cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Gong Ji-young

Gong Ji-young (; born 31 January 1963 in Seoul) is a South Korean novelist and journalist. Her popular novels are My Sister Bongsoon (2002), Our Happy Time (2005) and The Crucible (2009). She is considered a pioneer of Korean feminism. Since the mid 1990s, she has been considered one of the most eminent Korean female writers. She is gaining in popularity, especially among female readers. Her books have sold more than nine million copies.

Early literary career
In 1985, Gong Ji-Young received her Bachelor's in Arts in Literature from Yonsei University. At that time she worked as a writer at a publishing company and at The Council of Writers for Freedom and Practice, which is now called The Writers Association of Korea (WAK). She has participated in demonstration for Korea's democracy in the 1980s. She was sent to a detention center for joining anti-vote rigging demonstration and decided to become a writer. In 1988, she made a literary debut through her novel Dawn.  In the middle of the 1990s, her novels Mackerel, Human Decency and Go Alone Like the Rhinoceros' Horn were on the bestseller list concurrently. In the early 2000s, she sold her novel My Sister Bongsoon for almost 1.6 million volumes.

Current work
Gong Ji-Young divorced three times and has raised three children. The children's last names are all different. To pay for her children's loans, she made a comeback after seven years and released Our Happy Time(2005). The novel was made into a feature film with a total of over four million viewers. After having published The Crucible (2009), the novel was made into a feature film (2011) raising public interest in the rights of disabled students. She was awarded the Lee-sang Prize for the 2011 novel Wander an Alley in Barefoot.

Awards
Gong received several awards for her work:
2001 - 7th 21st Century Literary Award
2001 - 27th Korean Novel and Literature Award from Korean Novelist Association
2004 - 12th Oh Young-soo Literature Award
2006 - 9th Special Media Award from Amnesty International

Works in English
Human Decency. Jimoondang, 2006. ISBN  8988095928, . Translated by Bruce Fulton.
My Sister, Bong Soon. Mosaic Press, 2005. , . Translated by Jung-eun Park.

Works in Korean
1993  - Go Alone Like a Rhino Horn
1994 - Mackerel
2002 - My Sister Bongsoon
1999 - Crying Existence
2000 - Who We Are, Where We Are From, Where We Are Going? (received seventh 21 Century Literary Award in 2001)
2005 - Films of My Life
2005 - Maundy Thursday ("Our Happy Time")
2006 - I Was Alone Like a Raindrop
2006 - The Unhurt Soul
2009 - People in the Bible for Children
2009 -  The Crucible

References

1963 births
Living people
Korean writers
People from Seoul
Finnair

Finnair is a Finnish airline. The company was established on November 1, 1923. The first flight was in March 1924. Their motto is: Designed for you ().

Almost 4470 people worked for Finnair in 2014.

References

Other websites

 Viralliset sivut

Companies of Finland
Airlines of Europe
1923 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Finland
Hazara District

Hazara District was an old  district of Peshawar Division in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan until 1976. It was the most northerly part of the division and covered an area of about . It was a long narrow shape, about  wide and about  long. It separated Kashmir from the independent areas. The main cities were Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Nawashahr and Baffa. It is now renamed as the Hazara Division.

References

Districts of Pakistan
Washuk District

Washuk District () is a district in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Tehsils
 Basima
 Mashkhel
 Washuk

Districts of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Bengali nationalism

Bengali nationalism is the political expression of ethno-national consciousness of the Bengali people. These people live in the region of Bengal. The region's territory is divided between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.

Creation of Bangladesh
The Bengali Language Movement and its fallout had created a lot of cultural and political hostility between the two parts of a united Pakistan. Despite making up a majority of the Pakistani population, Bengalis were only a small part of Pakistan's military, police and civil services. Ethnic and socio-economic discrimination against Bengali people in East Pakistan made them angry. Because West Pakistanis were influenced by Perso-Arabic culture, they saw Bengali culture as too closely associated with Hindu culture. One of the first groups demanding the independence of East Pakistan was the Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad (Free Bengal Revolutionary Council).

References

Nationalism
Bangladesh
West Bengal
Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad

The Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad was an underground student political group organized in 1961 by Mujibur Rahman, the founder of Bangladesh. The group worked to oppose the military rule of Ayub Khan (Field Marshal). It also worked for more autonomy and the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh.

