cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Women's Rights National Historical Park

Women's Rights National Historical Park (est.1980) consists of four historical properties in Seneca Falls and Waterloo, New York. These properties are important to women's rights. They are the Wesleyan Chapel (the site of the first Women's Rights Convention); the Elizabeth Cady Stanton House; the M'Clintock House; and the Richard Hunt House. The park consists of 6.83 acres (27,600 m²). It includes a visitor center and an education and cultural center.  

The Votes For Women History Trail (est. 2009) is administered through the Park. It is a motor vehicle route of sites in upstate New York important to women's rights. Sites include the Susan B. Anthony House; the Mount Hope Cemetery; Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home; the M'Clintock House; and The Women's Rights National Historic Park itself.

Gallery

Other websites
 Women's Rights National Historic Park

National Historical Parks of the United States
Trams in Biel

There was a tram system in Biel, Switzerland, from 1877 to 1948. As the idea of having trams was not popular, there was only one route from Bözingen to Nidau.
The tram was originally a horse carriage on rails. There were only a few carriages from other tram systems. Although it was very small there were summer and winter carriages.
After Biel City bought the system in 1901, it became electrical with more carriages and a bigger route. The tram was not very popular and the owner did not earn much money. This was the reason why only very few routes were built.
All the four routes started at the train station in Biel, today known as ‘Zentralplatz’. The tram to Meinisberg went through Mett but because there was a big distance between Biel and Meinisberg, there were only a few stations.
Biel City started to reduced the system in 1930. First, route 1 and 2 became route 1. Then, in 1940, routes 2 and 3 were replaced by buses and finally, route 1 became a bus route, too.

Today 

Biel has a well-organized bus system since 1948. It grew more and more and is quite large, with over 15 different routes today. Some of them use the old tram routes but more were added, especially in the last 20 years. There are also different bus types today. Some are electrical, others run on fuel.

Biel
Transport in Switzerland
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
Gennevilliers

Gennevilliers  is a town in France near Paris. It is in the region Île-de-France and the department of Hauts-de-Seine. About 41,000 people live there.

Administration 
Gennevilliers has a town hall, two fire stations, a police station, three post office, and a customs station.

Culture & monuments 
Gennevilliers has an old church from 17th century called Saint Marie Madeleine.
At least Gennevilliers has got a movie theatre, a modern theatre, a music school, and a fine art school.

Sport 
The main sports played in Gennevilliers are : Football, rugby, swimming, dance, archery, and kayak

Transport 
Gennevilliers is famous for his port, the Port de Gennevilliers, one of the most important in France, and the first one on the river Seine. Gennevilliers has 3 stations of the Paris Métro Line 13 : Gabriel Péri, Les Agnettes, and Les Courtilles. Urban train line C come to Gennevilliers. City is also served by 6 tram stations : Parc des Chantereine, Gare de Gennevilliers, Timbaud, Le Village, Le Luth, and Les Courtilles. Two highways converge in Gennevilliers, the A15 and A86.

Twin town 
  England : Wirral.
  Germany : Bergkamen.
  Italy : Imola
  Palestine : al-Bireh
  Poland : Ostrowiec
  Spain : La Bañeza.

Communes in Hauts-de-Seine
Renault Master

The Renault Master is a series of light trucks and minibuses produced by French manufacturer Renault from 1980 to present.

Opel and Vauxhall make the same vehicle but with different names, The names are: Opel Movano and Vauxhall Movano.

Other websites

Front wheel drive vehicles
Buses
Vans
Master
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park

Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (est. June 11, 1940) is a United States National Historical Park at the borders Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia.  The park covers . It includes a visitors' center, museum, and gift shop.

The Cumberland Gap is a large natural break in the Appalachian Mountains. Historically, the gap was fertile hunting ground used by Native Americans. About 1775, it became the main route for settlers moving west into Kentucky.  Between 1775 and 1810 as many as 300,000 settlers may have used the gap. Tours are led to the park's Hensley Settlement, an early 20th century Kentucky mountain community, and trips are made to Gap Cave which was once used for shelter by traveling Indians and settlers. Appalachian music festivals and concerts are held in the park.

References

Other websites

 
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
Cumberland Gap  at American Byways
Guide to records (administrative files) from the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park

National Historical Parks of the United States
Appalachian Mountains
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 2

Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 2 is the second season of Britain's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Lianna Fowler from Derby, England.

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)

 Abigail Clancy
 Amber Niemann
 Asha Hibbert
 Georgina Edewor-Thorley
 Jasmia Robinson
 Lianna Fowler
 Lucy Flower
 Nina Malone
 Samantha Gerrard
 Sarah Butler
 Sophia Price
 Tamar Higgs
 Yvette Stubbs

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Models 1
 A campaign in Ford Fiesta
 A cover & spread in Company Magazine

Episodes
1.
Best: Sarah Butler
Worst: Jasmia Robinson & Yvette Stubbs
Eliminated: Yvette Stubbs

2.
Best: Sophia Price
Worst: Nina Malone & Lianna Fowler
Eliminated: Nina Malone

3.
Best: Abbey Clancy
Worst: Asha Hibbert & Amber Niemann
Eliminated: Asha Hibbert

4.
Best: Sarah Butler
Worst: Lucy Flower & Tamar Higgs
Eliminated: Lucy Flower

5.
Best: Lianna Fowler
Worst: Abbey Clancy & Sophia Price
Eliminated: Sophia Price

6.
Best: Tamar Higgs
Worst: Sarah Butler & Samantha Gerrard
Eliminated: Samantha Gerrard

7.
Best: Jasmia Robinson 
Worst/Eliminated: Georgina Edewor-Thorley & Tamar Higgs

8.
Best: Amber Niemann
Worst: Sarah Butler & Lianna Fowler
Eliminated: Sarah Butler

9.
Best: Jasmia Robinson 
Worst: Amber Niemann & Lianna Fowler
Eliminated: Amber Niemann

10.
Best: Lianna Fowler
Worst: Abbey Clancy & Jasmia Robinson 
Eliminated: Jasmia Robinson 

Final Two: Abbey Clancy & Lianna Fowler
Winner: Lianna Fowler

Britain's Next Top Model
Italophilia

Italophilia is the admiration, general appreciation or love of Italy, its culture, society, arts and people. It is often related to the emulation of Italy's ideals and civilization.

