cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Edmond Maire

Edmond Maire (24 January 1931 – 1 October 2017) was a French labor union leader. He was the secretary general of the French Democratic Confederation of Labour from 1971 to 1988. He was dismissive of strike actions and supported a more equal division of labour.

Maire died on 1 October 2017 in Paris at the age of 86.

References

Other websites 
 

1931 births
2017 deaths
Activists
People from Paris
Plant community

A plant community (sometimes "photosynthesis" or "photosynthesis") is a collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types.

Plants
Larissa Volpert

Larisa Ilinichna Volpert (30 March 1926  – 1 October 2017 ) was a Soviet-Russian chess Woman Grandmaster and Soviet-Russian-Estonian philologist of Jewish descent.

She was three times  Soviet women's chess champion (1954, 1958, and 1959). She earned the Woman International Master title in 1954 and the Woman Grandmaster title in 1977.

Volpert was born in Leningrad and died in Tallinn, Estonia at the age of 91.

References

1926 births
2017 deaths
Academics
Estonian scientists
Jewish scientists
Jewish sportspeople
Jewish writers
Russian chess players
Russian Jews
Russian scientists
Soviet Jews
Soviet sportspeople
Soviet writers
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Robert Elsie

Robert Elsie (June 29, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was a Canadian scholar who specialized in Albanian literature and folklore. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He was known for his works Albanian Literature : A Short History and The Highland Lute (Lahuta e Malcís): The Albanian National Epic. As a translator, Elsie offered the reader “a selection of songs from the best known cycle of Albanian epic verse”.

Elsie died of complications from ALS in Bonn, Germany on October 2, 2017 at the age of 67.

References

Other websites
Elsie's personal site.

1950 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Disease-related deaths in Germany
Canadian educators
People from Vancouver
Translators
Writers from British Columbia
Arthur Janov

Arthur "Art" Janov (; (August 21, 1924 – October 1, 2017) was an American psychologist, psychotherapist, and the creator of primal therapy, a treatment for mental illness that involves repeatedly descending into, feeling, and experiencing long-repressed childhood pain. He was born in Los Angeles, California. 

Janov directed a psychotherapy institute called the Primal Center in Santa Monica, California. Janov was the author of many books, most notably The Primal Scream (1970).

Janov died in his sleep of respiratory arrest after suffering a stroke at his home in Malibu, California on October 1, 2017 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 Dr Arthur Janov's Primal Center
 Janov's Reflections on the Human Condition Arthur Janov's Blog
 Grand Delusions—Psychotherapies Without Feeling (2005) unpublished manuscript available at the Primal Center's website
 Life Before Birth website

1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from respiratory arrest
Deaths from stroke
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
American psychologists
Writers from Los Angeles
Julie Payette

Julie Payette (born October 20, 1963) is a Canadian businesswoman, former astronaut, engineer, and was the 29th Governor General of Canada.

Payette has completed two spaceflights, STS-96 and STS-127, logging more than 25 days in space. She served as chief astronaut for the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and has served as capsule communicator at NASA Mission Control Center in Houston.

She resigned on January 21, 2020. She was the first Governor General to leave office due to scandal.

References

1963 births
Living people
Governors General of Canada
Canadian businesspeople
Canadian astronauts
Canadian engineers
People from Montreal
University of Texas tower shooting

The University of Texas tower shooting was a school shooting in the United States. It happened on August 1, 1966. It took place in Austin, Texas at University of Texas at Austin.

Sixteen people were killed in the incident. A 17th victim succumbed to his injuries in 2001.

Charles Whitman was the mass murderer. It has been suggested that Whitman's violent impulses, with which he struggled for years, were caused by a tumor on his brain. Whitman had killed his wife and his mother hours earlier.

After the shootings, the observation deck was closed. The many bullet holes were repaired. The tower was closed again in 1975 after four suicides. It reopened in 1999 after security features were put up.

References

1966 in the United States
1960s crimes in the United States
1960s in Texas
August events
Disasters in Texas
History of Austin, Texas
Mass murder in Texas
Massacres in the United States
Murder in the 1960s
Murders by firearm in the United States
School shootings in the United States
2017 Las Vegas shooting

On the night of October 1, 2017, a gunman fired hundreds of bullets from his hotel room on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States at a group of concert-goers across the road at the Route 91 Harvest music festival with AK-47s and AR-15s. From his 32nd floor balcony, Paddock fired over 1000 bullets into the festival. He killed 60 people and wounded 411 before committing suicide. The panic meant that the total injured increased to 867. It was the deadliest shooting by a single gunman in the history of the United States.

Shooter 
The shooter was identified as 64-year-old Stephen Craig Paddock, who lived in Mesquite, Nevada. Police, relatives and neighbors described him as a gambler. When police arrived at his hotel room, Paddock was found dead there; he had killed himself with a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His motive for the shooting is unknown and has not been discovered by investigators.

