cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ann M. Martin

Ann Matthews Martin (born August 12, 1955) is an American children's writer.

Ann Martin grew up in Princeton, New Jersey with her parents and her younger sister, Jane. She graduated from Smith College. After this, Martin became a teacher and then an editor of children's books. Now, she is a full-time writer.

Martin finds the ideas for her books from many different things. Some are based on what she has done herself. Others are based on childhood memories and feelings. All of the characters that Ann uses in her books, including the members of The Baby-Sitters Club, are fictional. However, many of her characters are based on real people. Sometimes Ann names her characters after people she knows, and other times she simply chooses names that she likes. 

In 1990, she started the Ann M. Martin Foundation. This gives money to causes which help children, education/literacy programs, homeless people and animals.

Books
 The Baby-sitters Club series
 Baby-Sitters Little Sister series
 The Kids in Ms. Colman's Class series
 California Diaries series
 P.S. Longer Letter Later with Paula Danziger
 Snail Mail No More with Paula Danziger
 Leo The Magnificent
 Rachel Parker, Kindergarten Showoff
 Ten Kids, No Pets
 Eleven Kids, One Summer
 Ma and Pa Dracula
 Yours Turly, Shirley
 Just a Summer Romance
 Missing Since Monday
 With and Without You
 Me and Katie (The Pest)
 Stage Fright
 Inside Out
 Just You and Me
 Bummer Summer
 A Dog's Life: The Autobiography of a Stray
 Everything for a Dog
 The Doll People series
 A Corner of the Universe
 Belle Teal
 Here Today
 Main Street
 Needle and Thread
 'Tis the Season
 Welcome to Camden Falls
 On Christmas Eve
 Ten Rules for Living with My Sister

References

Other websites 
 Ann M. Martin page from Scholastic, her publisher

writers from New Jersey
Living people
1955 births
Children's writers
Lim Sa-hong

Lim Sa-hong (임사홍, 1445 - 1506) was a politician and writer and member of the royal family in Joseon Dynasty Korea.

Related pages 
 Shin Su-geun
 Nam Gon

References

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=130494
 http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b18a1740a 
 Definition of sahong. Meaning of sahong. Synonyms of sahong

1445 births
1506 deaths
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Korean writers
Schoolhouse Rock!

Schoolhouse Rock! was an American animated television show that aired from January 6, 1973 to March 31, 2009. The show is an educational-musical show that first aired on ABC. The topics the show taught children were grammar, science, economics, history, mathematics, and civics.  Many of the songs were performed by Grady Tate.

Other websites 

Animated television series
1970s television series
ABC network shows
1980s Nickelodeon shows
English-language television programs
Ring-tailed lemur

The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is a primate from the group of lemurs (Lemuriformes). It lives in the dry regions of southwest Madagascar. 

This lemur weighs between . It can live up to 20 years.  It is a mid-sized lemur. The striped tail makes it easy to recognize. Its behaviour is somewhat unusual for lemurs: it is active during the day, and spends much time on the ground. Ring-tailed lemurs live in groups of 12 to 15 animals. Each group is led by a female. Ring-tailed lemurs eat both meat and plants, but they mainly eat fruit. They live only in Madagascar. The main threats to ring-tailed lemurs are destroying the places where it lives and hunting.

References

Notes

Lemuriformes
Mammals of Africa
Radio edit

A clean version (also called "radio edit") is a song that has its profanity taken away so it can be played on radio stations. Some songs that do not have profanity but are called "radio edit" can mean that their length have been shorten or have some of its lyrical content removed for legal purposes.

Other websites 
Arcane Radio Trivia Radio Edit Article

 

Music industry
1994 Northridge earthquake

The 1994 Northridge Earthquake was a violent natural disaster that took place on Monday, January 17, 1994 at 0430 Pacific Standard Time around the Los Angeles area. The earthquake had a strong moment magnitude at around 6.7, although ground acceleration was one of the highest ever recorded in an urban region of North America. Almost 60 people died and property damage totaled between $20 billion and $23 billion, making this earthquake one of the costliest disasters in the history of the United States. The productions for movies and television programs were shut down, a number of highways and roads were damaged and several Hollywood studios (including Warner Bros., Disney and Universal Pictures) were closed off as a result of this disaster.

References

1994 in California
1990s in Los Angeles, California
Earthquakes in the 1990s
Earthquakes in California
Blue (group)

Blue are a British pop-R&B boy band quartet. The members are Antony Costa (born 1981), Duncan James (born 1978), Lee Ryan (born 1983) and Simon Webbe (born 1979). The group formed in London in 2000. They released their first single and album in 2001. They split in 2005 and reformed in 2009. They were the UK entry in the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest.