Characteristics

The term is used in two basic contexts: in international politics and in cultural context.

"Italophilia", "Italophile", and "Italophilic" are the terms used to denote pro-Italian sentiments, usually in politics and literature.

A huge italophilia started to develop in Europe during the centuries of the Italian Renaissance.

Actually one of the main reasons of Italophilia in the world is that Italy is home to more World Heritage Sites than any other nation in the world. These sites are culturally important and value according to UNESCO. Indeed about 60% of the works of art of the world are in Italy.

Another reason is the worlwide appreciation for Italian culinary and foods. Italy is also a big wine producer. In 2005 it made over 5 million tonnes, and many italian wines are very famous in the world, like the "Chianti".

Indeed in the American countries with a huge Italian emigration in the last centuries, there it is a widespread italophilia: Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay, Venezuela, Canada and the USA have millions of Italian descendants who promote in their society the love and appreciation for Italy.

Actually Giorgio Silvestri (director of the "Assemblea legislativa della Liguria") has calculated that there are nearly 250 million italophiles in the world.

References

Bibliography
 Barzini, Luigi. The Italians. Hamilton. London, 1987
 Sells, Lytton. The Italian influence in English Poetry Allen &Unwin ed. London, 1955

Related pages

 Italy
 Italians

Italy
DeWitt Clinton

DeWitt Clinton (March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828) was an early American politician and statesman. He graduated in law from Columbia University in 1790. From 1790 to 1795 he served as private secretary to his uncle, George Clinton. 

Clinton was born in Little Britain, New York. He was married to Maria Franklin. They had ten children, but only three survived. Clinton then married Catharine Jones from 1819 until his death in 1828. His son, George William Clinton, served as mayor of Buffalo, New York.

He served in the New York State Legislature (1797–1798) and the New York Senate (1798–1802). He served the U.S. Senate (1802–1803). He served 10 terms as Mayor of New York City (1803–1815). During his 10 terms as mayor, he promoted public education, city planning, public sanitation, and relief for the poor. 

Clinton also held office as state senator (1806–1811) and lieutenant governor (1811–1813). From 1810 to 1824, he served as New York Canal Commissioner. In 1812, he lost the race for President of the United States to James Madison. He was Governor of New York State (1817–1823, 1825–1828).  He supported a plan to build a canal through upstate New York to connect the east with the Midwest. He became such a strong supporter of the New York plan that his opponents called it "Clinton's Ditch". He is sometimes known as the Father of the Erie Canal. 

Clinton died from heart failure in Albany, New York, aged 58.

References 
 DeWitt Clinton
 New Netherland Institute: DeWitt Clinton

1769 births
1828 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Mayors of New York City
Governors of New York
United States senators from New York
19th-century American politicians
TV Azteca

TV Azteca, is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. As of 2017, it competes in Mexico with Televisa. It operates two television networks in Mexico: Azteca 7 and Azteca Trece. It also operates repeaters and affiliate stations in most major and minor cities.

References

Other websites 
 TVAzteca.com

Mass media
Entertainment companies
Economy of Mexico
Dulwich College

Dulwich College is a boarding school for boys aged 7-18 in Dulwich in south London. It is one of the largest fee-paying schools in England. It was started in 1619 by Edward Alleyn. In 2013 88% of students got 100% A*/A in their A Levels. It is a member of the Eton Group.

Other websites
Dulwich College website

1619 establishments
Schools in London
1610s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in England
Taurus (constellation)

Taurus is a constellation in the northern sky.  "Taurus" means "bull" in Latin.  It is a constellation of the zodiac, which means that it crosses the ecliptic.  The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Taurus when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

The star clusters Pleiades and Hyades are in Taurus. Taurus also contains the Crab Nebula, which is a supernova remnant. The brightest star in Taurus is a red giant star called Aldebaran.

References 

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
The Pink Panther 2

The Pink Panther 2 is a comedy movie released in 2009. It is the sequel to the movie The Pink Panther. In this movie, Inspector Jacques Clouseau (Steve Martin) is assigned to catch a burglar called "The Tornado". The Tornado has stolen the famous Pink Panther Diamond.

This movie also stars Kevin Kline, Beyoncé Knowles, and Jean Reno.

Cast 
 Steve Martin as Inspector Jacques Clouseau
 Jean Reno as Gendarme Gilbert Ponton 
 Alfred Molina as Chief Inspector Randall Pepperidge 
 Emily Mortimer as Nicole Nuveau Durant 
 Aishwarya Rai Bachchan as Sonia Solandres
 Andy García as Inspector Vicenzo Roccara Squarcialupi Brancaleone
 Yuki Matsuzaki as Kenji Mazuto
 Lily Tomlin as Yvette Berenger
 John Cleese as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus

References 

American comedy movies
2008 movies
Movies directed by Harald Zwart
Movies set in Rome
Boston National Historical Park

The Boston National Historical Park  (est. October 1, 1974) is a group of eight sites in Boston, Massachusetts associated with the American Revolutionary War: the Bunker Hill Monument; Charlestown Navy Yard; Dorchester Heights; Faneuil Hall; Old North Church; Old South Meeting House; Old State House; and the Paul Revere House.

