cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Viriato Clemente da Cruz

Viriato Clemente da Cruz, an Angolan poet and politician, was born in 1928 in Kikuvo (Porto Amboim), Angola and died in Beijing, China on 13 June 1973.

He is considered one of the most important Angolan poets of his time. He wrote poems in Portuguese and Angolan languages. He took part in the fight to free Angola from Portuguese rulers.

Political work
He was educated in Luanda, the capital of Angola, which was then ruled by Portugal. As a young man in 1957 he went to Paris, where he met Mario Pinto de Andrade, another Angolan poet and politician, who helped with his political ideas. In the 1960s they helped create the group called the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA—from the Portuguese name ).

The MPLA was in not in Angola at this time, but was first in Conakry (the capital of Guinea) and then later in Leopoldville, Congo (now Kinshasa the capital of the DRC). Viriato da Cruz became secretary-general of the MPLA. After some time he and others, did not agree with some people in the group and this led to fighting in the streets of Leopoldville.

Exiled in China
Viriato da Cruz went to Beijing, China in the 1960s because of the fighting in the MPLA. At first, the Chinese government welcomed him. He was well known because he had helped create the MPLA. The Chinese wanted Viriato da Cruz to help them bring Maoist socialism to Africa.

This was a big problem for Viriato and his family. His ideas were not the same as the Maoists. He thought that stronger countries can not bring a socialist revolution to other places. He was very brave and did not change his ideas. This was against the Chinese Maoist idea of world revolution.

Viriato da Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa, but the Chinese government would not let him go and they were not good to him. This may be because he could have made trouble for their work in Africa.

Last years of life
The last years of the life of Viriato da Cruz were unhappy and difficult. He was weak, without much food, and he died on 13 Jun 1973. His dead body was taken away in a military vehicle and his burial was without any ceremony.

Some Angolan people think that this was shocking, because Viriato da Cruz worked hard for Angola and was one of the leaders of the liberation from Portugal.

Principal books
Poems (1961). Among these poems, Namoro, Sô Santo and Makézu are well-known.

1928 births
1973 deaths
Poets
Angolan people
Kibibyte

A kibibyte is a unit of information or computer storage. A kibibyte is 1024 bytes, 1024 kibibytes are a mebibyte.

Related pages
 Kilobyte
 Mebibyte
 Gibibyte
 Tebibyte

Computing measurement
Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life

Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life is a 2003 action movie from Paramount Pictures. It is the second movie to star Angelina Jolie as the title character from the Tomb Raider video games.

2003 movies
American adventure movies
English-language movies
Paramount movies
Movies based on video games
2000s adventure movies
Ska

Ska is a popular music from Jamaica that began in the 1950s. Ska music that was first played at a slower tempo then became reggae in the late 1960s.

Ska music bands include singers, electric guitars, electric bass guitar, piano, organ, saxophone, trumpet, and trombone. In ska, the electric guitar and piano normally play short chords on the off-beat. If you go "one and two and three and four", the off-beat is the "and". 

A ska singer does a style of Jamaican singing called "toasting." When a singer is "toasting", they make sounds, repeat words, invent rhymes, and shout into the microphone. The Jamaican "toasting" style of singing and talking was adapted into rap music in the 1980s.

How Ska musicians dress 
Musicians who play ska dress in hats and suits. Many ska bands wear clothes with a chessboard pattern of black and white squares. Doc Martens are a common type of shoe. This pattern symbolizes the way that ska music mixes of Black and White musicans and styles of music.There was a British genre of ska-punk influenced by The Specials, Madness and the English Beat, that began to dress in kilts.

1980s Ska Revival 
Even though ska was developed in the 1950s, it became popular again in the 1980s in Britain. In the 1980s, ska bands such as The Specials, The Selecter, The Beat, UB40 and Madness played ska music.

1990s Ska mixed with punk rock 
In the 1990s, some bands mixed ska music with Punk rock to make ska-punk. This kind of ska music is from England and the United States. Some pop-punk bands from the 1990s mixed pop-punk with ska-punk.

Ska bands and singers 

 No Doubt
 The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
 The Specials
 The Selecter (British band)
 The Beat (British band)
 Madness (English band)
 Sublime
 Prince Buster (Jamaican singer)
 Desmond Dekker (Jamaican singer)
 The Bodysnatchers (female British band)
 The Skatalites (Jamaican band)
 Streetlight Manifesto (American band)
 The Toasters (American band)
 The Slackers (New York City band)
 Rusted Root (American band)
 Westbound Train (Boston band)
 Reel Big Fish
 Suburban Legends (American band)
 Catch 22 (American band)
 Less Than Jake
 Lord Creator (Jamaican singer)
 The King Blues (British band)

Related pages 
 Scat singing

References

Other websites 
 Going to a Ska Show? Here's What to Wear (LA Weekly)

Music genres
Jamaica
British culture
1950s establishments in North America
Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban  KC, (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), was an English philosopher, statesman, and author. He has been described as one of the greatest thinkers ever whose ideas have changed the way people think.

