cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Cottage pie

Cottage pie or shepherd's pie is a type of savory pie. It is made with minced meat, with mashed potato on top. It comes from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The dish is now popular worldwide.

The name "cottage pie" was first used at the end of the 18th century. It was around that time that the poorer people of Britain, people who lived in cottages in the country, started using potatoes as an everyday food. Originally, a pie made with any kind of meat and mashed potato was called a "cottage pie". 

In modern British English, the dish is usually called "cottage pie" if it is made with beef. If it is made with lamb it is usually called "shepherd's pie" (because a shepherd looks after sheep). The modern day cottage pie may now contain vegetables, lentils or beans in place of meat. 

According to the Oxford Companion to Food, once upon a time, Scotland made its shepherd’s pies with pastry instead of mashed potatoes.

References
 John Ayto (1990) The Glutton's Glossary: A Dictionary of Food and Drink Terms, Routledge, London.

Other websites

 Cottage pie recipe 
 Shepherd's pie recipe 

Savoury pies
British food
Light beam

A light beam or beam of light is a small projection of light energy coming from a source into a beam. Sunlight is a natural example of a light beam when it crosses through various objects (clouds, foliage, windows, etc.). To produce fake light, a lamp and a parabolic reflector is used in many lighting devices such as spotlights, car headlights. Light from certain types of lasers has the smallest possible beam width, so it produces the most parallel light beams possible.

Optics
SOS (song)

"SOS" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It is a dance-pop and R&B song that samples the 1981 song "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell.  It was released on February 14, 2006 off of the album A Girl like Me and went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100, her first song to do so. The song was originally written for Christina Milian.

References

2006 songs
Rihanna songs
Dance-pop songs
R&B songs
Bismuth(III) bromide

Bismuth(III) bromide, also known as bismuth tribromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiBr3. It has bismuth and bromide ions. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(III) bromide is a white to pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxybromide, BiOBr, which is a solid. It can only dissolve in acidic solutions.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting powdered bismuth with bromine.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) chloride
Bismuth(III) fluoride
Bismuth(III) iodide

Bismuth compounds
Bromine compounds
Bismuth(III) fluoride

Bismuth(III) fluoride, also known as bismuth trifluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF3. It has bismuth and fluoride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Preparation and properties
Bismuth(III) fluoride is a gray-white powder. It does not dissolve in water. It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting a large amount of bismuth with fluorine.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) iodide
Bismuth(III) bromide
Bismuth(V) fluoride

Bismuth compounds
Fluorine compounds
Freshwater Biological Association

The Freshwater Biological Association, often shortened to the FBA, is a British charity started in 1929. It  aims are  to promote freshwater biology. It publishes identification keys to freshwater plants and animals throughout the world, and also maintains a  library of freshwater science.  

Membership is open to anyone who is interested in freshwater science. The Association's main offices are in Far Sawrey, on the banks of Windermere in Cumbria.

Other websites 
The FBA web-site 
FBA web-cam at Far Sawrey ferry landing stage 

Biology
Freshwater biology

Freshwater biology is the study of plants and animals that live in fresh water. This includes rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes and other bodies of water. It is part of the branch of science called Limnology.

Much freshwater biology takes place in man-made places such as sewage treatment works and water treatment works. In these places water is purified using plants and animals. Keeping them working as hard as possible helps to make the water as cleaner.

In recent times freshwater biologists have been looking at how plants and animals change in the autumn and spring. This is helping us to understand more about the effects of climate change.

Branches of biology
Tincture of iodine

Tincture of iodine is a disinfectant. It has iodine and potassium iodide dissolved in ethanol and water. Normally, iodine does not dissolve in water. But when potassium iodide
is added, the iodine can dissolve. Also, ethanol helps iodine dissolve. Tincture of iodine has about equal amounts of iodide and iodine. It is not suitable for consumption. There are two types Tincture''': for every 100 mL, it has 6.8 to 7.5 grams of iodine, 4.7 to 5.5 grams of potassium iodide, and 50 mL ethanol. The rest is water.

It can be used as a skin disinfectant and as a water disinfectant. It is used to disinfect minor cuts, burn and scratches. Because it has iodine in it, it is toxic in large amounts. Lugol's iodine is an alcohol-free version. It is commonly used in experiments in middle school science labs. It is an alcoholic solution of iodine.

Chemicals
Stavropoleos Monastery

Stavropoleos Monastery or the Stavropoleos Church ( or ), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery for nuns in central Bucharest, Romania that was built in the year 1724. The monastery was named after the Romanian version of a Greek word, Stauropolis, which means "The city of the Cross". 

