cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Wyoming

Wyoming is a state in the western United States. Most of the state is in the Rocky Mountains, a large mountain range in the United States. Wyoming is the least populated U.S. state with a population of 576,412 people. Its capital and biggest city is Cheyenne. It borders Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Utah, Idaho, and Colorado. Wyoming is 97,914 square miles in area, which makes it the 9th largest state in the United States.

Wyoming is known for many things including Yellowstone National Park, Cowboys, the Teton Mountains and coal.

The first people to live in Wyoming were the Paleo-Indians. By the time the Europeans arrived the land was inhabited by a large number of Native American tribes. Some of the major tribes were the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Ute, and Shoshone.

Economy
Agriculture has always been an important part of the state economy of Wyoming. The main things grown in Wyoming are livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool.

In Wyoming, 91% of the land is rural.

The gross state product for Wyoming was $27.4 billion in 2005.

Famous people from Wyoming
Former Vice President Dick Cheney
Former Second Lady Lynne Cheney
Author Patricia MacLachlan

Cities and towns in Wyoming
 Afton
 Baggs
 Basin
 Big Piney
 Buffalo
 Burlington
 Byron
 Casper
 Cheyenne
 Clark
 Clearmont
 Cody
 Cokeville
 Cowley
 Crowheart
 Dayton
 Deaver
 Douglas
 Dubois
 Emblem
 Encampment
 Evanston
 Farson
 Frannie
 Garland
 Gillette
 Green River
 Greybull
 Hanna
 Harriman
 Hot Springs
 Hudson
 Hyattville
 Jackson
 Jackson Hole
 Kemerer
 Kirby
 La Barge
 Lance Creek
 Lander
 Laramie
 Lovell
 Lusk
 Lyman
 Manderson
 Meeteetse
 Newcastle 
 Otto
 Pine Bluffs
 Pinedale
 Powell
 Ralston
 Rawlins
 Recluse
 Riverside
 Riverton
 Rock Springs
 Saratoga
 Shell
 Sheridan
 Shoshoni
 Story
 Sundance
 Ten Sleep
 Thermopolis
 Wapiti
 Wheatland
 Worland
 Wright

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Wyoming
 List of counties in Wyoming

References

 
1890 establishments in the United States
Delaware

Delaware () is a state in the United States. It is sometimes called the First State because it was the first colony to accept the new constitution in 1787. Its capital is Dover and its biggest city is Wilmington. It is the second smallest state in the United States.

The Dutch first settled Delaware. The Swedish then took over in the mid-1600s.

Geography
Delaware is  long and ranges from  to  across, totaling , making it the second-smallest state in the United States after Rhode Island. Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania; to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and south by Maryland.

Topography
Delaware is on a level plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation. Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, is less than  above sea level.

Environment
The transitional climate of Delaware supports a wide variety of vegetation. In the northern third of the state are found Northeastern coastal forests and mixed oak forests typical of the northeastern United States. In the southern two-thirds of the state are found Middle Atlantic coastal forests. Trap Pond State Park, along with areas in other parts of Sussex County, for example, support the northernmost stands of bald cypress trees in North America.

Environmental management
Delaware provides government subsidy support for the clean-up of property "lightly contaminated" by hazardous waste, the proceeds for which come from a tax on wholesale petroleum sales.

Sister cities and states
Delaware's sister state in Japan is Miyagi Prefecture.

Gallery

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Delaware
 List of counties in Delaware
 List of numbered routes in Delaware
 List of rivers of Delaware

References

Other websites

 
1787 establishments in the United States
Manila

Manila () is the capital city of the Philippines. It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines. Manila is on the biggest island of the Philippines, Luzon. Manila is by a bay named Manila Bay. The metropolitan area, called Metro Manila, is much larger. It stretches across a thin strip of land (called an isthmus) to a lake called "Laguna de Bay". Manila has a population of 1.78 million people.

References

 
Metro Manila
Cities in the Philippines
Hank Azaria

Henry Albert "Hank" Azaria ( ; born April 25, 1964) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and producer.  He voiced many characters in the Fox animated television series The Simpsons. He also appeared in movies such as The Birdcage (1996), and on stage as Sir Lancelot in the Monty Python-inspired musical, Spamalot. He married Helen Hunt from 1999 to 2000. Azaria makes a relationship with Katie Wright. He starred in Showtime's original series Huff.

Filmography

Film

Other websites

Fresh Air interview with Terry Gross
Hank Azaria 1999 Interview  on Sidewalks Entertainment

References

1964 births
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York City
Living people
Actors from New York City
Mexico City

Mexico City () is the capital and largest city of Mexico. It is also one of the most populous and polluted cities in the world. The Aztec people were here before the Spanish came and made Mexico City. It was founded in 1521 by Hernán Cortés. Today, about 8.5 million people live in the city, and about 18 million live in the Greater Mexico City urban area. The city of Mexico City ceased to exist in 1928. Since then, there is only the Federal District.

