cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Vorarlberg

Vorarlberg (Vorarlbergian: Vorarlbearg, Voralbärg, or Voraadelbearg) is the westernmost federal state in Austria. The capital is Bregenz. The biggest cities are Feldkirch and Dornbirn. As of 2016, there were about 384,000 people.

It is the only province in Austria that does not speak Austro-Bavarian.  Instead they speak an Alemannic dialect. This makes it more in common with its Alemannic-speaking neighbors Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Swabia than with Bavaria and the rest of Austria.

The highest mountain is Piz Buin.  The main rivers in Vorarlberg are the Ill, the Bregenzer Ach and the Dornbirner Ach.

78% of the population is Roman Catholic.  The second most follow Islam which has a share of 8.4%.

Vorarlberg is divided into four large districts.  They are Bregenz, Dornbirn, Feldkirch and Bludenz.

On land, Vorarlberg has borders with Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany. The respextive states are the Swiss cantons of St.Gallen and Graubünden, and the German state of Bavaria. Lake Constance is special, there are no borders apart fro the borders on land. Legally, all the states that share this lake, also have a common border. That way, Vorarlberg also has a common border with the German state of Baden-Württemberg, and the Swiss canton of Thurgau.
Princess of Wales

Princess of Wales () is a royal title used in the United Kingdom. It is held by the wife of the Prince of Wales. It has been used since the first English Prince of Wales, in 1283.

There have been only ten Princesses of Wales, even though there have been a lot more than ten male heirs to the throne. The majority of Princes of Wales married after acceding to the throne as King. A number of other Princes of Wales died too young to marry.

The second wife of the present Prince of Wales, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, is the current Princess of Wales, but does not use the title, out of respect for her husband's first wife, the late Diana, Princess of Wales.

The princess is usually entitled to the style of Her Highness.

References
Princesses of Wales by Deborah Fisher. University of Wales Press, 2005.
 'Tystiolaeth Garth Celyn' Y Traethodydd 1998,

More reading
Goh Kun

Goh Gun (; hanja 高建; born January 2, 1938 ) is a Korean politicians and civil servants.

Career
Goh is best known as Interior Minister, Agriculture Minister, and Prime Minister of South Korea.  He was also mayor of Seoul.

He served as Acting President of Korea in 2004.

Related pages 
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Kyu-Sik
 Yun Poson
 Chang Myon

Living people
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Presidents of South Korea
Goh Kun
Mayors of Seoul
Flip Wilson

Clerow "Flip" Wilson Jr. (8 December 1933 – 25 November 1998) was an African-American comedian whose career was successful in the 1960s and 1970s. He is perhaps best known for his television variety series The Flip Wilson Show, which earned him a Golden Globe and two Emmy Awards.

On November 25, 1998, Wilson died from liver cancer in Malibu, California, aged 64.

References

1933 births
1998 deaths
Comedians from New Jersey
Deaths from liver cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
Television personalities from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
Defense mechanism

Defense mechanism is a psychological concept of the mind. It is the coping technique individuals unconsciously use to protect themselves from getting hurt in unpleasant situations (e.g. conflicts, unhappiness). Without defense mechanisms, people may suffer from psychological and mental illness.

Types 
 Regression
 Repression
 Denial
 Reaction formation
 Projection
 Rationalization
 Displacement
 Compensation

psychology
Chevrolet Volt

Chevrolet Volt is an American plug-in hybrid car. The car was first produced in 2011  and is manufactured by Chevrolet division of General Motors. This vehicle travels 25 to 50 miles (38 miles average) on electric power alone. After the battery is depleted, it switches to the extended range mode.
In the United States, the car has a suggested price of $34,185, but qualifies for a $7500 tax credit.  It can carry up to four people (including the driver).

Design 
The Volt has 16.5 KWh of lithium batteries and a 1.4 liter engine using premium fuel.  The batteries have enough power to drive the car normally (it can go from 0 to 60 mph in 9 seconds).  While the batteries have power, the car is like an electric car.

When the batteries run out of charge, they can be recharged from a special electrical outlet, or the car can turn on the gas engine.  The gas engine and electric motors combine in a special type of transmission called a planetary gear, like the Toyota Prius.  This allows the gas engine to drive the car or to change its power to electricity.  The electricity can charge the battery or power the electric motor.

Fuel efficiency
How much gas is used depends on how the car is driven and when the batteries are recharged.  It is possible to only use electric power and never use gasoline.  The EPA estimates the average person will get 98 miles per gallon (including the equivalent cost of electricity).

Recharging 
The batteries can be recharged in 10 to 16 hours using a 120V charging unit (most circuits in a house are at 120V). A 240V charging unit will recharge the car batteries in four hours. The batteries can also be charged from the gas engine or from the regenerative brakes, which turn the energy of the moving car into electricity.

References 

2010s automobiles
Volt
La Brea tar pits

The La Brea tar pits (or Rancho La Brea) are a famous cluster of tar pits in central Los Angeles. Complete skeletons of many thousands of large animals have been found here. They date mostly from 40,000 to 8,000 years ago.

