cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Naturalization

Naturalization is when a person changes his or her nationality.  Most people have the nationality of the country where they are born and grow up. In other cases, one can be a citizen of a country because the individual in question had a parent, grandparent, etc who was/is a citizen of a different country. If they move to another country they will still keep their own nationality at first, but if they stay there for many years and want to stay there for the rest of their lives they may want to change their nationality.  

Different countries have different laws about naturalization. Usually the person must make a promise in a court of law. He will have to promise to be a good citizen and obey the country's laws. Sometimes a country gives citizenship to someone who has not asked for it. Sometimes, someone can keep their first nationality as well as getting a new one. This is "dual nationality". Sometimes children whose parents have different nationalities are allowed to have dual nationality.

Someone who has been naturalized will normally have all the rights that any other person belonging to that country has.

The reverse also happens. States sometimes remove citizenship. This denaturalization can leave the former citizen stateless.

References 
Social sciences

de:Staatsbürgerschaft#Erwerb durch Einbürgerung (Naturalisation)
Semaphore line

A semaphore line is an installation used to send optical signals. It is also known as optical telegraph.  Common system include signal towers with special installations on them or hand-held flags. The meaning of the signal is determined by the position of the elements, for example the flags. The signal can be read when it is in a stable position. In modern usage, it refers to signalling with a set of flags. 

Signal towers came before the electric telegraph. They were faster than sending out post riders with the information.

Characters
The following semaphore characters are presented as one would face the flagman:

Related articles 
 Railway semaphore signal

Signalling
Ananke group

The Ananke group is a group of moons of Jupiter. They are retrograde non-spherical moons that follow similar orbits to Ananke and may have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, their inclinations between 145.7° and 154.8°, and their orbital eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28.

The core members include (from biggest to smallest):
Ananke
Praxidike
Iocaste
Harpalyke
Thyone
Euanthe
Euporie

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
The Ananke group is believed to have been formed when an asteroid was captured by Jupiter and broken apart by a collision.

Based on the sizes of the moons, the original asteroid may have been about 28 km in diameter. Since this value is near the approximate diameter of Ananke itself, it is likely the parent body was not heavily disrupted.

Three of the moons of the family (Harpalyke, Praxidike and Iocaste) display similar grey colours while Ananke itself is on the boundary between grey and light red.

References

Jupiter's moons
Carme group

The Carme group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Carme and are thought to have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,900,000 and 24,100,000 km, their inclinations between 164.9° and 165.5°, and their orbital eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27 (with one exception).

The core members include (from biggest to smallest):
 Carme (the biggest, which gives its name to the group)
 Taygete
 Eukelade
 S/2003 J 5
 Chaldene
 Isonoe
 Kalyke (redder than the others)
 Erinome
 Aitne
 Kale
 Pasithee
 S/2003 J 9
 S/2003 J 10

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
The Carme group may once have been a single body that was broken apart by an impact. Further support to the single body origin comes from the known colours: all the moons appear light red,
and infrared spectra, similar to D-type asteroids.

References

Jupiter's moons
Alexis Bouvard

Alexis Bouvard (June 27, 1767 – June 7, 1843) was a French astronomer. He is particularly noted for his careful observations of the irregulrities in the motion of Uranus and his hypothesis of the existence of an eighth planet in the solar system.

1767 births
1843 deaths
French astronomers
George Biddell Airy

Sir George Biddell Airy (27 July 1801–2 January 1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer, Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881. His many achievements include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich at the location of the prime meridian. His reputation has been tarnished by allegations that, through his inaction, Britain lost the opportunity of priority in the discovery of Neptune.

Other websites 
 
 
 Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1833: MNRAS 2 (1833) 159
 Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1846: MNRAS 7 (1846) 64
 
 
 Full texts of some of the papers by Airy are available at Gallica: bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France

1801 births
1892 deaths
English mathematicians
English astronomers
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British scientists
Knights Bachelor
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath
People from Northumberland
Presidents of the Royal Society
Pasiphaë group

The Pasiphaë group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Pasiphaë and are thought of have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km (the same range as the Carme group), their inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and their eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.

Core members of the group include (from the biggest to the smallest):

 Pasiphae
 Sinope, two-thirds the size of Pasiphaë
 Callirrhoe
 Megaclite
 Autonoe
 Eurydome
 Sponde

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
The Pasiphaë group is believed to have been formed when Jupiter captured an asteroid which broke up after a collision. The original asteroid was not disturbed heavily: the original body is calculated to have been 60 km in diameter, about the same size as Pasiphaë; Pasiphaë has 99% of the original body's mass. However, if Sinope belongs to the group, the amount is much smaller, 87%.

The differences of colour between the objects (grey for Pasiphaë, light red for Callirrhoe and Megaclite) also suggest that the group could have a more complex origin than a single collision.

References

Jupiter's moons
Rashomon

is a Japanese movie directed by Akira Kurosawa and released in 1950.

The movie is based on two short stories by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa.

Plot
The fictional plot is set in Japan in the Heian period.
 
There is a murder and rape in a forest: these things happen to different characters.
The movie is famous for having an unusual type of story. The same event is described differently by the four different people involved in it. Most movies describe the same things in one way during the entire movie. The four people said different things. The movie does not say which person is right.

Similar movies 
The 1964 movie The Outrage was a remake of Rashomon. Kurosawa was acknowledged for the screenplay.  The movie's concept is also mirrored in many other movies, including Hero, Vantage Point, Courage Under Fire and Basic.

Related pages 
 Rashomon effect
 Unreliable narrator
 Blind men and an elephant

References

Other websites 

 
 Criterion Collection,  Rashomon, essays 

1950 movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Movies directed by Akira Kurosawa
James Challis

James Challis (12 December 1803 – 3 December 1882) was an English clergyman, physicist and astronomer. Plumian Professor and director of the Cambridge Observatory, he investigated a wide range of physical phenomena though made few lasting contributions outside astronomy. He is best remembered for his missed opportunity to discover the planet Neptune in 1846.

1803 births
1882 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Anglican priests
English Anglicans
English astronomers
English physicists
English priests
Fellows of the Royal Society
Heinrich Louis d'Arrest

Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (13 July 1822 – 14 June 1875) was a Prussian astronomer, born in Berlin. His name is sometimes given as Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest. He died in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Further reading

Other websites
 Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS 35 (1875) 265

Obituaries
 AN 86 (1875) 63/64 (one paragraph, in German)
 MNRAS 36 (1876) 155

1822 births
1875 deaths
German astronomers
Scientists from Berlin
Olin J. Eggen

Olin Jeuck Eggen (July 9, 1919 – October 2, 1998) was an American astronomer. Some sources incorrectly give his name as Olin Jenck Eggen.

Other websites 
 "A Remembrance of Olin Eggen — 1919–1998" , by Nicholas Suntzeff, 6 October 1998; NOAO Newsletter, No. 56, December 1998.
 "Eggen Takes the Papers" , by Nick Kollerstrom, Neptune's Discovery: The British Case for Co-Prediction, Science and Technology Studies, University College London.
 "The Case of the Pilfered Planet", by William Sheehan, Nicholas Kollerstrom, and Craig B. Waff, Scientific American.com, December 2004.

Obituaries 
 BAAS 32 (2000), 1661 (obituary)

1919 births
1998 deaths
American astronomers
Scientists from Wisconsin
John Herschel

Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871)
was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor. He was the son of astronomer Sir William Herschel and the father of 12 children.

References

Other websites 
 
 The Herschel Chronicle
 Photographic Process and Early Photograms
 Herschel Museum of Astronomy
 Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue, published in Astronomische Nachrichten

1792 births
1871 deaths
British astronomers
Berlin Observatory

The Berlin Observatory (Berliner Sternwarte in German) has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the Societät der Wissenschaften (Brandenburgische Science Society) which would later (1744) become the Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences). The Society had no observatory, but nevertheless had an astronomer, Gottfried Kirch, who observed from a private observatory in Berlin. A first small observatory was furnished in 1711, financing itself through calendrical computations.

Observatories
Astronomer Royal

Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Household of the  Sovereign of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 22 1675, and the second the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, which dates from 1834. No Catholic or Jew has ever held the position. 

King Charles II, who founded the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1675 instructed the first Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed, "to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation".

From that time until 1972 the Astronomer Royal was Director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich. As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of £100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain. After the separation of the two offices the position of Astronomer Royal has been largely honorary, though he remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters, and the office is of great prestige.

List of Astronomers Royal 

British astronomers
British monarchy
Royal Observatory, Greenwich

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (Royal Greenwich Observatory or 'RGO') was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II.

At this time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal, for John Flamsteed, to serve as the director of the observatory.

He was to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation". 

The Observatory is situated on a hill in Greenwich Park in Greenwich, London, overlooking the River Thames.

The Greenwich Meridian runs through the site of the Observatory. It is the line at which the longitude is defined as 0°.

Other websites 
 HM Nautical Almanac Office 
 The Royal Observatory, Greenwich 
 Aerial View of The Royal Observatory, Greenwich at Google Maps
 The National Maritime Museum 
 The RGO at Herstmonceux 
 The Observatory Science Centre
 Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes

References 

Observatories
Museums in London
Keira Knightley

Keira Christina Knightley,  (; born 26 March 1985) is a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominated English actress. She is best known for her first major movie role as Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie trilogy, and as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice.

Early life 
Knightley was born on 26 March 1985 in Teddington, London, England. Her mother, Sharman Macdonald, is Scottish. Her father, Will Knightley, is English. He wanted to name his daughter "Kiera", after the Russian ice skater, Kira Ivanova. When her mother went to register her, she misspelt the name. Knightley has an older brother, Caleb. When Knightley lived in Richmond, she studied at Stanley Junior School, Teddington School and Esher College.

When Knightley was three years old, she asked to her parents to hire an agent for her. They promised to do this, if she studied very well. That's why Keira was a good and diligent pupil.

Movies 
 Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
 Princess of Thieves (2001)
 The Hole (2001)
 Bend It Like Beckham (2002)
 Pure (2002)
 New Year's Eve (2002)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)
 Love Actually (2003)
 King Arthur (2004)
 The Jacket (2005)
 Pride & Prejudice (2005)
 Domino (2005)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
 Silk (2007)
 Atonement (2007)
 The Edge of Love (2008)
 The Duchess (2008)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2017)
 The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018)

Other websites

References 

1985 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English television actors
Carnosaur

Carnosaurs are a subgroup of the theropod dinosaurs. They are the clade Carnosauria. The term was once used very widely, but is now defined more narrowly. It is called by some authorities the Allosauroidea.

The group includes some of the main carnivores of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, such as Allosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Neovenator. Modern cladistic analysis defines Carnosauria (or Allosauroidea) as those tetanurans which share a more recent common ancestor with Allosaurus than with modern birds.

Carnosaurs are characterized by several features. Some features must have been adaptations to their large size, such as their open skull, made of struts rather than solid bone. They had 
large eyes and a long, narrow skull. The femur ("thigh bone") is usually larger than the tibia ("shin bone"). This suggests close-to action was controlled by sight. 

The legs are adapted for running, but not extremely so. They had strong arms, probably used to wrestle prey as the teeth bit in. The structure of an Allosaurus suggests a strongly-built general all-round predator. This is a different from a tyrannosaur like Albertosaurus, which was better adapted for running on open ground. Tyrannosaurs, with their small two-fingered hands, would use their heads for killing prey, and for head-butting rivals.

The idea that the group became extinct at the end of the Jurassic is refuted. It is now known that the Neovenatorid clade survived until the end of the Mesozoic. This group (see cladogram below) included  Aerosteon, Australovenator, Fukuiraptor and Neovenator.

Classification 
Infraorder Carnosauria
Erectopus
Fukuiraptor
Gasosaurus?
Monolophosaurus
Siamotyrannus
Superfamily Allosauroidea
Becklespinax?
Megaraptor?
Family Allosauridae
Allosaurus
Antrodemus
Epanterias
Saurophaganax
Family Carcharodontosauridae
Acrocanthosaurus?
Carcharodontosaurus
Neovenator
Subfamily Giganotosaurinae
Giganotosaurus
Mapusaurus
Tyrannotitan
Family Sinraptoridae
Metriacanthosaurus
Sinraptor
Yangchuanosaurus

Cladogram 
The cladogram presented here follows the 2010 analysis by Benson, Carrano and Brusatte.

References
Lake Pontchartrain

Lake Pontchartrain ( in English; Lac Pontchartrain, IPA [lak pɔ̃ʃaʀtʀɛ̃] in French) is a brackish lake in southeastern Louisiana. It is the second largest salt-water lake in the United States, after the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the largest lake in Louisiana. 

It has an area of 630 square miles (1630 square km) with an average depth of 12 to 14 feet (about 4 meters). Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging. It is roughly oval in shape, about 40 miles (64 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) from south to north.

Other websites
 Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
 United States Geological Survey Lake Pontchartrain Fact Sheet
 Real-time water data for Lake Pontchartrain
 The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
 New Orleans history of the lake
 Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum
 USGS Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain
 New Orleans District Water Management  
 Washington Post article alleging levee faults, 21 Sept 2005
 National Geographic article about the levees, 2 Sept. 2005
 Salon article about disaster predictions, 31 Aug 2005
 U.S. Geological Survey article about the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, 3 Nov 1995
 BBC article about environmental effects on the lake after the flooding of New Orleans, 8 Sept. 2005

Geography of Louisiana
Lakes of the United States
Bianca (moon)

Bianca is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-23, and was given the designation S/1986 U 9. It was named after the sister of Katherine in Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew. It is also designated Uranus VIII.

Bianca belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, radius of 27 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Bianca appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Bianca's prolate spheroid is 0.7 ± 0.2. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Bianca Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Cressida (moon)

Cressida is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-09, and was given the designation S/1986 U 3. It was named after the Trojan daughter of Calchas, a tragic heroine who appears in William Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida (as well as in tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and others). It is also designated Uranus IX.

Cressida belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, radius of 41 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Cressida appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axes of Cressida's prolate spheroid is 0.8 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Cressida Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Desdemona (moon)

Desdemona is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-13, and was given the designation S/1986 U 6. Desdemona is named after the wife of Othello in William Shakespeare's play Othello. It is also designated Uranus X.

Desdemona belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  34 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Desdemona appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Desdemona's prolate spheroid is 0.6 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Desdemona Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Art Pepper

Arthur Edward "Art" Pepper, Jr. (September 1, 1925–June 15, 1982)  was an American jazz alto saxophonist. He was born in Gardena, California United States. Pepper began his musical career in the 1940s playing with Benny Carter. Along with Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, Shelly Manne and others, he performed and recorded a lot of very good music.
 
Some of his most famous albums are Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section, The Aladdin Recordings (three volumes), Art Pepper + Eleven - Modern Jazz Classics, Gettin' Together, and Smack Up. 

He wrote a book in 1980 called Straight Life. The book is about his life and his music. It was very popular because it was honest, and very good. There was also a movie made called Art Pepper: Notes from a Jazz Survivor, which is available on DVD.

Other websites 
 The Art Pepper Discography Project
 NPR Interview With Laurie Pepper
 The Art Of Pepper 
 Art Pepper on YouTube
 MikeL's Unofficial Art Pepper website
 Art Pepper MySpace Tribute Site

1925 births
1982 deaths
American jazz musicians
American saxophonists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Squash (sport)

Squash is a sport in which two players hit a ball with a racket (or Racquet). The aim of the game is to beat the other player by hitting the front wall and making the ball bounce twice on the floor before they can hit their turn, or for them to hit the ball out of play.

Playing equipment

The ball
The ball is made of rubber. It is hollow. When it is warm (due to being hit many times) it bounces more. Balls are marked with different coloured dots. They are made to bounce at different speeds depending on the colour of the dots. Balls with two yellow dots are slow, while balls with one yellow dot are a little bit faster. Balls with green or white dots are average. Balls with red or blue dots are fast.

The racket
The racket (or Racquet) is similar to a tennis racket, but it's lighter and smaller.The specifications have changed over the years and now the rackets are becoming larger.  The limit for racquet head size is 500 square centimeters.

The Rules 
Squash games are played to at least 11 points, and the winning player must win by two points.  Games can go on indefinitely until one player gains a two-point lead.  Matches are won by the first player to win three games (best of five games).  A point is scored when a player hits a shot which strikes the front wall of the court and then bounces twice before that player's opponent hits it to the front wall.  A point is also scored when a player hits the ball too high (called "out") or too low on the front wall (when it will hit the tin, which rises 18 inches off the floor on the front wall).  Every point is started with a serve, which must be hit from one of the small service boxes on either side of the court, must hit the front wall above the service line across the middle of the front wall, and must land in the back quarter of the court on the opposite side from where the serve was hit.

If one player gets in the way of the other who is trying to get to the ball, that player can ask the referee for a "let," which results in the point being replayed.  If a player prevents the other player from swinging at the ball, creating a dangerous situation, that player can appeal for a "stroke," which results in the player who could not safely hit the ball winning the point.  If the referee feels that the swinging player could not have reached the ball, or did not make every effort to get to it, then the referee can award "no let," which means that the point ends as it would have had no one asked for a let or stroke.

Famous players
Squash was played by Jahangir Khan who had dominated it for 25 years. He had beat Rodney Martin from Australia 15-5, 15-8, and 15-10 in the final round. He can be considered the #1 squash player.  Currently, the most top players come from either Egypt (Ramy Ashour, Mohammed El Shorbagy, Amr Shabana) or England (Nick Matthew, James Willstrop, Deryl Selby, Peter Barker).

References

Other websites

 World Squash Federation
Juliet (moon)

Juliet is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 2. It is named after the heroine of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is also designated Uranus XI.

Juliet belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  53 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Juliet appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Juliet's prolate spheroid is 0.5 ± 0.3, which is rather an extreme value. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Juliet Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Low Saxon

Low Saxon or Lower Saxon may refer to:

Geography
Lower Saxony, a State in the Federal Republic of Germany
Lower Saxony, the name for the duchy Saxe-Lauenburg between the 14th and 17th centuries
Lower Saxon Circle, a territory of the Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 1500 to 1806

Linguistics

 Low German, an Ingvaeonic West Germanic language
West Low German, a group of Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands, Lower Saxony and most of Schleswig-Holstein
Northern Low Saxon, the dialect spoken in the Northern parts of the Low Saxon language area
Dutch Low Saxon, a group of West Low German dialects recognized as a minority language by the European Union

Other uses 
 Lower Saxon cuisine, a range of regional North German culinary traditions
 Lower Saxon house, a type of German timber-framed house
 Lower Saxon Landtag, the Parliament of Lower Saxony
 Lower Saxon Mill Road, a holiday route that guides visitors to windmills and watermills in Lower Saxony

Related pages
 Old Saxony, the larger region of which Lower Saxony is a part
 Upper Saxon, a Central German dialect
 Upper Saxony, historic lands in Central Germany
Project Runway

Project Runway is a reality television series where clothing designers compete. It is shown on the Bravo network. The winner of the first season was Jay McCarroll. The winner of the second season was Chloe Dao. The winner of the third season was Jeffrey Sebelia.

Season 11
Contestants
 Emily Pollard
 James Martinez
 Cindy Marlatt
 Joseph Aaron Segal
 Matthew Arthur
 Benjamin Mach
 Tu Suitwat Nakchat
 Kate Pankoke
 Amanda Valentine
 Samantha Black
 Richard Hallmarq
 Layana Aguliar
 Daniel Esquivel
 Stanley Hudson
 Patricia Michaels
 Michelle Lesniak Franklin

Episodes
1.
Best: Daniel Esquivel
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & Emily Pollard
Eliminated: Emily Pollard

2.
Best: Layana Aguliar
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & James Martinez
Eliminated: James Martinez

3.
Best: Daniel Esquivel 
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & Benjamin Mach
Eliminated: Cindy Marlatt

4.
Best: Samantha Black
Worst: Joseph Aaron Segal & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Joseph Aaron Segal

5.
Best: Richard Hallmarq
Worst: Michelle Lesniak Franklin, Daniel Esquivel & Matthew Arthur
Eliminated: Matthew Arthur

6.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Benjamin Mach & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Benjamin Mach

7.
Best: Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Eliminated: Kate Pankoke & Tu Suithwat Nakchat

8.
Best: None
Worst: Richard Hallmarq & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Amanda Valentine

9.
Best: Michelle Lesniak Franklin 
Worst: Samantha Black & Richard Hallmarq
Eliminated: Samantha Black

10.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Richard Hallmarq
Eliminated: Richard Hallmarq

11.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Eliminated: None

12.
Best: None
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Layana Aguliar
Eliminated: Layana Aguliar

13.
Best: None
Worst: Daniel Esquivel & Stanley Hudson
Eliminated: Daniel Esquivel

14.
Winner: Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Runners-up: Patricia Michaels & Stanley Hudson

American reality television series
2004 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Lommis

Lommis is a municipality in Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Mammern

Mammern is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

It is by the Lake Constance. It has a population of 560 people.

References

Municipalities of Thurgau
Märstetten

Märstetten is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Matzingen

Matzingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Müllheim, Switzerland

Müllheim is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Münsterlingen

Münsterlingen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Neunforn

Neunforn is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Pfyn

Pfyn is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

Related pages
 Nature parks in Switzerland

References

Other websites

 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Raperswilen

Raperswilen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Rickenbach, Thurgau

Rickenbach is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Roggwil

Roggwil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Romanshorn

Romanshorn is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Cities in Switzerland
Franconian Dialect

The Franconian Dialect () is a dialect, which is spoken in Flanders and French Flanders, the Netherlands (except the northeast), Luxembourg, the western central part of Germany and bordering France.

West Germanic languages
Tübingen

Tübingen is a city in the German state Baden-Württemberg. It has about 83,000 people (2007). Tübingen is a traditional university town. About one in ten people living in Tübingen is a student.

History 
Between 1470 and 1483, St. George's Collegiate Church was built. The collegiate church offices provided the opportunity for what soon afterwards became the most significant event in Tübingen's history: the founding of the Eberhard Karls University by Duke Eberhard im Bart of Württemberg in 1477, thus making it one of the oldest universities in Central Europe. The University of Tübingen became soon renowned as one of the most influential places of learning in the Holy Roman Empire, especially for theology. A Protestant faculty, Tübinger Stift, was established in 1535 in the former Augustinian monastery.

References
Salenstein

Salenstein is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

Salenstein was the home village of Napoleon III who passed there his youth at Castle Arenenberg.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Salmsach

Salmsach is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Schlatt bei Diessenhofen

Schlatt bei Diessenhofen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Schönholzerswilen

Schönholzerswilen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Other websites 
 Official homepage

Municipalities of Thurgau
Bong

A bong or a water pipe is a special pipe. When a person smokes with a bong, they pull the smoke through the water in it. This makes the smoke not as hot. Most often, either tobacco or cannabis are smoked with it.

Related pages 
 Hukah

References 

Drug paraphernalia
Sirnach

Sirnach is a municipality in Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Sommeri

Sommeri is a municipality in Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Stettfurt

Stettfurt is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Sulgen

Sulgen is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Portia (moon)

Portia is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 1. The moon is named after Portia, the heroine of William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice. It is also designated Uranus XII.

Portia is the second biggest closer moon of Uranus after Puck. The Portian orbit, which lies inside Uranus' synchronous orbital radius, is slowly shrinking due to tidal deceleration. The moon will one day either break up into a planetary ring or hit Uranus.

It heads a group of moons called Portia Group, which includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties.

Little is known about Portia beyond its size of about 140 km, orbit, and geometric albedo of about 0.08.

In the Voyager 2 images, Portia appears as a stretched object whose major axis points towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Portia's prolate spheroid is 0.8 ± 0.1. Its surface is grey in color. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Portia.

References

Other websites 
 Portia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Tom and Jerry Tales

Tom and Jerry Tales is an animated television series which began production in 2005. It was on The CW's Kids WB block. The series stars the well-known title characters from the Tom and Jerry shorts, and is the first made for TV cartoon to emulate the theatrical shorts. It grew from direct-to-video movies The Magic Ring (2001), Blast Off to Mars, The Fast and the Furry (2005), Shiver Me Whiskers (2006), and A Nutcracker Tale (2007).

2006 television series debuts
Animated television series
English-language television programs
Tom and Jerry
Aska Yang

Aska Yang (born April 4, 1978) is a popular Taiwanese singer and a member of Million Star Gang (星光幫).

Aska Yang is listed in "Taiwan Who is Who 2007-2008" and he is also ranked the 2nd place of Yahoo! Taiwan Person of the Year 2007, the 2nd place of United Daily Star News of the Year 2007, the 1st place of Apple Daily Person of the Year 2007 and one of the Top Five Newcomers 2007 chosen by SinaNet.

On November 17, 2007, Aska Yang was invited to perform at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall for the 42nd Golden Bell Awards (金鐘獎) in Taipei. He sang a medley of eleven classic TV drama theme songs from the past century.

Early life & Education
Aska Yang was born on April 4, 1978 in Taoyuan, Taiwan. He graduated from Naili Primary School in 1990, Tzu-Chiang Junior School in 1994, and National Chungli Senior High School in 1996. During his college time at the National Changhua University of Education  (NCUE), Aska attended numerous singing competitions at or out of the campus and won several championships. In 2007, he was a contestant on the show One Million Star, a singing competition that was broadcast on CTV. Later that year, he graduated from the Department of Guidance & Counseling at the  National Changhua University of Education . In 2009, he started his master's degree program in the Sports Psychology Department at the National Taiwan Sport University, NTSU.

