cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Miguel Olivo

Miguel Olivo (born July 15, 1978) is a Major League Baseball player from Villa Vasquez, Dominican Republic. Olivo plays as a catcher for the Seattle Mariners. In 1996, Olivo was signed as a free agent by the Oakland Athletics. In December, 2000, he was traded to the Chicago White Sox for Chad Bradford. Olivo made his Major League Baseball debut on September 15, 2002, for the Chicago White Sox. On December 9, 2010, Olivo signed a two year, seven million dollar deal with the Seattle Mariners.

References

1978 births
Living people
Dominican Republic sportspeople
Seattle Mariners players
Colorado Rockies players
Kansas City Royals players
Florida Marlins players
San Diego Padres players
Chicago White Sox players
Vulnerability index

The vulnerability index is a tool for finding out who among the street homeless population needs health care and housing the most. It is being used in more and more cities in the USA. Volunteeers conduct a survey of people living in homeless shelters, warming centers and people who do not have any housing at all.

The  vulnerability index is from the work of Dr. Jim O'Connell of Boston's Healthcare for the Homeless. He was concerned about the causes of death of unsheltered homeless individuals living on the street. A national drive is underway by Common Ground to  work with the HUD homeless count. Since communities are doing the count, he believes that is a good time to do the vulnerability index too. Its' people say that using it will help getting needy individuals off the street.

The vulnerability index has been tried out in a lot of other places not just the East Coast. These include Charlotte, North Carolina, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Santa Monica, California.

References

Homelessness
Sociology
Common Ground

Common Ground is a nonprofit social services organization. It provides housing for the homeless and others. Their philosophy holds that housing costs less than homeless shelters. It also costs many times less than jail cells or hospital rooms, They also believe that people with psychiatric and other problems can better manage them once they have a place to live. It was started in 1990 by Rosanne Haggerty. Since then the organization has created more than 2,000 units of housing for the homeless. "This is about creating a small town, rather than just a building," according to Haggerty. "It’s about a real mixed society, working with many different people."

Haggerty’s work was recognized in 2001. She was selected as a prize winner and received and award called a MacArthur Fellowship award. The MacArthur Foundation praised her work in saving historic buildings, and fixing them up. She used creative financing which means new ways to deal with banks and other organizations that provide money for housing.

Street To Home
Among Common Ground's activities is documentation of the homeless population. In other words, to study them and write down what is going on so that people can figure out a plan of action. Sometimes this is done while counting the homeless. These counts are sometimes called "enumeration" because they put a number on how many homeless there are. 

In these counts, there is a way of writing down who is most vulnerable, who is most in danger from being homeless. This is called a vulnerability index. Workers complete the vulnerability index by asking about medical problems. Then they try to persuade those who spend the most time on the streets to seek permanent housing. They do this even if the people still have drug, alcohol or medical problems. Some of those involved in the issue of homelessness consider Common Ground a pioneer - someone who thinks up new ways to deal with old problems. 

However, the count is not an end to itself, but a first step.  According to Becky Kanis, the Director of Common Ground’s "Innovations Department",

The important part is what we do with this information. We want to move from crisis management to lasting solutions. Other cities have done that successfully. We plan to do the same. ... At the real end of the day the only thing that’s going to matter is the people who have been ... unwilling to accept the offers of shelter... Can we reach them and make a positive difference in their lives?... " 

Some people have asked if what works in New York will work in other places. 

Kanis states: "We don’t know exactly what’s going to work here in New York, but we know what’s worked in other cities. Therefore, we’re going to spend our efforts doing those things, and as we find smarter and better ways to do things we will adopt them.

References

Other websites

Common Ground Relief
 Prince George Ballroom
Common Ground Adelaide 
CRISIS UK
Unity of greater New Orleans
Toronto's Homes First Society

Charities
Chinese mountain cat

The Chinese Mountain cat (Felis bieti), also known as the Chinese Desert cat, is a small wild cat of western China. It is a little-known member of the genus Felis, the common cats.

Some authorities regard the chutchta and vellerosa subspecies of the Wildcat as Chinese Mountain cat subspecies.

References 

Mammals of Asia
Cats
Mason Ryan

Barri Griffiths (born January 13, 1982 in Tremadog, Wales) better known by his ring name Mason Ryan, is a Welsh professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and to the Raw brand where he used to be part of the stable, The Nexus. He also wrestled for Florida Championship Wrestling where was a one time FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship. Griffiths is a former Gladiator where he was known by the name, Goliath. He has also wrestled in several wrestling tournaments throughout his home country Wales before joining the WWE.

1982 births
Living people
WWE wrestlers
Professional wrestlers
Welsh sportspeople
Expansion pack

An expansion pack is an addition (extra part) of a video game, that adds to it. Expansion packs can add characters, worlds, weapons, or scenarios. They can be for all types of video games.

Most expansion packs need the main version of the game to play, although there are a few exceptions which can be purchased stand-alone, such as The Ultimate Doom.

Expansion packs are usually cheaper than the main game, or may even be free.

The term "Expansion Pack" was also used by Nintendo for a hardware add-on that plugged into the Nintendo 64 and was required for some games. It increased the RAM from 4 MB to 8 MB.

Related pages
Sequel
Series

Video games
Florence Henderson

Florence Agnes Henderson (February 14, 1934 – November 24, 2016) was an American actress and singer. She starred as Carol Brady in The Brady Bunch between 1969 and 1974. She was hosting her own talk show, The Florence Henderson Show, on television.

Henderson died suddenly of heart failure at a hospital in Los Angeles, California on November 24, 2016, aged 82.

References

Other websites

 
 

American television actors
American movie actors
Television talk show hosts
Actors from Indiana
Singers from Indiana
Deaths from heart failure
1934 births
2016 deaths
The Subtle Knife

The Subtle Knife is the second book of the His Dark Materials trilogy  written by Philip Pullman and first published in 1997.
In the first world that Lyra enters, Lyra meets a boy of 12 years named Will Parry who comes from Oxford of the reader's universe and is escaping from the authorities. Defending his sick mother he has accidentally killed a man.They travel through a silent world to resolve many mysteries. They begin to realize that there is something special about that world.

References

1997 books
Children's books
Fantasy books
Minerva McGonagall

Minerva McGonagall is a fictional character in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling. This character is a teacher at the school Hogwarts, and a good character in the series. She helps Harry Potter, the main character, many times in the series. She teaches "transfiguration", a type of magic where you change objects or animals into other objects and animals. At the end of the books, McGonagall becomes the school principal. Her honorary title is Hogwarts Headmistress.

When McGonagall was young she went to Hogwarts. She was in Gryffindor, a house for brave and bold students. When she got older she decided to train herself to be an "animagus", a wizard who can change themselves into an animal without a wand. She can change into a cat. Later, she became a member of the Order Of the Phoenix, an organization trained to fight evil wizards. In a quidditch match, she was hurt by a Slytherin player.

McGonagall is played by Maggie Smith in the movies.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Harry Potter characters
Knots Landing

Knots Landing was an American soap opera which began December 27, 1979 and ended May 13, 1993. It was a spin-off of Dallas. The show aired on CBS throughout its run. It was set around a fictional coastal suburb of Los Angeles and focuses on four married couples living in a cul-de-sac. By the time of the show's end, it had become one of the longest running primetime drama shows on television in the US.

1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
Los Angeles
Soap operas
CBS network shows
Television spin-offs
1979 American television series debuts
1993 television series endings
1993 disestablishments in the United States
English-language television programs
Okra

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) are known in many English-speaking countries as lady's fingers or gumbo) is a flowering plant in the mallow family, related to cotton and hibiscus. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. It is cultivated for the pods, which are harvested in the immature stage and used in salads, soups and dishes.  It is the national vegetable of Pakistan.

References

Medicinal plants
National symbols of Pakistan
Ruthless People

Ruthless People is a 1986 American black comedy crime movie which stars Danny DeVito, Helen Slater, Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold. Also starring in the movie is Bill Pullman in his movie debut. David Zucker, Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams are the directors of this movie. It was distributed via Touchstone Pictures.

Other websites 

1986 comedy movies
1986 crime movies
1980s black comedy movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Jim Abrahams
Movies directed by David Zucker
Movies directed by Jerry Zucker
Alexandertorte

Alexandertorte, also known as Alexander Torte or Aleksander Torte, is a dessert of pastry strips filled with raspberry preserves.

Its origin is not really known.  Although Alexander I employed Carême, this dessert is not claimed by Carême. It was possibly first made in Finland, by Swiss pastry chefs in Helsinki in 1818, when Alexander was due to visit.  It is also said to be a Latvian dish.

Related pages
List of foods named after people

Dishes named after people
Adolphe Dugléré

Adolphe Dugléré (born Bordeaux, June 3, 1805 - died Paris April 4, 1884) was a French chef and a pupil of Carême.

Les Frères Provençaux 

Dugléré was a chef de cuisine to the  Rothschild family until 1848, and was manager at the restaurant Les Frères Provençaux at the Palais-Royal from 1848 to 1866 which was owned by three men from Provence named Barthélémy, Maneille and Simonas (who were, in reality, not brothers).

Café Anglais 

In 1866 he became the head chef of the   which was the most famous Paris restaurant of the 19th century and where he is believed to have created the dish Pommes Anna.

Dinner of the Three Emperors 

It was at the Café Anglais in 1867 that Dugléré served a famous meal that became known as the  Dîner des trois empereurs, () for Tsar Alexander II of Russia, his son the tsarevitch (who later became Tsar Alexander III) and King William I of Prussia, as well as  Prince Otto von Bismarck who were in Paris for L'Exposition Universelle. The table service used for this meal is on display to this day at the oldest existing restaurant in Paris, La Tour d'Argent which is owned by the descendants of Claudius Burdel, the last owner of Café Anglais which was demolished in 1913.

The evening of 7 June 1867 is reputed to have been the most magnificent ever to have occurred in any restaurant in the world. The three emperors and Prince Bismarck had requested of Dugléré a meal that would live in their memories and the maître de cave, Claudius Burdel, was instructed to accompany the dishes with the greatest wines in the world.

