cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

"IEEE" redirects here. It is not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE).

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (or IEEE  for short) an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 400,000 members in more than 160 countries. About 45% of IEEE's members live outside the United States.

It was formed in 1963 by the merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE, founded 1912) and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE, founded 1884).

The IRE concerned mostly radio engineering. The major interests of the AIEE were wire communications and light and electric power systems. As technology developing, the IRE and the AIEE became difficult to distinguish. And people who belong to both group were increasing gradually. After World War II, the leadership of both the IRE and the AIEE merged the organizations on January 1, 1963.

IEEE says its purpose is "scientific and educational, directed toward the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering and the related arts and sciences." In pursuing these goals, the IEEE serves a major publisher of scientific journals, provides learning opportunities within the engineering sciences, research, and technology and so on.

IEEE consists of 150 countries, 350,000 members, 39 societies, organized around specialized technical fields, with more than 300 local organizations that hold regular meetings. Famous presidents of IEEE and its founding organizations include Elihu Thomson, Alexander Graham Bell, Ernst Weber. In 2008 the president of IEEE was Lewis M. Terman.

IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's literature in the electrical and electronics engineering and computer science fields, publishing well over 100 peer-reviewed journals.  The content in these journals and from several hundred annual conferences are available in the IEEE's online digital library.

Standards and development process 
IEEE is one of the leading standards-making organizations in the world.  The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) makes and maintains standards for the IEEE.  IEEE standards affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy, biomedical and healthcare, Information Technology (IT), telecommunications, transportation, nanotechnology, information assurance, and many more.  In 2005, IEEE had close to 900 active standards, with 500 standards under development.  One of the more notable IEEE standards is the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group of standards which includes the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking standard (Wi-Fi).

References

Other websites 
 IEEE Conferences Template – For authors looking to submit to IEEE conferences
 IEEE format template - For authors looking to submit to IEEE journals

International organizations
Electricity
Organizations in New York City
1963 establishments in New York (state)
Galvanometer

A galvanometer is a type of ammeter. It is an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is named after Luigi Galvani. It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil. The term has been expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.

Operation 
The most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called a meter. It is used to measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit. The D'Arsonval/Weston form used today is constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position.

When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. This field acts against the permanent magnet. The coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer. The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current. Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform, so that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current. A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation.

Tangent galvanometer 

A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the measurement of electric current. It works by using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth. It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields. It was first described by Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet in 1837.

A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. The frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with levelling screws. The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale. It consists of a tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it. To avoid errors due to parallax a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle.

Electricity
Measuring tools
Machines
Magnetic tape

Magnetic tape is a long and narrow strip of plastic that thin magnetic material is coated on. Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or computer data storage.

Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape which moves on a recording head. Electrical signals are fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal.

Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and videotape recorders respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer. Autoloaders and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling.

History
Magnetic tape was first invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany. Pfleumer's invention used an iron oxide(Fe2O3) powder coating on a long strip of paper.

Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years. In this time, many advances in tape have been made. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. 

Today, many other technologies like CD or DVD are replacing magnetic tape. However, innovation in the technology continues and tape is still widely used.

Strength and Weakness 
When storing large amounts of data, tape can be cheaper than disk or other data storage options. Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems. Modern usage is a high capacity medium for backups and archives. As of 2019, the highest capacity tape cartridge can store 330 TB of data without using compression.

Magnetic tape data storage uses the Sequential access method for reading data. Tape has a longer access time than disk for random accesses since the deck must wind the tape to move from one location to another.

Related pages
Audio cassette
Electrical engineering
Floppy disk

Other websites 

 History of Tape Recording Technology
 VidiPax Audio Format Guide

References

 
Storage devices
Cathode

A cathode is a type of electrode through which electrons move. Electrodes are an electrical conductor (usually a metal) that is connected to something that is not a metal. Electric current is a flow of charges through a conductor. There are two theories; one theory is  conventional current flow and the other is actual current flow. The anode delivers conventional (or customary) current (which travels in the opposite direction as electrons) and the cathode receives that current. This means that electrons come out of the anode and electrons go into the cathode.  

This lets an electric current go into an electrical device such as a battery or other electrical cell. It can also end in a vacuum, like in a cathode ray tube. In this case, the electrons may go into open space.

In other words, a cathode is a positive electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell. Electric current is perceived as flowing in the opposite direction that the electrons are flowing. So electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of a battery, but electric current goes out. Electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out.

An electrode through which electrons flows out of the device is termed a cathode because it is negatively charged. A cathode is a negative electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell.

