cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
William Griffiths

William Griffiths may mean:

 William Griffiths (VC) (1841–1879), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
 William Griffiths (field hockey), participant in the 1948 Summer Olympics
 William Griffiths (politician) (1912–1973), British Member of Parliament for Manchester Exchange 1950–1973

no:William Griffiths
BBC iPlayer

BBC iPlayer, commonly shortened to iPlayer, is an online service developed by the BBC which lets you catch up on the last week's television and radio. The service can be used from computers on the BBC website at bbc.co.uk. It can also be used from games consoles, cable television, smart phones and tablets.

BBC iPlayer was first called the Integrated Media Player (iMP), the Interactive Media Player, and then MyBBCPlayer. BBC iPlayer left Beta and went live on 25 December 2007.
On 25 June 2008, it was announced that a new-look iPlayer would be launched. The new version is now live.

History

In July 2007 the BBC started a small BETA version of iPlayer as a trial service. During this BETA time, iPlayer was only available as a download (WMV format) meaning that any person who did not have Windows loaded on their computer could not use iPlayer. This was not a popular move, and the BBC was put under pressure to allow all people to use iPlayer.

On Christmas Day 2007, iPlayer was no longer in BETA. People could now also watch programmes on the website instead of having to download the video as people had to do before. This meant that people who did not have Windows installed on their computers could use iPlayer as well. This made iPlayer a lot more popular and easier to use, so much so that 3.5 million programmes were viewed in a fortnight.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 Microsoft Builds on the Success of Red Button And BBC IPlayer For Next Gen T.V. 

iPlayer
Internet culture
BBC Online

BBC Online (which used to be called bbc.co.uk) is the website for the BBC's UK online services. It is currently the 4th most popular web service in the UK, and includes features such as BBC News, BBC Sport, BBC Weather, BBC iPlayer and learning services such as Bitesize. The BBC has had a website for information about its TV and radio programmes since 1994, but did not launch officially as BBC Online until December 1997, following government approval to fund it by TV licence fee. The website address was registered in 1991.

References
Commander-in-Chief, India

The British Commander-in-Chief in India (or Commander-in-Chief of India) was the chief military commander of the British administration in India. The Commander-in-Chief's staff were known as India Command and most were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).

British India
History of colonialism

The history of colonialism goes back thousands of years, colonialism is the taking over of one country by another. In ancient times peoples such as the Hittites and the Incas were involved in colonialism.

However people usually use the word colonialism to talk about the European overseas empires rather than land-based empires. Overseas empires include British rule in India and French rule in Algeria - both of which could only be reached by ships.

Land based empires are usually described as imperialism and include:

 The Mongol Empire, a large empire stretching from the Western Pacific to Eastern Europe
 The Empire of Alexander the Great
 The Umayyad Caliphate
 The Persian Empire
 The Roman Empire
 The Byzantine Empire.

The Ottoman Empire was created across Mediterranean, North Africa and into Southern Europe and existed during the time of European colonization of the other parts of the world.

European colonialism began in the fifteenth century when the  Spanish and Portuguese began exploring the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England, France and Holland made their own overseas empires. However the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many European colonies in the Americas gained their independence.

Spain and Portugal became weakened after the loss of their New World colonies and could not get back the power they once had. But Britain, France and Holland turned their attention to South Africa, India and South East Asia and began expanding.

In the nineteenth century Europe underwent industrialisation, the population got larger, armies became more organised and had better weapons produced in factories. This time became known as the era of New Imperialism. Very quickly European powers were able to take over land and included the Scramble for Africa.

After World War I the European countries who had lost the war had to give up their colonies to the countries that had won the war. For instance Britain which won the war took over Tanzania from Germany (which had lost the war)

After World War II however Europe's colonies started to become independent. In 1999 Portugal returned the last of Europe's colonies in Asia, Macau, to China, ending an era that had lasted five hundred years.
Sexual arousal

Sexual arousal is the feeling humans and  animals get when they are ready to have sexual intercourse. Someone who can only get sexually aroused after forming an emotional bond with someone is called a demisexual.

Sexual arousal in people
When people become sexually aroused, their bodies change in certain ways.

Animals 
Animal sexuality is not very well understood today, but scientists are sure that animals do get sexually aroused without having sexual intercourse. Dolphins and Bonobos both use sex as a "social tool to strengthen and maintain bonds."

Related pages
 Aphrodisiac
 Human sexuality
 Sex
 Sexual attraction
 Sexual intercourse
 Sexual orientation

References

Other websites 
Sex: The science of sexual arousal

Reproductive system
Human sexuality
Brahan Castle

Brahan Castle was a castle that used to stand near Dingwall, in Easter Ross, Scotland. The castle belonged to the chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie who ruled the area. The Jacobite risings as well as religious struggles all took place around the castle. 

The castle was also the place where the Jacobite Mackenzies became the first defeated clan who were forced to surrender and be ruled by the English. The building was demolished in 1951.

References

Other websites 
 

Castles in Scotland
Clan Mackenzie

Clan Mackenzie is a Highland Scottish clan, historically associated with lands in Kintail and Ross-shire.

The clan were involved many times in fighting against rival clans and the English. In 1746 the clan were victorious against the British government and the people who supported them. Afterwards however they were to be defeated.

References

Scottish people
Awami Muslim League

The Awami Muslim League () is a political party in Pakistan headed by Sheikh Rashid Ahmad. The Awami Muslim League was formed in June 2008.