Reactions 
President Donald Trump posted on Twitter of his "warmest condolences and sympathies to the victims and families of the terrible Las Vegas shooting". In a public meeting with the press the next morning, he said the shooting was an "act of pure evil", a "senseless murder" and a "terrible, terrible attack". He praised the "miraculous" quick action of first responders. Later, he met with the victims on October 4, along with their relatives and police.

References

2017 mass shootings in the United States
2017 murders in the United States
21st century in Nevada

2017 shooting
Mass murder in 2017
Massacres in the United States
Murder-suicides in the United States
October 2017 events
Saint James's Park

Saint James's Park is one of the oldest parks in the City of Westminster in London. It is 23 hectares (o,23 km²) large and is surrounded by buildings including two palaces: Buckingham Palace, Green Park, Queen's Gardens, the Victoria Memorial, Horse Guards, Birdcage Walk. It opens every day and welcomes more than 5 million visitors per year. In the park there is a small lake called Saint James's Park Lake with two islands: West Island and Duck Island (a duck reserve).

References

Geography of London
Stephen Paddock

Stephen Craig Paddock (April 9, 1953 – October 1, 2017) was an American mass murderer.

Paddock killed 60 and injured 489 people during a country music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada on October 1, 2017. After being discovered by the police in Mandalay Bay resort, he committed suicide by shooting himself.

He was born in Clinton, Iowa and grew up in Tucson, Arizona and Sun Valley, Los Angeles. He lived in Mesquite, Nevada, and was a retired accountant.

His father Benjamin Hoskins Paddock (1926-1998) was a bank robber.

References 

 NBC News

1953 births
2017 deaths
Accountants
American atheists
American aviators
American murderers
Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona
Businesspeople from Iowa
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Criminals from California
Murderers who committed suicide
Suicide in 2017
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Paul Modrich

Paul Lawrence Modrich (born June 13, 1946) is an American biochemist. He is known for his research on DNA mismatch repair. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015, together with Aziz Sancar and Tomas Lindahl.

He was born on June 13, 1946, in Raton, New Mexico to Laurence and Margaret Modrich. He has a younger brother Dave. His father was a biology teacher and coach for basketball, football and tennis at Raton High School where he graduated in 1964.

His work 
He works primarily on strand-directed mismatch repair. His lab demonstrated how DNA mismatch repair serves as a copyeditor to prevent errors from DNA polymerase. Matthew Meselson previously proposed the existence of recognition of mismatches. Modrich performed biochemical experiments to study mismatch repair in E. coli. They later searched for proteins associated with mismatch repair in humans.

References

1946 births
Living people
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Stanford University alumni
Scientists from New Mexico
Reich President

The Reich President (German: Reichspräsident) was the president (head of state) of the German Reich during the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and Nazi Germany (1933-1945).

The Reich President was the successor of the German emperor. He had more power than the current Federal President (Bundespräsident).

The Reich President was elected for a seven-year term by the German people, and could be re-elected. He was the head of the army, appointed and relieved the Reich Chancellor (Reichskanzler), and could also send away the Reichstag.

The Reich President was supposed to exercise the legislative power with the Reichstag but due to the instable situation of the Weimar Republic, he was often bypassing the Reichstag by using special legislation. This was the case during the early years of the Reich Presidency and especially in the early 1930s. During the Hitler period the Reichstag was just show.

Presidents

Weimar Republic:
 Friedrich Ebert (1919-1925, SPD, died in office)
 Hans Luther (1925, no political party, acting)
 Walter Simons (1925, no political party, acting)
 Paul von Hindenburg (1925-1933, no political party, re-elected in 1932)

Nazi Germany:
 Paul von Hindenburg (1933-1934, no political party, died in office)
 Adolf Hitler (1934-1945, NSDAP, killed himself) 
 Karl Dönitz (1945, NSDAP, imprisoned)

References 
Presidents and Assemblies, Chapter 4. Matthew Soberg Shugart, John M. Carey. Cambridge University Press. 1992.
Renens

Renens is a municipality of the district Ouest lausannois in the Swiss canton of Vaud.

It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne.

References

Other websites 

Renens Homepage 

Municipalities of Vaud
Cities in Switzerland
Birsfelden

Birsfelden (Swiss German: Birsfälde) is a municipality in Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Cities in Switzerland
Obersaxen Mundaun

Obersaxen Mundaun is a new municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016 the former municipalities of Mundaun and Obersaxen merged into the new municipality of Obersaxen Mundaun.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Obersaxen Mundaun 

2016 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Graubünden
BuzzFeed

BuzzFeed is an internet media company based in New York City. It has offices around the world. BuzzFeed was founded in 2006 by Jonah Peretti and John S. Johnson III.

Other websites 
BuzzFeed

References

2006 establishments in the United States
Entertainment websites
Obersaxen

Obersaxen () is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016 the former municipalities of Obersaxen and Mundaun merged into the new municipality of Obersaxen Mundaun.