Other websites 
Official website

2000 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English boy bands
English pop music groups
English R&B bands
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Musical groups established in 2000
Magical thinking

Magical thinking is a kind of thinking that looks for relationships between actions and events that can not be proved by reason and observation. Examples of magical thinking include some forms of prayer, some religious or magical rituals, superstitions, and taboos. The rain dance is a form of magical thinking. The dancers believe that the actions and songs used in the rain dance will cause rain to fall. Faith healing is a form of magical thinking where the healer says prayers, puts their hands on the sick person in the belief that the healer's actions will cure the person. Explanations for magical thinking include coincidence, the placebo effect, self-deception, staged events, and natural causes. See materialism. 

In psychology, magical thinking may lead people to believe that their thoughts by themselves can cause effects in the world or that thinking something is the same as doing it. It is a type of incorrect reasoning that looks for meaningful relationships between coincidences. 

However many people believe supernatural things do happen sometimes. To believe all explainable events are simply due to magical thinking is a form of scepticism.

Related pages
Parapsychology

Other websites
Connecting with Coincidence

Psychology
Parapsychology
Neilsen rating

Nielsen ratings is an audience measurement system that was developed by the Nielsen Company. They created the system in an effort to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States. The Nielsen Media Research was founded by Arthur Nielsen. Nielsen was a market analyst and began his career in the 1920s. He expanded his career into the radio market analysis during the 1930s. This helped give ratings of radio programing which was meant to provide statistics as to the markets of radio shows. In 1950, Nielsen moved to television and developed ratings systems using the methods he and his company had developed for radios.

Other websites 
 Nielsen Media Research website
 Nielsen Media: FAQs – About the "Sweeps"
 Slate: How Does "Sweeps" Week Work? (February 16, 2004)
 Nielsen Global Technology and Information Center website 
  Information on Nielsen's Anytime Anywhere Media Measurement Initiative.

Television
List of Glee episodes

This is a list of Glee episodes.

Show overview

Episode list

Season 1: 2009–2010

Season 2: 2010–2011

References 

Lists of television series episodes
Christina Milian

Christine Flores (born September 26, 1981), best known as Christina Milian is an American singer-songwriter, actress and dancer. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Cuban parents Don Flores and Carmen Milian and moved to Waldorf, Maryland soon after her birth. She began her music career in 2000 and has released three studio albums.

Discography
 Christina Milian (2001)
 It's About Time (2004)
 So Amazin' (2006)

Filmography

Other websites 
 Official website 
 

Actors from Maryland
Actors from New Jersey
American child actors
American dancers
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American hip hop musicians
American soul musicians
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Entertainers from Jersey City, New Jersey
Singers from Maryland
Singers from New Jersey
1981 births
Living people
Eastern black rhinoceros

The Eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) is also known as the East African black rhinoceros. It is a critically endangered subspecies of black rhino that lives in woodland and scrubland biome. It lives in countries like Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Black rhinos typically weigh up to 2,090 to 2,870 lbs and get up to 4.7 to 5.2 ft tall and live up to 40 years.

References 

Rhinoceroses
Tribunal

A tribunal is a person or an institution with the authority and power to judge.  For example, a court of justice is a tribunal.
The word comes from the word "tribune", the name shared by members of the Roman Republic.

Trials
Dominance (ethology)

In the context of the behaviour of animals, dominance means that one animal, or a small group has a high social status. Because of this status, these animals get better access to resources, such as food. Dominance (and submission, the contrary) is always linked to the relationship of two animals, one of them has a higher social status than the other.

Ethology
Psychology
Fujiidera, Osaka

is a city in the middle region of Osaka Prefecture in Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Fujidera City" in English.

History
According to the Imperial Household Agency, Emperor Chūai and Emperor Ingyō are buried in an earthen tumulus (kofun) at Fujiidera. Chūai and Ingyō are venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at this site.

The present city was established in 1966.

References

Other websites

 Fujideara website 

Cities in Osaka Prefecture
Takahagi, Ibaraki

is a city in northern Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Fujidera City" in English.

History 
The city of Takahagi was founded on November 23, 1954.

References

Other websites

 Takahagi website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Ibaraki Prefecture
Public holidays in Thailand

Public holidays in Thailand are controlled by the government. Most holidays are observed by both the public and private sectors.

Public holidays

Parts of the private sector may not observe these days as holidays.
Months in which the dates usually fall.

National observances
These observances are controlled by the government, but are not observed as holidays.

Other observances

Months in which the dates usually fall.

References

Other websites 
 Thai Calendar; for children.
 Thailand Holidays 2010 , Thailand Holidays 2011 
Public Holidays and Bar Closures in Thailand;

Thailand-related lists
Holidays
Thai culture
César Chávez Day

César Chávez Day is a state holiday in California, Colorado and Texas observed on March 31. The holiday is to remember the life of Cesar Chavez and his civic involvement. All state government offices, community colleges, and libraries are closed, except for K-12 schools. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger suspended observance of the holiday in 2004 and 2005 to save money during the aftermath of the power crisis. It is an optional holiday in Arizona, Michigan, Nebraska, and New Mexico. Californians celebrate this holiday by planting lilies in their front yard. 

Holidays
California
Colorado
Texas
Arizona
Michigan
History of Nebraska
New Mexico
Robin Thicke

Robin Charles Thicke (born March 10, 1977) is an American-Canadian R&B singer.

Early life
Thicke is a dual citizen who was born in Los Angeles to American mother Gloria Loring and Canadian father Alan Thicke.

Career
Thicke's earlier records were put out under his last name. He has written the songs of many musicians, including though not limited to Jennifer Hudson, Usher and many more. He was signed to Interscope Records at the age of 16. His first album was released in 2003. His second album was released in 2006. It was much more successful and sold 1.5 million copies. In 2013 it was reported that Thicke wrote, directed, and acts in a short film called Mercy. Thicke's single "Blurred Lines" sold more than any other song in 2013.

Blurred Lines
In March 2013 his song "Blurred Lines", featuring T.I. and Pharrell, was released through Star Trak Recordings. It was a worldwide hit, reaching number one in the UK, the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland. It and its video has been criticized for being misogynistic and promoting rape culture. It was later banned at Leeds Student Union, Edinburgh Student Union, University of Derby, Kingston University, University of Bolton, and The University of West Scotland for these reasons. "The song hugely objectifies women and excuses rape culture,” Hollie O’Connor, president of the University of Derby Students’ Union, told NBC News. “It is a man suggesting that there are ‘blurred lines’ when it comes to sexual consent and that is unacceptable. We felt we needed to take a stand.” Numerous parodies of the video were released online. Thicke responded to criticism by calling it 'ridiculous'. He said the lyrics are about  "blurring the lines between men and women and how much we're the same" and "blurred lines between a good girl and a bad girl."

On July 30 the album Blurred Lines was released in the US. It entered the Billboard chart at #1.

In August the song was performed at the MTV Video Music Awards with Miley Cyrus. The performance was the most Tweeted-about event in history. Thicke also performed Give It 2 U with Kendrick Lamar and 2 Chainz.

Give It 2 U, Blurred Lines' second single, was officially released August 27. It features rappers Kendrick Lamar and 2 Chainz. will.i.am was one of the writers. Like Blurred Lines, the video is directed by Diane Martel. It reached 25 in the Billboard Hot 100. The third single is to be '4 the Rest of My Life'.

Personal life
Thicke was married to Paula Patton until October 2014. He has a three-year-old son, Julian Fuego.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Los Angeles
American R&B musicians
American R&B singers
American television actors
Canadian singers
Canadian television actors
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
1977 births
Living people
Robin Givens

Robin Simone Givens (born November 27, 1964 New York City) is an American stage, television and movie actress. Her acting began in 1985 beginning with sitcoms The Cosby Show and Diff'rent Strokes.

References

1964 births
Living people
Actors from New York
African American actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Kodaira, Tokyo

is a Japanese city in the western part of the greater metropolis of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Kodaira City" in English.

References

Other websites

 http://kodaira.web.transer.com/bb_url_ej.php?ctw_=sT,eCR-JE,bF,hT,uaHR0cDovL3d3dy5jaXR5LmtvZGFpcmEudG9reW8uanAv,f20110620093131-0,cdXRmLTg=,,  

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Heather Matarazzo

Heather Christina Amy Marie Matarazzo (born November 10, 1982) is an American actress. Her breakthrough role was Dawn Wiener, a dorky girl in the film Welcome to the Dollhouse (1995).  She played Lilly in The Princess Diaries (2001) and The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004). Her other movies include The Devil's Advocate (1997), Scream 3 (2000), Sorority Boys (2002), Saved! (2004), and Hostel: Part 2 (2007).

Personal life
Matarazzo is a lesbian. On July 31, 2008, Matarazzo's publicist announced that Matarazzo was engaged to musician Caroline Murphy. In 2012, popular media news outlets announced that Matarazzo and Murphy had split amicably. On January 11, 2018, Matarazzo proposed to her girlfriend, comedian and writer Heather Turman, and the two were married on November 11, 2018.

Matarazzo revealed that she was scheduled to be at a meeting on the 15th floor of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, shortly after the attacks occurred.

In 2017, Matarazzo was awarded an honorary doctorate of Fine Arts from online education enabler InterActive.

Matarazzo endorsed and actively campaigned for Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

References

1982 births
Living people
Actors from New York
American movie actors
LGBT actors
LGBT people from New York
Provinces of Oman

The regions and governorates of Oman are divided into provinces.

Ad Dakhiliyah Region
Nizwa
Samail
Bahla
 Adam
Al Hamra
Manah
Izki
Bidbid

Al Batinah Region
Sohar
Ar Rustaq
Shinas
Liwa
Saham
Al Khaburah
As Suwayq
Nakhal
Wadi Al Maawil
Al Awabi
Al Musanaah
Barka

Al Wusta Region
Haima
Duqm
Mahout
Al Jazer

Ash Sharqiyah Region
Sur
Ibra
Mudhaibi
Al Kamil Wal Wafi
Jalan Bani Bu Hassan
Jalan Bani Bu Ali
Wadi Bani Khaled
Dema Wa Thaieen
Bidiya
Al Qabil
Masirah
Syaifa (New Capital)

Ad Dhahirah Region
Ibri
Yanqul
Dank
Shurrahim(New Capital since August 2011)

Muscat Governorate
Muscat
Muttrah
Bawshar
Seeb
Al Amerat
Qurayyat
Al Khuwair

Musandam Governorate
Khasab
Bukha
Daba Al Bayah
Madha

Dhofar Governorate
Salalah
Taqa
Mirbat
Thumrait
Sadah
Rakhyut
Dhalkut
Muqshin
Shalim and the Hallaniyat Islands

Al Buraimi Governorate
Al Buraimi
Mahdah
Al Sinaihah

Oman

cs:Administrativní dělení Ománu
Scream 3

Scream 3 is a 2000 American horror movie. It stars Courteney Cox and Neve Campbell. It was released via Dimension, which was a division of Miramax at that time. 

It is the third in the Scream franchise. It came after Scream 2 and was followed by Scream 4.

Plot 
Three and a half years ago was the Woodsboro massacre. Now, Sidney lives retiring under a false name. During the filming of Stab 3 begin the first murders.

Gale, Dewey and Sidney the survivor of the Woodsboro massacre. All three want to catch the killer. They do support detective Marc Kincaid.

Gale and Dewey want to catch the killer. They do support detective Marc Kincaid. sidney wants to end the nightmare.

Gale finds out, that Maureen Prescott wanted to be an actress.

Cast
 Neve Campbell as Sidney Prescott
 Matthew Lillard as Jerry Prescott
 Steve Burns as Steve Prescott
 David Arquette as Dewey Riley
 Courteney Cox as Gale Weathers
 Owen Wilson as Nigel Green
 Heather Matarazzo as Martha Meeks
 Patrick Dempsey as Detective Mark Kincaid 
 Scott Foley as Roman Bridger
 Parker Posey as Jennifer Jolie 
 Emily Mortimer as Angelina Tyler
 Matt Keeslar as Tom Prinze 
 Jenny McCarthy as Sarah Darling
 Deon Richmond as Tyson Fox 
 Lance Henriksen as John Milton
 Patrick Warburton as Steven Stone
 Liev Schreiber as Cotton Weary
 Kelly Rutherford as Christine Hamilton

Production 
The movie was rewritten due to the Columbine High School massacre.

Other websites 

2000 crime movies
2000 horror movies

2000s horror thriller movies
American sequel movies
Impact of the Columbine High School massacre
Scream movies
Screenplays by Ehren Kruger
American independent movies
Ranzan, Saitama

is a town in the middle of Saitama Prefecture in Japan.

Ranzan Keikoku Gorge is a forested area near Mount Ohira.  The  Tsukigawa River runs through it.

References

Other websites

 Ranzan website 
  Sugaya Yakata Castle 

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Saitama Prefecture
Provinces of Panama

Panama is divided into ten provinces (). There are three provincial-level indigenous regions (, often shortened to comarcas). 

There are also two indigenous comarcas within provinces that are considered equivalent to a corregimiento (municipality).

Provinces

Sub-Provinces

Related pages 
ISO 3166-2:PA

Notes

References
Hitachi, Ibaraki

is Japanese port city on the Pacific coast of Ibaraki Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

History
Hitachi became a city in the year 1939.

Industry
In 1910, Namihei Odaira established a machine repair shop in the city.  The business grew into the international company which is named after the city -- Hitachi.

References

Other websites 

 http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/ 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Ibaraki Prefecture
Third Geneva Convention

The Third Geneva Convention says that all prisoners of war must be treated fairly. It is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions. It was first used in 1929, but much of it was updated in 1949. 