Hancock Park was formed around the tar pits, in the heart of Los Angeles. Asphalt or tar (brea in Spanish) has seeped up from the ground here for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with water. Over many centuries, animals that came to drink the water fell in, sank in the tar, and died. In the tar, their bones turned into fossils.

The George C. Page Museum is dedicated to researching the tar pits and displaying specimens from the animals that died there. The La Brea Tar Pits are now a registered National Natural Landmark.

Findings 
At the La Brea Tar Pits, scientists have found the skeletons of many prehistoric species, including:
 Mammoths
 American mastodons
 American lions
 American cheetahs 
 Dire wolves
 The Western camel Camelops
 Short-faced bears
 Ground sloths
 The saber-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis (the state fossil of California)

Only one human has ever been found in the tar pits: a partial skeleton of a woman, dated at approximately 9,000 BC.  Because of the way her skull was crushed, scientists think she was murdered.

Over a million fossils 
Over a million fossils have been recovered from the tar pits.  These fossils include individual bones as well as pieces of bone.  Scientists estimate that at least 10,000 animals got trapped in the Tar Pits over 30,000 years.  These animals belonged to at least 660 different species.  This includes at least 135 species of birds, and 59 species of mammals.

Tar pits 

Oil is created when decayed organic matter is underground. It is under pressure. The crude oil seeps upward through fractures, or porous sedimentary rock layers. It may form a pool  at the surface. 

The lighter parts of the crude oil evaporate into the atmosphere, leaving behind a black, sticky asphalt. Tar pits are often excavated because they contain many fossils.

There are not many of these tar pits in the world, because they only form in these circumstances. The evaporation of the lighter elements in the crude oil is needed to create the sticky tar which traps the animals. Their distress calls are irresistible to the predators which follow them.

References 

Lagerstätten
Geography of Los Angeles
Fossils
Natural history museums
Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom, and are officially known as her Arms of Dominion. Different versions are used by other members of the Royal Family; and by the British Government in connection with the administration and government of the country. In Scotland, the Queen has a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office.

The shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure fleury-counter-fleury of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for  Ireland.

The version used by the government does not have the helmet or lion, the version used by the government in Scotland does not have the lion or "In Defens" motto.

United Kingdom
British monarchy
James Earl Ray

James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was the man who was convicted of murdering Martin Luther King, Jr on April 4, 1968. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. At first he said that he had shot King, but he later said that he did not do it. There are many conspiracies about this but the truth is still unknown.

Early life
He was born in Alton, Illinois. He was convicted of burglary, robbery, theft and forgery during the 1950s. 

He escaped from prison in 1967.

Death
He died in Nashville, Tennessee from liver failure caused by hepatitis C.

References

1928 births
1998 deaths
American burglars
American fraudsters
American murderers
American prisoners
American robbers
American thieves
Assassins
Criminals from Illinois
Deaths from hepatitis
Disease-related deaths in the United States
People from Alton, Illinois
People who died in prison custody in the United States
Leadership

Leadership is an approach where “acts by persons influence other persons in a shared direction/[common goal]” (Seeman, 1960).

Traits
 Cognitive: Having an actively developed strong verbal, perceptual, and reasoning skills which can effectively guide pivots and at the time be compatible to peer groups.
 Self-confidence: Ability to be certain about one’s competencies and skills with a nurtured sense of self-esteem and self-assurance.
 Determination: Ability to assert themselves, be proactive, and have the capacity to persevere in the face of obstacles. Characteristics include initiative, persistence, dominance, and drive.
 Integrity: It is the quality of honesty and trustworthiness. Characteristics are loyalty, dependability, and not deceptive.
 Sociability: It is the ability to be sensitive to others’ needs and show concern for their well-being. They are people who have good interpersonal skills and create cooperative relationships (friendliness, outgoing, courteous) with their followers and able to take socially responsible decisions.

Team leadership
There are two factors in team leadership, they are: Interpersonal and Analytical. The interpersonal factors are : Talk, Evaluation, Assisting and Motivating. The Analytical aspects for problem solving with team leadership are: Focusing, Organizing, Collecting, Understanding and Synthesizing the material.

Related pages
 Coach (sport)
 Political economy
 Tribal chief
 Entrepreneur
 Supreme Leader

References

Other websites

Management
Political philosophy
Sociology
Deltora Quest

Deltora Quest is three series of books for children by Emily Rodda. It has 15 books overall: the first series Deltora Quest has eight books, the second series Deltora Shadowlands has three books, and the third series Dragons of Deltora has four books. They are all about a group of three friends who try to defeat the evil Shadow Lord and his friends.

Characters

Lief

Lief is the son of King Endon and Sharn, who went into hiding disguised as Jarred and Anna before their son was born. Lief was raised as a blacksmith's son in the run-down city of Del after the invasion. On his 16th birthday he set off on the Deltora Quest to find the seven gems of Deltora. In the ends he finds out that he is the heir to the throne and becomes the King of Deltora. At the end of the third series he marries Jasmine and has three children.