Mexico City has 18.1 million people. It is the city with the second highest number of people in the world after Tokyo in Japan and just slightly more populated than Mumbai in India.

History

Mexico City was first built in the 1520s after Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. The Spaniards then emptied the basin of Lake Texcoco to keep it from flooding. By the late 1700s, Mexico City had over 100,000 people. However, there were many slums, which caused epidemics. There were political problems in the mid 1800s after Mexico became independent. More than 40 people ruled in the 40 years after the country became independent. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, electric light and gas were brought to the city. But there was a big difference between the rich western part of the city and the poor eastern part of the city. By 1930, Mexico City had 1,000,000 people. The city kept growing quickly. In 1968, the Olympic Games were in Mexico City. In 1985, an earthquake hit the capital. In the past few decades, there have been problems with crime and corruption.

Environment
Mexico City has a high population density. It is also surrounded by mountains. This causes problems with air pollution.

Sometimes Mexico City gets earthquakes.

Geography
Mexico City is in the Valley of Mexico at around 2,300 meters (7,800 feet) above sea level.

Mexico City its divided by 16 boroughs: Álvaro Obregón, Azcapotzalco, Benito Juarez, Coyoacán, Cuajimalpa, Cuauhtémoc, Gustavo A. Madero, Iztacalco, Iztapalapa, Magdalena Contreras, Miguel Hidalgo, Milpa Alta, Tláhuac, Tlalpan, Venustiano Carranza and Xochimilco.

Mexico City was originally built on a lake, Lake Texcoco, which is now mostly drained. The ecology of the area has been much changed by the draining. Many of its native species, such as the Axolotl, are extinct, or endangered.

The mountains Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are nearby.

Climate
Mexico City is in the tropics. But because its elevation is so high, it has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb in the Köppen climate classification). This means temperatures are warm or mild year-round. It is a lot wetter in the summer than in the winter. Some parts of the city get frost in the winter.

References 

World Heritage Sites in Mexico
 
Capital cities in Mexico
Olympic cities
1520s establishments in Mexico
1521 establishments
1821



Deaths 
 January 4 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)
 February 23 – John Keats, British poet (b. 1795)
 March 13 – John Hunter, second Governor of New South Wales (b. 1737)
 May 5 – Napoleon I of France (b. 1769)
 May 19 –  Camille Jordan, French politician (b. 1771)
 September 10 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo, German painter and art historian
John Hinckley Jr.

John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. (born May 29, 1955) is the man who attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan. On March 30, 1981, shortly after Reagan was elected, Hinckley shot at Reagan in Washington, D.C. Reagan was injured, but recovered quickly. Hinckley was tried, but was found not guilty, due to his insanity. He said the reason he shot the President was to get the attention of actress Jodie Foster, of whom he was a fan.

Hinckley has schizophrenia, dysthymia, narcissistic personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder. He also has borderline and passive-aggressive features. He was born in Ardmore, Oklahoma.

References 

1955 births
Living people
American prisoners
People acquitted of crimes
People from Dallas, Texas
People from Oklahoma

People with narcissistic personality disorder
People with schizophrenia
Tampico, Illinois

Tampico is a village in Whiteside County, Illinois.  The 2000 census said the village had a total population of 772.

History 
On February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan, who used to be President of the United States (1981-1989) was born in a two story apartment over the local bank.  The building where the apartment is near the main street (Illinois Highway 172).  Reagan was born in the front bedroom of the apartment.

Geography 

Tampico is located at 41°37'50" North, 89°47'8" West (41.630559, -89.785573).

The United States Census Bureau says the village has a total area of 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²). None of it is water-covered.

Tampico is about 50 miles east of the Quad Cities (the cities of Davenport, Bettendorf, Iowa, Moline and Rock Island, Illinois).  It's about 130 miles west of Chicago.

Demographics 
The census of 2000 says there are 772 people, 292 households, and 205 families living in the village.  The population density is 745.2/km² (1,941.3/mi²).  There are 315 houses at an average density of 304.1/km² (792.1/mi²).  The  village is 99.74% White.

There are 292 households out of which 33.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% are married couples living together, 9.2% is a single women, and 29.5% are not families. 24.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.  The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.1.

In the village the population is spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older.  The median age is 36 years.  For every 100 females there are 102.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.6 males.

The average income for a household in the village is $40,221, and the average income for a family is $43,646. Males have an average income of $30,667 versus $18,409 for females. The per person income for the village is $14,467.  8.5% of the population and 6.4% of families are below the poverty line.  Out of the total population, 10.2% of those under the age of 18 and 4.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

The city was also the birthplace of Admiral Joseph M. Reeves.
 
