cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Allendale, New Jersey

Allendale is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 6,505, reflecting a decline of 194 (-2.9%) from the 6,699 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 799 (+13.5%) from the 5,900 counted in the 1990 Census.

Allendale was formed on November 8, 1894 from portions of Franklin Township, Hohokus Township and Orvil Township at the height of the Boroughitis phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County.

Late science-fiction author Richard Matheson was born here on February 20, 1926.

References

Boroughs in New Jersey
1894 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New Jersey
Momoiro Clover Z

is a Japanese idol group. It is commonly abbreviated as .

The group is known for energetic performances, incorporating elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies. In 2013, it was the 4th music artist by total sales revenue in Japan, with over ¥5.2 billion.

Momoiro Clover Z is ranked as the most popular female idol group according to 2013 and 2014 surveys.

Music style 

Momoclo's songs are "hyperactive J-pop numbers". Their live performances are heavily choreographed and acrobatic. The group is known for their chaotic energy that is similar to that of punk bands. The response from the audience is also enthusiastic. Because of the hard dances, the girls' voices are not very stable. Nevertheless, they never lipsynch on stage. Overall, the group and its music are progressive and forward-thinking.

The group has worked with many famous songwriters and musicians, belonging to different genres of music, from pop to punk and heavy metal. For example, Marty Friedman played the guitar for , one of the singles, and also appeared on the group's  concert.

(Who is Momoiro Clover Z - YouTube)

Members 
On stage, the members can be easily found by the colors of their clothes.

There were some other members before releasing the debut CD:

Discography

Singles 

*Billboard Japan Hot 100 number one
</div>

Albums

Collaboration
Momoiro Clover Z have collaborated with overseas artists.
 Kiss released a collaboration single with Momoiro Clover Z, titled "Yume no Ukiyo ni Saitemina" (January, 2015).
 Lady Gaga designated Momoiro Clover Z for an opening act of  her concert (August, 2014).

The group sings theme music for anime which are famous overseas too.
 Pokémon - "Mite Mite Kocchichi" (June, 2012)
 Sailor Moon - "Moon Pride" (July, 2015)

Name origin 
The group formed in the spring of 2008 and officially debuted as a six-member unit a year later. It was originally named "Momoiro Clover", which means "Pink Clover". The name was chosen to show that the band was composed of innocent girls who wanted to bring happiness to people.

In 2011, the group faced a crisis because subleader Akari Hayami suddenly quit. Then, the management added the letter "Z" to the name. In Japan, "Z" is a symbol of evolution.

The group is nicknamed , because most of its members are students and the group is active mainly on weekends.

The group gives a special emphasis to closeness to the fans and its slogan is .  They used to perform on park walkways for passers-by. They also gave free concerts in electronics stores and sold CDs by themselves. Though the group made it big, their deep appreciation of the fans can be seen at their live concerts and events, when they make deep and long ojigi, a bow to say thanks.

References

Other websites 

  
  
 YouTube channel (videos up to 2013; a shared channel with sister groups)
 YouTube channel (videos from 2014)

Japanese musical groups
J-pop bands
Idol groups
2008 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Japan
Division of Chifley

The Division of Chifley is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was created in 1969 and is named for Ben Chifley, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1945–49. It covers some of the outer western suburbs of Sydney including Arndell Park, Bidwill, Blackett, Colebee, Dean Park, Dharruk, Doonside, Emerton, Glendenning, Hassall Grove, Hebersham, Huntingwood, Lethbridge Park, Marayong, Minchinbury, Mount Druitt, Oakhurst, Plumpton, Rooty Hill, Ropes Crossing, Shalvey, Shanes Park, Tregear, Whalan, Willmot, Woodcroft and parts of Eastern Creek, Blacktown, Quakers Hill, Schofields and Riverstone.

Members

Ed Husic was the first Muslim elected to the Australian Parliament.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Chifley - Australian Electoral Commission
 Ed Husic's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1969 establishments in Australia
Gaya College of Engineering

Gaya College of Engineering (GCE; ) is a college in the Indian state of Bihar. It was established in 2008. It was formerly named Magadh Engineering College when it was a private engineering institution. It is now a public institute. It is approved by AICTE. It was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Bihar Mr. Nitish Kumar on 19 November 2008. It is government engineering college managed by the government of Bihar. It is under the administrative control of the Department of Science and Technology. It is affiliated with Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna. GCE offers undergraduate courses in four streams of engineering.

Bihar
Colleges and universities in India
2008 establishments in India
Dota 2

Dota 2 is a video game that was released in 2013. It is a sequel to Defense of the Ancients. Dota was originally a player-made map (also know as a mod) in Warcraft: Frozen Throne that proved to be successful with over 5 million active players. When Warcraft: Frozen Throne game got old, it was hard to make the map. As a result, Valve Corporation, with the help of the original maker (known only as Icefrog) started to develop Dota 2.

Goal 
The game is a hard to learn, hard to master strategy game. You map pick one of the 115 heroes. They're then put to two teams of five: one called the Radiant(Green) and the other, Dire(Red). The map contains three lanes called top, middle and bottom lanes. Usually, the team chooses to go 2-1-2(2 in top, 1 mid and 2 bot). Sometimes, it will be 2-1-1 or 1-1-2 because there will be a roamer. A roamer, as the name applies, goes all over the map where they can help.

'Creeps' spawn in both sides are called 'Minions' waves. They are controlled by the computer and they will attack the enemy creeps. They will target a hero or a tower if there is no creeps. The creeps are essential into winning the game since they give gold if killed by a hero.

In every lane, there are 3 towers. They're named by their tiers with tier 1 being the nearest to the enemies and tier 3 the farthest. You must destroy all the lane's towers before you can damage the barracks. The barracks are behind the tier 3 towers. If you destroy the 'Ranged Barracks' or 'Melee Barracks', the corresponding creeps spawn at the lane will be more powerful. If all 6 barracks get destroyed, all the creeps get boosted to Mega Creeps. Mega creeps are so powerful that an entire wave of them is equal to the power of a hero. If you have mega creeps, you will likely win the game.

The winning condition of the game is by destroying the enemy 'Ancient' or base while defending your own. Due to the large map and variety of scenarios,

games often last 30–50 minutes. Some games go to 2 hours if necessary.

You may leave the game before it ends, but you will get punished. Your next 1-5 games will be in a 'Low Priority' form. In low priority, every player gets a pool of only 3 heroes to pick. They can also not play with 'High Priority' players.

Summary 
The game has two different teams with five "heroes" on each side. They can choose between 115 different heroes. Players have to get the rivaled towers in order to eventually get to the ancient and destroy it. Through the game, players can gain gold, buy items and of course, get kills and assists.

Notes 
You can also play custom games, which are made by loyal players via the steam workshop. Dota 2 is famous for it's complexity and forceful effort. Some people have earned millions of dollars playing this game in important hostages, most knowingly, the International, which has the biggest money pool in video game history, reaching 13 million in U.S.A dollars.

2013 video games
Real-time strategy video games
Echium vulcanorum

Echium vulcanorum is a plant species that belongs to the Boraginaceae family, the borage family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

It was discovered and named by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier. He found the plant with flowers on July 1934.

Common names
It is locally known as lingua de vaca ("tongue of cow") because their leaves are rough. The same name is used for the other species of Echium that are found in Cape Verde: Echium hypertropicum and Echium stenosiphon.

Description
It is a shrub with many branches, up to 1.5–2 m tall. The stems are covered with many hairs. The leaves are lanceolates (pointed at both ends) up to 10 cm long and 1.5 wide.

The flowers are in dense inflorescences (groups of flowers), almost  conical, up to 18 cm long, with white flowers with blue stripes.

Where it grows
Echium vulcanorum is endemic of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano Pico do Fogo. It occurs on volcanic soils of Fogo Island, mainly as two populations at Monte Losna/Pico Novo, where they can be found at about 1700 m, and in the border of the crater of the Pico do Fogo (the Bordeira region ) at altitudes between 2200 and 2400 m. A small population was also reported in Chã das Caldeiras (±1600 m). These populations exist generally in places facing to the southwest or the southeast. It prefers soils with a recent volcanic origin.

Conservation
Echium vulcanorum is used for the production of firewood (dry wood that will be burned) and destroyed by goats, so this species, as well as the other two Echium species of Cape Verde, is seriously threatened, so that measures for its protection should be taken with urgency.

Some conservation actions have been done at the Bordeira region (in the Natural Park of Fogo Island) and now there is a population with a relatively high number of individuals.

References

Other websites

 Echium vulcanorum at NCBI, retrieved on 19 August 2013
 Echium vulcanorum at uBio, retrieved on 19 August 2013

Boraginaceae
Cape Verde
Rafael Carvajal

Rafael Carvajal Guzmán (1818–1881) was an Ecuadorian politician.

He served as Vice President of Ecuador from 1864 to 1865 and acting President from 31 August 1865 to 7 September 1865. He was the Vice President of Gabriel García Moreno. He succeed him after he was assassinated.

Other websites
 Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History

1818 births
1881 deaths
Presidents of Ecuador
Vice Presidents of Ecuador
Adventures of Captain Marvel

Adventures of Captain Marvel is a 12-chapter movie serial released in 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures. It was produced by Republic Studios. It stars Tom Tyler as Captain Marvel and Frank Coughlan, Jr. as Billy Batson. It was directed by William Witney and John English.

