cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mixosaurus

Mixosaurus was a small, common and cosmopolitan Triassic ichthyosaur. It was only about a meter in length. Fossils are known from Alaska, Canada, China, Timor, Indonesia, Italy, Nevada, New Zealand, Spitsbergen, and Svalbard. Thus it lived in the Tethys Sea but also ventured further afield.

Mixosaurus seems to have been a transitional form between the more primitive eel-shaped icthyosaurs such as Cymbospondylus and the more advanced Shatsasaurs and Euichthyosaurs (the latter including the familiar dolphin- or porpoise-shaped icthyosaurs).

Ichthyosaurs
Ophthalmosaurus

Ophthalmosaurus was an ichthyosaur of the Upper Jurassic (165 to 150 million years ago), named after its large eyes. Well-preserved skeletons, ranging in age from juveniles to adults, have been found in Europe, North America and Argentina.

Ophthalmosaurus had the largest eyes of any vertebrate relative to its body size. Its eyes, 4 inches in diameter, occupied most of the space in the skull. They were protected by bony plates (sclerotic rings), which most likely assisted to maintain the shape of the eyeballs against water pressure at depth.
The size of the eyes and the sclerotic rings suggests that Ophthalmosaurus hunted at a depth where there is not much light or that it may have hunted at night when a prey species was more active. Its snout was long and thin, perfect for snapping at fast, maneuverable, prey.

Calculations suggest that a typical Ophthalmosaurus could stay submerged for approximately 20 minutes or more. The swimming speed of Ophthalmosaurus has been estimated at 2.5 metres per second or greater. Even assuming a conservative speed of 1 m/s, an Ophthalmosaurus would be able to dive to 600 meters and return to the surface within 20 minutes.

The family Ophthalmosauridae continued into the Upper Cretaceous, but this genus became extinct at the end of the Jurassic period.

References 

Ichthyosaurs
Valve

A valve is a device that it is used to decrease or stop the flow of a fluid (like gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries). It can be installed for example in a pipe or a vessel.

There are many types of valves. Some examples are:
 globe valve
 gate valve
 butterfly valve
 safety valve.

They can be operated manually or automatically.

Related pages 
 Pipe
 Plumbing

Other websites 
 Valve Sizing and Selection
 Flow in known Design Types of Shut-off Valves 

Hardware (mechanical)
Philip Carteret

Philip Carteret (22 January 1733 – 21 July 1796) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He sailed as a lieutenant on John Byron's circumnavigation (sailing around) of the world in 1764. He went around the world again as part of the Royal Navy's exploration in 1766.

Early life
Carteret joined the Royal Navy in 1747 at the age of 14. He first served on the Salisbury. He sailed with John Byron from 1751 to 1755. As Lieutenant on HMS Doplhin, he went with Byron on the round world trip from 1764—1766.

Discoveries 
As soon as he had returned from his first trip, Carteret was put in charge of HMS Swallow to go on a second circumnavigation with Samuel Wallis who sailed in the HMS Dolphin. The two ships were separated sailing around Cape Horn, so Carteret continued on alone. He discovered Pitcairn Island on 2 July 1767. He did not land on the island. He also discovered the Carteret Islands, Mururoa, and the Duke of Gloucester Islands. He got back to England in 1769. The Swallow was in bad condition and the success of the long trip shows Carteret's courage and skill.
  
Carteret's health was ruined by his voyage of exploration. He was put on half pay, and in 1773, he wrote the story of the voyage as part of a book about the voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook. The book's editor John Hawkesworth, made changes to the story, so Carteret wrote his own book which was not printed until 1965. In 1779 he took the ship HMS Endymion to the West Indies. This was his last trip. He was promoted to Vice-Admiral and he retired to Southhampton in 1794. His personal papers are kept in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England.

References

1733 births
1796 deaths
Admirals
English explorers
Royal Navy officers
Judeo-Aramaic

Judeo-Aramaic is a dialect of Aramaic that was spoken by many Jews during the Second Temple Period (587 BC-70 AD) and for a few centuries afterward. Probably the mother tongue of Jesus, it was influenced mostly by Hebrew.

Semitic languages
Sarah Jane Smith

Sarah Jane Smith is a fictional character in the British television series Doctor Who and its related spin-offs. She is played by Elisabeth Sladen. Sarah Jane was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor. 
She is an investigative journalist. Sarah Jane Smith is one of the companions who travelled the longest with the Doctor; Sarah Jane is also one of the most popular and well known companions. 

Sarah Jane appeared in two spin-offs: K-9 and Company, and the as the main character of the ongoing series The Sarah Jane Adventures. Sarah Jane also appeared in the new Doctor Who series with the Tenth Doctor ("School Reunion", "The Stolen Earth", "Journey's End").

