cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Willi Auerswald

Willi Auerswald (1894–1956) was a member of the German SS in the rank of a SS-Oberscharführer. Auerswald belonged to the guards of the Mauthausen Concentration camp. Between spring 1942 and November 1944 he was one of the leaders of the subcamp Steyr-Münichholz.

Auerswald was feared by the prisoners due to his brutality. Executions and brutal punishments made him one of the most terrible guards at Mauthausen. 

After the end of World War II Auerswald was charged by an US-military tribunal in Dachau. The trial document lists a case where a Russian prisoner, begging for his life, was pushed by Auerswald into a fence secured by high voltage. He died immediately. The documentation also mentioned that 300 healthy prisoners were brought from Mauthausen to the sub-camp St. Aegyd. More than 50% died within the next few weeks or became severely sick so that they were brought back to Mauthausen where they died. Auerswald was the head of the St. Aegyd sub-camp at that time.

Auerswald was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. Later it was changed to life imprisonment.

Other websites  
 Concentration-camp Mauthausen
 Document about the trial (United States of America v. Willi Auerswald et al. - Case No. 000.50.5.08)

1895 births
1956 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
SS officers
Baylor University

Baylor University is a private Baptist university in Waco, Texas, United States. There are about 13,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1845.

Sports
Baylor University's men athletics teams are called the Bears and the women's athletic teams are called the Lady Bears. Baylor has 16 varsity teams and they compete in the Big 12 Conference.

Footnotes

References

Other websites 
 Baylor University - official site

Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Texas
Christian colleges and universities in the United States
Waco, Texas
1845 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Texas
Texas Lutheran University

Texas Lutheran University is a private Lutheran university in Seguin, Texas, United States.  It is a small school with about 1300 students enrolled and it was founded in 1891.

References

Other websites 
 Texas Lutheran University – official site

Christian colleges and universities in the United States
Colleges and universities in Texas
1891 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Texas
The Evergreen State College

The Evergreen State College is a public college in Olympia, Washington, United States.  There are about 4500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1967.

References

Other websites
The Evergreen State College

Colleges and universities in Washington
Olympia, Washington
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Washington (state)
Battle of Berlin

The Battle of Berlin was the last major battle of Second World War in Europe.  The Battle took place in Berlin from 16 April to 3 May 1945. During the battle the Red Army, along with Polish forces, captured the city of Berlin, Germany. When they captured the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler committed suicide with his new wife by shooting himself in the head and her taking a cyanide pill.

Background 
On 12 January 1945 the Soviet and Polish forces began attacking Berlin. In the end of that attack, their forces stood on the Oder River, 60 kilometres east of Berlin. In 1945 the Wehrmacht had few good fighters or good weapons compared to 1944.

Despite his advisors' opinion, Hitler decided to stay in the city. He heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the radio and he hoped the city would be saved.

The Battle of Seelow Heights 
The battle on the city began in the Seelow Heights. The Seelow Heights are 17 kilometers west of the Oder and 45 kilometres east of Berlin. They were well defended by the Wehrmacht.  On 16 April, the Red Army and Polish Army attacked Seelow Heights.  Almost 1,000,000 attackers with 20,000 artillery pieces were fighting against 100,000 Germans with 1,200 tanks.  Despite this, the German defenders managed to hold the heights for four days.

On 20 April, Hitler's birthday, the allies began to bombard the centre of the city with rockets and artillery.  They did not stop until the city surrendered.  On 22 April, Hitler, when he knew the Germans plans had failed, cried in anger.  He knew the war was as good as lost.  One of his generals, Alfred Jodl, thought it would be possible to form a linkup between the army in Berlin, and the 12th Army commanded by Walther Wenck that were fighting the U.S. Army.  Hitler agreed to this idea, but those troops could not get to the city.

Fall of Berlin 

Hitler remained in his Führerbunker until his death.  He knew that escape was nearly impossible.  His soldiers knew that too, and wanted to get out.  Since there was no hope of winning, Hitler gave orders to his generals and allowed a breakout plan on April 28th.  However, this plan went badly.  Only a few of the expected number of soldiers managed to get through Soviet lines.  On April 29th Hitler authorized another try to  break out May 1st.

However, on April 30th the Red Army captured the Reichstag.  They were just 500 yards from the Führerbunker.  Hitler and several other leaders killed themselves.  On May 1st, Helmuth Weidling ordered a break out. One division, named the Nordland Division, escaped and were caught outside Berlin.

In the next few days, the various armies of Nazi Germany surrendered.

1945 in Germany
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
1940s in Berlin
April 1945 events
May 1945 events
VMDK

The VMDK (Virtual Machine Disk) is a file format used by VMware products.

Products that use the format
VMware Workstation
VMware Player
VMware Server

References

Other websites
Official WebSite of VMware
VMDK at File-extensions.org

Computer file formats
University of Texas at San Antonio

The University of Texas at San Antonio, also known as UTSA (especially when talking about sports), is a public university in San Antonio, Texas, United States.  It has about 28,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1969.

UTSA's sports teams, known as Roadrunners, currently play in Conference USA.

References

Other websites
The University of Texas at San Antonio
UTSA Roadrunners

Colleges and universities in Texas
UTSA
San Antonio, Texas
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
National Hockey League Players' Association

The National Hockey League Players' Association (; AJLNH) or NHLPA is a labour union that represents the interests of the hockey players in the National Hockey League of North America.

Organization 
While the management of daily operations is the responsibility of the NHLPA Executive Director Paul Kelly, the ultimate control over all NHLPA activities resides with the players, who each year elect representatives in order to form an Executive Board.

Executive Directors 
Alan Eagleson, 1967–91
vacant, 1991–92
Bob Goodenow, 1992–2005
Ted Saskin, 2005–07
Paul Kelly, 2007 – August 31, 2009
Ian Penny (Interim), August 31, 2009 – October 30, 2009
Mike Ouellet (Interim), October 30, 2009 – December 18, 2010
Donald Fehr, December 18, 2010 – present

Executive Board Members

*Player no longer signed with club.  ‡Player has retired.

References

Other websites 
 National Hockey League Players' Association
 National Hockey League

1967 establishments in North America
Players Association
Trade unions in the United States
Role of United States in the Vietnam War

The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began soon after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War (1956-1975).

Other websites 
 The American War: The U.S. in Vietnam video

Vietnam War
Johann Altfuldisch

Johann Altfuldisch (November 11, 1911 at Brückenau, Bavaria – May 28, 1947 at Landsberg am Lech) was a member of the NSDAP and the Waffen-SS and one of the guards at the concentration camp Mauthausen. He had the second highest rank at Mauthausen.

After the end of World War II Altfuldisch was charged by a military court for killing innocent people, especially members of ethnic groups and war prisoners. He was found guilty and hanged on May 28, 1947.

Other websites 
 Johann Altfuldisch (pol.)
 Johann Altfuldisch (pol.)
 Photo of von Altfuldisch
 Documents of the trial (United States of America against. Hans Altfuldisch et al. - Case No. 000.50.5)

1911 births
1947 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
People executed by hanging
People from Bavaria
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
Phalanges

Phalanges are bones. There are 14 of them in each hand and foot. The phalanges (distal, middle and proximal) in the hand are the fingers and those in the feet are the toes. Human toe bones are usually shorter than the bones in the hand.

Related pages 
 Carpals
 Metacarpal
 Tarsals
 Metatarsals
 Bones of the hand
 Bones of the foot

Limbs and extremities
Bones
Alpaca

The Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is one of the four species of South American camelid, and they are domesticated. It resembles a small llama in superficial appearance. Alpacas are bred for their fiber while Llamas are used to carry burdens.

Diet 
They usually eat hay or grasses, but they actually try to chew most things, even an empty bottle. However, there are many plants that are poisonous to an Alpaca.

Reproduction 
The Alpaca takes about 355 days until the babies are born (11-12 months). They may live up to 20 years (up to 25 years in a zoo). They are as much as 3 or 4 times the opportunity to be mowed fiber in their life. There they live together with Sheep and pygmy goats. 
They were selectively bred for household goods like clothes, because they have such good wool. Since the wool made from alpaca is very warm, the wool is popular in the world.

Domestication 
About 5,000 to 6,000 years ago the natives began the domestication of the vicuna into the present day alpaca as a fiber producing animal. Alpaca are also commonly used as herd guardians. Two or more guardians are sent to live in a paddock of sheep, goats or chickens, where it is their job to chase away foxes and other predators.

Types 
There are two main types of alpacas, the huacaya and the suri (sometimes spelled suriya depending on where you are). The main difference between the two is price and appearance. Huacayas are more common which makes them cheaper to buy. They are also easier to take care of because their coats require less maintenance. Suris are more expensive due to their rarity and the fact that their wool can be sold for more because it is more luxurious and thicker. Their coats require more daily maintenance.

Commercial Use 
There are many commercial uses for Alpaca fiber. Primarily, it is used for clothing. It can be used as either baby alpaca, which is the first shear of an alpaca, or plain alpaca, which comes from subsequent shears. The fabric has very specific care criteria and must be hand-washed in cold water and left to dry naturally away from heat.

References 

Camelids
Domesticated animals
Mammals of South America
Guy Berryman

Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish guitarist. He is a member of the rock band Coldplay. He is known as the bass guitarist for the band and is left-handed but plays with his right hand.

Scottish musicians
guitarists

1978 births
Living people
Mennonites

The Mennonites are a group of  Christian Anabaptists named after Menno Simons (1496–1561). His teachings were a relatively minor influence on the group, though.  They are of the historic peace churches. Mennonites are committed to nonviolence, nonviolent resistance/reconciliation, and pacifism.

There are about 1.5 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2006. There are many different types of mennonite communities in the world. There are those that dress in old-fashioned ways, and others which are hard to tell apart from other people leading a modern lifestyle. Most Mennonites are in the United States and Democratic Republic of Congo, but Mennonites can also be found in tight-knit communities in at least 51 countries on six continents or scattered amongst the populace of those countries.

Mennonites have an international distinction among Christian denominations in disaster relief. They also place a strong theological emphasis on voluntary service. Mennonite Disaster Service, based in North America, provides both immediate and long-term responses to hurricanes, floods, and other disasters. Mennonite Central Committee provides disaster relief around the world alongside their long-term international development programs. Other programs offer a variety of relief efforts and services throughout the world.

In the last few decades some Mennonite groups have also become more actively involved with peace and social justice issues, helping to found Christian Peacemaker Teams and Mennonite Conciliation Service.

References

Anabaptism
Anabaptist

Anabaptists are Protestant Christians. The word anabaptism comes from the Greek language, meaning "to baptize again". The followers of these movements hold that people should be baptized after they are believers, denying infant baptism. This is called believer's baptism. Infants, by their doctrine, can not be validly baptized, as they cannot decide how they want to achieve salvation.  

They arose as part of the Radical wing of the Reformation of 16th century Europe. The best-known Anabaptists today are the Mennonites, the  Amish, and the Hutterites.

 
Christian movements and denominational families
Protestant Reformation
Hutterites

Hutterites are a group of Protestanŧ Christians. They are an anabaptist movement; they think believers should be baptized (a second time). Their movement was founded by Jacob Hutter who lived in the 16th century. The main difference to the Mennonites is that they think the Bible should be read literally. They also share everything they have; there is no private property. Within the Hutterites, there are a few different groups. Some of the groups are more liberal than others. Usually, the different groups also have different leaders. 

Today, there are about 50.000 Hutterites; most of them live in the Canada and the United States. Like the Amish they still speak a dialect of German. In 2005, there were about 465 settlements, with 60 to 150 people each. The people who emigrated to the US or Canada had one of the following family names: Decker, Entz, Glanzer, Gross, Hofer, Kleinsasser, Knels, Mändel, Stahl, Tschetter, Waldner, Walther, Wipf, Wollmann, or Wurz.

Anabaptism
Protestantism
Christian movements and denominational families
Prairie View A&M University

Prairie View A&M University is a public university in Prairie View, Texas, United States.  It has about 8,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1876.  It is an historically African-American school with ties to Texas A&M University, though any person of any race may attend.

References

Other websites
Prairie View A&M University

Colleges and universities in Texas
1876 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Texas
VMware

VMware, Inc. is an American software company . It is a global leader in the virtualization market. The company was founded in 1998 and is based in Palo Alto, California. The name "VMware" comes from the acronym "VM", meaning "virtual machine", while ware comes from second part of "software".

Product made by VMware
 VMware ThinApp (formerly Thinstall)
 VMware ACE (Assured Computing Environment)
 VMware Fusion
 VMware Player
 VMware Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)
 VMware Workstation

American software companies
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Palo Alto, California
1998 establishments in California
VMware ThinApp

VMware ThinApp is a computer program that can make portable applications.

Related pages
Portable application creators

Other websites 
 VMware ThinApp Product page
 How to create portable applications with VMware ThinApp 

Software
MediaFire

MediaFire is a free and unlimited file and image hosting website in Harris County, Texas, USA. Every feature of the service is available to users whether they choose to create a cost-free account or not.

The website is very popular and has attracted at least 8.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a study made by Compete.com.

Use 

As it has been said that MediaFire has progressed in its growth, and has become the fastest growing site on the web 100% yearly growth. 
MediaFire offers: 

Unlimited downloads
Unlimited uploads
Download resuming
Zero wait time
And these services are free.

Growth 

A group of web designers & desktop developers are working to achieve their goal to proceed to advance and progress the MediaFire file sharing involvement, to make it better to their users.

Usage 
The service is available for free and allows users to upload files of up to 200 MB. The user is then supplied with a unique URL, which locates the file and enables anyone with whom the uploader shares it to download the file. Currently there is no time limit on how long uploaded files will be stored. Furthermore, images can be uploaded and displayed in galleries.

History
MediaFire was originally founded on August 2006, the company was established in the San Frasisco Bay Area by a group of website enthusiasts and entrepreneurs who had a difficult time with sending rather large emails and files and FTP.

