cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Kristine Sutherland

Kristine Sutherland (born Kristine Young on April 17, 1955 in Boise, Idaho) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Buffy Summers' mother Joyce Summers on the television series Buffy The Vampire Slayer.

Early life
Sutherland was born Kristine Young. She changed her name because she was often confused with another actress with a similar name. The last name "Sutherland" was after her cat, whom she named "Donald" after Donald Sutherland She attended high school in Lexington, Kentucky.  After graduating, she studied at the University of Kentucky.

Kristine Sutherland is not related to Donald Sutherland or his son Kiefer Sutherland.

Career
Sutherland's first movie role was as Mae Thompson in the 1989 movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids. In 1997, she tried out for the role of Joyce Summers on The WB Television Network's television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Creator Joss Whedon later said that one of the reasons he chose Sutherland for the role was the fact that she had a warm demeanor, as well as what he felt she look similar to actress Sarah Michelle Gellar, who was to play her daughter in the series. She was on the series often for the first five seasons. After she left at the end of season five, she returned for three more guest appearances. In April 2008, she had a guest starring role on New Amsterdam.

Personal life
Sutherland is married to actor John Pankow. He is best known as "Ira" on Mad About You. They have one daughter named Eleanore.

Filmography
1986 Legal Eagles 
1989 Honey, I Shrunk the Kids 
2002 The Cat Returns 
2012 The Perfect Wedding

References

Other websites
 

1955 births
Living people
Actors from Idaho
American television actors
American movie actors
People from Boise, Idaho
Mirage

A mirage is an image that is distorted by the atmosphere so that its form and location can look very different from the actual object. It is caused by the way light bends as it passes through layers of air of different temperatures.

The words "mirage" and "mirror" come from the same root word, which means "to look at."

Cause
Normally, light travels in a straight line, but it will change direction depending on what it passes through. This bending is called "refraction." Gases, such as air, become thinner as they get warmer. As a result, light tends to curve (or refract) towards the colder layer of air. This makes the image appear to come from a different direction than the original object.

There are two basic types of mirage, depending on which direction the temperature changes, inferior and superior.

Inferior
An inferior mirage is arguably the most common type seen over land. In daytime, air near solid ground is typically warmer than the air above it. When light from the sky passes through it, a shimmering, fragmented image of the sky may appear to come from the ground, resembling water.

Superior
Sometimes a mirage can appear to come from higher up than the original object. When the colder air is lower (called an inversion layer), as it often is over large bodies of water or ice, the apparent direction of the mirage will be opposite that of an inferior mirage. For example, the distorted image of a ship or an island may appear on or above the surface, even if the original object is hidden below the horizon.

A "Fata Morgana" is a complex superior mirage whose appearance can change quickly and dramatically. Its name refers to Morgan le Fay, a mythical enchantress strongly associated with Arthurian legends. In times past, the disturbing images seen as part of the mirage were attributed to illusions created by magic.

Artificial
A mirage-like effect can be achieved by allowing a soluble substance like sugar or salt to slowly dissolve in a deep container of water, so that there is more sugar in the water near the bottom than in the water above it. This can refract the image of an object seen through it in a similar manner as a superior mirage often seen over open water.

Other websites

 The Happy Scientist explains mirages.
 How to make a mirage with sugar water.
 Another way to make a mirage with salt water.

Optics
Atmosphere
Titus Salt

Sir Titus Salt, first baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876), was born in Morley near Leeds. He was a manufacturer, politician and a phillanthropist in Bradford, West Yorkshire.

His father Daniel Salt was a dry salter and then he decided to become a farmer. His mother died when he was quite young. Titus Salt had 11 children.

Career
After working as a woolen stapler for two years at a mill near Wakefield he became his fathers business partner-Daniel Salt and son. The company used Russian Donskio wool, which was widely used in the woollens trade, but not in worsted cloth. Titus visited the millers in Bradford.

After working for two years as a wool-stapler in Wakefield he became his father's partner in the business of Daniel Salt and Son. He set up as a spinner and manufacturer.

In 1836, Titus came upon some bales of Alpaca wool in a warehouse in Liverpool and, after taking some samples away to experiment, came back and bought the consignment. Though he was not the first in England to work with the fibre, he was the creator of the lustrous and subsequently fashionable cloth called 'alpaca'. (The discovery was described by Charles Dickens in slightly fictionalised form in Household Words).

In 1833 he took over his father's business and within twenty years had expanded it to be the largest employer in Bradford. In 1848 Titus Salt became mayor of Bradford. Smoke and pollution came from mills and factory chimneys. Salt tried unsuccessfully to clean up the pollution using a device called the Rodda Smoke Burner.

