cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (25 December 1924 – 16 August 2018) was an Indian politician. He served as the 10th Prime Minister of India for six years from 1998 through 2004. He was also serving as Prime Minister from May 1996 through June 1996. He founded the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Vajpayee was born on 25 December 1924 in Gwalior, United Provinces, British India (now Madhya Pradesh, India). He studied at Victoria College (now Laxmibai College) and at DAV College, Kanpur. Vajpayee was never married and had no children.

Vajpayee, who had dementia and diabetes, died at a New Delhi hospital from multiple organ failure on 16 August 2018, aged 93.

References

Other websites

 Profile Govt. of India
 Profile at BBC News
 Annotated Bibliography for Atal Bihari Vajpayee from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
 BJP website 
 A. B. Vajpayee  at BJP leaders, India
 Atalji's life journey poems and songs collection 
 Read few poems of Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Hindi Script 
 In India's Spotlight, He Was Both Director and Audience – NYTimes

1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Prime Ministers of India
Hindus
Madhya Pradesh
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians
Gloria

The name Gloria is a female given name which is very common in the English language. The name means "glory" in Latin language. There are several notable movies under the name Gloria. Notable celebrities under the name include Gloria Gaynor, Gloria Reuben, Gloria Vanderbilt and the singer Gloria Estefan. The name was used on a hurricane that struck the East Coast of the United States in September 1985.

Given names
Vanessa (name)

The name Vanessa is a popular female name. It was created around 1708. The name was the 71st most popular female name for girls in the United States for 2007. It first appeared across the Top 1000 female names in the United States around 1950. There are several celebrities under the name, including Vanessa L. Williams and Vanessa Hudgens.

Given names
Rachel (Hebrew Bible)

Rachel is a person in the Book of Genesis. She is the daughter of Laban, and a wife of Jacob. She is the mother of Joseph and Benjamin.

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Roberta

Roberta is a female given name. It is the feminine form of the male name Robert. This female name has been given to several celebrities, including Roberta Flack and Roberta Peters. It was also used for the title of a Broadway musical in the 1930s.

Given names
Valerie

The name Valerie is an almost all-girl given name. The name was taken from the French Valérie and from the Latin Valeria. The name is extremely popular in several countries and United States. There are many celebrities by the name, including Valerie Harper, Valerie Perrine and the feminist Valerie Solanas. There are a lot of songs named as "Valerie". This name is being used on List Four of Atlantic Hurricane Names List.

Given names
Kamov Ka-60 Kasatka

The Kamov Ka-60 Kasatka is a Russian light helicopter. It was designed and built to replace the Mil Mi-8. Its first flight was in December 1998. It is used by the Russian Air Force. Kasatka is the Russian word for Killer Whale.

Bibliography  
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

Other websites
 Information on the KA-62 on kahelicopter.com 

Helicopters
Military aircraft
Hainan

Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China. The name "Hainan" also refers to Hainan Island, the main island of the province. The capital of the province is Haikou. Hainan is known for its tropical climate.

Provinces of China
Islands of China
Mexico City Cathedral

The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary of Mexico City or the Mexico City Cathedral is a cathedral in Mexico City. It is one of the oldest and largest cathedrals in the Americas. The cathedral was built from 1573 to 1813 around the original church. The original church was built soon after the Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlán. The new cathedral eventually replaced the church entirely.

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Mexico City
Jacuzzi

Jacuzzi is an American company. It makes whirlpool bathtubs and hot-tub spas. Its first product was a bath with massaging jets.

Companies based in California
1915 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in California
The Golden Palace

The Golden Palace is an American sitcom. It is a spin-off of the sitcom The Golden Girls. It was shot from 1992-1993. They have as help the receptionist Roland Wilson (Don Cheadle) and the cook Chuy Castillos (Cheech Marin). Sometimes the young Oliver (Billy L. Sullivan) appears.

Characters
 Rose Nylund (Betty White)
 Blanche Devereaux (Rue McClanahan)
 Sophia Petrillo Weinstock (Estelle Getty)
 Roland Wilson (Don Cheadle) is the hotel manager.
 Chuy Castillos (Cheech Marin) is the cook.
 Oliver Webb (Billy L. Sullivan)

Background
 Bea Arthur didn't play in this series.
 It was shot only 24 episodes. Many people said that without Bea Arthur, the series would be unsuccessful.

American sitcoms
CBS network shows
1992 American television series debuts
Television spin-offs
1993 television series endings
1993 disestablishments in the United States
English-language television programs
Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma Mk-2

The Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma Mk-2 is a medium helicopter designed and built in France by Eurocopter. It's a modernized variant of the Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma. Originally civilian, it's also a military helicopter, used for transport, search and rescue, and support. Maiden flight in 2000, it's in production in 2013. Some are used by French Navy as replacement of formers Super Frelon.

French military aircraft
Helicopters
EC225 Super Puma Mk-2
Nia Vardalos

Antonia Eugenia "Nia" Vardalos (born September 24, 1962) is a Canadian actress and screenwriter. She has performed in several movies. She starred in comedies My Big Fat Greek Wedding in 2002, and Connie and Carla in 2004. She later began acting in more independent movies. She starred in My Big Fat Greek Life and My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2. 