Villages in Illinois
Surface area

Surface area the measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies (3D) object. The surface area of a polyhedron is found by finding the sum of the area of all of the faces. The surface area is found between many three-dimensional shapes using formulas.

The surface area is useful because it tells you how much material is required in order to cover the object—for example, how much paint is needed to paint a table.Surface area is the sum of the faces, or surfaces, of a three dimensional shape.

Surface area and evaporation 
Surface area increases rate of evaporation because there are more molecules touching the surface. There the surface molecules can draw heat energy from the surroundings, which makes the molecules heat up faster and escape faster. This process is also known as evaporation. For example, a bowl filled with water will evaporate much faster than a flask filled with the same amount.

References 

Mathematics
Mobile Army Surgical Hospital

A Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (or M.A.S.H. or MASH) was a medical center used during wars, to care and fix injured soldiers who got hurt in the fighting. They were an alternative to field hospitals and real hospitals which were used in World War II. During the Korean War, thanks to these kinds of hospitals, soldiers had a 97% chance of surviving an injury. They were also used in the Vietnam War and the first Gulf War, but were gradually replaced by Combat Support Hospitals or CSHs which are used today.
Many people know about these places due to a well-known movie and later TV show called M*A*S*H, which was set was a hospital like this during the Korean War.

Medicine
Seattle

Seattle is the largest city in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the home of the Space Needle and a monorail, both of which were built for the 1962 World's Fair. It is also the American headquarters of Starbucks coffee, Amazon.com and Nordstrom. In the 1960s and 1990s, music artists like Jimi Hendrix, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and others from the city became popular. It is also the setting of the TV shows Here Come the Brides, Frasier, and Grey's Anatomy.

Seattle has many sports teams, including the Seattle Mariners (baseball), the Seattle Seahawks (American football), the Sounders FC (soccer), and the Seattle Storm (women's basketball). Seattle has a lot of water around it, with Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean to the west and Lake Washington to the east. About 750,000 people live in the city. More than 4,000,000 (4 million) people live in the city or near it.

Seattle is home to many colleges and universities. The most notable of these are, University of Washington, and Seattle University.

Seattle has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Other websites 

 Official website

 
County seats in Washington
1869 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Stirling

Stirling () is a city in the middle of Scotland. Stirling was very important a long time ago because it is at the centre of Scotland. Battles were fought at Bannockburn and Stirling Bridge, and there is a castle in the city. During part of the Middle Ages it was the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland.

Famous places
 Bannockburn
 Braehead
 Broomridge
 Cambusbarron
 Cambuskenneth
 Causewayhead
 Cornton
 Kings Park
 Raploch
 Riverside
 Stirling Castle
 St. Ninians
 Top of the Town
 Torbrex

Related pages
Robert I of Scotland
William Wallace

cities in Scotland
Tokelau

Tokelau is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is made of three atolls. These atolls have a surface area of about. About 1500 people lived there in 2016. The territory belongs to New Zealand. The atolls are Alatufu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo. Together with Swains Island (which is part of American Samoa now) they are known as the Union Islands. Swains Island is about 180 km to the south of Fakaofo. Less than 50 people live on Swains Island. Tokelau is about half way between New Zealand and Hawaii.

Tokelau does not have an official capital. The most important languages spoken in Tokelau are English and Tokelauan.

The people live in four villages: Two of them are on Fakaofo. The islands Atafu and Nukunonu each have one village. The most common language is Tokelauan, about half the people are able to speak English.

According to the UN, many people on Tokelau are overweight: Many of the 15 to 64 age group also suffer from diabetes.

Tokelau is among the most remote areas in the Pacific: There are no airports; the islands can only be reached by ship: there are also no sea ports, which makes travelling difficult, even between the atolls. New Zealand pays for a ship, which connects Tokelau with the next bigger seaport (Apia, on Samoa). The trip from Apia to Fakaofo takes about a day, reaching the northernmost atoll Atafu will take another three to four hours. There is no large pier on any of the islands, which means that smaller boats (called barges) are needed to reach the shore. The ship reaches Tokelau about once every two weeks.

In 2004 there was a vote to change the status of Tokelau: Rather than being a dependent territory of New Zealand, the proposal was to be "in association with" New Zealand, much like Cook Islands and Niue. At the time, the people of Tokelau voted against this independence.

References 

Islands of Oceania
Commonwealth dependent states
Polynesia
Geography of New Zealand
Communist state

A communist state is a state whose constitution claims to follow the principles of communism, despite following the ideology of Marxism–Leninism. Its form of government has only a single political party, the communist party. The governance of the state is guided by the principles of Leninism, Marxism, Maoism, or any other form of socialist ideology.