Dishes 

The most famous dish attributed to Dugléré is almost certainly Pommes Anna. Other dishes created by Dugléré include Potage Germiny, a sorrel soup created for the Count of Germiny, governor of the Bank of France, Poularde Albufera, dedicated to Maréchal Suchet, Duke of Albufera, Soufflé à l'anglaise, Sole Dugléré and Culotte de bœuf Salomon, (dedicated to Salomon de Rothschild)  and Barbue à la Dugléré (brill in tomato and parsley sauce).

He is also credited with inventing Tournedos Rossini, but this dish has also been credited to both Escoffier as well as Carême (although not the title itself).  It was composer Gioachino Rossini who dubbed Dugléré Le Mozart de la cuisine (The Mozart of the Kitchen).  It was a title he used on the menu for the Dinner of the Three Emperors.

References

Notes

French chefs
People with foods named after them
1805 births
1884 deaths
People from Bordeaux
Sean Avery

Sean Christopher Avery (born April 10, 1980 in Pickering, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played 12 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers, and Dallas Stars. Avery was known for his agitating playing style, as well as his controversial behavior both on and off the ice.

He has also worked as an intern for Vogue, a male model and a restaurateur.

Avery has been featured on MTV Cribs, Punk'd and TRL and has also opened a sports bar called, Warren 77 in Manhattan.

References

Other websites

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian models
Dallas Stars players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey League players
Cul-de-sac

A cul-de-sac (literally "bottom of bag") is a word that came from the French language and means a small street without a way through at the far end. It is also used in Catalan and Occitan, its meaning being equivalent to a dead end, close, or no through road (United Kingdom, Australian and Canadian English). While culs-de-sac were built in history for other reasons, its modern use is to calm down the traffic.

Real estate
Roads
International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is an international organization created in Geneva in 1919 for better for working conditions and standard of living. In 1946, this organization has become a special organization of the United Nations and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.

Juan Somavía was the ILO's director-general from 1999 until October 2012, when Guy Ryder was elected as his replacement. This governing body is composed of 28 government representatives, 14 workers' representatives, and 14 employers' representatives.

The Constitution of the International Labour Organization
The constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." An additional declaration adopted in Philadelphia at the 26th section affirms that "Labour is not a commodity" (I (a)), "Freedom of expression and association are essential to sustained progress" (I (b)), "Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere" (I (c)), and that "All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity". (II (a))

Main purpose of activities

Freedom of trade union 
Protection from unemployment
Equal payment for equal work
Abolishment of forced labour
Abolishment of child labour
Abolishment of sweatshop
Abolishment of work or profession discrimination
Fair rights of migrant workers
Decent work for all
Fair and decent rights of domestic workers

For this purpose, ILO has made 189 Conventions called "International Labour Convention" but many countries do not ratify the Conventions despite its importance.

Note

Other page
United Nations
Human rights
Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers

Other website
International Labour Organization
Official Website

United Nations
Human rights organizations
Geneva
Civil rights organizations
1919 establishments in Europe
James Graham Brown

James Graham Brown (August 18, 1881 — March 20, 1969) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was a hotel owner in Louisville, Kentucky. It was his hotel, the Brown Hotel, which first served the hot sandwich.

The name Hot Brown meaning a type of hot sandwich comes either from Brown himself, or his hotel.

1881 births
1969 deaths
People with foods named after them
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Businesspeople from Indiana
American philanthropists
Social justice

Social justice is an idea of justice that is based on equality in society. The idea of social justice goes against any kind of discrimination or abuse based on social class, social status or any other reasons.

This idea is discussed by modern philosophers such as John Rawls. It is a fundamental idea for International Labour Organization for universal and lasting peace; And Vienna Declaration also affirm social justice as a subject and a purpose of education for human rights.

Related pages
International Labour Organization
Vienna Declaration

Civil rights
Baker County, Oregon

Baker County, Oregon is a county in Oregon.

Oregon counties
1862 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Oregon
Bradford County, Florida

Bradford County is a county in Florida.

Florida counties
1858 establishments in Florida
Bradford County, Pennsylvania

Bradford County is a county in Pennsylvania.

References

Pennsylvania counties
1810 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in Pennsylvania
Calhoun County, Florida

Calhoun County is a county in Florida. It is named after John C. Calhoun. He lived in South Carolina and was a member of the United States Senate. He later became the President of the United States.

Florida counties
1838 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Florida Territory
2011 Daytona 500

The 2011 Daytona 500 took place on February 20th 2011 at the Daytona International Speedway. It was the first race of the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Dale Earnhardt, Jr. won the pole in qualifying, however he did not start in 1st place because he crashed his car during practice. The race was won by Trevor Bayne. At 20 years old, he is the youngest driver to win the race.

Results

References

NASCAR
2011 in Florida
February 2011 events
Melrose Place (1992 TV series)

Melrose Place was an American primetime soap opera which began July 8th, 1992 and ended May 24, 1999. The show lasted seven seasons on Fox. Starring in the show were Daphne Zuniga, Marcia Cross, Courtney Thorne Smith, Josie Bissett, Heather Locklear, and many others. Aaron Spelling was the executive producer for Melrose Place throughout its seven year run. Many cast changes happened during this time period.

1990s soap operas
Fox television series
English-language television programs
Calhoun County, Alabama

Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama.  As of 2010 the population was 118,572. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its county seat is Anniston.

History
Benton County was formed on December 18, 1832.  It was named for Thomas Hart Benton, a member of the United States Senate from Missouri.  The first county seat was at Jacksonville. 

An F4 tornado struck here on Palm Sunday March 27, 1994. It destroyed Piedmont's Goshen United Methodist Church twelve minutes after the National Weather Service of Birmingham issued a tornado warning for northern Calhoun, southeastern Etowah, and southern Cherokee.

Geography
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of .   (or 99.37%) is land and  (or 0.63%) is water.

Major highways

Rail
Alabama and Tennessee River Railway
Norfolk Southern Railway
Amtrak

Adjacent counties
Cherokee County, Alabama - northeast
Cleburne County, Alabama - east
Talladega County, Alabama - south
St. Clair County, Alabama - west
Etowah County, Alabama - northwest

National protected areas
 Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge
 Talladega National Forest (part)

Cities and towns
Alexandria
Anniston
Blue Mountain
Bynum
Choccolocco
Eastaboga
Hobson City
Jacksonville
Pleasant Valley
Minden
Ohatchee
Oxford (part - part of Oxford is in Talladega County)
Piedmont (part - part of Piedmont is in Cherokee County)
Saks
Weaver
Webster's Chapel
Wellington
West End-Cobb Town

Places of interest
Calhoun County is home to the Anniston Museum of Natural History and the Berman Museum of World History. It also contains a part of the Talladega National Forest.

References

Alabama counties
1832 establishments in Alabama
Dallas (1978 TV series)

Dallas is an American soap opera. It is about the Ewings, a family from Texas involved in oil and cattle ranching. The show began as a television miniseries during April 1978. It was broadcasted until May 3, 1991 on CBS. The cast included Charlene Tilton, Victoria Principal, Priscilla Presley, Patrick Duffy, and Larry Hagman as J.R. Ewing. The series lasted for fourteen seasons.

The show was revived on TNT in June 2012.

Other websites 

1978 television series debuts
1991 television series endings
1970s American television series
1970s drama television series
1980s American drama television series
1980s soap operas
1990s American drama television series
1990s soap operas
American soap operas
CBS network shows
Television series set in Texas
English-language television programs
Calhoun County, Arkansas

Calhoun County is a county in Arkansas.

Arkansas counties
1850 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Arkansas
Calhoun County, Georgia

Calhoun County is a county in Georgia.  Its county seat is Morgan.

1854 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Calhoun County, Illinois

Calhoun County is a county in Illinois.

Illinois counties
1825 establishments in Illinois
Elasmobranchii

Elasmobranchii  is a subclass of the Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish. It includes the modern sharks and the rays and skates.

Evolution 
Fossilised shark teeth are known from the early Devonian, around 400 million years ago. During the following Carboniferous period, the sharks underwent a period of diversification, with many new forms evolving. Many of these became extinct during the Permian, but the remaining sharks underwent a second burst of adaptive radiation during the Jurassic, around which time the skates and rays first appeared.

Taxonomy
Subclass Elasmobranchii
†Plesioselachus
†Order Squatinactiformes
†Order Protacrodontiformes
†Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha
†Order Cladoselachiformes
†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha
†Order Xenacanthiformes
Infraclass Euselachii (sharks and rays)
†Order Ctenacanthiformes
†Division Hybodonta
†Order Hybodontiformes
Division Neoselachii
Subdivision Selachii (Selachimorpha) (modern sharks)
Superorder Galeomorphi
Order Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
Order Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
Order Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
Order Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
†Order Protospinaciformes
Order Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
Order Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
Subdivision Batoidea (rays)
Order Torpediniformes (electric rays)
Order Pristiformes (sawfishes)
Order Rajiformes (skates and relatives)
Order Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)

References

Cartilaginous fish
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.

Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones. He was born in Burlingame, Kansas  in 1915 and died in Miami, Florida, United States in 1974.

References

1915 births
1974 deaths
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Scientists from Kansas
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Persian Wikipedia

Persian Wikipedia is a member of Wikimedia Foundation. It started work in December 2003. founder of Persian version is Roozbeh Pour-Nader.

It is the 18th largest edition by article count.  Persian Wikipedia has currently more than 500,000 articles.

Articles
Many of the first articles on the Persian Wikipedia were about chemical materials and historical subjects.  The Wikipedia added geography and religious subjects soon after.  On December 16, 2004, the Wikipedia reached 10,000 articles.

Charts Progress

Related pages
Persian language

References

Sources
Persian Wikipedia
Wikipedias at MetaWiki

Wikipedias
Edward B. Lewis

Edward B. Lewis (May 20, 1918 – July 21, 2004) was an American geneticist. He shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Lewis was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania He received a BA in Biostatistics from the University of Minnesota in 1939.

In 1942 Lewis received a PhD from California Institute of Technology (Caltech), working on Drosophila melanogaster under the guidance of Alfred Sturtevant.

After serving as a meteorologist in the U.S. Air Force in World War II, Lewis joined the Caltech faculty in 1946 as an instructor. In 1956 he was appointed Professor of Biology, and in 1966 the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology.

His Nobel Prize winning studies with Drosophila founded the field of developmental genetics and laid the groundwork for our current understanding of the universal, evolutionarily conserved strategies controlling animal development.

His key publications in the fields of genetics, developmental biology, radiation and cancer are available in a book.

Effects of radiation 
During the 1950s, Lewis studied the effects of radiation from X-rays, nuclear fallout and other sources as possible causes of cancer. He reviewed medical records from survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as radiologists and patients exposed to X-rays. Lewis concluded that "health risks from radiation had been underestimated". Lewis published articles in Science and other journals and made a presentation to a Congressional committee on atomic energy in 1957.

At the scientific level of the debate, the crucial question was whether the "threshold theory" was valid or whether, as Lewis insisted, the effects of radioactivity were "linear with no threshold", where every exposure to radiation had a long-term cumulative effect.

Genes regulating development 
In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly Drosophila, Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism.

Furthermore, the sequence of these control genes show co-linearity: the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body. Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.

Each of the genes contains a homeobox, a remarkably conserved DNA sequence. This suggests the complex itself arose by gene duplication.

In his Nobel lecture, Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".

Related pages 
Hox gene

References 

1918 births
2004 deaths
American academics
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
American zoologists
Scientists from Pennsylvania
Wolf Prize winners
People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Educators from Pennsylvania
Christine Baranski

Christine Jane Baranski (b. 2 May 1952) is an American Actress, Singer and Producer. On stage, she played Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd and the title character in Mame. She has also acted in multiple movies. Baranski was born in Buffalo, New York.

References

1952 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Buffalo, New York
General Secretary

General Secretary is a title most often used in political parties, and is usually the leader of the party. The General Secretary (sometimes called First Secretary or Secretary-General) is usually the leader of the Secretariat and the Politburo.

History
On April 3, 1922, Joseph Stalin became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and had the job of deciding who was a member of the party and where they went. Vladimir Lenin was de facto leader at the time. Once Lenin died, Stalin used his power to give allies jobs in the party to become more powerful than everybody else.

Related pages
 List of General Secretaries of the Soviet Union
 General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

Politics
Sid Caesar

Sid Caesar (Isaac Sidney Caesar; September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2014) was an American comedian and actor. Caesar stared in Your Show of Shows from 1950 until 1954 and in Grease as Coach Calhoun. Before becoming a comedian, Caesar was a musician. He won two Emmy Awards during his career.

Caesar was born on September 8, 1922 in Yonkers, New York. He was of Polish-Russian-Jewish descent. Caesar was married to Florence Levy from 1943 until her death in 2010. They had three children.

Caesar died on the morning of February 12, 2014 in Beverly Hills, California from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites

 Official Sid Caesar website
 
 
 
 Sid Caesar Biography from Museum of Broadcast Communications 
 Sid Caesar Biography from New York Times 
 Archival Television Audio on Sid Caesar

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York
People from Yonkers, New York
Deaths from natural causes
Emmy Award winning actors
Jewish American actors
Musicians from New York
Swallow

The swallows and martins are a group of passerine birds in the family Hirundinidae. These birds are adapted to aerial feeding. "Swallow" is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the barn swallow.

Within the swallow, the name "martin" tends to be used for the squarer-tailed species, and the name "swallow" for the more fork-tailed species. However, there is no scientific distinction between these two groups. The family contains around 83 species in 19 genera.

Passeri
Patti Page

Clara Ann Fowler, better known as Patti Page, (November 8, 1927 - January 1, 2013) was an American singer. She is one of the best known female singers of traditional pop. She was the best selling female artist in the 1950s. She will win an honorary Grammy Award in 2013.

Page was born in Claremore, Oklahoma. Page died on January 1, 2013 in Encinitas, California from natural causes, aged 85.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

References

Other websites

 The Official Patti Page Website
 Patti Page Official Biography
 Interview with Patti Page
 Songwriters' Hall of Fame article on Patti Page 

1927 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Country musicians from Oklahoma
American pop musicians
Singers from Oklahoma
All My Children

All My Children was an American soap opera set in a fictional suburb of Philadelphia. Susan Lucci plays Erica Kane. Other famous people have starred, including Sarah Michelle Gellar. The show aired on ABC for 43 years since its beginning until September 23, 2011 when cancellation was announced on April 2011. It was canceled on April 14, 2011 along with One Life to Live due to low ratings and production costs. Another series was shown in 2013.

References

Other websites

1970 establishments in the United States
1970 television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
1970s American television series
1980s American drama television series
1990s American drama television series
2000s American drama television series
2010s American drama television series
ABC network shows
American soap operas
Fiction about suburbia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
English-language television programs
Oregon State University

Oregon State University is a four-year university in Corvallis, Oregon in the United States. It is the largest university in Oregon, and as of February 2011, has over 23,000 students. The university has classes for both graduate and undergraduate students, and also offers classes online.

Oregon State's athletic teams are known as the Beavers. Its baseball team won the College World Series in 2006 and 2007.

References

Colleges and universities in Oregon
Pac-12 Conference
1868 establishments in the United States
André Theuriet

Claude Adhémar André Theuriet (8 October 1833, Marly-le-Roi - 23 April 1907) French poet and novelist, was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise).

Theuriet studied law in Paris and became a civil servant.  He retired as a civil servant in 1886, almost 20 years after his first published book was issued.  The was the Chemin des bois, a collection of poems, many of which had already appeared in the Revue des Deux Mondes.

Theuriet received in 1890 the  from the French Academy, and was made a member of the Academy in 1896.

Foods
An omelette of truffles & asparagus has been named after him.

Books
 Le mariage de Gérard (1875)
 Raymonde (1877)
 Le fils Maugars (1879)
 La maison des Deux Barbeaux (1879)
 Sauvageonne (1880)
 Reine des bois (1890)
 Villa tranquille (1899)
 Le manuscrit du chanoine (1902)

Other websites

1833 births
1907 deaths
Members of the Académie française
French poets
People with foods named after them
Oliver Smithies

Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 – 10 January 2017) was a British-American geneticist and Nobel laureate,

He invented gel electrophoresis in 1955, which is now one of the basic techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology.

Much later, he worked on the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA. This is the most reliable method of altering animal genomes at present, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice.

Martin Evans and Mario Capecchi were also working on this idea, and they were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.

References 

1925 births
2017 deaths
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
British Nobel Prize winners
English geneticists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Yorkshire
Danica McKellar

Danica Mae McKellar (born January 3, 1975) is an American actress and mathematician. She is best known for playing Winnie Cooper in The Wonder Years. She also starred in several television movies.

She is also a New York Times bestselling author. She wrote four popular non-fiction books: Math Doesn't Suck, Kiss My Math, Hot X: Algebra Exposed and Girls Get Curves: Geometry Takes Shape. The books are meant to encourage middle-school and high-school girls to have confidence and succeed in mathematics.

Personal life 
She married composer Mike Verta on March 22, 2009, in La Jolla, California. The couple had dated since 2001. They had their first child on September 7, 2010, a boy they named Draco. McKellar filed for divorce from Verta in June 2012.

Filmography

References 

1975 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from San Diego, California
American mathematicians
Scientists from San Diego, California
American child actors
American television writers
American movie actors
Movie directors from California
Screenwriters from California
Sleepwalking

Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, is a disorder belonging to the parasomnia family of sleeping problems.

People with this disorder leave bed, without waking up, and walk around. In certain cases, people do things they also do in everyday life. According to research done, sleepwalking seems to be a problem related to the mechanism of waking up.

What people do while sleepwalking 
The activities can be as simple as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, and cleaning. Sometimes they are dangerous; examples include  cooking, driving, extremely violent gesture or grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide.

Generally, sleepwalking cases consist of simple, repeated behaviours; occasionally there are reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, but the legitimacy of these claims is often disputed. In 2004, sleep medicine experts in Australia claimed to have successfully treated a woman who claimed to have sex with strangers in her sleep. In December 2008, reports were published of a woman who sent semi-coherent emails while sleepwalking, including one inviting a friend around for dinner and drinks. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the what they do, because they are not truly conscious. Their eyes are open, but their expression is dim and glazed over. Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as thirty minutes.

How common is sleepwalking? 
There is no data about how common sleepwalking is. Estimates say that one to two percent of adults are sleepwalkers. Sleepwalking seems to be more common in children, between ten and thirty percent of children are affected; in most cases, they stop sleepwalking during puberty. Most cases of sleepwalking are temporary, they occur once, or only a few times. It looks like some sleepwalking may be inherited; very often, people who are sleepwalkers have other sleepwalkers in the family.

Treatment 
Because people can hurt themselves while sleepwalking, it is a good idea to either wake a sleepwalker, or to guide the person back to bed. There are drugs that can be given to treat the condition. As there is no therapy, many experts are against the use of drugs.

In culture 

 La Sonnambula, Italian opera by Vincenzo Bellini
 Lucy Westenra, a fictional character in Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, is sleepwalker

References 

Sleep disorders
Psychology
Inclusive education

Inclusive education is an idea in the field of education. It means that persons with disabilities or persons who need special care can learn in schools together with people who do not have special needs. This idea comes from the idea of social justice. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also says that access to education is a human right.

Whether the education takes place in schools with all kinds of pupils is a matter of practicality. There is no general rule which can always be followed. Some kinds of disability needs both specially trained teachers, and a separate environment from the normal classrooms.

Related pages
Disability
Education
Special education
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Education
Disability
Reasonable accommodation

Reasonable accommodation is a necessary aid or support for persons with disabilities or other persons in weak situations, such as minority groups, but not to make an unreasonable burden on the society. This idea is born in American and Canadian lawsuits to abolish discrimination on the job and is also used by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Article 2.

Related pages
Disability
Accessibility
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Notes 

Disability
Human rights
List of cities in Iran

This is a list of cities in Iran.

cities by population

list of cities

A
 Abadan 
 Abadeh 
 Abyek 
 Abhar 
 Abyaneh 
 Ahar 
 Ahvaz 
 Alavi 
 Aligudarz 
 Alvand 
 Amlash 
 Amol 
 Andimeshk 
 Andisheh 
 Arak 
 Ardabil 
 Ardakan 
 Asalem 
 Asalouyeh 
 Ashkezar 
 Ashlagh 
 Ashtiyan 
 Astaneh Arak 
 Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh 
 Astara

B
 Babol
 Babolsar
 Baharestan
 Balov
 Bam
 Bampur
 Bandar Abbas
 Bandar Anzali
 Bandar Charak
 Bandar Imam
 Bandar Kong
 Bandar Lengeh
 Bandar Torkman
 Baneh
 Bastak
 Behbahan
 Behshahr
 Bijar
 Binalud
 Birjand
 Bistam
 Bojnourd
 Bonab
 Borazjan
 Borujerd
 Bukan
 Bushehr

D
 Damghan
 Darab
 Dargaz
 Daryan
 Darreh Shahr
 Deylam
 Deyr
 Dezful
 Dezghan
 Dibaj
 Doroud

E
 Eghlid
 Esfarayen
 Eslamabad
 Eslamshahr
 Evaz

F
 Farahan
 Fasa
 Ferdows
 Feshk
 Firouzabad
 Fouman

G
 Gachsaran
 Garmeh-Jajarm
 Garmsar
 Ghale Ganj
 Gerash
 Genaveh
 Ghaemshahr
 Golbahar
 Golpayegan
 Gonabad
 Gonbad-e Kavous
 Gorgan

H
 Hamadan
 Hashtgerd 
 Hashtpar
 Hashtrud
 Heris
 Hidaj

I
 Ij
 Ilam
 Iranshahr
 Isfahan
 Islamshahr
 Izadkhast
 Izeh

J
 Jajarm
 Jask
 Jahrom
 Jaleq
 Javanroud
 Jiroft
 Jolfa

K
 Kahnuj
 Kamyaran
 Kangan
 Kangavar
 Karaj
 Kashan
 Kashmar
 Kazeroun
 Kerman
 Kermanshah
 Khalkhal
 Khomein
 Khomeynishahr
 Khonj
 Khormuj
 Khorramabad
 Khorramshahr
 Khorashad
 Koumleh
 Khvoy
 Kilan
 Kish
 Koker
 Kosar
 Kordkuy
 Kong
 Kuhdasht

L
 Laft 
 Lahijan 
 Langaroud 
 Lar
 Latian 
 Lavasan

M
 Mahabad
 Mahan
 Mahshahr
 Majlesi
 Maku
 Malard
 Malayer
 Manjil
dad

 Manoojan
 Maragheh
 Marand
 Marivan
 Marvdasht
 Masal
 Mashhad
 Masjed Soleyman
 Mehran
 Meshkinshahr
 Meybod
 Miandoab
 Mianeh
 Minab
 Minoodasht
 Mohajeran

N
 Naghadeh
 Nahavand
 Nain
 Najafabad
 Namin
 Natanz
 Nazarabad
 Neishabur
 Nir
 Nowshahr
 Nurabad

O
 Omidiyeh 
 Oshnaviyeh 
 Oskou
 Ormand
 Orumiyeh

P
 Pakdasht
 Parand
 Pardis
 Parsabad
 Paveh
 Piranshahr
 Pishva
 Poldasht
 Poulad-shahr

Q
 Qaemshahr
 Qaen
 Qamsar
 Qasr-e Shirin
 Qazvin (city)
 Qods
 Qom
 Qorveh
 Quchan

R
 Rafsanjan
 Ramin
 Ramsar
 Ramshar
 Rasht
 Ray
 Rezvanshahr
 Roudbar
 Roodbar-e-Jonoub
 Roudsar
 Runiz

S
 Sabzevar
 Sadra
 Sahand
 Salmas
 Sanandaj
 Saqqez
 Sarab
 Sarableh
 Sarakhs
 Saravan
 Sardasht
 Sari
 Saveh
 Senejan
 Semnan
 Shabestar
 Shaft
 Shahinshahr
 Shahr-e Kord
 Shahrezā
 Shahriar
 Shahroud
 Shahsavar
 Shiraz
 Shirvan
 Shushtar
 Siahkal
 Sirjan
 Sourmagh
 Sowme'eh Sara
 Sarpole Zahab
 Shahriar

T
 Tabas
 Tabriz
 Tafresh
 Takab
 Tehran
 Tis
 Torbat-e Heydarieh
 Torbat-e Jam
 Touyserkan
 Tous

V
 Varamin

Y
 Yasouj
 Yazd

Z
 Zabol
 Zahedan
 Zanjan
 Zarand
 Zarrinshahr

Related pages
 Iran
 Tehran

References

Sources
 Lists by province 

Iran
Iran
International Tennis Federation

The International Tennis Federation is the group that was created to govern world tennis. This means they decide on rules and make sure they are done. 

Tennis organisations
1913 establishments
Mashhad

Mashhad () is a city in the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Mashhad is the second largest city in Iran. It is close to Iran's border with Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.

Mashhad is primarily known as the resting place of Imam Reza and also the great Persian poet, Ferdowsi.

History
Before the 9th century, Mashhad was a small village but became prosperous after imam Reza was killed and buried there by Al-Ma'mun the Abbasid caliph. Mashhad turned into a famous town, in the time of Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty  (1501) and later Nader Shah of his Empire chose Mashhad as his capital. Mashhad has remained one of Iran's most important cities to this day even with the relocation of the capital to Tehran.

Related pages
 List of cities in Iran

References

Cities in Iran
Razavi Khorasan Province
Calhoun County, Iowa

Calhoun County is a county in Iowa.  Its county seat is Rockwell City.

Iowa counties
1850s establishments in Iowa
1855 establishments in the United States
Calhoun County, Michigan

Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan.

References

Michigan counties
1833 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Michigan Territory
True Jackson, VP

True Jackson, VP is an American teen sitcom created by Andy Gordon for Nickelodeon. The series starred Keke Palmer, Ashley Argota, Matt Shively, Danielle Bisutti, Greg Proops, Robbie Amell, and Ron Butler. It aired from November 8, 2008, to August 20, 2011.

Cast
Keke Palmer as True Jackson
Ashley Argota as Lulu
Matt Shively as Ryan Leslie Laserbeam
Danielle Bisutti as Amanda Cantwell
Greg Proops as Max Madigan
Ron Butler as Oscar
Robbie Amell as Jimmy Madigan

Other websites
True Jackson, VP's Official Website

2008 American television series debuts
Children's television series
American sitcoms
2011 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Calhoun County, Mississippi

Calhoun County is a county in Mississippi.

Mississippi counties
1852 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Mississippi
Lark

Larks are passerine birds of the family Alaudidae. All species occur in the Old World, and in northern and eastern Australia. Only one, the Shore lark, has spread to North America, where it is called the Horned lark. Habitats vary widely, but many species live in dry regions.

Passeri
Birds of Australia
Ritchie Valens

Richard Steven Valenzuela, better known as Ritchie Valens (May 13, 1941 - February 3, 1959) was an American singer-songwriter and musician who died with Buddy Holly, and "Big Bopper" Richardson in a plane crash in Iowa on 3 February 1959, in an event that would become known as The Day the Music Died. He was 17 years old.

He was born to Mexican parents.

Valens most notable work include recordings of “La Bamba” a Mexican folk song which became a hit in the U.S. “Donna” a song dedicated to his girlfriend and “Come on let’s go”

References 

1941 births
1959 deaths
American guitarists
American rock musicians
Singer-songwriters from California
Aviation deaths in the United States
Singers from Los Angeles
Calhoun County, South Carolina

Calhoun County is a county in South Carolina.

South Carolina counties
1908 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in South Carolina
Wooden horse

The wooden horse or Spanish donkey is a torture device where the victim is made to straddle a triangular "horse" and place their full body weight on their genitals, which rested on the point of the angle which causes pain in the lower regions. Sometimes cannonballs or something similar would be tied to the victim's feet. There is also a less intense variation was probably developed for BDSM play.

BDSM
Torture
Calhoun County, Texas

Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas.

Texas counties
1846 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Texas
Calhoun County, West Virginia

Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia.

West Virginia counties
1856 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in West Virginia
Kenny vs. Spenny

Kenny vs. Spenny was a Canadian reality-comedy television series created by Kenny Hotz. It starred Kenny Hotz and Spencer Rice.

In Canada reruns are still shown on the Showcase. The series had six seasons and ran from August 26, 2003 to December 23, 2010. Matt Stone and Trey Parker, creators of South Park, were executive producers for 10 episodes in the fourth season of the show. The series was about two friends who competed in numerous competitions. The loser of the competition would have to do a humiliation that the winner picked out. The show ended with an hour-long Christmas special that aired on December 23, 2010 on Showcase.

The show spawned many many replicas including Frank vs Girard in French Canadian on VRAK.TV, Ed vs. Spencer in the United Kingdom, Juan vs. Roman in Latin America, Elton vs. Simon in Germany, Katja vs. Bridget and Dennis vs. Valerio in the Netherlands, and Sid vs. Varun in India.

TV.com rated the series a 8.4. It was ranked as at #8 among the top 10 Canadian television shows of the 21st century.

References

Other websites
Official website

2000s television series
2003 television series debuts
2010 television series endings
Canadian television series
Comedy television series
2003 establishments in Canada
2010 disestablishments in North America
2010s disestablishments in Canada
Siouan languages

The Siouan languages (also known as Siouan proper or Western Siouan) are a group of Native American languages. The Siouan languages are spoken in central North America.

Languages of North America