Vardalos was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Her parents are Greeks. She got United States citizenship in 1999.

References

Other websites 

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Winnipeg
American movie actors
American screenwriters
American television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma

The Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma is a civilian and military helicopter built by French and German company Eurocopter. It is an enlarged variant of the Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma. It is used principally for transport and search and rescue, but some are used for water bombing, special forces support, and VIP & VVIP liaisons. Some are used by police aviation, coast guards, and customs. All are built in Marignane factory, but a production licence was sold to Indonesia. In this last kind Super Puma are known as NAS-332.

Operators

Civilians 
Civilians Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma flies or flown in Azerbaijan, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Morocco, UK, and USA.

Militaries 
Militaries Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma flies or flown in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Ecuador, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Iceland, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, UAE, and Venezuela.

Related developments 
Eurocopter AS-532 Cougar is a military variant, and EC225 Super Puma Mk-2 is a modernized variant.

Bibliography 
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London: Aerospace Publication, 2002. .

Civil aircraft
German military aircraft
French military aircraft
Helicopters
AS-332 Super Puma
Grob G.120

The Grob G.120 is a German light training aircraft. It is used both by civilians and militaries. Some are used by the French Air Force, Canadian Forces Air Command, and Israel Air Force.

Civil aircraft
Military aircraft
German military aircraft
Room in Rome

Room in Rome is a 2010 Spanish erotic romance and drama movie. This movie looks at seduction and lesbian romances. This movie was shot around Rome and Madrid. It was released in April 2010. It stars Elena Anaya and Natasha Yarovenko.

Plot

Alba, a 30-something Spanish tourist in Rome, brings a younger Russian woman named Natasha to her hotel room. It's the last night of vacation in Rome. The details of how they met in a club are vague. Natasha at first refuses, and says she is straight. However, Alba keeps wanting to have sex with Natasha. Natasha keeps saying that she has never had sex with a woman. 

Natasha and Alba get undressed and into bed, though Natasha is still nervous. Alba suggests they lay side by side and only casually touch each other's faces. They do that until Alba becomes so relaxed she falls asleep. Natasha quietly gets out of bed, gets dressed and leaves the room. She wonders what would have happened if she had given sex to Alba. But Natasha leaves one thing behind: her cell phone. It rings and wakes up Alba. Natasha returns to the hotel room and asks for her cell phone. But she does not want to enter the room again. However, Alba grabs Natasha and takes her back into the room. They get undressed once again and into bed. Natasha and Alba have sex for the first time.

Over the next ten hours, Natasha and Alba grow close to one another. Natasha becomes more relaxed around Alba about their love-making. The two women share stories of their past.

But eventually, the two women tell each other the truth. Natasha says that her real name is Dasha. She is also a professional tennis player on vacation. Alba then tells she is a mechanical engineer and inventor. She is in Rome on business. She also lives with a woman in Spain.

Alba tells Natasha that she is falling in love with her. Natasha, though, gets more defensive. She says her attraction to Alba is only from curiosity toward the same sex and not love.

The two women have sex one last time. Then, they decide to leave and return to their lives in Russia and Spain.

Reception

The movie received mixed reviews. Jonathan Holland gave a mixed review. He liked the acting, though said director Julio Modem was more interested in his ideas than the people. The Rotten Tomatoes rated the movie at 50%.

References

2010s LGBT movies
2010s romance movies
2010 movies
Spanish movies
Multilingual movies
Movies set in Rome
Lancair 320

The Lancair 320 is a light single-engine aircraft. It was designed in the United States, and was introduced in 1988. It is a home-built aircraft with two seats.

Civil aircraft
Stealing Beauty

Stealing Beauty is a 1996 romantic drama movie. The story is about an American teenage girl who travels to a Tuscan countryside and whose mother has committed suicide. Liv Tyler plays Lucy Harmon. The reviews were mixed. This movie was released in late June 1996 in the United States.

1996 romance movies
1996 drama movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Italian romance movies
Italian drama movies
French romance movies
French drama movies
British romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Bernardo Bertolucci
Hocus Pocus (movie)

Hocus Pocus is a 1993 American family fantasy horror comedy movie. It was directed by Kenny Ortega. It stars Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy. The movie is about a family of witches, known as the Sanderson Sisters. They were resurrected by a teenager named Max (Omri Katz) along with his sister Dani (Thora Birch) and girlfriend Allison (Vinessa Shaw). The movie received negative reviews from movie critics. However, it performed well in theaters where it grossed $39,514,713. After the movie was released on home video, it received a cult following.

Plot 
Three sisters, who are witches, are sentenced to death in the 17th century. They returned 300 years later because of a curse by Winifred Sanderson (Bette Midler). Three kids try using a chant to stop them from scaring modern-day Salem, Massachusetts on Halloween. They plan to turn immortal with the lives of modern day trick-or-treaters.

Release

Theatrical
Hocus Pocus was released in the United States and Canada on July 16, 1993. It opened in fourth place with $8.1 million. The movie grossed $5.2 million in its second week. The movie fell out of the top ten, ending its domestic box office run with $39.5 million. The film was released to foreign markets in October 1994.