Churches in Europe
Buildings and structures in Romania
Bucharest
Cayenne

Cayenne is a commune, the capital (prefecture) of the French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France that is in northern South America. The city is on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne river on the Atlantic coast.

History 
The first European settlement in the region was founded on the Cayenne island in 1604 by French people sent by Henry IV but the settlement was destroyed by Portuguese to enforce the Treaty of Tordesillas

French colonists came back in 1643 and founded Cayenne, but they were forced to leave once more following Amerindian attacks. In 1664, France finally succeeded at establishing a permanent settlement at Cayenne. Over the next decade the colony changed hands between the French, Dutch, and English, before being restored to France. It was captured by an Anglo-Portuguese force at the invasion of Cayenne in 1809 and administered from Brazil until 1814, when it was returned to French control. It was used as a French penal colony from 1854 to 1938.

Geography 
Cayenne is a city along the Atlantic coast on the sides of a common estuary of the Cayenne and Montsinéry rivers. It has an area of ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune is at  from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and  from Kourou. The distances to other cities out of French Guiana are:
 Paris, the national capital, la capitale nationale, .
 Fort-de-France, capital of Martinique, .
 Paramaribo, capital of Surinam,  to the northwest.
 Macapá, capital of Amapá (Brazil), .

The city is surrounded by:

Climate 
Cayenne has an equatorial climate (Köppen climate classification: Af) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am) with a dry season and a heavy monsoon the rest of year and no cold season.

The average temperature for the year in Cayenne is . The warmest month, on average, is September with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Cayenne is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is September with an average of . There is an average of 201.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 27.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in September with 5.0 days.

Demographics
The inhabitants of Cayenne are known, in French, as Cayennais (women: Cayennaises).

The city of Cayenne has a population, in 2014, of 55,817; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Cayenne

Sister cities 
Cayenne is twinned with:
 Salvador, Bahia (Brazil)

Sites of interest 
 Place des Palmistes (Palms square)
 Botanical Garden
 Saint-Sauveur de Cayenne cathedral

Gallery

Related pages 
 Arrondissement of Cayenne

References

Other websites 

 Ville de Cayenne official website 
 Collectivité territorial de Guyane website 
 Prefecture website 
 Guyane-Amazonie Tourism

Cities in overseas regions belonging to France
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Communes in French Guiana
Annie Besant

Annie Besant (1 October 1847, London – 20 September 1933, India) was a British woman who became one of the leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. In 1885, Annie Besant joined the Fabian Society and later became a member of 'Marxist Social Democratic Federation'. She joined the  Theosophical Society, a religious movement founded in 1875 and based on ideas of karma and reincarnation. As a leader of the Society, Besant helped to spread Theosophical beliefs around the world. She established the 'Olkot Panjama School' in 1894. She was the founder of Central Hindu College. Later this college developed as the Hindu University of Benarus. Annie Besant started the India Home Rule movement in 1916 and became its president. In 1917 she became a leading member of the Indian National Congress.

References

1847 births
1933 deaths
Indian politicians
English activists
Political activists
Writers from London
Owens Lake

Owens Lake is a mostly dry lake in the eastern Sierra Nevada of Inyo County, California, located about  south of Lone Pine, California. Unlike most dry lakes in the Basin and Range Province that have been dry for thousands of years, Owens held water until 1924. Today, some of the flow of the river has been restored, and the lake now has some water.

Lakes of the United States
Bodies of water of California
Inyo County, California
Dunaliella salina

Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile pink micro-algae found in sea salt fields. Dunaliella salina is used in cosmetics and dietary supplements. Few organisms can survive in such highly saline conditions as salt evaporation ponds. To survive, these organisms have high concentrations of beta-carotene to protect against light, and high concentrations of glycerol to provide protection against osmotic pressure. This offers an opportunity for commercial biological production of these substances.

Extremophiles
Scarification

Scarification or cicatrization is a form of body modification, where a design or pattern is cut, etched or scratched into human skin to make a permanent scar. Like with most body modification, there are many reasons why people choose to be scarified. The act of scarifying has been compared to tattooing due to the fact that it permanently changes the skin. It has also been identified with self harm because people have used it to cover self-inflicted wounds.

Scarification began as cultural identification in some places, especially in Maori and African societies. Other cultures may use it for religious reasons, and nearly all cultures use it for aesthetics. Some people also use scarification for pleasure, as the process of being scarified creates endorphins.

Related pages
 Body modification
 Tattoo
 Self harm

References 

Body art
Haloarchaea

Haloarchaea are halophiles. They need a high salt concentrations to grow. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea, and are extremophiles.

The term halobacteria is a misnomer (mistaken name), because we now know the archaea are a different group from bacteria.

