cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Christina Aguilera (album)

Christina Aguilera is the first album by American singer Christina Aguilera, released on August 24, 1999. The success of this album made Aguilera the Best New Artist at Grammy Awards of 2000.

Track listing

References 

Christina Aguilera albums
Debut albums
1999 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Teen pop albums
Dance-pop albums
R&B albums
Alien hand syndrome

Alien Hand Syndrome (also known as anarchic hand, AHS or Doctor Strangeglove Syndrome) is a condition that seems to cause a person's hand to move on its own.

References 

Syndromes
Christina Aguilera discography

This is the discography for Christina Aguilera. She has released six studio albums, twenty solo singles, four video albums, and twenty-seven music videos.

Aguilera, Christina
discography
My Kind of Christmas

My Kind of Christmas is a Christmas collection by Christina Aguilera, released on October 24, 2000.

Track listing

Bonus Track

Christina Aguilera albums
2000 albums
Stripped

Stripped is the fourth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera. The album sold over 13 million copies. Music critics gave it mixed reviews.

It was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2004 Grammy Awards.

"Dirrty" was released as the album's first single. The video was directed by Dave LaChapelle. It was protested in Thailand.
 The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 2003 Grammy Awards.

The album's second single "Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 2004.

The third single, "Fighter", got good reviews from music critics.

"Can't Hold Us Down" had Lil' Kim rapping in it. It was nominated a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 2004 Grammy Awards.

The album's last single "The Voice Within" was released	October 27, 2003.

Track listing

References 

2002 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Pop-soul albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Back to Basics

Back to Basics is the fifth studio album by Christina Aguilera. Released on August 10 2006.

Disc 1

Disc 2

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2006 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits

Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits is the first greatest hits by American singer Christina Aguilera, released on 2008.

Track listing

References

2008 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Bionic

Bionic is the sixth studio album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera, released on June 4 2010, the album was produced by new group of producers.

Track listing

 Deluxe Edition

 iTunes Bonus Track

2010 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Burlesque (soundtrack)

Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the studio album by Christina Aguilera and Cher. It was recorded for the movie Burlesque.

Track listing

2010 albums
Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg

Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (Dorothea Sophie; 5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was a Countess Palatine of Neuburg by birth and later the wife of the two sons of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma. 

Married to the Hereditary Prince of Parma in 1690, she was the mother of two children including the future Queen Elisabeth of Spain. Her first husband died after just three years of marriage. Remaining in Parma she was engaged to her brother-in-law, the new Duke of Parma. 

Retiring from the court at the death of her last husband, her grandson the future Charles III of Spain conquered Parma after the extinction of the Farnese and Dorothea Sophie acted as regent of the state till his official majority in January 1735. She died aged seventy-eight just weeks before her second grandson Infante Felipe of Spain became the next duke of Parma.

Issue
Alessandro Ignazio Farnese (6 December 1691 - 5 August 1693) died in infancy.
Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) married Philip V of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

5 July 1670 – 17 September 1690 Her Serene Highness Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
17 September 1690 – 6 September 1693 Her Highness the Hereditary Princess of Parma
6 September 1693 – 7 December 1696 Her Highness the Dowager Hereditary Princess of Parma
7 December 1696 – 26 May 1727 Her Highness the Duchess of Parma
26 May 1727 – 15 September 1748 Her Highness the Dowager Duchess of Parma

1670 births
1748 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
House of Farnese
F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz

FC Blau-Weiß Linz is an Austrian football club from Linz, Upper Austria. The team is playing in the Austrian Football Second League .

History
The club was founded in 1997 as follow up team for FC Linz and SV Austria Tabak Linz. They played with the licence of SV Tabak in the Upper Austrian Landesliga (4th division). After three years they reached the title and were promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte. In the 2003/04 season the won this league but failed in the relegation matches versus  BSV Bad Bleiberg, so they stayed in the league. After this there was a decline they were even relegated to the Landesliga, but came back the following season. In the 2010/11 season they finished second behind the LASK Juniors, which were not allowed to promote. In the relegation matches they won versus WSG Wattens after penalty shooting and were promoted to the First League. 2012/13 they lost the Relegationmatches versus SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 and were relegatet into the Regionalliga Mitte. 2015/16 they were champions in the Regionalliga Mitte and were promoted again to the First League. In the 2020-21 season the became Champion of the 2. Liga. They had not asked for a licence for the Bundesliga so they stayed in 2. Liga.
Since spring 2021 they play in the  Hofmann-Personal Stadion because the Donauparkstadion, their traditional homeground, will be new built till 2023.