Home video and television
The movie was released to VHS in North America on January 5, 1994. Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection release on April 2, 1996. After part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection release on August 2, 2000 and later to DVD on June 4, 2002. Someone as the VHS and DVD release on September 2, 2003 in the United States in THX. It continues to show strong annual sales. It ranks in more than $1 million in DVD sales each October. On September 4, 2012 Hocus Pocus was released by Disney on Blu-ray for the first time.

Cast 
Bette Midler - Winifred Sanderson
Sarah Jessica Parker - Sarah Sanderson
Kathy Najimy - Mary Sanderson
Jason Marsden - Voice of Thackery Binx (voice)
Omri Katz
Thora Birch
Vinessa Shaw

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 

1993 comedy movies
1990s fantasy movies
American comedy movies
American fantasy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies composed by John Debney
Witches
Disney movies
The Mighty Ducks

The Mighty Ducks is a 1992 sports comedy movie set in Minneapolis. It was directed by Stephen Herek. It stars Emilio Estevez. It was produced by Avent-Kerner Productions. Mighty Ducks was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the first movie in The Mighty Ducks movie series. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the movie was titled Champions. The home video release in the UK are titled The Mighty Ducks Are the Champions.

Cast
 Emilio Estevez as Gordon Bombay
 Joss Ackland as Hans
 Lane Smith as Coach Jack Reilly
 Heidi Kling as Casey Conway
 Josef Sommer as Mr. Gerald Ducksworth
 Joshua Jackson as Charlie Conway
 Elden Henson as Fulton Reed
 Shaun Weiss as Greg Goldberg
 M. C. Gainey as Lewis
 Reid Allen as Jake
 Matt Doherty as Les Averman
 Brandon Adams as Jesse Hall
 J. D. Daniels as Peter Mark
 Aaron Schwartz as Dave Karp
 Garette Ratliff Henson as Guy Germaine
 Marguerite Moreau as Connie Moreau
 Danny Tamberelli as Tommy Duncan
 Jane Plank as Tammy Duncan
 Jussie Smollett as Terry Hall
 Vincent Larusso as Adam Banks
 Michael Ooms as McGill
 Casey Garven as Larson
 Hal Fort Atkinson III as Phillip Banks
 Basil McRae as Himself
 Mike Modano as Himself
 John Beasley as Mr. Hall
 Brock Pierce as Gordon Bombay - 10 years old
 Robert Pall as Gordon's Father
 John Paul Gamoke as Mr. Tolbert
 Steven Brill as Frank Huddy

Other websites 
 
 
 
 

1992 movies
1990s sports movies
American sports movies
Disney movies
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Movies set in Minnesota
Sports comedy movies
2013 in video gaming

This article lists video games that were released in the year 2013. These includes, Batman: Arkham, Army of Two, Assassin's Creed, BioShock, Call of Duty, Company of Heroes, Crysis, Dead Space, Devil May Cry, Final Fantasy, Fire Emblem, God of War, Dead Island, Grand Theft Auto, Killzone, Lost Planet, Pokémon, Sly Cooper, StarCraft, Tomb Raider and Total War. Also in 2013, PlayStation 4 from Sony Computer Entertainment and the Xbox One from Microsoft were released that year.

Events

Console releases
The list of game consoles to be released in 2013 in North America.

Game releases
The list of games released, or due for release, in 2013 in North America.

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Unscheduled releases
Below is a list of games which have been announced to be released in 2013 in North America, but have no exact release date or month yet.

References
Otto Pérez Molina

Otto Fernando Pérez Molina (born 1 December 1950) is a Guatemalan politician and retired military officer. He served as President of Guatemala from January 14, 2012 until his resignation on September 2, 2015.

Molina was born on 1 December 1950 in Guatemala City, Guatemala. He studied at School of the Americas and at the Inter-American Defense College. Molina has been married to Rosa Leal. They have two children.

References

Other websites

Otto Pérez Molina: Patriotic Party profile
Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
US Government Glosses Over War Crime Accusations Against Leading Guatemalan Presidential Candidate 
Notorious Graduates (of the School of the Americas) from Guatemala 
Guatemalan Election Marred by Violence 
Guatemala: Six Months to Examine the Past and Define the Future 
Guatemala (1983 documentary): Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1950 births
Living people
Generals
North American military people
People from Guatemala City
Presidents of Guatemala
Roman Catholics
José Mujica

José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano (born 20 May 1935) is an Uruguayan politician. He served as President of Uruguay from 2010 to 2015.

He won the 2009 presidential election and took office as President on 1 March 2010. He has been called "the world's 'poorest' president" because he donates around 90 percent of his $12,000 monthly salary to charities to help poor people and small entrepreneurs.

Senate career
In the 1994 general elections, Mujica was elected deputy and in the elections of 1999 he was elected senator. In 1994 Mujica was chosen to be a deputy and then in 1999 he was chosen to be senator in the [general election] of Uruguay in that year. In 2004, Mujica's political party was very popular because of his charisma. In 2004 there were more elections and Mujica was chosen to be a senator again, this helped his political party and Tabaré Vázquez to be president.

