cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Magnus Carlsen

Magnus Carlsen (born Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen, 30 November 1990) is the World Chess Champion. He became World Champion on 22 November 2013, by defeating Viswanathan Anand by 6½ to 3½. Carlsen also won the return match in 2014 by 6½4½.

A Norwegian chess grandmaster and chess prodigy, Carlsen is the highest rated player in the world, and the highest rated player in the history of chess. His peak rating of 2881 is higher than even Kasparov achieved. Kasparov's highest rating was 2851. 

On 26 April 2004, Carlsen became a grandmaster at the age of 13 years, 148 days. This made him the third youngest grandmaster in history. He played at the Nanjing Pearl Spring tournament in September–October 2009. This lifted him to an Elo rating of 2801. This made him second in the world. He is the fifth player to have a rating over 2800. He was 18 years old when he got this rating. This made him the youngest person to have a rating above 2800.  

On 1 January 2010, the new FIDE rating list was published. He was 19 years and 32 days old when he became the youngest chess player in history to be ranked world number one. He broke the previous record held by Vladimir Kramnik.

In London, March 2013, Carlsen won the 2013 Candidates tournament and qualified to challenge Anand for the World Chess Championship.

Carlsen has won the World Championship matches in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2021. The coming of chess databases and strong chess-playing engines makes it difficult to compare his achievements with previous world champions. However, he is thought to be one of the best.

Sponsorship 
When Carlsen became the fourth best player in the world he reached an agreement with a public relations (PR) expert in early 2009. This arrangement has borne fruit. Carlsen now has two sponsors, each of which provides 100,000 Euros a year. One is a stockbroker, the other a law firm. With this money, Carlsen is able to travel, and spend time on training. His coach is Garry Kasparov, a former World chess champion.

In return for the sponsorship, Carlsen wears the names of the sponsors on his jackets. This is called 'logo exposure'. He attends meetings, and gives talks. His image helps the companies to hire 'high achievers' to their staff. Put simply, companies of that type are keen to hire intelligent people. Carlsen's overall business manager is his father, Henrik.

Norway held the 2014 Chess Olympiad, and the Norwegian Government has pledged (promised) 70 million kroner (~8.5 million euros) in support of the event.

References

Other websites
Magnus Carlsen on Chessgames.com 

1990 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Norwegian sportspeople
Sam Harris

Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author. He is a philosopher, neuroscientist,  atheist and humanist . He is the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason.

Harris, Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett are commonly known as the "Four Horsemen of Atheism".

Books
 The End of Faith (2004). 
 Letter to a Christian Nation (2006). 
 The Moral Landscape: how science can determine human values (2010). 
 Lying (2011).
 Free Will (2012)
 Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion (2014)
 Islam and the Future of Tolerance (2015)

References

Living people
1967 births
American atheists
Humanists
Shepherd Express

Shepherd Express is an progressive weekly newspaper in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is the third largest newspaper in the state of Wisconsin. Its original title was the "Crazy Shepherd", a name that comes from a line in poet Allen Ginsberg’s poem “Footnotes to Howl”.

Official Website 
Shepherd Express Website

References 

Newspapers in the United States
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1982 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Wisconsin
Paranasal sinuses

Paranasal sinuses are parts of the nasal cavity. They are usually counted to be part of the respiratory system. They are mucous membranes, which are mostly inside bones. These bones are then filled with air, which makes the skull look bigger, without adding much extra weight. Prenasal cavities can be found in mammals, most birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians.

Since sinuses are in virtually all land vertebrates, they must have a function. They are covered with a mucosa, epidermal cells which are moist and make mucus. This moistens and warms the air on its way into the lungs. The mucus also picks up particles which come in with the air. A variety of possible functions have been proposed:

 Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face.
 Increasing resonance of the voice.
 Providing a buffer against face damage.
 Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
 Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region.
 Regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures.
 Immunological defence.

References 

Head (body part)
Fishing lure

A fishing lure is an object used to catch fish. It is tied to the end of a fishing line. A fishing lure is made to look like something a fish would eat. They move in a special way and have certain colors. Lures have fishing hooks attached to them. 

They are usually used with a fishing rod.  When a lure is used, it is cast, or thrown, out into the water and pulled back in. A good fisherman can cast the lure into places where the fish hide, like under logs.

There are many types of fishing lures. Most of them are made to look like dying, injured, or fast fish. They can be made of wood, plastic, rubber, metal, cork, feathers, animal hair, and other things. Some are shiny so that they catch the fish's attention.

Fishing lures can come in many different types such as a jig or a popper. A jig will usually have a weight attached to it so it can float at the right height. A popper is a lure used to attract trout and bass. A popper has a colorful design in the front to attract fish. Fishing lures can be very expensive as some are sold for thousands of dollars. 

The fishing lure was invented in 1890 by a man named James Heddon. He created the fishing lure by accident by taking a big piece of wood and carving a frog shape into it and taking the lure and attaching it to his line. Then he threw it in the water and immediately caught a bass. The next day he started a company called the Heddon Company and the era of the fishing lure was born.

References
 Take Me Fishing. RBFF, n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012.
 "Old Fishing Lures." Old Fishing Lure. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012.
 "Fishing Lures." AA Fishing. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012.