Around 1850, he decided to build a mill large enough to consolidate his textile manufacture in one place, but he "did not like to be a party to increasing that already over-crowded borough". So he bought land three miles from the town in Shipley next to the River Aire, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Midland Railway and began building in 1851. He opened it with a grand banquet on his 50th birthday, 20 September 1853, and set about building houses, bathhouses, an institute, hospital, almshouses and churches, that make up the model village of Saltaire. He built the Congregational Church which is now Saltaire United Reformed Church, at his own expense in 1858–59, and donated the land on which the Wesleyan Chapel was built.

References 

1803 births
1876 deaths
English businesspeople
People from Yorkshire
Chief executives
Insei

, also known as "cloistered rule," is an ancient Japanese term which means a special form of Imperial government. 

In the Insei system, the monarch abdicated or retired and a new emperor was named; however, the old emperor held on to significant power and influence in the court and in the nation.  The emperors who withdrew from public life did not give up any of their many powers.  In practice, the retired emperor only gave up the time-consuming burden of his ceremonial roles and formal duties.

There were emperors who abdicated before and after the Heian period; however, the term Insei is most often used to mean the kind of Imperial system put in place by Emperor Shirakawa in 1086. This system was very important in the years before the rise of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192.

Heian period 
The succession of power in the Insei system was complex.

Edo period
The last retired emperor with an Insei title was Emperor Reigen in the Edo period.

Notes

History of Japan
11th century
12th century
Fingerspelling

Fingerspelling is making an alphabet with your hands. Many deaf people learn fingerspelling. They use it when they want to sign a word but there is no sign in the sign language, or when they don't understand what the sign means. Other people also use fingerspelling to talk in secret, to help remember something, or to talk without making sound (for example in a church).

Fingerspelling is a part of some sign languages. Writing systems are not the same everywhere, and fingerspelling is also different. Different countries have different ways of fingerspelling. Some alphabets use one hand, some use two hands.

References

Other websites 

ASL Fingerspelling Resource Site Free online fingerspelling lessons, quizzes, and activities.
Fingerspell Flashcards Practice ASL, German and Swiss German alphabets online.
British Sign Language Fingerspelling Alphabet  Information and pictures about the British 2-handed fingerspelling alphabet.

Sign languages
Provence

Provence is a region in southern France. It lies. Historically, it is limited by the river Rhône to the west, and the border with Italy to the east. It makes up the biggest part of the modern administrative region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. In the past, the capitals were Arles, Aix-en-Provence and Avignon. Today, the regional capital is Marseille. Other important cities (prefectures) are Digne-les-Bains, Gap, Nice and Toulon.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Battle of Camden

The Battle of Camden was a battle between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States.  It happened during the American Revolutionary War.  It was a major victory for the British Army.

The Battle took place north of Camden, South Carolina on August 16, 1780.

References

Camden
1780
1780s in the United States
18th century in South Carolina
August events
540



Events 
 Emperor Kimmei, reign of 29th emperor of Japan starts (540-571)
 Vitiges of the Ostrogoths surrendered to the Byzantine army.

Births
 Pope Gregory I (approximate date)

References
Hiratsuto Station

is a train station in Miyako, Iwate Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
East Japan Railway Company
Yamada Line

Adjacent stations 

Railway stations in Iwate Prefecture
Iwate Prefecture
Rail transport in Japan
Emma (wrestler)

Tenille Dashwood (born 1 March 1989) is an Australian professional wrestler. She is also known by her ring name Tenille Tayla. She worked until 2017 for WWE as Emma. Since 2018 Dashwood works for Ring of Honor and several more promotions.

Dashwood was born in Boronia, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. She lives in Orlando, Florida, United States.

Personal life
On 30 June 2014, before Monday Night Raw aired, Dashwood was arrested in Hartford, in the U.S. state of Connecticut for sixth-degree larceny. Dashwood's lawyer said that she had forgotten to pay for an iPad case, when she was using the self-checkout machine at a Walmart. After she appeared at a community court on 1 July, she was ordered to do one day of community service and complete an online course. On 2 July 2014, Emma was released by WWE after she was arrested for sixth-degree larceny. She was reinstated by WWE two hours later.

Championships
Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling
ECCW Women's Supergirls Championship (two times)

References

Other websites

Official website 

1989 births
Living people
WWE wrestlers
Australian models
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Female professional wrestlers
Melinda Clarke

Melinda Clarke (b. April 24, 1969) is an American actress who is known for being on television. She has, however, starred in some movies. She is best known for playing Fiona in Days of Our Lives. She also played Amanda in Nikita. Clarke was born in California. Her father is actor John Clarke, who also starred in Days of Our Lives.

Actors from Orange County, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1969 births
Living people
Miyako, Iwate

is a city in Iwate Prefecture, Japan.
It was founded on February 11, 1941.

The city is along the coast where the  flows into the Pacific Ocean.  It is connected to Morioka by an east-west train line and highway and the coastal highway also goes through the town.  The city has a port but much of the shipping traffic is taken by larger cities along the coast.

On June 6, 2005, the old Miyako absorbed the town of Tarō and village of Niisato from Shimohei District to form the new city of Miyako, more than doubling the old city's size.  As of 2008, the new city had an estimated population of 57,874 and a density of 83.1 persons per km². The total area is 696.82 km².

