cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Alcibiades

Alcibiades, son of Clinias,  c. 450–404 BC), was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He was the last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, which fell from power after the Peloponnesian War. He played a major role later in that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician.

During the course of the Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades changed sides on several occasions. In his native Athens in the early 410s BC, he advocated an aggressive foreign policy, and spoke in favor of an invasion of Sicily. He fled to Sparta after his political enemies brought charges of sacrilege against him.

In Sparta, he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several major campaigns against Athens. In Sparta too, however, Alcibiades soon made powerful enemies and was forced to defect to Persia. There he served as an adviser to the satrap Tissaphernes until his Athenian political allies brought about his recall. He then served as an Athenian general for several years, but his enemies eventually succeeded in exiling him a second time.

The Sicilian Expedition to Magna Graecia was Alcibiades' idea but his enemies prevented him from commanding. His rival Nicias took command, and the expedition failed disastrously. In the years that he served Sparta, Alcibiades played a role in Athens' undoing; the capture of Decelea and the revolts of several critical Athenian subjects occurred either at his suggestion or under his supervision.

Once restored to his native city, however, he played a crucial role in a string of Athenian victories that eventually brought Sparta to seek a peace with Athens. He favored unconventional tactics, frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather than by siege.p151 Alcibiades' military and political talents frequently proved valuable to whichever state he worked for. His talent for making powerful enemies ensured that he never remained in one place for long. By the end of the war (which he had helped rekindle in the early 410s) his days of political power were a bygone memory.

In his youth Alcibiades had been a pupil of Socrates. This was something which told against Socrates at his trial.

References 

450s BC births
404 BC deaths
Ancient Greek military people
Ancient Greek politicians
Generals
People from Athens
Cold cathode

A cold cathode is a cathode (a type of electrode) that is not heated directly by a filament or element, although a cold cathode can heat up during use as a side effect of normal current flow. The term cold cathode is often used to refer to cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), which are often used where a long life is needed. Applications for cold cathode lamps include general lighting, backlights for LCD TVs and computer monitors, and artistic lighting such as computer case mods and automotive customization.

Electronics

tl:Agapito Flores
Freestyle music

Freestyle music or Latin freestyle is a type of electronic dance music. It became popular during the mid and late 1980s. However, this kind of music started falling in fame during the 1990s. Freestyle music continues to be created and played on radio stations that are still of interest to the Latin and Italian communities.

Notable artists that performed freestyle include Stevie B, Shannon, Cynthia, Collage, Johnny O, Sa-Fire, George Lamond, Lil Suzy, Judy Torres, Exposé, Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, La India, TKA, Corina, Nocera, Company B, The Cover Girls, Noel, Pajama Party, Shana, Will to Power, Sweet Sensation, Seduction, Linear, Lisette Melendez, Angelina, Laissez Faire, Coro, and Rockell.

Regional scenes 
New York City
Philadelphia
Miami
Los Angeles
Detroit
Chicago

References 

Electronic dance music
Furia Musical

Furia Musical was a Mexican music magazine. The magazine was published by Editorial Televisa, who also produces TVyNovelas. Furia Musical was published in Mexico and southern United States. Its editors wrote articles about Mexican music, Chicano rock, Tejano music and Norteno. Their awards show, Premios Furia Musical, was broadcast by Televisa, Galavisión and Univision. The December 2006 issue was the final issue of the magazine.

Other websites 
 Profile  at Televisa. 
 Profile at Amazon.com.
 Premios Furia Musical . 

Music magazines
TVyNovelas

TVyNovelas is a Mexican music and gossip magazine. The magazine is published by Editorial Televisa. The magazine is available in the United States (and Puerto Rico), Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. TVyNovelas is one of the most-widely read magazine for Spanish-language soap opera fans. Their awards show, Premios TVyNovelas, is broadcast on Televisa and Univision.

Other websites
 TVyNovelas  at the Televisa website.
 TVyNovelas Chile .
 TVyNovelas website and forum in Poland.
 Premios TVyNovelas  at the Univision website.
 Photos of Premios TVyNovelas México .
 Premios TVyNovelas Colombia .

Music magazines
Fugues (magazine)

Fugues is a French/English gay magazine. The monthly magazine has been published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada since April 1984. The magazine focuses on LGBT culture, nightlife, music, health, fashion, travel and local festivals.

References 

LGBT
Magazines of Canada
Maginot Line

The Maginot Line (, ) was a long line of walls, forts, and armed defenses that the French built after the First World War. It is named after André Maginot, who was the French Minister of war when it was built. The Maginot Line was made of a number of fortifications and bunkers, close to the French border to Germany, Belgium,  Luxembourg and Italy. Today, the fortifications towards Italy are commonly called Alpin Line. The Maginot Line was built between 1930 and 1940.

During the First World War, the German Army had built the Hindenburg Line, which is similar. 

The plan was that the French army would have time to get ready and go north to Belgium and win any battle with the German army there. In the Second World War the German army and French army met in the Ardennes (forest) in Belgium. The French army lost, opening the way to German victory in the Battle of France.

Fortifications of World War II
Alpha cleavage

Alpha cleavage, (α-cleavage) in organic chemistry, refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond, next to the carbon bearing a specified functional group.

