cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Belize District

The Belize District is a district of the nation of Belize.  The district capital is the nation's largest city, Belize City.

Settlements 

San Pedro Town, which is on the island of Ambergris Caye, is also in the Belize District. Caye Caulker and St. George's Caye are the island villages in this district. Maskall, Bomba, Corozalito, Santana, Lucky Strike, Rockstone Pond, Boston, Crooked Tree, Biscayne, May Pen, Gardenia, Grace Bank, Sand Hill, Lord's Bank, Ladyville, Burrel Boom, Buttercup, Scotland Halfmoon, Flowers Bank, Bermudian Landing, Isabella Bank, Double Head Cabbage, Willows Bank, Saint Paul's Bank, Big Falls, Rancho Dolores, Hattieville, Freetown Sibun, Gracie Rock, La Democracia, and Gales Point are all mainland villages in the Belize District.  The Crooked Tree and Monkey Bay Wildlife Sanctuaries, the Belize Zoo (30 miles west of Belize City), as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Altun Ha are all in this district.

History 

The Belize District was the area first settled by Europeans. They lived along the rivers and creeks because these waterways were used for transportation. Many of the estates were called the owner's 'bank'(as in the banks of a river). Therefore, Mr. Lord's estate on the bank of the Belize River became Lord's Bank. Mr. Flowers' home place on this same river became Flowers Bank. Many of these old estates have grown into villages.  Other places such as Baker, Bob Eiley, Bocotora, Nago Bank, Washing Tree, Cedar Bank, Churchyard, Egypt, Watters Bank, and White Hill are old estates which did not become villages. Some places like Davis Bank and Tropical Park have now become parts of larger communities.

Geography 

Most of the Belize District is in the east central mainland of Belize. The Belize District also includes offshore islands, including Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, St. George's Caye, Caye Chapel, English Caye and Goff's Caye. Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker are two of the country's main tourism areas. The longest river in the country, the Belize River, passes through the district and joins the Caribbean Sea along its coast. The Northern River, Sibun River, and Manatee River are also in this District.

References 

Districts of Belize
Atelopus longirostris

Atelopus longirostris, a harlequin frog or jambato, is a member of the family of true toads: Bufonidae. It has only been found in northern Ecuador.  It was believed to be extinct extinct, and species had not been seen since 1989, until its rediscovery im 2016

Description 
Atelopus longirostris has a slender body with long legs.  Males have legs up to 35 mm, and females up to 47 mm. The dorsum is brown with yellow or cream rounded spots. The flanks are dark brown or black. The venter is whitish with some brown in the throat and chest.

References 

Toads
Extinct species
Atelopus

Atelopus, commonly known as harlequin frogs, is a large genus of true toads.  They live in Central and South America.  They go as far north as Costa Rica and as far south as Bolivia. Atelopus are small, generally brightly colored and diurnal. Most species live near mid- to high-elevation streams. Many species are now considered endangered, while others already are extinct. The cause of these declines mostly appears to be the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.

New Atelopus species are discovered with some regularity. Many new species have been described in the last ten years.

Species

References

Toads
Adenomus

Adenomus is a small genus of true toads.  It only has three species.  These all live in Sri Lanka. Adenomus kandianus was thought to be extinct for 133 years.  It was rediscovered in October 2009 in the Kandy area.

Species

References
 
 amphibiaweb.org Adenomus kandianus
 Global Amphibian Assessment - Adenomus kandianus 
 Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R. (1998). A synopsis of the Sri Lankan Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura), with description of two new species. J. South Asian nat. Hist., 3(2), 213-248. 
 Dutta, S.K. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996). The Amphibian Fauna of Sri Lanka. WHT, Colombo, Sri Lanka.  

Toads
Sri Lanka
Altiphrynoides

Altiphrynoides is a genus of toads.  They are commonly called Ethiopian toads. They only live in the highlands of south-central Ethiopia in the Arussi, Bale, and Sidamo provinces. Both species are threatened by habitat loss. They used to be included in Nectophrynoides.  Now they are separate because they lay eggs, while Nectophrynoides give birth to fully developed young.

