cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Perth, Western Australia

Perth is the capital city of the state of Western Australia. It is built on the banks of the Swan River. Almost 2,1 million people live in the city.
It is the fourth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Perth was founded in 1829 by Captain James Stirling.
Perth is famous for its beautiful white, sandy beaches. Popular local beaches include Cottesloe and Scarborough. These beaches are ideal for swimming and bodysurfing. A popular local tourist attraction is Rottnest Island, which is populated by small native mammals called Quokkas. Another famous attraction is Kings Park, which is one of the biggest city parks in the world.

Sister cities 
Perth is a sister city with many other cities. Sister cities can share students and business contacts. Perth is a sister city to these cities:

  Kagoshima, Japan
  Houston, Texas
  Rhodes, Greece
 Megisti, Greece 
  San Diego, California
  Vasto, Italy
  Nanjing, People's Republic of China
  Taipei, Taiwan
  Chengdu, People's Republic of China

Perth also has some other agreements with Perth, Perth and Kinross in Scotland and formerly Grenoble, France.

Universities 
Perth is home to four public and one private university. These are:

 University of Western Australia
 Murdoch University
 Curtin University
 Edith Cowan University
 University of Notre Dame (Western Australia) (private)

Climate 
Perth has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. It is the windiest city in Australia. It is also considered to be the third windiest capital city in the world. Perth is also the sunniest city in Australia.

Famous people from Perth

Amy Fuller, singer
Troye Sivan
Heath Ledger
Daniel Ricciardo
Katherine Langford
Sam Worthington
Hugh Jackman
Birds of Tokyo

References 

 
1829 establishments
1820s establishments in Australia
800



Events 
 Irish monks come to Iceland.
Uniform

Uniforms are special clothes to show that a group of people belong together. The group of people will all be dressed in the same way ("uni" means "one", and form means "shape" one shape).

People may wear uniforms for several reasons. The uniform will help the people to feel a team spirit so that they work well together. They may also help members of the public to know who they are, e.g. in a department store a customer can tell who is a member of staff, or in the street people will recognize a police officer. Uniforms may also be worn because they are practical, e.g. it might keep them safe when operating machinery or keep them clean when doing their work.

In the army soldiers wear uniform. They also wear extra things such as badges on their uniform which show how important they are (what rank they are).

Nurses in hospitals wear uniform. Sometimes domestic workers wear uniform when working for their employers. Important domestic workers may wear special smart uniforms called "livery" e.g. porters (doormen) at luxury hotels.

In some countries such as India, Japan, China, Korea, Australia and United Kingdom many school children wear uniform. The uniform would be a set of clothes with the school crest or symbol. It helps them to feel proud of their school and children from rich families and poor families all look the same. In Britain, for example, most young children wear school uniform. In state schools the children may wear polo-necked T shirts with a school logo. Other schools, especially private schools, may have a formal uniform, or they may be free to choose their own clothes so long as they are the school colour.

Other websites 

Uniforms
1537



Births 
 October 12 – Edward VI of England

Deaths 
 October 24 – Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII of England (born about 1507)
Derek and the Dominos

Derek and the Dominos was an American blues rock band. The band's members were Eric Clapton, Carl Radle, Bobby Whitlock, Jim Gordon, and Duane Allman. They made the album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. "Layla", with the well-known guitar riff, came from that same album. The band broke up after one album.

Discography
Studio albums
 Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970)

American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from New York City
Carl Radle

Carl Dean Radle (born June 18, 1942 Tulsa, Oklahoma, died May 30, 1980) was an American musician, best known for being the bassist in Derek and the Dominos. Radle worked with many well-known artists and worked on many gold and platinum singles and albums. Radle is thought by many to have been the best bass guitar sideman in the music business.

In May 30, 1980, Radle died at age 37, of problems from a kidney infection caused by his alcoholism and drug addiction.

1980 deaths
1942 births
American bass guitarists
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Grover Cleveland

Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885–1889) and also the 24th (1893–1897) president of the United States. He was the only president to serve a second term that did not begin as soon as the first had ended. Cleveland was the first Democrat elected as President after the Civil War.

He was known for his honesty, integrity, and having a firm stance against corruption.  He believed in small government (he wanted the government to tax less and spend less).  He used the presidential veto power over 500 times, far more than most other presidents, to reject bills he disagreed with. He did not want the United States to get its military involved in Latin America.

Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. He was raised in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland studied at New York Institute for the Blind. He was married to Frances Folsom, who was over 20 years younger. In fact, many people expected Cleveland to marry her mother Emma. He was the first president to marry in the White House. They had one child, Ruth Cleveland, during his presidency. 

