cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Karl Dedecius

Karl Dedecius (20 May 1921 – 26 February 2016) was a Polish-born German translator. He translated works of Polish and Russian literature. He was born in Łódź, Poland. In 1959, he published his first anthology, Lektion der Stille (Lesson of Silence). In 1980, he founded the German Poland Institute in Darmstadt. He served as director from 1980 through 1997.

Dedecius died in Frankfurt on 26 February 2016. He was aged 94.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, „Beheimatet in Polen und Deutschland. Aus einer Laudatio auf Karl Dedecius...“, DIE ZEIT 11/1986
 Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, „Mittler zwischen schwierigen Nachbarn“, DIE ZEIT 04/2002 
 Karl-Dedecius-Archiv im Collegium Polonicum 
 Deutsches Polen-Institut, Darmstadt
 Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels 

1921 births
2016 deaths
German writers
People from Łódź
Polish writers
Translators
Tajik language

The Tajik language is the official language of Tajikistan. It is a dialect of the Persian language. It was written in the Persian alphabet until 1928. From 1928 to 1939, it was written mostly in the Latin alphabet until the Soviet government forced Tajiks to write their language in Cyrillic in 1939. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajik continues to be written in Cyrillic, although now it can also be written in the Latin alphabet.

References 

Iranian languages
Languages of Tajikistan
Francisco Rubio Llorente

Francisco Rubio Llorente (25 February 1930 – 23 February 2016) was a Spanish judge and law professor. He was President of the Spanish Council of State between 2004 to 2012. His predecessor and successor was José Manuel Romay Beccaría. He was judge on the Constitutional Court of Spain between 1980 to 1992. He spent the last three of those years as Vice President.

Llorente died in Madrid on 23 February 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 85.

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Spanish politicians
Spanish judges
Spanish educators
Jack's Big Music Show

Jack's Big Music Show is a children's musical television series that is shown on Nick Jr. It involves a guitarist named Jack, his best friend Mary, and his dog Mel. Each of the characters play music together, as well as music guests who are willing to join in. The Schwartzman Quartet, however, also appear in various episodes.

Jack's Big Music Show on NickRewind's NickRewind Jr. The added to Paramount+ in July 2021.

Main characters 
 Jack: The main character of the series.
 Mary: Jack's best friend.
 Mel: Jack's dog.
 The Schwartzman Quartet: A look-alike singing group.

Nickelodeon television series
American children's television series
English-language television programs
2005 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

The 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 58th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Cruzeiro, the defending champions, won the title for the second time in a row and fourth overall. The championship had a break between the ninth and tenth rounds due to the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which was held between June and July in Brazil. Cruzeiro took the lead in round 6 and from then on, staying in that position, winning the title after a 2-1 victory over Goiás in the Mineirão stadium, in round 36.

On the other side of the table, Criciúma, that had been in the relegation zone since round 17, and held the last place since round 30, was relegated after a 1-1 draw against Flamengo, also in round 36. In the following round, Botafogo was relegated after losing to Santos by 2-0. In the last round, Palmeiras, despite only obtaining a draw in its last match, against Atlético Paranaense, guaranteed its survival in the first division after defeats of its competitors, Vitória and Bahia.

Teams

Stadia and locations

Results 
 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round
 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

Statistics

Scoring

Top scorers

Hat-tricks

Clean sheets
Most clean sheets: 14
Grêmio
Fewest clean sheets: 4
Vitória

References

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2014 in association football
2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round

This is the Results of the first round of 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Results

1st round

2nd round

3rd round

4th round

6th round

7th round

8th round

9th round

10th round

11th round

12nd round

14th round

15th round

16th round

17th round

18th round

19th round 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2014 in association football
Constitutional right

A constitutional right is a right or freedom which is guaranteed to citizens by that country's constitution. In the United States constitutional rights are guaranteed by the United States Constitution. Most of these rights are contained in the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US constitution.

For example, nearly half of all the countries in the world have some form of guaranteed right to health care protected by their country's constitution. However, a right to health care is not a constitutional right in the United States. Besides the US, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico,  Bolivia, Costa Rica, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Liberia are among those countries where citizens all have a constitutional right to own firearms. But only Guatemala's rights are as broad as the Second Amendment's rights in the United States. The constitutions of about 182 countries guarantee some form of Freedom of religion. The constitutional rights granted by the First Amendment, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, the right to petition and the freedom of assembly, are almost unique to the United States.

