewelyn Stennett (30 July 1925 – 26 November 2013) was a Welsh comedian, actor and jazz musician. He was known for his roles in Coronation Street and Casualty.

Stennett died in hospital in Cardiff, at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

BBC website

1925 births
2013 deaths
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh musicians
Jazz musicians
Comedians
Elmet

Elmet () was an independent Brittonic kingdom. It occupied the area of what was later the West Riding of Yorkshire. Elmet appears in records during the Early Middle Ages between the 5th century and early 7th century. Its neighbor to the east was the Anglian kingdom of Deira. The Anglian kingdom of Mercia was to the south. To the west it bordered on the Irish Sea. Elmet was the last surviving British kingdom in the early Anglo-Saxon period.

History

Elmet emerged from Roman Britain as a British kingdom. The Elmetsæte (people of Elmet) were listed in Tribal Hidage as 600 hides. Elmet may have originally been a subkingdom of the Brigantes. Ceredig, the last king of Elmet, was defeated in 617 by Edwin of Deira around Leeds in the south Pennines. Edwin expelled Ceredig from Elmet and from that time on Elmet was a part of Northumbria.

The kings of Elmet had a royal residence at Campodonum (possibly near Doncaster) and another at Loidis (Leeds). The Elmetsæte were apparently Christian, at least by the time they were conquered by Northumbria. Bede wrote of an abbot named Thrydwulf and his monastery in Elmet wood.

Kings of Elmet

 Mascuid Gloff  (born c.440) - May have been the first king. He was a son of King Gwrast Lledlwm of Rheged
 Madog - Died at the Battle of Catraeth  
 Gwallawg - Fought against Deira 
 Ceredig - Last king; expelled from Elmet by Edwin of Deira

Notes

References

Other websites 

 John James, On the Little British Kingdom of Elmet

Petty kingdoms of England
History of the British Isles
Celtic peoples
Elmet (UK Parliament constituency)

Elmet was a county constituency in West Yorkshire. This is seat in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by a simple majority of votes.

From 1997 the MP (member of Parliament) was Colin Burgon of Labour. Burgon did not stand in the 2010 general election. The constituency was created in 1983 to cover the far eastern wards of Leeds and neighbouring areas.

References 

Constituencies in the United Kingdom
Electrical machine

An electrical machine is an electrical device that changes energy from one form to another, usually from mechanical energy to electrical energy or from electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Types
 An electrical generator changes mechanical energy to electrical energy.
 An electrical motor changes electrical energy to mechanical energy.
 A transformer changes changes the voltage level of an alternating current. 

Electricity
Machines
Gaia (spacecraft)

Gaia is a space observatory. It was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on 19 December 2013.  The mission aims to compile a 3D space catalogue of about one billion astronomical objects. 

It will study about 1% of the Milky way population. A successor to the Hipparcos mission, it is part of ESA's Horizon 2000 Plus long-term scientific program. Gaia will monitor each of its target stars about 70 times over a period of five years.

Gaia will create an extremely precise three-dimensional map of stars throughout the Milky Way galaxy and map their motions. This data is a product of the origin and subsequent evolution of the Milky Way. The spectroscopic measurements will find the physical properties of each star observed, their luminosity, temperature, gravity and elemental composition. Distances to about 20 million stars will be measured by annual parallax. 

The massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data. With the data, astronomers hope to tackle a range of important problems, like the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our galaxy. Large numbers of quasars, galaxies, extrasolar planets and Solar System bodies will be measured at the same time.

Gaia was launched using a Soyuz rocket from its Guiana Space Centre (GSC) in French Guiana. It is in a Lissajous orbit around the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrangian point. As of April 2018 it has measured approximately a billion stars and other objects.

References 

ESA spacecraft
Space observatory

A space observatory or a space telescope is any instrument (such as a telescope) in outer space which is used for observation of distant objects. Planets, stars, galaxies, and other outer space objects may be viewed and recorded.  This category does not include observatories in space which are pointed toward the earth for the purpose of reconnaissance, meteorology and other types of information gathering.

All observation of space from Earth is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere filters and distorts what is seen and recorded. 

Satellite-based telescopes opened up the Universe to human eyes. Turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere blurs images taken by ground-based telescopes, an effect known as seeing.  It is this effect that makes stars "twinkle" in the sky.  As a result, the pictures taken by satellite telescopes in visible light (for example, by the Hubble Space Telescope) are much clearer than Earth-based telescopes, even though Earth-based telescopes are very large.

Space-based astronomy is vital for frequency ranges outside the optical and radio windows. For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from the Earth. It has reached its present importance in astronomy due to orbiting X-ray telescopes. Infrared and ultraviolet are also largely blocked by the atmosphere. Most space observatories are in low Earth orbit.

History
In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer was the first to propose a telescope in outer space, a decade before the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik.

Spitzer said a large telescope in space, above the Earth's atmosphere, would see better.  His efforts resulted in the world's first space-based optical telescope, Hubble Space Telescope, which was launched on April 20, 1990 by the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31).

References
Leeds City College

Leeds City College is a college in the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is for further education, that is, education after finishing the compulsory years of secondary school. It is the largest college for further education in Leeds. It has around 57,000 students, and 2,300 staff. It makes about £78 million each year.

References

2009 establishments in England
Colleges and universities in England
Leeds
Curve fitting

Curve fitting is constructing a mathematical function which best fits a set of data points.

Curve fitting may involve either interpolation or smoothing. Using interpolation requires an exact fit to the data. With smoothing, a "smooth" function is constructed, that fit the data approximately. A related topic is regression analysis, which focuses more on questions of statistical inference such as how much uncertainty is present in a curve that is fit to data observed with random errors.

Fitted curves can be used to help data visualization, to guess values of a function where no data is available, and to summarize the relationships among two or more variables.  Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the observed data. This is subject to a degree of uncertainty, since it may reflect the method used to construct the curve as much as it reflects the observed data.

References

Mathematical approximation
Common Brittonic

Common Brittonic (also called Common Brythonic, British, Old Brythonic, or Old Brittonic) was an ancient language spoken in Britain. It was the language of the Celtic people known as the Britons. By the 6th century it split into several Brittonic languages: Welsh, Cumbric, Cornish, and Breton.

Common Brittonic is descended from Proto-Celtic, a hypothetical parent language. By the first half of the first millennium BC it was already dividing into separate dialects or languages. There is some evidence that the Pictish language may have had close ties to Common Brittonic and might be a fifth branch.

Evidence from Welsh shows a great influence from Latin on Common Brittonic during the Roman period. This is particularly true of the Church and Christianity, which are nearly all Latin derivatives. Common Brittonic was replaced in most of Scotland by Gaelic. South of the Firth of Forth it was replaced by Old English (which later developed into Scots). Common Brittonic survived into the Middle Ages in Southern Scotland and Cumbria. Common Brittonic was gradually replaced by English throughout England. In the north of England, Cumbric disappeared as late as the 13th century. In the south, the Cornish was a dead language by the 19th century. There were some attempts to revitalize it have met with some success.

Notes

References 

History of the United Kingdom
Celtic languages
6th-century disestablishments
NES Remix

NES Remix is a video game for the Wii U console. It was developed by indieszero and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 18, 2013. In this game, the player has to complete challenges in Nintendo Entertainment System games. For example, the player may have to defeat a number of enemies in Super Mario Bros. while under a time limit.

Games

References

Other websites
Official website

2013 video games
Wii U games
Worms Cathedral

St Peter's Cathedral () is a church in Worms, southern Germany. It was the seat of the Catholic Bishopric (diocese) of Worms before it broke up in 1800. Today, the former cathedral is a Catholic parish church and "basilica minor". Worms Cathedral is where Martin Luther presented his theses on reforms to church authorities.

Bells
The cathedral has three bells, all of which are housed in the southeast tower. They were cast in 1947 by Albert Junker to replace the old sound of the four bells destroyed in World War II.