Other websites
 History of fishing lures
 List of popular lures

Fishing
Batabanó, Cuba

Batabanó is a municipality and city in the La Habana Province of Cuba. It was founded in 1688. It is crossed by several rivers.  In 2004, 25,664 people lived there.

References

Cities in Cuba
1688 establishments
Establishments in Cuba
1680s establishments in North America
Americans United for the Separation of Church and State

Americans United for the Separation of Church and State or "Americans United" for short, is an organization that says that the American government should be neutral on religion. It promotes what it believes is a strong reading of the Establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution. It is headquartered in Washington D.C. and is headed by the Reverend Barry Lynn.

References

Other websites
Americans United for the Separation of Church and State website
local chapters of American United 
   Why the Religious Right is Wrong About Separation of Church and State 
Official blog of Americans United 

Secularism
Bilby

The bilby (also known as the rabbit-eared bandicoot) is a rabbit-like marsupial. It lives in deserts, dry forests, dry grasslands, and dry shrubby areas in Australia. The bilby's pouch faces backwards. These big-eared, burrowing mammals were in danger of extinction, but now they are back living in New South Wales.

The bilby, like all bandicoots, is a nocturnal animal (most active at night). Digging with its strong, clawed feet, this solitary mammal excavates long, complex burrows. Its underground dens are up to 5 feet (1.5 m) long.

Bilbies have the usual long bandicoot muzzle and big ears. They are about  long. Compared to bandicoots, they have a longer tail, bigger ears, and softer, silky fur. The size of their ears allows them to have better hearing, and to radiate heat. They are nocturnal omnivores that do not need to drink water.  They get their moisture from food, which includes insects and their larvae, seeds, spiders, bulbs, fruit, fungi, and very small animals. Most food is found by digging or scratching in the soil, and by using their very long tongues.

References

Marsupials of Australia
Shakhriyar Mamedyarov

Shakhriyar Mamadyarov  (born 12 April 1985 in Sumgayit, Azerbaijan), is a chess grandmaster. On the January 2008 FIDE rating list he reached number six in the world with a rating of 2760. He is known for being an excellent chess strategist.

References 

1985 births
Living people
Azerbaijani chess players
Chess grandmasters
State Farm Stadium

State Farm Stadium is a sports venue in Glendale, Arizona. It opened in 2006 as Cardinals Stadium, named for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League, which have played there since the stadium opened. Shortly after opening, the stadium was renamed University of Phoenix Stadium. This name was due to a corporate sponsorship contract; the University of Phoenix is a for-profit school without a sports program. In 2018, the Cardinals and State Farm Insurance entered into a new sponsorship deal, leading to the stadium's current name.

Structure
The stadium is completely covered, featuring a grass field that slides in and out of the stadium. This allows the playing surface to be exposed to sunlight when not in use, and also allows the stadium floor to be used for other events without risk of damaging the field.

History
The stadium has hosted many events apart from Cardinals games. The Super Bowl was held there in 2008 and 2015, and it will be held there again in 2023. Several college football games, including the annual Fiesta Bowl, have been played there, as have some high school games. It has also hosted several significant soccer (association football) matches, including several matches in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América Centenario in 2016. The stadium also hosted WrestleMania XXVI, and hosted the Final Four (semifinals and finals) of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2017. It will host the Final Four again in 2024.

Other websites 
State Farm Stadium's Official Website

References

National Football League venues
Sports buildings in the United States
Glendale, Arizona
Buildings and structures in Arizona
Arizona Cardinals
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories

Yellowknife (2011 population: 19,234) is a Canadian city. It is the capital of the Northwest Territories of Canada.  It is located on the north shore of Great Slave Lake. The city used to be a mining town until the 1980's.

Other websites 
 Official website 

Cities in Canada
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
Settlements in the Northwest Territories
Footloose

Footloose is a 1984 American musical drama movie. It stars Kevin Bacon and was directed by Herbert Ross. Lori Singer, Dianne Wiest and John Lithgow are co-stars.

It was made into a musical on Broadway in 1999. A movie remake came out in 2011.

Other websites 

1984 drama movies
1984 romance movies
1980s musical movies
1980s romantic drama movies
1980s teen drama movies
1980s teen romance movies
American musical movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
Dance movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Herbert Ross
MJ Cole

MJ Cole (born Matthew James Firth Coleman, 9 August 1973)  is a DJ. He has worked with Dido and Mariah Carey. He is from London, England. Cole attended the Royal College of Music. He is a garage singer. He has also worked with Fatboy Slim, De La Soul, Freq Nasty, and Ed Rush. He has done remixes for Kym Mazelle. His song "Sincere" made it onto Britain's Top 40.

References

Other websites
http://www.ask.com/music/MJ-Cole/361880

1973 births
Living people
English musicians
Fishery

A fishery is a place for raising fish or harvesting fish. There are all kinds of fisheries in the world, like salmon fisheries. Fisheries might take fish from the wild or breed them.

Fish
Clematis vitalba

Old man’s beard (the scientific name is Clematis vitalba) is a fast growing vine that covers and strangles trees and shrubs. To kill the tree or shrub, it covers them and does not let them get any light from the sun that it needs to grow.