Species

References

 
 ITIS report Altiphrynoides
 amphibiaweb.org Altiphrynoides malcolmi

Toads
Ethiopia
Amietophrynus

Amietophrynus is a large genus of true toads.  They live in Africa. At first Amietophrynus species were included in the genus Bufo.  They have been split because they are considered different enough.

Species

References
 Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006, "The Amphibian Tree of Life", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History no. 297: 1-370. [15 Mar 2006]
 

Toads
Andinophryne

Andinophryne is a small genus of true toads.  There are only three species.  They are found in the Andes.

Species

References
 

Toads
Ansonia (genus)

Ansonia (commonly known as stream toads) is a small genus of true toads.  They are found in South India; northern Thailand; Malay Peninsula; Tioman Island; Borneo and Mindanao (Philippines). These are a small forest species.  They spawn in streams and have torrent-adapted tadpoles.

Species

References
 L Lee Grismer, 2006: A new species of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rainforest in Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Herpetologica 62,4: pp. 466–475 

Toads
Darryl F. Zanuck

Darryl Francis Zanuck (September 5, 1902 – December 22, 1979) was an American producer, writer, actor, director and studio executive. He played a major part in the Hollywood studio system. He earned three Academy Awards. His career lasted 48 years.

Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska on September 5, 1902 to Louise (née Torpin) and Frank Zanuck. Zanuck was married to Virginia Fox from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children. One of their children was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck who produced Jaws.

Zanuck died on December 22, 1979 in Palm Springs, California from jaw cancer. He was 77 years old.

References

Other websites

1902 births
1979 deaths
Deaths from jaw cancer
Actors from Nebraska
Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American movie producers
American movie directors
Writers from Nebraska
Bufoides

Bufoides is a genus of true toad.  Bufoides meghalayanus is the only species. They are known as "Mawblang Toad" or "Khasi Hills Toad". They live in north-eastern India.

References

Toads
Capensibufo

Capensibufo is a genus of true toads with only two species. The common English name is Cape Toads. They live in the Republic of South Africa from Breede River to north of Knysna, Western Cape Province.

Species

Other websites 
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Capensibufo. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Capensibufo. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
  taxon Capensibufo at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Capensibufo at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).

Toads
Churamiti

Churamiti is a genus of the true toads.  The only species is Churamiti maridadi.  They live in Tanzania. It is listed as a critically endangered species.  This is due to a restricted range and habitat loss. 

Toads
Crepidophryne

Crepidophryne is a genus of toads commonly called Cerro Utyum Toads.  The genus has three species.  They live throughout the Costa Rican and Panamian highlands.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Crepidophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 1, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Crepidophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 1, 2008). 
  taxon Crepidophryne at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Crepidophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
  Taxon Crepidophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Dendrophryniscus

Dendrophryniscus is a genus of true toads. They live in the forests of Brazil, amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and the Guianas. They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Dendrophryniscus. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 01, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Dendrophryniscus. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 01, 2008). 
  taxon Dendrophryniscus at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Dendrophryniscus at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
  Taxon Dendrophryniscus at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Virginia Fox

Virginia Fox (April 2, 1902 – October 14, 1982) was an American actress who starred in many silent movie of the 1910s and 1920s, her career spanned 14 years. 

Fox was born in Wheeling, West Virginia to Marie (née Oglseby) and Frederick Fox.   She was married to Darryl F. Zanuck from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children, one of them was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck. Fox died on October 14, 1982 in Palm Springs, California from emphysema and from cerebral thrombosis, she was 80 years old.

Movies

References

Other websites

 

1902 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from cerebral thrombosis
Actors from West Virginia
American silent movie actors
Deaths from emphysema
People from Wheeling, West Virginia
Didynamipus

Didynamipus is a genus in the Bufonidae family.  Didynamipus sjostedti, also called the four-digit toad, is the only species.  They live in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria.  They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.  They are threatened by habitat loss.

References
 Gartshore, M., Amiet, J.-L. & Drewes, R. 2004.  Didynamipus sjostedti.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
Duttaphrynus

Duttaphrynus is a genus of true toads. They live in southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan)  and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali.

