cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Descendants of Charles II of England

The descendants of Charles II of England,  Stuart monarch of the Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland and Kingdom of Ireland, are numerous; lines of his many illegitimate children exist to this day. Though Charles's wife Catherine of Braganza was barren, he stayed with her but had numerous mistresses. Some of Charles's illegitimate children were born before his marriage. This article deals with the most senior figures who were descended from Charles' illegitimate male children; the names of his daughters are also mentioned.

Although some of Charles' children made claims to the throne, most notably his first son James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, their illegitimacy meant that after Charles' death, his brother James, Duke of York became king instead. Over the years several of Charles' senior descendants have made names for themselves, including Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton who became Prime Minister of Great Britain, cricket pioneer Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, parliamentary reformer Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond.

Diana, Princess of Wales was descended from two of Charles' illegitimate sons; Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Grafton and Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond. This means should her son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge take to the British throne as he is expected to, William would become the first blood descendant of Charles II to do so. Though William is part of the royal House of Windsor, rather than the House of Stuart.

Child by Lucy Walter

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth

Children by Catherine Pegge 
Catherine Pegge and Charles II also had a daughter together called Catherine FitzCharles but she died young or became a nun.

Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth

Children by Barbara Villiers Palmer 
Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland was perhaps the most notorious of Charles' mistresses. Some of the children claimed by Palmer as belonging to Charles are in doubt. Anne Lennard, Countess of Sussex was claimed to be Charles' and he recognised her, though some sources regard Roger Palmer as her father. Palmer claimed Lady Barbara FitzRoy was Charles' daughter, however he never recognised her and most sources consider John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough her likely father. Palmer and Charles had a daughter together Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield and three sons who were recognised by Charles, their lines are featured below.

Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland

Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton

George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland

Child by Nell Gwyn

Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans

Child by Louise de Kérouaille

Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond

Child by Moll Davis 
The two had one daughter; Lady Mary Tudor. Mary went on to marry Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater; after Edward's death, she married Henry Graham, and upon his death she married James Rooke.

References 

House of Stuart
White Butte

White Butte is the highest point in North Dakota. It has an elevation of . It is a butte in Slope County, in the Badlands.

References

Geography of North Dakota
Mountains of the United States
Athelbald of Wessex

Athelbald, also spelled Æthelbald or Ethelbald (–860) was a West Saxon nobleman. In 856 he was King of Wessex while his father was in Rome. When Athelwulf returned, Athelbald refused to step down. To avoid a civil war, Athelwulf gave his son the kingdom of Wessex and became sub-king of Kent.

Career
Athelbald was the second of the five sons of King Athelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. He was born about 832. He is recording fighting alongside his father in 851 in the battle at Acleah. There the Vikings who had just defeated Berhtwulf of Mercia near London and when they moved into Surrey they were met and defeated by the West Saxons. In 855 his father Athelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. He left the kingdom in the care of Athelbald. After spending a year in Rome and spending time at court of Charles the Bald, King of the West Franks, Athelwulf returned. But he had wed the king's young daughter, Judith. She could not have been any older than thirteen at the time. The Frankish king Charles had insisted that his daughter be consecrated queen. When Athelwulf returned to Wessex with his new Queen, Athelbald objected to his father remaining king. To avoid a civil war Athelwulf agreed to take the sub-kingship of Kent. He let Ethelbald retain his position as king of Wessex. Athelwulf died in 858 as the King of Kent. Athelbald then took his father's young wife Judith as his own wife, apparently without a major scandal.

Despite his marriage to his step-mother Judith, he had no children. He was succeeded by his brother Athelbert of Wessex.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

830s births
860 deaths
Kings of Wessex
Athelbert of Wessex

Athelbert, also spelled Æthelbert (836-866), was a West Saxon nobleman. He was the sub-king of Kent from 858–860. He was the King of Wessex from 860-865.

Career 

He was the third son of Ethelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. He got his first taste of kingship in 855 when he was left in charge of Kent while his father, King Athelwulf of Wessex, was in Rome. His brother Athelbald was left in charge of the West Saxon kingdom. When their father returned from Rome, Athelbald would not give up the throne. To avoid a civil war, their father Athelwulf took the subkingdom of Kent and Athelbald ruled as king of Wessex. When Athelwulf died in 858, Athelbert was once again appointed king of Kent.

When his brother Athelbald died in 860, Athelbert succeeded him as king of Wessex.  Athelbert still had two younger brothers, Athelred and Alfred. But neither were appointed to fill the role of sub-king of Kent. Athelbert consolidated the kingdom of Kent into the kingdom of Wessex. During his reign Viking attacks grew more frequent. One Viking army advanced into Wessex as far as Winchester before being defeated. But the year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. This was a much larger army and would remain in England. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham. Meanwhile, King Athelbert died in early 866. Since he died childless, he was succeeded by his brother Athelred.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
866 deaths
Kings of Wessex
Olympus Mons

Olympus Mons is a shield volcano on Mars. It is the tallest volcano, and mountain, in the solar system.