Fans
The club is thought as successor to the former club VOEST Linz.This team merged with LASK to FC Linz but soon was inhaled by LASK. The club colours blue and white are that of former VOEST Linz. Also the fans see themself in this tradition.

Current squad
as 15 December 2021

Coaching staff
 Gerald Scheiblehner Headcoach
 Ernö Doma Assistant coach
 Manuel Moser Goalkeeper coach
   Rudolf Mitterlehner Teammanager

Honours
 Champion Upper Austria: 2000, 2008
 Champion Regionalliga Mitte: 2003, 2016
 Promotion to the First league: 2011
 Champion 2. Liga: 2021

References

Other websites
Official Homepage

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Upper Austria
Linz
Yinghuo-1

Yinghuo-1 was a Chinese spacecraft. People planned for it to be China's first interplanetary mission. Yinghuo-1 was supposed to orbit and study the planet Mars. It was launched with the Russian spacecraft Phobos-Grunt. The spacecraft got into space, but something went wrong and it could not escape earth's gravity. 

The name Yinghuo means firefly in Chinese.

References 

Spacecraft
People's Republic of China
Mars
Aldershot

Aldershot () is a town in the English county of Hampshire, about 60 km (37 miles) southwest of London. The town is administered by Rushmoor Borough Council. The town has a population of 33,840, while the Aldershot Urban Area, a loose conurbation (which also includes other towns, such as Camberley, Farnborough, and Farnham) has a population of 243,344, making it the 30th-largest urban area in the UK

Aldershot is home to professional football team Aldershot Town who compete in the Football Conference. Prior to 1992 the local club was Aldershot, which folded on 25 March 1992, while playing in the Football League Fourth Division

Aldershot is known for its connection with the British Army. This led to rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town. Today, Aldershot is known as the "Home of the British Army".

References

Towns in Hampshire
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) are a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services.  CDC main office is in Druid Hills, a neighborhood in northeastern Atlanta, Georgia.   It works to protect public health and safety. It provides information to enhance health decisions. It promotes health as a partner with state health departments and other organizations. When an infectious disease or bad food can cause health problems, the CDC will tell the nation how to fight it. The CDC works on environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States.

Foundation
The CDC Foundation is separate from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. It is incorporated in the State of Georgia. Section 399F of the Public Health Service Act created the foundation to help the CDC work with the private sector.

References

Other websites

 The CDC Homepage
 CDC Online Newsroom
 CDC Health Topics A to Z
 CDC Public Health Image Library
 CDC Global Communications Center
 CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory– Atlanta, Georgia 
 Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Meeting Notices and Rule Changes  from The Federal Register RSS Feed 
 Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

United States government agencies
United States Department of Health and Human Services
Maria Anna of Austria

Maria Anna of Austria (Maria Anna Josepha; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was an Archduchess of Austria as she was a daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. She would become Queen consort and regent of Portugal by her marriage to John V of Portugal. She was the Regent of Portugal from 1742 until 1750 during the illness of her spouse.  In Portugal she was commonly known as Mariana.

Life

The fifth of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperors children by Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, she was baptised Maria Anna Josepha. She was born in Linz as the Austrian royal family had to flee Vienna from the Turkish army which destroyed the capital. Maria Anna was a sister of two future Holy Roman Emperors Joseph I and Charles VI. Through Charles VI, she was an aunt of Empress Maria Theresa. Her first cousins included Elisabetta Farnese as well as Charles II of Spain.

Marriage

On 27 October 1708 she married her first cousin John V of Portugal. Both of their mothers were sisters. Maria Anna thus became Queen of Portugal as the wife of the ruling king. She was the mother of six children:

Regency 

In 1742 Maria Anna took over power as regent after her husband suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed. When John V died on 31 July 1750 she gave up power to their eldest son Joseph I of Portugal. She died at he Palace of Belém in 1754. Her body was buried in Lisbon, her heart was brought to Vienna and buried there in the imperial crypt.

Children

 Maria Barbara of Portugal (4 December 1711 – August 27, 1758) married Ferdinand VI of Spain.
 Pedro of Portugal (19 October 1712 – 24 October 1714) Prince of Brazil.
 Joseph I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) married Mariana Victoria of Spain.
 Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 30 March 1730) died unmarried.
 Peter III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) married Maria I of Portugal had issue.
 Alexander of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

7 September 1683 – 27 October 1708 Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Queen of Portugal
31 July 1750 – 14 August 1754 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Dowager Queen of Portugal

Related pages

Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Habsburg Dynasty
1683 births
1754 deaths
House of Braganza
Regents
Kings and Queens consort of Portugal
In the Zone

In the Zone is the fourth studio album by Britney Spears, released on November 13, 2003. She wrote or co-wrote some songs of the album: "Me Against the Music", "Showdown", "Early Mornin", "Touch of My Hand", "The Hook Up", "Shadow", "Brave New Girl" and "Everytime".

Track listing

 Latin American Bonus Track

 Australian, European & Japanese bonus tracks

References

2003 albums
Britney Spears albums
Brooklyn Botanic Garden

Brooklyn Botanic Garden (BBG) is a park in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The park has many different plants from many parts of the world. It is near the Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, and Park Slope neighborhoods. The area of the garden is . It includes several special gardens or plant collections. The Steinhardt Conservatory which has the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum is also there. The garden was founded in 1910.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Botanical gardens in the United States
Brooklyn
1910 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in New York (state)
SKN St. Pölten

Sportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten is a football club from St. Pölten the capital of the Austrian federal state Lower Austria. St. Poelten plays in the Austrian Football First League, the second division in the Austrian football league system.

History 
SKN St. Poelten was founded in June 2000.  The new club took over all belongings of the predecessor, FCN St. Poelten .Most important was the ownership  of the Bundesliga junior center.  Through this the club did not enter in the lowest class but was allowed in the 2nd League West, the fifth level of Austrian football.

The next two seasons they won the championships and reached the Regionalliga Ost(3rd division).In the 2003/04 season the club reached the 4th place. The following season the club reached sixth place in the league reached in the Austrian Cup the quarter-finals. They won over SV Wörgl (3-0), SW Bregenz (2–1) and a sensational 5-1 victory overAustria Salzburg in the third round.  In the quarter-finals, St. Poelten, was beaten by Austria Wien 6-0.
In autumn 2009 the club could present the plans for the new stadium which is currently built in the Ratzersdorf district of St.Pölten.

In the 2007/08 season they won the Regionalliga and were promoted to the First League.

Current squad

Notable players 
 Zlatko Kranjcar (1990)
 Frank Schinkels (2002–04)

Youth work 
The SKN St. Poelten currently has ten youth teams for children from the age of 7 to 15, with a total of 150 children and youths. In addition to the junior teams, the club has a second team (SKN II), which plays their games in the Mid Western League, with the squad mostly consisting of squad players under the age of 18.

Other websites

References 

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria
House of Bourbon-Parma

The Bourbons of Parma are a royal family who ruled the Duchy of Parma from 1748 till 1860 when Italy was created. The family was founded by the Infante Philip of Spain, third son of Philip V of Spain and Elisabetta Farnese. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ended the War of the Austrian Succession, and gave the land to Philip.

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France and the present pretending duke of Parma (Carlos/Carlo of Parma) is a direct descendant. The duchy was taken by the House of Savoy when the state of Italy was created.

 
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
English poetry

The history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to today. Over this period, English poets have written some of the longest-surviving poems in Western culture. The language and its poetry have spread around the world.

The earliest surviving poetry from the area now called England was probably transmitted orally (or passed from person to person by mouth, without being written down). It was then written down in versions that do not now survive. Because of this, it is difficult to say which poems were the earliest. There is a lot of controversy over this issue.

A number of major national poetries have developed. These include American, Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and Indian poetry. It may be controversial to describe Irish literature as English or British, even though it is in the English language.

Related pages
Beowulf
Blank verse

References 

Poetry
English literature
Rearrangement reaction

A rearrangement reaction are organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:
 

Intermolecular rearrangements also take place. 

Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction.  Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams.  But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

In pericyclic reactions, the orbital interactions are important. The reactions can not be explained by a series of simple discrete electron transfers. But, the curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction.  Yet, the diagrams are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement, the reaction is ionic.

Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

1,2-rearrangements
A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift, the substituent moves between two adjacent atoms. But moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

and the Beckmann rearrangement:

Pericyclic reactions
A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:

Olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.