Related pages
Photocathode
Cold cathode

References
How to Define Anode and Cathode

Electronic components
United States Army Reserve

The United States Army Reserve is the reserve force of the United States Army. People in the reserve forces are not full-time soldiers, they also have a civilian career. The reserve forces of the US Army are made of the US Army reserve and the Army National Guard.

The Army Reserve was formed in 1908 to provide a reserve of medical officers to the Army. After the First World War  Congress reorganized the U.S. land forces. The National Defence Act of 4 June 1920 authorized a Regular Army, a National Guard, and an Organized Reserve (Officers Reserve Corps and Enlisted Reserve Corps) of unrestricted size.  The Organized Reserve later became the Army Reserve.

References

United States Army
1908 establishments in the United States
1920 establishments in the United States
Electrical telegraph

The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals. In general the term electrical telegraph refers to a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human operator.

Types of electrical telegraphs

Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1000m long wire above the town's roofs. They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833.  Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835–1836. He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835.

Schilling telegraph
The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current.

Alter and the Elderton Telegraph
Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented. Alter demonstrated it publically.

Morse telegraphs
In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837. His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire. Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.

Related pages 
 Telegraph

Other websites 

1837 AD Samuel Morse Invents the Electric Telegraph
The Electric Telegraph (1838–1914)
Electrical telegraph 

Postal history
History of technology
Telecommunications
Calvados

Calvados is a French department in Lower Normandy.

Departments in Normandy
Smile, It's the End of the World

Smile, it's the End of the World is the second album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.  It was released on April 4, 2006.

Track listing
"The One Thing I Have Left" – 3:07
"The Show" – 3:13
"Bring 'Em Out" – 3:23
"Everything You Ever Wanted" – 4:04
"Something On My Mind" – 4:19
"Is Forever Enough" – 3:22
"Zero" – 4:38
"Nothing Left To Show" – 2:54
"Head On Collision" – 4:07
"Hello" – 3:00
"It's Over" – 3:06
"Fourteen" – 4:50

2006 albums
Pop punk albums
Hawk Nelson albums
Letters to the President

Letters to the President is the first album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.  It was released on October 4, 2005.

Track listing
"California" – 2:52
"Things We Go Through" – 2:31
"Every Little Thing" – 3:07
"From Underneath" – 2:45
"Letters To The President" – 3:13
"Right Here" – 3:11
"Recess" – 0:50
"Take Me" – 3:30
"Someone Else Before" – 3:17
"First Time" – 2:37
"Like A Racecar" – 2:48
"The Show" – 1:53
"36 Days" – 3:42
"Long And Lonely Road" – 3:10

2004 albums
Debut albums
Pop punk albums
Hawk Nelson albums
Tonbridge Grammar School

Tonbridge Grammar School (or just TGS) is a well known grammar school in Tonbridge, Kent. It has about 1050 students who are 11-18 years old. The school was called Tonbridge Grammar School For Girls until 2002, when boys were allowed into the 6th form.

History 
Tonbridge Grammar School started in 1905 on the top floor of the Tonbridge Library with only 13 pupils. The teacher and headmistress was called Mrs Taylor. In 1913 the school moved to the site in Deakin Leas as the school was growing quickly and the library was not big enough.

Buildings 
These are the buildings found at TGS today:
 The Main Building/ The Hans Building
 The Technology Block ("The Tech Block")
The Old Building/The Science Building

Other websites 
 School homepage

Grammar schools in England
Kent
1905 establishments in England
Rechargeable battery

A rechargeable battery, also called  a storage battery or a secondary cell, is a battery that can be recharged  over and over again with electricity.  A battery that is not rechargeable is called a primary cell or disposable battery. It is thrown away after it no longer works. The voltage of rechargeable batteries can be restored by passing an electric current through the battery. Car batteries, for example, work this way.. 

Rechargeable batteries are not always chosen.  Each battery costs more to make, and has more dangerous chemicals than disposable batteries.

Rechargeable batteries can be used for many smaller electronics such as MP3 players and flashlights.  Almost all mobile phones and laptop computers use them.  They are also used for car batteries.

Types of rechargeable batteries 
 Lead-acid battery
 Nickel-cadmium battery
 Lithium-ion battery
 Nickel-iron battery
 Nickel metal-hydride battery
 Nickel–zinc battery

Related pages 
Battery
Dry cell
Table of batteries

References 

Batteries
2005 Pacific hurricane season

The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly inactive season that produced 17 tropical cyclones. It officially started on May 15 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The first  tropical cyclone, Hurricane Adrian, developed on May 17, while the last storm Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, dissipated on October 20. During the year, a total of 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes formed. The most intense hurricane, Hurricane Kenneth remained out over open waters for the duration of its existence. However, the remnants of the storm caused minor flooding on the Island of Hawaii. September was the most active month of the year, as 6 of the 17 tropical cyclones formed during this time. 