In taxonomy, the Haloarchaea are a class of the Euryarchaeota, found in water with salt. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available.

References

Protista
Cowbird

Cowbirds are birds of the genus Molothrus. They are brood parasites, similar in life-style to the Cuckoo. The entire family Icteridae is limited to the New World.

They lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The birds whose nest is used by the cowbird is tricked into raising the young cowbirds.

These birds feed on insects, including those stirred up by cattle. They lay their eggs in other birds' nests. This means that the birds can more easily stay with the herd.

The Brown-headed Cowbird has over 220 hosts. The other cowbird species have fewer known hosts, but all the species are generalists when it comes to choosing a host. This means that the eggs may look very different from the hosts' eggs.

Mafia-type behaviour 
It seems that Brown-headed Cowbirds periodically check on their eggs and young after they have deposited them. Removal of the parasitic egg may trigger a retaliatory reaction termed 'mafia behaviour'. Cowbirds may penalise hosts which remove the cowbird egg: they often destroy the eggs or nestlings of those hosts.
"Central to the persistence of mafia-type behavior in brood parasites and acceptance in hosts is the fact that hosts produce significantly more offspring by accepting parasitism rather than ejecting parasitic eggs".

References

Birds of North America
Parasites
Elisabeth of Bavaria

Duchess Elisabeth of Bavaria (December 24, 1837 - September 10, 1898) was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.

Biography

Elisabeth was born in Munich, Bavaria state in Germany. She was part of the royal family of Wittelsbach. She was the fourth of the ten children of Prince Maximilian of Bavaria and his wife Princess Ludovika. She was known as "Sisi". She grew up with her brothers and sisters at Possenhofen Castle. In August 1853, she went to Bad Ischl with her mother and older sister Helene, to celebrate Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph's 23rd birthday. The event was also supposed to be the occasion to announce his engagement to Helene. However, Franz Joseph liked the young and beautiful Elisabeth so much that he proposed to her instead.

Marriage

Elisabeth and Franz Joseph were married in great pomp in Vienna on April 24, 1854.  Elisabeth had an informal upbringing, before marrying Franz Joseph. She disliked the  much more formal life she had to live at court. Early in the marriage, her mother-in-law, Princess Sophie, took over the care of Elisabeth's daughters. One daughter died when she was a baby. The birth of her son Rudolf improved her standing at court. Her health suffered under the stress of the  court life. She had four children: Sophie (1855-1857), Gisele (1856-1932), Rudolf (1858-1889) and Valerie (1868-1924). 

Franz Joseph and Elisabeth became King and Queen of Hungary in 1867, when the two countries joined together and created the Austro-Hungarian Empire.    

Elisabeth suffered from lung disease and melancholia. She disliked the strict etiquette of the court. She was often away and lived long periods of time abroad, notably in Hungary and at her villa in Corfu. 

Her only son, Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889, after killing his young mistress Marie Vetsera. Empress Elisabeth was assassinated by an Italian anarchist in 1898, while on a visit to Geneva. 

She has since become something of an historical icon and highly romantic figure, through a series of movies called Sisi in the 1950s. The movies starred actress Romy Schneider.

1837 births
1898 deaths
House of Wittelsbach
Emperors and empresses
Royal consorts
Maebashi, Gunma

is a Japanese city in the Kantō region on the island of Honshu.  It is the capital city of Gunma Prefecture.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2009.

Architecture
Rinkokaku is a wooden building which was built in 1884. It is an important cultural property.

Food
"Misopan", meaning “Bread with Miso paste” originates from Yakimanju. Friand, Numata, is famous for Misopan. The buns are made from Gunma Prefecture’s high quality wheat. Azuki bean paste is not used, but rather, a spread of miso with sugar, which is then grilled until brown.

Sightseeing
The prefectural office building was formed from Maebashi castle. It was renovated in 1999, and became the tallest building in Maebashi.

References

Other websites

 Maebashi city website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Gunma Prefecture
Art Ross

Arthur Howey "Art" Ross (January 13, 1885 – August 5, 1964) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and executive from 1905 until 1954. Thought of as one of the best defenders of his time by his peers, he was one of the first to skate with the puck up the ice instead of passing it to a forward. He won the Stanley Cup twice in a playing career that lasted thirteen seasons; in January 1907 with the Kenora Thistles and 1908 with the Montreal Wanderers. Like other players of the time, Ross played for many teams and leagues, and is most familiar for when he played with the Wanderers while they were members of the National Hockey Association (NHA) and its successor, the National Hockey League (NHL). In 1911 he led one of the first player strikes over the players wanting more money. When the Wanderers' home arena burned down in January 1918, the team stopped playing so Ross retired as a player.