During his second term, he had an emergency surgery for jaw cancer on a boat in the middle of a river to avoid publicity. Cleveland died on June 24, 1908 from a heart attack in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 71.

Notes

References

Other websites 
Grover Cleveland's White House biography

1837 births
1908 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in New Jersey
 
People with foods named after them
Politicians from New Jersey
US Democratic Party politicians
19th-century American politicians
American mayors
President of the United States of America

President of the United States (of America) is the head of state and leader of the government of the United States of America.

The Presidents of the United States of America may also refer to:
The Presidents of the United States of America (band), a rock band, or
The Presidents of the United States of America, the first album of that band.
Mother

A mother is a female parent. A mother gives birth to babies after pregnancy. Pregnancy is usually nine months. If a woman over the stage of puberty raises an adopted or biological child, then she is a mother as well. Adopted children are also part of that person's family. Also see Maternal insult.

Breastfeeding 
After the birth of a baby, breastfeeding is an important part of taking care of the baby.

Other names for "mother" 
 In American English, other words for mother are "Mom," "Mommy," Momma," "Mama" and "Ma."
 In British English, "Mum" and "Mummy" are usually used instead of "Mom" and "Mommy". Another variant, often found in the North of England, particularly Yorkshire and Lancashire, is "Mam".
 In Irish English, "Mum", "Mummy is most common, often "Mother" or her first name is said, another variant in Dublin is "Ma" (with a hard A)
 In Australian English, "Mum", "Mother", "Mummy" and "Mother dearest"
 In Indonesian, "Ibu", "Emak", "Bunda"
 In Filipino, "Nanay", "Ina"
 In German "Mama", "Mami“, "Mutti“, "Mutter"
 In Tamil "அம்மா", "Am'mā"
 In Mandarin Chinese "妈妈", "Māmā"
 In slang "ur mom", "yo mama"

Madre is Mother in Spanish. Mamma or Mor is Mother in Norwegian. Mater is Mother in Latin. Mutter is Mother in German. Mat is Mother in Russian. Mama is mother in Swahili

Basic English 850 words
Family
Caribbean

The Caribbean or Caribbean Area (Dutch: Cariben or Caraiben, French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Spanish: Caribe) is a region of the Americas. It includes the Caribbean Sea, its islands (more than 7,000 islands, small islands and cays, most of them surrounding the sea), and the coastal islands of north South America and east Central America.

Geography
The Caribbean is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to its east and north, the coast of South America to its south, the coast of Central America to its southwest, and by the Gulf of Mexico to its northwest.

The West Indies is the name for the group of the islands of the Bahamas and the Antilles. The Antilles are divided into two groups: the larger Greater Antilles, on the north limit of the Caribbean Sea, and the Lesser Antilles, on the east and south.

The Caribbean islands have many different types of land. Because of this, the islands have many different kinds of plants and animals, even uncommon ones.

Famous islands in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. The countries of Dominican Republic, and Haiti are on Hispaniola.
There is also a lot of white sandy beaches and hot sun there.

Groups of islands

Name
The name Caribbean comes from Carib, indigenous people living in the Lesser Antilles and north South America when the Europeans came to the Americas.

History
The 18th century saw many countries trying to colonize the islands. Because of this, Caribbean culture is very similar to those of Africa, India, and many countries in Europe.

References
Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.

History 
Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.

This entire region covers an area of 1,063,000 sq. miles. It covers from Mexico to the boundaries of South America.

This sea is just as deep as it is wide. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft, 7,686 m. That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world.

Other websites 

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Leaving Certificate

The Leaving Certificate is the final exam in the Republic of Ireland secondary school education system. Students have to do the Junior Certificate before they can take the Leaving Certificate. Students also have to take Maths and English. If they took Irish during the Junior Certificate, they also have to take Irish.

Students have to take exams on at least six subjects. They can take either High or Ordinary level tests. In Irish and Maths, there is also a Foundation level. This is for people who have trouble with that subject.

The results are given out in the middle of August. A leaving certificate is required in order to go on to college or university.

Qualifications
Republic of Ireland
Education
Empire

An  empire is a set of lands or regions that are ruled by an Emperor. An empire usually also has many different cultures.

Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, Roman Empire, Russian Empire, Greek Macedonian Empire, Holy Roman Empire and British Empire. 

Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the de facto head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan. 

Many empires grew mostly by conquering land neighbors and are called land empires. Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them. The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires. The Venetian Empire and the British Empire were sea empires. The largest empire was The British Empire

Before Christopher Columbus, there were several American empires including Vikings (owned Greenland), the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire. The Spanish and the Portugese were the first Europeans to discover America. Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.

The oldest empire is the Akkadian Empire, whose founder is Sargon of Akkad. 

The newest created empire is The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.

References 

Empires
Writer

A writer can mean anyone who makes a written work or who writes, but the word more usually means people who write creatively or as a job, or those who have written in many different forms. Skilled writers demonstrate skills in using language to portray certain ideas and images, whether in fiction or non-fiction.

Types of writing

Poetry
Prose
Novels
Music
Lyrical (lyrics to music)
Plays
Myths and legends
Newspapers
Screenplays
Monologues
Nonfiction and creative nonfiction
Greeting card writer

This list is only a few examples of the many types of writing there are.

Types of writers
Writers often specialize in one of the following categories:
Novelist
Poet
Newspaper reporter
Columnist
Magazine writer
Head writer
Ghostwriter
Blog writer
A Business writer is someone who writes proposals and plans for a corporation, as well as reporting for writings on the stock market, financing, and other economic events. A type of writing used in a professional manner is known as business writing. It's a work of literature with a specific purpose that delivers important information to the reader in a simple, brief, and effective manner.

References

Writing
Bear

Bears are a group of large mammals found all over the world in many different habitats. They form the family Ursidae, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.

 Family Ursidae: Bears
 Giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
 Spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus
 Brown bear, Ursus arctos
 Polar bear, Ursus maritimus
 American black bear, Ursus americanus
 Moon bear, Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus
 Sloth bear, Melursus ursinus
 Sun bear, Ursus malayanus

Appearance 
Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They have a broad head and a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black.

Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful senses of smell and sight. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs. Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.

Life 
They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears hibernate, that means they sleep during the winter to save energy.

Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.

Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.

Distribution 
Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.

In popular culture 
Fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.

References
Meteorology

Meteorology is the science that focuses on the Earth's atmosphere. People who study meteorology are called meteorologists. Meteorologists record air pressure, wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, weather patterns, and other information. Meteorologists use this data to understand weather and to predict it. Meteorology is a major branch of earth science. Meteorologists study the causes of particular weather conditions using information obtained from the land, sea and upper atmosphere.

They use computerized and mathematical models to make short and long-range forecasts concerning weather and climate patterns. A variety of organizations use meteorological forecasts including:
transport services, particularly air and sea travel
shipping and sea fishing industries and sailing organisations
government services, e.g. firefighters or for advice on climate change policy
armed forces
farmers;
public services
mass media
industry and retail businesses
insurance companies
health services

In addition to forecasting, meteorologists study the impact of weather on the environment and conduct research into weather patterns, climate change and models of weather prediction.
Technology

Technology is the skills, methods, and processes used to achieve goals.

People can use technology to:

 Produce goods or services
 Carry out goals, such as scientific investigation or sending a spaceship to the moon
 Solve problems, such as disease or famine
 Do things we already do, but more easily.

Technology can be knowledge of how to do things.  Machines are examples of embed.  This lets others use the machines without knowing how they work.  Technological systems use technology by taking something, changing it, then producing a result. They are also known as technology systems.

The most simple form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The discovery of fire and the Neolithic Revolution made food easier to get. Other inventions, such as the wheel and the ship, helped people to transport goods and themselves.  Information technology, such as the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, has led to globalization.

Etymology 
The word "technology" comes from two Greek words:

 τέχνη, techne, meaning "art, skill, or cunning of hand"
 -λογία, -logia, a suffix meaning "the study of"

Related pages
 Engineering
 Inventor
 Computer programming

Other websites
Futurism a website about science and technology
Son

A son is a male child of a mother and father. A feminine child is a daughter.

Basic English 850 words
family
Salt water

Saline water (also called salt water, salt-water or saltwater) is water with a high amount of salt in it. It often means the water from the seas (sea water) and oceans. Almost all the water on Earth is saline.

Salt water used for making or preserving food, is usually saltier than sea water and is called brine. Drinking sea water alone is dangerous. A summary of 163 life raft voyages showed the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. Experiments on rats showed the danger.

When scientists measure salt in water, they usually say they are testing the salinity of the water: salinity is measured in parts per thousand or ppt. Most sea water is about 35 ppt salt. Salt lakes can be up to ten times as salty. Above that level precipitation creates a salt plain.

