cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bartonella rochalimae

Bartonella rochalimae is a recently discovered strain of gram-negative bacteria. It is a member of the Bartonella genus. The bacteria was found by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also helped with the discovery.

The bacterium was first found in a 43-year-old American woman. She was in Peru when she became very sick. She had a high fever, anemia and insomnia.  The illness was thought to be Bartonella bacilliformis, a similar bacteria that causes Oroya fever. The scientists later discovered that a new species of bacteria had caused the illness. They gave the patient some antibiotics. Her condition later improved. 

The findings were published in the New England Journal of Medicine on June 7, 2007.

Gram-negative bacteria
Tipi

A tipi (also called tepee or teepee) is a kind of tent. It is cone-shaped. They were made by Native Americans of the Great Plains who frequently moved from place to place, following buffalo or other animals Native Americans hunted.

Tepees are made from long poles, and are covered with material. Long ago the material was animal skin or tree bark. Today, they are made from cloth.

Tepees were put up in as a circle, which symbolized the life.

Tepees are no longer usually used for a full-time home, but they are still used for special occasions.

Tepees were used by the Lakota.

The Plains Indians would sometimes paint and mark their tepees, and put signs to mark off evil.

They usually made the cover from buffalo skin (tanned hide).

Tipis had a flap that could be open and closed as necessary during the summer and winter months

They generally had an 'ears' flap.

The doorway would face towards the rising sun.

Tipis would contain paintings.

Other websites

Native American
Luke the Evangelist

Luke the Evangelist is said to be the man who wrote the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Irenaeus, Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome say that he was a friend of Saint Paul and a doctor, and that he accompanied Paul on some of his travels. These people also say that he was of Greek origin, from Antioch in Syria.

Modern-day scholars think that the person that wrote the two books was not the same that accompanied Paul. Paul had a theology that was special, and slightly different from that of other writers of the New Testament. The two books written by Luke never refer to this theology. Also, the name of Paul's companion is never linked to writing the two books. The Acts of the Apostles often tell things about Paul which Paul does not tell himself in his letters. 

Luke wrote about the Three Wise Men who visited Jesus in the Bible.  Luke never said there were 3 wise men, only wise men from the east.

New Testament people
Walid Eido

Walid Eido (in Arabic: وليد عيدو) (Beirut, 1942 - Beirut, June 13, 2007) was a Lebanese man who worked for the Lebanese Parliament, a government building in Beirut. He died with his son on June 13, 2007, with eight other people, when a bomb blew up just outside a famous amusement park. This was at the waterside of north Beirut.

His early life
Walid Eido was Sunni Muslim. He was born in the Bachoura area of Beirut. He finished his studies at the Lebanese University in 1966. In the late 1990s, he worked for the Lebanese law of north Lebanon, but, in the year 2000, he quit to go into political life with Mr. Rafic Hariri and to be in the Lebanese parliament. Later on, he worked for the Lebanese Parliament. He used to belong to Al-Murabitun militant group at the time of the Lebanese civil war, he left the Murabitun when this group starts to expand and take bad members in.

Personal life
Eido was married with three sons named Khaled, Zaher and Mazen. Eido was a good swimmer and the bomb exploded outside his favorite Beirut beach resort, Sporting Club.

1942 births
2007 deaths
Assassinated people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese politicians
People from Beirut
Toyama Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital is Toyama.

History 
The area of Toyama Prefecture comes from Etchū Province. 

The Itai-itai disease, whose origin is from polluted water with cadmium, occurred in Toyama around 1950.

Geography 
Toyama Prefecture is bordered by Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Niigata Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the southeast, Gifu Prefecture to the south and the Sea of Japan to the north.

The most famous mountain in Toyama is Mount Tate.

Toyama is known for its great mountains and rich fishery. ,  and mass product of tulip industry are also famous. 

Toyama is an industrial prefecture because companies like YKK and Sankyo Aluminum have been able to take advantage of cheap hydro-electricity generated by rivers flowing from its high mountains.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 30% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
 Chūbu-Sangaku National Park

Shrines and Temples
Takase taisha, Keta jinja, and Oyama jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Kataller Toyama

References

Other websites 

 Toyama Prefecture website
Fouad Siniora

Fouad Siniora (in Arabic: فؤاد السنيورة, Fu'ād As-Sanyūrah) was the Prime Minister of Lebanon. He served as Prime Minister since July 19, 2005, after Najib Mikati left office. His term ended on November 9, 2009. He was succeed by Saad Hariri. He was also acting President from November 2007 to May 2008.

His early life
Fouad Siniora is a Sunni Muslim, who was born in Sidon in 1943. He finished his studies at the American University of Beirut. Then, he worked for Citibank, and in the 1970s, he became a teacher at the American University of Beirut. Later, he worked for the Central Bank. In 1982, he started to work for the late Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri. He became part of Hariri's business. Siniora was Minister of Finance in Lebanon after the civil war ended.