On January 1, 2010, the city absorbed another Shimohei District village, Kawai.

Climate

2011 tsunami
On March 11, 2011, the city was devastated by a tsunami caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.
At least 401 lives were lost.
Only about 30–60 boats survived from the town's 960 ship fishing fleet.  A study by the University of Tokyo's Earthquake Research Institute found that the waters had reached at least  above sea level. This was almost as high the  record of the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake tsunami.

Some of the most well known scenes of the 2011 Japanese tsunami, broadcast worldwide, were shot in Miyako.  It shows a dark black wave cresting and overflowing a floodwall and tossing cars, followed by a fishing boat capsizing as it hit the floodwall and then crushed as it was forced under a bridge.

References

Other websites

 Miyako official website 
 BBC video of the tsunami flooding up the mouth of the river at Shinkawacho

Settlements in Iwate Prefecture
Cities in Japan
Smedestraat 33

Smedestraat 33 is a door in the city of Haarlem in the country of the Netherlands. It is a historic place in The Netherlands. It was built in late 17th century. In the past, the door was the entrance to two homes. Now it just opens to one.

References

Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Haarlem
Winfield Scott

Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.

A national hero after the Mexican-American War, he served as military governor of Mexico City. Such was his stature that, in 1852, the United States Whig Party passed over its own incumbent President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, to nominate Scott in that year's United States presidential election. Scott lost to Democrat Franklin Pierce in the general election, but remained a popular national figure, receiving a brevet promotion in 1856 to the rank of lieutenant general, becoming the first American since George Washington to hold that rank.

Scott was born to William Scott and Anna Mason in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, near Petersburg, Virginia, on June 13, 1786. He briefly attended College of William and Mary, studied law in the office of a private attorney, and served as a Virginia militia cavalry corporal near Petersburg in 1807.

Scott was married to Lucy Baker from 1812 until her death in 1816. They had one son. Then he was married to Maria De Hart Mayo from 1817 until her death in 1862. They had six children.

He died in West Point, New York on May 29, 1866 from unknown causes, aged 79. He is buried in West Point Cemetery.

The saying Great Scott was named after his last name.

References

Other websites

 General Scott and the Trail of Tears 
 Letter to the Cherokee from Major General Scott 
 Origin of the phrase Great Scott!.
 Biography of General Winfield Scott 

1786 births
1866 deaths
American generals
Military people from Virginia
Vaporizer (cannabis)

A vaporizer or vapouriser is a device used to extract the active ingredients of plant material so that they can be breathed. It is often used for cannabis, tobacco, or other herbs such as chamomile.

Vaporization is an alternative to smoking. It doesn't make smoke or other cancer-causing by-products. It does that by heating the material so that the active compounds boil into a vapor. Nothing actually burns, so there is no smoke or taste of smoke. Vapor ideally contains almost no particulate matter or tar, and much less noxious gas such as carbon monoxide. The vapor can be collected in a jar or inflatable bag, or inhaled directly.

Vaporizers are sometimes used by chefs. They use them to heat herbs and spices to release flavors that are otherwise difficult to extract, or that might be spoiled by overheating during cooking. Chicago's Achatz uses the aroma-filled bags as place-mats, punctured when plates are placed in front of the customer.

Other websites
Vaporizer Reviews and Guides

Smoking
Cannabis
Matthew C. Perry

Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, mostly known in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Perry was very concerned with the education of naval officers and helped develop a system that helped the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered The Father of the Steam Navy.

Perry was born on April 10, 1794 in Newport, Rhode Island. He was the younger brother of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, who commanded U.S. naval forces in the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812.  Matthew Perry was never married and had no children. Perry died on March 4, 1858 in New York City, New York from unknown causes. He was buried at Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island.

References

Other websites

 A short timeline of Perry's life

1794 births
1858 deaths
American military people
People from Newport, Rhode Island
Bryan Brown

Bryan Neathway Brown, (born June 23, 1947) is an Australian movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in The Thorn Birds, Beautiful Kate, Cocktail, Along Came Polly, Australia and Peter Rabbit. 

Brown was born on June 23, 1947 in Sydney, Australia. He has been married to Rachel Ward since 1983. They have three children.

References

Other websites
 
 Bryan Brown's official website — New Town Films

1947 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Christoph Waltz

Christoph Waltz (born October 4, 1956) is an Austrian movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Hans Landa in Inglourious Basterds, as Dr. King Schultz in Django Unchained, as artist Walter Keane in Big Eyes and as James Bond villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in Spectre and No Time to Die. He starred as Dyson Ido in the 2018 science fiction movie Alita: Battle Angel.

He also holds German citizenship. He won two BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He won the other Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Django Unchained.

Waltz was born on October 4, 1956 in Vienna, Austria. He has three children from an ex-wife and one with his second wife, Judith Holste.

References

Other websites

 

1956 births
Living people
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian voice actors
Austrian stage actors
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
German stage actors
Actors from Vienna
Actors who played Bond villains
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
BAFTA Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Sikkim National Party

The Sikkim National Party, was a political party in Sikkim. Formed in 1950. National Party was in favour of the monarchy and advocated independence for Sikkim.
 

Sikkim
Protein folding

Protein folding is how a protein gets its functional shape or 'conformation'. It is mainly a self-organising process. Starting from a random coil, polypeptides fold into their characteristic working shape. The structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.

The stages are:
Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA to a linear chain of amino acids. This polypeptide lacks any developed three-dimensional structure (left hand side of the top figure). 
Amino acids interact with each other to produce a well-defined three-dimensional structure, the folded protein (right hand side of the figure). This is known as the native state. The resulting three-dimensional structure is determined by the amino acid sequence (Anfinsen's dogma).

Without its correct three-dimensional structure a protein does not work. However, some parts of proteins may not fold: this is normal.

If proteins do not fold into their native shape, they are inactive and are usually toxic. Several diseases may be caused by misfolded proteins. Many allergies are caused by the folding of the proteins, for the immune system does not produce antibodies for all possible protein structures.

On 30 November 2020, the protein folding was solved by artificial intelligence company DeepMind.

Chaperones 
Chaperonins are large proteins which help the folding of some proteins after synthesis. Chaperones in general were first discovered helping histones and DNA join up to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the building blocks for chromosomes. This is the way many cell organelles are built up.

References 

Proteins
Anfinsen's dogma

Anfinsen's dogma is a hypothesis in molecular biology suggested by Christian Anfinsen. The idea is that a protein folding into its native structure is done automatically by the protein's amino acid sequence. It is only true for some proteins. For other proteins, chaperones are needed.

Anfinsen shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease A. The dogma suggests that, in the conditions at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique and stable state.
There are three conditions:
uniqueness requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy.
stability small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration.
kinetical accessibility means the final shape can be got without going through any highly complex changes in the shape (like knots, for example).

How the protein reaches this structure is the subject of the field of protein folding, which has a related dogma called Levinthal's paradox. The Levinthal paradox states that the number of possible conformations available to a given protein is astronomically large, such that even a small protein of 100 residues would require more time than the universe has existed to explore all possible conformations (1026 seconds) and choose the appropriate one.

Prions are an exception to Anfinsen's dogma. Prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. In Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), native proteins re-fold into a different stable conformation, which causes fatal amyloid buildup. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.

References

Molecular biology
Proteins
Murder of Polly Klaas

Polly Klaas (January 3, 1981 - October 1, 1993) is an American murder victim. She was abducted from her California home by Richard Allen Davis (born 1954) during what had been a slumber party with two other girls. Davis later strangled her. He was convicted of her kidnapping and murder and was given a death sentence. He is on death row. Actress Winona Ryder offered two hundred thousand in reward for the return of Klaas; after Klaas was killed, Ryder dedicated a movie version of Little Women for her memory.

1993 crimes
1993 in California
1990s crimes in California
1990s murders in the United States
Deaths by strangulation
Kidnapped American people
October events
Vanessa Hessler

Vanessa Hessler (Rome, January 21, 1988) is an American-Italian model and actress.
She began modeling when she was 15. Hessler has appeared in many publications in Italy and Germany.

Early life 

Hessler's father is American. He mother is Italian. She lived in Rome until she was 8, then moved to Washington DC. She lived in Rockville, MD as a teenager. In 2002 she returned to Italy. She speaks Italian, English and French. She lives in Rome and Washington

Modeling 

Hessler has been in commercials for Baby Star, Nara Camicie and Gilli.

Hessler planned to work in television. In early 2006, she wanted to replace Alessia Marcuzzi to host Le Iene. She lost the job to Cristina Chiabotto.

Hessler has appeared in advertising for GUESS, Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani, L'Oréal, and Ferrero SpA.

In March 2006, she made her debut as a television host at the Festival di Sanremo with Claudia Cedro, Francesca Lancini, and Marta Cecchetto.

Hessler was the face of the DSL brand "Alice" in Germany (a service of Telefónica Europe) until late October 2011. The company chose to end her contract. This was done because of her personal relationship to and public support for the Gaddafi family. The company said that she had "failed to distance herself from her comments on the conflict in Libya."

References 

Italian actors
American television actors
American models
Actors from Rome
1988 births
Living people
Flow chart

A flow chart, also known as a flowchart, is a type of diagram, made of boxes and arrows. It can be used to show:
 An algorithm, a step-by-step list of directions that need to be followed to solve a problem
 A process, a series of stages in time where the last stage is the product, result or goal.
 The planned stages of a project.

The flow chart uses boxes, arrows and other elements: 
 Boxes show the process operations, the various steps and actions.
 Arrows show the order of the steps, and/or different options.
 Other elements representing materials involved, decisions, people, time or process measurements.

Flowchart building blocks

Common Shapes 
The following table shows some of the most common shapes used in flowcharts. Generally, flowcharts are read from top to bottom and left to right. Reading flowcharts can also be called "flowing".

Software

There are many different types of software that deal with making flowcharts. Some types of software allow users to design flowcharts that can be used to help them design a program easier. Other applications can also create programs based on the flowchart that the user designed. Some software that deal with making flowcharts include Microsoft Visio, yEd, and Inkscape.

Related pages

 Chart
 Diagram

References 

Charts
Management
Ahmet Kaya

Ahmet Kaya (October 28, 1957  – November 16, 2000) was a singer from Turkey. He was associated with the Kurdish people's independence struggle. His mother is Turkish and his father Kurdish.

In June 2012 the Turkish Association of Magazine Journalists awarded
Ahmet Kaya its Special Prize.

In October 2013 Ahmet Kaya was given the Grand Presidential Prize in Culture and Arts.

References

1957 births
2000 deaths
Turkish singers
John Clive

John Clive (6 January 1933 – 14 October 2012) was an English writer, actor and voice talent. He acted in movies as well as on television stage and radio.  Clive had important parts in the movies Yellow Submarine, Carry on Board, Carry on Dick, The Gnomes of Dulwich, Tiffany Jones, and Clockwork Orange.

Clive was born on January 6, 1933 in North London, England. Clive died on October 14, 2012 from a short illness in his home in England, aged 79.

References

Other websites
 
 

1933 births
2012 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English radio actors
English voice actors
English writers
Actors from London
Writers from London
George Romney

George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician.  He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962.  He served the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969.  He was also the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973.

He is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, and current United States Senator Mitt Romney.  He was also the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney. In 1968, he ran for president, but lost to Richard Nixon.

Biography
Romney was born to American parents living in Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico on July 8, 1907. The events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child.  The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah, where they struggled during the Great Depression.  Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a Mormon missionary in England and Scotland, and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any. In 1939 he moved to Detroit, Michigan.

Marriage and children
On July 2, 1931, he married Lenore Romney. They would later have four children, Lynn Romney, Jane Romney, Mitt Romney, and G. Scott Romney. His granddaughter from Scott Romney, Ronna Romney McDaniel, is the current chairwoman of the Republican National Committee.

Death
Romney died on July 26, 1995 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan from a heart attack, aged 88. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.

References

Other websites

 Boston Globe Magazine, Lessons of the Father
 Video of George W. Romney defending his success, NBC, 1967
George Romney photo essay

1907 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Chief executives
United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
1968 United States presidential candidates
US Republican Party politicians
Governors of Michigan
Politicians from Detroit, Michigan
All Smiles Dental Centers

All Smiles Dental Centers is a company that manages dental offices in Texas. Its headquarters are in Farmers Branch, Texas. In September 2012 All Smiles had 20 clinics in Texas. The people who go to the clinics are mostly poor Hispanic children.

Dr. Richard Malouf started All Smiles in 2002. After the U.S. Supreme Court told the State of Texas that it did not give enough money to give dental care to poor children, five years before 2012 the State of Texas began spending $1.4 million more money on dental care for poor children. All Smiles began a braces program and began spending a lot of money, given by the Texas government, on braces for children. The Medicaid program only allowed braces if the braces helped a major problem like cleft lip and palate, or if it helps a problem caused by an illness, like Down's syndrome or muscular dystrophy. Malouf and his wife, Leanne, had a lot of rich things, like a mansion, two fancy cars, and two company jets.

In 2012 the State of Texas began trying to find out if All Smiles lied and took too much government money. The federal government accused All Smiles of cheating in the dental program, and so All Smiles promised to be honest in a contract written with the federal government. In July 2012 the company closed many braces offices and told patients that they could no longer go to All Smiles for braces.

Related pages
 Small Smiles Dental Centers
 ReachOut Healthcare America

Sources

Other websites
 All Smiles Dental Centers

2002 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Texas
Dentistry
2000s establishments in Texas
Lenore Romney

Lenore LaFount Romney (born Lenore LaFount, November 9, 1908 – July 7, 1998) was an American politician and actress. She was the wife of businessman and politician George Romney and the First Lady of Michigan from 1963 to 1969.

She was the Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate elections in 1970 from Michigan. Her youngest son, Mitt Romney, is the former Governor of Massachusetts and the 2012 Republican presidential nominee.

Early life
Lenore LaFount was born in Logan, Utah, and raised in Salt Lake City. She went to Latter-day Saints High School. While there,  she developed an interest in drama and met George Romney.

She attended the University of Utah and George Washington University, graduating from the latter in 1929.  She studied acting at the American Laboratory Theatre in New York, then went to Hollywood where she became a bit player.

Career
She acted in some movies with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.  Turning down a contract offer with them, she married George Romney in 1931.  The couple had four children together. She was a stay-at-home mother, eventually living in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, while he became a success in business and politics. She ran for the United States senate, but lost the election.