Brackish water, in contrast, is less salty than seawater.

Salt water is more dense than fresh water. This means that it has more matter per its volume. Fresh water has a density of 1 g/ml, while salty seawater has an average density of about 1.025 g/ml.

Related pages
 Desalination
 Fresh water
 Water cycle

References

Oceanography
Water
Arthur C. Clarke

Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (Minehead, Somerset, 6 December 1917 – Colombo, Sri Lanka, 19 March 2008) was a British author and inventor. He was most famous for his science fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and for working with director Stanley Kubrick on the movie of the same name. Clarke and Isaac Asimov were probably the two best-known science fiction writers of their day.

Some of Clarke's novels include Childhood's End, A Fall of Moondust, The Songs of Distant Earth, The Sands of Mars, and Meeting with Medusa. He also wrote many short stories, and several serious works on science. 

Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941–1946. He proposed a satellite communication system in 1945 which won him the Franklin Institute Gold Medal in 1963. 

He was the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947–1950 and again in 1953.

Clarke emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving; That year, he discovered the underwater ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death.  He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998, and was awarded Sri Lanka's highest civil honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005.

Clarke died from heart and respiratory failure at the age of 90.

Related pages
Arthur C. Clarke Award

References

Other websites 
 Arthur C. Clarke Awards Official site 
 Arthur C. Clarke links & image archive

1917 births
2008 deaths
English science fiction writers
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
English inventors
English LGBT people
English novelists
English science writers
Gay men
LGBT writers
Nebula Award winning writers
Writers from Somerset
Anthony Burgess

Anthony Burgess (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) was an Englishman who wrote many long stories, called novels.

One of these was named A Clockwork Orange. It was about evil. He had the idea for the story after a group of bad young men raped and beat his wife for no reason.

Burgess also made songs and music. And he wrote a lot about writers he loved, such as James Joyce, a novelist, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet.

Burgess was born in Harpurhey, Manchester, in the north of England. Before he became a writer, he was a soldier, then a teacher. When he was 37 years old, he left his home country to work in Malaysia and Brunei. Later, he lived in the USA, Italy, and France.

He was born very poor, the son of a man who made a meagre living out of selling cigarettes to workmen. But when Burgess died, he had grown rich. This was because he worked so hard at his art, which is the art of literature. He wrote at least 1,000 words every day of his life. But he always found time to be kind to other writers. He was friendly to the many people who came to visit with him at his seaside home in Monaco.

Burgess died of lung cancer aged 76, in St John's Wood, London.

The books by Burgess that people say they like the most are called Earthly Powers, about the Pope; Enderby, about a poet; and Nothing Like the Sun, about William Shakespeare.

Other websites 

Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
English novelists
English television writers
Pen names
People from Manchester
1917 births
1993 deaths
Carp

The Carp (plural: carp or carpes) is a fish that lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes. In Europe and Asia carp are loved as a fishing and eating fish. However, carp are a really big problem in countries such as the U.S. and Australia. They make the water dirty by causing the mud at the bottom to move and in these countries people hate them.

Some popular ornamental fishes like the koi and goldfish are also carp.

Types of carp 

 Genus Abramis
 Carp bream (Abramis brama)
 Genus Barbodes:
 Carnatic carp (Barbodes carnaticus)
 Genus Carassius:
 Crucian carp (Carassius carassius )
 Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)
 Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
 Genus Cirrhinus:
 Chinese mud carp (Cirrhinus chinensis)
 Deccan white carp (Cirrhinus fulungee)
 Hora white carp (Cirrhinus macrops)
 Small scale mud carp (Cirrhinus microlepis)
 Mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella)
 Man carp (Cirrhinus saprian)
 Genus Ctenopharyngodon:
 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
 Genus Culter:
 Predatory carp (Culter erythropterus)
 Genus Cyprinus:
 Common carp, Koi (Cyprinus carpio)
 Genus Epalzeorhynchos:
 Red-tailed black shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor)
 Red-finned black shark or Rainbow shark (Epalzeorhynchos frenatus)
 Genus Henicorhynchus:
 Siamese mud carp (Henicorhynchus siamensis)
 Genus Hypophthalmichthys:
 Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
 Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
 Genus Labeo:
 African carp (Labeo coubie)
 Fringed-lipped peninsula carp (Labeo fimbriatus)
 Bigmouth carp (Labeo kontius)
 Genus Mylopharyngodon:
 Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
 Genus Tinca:
 Tench (Tinca tinca)

Other websites 

 Fishing Website on Carp
 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission 

Teleosts
Gene Hackman

Eugene Alden Hackman (born January 30, 1930) is an American retired actor and novelist. Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California. His parents divorced while he was a child, and he moved from one place to another until he settled finally in Danville, Illinois, where he lived with his English-born grandmother. At the age of 16 he left home to join the Marines, where he served 3 years as a radio operator. Having finished his service, he moved to New York, where he worked in several minor jobs. He then studied television production and journalism at the University of Illinois.

Already over 30 years old, Hackman decided to become an actor, and joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California. It was in that school that Hackman became friends with another person who wanted to be an actor named Dustin Hoffman.

After working hard in many roles he became a well-respected actor. He has won two Academy Awards, and has played many well-known roles.

Filmography
 Welcome to Mooseport (2004)
 Runaway Jury (2003)
 Behind Enemy Lines (2001)
 The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)
 Heist (2001)
 Heartbreakers (2001)
 The Mexican (2001)
 The Replacements (2000)
 Under Suspicion (2000)
 Enemy of the State (1998)
 Twilight (1998)
 Absolute Power (1997)
 The Chamber (1996)
 Extreme Measures (1996)
 The Birdcage (1996)
 Get Shorty (1995)
 Crimson Tide (1995)
 The Quick and the Dead (1995)
 Wyatt Earp (1994)
 Geronimo: An American Legend (1993)
 The Firm (1993)
 Unforgiven (1992)
 Company Business (1991)
 Class Action (1991)
 Loose Cannons (1990)
 Postcards from the Edge (1990)
 Narrow Margin (1990)
 The Package (1988)
 Bat*21 (1988)
 Mississippi Burning (1988)
 No Way Out (1987)
 Another Woman (1987)
 Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987)
 Hoosiers (1986)
 Power (1986)
 Target  (1985)
 Twice In A Lifetime (1985)
 Eureka (1984)
 Misunderstood (1984)
 Uncommon Valor (1983)
 Under Fire (1983)
 Reds (1981)
 Superman II (19810)
 All Night Long (1981)
 Superman (1978)
 The Domino Principle (1978)
 A Bridge Too Far (1977) March Or Die (1977) French Connection II (1975) Lucky Lady (1975) Night Moves (1975) The Conversation (1974) Bite the Bullet (1974) Young Frankenstein (1974) Scarecrow (1973) The Poseidon Adventure (1972) Prime Cut (1972) The Hunting Party (1971) The French Connection (1971) I Never Sang for My Father (1970) Downhill Racer (1969) Marooned (1969) The Gypsy Moths (1969) Bonnie and Clyde (1967) Hawaii (1966) Lilith'' (1964)

Other websites 

1931 births
Living people
Actors from San Bernardino, California
Actors from Illinois
Academy Award winning actors
American military people
American movie actors
American novelists
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from San Bernardino, California
People from Danville, Illinois
San Bernardino, California
Writers from California
Writers from Illinois
Cod

Cod is a teleost fish that lives in the ocean. Cod is a large predator. There are about 12 different genera.

Cod is an important type of fish for professional fishing. It is also popular to eat, because it is mild in taste. The livers of cods are processed to get cod liver oil. Along with haddock and plaice, cod is a very common fish to use for fish and chips.

Cod has been traded about since the period of the Vikings. Cod grows to about 5 feet long. The biggest one ever caught weighed about 104 pounds.

References 

Edible fish
Teleosts
Herring

A herring is a small teleost fish of the genus Cluptea. Best-known of this family is probably the Atlantic Herring. There are 15 different species of herring. When herrings migrate in the water they usually do this in large numbers; this is then called a school of herring. Like other fish, they do this for protection: see shoaling and schooling. 

Herrings can be eaten.  They are often smoked or pickled. 

A red herring is used to describe a plot device in mystery fiction that leads the reader to a wrong solution.

Clupeiformes
Teleosts
Edible fish
Ray

The rays are a group of Batoid cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families. The batoids include four orders.

They are mostly flattened in shape, and usually demersal, living and eating at the bottom of the sea. The group first appears in the Triassic period, after 95% of marine species had been wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event.

Taxonomy 
 Batoidea
 Rajiformes
 Rajidae: the skates, 200 species
 Rhinidae: the bowmouth guitarfish
 Rhinobatidae: the guitarfish
 Rhynchobatidae: the wedgefish
 Pristiformes: the sawfish
 Myelobatiformes: the stingrays
 Torpediniformes: the electric rays

Description

Appearance 
Rays look like bats in the water, and this is probably why they are called batoids. They have pectoral fins that are attached to their bodies from back to front, similar to the way a bat's wings attach from its shoulder to its feet.

