cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Australian House of Representatives

The House of Representatives is the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The upper house is the Senate. Members of Parliament (MPs) serve for terms of about three years.  There are 150 members.  Each member represents one electorate. The number of electorates is figured out so that it is in proportion to the population of each state/territory. and so that each one has roughly the same population. This is determined by the AEC  (Australian Electoral Commission)

References

Parliament of Australia
Austral
UTC+06:30

UTC+06:30 is the timezone in places below.  The time is 6.5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

As standard time (all year round)
Australia
Cocos Islands
Myanmar

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+06:30, F†
UTC+07:00

UTC+07:00 is the timezone in places below.  The time is 7 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.  This timezone is also known as Indochina Time (ICT).

As standard time (all year round)
Australia
Christmas Island
Cambodia
Indonesia (Western)
Central Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra, West Kalimantan

 Mongolia  (Far Western)
Khovd, Uvs, and Bayan-Ölgii

Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Russia - Omsk Time
Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast.

East Asia
It is considered the westernmost time zone in East Asia.

Discrepancies between official UTC+07 and geographical UTC+07
Although usually time zones are made based on longitude, there are some differences.

Areas located within UTC+07 longitudes using other time zones
Many parts of China, including for example Guangxi Province and Hainan Island
Most of central Mongolia including the capital Ulaanbaatar
Peninsular Malaysia
Western part of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo including Kuching
Singapore

Areas located outside UTC+07 longitudes using UTC+07 time

Areas between 82°30′ W and 97°30′ E ("physical" UTC+06)
The westernmost part of Indonesia including Banda Aceh.

Areas between 102°30′ W and 117°30′ E ("physical" UTC+08)
The easternmost part of Java including Surabaya, Malang, and Banyuwangi.

References
Asian time zones

UTC offsets

cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+7 G
es:Huso horario#UTC+07:00, G
Automatic rifle

Usually, an automatic rifle is a rifle that continuously fires bullet as long as the trigger is pressed. Cartridge shells are ejected and new cartridges are loaded into the chamber automatically. However, most automatic rifles are designed to give both semi- and fully automatic fire. This is called selective fire. They also rifle bullets from a magazine. These features makes them different from other automatic firearms like the machine gun and submachine gun.

Use
Soldiers in the United States Army who carry the M249 SAW are called automatic riflemen. The weapon is also called an automatic rifle. However, it is a fully automatic firearm. These are normally called squad automatic weapons (SAW) or light machine guns.

An assault rifle is quite similar to an automatic rifle. However, it uses less powerful bullets than the machine gun or battle rifle. This allows the soldier using it to control the recoil of the weapon without using a bipod or something similar. Bullets like these are called "intermediate" bullets. For example, the AK-47 assault rifle often uses a 7.62x39mm bullet. The bullet is the same diameter. However, it is smaller and less powerful compared to the 7.62x54mmR. The 7.62x54mmR was what was being used with rifles when the AK-47 was brought in to service.

History 

The very first automatic rifle was the Mexican Mondragón rifle. It was designed by General Manuel Mondragón. He began working on the weapon in 1882. He patented it in 1887. In the 20th century, automatic rifles go back to World War I. This is where the Browning Automatic Rifle (B.A.R.) and Huot were first used. They were supposed to be used like light machine guns to help soldiers attack. However, only the Mondragón rifle and the B.A.R. were used in World War I.

Examples
Farquhar-Hill rifle
Federov Avtomat
Cei-Rigotti
Browning Automatic Rifle
M1946 Sieg automatic rifle
MTB 1925

Related pages 
Semi-automatic rifle
Assault rifle
Sniper rifle
Light machine gun
Squad automatic weapon

References

Other websites
UTC+06:00

UTC+06:00 is the timezone in places below. The time is 6 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

As standard time (all year round)
Bangladesh - previously used this as standard time and UTC+07:00 as daylight saving time
Bhutan
British Indian Ocean Territory (including Chagos Archipelago and Diego Garcia)
Kazakhstan - most of country (including Nur-Sultan and Almaty)
Kyrgyzstan
Russia - Yekaterinburg Time - Asia/Yekaterinburg
Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast
China, Unofficial time zone in Tibet and XUAR

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+06:00, F
UTC+11:30

UTC+11:30 is the timezone in places below. The time is 11.5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time. This time zone was used in Norfolk Island until October 4, 2015.

As standard time (all year round)
Australia
Norfolk Island

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+11:30, L†
Telephone numbers in Australia

Country Code: +61
International Call Prefix: 0011
Trunk Prefix: 0

The Australian telephone numbering plan is how phone numbers work in Australia.  It has changed many times.  The most recent major change was between 1994 and 1998.

Present numbering plan Overview 
Australia is divided geographically into four large area codes. The standard telephone number in Australia has ten digits.  The first digit is '0'.

The first digits are for the type of service. The following list is a high level of numbering plan presented in domestic format. Geographical region boundaries do not exactly follow state borders.