Villages
Platenga, Affeier, Egga, Misanenga, Miraniga, Meierhof, Giraniga, St. Joseph, Tschappina and St. Martin.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Illtal

Illtal is a new commune in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. It was incorporated on 1 January 2016 by the combination of the former communes of Grentzingen, Henflingen and Oberdorf.

References 

Communes in Haut-Rhin
2016 establishments in France
Oberdorf, Haut-Rhin

Oberdorf is a former commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Illtal.

References 

Former communes in Haut-Rhin
2016 disestablishments in France
Kœstlach

Kœstlach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Tokenism

Tokenism is the term used to describe the act of putting a person of a minority group (called a "token character") into something for the sole purpose of trying to be seen as inclusive to that minority group. This is often done only to avoid controversy, with little or no effort being put in to give said person a role other than being there to represent a minority. A "token character" is normally a woman or person of color, while other common examples include people with disabilities, different religions, different body types, or different political stances. Stereotypes are commonly used to portray token characters.

Race
Chuck Low

Charles Lewis "Chuck" Low (July 21, 1928 – September 18, 2017) was an American actor. He was born in New York City, New York. He was known for his role as Morris "Morrie" Kessler in the Martin Scorsese movie Goodfellas (1990). He has had small roles in other Robert De Niro movies, such as The Mission, The King of Comedy, and most notably in Sergio Leone's 1984 movie Once Upon a Time in America.

Low died on September 18, 2017 in Allendale, New Jersey at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

Chuck Low bio at TheSopranos.com 

1928 births
2017 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Philippe Rahmy

Philippe Rahmy (5 June 1965 – 1 October 2017) was a Swiss poet and writer. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland. He was a founding member of the prominent French literary site remue.net which focused on promoting contemporary literature over the Internet and through live events. He also worked as a photographer and as a director of award-winning independent short movies.

In 2017, he won the Swiss Literature Award.

Rahmy died of complications from brittle bone disease in Geneva on 1 October 2017 at the age of 52.

References

Other websites
 Bibliothèque cantonale universitaire 
 articles by Philippe Rahmy on remue.net
 texts by Philippe Rahmy on remue.net
 poetry books edited by Cheyne Editeur 
 rahmyfiction.net Philippe Rahmy's blog

1965 births
2017 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
Swiss poets
Novelists
Photographers
People from Geneva
Spanish Fighting Bull

The Spanish Fighting Bull (Toro Bravo, toro de lidia, toro lidiado, ganado bravo, Touro de Lide) is an Iberian heterogeneous cattle population. 

It is primarily bred free-range on extensive estates in Spain, Portugal, France and Latin American countries where bull fighting is organized. Fighting bulls are selected primarily for a certain combination of aggression, energy, strength, and stamina.

References

Other websites

Cattle breeds
Victorino Martín

Victorino Martín Andrés (6 March 1929 – 3 October 2017) was a Spanish Fighting Bull cattle rancher. He was born in Madrid, Spain. In 2011, he received the Order of the Second of May, a high honor in Spain. He was known for breeding many Fighting Bulls which were later used for bullfighting in venues in Spain and France.

Martín died at his home in Portezuelo, Province of Cáceres, Spain of a stroke on 3 October 2017 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

 Web de Victorino Martín
 Muere Victorino Martín

1929 births
2017 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Deaths from stroke
People from Madrid
Ranchers
Rodney Bickerstaffe

Rodney Kevan Bickerstaffe (6 April 1945 – 3 October 2017) was a British trade unionist. He served as President of the United Kingdom National Pensioners Convention. He was leader of Britain's largest trade union, UNISON until 2001. He was born in Hammersmith, London, England.

Bickerstaffe died in London on 3 October 2017 at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 National Pensioners Convention website 
 Ken Gill Memorial Fund

1945 births
2017 deaths
British activists
People from London
Evangelina Elizondo

Evangelina Elizondo (28 April 1929 – October 2, 2017) was a Mexican actress, writer, painter and singer. She was born in Mexico City. She was known for her roles in Frontera Norte, El Castillo de los Monstrous, and in A Walk in the Clouds. She was also a singer known for "La sensacional Evangelina" and writer who wrote Pensamiento abierto.

Elizondo died in Mexico City on October 2, 2017 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Elizondo's paintings

1929 births
2017 deaths
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican painters
Mexican singers
Mexican writers
Actors from Mexico City
Astigmatism

Astigmatism is defined as the eye creating two images instead of one image on the retina. This happens when the power of the eye isn't the same in all directions, often because the front of the eye (the cornea) is shaped more like the back of a spoon than a perfect sphere. Astigmatism does not affect the health of the eye, and eyes with astigmatism can be perfectly healthy.

The result is that objects look blurry, but how much blur is different in different directions, which is why people with astigmatism often have trouble reading some letters but not others.  It can also cause headaches and eyestrain. In most cases it is easily fixed with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.

Diseases and disorders of the eye
Animal Jam (TV series)

Animal Jam was an American–British children's puppet TV series that was shown on Discovery Kids in February 15, 2003. The show was produced by The Jim Henson Company, HiT Entertainment and Discovery Kids.

Children's television series
2003 television series debuts
2003 television series endings
Solly Hemus

Solomon Joseph "Solly" Hemus (April 17, 1923 – October 2, 2017) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager, and coach in Major League Baseball (MLB). Hemus was one of a select group of major league players to hold a role as a player-manager. He was born in Phoenix, Arizona. He played and managed for the St. Louis Cardinals and briefly played for the Philadelphia Phillies.

Hemus died on October 2, 2017 in Houston, Texas at the age of 94.

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
St. Louis Cardinals players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Klaus Huber

Klaus Huber (30 November 1924 – 2 October 2017) was a Swiss composer and academic based in Basel and Freiburg. He became one of the leading figures of his generation in Europe, compared to Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen.

Among his students are Brian Ferneyhough, Younghi Pagh-Paan, Toshio Hosokawa, Wolfgang Rihm and Kaija Saariaho. He received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize in 2009, among other awards.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Swiss composers
Swiss educators
People from Bern
Kim Un-yong

Kim Un-yong or Un Yong Kim (3 March 1931 – 2 October 2017) was a South Korean sports administrator, Vice-President of the International Olympic Committee, and founding member of the WTF executive board. Kim Un-yong was elected the president of the Korean Taekwondo Association on 23 January 1971. He was born in Daegu, South Korea.

References

1931 births
2017 deaths
South Korean sportspeople
South Korean businesspeople
Paul Otellini

Paul Stevens Otellini (October 12, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was an American businessman and onetime president and CEO of Intel. He was also on the board of directors of Google. He was born in San Francisco, California. On November 19, 2012, Otellini announced his intention to retire in May 2013.

Otellini died in his sleep on October 2, 2017 at his home in Santa Rosa, California at the age of 66.

References

Other websites

Intel website biography
Otellini talking about innovation.

1950 births
2017 deaths
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Robert Yates

Robert Yates (April 19, 1943 – October 2, 2017) was an American NASCAR engine builder and former owner of the Sprint Cup Series team Yates Racing, owned since 2007 by his son Doug. He purchased the team from Harry Ranier in 1988, with driver Davey Allison. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Yates won the NASCAR Winston Cup champion (1999).

Yates died at the age of 74 on October 2, 2017 from liver cancer.

References

Other websites
 Robert Yates Racing Engines
 YATES RACING team page at fordracing.com

1943 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
Businesspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Engineers from North Carolina
NASCAR
Scientists from North Carolina
Fuad Masum

Muhammad Fuad Masum ( Muḥammad Fūād Ma‘ṣūm; Kurdish: , born 1 January 1938) was the seventh President of Iraq from 24 July 2014 through 2 October 2019.

Masum is a veteran Iraqi Kurdish politician and was elected as President following the 2014 parliamentary election. 

Masum is the second non-Arab president of Iraq, replacing Jalal Talabani, also Kurdish, and is a friend of Talabani.

References

1938 births
Living people
Presidents of Iraq
Prime Ministers of Iraq
Michel Jouvet

Michel Valentin Marcel Jouvet (16 November 1925 – 3 October 2017) was a French neurobiologist and oneirologist. He was Emeritus Professor of Experimental Medicine at the University of Lyon. He was born in Lons-le-Saunier, Jura, France. Jouvet was the researcher who first developed the analeptic drug Modafinil. He was elected in 1977 to the French Academy of Sciences. He developed the idea and term of REM sleep.

Jouvet died in Lyon, France on 3 October 2017 at the age of 91.

References

1925 births
2017 deaths
French physicians
French neuroscientists
People from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Oneirology

Oneirology (; from Greek ὄνειρον, oneiron, "dream"; and -λογία, -logia, "the study of") is the scientific study of dreams.  

Current research seeks connections between dreaming and current knowledge about how the brain works, as well as understanding of how the brain works during dreaming as pertains to memory formation and mental disorders. The study of oneirology can mean from dream interpretation in that the aim is to quantitatively study the process of dreams instead of analyzing the meaning behind them.
Oneirology is about dreams and how they work. Most dreams happen in the REM [rapid eye movement] phase of their sleep. Dreams can have a good chance of coming true. Lucid dreaming is when the dreamer gains some control over their dream.

Related pages
 Rapid eye movement

More readings
 Aserinsky, E. and N. Kleitman. 1953. "Regularly Occurring Periods of Eye Motility and Concomitant Phenomena during Sleep." Science 118: 273-274.
 Dement, W.C. and N. Kleitman. 1957. "The Relation of Eye Movements during Sleep to Dream Activity: An Objective Method for the Study of Dreaming." Journal of Experimental Psychology 53: 339-346.
 Domhoff, G. William. 2003. The Scientific Study of Dreams. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Gackenbach, Jayne and Stephen LaBerge, Eds. 1988. Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain. New York: Plenum Press.
 Hadfield, J. A. 1969. Dreams and Nightmares. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books.
 Hobson, J. Allan. The Dreaming Brain. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.