Nationalist organizations in Bangladesh
1961 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
Helping hand

A helping hand, also called a third hand is a tool for soldering. It has other uses too. A magnifying glass can be with it. It has adjustable clips to hold wires or other work parts. Benefits include better quality to soldered parts, no risk of burning hands, and easier work.The tool was invented by one William P. Rowing when he attempted to make various parts in his workstation into a pose-able miniature. He originally intended to fashion something that he could set into a fad he had began to show an interest in called: The Dab, however the alligator clamps and the magnifying glass turned out to be perfect for soldering and crafting more delicate pieces. 

Electronics
Tools
Mini Israel

Mini Israel () is a miniature park located in Ayalon Valley, near Latrun, Israel. The park is in shape of the star of David. It has 385 models over  and a small shopping mall and exhibition hall. The park opened in 2002 and was officially opened on April 7, 2003.

Other websites 

  Mini Israel - Official website

Museums in Israel
CNA Center

CNA Center is a 622-ft (189m), 44-story high-rise building at 333 South Wabash Avenue in the Loop of Chicago, Illinois. The building is well known for lighting logos or messages on the front side of the building or for its dark red color. It is the tallest red building in Chicago. Construction began in March 1970. The building was finished in 1972 and was open to the public in 1973.

References

Other websites

CNA Center Lighted Window Message Archive 
Informative site 

1972 establishments in Illinois
One Prudential Plaza

One Prudential Plaza (or the Prudential Building) is a 41-story structure in Chicago. It was finished in 1955 as the headquarters for Prudential's Mid-America company. The building is known for its 311 feet antenna. The building is 601 feet (183 m) without the antenna. With the antenna, the building is 912 feet (270 m) high. The building and its "sister" building, the Two Prudential Plaza, was sold in May 2006 for $470 million dollars. It was the 2012 Obama campaign headquarters for the United States presidential election, 2012.

References

Other websites

Emporis entry for One Prudential Plaza

1955 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Illinois
Power line communication

Power line communication (or Powerline communication) uses existing electric power lines to send and receive data. The data signal is modulated and multiplexed over several carrier frequencies. There are different technologies that can be used:
low frequency transmission, over long distances:  Example uses are the power company reading out its meters from a distance, or controlling its equipment, which may be in remote locations that are difficult to access. Modulation is at a few hundred kilohertz
medium frequency transmission, over short distances: Home automation (light switching, automatically controlled blinds...)
There are different technologies that propose to replace a Local Area Network or WLAN. The problem there is that technologies of different vendors cannot talk to each other, and that the standard is only about as fast as Fast Ethernet

Computers
Chicago Theatre

The Chicago Theatre is a theatre in Chicago, Illinois where stage plays, magic shows, comedy, speeches, and popular music concerts are held every year. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1979, and it was listed as a Chicago Landmark on January 28, 1983. The theatre is also known for the bright color lights that light-up the words Chicago side to side.

References

Other websites

 The Chicago Theatre
 Historic Images of the Chicago Theatre 
 History of the Chicago Theatre

Theatres in Chicago
Landmarks in Chicago
National Register of Historic Places
Chicago River

The Chicago River is 156 miles long (251 km) and goes through the city of Chicago, Illinois, including the center of the city (the Chicago Loop). The river is not long, but it is known for being the reason why Chicago became an important place, as the connection between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley waterways. The river is the only river in the world to be reversed (which is, made to flow backwards, in the opposite of its natural direction) by civil engineering.

History

In the 19th century through civil engineering, the flow of the river was reversed to head toward the Mississippi River basin, away from Lake Michigan. This was done for reasons of sanitation through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The Chicago River is also noted for the local custom of dyeing it green on St. Patrick's Day. The river is controlled for boats or ships going through the river.

The river is memorialized, in part, by two horizontal blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago. The river also serves as inspiration for one of Chicago's symbols: a three-branched, Y-shaped symbol (called the municipal device) is found on many buildings and other structures throughout Chicago; it represents the three branches of the Chicago River.

Main Stem

The Main Stem flows 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west from the direction at Lake Michigan; passing under the Outer Drive, Columbus Drive, Michigan Avenue, Wabash Avenue, State Street, Dearborn Street, Clark Street, La Salle Street, Wells Street, and Franklin Street bridges en route to the North Branch at Wolf Point.

At McClurg Court it passes the Nicholas J Melas Centennial Fountain, which was built in 1989 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago; between May and October the fountain sends an arc of water over the river for ten minutes every hour.

For the Chicago Cubs rally and parade for their 2016 World Series Championship celebrations, the river was dyed Cubs blue.

North bank
On the north bank of the river, near the Chicago Landmark Michigan Avenue Bridge, is Pioneer Court, which marks the site where Jean Baptiste Point du Sable came to Chicago. Point du Sable is known as the founder of Chicago. On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn. Well known buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower, the Tribune Tower, and the Wrigley Building.

Center
The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower, 35 East Wacker, and 330 North Wabash. Turning west again the river passes Marina City, the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building, Merchandise Mart, and 333 Wacker Drive.

References

Other websites

Friends of the Chicago River 
GreenChicagoRiver.com 
Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

Geography of Chicago
Rivers of Illinois
Multiplexing

Multiplexing is the name for an operation or method which combines several signals into one, before that signal is sent over a telecommunications line. At the other end of the line, the combined signals are demultiplexed, that is, the combination of the signals is undone. There are different ways how this multiplexing can be done:
Space division multiplexing: Each channel can use its own part of the space exclusively. There are many channels, in different spaces. This is like people talking in different places. If the people talking are far apart, the conversations won't interfere. 
Frequency division multiplexing: Different channels use the different frequencies. The sounds bats  make use frequencies that humans cannot hear. Their conversations will therefore not interfere.
Time division multiplexing: Different channels use different time slots. In Amateur radio, there will only be one person speaking at a time. Different people who speak at different times do not interfere with each other.
Code division multiplexing: Communications are coded. Different signals use different codes.  People speaking in different languages do not interfere.
Multiplexing was first done for telegraphy in the 1870s, and for telephone lines in 1910. Today, it is widely used. 

Telecommunications
Western Wall

The Western Wall, Wailing Wall or Kotel (, ; ; ) is an ancient wall in the Old City of Jerusalem on the western side of the Temple Mount. According to Jewish tradition this wall is a remnant of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. It is the most holy site for Jews.

Other websites 

The Western Wall Heritage Foundation 
Jewish Virtual Library: The Western Wall
Chabad.org: The Shofar and the Wall, 1930
Historic radio broadcast of the capture of the wall by the Israel Defense Forces on June 7, 1967 

Photographs
Wailing Wall to Western Wall (1960s)
Photographs of the Western Wall (Summer 2007)
Western Wall virtual tour (December 2007) 

Walls
Temple Mount
Judaism in Israel
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Haifa International Airport

Haifa Michaelli Airport (, ) is an international airport in Haifa, Israel. It is located close to Kishon Port and the coast of the Gulf of Haifa. This is the second-largest airport in Israel after Ben Gurion International Airport. The airport also has flights to the Middle East and Europe.

Other websites 

Haifa International Airport
Haifa at Airports Worldwide

Airports in Israel
Buildings and structures in Haifa
Carolina de Moras

Carolina Andrea de Moras Alvarado (born 24 February 1981) is a Chilean model, actress and television presenter.

Cinema

Television

Programs

TV Series

Specials 
 2010-2011 : Telethon Chile (ANATEL) : TV Presenter

References

Other websites 
 

1981 births
Chilean models
Chilean movie actors
Chilean television actors
Chilean television presenters
Living people
People from Osorno
Rockefeller Center

Rockefeller Center is a group of buildings covering  between 48th and 51st streets in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. The buildings connect together underground. An ice-skating rink is located in the middle. Rockefeller Center also has a  skyscraper called 30 Rockefeller Plaza.

Rockefeller Center was made by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. during the Great Depression in the 1930s between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. Construction finished in 1939. It is decorated in Art Deco style. It became a National Historic Place in December 1987. In the 1970s, more buildings were made to the west of Sixth Avenue.

References

Other websites

 rockefellercenter.com, the center's official website
 Guide to Rockefeller Center
 The Rockefeller Group

Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Coquitlam

Coquitlam is a large city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Metro Vancouver area. As of 2016, 139,284 people lived there. In 2011, the population was 126,804. Between 2011 and 2016 the population grew by 9.8%. The mayor of Coquitlam is Richard Stewart.

The Coast Salish people occupied the territory for at least 9,000 years before Simon Fraser came through the region in 1808. Europeans settled in Coquitlam during 1859.

The city of Coquitlam was named a Cultural Capital of Canada in 2009 by the Department of Canadian Heritage.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in British Columbia
1908 establishments in North America
1900s establishments in Canada
Transamerica Pyramid

The Transamerica Pyramid is the second tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline and one of its most iconic. The building is the headquarters of the Transamerica Corporation, it is still strongly part of the company and is part of the company's logo. Designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company, at 260 m (850 ft). When the building was finished in 1972 it was among the five tallest buildings in the world. The tower has no public access except for the first floor lobby, so this means that visitors cannot go to the top for a skyline view.

