cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Peterborough

Peterborough ( or ) is a cathedral city in the East of England. The population is about 184,500 as of mid–2011. The city is well known for its cathedral.

Even though it is part of Northamptonshire, for ceremonial purposes it is inside the county of Cambridgeshire. The city is  north of London. It is on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea, about  to the north-east. 

The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The local government area includes Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and non-metropolitan Cambridgeshire to the south and east.

The topography of the land is flat. In some places it is below sea level, for example in the Fens that are east of Peterborough. 

Human settlement began before the Bronze Age, as seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east.  There is also evidence of Roman occupation. In the Anglo-Saxon English period of time, a monastery, Medeshamstede was built. This later became Peterborough Cathedral.

The population grew fast after rail transport began in the 19th century. At that time, Peterborough became known for the manufacturing of bricks.

Population growth 
After World War II, the city did not grow much, until the 1960s. Peterborough was named a "New Town" in 1967, by the government. This was part of the New Towns Act of 1946. It planned new towns to move people into better homes, who were still living in poor or bombed-out housing from the war.

Housing and population are still growing in the 21st century.  Peterborough's population growth was the fastest of any British city over the ten years from 2002. This was partly due to immigration.

Because the city is still getting larger,  the city council has passed a law for a new development plan. This is to add an additional 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people who will live in Peterborough by 2020. The newly developing Hampton township will be finished. There will also be a 1,500-homes built in Stanground, and a 1,200-homes built in Paston.

Suburbs

Parnwell
Parnwell is a housing estate in the east of the city. Situated off Parnwell Way, it is easily accessible using the Frank Perkins Way (A1139). It is served by a convenience store at the Parnwell Centre and has a Sure Start Centre and a health centre.

The local primary school is Parnwell Primary School, which was opened in 1989 to serve children from 4 to 11 years. Children over this age may choose to attend the City of Peterborough Academy (COPA), Thomas Deacon Academy or the Stanground Academy.

References 

Settlements in Cambridgeshire
Cities in England
Unitary authorities
1541 establishments
16th-century establishments in England
1540s establishments in Europe
TSV Schwieberdingen

TSV Schwieberdingen is a German football club. It is in Schwieberdingen, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded in 1906. Today it has over 2,200 people.

The football team is playing in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV). Their stadium is the Felsenberg-Arena.

Other websites 
Official website

German football clubs
Sport in Baden-Württemberg
Las Terrenas, Samaná

Las Terrenas is a Dominican municipality in the Samaná province, on the north coast of the peninsula of Samaná.

Name
The name Las Terrenas comes from the French La terrienne (the "lady that owns land").

Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 18,829: 9,776 men and 9,053 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

Geography
Las Terrenas has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of Samaná. The city is an elevation of  above sea level, and at  to the northwest of Samaná.

Las Terrenas does not have any municipal district.

The municipality of Las Terrenas has the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the municipality of Sánchez to the west and south, and the municipality of Samaná to the east.

Economy
The main economic activities of the municipality are the same as the province: tourism, agriculture and fishing.

References
 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1996 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Schwieberdingen

Schwieberdingen is a city in the center of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The city was first mentioned 1304. It is found 5km away from Ludwigsburg and 10km away from Stuttgart.

About 11,000 people live in Schwieberdingen. The largest sport club is the TSV Schwieberdingen.

References

Other websites

 Website of Schwieberdingen

Cities in Baden-Württemberg
Sánchez, Samaná

Sánchez is a Dominican municipality in the Samaná province, on the south coast of the peninsula of Samaná.

Name
Sánchez is named after Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the three Founding Fathers of the Dominican Republic.

History
The old town of Las Cañitas was elevated to the category of municipality in 1866.

It was a very small town but it grew in importance and population when the railway from the town to La Vega began to run across the rich region of the Cibao. Sánchez became the most important port of the country during the rest of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The railway worked until 1966.

The port lost its importance when other ports in the country grew in importance. And the Yuna River has been filling the Samaná Bay with solid materials and only small boats can get to the port.

Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 24,509: 12,583 men and 11,926 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

Geography
Sánchez has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of Samaná. The city is an elevation of  above sea level, and at  to the west of Samaná.

The city is surrounded by mountains of the Sierra de Samaná, a small mountain range that covers most of the Samaná peninsula.

Sánchez does not have any municipal district.

The municipality of Sánchez has the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest, the municipality of Las Terrenas to the north, the municipality of Samaná to the east, the Duarte and María Trinidad Sánchez provinces to the west and the Samaná Bay to the south. It also borders, in its southeastern part, to the Hato Mayor province.

Climate
Sánchez has a tropical wet climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Af) with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist (rainfalls during the whole year).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by November with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is March with .

Samaná is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Fishing was the main activity but now is not so important.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1866 establishments
1860s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Horsham

Horsham is a market town in West Sussex, England with a population of roughly 50,000.  It is the administrative and market centre of the district of Horsham.

Towns in West Sussex
Lemgo

Lemgo is a city in the Lippe district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of c. 42,000.

References

Other websites 
 Stadt Lemgo

Lippe Rural District
Kit-Cat Klock

A Kit-Cat Klock or Felix the Cat Clock is an art deco style clock. It looks like the cartoon character Felix the Cat. The eyes and tail move back and forth.

 thumb | right | A Kit Cat Klock 

Clocks
Art Deco
St Michael's Church, Bamberg

St. Michael's Church, also known as the Michaelskirche (Church of St Michael), is a church in Bamberg. It was built in the 12th century. It stands on the top of a very high hill overlooking the town of Bamberg. It can be seen from nearly all directions. Bamberg is built on seven hills, each with a building at the top. The hill on which the St Michael’s Church stands is the highest one. An old, cobbled road with some ancient houses leads from the cathedral up to the church. Not far beyond the church are fields and woods.

The church is built in the Romanesque style. It used to be the church of a Benedictine monastery. The monastery was secularized in 1803. There is now an almshouse there as well as a museum and municipal art collections.

History

Emperor Heinrich II (Henry II) was the founder of the Bishopric of Bamberg. The first bishop of Bamberg was Eberhard, who founded the abbey of St Michael. It belonged to the bishop. The abbot had to obey the bishop. The monks who came to live there came from the towns of Amorbach and Fulda.

In the 12th century the abbey flourished. This was the time of Bishop Otto of Bamberg. The abbey started to become more independent of the bishop.

The abbey went through hard times during the wars around 1525. In the 17th and 18th centuries it went through better times again. When the bishops lost their political power in 1803 the abbey started to belong to the town. The people asked for the almshouses in the town to be moved to the St Michael abbey. There is still a home for old people there today.

Inside the church

Behind the altar is the tomb of Bishop Otto of Bamberg which dates from 1443. There is a hole in the middle of the tomb which is just big enough for a person to crawl through. Visitors to the church like to crawl through the hole, because it is said that it helps people who have backache.

The roof of the nave has paintings of 580 different kinds of plants. These include plants from faraway countries, e.g. pineapple, cotton, pomegranate and tobacco as well as plants that are found locally. The paintings date from the 17th century. Many of the plants were grown in the herb gardens around the church.

In the side isles of the church the ceiling has more paintings. These include paintings of birds.

Buildings and structures in Bamberg
Churches in Germany
Punta Arenas

Punta Arenas (lit. Sandy Point) is the capital of Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region and the largest city in the region. It has the 1% (about 124246 people) of the total population. It is located at comuna (municipality) of Magallanes, and geographically at Brunswich Peninsula (53° 10' S 70° 56'W).

Images

References

Other websites 
Interactive map

Cities in Chile
Santiago Rusiñol

Santiago Rusiñol i Prats (, ; Barcelona 25 February 1861 – Aranjuez 13 June 1931) was a  Catalan naturalist painter, author, and playwright.

He was born in Barcelona in 1861, and died in Aranjuez in 1931 while painting its famous gardens.

He influenced Pablo Picasso as a modern artist, and also left a lot of modernist buildings in Sitges, a town from Catalonia very influenced by that artist.
He was a modernist artist and there is a street in Sant Cugat del Vallés, a town near Barcelona, with his name.

1861 births
1931 deaths
Spanish painters
Spanish writers
Slaughterhouse

A slaughterhouse, also called by the French word abattoir, is a building where farm animals are killed and turned into meat. The animals most often slaughtered for food are cows (for beef and veal), sheep (for lamb and mutton), pigs (for pork), fowl (including chicken and waterfowl such as ducks and geese), and horses (for horsemeat).

Agricultural buildings
Animal rights
Alfons Schuhbeck

Alfons Schuhbeck was born on 2 May 1949 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria, Germany. He is one of Germany’s top chefs, as well as being a writer, restaurateur, TV cook and businessman.

Born as Alfons Karg, he trained as a telecommunications engineer, but was not happy. When he stopped at the Bavarian holiday resort of Waging, he ran into the restaurateur Sebastian Schuhbeck. He began working for Schuhbeck, and Sebastian Schubeck later adopted Alfons, and made him his heir.

Alfons quickly became a very good chef. The village inn he worked at soon became a favourite restaurant of the richer people of Munich and Salzburg.

He did more training in Salzburg, Geneva, Paris, London and Munich as well as Feinkost Käfer, Dallmayr and in the Restaurant Aubergine of Eckart Witzigmann. He also studied at the College of Hotel Management in Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria. He finally took over the Kurhausstüberl in Waging in 1980.

In 1983 he got a star in the Michelin Guide. The Gault Millau restaurant guide gave him 17 points and in 1989 he was elected cook of the year.

Since 1990 Schubeck has operated an outside catering service, which has catered for many high-class events like the Federal Chancellor’s celebration, the Ball des Sports and the German music industry’s ECHO award ceremony.

In 2003 he opened a new restaurant, the Südtiroler Stuben at the Platzl in Munich. In December of that year he was won his second Michelin star, and in November 2005 he was awarded got a star once again in December 2003, the Five Star Diamond Award by the American Academy of Hospitality Sciences.

