cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Fritjof Capra

Fritjof Capra (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-American physicist.

Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra earned a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Vienna in 1966. He has done research on particle physics and systems theory, and has written popular books on the implications of science with ethics, metaphysics and society. In particular in The Tao of Physics he makes the assertion that physics and metaphysics are both inexorably leading to the same knowledge. His works all share a similar subtext: that "there are hidden connections between everything".  Capra is both a Buddhist and a Catholic Christian. 

After touring Germany in the early 1980s, Capra co-wrote a book in 1984 with ecofeminist author Charlene Spretnak, called Green Politics.

Capra pushes for western society to abandon c the mechanistic views of Descartes.  Critiquing Descartes' reductionistic view that everything can be studied in parts to understand the whole, he allows his readers to take an objective and fresh mind, encouraging them to see the world through 'complexity theory'.

Capra is aiming for a theory of living systems, a theoretical framework for ecology. This theory has its roots in several scientific fields from the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

Bibliography 
The Tao of Physics (1975)
Green Politics with (Charlene Spretnak)
The Turning Point (1982)
Uncommon Wisdom (1988)
Belonging to the Universe: Explorations on the Frontiers of Science and Spirituality (1991) (coauthored with David Steindl-Rast and Thomas Matus)
The Web of Life (1997)
The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living (2002)

Other websites 
His homepage
The Turning Point
Home on the web for the Center for Ecoliteracy
Skeptical Inquirer on Quantum Quackery 

1939 births
Living people
American physicists
Austrian scientists
Scientists from Vienna
Systems scientists
Ethelred the Unready

Ethelred II (c. 968 – April 23 1016)  was also known as Ethelred the Unready. He was King of England twice. The first time was from 978 to 1013, and the second time was 1014 to 1016. He was the son of Edgar, and Aelfthryth. For most of his reign he had to fight off Viking invaders.  

The word unready in his name means "Unread." Which was a nickname for "Poor Counciled' or "Bad Adviced." When, as a young boy, he asked for opinions he was given poor advice.

Other websites 
 Family tree of Ethelred the Unready
 Documentary - The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready 
 Early British Kingdoms
 Britannia :  Monarchs

960s births
1016 deaths
Kings and Queens of England
Elizabethan Religious Settlement

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I’s answer to the religious quarrels that developed during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. 

This answer was given in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 confirmed the English church’s independence from Rome. The Act of Uniformity 1559 decided about the form of the English church.

Often it was seen as the end of the English Reformation and the foundation of Anglicanism.  But some historians think that England only became a Protestant nation on a popular level many years later.  There seem to have been great divisions in the population and among the clergy for a long time afterwards.

Related pages
Church of England
Reformation

Other websites 
The Legacy of the Reformation: A New Approach 
Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603), Elizabethan Religious Settlement
Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity (1559)
Documents Illustrative of English Church History

History of the British Isles
Protestant Reformation
Gecko

Geckos are small to middle size lizards. There are 1196 different kinds of geckos, mostly in the suborder Gekkota. They live in many warm countries and usually are awake during the night. Some kinds of geckos go into people's houses. Hemidactylus frenatus is the common house gecko. People are often happy to have them, because geckos eat many insects.

Unlike most lizards, geckos have voices. A gecko sounds a little like a bird or a frog. In some languages, these lizards have names that sound like their calls, for example, both English and Indonesian call one kind gecko (gek KO) and tokay (to-KAY). Another kind of gecko, with a different sound, is called chicak (CHEE chak).

Most geckos lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.

Geckos have no eyelids. Instead, they have a clear membrane (skin) over their eyes. They lick the membrane clean with their tongues. Like most lizards, they can regenerate their tail if they need to. Their tail also helps them balance and store fat. Geckos also shed their skin, like many other reptiles. Geckos are also able to replace their teeth every few months.

Many kinds of geckos can walk on trees, walls, windows, and ceilings. Geckos' feet form a molecular bond with the surface that they are walking on in order to "stick" to the surface. This force is called van der Waal's force.They can do this because they have special toe pads. A microscope can show that each toe pad is made of thousands of hair-like structures called setae. Each of these structures branches into many smaller ends called spatulae.  The rest of their skin is also covered in extremely small hairs, which make it hard for a gecko to get wet. Gecko skin can also kill bacteria.

Taxonomy 
There are six families under the suborder Gekkota.

