cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
German Workers' Party

The  or German Workers' Party (DAP) was a political party in Germany just after World War I.   It did not last for very long, and became the National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party (, acronym NSDAP).

Origins
Eight days before elections in Bavaria, the DAP was founded in Munich in the  Café Gasteig on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler and Michael Lotter. The DAP grew out of the 'Free Worker's Committee for a Good Peace' ()  which Drexler had also started.

Most of the DAP's first members were friends of Drexler's from the Munich rail depot. Drexler wanted a party that was nationalist and aimed at ordinary people.  Most other nationalist parties were middle class parties. The first membership was about forty people.

On 24 March 1919, Karl Harrer (a sports journalist and member of the Thule Society) joined the DAP to try to get more control over the DAP for the Thule Society.  There were still not many members, and meetings were often held in local pubs.

Adolf Hitler joins the DAP

When Adolf Hitler was still a corporal in the German army, he was ordered to spy on the DAP during one of its meetings at the Sterneckerbräu on 12 September 1919.

Hitler was very good at making speeches, so  Anton Drexler asked him to join the party. Hitler thought about this, and then joined near the end of September 1919. There were no membership numbers or cards when Hitler joined the party. In January 1920 the DAP began to give membership cards and numbers.  They started at number 501 to make the party look bigger.  Hitler got number 555, but he was also committee member number 7.  Later Hitler said he  was party member number 7, to make it look like he was a founder member of the DAP.

From DAP to NSDAP
The small number of party members were quick to believe in Hitler's ideas.

To try to make the party more popular the DAP changed its name on 24 February 1920 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei).  At first Hitler wanted the new name to be the 'Social Revolutionary Party'; but Rudolf Jung persuaded Hitler to use NSDAP.

Membership 

Hitler was the 55th member of the party. Other well-known early members were:

Karl Harrer
Anton Drexler
Gottfried Feder
Dietrich Eckart
Alfred Rosenberg
Hans Frank

References

Weimar Republic
Former political parties in Germany
Nazi Party
1910s establishments in Germany
1919 establishments in Europe
1920 disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in Germany
Cary, North Carolina

Cary is the second largest city in Wake County, North Carolina, United States.  After January 1, 2008, Cary had a population of 127,640. According to CNN, Cary is the 8th fastest growing city in the United States.

History 
Cary began in 1750 as a settlement called Bradford's Ordinary.  About 100 years later, the North Carolina Railroad was built between New Bern and Hillsborough and the railroad went through the settlement.  Allison Francis Page, a farmer and lumberman, and his wife, Catherine Raboteau Page bought 300 acres (1.2 km²) of land surrounding the railroad in 1854 and named it Cary.  Page made the first streets in Cary and built a sawmill, a store and a post office.  In 1868, he built a hotel for railroad passengers coming through Cary. Cary officially became a town on April 6, 1871, and Page became the first mayor.

Education 
There are many schools in Cary.  The public schools are run by the Wake County Public School System.  There are also many private schools, both religious and non-religious.  Private schooling and home schooling are popular among many Cary residents.

Transportation 

The Town of Cary operates a local bus system called C-Tran .  Cary also has an Amtrak station and is just a few miles away from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport.  Cary has many bike trails and many neighborhoods have sidewalks, so it is a good place to walk or ride a bike.

References 

Cities in North Carolina
Wake County, North Carolina
Sultan Ahmed Mosque

The Sultan Ahmed Mosque, commonly called the Blue Mosque, is a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It was built between 1609 and 1616, when Ahmed I ruled the Ottoman Empire. Like with many other mosques, the founder of the mosque is buried in it. His architect, Sedefkar Mehmed Agha, decorated it like a jeweler would. There is also a madrasah and a hospice associated with the mosque. Today it is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Istanbul.

Story 
According to legend day Sultan I. Ahmet wanted gold minarets on his mosque. The word for gold in Turkish is  altın. Apparently this was misunderstood as alti, or six. So the mosque has six minarets.

References 

Mosques in Turkey
Shah Mosque

Shah Mosque (Persian: ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺷﺎﻩ , Masjed-e Shāh) is a mosque in Isfahan (Isfahan), Iran. It is on the south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square. It has been renamed to Imam Mosque after the Islamic Revolution.

Built during the Safavids period, it is an excellent example of the Islamic architecture of Iran. Many people see it as the masterpiece of Persian Architecture. The Imam Mosque of Isfahan is one of the everlasting masterpieces of architecture in Iran and all over the world. It is registered along with the Naghsh-i Jahan Square as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its construction began in 1611. Its splendor is mainly due to the beauty of its seven-color mosaic tiles and calligraphic inscriptions.

