cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Fred McDowell

Fred McDowell (January 12 1904 – July 3 1972) (also known as Mississippi Fred McDowell) was a Delta blues singer and guitar player. His parents died when he was young.

Career

Early career 
McDowell was born in Rossville, Tennessee, near Memphis. He started playing guitar when he was 14 and played at parties around where he lived.

Later career 
McDowell moved to Memphis in 1926 where he played for money. Soon after, he moved to Como, Mississippi in 1940 or 1941 and worked as a farmer. He still played at parties.

Mostly, he played slide guitar using a pocket knife and then a slide made from a beef rib bone, later switching to a glass slide. He played with the slide on his ring finger.

Fame 
In the 1950s, people became more interested in Blues Music and McDowell became more famous. He recorded for the first time in 1959 with Alan Lomax and Shirley Collins. He started playing on electric guitar rather than acoustic but said "I do not play no rock and roll". He taught Bonnie Raitt the slide guitar technique, and was written about by The Rolling Stones'.

Albums 
McDowell's first album came out in 1969, called I Do Not Play No Rock 'N' Roll.

Death 
McDowell died of cancer in 1972 and is buried at Hammond Hill M.B. Church, between Como and Senatobia.

References

Other websites 
 Illustrated Fred McDowell discography

1904 births
1972 deaths
Blues guitarists
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
American guitarists
Taurus Mountains

For the Taurus Mountains on the moon, see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring, New York, see Bull Hill.

Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları) are a mountain range in Turkey, from which the Euphrates (Turkish: Fırat) and Tigris (Turkish: Dicle) descend into Syria and Iraq. The Manavgat River comes from its southern slopes. 

The mountain range extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris in the east. It has many peaks rising above 10,000–12,000 ft (3,000–3,700 m), with the Demirkazık summit in the region known as Aladağlar, at 3,756 meters (12,322 ft.) as the highest point. Another important peak is Medetsiz (3,524 m/11,561 ft) in the Bolkar Dağları section.

This mountain range divides the Mediterranean region of southern Turkey from the central plateau.

Limestone has eroded to form karstic landscapes of waterfalls, underground rivers, and the largest caves of Asia.

At Kestel is a Bronze Age archaeological site where early evidence of tin mining was found.

References

Other websites 
 NASA satellite view of the Taurus Mountains 
 Information about Taurus Mountains in English 
 Livius.org: Taurus 

Mountains of Turkey
Mountain ranges
Sassari

Sassari is a city in the region of Sardinia in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Sassari. About 130,000 people live in Sassari. This makes it the second largest city in Sardinia.

History 
The first time that the city appeared in a map was in 1131 with the name Jordi de Sassaro, in 1135 the name was Tathari. The city grown up very fast and in 1294, became a libero comune (independent municipality). In the early 14th century the island of Sardinia was occupied by the Aragonese, the municipality sent a delegation to the court of Aragon, but they did not achieve any agreement. So with the support of the Republic of Genoa and the Doria's family, the people of Sassari rose up against the invaders, until 1417 when the king Alfonso V granted an acceptable status to the town. In 1617 in town the Jesuits founded the University.  In 1713, after the Treaty of Utrecht, in the island of Sardinia started the brief period of the Austro-Hungarian administration.  In fact since 1720 the island was annexed by the House of Savoy and since then was born the Kingdom of Sardinia. But in 1793, after years of political struggle, in the island started an uprising, called “Sarda rivoluzione” (Sardinian revolution), led by the patriot Giovanni Maria Angioy, who entered triumphantly in the city of Sassari, followed by thousand of revolutionaries coming from all over the island. But the Savoy, stifled the rebellion with ferocity, reconquered the town. But the rebellion in town will continued until the middle of the 19th century.
In 1861 the Kingdom of Sardinia, after the campaign to unify Italy and the annexation of many small states, it became the founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy. Since then Sassari is an Italian city.

Museums 
 Museo nazionale archeologico ed etnografico "G. A. Sanna"
(Via Roma 64) also called Museo Sanna - Sito 
 Pinacoteca nazionale MUS'A, ex Collegio Gesuitico Canopoleno

Monuments and architectures 
 City Walls and pisan-genoan towers, 13th century
 Fontana di Rosello,Rosello Fountain 1585-1606
 Teatro Civico, Civic theatre 1825-1829

Religious Architectures
 Cattedrale di San Nicola, the Cathedral 12th-18th century
 Chiesa di Santa Maria di Betlem, Church of Holy Mary of Bethlehem 12th-19th century
 Chiesa di San Pietro in Silki, Church of saint Peter in Silki 11th-17th century
 Santa Caterina, Church of saint Catharine 16th century architect Giovanni Maria Bernardoni
 San Donato, 13th-17th century
 San Michele di Plaiano,Church of saint Michael of Plaiano 12th century

Palaces
 Casa Aragonese, (Aragonese House) 15th century
 Palazzo Ducale,  (Ducal Palace) City Hall Building, 1775-1804
 Palazzo Barone d'Usini, piazza Tola, , (The Baron of Usini Palace) City Library, 16th century
 Palazzo Moros y Molinos, 17th century
 Palazzo Ferrale, 16th century
 Palazzo Sciuti, piazza d'Italia, (Sciuti's Palace) the Provincial Legislative Building Provincia di Sassari, 1873

Consulates 
Consulates located in Sassari:

References 

Capital cities in Italy
Communes of Sardinia
Bull Hill

Bull Hill, sometimes called Mount Taurus, is a mountain in the U.S. state of New York. It is north of the village of Cold Spring on the Hudson River, in Putnam County. It is part of the mountain range known as the Hudson Highlands which are part of the Appalachian Mountains.