Technically, "communist state" is a contradictory term. In principle, a communist society is a stateless society. In practice, communist states do not actually refer to themselves as "communist states". They do not consider themselves to be communist societies at present. Instead, their constitutions call them socialist states or workers' states.

During the 20th century, a "communist state" came to be understood as any country ruled by a single party and guided by a Marxist–Leninist or Maoist ideology. These countries would also have a planned economy. The ruling class is the working class (the proletariat).

As of February 2018, there are five countries that are called communist states. They are China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam and North Korea. North Korea does not follow Marxism–Leninism but rather the ideology of Juche. Nonetheless, it is otherwise still considered to be in the same category.

Historically

There were, at one time, many countries that followed some type of Marxism. One of the most famous is the Soviet Union. However, many of these are now no longer regarded as socialist.
 East Germany
 Soviet Union
 Yugoslavia
 Romania
 Hungary
 Czechoslovakia
 Poland
 Bulgaria
 Democratic Kampuchea
 Somalia
 Albania
 Mongolia
 Cuba
 North Vietnam
 China

References

Countries
Communism
1792



Events 
 Kentucky admitted into the United States.

Births 
 June 15 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Australian explorer
1873

1873 was a year in the 19th century.

Events 
 February 11 – King Amadeus I of Spain abdicates.
 Blue jeans patented.

Births 
 Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter (d. 1919)
Solitaire

Solitaire is a card game for one player using a pack of playing cards. A player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four stacks organized by color ("suit") and number.

There are many types of solitaire, such as Klondike, FreeCell, Pyramid, Golf and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games.

In many countries (for example, UK), solitaire is called Patience.

Types of games
 Patience, also known as "solitaire with cards", generally involves placing cards in a layout and sorting them according to specific rules. 
 Klondike is the most common variation of solitaire. It is included with the Windows operating system under the title Solitaire.
 Mahjong solitaire
 Peg solitaire is a board game in which the goal is to empty the board of pegs through movement and capturing. It is more of a puzzle than a game.
 Concentration, also known as Memory, Pelmanism (UK), Shinkei-suijaku (Japan), Pexeso (Czechia) or simply Pairs, is a card game in which the cards are laid face down on a surface and two cards are flipped face up over each turn. The object of the game is to turn over pairs of matching cards.

Card games
Optics

Optics is the science of light and how it interacts with the world. Optics explains how rainbows exist, how light reflects off mirrors, how light refracts through glass or water, and what splits light shining through a prism. In addition to visible light in the standard "spectrum" of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, optics also deals with invisible parts of the whole electromagnetic spectrum of which visible light is only a small part.

Optics is both a science and an area of engineering. It has been used to make many useful things, including eyeglasses, cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Many of these things are based on lenses, which focus light and can make images of things that are bigger or smaller than the original.

While optics is an old science, new things are still being discovered in it. Scientists have learned how to make light travel through a thin optical fiber made of glass or plastic. Light can go long distances in a fiber. Fibers are used to carry phone calls and the Internet through cities and around the world.
Václav Klaus

Václav Klaus (; born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician. He was the 2nd President of Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. He also served was the second and last Prime Minister of the Czech Republic.

His presidency was very controversial, because of his opinion on global warming and because of amnesty he declared.

Early life
Klaus was born in Prague during the Nazi occupation and grew up in the Vinohrady neighborhood. Klaus studied "economics of foreign trade" and graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1963. He also spent some time at universities in Italy (1966) and at Cornell University. He also studied in the United States in 1969.

He soon obtained a position in the Czechoslovak State Bank. In 1987, Klaus joined the Institute for Prognostics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In 1995, as Prime Minister, Klaus was awarded the title of Professor of Finance, so he is sometimes addressed as "Mr. Professor". Since that time Klaus occasionally teaches seminars in economics at the University of Economics.

Political career
At a congress 1997, Klaus was confirmed as chairman of the ODS. Klaus was elected President of the Czech Republic on 28 February 2003. He won with a majority of 142 votes out of 281.

References

1941 births
Living people
Presidents of the Czech Republic
Barbra Streisand

Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand (born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, producer, and director. She has won multiple Emmy Awards, Grammy Awards and Golden Globe awards. 

Family: The grandparents on her father's side of the family, were from Galicia. (That region is now in Ukraine and Poland.). She is of Jewish descent.

References

Other websites 

1942 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish businesspeople
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Musicians from Brooklyn
Singers from New York City
Denver

Denver is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Colorado and a county named Denver County. For this reason, Denver is the county seat of Denver County. It is at the foot of the Rocky Mountains on the South Platte River, and was founded in 1858.  A nickname for Denver is The Mile High City, because Denver is very high above sea level.  It is at least 5,280 feet (or 1,609 meters) above sea level at a point in the city's state capitol building. The dome at the top of the capitol building is covered in gold.