Measurements 
The port of the mosque measures 27 meters high. There are two minarets 42 meters tall on top of it.
The Mosque it is surrounded with four iwans and arcades. All the walls are ornamented with seven-color mosaic tile. The most magnificent iwan of the mosque is the one facing the Qibla. It is 33 meters high. Behind it is a space which is roofed with the largest dome in the city at 52 meters height. The dome is double layered.

There are two seminaries at the southwest and southeast sections of the mosque.

Architects 

The architects of the mosque are reported to be the following masters:

 Ustad Ali Akbar Isfahani
 Ustad Fereydun Naini
 Ustad Shoja' Isfahani

The mosque is one of the treasures featured on Around the World in 80 Treasures presented by the architecture historian Dan Cruickshank.

Related pages
 Sultan Ahmed Mosque

References 
 Mimaran-i Iran by Zohreh Bozorg-nia. 2004.

Other websites 
 Google Maps Satellite view

Mosques in Asia
Buildings and structures in Iran
Löbau-Zittau

Löbau-Zittau () was a  (district) in the east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. It was on the borders of Germany and Poland (to the east) and the Czech Republic (to the south).

History 
The district was formed in 1994 by merging the two previous districts Löbau and Zittau. The district will change again in 2008, when the independent city () of Görlitz is merged with the district.

Other websites 
 Official website  

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Apex, North Carolina

Apex is a town in the U.S. State of North Carolina.  It is part of Wake County.

Other websites
ApexNC.com Community Website 
Official town of Apex website

Towns in North Carolina
Wake County, North Carolina
1873 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis

The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis () was the easternmost Kreis (district) of the Free State of Saxony and Germany. It ended in 2008.

The urban district Görlitz is in the east, at the boundary to Poland. In July 2008 Görlitz stopped being an independent city, and became part of the districts of Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and Löbau-Zittau.

History 
The district was not part of Saxony before World War II. It was a part of German Silesia. When most of Silesia was given to Poland after the war, the part of Silesia on the west bank of the Rive Neisse was made part of Saxony.

The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitz district was formed in 1994 by joining the previous districts Niesky and Weißwasser, and most part of the district Görlitz.

Twin towns 
The district is twinned with
 , Neustadt (Waldnaab)
 , Schwandorf
 , Zarski
 , Semily

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Luís de Camões

Luís Vaz de Camões (c. 1524 – June 10, 1580) was Portugal's greatest poet. He has been compared to Homer, Virgil, Dante, Cervantes or Shakespeare. He wrote lyrical poetry (in Portuguese and in Spanish) and drama but is best remembered for his epic work Os Lusíadas. (His philosophical work The Parnasum of Luís Vaz was lost, stolen with part of Os Lusíadas by envious enemies while he was staying at Mozambique.)

Works 
 Os Lusíadas
Is about the exploration of Portuguese people through Africa and the West Indies. It talks a lot about Vasco de Gama.
 The Parnasum of Luís Vaz (lost)

Legacy 
Today, a museum dedicated to Camões can be found in Macau, the Museu Luís de Camões.

Bibliography

English 

A biography about Camões is Life of Camões, by John Adamson, published by Longman in 1820.
 Luis de Camões: Epic and Lyric, ed. Keith Bosley (1990)
 Camoens: His Life and his Lusiads, 1881
 The Place of Camoens in Literature / Nabuco, Joaquim., 1908
 Luis de Camões / Bell, Aubrey F. G., 1923
 Camoens, Central Figure of Portuguese Lit. / Goldberg, Isaac., 1924
 From Virgil to Milton / Bowra, C. M., 1945
 Camoens and the Epic of the Lusiads / Hart, Henry Hersch., 1962
 The Lusiads of Luiz de Camões / Bacon, Leonard., 1966
 The Presence of Camões / Monteiro, George., 1996
 The Lusiads / White, Landeg., 2002

Notes

Other websites 

 
 Luis Vaz de Camões - Catholic Encyclopedia article
 Fulgrosse's Blog about Luiz Vaz de Camões and his mysteries

1520s births
1580 deaths
Poets
Portuguese writers
Kamenz (district)

Kamenz () was a  (rural district) in the north-east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city Hoyerswerda is completely surrounded by the district. There was a reorganisation of districts in Saxony in July 2008, and Hoyerswerda became a part of Landkreis Kamenz instead of having a separate government.

History 
The district was formed in 1994 from the previous Kamenz district, the northern parts of the Dresden-Land district, around Radeberg, and the Hoyerswerda district, except the town of Hoyerswerda, which became a district-free city. From 1994 to 1996 it was called Westlausitz - Dresdner Land, but then renamed to Kamenz again.

Partnerships 
Since December 14, 1990 the district has been a twin town of the district Alzey-Worms in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Emerald Isle, North Carolina

Emerald Isle is a small town on the coast of North Carolina, United States.  Emerald Isle is a beach town.  About 50,000 people come every summer.  Emerald Isle became a town in 1953.

Other websites
 Official Emerald Isle, NC website

References

Carteret County, North Carolina
Towns in North Carolina
Beaches of the United States
1953 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in North Carolina
Theobromine

Theobromine is a chemical substance, also known as xantheose. It is an alkaloid. It occurs in the cacao plant. Chemically, it is very similar to caffeine. Because the cacao plant is used to make chocolate, it is also found in chocolate. Despite its name, there is no bromine in it. The name "theobromine" comes from the word "Theobroma" as the name of the genus of the cacao tree (which itself is made up of the Greek roots theo ("God") and brosi ("food"), meaning "food of the gods") with the suffix  given to alkaloids and other base nitrogen-containing compounds.

Theobromine is a water-insoluble, crystalline, bitter powder. Its colour is listed as either white or colourless. It has a similar, but lesser, effect to caffeine, making it a lesser homologue. Theobromine is an isomer of theophylline as well as paraxanthine. Theobromine is categorized as a dimethyl xanthine, which means it is a xanthine with two methyl groups.

Theobromine was first isolated from the seeds of the cacao tree in 1878 and then shortly afterwards was synthesized from xanthine by Hermann Emil Fischer.

Theobromine is toxic to dogs.

References

Chemistry
Black tea

Black tea is a kind of tea made from leaves of Camellia sinensis. Often, it is stronger in taste than other varieties of tea, like green tea or oolong. It also has more caffeine. In some parts of the world, like China, it is called red tea, a description of the colour of the liquid. The Western term "black tea" comes from the color of the tea leaf. It has been traded a lot because it could be kept longer. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West. All People Consumed tea in a daily life routine. Tea is the most-consumed thing in the world after water. One of the best tea is Black tea and Its benefits is very effective.

Producing area and varieties
Unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced.

India
One of the most famous countries producing black tea, exporting more than 12% of the world's tea. Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri are known as representative producing areas.

Darjeeling
Darjeeling is grown in Darjeeling district on the foothills of the Himalayas in West Bengal, India. The fragrance is outstandingly good and is compared to the incense of flower or the fruit such as muscatel. It is regarded as the "Champagne of Teas".

Assam
Assam district is major producing area in the northeast of India. It has a sweet fragrance and full-bodied taste and suits milk or sugar. The colour of liquid is dark red.

Nilgiri
The Nilgiri region is hilly area in southern India. The liquid is clear red. It is suitable for tea with milk and particularly spice. Nilgiri has fresh and clear fragrance and clean but solid flavor.

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is next to India in the total production of black tea. The generic name for black tea which grown in Sri Lanka is Ceylon tea. 

Uva
Kandy
Dimbula
Nuwara Eliya
Ruhuna

China
Tea produced in China has characteristic that the taste is not so bitter. Straight tea is more popular than tea with milk or sugar in China.

Keemun

Blends
Black tea is often blended with other black tea or various other plants.

English Breakfast
One of the most popular blended tea for breakfast. It is blended to go well with milk or sugar. 

Earl Grey
The blended tea sprayed  bergamot oil which gives it the smell of a citrus fruit.

Health
Black tea without milk or sugar contains no calories. Black tea also contains tannin and the caffeine. There is a connection between blood-cholesterol-lowering (BCL) and drinking black tea. According to a 2001 Boston University study, there is a relationship between a more drinking black tea and a decrease in a kind of cardiovascular disease.

References

Tea
Bautzen (district)

Bautzen () is a district in the Free State of Saxony in Germany.

The district was created in 1994 by joining the former districts of Bautzen and Bischofswerda. The independent city of Hoyerswerda and the former district Kamenz became part of the district in 2008

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities 
{|
! align="left" | Towns
! align="left" | Municipalities
!
|- valign="top"
|
Bautzen (Budyšin)
Bernsdorf
Bischofswerda
Elstra
Großröhrsdorf
Hoyerswerda (Wojerecy)
Kamenz (Kamjenc)
Königsbrück
Lauta (Łuty)
Pulsnitz
Radeberg
Schirgiswalde
Weißenberg (Wospork)
Wilthen
Wittichenau (Kulow)
||
Arnsdorf
Bretnig-Hauswalde
Burkau (Porchow)
Crostau
Crostwitz (Chrósćicy)
Cunewalde
Demitz-Thumitz
Doberschau-Gaußig (Dobruša-Huska)
Elsterheide (Halštrowska hola)
Frankenthal
Göda (Hodźij)
Großdubrau (Wulka Dubrawa)
Großharthau
Großnaundorf
Großpostwitz (Budestecy)
Guttau (Hućina)
||
 Haselbachtal
Hochkirch (Bukecy)
Laußnitz
Lichtenberg
 Kirschau
 Königswartha (Rakecy)
 Kubschütz (Kubšicy)
 Lohsa (Łaz)
 Malschwitz (Malešecy)
Nebelschütz (Njebjelćicy)
 Neschwitz (Njeswaćidło)
 Neukirch, Bautzen
Neukirch, Kamenz
 Obergurig (Hornja Hórka)
 Ohorn
 Oßling

||
  Ottendorf-Okrilla
 Panschwitz-Kuckau (Pančicy-Kukow)
Puschwitz (Bóšicy)
 Räckelwitz (Worklecy)
 Radibor (Radwor)
 Ralbitz-Rosenthal (Ralbicy-Róžant)
 Rammenau
 Schmölln-Putzkau
 Schönteichen
 Schwepnitz
 Sohland an der Spree
 Spreetal (Sprjewiny doł)
 Steina
 Steinigtwolmsdorf
 Wachau
 Wiednitz
|}

Other websites 
 Official website 

 
1994 establishments in Germany
Decaffeination

Decaffeination is a process which tries to remove most caffeine from things that contain it. Examples of plants that have caffeine in them are coffee beans, mate, tea leaves and cocoa. Soft drinks that do not have caffeine in them are sometimes called decaffeinated. While the caffeine is removed from some of them, it is simply not added to others, like Coca Cola. 

There are different processes to remove the caffeine.

Drinks that were produced from plants that had their caffeine removed are not free of caffeine; they still contain a little. It is simply not possible to remove all caffeine.

Chemical processes
Dresden Government Region

Dresden is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is found in the south-eastern part of the state.

Saxony is divided into urban (meaning in the city) and rural (meaning in the country) districts like all German states. The districts are grouped into government areas (regierungsbezirke) as well.

Other websites 
 Official website
Holly Springs, North Carolina

Holly Springs is a small town in North Carolina, United States.  It is called the "Fastest growing town in the Carolinas" because so many people are moving there.  In 2006, there were 17,425 people in Holly Springs.

Towns in North Carolina
Wake County, North Carolina
Gaustadt

Gaustadt is a district of Bamberg, Upper Franconia in Germany. In Gaustadt there is a brewery called Brauerei Kaiserdom (Brewery Kaiserdom).

History 
5,700 people live there. Since 1972, Gaustadt is not an own community.

Bamberg
Boroughs of Germany
Super Tuesday

In the United States, Super Tuesday commonly refers to the Tuesday in early February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions. Each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated. 

More delegates can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar, and accordingly, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their party's nomination. 

In 2008, Super Tuesday was February 5; 24 states held primaries or caucuses on this date, with 52 percent of all pledged Democratic Party delegates and 41 percent of the total Republican Party delegates at stake.

Events in the United States
Politics of the United States

he:הבחירות המקדימות לנשיאות ארצות הברית#סופר טיוזדיי
Brauerei Kaiserdom

The Brauerei Kaiserom (English: Brewery Kaiserdom) is a brewery in Gaustadt, a quarter of Bamberg, Germany.

History

The brewery was founded in 1718 by Georg Morg. Since 1910, it has been managed by family Wörner. In 1953, they brewed 0,6 million litres. The production today is about 20-30 million litres. It is the biggest brewery in Bamberg.

Products
They are producing 6 different kinds of beer:

Pilsener
Weizenbeer bright
Weizenbeer dark
Kristallweizen (Crystal Weizen)
Schwarzbier (Blackbeer)
Alkoholfreies (Soft beer)

They also make some soft drinks.

Other websites
Homepage of the brewery in English 

Companies of Germany
Alcoholic drink
1718 establishments
18th-century establishments in Germany
1710s establishments in Europe
Freiberg (district)

Freiberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
The district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Freiberg, Brand-Erbisdorf and Flöha.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Mulda

Mulda is a municipality in Saxony, Germany.

References

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Dorfchemnitz

Dorfchemnitz is a municipality of the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

References

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Jodie Marsh

Jodie Louise Marsh (born 23 December 1978) is an English glamour model and television personality. She has appeared topless in many tabloid newspapers and has appeared on her own reality TV show, Totally Jodie Marsh.

After being in Celebrity Big Brother, Marsh was on several of the spin off shows including: Big Brother's Little Brother, Big Brother's Big Mouth and Big Brother's EForum. In 2005, Marsh published her autobiography Keeping It Real. 

In December 2006, Marsh said she would marry Brentwood DJ David Doyle, after dating for 11 days. The relationship ended between late December and mid-January 2007.  Doyle said it was because of Marsh's constant drinking and poor personal hygiene. Marsh said Doyle had been unfaithful. In 2008, Marsh dated a female hairdresser. In July 2012 Marsh started dating Kirk Norcross.

In 2007 she started presenting her own reality TV show Get a Life on Living TV, but it was stopped after two episodes because not enough people watched it.

References

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
English LGBT people
English models
LGBT models
People from Brentwood, Essex
Reality television participants
Television personalities from Essex
Frankenstein, Saxony

Frankenstein is a former municipality in the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

About 1200 people live in the village.

With effect from 1 January 2012, it has been incorporated into the town of Oederan.

Former municipalities of Germany
Settlements in Saxony
Mittelsachsen Rural District
Trashware

Trashware is a computer system that was built using hardware from many other computers. Trashware computers will often use free software such as Linux operating system. These computers are mainly built for people who cannot normally afford a computer. Trashware is different from retrocomputing.

Related pages
 Recycling

Other websites
 Obsolete Computer Museum

Computers
Yearbook

A yearbook is a book that shows the people and events at a school during the school year (usually a high school or college).

Compilation
Yearbooks are generally put together by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty and staff. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and putting together all of the information to be put into the book, also deciding the layout and giving of space for each contributor.

Distribution
Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow members to get the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the US, those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation), as well as other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each others yearbooks.

Some schools distribute yearbooks before the end of the school year – such as during July, at Homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors.

Basic English 1500 Words

sv:Examenstidning
Mario Gómez

Mario Gomez (born 10 July 1985) is a German football player. He plays in the German Bundesliga for VfB Stuttgart. Since 2007 he has played in the Germany national team including in the UEFA Euro 2008, he has played 71 matches and scored 31 goals.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="6"|Stuttgart||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2004/05||8||0||1||0||1||0||10||0
|-
|2005/06||30||6||3||0||5||2||38||8
|-
|2006/07||25||14||5||2||colspan="2"|-||30||14
|-
|2007/08||25||19||3||6||4||3||32||28
|-
|2008/09||32||24||2||3||10||8||44||35
|-
|2009/10||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||
121||63||14||11||21||13||156||87
121||63||14||11||21||13||156||87
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2007||7||3
|-
|2008||13||3
|-
|2009||11||5
|-
|2010||9||3
|-
!Total||40||14
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
2010 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Tim Borowski

Tim Borowski (born May 2, 1980 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Werder Bremen. A member of the Germany national team since 2002, he has played 33 matches and scored 2 goals.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="7"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||26||1||2||1||2||0||30||2
|-
|2002/03||18||0||4||0||2||0||24||2
|-
|2003/04||25||1||5||5||1||0||31||6
|-
|2004/05||31||7||5||3||6||0||42||10
|-
|2005/06||31||10||3||0||9||3||43||13
|-
|2006/07||17||2||0||0||6||1||23||3
|-
|2007/08||21||2||3||1||7||0||31||3
|-
|2008/09||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||26||5||2||1||7||1||35||7
|-
|2009/10||Werder Bremen||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||
195||28||24||11||40||7||259||46
195||28||24||11||40||7||259||46
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||13||1
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
!Total||33||2
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Marcell Jansen

Marcell Jansen (born November 4 1985 in Mönchengladbach) is a German football player. He plays for the Hamburg and for the Germany national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||18||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|-
|2005/06||32||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||3
|-
|2006/07||23||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|-
|2007/08||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||17||0||3||0||10||0||30||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Hamburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||25||3||4||1||10||0||39||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9
115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||9||1
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
|2009||2||1
|-
!Total||30||2
|}

References 

1985 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Mönchengladbach
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Arne Friedrich

Arne Friedrich (born May 29, 1979) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Hertha Berlin. He has played for the Germany national team in 82 matches, scoring a goal once.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Arminia Bielefeld||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||25||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2001/02||22||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||33||5||1||0||8||0||42||5
|-
|2003/04||30||2||3||1||2||0||35||3
|-
|2004/05||25||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|2005/06||31||1||3||1||8||0||42||2
|-
|2006/07||26||2||4||0||4||0||34||2
|-
|2007/08||30||0||2||0||0||0||32||0
|-
|2008/09||25||0||1||0||4||0||30||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||16||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||10||1
|-
|2011||3||0
|-
!Total||82||1
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Oliver Neuville

Oliver Neuville (born 1 May 1973) is a German football player. At the moment he playes for Borussia Mönchengladbach. For the Germany national team he has played 69 matches and scored 10 goals.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||Locarno||Nationalliga B||15||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||8
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Servette||rowspan="4"|Super League||28||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||28||4
|-
|1993/94||32||16||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||16
|-
|1994/95||14||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||6
|-
|1995/96||34||15||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||15

|-
|1996/97||Tenerife||La Liga||33||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||5

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Hansa Rostock||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||17||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||17||8
|-
|1998/99||33||14||8||1||colspan="2"|-||41||15
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||33||4||5||0||5||2||43||6
|-
|2000/01||34||15||6||0||7||1||47||16
|-
|2001/02||33||13||9||2||16||7||58||22
|-
|2002/03||33||4||5||0||10||0||48||4
|-
|2003/04||32||6||3||0||0||0||35||6
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||32||12||1||0||0||0||33||12
|-
|2005/06||34||10||1||0||0||0||35||10
|-
|2006/07||16||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||4
|-
|2007/08||2. Bundesliga||34||15||2||1||colspan="2"|-||36||16
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||25||1||1||0||0||0||26||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
123||49||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||123||49
33||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||5
356||106||43||4||38||10||437||120
508||158||43||4||38||10||593||174
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||12||1
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||10||1
|-
|2002||10||2
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||14||4
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||3||1
|-
!Total||69||10
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
German footballers
Thomas Hitzlsperger

Thomas Hitzlsberger (born April 5, 1982) is a German football player. He plays for West Ham United and Germany national team. In 2014 he told Die Zeit that he is gay. He is the first Premier League footballer to come out as gay.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2000/01||Aston Villa||Premier League||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001/02||Chesterfield||Second Division||5||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Aston Villa||rowspan="4"|Premier League||12||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||1
|-
|2002/03||26||2||0||0||3||2||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2003/04||32||3||1||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||38||5
|-
|2004/05||28||3||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||3

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Stuttgart||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||26||2||2||1||0||0||7||0||35||3
|-
|2006/07||30||7||5||3||0||0||0||0||35||10
|-
|2007/08||25||5||4||2||colspan="2"|-||2||0||31||7
|-
|2008/09||32||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1||39||6
|-
|2009/10||12||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||5||0||20||2

|-
|2009/10||Lazio||Serie A||6||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||6||1
104||8||1||0||10||4||colspan="2"|-||115||12
125||20||16||7||0||0||19||1||160||28
6||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||6||1
235||29||17||7||10||4||19||1||281||41
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||11||0
|-
|2006||7||2
|-
|2007||10||2
|-
|2008||13||2
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
!Total||52||6
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
German footballers
German LGBT people
LGBT sportspeople
Sportspeople from Munich
Mike Hanke

Mike Hanke (born November 5, 1983) is a German football player. His team at the moment is SC Freiburg. In the Germany national team he made 11 matches and 1 goal.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Schalke||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||1||0
|-
|2002/03||9||0
|-
|2003/04||23||2
|-
|2004/05||25||5
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Wolfsburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||31||8
|-
|2006/07||22||8
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Hannover||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||31||10
|-
|2008/09||25||4
|-
|2009/10||||
167||37
167||37
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||6||1
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||11||1
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Gerald Asamoah

Gerald Asamoah (born October 5 1978) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Schalke. While playing for the German national team, he made 43 matches and 6 goals.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Hannover||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||25||5
|-
|1997/98||33||20
|-
|1998/99||2. Bundesliga||21||4
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="11"|Schalke||rowspan="11"|Bundesliga||33||4
|-
|2000/01||29||4
|-
|2001/02||32||6
|-
|2002/03||27||3
|-
|2003/04||24||4
|-
|2004/05||31||8
|-
|2005/06||24||3
|-
|2006/07||13||2
|-
|2007/08||31||7
|-
|2008/09||27||2
|-
|2009/10||||
350||72
350||72
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||7||1
|-
|2005||11||3
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
!Total||43||6
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
German footballers
Ghanaian people
Clemens Fritz

Clemens Fritz (born 7 December 1980) is a German football player. He plays for Werder Bremen.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||Leipzig||Regionalliga||6||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Rot-Weiß Erfurt||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||25||4||||||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2000/01||32||10||||||colspan="2"|-||32||10
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Karlsruhe||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||31||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2002/03||30||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||14||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2004/05||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||1||0||2||0||32||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||32||1||0||0||12||1||44||2
|-
|2007/08||23||1||0||0||8||0||31||1
|-
|2008/09||24||0||5||0||5||0||34||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||8||2
|-
|2008||11||0
|-
!Total||22||2
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Erfurt
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Simon Rolfes

Simon Rolfes (born 21 January 1982) is a German football player. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen and Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2001/02||0||0
|-
|2002/03||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Reutlingen||2. Bundesliga||13||0
|-
|2003/04||Werder Bremen||Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2004/05||Alemannia Aachen||2. Bundesliga||28||3
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||32||7
|-
|2006/07||34||3
|-
|2007/08||34||8
|-
|2008/09||33||3
|-
|2009/10||||
174||24
174||24
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||10||1
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||21||1
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Paul Freier

Paul Freier (born 26 July 1979) is a German football player. He plays for Bochum. In the Germany national team he played 19 matches and scored 1 goal.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Bochum||2. Bundesliga||6||0
|-
|2000/01||Bundesliga||22||1
|-
|2001/02||2. Bundesliga||30||7
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||7
|-
|2003/04||27||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||6
|-
|2005/06||29||6
|-
|2006/07||31||3
|-
|2007/08||19||2
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Bochum||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||28||1
|-
|2009/10||||
257||34
257||34
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||8||1
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||19||1
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
Polish people
Jan Schlaudraff

Jan Schlaudraff (born 18 July 1983) is a former German football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2003/04||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2004/05||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Alemannia Aachen||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||15||0||0||0||1||0||16||0
|-
|2005/06||29||11||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||11
|-
|2006/07||Bundesliga||28||8||4||2||colspan="2"|-||32||10
|-
|2007/08||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||8||0||0||0||6||0||14||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Hannover||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||22||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||23||5
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26
112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Riesa-Großenhain

Riesa-Großenhain was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Riesa and Großenhain. It ended in 2008.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
House of Valois

The House of Valois was a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled France in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance from 1328 to 1529. The kings of the House of Valois were descended 
from Charles of Valois who was the third son of Philip III of France. They claimed the Salic law put them ahead of Edward III of England to rule France. Edward III of England thought he had gotten the right to the French crown through his mother. The two countries fought the Hundred Years' War because of that disagreement.

Hundred Years' War
 
1328 establishments
1529 disestablishments
1320s establishments in Europe
14th century in France
15th century in France
16th century in France
1500s in Europe
1510s in Europe
1520s in Europe
Salic law

The Salic law was a set of laws established by King Clovis I for the Salian Franks during the sixth century. It stayed important in parts of western Europe for a long time because Charlemagne based his laws on the Salic law. One part of Salic law that stayed very important was inheritance for kings. The Salic law said that land goes to sons and not daughters.

History of France
History of Germany
Alizée

Alizée Jacotey (born 21 August 1984 in Ajaccio, Corsica) is a French singer. Her stage name is Alizée — which is the feminine form of alizé and means "trade wind". Alizée was found by Mylène Farmer, after Alizée's performance in the talent show, Graines de Star, in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée put out two albums. Both of which were hits both inside and outside of France. After the first two albums she broke up with Mylène and Laurent. She has released three more albums. On 6 November 2003 she married Jérémy Chatelain. In 2012 they divorced.

References

Other websites 

 Alizée's official website
 Alizée Art - News, photos & more
 Alizée-Forum - Place to meet the fans 

1984 births
Living people
French pop singers
People from Corsica
The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published on March 16, 1850 by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields of Boston, Massachusetts. It is set in Puritan Boston, Massachusetts in the 1640s. It is about adultery, its punishment, and aftermath. It has been adapted to movies.

1640s
1850
1850s books
19th-century American novels
Adultery in fiction
Boston, Massachusetts in fiction
Fiction set in the past
Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Uetersen

Uetersen () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approx. 7 km (4 miles) south of Elmshorn, and 30 km (18 miles) northwest of Hamburg. Uetersen is home to the Rosarium Uetersen, the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany, created in 1929.

Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987.

People 
 Arthur Drews
 Franz Kruckenberg
 Detlef Lienau

References

Other websites

Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Agostino Carracci

Agostino Carracci (sometimes also spelled Agostino Caracci, August 16, 1557 – March 22, 1602) was an Italian painter and printmaker.  His brother Annibale and cousin Lodovico Carracci were more famous than he was. 

He thought nature was an ideal. He founded a school that was competing with that of Caravaggio. Together with his brothers, he founded the Accademia degli Incamminati. The academy helped painters of the School of Bologna to become famous.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

Other websites
Catholic Encyclopedia: Carracci

1557 births
1602 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Printmakers
Vogtlandkreis Rural District

The Vogtlandkreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Plauen is the capital of the district.

Famous people 
The first German cosmonaut, Sigmund Jähn was born in the Vogtland. His hometown, the small village Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz in the south-west of the district houses a small space exhibition.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German, Czech)
Zwickauer Land Rural District

Zwickauer Land was a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city lost its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government.

The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent.

Geography 
The district is located in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), with the main rivers being the Zwickauer Mulde and the Pleiße.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
 Official website (German, English)

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Chemnitzer Land

Chemnitzer Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

The district has a very big population because the East German government tried to make the area very industrial.

The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In 2008, part of city of Zwickau will become part of the district. The rest of the city will become part of Zwickauer Land.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Meißen (district)

Meißen is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities 
{|
! align=left width=33%|Towns
! align=left width=33%|Municipalities
|- valign=top
||
Coswig
Gröditz
Großenhain
Lommatzsch
Meißen
Nossen
Radebeul
Radeburg
Riesa
Strehla
||
Diera-Zehren
Ebersbach
Glaubitz
Hirschstein
Käbschütztal
Ketzerbachtal
Klipphausen
Lampertswalde
Leuben-Schleinitz
Moritzburg
Nauwalde
Niederau
Nünchritz
||
Priestewitz
Röderaue
Schönfeld
Stauchitz
Tauscha
Thiendorf
Triebischtal
Weinböhla 
Weißig am Raschütz
Wildenhain
Wülknitz
Zabeltitz
Zeithain
|}

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)
 Inofficial website (German)
Sächsische Schweiz (district)

The Sächsische Schweiz (Saxon Switzerland) was a rural district (Landkreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be SS, and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the Schutzstaffel

History 
The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged.

Geography 
The district is named after the landscape - the Saxon Switzerland - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Related pages
 Saxon Switzerland

Other websites
 Official website  (German)
 Regional website (German)
 Tourism website (German)
 Official tourism portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland (English)
 Tourism portal (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Weißeritzkreis

The Weißeritzkreis was a district (Kreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged. It ended in 2008.

During the flooding in August 2002 the river Weißeritz had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges were destroyed

Partnerships
 Rottweil
 Berchtesgadener Land
 Göttingen
 Zollernalbkreis

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)
 Website about the 2002 Flooding (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Sächsische Schweiz (tourism)

Sächsische Schweiz means Saxon Switzerland in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.

Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.

The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.

History 
Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.

The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.

Rock Climbing 
Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.

Other websites 

 Saxony Switzerland (en)
 Sächsische Schweiz (in German)
 Official portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland (in English)
 Saxon Switzerland 

Geography of Saxony
Sorbian languages

The Sorbian languages are Slavic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages. 

They are the Sorbs' native languages, who are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The languages used to be known as Wendish or Lusatian. 

There are two languages: Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbski), spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. Both languages are spoken is an area known as Lusatia (Łužica in Upper Sorbian, Łužyca in Lower Sorbian and Lausitz in German).

In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German.

The city of Bautzen, Upper Lusatia, is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/Budyšin".

The city of Cottbus (Chóśebuz) is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs.

Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian (“Wendish”) settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.

American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves “Wends” or “Wendish” since think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.

Other websites 
Sorbian language tree
Euromosaic information page

Slavic languages
Sorbs
Languages of Germany
Bautzen

Bautzen (, ,  ; ) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the Bautzen Rural District. It is on the Spree River.

In 2005, 42,189 people lived in Bautzen. Asteroid 11580 Bautzen is named in honour of the city.

Bautzen is historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural centre of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority.

During World War II and the Nazi era, there was a subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Bautzen. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald.

After the war Bautzen was well known in the German Democratic Republic because of its prison. Bautzen I was used as an official prison, Bautzen II was a secret prison for prisoners of conscience (people arrested for their political beliefs, not because of an ordinary crime). Bautzen I is still used as a prison, and Bautzen II has been a memorial since 1993.

In 2002 the city commemorated its thousandth birthday.

Twin cities 

 Worms, since 1990
 Heidelberg, since 1991
 Dreux, France, since 1992
 Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic, since 1993
 Jelenia Góra, Poland, since 1993

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Interactive sightseeing tour through Bautzen 
 City and regional portal of Bautzen and the Oberlausitz 

Sorbs
Bautzen Rural District