cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Matt Stajan

Matthew Stajan ( ; born December 19, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre.

Before playing in the NHL, Stajan played 3 seasons with the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 57th overall pick by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. On January 31, 2010, the Maple Leafs traded Stajan along with Niklas Hagman, Ian White and Jamal Mayers in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and Keith Aulie.

He is married to his wife Katie and they live in Calgary. Their first child named Emerson, died on March 3, 2014 shortly after birth.

References

Other websites 

1983 births
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Cajvana

Cajvana is a town of Suceava County in the southern part of Bukovina in Romania.

Towns in Suceava County
Mount Athos

Mount Athos is a mountain in the Greek province of Macedonia. It is also commonly referred to as the Self-governed Monastic State of the Holy Mountain, which is an autonomous part of Greece. There are twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries inside this state.

Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

The peninsula is the easternmost "leg" of the larger Halkidiki peninsula. It protrudes into the Aegean Sea for some  at a width between 7 and 12 km and covers an area of , with the actual Mount Athos and its steep, densely forested slopes reaching up to . The seas around the end of the peninsula can be dangerous.

The peninsula is only accessible by boat. There is a limit on the number of visitors. People visiting need to get a special permit. Only men are allowed to enter. Monks call Mount Athos the "Garden of the Virgin"-. Orthodox Christians take precedence in the permit issuing procedure. Only males over the age of 18 who are members of an Eastern Orthodox Church are allowed to live on Athos (?). A large number of Albanian Muslims work in the Holy Mountain. There is a small number of unarmed, religious guards (Σερδάρηδες), who are not monks, for keeping order. Police and Coast Guard presence is very discreet. Any other people not monks are required to live in the peninsula's capital, Karyes (?) Most workers live at the place where they work. Small low class hotels exist at Karyes (administrative center) and Dafni (main port). The 2001 Greek national census recorded a population of 2,262 inhabitants.

References 

Mountains of Greece
Barcelona Metro line 9

Line 9 (Línia 9 in Catalan) is the newest line in the Barcelona Metro network, currently under construction, with only five complete stations, all in Santa Coloma de Gramenet. These first five stations opened on 13 December 2009. The complete line is a railway project to build a subway line with two branches spanning a good deal of the metropolitan area of Barcelona through Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Badalona, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat and El Prat de Llobregat. TMB is the company operating the line and handled by the division line in two: Line 9 and Line 10.

List of stations 
(Keep in mind all of them are currently under construction)

El Prat area
 Aeroport-T1 (Barcelona International Airport, RENFE)
 Ciutat Aeroportuària
 Aeroport-T2 (Barcelona International Airport, RENFE)
 Mas Blau
 Sant Cosme
 El Prat
 Estació del Prat (L1, RENFE)
 Centre Direccional
 Verge de Montserrat
 Mercabarna
 Parc Logístic
 Fira 2-Pedrosa (L2)
 Europa-Fira (L8)
Central branch, shared with L10
 Can Tries
 Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
 Collblanc (L5)
 Campus Sud (T1, T2, T3)
 Zona Universitària (L3)
 Campus Nord
 Manuel Girona
 Prat de la Riba
 Sarrià (L6)
 Mandrí
 El Putxet (L7)
 Lesseps (L3)
 Muntanya
 Sanllehy
 Guinardó (L4)
 Maragall
 Sagrera-Meridiana (L1, L4, RENFE)
 Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)
 Onze de Setembre
 Bon Pastor
Besòs area
 Can Peixauet
 Santa Rosa
 Fondo (L1)
 Església Major
 Singuerlín
 Can Zam

References 

9
Barcelona Metro line 10

Line 10 (Zona Franca ZAL - Gorg) is the name of one of the two branches of the Barcelona metro extension line 9, currently under construction and to be operated by TMB.

Overview 
It links the Zona Franca with Badalona, through Barcelona proper, sharing a good deal of the area covered by L9. L9/10 will be the deepest line in the network, and the longest line in Europe. Originally expected to be ready by 2008, ongoing problems with its construction are going to delay its completion until as late as 2013.

List of stations 
(Keep in mind all of them are currently under construction)

Zona Franca area
 Polígon Pratenc
 Zona Franca ZAL
 Zona Franca Port
 Zona Franca Litoral
 Motors
 Foc Cisell (L2)
 Foneria
 Ildefons Cerdà (L8)
 Provençana
Central branch, shared with L9
 Can Tries
 Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
 Collblanc (L5)
 Campus Sud (T1, T2, T3)
 Zona Universitària (L4)
 Campus Nord
 Manuel Girona
 Prat de la Riba
 Sarrià (L6)
 Mandrí
 El Putxet (L7)
 Lesseps (L3)
 Muntanya
 Sanllehy
 Guinardó (L4)
 Maragall
 Sagrera-Meridiana (L1, L4, RENFE)
 Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)
 Onze de Setembre
 Bon Pastor
Besòs area
 Llefià
 La Salut
 Gorg (L2, T5, T6)

Other websites 
 Avui article, part 1
 Avui article, part 2

10
Barcelona Metro line 2

Line 2, also known by the names of its termini, currently Paral·lel - Pep Ventura, is a metro line in Barcelona operated by TMB, coloured purple and sometimes simply called línia lila.