After working as an on-ice official for a few years, he became head coach of the Hamilton Tigers for one season. When the Boston Bruins were created in 1924, Ross was hired as the first coach and general manager of the team. He would go on to coach the team four different times until 1945 and stayed as general manager until his retirement in 1954. Ross helped the Bruins finish first place in the league ten times and to win the Stanley Cup three times; Ross coached the team to one of the Stanley Cup victories. After he was hired by the Bruins, Ross, along with his wife and two sons, moved to a city near Boston, and became an American citizen in 1938. He died near Boston in 1964.

Ross was also important in creating different inventions for hockey to make it better. He created a style of hockey puck still used today, and also created an improved style of goal nets, which were used for forty years. In 1947 Ross gave the NHL the Art Ross Trophy, which is given to the best scorer of the NHL regular season. In 1949, the Hockey Hall of Fame named Ross.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

*Playing stats from Total Hockey

Coaching record

*Coaching stats from Total Hockey

Awards

NHL

*Awards from Legends of Hockey

Notes

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Art Ross's biography  at Canadian Sports Hall of Fame

1886 births
1964 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Wanderers players
Montreal Wanderers (NHA) players
Ottawa Senators (NHA) players
Stanley Cup champions
Firmicutes

The Firmicutes are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have the Gram-positive type of cell walls.

Classes 
The group is typically divided into the Clostridia, which are anaerobic, the Bacilli, which are aerobic, and the Mollicutes, a class of bacteria which do not have cell walls. 

On phylogenetic trees, the first two groups show up as paraphyletic or polyphyletic, as do their main genera, Clostridium and Bacillus.

Health 
Firmicutes make up the largest portion of the mouse and human gut microbiome. The division Firmicutes as part of the gut flora has been shown to be involved in energy resorption and obesity.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Proteobacteria

The Proteobacteria are a major phylum of bacteria.

They are gram-negative bacteria. This means they do not retain the violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Salton MJR, Kim KS | title = Structure. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.289 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref>

In a Gram stain test, a counterstain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, colouring all gram-negative bacteria with a pink colour.

The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls.

Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera.

Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.

Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions.

There are alphaproteobacteria in this phylum which are widely found in marine plankton. They may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community.

 Classification 
 Proteobacteria: Purple bacteria and their relatives
 alpha subdivision (purple non-sulfur bacteria, rhizobacteria, Agrobacterium, Rickettsiae, Nitrobacter)
 beta subdivision (Rhodocyclus, (some) Thiobacillus, Alcaligenes, Spirillum, Nitrosovibrio)
 gamma subdivision (enterics, fluorescent pseudomonads, purple sulfur bacteria, Legionella, (some) Beggiatoa)
 delta subdivision (Sulfur and sulfate reducers (Desulfovibrio), Myxobacteria, Bdellovibrio'')

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Necrosis

Necrosis is a medical condition in which parts of a person's body die, turn black, and fall off. This happens when the there is not enough blood reaching the tissues. This can happen for many reasons including injury, poisons, bacteria or radiation damage. The dead tissue will not grow back.

References

Health problems
André Kim

André Kim (August 24, 1935 – August 12, 2010) was a South Korean fashion designer based in Seoul, South Korea. He is known mainly for his evening and wedding gown collections.

Career 
Kim, whose real name is Kim Bong Nam, is one of fashion designers in South Korea. He has achievements in Korean fashion, and International fashion. New York Times and Herald Tribune in London described him as 'A pioneer in Korean fashion' and 'Alive fashion hero'. 

Kim became the Korea’s first male fashion designer as he opened his fashion shop in 1962 and since that time he attracted public attention by designing a wedding dress of Um Aeng Ran, who was a top star at that time, and designing many clothes like uniforms of the Korean athletes for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Furthermore, not only did he hold a fashion show in Paris as the first South Korean in 1966 but also he held a lot of fashion shows in many places such as New York, Washington DC, Beijing and Sydney. Also, he was in the spotlight of the world because he became the world's first fashion designer to hold a fashion show in front of pyramids and Angkor Wat temple.

Since 2002 Kim has expanded his business into not only design fields such as children's wear and golf coat but also various fields like cosmetics and jewelry. He was active in his work even before he died on August 12, 2010, because of the pneumonia and colorectal cancer at age 74.

Fashion Styles 
There are many characteristics that André Kim has in his fashion shows and styles. One of them is wedding finale, which is representative symbol as a bride and groom wearing wedding gowns confront each other. Kim sticks to a design that emphasizes woman's elegance and tries to apply Korean traditional pattern. Moreover, he always emphasizes white color. To be specific, the clothes that he designed are white as well as the things that he uses, such as furniture and cars, are also white. Moreover, he wears only white clothes regardless of the situation, even when he sleeps and takes a rest.