Gallery 

National Historical Parks of the United States
Organolithium reagent

Organolithium compounds contain a direct bond between a carbon atom and a lithium atom. They are an important class of organometallic compound. The bonding between the carbon and lithium is highly polar due to the difference in electronegativity between these atoms, which effectively makes the carbon negatively charged and capable of acting as a strong base or nucleophile. These compounds are similar to Grignard reagents, but are much more reactive. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium are widely commercially available. Due to their highly reactive nature, they must be handled under a protective atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon as they will catch fire in air.

Chemical compounds
Bieler Braderie

The Braderie (, ) is a festival celebrated every year in Biel, Switzerland at the end of June. In 2013, the festival will start on 28 June and end on 30 June.

Location 
The main part of the festival takes place between the train station Biel and the Nidaugasse. There are over 100 stalls every year, which sell different things. The shops in Biel usually do their sales in this week, because many people are in the streets during the festival. A stage is set up in the front of the Apollo Cinema. Bands and singers present their music on this stage. The Braderie is known for a lot of famous Swiss stars, for example, Stress, DJ Antoine and Pegasus.

History 
The Braderie began in 1936. Since 1930 and the big economic crisis, the people of Biel were searching for a way to improve the economy of Biel. The festival was started by Miggi Tièche and Carlo Schneeberger. The first Braderie was a big success. Originally known simply as a solution for the crisis, the Braderie began to be a part of Biel's calendar. There were three Braderies between 1937 and 1939. During World War II, they had to stop the Braderie. The break ended only in 1947, and then the Braderie started again, and it was known as "Bieler Sommerfest" (Biel Summer Celebration). Because of the long history from the Braderie, it is common today for most of the stores in Biel to make their sales during the Braderie.

Other websites
Official website  
General information 

Festivals in Europe
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
1936 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Switzerland
June events
Alba Quezada

Alba Quezada (born Alba Pilar Fuenzalida Figueroa on August 28, 1985 in Chillán) is a Chilean model and television presenter.

Filmography

Television

References

Other websites 
 
 Biographie de Alba Quezada 

1985 births
People from Bío Bío Region
Living people
Chilean models
Chilean television presenters
Begonia

Begonia is a genus of perennial flowering plants. The genus contains about 1,400 different plant species. Begonias are found in moist subtropical and tropical climates. Some species are often grown indoors as houseplants.

Cucurbitales
Ingrid Cruz

Ingrid Elena Cruz Toro (born 1 July 1975 in Antofagasta) is a Chilean actress.

Filmography

Cinema

Television

Telenovelas

Sources

Other websites 

1975 births
People from Antofagasta Region
Living people
Chilean movie actors
Chilean television actors
Chilean stage actors
Lucía Hiriart

María Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez (10 December 1923 – 16 December 2021), also known as Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet, was the wife of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. She was First Lady of Chile from 1973 to 1990. She was born in Antofagasta, Chile.

On 30 December 2018, Hiriart was hospitalized after falling at her home in Santiago de Chile. She fractured her arm and multiple ribs.

Hiriart died in Santiago de Chile on 16 December 2021 from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by heart disease, six days after her 98th birthday.

References

Other websites
Analysis of her arrest 

1922 births
First Ladies of Chile
People from Antofagasta Region
2021 deaths
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Carolina Mestrovic

Carolina Verónica Mestrovic Moroni (born 20 July 1991, in Arica) is a Chilean singer, actress and television presenter.

Filmografía

Programas de televisión

Participante

Hostess

Telenovelas

References

Other websites 
 

1991 births
People from Arica
Living people
Chilean singers
Chilean television actors
Chilean television presenters
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 3

Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 3 is the third season of Britain's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 12 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Lauren McAvoy.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Models 1
 A contarct with Ruby & Millie Cosmetics
 A cover and spread in Company Magazine

Episodes
1.
Best: Lucy Benett
Worst: Abigail Galatia & Dani Lawrence
Eliminated: Dani Lawrence

2.
Best: Rebecca White
Worst: Krystal Hancok & Carly Thompson
Eliminated: Krystal Hancok

3.
Best: Louise Watts
Worst: Stefanie Webber & Abigail  Galatia
Eliminated: Abigail Galatia

4.
Best: Carly Thompson
Worst: Lauren McAvoy & Natalie Nwagbo
Eliminated: Natalie Nwagbo

5.
Best: Stefanie Webber
Worst: Holly Alexander Richie & Carly Thompson 
Eliminated: Holly Alexander Richie

6.
Best: Rebecca White
Worst: Louise Watts & Carly Thompson
Eliminated: Carly Thompson

7.
Best: Louise Watts
Worst: Stefanie Webber & Sherece Champell 
Eliminated: Sherece Champell

8.
Best: Rebecca White
Worst: Lucy Benett & Louise Watts
Eliminated: Lucy Benett

9.
Best: Louise Watts
Worst: Lauren McAvoy & Stefanie Webber
Eliminated: Stefanie Webber

10.
Best: Louise Watts
Worst: Lauren McAvoy & Rebecca White
Eliminated: Rebecca White

Final Two: Lauren McAvoy & Louise Watts
Winner: Lauren McAvoy

Britain's Next Top Model
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (series 7)

Britain's & Ireland's Next Topmodel, Cycle 7 is the seventh season of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. Tis cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 20-year-old Jade Thompson from Stoke on Trent, England.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Models 1
 A spread & cover in Company Magazine
 A £100,000 contract with Revlon Cosmetics
 An international campaign with Miss Selfridge
 A new Peugeot RCZ

Episodes
1.-4.
casting episodes

5.
Best: Holly Higgins
Worst: Anastasija Bogatirijova, Joanne Northey & Kimberleigh Spreadbury
Eliminated: Joanne Northey & Kimberleigh Spreadbury

6.
Best: Jessica Abbide
Worst: Stacey Haskins & Ufuoma Itoje
Eliminated: Ufuoma Itoje

7.
Best: Jade Thompson
Worst: Hannah Devane & Amy Woodman
Eliminated: Hannah Devane

8.
Best: Anastasija Bogatirijova
Worst: Amy Woodman, Holly Higgins & Jade Thompson
Eliminated: Amy Woodman & Holly Higgins

9.
Best: Jade Thompson
Worst: Tanya Mihalovic, Stacey Haskins & Imogen Leaver
Eliminated: Tanya Mihalovic & Stacey Haskins

10.
recap episode

11.
Best: Justė Juozapaitytė
Worst: Jessica Abbide & Anastasija Bogatirijova
Eliminated: Jessica Abbide

12.
Best: Justė Juozapaitytė & Jade Thompson
Eliminated: Anastasija Bogatirijova & Imogen Leaver

13.
Final Two: Justė Juozapaitytė & Jade Thompson
Winner: Jade Thompson

References

Other websites
 

British reality television series
Anglo-Zulu War

The Anglo-Zulu War was a war fought from 1879 to 1887 between the Zulu people and the British Empire. There was no declaration of war. The war was fought in South Africa, mostly. The Zulu were victorious at first, and won the Battle of Isandlwana. Later their luck turned, and the British Empire won the Battle of Ulundi. The Zulu lost the war, and the Zulu Kingdom ceased to exist as an independent state. Today, the area is part of South Africa, and is called KwaZulu-Natal.

Wars involving the British Empire
19th century in South Africa
Resistance to the British Empire
Amanda Bresnan

Amanda Bresnan (born 4 December 1971) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. Bresnan was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly from the electorate of Brindabella in the 2008 election. She was defeated at the 2012 election

Early life and education
Bresnan grew up in Brisbane. She studied at Griffith University. Bresnan entered the ACT Government's Graduate Program and later became a senior policy officer in ACT Health. She went on to become policy manager for the Consumers’ Health Forum of Australia and the director of policy at the Mental Health Council of Australia.

Political career
Bresnan ran for election for the electorate of Molonglo in the Australian Capital Territory general election in 2004. She did not win in the multi-member electorate. However, the Greens' main candidate, Deb Foskey, was elected.

In the 2007, Bresnan ran for the House of Representatives seat of Canberra.  In June 2008, the ACT Greens said that Bresnan would stand for election in Brindabella.

Parliamentary career
Bresnan main interest dealth with Health, Mental Health, Transport, Disability, Housing, Ageing, Multicultural Affairs, Industrial Relations and Corrections. She is also the ACT Greens' Party Whip.

References

Other websites

 Amanda Bresnan: Official Website and Newsfeed
 Amanda Bresnan: Parliamentary Website and Information 
 Amanda Bresnan's Inaugural Speech 

1971 births
Australian Greens politicians
Living people
Politicians from Brisbane
People from the Australian Capital Territory
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 5

Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 5 is the fifth season of Britain's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner 19-year-old was Mecia Simson from Plymouth, England.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Models 1
 A campaign with Max Factor
 A spread & cover in Company Magazine

Episodes

1.
Best: Mecia Simson
Worst: Rebecca Ball, Ashley Brown, & Nell Naberro
Eliminated: Rebecca Ball & Nell Naberro

2.
Best: Kasey Wynter
Worst: Lisa-Ann Hillman & Sophie Sumner
Eliminated: Lisa-Ann Hillman

3.
Best: Kasey Wynter
Worst: Ashley Brown & Chloe Cummings
Eliminated: None

4.
Best: Sophie Sumner
Worst: Kasey Wynter & Lauren Wee
Eliminated: Lauren Wee

5.
Best: Jade McSorley
Worst: Chloe Cummings & Kasey Wynter
Eliminated: Chloe Cummings & Kasey Wynter

6.
Best/Immune: Daisy Payne
Worst: Madeleine Wheatley & Annaliese Dayes
Eliminated: Madeleine Wheatley

7.
Best: Jade McSorley
Worst: Hayley Buchanan & Daisy Payne
Eliminated: Hayley Buchanan

8.
Best: Mecia Simson
Worst: Sophie Sumner & Annaliese Dayes
Eliminated: Annaliese Dayes

9.
Best: Jade McSorley
Worst: Ashley Brown & Daisy Payne
Eliminated: Daisy Payne

10.
Best: Sophie Sumner
Worst: Ashley Brown & Viola Szekely
Eliminated: Viola Szekely

11.
Best: Jade McSorley
Worst: Ashley Brown & Mecia Simson
Eliminated: Ashley Brown

12.
Final Three: Jade McSorley, Mecia Simson & Sophie Sumner
Eliminated: Jade McSorley

13.
Final Two: Sophie Sumner & Mecia Simson
Winner: Mecia Simson

Britain's Next Top Model
Queen Liliʻuokalani

Queen Liliʻuokalani (1838-1917) was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii.  She was well educated and traveled widely.  She married John Owen Dominis on September 16, 1862.  He became the Governor of Oahu and Maui.  The couple had no children. She was an accomplished musician. "Aloha ʻOe" is her best known composition.

In 1891, Liliʻuokalani became Queen of Hawaii when her brother, the king, died.  In 1893, she wanted a new constitution.  This caused the American minister in Hawaii great concern. American soldiers took over the ʻIolani Palace and other government buildings. In 1894, they removed Queen Liliʻuokalani as queen.  The United States set up a provisional government. It became the Republic of Hawaii.

The Hawaiian people were on the side of their Queen. President Grover Cleveland offered to return the throne if she granted amnesty to all involved in the takeover of her kingdom.  She refused, but then changed her mind and agreed. She was denied her reinstatement by the Provisional Government.  On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii began. Liliʻuokalani died on November 11, 1917 following a stroke.

References
 National Women's History Museum: Queen Liliʻuokalani

People from Hawaii
Kings and queens
Deaths from stroke
1838 births
1917 deaths
Native Hawaiians
Couleur

Couleur (from French, in English colour, or in the United States color) is the word which is used for the headgear and ribbons worn by members of some Central European student societies (Studentenverbindungen).

Ribbon

Headgear

Cap

Tönnchen

Straßencerevis

Further reading
 Peter Krause: O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum, Graz, Wien, Köln 1979 (German), 
 Peter Krause: O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum, 5. verb. Auflage, Graz, Wien, Köln 1997 (German), 
 Paulgerhard Gladen: Gaudeamus igitur - Die studentischen Verbindungen einst und jetzt, Köln 2001 (German),
 Edgar Hunger / Curt Meyer: Studentisches Brauchtum, Bonn, Stuttgart 1958 (German)

Accessories
Zirkel (Studentenverbindung)

A Zirkel is a symbol used in Central European student societies (Studentenverbindungen).

Look and meaning 
A Zirkel consists of interwined lines, mostly followed by an exclamation mark. The lines mostly show the first letters of the name of the Studentenverbindung and/or the letters v, c, f or e, f, v.

Examples

Meaning of v-c-f:
 Vivant fratres coniuncti ("the joined brothers should live") or
 Vivat circulus fratrum ("the circle of brothers should live") or
 Vivat, crescat, floreat ("live, grow, flourish").

Meaning of e-f-v:
 Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honour, Freedom, Fatherland").

The meaning of the exclamation mark is not quite clear.

Using 
The members of the Studentenverbindung use the Zirkel as sign on Couleur or other things (such as beer glasses, etc). If a member signs in affairs of its Studentenverbindung it places the Zirkel after its signature. This use is similar to the use of postnominals in Anglo-Saxon countries.

Examples

References

Further reading
 Peter Krause: O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum, Graz, Wien, Köln 1979 (German), 
 Peter Krause: O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum, 5. verb. Auflage, Graz, Wien, Köln 1997 (German), 
 Paulgerhard Gladen: Gaudeamus igitur - Die studentischen Verbindungen einst und jetzt, Köln 2001 (German)  
 Edgar Hunger / Curt Meyer: Studentisches Brauchtum, Bonn, Stuttgart 1958 (German)

Symbols
Masha Rasputina

Masha Rasputina (, born Alla Ageeva, 13 May 1965, Urop, Belovsky District, Kemerovo Oblast) is a Russian pop singer. She is known for her over-the-top, husky vocal style, fiery stage persona and flamboyant image. 

Rasputina has been married twice. She has two daughters, Lidia Yermakova and Maria Zakharova (born 8 September 2000).

Discography

Albums 
 Городская сумасшедшая (A Town's Mad Girl, 1991)
 Я родилась в Сибири (I Was Born in Siberia, 1993)
 Синий понедельничек (Blue Monday, 1994)
 Я была на Венере (I Visited Venus, 1995)
 Ты меня не буди (Don't Wake Me Up, 1999)
 Поцелуй меня при всех (Kiss Me in Public, 2000)
 Живи, страна! (Live, My Country, 2001)
 Роза чайная (Rose Tea Room, 2003)
 Маша Распутина. The Best (The Best of Masha Rasputina, compilation, 2008)

References

Other websites  
 Оfficial site
 Fan site
 persona.rin.ru: Маша Распутина
 all-biography.ru Маша Распутина
 shalala.ru Маша Распутина

1965 births
Living people
Pop singers
Russian singers
Alla Pugacheva

Alla Borisovna Pugacheva (, or Pugachova, ), born 15 April 1949), is а Russian singer. She has a "clear mezzosoprano and a full display of sincere emotions". She is the most successful Soviet and Russian performer in terms of record sales and popularity. She became a Meritorious Artist of the Russian SFSR in 1980, People's Artist of the Russian SFSR in 1985 and People's Artist of the USSR in 1991. She is the mother of actress and singer, Kristina Orbakaitė.

Notes and references

Other websites

Alla Pugacheva fan club  
Russian Music on the net: Info on Alla Pugacheva with lyrics translated to English

Videos of Alla Pugacheva's Concert in Kremlin
Alla Pugacheva on YouTube

1949 births
Living people
Mezzo-sopranos
Musicians from Moscow
Russian singers
Soviet singers
Jorge Drexler

Jorge Drexler (born Jorge Abner Drexler Prada; 21 September 1964) is an Uruguayan musician, actor, and doctor.

In 2004, Drexler become the first Uruguayan ever to win an Academy Award.  He won for composing the song "Al Otro Lado del Río" from The Motorcycle Diaries.

Discography
La luz que sabe robar (Ayui, 1992)
Radar (Ayui, 1994)
Vaivén (Virgin, 1996)
Llueve (Virgin, 1997)
Frontera (Virgin, 1999)
Sea (Virgin, 2001)
Eco (Dro, 2004)
Eco2 (includes 3 bonus tracks + DVD) (Dro, 2005)
12 Segundos de Oscuridad (2006)
La Edad del Cielo (iTunes release) (2007)
Cara B(2008)
Amar la Trama (2010)

Other websites

Jorge Drexler's official site
Jorge Drexler's Official Label Site - Free music online 

1964 births
Living people
People from Montevideo
Uruguayan entertainers
Musicians
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Latin Grammy Award winners
Aloha ʻOe

"Aloha ʻOe" (Farewell to Thee) is a song by Queen Lili'uokalani, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. It was written in 1878. The song tells of a farewell between two lovers.

References
 Aloha Oe

Culture of Hawaii
Songs
2012–13 UEFA Champions League

The 2012–13 UEFA Champions League was the 58th UEFA Champions League. The champions were FC Bayern Munich. No third place match was played, as usual, but the teams defeated in the semi-finals were Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. Chelsea was the defending champions, but they were eliminated in the group stage.

The final was the first ever all German competition. FC Bayern Munich defeated FC Barcelona 7-0 in aggregate. This one one of Barcelonas worst defeat in the Champions League. Borussia Dortmund defeated Real Madrid 4-3 in aggregate.

Knockout Stage

Round of 16 

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Quarter Finals 

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Semi Finals 

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Final

Statistics

Hat-tricks 

4Player scored four goals.

UEFA Champions League seasons
2012 in association football
2013 in association football
2011–12 UEFA Champions League

The 2011–12 UEFA Champions League was the 57th UEFA Champions League. The champions were Chelsea. No third place match was played, as usual, but the teams defeated in the semi-finals were Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. FC Barcelona was the defending champions, but they were eliminated in the semi finals.

FC Bayern Munich defeated Real Madrid 3-3 (penalties) in aggregate. FC Barcelona were defeated by Chelsea 3-2 in aggregate.

Chelsea defeated FC Bayern Munich 1-1 (4-3 with penalties).

Knockout stage

Round of 16

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Quarter-finals

|}

Semi-finals

|}

Final

Statistics

Hat-tricks

4Player scored four goals.
5Player scored five goals.

UEFA Champions League seasons
2012 in association football
2011 in association football
Sofía Castro

Angélica Sofía Castro Rivera (born October 30, 1996 in Mexico City) is a Mexican actress and model. Her step-father is the current President of Mexico and her mother is an actress.

Filmography

Telenovelas

TV Series

Sources 
 

1996 births
Living people
Actors from Mexico City
Mexican models
Mexican television actors
Mike Gray

Michael "Mike" Gray (October 26, 1935 – April 30, 2013) was an American writer, screenwriter, activist, cinematographer, movie producer and director. He was known for making many documentaries about drugs and war. He was also the screenwriter for Star Trek: The Next Generation and The China Syndrome for which he was nominated for an Academy Award.

Gray was born on October 26, 1935 in Darlington, Indiana. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Gray studied at Purdue University.

He was married to Carol Gray until his death in 2013. They had one son, Lucas Gray who is a storyboard writer for The Simpsons. Gray died from unknown causes in his home in Los Angeles, California, aged 77.

Gray won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Drama and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

References

Other websites
 
 Mike Gray
 Drug Crazy
 Film Group Collection, 1966-1969

1935 births
2013 deaths
American activists
American cinematographers
Screenwriters from Illinois
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Movie directors from Indiana
Movie producers from Indiana
Writers from Indiana
Writers from Chicago
Unexplained deaths
Ryukyuan languages

The Ryūkyūan languages (Okinawan: 琉球口, Ruuchuuguchi) are a group of Japonic languages spoken in the Ryūkyū Islands, the southernmost part of Japan. The languages are Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni.

Although Japan says the Ryukyuan languages are dialects of Japanese, most linguists see them as languages. This is because Japanese speakers would not be able to understand Ryukyuan without learning it.

In the past, the Ryukyuan languages were spoken all over Ryukyu but due to the languages being discriminated against, most Ryukyuans now speak Japanese.

History 
When a group people called the Yayoi came to Japan, they brought over a language called Proto-Japonic. This language diverged into Japanese and Ryukyuan overtime.

Sound Changes 
Japanese and Ryukyuan has different sound changes. For example, Japanese “o” becomes Okinawan “u”. This is why the Japanese word “to” (and) is “tu” in Okinawan.

It’s also common for Japanese “k” to become Okinawan “ch”. This causes “Okinawa” to become “Uchinaa”.

In the Yonaguni language, Japanese “y” becomes “d”. Japanese “yama” (mountain) is “dama” in Yonaguni.

Language Usage 
Most older Ryukyuans can speak a Ryukyuan language, while younger people speak Japanese. Ryukyuan languages are also spoken in Hawaii and South America as many Ryukyuans live there too.

Further reading
Sanseido (1997). 言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語 (Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago). "琉球列島の言語" (The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands).
Ashworth, D. E. (1975). A generative study of the inflectional morphophonemics of the Shuri dialect of Ryukyuan. Thesis (Ph. D.)—Cornell University, 1973.
Heinrich, Patrick (2004): Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryūkyū Islands, in: Language Policy 3.2, (2004): 153
Heinrich, Patrick, Shinsho Miyara, Michinori Shimoji, eds. 2014. Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Serafim, L. A. (1985). Shodon: the prehistory of a Northern Ryukyuan dialect of Japanese. [S.l: s.n.
Shimabukuro, Moriyo. 2007. The accentual history of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages: a reconstruction. Languages of Asia series, v. 2. Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. 
Uemura, Yukio, and Wayne P. Lawrence. 2003. The Ryukyuan language. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim (Series), A4-018. Osaka, Japan: ELPR.

Other websites

 Ryukyuan language phonetic database

References 

 
Languages of Asia
Ryukyu Islands
Direct election

A direct election is an election in which people vote directly for the person, persons or political party that they want to see elected to a political position. The members of State Legislative Assembly, known as MLA's are directly elected by the people of the State. The opposite is an indirect election, in which the voters elect a group of people who in turn elects the officeholder in question.

Many countries use a mixed system, where some elements are directly elected, and some are not.

Types of elections
Sony Pictures Studios

The Sony Pictures Studios is a television and movie studio complex in Culver City, California. It is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment. Many movies and television shows are taped there, including the popular television game shows Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!. It houses the movie companies Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures.

History 
The complex started in 1915 as the Triangle Studios (1915-1918), then Paramount Culver Studios (1918-1921), then Goldwyn Studios (1921-1924)

Acquisition by MGM 

It was acquired by American film and television company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and renamed it MGM Studios in 1924. Many famous MGM movies such as The Wizard of Oz and Singin' in the Rain were produced there. Between 1927 and 1963, 52 movies a year were shot there.

Acquisition by Lorimar 

In 1986, MGM sold it's studio lot to Lorimar.

Acquisition by Sony Pictures Entertainment 

In 1989, It was later purchased by Sony Pictures Entertainment and redone as the Sony Pictures Studios.

Acquisition by Pinewood Group 

In 2016, while all the Sony and Columbia titles are later named after TriStar, it was purchased by Pinewood Group and restored as the Pinewood Studios Hollywood

Daily about Sony Pictures Studios 
The complex is open for daily studio tours. It has sixteen different sound stages, where the company's movies and television shows are shot.

Other websites
 Sony Pictures Studios website
 Studio Lot History 

1915 establishments in the United States
Movie studios
Companies based in California
Buildings and structures in California
Culver City, California
Pegasus (band)

Pegasus is a Swiss pop/rock-band from Biel. From childhood on they were sharing song ideas and a basement rehearsal room.

Members
Noah Veraguth (Lead Vocals, Guitar, Piano)
Gabriel Spahni (Lead Guitar, Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vocals)
Simon Spahr (Bass Guitar, Electric Piano, Backing Vocals)
Stefan Brenner (Drums, Percussion, Backing Vocals)

History
Three of them (Veraguth, Spahni and Spahr) grew up in the same street and went to the same schools. They made a lot of music in their childhood.

After Stefan Brenner came to the band, they tried to get a recording contract. They made their first album in 2007. It was called A Place To Be. It was quite successful, the reviews were positive.

Their second album was called Heroes & Champions (2010). For this album they got the Swiss Music Award in the category Best Newcomer National. It includes the hits "Listen To The Music", "Come Down With Me" and "Easy".
The third most successful album is Human.Technology produced in 2011. 0n the 27th of July 2012 it was on second place in the Swiss charts. 

They made a special edition called Human.Technology 2.0. in 2012. The most popular songs are "Man On Mars", "Rise Up (Black Dog)" and "Skyline" (only on Human.Technology 2.0). "Skyline" was used as official Swiss Olympic song in London 2012. It was a number one hit in Swiss charts.

In September they started their Human.Technology Tour, in February a second one.
Noah Veraguth is also known for his work with Stress and Bastian Baker. In 2011 he produces a song with Stress called "Elle". Together with M.A.M and Karolyn they made an album called Noël’s Room (2012) which is very successful.

Award
In 2010 they won the award in the category Newcomer National. In 2013 they got Best Hit National for "Skyline".

Swiss musical groups
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
Erotica (Madonna album)

Erotica is the fifth studio album from American singer Madonna. It was released on October 20, 1992 through Maverick Records. Six singles were released from the album, one being the title song. The album caused strong controversy. It was less successful than earlier albums by Madonna: it peaked at number two in the United States. Other songs were "Deeper and Deeper" and "Bad Girl".

1992 albums
Madonna albums
Starving Time

The Starving Time at Jamestown in Virginia Colony was a period of starvation during the winter of 1609–1610. During this time, all but 60 of the 500 colonists died. Lack of rain and access to water had crippled the agricultural production during the summer. Also, the water that the colonists drank was brackish and only drinkable half the year.  

According to historical accounts, the colonists ate dogs, snakes, cats, rats, horses, books and shoe leather through the winter. There is forensic evidence of at least one instance of cannibalism. The remains of a teenage girl ( 1595–1609), named "Jane" by researchers, showed signs of being butchered (cut up for eating). Examination of Jane's shin bone indicates she was probably 14 years old at the time of her death. Based on studies of the isotopes in a tooth, she was probably from southern England. She was possibly the daughter of a gentleman or a maid in a gentleman's home because she had consumed generous amounts of protein (meat). Jane likely arrived in Virginia in August 1609. 

It is almost certain Jane was removed from her grave before being butchered and eaten. She was not murdered. In 1625, George Percy, president of Jamestown during the starvation period, wrote that the hunger was so intense “thatt notheinge was Spared to mainteyne Lyfe and to doe those things which seame incredible, as to digge upp deade corpes outt of graves and to eate them." Five other accounts refer to cannibalism during the bitter winter.

Only 10 percent of Jane's remains have been recovered by researchers. The remains were found about 2.5 feet (0.8 m) down in a trash pit in the cellar of a building built in 1608 inside the James Fort site. Historical accounts indicate cannibalism was widespread at Jamestown during the winter. Modern historians were reluctant to credit these accounts without other evidence. Jane however is the first forensic evidence that confirms the existence of the practice during that winter.

References

Other websites 
New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson, (1957) at Project Gutenberg

History of Virginia
Cannibalism
1609
1610
Robert Sacre

Robert Sacre (born June 6, 1989) is an American-Canadian basketball player. He is a center for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

College
Sacre played college basketball for Gonzaga University from 2007 to 2012.

NBA career
He was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2nd round with the 60th overall pick in the 2012 NBA Draft.

He made his NBA debut with Lakers on October 31, 2012. He played 49 seconds in a 116-106 loss against the Portland Trail Blazers. He scored his first points for the Lakers on November 4, 2012 in a win against the Detroit Pistons. He made his first NBA start on January 8, 2013 in a loss against the Houston Rockets.

Personal
He was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana but grew up and played high school basketball in North Vancouver, British Columbia. His father is Greg LaFleur, a former American football tight end that played for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Indianapolis Colts.

References

Other websites
Robert Sacre at NBA.com

1989 births
African-American basketball players
Canadian basketball players
Living people
Los Angeles Lakers players
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
People from Vancouver
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Sportspeople from Louisiana
American basketball players
Armin Meiwes

Armin Meiwes (born 1 December 1961) is a German man who is known for an act of cannibalism. 

In March 2001, Meiwes, a then 41-year-old bisexual computer technician, placed an advertisement online for a well-built male he could kill and eat. Forty-three year old Bernd-Jurgen Brandes answered the ad later that month. Meiwes took Brandes to his home in Rotenberg. Brandes had sex with Meiwes, then asked Meiwes to cut off his penis. Meiwes did so, then fried the penis. The two ate it. Meiwes then killed Brandes with Brandes's consent by stabbing him repeatedly in the neck. He cut the body in pieces and froze the pieces for later consumption. Meiwes was arrested in December 2002. He had consumed about 20 kg of Brandes' body. Cannibalism was not illegal in Germany in 2001 when Meiwes killed and ate Brandes. Meiwes was convicted of killing by request and defiling a corpse. He received a sentence of 8.5 years. The Meiwes case was the first cannibalism case in Germany.

In May 2006, a court sentenced Meiwes to life in prison after a retrial.

References

1961 births
Living people
Bisexual people
Cannibalism
German LGBT people
German criminals
German prisoners
Murderers
People from Essen
Anke Engelke

Anke Christina Fischer (née Engelke; born 21 December 1965 in Montréal) is a German comedian, actress and voice-over actress.

Life 
Engelke moved to Cologne in 1971 with her parents. Early on, she exhibited singing talent, and was discovered in 1978 by Georg Bossert at a performance of her school's choir.

In May 2011, she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf alongside Stefan Raab and Judith Rakers. 

The following year, Engelke served as the spokesperson for Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku, Azerbaijan. Before presenting the votes, she also gave a live statement on the human-rights issues in the hosting country, saying: "Tonight nobody could vote for their own country. But it is good to be able to vote. And it is good to have a choice. Good luck on your journey, Azerbaijan. Europe is watching you." She was the only spokesperson to articulately address human rights during the event. She had also served as one of Germany's national juries for the contest during that year.

In February 2013, her involvement with the Eurovision Song Contest continued as she hosted Unser Song für Malmö, the German national final.

Filmography

Movie

Television

References

This article is based on the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia (retrieved February 3, 2004).

Other websites

 Brainpool's Anke Engelke page (in German)
 Article on sbznet.de: "Late-Night-Talk: Anke macht's für Harald" (23 December 2003)  (in German)
 
 Zeit (14/2004) Interview with Anke Engelke at the beginning of her Late-Night-Show  (in German)
 Zeit (01/2005) Interview with Anke Engelke near the end of her Late-Night-Show  (in German)
 Anke Engelke: Interview  (Germany)

1965 births
Living people
German comedians
German movie actors
German television presenters
Actors from Montreal
German television actors
German voice actors
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
Nadia Hasnaoui

Nadia Hasnaoui (; born 10 June 1963) is a Norwegian television presenter.

Hasnaoui was born in Morocco to a Norwegian mother and Moroccan father. Her maternal grandfather was Nobel Prize winning economist Ragnar Frisch. When she was four years old her parents divorced and she moved to Norway with her mother. In Oslo she attended a strict Catholic French kindergarten and then later a French school until fourth grade. She became a Norwegian citizen at the age of eighteen. In 1991 she married actor Kim Haugen.

Eurovision 
Hasnaoui first became associated with Eurovision in 1992, when she provided the NRK radio commentary for the 1992 Contest.

In 2004, Hasnaoui presented the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Lillehammer, Norway. Hasnaoui has also presented festivals in Norway such as Melodi Grand Prix Junior.

In 2005 Hasnaoui provided Norwegian commentary on the Fiftieth Anniversary Special alongside former veteran Jahn Teigen.

Hasnaoui presented the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Bærum in May 2010 with Haddy Jatou N'jie and Erik Solbakken. She also read out the Norwegian votes for the 2011 and 2012 contests.

References 

1963 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian television presenters
Entertainers from Oslo
Parker, Colorado

Parker is a town in Douglas County, Colorado.

Sources

Towns in Colorado
1981 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Colorado
Krumovgrad

Krumovgrad is a town in Bulgaria. It is near the Greek border. There are many Turks in Krumovgrad.

Settlements in Bulgaria
Richard LeParmentier

Richard LeParmentier (July 16, 1946 – April 15, 2013) was an American-British actor and scriptwriter who is best known for his role as Admiral Motti in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) and as police officer Lt. Santino in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988).

LeParmentier was born on July 16, 1946 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to British-Irish parents. He studied at Wayne University. 

LeParmentier was married to Sarah Douglas from 1981 until they divorced in 1984. LeParmentier died on April 15, 2013 from a heart attack in Austin, Texas, aged 66.

References

Other websites

Richard LeParmentier official website 

1946 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania