cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Eoraptor

Eoraptor is one of the earliest known theropod dinosaurs. It was a very small omnivore or carnivore which lived in the Lower Triassic, about 245 million years ago (mya). It is the only one of the possible early dinosaurs which can be exactly dated by a layer of volcanic ash close beneath the fossil. 

Eoraptor was a small, lightly-built archosaur that walked on two long legs. It was about 3 feet long (1 m); it had light, hollow bones, a long head with dozens of small, sharp teeth, and five fingers on its grasping hands (two of the fingers on each hand were very small).

The fossil was found in the Ischigualasto Formation in the Argentine. This contains some of the oldest known dinosaur and archosaur remains. They are of top quality, number and importance. It is the only place in the world where nearly all of the Triassic is represented in an undisturbed sequence of strata. What is now badlands was then a volcanically active floodplain dominated by rivers, with a strongly seasonal rainfall. 

Rhynchosaurs and cynodonts are by far the most common among the tetrapod fossils in the park. Dinosaurs make up only 6% of the findings, but these include early samples of the two major lineages of dinosaurs (ornithischians and saurischians). The carnivorous Herrerasaurus is the most numerous of these dinosaur fossils.

Teeth 
The teeth of Eoraptor  are of two types. There are  serrated, recurved teeth in the maxillae (upper jaws), like the teeth  of theropods, and leaf-shaped teeth in the dentary (lower jaw), like the teeth of basal sauropodomorphs.

Cladogram 
Below is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Sues et al. in 2011, showing the relationships of Eoraptor:

A large analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett (2017) found Eoraptor to be the earliest diverging member of Theropoda, within the larger clade Ornithoscelida.

References 

Theropods
Triassic dinosaurs
Expressionism

Expressionism is an art and cultural movement of the 20th century.
Expressionist artists try to express a feeling with what they create. Colours and shapes are not used in a way people see them, but as the artist feels them. 

Expressionism emerged as an 'avant-garde movement' in poetry and painting before the First World War. In the Weimar years it was appreciated by a mass audience, peaking in popularity in 1920s Berlin.

Expressionism presents the world as subjective: how the artist feels it, not how it is scientifically. The art looks to get an emotional effect, and transmits personal moods and ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of "being alive" and emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including: painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music. The term often implies emotional angst. In a general sense, painters such El Greco could be called expressionist; in practice, the term is applied only to 20th century works.

The Expressionist stress on the individual perspective was also a reaction to positivism and other artistic movements such as naturalism and impressionism.

Typical modern expressionists are Edvard Munch (The Scream), August Macke, Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, Marc Chagall,  and others. The First World War, with the many young men who died, left deep impressions on artists' minds.

References 

Art movements
Suchomimus

Suchomimus ("crocodile mimic") was a fish-eating (and meat-eating) large spinosaurid theropod dinosaur with a crocodile-like head. It lived 112 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous period in what is now Africa.

It was about 10.3–11 m (34–36 ft) long, and weighed 2.7 and 5.2 tonnes (2.7 and 5.1 long tons; 3.0 and 5.7 short tons). It walked on two powerful hind legs, and had short clawed arms with three fingers, the first finger was the longest.

References 
Dinosaurs of Africa
Spinosauridae
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Kale (moon)

Kale or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found in 2001 by astronomers at the University of Hawaii, and was originally designated as .

Kale is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,409,000 km in 685.324 days, at an orbital inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2011.

It was named in August 2003 after one of the Charites (Greek Χάριτες, Latin Gratiae, "Graces"), daughters of Zeus (Jupiter). Kale is the spouse of Hephaestus according to some authors (although most have Aphrodite play that role).

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Hurricane Humberto (2007)

Hurricane Humberto formed and strengthened faster than any other tropical cyclone on record within 18 hours of landfall; developing on September 12, 2007 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone quickly strengthened and struck High Island, Texas, with winds of about 90 mph (150 km/h) early on September 13. It steadily weakened after moving ashore, and on September 14 it began dissipating over northwestern Georgia as it interacted with an approaching cold front. Humberto was the eighth named storm and third hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season, and became the first hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Wilma of 2005. Damage was fairly light, estimated at about $50 million.

Related pages
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites 
 "Victims of Humberto assess damage", Houston Chronicle, September 14, 2007.

2007 Atlantic hurricane season
2007 in Texas
2000s in Louisiana
Hurricanes in Texas
High Island, Texas

High Island is an unincorporated area in Galveston County, Texas. It is in the extreme eastern part of the county on Bolivar Peninsula, less than one mile from Chambers county and less than two miles from Jefferson county. As of 1990, 500 people resided in High Island.

In 2007, Hurricane Humberto made landfall near High Island.

Other websites 
 
 Houston Audubon - High Island 
 List of over 230 bird species seen at High Island
 

Unincorporated communities in Texas
Waterford Nuclear Generating Station

The Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3, also known as Waterford 3, is a nuclear power station located on a 3,000-acre (12-km²) up-river from Hahnville, Louisiana, in St. Charles Parish.

References

Other websites
 U.S. Department of Energy web page for Waterford
 NRC's web page on Waterford

Nuclear power plants
Buildings and structures in Louisiana
Passenger car

A passenger car (North America) is a type of railway rolling stock that is designed to carry passengers. In British English it may be called a coach or carriage.

Rolling stock
McComb, Mississippi

McComb is a city in Pike County, Mississippi, about 80 miles south of Jackson, just off of Interstate 55. As of the 2000 census, 13,337 people lived there, about a thousand more than in the 1980 census (12,331). It is the principal city of the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area. McComb was founded in 1872 after Henry Simpson McComb of the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad (which would become the Illinois Central Railroad and now a part of the Canadian National Railway), decided to move the railroad's maintenance shops away from New Orleans, Louisiana, to avoid the New Orleans' saloons.

Singer Britney Spears was born in McComb.

Other websites
 Website about McComb 
 McComb Enterprise Journal Newspaper
 Map of McComb with links to local businesses
 McComb Police Department 
 McComb City Railroad Depot Museum
 Percy Quin State Park , six miles south of McComb

Cities in Mississippi
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Mississippi
Checkpoint Charlie

Checkpoint Charlie was one of three places where people could travel from the Western occupied sectors of Germany and Berlin to the Soviet occupied sectors.

These places were called checkpoints because they were places where passports and identities were checked.
 Checkpoint Alpha was at Helmstedt in West Germany, in the former British Zone. It was at the western end of the main road (autobahn) to West Berlin.
 Checkpoint Bravo was at Dreilinden at the West Berlin end of that autobahn.
 Checkpoint Charlie was at Friedrichstraße in West Berlin. It was the most famous. It was the only place where foreigners could walk or drive from West Berlin into East Berlin.

As it was the only crossing point there were sometimes queues of people waiting to cross. But military traffic was never stopped, because Berlin was supposed to be under the control of all four wartime allies.

The Checkpoint today 
After the end of the Cold War, and the reunification of Germany the checkpoints were no longer needed. The big concrete buildings of Checkpoint Bravo are now used by the German Customs Service . Checkpoint Charlie was only a wooden hut in the street. It was moved to what is now the Allied Museum at 110 Clayallee, and a small replica put up in Kochstraße. The fake checkpoint is very popular with tourists who have their photographs taken in front of it.

Related pages
Die Frau vom Checkpoint Charlie

Cold War
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Berlin Wall
West Germany
Customs

Most countries have a Customs Service. The customs service works mostly at ports, airports and the countries borders to make sure that people do not bring things into the country which are banned, or that the right amount of tax has been paid on goods that can be imported (brought into the country).

Some customs officers work at a post office. They do not meet the public, they examine letters and parcels which have been sent from outside the country, to make sure nothing illegal is being brought into the country.

In the United Kingdom the customs service was called "Customs and Excise". This is because it was once two separate bodies. The Customs service collected tax (called customs duty) on goods being brought into the country, for example brandy from France or tea from India. The Excise service collected tax (called excise duty) on goods made in the country, for example Scotch whisky or Irish whiskey. Today all cars and lorries must pay a tax to be allowed to drive on the road. Although most people call this "road tax" or "car tax", it is officially called "vehicle excise duty".