Mass spectrometry
In mass spectrometry, an α-cleavage occurs when molecules break apart within a mass spectrometer. A mass spectrum tells the size and elements found in each molecule fragment.  Chemists use their understanding of how molecules break apart to guess the structure of the original molecule.  Many different molecules break apart with α-cleavage inside the mass spectrometer. Many times, α-cleavage explains the resulting mass spectra.

As an example of a mechanism of alpha cleavage, an electron is knocked off an atom (usually by electron collision) to form a radical cation. Electrons are most likely to be removed in the following order:  1) lone pair electrons, 2) pi bond electrons, 3) sigma bond electrons.

One of the lone pair electrons moves down to form a pi bond with an electron from an adjacent (alpha) bond.  The other electron from the bond moves to an adjacent atom (not one adjacent to the lone pair atom) creating a radical. This creates a double bond adjacent to the lone pair atom (oxygen is a good example) and breaks (cleaves) the bond that lost the two electrons that were removed.

In molecules containing carbonyl groups, alpha cleavage often competes with a McLafferty rearrangement.

Photochemistry
In photochemistry, it is the homolytic cleavage of a bond close to a specified group.

References

Organic reactions
Mass spectrometry
Thornicroft's giraffe

The Thornicroft's giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti), also known as Thornicroft giraffe or Rhodesian giraffe, is a subspecies of giraffe. Thornicroft giraffes do not have any captive populations. Fewer than 1,500 remain in the wild. Rhodesian giraffes have star or leafy shaped spots that extend to their leg. These girrafes are restricted to eastern Zambia and the Luangwa Valley.The Luangwa national parks were declared game reserves because conservationist wanted to conserve the Thorncroft Giraffe,uniqui to the Luangwa valley of Zambia,Like all giraffes, Rhodesian giraffes share the same ancestors with deer and bovids.

Mammals of Africa
Simple aromatic rings

Simple aromatic rings, also known as simple arenes or simple aromatics, are aromatic organic compounds. They consist only of a conjugated planar ring system with delocalized pi electron clouds. Many simple aromatic rings have trivial names. They are usually found as substructures of more complex molecules ("substituted aromatics"). Typical simple aromatic compounds are benzene, indole, and cyclotetradecaheptaene.

Simple aromatic rings with non-carbon ring atoms are called "heterocyclic". For example, rings can include oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Molecules with one ring are called monocyclic as in benzene. Molecules with two rings are called bicyclic as in naphthalene. Molecules with more than two rings are called polycyclic as in anthracene. Simple monocyclic aromatic rings are usually five-membered rings like pyrrole or six-membered rings like pyridine. Fused aromatic rings consist of monocyclic rings that share their connecting bonds.



Heterocyclic aromatic rings
The nitrogen (N)-containing aromatic rings can be separated into basic aromatic rings that are easily protonated, and form aromatic cations and salts (e.g., pyridinium), and non-basic aromatic rings.

 In the basic aromatic rings, the lone pair of electrons is not part of the aromatic system and extends in the plane of the ring. This lone pair is responsible for the basicityof these nitrogenous bases, similar to the nitrogen atom in amines. In these compounds, the nitrogen atom is not connected to a hydrogen atom. Examples of basic aromatic rings are pyridine or quinoline. Several aromatic rings contain basic as well as non-basic nitrogen atoms, e.g., imidazole and purine.
 In the non-basic rings, the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom is delocalized and contributes to the aromatic pi electron system. In these compounds, the nitrogen atom is connected to a hydrogen atom. Examples of non-basic nitrogen-containing aromatic rings are pyrrole and indole.

In the oxygen- and sulfur-containing aromatic rings, one of the electron pairs of the heteroatoms  contributes to the aromatic system (similar to the non-basic nitrogen-containing rings). The second lone pair extends in the plane of the ring (similar to the basic nitrogen-containing rings).

Criteria for aromaticity

All of these molecules meet the following criteria:
 Molecule must be cyclic.
 Every atom in the ring must have a p orbital, which overlaps with p orbitals on either side (completely conjugated).
 Molecule must be planar.
 It must contain an odd number of pairs of pi electrons; must satisfy Huckel's rule: (4n+2) pi electrons, where n is an integer starting at zero.

In contrast, molecules with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic.

Related pages
 Polycyclic aromatic compounds
 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

References 

Organic compounds
Antiknock agent

An antiknock agent is added to gasoline. It reduces engine knocking and increase the fuel's octane rating.

Gasoline is a fuel mixture. High compression internal combustion engines place gasoline under great pressure. The pressure can cause the gasoline to ignite early (pre-ignition or detonation) causing a damaging knocking sound, also called "pinging" or "pinking". 

Originally, organic compounds with lead were added to petrol to prevent knocking: tetraethyllead (TEL). This is now banned because the lead affects people's health. Various alternatives have been tried. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, an isomer of octane, is one example.

Chemical substances
Fuel
Fat Lip

"'Fat Lip'" is a 2001 punk rock song by the Canadian pop punk band Sum 41 and is the first single from their debut studio album All Killer, No Filler, which was released in 2001. The song was written by Raine Maida and was produced by both Arnold Lanni and Raine Maida.  Fat Lip has been featured in several movies and video games, such as EA Sports' NHL 2002, American Pie 2, Guitar Hero, GuitarFreaks V4, DrumMania V4 and Guitar Hero 5 (downloadable track) and Smallville. The band has also performed Fat Lip on Saturday Night Live. The music video was ranked as #75 on "MuchMusic's 100 Best Videos".

Sum 41 songs
2001 songs
In Too Deep (Sum 41 song)

"'In Too Deep'" is a 2001 pop punk song by the rock band Sum 41 and is the second single from their debut studio album All Killer, No Filler, which was released in 2001. The music video for In Too Deep is a parody of the diving scene from the movie, Back to School.

Sum 41 songs
2001 songs
Liberal Animation

Liberal Animation is the debut studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.

It was self-released in 1988 and was later re-released in 1991 under their record label, Epitaph. The producers of the album were Brett Gurewitz and NOFX. The title of the album is a play on the phrase "animal liberation".

Songs

References

1988 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Moshchena

Moshchena (, ) is a village in Kovel Raion, Volyn Oblast, Ukraine. It has a population of 581 people.

The first mention of the village dates from 1543.

References 

Villages in Ukraine
1543 establishments
Establishments in Ukraine
1540s establishments in Europe
Río Alseseca

The Alseseca River is a short river in the interior part of Mexico. It is in the state of Tlaxcala. The Alseseca runs through the city of Puebla de Zaragoza. It is one of the many rivers that come from the dormant volcano La Malinche. The Alseseca river runs south-east until it enters the lake of Valsequillo.

Between 1960 and 1980, several companies set up factories in Puebla. With no protection of the river and the increasing urban growth, many companies and people threw waste into the river, which gradually became a stream of sewage. Today the pollution in the river has decreased considerably, and using it as a "garbage dump" is illegal.

Due to illegal logging in the area, deforestation has caused the river to flood in the rainy season. Since 2000, about 100 families have been affected by the overflowing of the river in villages like Aleseca and Lopez Portillo. In addition to the floods, the existing pollution in the water has caused cases of cholera and salmonella in some of the houses closest to river. Since 1995, the city government has taken action to reduce the flooding of the river. It has built barriers and dikes.

Alseseca Race 
Every year on the 2nd Saturday in January, Aventurec and Its collaborators host an Extreme Whitewater Kayak Race, On the Section Known as Roadside. The Race attracts competitors from all over world and is slowly encouraging more and more locals to get involved in the sport.

This year in its 10th edition saw over 60 competitors from 14 different countries battling it out for number one, you can check out full race results here 

The Race was created in an attempt to raise awareness to keep rivers and the environment clean and free of trash and deposits.

Rivers of Mexico
Tlaxcala
North Arlington, New Jersey

North Arlington is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough population was 15,392. As the site of Holy Cross Cemetery, which has interred over 250,000 individuals since its establishment in 1915, North Arlington has over 15 times more dead people than living.

References

Boroughs in New Jersey
Holy Cross Cemetery, North Arlington

Holy Cross Cemetery is a cemetery in North Arlington, New Jersey, United States. Since its establishment in 1915, it has buried over 250,000 people. The cemetery operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.

New Jersey
1915 establishments in the United States
Cemeteries in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
EMI Latin

EMI Televisa Music or EMI Latin and EMI International is a record company that specializes in Latin music. EMI Latin was founded in 1989, and Selena became the first artist to sign. Jose Behar was the former head of EMI Latin.

Artists signed to this label 

J Balvin
A.B. Quintanilla III
Alejandra Guzman
Aleks Syntek
Anahí
Bebe
Belinda
Enrique Bunbury
Christian Chavez
Diana Reyes

Eiza González
Flex
Grupo Bryndis
Jaguares
Joey Montana
Jotdog
Juan Luis Guerra
Los Claxons
Macaco

Moderatto
PXNDX
Paty Cantu
Ricardo Montaner
Selena
Shaila Durcal
Vicente Garcia
Vico C
Zoé

Related pages
 List of record labels

References

Other websites
 

Latin music
Record labels
Harry Von der Horst

Harry Von der Horst (1850 or 1851, Baltimore, Maryland  - 1905) was an American businessman. He was an executive in Major League Baseball and a former owner of the Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas. He was one of the principal founders and owners of the old 19th century Baltimore Orioles. He eventually sold the team, but remained as the club secretary until his death in 1905.

References

Other websites
Obituary

Ned Hanlon biography mentioning Von der Horst
Dodgers historical essay 

1850s births
1905 deaths
Sportspeople from Baltimore
Baseball executives
Center field

A center fielder, abbreviated CF, is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in center field – the baseball fielding position between left field and right field. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the center fielder is assigned the number 8.

Baseball positions
Tom Daly (infielder)

Thomas Peter Daly (February 7, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - October 29, 1938, in Brooklyn, New York) was a catcher and second baseman who played in the Major Leagues from 1887 to 1903. He played for the Chicago Cubs, Washington Nationals, Brooklyn Dodgers, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds.

Cincinnati Reds players
Chicago White Sox players
1866 births
1938 deaths
Sportspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
LP record

An LP record (or long-play record) is a type of gramophone record. It is a 33⅓ rpm vinyl disc with little lines called grooves that go around the center. It is generally either 10- or 12-inches in diameter. They are played by a turntable. A turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom. The needle goes in between the little grooves.  When this happens, music is played.

The LP record was introduced by Colombia Records in 1948. It then became the new way the music industry released recordings. In the 1960s, cassettes were introduced. This was a cheaper way to record music and not hear the noise that came from the LP record. However, the LP record continued to be more popular until the 1970s when the compact disc was introduced.

The long-playing record is an analog recording format. The digital recording of sound was only made practical by the technical advances in microprocessors and computing which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. LP's sound quality, it contains more distortion than many other modern music formats.

Audio disc
Cumbia music

Cumbia music is a Latin music genre. Cumbia music came from Colombia's Caribbean-coastal region. Cumbia music has become popular in Colombia, Mexico and Argentina. Cumbia has dance and tropical music mixed. In the 1990s, Selena helped Cumbia music become more popular with songs like "Baila Esta Cumbia", "No Quiero Saber", "No Debes Jugar", "La Llamada" and "Como La Flor". She also helped "Technocumbia" rise in popularity with "Techno Cumbia". Shakira had also recorded several songs in Cumbia.[Source?]

References 

Latin music
Canadian Hot 100

The Canadian Hot 100 is a music chart that ranks popular music. It is published on Billboard magazine weekly. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks songs that have gained popularity in radio airplay in Canada. The Canadian Hot 100 is similar to the US Hot 100 chart. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks rock, country, adult contemporary and Top 40 genres.

References 

Record charts
Texas Monthly

Texas Monthly is a monthly magazine that is published in Texas. Texas Monthly was founded in 1973 by Michael R. Levy. Texas Monthly talks about life, music, politics, environment, industry and education in Texas. The magazine has over 300,000 subscribers and is read by 2,500,000 people monthly. The magazine also won ten "National Magazine Awards".

References

 . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.
 Texas Monthly Awards . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.

Other websites
 TexasMonthly.com—Official site
 Texas Monthly Mobile 
 Texas Monthly Archives at The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX

American magazines
Texas
Weekly magazines
1973 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Texas
Dulce Amor (song)

"Dulce Amor" () is a song by the American singer Selena. The song was nominated "Song of the Year" at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards. Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III had written the song. It was the lead single from the album of the same name (1988). The song had its key signature in common time. It was performed on G minor with 106 beats per minute. The songs lyrics are about a girl expressing her emotions about a guy she really loves. The song was mixed with Cumbia music and Jazz fusion.

References 

Selena songs
1988 songs
Costumbres

"Costumbres" is a song by American singer Selena. The song was written by Juan Gabriel, a Mexican songwriter, who gave the rights to Selena to record. The song first appeared on Dulce Amor (1988). It became a single off of Siempre Selena (1996). The remix version is included in Siempre Selena.

Chart performance

La India version

"Costumbres" is a song by Puerto Rican singer La India. She recorded the song as a tribute for Selena. It was included as a cover version on her album Sobre el Fuego. It peaked on the Hot Latin Tracks chart at number eight. La India also performed the song during the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert in 2005.

Chart performance

References

1996 songs
Selena songs
Spanish-language songs
Sony Music Latin

Sony Music Latin is a record company that specializes in Latin music. It is owned by Sony Music Entertainment.

List of artists on Sony Music Latin

Alexis & Fido
Ana Gabriel
Banda Machos
Calle 13
Camila
Chayanne
Cumbre Norteña
Da' Zoo
Daddy Yankee
Draco Rosa
Dyland & Lenny
Ednita Nazario
El Canto Del Loco
El Compa Chuy
El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico
Fito Paez
Fey

Franco De Vita
Gerardo Ortiz
Gilberto Santa Rosa
Gustavo Cerati
Ha*Ash
Ian Tresidder
Intocable
Julieta Venegas
Kalimba
Kany Garcia
La Quinta Estacion
Lila Downs
Los Originales De San Juan
Los Pikadientes de Caborca
Los Reyes De Arranque
Marc Anthony
Mennores
NG2
NOTA

Noel Schajris
Oscar D'León
Pedro Capo
Pitbull
Playa Limbo
Raphael
Reik
Ricky Martin
Rocio Durcal
Shakira
Thalía
Toby Love
Vicente Fernandez
Vicentico
Voltio
Yanni
Yuridia

Other websites 
Official website
Official Facebook Page
Official twitter

Latin music
Sony
Companies based in Miami, Florida
1980 establishments in the United States
Ranchera music

Ranchera is a Latin music genre. Ranchera is usually sung by one or more people with a guitar. It is popularized in Mexico. This type of music can be traced back to the Mexican Revolution. It is also similar to Mariachi music.

Ranchera singers 

Miguel Aceves Mejía
Antonio Aguilar
Pepe Aguilar
Lola Beltrán
Rocío Dúrcal
Alejandro Fernández
Pedro Fernández
Vicente Fernández
Pedro Infante
José Alfredo Jiménez

Lorenzo de Monteclaro
Jorge Negrete
Lucha Reyes
Cuco Sánchez
Javier Solís
Chavela Vargas
Lucha Villa
Yolanda Del Rio
Aida Cuevas
Selena

References
 Brenner, H. (1996). Música ranchera. Das mexikanische Äquivalent zur Country and Western Music aus historischer, musikalischer und kommerzieller Sicht (Música ranchera: El equivalente mexicano de la música country y la música del Oeste) (Musikethnologische Sammelbände 14). Foreword by Thomas Stanford. Tutzing: Verlag Hans Schneider, 1996 [].den suger balle

Other websites
Rancheras  - music
Musical analysis
Northern ranchera lyrics

Latin music
Mariachi

Mariachi is a Latin music genre. It is popularized in Mexico and its culture. This type of music includes instruments such as the violin, trumpet, guitar, vihuela, guitarrón and sometimes a harp. Mariachi is sung and performed mostly in bands. However, some solo artists such as Selena and Alejandro Fernández have recorded and performed Mariachi songs.

