cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Peru at the Olympics

Peru at the Olympics is a history which includes 20 games in 15 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1900, the Peru has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Peru is PER.

History
The Peru National Olympic Committee was formed in 1924.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

Peru's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Since 1936, the nation has been in all but one Summer Olympic Games. Peru was in the Winter Olympic Games in 2010.

Medalists

Summer games

Association Football

Winter games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 http://www.coperu.org/web/index.php 
  Peru profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Afsharid dynasty

The Afsharid dynasty (Persian: افشاریان‎) was an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Afshar Turkoman tribe  in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Iran (Persia) in the mid-eighteenth century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the brilliant military commander Nader Shah, who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty and proclaimed himself as the Shah of Iran.

At its height it controlled modern-day Iran, Armenia, Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus (Dagestan), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and and parts of Iraq and Afghanistan, Pakistan. After his death, most of his empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, Georgians, and the Caucasian khanates, while Afsharid rule was confined to a small local state in Khorasan. Finally, the Afsharid dynasty was overthrown by Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1796, who would establish a new native Iranian empire and restore Iranian suzerainty over several of the aforementioned regions.

The dynasty was named after the Turcoman Afshar tribe from Khorasan in north-east Iran, to which Nader belonged. The Afshars had originally migrated from Turkestan to Azerbaijan (Iranian Azerbaijan) in the 13th century. In the early 17th century, Shah Abbas the Great moved many Afshars from Azerbaijan to Khorasan to defend the north-eastern borders of his state against the Uzbeks, after which the Afshars settled in those regions. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars.

References

Other websites
 Afsharids at Iranica encyclopedia

History of Azerbaijan
Royal dynasties
18th century in Asia
List of countries by oil use

This is a list of countries by oil use  mostly based on The World Factbook website .

Oil use
Energy
Digital Living Network Alliance

The Digital Living Network Alliance is a trade-association, which was established by Sony in 2003. As of 2011, over 250 companies are part of this organization. The idea of the association is to develop standards and technologies that make it possible that several devices at home interact, so that the consumer has a better feeling. An example might be a television, that can be used to play a film on a computer, or to show photos stored on a mobile phone.

Technology organizations
Polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a way to make many copies of a sequence of DNA (this is sometimes called 'amplifying' the DNA). It is done in a lab, using an enzyme called DNA polymerase. It is called chain reaction because the result of one cycle is used immediately for the next cycle. This allows exponential growth to happen. 

PCR has many uses in a biological or biochemical setting. Because DNA is unique for every living thing, experimenters can often extract only small amounts of the DNA they are interested in from a specimen. These amounts are usually too little to be useful, and so a scientist will use PCR to make enough copies to start experimenting with. For this reason, it is one of the most common techniques used in genetics labs around the world, making it useful in experiments on many things, including gene therapy, infectious diseases, and even forensics.

This process was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. He was not the first person to develop the PCR process, but he was the first  to make the process usable. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  for his work in the PCR process. It was a joint award, the other scientist being Michael Smith, who worked on a related project.

PCR procedure 
The method consists of repeated heating and cooling, causing "melting" (separation of the two strands) and replication of the original DNA, also called a template. Short DNA fragments consisting of DNA sequences complementary to the ends of the template, called primers, and a DNA polymerase are key materials for selective and repetitive steps.

The technique proceeds in three steps:

 denaturation — The template strands that are bound together cannot be replicated, so the first step of PCR is to separate them by heating up the sample, breaking the hydrogen bonds between them.
 annealing — The sample is cooled just enough to allow the primers to bind to the ends of each of the two template strands
 extension — DNA polymerase attaches to the primers and makes a copy of each template strand. 

After the first cycle, there are 4 DNA strands. The process repeats with the 4 DNA strands, which will go on to make 8 strands, then repeat itself again to make 16 strands. In this way, PCR doubles the amount of DNA in a sample after each cycle, making it possible to obtain millions of copies of a DNA strand overnight.

Molecular biology
Presidio of Ahu

Presidio of Ahú was a prison in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

It was the first prison in Curitiba, opened in 1905
. Closed in 2006, now is the site of recordings for film and television, such as:
 Estomago;
 400 contra 1;
 O Astro (2011): soap opera produced by Rede Globo de Televisão.

References

Curitiba
Prisons
1905 establishments in South America
1900s establishments in Brazil
Apocrita

Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera, the other being the Symphyta. 