 
Taxation
Iocaste (moon)

Iocaste or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .

Iocaste orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,723,000 km in 609.427 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2874.

It was named in October 2002 after Jocasta, the mother/wife of Oedipus in Greek mythology.

Iocaste belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid.

The moon is about 5 kilometres in diameter and appears grey, similar to C-type asteroids.

References 

Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Chaldene (moon)

Chaldene or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2000, and given the designation .

Chaldene is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,713,000 km in 699.327 days, at an inclination of 167° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2916.

It was named in October 2002 after Chaldene, the mother of Solymos by Zeus in Greek mythology.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Amanda Jenssen

Amanda Jenssen (born September 12, 1988) was the first runner up at Pop idol Sweden 2007. Her first album was released in 2008 and became a number 1 album on the charts.

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Erinome (moon)

Erinome or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard et al. in 2000, and given the designation .

Erinome is about 3.2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,986,000 km in 711.965 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2552.

It was named in October, 2002 after the Roman mythological Erinome, a lover of Jupiter.

Erinome belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Aoede (moon)

Aoede or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003. It received the designation .

Aoede is about  in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of  in 714.657 days, at an inclination of 160° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.6012.

It was named in March 2005 after Aœde, one of the three original Muses. Aœde was the Muse of song, and was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne.

Aoede belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between  and , and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Italian Wikipedia

The Italian Wikipedia (In Italian: Wikipedia in Italiano) is the Italian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in January, 2002 and has over  articles. It is currently the 8th largest edition by article count.

2011 mass blanking protest

Volunteers on the Italian Wikipedia decided they did not like a proposed law before the Italian Parliament. The proposal was from October 4 to October 6 2011. During this time, all of the site's articles were hidden. Wikipedia's administrators blocked the website which was being debated at the time in the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian parliament.

This was the first time that a Wikipedia had blanked all its content to protest. The Wikimedia Foundation released a statement on October 4. The Foundation Board officially supported the short closing of Italian Wikipedia. In October 2011, the manifesto, which replaced the Italian Wikipedia, had been viewed approximately 19 million times. On October 6, 2011, the website content was put back. Wikipedia added a banner across the top of each page explaining the reason for the protest.

Italian newspaper Il Tempo journalist Alberto Di Majo described the closure of the Italian-language Wikipedia as an "unexpected merit" of the proposed law. Some people questioned whether a non-profit United States foundation should try to change laws written in Italy.

References

Other websites 

 Italian Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Quraysh

Quraish is also the name of a Sura in the Qur'an.

Quraysh or Quraish was the dominant tribe of Mecca upon the appearance of the religion of Islam. 

It was the tribe to which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad belonged and which led the opposition to his message. Not very much of this tribe followed Islam.

References

Sources 
 Sir William Muir: Life of Mohamet, 1894 
 Thomas Patrick Hughes (ed.): A Dictionary of Islam, 1885 
 Benjamin Walker. Foundations of Islam
 Karen Armstrong: Muhammad
 M. M. Sharif : A History of Muslim Philosophy
 Edward William Lane (ed.): Selections from The Quran, 1890
 Naseem Sadiqui: Muhammad: The Benefactor of Mankind, 1994 
 A. Guillaume: Life of Muhammad (Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat), 2004

Other websites 
 http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/quraysh.htm 

History of Islam
Mecca
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Arche (moon)

Arche or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2002, and got the designation .

Arche is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,717,000 km in 746.185 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.149.

It was named in 2005 after Arche, whom some Greek writers described as one of the four original Muses, an addition to the earlier three (Aoede, Melete, and Mneme).

Arche belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Eukelade

Eukelade or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and got the designation .

Eukelade is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,484,000 km in 735.200 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2829.