00 Emergency and International access
01 Alternative phone services
02 Geographic: Central East region (NSW, ACT)
03 Geographic: South-east region (VIC, TAS)
04 Digital Mobile services (GSM and 3G)
05 Universal/Personal numberings
07 Geographic: North-east region (QLD)
08 Geographic: Central and West region (SA, NT, WA)
1 Non-geographic numbers (mostly for domestic use only)

Overview of plan between 1980s and 1994 
 00 TAS, toll-free, premium, satellite telephones
 01 AMPS mobile services
 02 Sydney
 03 Melbourne
 04 NSW regional areas less than 200 km away from Sydney
 05 VIC regional areas
 06 ACT, NSW regional areas more than 200 km away from Sydney
 07 QLD
 08 SA, NT
 09 WA

000 is the emergency telephone number in Australia.

References

Australia
Australia
Broadheath, Worcestershire

Broadheath with Lower Broadheath is a civil parish officially  known as Lower Broadheath, in the Malvern Hills district of Worcestershire, England.  According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,713.  The parish also includes Upper Broadheath, which is about 3 miles north-west of Worcester.

There are many housing estates in the village.

The village has a village hall, church, post office and shop, a village green with a football pitch, running track and many children's play areas.  There is a large village common. There is also a primary school (Broadheath C.E. Primary School). The school has about 150 children, from the age of four up to eleven.  There are also three pubs in the village.

Broadheath is the birthplace of the English composer Edward Elgar.

Other websites
 Lower Broadheath official web site. 

Villages in Worcestershire
Civil parishes in England
Statute of Westminster 1931

The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.  It was passed on 11 December 1931.  The Act gave equality to the self-governing dominions of the British Empire.  It is still law in each of the Commonwealth realms.

The Statute is important because it gave legislative freedom to these countries.  Its current relevance is that it sets the basis for the continuing relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.

References

1931
1930s in Europe
20th century in the United Kingdom
Commonwealth realms
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942

The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 is an Act of the Australian Parliament.  They formally accepted the Statute of Westminster 1931. It happened on 9 October 1942.

The Act is more important for its symbolic value than for the legal effect of its provisions. Australia was becoming more independent from the United Kingdom.  This Statute showed the independence to the world.

1942
1940s in Australia
Legislation
Australia Act 1986

The Australia Act 1986 is the name of a pair of separate but related pieces of legislation. One was an Act of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia.  The other was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These nearly identical Acts were passed by the two parliaments because no one knew which one had the power to do so.

The Australia Act ended the possibility for the UK to make laws for Australia.  Also the UK could not be involved in Australian government. And no one could appeal from any Australian court to a British court.

1986
Politics of Australia
Legislation
1980s in Australia
1980s in the United Kingdom
Botany Bay

Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales.  It is a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. The Cooks River and the Georges River are the two major tributaries that flow into the bay. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay.

On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of James Cook's first landing of HMS Endeavour on the continent of Australia. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a penal colony. Out of these plans came the first European to live in Australia at Sydney Cove.

Aboriginal lived in this area dating back 5,000 years. The Aboriginal people of Sydney were known as the Eora.

Even though it is a busy port, there are many types of marine life.  The area around its entrance is some of the best scuba diving in the Sydney area.  The world's largest population of weedy sea dragon found was on the southern side.

Geography of New South Wales
Bays of Australia
Sydney
Corroboree

A corroboree is a ceremonial meeting of Aboriginal Australians. The word was made by the European settlers of Australia.  It was an imitation of the Eora word caribberie. At a corroboree, Aborigines interact with the Dreamtime through dance, music and costume. Many ceremonies act out events from the Dreamtime. Many of the ceremonies are sacred.  People from outside a community cannot participate or watch.

References 

Australian culture
Indigenous Australian culture
Andrew Luck

Andrew Austen Luck (born September 12, 1989) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football for Stanford University. He was also the first person taken in the 2012 NFL Draft by the Colts.

References

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
American football quarterbacks
Indianapolis Colts players
Blue Mountains

Blue Mountains may mean:

Geography
Blue Mountains (New South Wales), Australia
City of Blue Mountains, a local government area west of Sydney
Blue Mountains railway line
Electoral district of Blue Mountains
Greater Blue Mountains Area, a World Heritage Site
Blue Mountains (Nunavut), Canada
The Blue Mountains, Ontario, a town in Canada
Blue Mountains (Congo), northwest of Lake Albert
Sinimäed Hills (Blue Mountains) in Estonia, near Narva
Nilgiri mountains (Blue Mountains), southern India
Blue Mountains (Jamaica) 
Blue Mountains (New Zealand), in West Otago
Blue Mountains (Niger), a mountain range near the Aïr Mountains in Niger
Blue Mountains (Oregon), United States
Blue Mountains (ecoregion), a Level III ecoregion
Blue Mountains or Abajo Mountains, Utah, United States

Fictional
The Blue Mountains (Elgar), a song about Australia by Sir Edward Elgar to a poem by Alfred Noyes
The Blue Mountains (fairy tale), a fairy tale by Andrew Lang in The Yellow Fairy Book
Blue Mountains (Middle-earth) or Ered Luin, fictional mountains in Tolkien's Middle-earth
Robert Griffin III

Robert Lee Griffin III (born February 12, 1990), nicknamed RG3, is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football for Baylor University, and won the 2011 Heisman Trophy for being the best college player that year.  He was the second person taken  by the Washington Redskins with the second pick of the 2012 NFL Draft.Later in 2016 he was traded to the Cleveland  Browns. He is now the secondary quarterback behind Lamar Jackson.

References

1990 births
Living people
African American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Texas
Washington Redskins players
Heisman Trophy winners
Blue Mountains (New South Wales)

The Blue Mountains is a region in New South Wales, Australia. The foothills start about  west of the state capital, Sydney. The area begins on the west side of the Nepean River.  It goes west as far as Coxs River. The Blue Mountains is an Australian natural wonder and World Heritage-listed area.

Geography 
It is mainly a sandstone plateau. The highest point of the range is Mount Werong.  It is  above sea level. A large part of the Blue Mountains is in the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site.  The area has seven national park areas and a conservation reserve.

The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury, the City of Lithgow and Oberon.

Fauna
The Greater Blue Mountains Area has over 400 different forms of animals. Among them are rare mammal species like Spotted-tailed Quoll, the Koala, the yellow-bellied Glider, and Long-nosed Potoroo. There are also some rare reptiles, like the Blue Mountain Water Skink. There are also some dingos in the area.  They are the top predators and hunt for grey kangaroos.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Geography of New South Wales
Gregory Blaxland

Gregory Blaxland (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853) was a pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia.

Early life 
Gregory Blaxland was born 17 June 1778 at Fordwich, Kent, England.  He was the fourth son of John Blaxland, mayor from 1767 to 1774. His mother was Mary, daughter of Captain Parker, R.N. Gregory attended The King's School, Canterbury. In July 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Spurdon.  They had five sons and two daughters.

The Blaxlands were friends of Sir Joseph Banks.  Banks influenced Gregory and his older brother, John, to move from England. The government promised them land, convict servants and free passages. Gregory sailed in the William Pitt on 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, bees, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these goods for a good amount of money.  He bought eighty head of cattle.

Blue Mountains expedition 

In 1813, he led the first known European trip across the Blue Mountains.  He went along with William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth.  Their trip opened up the inland of the continent.

Blaxland visited England and in February 1823 he published his Journal Of A Tour Of Discovery Across The Blue Mountains. Later the same year Blaxland was awarded the silver medal of the Royal Society of Arts for some wine he had sent to London.  Five years later he got the gold medal. In January 1827 Blaxland was elected by a public meeting with two others to ask Governor Darling for "Trial by jury" and "Taxation by Representation" for the colony.

Blaxland is noted as one of the first settlers to plant grapes for wine-making purposes. 

He died by his own hand in 1 January 1853 in New South Wales. He is buried in All Saints Cemetery in Parramatta.

Recognition 
The township of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after him.  So is the Division of Blaxland.

In 1963 he was honoured, together with Lawson and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

Romeo Smith has a boat on Home and away called the Blaxland.

References 

1778 births
1853 deaths
Australian explorers
People from Kent
Watchdog timer

A watchdog timer is a component of an electronic system that makes sure the system is operating properly. These components can either be done as a piece of hardware or as software. Depending on the intended use, they either signal that a system is not working properly, or they make a system work properly again. A watchdog timer may cause a system to reset itself to its initial state.

Clocks
Electronic components
Electronic circuits
William Lawson (explorer)

William Lawson (2 June 1774 – 16 June 1850) was an explorer of New South Wales, Australia.  He helped discover a passage inland through the Blue Mountains from Sydney.

Lawson was born in Finchley, Middlesex, England.  He is the son of Scottish parents. Lawson came to Sydney as an ensign with the New South Wales Corps in November 1800.  He was soon posted to Norfolk Island.

After 1808, Lawson was appointed aide-de-camp to George Johnston.  He was given 500 acres (2 km²) at Prospect. He built a 40-room mansion there.

In 1813 Lawson, with Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth, led a trip west from Sydney to cross the Blue Mountains. 

They left on 11 May 1813 with four servants, five dogs and four horses. The route they travelled is still the one used by travellers today. On 31 May 1813 they reached Mount Blaxland and could see the plains to the west. 

Lawson was rewarded with a grant of 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land.  He ended up one of the largest land-holders in Australia. He was made a magistrate and was appointed commandant at Newcastle. 

In 1819 Governor Lachlan Macquarie made a new settlement, Bathurst.  He made Lawson commander of the Bathurst settlement.  Lawson had this job until 1823. From Bathurst, Lawson explored as far north as Mudgee. 

After leaving the army, Lawson was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1843 to 1848. He died at Veteran Hall on 16 June 1850.  The town of Lawson in the Blue Mountains is named for him.

In 1963 Lawson was honoured, together with Blaxland and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

References

1774 births
1850 deaths
Australian explorers
People from London
People from Middlesex
Ray Guy

William Ray Guy (born December 22, 1949) is a retired American football punter for the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders. Coming from the University of Southern Mississippi, he was the only pure punter ever to be selected in the first round of the NFL Draft when the Oakland Raiders selected him in 1973. He won three Super Bowls with the Oakland Raiders also.

On August 2, 2014, Guy was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame and became the second pure kicker (after Jan Stenerud) and the first pure punter to be inducted.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1949 births
American football punters
Living people
Oakland Raiders players
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Punt

In some rules of football, a punt is a play in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it touches the ground. A punt is in contrast to a drop kick, in which the ball touches the ground before being kicked.

In American and Canadian football, the ball is kicked downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more helpful to the kicking team when possession changes.

American football
Canadian football
Rugby
Sports words
Drop kick

A drop kick is a type of kick in various rules of football. It involves a player dropping the ball and then kicking it when it bounces off the ground. It contrasts to a punt, wherein the player kicks the ball without letting it hit the ground first.

American football
Canadian football
Rugby
Sports words
Single (baseball)

A single is when the batter safely reaches first base by hitting a fair ball and getting to first base before a fielder puts him out. As an exception, a batter-runner reaching first base safely is not credited with a single when an infielder attempts to put out another runner on the first play; this is one type of a fielder's choice.  Also, a batter-runner reaching first base on a play due to a fielder's error trying to put him out at first base or another runner out (as a fielder's choice) is not credited with a single.

Singles leaders, Major League Baseball

Career
 Pete Rose - 3215
 Ty Cobb - 3053
 Eddie Collins - 2643
 Cap Anson - 2598
 Willie Keeler - 2513
 Honus Wagner - 2422
 Rod Carew - 2404
 Tris Speaker - 2383
 Tony Gwynn - 2378
 Paul Molitor - 2366

Season
 Ichiro Suzuki () - 225
 Willie Keeler (1898) - 206
 Ichiro Suzuki () - 203
 Lloyd Waner () - 198
 Willie Keeler (1897) - 193

References

Baseball
Sports words
Fair ball

In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that gives the batter to attempt to reach first base. In order for a batted ball to be fair, it must be hit in such a way that it:

settles on fair ground between home and first base, or between home and third base; or
is on or over fair territory when bounding past first or third base; or
touches first, second, or third base, which are all in fair territory; or
touches the body of an umpire or player while the ball is on or over fair territory (unless it touches the batter in the batter's box, or bounces off the ground and immediately hits the bat); or
passes out of the playing field in flight while over fair territory, or touches any part of the foul pole, including any attached screen, while in flight; or
strikes any object for which the ballpark specifies that a batted ball which strikes it is a fair ball (e.g., a roof if present)

References

Baseball rules
Sports words
Error (baseball)

In baseball statistics, an error, abbreviated E and then the defensive positional designation, is the act, in the judgment of the official scorer, of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batter or baserunner to reach one or more additional bases, when such an advance would have been prevented given ordinary effort by the fielder.

An error does not count as a hit but still counts as an at bat for the batter unless, in the scorer's judgment, the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base(s) reached was the result of the fielder's mistake. In that case, the play will be scored both as a hit (for the number of bases the fielders should have limited the batter to) and an error. However, if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder's mistake, it is scored as a "hit on error," and treated the same as if a batter was put out, which would lower his batting average.

Similarly, a batter does not receive credit for an RBI when runs score on an error, unless the scorer rules that a run would have scored even if the fielder had not made a mistake. For example, if a batter hits a ball to the outfield for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error, the batter will still receive credit for the sacrifice fly and the run batted in.

If a play should have resulted in a fielder's choice with a runner being put out and the batter reaching base safely but the runner is safe due to an error, the play will be scored as a fielder's choice, with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder.

Passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors.

Baseball statistics
Official scorer

In the game of baseball, the official scorer is a person appointed by the league to record the events on the field, and to send the official scoring record of the game back to the league offices. In addition to recording the events on the field such as the outcome of each plate appearance and the circumstances of any baserunner's advance around the bases, the official scorer is also charged with making judgment calls that do not affect the progress or outcome of the game. Judgment calls are primarily made about errors, unearned runs, fielder's choice, the value of hits in certain situations, and wild pitches, all of which are included in the record compiled. This record is used to compile statistics for each player and team. A box score is a summary of the official scorer's game record.

Baseball
Sports occupations
Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo

Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo is an American ballet company of males who dance in drag. The company makes fun of romantic and classical ballet. Peter Anastos, Natch Taylor, and Antony Bassae co-founded the "Trocks" in 1974 in New York City. The company danced in small shows late at night in places on off-off Broadway. Their first show was on September 9, 1974. The artistic director in 2011 is Tory Dobrin. The public's attention was directed to the company when Arlene Croce reviewed the "Trocks" in The New Yorker. The "Trocks" have danced in many large cities worldwide. In 2008 the company danced for Prince Charles at the Royal Variety Performance.

Notes

Reviews

Other websites 
 Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo, official site
 Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo  at IMG Artists
 Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo  on glbtq.com
Archive film of Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo performing Le Lac des Cygnes (Swan Lake, Act II) in 2010 at Jacob's Pillow 

Ballet companies
New South Wales Legislative Council

The New South Wales Legislative Council is the upper house of the parliament of New South Wales in Australia. The lower house is the Legislative Assembly. Both sit at Parliament House in the state capital, Sydney.  The Council has 42 members. Each member serves an eight-year term.  Half of the members are elected every four years.

New South Wales
New South Wales
Legislatures of country subdivisions
Busby Berkeley

Busby Berkeley (29 November 1895 – 14 March 1976) was a Hollywood movie director and movie musical choreographer. He was famous for musical production numbers involving complex geometric patterns and armies of chorus girls and boys. His famous movies include several Mickey Rooney / Judy Garland "let's put on a show" musicals and the Great Depression musicals 42nd Street, Footlight Parade, Gold Diggers of 1933, and Fashions of 1934.

Notes

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hooray for Hollywood: Busby Berkeley
 Busby Berkeley at Classic Movie Favorites Tribute site: galleries, bio, filmography and more.
 bio & pics on Busby Berkeley

1895 births
1976 deaths
American movie directors
People from Los Angeles
American choreographers
Parliament of South Australia

The Parliament of South Australia is the legislature of the Australian state of South Australia. It has the Legislative Council and the House of Assembly.  It follows a Westminster system of parliamentary government. 

The Parliament is elected by all citizens who are 18 or older at the time of an election.

The House of Assembly (lower house) has 47 members.  The Legislative Council (upper house) has 22 councillors (MLCs).

Parliaments
Legislatures of country subdivisions
Government of Australia
South Australia
ANZAC Day

Anzac Day is a day that happens once a year in Australia and New Zealand.  It is celebrated by both countries on 25th April every year.  It was to commemorate (honour) the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who fought at Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Now though, it celebrates all "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served." 

Anzac Day is also observed in the Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn, and Tonga. In the past, it was a national holiday in Papua New Guinea or Samoa.

References

Military of Australia
New Zealand
World War I
Holidays
Tom Roberts

Thomas William "Tom" Roberts (9 March 1856 – 14 September 1931) was an Anglo-Australian artist.  He was an important member of the Heidelberg School.

Life
Roberts parents were newspaper editors.  The family moved to Australia in 1869.  They lived in Collingwood.  He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s.  He studied art at night under Louis Buvelot.  He became friends with Frederick McCubbin.  He returned to England for three years of full-time art study at the Royal Academy Schools from 1881 to 1884.

Through the 1880s and 1890s he worked in Victoria.  He married 35 year old Elizabeth (Lillie) Williamson in 1896. They had a son, Caleb.  Many of his most famous paintings come from this period.  

He spent World War I in England helping at a hospital. In Australia, he built a house at Kallista, near Melbourne.  This was a happy period in Roberts' life.

Elizabeth died in January 1928.  Tom remarried, to Jean Boyes, in August 1928.  He died in 1931 of cancer in Kallista near Melbourne.  He is buried near near Longford, Tasmania.

Works

Roberts painted a lot of fine oil landscapes and portraits. His most famous works, in his time, were two large works, Shearing the Rams and The Big Picture. Roberts had a theme of showing country people working.  Many examples of Roberts' work can be seen at the National Gallery of Australia.  The Big Picture is at Parliament House, Canberra.

References

1856 births
1931 deaths
Australian painters
Cancer deaths in Victoria (Australia)
English painters
People from Dorset
People from Melbourne
Snowy Mountains Scheme

The Snowy Mountains scheme is a hydroelectricity and irrigation system in south-east Australia. It has sixteen major dams; seven power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts.  It was built between 1949 and 1974. The Chief engineer was Sir William Hudson.  It is the largest engineering project in Australia.

References

Australia
Hydropower
Australian cinema

Cinema of Australia means the system of production, distribution, and showing of movies in Australia. Making movies in Australia started in 1906. The Story of the Kelly Gang was the earliest feature movie ever made. Since then, many movies have been made in Australia.  Many have got international praise. Many actors and moviemakers started their careers in Australian movies. 

Commercially successful Australian movies have included Paul Hogan's Crocodile Dundee,  Baz Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge! and Chris Noonan's Babe. Other award winning productions include Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, The Tracker, Shine and Ten Canoes. Famous Australian trained actors include Errol Flynn, Peter Finch, Rod Taylor, Mel Gibson, Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger.

History 
The Australian movie history has been called 'boom and bust'.  This is because at times there are very few movies made and other times many movies are made.

List of highest-grossing Australian movies

References

 
Cinema
Holly Hunter

Holly Hunter (born 20 March 1958) is an American actress. She was born in Conyers, Georgia. Hunter starred in The Piano for which she won the Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award.

Hunter was also nominated for Oscars for her roles in Broadcast News, The Firm, and Thirteen. She has won two Emmy Awards. 

Hunter has acted in many other movies. They include Copycat, Living Out Loud, O Brother, Where Art Thou?, Home for the Holidays, The Incredibles, Thirteen, and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.

Hunter's most outstanding television series was for the drama series Saving Grace (TV series), for which she won the Grace Allen Award, and was nominated for seven other awards.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1958 births
Living people
Australian literature

Australian literature is the written or literary work made in the area or by the people of Australia and its preceding colonies. During its early western history, Australia was many British colonies. Therefore, its literary tradition is linked with English literature. Since 1788, the character of a new continent came into the literature.  Themes included Aboriginality, mateship, egalitarianism, democracy, migrant and national identity, distance from other Western nations and proximity to Asia, the complexities of urban living and the "beauty and the terror" of life in the Australian bush.

Notable Australian writers have included the novelists Marcus Clarke, Miles Franklin, Patrick White, Thomas Keneally, Morris West and Colleen McCullough, the bush poets Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson, historians Manning Clark and Geoffrey Blainey, the playwright David Williamson and leading expatriate writers Barry Humphries, Robert Hughes, Clive James and Germaine Greer.

Literature
Literature by nationality
483


Year 483 (CDLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire 
 Illus, Byzantine general (magister officiorum), and Verina (widow of the late emperor Leo I) try to overthrow emperor Zeno.  They try to place another general named Leontius on the throne.

Europe 
 The Ostrogoths are given status as foederati. They control a large part of Macedonia and Thrace (Balkans).

By topic

Religion 
 March 10 – Pope Simplicius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign.  He is succeeded by Felix III as the 48th pope.

Births 
 Xiao Baojuan, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 501)
 Xuan Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 515)
 Yuan Xun, crown prince of Northern Wei (d. 497)
 Zhu Yi, high official of Southern Liang (d. 549)

Deaths 
 Crimthann mac Énnai, king of Leinster (Ireland)
 March 10 – Pope Simplicius

480s
874


Year 874 (DCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 Ingólfur Arnarson arrives as the first permanent Viking settler in Iceland.  He settles in Reykjavík (probable date).
 The Danes invade Mercia.
 The territory of the Vistulans is conquered by King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia.
 November – Frost begins in Scotland and lasts until April 875.

Asia 
 The rebellion of Huang Chao in China begins, weakening the strength of the already declining Tang Dynasty.

By topic

Religion 
 March 13 – The bones of Saint Nicephorus are interred in the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople.

Births 
 Meng Zhixiang

Deaths 
 January 1 – Hasan al-Askari, 11th Shia Imam

References 

870s
501


Year 501 (DI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Asia 
 Qi He Di succeeds Qi Dong Hun Hou as ruler of the Chinese Southern Qi Dynasty.
 Muryeong becomes king of Baekje.

America 
 Ahkal Mo' Naab' I comes to power in the Maya city of Palenque.

Europe 
 Pope Symmachus, who people said committed crimes.  He said non-religious law did not apply to him. A synod held in 502 agreed with him.

Births 
 Empress Dowager Lou Zhaojun
 Xiao Tong

Deaths 
 Icel, great-grandfather of Creoda of Mercia
 Ravina II, rabbi
 Su Xiaoxiao, Chinese poetess and courtesan
 King Dongseong of Baekje, king of the Baekje Kingdom of Korea
 Xiao Baojuan, emperor of Southern Qi Dynasty, commonly known as Marquess of Donghun
 Consort Pan Yunu, Xiao Baojuan's favorite concubine

500s
515


Year 515 (DXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 The Revolt of Vitalian is put down by forces loyal to Byzantine emperor Anastasius I

Births 
 Hulü Guang
 Yuwen Hu

Deaths 
 Gao Zhao
 Xuan Wu Di, ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty
 Euphemius, deposed Patriarch of Constantinople

Sources 

510s
497


Year 497 (CDXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Eastern Roman Empire 
 Isaurian War: the Isaurian rebels are defeated.

Europe 
 The Alemanni are defeated by the Franks under Clovis I near Bonn.

Asia 
 The Shaolin Temple is founded. For alternate founding date, see 477).

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 Aryabhata, an Indian astronomer and mathematician, calculates pi (π) as ≈ 62832/20000 = 3.1416, correct to four rounded-off decimal places.

Births 
 Abdul Mutallib, son of Hashim
 Chloderic, son of Clovis I

Deaths 
 Hashim, great-grandfather of Muhammad, (possibly in Gaza)
 Yuan Xun

490s
549


Year 549 (DXLIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire 
 The Ostrogoths under Totila recapture Rome.
 Last Circus Maximus chariot races in Rome.
 c. 549–564 – Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt, is made.

Europe 
 Agila succeeds Theudigisel as king of the Visigoths.
 The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory (which still exists) is founded in Ireland.
 Archbishop Maximianus of Ravenna consecrates the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe.

Asia 
 Emperor Jinwen succeeds Emperor Wu as ruler of the Liang Dynasty in China.

Births 
 Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 623)

Deaths 
 Theudigisel, king of the Visigoths
 Tuathal Maelgarb, King of Tara
 Gao Cheng
 Emperor Wu of Liang
 Xiao Zhengde
 Princess Xu Zhaopei
 Zhu Yi
 Chen Daoten father of Emperor Xuan of Chen (in either 548 or 549)

References 

540s
623


Year 623 (DCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia.
 Samo, reputedly a Frankish merchant, is elected King of the Slavs in Moravia, Slovakia and Lower Austria.

By topic

Art 
 Tori Busshi makes "Shaka Triad", in the kon-dō, Horyu-ji. Asuka period (approximate date).

Births

Deaths 
 Jizang, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 549)
 Liu Heita
 Princess Pingyang
 Su Wei
 Xu Yuanlang
548


Year 548 (DXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Africa 
 Battle of the Fields of Cato - Byzantines under John Troglita crush Moorish revolt

Births 
 Xiao Zhuang

Deaths 
 June 28 – Theodora, Byzantine empress
 Carcasan, king of the Ifuraces
 Theudis king of the Visigoths
 Theodebert I, king of Austrasia (or 547)
 Chen Daoten father of Emperor_Xuan_of_Chen (in either 548 or 549

540s
547


Year 547 (DXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Africa 
 Battle of Marta - Tripolitanian Moors under Carcasan defeat Byzantines under John Troglita

Europe 
 Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia at Bamburgh (traditional date).
 Theodebald becomes king of Austrasia (or 548).
 Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, mosaic on north wall of the apse, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, is made (approximate date).
 Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, mosaic on south wall of the apse, Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, is made (approximate date).
 The Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna is dedicated by Archbishop of Ravenna Maximianus of Ravenna.

Births 
 Pei Ju
 Empress Zhu Manyue

Deaths 
 Theodebert I, king of Austrasia (or 548)
 Tribonian, Byzantine lawyer and writer of the Codex Justinianus.
 Maelgwn Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
 Gao Huan
875


Year 875 (DCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 December 29 – Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, is crowned emperor.
 The Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge.
 Harald Fairhair subdues the rovers on Orkney and Shetland and adds them to his kingdom.

Asia 
 In Champa, in the central region of what is now Vietnam, King Indravarman II founds a new dynasty at Indrapura (Quang Nam).  He starts a building program featuring the Dong Duong Style of Cham art.

Africa 
 The construction of Mosque of Uqba, Kairouan, Tunisia, is ended.

Births 
 Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri Islamic writer

Deaths 
 August 12 – Louis II, Western Emperor
 Amram Gaon, Jewish liturgist
 Abu Muslim, Persian hadith compiler

870s
1004


Year 1004 (MIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Africa 
 Disease and famine in North Africa.

Asia 
 December – The Samanid dynasty ends in Bokhara.
 The Liao Dynasty starts a battle against the Song Dynasty. They meet near Shanyang, north of the Song capital of Kaifeng.
 Battle of Shanzhou: The Liao Dynasty general Xiao Talin is killed by a Song Chinese crossbow sniper.

Europe 
 May 14 – Henry II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Pavia. A fight between his German companions and the Pavese becomes a full-scale battle.
 Henry II starts war against Boleslav of Poland. It lasts until 1018.
 Boleslaus I of Poland loses Bohemia. He had become duke the previous year. He is succeeded as duke of Bohemia by Jaromir.
 Sancho III becomes king of Navarre, Aragon and Castille.
 Sweyn I of Denmark destroys Norwich.
 Aberdeen becomes a bishopric.
 Arabs sack Pisa.
 The troops of the vizir Al-Mansur sack the Catalan city of Manresa.
 Pope John XVIII (1004–1009).

Births 
 Abdallah ibn Al-Aftas (approximate date) (d. 1060)
 Goda of England (d. 1055)

Deaths 
 November 13 – Abbon of Fleury
 Adelaide of Aquitaine, wife of Hugh Capet
 Erik the Red (or 1003) (b. 950)
 Li Jiqian, Tangut jiedushi who ruled the new Western Xia Dynasty in northwestern China (b. 963)

References
1060


Year 1060 (MLX) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events 

 May – The Norman leader Robert Guiscard conquers Taranto.
 October – The Byzantine army defeats the Normans and enters Taranto.
 December 6 – Béla I the Champion is crowned king of Hungary.
 The New Book of Tang is completed under a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu.
 Chinese poet, calligrapher, and official Cai Xiang publishes his Cha Lu (Record of Tea).
 Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela reports that Constantinople has merchant communities from Babylon, Canaan, Egypt, Hungary, Persia, Russia, Sennar, and Spain as well as 2,000 Jews (approximate date).
 Philip I of France begins his reign.
 Upon the death of Emund the Old, he is succeeded by his son-in-law Stenkil as King of Sweden.

Births

Deaths 
 August 4 – King Henry I of France (b. 1008)
 November 14 – Count Geoffrey II of Anjou
 King Andrew I of Hungary (b. 1015)
 Emund the Old, king of Sweden since 1050
 Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet
1055


Year 1055 (MLV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Africa 
 The Almoravids conquer Aoudaghost (present-day Mauritania).

Asia 
 December 18 – The Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad. Al-Malik al-Rahim is taken prisoner.

Europe 
 January 11 – Theodora becomes reigning empress of the Byzantine Empire.
 October 24 – Ralph the Timid is defeated by the Welsh.
 Beginning of the campaign of Ferdinand I of Castile against al-Andalus. The king conquers Seia from the Christian allies of the Muslim taifas.

By topic

Art 
 Construction on the Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei is complete. It is the tallest pagoda in Chinese history standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall.

Religion 
 April 13 – Pope Victor II succeeds Pope Leo IX as the 153rd pope.
 An abbey was set up at Tihany, Hungary by András (Andrew) I. The written agreement is the earliest record in the Hungarian language.

Births

Deaths 
 January 11 – Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
 May 26 – Margrave Adalbert of Austria
 Princess Goda of England

References 

1055
870


Year 870 (DCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 Prague Castle is founded.
 The Great Summer Army invades England.  It is led by Bagsecg.  They conquers East Anglia.
 August 8 – Treaty of Meerssen: Charles the Bald and Louis the German divide Lotharingia among themselves.
 December 31 – The Danes are defeated by a Saxon army at Englefield, Berkshire. It is the first of a series of battles between Wessex and the Danes.
 Malta is conquered by Arabs from Sicily.
 Borivoj becomes duke of Bohemia.
 Charles the Bald marries Richilde.

By topic

Religion 
 Michael II succeeds Michael I as Patriarch of Alexandria.
 The Autonomous Bulgarian Archbishopric is made.
 February 28 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople ends.

Births 
 Al-Farabi, Persian philosopher and scientist
 Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia

Deaths 
 November 20 – King Edmund of East Anglia
 al-Bukhari, Persian hadith compiler
 Al-Kindi, philosopher

870
1011


Year 1011 (MXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 June 11  the Byzantine army takes Bari from the rebellious Lombard lord Melus.
 Danes capture Canterbury, taking Alphege, the Archbishop of Canterbury as a prisoner.
 Byrhtferth of Ramsey writes his Manual, on the subject of time.
 The German king Henry II gives Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia the Carinthian duchy, including the rule over the March of Verona (or in 1012).
 Ermengol II succeeds Ermengol I as Count of Urgell
 Albert II, Count of Namur succeeds Albert I

Middle East 
 Baghdad Manifesto: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's fall from Ali ibn Abi Talib is disputed.
 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Persian scientist working in Egypt, pretends to be crazy. He is kept under house arrest until 1021. During this time he begins writing his influential Book of Optics.
 In Georgia, Bagrat III takes away Sumbat III of Klarjeti power.

Eastern Asia 
 The Chinese Guangyun rime dictionary is compiled under Emperor Zhenzong of Song.
 Emperor Sanjō gets the throne of Japan.

Births 
 Eleanor of Normandy, a Norman noblewoman and the daughter of Richard II of Normandy (possible date; d. after 1071)
 Ralph the Staller, earl of East Anglia (d. 1068)
 Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1076)
 Shao Yong, Song Dynasty philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian (d. 1077)

Deaths 
 February 23  Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz and a statesman of the Holy Roman Empire (b. c. 940)
 November 21  Emperor Reizei of Japan (b. 950)
 December 12 or December 15  Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia (b. c. 975)
 Emperor Ichijō of Japan (b. 980)
 Albert I, Count of Namur (b. c. 950)
 Armentarius, Galician bishop (b. 983)
 Sumbat III of Klarjeti, Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and the last sovereign of Klarjeti
 Yohannan V, Patriarch of the Church of the East

References
Maggie Grace

Maggie Grace (born Margaret Grace Denig; September 21, 1983) is an American actress, best known for her roles as Shannon Rutherford on the ABC television series Lost and Kim Mills in the Taken trilogy. She has also appeared on The Twilight Saga as "Irina". Originally from Worthington, Ohio, she went on to earn a Young Artist Award nomination in 2002 with her portrayal of 15-year-old murder victim Martha Moxley in the television movie Murder in Greenwich. In 2004, Grace was cast as Shannon Rutherford in the television series Lost, on which she was a main cast member for the first two seasons, winning a Screen Actors Guild Award shared with the ensemble cast. Leaving the series, Grace was keen to work more prominently in film, she appeared in The Jane Austen Book Club (both 2007), and opposite Liam Neeson as Kim Mills in Taken in 2008. She reprised the role in Taken 2 (2012) and Taken 3 (2015).

She also played the lead role, Alice, in Malice in Wonderland, a modern take on Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Grace reprised the role of Shannon in two more episodes of Lost, including the series finale. In 2013, she appears in the sixth season of Californication. She portrays Faith, a groupie and a muse to the stars, who captures the eye of Hank Moody played by David Duchovny.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Ohio
1983 births
Living people
Jōgen (Heian period)

was a  after Ten'en and before Tengen.  This period started in July 976 and ended in November 978.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Jōgen era
 11 June 976 (Jōgen 1, 11th day of the 5th month): The Imperial Palace was destroyed by a great fire.
 20 December 977 (Jōgen 2, 8th day of the 11th month): Fujiwara no Kanemichi dies at the age of 51.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras