cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mamie Van Doren

Mamie Van Doren (born Joan Lucille Olander; February 6, 1931) is an American actress and model. She acts primarily in movies. She is also a singer. Her many movies include Untamed Youth (1957). Many times, she would play a bad girl within her movies. Van Doren has been oftentimes compared against other blonde actresses, in particular, Marilyn Monroe. Mamie was born in Rowena, South Dakota.

Background 
In 1946, Doren began working at the Pantages Theatre as an usher in Hollywood. Where in the following year, she had a part on an early television series. She sang with Ted Fio Rito's band and entered several beauty contests. 

Doren was 17 years old when she got married to Jack Newman in Santa Barbara, California, but because of his abusive nature the marriage didn't last long. Doren won the titles Miss Eight Ball and Miss Palm Springs at the age of 18 years.

References

Biography 

 

American movie actors
Models from South Dakota
1931 births
Living people
American bloggers
Gene Barry

Gene Barry (Eugene Klass; June 14, 1919 – December 9, 2009) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in The Atomic City (1952), The War of The Worlds (1953), and Bat Masterson (1958-1961).

Barry was born on June 14, 1919 in New York City, New York to a Jewish-Russian family. He studied at Chatham Square School of Music. Barry was married to Betty Claire Kalb from 1944 until her death in 2003. They had three children, one adopted. 

Barry died on the morning of December 9, 2009 from heart failure in his home in Woodland Hills, California, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Review of The War Of The Worlds
 Comprehensive Gene Barry Fan Page
 Gene Barry - Daily Telegraph obituary

1919 births
2009 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Jewish American actors
Mehmet Öz

Mehmet Cengiz Öz (born June 11, 1960, called Dr. Oz) is a Turkish-American doctor, writer, educator, and television personality. He has a television show, The Dr. Oz Show. He helps people with health and weight. Some people think he gives bad advice. He won two Emmy Awards, in 2010 and in 2011.

In November 2021, Oz announced that he was running in the 2022 U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania as a Republican.

Öz was born on June 11, 1960 in Cleveland, Ohio to a Turkish family. He studied at Tower Hill School, at Harvard University, at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and at University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Öz married his wife Lisa Lemole in 1985. They have four children. He now lives in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

 
 Dr. Oz Show
Columbia University Department of Surgery profile

1960 births
Living people
American television personalities
Educators from Wilmington, Delaware
Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Writers from Cleveland, Ohio
Politicians from Cleveland, Ohio
Writers from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pennsylvania
US Republican Party politicians
Emmy Award winners
Educators from Pennsylvania
Educators from Cleveland, Ohio
Jimmie Åkesson

Per Jimmie Åkesson (born May 17, 1979) is a Swedish politician and blogger.He has been the leader of the Sweden Democrats since 2005. In 2010 the Sweden Democrats made it into the Riksdag after the general elections.

References

1979 births
Living people
Bloggers
Swedish politicians
Swedish writers
February 2013 nor'easter

The February 2013 nor'easter (called by The Weather Channel as Winter Storm Nemo) was a large winter storm that formed from two low pressure areas and affected the northeastern United States and eastern Canada from February 7–10, 2013. The areas affect by the storm were between Virginia and Maine. The storm had hurricane strength winds, lightning, thunder, heavy snows and blizzard conditions. Boston received almost 25 inches of snow due to this storm. New York City received almost one foot of new snow. It was Connecticut, however, that got the most. Hamden, Connecticut received almost 40 inches, while nearby cities got at least one foot. About 700,000 customers lost power.

References

2013 in the United States
2010s in Canada
Severe weather
2013 in weather
Natural disasters in the United States
Natural disasters
Natural disasters in Canada
February 2013 events
Non-deterministic turing machine

A Turing machine is an idea from computer science that tries to describe how some computers work. Deterministic Turing machines use a function. Given the current state of the Turing machine, it selects another state the Turing machine should have. In other words, from each state there is one other state the machine can have. A non-deterministic Turing machine uses a relation. This means that from some states there are several other states that are possible.

Computer science
Black Star of Queensland

The Black Star of Queensland is a large gem sapphire. It is the world's largest star sapphire. It is . It was discovered in Queensland in the 1930s. During the 1960s, the Black Star of Queensland was on display at the Smithsonian as part of an exhibition with the Hope Diamond. It was also on display at the Royal Ontario Museum from 2 June to 2 December 2007.

References

Gemstones
Queensland
Nearest neighbour algorithm

Nearest neighbour algorithms is a the name given to a number of greedy algorithms to solve problems related to graph theory. This algorithm was made to find a solution to the travelling salesman problem. In general, these algorithms try to find a Hamlitonian cycle as follows:
Start at some vertex, and mark it as current.
From the current vertex, take the shortest edge that connects it to an unvisited vertex V.
Set the current vertex to V.
If there no unvisited vertices left, you are done.
Else, go to step 2.
Such algorithms are easy to implement, but they do  not always find the best solution. What is worse, the algorithm may not find a tour even if one exists. 