Ranunculales
2010 Chile earthquakes (disambiguation)

2010 Chile earthquake may refer to:

 2010 Chile earthquake, the 8.8 magnitude earthquake on 27 February 2010 off the coast of Maule
 2010 Pichilemu earthquake, the 6.9 magnitude earthquake on 11 March 2010 on the coast of Pichilemu
Main Page

Main Page
Butter cake

Butter cake is a cake with butter as a main ingredient. 

The traditional English pound cake used equal parts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to produce a heavy, rich cake. This was the first butter cake.  The invention of baking powder during the 19th century made it possible to have lighter, fluffier cakes using these same ingredients, making the modern butter cake. 

Butter cakes are often made by beating the butter and sugar until fluffy. This is called creaming.  Eggs are added, then the other ingredients.
Butter cakes taste best when stored at room temperature, because they dry out and lose taste when refrigerated.

Cakes
Butter
Baking powder

Baking powder is a dry chemical leavening agent used to make baked foods lighter and less dense. Baking powder works by making a reaction between an acid and a base. This produces carbon dioxide bubbles to make the mixture light. Baking powder was invented by the English chemist Alfred Bird  (1811 – 15 December 1878) in 1843.

It is used when the food should not taste of yeast, or when the mixture is not elastic enough to hold bubbles for very long. But sometimes, it has a metallic taste. Because carbon dioxide is made faster by baking powder than yeast, breads made with it are called quick breads.

Most baking powders are made up of an alkaline (usually baking soda), one or two acid salts, and a starch (cornstarch or sometimes potato starch). Baking soda is where the carbon dioxide comes from, and the acid releases it, like this:

NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O

Bird was quickly followed by Henry Jones (1812 – 12 July 1891) who invented self-rising flour in 1845.

References

Chemicals
Baking
Food ingredients
Battle royal (professional wrestling)

In professional wrestling, a battle royal (sometimes spelled battle royale; plural battles royal or battle royals) is a match type in which many wrestlers fight against each other at the same time and wrestlers are eliminated until only one is left. That person is then the winner. Usually a battle royal begin with 20 wrestlers in the ring, who are then eliminated by pushed out of the ring, over the top rope, and having both feet touch the floor out side the ring. A popular example of the battle royal is the Royal Rumble match that is put on yearly in January by World Wrestling Entertainment.

Team based
Team based battle royals consist of two or more teams of wrestlers, with the number of wrestlers on each team usually being equal. There are different types of such matches:
A team is eliminated when only one wrestler for that team is eliminated.
Matches ends when there are wrestlers for only one team (the winners), who have not been eliminated.

Notes

References

Professional wrestling
Numbat

The numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) is a marsupial from open woodlands in western Australia. It is also called the banded anteater, because it eats termites.

It is unusual in being one of the few diurnal (daytime) marsupials. It has no pouch, but the mother carries round her four young on her stomach. At night, they take shelter in hollow logs. The numbat has a life span of 5–6 years under human care.

These solitary, long-tailed termite-eaters are in danger of extinction; very few remain in the wild. When Europeans arrived, the numbat was found across the New South Wales and Victorian borders west to the Indian Ocean, and as far north as the southwest corner of the Northern Territory. It was at home in a wide range of woodland and semiarid habitats.

The deliberate release of the European red fox in the 19th century wiped out the entire numbat population in Victoria, NSW, South Australia and the Northern Territory, and almost all numbats in Western Australia, as well. By the late 1970s, the population was well under 1,000 individuals, concentrated in two small areas not far from Perth, Dryandra, and Perup.
 
The numbat is the emblem of Western Australia.

References

Marsupials of Australia
Haber process

The Haber process or the Haber-Bosch process is a chemical reaction that uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to create the chemical compound ammonia. The Haber process uses temperatures ranging from 400°C to 450°C under a pressure of 200 atm. The Haber process uses a catalyst mostly made up of iron.

History

The Haber process is named after the German scientist Fritz Haber. Haber was the first person to successfully complete the process. In 1909, Haber's process could produce about one cup of ammonia every two hours. Carl Bosch helped to develop the Haber process for industry. In 1913, the German company BASF started using the Haber process to make ammonia. During World War I, the Haber process was used to make explosives. The Germans kept this a secret until after the war. In 1918, Haber won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and in 1931, Bosch also shared a Nobel Prize.

The Haber process is still important today because it produces ammonia, which is needed for fertilizer and for many other purposes. The Haber process produces about 500 million tons (453 billion kilograms) of fertilizer every year. This fertilizer helps to feed about 40% of the world's population.

The process 

The gases for the Haber process must be prepared before changing them into ammonia. After that is done, ammonia is created by using magnetite (iron oxide) as the catalyst:

N2 + 3H2  2NH3

In this process, only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen is changed into ammonia. However, the unused nitrogen and hydrogen is recycled. Overall, 98% of nitrogen and hydrogen can be changed into ammonia.

References

.