References
 Weiss, Ken and Ed Goodgold. 1972. To Be Continued... New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp. 180–182.

1941 movies
English-language movies
Movie serials
Movies directed by William Witney
American superhero movies
Elmore Leonard

Elmore John Leonard, Jr. (October 11, 1925 – August 20, 2013)  was an American novelist and screenwriter. 

His best-known works are Get Shorty, Out of Sight, Hombre, Mr. Majestyk, and Rum Punch. He was also writing for the TV series Justified.  

Leonard was born on October 11, 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was raised in Detroit, Michigan. Leonard studied at the University of Detroit. 

Leonard was married to Beverly Cline from 1949 until they divorced in 1977.  Then he was married to Joan Shepard from 1979 until her death in 1993.  Then he was married to Christine Kent from 1993 until his death in 2013. He had five children with Cline.  

Leonard spent the last years of his life with his family in Oakland County, Michigan. He suffered a stroke on July 29, 2013. Reports stated that Leonard was recovering from the stroke. 

On August 20, 2013, Leonard died at his home in Bloomfield Hills (a Detroit suburb) of complications from the stroke. He was 87 years old.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 Elmore Leonard memorial page

1925 births
2013 deaths
American television writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Michigan
Screenwriters from Louisiana
Screenwriters from Michigan
Writers from Detroit, Michigan
Writers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Enoch

Enoch is a figure in the Bible. He appears in the Book of Genesis chapter 5, where he is described as the son of Jared and the father of Methuselah. It is also said there that Enoch 'walked with God' (verse 22).

Related pages
Book of Enoch

References

Other websites
 Enoch at About.com

Old Testament people
Ted Post

Theodore "Ted" Post (March 31, 1918 – August 20, 2013) was an American television and movie director. He was known for directed two Clint Eastwood movies Hang 'Em High and Magnum Force.

Post was born on March 31, 1918 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at High School of Performing Arts. Post was married to Thelma Post from 1941 until his death in 2013. They had two children. Post died on August 20, 2013 from natural causes in Santa Monica, California, aged 95.

References

Other websites

 

1918 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American television directors
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New York
Pupusa

A pupusa is a thick griddle cake or flatbread from the cuisine of El Salvador is a traditional food made with corn flour, beans, cheese, chicharrón (pork), or any filling. People usually eat pupusas at breakfast and dinner. It is eaten with tomato sauce and curtido.

History

Pupusas - also known as pupisio - were first created by the Pipil in El Salvador. Over time cooking material for their preparation have been found in Joya de Cerén, “El Salvador’s Pompeii”, place of a native small town that was buried by ashes from a volcano explosion, and where foodstuffs were preserved as they were being cooked almost two thousand years ago by the tribes. The articles for their preparation have also been found in other archaeological sites in El Salvador.

Different types

Depending on what city people visit, they’ll find different types of Pupusas. if they  go to the coast side, they’ll find Pupusas filled with shrimp and fish. Pupusas can be also filled with different types of flowers like “flor de Izote” (El Salvador national flower), lorocco, Cucurbita argyrosperma, cilantro, Chamaedorea tepejilote, chipilín, mora, chicken, and papelillo.

Around the Americas

There are various types of Pupusas in El Salvador alone. From the way the dough is made to the preparation and even the fillings that are used, each place and pupuseria can have their own take on making a pupusa. On the other hand, El Salvador, a pupusa de arroz is also a popular variant. It is made from rice flour instead of cornmeal. Of course pupusas are not always going to taste the same, depending on what type of dough people make them with. Pupusas might taste a little different when using commercial corn or rice flour instead of masa harina (dried cornmeal flour) that Salvadorians use.

Reference list

Other websites

El Salvador
Breads
Kate Wilson Sheppard

Katherine Wilson Sheppard (10 March 1847, Liverpool, England – 13 July 1934, Christchurch, New Zealand) was a New Zealand activist for women's rights. She helped get women the right to vote in New Zealand. Kate Sheppard moved to Scotland when she was young. She was born with the name Catherine Wilson Malcolm. Her father died in 1862. She moved to New Zealand in 1869 and married at age 24. She had 2 husbands, one son, and one grandchild.

Sheppard is on the New Zealand ten dollar note.

References

1847 births
1934 deaths
People from Liverpool
Civil rights activists
Escape from Alcatraz (movie)

Escape from Alcatraz is a 1979 American prison/thriller/action movie. It was directed by Don Siegel. It stars Clint Eastwood, Larry Hankin, Patrick McGoohan, Fred Ward, Roberts Blossom, and Danny Glover. It was released to positive reviews on June 22, 1979.

