cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Boris Gelfand

Boris Abramovich Gelfand (born 24 June 1968 in Minsk) is a Belarusian-Israeli chess grandmaster. He won the 2009 World Chess Cup. In 1998, Gelfand emigrated to Israel, where he is their top ranking chess player.

Chess career 
Gelfand was Junior Champion of the Soviet Union at 17, and European Junior Champion two years later. In 1988 he tied for first in the World Junior Championship, the title going to Joel Lautier. He earned the GM title the following year. He has won about 30 tournaments in his career, including tournaments at Wijk aan Zee (in 1992 and 1994) and first places in Biel (1993), Dos Hermanas (1994), Belgrade (1995), Tilburg (1996), Malmo (1999) and Pamplona (2004).

World Championship Candidate 
Gelfand has several times qualified for Candidates tournaments for the World Chess Championship. In 1993, he qualified for the Candidates via the Interzonal, and was knocked out in the quarter-final by England's Nigel Short. In the FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 he won the Interzonal, then won his first two Candidates matches, before being eliminated in the semi-final by Anatoly Karpov. He had numerous strong results in the knockout tournaments for the FIDE Championships 1998–2004, with his best result being a semi-finalist in 1997. He played in the 8-player 2002 Dortmund Tournament, which was the Candidates for the Classical World Chess Championship 2004, but failed to reach the semi-finals. 

He qualified for the tournament for the World Chess Championship 2007, and surprised most observers by finishing joint second with reigning world champion Vladimir Kramnik (third after tie breaks). The tournament and the world championship was won by Viswanathan Anand. 

Gelfand won the Chess World Cup 2009, and was automatically seeded into the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship 2012.

The 2012 Candidates match series was held in Kazan, Russia. In game three of the quarterfinals he played the Sicilian defense to defeat Shakhriyar Mamedyarov 2.5–1.5. In the semifinals he faced American Gata Kamsky. After splitting the first four games 2–2, the match went into a rapid playoff. Kamsky won game three in the playoff to go ahead 2–1. This meant Gelfand had to win with black in the final game to avoid elimination. Gelfand was up to the task, and then won the blitz playoff 2–0 to advance to the final.  

In the final, he faced Alexander Grischuk. After drawing the first five games, Gelfand won the sixth and final game on the white side of a Grünfeld defence to win the match 3.5–2.5. As winner of the Candidates series, Gelfand face Anand for the 2012 World Championship. In this match Gelfand tied 6–6, but he lost the four-game rapid play tie-breaker.

References 

1968 births
Living people
Belarusian Jews
Chess grandmasters
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Minsk
Soviet Jews
Soviet sportspeople
Yue Wang

Yue Wang  is China's highest ever rated chess grandmaster, and the first to reach the elite top 10 in the world. 

In 2004, he became China's 18th Grandmaster at the age of 17. In October 2007, Wang became the first Chinese player, and third Asian player, to cross the 2700 rating mark.  

Wang is currently ranked 2nd in Asia; #1 is World Champion Viswanathan Anand of India. 

Wang Yue was to play on 1st board at the World Team Chess Championship in January 2010, until China dropped out of the event at the last minute.

References 

Chinese chess players
Living people
1987 births
Chess grandmasters
Winchester College football

Winchester College football, also known as Wincofo or winkies, is a style of football, the game also called soccer, that is played at Winchester College in England during the spring term.  The Winchester students call this period "common time."  It was originally played during the autumn term, or "short half."  It is very similar to games played at other public schools such as Eton's wall game and Harrow game. The school is located in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England.

History 
This game was originally played down Kingsgate Street, a long street that runs parallel to the college. However, there were very few rules. The only thing that has not changed is that the canvas (the pitch or field the game is played on) has the same measurements as the part of the street the original version of the game was played on.

Nobody knows when the game was moved. It was moved away from the town to the grassland at the top of St. Catherine's Hill. To stop the ball from going into the canal below, the players used junior men from the college to go fetch it when it was not caught by the players. In the current version of the game, there are still classmates used as watchers who catch stray balls.  However, there were problems with this. The biggest is the lines of watchers were depleted due to players being too enthusiastic and colliding with each other, causing injuries.  So they introduced ropes to mark out the border of the playing field. These are now a core part of the game.

Football in England
Winchester
Nona Gaprindashvili

Nona Gaprindashvili (; born 3 May 1941) is a Georgian chess player. She was the strongest female player of the 1960s and 70s, and became the sixth Women's World Chess Champion (1962–1978). She was the first woman to achieve the Grandmaster title.

In 1961, aged 20, Gaprindashvili won the fourth women's Candidates Tournament, setting up a title match against Russian world champion Elisabeth Bykova. She won the match easily, with a final score of 9−2 (+7−0=4), and went on to defend her title successfully four times. She finally lost her crown in 1978 to another Georgian, Maia Chiburdanidze, by a score of 6½–8½ (+2−4=9).

Gaprindashvili played for Soviet Union in the women's chess Olympiads of 1963, 1966, 1969, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1990, and for Georgia in 1992. She won as many as 25 medals, among which 11 team gold medals and 9 individual gold medals  At the Dubai Olympiad 1986 she won all the ten games she played.