Chemical processes
Physical chemistry
Stockholm syndrome

Stockholm syndrome is something that sometimes happens to people who are victims of kidnapping. In Stockholm syndrome, the victim starts feeling loyalty toward the person who kidnapped him or her and even start to have feelings for the person. It got its name from a bank robbery in Norrmalmstorg in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. There was a bank robbery where two thieves held four people as hostages. After the thieves were arrested, the hostages defended them publicly.

References 

Psychology
Carl Edwards

Carl Michael Edwards, II (born August 15, 1979) is an American racecar driver who most recently drove the No. 19 Toyota Camry in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for Joe Gibbs Racing. In the past, Edwards drove the #99 Aflac Ford Fusion for Roush Fenway Racing. Edwards was the 2007 Nationwide series Champion. In January 2017, Edwards announced that he would not race during the 2017 season. Edwards says he wants to enjoy time away from racing, doing other activities that he enjoys and spending time with his family. He has said he is not retired, and that he may race again.

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from Missouri
American racecar drivers
2010 Pichilemu earthquake

A 6.9 earthquake occurred on March 11, 2010, 40 kilometers southwest of Pichilemu, O'Higgins Region, Chile . A tsunami warning was made by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Pacific-wide, although they warned of the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometers of the epicenter (between San Antonio and Concepción).

Although news media first reported the earthquake as an aftershock of the February earthquake, the initial geological summary given by the United States Geological Survey  said it was a different earthquake. Though unchained by the regional stress caused by the February 27 earthquake, the March event was not a fast adjustment to February's thrust fault rupture between the Nazca and South American plates, but it was caused by normal faulting inside one of those plates. However, it has not been positively decided in which plate the earthquake occurred.

Within 6 hours, 10 aftershocks took place, of these 2 were of magnitude 6 or greater and 7 between magnitude 5 and 6.

The earthquake took place shortly before the new president, Sebastián Piñera, was sworn in, at about 12:15 PM local time (15:15 UTC), at the Chilean congress in Valparaíso, where the shaking was clearly felt. The presidents of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Ecuador were present when the earthquake occurred, however, the television footage showed that the inauguration was not interrupted.

Damages reported by the Chilean news media include a collapsed pedestrian crossing over Chile Highway 5, north of Rancagua. The most affected place by the earthquake was Pichilemu, the epicentre of the earthquake. It destroyed the Ross Park, the most of the Agustín Ross Cultural Centre and many houses in Espinillo and Rodeillo.

May 2, 2010 aftershock 
The May, 2 2010 Pichilemu earthquake was a magnitude 6.0 MW earthquake that struck off Pichilemu, Chile, at 10:52 AM on May 2, 2010 at the epicenter, at a depth of . USGS described that the epicenter was  south-southwest of San Antonio,  west Regional capital of Rancagua,  northwest of Curicó and  southwest of the Chilean capital of Santiago.

After almost exactly three hours later a second quake happens in the same area with an intensity of 4.8 MW

More than 10 aftershocks happened on May 2 and 3.

Related pages
 February 2010 Chile earthquake

References 

2010 in Chile
Earthquakes in Chile
2010 earthquakes
Pichilemu
March events
Levon Aronian

Levon Aronian, born 6 October 1982 in Yerevan, is an Armenian chess Grandmaster. He is Armenia's #1 player. 

Aronian won the Chess World Cup 2005. He led the Armenian national team to the gold medals in the 37th Chess Olympiad, Turin 2006, the 38th Olympiad, Dresden 2008, and the World Team Chess Championship in Ningbo, 2011. In the Chess Olympiad 2010 at Khanty-Mansiysk he won the silver medal for his individual performance on board one.

He won the FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010, qualifying him for the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship 2012, where he was knocked out in the first round. 

Aronian has had a string of outstanding tournament results since reaching the top with a joint win at Wijk aan Zee 2008. His latest, and perhaps greatest victory was in January 2012, at the same Tata Steel Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee. The field included world #1 Magnus Carlsen, defending champion Hikaru Nakamura, and former world champion Veselin Topalov, among others. The average rating of the field was 2755, making this thirteen-round event a category 21 tournament. After twelve rounds, Aronian was in clear first place with 8.5 points going into the final round, one point ahead of Carlsen and Teimour Radjabov. In the final round, Aronian drew against Radjabov with the white pieces in the King's Indian Defence. With the draw, Aronian finished with 9/13 (+5), a tournament performance rating of 2891. He took clear first place a point ahead of Carlsen, Radjabov and Fabiano Caruana.

Aronian was declared the best sportsman of Armenia in 2005, and was awarded the title of "Honoured Master of Sport of the Republic of Armenia" in 2009.

References 

1982 births
Living people

Chess grandmasters
Armenian sportspeople
People from Yerevan
Casio

is an electronics company whose headquarters are in Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, cameras, musical instruments and watches. It was founded in 1946, and in 1957 released the first electric compact calculator.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 www.casio.com

Companies of Japan
1957 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
Alexander Grischuk

Alexander Grischuk (born Moscow, 31 October 1983) is a chess grandmaster, one of the top Russian players.  

In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2000 he made it to the semi finals.  
In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004 he made it to the quarter finals, where he lost 3–1 to Rustam Kasimdzhanov.  

Grischuk is also one of the best blitz chess players in the world, having once held the record for highest rating achieved on the Internet Chess Club. In 2006 he won the World Blitz Championship in Israel.

Grischuk is married to the Ukrainian WGM Natalia Zhukova.

References

Other Websites
 

1983 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Peter Svidler

Peter Svidler, born 17 June 1976 in Leningrad, is a Russian chess Grandmaster, and six times Russian chess champion.

Peter Svidler learned to play chess when he was six years old. In 1992, he tied for 1st with Ragim Gasimov in the USSR Junior Open Chess Championship. He became a grandmaster in 1994. 

He has been Russian champion six times (1994, 1995, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2011). This is a record for this high-class event, which has a long history. In 2001, he reached the semi-finals of the FIDE World Championship.

He came second (with Viswanathan Anand) in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 in San Luis with 8.5 points out of 14 games, lagging 1.5 points behind the winner, Veselin Topalov. In an interview  given for World Chess Network he said: "I only prepared seriously for San Luis, and I think it has paid off. But in general I spend most of my spare time with my wife and kids, so my relative success in 2005 was a pleasant surprise". His San Luis result earned him direct entry to the World Chess Championship series of 2007. In that tournament he scored 6.5 out of 14, placing 5th out of eight players.

In 2006 he came second behind Alexander Grischuk at the World Blitz Championship in Rishon Lezion, Israel, with 10.5 points out of 15 games. He also finished tied for first with Vladimir Kramnik at Dortmund 2006.

2011 World Cup 
Svidler has won the FIDE 2011 World Cup in Khanty-Mansisyk Siberia. The final was in September.

Svidler took the $120,000 first prize after beating his fellow countryman, Alexander Grischuk 2.5-1.5, in the best-of-four game final. It was a crushing psychological win for Svidler, who took adantage of his opponent's bad time-management. Svidler steered the games into lines that had Grischuk thinking from the very early stages.  

Svidler has now become the first Russian to win the World Cup title. His back-to-back major title wins of the Russian Championship followed by the World Cup has Svidler once again into the world’s top ten. 

Both Svidler and Grischuk also earned qualification for the 2012 World Championship Candidates tournament. And in the all-Ukrainian battle for the third Candidates spot, Vassily Ivanchuk won 2.5-1.5 against Ruslan Ponomariov.

References 

1976 births
Living people
People from Saint Petersburg
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Life insurance

Life insurance is money for your family to use to pay your bills and death expenses when you die. A person must be healthy to purchase a life insurance policy. The amount of life insurance needed depends on the person’s family’s needs when they die. Some things to consider when purchasing a life insurance policy are, marital status, the number of dependents, (wife, kids, etc.) family size, income, and wealth. Life insurance has different types of policies.

Types of life insurance 
 Term life insurance
 Whole life insurance
 Universal life insurance
 Indexed universal life insurance
 Variable life insurance
 Variable universal life insurance
 Final expense insurance
 Group life insurance

References

Insurance
Polytetrafluoroethylene

Teflon redirects here, other uses are at Teflon (disambiguation)

In chemistry, Polytetrafluoroethylene (often shortened to PTFE) is a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene. It is a fluoropolymer, because the polymerization is based on strong bonds of fluorine and carbon. Polytetrafluoroethylene is not very reactive. It also repels oil and water. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company developed it in 1938. It is better known by its trade-names, Teflon, and Gore-Tex. Teflon is a coating done to frying pans, among others. Gore-Tex is a membrane used in clothing.

Problems 
Perfluorooctanoic acid is needed to produce Polytetrafluoroethylene. Perfluorooctanoic acid is  because it is very toxic for people and may cause cancer. The precursors for many chemical weapons are highly corrosive, their containers are therefore often treated with Polytetrafluoroethylene. For this reason, the export of Polytetrafluoroethylene from the European Union may need a special permit. 

Polymers
Mannerism

Mannerism is a style of art that was created in the Late Renaissance period, from about 1520 until about 1600. The Mannerist style of painting or sculpture often shows figures that are "elongated" (made longer) and "distorted" (made into strange shapes"). The aim of the Mannerist artist was usually to make art that looked "elegant".

The Mannerist style began in Italy, where the artists were influenced by the figures that Michelangelo painted on the ceiling and in the "Last Judgement" in the Sistine Chapel. During the Renaissance, artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael had tried very hard to learn from nature, and to paint things in a way that was very realistic. These two famous painters both died around 1520. Many artists then decided that they were going to use the art of painting to "express themselves". They were not going to follow the rules of anatomy and perspective in the way that Leonardo and Raphael did. Mannerist paintings are often full of figures that seem to be twisting, writhing or fighting. The faces of the figures often show strong emotions such as sadness, fear, hatred or sexual feelings.

Not all the painters who were working during the Mannerist period painted in the Mannerist style. Many artists continued to work in the style of the High Renaissance. Painters in the Mannerist style were Tintoretto, Jacopo Pontormo, Agnolo Bronzino, Parmigianino and Rosso Fiorentino. Giambologna and Benvenuti Cellini were Mannerist sculptors. Giulio Romano was a Mannerist architect.