1943 births
Living people
Lebanese Muslims
Government ministers
Presidents of Lebanon
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Hassan Nasrallah

Hassan Nasrallah (in ; born 30 August 1960) is the leader of the Islamist party in Lebanon called Hezbollah. He is also a Shi'a Muslim cleric. Some countries, like the United States and Britain, consider him to be a terrorist due to his attacks on Israel.

His early life
Hassan Nasrallah was born in Bourj Hammoud, east Beirut. He was among ten children in his family. He went to Al Najah school, and then a public school in Sin el-Fil, Beirut. The civil war in 1975 caused his family to move to their old home in Bassouriyeh. There, he finished his secondary education at the public school in Tyre. He then joined the Amal Movement, a militant group that represents the Shi'a Muslims in Lebanon.

References

1960 births
Living people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanese politicians
Lebanese terrorists
Muslim terrorists
Sidon

Sidon, or Saida (, Saydā; , , Zaydo'wn), is the third biggest city in Lebanon. It is in the southern part of Lebanon at the waterside of the Mediterranean Sea. The name "Sidon" means a fishery.

History 
Sidon was one of the most important cities of Phoenicia. From here, a great trading empire of the Mediterranean area was made. It was known for people who were good in making glass and purple cloth dyes. Glass making was a very important business in Sidon during in Phoenician times. People also made purple cloth dye.

Cities in Lebanon
Phoenicia
Chisel

A chisel is a sharp and straight tool often used with a hammer to shape wood or other surfaces.  Chisels are used by artists to make statues and figures out of stone, marble, or wood.  Construction workers use chisels to change the shape of wood and stone so that they can build with them.  Sometimes chisels are used to break things so that they can be moved more easily.

Cutting tools
Woodworking tools
Parallel

Parallel could mean:

 Parallel (geometry), as in "parallel lines"
 Circle of latitude, an imaginary east-west line circling a globe, e.g. the 38th parallel
 Parallelism (grammar), a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses
 Parallel study, a type of clinical study
 Parallel circuits, as opposed to series 
 Parallel import, also known as a "grey market product"
 Parallel transport, in mathematics using vectors and smooth curves

In music:
 Parallel key, the minor (or major) key of a major (or minor) key with the same tonic
 Harmonic parallelism, also known as "harmonic planing" or "parallel voice leading"
 Parallel fifths, also known as "consecutive fifths", involve the concurrence of successive intervals of a perfect fifth between two voices in parallel motion -- a harmonization generally forbidden in modern musical theory

Other:
 Parallel (manga) (ぱられる) is a shōnen manga by Toshihiko Kobayashi
 Parallel 9, A British children's television show

Related pages
 Parallel computing
 Parallel evolution
 Parallel universe
 Parallel port

Basic English 850 words
Oak Park, Illinois

Oak Park, Illinois is a suburb of Chicago. It is west of the city in the same county. About 52,000 people live there.  

Ernest Hemingway was born there. Betty White was born there too.  Frank Lloyd Wright lived and worked there for a while.  Some of his most famous houses and buildings were built there.

Cities in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Ring Lardner

Ringgold Wilmer Lardner (March 6, 1885 – September 25, 1933) was an American sports columnist and short story writer best known for his satirical takes on the sports world, marriage, and the theatre.

Lardner was born in Niles, Michigan. He died of tuberculosis in East Hampton, New York.

His son Ring Lardner Jr was a screenwriter who was banned from Hollywood in the 1950s for his Communist beliefs. He later won an Academy Award for writing the film MASH.

American columnists
Deaths from tuberculosis
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Writers from Michigan
1885 births
1933 deaths
Björk

Björk was born Björk Guðmundsdóttir on 21 November 1965 in Reykjavík, Iceland. She is an Icelandic singer, songwriter, composer, actress, record producer and DJ.

Her career started with singing Tina Charles' 1976 hit song "I Love to Love" in a school recital, and a recording of her singing the song was sent to the RÚV radio station. The recording was nationally broadcast, after that, Björk was offered a recording contract. Her self-titled début album, Björk, was recorded and released in Iceland in December 1977. Before embarking on a solo career in 1993, Björk was the lead singer of alternative rock band The Sugarcubes, which is called as "Iceland's biggest rock band". Since then, she has received consistent critical praise for her innovative vocal and compositional approaches, musical experimentation, and art direction, and is recognized as one of the best singer-songwriters of her generation. Her albums reached the top 20 in the Billboard 200 chart.

Björk has won five BRIT Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, one MOJO Award, three UK Music Video Awards, 21 Icelandic Music Awards and, in 2010, the Polar Music Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in recognition of her "deeply personal music and lyrics, her precise arrangements and her unique voice". She has also been nominated for 14 Grammy Awards, one Academy Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. She was included in Time Magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. She won the Best Actress Award at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival for her performance in the movie Dancer in the Dark.

She has a son and a daughter, Sindri and Isadòra. She lives in New York City, but also owns a home in Reykjavík.

Björk was in the 2013 television documentary When Björk Met Attenborough with Sir David Attenborough.