References 
http://www.andrekim.co.kr/ 
http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=927752
http://cafe.naver.com/pantheonhouse.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=30
http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2010/08/12/0200000000AKR20100812218500005.HTML?did=1179m

Other websites

1935 births
2010 deaths
Fashion designers
South Korean people
Wensleydale

Wensleydale is the valley (dale) of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. Wensleydale is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It is named after the small village of Wensley. The village name 'Wensley' comes from the words Woden's ley, or meadow of the pagan god Woden. It is famous for its cheese.

Cheese
Wensleydale cheese is made from cow's milk. It is produced in a village in the county of North Yorkshire in England. It is usually shaped into a flat disc known as a truckle. The history of the cheese began in Wensleydale in 1150 when monks started making cheese. This became a farmhouse industry until the first commercial cheese was made in Hawes in 1897. Cheese making continued until May 1992 when the cheese factory closed. Six months later a group of local businessmen, ex-factory workers and cheesemakers, were able to reopen the business and promote Real Yorkshire Wensleydale Cheese. This business has become very successful making specialty cheese and now employs more than 200 people.

Wensleydale in popular culture 
In the 1990s, sales of the cheese had fallen very low. However, in the popular Wallace and Gromit animated cartoons, A Grand Day Out and A Close Shave the main character Wallace, a cheese lover, mention Wensleydale as a particularly favourite cheese, which boosted sales of the cheese.

References

Yorkshire
Park Tae-hwan

Park Tae-hwan (nicknamed "Marine boy") is a famous swimmer from South Korea. He was born in Seoul on September 27, 1989. He is the first South Korean swimmer to win a world title. He won a gold medal in the men's 400 meters freestyle final at the World Swimming Championships in Melbourne, 2007. Recently, he won a medal in all seven events in which he has competed in 2010 Asian Games (three gold medals, two silver medals and two bronze medals).

References

South Korean sportspeople
Swimmers
1989 births
Living people
Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve

Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve is one of the world's greatest fossil sites. It is part of Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada.

Mistaken Point was so named because sailors found it a navigational hazard on the foggy tip of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula. The site is on Canada's Tentative List for proposed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. No-one can visit the fossil site without an official guide; collecting actual fossils may not be done.

The fossils 
The fossils are in Mistaken Point's tilted and faulted mudstone and sandstone. They are exposed, visible on the surface. They are part of the Ediacaran biota, the oldest complex (multicellular) life forms. The Ediacaran is the last period in the Proterozoic eon. They date to 579 to 542 million years ago, when all life was in the sea.

The Reserve is the only place in the world where you can see a 565-million-year-old sea floor which preserves the ecology of these ancient deep sea communities.

This lagerstätte includes over 30 types of ancient creatures, most of them extinct groups unknown in our modern world.

The palaeoecology  
The creatures lived on the bottom of a deep ocean, below the depths that light could reach. What is now Newfoundland was then between latitudes 40°–65° South. 

The imprints of the soft-bodied animals were preserved in place on the muddy sea floor when they were suddenly buried by repeated volcanic ash-falls. The ash (tuff) layers contain zircon, which makes it possible for geologists to accurately date the fossil layers by radiometric dating. Fossils of similar age are found in Russia and Australia, but the variety found at Mistaken Point make the site unique.

Related pages 
Fortune Head
Ediacaran biota
Lagerstätten

References 

Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
Lagerstätten
Period (geology)

A period in geology is a main subunit of an era.

Thus the Mesozoic era is divided into three periods: the Triassic, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. These periods are then further subdivided into epochs.
Bismuth(III) chloride

Bismuth(III) chloride, also known as bismuth trichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiCl3. It has bismuth and chloride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(III) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxychloride and hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in acids like hydrochloric acid. It reacts with reducing agents to make bismuth metal.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth with chlorine. It can also be made by dissolving bismuth(III) oxide in hydrochloric acid. Bismuth can be dissolved in nitric acid to make bismuth(III) nitrate, which reacts with sodium chloride to make bismuth(III) chloride.

Uses
It is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry. It is a good source of bismuth and is used to make other bismuth compounds.

Safety
Bismuth(III) chloride can cause burns on skin because it makes hydrochloric acid when it reacts with water. It irritates the gastrointestinal tract.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) bromide
Bismuthine

Bismuth compounds
Chlorine compounds
Incheon

Incheon (officially, Incheon Metropolitan City) is a major port city in South Korea and famous for Incheon International Airport.

Incheon is 28 km from the nation’s capital, Seoul. It is at 126° 37´ east longitude and 37° 28´ north latitude, the same latitude as San Francisco, Washington, Madrid, and Teheran. Incheon is the third largest city in South Korea, after Seoul and Busan and 2.6 million people lives in Incheon (2009).

There are ten administrative districts in Incheon and it is divided into 8 wards ("gu") and 2 counties ("gun").

Incheon Subway and Seoul Metropolitan Subway is linked (line number 1) and it takes approximately an hour from Incheon subway station to Seoul Station.

History 
The history of Incheon started from the Goguryeo Kingdom in 475 AD, under the reign of King Jangsu. Its original name was Michuhol and it changed several times and renamed to Incheon-gun in the 13th year of King Taejong’s reign during Joseon period. In 1949, after Korea`s 1945 liberation, Incheon City reorganized.  It was finally renamed to Incheon Metropolitan City in 1995. 

During the Korean War, there was the battle of Incheon led by an American general of UN Douglas MacArthur and the battle resulted in a decisive victory. It was also a strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations(UN). In a show of gratitude to the American soldier, Koreans in the late 1950s erected the bronze statue of MacArthur in a central park at Incheon that overlooks the sea area through which his troops came ashore.

Culture and Tourism
Incheon is famous for 17th Asian Games,Incheon International Airport, Incheon Port, Songdo International City, Incheon Subway, and Munhak Worldcup Stadium are five major cites of Incheon.

Ganghwa-county
Ganghwa-county (Ganghwa Island) is famous for dolmens registered as one of the World Heritages by UNESCO.
Hwamunseok mats are Incheon's famous local products, a figured mat. The beauty of these hand-woven mats has made them one of the most famous specialty products of Ganghwa-gun, and one of the most beloved traditional Korean crafts.

Wolmido (Wolmi Island) 
Wolmido was once a military base of Japanese Army during the Japanese colonial period and a outpost of the battle of Incheon. Nowadays, Wolmido is one of the most famous tourist spots near the Metropolitan area. Along the 1 km-long Wolmido Street of Culture, there are lots of beautiful cafes and restaurants. Wolmido is also famous for street performers, portrait artists and Wolmi Festival.

Incheon Free Economic Zone 
To become an international economic hub and a center of business and service industry of Asia, Incheon is developing free economic zone in the three regions of Songdo, Cheongra, and the island of Yeongjong. Incheon's Free Economic Zone, the first in Korea, was officially designated by the Korean government in August 2003 and it is planing to 2020.

References

Other websites

Incheon Metropolitan City homepage
Incheon International Airport

 
5th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in South Korea
475 establishments
Bismuth(III) oxychloride

Bismuth(III) oxychloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiOCl. It has bismuth, oxide, and chloride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(III) oxychloride is a whitish solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It is somewhat shiny. It does not dissolve in water. It makes a very complicated molecule when it is heated.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) chloride with water.

Uses
It is used in cosmetics as a pearlescent coating.

Related pages
Bismuth(V) fluoride
Bismuth(III) fluoride

Bismuth compounds
Chlorine compounds
Don Poile

Donald Bruce Poile (born June 1, 1932 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 66 games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings. In addition to his time in the NHL, Poile had a successful minor league career with the Edmonton Flyers of the Western Hockey League. His brother Bud Poile is in the Hall of Famer.

Other websites

References

1932 births
Detroit Red Wings players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Red Spooner

Andrew George 'Red' Spooner (August 24, 1910 — May 7, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in one National Hockey League game for the Pittsburgh Pirates during the 1929–30 NHL season.

References

Other websites

1910 births
1984 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) players
Gaye Stewart

James Gaye Stewart (June 28, 1923 – November 18, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He played nine seasons as a left winger in the National Hockey League.

Born in Fort William, Ontario, Stewart was promoted from the minors in 1942 to play in one game of the Stanley Cup Finals, where he helped the Toronto Maple Leafs win the championship. The next season, Stewart won the 1943 Calder Trophy, beating out Maurice 'The Rocket' Richard of the Montreal Canadiens. He became the first player to win the Stanley Cup before the Calder. Danny Grant, Tony Esposito and Ken Dryden have accomplished it as well since then.

