cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tsetse fly

Tsetse flies are large biting flies that live in the tropical regions of Africa. They bite vertebrates, and drink their blood. They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases.

They have been studied a lot because they can spread sleeping sickness and other diseases.

The genus Glossina has about 34 species in three groups of species. One group of species lives out on the savannah; another group lives near rivers, and the third group lives in tropical forests.

Life cycle
Tsetse have an unusual life cycle. Female tsetse only fertilize one egg at a time and keep each egg in their uterus while the offspring develops internally during the first larval stages. During this time, the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance secreted by a modified gland in the uterus. 

In the third larval stage, the tsetse larva finally leave the uterus and  crawl into the ground. There it forms a hard outer shell and becomes the pupa. It completes its metamorphosis into an adult fly. This takes twenty to thirty days, while the larva relies on stored resources. 

Normally, insect larvae feed themselves before pupation, but tsetse development (before it emerges as a full adult) occurs without feeding. The development is based only on nutritional resources provided by the female parent, which shows how blood is a rich source of nutrition. The female must get enough energy for her needs, for the needs of her developing offspring, and to store the resources which her offspring will require until it emerges as an adult.

Control of the fly 
Before the 20th century, people and their cattle simply did not live in areas infested with tsetse flies. In the 20th century, using pesticides after World War II caused as many problems as it solved. Now more subtle methods are preferred. Tsetse flies can be trapped by using large blue cloths as a lure. Another good method is to release irradiated male flies, which are sterile. Since females mate only once in their lives, that much reduces the population.

Flies
Pun

A pun is a joke which is a “play on words” (a game using words). People make puns in order to make other people laugh. Many jokes are actually puns. A pun usually uses a word which can have more than one meaning, even if the spelling is different: 

Sometimes a pun may use a whole phrase that can be heard in more than one way, as in the following knock-knock joke:

 “Knock-knock!”
 “Who’s there?”
 “Dishwasher.”
 “Dishwasher Who?”
 “Dishwasher way I ushed to shpeak before I got my falsh teesh”.
(The last sentence is supposed to mean: “This was the way I used to speak before I got my false teeth”).

There is a joke about a man who sent ten different puns to friends in the hope that at least one of the puns would make them laugh. Unfortunately, no pun in ten did.
(The joke here is on “no pun intended,” which is said when a person unintentionally says a pun by coincidence, and announces the find ).

There are many websites and books which have jokes, very often with puns.

Puns are easier to make in some languages than others. Languages with many homophones (words which sound the same but have a different meaning) such as the Chinese language are most suitable for puns.

Puns do not have to be about homonyms. They can sometimes be a double entendre using both a literal sense of the word and a metaphor (figurative use). For example, if a young man joins the Navy and someone says that he "sailed through his exams", this is a joke because: 1) the expression "to sail through something" means "to do it easily", but 2) the Navy is about sailing in ships. It is possible to say something like that without realizing that it is a pun. 

Another example is a story about two boys growing up and eating more and more food. One of the parents just began a new job and the other says, "I hope you can start bringing home the bacon!" In this example, bacon is a play on words meaning both money and the food, bacon.  

Many British people love making puns, especially bad puns (where a word has to be mispronounced to make the joke work). Lewis Carroll made many puns in his books Alice in Wonderland and Alice through the Looking Glass.

These are also a few examples of different puns:
Really cool music as the rock band plays on an iceberg,
"You're fired!" as the man is shot from a gun.

Figures of speech
Humor
"How is your vineyard doing?" a neighbor asked.  The woman replied, "It's growing grape!"  (play on words: "It's going great!"
North American P-51 Mustang

The P-51 Mustang was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II. Later versions escorted American bombers over Europe and Japan. There were 5 versions of the Mustang built, called the P-51A, P-51B, P-51C, P-51D, and the P-51H. To provide more power at high altitude, the B, C, D, and H versions had a Packard-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead of the Allison engine used in the P-51A. The Packard Merlin engine featured a more advanced supercharger, allowing much better performance above 15,000 feet when compared to the Allison. The P-51D version had a "bubble" canopy, or one unobstructed by metal supports. After World War II, it was used in the Korean War as a dive bomber and was used by many Central American air forces until the 1970s. Today, P-51 Mustangs are often used in air races.

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: P-51 Mustang

United States Army aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
World War II American aircraft
Airsoft

Airsoft is a sport that uses fake guns (Airsoft guns) to battle. This game is usually compared with paintball, another sport that uses fake guns to battle. The difference between the two sports are:

Bullets from an Airsoft gun do not explode and leave paint on the target. But, if it the BB (the bullets used by airsoft guns) hits hard enough, or hits clothing that is too thin, it can leave bruises and sometimes even make wounds. Because BBs do not show clearly a mark showing that a player is hit, players use their own judgement to call themselves out. This system is unreliable, because people can not call themselves out and cheat. Many players usually stop this by 'lighting the player up', or shooting at the cheater until he calls his hit.
Airsoft guns more accurately copy real guns, with Airsoft guns using magazines to load bullets, and Airsoft pistols most of the time using gas to fire the BB (making it look more realistic). Because of this, people use Airsoft guns in Military Simulation events (sometimes said as MilSim).
Airsoft is cheaper to get into, because cheap pull-once-per-shot guns cost at around $5, and BBs costing less than 0.2 cents for each BB,

Because of how simple the sport of Airsoft works (shoot people), people usually make things interesting by changing the gameplay styles. Some examples are short-term battles, organized scenarios, historical reenactments and Military Simulation. Game fields also have very different styles, from battle in small spaces, or battle in big outdoor places. Because of how Airsoft guns work, tactics used in the Military can also  be used in the game.

Sports
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

MiG-15 Fagot was a jet combat airplane designed by Mikoyan, a Russian airplane company. It was intended as an interceptor but fought more often as an air superiority fighter. It first flew in 1947, and went in military service in 1949. It was one of the first to use a swept wing. It first fought in the Korean War, where it defeated the American Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star. To try to beat the MiG-15, the North American Aviation F-86 Sabre was brought in. Today, it is used to train new pilots.

Related pages
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
F-86 Sabre

Other websites 
 MIG-15 -Citizendium

Soviet military aircraft
Military of China
North Korea
Korean War
1947 establishments
North American F-86 Sabre

The F-86 Sabre (nicknamed the "Sabre jet") was an American fighter plane made by North American Aviation. It first flew in 1947, and was introduced to battle the MiG-15 in the Korean War. Unlike the fighter before it, the F-86 had swept wings to be faster.

Related pages
MiG-15

United States Air Force aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
Korean War
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

The MiG-21 Fishbed is a jet aircraft made by Mikoyan. It is a supersonic fighter aircraft and first flew in 1956. It has a delta wing and at least 30 countries used it. More than 10,000 were made, which is more than any other supersonic plane. It fought in the Vietnam War and is still being used today.

Soviet military aircraft
Indian military aircraft
Vietnamese military aircraft
Polish military aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Pantyhose

Pantyhose is a piece of women's clothing that covers the waist down. They fit tightly. Modern tights come in different colors. Аor every day women are usually chosen brown (tan color pantyhose) or black or nude (skin) pantyhose. But today are very popular different patterned pantyhose: for example, Polka Dot, Backseam, Tattoo and so on). In addition to beautiful trendy patterned pantyhose, there are also functional pantyhose, such as modeling and compression pantyhose.
 Compression pantyhose usually used for protective or medical reasons. For protection against varicose veins use only pantyhose with a low level of graduated compression. Compression pantyhose with a high level of exposure can be worn only by a doctor's prescription.

Related pages
Tights

Underwear
Tights

Tights are a tight fitting clothing. In American English, the term includes pantyhose. They usually fit from the waist down and are often worn in dancing. Tights in the past were made of elasticized silk or other material. Modern tights are often made of spandex.

Tights were invented in 1598, by a man called William Lee. He was a reverend and made a machine that knitted together silk.

Tights come in thin and thick options. Thinner tights are called sheer and thicker ones are called opaque. People measure this thickness uses something called "denier". They are five categories that show what denier a pair of tights is: Ultra sheer, sheer, semi-opaque, opaque and thick-opaque.

Tights are intended to maintain a wearer’s legs warm, and they arrive in a vast collection of colors, lengths, and materials. Tights come in a diverse selection of colors and patterns. 1 rule of thumb to consider is that coated leggings like the shiny metallic leggings will usually have less stretch than faux leather leggings or even our basic nylon leggings which are the absolute most easy to fit due to their unhindered stretch.

Related pages
Pantyhose

References

Clothing
Cockatiel

Cockatiels are small birds originally from Australia and are related to many other cockatoos. They are the second most common bird species kept as a pet. Cockatiels can live from 10 to 25 years, depending on how healthy their lifestyle is, although wild cockatiels usually live shorter. 

Cockatiels have tiny feathers on their head called a crest. The crest allows the owner to have an idea of what they are feeling; straight up if scared or excited, flat when they're angry, and slightly curved is normal/happy.

In the wild, cockatiels are prey animals, meaning there are predators that eat them. As a result, cockatiels can scare easily, especially when they meet someone or something they do not know. With enough patience and affection, an owner can tame the cockatiel and help them get over their natural fear. Like many other parrots, cockatiels are very good at climbing, and use their beak to position themselves each time.