Mariachis and artists 

José Alfredo Jiménez
Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
Jorge Negrete
Pedro Infante
Vicente Fernández
Antonio Aguilar
Pepe Aguilar
Pedro Fernández
Alejandro Fernández
Ana Gabriel
Chayito Valdez
Miguel Aceves Mejía
Tito Guízar
Shaila Dúrcal
Los Caballeros
Selena
Mariachi Mi Mexico

Other websites 

A Brief History on the Mariachi Tradition
Mariachimusic.com Online
Tucson's Ronstadt Family
"Mariachi Women"
"Mariachi Directory"

Latin music
Joseph Serchuk

Joseph Serchuk (1919 in Chełm - 6 November 1993) was the commander of the Jewish partisan unit in the Lublin area in Poland during the Holocaust. After the war, he testified at trials of Nazis and he received special recognition from the State of Israel.

Biography
After his parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in 1941, Joseph and his brother David were taken to Sobibor extermination camp.  After one day in the camp, he fled with his brother to the nearest forest and together with others fleeing he founded the core of the partisan group.  During the war, the group led by Jews who had escaped from the ghettos caught nearby and from Sobibor. The group also included the writer Dov Freiberg.

After the war, Joseph took part in locating fleeing Nazi war criminals in Europe, and served as a witness in the Nuremberg Trials. Then he returned to Poland and applied to emigrate to Israel, but was declined.

In 1950, Serchuk obtained a passport and went to Israel.  Immediately upon arrival in Israel, he was drafted as a soldier in the army. After service, he married, settled in Yad Eliyahu in Tel Aviv and began business industry and entrepreneurship.

Over the years, Serchuk went to Europe several times to testify in the trials of Nazi war criminals. In one, the trial of Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer, he was the only prosecution witness.  After Raschendorfer was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Serchuk was awarded a special award from Nazi Crimes Investigation Department of the Israel Police.

In 1967, Levi Eshkol, the Israeli Prime Minister, gave him the Fighters against Nazis Medal, and in 1968 he received in addition the State Fighters Medal.

He saw the establishment and strengthening of the Israel Defense Forces and the State of Israel and the Jewish birthrate - his revenge against the Nazis who slaughtered all of his extended family.

Joseph Serchuk died in 1993 in Tel Aviv at age 74.  He was married, and left behind nine children and more than one hundred grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Further reading 
 Dov Freiberg, To Survive Sobibor, New York, 2007.
 Dov Freiberg, A Journey To The Past With Dekel Shibolim, Ramla, 1993.
 Dov Freiberg, A Man as Any Other, Ramla, 1996.
 Mark Paul: Polish-Jewish Relations in Wartime Northeastern Poland and the Aftermath  PEFINA Press, Toronto 2008

Other websites 
 About Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer and his sentence 
 Joseph Serchuk at Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels (Hebrew)

1919 births
1993 deaths
Holocaust survivors
Israeli Jews
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Polish Jews
World War II people
Fishmonger

A fishmonger is someone who sells fish and seafood. Fishmongers can be wholesalers or retailers. In many places there are fewer fishmongers than there used to be. Supermarkets have often replaced independent seafood sellers. Female fishmongers used to have a separate name, fishwife.



Worshipful Company of Fishmongers

The fishmongers guild was started in the City of London by a Royal Charter from Edward I soon after he became king in 1272. Guild members could not have foreign partners. Selling fish was tightly controlled to make sure it was fresh and to keep profits low. However, the guild grew rich. After Edward's victory over the Scots, they put on a great show, including one thousand mounted knights.

While Edward II was king, the fishmongers lost political power. Parliament made a rule that a fishmonger could not become mayor of the city.  This rule was soon canceled, though. The fishmongers guild became richer so that while Edward III was king the guild could give £40 to the war against the French. This was a large amount of money at that time.

The guild was then reformed as the Mystery of the Fishmongers of London.  They were the only ones allowed to advertise or sell fish. They also regulated catching fish in the Thames. The river had many fish such as salmon at that time. The guild still continues today as one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies.

Fishmongers in culture 

Some believe that the word fishmonger in Shakespeare's Hamlet was  a euphemism for a "fleshmonger," or pimp.   

In the English translation of the Asterix series, the village fishmonger is called Unhygienix. 
In the film The Beach, the island's chef has only fish for meat, and is named Unhygienix after to the Asterix character.

Charles Fort included the story of the Mad Fishmonger or "St. Fishmonger" in his book Lo! According to the story St. Fishmonger made crabs and periwinkles fall from the sky. The story later appears in the Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy by Robert Anton Wilson. 

Dr. Ahmed Fishmonger is a writer and artist active in the Church of the Subgenius.

In many countries, the fishwife had a reputation for speaking boldly. In Medieval France, fishwives in Paris were allowed to speak honestly and directly to the King himself when he went into the marketplace. They could be critical without fear of punishment.

Historic fishmongers 
 Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian Anarchist executed in 1927 following a controversial American trial
 Dolly Peel
 Dolly Pentreath the last native speaker of Cornish
 Marretje Arents
 Molly Malone

Notes

Food-related occupations
Deep frying

Deep frying is a way of cooking food by putting it in hot oil or fat. Deep frying cooks food very quickly. Deep frying is popular is the United Kingdom - one dish popular in the United Kingdom is fish and chips.

Technique 

If done well, deep-frying does not make food too greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water in the food, steaming it from the inside out. The water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface of the oil. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not in the oil for too long, oil will only enter the surface of the food. However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but is usually between 175 and 190 °C (345–375 °F). 

Some fried foods are given a coating of batter or breading prior to frying. This makes the outside of the food crispy and browned, while the inside becomes tender, moist, and steamed. Some foods – such as potatoes or whole, skin-on poultry – have a natural coating and do not require breading or battering.

Disadvantages 
Deep frying makes large amounts of waste oil. Getting rid of the oil properly may be a problem. Waste oil is increasingly being recycled into biodiesel.

Some deep fry shortenings have trans fat.

Cooking oil can burn well  and may catch fire if it is used at too high a temperature. Trying to put out an oil fire with water makes the fire worse. Instead, oil fires must be put out with a fire extinguisher or by smothering.

Related pages
 French fried potatoes

References

Cooking methods
Nauru national football team

The Nauru national football team is the football team that comes from Nauru. The teams current Ello Ranking is 184. The team does not have a FIFA Ranking because the team is not part of FIFA.

Ello Rankings

References 

Oceanian national football teams
Nauru
Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index is an index that shows how corrupt certain countries are. Denmark has been the least corrupt nation eight times, while Somalia has been the most corrupt nation six times. All the information on this page is from Transparency International.

2010 (Top 30)

The Least Corrupt Country by Year 

* The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles.

The Most Corrupt Country by Year 

* The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles.

Lists of countries
Newhall, California

Newhall is the southernmost district  of Santa Clarita, California. It is the oldest district of Santa Clarita. Before 1987, Newhall was an independent but unincorporated town.  It was the first permanent Anglo settlement in the valley.

It is named after businessman Henry Newhall. Newhall is home to the William S. Hart County Park. It has tours of the famous silent movie maker's mansion. Over the years, Newhall has been the location for many movies, including Suddenly (1954) and Disney's The World's Greatest Athlete (1973).

Other websites 
Santa Clarita Guide - An Official Guide to the Santa Clarita Valley
 (Photos, text, TV shows)

Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Serie D

Serie D is the top level of the non-professional football clubs in Italy. Serie D ranks just below Serie C.

Teams
From the 1990's the league had 162 teams.  The teams were split into 9 regional divisions, called Gironi.  The divisions were usually formed of 18 teams. Teams were grouped based on location.

In the 2012–13 season there were 166 teams. Two groups are formed of 20 teams. The regions are divided as shown below:

 Girone A - teams from Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria & Lombardy.
 Girone B - teams from Lombardy & Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
 Girone C - teams from Friuli-Venezia Giulia & Veneto.
 Girone D - teams from Emilia-Romagna & Tuscany.
 Girone E - teams from Lazio, Tuscany & Umbria.
 Girone F - teams from Abruzzo, Lazio, Marche & Molise.
 Girone G - teams from Campania, Lazio & Sardinia.
 Girone H - teams from Apulia, Basilicata & Campania.
 Girone I - teams from Calabria, Campania  & Sicily.

Past Winners

1952-53 - Catanzaro
1953-54 - Bari
1954-55 - BPD Colleferro
1955-56 - Siena
1956-57 - Sarom Ravenna
1957-58 - Cosenza, Ozo Mantova & Spezia (ex-aequo)
1958-59 - Cascina
1959-60 to 1961-62 - Title assigned to the winning groups of Prima Categoria
1962-63 to 1991-92 - Title not assigned
1992-93 - Eurobuilding Crevalcore
1993-94 - Pro Vercelli
1994-95 - Taranto
1995-96 - Castel San Pietro 
1996-97 - Biellese
1997-98 - Giugliano
1998-99 - Lanciano
1999-00 - Sangiovannese
2000-01 - Palmese
2001-02 - Olbia
2002-03 - Cavese
2003-04 - Massese
2004-05 - Bassano Virtus
2005-06 - Paganese
2006-07 - Tempio 
2007-08 - Aversa Normanna
2008-09 - Pro Vasto
2009-10 - Montichiari
2010-11 - Cuneo
2011-12 - Venezia

Notes

Football in Italy
Football leagues
Superacid

A superacid is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid. According to the modern definition, a superacid has a chemical potential of the proton higher than that of pure sulfuric acid.

Chemists use strong acids to break down other molecules. Some molecules are so strong (held together with strong chemical bonds) that they resist attack by common acids. Superacids can break down molecules that stand up to most other acids.

Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfonic acid (FSO3H). Both superacids are about a thousand times stronger (that is, have more negative H0 values) than sulfuric acid. The strongest superacids are prepared by the combination of two components, a strong Lewis acid and a strong Brønsted acid. The strongest known superacid is fluoroantimonic acid.

Related pages
Superbase

References

Acids
Andrea Libman

Andrea Eva Libman (born July 19, 1984 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian voice actress, television writer and singer who is best known for voicing Chi-Chi in Dragon Ball, Emmy in Dragon Tales, and Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. She also made on-screen appearances in the television shows Highlander: The Series, Susie Q, The Lotus Eaters, and Lyddie.