The pre-season forecast from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration called for 11-15 named storms and 6-8 hurricanes, of which 2-4 were expected to attain major hurricane status.

Very few storms impacted land throughout the season. Hurricane Adrian was the only landfalling system. It struck El Salvador as a dissipating tropical depression after rapidly weakening from hurricane status. Flooding in Nicaragua caused the only fatality during the season. Tropical Storm Dora and Hurricane Hilary brought tropical storm force winds to coastal Mexico, although no damage was reported. The remnants Tropical Depression One-C caused heavy rainfall on the Island of Hawaii, peaking at 8.8 in (223.52 mm). Hawaii was also affected by the remnants of Hurricane Kenneth which also caused heavy rains on the Island of Hawaii. The combined storms caused very little damage and only one fatality.

Pacific hurricane season
Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
2007 Pacific hurricane season

The 2007 Pacific hurricane season was a below average Pacific hurricane season with only one major hurricane. It officially started on May 15, 2007 in the eastern Pacific, designated as the area east of 140°W, and on June 1 2007 in the central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W, and lasted until November 30, 2007. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin.

The season began slowly; through the end of July, the seasonal ACE was the third lowest since the geostationary satellite era began in 1966. The inactivity continued through the next month, which was the third quietest August in terms of ACE since reliable records began in the basin in 1971. Tropical Storm Barbara in June caused $55 million (2007 USD) in crop damage in southeastern Mexico from heavy precipitation. In August, Hurricane Flossie formed in the Eastern Pacific and crossed into the Central Pacific, threatening Hawaii but causing little damage. In early September, Hurricane Henriette dropped heavy rainfall in southwest Mexico, which caused nine fatalities and $25 million (2007 USD) in damage.

Storms
Tropical Storm Alvin 
Tropical Storm Barbara 
Tropical Depression Three-E 
Tropical Depression Four-E 
Tropical Depression Five-E 
Hurricane Cosme 
Tropical Storm Dalila 
Tropical Storm Erick 
Hurricane Flossie 
Tropical Storm Gil 
Hurricane Henriette 
Hurricane Ivo 
Tropical Depression Thirteen-E 
Tropical Storm Juliette 
Tropical Storm Kiko

Storm names

Retirement

No names were retired in 2007.

References 

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Pacific hurricane season
Government of Balochistan (Pakistan)

Government of Balochistan is based in the largest province of Pakistan in Quetta. The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan. While the head of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly.

Balochistan (Pakistan)
Government of Pakistan
Klingon language

The Klingon language (tlhIngan Hol, ) is a language that was made for the Klingons in the Star Trek universe. It is a constructed language, not one that developed naturally. Only a few people can speak the Klingon language well enough to talk in it. The Klingon Language Institute helps people learn Klingon.

History 
The first Klingon words were made by the actor James Doohan in 1979 for the first Star Trek movie. When they made the third movie in 1984, Gene Roddenberry wanted to have a real language for the Klingons. Marc Okrand, a linguist (a language scientist) made the Klingon language. He has written some books about the Klingon language.

Grammar 
Marc Okrand wanted the language to be as complicated as possible. He did this to make it sound very alien. The word order in a sentence is always object-verb-subject. This is the opposite of English's word order, which is subject-verb-object. The English sentence "I see the cat" is said as "the cat see I" in Klingon.

This language uses affixation to denote the subject and negation:

Writing 
When writing in Klingon, some letters are always in uppercase and some are lowercase. This never changes because the letters are spoken differently when they are written differently.

References

Star Trek
Constructed languages
Chief Minister

A chief minister is the elected head of government of a sub-national or constituent federal state. Leaders with this role are usually elected in India or Australia.

References 

Heads of government
Government of Punjab (Pakistan)

The Government of Punjab is a Provincial government in Pakistan. It is based in Lahore, the capital of the PUNJAB Province.

Punjab (Pakistan)
Government of Pakistan
Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is based in the city of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.

Government of Pakistan
The chief minister of kpk is         ( Mahmood khan).
Chief secretary is M.Salim.
Governor of kpk is ( Shah Farman).
I.G kpk is ( M.Naaem Khan).
Chief Minister of Education is Shafqat Mehmood.
Judge of High court is Waqar Ahmed Saith.
Government of Sindh

The Government of Sindh is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Other websites
 Government of Sindh

Government
Government of Pakistan
Lentil soup

Lentil soup ( shorbit adas or shurba al-'adas, ,  nezid adashim) is a soup. It is served hot and made with lentils. It is popular all over the Middle East.  Usually it is a vegetarian soup, but can also be made with meat stock. Red or green lentils may be used and in some recipes the lentils are boiled with vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, parsley and onion, and then pureed. Things commonly added include garlic, cumin, and lemon juice. Sometimes croutons are added to make it look good.

Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: In Genesis 25:34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob. 

The ancient Greek dramatist, Aristophanes, mentions lentil soup in his plays: He describes it as the "sweetest of delicacies."

Lentil soup was once a food for the poor. Today, it is recognized as highly nutritious and provides a good source of protein, fiber, iron and potassium.

References

Soups
Blizzard of Ozz

Blizzard of Ozz is a heavy metal album by Ozzy Osbourne, recorded in Surrey, UK and released on September 20, 1980 in the UK and on January 15, 1981 in the U.S..

This is Ozzy's  first solo album. The tracks "Crazy Train" and "Mr. Crowley" were released as singles. "Crazy Train" peaked at #9 on the Mainstream Rock Charts.

Blizzard of Ozz remains Osbourne's highest-selling album to date, selling over 4.1 million copies in the U.S. alone.

The album reached #21 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart, and is on the list of the top 100 best-selling albums of the 1980s.

Track listing 
All songs written by Ozzy Osbourne, Randy Rhoads, and Bob Daisley except where noted.

Side one 
 "I Don't Know" – 5:16
 "Crazy Train" – 4:56
 "Goodbye to Romance" – 5:36
 "Dee" (Instrumental) (Rhoads) – 0:50
 "Suicide Solution" – 4:21

Side two 
 "Mr. Crowley" – 4:55
 "No Bone Movies" (Osbourne, Rhoads, Daisley, Lee Kerslake) – 3:53
 "Revelation (Mother Earth)" – 6:09
 "Steal Away (The Night)" – 3:28

2002 Bonus Track 
 "You Lookin' at Me Lookin' at You" – 4:16

Personnel 
 Ozzy Osbourne - Vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
 Randy Rhoads - Guitar, Producer
 Bob Daisley - Bass, Gong, backing vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
 Lee Kerslake - Drums, percussion, Bells, Tympani, Producer
 Robert Trujillo - Bass (2002 reissue)
 Mike Bordin - Drums (2002 reissue)

Additional personnel 
 Don Airey - Keyboards
 Rudy Sarzo - Bass
 Tommy Aldridge - Drums, Percussion

Production 
 Max Norman - Engineer

References 

1980 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Nightgown

A nightgown or nightdress is a gown worn for sleeping. It is usually loose-fitting. There are different lengths, hip-length (called baby-doll), floor-length (called négligée) or knee-length.

Men wore them until about the 1940s when they changed to pajamas. Today, they are mostly worn by women.

Underwear
Bolted joint

Bolted joints are very common in construction and machine design. They are cap screws or studs that grab and join other parts, and are secured by screw threads.

Hardware (mechanical)
Lyman Hall

Lyman  Hall (April 12, 1724– October 19, 1790) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia.  Hall County is named after him.

1724 births
1790 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Connecticut
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Button Gwinnett

Button Gwinnett (baptized: April 10, 1735 – May 19, 1777), was second of the signatories (first signature on the left) on the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. He was also briefly the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metro Atlanta) was named after him.

1735 births
1777 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Gloucestershire
William Ellery

William Ellery (December 22, 1727–February 15, 1820), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as one of two representatives from Rhode Island his signature is located 4 names below John Adams.  

Some of his descendants were William Ellery Channing, Richard Henry Dana, Edie Sedgwick and actress Kyra Sedgwick and Jadriene M. Ellery. Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor.

1727 births
1820 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Rhode Island
Writers from Rhode Island
William Floyd

William Floyd (December 17, 1734–August 4, 1821), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.

In honor
There are several places and institutions named after William Floyd, they include:
the William Floyd School District in present-day Brookhaven Town, which includes William Floyd Elementary, William Floyd Middle School and William Floyd High School.

William Floyd Parkway in the Town of Brookhaven.

The town of Floyd in Oneida County. General Floyd moved into the present day hamlet of Westernville, Oneida County before his death. His final resting place in the Westernville cemetery is marked with a simple stone plaque.

the General William Floyd Elementary School in the Holland Patent School District, Onieda County. 

Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby. A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.

References 

1734 births
1821 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from New York
George Clymer

George Clymer (March 16, 1739 – January 23, 1813) was an American politician, Founding Father, and slave owner.

Independence 
He was one of the first Patriots to advocate complete independence from Britain in the United States of America.

Pennsylvania Representative 
As a Pennsylvania representative, Clymer was, along with only five others, a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Continental Congress 
George Clymer attended the Continental Congress and served in political office until the end of his life.

Legacy
 USS George Clymer (APA-27) was named in his honor.
 Clymer,Indiana County, Pennsylvania was named in his honor
 Clymer, Chautaqua County, New York was named in his honor
 George Clymer Elementary School, School District of Philadelphia.  This school has educated majority children of color following Clymer's legacy of rights for all people.

References 

1739 births
1813 deaths
Treasurers of the United States
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Signers of the United States Constitution
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Slavers
Abraham Clark

Abraham Clark (February 15, 1725 – September 15, 1794) was an American politician and Revolutionary War figure. He was delegate for New Jersey to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence and later served in the United States House of Representatives in both the Second and Third United States Congress, from March 4, 1791, until his death in 1794.

1725 births
1794 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
United States representatives from New Jersey
Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Charles Carroll of Carrollton (September 19, 1737 – November 14 1832) was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the longest lived signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Continental Congress, dying at the age of 95.

He was a rich planter. Although he opposed slavery he had slaves.

References 

1737 births
1832 deaths
American Roman Catholics
People from Annapolis, Maryland
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
United States senators from Maryland
Cotidianul

Cotidianul is a Romanian newspaper. It is published from Monday to Saturday in Berliner format. It was started by Ion Raţiu. The first issue was published on May 10, 1991. 

Romania
Newspapers in Europe
Samuel Huntington (statesman)

Samuel Huntington (July 16, 1731 - January 5, 1796) was an American jurist, statesman, and revolutionary leader from Connecticut. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence, as Governor of Connecticut, and later as the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled, that is, the presiding officer of the Congress of the Confederation, the sole governing body of the first central government of the United States of America. His office was not that of today's President of the United States, which is a federal chief executive position created under the later United States Constitution.

1731 births
1796 deaths
Governors of Connecticut
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Francis Hopkinson

Francis Hopkinson (September 21, 1737 – May 9, 1791), an American author, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey. His supporters believe he played a part in the design of the first American flag.

Great Seal of the United States 
Francis Hopkinson gave his help to the second committee that designed the Great Seal of the United States. This is the same seal that is now impressed upon the reverse of the United States one-dollar bill.

1737 births
1791 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from New Jersey
Stephen Hopkins (politician)

Stephen Hopkins (March 7, 1707 – July 13, 1785) was an American political leader from Rhode Island who signed the Declaration of Independence. He served as the Chief Justice and Governor of colonial Rhode Island and was a Delegate to the Colonial Congress in Albany in 1754 and to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776.

1707 births
1785 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Rhode Island
Chief justices
Writers from Rhode Island
William Hooper

William  Hooper (June 17, 1742–October 14, 1790), was an American lawyer, politician, and a member of the Continental Congress representing North Carolina from 1774 through 1777.  Hooper was also a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.

References

1742 births
1790 deaths
Lawyers from North Carolina
Politicians from North Carolina
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Thomas Heyward, Jr.

Thomas  Heyward, Jr. (July 28, 1746 – March 6, 1809), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confederation as a representative of South Carolina.

1746 births
1809 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from South Carolina
John Hart

John Hart (c. 1711 – May 11, 1779) was a Delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.

1710 births
1779 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from New Jersey
Benjamin Harrison V

Benjamin Harrison V (April 5, 1726– April 24, 1791) was an American revolutionary leader from Charles City County, Virginia. He was educated at the College of William and Mary. Harrison was a representative for Surry County, Virginia (1756-1758) and Charles City County (1766-1776) to the House of Burgesses. He was a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777, signed the Declaration of Independence, and was Governor of Virginia from 1781 to 1784.

Other websites

 Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856
 

Archival Records
A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Thomas Nelson, Jr., 1781 June 12-November 22 at The Library of Virginia

1726 births
1791 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
William Henry Harrison
Governors of Virginia
Government of France

The government of France is  a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic" in it. The constitution provides for a separation of powers. It proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty defined by the Declaration of 1789."
France has 3 branches of government.