Mannerism spread from Italy to France, Germany and Spain. One of the most famous Mannerist painters was El Greco who worked in Spain. Some other artists who worked in the Mannerist style are the French sculptor Jean Goujon, the Dutch painter Abraham Bloemaert and the German painter Bartolomeus Spranger. Possibly the strangest paintings from this time were by Giuseppe Arcimboldo who did pictures in which people's faces seem to be made from fruit, flowers, fire and even fish.

Gallery

References 

Art
Copa do Brasil

Copa do Brasil is a Brazilian football competition. It is a knockout competition played by 87 teams.

Champions

References

Football in Brazil
Football competitions in South America
1989 establishments in Brazil
Tricolour

Tricolor or tricolour (meaning "three colours") is, in most cases, a flag or banner that has three colours. Tricolour is a specific type of a flag with three stripes. The stripes can be horizontal (across), vertical (up and down) or diagonal (neither up and down nor across).

Flags
Color
Palombia

Palombia is a fictional country in the Belgian comic Spirou and Fantasio. In the world of the comic, Palombia is found between Paraguay and Colombia. Its name is a portmanteau of both countries.

Countries
Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters

Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters is an 2007 animated movie based on the Adult Swim program Aqua Teen Hunger Force. The movie is rated R for crude and sexual humor, violent images, and language. The movie was written and directed by the show's creators Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro.

Plot
The Aqua Teens, Carl, the Plutonians, the Cybernetic Ghost, Dr. Weird, and the Mooninites are all after the exercise machine called the Insanenoflex. Carl goes on it and gets stuck, so the Aqua Teens try to stop it with music. The plan works, but the Aqua Teens realize that the world is still in danger, and then they set out to find more about themselves. Later on the Aqua Teens find out how they were created by Dr. Weird. Also they learn that there was a fourth Aqua Teen called Chicken Bittle. Finally they learn that their father turns out to be a watermelon whose accomplice is Neil Peart of the band Rush and that their mother is a 9-layer burrito.

Cast

Planned sequel
A script for a sequel entitled Death Fighter has been written. The project was scrapped and never produced. Co-creator Dave Willis has stated he would be open to using Kickstarter to fund the project in the future.

References

Aqua Teen Hunger Force
2007 movies
American animated movies
2007 animated movies
Banner

A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth with a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. Sometimes, churches use banners to evangelize people.

Symbols
Flags
Ray Romano

Ray Romano (born December 21, 1957) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and screenwriter. He is best known as the star of the television series Everybody Loves Raymond. He acted in that series with Patricia Heaton.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

Other websites
 Official website of Ray Romano

1957 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stand-up comedians
Actors from New York City
Emmy Award winning actors
Comedians from New York City
Dave Willis

David "Dave" Willis (born May 1, 1970) is an American voice actor, writer, and producer.  He is best known for his work on the Adult Swim programs Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Squidbillies.

Career 
His first job was on the show Space Ghost: Coast to Coast. There he met Matt Maiellaro. He and Maiellaro later made Aqua Teen Hunger Force.

Filmography

References

1970 births
Living people
American voice actors
Aqua Teen Hunger Force
Adult Swim
Johnny Clegg

Jonathan "Johnny" Clegg (7 June 1953 – 16 July 2019) was a British-born musician from South Africa. He was in the bands Juluka and Savuka.

Career
Juluka were able to tour in Europe.  They had two platinum and five gold albums.  They were an international success.  The Savuka album Shadow Man sold 250,000 copies within a week after its release.  It went on to sell more than 1,000,000 copies in France alone),

His song "Scatterlings of Africa" was on the soundtrack to the 1988 Oscar winning movie Rain Man. This song is his only entry in the UK Singles Chart to date.  It reached #75 in May 1987.  He also did music for the movie The Lion King 1½, George of the Jungle and Opportunity Knocks.

Death
Clegg was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2015. He retired in 2017. Clegg died on 16 July 2019 at his home in Johannesburg from the disease at the age of 66.

Recognition
Clegg was awarded the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres (Knight of Arts and Letters) by the French Government in 1991.
In 2004, he was voted 23rd in the SABC3's Great South Africans.
In 2007, Clegg received an honorary doctorate in music from the University of the Witwatersrand.
In 2011, Clegg received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from City University of New York School of Law.
In 2012, Clegg received the South African Presidential Ikhamanga award as part of the National Orders ceremony. This award is the highest honor a citizen can receive in South Africa. It was presented by President Jacob Zuma.
In 2012, Clegg received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Dartmouth College

References

1953 births
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
South African people
Musicians
2019 deaths
Kick-Ass

Kick-Ass is a comicbook and movie about superheroes. The movie opened in theatres in the United Kingdom 26 March 2010 and 16 April 2010 in the United States.

The movie and comic tell the story of a teenager called Dave Lizewski. Lizewski is an average teenager who wonders why nobody in real life has ever decided to become a superhero like the ones in the comic books. He decides to become a real-life superhero despite having no special power or ability of any kind. He purchases a suit on the Internet and calls himself Kick-Ass.

2010 movies
Lionsgate movies
American superhero movies
2010s superhero movies
Sinocentrism

Sinocentrism is the belief that China is the cultural center of the world.

This idea may have possibly been reinforced by the Chinese Isolationist policy enforced by Emperor Hongwu during the Ming Dynasty.

China
Ethnocentrism
Thoroughfare Gap

Thoroughfare Gap is an album by American singer-songwriter Stephen Stills. The album was released in 1978.

Track listing
Most tracks were composed by Stephen Stills.

Side 1 
"You Can't Dance Alone" – 4:14
"Thoroughfare Gap" – 3:31
"We Will Go On" – 2:41
"Beaucoup Yumbo" (Stills, Joe Vitale)  – 3:33
"What's the Game" – 3:32

Side 2 
"Midnight Rider" (Gregg Allman)  – 3:39
"Woman Lleva" – 3:13
"Lowdown" – 3:46 	
"Not Fade Away" (Buddy Holly, Norman Petty)  – 3:26
"Can't Get No Booty" (Danny Kortchmar, Stills)  – 3:44

1978 albums
Rock albums
Disco albums
Pseudocode

Pseudocode (sometimes written as pseudo-code) is a description of the source code of a computer program or an algorithm in a language easily understood by humans. 

It uses the general structure of a computer programming language, but omits details that are required by machines to execute the code. The primary purpose of writing pseudocode is to enable humans to understand the computer program or algorithm without having to understand the programming language.

Syntax 
Pseudocode does not follow the syntax and grammar of any specific computer programming language. Variable declarations are generally omitted. Function calls and blocks of code, such as code for a loop, are often replaced by a one-line natural language sentence.

Examples 

FOR I FROM 1 TO 50:
    PRINT I

Reads the for loop and prints all the integers from 1 to 50.

SET X = 1
FOR I FROM 1 TO 16:
    PRINT X
    SET X = X * 2

This pseudocode outputs powers of two.

define AND(A, B) do
    if A then
        return B
    endif
    return 0
end define

The above pseudocode sample computes a logical and function.

 

Computer science
University of Central Florida

The University of Central Florida is the biggest university in the state of Florida, and the second-biggest in the entire United States. It also has more undergraduate students than any other single campus in the U.S. It is located in Orlando, one of the most popular places to visit in the entire world. Living in such an exciting city makes the University of Central Florida very attractive to students who want to get jobs or internships nearby.

Sometimes the University of Central Florida's name is shortened to UCF, especially when talking about the school's sports teams. UCF was founded in 1969 and has continued growing ever since.

UCF's sports teams, known as Knights, now play in the American Athletic Conference after leaving Conference USA in July 2013.

Colleges and universities in Florida
American Athletic Conference
Orlando, Florida
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
CAPTCHA

A CAPTCHA is a test that is used to separate humans and machines. CAPTCHA stands for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart." It is normally an image test or a simple mathematics problem which a human can read or solve, but a computer cannot. It is made to stop computer hackers from using a program to automatically set up hundreds of accounts, such as email accounts. It is named after mathematician Alan Turing's Turing test.

References

Computer security
GNU Lesser General Public License

The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) is a free software license created by the Free Software Foundation. It is similar to the GNU General Public License and is also an open source license. It's mostly used for "library" software (meaning parts of other software), with the license name formerly meaning Library General Public License.

Other websites 
 LGPL Official Page

Software licences
Maple (CAS)

Maple is a commercial computer algebra system created (made) by Waterloo Maple Inc.

Software
Waterloo Maple

Waterloo Maple Inc. (Maplesoft) is a Canadian software company. They are in Waterloo, Ontario. They are most well known for creating the Maple computer algebra system.

Related pages
Maple (CAS)

Other websites 
 Maplesoft Corporate Website
 Symbolic Computation Group website

Companies of Canada
Null device

In some operating systems, the null device is a device file that ignores anything written to it but returns that the write worked. This device is called /dev/null on Unix and Unix-like systems, NUL: or NUL on CP/M and DOS (internally \DEV\NUL), nul on newer Windows systems (internally \Device\Null on Windows NT), NIL: on Amiga systems, and NL: on OpenVMS. In Windows Powershell, the equivalent is $null. It returns nothing to any process that reads from it, returning EOF immediately. In IBM DOS/360, OS/360 (MFT, MVT), OS/390 and z/OS operating systems, such files would be assigned in JCL to DD DUMMY.

References 

Unix
Magenta rose

Magenta rose is a color that is a representation of the color of a particular type of rose called a magenta rose, which can come in various tones of magenta or rose.

The first recorded use of magenta rose as a color name in English was in 1927.

Meaning of magenta rose 

 The color magenta rose represents the flower called a magenta rose.  
 The color magenta rose may represent Valentine's Day since the colors rose and magenta (as well as red) are used to represent Valentine's Day.  Thus, the color magenta rose may represent romantic love.