Included in the Apocrita are the ants, bees, wasps, braconids, ichneumons, chalcids, nearly all parasitic hymenopterans, and a few other forms. The suborder includes the most highly evolved members of the order. There are well over a hundred thousand species distributed worldwide.

Hymenoptera
Jejemon

A Jejemon (tl: ) is a type of person in the Philippines who makes the English language hard to read. The Philippine Daily Inquirer call them different but happy because of their language and clothes.

The word Jejemon came from people who like to write "hehehe" as "jejeje"  because "jeje" is Spanish for hehe due to the sound J makes in Spanish. "-Mon" is added at the end. This is from the Japanese anime Pokémon. "-Mon" means "monster." They are "jeje-monsters."

People
Jejemons started to appear because of cellphones. Cellphones can only use 160 characters so people who use them write shorter words to save space. Jejemons don't want this so they made their words longer. Most Jejemons are poor. 

People who are Jejemons are described based on levels. These are "mild," "moderate", "severe", or "terminal."

Jejenese and Jejebet

Jejemons speak Jejenese based on Taglish and Englog. Their alphabet, Jejebet, is based on Leet. Words are created by mixing letters in a word, mixed large and small letters, using the letters H, X or Z many times, and mixing of numbers in words. The spelling is the same as Leetspeak.

Examples

Reactions
Facebook fan pages were made in support and against the group. Celebrities have condemned some attacks. Jejebusters were created to fight jejetyping and jejemons. The Department of Education of the Philippines (DepEd) discourages students from using Jejemon spelling and grammar.

References

Austronesian languages
Dialects of English
Internet slang
Philippines
Swardspeak

Swardspeak (or Chuva) is a secret language that came from the mixed language with the names Taglish and Englog. It is used by gay people in the Philippines.

Swardspeak uses word from Tagalog, English, Spanish, Cebuano, Japanese, Sanskrit, and other languages. Names of Celebrities and trademark brands are also used.
 
Gay people use Swardpeak to make themselves feel special. The language changes a lot. People who use the language are called Bekimons. This word is from the words bakla (gay) and Jejemon.

The word "Swardspeak" came from the 1970's book called "Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study". "Sward" is slang for "gay male" in the Philippines.

Rules
Swardspeak is a form of slang.
It changes a lot and the meaning of words are hard to know. The rules are explained below.

The first sound changes to the letter "J" or "Sh" or to the sounds "Jo-", "Sho-", "Ju-", "Shu-", "Ky-", or "Ny-".

 The last sound changes to "-ash", "-is", "-iz", "-ish", "-itch", "-ech", "-ush", or "-oosh" as a suffix.

Changing "a", "o", or "u" sounds with "or", "er", or "ur", especially with "l".

 Changing places of letters in a word. Used mostly in Cebuano swardspeak.

 Puns,  code-switching, onomatopoeic  Anglicization of words.

 Words from popular culture, mostly celebrities or TV shows. Based the things they were famous for, because parts of the words rhyme, or both.

From other languages like Japanese.

Examples
Tagalog nursery rhyme "Ako ay may lobo" (I Have a Balloon) into Swardspeak.

Tagalog nursery rhyme "Bahay Kubo" (Nipa Hut) into Swardspeak.

References

Books
Visayan Swardspeak: The language of a gay community in the Philippines" - Crossroads, 1990
“’Performing’ the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context.” Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 249–266
“Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora”, Duke University Press Books, November 19, 2003. 

Austronesian languages
Dialects of English
LGBT
Languages of the Philippines
Romance languages
Marika Lagercrantz

Marika Lagercrantz (1954) is a Swedish actress. she has appeared in a number of movies including The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo (2009), Gossip (2000), I Wonder Who's Kissing You Now (1999) and Dreaming of Rita (1993).

References

1954 births
Living people
Swedish actors
Apricot (color)

Apricot is a color that is a representation of the color of the apricot fruit.

Apricot in has been in written use as a color name since 1851.

Where the name came from 
The word "apricot" comes from the Arabic Al-birquq, in turn derived from Latin armeniacus, i.e., the fruit from Armenia.  The ultimate origin of the apricot fruit was from China.

Tones of apricot color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
 Orange
 Peach (color)

References
Kallima

Kallima, also known as the Oakleaf or Dead leaf butterflies, is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. They are found Asia. 

Their common name is a reference to the under surface of their wings, which is various shades of brown. When the wings are held closed, this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf. There are dark dots or  patches which look like the effects of fungi and lichen, which are so common on dead leaves. 

The camouflage is perfected by the rear wings, which have a little 'tail', which looks like the stalk of a leaf. When at rest in closed position, the 'tail' touches the branch, completing the illusion.

There are two morphs of the common Indian species Kallima inachus. Nothing seems to be known about why these morphs exist. There is also variation in the colour of the under surfaces.

References

Nymphalidae
Airfix

Airfix is a UK manufacturer of plastic scale model kits. Airfix was founded in 1939 by Nicholas Kove. Airfix is currently owned by Hornby.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the company grew much bigger as the kit modelling hobby became more popular. The range of models expanded at this time too.

References 

Modelling
Companies of the United Kingdom
1939 establishments
Puerto Rico at the Olympics

Puerto Rico at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Puerto Rico is PUR.

History
A team from Puerto Rico was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  Puerto Rico has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1984, but missed the Games of 2006 and 2010.

Puerto Rican athletes have won a total of eight medals.  Most are in boxing.

The National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico was formed in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

List of medalists

Summer Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
  Puerto Rico profile at London2012.com

Sports in Puerto Rico
Nations at the Olympics
Vindex

Gaius Iulius Vindex was a Roman governor who is famous for rebelling in 67/68AD against the Emperor Nero.

Vindex was the governor of a province in Gaul (modern-day France). He rebelled against Nero's high taxes. In order to become more powerful, he allied with the governor of Hispania (modern-day Spain), Galba (who would become ruler during the "year of the four emperors").

Vindex was killed in battle by Rufus, the governor of Germania (modern-day Germany), however, when Nero killed himself and Galba became emperor (June 68AD), Galba made coins dedicated to Vindex.

Roman people
Pakistan national field hockey team

The Pakistan National Field Hockey Team also known as the Green Shirts represent the Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) in international field hockey competitions. Field Hockey is the National sport of Pakistan. Pakistan has been one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a world record four Hockey World Cup titles.

Provincial Teams of Pakistan
 Baloch Lions
 Capital Dynamos (Islamabad)
 Frontier Falcons
 Northern Cavaliers (Gilgit Baltistan)
 Shan-e-Punjab
 Sindh Qalanders

Sport in Pakistan
Field hockey
Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympics

Saint Kitts and Nevis  was first at the Olympic Games in 1996 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. St Kitts and Nevis has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.
 
Saint Kitts and Nevis has never won a medal. They have only been in the Track and Field events.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Saint Kitts and Nevis profile at London2012.com

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Nations at the Olympics
Saint Lucia at the Olympics

Saint Lucia was first at the Olympic Games in 1996.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Saint Lucia was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 
 Saint Lucia profile at London2012.com

Saint Lucia
Nations at the Olympics
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has been in six Summer Olympic Games. The country has been in the Winter Olympic Games.  As of 2010, no athlete from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has ever won an Olympic medal.

The St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committee was formed in 1982 and recognized by the IOC in 1987.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committe (SVNOC) website
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines profile at London2012.com

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Nations at the Olympics
Suriname at the Olympics

Suriname was first at the Olympic Games in 1960.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation missed the 1964 Games, and also boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics.  Suriname has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Suriname was formed in 1959 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 
 Suriname profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics

Trinidad and Tobago were first in the Summer Olympic Games in 1948, before independence from Great Britain. Trinidad and Tobago have been in fourteen Summer Olympics and three Winter Olympics.

Medalists

Summer

(*)Participation only at Round 1.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
Trinidad and Tobago National Olympic Committee
"Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics" , Trinidad and Tobago government website
  Trinidad and Tobago profile at London2012.com

 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
United States at the Olympics

United States at the Olympics is a history which starts in the 1890s.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the United States is USA.

History
The United States has been to every Olympic Games, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States.

Thomas Burke was the first athlete to represent the United States at the Olympics. He took first place in both the 100 meters and the 400 meters of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.  US athlete Michael Phelps has won the most medals of any Olympic athlete of any nation.  He has 22 Olympic medals, including 18 golds.

American athletes have won a total of 2400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 253 at the Winter Olympic Games.

Hosted Games
The United States has hosted the Games eight times, four times each for the Summer and Winter Games:

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 
  United States of America profile at London2012.com

Sports in the United States
Nations at the Olympics
Uruguay at the Olympics

Uruguay was first at the Olympic Games in 1924.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  Uruguay has been in one Winter Olympic Games in 1998.

The National Olympic Committee for Uruguay was formed in 1923, and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Further reading

Other websites
 
 
  Uruguay profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Venezuela at the Olympics

Venezuela was first at the Olympic Games in 1948 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. Venezuela has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1998.

The National Olympic Committee for Venezuela was formed in 1935.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
 Venezuela profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
1935 establishments
1948 establishments in Venezuela
1998 establishments
Virgin Islands at the Olympics

The United States Virgin Islands has been in 9 Summer Olympic Games. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games 7 times. Peter Holmberg took second place in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

The Virgin Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1967 and recognized by the IOC the same year.

Olympic Medal table (Summer)

Olympic Medal table (Winter)

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
Home page
  Virgin Islands, US profile at London2012.com
 

US Virgin Islands
Nations at the Olympics
British West Indies at the Olympics

The West Indies Federation were at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy by the name Antilles (ANT).

Medalists

Results by event

Athletics

Cycling

Sailing

Shooting

Weightlifting

Sources 
Official Olympic Reports 
International Olympic Committee results database

References

Former nations at the Olympics
Sport in the Caribbean
Impression management

Impression management is an idea spoken about in the discipline of sociology. It is about the experience in everyday life where people control the way that they appear to others. People do this by selecting certain gestures, speech patterns, feminine or masculine expressions, as well as certain expressions of class and cultural interest. This so that people can give a particular image to others about who they want to be and how they want to be seen.

Examples
When gesturing a person might use reserved and minimal movements in a professional setting, whilst they may smile widely and wave about when with friends. A person might also change their speech pattern in a professional setting in order to sound more educated or refined, and may speak more casually or use swear words when in a casual setting. 

Males and females also often control how they are perceived in terms of masculinity or femininity. Boys and men might sometimes make their voices sound deeper or speak in short sentences to reflect an old stereotype that males are unfeeling and unconcerned with self-expression. Females on the other hand might feel the need to speak in line with the speech patterns of their peers, and this may include tacking on culturally specific phrases like "or whatever" and "that's hot/cute" to indicate they identify with the female gender and traditional interests. These of course are very simple ideas about what it means to be a man or woman. In contemporary life the border between male and female is sometimes becoming less strict. In Western societies psychologists support that people who show alternative gender expression are still medically normal.

People also talk about what kind of music they are interested in, what kind of movies they like to watch, and what kind of places they like to visit in order to give people an idea of where they stand in relation to class and culture. A common distinction in contemporary youth culture is the listening to so called "indie" alternative or independent music as opposed to pop or popular music. Similarly someone might say they like watching highbrow French films or award winning films, as opposed to something more mass culture, like a Disney movie.

Sociology

he:אינטראקציה סימבולית
Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising that occurred within China in the years 1900 and 1901 (from on 2 November 1900 to 7 September 1901). It was led by the Boxers, a group of Chinese citizens who disliked the vast amount of foreign influence that existed in China.

The Foreigners in China

It happened during a time when many foreign countries scrambling for concessions in China in the aftermath of the first Sino-Japanese war. These countries were Japan, Britain, Germany, and Russia. China had lost the First Sino-Japanese war a few years earlier over Korea.

The Boxers
The Boxers were Chinese citizens who were angry about the growing power of foreigners in China, who wanted to fight and drive out all foreigners and even some Chinese people. The Boxers got a lot of people to help them and drove their fight to Peking (Beijing).

55 Days at Peking
The interior inner city of Beijing was known as the Tartar city because it was majority Manchu and half of all Manchus in the Qing lived in Beijing's inner city. Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made an alliance to conduct an expedition against the Boxers in Beijing . While they did that, the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on all of them and sent the Gansu Army to help the Boxers. The first foreign expedition to Beijing, the Seymour expedition was defeated. The foreign legations in Beijing were surrounded for 55 days before the foreign reinforcements got through in the second Gaselee expedition and got to the legations in Beijing. Manchus suffered tremendously as the foreign soldiers went around raping their women and killing their men. The rest of China outside of Manchuria and Zhili province was not affected since the Han governor generals such as Yuan Shikai, Li Hongzhang, Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong signed a pact called the Mutual Protection of Southeast China to keep their provinces out of the war and did not help the Qing court and neither did the foreigners attack them.

Aftermath
The foreigners were very angry with the Qing . They said that China had to pay them even more money and execute officials responsible for supporting the Boxers like the Manchu bannerman governor Yuxian, Qixiu, Captain Enhai (En Hai) and Manchu Zaixun, Prince Zhuang and Han general Dong Fuxiang. China agreed to execute all the Manchu officials like Yuxian, Qixiu, Enhai and Zaixun but refused to execute Han general Dong Fuxiang. A few years later in 1911, the Qing Empire collapsed and China had a new government, but the foreigners still influenced China, especially Japan.

Related pages
 Opium Wars
 First Sino-Japanese War
 Qing Dynasty
 Empress Dowager Cixi
 Imperial Japanese Army
 Open Door Policy
 Imperialism

Wars involving China
Rebellions in Asia
19th century rebellions
20th century rebellions
1900
1901
20th century in China
Killed in action

Killed in Action (KIA) is a military term. It is used to describe a member of the military who was killed during a battle. On Wikipedia articles about battles, leaders who were killed in action have this symbol (†) next to their name.

Military
José María Antón

José María "Chema" Antón Samper  (born 19 March 1989 in  Casas del Señor, Valencian Community, Spain) is a Spanish footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg as defender. (The name is following the Spanish naming customs. Antón is the family name of his fathers side. Samper is that of his mothers side.)

Career
Antón came to Real Madrid's youth system in 2003, when he was 14 years old. In 2007, he made his professional debut playing with Real Madrid B in the Segunda División B (3rd level of Spain's league system).  Without playing in the team, he sat on the bench in Bernd Schusters last match as coach of Real Madrid and the first of Juande Ramos. He also played 8 international matches for Spain's Under-19 team in the U19 European cup.

2010 he signed with Real Betis Sevilla playing one season in the second team in the Segunda División B. 2011 he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

References

Other websites

Players profile on FC Red Bull Salzburg homepage 

Spanish footballers
1989 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Quadrille

The quadrille was a type of social dance. It was a sequence dance, a lively dance by four couples arranged in the shape of a square. It became popular in France around 1760. It became popular in England in 1813. American square dancing is a later adaption of the quadrille. In Australia, the bushranger Ned Kelly danced in a quadrille during the siege at Glenrowan, Victoria.

References

Ballroom dances
Leonardo Santiago

Leonardo Vitor Santiago (born 9 March 1983) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a striker for FC Red Bull Salzburg on loan from NAC Breda. He is known as Leonardo.

Career
He started at the Nova Safra football school in Rio de Janeiro. His talent was discovered when he was 11 years old and he went to Europe and played in Feyenoord Rotterdams youth squads at Varkenoord He made his debut on August 19, 2000 in a 2–0 victory over AZ Almaar at the age of 17. This was a problem for Feyenoord and Leonardo because a non EU player is not allowed to play under 18 years. So he had to wait until he was 18. He scored his first goal for the first team  versus SC Heerenveen. In his first two seasons at Feyenoord he played 44 matches and scored four goals, but mainly he gave assists for his team mates to score. He was part of the Feyenoord team that won the 2001–02 UEFA Cup.

After this he suffered sever injuries, so he had only 11 matches in three seasons. After problems with the coaches he decided to left Feyenoord. 2006 he joined NAC Breda. After arguments with the coach he left Breda, after nine goals in 14 matches, to go to Ajax Amsterdam. 2009 he went back to Breda. 2011 he was transferred to Red Bull Salzburg on loan.

Club statistics

Honours

Club
Feyenoord
UEFA Cup 2002
Ajax
Dutch Cup 2007
Dutch Super Cup 2007

References

Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
1983 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Valeria Kudryavtseva

Valeria Lvovna Kudryavtseva  (born on 19 May 1961) is a Russian television presenter, actress, singer and dancer.

Personal life 
Valeria was married to musician Sergei Linyuk since 1990 until 1992. They has one child, son Zhan Linyuk (b.1990).<ref=autogenerated4></ref>

She was married to Matvei Morozov since 2004 until 2007.

She in relationship with musician Sergei Lazarev since 2008. She was pregnant from Sergei, but she had a miscarriage in July 2011.

References

Other websites 
 

1971 births
Living people
Russian singers
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush

Lindsay Greenbush and Sidney Greenbush were born on May 25, 1970 in Hollywood, California. They are twins and when they were children, they were actresses. Their most known television series is Little House on the Prairie, where they together played Carrie Ingalls. It all happened in the 1970s. Later, they tried to go on acting but finally decided not to.

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Hollywood
American child actors
American television actors
Twin people from the United States
Brenda and Wendi Turnbaugh

Brenda Turnbaugh and Wendi Turnbaugh (b. August 13, 1977, in Los Angeles, California) are former American actresses. They are identical twins. During the 1970s, they both played the character, Grace Ingalls on the television series Little House on the Prairie.

American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Twin people
1977 births
Living people
Michele and Jennifer Steffin

Michele Steffin and Jennifer Steffin were born on March 23, 1981 in West Covina, California. They are twins. When they were children, they were actresses. On the television series Little House on the Prairie they both played Rose Wilder. It happened in the early 1980s. In 1986 they played Hope Hazard on North and South television miniseries.

American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Twin people
1981 births
Living people
Aemilianus

Aemilianus or Aemilian (–253) was Roman emperor for eighty-eight days in 253 AD.

Early life 
Aemilianus was born around 207 or around 214. The Epitome de Caesaribus (a Latin history) and Zonaras (a Greek historian) say that Aemilianus was born at this time and at Djerba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea near Africa, part of the Roman Empire.

Aemilianus was not from the nobility, and may have been from among the Moorish people.

Aemilianus was a senator and was a Roman consul, either in 252 or 253. He was also governor () for the Roman province of Moesia Superior.

Emperor 
The Roman army made Aemilianus emperor in Moesia in July or August 253. The Roman Senate agreed that Aemilianus was emperor after the emperor Trebonianus Gallus died in August 253.

After defeating the Goths (a barbarian tribe) in modern-day Bulgaria, his soldiers proclaimed him as an emperor instead of Trebonianus Gallus, the emperor at the time. After defeating Gallus in battle at Interamna (Northern Italy), he captured the capital city of the empire, Rome.

When the governor of Roman Germany, Valerianus, arrived in Italy bringing troops to help Trebonianus Gallus, Aemilianus's own troops killed Aemilianus. They did not want a civil war and Valerian had a bigger army than Aemilianus.

Death 
Soldiers in Aemilianus's army killed Aemilianus at Spoletum in the Italian Peninsula (Spoleto, Italy).

Family 
Aemilianus's wife was Cornelia Supera. She became augusta (empress) in around August 253. Cornelia Supera may have died in September or October 253, at which time the soldiers killed Aemilianus.

References 

2nd-century births
253 deaths
Roman Emperors
Afghanistan at the Olympics

Afghanistan at the Olympics is a history which includes 13 games in 12 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1936, Afghanistan has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Afghanistan is AFG.

History
The Afghanistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1935.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.  

In 1999, Afghanistan was banned from the Olympics due to its discrimination against women under Taliban rule.  

In the 2004 Summer Olympics two women, Robina Muqim Yaar and Friba Razayee, were the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics.  Mehboba Ahdyar, a woman in the 2008 Summer Olympics had death threats because of her plan to be in the Games.

Medalists

Summer games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Afghanistan National Olympic Committee
 Afghan Sports History 
  Afghanistan profile at London2012.com
 

Afghan society and culture
Nations at the Olympics
Hypodermic needle

A hypodermic needle is a hollow steel tube that is sharpened into a needle so it can be jabbed (inserted) into somebody's body. After it is in, medicine is pushed through the steel needle. The name "hypodermic" comes from two Greek words meaning "below skin".

Medical equipment
Atrax

Atrax is a genus of spiders. They have very strong venom. These spiders aggressively defend their territory and chase off attackers who may scare them by making a threat display. Next they will bite. The fastest death occurred in 1927 when a young boy died within fifteen minutes of being bitten. Thirteen deaths were recorded in the fifty years before antivenom was invented for this spider's bite. In English they are sometimes called Sydney Funnel Web spiders because they come from around that part of Australia.

Under the heading "spiders" (Aranae) there are three main groups. One is so very old that only a few species still live on earth. Another is the group that includes the spiders that can be seen making webs or chasing prey almost everywhere in the world. The third group includes the tarantulas and a few other kinds of spiders. The Atrax spiders belong to this third group.