References
Computational chemistry

Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer science to help solve chemical problems.  These programs calculate the structures and properties of molecules and solids. Computational chemistry normally complements the information obtained by chemical experiments. It can predict chemical phenomena that have not yet been observed. It is widely used in the design of new drugs and materials.

Computational chemistry can predict structure (that is, the expected positions of the molecule's atoms), absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.

Computational chemistry looks at both static and dynamic systems. In all cases, as the size of the system being studied grows, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) used also grows.  That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid.  Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate. Highly accurate methods are typically feasible only for small systems.

Related pages
 Bioinformatics
 Statistical mechanics
 Theoretical chemistry

Other websites
NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase  - Contains a database of thousands of computational and experimental results for hundreds of systems
American Chemical Society Division of Computers in Chemistry - American Chemical Society Computers in Chemistry Division, resources for grants, awards, contacts and meetings.
CSTB report Mathematical Research in Materials Science: Opportunities and Perspectives - CSTB Report
3.320 Atomistic Computer Modeling of Materials (SMA 5107)  Free MIT Course
Technology Roadmap for Computational Chemistry 
Applications of molecular and materials modelling.
Impact of Advances in Computing and Communications Technologies on Chemical Science and Technology CSTB Report
MD and Computational Chemistry applications on GPUs

Computational chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Alexander Morozevich

Alexander Morozevich  (born Moscow, 18 July 1977) is a Russian chess Grandmaster. He was ranked second, in the July 2008 FIDE rating list, but is now ranked ninth.

Morozevich has been one of the best chess players in the world for nearly a decade. He is famous for employing unusual openings, for example the Chigorin Defense (1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nc6), and more recently the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level. He is also well known for preferring complicated rather than clear positions. Perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, Morozevich is popular among chess fans. 

Among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 Chess Olympiad (winning Bronze Medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 Chess Olympiad. He took first place in the overall standings at the Amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with Kramnik) and 2006 (shared with Anand); first place in Biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the Russian championship (1998 and 2007).

References 

1977 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Peter Leko

Peter Leko (; born 8 September 1979) in Subotica, Yugoslavia is the leading Hungarian chess grandmaster. 

He became a grandmaster in 1994 at the age of 14 years (a world record at the time). He was the challenger in the Classical World Championship 2004 against Vladimir Kramnik. He tied with Kramnik 7-7, so Kramnik kept his title. Leko's best world ranking was fourth, first achieved in April 2003.

References 

1979 births
Living people
Hungarian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Abilene Ruff Riders

The Abilene Ruff Riders are an American football team. They play their games at the Taylor County Expo Center in Abilene, Texas. Their team colours are red, black and white. The team logo (the picture they have on their shirts) is a cowboy on a horse. They have a team mascot called Rowdy the Ruffrider, who is a cowboy too.

History 

At first, the Ruff Riders were called the Katy Ruff Riders, because they played their games in a city called Katy, Texas. In 2008, they moved to Abilene and changed their name. They were part of the Intense Football League until 2010. For the 2010 - 2011 season, they were part of the Southern Indoor Football League, but now they are a part of the Lone Star Football League.

Other websites 
 Abilene Ruff Riders Website 
 Lone Star Football League Website 

American football
Abilene, Texas
Sports in Texas
Kifkif

The Association of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders persons in Morocco (KIFKIF) is a Moroccan non-profit organization working on improving the legal and social status of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. It was founded in 2005 in and is the first LGBT advocacy group in North Africa. Kifkif means equal in Arabic.

References

Other websites

LGBT
Non-profit organizations
2005 establishments in Africa
Establishments in Morocco
Jerry Koosman

Jerry Koosman (born December 23, 1942) is a former baseball player with the New York Mets, Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies.  He was a pitcher.  He won more than 200 games in his career.  In 1969, he was on the Mets team that won the baseball championship the World Series.  Koosman won two games for the Mets in the 1969 World Series.

In 1968, Koosman finished 2nd by one vote to Johnny Bench in the voting for National League Rookie of the Year, given to the best first year player in the league.  In 1976, Koosman finished 2nd to Randy Jones in the voting for National League Cy Young Award, given to the league's best pitcher. Koosman won at least 20 games in both 1976 and 1979.