Description
These toads have heads with bony ridges.  The nose area is short and blunt. The first finger of these toads is longer than the second. The toes are half webbed. The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown.

Species

References

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Duttaphrynus. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 02, 2008). 

Toads
Natterjack Toad

The natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita, formerly Bufo calamita) is a toad.  They live in the sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70 mm in length.  They are different from other toads because they have a yellow line down the middle of the back. They have relatively short legs. This gives them a distinctive gait, which is different than the hopping movement of many other toad species.

Natterjacks have a very loud and distinctive mating call.

Life history

Natterjacks live for up to 15 years and feed on insects, worms and small reptiles. At night they move around open land with little vegetation. Their tracks can often be seen in loose sand. They move large distances each night.

Reproduction
The Natterjack Toad spawns between the end of April and July.  They lay 'strings' of eggs in shallow, warm pools. Because the Natterjack Toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.

For Natterjacks, pools need to have a small slope with little vegetation on the banks and in the water. Sometimes the larvae die when the pools dry out. The Natterjack mates a few times each summer. The age of the young can vary from a month to 3 months in September.

Distribution

There are toads in seventeen European countries.  In the British Isles the toad is mostly in coastal areas.  In mainland Europe, particularly in the southern part of its range, it lives inland in a variety of places.

Ireland
The Natterjack Toad is the only species of toad native to Ireland. It is found on the Dingle peninsula and Derrynane in County Kerry and also in County Wexford.

References

Toads
Frostius

Frostius — also called Frost's Toads — is a small genus of true toads.  There are only two species.

Species

References
 Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Frostius accessdate=2008-04-13
 AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: April 13, 2008). Frostius pernambucensis

Toads
Ingerophrynus

Ingerophrynus is a genus of true toads with eleven species.  Ten of the species in this genus used to be thought to be species of the genus Bufo. In 2007 a new species, Ingerophrynus gollum, was added to this genus. This species is named after the character Gollum created by J. R. R. Tolkien. These species live in Southern Yunnan and Indochina; peninsular Thailand and Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, and Sulawesi.

Species

References

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Ingerophrynus. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 2, 2008).

Toads
Liquidity preference

In Macroeconomics, the liquidity preference is the demand to hold cash as risk-free wealth. This is also known as Cash preference.  The idea was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936).

Macroeconomics
Miroslava Karpovich

Miroslava Olegovna Karpovich (, ; born on March 1, 1986 in Berdyansk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) is a Ukraine-born Russian movie, television and theatre actress, comedian, model. Most famous for role of Maria Vasnetsova in sitcom "Daddy's Daughters", where she has been playing since July 13, 2007.

1986 births
Living people
Russian movie actors
Ukrainian actors
Russian comedians
Russian television actors
Ukrainian comedians
Saina Nehwal

|}

Saina Nehwal  (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian female athlete.  She is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Saina won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

Accomplishments

SAINA NEHWAL was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2009 and a year later, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.

In 2009, Nehwal was honoured with India’s highest award for sporting excellence - the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

In 2016, the Government of India awarded Saina Nehwal the Padma Bhushan. It is the 3rd highest civilian honour in the country.

She became the first Indian badminton player to win a BWF Series event and continued to impress on her way to winning the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 2010.

In 2015, Saina Nehwal won the singles event at the India Open BWF Super Series and became the number 1 women’s player in the Badminton World Federation rankings.

Related pages
 Sports in India
 India at the Olympics

References

Other websites

Indian sportspeople
1990 births
Living people
2012 Summer Olympics
Indian Olympic bronze medalists
Commonwealth Games medallists
Badminton players
Laurentophryne parkeri

Laurentophryne parkeri, also called Parker's tree toad, is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Laurentophryne. They live in the Kivu region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

It is threatened by habitat loss.