History 
She first appeared in 1973 in The Time Warrior, and then travelled with the Third Doctor. After the Doctor regenerated, she travelled with the Fourth Doctor. At the end of The Hand of Fear, the Doctor had to go back to Gallifrey, where Sarah Jane was not allowed to go. Sarah Jane left the TARDIS and the Doctor, and returned to Earth.

Sarah Jane was a regular companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor, on the programme from 1973 to 1976 (seasons 11 – 14). She returns in the Fifth Doctor story "The Five Doctors" (1983), the 30th anniversary story Dimensions In Time (1993), and most recently in the  episodes "School Reunion" (2006), and "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" (2008), alongside the Tenth Doctor, and other companions of his era. The Tenth Doctor also featured in her own TV series "The Sarah Jane Adventures".

Other websites 
 Sarah Jane Smith at the Tardis Index File

Doctor Who characters
Fold mountain

Fold mountains are mountains formed mainly by the effects of folding on layers in the upper part of the Earth's crust. The term is rather out of date, though still fairly common in physical geography literature.

In the time before plate tectonics became well understood, the term was used for  mountain belts, such as the Himalayas. These mountain ranges are not caused by the folding of the earth's crust. The main mechanism causing a thickening of the crust at these sites of continent-continent collision along boundary is thrust faulting.

Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates move together (a convergent plate boundary). Fold mountains are usually formed from sedimentary rocks which accumulated along the margins of continents. When plates and the continents riding on them collide, the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold like a tablecloth that is pushed across a table, particularly if there is a mechanically weak basal layer such as salt.

Examples 
 The Jura mountains  a series of sub-parallel mountainous ridges formed by folding over a Triassic salt bed due to thrust movements as the Alps pushed into Europe.
The 'Simply Folded Belt' of the Zagros mountains in Iran – here both thrusts and folds are occurring. This mountain range, about 1,500 kilometres long, formed only in the past five million years. Oil reserves and huge salt deposits are rising up from the subsurface. They emerge as salt "glaciers". This, and their regular folding, makes these mountains unique in the world.
The Akwapim-Togo ranges in Ghana
part of the Appalachians in the Eastern United States, known as the "Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians".

Related pages
Fold (geology)

References 
simple
Mountains
Plate tectonics
Leptictidium

Leptictidium (meaning delicate weasel) was a genus of small prehistoric eutherian from Eocene period. this extinct species of mammal lived alongside the dinosaurs, but died out when the tropical forests opened up. 

Leptictidium had long hind legs, and probably used only those two legs when moving fast. Whether it hopped on two legs or ran bipedally is still a matter of debate. It had a long, bare tail which acted as a counterbalance, and a long, mobile snout to help it find its prey.

The leptictids were found right across Eurasia. Leptictidium itself was a specialised hopper with the best preserved specimens found in the Messel shales of Germany.

Fossils
Mammals
Oceanic dolphin

Oceanic dolphins are the members of the Delphinidae family, of the order Cetacea. They are aquatic mammals. They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves. These dolphins usually live in the open seas, unlike the river dolphins.

Taxonomy 
 Family Delphinidae
 Genus Peponocephala
 Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra
 Genus Orcinus
 Orca (Killer whale), Orcinus orca
 Genus Feresa
 Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata
 Genus Pseudorca
 False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens
 Genus Globicephala: Pilot whales
 Long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas
 Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus
 Genus Delphinus
 Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis
 Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis
 Genus Lissodelphis
 Northern rightwhale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis
 Southern rightwhale dolphin, Lissodelphis peronii
 Genus Sotalia
 Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis
 Genus Sousa
 Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis
 Indian humpback dolphin, Sousa plumbea
 Atlantic humpback dolphin, Sousa teuszii
 Genus Stenella
 Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis
 Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene
 Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata
 Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris
 Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba
 Genus Steno
 Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis
 Genus Tursiops: Bottlenose dolphins
 Common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus
 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
 Genus Cephalorhynchus
 Chilean dolphin, Cephalorhynchus eutropia
 Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii
 Heaviside's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
 Hector's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus hectori
 Genus Grampus
 Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus
 Genus Lagenodelphis
 Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei
 Genus Lagenorhynchus
 Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus acutus
 Dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus
 Hourglass dolphin, Lagenorhynchus cruciger
 Pacific white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
 Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis
 White-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris
 Genus Orcaella
 Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris
 Australian snubfin dolphin, Orcaella heinsohni

Other websites
Horatio Spafford

Horatio Gates Spafford (October 20, 1828, Troy, New York – October 16, 1888, Jerusalem) was a prominent American lawyer and Presbyterian church elder.  He is best known for penning the Christian hymn "It Is Well With My Soul". Horatio was a lawyer in Chicago. He lost all of his possessions in the great Chicago fire. After that, he lost his only son to a disease at the age of four. He then planned a family holiday and was held up for business reasons. His family went ahead any way, on the ship all four of his daughters died and his wife survived.

References

Other websites 
Photos of Horatio Spafford and a MIDI file of the hymn 
Many details on life of Spafford 
The Spafford family tragedy

1828 births
1888 deaths

American Christians
Christian hymnwriters
Writers from Illinois
Cyber high school

Cyber  high school is a high school on the internet. It teaches students over the Internet. It means that a high school student has the option of receiving their education at home.

Locations 
In the United States, 38 states have some form of cyber high school, according to CBS News. These schools often include giving a computer, internet connection, textbooks and cyber high school software.

Teachers 
Cyber high school teachers are sometimes able to work from home, depending upon the state's cyber curriculum. If the state is against the idea then the tutor has to go at a special location to be able to teach.

Purpose 
Cyber high school appeals to all students but works especially well for those students with needs that can not be met in a traditional classroom, such as students who are ill, homebound students, students who travel, or special education students.

References

Types of educational institutions
Always Coming Home

Always Coming Home is a book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1985. This book is a novel about a group of humans called the Kesh, living in the future in California.

Translations
, Eksmo, 2005
, Prószyński, 1996

Other websites 
Official author book site 

Books by Ursula K. Le Guin
1985 books
Hainish Cycle

The Hainish Cycle is the setting for a number of science fiction books and stories that were written by Ursula K. Le Guin.

List of books

 The Dispossessed (1974) - Urras-Anarres (Tau Ceti)
 The Word for World is Forest (1976) - Athshe/New Tahiti
 Rocannon's World (1964) - Rokanan (Fomalhaut II)
 Planet of Exile (1966) - Werel (Gamma Draconis III)
 City of Illusions (1967) - Terra
 The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) - Gethen
 Four Ways to Forgiveness (1995) - Yeowe-Werel
 The Telling (2000) - Aka

Hainish Cycle
Fanny Crosby

Frances Jane Crosby (usually known as Fanny Crosby) (March 24, 1820 – February 12, 1915) was an American poet and lyricist. She wrote Protestant hymns. She was a lifelong Methodist. She wrote over 8,000 hymns in her life, even though she became blind shortly after she was born. She was also known for her preaching and speaking.

Crosby is one of the most famous hymn writers in history. Some of her most well-known and best-loved songs are "Blessed Assurance", "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour", and "To God Be the Glory".

Other websites 

The New York Institute for Special Education page on Fanny Crosby
Fanny Crosby page at Cyberhymnal  Words and MIDI music for over 400 hymns.
Biographies at Wholesome Words

1820 births
1915 deaths
American Methodists
American poets
American songwriters
Blind people
Christian hymnwriters
Christian writers
Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductees
Writers from New York City
Melville Island (Canada)

Melville Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canada with an area of . No one lives on Melville Island. It is the 33rd biggest island in the world and Canada's 8th biggest island. Melville Island is shared by the Northwest Territories, which has the western half of the island, and Nunavut, which has the eastern half. The mountains on Melville Island are some of the biggest in the western Canadian Arctic. Some of them reach heights of one kilometre.

Melville Island was first visited by the British explorer Sir William Parry in 1819. Not only did he find the island, but he had to spend the winter at what is now called "Winter Harbour", until August 1, 1820. The island is named for Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville who was First Sea Lord at the time.

Islands of Canada
Southampton Island

Southampton Island is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island at the entrance to Hudson Bay, Canada. It is part of the Kivalliq Region of the Nunavut Territory. The area of the island is 41,214 km². It is the 34th biggest island in the world and Canada's 9th biggest island. The only settlement on Southampton Island is Coral Harbour (pop. 712, Canada 2001 Census), called in Inuit Salliq.

Islands of Canada
Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)

Prince of Wales Island one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada, between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

It is a low tundra-covered island with an irregular coastline deeply indented by Ommanney Bay in the west and Browne Bay in the east. Its area has been thought to be around 33 339 km². Prince of Wales Island is the world's 40th biggest island and the 10th biggest in Canada. Its highest known point, found at 73°49'N; 97°50'W – and 320 m high – is an unnamed spot in the island's far northeastern end  overlooking the Baring Channel, which separates the island from nearby Russell Island.

Islands of Canada
Somerset Island

Somerset Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island across the 2 km wide Bellot Strait from the Boothia Peninsula in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.  It has an area of 9,570 square miles (24,786 km²), making it the 45th biggest island in the world and Canada's twelfth biggest island. No one lives on Somerset Island

Islands of Canada
Provinces of Ireland

The Provinces of Ireland were the main divisions of Ireland prior to 1922 when it was partitioned as a result of the majority of it becoming independent.  Ireland was divided into four different provinces, or territorial divisions.

The four provinces are:

Related pages
 Counties of Ireland
 Counties of Northern Ireland

 
1922 disestablishments in Europe
Mission statement

A mission statement tells the purpose of a company or organization.  Basically, it says in a very short way WHO the organization does something for, WHAT is the kind of thing it does, and WHICH WAY it does it (that is, instead of other ways one could do that same thing). It can be used to tell quickly what the organization does. It can also help to give members of the organization a common idea of what they're here to do. 