References

Muslim League
2008 establishments in Asia
Patnitop

Patnitop or Patni Top, is a hill top tourist location in Udhampur District on the National Highway 1A, on the way from Udhampur to Srinagar. It is located in the Shiwalik belt of the Himalayas, and is in Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. Patnitop is 47 km from Udhampur and 112 km from Jammu. This famous hill resort is perched on a beautiful plateau, at an altitude of 2024 m across which the Jammu-Srinagar Highway passes. The river Chenab flows close to this location.

Origin of the name Patnitop is a distortion of the original name of "Patan Da Talab" meaning "Pond of the Princess". In olden times a pond existed in the meadows and the kings princess often used to have her bath there. Part of the pond still exists near the youth hostel. The Britishers probably could not get the name correctly in their revenue records, and over the years it changed from "Patan Da Talab" to Patnitop.

References 
Hill Stations in Pakistan
Farooq Leghari

Farooq Leghari (, May 29, 1940 - October 20, 2010) was President of Pakistan from November 14, 1993 until December 2, 1997.

Presidents of Pakistan

1940 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Muslims
Wasim Sajjad

Wasim Sajjad (born 30 March 1941) was President of Pakistan two times. He served as interim President prior to elections.

1941 births
Living people
Pakistani lawyers
Pakistani Muslims
Presidents of Pakistan
Chairmen of the Senate of Pakistan
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar

Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (, born November 2, 1929) was President of Pakistan from January 1, 1998 until June 20, 2001. During Pakistan's independence in 1947, Rafiq Tarar worked as a relief worker in camps set up by Muslim Students Federation for refugees, migrating from British India to Pakistan.

He belongs to the Tarar Jatt clan of Pakistani Punjab.

1929 births
Living people
Punjabi people
Presidents of Pakistan
Liaquat Ali Khan

Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (, , October 1, 1895 – October 16, 1951) was a Pakistani politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan and Defence Minister. Liaquat rose to political importance as a member of the All-India Muslim League.

He played an important role in the independence movement of Pakistan from the British Empire. In 1947, he became the prime minister, a position that he held until his assassination in October 1951.

In Pakistan, he is regarded as one of the right-hand men of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and first governor-general of Pakistan, but stands largely a controversial figure due to his bad relations with Miss Fatima Jinnah an account of which has been published in Qudrat Shahab's "Shahab Nama". He was one of the architect as well as one of the few builders of Pakistan. He tried to organize the social and political life in Pakistan along these lines "in Pakistan, consensus can be desired in all areas of civil life, such as art and literature, politics, religion and education. Liaquat Ali Khan was given the titles of Quaid-e-Millat (Leader of the Nation), and, after his death, Shaheed-e-Millat (Martyr of the Nation).

References 

1896 births
1951 deaths
Assassinated people
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Murders by firearm
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Bogra

Muhammad Ali Bogra (; October 19, 1909 — January 23, 1963) was a Pakistani statesman of Bengali origin. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1953 until 1955.

 

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1909 births
1963 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Beveridge, Victoria

Beveridge is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway,  north of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 1,192 people living in Beveridge and the local area.

Early history
Beveridge was named after Scottish sheep farmer Andrew Beveridge who built the Hunters' Tryste Inn in 1845. The Inn still serves as a hotel, as well as post office and general store.

Ned Kelly
The town is known as the birthplace of bushranger Ned Kelly. He lived there as a small boy. His birth details aren't known, but he was probably born at his grandfather, James Quinn's farm. A cottage where the Kelly family lived for a short time is still standing today, located on Kelly Street. It is recorded that John Kelly built this house in about 1859 when Ned was about five years old. Dan Kelly and Kate Kelly were born in the house. The Primary School is a bluestone building once a church where the Kelly family prayed. Sitting on a hillside, this gothic style building was built between 1857 and 1862. The sacristy and chancel were added in 1877.

Mount Fraser
Near Beveridge is Mt Fraser, an extinct volcanic cone.  It last erupted about 1 million years ago. It is about 120 metres in height above the surrounding land. From this spot the explorers Hume and Hovell first saw Port Phillip Bay on 14 December 1824. A quarry  now operates at the side of the hill.

References

<cite id=Denheld>Bill Denheld 'Where was Ned Kelly Born?'

Ned Kelly
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali

Chaudhry Muhammad Ali () (July 15, 1905 - December 2, 1980) was a Pakistani statesman. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956.

1905 births
1980 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later in East Pakistan. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1956 until 1957. He is also known for his controversial role in the Direct Action Day of August 16, 1946. Following riots in Bengal during the last days of India's fight for freedom, he was considered a favourite of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He is also considered to be the first populist leader in Pakistan's history. He is the founder of the Awami League, one of the two major political parties of present-day Bangladesh.

1892 births
1963 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (, April 15, 1898 - March 13, 1968), commonly known as I. I. Chundrigar, was Prime Minister of Pakistan for about 2 months from October 17, 1957 to December 16, 1957.

1898 births
1968 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon

Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon (1893-1970) was a politician from Pakistan. He was the 7th Prime Minister of Pakistan.

1893 births
1970 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Nurul Amin

Nurul Amin (, , July 15, 1893 - October 2, 1974) was a Prime Minister and Vice President of Pakistan. He was a well known Bengali leader of the Pakistan's Muslim League, and served as Chief Minister of East Pakistan.