She was a five-times winner of the Soviet women's chess championship: in 1964, 1973, 1981, 1983, and 1985. During her career Gaprindashvili successfully competed in men's tournaments, tying for first place at Lone Pine, California in 1977.

In 1978 Gaprindashvili became the first woman to be awarded the Grandmaster title. She was awarded the title partly as a result of winning Lone Pine 1977 against a field of 45 players, mostly grandmasters. Although she did not meet the technical requirements for the GM Title, this result was so spectacular that FIDE found it sufficient.

Pal Benko wrote in Chess Life & Review (January 1979):
"...Of course (Nona) had earned the "woman grandmaster" title awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE), as have some two dozen other women... in Buenos Aires in November 1978 FIDE bestowed upon Nona Gaprindashvili the (men's) international grandmaster title. Not only is she the only woman ever to have received this title, she is the only woman ever to have deserved it.

"It is regrettable, therefore, that she did not actually earn the title in the regular way: FIDE requires that to earn the grandmaster title a player must achieve certain minimum scores in tournaments consisting of at least twenty-four games in aggregate (the description is highly oversimplified, but you get the idea), and Nona was two or three games short. Yet the FIDE Qualifications Commission voted to give her the title. In my opinion, this historic occasion should not have been allowed to carry even this slight tarnish".

Nona was the first President of the National Olympic Committee of Georgia. In 2009 she won in Condino, Italy the World Senior Championship for women.

References

1941 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Sportspeople from Georgia (country)
Laffy Taffy

Laffy Taffy is a type of taffy that comes in many fruit flavours. It is made by Nestlé and the Willy Wonka Candy Company. Laffy Taffy comes with jokes written on the wrapper. A piece of Laffy Taffy has 160 calories.

References

Candy
Giorgio de Chirico

Giorgio de Chirico (10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian painter and writer. In the years before World War I, he founded the Scuola metafisica art movement. The name means "Metaphysical school". The Scuola metafisica was a big influence on the surrealist painters. After 1919, he became interested in more traditional ways of painting. He began to paint in a neoclassical style.

De Chirico was born in Volos, Greece. His parents were Italian. He studied art first in Athens and then in Florence. In 1906 he went to Munich in Germany where he studied at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts.

Related pages
 Bestetti Edizioni
 List of Italian painters

References

Other websites

De Chirico Foundation
Giorgio de Chirico at the Museum of Modern Art

1888 births
1978 deaths
Italian painters
Chris Bonington

Sir Christian John Storey Bonington, CBE (born 6 August 1934 in Hampstead, London) is a British mountaineer, someone who climbs mountains. 

His has been to the Himalayas nineteen times. Four of those times, he climbed Mount Everest. He was the first to climb of the south part of the mountain Annapurna.

References 

1934 births
Living people
People from London
The Cable Guy

The Cable Guy is an 1996 American black comedy thriller movie that was produced by Judd Apatow and Bernie Brillstein and was directed by Ben Stiller.

Jim Carrey plays a man with borderline personality disorder who installs cable television in people's homes. He is obsessed with one of his customers, played by Matthew Broderick.

The Cable Guy was released on June 14, 1996 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 54% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 76 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
 Jim Carrey as Ernie "Chip" Douglas/Larry Tate/Ricky Ricardo a.k.a. The Cable Guy
 Matthew Broderick as Steven M. Kovacs
 Leslie Mann as Robin Harris
 Jack Black as Rick
 George Segal as Mr. Kovacs
 Diane Baker as Mrs. Kovacs
 Ben Stiller as Sam Sweet/Stan Sweet
 Tabitha Soren as Herself
 Eric Roberts as Himself
 Janeane Garofalo as Medieval Times Waitress
 Andy Dick as Medieval Times Host
 Harry O'Reilly as Steven's Boss
 David Cross as Sales Manager
 Amy Stiller as Steven's Secretary
 Misa Koprova as Heather
 Paul Greco as Raul
 Owen Wilson as Robin's Date

Other websites
 
 

1996 comedy movies
1990s black comedy movies
1996 mystery movies
American black comedy movies
American mystery movies
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies about stalking
Columbia Pictures movies
Annabeth

Annabeth is a female English given name. People and fictional characters with the name include:

Annabeth Gish, American actress
Annabeth Chase, a character in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians stories

Given names
Lucy Beale

Lucy Beale is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, and is currently being played by Hetti Bywater. She is the daughter of Cindy and Ian Beale. Her stepmother is Jane Beale.

EastEnders characters
Camilla and Rebecca Rosso

Camilla Rosso and Rebecca Rosso (born 6 July 1994 in Wimbledon, London, England) are identical twin actresses. They had a role on The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, where they were the twins Janice (Camilla) and Jessica (Rebecca). They also had the principal roles in the third movie in the series of Legally Blonde, Legally Blondes, which appeared on ABC Family and Disney Channel.

Careers
Camilla and Rebecca were discovered when they were selected in an audience by one of the executive producers of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody at a live taping of the show. They then auditioned, and they started to perform the roles of twins Janice (Camilla) and Jessica (Rebecca). They appeared in 7 episodes of the show.

They appeared in the film Legally Blondes, which was released direct-to-DVD on April 28, 2009 as a sequel to Legally Blonde. Reese Witherspoon, star of the original Legally Blonde, presented and produced the film.