Size 
Olympus Mons is  high. This is three times taller than the highest mountain on Earth, Mount Everest.

References 

Mars
Port Authority Police

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department, or Port Authority Police Department (PAPD), is a police department in New York and New Jersey. It protects all the property owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and it enforces state and city laws. The PAPD is one of the largest police departments in the United States, with over 2000 members. The PAPD is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a two-state agency that runs the bridges, tunnels, airports, and seaports along the New York - New Jersey border.

Terrorist attacks
The Port Authority's World Trade Center was the target of a terrorist attack on February 26, 1993, and of the more successful September 11 attacks in 2001.

The area had over 50,000 employees and 70,000 visitors per day; the work of emergency personnel including the Port Authority Police, the New York City Police Department, the New York City Fire Department, New York City EMS, New York State Court Officers, Federal Agents and many others helped to lower the deaths from the attack. The Port Authority Police had the biggest loss of police personnel at a single time in American history: 37 police officers along with one police dog were killed on September 11th.

Related pages
 New York City Police Department
 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police
 Color of the day (police)

References

Other websites
Port Authority of NY/NJ Police 
Port Authority Police Memorial 
Port Authority Police Benevolent Association
Port Authority Police vehicles

Transport in New Jersey
Law enforcement in New York
Law enforcement agencies of the United States
Transport in New York
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
1920s establishments in New Jersey
Panda Express

Panda Express is a quick-service Chinese restaurant chain in the United States.
They serve American-style Chinese food. Most of their restaurants are in shopping malls and supermarkets.

Other websites 
 Panda Express

1983 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Chinese food
Companies based in California
Color of the day

Thai astrology has a color of the day for each day of the week. The color is based on the color of the God who protects the day or Navagraha. For example, the God of Sunday is Surya which has as the red color. These colors of the day are the traditional Thai birthday colors. For example, King Bhumibol Adulyadej was born on Monday, so on his birthday places in Thailand will be decorated with the color yellow.

Related pages
 Thai solar calendar
 Royal Flags of Thailand

Other websites 
 
 

Astrology
Thai culture
Labial consonant

Labials or labial consonants are consonants made with the lips. These sounds are made in two ways. Bilabial sounds use both lips (for example [p] as in pack). Labiodental sounds use the lower lip and teeth (for example [f] in food).

Consonants
Coronal consonant

Coronal consonants are made with the front part of the tongue. There are many types of coronal consonants, for example dental consonants and alveolar consonants.

Consonants
Radical consonant

Radical consonants are consonants that are sounded out with the root of the tongue (the back part).

Pronunciation
Bilabial consonant

Bilabials or Bilabial consonants are a type of sound in the group of labial consonants that are made with both lips (bilabial) and by partially stopping the air coming from the mouth when the sound is pronounced (consonant).

There are eight bilabial consonants used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Consonants
Labiodental consonant

Labiodental consonants are labial consonants made with the bottom lip and the top teeth, like the English letters f as in file and v as in vile.

Consonants
Dental consonant

Dentals or Dental consonants are coronal consonants, meaning they are made by touching the front of the tongue to the upper teeth. For example, th in the English word thing is a dental consonant written [].

Consonants
Saxifragales

The Saxifragales are a taxonomic order of flowering plants, various dicotyledons. Includes the following families:

 Family Altingiaceae (sweet gum family)
 Family Aphanopetalaceae
 Family Cercidiphyllaceae (katsuratree family)
 Family Crassulaceae (orpine family)
 Family Daphniphyllaceae
 Family Grossulariaceae (gooseberry and blackcurrant family)
 Family Haloragidaceae
 Family Hamamelidaceae (witch-hazel family)
 Family Iteaceae (itea or sweetspire family)
 Family Paeoniaceae (peony)
 Family Penthoraceae
 Family Pterostemonaceae
 Family Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family)
Drug Enforcement Administration

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a law enforcement agency that works for the United States Department of Justice that enforces the United States drug laws. The DEA is the agency with most responsible for drug enforcement in the U.S. and also shares its responsibilities with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It also has complete responsibility (duty to do something) for U.S. drug enforcement investigations in other countries.

History 
The Drug Enforcement Administration was created on 1 July 1973, by Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973, signed by President Richard Nixon on 28 March 1973. It suggested a single federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as to join together and to organize the government's drug control efforts.