History

Denver City was founded in November 1858 during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush as a mining town in western Kansas Territory. That summer, a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence, Kansas, started a settlement  on the banks of the South Platte River. They called it Montana City. This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The settlement faded quickly. By the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold mining town of Auraria, Georgia), and St. Charles City.

The Colorado Territory was created on February 28, 1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1, 1861, and Denver City was incorporated on November 7, 1861. Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the Territorial Capital. With its new-found importance, Denver City shortened its name to just Denver. On August 1, 1876, Colorado was admitted to the Union.

Sports teams in Denver 
Denver is the home of the Denver Broncos football team, the Denver Nuggets basketball team, the Colorado Rockies baseball team, the Colorado Avalanche hockey team, and the Colorado Rapids soccer team.

Newspapers
The Denver Post
The Rocky Mountain News

References 

 
State capitals in the United States
1858 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Carl Lewis

Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is an American retired track and field athlete. He has won nine Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships. Lewis became an actor and has appeared in a number of movies.

References

Other websites

 
 

1961 births
Living people
African-American track and field athletes
American male athletes
American movie actors
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Alabama
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Sprinters
Bleach

Bleach is the name for a number of chemical substances which can be used to remove colors, or to make things white. Very often, they act through oxidation. Bleaches on the base of sulfur have been in use for thousands of years. Modern bleaches are usually based on chlorine or on oxygen.

Many bleaches can kill bacteria easily. For this reason, they are often used for disinfecting or sterilisation.

Dangers of using bleach
Mixing bleach with some things commonly found at home, like vinegar or even fruit juice can produce chemicals like chlorine that are irritating or even dangerous. Bleach should also not be mixed with ammonia because a hazardous chemical reaction will occur. This effect can kill people.

Certain types of bleaches produce toxic waste. Some of them produce dioxins..

Examples of bleaches
Sulfur dioxide, one bleach that is a reducing agent
Hydrogen peroxide
Sodium hypochlorite, household bleach
Bleaching powder
Bleach made from hydrogen peroxide is used to make hair lighter in color, orange, blonde, or even white. It is often used by dark-haired people to make highlights, and most hair dyes contain it.

Other websites 

Bleach (MSDS) 

Chemicals
Polygon

A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape. It is a simple curve that is made up of straight line segments. It usually has three sides and three corners or more.

It could also be referred to as 'A closed plane figure bound by three or more straight line segments'. It has a number of sides, also called edges. A square is a polygon because it has four sides. The smallest possible polygon in a Euclidean geometry or "flat geometry" is the triangle, but on a sphere, there can be a digon and a henagon.

If the edges (lines of the polygon) do not intersect (cross each other), the polygon is called simple, otherwise it is complex.

In computer graphics, polygons (especially triangles) are often used to make graphics.

Gallery

List of polygons

References
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is a country in the middle of Eurasia. Its official name is the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is the ninth biggest country in the world, and it is also the biggest landlocked country in the world. Before the end of the Soviet Union, it was called "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic". The president of the country from 1991  through March 2019 was Nursultan Nazarbayev. Nur-Sultan is the capital city of Kazakhstan. Almaty was the capital until 1998, when it moved to Nur-Sultan, which was called Astana at that time.

The Kazakh language, which is a Turkic language, is the native language, but Russian has equal official status for all administrative and institutional purposes. Islam is the largest religion- about 70% of the population are Muslims, with Christianity practiced by 26%; Russia leases (rents) the land for the Baikonur Cosmodrome (site of Russian spacecraft launches) from Kazakhstan.

Geography 
Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country mostly in Asia with a small western part across the Ural River in Europe. It has borders with the Russian Federation in the north and west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the southwest, and China in the far east. The northern border is mostly with Siberia, Russia, so Russia has the longest border with Kazakhstan. Basically, Kazakhstan runs from the Caspian Sea in the west to the mainly Muslim Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.

Kazakhstan has no ocean shoreline, but borders the Caspian Sea, which boats use to get to neighboring countries. The Caspian Sea is an Endorheic basin without connections to any ocean.

Natural resources 
Kazakhstan has plenty of petroleum, natural gas, and mining. It attracted over $40 billion in foreign investment since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output. According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest uranium, chromium, lead, and zinc reserves, the third largest manganese reserves, the fifth largest copper reserves, and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Kazakhstan has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas.

Regions
Kazakhstan is divided into 14 regions. They are divided into districts.