Personal life
They currently live in Los Angeles with their mother, father, Aika (their dog), and three sisters Georgina (also an actress), Lola, and Bianca Rosso.

Filmography

References

Other websites

British child actors
English television actors
Twin people from England
Living people
1994 births
Masahiko Kimura

was a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a judoka or expert in the sport of judo.  He is widely considered one of the greatest judoka of all time.

References

1993 deaths
1917 births
Japanese martial artists
Judoka
People from Kumamoto Prefecture
Alexander Karelin

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Karelin (born September 19, 1967 in Novosibirsk, Russian SFSR) is an athlete from the Russian Federation. He is considered the greatest Greco-Roman wrestler of all time and one of the best wrestlers of his time. He won gold medals at the 1988, 1992, and 1996 Olympic Games.

References

Other websites

Living people
1967 births
Russian sportspeople
Olympic gold medalists
Novosibirsk
Sunday school

Sunday School is a kind of schooling found in many churches or other Christian communities. Classes are done on Sundays. Before or after the main part of worship, a class is held to learn more about that church's teachings and about the Bible. Sometimes the class is only for children, sometimes adults go there as well and sometimes there are different classes for adults and for children.

Development

Sunday schools were first set up in the 1780s to provide education to working children on their one day off from the factory. Robert Raikes contributed to their development. Raikes was the editor of The Glouchestor Journal, and he wanted to stop children from becoming bad. In 1805, Stockport Sunday School made a school for 5000 students. In the late 19th century this was the largest in the world. 
The first Sunday school in London opened at Surrey Chapel by a pastor named Rowland Hill. By 1831, 1,250,000 children went every week to Sunday School in Great Britain. This was bout 25 percent of the people.

The American Sunday School system was first begun by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in the 1790's.

Some Roman Catholic churches do Sunday schools, though Catholics commonly refer to Sunday school as "Catechism class".

Priests or pastors sometimes teach Sunday schools.

References

Other websites

Lesson guides and printable Bible activities
Apostolic Children's Ministry 

Christian behavior and experience
Education
Grimké sisters

Sarah Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Grimké Weld (1805–1879), known as the Grimké sisters, were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who supported abolitionism and women's rights.

The Grimké sisters were born in Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Sarah Moore Grimke was born on November 26, 1792 and Angelina Emily Grimke was born on November 26, 1805. They traveled in the North, talking about their experiences with slavery on their father's plantation. They were often mocked and laughed at. They both saw that women needed more freedom to help change society. They began helping the women's rights movement.

In 1838, the sisters became the first women to speak at a meeting of the Massachusetts state legislature. They spoke about slavery and abolitionism. People were very shocked. They helped attract thousands of women in New England to the movement. Many came to hear Sarah and Angelina speak at public lectures.

In 1838, Sarah wrote a paper called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women." It answered many questions which were asked in a letter by a group of ministers who did not like the sisters because they had stepped out of their "woman's proper sphere".

When Sarah was 80, she tried to vote.
They lived to see the end to slavery, and the beginning of women's rights.

References
Birney, Catherin H.  The Grimké Sisters.  Greenwood Publishing Group, 1969.
Ceplair, Larry, Editor.  The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimké: Selected Writings 1835 - 1839.  Columbia University Press, New York, 1989.
Weld, Angelina Grimké. "Letters to Catharine E. Beecher, in reply to An Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, addressed to A. E. Grimké (1837)."
Grimké, Sarah.  "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman," addressed to Mary S. Parker, President of the Boston Female anti-Slavery Society, 1838.
Faragher, John Mack, Mary Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. Out of Many: A History of the American People. 5th Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.
Lerner, Gerda, The Grimke Sisters From South Carolina: Pioneers for Women's Rights and Abolition.   New York, Schocken Books, 1971 and The University of North Carolina Press, Cary, North Carolina, 1998.  
Willimon, William H.  Turning the World Upside Down; the story of Sarah and Angelina Grimké.  Sandlapper Press, 1972.

Other websites 

Letters on the Equality of the Sexes; Letters to Catharine E. Beecher  Sunshine for Women, 2000.
An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States , Sarah Grimké, 1836.
Grimké sisters’ anti-slavery message revived in Massachusetts state house  NECN.com

American abolitionists
American feminists
People from Charleston, South Carolina
Quakers
DjVu

DjVu (pronounced like French déjà vu) is a open computer file format. It is made mostly to store scanned documents. It is especially used for things with a mix of words, line drawings, and photographs inside. DjVu has been sold as an alternative to PDF, as it gives smaller files than PDF for most scanned documents.  The DjVu developers report that color magazine pages make smaller to 40–70 kB. Black and white technical papers make it smaller to 15–40 kB. Old manuscripts make smaller to around 100 kB; a satisfactory JPEG image usually needs 500 kB. Like PDF, DjVu can have a OCR text layer. This makes it easy to cut and paste, and search for text.

References

Other websites
 DjVu.org

Computer file formats
People For the American Way

People for the American Way (PFAW) is a progressive organization that is involved in political activism. Issues that it involves itself in are judicial nominations, church/state separation, civil rights, voting rights for Washington, DC in the U.S. Congress and equal rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) people and promotion of civic participation.

Purpose
PFAW says about its purpose on its website  
People For the American Way is dedicated to making the promise of America real for every American: Equality. Freedom of speech. Freedom of religion. The right to seek justice in a court of law. The right to cast a vote that counts. The American Way.

Our vision is a vibrantly diverse democratic society in which everyone is treated equally under the law, given the freedom and opportunity to pursue their dreams, and encouraged to participate in our nation’s civic and political life. Our America respects diversity, nurtures creativity and combats hatred and bigotry.

We believe a society that reflects these constitutional principles and progressive values is worth fighting for, and we take seriously our responsibility to cultivate new generations of leaders and activists who will sustain these values for the life of this nation.

Our operational mission is to promote the American Way and defend it from attack, to build and nurture communities of support for our values, and to equip those communities to promote progressive policies, elect progressive candidates, and hold public officials accountable.

Other websites

PFAW.org PFAW officiate website
 YouTube Videos
 PFAW blog

References

Activism
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
1981 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Vladislav Listyev

Vladislav Listyev (, 10 May 1956 – 1 March 1995) was a Russian businessman, television presenter and journalist, the first Director-General of the Russian ORT television.

Russian journalists
Russian businesspeople
Russian television presenters
1956 births
1995 deaths
Mac Pro

The Mac Pro is a workstation computer made by Apple Inc. It is part of the company's Apple Macintosh group of computers. Also, it is the fastest computer Apple sells. It runs on Intel Xeon microprocessors. It is like the Power Mac G5, which is the computer it replaced. The Mac Pro looks the same and the parts inside the computer can be changed the same, too. There are two other computers sold by Apple that are also called "desktop" computers. They are the iMac and Mac mini.

The first Mac Pro was announced at the 2006 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. The computer used the Intel Woodcrest microprocessor.

References

Apple hardware
Mac Mini

The Mac Mini is a personal computer made by Apple Inc. It is small for a desktop computer, at 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) square and 2 inches (5.1 cm) tall. It was introduced on January 22, 2005. The newest model came out on Nov 2020. It weighs 2.9 pounds (1.31 kg). The Mac Mini's power supply is outside of the machine. It is about one third of the size of the computer itself.

The Mac Mini is the first Macintosh desktop to not ship with a keyboard or mouse. Also, it does not come with a display. The Mac Mini is mainly intended for buyers who are "switchers" (users moving from PC/Windows to Mac) who already own a display, USB keyboard and a mouse. Others could easily buy these if needed.

The newest model comes with Apple M1, 8 or 16 GB RAM, 256 GB, 1, 2 or 4 TB solid-state drive. It costs $699.

References

Apple hardware
Xserve

The Xserve is a server made by Apple Inc. which started in 2002. It was Apple's first server since the Apple Network Servers that they made in 1996. It first came with one or two PowerPC G4 processors. Later, new PowerPC G5 were added. Now, the server runs on two quad-core Intel Nehalem CPUs.

The Xserve can be used for many things, such as a file server and web server. It can even be used for high-performance computing applications using clustering—a dedicated cluster Xserve, the Xserve Cluster Node. This means there are many Xserves linked together so they can combine their power. For this, it was available without a video card or optical drive.

References

Apple hardware
AirPort

AirPort and AirPort Extreme are local area wireless networking products that are made by the company Apple Inc.

Both the AirPort and the AirPort Extreme can both mean the protocol, the expansion card or the base station.

In Japan, AirPort is called the AirMacAirMac because the name AirPort was taken by I-O DATA.

References

Apple Inc.
Mackerel

Mackerel is a common name given to a number of species of fish. Most mackerel are from the Scombridae family.

They are pelagic fish, found in both temperate and tropical seas. Most live along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.

Mackerel typically have vertical stripes on their backs and deeply forked tails. They are superb swimmers, but are often eaten by larger predators such as cod, sharks and dolphins.

Mackerel is an oily fish with rich of omega-3. The flesh of mackerel spoils easily, especially in the tropics, and can cause food poisoning. So, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless pickled in salt, or refrigerated.

Perciformes
Edible fish
Theravada

Theravada is the oldest-surviving denomination of Buddhism.

History of Theravada Buddism 
Theravada was founded in Nepal. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhist practice. For many centuries it has been the main religion of Sri Lanka (now about 70% of the population) and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand). Theravada is also practiced  by minorities in parts of southwest China (by the Shan and Tai ethnic groups), Vietnam (by the Khmer Krom),  Bangladesh (by the ethnic groups of Baruas, Chakma, and Magh), Malaysia and Indonesia.

Theravada today 
Recently this oldest-surviving denomination of Buddhism gaining popularity in Singapore and the Western world. Today Theravada Buddhists, who are also known as Theravadins, number over 100 million worldwide; in recent decades Theravada has begun to take root in the West and in the Buddhist revival in Nepal.

International Buddhist Meditation Center operates in Kathmandu.

References

Buddhism
Buddhist terminology
Poverty line

The poverty line, which is also sometimes called the poverty threshold, is the smallest amount of money a person or a family needs to live on; to buy what is needed and is a line which is a gulf between the rich and the poor. It is the imaginary line drawn by the experts which has a particular amount if anybody earn income which is lower than this amount is known as poor and other who earn more than this amount is known as non-poor. People who are below this line are classified as poor. This line is used to decide who can get extra help with things like food, shelter or medical care. There is a poverty line based on the income and another based on consumption levels.