References
 Channing, A. & Poynton, J.C. 2004.  Laurentophryne parkeri .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
 

Toads
Leptophryne

Leptophryne is a small genus of true toads.  There are only two species.  They are found in southeast Asia, in Peninsular Thailand through the Malay Peninsula.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Leptophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 02, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Leptophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 02, 2008). 
  taxon Leptophryne at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Leptophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 02, 2008).
  Taxon Leptophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Melanophryniscus

Melanophryniscus (South American Redbelly Toads) is a genus of toads.  There are 25 amphibian species located in Argentina, south of Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Melanophryniscus. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 03, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Melanophryniscus. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 03, 2008). 
  taxon Melanophryniscus at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Melanophryniscus at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 03, 2008).
  Taxon Melanophryniscus at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Mertensophryne

Mertensophryne or "Snouted Frogs" is a genus of true toads.  They live in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, southeastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique.

Species

References
 , 2006, The Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297: 206

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Mertensophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 3, 2008).
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Mertensophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 3, 2008).

Toads
Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka

The Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka (Metaphryniscus sosae) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Metaphryniscus.  It lives in Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

References
 La Marca, E. & Señaris, C. 2004. Metaphryniscus sosae. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
Nectophryne

Nectophryne, or African tree toads, is a genus of true toads.  There are only two species.  They live in western Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, northeastern Congo, Bioko and Equatorial Guinea.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Nectophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 04, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Nectophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 04, 2008). 
  taxon Nectophryne at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Nectophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
  Taxon Nectophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Filling Station (ballet)

Filling Station is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is based on a newspaper report. Virgil Thomson wrote the music. Lew Christensen choreographed (designed) the dances. Christensen performed the role of Mac, the filling station attendant. Paul Cadmus designed the sets and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Hartford, Connecticut by Ballet Caravan in November 1937. A performance was given at the Martin Beck Theater in New York City on May 18, 1939, with Christensen again in the role of the attendant.

Mac is a young, good-looking filling station attendant. His evening solitude is broken by two young and greasy but good-natured truck drivers. The State Trooper (policeman) enters in pursuit. He lectures the boys on their disregard for the speed limit. A brash motorist, his wife, and bratty child interrupt. The Rich Boy and The Rich Girl enter. They are drunken refugees from a country club dance. They rhumba and the others join them. Suddenly, a gangster enters shooting his gun. Mac, the truck drivers, and The State Trooper thwart his attempt to stage a robbery. The Rich Girl however is caught in the gangster's line of fire and dies on the pavement. Her limp body is carried off. The spectators drift away. Mac settles down with his radio and a newspaper to wait for business.

Dance historian Grace Robert praises the ballet in her book The Borzoi Book of Ballets. She singles out the characterizations in particular, noting that they are "definite and well-rounded" and that all of them are seen in terms that are "balletic". She points to the pursuit of the gangster as an especially effective moment. On a darkened stage, several figures with flashlights perform grand jetée (leaps). The beams of light and flying figures create an effect "dramatic out of all proportion to the simplicity of the means employed." The ballet was popular in South America when it was performed there in 1941 by an American company assembled by Lincoln Kirstein. Writing in 1949, Robert noted that only the score survived at that date but a suite arranged from it was heard occasionally in concert or on the radio.

References 
 

Ballets
Compositions
Billy the Kid (ballet)

Billy the Kid is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is attributed to Lincoln Kirstein and is based on the life of Billy the Kid. The music was written by Aaron Copland. Eugene Loring designed the dances. Jared French designed the scenery and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Chicago in October 1938. It was performed in New York City at the Martin Beck Theater on May 24, 1939 with Loring as Billy and Marie-Jeanne in the dual role of Mother and Mexican Sweetheart. During Christmas week 1939, the ballet was presented at the St. James Theater in New York City with Michael Kidd as Billy and Alicia Alonso as Mother and Mexican Sweetheart.

Story 
The ballet opens with pioneers heading west led by Pat Garrett in "March". In "Street Scene", cowboys, Indians, dance hall girls, and other western types throng the street of a town. Billy and his Mother enter as a brawl breaks out. Alias (as cowboy) kills Billy's Mother with a wild shot. Billy stabs Alias and runs away. 

In "Billy's Soliloquy", Billy shoots Alias (as land agent) during a card game. In "Card Game on the Desert" and "Gun Battle", Garrett accuse Billy of cheating at cards and goes off. The posse approaches led by Alias (as sheriff). Billy's gang is killed, but Billy kills Alias. The posse takes him to jail. At the end of "Macabre Dance", the Mexican Sweetheart enters looking for Billy. In "Jail Scene" Billy escapes by killing Alias (as jailer). 

In "Desert", Alias (as Indian Guide) leads Billy to the Mexican Sweetheart's hide-out. Billy has no thought for anyone but himself and the Sweetheart leaves. The Indian Guide returns with Garrett, and, when Billy lights a cigarette in the darkness, Garret kills him ("Billy's Death"). Mexican women mourn Billy's death in "Pietà". The ballet ends with Garret leading pioneers in "Closing March".

References 
 

Ballets
Compositions by Aaron Copland
1930s works
1938
Calico

Calico may mean:

Textiles
Calico (textile), a plain-woven cotton textile

Animals
 Calico butterfly
Calico cat
Calico goldfish
Calico grouper
Calico Pennant, a dragonfly

People
Calico Cooper (born 1981), American actress and the daughter of rock and roll musician Alice Cooper
Calico Jack Rackham (1682–1720), English pirate captain in the early 18th century
Tyrone Calico (born 1980), American football wide receiver

Places
Calico Mountains (California)
Calico Ghost Town
Calico Peaks
Calico Early Man Site
Calico Mountains (Nevada)
Calico Mountains Wilderness
Calico Mills
Calico Rock, Arkansas, a city in Izard County, United States
Ballet d'action

Ballet d'action is an 18th-century ballet movement. It was started by French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre in 1760.  The movement focused on character and emotional expression through dancers' bodies and faces, instead of elaborate costumes and props. Noverre started the movement because he was unhappy with the attention focused on technical expertise. He expressed his views in his book Lettres sur la danse et les ballets. He stated there that the purpose of ballet is "to represent characters and express their feelings" through movement rather than costume.

Notes 

Ballet
Nectophrynoides

Nectophrynoides is a genus of true toads. They live in Eastern Arc forests and wetlands in Tanzania. All but N. tornieri are threatened. Species of the genus are ovoviviparous: fertilization is internal, and the females give birth to fully developed, small toadlets. Together with the West Africa Nimbaphrynoides, they are the only frogs/toads in the world that do not lay eggs.

Species

References

 Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Nectophrynoides accessdate=2008-04-14

Toads
Nimbaphrynoides

Nimbaphrynoides is a genus of true toads.  They live in the highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. They are Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, and iron and bauxite mining in their small ranges.

The two species are viviparous.  This means they have internal fertilisation. The female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets. Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides are the only frogs/toads that do not lay eggs.

Species

References

 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Nimbaphrynoides access date: 2008-04-17
 eol - Encyclopedia of Life at  Taxon  Nimbaphrynoides
 
 GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility at   Taxon Nimbaphrynoides

Toads
Oreophrynella

Oreophrynella (bush toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in southern Venezuela, Guyana and far northern Brazil.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Oreophrynella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Oreophrynella. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
  taxon Oreophrynella at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Oreophrynella at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
  Taxon Oreophrynella at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm 

Toads
Black-knobbed map turtle

The black-knobbed map turtle (Graptemys nigrinoda) is a species of aquatic turtles. Their skin is light gray and have spikes on their shell. They are part of the Graptemys genus and were once called the black-knobbed sawback turtle. They live in rivers in the Mobile Bay in Alabama and Mississippi.

References

Other websites

 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996.  Graptemys nigrinoda .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Turtles
Amazonas (Venezuela)

Amazonas is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. Amazonas State covers a total surface area of 176,899 km² and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.

The state capital is Puerto Ayacucho. Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.

Municipalities and Municipal Seats

Geography

Rivers 

In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the Orinoco, in the mount delgado Chalbaud. Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo,  Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí,  Manipitare,  Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.

National parks 

The State of Amazonas has many natural sites of great interest.
 Parima Tapirapeco National Park. 
 Serranía La Neblina National Park. 
 Yapacana National Park. 
 National Park Duida Marahuaca.