A mission statement basically sums up everything that something is about. Put very simply, for performance it would sum up what the purpose of the performance is. That might be to entertain.

Examples:

McDonald's - Mission statement: "To provide the fast food customer food prepared in the same high-quality manner world-wide that is tasty, reasonably-priced & delivered consistently in a low-key décor and friendly atmosphere." 
 WHO: People who want fast food, all over the world
 WHAT: Good food that tastes good and doesn't cost too much (well...)
 WHICH WAY: The same way anywhere, no bells and whistles in the shop, but friendly employees there.

World Vision - Mission statement (well, part of it): "...working with the poor and oppressed to promote human transformation, seek justice and bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God"

 WHO: Poor and oppressed people around the world
 WHAT: Help them get a better chance of being better off and be a good person, too
 WHICH WAY: Work for fair conditions of life and let people know what God has always wanted to give them and how to get it

Business
Mission

A mission can be any of the following:

Politics and government
 Diplomatic mission, a diplomatic outpost in a foreign territory
 Space mission, the launch of craft into outer space.
 List of human spaceflights, a list of manned space missions.
 Combat mission, a military action.

Geography
In the United States:
Mission, Kansas
Mission, Oregon
Mission, South Dakota
Mission, Texas
Mission Ridge Ski Area, Washington
In Canada:
Mission, British Columbia, a district municipality in British Columbia
Mission, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta
Okanagan Mission, a neighbourhood of Kelowna BC, is locally known as "the Mission"
Non-English-language equivalents:

In Argentina:
Misiones Province

In Brazil:
 Missões, Brazil, a region of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil roughly occupying the same area previously dominated by the colonial missions founded by Padre Roque Gonzales.
 São Miguel das Missões, one of the best preserved of the old colonial missions
 Guarani das Missões
 São Paulo das Missões
 Campina das Missões

In Paraguay:
Misiones Department

Other uses
 Mission statement, a brief statement of the purpose of an organization
 Mission (grape), a variety of grape
Philip Bliss

Philip Paul Bliss (July 9, 1838 – December 29, 1876) was an American writer of hymns. He was also a Gospel music singer. He wrote many well-known hymns in his lifetime. He also wrote the tune for Horatio Spafford's "It Is Well with My Soul".

Other websites 
Christian Biography Resources
The Memoirs of PP Bliss
The Music of Philip Paul Bliss

1838 births
1876 deaths
American Protestants
Christian hymnwriters
Evangelists
Writers from Pennsylvania
List of European countries by area

This is a list of European countries, by geographical area:

Notes: Some of these countries are also considered part of Asia. Their names are given in italics and <u/l>only their European area is given</u/l>. 

Not all states within the geographical region are part of the European Union, although member states are in the majority. Non-member states are marked with an asterisk (*). This currently includes all of the Asian border states.

Some of the smaller countries, marked (†), are represented indirectly in the EU by larger EU members.

Notes

countries in order of geographical area
Lists of countries
Graphical projection

A graphical projection is a protocol by which an image of a three-dimensional object is projected onto a planar surface without the help of math.

Geometry
List of cities in Romania

This is a list of cities in Romania, by population for the first section, and a complete listing in the second section:

Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants

Complete list

References 

Romania-related lists
Romania
Romania
William Wilberforce

William Wilberforce (24 August 1759–29 July 1833) was a British evangelical politician and philanthropist. He was a leader of the movement to end the slave trade.

Other websites 

 BBC historic figures: William Wilberforce

1759 births
1833 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British abolitionists
English activists
English Anglicans
English philanthropists
Evangelicals
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Kingston upon Hull
Politicians from Yorkshire
Flag of Romania

The flag of Romania is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The colours stand for the three historical provinces of Romania. The current design was made official in 1994, but the flag has been used since 1989. The first design of the flag was in 1834, but the three colours date from the sixth century. It is very similar to the Flag of Chad, except that this flag is very slightly lighter in color.

Romania
Coat of arms of Romania

The Coat of arms of Romania is the coat of arms that has been adopted by the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992.  The design for it came from the coat of arms that the Kingdom of Romania created back in 1922. It displays a golden aquila that is holding a cross in its beak.  It also shows a mace and a sword in its claws.  It contains the three colors of the Flag of Romania: red, yellow, and blue.

Romania
Romania
Sighişoara

Sighişoara is a city and municipality in Mureş County, Romania. It is on the Târnava Mare River.  Sighişoara had a population of 28.102 people as of 2011.