It was named in March 2005 after Eukelade, described by some Greek writers as one of the Muses, and thus a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Eukelade belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Quraish (sura)

Surat Quraysh (Arabic: سورة قريش ) (after the tribe of Quraysh) is the 106th chapter of the Qur'an.  It is a Makkan sura that consists of four ayat.  It urges the Quraysh tribe who dominated Mecca to serve Allah, who had protected them, for the sake of their own future.

Other websites 
 Quraysh at Sacred Texts
 Quraysh at Altafsir.com

Islam
Kore (moon)

Kore or  is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 and given the designation .

Kore is about 2 kilometers in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,239,000 km in 723.720 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (139° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2462.

It belongs, which is made up of non-spherical retrograde moon
It was named after Kore, another name for the Greek goddess Persephone (from the Greek κόρη, "daughter [of Demeter]").

References 

Jupiter's moons
Chapter (books)

A chapter is one of the main divisions of a piece of writing of some length, such as a book. Chapters can be numbered in the case of such writings as law code (see Chapter 7 or Chapter 11) or they can be titled. For example, the first chapters of some well-known novels are titled:
"The Boy Who Lived" – Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, J. K. Rowling
"Into the Primitive" – The Call of the Wild, Jack London

Many novels of great length do not have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always.
 
In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2", etc.

Tracks on a DVD or laserdisc are also called chapters.

Book terminology
632



Events 
 Khan Kubrat establishes Great Bulgaria.
 December – Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba.
 Queen Seondeok is crowned in Korea.
 Yazdgird III starts to rule in Persia.
 Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph and the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) is established. That means the first Schism within Islam.

Deaths 
 June 8 — Muhammad, prophet of Islam
 October 12 — Edwin of Deira, king of Deira and Bretwalda
 Charibert II, King of Aquitaine
 King Chilperic of Aquitaine
Sponde (moon)

Sponde or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .

Sponde is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,253,000 km in 771.604 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.443.

It was named in August 2003 after one of the Horae (Hours), which presided over the seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Battle of Uhud

The Battle of Uhud () was fought on 23 March 625 (3 Shawwal 3 AH of the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what is now north-western Saudi Arabia. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated (hijra). The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, after the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated the larger Meccan army. 

For the Muslims, the battle was a big setback.

Background 
Muhammad had preached the religion of Islam in Mecca from 613 to 622. He had attracted a small community of followers, but also had opposition from the rest of the Quraysh, the clan that ruled Mecca and to which he belonged. The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as Yathrib). They considered themselves to be in a state of war with Mecca and raided Meccan caravans that had Muslim belongings left in Mecca. The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding. At the Battle of Badr in 624, a small Muslim force had defeated the much larger Meccan army. 

Many Muslims considered this beany victory a proof that they had been favored by God (Arabic: Allah), and believed they were assured such victories in the future.

Battle 
Quraysh soldiers met the Muslims at Uhud. The Muslims got attacked from behind and lost the battle.

Bibliography 
Books and journals
 
 
 
 
 
 

Encyclopedias

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References

Other websites 
 The battle of Uhud
 What were the reasons of the battle of Uhud?
 http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/audio/yasir_index.htm 
 http://www.shia.org/ohud.html

Battles of the Ancient World
History of Islam
625
March events
625



Events 
 March 23 - Battle of Uhud (Mohammad looses against the inhabitants from Mecca)
 October 27 — Pope Honorius I succeeds Pope Boniface V as the 70th pope.

Births 
 Adamnan, abbot of Iona
 Empress Wu Zetian of China
 Hasan ibn Ali — 2nd Shia Imam and recognised as the 5th Caliph by the Shia
 Zhang Jianzhi, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 706)

Deaths 
 October 25 — Pope Boniface V
Battle of Badr

The Battle of Badr (), was fought March 17, 624 CE  of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia). It was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory because of divine intervention. Also, it is attributed to the genius of Muhammad. Although it is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an, virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.