Cockatiels come in many different colours, some naturally while others were specifically bred. Gray is considered to be their original colour, and is one of the most popular, along with Lutino (yellow). Males have a brighter crest and face, and sing louder and more frequently than females. A cockatiel has very long tail feathers compared to other birds.

Seeds make up most of their diet, but veterinarians strongly recommend various fruits, vegetables, and beans as well. However, a few of these may be harmful to them, and it is advised to be cautious with what they eat. It can be very hard to get adults to try new foods, so it is best to have them try little by little at a time instead of all at once.

Like other birds, they can be taught to do many tricks; including flips, handshakes, fly-on-command, showing their wings, and more. Patience and repetition is key, as teaching one trick can take many months. They can also be taught to sing, but may become confused and ruin the song if it's too complex.

Cockatiels are social birds, and like to spend time with others. They can become overly attached to their owners over time (especially if raised young), and may start to shriek when they feel lonely. If the owner is unable to spend a lot of time with them, getting them a partner (preferably another cockatiel) can help resolve their clinginess.

Cockatiels are Australian psittacines native to the deserts (Forshaw, 2010).
They are genetically adapted to high temperatures, amid centuries of domestication

Carvalho, T.S.G., et al. “Behavior of Cockatiels (Nymphicus Hollandicus) at Two Temperatures in
Captivity.” Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, vol. 67, no. 6, 2015, pp. 1669–1674., doi:10.1590/1678-4162-7892.

References

Birds of Australia
Cockatoos
Pets
North Hollywood shootout

The North Hollywood shootout was a gunfight that happened on February 28, 1997. Emil Matasareanu (July 19, 1966 - February 28, 1997) and Larry Eugene Phillips Jr. (September 20, 1970 - February 28, 1997) were bank robbers, and used AK-47s, an AR-15, an HK-91, and 9 MM pistols. The police could not easily kill them because of their heavy body armor, which was made out of kevlar. 20 people were wounded, and the only two killed were the robbers. 

Matasareanu was shot dead by police. Phillips shot himself in the head with a Beretta M92F as police shot him multiple times. His body was left in the street for about an hour before ambulances came to take his body away.

Reference

1997 in California
1990s crimes in California
1990s in Los Angeles, California
February events
Robberies
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Suicides in California
Supergiant

Supergiants are some of the largest stars in the universe. They are larger than giant stars, and less luminous than hypergiants. They vary greatly in size. They tend to be situated towards the top of the Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram, which is a graph depicting star development. Some are only 50 million kilometers across, small enough to fit inside the orbit of Venus. Some are 2,700 million km across, as wide as the orbit of Neptune.

References

Examples

Blue
 Rigel
 Deneb

White, yellow
 Polaris
 Gamma Cygni
 Epsilon Aurigae

Orange
 Epsilon Pegasi

Red
 Antares
 Betelgeuse
 Mu Cephei
 VV Cephei A
 Stephenson 2-18 (Possibly a Hypergiant)
Tipton

This is about the town in the West Midlands, England. For other towns called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation).

Tipton is a town in the Sandwell borough of the West Midlands, England, with a population of around 47,000.

Tipton is located about halfway between Birmingham and Wolverhampton. It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation, and is a part of the Black Country.

Towns in the West Midlands (county)
Organic matter

Organic matter (or organic material) is matter that has come from a recently living organism.  It is capable of decay, or is the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds. There is not one definition of organic matter only. It varies upon the context, the subject it is being used for.

Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter, as well as living organisms. The organic matter in soil comes from plants and animals. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is one kind organic material. When it decays to the point it is no longer recognizable it is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable humic substances that resist further decomposition it is called humus.

Vitalism 

The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This idea was first questioned after the abiotic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.

Related pages 
Biomass
Biological tissue

Footnotes 

Organic compounds
Organic chemistry
Need for Speed: Carbon

Need For Speed: Carbon is an racing game by Electronic Arts that belongs to the Need for Speed series. It is the 12th game in the Need For Speed series and is available on many gaming systems such as the GameCube, Wii, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox, Xbox 360, and PC. It is the last in the series to be released for the GameCube and GBA.

Gameplay
Need for Speed: Carbon is like Need for Speed: Most Wanted, but the biggest change is that it is night time.

2006 video games
Need for Speed games
Nintendo GameCube games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
MotorStorm

MotorStorm is a racing video game. It is only available for the PlayStation 3. The goal of the game is to win a series of races and to be the winner of the MotorStorm Festival. Players can control seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers. MotorStorm has a sequel called MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.