The fins of the ray create a disk shape that can be round, triangular, or diamond-shaped. Rays use their pectoral fins to 'fly' through the water. Though a bony fish takes in water with its mouth, rays do not because they live at the bottom of the ocean. If they took in water through their mouths, they would probably just get a mouthful of sand. Because of this, they have breathing holes on top of their bodies called spiracles. Rays use spiracles to take in water that is then sent over the gills.

Also, because they do not have a swim bladder, rays sink when they are not actively swimming.

Social Animals 
Interestingly, rays are usually curious and social animals. Though they often live alone, they like swimming together in groups with other rays. Despite the fact that they are able to swim, most rays live at the bottom of the sea, eating benthic animals. In fact, they often flick sand on their backs to camouflage (disguise, or hide) themselves as they lie in the sand at the bottom of the ocean.

References
Fishing rod

A fishing rod is a tool used for catching fish. The rod is often used to cast a fishing hook to where the fish are. The hook has bait on it, sometimes an artificial bait. There is usually some way to make the line longer or shorter, and the pole it is can bend a little.

This is called angling and it is how people catch fish for fun or sport. Commercial fishing is usually done using fishing nets.

Sports equipment
Tools
Fishing
Mammalia (taxonomy)

See Mammals for more info

Class: Mammalia: 
Subclass: Prototheria (Monotremes or egg laying mammals)
Clade: Australosphenida
Order: Platypoda platypuses
Order: Tachyglossa echidnas
Subclass: Theriiformes
Infraclass: †Allotheria (extinct)
Order: †Multituberculata (extinct)
Suborder: †Gondwanatheria (extinct)
Infraclass: Holotheria
Supercohort: Theria (placentals or live bearing mammals)
Cohort: Marsupialia
Superorder: Ameridelphia
Order: Didelphimorphia
Order: Paucituberculata
Superorder: Australodelphia
Order: Microbiotheria
Order: Dasyuromorphia
Order: Peramelemorphia
Order: Notoryctemorphia
Order: Diprotodontia
Cohort: Eutheria
Superorder: Xenarthra
Order: Pilosa
Order: Cingulata
Superorder: Leptictida (extinct)
Superorder: Anagalida
Mirordo: Macroscelidea
Order: Rodentia
Order: Lagomorpha
Superorder: Archonta
Suborder: Dermoptera
Order: Primates
Order: Scandentia
Order: Chiroptera
Superorder: Lipotyphla
Order: Chrysochloridea
Order: Erinaceomorpha
Order: Soricomorpha
Superorder: Ferae
Order: Carnivora
Order: Cimolesta
Superorder: Ungulata
Order: Tubulidentata
Order: Uranotheria
Suborder: Hyracoidea
suborder: Proboscidea
Suborder: †Desmostylia (extinct)
Infraordo: Sirenia
Suborder: †Embrythopoda (extinct)
Order: Artiodactyla
Suborder: Cetacea
Order: Perissodactyla
Superorder †Meridiungulata
Order: †Notoungulata (extinct)
Order: †Astrapotheria (extinct)
Order: †Xenungulata (extinct)
Order: †Litopterna (extinct)
Order: †Condylarthra (extinct)

 mammalia
Nottuln

Nottuln is a town in Coesfeld county, 20 km west of Münster, Germany.

It consists of
 Nottuln
 Appelhülsen
 Schapdetten
 Darup

History
A church was founded in 860 by Ludger Liudger, as well as the first monastery in Westphalia.
After a big fire 1748 it was built up by Johann Conrad Schlaun.
The county of Nottuln is at the A43 and a railway.

References

Other websites

Coesfeld Rural District
Coesfeld

Coesfeld is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and the capital of Coesfeld county.

Nepomucenum and St.-Pius-Gymnasium are highschools in Coesfeld.

History 
Coesfeld was founded by the holy Ludgerus. Coesfeld has been a town since 1197.

Big villages in county Coesfeld:
 Nottuln
 Senden
 Dülmen
 Havixbeck
 Billerbeck

References

Other websites

Coesfeld Rural District
Hanseatic League
St.-Pius-Gymnasium

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is a catholic private highschool in Coesfeld near Münster in Germany. It is held by the diocese of Münster and named after Pope Pius X. . Until 1976 the school was a boarding school only for boys. Since then it has been a Gymnasium. Today, there are 791 pupils.