The poverty line is not the same in all countries. It can be decided by the economy. In the United States, the poverty line is different depending on how many people there are in a family. This is because it costs more to buy food and supplies for more people. So, for example, it is higher in a family with eight people than in a family with three people. The poverty line also makes sure the poor and rich are separated immensely. If there were not a poverty line, the distribution of goods to those of whom are actually poor, would decrease.

Related pages
Poverty

References

Poverty
Taquería

Taquería (sometimes misspelled as taquiria) is a Spanish word meaning taco shop. In some places, means a restaurant specializing in burritos, although tacos and other Mexican dishes are often served as well. The first taquerías were people in stalls on the streets, but now many taquerías have moved into buildings and become restaurants.

Terminology
Erin (color)

Erin is the color halfway between green and spring green on the color wheel. The color erin is named after the word Erin, a poetic name for Ireland.  

The first written use of erin as a color name in English was in 1922.

Meaning of erin 

 The color Erin represents Ireland.

Tones of erin color comparison chart

Related pages 
List of colors

References
Lagerstätte

Lagerstätte (plural: Lagerstätten) is a German word for places (sites) of exceptional fossil preservation. Adolf Seilacher coined the term in 1970 to describe sites, like Solnhofen, which yielded the most exceptional fossils.

Extra-special sites are called Konservat-Lagerstätten (conservation Lagerstätten). These are deposits known for the exceptional preservation of fine details. There skeletons are mostly articulated (bones together in life form), and the soft parts are preserved as impressions or casts.

Preservation 
In Lagerstätten the normal processses of decay after death were less active or halted as sediment was deposited. This allowed the preservation of soft parts and exceptional detail. 
There are several possible causes which allow this to happen:
Anoxic or near anoxic conditions (e.g. oxygen-free mud) which suppresses common bacterial decomposition long enough for the initial casts of soft body parts to register.
Rapid burial in volcanic ash from a nearby eruption. This prevents scavengers and burrowing animals from reaching the dead body. It also produces a low-oxygen environment.
Rapid burial by mud-slides.
High salt content in the water, which few organisms can live in. This condition occurred in the lagoons which produced the Solnhofen limestone.

In these conditions, which are exceptional, scavengers, burrowers and bacteria are eliminated or reduced. Then the normal processes of deposition and fossilisation produces strata containing exceptional fossils.

Lessons learnt 
Most of what we know about the details of extinct life comes from these exceptional sites. The soft-bodied Ediacaran biota, the fins of ichthyosaurs, the fur and wing structure of pterosaurs, the feathers on Mesozoic dinosaurs and birds, are all discoveries made on fossils from Lagerstätten. These sites preserve much of the fauna and flora of the time and place. That permits reconstruction of its ecology.

Short-list of Lagerstätten  
There are about 50 sites which have been described as Lagerstätten. 
Ediacaran: Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland, Quebec
Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Greenland. 
Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada 
Qingjiang biota, Hubei, China
Ordovician: Fezouata Formation, Morocco
Devonian: Rhynie chert, Aberdeen, Scotland
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian): Mazon Creek, Illinois; 
Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia
Upper Jurassic: Morrison Formation, western U.S.A. 
Solnhofen limestone, Bavaria, Germany
Lower Cretaceous: Jehol biota: Yixian and Jiufotang formations, China.
Upper Cretaceous: Burmese amber fossils; 
Smoky Hill Chalk; Zhucheng dinosaur site
Eocene: Messel Pit, Germany
Eocene: Green River Formation, Utah.
Oligocene/Miocene: Riversleigh, Australia
Pleistocene: Rancho La Brea tar pits, Los Angeles, California.

References 

Paleontology
Hellenism

Hellenism may refer to:
Hellenistic civilization
Hellenistic period, in ancient Greek
Hellenistic Greece
Hellenization, the spread of Greek culture over foreign peoples
Hellenistic philosophy in the Hellenistic period and late antiquity

Hellenistic art
Hellenism (neoclassicism), a movement in 18th and 19th century England and Germany
Hellenism (Academia), the academic study of ancient Greece (a scholar in this discipline may be called a Hellenist)

Greek people and their culture in general
The proper use of the Greek (language)
Sunshine Skyway Bridge

The Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge, also known as the Sunshine Skyway Bridge or the Skyway, is a highway bridge in Tampa Bay, Florida, that crosses 29,040 feet (5.5 miles or about 8.85 km).  Every day, about 50,500 vehicles (cars and trucks) cross over the bridge. The bridge is considered Florida's "flag bridge" (Florida's most important bridge).  On May 9, 1980, a  freighter ship, called the MV Summit Venture, ran into one of the bridge's supporting columns. 1200 feet (366 meters) of the bridge fell into the water, and 35 people were killed.  The bridge was reconstructed to its current version in 1987.

Notes 

Bridges in the United States
Concrete bridges
Steel bridges
Transport in Florida
Handbook

A handbook (sometimes called a vade mecum which is Latin for go with me) is a pocket book that can be carried at all times. Now however, this term is thought to be very old and is not in normal use any more.

Handbooks may have information about any topic, and are mostly guides of information in a special field or about a special method. They are not made for reading through from end to end. They are made to have fast answers in their area. For example, the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers is a style guide for how to cite works in the MLA way, among other things.

Books
Yasuhiro Yamashita

is one of the most successful judo competitors of all time. He is now an instructor or advisor for many organizations, including: Tōkai University, the International Judo Federation, and the All Japan Judo Federation. He retired from competitive judo on June 17, 1985.  During his remarkable career, he won five gold medals in international competitions.  He won 203 matches in a row without losing (with 7 draws in-between). He received the Japanese National Prize of Honor on October 9, 1984.

Yamashita was in the 1984 Summer Olympics.  He tore a right calf muscle early on.  Even so he made it to the final.  He played the final match against Mohamed Ali Rashwan of Egypt. Yamashita won the final and the gold medal despite his injury. Rashwan did not aim for Yamashita's right leg. Rashwan was given an award from the International Fairplay Committee.

References

1957 births
Judoka
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Living people
Japanese martial artists
Mia Hamm

Mariel Margaret Hamm-Garciaparra (born on March 17, 1972, in Selma, Alabama), best known as Mia Hamm, is a retired American soccer player. Hamm played as a Striker for the United States women's national soccer team from 1987 to 2004.

American soccer players
1972 births
Living people
People from Selma, Alabama
Sportspeople from Alabama
Frankenstadion

The Max-Morlock-Stadion is a football stadium in the southeast of Nuremberg, Germany. Since the 1963/1964 season, the stadium has been the home ground of 1. FC Nürnberg. The stadium has 48,553 seats. During the soccer World Cup 2006, the stadium was called "Frankenstadion".

Other websites 
 Official website

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Football stadiums in Germany
Nuremberg
Sport in Bavaria
Texas Christian University

Texas Christian University is a private co-ed university in Fort Worth, Texas in the United States.  The school had 8,647 students in 2015. Their athletics teams are called the Horned Frogs.

References 

Colleges and universities in Texas
Big 12 Conference
Atlantic Giant

Atlantic Giant is the name of a very large type of pumpkin. The Atlantic Giant pumpkin can grow to be larger than  in diameter. The biggest Atlantic Giant ever grown weighed 2,624 pounds.

Other websites
BigPumpkins.com
Information about specific pumpkins 

Cucurbitaceae
Predator X

Predator X is a giant species of pliosaur discovered in 2006 by Norwegian scientist, Jorn Hurum. The skull was dug up in 2008 and told a lot about this animal. As far as scientists are concerned this animal had a bite force that was 4 times more powerful than that of a Tyrannosaurus and had a bite force 10 times more powerful than any modern giant predators today like the saltwater crocodile and the great white shark. From what scientists could gather this animal could lift a car in its mouth and crush it completely. This creature measured 49 feet long and weighed 99,000 pounds (49.5 tons). It lived about 147 million years ago and its remains were discovered in the Arctic.

Plesiosaurs
Viral hemorrhagic fever

Viral hemorrhagic fever is the name for a number of diseases. They often include fever and bleeding. They are caused by viruses. These fevers are one of the possible causes of the Black Death (most people think it is the bubonic plague).

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Computer Algebra System

A computer algebra system (CAS) is a large computer program that helps people with mathematics and algebra.  It changes and moves around (manipulates) mathematical equations and expressions containing numbers and symbols called variables. Variables can stand for known or unknown values that can be solved for, or can be replaced with any value. It always keeps the formula exactly the same mathematically as the original equation or expression, unless it is being transformed, by a transformation algorithm.

A CAS might be used for integration or differentiation (and other calculus transformations), simplification of an expression (making it smaller and/or simpler), optimizing and finding the minimum and maximum values of results or variables, etc.  Most have the ability to plot functions and expressions for visualization, which can be helpful and educational too.

Symbolic capabilities
Computer algebra systems can be special purpose, focusing on only a few types of symbolic math, to very large, general purpose programs that do almost everything (for example, the free CAS Maxima, which is the oldest CAS that is still under development).  The results output by a good computer algebra system are often exact, simple, and generalized to work in all possible cases.  Computer programs do have bugs, so important results should always be verified for correctness.

Numeric capabilities
Modern computer algebra systems often include extensive numeric capabilities for convenience and which fit together with its symbolic abilities.
Numeric domains supported often include real, complex, interval, rational, and algebraic numbers.

Usually floating point arithmetic is available to use if desired, because the arithmetic is done by most computer hardware very quickly.  The down-side of floating point arithmetic is that it is not always exact, and is mostly useless for rocket science, because of only 14 decimal digits of accuracy (with double precision floats), and because of a growing round-off error with each calculation, sometimes even less digits are accurate.  Rational number arithmetic is exact if all numbers are rational.  Interval arithmetic can be used to easily calculate the total possible error of an inexact arithmetic system.  Complex number arithmetic is generally supported by allowing the imaginary unit () in expressions and following all of its algebraic rules.

Related pages
Graphing calculator

References

Mathematics
Software
Pi Day

Pi Day or Pie Approximation Day is a day when people around the world celebrate the number pi. They also eat pie to celebrate the pun as both words sound the same. Pi Day is held on March 14.

History

On Pi Day 2004, Daniel Tammet recited 22,514 decimal digits of π.

On March 14, 2010, Google made a sign celebrating Pi Day, with the word Google laid over images of circles and  nothing else but pi symbols

References 

Mathematics
Holidays
Rick Hendrick

Joseph Riddick Hendrick III (born July 12, 1949) is the owner of the NASCAR race team Hendrick Motorsports. In the time that he has owned the team, he and his team have won ten Sprint Cup series championships.

References

NASCAR
1949 births
Living people
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin

A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin is a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the writer of Uncle Tom's Cabin. She was trying to show that the stories she wrote about slaves in Uncle Tom's Cabin were true. However, later studies showed that Stowe had actually read lots of the books she wrote about in A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin after she had published her novel. It was first published in 1853 by Jewett, Proctor & Worthington.

References 

 Otter, Samuel. "Stowe and Race."  The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Ed. Cindy Weinstein. Cambridge Companions to Literature (Cctl). Cambridge, England: Cambridge UP, 2004. 15-38.
 Stowe, Harriet Beecher. A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; Presenting the Original Facts and Documents Upon Which the Story Is Founded. Together with Corroborative Statements Verifying the Truth of the Work. Boston & Cleveland, OH: Jewett, Proctor & Worthington, 1852.

Other websites 
 Full text of A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1854 edition) at the electronic text center of the University of Virginia. It is part of "Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture: A Multimedia Archive" directed by Stephen Railton. Accessed July 22, 2006.

Slavery
Non-fiction books
Maru (cat)

Maru is a famous cat on the internet. He is from Japan and he is famous for sliding on his belly. A lot of people like to watch videos of Maru and look at pictures of him on his website. Maru also has a friend named Harry, who is a hedgehog.

References

Other websites 
 Maru's website
 Maru's gallery application for Android

Internet celebrities
Individual cats
Epistaxis

Epistaxis is when blood comes out of the nose. It is more commonly known as a nosebleed. Even though nosebleeds can seem scary, they are usually not serious or life threatening. Most nosebleeds happen in the front of the nose, and these are called anterior nosebleeds. Sometimes, people get nosebleeds in the back of their noses, called posterior nosebleeds. These are more serious, and somebody who has one may have to go to the hospital.

Nosebleeds are more frequent during the winter months. During this time, more upper respiratory infections occur and changes in temperature and humidity are larger.

What causes them
Most nosebleeds are caused by one of the following:
 Blunt trauma (usually a punch to the nose)
 Nose-picking
They can also be caused by a reaction to something in the environment.

Dealing with a nosebleed
Many people tilt their heads back during a nosebleed, but this is actually not safe because it can make blood go down their throats and make them choke or get sick. Instead, the best way to deal with a nosebleed is to tilt one's head forward and pinch the bottom of their nose between one's nostrils with a wet piece of tissue paper.

References

Health problems
Nose
Jeong Yak-yong

Jeong Yak-yong, also called Jeong Yag-yong, was a Korean philosopher in the Joseon Dynasty. He was also a thinker in the "Practical Learning", (silhak). Jeong Yak-yong was also one of the earliest Korean Catholic people.

Life 
Jeong was born, and died in Namyangju, Gyeonggi province.

Government service 
Jeong served the government most of his whole life. He watched over the building of Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon in the 1790s. In 1794, he was the secret royal inspector (암행어사) of Gyeonggi province, and he checked and looked for the bad behaving officials. This later inspired his writings.

Names 
At different times in his life, Jeong had many kinds of ho, or pen names. The most famous name was Dasan, which meant "tea mountain."  Jeong used it while in his exile near a mountain of the same name, in Gangjin County, on the coast of South Jeolla province. Other pen names of his include Sammi (삼미/三眉), Yeoyudang (여유당/與猶堂), Saam (사암/俟菴), Jahadoin (자하도인/紫霞道人), Tagong (탁옹/籜翁), Taesu (태수/苔叟), Munamirin (문암일인/門巖逸人), and Cheolmasancho (철마산초/鐵馬山樵).

At birth, his father gave Jeong the name Gwinong, (귀농/歸農). Gwinong meant "returning to the land." As a Roman Catholic, Jeong had the baptized name John, or 요한 (Yohan), in Korean.

After his death, the King gave Jeong the special name Mundo (문도/文度).  Mun meant writing or literature, and do meant law.

Print

Online

Other websites 
 

Korean people
Silhak

Silhak (실학) was a teaching that was once very famous in the Joseun Dynasty, in Korea. Sil means "actual" or "practical," and hak means "studies" or "learning". It also meant "practical learning", like teaching how to farm and about economy.

Creation 
Silhak was first made when the Joseon Dynasty was having a hard time, and after Japan had made war with them. The people of Korea were very poor, and their economical situation was not good. Also, all the farmland had grown  and it was very hard to farm. To prevent all of this trouble, instead of learning neo-Confucianism, some philosophers decided that a new education should be made to help the poor, and they named it Silhak.