References

1942 births
Living people
New York Mets players
Minnesota Twins players
Chicago White Sox players
Philadelphia Phillies players
National League All-Stars
Tom Cleverley

Thomas (Tom) William Cleverley (born 12 August 1989) is an English footballer. He was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire and grew up in Bradford, West Yorkshire.

Cleverley plays for Premier League club Everton and the England national team.

References

1989 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Basingstoke
People from Bradford
Sportspeople from Hampshire
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Premier League players
Johnny Bench

Johnny Bench (born December 7, 1947) is a former baseball player who played for the Cincinnati Reds.  He mostly played catcher.  He hit 389 home runs.  He was the National League Most Valuable Player in both 1970 and 1972.  He was also the National League Rookie of the Year, or best first year player, in 1968.  He was chosen for the All Star Game 14 times.  

He won the baseball championship, the World Series, with Reds in both 1975 and 1976, and was voted the Most Valuable Player of the World Series in 1976.  He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.

Most analysts think either Bench or Iván Rodríguez is the greatest catcher of all time.

References

1947 births
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
Gali Akish

ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.

Ali Aksih was a preeminent leader of the Tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee. After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland. Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper “Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published. Their work was interrupted by the invasion of Poland by the Nazi and Soviet forces.

Akish lived from 1940 to 1966 in Turkey where he was involved with the diaspora national movement. His pamphlet “Problems of Idel-Ural and Soviet Imperialism” printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the USSR in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the President of the Tatar ASSR, Salikh Batiyev in 1977. In 1966 Ali Akish joined the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1983, he retired from this position and went again to Ankara. Over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as Turk Kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "Idel-Ural'da Hurriyet Mucadelesi" (Struggle for Freedom in Idel-Ural).

In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations. The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.

He was able to visit Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center. Akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the Tatar people from colonial oppression. The World Tatar League named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. A school was named in his honor in the city of Chally (Naberezhniye Chelny) in Tatarstan.

References 

Tatars
Yield (chemistry)

In chemistry, yield (also called chemical yield or reaction yield) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction.<ref name=vogel>Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. and P.W.G. Smith. Vogel's Textbook of Practical OrganicHall, 19936-3.</ref> The absolute yield gives the weight in grams, and the molar yield gives the number of moles.

The fractional yield, relative yield, or percentage yield shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked. It is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the theoretical yield (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):

To get the percentage yield'', one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).

The ideal percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be achieved because measurements are never completely accurate. Yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".

References

Chemistry
Impulse

Impulse might mean:
 A feeling of wanting to do something.
 Impulse (physics)
 Specific impulse

Basic English 850 words
Alexis Sánchez

Alexis Alejandro Sánchez Sánchez (born 19 December 1988), is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for English club Manchester United FC and the Chile national team.

In July 2014, Sanchez signed for Arsenal on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £35 million. In January 2018, he joined The Red Devils after Henrikh Mkhitaryan swapped clubs with him to Arsenal FC.

Honors

Clubs

Colo-Colo 
 Chilean Primera División: 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura

River Plate 
 Argentine Primera División: 2008 Clausura

Barcelona 
 La Liga: 2012–13
 Copa del Rey: 2011–12
 Supercopa de España: 2011, 2013
 UEFA Super Cup: 2011 FIFA Club World Cup: 2011

Arsenal 
 FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016-17
 FA Community Shield: 2014, 2015

International

Chile 
 Copa América: 2015, 2016
 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017: Runner Up

Individual Awards 
 Copa América Golden Ball: 2016
 Arsenal's Player of the Season: 2014–15,2016-17
 Premier League Team of the Year: 2014–15
 Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2016
 FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Ball: 2017

Career Statistics

Clubs

International 
As of 15 November 2016

References

1988 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
People from Antofagasta Region
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Evolution of cetaceans

The Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are mammalian marine descendants of land mammals. Their terrestrial origins are indicated by:
 Their need to breathe air from the surface;
 The bones of their fins, which resemble the limbs of land mammals
 The vertical movement of their spines, characteristic more of a running mammal than of the horizontal movement of fish.

The question of how land animals evolved into ocean-going leviathans was a mystery until recent discoveries in Pakistan revealed several stages in the transition of cetaceans from land to sea.

DNA sequence analysis 
After many years when palaeontologists thought whales had evolved from mesonychids, DNA sequence analysis showed the closest relationship was with artiodactyls, the even-toed ungulates. A new clade was created to include Cetacea and their nearest relatives, the hippopotamus family. This clade is called the Cetartiodactyla.

Fossil record 

Hippo fossils are not found until the Miocene, but whale ancestors have been found from the Eocene. This leaves a gap of nearly 30 million years where no hippo ancestors are found.  The most recent hypothesis is that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor which branched off from other Artiodactyls around 60 million years ago (mya).  This ancestral group probably split into two branches around 54 mya. One branch evolved into cetaceans, possibly beginning with the proto-whale Pakicetus from 52 mya.  These early cetaceans gradually became adapted to life in the sea. They became the completely aquatic cetaceans.

Indohyus 

Indohyus is a small deer-like creature, which lived about 48 million years ago in Kashmir. It belongs to the artiodactyls family Raoellidae, and is believed to be the closest sister group of Cetacea. 

About the size of a raccoon or domestic cat, this herbivorous creature shared some of the traits of whales. It also showed signs of adaptations to aquatic life, including a thick and heavy outer bone coating. This is similar to the bones of modern creatures such as the hippopotamus, and reduces buoyancy so that they can stay underwater. This suggests a similar survival strategy to the African mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes.

Size

Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals.  They said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Cetaceans
Coal ball

A Coal ball is a permineralised life form that is full of calcium, magnesium and occasionally iron sulfide. They generally have a round shape. Coal balls are not made of coal, even though they have the name "coal ball".

In 1855, two English scientists, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Edward William Binney, found coal balls in England. Because of that, the initial research on coal balls was done in Europe. Coal balls were found and identified in North America in 1922. Since then, coal balls have been found in other countries and several theories on their formation have been proposed.

Marie Stopes and D.M.S. Watson also examined coal ball samples. They agreed that coal balls formed in situ. They also added that interaction with a marine environment was necessary for a coal ball to form.

Coal balls are in coal seams across North America and Eurasia. North American coal balls are in more places than in Europe. The oldest coal balls were found in Germany and former Czechoslovakia.

In 1962, Sergius Mamay and Ellis Yochelson found signs of marine animal remains in North American coal balls.

The quality of the preservation of organic material depends on the speed of the burial process and the degree of compression before undergoing permineralisation. Generally, coal balls resulting from remains that have a quick burial with little decay and pressure have a higher preservation degree. However, plant remains in most coal balls show various signs of decay and collapse.

Analysis
Thin sectioning was an early procedure used to analyse fossilised material contained in coal balls. The ball was cut into thin sections with a diamond saw. Then it was flattened and polished with an abrasive. Then it was examined under a  microscope. This is the procedure which was carried out by Hooker and Binney. The time needed, and the poor quality of samples produced, led to a more convenient method.

The new method, first used in 1928, is called the "liquid peel technique".

Related pages 
 Fossil
 Petrified wood

References 

Fossils
Geology
Napster

Napster was a computer program that allowed people to share music over the Internet. It was shut down as the result of a lawsuit by the RIAA. Napster has since reopened with some changes

File sharing
Alpine butterfly knot

The alpine butterfly loop is a knot used to form a loop in the middle of a rope.  Once tied, the loop will not shift up and down the rope. It is good for adding a stationary loop in a continuous piece of rope, without bending the rope.

Related pages
 List of knots

Knots
List of knots

This page is a list of knots.

Lists
Reef knot

The reef knot (or square knot) is a knot that is often used to tie two ropes together.

Related pages
 List of knots

Binding knots
Joining knots
Sheet bend

The sheet bend is a knot made to join two ends of rope together.

Related pages
 List of knots

Joining knots
Extinction (astronomy)

Interstellar extinction is when the electromagnetic radiation of an astronomical object is blocked and/or scattered by other astronomical objects and cosmic dust.

Also known as galactic extinction when the object is in the Milky Way.

Astronomy
Masala (movie genre)

Masala (; ) is a word used in South East Asia, mainly India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is used for  a style of Indian movies where there is a mix of various styles of movies in one movie. For example, a movie can show action, comedy, drama, and romance. This movie style is used very often in South Indian films as it helps make the movies appeal to more viewers. Famous masala directors include S. Shankar, Perarasu and K. S. Ravikumar.