Together they decided to create a site that would resolve those issues, for a more simple method of transferring these files and other media.On October 2006 MediaFire was actually launched, and did rather well with producing a site where user of all ages could share files with ease and feel secure about their files. And this site only continued to grow, and more features were invented such as:

Unlimited cloud Storage, Branding tools and the ability to share files with friends and family and other users.

References

Other websites 
 Mediafire start page
 

Websites established in 2006
File sharing
University of Houston

The University of Houston is a public university in Houston, Texas.  It was started in 1927, and has nearly 35,000 students.

References

Other websites

The University of Houston

Houston
Houston
Houston, Texas
1927 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Texas
Acronis

Acronis Inc. is an American software company. Its main products are hard disk utility software. These include disk-imaging backup and recovery, partition management, boot management, and data migration software. It also develops software for virtualization migration and conversion for purpose of migrating a physical server to a virtual server (such as VMware), or what is also termed P2V. Its best-known product is Acronis True Image, which allows a software image of a computer to be made and which can be reinstalled on the same or another computer. Most software is produced in different versions starting at low-priced software for single computers up to versions for companies with many desktop and server computers.

Acronis' headquarters are in Burlington, MA, USA with additional offices in the United States, Europe and Asia. Walter Scott, who formerly ran Imceda Corporation until its sale to Quest Software, became CEO in 2005. Acronis has taken venture funding from New York private equity and venture capital firm Insight Venture Partners.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

2000 establishments in the United States
American software companies
Companies of Switzerland
Acronis True Image

Acronis True Image is a program to make disk images. It is made by Acronis.  True Image can create an image of a disk while it is running Microsoft Windows or Linux, or offline by booting from CD/DVD, USB flash drives, PXE, or other bootable media.  As a disk imaging solution, True Image can restore the previously captured image to another disk, effectively replicating the structure and contents to the new disk, also allowing partition resizing if the new disk is of different capacity.

Supported filesystems
File systems supported by software:
 NTFS
 FAT16
 FAT32
 ext2
 ext3
 ReiserFS
 Reiser4
 Linux Swap

In addition to the officially supported filesystems, Acronis True Image also provides raw sector backup and restore options for all other filesystems.  'Raw' mode provides support for a file system that is corrupt, or that is not officially supported, by capturing a complete image of all sectors on the disk.  This method results in a larger image file as it is not able to compress, resize, or selectively restore files on the unrecognized filesystem.

References

Software
Charles Perrault

Charles Perrault (12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was a French author who started the literary genre of fairy tales. His best known tales include the following:
 Le Petit Chaperon rouge (Little Red Riding Hood)
 La Belle au bois dormant (Sleeping Beauty)
 Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté (Puss in Boots)
 Cendrillon ou la petite pantoufle de verre (Cinderella)
 La Barbe bleue (Bluebeard)
 Le Petit Poucet (Hop o' My Thumb)
 Les Fées (Diamonds and Toads)
 La Marquise de Salusses ou la Patience de Griselidis (Patient Griselda)
 Les Souhaits ridicules (The Ridiculous Wishes)
 Peau d'Âne (Donkeyskin)
 Riquet à la houppe (Ricky of the Tuft).

Related pages
 Brothers Grimm, wrote their own versions of some of Perrault's stories

Other websites 

 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault 
 
 Great resource to introduce young children to Perrault Fairy Tales.
  Charles Perrault, his work in audio version 

1628 births
1703 deaths
French writers
Saint Joseph

Joseph (, Yosef; , Iosíf'') is a figure in the Gospels, the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus and the step father of Jesus. In Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Christian traditions, he is regarded as Saint Joseph.

In the Bible
The Gospel of Luke says that the angel Gabriel came to Mary to tell her that she would give birth to a Son and she should call him Jesus and that he would save people from their sins.

When Joseph found out that Mary was pregnant, he decided to privately break the engagement. But then he had a dream. An angel told him that the baby was the Son of God.

At this time, the Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, made a law that everyone in the Roman Empire must pay tax. Everyone had to go back to the town that their family came from, to have their name put on the tax lists. Joseph came from Bethlehem, which was called "The City of David". Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem and she gave birth to the baby, Jesus, in a stable, because there was no room for them in the inn.

90s BC births
10s deaths
Ancient Israeli people
Early Christian saints
New Testament people
People from Bethlehem
People from Nazareth
Carpenters
West Flanders

West Flanders (; French: (Province de) Flandre-Occidentale; German: Westflandern) is one of the five provinces of the Flemish Region, also named Flanders, and also is one of the ten provinces of Belgium. It is the westernmost province in Flanders.

Its capital is Bruges (, , ).

The whole Belgian North Sea coast, an important tourism destination, lies in West Flanders. A tram line runs the length of the coast, from De Panne on the French border, via the port of Ostend (), to Knokke-Heist on the Dutch frontier.