An old quarry can be seen on its south ridge.

The mountain may have gotten its name from a bull that farmers chased down it. The bull's fall gave the Breakneck Ridge its name.

Mountains of the United States
Geography of New York
Appalachian Mountains
Forlì

Forlì is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Forlì-Cesena. About 110,000 people live in Forli. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy during World War Two, was born near Forli, in Predappio.

References

Cities in Emilia-Romagna
Capital cities in Italy
Zagros Mountains

The Zagros Mountains (, ), make up Iran's and Iraq's largest mountain range. They have a total length of 1 500 km. The north end is in northwestern Iran and they run near the border with Iraq and along the north coast of the Persian Gulf. The mountain range ends at the Straits of Hormuz. The highest points in the Zagros Mountains are Zard Kuh (4 548 m) and Mt. Dena (4 359 m). 

The Zagros region is an important part of Persian Gulf oil production.

Related pages
 Taurus mountains

References

Other websites 
 Zagros, Photos from Iran, Livius .
 The genus Dionysia 
 Iran, Timeline of Art History
 Mesopotamia 9000 - 500 B.C. 

Geography of Iran
Geography of Iraq
Latina, Lazio

Latina is a city in the region of Lazio. It is the capital of the Province of Latina. About 110,000 people live in Latina. This makes it the second largest city in Lazio.

References 

Cities in Lazio
Capital cities in Italy
Monza

Monza is a city in the region of Lombardy. In 2009 it will become the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza. About 120,000 people live in Monza. This makes it the third largest city in Lombardy.

References
Giugliano in Campania

Giugliano in Campania is a city the region of Campania in Italy. It is the largest city in Italy that is not a capital of a province. About 105,000 people live there.

References 

Cities in Campania
French Revolution of 1848

The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852). 

The revolution established the principle of the "right to work" (droit au travail), and decided to establish "National Workshops" for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc. Tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists would cause the June Days Uprising a few months later.  

Meanwhile the revolution inspired other European Revolutions of 1848.

The End of the Revolution in France

The era of revolution in France came to an end when Louis Napoleon dissolved the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so, and became the sole ruler of France. In 1852 he reestablished the empire and took the title Emperors Napoleon III.

1848 Revolution in literature

 Karl Marx's Essay The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852) describes the 1848 revolution as a class struggle.

1848 in Europe
19th century in France
Democracy movements
Revolutions
February events
Nyon (district)

The District of Nyon is a district in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The seat of the district is the city of Nyon.

Municipalities
On 1 September 2006, Nyon was reorganized. There are now fewer municipalities.

References

Nyon
Skip James

Nehemiah Curtis "Skip" James (June 21, 1902 – October 3, 1969) was an American Delta blues singer, guitarist, pianist and songwriter.

Biography

Early years 
James was born near Bentonia, Mississippi. He worked on road construction in the early 1920s, and wrote his earliest song, "Illinois Blues", about his experience as a worker. He began playing guitar in open D-minor tuning with three fingers.

1920s and '30s 
Skip James traveled to Grafton, Wisconsin to record for Paramount. James recorded blues and spirituals and cover versions of other songs.

The Great Depression happened just as James' records were put on the market. Not many people bought them because of this and James had to give up Blues music and worked in a church with his father.

After the depression
For the next thirty years, James did not record any songs. In July 1964, James started playing again and he recorded for the Takoma, Melodeon, and Vanguard labels and played until his death in 1969.

Discography
Paramount 78s: 1931
Complete 1931 Session Yazoo, 1986
Complete Recorded Works (1931) Document, 1990
The Complete Early Recordings of Skip James - 1930 Yazoo, 1994
Cypress Grove Blues Snapper Music Group, 2004
Illinois Blues Universe, 2004
The Complete 1931 Recordings Body & Soul, 2005
Hard Time Killin' Floor Yazoo, 2005

After the depression: 1964-1969
Greatest of the Delta Blues Singers Biograph, 1964
She Lyin Adelphi, 1964 (first released: Genes, 1996)
Skip James Today! Vanguard, 1965
Devil Got My Woman  Vanguard, 1968
I'm So Glad Vanguard, 1978
Live: Boston, 1964 & Philadelphia, 1966  Document, 1994
Skip's Piano Blues, 1964 (Genes, 1998)
Blues From the Delta Vanguard, 1998 (two unreleased recordings)
The Complete Bloomington, Indiana Concert - March 30, 1968 Document, 1999
Skip's Guitar Blues, 1964(?) (Genes, 1999)
Studio Sessions: Rare and Unreleased, 1967 (Vanguard, 2003)
Hard Time Killing Floor Blues Biograph, 2003
Heroes of the Blues: The Very Best of Skip James Shout!, 2003
Hard Time Universe, 2003