 Carphodactylidae
 Diplodactylidae
 Eublepharidae
 Gekkonidae
 Phyllodactylidae
 Sphaerodactylidae

References 

Lizards
Rutherfordium

Rutherfordium is a chemical element. It has also been named eka-hafnium and unnilquadium. It has the symbol Rf and has the atomic number 104. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element.. The isotope that has the longest half-life is 265Rf. Rutherfordium-265 only has a half life of about 13 hours.

The amount of rutherfordium that has been made is not enough to give much information about it. The element has no present uses. It is thought that the chemistry of rutherfordium will be like the chemistry of hafnium.

History 
Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford. It was reported that it was first made in 1964 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The scientists reported that they bombarded a different chemical element 242Pu with the element 22Ne. The neon-22 particles were accelerated to an energy of 113 to 115 MeV. They claim they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope showing that a new element was there.

In 1969 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made rutherfordium by banging together 249Cf and 12C at very high energies. These scientists said that when they tried to make rutherfordium in the same way as the scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research none of the element was produced.

The scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research claimed that it was first detected in Dubna. They thought it should be named dubnium (Db) or kurchatovium (Ku) for Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960).

The scientists at the University of California, Berkeley thought it should be named rutherfordium (Rf).

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decides the name of elements that should be used by everyone. They used unnilquadium (Unq) as a temporary name. Unnilquadium is the systematic element name meaning "one-zero-four" in Latin. In 1997 they resolved the dispute and used the current name of rutherfordium. The chemical element with atomic number 105 was named dubnium.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

References 
 Los Alamos National Laboratory Rutherford

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Rutherfordium

Chemical elements
Transition metals
Philipp Tischendorf

Philipp Tischendorf (born June 7, 1988 in Berlin, Germany) is a German figure skater. He was the 2007 German national silver medalist. Tischendorf is coached by Michael Huth, with former coaches Jürgen Bertko and silver Olympic medalist Romy Oesterreich.

In March 2007, Philipp was injured while practising a quadruple Lutz jump on the ice and was forced to not participate the 2007/2008 because of injury.

Other websites

 

1988 births
Living people
Figure skaters
German sportspeople
Sportspeople from Berlin
Miles per hour

Miles per hour is a unit of measurement. It measures speed. It is the number of miles moved in an hour. 

Miles per hour is the unit used for speed limits on roads in the United Kingdom and the United States. It is normally abbreviated in everyday use to mph or MPH. In technical publications it is sometimes abbreviated as mi/h.

The SI unit for velocity (speed, with a direction of movement) is m·s−1 (metres per second).

Conversions 
1 mph is equal to:

 0.44704 m·s−1, the SI derived unit
 1.609344 km·h−1
 22/15 =1.4667 feet per second
 approx. 0.868976 knots

Related pages
 metre per second
 Speed
 Velocity

Other websites 
 Speed online conversion.
 Conversion Calculator for Units of Speed

Physics
Units of measurement
Imperial units
Nobility

Nobility was the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the nobility were mostly those who got land from the monarch and had to provide services to him, mainly military service. Men of this class were called noblemen. It soon became a hereditary class, sometimes with a right to bear a hereditary title and to have financial and other privileges. 

Today, in most countries, 'noble status' means no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage, until recently guaranteed a seat in the Upper House of Westminster Parliament, that is why it is called House of Lords), and still means some less important privileges.

Nobility by rank

Other websites 

 The German nobility
 Old Noble Family Trees
 WW-Person , an on-line database of European noble genealogy
 Paul Theroff's An Online Gotha 
 Genealogics, an extensive database of European nobles
 Worldroots, a selection of art and genealogy of European nobility
 RoyalArk- ruling houses in many non-European countries
 Web site on the Royalty, the Nobility, the History and the Patrimony
 The Armenian nobility
 The Maltese Nobility and its ilks.
 Italian dynastic genealogies (in Italian, with an introduction in English)
 Worldwidewords
 OneTree Genealogy - European Royal and Danish-Norwegian-Swedish Nobility Lineages
List of U.S. states by population

This is a list of United States of America states by population as of 2019. The list was made using the 2019 Census estimates taken by the United States Census Bureau.  The total population of the United States was 330,150,668 at the December 2019 Census.

These numbers include all people other than people just visiting: These include citizens, non-citizen permanent residents and non-citizen long-term visitors. People in the military who are working in other countries and their families are counted in their home state. The United States of America is the third most populous country in the world, behind China and India.

References

Other websites 
 State Totals: Vintage 2012 - U.S Census Bureau
Here is a video about the most populated states in the United States of America
 Congressional Apportionment - 2010 apportionment results - people and households - U.S. Census Bureau

Population, List of U.S. states by
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

Below is a list of all 50 states in the order they joined the Union.

The first 13 became states in July 1776 when they agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence. Each of those 13 agreed to the first U.S. constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, which formed the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781. These states are presented in the order each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. The date of admission listed for other states is the official date made by Act of Congress.

List of U.S. states and their order to statehood

Notes

References
50 State Quarter Program from the United States Mint (including dates of statehood) [Retrieved: 22 October 2016]
Dates of statehood, via 50states.com (includes notes, retrieved  19 January 2006)

Date of statehood, List of U.S. states by
History of the United States
List of U.S. states' largest cities

This is a list of the largest cities in each United States state and territory. State or territory capitals are listed in italics.

List

Note 1:  The only incorporated place in Hawaii is the City & County of Honolulu. A portion of it, the Honolulu District, is sometimes called the "city of Honolulu" for statistical reasons, although it has no government separate from that of the "City and County" as a whole. The U.S. Census Bureau defines Honolulu CDP (Census Designated Place) as the Honolulu District. For Hawaii, the largest CDPs are listed.

Note 2:  As of June 2013, New Orleans remains at a population of 343,829 (according to the 2010 Census) still showing a long term decrease since Hurricane Katrina, which initially decreased the population of the city by about 50%.  Many of the city's residents were displaced during the storm and it is still unknown how many will return or can be considered "displaced". Despite previous claims that with the 2010 Census New Orleans will move down in the rankings, it still remains the largest city in Louisiana by a margin of more than 100,000.

Note 3: The most populous sub-districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands (as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau) are listed.

References

Largest cities, List of U.S. states
Largest
Shelton Benjamin

Shelton James Benjamin (born July 9, 1975) is an American professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the ring name Shelton X Benjamin.

He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and has also worked for Ring of Honor from 2010 to 2013.

Career
 
Benjamin started his career in Ohio Valley Wrestling and stay with them from 2000 to 2002. During his time there he won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship three times with Brock Lesnar and one time with Redd Dogg.

He was called up to the WWE in 2002 and debuted on the WWE SmackDown roster on December 26, 2002. During his early career in the WWE he along with Charlie Haas formed Team Angle with Kurt Angle as their on-screen mentor. They began a feud with Chris Benoit. Benjamin won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after he defeated then-champion Chris Jericho at the 2004 Taboo Tuesday.

He was part of a storyline where he was on a losing streak for many weeks which led his "momma" (played by actress Thea Vidale) to come to Raw to scold him. She assisted him in matches and sometimes interfered in them. She was taken off television when she was (kayfabe) undergoing heart surgery in the hospital and wouldn't be returning to the WWE.

In 2007, he started wearing gold attire and dyed his hair blond. He also began referring to himself as "The Gold Standard". Benjamin won the WWE United States Championship after he defeated then-champion Matt Hardy at the 2008 Great American Bash. Benjamin was released from the WWE on April 22, 2010 along with Jimmy Wang Yang, Kung Fu Naki, Slam Master J, Mickie James and Katie Lea Burchill.

Championships
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Brock Lesnar (three) and Redd Dogg (one))

Millennium Wrestling Federation
MWF Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Tag Team of the Year (2003) (with Charlie Haas)
He was ranked #9 of the 500 best singles wrestlers by the PWI in the PWI 500 in 2005.

Ring of Honor
ROH World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Charlie Haas)

World Wrestling Council
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Intercontinental Championship (three times)
WWE Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Charlie Haas)
WWE United States Championship (one time)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Most Underrated Wrestler (2005–2007)

References

Other websites 
Official website 
Shelton Benjamin on New Japan Pro Wrestling
Shelton Benjamin on WWE.com

African-American wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Carolina
Former WWE wrestlers
1975 births
Living people
J. Robert Oppenheimer

Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 in New York City – February 18, 1967 in Princeton, New Jersey) was an American physicist of Jewish descent. He is best known as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project. In World War II, the project built the first nuclear weapons. That is why Oppenheimer is called "the father of the atomic bomb". 

"We knew the world would not be the same", he recalled the moments after the successful testing of the atomic bomb in New Mexico, United States years later. "A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita. Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multi-armed form and says, 'now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' I suppose we all thought that one way or another." 

The quote from the Hindu scripture became one of Oppenheimer's most famous quotes. 

After the war he lost his security clearance and his job due to concern over nuclear espionage out of anti-nuclear movement. He returned to teaching, and died of throat cancer, aged 62.

Other websites 
WW2DB: Robert Oppenheimer

1904 births
1967 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
Deaths from throat cancer
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
American nuclear physicists
Scientists from New York City
American theoretical physicists
Educators from New York City
National League

The National League (or NL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). As of 2016, the NL has 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the National League championship. The champions of the National League plays against the champions of the American League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball.

Differences
The only big difference between the National League and the American League (AL) is that the AL uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the pitcher. The NL does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players on the team must bat and field for themselves.

Related pages
American League
Statistical survey

Statistical surveys are collections of information about items in a population. 

Surveys can be grouped into numerical and categorical types. A numerical survey is to get numbers as replies. For example:
How many minutes, on average, do you spend eating breakfast?

This survey question is used to generate numbers in minutes. An example of a categorical question is:

What is your favorite color?

The categories for this would be yellow, green, purple, etc... which are not numbers.

Surveys of human populations and institutions are common in political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. A survey may concentrate on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose.

Other websites 

American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)
How to design a web-based statistical survey online. 
Ajeebo: Web based survey software tools directory
Conducting Web-Based Surveys
Free resources for methods in social research  has links to resources for surveys and sampling.
Online Survey Best Practice 
Short Courses in Survey Methodology, sponsored by the Joint Program in Survey Methodology (JPSM) - University of Maryland-College Park and University of Michigan-Ann Arbor 
The EvaluationWiki  - The mission of EvaluationWiki is to make freely available a compendium of up-to-date information and resources to everyone involved in the science and practice of evaluation. The EvaluationWiki is presented by the non-profit Evaluation Resource Institute .

Marketing
Statistics
Arts

The arts are a large part of culture, and the word means much more than "art". The arts include visual arts, literary arts (i.e. books and other writings) and performing arts (i.e. music, dance, drama). 

Sometimes, in universities, it is shorthand for a wider group of subjects which are properly called the humanities. These include philosophy, theology, literature, languages, and history as well.  

"The arts" are usually contrasted with "The sciences".

Visual Arts 
Visual arts consist of any art that can be seen. This form of art doesn't change once it has been made.

Architecture 

Architecture is the art and science behind building and sculpture design. Architecture as an art involves making something look beautiful and appealing to others.

Conceptual Art 

Conceptual Art is art in which the idea is more important than the actual beauty of the object.

Other websites 

 Dictionary of the history of ideas — Classification of the arts 
 Open Directory — Arts 
 National Endowment for the Arts — USA 
 Arts Council — England
 Americans for the Arts
 ArtsJournal — Daily Arts News
 Arts — New York Times
 Arts — The Times
Association of Hispanic Arts (AHA) 
 History of Art: From Paleolithic Age to Contemporary Art

 
Non-verbal communication
Minor League Baseball

Minor League Baseball is a level of professional baseball in North America. It is made up a many different teams which play in many leagues and levels of ability. Minor league teams are used by Major League Baseball teams to have a place to put their players who they do not feel are good enough to play in the major league yet. 

There are several different levels of ability in the minor leagues, these levels are (in order from lowest to highest): 
 Rookie League
 Low-A
 High-A
 AA
 AAA

When a normal player is first drafted or signed by a major league team, he is usually placed in "Rookie" League or short season A, however top prospects often start higher. If a player plays good in his league he can be "called up" to the next league. If a player does not play well he may be sent back down or cut from the team. This continues until a player gets to the major leagues, although most players never make it that far. This way, players are able to get better at baseball before having to play against tougher opponents. Almost all players in the major leagues had to play in the minor leagues first in order to become good enough to play in the major leagues. Most players spend between 4-5 years before being called up. However, really good players can be called up in less than a year, while some may take more than 10 years to reach the majors.

Sometimes, major league players who are have been hurt will play a few games in the minor leagues before playing in the major leagues again, in order to see if they feel good enough to start playing again.

There are also other professional baseball leagues that major league teams do not use to as a place put their players. These are known as "Independent Leagues". In these leagues players do not go to higher or lower levels of ability. Major league teams may hire these independent players to play for their major league team.

Minor league teams generally play in cities that are too small for major league teams. City size usually increases with league level.

Baseball
Exalead

Exalead [eg'zæli:d] is a French search engine involved in the Apple Inc. project, introducing new search techniques.

Exalead provides thumbnails previews of the target pages along with results, and allows usual advanced refining on the results page (language, geographic location, file type, categories) but also innovative refining such as rich content (audio, video, RSS) and related terms, allowing users to browse the web by serendipity.