In 1999, the DEA opened the Drug Enforcement Administration Museum in Arlington, Virginia. In February 2003, the DEA started a Digital Evidence Laboratory in its Office of Forensic Sciences.

Organization 
The DEA is run by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement who is given the job by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The Administrator's direct boss is the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General. It has its own training centre called the DEA Academy on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico, Virginia with the FBI Academy. It has 21 domestic divisions inside the U.S. with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries. With a budget of over 2.415 billion U.S. dollars, the DEA employs over 10,800 people, including over 5,500 Special agents.

Narcotics registration 
The DEA has a system in place which allows doctors and other people, such as dentists, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners, to prescribe medicines, researchers and manufacturers access to "Schedule I" drugs, as well as Schedules 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Related pages
 List of United States federal law enforcement agencies

References

Other websites 

 DEA official web site
 The History of the DEA from 1973 to 1998
 List of former DEA Administrators
 Agency of Fear - The History of the origins of the DEA in the Nixon White House
 Results of Prohibition The financial costs of drug use and drug prohibition in the U.S., impact on levels of drug use and prices.
 A response to the DEA web site
 
 Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy Full text of major government commission reports on the effects of drug enforcement
 The Drug Hang-Up by Rufus King A history of the drug laws with special emphasis on the predecessors to the DEA
 DEA Watch - A dissenting view of the DEA 
 Drug Enforcement Administration Meeting Notices and Rule Changes  from The Federal Register RSS Feed 
 DEA Lookup.com Commercial DEA number database search service
 Office of Diversion Control 
Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973 - Appendix to Title 5, U.S. Code 
 Get Smart About Drugs - A DEA Resource for Parents
 DEA Demand Reduction - Street Smart Prevention

1973 establishments in the United States
Drugs
Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States
Ticket of leave

A ticket of leave was an important document given to convicts who had been sent to Australia. Convicts who were well-behaved were given a ticket of leave. This gave them some rights, and they did not have to stay in gaol. With a ticket of leave, a convict was able to look for work in a particular area but could not leave the area without permission from a court. Every change of employer or district was written on the ticket.

History
Governor Philip Gidley King started the tickets of leave in 1801. It gave prisoners a reason to behave themselves. Also, it helped to provide cheap workers for farmers who were settling in Australia. The government saved money as it did not have to feed and clothe the prisoners.

Those with a ticket of leave were able to marry or to bring their families from Britain. They could buy land but not carry guns or get onto a ship. They were often made to pay back the cost of their travel in the prison ship to Australia. The ticket of leave had to be renewed every year, and those with one had to attend  (where it could be checked they were still living in the area), and church services. Prisoners could lose their ticket and be sent back to prison if they were lazy, if they tried to get paid too much, or if they were rude to the police or soldiers. Sometimes, prisoners who helped the government, by capturing escaped convicts for example, might be given a ticket of leave as a reward.

A convict who kept to the conditions of his ticket of leave was given a conditional pardon after half of the time he was supposed to be in gaol. Then, they were no longer a convict and could do everything except leave the colony. Convicts who did not keep to the conditions of their ticket could be arrested without warning, go to court without being able to appeal, and lose all their property.

The ticket
The ticket itself was a highly detailed document. It listed the convicts' number, the name, the ship in which sent to Australia, the year that they arrived, the captain of the ship, where they came from, their job, the crimes,the place and date of trial, the sentence, the birth date, what they looked like, the area the prisoner was allowed to live in, the court that gave out the ticket, the date the ticket was given, any other conditions of the ticket, and any changes of where they lived. A lot of this information has been kept, which makes them a very important source of information for people looking at family history.

References

Other websites
 Index to Ticket of Leave Passports 
A real Ticket of Leave 
Joseph Wilkes Ticket of Leave, 1869
  Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911

Imprisonment and detention
History of Australia
Documents
Docklands Stadium

Docklands Stadium, known for sponsorship reasons as Etihad Stadium, is a large sport and entertainment complex built in the Docklands area of Melbourne, Victoria. Since March 1, 2009, is has been named after Etihad Airways of Abu Dhabi, one of two national airlines of the United Arab Emirates. Besides its generic name of Docklands Stadium, it has been known under past naming rights deals as Colonial Stadium and the Telstra Dome. The stadium opened on March 9, 2000 after two years of building and a cost of AU$450 million.

The stadium has a capacity of over 56,000, with over 53,000 seated. It is used mainly for Australian rules football, and houses the headquarters of the sport's main competition, the Australian Football League. It is also used for cricket and major concerts. The stadium also has a large opening roof that allows games to be played in any weather, and also has car parking underneath. It is joined to Southern Cross Railway Station by a footbridge. Its playing surface has an area of 19,000 m2. The roof, the largest opening roof in the Southern Hemisphere, takes about 8 minutes to open or close.