1979 movies
1970s action movies
American thriller movies
American action movies
Movies directed by Don Siegel
Bill Gold

William "Bill" Gold (January 3, 1921 – May 20, 2018) was an American graphic designer best known for thousands of movie poster designs.

His first movie poster was for Yankee Doodle Dandy (1941), and his most recent and final work was for J. Edgar (2011). 

During his 70-year career he has worked with some of Hollywood's greatest filmmakers, including Laurence Olivier, Clint Eastwood, Alfred Hitchcock, Stanley Kubrick, Elia Kazan, François Truffaut, Ron Howard, Sidney Lumet, Ridley Scott, and Ray Harryhausen. 

Among his most famous movie posters are those for Casablanca, A Streetcar Named Desire, The Exorcist, A Clockwork Orange, Escape from Alcatraz, and Alien.

Gold was born on January 3, 1921 in New York City, New York. He died at his home in Old Greenwich, Connecticut on May 20, 2018 of complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 97.

References

Other websites

1994 Hollywood Reporter Lifetime Achievement Award video

1921 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American artists
People from New York City
Whina Cooper

Dame Whina Cooper (9 December 1895, Te Karaka, Hokianga, New Zealand – 26 March 1994, Panguru, New Zealand) fought for Maori land. She was elected first president of the new Maori Women's Welfare League.

Cooper was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for the services to the Māori people in the 1953 Coronation Honours. In 1974, she was promoted to Commander. In 1981, she was promoted again to Dame Commander.

1895 births
1994 deaths
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand Māori people
Ellen Albertini Dow

Ellen Rose Albertini Dow (November 16, 1913 – May 4, 2015) was an American character actress. She mainly played feisty old ladies and is perhaps best known as the rapping grandmother in 1998 movie The Wedding Singer. Other roles include the homophobic grandmother in Wedding Crashers, Disco Dottie in 54, the recipient of Christopher Lloyd's slapstick in Radioland Murders, and a choir member in Sister Act.

Dow was born on November 16, 1913 in Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania. She studied at Cornell University. Dow was married to Eugene Dow from 1951 until his death in 2004. They had no children. 

Dow died on May 4, 2015 at her Los Angeles, California home, at age 101.

References

Other websites
Official site 

1913 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American centenarians
American television actors
Westerly, Rhode Island

Westerly is a town in southwestern Rhode Island, near the state line of Connecticut. The town was established in 1669. In 2010, the population was about 23,000 by the census.  

Westerly might be named because of where it is in Rhode Island. But, the town may have also gotten the name Westerly from the English village Westerleigh. During summer, Westerly becomes a tourist attraction.

Towns in Rhode Island
1669 establishments
1660s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Atari 7800

The Atari 7800 is a 8-bit video game console. It was competing with the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Sega Master System. It was Atari's third-to-last attempt to create another video game system that would be a successor to the Atari 2600. It was a short-lived success. chikakaboom

The Atari 7800 is backwards compatible with Atari 2600 games, but not Atari 5200 games. The Atari 7800 is also compatible with Atari 2600 controllers, such as the Atari Paddle controller and the Atari Joystick controller.

References

Video game consoles
Atari hardware
Division of La Trobe

The Division of La Trobe is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the outer south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. At first it was closer to the city, but boundaries have since been changed. It originally included the suburbs of Croydon, Dandenong, Ferntree Gully and Ringwood. It now includes Boronia, Belgrave, Ferntree Gully, Berwick, Beaconsfield, Officer, Gembrook, Emerald and Cockatoo.

The Division was set up  in 1949, and named after Charles La Trobe, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria.

Members

The first person to hold the seat was Richard Casey, Baron Casey, later the 16th Governor-General of Australia. He was later given a seat in the British House of Lords. The Division of Casey, which is next to La Trobe, is named after him. In 1961, the division was the subject of a book, Parties and People: A Survey Based on the La Trobe Electorate, by Creighton Burns.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of La Trobe - Australian Electoral Commission
 Jason Wood's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1949 establishments in Australia
Saintonge

Saintonge () is a small region and historical province on the Atlantic coast of France. It is within the département Charente-Maritime, west and south of Charente in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
Saintonge gets its name from the ancient Gallic tribe of the Santones who lived in this area. The capital is the city of Saintes.

The Saintonge was the center of the French Huguenots. Today, the region is famous for its production of the grapes that are used to produce cognac and Pineau des Charentes. Corn and fruit are also produced here. Salt was produced here which was considered at the time the best in France.

It was the birthplace of the explorer Jean Allefonsce and Samuel de Champlain who founded Quebec.