There is a statue of Pius X on the school ground to express solidarity with the patron. The school has a chapel and a pastor. There is a modern, well-equipped assembly hall, too.

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is associated with the Lyceé Notre-Dame in Guingamp (France), offers trips to Poole (England) and tries to establish a partnership with a school in Orlando (Florida, USA). 

In Advent, the school publishes a yearbook named "Piusbrief". Its pupil magazine "Fünf vor Acht" got multiple honours. 

The whole school is a non-smoking area.
Education in North Rhine-Westphalia
1582



Events 
February 24 – The Gregorian calendar is made official.
Tilapia

Tilapia is a fish that is often farmed for food, or kept as pets in aquariums. They live in warm, fresh water, but some species live in brackish water. The fish are found in Africa, North and South America, India, and Sri Lanka.

They are listed as one of the worlds worst introduced species. They can quickly take over from native fish in rivers. This has happened in places like in the Endeavour River, in   Queensland, Australia. These fish are thought to have been released into the river from an aquarium.

References

Bony fish
Sardine

Sardine is a name of several kinds of fish, especially oily fish. Another name for these fish is Pilchard. All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring.  The Latin name of the family of these fish is Clupeidae. However, the naming is not precise. Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named pilchard. There are over a dozen with the name of sardine.  Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.

The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia. In the past, they could easily be fished there.

Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) sardines. The can is filled in liquids like water or oil. Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.

Gallery

References 

Bony fish
Bone

Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.

The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs on the ground and would not be able to move.

Bones also protect.  The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.  The jaw and cheekbones support the facial muscles, which help us eat and smile.  The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.  

Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.  The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.

Structure

Bone marrow 
Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone. It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body. It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system.

Osteons 

Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians. Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.  Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.

Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.

The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.

References 

Basic English 850 words
 
Natural materials
Anteater

An anteater is a mammals of the family Myrmecophagidae and the suborder Vermilingua. Anteaters live in South America and Central America.

Anteaters eat ants and termites. They have long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue. The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm. The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws. Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.

Large anteaters that move on the ground knuckle-walk, bending their front toes under when they move the way gorillas do.  Small anteaters that live in trees do not do this.

Gallery

References

Xenarthrans
Singer

A Singer is a person who sings with their voice. Anyone who is singing is a singer. Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer).  Singers may sing anything: songs, opera etc. They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra.  Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves). Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.

The lead vocalist (or lead singer) is the member of a band who sings the main solo vocal portions of a song.  The lead vocalist may also play one or more instruments, and is usually the "leader" of their group, often the spokesperson in interviews and before the public.  The lead vocalist is sometimes referred to as the frontman. For example, Jerry Garcia was the lead singer and frontman for the Grateful Dead.

Qualities 
A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance. Good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as feeling the song through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning. A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them". A lead singer has to be a strong singer since other vocalists must sing accordingly.

Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir. Choirs can include gospel music, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two groups of singers, soprano and alto. Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range. Combining these two can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting to listen to.
 
People may feel like singing for various reasons.  They may want to share their feelings with other people.  They may be feeling happy about something, or sad, or excited, frustrated or angry.  Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.

Related pages
Singing

References

Other websites 
 What It Takes to Become a Professional Singer

 
Entertainment occupations
Keyboardist

A keyboardist is a musician who plays one or more of the musical instruments called keyboard instruments, such as the piano, organ, or electronic synthesizer. A person who plays piano is also called a pianist. A person who plays organ is called an organist. Many types of music use keyboardists, such as rock, pop, funk, and classical music.

Musicians
Entertainment occupations
Superhero

A superhero is a fictional character who protects innocent people and fights for good.

Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans. Usually a superhero is courageous and noble. They usually have a colorful name and costume.

The most well-known superheroes are Batman of DC and Spider-Man of Marvel.

Some superheroes do not actually have super powers but are merely strong individuals who want to do good in the world. For example, Batman does not have any superpowers, but has been through years of training to be physically and mentally stronger than his enemies.  

Most superheroes keep their identities a secret by wearing masks or helmets.  This protects the superheroes' friends and family from being hurt by villains.  Also, because superheroes do not fight within the regulations of the law like police officers do, they would have to be arrested for vigilantism if they revealed their identities.

Also, many superheroes have tragic backstories that play into why they're superheroes in the first place. Batman, for example, saw both of his parents murdered in front of him and dedicated himself to fighting crime to prevent things like that happening to other people. Another example of this is Spider-Man who let a thief go that he could've easily stopped; that same thief later broke into his home and killed Spider-Man's uncle. After this, Spider-Man realized that he had to be responsible with his power and use it to help others.
Paul Karrer

Paul Karrer (21 April 1889  18 June 1971) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins.  He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937.