There are also species called "funnel-web spiders" that belong to the second group mentioned above. So they are not close relatives of Atrax, and they are not dangerous. They just have a similar way of making a funnel-shaped web that leads down to some kind of shelter where the spider hides in wait for some insect to eat. Atrax is a very large and very aggressive spider, and these other spiders are from small to medium size and are extremely timid.

References

Spiders
Bahrain at the Olympics

Bahrain has been in 6 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. 

Bahrain won their first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Maryam Yusuf Jamal won a bronze in the women's 1500m run.

Rashid Ramzi won the gold medal in the men's 1,500 meters.  Because he used drugs, the IOC took the medal away.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Bahrain profile at London2012.com

Sport in Bahrain
Nations at the Olympics
Bangladesh at the Olympics

Bangladesh has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

No Bangladeshi competitor has qualified for the Olympics; the country sends representatives to the Games thanks to the wildcard process. Bangladesh is the most populous country in the world to have never won an Olympic medal. They have had 27 participants in 3 sports.

Bangladesh Olympic Association head Wali Ullah says that Bangledesh's weak economy is the reason for its poor results in sports.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Bangladesh profile at London2012.com

Sport in Bangladesh
Nations at the Olympics
Hot wings

Hot wings are pieces of chicken that are fried and cooked, then smothered in sauce.  Hot wings can vary in how hot they are, from being mild to very spicy.  They are sometimes called Buffalo Wings because they originated from Buffalo, New York.

References

Poultry
Threat display

A threat display is anything that an animal does to scare away other animals. A dog will bare its teeth and growl. A cat will hiss. A snake will coil up, raise its head, and move back and forth to point itself at any big animal that approaches it. 

Many animals have threat displays that make them look bigger. A lion's mane will stand up, making it look much larger and more powerful. Humans may raise both hands, spread wide, above their heads. Bears will stand on their hind legs, raise their front legs, and show their teeth while growling.

Animals
Bhutan at the Olympics

Bhutan has been in the Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  Bhutan has only been in Archery, which is the national sport of Bhutan. They have never won an Olympic Medal. 

The Bhutan Olympic Committee was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC the same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Bhutan profile at London2012.com

Sport in Bhutan
Nations at the Olympics
Brunei at the Olympics

Brunei, as Brunei Darussalam, was first at the Olympic Games in 1988, with a single official but no athletes. The nation was in the Summer Olympic Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004. Each time it was represented by a single athlete. Brunei has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  They have never won an Olympic medal.

As of 2010 Brunei, along with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, was one of only three countries to have never sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 announced it would "press" these countries to allow women's participation.

The National Olympic Committee for Brunei was formed in 1984 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Brunei Darussalam profile at London2012.com

Brunei
Nations at the Olympics
Cambodia at the Olympics

Cambodia at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 8 countries and 40+ athletes. Since 1983, athletes of Cambodia have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Cambodia is CAM.  In 1964, it was CAB.

History
The National Olympic Committee of Cambodia was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC in 1994.

No competitor from Cambodia has won an Olympic Medal.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 National Olympic Committee of Cambodia website 
 Cambodia profile at London2012.com

Cambodia
Nations at the Olympics
Antivenom

An antivenom is a medicine used to protect against a specific venom. (A venom is a poison released by a snake or insect.) Frequently the venom of some creature such as a cobra will be harvested and a little will be injected using a hypodermic needle into a horse every day for a long time. The horse's body will develop an immunity to the venom, so more and more venom from the snake can be injected every day. After the horse is immune, its blood can be drawn little by little to get the part of the blood that makes the horse immune. That part can then be injected into humans who have been bitten by cobras.

There are antivenoms for the very large and very dangerous funnel-web spiders found in Australia, and for the widow spiders (such as the black widow) found all around the world.

Medicine
China at the Olympics

The People's Republic of China (PRC) was  first at the 1952 Summer Olympics. That year, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) let both the PRC and the Republic of China (which recently moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War) compete.  The Republic of China withdrew in protest. Because of the political status of China, the PRC was not in the Olympics again until 1980.

The Chinese Olympic Committee was formed in 1910 and recognized in 1979. Before the Chinese Civil War, athletes competed as the Republic of China (ROC) at the Olympics. In 1979, the International Olympic Committee passed a resolution for the ROC team to be called Chinese Taipei, and this opened the door for the PRC to finally join the Olympic movement.

Hong Kong has had a distinct National Olympic Committee since 1950 and has been at the Games since 1952.  After the territory returned to the PRC this has continued, with Hong Kong separate from the rest of the nation under the name Hong Kong, China.