References

Other websites

 The Pyramid Center official website 
 About the Pyramid  - Transamerica Corporation
 Transamerica Pyramid at PropertyShark

Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Skyscrapers in the United States
Landmarks in San Francisco
1972 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in California
Jerusalem International Airport

Jerusalem International Airport (or Atarot Airport) was an airport north of Jerusalem, near Ramallah. It was the first airport in the British Mandate of Palestine. It has been closed since the Second Intifada, in 2010.

Gallery

Other websites 

  Jerusalem Airport  in lowshot website

Airports in Asia
Airports in Israel
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Mandatory Palestine
Jorge Zabaleta

Jorge Antonio Zabaleta Briceño  (born April 18, 1970 in Santiago) is a famous Chilean actor. He is the son of the musician Antonio Zabaleta and the nephew of Miguel Zabaleta, both members of the duo Red Juniors.

Jorge worked in Canal 13 until 2008, when he joined TVN working in Hijos del Monte.

Filmography

Other websites
 

1970 births
Living people
People from Santiago
Chilean movie actors
Chilean television actors
Chilean stage actors
Chilean television presenters
1988 United States presidential election

The 1988 United States presidential election happened on November 8, 1988. George H. W. Bush, the Republican candidate and Vice President of the United States, won the election. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts. 

This presidential election was the first since 1948, as well as the most recent one to date, in which a political party won a third presidential election in a row. This also remains the most recent in which a candidate won over 400 electoral votes. Since the 1988 election, no candidate has managed to equal or surpass Bush's number of electoral votes won or popular vote percentage.

Bush ran an aggressive campaign taking advantage of a good economy, a stable international stage, and President Ronald Reagan's popularity. Meanwhile, Dukakis's campaign suffered from several miscues, including failure to defend from Bush's attacks. This allowed Bush to win with a substantial margin of the popular vote; while winning the Electoral College by a landslide.

Bush won the election by 426 electoral votes. Governor of Massachusetts Michael Dukakis got 111 electoral votes. Lloyd Bentsen got 1 electoral vote by a West Virginia faithless elector.

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates:
Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts
Jesse Jackson, reverend and civil rights leader from South Carolina
Al Gore, U.S. senator from Tennessee
Dick Gephardt, U.S. representative from Missouri
Paul Simon, U.S. senator from Illinois
Gary Hart, former U.S. senator from Colorado
Bruce Babbitt, former governor of Arizona
Joe Biden, U.S. senator from Delaware
Lyndon LaRouche, activist from Virginia
David Duke, activist from Louisiana
James Traficant, U.S. representative from Ohio
Douglas Applegate, U.S. representative from Ohio
Andy Martin, perennial candidate from Connecticut

Candidates Gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
George H. W. Bush, Vice President of the United States from Texas
Bob Dole, U.S. senator from Kansas
Pat Robertson, televangelist from Virginia
Jack Kemp, U.S. representative from New York
Pete du Pont, Governor of Delaware
Alexander Haig, former Secretary of State from Pennsylvania
Ben Fernandez, former Special Ambassador to Paraguay from California
Paul Laxalt, former Senator from Nevada
Donald Rumsfeld, former Secretary of Defense from Illinois
Harold E. Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota
Isabell Masters, perennial candidate from Kansas

Candidates Gallery

References

1988 in the United States
1988 elections
1988
Jerusalem Light Rail

The Jerusalem Light Rail (, ) is a light rail line in Jerusalem. It was opened in 2011. It began being built in 2002 and was finished in 2010 after many failures and bankruptcy of the construction company. The light rail is famous for Chords Bridge at the western entrance to Jerusalem from Road 1.

Gallery

Other websites 

CityPass Operator's website 
Governmental Website 
Jerusalem Light Rail on urbanrail.net 
From Mule Tracks to Light Rail Transit Tracks: Integrating Modern Infrastructure into an Ancient City — Jerusalem, Israel

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Light rail
Transport in Israel
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (or RTG) is a type of machine that uses heat from radioactive decay to make electricity. The RTG, powered by a radioisotope heater unit, is used in satellites and sometimes in other remote unmanned systems. 

Electricity
Machines
Carmelit

The Carmelit () is the first rapid transit rail system in Israel. It opened in 1959 after three years of building. It was closed from 1986 to 1992 for renovations. The metro has only one line, which runs from the city's port level to Mount Carmel. 

The system is named after Mount Carmel.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Official Carmelit information (in Hebrew). Also available on the municipality's site.
Map of Carmelit route and area around it  (in English)
Pictures of Carmelit stations and cars 

Haifa
Rapid transit systems
Transport in Israel
Jerusalem Historical City Hall Building

The Jerusalem historical town hall is a historical building that used to be the town hall of Jerusalem. It is in Safra Square, next to the walls of the Old City and Jaffa Street. The building was built in 1930 during the time of the British Mandate for Palestine. It was used until 1993, when a new city hall building was opened next to the old one.

Other websites 

 photos of the old city hall in allaboutjerusalem site.

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Government buildings in Israel
Local government in Israel
Norman Rockwell Museum

The Norman Rockwell Museum is a museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Its houses the art and archives of American painter and illustrator Norman Rockwell.

Background 
The museum was opened in 1969 in Stockbridge, the town where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life. Since 1993 the museum is in the current building that was designed by Robert Arthur Morton Stern.

The museum owns 574 original artworks by Rockwell. The museum also owns the Rockwell archives with more than 100.000 items including photographs, fan mail, and business documents.

In 2008, the museum received the National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Gallery 
Series of Rockwell paintings from 1943 called the Four Freedoms. Rockwell was inspired by the 1941 Four Freedoms Speech of American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

References

Other websites 

Official website

Museums in Massachusetts
Art museums in the United States
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Massachusetts
Freedom of Speech (Norman Rockwell)

Freedom of Speech is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the Four Freedoms. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the Four Freedoms Speech of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background 
This painting was made public in The Saturday Evening Post of February 20, 1943, along with an essay of Booth Tarkington. The other paintings of the Four Freedoms series are Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

In this painting he shows a local meeting where one person speaks out his own, opposite opinion, while the others present give him the freedom of speech as a matter of protocol. Rockwell undertook four efforts to end up with this painting. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

Rockwell needed four attempts to end up with this version of the painting. In former versions he found that the attention was confused because he had used to many objects. Furthermore he did not like the place of the main person in the picture.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto Buy War Bonds. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

References 
Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

1943 paintings
American paintings
Freedom of Worship (Norman Rockwell)

Freedom of Worship is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the Four Freedoms. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the Four Freedoms Speech of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background 
This painting was made public in The Saturday Evening Post of February 27, 1943, along with an essay of Will Durant. The other paintings of the Four Freedoms series are Freedom of Speech, Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear, and were shown in other editions of the paper.it is a very good pintor(norman Rockwell)

Rockwell needed various attempts to end up with this version of the painting. Former versions showed a number of customers in a barbershop, all with another religious and racial background. He found it to be difficult to make clear images that showed how a person of a certain religion looks like. He finally chose a neutral location where people of different race worship in their own religion. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto Buy War Bonds. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

References 
Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

1943 paintings
American paintings
Freedom from Want (Norman Rockwell)

Freedom from Want is a painting by Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the Four Freedoms. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the Four Freedoms Speech of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background 
This painting was made public in The Saturday Evening Post of March 6, 1943, along with an essay of Carlos Bulosan. The other paintings of the Four Freedoms series are Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship and Freedom from Fear, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

The painting shows a classical American family at Thanksgiving when a turkey is served during a meal. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

Rockwell wanted to portray a family within a theme of continuity, virtue, homeliness and abundance without extravagance, as confirmed by water as the modest beverage choice. Outside the United States though, the images was explained as an expression of American overabundance.

There have been made many parodies of the painting. New York painter Frank Moore (1953-2002) made a painting in 1994 with Americans of different human race with the title Freedom to Share, whilst the turkey plate is full with medicines. Of Moore's painting have been made parodies as well.

Walt Disney has made a well known parody with Mickey and Minnie Mouse and several other Disney figures at the table. Furthermore the image has been used for many advertising goals, political campaigns and picture postcards.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto Buy War Bonds. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

References 
Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

1943 paintings
American paintings
Freedom from Fear (painting)

Freedom from Fear is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the Four Freedoms. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the Four Freedoms Speech of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

Background 
This painting was made public in The Saturday Evening Post of March 13, 1943, along with an essay of Stephen Vincent Benét. The other paintings of the Four Freedoms series are Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship and Freedom from Want, and were shown in other editions of the paper.