Exalead 
The company is a société anonyme based in Paris and founded in 2000 by Francois Bourdoncle. Its name comes from the association between
 the prefix exa which means 1018 (used as a generic term for size, to imply large coverage of pages)
 and the verb lead (as the customer is led through the search options)

Exalead tries to integrate research functions in one piece of software, combining Internet, desktop and enterprise functionality.

Exalead employs approximately 60 people in 3 countries (Paris in France, Milano in Italy and New York and San Francisco in the United States of America).

Exalead.com specific features 
Exalead attempts to add value to search results by displaying statistics and information about the results along the left-hand side of the page. This includes categorical and geographical information. Exalead's features include:
 Proximity search supporting the NEAR operator
 Nested search expressions
 Tips
 Specific search
 by geographic location
 by language
 by file type.
 Additional word suggestions
 Phonetic search is also available, which can be used when the orthography is not known
 Search within results
 Audio, video and RSS search (in the preview also pictures)

Exalead allows search with regular expressions, which can be used to solve crosswords and used in IR algorithms.

On 2nd March 2006, exalead.com indexed more than 4 billion pages. The interface is available in four languages (English, French, German and Chinese).

On 2nd August 2006, Exalead launched the beta of its new interface, which is the default interface since the middle of October. The Chinese language has been removed again, Spanish and Italian were added instead - more languages will come soon.

The index size is 8 billion pages (8,079,622,557 pages at 10 October 2006, 15:54 GMT).

Other websites 
 Exalead website

Websites
Amateur radio

Amateur radio is a hobby for people who like to talk using radio transmitters. Many people enjoy using amateur radio to talk to other amateur radio hobbyists in other countries. Amateur radio hobbyists also use their radio transmitters to get help in emergencies. Amateur radio is often called Ham Radio. Many people use their amateur radios for fun. People who use Amateur radio are often called amateur radio operators, hams or amateurs.

During a disaster or emergency, amateur radio can be used to get help. When telephones do not work, it may be the only way to communicate. Some radio hobbyists volunteer to listen to emergency band frequencies in case there are distress calls. If the volunteers hear a distress call, they notify the appropriate authorities (for example the police or the Coast Guard).

License
People must have a license to use Amateur radio. In most countries users must pass a test to get a license. In some countries there is more than one license grade. In some countries, people can use Amateur radio if they have a license from their home country.

There are many clubs for Amateur radio in many countries. These clubs do many things as a group and help people get their Amateur radio license.

Talking
Amateur radio operators talk to each other in many ways. Some people talk with their voice, others use computers, television, or Morse code. They use many ways to get their signals to others. Most use shortwave radio signals that bounce off the sky. Some bounce off the moon or a satellite. Amateur radio operators have many ways to talk using the radio. Amateur radio satellites are called OSCAR's - Orbital Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio. Hams can also talk to astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

Fun

There are many ways to have fun with amateur radio. There are many games and contests. Amateur radio operators try to talk with as many others as possible. They then mail each other postcards called QSL cards to confirm the contact. Contesters may try to see how far they can talk, or to how many different people they can talk.

Some hide a transmitter which sends out a signal and others try to find it using receivers. This is called Radio direction finding, fox hunting or Radio sport. Sometimes the event is done with cars, or as a foot race.

In India
Amateur radio is practised by over 15,000 licensed users in India. The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921. By the mid 1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators have played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the setting up of pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s.

Radio
John Hawkins

Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) (Plymouth 1532–12 November 1595) was an English shipbuilder, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. In 1571 he helped uncover a plot against Queen Elizabeth I of England.

1532 births
1595 deaths
English businesspeople
Slavers
Coconut palm

The coconut palm is a palm tree in the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall. It has leaves that are 4–6 m long. The term coconut refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.

There are many coconut palms on the coasts of Indonesia, India, America, South Sudan, Bangladesh and Tanzania. People of this area use coconut milk in cooking. Women use coconut oil as oil for their hair. The coconut's shell is relatively hard, but can be broken. Because its shell is hard, it can be used as an ingredient to make craftworks. 

Coconut milk is also used in many drinks. Coconut oil is often in food and soaps. People in Sri Lanka use coconut flowers for wedding celebrations. In the Maldives it is the National tree.

The coconut is not actually a nut, but is in fact a drupe. Coconuts grow in tropical countries. The flesh of a coconut is white and can be eaten raw or used in cooking. It is used in many of the foods we eat for flavour. It is native to tropical areas.

Seed dispersal  
Coconuts floats on water and can float to another island and germinate there. It has often been noted that coconuts can travel up to 110 days, or 3000 miles, by sea and still be able to germinate.

Trees
Arecaceae
National symbols of the Maldives
Shawarma

Shawarma (; in ) is a meat sandwich eaten by people in the Middle East. It is served in round Arabic bread with meat and vegetables, with some spice or sauce of choice, in it. Normally, the meat can either be lamb, beef, turkey, or chicken. Shawarma can also be spelled chawarma, shwarma, shawerma, or shoarmais.

It was first introduced by people from Turkey. They call it çevirme, which means "turning", because the meat can be turned around in the oven, but the Arabs changed its recipe from the Turkish Doner kebab. 

Sandwiches
Middle Eastern foods
Merchant

Merchants deal with trade. That means they deal goods that they do not produce themselves, in order to get profit.

Merchants can be two types:

 A wholesale merchant works between producer and retail merchant. Some wholesale merchants only organise the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves.
 A retail merchant sells goods to consumers (including businesses), commonly known as retailers. A shop owner is a retail merchant.

In the US, "merchant" is  any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold.  Under the common law in the United States, merchants are held to a higher standard in the selling of products than those who are not engaged in the sale of goods as a profession. For example, when a merchant sells something, he or she is expected to give a warranty, guaranteeing that the product is fit to be sold, even if there is nothing in writing to this effect.

Related pages
 capitalism

Commerce
Occupations
Warranty

In commercial and consumer transactions, a warranty is an obligation that an article or service that is sold has the quality the buyer can reasonably expect from the seller.

That often means that there must be a remedy. That means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is a breach of the warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.

In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen. The other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.

A warranty may be express or implied.

Express warranty

An express warranty is typically a guarantee from the seller of a product that specifies the extent to which the quality or performance of the product is assured and states the conditions under which the product can be returned, replaced, or changed.

Implied warranty

An implied warranty is one that arises from the nature of the transaction, and the understanding by the buyer.
To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations, i.e., they are what they say they are. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects would violate the implied warranty of merchantability if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade".

Breach of warranty
A warranty is violated when the promise is broken; when goods are not as should be expected, at the time the sale occurs, whether or not the defect is apparent. Most warranties exclude parts that normally wear out, and supplies that must be periodically replaced as they are normally used up (e.g., tires and lubrication on a vehicle). 

Many people do not realize that extended warranties are not always provided through the manufacturer, but in some circumstances it may work to the consumer's benefit. For instance, when an auto warranty is provided through a dealership from the manufacturer, repairs on the vehicle are reimbursed at a lower negotiated rate.

Legal aspects of warranties and disclaimers

In the United States, the rights and remedies of buyers and sellers of goods are governed by the Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) as it has been adopted with variations from state to state.

Car warranty 
A car warranty is at least one year. Three years is more common. Five years is an extended warranty.

Home warranty 
A home warranty protects against the high costs of home and appliance repair by offering insurance coverage for appliances and equipment in the house.

Other websites 
(US) Federal Trade Commission: Warranty Information 
Home Warranty Companies
Introduction to Laptop Warranties 
American Home Shield

References

Law

he:ערבות
Red box

A red box is a device that people used illegally in the 20th century to make free telephone calls at a payphone. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the payphone sends to the phone company when coins are put into it.

Related pages
Blue box

Other websites 
 "Frequently Asked Questions About Red Boxing" by Mr. Sandman
 All about the Red Box and related devices 
 Red Boxing For Dummies

Telephone
Electronics
Constituency

A constituent is a voting member of a community or organization and has the power to appoint or elect. A constituency is all of the constituents of a representative. Constituents also have the power to remove their representative from the position to which they have appointed him or her. All of the constituents who are registered to vote are called the electorate.

In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary constituency is a district that elects a member of parliament. It is sometimes called a Parliamentary seat or a Division. Constituencies for local government elections are called either Wards or electoral divisions.

As of 2020, there are 650 House of Commons constituencies in the UK:
 List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom
 MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005 lists the constituencies after that election.

Northern Ireland has 18 constituencies, each of which elect six MLAs to the Northern Ireland Assembly under the Single Transferable Vote system.

The Scottish Parliament has 73 single-member constituencies elected on a first past the post basis, with the remaining 56 seats in the parliament being selected by the Additional Member System (AMS). Since the passage of the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, the constituencies of the Scottish Parliament are no longer identical to those of the House of Commons.

The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies elected by first past the post which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons. Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS.

The London Assembly has 14 constituencies elected by First-past-the-post voting. Its remaining 11 seats are selected by AMS.

The United States House of Representatives has 435 constituencies each electing one member.  

The term "constituency" is usual in many countries, especially in members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Democracy
Stainless steel

Stainless steel, also known as inox steel, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass.  

Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof.

The term 'corrosion resistant steel' is used when the alloy has less than the 12% minimum of chromium, for example in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel, depending on where it will be used. Stainless steels have a higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in many natural and man-made environments, Different stainless steels have different amounts of different metals in them, and they are good for different purposes. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel, of which fifteen are the most used. 

The idea behind stainless steel was discovered in the first part of the 19th century, but it took about 80 years to develop a reliable industrial method. French, British and American inventors worked on this until a genuine stainless steel was produced. The invention of modern stainless steel can be dated to 1913, and it was done by Harry Brearley in Sheffield, Yorkshire. A common use for stainless steel is cutlery (knives, forks, and spoons). Stainless steel cutlery was a big industry in the mid-20th century Sheffield. Stainless steel is also used in future space rockets, like Starship and Terran R.

References

Other websites 

Articles about stainless steel  by International Stainless Steel Forum
What is stainless steel  by BSSA
Euro Inox (multilingual portal)
Comprehensive information about stainless steel by The Stainless Steel Information Center
Comprehensive information about metallurgy of stainless steel by Cambridge University
Life cycle costing of stainless steel 
Introduction to stainless steel by KOSA

Alloys
Yellowcake

Yellowcake is a type of uranium powder. Yellowcake is made from rocks and minerals with uranium inside, like uraninite, after they are changed in a factory. Yellowcake can be made into fuel for nuclear reactors, or it can be used in making atomic bombs.

Chemical elements
Nuclear energy
Curse

A curse is a word which threatens the other person to have bad luck. Nobody knows if it really works or become true. Some people believe in them even so, that they become true by magic. For example, for fairy tales, the princes are cursed to become a beast or a frog (i.e. frog prince) by witches because of their bad behaviours. But in the end a princess saves them. 

There was also something called a "curse tablet" which Romans used to curse people they did not like. They would often let them drift to the river so that the curse will be carried to where that person who has the curse. But many curses are made when people are jealous and they want that person who has the curse to not do well. 

The opposite of a curse is a blessing.

References

Related pages
Evil eye
Nithing pole

Superstitions
Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation (often shortened to VF or V-Fib) is a type of arrhythmia of the heart.  "Arrhythmia" means the heart is not beating normally.

What is Ventricular Fibrillation? 
When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the heart does not beat in any kind of pattern.  Instead, it quivers and twitches very quickly.    

This problem is called "ventricular" fibrillation because it affects the ventricles of the heart.  The ventricles are the biggest parts of the heart.  Their job is to pump blood (which carries oxygen) to the lungs and the rest of the body.  When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles cannot do this job.  This means that the lungs, brain, and other organs will not get enough blood or oxygen.  

Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency.  Without enough blood and oxygen, no part of the body can survive.  If ventricular fibrillation continues for long enough, the blood will stop circulating around the body.  The person's breathing and heart will stop.  The person will die unless they get treatment quickly.

Treatment 
Ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by shocking the person with electricity from a defibrillator.  If a defibrillator is not available, CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) should be done to keep the blood flowing until an ambulance comes or a defibrillator is available.  

Doctors or paramedics can also give special medicines called anti-arrhythmic medicines, which can make the heart start beating normally again.  Some common anti-arrhythmic medicines are amiodarone and lidocaine.  

If a person with ventricular fibrillation is treated right away, treatment is 90% successful (it works in 9 out of 10 people).  But treatment gets 10% less successful after every minute (so if treatment starts after one minute, it will work in only 8 out of 10 people.  After 5 minutes, it will work in only 4 out of 10 people.)  So getting treatment as soon as possible is very important.  If a person cannot be treated with medicine or a defibrillator right away, CPR will help keep blood and oxygen flowing through the person's body until treatment arrives.
 
In patients who are very likely to keep having ventricular fibrillation, a special defibrillator can be put into their chest by a surgeon.  (This special defibrillator is called an "implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.")  Any time the person goes into ventricular fibrillation, the defibrillator will give the person's heart an electric shock, to bring the heart back into a normal rhythm.

Cardiology
Medical emergencies
I.O.U.

I.O.U. means "I Owe You" or "I Owe Unto". It is a note between two people that is used to say that one person owes something to the other. It is usually used for money. I.O.U.'s are most often only used between people that know each other very well, for example, friends.

Money
Applied mechanics

Applied mechanics, also known as theoretical and applied mechanics, is a branch of the physical sciences and the practical application of mechanics.  Applied mechanics examines the response of bodies (solids and fluids) to external forces.  Some examples of mechanical systems include the flow of a liquid under pressure, the fracture of a solid from an applied force, or the vibration of an ear in response to sound.  A practitioner of the discipline is known as a mechanician.  

Applied mechanics, as its name suggests, bridges the gap between physical theory and its application to technology.   

Mechanics
Newton (disambiguation)

Newton may refer to many things:

Physics 

 Newton (unit), the SI unit of force (named in honour of Isaac Newton)
 Newton scale, a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton
 Newtonian mechanics

People 

Newton was the name of some famous people:

 Bert Newton, Australian television personality
 Bridgett Newton, actress, Play by Play, Bones, Silicon Valley, House
 Cam Newton, an American football player
 Chris Newton, youth golfer, skier, and philosopher
 Frances Newton, American convicted murderer from Texas
 Helmut Newton, a German photographer
 Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party
 Sir Isaac Newton, a famous English physicist
 John Newton, British slave trader-turned-hymn writer and anti-slavery campaigner
 John Newton (ACW), American Civil War general and Chief Engineer of the US Army
 Juice Newton, American singer
 Keith Newton, English footballer
 Lauren Newton, Bert Newton's daughter
 Matthew Newton, Bert Newton's son
 Nate Newton, former NFL offensive lineman
 Newton, Australian pop artist musician, famous for his song, Streamline
 Newton (Billy Myers), a singer from the UK best known for the hit "Sky high"
 Olivia Newton-John, pop-icon and singer-actress of the 70s and 80s
 Patti Newton, Bert Newton's wife
 Syvelle Newton, a college football player
 Thandie Newton, British actress
 Wayne Newton, American singer and entertainer

Objects 

 Fig Newton, a soft cookie with a center of fig fruit. It usually includes fig seeds, providing a crunchy mouth feel.
 Newton OS,  operating systems made by Apple, for their MessagePad personal digital assistants (PDAs).
 XMM-Newton,  an orbiting X-ray observatory (named in honor of Sir Isaac Newton).

Places 

Newton is also the name of several places:

Australia

 Newton, South Australia

New Zealand
Newton, New Zealand

Singapore
Newton, Singapore

United Kingdom

 The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences
 Newton, Bridgend county borough, Wales
 Newton, Cambridgeshire, England
 Newton, Cheshire, England
 Newton, Herefordshire, England
 Newton, Lancashire, England
 Newton, Suffolk, England
 Newton, Swansea, Wales
 Newton, near Rugby, Warwickshire
 Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside known as Newton to locals
 Newton-le-Willows, North Yorkshire, England
 Newton under Roseberry, North Yorkshire

United States

 Newton (wine estate), a wine estate in California
 Newton, Alabama
 Newton, Georgia
 Newton, Illinois
 Newton, Iowa
 Newton, Kansas
 Newton, Massachusetts
 Newton, Mississippi
 Newton, New Hampshire
 Newton, New Jersey
 Newton, North Carolina
 Newton, Texas
 Newton, Utah
 Newton, Wisconsin
 Newton Township, Michigan
 Newton County, Georgia

Other uses 
 Newton (the centaur in The Mighty Hercules cartoon)
 Newton Abbot, Devon, England
 Newton Game Dynamics
 Newton Mearns, Scotland
Order of magnitude

An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually ten, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and
considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive. When the reference value is ten, the order of magnitude can be understood as the number of digits in the base-10 representation of the value. Similarly, if the reference value is one of certain powers of two, the magnitude can be understood as the amount of computer memory needed to store the exact integer value.

If two numbers have the same order of magnitude, they are about the same size. 

But if one would compare the surface of an orange with that of the earth, one would say the surface of the earth is many orders of magnitude larger than that of the orange.

Orders of magnitude are generally used to make very approximate comparisons. It is mainly used while doing scientific notation. If two numbers differ by one order of magnitude, one is about ten times larger than the other.  If they differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100.  Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.

Uses
Orders of magnitude are used to make approximate comparisons.  If numbers differ by one order of magnitude, x is about ten times different in quantity than y.  If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100. Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.

Related pages
Magnitude (mathematics)

Other websites 
 Powers of 10, a graphic animated illustration that starts with a view of the Milky Way at 1023 meters and ends with subatomic particles at 10-16 meters.
 Orders of Magnitude - Distance
 What is Order of Magnitude?

Mathematics
Handheld game console

A handheld game console is a light, portable electronic machine for playing video games.

Related pages
Video game console
Game Boy
Game Boy Advance
N-Gage
Nintendo DS 
Sony PSP