1893 births
1974 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Muhammad Khan Junejo

Mohammad Khan Junejo (Urdu:  Sindhi :محمد خان جوڻيجو, August 18, 1932 – March 16, 1993) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was appointed by the Zia military regime, but later turned against it and tried to improve democracy in Pakistan. For this, he was removed from power by the Pakistan Army. 

1932 births
1993 deaths
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (Urdu: غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی) (n 14 August 1931 - 20 November 2009) was Prime Minister of Pakistan for 3 months, from August 6, 1990 to November 6, 1990.

1931 births
2009 deaths
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Zafarullah Khan Jamali

Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (Urdu/Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (January 1, 1944 – December 2, 2020) was a Pakistani politician and businessman. He was the 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2002 to 2004. He was the chairman of the Pakistan Hockey Federation. Jamali was born in present-day Balochistan, Pakistan.

Jamali died of a heart attack on December 2, 2020 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan at the age of 76.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Muslims
Pakistani businesspeople
Shaukat Aziz

Shaukat Aziz (, born March 6, 1949, in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2004 to 2007. He became Finance Minister in November 1999. Aziz was chosen by President Musharraf for the position of Prime Minister after the resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali on June 6, 2004. He became Prime Minister on August 28, 2004, and served until November 15, 2007. He was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan to complete a full term in office.

References

1949 births
Living people
Pakistani people
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
People from Karachi
Yousaf Raza Gillani

Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gillani (, born June 9, 1952 in Karachi) was the 16th Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was a former Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan (1993-1997) and former Federal Minister (1985-1986).

He was nominated by Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with the support of coalition partners, Pakistan Muslim League (N), Awami National Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) and Muttahida Qaumi Movement on 22 March 2008. He took the oath of office from President Pervez Musharraf on 25 March 2008. Gilani is the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan from the Seraiki-speaking belt, a much-neglected area politically.

Gilani is also the present vice chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party.

On 26 April 2012 Gillani was discharged from the prime ministership due to white-collar crime charges. On 19 June 2012, the supreme court of Pakistan finally ousted Gillani from the premiership due to charges of corruption. He was replaced by Raja Pervez Ashraf because the first candidate Makhdoom Shahabuddin was arrested on alleged drug trafficking, in collaboration with Gillani's son. The hearing of cases against Gillani are going on at this time.

References 

1952 births
Living people
Criminals
Muslims
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
OpenOffice Writer

OpenOffice Writer is the word processor part of the OpenOffice software package. Writer is a word processor that is like Microsoft Word and Corel's WordPerfect.

Just like all of the OpenOffice suite, Writer can be used on many Operating Systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Released under the terms of the Apache License, Writer is free software. if anybody wants to collect a word processor free of cost he has software for him called open office.org writer.

Abilities 
Writer can open and save documents in a lot of formats, including the OASIS Open Document Format 1.1, Microsoft Word's DOC, RTF and XHTML.

Writer has a number of abilities that are not in Word, including the ability to export to the PDF format natively.

Abilities include:
 Auto Correct
 Auto Complete
 Styles and Formatting
 Text Frames and Linking
 Tables of Contents
 Indexing
 Bibliographical References
 Illustrations
 Tables

Criticism 
Though OpenOffice.org Writer has a spell checker, it does not have an included grammar checker though this is available as an extension. Writer's mail merge functions, rewritten in 2.0, is still less flexible than in other word processors. the open office was made by Dr.Fabiha Karnam Leo.

References

Other websites 
 Writer home page
 OpenOffice.org Processing Project
 Word Processor Writer FAQ

Word processors
OpenOffice
Run Run Shaw

Sir Run Run Shaw CBE, GBM (23 November 1907 – 7 January 2014) was an important name in Hong Kong cinema. He made many films with his brother Runme Shaw. Later in life, he donated a lot of money to charity, schools, and hospitals.

He died at his residence on the morning of 7 January 2014 at 6:55am (HKT) at the age of 106 from natural causes, peacefully with his family by his side.

References

Other websites 
 
 TVB (Television Broadcasts Limited)
 Shaw Studios
 Shaw Prize
 Shaw Tower at Cathedral Place (Vancouver, Canada)
 Life of Shaw brothers 
 Celestial Pictures Limited
 My Life's Pleasure 

1907 births
2014 deaths
Asian entertainers
Centenarians
Deaths from natural causes
People from Hong Kong
Chinese philanthropists
Zhejiang
Stone Sour

Stone Sour was a rock band from Iowa, United States. Their singer is also the lead singer in Slipknot (Corey Taylor). They are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released six albums. They have been nominated for three Grammy Awards, one in 2005 and two in 2006.

Discography 

 Stone Sour (2002)
 Come What(ever) May (2006)
 Audio Secrecy (2010)
 House of Gold and Bones – Part 1 (2012)
 House of Gold and Bones – Part 2 (2013)
 Hydrograd (2017)

References

Other websites
Stone Sour's Official website

American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Entertainers from Iowa
Roadrunner Records
Des Moines, Iowa
Gears of War

Gears of War, sometimes called Gears, is a third-person shooter videogame developed by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It was released only for the Xbox 360 in 2006 but was later released for Microsoft Windows. 

The company sold three million copies in ten weeks and was the fastest selling video game of 2006. It was the second most played game on the Xbox 360's online service, Xbox Live, in 2006 - only beaten by Halo 3. A film version of the game is currently being made by New Line cinema. The sequel, Gears of War 2, was released in November 2008.