Saintongeais is spoken in the former provinces of Saintonge, Aunis, and Angoumois

References 

Geography of France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais

Geoffrey II, de Château-Landon (born  – died 1043–46) was a French nobleman and the Count of Gâtinais.

Career 

Geoffrey was the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais, and Beatrice of Macon. She was the daughter of Aubry II of Mâcon. He was born about the year 1000. The Gâtinais was a key district on the northeast border of Orléans and Château-Landon was the capitol.  he married Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou, daughter of Fulk III Nerra. Together they were the ancestors of the House of Plantagenet. 
Geoffrey died about 1043–1046. After Geoffrey's death Ermengarde-Blanche married secondly Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.

Family 

Together, Geoffrey and Ermengarde had:

 Hildegarde de Château-Landon, she married  c.1060 Joscelin I, Lord of Courtenay. 
Geoffrey III of Anjou.
Fulk IV, Count of Anjou

References

1040s deaths
French nobility
Year of birth unknown
1000s births
Populaire (movie)

Populaire is a 2012 French-Belgian romantic comedy movie. It is set in France and New York City in the late 1950s. It was directed by Régis Roinsard. It was released in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2013.

Other websites
 

2012 comedy movies
2012 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
Belgian movies

French-language movies
French romance movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1950s
Mehmed VI

Mehmet VI (14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. His reign lasted from 1918 to 1922. He succeeded his brother, Mehmed V, as the eldest male member of the House of Osman after the 1916 suicide of the heir to the throne, Yusuf Izzettin Efendi. He was presented with the Sword of Osman on 4 June 1918 in the traditional coronation ceremony. His father was Sultan Abdülmecid I and mother was Gülüstü (1831 – May 1861). Mehmed was removed from the throne when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished in 1922.

Notes

More reading
 Fromkin, David, 1989. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

Other websites

1861 births
1926 deaths
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Caliphs
Vienna Bend, Louisiana

Vienna Bend is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana United States. The population was 1,251 at the 2010 census.

Notes

Census-designated places in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Morelos Municipality, Coahuila

Morelos is a one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat is Morelos. The municipality covers an area of 606.2 km².

In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 1,516.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila
Syn (goddess)

Syn is a goddess (one of the Æsir) in Norse mythology. Syn guarded the door of Frigg's great hall, Sessrumnir, keeping out all unwelcome visitors. Syn was also called upon to guide or protect defendants in trials. she is considered a goddess of justice.

Her name means "refusal" in Old Norse.

Norse gods and goddesses
Gerðr

Gerðr (or Gerda) is a jötunn and goddess in Norse mythology. She is the daughter of the jötunn (giant) Gymir and Aurboda; the sister of Beli; the wife of Frey, whose servant Skirnir, wooed and won her for his master. Gerðr spurned apples and gold but finally gave in at the terrible threat of eternal cold and loneliness, thus personifying winter giving in at last to the warm sunshine of spring. The nine nights of waiting between her consent to become Frey’s bride and the actual union is symbolic of the long nine months of hard winter in northern countries before spring arrives. In some mythologies the radiance of Gerda personifies the aurora borealis (northern lights).

Norse gods and goddesses
Rindr

In Norse mythology, Rindr is a jotun. She is the daughter of Billing, king of the Ruthenians; mate of the god Odin; mother of Vali. She appears only once in the existing Norse manuscripts, as the temporary wife of Odin. Rinda is a personification of the hard, frozen rind of the Earth. At first, she resists the woohooing of Odin (the Sun) but finally succumbs to his warmth and gives birth to Vali, the light god of spring. And bous, who would later grow up to Balderus.

Norse mythology
Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou

Geoffrey IV (–1106), called Martel (the Hammer), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1096 until his death.

Early career 

Geoffey, born  was the oldest son of Fulk IV Réchin and his second wife Ermengarde of Bourbon. She was the daughter of Archambaud IV, Sire de Bourbon. In his youth his bravery in battle won him the nickname "Martel the second". He was so named after his great-uncle Geoffrey II of Anjou. Elias I, Count of Maine intended to go on crusade with Robert "Curthose", Duke of Normandy, who had already left. Elias asked Robert's brother William Rufus for protection for a crusader's lands while he was away. William flatly refused and made it known he wanted Maine (province) for himself. Elias was then captured, brought to William Rufus in chains and imprisoned. Geoffrey IV had been contracted to marry Elias's daughter, Eremburge. Geoffrey hurried to Maine to defend against any attacks by William Rufus. At the same time his father created a diversion on the border of Normandy. Elias however, did not trust Fulk Réchin and agreed to give William Rufus control of Maine for his release. William Rufus took Maine back and held it until his death in 1100.