Scholars 
Kim Yuk, 1580–1658, introduced into Korea a new calendar, and supported technology.
Yi Su-gwang, 1563–1627, scholar-official who introduced Western science, religion, and  to Korea.
Yi Minseo, son of Yi Su-gwang
Heo Mok, 1595-1682
Yu Hyeong-won, 1622-1673, showing what is sometimes called the first generation of Silhak scholars and made a "public land system" where the state would give the land for the farmer to use.
Yi Seo-woo, 1633-1709,
Yi Ik, 1681–1764, of the second generation of Silhak scholars, founder of the Gyeongsechiyongpa (경세치용파 經世致用派 School of Administration and Practical Usage), helping economy, and government . This is known as the "equal field system" and was supposed to give enough land for each farmer to live. Yi Ik, different to the neo-Confucians, believed that subjects such as geography and mathematics could be real teachings.
An Jeong-bok, 1712–1791, student of Yi Ik. 
Yun Hyu, 1617–1680 
Park Se-dang, 1629–1703
Shin hoodam, 1702-1761 
Park Ji-won, 1737–1805, center of the Iyonghusaengpa (이용후생파 利用厚生派 School of Profitable Usage and Benefiting the People), helped industry, commerce, and the introduction of foreign technology.
Sin Gyeong-jun, 1712–1781 
Wi Baek-gyu, 1727–1798 
Hong Dae-yong, 1731–1783, was a person who studied the space. 
Yi Deok-mu, 1741–1793 
Pak Je-ga, 1750–1815, was a part of the Northern School of Silhak and was particularly angry of the civil service tests (kwago), which was made to pick the most intelligent men to serve the government but had become corrupt and allowed unintelligent men into government.
Kim Jeonghui, 1786–1856, representing the Silsagusipa (실사구시파 實事求是派 School of Seeking Evidence) 
Jeong Yak-yong, 1762–1836 (informally known as "Dasan"), leading the third wave of Silhak. Like a number of other Silhak scholars, he was interested in some Christian ideas. He suggested a "village land system," in which the village would hold its land in common and farm the land as a whole, while the products of the land would be divided based on the amount of labor. He wrote The Mind Governing the People (목민심서) and argued that a high social class order with the king at the top was not good.

References 
Baker D (1999), A different thread: Orthodoxy, heterodoxy and Catholicism in a Confucian world, in JHK Haboush & M Deuchler (eds.), Culture and State in Late Chosŏn Korea. Harv. Univ. Press, pp. 199–230. 
 
 

Korean culture
Daxter

Daxter is a PlayStation Portable (PSP) video game by Ready at Dawn. It was given with a limited edition PSP Slim & Lite. As part of the Jak and Daxter series of games, Daxter takes place at the beginning of Jak II.

As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold 2.3 million copies.

Plot
The game takes place in the final months of the two-year gap presented in the opening of Jak II, between the moment when Jak is taken prisoner by the Krimzon Guard and the time in which Daxter finally rescues him. The introduction shows Jak being captured, while Daxter manages to escape. Almost two years later (having no luck of rescuing Jak), Daxter has forgotten all about rescuing his friend. An old man named Osmo, whom Daxter meets, hires Daxter as an exterminator. 

After some missions, Daxter finds his friend Jak in a Prison Zoomer and proceeds to chase after it. He is then cornered by Krimzon Guards, but is rescued by Osmo's son, Ximon. Daxter then receives a bug sidekick named Tik. He then goes to Baron Praxis's palace and gets a map of the prison where Jak is being held. When returning back to the extermination shop, Tik is killed by Kaeden, a bitter man who seemingly wants to steal Osmo's shop, but is really working for an evil mastermind. 

When Daxter tries to stop Kaeden from escaping the shop, Kaeden suddenly blows up the shop with a bomb he placed in the shop earlier. Daxter and Osmo survive, and Daxter promises to stop Kaeden, but only after he rescues Jak. He infiltrates The Prison, and rescues Jak. Daxter finds Kaeden, who reveals himself to be a giant insect, but he is defeated by Daxter. The whole game reveals to be a tale which Daxter told Jak, and his friends, at the bar.

Gameplay
Due to his new job, Daxter now has an electro-swatter, which acts as his melee weapon, and an extermination tank, which sprays bug spray (Which many have confused with Green Eco) to stun enemies. The tank eventually receives several modifications, including doubling as a type of jet-pack that allows Daxter to fly, flamethrower capabilities, and an ultrasonic attachment. The flamethrower modification allows Daxter to hover higher and longer in jet-pack mode. With the ultra-sonic attachment, Daxter can shoot a projectile resembling a blue grenade that causes high radial damage, but uses one fifth of the player's maximum bug spray.

Reception and sales

Daxter was very well received by critics. IGN gave it a 9/10 and GameSpot gave it a 9.1/10. It has a 86.2% at Game Rankings. As of June 11, 2008, the game has sold  2.3 million copies.

References

Other websites 
 Official North American website

2006 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Jak and Daxter series
Internal pudendal artery

The internal pudendal artery goes in the pelvis and in the perineum (the area between the legs of a person). It is an important blood vessel for the perineum. The artery is different in women and in men. It has a lot of branches. Branches are smaller arteries which start from the "parent" artery. In men, it has branches going to muscles, the penis and the urethra (the tube which urine passes through). In women, it has branches going to the labia and the clitoris.

References

Blood vessels