Politics of France
Paramilitary forces of Pakistan

The paramilitary forces of Pakistan consist of various organizations constitutionally charged to safeguard Pakistan's national interests. They protect from threats that could come from other countries, like from India over the border dispute of Kashmir. They also protect citizens from threats that could come from inside the country. These threats started in 1971. They are currently made up from more than 300,000 workers.

Some divisions of the force are now incorporated under other organisations. For example, the Northern Light Infantry was a paramilitary force until 1999, when it became part of the Pakistan Army.

Law enforcement agencies by country
Pakistan Coast Guard

Pakistan Coast Guard () (PCG), is responsible for the law at sea, maintenance of seamarks, border control, and other services. The Coast Guards work mainly on rivers and land, in contrast to the Navy who handle deep sea operations. The Coast Guards handle smugglers and terrorists and enforce law on beaches and other coastal areas. The PCG has a fleet of 23 small craft but the exact number of personnel assigned to the PCG remains a secret.

Pakistan
Coast guards
Minority group

A minority or subordinate group is a group that does not make up most of the population of a society. For example:  minor group of religion, race, language, LGBT, and persons with disabilities. 

A minority is not always a minority of numbers — it may be any group that is not normal with respect to a leading group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth, and political power, and can be an object of discrimination. For example, women may be considered a minority even if there are as many women as men because they have less power than men.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by United Nations protects the right of minority group in Article 27 and Council of Europe also affirms protection for them.

Related pages
Discrimination
Declaration of Montreal
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Ethnic group
Minority rights

Human rights
Ruskie

Ruskie is a village in Scotland. Location: 

Villages in Stirling council
Aberfoyle, Stirling

Aberfoyle is a village in Scotland. It is in the Stirling council area.

Villages in Stirling council
Puslinch, Ontario

Puslinch is a township in south-central Ontario, Canada, in the County of Wellington south of Guelph. Aberfoyle was first settled in the 1840s and is named for Aberfoyle, Scotland. It is the administrative centre for Puslinch.

References

Settlements in Ontario
Ardchyle

Ardchyle is a small village in Scotland. It is in the Stirling council area.

Villages in Stirling council
Ardeonaig

Ardeonaig is a village in Scotland. It is in the Stirling council area.

Villages in Stirling council
Stirling (council area)

Stirling (Sruighlea in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary local government council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 85,000.

Towns and villages 
 Aberfoyle
 Ardchyle
 Ardeonaig
 Arnprior
 Balmaha
 Bannockburn
 Blair Drummond
 Boreland
 Bridge of Allan
 Brig o' Turk
 Buchlyvie
 Callander
 Cambuskenneth
 Campsie
 Cowie
 Craigdownings
 Craigruie
 Crianlarich
 Croftamie
 Dalmary
 Doune
 Drymen
 Dunblane
 Fallin
 Fintry
 Gargunnock
 Gartmore
 Gartness
 Inversnaid
 Killearn
 Killin
 Kinbuck
 Kinlochard
 Kippen
 Lecropt
 Lochearnhead
 Mid Lecropt
 Milton
 Mugdock
 Port of Menteith
 Plean
 Raploch
 Rowardennan
 Strathyre
 Stronachlachar
 Thornhill
 Throsk
 Torbrex
 Tyndrum
 St Ninians
 Stirling
 Strathblane
Arnprior, Stirling

Arnprior is a village in Scotland. It is in the Stirling council area.

Villages in Stirling council
Fintry

Fintry is a small village in central Scotland, nestled in the strath of the Endrick Water in the Campsie Fells some 35 km north of Glasgow. It is part of Stirling District.  As of the 2001 census, Fintry and the surrounding rural area had a population of 2300 people.

Villages in Stirling council
Rowardennan

Rowardennan (Gaelic: Rubha Aird Eònain) is a small hamlet on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond in Scotland.

Hamlets in Scotland
Strathblane

Strathblane (Scottish Gaelic: Strath Bhlàthain ) is a village and parish at the extreme south of the Stirling council area, in central Scotland.

References

Villages in Stirling council
Thornhill, Stirling

Thornhill is a village in the Scottish council area of Stirling. It lies 14 miles from Stirling itself, south of Callander, east of Aberfoyle and west of Doune.

The 2001 census population for the area covered by the Thornhill and Blairdrummond Community Council is 1,109.

Villages in Stirling council
Tyndrum

Tyndrum (Taigh an Droma in Gaelic) is a small village in Scotland.

References

Villages in Stirling council
Biggar

Biggar may mean:

Places 

 Biggar, Cumbria, England
 Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada
 Biggar, South Lanarkshire, Scotland

Electoral districts (Saskatchewan) 

 Biggar (electoral district), provincial electoral district since 2002
 Rosetown—Biggar, federal electoral district from 1935-68
 Saskatoon—Biggar, federal electoral district from 1968-78
 Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar, federal electoral district since 1997

People 
 Dan Biggar (born 1989), Welsh international rugby player
 James Lyons Biggar (1824–1879), Ontario merchant and political figure
 John Walter Scott Biggar, 1843 – , Ontario farmer and political figure
 Joseph Biggar (1828–1890), Irish politician
 Paula Biggar, Canadian politician
 Robert Biggar, - 1838, settler leader in the Battle of the Tugela, Natalia
 Sanford Dennis Biggar, mayor of Hamilton, Ontario
 William Hodgins Biggar, 1852 – , Ontario lawyer and political figure

Miscellaneous 
 Biggar Airport
 Biggar Museum Trust
 Biggar Railway Station (Grand Trunk Pacific)
 Biggar RFC
 Biggar Road
 Symington, Biggar and Broughton Railway
Hamilton

Hamilton might mean:

People
Hamilton (name), a name that can be either a given name or a surname

Places

Bermuda
Hamilton, Bermuda, Bermuda's capital city
Hamilton Parish, Bermuda

United States
Hamilton, Alabama, a city
Hamilton, Illinois, a city
Hamilton, Iowa, a city
Hamilton, Virginia, a town
Hamilton County, Florida

Other
Hamilton, New Zealand, a city
Hamilton, Ontario, a city in Canada
Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, a town in Scotland

Other
Hamilton (musical), a 2015 Broadway musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda about Alexander Hamilton
Hamilton Academical F.C., a football club in Hamilton, Lanarkshire
Hamilton Bulldogs, professional ice hockey team, farm team of the Montreal Canadiens
Hamilton College, a private college in New York
Hamilton Tigers, a former professional ice hockey team based in Hamilton, Ontario
Blantyre, South Lanarkshire

Blantyre () is a burgh in South Lanarkshire, Scotland with a population of about 17,000.

Towns in South Lanarkshire
Bothwell

Bothwell is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, that lies on the right bank of the River Clyde, adjacent to Hamilton and nine miles east-south-east of Glasgow. It is predominantly a residential town.

Towns in South Lanarkshire
Burnside, South Lanarkshire

Burnside is an area of South Lanarkshire. It is part of The Royal Burgh of Rutherglen and Greater Glasgow. It borders with Cambuslang, Blairbeth, Fernhill and Eastfield.

Towns in South Lanarkshire
Uddingston

Uddingston is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the north side of the River Clyde, approximately seven miles to the south-east of Glasgow.

Towns in South Lanarkshire
East Kilbride

East Kilbride is a large suburban town in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland. It is Scotland's first new town, and lies on high ground on the south side of the Cathkin Braes, about  southeast of Glasgow city centre. The Rotten Calder river flows along the east side of the settlement, northwards toward the River Clyde. The town is also known as the Polo Mint city due to its many roundabouts.

Landmarks

Dollan Baths 
One of the most significant buildings of an earlier phase of development was Dollan Baths leisure complex (opened 1968) which has Grade A listed status.

Twin towns 
  Ballerup, Denmark

Notable people 
 William and John Hunter, medical pioneers, were born at Long Calderwood within the present-day area of East Kilbride.
 Lorraine Kelly, television presenter for GMTV was born in the town.
 Iain Harvie, guitarist with Scottish rock band Del Amitri, was an East Kilbride resident. His late father, John Harvie, was the popular headmaster of Claremont High School in East Kilbride in the 1980s and early 1990s.
 Actor John Hannah of Rebus and Four Weddings and a Funeral fame was a resident of East Kilbride, residing in the Murray area. He has recently caused debate in the area after commenting that it had "gone downhill" since he lived there .
 Scottish rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain was formed in the town.
 Muriel Gray, journalist and broadcaster, was born in the town.
 Chancery Stone, author of The DANNY Quadrilogy, was born in East Kilbride and lived in West Mains for the first 18 years of her life.
 Mikey, famous for his antics and passion for food in Calderglen High
 Roddy Frame, frontman of Scottish indie band Aztec Camera, was born in the town.

References 

Towns in South Lanarkshire
Fairhill, Hamilton, Scotland

Fairhill is an area in the town of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland.

They have schools, churches, a civic centre, a library and shopping places.