Discography (albums by Björk) 
 Björk (1977) - Her first album, most songs are a mixture of covers translated into Icelandic.
 Gling-Gló (1990) - A jazz album where she sings mostly in Icelandic. The only album that was made by Björk Guðmundsdóttir & tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar.
 Debut (1993)
 Post (1995)
 Telegram (1996) - Remixes from Post.
 Homogenic (1997)
 Selmasongs (2000) - Soundtrack album of Lars von Trier's Dancer in the Dark.
 Vespertine (2001)
 Greatest Hits (2002) - Collection of the best tracks of Björk chosen by audience.
 Family Tree (2002) - Mini compact disc boxset of rare and unreleased works.
 Live Box (2003) - Collection of music from each album's live shows.
 Medúlla (2004)
 Drawing Restraint 9 (2005) - Music from her movie with her former husband Matthew Barney, Drawing Restraint 9.
 Surrounded (2006) - Dual Disc boxset of most of her old music, remastered in Surround Sound.
 Volta (2007)
 Biophilia (2011)
 Bastards (2012) - Remixes from Biophilia.
 Vulnicura (2015)
 Vulnicura Strings (2015) - Acoustic, instrumental version of Vulnicura.
 Vulnicura Live (2016) - Live concert version of Vulnicura.
 Utopia (2017)

References

Other websites 

 

 
Brit Award winners
Icelandic movie actors
Rock musicians
Singers
Songwriters
1965 births
Living people
People from Reykjavík
Trip hop musicians
List of years

This page indexes the individual years pages.

3rd millennium

21st century

2nd millennium

20th century

19th century

18th century

17th century

16th century

15th century

14th century

13th century

12th century

11th century

1st millennium

10th century

9th century

8th century

7th century

6th century

5th century

4th century

3rd century

2nd century

1st century

1st millennium BC

1st century BC

2nd century BC

3rd century BC

4th century BC

5th century BC

6th century BC

7th century BC

8th century BC
For these years and earlier, see List of decades.
Volumetric flask

A volumetric flask (vol flask for short) is a type of laboratory glassware. It is used to hold and measure accurate amounts of liquid.  It is shaped like a Florence flask, but has a flatter bottom.  A volumetric flask has a tall, narrow neck with a stopper that can be used to close the opening at the top.  There is a line on the neck to show how much to fill the flask.  Volumetric flasks are made in many sizes, from a few milliliters to liters.  They are often used to make liquid solutions. The neck is narrow to make measurements more exact when making a solution.  

Laboratory equipment
Florence flask

A Florence flask (also known as a boiling flask) is a type of flask. It is a piece of laboratory glassware. It can hold chemical solutions. The flask has a round body with a long neck. The flask usually come in volumes of 1 liter.

Laboratory equipment
Motion Picture Association of America

The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), originally called the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America, is a non-profit group based in the United States. Its members are the "big six" major Hollywood studios: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (The Walt Disney Company), Sony Pictures (Sony), Paramount Pictures (Viacom -- which bought DreamWorks in February 2006), Universal Studios (Comcast), and Warner Bros. (WarnerMedia). It also represents Netflix streaming platform movies. The organization produces the well-known voluntary film rating system. On January 22, 2019, Netflix became the first streaming service to become a member of the MPAA.

References

Other websites

Movie organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
1922 establishments in the United States
Long Beach, California

Long Beach is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, USA, on the Pacific coast. It borders Orange County on its southeast edge. It is about 20 miles (30 km) south of downtown Los Angeles. It is a part of the Greater Los Angeles Area.

References
São Carlos

São Carlos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. In 2017, it had 246,088 people living in it. It is about 230 km (143 miles) away from the city of São Paulo and has an area of 1,137 km² (441 mi²).

Cities in São Paulo (state)
51st state

51st state refers to a place or territory that is not one of the 50 states of the United States, but people think about making it the 51st state. It is sometimes a joke term in American politics, and sometimes a realistic one. It is usually said about the possibility of Puerto Rico or other U.S. territories becoming part of the United States. When used to refer to other countries, it is a joke, usually about Canada. There have been attempts by people in the United States to get Canada to join them (like in the Articles of Confederation), but Canada has never accepted these offers. It is also sometimes used to refer to countries that seem to be controlled by the United States. Before the year 1959 when Alaska and Hawaii became states, the sentence "the 49th state" was used.

Places in the United States that are not states right now, but might become the 51st state include the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands. Besides admitting a new state, another type of proposal has been to form a 51st (or even 52nd) state by dividing a current state, such as the most-populous state (and third-largest state, geographically) of California into two or even three states, or Texas (the second-most populous) into four or five states.

Some regions of the U.S. that include land that is now in two different states and might become a new state include the "State of Jefferson" (Northmost California plus the southern counties of Oregon) and the "State of Lincoln" (Eastmost Washington State plus the northern panhandle of Idaho. A move has also been proposed to separate the westmost one-fourth of Nebraska from that state, but to add that to Wyoming (the least-populous state), rather than to create an entirely new state. This region is actually much closer to Cheyenne, Wyoming, the capital city, than it is to its current capital of Lincoln, Nebraska. 