Geneva Conventions
1929 in Europe
20th century in Geneva
Cranberry

A cranberry is a fruit. It grows on an evergreen dwarf shrub. Cranberries are in the genus Vaccinium, and its subgenus Oxycoccus. In some classification methods, they are regarded as a genus in their own right.

Cranberry plants grow in acidic bogs in cooler areas of the northern hemisphere.  They are low creeping shrubs up to seven feet (3 m) long, from two to eight inches (5-20 cm) high.  They have slender and wiry stems with small leaves which are evergreen with dark pink flowers. Cranberries are usually eaten during Thanksgiving in the United States. They are also eaten in Europe and some parts of South America.  

Cranberries are strong cash crops for certain U.S. states.  They are turned into juice, sauce or jam. Since 2000, cranberries have been marketed as superfruit due to their antioxidant and nutrient qualities.

Berries
Vaccinium
Victoria Tolstoganova

Victoria Victorovna Tolstoganova (Russian: Виктория Викторовна Толстоганова; born Moscow, 24 March 1972) is a Russian actress. She is best known for acting in Russian TV series in the 2000s.

Tolstoganova is divorced from Andrei Kuzichyov. They have two children. She is currently dating Aleksei Agranovich, with whom she has one child.

Other websites 

1972 births
Living people
Russian actors
Nakano, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Nakano City" in English.

History

Timeline
 1889 (Meiji 22): Nakano becomes a village
 1923 (Taishō 12): Great Kanto earthquake causes big increase in Nakano's population  
 1932 (Shōwa 7): Nakano established as a city
 1943: (Shōwa 18):  Nakano becomes part of Tokyo-to
 1947: (Shōwa 23):  Nakano becomes a special wards 
 1961: (Shōwa 36):  Tokyo subway system extends to Nakano

Geography
Nakano is a west-central ward. It borders Shibuya on the south.  Suginami is on the ward's western border. Nerima is on the northern border. Shinjuku is on the west.

Related pages 
 List of special wards of Tokyo
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

 Nakano website ,  
 Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards 

Wards of Tokyo
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Assembly line

An assembly line is a manufacturing process which is a very important part of industry.

In an assembly line, parts are added to a product in a sequence. Each worker and machine does one part, and the parts are put together to make the finished object. This makes a product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods, where one person made the whole object. 

The division of labour was discussed by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776). He used the manufacture of pins as an example of increasing productive efficiency.

Ford
The assembly line developed by Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1915 made assembly lines famous as an example of mass production. The result was a cheaper car, the Ford Model T, and higher wages for Ford workers. Henry Ford was the first to master the moving assembly line, and was able to reduce labor hours needed to make a car, and increased numbers of cars and parts. Ford was the first company to build large factories around the assembly line concept. 

Mass production by assembly lines was the catalyst which started the modern consumer culture by making possible low unit cost for manufactured goods. It is often said that Ford's production system was ingenious because it turned Ford's own workers into new customers. The lower prices turned a huge potential market into a reality. The greater demand allowed further economies of scale to be exploited. This bootstrapping quality of growth made Ford famous and set an example for other industries.

The idea was not invented by Ford. Its use in America may have started with the production of cars by Ransom E. Olds in 1901.

History
The earliest example of an assembly system is the Terracotta Army of the 3rd century BC. The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added. 

It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

References

Manufacturing
Outer planet

The outer planets are planets in the Solar System that are beyond the asteroid belt. The four planets; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are gas giants. All four of these planets have planetary rings which are made up of dust and other particles.

Related pages 
 Moons of Jupiter - Rings of Jupiter 
 Moons of Saturn - Rings of Saturn 
 Moons of Uranus - Rings of Uranus 
 Moons of Neptune - Rings of Neptune 
 Inner planet

References

More reading 
Scott W. Benson – Solar Power for Outer Planets Study (2007) – NASA Glenn Research Center
Trautman and Bethke – Human Outer Planet Exploration (2003) – NASA Langley Research Center and Princeton University

Other websites 
Outer Planets Assessment Group (NASA)
October 2011 OPAG Presentations
Planetary Science Decadal Survey Mission & Technology Studies 
Dwayne Day – Exploration of the Outer Planets – U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission  ~2003

Solar System planets
Ōta, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Ōta City" in English.

History
Ōta Dōkan was the founder of Edo (now known as Tokyo).

On 15 March 1947, the ward of Ōta was formed by combining the wards of Kamata and Ōmori.

Geography
Ōta is a southern ward of Tokyo.  Its southern border is the Tama River and the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture.  On the north, Ōta borders the special wards of Shinagawa, Meguro and Setagaya. Tokyo Bay is on the east.

Related pages
 Tokyo International Airport

References

Other websites

 Ōta website 
Toho University website ,  

Wards of Tokyo
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
1947 establishments in Japan
Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition. If a person has hypothyroidism, their thyroid gland does not make enough hormones. It can be caused by many factors, but it is more common when a person has insufficient iodine. Severe hypothyroidism in infants can result in cretinism.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include the following: tiredness, headaches, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and poor concentration.

References

Diseases
Endocrine system
Charnia

Charnia is the genus name of a frond-like Ediacaran lifeform. It has segmented ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a midline. The genus Charnia was named after Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found.

Significance
Charnia is a highly significant fossil for several reasons. It is the first fossil ever described from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Until then the Precambrian was thought to have no fossils. Similar fossils found in the 1930s (Namibia) and the 1940s (Australia) but were thought to be of Cambrian age.

Secondly, Charnia has become an enduring image of Precambrian animals. Originally interpreted as an alga (Ford), it was recast as a sea pen, a sister group to the modern soft corals, from 1966 onwards (Glaessner). The sea pen interpretation has recently been discredited. The current "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".

Ecology 
Little is known of the ecology of Charnia. It was benthic, anchored to the sea floor. It probably lived in deep waters, below the waves (perhaps a great deal below the wave base). This means it did not photosynthesise. Further, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) and so its lifestyle is somewhat of an enigma. Some think it survived by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients.

The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also important. It was used to discredit the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to the sea pens (that grow by new buds at the base), Charnia grew by new buds at the apex.

Distribution 
Charnia is, in time and geography, the most widespread Ediacaran fossil. The greatest abundance of specimens, which are also the oldest reliably dated Ediacaran fossils, are found at Mistaken Point on Newfoundland.

Diversity 

Three species, C. masoni, C. wardi, and C. antecedens, have different length/width ratios and attachments of adjacent branches.

Charnia masoni was found by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology, in 1957.  Tina Negus, a 15 year old schoolgirl at the time, had seen this fossil a year previously, but her geography schoolteacher flatly denied the possibility of Precambrian fossils.

Charnia wardi, later discovered in 1978 in southeast Newfoundland, was first described in 2003. This is the longest surviving Ediacaran age fossil, lasting over 2 million years. The holotype is a fragmentary specimen with a C. masoni like structure. It was defined as a new species on the basis of long and narrow shape.

Charnia antecedens has more irregular and higher angles of branching than C. masoni.

A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent Charnia (or Charniodiscus) at varying levels of decay.

References 

Fossils
Invertebrates
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

or ISAS, is a Japanese national research organization. ISAS studies astrophysics using rockets and satellites.  ISAS is part of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

History 
The ISAS began at the University of Tokyo in the 1955.

In 1994, Japan launched its first large rocket built solely with its own technology.  According to Shigebumi Saito, former head of Japan's Space Activities Commission, "If we have no vehicle, it is like a navy without ships," 

ISAS was merged with two other space agencies in 2003 when JAXA was established.

List of Satellites by ISAS

Before establishment of JAXA

After establishment of JAXA

Related pages
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

References

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, ISAS site map 

Japanese space program
1955 establishments in Japan
Space research organizations
Ōsumi (satellite)

, also known as Ohsumi, is the name of the first Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.  It was named after Ōsumi Province in the area of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 11, 1970.  

Japan became the fourth nation to send satellite into orbit.  Satellites launched by the USSR, the USA and France were put into orbit before Ōsumi.

References

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ohsumi mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Tansei

, also known as Tonsei, is the name of the second Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo. The name of the satellite means "light blue", which is the school color of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 16, 1971.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tansei (MS-T1) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Shinsei

is the name of the third Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on September 28, 1971.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Shinnsei (MS-F2) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Paul Eddington

Paul Eddington CBE (18 June 1927 – 4 November 1995) was a British actor. He was born in Paddington, London. He is best known for his roles as Jerry Leadbetter in The Good Life and Jim Hacker in Yes Minister. He died of skin cancer in Southwark, London.

Other websites 

Actors from London
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from skin cancer
English movie actors
English television actors
1927 births
1995 deaths
Provinces of the Philippines

The Provinces of the Philippines are the main political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 80 provinces at present.  The provinces are divided into cities and municipalities. The National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are separate from any provincial government. Each province has a governor.

The provinces are grouped into seventeen regions based on geographical, cultural, and ethnological characteristics. Fourteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The National Capital Region, Cordillera Administrative Region, and Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao do not have numerical designations.

Each province is member to the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations.

List of provinces

NOTES:
 All population and land area figures include cities independent from provinces. In this table, they are counted as part of the province to which they are often grouped for statistical purposes, but in actuality they are first-level entities on their own right.
 Metro Manila is included for comparison although it is not a province but an administrative region.
 Land area figures taken from 2009 IRA computation factors .
 Population figures taken from National Statistics Office .