Albums

Awards
2008：Hito Pop Music Award~ - Aska Yang along with The Million Star Gang won the 「Hito Best New Artists Award」With the 「Million Star Reunion 10 Finalist Special Album」
2008：Hito Pop Music Award  - Aska Yang along with The Million Star Gang won the {Best New Artist Award}
2008：5th Annual SuperStar Singers Award~ Aska Yang won { Best New Artist Award}
2008：Singapore Golden Melody Award~~ Aska Yang won 5 awards including: 「Outstanding New Artist Award」、「Best Male Singer Award」、「Most Popolar New Artist Award」、「Y.E.S 933 Longest Chart Holder Song《Onion》」、「Y.E.S 933 Number # 1 on Top Ten Most Popular Song Chart 《Onion》」
2009: Singapore Entertainment Awards - Aska Yang won 3 awards : Regional Newcomer of the Year Media Award ; Most Popular Regional Newcomer ; Radio 100.3 Most Popular Song ~ Onion
2009: Hito Radio Pop Music Award -　「 2008 Best Top 10 Madarin Songs(05)-Aska Yang (Dove) 」、「 2008 Fan's Choice Award - Aska Yang（Onion）」
2010: CCTV<M! Countdown  > Universal Pop Music Festival In LuoYang City  - HK/TW 2010 Media’s Most Favorite Upcoming Singer’s Award
2011: Elle  20th Anniversary People's Award~ The Greater Chinese Internet Most Favorite Male Artist Of The Year
2011: Beijing Fourth Annual MNSSE Music Billboard Award - Best Album Of The Year: PURE
2011: Third Annual Yahoo! Award『Most Favorite Male Artist Of The Year 』

References

Other websites

 Aska Yang's official website 
 Aska Yang's Blog 
 Aska Yang's introduction in Warner Music website  

C-pop singers
1978 births
Living people
Taiwanese singers
Ara Gevorgyan

Ara Gevorgian (Gevorgyan) (born April 19, 1960, Yerevan) is an Armenian musician, composer and musical producer. In 2004 he was awarded by the Honorary Artist of the Republic of Armenia title by the President Robert Kocharyan.

Biography
Gevorgian is the son of well-known Armenian folk-singer Valya Samvelyan. He studied at #31 school of Yerevan and at the A. Tigranyan musical school at the same time. During the two years he studied at Yerevan #8 college of Fine Arts. From 1983 to 1987 he studied at Armenian pedagogical institute after Khachatur Abovyan at the faculty of wood wide instruments and pop music department. 
In 1987-1989 Gevorgian taught conducting at the same Institute, then he worked at Armenian Television ("3-Aliq" TV program). 

In 1983 he founded the "Rally" Armenian pop-rock band, the participant of "Song - 85" festival. 

He participated in the Opening Ceremony of the Cultural Year of Armenia in Russia hosted at the Moscow Kremlin Music Hall and honored by the presence of the presidents of Armenia and Russia Robert Kocharyan and Vladimir Putin respectively and the famous singer Charles Aznavour.

Ara Gevorgian co-operates with Jivan Gasparyan, Ian Gillan, Demis Roussos, Pedro Eustache, Daniel Decker and others. Among his most popular songs are "Adana", "Artsakh", "Ov Hayots Ashkharh" and "Ovkyanosits ayn koghm".

Discography
1995 "Ovkianosits Ayn Koghm" (Over the ocean)
1997 "Nostalgie"
1999 "Ani" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA)
2001 "Khor Virab" (a prize winner of All-Armenian Music Awards in the USA).

Other websites
Ara Gevorgian's Official site 
Gevorgyan at Persons.AM 
Armenian Music Center 

Armenian composers
1960 births
Musicians
Living people
Heidi Klum

Heidi Klum Kaulitz (born 1 June 1973) is a German model, actress and singer. She hosts Project Runway and Germany's Next Top Model. She also models for Victoria's Secret.

Biography 
Heidi was born in Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Her father was a company leader and her mother was a hair stylist. She won a modelling competition. She beat over 25,000 other people. She got $300,000 from it, and modeled in the United States. She has been on the cover of many magazines. These include Vogue Magazine, Elle, and Marie Claire. She became famous for being in Sports Illustrated.

She is now the host and a judge on Project Runway. It is a show where clothing designers compete to win $100,000 to make designs. She had chances to win Emmys for the first three seasons of the show. She also is the host of Germany's Next Topmodel. It is similar to America's Next Top Model which is hosted by Tyra Banks.

Personal life 
Heidi married Ric Pipino in 1997. Ric was a hair stylist for famous people. They separated in 2002. After the separation, Klum was with race car businessman Flavio Briatore. She became pregnant with his baby. They separated after he was with another woman. Her daughter was born on 4 May 2004 in New York City. Her name is Helene 'Leni' Klum.

She was in a relationship with Seal, a musician, while pregnant with Leni. They were married 10 May 2005 in Mexico. They have two sons, Henry Günther Ademola Dashtu Samuel, born 12 September 2005 in Los Angeles, California, and Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel born 22 November 2006 in Los Angeles. They also have a daughter together named Lou born 9 October 2009. Briatore is not in Leni's life. Seal acts as Leni's father and has adopted her. The couple divorced in 2015.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 
 Heidi Klum in the Fashion Model Directory (FMD)
 
 Interview with Der Spiegel, February 12 2006 
 Heidi Klum Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Photo Gallery at SI.com 
 Heidi Klum Pregnant but not with his Child 
 AOL Books Interview about the book Body of Knowledge 
 Express.de article (in German) 

1973 births
Living people
Actors from North Rhine-Westphalia
German models
German movie actors
German singers
German television actors
German television presenters
People from Bergisch Gladbach
Television producers
Ceratosauria

Ceratosaurs are a group of theropod dinosaurs. They are defined as "all theropods sharing a more recent common ancestry with Ceratosaurus than with birds". 

Ceratosauria includes the Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous theropods Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus, and Abelisaurus, found mainly in the southern hemisphere. 

The earlies known Ceratosaur is from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Eoabelisaurus. This predates the oldest certainly known known member of the lineage by more than 40 million years. The almost complete skeleton of Eoabelisaurus shows the earliest evolutionary stages of the distinctive  abelisaurid modification of the forelimb. 

Originally, Ceratosauria included the above dinosaurs plus the Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic  Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus. This implied a much earlier divergence of ceratosaurs from other theropods. However, recent studies have shown that coelophysoids and dilophosaurids do not form a natural group with other ceratosaurs, and so they are excluded from this group.

References
Rosalind (moon)

Rosalind is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on January 13, 1986, and was given the designation S/1986 U 4. It was named after the daughter of the banished Duke in William Shakespeare's play As You Like It. It is also designated Uranus XIII.

Rosalind belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  36 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Rosalind appears as an almost spherical object. The ratio of axises of the Rosalind's prolate spheroid is 1.0-0.8. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
Rosalind Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Cupid (moon)

Cupid is an inner moon (which makes it one of the closer moons) of Uranus. It was found by Mark Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope. It was named after a character in William Shakespeare's play Timon of Athens.

It is the smallest of the closer Uranian moons, estimated to be only about 18 km in diameter. This and the dark surface made it too dim to be detected by the Voyager 2 cameras during its Uranus flyby in 1986.

The orbit of Cupid is only 863 km from the orbit of the bigger moon Belinda. Amazingly, compared to Mab and Perdita, the recently found Uranian moons, it does not seem to be perturbed.

Following its discovery, Cupid was given the designation S/2003 U 2. It is also designated Uranus XXVII.

It should not be confused with the asteroid 763 Cupido.

References

Other websites
  Hubble Uncovers Smallest Moons Yet Seen Around Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2003-09-25)

Uranus' moons
Uzi

The Uzi is a type of submachine gun (SMG). It is famous for being very small and easy to carry, much more easily than any SMG made in World War II. It does this by loading magazines inside the grip, much like a pistol. It was not the first submachine gun to do this, but the Uzi was the first used on a large scale.  

There are different kinds of Uzis: Mini Uzi, which is a smaller version of the Uzi; Micro Uzi, which is only slightly larger than a standard pistol; Para Micro Uzi, which was made for Counter Terrorist Units; and the Uzi Pistol, which is semi-automatic (it fires one bullet every time you pull the trigger).  All of these kinds of Uzis are still in use by the special forces today. It is slowly being replaced by the MP-5.

History 

Uzis were invented by an Israeli army officer, Uziel Gal. This gun was first used in 1956. Uzis were used in the 1967 Six Day War by Israel. They are made by Israel Military Industries and also by the Belgian weapon company, FN.

Even though Uziel Gal told his manufacturers not to name the weapon after him, they ignored his request and did so anyway.

References

Other websites
 Israel Weapon Industries (I.W.I.): Mini Uzi and Micro Uzi 
 The official Uzi website 
 Uzi history, parts, discussion forum
 Uzi in parts (in German)
 Uzi history and lore 
 Video of Uzi being fired (Japanese audio)
 Video of suppressed Uzi being fired

Submachine guns
Military of Israel