Other websites
Andrea Libman at the Internet Movie Database

1984 births
Living people
Singers from Toronto
Canadian voice actors
Actors from Toronto
17 Again (movie)

17 Again is a 2009 American comedy-drama fantasy movie that was produced by Adam Shankman, Richard S. Wright, Jennifer Gibgot, Tom Rosenberg and Gary Lucchesi and was directed by Burr Steers. 17 Again is about a 37-year-old man who becomes 17 again. It was released on April 17, 2009 in North America. The movie received mixed to positive reviews with a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 48 out of 100 from Metacritic

Cast 
 Zac Efron as Mike O'Donnell (17 years old)
 Matthew Perry as Mike O'Donnell (37 years old)
 Thomas Lennon as Ned Gold (37 years old)
 Michelle Trachtenberg as Margret "Maggie" O'Donnell
 Sterling Knight as Alex O'Donnell
 Leslie Mann as Scarlet O'Donnell (37 years old)
 Hunter Parrish as Stan
 Katerina Graham as Jamie
 Melora Hardin as Principal Jane Masterson
 Jim Gaffigan as Coach
 Drew Sidora as Cameron
 Tiya Sircar as Samantha
 Vanessa Lee Chester as Karla
 Nicole Sullivan as Naomi
 Adam Gregory as Dom
 Brian Doyle-Murray as The Janitor
 Margaret Cho as Health Teacher
 Allison Miller as Scarlet O'Donnell (17 years old)
 Tyler Steelman as Ned Gold (17 years old)
 Josie Loren as Nicole

References

Other websites 
17 Again's official website

2009 comedy-drama movies
2000s fantasy-comedy movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Four Christmases

Four Christmases is an 2008 American romantic comedy movie that was produced by Gary Barber, Roger Birnbaum, Jonathan Glickman, Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon and was directed by Seth Gordon. Four Christmases was released on November 26, 2008 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 25% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 41 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
 Vince Vaughn as Bradford 'Brad' McVie
 Reese Witherspoon as Kate
 Robert Duvall as Howard McVie
 Sissy Spacek as Paula
 Jon Voight as Creighton
 Mary Steenburgen as Marilyn
 Kristin Chenoweth as Courtney
 Jon Favreau as Denver McVie
 Tim McGraw as Dallas McVie
 Katy Mixon as Susan McVie
 Dwight Yoakam as Pastor Phil
 Carol Kane as Aunt Sarah
 Colleen Camp as Aunt Donna
 Jack Donner as Grandpa
 Steve Wiebe as Jim
 Skyler Gisondo as Connor McVie
 Patrick Van Horn as Darryl
 Brian Baumgartner as Eric
 Cedric Yarbrough as Stan
 Creagen Dow as Sheep
 Zachary Gordon as Kid In Jump-Jump (Cameo)
 Noah Munck as screaming kid

References

Other websites 
Four Christmases' Official website
 

2008 comedy-drama movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s romantic drama movies
English-language movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
German drama movies
Christmas movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in San Francisco
Automatic firearm

An automatic firearm is a firearm which will keep firing as long as the trigger is being pulled and there is still ammunition in the magazine.

An automatic weapon works by firing, automatically removing the cartridge case from the chamber, ejecting it from the side of the gun, and then loads a new cartridge into the chamber.

Uses 
An "automatic pistol" or "automatic shotgun" usually means that it has a semi-automatic design. However, fully automatic pistols (for example the Steyr TMP) and shotguns (such as the Daewoo USAS-12 and the AA-12) do exist. "Automatic rifle" usually means that the rifle has a fully automatic design, not semi-automatic.

In most countries, automatic firearms are usually only allowed for the military and police to use. In countries where automatic firearms can be used by the public, there are usually very strict rules on their use.

A fully automatic weapon (a machine gun) is one that keeps firing bullets as long as the trigger is pulled. It stops when the trigger is let go or the ammunition is all gone. In some countries, any weapon that shoots more than one shot at a time when the trigger is pulled once is legally called a machine gun. Some firearms fire more than one bullet after each trigger pull, but only a limited number. This is called burst fire.

Submachine guns are fully automatic weapons that fire a pistol cartridge. They can also be used by only one person. Sometimes they are called machine pistols.

Patents 
 :  Automatic gun

Related pages
 Machine gun
 Submachine gun
 Assault rifle
 Automatic rifle

Notes 

Firearms
Input device

In computing, an input device is computer hardware which is used to enter data for processing. Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, image scanner, digital cameras and joysticks. A touchscreen is a combined input and output device.

Related pages 
 Output device

References 

Computer hardware
Data input
Output device

In computing, an output device is a peripheral equipment device that is used to give the results of processed data.

Examples 
 Video card and monitor (screen): displays information on the screen for you to look at.
 Computer printer: It takes information from a computer and prints it out so that you can see it.
 Sound card and speaker: that play sounds and music. 
 Computer terminal
 numerical controlled machine tools.

Related pages
 Input device

References 

Computer hardware
Computer science
Hitting for the cycle

In baseball, a player hits for the cycle when they hit a single, a double, a triple, and a home run in the same game. It does not have to be in that order. Collecting the hits in that order is known as a natural cycle.

Baseball statistics
Doubleheader (baseball)

In baseball, a doubleheader is a game played between two teams on the same day. This is usually as a result of weather moving postponing a game.

Baseball
Louisville Colonels

The Louisville Colonels were a Major League Baseball team that played from 1882 to 1899. The Colonels represented the city of Louisville, Kentucky, in the United States. 