Geography

The province of West Flanders lies in the most densely populated area of Western Europe. It has  inhabitants, and a population density of  inhabitants per km². It borders the North Sea, northern France, Zeeland in the Netherlands, the Flemish province of East Flanders () and the Walloon province of Hainaut () in Belgium. West Flanders is the only Belgian province that borders both France and The Netherlands.

The province has an area of . In terms of area, it is the largest province in the Flemish Region and the fifth largest in Belgium.

West Flanders has a very flat landscape with polders, except for a row of dunes along the coast and an area with small hills known as the 'Westvlaamse Bergen', with the Kemmelberg (159 m) being the highest point in the province.

The main rivers in the province are the Leie () and Yser (). The Yser flows into the North Sea at the town of Nieuwpoort and the Leie flows into the Scheldt river.

Industry
In the north of the province, most industry is concentrated in and around the cities of Bruges and Ostend. Both cities also have important seaports: the port of Bruges-Zeebrugge and the port of Ostend. The south is known for its textile industry.

Tourism is also an important industry in West Flanders. Major touristic attractions include the Belgian coast, the historic centre of Bruges, and places where there were battles around Ypres during World War I.

Administrative division
The province of West Flanders is divided into 8 arrondissements and a total of 64 municipalities.

Population by arrondissement
Population on 1 January of each year.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the Government of Flanders 
 Eurostat - Portrait of the Regions
Oneness Pentecostalism

Oneness Pentecostalism, also known as Apostolic Pentecostalism, is a movement of Christianity that split from the Pentecostal movement, at around 1914. Followers believe that the Bible was inspired by God. 

"Oneness" means that they believe that God is one being, not three persons (like in the Trinity doctrine), and that Jesus is God in human flesh – fully god and fully human. This makes them different from most Unitarians who say that the son of god was only man. "Apostolic" means that they follow the Apostolic doctrine (by the 12 Apostles in the early Church). "Pentecostal" means that they put an emphasis on the moving of the Holy Spirit (like speaking in tongues) as was done on the Day of Pentecost.

References

Pentecostalism
Nontrinitarianism
Roşoşa River

The Roşoşa River is a tributary of the Argel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argel River.

Rivers of Romania
Sebastian Vettel

Sebastian Vettel (born 3 July 1987 in Heppenheim) is a German race car driver.  He is a four-time Formula One world champion.  He drives for the Aston Martin team in Formula One and is contracted by the team until the end of 2022. He is a former driver of Red Bull Racing's sister team, Scuderia Toro Rosso, in 2008. Before that he was a reserve driver of BMW Sauber.

He currently holds numerous records in Formula One, most of them from his first win in the  Italian Grand Prix and his debut drive in the  United States Grand Prix.

Racing record

Career summary

* Season still in progress.

Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
* Season still in progress.

Formula One records
Vettel holds the following Formula One records:

Footnotes

References

Other websites 

 Sebastian Vettel Fansite  

1987 births
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
Living people
Sportspeople from Hesse
Sara Evans

Sara Evans (born February 5, 1971) is a traditional country singer born in Boonville, Missouri.  She has had several #1 hits, gold albums and platinum albums.

Early life
Music was a big part of her life when she was young. At age 8, she was hit by a car in front of her house and broke both of her legs.  She spent months in a wheelchair and kept singing to pay her hospital bills.

At age 16, she began performing in a nightclub in Columbia, Missouri.  She did this for two years. At age 20, she moved to Nashville, Tennessee because she wanted to be a country music singer.  She met musician Craig Schelske there.  A year later, they moved to Oregon, but when they married, they moved back to Nashville.

In 1995, Sara began recording demos. Harland Howard was impressed by them so much he decided to help her get a contract.  This paid off when she signed with RCA Records.

Her first album under RCA was called Three Chords and the Truth, released in 1997.  People liked it for being traditional, and it was in many Top 10 lists for that year.

However, country music radio didn't like it that much.  None of the singles made the Top 40.

In 1998, Sara released her next album, No Place That Far.  People didn't like it because it was more of a pop-country sound.  The first single (Cryin' Game) didn't do anything, but the next single (No Place That Far, a duet with Vince Gill) became a #1 hit.  Because of that the album was certified gold.

Singles

"I Keep Looking" (2002)

Studio albums

Three Chords and the Truth (1997)
No Place That Far (1998)
 2000: Born to Fly
 2003: Restless
 2005: Real Fine Place
 2011: Stronger
 2014: Slow Me Down
 2014: At Christmas
 2017: Words
 2020: Copy That

1971 births
Living people
Country musicians from Alabama
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Missouri
Felipe Massa

Felipe Massa (born April 25 1981 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver. In the 2008 racing season he was working for the Ferrari team. His contract allows him to continue driving for that racing team until 2010. In 2008 he is a co-driver of Kimi Räikkönen. Massa was hurt in the 2009 Grand Prix of Hungary qualifying session. He missed the remainder of the 2009 season, but was back for the  season.

Racing record

Career summary 

† As Massa was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.
* Season still in progress.

Complete Euro Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete Formula One results 

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

 The official website for Felipe Massa

1981 births
Living people
Brazilian racecar drivers
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
People from São Paulo
Tarsals

Tarsals are bones found in the feet. They are also known as ankle bones. There are seven of them in each foot. The seven tarsals are:
 Medial cuneiform
 Intermediate cuneiform
 Lateral cuneiform
 Navicular
 Talus
 Calcaneus
 Cuboid

Related pages
 Metatarsals
 Phalanges
 Bones of the foot
 Ankle
 Foot

Bones
Feet
Georg Cantor

Georg Cantor (3 March 1845 - 6 January 1918) was an important German mathematician.  He founded set theory and worked on transfinite numbers.

Life
Cantor was born in St Petersburg, Russia. His father had a Jewish-Danish, his mother an Austrian background. His father was a Protestant. He was a rich merchant. His mother was a Roman Catholic. She was very artistic. When his father became ill in 1856 the family moved to Frankfurt. Georg went to private schools and then to gymnasien in Darmstadt and Wiesbaden.  He soon showed that he was brilliant at maths.  His father wanted him to be an engineer but Georg persuaded him to let him study mathematics.  He spent a short time studying at the University of Zürich, but soon went to Berlin where he studied physics, philosophy and mathematics.  He was very influenced by the teaching of Weierstrass, Kummer and Kronecker, who were later to become his enemies.  He wrote a doctoral thesis in which he said that asking questions was more important than finding the answers.  He was talking about a problem that Carl Friedrich Gauss had left unanswered.

Cantor taught for a time at a girls’ school in Berlin,  then he became a lecturer in Halle where he remained for the rest of his life.  He became full professor there in 1879.  Cantor worked on the theory of numbers, continuum hypothesis and then on trigonometric series, starting with ideas that had been developed by Bernhard Riemann on complex variables.  He sent a paper on algebraic numbers to be published in Crelle's Journal, but Kronecker was against it.  However, Dedekind supported Cantor, and eventually the article was published.  This article showed that Cantor was a great mathematician.

When his father died in 1863 he had enough money to build a house for his wife and five children.

Cantor thought that infinite numbers really existed, and used ideas from ancient and medieval philosophy to prove his point.  Kronecker disagreed with him.  He thought that only integers existed.  Kronecker said that “God made integers and all the rest is the work of man”.  Kronecker stopped Cantor from being offered a professorship in Berlin, a position he ought to have had since he was one of the greatest mathematicians in the world.  Cantor stayed at Halle and continued to work into his old age, although he often suffered from fits of depression.  He often lost his temper, but he was also a very kind man.  He always gave encouragement to young mathematicians with new ideas.  He did not want them to suffer like he had because of older mathematicians who felt threatened by new ideas.  A lot of Cantor’s work led eventually to what is called “new mathematics” in schools today.

Cantor died in a mental hospital in Halle on 6 January 1918.

References

Related pages
Cantor set
Cantor's diagonal argument
Cantor's theorem

1845 births
1918 deaths
German academics
German mathematicians
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Set theorists
Talus

The talus is the second largest of the seven tarsal (ankle) bones. It is next to the calcaneus and navicular bones.

Related pages
 Tarsals
 Ankle
 Foot
 Bones of the foot

Bones
Dhaka District

Dacca District () is a district in the centre of Bangladesh. The district is part of the Dhaka Division, more than half of the district is made up of Dacca - the capital of the district and of Bangladesh too.

History

Dhaka has a very old history, the city area of Dhaka was ruled by the Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms century.

After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was ruled first by the Turkish and the Afghan governors from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.

During the rule of the Mughal the district was famous for its textile products - especially the Muslin. The Mughal governor Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city. Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death.

The city grew in size quite a lot under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with almost a million people. The city then passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. The number of people in the city fell very much as the prominence of Kolkata rose, but development eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.

Thanas
Gazipur Thana
Narsingdi Thana
Manikganj Thana
Dacca Thana
Munshiganj Thana
Narayanganj Thana

References

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Dhaka Division
Proprietary software

Proprietary software (or closed source software) does not let people see or change source code of the computer software. It is the opposite of free software. Proprietary software is usually created by businesses who want to sell their software, but some programs that are free to use are still proprietary because the user is not allowed to change them. With proprietary software, only the people that make the software can see and change the code.

Even if the people who make the program give the source code to other people, the program will be proprietary if they do not allow to do important things like these: 
 Change the code;
 Give the code to other people;
 Give the changed code to other people;
 Use the code on a different computer;

Most companies who sell their software for money (and even some who do not charge money for it) make it proprietary source. This makes it harder for people to copy and change the software, or to use the source code to make similar software. It helps prevent a user from pretending to be the author of someone else's work (a way of plagiarism).

Related pages 
Freeware, software that is free to use but is not allowed to change.

Software
Dhaka Division

Dhaka Division is an administrative division of Bangladesh. The capital and largest city is Dhaka. The division has an area of 31,119.97 km², and a population of 38,678,000.

The division of Dhaka is next to the Indian state of Meghalaya to the north, Barisal and Chittagong Divisions on the south, Sylhet Division to the east, Rajshahi and Khulna Divisions to the west.

Divisions of British India
East Pakistan provincial region
Muridke Tehsil

Muridke Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan. The tehsil was formerly part of Ferozewala Tehsil until 2005, when it was separated from Ferozewal and became another of Sheikhupura's tehsils. It is headquartered at the city of Muridke. Besides various villages it includes the town of Narang Mandi.
The 'Ravi Rayon' factory  complex is very famous industry in Muridke.
Rice Reasurch Institute is popular place in Kala Shah Kaku.

Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)
Ratodero Taluka

Ratodero is a taluka of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Ratodero, founded by Rato Khan Jalbani in the days of Talpur dynasty, is the capital.

Talukas of Sindh
Swabi Tehsil

Swabi is a tehsil of Swabi District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is administratively divided into twenty Union Councils.

Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mehrgarh

Mehrgarh, () one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC) sites in archaeology, lies on the Kachhi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia.

It was rediscovered about 1974.

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Mohenjo-daro

Mohenjo-daro  was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia. 

It is in province of Sindh, Pakistan. The city was built around 2600 BC. It was one of the early urban settlements in the world. Mohenjo-daro existed at the same time as the civilisations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece. The archaeological ruins of the city are designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In Pakistan, it is one of the national icons of the distant past.

Historical context
Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BC. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which developed around 3000 BC from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria. There were major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira and Rakhigarhi. 

Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning. When the Indus civilization went into sudden decline around 1900 BC, Mohenjo-daro was abandoned.

Artifacts 
The Dancing girl found in Mohenjo-daro is an artifact that is some 4500 years old. The 10.8 cm long bronze statue of the dancing girl was found in 1926 from a house in Mohenjo-daro. She was British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler's favorite statuette, as he said in this quote from a 1973 television program:

"There is her... pouting lips and insolent look in the eyes. She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world".

John Marshall, one of the excavators at Mohenjo-daro, described her as a vivid impression of the young ... girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet.

A seated male sculpture is the so-called "Priest King" (even though there is no evidence that either priests or kings ruled the city). Archaeologists discovered the sculpture in Lower town at Mohenjo-daro in 1927. It was found in an unusual house with ornamental brickwork and a wall niche and was lying between brick foundation walls which once held up a floor.

This bearded sculpture wears a fillet around the head, an armband, and a cloak decorated with trefoil patterns that were originally filled with red pigment.

Notes 

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Pakistani culture
Kot Diji

The ancient site at Kot Diji () was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The people of this site lived about 3000 BC. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground, and the outer area.

Kot Diji is located about 22 kilometres south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The site is at the foot of the hills.  There a fort (Kot Diji Fort) was built around 1790 by the Talpur ruler of Upper Sindh, Mir Suhrab, who ruled from 1783 to 1830. This fort built on the ridge of a steep narrow hill is well preserved.

Recent developments 
Today, Kot Diji is on the way to becoming a more developed area. It has broadband and Wi-Fi internet connections, and all the cellular network service providers are active in the area. Many private and government schools, teaching in English, Urdu, and Hindi, are in Kot Diji.  A new shopping centre called "Khazana" has also been built in the city.

Other websites
Kot Diji Fort Latest Pictures *

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
Chanhu-daro

Chanhudaro (also Chanhu Daro) is an archaeological site. It was a part of the Jhukar phase of Indus valley civilization. The site is located  south of Mohenjo-daro, in Sindh, Pakistan. People lived in the settlement between 4000-1700 BC. Chanhudaro is believed to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads.

Digging first started in Chanhudaro in the middle of the 1930s by the American School of Indic and Iranian Studies and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. After the independence of Pakistan, Mohammed Rafique Mughal also did work in the area.

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
List of lakes of Romania

The following is a list of lakes in Romania, by type of lake:

Major natural lakes

Glacial lakes

In volcanic craters

Karstic lakes

Behind natural dams

In sagging depressions

On river banks

On river-maritime banks

Lagoons

In river meadow

In Danube Delta

Major anthropic lakes

Other (minor) mountain lakes

Other lakes
 Lake Sărat: "Sărat" = "Salty"; at its bottom is still a crust of salt. Near Brăila. A small beach.
 Lake Someşu Rece: it is located in Cluj County

 
Lakes
Romania
Harappa

Harappa () is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan. It is about 35 km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. A village with the same name is located about 6 kilometres from the site. About 15,000 people live there.  

The site got little attention until the 1920s. In 2005, an amusement park scheme was abandoned during the early stages of building work. Harrapa is a beautiful place 

The site contains the ruins of a city from the Bronze Age. The people living in Harappa were part of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
Villages in Pakistan
World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
National Hockey League rules

While the National Hockey League (NHL) follows the general rules of ice hockey, it is slightly different from those used in international games organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation such as the Olympics.

References

Other websites
 Official NHL Rulebook

National Hockey League
Gilgit Agency

Gilgit Agency () was the name of most of the area of northern Kashmir which formed a de facto dependency of Pakistan from 1947 to 1970, which was then merged into Northern Areas. The Agency was administered directly from Islamabad separately from the neighbouring state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the princely states of Hunza-Nagar District. The area of the Agency comprised the traditional region of Gilgit. The Agency also bordered the Sinkiang region of China to the northeast, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to the south, Baltistan to east, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west. Both India and Pakistan recognise the regions of Gilgit and Baltistan as disputed and technically part of the divided State of Jammu & Kashmir.

The chief towns of the Agency were Gilgit and Skardu with the small town of Ghyari also holding significance for Shia Muslims as the site of a mosque built by Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a fourteenth century Persian who brought Islam to the region

Gilgit-Baltistan
Latifabad Tehsil

Latifabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Latifabad is the headquarters of the subdivision

Talukas of Sindh
Aar

The Aar (German: Aare) is a tributary of the Rhine and is the longest river that both comes up from and ends completely inside of Switzerland.

References 

Rivers of Switzerland
Mehar Tehsil

Mehar Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Dadu District in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Talukas of Sindh
Qasimabad Tehsil

Qasimabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan

Talukas of Sindh
Mary

Mary is a female given name. It can refer to:

Mary (mother of Jesus)
Mary Magdalene
Mary of Bethany
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary I of England

Given names
Asea Brown Boveri

ABB Group is a power and automation company based in Zürich, Switzerland. It is one of the world's largest engineering multinationals with operations in around 100 countries. The company has five divisions: Power Products, Power Systems, Discrete Automation & Motion, Low Voltage Products and Process Automation.

Companies of Switzerland
1988 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Switzerland
Samaro

Samaro is a town in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is at 25°16'60N 69°23'45E and has an altitude of 11 metres (39 feet), the town is the headquarters of a taluka (an administrative subdivision) of Mirpur Khas District.

Settlements in Sindh
Mirpur Khas District
Fatehpur Thakiala Tehsil

Fatehpur Thakiala is one of the three tehsils, (administrative subdivisions), of Kotli District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is also called Nakyal.

Tehsils of Azad Kashmir
Alamanni

The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were a group of west Germanic peoples. They lived around the upper Main, which is the longest tributary of the Rhine. They expanded their territory around parts of Germania and present-day Alsace. The land they lived on was called Alemannia.

Other use 
 Alemannic German

References

Germanic tribes

Alsace
Baden-Württemberg
Liechtenstein
Vorarlberg
Swabia (Bavaria)
Sibi Tehsil

Sibi Tehsil () is a subdivision (tehsil) of Sibi District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Tehsils of Balochistan
Schloss Lenzburg

Schloss Lenzburg (also known as Lenzburg Castle) is a castle that was started above the older part of the town of Lenzburg in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is one of the oldest castles in Switzerland.

Castles
A1 motorway (Switzerland)

The A1 is a major highway in Switzerland. It stretches across the majority of Northern Switzerland, starting relatively close to Geneva and ends at St. Margrethen. It has roughly 86 exits and buildings (these are listed on the table above).

Roads
Transport in Switzerland
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil

Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Administration
The tehsil is administratively divided into 21 Union Councils, four of which form the headquarters - Dera Ismail Khan.

Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Gojal Tehsil

Gojal Tehsil (), also known as Upper Hunza is the largest tehsil of the Gilgit District, Northern Areas of Pakistan, it is north of the Gilgit region and is close to the Chinese border.

Gojal is a network of small and large valleys sharing borders with Hunza in the South, China in the North and East and Afghanistan in the North West. Shishkat is the first village of Gojal. Except for the Shimshal, Misgar and Chipursan valleys, all villages of Gojal can be seen while travelling on the Karakuram Highway.

The Karakorum Highway (KKH) crosses Gojal entering China at the Khunjerab Pass linking Pakistan to China and, in the future, other Central Asian states such as Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.

Tehsils of Northern Areas (Pakistan)