Barda

Barda is a strong bearded man. Before the invasion of the Shadow Lord, he was a guard of the Palace, but then he fled because his mother Min was killed, so he made friends with Endon and Sharn, and pretended to be a beggar for sixteen years, and always guarded Lief when he was in trouble. He accompanied Lief to find the seven gems of the Belt of Deltora. At the end of the last series he married Linden of Broome.

Jasmine
Jasmine is the daughter of Jarred (Doom) and Anna. She was born in the Forests of Silence, but when she was 7, her parents got taken away by Grey Guards. She lived as an orphan, with Kree and Filli for company. She met Lief and Barda in the Forests of Silence, and helped them get the first jewel, the topaz. After that, her mother Anna appeared to her in spirit form (because the topaz lets you come into contact with the dead)and told Jasmine to travel with Lief and Barda to find the jewels. At the end of the third series she married Lief and had three children.

Kree

Kree is a raven who used to live in Thaegan's territory, but Thaegen killed his parents so he fled to the Forests of Silence where he met Jasmine. He is very affectionate to Jasmine. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests, warning others of danger by flying ahead. He later became and official messenger bird for the Palace.

Filli

Filli is a furry grey small creature who Jasmine found in the Forests of Silence. Like, Kree, he loves Jasmine a lot. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests.

Veritas

Veritas is the amethyst dragon who is very truthful. He helped to destroy the Sister of the West, and he brought up the baby Diamond Dragon, Forta.

Deltora Quest 1

Forests of Silence

In the first half of this book, it follows Jarred and Endon, how the King of Deltora died, then Endon became King, Jarred fled from the castle, married Anna, and the Shadow Lord invaded. In the second half of the book, it follows Lief, how on his 16th birthday, he set out on the Deltora Quest to find the gems of Deltora, with Barda, and got paralysed by Wenn, saved by Jasmine, and got the topaz from Gorl.

References

Fantasy books
Yaws

Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints. It is caused by the spirochaete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue.

The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, two to five centimeters in diameter. The center may break open and form an ulcer. This usually heals after three to six months. After several weeks, or even years later, the joints and bones may become painful, fatigue may develop, and new skin sores may appear. The skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open. The bones (especially those of the nose) may change shape. After five years or more large areas of skin can die. This leaves large scars.

Yaws is spread by touching the fluid from the sores of a person with the disease. The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together.

Other similar diseases are caused by different strains of the same bacterium, such as syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum). Once the lesions have appeared doctors are able to tell it is yaws. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the best method of diagnosis.

The main way of stopping the disease spreading, is by curing those who have it. This stops them passing it on to others. Where the disease is common, treating the entire community is effective. Improving cleanliness and sanitation will also decrease spread. Yaws can be treated with antibiotics. Without treatment, physical deformities happen in 10% of cases.

Yaws is common in at least 14 tropical countries as of 2012. The disease infects only humans. In the 1950s and 1960s the World Health Organization (WHO) nearly destroyed yaws. Since then the number of cases has increased.

One of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso. Archaeology shows that yaws may have been present among humans as far back as 1.6 million years ago.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Integumentary system
Vibrio

Vibrio is a genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a curved rod shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Typically found in saltwater, Vibrio are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores. All members of the genus are motile and have polar flagella with sheaths. Recent phylogenies have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multi-locus sequence analysis).

The name Vibrio derives from Filippo Pacini who isolated microorganisms he called "vibrions" from cholera patients in 1854.

Gram-negative bacteria
Pele (goddess)

Pele was the goddess of fire, dancing, and volcanoes in Hawaiian religion. Pele's husband is Wahielo, also spelled with an a.

There are several stories about who Pele is. One story says that her sister is the goddess of the ocean. In another story, she lives in a land in the sky.

Pele is well known as a volcano goddess living in the crater of Kilauea on the island of Hawaii.

Pele (Pele), the Hawaiian  transmitted to the volcano of goddesses.

Other websites

Gods and goddesses
Culture of Hawaii
Hootie & the Blowfish

Hootie & the Blowfish are an American rock band It formed in 1986. Their first studio album, Cracked Rear View, was released in 1994. This group became popular in the second half of the 1990s. The group have been semi active since 2008.

Discography
Studio albums
 Cracked Rear View (1994)
 Fairweather Johnson (1996)
 Musical Chairs (1998)
 Hootie & the Blowfish (2003)
 Looking for Lucky (2005)
 Imperfect Circle (2019)

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American pop music groups
Post-grunge bands
People from Columbia, South Carolina
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
Chevrolet Impala

The Chevrolet Impala was a full size car made from the Chevrolet network of General Motors. The name Impala comes from the southern African antelope. The car was first produced in 1957, discontinued around 1985 and then resumed for the 1994 model year. From 2000 to 2005, the Impala was a mid-sized sedan and succeeded Chevrolet's dwindling Lumina. The 2006 to present Impala is a full-sized sedan and is sold to the public, the previous generation is restricted to fleet and commercial buyers and is dubbed Impala Ltd. The Impala limited is set to conclude production in 2016. Its final generation, introduced in 2012, went on sale in May 2014 until General Motors discontinued the vehicle in March 2020.