Natural monuments

 Piedra del Cocuy.
 Cerro Autana.
 Piedra de la Tortuga.
 Piedra Pintada.

Fauna
The rich fauna of the region is represented by numerous specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.
 Mammals: puma, jaguar, tapir, monkey, anteater, & fox.
 Reptiles: Orinoco crocodile, baba, turtle, tortoise, snakes, anaconda, tragavenado,  cuaima, & mapanare.
 Fish: Sapoara, shaker or electric eel, bay, caribbean, piranha, catfish, and guabina.
 Birds: eagle, harpy eagle, hawk, macaw,  katana, carpenter, helmeted,  & toucan.

References

Other websites

 Governor's page 

States of Venezuela
Osornophryne

Osornophryne (Plump Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in Colombia and Ecuador.

Species

Other websites

 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Osornophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 05, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Osornophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 05, 2008). 
  taxon Osornophryne at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Osornophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 05, 2008).
  Taxon Osornophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Pedostibes

Pedostibes (Asian Tree Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in South India, Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra. They have horizontal pupils and webbed fingers and toes.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Pedostibes. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Pedostibes. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
  taxon Pedostibes at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Pedostibes at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
  Taxon Pedostibes at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm 

Toads
Pelophryne

Pelophryne (Flathead Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore and Hainan Island, China.

Species

References

 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Pelophryne. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 07, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Pelophryne. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 07, 2008). 
  taxon Pelophryne at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Pelophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 07, 2008).
  Taxon Pelophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Pseudobufo subasper

Pseudobufo subasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Pseudobufo.  They are found in Indonesia and Malaysia.  They live in subtropical or tropical swamps. They are threatened by habitat loss.

This toad can only be found in peat swamps. They have fully webbed back feet.

References
 van Dijk, P.P., Iskandar, D. & Inger, R. 2004. Pseudobufo subasper. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Other websites
 Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Pseudobufo subasper 

Toads
Rhinella

Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo.  Some people call it its own genus.  It has 71 species of true toads.  They live in Central and South America.

Species

Note: Species below are shown as species of Rhinella.  They are treated as species of Bufo by many authors.

References
 . 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. Herpetologica. 63 (2): 203-212.
  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Rhinella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 07, 2008). 

Toads
African Red Toad

The African red toad or African split-skin toad (Schismaderma carens) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Schismaderma.

It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Lesotho.
It lives in many habitats.  These are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, pastureland, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, canals and ditches, and man-made karsts.

References
 Poynton, J.C., Howell, K., Minter, L. & Tandy, M. 2004. Schismaderma carens . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
Truebella

Truebella is a genus of true toads.  They live in Peru at the Ayacucho and Junín regions.

Species

References
 , 1995. A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa . Herpetologica, 51(2), 105-131.

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Truebella. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 08, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Truebella. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 08, 2008). 
  taxon Truebella at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Truebella at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 08, 2008).

Toads
Werneria

Werneria (smalltongue toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.

Species

References
 , 2004 Revision of the genus Werneria Poche, 1903, including the descriptions of two new species from Cameroon and Gabon (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) Zootaxa 720: 1–28

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (October 10, 2007). Werneria. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 8, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Werneria. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 8, 2008). 
  taxon Werneria at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Werneria at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 8, 2008).
  Taxon Werneria at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Wolterstorffina

Wolterstorffina (Wolterstorff Toads) is a genus of true toads.  They live in Nigeria and Cameroon.

Species

Other websites
 . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (October 10, 2007). Wolterstorffina. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 9, 2008). 
  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Wolterstorffina. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 9, 2008). 
  taxon Wolterstorffina at http://www.eol.org.
  Taxon Wolterstorffina at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 9, 2008).
  Taxon Wolterstorffina at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  

Toads
Pelobatidae

The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs, the Pelobatidae.  There is only one living genus, called Pelobates.  It has four species. They live in Europe, the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa and western Asia.

The European spadefoot toads are small to large sized frogs.  They grow up to  in length. They burrow in sandy soils. They have a hardened growth on their feet to help in digging. They will come out from the ground during times of rain and breed in pools, which are usually temporary.

All of the species from this family have free-living, aquatic tadpoles. The eggs are laid in temporary ponds that may quickly evaporate.  The tadpole stage is very short.  They grow to adult form in as little as two weeks. To further speed their growth, some of the tadpoles are cannibalistic, eating their brood-mates to increase their supply of protein.

Taxonomy
Family Pelobatidae
 Genus †Elkobatrachus
 †Elkobatrachus brocki
 Genus Pelobates
 Western Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates cultripes)
 Common Spadefoot  (Pelobates fuscus)
 Eastern Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates syriacus)
 Moroccan Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates varaldii)

References

Frogs
Archaeobatrachia

Archaeobatrachia is a suborder of Anura.  It has various primitive frogs and toads. As the name literally suggests, these are the most primitive frogs. Many of the species (28 in total) show certain body features which are not in other frogs and toads. They are mostly found in Eurasia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Borneo. 

In addition, the family Ascaphidae is found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.  They are only represented by two species.

References

Frogs
Mesobatrachia

Mesobatrachia is the second largest of the Anura suborders of amphibians. It has 6 families, 20 genera and 168 species. The name suggests they are moderately old.

Mesobatrachia are a newer group.  They were identified in 1993.

References

Frogs
Tony Scott

Anthony David "Tony" Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was a British movie director. He was the younger brother of movie director Ridley Scott.

Early life
Scott was born in North Shields, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott. Scott was educated at the Royal College of Art and at the University of Sunderland.

Career
His movies include The Hunger, Top Gun, Beverly Hills Cop II, The Last Boy Scout, True Romance, Crimson Tide, Enemy of the State, Spy Game, Man on Fire, Déjà Vu, The Taking of Pelham 123 and Unstoppable. In 2010, the Scott brothers produced The A-Team of the television series. Scott's film, Unstoppable, again starring Washington (with Chris Pine), the movie was released in November 2010.

Personal life
Scott was married to Gerry Scott from 1967 until they divorced 1974. Second he married 1986 until they divorced in 1987. Lastly he married Donna W. Scott from 1994 until his death in 2012. He had 2 children.

Death
On 19 August 2012, Scott had committed suicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro, Los Angeles, port district of Los Angeles, California. A memorial service was held and celebrities also attended; Tom Cruise, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda, and Keira Knightley where some that attended the memorial service.

Actors

References

Other websites
 
 

1944 births
2012 deaths
BAFTA Award winning directors
British cinematographers
British movie editors
Emmy Award winning directors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English screenwriters
English television directors
English television producers
Suicides by jumping in the United States
Sleep hygiene

Sleep hygiene is a set of of practices and changes in behavior that make it easier to get restful sleep. The concept of sleep hygiene was developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate insomnia. 

Sleep hygiene recommendations include setting up a sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime, reducing stress, reducing nighttime activity, and limiting bed use if not sleeping, to name a few. Other recommendations include avoiding alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and other stimulants in the hours before bedtime, and having a peaceful, comfortable and dark sleep environment.

Doctors study the sleep hygiene of people who present with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment.

References

Sleep
Parupalli Kashyap

Parupalli Kashyap () (born 8 September 1986), also known as Kashyap Parupalli, is an Indian athlete.  He is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Early life
Parupalli trained at Hyderabad.

International competitions
In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, Parupalli reached quarter-finals in the badminton tournament.

References

Other websites

  Kashyap Parupalli at London2012.com

1986 births
Living people
Indian sportspeople
Hyderabad, India
Badminton players
Sushil Kumar

|}

Sushil Kumar is an Indian sportsman.  He is best known as a wrestler who competed in two Summer Olympic Games.

International competitions
In the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing, Kumar won a bronze medal in wrestling.

He won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.

Related pages
 Sports in India
 India at the Olympics

References 

1983 births
Living people
Wrestlers
2008 Summer Olympics
Indian Olympic bronze medalists
2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists
Commonwealth Games medallists
Gagan Narang

Gagan Narang (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian sportsman.  His is best known as an shooter (marksman) who competed in three Summer Olympic Games.

Early life
He was born in Chennai on 6 May 1983 and his ancestors belonged to Samalkha in Panipat district in Haryana.
Gagan was born in Madras in Tamil Nadu. He was raised in Hyderabad.

International competitions
Gagan Narang is a gold medalist in the Afro Asian games, 2003 in Hyderabad on October 26, 2003 in Men's 10m air rifle competition.
He also won gold medals in the Commonwealth Games in 2006 and 2010.

Gagan Narang won the bronze medal in the 10m air rifle event at the 2012 London Olympics

ISSF World Medal Tally

World record

Related pages
 Sports in India
 India at the Olympics

References 

1983 births
Living people
2012 Summer Olympics
Indian Olympic bronze medalists
Commonwealth Games medallists
Sport shooters
People from Chennai
Hyderabad, India
Zara Tindall

Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall MBE (née Phillips; born 15 May 1981) is a British equestrian and the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Tindall is the second child, and only daughter, of Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Mark Phillips. She is married to Mike Tindall, who used to be a rugby player for England. She is better known by her maiden (old name before marriage) name. In the line of succession, she is called "Mrs Michael Tindall".

She was given an Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) honour in the 2007 New Year's Honours List, by her grandmother for her services to equestrianism. In 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at a racecourse in Cheltenham.

She won a silver medal at London 2012.

Early life
Tindall was born at St Mary's Hospital in London. She is the eldest granddaughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. When she was born, she was sixth in line to the throne. She is now 18th in line.

She has an older brother, Peter Phillips (born 15 November 1977). She has two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born in 1985 after her father had an affair) and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997, from her father's second marriage.

The children of the Princess Royal do not hold a title. It is thought their mother did not want them to have one.

Marriage and family
On 21 December 2010, Buckingham Palace said she was engaged to Mike Tindall MBE. She got a diamond and platinum engagement ring from Tindall. They married in 2011. Her first daughter and child, Mia Grace Tindall, was born on 17 January 2014 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucestershire. Her second daughter and child, Lena Elizabeth Tindall was born on 18 June 2018 in Stroud Maternity Hospital at Stroud. A son, Lucas Philip Tindall, was born March 24, 2021 at Gatcombe Park in Gloucestershire.

References

1981 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Exeter
British Olympic silver medalists
Equestrians
Royalty from London
Sportspeople from London
Jean-Georges Noverre

Jean-Georges Noverre (29 April 1727 – 19 October 1810) was a French dancer and ballet master (choreographer). He is considered the creator of the ballet d'action. He performed or held posts across Europe. His first great success was the ballet Les Fêtes Chinoises. Other ballets include Jason et Médée, La Toilette de Venus, Les Jalousies du sérail, La dour corsaire and Le Jaloux sans rival. He expressed his views on dance in the book Lettres sur la danse et les ballets in 1756 (published in 1760). The French Revolution reduced Noverre to poverty. He died in 1810.

1727 births
1810 deaths
French choreographers
French ballet dancers
French writers
Ballet blanc

A ballet blanc (literally, white ballet) is a ballet in the style of the 19th century romantic ballet. The ballerinas and the female members of the corps de ballet wear bell-shaped, calf-length, white ballet tutus. The second acts of La Sylphide and Giselle are representatives of the ballet blanc. Fokine's Les Sylphides is a 20th-century homage to the ballet blanc.

Ballet terminology
Jean-Claude Juncker

Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a politician from Luxembourg. Juncker studied Law. He was one of the people who designed the Maastricht Treaty. Junker was Prime Minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013. In 2014, he was elected President of the European Commission.

1954 births
Living people
European Commissioners
Government ministers of Luxembourg
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
Outsider art

Outsider art is art that is non-commercial and that lives outside the usual art galleries.

Usually it is created by people who have little or no artistic training in art schools. Some may have a mental illness like schizophrenia. People who do outsider art are called outsider artists. They create their art from their own inner experience, not caring or knowing what other artists maybe doing. The term outsider art was first used by art critic Roger Casement in 1972. These artists often create buildings with strange architecture they build alone. Some of them also do more conventional arts like painting, sculpture.

References

Art