Minister of Livestock

On March 1, 2005, President Tabaré Vázquez made Mujica as the Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (Mujica's own professional background was in the agricultural sector).

Since becoming minister, Mujica resigned his position as senator. He held this position until a cabinet change in 2008, when he resigned and was replaced by Ernesto Agazzi. Mujica then returned to his seat in the Senate.

Personal life
Mujica was born on 20 May 1935 in Montevideo, Uruguay. His parents were Demetrio Mujica, of Spanish Basque ancestry, and Lucy Cordano, of Italian descent.

In 2005, Mujica married senator Lucía Topolansky.

References

Other websites

  Biography by CIDOB Foundation
 Uruguay's President-Elect: Che Guevara’s Spiritual Heir  by The Daily Maverick

1935 births
Living people
Presidents of Uruguay
South American philanthropists
People from Montevideo
Belle Fourche River

The Belle Fourche River (prounced bel FOOSH) is a tributary of the Cheyenne River, about  long, in the U.S. states of Wyoming and South Dakota.  It is part of the Mississippi River watershed traveling through the Cheyenne and Missouri rivers.

The point at which the river flows out of Wyoming and into South Dakota is the lowest elevation point in the state of Wyoming at .  This is the second-highest low point of any U.S. state.

References

Other websites

Rivers of South Dakota
Rivers of Wyoming
Old Bet

Old Bet (d. 1816) was a female African elephant. She was the second elephant in America. She was the first to be known by a name. She was about four years old when she arrived in Boston on 24 June 1804.  She was owned by Edward Savage and exhibited by him in 1805. He sold her to Hachaliah Bailey for a reported $10,000. Bailey sold her but bought her back.

He leased her to others for exhibition for the rest of her life. On 25 June 1812, she appeared with the Cayetano and Company circus in New York City and thus became the first elephant to be displayed in a circus in America. She was exhibited for years and earned a considerable amount of money.

Old Bet was shot and killed in Shapleigh, Maine, on 26 June 1816 by Daniel Davis, a farmer who claimed the elephant was taking dollars out of the local economy. Bailey raised a monument to Old Bet at his Elephant Hotel in Somers, New York. Her skeleton was displayed in New York City in 1817, and was later acquired by P. T. Barnum for his American Museum.

Notes

References
 Ogden, Tom. 1993. Two Hundred Years of the American Circus. Facts On File, Inc. 

elephants
Individual animals
Oscar Hammerstein II

Oscar Hammerstein II (July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was an American writer. He was born in New York City. In the 1950s, he teamed with Richard Rodgers to write several successful musicals including Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I,  and The Sound of Music. He died of stomach cancer in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, shortly after the opening of The Sound of Music.

Awards
Hammerstein won the Academy Award for Best Original Song two times. The first was in 1941 for "The Last Time I Saw Paris" in the movie Lady Be Good. The second was in 1945 for "It Might as Well Be Spring" in State Fair.

In 1950, the team of Rodgers and Hammerstein received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."

Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards. Six were for lyrics or book. Two were for producing the Best Musical (South Pacific and The Sound of Music).

Rodgers and Hammerstein won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for Oklahoma! With Joshua Logan, they won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950 for South Pacific.

Oscar Hammerstein was a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.

References

Writers from New York City
1960 deaths
1895 births
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
French invasion of Russia

The French Invasion of Russia in 1812, also known as the Russian Campaign in France () and the Patriotic War of 1812 in Russia (), was when Napoleon Bonaparte led the French Empire to invade Russia. It was the turning point during the Napoleonic Wars, because it was the first major defeat for Napoleon. It reduced the French and allied invasion forces (the Grande Armée) to a tiny part of their starting strength.  It started a major change in European politics as it greatly weakened France's power over Europe. The French Empire's former allies, at first Prussia and then the Austrian Empire, broke their alliance with France. They went against France instead, which started the War of the Sixth Coalition.

References

Other websites 
 History of the Expedition to Russia Undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon in the Year 1812, by the count de Ségur (Gutenberg Project ebook)
 Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812 + color maps
 Alternative version of Minard's map (using modern country boundaries)
 Alternative version of Minard's map (zoomed-out, to show area in relationship to the rest of Europe)
 French invasion of 1812, view from Russia
 Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 1-22 

1812
Wars involving France
Wars involving Russia
The Lawrence Welk Show

The Lawrence Welk Show was an American televised musical variety show. It was hosted by big band leader Lawrence Welk with Norma Zimmer appearing as "the Champagne Lady".

The series aired locally in Los Angeles for four years, from 1951 to 1955, then nationally for another 16 years on ABC from 1955 to 1971, followed by 11 years in first-run syndication from 1971 to 1982.