Twin towns 
 Dinkelsbühl (Germany)
 Kiskunfélegyháza (Hungary)
 Baden (Switzerland)
 Blois (France)
 Città di Castello (Italy)

Other websites 
Town hall of Sighişoara City 

Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania
Quechuas

Quechuas is the term used for several ethnic groups in South America that use a Quechua language (Southern Quechua mainly). They belong to several ethnic groups in South America, above all in Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.

The Quechuas of Ecuador call themselves - as well as their language Kichwa - Kichwas or Quichuas. The Kichwa-speaking group of Colombia are the Ingas.

Some (historic) Quechua peoples:
 Inca
 Chancas (in Huancavelica, Ayacucho y Apurímac)
 Huancas (in Junín; spoke Quechua before the Incas did)
 Cañaris (in Ecuador; adopted the Quechua language from the Incas)

Related pages
Q'ero (an Andean Quechua community)

Ethnic groups in South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Peru
Members Church of God International

The Members Church of God International is a group of members of a Christian denomination with headquarters in the Philippines. Commonly known by their TV show Ang Dating Daan (The Old Path), they have million members and has thousands of locales worldwide. Currently, their presiding minister is Eliseo Soriano ang their vice presiding Minister is Daniel S. Razón. Eliseo Soriano is currently preaching in other countries. They reject the Roman Catholic belief about Trinity.

Christian denominations
Philippines
Viceroyalty of Perú

The Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that was created in 1542 and originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America. It was governed from the capital of Lima.

History 

In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castilla, that shortly afterwards would be called the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) named Blasco Núñez Vela Peru's first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. 

Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times", established the Inquisition and created laws that applied to both Indians and Spanish alike. So he broke the power of the encomenderos and reduced the old system of forced native labor. He improved the safety in the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges and la Armada del Mar del Sur (the Southern Fleet) against the pirates. 

The Amazon basin and some large regions nearby had been considered Spanish territory since the Treaty of Tordesillas. But this treaty meant not much during the time Spain controlled Portugal (1580 - 1640). 

The first Jesuit reduction to convert and "civilize" the Indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas were occupied by Brazilians as Bandeirantes gradually extended their activities throughout much of the basin and adjoining Matto Grosso in the 17th and 18th centuries. These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon (which was in Portuguese territory) making it impossible for the Spanish authorities to control them. One famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60 000 indigenous people. In fact as time passed they were used as a self funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low level war of territorial conquest. Finally the reality of the situation was recognized with the transfer of sovereignty over the much of the basin and surrounding areas to Portugal in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid.

Related pages
Colonialism
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish Empire

References 

History of South America
1540s establishments in South America
1824 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in Spain
Disestablishments in South America
1542 establishments
Vilcabamba, Peru

Vilcabamba  was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last city of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572. That meant the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule.

History 
After the Incan empire fell, the city was burned and the area swiftly became a remote, not very populated or connected part of Peru. The location of Vilcabamba was forgotten.

The ruins of the city were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1909 in a remote forest site 130 km west of Cuzco, but he failed to realize its significance, because he believed that Machu Picchu, which he also rediscovered, was the fabled "Lost City of the Incas".  It was not until explorations and discoveries in the 1960s, that many came to see this site at Espíritu Pampa as the real Vilcabamba of legend.

Sources 

 MacQuarrie, Kim: The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster, 2007. .

Inca civilization
1572 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
16th-century disestablishments in South America
1530s establishments in South America
1539 establishments
Vere Gordon Childe

Vere Gordon Childe (Usually known as Gordon Childe) (Sydney, New South Wales, 14 April 1892 – Mount Victoria, New South Wales, 19 October 1957) was an Australian archaeologist. He was best known for his excavation of the unique Neolithic site of Skara Brae in Orkney. He is also credited with coining the terms 'Neolithic Revolution' and 'Urban Revolution'. He attempted to place his discoveries inside a theory of prehistoric development on a wider European and world scale.

References 

 Neil Faulkner 2007. Gordon Childe and Marxist Archaeology. International Socialism 116. 

1892 births
1957 deaths
Archaeologists
Australian social scientists
People from Sydney
Eric Bogosian

Eric Bogosian (born April 24, 1953) is an American actor, playwright, monologist, and novelist.

Personal life
Bogosian met Jo Bonney in 1980. Six weeks later he married her.
He has two children with her.

References

Other websites 
Bogosian's home website

1953 births
Living people
American television actors
American playwrights
Actors from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
Jōmon period

The  is the time in Japanese prehistory which started in roughly 14,000 BC to 10,000 BC. 

The period ended in roughly 500 BC or 400 BC to 300 BC.  