References 

Constitutions
Rights
Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It helps explain the concept of federalism, the relationship between federal and state governments. The Tenth Amendment clearly states that any remaining powers not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved for the states or for the people.

Text

Powers not delegated 
The single point of the Tenth Amendment was to clearly show the balance of power between the federal and state governments as established by the Constitution. It was intended to put to rest any fears the new national government would seek additional powers that the states could then not fully use.

In Bond v. United States (2011), Carol A. Bond had been convicted under the federal Chemical Weapons Implementation Act of 1998 for a local assault using a chemical irritant (a chemical that causes skin burns). Bond's attorneys argued the federal law was intended for terrorists and rogue states. Instead, should have been prosecuted under state law. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court reversed the decision by the lower court and sent the case back. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: "Bond has standing to challenge the federal statute on grounds that the measure interferes with the powers reserved to States..., etc."

References 

United States Bill of Rights
10
Noble metal

A noble metal is a metal that is resistant to both corrosion and oxidation when exposed to air.  Metals such as gold, silver, platinum, iridium and palladium are examples.  Sometimes, mercury and copper can be regarded as noble metals.  Some metals like titanium are not, even though they are resistant to corrosion.  Noble metals are valuable, because they are not commonly found in the Earth's crust.  They have many uses in everyday things including chemical engineering, electronics, and jewelry.

Related pages 
Precious metal

References 

Metals
Chemical nomenclature
Title IX

Title IX (pronounced "title nine") is a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972. It was co-authored and introduced by Senator Birch Bayh after the wave of feminist activism led by Bernice Sandler. It was renamed the Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in 2002, after its late House co-author and sponsor. Title IX is a federal law that makes it illegal to  discriminate against a person on the basis of sex in any federally funded activity. But even after Title IX was passed by Congress, women's athletic and academic opportunities in American schools still did not equal men's programs.

References 

Athletics
United States law
2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

This is the Results of the second round of 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Results

23rd round

32nd round

35th round

37th round

38th round 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2014 in association football
Immigration and Naturalization Service

The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was an agency of the Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003. The agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003. This is when most of its responsibilities were transferred to three new agencies. These were the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). All were within the newly created Department of Homeland Security, as part of a major government reorganization following the September 11 attacks of 2001.

History 
In 1890, the federal government, rather than the individual states, regulated immigration into the United States. The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department.  Immigration was transferred to the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913.  In 1940, with increasing concern about national security, immigration and naturalization was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice.

In 2003 the administration of immigration services became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed only for a short time before changing to its current name, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

References 

United States government agencies
United States Department of Justice
1933 establishments in the United States
2003 disestablishments in the United States
Salman Natour

Salman Natour  (July 3, 1949 – February 15, 2016) was a Druze-Palestinian writer and novelist. He was a citizen of Israel. Natour published many books and plays. He wrote in both Hebrew and Arabic. He was mainly known for his work Granta.

He was born in Daliyat al-Karmel south of Haifa in 1949. He graduated from high school in his hometown, and then went on to university in Jerusalem and later in Haifa. He died on the morning of February 15, 2016 after a severe heart attack.

References 

1949 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Druze
Israeli writers
Israeli-Palestinian people
William O'Brien (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral Sir William Donough O'Brien (13 November 1916 – 19 February 2016) was a British military leader. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet. He was then appointed Naval Secretary in 1964. He was appointed Flag Officer Aircraft Carriers in 1966, Commander-in-Chief of the Far East Fleet in 1967 and Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet in 1970. He retired in 1971.

O'Brien died on 19 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia. He had also been suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was 99.

References

1916 births
2016 deaths
Admirals
British military personnel of World War II
Deaths from pneumonia
People with Alzheimer's disease
Rajesh Pillai

Rajesh Raman Pillai (10 July 1974 – 27 February 2016) was an Indian movie director. He was best known for his work in Malayalam cinema. He was known for his movie Traffic (2011).

Pillai died on 27 February 2016 at a hospital in Kochi, India. He had liver disease. He was aged 41.

References

Other websites

1974 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from liver disease
Indian movie directors
Frank Kelly

Frank Kelly (né Francis O'Kelly; 28 December 1938 – 28 February 2016) was an Irish actor, singer and writer. He worked in television, radio, theatre, music, screenwriting and movies. He played Father Jack Hackett in the Channel Four sitcom Father Ted. He also played Dermont in Emmerdale.