Cinema of India
Cinema of Pakistan
Bangladeshi culture
Sharaf Khan Bidlisi

Sharaf Khan Bidlisi (, 1543 1603), was a Kurdish prince and historian. In 1597 he wrote a book on Kurdish history, Sharafnama.

References

Kurdish people
1543 births
1603 deaths
Princes and princesses
Historians
Informal economy

The informal economy is that part of economy which is not reported in official statistics such as the gross domestic product of a country. The informal economy is not taxed, and includes the black market. In developing countries over 70% of the people work in this form of economy. They are self-employed, because it is difficult to find an employer to hire them. People working in this form of economy have no social benefits or social security, which are usually only given by the state to those who have made tax contributions. 

Usually, most people working in this form of economy are women; they work in the most erratic and corrupt segments of the job market.
Sixty percent of female workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector. There are two main reasons why this is the case: First, the kind of employment that is available caters mostly to women. Secondly, most women either work from home, because they also have to take care of children, or they work as street vendors; both of these kinds of work are classified in the informal sector. 

What is more, most people at the top positions of the sector are men, and most people in the bottom positions are women.
For example, very few women are employers who hire others and more women are likely to be involved in smaller scale operations. Labor markets, household decisions, and states all propagate this gender inequality. The gender gap in terms of wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.

References

Labor
Economic markets
Feminism
Two half-hitches

Two half-hitches is a knot that is often used to attach rope to poles or other objects.  It is one of many knots that are called hitches.  When a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms the two half-hitches.

Related pages
 List of knots

Hitches
Clove hitch

A clove hitch is a knot that is tied around an object. It is a kind of hitch knot. When a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms a knot called Two half-hitches.

Related pages
 List of knots

Hitches
Biological engineering

Biological engineering (also known as biotechnological engineering and bioengineering) is any type of engineering that is applied to living things.

References 

Branches of biology
Engineering disciplines
Audi A8

The Audi A8 is the largest car produced by Audi. It replaced the Audi V8 in 1994, and is available with either short or long wheelbase. The range incorporates 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-cylinder petrol engines and 6- and 8-cylinder diesel engines. A more sporty version is the Audi S8.

A8
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Mariner 3

Mariner 3 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the third spacecraft in the Mariner program. It was designed to take photos of the planet Mars after an eight month journey studying interplanetary (between planet) space. However, the spacecraft lost power eight hours after launch, and it never achieved the correct Mars trajectory. It eventually entered a heliocentric (Sun-centred) orbit.

References

Other websites 

Mariner 03

de:Mariner#Mariner 3 und 4
Selenography

Selenography is the study of the physical features of the Moon.

References 

Moon
Sorption

When two chemical substances come in contact with each other, through what is called a phase, they will interact with each other in that phase. They may also have an  interface. If a substance accumulates within a phase this is called absorption, if the same process happens on the interface, it is called adsorption. In the year 1909, James William McBain introduced the word Sorption to describe such a process, in the case where it is not easy or meaningful to make a difference between absorption and adsorption. 

Examples of where the concept of sorption is important are measuring the pollution of the environment; using sorption it is possible to bind pollutants to small particles in the air (called aerosols), or in the soil (where they bind to colloids). Sorption makes these bindings possible. In much the same way, polluants can be transported over long distances. 

Machines and processes that use sorption include the absorption refrigerator and solar air conditioning.

Physics
Dreaming of You (song)

"Dreaming of You" is a song by Mexican-American Tejano pop singer Selena. It was released as the second single from the album of the same name (1995).

Chart performance

Certifications/Sales

References

Selena songs
1995 songs
Selenology

Selenology is the science of the Moon. It is a branch of astronomy.

References 

Moon
Fobos-Grunt

Fobos-Grunt (also spelled Phobos-Grunt, also called Phobos Sample Return Mission) was an unmanned Russian spacecraft. It was an attempted sample return mission to Phobos, a moon of the planet Mars. Scientists intended Phobos-Grunt to orbit and study Mars. It was meant to look at Mars' atmosphere and dust storms, plasma and radiation. Then, Phobos-Grunt should have landed on Phobos and returned a 200 g soil sample to Earth.

The spacecraft was the first Russian interplanetary mission since Mars 96. It was launched on 8 November 2011 (UTC), aboard a Zenit rocket, at Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was sent with the Chinese spacecraft Yinghuo-1 and  with the Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment.

The name Phobos-Grunt () is Russian for Phobos-Soil.

References

Other websites

Information

Images
A picture of Phobos-Grunt . Retrieved 2011-09-05.
Phobos-Grunt diagram. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
A model of Phobos-Grunt. Retrieved 2011-09-05.

Spacecraft
Mars
2011 in Russia
2012 in Russia
Wade Belak

Wade Belak (July 3, 1976 – August 31, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played a career total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 12th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Belak retired from the NHL on March 8, 2011 and remained with the Predators in an organizational role. On August 31, 2011, He was found dead in his condo at the One King Street West hotel in Toronto. His death was later treated as a suicide by Toronto police. Before his death he was preparing to take part in the upcoming season of Battle of the Blades.

References

Other websites

1976 births
2011 deaths
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Avalanche players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Nashville Predators players
People from Saskatoon
Saskatoon Blades players
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides in Canada
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Skate (video game)

Skate (marketed as skate.) is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 systems. The game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded. The game is the first in the Skate video game series. It was followed by Skate 2 in 2009 and Skate 3 in 2010.

References

Other websites
Official game website

Sports video games
2007 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Skate 2

Skate 2 is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 systems. The game was the second in the Skate video game series. It was followed by Skate 3 which was released in 2010. The game got very good reviews with a 7.5 out of 10 from GameSpot and a 83 out of 100 from Metacritic.

References

Other websites
Official game website

Sports video games
2009 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Skate 3

Skate 3 is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 video game systems. The game was the third in the Skate video game series. The game takes place in the city of Port Carverton. The city also embraces skateboarding which was unlike the second game where they had a "skateboarding is a crime" mentality. The game got good reviews with a 7.5 out of 10 from GameSpot and a 80 out of 100 from Metacritic.

References

Other websites
Official game website

Sports video games
2010 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Catwalk

A catwalk is a raised walkway. The term is most often used for fashion shows, where models walk along showing off the clothes. A catwalk on a ship is a passageway above decks. A similar term is runway, but it need not be off the ground.

Movie 
Catwalk, a documentary on life on the fashion runways, was filmed in 1993 by director Robert Leacock. The movie followed models Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon, Kate Moss, and Carla Bruni as they jetted around London, Milan, Paris, and New York during Spring Fashion Week, including behind-the-scenes footage.  The movie was shot in black and white and colour, and featured many top designers at work, like a young John Galliano, Justin Thomas, Karl Lagerfeld, and Gianni Versace four years before his death.

Architectural elements
Fashion
About a Girl (song)

"About a Girl" by the grunge band Nirvana is the third song on Nirvana's first album Bleach. It was one of Kurt Cobain's less heavy songs of the ones he wrote for the band. Compared to "Blew" and "Downer" it is considered quite mild.

Nirvana songs
1989 songs
The Rescuers

The Rescuers is a 1977 American animated comedy-drama adventure movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was first released to movie theaters on June 22, 1977, by Buena Vista Distribution. It is the 23rd Disney animated movie. The movie is about the Rescue Aid Society, an international mouse organization in New York City and shadowing the United Nations. They are dedicated to helping abduction victims around the world at large. Two of these mice, shy janitor Bernard (Bob Newhart) and his co-agent, the elegant Miss Bianca (Eva Gabor), set out to rescue Penny (Michelle Stacy), an orphan girl who is being held prisoner in Devil's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa (Geraldine Page).

The movie is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp, mainly The Rescuers and Miss Bianca. The movie was very successful. Later Disney released a sequel called The Rescuers Down Under in 1990. This made this movie the first Disney animated movie to have a sequel.

Cast 
 Bob Newhart as Bernard
 Eva Gabor as Miss Bianca
 Geraldine Page as Madame Medusa
 Michelle Stacy as Penny
 Joe Flynn as Mr. Snoops
 Jim Jordan as Orville
 John McIntire as Rufus
 Jeanette Nolan as Ellie Mae and Pat Buttram as Luke
 James MacDonald as Evinrude
 Bernard Fox as Mr. Chairman
 George Lindsey as Deadeye
 Larry Clemmons as Gramps
 Dub Taylor as Digger
 John Fiedler as Deacon Owl
 Shelby Flint as Singer, Bottle
 Bill McMillian as T.V. Announcer

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1977 comedy movies
1977 drama movies
1970s animated movies
American animated movies
American buddy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Disney animated movies
Movies based on books
Movies about animals