Chronology
1995 - Sant Antoni-Sagrada Família section opened.
1996 - Sant Antoni-Paral·lel section opened.
1997 - Sagrada Família-La Pau section opened.
2002 - La Pau-Pep Ventura section moved from L4 to this line.

Technical details
 Colour on map: Purple
 Number of stations: 17
 Type: Conventional metro
 Length: 
 Rolling stock: 2100, 5000 and 9000 series
 Journey time: 24 minutes
 Track gauge: 
 Traction: Electricity
 Power supply: Rigid overhead wire
 Open-air sections: No
 Mobile phone coverage: Partial
 Depots: Verneda (Triangle Ferroviari)
 Operator: TMB

Stations
Station and line names shown in italics are planned or under construction additions.
Terminal D (L9)
Ciutat Aeroportuària (L9)
Terminals A-B-C (L9)
Sant Cosme (L9)
El Prat Centre (L9)
Estació del Prat (L1, L9, RENFE)
Centre Direccional (L1, L9)
Verge de Montserrat (L9)
Mercabarna (L9)
Parc Logístic (L9)
Fira 2-Pedrosa (L9)
Foc Cisell (L10)
INEF
Fira 1
Poble Sec (L3)
Paral·lel  (L3, Funicular de Montjuïc)
Sant Antoni 
Universitat  (L1)
Passeig de Gràcia  (L3, L4, RENFE)
Tetuan 
Monumental 
Sagrada Família  (L5)
Encants 
Clot  (L1, RENFE)
Bac de Roda 
Sant Martí 
La Pau  (L4)
Verneda 
Artigues-Sant Adrià 
Sant Roc (T5)
Gorg  (T5, L10)
Pep Ventura 
Badalona Centre (L1)
Casagemes
Canyadó
Morera (L13)

Other websites
Trenscat.com

2
Sam Cooke

Sam Cooke (January 22, 1931–December 11, 1964) was an American soul singer and songwriter. He was born Sam Cook but later changed the spelling of his name. He was very important in the beginning of soul music. He had many hit songs in America. Some of his most famous songs were "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Chain Gang", "Wonderful World", and "Bring It on Home to Me".

Cooke started his own record label and publishing company. He was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement, helping African-American people to get civil rights.

Cooke died in 1964. He was shot and killed by a hotel manageress called Bertha Franklin. She told the police that she shot Cooke in self-defense. He was buried in Glendale, California.

Other websites
Hear Sam Cooke on the Pop Chronicles

References

African American musicians
American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
American R&B singers
American gospel musicians
American pop musicians
American soul singers
American pop singers
Musicians from Mississippi
1931 births
1964 deaths
American gospel singers
Catherine Morland

Catherine Morland is the principal character in Jane Austen's book Northanger Abbey. She enjoys reading the mysterious and frightening gothic novels that were popular in her time. She often has a tendency to blur the lines between fiction and reality, which causes her a great deal of trouble. She is the neighbor of Mr. Allens, a rich man, and goes with him to Bath, a city in Northeastern Somerset, England. Jane Austen used her to mock the obvious classics where the perfect heroes fall in love with the heroines, and they marry and live "happily ever after".

Jane Austen, in the beginning of Chapter Two, describes her as having a heart that "was affectionate (loving)", a "disposition (character) cheerful and open, without conceit (pride) or affectation".

Childhood 

The book Northanger Abbey begins with, "No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine." Her father, Richard, is a clergyman (pastor) who, even though he is not rich, is not poor; her mother is "a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution." Catherine is called "plain" when she is young, with "a thin awkward figure, a  skin without colour, dark  hair, and strong features..." She likes to play boy's games more than playing with dolls, and does not like lessons, though she does like stories and fables. Catherine likes "tinkling the keys of the old  spinnet (piano)," but she hates learning music, and "the day which dismissed (sent away) the music-master was one of the happiest in Catherine's life." She does not draw well; she did not like writing, or accounts, or French. However, she is usually nice to her brothers and sisters, and listens to her parents.

Adulthood 

Catherine becomes "almost pretty" at 15, when she grows plumper, cleaner, and more . She begins reading better books, like those that Pope, Gray, Thompson, and Shakespeare's. Mrs. Allen invites her to come to Bath with her, and she agrees. There, she is always very polite to Mrs. Allen, and is humbly satisfied when a few men call her a "pretty girl." She falls in love with Henry Tilney, and even though they misunderstand each other some times, they quickly become good friends. She also becomes friends with  Eleanor Tilney, and she is invited to Northanger Abbey. General Tilney, Henry's father, is kind to her, and she is happy. But sometimes she is too imaginative: for instance, she thinks General Tilney murdered his wife. Henry's gentle talk with her soon makes her more clear-sighted. The sudden rudeness of General Tilney makes her very sad until Henry comes and proposes to her; he also explains the General's first attentions, and later rudeness: the General had at first thought Catherine was very rich, and later thought Catherine was really poor. Actually, Catherine is neither - she lives quite comfortably. At the end of the book, they marry happily.