Related pages
 Battle of Uhud
 Jihad
 Islam

Footnotes

References

Books and articles

Online references

Other websites 

 Manaqib Ashab al-Badriyyin  A prayer citing the virtues and exploits of the Muslims who took part in the battle.
 Badr at IslamAnswers.Net
 The Battle of Badr at Al-Islam.Org
 The first battle of Islam at Badr: Islamic Occasions Network
 Hope Springs Eternal  A nice multimedia presentation at IslamOnline.Net
 MSN Virtual Earth: A modern-day satellite image of Badr, now called "Badr Hunayn".
 Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) - Battle of Badr: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.

History of Islam
Badr
Hermippe (moon)

Hermippe or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .

Hermippe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,182,000 km in 629.809 days, at an orbital inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2290.

It was named in August 2003 by the IAU, after Hermippe, a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hermippe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Ceasefire

A ceasefire (or truce) is a stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to stop aggressive actions for some time. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal peace treaty, but they have also been called part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.

Historical examples

World War I
On December 24, 1914, during World War I, there was an unofficial ceasefire  as both the Germans and the British sought to observe Christmas (the "Christmas Truce"). There was no treaty signed, and after a few days the war resumed.

Korean War
A ceasefire was reached on July 27, 1953 to halt the conflict of the Korean War and establish a demilitarized zone. But no peace treaty has been signed. Therefore, officially North and South Korea are still at war.

Present examples

Kashmir conflict

Pakistan's government has repeatedly claimed that the Republic of India is violating the Simla Agreement by constructing a fence along the cesefire line in the Kashmir Conflict.  Then-Pakistani President and ex-Army Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) Pervez Musharraf promised in 2002 to curb infiltration into the Territorial dispute.  After the November 2003 ceasefire line agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.  According to Indian Military sources, the fence has reduced by 80% the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the occupied territory of the disputed state to attack Indian soldiers.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Another example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."

Related pages
 Peace
 War

References 

War
Peace
Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khālid ibn al-Walīd Never got defeated in History (; died 642) also known as Sayf-Allah al-Maslul or also known as  (The Sword of The Sword Of Allah), was one of the two famous Arab generals of the Muslim army during the Muslim conquests of the 7th Century. 

He is famous for his military success, as he commanded the forces of Muhammad and of his immediate successors Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. He was undefeated in over a hundred battles against the numerically superior forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and their allies. Therefore he is regarded as one of the finest military commanders in history. His greatest strategic achievements were his quick conquest of the Persian Empire and conquest of Roman Syria within three years from 633 to 636. His greatest tactical achievements were his successful double envelopment maneuver at Walaja and his victories at Ullais and Yarmouk.

Khalid ibn Walid was from the Meccan tribe of Quraysh, who opposed Muhammad, and he played a vital role in their victory at the Battle of Uhud. He converted, however, and joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and commanded various expeditions for him. After Muhammad's death, he played a key role in commanding Medinan forces for Abu Bakr in the Ridda wars, the capture of the Sassanid Arab client Kingdom of Al-Hirah, and the defeat of the Sassanid Persian forces during his conquest of the Persian Empire.
 
Youth and approximately 590 root Khalid bin Walid was born in the year. His mother and father is Lübabe family Velid'dir sad. Family (tribe sad) specializing in military matters and is a privileged tribe of Quraysh. As a youth, spears, bows and swords were learning to use and cavalry. Personal weapon of choice was the sword.

Before the early years of Islam Islam Khalid bin Walid, corresponding to a soldier in his youth was notorious in pure Quraysh. He did not participate in  the Battle of Badr but he participated in the Battle of Uhud. Khalid fought against Muslims for the first time. Muslims in this battle orders to the rear of the cavalry deployed in a way that can sag. However, the path of Muhammad (SAW) this horse and fifty archers for defense has hired. The beginning of the war on Muslims to come up with their position archers terkedince, Khalid bin Walid opportunity to evaluate and Muslim armies from the rear with the cavalry in order has stuck. Khalid ibn al-Walid with this movement changed the course of the war and has defeated the Muslims. This is the last time after the war against Muslims fought in the Battle of Trench. After agreement with previously Hudaybiyyah Muslim brother, Walid joined the ranks via

References

Bibliography

 A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Rawalpindi: Nat. Publishing House (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.