Death
Romney died on July 7, 1998 in Royal Oak, Michigan from a stroke, aged 89. She was buried next to her husband at the Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.

References

Other websites
 "Lenore", the half-hour film from the 1970 U.S. Senate campaign 
 Finding Aid for Lenore LaFount Romney Papers, 1960–1974 at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

1908 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie actors
Businesspeople from Michigan
Businesspeople from Salt Lake City, Utah
American chief executives
Actors from Michigan
Actors from Salt Lake City, Utah
Politicians from Michigan
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
US Republican Party politicians
People from Logan, Utah
Patricia Clarkson

Patricia Clarkson (December 29 1959) is an American actress. She has received an Emmy Award. She has appeared in many movies, including The Green Mile, The Untouchables and Far from Heaven. She was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New Orleans, Louisiana
1959 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Tokyo Imperial Palace

is the official home of the Emperor of Japan. It is the site of the old Edo castle. 

The Imperial Palace is in the Chiyoda area near to Tokyo Station.

The kōkyo is a large park-like space in central Tokyo.  

The palace complex has several buildings. including the main palace (.  There are also the private homes of the imperial family and the offices of the Imperial Household Agency.

History
Traditionally, the home of the emperor is called a palace.  The location of the palace has been considered the capital city of Japan.  Since 1868, the center of the government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home has been Tokyo. From 794 through 1868, the emperor lived in Kyoto.

Related pages 
 Ryūgū-jō
 Asuka, Yamato#Imperial Palaces

References 

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Governor of Michigan

The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the U.S. State of Michigan. The current Governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party.

Gubernatorial elections and term of office
From the time the state was created until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November and the governor took office the next January. Until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was created in 1850 and took effect in 1851. Because of this, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. After this, elections were held on even years.

The constitution adopted in 1963 changed the governor's term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, elections for governor have been two years before U.S. Presidential elections (for example, Presidential elections were in 2000 and 2004, elections for governor were in 1998 and 2002). The winner of the election takes office at noon on January 1 of the year after the election.

In 1992, a change to the Michigan constitution said that a person could only be governor for two terms. Before this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve. John Engler, the governor at the time, served three terms as his first term took place before the change was made. Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998 before being term limited in 2002.

History of the office

Forty-eight people have been governor of the state. Before becoming a state, there were five governors of the Michigan Territory. Stevens T. Mason, Michigan's first governor, also served as a territorial governor. He was elected governor at age 23 as a member of the Democratic Party in 1835 and served until 1840. Mason was the youngest state governor in United States history.

Jennifer Granholm became the first female Governor of Michigan on January 1, 2003. She served for 8 years, until January 1, 2011.

List of governors

References
Anisul Hoque

Anisul Hoque (), (born March 4, 1965) is a Bangladeshi author, novelist, dramatist, and journalist. Anisul Hoque was born in Rangpur in 1965. His father was Mofazzal Hoque. His mother is Mst Anwara Begum. Hoque graduated from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, trained as a civil engineer. Now he working as a journalist. Currently, Hoque is working as an Associate  Editor of a Bengali language daily, Prothom Alo.

Literary works

Poetry
Khola Chithi Sundarer Kachhe
Jalrang Padya
Asale Ayur Cheye Baro Shaadh Tar Akash Dekhar
Tomake Bhabna Kori

Novels
Kheya (The Ferryboat) (1996)
Ondhokarer Eksho Bochhor (One Hundred Years in Darkness) (1995)
Fand (Trap) (1997)
Bristibondhu (The Rain Friend) (1997)
Amar Ekta Dukhkho Achhe  (I have a Sorrow) (1999) 
Se (The Person) (2002)
Maa (Mother) (2003)  
Abar Tora Kipte Ho 
Dushwapner Jatri (2006) 
Khuda o Bhalobashar Galpo
Nandini (2006) 
Alo Andhokare Jai (2007)
Dhukhpari Shukhpari (Fairy of Sadness Fairy of Happiness)
Trap (translated from Bangla to English by Inam Ahmed, published by Indian Age, )

Television drama
Ekannoborti
Choruibhati
Naal Piran (Red Shirt)
Korimon Bewa
Ghure Daranor Swapno
69
No Man's Land
Nikhoj Shongbad

Filmography

Script writer
Bachelor, 2004 
Made in Bangladesh (directed by Mostafa Sarwar Farooki)
Third Person Singular Number
Swapnodanay (On the Wings of Dreams) (2007)

Awards
Bangla Academy Award, 2012
CitiBank Ananda Alo Award for Best Novel 2009
 Khalekdad Chowdhury Literature Award 1415
Television, a film script jointly written by Mostofa Sarwar Farooki and Anisul Hoque, has received Asian Cinema Fund (script development), provided by South Korea's Pusan Film Festival
Euro Shishu Shahitya Award 2006
BACHSAS Award for Best Sreenplay
TENASINAS Award for Best Screenplay

References

Other websites
Natok By Anisul Haque 
Anisul Haque Ebook
Bangladeshi writer anisul hoque home page 
Books of Anisul Haque published in different publications
Bangladeshi Novels home page 
Interview, from Voice of America, July, 2006.
 anisul hoque
 Bangladeshi Author Anisul Hoque Explores Craft of Writing in Iowa 
 Sample of works by Anisul Hoque 
 Bio of writers: IWP 2010 
 Why I write the way I write 

1965 births
Living people
Bangladeshi writers
Bangla Academy Literary Award winners
Kabir Bakul

Kabir Bakul (born November 21, 1966) is a lyricist from  Bangladesh. He has also worked as a journalist. He earned the National Film Award as the Best Lyricist at 2008, 2009, 2010,  and 2013. Kabir Bakul was born on November 21, 1966 in Chandpur District. His wife is singer Dinat Jahan Munni. They have two daughters, Prerona and Protikkha, and a son, Procchod. At present, he is working at Maasranga Television as Head of Event and Planning. In 1994, he wrote a song for the movie “Ogni Sontan”. For this song he was nominated for the Best Lyricist at the Bangladesh Film Director Samity Awards.

Songs 
Kabir Bakul has written poems since he was young. He started writing song lyrics in 1988. That year, he wrote 13 songs for singer Tapan Chowdhury. From those songs, two were released on albums. The first song was "Kal sara raat tomari kakon jeno mone mone rinijhini bejeche". The singer was Ayub Bacchu. The second song was "Pothe jete jete khujechi tomay" for singer Nasim Ali Khan. He has written 800 songs for movies. He has written over 5000 songs in total.

Popular songs

From movies 
 Jai din jai ekaki
 Keu prem kore keu preme pore
 Amar majhe nei ekhon ami
 Dukkhotake dilam chute
 Asbar kale aslam eka
 Akash chuyese matike
 Eto valobeso na amay
 Lajuk patar moto lojjaboti
 Tomare dekhilo porano voriya
 Ekta chad chara raat aadhar kalo

On albums 
 Keno ei nissongota
 Bestota amake dey na oboshor
 Kal maiya kal boila
 Prithibir moto ridoytake
 Priyar moner kotha bidhata jane
 Dekhle tomay monta amar chomke jai
 Ful joto sundor hoy na keno

Teleflim & Drama 
Kabir Bakul wrote a drama named Goodbye America. It was broadcast July 2012 on Eid program. His second drama, Kajoler Ontordan was broadcast October 2012 on RTV.

Awards & Felicitation 
 National Film Award 2008, 2009,2010, 2013
 Bangladesh Cholochittro Sangbadik Samity (BCSS) 1998, 2006
 Bangladesh Projojok samity award, 2001
 Binodon Bichitra Award 2009
 Channel I-Citycell Music Award 2004
 London Bangla Chanel Award 2010
 Chandpur New Work Association Felicitation 2004
 Chandpur Press Club Felicitation
 Choturonggo (Drama Group) Felicitation

References

1966 births
Living people
Lyricists
Bangladeshi poets
screenwriters
Recipients of Bangladesh National Film Awards
Marisa Miller

Marisa Lee Miller (born August 6, 1978),née Berdetta, is an American actress and model.  She is best known for being in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues and her work for lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret.

References

1978 births
Models from California
Living people
Actors from California
Louis-Frédéric

Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum (1923 – 1996), also known as Louis Frédéric or Louis-Frédéric,  was a French scholar, art historian, writer, translator and editor.  He was a specialist in the cultures of Asia, especially India and Japan.

Early life
Louis-Frédéric was born in Paris in 1923.  He studied at the Sorbonne and the École pratique des hautes études.

Career
Louis-Frédéric wrote many books on India, Japan and Southeast Asia.

He was the editor of the 10-volume Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations which was published in eight editions in English between 1977 and 1987. 

Louis-Frédéric's Japan encyclopedia was published in six editions in English and French between 1996 and 2005.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frédéric, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 170 works in 337 publications in 14 languages and 7,762 library holdings.
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 L'Inde: ses temples, ses sculptures, 1959
 Sud-Est asiatique: Temples et Sculptures, 1964
 La danse sacrée de l'Inde, 
 Japon: arts et civilisation, 1969
 La vie quotidienne au Japon à l'époque des Samurai (1185-1603), 1969
 Tôkyô, 1970
 Le Shintô, esprit et religion du Japon, 1972
 Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations (10 vol.), 1977-1984
 La vie quotidienne au Japon au début de l'ère moderne (1868-1912),1984
 Japon, l'empire éternel, 1985
 Japon intime, 1986
 Dictionnaire de la civilisation indienne, 1987
 A dictionary of the martial art, 1991
 L'Art de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud-Est, 1994
 Les Dieux du bouddhisme, 1996
  Le Japon, dictionnaire et civilisation, 1996
 Histoire de l'Inde et des Indiens, 1996

References

Other websites
 Frédéric, Louis (1923-1996) at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

1923 births
1996 deaths
Japanologists
French writers
French translators
Editors
Lois Griffin

Lois Griffin (born June 3, 1956) is a character in the television comedy Family Guy. She is the wife of Peter Griffin. He has three children. They are an American family and Lois has a New Yorker accent. Alex Borstein does her voice. She is 43 years old.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Family Guy characters

sv:Family Guy#Lois Griffin
Demographics

Demographics are statistical information about human populations (groups of people).  Sociology, demography, marketing, business, and other studies use the information from people who study demographics.  Some demographics that many demographers study are gender, race, jobs, and location (where people live).

Demographic trends are changes in those areas. For example, if a city was half women and half men in 1940 and was more than half women in 1980, and the number of women kept going up, that would be a demographic trend.

Related pages
 Demography
 Sociology

 
Statistics
The Black Cauldron (movie)

The Black Cauldron is a 1985 American animated fantasy movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. It is based on the first two books in The Chronicles of Prydain by Lloyd Alexander, a series of five novels which in turn is based on Welsh mythology.

The movie is about the evil Horned King who hopes to secure the magical Black Cauldron and rule the world with its help.

The movie is directed by Ted Berman and Richard Rich. They directed the previous Disney animated movie The Fox and the Hound.

It was not very popular when it was first released.  Now it has become a cult movie. It cost $25 million to make.  It earned only $21 million at the North American box office.  It is said to be one of the worst box-office failures from Walt Disney Animation Studios.

Cast 
 Grant Bardsley as Taran
 Susan Sheridan as Princess Eilonwy
 Nigel Hawthorne as Fflewddur Fflam
 John Byner as Gurgi/Doli
 John Hurt as the Horned King
 Freddie Jones as Dallben
 Arthur Malet as King Eidilleg
 Eda Reiss Merin as Orddu
 Adele Malis-Morey as Orwen
 Billie Hayes as Orgoch
 Phil Fondacaro as Creeper
 John Huston as the narrator
 Brandon Call as Fairy #1
 Gregory Levinson as Fairy #2
 Lindsay Rich as Fairy #3

References

1985 movies
American animated movies
Disney animated movies
Fantasia 2000

Fantasia 2000 is a 1999 American animated movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a sequel to Fantasia (1940). Like the earlier movie, it has animated segments set to pieces of classical music. The Sorcerer's Apprentice is the only segment that is in both movies.

The soundtrack was performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra with conductor James Levine. A group of celebrities introduce each segment in live-action scenes. The celebrities include Steve Martin, Bette Midler, Penn & Teller, James Earl Jones, Quincy Jones and Angela Lansbury.

Fantasia 2000 was shown at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999. It was part of a five-city concert tour, with performances in London, Paris, Tokyo and Pasadena, California. An exclusive release in IMAX theatres followed from January 1 to April 30, 2000. It became the first animated feature-length movie in the IMAX format. Fantasia 2000 was opened in the United States on June 16, 2000. It has earned $90.8 million in gross revenue worldwide.

Rhapsody in Blue
Rhapsody in Blue is the first Fantasia segment with music from the American composer George Gershwin. It originated in 1992 when director and animator Eric Goldberg approached Al Hirschfeld about the idea of an animated short set to Gershwin's composition in the style of Hirschfeld's illustrations. Hirschfeld agreed to serve as artistic consultant and allowed the animators to use and adapt his previous works for the segment. Goldberg's wife Susan was art director. Duke is named after jazz artist Duke Ellington. The bottom of his toothpaste tube reads "NINA", an Easter egg referencing Hirschfeld's daughter Nina. Rachel was designed after the Goldbergs' daughter and John is based on animation historian and author John Culhane and Hirschfeld's caricature of Alexander Woollcott. Goldberg took Hirschfeld's original illustration of Gershwin and animated it to make him play the piano. Featured in the crowd emerging from the hotel are depictions of Brooks Atkinson and Hirschfeld, along with his wife Dolly Haas. The segment was completed two months ahead of schedule from February 1999 to April 1999. The animators from the production hiatus of Kingdom of the Sun were reassigned to work on the segment. Despite this, the sequence was so chromatically complex that the rendering process using the CAPS system delayed work on Tarzan.

References

Other websites 
 

1999 movies
1999 animated movies
1990s musical movies
1990s sequel movies
American family movies
American musical fantasy movies
American sequel movies
Disney animated movies
Dave Pasch

Dave Pasch (b. 1972) is an American sportscaster.  Pasch works for ESPN. He calls play-by-play of college football, college basketball, NBA, WNBA, and Arena football games. He has also been the radio voice for the Arizona Cardinals of the NFL since 2002, teaming with Ron Wolfley.  In 2007, Pasch called the Little League World Series.

References
 Dave Pasch's ESPN Bio
 

1972 births
Living people
Golf broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
people from Wisconsin