Other websites 
 Illustrated Skip James discography
 Interview with Skip James' surviving cousin 
 A biography by Roi Geyari, a fan from Israel 
 Can't Find No Heaven: The Mysteries of Skip James  by Matt R. Lohr, a speculative study of Skip James' personality

Blues guitarists
Blues pianists
American guitarists
1902 births
1969 deaths
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
American blues singers
Olaf Kölzig

Olaf Kölzig (born April 6, 1970) is a South African-born German retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Washington Capitals and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Kölzig was born in South Africa, but he grew up in several cities across Canada and his family moved to Union Bay, British Columbia, Canada, when he was a teenager. Kölzig never applied for Canadian citizenship, which, combined with his German parentage and German passport, allows him to represent Germany internationally. In May 2008 Kolzig announced that he would not return to the Capitals.

References

1970 births
American Hockey League players
German ice hockey players
German Olympians
Living people
New Westminster Bruins players
People from Johannesburg
South African sportspeople
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Tri-City Americans players
Vezina Trophy winners
Washington Capitals players
ECHL players
Ice hockey goaltenders
León, Guanajuato

Léon is a city in the state of Guanajuato in Mexico. About 1,150,000 people live in Léon. This makes it the seventh largest city in Mexico and the largest city in Guanajuato.

References 

Cities in Mexico
Guanajuato (state)
1576 establishments
16th-century establishments in Mexico
1570s establishments in North America
Jim Carey (ice hockey)

Jim Carey (born May 31, 1974 in Dorchester, Massachusetts) is an  American retired ice hockey goaltender.

Awards
1993 - WCHA All-Rookie Team
1993 – WCHA Rookie of the Year
1993 – WCHA Second All-Star Team
1995 – AHL Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award
1995 – AHL Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award
1995 – AHL First All-Star Team
1995 – NHL All-Rookie Team
1996 – NHL First All-Star Team
1996 – NHL Vezina Trophy

Transactions
June 20, 1992 – Drafted in the 2nd round, 32nd overall by the Washington Capitals in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft
March 1, 1997 – Traded by the Washington Capitals with Jason Allison, Anson Carter, and the Capitals' 3rd round selection (Lee Goren) in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft to the Boston Bruins for Adam Oates, Bill Ranford, and Rick Tocchet
March 1, 1999 – Signed by the St. Louis Blues

Career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

Other websites 

1974 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
American ice hockey goaltenders
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
St. Louis Blues players
Vezina Trophy winners
Washington Capitals players
Ciudad Juárez

Ciudad Juárez is a city in the Mexician state of Chihuahua. About 1,300,000 people live in Ciudad Juárez. This makes it the fifth largest city in Mexico and the largest city in Chihuahua. It is at the border to the USA, opposite El Paso.

References

Cities in Mexico
1659 establishments
Settlements in Chihuahua
17th-century establishments in Mexico
San Cristóbal Ecatepec

San Cristóbal Ecatepec (or Ecatepec de Morelos) is a city in the state of México in Mexico. About 1,700,000 people live there. This makes San Christóbal de Ectatepec the second largest city in Mexico and the largest in the state of México.

Cities in Mexico
Settlements in Mexico (state)
Hockey Hall of Fame

The Hockey Hall of Fame () is in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is both a sports history museum and a hall of fame. It holds displays about players, teams, National Hockey League (NHL) records, and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. First opened in Kingston, Ontario, the Hockey Hall of Fame was first began in 1943 by James T. Sutherland. The first group of members was selected in 1945, before the Hall of Fame had a permanent location. It moved to Toronto in 1958 after the NHL took away its support for the Kingston location. Its first permanent building opened at Exhibition Place in 1961. Because the Hall was getting too big for its location, it was moved to an old Bank of Montreal building in downtown Toronto in 1993, where it currently is.

References

Other websites

The Hockey Hall of Fame official site
History of Toronto: Hockey Hall of Fame 

 
Ice hockey in Canada
Léo Dandurand

Joseph Viateur "Leo" Dandurand (July 9, 1889 – June 26, 1964), was the owner of the Montreal Canadians in the National Hockey League and in the league that evolved into the Canadian Football League.

Dandurand was born in Bourbonnais, Illinois. He moved to Canada with his family when he was 16 years old and attended Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal. He was a referee in the National Hockey Association and was involved with minor hockey in the Montreal, Quebec area.

On November 2, 1921, Dandurand and his partners, Joseph Cattarinich and Louis Letourneau, purchased the Montreal Canadiens hockey club from the widow of George Kennedy for $11,000. Under Dandurand's ownership, the Canadiens won the Stanley Cup in 1924, 1930, and 1931. Letourneau sold his stake in the club in 1930, and Dandurand and Cattarinich continued as owners until selling the team in 1935 for $165,000.