The stadium is home to several Australian Football League clubs, including Carlton, North Melbourne, Essendon, St Kilda, and the Western Bulldogs. It was used for several matches in the 2003 Rugby World Cup.

The stadium is also used for music concerts, and performers have included Andre Rieu, Bruce Springsteen, Green Day, Barbara Streisand, Bon Jovi and Ricky Martin.

References

Sports buildings in Australia
Stadiums
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
2000 establishments in Australia
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is the largest and primary law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Its duty is to protect the nation's border. Its main office is located in Washington, D.C..

ICE is run by an assistant secretary, who is given the job by the President of the United States, confirmed by the Senate, and reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security.

Related pages
 List of United States federal law enforcement agencies

References

Other websites

 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
 U.S. Customs and Border Protection
 U.S. Department of Homeland Security
 U.S. Immigration And Customs Enforcement Bureau Meeting Notices and Rule Changes  from The Federal Register
 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
 ICE detentions and criminal prosecutions of employers hiring illegal employees. 
 ICE worksite enforcement efforts. 
 Most recent detentions and statistics from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 
 RSS Feed 
 The Real Political Purpose of the ICE Raids from Dollars & Sense magazine

International agencies like ICE
 Australian Customs Service
 RCMP Customs and Excise Branch - Canada 
 RCMP Immigration and Passport Branch - Canada 
 Serious Organized Crime Agency - UK 
 RCMP Integrated Border Enforcement Teams - Canada

Customs services
Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States
John Joe O'Reilly

John Joe O'Reilly was born at the Derries, Killeshandra, County Cavan.  After early successes with St Patrick’s College and his club, Cornafean, he captained the Cavan team, which won All-Ireland Senior Football Championships in 1947 (at the New York Polo Grounds) and 1948, having also played on three losing sides in the final. He won 11 Ulster senior football medals, as Cavan took the title each year from 1937 until 1949, except two. He won a National Football League medal and four Railway Cup medals, in 1942 and 1943 (when he was the first ever Cavan captain), 1947 and as captain again in 1950. John Joe O'Reilly was one of only seven men to have had the honour of being presented with the Sam Maguire twice as captain. O'Reilly's father also played in goal for Cavan and his brother, Tom O’Reilly, played on the 1947 All-Ireland winning team and also won Railway Cup medals for Ulster in 1943 and 1944.

A Commandant in the army, John Joe O'Reilly died unexpectedly at the Curragh Military Hospital on November 22, 1952. He was named at centre half-back on the Gaelic Athletic Association's "Team of the Millennium" in 1999.

References

1919 births
1952 deaths
People from the Republic of Ireland
The E.N.D.

The E.N.D (an abbreviation of The Energy Never Dies) is the fifth studio album by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. It was released on June 3, 2009. The album's music was different to the group's previous hip hop and R&B sound as it was a bit more "futuristic" sounding and was heavily rooted in dance music.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Certifications

Year-end charts

Chart procession and succession

|-

|-

|-

|-

References

The Black Eyed Peas albums
2009 albums
Hip hop albums
Dance albums
NYPD Blue

NYPD Blue is an American television police drama set in New York City, inside the fictional 15th precinct of Manhattan. Each episode usually shows a single day and has more than one story.

The show was made by Steven Bochco and David Milch. Its episodes were shown on the ABC network from its beginning on September 21, 1993 to March 1, 2005.

Cast

Cast list

Other websites
 Official websites for the show from ABC , Court TV ,TNT  and Bravo!
 Series ending commentary from MSNBC , Slate , and the Christian Science Monitor
 Alan Sepinwall/Amanda Wilson entire series information and episode summary & review
David Milch's Active Imagination , a May 2002 interview with Milch
 
 

1993 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s American workplace television series
1990s crime television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2000s crime television series
American crime drama television series
American police television series
American workplace drama television series
Detective television series
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Jamaica, Queens

Jamaica is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City, New York, United States. It is the location of the county seat of Queens. Also located there is Jamaica Station. With over 200,000 daily passengers, the station is a rail hub for New York City Subway, the Long Island Rail Road, and the Airtrain to JFK airport.

Queens (New York City)
Neighborhoods of New York City
Academic grading in Philippines

The Philippines has varied university grading systems. Most colleges, universities, particularly public institutions, follow the grade point system scale of 5.00 - 1.00, in which 1.00 is the highest grade and 5.00 is the lowest possible grade.

Grade point scale (5.00 - 1.00)

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila also employ a specific grading category for retention. This system uses the General Weighted Average (GWA) per semester as a basis whether or not a particular student shall be retained at the course or college he or she is enrolled to. Some colleges have higher GWA requirement for retention, but most of them demands a GWA of at least 2.50 per semester. A few graduate schools, on the other hand, employ the Pass or Fail system.

Datamex Institute of college in Information Technology

Notable exceptions include De La Salle University & FEU-East Asia College, which follow the 1.000 - 4.000 grading system, which patterns those of American universities. This system uses the 4.0 grade point equivalence as the highest grade, while 0.0 grade point equivalence is considered the lowest possible grade. 0.0 grade point equivalence is considered a failing mark.

ABE International Business College "Manila 'Main' Campus"

The Grading System let's you see the "Grade Range". This is essential for High School Graduates to know in which Grade Range they are in.

Grade point scale (1.000 - 4.000) 

Other universities, such as the Ateneo de Manila University and its sister schools, use the letter grade system with varied grade equivalence range.

Letter grade system 

More importantly, Philippine universities do not have standard grade equivalence. Different universities have varied equivalence range, while passing grades are subject to imposed academic quality of an institution.

Related pages
 General Weighted Average

Grading
De La Salle University

De La Salle University is a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines
General Weighted Average

The General Weighted Average (GWA) is the average of grades in all subjects taken, whether passed or failed.  It is the result of combining the performance rating based on the screening criteria or subject. It serves as the indicator of a student's academic performance in a given semester or school year.

Related pages
 Academic grading in Philippines

References

Education in the Philippines
Fire and Ice (Warriors)

Fire and Ice is the second book in the Warriors novel series. It was written by Victoria Holmes, Kate Cary, and Cherith Baldry under the pen name Erin Hunter. The book was published by HarperCollins Publishers in 2003.

2003 books
Warriors books
Dean (education)

In academic administration, a dean is a person with important authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both.

The term comes from the Latin decanus, a leader of "ten," taken from the medieval monasteries (particularly those following the Cluniac Reforms) which were often extremely large, with hundreds of monks (the size of a small college campus). The monks were organized into groups of ten for administrative purposes, along the lines of military platoons, headed by a senior monk, the decanus.

The term was later used to describe the head of a community of priests, as the chapter of a cathedral, or a section of a diocese (a "deanery").

When the universities grew out of the cathedral and monastery schools, the title of dean was used for officials with various administrative duties.

Education occupations
Australian Customs and Border Protection Service

The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service is the Australian Federal Government agency with the duty of protecting the Australian border, helping with the movement of legal international travellers and goods, and collecting border related duties and taxes.

The Service has nearly 6,000 people working for it in Australia and other countries and is based in Canberra, Australia.

Protecting Australia by stopping illegal and possibly harmful goods, such as drugs and weapons, is a main concern and many methods and equipment are used to help with this task. This includes using intelligence, and computers, detector dogs, Smartgate, x-rays, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and other methods. 

In doing its job, Customs works with other government agencies such as the Australian Federal Police, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, the Department of Defence and the Australian Fisheries Management Authority.

Australia’s borders extend into the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

The Australian TV series Border Security: Australia's Front Line shows the work of the Australian Customs Service at airports, sea borders and inside Australia.

Equipment
 Glock pistols, personal body armour, batons, capsicum (OC) spray, and handcuffs.

Other websites
 Australian Customs Service
 Border Protection Command

References

Other websites
 Protecting our borders
 A Week in the Life of Customs
 Arming of front-line Customs officers 

Customs
Customs services
Canberra
Law enforcement in Australia
Landing zone

A landing zone is a "safe" area in which a helicopter or other type of vertical take-off device would land. They are mostly used in war.

Aviation
Canada Border Services Agency

The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) () is the Canadian government agency with a duty to act as border guards and customs services.

The agency was started on December 12, 2003 (the same day Paul Martin became Prime Minister of Canada), by an order-in-council joining Canada Customs with border and law enforcement agents from the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA).

Related pages
 Australian Customs and Border Protection Service
 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
 CANPASS

Notes

Other websites
Canada Border Services Agency Official site
Border Crossing Information
Border Crossing Information (French)
Smart Border 30-Point Action Plan 
Canada Nexus Border crossing system  Educational Video - ID Cards RFID Chips
Integrated Border Enforcement Teams 
IBETs 2006 Joint Cross-Border Operations 
CBSA Detector Dog Service 
Chapter 5—Keeping the Border Open and Secure—Canada Border Services Agency 
Be Aware and Declare! What you can and cannot bring into Canada 

Border Services Agency
Canada
Border Services Agency
Serial communication

Serial communication is a term used to describe systems used for telecommunications, as well as certain technologies used for computing. When using serial communication, only one bit is transferred at a time, for example over a communication channel or computer bus. This is different to parallel communication, where several bits are sent at the same time. Many computer networks, as well as many lines where data is transferred over a long distance use serial communication.

Examples for serial communication
Morse code signalling
RS-232, a low-speed serial port used on some PCs; RS-423 and RS-485 are variations of this
USB is a standard to connect peripherals to computers
Ethernet, one of the most widely used standards for Computer Networks 
FireWire, another standard like USB
Fibre Channel, high-speed, for connecting computers to storage, like harddisks
Serial Attached SCSI
Serial ATA

Communication
Computer buses
Abel Pardo

Abel Pardo (born in 1974 in León, province of León, Spain), also known as Auslli, is a Neo-Nazi politician and a Leonese language writer.

Laureated in Italian Language and Culture by ICON and Advanced Studies Diplomat in Romance Languages by the Open University of Catalonia, Abel Pardo wrote in  (1996),  (2006) and El Dialecto Leonés (2006), when he collaborated with tales about modern and ancient themes, and was the prologuer in the 2003 edition of Brañas d'antanu ya xente d'anguanu.

As an Italian language and culture for foreigners bachelor, Abel Pardo is the author of the first works about contractive language between Leonese language and Italian, being the author of "Linguistica Constrativa Italiano-Leonese" (Contractive Linguistic Italian-Leonese) presented and approved in the University of Pavia Italy as a bachelor final project .

Translator 
Abel Pardo also developed a certain activity as a translator into Leonese language. He translated the leaflet Campus Stellae (1999). He collaborated with "La Nuesa Tierra" newspaper with more than 200 articles in Leonese language, and with Logos Group (Italia) where he's official Leonese language translator. As city councilor of León, he promoted Leonese language bilingualism, starting Leonese language courses in the city of León for the first time and created with the University of León the title "Monitor de Llingua Llïonesa" for teaching Leonese language in official courses.

He also has written scientific works about Leonese language and New Technologues as "Nuevas Teunoloxías y Llingua Llïonesa" (New Technologies and Leonese language), the first pre-doctorate work presented and approved in Leonese language in one university, presented in the Open University of Catalonia or "El Llïonés y las TICs" in the scientific magazine Mikroglottika.

Collective books 
 Cuentos de Lleón (1996)
 Brañas d'antanu ya xente d'anguanu (prologue) (2003)
 Cuentos del Sil (2006)
 El Dialecto Leonés (2006)

Translations 
 Campus Stellae (1999)

Scientific works 
 Nuevas Teunoloxías y Llingua Llïonesa (2006)
 Linguistica contrastiva Italiano-Leonese (2006)

Scientific publications 
 El Llïonés y las TIC's  (2007) in Mikroglottika 
 Linguistica contrastiva italiano-leonese: Vocalismo (2007) in Mikroglottika

References

Spanish writers
1974 births
Living people
Perforation

Perforation means lines of punching holes made in any material. It is used in making paper objects like stamps or tickets, and along the edges of movies.

In philately, there are three types of the cutting of postage stamps for stamp separation, including:
 Perforation, or cutting rows and columns of small holes.
 Rouletting, or small horizontal and vertical cuts.
 Diecutting, or cutting paper to shape using a metal die (used for self-adhesive stamps).

Related pages 
 Postage stamp

Other websites 

 

Technology
Postage stamps
Imaginationland

"Imaginationland" is a three-episode movie made of Comedy Central's animated TV series, South Park. It was released in March 2008.

English-language movies
South Park
2008 movies
2008 comedy movies
2008 animated movies
American animated movies
Repentigny, Quebec

Repentigny is a suburb of Montreal, which is in Quebec, Canada. It was created at about the same year as Quebec City. Before, people who lived there were farmers. Now, there are a lot of people who live there. Most of the people work in Montreal so they have to use Highway 40, which cuts the town in half.

The town is on the north side of the St. Lawrence River

Although it is a very pleasant and calm town, there is nothing much to do. All year long, a bunch of festivals are organised, but they are mostly for children. The most popular festival is the Festival Feu Et Glace which happens during the winter.

Since the early 2000s, the only thing that changed in the town is that they built a lot of new houses.

References 

Cities and towns in Quebec
Mount Pleasant, Green County, Wisconsin

Mount Pleasant is a town of Green County in the state of Wisconsin, United States.  About 550 people were living in Mount Pleasant as of 2000.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Green County, Wisconsin
Newspeak

Newspeak is a concept from the book 1984 by George Orwell. It is based on English, which is referred to as Oldspeak in the novel, and it is the language that was created by Oceania and is the only language whose vocabulary grows smaller each year. For example, the word for "bad" becomes "ungood" in Newspeak, becoming a word simply meaning the opposite of "good", with the prefix "un-" meaning "not". In the novel, this language was designed by Party members as a means to limit human thought to absolute lowest level, that way they would be made to never be able to question whatever the Party tells the society.

References

Constructed languages
Juncaceae

The Juncaceae, the rush family, is a family of rather small plants that often look like a type of grass. They often grow on wet, infertile soils. There are about 400 species organised into eight genera. Juncus is the most well-known and largest genus in the Juncaceae family.

They are part of the monocot flowering plant families, which means that their seeds only have one leaf to start off new growth. 

Rushes are found all around the world. They are commonly found in wet marshy areas, as the plant prefers moist soil. However, seedlings can survive dormant once well established even in the driest of places. Seeds spread by water or birds and other animals. They can live for up to 50 years lying dormant in droughts.

Rushes is a basic food of many animal diets. They are also used as bedding and nesting material for many different types of birds and mammals. Rushes have been used throughout history by humans for various purposes such as weaving matts, medicine and animal feed. Today they are still used in some places for making sleeping mats but are mostly used as a decorative plant around ponds.

References 

Poales
The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are two sections that are in some Bibles inside chapter three of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel.

In chapter three of the Book of Daniel, King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon builds a statue from gold, and he tells everyone to worship it. Some Jews living in Babylon named Azariah, Hananiah, and Mishael refuse to worship the statue. The king gets mad so he has them put into a big furnace to kill them. An angel protects them from the fire, and the king decides to let them go.

That story is in all Hebrew and Christian Bibles. Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Bibles have a longer version of the story.

In the longer version of the story, Azariah's prayer is put after the three men are put into the furnace, starting at verse 24. In the prayer, Azariah says that he and the other people of Judah (part of ancient Israel) have sinned against God. He says that they are sorry and asks for God's protection.

The Song of the Three Holy Children is another part of the longer version of the Book of Daniel. It is sung by Azariah, Hananiah, and Daniel, who praise God and want everyone else to join them in prayer.

Other websites
 in the NAB
 in the NIV, a translation lacking this section for comparison.
Text and commentary in the NETBIBLE

Old Testament books
Ericales

The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons, including for example azalea (Rhododendron), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), grass tree (Dracophyllum), lúcuma (Pouteria lucuma), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), and tea (Camellia sinensis). The order includes trees and bushes, lianas and herbaceous plants.

Many species have five petals, fused together. This was used to place the order in the subclass Sympetalae.

Mycorrhiza is often found in Ericales.

References
Whitehall, Wisconsin

Whitehall is a city of Trempealeau County in the state of Wisconsin, United States.  It can be found along the Trempealeau River.  About 1,650 people were living in Whitehall as of 2000.  The cities of Arcadia, Independence, and Blair can be found nearby Whitehall.  It is the county seat of Trempealeau County.

References

Other websites
Whitehall Chamber of Commerce

County seats in Wisconsin
Cities in Wisconsin
Trempealeau County, Wisconsin
Arcadia, Wisconsin

Arcadia is a city of Trempealeau County in the state of Wisconsin, United States.  Arcadia is found along the Trempealeau River. About 2,400 people were living in Arcadia as of 2000.

Cities in Wisconsin
Trempealeau County, Wisconsin
Trempealeau River

The Trempealeau River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the western part of Wisconsin, United States.  That means it flows into the Mississippi River.  It is about 55 miles long.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Wisconsin

Rivers of Wisconsin
Godwin's law

Godwin's Law (also known as Godwin's Rule of Nazi Analogies) is a saying made by Mike Godwin in 1990. The law states: "As a discussion on the Internet grows longer, the likelihood of a person/s being compared to Hitler or another Nazi, increases." That means that as more people talk on the Internet for a longer time, it becomes more and more likely that someone will talk about Hitler or the Nazis.

In 2019, Bret Stephens demonstrated both the Streisand Effect and Godwin’s Law, by publishing a column in the New York Times, where he compared his experience on Twitter to the plight of Jews under Hitler’s regime.

Related pages
 Association fallacy
 Troll (Internet)
 Infinite monkey theorem

References 

Internet
Nazism
De Wahl's rule

De Wahl's rule is a rule of word formation, developed by the linguist Edgar de Wahl and applied in a constructed language Occidental (known also as "Interlingue") created by him. It is useful to create certain grammatical forms from others (for example substantives from verbs).

Rule 
Infinitives of verbs in the language Occidental have usually the ending -ar or -er. The root is obtained in the following manner: 
If, after removing -r or -er from the infinitive, the root finishes with a vowel, one should add -t or should change the ending y into t: crea/r, crea/t-, crea/t/or; atiny/er, atin/t, atin/t/ion
If the ending consonant of the root is d or r, one should change it into s: decid/er, deci/s-, deci/s/ion
in remaining cases, with six exceptions, the removing the ending gives the demanded root: duct/er, duct-, duct/ion.