Comparison of pruple, magenta, rose and red

Tones of magenta rose color comparison chart
 Light Pink Lace (Xona.com color list "Pink Lace Light") (Hex: #FFF1FB) (RGB: 255, 241, 251)
 Light Classic Rose (Xona.com color list “Classic Rose Light”) (Hex: #FDE9F5) (RGB: 253, 233, 245)
 Pink Lace (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFDDF4) (RGB: 255, 221, 207)
 Classic Rose (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FBCCE7) (RGB: 251, 204, 231)
 Bright Pale Rose (Crayola colored pencils "Pale Rose") (Hex: #FFCCFF) (RGB: 255, 204, 255)
 Light Hot Pink (Xona.com color list “Hot Pink Light”) (Hex: #FFB3DE) (RGB: 255, 179, 222)
 Lavender Rose (Hex: #FBA0E3) (RGB: 251, 160, 227)
 Persian Pink (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #F77FBE) (RGB: 247, 127, 190)
 Light Deep Pink (Xona.com color list “Deep Pink Light”) (Hex: #FF5CCD) (RGB: 255, 92, 205)
 Rose Pink (Hex: #FF66CC) (RGB: 255, 102, 204)
 Hot Pink (web color)(Hex: #FF69B4) (RGB: 255, 105, 180)
 French Pink (Pink (pourpre.com)) (Hex: #FD6C9E) (RGB: 253, 108, 158)
 French Rose (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #F64A8A) (RGB: 246, 74, 138)
 Violet Red (Crayola) (Hex: #F7468A) (RGB: 247, 70, 138)
 Wild Strawberry (Crayola)  (Hex: #FF3399) (RGB: 255, 51, 153)
 Fluorescent Pink (Crayola Twistable colored pencils) (Hex: #FF008F) (RGB: 255, 0, 143)
 Deep Pink (web color) (Hex: #FF1493) (RGB: 255, 20, 147)
 Brilliant Rose (Crayola "Magenta") (Hex: #F653A6) (RGB: 246, 83, 166)
 Bright Magenta Rose (Hex: #FC51AF) (RGB: 252, 81, 175)
 Rose Bon Bon (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #F9429E) (RGB: 249, 66, 158)
 Persian Rose (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FE28A2) (RGB: 254, 40, 162)
 Vivid Persian Rose (Hex: #FF1CB1) (RGB: 255, 28, 177)
 MAGENTA ROSE (Hex: #FF00AF) (RGB: 255, 0, 175)
 Shocking Pink (Elsa Schiaparelli) (Hex: #FC0FC0) (RGB: 252, 15, 192)
 Hot Magenta (Crayola) (Hex: #FF00CC) (RGB: 255, 0, 204)
 Razzle Dazzle Rose (Crayola) (Hex: #FF33CC) (RGB: 255, 51, 204)
 Purple Pizzaz (Crayola) (Hex: #FE4EDA) (RGB: 254, 78, 218)
 Amaranth  Magenta (Hex: #ED3CCA) (RGB: 237, 60, 202)
 Rich Magenta Rose (Hex: #E010A8) (RGB: 224, 16, 168)
 Deep Magenta Rose (Hex: #C120A2) (RGB: 193, 32, 162)
<li style = "background-color: #b55489;"> Fandango (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B55489) (RGB: 181, 84, 137)

Related pages 
 List of colors

References 

Shades of magenta
Shades of pink
Right whale

The right whales (Eubalaena spp.), also known as the black whales are baleen whales with bow-shaped lower jaw and a head that is up to one-quarter of the body length. The head is hairier than most whales; up to 300 hairs are found on the tip of the lower jaw and 100 are on the upper jaw. There are also callosities (a series of horny growths) behind the blowhole, on the chin, above the eyes, on the lower lip, and on the rostrum (the beak-like upper jaw).

Description 
Right whales are similar to bowhead whales, but smaller. These whales are rich in blubber and have 2 blowholes. The eyes are very small and lips are large. Right whales were named by whalers who considered them the "right" whales to hunt, since they were rich in blubber, they were easy to catch (they are relatively slow swimmers) and they floated after being killed.

History 
Hunters needed the right whale's blubber for meat, because blubber could be boiled to make oil.
The right whale's name came from hunters, who thought that they were the "right" whales to hunt. This was because they had lots of blubber. They were also easy to catch (because they were relatively slow swimmers) and they floated on the surface of the water after being killed. Because of these things, right whales are the most endangered of the great whales.

References

Baleen whales
Vineyard

A vineyard is a place where grapes are grown. Some vineyards belong to wineries. The grapes grown in those are used to make wine.

Related pages
 Winery
 Farming

Agriculture
Vines
Bowhead whale

The bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) is an Arctic baleen whale, a right whale with a large, bow-shaped head that is up to 40% of its body length. The arched mouth is up to 10 feet (3 m) wide and 20 feet (6 m) deep. The eyes are very small and lips are huge. Bowheads live in pods, are rich in blubber (a subcutaneous layer 20-inch (50 cm) thick in places), and have 2 blowholes.

References

Baleen whales
Marcos Senna

Marcos Senna (born 17 July 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Villarreal and Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Villarreal||rowspan="8"|La Liga||16||2
|-
|2003/04||8||0
|-
|2004/05||29||2
|-
|2005/06||30||3
|-
|2006/07||33||0
|-
|2007/08||34||4
|-
|2008/09||27||2
|-
|2009/10||||
177||13
177||13
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||13||1
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||27||1
|}

References 

1976 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Coupe de France

Coupe de France is a French football competition. It is the premier knockout cup competition.

Champions

Former champions

Football competitions in Europe