Along with hockey, Dandurand and his partners were heavily involved with horse racing. In 1932, they bought Blue Bonnets Raceway in Montreal. They owned 17 tracks in Quebec, Ontario, New York, Ohio, Delaware, Illinois, Utah, and Louisiana at the time of Cattarinich's death in 1938. Dandurand was also a boxing and wrestling promoter in Montreal and a director of the Montreal Royals baseball team.

In 1946, Dandurand founded the Montreal Alouettes football team with Eric Cradock and Lew Hayman. The team played in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union, which later became the CFL's east division.

In his later years, Dandurand owned a successful restaurant in downtown Montreal. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and died of a heart attack on June 26, 1964 at age 75.

The Leo Dandurand Trophy is a CFL award presented each year to the most outstanding lineman in the East Division.

References
 

1889 births
1964 deaths
Canadian football
Montreal Canadiens
Referees
Billy Smith

William John "Battlin' Billy" Smith (born December 12, 1950, in Perth, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender and is best known for winning four Stanley Cups and being the first goaltender to score a goal.

Other websites
 
 

1950 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Islanders players
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Bill Durnan

William Ronald Durnan (January 22, 1916 – October 31, 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Montreal Canadiens. Until Roberto Luongo was named captain of the Vancouver Canucks on September 30, 2008, Durnan was the last goaltender to be a captain in the National Hockey League, and one of only seven ever. Bill Durnan was ambidextrous, meaning he could catch with either hand. This star goalie is one of the greatest Montreal Canadiens in history. He won the Stanley Cup twice with the Canadiens and was a six-time Vezina Trophy winner. Durnan was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964.

Awards 
First All-Star Team goalie in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950.
Won the Vezina Trophy in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950.
Played in NHL All-Star Game in 1947, 1948, 1949

References

Other websites
 

1916 births
1972 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
1925–26 NHL season



Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading goaltenders
GP = Games played, GA = Goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average

Playoffs

NHL Championship
Pittsburgh Pirates vs. Montreal Maroons

Montreal wins total goals series 6 goals to 4

Montreal Maroons vs. Ottawa Senators

Montreal wins total goals series 2 goals to 1.

Finals
Victoria Cougars vs. Montreal Maroons

Montreal Maroons win best-of-five series 3 games to 1 for the Stanley Cup

NHL Playoff leading scorer
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

NHL awards

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1925–26 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark debut in playoffs):
Wildor Larochelle, Montreal Canadiens
Albert Leduc, Montreal Canadiens
Pit Lepine, Montreal Canadiens
Babe Siebert, Montreal Maroons
Nels Stewart, Montreal Maroons
Joe Simpson, New York Americans
Hec Kilrea, Ottawa Senators
Roy Worters, Pittsburgh Pirates
Harold Darragh, Pittsburgh Pirates
Baldy Cotton, Pittsburgh Pirates
Lionel Conacher, Pittsburgh Pirates
Hib Milks, Pittsburgh Pirates

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1925–26 (listed with their last team):
Georges Vezina, Montreal Canadiens

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1925
1926
1920s in North America
1926–27 NHL season



Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading Goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; SO = Shut outs; AVG = Goals against average

Stanley Cup Playoffs

Playoff bracket

All dates in 1927

Quarterfinals
Montreal Canadiens vs. Montreal Maroons

Montreal Canadiens win total-goals series 2–1

Boston Bruins vs. Chicago Black Hawks

Boston wins total-goals series 10 goals to 5

Semifinals
Ottawa Senators vs. Montreal Canadiens

Ottawa wins total-goals series 5–1

New York Rangers vs. Boston Bruins

Boston wins total-goals series 3–1

Finals
Boston Bruins vs. Ottawa Senators

Ottawa wins best-of-five series 2–0–2

Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

NHL awards

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1926–27 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start was in playoffs):
Percy Galbraith, Boston Bruins
Eddie Shore, Boston Bruins
Harry Oliver, Boston Bruins
Duke Keats, Boston Bruins
George Hay, Chicago Black Hawks
Mickey MacKay, Chicago Black Hawks
Dick Irvin, Chicago Black Hawks
Frank Foyston, Detroit Cougars
Jack Walker, Detroit Cougars
Frank Fredrickson, Detroit Cougars
George Hainsworth, Montreal Canadiens
Art Gagne, Montreal Canadiens
Herb Gardiner, Montreal Canadiens
Hap Emms, Montreal Maroons
Red Dutton, Montreal Maroons
Norman Himes, New York Americans
Paul Thompson, New York Rangers
Bill Cook, New York Rangers
Bun Cook, New York Rangers
Murray Murdoch, New York Rangers
Lorne Chabot, New York Rangers
Clarence Abel, New York Rangers
Ching Johnson, New York Rangers
Ace Bailey, Toronto St. Patricks
Butch Keeling, Toronto St. Patricks
Carl Voss, Toronto St. Patricks

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1926–27 (listed with their last team):
Shorty Green, New York Americans
Newsy Lalonde, New York Americans
Jack Adams, Ottawa Senators
Bert Corbeau, Toronto St. Patricks

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1926
1927 in North America
1961–62 NHL season



Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1961–62 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark debut in playoffs):
Ed Westfall, Boston Bruins
Pat Stapleton, Boston Bruins
Pit Martin, Detroit Red Wings
Red Berenson, Montreal Canadiens
Vic Hadfield, New York Rangers
Gerry Cheevers, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1961–62 (listed with their last team):
Dollard St. Laurent, Chicago Black Hawks
Leo Labine, Detroit Red Wings
Marcel Bonin, Montreal Canadiens
Johnny Wilson, New York Rangers
Bert Olmstead, Toronto Maple Leafs

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1961 in North America
1962 in North America
Night of Champions (2008)

WWE Night of Champions was the second yearly Night of Champions professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Though it was the eighth yearly event, it was the second yearly event under the Night of Champions name. It took place on June 29, 2008 at American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas and featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. The official theme song was "Devour" by Shinedown. As a tradition, every championship in WWE was defended at the event.

Results

References

Other websites 
 Official Night Of Champions website

2008 in professional wrestling
WWE Night of Champions
Sports in Dallas, Texas
2008 in Texas
21st century in Dallas, Texas
William M. Jennings Trophy

The William M. Jennings Trophy is an award in the National Hockey League (NHL) given each year to "to the goalkeeper(s) having played a minimum of 25 games for the team with the fewest goals scored against it. Winners are selected based on regular-season play." Up until 1981, the Vezina Trophy had been awarded under that definition, but it was later changed and replaced by the Jennings Trophy. Since it began in 1982, it has been awarded at the end of 25 seasons to 27 different players. The most recent winners are Corey Crawford of the Chicago Blackhawks and Carey Price of the Montreal Canadiens, who both allowed only 189 team goals against for their teams in the 2014–15 NHL season.

History
Until the 1980–81 season, the Vezina Trophy was awarded to the goaltender(s) of the team allowing the fewest goals during the regular season. However, it was discovered that this often meant the trophy went to the goaltender of the better team rather than the individual, so they changed it to offer the Vezina to the most outstanding goaltender, as voted by the NHL General Managers. The William M. Jennings Trophy was created as a replacement and is given to the goaltender(s) playing for the team with the fewest goals scored against them.

The Jennings Trophy was donated by the NHL's board of governors and first handed out at the end of the 1981–82 season. It is named for the late William M. Jennings, who was a governor and president of the New York Rangers and who helped build ice hockey in the United States. Normally the lowest number of games a goaltender must play to be eligible for the trophy is 25, but for the lockout shortened 1994–95 season, the lowest was fourteen games.

Five players have won both the Jennings and Vezina Trophy for the same season: Patrick Roy (1988–89 and 1991–92), Ed Belfour (1990–91 and 1992–93), Dominik Hasek (1993–94 and 2000–01), Martin Brodeur (2002–03 and 2003–04) and Miikka Kiprusoff (2005–06). Roy has won the trophy five times, the most of any goaltender. Belfour and Brodeur are tied for second, having each won the trophy four times. It has been won most often by the Montreal Canadiens, on 5 occasions. The New Jersey Devils have won four times, and Buffalo Sabres and Chicago Blackhawks have three wins each.

Winners

Bold Player with the fewest goals ever scored against in a season.

Notes
For the 2002–03 season, there was a tie between Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils and Robert Esche and Roman Cechmanek of the Philadelphia Flyers. This is the only time that there has been a tie between players from different teams.

References
General

Specific

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Gemsbok

The gemsbok or gemsbuck (Oryx gazella) is an African plains antelope.  They are found all over Africa, especially Tanzania, Namibia and South Africa.

Grouping 
Gemsboks live in a herd of 10-40.  The herds are usually set up with a dominant male and female as leaders of the herd.  The males have striaght pointed horns and have been known to attack and kill lions and other predators by impaling them.  The females are the same, but sometimes have curved horns.

Northern and Southern 
There are two varieties of gemsbok.  A Northern Gemsbuck and a Southern Gemsbok.  The northern variety have black fringed ears and live in the more northern parts of Africa.  The Southern variety have longer horns and live in the southern parts of Africa.

Bovids
Mammals of Africa
The Left Hand of Darkness

The Left Hand of Darkness is a science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1969. It won the 1969 Nebula and 1970 Hugo awards.

Translations 
 , 1985, 1997
 , 2004 (ISBN 978-953-203-182-9)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , also known as Winterplanet (Heyne-Verlag paperback edition, translated by Gisela Stege)
 
  and later as  
 , 1979, 2015
 
  1995, 2002
 
 
 
 , 1991, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2006

Notes

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Bibliography: The Left Hand of Darkness at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
 Audio review and discussion of The Left Hand of Darkness at The Science Fiction Book Review Podcast

1969 books
Hainish Cycle
Hugo Award winning books
Akan language

Akan is a language group spoken by related peoples in mainly Ghana and eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Akan belongs to the Kwa group of the Niger-Congo language family.

Dialects
Akan comprises three main mutually intelligible dialects: Fante, Asante Twi and Akwapim Twi. Asante Twi is the widely used.  Akan is the most widely spoken and used indigenous language in Ghana. About 44%, of Ghana’s population of about 22 million, speak Akan as first language. However, about 80% of Ghanaians speak Akan as a first and second language. It is officially recognized for literacy, at least at the lower primary (Primary 1-3) level, and studied at university as a bachelor or masters program. It is the most important indigenous language of Ghana. It is the language of the Western, Central, Ashanti, Eastern, Brong Ahafo regions, and the northern portion of the Volta region of Ghana.

A form of Akan is also spoken in South America, notably Suriname and Jamaica. The language came to these places through the slave trade.

Studies
Akan is studied in major universities in the United States, including Ohio University, Ohio State University, University of Wisconsin, Harvard University, Boston University, Indiana University, Michigan University, and The University of Florida. It has been a regular African language of study in the annual Summer Cooperative African Languages Institute (SCALI) program.

References

Niger-Congo languages
Akkadian language

Akkadian () or Assyro-Babylonian was a Semitic language (part of the Afro-Asiatic language family) that was spoken in ancient Iraq. The first-known Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system from ancient Sumer.

Akkadian is divided into several varieties based on geography and historical period:
Old Akkadian, 2500–1950 BC
Old Babylonian/Old Assyrian, 1950–1530 BC
Middle Babylonian/Middle Assyrian, 1530–1000 BC
Neo-Babylonian/Neo-Assyrian, 1000–600 BC
Late Babylonian, 600 BC–100 AD

The earliest known Akkadian inscription was found on a bowl at Ur. It was addressed to a very early pre-Sargonic king of Ur by his queen Gan-saman, who is thought to have been from Akkad.

The Akkadian Empire, established by Sargon of Akkad, introduced the Akkadian language (the "language of Akkad") as a written language. It used Sumerian cuneiform orthography (writing method) for the purpose. During the middle Bronze Age (Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian period), the language displaced Sumerian. Sumerian probably became extinct as a living language by the 18th century BC.

References

Semitic languages
Mesopotamia
Afar language

The Afar language () (also known as ’Afar Af, Afaraf, Qafar af) is a lowland East Cushitic language spoken by the Afar people in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. It is thought to have 1.5 million speakers. Its most similar language is the Saho language.

References 

Cushitic languages
Abkhaz language

Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mostly in Abkhazia (Georgia) and Turkey. It is  the official language of Georgia's Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, where around 100,000 people speak it.

References

Notes

Caucasian languages
Languages of Europe
Abkhazia
Adyghe language

The Adyghe language is one of the two main languages of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation. It is spoken by many tribes of the Adyghe people.  The language is called by its speakers "Adygebze" or "Adəgăbză", and can also be spelled in English as Adygean, Adygeyan or Adygei. It is also called Circassian.

References

Languages of Russia
Alemannic German

Alemannic German () is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. It is spoken by about ten million people in southern Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Italy. In Switzerland it is sometimes called Swiss German. In Alsace, the language is usually called Alsatian.

Outside this area: the village Zădăreni in  Romania, Old-order Amish in Adams County and Allen County in the United States, and  Colonia Tovar in Venezuela. In the US: the Bernese dialects are stable, and spoken by about 5% of all Amish (15.000 people), Alsatian dialects are in decline there.  

In contrast to other languages, Alemannic German is only a spoken language; there is no fixed orthography for the language.

References

German dialects
Languages of Germany
Swiss culture
Chip 'n Dale

Chip 'n' Dale are two fictional, animated chipmunks. They were made by The Walt Disney Company. Their names are a pun from the name "Chippendale" (see Thomas Chippendale). Chip has a black nose, one tooth, and smooth short hair on his head. Dale has a red nose, two teeth, and ruffled hair. They like peanuts and apples. Chip is a reliable character. Dale is an easygoing character.

Chip 'n' Dale first appeared in the cartoon Private Pluto in 1943. They were in 23 animated short films. Usually they got into trouble with either Pluto or Donald Duck.

List of Chip 'n' Dale shorts
 Private Pluto (1943)
 Squatter's Rights (1946)
 Chip an' Dale (1947)
 Three for Breakfast (1948)
 Winter Storage (1949)
  Toy Tinkers  (1949)
 Crazy Over Daisy (1950)
 Trailer Horn (1950)
 Food for Feudin (1950)
 Out on a Limb (1950)
 Chicken in the Rough (1951)
 Corn Chips (1951)
 Test Pilot Donald (1951)
 Out of Scale (1951)
 Donald Applecore (1952)
 Two Chips and a Miss (1952)
 Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952)
 Working for Peanuts (1953)
 The Lone Chipmunks  (1954)
 Dragon Around (1954)
 Up a Tree  (1955)
 Chips Ahoy (1956)

Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers

In 1989, Chip and Dale starred in an animated series Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers. In the series, they formed a detective agency with three new characters. There were 65 episodes aired over three seasons. Their personalities changed a bit for the series. Instead of causing trouble, in the series they fought crime and helped the less fortunate. Chip was the responsible, no-nonsense leader who wore a leather jacket and fedora. Dale was goofy, laid-back, and wore a Hawaiian shirt.