"Jōmon" means "patterns of plaited cord" or "cord-patterned"  from the way they decorated their pottery. 
The Jōmon came long ago from Central Asia and southern Siberia to Japan. They were very different from modern East Asians and were more similar to Europeans and people in the Middle East. Many scientists link them to the paleolithic population of Europe (Cro-Magnon). Their culture is unique and some similarities exists with Native American cultures of the northwestern coastal cultures.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Ainu people

References

Other websites 

 University of Tokyo, Memory of the Jomon Period
 Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, The Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan 

Periods in Japanese history
Hominid

For a full account of the biological family, see Hominidae
For the novel by Klaus Ebner see Hominid (novel)
A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae. These are the "great apes", living and extinct. At present there are humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The word "hominid" has been used in various ways. The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades. These revisions led to different uses of the word "hominid". The original meaning of the taxon Hominidae meant only humans and their closest relatives. Now this group is called the Hominina.

The primatological term hominid is easily confused with a number of similar words:
 A hominoid or ape is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: existing members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes.
 A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae: all of the great apes.
 A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, humans (excludes orangutans).
 A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: including humans.
 A hominan is a little used term for a sub-tribe.
 A human is a member of Homo sapiens. The word is sometimes also used to refer to any extinct member of the genus Homo or members from other hominan genera.
 A humanoid is a vaguely human-shaped entity; the term is typically used in science fiction.

The dispute is really about whether humans and Australopithecines are sufficiently different from chimpanzees to rank as a separate family. In morphology and life style they are, in genetics they are not.

A move from rainforest to savannah and woodland led first to bipedalism (walking on two feet). Later, hunting and social needs led to larger brains and the making and use of tools. These differences between human beings and the other great apes are certainly important. However, a genetically based taxonomic classification shows the genetic differences are not enough to divide us into separate families. Genetics, rather than morphology, is generally more widely accepted as the critical standard. However, many scientists, including anthropologists, use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct ancestors.
Treaty of Berlin (1878)

The Treaty of Berlin was a part of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878). In it, the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire wrote the Treaty of San Stefano.

Problems

Bulgaria 
The most important problem in the treaty was deciding what would happen to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. However, Russia insisted that Bulgaria should not be mentioned in the treaty. The Treaty of San Stefano had created a huge Bulgarian state, which was just what the United Kings and Austria-Hungary did not want since Russia would become too powerful.

Independence 
The treaty stated that Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were to become independent. The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina was to be occupied by Austria-Hungary.

The three newly-independent states soon declared themselves to be kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and Montenegro in 1910). Austria-Hungary officially took over Bosnia in 1908, which caused a major European crisis.

References 

1878
19th century in France
1870s in Germany
19th century in Italy

1870s in the United Kingdom

Ottoman Empire
Berlin 1878
19th century in Berlin
2007 enlargement of the European Union

The 2007 enlargement of the European Union joined Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. It happened on 1 January 2007. The Treaty of Accession was signed on April 25, 2005 at Luxembourg, Neumünster Abbey. It was the seventh time the Union accepted new members.

Membership 
Since 1989, Bulgaria and Romania wanted to be a part of the European Union (EU).  and put forward to become members in 1995. 

During the 2000s, Bulgaria and Romania made changes, such as improving their democratic system, human rights acts, freedom of speech acts, economy and laws.

References

Other websites 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania
Government of Romania
Ministry of European Integration 
Gateway to the European Union
Infoeuropa Centre

European Union
Bulgaria
Romania
21st century in Romania
2007 in Europe
National Bank of Romania

The National Bank of Romania (, BNR) is the central bank of Romania. It started in April 1880. It is in the capital city, Bucharest. The bank's first governor was Eugeniu Carada.

History

Scandal 
In 1916, the Central Powers invaded Romania. All valuable objects of the National Bank of Romania and the Romanian Treasure were sent to Moscow for safekeeping. They were never returned.

Robbery 
On July 28, 1959, an armed group of six members of the Romanian Communist Party stole from an armored car of the National Bank of Romania 1,600,000 lei (about US$250,000  at 1959 prices).

Responsibilities 
The main tasks of the National Bank of Romania are:

 to control the supply of money and its exchange with other currencies
 to control banks and make sure the economy is stable
 to make money
 to control how much money goes in and out of Romania

Other websites 
 

Banks of Europe
Bucharest
1880 establishments in Europe
Treaty of Berlin (1742)

The Treaty of Berlin was signed on July 28, 1742 between Austrian archduchess Maria Theresa and Frederick II of Prussia.

Terms 
Based on the treaty, Maria Theresa gave most of Silesia to Frederick. This treaty, along with the Treaty of Breslau, officially ended the First Silesian War.

Other websites 
 The Columbia Encyclopedia: War of the Austrian Succession 
 Encyclopedia Britannica: The War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1748

Berlin 1742
Treaty of Berlin (1889)

The Treaty of Berlin was signed on June 14, 1889 between the United States, the British Empire, and the German Empire.

Terms 
Based on the treaty, Samoa became independent and was allowed to choose its own king to rule it. However, the king would be advised by the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. In 1899, the treaty was replaced by the Treaty of Berlin (1899).

Other websites 
WHKMLA: History of Samoa, 1830-1899

Berlin 1889
19th century in Oceania
Samoa
1880s in the United Kingdom
1889 in the United States
19th century in Berlin
Treaty of Berlin (1899)

The Treaty of Berlin  was signed on 14 November 1899 between the United States, Germany, and the British. 

Before the treaty was signed, the British, Germans, and Americans wanted Samoa to trade with. Based on the treaty, Samoa was divided between Germany and the United States. Western Samoa went to Germany, while Eastern Samoa went to the United States.

References 
 Gray, J. (1960). Amerika Samoa: A History of American Samoa and Its United States Naval Administration Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
 Townsend, M. E. (1921). Origins of Modern German Colonialism: 1871 - 1885 Vol. 98 No. 1. Columbia University, New York: Howard Fertig, Inc. Edition 1974.

Other websites
Annexation of Samoa
WHKMLA: Samoa, 1830-1899
History of Samoa - R.M. Watson

Berlin 1899
Samoa
1899 in the United States
1890s in the United Kingdom
19th century in Berlin
Treaty of Berlin (1921)

The Treaty of Berlin (1921) was between the United States and Germany. The US did not agree with parts of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and wanted to sign a different treaty.

Other websites 
Text of the Treaty

1921 in Europe
1921 in the United States
1920s in Germany
Berlin 1921
20th century in Berlin
Treaty of Berlin (1926)

The Treaty of Berlin was signed on 24 April 1926. It was between Germany and the Soviet Union. Each promised to stay neutral if another country attacked them for the next five years.

Other websites 
The Text of the Agreement 

1926
1920s in Germany
History of the Soviet Union
Berlin 1926
20th century in Berlin
Nome, Alaska

Nome is a city on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. It is in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.

The city of Nome claims to be home to the world's largest gold pan.  But the Canadian city of Quesnel, British Columbia also says they do.

In the winter of 1925, there was a diphtheria epidemic among Inuit in the Nome area. Blizzard conditions made delivery of a life-saving serum by airplane from Anchorage impossible. A serum run to Nome by dog sled teams delivered the serum. The sled driver of the final leg of the relay was the Norwegian-born Gunnar Kaasen; his lead sled dog was Balto. The annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorates this historic event.

Nome is home to Alaska's oldest newspaper, the Nome Nugget.

The reality television series Bering Sea Gold is set and filmed in Nome.

Nome
Miaphysitism

Miaphysitism (or henophysitism) is an idea about the nature of Christ. The idea says that Jesus Christ had two different aspects, one godly, and one human. It says these two aspects are united in one nature. They are indistinguishable, and they co-exist.  This is very close to the idea of dualism which says that the mind and the body are separate things that combine to make one unit, the person. In the case of miaphysitism, the separate things are Jesus' divine and human traits.  

Miaphysitism has often been considered by Chalcedonian Christians to be a form of monophysitism, but the Oriental Orthodox Churches themselves reject this characterization, Recently, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches have begun to take this position more seriously.

References

Christology
Monophysitism

Monophysitism is an idea about the nature of Jesus Christ. It says that Christ only has one nature, namely the divine one.

Views 
There are two main doctrines that can be called Monophysite ():

Eutychianism 
Eutychianism says that the human and divine natures of Christ were combined into one new single (mono) nature: his human nature was "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea".

Apollinarism 
Apollinarism or Apollinarianism says that Christ had a human body and human "living principle" but that the Divine Logos had taken the place of the nous, or "thinking principle" . This is analogous but not identical to what might be called a mind in the present day.

Opposition 
After Nestorianism, taught by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, was refused at the First Council of Ephesus, Eutyches, an archimandrite at Constantinople came up with new views. Monophysitism and Eutyches were also refused at the Council of Chalcedon in 451. 

Monophysitism is also rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches, but was widely accepted in Syria, the Levant, and Egypt. This caused many tensions in the early days of the Byzantine Empire.

Later, Monothelitism was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the Monophysite and the Chalcedonian position, but it too was rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod, despite at times having the support of the Byzantine emperors and one of the Popes of Rome, Honorius I.  Some are of the opinion that Monothelitism was at one time held by the Maronites, but the Maronite community, for the most part, dispute this, stating that they have never been out of communion with the Catholic Church.

Miaphysitism, the christology of the Oriental Orthodox churches, is sometimes considered a variant of Monophysitism, but these churches view their theology as distinct from Monophysitism and anathematize Eutyches.

Christology
Nestorius

Nestorius (; c. 386–c. 451) was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to 22 June 431. His views were popular in the East.

History 
Nestorius objected to the popular custom calling the Mary (the mother of Jesus), Theotokos, meaning the mother of god. He believed that Jesus had two parts, one human and one divine. This belief, now called Nestorianism, was different to those held by Cyril of Alexandria, who said that Jesus was both man and god at once. Nestorius said that Cyril was a heretic. At the Council of Ephesus he wanted Cyril charged with heresy. Most of the bishops who agreed with Nestorius came from the eastern churches, and did not arrive at the council meeting before the decision was made. Most of the bishops who were at the meeting agreed with Cyril, and Nestorius was removed from his position as archbishop and sent into exile in Egypt. 

In the east, the churches still supported Nestorius, and did not accept his removal. As a result, they set up their own group of churches, known as the Assyrian Church of the East, in Persia.

380s births
450s deaths
Archbishops
Christian saints
Christian theologians
Eastern Christians
Syrian Christians
List of cities in Italy

A list of cities in Italy. Cities in bold text are capitals of provinces.

References 

Italy
Italy
Italy-related lists
Night of the Long Knives

The Night of the Long Knives (German: ) or "Operation Hummingbird" () was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany. It happened between 30 June and 2 July 1934 when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people for political reasons. Most of those killed were members of the "Storm Troopers" (SA) (German: ). 

Adolf Hitler moved against the SA and its leader, Ernst Röhm, because he saw the independence of the SA and the penchant of its members for street violence as a direct threat to his power. Hitler also wanted to forestall any move by leaders of the Reichswehr, the German military, who both feared and despised the SA, to curtail his rule, especially since Röhm made no secret of his ambition to absorb the Reichswehr with himself at its head. 

Finally, Hitler used the purge to go against conservative critics of his regime, especially those loyal to Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, and to settle scores with old enemies, such as Kurt von Schleicher.

Other websites
The night of long Knives 

1934
1930s in Germany
Sturmabteilung
Bistrița-Năsăud County

Bistriţa-Năsăud (; Hungarian: Beszterce-Naszód) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania.  The capital of Bistriţa-Năsăud County is Bistriţa.

Geography 
Bistriţa-Năsăud County has an area of 5,355 km².  The main river that flows through Bistriţa-Năsăud County is the Someşul Mare River.

Divisions 
Bistriţa-Năsăud County has 1 municipality, 3 towns and 56 communes.

Municipalities 
 Bistriţa

Towns 
 Beclean
 Năsăud
 Sângeorz-Băi

Communes 

Counties of Romania
Transylvania
Botoșani County

Botoşani () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia.  The capital of Botoşani County is Botoşani.

Geography 
Botoşani County has an area of 4,986 km².

Divisions 
Botoşani County has 2 municipalities, 5 towns and 67 communes.

Municipalities 
 Botoşani
 Dorohoi

Towns 
 Darabani
 Săveni
 Flămânzi
 Bucecea
 Ştefăneşti

Communes 

Counties of Romania
Perito Moreno Glacier

The Perito Moreno Glacier () is a glacier in the southwest of Santa Cruz province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentine Patagonia.

The 250 km² ice formation, of 30 km in length, is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in the Andes system shared with Chile. This icefield is the world's third largest reserve of fresh water.

The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of only three Patagonian glaciers that are not retreating. Periodically the glacier advances over the L-shaped "Lago Argentino" ("Argentine Lake").  when it reaches the opposite shore, it forms a natural dam which separates the two halves of the lake. With no escape route, the water-level on the Brazo Rico side of the lake can rise by up to 30 meters above the level of the main lake. The enormous pressure produced by this mass of waters finally breaks the ice barrier holding it back, in a spectacular rupture event. This dam/rupture cycle is not regular and it naturally recurs at any frequency between once a year to less than once a decade.

The Perito Moreno glacier,  from El Calafate, was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno, a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile.

Other websites 

 Glacier Perito Moreno LIVE '08  (Español, English, Français, Portugues)
 Associated Press on the March 2006 breach 
 Santa Cruz Sub Secretary Of Tourism 
 Panoramic virtual tour of Perito Moreno 

Geography of Argentina
Uhland, Texas

Uhland is a city in Caldwell and Hays counties in the U.S. state of Texas. There were 386 people living in Uhland as of the year 2006.

The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km²), all of it land.

References 

Uhalnd
Catania

Catania is a city in the region of Sicily in Italy. It is on the east coast of Sicily, between Messina and Syracuse. It is the capital of the Province of Catania. 313.110 people live in and over 800,000 around Catania. This makes it the second largest city in Sicily. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).

Demographics 
As of December 2007, 298,957 people were living in Catania. 47,2% are male and 52,8% are female. 20,5% are younger than 18 years and 18,9% are pensioners. Between 2002 and 2007 3,35% of the people left the city. Nearly everyone is Catholic.

Twin towns - sister cities 

Catania is twinned with:

 Phoenix, Arizona, USA
 Grenoble, France (1961)
 Ottawa, Canada

References 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Sicily
Messina

Messina (in sicilian Missìna) is a city in the region of Sicily. It is the capital of the Province of Messina. About 250,000 people live in and about 500,000 people live around Messina. This makes it the third-largest city in Sicily. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

References 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Sicily