2006 video games
Tipton (disambiguation)

Tipton may refer to:

Towns or Cities 
Tipton, town in the West Midlands, England

Tipton, Indiana, city in Indiana, USA
Tipton, Iowa, city in Iowa, USA
Tipton, Kansas, city in Kansas, USA
Tipton, Oklahoma, city in Oklahoma, USA

People 
Analeigh Tipton, the American figure skater, actress, and fashion model.
Billy Tipton, the American jazz musician and bandleader.
Zurlon Tipton, the American football player.

In Fiction 
The Tipton Hotel or fictional character London Tipton from the television series, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody
Athletic shoe

An athletic shoe is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe. Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear. They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.

Athletic shoes, depending on the location and the actual type of footwear, can also go by the name trainers (British English), sandshoes (Australian English) running shoes or runners (Canadian English, Australian English, Hiberno-English), sneakers (American English, Australian English), sport shoes, gym shoes, tennis shoes, tennies, sneaks, kicks (American English), takkies (South African English).

They are made of flexible kinds of material featuring soles made from rubber and an upper part made with leather or canvas. Sneakers were originally for sporting use, although today they are used as casual footwear. They are worn in school for their versatility and comfort. They are almost silent; somebody wearing sneakers can sneak up on another person. They are worn for many different types of sports.

Images

Other websites

Footwear
Sports clothing
Achtung Baby

Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was put in stores on 19 November 1991. The album came almost two years after the lead singer, Bono, said that the band would "have to go away and dream it all up again," after their 1988 album, Rattle and Hum was criticized.

Achtung Baby shows a very big change in U2's sound because they began to use alternative rock and electronic sounds in the rhythm, more production, and more guitar effects, also including darker and more personal song words. The results were much more adventurous and less traditionally rock-based than their previous albums, and Achtung Baby is one of U2's best-selling and most-liked albums.

Notes

U2 albums
1991 albums
Tropical cyclogenesis

Tropical cyclogenesis is a meteorological word used to describe tropical cyclone formation, and its strengthening over the atmosphere.  Tropical cyclogenesis happens when the development of a warm-core cyclone, is associated with a lot of convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. Usually, about 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm strength form worldwide every year, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming strong tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 Tropical wave

References

Other websites
Current AO conditions
Current ENSO conditions
Current MJO conditions
Current NAO conditions
Current PNA conditions
Maximum Potential Intensity
Maximum Potential Intensity Maps Worldwide
Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential

Tropical cyclones
Archbishop

In Christianity, an archbishop is an important bishop. The jurisdiction or area governed of an archbishop; an archdiocese; is called an archbishopric. In the Catholic Church, when a bishop becomes an archbishop, he is not given any more Holy Orders or any other sacrament. The word comes from the Greek αρχι, which means "first" or "chief", and επισκοπος, which means "over-seer" or "supervisor".

Christian religious occupations
Devolution

Devolution is when a central government  transfers powers to a local government.  It is sometimes called Home Rule or decentralisation.

In the United Kingdom devolution has happened in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.  Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.

These bodies are called

The Welsh Parliament, and the Welsh Government;
The Northern Ireland Assembly, and the Northern Ireland Executive; and
The Scottish Parliament, and the Scottish Government 

England does not currently have its own parliament, but there have been increasing calls today for one.

Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body.  The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies.  This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland.  It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.

This is different from a federal country. In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.

Related pages
Limited government
Federal republic

References 

Forms of government
Fahrenheit (band)

Fahrenheit (Traditional Chinese: 飛輪海; Pinyin: Fēi Lún Hǎi) is a Taiwanese boy band. Fahrenheit has been a great success around Asia, particularly in Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Japan. The group has four members: Calvin Chen, Jiro Wang, Wu Zun and Aaron Yan. They record albums with HIM International Music record label.

History

Background and Members
The name Fahrenheit comes from each of the members representing a season or temperature matching their different personalities. Calvin Chen represents spring, warmth; Jiro Wang represents summer, hot; Wu Zun represents autumn, cool; and Aaron Yan represents winter, cold. Each of the four members also has a temperature symbolising them on the Fahrenheit scale: Calvin is at 77 degrees, Jiro is at 95 degrees, Wu is at 59 degrees and Aaron is at 41 degrees.

Wu was born and raised in Brunei for most of his life, later graduating at RMIT in Melbourne, Australia. He was entered the entertainment business while on a trip to Taiwan, when a television producer discovered him during this trip and recommended him to play the lead male role of Tokyo Juliet, which he accepted.

Aaron moved to New York, United States at a young age but later returned to Taiwan for high school and college at Chinese Culture University. Around early 2005, Comic producers had been searching for good bloggers on the Internet. They discovered him, who at that time, was popular online, and thus recommended him to go casting for a role in a TV show.

After Calvin finished high school in Taiwan, he studied in university in Canada, where he completed his master's degree in Economics at University of Victoria. He then further continued his life in Vancouver by joining the pageant-like competition Sunshine Boyz, where he won first place with a free ticket to Taiwan and a contract with a music company, as well as a role in a TV drama.

Jiro graduated in Taiwan's Fu-Shin College. He was first asked to join the entertainment industry from a singing competition. But he failed to release an album because of company difficulties, so he decided to continue his career in the industry by working backstage, mainly in fashion designing and modeling. He was approached again around 2004, when his acting career began.

Although unsure at first, Fahrenheit first gained great fame around 2005 when all of the members first starred in the series KO One on television in Taiwan. Because it felt awkward to have only three members in a boyband, Wu Zun joined the group later in late 2005. On 28 December 2005, Fahrenheit officially became a quartet boy band.

Discography

Studio Albums

Soundtracks

Other websites

Official
 Fahrenheit @ HIM Taiwan 
 Fahrenheit: Official Japanese Site 
 Fahrenheit's Official Blog

Unofficial
Lyrics.Robby.Haryan.to  (Lyrics in Pinyin)

2000s establishments in Taiwan
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Boy bands
C-pop
Musical groups established in 2005
Pop music groups
Taiwanese musical groups
2005 establishments in Asia
Laborschule Bielefeld

Laborschule Bielefeld (Laboratory school Bielefeld) is school in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The school was created in 1974. It is based on the ideas of Hartmut von Hentig. Laborschule Bielefeld tries new ways of teaching. The University of Bielefeld runs the school.

Laborschule Bielefeld has students from grade 0 through grade 10. Each grade has 60 students in it with a total of 660 students in the school.  Laborschule Bielefeld does not group children by age. It groups them by level of learning. In that way, there are groups of children of different ages that are together to learn. Only students in grades nine and ten get written marks for their work.

The school was rated with a PISA-Test. The test showed that students at the school were generally better at reading and in sciences than students of the same age who went to other schools.

Education in North Rhine-Westphalia
Bielefeld
Jody Scheckter

Jody David Scheckter (born January 29, 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He won the Formula One driver's title in 1979 driving for Ferrari.

He is only South African ever to win the formula one driver's title. Scheckter is of Jewish descent.

1950 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
Jewish sportspeople
South African Jews
South African sportspeople
White South African people
Programme for International Student Assessment

The Programme for International Student Assessment is a test done by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is done every 3 years. In the test, 15-year-old schoolchildren are tested in different subjects. Their grades can then be compared. It is used to say that a certain school (or schooling system) does better or worse than a different one, on a certain subject.

Other websites
PISA website

Education
OECD
An Najaf

Najaf (Arabic:النجف; Transliterated: An Najaf; Persian:نجف) is a city in Iraq. It is about 160 km south of Baghdad. In 2008, about  900.583 people lived there. The city is the capital of Najaf province. It is one of the seven holy cities of Shia Islām. It is the center of Shia political power in Iraq.

The city is home to the Imam Ali Mosque, where Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth caliph is buried. Shia Muslims consider the mosque to be the third holiest Islamic site.

Hārūn ar-Rashīd founded the city  on the site of Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's grave in the 8th century.

Najaf was badly damaged during the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. In 1991, there was a Shiite uprising in Najaf, which was suppressed by Saddam Hussein. This conflict caused many deaths, there are mass graves around the city. In 2003, a suicide bombing caused widespread damage. 120 people died, including the moderate imam Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim.

In April 2004, forces of Muqtada as-Sadr captured the city, as well as the city of Kut. Before the 2004 elections, a part of the occupying forces left the city.

Mosque and seminary
This mosque is the most important Shi'a mosque in Iraq. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. It is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. Shia Islam's second most important figure is buried in Najaf. the Imam Ali Mosque is considered by Shias as the third holiest Islamic site.

The Imam Ali Mosque is housed in a grand structure with a gold gilded dome and many precious objects in the walls. Nearby is the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, reputed to be the largest in the world. It contains the tombs of several prophets and many of the devout from around the world aspire to be buried there, to be raised from the dead with Imām Alī on Judgement Day. Over the centuries, numerous hospices, schools, libraries and Sufi convents were built around the shrine to make the city the centre of Shīʻa learning and theology.

The Najaf seminary is one of the most important teaching centres in the Islamic world. Ayatollah Khomeini lectured there from 1964 to1978.
Many of the leading figures of the new Islamic movement that emerged in Iraq, Iran and Lebanon in the 1970s studied at Najaf.

Climate

References

Cities in Iraq
8th-century establishments in Iraq
Karbala

Karbala (Arabic:كربلاء; Transliterated:Al Karbala; also known as Karbala al-Muqaddasah, in the West, sometimes spelled Kerbela) is a city in Iraq. It is about 100 km southwest of Baghdad. It is the capital of Karbala Province. For Shi'a Muslims the city is one of the holiest cities, after Mekka,Medina, Jerusalem, and An Najaf.

Cities in Iraq
Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?

Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader? is a television game show based on asking grade-school level questions to adults. The format started with the United States version, which first aired on FOX in February 2007. The show was created by Mark Burnett, the same person behind the hit show Survivor. The show has since been made in many other countries; some use the same title, and some use different titles. 

In Australia, the show is on the Ten Network. The top prize is AU$500,000.

A syndicated version of the show aired in the United States from September 2009 to March 2011. Contestants answer eight questions (ten in Season 1), and can answer a 5th grade bonus question for ten times the amount they earned from those questions. Unlike other versions of the show, the game does not end after a wrong answer. Instead, the contestant loses their earnings up to that point.

References

2007 television series debuts
Fox television series
First run syndicated television programs
Television game shows
Washington State University

Washington State University is a university in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a land-grant university in Pullman. It is also the original and largest land-grant university in the state. The university was founded on March 28, 1890. Their team is the Washington State Cougars.

Colleges and universities in Washington
Pac-12 Conference
1890 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Land-grant university

A land-grant university is a college or university first built on land the United States government owned. They were made so that more people could go to college, and to do research that helps farmers. Every state has at least one.

Colleges and universities
Pullman, Washington

Pullman is a city in Whitman County, on the eastern border of Washington. The town's population was measured in 2000 as 24,675.

The main campus of Washington State University is located in Pullman, along with primary and secondary schools.

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
Vought F-8 Crusader

The F-8 Crusader was an American fighter plane made by Vought. It first flew in 1955, and went into the Navy and Marine corps in 1957. It was the only fighter plane in the Vietnam War to have both guns and missiles on it. It was slowly replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and was retired in 1999. There was also a different type of it called the RF-8 Crusader, meant for spying. It also took the pictures of Soviet missiles during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Related pages
 A-7 Corsair II

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
French military aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
LTV A-7 Corsair II

The A-7 Corsair II was an attack plane like the F-8 Crusader. It was made by Ling-Temco-Vought. It first flew in 1965, and went into militaries in 1967. It can take off from aircraft carriers, and can carry bombs meant to destroy enemies on the ground.

Note that it is called the "Corsair II" because there was an airplane called the F4U Corsair.

Related pages
F-8 Crusader

United States Air Force aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II

The F-4 Phantom II was an American fighter-bomber. It was mainly used during the Vietnam War. It was first flown in 1958 and was shown in 1960. The plane could carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and four long range AIM-7 Sparrow missiles, but it did not have a gun. Later, the E model had a cannon mounted on it. After the F-15 Eagle replaced it, it was used as a bomber and the G model was used as a Wild Weasel.

Related pages
F-8 Crusader
F-15 Eagle

United States Air Force aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Kappa (folklore)

The Kappa (also called Kawatarou, Kawako, Kawaranbe, Gatarō) is a character in Japanese folklore. It is water spirit (yōkai) that is responsible for mischief. The Kappa is said to be the size of a 6 to 10-year-old boy. It has the body of a tortoise and an ape-like head. The most notable thing about its body is a hole in its head that holds the kappa's strength giving water. They are said to live off of blood and to drain the life out of people. They are known for innocent pranks such as theft, but it is also said that they will rape women and eat children. The only things kappas enjoy more than children are cucumbers. To write a name on a cucumber and to throw it into a river is said to save that person from being eaten by the kappa.

Bowser (known as "Kuppa" in Japan), the main antagonist of the popular Nintendo's Mario videogame series, was based on the creature.

References 
 Mark Schumacher (2004). Kappa -- River Imp or Sprite.

Japanese folklore
Oni (folklore)

An Oni is a creature from Japanese folklore. They are described as large monsters who resemble ogres, trolls and demons.  Sometimes they are described with horns usually wearing a jaguar skin loincloth and are very masculine.

Japanese folklore
Tengu

Tengu are a group of creatures from Japanese folklore. They are recognized for either a bird-like appearance or occasionally a human with a large nose or beak.

Japanese folklore
John McCain

John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician. He was a United States Senator from Arizona. McCain was the Republican Party's candidate in the 2008 United States presidential election. McCain married businesswoman Cindy McCain in 1980.

McCain's father and grandfather had been Admirals in the United States Navy. His great-great-grandfather was a slave owner in Mississippi. He served as a naval aviator during the Vietnam War. When his plane was shot down, he was captured by the North Vietnamese military. He was a prisoner of war with Colonel and future Washington State Senator Leo K. Thorsness for more than five years. During that time, he was tortured.