Other websites

Lawrence Welk Music Arrangements database Provides access to some 10,000 music arrangements used on the Lawrence Welk Show, now preserved at North Dakota State University.
Stars of the Lawrence Welk Show
The Lawrence Welk Show episodes  on Hulu (currently consisting only of 21 black-and-white episodes from prior to 1965)

1950s television series
1951
1984 in the United States
1980s television series endings
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
Amanda

Amanda is a female given name. It comes from Latin language. The name means "she who must be loved" or "worthy of love". The name Amanda first appeared in 1212 in birth records from England. It was not until around the 1700s that the name became popular. This name became very popular in the United States starting in the 1930s. The name was especially popular in the United States starting in 1978 and ending in 1992. In 2009 the name was ranked at 166. Famous people with the name include Amanda Bynes, Amanda Seyfried and Amanda Blake.

People
 Amanda Barrie (born 1935), British actress
 Amanda Blake (1929–1989), American actress who played Miss Kitty on Gunsmoke
 Amanda Carter (born 1964), Australian wheelchair basketball player
 Amanda Crew (born 1986), Canadian actress
 Amanda Donohoe (born 1962), British actress
 Amanda Forsyth (born 1966), Canadian cellist
 Amanda Holden (born 1971), British actress
 Amanda Lang (born 1970), Canadian journalist and senior business correspondent for CBC News
 Amanda Marshall (born 1972), a Canadian singer and musician
 Amanda Vanstone (born 1952), former Australian politician, former ambassador to Italy

Places
 Amanda Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica
 Amanda, Ohio

Astronomy
 725 Amanda, an asteroid

Other
 Amanda (gastropod), a member of the nudibranch family Facelinidae
 Operation Amanda, a 1994 United Nations Protection Force mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Given names
Shirley

Shirley is a female given name. This name was especially popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It is still common today. The name was used in the sitcom Laverne & Shirley which was on television in the 1970s. Famous people with this name include Shirley Temple, Shirley MacLaine and Shirley Knight.

Given names
Heidi (given name)

Heidi is a female given name. It became an extremely popular name after the novel Heidi was introduced. The name comes from the name Adelheid, which means "nobility". The name began to be used in English because of the movie. Famous people with the name include Heidi Fleiss and Heidi Montag. A movie with Shirley Temple as the title character was released in 1937.

Given names
Jill

The name Jill is a female given name. It comes from Latin. It means sweetheart or youthful. The name is short form of Jillian, but it is now an independent name within its own right. Famous people with the name include: Jill St. John, Jill Clayburgh, Jill Bennett, Jill Eikenberry and Jill Biden. This name is also used in the Jack and Jill nursery rhyme.

Given names
Brétigny-sur-Orge train crash

On 12 July 2013, a train crashed in Brétigny railway station, in Brétigny-sur-Orge. Bretigny is  from Paris in Île-de-France. The train was a service from Paris to Limoges. Six people are confirmed dead, 30 are injured, eight of them in a critical state. Of the six dead, two were killed in the railway station, two are from Limoges, and two from Étampes. 385 passengers were on board at the time of the crash. The crash occurred at 17:14 local time, 22 minutes after the train left Austerlitz station at 16:53. If the train had been on schedule, it would have arrived in Limoges at 20:05. The trains and platforms at Brétigny were very busy as it was the Friday before the Bastille Day holiday weekend.

The train was not supposed to stop at the station. According to the first reports, the train crashed at high speed and split in two pieces after the third and fourth cars derailed. The crash caused the back four carts to crash into the station platforms. The accident is the most serious rail crash that has happened in France since the 1988 Gare de Lyon rail accident in which 56 people were killed.

The French Land Transport Accident Investigation Bureau (BEA-TT) has announced a search into the accident. SNCF released its findings on 13 July. The company reported that the derailment seemed to have been caused by a track failure. According to SNCF, a steel fishplate connecting two rails had come loose  from the station at a set of points, and had become stuck in a track switch. The third and fourth carts came off track when their wheels went over the steel plate. When the problem with the switch became known, SNCF had people check the several thousand such switches on the network.

The track has been severely damaged on a length of about . Repairing the track means that the railway station will be closed for all traffic for several days. This also affects Gare d'Austerlitz in Paris, as most trains starting from there take this route.

Several people reported that the firefighters and rescuers were aggressed, when they arrived, and that stones were thown. Police had to be called to secure the area. The same report also speaks about a group of youngsters pillaging and stealing from the passengers of the train.  Jean-François Riffaud, the director of the Red Cross later declared, that the teams were able to work without being aggressed. On 13 July, a police source was quoted as saying that police forces had projectiles thrown at them, but that these were isolated cases, and that no stones had been used.

References

2013 disasters
2013 in Europe
2010s disasters in Europe
2010s in Île-de-France

July 2013 events
Railway accidents in Europe
Jack plane

A jack plane is the most commonly used general purpose plane. It is about  long. 
The blade is slightly curved for quick removal of material on rough work. It is also used in oblique planning.

Woodworking tools
Lund Cathedral

Lund Cathedral () is the Lutheran cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. It is the seat of the Bishop of Lund of the Church of Sweden.

Other websites 

Church of Sweden cathedrals
Lund
Biodegradation

Biodegradation is a chemical process in which materials are dissolved by bacteria or other biological elements. If a material is biodegradable, it means that it can be consumed by microorganisms and turned into compounds that are natural. It is an important process in ecology and waste management. Items that are biodegradable are considered environmentally friendly because they can turn back into elements found in nature.

Organic materials, such as those that come from plants and animals, can be degraded aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). Some artificial or inorganic materials can also be biodegraded. It is possible to identify specific microorganisms that are able to biodegrade these materials.

In nature, different materials biodegrade at different speeds. Most microorganisms that help biodegradation need light, heat, water and oxygen.

Related pages
 Compost

References

Waste management
Albert

The name Albert is a masculine given name. It comes from the Germanic words adal and beraht, meaning "bright" and "noble". The Spanish version of this name is Alberto. This name has been used for many famous people, including Albert Finney and scientist Albert Einstein. As Alberto, this name has been used for Atlantic cyclones every six years since 1982.

People named Albert
 Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922), Prince of Monaco from September 10, 1889 to June 26, 1922
 Albert II, Prince of Monaco (1958–), the head of the House of Grimaldi and the current ruler of the Principality of Monaco
 Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934), the third King of the Belgians
 Albert II of Belgium (1934–), the current King of the Belgians
 Albert King, blues singer-guitarist

Places
 Albert, Belize
 Albert, Kansas
 Albert, New South Wales, a town in Australia
 Albert County, New Brunswick

Astronomy
 719 Albert, Amor asteroid

films 
 albert, 2012 usa short film by Jamison Reeves

Given names
Genetically modified organism

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals.  GMOs are the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods other than food.

1970–1989

1972–1973 
 Modern genetic engineering began in 1972 when United States Biochemists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen used enzymes to cut a bacteria plasmid and insert another strand of DNA in the gap.  Both bits of DNA were from the same type of bacteria, but this milestone, the invention of recombinant DNA technology, offered a window into the previously impossible—the mixing of traits between totally dissimilar organisms.

1976–1977 
Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases.
Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up.

1990–1999

1991 
 DNA Plant Technology receives approval from the US Department of Agriculture to field test its so-called "Fish tomato", but the plant is never successfully commercialized. The creation of a genetically modified plant, with a fish transgene designed for human consumption did not go down well with the public.

1994 
 The first modern recombinant crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life. However, higher costs and same bland flavor as conventional tomatoes led to it losing money and disappearing from the shelves.

1996 
 In 1996 a developer submitted a data set to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for AquAdvantage Salmon.

2000–2009

2003 
 The first genetically modified fish Glofish is introduced into the market in the U.S.

2004 
The first genetically modified black, blue and red rose made in the lab.

2010–2019

2010 
 Monsanto corporation through its Indian subsidiary Mahyco unsuccessfully attempted to introduce Bt brinjal, which was put on hold due to citizen organizing against approval for sale in the country.

 Amflora was approved for industrial applications in the European Union by the European Commission. Amflora is a genetically modified potato the result of two decades of research efforts. The Amflora potato is selected for its special starch properties used in paper making and adhesives.

References 

Genetic engineering
Fortune Head

Fortune Head is a headland about  from the town of Fortune on the Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland.

A  thick section of rock along its cliffs is the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). It represents the boundary between the Precambrian era and the Cambrian period, 541 million years ago. Because of its accessibility (easy to get at) and many fossils, Fortune Head was selected in 1992 over similar rock sections in Siberia, Russia, and Meischucum, China.

Ecological Reserve 
Fortune Head was given full ecological reserve status in 1992 after its selection as the global stratotype. The reserve is  in size. The Fortune Head lighthouse also acts as a visitors center.

Geology 
The Burin Peninsula is part of the Avalon Zone of the Appalachian Orogen, a late Precambrian episode of mountain-building. The stratigraphy is not uniform throughout the region, however. The sediments were probably deposited in shoreline environments along the former Iapetus Ocean.

The global stratotype at Fortune Head is made up of sandstones, siltstones, and limestones. Some of these rocks have mud cracks and stromatolites, suggesting that deposition occurred in tidal or, at deepest, continental shelf environments.

Fossils 
The boundary between the Precambrian and Cambrian is marked by the presence of trace fossils of Treptichnus pedum, one of the earliest animals. Treptichnus is known only by its distinctive burrow pattern, which can be seen at Fortune Head.

Fortune Head records the beginning of a period of increasing biological diversity known as the "Cambrian explosion". It has a number of other Cambrian and Precambrian fossils, including early shell fossils, vendotaenid algae, soft-bodied megafossils, and microfossils. Below Treptichnus, the stratotype at Fortune Head includes traces of the arthropod Monomorphichnus. More complex fossils appear later.

Related pages 
Mistaken Point
Ediacaran biota
Lagerstätten

References

Fossils
Geology
Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
Chemical nomenclature

A chemical nomenclature is a set of rules for creating a system of names ("nomenclature") for chemicals. This is done so that everyone uses the same name for a chemical. The system used most often around the world today is the one created and developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

The IUPAC's rules for naming chemical compounds are written in a series of books. The system for naming organic compounds is written in the Blue Book. The system for naming inorganic compounds is written in the Red Book. A third book, called the Green Book, gives recommendations about the use of symbols for physical quantities. A fourth book, the Gold Book, contains the definitions of many of the technical terms used in chemistry. Similar books exist for biochemistry, analytical chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, and clinical chemistry. The books do not cover everything, however. Shorter recommendations for specific circumstances are published sometimes in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry.