After spending two years in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II, Stewart returned to the NHL in 1945 and had his best season, leading the league with 37 goals - the last time a Leaf led the League in scoring. Stewart won his second Stanley Cup, again with the Maple Leafs, in 1947. Toronto traded Stewart to Chicago early in the 1947-48 season in a deal that brought Max Bentley to the Leafs, and he had three 20-goal seasons for the Black Hawks before finishing his career with stints in Detroit, New York and Montreal. In all, Gaye Stewart played for five of the NHL's Original Six teams, all except the Boston Bruins. He played 502 career NHL games, scoring 185 goals and 159 assists for 344 points. Stewart died on November 18, 2010, in a hospital in Burlington, Ontario, at the age of 87.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

Gaye Stewart Interview
Gaye Stewart's Day with the Stanley Cup 
Gaye Stewart dies

1923 births
2010 deaths
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ontario Hockey League players
Egyptian Museum of Berlin

The Egyptian Museum of Berlin () is home to one of the world's most important collections of Ancient Egyptian artifacts. 
The collection is part of the Neues Museum.

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Museums in Germany
Bismuth(III) sulfide

Bismuth(III) sulfide, also known as bismuth sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Bi2S3. It has bismuth and sulfide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties and preparation
Bismuth(III) sulfide is a brown solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with a bismuth compound like bismuth(III) chloride.

Occurrence
It is found as the mineral bismuthinite. Bismuthinite is lead-gray to tin-white, with an iridescent tarnish. It is an important ore of bismuth. It has a metallic color. It was first found in Bolivia. Its specific gravity is around 6.8.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) oxide
Bismuth(V) oxide
Bismuth(III) bromide

Bismuth compounds
Sulfur compounds
Minerals
Ephedra sinica

Ephedra sinica, known in Chinese as ma huang (), is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. Hay fever and congestion are treated using this plant. Chemicals that come from this plant, mimic other chemicals inside the sympathetic nervous system, similar to amphetamine. They are often used for weight loss, but the U.S. FDA banned its use as a dietary supplement on April 2004.

References 

Herbs
Gymnosperms
Bismuthate

Bismuthate is an ion. Its chemical formula is BiO3-. It has bismuth in its +5 oxidation state. It is a very strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with hot water to make bismuth(III) oxide and oxygen. It also reacts with acids. Sodium bismuthate is the most common bismuthate. It is one of the few sodium compounds that does not dissolve in water.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) chloride
Bismuth(V) fluoride, the other bismuth compound in its +5 oxidation state

Bismuth compounds
Sodium bismuthate

Sodium bismuthate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBiO3. It has sodium and bismuthate ions in it.

Properties
Sodium bismuthate is a light brown solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is one of the only sodium compounds that do not dissolve in water. It reacts with hot water to make sodium hydroxide, bismuth(III) oxide, and oxygen gas. It reacts with acids to make bismuth(III) salts, sodium salts, and oxygen gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a basic solution of bismuth(III) oxide and sodium hydroxide with a strong oxidizing agent.

Uses
Sodium bismuthate is used in a test for manganese.

Related pages
Bismuth(V) oxide
Bismuth(V) fluoride
Bismuth(III) bromide

Sodium compounds
Bismuth compounds
Kim Won-bong

Kim Won-bong (, 1898 – November 1958?) was a Korean independence activist, and politician. His nickname was 'Yaksan' ().

Life 
1940 Provisional interim parliament of Republic of Korea, February 1944, Provisional Government of Republic of Korea Defence Minister.

References 

 Daum article (Korean)

1898 births
1958 deaths
Socialists
North Korean politicians
Joe Szura

Joseph Boleslaw Szura (December 18, 1938 – October 13, 2006) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 90 games in the National Hockey League for the California Golden Seals and 115 games in the World Hockey Association for the Los Angeles Sharks and Houston Aeros. Szura was born in Fort William, Ontario.

Other websites

Notice of death

1938 births
2006 deaths
California Golden Seals players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
World Hockey Association players
American Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
Billy Bell

William Edward Bell (June 10, 1891 – June 3, 1952) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played four seasons in the National Hockey Association and six in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Wanderers, Montreal Canadiens and Ottawa Senators. He won the Stanley Cup in 1924 with the Canadiens.

Career statistics

Other websites

1891 births
1959 deaths
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Wanderers players
Ottawa Senators (original) players
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chondrostei

The Chondrostei are a sub-class of ray-finned fish, the Actinopterygii. They include the sturgeons, huge fish which provide caviar.

The Chondrostei are mainly cartilaginous fish with some ossification. There are 52 species divided among two orders. The orders are the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes), and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs). 

This group has at times been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish. Both lack scales (except the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.

Evolution 
It is thought that the ancestors of the chondrosteans were bony fish but that this characteristic was lost in later evolutionary development, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton which suggests that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish.

In the early Mesozoic, a number of fish families were beginning to develop adaptations which would make them lighter, faster and more efficient predators. Chondrosteans took a radical approach. Cartilage is lighter than bone, and they delayed the development of bone, so that it only developed in elderly fish. They lost the upper jaw bones completely. Other changes allowed them to shoot the jaw forwards to grab prey.