Greedy algorithms
Graph theory
Nubra

Nubra may refer to:

 Nubra Valley, in the Jammu and Kashmir region
 Nubra River, in the Jammu and Kashmir region
 Nubra Pika (Ochotona nubrica), a mammal
Alexandrite

Alexandrite is a gemstone. It is a type of chrysoberyl. Different kinds of light make the colors change. That is called the "alexandrite effect". 

A gemstone similar to alexandrite can be made in a laboratory. That kind of stone is called synthetic or simulated alexandrite. These are not made of chrysoberyl. People make these because alexandrite is expensive, and the synthetic alexandrite costs less.

One story says that alexandrite was named in honor of Alexander II of Russia. Alexander was not yet Tsar at the time.

Alexandrite has been found in Russia, Brazil, India, Madagascar and Sri Lanka.

Alexandrite is one of the birthstones for June.

References

Gemstones
Birthstones
Jandali dialect

Jandali is a Punjabi dialect spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Punjabi language
Golden pheasant

The golden pheasant (also known as the Chinese pheasant or rainbow pheasant) (Chrysolophus pictus) is a gamebird of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae. It is native to forests in mountainous areas of western China, but feral populations have been established in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

Sources

Birds of China
Grey peacock-pheasant

The grey peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), also known as the Burmese peacock-pheasant, is a large southeast Asian member of the order Galliformes. It is the national bird of Myanmar.

Birds of Asia
Phasianidae
List of national fruits

This is a list of national fruits arranged alphabetically by country. Some national fruits are officially designated, some are unofficial.

National fruits

References

Fruits
Fruits
Food-related lists
Hamiltonian path

A Hamiltonian path is a path in a graph which contains each vertex of the graph exactly once. A Hamiltonian cycle is a Hamiltonian path, which is also a cycle. Knowing whether such a path exists in a graph, as well as finding it is a fundamental problem of graph theory. It is much more difficult than finding an Eulerian path, which contains each edge exactly once. The problem of finding a Hamiltonian path is NP-complete. There are two classes of graphs: directed and undirected graphs. In directed graphs, an edge can only be travelled in one direction, in undirected graphs it can be travelled in both directions. The Travelling Salesman Problem is an instance of this problem. Its task is to find the shortest Hamiltonian cycle, usually in a directed graph, with weight (or distances) attached to the edges. 

Hamiltonian paths  and cycles and cycle paths are named after William Rowan Hamilton who invented the Icosian game. This game is also known as Hamilton's puzzle. It involves finding a Hamiltonian cycle in the edge graph of the dodecahedron.  Hamilton solved this problem using the Icosian Calculus, an algebraic structure based on roots of unity with many similarities to the quaternions (also invented by Hamilton).  This solution does not generalize to arbitrary graphs. However, despite being named after Hamilton, Hamiltonian cycles in polyhedra had also been studied a year earlier by Thomas Kirkman.

References

Computer science
Graph theory
Tracy Chapman

Tracy Chapman (born March 30, 1964) is an American singer-songwriter. She was born in Cleveland in Ohio. She has won four Grammy Awards.

Her most famous songs are "Fast Car" and "Give Me One Reason" that went top of the charts in Canada. They also did really well in the Billboard charts (United States). She has published a total of 8 albums.

She is a feminist. She has never said publicly what her sexuality is, but she dated Alice Walker in the mid 1990s.

Notes

Other websites 

 Official website
 

African American musicians
American feminists
American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
1964 births
Living people
Roman dodecahedron

Roman dodecahedron is the name for dodecahedra which were found in Europe. In total, over hundred such objects were found in all European parts of the Roman Empire. They date from the second or third century CE, and were made of bronze or stone.  They are hollow, and each of the twelve pentangular faces has a hole in it. Most of these were found on the territories of modern-day France and Germany, but some were also found in Hungary and Great Britain. They are between  and  in size.

The function or use of the dodecahedra remains a mystery; no mention of them has been found in texts or pictures of the time. Speculated uses include candlestick holders (wax was found inside one example); dice; survey instruments; devices for determining the optimal  sowing date for winter grain; that they were used to calibrate water pipes; and army standard bases. It has also been suggested that they may have been religious artifacts of some kind. This speculation is based on the fact that most of the examples have been found in Gallo-Roman sites.

Notes

References

Other websites

 Roman Dodecahedra (also includes one Roman icosahedron)
 "History Mystery: Ancient Dodecahedron's Purpose Remains Secret" by Alexandria Hein, Fox News, June 10, 2011
Mysteries
Ancient Rome
Gamma function

In mathematics, the gamma function (Γ(z)) is a key topic in the field of special functions. Γ(z) is an extension of the factorial function to all complex numbers except negative integers. For positive integers, it is defined as 

The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers, but it is not defined for negative integers and zero. For a complex number whose real part is not a negative integer, the function is defined by:

Properties

Particular values 
Some particular values of the gamma function are:

Pi function
Gauss introduced the Pi function. This is another way of denoting the gamma function. In terms of the gamma function, the Pi function is

so that

for every non-negative integer n.