1889 births
1971 deaths

Swiss scientists
Biochemists
Anonymity

Anonymity means "namelessness" and comes from Greek words meaning "without name". It is when a person's identity or name is unknown. If a person is called anonymous, nobody knows who he or she is, or the anonymous person does not want to be found out. 

The concept of anonymity has some important uses. It is vital for a democracy that votes cast in an election are anonymous. In that way, no-one can find out how a person voted in an election.

Names
Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of light as a function of length of the wave that has been emitted, reflected or shone through a solid, liquid, or gas. To be analyzed the chemical is heated, because hot things glow and each chemical glows differently. The various wavelengths of the glow make a color spectrum that differs in some detail from other chemicals. Spectroscopy separates and measures the brightness of the different wavelengths. It can identify the chemicals in a mixture, and determine some other things, such as how hot the thing is.

Spectroscopy allows scientists to investigate and explore things that are too small to be seen through a microscope, such as molecules, and the even smaller subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and  electrons. There are special instruments to measure and analyze these light waves.

Methods
Infrared spectroscopy measures light in the infrared electromagnetic spectrum. The highlight of IR spectroscopy is that it is very useful in identifying functional groups of organic molecules.  The absorption of infrared light by organic molecules causes molecular vibrations.  The vibrational frequencies are unique to the individual functional groups. IR spectra is given graphically by transmittance(%) vs. wavenumber (cm-1)

X-ray crystallography can look at the structure of a crystalline molecule. The electron cloud of each atom diffracts the X-rays thus revealing the positions of the atoms. Various inorganic and organic molecules can be crystallized and used in this method including DNA, proteins, salts and metals. The sample used for analysis is not destroyed.

Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy uses visible and ultraviolet light to look at how much of a chemical is in a liquid. The colour of the solution is the basis for how UV-Vis works. The color of the solution we are working with is colored because of its chemical composition. So the solution absorbs some light colors and reflects other colors, the light it reflects is the color of the solution.  UV-Vis spectroscopy works by passing light through a sample of your solution then determining how much light gets absorbed by the solution.

Nuclear magnetic resonance can look at nuclei. It uses the magnetic properties of certain nuclei, the most common being 13C and 1H.  The NMR instrument generates a large magnetic field that makes the nuclei act like tiny bar magnets.  The nuclei either align with the instruments magnetic field or against it.  At this point we have two possible orientations the nuclei could be in α or β. Next the nuclei are exposed to radio waves that make α go to the β orientation. When this change occurs energy is given off and detected.  The data is interpreted graphically (Intensity vs. chemical shifts in ppm) by a computer system.  NMR does not destroy the sample you use for analysis.  Below is a 900 MHz NMR system.

Related pages 
 Absorption spectroscopy
 Astronomical spectroscopy
 Time-domain spectroscopy
 Auger electron spectroscopy

Other websites

Measurement
United States Virgin Islands

The United States Virgin Islands are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are currently owned and under the authority of the United States Government. They used to be owned by Denmark (and called Danish West Indies). They were sold to the U.S on January 17, 1917, because of fear that the Germans would capture them and use them as a submarine base in World War I. They are the only part of the U.S. where vehicles drive on the left hand side of the road.

References

Other websites

 Official Tourism Website
 Governor's Website 
 
 U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000
 
 
 
 Real-time, geographic and other scientific resources of Virgin Islands  from the United States Geological Survey
 Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician and the 21st president of the United States. Before becoming president, he was most noted as the Collector of Customs for the port of New York, a job he got from his political friendships. Arthur was the first president of the United States to take oath of office at his own house. 

Arthur was a lawyer in New York City. Two of his cases were famous. One confirmed that any slave brought to New York was automatically set free. The other ended the racial segregation of streetcars in the city. 

After President James A. Garfield died, vice-president Chester Arthur replaced him. The man who killed him expected the new president to pardon him. This did not happen. 

During Arthur's term a major problem was that people were appointing their friends (such as himself) into high political offices instead of people who were most qualified to do the job. The problem was solved after he passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act which required people to pass tests before they could be appointed to a public job.

References

Other websites 

Arthur's White House biography 

1830 births
1886 deaths
Deaths from stroke
US Republican Party politicians
Vice Presidents of the United States
 
Politicians from Vermont
19th-century American politicians