References
Character analysis by SparkNotes

Characters in written fiction
Child abuse

Child abuse is the abuse, mistreatment or hurt done by adults to children. It often means abuse done by a child's parents or another caregiver. Injuries to the skin like bruises are one of the signs of child abuse.

Talking about these things and helping children who suffer from child abuse is very important, but some people do not believe it could happen in their country, neighbourhood or family. They like to think these crimes are far away and so they cannot see if a child nearby is in danger.

Definition 
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and child maltreatment as "all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment [...] or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power." In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses the term child maltreatment to refer to both acts of absue and neglect. According to the WHO, the term abuse includes  "words or overt actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child"; neglect means  "the failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm or potential harm". The United States federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum, "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation" or "an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".

Types of child abuse
Child abandonment - when an adult put away with a child neglecting the duty to care 
Child labour - when an adult forces a child to work like adult
Child prostitution - when an adult make a child prostitute like adult
Child sexual abuse — when an adult makes a child do sexual things, including sexual touching, kissing or sexual intercourse. These things cause terrible harm to the child for a very long time, maybe forever. Some of the harm is not felt by the child until he/she grows up.
Psychological abuse of children - Treating children badly so that develop a trauma.

References 

Child abuse
Revised Julian calendar

The Revised Julian calendar is a variation of the Julian calendar. It is mainly used by Eastern Orthodox churches. Some Eastern Orthodox churches introduced it in 1923.

Leap years
If the year number can be divided by four without rest, the year is a leap year (same as Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar).
If the year can be divided by 100, it is not a leap year (same as Gregorian calendar).
If dividing the year by 900 leaves a remainder of 200 or 600, the year is a leap year.

Until the year 2800, this calendar will be in sync with the Gregorian calendar; From 2800 to 2900, the Gregorian calendar will be 1 day off.

Related pages 
 Gregorian calendar
 Julian calendar

Eastern Orthodox Church
Calendars
Hakha-Chin language

Hakha Chin is a language spoken in southern Asia by 446,264 people. The total figure includes 2,000 Zokhua, and 60,100 Lai speakers. The speakers are largely concentrated in eastern India in addition to Myanmar/Burma and Bangladesh.

References 

Languages of Bangladesh
Rajbanshi language

Kamtapuri or Rajbanshi or Kamatapuri is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal.  Sources disagree about how many people speak it.  A 1991 census said it was spoken by 5 million people. It is a Bengali-Assamese language spoken by the Rajbongshi people in India and Bangladesh. Many are bilingual in either Bengali or Assamese. Together with Rajbanshi, it forms the KRNB lects.

This is the native language of people of Cooch Behar, Lower Assam, Jalpaiguri, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur, Terrai of Darjeeling, Upper Maldah, a portion of Bihar, some parts of Bhutan, Bangladesh & Nepal.

Other names of the language are Rajbangsi, Rajbansi, Rajbanshi, Tajpuri, Surjyapuri, Kamrupi, Deshi Bhasha. Recently, "Kamtapuri Bhasha Academy" (2017) is formed by West Bengal Government.

References 

Languages of Bangladesh
Teen idol

A teen idol is a celebrity or famous person who is very popular with teenagers. Teen idols are often young, but are not always teenagers themselves. They are often pop singers or actors. People started to call celebrities teen idols in the 20th century. Some early teen idols were Rudolph Valentino, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley and James Dean.

In the 1960s and 1970s some pop singers became known as teen idols, like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Monkees, Donny Osmond and David Cassidy. In the 1990s, bands like New Kids on the Block and Backstreet Boys were very popular with teenagers. In the 21st century, some teen idols have been Britney Spears, Miley Cyrus and the Jonas Brothers.

References

Celebrities
Fandom
Hachinohe, Aomori

is a city located in Aomori Prefecture, Japan.

Hachinohe means "the 8th area" in north of Tohoku region from the Middle Ages era. There was "the places of 8th" for making horses for a war in Hachinohe.

Hachinohe has a famous industrial area, and has a bigger fishing port more than most of other cities.

There is a Tohoku Shinkansen station and the Tohoku Expressway in Hachinohe.

The main industries in Hachinohe are manufacturing and services. Most of people in Hacnihohe work in manufacturing. In Hachinohe, the fishing industry is famous. Hachinohe brings in the most squid and saba in Japan.

Geography
Two rivers run through Hachinohe. One is the Mabechi River, which runs from the south to the east, and flows into the Pacific Ocean. The other is the Nida River, which runs from the south to the north.

Surrounding municipalities
 Aomori Prefecture
 Gonohe
 Hashikami
 Nanbu
 Oirase
 Iwate Prefecture
 Karumai

Demography
According to Japanese census data,

References

External links
 Official website

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Aomori Prefecture
Gerbstedt

Gerbstedt is a little town at the Mansfeld-Südharz rural district, Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. It is  north of Eisleben. The little river Lobach flows through it.

Gerbstedt is about 30 km northwest of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt. It was first mentioned in 985 as Gerbizstidi. In the area of Gerbstedt, there is copper schist. It is mined since 1730.

References

Other websites

Towns in Saxony-Anhalt
Bandleader

A bandleader is the leader of a group of musicians. Bandleaders often lead large groups that play genres like big band, jazz, blues, rhythm and blues and rock and roll. The bandleader directs the other musicians in the group. Bandleaders often perform in their groups as well. Sometimes bands are named after their bandleaders.

American bandleaders

British bandleaders

Italian bandleaders
 Pippo Barzizza
 Renato Carosone
 Gorni Kramer
 Mantovani
 Augusto Martelli
 Pino Presti

Swedish bandleaders
 Helmut Jederknüller – drums
 Yngwie J. Malmsteen – guitar

Dutch bandleaders
 Michiel Borstlap
 Michiel Braam
 Willem Breuker – trumpet
 Jack Coenen – trombone, leading the Jack Million Band, specialized in the music of Glenn Miller
 Tonny Eijk
 Pim Jacobs
 Erik van der Luijt
 Malando – violin
 Rogier van Otterloo
 André Rieu — violin
 Cees Schrama — keyboards
 Joop Stokkermans – piano
 Lajos Veres – multi-instrumentalist, mostly violin

German bandleaders
 Peter Herbolzheimer
 Bert Kaempfert
 James Last – double bass
 Max Raabe – singer
 Uli Jon Roth – guitar
 Michael Schenker – guitar

French bandleaders
 Raymond Lefevre
 Paul Mauriat
 Franck Pourcel

Belgian bandleaders
 Francis Bay
 Jack Coenen – trombone, leading the Jack Million Band, specialized in the music of Glenn Miller

Argentine bandleaders
 Waldo de los Rios

Japanese bandleaders
 Gackt
 Keisuke Kuwata – guitar multi-instrumentalist
 Miyavi – guitar, gigpig, shamisen, sitar, turntables, wadaiko
 Toshiko Akiyoshi – piano
 Yoshiki Hayashi – piano, drums

Australian bandleaders
 Stuart Lang – cornet
 Mark "Slim" Roberts – cornet, trumpet

 
Entertainment occupations
Neglect

Neglect is a kind of abuse where a person harms another person by not giving them the things they need to live. For example, a parent or caregiver may neglect a child by not giving them enough food, clothing, hygiene, medical care, affection or education; this is a form of child abuse. Victims of neglect are those that need looking after, like children, physically or mentally disabled adults, elderly people, medical patients, animals or plants.

Society

ro:Abuz asupra copilului#Categoria 3: neglijarea
Ainaži

Ainaži is a port town in Latvia. It is close to the border of Estonia. The city has had town rights since 1926.

Gallery

Towns in Latvia
1926 establishments in Latvia
Aizkraukle

Aizkraukle is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1967.

Towns in Latvia
1967 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Latvia
Aizpute

Aizpute is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1378.

Towns in Latvia
1370s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in Latvia
1378 establishments
Aknīste

Aknīste is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Aloja, Latvia

Aloja is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992.

Towns in Latvia
1992 establishments in Latvia
Alūksne

Alūksne is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1920.

Other websites

Towns in Latvia
1920 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Latvia
Ape, Latvia

Ape is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Other websites

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Auce

Auce is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1924.

Towns in Latvia
1924 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Latvia
Baldone

Baldone is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Baloži

Baloži is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Balvi

Balvi is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Bauska

Bauska is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1609.

Towns in Latvia
1600s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Latvia
1609 establishments
Broceni

Brocēni is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992.

Towns in Latvia
1992 establishments in Latvia
Cēsis

Cēsis is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1206. Its population was 17,170 in 2016.

Geography 
The Gauja River flows through the city. The river and the city are located in the heart of the Gauja National Park.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
website of the city

Towns in Latvia
1206 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Latvia
Cesvaine

Cesvaine is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Dagda, Latvia

Dagda is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992.

Towns in Latvia
1992 establishments in Latvia
Dobele

Dobele is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Durbe

Durbe is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1893.

Towns in Latvia
1893 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Latvia
Grobiņa

Grobiņa is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1695. It is approximately eleven kilometers east of Liepāja.

References 

Towns in Latvia
1695 establishments
17th-century establishments in Latvia
1690s establishments in Europe
Gulbene

Gulbene is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Other websites 

Discover Gulbene!

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Ikšķile

Ikšķile is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992.

Towns in Latvia
1992 establishments in Latvia
Ilūkste

Ilūkste is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Jaunjelgava

Jaunjelgava is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1647.

Towns in Latvia
1647 establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Latvia
Jēkabpils

Jēkabpils is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1670.

References 

Towns in Latvia
1670 establishments
17th-century establishments in Latvia
1670s establishments in Europe
Kalnciems

Kalnciems is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Kandava

Kandava is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Kārsava

Kārsava is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Krāslava

Krāslava is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1923.

References 

Towns in Latvia
1923 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Latvia
Kuldīga

Kuldīga (; ) is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1378. It is the center of the Kuldīga District. As of 2020, Kuldīga had a population of 10,352 people. River Venta travels through the city.

Kuldīga was founded by the German Livonian Order at 1242. It was called Goldingen by the Germans. It become the capital city of Courland at 1587-1617.

The old centre of the town is in the waiting list for UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Roads 

Roads from Kuldīga: Ventspils—Saldus (P108), Kuldīga—Aizpute (P112), Kuldīga—Skrunda (P116), Kuldīga—Jūrkalne (P119), Kuldīga—Talsi (P120) and Kuldīga—Tukums (P121).

Latvian cities from Kuldīga are in:
 Liepāja — 79 km;
 Riga — 150 km;
 Ventspils — 51 km.

Twin towns 
 Geesthacht, Germany
 Mtskheta, Georgia
 Drobak, Norway

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Town site
 Town site for travellers

Towns in Latvia
1370s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in Latvia
1378 establishments
Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach

Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach (8 December 1723 – 21 January 1789) was a French-German author, philosopher and encyclopedist. He was an important figure in the French Enlightenment. He was born Paul Heinrich Dietrich in Edesheim, near Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate. He spent most of his life in Paris, where he kept a salon. He is best known for his atheism. He wrote a lot. Most of his writings are against religion. His best-known book is the System of Nature.

References 

1723 births
1789 deaths
French philosophers
German philosophers
French writers
German writers
Ķegums

Ķegums is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1993.

Towns in Latvia
1993 establishments in Latvia
Lielvārde

Lielvārde is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992.

Towns in Latvia
1992 establishments in Latvia
Līgatne

Līgatne is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1993.

Towns in Latvia
1993 establishments in Latvia
Limbaži

Limbaži is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1385.

Towns in Latvia
1385 establishments
14th-century establishments in Latvia
Līvāni

Līvāni is a town in Latvia. It has had town rights since 1926.

Towns in Latvia
1926 establishments in Latvia
Lubāna

Lubāna is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992.

Towns in Latvia
1992 establishments in Latvia
Ludza

Ludza is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1777.

Towns in Latvia
1777 establishments
Establishments in Latvia
1770s establishments in Europe
Madona

Madona is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1926.

Towns in Latvia
1926 establishments in Latvia
Mazsalaca

Mazsalaca is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Ogre, Latvia

Ogre is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1929.  It is the principal town of Ogre District in Central Latvia.  It is where the Daugava and Ogre rivers come together.

Towns in Latvia
1929 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Latvia
Olaine

Olaine is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1967.

Towns in Latvia
1967 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Latvia
Pāvilosta

Pāvilosta is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Piltene

Piltene is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1557.

Towns in Latvia
1550s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Latvia
1557 establishments
Pļaviņas

Pļaviņas is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1927.

References 

Towns in Latvia
1927 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Latvia
Preiļi

Preiļi is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Priekule, Latvia

Priekule is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Rūjiena

Rūjiena is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1920.

Towns in Latvia
1920 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Latvia
Sabile

Sabile is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Salacgrīva

Salacgrīva is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Salaspils

Salaspils is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1993. It is situated nearby the river Daugava and 18 kilometers from Riga.

Towns in Latvia
1993 establishments in Latvia
Saldus

Saldus is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Saulkrasti

Saulkrasti () is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Seda, Latvia

Seda is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

References 

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Sigulda

Sigulda is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Skrunda

Skrunda is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1996.

Towns in Latvia
1996 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Latvia
Smiltene

Smiltene is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1920.

Towns in Latvia
1920 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Latvia
Staicele

Staicele is a town in Latvia. It has had town rights since 1992.

Towns in Latvia
1992 establishments in Latvia
Stende

Stende is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Strenči

Strenči is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Subate

Subate is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Talsi

Talsi is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Tukums

Tukums is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1795. In 2019, half of Latvia's tires were being recycled in the town. It has the second largest tire recycling plant in the Baltic country.

In 2020, Latvian president Egils Levits praised the region's leaders for its COVID-19 efforts and offering counselling to its residents.

Notable areas 

 Tukums Art Museum
 Gallery "The Door"

Notable people 

 Artis Kampars, Minister for Economics from March 2009 – October 2011
 Joe Magidsohn, Latvian-born American football player
 Janis Roze, Latvian biologist and philosopher
 James Richman, Latvian-born investor and financier known for his investments in Facebook, Uber, and Tesla
 Samanta Tīna, Latvian singer of Russian descent
 Jevgēņijs Kosmačovs, FK Ventspils and Latvian national football team midfielder

References

Other websites 

 Tukum's official website
 Visit Tukums unofficial website

Towns in Latvia
1795 establishments
Establishments in Latvia
1790s establishments in Europe
Valdemārpils

Valdemārpils is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1917.

Towns in Latvia
1917 establishments in Latvia
Valka

Valka is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1584.

Towns in Latvia
1584 establishments
Establishments in Latvia
1580s establishments in Europe
Valmiera

Valmiera (; ) is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1323, it is the largest city of the historical Vidzeme region, Latvia, with a total area of . It is the center of the Valmiera District. As of 2002, Valmiera had a population of 27,323, and in 2008 – 27,569.

It lies at the crossroads of several important roads,  to the north-east from Riga, the capital of Latvia, and  south of the border with Estonia. Valmiera lies on both banks of the Gauja River.

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities
Valmiera is twinned with:

Towns in Latvia
1323 establishments
14th-century establishments in Latvia
1320s establishments in Europe
Vangaži

Vangaži is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1991.

Towns in Latvia
1991 establishments in Latvia
Varakļāni

Varakļāni is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
1928 establishments in Latvia
Viesīte

Viesīte is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
Viļaka

Viļaka is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1945.

Towns in Latvia
Viļāni

Viļāni is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928.

Towns in Latvia
Zilupe

Zilupe is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1931.

Towns in Latvia
Frederick Sanger

Frederick Sanger  (; 13 August 1918 – 19 November 2013) was an English biochemist. 

Sanger is a two-time Nobel laureate in chemistry, the only person to have been so. Sanger is the fourth person to have been given two Nobel Prizes, either individually or in tandem with others.

In 1958 he was given a Nobel prize in chemistry "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin". 

In 1980, Walter Gilbert and Sanger shared half of the chemistry prize "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids". The other half was given to Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA".

Later life

Sanger retired in 1983 to his home, "Far Leys", in Swaffham Bulbeck outside Cambridge. 

In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Institute is on the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus near Hinxton, only a few miles from Sanger's home. John Sulston, the founding director, asked Sanger if the centre could be named in his honor. Sanger agreed but warned, "It had better be good". It was opened by Sanger himself on 4 October 1993, with a staff of less than 50 people. The Institute now has a leading role in the sequencing of the human genome. The Institute now has over 900 people and is one of the world's largest genomic research centres.

Although he retains his dislike of violence, he has lost his Quaker religious faith and calls himself an agnostic. In an interview published in the Times newspaper in 2000 Sanger is quoted as saying: "My father was a committed Quaker and I was brought up as a Quaker, and for them truth is very important. I drifted away from those beliefs – one is obviously looking for truth but one needs some evidence for it. Even if I wanted to believe in God I would find it very difficult. I would need to see proof". 

He declined the offer of a knighthood as he did not wish to be addressed as "Sir" but later accepted the award of an Order of Merit.

In 2007 the British Biochemical Society was given a grant by the Wellcome Trust to catalogue and preserve the 35 laboratory notebooks in which Sanger recorded his remarkable research from 1944 to 1983. In reporting this matter, Science journal noted that Sanger, "the most self-effacing person you could hope to meet", was now spending his time gardening at his Cambridgeshire home.

Death
Sanger died on 19 November 2013 in his Cambridge, England home, aged 95. His scientific biography is currently being written for publication in 2014.

Notes

References

1918 births
2013 deaths
British Nobel Prize winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of Honour
English biochemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
English molecular biologists
Order of Merit
People from Gloucestershire
List of settlements in Latvia

There are 9 cities and 67 towns in Latvia. This is a list of the cities and towns.

Towns

Latvia
Mats Sundin

Mats Johan Sundin (born February 13, 1971) is a Swedish retired professional ice hockey player. Sundin played a career total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Quebec Nordiques, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Vancouver Canucks. Sundin served as the team captain of the Toronto Maple Leafs for 11 seasons. When the 2007–08 NHL season ended, Sundin became the longest serving non-North American born captain in NHL history. He last played 41 games with the Vancouver Canucks in the 2008–09 NHL season before he announced his retirement on September 30, 2009.

On November 12, 2012, Sundin along with Joe Sakic, Adam Oates, and Pavel Bure was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites

1971 births
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Living people
Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Quebec Nordiques players
Swedish ice hockey players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Canucks players
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
Khorasan Province

Khorasan (Persian: خراسان) was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004: 

North Khorasan, center: Bojnord
South Khorasan, center: Birjand
Razavi Khorasan, center: Mashhad

Khorasan is famous worldwide for its saffron and zereshk which are produced in the southern cities of the province. It is also known for its famous rugs. 

Khorasan is the birthplace of Ferdowsi, the famous Iranian poet who wrote the Shahnameh (Shāhnāme), the national epic of Persian people and of the Iranian World. 

Imam Reza Shrine (the shrine of the 8th shi'a Imam), the center of Razavi Khorasan Province.

Provinces of Iran
2014 disestablishments
Geoffrey Prior

Sir Geoffrey Prior (1896-1972) was the first Chief commissioner of Balochistan (Pakistan) from 15 August 1947 to 3 October 1947.

1896 births
1972 deaths

People of British India
Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas

Sir Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas KCIE, CSI (b.1899-d.1973) was the second chief commissioner of Balochistan (Pakistan) from 4 October 1947 - 8 April 1948, and the second governor of the North West Frontier Province from 9 April 1948 - 16 July 1949.