The team played in the American Association (AA). This was an early American major league baseball league from the 1800s. The team was first called the Louisville Eclipse from 1882 to 1884. Then it was renamed the Louisville Colonels in 1885. The name the Colonels comes from the Kentucky colonel, a title of honor in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

In 1891, the AA folded (stopped existing). The Colonels then joined the National League. The team played for the National League through 1899. 

Notable Colonel players include Fred Clarke, Honus Wagner, and Rube Waddell.

Major League Baseball teams
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
1882 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Kentucky
1899 disestablishments
1890s disestablishments in the United States
Player-coach

A player-coach, in sports, is a member of a sports team who simultaneously holds both playing and coaching duties. The term can be used to refer to both players who serve as head coaches, or as assistant coaches.

Player-manager 
Player/manager is a sports term used to described a manager of a team who is also registered to play for the team. In association football, this situation usually arises when a manager leaves a team suddenly, and the chairman has to make a quick decision to appoint someone new as a caretaker manager. The chairman will usually either ask a coach to take temporary charge or turn to the club's most senior player. If this particular player gains good results for the team during his time in charge, he may be appointed full-time manager, which leaves him a player/manager.

However, there are instances when a free agent is signed by a new team as a manager and offers his playing abilities.

In the United States, player/managers and player-coaches were once common, especially in the early days of baseball. The last player-manager in Major League Baseball was Pete Rose, who began managing the Cincinnati Reds in 1985, the second-to-last season of his playing career. Fred Clarke spent the longest time as a player-manager.

Sports words
Batting average

Batting average is a statistic that is used in cricket and baseball measuring the batting of cricket batsmen or baseball hitters.

Cricket 
In cricket, a batsman's average is the total number of runs he has scored divided by the number of times he has been got out. The statistic can be classified by the level of the cricket. Top batsmen will have separate averages for test cricket, first class cricket, one-day cricket and so on. The highest batting average is by Sir Donald Bradman which is 99.96.

Baseball 
In baseball, the batting average, abbreviated BA or sometimes AVG, is defined as the number of hits divided by at bats. For example, if a player had 50 hits over 175 at bats, their batting average would be .286.

References

Baseball statistics
Cricket
New World rats and mice

The New World rats and mice are a group of rodents from the family Cricetidae. They are mammals with fur and long tails. These animals live in the wild in North and South America. The group is very large, with about 500 different species. Biologists are not sure whether the group is descended from a common ancestor, so there is no scientific name for it. There are three subfamilies, Neotominae, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae.

Members of the New World rats and mice have occupied different ecological niches. Because of this, they have developed different forms. Most of them resemble rats or mice in appearance, but some look like voles, moles, gerbils or shrews. The biggest of them are Kunsia, with about 16–30 cm body length, and about 8–16 cm tail. Among the smallest are Baiomys, with about 5–8 cm body length, and about 5 cm tail.

Most of the New World rats and mice live on the ground, but are good climbers. Some live in trees. Others dig holes in the ground, or live part of their life in the water. New world rats and mice do not hibernate, but on cold days in winter, they sometimes fall into a torpor.

The New World rats and mice have many predators, and usually live only a short time. In the wild, these animals usually live for less than a year, but they have reached ages of up to five years old when kept indoors and protected by people. Some species have adapted to humans, and are hemerophile. This has also shown in some common names, such as the Cotton rat, Marsh rice rat, Brown Cane Mouse or Short-tailed Cane Mouse.

Rodents
Susana González

Susana Alejandra González del Río (born on October 2, 1973 in Calera de Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas) is a Mexican actress known for her talent, beauty and docile character.

When she was 18 years old, she won a scholarship to Televisa's acting academy. She won the hearts of the people because of her charisma and sweetness.

She has two children, Santiago and Susana. Her parents are Refugio and Elvira, and her siblings are José and Erica.

Filmography
 Por Siempre mi Amor (2013-2014) - Isabel Lopéz Cerdán

 Amores verdaderos (2012-2013) - Beatriz
La que no podia amar (2011-2012) - Cynthia Montero Baez
Para Volver a Amar (2010–2011) - Doménica
Los Exitosos Perez (2010) - Alexandra 'Alex' Rinaldi
Mujeres Asesinas (2009) - Desconfiada
Pasión (telenovela) (2007) - Camila Darien
S.O.S.: Sexo y otros Secretos - Tania
Chinango (2007) as Sofia
Heridas de Amor (2006) as Liliana Lopez Reyna
El Amor No Tiene Precio (2005) as Maria "Liz" Elizabeth González 
Cicatrices (2005) - Diana
Hospital el paisa - La Ex-Cita (2004) - Lucía Gordillo
Al otro lado (2004) - Caridad, Angel's mother
Silencio profundo (2003)
Velo de novia (2003) - Andrea Paz
Entre el amor y el odio (2002) - Ana Cristina Robles
Chinango (2002) - Sofia
Amigas y rivales (2001) - Angela
Rayito de luz (2000)
Amor gitano (1999) - Zokka
Cuento de Navidad (1999)
Mujeres engañadas (1999) - Ivette
Que vivan los muertos (1998)
Preciosa (1998) - Felina
Atómica (1998) - Chica Podium
María Isabel (1997) - Elisa
Sentimientos Ajenos (1996) - Norma

Telenovelas

Sources

Info on alma-latina.net

1973 births
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie actors
Living people
People from Zacatecas