Other websites 

Disney Archive Entry

Disney characters
Fictional animals
Kingdom Hearts characters
Squirrels
International Justice Network

The International Justice Network (IJNetwork) leads human rights initiatives around the world by giving legal help and skill to victims of human rights abuses and by making a global network of legal professionals, non-governmental organizations and community-based human rights people to protect and promote human rights and the rule of law.

IJNetwork is the only organization working with prisonerrs in the United States prison, Bagram Theater Internment Facility in Afghanistan.

Other websites 
http://www.ijnetwork.org/ 
http://www.commondreams.org/news2008/0107-05.htm 
http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4882936

Human rights organizations in the United States
2006 establishments in the United States
Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse is a kind of child abuse when an adult or someone else with power makes a child do any kind of sexual activities. In most cases, the position of power is important. The child is either unwilling or unable to consent. Children below the age of consent are unable to consent. In some cases activities such as  kissing and hugging may be included.

Sexual abuse does emotional harm to children. Some of the effects do not show right away, and appear when the child has grown up.  These effects can include depression,  post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, a higher chance of later abuse, and physical injury. Suicide is one of the effects with victims being six times more likely to commit suicide and eight times more likely to attempt suicide over and over again throughout their lives.

There are different types of offenders. When a child is sexually abused by a family member, it is called "incest," and causes even more serious long-term psychological trauma than abuse by a stranger, especially when the incest is done by a parent. Child sexual abuse may committed by pedophiles (adults who are sexually attracted to children have not begun puberty) or by people who are not pedophiles; there are different reports on the number who are or are not pedophiles.

Child sexual abuse is not rare. Around a quarter of all women and a tenth of all men were sexually abused when they were children. Different places in the world have different rates of child sexual abuse. Disabled children are more likely to be sexually abused than non-disabled children. For most children who are sexually abused, the person who abused them is somebody that they know.  Around a third of child sexual abuse is by a relative of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins. Only around a tenth of child sexual abuse cases were abused by strangers, and the rest are other people whom the child knows such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors. Men are the offenders in most child sexual abuse; women are the offenders in around 10% of the cases.

References

Further reading

Related pages 
Child pornography
Child abuse

Other websites

Published articles 
 U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect, 1996. 
 Vigil, J. et al., A Life History Assessment of Early Childhood Sexual Abuse in Women, Developmental Psychology, 2005.
Reporters Without Borders

Reporters Without Borders (RWB) ( or RSF,  or RSF,  or ROG)  is an international non-governmental organization. Its headquarters is located in Paris. The organization was founded in 1985.

Stated purpose
The official website of the organization says that Reporters Without Borders:
"defends journalists and media assistants imprisoned or persecuted for doing their job and exposes the mistreatment and torture of them in many countries." 
"fights against censorship and laws that undermine press freedom."
"gives financial aid each year to 100 or so journalists or media outlets in difficulty (to pay for lawyers, medical care and equipment) as well to the families of imprisoned journalists."
"works to improve the safety of journalists, especially those reporting in war zones."

Accusations
John Cherian from India says that Dalai Lama, leader of the Tibetan people, has Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ties. John Cherian says that Reporters Without Borders has supported Tibet and tells a rumor that also Reporters Without Borders has CIA ties. Someone says CIA gave money to RWB.

Accusations have been made by Diana Barahona, who sends stories to Counterpunch website. She claims that RWB takes sides. They take sides especially when they publish news on Cuba. She says that on its press freedom index, Reporters Without Borders gives Cuba a lower ranking than countries like Colombia, Peru and Mexico where she claims reporters are routinely killed. She claims the U.S. State Department has donated to RWB. She claims that the organization has links with the International Republican Institute (IRI), which she claims is an arm of the Republican Party. She claims that IRI funding opposition leaders of Hugo Chávez and Jean-Bertrand Aristide in close connection with CIA. She claims RWB's trustworthiness is questionable.

References

International organizations
Journalism
1985 establishments in Europe
Human rights organizations in Europe
Kudu

Kudu are a type of African antelope that are found all over Africa, depending on the variety. There are two varieties of Kudu.  The Lesser Kudu and the Greater Kudu. The Lesser Kudu live in Eastern Africa and Kenya and Tanzania. The Greater Kudu live in Eastern and Southern Africa.

Appearance 
They are a brown-grey color with white stripes that go down the center of their body.  They are very fast and stealthy.  For these facts their other African name is Grey Ghost.  The males have tall spiraling horns.  The females regularly have no horns. Greater Kudus are more slender than lesser Kudus. Baby Kudus usually are a lighter brown than adult Kudus.

Grouping and behavior 
Male Kudus live widespread from the group, or in bachelor groups.  The males do not normally have long fights over dominance.  They normally prepare to fight but one stands up more lateral, making himself look larger and more of a threat.  Males are only seen with females during mating season, in groups of 6-10 with their offspring.  The calves grow very quickly and are usually ready to leave their mother at around six months. 
Mother Kudus usually leave the group when they are ready to give birth.  They will leave the newborn out for 4–5 weeks.  Then the calf will start meeting its mother for short periods in times.  At 3–4 months it will be with its mother constantly.  At six months the calf will be old enough and join the group as an adult.

