cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ashville, Alabama

Ashville is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The population was 2,260 at the 2000 census, at which time it was a town. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 2,429.

References

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Anniston, Alabama

Anniston is a city in, and county seat of, Calhoun County in the state of Alabama, United States. According to 2019 Census estimates, the city had a population of 21,287.

Chemical cleanup 
In 2002, an investigation by 60 minutes showed Anniston was among the most toxic cities in the country. The main source of local contamination was a Monsanto chemical factory, which was closed.

Notable Residents and Former Residents 
Francis T. Anderson, Civil War general.
Michael Biehn, actor
Anne Braden, Civil Rights activist
June Burn, author
Red Byron, NASCAR driver
Asa Earl Carter, Segregationist, speech writer, and author of The Education of Little Tree
Quinton Caver, American NFL football player
B. B. Comer, Governor of Alabama.
Michael Curry, NBA player
Cow Cow Davenport, Boogie-woogie pianist
Eric Davis, NFL corner back.
William Levi Dawson, (b. 23 September 1899), composer of Negro Folk Symphony.
Bobby Edwards, country singer
Kevin Greene, retired American NFL football player
Audrey Marie Hilley, famous for poisoning her husband and trying to poison her daughter.
Thomas Kilby, Governor of Alabama.
Perry Lentz, author and professor of English
Lucky Millinder, Rhythm and blues and swing band leader and singer.
Will Owsley, singer-songwriter.
John L. Pennington, Newspaper publisher, governor of Dakota Territory.
Patrick J. Que Smith, Grammy winning songwriter
Shannon Spruill, professional wrestler
David Satcher, former Surgeon General
Vaughn Stewart, former NFL football player.

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Alabama
Andalusia, Alabama

Andalusia is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 8,794. The 2007 U.S. Census estimated the city had a population of 8,705.  It is the home of the World Championship Domino Tournament.

Media
Radio stations
WAAO-FM 103.7  (Country)
WSTF 91.5 FM (Religious)
Newspaper
Andalusia Star-News (daily)

Education
Public education is provided by Andalusia City School System. which consists of Andalusia Elementary School, Andalusia Middle School, and Andalusia High School.

Notable natives 
Charles Brooks, editorial cartoonist
Robert Horry, NBA player
Nico Johnson, NFL player for Kansas City Chiefs, won 3 BCS National Championships while playing football for The University of Alabama.
 Alexa Jones, Miss Alabama 2005 and Miss America 2006 second runner-up
Frank Tipler, cosmologist
Charles "Bubba" Bailey, the police officer from Hamish and Andy's Caravan of Courage USA

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Digitalis

Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials shrubs, and biennals that are commonly called foxgloves. The genus is native to Europe, western and central Asia, and northwestern Africa.

The term digitalis is also used for preparations containing cardiac glycosides, particularly digoxin, extracted from plants of this genus.

Plantaginaceae
Melbourne Central Shopping Center

Melbourne Central Shopping Center is a shopping center (or mall) in Melbourne, Australia. It contains hundreds of different stores.

Malls
Atmore, Alabama

Atmore is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,676. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7,530. The city was named for Mr. C.P. Atmore.

References 

Cities in Alabama
Attalla, Alabama

Attalla is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 6,474.

Notable Past Residents 
Carnell "Cadillac" Williams (born April 21, 1982), Tampa Bay Buccaneers player
Betty Kelley (born  September 16, 1944), member of Motown girl group Martha and The Vandellas

References 

Cities in Alabama
York, Alabama

York is a city in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,854.

Cities in Alabama
New Hope, Alabama

New Hope is a small town in Madison County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population is 2,539. It was incorporated in 1832 under the name of Vienna. The original town was completely burned by the Union Army on December 15, 1864, during the American Civil War.

Cities in Alabama
1832 establishments in Alabama
Uniontown, Alabama

Uniontown is a city in Perry County, Alabama in the United States of America.  As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 1,636.

Notable Residents and Natives
Tony Cox, actor, born in Uniontown on March 31, 1958.
Eugene Lipscomb, football player, born in Uniontown on August 9, 1931
Erwin Dudley, professional basketball player

Cities in Alabama
Union Springs, Alabama

Union Springs is a city in and the county seat of Bullock County, Alabama, United States.  The population was 3,670 at the 2000 census.

Notable natives 
Winton M. Blount - United States Postmaster General (1969-1972)
John Warren Branscomb - Methodist bishop.
John Henrik Clarke - Significant Pan-Africanist.
Eddie Kendricks - Co-founder of The Temptations. (Family moved when he was young)

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Vestavia Hills, Alabama

Vestavia Hills is a city in Jefferson and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a suburb of the city of Birmingham.