Life
He was born in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and the nephew of Queen Elizabeth's advisor, William Cecil. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His first job was as a lawyer. He later became a Member of Parliament and in 1586 he took a leading part in having Mary Queen of Scots executed. He became a friend of Robert Deveraux, the Earl of Essex, in 1591, and received many valuable gifts from him. After Essex led a rebellion against the Queen, Bacon was one of the people who led the investigation which led to Essex's execution in 1601.

Bacon was often in trouble for spending too much, and in 1601 he was arrested for debt. When King James became king in 1603, Bacon's position improved. He was knighted in 1603. He was one of the people who argued for the joining of England and Scotland together as one country, which happened after his lifetime, in the 1700s. Bacon married Alice Barnham in 1606, and the next year he was made the Solicitor General. He continued to be given better paying positions including Attorney General, Lord Keeper, and Lord Chancellor.

He was made Baron Verulam in 1618, and Viscount St Albans in 1621. Because he did not have children both titles ended when he died.

He used his positions to make more money for himself, and in 1621 the Parliament found that he was corrupt. He was fined £40,000 and removed from all his jobs. King James overturned the fine, but he was kept as a prisoner in the Tower of London for a while.

Studies
He became best known as a leading thinker in new ways of looking at the world. His writings started and made famous a way of thinking about science. This way of thinking is now called the Baconian method. It is based on looking at the world by making experiments. After watching the results the scientist comes up with an idea to explain what has happened. This idea or hypothesis is then further tested by more experiments. This way of thinking about science is called inductive methodology. In Bacon's time these methods were linked with magic including hermeticism and alchemy. Alchemy was the study of fire, earth, water and air. Alchemists tried to make gold from lead.

Notes

Other websites

The Francis Bacon Society
Contains the New Organon, slightly modified for easier reading
Francis Bacon of Verulam. Realistic Philosophy and its Age  (1857) by Kuno Fischer and John Oxenford in English

1561 births
1626 deaths
16th-century philosophers
17th-century English philosophers
Attorneys general
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in England
Lord Chancellors
Spies
Writers from London
Tear gas

Tear gas is the name for a number of chemical compounds.  They are not actually gases.  They are fine powders or mists of liquid.  The chemicals are acidic and cause  pain in the eyes.  Tear gas may cause temporary blindness for up to 45 minutes.  Tear gas is commonly used by police to control crowds.  Phenacyl chloride (CN) liquid and CS powder are two of the chemicals that are often found in tear gas.  Pepper spray is another chemical compound that acts very similarly and is sometimes used to control crowds.

Tear gas is a chemical weapon, and was used as a weapon in the First World War.  The 1925 Geneva Protocol is not specific enough about the use of irritating agents, such as tear gas in war.  The Chemical Weapons Convention, of 1992 prohibits the use of tear gas for warfare.  The use as a riot control agent is not covered by the treaty.

Problems of using tear gas 

The use of tear gas is also has problems: Usually, cartidges of tear gas are thrown; they can hit and injure people. A case of serious vascular injury from tear gas shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Directly exposing skin to tear gas may lead to chemical burns and allergic reactions of the skin.

In the short term, the medical consequences are usually limited to  skin inflammation. delayed complications are also possible: people with respiratory conditions such as asthma are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support. Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of the cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity. Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness.

References

Related pages 
 Chemical warfare

Other websites
 Riot Agents

Chemical compounds
Law enforcement equipment
Kaba Ma Kyei

"Kaba Ma Kyei" (), which means "Until the World Crumbles", is the national anthem (song) of Myanmar. The melody and lyrics were created by Saya Tin, and became the Burmese national anthem in 1947.

Burmese lyrics

Burmese

IPA pronunciation

MLC Transcription System|MLC transcription 
kam.bha ma.kye / mran.ma prany /
tui. bhui: bwa: a.mwe cac mui. hkyac mrat nui: pe //
prany htaung su. kui a.sak pe: lui. tui. ka kwai ma.le /
da tui. prany da tui. mre to. puing nak mre //
tui. prany tui. mre a.kyui: kui
nyi nya cwa tui. ta.twe htam: hsaung pa sui. le
to. ta wan pe a. hpui: tan mre //

English translation

Official 
Till the end of the world, Myanmar
Since she is the true inheritance from our forefathers, we love and value her.
We will fight and give our lives for the union
This is the country and land of our own
For her prosperity, we will responsibly shoulder the task,
Standing as one in duty to our precious land.

Literal 
Until the world crumbles, Myanmar!,
Our ancestors gave us the inheritance after fighting wars with love.
We will sacrifice our lives and our labours to protect the Union.
This is our Nation, this is our Land, the land that we own.
Our nation, our land will prosper with productivity and equality as pictured
To unite in keeping to the duties of our valuable land.

National anthems
Myanmar
Pyinmana

Pyinmana (, ; population: 100,000 (2006 estimate)) is a small town in Mandalay Division of Myanmar. The government in 2005 decided to move the capital city from Yangon to an area two miles (3.2 km) away west of Pyinmana on November 6, 2005, near the town, named Naypyidaw, which means Royal City. Pyinmana is approximately  north of Yangon.

Towns in Asia
Myanmar
Kyat

A kyat () is a kind of money used in Myanmar. The symbol for it is K. One kyat is equal to 100 pya. One kyat is almost equal to 1000 US dollars.

Currency of Asia
Myanmar
Burmese language

Burmese (in Burmese , pronounced /baa-MAA-saa/) is a language spoken in Myanmar. Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language, meaning that is close to Chinese and Tibetan.

Burmese has three tones (high, medium, low: plus two 'stops or abbreviated additional, qualifying 'tones), no gender {have natural gender e.g. saya (male teacher), sayama(female teacher)}, and no tense. Burmese has many English and Indian words(loan words) though is a very distinct and full language itself with a long history and substantial numbers of proudly articulated dialects.

Examples
Here are some examples of words and sentences in Burmese.

Hello = min-ga-la-ba

How are you? = Nei kaun la?

I am (name) = Cha-naw yè nan-bè ga ___

(Kya-naw is replaced with kya-ma for females.

What is your name? = Ka-mya na mei be' lo khal le'   (OR) na mei be' lo khal le' (You can omit  "Ka-mya=You")

Are you from Burma? = Nae ba-ma pyi ga la da la?

(Note: To ask if someone is from other countries, just replace ba-ma pyi with any of the countries below.)

 America = A-mè-ree-ka
 France = Pyin-thit
 Britain = In-ga-lan
 Germany = Ja-ma-nee
 Russia = Ra-sha
 Thailand = Yoe-da-ya
 Japan = Ja-pan
 Chinese = Ta-yote
 Indian =  in-di-yah

References
Coat of arms

A coat of arms is a unique design painted on a shield.  These designs may be inherited, meaning that they pass from a father to his children.  In the Middle Ages, these designs were shown on real shields, but today they are usually only drawn or painted on the paper that makes them legal which is called a grant of arms. The grant of arms is usually allowed only when it is given by the government of a country or its agent. In England, this is called the College of Arms and in Scotland is called the Lord Lyon. 

Coats of arms are normally issued for real people but nowadays lots of countries and businesses also have coats of arms. Each symbol on the coat of arms will represent something that has an important meaning to that person, country or company.

Examples

Relating pages
Officer of arms

Other websites
 Heraldry in the SCA 
 Modar's Heraldry
Hat

A hat is a type of covering for the head, and there are many types of hats. 

Hats are different in different parts of the world. Some hats are worn by women, other hats by men, others by both; infants and children may also wear hats, and some hats are not worn by anyone at all. These hats are just used for decoration. People who make hats for men are called hatters, and those who make hats for women are called milliners. The kinds of hats (or caps, which are like hats) worn by different groups within various societies in different countries are very numerous. 

Some types of hats or caps are worn as a sign of social roles. For example, bishops wear mitres and some lawyers wear wigs. In these cases the special headware is only worn on specific occasions. Monarchs wear crowns on special occasions. 

All kinds of clothing send social messages as to what the person is. For years workmen in Britain wore caps, but foremen (supervisors) wore bowler hats. So, in traditional societies it was expected of a person that he or she would dress appropriately. Other people would know from their clothes what kind of person was on view. That aspect of hats and clothing in general is much less true today.

Some examples of hats:
 baseball cap, for baseball players and many others
 beaver hat, made of beaver skin 
 beret, for fishermen or peasants in parts of western Europe
 bowler hat, for men practising some traditionally middle class occupations
 coonskin cap, for some hunters or trappers
 cowboy hat, for cowhands
 fedora, a felt hat of a particular shape
 fez, similar to a tarboush, found in many Islamic countries
 helmet, either for those serving in the armed forces or for sportsman (e.g. motorcyclists)
 mitre, for formal use by bishops
 riding helmet, a helmet for horse riders
 sombrero, for the Latin American peasant
 ten-gallon hat, a type of cowboy hat
 top hat, for the smart men of the world

Related pages

 wig
 cap
 hair
 headgear

Basic English 850 words
Headgear
1410s



Events 
 The power of the Teutonic Knights is broken at the Battle of Grunwald by Polish and Lithuanian armies.
 Under Henry V of England, England invades France and wins the Battle of Agincourt.
 The Council of Constance happens.