Other websites
 Map of Khalid bin Al-Waleed's Conquests

Muslims
Arab people
Generals
585 births

642 deaths
Military tactics

Military tactics () are the art of organizing an army and the techniques for using weapons or military units to fight an enemy in battle. Tactics are distinct from strategy, which concerns a longer time scale. They have changed over time, mainly because of changes in military technology.

Tactics are methods to use military forces in combat and include basically many types of the military operations such as frontal assaults, attempts to flank the enemy, the keeping of troops in reserve, and the use of ambushes. Specialized tactics exist for many situations, such as securing a room or individual building, to large-scale operations, such as establishing air superiority over a region or the use of shock tactics.

Military tactics are used at all levels of command, from individual and group up to entire armed forces. The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war."

Bibliography 
 Balck, W. 1914. Tactics. Vols 2. Trans. W. Krueger. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: U.S. Cavelry Association.
 Clausewitz, C. von. 1976. On War. ed and trans. M. Howard and P. Paret. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
 Creasy, E. 1963. Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. London: Dent and Sons.
 Esposito, V., ed. 1959. The West Point Atlas of American Wars.New York: Praeger.
 Gerhard Muhm : La Tattica nella campagna d’Italia, in LINEA GOTICA AVAMPOSTO DEI BALCANI, (Hrsg.) Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas, Roma 1993
 Jomini, A.-H. 1862. The Summary of the Art of War. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
 
 U.S. Department of the Army. 1986. U.S. Army Field Manual 100-5: Operations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

References

Other websites 
 Napoleon's tactics and strategy
Marching band

A marching band is a band of instrumental musicians who march while playing instruments.

They combine movement – usually some type of marching and other movements – with their musical performance. Its instruments typically are brass instruments, woodwinds, and percussion instruments.  The music usually has a strong rhythmic component suitable for marching.  Marching bands use a uniform, often bearing the name and emblem of their organization.  Many bands have a color guard, who perform with flags and other props. 

In addition to traditional parade performances, many bands also perform field shows at special events (such as football games) or at competitions.

References 

 rec.arts.marching.band.college Usenet newsgroup FAQ

Other websites

MarchingWiki.com 
Marching.com
MarchingArts.com
Compendium of College Marching Bands 
marchingbandplanet.com
World Association of Marching Show Bands

Musical groups
Hergiswil

Hergiswil is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

It was founded in 1378.

The main sights of Hergiswil are: an old clergy house, the church, the chapel Maria zum guten Rat, old mansion Thumigerhaus, and a glazier's workshop with museum. The workshop was established in 1817.  It burned down on one occasion.

References

Other websites

Official Homepage of Hergiswil
Official Homepage of the Glasi in Hergiswil
Glasi Ecuador site

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Max Bruch

Max Christian Friedrich Bruch (6 January 1838–2 October 1920) also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, one of which is a staple of the violin repertoire.

Bruch was born in Cologne. He had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870) Berlin (1870-1872), Bonn, where he spent 1873 -1878 working privately. At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83). He taught composition at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik (the Berlin Conservatoire) from 1890 until his retirement in 1910.

His conservatively structured works, in the German romantic musical tradition, placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer.

His Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26 (1868) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos. It uses several techniques from Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor.

References

Other websites 
 Classical Net, Basic Repertoire: Max Bruch
 Joseph Stevenson, "Max Bruch"
 "Max Bruch, Kol Nidrei"
 http://www.richmondsymphony.com/concerts/note_04_21-24_06.htm 
 Site dedicated to Max Bruch  (includes a list of works by opus number)

1838 births
1920 deaths
German composers
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Cologne
Romantic composers
Oberdorf, Nidwalden

Oberdorf is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.   

The economy of Oberdorf is mainly based in agriculture. The main sight of Oberdorf is the Benedictine convent Maria-Rickenbach. The convent can only be reached by cable car.

References

Other websites 

Official Website of Oberdorf

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Postgraduate education

Postgraduate is the name for someone who is doing further education, after obtaining both a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree  from a university. A typical form of this kind of education is a doctoral thesis, or Ph.D. Another such degree is probably the Master level of the revised Bologna system. Masters can be done in about 1.5 years after doing a bachelors degree, theses usually take 3–4 years, after the master level.

Other page 
Higher education

Education
Stans

Stans is the capital city of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland. It has a population of 7,300 people.  The area of Stans is 11 km².

History 
Stans was first noted in 1172. In 1798, it was attacked by French troops, followed the decision of Nidwalden not to adapt a new constitution. Children whose parents were killed by this event were gathered by the teacher Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi for his first school. The open-air assembly (Landsgemeinde) was held in Stans each year until 1997.

Sights 
The main sights of Stans are:
 The Stanserhorn (1900m) mountain and tourist resort
 The Stanserhornbahn: A cable car which takes people from the base of the mountain to the hotel at the top. It was first built in 1893.
 The main square (Dorfplatz)
 Saint Peter and Paul church: built from 1641 to 1647 with a Romanesque tower
 The Saint Klara monastery
 A monument for the local hero Arnold von Winkelried and his birth place (Winkelriedhaus).

References

Other websites 
Official Page 
Stanserhorn 

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Capital cities in Switzerland
Stansstad

Stansstad is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Stansstad are: a museum of the buildings, a tower (Schnitzturm), and the chaper Marie Linden in Kehrsiten.

References

Other websites 

Official website of Stansstad

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Wolfenschiessen

Wolfenschiessen is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Wolfenschiessen are: the parish church St. Maria, the chapel St. Joder in Altzellen, the mansions Hechhuis, and the Grossitz mansion.

References

Other websites 

Official Website of Wolfenschiessen

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Bischofszell

Bischofszell is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in the country of Switzerland.  It has a population of 5,500 people.

The local industry is Bischofszell Konserven (now belonging to Migros, makes jams, fruit juices, various cans, convenience food, among them Anna's Best)).

Other websites

Municipalities of Thurgau
Cities in Switzerland
Diessenhofen

Diessenhofen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Thurgau
Münchwilen, Thurgau

Münchwilen is a municipality and capital city of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Thurgau
Aadorf

Aadorf is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

With a population of 7,436 people (as of 2005), it is the canton's seventh largest municipality.

References

Other websites 
Official website of Aadorf 
Website of Guntershausen 
Website of Ettenhausen 
Website of Wittenwil 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Genius

A genius is a person who is exceptionally intelligent.  People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a “genius”.  A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.  

Albert Einstein is perhaps the world’s most famous genius. He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good.  Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects.  Geniuses are usually child prodigies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.

Genius is not quite the same as talent.  Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly.  A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.

Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives.  However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities.  They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.

Intelligence
Affeltrangen

Affeltrangen is a municipality in Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Altnau

Altnau is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Amlikon-Bissegg

Amlikon-Bissegg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Amriswil

Amriswil is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 www.amriswil.ch 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Thurgau
Taygete (moon)

Taygete or  is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2000, and given the designation .

Taygete is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,439,000 km in 686.675 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (163° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3678.

History 
It was named in October 2002 after Taygete, one of the Pleiades, daughter of the Titan Atlas and mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus (Jupiter).

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Betschwanden

Betschwanden is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official website of Betschwanden 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Glarus (canton)

Glarus is a canton in east Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. In 2010, the 25 communes were merged to only three: Glarus, Glarus Nord, and Glarus Süd. Officially, Glarus is a German-speaking canton; of the roughly 40.000 people, 83.6 percent are German-speaking, and 6.8 percent speak Italian. According to a statistical survey done in 2000, 44% of the population are Protestant (including Jehovas Witnesses, and  the New Apostolic Church), 37.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.5% are Muslims, 6.5% are non-believers, 2.3% are either Eastern orthodox or Oriental orthodox and 3.7% belonged to other communities or did not say.

Geography 
The canton of Glarus is dominated by the deep valley of the Linth River. Most of the area is mountainous. The total area of the canton of Glarus is 685 km².

History 

The history of this canton is dominated by religion. The people who lived in the Linth Valley were converted to Christianity in the 6th century by the Irish monk Saint Fridolin. He is still in the coat of arms of the canton today. He started Säckingen Abbey near Basel. The area around Glarus was owned by the abbey starting in the 9th century. By 1288, the Habsburgs slowly took over all the abbey's rights. Then the people of Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352.

Between 1506 and 1516, the reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a priest in Glarus. By 1564, all of Zwingli's followers were eliminated, but the Protestants and Catholics there still fought with each other. To make peace it was decided that each side should have its own assembly (Landsgemeinde) in 1623. In 1683, each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.

Between 1798 and 1803, Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth made by Napoleon. In 1836 the constitution was changed to unite the assemblies and establish only one Landsgemeinde.

About two thirds of Glarus (593 buildings) were destroyed after a big fire in 1861. After the fire, Glarus was rebuilt in block fashion according to construction plans by Bernhard Simon and Johann Caspar Wolff.

On May 6, 2007 Glarus became the first Swiss canton to lower the voting age to 16.

Industry 
The land of the canton helped to make slate works in the 1600s.

Municipalities 
The 25 municipalities (gemeinden) were:
 Betschwanden
 Bilten
 Braunwald
 Elm
 Engi
 Ennenda
 Filzbach
 Glarus
 Haslen (united former municipalities Leuggelbach, Nidfurn and Haslen)
 Linthal
 Luchsingen (united former municipalities Diesbach, Hätzingen and Luchsingen)
 Matt
 Mitlödi
 Mollis
 Mühlehorn
 Näfels
 Netstal
 Niederurnen
 Oberurnen
 Obstalden
 Riedern
 Rüti
 Schwanden
 Schwändi
 Sool

References

Other websites 

 Official Statistics
 Official Site (German)
 the Linth valley on Google Maps
Mendrisio (district)

The district of Mendrisio is the southernmost district of canton of Ticino and of Switzerland.

Circles and municipalities 

The district of Mendrisio has 27 municipalities divided in 5 circles (circoli):
 Circle of Mendrisio: Mendrisio, Coldrerio, Genestrerio, Salorino;
 Circle of Balerna: Balerna, Casima, Castel San Pietro, Monte, Chiasso, Pedrinate, Morbio Inferiore;
 Circle of Caneggio: Caneggio, Cabbio, Vacallo, Sagno, Morbio Superiore, Bruzella, Muggio;
 Circle of Stabio: Stabio, Novazzano, Ligornetto.

Districts of Ticino
Chert

Chert is a type of rock that includes flint and agate. It sometimes has fossils in it, usually shells. It is a sedimentary rock, and it is very hard. It is made from quartz. People used chert to make arrow heads because it was hard and sharp when broken. The color of chertz is usually white or gray, but can be red, yellow or dark grey. If there is a lot of iron oxide in the chert it can be dark red; this type of chert is called "jasper."

References

Sedimentary rocks
Mendrisio

Mendrisio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Mendrisio is the seat of the Accademia di Architettura of the university of Italian-speaking Switzerland (USI).

The municipality was created on 4 April 2004 when it incorporated the former municipality of Salorino. On 5 April 2009 it incorporated the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Rancate and Tremona.  On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Cities in Switzerland
Coldrerio

Coldrerio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Franciscan Assemblage

The Franciscan Assemblage is a term in geology that describes a group of rocks near the peninsula of San Francisco, California.

Geology
San Francisco
Genestrerio

Genestrerio was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009 the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Sonoma Coast State Beach

Sonoma Coast State Beach is a series of beaches in Sonoma County, California. The beaches are protected as the Sonoma Coast State Park. It extends for about  along the Pacific Coast, from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.

The nearest town is Jenner. The coastline consists of a number of named beaches, including Arched Rock Beach, Jenner Beach, Blind Beach, Goat Beach and Goat Rock Beach. Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach. Jenner Beach got attention in August 2004 when two Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead. Both had been shot in the head at close range. The murders have not been solved.

References

Other websites
 California State Parks official site for Sonoma Coast State Park

Sonoma County, California
Beaches of California
State parks in the United States