In 2012 and more recently in 2017, the people of Puerto Rico voted strongly in favor of becoming the 51st state, but the approval of the United States Congress is also needed.

Guyana has also seen political movements favoring and advocating for it to become an American associated territory with eventual statehood as its goal.

Several Canadian Provinces as well as the whole of Canada have had political parties and movements advocating American statehood making their North American location a natural candidate and ideal prospect.

References

States of the United States
J1 League

The , in the past known as , is part of the Japanese football club system.

J1 League is the top grouping of the .

It is one of the three major titles in Japan, along with J. League Cup and Emperor's Cup.

The second tier is represented by the J2 League.

Club guide

There are 18 Division 1 (J1) teams.

The list of clubs in the league has changed over time.  In 2016, the J1 teams are:

 Albirex Niigata
 Avispa Fukuoka
 Gamba Osaka
 F.C. Tokyo
 Júbilo Iwata
 Kashima Antlers
 Kashiwa Reysol
 Kawasaki Frontale
 Nagoya Grampus

 Omiya Ardija
 Sagan Tosu
 Sanfrecce Hiroshima
 Shonan Bellmare
 Urawa Red Diamonds
 Vegalta Sendai
 Ventforet Kofu
 Vissel Kobe
 Yokohama F. Marinos

Champions

Split-season era (2015–present)

League Format
As of the 2015 season, and continuing through at least the 2019 season, the league uses a multi-stage format.

The regular season is split into two stages. In each stage, each team plays one match against every other team. As in almost all association football leagues worldwide, teams receive 3 points in the standings for a win, 1 point for a draw, and none for a loss, and teams are ranked by points earned.

After the second stage of the regular season, an overall table is calculated. The champions of each stage of the regular season, plus any team finishing in the top three of the overall table, advance to a championship playoff. The team that finishes on top of the overall table receives a place in the championship final, while the other teams play off for the other spot in the final.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 J2 League
 Japan Football League
 Japanese Regional Leagues
 List of J. League players

References

Other websites
  J-League at NHK.or.jp 

Football leagues
Football in Japan
1993 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Japan
Philippine Revolution

This article is about a late 19th-century revolution. For a late 20th-century event, also called "Philippine Revolution", see EDSA Revolution of 1986 revolution of the philippine.

The Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan. The goal of the revolution was for the Philippines to gain independence from Spain.

History of the Philippines
Wars of independence
Rebellions in Asia
19th century rebellions
Victoria, Seychelles

Victoria (sometimes called Port Victoria) is the capital city of the Republic of Seychelles. It is on the north-eastern side of Mahé island, which the main island of the archipelago.  The city was first created as the capital of the British colonial government. Victoria has a population of 24,970 people (2002). About one third of the population of the Seychelles lives in the city. Victoria is served by the Seychelles International Airport

The main exports of Victoria are vanilla, coconuts, coconut oil, corn, tortoise shell, soap, and guano. The harbour is a short distance east of the town. Tuna fishing and canning are a major local industry.

Things to see 

Things to see in the city include a clocktower built similar to Little Ben in London, England. It is a small version of Big Ben. Other things include the Courthouse, the Victoria Botanical Gardens, the Victoria National Museum of History, the Victoria Natural History Museum and the Sir Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke Market.

Seychelles
Capital cities in Africa
Gob

Gob is also a slang term for a mouth.
Gob are a Canadian punk band from Burnaby, British Columbia . The band was formed in 1994.  The band's sound is based on distorted guitars. They have had many songs used on Electronic Arts's sports video games. The band has appeared on several outdoor music festivals, the most well-known being Vans Warped Tour.

Discography
Studio albums
 Too Late... No Friends (1995)
 How Far Shallow Takes You (1998)
 World According to Gob (2001)
 Foot in Mouth Disease (2003)
 Muertos Vivos (2007)

Other albums
 Gob (1994)
 Ass Seen on TV (1997)
 F.U. EP (2002)
 Dildozer'' (1995)

Other websites 
Official Website
Official gob MySpace
Gobfans.com 

Canadian punk bands
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Canada
Auckland Grammar School

Auckland Grammar School is a public school in Auckland New Zealand. It teaches boys from age thirteen to eighteen. The school also has some places near the school where students who come from distant places can live. It is one of the biggest schools in New Zealand. The school has more than two thousand students. The School's motto is "Per Angusta Ad Augusta". It means "Through difficulties to greatness".  This motto is most often reiterated within the school. The current Headmaster is Tim O'Connor.

History 
Auckland Grammar School was first set up in 1868 by Sir George Grey. He was the governor of New Zealand from 1861-1868. During that time, the new European settlers were fighting with the Māori people over land rights issues. The Governor of New Zealand asked for military help from the British Empire. Britain sent up to one million soldiers to New Zealand to end the problems. Many of the soldiers settled with their families in Auckland. Sir George Grey decided to create Auckland Grammar School to give a very good education to the soldiers' sons.

Tibbs House 
Tibbs House was opened in 1962 with 46 boys to provide an opportunity for boys outside of the greater Auckland area to attend Auckland Grammar School.

It was named after the fourth Headmaster of Auckland Grammar School, Mr J W Tibbs MA, CMG, who was Headmaster from 1893 to 1922. A statue of Mr Tibbs can be found at the entrance to Old Tibbs House.

Rules 
People of all classes or racial background who live in New Zealand are all the same when it comes to being allowed to go to the school. The school believes it is very important to teach many different languages and, in particular, 'the instructing in Latin.' The school tries to get all of the students to do very well in all educational areas, for example, Academic, Sporting and Cultural fields. The school does however show some disregard for national educational standards.

Famous former students 
 Sir Edmund Hillary (The first person to climb Mount Everest)
 Russell Crowe 
 Cyrill Basset (Won the Victoria's Cross during World War I)
 Hon Sir Leslie Munro former President of the General Assembly of the United Nations

Other websites 
 Official school website

Auckland
Schools in New Zealand
1868 establishments
1860s establishments in New Zealand
Rose Tattoo

Rose Tattoo is a hard rock band from Sydney, Australia. The band was formed in 1976. The band is led by singer Angry Anderson. Among their best known songs are "We Can't Be Beaten", "Scarred for Life", "Rock 'n' Roll Outlaw" and "Bad Boy for Love". Their first 4 albums were produced by Harry Vanda and George Young who also worked with AC/DC. 

Other bands have played Rose Tattoo songs including Guns N' Roses (Nice Boys), L.A. Guns (Rock'N'Roll Outlaw), Nashville Pussy (Rock'N'Roll Outlaw and Nice Boys), Brass Tacks (Nice Boys), Public Toys (Nice Boys), Lower Class Brats (We Can't Be Beaten) and Canadian punk rock band Youth Youth Youth (We can't be beaten).

Members 
 Angry Anderson - singer
 Mick Cocks - guitar
 Peter Wells - slide guitar
 Ian Rilen - bass guitar
 Dallas Royal - drums

Discography
Rose Tattoo – (1978, Albert Productions)
Scarred For Life (Unreleased Album) (1980, Albert)
Assault & Battery – (1981, Albert)
Scarred for Life – (1982, Albert)
Southern Stars – (1982, Albert)
Beats from a Single Drum – (1986, Mushroom Records)
Pain – (2002, SPV)
Blood Brothers – (2007)

Other websides 
 www.rosetattoo.com.au

1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from Sydney
Patriots' Day

Patriots' Day (sometimes spelled Patriot's Day or Patriots Day) is a legal holiday in Massachusetts. The holiday remembers the American men and women who fought during the Revolutionary War.

In the past, Patriots' Day was on April 19.  This was done in honor of Lexington and Concord.  These were the first battles of the American Revolutionary War that were fought on that date in 1775.  Since 1969, however, the holiday has been on the third Monday in April.

The Boston Marathon is run on this day every year. The Boston Marathon bombings happened on this day in 2013. The Boston Red Sox have played a home game at Fenway Park on this day every year since 1960.

Holidays
Massachusetts
Woodside, London

Woodside is a neighbourhood in Croydon, in the London Borough of Croydon, England. Woodside Racecourse opened in 1866 on a park called Stroud Green Farm, it has now closed and is now the site of Ashburton Learning Village, closing in 1890. Woodside station opened to serve visitors to the racecourse, but not a lot of people used it when the course closed so it was replaced to make way for a tram line.

Woodside is close to South Norwood and Addiscombe.

London Borough of Croydon
Sofia

Sofia is the capital and the largest city of Republic of Bulgaria. It has 1.3 million people. It is the 15th largest city of the European Union. Sofia is in the west of Bulgaria. It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Sofia is one of the oldest capital cities in Europe; the history of Sofia dates back to the 8th century BC. 

Many of the major universities, cultural institutions, and businesses of Bulgaria are concentrated in Sofia.

References

Other websites 
 Sofia complete accommodation guide 

 
Provinces of Bulgaria
Burette

A burette is a vertical tube-like instrument, used to measure and separate known amounts of liquids in laboratories. Burettes are very precise and one can measure the volume of a fluid with the precision of ±0.05 mL with them.

History 
Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles developed the first burette on 1791. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac invented a more complete burette later.

References 

Laboratory equipment
Maghen Abraham Synagogue

The Maghen Abraham Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in Beirut, the capital of Lebanon.

History 
This synagogue was very important to Jewish Lebanese in the early twentieth century. It was built in 1925. It was then named after the son of Abraham Sason. It was used as a place to stay for illegal travelers. Some of the people who traveled without legal papers stayed in the synagogue while going to Palestine. Today, it is now called Israel.

In 1976, a year after the civil war began, Joseph Farhi took the Torah scrolls from the synagogue to Geneva. Most of them were sent to Sephardic synagogues in Israel.

Israel attacked its enemies in Lebanon. This brought anger by other people towards Lebanese Jews. Lebanese Jews became targets to Islamic militant groups since 1984. But even during the fighting, Yasser Arafat's PLO forces and the Christian Phalangists did protect Wadi Abu Jamil during the 1982 Lebanon War. But, the presence of Palestine Liberation Organization forces in the area brought Israeli attacks that damaged the synagogue itself.

The late former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri wanted to rebuild the synagoge, but that never happened. The Talmudic school next to it was broken down. This was to keep view of the beach nearby.

Related pages
 Deir el Qamar Synagogue (Mount Lebanon)
 Beth Elamen Cemetery
 History of the Jews in Lebanon
 Wadi Abu Jamil

Notes and references

Sources
 Karam, Dima (October 2003), Beirut Synagogue is a Reminder of a Departed People , Daily Star. 
 Hendler, Sefi (August 19 2006), Beirut’s last Jews, Ynetnews.

Synagogues
Beirut
Buildings and structures in Lebanon
1925 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Lebanon
Georg Danzer

Georg Franz Danzer (born October 7, 1946 in Vienna, died June 21, 2007, in Asperhofen) was an Austrian musician. He wrote and sang many songs. Many people think of him as the father of Austropop. This is because he usually sang his songs in the local dialect. He died of lung cancer at age 60.

Austrian musicians
Songwriters
1946 births
2007 deaths
Bentheuphausia amblyops

Bentheuphausia amblyops is a species of krill. Krill are small shrimp-like crustaceans living in the ocean.

B. amblyops is the only species within its genus, which in turn is the only genus within the family Bentheuphausiidae. All the 85 other species of krill known are classified in the family Euphausiidae.

B. amblyops can be found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It occurs in latitudes south of 40° N, and also in the southern seas of the Atlantic, in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific. It is a bathypelagic krill that lives in deep waters below 1,000 m. It is distinguished from the Euphausiidae by several morphological features. The features most easily used to tell it apart are  that the animals  are not bioluminescent and that their first pair of pleopods is not modified as copulatory tool organs. Also, their eyes are smaller than those of the Euphausiidae. Adults reach a length of 4 to 5 cm.

References 
Taxonomy of Bentheuphausia amblyops from ITIS.
 Distribution data set of Bentheuphausia ambylops from OBIS.
 Australian Faunal Directory entry for Bentheuphausia amblyops.
Mauchline, J.: Euphausiacea: Adults , Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 1971.
Sars, G. O.: Bentheuphausia amblyops, in Rep. scient. Results Voyage H.M.S. Challenger 1873-76, 13(3), 1885.

Krill
Grosse Ile Township, Michigan

Grosse Ile Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile. The name comes from French, meaning "Big Island". The population was 10,894 at the 2000 census. It is part of the collection of communities known as Downriver.

References

Townships in Michigan
Malacostraca

The Malacostraca (Greek: "soft shell") are the largest subgroup of crustaceans. They include decapods (such as crabs,  lobsters and shrimp), stomatopods (mantis shrimp) and krill. There are 22,000 members in this group. It represents two thirds of all crustacean species. The first malacostracans appeared in the Cambrian period.

The classification of crustaceans is currently being debated. Some think Malacostraca is a class and others think it is a subclass.

Morphology 

Malacostraca have heads with six segments. They have a pair of antennules and a pair of antennae. They also have mouthparts. There are appendages near the mouthparts, called maxillipeds. They have five pairs of walking legs. The first pair is formed like a pincer. There are eight thoracic segments. There are six abdominal segments. They are used for swimming. Members of Malacostraca have compound stalked or sessile eyes. They have a two-chambered stomach and a centralized nervous system.

Classification 

Class Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 
 Subclass Phyllocarida Packard, 1879 
 †Order Archaeostraca
 †Order Hoplostraca
 †Order Canadaspidida
 Order Leptostraca Claus, 1880 
 Subclass Hoplocarida Calman, 1904 
 Order Stomatopoda Latreille, 1817 (mantis shrimp)
 Subclass Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 
 Superorder Syncarida Packard, 1885 
 †Order Palaeocaridacea
 Order Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915 
 Order Anaspidacea Calman, 1904
 Superorder Peracarida Calman, 1904
 Order Spelaeogriphacea Gordon, 1957 
 Order Thermosbaenacea Monod, 1927 
 Order Lophogastrida Sars, 1870 
 Order Mysida Haworth, 1825 
 Order Mictacea Bowman, Garner, Hessler, Iliffe & Sanders, 1985 
 Order Amphipoda Latreille, 1816 
 Order Isopoda Latreille, 1817 (woodlice, slaters)
 Order Tanaidacea Dana, 1849 
 Order Cumacea Krøyer, 1846 
 Superorder Eucarida Calman, 1904
 Order Euphausiacea Dana, 1852 
 Order Amphionidacea Williamson, 1973 
 Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802 (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
Decapod

Decapoda is an order of crustaceans in the class Malacostraca. Many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimp are in this order. Many decapods are scavengers - they eat dead plants and animals. Crabs are mixed feeders, taking algae and  shellfish such as molluscs. Lobsters eat mostly live prey.

Anatomy
As their name suggests, all decapods have ten appendages. 

The last five pairs of appendages on the front half of the body, the cephalothorax, are used for walking. 

In many decapods, the front pair of appendages carry large pinching claws. The claws are called chelae, so these appendages may be called chelipeds.

The front three pairs of appendages on the thorax are used as jaws, and called maxillipeds.

On the abdomen are swimming appendages called pleopods, and the body ends in a tail fan.

Classification
Classification of the order Decapoda depends on the structure of the gills and legs, and the way in which the larvae develop. There are two suborders: Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata. Prawns (including many so-called "shrimp", such as the Atlantic white shrimp) make up the Dendrobranchiata. The other groups, including true shrimp, are the Pleocyemata.

The following classification  follows Martin and Davis, with some changes based on more recent structural and molecular studies.x

Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802  (Selection, not everything is listed)
 Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888  prawns

 Suborder Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963

 Infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852  true shrimp

 Infraorder Achelata Scholtz & Richter, 1995  spiny lobsters, slipper lobsters, and furry lobsters
 Infraorder Astacidea Latreille, 1802  lobsters and crayfish

 Infraorder Anomura MacLeay, 1838

 Superfamily Galatheoidea Samouelle, 1819  squat lobsters

 Superfamily Paguroidea Latreille, 1802  hermit crabs
 Infraorder Brachyura Latreille, 1802  crabs

References

Other websites
Rafik Hariri

Rafik Baha ad-Din Hariri (; November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005) was a Lebanese billionaire and businessman. He was Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998, and he became Prime Minister again in 2000. But in October 20, 2004, he quit his job. He helped a lot in rebuilding Beirut, which was damaged from the fighting during the civil war.

Hariri was killed along with 21 other people on February 14, 2005. A thousand kilograms of TNT exploded in a van near his car. His car was passing through St. George Hotel in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. People are still trying to learn who did it, and the United Nations have helped to investigate. Serge Brammertz is leading this investigation. Many people in Lebanon said that the government of Syria and its allies did it. So far, Brammertz said that DNA evidence collected from the exploded area shows that the killing was done by a young man who blew himself up at the time.

References 

1944 births
2005 deaths
Assassinated people
Billionaires
Business people
Lebanese Muslims
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Antenna (biology)

An antenna (plural antennae) is one of a pair of feelers (appendages) connected to the front segments of crustaceans and insects. They are found on the first two segments of the head. The smaller pair are known as antennules.  

Antennae are jointed and extend forward from the head. They are sensory organs. The organ may sense touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially smell or gustation (taste).

References 

Crustaceans
Insects
Sepp Dietrich

Josef "Sepp" Dietrich (May 28, 1892 in Hawangen - April 21, 1966 in Ludwigsburg) was a German Waffen-SS general, and one of the closest men to Adolf Hitler. For his wartime services, he was one of only 27 men to be awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak leaves, Swords and Diamonds. Dietrich and other members of the Waffen-SS were tried for war crimes after WW2.

1892 births
1966 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
People from Bavaria
SS officers
Waffen-SS generals
Hue

Hue is one of the main properties of a color. 

It is defined as “the degree to which a stimulus is similar to, or different from, stimuli that are red, green, blue, and yellow” (the unique hues). 

The other main aspects of color appearance are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, and brightness.

Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue".

Color
Freeview (New Zealand)

Freeview is free television service in the New Zealand, It is sent to people's home using a digital signal by either over the air or by satellite. It is planning to have more channels than analogue television provides. The service was put on air on 2 May 2007. The service was created as a local copy of the British digital television service, also known as Freeview.

Some TVs can receive Freeview automatically, but most people have to buy a special box to connect to their old TV or replace their satellite box, if they want to get by satellite.

Freeview (New Zealand)
Freeview (New Zealand)
2007 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
Burqa

A Burqa is a piece of clothing. It is worn by Muslim women. They can wear it as an outer garment. It only leaves a semi-transparent mesh in front of the woman's eyes, so she can see. The rest of the body is covered by it. 

Other garments for Muslim women that cover less of their body are the hijab and the niqab. People often confuse the hijab and the niqab and call it burqa instead.

In Islamic texts
The Quran does not say that women need to cover their faces with a veil, or cover their bodies with the full-body burqa.

Burqas around the world

In France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a burqa (and the niqab) in public is illegal. And in more countries, it is illegal to enter a government building, public building, public transport, schools, or to drive a vehicle with a burqa (or a niqab).

Islamic dress
The Satanic Verses

The Satanic Verses is a novel by Salman Rushdie.

Part of it was inspired by the life of Muhammad. The title refers to Satanic verses. This is one of the interpretations of the Koran. This interpretation is what Ibn Ishaq did in the oldest surviving text of the work. Some Islamic and most non-Muslim Western historians and commentators on the Qur'an have accepted this story of Muhammad's momentary acceptance of the verses although there are no known sources confirming the presence of these verses in reality in Qur'an in olden times. A common Muslim viewpoint is that the existence of the verses is just a fabrication created by non-Muslims.

The novel caused much controversy when it was published. Many Muslims felt that it contained blasphemous references. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, a Shi'a Muslim scholar, issued a fatwa that called for the death of Rushdie and claimed that it was the duty of every Muslim to obey. As a result, Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese language translator of the book was stabbed to death on 11 July 1991; Ettore Capriolo, the Italian language translator, was seriously injured in a stabbing the same month. William Nygaard, the publisher in Norway, survived an attempted assassination in Oslo in October 1993. On 14 February 2006, the Iranian state news agency reported that the fatwa will remain in place permanently.

In the United Kingdom, however, the book was praised by a lot of critics. It was a 1988 Booker Prize Finalist, eventually losing to Peter Carey's Oscar and Lucinda.

References 

1988 books
English novels
English-language novels
Satanic verses

Satanic verses is a name given to a number of verses of the Qur'an. These verses became famous because they were introduced into a version of the book. In a later version, they were taken out again. Different groups of people have different views about these verses.

Other websites 
 Those are the High Flying Claims
 Story of the Cranes or "Satanic Verses"
 The Satanic Verses in Qur'an

Islam
Quran
National Democrats (Sweden)

National Democrats () is a minor political party in Sweden. It was formed in October 2001. The chairman of the party is Marc Abramsson.

Other websites
 Nationaldemokraterna  – official website

2001 establishments in Sweden
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Political parties in Sweden
Broad Green

Broad Green is a small area with a lot of houses at the centre of West Croydon in the London Borough of Croydon, England. The area is mostly filled with a triangular green space which includes shops and large houses. The green was built at the end of the 19th century. Most of West Croydon is in an electoral ward called "Broad Green", hence Broad Green library is some distance from the traditional Broad Green area. Parts of West Thornton and Selhurst wards are also in West Croydon.

London Borough of Croydon
Villages in England
Chris Moyles

Chris Moyles (born 22 February 1974 in Leeds) is a British radio and television presenter. He presents a breakfast radio show on BBC Radio 1. His career in radio started at age 14, when he worked on a hospital radio. He worked at lots of different stations until he got a job at BBC Radio 1 in 1997. When he took over the Breakfast show from fellow DJ Sara Cox he quickly brought more listeners to the show. He won awards for his show.

Moyles wrote an autobiography called The Gospel According to Chris Moyles: The Story of One Man and his Mouth.

Other websites 

BBC radio presenters
British autobiographers
English radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Leeds
Television personalities from Yorkshire
1974 births
Living people
Libretto

A libretto is the text (the words) which are set to music to make an opera.  A libretto can also be the words for an oratorio, cantata, mass or a musical.  The person who writes the libretto is called a librettist.  The word “libretto” (plural: “libretti” or “librettos”) is an Italian word which means “little book”.

Sometimes a composer writes his own libretti, but usually a composer likes to have a librettist who can write the words for him so that he can set them to music.

Some libretti are original stories by the librettist, but very often they are based on a book by another writer.

In the 18th century Metastasio was a very famous librettist.  Many of his libretti were set several times by different composers. Another 18th century librettist was Lorenzo da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozart's greatest operas, as well as for many other composers. In the 19th century Eugène Scribe wrote a very large number of libretti that were set to music by composers such as Meyerbeer, Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. Two French writers called Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote many opera and operetta libretti for the composers Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet and Georges Bizet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, composed two operas of his own.  Hugo von Hoffmansthal wrote libretti for Richard Strauss.

Wagner and Tippett are two composers who wrote their own libretti.

Usually a libretto is written before the music, but sometimes composers wrote some of the music first and then looked for words to go with it. Composers, such as Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Serov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Puccini, and Mascagni all did this sometimes.

Musicals usually have lyrics (the words for the songs), and a separate "book" ( the spoken dialogue and the stage directions).  Sometimes these two are by different authors, e.g. the musical Fiddler on the Roof has a composer (Jerry Bock), a lyricist (Sheldon Harnick), and the writer of the "book" (Joseph Stein).

Opera terminology
Toplessness

Toplessness (or being topless) is a state of a woman not wearing any clothing above the waist, meaning the breasts are visible. The term used for a male is barechestedness or shirtlessness.

Because the female breast is often associated with sexuality, some countries consider it alright for men to be topless in public, but not women. However many countries consider it usual for women to be topless, even due to the natural heat.

Barechestedness

Barechested means not wearing a shirt. It usually refers to men.  It is very common in many societies.  Also very common in sports for a number of reasons.  Some reasons include, ease of movement, and cooling.  It is also common to go shirtless while working/doing labor. Before computerization of vehicles, it was common for young men to work on cars and trucks without a shirt.

Gallery

Related pages
Topfreedom

References

Other websites

Nudity