Towns in South Lanarkshire
TNA X Division Championship

The TNA X Division Championship is a professional wrestling championship in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). The championship is defended by wrestlers in the X Division, meaning high flyers and cruiserweights. The championship debuted on June 19, 2002 at the taping of TNA's second weekly pay-per-view (PPV) event.

The current champion is Samoa Joe who is in his fifth reign. Joe defeated Low Ki and Seiya Sanada in a three-way match on June 27, 2014 in New York, NY during the Impact Wrestling tapings (airing August 7) to win the vacant title after the former champion Austin Aries intentionally forfeited the championship for a TNA World Heavyweight Championship match.

References

Other websites
TNA X Division Title History

Impact Wrestling
2002 establishments
WWE Hardcore Championship

The WWF Hardcore Championship is a former championship for World Wrestling Federation. The first champion was crowned when the championship was awarded to Mankind by Vince McMahon. It was defended always in some sort of Hardcore match due to its name. When Crash Holly won the title however, he started what became known as the 24/7 rule. Which means the title was being defended at all times. Anyone could surprise the title holder and pin him to become the new champion anywhere, as long as a Referee was present. The last official champion was Rob Van Dam when he won the title from Tommy Dreamer to unify the title with the WWF Intercontinental Championship.

History

24/7 rules 

When Crash Holly  won the belt, he introduced the 24/7 rule which said the belt was to be defended at all times, as long as a referee was present. This allowed for many comic relief moments, such as the belt changing hands while the champion was asleep, and The Headbangers chasing Crash Holly around an amusement park in Brooklyn (Holly eventually escaped from a ball pit and ran from the building, still the champion).

Unification and retirement
	
The title was unified with the Intercontinental Championship on August 26, 2002, when Intercontinental Champion Rob Van Dam defeated Hardcore Champion Tommy Dreamer. This was one month after Van Dam defeated Jeff Hardy in a Ladder match to unify the Intercontinental and European Championships.

Other websites
 Official WWE Hardcore Championship history
 Solie.org WWF/WWE Hardcore Championship history

WWE
Spoonman

"Spoonman" is a song by the American grunge band Soundgarden, from their fourth studio album Superunknown, which was released in 1994. The song describes Artie the Spoonman, a real-life musician who makes music with spoons. He was also featured in the song's music video. "Spoonman" won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 1995 Grammy Awards.

References

1994 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Soundgarden
808s & Heartbreak

808s and Heartbreak is the fourth studio album by American rapper and producer Kanye West. It was released on November 24, 2008. Four singles were released from it. The first single was "Love Lockdown". The album is different to West's earlier albums; it is mainly an R&B instead of a hip hop album and its songs are sung instead of rapped.

Track listing

Personnel 
Credits for 808s & Heartbreak adapted from AllMusic.

 Kanye West – producer, executive producer, primary artist
 Kid Cudi – primary artist
 Lil Wayne – primary artist
 Mr. Hudson – primary artist
 Young Jeezy – primary artist
 Kevin Dorley – vocals
 Jim Gilstrap – vocals
 Phillip Ingram – vocals
 Glenn Jordan – vocals
 Kadockadee Kwire – vocals
 Jenny-Bea Englishman – vocals
 Tony Williams – backing vocals
 Olga Konopelsky – violins
 Emma Kummrow – violins
 Luca Mazzochi – violins
 Charles Parker – violins
 Igor Szwec – violins
 Gregory Teperman – violins
 Davis A. Barnett – viola
 Alexandra Leem – viola
 Jeff Bhasker – keyboards
 Vlado Meller – mastering
 Jeff Chestek – engineer

 Andrew Dawson – engineer
 Anthony Kilhoffer – engineer
 Rick Friedric – assistant engineer
 Montez Roberts – assistant engineer
 John Stahl – assistant engineer
 Alan Branch – marketing
 Chris Atlas – marketing
 Don-C – marketing
 Danny Clinch – marketing
 Willy Vanderperre – marketing
 Kris Yiengst – artwork
 Brian Donnelly – deluxe edition artwork
 Virgil Abloh – art direction
 Larry Gold – string Arrangements, string Conductor
 James J. Cooper III –  cello
 Jennie Lorenzo – cello
 Carol Corless – package production
 Miles Davis – bass
 Kyambo Joshua – executive producer
 Erik Madro – assistant
 Manny Marroquin – mixing
 Christian Plata – assistant
 J. Peter Robinson – package design

Charts

Certifications

References 

Kanye West albums
2008 albums
Electronica albums
Hip hop albums
Island Records albums
R&B albums