Count of Anjou 

In 1096 Geoffrey IV's father released his brother Geoffrey III the legitimate but deposed count of Anjou. This was through the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096. The pope directed that Geoffrey IV Martel was to take over the countship of Anjou. Fulk IV consented to stepping down and making his son count of Anjou. According to Orderic Vitalis Geoffrey restored peace in Anjou and was a very effective count for several years. In 1103 Fulk le Réchin disinherited his son Geoffrey. He favored his younger son by Bertrade de Montfort, Fulk "Le June". By now Fulk le Réchin was old but he still tried to regain control of the countship. There was some brief fighting. Fulk le Réchin was supported by his son-in-law William IX, Duke of Aquitaine. Geoffrey Martel was supported by Elias I, Count of Maine. In the end Fulk le Réchin lost and Geoffrey remained the count of Anjou. Three years later Geoffrey was laying siege to Candé. When the rebels wanted to negotiate for peace and surrender. While Geoffrey was discussing the situation suddenly a crossbowman shot a bolt (short arrow) from the castle and hit Geoffrey in the arm. Geoffrey died the next day, 11 May 1106. Geoffrey died unmarried.

Notes

References 

  

1070s births
1106 deaths
Counts of Anjou
Erysimum caboverdeanum

Erysimum caboverdeanum is a plant species that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, the cabbage or mustard family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

It was named for the first time by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in 1935. Caboverdeanum (or the original caboverdeana) is a Latin word that means "Cape Verdean" or "from Cape Verde".

Synonym
Chevalier named, in 1935, this species as Matthiola caboverdeana; this name now is a synonym because Sunding changed it to the present name, Erysimum caboverdeanum.

Common names
It is locally known as crabo bravo ("wild carnation") and alecrim branco ("white rosemary").

Description
Erysimum caboverdeanum is a biennial small bush, up to  high; its stems are woody and they stand upright. The narrow leaves are about  long and  wide and their margins are finely toothed.

The flowers, which are white or lilac coloured, are in groups (inflorescences) at the end of the stems. The fruits are very narrow and stand upright.

Where it grows
Erysimum caboverdeanum is an endemic species of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano Pico do Fogo. It is common in soils with a recent volcanic origin at an altitude between ; it is found on the slopes of the volcano and in the Chã das Caldeiras, the plain in the volcanic crater.

Uses
The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes mainly as an infusion.

It is possible to use it as an ornamental plant, even in places like central Europe.

References

Other websites

 Catalogue of Life: Erysimum caboverdeanum (Chev.) Sunding , retrieved on 21 August 2013
 Erysimum caboverdeanum at NCBI, retrieved on 21 August 2013

Brassicaceae
Cape Verde
1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado

The 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado was a very violent F5 tornado that hit the Bridge Creek and Moore areas of Oklahoma on the evening of May 3, 1999. It had the highest wind speed ever recorded at 301 miles per hour (484 km/h). It killed at least 36 people and hurt 583 others. It caused $1 billion in damage. The tornado's strength led to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman issuing the first-ever tornado emergency. In 2013, Moore was again hit by an EF5 tornado, but fewer people were killed even though there was more damage.

Notes

References

Other websites
Doppler radar animation of the tornado
The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999

1999 disasters
1999 in the United States
20th century in Oklahoma
Tornadoes in the United States
May events
Division of Jagajaga

The Division of Jagajaga is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne north of the Yarra River. It includes the suburbs of Ivanhoe, Eaglemont, Bellfield, Heidelberg, Rosanna, Viewbank, Lower Plenty, Macleod, Yallambie, Eltham, Watsonia, Bundoora, Greensborough, Montmorency, Briar Hill, St Helena, Research, North Warrandyte and Kangaroo Ground.

The Division was set up in 1984, and named after three Wurundjeri indigenous Australian men. They signed the Batman Treaty with one of the founders of Melbourne, John Batman, in 1835.

Members

Peter Staples held several positions during the Hawke and Keating Governments. These included the Minister for Consumer Affairs, Minister for Housing and Aged Care, Minister for Aged, Family and Health Services. Jenny Macklin is the Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and former Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Jagajaga - Australian Electoral Commission
 Jenny Macklin's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
Division of Mallee

The Division of Mallee is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the far north-west of the state. At , it is the largest Division in Victoria. It includes Mildura, Ouyen, Swan Hill, St Arnaud, Warracknabeal and Horsham.

The Division was set up in 1949 was named after the Mallee region of Victoria, where it is located.  Mallee is a variety of eucalyptus. The Division also includes the Wimmera region of Victoria.