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Impala
Full-size vehicles
Hydrogenophilaceae

The Hydrogenophilaceae are a family of Betaproteobacteria, with two genera. Like all Proteobacteria, they are gram-negative. Hydrogenophilus are thermophilic, growing around 50 °C and obtaining their energy from oxidizing hydrogen. It includes the genera Hydrogenophilus and Thiobacillus (see below for the removal of certain species).

Gram-negative bacteria
Coral Sea

The Coral Sea is a small sea off the north east coast of Australia. It has Queensland on its west side and the islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia on its east. On the north edge is the Solomon Islands, and in the south it joins the Tasman Sea. The Great Barrier Reef is in the Coral Sea. It has a warm climate, it often rains and there are often tropical cyclones. It covers an area of about four times the size of Great Britain. The WWF describe the Coral Sea as being one of the last complete tropical wilderness areas on earth. It has beautiful coral reefs with many different sea creatures including  grey and white tip reef sharks, hammerheads, manta rays, tuna, barracuda, turtles, whales and the rare nautilus.

Australia claims many of the islands as part of its 780,000 square kilometre Coral Sea Islands Territory. Most of them are small coral or sand islands, and only one has people living on it. It has a population of only four.

World War II 

In World War II the Battle of the Coral Sea was the first aircraft carrier battle fought between the United States and Australia against Japan. The battle lasted from 4 May to 8 May 1942.  During that time none of the ships saw each other or fired their guns at each other.  All the fighting was done by aircraft from the carriers. It is the largest naval battle fought near Australia.  It was important because it stopped the Japanese from invading Port Moresby, the capital city of New Guinea.  Many people regarded it as the battle that saved Australia.

References

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Oceania
Gulf of Carpentaria

The Gulf of Carpentaria () is a large, shallow sea surrounded on three sides by northern Australia. Its north edge is the Arafura Sea; the sea between Australia and New Guinea. At its mouth, the Gulf is 590 km wide, and further south, 675 km. The north south distance is more than 700 km. It covers a water area of about 300,000 km². The gulf is between 55 and 66 meters deep, although there are spots as deep as 82 meters. In the last ice age the Gulf would have been dry land.

Geography
The land around the Gulf is generally flat and low-lying. To the west is Arnhem Land, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and Groote Eylandt, the largest island in the Gulf. To the east is the Cape York Peninsula. The area to the south, is a part of Queensland) called the Gulf Country or simply "the Gulf."

The climate is hot and humid with two seasons per year. The dry season lasts from about April until November and is has very dry southeast to east winds, caused by winter high pressure systems to the south. The wet season lasts from December to March. Most of the year's rainfall is happens in these months, and many low-lying areas are flooded. The Gulf is also a breeding ground for tropical cyclones from November and April.

In September and October the Morning Glory cloud appears in the Southern Gulf. The best place to see this is in the Burketown area shortly after dawn.

European exploration
The first known Europen person to visit the area was the Dutch Willem Janszoon (whose name is also written as Jansz) in his 1606 voyage. Jan Carstenszoon (or Carstensz), visited in 1623 and named the Gulf after Pieter de Carpentier, who was the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.  Abel Tasman also explored the coast in 1644. The area was later explored and mapped by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and 1803.

The first overland expedition to reach the Gulf was the Burke and Wills expedition, led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. They left Melbourne in August 1860 and reached the Bynoe River in February 1861.

Rivers of the Gulf 
 Archer River
 Calvert River
 Cox River
 Flinders River
 Gilbert River
 Leichhardt River
 McArthur River
 Mission River
 Mitchell River
 Alice River
 Norman River
 Roper River
 Wilton River
 Smithburne River
 Staaten River
 Wenlock River

References

Other websites 
 Morning Glory Cloud video footage and video of the Gulf Region around Burketown
 Morning Glory Cloud meteorology
 Aerial Video of Sweers Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria
 Video of Burketown and the Gulf from the air

Bodies of water of Australia
Gulfs
Geography of Queensland
Geography of the Northern Territory
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Le Mondes 100 Books of the Century}}Le Mondes 100 Books of the Century is a list of books thought to be the 100 best of the 20th century. The list was made in 1999 by the French retail store Fnac and the Paris newspaper Le Monde.

Starting with a list of 200 titles made by bookshops and journalists, 17,000 French people answered the question, "Which books have stayed in your memory?" The list includes novels, poetry, theatre, and comic strips. Some received the Nobel Prize in Literature. 


The 100 Books of the Century 

Note: Language and Country refer to the author's career generally, not to the book specifically.

Related pages
 Nobel Prize in Literature - Camus, Steinbeck, Hemingway, Beckett, Sartre, Solzhenitsyn, Gide, García Márquez, Faulkner, Mauriac, Mann, Pirandello, Böll, Lagerlöf, Le Clézio, Perse
Booker Prize - Kadare, Rushdie
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction - Steinbeck, Hemingway, Faulkner, Mitchell, Styron

References

20th-century books
Lists of books
Anton de Bary

Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 1831 – 19 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology). 

He is considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life history of fungi and contribution to the understanding of algae and higher plants were landmarks of biology.

Lichen 
De Bary studied the formation of lichens, the association between a fungus and an alga. He traced the stages through which they grew and reproduced and the adaptations which enabled them to survive drought and winter. He coined the word 'symbiosis' in 1879 in his monograph as "the living together of unlike organisms". He carefully studied the morphology of moulds, yeasts, and fungi and he established mycology as an independent science.

Slime moulds 
de Bary was one of the first people to do research on slime moulds (Myxomycetes). He published a key paper in 1859, and later a book on the subject.

References 

1831 births
1888 deaths
German doctors
Microbiologists
Systematics

Systematics is one of the main fields in biology. It is closely related to taxonomy.

Systematics is the study of the diversification of life on the planet Earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. 

Relationships are usually seen as evolutionary trees (cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). 

Phylogenies have two components, branching order (showing group relationships) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (anatomical or molecular characteristics), and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics is used to help us understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

"Systematic biology" and "taxonomy" are terms that are often confused and used interchangeably. They were defined as follows:

Systematics is the field which (a) provides scientific names for organisms, (b) describes them, (c) preserves collections of them, (d) provides classifications for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, (e) investigates their evolutionary histories, and (f) considers their environmental adaptations. Taxonomy is that part of systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy
Artivism

Artivism combines art and activism. Artivism developed since the Berlin wall collapsed while the anti-globalization and antiwar protests emerged and proliferated. In most of the cases artivists attempt to push political agendas by the means of art and especially, but not only street art.

The years 1967-1968
Protesting against the War in Vietnam, American "hippies" could use poetry, songs, sittings and other non traditional demonstration techniques.

From The fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) to the 9/11 (2001)  
In 1993, Act Up-Paris put a gigantic pink condom on the Concord Obelisk. It was Land art in a way. And it rose interest in France about VIH infection risks. In Mexico the "intergalactic" anonymous Chiapas mouvement used "phony icons", like sub-commander Marcos to attract attention from the media.

Since the 9/11 (2001) 
In some cases, in Paris in 2003 for instance, artivists were arrested for acts of political art that verged on property destruction. A typical short term goal of artivists is to reclaim public space, especially by subvertising or destroying ads in urban areas or city transportation systems. Nevertheless, artivists engage in different media like the internet not only for actions which could be described as hacktivism.

Often the acts of artivists can be referred to as part of the larger concept of culture jamming.

Social Centres

Artivists are often found in social centers.

Activism
List of science fiction awards

Several awards are given to authors, editors and illustrators for creating works of science fiction. These awards show that fans or other professionals recognize the quality of stories, novels, movies, illustrations, or other works.  Awards are usually given once a year. The list below gives the name of the award, additional information, and the year it began.

International awards
Hugo Award - since 1955
Nebula Award - since 1965
Edward E. Smith Memorial Award (the Skylark) - since 1966
BSFA Award - since 1970
Seiun Award - since 1970
Locus Award - since 1971
Saturn Award - movie and television SF - since 1972
John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel - since 1973
Rhysling Award - for best science fiction poetry, given by the Science Fiction Poetry Association - since 1978
Philip K. Dick Award - since 1982
Arthur C. Clarke Award - since 1987
Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award for best short science fiction - since 1987

Awards by country or region
Aurealis Award - Australian
Aurora Award - for Canadian science fiction
Chandler Award - for contributions to Australian Science fiction
The Constellation Awards - for the best SF/fantasy movie or television works released in Canada
Ditmar Award - for SF by Australians
Endeavour Award- for SF by authors from the Pacific Northwest 
Janusz A. Zajdel Award - award of Polish fandom
Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis - German SF award
Nautilus Award - Polish award
Paul Harland Prize - for Dutch SF
Prix Tour-Apollo Award - France since 1972
SFERA Award - given by SFera, a Croatian SF society
Sir Julius Vogel Award - for SF by New Zealanders
Tähtivaeltaja Award - for the best SF novel released in Finland
Premio Urania - for Italian SF
The Galaxy Awards (银河奖) - given by magazine Science Fiction World for Chinese SF&F
SRSFF Award - România

Awards for SF with a specific theme
Prometheus Award - best Libertarian SF - since 1979
Lambda Literary Award - since 1988
Tiptree Award - since 1991
Sidewise Award for Alternate History - since 1995
Gaylactic Spectrum Awards - since 1999
Geffen Award - Israeli award - since 1999
Norton Award - San Francisco - since 2003

New artists or first works
Writers of the Future - contest for new authors
Jack Gaughan Award for Best Emerging Artist
John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer
Compton Crook Award For Best first Novel in the genre in a given year.

Career awards
Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award - associated with the Nebula

References

Lists of awards and nominations
Gold Coast, Queensland

The Gold Coast is the name given to a 57 kilometer long stretch of coast in the south east corner of Queensland, Australia. At the south end is the town of Coolangatta on the border with New South Wales. The north end of the Gold Coast is at Beenleigh and includes South Stradbroke Island. It also includes the foothills of the Great Dividing Range. The Gold Coast is famous for its surf beaches which include Coolangatta, Currumbin, Palm Beach, Burleigh Heads, Miami, Broadbeach, Surfers Paradise and Main Beach. The Gold Coast City is the sixth largest city in Australia with a population of more than 515,000 people (2010). It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and wet; winters are warm with moderate rainfall. It is a very popular place for holidays and has its own international airport. Many people go there for the beaches and to visit the theme parks which include Warner Bros. Movie World, Dreamworld, Seaworld and Wet and Wild.

A lot of houses on the Gold Coast are built in canal estates with over 260 kilometers of canals. Q1 is the tallest residential building in the world. Including the spire it reaches 322.5 metres above the street.

References
Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia

Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia also known as the Plaza de Toros de Mérida is a plaza de toros first class located in the city of Mérida, Venezuela being one of the main infrastructure for cultural and artistic events to large scale of the city after the Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano and the fence locations for the bullfights in the frame of the Feria Internacional del Sol.

The Plaza was inaugurated in 1967 to serve as a forum to various events of Ferias del Sol, and has a capacity of 16,000 spectators.

He has received prominent bullfighters like Julian López "El Juli", Francisco Rivera Ordóñez, Juan José "Morante de la Puebla", Miguel Ángel Perera, Enrique Ponce, Francisco Rivera "Paquirrí", Pálomo Lináres, Javier Conde, Manuel Bénitez "El Cordobés", José María Manzanares, Antonio Barrera, Paquito Perlaza, Leonardo Bénitez, Luis Bolivar, David Fandila "El Fandi", Mary Paz Vega, Morenito de Maracay, Nerio Ramirez "El Tovareño", Rafael Orellana, César Vanegas, César Faraco, Eduardo Valenzuela, among others.

But he has also received several Venezuelan and international artists and singers like Juanes, Maná, Desorden Público, Caramelos de Cianuro, Franco De Vita, Paulina Rubio, Chino y Nacho, Don Omar, Tito El Bambino, Molotov, Wisin & Yandel, Dalmata, Vos Veis, Los Hombres G, Aterciopelados, Jorge Celedón, Jean Carlos Centeno, L'squadron, Tecupae, Luis Silva, Armando Martínez, among others.

Other websites
  Images and references to the Plaza on Portaltaurino.com 

1967 establishments
Venezuelan culture
Angolemi

Angolemi (Turkish: Taşpınar or Angolem - the old name) is a village in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Its population is 212. Its area is 6.727 km2. It is a village of Lefka Municipality. It is in the Nicosia District of the Republic of Cyprus and Güzelyurt District of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Northern Cyprus
Kim Jong-pil

Kim Jong-pil (, January 7 1926 – June 23, 2018) was a former South Korean politician and general. 

He fought in the Korean War. He was the 11th Prime minister of South Korea (1971 to 1975), 31th Prime minister of South Korea (1998 to 2000). first Central Intelligence Agency of South Korea 1961 to 1963. nickname was 'Unjeong'(Korea:운정, hanja:雲庭) or 'JP'.

Kim died on June 23, 2018 in Seoul from respiratory failure at the age of 92.

References

Other websites 
 Kim Jong-pil
 Kim Jong-pil:National Assembly of the Republic of Korea 

1926 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Anti-Communists
Generals
Military personnel of the Korean War
Prime Ministers of South Korea
South Korean military people
Brewing

Brewing is the process of making beer. It is usually made in a brewery, though it can be made at home. It is made by adding bacteria that ferment malt, barley or sugar into a large vat. Ethanol is produced by bacteria using up the energy from the mixture (which the bacteria digest into glucose) because there is no oxygen in the vat.

References
Reticulated python

The reticulated python (Python reticulatus) is a species of Python found in Southeast Asia. Adults can grow to 22.8 feet (6.95 m) in length but average is 9.8-19.7 feet. They are the world's longest snakes and longest reptile, but not the most heavily built. They usually weigh about 350 lbs. The thickest and heaviest living snake is the anaconda, also known as the green anaconda. Like all pythons, they are non-venomous constrictors (they squeeze their prey) and normally not considered dangerous to humans. Although large ones are powerful enough to kill an adult human, attacks seldom happen.

References

Pythons
Qwest

Qwest Communications International Inc. was an American telecom company. It served 14 north central and western states. Qwest merged with Baby Bell company US West Communications during 2000. US West had consisted of Pacific Northwest Bell, Mountain Bell and Northwestern Bell before 1991, during which year the three telephone companies merged to become US West. Qwest Communications was founded around 1996.

On April 22, 2010, CenturyLink announced that it was going to buy Qwest for $22.4 billion. CenturyLink's purchase of Qwest was completed in early 2011. Qwest now operates as part of CenturyLink.

References

Other websites 
 Qwest website

1990s establishments in Colorado
1996 establishments in the United States
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American telephone companies
Telecommunications
Companies based in Denver, Colorado
Conan (TV series)

Conan is a late-night talk show on TBS. It is hosted by Conan O'Brien, who used to host The Tonight Show and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. His sidekick and announcer is Andy Richter, and his band is Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band. The show started in November 2010, and ended in 2021. A show has two celebrity guests and a monologue. In addition, there is either a musical guest or a stand-up comedian. Rounding out the show are comedy bits, which include spoofs of local newscasts, recurring characters, and ridiculous things happening to trombone player LaBamba Rosenberg.

American television talk shows
English-language television programs
Flag carrier

A flag carrier is an airline or ship line that is owned by the government of the country it is based in. Sometimes this means that the company has a monopoly on some routes, especially those to other countries.  The term may have come about because of laws that all planes and ships have to show the flag of the country they are registered in.

References

Transport

et:Rahvuslike lennukompaniide loend
it:Lista di compagnie aeree di bandiera
fi:Luettelo kansallisista lentoyhtiöistä
Somewhere in Time (album)

Somewhere in Time is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It went on sale on 29 June 1986. It was the third most popular album in England when it started being sold.

The album got average reviews; one reviewer said that it was "less inspired" than Iron Maiden's earlier albums, but that the first half of it was still good.

Track listing

Musicians
 Bruce Dickinson – vocals
 Dave Murray – guitar, guitar synth
 Adrian Smith – guitar, backing vocals
 Steve Harris – bass guitar, backing vocals, bass synth
 Nicko McBrain – drums

References

1986 albums
Iron Maiden albums
Heavy metal albums
Baird's tapir

Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is a species of tapir that is native to Central America and northern South America. It is one of four Latin American species of tapir.

Baird’s tapir is found in the dense jungles of Central America, including southeastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador.

The animal can be found at altitudes as high as 3,350 metres (10,990 ft).

Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Malayan tapir

The Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), also called the Asian tapir, Asiatic tapir, Oriental tapir, Indian tapir, or piebald tapir, is the largest of the five species of tapir. It the only one native to Asia. This shows that the original distribution of its family was much wider, because all the other species are found in Central or South America.

The scientific name refers to the East Indies, the species' natural habitat. In the Malay, the tapir is commonly referred to as "cipan", "tenuk" or "badak tampong".

Mammals of Asia
Ford Ranger

Ford Ranger is a North American pickup truck distributed via Ford Motor Company. The Ranger currently in operation dates back to around 1983, although the name Ranger first got used on other types of Ford trucks in 1965. The Ford Ranger was discontinued in 2011, though it will be brought back in 2019.

References

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Ranger
Korea under Japanese rule

Korea under Japanese rule is a term to define Korea when it was under Japanese control. Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 cleared the way. Japan controlled Korea for 35 years during Japanese Imperialism. The Japanese control of Korea lasted from 22 August 1910  until 15 August 1945. The Japanese rulers of Korea left the country on 2 September 1945. In Japan, the more common term is "Korea of the Japanese-Governed Period" (日本統治時代の朝鮮, Nippon Tōchi-jidai no Chosen).

The period is usually divided into three parts. In 1910-1919, the Japanese treated Koreans very badly. From 1919 to 1930-s they created better policies to deal with the Korean people. However, they later tried to force them to become Japanese.

Despite them being allies to the United States and having an interest in each other's cultures, Japanese and Koreans still tend to have suspicion of each other because of how Japan treated Korea during its time as a colony.

Other websites
Isabella Lucy Bird (1898), Korea and Her Neighbours: A Narrative of Travel, with an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country
Horace Newton Allen (1908), [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01139077&id=ItkMAAAAIAAJ Things Korean: A Collection of Sketches and Anecdotes, Missionary and Diplomatic]
Hildi Kang (2001), Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea, 1910-1945'', Cornell University Press, 
Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Consumer Prices and Real Wages in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule" Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 13(1): 40-56
Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Economic Growth of Korea under the Japanese Occupation - Background of Industrialization of Korea 1911-1940" Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 20(1): 1-19
Toshiyuki Mizoguchi, "Foreign Trade in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Rule" Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 14(2): 37-53
Kim, Young-Koo, The Validity of Some Coerced Treaties in the Early 20th Century: A Reconsideration of the Japanese Annexation of Korea in Legal Perspective

20th century in Japan
History of Korea
Melanin

Melanin is a special pigment of the epidermis. It helps protect the body from the sun's radiation. This pigment contributes to the color of the skin and is produced deep within the layers of the epidermis. It is created from amino acid tyrosine.

References

Related pages
Melanocyte

Integumentary system
Pigments
Hey There, It's Yogi Bear

Hey There, It's Yogi Bear is a movie starring Daws Butler, Don Messick, Julie Bennett, and Mel Blanc. It is based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon show, The Yogi Bear Show.