The People's Republic of China hosted the Games one time: the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Milestones

Summer Games
As of 2012, China has a total of 473 medals in the Summer Games.
First medal : Xu Haifeng, 1984
First gold medal : Xu Haifeng, 1984
Most medals :
Li Ning, 1984 (6)
Guo Jingjing, 2000-2008 (6)
Most gold medals :
Guo Jingjing, 2004-2008 (4)
Fu Mingxia, 1992-2000 (4)
Wang Nan, 2000-2008 (4)
Li Xiaopeng, 2000-2008 (4)
Deng Yaping, 1992-1996 (4)
Zhang Yining, 2004-2008 (4)

Winter Games
As of 2012, China has a total of 44 medals in the Winter Games.
First medal: Ye Qiaobo, 1992
First gold medal : Yang Yang (A), 2002
Most medals:
Wang Meng, 2006-2010 (6)
Yang Yang (A), 1998-2006 (5)
Yang Yang (S), 1998-2002 (5)
Most gold medals:
Wang Meng, 2006-2010 (4)
Most gold medals at one Olympics:
Wang Meng, 2010 (3)

Flagbearer

Summer Games

Winter Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  People's Republic of China profile at London2012.com
 People's Republic of China at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in China
Mutagen

A mutagen is a substance or a process that changes the genetic material of an organism. Mutagens also increase the number of mutations that occur. Many mutagens also cause cancer, so they are also carcinogens. Examples of mutagens are ionizing radiation, many bromine compounds, benzene. A test to detect mutagens is the Ames test.

Classical genetics
Hong Kong at the Olympics

Hong Kong at the Olympics is a history which began in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hong Kong was HOK. It is now HKG.

History
Hong Kong was first at the Olympic Games in 1952, then as a British colony.  Hong Kong has been at every Summer Olympic Games since then except for the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

The National Olympic Committee (NOC) for Hong Kong was formed in 1950 as the Amateur Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, and is now known as the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China.

After the sovereignty of Hong Kong was passed to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the NOC has been named Hong Kong, China. Hong Kong is separate at the Olympics by its own choice.

In 2008, Hong Kong was the site of the equestrian venues for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Medalists
Competitors from Hong Kong have twice won Olympic medals:

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Hong Kong profile at London2012.com

Sport in Hong Kong
Nations at the Olympics
India at the Olympics

India at the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 19 countries and 800+ athletes. Since 1900, India has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for India is IND.

History
The Indian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1927.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1927.

India's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

For a period of time, India's men's field hockey team was strong in Olympic competition.  The team won eleven medals in twelve Olympiads between 1928 and 1980.

In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, India won two silver medals and four bronze medals.

Medalists

Summer games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Arjuna Award

References

Other websites
 Indian Olympic Association 
 India profile at London2012.com

Sport in India
Nations at the Olympics
Indonesia at the Olympics

Indonesia first competed in the Olympic Games in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Indonesia is INA.

History
Indonesia was first at the Olympic Games in 1952.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1964 and 1980.  Indonesia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was formed in 1946 and recognized in 1952.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 
 Indonesia profile at London2012.com

Sport in Indonesia
Nations at the Olympics
Iran at the Olympics

Iran was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1980 and 1984.  Iran has also been in some Winter Olympic Games since 1956.

The National Olympic Committee for Iran is the National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran.  It was formed in 1947.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 
 Islamic Republic of Iran profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Ciudad del Motor de Aragón

The Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, also known as Motorland Aragón, is a  race circuit located near Alcañiz, Spain.

The circuit was designed by the German architect Hermann Tilke. He worked with the British architectural firm Foster + Partners. Formula One driver Pedro de la Rosa helped with the project. He provided technical and sporting information.

The facility includes a technology park, a sports area, and a leisure and culture area. The technology park will be based around the motor industry. The sports area will include the racing circuit, a karting track, and various gravel circuits. The leisure and culture section will feature a hotel, business and shopping areas.

It was announced on May 26, 2008 that the circuit will host a round of the World Series by Renault.

On 18 March 2010, Motorland Aragón was announced as a replacement for the Balatonring on the 2010 MotoGP schedule. On 19 May 2010, it was announced that the circuit will hold a round of the Superbike World Championship.

References

Other websites 
Official site:
Project profile at Fosters and Partners: 
Renault-Sport official site:

Auto racing