These six exceptions are: 
 ced/er, cess-
 sed/er, sess-
 mov/er, mot-
 ten/er, tent-
 vert/er, vers-
 veni/r, vent-
and the verbs formed from them with prefixes.

Because the rule composes from three parts, it is often known as "three de Wahl's rules".

One creates the substantives and adjectives by removing the endings and thus obtaining the root. After adding -r or -er, one obtains an infinitive in a majority of cases: decora/t/ion, decora/t-, decora/r.

Application
This rule was applied in the language Occidental. After a possible modification one can apply this rule to create new forms of a word especially in Romance languages or in languages which borrowed vocabulary from Romance languages.

References
  Henry Jacob, Occidental (1922) by Edgar de Wahl 
  Henry Jacob, The Preparatory Work for an International Technical Terminology reprint of The British Steelmaker, December 1945

Linguistics
Constructed languages
Tangerine Dream

Tangerine Dream is a German music band that was started in 1967. The band was very important for the development of what is known as electronic music today. Together with Ash Ra Tempel and Agitation Free they made Berlin School possible. Their early works are usually seen as a type of Krautrock. Many people classify their music as New Age.  The band does not see itself in this category though. Their music is sometimes seen as symphonic, or as a kind of ambient music, with a focus on electronically making the sounds used. They often let themselves be influenced by  rock music.

German rock bands
New wave bands
Electronic music bands
Steeplechase

The steeplechase is a kind of horse racing that is done in the United Kingdom, United States, France, Ireland and Australia. The horses have to jump a number of hurdles (like a fence) that are put up across the track.

Horse racing
Maley & Taunton

Maley & Taunton were a tram and tramway engineering company. They were at Wednesfield in Staffordshire, England.

Maley & Taunton sent its products all over the world. Its trucks used in the Lisbon trams and in the UK on the Blackpool tramway. The company principals were Alfred Walter Maley and Edmund MacKenzie Taunton. They held patents for Tram and tramway machinery and equipment.

Their equipment was used on the Manx Electric Railway.

Notes

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Beaumont

Beaumont can refer to:

Places 
 Beaumont, Belgium, in the province of Hainaut
 Beaumont, Ardèche, a commune in France
Beaumont-en-Auge, Calvados, a commune in France

Other 
William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
Dr. Mario (video game)

is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy video game systems, released in 1990. It is like the game Tetris.

1 Player Gameplay 
The gameplay of 1 player Dr. Mario is to make sure vitamins of the same color are lined-up together to defeat viruses. There are three colors of vitamins (red, blue, yellow). The goal is to clear all the capsules without going to the top. The player can pick any default level from 0-20, with a set number of viruses to clear depending what level the player is on. The virus count goes as high as 84, and does not increase after you pass level 20. There are over 40 levels in the game.

The player can also set up the skill level and music (Fever, Chill).

2 Player VS Gameplay 
The gameplay of 2-Player Vs. is to defeat your opponent by killing all the viruses first, or making your opponent lose.  By clearing viruses enough, halves of vitamins fall onto the opponents screen.  They must wait until all the vitamins fall down before they make their next move.

Reviews 
Dr. Mario was rated the 134th best game made on a Nintendo System in Nintendo Power's Top 200 Games list. Dr. Mario was also rated by ScrewAttack as the seventh best Mario game of all time. Overall, Dr. Mario has scored a press average of 7.6 on GameStats.

References 

1990 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Game Boy games
Mario video games
Puzzle video games
Convergent boundary

A convergent plate boundary is the boundary that occur when two plates collide each other either a continental plate with continental plate or oceanic plate. This causes very large earth movements. Plate collision can produce earthquake, volcanoes, mountains formation, and other geological event. The Himalayas were formed by such a collision.  Earthquakes and volcanoes are common near convergent boundaries. This is because of pressure, friction, and plate material melting in the mantle.

The diagram shows some differences between the two types of subduction. 
 Oceanic crust moves under. A deep ocean trench forms at the coast, and an arc of mountainous volcanoes forms inland. Seen along the west edge of the Americas.
 Continental crust moves under. The edge of the continental plate folds into a huge mountain range. Behind it is a high plateau. The Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau are a perfect example of this.

References 

Plate tectonics
Scottish Tramway and Transport Society

The Scottish Tramway and Transport Society was set up on the 27th June 1951. It was called the "Scottish Tramway Museum Society". It had that name until 1983 when it changed to the current one. It was made by people interested in trams and tramways. They wanted to preserve a Glasgow "Room and Kitchen" type single deck tramcar. There is now one at the Glasgow Museum of Transport. 

Light rail in the United Kingdom
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the United Kingdom
1951 establishments in the United Kingdom