cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Praça Rui Barbosa

Praça Rui Barbosa (also called Praça da Estação, Station Square in English) is a square in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

It has this name because it is close to the Estação Central de Belo Horizonte (Central Station of Belo Horizonte). 
The square has the first public clock in the city.

Belo Horizonte
Town squares
National War Labor Board

The National War Labor Board (NWLB) was an agency of the United States government created in early 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson which was made up of twelve members from business and labor. The co-chairmen were former President William Howard Taft and attorney Frank Walsh. Its purpose was to make sure labor strikes did not hurt the war effort. The board ended after the war in May 1919. The National War Labor Board was reestablished on January 12, 1942 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. This board ended its duties.

National War Labor Board WW I 

The United States entered World War I in April 1917. Soon the government became concerned that labor strikes might stop the production of military equipment and supplies. In response President Woodrow Wilson created the National War Labor Board. The board recognized the worker's right to organize unions and bargain collectively. Former President Taft and labor attorney Frank Walsh were the co-chairmen. The board had little real power but depended on their ability to negotiate compromises between the two sides. They succeeded in preventing a number of strikes. After Germany was defeated the board was disbanded. In 1919 several strikes broke out in the coal and steel industries. The board supported an eight-hour day for workers and equal pay for equal work regardless of sex.

National War Labor Board WW II 

The National War Labor Board was started up again by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, on January 12, 1942. The chairman was William Hammatt Davis. The board's job was to prevent wartime labor disputes. Also to insure that higher wage settlements did not cause inflation. The board was generally favorable to unions. The board encouraged the use of fringe benefits instead of inflation-causing higher wages. In 1942 the board began a maintenance of membership policy which attracted new members into labor unions. Unions understood they had to minimize any activism among their members in order to gain favorable rulings from the NWLB. Dispite the efforts of labor unions there were wartime strikes. Most of these were unauthorized (by the unions) or wildcat strikes (non-union). The CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), later part of the AFL-CIO, largely cooperated with the board. When the number of strikes peaked in 1944 CIO members maintained their no-strike pledge. By the time the war ended, membership in the CIO was nearly 5 million. The NWLB provided arbitrators on an honorary basis, that is, without fees. But they encouraged paid arbitrators and by war's end most who arbitrated disputes were paid a fee of from $25–$100 per day. In 1945 the board was disbanded. A wave of strikes broke out just the same as when the NWLB ended in 1918.

References

Other websites 
Guide to the United States NWLB files 1913-1945 at Cornell University Library
Records of the National War Labor Board (World War I)

United States government agencies
1918 establishments in the United States
1919 disestablishments
David Krejčí

David Krejčí (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their alternate captain.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Krejčí played one season in the Czech Extraliga with HC Kladno and four seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) with the Gatineau Olympiques. He was drafted by the Boston Bruins with the 63rd overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

Before playing with Boston, he played a season with their AHL affiliate Providence Bruins. He was called up and played in his first NHL game on January 30, 2007. The game ended in a 7-1 loss against the Buffalo Sabres and Krejčí suffered a concussion from Buffalo right winger Adam Mair. He scored his first hat-trick in a 8–5 Bruins win against the Toronto Maple Leafs. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks 4-0 in Game 7.

References

Other websites
 

1986 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Czech ice hockey players
Ice hockey centres
Gatineau Olympiques players
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
Alexandre Borges

Alexandre Borges Corrêa (born February 23, 1966) is a Brazilian actor. He is known for his works on Brazilians soap operas. He was Cadinho in the Brazilian sitcom Avenida Brasil.

References

Other websites
 

1966 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
People from São Paulo
Denis Norden

Denis Mostyn Norden, CBE (6 February 1922 – 19 September 2018) was an English comedy writer and television presenter. He was known for presenting the radio programme My Word!.

He also presented My Music, Looks Familiar and blooper shows It'll Be Alright on the Night and Laughter File. He retired in 2006.

Norden was born in Mare Street, Hackney, London on 6 February 1922. He studied at City of London School. Norden married Avril Rosen in 1943. She died in July 2018. They had two children. Norden died on 19 September 2018 at a hospital in Hampstead, London at the age of 96.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2018 deaths
Comedians from London
English television presenters
English television writers
ITV presenters
Radio personalities from London
Screenwriters from London
Television personalities from London
Glenn McCuen

Glenn McCuen (born February 3, 1991) is an American actor.

Filmography 

1991 births
Actors from Louisiana
Living people
John Pickstone

John Victor Pickstone (29 May 1944 – 12 February 2014) was an English historian of science. He was the Wellcome Research Professor in the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, in the Faculty of Life Sciences of the University of Manchester. He was born and raised in Burnley, Lancashire.

Pickstone died after a short illness on 12 February 2014. He was aged 69. He was outlived by his wife and two sons.

References

Other websites
 John Pickstone at The Guardian

1944 births
2014 deaths
People from Lancashire
British historians
English writers
British educators
History of science
René Teulade

René Teulade (17 June 1931 – 13 February 2014) was a French politician and civil servant. He was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Corrèze department.  He was a member of the Socialist Party. He was born in Monceaux-sur-Dordogne, Corrèze.

Teulade died from a stroke on 13 February 2014 in Paris. He was aged 82.

References

Other websites
René Teulade at Sénat

1931 births
2014 deaths
Civil servants
Deaths from stroke
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Mansour Koushan

Mansour Koushan (26 december 1949 – 16 February 2014) was a prominent Iranian author, playwright, poet, journalist and director of movies and plays. He has published 14 collections of poetry and short stories, 7 novels, 12 books of analysis on Culture, Literature, Society and politics, and hundreds of analytical essays, and more than 30 plays. While in Iran, he was an active member of the Council of the Association of Iranian Writers.

From 1967 to 1977 he was editor of four independent literary periodicals in Iran. In addition, Koushan presided over the newspaper Takapou in 1996 before it was shut down for being the sole outlet to publish the "1994 Declaration of 134 Iranian Writers," a letter against censorship that would result in the deaths of many of its signatories at the hands of the Iranian regime's secret service.

Koushan has directed movies and plays for TV and staged 7 plays by international writers. In December 1998, Koushan traveled to Norway to deliver a speech at the 50th anniversary of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights Charter. During this time, the first instances of kidnapping and killing of Iranian writers and intellectuals began, and he was forced to remain in exile.

Mansour Koushan was the artistic manager and director for the Sølvberg Theater in Stavanger, Norway from 2000 to 2006. He won the 2010 Carl von Ossietzky prize, awarded annually to a writer for his outstanding efforts for human rights and freedom of speech.

Koushan died from gastric cancer on 16 February 2014 in Stavanger. He was 65.  At the time he was the chief editor of a Persian quarterly on literature culture and art called Jonge Zaman.

References 

1949 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Norway
Iranian writers
Iranian movie directors
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian writers
Playwrights
Iranian poets
Nico Nicolaiewsky

Nelson "Nico" Nicolaiewsky (9 June 1957 – 7 February 2014) was a Brazilian actor, musician, composer and comedian. He was best known for performing with Hique Gomez for over thirty years. He was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.

Nicolaiewsky died from leukemia on 7 February 2014 in Porto Alegre, aged 56.

References

Other websites
 

1957 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian comedians
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian musicians
Brazilian television actors
Cancer deaths in Brazil
Composers
Deaths from leukemia
Patricia Janečková

Patricia Janečková (born on 18 June 1998) is a Slovak singer. She was the winner of the Czecho–Slovak television show Talentmania in December 2010. She became famous through the broadcasting of CNN television at once after the winning.

Janečková was born in Germany.

References

Other websites 
 Official website  (in Czech, English and German)

1998 births
Living people
Singers
Slovakian people
Grant Denyer

Grant Denyer (born 12 September 1977) is an Australian television presenter and former motor racing driver. He is best known for being the former weather presenter of the Seven Network breakfast television program Sunrise. He is currently the host of Family Feud on Channel 10.

Denyer was born Coffs Harbour, New South Wales. He is married to television producer Cheryl Rogers. They have one daughter, Sailor (born 2011).

References

Other websites

 

1977 births
Living people
Australian television presenters
Meteorologists
People from New South Wales
Nidal Malik Hasan

Nidal Malik Hasan (born September 8, 1970) is a former United States Army Major and psychiatrist. On 5 November 2009 he entered the Soldier's Readiness Center at Fort Hood, Texas. He fired approximately 100 rounds at soldiers in the center. Hasan admitted to the shootings at his court-martial in August 2013. The jury convicted him of 45 counts (crimes) of premeditated murder and attempted premeditated murder. One count each for the 13 unarmed soldiers he killed and one count for each of the 32 people he shot at. On 28 August 2013 the same military court sentenced Hasan to death. He is in prison at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Hasan is awaiting execution while his case is reviewed by appellate courts.

Hasan was born in Arlington County, Virginia. His Palestinian parents immigrated to the United States. The shooting was believed to have been bought on by his Islamic religious radicalism. Before the shooting, he communicated with the late American-Yemeni Islamic militant, Anwar al-Awlaki.

References

Other websites

 

1970 births
Living people
American military people
American murderers
American Muslims
American people convicted of attempted murder
American prisoners sentenced to death
Arab people
Majors
Military people from Virginia
American psychiatrists
Cerebral edema

Cerebral œdema (or cerebral edema) is a build-up of extra fluid in the brain. It causes swelling. It is caused by physical trauma or an injury to the brain. This includes inflammation of the brain caused by some infections. Also, mountain climbers at high altitude have been known to experience cerebral oedema primarily due to reduced air pressure acting on the cranium.

References 

Brain
Tea Ista

Dorothea Ida Eveliina Witikka (born Dorothea Ida Eveliina Ista; 12 December 1932 – 20 February 2014), better known by her stage name Tea Ista, was a Finnish actress. She began her acting career in 1952. She was born in Evijärvi.

Ista died after a serious illness on 20 February 2014 in Espoo. She was aged 81. She was outlived by her daughter, Minna Maria, with her late husband Jack Witikka.

References

Other websites

 

1932 births
2014 deaths
Finnish television actors
Finnish movie actors
Finnish stage actors
Finnish people
Cementation

Cementation is what makes rocks solid. It is the process where grains of sediment get stuck together. It is a chemical process, and the cement is a precipitate which crystallises in the spaces between the matrix of grains. Silica (SiO2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are the most common types of cement.

Ions carried in groundwater precipitate to form new crystalline material in sediment pores: this is how "sediment" becomes "rock".  The new pore-filling minerals form "bridges" between original sediment grains, thereby binding them together. So sand becomes "sandstone", and gravel becomes "conglomerate".  

Cementation occurs mainly below the water table. Large volumes of pore water must pass through sediment pores for new mineral cements to crystallize and so millions of years are generally required to complete the cementation process.    

Sedimentation does not always occur. Many quarries used for sand and gravel have them as loose particles and stones, just as if they came from a present-day beach. In England, most of these quarries are from beds laid down in the Jurassic, 150+ million years ago. By chance, the conditions for cementation have never occurred there.

References 

Sedimentology
West End of London

The West End of London (usually referred to as the West End) is an area of central London.

It contains many of the city's major tourist attractions, shops, businesses, government buildings, and entertainment venues (including the commercial :West End theatres). Use of the term began in the early 19th century to describe fashionable areas to the west of Charing Cross. For strategic planning, the area is one of two international centres in the London Plan.

The West End is the second most expensive place in the world in which to rent office space, after Tokyo.

References 

London
City of Westminster
Raisio

Raisio () is a city in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 24,500 people live there. Neighbouring municipalities are Masku, Naantali, Rusko and Turku. 

Most people there speak Finnish.

Other websites 
 
 Raisio website

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Southwest Finland
Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free

Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free is the national anthem of Zambia. The music is taken from the hymn God Bless Africa, which was written by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. The words for the anthem were written when Zambia became independent.

Stand and sing for Zambia, proud and free,
Land of work and joy in unity,
Victors in the struggle for the right,
We have won freedom's fight.
All one, strong and free.

Africa is our own motherland,
Fashion'd with and blessed by God's good hand,
Let us all her people join as one,
Brothers under the sun.
All one, strong and free.

One land and one nation is our cry,
Dignity and peace 'neath Zambia's sky,
Like our noble eagle in its flight,
Zambia, praise to thee.
All one, strong and free.

Praise be to God,
Praise be, praise be, praise be,
Bless our great nation,
Zambia, Zambia, Zambia.
Free men we stand
Under the flag of our land.
Zambia, praise to thee!
All one, strong and free.

National anthems
Zambia
International Organization for Standardization

The International Organization for Standardization is an international body dedicated to promoting international standards. Its official languages are English, French and Russian. Its name in French is  and its name in Russian is  or . Its short name form is ISO. Its members are standards bodies from various countries around the world. Its headquarters are in Geneva.

Related pages 
 International standard

References

Other websites
 ISO Home page

ISO standards
International organizations
Geneva
Aura

Aura can mean several things:

Aura (symptom), a feeling experienced before a migraine or seizure
Halo, also known as an aura, a ring of light surrounding an object
Aura, Finland, a town in southwestern Finland
Saturn Aura, a mid-size automobile
Aura (paranormal), spiritual concept, radiance glowing a human body
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication

The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is an international communication network used by the banking and financial industries.

Other websites 
 

Finance
Computer networking
Swift (disambiguation)

A swift is a type of bird.

Swift could also mean:
 Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
 Jonathan Swift (1667–1745), writer
 Taylor Swift (born 1989), country music singer
Swift a programming language made by Apple Inc.
Royal Palace of Turin

The Royal Palace of Turin () is a building in Turin, Italy. It was the centre of the court of the old Duchy of Savoy for almost two hundred years.

Brief history

The palace was the centre of the Savoyard royal court. It was the home of the royal family. It was greatly remodelled by Christine of France during the seventeenth century. The building was worked on by the famous architect Filippo Juvarra. The complex also includes the Palazzo Chiablese the home of the former Duke of Chablais. The Palace was also redecorated by Marie Jeanne of Savoy.

Before the marriage of Maria Antonia of Spain to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia in 1750, the royal apartments were redecorated again. 

Before becoming a royal residence, it was the centre of the Viceroys of Savoy that were appointed by Francis I of France after the French captured Savoy in 1536. The building later included the Bishops Palace called the Palazzo San Giovanni.

References

Travel Piedmont & Aosta Valley 
reale: the residence of "Savoia" Family in Turin
PALAZZO REALE @ "Torinocultura"

Other websites

Turin
Palaces in Italy
Former royal residences
Auster AOP.9

The Auster AOP.9 is a light military aircraft. It was designed and built in UK between 1955 and 1960. It was used by British Army and Royal Air Force for light liaisons and observation.

Royal Air Force aircraft
Living with You

"Living with You" is a song by Welsh musician and composer John Cale. It was on his album Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood.

On 25 February 2013, it was released as digital single. On B-side was also the "Organic Mix" and new remix by Laurel Halo.

Original version of this song features together with Cale (vocals, keyboards, electric viola, electric guitar, percussion) also Dustin Boyer (acoustic guitar) and Michael Jerome Moore (drums, cajón).

References 

2012 songs
Rock songs
Sprouting

Sprouting is growing sprouts from seeds (germinating) to eat. Bean sprouts are a common ingredient, especially in Asian cuisine, made from sprouting beans. The typical beansprout is made from the greenish-capped mung beans (Vigna radiata). Other common bean sprouts are the usually yellow, larger-grained soy sprouts.

Vegetables
Pope Zephyrinus

Pope Zephyrinus (ca. 198/9-217 C.E.) was the fifteenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  He served for seventeen years but was consider an weak and ineffectual pope without education who relied heavily upon his deacon Callistus who would become the next Pope.

During his time there was a group of people who practiced Montanism and Adoptionism who preached things which were against the teachings of the Catholic Church. Both these groups taught that Jesus Christ was a holy person but not the son of God.  Theologians at that time were very disappointed with Pope Zephrynus for not taking severe action against these groups.  They considered him a weak pope.

His feast day is celebrated August 26.

Reference 

Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Riot grrrl

Riot grrrl is an underground feminist punk rock movement. It started in the early 1990s in Washington. Kathleen Hanna's band the Bikini Kill made riot grrrl famous. Bratmobile was another influential riot grrrl band. Riot grrrl is associated with zine culture and third wave feminism.

Zines
In 1992 a zine distro called Riot Grrrl Press was started by Erika Reinstein and May Summer.  

Pussy Riot are a Russian punk rock band that are influenced by Bikini Kill.

Feminism
Punk rock
Harold Ramis

Harold Allen Ramis (November 21, 1944 – February 24, 2014) was an American comedic actor, director, producer and writer. His best known movie roles were as Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) and Russell Ziskey in Stripes (1981), both movies he co-wrote. He also wrote and directed Caddyshack (1980), National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Groundhog Day (1993) and Analyze This (1999).

Ramis was born in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. He was married to San Francisco artist Anne Plotkin from 1967 until their divorce. They had a daughter, Violet, whose godfather is actor Bill Murray. He later married Erica Mann in 1989. They had two sons: Julian Arthur and Daniel Hayes.

Ramis died from an infection of the blood vessel (vasculitis) at his home in North Shore, Chicago. He was 69.

Filmography

Executive Producer
 The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest (2002)
 I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With (2006)
 Archie's Final Project (2009)

References

Other websites

 

1944 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from vasculitis
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
Carlos Páez Vilaró

Carlos Páez Vilaró (1 November 1923 – 24 February 2014) was a Uruguayan abstract artist, painter, potter, sculptor, muralist, writer, composer and constructor. He composed numerous musical pieces in the two genres and conducted an orchestra. He was born in Montevideo. He was of Catalan ancestry.

Vilaró died on 24 February 2014 at his home in Punta Ballena, Maldonado. He was aged 90.

References

Other websites

 

1923 births
2014 deaths
People from Montevideo
Artists
Architects
Painters
Composers
Potters
Uruguayan writers
Unrepentant Geraldines

Unrepentant Geraldines is the 14th studio album by Tori Amos. It will be released 12 May 2014 in the UK. The album's tour, Unrepentant Geraldines Tour, will start on May 5, 2014.

2014 albums
Tori Amos albums
Joe Bell

Joseph Alexander Bell (November 27, 1923 – February 17, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League. He played with the New York Rangers. 

He was born in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba on November 27, 1923. His brother Gordon Bell also played in the NHL. Joe died in February 2014, at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2014 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
New York Rangers players
Andrew Lang

Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scots poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him.

More reading
 Roger Lancelyn Green (1946) Andrew Lang: A critical biography with a short-title bibliography.
 Antonius P. L. de Cocq (1968) Andrew Lang: A nineteenth century anthropologist (Diss. Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands). Tilburg: Zwijsen.

References

Other websites

 Works by Andrew Lang at Internet Archive
 Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 Index to the fairy tales in the Andrew Lang Fairy Tale Books
 A Monk of Fife Complete Book Online
 Custom and Myth  - full text HTML of original work.

1844 births
1912 deaths
Scottish poets
Scottish writers
British anthropologists
Critics
Stephanie Kwolek

Stephanie Louise Kwolek (July 31, 1923 – June 18, 2014) was an American chemist. She invented poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide—better known as Kevlar. 

She was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of New Kensington, Pennsylvania. Kwolek won many awards for her work in polymer chemistry. 

Kwolek died in Wilmington, Delaware from a short-illness, at the age 90 on June 18, 2014.

References

Other websites

 Stephanie Kwolek at Famous Women Inventors
Interview with Stephanie L. Kwolek , March 21, 1998, from the Oral History Program at the Chemical Heritage Foundation
Stephanie Kwolek , Video, from The Catalyst Series: Women in Chemistry, at the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia, PA

1923 births
2014 deaths
American inventors
American chemists
Scientists from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Suicide in Greenland

Suicide is a serious problem in Greenland. According to the government of Greenland, one person in five has attempted suicide. Because of this, the Greenland government has taken a number of steps to reduce the suicide rate. One example is roadside posters.

History 

The number of suicides in Greenland began to rise in the 1970s. Before that it had been very low. It kept getting higher until 1986. In 1986, suicide was the leading cause of death in several towns, such as Sarfannguit. Before 1970, the rate of suicide in Greenland had been very low. But by 1994, it had become one of the highest in the world. The rate was 107 per 100,000 persons committing suicide per year. Government data in 2010 suggested that almost one suicide occurred a week.

Rates 

An article was published in the journal BMC Psychiatry in 2009. It reported that 1351 suicides took place in Greenland during the 35 years (1968–2002). The study noted seasonal changes in the suicide rate. Suicides were higher in June and lower in the winter months. Suicide rates in northern parts of West Greenland are higher than in southern parts. Suicide rates are higher for men than women. Most of the people committing suicide are young men between the ages of 15-24. Unlike in other Western countries, the suicide rate in Greenland goes down with age.

Reasons 

Several reasons are blamed for Greenland's high rate of suicide. These including alcoholism, depression, poverty, poor relationships with partners and dysfunctional parental homes. The higher summer suicide rate is blamed on insomnia caused by longer periods of daylight.

The increase in suicide rates started about the time television appeared in Greenland. But it may be more the "modernization package" in general that is causing the problem. Culture clash between the traditional culture and modern Western culture is also assumed to be a factor.

Common methods 

The most common methods were hanging (46%) and shooting (37%). Other methods include jumping from heights, cutting with sharp objects, drowning, overdose of medication, and poisoning.

Suicide prevention 

Greenland's Government and other organizations have made a number of efforts to prevent suicides. There are different associations that provide support for people that feel suicidal. Measures include posters placed along the roads, which read: "The call is free. No one is alone. Don't be alone with your dark thoughts. Call." Suicide consultants are used to show movies discouraging teenage suicide attempts.

References 

Greenland
Stanley Brotman

Stanley Seymour Brotman (July 27, 1924 – February 21, 2014) was an American federal judge. He was born in Vineland, New Jersey. He grew up in the nearby village of Brotmanville, which had been established by his grandfather, who was a Russian immigrant. He left Yale University to serve in the United States Army during World War II, from 1942 to 1945. He returned to Yale and received a B.A. in Eastern Studies from Yale University in 1947 and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1951.

On January 27, 1975, He was nominated by President Gerald Ford to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Mitchell H. Cohen. Brotman was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 13, 1975, and received his commission on March 14, 1975. He assumed senior status on April 23, 1990. He retired in September 2013.

Brotman died on February 21, 2014 at a hospital in Stratford, New Jersey. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Stanley Seymour Brotman at martindale.com

1924 births
2014 deaths
People from New Jersey
American judges
American military people
M117 bomb

The M117 is a general-purpose bomb. It is dropped from the air by an airplane. It is used by United States military forces. The M117 was used for the first time in the Korean War in the early 1950s. Its nominal weight is , but its actual weight, depending on fuze and delay options, is around . Its explosive content is  of Minol 2 or Tritonal. The M117 can also be used with a low-drag tail fin for medium and high-altitude bombing.

References

Explosives
H. B. Reese

Harry Burnett "H. B." Reese (May 24, 1879 – May 16, 1956) was an American inventor. He was best known for creating Reese's Peanut Butter Cups and founding the H. B. Reese Candy Company.

He was born in York County, Pennsylvania. He was of Welsh ancestry. He married Blanche Edna Reese (née Hyson) on August 1, 1900. By 1928, the couple had sixteen children.

Reese died from a heart attack on May 16, 1956 in West Palm Beach, Florida. He was 76.

References

Other websites
 
 

1879 births
1956 deaths
American inventors
Candy
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Pennsylvania
People with foods named after them
Zbigniew Romaszewski

Zbigniew Jan Romaszewski (2 January 1940 – 13 February 2014) was a Polish conservative politician and human rights activist.

After the June 1976 protests, he was co-founder of assurance to workers charged by the communist regime. He was one of the founders of the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR). He became Chief of Bureau of Intervention of the Committee for Social Self-defence KOR in 1977. In 1980, he was the founder of the Helsinki Committee in Poland. In the early 1980s, he was chief of Commission of Intervention and Law-abidingness of Solidarity. During martial law in Poland he established independent Radio Solidarity. In 1982, he was arrested and jailed by the communist regime until 1984.

Romaszewski died in a hospital in his hometown of Warsaw, after a week of induced coma. He was aged 74.

References

Other websites

 Official website

1940 births
2014 deaths
Human rights activists
Politicians from Warsaw
Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia

Federal University of Recôncavo do Bahia (, short UFRB) is a public university in the Brazilian state of Bahia. It was established in 2006. It is located in Cruz das Almas. It is the largest university in the town, and one the country's most successful universities.

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Bahia
2006 establishments
2000s establishments in Brazil
Liperi

Liperi is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. It had about 12,500 living there in April 2014. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Joensuu, Kontiolahti, Polvijärvi, Rääkkylä, Savonlinna and Outokumpu.

Happenings
Karelia-soutu

Other websites 

 The official Liperi page

Municipalities of North Karelia
Paedophile Information Exchange

The Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) was a UK pro-paedophile activist group. It started in October 1974. In 1975 PIE had their first open meeting. Mothers threw rotten fruit and vegetables at members. That year the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) gave PIE affiliate status.

References

1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1984 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Child sexual abuse
Pope Urban I

Pope Urban I (222230 C.E.) was the seventeenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church. 
His reign was a peaceful one and there not much known about it. He served as head of the Catholic church during the imperial reign of Alexander Severus. He is buried in the cemetary at Callistus on the Appian Way.  He is considered a saint of the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 25.

References 

Popes
230 deaths
Rebecca Adlington

Rebecca "Becky" Adlington, OBE (born 17 February 1989) is a retired English freestyle swimmer. She won two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400 m and 800 m. She won bronze medals in the women's 400 m and 800 m freestyle events in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Adlington retired from all competitive swimming on 5 February 2013.

Early life
Adlington was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. She went to The Brunts School there.

In 2013 she was a contestant on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.

References

1989 births
British Olympic bronze medalists
British Olympic gold medalists
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
Living people
Mansfield
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Nottinghamshire
British swimmers
Sleigh Bells (band)

Sleigh Bells is an American noise pop musical group. The members are Derek E. Miller and Alexis Krauss. The group started in 2008.

History
Miller met Krauss in 2008 when he was waiting tables at a Brazilian restaurant.
On May 11, 2010, Sleigh Bells' first album Treats was released by Mom+Pop and N.E.E.T. Recordings. It got good reviews. Pitchfork gave it a score of 8.7 out of 10. On February  21, 2012 their second album Reign of Terror was released. On October 4, 2013 Sleigh Bells' third album Bitter Rivals was released. It did not get reviews as good as Treats or Reign of Terror. On the same day Sleigh Bells started a tour.

References

Musical groups established in 2008
American musical groups
2008 establishments in the United States
Kontiolahti

Kontiolahti is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. It had about 14,000 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Joensuu, Juuka, Lieksa, Liperi and Polvijärvi.

Some villages 
Harivaara, Herajärvi, Jakokoski, Mönni, Onttola, Paihola, Puntarikoski, Rantakylä, Romppala and Venejoki.

Other websites 

 The official Kontiolahti page

Municipalities of North Karelia
Fuze

In military munitions, a fuze is the part of an explosive device that makes it explode. In some devices (notably torpedoes) a fuze may be identified by function as the "exploder". The term fuze is used to indicate an advanced ignition device with mechanical and/or electronic parts.

Time fuzes detonate after a set period of time. Impact, percussion or contact fuzes detonate when they hit something, usually the target. A proximity fuze uses sensors which can be one or more combinations of the following: radar, active sonar, passive acoustic, infrared, magnetic, photoelectric, seismic or even television cameras. Whatever the sensor used, percussion fuzes cause the explosion to occur close to the target. The target will either be destroyed or severely damaged.

Most English-language countries use the "z" spelling to distinguish between simple burning fuses and pyrotechnical or explosive devices.

References 

Military
Explosives
Emilie Autumn

Emilie Autumn Liddell (born on September 22, 1979) is an American singer and violinist. She started learning to play the violin when she was four years old. She calls her style Victoriandustrial. It is influenced by the Victorian era. She performs with The Bloody Crumpets.

Early life
Autumn left school when she was nine or ten. She went to Indiana University for two years. She left because the university would not let her wear corsets.

Career
Autumn released On a Day: Music for Violin & Continuo on her label Traitor Records. In 2000 a book of poetry that she wrote was published.

In 2003 Autumn's first studio album Enchant was released. 

In 2006 Opheliac was released by Trisol Music Group GmbH. 

In 2007 A Bit o' This & That was released to iTunes. In 2010 The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls was published.

In 2012 Autumn released her third studio album, Fight Like a Girl.

Personal life
Autumn has bipolar disorder. She is vegan.

References

1979 births
Living people
People with bipolar disorder
Singers from Los Angeles
Martin Hanzal

Martin Hanzal (born February 20, 1987) is a Czech professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the HC Samson České Budějovice of the Czech Regional Hockey Championship. He also played for the Arizona Coyotes, Minnesota Wild, and Dallas Stars.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Hanzal played 19 games in the Czech Extraliga with HC České Budějovice, 19 games in the United States Hockey League (USHL) with the Omaha Lancers and 1 season in the Western Hockey League (WHL) with the Red Deer Rebels. He was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes with the 17th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

He debuted with the Coyotes during the 2007–08 NHL season. He scored his first hat-trick in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs on December 4, 2008. The hat trick came in only 20 minutes and 27 seconds of play time which set the record for the fastest hat trick in Coyotes history. He was named an alternate captain on October 8, 2011.

References

Other websites

1987 births
Arizona Coyotes players
Czech ice hockey players
Dallas Stars players
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Phoenix Coyotes players
United States Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
Haikouichthys

Haikouichthys is an extinct early fish-like craniate.

These creatures have backbones and distinct heads, and lived about 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion.  

Haikouichthys had a defined skull and other characters which suggest it is a true craniate, and perhaps one of the earliest fishes. Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate. It does not show enough detail to be definitely included in either stem group.

References 

Agnatha
David Giuntoli

David Giuntoli (born June 18, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for the lead role of Detective Nick Burkhardt in the television series Grimm.

References 

1980 births
Living people
American television actors
Leppävirta

Leppävirta is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 10,170 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Joroinen, Kuopio, Pieksämäki, Suonenjoki, Tuusniemi and Varkaus.

Other websites 

 Leppävirta site

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
Suonenjoki

Suonenjoki is a city in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 7,500 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuopio, Leppävirta, Pieksämäki, Rautalampi and Tervo.

Other websites 

 Suonenjoki site

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Northern Savonia
Tervo

Tervo is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 1,670 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Keitele, Kuopio, Maaninka, Pielavesi, Rautalampi, Suonenjoki and Vesanto.

Other websites 

 Official Tervo website

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
Tokaji

Tokaji is white wine from the Tokaj wine region in Hungary. The winemaking style is from the 1600s.

References

Other websites

Wine
Hungarian culture
17th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary
Thalia Zedek

Thalia Zedek (born 1961) is an American singer and guitarist. She started Dangerous Birds in 1981. In 1987 Zedek joined Live Skull. The band broke up in 1990. She released her first album, Been Here and Gone, in 2001. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8.5 out of 10. In 2002 she released You're A Big Girl Now. In 2004 Trust Not Those in Whom Without Some Touch of Madness was released.

Personal life
She is a lesbian.

References

1961 births
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Lesbians
Living people
Mário Coluna

Mário Esteves Coluna (; 6 August 1935 – 25 February 2014) was a Portuguese footballer. He played mainly as a central midfielder.

He spent most of his career with Benfica, appearing in 525 official games and scoring 127 goals during 16 professional seasons. Dubbed Monstro Sagrado (Sacred Monster) he won 19 major titles with his main club, including ten national leagues and two European Cups.

Coluna represented Portugal at the 1966 World Cup, playing nearly 60 times.

Coluna died on 25 February 2014 at the age of 78 in Maputo, after not being able to overcome a pulmonary infection.

References

Other websites

Profile at Zerozero 
Stats at ForaDeJogo

1935 births
2014 deaths
Mozambican people
Portuguese footballers
Slowdive

Slowdive is an English dream pop band. They were started in 1985 in Reading by Neil Halstead and Rachel Goswell. They broke up in 1995. In 2014 the band got back together.

History
In 1990 Slowdive released their first EP Slowdive.

In September 1991 the band's first album Just for a Day was released. 

The band wrote to Brian Eno to ask him to produce their second album. Eno said that he liked Slowdive's music but wanted to make music with them rather than produce their album.
In 1993 Slowdive released their second album Souvlaki. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 7 out of 10. They then released two extended plays, 5 EP and 5 EP (In Mind Remixes).

In 1995 the band released their last album Pygmalion. Then they broke up. 

In 2014 Slowdive got back together to play the 2014 Primavera Sound Festival in Barcelona from May 29-31.

References

1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
1995 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2010s British music groups
2014 establishments in Europe
Alternative rock bands
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Musical groups established in the 2010s
DVD-R

DVD-R is a recordable DVD format. It uses a thin organic dye layer which is recorded by a high-power laser. The laser bleaches the recorded areas, creating reflective areas that can then be played back with a low-power laser. A DVD-R can be recorded with DVD-Video, DVD-Audio, or DVD-ROM content.A DVD-R typically has a storage capacity of 4.7 GB. Pioneer has also developed an 8.5 GB dual layer version, DVD-R DL, which appeared on the market in 2005.

DVD-R(W) is one of three competing industry standard DVD recordable formats; the others are DVD+R(W) and DVD-RAM. A DVD-R can be written only once, in contrast with a rewritable DVD formats such as DVD-RW or DVD+RW which can be rewritten multiple (1000+) times.

DVD
Charles Evans Hughes

Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York.

He served as the 36th Governor of New York (1907–1910), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916), United States Secretary of State (1921–1925), a judge on the Court of International Justice (1928–1930), and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States (1930–1941). He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson.

Hughes was a professor in the 1890s, a supporter of Britain's New Liberalism, an important leader of the progressive movement of the 20th century, a leading diplomat and New York lawyer in the days of Harding and Coolidge, and was known for being a swing voter when dealing with cases related to the New Deal in the 1930s. Historian Clinton Rossiter has hailed him as a leading American conservative.

On August 27, 1948, Hughes died in what is now the Tiffany Cottage of the Wianno Club near Barnstable, Massachusetts. His remains are buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.

More reading
Hall, Kermit L., ed. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1992. ; .
Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). .
Perkins, Dexter, Charles Evans Hughes and American democratic statesmanship (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956).
Pusey, Merlo J., Charles Evans Hughes, 2 vol. (New York: Macmillan, 1951).. the standard scholarly biography
Shesol, Jeff. Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. The Supreme Court (W.W. Norton, 2010)
Simon, James F., FDR and Chief Justice Hughes: The President, the Supreme Court, and the Epic Battle Over the New Deal (Simon & Schuster, Forthcoming, February 2012).

References

Other websites

Grave of Charles Evans Hughes at Find a Grave
The Hughes Court at  Supreme Court Historical Society.
 "Charles Evans Hughes, Presidential Contender"  from C-SPAN's The Contenders

1862 births
1948 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Governors of New York
United States Secretaries of State
Chief Justices of the United States
Politicians from New York
US Republican Party politicians
People from Glens Falls, New York
Lawyers from New York
John Rutledge

John Rutledge (September 17, 1739 – July 23, 1800) was an American statesman and judge. He was the first Governor of South Carolina, following the signing of the United States Constitution.

He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, where he chaired a committee that wrote much of what was included in the final version of the United States Constitution, which he also signed.

He served as an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, and was the second Chief Justice of the Court from July to December 1795. He was the elder brother of Edward Rutledge, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence.

References

Other websites
 Ireland, Robert M.  John Rutledge at Answers.com.
 NGA Biography of John Rutledge 
John Rutledge memorial at Find a Grave
Oyez Project, Supreme  Court of the United States Media, John Rutledge.
 SCIway Biography of John Rutledge

1739 births
1800 deaths
Chief Justices of the United States
Governors of South Carolina
Signers of the United States Constitution
People from Charleston, South Carolina
Lawyers from South Carolina
Gilbert Stuart

Gilbert Charles Stuart (born Gilbert Charles Stewart December 3, 1755 – July 9, 1828) was an American painter. He was known for painting many portraits of the American Founding Fathers and six Presidents of the United States including George Washington's official portrait. Many of his paintings are in museums in Washington, D.C., London, and in Boston.

Stuart died on July 9, 1928 in Boston, Massachusetts from a stroke, aged 72.

References

Other websites

Gilbert Stuart at the National Gallery of Art, Washington 
Gilbert Stuart Biography, National Gallery of Art 
Gilbert Stuart Museum Website
Gilbert-Stuart.org 155 works by Gilbert Stuart
Gilbert Stuart on ArtCyclopedia

1755 births
1828 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American painters
People from Rhode Island
Oliver Ellsworth

Oliver Ellsworth (April 29, 1745 – November 26, 1807) was an American lawyer and politician. He was against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, United States Senator from Connecticut, and the third Chief Justice of the United States.

While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word National from the motion made by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Randolph had moved successfully to call the government the National Government of United States. Ellsworth moved that the government should continue to be called the United States Government.

References

Other websites

Oliver Ellsworth at Michael Ariens.com .
National Archives biography
Oliver Ellsworth Homestead 
Oliver Ellsworth at  Supreme Court Historical Society.
Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court Media: Oliver Ellsworth
Princeton Companion: Oliver Ellsworth 
The Ellsworth Court at Supreme Court Historical Society. 

1745 births
1807 deaths
American Calvinists
Lawyers from Connecticut
Chief Justices of the United States
Congregationalists
Federalist party (US) politicians
Harvard University alumni
United States senators from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
Morrison Waite

Morrison Remick "Mott" Waite (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888) was an American attorney and politician in Ohio. He served as the seventh Chief Justice of the United States from 1874 to his death in 1888. Chief Justice Waite was primarily known for overturning federal laws passed during Reconstruction that protected African Americans.

References

Other websites
Morrison R. Waite, 1874-1888 .
The Waite Court, 1874-1888 .
Morrison R. Waite Biography, official Supreme Court media, Oyez

1816 births
1888 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Chief Justices of the United States
Lawyers from Ohio
Politicians from Ohio
Lawyers from Connecticut
Politicians from Connecticut