His great popularity has resulted in his publishing over 20 books, as well as many TV shows. Bayerischer Rundfunk has broadcast his programme Schuhbecks since 1993, and he remains a regular guest in many talk and other TV shows.

Scandal
During the 1990s Schuhbeck had DM 60 million for capital investments. Because he was the only person in charge of millions of DM in Monte Carlo, Monaco Schuhbeck was taken to court on the suspicion of fraud. Although unusual, what he did was not illegal, and he was exonerated.

Businesses 
At the end of the 1990s he set up Schuhbecks GmbH at the Platzl. This company now includes the restaurant Schuhbeck, a wine bistro, the party service, a cookery school, a spice shop and an ice-cream parlour. These are all based in Munich. Schuhbeck Check Inn GmbH was formed in 2001 to manage the Check Inn restaurant and the bar in Egelsbach (south Hesse).

References

Other websites 
 
 Official Website
 Alfons Schuhbeck Palazzo Munich
 Schuhbeck´s Check Inn GmbH
 Schuhbeck´s Onlineshop 
 TV Bavaria's Biography 
 Schuhbecks Cookery School 
 Who is Who der Köche
 Portrait über Alfons Schuhbeck
 

1949 births
Living people
Chefs
German entertainers
German television personalities
People from Bavaria
Restaurateurs
Skatval

Skatval is a small village in the municipality of Stjørdal in the province Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. The nature is quite varied; forest, fiords, hills, mountains and farms.

Settlements in Norway
Gefjun

Gefjun (or Gefjon, Gefion) is one of the Æsir in Norse mythology. This name could be from Old Norse geð fiá meaning "chaste" is one of the Asynjur in Norse mythology. She appears only a few times in surviving sources. Medieval sources talk of her mainly as a goddess of chastity. However, modern scholarship suggests that she may originally have been a fertility goddess connected with ritual plowing, and even that she was originally the same fertility goddess as Freyja.

It has also been suggested that she is the origin of Grendel's mother who appears in the epic poem Beowulf.

References

Norse mythology
Stade de France

The Stade de France is a multipurpose stadium in Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France made in 1995 and opened in 1998. It can hold 80,698 people and is just outside Paris.

References

Other websites 

 Stade de France Website
 Stats for all rugby matches played at the Stade de France 
 Rugby World Cup 2007
 Le Stade de France 3D model (GoogleSketchup)

1998 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in France
Football stadiums in France
Île-de-France
Melbourne Cricket Ground

The Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) is a cricket and Australian Rules Football stadium in Melbourne, Australia. It has a capacity of 100,000. It was used as the main stadium for the 1956 Summer Olympics.

The Melbourne Cricket Club started to use the area for cricket in 1853. Their old ground, now Southbank, was often flooded by the Yarra River, and was also in the way of a new railway line. In 1859, the first game of Australian Rules Football was played at the ground.

The MCG is run by a trust. The first chairman of the trust was the first Premier of Victoria, William Haines.

References

Cricket in Oceania
Australian Football League
Sports buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
1853 establishments in Oceania
1850s establishments in Australia
Tanning

Tanning is the process of turning animal skin (often called "hide") into leather.  Tanning makes the skin tougher and often changes its color.  Tanning helps make the animal skin become more flexible and less vulnerable to bacteria damage.

Before tanning an animal skin, the animal must be killed and skinned before the body heat of the animal leaves the animal's body. Next, tissue on the inside of the skin and hairs on the outside are removed.  Salt in the skin is removed and the skins are soaked in water ffor six hours to two days.

The actual process of tanning is done by soaking the leather in a bath of Chromium III sulphate ([Cr(H2O)6]2(SO4)3). In past centuries a natural substance called tannin was used, which was got from oak or fir trees.

The whole process is very smelly, and tanneries are often placed at the edges of towns. The runoff from tanning plants into rivers is a major cause of pollution. This can be prevented by methods of water treatment adapted to the outflow of tannery liquids. Developing countries may lack this methodology, even though World Bank grants are available for water treatment facilities. A private-sector trade association may give technical information about clean technologies.

A tanner is someone whose job is tanning.  

A tannery is the place where the tanners worked with the animal skins.

References

Manufacturing
Romanesque architecture

Romanesque architecture is a term that describes the style of architecture which was used in Europe from the late 10th century until the 12th century when it changed to the Gothic style. The Romanesque style in England is called Norman architecture.

Buildings in the Romanesque style have very thick walls and round arches,  Castles and churches or cathedrals were built in this style.  Some of them are still standing.

Other websites
Círculo Románico - Visigothic, Mozarabic and Romanesque art

Architectural styles
Bypass (road)

A bypass is a road or highway that goes around a town or village so that traffic which is passing that town does not have to go through the town centre.

Bypasses are good because they reduces the amount of traffic in the centre where the people live and work.  It makes it much safer for them to cross the roads, and reduces pollution.  It is better for the vehicles passing the town because their journey is made quicker.

People are not always happy when a bypass is built.  The main objections people sometimes have is that a new road uses up a lot of land.  Also, some people who have businesses in the town (especially filling stations and restaurants) may think that they will not get so many customers.

If there are no strong rules that control the use of land, buildings are built along a bypass, making it an ordinary town road so that it might become just as busy as a town street again.

A road that goes all the way around the town in a large circle is called a ring road.  The M25 is a ring road for London.

Roads
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal

The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (also known in German as the Main-Danube Canal, RMD Canal or Europa Canal) is a canal that joins up the three rivers Rhine, Main and Danube so that boats can travel from one to the other. It is in Bavaria in the south of Germany. It goes from Bamberg, past Nuremberg, to Regensburg. It was finished in 1992. Boats can now travel from Rotterdam in the Netherlands all the way to the Black Sea. The canal is 171km (106 miles) long. 

A previous "Ludwig Canal" connected the Danube to the Main from the middle 19th century until it was damaged in World War II and abandoned. 

From Bamberg to Fürth the canal follows the valley of the Regnitz, a tributary of the Main. From Fuerth to beyond Roth it follows the valley of the Rednitz, a tributary of the Regnitz. It crosses the Frankish Alb mountains and joins the river Altmuehl near Dietfurt. From Dietfurt to Kelheim on the Danube the canal follows the Altmuehl valley.

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Canals
Mitte

Bezirk Mitte or Mitte von Berlin is the most central borough of Berlin (Bezirk is German for borough, Mitte is German for centre).

Most of Berlin's historic centre is in Bezirk Mitte. Some of the most important tourist sites of Berlin (like the Pergamon Museum, Brandenburg Gate, Charité and the Reichstag), are all in Mitte, and most were in East Berlin.

In 2001, Berlin's boroughs were reorganized. The old East Berlin borough of Mitte, was joined with the boroughs of Wedding, once in the French Sector, and Tiergarten which had been in the British sector before. The new borough (both of which formerly belonged to West Berlin) to form the new Mitte borough. The new borough has an area of  and has, as of 2003, about 320,700 inhabitants. The districts in Mitte are Gesundbrunnen, Hansaviertel, Mitte, Moabit, Tiergarten and Wedding.

The current mayor is Christian Hanke (SPD).

Other websites 

 Official homepage 
 Official homepage of Berlin
B'Day Anthology Video Album

B'Day Anthology Video Album is a video album, released by the American R&B singer-songwriter Beyoncé. It was released alongside B'Day Deluxe Edition on April 3, 2007.

Track listing 

2007 albums
Beyoncé albums
Upgrade U

Upgrade U is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles.

Formats and track listings 
12" single I
 "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32
 "Upgrade U" (instrumental) - 4:32
 "Upgrade U" (album version - no rap) - 4:02
 "Upgrade U" (a cappella) - 4:32

12" single II
 "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32
 "Creole" - 3:53
 "Lost Yo Mind" – 3:47
 "Back Up" - 3:27

Charts

Notes and references

2006 songs
Beyoncé songs
Jay-Z songs
Beyoncé discography

This is the discography, certification, and music video information of American R&B singer Beyoncé. She has released six studio albums, five live albums, three compilation albums, five EPs, one soundtrack album, two karaoke albums and 80 singles. She has sold over 120 million records as a solo artist, and 60 million more with Destiny's Child.

CD

DVD

Single

Extras 
 "Sexy Little Thug"
 "I Can't Take No More" (produced by Mario Winans) (was made available as a bonus download on Beyoncé's official site)
 "I Know" (written by B. Knowles, J. Gordon, K. Mack, L. Owens, E. Cortes)  re-recorded by Destiny's Child, appears on the Fighting Temptations soundtrack and on Michelle Williams' 2004 album Do You Know.
 "My First Time" (written by N. Knowles, Pharrell Williams, Chad Hugo)  (appears on Live at Wembley)
 "My Man" (written by B. Knowles, Angela Beyince, Waller Robert, Scott Storch)  (appears on Destiny's Child's Destiny Fulfilled Wal-Mart bonus disc)
 "Summertime"
 "What's It Gonna Be"
 "Wishing on a Star", a 1977 Rose Royce cover (appears on Live at Wembley and the Roll Bounce soundtrack; was also used to promote Knowles' fragrance "True Star")
 "Until The End Of Time"

Other 
 "Amor Gitano"
 "I'm Leaving" (written by Beyoncé Knowles, DJ Envy)
 Speak My Mind (mixtape)

Music videos

Related pages
 Destiny's Child discography

References 

Discographies
discography
The Beyoncé Experience

The Beyoncé Experience was a 2007 worldwide concert tour by American singer, songwriter, and actress Beyoncé Knowles.

Setlist 
 "Crazy in love" / "Crazy Interlude"
 "Freakum Dress"
 "Green Light"
 Costume Change
 "Baby Boy" / "Murder He Wrote" Interlude
 "Beautiful Liar"
 "Naughty Girl"
 "Me, Myself and I"
 Costume Change
 "Dangerously In Love / "He Loves Me" Interlude
  "Flaws And All"
 Costume Change
 Destiny's Child Medley: "Independent Women Part I" / "Bootylicious" / "No No No Part 2" / "Bug a Boo" / "Bills, Bills, Bills" / "Cater 2 U" / "Say My Name" / "Jumpin' Jumpin'" / "Soldier" / "Survivor"
 "Speechless"
 Costume Change
 "Ring the Alarm"
 "Suga Mama"
 "Upgrade U"
 "'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
 "Check On It"
 "Déjà vu"
 Costume Change
 "Get Me Bodied"
 Costume Change
 "Dreamgirls (Opening Act II)"
 "Listen"
 "Irreplaceable"
 In Japan, "Flaws and All" was not performed. "Get Me Bodied" was performed after "Check On It".
 In Australia, "Deja Vu" was the last song performed.
 During the Europe and Middle East leg of the tour, "Speechless" was not performed.
 During her concert in Orlando beyonce fell down a flight of stairs and it was shown on YouTube.

Tour dates

References 

Beyoncé concert tours
2007 in music
Beautiful Liar

"Beautiful Liar" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Beyoncé and Colombian singer Shakira.

Track listing
UK CD-single 1
 Beautiful Liar (Album version) – 3:19
 Beautiful Liar (Freemasons Remix Edit) – 3:27

UK CD-single 2
 Beautiful Liar (Album version)
 Beautiful Liar (Freemasons Remix Edit)
 Irreplaceable (Maurice Joshua Remix)
 Deja Vu (Freemasons Remix)
 Beautiful Liar (Video)

Charts

References

2007 songs
Beyoncé songs
Shakira songs
DNA polymerase

A DNA polymerase is an enzyme which makes DNA molecules from its nucleotide building blocks. DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication. They usually work in pairs as they copy one double-stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded DNAs. In DNA replication DNA polymerase "reads" a piece of DNA that's already there and uses it to make a new piece that is exactly the same as the old piece.The primary role of DNA polymerases is to accurately and efficiently replicate the genome in order to ensure the maintenance of the genetic information and its faithful transmission through generations. 

DNA polymerases also play key roles in other processes within cells, including DNA repair, genetic recombination, reverse transcription, and antibody production. DNA polymerases are widely used in molecular biology laboratories, notably for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and molecular cloning.

DNA polymerase can only connect deoxyribonucleotides to a 3'-OH group that is already there, so DNA is always made in the 5'3' direction.

DNA
Enzymes
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician. He is the 12th and current President of Turkey, he took office in 2014. Before that, he was the prime minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014. He was chairman of the ruling Justice and Development Party from 2001 to 2014. Erdoğan was Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998.

Erdoğan was a semi-professional footballer from 1969 to 1982. The stadium of the local football club of the district he grew up in, Kasımpaşa S.K. is named after him.

Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (b. 1955, Siirt) on 4 July 1978. The couple have two sons (Ahmet Burak, Necmeddin Bilal) and two daughters (Esra, Sümeyye).

The 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt tried to overthrow President Erdogan.

References

1954 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Dictators
Mayors of Istanbul
Muslims
People from Istanbul
Presidents of Turkey
Prime Ministers of Turkey
Abu Talib

Abū Ṭālib ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib (; –), né ‘Imran ) or ‘Abd Manaf (), was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula. After the death of his father ‘Abd al-Muttalib, he got this position and the offices of Siqaya and Rifada.  He was well respected in Mecca even though he was not very rich.

Abu Talib was an uncle of the Islamic Nabi (, Prophet) Muhammad, and father of the Rashid Caliph ‘Ali, who is also thought as the first Shi'ite Imam. There is a great debate among Muslim scholars on whether Abū Ṭālib died a Muslim or a non-Muslim.

Abū Ṭālib died around 619, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission. This year is known as the Year of Sorrow for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, within a month of Abu Talib.

References

539 births
619 deaths
Muslims
Doom 2

Doom 2 (or Doom II in roman numerals), is a sequel to the first-person shooter video game Doom. It was created by iD Software, and came out in 1994, just one year after the first game. It was based on the same game engine as Doom, and had 32 levels, two of them secret. Doom 2 got newer enemies and weapons. Enemies new in Doom 2 include the Arch-vile, Mancubus, Arachnotron, Chaingunner, Pain Elemental, Revenant, Hell Knight, and the Final Boss (also called the Icon of Sin). The only new weapon in Doom 2 is the Super Shotgun. It is a double-barrel shotgun that use two shotgun shells every time it is fired, but it does three times as much damage as the normal Shotgun and has a much wider hit box. The game's difficulty is much harder than the first Doom game.

Doom 2 includes an expansion pack known as the Master Levels for Doom II. The expansion pack has 20 WAD files created by various authors under contract with id Software.

Doom 2 also includes another expansion pack called No Rest for the Living, released on the Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360.

Shooter video games
1994 video games
Doom series
DOS games
Video game sequels
Deathmatch

A deathmatch (shortened to DM) is a common gameplay mode included in many shooter and real-time strategy (RTS) computer games and "MilSim" games like airsoft and paintball. The goal of a deathmatch game is to kill as many other players as possible.

Video game gameplay

de:Spielmodus (Computerspiel)#Deathmatch
Samaná Bay

Samaná Bay (Spanish, Bahía de Samaná) is a big bay in the northeast of the Dominican Republic, south of the Samaná Peninsula. Christopher Columbus gave the name of "Golfo de las Flechas" (Gulf of Arrows) to the bay.

It has about  east-west and  north-south. The Yuna river, one of the most important of the Hispaniola island, flows into the bay. Other rivers that flow into the bay are the Barracote and the Yabón.

There are many cays (very small and flat islands) in the bay, many of them with beautiful beaches visited by many tourists; Levantado Cay (Spanish, Cayo Levantado) is big enough to have a hotel.

On the southwest coast there is a national park: National Park Los Haitises, with many interesting plants and animals.

Dolphins are common in the bay most of the year. Humpback whales come from northern, cold waters to Samaná Bay to breed during winter and spring; then, they return to cold waters where food is more abundant. Whale watching is an important business in the Samaná Province in late winter and early spring.

France, England and United States were interested in the Samaná Bay (with the Samaná Peninsula) during the 19th century to control the Caribbean. Before that time, pirates were frequent visitors.

The most important cities around the bay are Santa Bárbara de Samaná and Sánchez on the north, in the Samaná Province province; and Sabana de la Mar, on the south, in the Hato Mayor Province province. Sánchez was the most important international port of the Dominican Republic during the 19th century and early 20th century.

Gallery

References

Bodies of water of North America
Geography of the Dominican Republic
Bays
Halibut

Halibut is a kind of flatfish often used for food. There are two different kinds of halibut - Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). The halibut from the Atlantic ocean has been overfished.

Their names come from haly (holy) and butt (flat fish), because it is said people like to eat them on Catholic holy-days.

References

Other websites 

 International Pacific Halibut Commission 
 Alaska Department of Fish & Game

Flatfish
Edible fish
Sola (manga)

Sola is a Japanese anime series initially written by the Kanon main writer, Naoki Hisaya together with the original character designer Naru Nanao. Sola started as a manga which was featured in the magazine Dengeki Daioh on December 21, 2006 by MediaWorks. As of August 2007, the manga is still being serialized, with Chaki Abeno as the illustrator. A drama CD was later released on December 31, 2006 at Comiket 71. The anime version of the series aired in Japan from April 7, 2007 to June 30, 2007, containing a total of thirteen episodes and two additional episodes currently being released exclusively for the DVD. An extra drama CD together with a video game title for the PlayStation 2 console are also planned. The title, Sola, comes from the Italian/Spanish language solo (which translates literally to alone). The title of series, sounds the same with the Japanese word .

Other websites 
 Official website

References 

Anime
Ornithischia

Ornithischia is an order of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. They are known as the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs because of their hip structure. However, birds actually descended from the 'lizard-hipped' dinosaurs, the Saurischia. The name "Ornithischia" means "bird-hipped," and birds also have pelvises in which the pubis points backwards. 

An alternative name for the order is the Predentata, because all of them are beaked herbivorous dinosaurs. The beak is in front of the jaw-bone, the dentary, so it is a 'predentary'. The upper half of the beak is the 'premaxilla' on the end of the upper jaw. The beak is a key adaptation for cropping plants for their food.

Their original (basal) form of locomotion was bipedal. However, from early in their evolutionary history, they were capable of both bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion. Several groups became entirely quadrupedal.

The ornithischia has two sub-orders:
Thyreophora: the armoured dinosaurs: Ankylosaurs and Stegosaurs.
Cerapoda: the duck-billed and horned dinosaurs.

Plants 
Their vegetarian diet included:
Seed ferns: Pteridospermatophyta. Upper Triassic, Jurassic. 
Cycads and other woody seed plants, common during Mesozoic period.
Gymnosperms (conifers): Jurassic, Cretaceous.
Angiosperms (flowering plants): Cretaceous
Algae in the form of seaweed: no direct evidence, but likely.

This group of dinosaurs would not be able to reach the taller conifers. The other main group of vegetarian dinosaurs, the sauropodomorphs, were specialists able to reach vegetation on the tall trees.

Related pages 
Saurischia
Fabrosauridae
Heterodontosaur

References
Miss Earth

Miss Earth is an annual international beauty pageant promoting environmental awareness.

The reigning titleholders dedicate their year to school tours, tree planting activities, street campaigns, coastal clean ups, speaking engagements, shopping mall tours, media guesting, environmental fair, storytelling programs, eco-fashion shows, and other activities.

Winners

References

Other websites
Miss Earth official homepage

Earth
Krauchthal

Krauchthal is a village in the Canton of Bern. It is about halfway between Burgdorf and Bern, about 15 km northeast of the city of Bern. The commune of Krauchthal is made of the villages Krauchthal (with Hub and Dieterswald), and Hettiswil. The name of the settlements was mentioned during the Middle Ages. Krauchthal in 1208, Hettiswil in 1107, Hub and Dieterswald in 1326, Thorberg in 1196. In 2006, 2345 people lived there. In Thorberg, there is a castle. This has been converted to a prison.

References

Other websites 

 Website of the commune of Krauchthal (German)

Municipalities of Bern
Until the End of Time

Until the End of Time is a R&B song written by Justin Timberlake, Tim Mosley, and Nate Hills and is the first single from the deluxe edition of his studio album FutureSex/LoveSounds. Although the song has not been officially released yet, it currently receives heavy radio airplay on Mainstream Urban stations. The Benjamin Wright Orchestra also appears on the song. The official date was November 26, 2006 for mainstream urban radio. The single version of the song featuring Beyoncé Knowles debuted onJune 5, 2007 on US radio and the official single release will be on November 13, 2007.

Music video 
A music video has been shot at the three major destinations: Philippines, Indonesia and Los Angeles (US) on October 24, 2007. The video was released on MTV, November 22, 2007.

Chart

References

Beyoncé songs
2007 songs
Inquisition

The Inquisition was the legal agent of the Catholic Church against heresy in the Middle Ages. It did two main things. First, it issued a list (the Index) of published books banned because they contained heresy. The faithful were forbidden to read such books. Second, it prosecuted individuals thought guilty of heresy.

Later versions of the Inquisitions had the power to use torture or the threat of torture to get confessions and religious conversions. It had the power to order executions. The standard method was to burn heretics alive, or to strangle them in public. The actual deed was done by the civil authorities.

The full name of the Inquisition was the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith () of the Catholic Church. It developed in stages. The first permanent Inquisition was established in 1229. It was run by the Dominicans in Rome. In 1478 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile set up the Spanish Inquisition.

In 1542 Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a tribunal staffed with cardinals and other officials. This version supervised the local Inquisitions in other countries, and also investigated important cases from Italy. The most famous case it tried was that of Galileo Galilei in 1633.

The word Inquisition comes from Latin quaerere. That means to turn, to ask a question.

Related pages 
Giordano Bruno
Galileo Galilei
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Spanish Inquisition

References 

Christianity of the Middle Ages
Catholicism
Courts (law)
Peshawar

Peshawar is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. With a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census, Peshawar is the largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the sixth-largest in Pakistan.

Etymology
Peshawar is derived from Purushapura which means city of men (Purusha means Man).

History 
Peshawar is in a valley near the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest in South Asia. Peshawar was the capital of the ancient Kushan Empire and also served as the capital for the Durrani Empire.

Geography
The city has always been very important as it served as a trading center during the Mughal Empire. It is connected to important places in the country by road, rail and air.

Demographics 
The main language spoken in Peshawar is Pashto while some speak Hindko. Urdu is understood throughout the city.

Religions
Peshawar is mostly Muslim which make 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census. Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community live in Peshawar. Hindus and Sikhs are also found in the city − though most of them migrated to India following the Partition of India in 1947.

Afghan refugees
In 2005, Peshawar district was home to 611,501 Afghan refugees — who made-up 19.7% of the district's total population and 20% of all Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

Crime
Peshawar has been attacked by Islamist terrorists many times. They include the suicide bombing of a church in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014. Over 100 people were killed in each of those two attacks.
Aldeburgh Festival

The Aldeburgh Festival is an English arts festival where classical music concerts take place during the summer.  Aldeburgh is in Suffolk in the south-east of England.  It is where the composer Benjamin Britten lived with his friend the tenor Peter Pears.  A lot of Britten’s music is played at the festival, but music by many other composers can be heard as well.  Most of the concerts take place in the Maltings, a concert hall in the village of Snape, not far away from Aldeburgh.

History of the Aldeburgh Festival 
The Festival was started in 1948 by Benjamin Britten, Peter Pears and the librettist Eric Crozier. They started the festival so that the English Opera Group would have a place to perform their operas, but soon the festival became bigger.  There were poetry readings, drama performances, lectures and art exhibitions.  The first festival was mostly held in Aldeburgh Jubilee Hall, a few doors away from Britten's house in Crabbe Street.  His opera Albert Herring was performed, as well as his St Nicolas Cantata.

Over the years the festival grew.  Some of the performances took place in the church, or in churches or other halls in nearby villages and small towns such as Orford and Framlingham. However, the festival needed a large concert hall.  In the 1960s the old malthouse (where barley used to be made) in Snape was changed into a concert hall. It was opened by the Queen on 2 June 1967, at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival. 

Two years later, on the first night of the 1969 Festival, the concert hall was destroyed by fire. Only the main walls remained. For that year the Festival was moved to other local places, but by the next year the hall had been rebuilt and once again it was opened by the Queen, this time at the start of the 1970 Festival.

The Festival today 
The festival is now organized by Aldeburgh Music, which also runs the Britten-Pears Young Artist Programme which gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform in concerts.

The festival has a nice atmosphere because it is in the country near the sea and marshes. New music is often performed.  In the past there have been first performances of several works by Britten: (A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1960; Death in Venice in 1973) and also Harrison Birtwistle's Punch and Judy in 1968.

The Festival's Artistic Director is now the composer Thomas Adès, who was appointed in 1999.

Classical music festivals
Music festivals in England
Suffolk
1948 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in England
Me, Myself and I

Me, Myself and I is an R&B/neo soul song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album Dangerously in Love (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the song's protagonist comes to terms with a cheating boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the United States; it also reached eleven in the United Kingdom.

Official versions 
 "Me, Myself and I" (Acapella)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Sexy Remix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By Punjabi MC & Raj Asia)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring Ghostface Killah)
 "Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix)

2003 songs
Beyoncé songs
Songs about infidelity
Hip hop soul songs
R&B songs
Lanark: A Life in Four Books

Lanark: A Life in Four Books was the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray, and is still his best known. The book was written over a period of almost thirty years and was published in 1981. It has real and fantasy descriptions of Gray's home city of Glasgow.

The book has won the Saltire Society Book of the Year and David Niven awards, and has become a cult classic. In 2006, The Guardian said Lanark was "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."

References

1981 books
Scotland in fiction
Sexy Little Thug

"Sexy Lil' Thug" is a remake by Beyoncé, of 50 Cent’s hit single “In da Club”. Recorded and released just weeks after the original, it samples the original’s instrumental and melody, with Beyoncé singing her own, newly-added verses.

Upon its radio release in March 2003, the song quickly became a staple, receiving heavy airplay and high demand. It, in fact, became so popular that it started to outsell 50 Cent’s version – this caused him to force radio stations to stop playing Beyoncé’s version, and having his label, Interscope, intervene by issuing a cease-and-desist to Beyoncé and her team.

Consequently, this disallowed “Sexy Lil' Thug” from becoming a hit, since a full release was prohibited; however, it isn’t known if the song was actually meant to serve as the first single from Beyoncé’s upcoming solo album Dangerously in Love, or if it was put out simply for promotion. Yet, perhaps due to contractual reasons, Beyoncé’s father and manager Mathew Knowles did state to MTV News in April, that the song was just a buzz cut and would not appear on the album.

But despite the impending permission issues, the song managed to stay on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for 7 weeks, peaking at #67, as well as the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart for 4 weeks, where it also peaked at #67.

The song eventually received an official release in November 2005, on Beyoncé's Speak My Mind mixtape.

Charts

References

2003 songs
Beyoncé songs
Encore (concert)

An encore is an extra piece that is played at the end a performance. It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it. A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot. Sometimes the audience shout "encore!" when they want an encore. The word "encore" is the French word for "again".

An encore is usually a short piece. Often it is a fast piece to finish the performance off happily, but if a musician has just played a very energetic, loud piece, then the encore might be a quiet piece. A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another.

Performing arts

it:BIS#Altro
Cay

A cay (also spelled key; both pronounced alike as "key" ) is a small, low island consisting mostly of sand or coral and situated on top of a coral reef.

The English word cay comes from the Spanish word cayo and this from the Taíno word cayo meaning "small island". The English words key and quay (which means wharf) come from the old French kai meaning "sand bank". Because it is a Taíno word, "cay" (and the other forms) are used mainly in the Caribbean, but the type of island is found in the tropical seas where there are coral reefs.

Sand cays are built on the edge of the coral reefs, opposite the direction from which the wind blows most of the time. Because of that, cays are often elongated. Tides and wind (and sometimes sea birds) deposit coral debris. Weather affects the formation of cays greatly; large tides would bring much more debris onto the cay and thus make it larger, while a hurricane destroys a cay.

Some cays are very large; Cayo Coco, north of Cuba, is about 370 km2. Those large cays are being used for tourism because they have beaches with white sand and the presence of coral reefs.

Notes and references

Other websites

Montague, Artur, El elemento español en el vocabulario inglés: prolegómenos a una lista. AIH. Actas IV (1971). (in Spanish)
Online Etymology Dictionary

Islands
Actinopterygii

The Actinopterygii is the class of ray-finned fishes.

The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact that they have lepidotrichia or "fin rays". Their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ("rays"). This is different from the fleshy fins of the fish in the Sarcopterygii.

Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates. There are nearly 25,000 species. They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Most of the living species are teleosts.

Taxonomy 

 Chondrostei (bichirs and sturgeons)
 Neopterygii
 Holostei (gars and bowfins)
 Teleostei
 Osteoglossomorpha
 Elopomorpha (eels) 
 Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
 Ostariophysi (goldfish, minnows, catfish, electric eels)
 Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
 Stenopterygii
 Cyclosquamata 
 Scopelomorpha 
 Lampridiomorpha 
 Polymyxiomorpha 
 Paracanthopterygii (cod, anglerfish)
 Acanthopterygii (mullets, flyingfishes, sticklebacks, seahorses, flatfish, cichlids, mackerel, tuna, perch)

References