Dundas was Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man from 1952 to 1959.

1899 births
1973 deaths
People of British India
Isle of Man
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Order of the Star of India
Frederick Chalmers Bourne

Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne (12 August 1891 – 1977) was an English colonial administrator. He served in British India. He began his service in the Royal Army. He then served in the civil service from 1920. He worked in Lahore for several years, and held several high positions for the government of Punjab. Bourne was appointed acting Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar from May to October 1945, and as the acting Governor of Assam in 1946. He then served as the last Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar, from 1946 until independence of India in 1947. Bourne was then appointed the first governor of East Bengal, United Pakistan. He was governor from 15 August 1947 to 5 April 1950.

References

Other websites 
Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Frederick Chalmers Bourne in the National Archives

|-

1891 births
1977 deaths
People of British India
Order of the Star of India
People from Kent
Francis Mudie

Sir Francis Mudie (1890–1976) was the first governor of the Punjab in Pakistan from 15 August 1947 to 2 August 1949.

1890 births
1976 deaths

People of British India
Governors of Bihar
George Cunningham (governor)

Sir George Cunningham (1888 - 1964) was the first governor of the North-West Frontier Province province in Pakistan. He was governor from 15 August 1947 to 8 April 1948.

1888 births
1964 deaths
People of British India
1899 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1899 Atlantic hurricane season was during the summer and fall of 1899. Nine storms were seen during this time, five of them were hurricane and the other four were tropical storms. Hurricane Three or the Hurricane San Ciriaco was the longest lived Atlantic hurricane. It also killed about 3433 people, making it the tenth deadliest Atlantic hurricane.

Storms

Tropical Storm One

Tropical Storm One was a weak tropical storm in late June. One started in the northwest corner of the Gulf of Mexico. It made landfall in Texas and quickly died, the same day.

Hurricane Two

This storm was seen about 2 days before it hit Hispaniola. It later hit Florida in the Panhandle on August 1. Two died the next day. This storm killed 6 people and caused almost $600,000 in damage.

Hurricane Three

Hurricane Three, which was called the Hurricane San Ciriaco, was the longest lived hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane affected about six countries. This hurricane lived from August 3 to September 4, nearly a month. It killed about 3,433 people.

Hurricane Four

Hurricane Four was a category 2 hurricane that struck Haiti in early September. The hurricane caused no damage or deaths.

Hurricane Five

Hurricane Five was a category 3 hurricane that mostly stayed at sea. But before it died, it hit Newfoundland as a weak hurricane.

Tropical Storm Six

Six was a strong tropical storm in early October, 1899. It died not very long after making a landfall near Gainesville, Florida.

Tropical Storm Seven

Tropical Storm Seven was a weak tropical storm. It lasted during the middle of October, 1899. Seven did not affect any land.

Hurricane Eight

This category 2 hurricane struck Cuba and South Carolina. It was a category 1 when it struck both of those places.

Tropical Storm Nine

Tropical Storm Nine was the last storm in 1899. It lasted during early to mid November in 1899. This storm also struck Cuba.

References

Printed Media
 Terry Tucker. Beware the Hurricane! Hamilton Press: Bermuda, 1966

Related pages
1899
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

1899
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1890 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1890 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the least active hurricane seasons, with only 4 storms. This season got an early start, as Tropical Storm One started in May. There were also only 9 deaths in 1890.

Storms
Tropical Storm One 
Tropical Storm Two 
Hurricane Three 
Hurricane Four

Related pages
1890
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

1890
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Alice DeeJay

Alice DeeJay was a Dutch electronic music group, who achieved success from 1999 to 2002. The group consisted of record producers Pronti (born Sebastiaan Molijn), Kalmani (born Eelke Kalberg) and DJ Jurgen, with lead singer Judith Anna Pronk. The groups best known song is "Better Off Alone" from their 2000 album, Who Needs Guitars Anyway?.

Other websites
Alice DeeJay at Allmusic

1990s Dutch music groups
2000s Dutch music groups 
Electronic music bands
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in the Netherlands
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in Europe
Amsterdam
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, more commonly referred to as TENS (or sometimes TeNS), is defined by the American Physical Therapy Association as application of electrical current through the skin for pain control.

Medical procedures
Fenwick Island, Delaware

Fenwick Island is a town in Sussex County, which is in the state of Delaware in the United States. There were about 357 people in the town in 2006. Fenwick Island is part of the Seaford, Delaware Micropolitan Statistical Area. Fenwick Island is on the Atlantic Ocean north of Ocean City, Maryland.

References 

Towns in Delaware
General American

General American (GA) is a major accent of American English. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents and social group accents like African American Vernacular English.

Language
Thomas Linley the younger

Thomas Linley (born Bath, England,  5 May 1756; died Grimsthorpe, Lincs 5 Aug 1778) was an English composer and violinist.  He was born in the same year as Mozart and, like Mozart, he was an astonishing child prodigy.  He would almost certainly have been one of England’s greatest composers if he had not died at the age of 22.

Life
Thomas came from a musical family.  His father, also called Thomas Linley, was a composer, singing teacher and harpsichord player.  His young son  was soon showing exceptional musical skills.  We do not know who taught him the violin in his early years, but people writing at the time all say he was a brilliant player.  He went to Italy to study the violin and composition with Nardini in Florence. He met Mozart there in 1770 and he also met Charles Burney in the same year.  Burney wrote that Linley was the most promising genius of the time.

In 1771 Linley went back to England.  He was the leader of the orchestra in the theatre in Drury Lane.  He often played concertos between the acts of oratorios.

During the last five years of his life he composed a large amount of excellent music.  Unfortunately a lot of it has been lost.  Gainsborough twice painted a portrait of him.

He died in a boating accident when he was on holiday with his family in Lincolnshire.

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, London 1980,

Other websites
 short biography of Thomas Linley, the Younger 

1756 births
1778 deaths
English composers
British violinists
Kaiane Aldorino

Kaiane Aldorino won Miss World 2009 on December 12, 2009. She was born July 8, 1986 in Gibraltar.

References

1986 births
Living people
British models
Gibraltar
Miss World winners
Thomas Linley the elder

Thomas Linley (born Badminton, Gloucestershire, England, 17 January 1733; died London 19 November 1795), was an English composer, harpsichordist and singing teacher.  He studied with Thomas Chilcot, organist of Bath Abbey, and later with William Boyce and possibly also with Paradies, the Italian harpsichordist who had come to live in England.

He soon became well known as a singing teacher and composed a lot of music for the Drury Lane theatre, London.

He married a girl called Mary Johnson and the couple had twelve children.  Several of them were gifted musicians, especially Thomas who died at the age of 22 in a boating accident.

Thomas Linley was chosen to be a member of the Royal Society of Musicians in 1777.  He is buried in Wells Cathedral.

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music&Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980; 

1733 births
1795 deaths
English composers
Musicians from Gloucestershire
Hypothetical imperative

A hypothetical imperative is a rule of the form If you want x, then do y. Moral theories may generally have this structure. This means that only those who want x, must do y. Another view is that moral values are not relative to some objective, but are the same for all, that is they are unconditional, or categorical.

The term was coined by Immanuel Kant. Kant said that moral values had to be unconditional, categorical; he wrote a categorical imperative. 

Philosophy
The Starry Night

The Starry Night is a famous painting of a moonlit sky with stars in it by Vincent van Gogh. It was painted in 1889. It was one of the last paintings he made.

References

Other websites 
 The Starry Night in the MoMA Online Collection
 smARThistory: van Gogh's Starry Night 
 Multimedia study of van Gogh, McLean and Sexton
 On Exhibit at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam February 13-June 7 2009, retrieved January 31, 2009 
 The Starry Night at the Most Famous Paintings 

1880s paintings
Dutch paintings
Paintings by Vincent van Gogh
Money Talks

Money Talks is a 1997  action/comedy movie directed by Brett Ratner and starring Chris Tucker and Charlie Sheen. It was released to theaters by New Line Cinema

1997 movies
American comedy movies
American action movies
English-language movies
Kalgan River

The Kalgan River is in Western Australia near Albany. It is one of the oldest rivers in the world and has seen dinosaurs on its banks. It is about  in length.

History 
The river was named the 'Riviere des Francais' by the French Scientific Expedition in 1803 led by Nicolas Baudin. Early settlers called it the 'French River'. The explorer Dr Alexander Collie wrote down the name of the river as 'Kal-gan-up' in April 1831. The name Kalganup is thought to be the Noongar word for 'place of many waters'.  Kalganup is also thought to mean 'place of fishes' and there are still the remains of Aboriginal fish traps to prove the point.

References

Rivers of Western Australia
Gas mask

A gas mask is a kind of mask that fits over the face area and nose. It protects from poison gases and many other hazards in the air.   During World War II gas masks were sent all over England.  They were worn everywhere, even to sleep, in case of surprise attack.  However, the Germans didn't attack with gas bombs.  Gas masks have a filter, a type of material which lets good air in.

Protective clothing
Headgear

pt:Máscara contra gases
George Whipple

George Hoyt Whipple (August 26, 1878 - February 1, 1976) was an American Medical doctor and scientist. He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Minot and William P. Murphy, for their discoveries about how eating liver could cure anaemia.

References 

1878 births
1976 deaths
American academics
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Scientists from New Hampshire
Yale University alumni
Educators from New Hampshire
Milişăuţi

Milişăuţi is a town in Suceava County, Romania. In 2011, 4,958 people lived there according to the census.

Towns in Suceava County
Fălticeni

Fălticeni (; ;  ) is a city in Suceava County, Romania, capital of the former Baia County (1929-1950). As of 2003 the population is 28,899, and the city covers an area of 28,76 km², of which 25% are orchards and lakes. The city is  away from Suceava, the capital of the county.

References

Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania