cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Keynesian economics

Keynesian economics (also called Keynesianism) describes the economics theories of John Maynard Keynes. Keynes wrote about his theories in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The book was published in 1936.

Keynes said capitalism is a good economic system. In a capitalist system, people earn money from their work. Businesses employ and pay people to work. Then people can spend their money on things they want. Other people work and make things to buy. Sometimes the capitalist system has problems. People lose their work. Businesses close. People cannot work and cannot spend money. Keynes said the government should step in and help people who do not have work.

This idea is called "demand-side policy". If people are working, the economy is good. If people are not working, the economy is bad.

Keynes said when the economy is bad, people want to save their money. That is, they do not spend their money on, or invest in, things they want. As a result, there is less economic activity. 

Keynes said the government should spend more money when people do not have work. The government can borrow money and give people jobs (work). Then people can spend money again and buy things. This helps other people find work.

Some people, such as conservatives, libertarians, and people who believe in Austrian economics, do not agree with Keynes' ideas. They say government work does not help capitalism. They say when the government borrows money, it takes money away from businesses. They do not like Keynesian economics because they say the economy can get better without government help.

During the late 1970s, Keynesian economics became less popular because inflation was high at the same time that unemployment was high. This is because many people interpreted Keynesian theory to say that it was impossible for there to be both high inflation and high unemployment. 

When a big recession happened in 2007, Keynesian economics became more popular. Leaders around the world (including Barack Obama) created stimulus packages which would allow their government to spend a lot of money to create jobs. Conservatives and Libertarians would say that the stimulus package rewards the bad behavior that lead to the recession. It tells big banks that they can misbehave and the government will step in and get them out of trouble.

Basic ideas 
Keynes had the following ideas:
 The market for goods controls employment and production. The market for work does not.
 It is possible that people become unemployed even if they want to work.
 An increase in savings will not lead to an increase in investment of the same amount. People have the choice between investing their money or saving it.
 An economic system based on money is different from one that is based on the exchange of goods.
 The quantity theory of money is only valid if there is no unemployment.
 In a market economy, investor behavior is governed by what Keynes called the animal spirits of investors.
Economic theories
Kaiser Chiefs

Kaiser Chiefs is an alternative rock band from Leeds, England. They were active as Parva from 2000 to 2003, then changed their name to Kaiser Chiefs in 2003.

Their name come from the name of the Kaizer Chiefs association football club in South Africa.

Kaiser Chiefs 2016 album stay together was very successfull.

Discography

References

Other websites
 Kaiser Chiefs official website

2000 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Alternative rock bands
English rock bands
Leeds
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups from Yorkshire
Rob Zombie

Rob Zombie (born Robert Bartleh Cummings on July 10, 1965 in Haverhill, Massachusetts) is an American heavy metal singer, director, producer and screenwriter. He formed the band White Zombie.

He has also directed the films House of 1000 Corpses, The Devil's Rejects, the 2007 remake of Halloween and the sequel to that Halloween II.

Albums

Solo

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Rob Zombie

1965 births
American rock singers
Heavy metal musicians
Living people
Movie directors from Massachusetts
Movie producers from Massachusetts
Singers from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
People from Haverhill, Massachusetts
Elam

Elam was an long-lasting ancient civilization just to the east of Mesopotamia, in what is now southwest Iran. Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq..

History 
Knowledge of Elamite history is not complete. It is mainly known from Mesopotamian sources. The history of Elam is divided into three periods, over more than two millennia. The three periods come after the proto-Elamite period:
Proto-Elamite: c. 3200 BC – 2700 BC (Proto-Elamite script in Susa)
Old Elamite period: c. 2700 BC – 1600 BC  (earliest documents until the Eparti dynasty)
Middle Elamite period: c. 1500 BC – 1100 BC (Anzanite dynasty until the Babylonian invasion of Susa)
Neo-Elamite period: c. 1100 BC – 539 BC (characterized by Iranian and Syrian influence. 539 BC marks the beginning of the Achaemenid period)

The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 5000 BC in the watershed of the river Karun. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation.  

Written records start from around 3000 BC in the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age). In the Achaemenid Empire the Elamite language was among those in official use. The Elamite language has no obvious connections with any other, and seems to be a language isolate like Sumerian. Some researchers have suggested the existence of a larger group known as Elamo-Dravidian. This theory is not established.

The Elamites called their country Haltamti, but the Sumerians and Akkadians called it Elam, and so it was also in the Hebrew Bible. The civilisation started around 2700 BC, and they were finally conquered by the Achmaenids in 640 BC. A tablet found in 1848 has the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal boasting of his conquest:
"Susa, the great holy city, abode of their Gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed...I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and on their lands I sowed salt.

As it happens, the Elamites managed to stay independent for some time after this disaster. The devastation was less complete than Assurbanipal boasted, and Elamite rule, though rather broken up, continued until 540 BC, when Achaemenid rule begins in Susa. Under the Parthian period, a kingdom of Elymais existed which survived until its extinction by Sassanid invasion in the early third century AD. It was in the heartland of ancient Elam.

References 

Mesopotamia
History of Iran
Dental braces

Dental braces are wires that are held together by brackets glued to the permanent teeth. The wires and brackets may be made of metal or other materials. Each week or month (or other time the orthodontist decides) the braces may be checked, cleaned, or changed into a tighter wire. 

Braces are an orthodontic device. They are to make the teeth straight, and to correct problems in a person's bite. There are many natural problems which occur to the way teeth fit together, but not everyone needs or will need braces. 

However, the use of braces is quite common, even when they are not medically necessary. Their cosmetic use for young females is more common in countries with first world economies. To overcome the visibility of traditional metal braces, there are now nearly transparent braces. Sometimes braces are possible behind the teeth, and so are not in view.

Notes 

Orthodontics
Dentistry
Braces

Braces (suspenders in the U.S.) are a standard item of male clothing. Their function is to keep trousers at a set height on the body. They are standard wear for formal styles of dress such as the lounge suit.

There is also a fashion use among some young males, and a use by some workmen, most often with newspaper. Braces can be worn entirely out of sight, hidden by a waistcoat, or in sight as a display. A critical factor in formal dress is the "drop" of the trousers as they meet the shoes. Here braces avoid the need to hitch trousers up, always a problem with belts.

In many countries braces were worn by all classes of men for well over a hundred years until about the 1960s, except in the armed forces. Then fashion changed and men's clothes became informal, with lower waistlines and belts. Now they are a minority item.

References 

Accessories
Doves (band)

Doves is an English alternative rock band. They formed in 1998 when the two Williams brothers (Jez and Andy) met Jimi Goodwin in high school.

Doves newest album is The Places Between: The Best of Doves and was released on April 5, 2010.

Discography 
Doves have released 5 studio albums:

References

Websites
Doves' Official website 

1998 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Cheshire
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1998
Shin-Soo Choo

Shin-Soo Choo (born July 13, 1982 in Busan, South Korea) is a South Korean baseball player. He is a center fielder for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Choo also played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005-2006 and the Cleveland Indians from 2006–2012.

Choo was required to serve 2 years in the South Korea military service before he turns 30 in 2012. However, he was exempted from military service due to his contribution to the Korean National Baseball team winning the Gold Medal in the 2010 Asian Games 

He is married and lives near Phoenix, Arizona.

Other websites
Shin-Soo Choo's MLB player profile

1982 births
Living people
South Korean baseball players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Seattle Mariners players
People from Busan
Texas Rangers players
Bryan Bickell

Bryan Bickell (born March 9, 1986 in Orono, Ontario) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played for the Chicago Blackhawks amd Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
He was chosen 41st overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He earned a Stanley Cup ring from the team but his name was not engraved on the cup. On June 24, 2013, Bickell won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

Health issues
Bickell began experiencing symptoms of vertigo that forced him to miss two games during the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals. He initially believed the ailment was caused by an infected tooth. Bickell's agent later commented that Bickell was suffering from vestibular issues, which hindered his performance during the 2015–16 Chicago Blackhawks season. In November 2016, Bickell began experiencing an unexplained pain in his shoulder and leg that caused him to miss multiple games. Doctors later diagnosed Bickell with multiple sclerosis. Bickell commented on his health by stating, "Since the 2015 playoffs, I've been struggling to understand what was going on with my body. Again during the past few weeks, it felt like something wasn't right." Ron Francis, the Hurricanes' general manager, stated that Bickell would take an indefinite amount of time off from hockey to receive treatment for his condition. While Bickell ultimately returned to Hurricanes towards the end of the 2016–17 season, he announced he would retire from playing hockey to focus on his MS treatment.

References

Other websites 

1986 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People with multiple sclerosis
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Khloé Kardashian

Khloé Alexandra Kardashian (born June 27, 1984) is an American television personality. She is the sister of Kim and Kourtney Kardashian.  Kardashian is the daughter of Kris and Robert Kardashian Sr., who is known for representing O. J. Simpson during his infamous 1995 trial. She has one younger brother, Rob Kardashian Jr. She has had her own reality television series, Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami and Khloé & Lamar. She and her sisters own the fashion store DASH and formerly owned the children's store Smooch, both run by her family.

Background 
Kardashian was born on June 27, 1984 in Los Angeles, California.

Television
In 2017, calling herself the "fat, funny sister" during her childhood, Kardashian introduced the new E! TV series Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, focused on helping contestants lose weight and improve physically and mentally over 12 weeks before making a reveal of their new body.  The show was picked up for a second season.

Personal life 
Kardashian married Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Lamar Odom in 2009.  She filed for divorce in December 2013, and it was finalized in 2016.  She previously dated NBA player James Harden and music producer French Montana.

Kardashian is currently in a relationship with NBA player Tristan Thompson.  On September 26, 2017, it was revealed that they are expecting a child together. This announcement came after Kardashian's half-sister Kylie Jenner announced her own pregnancy with rapper Travis Scott.

On April 12, 2018, Kardashian gave birth to her first child (and Thompson's second), a daughter named True Thompson.

References 

1984 births
Living people

American television personalities
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Participants in American reality television series
Kardashian family
Amar Ramasar

Amar Ramasar (born c. 1981, The Bronx) is a principal dancer of the New York City Ballet.  In 2010, Dance Magazine reported that Ramasar was one of the few Asian American professional ballet dancers.  He took his first dance lessons at the Henry Street Settlement House on the Lower East Side. He went there every day by subway, from his home in the South Bronx.

References

1981 births
Living people
Ballet dancers
2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

The 2008 Kosovo illegal declaration of independence was an act of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government Assembly of Kosovo. It was adopted on 17 February 2008 by all of the 109 members that were present, which was the minimum number needed for it to pass. It declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia.

It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-majority political institutions. The first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990.

The government of Serbia said that the declaration was illegal. It took the case to the International Court of Justice. The ICJ said that the declaration did not violate international law.

United Nations
Following a request from Russia, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency session in the afternoon of 17 February. The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, issued a statement that avoided taking sides and urged all parties "to refrain from any actions of statements that could endanger peace, incite violence or jeopardize security in Kosovo or the region." Speaking on behalf of six western countries—Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy and the United States—the Belgian ambassador expressed regret "that the Security Council cannot agree on the way forward, but this impasse has been clear for many months. Today's events... represent the conclusion of a status process that has exhausted all avenues in pursuit of a negotiated outcome."

ICJ ruling
On July 22, 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that the declaration did not violate international law. Prior to the announcement Hashim Thaçi said there would be no "winners or losers" and that "I expect this to be a correct decision, according to the will of Kosovo's citizens. Kosovo will respect the advisory opinion." For his part, Boris Tadić, the Serbian president, warned that "If the International Court of Justice sets a new principle, it would trigger a process that would create several new countries and destabilise numerous regions in the world."

References

Declarations of independence
Equal justice under law

Equal justice under law is a sentence on the front of the United States Supreme Court building in Washington D.C..

Law
Six-hour clock

The Thai six-hour clock is a traditional time system used in Thailand and Laos. It splits the day into 4 parts.

Clocks
Canteen (bottle)

A canteen is a bottle which can be re-used.  Canteens are most used for carrying water to places where water is hard to find. Many canteens can be worn on a belt, or held with a strap, like a purse.  They are carried often by soldiers, hikers, and campers.  Old canteens were mostly made of metal but newer ones can be made of plastic. The idea of a canteen comes from ancient times when water and wine were carried in bags made from animal skins. 

Containers
Canteen (place)

A canteen is a small restaurant.  A restaurant found on an Army base or inside an office or factory is often called the canteen. The food in a canteen is usually cheaper than in a restaurant, because the price is subsidized.

Restaurants
Surfboard

A surfboard is a long platform used in the sport of surfing.

Other websites

Sports equipment
Surfing
Škoda Yeti

The Škoda Yeti is an SUV car produced by Škoda Auto since 2009. It was facelifted in 2013 and its boxy styling received mixed reviews. It has been replaced in late 2017 by a new, normal looking model called the Karoq.

Engines 
 1.2 TSI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8 TSI 118 kW (160 hp)
 2.0 TDI 81 kW (110 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

Yeti
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
Hungarian Grand Prix

The Hungarian Grand Prix () is a Grand Prix where Formula One races take place.

Winners of the Hungarian Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

* Between 1999 and 2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

Year by year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Formula One Grands Prix
Volkswagen Golf Mk6

The Volkswagen Golf Mk6 is the sixth generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It successed the Mk5 in 2008.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.2 TSI 63 kW (86 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 TSI 90 kW (122 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
 1.6 75 kW (102 hp)
 2.0 GTI 154 kW (210 hp)
 2.0 R 199 kW (270 hp)

Diesel 
 1.6 TDI 77 kW (105 hp)
 2.0 TDI 81 kW (110 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 GTD 125 kW (170 hp)

Golf Mk6
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles

it:Volkswagen Golf IV
NBC Symphony Orchestra

The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra. It was made by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company mostly for conductor Arturo Toscanini. The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Toscanini and other conductors. It was the house orchestra for the network. It began November 13, 1937. It ended in 1954.

American orchestras
NBC
1937 establishments
1954 disestablishments
Gabriel Pierné

Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné (16 August 1863–17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist.

Personal Life
Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to get away from the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. Pierné got first prizes for solfège, piano, organ, counterpoint, and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his work Edith. His teachers were Antoine François Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Émile Durand, César Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition). 

He succeeded Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. Pierné himself was succeeded by another Franck student. His name was Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Édouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierné became head conductor of this series in 1910.

His most famous early performance was the world start of Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird, at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933. 

He died in Ploujean, Finistère, in 1937.

1863 births
1937 deaths

20th-century French composers
Terry Wogan

Sir Michael Terence Wogan  (; 3 August 1938 – 31 January 2016), better known as Terry Wogan, was a veteran Irish-British radio and television broadcaster, who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. Before he retired from the weekday breakfast programme Wake Up to Wogan on BBC Radio 2 on 18 December 2009, Wogan had a regular eight million listeners, making him the most listened to radio broadcaster of any European nation. He began his career at Raidió Teilifís Éireann where he presented shows such as Jackpot in the 1960s.

Wogan was a leading media personality in the UK from the late 1960s and is often referred to as a national treasure. He is best known in the United Kingdom for his BBC 1 chat show Wogan, the game show Blankety Blank, for his work presenting Children in Need, as the host of Wake Up to Woganon BBC Radio 2, and as the BBC's commentator for the Eurovision Song Contest from 1980 to 2008. He was awarded an honorary knighthood in 2005. When he took dual British citizenship later that year, he became entitled to be addressed as "Sir Terry Wogan".

Wogan started a primetime weekend show on Radio 2 from 14 February 2010.

Wogan died on 31 January 2016 in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, England from cancer of unknown primary origin at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters 
British entertainers
British radio personalities
British television personalities
Cancer deaths in England
Disease-related deaths in Buckinghamshire
Eurovision Song Contest presenters

Irish television presenters
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Limerick
Wake Up to Wogan

Wake Up to Wogan (WUTW) was the most listened to radio show in the United Kingdom and the flagship breakfast programme broadcast on BBC Radio 2. The show was presented by Sir Terry Wogan who fronted WUTW from 4th January 1993; he had previously presented the breakfast show between 1972 and 1984, but the title WUTW was only added at the start of his second term. On 7 September 2009, Wogan confirmed to his listeners that he would be leaving the show at the end of the year, with Chris Evans taking over the breakfast show from the 11th January 2010. The final show was broadcast on 18 December 2009. Regular stand-in presenter Johnnie Walker would become interim host of the breakfast show for the three week period between Wogan's departure and Evans'.

References

Radio programs
Attica Correctional Facility

Attica Correctional Facility is a prison in Attica, New York. The prison was the site of a riot in 1971, because prisoners wanted better conditions in it.

References 

Prisons
Buildings and structures in New York
Happy slapping

Happy slapping is a trend in which innocent people are hurt, for no apparent reason. Most of the time, happy slapping is done in groups. One person in the group will hit an innocent person, while another films the onset. In English-speaking countries, the crime is usually deemed assault. In some cases, the victims are beaten to unconsciousness, or even killed. Mostly, the name is used for small acts of violence such as hitting or jumping on the victim, but the media has also used it for more serious crimes such as murder, rape, and sexual assault.

Happy slapping began in South London, particularly the London Borough of Lewisham. The first use was as Slap Happy TV, where many people would watch and judge the exploit of a happy slapper.

References

Types of crime
Germania (painting)

Germania is a painting by Philipp Veit created in March 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848. 
Today Germania is in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg.

19th-century paintings
National personifications
Philipp Veit

Philipp Veit (13 February 1793 – 18 December 1877) was a German Romantic painter. One of Veit's most important paintings was Germania in 1848.

Biography 
Veit was born in Berlin, Prussia. He was the son of a banker Simon Veit

Related pages 

List of German painters

1793 births
1877 deaths

German painters
Pöcking

Pöcking is a municipality in Germany. It is in the district of Starnberg in Bavaria. The Prince of Austria-Hungary, Otto von Habsburg, lived there until his death on July 4, 2011.

Municipalities in Bavaria
Starnberg (district)
BMW Compact

The BMW Compact is an automobile made by BMW in two generations from 1994 until 2004. It was replaced by the 1 Series in 2004.

First generation (1994–2001)

Engines 
 316i 75 kW (102 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 318ti 103 kW (140 hp)
 323ti 125 kW (170 hp)
 318tds 66 kW (90 hp)

Second generation (2001–2004)

Engines 
 316ti 85 kW (115 hp)
 318ti 105 kW (143 hp)
 325ti 141 kW (192 hp)
 318td 85 kW (115 hp)
 320td 110 kW (150 hp)

Compact
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Rear wheel drive vehicles
Volkswagen Jetta Mk2

The Volkswagen Jetta Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Jetta. It successed the Mk1 in 1984, and were in 1992 successed by the Vento.

Engines

Petrol

Carburetted 
 1.3 40 kW (55 hp)
 1.6 51 kW (70 hp), 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.8 62 kW (84 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)

Fuel-injected 
 1.3 40 kW (55 hp)
 1.8 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.8 Syncro 72 kW (98 hp)
 1.8 GT 79 kW (107 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
 1.8 GT 16V 95 kW (129 hp) and 102 kW (139 hp)
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp)

Diesel 
 1.6 D 40 kW (54 hp)
 1.6 TD 44 kW (60 hp), 51 kW (70 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)

Jetta Mk2
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Alfa Romeo 159

The Alfa Romeo 159 is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It succeeded the 156 in 2005. Production ceased in 2011. It was eventually replaced in 2016 with the Giulia.

Engines

Petrol 
 1750 TBi 147 kW (200 hp)
 1.8 MPI 103 kW (140 hp)
 1.9 JTS 118 kW (160 hp)
 2.2 JTS 136 kW (185 hp)
 3.2 JTS 191 kW (260 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 JTDM 8V 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.9 JTDM 16V 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 JTDM 16V 100 kW (136 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
 2.4 JTDM 20V 147 kW (200 hp) and 154 kW (210 hp)

Other websites 

159
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Damselfly

Damselflies are insects in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies, but are in a separate suborder, the Zygoptera. There are 20 families of damselfly. "Demoiselle" is another name for damselflies.

The wings of most damselflies are held along, and parallel to, the body when at rest. There are also damselfly families in which the wings are held open, as in the true dragonflies (Anisoptera). 

Damselflies are also usually smaller, weaker fliers than dragonflies.  Their eyes are well separated by more than their own diameter. Another distinction is that their forewings and hindwings look similar; this is not the case in the true dragonflies. Like dragonflies, damselflies cannot walk, but only land. Their life cycle is also similar. They have incomplete metamorphosis, with an aquatic nymph. The nymph is carnivorous, as is the adult.

Damselflies have existed since the later Carboniferous (early forms may be put in the Protozygoptera by some authorities). They are found on every continent except Antarctica. One feature of their life is different from dragonflies. Not only do their nymphs grow in rivers, but the adults usually keep close to the river, and live in colourful little groups. Most damselflies live their lives within a short distance of where they were hatched.

They are often brilliantly coloured, but when they land on a bush, out of direct sunlight, they are not easy to see. They land and close their wings at the same instant. They have eyes which detect movement well, and they fly off if anything moves nearby. Thus, although they are fragile and highly coloured, they are not easily caught by predators.

All damselflies are predatory; both nymphs and adults eat other insects.

References 

Odonata
Klinefelter syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome, 47, XXY, or XXY syndrome is a genetic disorder where people have an extra number of X chromosomes. People who have Klinefelter's Syndrome are often called "XXY Males", or "47, XXY Males".

Effects
Males who have this condition are almost always infertile. This means that they cannot father babies.

In other organisms
Other males can have Klinefelter's Syndrome as well as humans. The mouse is one example. 
Tortoiseshell or calico markings on male cats are an indicator of Klinefelter's syndrome. These cats are considered to be the model organism for Klinefelter syndrome, because the gene for a cat's orange/black coat markings is found on the X chromosome.

References

Other websites 
 

Syndromes
Trisomies

ro:Cromozomul X#Sindromul Klinefelter (47,XXY sau 48,XXXY)
Rumba

Rumba is a music and dance term with two different meanings.

First, it means Cuban event of African style, the rumba genre of Afro-Cuban music. This use of the term 'rumba' is quite different from the Latin ballroom dance.

Second, it refers to one of the Latin ballroom dances. In this sense, the Rumba is the slowest of the five competitive International Latin dances. The Paso doble, the Samba, the Cha-cha-cha and the Jive are the others. This ballroom Rumba was also danced in Cuba to a rhythm they call the bolero-son. The international style was derived from studies of dance in Cuba in the pre-revolutionary period.

Rumba outside Cuba 
The Peanut Vendor was the first recording of Cuban music to become an international hit. It was described on the label as a rumba, perhaps because the word son would not be understood in English. The label stuck, and a 'rumba craze' developed through the 1930s. This kind of rumba was introduced into dance salons in America and Europe in the 1930s, and was characterized by variable tempo, sometimes nearly twice as fast as the modern ballroom Rumba.

Ballroom Rumba 
The modern style of dancing the Rumba derives from studies made by dance teacher Monsieur Pierre (Pierre Zurcher-Margolle). Pierre, then from London, visited Cuba in 1947, 1951 and 1953 to find out how and what Cubans were dancing at the time.Intro 

The international ballroom Rumba is a slower dance of about 120 beats per minute which corresponds, both in music and in dance to what the Cubans of an older generation called the bolero-son. It is easy to see why, for ease of reference and for marketing, rumba is a better name, however inaccurate. It is the same kind of reason that led later on to the use of salsa as an overall term for popular music of Cuban origin.

All social dances in Cuba involve a hip-sway over the standing leg and, though this is hardly noticeable in fast salsa, it is more pronounced in the slow ballroom rumba. Walter Laird put it like this:
[After taking a step to the side] "Transfer full weight to this foot allowing the pelvis to move sideways and back so that the weight is felt to be near the heel of the standing foot. The knee of the supporting leg is locked back".p9 
In general, steps are kept compact and the dance is danced without any rise and fall. This style is authentic, as is the use of free arms in various figures. The basic figures derive from dance moves observed in Havana in the pre-revolutionary period, and have developed their own life since then. Competition figures are often complex, and this is where competition dance separates from social dance. Details can be obtained from the syllabi of dance teaching organizations and from standard texts.

Other websites 
 Basic international Rumba demonstrated by Bryan Watson and Karen Hardy, former World Professional champions. 
 A more advanced version by the same pair:

References 

Dance music
Latin dances
The Gadget Show

The Gadget Show is a British television series. It focuses on technology and is shown on Channel 5. It has progressed from 30 minutes to 1 hour long. Each week there is a challenge, usually starring main presenter Suzi Perry and Jason Bradbury, and numerous tests, as well as some new features such as Top Five, The Wall of Fame and Focus Group. Also, there is a huge prize fund available to win if viewers phone in and answer a multiple-choice question.

The show tries to have enough information but not too much so that it bores people. It is hosted in a studio. Series 20 began on 14 October 2013.

Other websites 

2004 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
Channel 5 (UK) television programmes
English-language television programs
Bullfighting

Bullfighting is an old sport. Today it is mostly done in Spain, and in Portugal, and some countries of South America.

The largest bullring is the Plaza México in central Mexico City, which seats 48,000 people, and the oldest is the La Maestranza in Seville, Spain, which was first used for bullfighting in 1765.

The Spanish bullfight (Corrida de toros) is a fight to the death. The modern bullfight has a ritual. It has three distinct stages, the start of each being signalled by a trumpet. The bullfighters (Toreros) enter the arena in a parade, to Paso doble music. The rules, costumes and traditions were sorted out by Paquiro (Francisco Montes Reina, 13 January 1804  4 April 1851, the greatest matador of his time.

A team of bullfighters is seven men. The leader is the matador, and he has six assistants, who play roles in the drama. Bullfighters' costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing. Matadores ('those who kill the bull') are easily seen by the gold of their traje de luces ('suit of lights').

At the end comes the tercio de muerte ('the third of death'). The matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape, and a sword. The cape called a muleta. The matador uses his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes. The faena is the performance with the cape. The faena ends with a final series of passes in which the bullfighter tries to move the bull into position. He then stabs it between the shoulder blades and through the aorta or heart. The act of thrusting in the sword is called an estocada.

If the matador gets it wrong, he may be gored by the bull's horns, and killed. This does happen: some very famous matadors have died in the ring. When the great matador Manolete was killed in the ring at the age of 31, three days of official national mourning were held. Bullrings do have an infirmary with an operating room, for the immediate treatment of bullfighters with horn wounds.

There is great opposition to the bullfight from animal welfare organisations. There are also versions of the bullfight in which the animal is unharmed.

Art
Bullfighting has influenced all forms of art and culture. Ernest Hemingway said of bullfinghting: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour". Spanish dance and musical forms such as the paso doble and flamenco are heavily influenced by the spectacle of the bullfight.

References 

Sport in Spain
Animal rights
Sports involving animals
Spanish culture
Casual sex

Casual sex means some types of sexual activity outside of a romantic relationship. The term is not always used the same way: some use it to refer to sex in a casual relationship, and others use the word for one-time encounters, promiscuity, or to refer to sex without strong emotional attachment or love.

Related terms

Hookup
A hookup is casual sex activity that could consist of masturbation, oral sex, or sexual intercourse. An extended hookup sometimes refers to many casual sex interactions with the same person.  This is a situation in which the involved people meet for casual sex multiple times, always without a long-term commitment. This is a casual relationship is usually only for sex and without any emotional meaning.  Also another similar term is "no strings attached" ("NSA") sex.

Other terms used to describe two people engaged in a relationship in which there is no emotional but only sexual involvement are "fuck buddies", "friends with benefits", "booty call", and "ami calin" (the popular French term).

One-night stand 
One-night stand is a single sexual encounter between people, at least one of whom has no desire to start a longer-term sexual or romantic relationship.

Anonymous sex 
Anonymous sex is a form of one-night stand or casual sex between people who have very little or no history with each other, often engaging in sexual activity on the same day of their meeting and usually never seeing each other again after the sex. It is usually homosexual sex between men.

Commercial sites
There are many specialist online dating services or other internet websites, known as "adult personals" or "adult matching" sites, which cater to people looking for a purely physical relationship, without emotional attachments. These can provide a relatively anonymous forum where people who are geographically close but in totally separate work and social circles can make contact.

Related pages
Group sex
STDs

References

Ehrenreich, Barbara, Elizabeth Hess, and Gloria Jacobs. Re-Making Love: The Feminization of Sex. Doubleday, 1986 ()

Human sexuality
John Deere

John Deere (February 7, 1804 – May 17, 1886) was an American blacksmith and inventor. He started Deere & Company, which is a big company that makes farm equipment. In 1837, he invented the first successful steel plow. This worked better with the tough soil of the Midwestern United States.

John Deere was born in Rutland, Vermont, on February 7, 1804. He was the third son of William Rinold Deere and Sarah Yates Deere. In 1805, the family moved to Middlebury, Vermont, John’s father worked as a tailor. In 1808, William took a boat to England, because he hoped to claim an inheritance and make a more comfortable life for his family. He was never heard from again, and people think that he must have died at sea. John’s mother, Sarah, only had a small of money to raise him. John Deere's education was limited to the elementary schools of Vermont. At the age of 17 he learned how to be a blacksmith, which took him to several places in Vermont.

In 1836, John traveled to Grand Detour, Illinois, to make a fresh start. He had married and nine young children to look after. John was smart and hard working and he easily found work as a blacksmith. There were lots of farmers in Illinois and John had to fix their plows. The new farmers in Illinois struggled to turn heavy, sticky prairie soil with cast iron plows designed for the light, sandy soil of Vermont. John thought about the steel needles he had seen in father’s tailor shop. The needles stayed smooth and shiny because they were pulled through rough leather. John Deere came up with the idea for a plow that would work. The plow in his mind was polished and shiny and made of steel just like his father’s tailoring needles. It was shaped so that it could scour itself as it cut furrows. In 1837, he created his plow using a broken saw blade.

John sold his first plow to a farmer named Lewis Crandall. Lewis loved the plow told lots of other farmers. By 1841, John was making 100 of the plows every year. In 1843, he started working with another man named Leonard Andrus to help him keep up! By 1848, John had stopped working with Leonard and moved the business to Moline, Illinois. Moline had water power, coal and cheaper transportation than in Grand Detour. In 1850, John’s company made 1600 plows. The company was soon producing other tools to go with the steel plow.

In 1858, John asked his son Charles to be in charge of the company. John stayed on as president of the company, but he also wanted to work on others things. He started a bank in Moline and joined a church. He was also the mayor of the city for two years and the director of the city library! John Deere died on May 17, 1886, at his home in Moline.

1804 births
1886 deaths
American inventors
Businesspeople from Illinois
American chief executives
American engineers
American mayors
Politicians from Vermont
Businesspeople from Vermont
Politicians from Illinois

fi:John Deere
Quena

The quena, also written as "kena" in English, is the traditional flute of Peru and the Andes. Made of bamboo, it has six finger holes and one thumb hole and is open on both ends. To make a sound, the player closes the top end of the pipe with the flesh between the chin and lower lip, and blows a stream of air downward, over a notch cut into the end. It is normally in the key of G major. G is the lowest note when all the holes are covered. It produces a very breathy or airy tone.

The quenacho (also "kenacho" in English) is a bigger, lower sounding type of quena and made the same way. It is in the key of D major, a fourth lower than the quena. In most of Andes' towns "vamos a ir a la quena" (we will go to the quena) was used to threaten little children, because the quena was made of bamboo, a hard material.

Quena is mostly used in traditional Andean music. In the 1960s and 1970s the quena was used by several Nueva Canción musicians. Some groups such as Illapu have used it regularly. In the 1980s and 1990s some post-Nueva Canción rock groups have also used the quena in some of their songs; notably Soda Stereo in Cuando Pase el Temblor and Los Enanitos Verdes in Lamento Boliviano. The quena is also relatively common in World music.

Other flutes
Other Andean flutes include
The pinquillo, also called pinkuyo or pinkiyo, has the same fingering as the quena. It looks and works the same way as a  recorder. It has an air channel, or fipple, to conduct the air;
The tarka, or tharqa, also like a recorder but it is shorter and quite angular in shape. It needs more breath, and has a darker, more penetrating sound;
The moseño, or mohoseño, is a long, two tubed bamboo flute with a deep sound. The extra tube acts as an aeroduct.

Related pages
Native American flute

References

Other websites
Quena Music
Modern Quena models
How to select a quena
The sound of the quena Los Koyas
Quenacho Music Iain Kelso 

Flutes
South American culture
World music
Fedor Emelianenko

Fedor Emelianenko (born September 28, 1976) is a Russian mixed martial artist who is currently fighting for the strikeforce promotion. He has an overall record of 35 fights, in which he has won 31, lost 1, and had 1 no contest.

1976 births
Living people
Russian sportspeople
Martial artists
Gyeonggi Province

Gyeonggi-do (경기도) is the province in which the most people live in South Korea. Over 12 million people live in it. Its provincial capital is Suwon. Its name, Gyeonggi, means 'surrounding the capital' and it surrounds Seoul, the capital of South Korea. It is also next to Incheon.

History 
Gyeonggi-do has been important since King Onjo of Baekje (one of the three kingdoms of ancient Korea) built Wiryeseong and founded the government in it. After King Taejo of Goryeo made the capital in Gaegyeong, (now Kaesong), the province became much more important, and since King Hyeonjong's period it has been called Gyeonggi.

Population 
Gyeonggi-do's population increased rapidly after the modernization of South Korea because the capital, Seoul, the economic and cultural center of South Korea, is very close to it. Now the population of Gyeonggi-do is 12,649,894.

Districts 
Gyeonggi province consists of 28 cities and 3 counties.

Transport 
Gyeonggi Province's transport is well-developed because it is very close to Seoul—South Korea's capital—and Incheon, where Korea's biggest international airport is located. It is easy to access the capital and easy to go abroad by plane. Much of Gyeonggi Province is served by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Provinces of South Korea
Marc Staal

Marc  Staal (born January 13, 1987 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. He is the younger brother of Eric Staal of the Minnesota Wild, and older brother of Jordan Staal of the Pittsburgh Penguins and Jared Staal, who was signed by Eric's team, the Hurricanes but is currently playing for the OHL's Sudbury Wolves.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

Marc Staal  at rangers.nhl.com

1987 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Macrophage

Macrophages are white blood cells within tissues, produced by the differentiation of monocytes. 

Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes, acting in general immunity. They also trigger specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrates. 

Their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells. They also stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen,

Life cycle 
When a monocyte enters damaged tissue through the wall of a blood vessel it changes to become a macrophage. Monocytes are attracted to a damaged site by chemical substances, triggered by a range of stimuli.  At some sites such as the testis, macrophages have been shown to populate the organ through proliferation. 

Unlike short-lived neutrophils, macrophages survive longer in the body, up to several months.

References 

Cells
Immunology
Granulocyte

Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells which have granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of the shape of the nucleus, which has three segments. The term polymorphonuclear leukocyte often refers just to neutrophils, the most abundant of the granulocytes.

Granulocytes are released from the bone marrow. They operate by phagocytosis and other means.

Types of granulocytes
There are three types of granulocytes, distinguished by their appearance under Wright's stain:
 Neutrophil granulocytes
 Eosinophil granulocytes
 Basophil granulocytes

Their names are derived from their staining characteristics; for example, the most abundant granulocyte is the neutrophil granulocyte, which has neutrally-staining cytoplasmic granules.

Other white blood cells which are not granulocytes are mainly lymphocytes and monocytes.

Related pages
 Agranulocytosis (not enough white blood cells in the blood)

References 

Immunology
Blood cells
To Surveil with Love

"To Surveil with Love" is the 20th episode of The Simpsons 21st Season. In this episode, Homer leaves his bag at the train station and after it is thought to be a terrorist attack, cameras are put up around Springfield. Meanwhile, Lisa is bullied at school for being a blonde. It aired on May 2, 2010.

The Simpsons episodes
2010 television episodes
You Kent Always Say What You Want

"You Kent Always Say What You Want" is the 400th episode of The Simpsons. It is the 22nd episode of the 18th season and 400th episode of the entire series. In this episode, Kent Brockman loses his job after he says something naughty on TV and stays with the Simpsons. It aired on May 20, 2007, at the same time as 24 Minutes. It is also the last episode to air before The Simpsons Movie.

Plot
Homer Simpson gets the one millionth ice cream cone at a local ice cream place and got on Smartline with Kent Brockman. Homer accidentally spills a cup of coffee by Brockman's crotch and he yells "That hurt like a" with the last word muffled. Kent Brockman said an extreme expletive and got demoted to weekend weatherman.

The Simpsons episodes
2007 in American television
Television episodes about profanity
2007 television episodes

it:Episodi de I Simpson (diciottesima stagione)#Non puoi sempre dire quello Kent ti pare
Dual carriageway

A dual carriageway (British English) or divided highway (American English) is a type of road. It is an important route that usually carries long-distance traffic. 

A dual carriageway has four lanes (2 lanes each side), and is always separated by a man-made barrier or strip of land.

Dual carriageways have no hard shoulder. A hard shoulder is an area at the side of a road where drivers can stop if there is a serious problem, a breakdown for example.

References

Roads