The painting portrays children laying in bed, a mother  tucking them in and a father watching with a newspaper in his hand, telling the stories of the war with the headlines "Bombings Kill... Horrors Hit...". The children are free from fearing these horrors of the war. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

This painting is the only one in the Four Freedoms series he had not specially painted for this subject. He first made it to illustrate the Battle of Britain of 1940. He did not want it to be published though, because he distasted the idea that American children were resting safely in their beds as Europe burned.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto Buy War Bonds. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

References 
Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia

1943 paintings
American paintings
Frank O. Salisbury

Francis ("Frank") Owen Salisbury (18 December 1874 – 31 August 1962) was an English artist painter and designer of stained glass.

Life 
as a son of a plumber and glazier. He learned the art of stained glass in the workshop of his brother in St Albans.

A visit to the London Drawing Academy woke up his interest for painting. He won a scholarship when he was 18 years old and so he was able to study at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1892 to 1897. In between he went on a scholarship to Italy where he was impressed by the fresco's of the Renaissance. This trip shaped his taste for pageant scenes.

On the Royal Academy he won several medals. He also returned there several times with expositions.

Salisbury made many murals in buildings, especially in London. He also painted many religious works and illustrations of historical events. He was well known for his portraits, especially of famous people like five British prime ministers, five American presidents and several others like Benito Mussolini when he visited Italy in 1934. His portraits were painted in a traditional style.

Salisbury died on August 31, 1962, in Hampstead, London, when he was 87 years old.

Paintings of Salisbury

Bibliography 
1944: Portrait and Pageant: The Art of Frank O. Salisbury, memoirs
1953: Sarum Chase

Literature 
Barber, Benjamin Aquila (1936) The Art of Frank O. Salisbury, F. Lewis
Christie, Manson & Woods (1985) The Studio of Frank O. Salisbury: (1874 - 1962); the Property of the British Council of Churches
McMurray, Nigel (2003) Frank O. Salisbury: Painter Laureate,

References 
A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (Oxford University Press), biography
University of Manchester, Frank O. Salisbury Papers

Other websites 

Bridgeman Art Library, overview of his work

English painters
1874 births
1962 deaths
Óscar Romero

Saint Óscar the Romero y Galdámez (15 August 1917 – 24 March 1980) was a bishop of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. He became the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador when he took over Luis Chávez. He was assassinated on 24 March 1980.

References 

1917 births
1980 deaths
Murder victims
Roman Catholic archbishops
Salvadoran people
Umeå

Umeå is a town in northern Sweden. The town is known for the large number of birch trees. About 116,465 people were living in Umeå Municipality in late 2011.

The town had to recover from a very large fire in 1888.
Umeå is the biggest city in Norrland, the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. The town had about 80,000 people living there in 2010. The town opened a university in 1965. In the last 50 years the number of houses has doubled. About 700 buildings are built every year.

The city was elected European Capital of Culture in 2014. The city is the most norhtern location to have ever been a European city of culture. The city is partnering with a large number of voluntary organisations and the concept of open source

History
Umeå became a city in 1622. The King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, made the new city for Swedish merchants. He made the merchants to move north so that taxes could be increased. The city was burnt by Russian troops in 1714 and then again in 1720. In 1809 the city was briefly occupied again by the Russian army before peace was agreed. In 1888 the great fire destroyed the homes of over 2,000 people. The fire started in a brewery and destroyed part of the city including the shipyards at Teg and buildings on the island of Ön. Less than 1,000 of the people had a house after the fire. After the fire the town was rebuilt and many new birch trees were planted to stop future fires. The town is known for these trees.

In 1951 the city's library was recognised as important for northern Sweden. The library has a copy of every new book printed in Sweden. In 1962 the city opened its first airport. Umeå has been the biggest city in the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. Before 1962 the largest city was Sundsvall.

References

Other websites

 homepage
Billy Wara

Billy Wara (c. 1920 – November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers.

Life
Wara was born at Aṟan, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book The People In Between (1968).

When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maṟuku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Muṯitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands.

Artwork
Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures ( in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem.

His depictions of the perentie are taken from his , a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the  and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The  forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aṟan. Most of the knowledge of  is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that  fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aṟan and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it.

Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States.

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
Australian sculptors
Woodworkers
Artists from the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Jämsä

Jämsä (in the local dialect, Jämpsä) is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 223 km from Helsinki, and 58 km from Jyväskylä. There were about 22,125 people living there in January 2014. Jämsä municipality was established in 1866. It is next to the municipalities of Juupajoki, Jyväskylä, Keuruu, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Petäjävesi. Isojärvi National Park, a popular hiking place, is near to Jämsä.