Applications

Analytic number theory

The gamma function is used to study the Riemann zeta function. A property of the Riemann zeta function is its functional equation:

Bernhard Riemann found a relation between these two functions. This was published in his 1859 paper "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" ("On the Number of Prime Numbers less than a Given Quantity")

Related pages 

 Gamma distribution

Notes

References 
 Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. New York: Dover, 1972. (See Chapter 6)
 
 Emil Artin, "The Gamma Function", in Rosen, Michael (ed.) Exposition by Emil Artin: a selection; History of Mathematics 30. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (2006).
 
 P. E. Böhmer, ´´Differenzengleichungen und bestimmte Integrale´´, Köhler Verlag, Leipzig, 1939.
 
 Philip J. Davis, "Leonhard Euler's Integral: A Historical Profile of the Gamma Function," American Mathematical Monthly 66, 849-869 (1959)
 
 O. R. Rocktaeschel, ´´Methoden zur Berechnung der Gammafunktion für komplexes Argument``, University of Dresden, Dresden, 1922.
 
 

Recursion
Functions and mappings
Necrotising arachnidism

Necrotising arachnidism is a medical condition caused by a spider bite. The skin can blister, form ulcers, and in some cases be destroyed (called necrosis). It is very painful and could need skin grafts. Doctors are still unclear about the treatment of the condition. The only spider identified as being a causative agent for necrotising arachnidism is the Recluse spider (specifically, the Brown Recluse spider).  Whilst It is portrayed by the media to be caused by the bite of the white-tailed spider and the black house spider, no studies have definitively proven the causative link. There is no specific treatment for the condition.

References

Health problems
Farthing (English coin)

The farthing was a coin of the Kingdom of England. It was worth one quarter of a penny, or  of a pound sterling. The word 'farthing' is derived from the Anglo-Saxon feorthing. It means a fourthling or fourth part. The Anglo-Saxon word was probably derived from the Old Norse, fjorthungr meaning a "quarter". 

Such coins were first minted in England in silver in the 13th century. They were used until 1707, when the Kingdom of England was taken over by Scottish King, King James that united The British mainland United Kingdom of Great Britain. Early farthings were silver. The farthing was small (only 10 millimeters in diameter) and very light (slightly more than 0.4 gram). Surviving examples are rare. The first copper farthings were issued during the reign of King James I.  In the late 17th century the English farthing was also minted in tin. 

In 1953, the British farthing's low value forced its last minting. A Londoner complained of abusive vendors when he tried to offer the coin for purchases. The coin ceased to be legal tender on 1 January 1961.

References

British currency
Emeli Sandé

Adele Emeli Sandé MBE best known as Emeli Sandé (born 10 March 1987) is a British singer and songwriter. She was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear to an English mother and Zambian father. She was raised in Alford, Aberdeenshire. She became famous after writing many songs for artists like Rihanna, Leona Lewis and Susan Boyle. 

In 2010 she singed a contract with EMI. She then released two singles, "Read All About It" and "Beneath Your Beautiful", which went on top of the British charts. In 2012 she won the Brits Critics Choice award. Her first album, Our Version of Events, was very successful, selling more than 100,000 copies in the first week. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2012. She performed at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics.

In 2013 she won two BRIT Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Album.

On 24 February 2014, she released her second EP, Who Needs The World? EP.
Her next album will be released in summer 2014.

Personal life 
Sandé married Adam Gouraguine in Montenegro in 2012. They later divorced in 2014.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1987 births
Living people
Brit Award winners
British singer-songwriters
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
People from Sunderland
Stock-Keeping Unit

SKU (often pronounced "skew") is an acronym for Stock-Keeping Unit.  This is the barcode found on things sold in stores. It is made in a way that laser scanners in the check-out lane can read the code.  The code is then used to find the price.

Design 

The bar code is made of vertical bars, some are thick, some are thin.  The scanner can see these bars and the pattern of the bars tells them what the numbers are.  The patterns are made in a way that the scanner can read it forwards or backwards, so it doesn't matter how the product is held, it can still read the number. The numbers are often also written underneath the bars, so that people can read the SKU.  There are two parts to the number.  The first part is who made the product, the second part is what the actual product is.

Commerce
Hermann Levi

Hermann Levi was a 19th-century orchestral conductor. He conducted the premiere of Parsifal.

German conductors
1839 births
1900 deaths
Jimmy Perry

James "Jimmy" Perry OBE (9 September 1923 – 23 October 2016) was an English writer, scriptwriter, producer, author and actor who is known for creating the BBC sitcom Dad's Army.

Perry was born on September 9, 1923 in Barnes, Surrey, England. He studied at Colet Court and at St Paul's School. Perry lived in Algarve, Portugal. 

Perry died in London on 23 October 2016 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Surrey
English stage actors
English television actors
English television producers
English television writers
Writers from Surrey
Philips

Philips is a Dutch electronics company. It was founded by Gerard and Frederik Philips in 1891. It employs about 120,000 people in 60 countries.

Other websites 

 

1891 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in the Netherlands
Technology companies of Europe
Companies of the Netherlands
Eindhoven
David Croft

Major David John Croft OBE (David John Andrew Sharland, September 7, 1922 – September 27, 2011) was an English writer, producer, and director. He created the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army.

Croft was born on September 7, 1922 in Sandbanks, Poole, Dorset, England. He studied at the Rugby School and at Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Croft was married to Ann Callender from 1952 until his death in 2011. They had seven children. Croft died on September 27, 2011 in his home in Tavira, Algarve, Portugal from natural causes, aged 89.

References

Other websites
Official homepage

List of works at the BBC Guide to Comedy 
David Croft's appearance on This Is Your Life
Biography at UKTV
Obituary of David Croft, The Daily Telegraph, 27 September 2011
Obituary of David Croft, The Guardian, 27 September 2011

1922 births
2011 deaths
English television directors
English television producers
English television writers
Deaths from natural causes
People from Poole
Writers from Dorset
Tertullian

Tertullian (160-225) was an early Christian writer from Carthage.
Though conservative in his worldview, Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity (Latin: trinitas). According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Tertullian's trinity [is] not a triune God, but rather a triad or group of three, with God as the founding member".[13] A similar word had been used earlier in Greek,[a] though Tertullian gives the oldest extant use of the terminology as later incorporated into the Nicene Creed at the Second Ecumenical Council, the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, or as the Athanasian Creed, or both.[14] Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "One God, three persons, one substance" as the Latin "tres personae, una substantia", ('consubstantial', in English), itself from the Koine Greek "treis hypostases, homoousioi").[12] Influenced by Stoic philosophy, the "substance" of Tertullian, however, was a material substance that did not refer to a single God, but to the sharing of the divine substance of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.[13] He wrote his understanding of the three members of the trinity after becoming a Montanist.[12]

Other websites
Tertullian Project

Christian writers
160 births
225 deaths
Beautiful Creatures (2013 movie)

Beautiful Creatures is a 2013 American romantic-fantasy drama set in South Carolina. It stars Emmy Rossum, Viola Davis and Emma Thompson. Thompson plays Mrs. Lincoln and Sarafine. Beautiful Creatures was released on February 14, 2013 for the United States. Jeremy Irons also stars. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl.

2013 drama movies
2013 romance movies
2010s fantasy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
2010s teen drama movies
2010s teen romance movies
2010s American fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
South Carolina
Round city of Baghdad

the Round city of Baghdad (Al-Mansur city) (also called: the city of peace) was an ancient city in Baghdad, Iraq that was built in 762–767 CE. Today there are only a few remains of the ancient city of Al Mansur.

Other websites 

 Al-Mansur's Round City of Baghdad  in "archnet" website
 Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam)  in "islamic art" website

Round cities
Buildings and structures in Baghdad
767 establishments
8th-century establishments in Iraq
760s establishments in Asia
Deborah Cox

Deborah Cox (July 13, 1974, Toronto) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actress who has had eleven charting #1 singles. She has had some hit movies, such as Love Come Down. She began her music career around the mid 1990s. Her song "Nobody's Supposed to be Here" is her signature song.

Actors from Toronto
Singers from Toronto
Canadian television actors
1974 births
Living people
National Governors Association

The National Governors Association (NGA) provides both state and national views regarding issues with usage of natural resources and management in the Progressive Era. It was founded in 1908 as the National Governors' Conference, at the Conference of Governors.  The NGA represents the governors of the fifty U.S. states and five U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands).

The NGA serves as an important public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government.

References

Other websites
 

State governors of the United States
Political organizations based in the United States
1908 establishments in the United States
Faxing Berlin

Faxing Berlin is a progressive house song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's third studio album Random Album Title. 

The song received some controversy in 2008 by an artist named DirtyCircuit. DirtyCircuit said that he was threatened with legal action after he used a sample called "LP_Faxing Berlin C_128bpm" that came bundled with the digital audio workstation FL Studio which deadmau5 claimed copyright. The sample was a direct clip of a full bar from the song. A "Demo Track" was provided by deadmau5 which came bundled with FL Studio, along with many loop samples. FL Studio users became were in discomfort because of the case and some of the users had pointed out possible inconsistencies in the EULA of the software.

The song reached #6 on the Billboard US Hot Dance Club Songs.

References

2007 songs
deadmau5 songs
Lingula

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods in the class Lingulata. Lingula is known to have existed since the early Ordovician period. Lingula is a good example of a living fossil. Like all brachiopods, it is a filter feeder.

Brachiopods are superficially similar to bivalves, both having two shells. Brachiopods are easily distinguished from molluscs because they have (different) dorsal and ventral shells. Bivalves have mirrored right and left shells. Lingula and most brachiopods also have a stalk (or peduncle) that extends through a hole near the tip of one of its shells. Bivalves may be attached to a substrate with byssus filaments, that extend from between the shells.

The Lingulata brachiopods have existed from the Cambrian period to the present, a time span of over 500 million years! Modern species of Lingula are very similar from their fossil ancestors.

References 

Brachiopods
Living fossils
Identity Thief

Identity Thief is a 2013 comedy movie starring Jason Bateman and Melissa McCarthy. Bateman plays Sandy in this comedy. McCarthy plays Diana, the woman who stole Sandy's identity. Amanda Peet is also part of the cast.

This movie received negative reviews. Yet, it debuted at number one in the United States.

2013 comedy movies
English-language movies
American comedy movies
Manfred Porsch

Manfred Maria Porsch (born 14 April 1950 in Vienna) is an Austrian composer and teacher. He composes Austrian contemporary worship music.

Manfred Porsch comes from the Focolare Movement. In 1971 and 1972, he toured with Gen Rosso. In 1983, he won first prize at the "Worldfestival of religious Song", the "" in Rome. In 1987, Porsch founded "" and started the festival series "Fest der Lieder". He has published about 200 songs.

In 2012, after a long break from writing music, Porsch published new songs with the producer Thomas Raber.

Songs 
 Melchior
 Wer schweigt, stimmt zu
 Messe (Ein Fest der Freude)
 Der Geist des Herrn ruht auf mir
 Du bist das Licht auf dem Weg
 Singen wir des Lied vom Frieden (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)
 Eine Schule für coole (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)

References

Other websites 
 www.manfredporsch.com
wordcat identities

Austrian composers
Teachers
Writers from Vienna
1950 births
Living people
Antarctic Peninsula

The Antarctic Peninsula is the largest peninsula in Antarctica. The peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica. It is 1300 km and reaches from Cape Adams (Weddell Sea) and a point on the mainland south of Eklund Islands. The northern tip is about 1000 km (600 miles) from Tierra del Fuego. There are many research stations as well as multiple claims of sovereignty on the Antarctic Peninsula.

Average temperatures on the peninsula have risen by nearly 2°C in the past 50 years which makes the Antarctic Peninsula one of the fastest warming places on Earth.

References

Geography of Antarctica
Peninsulas
Elizabeth Vargas

Elizabeth Vargas (born September 6, 1962 near Paterson, New Jersey) is an American journalist. She first worked at the NBC network. She has worked on ABC programs, including 20/20. Before that, she was an anchor for Dateline NBC and The Today Show.

1962 births
American journalists
Living people
People from New Jersey
Brachiopod classification

The classification of brachiopods is being discussed at present. The following is an overview of the different schemes which are proposed.

The "traditional" classification was defined in 1869. Two further approaches were established in the 1990s:
In the "traditional" classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves, while the hinges of the Inarticulata are held together only by muscles.87–93
A classification devised in the 1990s, based on the materials of which the shells are based, united the Craniida and the "articulate" brachiopods in the Calciata, which have calcite shells. The Lingulida and Discinida, combined in the Lingulata, have shells made of chitin and calcium phosphate.
A three-part scheme, also from the 1990s, places the Craniida in a separate group of its own, the Craniformea. The Lingulida and Discinida are grouped as Linguliformea, and the Rhynchonellida and Terebratulida as Rhynchonelliformea.

Principles 
Underlying the discussion are some basic principles:
Traditional phylogeny (and hence taxonomy) was based on:
overall body architecture, the idea of a body 'plan'.
the idea that evolution went from simple to complex.
certain basal features of embryology.
Phyla (et cetera) are man-made concepts which are meant to mirror our understanding of the reality we see. However, we now know that morphological characters (traits) are more changeable than was previously thought.
Molecular data are more objective, and can be decided with more certainty than data on morphology. Much more is now known about molecular sequences than is known about the evolution of morphology. Thus, evidence from molecular sequencing is used to develop classifications which better reflect evolution.

About 330 living species are recognized, grouped into over 100 genera. The great majority of modern brachiopods are rhynchonelliforms (Articulata, but excluding Craniida).

References 

Classification
Taxonomy
Déborah François

Déborah François (born 24 May 1987) is an actress from Belgium. She lives in Paris, France.
She is best known for her role as in Belgian film L’Enfant (The Child) , French film La Tourneuse de pages  (The Page Turner), and she won a César Award for her role in a 2008 French film Le premier jour du reste de ta vie (The First Day of the Rest of Your Life).

She was born in Liège, Belgium which is in the French-speaking area. She is the daughter of a policeman and a social worker. She was awarded the Romy-Schneider Prize and Prix Suzanne Bianchetti.

Filmography
2005 : L'Enfant 
2006 : La Tourneuse de pages 
2007 : Les Fourmis rouges  
2007 : L'Été indien 
2008 : Les Femmes de l'ombre  
2008 : Le Premier Jour du reste de ta vie 
2009 : Unmade Beds 
2009 : Fais-moi plaisir 
2009 : My Queen Karo 
2010 : Memories Corner
2010 : Mes chères études
2011 : Le Moine - The Monk
2011 : Les Tribulations d'une caissière
2012 : Populaire

References

Other websites

 

1987 births
Living people
Belgian movie actors
Belgian stage actors
Belgian television actors
Belgian voice actors
People from Liège
St. Ouen F.C.

St. Ouen Football Club  is a association football club in Saint Ouen, Jersey, Channel Islands. The club was founded in 1919. In 1972, they played a game against Scottish Old Firm team, Celtic.

Sources

Football clubs
Jersey
1919 establishments in Europe
Fertilisation of Orchids

Fertilisation of Orchids is a book by Charles Darwin.

The book was published on 15 May 1862 under the full title On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing.

Darwin's previous book, On the Origin of Species, had briefly mentioned evolutionary interactions between insects and the plants they fertilised. This new idea was explored in detail for orchids. The field studies and practical scientific investigations were initially a recreation for Darwin, a relief from the drudgery of writing. The work developed into enjoyable and challenging experiments, and he was helped by his family, friends, and a wide circle of correspondents.

The book was his first detailed demonstration of natural selection. It explained how complex ecological relationships resulted in the co-evolution of orchids and insects. The view has been expressed that the book led directly or indirectly to all modern work on coevolution and the evolution of extreme specialisation. It influenced botanists, and revived interest in the long neglected idea that insects played a part in pollinating flowers. It supported his view that natural selection led to a  variety of forms through the important benefits achieved by cross-fertilisation. Although the general public showed less interest and sales of the book were low, it established Darwin as a leading botanist. Orchids was the first in a series of books on his investigations into plants.

The book describes how the relationship between insects and plants resulted in the beautiful and complex forms which had fascinated many naturalists. By showing how adaptations develop step by step, Darwin countered the view that beautiful organisms were the handiwork of a Creator. Darwin's painstaking observations, experiments, and detailed dissection of the flowers explained previously unknown features. such as the puzzle of Catasetum, three completely different kinds of flowers. Darwin discusses how the Sack-Shaped Catasetum (Catasetum saccatum), a tropical South American species, launches its sticky pollen sacs with explosive force when an insect touches a hair (seta). His friend Thomas Huxley said "Do you really think I can believe all that?"

In the book Darwin made some famous predictions, including his proposal that the long nectary of Angraecum sesquipedale meant there must be a moth with an equally long proboscis. This was confirmed in 1903 when Xanthopan morgani praedicta was found in Madagascar.

References 

Biology books
Books by Charles Darwin
Cocker Spaniel

Cocker Spaniel is the name for two dog breeds of the Spaniel type: The English Cocker Spaniel and the American Cocker Spaniel. Originally, these dogs were bred in England for hunting Eurasian Woodcock. Cocker spaniels are popular family pets. The English version is usually brown and ginger in color. Their fur is very soft and their noses are big. They have very big floppy ears. There are two version of cocker spaniels, show dogs and hunters. They are the smallest of the sporting dogs. They are bred from an earlier 19th century dog called field spaniels. The smallest dogs in litters were called "cockers". This was because They were small enough to go under hedgerows where larger dogs could not go. They could also move through brambles and bushes to flush woodcocks into the open. The smaller dogs became the American cockers while the larger dogs became the English variety.

References 

Spaniels
Super Game Boy

The Super Game Boy is a special video game cartridge released for the Super NES in 1994. It allows players to play Game Boy and some Game Boy Color games on a television screen. When played on the Super Game Boy, games are colored. There are 32 colors available. Players can switch colors with the L and R buttons. Some games, such as Donkey Kong, have features exclusive to the Super Game Boy. New features include better sound effects and multi-player. Some games also have a custom border when played on the Super Game Boy. In 1998, a new model, the Super Game Boy 2, was released in Japan. It has more borders and link cable support.

Game Boy
Nintendo hardware
Jizya

Jizya or jizyah was a tax imposed upon dhimmi, non-Muslim residents in Muslim countries, as in the Ottoman Empire.

Taxation
Ottoman Empire
John B. Anderson

John Bayard Anderson (February 15, 1922 – December 3, 2017) was an American-Republican politician from Illinois.  He was a politician from the 1960s until the later 2000s.  He ran for president in 1980, but lost to Ronald Reagan as the main Republican candidate.  He then ran as an independent candidate, and lost again to Reagan in November, 1980.

Anderson was born on February 15, 1922 in Rockford, Illinois to a Swedish-American family. He studied at the University of Illinois, at the University of Illinois College of Law, and at the Harvard Law School. Anderson was married to Keke Machakos from 1953 until his death 2017.

Anderson died on December 3, 2017, in Washington, D.C., aged 95.

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Independent politicians in the United States
1980 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Illinois
People from Rockford, Illinois
Greater spotted eagle

The greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga), occasionally just called the spotted eagle, is a large bird of prey. Like all typical eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. In summer it lives in eastern Eurasia, and winters further south.

Description 
A medium-sized eagle, the greater spotted eagle only has white spots as a juvenile, when they extend in bands across the upperwing. By adulthood, the spots have faded leaving dark brown feathers across the head, body and wings, with slightly paler flight feathers on the upper side. In gliding flight, the greater spotted eagle holds the feathers at the tips of the wings downward. 

Accipitriformes
James R. Thompson

James Robert Thompson, Jr. (May 8, 1936 – August 14, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was the 37th Governor of Illinois from 1977 through 1991. He was part of the 9/11 Commission. A structure in Chicago is named after him, the James R. Thompson Center.

Thompson was born on May 8, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois to a Swedish-American family. He studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago, at Washington University in St. Louis, and at Northwestern University. He was married to Jayne Ann Carr Thompson. They had one child.

Thompson died of cardiac arrest at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago on August 14, 2020 at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

Thompson's biography from the 9/11 Commission
Thompson's biography from Northwestern University 
Receipt for Thompson's contribution for Friends of Hillary
National Governors Association 

1936 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
US Republican Party politicians
Daniel Walker

Daniel "Dan" Walker (August 6, 1922 – April 29, 2015) was an American Democratic lawyer, businessman, and politician from Illinois. He was the 36th Governor of Illinois from January 1973 to January 1977. He was one of the four governors of Illinois to serve in jail. He went to jail because of bank fraud in 1988.

Walker was born on August 6, 1922 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in San Diego, California. Walker studied at the United States Naval Academy and at Northwestern University. Walker died of heart failure in Chula Vista, California, aged 92.

References

Other websites
Oral History Project at the University of Illinois at Springfield. Dan Walker Oral History and Victor deGrazia Oral History

1922 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American fraudsters
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Politicians from San Diego, California
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Lawyers from Illinois
Lawyers from California
Otto Kerner, Jr.

Otto Kerner, Jr. (August 15, 1908 – May 9, 1976) was an American politician. He was a Democrat. He was the Governor of Illinois from January 1961 to May 1968. He is best known for chairing the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders and for accepting bribes. He would later be charged with 17 charges of felony and would serve time in jail. He was one of the four Governors of Illinois to be in jail. He would soon nominate Lyndon B. Johnson to be President.

Kerner was born on August 15, 1908 in Chicago, Illinois. His father was politician Otto Kerner, Sr.. Kerner studied at the Trinity College and at Brown University. He was married to Helena Cermak, the daughter of ex-Chicago mayor Anton Cermak who was assassinated. After leaving office, Kerner had suffered cancer and would later die from the disease on May 9, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 67. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery.

References

Other websites
 Otto Kerner marker at Arlington National Cemetery

1908 births
1976 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Governors of Illinois
American fraudsters
Criminals from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Jim Edgar

James "Jim" Edgar (born July 22, 1946) is an American Republican politician. He was Governor of Illinois from January 1991 through January 1999. He was the Illinois Secretary of State from January 1981 through January 1991.

Edgar was a very popular governor. Even though Illinois is a Democratic state, he won in landslides as a Republican. He retired with high approval ratings.

Edgar was born on July 22, 1946 in Vinita, Oklahoma. He was raised in Charleston, Illinois. Edgar studied at Wabash College and at Eastern Illinois University. He is married to Brenda Smith.

References

Other websites
 Gov. Edgar reacts to the allegations against Gov. Rod Blagojevich  – link to speech, op-ed, and interview about the 2008–2009 Blagojevich scandal; from the University of Illinois Institute of Government and Public Affairs

1946 births
Living people
American Baptists
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Oklahoma
US Republican Party politicians
Internet Marketing Conference

The Internet Marketing Conference, often named (IMC), is an international conference about some aspects of e-business. It was first hosted in Copenhagen in 2000. It has since then been hosted in Edinburgh, Stockholm, Las Vegas, Berlin, Vancouver, Montreal,  Gothenburg and New York. The conference was started by Lennart Svanberg.

Many guests have been helping with hosting this event, including Danny Sullivan (Search Engine Watch), Jeffrey Eisenberg (Future Now, Inc.), Jim Wilson (Jim World), Lucas Morea (LatinEdge), Mitch Joel (Twist Image), Scott Ferber (Advertising.com), Stephen Turner (ClickTracks), Matthew Colebourne (coComment), Brian Clifton (Google).

Topics discussed include: 

 web strategy
 social media
 onsite behavioral targeting
 competitive intelligence
 web analytics
 multivariate testing
 and all aspects of eMarketing (search marketing, affiliate marketing)

References

Other websites

Commerce
International organizations
J. Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American politician. He was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. He was chosen as director of the Bureau of Investigation because he helped start it. He was the director until his death in 1972 at age 77.

According to President Harry S Truman, Hoover transformed the FBI into his private secret police force. Truman stated that "we want no Gestapo or secret police. FBI is tending in that direction. They are dabbling in sex-life scandals and plain blackmail. J. Edgar Hoover would give his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are afraid of him".

Hoover had the largest collection of pornography in history. Some adult movies included photos of Joan Crawford, Frank Sinatra, Warren Beatty, and Tony Curtis.

Hoover was born on January 1, 1895 in Washington, D.C. He studied at George Washington University. Hoover was homosexual.

It is unknown if Hoover and his political partner Clyde Tolson were ever in a relationship. Hoover died on May 2, 1972 in Washington, D.C. from heart failure, aged 77.

References

Other websites

 StraightDope.com  – 'The Straight Dope: Was J. Edgar Hoover a crossdresser?'
 FBI file on J. Edgar Hoover
 J. Edgar Hoover Appointment and Phone Logs 
 Time.com  – 'The Truth about Hoover', December 22, 1975
 Wall Street Journal – 'Hoover's Institution', Laurence H. Silberman, July 20, 2005
 Assassination Records Review Board – Final Report: 1998
 Zpub.com – 'J. Edgar Hoover Biography'
 J. Edgar Hoover's Watching You  – slideshow by Life magazine
 

1895 births
1972 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Gay men
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Monica Geller

Monica Geller is a fictional character on American sitcom Friends, portrayed by Courteney Cox. She works in a very fancy restaurant. She likes everything in her apartment to be clean. She is married to Chandler Bing. Her brother is Ross Geller. She has two adopted children. 

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
Chandler Bing

Chandler Bing is a fictional character on American sitcom Friends, portrayed by Matthew Perry. He works in an advertising company. He says that he uses humor as a way to defend himself. He is married to Monica Geller. Her brother is Ross Geller, his college roommate. He has two adopted children. 

Fictional American people
Friends characters
Ross Geller

Ross Geller is a fictional character on the American sitcom Friends, portrayed by David Schwimmer. He works in a museum. He usually wants everyone to be right in facts or grammar. He was divorced three times. He has a son Ben and a daughter Emma. His sister is Monica Geller. In the series finale he ends up having a relationship with Rachel Green.

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
Rachel Green

Rachel Green is a fictional character on the American sitcom Friends. She is portrayed by Jennifer Aniston. Green worked as a waitress at Central Perk. Then she worked in Bloomingdales as an assistant. Then she was a manager of a Ralph Lauren company. She was divorced two times, one she left her fiancé at the altar. She has a daughter Emma. In the series finale she ends up having a relationship with Ross Geller.

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
Phoebe Buffay

Phoebe Buffay is a fictional character on the American sitcom Friends. She is portrayed by Lisa Kudrow. Buffay sang terrible songs at Central Perk. Then she worked as a massage therapist. Her dad left her, her twin sister (Ursula), and her stepmother who would later commit suicide. She would later marry Mike Hanagan.

Fictional American people
Friends characters
Henry Horner

Henry Horner (November 30, 1878 – October 6, 1940) was an American-Democrat politician. He was the 28th Governor of Illinois, serving from January 9, 1933 through October 6, 1940, when he died in office. Horner was the first Jewish governor of Illinois. A park is named after, Horner Park.

Horner was born on November 30, 1878 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Chicago. He later came back to Chicago five months later. He died in Winnetka, Illinois on October 6, 1940, aged 61.

References

Other websites
 
 Henry Horner Collection at the Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum 

1878 births
1940 deaths
Governors of Illinois
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from Chicago
University of Chicago alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Tina Louise

Tina Louise (b. Tina Black, February 11, 1934) is an American sitcom and movie actress. She is best known for playing Ginger Grant on the television series Gilligan's Island. She also played a doomed housewife in the 1975 movie The Stepford Wives, which was well received. She was born in New York City.

References

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
1934 births
Living people
GLONASS

GLONASS () is a radio-based satellite navigation system. It is operated by the Russian Defence Forces. It provides an alternative to the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS). These are the only two navigational systems with global coverage. Some receivers can use both systems, giving more accurate locations, more quickly.

Other websites 

 Official GLONASS web page 

Satellites
Russia
Quinquagesima

Quinquagesima is the Sunday before Ash Wednesday. In Catholicism it is now within Ordinary Time, but the word is still used in the Book of Common Prayer in Anglicanism.

Liturgical calendar

da:Kirkeåret#Quinquagesima
Aubrey O'Day

Aubrey O'Day (born February 11, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and reality television actress and participant.  She was in the music group Danity Kane, from which she was fired in 2008. 

O'Day was born in San Francisco.

References

Actors from San Francisco
American television actors
1984 births
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from San Francisco
People's Sunday

People's Sunday is a tradition in Malta on the first Sunday of Lent. Many people went on pilgrimage to Zabbar to a chapel devoted to Our Lady of Graces.

Malta
Notting Hill

Notting Hill is an area of central London west of Westminster. It is known for its carnival each August, and for a movie set in the Portobello Road market starring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant. The London Underground station Notting Hill Gate is on the Central line between Holland Park and Queensway.

Gallery

Related pages
Kensington

Notting Hill
Stefanie Powers

Stefanie Powers (born November 2, 1942) is an American actress and singer. She stars mainly in television programs. She played as Jennifer Hart in the 1980s series Hart to Hart.

Powers was born near Los Angeles.

References

American television actors
Actors from Hollywood
1942 births
Living people