References 

Buildings and structures in Rhineland-Palatinate
Cathedrals in Germany
Worms, Germany
Trinity Church, Worms

The Holy Trinity Church, also called the Reformation Memorial Church of the Holy Trinity) () is the largest Protestant church in Worms, Germany. It was built between 1701 and 1717. The baroque hall building is centrally located on the market square and is very close to the cathedral.

References 

Buildings and structures in Rhineland-Palatinate
Protestant churches in Germany
Worms, Germany
Hammer Bro.

Hammer Bro., also called Hammer Brothers or Hammer Bros., is an enemy from the Mario series of video games. It is a type of Koopa Troopa that walks on two feet and attacks by throwing hammers at the player character. There are different types of Hammer Bro. that are named after the attack that they use, such as the Boomerang Bro. and the Fire Bro. The Hammer Bro. has appeared in many Mario games since its first appearance in Super Mario Bros., including spin-off games such as the Mario Party games.

References

Other websites
Hammer Bro. at Super Mario Wiki

Mario series characters
Rassilon

Rassilon is a fictional character in the British television series Doctor Who. He is the founder of the Time Lords.

Doctor Who characters
Greg Montgomery

Greg Montgomery (October 29, 1964 – August 23, 2020) was an American football punter. He played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Houston Oilers from 1988 to 1993, Detroit Lions in 1994 and the Baltimore Ravens from 1996 to 1997.

Montgomery was born in Morristown, New Jersey.

He was drafted out of Michigan State University by the Houston Oilers in 1988. He retired in 1997. He was on the All-Time team for Michigan State University.

He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1997.

Montgomery died on August 23, 2020, in Grand Rapids, Michigan at the age of 55.

References

Other websites
 NFL profile

1964 births
2020 deaths
American football punters
Baltimore Ravens players
Detroit Lions players
People with bipolar disorder
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Buchi Emecheta

Buchi Emecheta OBE (21 July 1944, in Yaba, Lagos – 25 January 2017 in London) was a Nigerian writer. Her first novel, In the Ditch, was published in 1972. Her second novel was published in 1974. The novel is set in London, where Emecheta lived when she wrote it. Emecheta's most well known novel is The Joys of Motherhood.

Personal life
Emecheta married Sylvester Onwordi when she was sixteen. She had two children. In 1962 she moved with her husband to London. There she had three more children.

Emecheta died in her sleep at her home in London on 25 January 2017 from complications of a stroke, aged 72.

References

1944 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Nigerian writers
People from Lagos
João Havelange

Jean-Marie Faustin Goedefroid "João" de Havelange (May 8, 1916 – 16 August 2016) was a Brazilian association football administrator. He was the 7th President of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). He was elected to the position in 1974. He resigned in 1998, after 24 years in charge.

He was elected as an honorary president of FIFA in 1998 after he left office. He resigned in 2013 due to "health and personal reasons".

Havelange was a swimmer at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. He was also part of the team that tied for 13th in water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

Honors
 Cavalier of the Légion d'honneur
 Order of Special Merit in Sports
 Commander of the Cavaliers of the Order of Infante D. Henrique
 Cavalier of the Order of Vasa
 Grand Cross of Elizabeth the Catholic

References

Other websites

1916 births
2016 deaths
1936 Summer Olympics
1952 Summer Olympics
Brazilian Olympians
Centenarians
People from Rio de Janeiro
Presidents of FIFA
Swimmers
Brazilian water polo players
4 (Beyoncé album)

4 is the fourth studio album by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé Knowles. It was released June 24, 2011. Seven singles were released from the album. "Run the World (Girls)" was the first single from the album. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10.
The single "Love on Top" won the Best Traditional R&B Performance Award at the Grammy Awards. The album has sold three million copies. The third song on the album "I Miss You" was written by Frank Ocean.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Monthly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References

2011 albums
Beyoncé albums
Funk albums
R&B albums
Iman (model)

Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid (born July 25, 1955), known as Iman, is a Somali-American supermodel. In 1992, she played a queen in Michael Jackson's music video "Remember the Time".

Early life 
Iman was born in Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. She went to high school in Egypt. Iman then studied political science at the University of Nairobi in Kenya.

Career

Modeling
Photographer Peter Beard saw her on a street in Nairobi and asked if she had even been photographed. When he said he would pay her she asked if he would give her $8,000 and he said yes. That day he took photographs of her. He then took them back to New York. Iman was signed to the modeling agency Wilhelmina.

Business
In 1994 Iman started Iman Cosmetics. Iman Cosmetics makes makeup for women with dark skin.

Writing
Iman's first book, I Am Iman, was published in 2001.

Personal life
In 1978, Iman married American basketball player Spencer Haywood. She had a daughter with him called Zulekha. She works for Iman's cosmetics company. Iman divorced Haywood in 1987. In 1992, Iman married David Bowie. In 2000, she gave birth to their daughter Alexandria Zahra Jones. Iman and Bowie stayed together until his death on January 10, 2016.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1955 births
Living people
David Bowie
American models
People from Mogadishu
Kabomani tapir

The kabomani tapir (Tapirus kabomani) is the smallest of the five living species of tapir. It was found in the Amazon rainforest. Discovered in 2013, it was the first odd-toed ungulate discovered in over 100 years. The tapir has an estimated weight of only . It has dark-grey to dark-brown hair. Males are smaller than females and females have a light throat patch that extends from chin to neck and up to the base of the ears.

Odd-toed ungulates
Mammals of South America
Heptarchy

The heptarchy (, seven + realm) is a collective name applied to seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. These were: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms eventually became the Kingdom of England. The term has been in use since the 16th century. It is used to apply both to the seven kingdoms and to the time period in which they existed.

Origins of the heptarchy 

The idea of a heptarchy, a group of seven independent kingdoms, is thought to have come from the English historian Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century.  He listed the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in his Historia Anglorum (History of the English People). Bede, however, set up the idea that several kingdoms were more dominant than others (at different times). He created a list of kings who dominated the other kingdoms. The dividing line between these kingdoms was the River Humber. Northumbria (Deira and Bernicia) was the northern kingdom while the remaining kingdoms were those of the southern English. The actual term 'heptarchy' was first used in the 16th century by William Lambarde. His 1568 woodcut map is the earliest known use of the term.

The term heptarchy is sometimes used to imply a confederacy between the kingdoms that did not exist. From the 6th century to the 9th century these were simply seven kingdoms set up by the Germanic invaders and their descendants. There was little equality between them. Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex were the most powerful of the seven and often dominated the others. The kingdoms were gradually reduced in number. The heptarchy basically ended with the coming of the Vikings. The term heptarchy was popular among scholars from the 16th to the 19th centuries but is occasionally used today.

Bretwaldas 
Originally Bede listed seven kings who held authority over the other kingdoms in England at the time. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle lists the eighth bretwalda:

 Aelle King of the South Saxons (Sussex)
 Ceawlin King of the West Saxons (Wessex)
 Aethelbert King of Kent
 Raedwald King of East Anglia
 Edwin King of Northumbria
 Oswald King of Northumbria
 Oswiu King of Northumbria
 Egbert King of the West Saxons (Wessex)

Two Mercian kings of the 8th century can be considered bretwaldas also:

 Aethelbald King of Mercia
 Offa King of Mercia

Kingdoms of the Heptarchy 

The seven kingdoms were:

 East Anglia
 Mercia
 Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira
 Wessex
 Essex
 Kent
 Sussex

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Seven Kingdoms of the Heptarchy

Anglo-Saxons
History of England
Thomas Szasz

Thomas Stephen Szasz (April 15, 1920 – September 8, 2012) was a psychiatrist and academic. He was a libertarian. In 1961 Szasz's third and most well known book, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, was published. Szasz died when he was 92.

Early life
Szasz was born in Budapest in Hungary to Jewish parents. He grew up speaking German and Hungarian. He also spoke French. In 1938 Szasz moved with his family to the United States. He studied medicine at the University of Cincinnati. However, he was more interested in politics and philosophy. In 1956 Szasz became a professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York in Syracuse.

Szasz's arguments
Szasz was a heretic in psychiatry. This means that his opinions were very different to the ideas generally accepted within psychiatry. He said that psychiatry is a pseudoscience. He compared it to religion. In Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry, Szasz argued that schizophrenia is a symbol that is 'worshipped' by psychiatrists in the same way that Christians worship Christ. He said that mental illness is not an illness of the brain but "problems of living".  People described Szasz as being 'anti psychiatry'. In response to this Szasz wrote a book called Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared. He believed that mental hospitals are like prisons.

He argued that "death control", or the right to killing oneself, is a human right like birth control. However, he was against euthanasia by the state. Szasz did not believe that drug addiction is a disease. Instead, he thought that it is a social habit. He thought that drugs should be made legal.

Szasz was an atheist.

References

1920 births
2012 deaths
American atheists
Hungarian Jews
People from Budapest
American psychiatrists
Masdar City

Masdar City (, ) is a planned city, which is being built in the United Arab Emirates.
Cities in the United Arab Emirates
Magnus (wrestler)

Nick Aldis (born 6 November 1986) is an English professional wrestler. He currently works for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name, Magnus. He is a former TNA World Heavyweight Champion and was the first English person to hold the title.

He was also known for being a member of The British Invasion with Doug Williams and Rob Terry.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, he appeared on the British revival of the television show Gladiators. He performed under the stage name Oblivion. Aside from wrestling, he is a co-presenter of Britain's Strongest Man on Challenge TV.

Championships
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #43 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012 and 2013.

Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Samoa Joe)

Ring Ka King
Ring Ka King Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
IWGP Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Doug Williams)
TNA World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Doug Williams (one) and Samoa Joe (one))
Wild Card Tournament (2011) (with Samoa Joe)
TNA World Tag Team Championship #1 Contenders Tournament (2010) (with Desmond Wolfe)
Xplosion Championship Challenge (2011)
TNA World Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2013)

References

Other websites
Official website
TNA profile 

1986 births
Living people
English professional wrestlers
People from Norfolk
TNA wrestlers
Husayn ibn Ali

Husayn ibn Ali (11 or 13 January 626 CE – 13 October 680 CE) was the third Imam of Shia Islam. He was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph and first Imam of Shia Islam. His mother was Fatimah Zahra, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad and wife of Ali. He was also the younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali, the second Imam of Shia Islam.

Husayn ibn Ali is known as a great figure in Islam. He refused to submit to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. For this he was killed at the Battle of Karbala, along with most of his family. He is regarded as a martyr by Muslims.

References 

626 births
680 deaths
Imams
Arab people
History of Islam
Assassinated people
United States v. Windsor

United States v. Windsor was a court case heard by the United States Supreme Court. The court's decision was historically important for marriage law in the U.S. It was also important for LGBT rights.

The court decided that defining "marriage" as a union between one man and one woman (as husband and wife) was unconstitutional (against the Constitution). This specifically related to Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a law passed in 1996. This defined "marriage" for federal (national) law in the United States. It defined it as being between one man and one woman. In United States v. Windsor, the court decided that this definition was against the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In the U.S., the Constitution protects the rights of citizens, and no individual law can take those rights away.

The basis for the case was the right to benefits for same-sex married couples; the same right held by heterosexual married couples. Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer, a same-sex couple living in New York, were married in Canada in 2007. Spyer died in 2009, leaving everything she owned to Windsor. Under the law, widows do not have to pay tax on anything they inherited from their dead spouse. Windsor tried to claim this exemption. She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA, which said that the word "spouse" only applies to a marriage between a man and woman. The Internal Revenue Service denied Windsor's claim, and demanded that she pay $363,053 in inheritance taxes.

After Windsor won the case, Time magazine named her the third most influential person of the year in 2013.

Related pages
 Same-sex marriage in the United States

References

Notes

United States Supreme Court cases
Same-sex marriage
2013 in the United States
LGBT rights
Mniophila

Mniophila is a genus of leaf beetles. It can be found nearly everywhere in Europe.

It contains two species:
 Mniophila bosnica (Apfelbeck, 1914)
 Mniophila muscorum (Koch, 1803)

References

Other websites

 

Chrysomelidae
Lythraria

Lythraria is a genus of leaf beetles. It was first described in 1897 by Ernest Marie Louis Bedel. It contains a single species: Lythraria salicariae.

This species lives is found in Europe, the Caucasus, across northern Asia to Korea and Japan.

References

Other websites
 

Chrysomelidae
Hippuriphila modeeri

Hippuriphila modeeri is a species of flea beetles, in the family Chrysomelidae. They that can be found in Europe and northern Asia, east to Mongolia.

References

Chrysomelidae
Dibolia

Dibolia is a genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae).

Species in this genus can be found nearly everywhere in Europe.

Species were first organised into this group in 1829, by Pierre André Latreille.

References

Other websites

 

Chrysomelidae
Batophila aerata

Batophila aerata is a species of leaf beetle. It is common in southern England, France, Corsica, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Spain, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. It can also be found on islands in the Mediterranean such as Sardinia and Sicily.

References 

Chrysomelidae
Altica ericeti

Altica ericeti (or Altica sandini) is a species of leaf beetle. It can be found in France, England, Germany, Netherlands, Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula.

References

Chrysomelidae
WCW Monday Nitro

WCW Monday Nitro was a professional wrestling television program for World Championship Wrestling (WCW). The show ran from September 4, 1995 to March 26, 2001 and had 288 episodes.

History 
When Nitro debuted it started a ratings battle which became known as the Monday Night Wars between WCW and WWF which lasted almost six years. WCW started the nWo storyline which helped them gain more viewers than the WWF. They would continue to defeat the WWF in viewers for 84 consecutive weeks which forced WWF owner Vince McMahon to change the style of wrestling his promotion was doing and introduce The Attitude Era. As the nWo storyline became stale, fans turned from WCW to watch the WWF.

On the January 4, 1999 episode of Nitro, commentator Tony Schiavone gave away the results to Raw which included underdog Mick Foley defeating The Rock saying:
"Fans, if you're even thinking about changing the channel to our competition, do not. We understand that Mick Foley, who wrestled here at one time as Cactus Jack, is gonna win their World title. Ha! That's gonna put some butts in the seats, heh."

Bischoff thought that in doing this, viewers would be put off by this and would not watch Raw. His plan backfired however and a lot of Nitro viewers changed the channel to watch Raw because they were excited to see the underdog Foley win the championship. The fans switched back to Nitro after Foley won but from that week on, Nitro was beat by Raw in the ratings by a large amount and WCW was never able to regain their former success.

Special episodes

On-air personalities

Commentators

Ring announcers

Related pages
 World Championship Wrestling
 WCW Thunder

References

Other websites 
WCW on WWE.com

1995 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
American television series
Sports television series
World Championship Wrestling
English-language television programs
Ned Vizzini

Edison Price "Ned" Vizzini (April 4, 1981 - December 19, 2013) was an American writer. He is best known for writing It's Kind of a Funny Story. In 2010 a movie of the novel was released. Vizzini had depression. He spent a week in a psychiatric hospital in 2004 after he called a suicide hotline. He based It's Kind of a Funny Story on his experience there. Vizzini was found dead on December 19, 2013 in New York. He had killed himself by jumping off a building.

Early life
Vizzini was born in Brooklyn in New York City. He went to Stuyvesant High School.

Career
Vizzini's first book It's Kind of a Funny Story was published in 2006.

References

Other websites
Ned Vizzini speaks about 'It's Kind of a Funny Story' on 'YA Visions' (2010)

1981 births
2013 deaths
Suicides by jumping in the United States
Writers from New York City
Rising Damp

Rising Damp is a British sitcom produced by Yorkshire Television for ITV. There were 28 thirty minute episodes in four series between 1974 and 1978. In 1980 it was followed by a movie of the same name.

1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1974 television series debuts
1978 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British sitcoms
ITV comedy
English-language television programs