Almaty and Nur-Sultan cities have the status of State importance and are not in any region. Baikonur city has a special status because it is leased to Russia for Baikonur cosmodrome until 2050.

Each province is headed by an Akim (provincial governor) appointed by the president. Municipal Akims are appointed by province Akims. The Government of Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Nur-Sultan on December 10, 1997.

Population 
The population of Kazakhstan is 17,165,000. It takes the 62th place in the List of countries by population. Average density is one of the lowest on earth with almost 6 people/km2  ( List of countries by population density).

Related pages
Kazakhstan at the Olympics
Kazakhstan national football team
List of rivers of Kazakhstan

References

Notes

Other websites

 Official Website of Kazakh Parliament, in Қазақша, Русский, and English 

 
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Sign

A sign is something you see (or hear) which means something. A sign may be natural or man-made.

A natural sign shows something significant. Leaves turn brown and fall off deciduous trees in the autumn. Temperatures drop, daylight hours shorten. It suggests winter is coming. Many birds migrate and some mammals hibernate in response to natural signs like these. Humans, as usual, are a bit different. They make their own signs.

A man-made sign is called a signal or symbol. It is an artificial thing, which people decide means something in their society. For example, the stop sign on the road tells the person that they must stop their car there. So does a red traffic light. They are signals with a legal meaning, and people learn what these meanings are.

Sometimes a person may not know what a sign means. Feeling a cold wind could be a sign that someone left a door or window open.

In medicine, a sign is something seen, whereas a symptom is something felt, like a pain. A sign might be something like high blood pressure, which can be measured.

Road signs 

A road sign or traffic sign is something that gives information by means of a symbol, or in only 1 or 2 words. It helps people in their vehicles on the road. Some signs include: Give way, Stop, Keep left, No U-turn, no parking, Zebra crossing and much more. Signs are very useful. Without signs and traffic lights there would be many accidents and arguments on the road.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Human communication
Semiotics

nl:Sein
1371



Births 
 May 28 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
Mineralogy

Mineralogy is the study of minerals. Minerals are things that make rocks. There are many different types of minerals. Some are hard, like diamonds. Some are soft, like talc. Some are metal, like gold or silver. Minerals are put into special groups of minerals made of similar chemicals, or that have similar structures inside. For example, the chemicals that make up some minerals line up in chains, while in other minerals, they make bow-tie shapes. 

Studying minerals can be useful for figuring out certain things about a rock. Sometimes the shape or size of the mineral can tell something about the rock as well. For example, minerals in igneous rocks can help figure out how long the rock took to cool down (turn from lava into a rock). Larger minerals mean the rock cooled slowly (probably underground). Smaller minerals mean the rock cooled down quickly (probably above ground, like from a volcano). The type of mineral in a rock can also tell what kind of a rock it is, or what has happened to the rock since it formed. Many rocks are named based on what kinds of minerals they have.

Mineralogists (people who study minerals) study minerals in rocks with hand lenses (a magnifying glass), and in thin section (thin slices of rock) with microscopes. They record things about the minerals like how big they are, what shape they are, what color they are, and if the mineral changes colors when you turn it. Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light. These details can help mineralogists figure out what minerals they are looking at. 

Minerals can be used in a lot of different things, like mining, jewelry, farming, pottery, making metals, and more . Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn.

Other websites
International Mineralogical Association
Mineralogical Association of Canada
Virtual Museum of the History of Mineralogy
The Giant Crystal Project 
The Geological Society of America

subfields of geology
1515

Year 1515 (MDXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 January 25 – Coronation of Francis I of France
 August 25 – Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.

 September 22 – Anne of Cleves

 
1510s
16th century
Years
1397



Events 
 Richard II takes revenge on his political opponents, the Lords Appellant.
1373


Year 1373 (MCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January–December 
 March 24 – The Treaty of Santarém is signed between D. Fernando of Portugal and Henrique II of Castile, ending the second war between the two countries.
 May 13 – Julian of Norwich receives the sixteen Revelations of Divine Love.

 Date unknown 
 Bristol is made an independent county.
 The Anglo-Portuguese alliance is signed (currently the oldest active treaty in the world).
 The city of Phnom Penh (now the capital city of Cambodia) is founded.
 Philip II of Taranto hands over the rule of Achaea (now southern Greece) to his cousin, Joanna I of Naples.
 Leo VI succeeds his distant cousin, Constantine VI, as King of Armenian Cilicia (now southern Turkey).
 A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.
 Tran Kinh succeeds Tran Phu as King of Vietnam.
 Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. After the rebellion fails, Ottoman Emperor Murad I commands John V Palaiologos to blind his son.
 The death of Sultan Muhammad as-Said begins a period of political instability in Morocco.
 Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.
 The Adina Mosque is built in Bengal.
 The Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new jinshi degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office; he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.

Births 
 March 29 – Marie of Alencon, French princess (d. 1417)
 June 23 – Queen Joan II of Naples (d. 1435)
 September 22 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (d. 1400)
 date unknown
 Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (d. 1415)
 Margery Kempe, writer of the first autobiography in English

Deaths 
 January 16 – Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (b. 1342)
 February – Ibn Kathir, Islamic scholar (b. 1301)
 July 23 – Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (b. 1303)
 November 3 – Jeanne de Valois, Queen of Navarre (b. 1343)
 December 7 – Rafał z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1330)
 date unknown
 Constantine VI of Armenia (assassinated)
 Robert le Coq, French bishop and councillor

References
Turin

Turin ( , Piedmontese: ;  ; , then Taurinum) is a major industrial city on the west bank of the Po river in Piedmont, northwest Italy. Over a 900,000 people live in it. Turin is the fourth largest city in Italy, after Rome, Milan and Naples. Turin is the capital of Piedmont. Fiat's first car factory was in Turin. The city was the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. In Turin there are two major rivers the Po and the Dora, and two minor rivers the Stura and the Sangone.

Turin was the first capital of Italy in 1861. It had previously been the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia and before that it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy. Filippo Juvarra designed many churches and palaces in the city. 

Regional capitals in Italy
 
Olympic cities
New Testament

The New Testament is part of the Christian Bible, and the most important religious writing of Christianity. It tells the story of Jesus Christ, his followers, and the beginnings of Christianity. It was written in Koine Greek.

Structure 
The New Testament is made up of different parts. In total, there are 27 texts in the New Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches have the same texts, but their arrangement varies; the Syriac Churches and the Ethiopian Churches have different versions. The Syriac Churches do not put Peter 2, John 2 and 3, Jude and the Revelations in the New Testament. The Ethopian Churches do not have a common canon.

Overview 

Each of the Gospels tells the story of Jesus Christ, or the young Messiah, who Christians believe is the "Son of God who is born to save the world from sin". Each of the Gospels tell this same story, with a little more or less detail from the other. The other books tell about the history of the church and explain the Christian faith through letters written to persons and groups that have believed in Jesus

The Four Gospels 
The traditional author is listed after each entry.
 The Gospel of Matthew, traditionally the Apostle Matthew, son of Alphaeus.
 The Gospel of Mark, traditionally Mark, who wrote down the narrative given by the Apostle Simon, called Peter.
 The Gospel of Luke, traditionally Luke, who was a companion of the Apostle Paul, who was formerly called Saul.
 The Gospel of John, traditionally John the Apostle.

Acts of the Apostles 
 Acts of the Apostles (or Acts), the story of the apostles after the Gospels' story

Pauline epistles 
Pauline epistles, the 13 or 14 letters believed to be written by Saint Paul the Apostle. They are named for the person or group to which they were sent. 
 Romans
 First Corinthians
 Second Corinthians
 Galatians
 Ephesians
 Philippians
 Colossians
 First Thessalonians
 Second Thessalonians
 First Timothy
 Second Timothy
 Titus
 Philemon
 Hebrews was traditionally attributed to Paul, but nowhere is the author mentioned.

General epistles 
General epistles are other letters which are named for the person traditionally believed to have written them. 

 James
 First Peter
 Second Peter
 First John
 Second John
 Third John
 Jude

Book of Revelation 
 Book of Revelation

References

Other websites 
 The New Testament Gateway
Full text in original Greek
Gospel

The word gospel came from the Old English word "gōdspel", which literally means "good news", since it narrates Jesus Christ's life and teaching to invite anyone to believe that he was born to save the world from sin and make humans truly know God as a Father. It includes the Death and Resurrection of Jesus.

The Gospel was originally spoken, not written.

Eventually gospel came to mean an ancient book about Jesus, especially one of the four books collected by the Church in the Bible.

These books are the first part of the New Testament of the Bible, and are put in a group of this order: the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John.

Related pages
Gospel music

References

Other websites 

Christian theology
Paul the Apostle

Paul the Apostle, (born as Saul of Tarsus) and also often called St Paul (2BC–67), was a Messianic Jewish-Roman writer and rabbi. He was a convert to Christianity. It is believed that he wrote thirteen books of the Bible, together called the Pauline epistles. They are letters to churches and Christians. He wrote these letters to encourage them, to help them understand Christian teaching, and to help them to live Christian lives.

Life

Beginnings 

Paul's name was originally Saul (not to be confused with King Saul from the books of Samuel in the Old Testament). He grew up learning both the Jewish law and the Greek ways of discussing things. We are first introduced to Saul in the Bible near the end of Acts 7. The Christian movement had begun with the resurrection and ascension of Jesus. Saul was strongly against this, and he was happy as he watched Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Jesus, being killed by stoning after giving a speech that made the Jewish court angry.  He worked for the Roman Government and helped lead the arrests and killing of many Christians in Israel and the nearby area.

Later on, Saul was told to go to Damascus to find and bring back Christians there to be punished. On the way, God came down from heaven and spoke to Saul. The Bible tells of what happened like this:

Saul becomes Paul 
When Saul reached Damascus, he was taken to Ananias, one of Jesus's disciples, where he got his sight back and was baptized as a Christian. He spent the next three years studying the Jewish scriptures again to find explanations for the Christian teachings. His experiences changed his view on Christianity completely. In Acts 13:9, he begins to be called Paul.  This was the Hellenized version of the name Saul. He used his earlier education to explain his new faith to other people and to discuss things with people who had other beliefs.

He traveled around the Roman Empire, teaching others about Christianity, and wrote letters back and forth with the churches he helped to begin. The letters contain many important parts of Christian teaching and have since been part of the New Testament of the Bible, coming between the Acts of the Apostles and the General Epistles. It is not known whether Paul actually wrote all of these letters, or whether other people could have written the letters for him. Part of these letters are read at Mass as the second of two readings that come before the Gospel.

Although the Bible does not say how Paul died, it was told of that Paul was put to death by orders of the emperor Nero in Rome, in 67 AD. He had the rights of a Roman citizen, which meant that he could be put to death by having his head cut off with a sword, rather than by crucifixion.

Related pages
Twelve Apostles

Other websites 
 Online study about the early Christians in simple English
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)
 "Saint Paul, the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.

0s BC births
67 deaths
Early Christian saints
Jews who converted to Christianity
New Testament people
People executed by decapitation
Painting

Painting is using colors to make visual art. It is also the word for a painted work of art. Many kinds of paints are used to create art. They include watercolors, acrylics and oils.  Other artists like working with pencil or chalk. Sometimes charcoal can be used.  

Famous paintings are often kept in art galleries, like the National Gallery in London and the Louvre (Paris) where one of the most famous paintings in the world hangs, the Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo da Vinci.  People do not have to go to a famous gallery to view art.  There are private art galleries in many cities around the world.

There is a basic difference between drawing and painting. In drawing, a single layer is the entire image. In painting, one layer is painted over another to get the final image. As a result, most of the time the image will not be clear until it gets to the final stage.

There are four basic stages in painting: preparation, divide, layer, and touchup.
Preparation: most artists prepare a canvas or other surface. A thin uniform cover or "wash" of white or other color is laid on the whole surface. This may help the later layers to get the same fix all over the surface. Also, the unseen wash may help the refection of light from the surface, thus improving the effect for the viewer. For really uneven or colored surfaces, such as wood or rough canvas, a more substantial covering is needed. That is called gesso, traditionally a mixture of chalk and gelatin, but nowadays available as a thick white acrylic. Painting on some surfaces requires a special technique. Painting on plaster uses the fresco method.
In the divide stage, the canvas is divided into a few major areas (depending on the image you paint), and background for those areas are plotted.
In the layer stage, a layer is plotted over another layer, to get the desired shape in each area. By end of this stage, all objects in the image will be clearly identifiable.
The touchup stage needs extra effort. This stage is to provide an extra look to the image, like precise bordering, merging layers and other visual effects.

References
Afterlife

The afterlife is what some people believe happens after death. Different religions teach different things about the afterlife.

Characteristics

Some religions believe in reincarnation (to come back to life as a different person or even animal).  These religions include Buddhism and Hinduism.  Hinduism specifically believes that at death the soul leaves the physical body but does not die.  It lives in an astral body in an astral plane.  Here the soul continues until it is born again in another physical body as a baby. Salvation (called Moksha) in these religions is a release from this endless cycle of re-births. 

Most people in the world believe you go to another place after you die, such as heaven or hell. Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Jainism are religions that believe in this. For example, those that follow Christianity believe that if you accept the Christ (Jesus of Nazareth, the son of the Virgin Mary) as your saviour, you will spend eternity in heaven after death; if you do not accept him, you will be separated from him after death.  

Many other religions believe in an afterlife of some kind. Ancient Egyptians believed in an `afterlife`. They put things into the graves of important people.  These were to be used in the next life.  The Vikings had some similar beliefs. Others (like African animists) believe that some people change into spirits called ghosts.

There are also those who do not believe that there is an afterlife, and that you simply cease to exist once you die. Atheists believe there is no God and no afterlife. The Sadducees were a sect of Judaism in the time of Jesus.  The believed there was no spirit in man.  So, after death there was no more life. .

Related pages 
Funeral
Immortality

Notes

Eschatology