Kelly died on 28 February 2016 from a heart attack. The heart attack was a complication of Parkinson's disease. He was 77. He was recovering from bowel cancer and survived skin cancer.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People with Parkinson's disease
People with cancer
Skin cancer survivors
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Irish stage actors
Irish voice actors
Irish singers
Irish screenwriters
People from Dublin
Everest Base Camp

Everest Base Camp is a campsite at the bottom of Mount Everest. There are two of them, located on opposite sides of the mountain. They are used as bases by mountain climbers. The climbers usually rest at base camp for several days to acclimatise. This lowers the risks and severity of altitude sickness. Climbing starts from one of these two camps.
 South Base Camp is in Nepal at an altitude of  (). It is used when climbing via the southeast ridge.
 North Base Camp is in Tibet at   (). It is used when climbing via the northeast ridge.

Food and equipment are brought to the South Base Camp by Sherpas or porters, with the help of animals like yaks. The North Base Camp has a track that vehicles can access, but usually only during summer.

References

Tibet
Nepal
Mountain climbing
Lochner v. New York

Lochner v. New York, (1905), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court ruled a New York State law that set the maximum numbers of hours bakers could work per week was unconstitutional. The Court held that the right of a person to make a contract as a part of his or her business is a liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. With few exceptions this included the right to buy and sell labor. The decision was controversial and it made the Supreme Court an adversary to legislatures for over 30 years. Repeatedly, the Court struck down laws that regulated labor saying they violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was called the "Lochner Era"; so-named for this decision.

Background 
A statute was enacted by the State of New York which limited the number of hours bakers could work to 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week. The law was a part of the Bakershop Act passed in 1895. The Journeymen Bakers’ Union wanted to limit the number of hours a day union bakers could work. Bakers were then typically paid by the day. The work had a number of health and safety risks due to dust, fumes, the heat of the ovens, etc. The lobbying was successful and in May 1895 the Governor of New York signed the bill into law.

Joseph Lochner, a baker in Utica, New York, found the law made it hard to operate his business. He and his bakers often had to work more than 60 hours a week. Lochner was charged with violating the state law. He filed the appeal because he felt the law was unconstitutional because it violated his Civil liberties of "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness". The case went before the Supreme Court on February 23rd and was decided on April 17, 1905. The is considered one of the most groundbreaking cases in United States history.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Lochner v. New York - Significance

1905
1900s in New York (state)
United States Supreme Court cases
At sign

The at sign (@) is a symbol. It is used in bills, emails and programming. In email, it is used to show a specific domain of an email address. In bills, it used to mean "at a rate of"; for example, "7 widgets @ £2 = £14". In programming, the at-sign has been used in a wide range of programming languages. It was invented by Ray Tomlinson.

The sign is one of several special symbols on the standard English keyboard.

Typography
Symbols
Humboldt Current

The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current. It flows north along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru. Also called the 'Peru Current', it flows in the direction of the equator. It extends 1,000 kilometers offshore.  

The Humboldt Current is a large marine ecosystem, named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. It is one of the major nutrient systems of the world, bringing nutrients up into the surface waters of the ocean. This supports an extraordinary abundance of marine life.  Upwelling occurs off Peru year-round but off Chile only during the spring and summer. This is  because the subtropical center of high pressure is displaced during the summer.

About 18-20% of the world’s fish catch comes from the Humboldt Current. The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel. This high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals (eared seals and cetaceans) and seabirds. The cold, nutrient-rich water upwelling to the surface drives the system’s extraordinary productivity.

The Humboldt Current is part of a much larger system, the South Pacific Gyre.

Pacific Ocean
South America
Ecosystems
Ocean currents
2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

The 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Petrobras 2011 for sponsorship reasons) was the 55th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. It began on May 21 and was scheduled to end on December 4. Fluminense comes in as the defending champion having won the 2010 season.

Teams

Results 
 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round
 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

Statistics

Top goalscorers

Hat-tricks

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2011 in association football
2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round

This is the Results of the first round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Results

3rd round

5th round

6th round

10th round

12th round

13th round 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2011 in association football
2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

This is the Results of the second round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Results

21st round

23rd round

26th round

32nd round

35th round

36th round

38th round 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2011 in association football
Donald E. Williams

Captain Donald Edward "Don" Williams (February 13, 1942 – February 23, 2016) was an American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut. He has a recorded total of 287 hours and 35 minutes in space. He was born in Lafayette, Indiana.