References
Nursery

A nursery is a school for children between the ages of one and five years. It is a preschool education institution, part of a child's education.

Nurseries take care of young children during the day while providing a safe, fun and educational environment. Most nurseries provide toys and a outdoor playground with equipment. 

In the UK, most children start nursery at two or three years old and move on to primary school the academic year they turn five. Some nurseries can take care of babies as young as 3-6 months old. These nurseries are often called day nurseries or daycares. Some nurseries are called children’s centres. Some nurseries have separate rooms for different age groups. Preschools in the UK are mainly designed for children from toddler age to five years.

A nursery in England is also called FS1, which is also first year of foundation before they go into primary school.

Names
Nursery kindergarten (children's garden), is a name given by Friedrich Fröbel, who created the Nurseru in Germany, in 1837. Other common names are pre-school, playschool and playgroup. The German word Kindergarten is also used in many non-English-speaking countries to denote a form of pre-school education. However, in the United States, Canada, and some parts of Australia, kindergarten is instead the term used to describe the first year of compulsory schooling. The word kindergarten is not generally used in the UK.

References

Types of educational institutions
Children
Kingsway (London)

Kingsway is a major road in central London in the United Kingdom, designated as part of the A4200. It runs from High Holborn, at its north end in the London Borough of Camden, and meets Aldwych in the south in the City of Westminster at Bush House. It was built in the 1900s. Together Kingsway and Aldwych form one of the major north-south routes through central London linking the ancient east-west routes of High Holborn and Strand.

History

The road was built as part of a redevelopment of the area in the 1900s. Its route cleared away the maze of small streets in Holborn such as Little Queen Street and the surrounding dwellings. However Holy Trinity Church, which was built in Little Queen Street was spared. Whereas the Sardinian Embassy Chapel, an important Roman Catholic church attached to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Sardinia, was demolished to make way for the new street.

Plans were published by London County Council in 1898 and the road was formally opened in 1905. It is one of the broadest streets in central London at  wide.

It was unique in containing below it a tunnel for a tramway, which started just north of Southampton Row, passed beneath Aldwych and continued to the Thames Embankment: this Kingsway tramway subway joined the North and South London tram systems.  In 1958 the disused tunnel was reopened at the southern end to make a new connection, the Strand Underpass, for light traffic between Waterloo Bridge and Kingsway on order to reduce congestion.  Also beneath Kingsway was a branch of the Piccadilly tube line from Holborn to Aldwych. It is now closed with no service but the platform at Holborn used for the branch is used for TV and film sets that require underground scenes.  During WW2 the branch was used to store art treasures from the British Museum, including the Elgin Marbles.

References

Roads in London
Denpa (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.  Denpa was a radiation experiments satellite (REXS).

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 19, 1972.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Denpa (REXS) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Provinces of Libya

Libya was divided into provinces from 1934 to 1963.  Now Libya is divided into 22 districts.

History of Libya
1934 establishments
20th-century establishments in Libya
1963 disestablishments
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

The , also known as JAXA, is Japan's national space agency.

JAXA is an Independent Administrative Institution.

JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit.  JAXA is involved in advanced missions, such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon.

History 

In 2003, three organizations were merged to form the new JAXA.  
 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)
 National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL)
 National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)

Satellites
Ōsumi was Japan's first satellite.  It was sent into orbit in 1970.

Related pages 
 Independent Administrative Institution (IAI), 2001
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

References

Other websites 
 JAXA 
 Twitter
 "JAXA 2025" Presentation
 "JAXA Channel" Official YouTube channel
 International Space Station (ISS) and "Kibo" Information center
   JAXA -  Space Environment Utilization and  Space Experiment
 RAND Report on Japan's Space Program, 2005
 CSIS Report on US-Japan Space Policy Cooperation, 2003
 GOSAT satellite 
Japan's Evolving Space Program

Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan
Space agencies
Japanese space program
2003 establishments in Japan
Hong Kong Island (constituency)

Hong Kong Island was a constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

Overview
The constituency covers all the four districts on the Hong Kong Island, namely, Central and Western, Eastern, Southern and Wan Chai.

Demographics

Background
The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Island West and Island East in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and Island East, Island West, Island Central, and Island South in the 1995 election.

References
 http://www.legco.gov.hk/english/index.htm 

Hong Kong
Kowloon West (1998 constituency)

Kowloon West was a geographical constituency of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was created in 1998.

Boundaries 
The constituency loosely corresponds to the today's districts of Yau Tsim Mong, Sham Shui Po, and Kowloon City.

History 
The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Kowloon West and parts of Kowloon Central in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and Kowloon Southwest, Kowloon West, Kowloon South, and Kowloon Central in the 1995 election.

Related pages
 List of constituencies of Hong Kong

References

Hong Kong
Akebono (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite put into orbit.
 
The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 22, 1989. 

Akebono was designed to study auroras and the magnetosphere of earth.  The satellite remained operational for 20+ years.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Akebono (Exos-D) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Peter Andre

Peter Andre (born Peter James Andrea on 27 February 1973) is a British-Australian singer and television personality.

Andre was born in Brent, north-west London to Greek Cypriot parents. He grew up in London until moving to the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia when he was six years old.

His first single was released in 1992 and his first album in 1993.

He and Katie Price were contestants in series 3 of the British version of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here! in January and February 2004. He and Price began a relationship during that time. Andre and Price had their son, Junior in June 2005. The couple married later that year and their daughter, Princess was born in June 2007. The couple divorced in 2009.  In July 2012, Andre began a relationship with medical student Emily MacDonagh. The couple’s first child, Amelia, was born on 8th January 2014. They later married on 11th July 2015, in Exeter at Mamhead House. On 22nd November 2016, Emily gave birth to her second child, a son, Theodore James (aka Theo).

References

Other websites 
Official website 

1973 births
Living people
Australian businesspeople
Australian pop singers
Australian singer-songwriters
British R&B musicians
Businesspeople from London
British pop singers
British singer-songwriters
Gold Coast, Queensland
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
Musicians from Queensland
People from the London Borough of Brent
Singers from London
Television personalities from London
A Visit from St. Nicholas

"A Visit from St. Nicholas" is a poem by Clement Clarke Moore. It was first published anonymously on December 23, 1823 in the Troy Sentinel, an American newspaper. It is also known as "The Night Before Christmas" and "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" from its first line. The poem is largely responsible for the way many people think of Santa Claus. It describes his physical appearance, the night of his visit, his sleigh, the number and names of his reindeer, and the tradition that he brings toys to children.

19th-century American poems
Sleeping with the Enemy

Sleeping with the Enemy is a 1991 American psychological thriller movie. It is based on the novel of the same name. It stars Julia Roberts as Laura Burney, a victim of domestic violence. She moves from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Cedar Falls, Iowa to escape her violent, controlling husband. This movie was released during February of 1991.

Other websites 

1991 crime movies
1991 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
1991 thriller movies
1990s psychological movies
American crime drama movies
American thriller movies
American psychological movies
English-language movies
Iowa
Movies about domestic violence
Movies based on books
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies directed by Joseph Ruben
Hiten (spacecraft)

is the name of the first Japanese space probe sent to the moon.   It was  the first lunar probe launched by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent toward the moon on January 24, 1990.  

On the first lunar approach, Hiten released a small orbiter.  This was called

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hiten (MUSES-C) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Taiyo (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 24, 1975.  It entered the atmosphere and burned up on 29 June 1980.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Taiyo (SPRATS) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Kyokko

Kyokko is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 4, 1978.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kyokko (EXOS-A) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Jikiken

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. The satellite was sent into orbit on September 16, 1978. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Jikiken (EXOS-B) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Hinotori (satellite)

is the name of the a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 21, 1981.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hinotori (ASTRO-A) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Ohzora

is the name of the a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 14, 1984.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ohzora (EXOS-C) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Suzaku (satellite)

is the name of the a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit in 2005. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was launched on July 10, 2005.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Suzaku (ASTRO-EII) mission profile

Japanese space program
Satellites
Glaciology

Glaciology is a discipline of science. It is the study of glaciers. Glaciology is a branch of Earth science. The International Glaciological Society (IGS) is an organization that conducts research in glaciology.

Earth sciences
Landforms
The Devil Inside

The Devil Inside is an American supernatural horror movie.  It is a documentary-style movie.  The story is about a woman who gets involved in many exorcisms.  She is trying to find out what happened to her mother.  Her mother murdered three people because she was possessed by a demon.

The Devil Inside was released in the United States in January 2012. Its focus is set between 1989 and 2009. It was not shown to critics, although it made nearly $97 million at the box office while in theaters.

Cast
 Fernanda Andrade as Isabella Rossi
 Simon Quarterman as Ben
 Evan Helmuth as David
 Ionut Grama as Mike
 Suzan Crowley as Maria Rossi 
 Bonnie Morgan as Rosalita
 Brian Johnson as Lieutenant Dreyfus
 Preston James Hillier as Male Reporter
 D.T. Carney as Detective

Other websites
 

American horror movies
2012 movies
English-language movies