Politics 
In 1982, McCain was elected to the United States House of Representatives. He represented Arizona. In 1987, he became a U.S. Senator for Arizona. In 2000, McCain tried to be the Republican Party candidate for President of the United States, but George W. Bush was chosen. In 2008, he was chosen as the Republican candidate.  His running mate was Sarah Palin. He opposed several foreign policies of the Obama administration.  On November 4, 2008, he lost to Barack Obama.

McCain was popular for his support of the Arab Spring, protests and uprisings inside the Arab World, and protests outside those regions like many Russian protests. He said that the recent protests were worldwide and he encouraged intervention in the Syrian civil war.

Health
In July 2017, McCain under went surgery to remove a blood clot, causing Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell to delay a vote on the Better Care Reconciliation act to replace Obamacare. On July 19, 2017, it was announced McCain had glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer.

On April 15, 2018, he underwent surgery for an infection complicated by diverticulitis and the following day was reported to be in stable condition.

On August 24, 2018, McCain's family announced that he was stopping treatment for his brain cancer. McCain died the next day at his home in Cornville, Arizona, four days before his 82nd birthday.

Legacy
After McCain's death, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) announced that he would introduce a resolution to rename the Russell Senate Office Building after McCain.

References

1936 births
2018 deaths
American aviators
American Baptists
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Cancer deaths in Arizona
Deaths from glioblastoma
Prisoners of war
Purple Heart recipients
2000 United States presidential candidates
2008 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Arizona
United States senators from Arizona
US Republican Party politicians
WikiHow

wikiHow is a wiki-based website with a collection of articles which tell people how to do things. The site uses  version 1.12.0 of MediaWiki. As of August 2017, wikiHow contains more than 190,000 free how-to articles and over 1.6 million registered users. wikiHow's mission is to create the world's largest collection of how-to information. In May 2011, wikiHow had 36 million unique readers.

History 
In January 2005, Jack Herrick and Josh Hannah started wikiHow. On April 28, 2006, wikiHow was launched on its own www.wikihow.com domain.

Censorship 
wikiHow's censorship policy usually does not allow articles about things that:
Are "sexually charged"
Are inaccurate
Contain potty humor
Are joke pages, or pages that rely on backwards logic
Are spam pages, or pages advertising a product or service
Violate copyright
Are not a step-by-step how-to guide
Are illegal
Contain drug use; especially information about illegal drugs
Or are potentially destructive or dangerous.

Some people complain that this does not support the idea behind an educational resource.

References

Other websites 
 wikiHow.com
 wikiHow to Open Content
 "How to do absolutely everything" , Macleans, October 16, 2006

Wikis
MediaWiki websites
Oregano

Oregano (Origanum vulgare), also known as pot marjoram, is a species of Origanum. It is native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. It is a perennial herb. It can grow to 20–80 cm tall. Its leaves are opposite each other. They are 1–4 cm long. The flowers are purple. They can grow 3–4 mm long.  The name of the plant comes from the Greek origanon [ὀρίγανον]: oros [ὄρος] “mountain” and the verb ganousthai [γανοῦσθαι] “delight in”.

Growing oregano for cooking 

The subspecies of oregano Origanum vulgare hirtum is an important herb. It is used for cooking, especially in  Turkish cuisine and Italian cuisines. The leaves are used for cooking.

Oregano is often used for tomato sauces, fried vegetables and grilled meat. Together with basil, it adds much to the special character of many Italian dishes.

Oregano is an ingredient needed for Turkish cuisine. It adds flavour to the Turkish choban salad. It can be used separately. It can also be added to the lemon-olive oil sauce that goes with almost every fish or meat barbecues and some casseroles.

Oregano has an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste. The taste varies in intensity; good quality is so strong that it almost numbs the tongue, but the cultivars adapted to colder climates have often unsatisfactory flavour. The influence of climate, season and soil on the composition of the essential oil is bigger than the difference between the various species.

The related species Origanum onites (Turkey, Asia Minor) and O. heracleoticum (Italy, Balkan peninsula, West Asia) have similar flavours. A closely related plant is marjoram from Asia Minor. That plant has a completely different taste. This is  because phenolic compounds are missing in its essential oil. Some breeds show a flavour intermediate between oregano and marjoram. The Oregano plant is also commonly found in the mediterranean region, and the black sea.

Other websites
Flora Europaea: Origanum vulgare
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Origanum vulgare
Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) 

Herbs
Lamiaceae
Origanum

Origanum is a genus of herbs. They are native to the Mediterranean and Asia. well-known members include Oregano and Marjoram.  Some of the species are used by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.