Williams died on February 23, 2016 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from complications of a stroke. He was 74 years old.

References

Other websites
NASA: Astronaut Biography

1942 births
2016 deaths
American astronauts
American aviators
Deaths from stroke
People from Indiana
Louise Rennison

Louise Rennison (11 October 1951 – 29 February 2016) was an English author. She wrote the Confessions of Georgia Nicolson, which was a series for teenage girls. This series records the life of a teenage girl, Georgia Nicolson, and her best friends, the Ace Gang. 

Rennison was born in Leeds. She grew up on a council estate in Seacroft. She lived in New Zealand for part of her teens. During that time she had daughter, whom she gave up for adoption.

Her first and second novels, Angus, Thongs and Full-Frontal Snogging and It's OK, I'm Wearing Really Big Knickers  were made into a movie called Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. She also wrote a series of books about Georgia's younger cousin, The Misadventures of Tallulah Casey.

Rennison never married. She died on 29 February 2016.

References

1951 births
2016 deaths
English novelists

Writers from Leeds
Vorkuta mine disaster

The Vorkuta mine disaster was a series of explosions that happened in a mine in Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia. It killed 36 people on 25 February 2016.

References

2016 disasters in Europe
2010s explosions in Europe
2010s in Russia

Explosions in 2016
February 2016 events
Mining
Adriana Benetti

Adriana Benetti (12 December 1919 – 24 February 2016) was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in Quattro passi fra le nuvole, C'è sempre un ma!, Uno tra la folla and Avanti c'è posto.... She was born in Ferrara, Italy. 

Benetti died in Rome on 24 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia. She was 96 years old.

References

Other websites

1919 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Emilia-Romagna
Deaths from pneumonia
Italian movie actors
People from Ferrara
Alan Grayson

Alan Mark Grayson (born March 13, 1958) is an American politician. He is the United States Representative for . He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He last served as Representative for  from 2009 to 2011. He was defeated for re-election in 2010 by Republican Daniel Webster. He was then elected in 2012 for another term in the House of Representatives, defeating Republican Todd Long.

In 2014 he defeated Republican challenger Carol Platt to win re-election.

On July 9, 2015, Grayson announced his intentions to run in the United States Senate election in Florida, 2016 to replace Marco Rubio. In 2016, Grayson said he supported Bernie Sanders to be the Democratic nominee for President of the United States.

References

1958 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from New York City
United States representatives from Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)

"Writing's on the Wall" is a song by British singer Sam Smith. It was the theme song for the James Bond movie Spectre in 2015. The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by Napes, Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure. It was released on 25 September 2015.

"Writing's on the Wall" received mixed reviews, especially when compared to other Bond theme songs. The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey being a popular topic on Twitter on the day it was released. 

The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached the Top 10 in a few other European countries. Unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe. It only peaked at Number 43 in Canada and Australia and Number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100. Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the movie's official soundtrack album. 

The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 88th Academy Awards.

References

2015 songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Golden Globe Award winners
Pop ballads
Sam Smith (singer) songs
Betsy Jochum

Betsy Jochum "Sockum" (born February 8, 1921) is a former American baseball player. She played as an outfielder and pitcher. She played from 1943 to 1948 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She was listed at , . She batted and threw right-handed. Jochum played for the South Bend Blue Sox during her whole career.

Jochum was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She was raised in South Bend, Indiana.

References

1921 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Indiana
Sportspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
People from South Bend, Indiana
Repeating decimal

Repeating decimal (or recurring decimal) is a decimal where the number or pattern repeats forever. Repeating decimal is resulted when dividing a number by a number that is not divisible except for certain cases like dividing any number by 5. For example, dividing 7 by 3 would result in a repeating decimal, which is 2.333... or 2.. The number or group of numbers that repeats is called a repetend or reptend and the number of numbers in the repetend is called the period length. For 2., 3 is the repetend and the period length is 1.