Copy protection 

The PC version uses a DRM protection scheme. The certificate needed to play the game is invalid since 2009, Jan 1st, making the game unplayable. Fortunately to the players, the protection can be worked around by simply changing the system date.

References

Other websites 
Gears of War website (Warning: Contains pictures of in-game violence)

2006 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Microsoft video games
A.K. Fazlul Huq

Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq (Abul Kashem Fozlul Hôk) (26 October 1873 – 27 April 1962), often called Sher-e-Bangla (Bengali: শেরে বাংলা Shere Bangla, from Urdu: Sher-e Banglā "Tiger of Bengal") was a well-known Bengali statesman in the first half of the 20th century. He held different political posts including General Secretary of the Indian National Congress (1918-1919), Education Minister (1924), the first Muslim Mayor of Calcutta (1935), Chief Minister of undivided Bengal (1937-1943) and East Pakistan (1954), Home Minister of Pakistan (1955-56), Governor of East Pakistan (1956-58), Food and Agriculture Minister of Pakistan (1958-61)

Death 

Fazlul Huq died on Friday 27 April 1962 at 10:20 am. He was 89 years and 6 months old. His body was kept at his home in 27 K. M. Das Lane, Tikatuli until 10:30 am on 28 April. It was on a customized ice-bed. Then his Salat al-Janazah prayer was held at the Paltan Moydan. His funeral drew a crowd of over half a million. All educational institutions of Pakistan were declared closed on 30 April to pay tribute to him. All important officials of Pakistan attended his Janazah.

Related pages
Muslim League
Lahore Resolution

1873 births
1962 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Indian politicians
Bangladeshi politicians
Bangladeshi Muslims
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Muslims
Lahore Resolution

The Lahore Resolution (Urdu=Qarardad-e-Lahore قرارداد لاھور), commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (Urdu=قرارداد پاکستان Qarardad-e-Pakistan) was a political resolution, or statement drafted between 22nd to 24th March 1940, by the 25-member Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, and then formally adopted by the Muslim League membership at its general session on 23 March 1940, held at Lahore. This resolution asked for greater Muslim autonomy of Muslim majority states such as Punjab Bengal Sindh, NWFP within British India. However, later on most people thought of this as a call for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The resolution was presented at Minto Park (now renamed 'Iqbal Park'), in Lahore, by Maulvi A.K. Fazlul Huq on the instructions of the Working Committee.

In fact, from the declaration made in this resolution in 1940 onwards, the goals of the Muslim League became increasingly fixed upon achieving an independent nation-state.

Today, the resolution's importance is remembered in Pakistan, by the Minar-e-Pakistan structure that stands in the Greater Iqbal Park, Lahore.

Committee 

The following is the full list of the 25 original, formally designated members of the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940, which met between 21 and 24 March 1940, and which largely drafted the Lahore Resolution.

 Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
 Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan
 Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
 Amir Ahmed Khan Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad
 Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq
 Sir Abdullah Haroon
 Al-Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
 Amjadi Bano Begum
 Molana Muhammad Akram Khan
 Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
 Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan
 Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim
 Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi
 Qazi Muhammad Isa
 Sardar Aurangzeb Khan
 Abdul Mateen Chauhdry
 Ashiq Mohamed Warsi
 Haji Abdus Sattar Essak Saith
 S.M. Sharif
 Syed Abdul Rauf Shah
 Mohammad Latif ur Rahman
 Abdul Rehman Siddiqui
 Malik Barkat Ali
 Sadullah Khan Umarzai

References 

1940
1940s in Asia
20th century in Bangladesh
1940s in Pakistan
Lahore
Muslim League
National symbols of Pakistan
Pakistan Movement
Amritsar Tahsil

Amritsar Tahsil was an administrative subdivision of the Lahore Division in British Punjab of British India. The tahsil had an area of 545 square miles. To the west was Lahore situated on the Ravi River and east was the Beas River, which divided it from the State of Kapurthala. The area contained fertile land irrigated by the Bari Doab Canal. The city of Amritsar city is located in this area. The population of the tahsil in 1901 was 488,383, compared with 462,734 in 1891. The city of Amritsar (population, 162,429 in 1901) was the headquarters. It also contained the towns of Majitha (6,403) and Jandiala Guru (7,750); and 373 villages.

References

British India
Punjab (British India)

Punjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between India and Pakistan. The area that made up British Punjab streched from Himachal Pradesh in the east to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west, which itself was separated in 1909; has today been split into the following areas:

Punjab Province, Pakistan
Punjab State, India
Haryana State, India
Himachal Pradesh State, India
Delhi State, India (after the Revolt of 1857)
Chandigarh, former part of Punjab
Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan

Meaning
The word Punjab is named from the "five rivers" which flow through it: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all tributaries of the Indus.

Geography
The Punjab province of British India was a triangular area of country bordered by the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.

Partition

In 1947, the province of Punjab was divided between the new republics of India and Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's Punjab state in 1966. Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so the partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Lahore and Amritsar were at the center of the problem, the British were not sure where to place them - make them part of India or Pakistan. The British decided to hand both cities to India, but because of a lack of control and regulation for the border, Amritsar became part of India while Lahore became part of Pakistan. Areas in west Punjab such as Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Gujrat, had a large Sikh population and many of the residents were attacked or killed by radical Muslims. On the other side in East Punjab cities such as Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Gurdaspur had a majority Muslim population in which many of them were wiped out by Sikh guerrillas who launched an all out war against the Muslims.

References

British India
Saugor and Nerbudda Territories

The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories was a region of British India. The territories were located in what is now the central part of present-day Madhya Pradesh state in India. It  includes the districts of Sagar (Saugor), Damoh, Jabalpur, and Narsinghpur.

The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were captured from the Marathas after the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1818. Saugor was the seat of a Maratha governor, and the northern part of the territory was given to the British by the Maratha Peshwa, the southern part, which included Jabalpur and the upper Narmada River valley, was ceded by the Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur. The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were attached to the North-Western Provinces, which included the British Dominions in the southern part of present-day Uttar Pradesh state. In 1861 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were combined with Nagpur Province, which the British had taken over in 1853, to form the Central Provinces.

British India
Lilian Jackson Braun

Lilian Jackson Braun (June 20, 1913 – June 4, 2011) was an American writer. She is most well known for her "The Cat Who..." series of mystery books. The books are about the life of former newspaper reporter James Qwilleran, and his two Siamese cats, KoKo and Yum Yum. She wrote 29 books in "The Cat Who..." series. Braun also wrote several collections of short stories. She did not like to use technology such as computers. She wrote her books on a typewriter or in longhand.

After writing her third book, The Cat Who Turned On and Off, Braun took time off from novel writing. She starting working for the Detroit Free Press. She worked there for 30 years. She started as "The Good Living" editor. She wrote feature articles on interior design, art and architecture. She also wrote reviews of kitchen gadgets and household products.

List of books

The Cat Who novels 
 The Cat Who Could Read Backwards (1966)
 The Cat Who Ate Danish Modern (1967)
 The Cat Who Turned On and Off (1968)
 The Cat Who Saw Red (1986)
 The Cat Who Played Brahms (1987)
 The Cat Who Played Post Office (1987)
 The Cat Who Knew Shakespeare (1988)
 The Cat Who Sniffed Glue (1988)
 The Cat Who Went Underground (1989)
 The Cat Who Talked to Ghosts (1990)
 The Cat Who Lived High (1990)
 The Cat Who Knew a Cardinal (1991)
 The Cat Who Moved a Mountain (1992)
 The Cat Who Wasn’t There (1992)
 The Cat Who Went into the Closet (1993)
 The Cat Who Came to Breakfast (1994)
 The Cat Who Blew the Whistle (1995)
 The Cat Who Said Cheese (1996)
 The Cat Who Tailed a Thief (1997)
 The Cat Who Sang for the Birds (1998)
 The Cat Who Saw Stars (1999)
 The Cat Who Robbed a Bank (2000)
 The Cat Who Smelled a Rat (2001)
 The Cat Who Went Up the Creek (2002)
 The Cat Who Brought Down the House (2003)
 The Cat Who Talked Turkey (2004)
 The Cat Who Went Bananas (2005)
 The Cat Who Dropped a Bombshell (2006)
 The Cat Who Had 60 Whiskers (2007)
 The Cat Who Smelled Smoke (Unfinished)

Short stories 
 The Cat Who Had 14 Tales (1988)
 Short and Tall Tales Moose County Legends Collected by James MacKintosh Qwilleran (2002)
 The Private Life of the Cat Who… Tales of Koko and Yum Yum from the Journals of James MacKintosh Qwilleran (2004)

Other websites 
  Detroit News Interview with Braun archived at NewsBank

References 

1913 births
2011 deaths

American novelists
Writers from Massachusetts
Faridpur District

Faridpur is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. The area of this district is 2072.72 km² and is bordered by Rajbari and Manikganj districts on the north, Gopalganj district on the south, Dhaka, Munshiganj and Madaripur districts on the east. The soil of this region is fertile, although once upon a time the district consisted mainly of marshland.

The main rivers are Padma, Old Kumar, Arial Khan, Gorai, Chandana, Bhubanshwar and Lohartek.

Subdivisions
Faridpur district consists of 9 upazilas, 4 municipalities, 79 union parishads, 36 wards, 92 mahallas and 1859 villages. The town consists of 9 wards and 35 mahallas. The area of the town is 20.23 km². The population of the town is 99634; male 51.73%, female 48.27%.

Rajbari Thana
Faridpur Thana
Gopalganj Thana
Madaripur Thana
Shariatpur Thana

History
The district is named after the Sufi saint Shah Sheikh Fariduddin, who preached there in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the early 1800s, Hazi Shariatullah started the Farayzi movement against the British rulers from this district. The movement against the British use of Indigo cultivation was also started from Faridpur under the leadership of Dudu Miah.

The district used to be called Fatehabad until 1860. The town of Faridpur came into being towards the late 1700s. Faridpur was one of the places which led the other districts in the anti-colonial movement across the 30s and 40s.

People
The total population is 1,714,496:

Male 50.55%
Female 49.45
Muslim 88%
Hindu 11% 
Others 1%.

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Barisal Division

Barisal (also spelt Barisāl) is a division of south-central Bangladesh. It used to be a district called Bakerganj. It is now one of 6 divisions of Bangladesh, but before Bangladeshi independence it was formerly part of East Pakistan as a district. The town of Barisal was under the control of the Roychoudhury family, which now has moved to Calcutta.

History

British rule 

In 1797 the area was established as Bakerganj District but later renamed as Barisal District.

Points of interest 
Kuakata beach is the main tourist spot in the division. It is one of the two sea beaches in South Asia where both sunrise and sunset at sea can be seen.

Durga Sagor is another beautiful Dighi where a number of migratory birds arrive every winter.
There are 42 upazilas in total in Barisal division: most recent upazilas are  Rangabali in Patuakhali and Taltoli in Barguna.

Administrative Divisions

The division is subdivided into six districts (zilas) and thence into 39 sub-districts (upazilas). Lower level administrative areas are 353 union parishads, 3,159 mouzas, 12 municipalities, 25 wards and 4,163 villages.

Divisions of Bangladesh
Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
1797 establishments
18th-century establishments in Bangladesh
Chittagong Division

Chattogram Division ' (চট্টগ্রাম) is one of the six administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the most southern areas of the country and is also the second largest one.

History

Pakistani rule 

In 1947 the area was continued as a Division, as one of four divisions of East Bengal. The upland districts of Khagrachhari, Rangamati and Bandarban together comprise an area known as the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Before 1995, the four districts of Sylhet Division were also a part of Chittagong Division.

Overview 

Divisions of British India
East Pakistan provincial region
Chittagong Division
Khulna Division

Khulna Division is one of the eight divisions of Bangladesh. It is in the southwest of the country. Almost 30 million people live there. Its headquarters is Khulna city in Khulna District.

Geography 
The Khulna division borders the Rajshahi Division to the north, the Dhaka Division to the northeast, Barisal Division to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south and the state of West Bengal (in India) to the west. Barisal Division used to be part of Khulna Division.

Districts 
Khulna Division consists of the following districts:

 Bagerhat District
 Chuadanga District
 Jessore District
 Jhenaidah District
 Khulna District
 Kushtia District
 Magura District
 Meherpur District
 Narail District
 Satkhira District

Economy 
When part of East Pakistan's - Khulna provided most of the money from abroad due to the Jute industry. The country's second seaport, Mongla Port, and the country's only only ship building yard is in Khulna division.

The largest mangrove forest in the World the Sundarban is spread over the three districts of the division: Satkhira, Khulna and Bagherhat.

Related pages
 Dhaka
 Bangladesh

Divisions of British India
East Pakistan provincial region
Divisions of Bangladesh
Rajshahi Division

Rajshahi Division is one of the six administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It has a population of almost 30 million and area of about 34,513 km2. Rajshahi division consists of 16 districts, 128 Upazilas and 1,092 Unions (the lowest administrative tier). It has an excellent rail and roads. The divisional city Rajshahi is only four hours road journey away from Dhaka, the capital city.

Location 
Rajshahi division is in the north western corner of Bangladesh. The famous river Padma borders Rajshahi division on the south and another famous river, Jamuna, lies across the eastern border. In the north and west, Rajshahi division shares a border with India.

References 
 Banglapedia: Rajshahi Division

Divisions of British India
East Pakistan provincial region
Divisions of Bangladesh
Sylhet Division

Sylhet Division is the Northeastern division of Bangladesh. It is named after its main city, Sylhet. The division is bordered by the Meghalaya State of India on the north, Tripura State on the south, Assam State of India on the east and Dhaka and Chittagong divisions on the west. Bangladeshis also claims the Karimganj Thana as part of its country.

Demographics
The population of Sylhet Division is about 10 million. Followers of different religions are: Muslim 81.16%, Hindu 17.80%, Christian 0.06%, Buddhist 0.02% and others 0.96%.

History of Sylhet

In the late 18th century, the British East India Company became interested in Sylhet. They saw it as an area of strategic importance in the war against Burma. Sylhet gradually fell under British control and administration. It was governed as a part of Bengal. After the British administrative reorganization of India, Sylhet became a part of Assam. It remained a part of Assam for the rest of the era of British rule.

In 1947, after a referendum, almost all of Sylhet as a district became a part of East Bengal at the time and remained so after Bangladeshi independence. The Karimganj subdivision became part of the new Indian state of Assam. The referendum was held on 3 July 1947. There were a total of 546,815 votes cast on 239 polling stations. A majority of 43.8 per cent voted in favour of East Bengal. There were protests about false votes, but the referendum was acknowledged during India's independence on 18 July 1947.  In 1971, Sylhet became part of the newly formed country of Bangladesh.

References

Divisions of Bangladesh
Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Barguna District

Barguna is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. It has a total area of 1831.31 km². It is bordered on the north by the districts of Jhalokati, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali. In the east, it borders Patuakhali District. On the south, Barguna is bounded by Patuakhali District, the Bay of Bengal. On the western side, it borders Pirojpur and Bagerhat districts. Important rivers of Barguna district include the Payra river, Bishkhali river and the Baleshwar river.

Administration
Barguna is divided into 6 upazilas: 

Amtali Upazila
Taltoli Upazila
Bamna Upazila
Barguna Sadar Upazila
Betagi Upazila
Patharghata Upazila

There are a total of 38 union parishads (union councils), 238 mouzas and 560 villages in these five upazilas. Barguna also has four municipalities containing 44 wards and 49 mahallas.

The largest city in the district is Barguna Town. It has a total area of 15.57 km² and is divided into 9 wards and 19 mohallas.

People
As of 2007, Barguna District has a population of 902,465, females constitute a majority of the population with a percentage of 50.12% while males constitute 49.88%. 91.01% of the people are Muslim, 8.69% Hindu, 0.04% Christian, 0.24% Buddhist, and 0.02% other.

References 

Districts of Bangladesh
Barisal District

Barisal is a district in southern Bangladesh. It is also the headquarters of Barisal Division.

History
Barisal was a semi-independent area in the Mughal period. Later it came under the control of British India. After British rule it was part of East Bengal (later East Pakistan) and finally, Bangladesh.

Subdivisions
Barisal District is divided into the following Upazilas (formerly called Thanas): 
Agailjhara Upazila
Babuganj Upazila 
Bakerganj Upazila 
Banaripara Upazila 
Gaurnadi Upazila 
Hizla Upazila 
Barisal Sadar Upazila 
Mehendiganj Upazila 
Muladi Upazila 
Wazirpur Upazila

Districts of Bangladesh
Barisal
Bhola District

Bhola () is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is in the Barisal Division. It is also the largest offshore island region in Bangladesh, with an area of 3403.48 km². It is bordered by Lakshmipur and Barisal districts to the north. Bay of Bengal is to the south; Lakshmipur and Noakhali districts, Meghna (lower) river and Shahbazpur Channel are to the east. Patuakhali district and Tentulia river are to the west.

Subdistricts
Bhola district comprises the following upazilas:
Bhola Sadar Upazila
Burhanuddin Upazila 
Char Fasson Upazila 
Daulatkhan Upazila 
Lalmohan Upazila 
Manpura Upazila 
Tazumuddin Upazila

Places of interest
 Bhola Shishu Park
 Charfashion College

Related pages
Districts of Bangladesh
Barisal Division

References

Districts of Bangladesh
Jhalokati District

Jhalokati or Jhalokathi () is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division.

Subdivisions
The district is administratively subdivided into 4 upazilas, these are:

Jhalokati Sadar Upazila
Kathalia Upazila 
Nalchity Upazila 
Rajapur Upazila

References

Districts of Bangladesh
Patuakhali District

Patuakhali is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. This district is called "SagorKonna", which means daughter of sea. It is watered by the Bay of Bengal.

Subdivisions 
There are 6 Upazilas/Thanas in this district. They are:
 Bauphal Upazila
 Dasmina Upazila 
 Dumki Upazila 
 Galachipa Upazila 
 Kalapara Upazila 
 Mirzaganj Upazila 
 Patuakhali Sadar Upazila.

Economy 
Agriculture is the profession of the most of the people. Fishing is also a prominent profession of this district. Thousands of boats go into the deep sea to fish and come back with tons of fish. Paddy, Jute, and different types of vegetables are the main product of agriculture sector.

References

Districts of Bangladesh
Pirojpur District

Pirojpur () is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. Most of the land is low lying and the soil is fertile. There are small forests. The Pirojpur municipality was established in 1985. Nesarabad is famous for business centres and also for the Sundori tree (a kind of mangrove tree) that grows there.

Subdivisions 
Pirojpur district is divided into units, also known as Thanas : Pirojpur Sadar, Nesarabad, Mothbaria, Bhandaria, Zianagar, Nazirpur, Kawkhali. The subdivision of Pirojpur was created in 1866.

References

Districts of Bangladesh
1985 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh

Bangladesh consists of a number of administrative areas called divisions (bibhag), each named after its respective capital.

Barisal (বরিশাল Borishal)
Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram)
 Dhaka (ঢাকা Đhaka)
 Khulna (খুলনা Khulna)
 Mymensingh (ময়মনসিংহ Moymonsingho)
 Rajshahi (রাজশাহী Rajshahi)
 Sylhet (সিলেট Sylhet)
Rangpur (রংপুর Rangpur)

Each division is further split into districts (zila) which are then further sub-divided into Upazilas.

History

Following the Independence of Bangladesh of Bangladesh in 1971, the country inherited the four divisions of former East Pakistan: 

 Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram)
 Dacca (ঢাকা Đhaka)
 Khulna (খুলনা Khulna)
 Rajshahi (রাজশাহী Rajshahi)

In 1983, the English spelling of the Dacca division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed to Dhaka to more closely match the Bangla pronunciation.

In 1993, Barisal division was split off from Khulna. Barisal (Bengali: বরিশাল) is one of the eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Located in the south-central part of the country, it has an area of 13,644.85 km2 (5,268.31 sq mi), and a population of 8,325,666 at the 2011 Census. It is bounded by Dhaka Division on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the south, Chittagong Division on the east and Khulna Division on the west. The administrative capital, Barisal city, lies in the Ganges (Padma) River delta on an offshoot of the Arial Khan River (Kirtonkhola). Barisal division is criss-crossed by numerous rivers that earned it the nickname 'Dhan-Nodi-Khal, Ei tine Borishal' (rice, river and canal built Barisal).

Sylhet Division (Bengali: সিলেট) also known as Greater Sylhet or Sylhet region, is the northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet. It is bordered by the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura to the north, east and south, respectively; and by the Bangladeshi divisions of Chittagong to the southwest, Dhaka and Mymensingh to the west.

Rangpur Division  (Bengali: রংপুর) became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. Before that, it was the northern 8 districts of the Rajshahi Division. The Rangpur division has eight districts: Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, and Lalmonirhat. There are 58 subdistricts under these eight districts. Rangpur is the northernmost division of Bangladesh. There were 15,665,000 people at the 2011 Census. The major cities of this new division are Rangpur and Dinajpur.

On 12 January 2015 prime minister Sheikh Hasina declared the establishment of a new Mymensingh Division (Bengali: ময়মনসিংহ). The intention was that this would carve six districts (those comprising the original Mymensingh district of 1787) out of the Dhaka Division. However, while four of the districts were eager about the establishment of new division, people of Tangail and Kishorgonj Districts wanted to remain part of Dhaka Division. On 14 September 2015 Mymensingh was officially announced as a division consisting of four districts. It has an area of 10,485 km² and a population of 11,370,000 as of the 2011 census. 

 

es:Organización territorial de Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh

There are 64 Districts of Bangladesh known as zilas (Bengali: জেলা jela - district). The districts are further subdivided into 493 sub-districts, or upazila (উপজেলা upojela).  

These 64 districts make up the eight divisions of Bangladesh, the districts are listed below in alphabetical order by division. The official English name of each district is followed by the official Bengali name (in brackets).

Barishal
 Barguna (বরগুনা Bôrguna)
 Barisal (বরিশাল Borishal)
 Bhola (ভোলা Bhola)
 Jhalokati (ঝালকাঠী Jhalokaţhi)
 Patuakhali (পটুয়াখালী Poţuakhali)
 Pirojpur (পিরোজপুর Pirojpur)

Chittagong
 Bandarban (বান্দরবান Bandorban)
 Brahmanbaria (ব্রাহ্মনবাড়ীয়া Bramhonbaŗia)
 Chandpur (চাঁদপুর Chãdpur)
 Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম Chôţţogram)
 Comilla (কুমিল্লা Kumilla)
 Cox's Bazar (কক্সবাজার Kôksbajar)
 Feni (ফেনী Feni)
 Khagrachari (খাগড়াছড়ি Khagŗachhoŗi)
 Lakshmipur (লক্ষীপুর Lokkhipur)
 Noakhali (নোয়াখালী Noakhali)
 Rangamati (রাঙ্গামাটি Raņamaţi)

Dhaka
 Dhaka (ঢাকা Đhaka)
 Faridpur (ফরিদপুর Foridpur)
 Gazipur (গাজীপুর Gajipur)
 Gopalganj (গোপালগঞ্জ Gopalgônj)
 Kishoreganj (কিশোরগঞ্জ Kishorgônj)
 Madaripur (মাদারীপুর Madaripur)
 Manikganj (মানিকগঞ্জ Manikgônj)
 Munshiganj (মুন্সীগঞ্জ Munshigônj)
 Narayanganj (নারায়ণগঞ্জ Naraeongônj)
 Narsingdi (নরসিংদী Nôrshiņdi)
 Rajbari (রাজবাড়ী Rajbaŗi)
 Shariatpur (শরীয়তপুর Shoriotpur)
 Tangail (টাঙ্গাইল Ţaņgail)

Mymensingh
 Jamalpur (জামালপুর Jamalpur)
 Mymensingh (ময়মনসিংহ Môemonshiņho)
 Netrakona (নেত্রকোনা Netrokona)
 Sherpur (শেরপুর Sherpur)

Khulna
 Bagerhat (বাগেরহাট Bagerhaţ)
 Chuadanga (চুয়াডাঙা Chuađaņa)
 Jessore (যশোর Jôshor)
 Jhenaidah (ঝিনাইদহ Jhinaidôh)
 Khulna (খুলনা Khulna)
 Kushtia (কুষ্টিয়া Kushţia)
 Magura (মাগুরা Magura)
 Meherpur (মেহেরপুর Meherpur)
 Narail (নড়াইল Nôŗail)
 Shatkhira (সাতক্ষীরা Shatkhira)

Rajshahi
 Bogra (বগুরা Bogura)
 Jaipurhat (জয়পুরহাট Jôepurhaţ)
 Naogaon (নওগাঁ Nôogão)
 Natore (নাটোর Naţor)
 Nawabganj (নওয়াবগঞ্জ Nôoabgônj)
 Pabna (পাবনা Pabna)
 Rajshahi (রাজশাহী Rajshahi)
 Sirajganj (সিরাজগঞ্জ Shirajgônj)

Rangpur
 Rangpur (রংপুর Rôņpur)
 Gaibandha (গাইবান্ধা Gaibandha)
 Kurigram (কুড়িগ্রাম Kuŗigram)
 Nilphamari (নীলফামারী Nilfamari)
 Lalmonirhat (লালমনিরহাট Lalmonirhaţ)
 Dinajpur (দিনাজপুর Dinajpur)
 Thakurgaon (ঠাকুরগাঁও Ţhakurgão)
 Panchagarh (পঞ্চগড় Pônchogôŗ)

Sylhet
 Habiganj (হবিগঞ্জ Hobigônj)
 Maulvibazar (মৌলভীবাজার Maulbhibajar)
 Sunamganj (সুনামগঞ্জ Shunamgônj)
 Sylhet (সিলেট Sileţ)
Backergunje

Backergunje, or Bakarganj was a former district of British India in the Dacca division of Eastern Bengal and Assam, and is now mostly in Bangladesh. In the year 1901, the population was 2,291,752. The district was mainly flat even country with areas of bamboo and betelnut trees, and was crossed by dark-coloured and sluggish streams. There was not a hill in the whole district.

Rivers
The main rivers of the district were the Meghna, the Arial Khan and the Haringhata or Baleswar. The Haringhata, Baleswar, Madhumati and Garai are different names for the same river - people could travel throughout the district by boat.

People
There were small trading villages throughout the district, and each area had fairs to trade. The condition of the people was good, people had land and were able to grow rice to support their families, for this reason it was very hard to hire people for work.

Districts of British India