Diet 
They do not eat meat, they eat plant shoots, and in dry season they eat fruit like wild watermelon for the liquid and natural sugars. The lesser kudu is less dependent on water sources than the greater kudu.

Bovids
Electrode

An electrode is an electrical conductor that carries electricity. It is used to touch a non-metal part of a circuit. The two types of electrodes are anode and cathode.

Related pages
 Electricity

Electricity
1996–97 NHL season

The 1996–97 NHL season was the 80th regular season of the National Hockey League. The Stanley Cup winners were the Detroit Red Wings. They swept the Philadelphia Flyers in four games. The Red Wings had not won the Stanley Cup for 42 years.

Regular season

The Boston Bruins recorded the league's worst record, missing the playoffs for the first time in thirty seasons and ending the longest number of years in a row in the playoffs ever recorded in the history of North American professional sport.

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Conference quarterfinals

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Conference semifinals

Conference finals

Stanley Cup final

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

NHL Awards
The NHL Awards presentation took place on June 19, 1997.

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1996–97 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Dwayne Roloson, Calgary Flames
Marc Denis, Colorado Avalanche
Roman Turek, Dallas Stars
Tomas Holmstrom, Detroit Red Wings
Jean-Sebastien Giguere, Hartford Whalers
Tomas Vokoun, Montreal Canadiens
Jay Pandolfo, New Jersey Devils
Bryan Berard, New York Islanders
Wade Redden, Ottawa Senators
Janne Niinimaa, Philadelphia Flyers
Vaclav Prospal, Philadelphia Flyers
Patrick Lalime, Pittsburgh Penguins

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1996–97 (listed with their last team):
Tim Cheveldae, Boston Bruins
Charlie Huddy, Buffalo Sabres
Denis Savard, Chicago Blackhawks
Sergei Makarov, Dallas Stars
Neal Broten, Dallas Stars
Mike Ramsey, Detroit Red Wings
Vladimir Konstantinov, Detroit Red Wings
Dale Hawerchuk, Philadelphia Flyers
Brad McCrimmon, Philadelphia Flyers
Dan Quinn, Pittsburgh Penguins
Joe Mullen, Pittsburgh Penguins
Tim Hunter, San Jose Sharks
Craig MacTavish, St. Louis Blues
Gary Leeman, St. Louis Blues
Jon Casey, St. Louis Blues
Jay Wells, Tampa Bay Lightning
Don Beaupre, Toronto Maple Leafs
Nick Kypreos, Toronto Maple Leafs
Mike Ridley, Vancouver Canucks

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com
1997–98 NHL season

The 1997–98 NHL season was the 81st regular season of the National Hockey League. The Stanley Cup winners were the Detroit Red Wings, who swept the Washington Capitals in four games.

Regular season

Highlights
Jari Kurri reached 600 goals in his career, finishing with 601.

The Vancouver Canucks and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim opened the season with two games in Tokyo, Japan; this was the first time the NHL played games outside of North America.

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Conference quarterfinals

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Conference semifinals

Conference finals

Stanley Cup final

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

NHL Awards
The NHL Awards took place in Toronto, Ontario

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1997–98 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Joe Thornton, Boston Bruins
Sergei Samsonov, Boston Bruins
Derek Morris, Calgary Flames
Olli Jokinen, Los Angeles Kings
Brendan Morrison, New Jersey Devils
Sheldon Souray, New Jersey Devils
Zdeno Chara, New York Islanders
Marc Savard, New York Rangers
Chris Phillips, Ottawa Senators
Marian Hossa, Ottawa Senators
Daniel Briere, Phoenix Coyotes
Marco Sturm, San Jose Sharks
Patrick Marleau, San Jose Sharks
Pavel Kubina, Tampa Bay Lightning
Danny Markov, Toronto Maple Leafs
Mattias Ohlund, Vancouver Canucks

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1997–98 (listed with their last team):
Brent Sutter, Chicago Blackhawks
Jari Kurri, Colorado Avalanche
Slava Fetisov, Detroit Red Wings
Kevin Lowe, Edmonton Oilers
Andy Moog, Montreal Canadiens
Bruce Driver, New York Rangers
Pat LaFontaine, New York Rangers
Joel Otto, Philadelphia Flyers
Michel Petit, Phoenix Coyotes
Mike Gartner, Phoenix Coyotes
Al Iafrate, San Jose Sharks
Kelly Hrudey, San Jose Sharks
Jeff Brown, Washington Capitals

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com
Roy Worters

Roy "Shrimp" Worters (October 19, 1900 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada – November 7, 1957) was a Canadian professional ice hockey Hall of Fame goaltender who played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Montreal Canadiens and New York Americans, and was notable for having 66 shutouts in his career and being, at 5'3" tall, the shortest player ever to play in the NHL.

Awards & achievements 
 Hart Memorial Trophy (1929)
 Second All-Star Team Goalie (1932, 1934)
 Vezina Trophy (1931)

Other websites 
 

1900 births
1950 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Americans players
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Vezina Trophy winners
Memorial Cup winners