The former municipality of Kuorevesi was merged with Jämsä in 2001. The former municipality of Längelmäki was partly merged with Jämsä in 2007. The former municipality of Jämsänkoski was merged with Jämsä in 2009.

Other websites

 Jämsä city pages 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Central Finland
1866 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in Finland
Audio feedback

Audio feedback is typically unwanted noise that occurs when an audio system oscillates. It often happens when microphones are pointed at loudspeakers. There are ways to avoid or reduce feedback, such as with equalization or reducing the room's echo.

Sound
Werner Leich

Werner Leich (born January 31, 1927 in Mühlhausen) is a Protestant clergyman. From 1978 to 1992 he was the bishop of the Evangelical Church in Thuringia, for the greater part during the era of the German Democratic Republic.

Life 
From 1942 to 1945 Leich was a voluntary member of the German Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker. He volunteered to "battle for the salvation of Germany". After World War II he finished his school and from 1947 he started studying theology at the University of Marburg and Heidelberg University.

In 1951 he started his career as a clergyman. A year later he married Trautel, with whom he has a son and daughter. Since 1960 he was a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church. He was vice-president of the synod from 1967 to 1978 and bishop of the state of Thuringia from 1978 to 1992. In that year he retired.

During a lot of his career, he had to deal with being able to worship God in an environment of anti-religious communism. He described it as "a lot of times we did hide being Christians".

Autobiography 
1992: Wechselnde Horizonte. Mein Leben in vier politischen Systemen.

References 

1927 births
Living people
Christian ministers
Christian theologians
East German people
German Lutherans
German military personnel of World War II
German theologians
Lutheran bishops
People from Thuringia
Eohippus

Eohippus is small fossil proto-horse. It is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is E. angustidens, which was long considered a species of Hyracotherium. Its remains have been found in North America and date to the early Eocene (4856 million years ago).

Much of the evolution of the horse took place in North America. That is where horses originated, but became extinct there about 10,000 years ago.

References 

Horses
Fossils
Emiel van Lennep

Emile (Emiel) van Lennep was a Dutch official (treasurer general), diplomat and Minister of State.

Life
Van Lennep was born in Amsterdam on 20 January 1915, as a son of Louis Henri van Lennep and Catharina Hildegonda Enschede. He studied law from 1932 to 1937 at the Municipal University of Amsterdam.
 
From 1951 to 1969 he was the highest official of the Dutch Ministry of Finance. From 1969 to 1984 he was secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At the OECD Van Lennep is remembered for making the organization a more effective forum for international cooperation. In the seventies he was named several times to be a candidate for a post in the government of the Netherlands, but he did not want to be a politician. After his career at the OECD he was appointed to be Minister of State from 1986 until his death in 1996.

He was married with met Alexa Labberton and they had two sons and two daughters. In 1990 he was rewarded with a Four Freedoms Award in the category freedom from want. Van Lennep died on October 2, 1996, when he was 81 years old.

References 
Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 6, biography 

1915 births
1996 deaths
Dutch civil servants
Dutch diplomats
Politicians from Amsterdam
Secretaries General of OECD
Tubuai

Tubuai is the name for a group of islands in the Pacific. The island of Tubuai is about 640 km south of Tahiti. It is part of the Austral Islands, which belong to French Polynesia. Slightly over 2.000 people live on an area of  about 45 square kilometers. James Cook discovered the island in 1777, but saw no reason to land there. The natives looked hostile. Fletcher Christian landed there in 1789. They founded Fort George on the island, but soon left, because of troubles with the natives.

Islands of French Polynesia
Christ's College, Cambridge

Christ's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1347 with the name God House. Then in 1505 Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, gave some money to make the college much bigger. She also changed the name to Christ's College. 

Christ's College has about 600 students. It has a tradition to do very well in the exams: it was the best college in the 20 years period from 1980 to 2000.

Some very famous people have studied here, for example Charles Darwin and John Milton.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1347 establishments
1340s establishments in England
National Geographic Bee

The National Geographic GeoBee (called the National Geography Bee from 1989 to 2000 and the National Geographic Bee from 2001 to 2018, also referred to as the Nat Geo Bee) is an annual geography contest sponsored by the National Geographic Society. It takes place every year in the United States.

References

Other websites
 National Geographic Bee Official Website 

Geography
Competitions
Events in the United States
Science Daily

Science Daily is a news website. It publishes articles about new science and technology discoveries.

Other websites
 https://www.sciencedaily.com

Science websites
Limbdi

Limbdi is a city in Surendranagar district in India.  It is in the state of Gujarat.

Cities in India
Settlements in Gujarat
Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center

The Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center () is an Exhibition Center and Museum on People's Square in Shanghai, China. It is dedicated to the history of the architecture and urban planning of Shanghai. The center also introduced exhibitions in Expo 2010.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Official website 

Museums in China
Convention and exhibition centers
Urban planning
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
Shchusev State Museum of Architecture

The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is a museum in Moscow, Russia. The museum is dedicated to architecture and urban planning in Russia. It is the largest architecture museum in Russia. It includes an archive, library, and study center. The museum was opened in 1934. It is named for Soviet architect Alexey Shchusev.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Shchusev State Museum of Architecture

Architecture
Urban planning
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Museums in Europe
Education in Russia
Cable cars in Haifa

Cable cars in Haifa go from Mount Carmel to the Mediterranean beaches. In 2007 the City Hall of Haifa decided to extend the line to the University of Haifa and open a new line from Mount Carmel to Haifa Bay. The new projects will involve building a new central bus station and new bus routes across the city. The project is still under construction.

Other websites 

 Haifa Bay – Technion – University cable car  at Yefeh Nof 

Transport in Israel
Haifa
Cableways
Earl Scruggs

Earl Eugene Scruggs (January 6, 1924 – March 28, 2012) was an American musician. He was known for playing a banjo in bluegrass. Playing the banjo in bluegrass is now known as "Scruggs Style". He is known for his songs such as Dueling Banjos, Foggy Mountain Breakdown, Earl's Breakdown, The Swimming Song, and in Fireball Mail. He won four Grammy Awards.

Scruggs was born on January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina. He was raised in Shelby, North Carolina. Scruggs was married to Louise Certain from 1948 until her death in 2006. They had two sons. Scruggs died on March 28, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee from natural causes, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 
 Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com  Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com
 at the Country Music Hall of Fame

1924 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Musicians from North Carolina
American bluegrass musicians
American guitarists
Banjo players
Grammy Award winners
Jenni Rivera

Jenni Rivera (Jenni Dolores Rivera Saavedra), July 12, 1969 – December 9, 2012) was an Mexican-American singer who is known for her spanish albums such as La Gran Señora, Jenni, Parrandera, Rebelde Y Atrevida, Joyas Prestadas She was nominated for four Latin Grammys.

Early life 
Rivera was born on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California Her parents were Mexican immigrants. She was raised in Long Beach California. 

Rivera married José Trinidad Marín from 1984 until they divorced in 1992. After this, she married Juan López from 1997 until 2003. Finally, she married Esteban Loaiza in 2010 and they separated in 2012. They filed for divorce, but the divorce was not finalized due to her death. Rivera had three children with Marín and had two children with López.

On December 9, 2012, a plane that Rivera was flying in lost contact to air traffic control off the coast of Monterrey, Mexico. Mexican authorities confirmed that Rivera and four other people that were on the plane were dead.

References

Other websites

Jenni Rivera page (Universal Music Latin Entertainment) 

1969 births

American activists
American television actors
American television producers
Aviation deaths
Latin singers
Mexican television actors
Mexican singers
Actors from Long Beach, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
Elisabeth Murdoch

Dame Elisabeth Joy Murdoch (née Elisabeth Joy Greene, 8 February 1909 – 5 December 2012) was an Australian philanthropist. She was the widow of Keith Murdoch and the mother of Rupert Murdoch. 

She became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas.

Murdoch was born on 8 February 1909 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She studied at St Catherine's School and at the Clyde School. 

Murdoch was married to Keith Murdoch from 1928 until his death in 1952. They had four children, the eldest of whom died before her. Murdoch died on 5 December 2012 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from natural causes, aged 103.

References

Other websites
Biography in the Australian Women's Register
Enough Rope interview in June 2008
Ancestry of Rupert Murdoch  

1909 births
2012 deaths

Centenarians
Deaths from natural causes
Monarchists
People from Melbourne
Australian philanthropists
Churchill College, Cambridge

Churchill College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. In 1958 a group of people was formed to get money to build a new college. This group had Winston Churchill as leader, so the college was named after him. It opened in 1960. Churchill College has more than 700 students, one of the biggest. Many of them study a science subject.

Churchill College was the first college in Cambridge to allow female students. This happened in 1972.

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1960 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s establishments in England