Sleep
Psychology
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (, , ; 29 September 1934 – 20 October 2021) was a Hungarian-American psychologist. He was known because of his work in the psychological concept of flow, a highly focused mental state. He was the Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management at Claremont Graduate University.  

He was the head of the department of psychology at the University of Chicago and of the department of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest College.

Csikszentmihalyi died on 20 October 2021 in Claremont, California from cardiac arrest at the age of 87.

References

1934 births
2021 deaths
Hungarian scientists
American psychologists
American academics
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Chicago
Scientists from California
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Educators from California
Educators from Chicago
Howard Gardner

Howard Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943) is an American developmental psychologist and the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. He is currently the senior director of Harvard Project Zero. Since 1995, he has been the co-director of The Good Project.

Gardner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He studied at Harvard College. He is married to Ellen Winner. They have a son, Benjamin.

Gardner has written hundreds of research articles and thirty books that have been translated into more than thirty languages.  He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, as outlined in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

References

Other websites

  The Good Project
The Official Howard Gardner Website
The Official Website of Multiple Intelligences Theory
Project Zero
Faculty Profile — Harvard Graduate School of Education website

1943 births
Living people
American psychologists
Educators from Pennsylvania
Scientists from Pennsylvania
People from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Wilhelm von Schoen

Wilhelm Eduard Freiherr von Schoen (June 3, 1851 in Worms – April 24, 1933 in Berchtesgaden) was a German diplomat and politician.

Von Schoen was ambassador in Saint Petersburg and Paris. He handed the declaration of war to the French in 1914.

From 1907 to 1910 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Von Schoen wrote several non-fiction books, among others about World War I.

He died in the German Alps at the age of 81.

References 
  Friedrich Wilhelm von Schön. Eine biographische Skizze. Stadtverwaltung Worms: Städtisches Spiel- und Festhaus. Pages 31–43. Worms, 1966. Fritz Reuter.

1851 births
1933 deaths
Ambassadors of Germany
German nobility
German people of World War I
German writers
Government ministers of the German Empire
People from Worms, Germany
Politicians from Rhineland-Palatinate
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann Hollweg (November 29, 1856 in Hohenfinow (nowadays in Brandenburg) - January 1, 1921 in the same place) was a German independent politician. He was Reich Chancellor (Reichskanzler) of the German Empire during the greatest part of World War I.

Von Bethmann Holweg studied law at the University of Strasbourg, Leipzig University and the Humboldt-University of Berlin. He started working in the civil service of Prussia in 1882. He became president of the Province of Brandenburg in 1899. He was twice Minister of the Interior: of Prussia from 1905 to 1907, and of the German Empire from 1907 to 1909. He was also Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1907 to 1909.

He became Reich Chancellor in July 1909, succeeding Bernhard von Bülow. Before the war he tried in vain to improve relations with the United Kingdom. During the war he unsuccessfully opposed the launching of the U-boat warfare without any restrictions in March 1917. Because of peace efforts of the Reichstag he resigned in July 1917, and was succeeded by Georg Michaelis.

After the war he wrote his memoirs. Von Bethmann Hollweg died of pneumonia at the age of 64.

References 
 www.jstor.org

1856 births
1921 deaths
Chancellors of the German Empire
Civil servants
Deaths from pneumonia
German autobiographers
German nobility
German people of World War I
Government ministers of the German Empire
Members of the Reichstag (German Empire)
People from Prussia
Politicians from Brandenburg
Prussian politicians
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Arrondissements of the Savoie department

There are 3 arrondissements in the Savoie department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Savoie are:

History
Since its creation in 1860, the Savoie department has had few changes:
 1860 : creation of the department from the southern part of the Duchy of Sardinia with four arrondissements: Chambéry, Albertville, Moûtiers and Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne. The capital was Chambéry.
 1926 : the arrondissement of Moûtiers was eliminated and its territory became part of the arrondissement of Albertville.

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Albertville
 Arrondissement of Chambéry
 Arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Savoie
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Carman, Manitoba

Carman is a town in the Pembina Valley Region of southern Manitoba. As of 2011 about 3,000 people lived there.

Towns in Manitoba
Michel Aoun

Michel Aoun (, ; born 18 February 1935) is a Lebanese politician. He is the 17th and current President of Lebanon. He was elected president on 31 October 2016 on the 46th electoral session of the Lebanese parliament, breaking a 29-month deadlock. He is a Maronite Christian and the founder of the Free Patriotic Movement.

References

Other websites

1935 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Presidents of Lebanon
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Jesús Mosterín

Jesús Mosterín (1941 – 4 October 2017) was a Spanish philosopher and a thinker of broad spectrum, often at the frontier between science and philosophy. He was born in Bilbao, Spain. His works are based off Bertrand Russell’s History of Western Philosophy, whose foreword he composed, Some of the books of the series are devoted, for example, to Archaic thought, Aristotle and the philosophy of India.

References

1941 births
2017 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish philosophers
People from Bilbao
Chittani Ramachandra Hegde

Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (1 January 1933 – 3 October 2017) was an Indian artist. He was one of the most popular Yakshagana artiste from Honnavara, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka (his birthplace). He was awarded with Padma Shri award in 2012. His career lasted until his death in 2017. Hegde was the first artist performing Yakshagana, to receive Padmashri award and he dedicated the award to "Yakshagana".

Hegde died of a stroke complicated by pneumonia at a hospital in Mumbai, India on 3 October 2017 at the age of 84.

References

1933 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from pneumonia
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Indian artists
Indian dancers
Davoud Ahmadinejad

Davoud Ahmadinejad (13 March 1950 – 4 October 2017) was an Iranian politician and older brother of former Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Parvin Ahmadinejad. He was born in Aradan, Iran.

After the election of his brother as president in 2005, he was appointed as the head of the Presidential Inspection Commission.

In 2013, Ahmadinejad ran for President of Iran in the presidential election in 2013, but withdrew before the election was held. 

On 4 October 2017, Ahmadinejad died in Tehran of a heart attack at the age of 67.

References

1950 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Iranian Muslims
Iranian politicians
Arrondissement of Albertville

The arrondissement of Albertville is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and a subprefecture of the department, is the city of Albertville.

History
When the Savoie department was created in 1860, the arrondissement of Albertville was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Albertville is bordered to the north by the Haute-Savoie department, to the east by Italy, to the south by the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and to the west by the arrondissement of Chambéry.

It is in the north of the department and is the largest arrondissement with an area of , and the second in population, with 111,839 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Albertville, there are 5 cantons:

 Albertville-1 (7303)
 Albertville-2 (7304)
 Bourg-Saint-Maurice (7305)
 Moûtiers (7313)
 Ugine (7319)

Communes
The arrondissement of Albertville has 74 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Aigueblanche (73003)
 Aime-la-Plagne (73006)
 Albertville (73011)
 Allondaz (73014)
 Les Allues (73015)
 Les Avanchers-Valmorel (73024)
 La Bâthie (73032)
 Beaufort (73034)
 Les Belleville (73257)
 Le Bois (73045)
 Bonneval (73046)
 Bonvillard (73048)
 Bourg-Saint-Maurice (73054)
 Bozel (73055)
 Brides-les-Bains (73057)
 Césarches (73061)
 Cevins (73063)
 Champagny-en-Vanoise (73071)
 Les Chapelles (73077)
 Cléry (73086)
 Cohennoz (73088)
 Courchevel (73227)
 Crest-Voland (73094)
 Esserts-Blay (73110)
 Feissons-sur-Isère (73112)
 Feissons-sur-Salins (73113)
 Flumet (73114)
 Frontenex (73121)
 La Giettaz (73123)
 Gilly-sur-Isère (73124)
 Grésy-sur-Isère (73129)
 Grignon (73130)
 Hautecour (73131)
 Hauteluce (73132)
 Landry (73142)
 La Léchère (73187)
 Marthod (73153)
 Mercury (73154)
 Montagny (73161)
 Montailleur (73162)
 Monthion (73170)
 Montvalezan (73176)
 Moûtiers (73181)
 Notre-Dame-de-Bellecombe (73186)
 Notre-Dame-des-Millières (73188)
 Notre-Dame-du-Pré (73190)
 Pallud (73196)
 Peisey-Nancroix (73197)
 La Plagne-Tarentaise (73150)
 Planay (73201)
 Plancherine (73202)
 Pralognan-la-Vanoise (73206)
 Queige (73211)
 Rognaix (73216)
 Sainte-Foy-Tarentaise (73232)
 Sainte-Hélène-sur-Isère (73241)
 Saint-Jean-de-Belleville (73244)
 Saint-Marcel (73253)
 Saint-Nicolas-la-Chapelle (73262)
 Saint-Oyen (73266)
 Saint-Paul-sur-Isère (73268)
 Saint-Vital (73283)
 Salins-Fontaine (73284)
 Séez (73285)
 Thénésol (73292)
 Tignes (73296)
 Tournon (73297)
 Tours-en-Savoie (73298)
 Ugine (73303)
 Val-d'Isère (73304)
 Venthon (73308)
 Verrens-Arvey (73312)
 Villard-sur-Doron (73317)
 Villaroger (73323)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Savoie department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Albertville
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Vanaheimr

In Norse mythology, Vanaheimr (Old Norse for "home of the Vanir") is one of the Nine Worlds and home of the Vanir. The Vanir are the gods of fertility, wisdom, and the ability to see the future.

Vanaheimr is described in the Poetic Edda; which was put together in the 13th century from earlier stories. The Prose Edda and Heimskringla were bot written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, Vanaheimr is said to be the location where the Van god Njörðr was raised. In Norse cosmology, Vanaheimr is considered one of the Nine Worlds.

References 

Places in Norse mythology
Álfheimr

Alfheim is a place in Norse mythology. It is the home of the Light Elves.

Places in Norse mythology
Bradford Bishop

William Bradford Bishop Jr. (born August 1, 1936) is a former United States Foreign Service officer. He has been a fugitive from justice since allegedly killing five members of his family in 1976. On April 10, 2014, the FBI placed him on the list of its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.

His last posting, which began in 1974, was at State Department Headquarters in Washington, D.C. as an Assistant Chief in the Division of Special Activities and Commercial Treaties.

Bishop was born in Pasadena, California. He studied at UCLA and at Yale University.

In 1976, after getting upset for not getting a work promotion, Bishop bought a sledgehammer and a shovel and murdered his wife and three children as they slept at their home in Bethesda, Maryland. With the bodies loaded into the station wagon, Bishop allegedly drove , about a six-hour drive, to a densely wooded swamp off North Carolina Highway 94, about  south of Columbia, North Carolina. He would later burn the bodies and bury them in near the swamp.

Bishop has been spotted several placed in Europe by former State Department employees in Italy, Stockholm and in Switzerland.

In 2011, it was believed that Bishop died in Hong Kong and later in France, these proved to be false. In 2014, the FBI exhumed the body of an Alabama man who was killed in a road accident in 1981, believing he was Bishop. After DNA of the man was tested it was revealed the dead man was not Bishop and that he remains alive.

References

1936 births
Living people
American murderers
Criminals from California
People from Pasadena, California
Exhumation

Exhumation is the act of digging up, especially a corpse. This is most often done to relocate a body to a different burial spot. 

Families may make this decision to locate the deceased in a more pertinent or convenient place. In shared family burial sites (e.g. a married couple), if the previously deceased person has been buried for an insufficient period of time the second body may be buried elsewhere until it is safe to move it to the requested grave. 

In most jurisdictions a legal exhumation usually requires a court order or permission by the next of kin of the deceased. Also in many countries permits are required by some governing agency like the board of health in order to legally conduct a disinterment.

References

Death customs
Arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne

The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and a subprefecture of the department, is the city of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne.

History
When the Savoie department was created in 1860, the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Albertville, to the east by Italy, to the south by the Hautes-Alpes department, to the west by the Isère department and to the northwest by the arrondissement of Chambéry.

It is the most southern of the arrondissements of the department and is the second largest arrondissement with an area of , but the one with fewest people living in it with 43,438 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, there are only 3 cantons:

 Modane (7310)
 Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (7317)
 Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny (7318) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne has 56 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Aiguebelle (73002)
 Aiton (73007)
 Albiez-Montrond (73013)
 Albiez-le-Jeune (73012)
 Argentine (73019)
 Aussois (73023)
 Avrieux (73026)
 Bessans (73040)
 Bonneval-sur-Arc (73047)
 Bonvillaret (73049)
 La Chambre (73067)
 La Chapelle (73074)
 Épierre (73109)
 Fontcouverte-la-Toussuire (73116)
 Fourneaux (73117)
 Freney (73119)
 Hermillon (73135)
 Jarrier (73138)
 Le Châtel (73080)
 Les Chavannes-en-Maurienne (73083)
 Modane (73157)
 Montgilbert (73168)
 Montricher-Albanne (73173)
 Montsapey (73175)
 Montvernier (73177)
 Notre-Dame-du-Cruet (73189)
 Orelle (73194)
 Pontamafrey-Montpascal (73203)
 Randens (73212)
 Saint-Alban-d'Hurtières (73220)
 Saint-Alban-des-Villards (73221)
 Saint-André (73223)
 Saint-Avre (73224)
 Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (73230)
 Saint-Etienne-de-Cuines (73231)
 Saint-François-Longchamp (73235)
 Saint-Georges-d'Hurtières (73237)
 Saint-Jean-d'Arves (73242)
 Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (73248)
 Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis (73250)
 Saint-Léger (73252)
 Saint-Martin-d'Arc (73256)
 Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte (73258)
 Saint-Martin-sur-la-Chambre (73259)
 Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne (73261)
 Saint-Pancrace (73267)
 Saint-Pierre-de-Belleville (73272)
 Saint-Rémy-de-Maurienne (73278)
 Saint-Sorlin-d'Arves (73280)
 Sainte-Marie-de-Cuines (73255)
 Val-Cenis (73290)
 Valloire (73306)
 Valmeinier (73307)
 Villarembert (73318)
 Villargondran (73320)
 Villarodin-Bourget (73322)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Savoie department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Electron hole

An electron hole (often simply called a hole) is the absence or lack of an electron where an electron would normally be in an atom. Because electrons are negative and their charges are balanced by the positive protons, electron holes are positive in charge. Electron holes are not particles, they are classified as quasiparticles. Electron holes are different to positrons, which are the antiparticle to the electron. When electrons change energy levels, they leave an electron hole in their place.

Related pages
 Electron
 Atom
 Exciton
 Energy level

Physics
Exciton

An exciton is an electron bound to an electron hole. It is neutrally charged (because the negative charge of the electron is balanced by the positive charge of the electron hole) and is a quasiparticle.

Physics
Charles J. Pedersen

Charles John Pedersen (October 3, 1904  – October 26, 1989) was an American chemist. He received the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Donald James Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. He specialized in organic chemistry.

Pedersen had a Norwegian father and a Japanese mother. He was born in Busan, Korea and died in Salem, New Jersey.

References 
 
 Charles J. Pedersen's Family Website
 The Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan. Page 41. 1987

1904 births
1989 deaths
American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Busan
People from Rutherford, New Jersey
Scientists from New Jersey
John R. Miller

John Ripin Miller (May 23, 1938 – October 4, 2017) was an American politician. He was born in New York City.

Miller was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1985 to 1993. He represented the  of Washington as a Republican. While in Congress he championed human rights in the Soviet Union, China and South Africa.

Miller served as the director, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons for the U.S. State Department, with the rank of Ambassador-at-Large from 2002 through 2006 during the George W. Bush administration.

Miller died of cancer on October 4, 2017 in Corte Madera, California at the age of 79.

References

Other websites

 State Department Biography
 Seattle City Council Members, 1869-Present Chronological Listing, Seattle City Archives. Accessed online July 19, 2008.
 

1938 births
2017 deaths
American human rights activists
Cancer deaths in California
Politicians from Seattle, Washington
Politicians from New York City
United States representatives from Washington
US Republican Party politicians
Don J. Wright

Don J. Wright is an American physician and government official. He is the current acting United States Secretary of Health and Human Services. Wright was designated by Donald Trump after his predecessor, Tom Price, resigned on September 29, 2017.

From 2003 to 2007, Wright was Director of the Office of Occupational Medicine for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 

Wright was replaced by Eric Hargan as the new acting Health Secretary by President Trump on October 10, 2017.

Wright started at HHS in 2007, as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health. In 2009, he became Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health Care Quality, and in 2012, he was named Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health and Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

References

Other websites
 Biography at U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
 

Living people
American physicians
Politicians from Texas
Cold as Ice

"Cold as Ice" is a 1977 pop rock song. The song is from music group Foreigner. The lyrics for the song speak of a man accusing a woman of spoiling an intimate relationship.

The song peaked at #6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. 

American rapper Kanye West used a sample for his song "Cold". Rapper B.o.B sampled the chorus of the song for his song "Cold as Ice" in 2010.

A cover version was heard during a commercial for Wendy's in Super Bowl LI in 2017.

References

Rock songs
Pop songs
1977 songs
Earlsfield

Earlsfield is an area in the London Borough of Wandsworth, London, England.

London Borough of Wandsworth
Friedrich von Löffelholz

Friedrich von Löffelholz (7 March 1953 – 2 October 2017) was a German cyclist. He was born in Nuremberg, Germany. He competed in the team time trial event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Von Löffelholz died on October 2, 2017 at the age of 62.

References

1953 births
2017 deaths
German cyclists
Sportspeople from Bavaria
People from Nuremberg
Sevgein

Sevgein is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Sevgein, Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
North Delhi

North Delhi is an administrative district of the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India.

North Delhi is bounded by the Yamuna River on the east, and by the districts of North West Delhi to the north and west, West Delhi to the southwest, Central Delhi to the south,  and North East Delhi to the east across the Yamuna.

Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, Sadar Bazar, Kotwali, and  Civil Lines.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census North Delhi has a population of 883,418, roughly equal to the nation of Fiji or the US state of Delaware. This gives it a ranking of 468th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.04%. North Delhi has a sex ratio of 871 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 86.81%.
North Delhi Is Dominated by jats they Have 70 villages in North Delhi

References

Districts of Delhi
North West Delhi

North West Delhi is an administrative district of the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India.

Demographics 
According to the 2011 census North West Delhi has a population of 3,651,261, roughly equal to the nation of Liberia or the US state of Oklahoma. This gives it a ranking of 78th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was  27.63%. North West Delhi has a sex ratio of 862 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 84.66%.

References

Other websites 
 North West Delhi District, Official website
 Detailed Map of North West Delhi District 
 List of places in North-West-Delhi

Districts of Delhi
West Delhi

West Delhi is an administrative district of the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India. It has an area of 129 km², with a population density of nearly 14,000 persons per km². Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, Patel Nagar, Rajouri Garden, and Punjabi Bagh. Major residential and commercial areas of Delhi like Janakpuri and Tilak Nagar are located in West Delhi.

Demographics 
According to the 2011 census West Delhi has a population of 2,531,583, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 169th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was  18.91%. West Delhi has a sex ratio of 876 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 87.12%.

References

Other websites 
 West Delhi District official website 
 List of places in West-Delhi

Districts of Delhi