References

Other websites 

 Interactive IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (interactive "Gold Book")
 IUPAC Nomenclature Books Series (list of all IUPAC nomenclature books, and means of accessing them)
 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology ("Gold Book")
The Monkey's Uncle

The Monkey's Uncle is a 1965 Walt Disney movie. It is a family-oriented comedy. It was directed by Robert Stevenson. The movie is about a college kid, his chimpanzee, and a "flying machine".

It stars Tommy Kirk, Leon Ames, and Annette Funicello. It was the last Disney movie for Kirk and Funicello. Both would sign with American International Pictures for their teen "beach party" movies.

1965 movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies produced by American International Pictures
The Misadventures of Merlin Jones

The Misadventures of Merlin Jones is a 1964 Disney movie starring Tommy Kirk, Leon Ames, and Annette Funicello. It is a family-oriented comedy about a high school boy who experiments with hypnosis and creates a mind-reading machine. It was directed by Robert Stevenson.

This movie was the next to last Disney movie for both Kirk and Funicello. They would make The Monkey's Uncle for Disney in 1965 then sign with American International Pictures for their teen "beach party" movies.

1964 movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies produced by American International Pictures
The Absent-Minded Professor

The Absent-Minded Professor is a 1961 Disney movie directed by Robert Stevenson. It stars Fred MacMurray, Leon Ames, Nancy Olsen, Keenan Wynn, and Tommy Kirk. It is a family-oriented comedy about a professor who invents "flubber", an anti-gravity substance.

Disney movies
1961 movies
English-language movies
Vera Farmiga

Vera Ann Farmiga (born August 6, 1973 in Passaic County, New Jersey) is an American actress and director. She is known for her role as Lorraine Warren in The Conjuring (2013) and The Conjuring 2 (2016).

Early life
Farmiga comes from an immigrant family from Ukraine. She grew up with her six brothers and sisters in a Ukrainian community and learned with six years old the English language. In her youth she was in a Ukrainian folk group. In the beginning she went to a Ukrainian Catholic school and then, she studied at the School of Visual and Performing Arts of the Syracuse University.

Career
In 1996 she debuted in the Broadway theater play,  Return to Paradise with Vince Vaughn, Anne Heche and Joaquin Phoenix in 1998. 2000 she played in the film drama Autumn in New York as Lisa Tyler. She played in the action film called 15 Minutes.

In 2004 she got an extra price of the Sundance Film Festival. 2005 the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the Independent Spirit Award for her performance in the film Down to the Bone.

She became famous thanks to the film 2006: The Departed. The film won four Academy Awards. In Up in the Air from the year 2009, she got an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. 

She had her directing debut with the film Higher Ground (2011). Since 2013 she plays the main role as Norma Louise Bates on the series Bates Motel.

Personal life
From 1997-2005 she was married with the actor Sebastian Roche. In 2008 she married Renn Hawkey. They have a son Fynn (*2009) and a daughter Gytta (*2010).

She has also a sister called Taissa Farmiga.

Television and movie roles

1973 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
Son of Flubber

Son of Flubber is a 1963 Disney movie directed by Robert Stevenson. It stars Fred MacMurray, Nancy Olsen, Keenan Wynn, and Tommy Kirk. It is a science fiction, family-oriented comedy, and a sequel to Disney's 1961 comedy, The Absent-Minded Professor. Flubber tells of the Professor's further experiments with his anti-gravity substance called "Flubber".

1963 movies
1960s science fiction movies
1960s comedy movies
American science fiction movies
American comedy movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Savage Sam

Savage Sam is a 1963 Disney movie directed by Norman Tokar. It is based on a book of the same name by Fred Gipson. The movie is a sequel to Disney's Old Yeller. Sam stars Kevin Corcoran, Tommy Kirk, and Brian Keith. The movie follows the adventures of Old Yeller's son, Sam, when the boys are captured by Apaches.

1963 movies
1960s family movies
1960s western movies
American western movies
American sequel movies
Disney movies
Movies about dogs
Movies based on books
English-language movies
A Dog of Flanders (1999 movie)

A Dog of Flanders is a 1999 movie directed by Kevin Brodie. It is based on a book by Ouida. The movie stars Jack Warden, Jeremy James Kissner, Jesse James, Jon Voight, and Cheryl Ladd. The movie is about a grandfather and his grandson who adopted an abused dog. The grandson wants to become a great painter.

1999 movies
Movies based on books
Movies about dogs
English-language movies
Audrey

Audrey is a feminine given name of Old English origin. There are many versions of Audrey, including Audie, Audra and Audrea. In the 17th century, the word "tawdry", meaning "cheap and pretentious", came from the name Saint Audrey. That made use of Audrey decline. However, in the 19th century, it was revived. It peaked during the interbellum period in the United States. It reached rank #41 for 2012.