Plot
Yogi tells Ranger Smith that he wants out of the park, so he tries to get Yogi sent away. Cindy gets captured by an evil circus owner, so Yogi and Boo-Boo leave Jellystone Park to save her.

Characters
 Yogi Bear (Daws Butler)
 Boo-Boo Bear (Don Messick)
 Ranger Smith (Don Messick)
 Cindy Bear (Juile Bennett)
 Grivley (Mel Blanc)
 Ranger Jones (Don Messick)

1964 comedy movies
1960s musical movies
American animated movies
American musical comedy movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Mercury (automobile)

Mercury was the automobile division for Ford. The company was founded in 1938. Between 1945 and 2011, it was the Mercury half of the Lincoln-Mercury division of the Ford Motor Company. The vehicles made by Mercury include Mountaineer, Sable, Milan and Grand Marquis. The Mercury brand was phased out in early 2011.
The car was called Mercury because it was the name of the Roman god of messengers. This claims the car's performence was good.

Ford
1938 establishments in the United States
2011 disestablishments in the United States
Wolbachia

Wolbachia is a genus of bacteria which infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects. It is one of the world's most common parasitic microbes and is possibly the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere. 

Gram-negative bacteria
Erotica (song)

"Erotica" is the lead single of Madonna's 1992 album of the same name. The song was released during October 1992. This single caused controversy when it was released because the music and lyrics are suggestive of sexual intercourse. This was thought to be bad by some people and critics. 

1992 songs
Madonna songs
Madonna albums
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AASHTO means American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It is a standards setting body which publishes specifications, quality control protocols and guidelines which are used in highway design and construction throughout the United States. Despite its name, the association represents not only highways but air, rail, water, and public transportation as well.

Though AASHTO is not a government body, it possesses quasi-governmental powers in the sense that the organizations that supply its members customarily obey most AASHTO decisions. 

Besides its publications, AASHTO performs or cooperates in research projects.

Other websites 
 Official AASHTO site
 AASHTO Daily Transportation News Update 
 AASHTO Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering

Transport in the United States
Great Migration (African American)

The Great Migration was the migration (movement) of around 6 million African Americans out of the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West. The main reasons African Americans left the South were to escape racism and seek jobs in industrial cities. There is a series of paintings about it. 

When a lot of African Americans moved to the south from the 1960s and onwards, it was called the New Great Migration. In 1963 to 2000, data shows the movement of African Americans back to the South following de-industrialization in Northeastern and Midwestern cities, the growth of good jobs in the South, and better racial relations. Many people moved back because of family ties.

References 

20th century in the United States
African-American history
Dione (mythology)

Dione in Greek mythology is a vague goddess presence who has her most concrete was the mother of Aphrodite. Zeus was the father are stories about Dione are in the Iliad by Homer. Aphrodite journeys to Dione's side after she has been wounded in battle while protecting her favorite son Aeneas.

Greek gods and goddesses
Marilyn Quayle

Marilyn Tucker-Quayle (born July 29, 1949) is an American politician, lawyer and novelist. She is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle. She was the Second Lady of the United States from 1989 until 1993.

Early life
She was born in Indianapolis. Her parents were Mary Alice (nee Craig, died 1975) and Warren Samuel Tucker (died 2004). She is the fourth of six children. She has three sisters (Nancy, Sally, and Janet) and two brothers (James and William). Marilyn's parents were both doctors. Her maternal grandfather was born in Maybole, Scotland.

References

1949 births
Living people
Lawyers from Indianapolis, Indiana
American novelists
Politicians from Indianapolis, Indiana
Second Ladies of the United States  
Writers from Indianapolis, Indiana
New York Herald

The New York Herald was a daily newspaper based in New York City. The paper was circulated from 1835 to 1924. The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, Sr. on May 6, 1835. By 1845, it was the most popular and most bought daily newspaper in the United States. In 1861, it had sold about 84,000 copies and called itself "the most largely circulated journal in the world." Bennett said that the point of newspapers "is not to instruct but to startle."

Bennett's politics influenced the articles in the Herald. He tended to be anti-Catholic, but not particularly anti-immigrant like most people who did not like the Catholics in New York at the time. During the American Civil War, it was a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party. When the Herald was still controlled by Bennett, it was considered to be the most sensationalist of the leading New York papers at the time.

Related pages
The New York Zoo hoax

Newspapers in New York City
1835 establishments in the United States
1924 disestablishments in the United States
1830s establishments in New York (state)
1920s disestablishments in New York (state)
Yelawolf

Michael Wayne Atha (born December 30, 1979), known by his stage name  Yelawolf, is an American rapper. He is of Caucasian and Cherokee descent, and his stage name Yelawolf is a reference to his Native American roots.

Yelewolf is currently signed to Shady Records and signed with them on January 12th, 2011.

Discography

Albums 
Yelawolf is set to release his first studio album:

Singles

References

Other websites
 Yelawolf's Official website

1979 births
Living people
American rap musicians
Singers from Alabama
Native American people
People from Gadsden, Alabama