For the 2013 election, Mallee is the safest Coalition seat in federal parliament with a swing of 24% needed for it to change parties.

Members

Winton Turnbull was a prisoner of war during World War Two, and held at the infamous Changi prison in Singapore. He never missed a single sitting day in Parliament during his 26 years and 8 months as a member.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Mallee - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1949 establishments in Australia
Morgan

Morgan is a given name and a surname. It might also mean:

Morgan le Fay, a fictional character from the Arthurian legend
Morgan horse, a horse breed

People with the given name
Morgan De Sanctis, Italian football player
Morgan Fairchild, American actor
Morgan Freeman, American actor
Morgan Oey, Indonesian singer
Morgan Paull, American actor

People with the surname
Adams Morgan, American actor
C. Lloyd Morgan, British ethologist and psychologist
Dan Morgan (bushranger), Australian bushranger
Frank Morgan, American actor
Harry Morgan, American actor
J. P. Morgan, American banker and art collector
Lorrie Morgan, American singer
Matt Morgan, American professional wrestler
Michael Dennis Morgan
Piers Morgan, British journalist and television personality
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Trevor Morgan (footballer), British football player and coach
Vanessa Morgan, Canadian actress

Related pages
Morgan County, a disambiguation page
Division of Maribyrnong

The Division of Maribyrnong is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Moonee Ponds, Essendon, Niddrie, Keilor East, Avondale Heights, Tullamarine, Airport West, Sunshine and Brooklyn. Over the years the boundaries have been redrawn and the Division has been slowly moving west. It originally included the suburbs of Footscray and North Melbourne. According to the 2006 census, this electorate has the most Catholics in Australia with 44.4% of population.

The Division was set up in 1906 and named after the Maribyrnong River, which runs through it. Maribynong is an Indigenous Australian word for yam or edible root.

Members

Samuel Mauger was the Post-Master General in 1908. James Fenton was the Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin Government, and Post-Master General in the Lyons Government. Arthur Drakeford was the Minister for the Air, Minister for Civil Aviation, and for a short time Minister for the Navy during the Curtin and Chifley Governments. Moss Cass was the Minister for the Environment and Conservation in the Hawke Government. Alan Griffiths was the Minister for Resources in 1990, the Minister for Tourism in 1991 and the Minister for Industry, Technology and Regional Development in 1993. Bill Shorten is the former National Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union. He was Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Minister for Education during the Gillard and Rudd governments. In 2013 he became the leader of the Australian Labor Party, and the Leader of the Opposition.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Maribyrnong - Australian Electoral Commission
 Bill Shorten's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1906 establishments in Australia
Division of McEwen

The Division of McEwen is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is north of the capital city of Melbourne. It includes Broadford, Craigieburn, Doreen, Kilmore, Lancefield, New Gisborne, Riddells Creek, Romsey, Seymour, Sunbury, Wallan and Whittlesea.

It was set up in 1984 and named after Sir John McEwen, leader of the Country Party of Australia. McEwen was caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the disappearance of Harold Holt in 1967.

In 2007 Fran Bailey lost the election by only six votes. She asked for the votes to be recounted and she won by 12 votes The result was challenged in the High Court of Australia and was referred to the Federal Court of Australia. Seven months later, and after carefully checking 643 individual votes, the court found Bailey had won by 31 votes. Later Bailey called for big changes the voting system.

Members

Fran Bailey was  Minister for Employment Services, Assistant Minister for Defence, and later Minister for Small Business and Tourism during the Howard Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of McEwen – Australian Electoral Commission
 Rob Mitchell's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1984 establishments in Australia
Santorini caldera

Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera. It is in Greece, in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group.

The caldera measures about , with  high steep cliffs on three sides. There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni. The main island, Santorini has an area of  km2.

The extraordinary beauty of Santorini's high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and clear air, have made it a magnet for tourists and volcanologists.

Geology 

The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. This marks the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean part of the Eurasian tectonic plate, at a rate of up to 5 cm per year in a northeasterly direction. It has earthquakes at depths of 150–170 km.

Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.

Volcanology 

The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years ago. The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years ago, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years ago. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years ago during the Minoan eruption.

Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.

Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.

Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only smoke and gases come out. GPS instruments have registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012. 

The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.

References 

Volcanoes of Europe
Mountains of Greece
Coptic language

Coptic or Coptic Egyptian is an Egyptian language. It was spoken by many people in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Now, only a few people speak the language.

Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have. The two most common dialects are Sahidic and Bohairic.

Coptic and demotic Egyptian are very similar to the earlier Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic script. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period. The Copts have tried to revive the language since the 19th century.

References 

Afroasiatic languages
Egypt
17th-century disestablishments
Richard Warren

Richard Warren (ca. 1580 - ca.1628) was a passenger on the Mayflower on its 1620 voyage from the Old World to the New. He was one of the 41 signers of the Mayflower Compact.

Descendants

His descendants in the United States are legion and include many notable Americans: 
American Civil War general and United States President Ulysses S. Grant, 
United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 
astronaut Alan Shepard, 
children's author Laura Ingalls Wilder, 
actors Richard Gere, Orson Welles, and Joanne Woodward,
writers Henry David Thoreau and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 
Lavinia Warren (the wife of General Tom Thumb), 
aviator Amelia Earhart, 
United States Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, 
Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright, 
Tonight Show host Johnny Carson, 
chef Julia Child, and many more.

References
Rootsweb

Mayflower passengers
1580 births
1628 deaths
Brian Sims

Brian K. Sims was the first college American football captain to come out as gay. He is also the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly. He is a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania in the 2022 election.

Life
Sims's parents were both colonels in the U.S. Army. He has a twin brother, an older brother, and a younger sister. He went to high school in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Sims has a bachelor of science degree from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. He also has a juris doctor degree from the Michigan State University College of Law.

At Bloomsburg, Sims was the captain of the 2000 National Championship Division II football team. He was a first-string defensive tackle. He became the only openly gay college football captain in NCAA history.

Sims was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District. Sims was the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

In June 2013, the Defense of Marriage Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Sims was not allowed to make a speech supporting the decision in the Pennsylvania House. House Speaker Daryl Metcalfe, a Republican, said that allowing him to speak would be a violation of God's law.
In May 2019, Sims posted an eight minute video of himself confronting a woman who was protesting outside a Planned Parenthood facility in Philadelphia by praying with a rosary.  On May 15, 2019 he was served a summons for federal case 5:19-cv-00834 at his office on Chestnut Street.  On July 15, 2019 at 3:00 PM the Default judgement entered on June 18, 2019 was used as collateral for trying to help Hahnemann Hospital stay open case # 19-11466 Delaware Bankruptcy Court.

On February 15, 2021 Sims announced on Twitter that he was running for lieutenant governor in the 2022 election.

References

1978 births
Living people
American football players
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Gay men
LGBT politicians
LGBT sportspeople
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
American LGBT rights activists
Psychopathology

Psychopathology is the study of mental illnesses. It was started by Karl Jaspers in 1913.

Other websites
Science daily 

Medicine
Psychiatry
Psychology
Sid Bernstein

Sid Bernstein (August 12, 1918 – August 21, 2013) was an American music producer and promoter. Bernstein changed the American music scene in the 1960s by bringing The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits, The Moody Blues, and The Kinks to America. He was the first impresario to organize rock concerts at sports stadiums.

Bernstein was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1918. He was married to Geraldine Gale until his death in 2013. They had six children. Bernstein died on August 21, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Manhattan, New York, aged 95.

References

Other websites

1918 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
People from New York City
Lee Thompson Young

Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013)  was an American actor. He was known for his role as Jett Jackson in The Famous Jett Jackson and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights. His last starring role was portraying Boston police detective Barry Frost in Rizzoli & Isles.

Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina on February 1, 1984. He studied at the University of Southern California. Thompson committed suicide by shooting himself in his Los Angeles, California apartment on August 19, 2013. He was 29 years old.

References

Other websites

1984 births
2013 deaths
Actors who committed suicide
Actors from South Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Suicides in California
Nickelodeon (Italian TV channel)

Nickelodeon' is an Italian television channel. It launched on 1 November 2004 on Sky Italia.
From 1997 until 2000, Rai Sat 2 broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day.

History
The channel was launched on 1 November 2004. At first, it shared its frequency with Comedy Central. Nickelodeon broadcast during the day and Commedy Central broadcast at night. On 31 July 2009 a +1 timeshift version was launched. The same day Nick Jr. was launched. It replaced RaiSat YOYO. RaiSat YOYO became free and is now named Rai Yoyo. On 9 September 2013, Nickelodean and the +1 version of the network changed to a 16:9 widescreen wikt:aspect:aspect ratio.

Nickelodeon
television channels in Europe
Italian television
2004 establishments in Italy
Gyrocompass

A gyrocompass is a type of compass that does not use magnetism to point north. Normal compasses do not work around magnets, or big pieces of ferrous metal. Gyrocompasses do. This makes them very useful.

A gyrocompass is a non-magnetic compass based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth  It automatically finds geographical direction. 

Although one part of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices. A crucial ingredient is needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north. This is some mechanism that applies torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north. Successful methods have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:
 they find true north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and more useful than,  magnetic north, and
 they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as ship's steel hull, which change the magnetic field

Note 

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