Famous people named Audrey include Audrey Hepburn, Audrey Meadows and Audrey Tautou. A hurricane with this name struck the southern United States in June 1957.

People
 Audrey Assad (1983- ), American contemporary Christian musician
 Audrey Brown (1913–2005), British athlete
 Audrey Emerton (1935)
 Audrey Lawson-Johnston (1915- ), last survivor of the shipwreck Lusitania
 Audrey McLaughlin (1936- ), Canadian politician, former leader of the New Democratic Party
 Audrey Meaney (1931- ) British archaeologist
 Audrey de Montigny (1985- ), French-Canadian singer
 Audrey Richards (1899–1984), British anthropologist
 Audrey Terras (1942- ) American mathematician
 Audrey Williamson (1926- ), British athlete

Weather
 Hurricane Audrey, a 1957 hurricane that devastated Louisiana

Given names
Anita

The name Anita is a very common female given name. In Spanish, the name is a version of Ana, the Spanish version of Anne. In Sanskrit, Anita means "full of grace". There are many famous people with the name, including Anita Louise, singer Anita Baker, Anita Page and Anita Loos. In 1977, a Hurricane Anita hit northeastern Mexico.

People
 Anita Østby (born 1972), Norwegian Liberal Party politician
 Anita Barone (born 1964), American actress
 Anita Brodén (born 1948), Swedish Liberal People's Party politician
 Anita Caspary (1915–2011), American nun, founder of Immaculate Heart of Mary Community
 Anita Ekberg (born 1931), Swedish model and actress
 Anita Jönsson (born 1947), Swedish Social Democratic politician
 Anita Louise Suazo (born 1947), Native-American potter
 Anita Neville MP (born 1942), Canadian politician
 Anita Orlund (born 1964), Norwegian Labour Party politician
 Anita Romaniuk, Canadian politician
 Anita Stewart (born 1947), Canadian culinary writer and food activist

Places
 Anita, California, community in Butte County, California
 Anita, Indiana, former town in Hensley Township, Johnson County, Indiana
 Anita, Iowa, city in Cass County, Iowa

Weather
 Hurricane Anita, Atlantic hurricane in 1977

Given names
Hannah (given name)

The name Hannah (or Hanna) is a feminine given name. In Hebrew, it means "gracious". As Hannah, this name was used by the Puritans in the 16th and 17th centuries. There are many celebrities who have the name. One fictional character with the name is Hannah Montana. Hannah is very popular for girls. As Hanna, the name is now being used on tropical storms or hurricanes over the Atlantic Basin.

Given names
Irene

Irene is a given name for women. It is Greek for "peace." Several saints are named Irene.  In 2005, in the United States, the name ranked at 590th most popular name for baby girls and fell to 632 the following year. Several Atlantic tropical storms or hurricanes were named Irene. Hurricane Irene in 2011 was very destructive to the East Coast of the United States, so Irene was retired in spring of 2012.

References

Given names
Common noun

A common noun is a noun (or noun phrase) that primarily refers to a class of entities or instances.

Grammar
Linguistics
Parts of speech
Ellen

Ellen is a female given name. It can also be used for a middle name. In Greece, during ancient times, the name meant "sun-ray, lightness". During the mid 2000s, Ellen ranked at 555 for the most popular female names in the United States. There are many celebrities by the name, including Ellen Barkin, Ellen DeGeneres and Ellen Pompeo. This name was used for an Atlantic hurricane in the 1970s.

Given names
Arlington Memorial Amphitheater

Arlington Memorial Amphitheater is an amphitheater in Arlington National Cemetery. It was built in 1921 to replace an old amphitheater. The amphitheater is next to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

Other websites 

 the Memorial Amphitheater in the Arlington National Cemetery Web site 

Amphitheater
1921 establishments in the United States
Fishplate

In rail terminology, a fishplate, splice bar or joint bar is a metal bar that is bolted to the ends of two rails to join them together in a track. The name is derived from fish, a wooden bar with a curved profile used to strengthen a ship's mast. The top and bottom edges are tapered inwards so the device wedges itself between the top and bottom of the rail when it is bolted into place. In rail transport modelling, a fishplate is often a small copper or nickel silver plate that slips onto both rails to provide the functions of maintaining alignment and electrical continuity.

References

Rail infrastructure
The Three Lives of Thomasina

The Three Lives of Thomasina is a 1964 Disney movie directed by Don Chaffey. It stars Patrick McGoohan, Susan Hampshire, and Karen Dotrice. It is based on a book by Paul Gallico. The movie is about an insensitive Scottish veterinarian and his daughter whose beloved cat is restored to life with the help of a beautiful "witch" living in the forest.

1964 movies
Disney movies
Movies based on books
Movies about cats
English-language movies
Movies directed by Don Chaffey
A Dog of Flanders (1959 movie)

A Dog of Flanders is a 1959 movie directed by James B. Clark. It stars David Ladd, Donald Crisp, and Theodore Bikel. It is based on a book by Ouida. It is about a grandfather and his grandson who rescue a dog from abuse. The grandson wants to become a painter.

Other websites 

1959 movies
Movies about dogs
Movies based on books
English-language movies