Why did Chondrosteans react with such total reorganization? Obviously selection pressure must have been very strong. However, in one way they were almost unique. Rarely amongst animals, they underwent polyploidy, several times. Instead of two sets of chromosomes (diploid), the Chondrosteans have 8 or 16 sets of chromosomes. Such a dramatic genetic change may have given the potential for a rapid, drastic reorganization of the body plan.

Paraphyly 
The Chondrostei are paraphyletic. The group does not contain all of its descendants. Therefore, sooner or later, it is going to be reorganised.

References 

Ray-finned fish
Don Meredith

"Dandy Don" Meredith (April 10, 1938 - December 6, 2010) was an American football player. He was born in Mount Vernon, Texas (about 100 miles east of Dallas. He died in Santa Fe, New Mexico from a brain hemorrhage. He was 72 years old. Meredith was a quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1970 he became a television broadcaster when he joined the Monday Night Football crew.

Football career 
Meredith studied at Southern Methodist University (SMU). He played quarterback for SMU for three years. He was selected as an All-America in 1958 and 1959. In 1960, he was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round. He was then traded to the Dallas Cowboys for future draft picks. In 1960, the Cowboys were a newly formed expansion team.

Meredith played quarterback for the Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1965, he became the starting quarterback. In 1966, he led the Cowboys to their first winning season, with a record of ten wins, three losses, and one tie. He threw a career-high 2,805 yards and 24 touchdown passes. He was named NFL Player of the Year and selected to the Pro Bowl. He led the Cowboys to three division titles. He played in the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship games.

"Dandy Don" announced his retirement in 1969, the same day that Roger Staubach was released from the Navy. Staubach then replaced Meredith as the quarterback. Meredith was 31 years old and in the prime of his career.

Meredith was inducted to Cowboys Ring of Honor in 1976. He and Don Perkins were the second and third players added to the ring.

Television 
Don Meredith was one of the first athletes to move into television broadcasting as a color commentator. He joined Keith Jackson and Howard Cosell at Monday Night Football (MNF) in 1970. In 1973, he left MNF to join NBC for three years. In 1977, he returned to MNF until his retirement in 1984. He also appeared in a number of TV shows and movies, including Police Story and commercials for Lipton Ice Tea.

References 

1938 births
2010 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Dallas Cowboys players
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Sportspeople from Texas
Ron Talakoski

Ronald Paul Isaac Talakoski (June 1, 1962 – July 6, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played nine games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers between 1986 and 1988.

Talakoski spent four years at the University of Manitoba. In October, 1986 he signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers and played three games for the club that season. The rest of his rookie year was spent in the American Hockey League (AHL) and the International Hockey League (IHL). In 1987-88 he played a six games for the Rangers then scored 24 goals for the IHL's Colorado Rangers before retiring. Talakoski also served as a firefighter in Thunder Bay, Ontario for 18 years. Talakoski was found dead by Thunder Bay Fire and Rescue Services after a short search near Pier 3 in Thunder Bay, after having been reported missing from his residence. He is reported to have suffered from Shy-Drager syndrome.

References

Other websites

1962 births
2009 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Firefighters
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Colonial Hockey League players
Lifeboat

A lifeboat, also known as a liferaft, is a small, stiff or inflatable boat carried for emergencies in the event of a disaster on a ship. Lifeboats are required by law to be on larger ships.

When steamships became commonplace in the 19th century, so did lifeboats. At the beginning of the 20th century larger ships meant that more people could travel, but rules about lifeboats were often overlooked. After the RMS Titanic sank on April 15, 1912, people realized that bigger ships need more lifeboats. The Titanic's lifeboats were only capable of carrying 1,178 people although the Titanic had 3,330 people.

Because many lifeboats were needed on the decks of passenger ships this led to the use of most of the deck space being used for lifeboats which created the problem of narrow passageways. This was fixed by inflatable lifeboats being used.

Safety
Boats

de:Rettungsboot
Bismuth(III) iodide

Bismuth(III) iodide, also known as bismuth triiodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiI3. It has bismuth and iodide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(III) iodide is a dark gray solid. It is sometimes pale yellow, though. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with other iodides to make iodobismuth(III) ions, BiI52-.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth powder with iodine. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydroiodic acid. It can also be made by reacting bismuth(III) chloride with any iodide such as potassium iodide.

Uses
It was used in a test for bismuth ions. Bismuth ions form a dark gray precipitate when reacted with potassium iodide because bismuth(III) iodide was made.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) bromide
Bismuth(V) fluoride
Sodium bismuthate
Zinc iodide

Bismuth compounds
Iodine compounds