Related pages
0.999...
Rational number

Numbers
Azerbaijani wine

Azerbaijani wines are wines made in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is one of the oldest wine-making regions in the world. Azerbaijani wine is made in several areas throughout Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan has a successful wine industry that dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. Azerbaijan's long history of wine-making was rediscovered at archaeological digs of settlements in Kültəpə, Qarabağlar and Galajig. Archaeologists discovered stone fermentation and storage containers that included remnants and grape seeds dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. The Ancient Greeks were well aware of wine production in the area by at least the 7th century BC according to Herodotus. Later Strabo would comment in the 1st century BC about an Azerbaijani wine known as Albania. Arabic historians and geographers described the extensive viticulture around Ganja and Barda that was taking place even after Islamic conquest of the area.

Since the end of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan, many attempts have been made to revive and modernize the Azerbaijani wine industry. Today vineyards are found in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains and the Kur-Araz lowlands near the Kura River. In the 21st century, Ganja, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan have emerged as centers of wine production in the region.

Related pages
Azerbaijani cuisine

References

Other websites
History of Vine growing and wine making 
Wine and Wagons. Helenendorf: Azerbaijan's First German Settlement, on German wine-growing community of Azerbaijan, by Azerbaijan International

Wine
Azerbaijani culture
Urinogenital

Urinogenital is a term for the common urinal and sex passage (opening) in mammals. In females it is called the vagina, and in males it is called the penis. Mammals have a sepate opening for waste (defaecation) called the anus.

The term contrasts with that of reptiles and birds, which have one common opening for sex, urine and defaecation. This is called the cloaca.

References 

Anatomy
Economic system

An economic system is a man-made and malleable system to regulate the production, resource allocation, exchange, and distribution of goods and services in a society or a geographic area.

Trade, money, markets, banks, laws and regulations are all part of an economic system. Examples of economic systems include:

Market economy, where prices are decided by supply and demand.
State capitalism, where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned business enterprises, and wages are decided by the government.

References
Chisholm v. Georgia

Chisholm v. Georgia, , is considered the first great decision by the United States Supreme Court. Given its early date, there was little available legal precedent in American law.  It was almost immediately superseded by the Eleventh Amendment.

Background 
In 1777, needed supplies for the Revolutionary War were purchased from a South Carolina businessman by the Executive Council of Georgia. The supplies were delivered but Georgia never paid as they had promised. After the businessman's death, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of his estate, took the case to court trying to collect from the state of Georgia. Georgia maintained it was not under the jurisdiction of the federal courts. 

United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph  argued the case for the plaintiff before the court. The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a sovereign state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit.

The decision
In a four to one decision, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and associate justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority. Only Justice Iredell dissented. The court ruled that Article 3, Section 2, of the Constitution did not allow the states' sovereign immunity. In short, the Court ruled that Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court. It granted federal courts the power to hear disputes between private citizens and states.

Effects 
The resulting public sentiment in favor of states' rights led directly to the passage of the Eleventh Amendment in 1795.  In Hollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), the court ruled that pending court actions from Chisholm were dismissed due to passage of the Eleventh Amendment. This removed federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state or of foreign countries attempt to sue another state.

Supreme Court decisions overturned by Constitutional Amendments  
Chisholm is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an amendment to the United States Constitution. The other three are:
 Dred Scott v. Sandford, which was overturned by passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
 Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., which was overturned by passage of the Sixteenth Amendment.
 Oregon v. Mitchell, which was reversed by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.

Arguably, one more case could be added:
 Minor v. Happersett, which was indirectly overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment. In 1875, Virginia Minor, in trying to gain the right to vote for women, argued the Fourteenth Amendment gave citizens the right to vote. The Court said it did not. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, 45 years later, gave women the right to vote. However, Minor v. Happersett'' was still cited as case law into the 1960s in other right to vote issues.

References 

United States Supreme Court cases
1793
1790s in the United States
Avezzano

Avezzano is a city in central of Italy located in the Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo Region. About 42,000 people live in Avezzano.

References

Cities in Abruzzo
2016 Democratic National Convention

At the 2016 Democratic National Convention, delegates of the United States Democratic Party chose their nominees for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States in the 2016 national election. It was held July 25–28, 2016, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, with some events at the Pennsylvania Convention Center, beginning exactly one week after the 2016 Republican National Convention. The candidates were former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of New York, and United States senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont.

There are 4,764 delegates to the Democratic National Convention, so a candidate needs a simple majority of 2,383 delegates including "superdelegates" to win the presidential nomination. On June 6, 2016,  Clinton won the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, becoming the presumptive candidate.

References

2016 in Pennsylvania
July 2016 events
2010s in Philadelphia
United States Democratic Party
Democratic
United States presidential nominating conventions
Jim Clark (movie editor)

Jim Clark (24 May 1931 – 25 February 2016) was a British movie editor with more than forty feature-movie credits from 1956 to 2008. Clark has also directed eight features and short movies. His best-known works are Midnight Cowboy (as creative consultant-1969), Marathon Man (1976), The Killing Fields (1984), and Vera Drake (2004). In 2011, Clark published Dream Repairman: Adventures in Film Editing, which is a memoir of his career.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
Boston, Lincolnshire]
English movie directors
People from Lincolnshire
British movie editors
2016 Democrats Abroad primary

The 2016 Democratic Party global presidential primary for Democrats Abroad took place on March 1–8, 2016. E-mail, fax, and postal voting is being carried out beginning January 11, and ending March 8.

Voters may only vote once for a presidential candidate: either through Democrats Abroad, or through their home state. Those who vote in the Democrats Abroad global presidential primary may continue to be in their home state's primary or caucus for all other candidates for the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, and also for state and local elections and ballot measures, but they cannot vote twice for a presidential candidate.

Sanders won the primary by 69% to Clinton's 31% winning 44 out of the 45 international cities.

Background
A number of cities will host walk-in Voting Centers, and an official list of locations and open hours are available as of February 6.

Voters in Wellington, New Zealand will cast the first votes, at midnight on Super Tuesday, March 1.

Provisional Results

Provisional results are the ballot counts for individual walk-in voting centers. Ballots sent by post, fax, and e-mail are not included.

Results
The results given on 21 March are:

References

March 2016 events
United States Democratic Party
2016 United States presidential election
United States presidential primary elections
Tasmanian oak

Tasmanian oak (or Australian oak) is hardwood timber made from some types of Eucalyptus trees in Tasmania. The trees for making Tasmanian oak are Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus obliqua or Eucalyptus delegatensis. It is a light-coloured type of wood. It is used for building, furniture and paper.

Wood from the same species of trees in Victoria is called Victorian ash.

References

Tasmania
Wood
Eucalyptus
Drush

Drush is a free and open source software application that allows people to install and change drupal websites. The name "drush" means "drupal shell". People who install drush can do all these things using the command line, or terminal of a computer. This makes managing a website that uses drupal faster and more efficient. According to GitHub, drush has been downloaded more than 788,000 times as of March, 2016.

References

Free software
Web software
Drupal

Drupal  is a free and open source software application that is installed on servers.   When installed and configured, Drupal helps people make websites that are secure, safe, and stable.   Drupal also allows users to share modules with each other.  Modules are like building blocks that when installed make new features available.

As of February 2016, more than 1.3 million websites use Drupal.
Drupal is well supported, and many high level websites are built with it including whitehouse.gov.

References

Free software
Web design
Majority opinion

In law, a majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court.  A majority opinion becomes the decision of the court in a matter. It also gives an explanation of the reasons for the court's decision.

Decisions 
A dissenting opinion is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. Very similar to a majority opinion is a plurality opinion. In this instance, a majority of Justices agree on the result of a case, but do not all agree on the reasons for the result.  

In the United States Supreme Court, a majority of the Justices have to agree with all of the contents of the Court's opinion before it can be published. In a few cases, after reading drafts of the opinions, Justices may switch their votes and what was the minority opinion becomes the majority opinion. No opinion is considered official until it is read in open court or made available publicly.

Tie votes 
Normally, appellate courts (or panels) are staffed with an odd number of judges to avoid a tie vote. Sometimes and in some jurisdictions, when judicial positions are vacant or a judge has recused (excuse) himself or herself from the case, the court may be stuck with a tie. In this situation the decision of the lower Court stands.

References

Other websites 
 Supreme Court of the United States
 The Opinion-Writing Process

Legal terms
Writ

In English common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction. In modern use this generally is a court. Writs are issued by courts directing the person to whom they are addressed to do something or to not do something. Writs may also be used to direct other courts or public authorities. The authority for a court to issue a writ is given by the All Writs Act which is a United States federal statute originally a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.

History 
In its earliest form a writ was simply a written order made by the English king to a specified person to undertake a specified action. For example in the feudal era a military summons by the king to one of his tenants-in-chief to appear dressed for battle with his knights at a certain place and time. An early usage survives in the United Kingdom. Also in Canada in a writ of election. This was is a written order issued on behalf of the monarch (in Canada, the Governor General) to local officials (High Sheriffs of every county in historical UK) to hold a general election. Writs were used by the medieval English kings to summon persons to Parliament.

Types of writs 
There have been a great many kinds of writs. Some of the more common types still in use are:

 Writ of Habeas corpus: A legal document ordering a person who has been arrested to come before a court.
 Writ of Mandamus: This directs a government department or official to take an action.
 Writ of Prohibition: This writ directs a public authority not to take a specified action. Usually issued by appellate courts to lower courts.
 Writ of Certiorari (abbreviated Cert.): A kind of writ issued by an appellate court to review cases from a lower court.
 Writ of Quo warranto: A type of writ used to challenge the legality of someone holding a public office.
 Writ of Coram nobis: A writ issued by an appeals court to a lower court to correct a previous error.

References 

Legal terms
Documents
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Eleventh Amendment (Amendment XI) to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress on March 4, 1794 and ratified by the states on February 7, 1795. It deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia.

Text

Lawsuits against states 
The idea of sovereign immunity originated in English common law. It was also proposed by political theorists like Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin. The founding fathers of the Constitution were aware of the traditional doctrine that states were immune from private lawsuits. Several Anti-Federalists were afraid that Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which declares that the federal judicial power extends to suits "between a State and Citizens of another State", would override that doctrine.  

The Eleventh Amendment was a direct reaction to an unpopular ruling by the Supreme Court in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793). In Chisholm the Court said federal courts had the power to hear lawsuits brought by citizens against US states. Also, that states were not immune to these cases. The Eleventh Amendment reversed this decision and does not allow cases brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country. It says nothing about a citizen bringing a suit against their own state.

In Ex parte Young, the Supreme Court decision allowed suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the State's sovereign immunity, when the State acted unconstitutionally.

The Eleventh Amendment is one of five amendments that overturned earlier Supreme Court decisions.

References

Other websites 
 Eleventh Amendment Limitations on Federal Power

11
1790s in the United States
Johnnie Cochran

Johnnie L Cochran, Jr. (October 2, 1937 – March 29, 2005) was an American lawyer. He is best known for his part in the acquittal of O. J. Simpson for the murder of Simpson's ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. Cochran also represented many different celebrities and victims. Cochran became known as an early advocate for the victims of police brutality. Cochran helped Sean Combs win an acquittal after being indicted on stolen weapons charges and bribery in 2001. After the case, he decided to retire.

On March 29, 2005, Cochran died from a brain tumor in his home in Los Angeles, aged 67.

References

Other websites
The Cochran Firm's website

1937 births
2005 deaths
African American lawyers
American Christians
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
Lawyers from Louisiana
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Crypt

A crypt is a room, or group of rooms, underneath a church where bodies are put after a person dies. It usually has coffins, religious items, and other trinkets for the dead.

Related pages
 Catacomb
 Tomb

Burial monuments and structures
Pokémon Sun and Moon

are two role-playing video games. They are published by The Pokémon Company and developed by Game Freak. They were released for the Nintendo 3DS. The games were released on 18 November 2016 in North America, Australia and Japan, and 23 November 2016 in Europe, commemorating the Pokémon franchise's 20th anniversary.

On February 25, the games' existence was leaked after the trademarks were found on the EU's Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market's website. Sun and Moon were officially announced in a Pokémon Nintendo Direct.

Story
Pokémon Sun and Moon take place in a region called Alola. Alola has warm weather and is made up of four large islands. The player is given a Pokémon and goes on a journey around Alola. The player can catch and raise other Pokémon as they explore. While exploring, the player sometimes has to fight Team Skull. Team Skull are a group of people who want to destroy things and cause trouble. And some Pokémon have a special Alolan form!

References

Other websites
Official website

2016 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Pokémon RPGs
Video games developed in Japan
Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern

Johann Georg, Prince von Hohenzollern (Johann Georg Carl Leopold Eitel-Friedrich Meinrad Maria Hubertus Michael; 31 July 1932 – 2 March 2016) was a German prince. Through his marriage to Princess Birgitta of Sweden, he was brother-in-law of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.

Prince Johann Georg was the sixth child of Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern (30 August 1891 – 6 February 1965) and his wife Princess Margarete Karola of Saxony (24 January 1900 – 16 October 1962).

Goerg died on 2 March 2016 in Munich. He was 83 years old.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2016 deaths
German people
Princes and princesses
Stuart Beck

Stuart Jay Beck (December 23, 1946 – March 1, 2016) was an American law practitioner and a diplomat for Palau.

Beck was born in Manhattan. He was raised in Brooklyn.

As a lawyer, Beck helped negotiate the Compact of Free Association, which established Palau as an independent nation in free association with the United States in 1994. He was granted honorary citizenship.

In 2003, he accepted the job as Palau's first Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He had this job until 2013. In 2013, he was appointed as Palau's first ever United Nations Ambassador for Oceans and Seas.

Beck died of kidney cancer on March 1, 2016 in Manhattan, at the age of 69.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States
Lawyers from New York City
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from kidney cancer
Harvard University alumni
People from Brooklyn
People from Manhattan
Yale University alumni
Wage

A wage is money that is paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work. The amount may be fixed for each task completed (this is called piece rate); or it may be based on time or other measurable quantity of work done.

Work for wages is the most common form of work. Because of this, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms of employee payment. However, a wage is different to a salary or commission. A salary is where the employer pays an arranged amount at regular intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked or amount of work done. Commission is usually an extra payment based on the performance of the worker or product. Waged employees may also receive "tips" paid directly by clients. They will usually not get the same benefits as those paid with a salary, such as annual leave and sick leave.

Wages are usually paid by the hour. This is called an hourly wage. Wages paid by the day are still common. Wage rates may be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), laws, and tradition. Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan. In many countries, laws set a minimum wage that all employers must pay their workers. This means that employers cannot pay workers a lower rate than the minimum wage; however, they can pay them a higher rate. The minimum wage rate is there to protect the working class.

Wages were paid in the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome.

References

Other websites

  
 Salary and wages data collection 

Employment
Labor
Income
Aubrey McClendon

Aubrey Kerr McClendon (July 14, 1959 – March 2, 2016) was an American businessman. He was the founder and chief executive officer of American Energy Partners. He was also the co-founder and retired chief executive officer and chairman of Chesapeake Energy. He was an outspoken supporter for natural gas as a cleaner and safer alternative to oil and coal fuels. He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

McClendon was a part-owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and was part of the ownership that moved the team to Oklahoma City in 2008.

On March 1, 2016, McClendon was charged by the United States Department of Justice of conspiring "to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest Oklahoma". He died the following day in a car crash near Oklahoma City. He was 56 years old.

References

1959 births
2016 deaths

American chief executives
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
People from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Road accident deaths in the United States
Dionysian Mysteries

The Dionysian Mysteries were a ritual of ancient Greece and Rome celebrating Dionysus. The ritual involved intoxicants (like alcohol) and dancing to music to remove inhibitions and social constraints. It gave freedom to those marginalized by Greek society such as women, slaves and foreigners.

Greek mythology
Kentucky State University

Kentucky State University (KSU) is a public university for men and women. It is in Frankfort, Kentucky. The school was founded in 1886. Its original name was the State Normal School for Colored Persons. 

The university has four colleges. It offers four associate degrees, 55 undergraduate degrees and six post-graduate programs.

References

Colleges and universities in Kentucky
1886 establishments in the United States
Historically black colleges and universities
1880s establishments in Kentucky
Golden Gate (Gdańsk)

The Golden Gate is a historical gate in Gdańsk, Poland. It is a stone building with an archway leading into the Old Town. It was built in 1612. It was created in the place of an older 13th-century Gothic gate called the Brama Długouliczna.

Gates
Gdańsk
Buildings and structures in Poland
Valley of the Queens

The Valley of the Queens ( ) is a place in Egypt where wives of Pharaohs were buried in ancient times. In ancient times, it was known as Ta-Set-Neferu, meaning –"the place of beauty".

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The reason for choosing the Valley of the Queens as a burial site is not known. The place is near the worker's village in Deir el-Medina and the Valley of the Kings.  Another consideration may be the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to Hathor at the entrance of the Valley. This grotto may be associated with rejuvenation for the dead.

The main wadi contains 91 tombs and nearby valleys add another 19 tombs.

References 

Ancient Egyptian queens
Geography of Egypt
Burial monuments and structures
Archaeological sites in Egypt