Births 
 Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint
 Jami, Persian poet

Deaths 
 Pope Alexander V
 King Albert of Sweden
 Dawit I of Ethiopia
 Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Jan Hus, religious reformer
William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863–August 14, 1951) was an important American newspaper owner who was born in San Francisco, California.

He was the only child of Phoebe Apperson Hearst, a former schoolteacher from Missouri, and George Hearst, a successful miner who became a multimillionaire and later a US Senator from California.

Hearst was a member of the US House of Representatives for New York between 1903 and 1907, as a member of the Independence Party, which he started.

Hearst was a media tycoon. He started a newspaper empire, which is now the Hearst Corporation. He became known for publishing sensationalist stories, which were often false or only very loosely based on the truth.

The film Citizen Kane by Orson Welles is based upon the story of Hearst's life.

Learned at Harvard

1863 births
1951 deaths
United States representatives from New York
Newspaper publishing
Businesspeople from San Francisco
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from California
Horace Greeley

Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor, reformer and politician. His New York Tribune was the most influential newspaper of the period 1840 - 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties.

He is best known for his socially colored journalism. He wanted to convince people of his ideas. He thought that the role of a journalist must be to convince people with sound arguments. He did not like the sensationalist approach of Joseph Pulitzer and others.

Greeley ran for President in 1872, but died before the election results came. Whether or not if he died he would have lost to Ulysses S. Grant.

1811 births
1872 deaths
US Republican Party politicians
American journalists
United States representatives from New York
writers from New York
University of Alabama

The University of Alabama (UA) is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. The University of Alabama is in the city of Tuscaloosa. People can usually just say Alabama or UA for short when they are talking about the University.

UA opened in 1831 and now about 35,000 students study there. UA is one of the three largest universities in Alabama. Auburn University and University of Alabama at Birmingham are the other two main schools in Alabama. Students study many things at UA, such as liberal arts, science, engineering, communication, engineering, education, social work, nursing, human sciences (such as fashion design) and law. People study to get bachelor's degrees, Master's degrees and doctorates at Alabama. Also, graduates can get an Education Specialist degree.

Many people have heard about the University of Alabama because it has many good sports teams. These sports teams are called the Crimson Tide. The football team from UA has won the national football championship 12 times in the past 83 years and play at Bryant–Denny Stadium.

In 1963, Alabama Gov. George Wallace announced in his inaugural address, "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" as his policy. He personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students. He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard, who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene.

References

Other websites
 

Colleges and universities in Alabama
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
Southeastern Conference
1831 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Alabama
Engineer

Engineer is a person with a proper education in the field of engineering. The word engineer is derived from the Latin root ingenium, meaning "cleverness". Engineers design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and cost. Much of the work is applied science, using information given by scientists to do their work. Apart from working with things, an engineer must also be good at working with people and money.

Who are they?

 Aerospace engineers design space vehicles or airplanes. 
 Biomedical engineers design and work with medical equipment.
 Chemical engineers use chemicals to make products like drugs and medicines or fertilizers for crops.
 Civil engineers work on roads, bridges, buildings and other public structures.
 Computer engineers design and build computers and the parts that computers are made of.
 Electrical engineers work with electricity and design electrical equipment, from small things like radios and computers to large things like the wires that carry electricity across the country.
 Electronic engineers work with electronics, which are used to build computer parts and electrical equipment. 
 Environmental engineers design and implement solutions to remediate and restore the environment. 
 Manufacturing engineers design and improve the machines and assembly lines that make things. They work with robots, hydraulics and air-operated devices to help companies work faster and better with fewer mistakes.
 Mechanical engineers design machines or things that move, like cars and trains. A mechanical engineer also might help design electricity generating stations, oil refineries, and factories.
 Mechatronics engineers build robots and things that are like robots, but not exactly. They do things that are robotic-like.
Ocean engineering and Naval Architecture works on construction of ships, submarines and off shore bodies.
 Nanotechnology engineers study very small things, like strings of atoms and how they are put together.
 Nuclear engineers design and build nuclear plants. They also study the characteristic behaviors of certain radioactive or unstable elements.
 Structural engineers are dealing with design and analysis of buildings and large non-building structures to withstand both the gravity and wind loads as well as natural disasters.
 Software engineers design and write programs for computers.
 Systems engineers look at how complicated things work and try to make them faster and smarter. They look at the big picture.

Many engineering projects are large and very complicated.
Often different kinds of engineers work together and help each other.  As an example, computer engineers need help from electrical engineers to  
build a computer.  The computer needs programs written by software engineers.  The computer could be used by aerospace engineers to control an 
airplane.  An airplane is a big mechanical system with many parts, so a mechanical engineer and a systems engineer are also needed.

Related pages 
 National Academy of Engineering

Notes 

Technology
Engineering
Science occupations
Division by zero

In mathematics, a number can not be divided by zero. Observe:

1. 

If B  = 0, then  C = 0. This is true. But:

2. 

(where B = 0, so we just divided by zero)

Which is the same as:

3. 

The problem is that  could be any number. It would work if  were 1 or if it were 1,000,000,000. 0/0 is said to be of "indeterminate form" for this reason, because it has no single value. Numbers of the form A/0, on the other hand, where  is not 0, are said to be "undefined", or "undeterminated." This is because any attempt to define them will result in a value of infinity, which is itself undefined.  Usually when two numbers are equal to the same thing, they are equal to each other. That is not true when the thing they are both equal to is 0/0. This means that the normal rules of maths do not work when the number is divided by zero.

Incorrect proofs based on division by zero

It is possible to disguise a special case of division by zero in an algebraic argument. This can lead to invalid proofs, such as 1=2, as in the following:

With the following assumptions:

The following must be true:

Dividing by zero gives:

Simplify:

The fallacy is the assumption that dividing by 0 is a legitimate operation with 0/0 = 1.

Most people would probably recognize the above "proof" as incorrect, but the same argument can be presented in a way that makes it harder to spot the error. For example, if 1 is written as x, then 0 can be hidden behind x-x and 2 behind x+x. The above-mentioned proof can then be displayed as follows:

therefore:

Dividing by x - x gives:

and dividing by x gives:

The "proof" above is incorrect because it divides by zero when it divides by x-x, because any number minus itself is zero.

Calculus 

In calculus, the above "indeterminate forms" also come as a result of direct substitution while evaluating limits.

Division by zero in computers 
If a computer program tries to divide an integer by zero, the operating system will usually detect this and stop the program. Usually it will print an "error message," or give the programmer advice on how to improve the program. Division by zero is a common bug in computer programming. Dividing floating point numbers (decimals) by zero will usually result in either infinity or a special NaN (not a number) value, depending on what is being divided by zero.

Division by zero in geometry 
In geometry  This infinity (projective infinity) is neither a positive or a negative number, the same way that zero is neither a positive or negative number

Arithmetics

de:Null#Division
Flamenco pa tos

Flamenco pa tos is a Spanish festival of Flamenco music. It is organized by the Gomaespuma Foundation. This festival is the most important festival in Spain. The profits of the festival are used by the Gomaespuma Foundation to help children in Managua. The Festival has been the winner of the National Awards of Flamenco during 2004 and 2005.

Spanish culture
Holidays
Music festivals
Festivals in Europe
Peter the Great

Peter the Great (), Peter I () or Pyotr Alekseevich (;  – ) was a czar of Russia. He transformed Russia from an isolated kingdom into a transcontinental superpower. 

He became czar of Russia in 1682, after his sister Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia lost a war. In 1697 he visited Western Europe and decided Russia must have access to the sea. He built the city and seaport of St. Petersburg which became the capital of Russia in 1711. He changed Russia's society, by making new laws so it would be modern like the European countries of the new Age of Enlightenment.  Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov was a close friend of the emperor but was later disgraced due to embezzlement of national funds.

Wars 
These are the wars that Russia fought in when Peter the Great was in charge:

The Great Turkish War: In this war Russia fought against the Ottoman Empire and won. Russia got some fortresses in the town of Azov from the Ottoman Empire.

Great Northern War: Russia was fighting Sweden during the Great Northern War. In 1700 Saxony, Denmark and Russia attacked Sweden. Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea.  The Russian Army retreated  so the Swedish Army had to chase them.  When a very cold winter came, half of the Swedish soldiers died in the cold. Eventually the Swedish army caught up to the Russian army and they had a battle, called the battle of Poltava. Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including their king, Charles XII of Sweden escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire. Peter didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire but he lost and had to give the town of Azov back to the Ottomans.

After that Russia invaded Sweden and conquered  Estonia, Livonia, and Finland.  By 1719 Russia had conquered all of Sweden. Even though Sweden had clearly lost, they did not give up until 1721. In 1721 Sweden  signed the Treaty of Nystad where they agreed to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia. 

Because Russia was a major power after the war, Peter the Great changed its name from the Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire. 

Russo-Persian War:  At the start of the war Persia was already in chaos and was about to collapse. Peter the Great took advantage of this and invaded Persia. The war went from 1722 to 1723. In the end, Russia won and gained lots of land from Persia but had lost a lot of men from fighting. After Peter died, his heirs struggled for power and all the lands that Russia had conquered were given back to Persia.

References

Notes

1672 births
1725 deaths
Emperors and empresses
Russian tsars
House of Romanov
Zaanstad
Musical note

In music, a note is a small bit of sound, similar to a syllable in spoken language.  For example: in the first two lines of the song  "Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are" there are 14 notes: one for each syllable.

Confusingly, the word "note" can also mean the pitch of a note (how high or low it is).  For example:  the whole of the song "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" can be played using six different notes: C, D, E, F, G and A.

The word "note" can also mean the written symbol of the note.

Nearly all music is made up of notes.  Music without notes might be sound effects.

Music 
In some Western countries, like United Kingdom, Germany and the USA, the notes (in the sense of the pitches) are given a letter of the alphabet according to their pitch. From lowest sounding to highest sounding: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. This pattern repeats, so that after G will come A. This A is an octave higher than the first A.

Because there are 12 notes needed in Western music, these 7 notes can have modifiers (symbols or words that change them). The two main modifiers are sharps, which raise the pitch a half-step, and flats, which lower the pitch a half-step. The symbol for a sharp is ♯ (like the hash symbol (American: number symbol): #). The symbol for a flat is ♭ (like a lower-case italic b).  To un-flat or un-sharp a note, the natural symbol, ♮, is written before the note.  When writing in words (like this page), the symbols are written after the note name, for example: "B♭" means B flat and "F♯" represents F sharp. However, when writing in music notation, the flat, sharp or natural signs are written BEFORE the note.  A way to remember this is to say: if the sign came after the note, it would be too late, and you would have already played it, so it must go before so that you know what is coming.

Sharps and flats can also be written in key signatures.  A key signature is written at the beginning of the piece, and repeated at the beginning of each line.  It gives the sharps or flats which are going to be regular in the piece.

Two other modifiers are double sharps, which raise the note a whole step, and double flats, which lower the note a whole step. These are much less common that the simple sharp or flat, but can still be seen in some types of music. The symbol for a double sharp is × and the symbol for a double flat is ♭♭. For example, E♭♭ is another name for D. This is called an enharmonic equivalent. Another enharmonic equivalent is C and B♯.

Other note names 

In some languages, such as the Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian), notes are named Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si (or Ti) instead of C, D, E, F, G, A, B. This notation is called solfege in the United States. These notes are the focus for a song in The Sound of Music.

Drum Kits do not have notes, they have places on the manuscript where each line means each Drum,
each symbol means each Cymbak on the Kit - how Many Times to hit it in what speed and beats
in a bar there are usually shown as  4/4 and you count 1 2 3 4 each bar.

Musical notation
Calabria

Calabria, officially the Regione Calabria, is a region in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. It is the tenth largest Italian region by total area (after Apulia and Toscana) with 5,877 sq mi (15,222 km2). It has more people than any other state with over 2 million people as of 2020. Its largest cities are Reggio Calabria, Cosenza, and Vibo Valentia. The capital is Catanzaro. The region around its borders are Basilicata to the north, the Gulf of Taranto to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from the Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west.

Calabria is the Italian region with the 14th largest economy and one of the most largest in the South .

Provinces 
 Catanzaro
 Cosenza
 Crotone
 Reggio Calabria
 Vibo Valentia

Other websites 
 Official Site (IT)
 Calabria Web Portal (IT)
WordPress

WordPress is a piece of software which has become the most widely used content management system and is used for setting up blogs. It is open source, licensed under the GPL, and written in PHP.

WordPress allows users to create and edit websites through a central administrative dashboard, which includes a text editor for modifying content, menus and various design elements.  

WordPress provides plugins which provide additional functionality through WordPress Plugin Directory. There are over 54,000+ Plugins available in WordPress repository, and they can be installed through either upload or by one-click installation through the WordPress Plugin Library.

Users can write posts into the software and other people reading the post can write comments about it.

Since the release of WordPress version 4.7 the software had been downloaded more than 36+ million times.

Version 5.8.1 is the latest WordPress release. It was released in September 2021

On May 27, 2003, Matt announced the availability of the first version of WordPress. It was well received by the community. It was based on b2 Cafelog with significant improvements. The first version of WordPress included a new admin interface, new templates, and generated XHTML 1.1 compliant templates. 

In June of 2010, Automattic, the company founded by WordPress co-founder Matt Mullenweg, transferred the ownership of WordPress trademark and logo to the WordPress Foundation.

Free hosting 
WordPress can be downloaded and installed on any server with PHP installed. However, WordPress has a service for users to host blogs, called wordpress.com. It has a limit of 3 GB of free space, with an option to upgrade for more. Users  cannot  add their own domain to the blog when using free option. But when user will buy one of the packages of WordPress.com, then user can use custom domain name.

References

Other websites 
 Wordpress.com - A website that you can create a blog in using WordPress for free
 Wordpress.org - The website to get WordPress that you can install yourself

Internet
Software
Marske-by-the-Sea

Marske by the Sea is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland in England. It has three primary schools and one secondary school (Bydales School), a museum, and two train stations.

The village has a Methodist, Roman Catholic (St Bede's) and Church of England (St Mark's) church.

Economy 
Most of the people who live in Marske do not work in the village, but work in the nearby factory or in Middlesbrough or Redcar. Marske has a decent range of local shops. The Longbeck railway station and Marske railway station, which connect to Darlington mainline station, are the only means of transport there.

Other websites 
 Local history

Villages in North Yorkshire
PayPal

PayPal is a website that allows the transfer of money among people via web services and email. The money can be deposited into a bank account. PayPal was owned by eBay, from 2002 to 2015. It can be used in more than 200 countries.

References

Other websites 

Websites
Finance
Elon Musk
Orson Welles

George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American director of movies and the theatre, as well as an actor, screenwriter, broadcaster and producer.

Welles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin.

In 1938, he performed The War of the Worlds (about an attack on Earth by beings from the planet Mars) on the radio. It was a radio drama (fiction), but many people took it as a newscast.

Welles also made the movie Citizen Kane in 1941. Many movie critics think that this movie is the best movie ever made. His later movies are less liked.

Welles died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, aged 70.

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Orson Welles The Orson Welles OTR Archives
 War Of The Worlds history of the War Of The Worlds radio broadcast and additional historical material on War Of The Worlds
 Mercury Theatre on the Air website provides MP3 and Real Audio files of Welles' radio dramas
 Nazi Eyes On Canada, starring Orson Welles , 1942 CBC war loan series
 Wellesnet The Orson Welles Web Resource
 The Magnificent Ambersons a site that details the strange saga of Welles' second film
 The Unseen Welles  a guide to Welles' unfinished and unreleased projects
 The Orson Welles collection at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
 Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
 UBU Web's 365 Days Project Outtake from Welles' Frozen Peas commercial.
 MovieMaker Magazine  Article on hoped for eventual release of final Welles movie The Other Side Of The Wind.
  Orson Welles biography
 Orson Welles' Photo & Gravesite
 Orson Welles and the Bat-Man
 New York Times Obituary
 Biographical resources dedicated to Orson Welles 
 Orson Welles: The Man Who Was Magic
 Orson Welles - The One Man Band (German documentary, 1995)

Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American theatre directors
American voice actors
Theatre producers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Writers from Wisconsin
People from Kenosha, Wisconsin
1915 births
1985 deaths
Slobodan Milošević

Slobodan Milošević  (Serbian: Слободан Милошевић, pronounced []; August 20, 1941 – March 11, 2006) was a Serbian, Yugoslav leader. He was President of Serbia from 1989 to 1996 and then President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 2000.

Power
He was the leader of Serbia's ruling Socialist Party. He was a leader in the Yugoslav Wars. He also led his nation to defend itself against NATO aggression that took Kosovo from Serbia. NATO leaders charged him for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the bombing of Yugoslavia. He lost re-election in 2000.

Milosevic did not retreat his army because of NATO's 77 days of bombing. His goal was to keep Kosovo within Serbian parallel structures. Once resolution was passed, he retreated but also managed (with other politicians) to hold on to North Kosovo whose area is 1200KM2 or 11%, where 96% of its population is Serbian whose religion is Christian.

Imprisonment and death
After his fall from power in 2001, he was taken to The Netherlands to stand trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, but died after five years in prison before the case could reach a conclusion. He did not recognize the tribunal calling it an American/UN puppet court and said he was being tried for standing up to NATO expansion. Many accusations against him regarding Kosovo proved to be false. It was said by the UN tribunal that Milosevic, who had chronic heart problems and a high blood pressure, died of a heart attack.

References

Other websites

Slobodan Milošević, Indictment and Transcripts (ICTY)

1941 births
2006 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People who died in prison custody
Presidents of Serbia
Presidents of Yugoslavia
Presidents of Serbia and Montenegro
War criminals
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Gymnosperm

The gymnosperms are a group of seed plants which includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo and Gnetales.

They have naked seeds, in contrast to the seeds or ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms) which are enclosed during pollination. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones, or at the end of short stalks (Ginkgo).

The gymnosperms and angiosperms together make up the spermatophytes or seed plants. By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetales (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo (a single living species).

Fossil gymnosperms include many that do not belong to the four modern groups, including the so-called "seed ferns" (Pteridosperms) and the "cycadeoids" (Bennettitales). Most of the Gymnosperms became extinct in the Cenozoic era (from 65 million years ago to present day).

Phylogenetics

Related pages
Seed

References

Other websites 
Gymnosperm Database
Influenza pandemic of 1918

The Influenza pandemic of 1918 (commonly known as the Spanish flu) was a serious pandemic of influenza. It lasted for three years, from January 1918 to December 1920. About 500 million people were infected across the world with a population of 1.80 billion people. The pandemic spread to remote Pacific Islands and the Arctic. It killed 50 million to 100 million people— three to five percent of the world's population at the time.  This means it was one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.

To maintain morale, wartime censors reduced reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain (United Kingdom), France, and the United States; but papers could report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit. It also resulted in the nickname Spanish flu.

Often, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that are already weakened. This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body. But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.

There is not enough historical and epidemiological data to show where the pandemic started. The pandemic may be a cause of the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s. Another flu pandemic had happened in the 21st century that turns out to be new strain of H1N1. The outbreak began in Mexico and then the United States; spread to the world.

Gallery

References

Diseases caused by viruses
1918
1919
1920
Brock (Pokémon)

known by name as Takeshi in Japan, is a fictional character in the Pokémon series of video games, Manga, and television series. He is often seen traveling along with Ash Ketchum and Misty on their journeys. One of his gags is that he falls in love with every girl he sees (except for Jessie of Team Rocket). His nickname is "The Rock-Solid Pokémon Trainer" because he uses rock-type Pokémon.

Anime
Brock appears in the first series of the anime. In his first appearance, he has many siblings and is in charge of them and cares for them since his mother Lola is away chasing dreams and his father Flint ran away from the family. After Flint comes back, Brock then picks up and his bags and travels with Ash and Misty throughout the Kanto series. He ends up leaving the group when they get to the Orange Islands to work with Professor Ivy. He later returns and travels with Ash throughout Johto, Hoenn, and Sinnoh. He uses rock-types Geodude and Onix, as well as others like Zubat.

Video games
Brock appears in the games Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow, and the Red and Blue remakes FireRed and LeafGreen as the gym leader of Pewter City. He gives out the Boulder Badge and uses Rock-type Pokémon. He also appears in Gold, Silver, and Crystal and the Gold and Silver remakes HeartGold and SoulSilver as a gym leader the player can face when they get to the Kanto region.

Pokémon characters
Anime characters
Ian Fleming

Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was a British author and journalist. He was best known for writing the James Bond spy novels. He also wrote the children's book Chitty Chitty Bang Bang in 1964.

Fleming was born in London to a wealthy family. He was educated at Eton College. He spent many years working in Britain's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. During this time, Fleming helped with the planning and management of two British intelligence units. This experience along with his work in journalism provided much of the background to the stories in his James Bond novels.

Fleming wrote his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. Because of the book's success, Fleming wrote eleven more novels and two collections of short-stories about the British secret agent. 

In total, there have been twenty-six films based on Fleming's famous character. The twenty-sixth, Spectre, was released in October 2015.

Fleming died on 12 August 1964 of a heart attack in Canterbury, Kent, aged 56.

References

1908 births
1964 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Kent
English novelists
James Bond writers
People educated at Eton College
Writers from London
1602



Events 
 3 January – Battle of Kinsale  – the battle happened on 3 January 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, although, for the English who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601
 February 14 – William Shakespeare First performance of Twelfth Night  on Candlemas
 March 20 – The Dutch East India Company is established as The United East India Company by the Dutch States-General
 May 15 – Bartolomew Gosnold becomes the first European to discover Cape Cod.
 June – James Lancaster's East India Company fleet arrives at Achin (now Aceh), Sumatra to deal with the local ruler. Having defeated Portugal's ally, the ruler is happy to do business, and Lancaster seizes a large Portuguese Galleon and loots it.
 November 8 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
 December 11 – A surprise attack by forces under the command of the Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (This actually took place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations/celebrations on Fête de l'Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend.)
Ben Jonson writes Poetaster
William Shakespeare writes The Merry Wives of Windsor
 Persia and Spain conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire
 In Praque, Florian Mathias performs the first successful bowel surgery – removes a dagger from stomach
 Jesuit missionary Jeronimo de Angeluin arrives in Japan
 A private trading company is established in Copenhagen, with the monopoly on the trade with Iceland.