Notable residents
 Spencer Bachus - U. S. Representative for the 6th District of Alabama (R)
 Pat Du Pre - Former top 20 professional tennis player; collegiate star at Stanford
 Chris Hammond - Major League Baseball Pitcher (Reds, Marlins, Braves, Yankees, A's, Padres)
 Eli Gold -  Nationally known Sportscaster
 Michael Papajohn - Hollywood Actor, Producer & Stuntman
 Richard Scrushy - founder and former CEO of the physical rehabilitation healthcare company HealthSouth
 Jeff Sessions - U. S. Senator from Alabama (R)
 Don Siegelman - Former Governor of Alabama (D)
 Bart Starr - American football quarterback
 Jabo Waggoner - Alabama State Senator, Senate Minority Leader (R)
 George B. Ward - former mayor of Birmingham

References 

Cities in Alabama
Vernon, Alabama

Vernon is a city in Lamar County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,143.  The city is the county seat of Lamar County.

Notable residents 
 Dan Penn, songwriter, born in Vernon.
 Mitch Lucas, Christian evangelist/missionary, raised in Vernon.
 Troy Hankins, successful Alaskan businessman and entrepreneur born and raised in Vernon.
 Terry Moore, born in Vernon, major league baseball player
 Guy Morton, born in Vernon, major league baseball player
 Reuben Houston "Rube" Burrow—The most wanted outlaw of the late 1880s, he committed a series of train robberies along with his younger brother James Buchanan "Jim" Burrow.

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Valley, Alabama

Valley is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. According to 2019 census, there are 9,141 people living there.

Geography 
Valley is located in the southeastern Chambers County at 32°48'40.993" North, 85°10'40.577" West (32.811387, -85.177938). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, it has a total area of , all land.

It is located on the Alabama-Georgia state line.

Valley has a larger Micropolitan Statistical Area known as the "Greater Valley Area" consisting of the three largest cities of Chambers County: Valley, Lanett, and LaFayette. It also includes the city of West Point, Georgia.

Climate 
It's climate usually has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Valley has a humid subtropical climate. It is often abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics

Population 
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,524 people, 3,878 households, and 2,561 families living in the city. Its population density was 864 people per square mile (333.4/km). There were 5,025 housing units at an average density of 457 per square mile (176/km).

Average income 
The median income for a household in the city was $31,501, and the median income for a family was $40,013. Males had a median income of $36,345 versus $29,905 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,928. About 18.2% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Media 
Valley is served by the Columbus, Georgia Television Designated Market Area (DMA).

Notable people 

 Jennifer Chandler, won a gold medal in diving at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal
 Josh Evans, former NFL player
 Lemanski Hall, former NFL player
 John Copeland, former NFL player
 Bill McGhee, former player for the Philadelphia Athletics
 Marcus Pollard, former NFL player
 Mike Potts, former pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers
 K. Lee Scott, Christian composer
 Jylan Ware, NFL player
 Drew Ferguson, member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 3rd congressional district
 Matt Foster, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox

References 

Cities in Alabama
Valley Grande, Alabama

Valley Grande is a city in Dallas County, Alabama, United States, just north of Selma.  Incorporated in early 2003, Valley Grande is governed by a mayor-council form of government.

References

Cities in Alabama
2003 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Alabama
Northport, Alabama

Northport is a city in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates the population is 21,216. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Cities in Alabama
Meadows Mall

The Meadows Mall is a mall in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Its address is 4300 Meadows Lane. With 140 stores inside, the mall building is two stories high. Within the mall is a food court, and four department stores: Dillard's, Sears, JCPenney, and Macy's. The mall is slightly larger than Boulevard Mall, which contains 149 stores.

References

Malls
Las Vegas, Nevada
Jacksonville, Alabama

Jacksonville is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city is 12,548. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Cities in Alabama
Jackson, Alabama

Jackson is a city in Clarke County, Alabama, United States.  The population was 5,419 at the 2000 census.

Cities in Alabama
Irondale, Alabama

Irondale is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham. At the 2000 census the population was 9,813. The book (later a movie) Fried Green Tomatoes, by Irondale native Fannie Flagg, is loosely based around the town and the landmark Irondale Cafe, known as The WhistleStop Cafe in the book & Film.

Cities in Alabama
Winfield, Alabama

Winfield is a city in Fayette and Marion counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 4,717 at the 2010 census, the second largest city in Marion County.

Notable natives
W. Eugene Davis, judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Johnny Micheal Spann, an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the first American killed in combat after the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan.
Jimmy Miles, award winning Country musician

References

Cities in Alabama
Wetumpka, Alabama

Wetumpka is a city in Elmore County, Alabama, United States. According to 2000 US census, there are 5,726 people living there. The city is the county seat of Elmore County. It is the third fastest growing county in the state. Together with Montgomery, Prattville, Millbrook, and Tallassee the city is considered part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Area, or River Region. There are approximately 346,578 people living in the region.

In movies
Three major films have been filmed on location in downtown Wetumpka. 
Big Fish (2003)
The Grass Harp (1995)
The Rosa Parks Story (2002)

Notable people
 Joe McInnes, businessman and state official
 Jim Rogers, author
 William Edgar Weldon, businessman and political leader

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Weaver, Alabama

Weaver is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,619. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Cities in Alabama
Warrior, Alabama

Warrior is a city in Jefferson and Blount County in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2000 census the population was 3,169.

Cities in Alabama
Jacksonville

Jacksonville may mean:
Jacksonville, Alabama
Jacksonville, Arkansas
Jacksonville, Florida
Jacksonville, Georgia
Jacksonville, Illinois
Jacksonville, Indiana
Jacksonville, Maryland
Jacksonville, Missouri
Jacksonville, New York
Jacksonville, North Carolina
Jacksonville, Oregon
Jacksonville, Pennsylvania
Jacksonville (Lehigh County), Pennsylvania
Jacksonville, Texas
Jacksonville, Vermont
Jacksonville, West Virginia
Floyd, Virginia, originally named Jacksonville

Colleges & universities:
Jacksonville College, a public two-year junior college in Jacksonville, Texas
Jacksonville State University, a public four-year collegiate level institution in Jacksonville, Alabama
Jacksonville University, a private four-year collegiate level institution in Jacksonville, Florida

Football:
Jacksonville Jaguars

Other:
Jacksonville, the working title of the Ryan Adams album released as Jacksonville City Nights
"Jacksonville", a song by Sufjan Stevens from his album Illinois (album)
Why I Am Not a Christian

Why I Am Not a Christian is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell. It describes the reasons why Russell does not believe in God and doubts religion.

History
At first, a talk given March 6, 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, at the South London Branch of the National Secular Society. It was published that year as a pamphlet and was later published, with other essays, in the book, Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects ().

Related works by other authors
Why I Am Not a Muslim, by Ibn Warraq, is also critical of the religion in which the author was brought up — in this case, Islam.  The author mentions Why I Am Not a Christian towards the end of the first chapter, stating that many of its arguments also apply to Islam.
Why I Am Not a Hindu, a 1996 book in a similar vein by Kancha Ilaiah, an activist opposed to the Indian caste system.
Why I Am Still a Christian is a book by Catholic theologian Hans Küng, published in 1987.

Other websites
 Complete text with annotations

Essays
Moapa Valley

Moapa Valley is a 40-mile valley and region in the American State of Nevada. Within the valley are four towns: Overton, Logandale, Moapa, and Glendale, Nevada. Logandale and Overton are so close to each other that it is hard to tell them apart without a sign. Moapa Valley was formed by the Muddy River, which flows through it.

Moapa Valley has many archaeological sites, mostly created by the Anasazi Native Americans, which were largely damaged by construction. 

Moapa Valley is also the location of the Lost City Museum, which is a museum displaying artifacts and reconstructed adobe pueblos built on the original sites of the pueblos.

References

Geography of Nevada
Valleys of the United States
Passenger pigeon

The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common bird in North America.

Description 
The passenger pigeon, or, wild pigeon was a species of bird, Ectopistes migratorius, that was once common in North America. It lived in enormous migratory flocks — sometimes containing more than two billion birds — that could stretch one mile (1.6 km) wide and 300 miles (500 km) long across the sky, sometimes taking several hours to pass.

Some estimate that there were three billion to five billion passenger pigeons in the United States when Europeans arrived in North America. Others argue that the species had not been common in the Pre-Columbian period, but their numbers grew when devastation of the American Indian population by European diseases led to reduced competition for food.

The species went from being one of the most usual birds in the world during the 19th century to extinction early in the 20th century. At the time, passenger pigeons had one of the largest groups or flocks of any animal, second only to the Rocky Mountain locust.

Some reduction in numbers happened because of habitat loss when the Europeans started settling further inland. The primary factor emerged when pigeon meat was commercialized as a cheap food for slaves and the poor in the 19th century, resulting in hunting on a massive scale. There was a slow decline in their numbers between about 1800 and 1870, followed by a catastrophic decline between 1870 and 1890. Martha, thought to be the world's last passenger pigeon, died on September 1, 1914, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

In the 18th century, the passenger pigeon in Europe was known to the French as tourtre; but, in New France, the North American bird was called tourte. In modern French, the bird is known as the pigeon migrateur.

In Algonquian languages, it was called amimi by the Lenape and omiimii by the Ojibwe. The term passenger pigeon in English derives from the French word passager, meaning to pass by.

Columbiformes
Community of Christ

The Community of Christ is a Mormon movement. From 1872 to 2001, it was known as Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS). It was founded in the 1860s. It did not recognise Brigham Young as a Prophet, but instead followed Joseph Smith III, the son of the founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith. Unlike the followers of Young who went to Utah they remained were they were, in the Midwestern United States, mainly in Missouri. A number of court cases established this Church as the follower of law of the church established by Smith. for this reason it has the most manuscripts and the oldest Temple. 