Herbs
Lamiaceae
Cockapoo

A Cockapoo (also called a Spoodle or Cockerpoo) is a hybrid dog. It is a mix of an American Cocker Spaniel and a Poodle; (in most cases the Miniature Poodle or Toy Poodle), or by breeding a Cockapoo with another Cockapoo.

The Cockapoo has been around since 1950 and the first dictionary reference was a 1960 Oxford English Dictionary citation. Because it is a mixed breed, it is not recognised by purebred kennel clubs.

Other websites 
 The American Cockapoo Club
 Cockapoo Crazy
 Cockapoo Place 

Dog breeds
Short story

The short story is a genre of literature. It is usually fictional narrative prose and tends to be more direct and less-detailed than longer works of fiction, like novels.

Short stories are closely related to oral (spoken) story-telling traditions and prose anecdotes. They all develop the story very quickly and come to a conclusion quickly too.

Many authors today release their short stories together in a book, instead of one at a time. A short story can be written in only 10 words or less.
1944 Winter Olympics

The 1944 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were not held.

The games would have been held in 1944 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Cortina d'Ampezzo had won the right to host the event in June 1939.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

Related pages
1916 Summer Olympics
1940 Summer Olympics
1940 Winter Olympics
1944 Summer Olympics

References

1944 in Italy
Olympics
Cancelled Olympic Games
Winter Olympics 1944
Veneto
Winter Olympic Games
1940 Winter Olympics

The 1940 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were not held.

The games were planned to be in Sapporo, Japan, but the Japanese organisers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

The IOC decided to give the Winter Olympics to St. Moritz, Switzerland. There were some problems between the Swiss organisers and the IOC so the Games were cancelled again. The IOC then gave the 1940 Winter Olympics to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Garmisch-Partenkirchen had hosted the 1936 Winter Olympics. The Games were to be held from February 2 - 11 1940.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
1916 Summer Olympics
1940 Summer Olympics
1944 Summer Olympics
1944 Winter Olympics

References

1940 in Europe
Olympics
1940s in Germany
1940s in Japan
Cancelled Olympic Games
Olympic Games in Germany
Sport in Japan
Sport in Switzerland
Winter Olympic Games
February events
Alonso Berruguete

Alonso González de Berruguete (Alonso Berruguete) (c. 1488 – 1561) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and architect. He is considered to be the most important sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance, and is known for his emotive sculptures, which had religious meanings.

1488 births
1561 deaths
Spanish painters
Alonso Sánchez Coello

Alonso Sánchez Coello ( 1531/32 – 8 August 1588) was a portrait painter of the Spanish Renaissance. He was one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting.

1530s births
1588 deaths
Spanish painters
Western European Union

The Western European Union (WEU) was a European defence and security organization. It was set up by Treaty of Brussels of 1948, West Germany and Italy joined in 1954. It should not be confused with the European Union (EU). The WEU headquarters were in Brussels. After the Cold War its functions were gradually transferred to the European Union and the Council of Europe. It was dissolved on 31 March 2011.

Treaty of Brussels 

The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands on March 17, 1948. It was changed on October 23, 1954 when West Germany and Italy joined. 

The WEU's three main aims are:
 To promote European economic recovery;
 To help each other to resist any attacks or threats of attack;
 To promote the unity in Europe.

The WEU was led by a Council of Ministers, helped by a Council of Permanent Representatives (ambassadors). The Parliamentary Assembly eventually had the same members as the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). Social and cultural activities were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication.

Other websites 
WEU official web site 
Assembly of the Western European Union ; Assembly of the Western European Union
Historical fonds of the Western European Union at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance - UK Government site
WEU evolution: The presentation of the Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept at the European Parliament in June 2003

References 

European Union
International organizations
1948 establishments in Europe
Military alliances
Guy Fawkes Night

Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night) is a firework festival in Britain. It remembers the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.

References

British culture
Anniversary days in the United Kingdom
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a scientific agency of the United States government that is focused to monitor the oceans surrounding the United States and the atmosphere. NOAA warns people for dangerous weather, charts seas and sky, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to help understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian employees, NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Corps.

NOAA is currently celebrating 200 years of Science, Service, and Stewardship.

Other websites
 NOAA

United States government agencies
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Tracey Ullman

Dame Tracey Ullman,  (born 30 December 1959) is a British-American comedian, actress, singer, dancer, screenwriter and author. She is most famous for being the host of her variety television show, The Tracey Ullman Show.

Ullman was born in Buckinghamshire. She emigrated to the U.S. and ended up having her own network television series, The Tracey Ullman Show, from which The Simpsons was spun off in 1989.

She was the voice of Little Lulu for a while.

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Buckinghamshire
English comedians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English writers
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television writers

Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Actors from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles