cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Potter's wheel

The potter's wheel, also known as the potter's lathe, is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares. 

However, the name potter's lathe is also used for the machine used for another shaping process, turning, which is similar to that used for the shaping of metal and wood articles. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming excess body from dried wares and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour.

History 
Many early ceramics were hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay body was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all of the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied directly by the hands of the potter. This changed with the introduction of the fast-wheel, early forms of which used energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself.

The potter's wheel in myth and legend 
In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Chnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.

The potter's wheel in literature 
The way in which clay is shaped on a potter's wheel seems, even today, to have a magical quality to it; the clay body has the appearance of being a living thing that is being created or shaped by the potter. The potter and clay have long served as a metaphor for creation, and for the relationship of God to humankind:

But now, O LORD, thou art our father; we are the clay, and thou our potter; and we all are the work of thy hand.
–Isaiah 64:8

The "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam" make sustained use of this metaphor. In FitzGerald's translation, a number of quatrains are collected into a Book of Pots, in which the pots engage in theological speculation:

  And, strange to tell, among that Earthen Lot
      Some could articulate, while others not:
  And suddenly one more impatient cried–
      “Who is the Potter, pray, and who the Pot?”
 
  Another said–“Why, ne'er a peevish Boy,
       “Would break the Bowl from which he drank in Joy;
  “Shall He that made the vessel in pure Love
      “And Fancy, in an after Rage destroy?”
    
  None answer'd this; but after Silence spake
      A Vessel of a more ungainly Make:
  “They sneer at me for leaning all awry;
      “What! did the Hand then of the Potter shake?”

Related pages
Pottery

Other websites 
 The Origins of the Potter's Wheel multi-page article on Ceramics Today site
 Video of a potter on a potter's wheel shaping clay to form a bottle 

Pottery
Metaphors
Okinawan language

The Okinawan language (沖縄口, Uchināguchi) is a Ryukyuan language that is spoken in the Okinawa Islands of Japan.

Most linguists say that it branched off from Proto-Japonic, which is the ancestor of Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages. The Japanese government says Okinawan is a dialect of Japanese because of politics.

History 
When a group of people called the Yayoi came into the Ryukyu Islands, they brought over a language called Proto-Japonic. This language over time turned into the modern Ryukyuan languages. Proto-Japonic was also spoken in mainland Japan, which turned into Japanese, meaning Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages are related/have the same origin.

Okinawan and other Ryukyuan languages were discriminated by Japan during the Meiji period, making the number of speakers go down. Before that, Okinawan was the official language of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

Classification 
Okinawan belongs to the Ryukyuan languages. It is in the northern group with both Kunigami and Amami. Sometimes, Kunigami is listed as a dialect of Okinawan but that view is rare.

Speakers 
Most older Okinawans speak Okinawan while younger Okinawans speak Japanese. This is why UNESCO lists Okinawan and the other Ryukyuan languages as “endangered”, meaning it’s possible for the language to die out in the future.

Sound Changes (Japanese vs. Okinawan) 
There are many sound changes between Japanese (Standard) and Okinawan (Shuri-Naha variety):

Japanese “o” - Okinawan “u” (Okinawa = Uchinaa)

Japanese “k” - Okinawan “ch” (Okinawa = Uchinaa)

Japanese “mi” - Okinawan “nn” (minato = nnatu)

Similar sound changes are in other Ryukyuan languages. Kunigami also uses “u” instead of Japanese “o”.

Sample words

Mensooree () - Welcome, Hello (when receiving)
Hai (はい) - Hello (gender neutral)
Haisai () - Hello (male only)
Haitai () - Hello (female only)
Ganjyuu () - Fine health (in greeting)
Uchinaaguchi () - Okinawan language
Uchinaanchu (沖縄人/うちなーんちゅ) - Okinawan person
Yamatunchu () - Japanese person
Yuntaku ()  - Talking
Waa () - Informal me or I
Wan () - Formal me or I
Iyaa () - Informal You
Unjyoo () - Formal you
Un, uu () - Yes
Aibiran () - No
Furaa () - Foolish
Yinagu () - Woman
Yikiga () - Man
Warabaa, Warabi () - Children
Uya () - Parents
Kwa () - A child ( as opposed to Parents)
Niisee () - A young man
Boujya () - A baby
In () - A dog    
In-gwa () - Puppy
Mayaa () - A cat
Mayaa-gwa () - Kitty
Hiijyaa (ひーじゃー) - A goat
Uchinaa (うちなー) - Okinawa
Yamatu (やまとっ) - Japan
Too (とー) - China
Chooshin (ちょーしん) - Korea
Uranda (うらんだ) - Europe

References

Japonic languages
Languages of Asia
Ryukyu Islands

Ryukyuan languages
Imbolc

Imbolc is a festival belonging to Brigid, the Celtic goddess who, in later times, became famous as a Christian saint. At first, her festival on February 1 was known as "Imbolc" or "Oimelc", two Gaelic names which refer to the lactation of the ewes. Lactation is the flow of milk that happens when the baby lambs are born in the spring, and Gaelic languages are those spoken in countries like Ireland and Scotland.

Imbolc was, and still is, a time to celebrate that winter would soon be over. Sometimes in Ireland, the first flowers are coming up at the time of this festival, even when there is still snow on the ground.

Later, the Roman Catholic Church replaced this festival with Candlemas Day on February 2, a day that now belongs to the Virgin Mary. On this day, people may have ceremonies or processions  by candlelight - walking together in the dark, with the only light coming from candles they carry. The may also sing songs to Brigid, or say poems or prayers to her.

In both Pagan and Christian celebrations, Brigid is celebrated as a powerful female figure, who brings light, inspiration, and healing to the world.

Ireland
Scotland
Festivals in the United Kingdom
Festivals in Europe
Religious festivals
James Marsters

James Marsters (born August 20, 1962) is an American guitarist, singer, and actor. His is best known for playing the part of Spike on Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Other websites 

 
 James Marsters Official Site

1962 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American television actors
Whedonverse
Actors from California
Musicians from California
American blues musicians
Country musicians
Singers from California
Michelle Trachtenberg

Michelle Christine Trachtenberg (born October 11, 1985) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role as Dawn Summers from the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Trachtenberg was born in New York City, New York. She is of Russian Jewish descent on her mother's side of the family.

Career 
Trachtenberg has been acting since 1988 at the age of four. She has acted in several television shows and many movies.

Movies

Television

Other websites 

 

1985 births
Living people
Trachtenberg, Michelle
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Trachtenberg, Michelle
Infertility

Infertile means not able to have children or other offspring. Humans can be infertile, but animals and plants can too. When a human couple is infertile, they sometimes have fertility treatment to have children. This can be insemination or IVF. They also sometimes adopt a child.

Related pages
Fertility
Sexual reproduction
Pregnancy

Other websites 
 SexInfo's Assisted Reproductive Technology  This article discusses Artificial Insemination, In Vitro Fertilization, and other options for couples who are having trouble conceiving.
Types of Infertility
Male Infertility
Female Infertility

Biological reproduction
Destruction

Destruction could mean:

 The act of destroying something.
Slighting, the act of damaging an important building
 Destruction (band), a German thrash metal band
 Destruction (DC Comics), one of the Endless in Neil Gaiman's comic book series The Sandman
 Destruction Bay, Yukon, Canada
 a magic art in the computer role-playing game series The Elder Scrolls
 Appetite for Destruction, the breakthrough debut album of rock n' roll band Guns N' Roses

Basic English 850 words
Crane (machine)

A crane is a lifting machine that has hoists, wire ropes and sheaves on it.  It can be used both to raise and lower things or to move them left and right. Cranes are often used in the construction industry (building houses or buildings) and in creating or moving heavy things.

Other websites 
Knots, hitches and bends 
VRML Simulation of an Excavator, Tower Crane, and Dumptruck 

Engineering
Data mining

Data mining is a term from computer science. Sometimes it is also called knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). Data mining is about finding new information in a lot of data. The information obtained from data mining is hopefully both new and useful. 

In many cases, data is stored so it can be used later. The data is saved with a goal. For example, a store wants to save what has been bought. They want to do this to know how much they should buy themselves, to have enough to sell later. Saving this information, makes a lot of data. The data is usually saved in a database. The reason why data is saved is called the first use. 

Later, the same data can also be used to get other information that was not needed for the first use. The store might want to know now what kind of things people buy together when they buy at the store. (Many people who buy pasta also buy mushrooms for example.) That kind of information is in the data, and is useful, but was not the reason why the data was saved. This information is new and can be useful. It is a second use for the same data. 

Finding new information that can also be useful from data, is called data mining.

Different kinds of data mining 
For data, there a lot of different kinds of data mining for getting new information. Usually, prediction is involved. There is uncertainty in the predicted results. The following is based on the observation that there is a small green apple in which we can adjust our data in structural manner. Some of the kinds of data mining are: 
 Pattern recognition (Trying to find similarities in the rows in the database, in the form of rules. Small -> green. (Small apples are often green))
 Using a Bayesian network (Trying to make something that can say how the different data attributes are connected/influence each other. The size and the colour are related. So if you know something about the size, you can guess the colour.)
 Using a Neural network (Trying to make a model like a brain, which is hard to understand, but a computer can tell that if the apple is green it has a higher chance to be sour, if we tell the computer the apple is green. So this is like a black box model, we do not know how it works, but it works.) 
 Using Classification tree (With all other knowledge trying to say what one other thing about the thing we are looking at will be. Here is an apple with a size, a colour and shininess, what will it taste like?)

Computer science
Flerovium

Flerovium is a synthetic chemical element also known as eka-lead. It has the symbol Fl and has the atomic number 114. It is a radioactive superheavy element. 

Flerovium does not exist in nature. It is made from a nuclear reaction between plutonium and calcium. The reaction that happens is a fusion reaction.

Uses 
It currently has no use at the moment as it is being researched right now.

History 
The discovery of Flerovium in December 1998 was reported in January 1999 by scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. The same team of scientists made another isotope of Fl three months later and made it again in 2004 and 2006.

In 2004 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked it was made by another method.  They found the final products of radioactive decay.

After its discovery, the "new" element was named ununquadium. The named changed on May 30th, 2012 to "flerovium". The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry named it so.

Chemical properties 
Not enough Flerovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties.  It is thought that it would be a soft, dense metal that changes colour in air.  It may have a low melting point of about 200 °C.

Making it 
Flerovium can be made by bombarding a plutonium-244 target with calcium-48 as a beam of ions.

298Fl - An undiscovered neutron-rich nucleus 
According to the nuclear shell model, the undiscovered neutron-rich nucleus 298Fl may be a doubly magic nucleus, atop the shell closure at N=184. It is predicted that this atom, amid the closed nuclear shells, expected to have longer half-lives for alpha decay and spontaneous fission. However using the fusion-evaporation method to produce this nuclide is impractical, since more neutron-rich starting materials with low proton numbers are unstable due to beta decay.

Estimates for half-lives for this atom range from a few minutes to several billion years.

References

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Uuq
 Apsidium - Flerovium
 First postcard from the island of nuclear stability 
 Second postcard from the island of stability 

Chemical elements
Metals
Fate

Fate or destiny is the idea that the future is already planned even if people do not know what their fate is (what is going to happen to them).  Humans in nearly all cultures have had ideas about their fate being “predetermined” (fixed in advance).

People who live unhappy lives may believe that their misery is because of their fate and that they can do nothing about it.  This is called being “fatalistic”.  Other people may believe that they can control their fate by being brave and trying to “overcome”  fate by improving themselves and their lives.

In Greek mythology there were three Fates.  They were three goddesses who determined when every person was going to be born, how they would live and when and how they would die.  Human beings in many cultures had lots of ways in which they would try to “read” their fate (know what would happen to them).  Sometimes they would try to read their fate in the stars (this is called astrology).  In other cultures they might ask a person with powers of magic like a shaman.  The Ancient Greeks often went to Delphi to ask the oracle.

There are lots of references to fate in literature from almost every country and period, from Greek tragedy (e.g. Oedipus Rex) to Shakespeare (e.g. Macbeth) and Russian literature.

Composers may express fate in music.  Beethoven was thinking about Fate when he wrote his Fifth Symphony, and Tchaikovsky when he wrote his Sixth Symphony just before he committed suicide.

See also:
Fatalism
Superstition
Moirae
Norns
Fate (opera)

Social sciences
Hoffmann von Fallersleben

August Heinrich Hoffmann (April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874), who used Hoffmann von Fallersleben as his pen name, was a German poet. He is best known for writing "Das Lied der Deutschen", which is now the national anthem of Germany, and a number of popular children's songs.

Fallersleben, Heinrich Hoffman von

1798 births
1874 deaths
Runaway Brain

Runaway Brain is an animated short movie released on September 22, 1934 by MGM/United Artists. It was produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burton Gillett. The movie is 7 minutes long. It has Peter Penguin, Polly Penguin, Gosalyn Mallard, Honker Muddlefoot, Bubba the Caveduck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Magica De Spell, and Poe De Spell.

Other websites 

Runaway Brain  at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts

1934 movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Maltese language

Maltese is the language of Malta, and a language of the European Union.  Maltese sounds similar to the Phoenician language that was spoken in areas around the ancient Mediterranean.  It is written in the Latin alphabet like English.  The language has borrowed many words from Sicilian, Italian, and English.  Around 393,000 people speak Maltese. Most of them live in Malta.

History
Many people from Sicily settled in Malta after the Muslims conquered it in 870 AD. They spoke a Sicilian-Arabic language from the Maghreb. In later centuries their language changed into Maltese. The oldest known document in Maltese is "Il Cantilena," a poem from the 15th century written by Pietro Caxaro. For centuries, Maltese was mainly a spoken language.

Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1934, alongside English. Before that year, the only official language of Malta was Italian. Italian, however, is still used a lot in the media.

Today
Italian and English words are being taken in by the language more and more. This sometimes causes words to form that are not found in Maltese, Italian, or English, but instead are a mix of the three. At schools, English is taught as a second language. Maltese is usually used in the standardized jobs and when people talk to each other. Most of the television, radio, and literature in Malta is also in Maltese.

References 

Semitic languages
Ögedei Khan

Ögedei (1186-1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, after his father. He continued to make his father's empire bigger. Like all of Genghis' sons, he helped to conquer Western China and Central Asia. Ögedei was thought to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, Ögedei was known to be persuasive in debates he was involved because he had a strong personality. Although less schooled than his father, and despite his drinking habits, he was intelligent and steady in character.

After Genghis Khan's Death 
He was selected as the supreme khan in 1229 because of the kuriltai, the meeting for important leaders, was held after Genghis' death, but it was never doubted that Genghis wanted Ögedei to rule after him. During his reign, the Mongols ended the Jin Dynasty (in 1234) and fought against the Southern Song Empire. In 1235, under the khan's direct command, the Mongols began a war of conquest that would not end for forty-five years, and would result in the addition of all of China. Mongol armies established permanent control of Persia (commanded by Chormagan) and expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to take over Russia.

1186 births
1241 deaths
Mongolian people
Robert F. Kennedy

Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was a brother of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy. He ran for president in 1968, but was killed in California during the presidential primaries.

References

Other websites 
PBS video on RFK, with long quotes by historians 
The Coalition on Political Assassinations

1925 births
1968 deaths
American murder victims
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
American Roman Catholics
Assassinated people
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Harvard University alumni
Kennedy family
Murders by firearm in California
People murdered in California
Politicians from Massachusetts
 
United States Attorneys General
1968 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Josef Mengele

Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz. 

During the first years of World War II Mengele served as a medical officer in the Waffen-SS. After being wounded and recovered in 1942, he went working at the Race and Resettlement Office in Berlin. In 1943 he volunteered for concentration camp Auschwitz.

He conducted medical experiments on the people in the camps. Many people died as a consequence of these experiments. The experiments included freezing and placing subjects under heat lamps. 

Mengele was also known for his studies and fascination with twins. Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. 

After the war, he first hid in Germany, then escaped and lived in South America, until he drowned in Brazil.

Mengele wrote a thesis, which he finished in 1936. His advisor was Theodor Mollison. His assumption was that is was possible to determine the race of a human being by looking at the jawbone. He wrote another thesis, in a related area in 1938. In 1960 and 1961, his title was revoked, because of the crimes he had committed in Auschwitz.

Other websites 
 A short essay on Mengele at the Holocaust ,,.,history project 
 A short essay about Mengele by Robert Jay Lifton

1911 births
1979 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
German doctors
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
People from Bavaria
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
Francis I of Austria

Francis I, Emperor of Austria (February 12, 1768 – March 2, 1835) also was Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (in German language: Franz II, Heiliger Römischer Kaiser).

He was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was no longer a unit. He then became Francis I, first Emperor of Austria (from 1804 to 1835).

Related pages
 Holy Roman Empire
 Germany

1768 births
1835 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Wilhelm I of Germany

Wilhelm I (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern) of the Hohenzollern family was a king of Prussia (January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888) and the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). In English, his first name means "William", which is sometimes used instead.

Because his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia had a stroke in 1857, Wilhelm became Prince Regent and actual ruler. His brother died in 1861 and Wlhelm became King. When Wilhelm was king of Prussia, he and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, united a large group of smaller German countries with Prussia. Winning the Franco-Prussian War allowed the start of the German Empire.

His grandson Wilhelm II ordered the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche to be built to honour his life and achievements.

Official titles 
His official title was German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg; Burgrave of Nürnberg, Count of Hohenzollern; Sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt", and Josseppi Longo. .

Titles and styles
22 March 1797 – 2 January 1861: His Royal Highness Prince William of Prussia
2 January 1861 – 18 January 1871: His Majesty The King of Prussia
18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888: His Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Emperor, King of Prussia

Related pages
 Germany
 German Empire
 Prussia

References 

1797 births
1888 deaths
Kings and Queens of Prussia
German emperors
House of Hohenzollern
Amami Islands

The  is a group of islands in Kagoshima prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan. It is also known as the .

History
The name of the islands comes the mythological figure of Amamiko.

It was attacked by the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1570, but was invaded by Satsuma Domain in 1609.

Amami was occupied by the United States from 1945 to 1953.

Demographics 
The native people of the Amami Islands are the Amami people, who are a subgroup of a larger Ryukyuan ethnicity.

Languages 
The Amami language belongs to the Ryukyuan languages, all of which are endangered because in the past, Japan suppressed them. This is also why most younger Amamians speak Japanese instead, as it was enforced in schools.

Geography
The largest island in the group is Amami Island.  Other islands include Kikai Island, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu Island, Yorontou and some small islands make up the Amami Islands.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Ryukyu Islands
Kyūshū

is one of Japan's four main islands.  It is the most southern of the main islands.   

Kyūshū is the third largest island of Japan.

Regions 
Kyūshū region is made up of the entire island.

The name Kyūshū literally means "nine countries" in Japanese. Kyūshū was made of nine old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. In other words, each prefecture has a modern name and sometimes more than one old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.

The original nine provinces in Kyushu were Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma.

Today, Kyushu is made up of seven prefectures. 
 Fukuoka Prefecture
 Kagoshima Prefecture
 Kumamoto Prefecture
 Miyazaki Prefecture
 Nagasaki Prefecture
 Oita Prefecture
 Saga Prefecture

Parts of Kyūshū have a warm climate, like the Miyazaki and Kagoshima regions. Major crops grown there are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also made. The island is known for many types of porcelain like Arita, Imari, Satsuma and Karatsu.

Under the Gokishichidō system, the island of Kyūshū was a part of the region known as Saikaidō. It was a part of this region from the 7th century until the middle of the 1800s. Around 1905, it was made into its own region. In the modern system, Kyūshū and the small islands around it are a part of the Kyūshū region.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Islands of Japan
Kyushu region
Presentation

Presentation is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience. Presentation software, such as OpenOffice.org Impress, Beamer, Apple Keynote or Microsoft PowerPoint, is often used to generate the presentation content. As a form of communication, a presentation is usually 10-30 minutes long, but can take longer in special cases.

Useful illustrations 

 BCG diagram: This diagram is extremely useful in marketing, to eat donuts

Other websites 
 Tips on making presentations 
 Tips for presentations in school
 Art of Speaking (A list of links related to speaking and presentation)  
 Example of Evaluating Student Presentations 
 RecruitIreland.com - Tips for an internal presentation
 EServer TC Library: Presentations 
 Tips on making a presentations
 100 Creative Presentation Ideas

Marketing

pl:Grafika prezentacyjna
Keynote (software)

Keynote is a presentation software application made by Apple for its Mac OS X operating system.

History
Keynote was a software program that Steve Jobs, the chief executive officer of Apple used for his own presentations only. It was later sold to everyone as Keynote 1.0, competing against other presentation software, especially Microsoft PowerPoint. Unlike PowerPoint, Keynote can use all image types, and the design uses more pictures, making it easier to use. Because Keynote uses Mac OS X's built-in graphics technologies, it can produce slides with many graphics very easily.

Version history

Trivia
Al Gore, a member of the board of directors for Apple as of 2006, uses Keynote for a lecture about Global Warming which he claims to have shown over a thousand times. The talk was made into a film, An Inconvenient Truth. During the film he can be seen using Keynote on a Powerbook to design a slide for his presentation.

Related pages
Microsoft PowerPoint
OpenOffice.org
Presentation program

Other websites 
 Official website of Keynote

Discussion Groups
 Keynote Yahoo! Group — Help and advice for users of Keynote 
 iWork Yahoo! Group — Help and advice for users of Apple's iWork (Pages and Keynote)

IWork
Apple software
Claymore

The claymore is a Scottish sword. It is double-edged. The word itself is of Gaelic origins and means “great sword”. The Claymore is indeed a big sword and was held only with two hands. In some sources the broad claymore sword is called “claidheamh da lamh”, which means “two-hand sword”. It was very popular in the 16th century when Scottish warriors (highlanders) used it against the Englishmen.

The claymore sword was in average about  - overall length, the blade was about  long. It weighed around . It possessed a very broad blade and a slim channel, called a fuller, to slightly reduce its weight.

There also existed a version of Claymore that had a single-edged blade and a basket-shaped handle.  The basket  of the handle was used as protection for the hand. The blade was very long, so the basket was designed for balance too.  The making of these swords was widespread especially during the mid-1600s . The places where the claymore swords were made were: Edinburgh, Canongate, Stirling and Glasgow.

Beginning around 1350, very long claymore swords were  used. The handles and the blades  became longer. This was because of the heavy armour, that was almost impossible to penetrate. The Scottish Claymore was one of the two swords which could cut through  the armour. The second was  the Germanic Landsknecht sword.

Other websites 
More on swords' component parts 

Swords
Scotland
Tamahagane

Tamahagane {tah-mah-ha-ga-nay} is a high quality metal (steel) made in the Japanese tradition. The word tama  means "round and precious", like a gem or jewel. The word hagane means  "steel". On the market, it costs 50 times more than ordinary steel. Tamahagane steel is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.

Good tamahagane contains around 1% of carbon and should not go over 1.5%.

Production
Tamahagane is made of iron sand (called satetsu in Japanese). There are 2 main types of iron sands: akome satetsu and masa satetsu. Akome is of lower quality and masa is of better quality. The man who decides the amount of the mixing parts is called the murage. Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.

The iron sand is put in a clay tub (furnace) called a tatara. The clay tub measures about 4 feet tall, 12 feet long, and 4 feet wide. The tub is then dried and heated. The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1000 ºC (1.832 ºF). Then, it is mixed with charcoal to give tamahagane hardness. 

The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours, depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained.  The iron sand is added every 10 minutes and the mixture is frequently turned over. 

When the tamahagane is finished, the clay tub is broken and the steel is removed. The best steel is on the edges of metal block, because this is the where the oxidation process is stronger. The quality of tamahagane is determined by its color: bright silver pieces are very good for making blades.

Related pages
Japanese sword schools
Katana

Metals
Japanese swords
Graviton

A graviton is a hypothetical particle that 'transfers' gravitation's force (particles like this are known as gauge bosons) from its field. Gravitons have never been observed, directly or indirectly, however, there have been several theories that use gravitons to explain certain phenomena. For example, a theory that describes black holes by combining quantum mechanics and gravity, has been advanced by Georgi Dvali and Cesar Gomez, which suggests a black hole is "an overpacked bucket of gravitons". There are some theories that suggest that gravitons would make up a new group of particles, "attraction particles". CERN is currently smashing more particles using the Large Hadron Collider to try to find this particle.
The graviton applies a tiny force as it impacts the nuclei of atoms.
All atoms themselves have these graviton particles in orbit around them. If you gather a lot of atoms together the population of orbiting gravitons increases proportionately. As a result, a large asteroid for example will have more gravity than a small one.
Because the graviton is a particle that has force (gravity), it is classed as a gauge boson. Other gauge bosons include the photon, the gluon, and the W and Z particles.

If someone found one, it could lead to a theory which would join the four main physical forces: electromagnetism, gravity, strong force and weak force.

References

String theory
Relativity
Subatomic particles
Presentation software

A presentation software is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.

The most commonly known presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are alternatives such as OpenOffice.org Impress, Apple's Keynote, LaTeX Beamer and WPS Office (Free and complete office suite, includes writer, spreadsheet, presentations, enjoys the features of small-size, easy-to-use and compatible, covering multiple platforms including Windows, Linux, Android, iOS and Mac).

Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector. As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s, dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.

Other websites 
Screen Presentation Tools 

Software
Militarism

Militarism or militarist ideology is a view on society.
It says society should be like the military.
This means that society should follow concepts that can be found in the culture, system and people of the military. People that say militarism is good are called militarists.

Most important to militarists is discipline. Discipline means to follow a set of rules.
It also means training that follows such rules. A strong military is good for discipline.
There are many areas where moral goals and the culture of the military can be applied. Most notable are private business, government, education and entertainment.

Militarism is related to militarization.
Militarist countries often have a strong military.
Sparta in Ancient Greece, Prussia in the 19th century was militarist, for example. North Korea is a good example in modern times. In militarised societies the military either run the government, or have heavy military influence. Often the head of state is a military person, though that does not always mean the society is militarised.

Military
The Queen of Spades (opera)

The Queen of Spades (, pronounced Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma) is an opera by Tchaikovsky.  It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin.  Sometimes it is known by its German title Pique Dame.  

When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw Bizet’s opera Carmen.  He liked the story's themes of love and bad fate.  The idea of fate is important to the opera Carmen and also to Tchaikovsky’s The Queen of Spades.  Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera.  Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart.  In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.

The story of the opera

Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her even though  he does not know her.  His friend tells him that the girl’s name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young.  He says that people used to call the grandmother the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.

Hermann can only think of one thing:  he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money.  Then he will be able to marry Lisa.  He hides himself in the grandmother’s bedroom.  When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards.  She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.

Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace.  Hermann’s mind is now on one thing: he must go to casino and play cards and win.  Lisa drowns herself in  a river.  Hermann gambles all his money at the casino, saying "The life is only game and the sure is only death".  The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades.  The old grandmother’s ghost comes again to Hermann.  Hermann kills himself.

The writing of the opera

Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera.  They changed some of Pushkin’s story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music.  They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table.  This is different to what happens in Pushkin’s story.

Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly.  It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas).  Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks.  

Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character.  At other times it can sound very Russian.  In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.

The opera was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg on 19 December 1890.

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Operas
Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft Office PowerPoint is a presentation program developed for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS computer operating systems. Businesspeople, educators, and trainers use it often. It is a component of the Microsoft Office system.

Operation 
In PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector. Slides can be printed, or (more often) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.

Versions 
Versions for Microsoft Windows include:

 1993 PowerPoint 4.0 (Office 4.x)
 1995 PowerPoint 7 for Windows 95 (Office '95)
 1997 PowerPoint 97 (Office '97)
 1999 PowerPoint 2000 (Office 2000)
 2001 PowerPoint 2002 (Office XP)
 2003 PowerPoint 2003 (Office 2003)
 2006-2007 PowerPoint 2007 (Office 2007)
 2010 PowerPoint 2010 (Office 2010)
 2016 PowerPoint 2016 (Office 2016)
 2018 PowerPoint 2019 (Office 2019)

Note: There is no PowerPoint 5.0 or 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All of the Office 95 products have OLE 2  - moving data between many programs - and PowerPoint 7 shows that it was as new as Word 7.

Related pages
 OpenOffice.org Impress, a free, open source alternative to Microsoft PowerPoint
 Apple Keynote

Other websites 
 Official website of PowerPoint at Microsoft
 flashgeek PowerPoint tutorials and community, especially in regards to using PowerPoint in combination with Macromedia Flash.
 PowerPoint Heaven — The Power to Animate Contains PowerPoint movies, showcases, PowerPoint games, animation templates and tutorials on creating animations for your PowerPoint Presentations.
 PowerPoint FAQ pages Compilation of Frequently Asked Questions in the Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Groups.
 Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2003 Download (freeware, 1.9 MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2003. (only Windows)
 Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2007 Download (freeware, 25.8 MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2007. (only Windows)
 pdfonline.com Upload a .ppt and get a .pdf via email

Discussion Groups 
 Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Group
 Microsoft Office PowerPoint Yahoo! Group — Help and advice for users of PowerPoint

Articles 
 
 
 
 
  (Astronauts using PowerPoint to replace paper checklists.)
 
 

Microsoft Office
Presentation software
Anna Nicole Smith

Anna Nicole Smith (November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress and celebrity. She first became popular as Playboy magazine's 1993 Playmate of the Year.

Early life
She was born Vicki Lynn Hogan in Houston, Texas.

Death
On February 8, 2007, Smith was found in a hotel room in Hollywood, Florida. At 1:38 p.m. (18:38 UTC) a nurse called 911. At 1:45 p.m. a bodyguard gave her CPR before she was taken to a local hospital and pronounced dead at 2:49 p.m. Her death was caused by an accidental overdose.

Smith was addicted to prescription medications. A psychiatrist said in court in 2010 that she was a member of hospital staff in 2006, when Smith was a patient. The psychiatrist said Smith had borderline personality disorder.

References

Other websites 
AnnaNicole.com Official website

Actors from Houston, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Models from Houston, Texas
People with borderline personality disorder
1967 births
2007 deaths
Sorting algorithm

A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts the elements of a collection into a certain order. Most commonly, numbers are sorted by their value, and words are sorted by their lexicographic order (as they would appear in a dictionary or phone book). Efficient sorting is important for other things: finding an element in a sorted collection is easier, and merging a new element may also be easier if the collection is sorted.

Note that not all sorting algorithms can be applied in all cases. An example might be that the records can only be read one after another (sequentially); they might be stored on a tape. 

Searching and sorting algorithms
Ciao

The word "ciao" is a greeting in Italian. It is used for both "hello" and "goodbye". It is less formal than other greetings in Italian, such as buongiorno or salve.

The word originally comes from the Venetian language. It is also sometimes used by English speakers and speakers of other languages around the world. Other words that mean both "hello" and "goodbye" are shalom in Hebrew, salaam in Arabic, annyeong in Korean, and aloha in Hawaiian. In Vietnamese, the word chào also means "hello" or "goodbye". It sounds similar, but is not related to the Italian word.

Words
Human communication
LaTeX

LaTeX is a computer program used for making articles, books and math formulas look good. LaTeX is well-suited for expressing mathematical formulas on electronic devices in a more human readable format, by showing them in a way similar to how they would be written by hand. 

LaTeX is used for making mathematical formulas for some articles on Wikipedia, in addition to being used within academic circles.

The writer types their article into a plain text document. A plain text document cannot have styled text, like bold or italic. When the writer wants to write styled text, they use special LaTeX commands that start with a backslash (\). For example, the command for bold text is \textbf{This text is bold}.

After the writer is finished writing the article, they tell LaTeX to read the document. After LaTeX is done, LaTeX makes a file that can be printed. The command \textbf{This text is bold} would print as This text is bold.
 
LaTeX was first made in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International, who published its first manual in 1986. The current version is LaTeX2e (styled ), which has been active since 1994.

Example 
The example below shows the LaTeX input and its corresponding output:

Academic contributions to LaTeX
In order to support mathematical typesetting, the American Mathematical Society (AMS) has made the AMS-LaTeX package. AMS also founded MathJax, a Javascript extension to display mathematical formulas on web browsers, with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Related pages
 Acaric (Developer of Cloud LaTeX)
 Beamer (LaTeX-based presentation software)
 CTAN (One of the largest LaTeX-related website)
 KaTeX (LaTeX for web browsers)
 SATySFi (A computer program expected to be an alternative to LaTeX)

References

Further reading
 Van Dongen, M. R. (2012). LATEX and Friends. Springer Science & Business Media.
 Grätzer, G. (2014). Practical LaTeX. Springer.
 Datta, D. (2017). LaTeX in 24 Hours: A Practical Guide for Scientific Writing. Springer.

Programming languages
Mathematical tools
First War of Scottish Independence

The First War of Scottish Independence lasted from the outbreak of the war in 1296 until the 1328.

The Scots were defeated at Dunbar on 27 April 1296. John Balliol abdicated in Montrose castle on 10 July 1296. John was imprisoned in the Tower of London at first, but then released into the custody of Pope Boniface VIII on condition that he remain in a papal residence. He was later released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's estates in Picardy.

But his supporters argued that he was still the rightful King of Scotland. Therefore, the Scots rose in rebellion in 1297 under William Wallace and Andrew de Moray and said they  were acting on behalf of King John. But in fact Scotland had no monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306.

Related pages
 Wars of Scottish Independence
 Second War of Scottish Independence

History of the British Isles
Wars of independence
Wars involving England
John of Scotland

|children=Edward Balliol.

John King of Scots (c. 1248 - 1314) is usually known as John Balliol or, correctly, John de Balliol. He was born in 1248. 

After the death of Margaret of Scotland in 1290, John Balliol was one of three major competiters for the throne. King Edward concluded that he was going to pick Balliol as king of Scotland at Scone, 30th November, 1292, St. Andrew's Day.

Edward I steadily undermined the authority of King John. He treated Balliol like a 'Puppet King' and the Scots were not happy. At the Battle of Dunbar King Edwards men slaughtered and wiped out the town of Berwick killing around 8000 people in the brutal killing.

He was stripped of his authority as king and was sent away to France by King Edward. He later died there. 

His son Edward Balliol would later claim the Scottish throne from 1332 until 1356.

1248 births
1314 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
Wars of Scottish Independence

The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion of Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended around 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick. 

The wars were part of a great national crisis for Scotland and the period became one of the most important moments in the nation's history. At the end of both wars, Scotland still was a free and independent nation, which was her main aim throughout the conflict. The wars were also important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in mediaeval warfare.

Important Figures
Scotland
King David II
King John Balliol
King Robert I the Bruce
William Wallace

England
King Edward I
King Edward II
King Edward III

Battles

Battle of Bannockburn

The Battle of Bannockburn (23–24 June 1314) was an important Scottish victory. It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence. In this battle, the Scottish king Robert the Bruce defeated the English king Edward II.

Related pages
First War of Scottish Independence
Second War of Scottish Independence

Other websites 
 Wars of Independence

History of the British Isles
Wars involving England
Rebellions in Europe
13th century in Europe
14th century in Europe
Wars of independence