In general, their beliefs are closer to mainline Protestant Christianity. Unlike other Latter-day Saints movements, they have a classic view of the Trinity. Their baptism is therefore recognised as a valid Christian one.

Mormonism
1860 establishments in the United States
Christian religious orders
Organizations based in the United States
Didelphis

The six species in the genus Didelphis, commonly known as large American opossums, are members of the Didelphimorphia order.

Species:

Didelphis albiventris
Didelphis aurita
Didelphis imperfecta
Didelphis marsupialis
Didelphis pernigra
Didelphis virginiana

Related pages
 Marsupial
 Opossum

References 
 Gardner, Alfred 2005. in Wilson D.E. & Reeder D.M. (eds) Mammal species of the world, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 5. 

Marsupials
Pakistanis

The word Pakistani or Pakistanis ()  means from or about the country of the modern Islamic Republic of Pakistan partly consisting of the Indus Valley. It refers to a person or people from Pakistan.
Every citizen of Pakistan is called a Pakistani (singular) or Pakistanis (plural).

References
Imran Khan

Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi () (born 5 October 1952) is a Pakistani politician. He is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Pakistan. Before entering politics Khan was a cricketer and played for international cricket for two decades in the late 20th century.

Khan became a politician in the mid-1990s. Currently, besides running his own political party, Khan is also a charity worker and cricket commentator. He made his political party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in 1996. He made a cancer hospital, Shaukat Khanum, in memory of his mother who also died of cancer.

On July 26, 2018, Khan was elected Prime Minister despite many people accusing Khan's campaign of rigging the election. Khan took oath as Prime Minister of Pakistan on 18 August 2018.

Cricket career
Khan started his career as a first-class cricketer in Lahore in 1968. During his studies at the University of Oxford, he also played for their Blue's Cricket team.
In 1971, he played his first international test match for Pakistan against England. In 1974, he played his first One-day international against England.

Khan also became the second fastest all-rounder to reach the mark of 3000 runs and 300 wickets. He also has the second best batting average in test cricket at position 6.

Khan became the captain of Pakistan side in 1982, becoming one of the most successful captains with 91 wins in tests and ODIs.

References 

1952 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Pakistani cricketers
Pakistani politicians
People from Lahore
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Thule

Thule is the name of the island which Pytheas, the ancient Greek explorer, discovered in the fourth century B.C. Pytheas reported that this island was located in the north of Britain. So it is believed that Thule is probably Iceland or the Shetland Islands or the Faroe Islands or the coasts of Norway. Today, a village in the north of Greenland is called  Thule which is also called Qaanaaq.

Related pages 
279 Thule

Arctic  
Iceland
Deccan Mujahideen

The Deccan Mujahiddeen is believed to be a terrorist group. They do attacks inside India. They came to the attention of the public after they said they were responsible for the attacks on Mumbai on 26 November 2008. It is possible that the organization could be related to the Indian Mujahideen.

Attacks on Mumbai 
Indian authorities said that the Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan. The surviving gunman was a Pakistani. Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009.

Where the word is from 
Deccan refers to the Deccan Plateau in southern India. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie on this plateau. The name is an anglicised from the Prakrit word dakkhin. That word comes  from the Sanskrit word dakṣiṇa- (), meaning 'South' or 'The South'.

Mujahideen (also spelt Mujahedin) in Arabic is a "struggler". So the name Deccan Muhahideen may literally mean Strugglers of the South, The South Strugglers or South Strugglers.

Related pages
 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks
 Terrorism

References

Other websites 
 Deccan Mujahideen on Mahalo.com

Islamic terrorism
Religion in India
Case (grammar)

In grammar, case changes what a noun, adjective or pronoun does in a sentence. It is a set of forms which depend on the syntax (how the words go together). Case is an example of inflection, which is often an affix, a part of a word that is added to other words, that signals a grammatical relationship. Long ago, Old English used several cases, but Modern English uses only two cases for nouns.p197

History of case 
In the Romance languages (Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc.), which originally came from Latin, nouns pack several ideas into one word:
Gender: nouns must be masculine (Latin: ends in -us), feminine (ends in -a) or neutral (ends in -um). Also, adjectives must agree with the nouns by changing their endings. English is one of the few European languages that does not usually have gender in nouns.
Case: nominative (subject), vocative (direct speech), accusative (object), genitive (of the noun), dative (to or for the noun), ablative (by, with, or from the noun).
The locative (at the noun) is a rare case form for some specific nouns.

In many languages like Latin, German, Russian, Spanish, Korean and Japanese, a noun's case changes the end of a word depending on the noun's role in the sentence. Nouns change their endings to show that they are doing something, that something is done to them, that they just happen to be there during the action, or that they own something.

Therefore, word order in those languages is less important than in English, which often has word order change a sentence's meaning.

Modern English 
In English, case is not used much. Instead, word order and auxiliary verbs (helpers) are more important.
"The most important grammatical development [in English] was the establishment of a fixed pattern of word-order to express the relationship between clause elements".p44

English has these cases for nouns and pronouns: common case and genitive (possessive).p202 Each may take a plural:
Nouns: Girl; girls; girl's; girls. The last three cannot be distinguished in speech (except by the context).
Pronouns: This is your hat; this hat is yours. A few pronouns have three cases and four forms: I (subject), me (object), my (genitive before noun), mine''' (independent genitive).

English adjectives unchanged: red hat, red hats''.

References 

Linguistics
Grammar
Axon

The axon is the part of a neuron that sends the signal to the synapse. Axons are long, thin and tendril-like.

Axons are much like a highly developed dendrite.

The axon carries an electrical signal from the cell body (soma) to the synapse. There the signal passes to other neurons or to muscle fibers. An axon can be over a meter long in humans. Or even longer in longer animals like elephants and whales.

The electrical signal of an axon is made by ions that flow in and out of the cell producing an electric impulse called an action potential. The speed at which the signal travels depends on how thick the axon is, and how much insulation it has. Insulation is provided by specialized cells called myelin that wrap around the axon. This insulation is called the myelin sheath. 

The axon was discovered by Otto Deiters.

References 

Anatomy of the nervous system
Haast's eagle

Haast's eagle (Harpagornis moorei) was the largest known eagle. It is the only eagle in the world known to have been the top predator in its ecosystem. It lived on the South Island of New Zealand, where there were no other large predators.

Fossil evidence shows that the areas where the Haast’s eagle lived were covered in forest and shrublands, as well as in the grasslands on river floodplains. 

The arrival of people in New Zealand had unfortunate consequences for the eagle. By 1400 AD, most of the forest habitat it used had been cleared by fire, and most of the large flightless moas that it ate had been hunted to extinction.

Accipitriformes
Megafauna
Benjamin W. Lee

Benjamin Whiso Lee (Korean: 이휘소, Lee Whi-so) (January 1, 1935 – June 16, 1977) or Ben Lee, was a Korean-American theoretical physicist. His work in theorical particle physics was very important to the development of the standard model in the late 20th century. His work mainly affected the renormalization and the charm quark.

Life 
Benjamin W. Lee was born in Seoul, Korea. Before finishing high school, he entered the department of Chemical Engineering at Seoul National University. He was one of the best students. During his time in college, he transferred to the United States. He graduated from Miami University. Lee received a master degree from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 25. Lee worked at Institute for Advanced Study. He was a professor of physics at University of Pennsylvania, SUNY at Stony Brook, University of Chicago, and head of the theoretical physics department at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. On June 16, 1977, he was killed in a car accident near Kewanee, Illinois. Lee studied symmetry principles and weak interactions.

1935 births
1977 deaths
American physicists
Korean people
Alessandro Volta

Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was a Lombard physicist known especially for the development of the first electrical cell in 1800. He was born in Como in Lombardy, Italy.

Volta worked on the electrophorus that makes a static electric charge in 1775. Volta also studied what we now call capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential V and charge Q, and discovering that for a given object they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. Around 1791 he began to study "animal electricity". In this way he discovered Volta's Law of the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf  ) of a galvanic cell. In 1800, he invented the voltaic pile, an early electric battery, which made a steady electric current. It is credited as the first electrochemical cell.
 
In honor of his work in the field of electricity, Napoleon Bonaparte made him a count in 1810. A museum in Como, the Voltian Temple, has been built in his honor and exhibits some of the original equipment he used to conduct experiments. In 1881, an important electrical unit, the volt(V), was named in his honor. There have also been innovations and discoveries named after Alessandro Volta including the Chevy Volt, and the Volta Crater on the Moon.

Volta married the daughter of Count Ludovico Peregrini, Teresa.  They raised three sons. In 1779 he became professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia.  He had the job for almost 25 years. Volta is buried in the city of Como. At the Tempio Voltiano near Lake Como there is a museum about him and his work.

1745 births
1827 deaths
Italian physicists
People from Como
Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz

Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (also August Kekulé) (7 September 1829 – 13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. Kekulé was born in Darmstadt, the son of a civil servant. After graduating from secondary school, in 1847 he entered the University of Giessen, with the intention of studying architecture. After hearing the lectures of Justus von Liebig he decided to study chemistry. Following his education in Giessen, he took further doctorate fellowships in Paris (1851-52), in Chur, Switzerland (1852-53), and in London (1853-55), where he was decisively influenced by Alexander Williamson. 

In 1858, he was hired as a full professor at the University of Ghent. In 1867, he was asked to work at the University of Bonn. There he studied carbon organic compounds and benzene. He suggested a benzene ring structure. 

Kekulé's most famous work was on the structure of benzene. In 1865 Kekulé published a paper in French suggesting that the structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. The empirical formula for benzene had been long known, but its highly unsaturated structure was challenging to determine. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but the study of aromatic compounds was in its earliest years, and too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.

1829 births
1896 deaths
German chemists
People from Darmstadt
LC circuit

An LC circuit is an electronic circuit made up of an inductor and a capacitor.

LC circuit's resonant frequency is equal to:     

The angular frequency ω has units of radians per second.

LC circuits are used for creating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. An ideal LC circuit does not have resistance.

At LC circuit energy saves in the capacitor's electric field.

    

U is energy and q is electric charge.
At LC circuit energy also save in the inductor's magnetic field.

 

U is energy and i is electric current that flows in inductor.

Let's analyze an LC circuit's vibration. Vibrating LC circuit's total energy is U.

Because circuit's  resistance is 0, there is no energy that transmits to heat energy, and U is maintained regularity.
 

So LC circuit's vibration is shown like that

First consider the Electrical impedance of the series LC circuit. The total impedance is given by the sum of the inductive and capacitive impedances

By writing the inductive impedance as  and capacitive impedance as  

 .

Resultingly the series connected circuit, when connected to a circuit in series, will act as a band-pass filter having zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuits.

The same analysis may be applied to the parallel LC circuit. The total impedance is then given by

and after substitution of  and  we have

which simplifies to

 .

Resultingly the parallel connected circuit will act as band-stop filter having infinite impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

Other websites
Understanding Destructive LC Voltage Spikes

Electronic circuits
Application-specific integrated circuit

ASIC or Application-specific integrated circuit is a kind of integrated circuit. It is built for a particular use instead of for general-purpose use. Digital circuits are a common form of ASIC, but analog ASICs were manufactured beginning in the latter half of the 1990s.

ASIC has advantages compared to Programmable Logic Device or Standard Logic IC. 
 ASIC has a miniaturized embodiment size. 
 ASIC can improve speed. 
 ASIC needs less electric power to operate. 

There are also disadvantages of ASIC. 
 the cost per a unit can be high when producing a small number of units because of the cost in producing a Photomask. 
 they can be hard to design and it is expensive and wastes time if they need to be redesigned. 
 the time of a manufacturing process can be long.

Design 
Design of ASIC is gate array design, cell base design, embedded array design, standard cell design, and structured ASIC design.
 
Gate array design has elementary gate circuit at first base, (we) manufacture the products with putting ordered proper wire-layers.
Manufacturing is quick because a finished product needs only production of wire-layers and it is cheap because of mass production of its foundation.
However, because (we) form a circuit with formation of standard gate, it has worse contact rate and efficiency.

Cell base design uses wire-layer between block that was designed and arranged and logical circuit. and product is manufactured .
Performance is better than gate array, but time of making cell base is longer than time of making gate array, and cost of making cell base is more expensive than cost of making gate array.

Embedded array design Use finished functional block were located. It was rest of theory for wired to use part of gate array. It was called that gate array and basis of cell were compromising.

Standard cell design is a general term for gate array, cell base, embedded array. if standard cell is cell base IC, direction is different each company.

Structured ASIC design uses customization of standard subsystems to speed design and production.
Designers of ASIC use a hardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL to describe the functionality of the design.

Other websites 
 ASIC basics tutorial

Electronic components
Electronic circuits
Image processing

In electrical engineering and computer science, Image processing is any form of processing for which the input is an image or a series of images or videos, such as photographs or frames of video. The output of image processing can be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. It also means "Analyzing and manipulating images with a computer". 

Image processing is performed in three steps:

First, import images with an optical devices like a scanner or a camera, or make them by computer-generated imagery.

Second, manipulate or analyze the images in some way. This step can include image improvement and data summary, or the images are analyzed to find rules that aren't seen by the human eyes. For example, meteorologists use this processing to analyze satellite photographs.

Last, output the result of image processing. The result might be the image changed by some way or it might be a report based on analysis or result of the images.

In the 21st century image processing is usually "digital", but optical and analog image methods are still used.

Computer science
Ogg

Ogg is a free, open standard format for music, video and other multimedia. It is run by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The Ogg format is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient Internet streaming and for editing of high quality digital multimedia.

The project was based on the popular AVI and Ogg formats, which at the time only supported audio. Some time ago, the OGG Vorbis format was created to change the mp3 format. To store the vorbis audio stream, the OGG Bitstream standard was developed, which was later used to store video.

Recently a big library on the internet, the Internet Archive, announced that they are going to convert many videos and other multimedia to the Ogg format as well as other formats like the proprietary Adobe Flash flv format.

References

Computer file formats
Georgetown, Kentucky

Georgetown is a city and the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 18,000 at the 2000 census. There is a Toyota automobile plant there.

Sister City
Georgetown has one sister city.
  Tahara, Japan

Cities in Kentucky
County seats in Kentucky
Scott County, Kentucky
Encarta

Encarta was a digital multimedia encyclopedia by Microsoft. There was a more complete version called Encarta Premium made in 2008. It had more than 62,000 articles  and many photographs and illustrations. There was also music clips, videos, maps and timelines with some activity games. It also included an atlas,  and homework tools. It was available on the internet if you pay a yearly fee, or to buy on DVD-ROM, or CD-ROMs. Many articles could also be read online free of charge, a service which is paid for by advertisements.

Microsoft made similar encyclopedias under the Encarta trademark in several different European languages and in Japanese.

References 

Encyclopedias
BMW 3 Series

BMW 3 Series is a car produced by BMW since 1975. It is currently in its seventh generation. The 3 Series has an M version in the form of the M3.

The 3 Series has come in multiple body styles and engine types. The 3 Series has been sold as saloons, coupés, estates, and convertibles. The 3 Series is one of the most commonly-sold vehicles in the world.

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
BMW
Rear wheel drive vehicles
Vulcan (hypothetical planet)

Vulcan was a theoretical planet. In the 19th century, the planet was thought to orbit close to the sun. Its gravitational pull would explain changes seen between the perihelion advance of Mercury from that predicted by Classical Mechanics. The theory that Vulcan exists come from the earlier prediction that an outer planet (now Neptune) was causing similar changes in the orbit of Uranus from the orbit predicted by classical theory.

None of the searches for Vulcan found a planet. This caused some people to not agree with Newtonian theory. It led to the development of Special Relativity and General Relativity. Albert Einstein's modified theory of gravity showed why the orbit of Mercury changes without the existence of Vulcan. This disproved the theories of Vulcan.

References

Solar System planets
Terrestrial planets
Flag of Greece

The flag of Greece is rectangular with nine equal stripes of blue (5) and white (4) from left to right. In the top left corner is a blue square with a white cross. This flag has been used since 1822, when the young Greek state was fighting for its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence.

The current flag of Greece was officially adopted during the First national assembly of the Greeks at Epidaurus in 1822, and the flag with the 9 stripes was adopted as a state and military ensign (a flag used only by the government and the military, and only on ships). Another flag was chosen as a land flag, it was a simple white cross on a blue field. A third flag was adopted for the merchant fleet (a flag to be used by civilians on ships only), but it was only used for 8 years. In 1978, the ensign was chosen as the sole national flag, and it is now used by everyone on land and sea as the flag of Greece.

A different opinion states that the Greek flag is an exact duplicate of the East India Trading Company flag. 

It is sometimes known in Greece as the blue-white, in Greek Γαλανόλευκη (Galanólefki) or Κυανόλευκη (Kyanólefki).

Gallery

References

Greece
Greece
Peugeot 307

The Peugeot 307 is a car produced by Peugeot. It replaced the 306 in June 2001 with 3 and 5-door hatchback models. In 2002, the SW estate was added and in late 2003 saw the 307 CC coupé/cabriolet launched. It was facelifted in 2005 and was replaced in 2007 by the 308. The platform of the 307 were also used for the Citroën C4. The model sold well but didn't have great reliability although it was improved with later models.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.4 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 16V 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.6 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 16V RC 130 kW (177 hp)

Diesel 
 1.4 HDi 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.6 HDi 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp), 79 kW (107 hp), 80 kW (109 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)

307
2000s automobiles
Custard cream

A custard cream is a type of biscuit which is popular in the United Kingdom. It looks like a biscuit sandwich with a cream center. 

Like the American Hydrox or Oreo, the custard cream can be eaten by twisting the two biscuits apart and eating the center first.

Other websites
 Custard cream review from nicecupofteaandasitdown.com

Desserts
Bay Minette, Alabama

Bay Minette is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. According to the 2000 census, the population of the city was 7,820. According to the 2007 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7726. The city is the county seat of Baldwin County.

Geography
Bay Minette is located at  (30.883446, -87.777183).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .  (0.50%) is water.

Notable residents
 Todd Grisham, sports announcer for World Wrestling Entertainment and Fox Soccer Channel
 Joe M. Rodgers, United States Ambassador to France
 Scotty Joe Weaver, hate crime victim featured in the documentary Small Town Gay Bar
 Wallace Gilberry, Defensive End for the 2Kansas City Chiefs
 William Conrad Burford,
RebelX

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Bakerhill, Alabama

Bakerhill or Baker Hill is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States, near Eufaula.  According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 321. Although it existed as an unincorporated village since before 1860, the city was officially incorporated in 2000.

Geography 
Bakerhill is located at 31.88 degrees north, 85.15 degrees west (31.88495, -85.15390).

References

Cities in Alabama
Computer model

A computer-based model is a computer program that is designed to simulate what might or what did happen in a situation. They are used in many ways including in astronomy, economics and sciences such as physics and biology. Computer models are used in fields such as earthquake performance simulation and making models of buildings.

Well known areas which use computer models:
 Models of the atmosphere for weather forecasts and to predict climate change
 Aerodynamics via fluid dynamics simulation
 Agent-based modelling is used to simulate social interactions in artificial Intelligence

Computer modelling often uses numerical analysis to approximate the real solution of the problem. Simulation techniques are then used to get values. Numerical weather predictions are too inaccurate to give a good local prediction of the weather, so other methods are used to adjust them.  

Computing
Modeling
Research
M postcode area

The M postcode area, also known as the Manchester postcode area, is a group of lots of postal districts in Greater Manchester, England.

The code covers three places: Manchester, Salford, and Sale. It covers parts of all Greater Manchester boroughs except for Stockport. All of Manchester is covered by the code, except for a small village called Ringway, which is in the WA postcode area. The postcode also includes nearly all of Salford and most of the borough of Trafford.

Coverage
The code covers these districts:

References

Other websites
Map of postcodes of Greater Manchester 

Manchester
River Irwell

The River Irwell is a  long river which flows through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester in North West England.  The start of the river is at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor, about  north of the town of Bacup, in the parish of Cliviger, Lancashire.  The Irwell flows through  the city centres of Manchester and Salford, before joining the River Mersey near Irlam.

Other websites

 History of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation (Old Quay Company) 
 Salford Quays virtual tour
 The Transport Archive: Canal archive: Mersey and Irwell Navigation
 Pennine Waterways: Images of the River Irwell Navigation

Manchester
Rivers of England
The Club (Nickelodeon)

Nicktropolis was a virtual world made for children aged six to fourteen.

History
Building of Nicktropolis started in November 2004. It went into testing by late 2005, and was given out to members by January 6, 2007. The game opened to all people on January 30, 2007. It ended due to the new Nickelodeon update and the Nickelodeon message board has been shut down too.

References

Other websites
 Nicktropolis website 

Nickelodeon
Bessemer, Alabama

Bessemer is a city in southwestern Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham near Hueytown. The population was 29,672 at the 2000, but by the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had fallen to a population of 28,641.

Notable residents 
 Neil Bonnett, NASCAR driver
 Alex Bradford, composer, singer, arranger, and choir director
 Mildred Brown, journalist
 Earl Cochran Jr., NFL player
 Thornton Dial, African-American folk artist
 Virginia Hill, actress, mob courier and girlfriend of Bugsy Siegel
 Frank House, born in Bessemer, major league baseball player
 Bo Jackson, NFL football and MLB baseball player
 Kerry Rhodes, NFL player
 Diana Ross, singer
 Demeco Ryans, NFL player
 Glenn Shadix, American actor
 Sun Ra, Avant-garde jazz musician and metaphysical progressive
 Tim Ward, philanthropist
 Corey White, NFL player
 Jack Whitten, abstract painter
 Andre Williams, singer and producer

References 

Cities in Alabama
Brent, Alabama

Brent is a city in Bibb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,024.

References

Cities in Alabama
Boaz, Alabama

Boaz is a city in Etowah and Marshall Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.  The city is named after the husband of Ruth, from the Book of Ruth in the Bible. It is part of the 'Gadsden, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area'. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 7,411.  According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7,893.

References 

Cities in Alabama
1996 United States presidential election

The 1996 United States presidential election happened on November 5, 1996. Bill Clinton, the incumbent president and Democratic candidate, won reelection. He defeated Bob Dole, the Republican candidate, who was the former Senator of Kansas for president, and Ross Perot, the Reform Party candidate, who was a businessman. 

Perot received less media attention and was not included in the presidential debates and, while still getting large results for a third-party candidate, by U.S. standards, did not renew his success in the 1992 election.

Clinton benefited from an economy that recovered from the early 1990s recession, and a relatively stable world stage. On November 5, 1996, President Clinton went on to win re-election by a substantial popular vote margin with a large electoral college victory.

Election statistics
President Clinton went on to win re-election relatively easily despite becoming the first sitting president since Woodrow Wilson in 1916 to do so with under 50% of the National Vote (49%), while winning enough states to earn him 379 electoral votes. Senator Bob Dole from Kansas ran for the Republicans and was at the mercy of peaceful overseas relations and a thriving economy. He gained (41%) of the vote while winning enough states to win 159 electoral votes. The GOP did well in the congressional races however thus effectively positioning themselves for the 1998 midterms and the subsequent 2000 race for the White House.

References

Other websites 

1996 in the United States
1996 elections
1996