cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Cultural icon

A cultural icon can be a symbol, logo, picture, name, face, person, building, or other image. It is easily recognized and generally represents an object or idea with great cultural significance to a wide cultural group. It has a special status as representing, or important to, or loved by, a particular group of people, a place, or a period in history.

In the media, many well-known examples of popular culture have been called "iconic". Some writers say that the word is overused.
 See World Heritage Site #Cultural_criteria

Icons and persons
According to Times of India:

Icons and brands
Brands can show social values and changes, but many people have become tired of them. Many brands want to be cultural icons, but fail. Cultural icons are often timeless, imprinted in our consciousness. They can go through several stages, from "rumblings, undercurrents" via "catharsis, explosion" and "mass acceptance, ripple effect" to "glorification, representative value". While brands are rational and driven by features, cultural icons are emotional, free, driven by feeling, and creating emotional bonds. An example of "branding" might include the wearing of a consistent fashion look by such music stars as Michael Jackson or Elvis Presley, making them instantly recognizable. Royal or church clothing could also be understood as a form of emotional iconography.

Examples include: Andy Warhol, Budweiser, BMW, Chanel, Coca-Cola, Guinness, Harley-Davidson, LEGO, Martha Stewart, Nike, Norman Rockwell, Vuitton, Škoda Auto...

Definition
Cultural icons may be national, regional or about a city. And they can be symbols for a nation, or can show the values held by that state. For example, France uses Marianne as a symbol of the French Revolution. Bruce Lee is a symbol for the martial arts and philosophical culture of insight and knowledge in the entire world.  Charlie Chaplin symbolises comical action while Clint Eastwood is a symbol for strength and masculinity. Jackie Chan is a global icon of comical stunts and martial arts based action. Salvador Dalí is the worldwide icon for the bizarre and eccentric.

Media overuse
Some writers say that the terms "icon" and "iconic" have been overused.  A writer in Liverpool Daily Post calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything".  The Christian Examiner added "iconic" and "amazing" to its list of overused words. It found over 18,000 "iconic" references in news stories alone, with another 30,000 for "icon", including use of it for SpongeBob SquarePants.

Icons by selected countries

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Brazil

Canada

China

Czech Republic

Denmark

Ecuador

France

Germany

Hungary

India

Ireland

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Macedonia

Mexico

Netherlands

Norway

Pakistan

Russia

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

Related pages
 Icon
 Pop icon
 Popular culture

References

Other websites
 Our New Icons  by The Daily Telegraph
 Nothing and no one are Off Limits in an Age of Iconomania by The Age

Symbols
Cultural history
Sciadopitys

Sciadopitys,  the Japanese umbrella-pine, is a unique conifer. It is endemic to Japan, and the sole surviving member of the family Sciadopityaceae. It is a living fossil with no close relatives: its fossils date from 230 million years ago.

It is an evergreen tree that can grow 15-27m tall. Its brown main shoots have whorls of 7–12 cm long flexible green "cladodes". These look like, and perform the function of, leaves but are actually composed of stem tissue. Occasionally, a cladode will fork and produce a bud in the 'v' of the fork, just like a normal stem.

The cones are 6–11 cm long, mature in about 18 months, and have flattish scales that open to release the seeds.

It is a very attractive tree and is popular in gardens, despite its slow growth rate and high cost. Koyamaki was chosen as the Japanese Imperial crest for Prince Hisahito of Akishino, currently third in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

The plant was first introduced to Europe by John Gould Veitch in September 1860.

Infrared microspectroscopy has identified conifers of the family Sciadopityaceae as the principal source of Baltic amber.

References 

Conifers
Living fossils
Fossil plants
General-purpose machine gun

A general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) is a machine gun which gets its ammunition from a belt. It can be used in many different roles: it can support infantry from a bipod or tripod or be put onto a helicopter or armoured vehicle. It can provide fire support for vehicles or infantry from a variety of mounts.

A general-purpose machine gun is generally a medium machine gun. It also fires rifle cartridges like the 7.62×51mm NATO or 7.92x57mm Mauser. It is usually used from a bipod, tripod or on a vehicle. This is because it is usually too powerful and heavy to be fired well on foot or while moving.

Examples 
Some examples of general-purpose machine guns are:
German Maschinengewehr 34.
German Maschinengewehr 42.
 American M60.

Gallery

Related pages
 Light machine gun
 Heavy machine gun
 Squad automatic weapon

References  

Medium machine guns
 

it:Mitragliatrice media#Mitragliatrici ad uso generalizzato
Yamashiro Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

Kyoto is in the former Yamashiro Province.

History

In 794, the capital of Japan was in Yamashiro.  It remained in the province until the Imperial court moved to Tokyo in the 1870s.

During the Muromachi Period, the administrative seat of the Ashikaga Shogunate was in this province. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Yamashiro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
The Kamo Shrines were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Yamashiro.  These are the Kamigamo Shrine and the Shimogamo Shrine.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kyoto Prefecture
Symphyla

Symphyla are soil-dwelling arthropods in the subphylum Myriapoda. 

They are relatives of centipedes. Symphylans look like centipedes, but are smaller and translucent. They move through the pores between soil particles. They are found from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They eat decaying vegetation, and can do harm in agriculture by eating seeds, roots, and root hairs in cultivated soil.

They feed on decayed vegetation.

Myriapods
Pauropod

Pauropods are a type of myriapod. They form the only order in the class Pauropoda. About 500 species in four families are found worldwide, living in soil and leaf mold.

Description 
Pauropoda are tiny soil myriapods, 0.5-1.5mm in length, with 8-11 body segments. The body appears to have fewer segments when viewed from above, because the dorsal shields (tergites) are fused in pairs. The true segments can be seen from the ventral side, each segment bearing a single pair of walking legs. A characteristic feature of pauropods is their branched antennae. 

Myriapods
Postgenderism

Postgenderism means 'beyond gender'.

The word is used to describe the idea, the social current or the evolution that fades or gets rid of gender and/or sex in humans and society.

It is also used to describe a set of social norms or a persons identity that goes beyond classical gender and sex-determinations and places them in the past, let them fade or dissapear.

Postgenderism argues that marking people into different sex of gender groups and gender roles is not needed and results in a limitation on the possibilities of people and what they can achieve in life.

It foresees that gender will disappear with humans that don't want this, as a result of always changing ways the human species organises their lives and as a result of new technology advances.

References

Gender
Kawachi Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

Kawachi province was established in the 7th century. In the 8th century, Izumi was separated from the older province during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Kawachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Hiraoka jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kawachi. 
 The shrine is located in Higashiōsaka.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Osaka Prefecture
Karl Friedrich Schinkel

Karl Friedrich Schinkel (13 March 1781 – 9 October 1841) was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter.  He also designed furniture and stage sets. Schinkel was one of the most importat architects of Germany and designed both neoclassical and neogothic buildings.

Biography
Schinkel was born in Neuruppin, Brandenburg. When he was six, his father died in Neuruppin's disastrous fire. He became a student of architect Friedrich Gilly (1772–1800) (the two became close friends) and his father, David Gilly, in Berlin. He made a trip to Italy in 1805. Then he started to earn his living as a painter.He worked for the stage and created in 1816 a star-spangled backdrop for the appearance of the "Königin der Nacht" in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera The Magic Flute. When he saw Caspar David Friedrich's painting Wanderer above the Sea of Fog at the 1810 Berlin art exhibition he decided that he would never reach such mastery of painting and turned to architecture. After Napoleon's defeat, Schinkel worked at the Prussian Building Commission. In this position, he was not only responsible for reshaping the city of Berlin into a representative capital for Prussia, but also had to work projects in the expanded Prussian territories from the Rhineland in the west to Königsberg in the east.

From 1808 to 1817 Schinkel renovated and reconstructed Schloss Rosenau, Coburg, in the Gothic Revival style.

Schinkel's style was more influenced by Greek than by than Imperial Roman architecture. His most famous buildings are found in and around Berlin. These include Neue Wache (1816–1818), the Schauspielhaus (1819–1821) at the Gendarmenmarkt, which replaced the earlier theater that was destroyed by fire in 1817, and the Altes Museum (old museum, see photo) on Museum Island (1823–1830).

Later, Schinkel moved away from classicism altogether and preferred the Gothic Revival style. 
Schinkel died in Berlin, Brandenburg.

Schinkel, however, is famous as well for his theoretical work and his architectural drafts. Some of his merits are best shown in his unexecuted plans for the transformation of the Athenian Acropolis into a royal palace for the new Kingdom of Greece and for the erection of the Orianda Palace in the Crimea. These and other designs may be studied in his Sammlung architektonischer Entwürfe (1820–1837) and his Werke der höheren Baukunst (1840–1842; 1845–1846).  He also designed the famed Iron Cross medal of Prussia, and later Germany.

Literature 
Karl Friedrich Schinkel 1781 - 1841: the drama of architecture, ed. by John Zukowsky. With essays by Kurt W. Forster and Wolfgang Pehnt, .
 Jörg Trempler: Schinkels Motive. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2007, .
Christoph Werner: Schloss am Strom. Die Geschichte vom Leben und Sterben des Baumeisters Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Bertuch-Verlag, Weimar 2004, .

References

1781 births
1841 deaths
German architects
German painters
People from Brandenburg
People from Prussia
Urban planners
Hey, Soul Sister

"Hey, Soul Sister" is a hit song under the musical group Train. The single was released in August 2009 as the lead single on Train's fifth album Save Me, San Francisco. This song peaked at number 3 on Billboard Hot 100 and is Train's highest and its most commercially successful song, though the single was not eligible for any Grammy Award in the General Field.

2009 songs
Michael Chabon

Michael Chabon (born May 24, 1963) is an American author. His first novel was called The Mysteries of Pittsburgh  and published in 1988. Chabon was 25 years old. The book made him famous among writers. He has also written genre fiction. Chabon published The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay in 2000. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2001.

Biography

Early years
Michael Chabon was born in Washington, DC to Robert Chabon, a physician and lawyer, and Sharon Chabon, a lawyer. He knew he wanted to be a writer when he was a child.  He studied at Carnegie Mellon University for a year before transferring to the University of Pittsburgh. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1984. Then Chabon went to graduate school at the University of California, Irvine and earned a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing.

Personal life
In 1987, Chabon married the poet Lollie Groth. They divorced in 1991, and he married the writer Ayelet Waldman in 1993.

Works

Novels 
 The Mysteries of Pittsburgh (1988)
 Wonder Boys (1995)
 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay (2000)
 The Final Solution (2004)
 The Yiddish Policemen's Union (2007)
 Gentlemen of the Road (2007)
 Telegraph Avenue (2012)

Young-adult fiction 
 Summerland (2002)

Children's books 
 The Astonishing Secret of Awesome Man (2011) (illustrator: Jake Parker)

Short story collections 
 A Model World and Other Stories (1991)
 Werewolves in Their Youth (1999)

Essay collections 
 Maps and Legends (2008)
 Manhood for Amateurs (October 2009)

As contributor or editor 
 McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales (editor and contributor) (2003)
 JSA All Stars #7, "The Strange Case of Mr. Terrific and Doctor Nil" (writer) (2004)
 McSweeney's Enchanted Chamber of Astonishing Stories (editor) (2004) 
 Michael Chabon Presents: The Amazing Adventures of the Escapist (comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics) (2004–2005) (Numbers 1–8; the first six are also collected in three books, two numbers per volume)
 The Best American Short Stories 2005 (editor, with Katrina Kenison) (2005)
 The Escapists (six-issue comic book limited series published by Dark Horse Comics) (2006)

References

Writers from Washington, D.C.
Living people
1963 births
Pulitzer Prize winners
Amit

Amit is a common given name. It is common in India, Nepal, Israel, Pakistan, Iran, Middle East, and Bangladesh.

In Hindi and Bengali, Amit () means infinite or immeasurable or boundless. It is part of  Amitabh Bachchan. It is one of the 108 names of the Hindu God Shri Ganesha. It also means an eternal friend of everyone in Hindi, Nepali and Sanskrit.

In Hebrew, Amit () means colleague, friend.

In Arabic, Amit () means being highly praised, beloved and victorious. In Islam Amit refers to the traditional Arabian gesture. During battles the Muslim army yelled "Yā manṣūr Amit!" and attacked.

References

Given names
Izumi Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History
Izumi Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Izumi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples

Ōtori Shrine was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Izumi.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Osaka Prefecture
Settsu Province

was a old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture on the island of Honshū. 

The ancient capital city of the province was Osaka.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Settsu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Sumiyoshi taisha was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Settsu.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Osaka Prefecture
Chloris

Chloris ("Khloris" or Χλωρίς, from "Khloros" or χλωρός, meaning "greenish-yellow," "pale green," "pale," or "fresh") refers to several figures in Greek mythology. Some stories refer to different characters. Others refer to the same Chloris, but have different details.

Chloris (Nymph)
Chloris was a Nymph. She represented spring, flowers and new growth. Her Roman equivalent was the goddess Flora. She was kidnapped by and later married Zephyr.

Chloris (Meliboea)
Meliboea was one of Niobe and Amphion's fourteen children, and the only one not killed when Artemis and Apollo killed the children as revenge. Meliboea was so scared by this that she turned permanently pale. She changed her name to Chloris ("pale one").

She later married Neleus and became queen in Pylos.

Chloris (Mother of Mopsus)
Chloris married the seer Ampyx (son of Elatus). She had a child called Mopsus, who also became a famous seer and later joined the Argonauts.

Related pages

Greek mythology
Portable Network Graphics

Portable Network Graphics (Often shortened to PNG) is a bitmapped image format that uses lossless data compression.

Their most common use is within transparent images, as it does support an alpha channel along with a 16-bit color channel.

References 

Computer file formats
Curaçao

Curaçao is an island country in the Caribbean Sea. It is one of the ABC islands and is just a short distance north of the Venezuelan Paraguaná Peninsula, and it forms a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Willemstad is the capital of Curaçao.

People

The largest ethnic group belongs to the Afro-Caribbean group with about 85% of the entire population (also includes mulattos). The remaining 15% are people of mainly European (mainly Dutch) descent, but there are also Indonesians, Colombians, Venezuelans, and others.

Languages
Papiamentu, Dutch, and English are the three official languages of Curaçao. Papiamentu is by far the most spoken language while sizable minorities speak the other two official languages.

Climate 
Curaçao has a tropical climate. The temperatures are usually constant. The trade winds bring cool breeze during the day and the same trade winds bring warmth during the night. The coolest month is January with an average of 26°C in temperature and the warmest month is September with an average temperature of 28.9 °C (84 °F). The year's average maximum temperature is 31°C. The year's average minimum temperature is about 25°C.

The island broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 2010. It has a very long history set all the way back to the 1800s.

References 

Dependent territories
 
Caribbean Community
Ox Mountain

Ox Mountain () is a story by the Chinese philosopher Mencius.  In his time this mountain was in very bad shape, and everybody knew how it looked. Here is the story:

Mencius said, "The woods on Ox Mountain were once beautiful! On account of its being on the edge of a large country, it had been attacked with axes and hatchets, and then how could it remain beautiful? The refreshing breezes of day and night, and the moisture provided by rain and fog, did not fail to give rise to sprouts of vegetation. But cows and sheep have been repeatedly pastured there, and for that reason it has remained desolate. People observe its denuded state and assume that it never had any good resources.  But how could this state be the true nature of this mountain?" — Mencius, 6A:8

Mencius argued that "bad" human natures were produced just as the bad condition of Ox Mountain had been produced, so the answer to "bad" humans was to protect and nurture them from birth. He also thought that punishment does not do much good. It does not cure the root of the problem.

Folklore
Asian literature
Human zoo

A human zoo was an exhibition that showed people from other cultures. Very often, this was done in similar ways than animals are shown in zoological gardens today. Most such exhibitions were done between 1870 and 1940. Human zoos attracted many people in Europe. They were often based on the idea of unilinealism, scientific racism and social Darwinism. Unilinealism or unilineal evolution is the idea that evolution happens only in one direction; some animal will be "at the peak" of evolution. Because of these ideas, some human zoos placed indigenous people (particularly Africans) in a continuum somewhere between the great apes and humans of European descent. Ethnographic zoos have since been criticized as highly degrading and racist.

Cultural anthropology
Rye Beach, New Hampshire

Rye Beach is a community in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It used to be called Pannaway. It is along the Atlantic Ocean. It is in Rye, New Hampshire, United States. It is along New Hampshire Route 1A, near the south of a town named "Rye". 

In the community, there is a hostel. It is called the "Ocean house" and it was built in 1884. When it was built, it was small, but over time, it reached 4 stories and it had room for 250 guests. It was called the Philbrick Hotel when it was first built, but an Admiral called David Farragut visited the hotel, so it sometimes was called "Farragut House".

References 

Settlements in New Hampshire
Unincorporated communities in the United States
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New Hampshire
Ise Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of modern Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  

The province had borders with Iga, Kii, Mino, Ōmi, Owari, Shima, and Yamato.

When the province was created in 646, its capital city was Uji-Yamada.

History

Before Nara period, Ise Shrine, the holiest Shinto shrine is established in this Province and here is introduced by a word Kamukaze in waka rhetorics in Nara periode. In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Ise.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Ise Province were reformed in the 1870s.

The World War II Japanese battleship Ise was named after this province.

Temples and Shrines
Tsubakiōkamiyashiro (Tusbaki jinja/Nakato jinja) was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the province.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Mie Prefecture
Iga Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Ise, Ōmi, Yamato, and Yamashiro.

The capital city of the province was Ueno, also called Iga-Ueno.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Iga is a small mountain ringed basin (the Ueno basin) in the center of the Kansai region.

Shrines and Temples
Aekuni jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Iga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Mie Prefecture
Curing salt

Curing salt (or pink salt or Prague powder #1) is mixture of salt and sodium nitrate that is used to preserve or cure meats or in the making of sausages. It contains 93.75% table salt and 6.25% sodium nitrite. The sodium nitrite in curing salt is used to stop the growth of Clostridium botulinum in order to prevent botulism. Curing salt may be dyed pink preventing it from being confused with table salt.

Related pages
Pickling salt
Table salt

References

Food ingredients
Neue Wache

The Neue Wache () is a building in central Berlin, the capital of Germany. It is located on the north side of the Unter den Linden. The Neue Wache was designed by the architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, was built in 1816 and is a leading example of German neoclassicism. Originally it was built as a guardhouse for the troops of the Crown Prince of Prussia, the building has been used as a war memorial since 1931.

King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the construction of the Neue Wache as a guard house for the nearby Palace of the Crown Prince, to replace the old Artillery Guard House. He commissioned Schinkel, the leading exponent of neoclassicism in architecture, to design the building: this was Schinkel's first major commission in Berlin.

Other websites 

 "The National Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny: From Conflict To Consensus", lecture with handout and bibliography by Harold Marcuse, covers history since 1816.
 Neue Wache travel photos by Galen Fry Singer, of facade, sculpture and inscriptions.

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Transitivity (grammar)

Transitivity in grammar is about whether a verb has an object or not. A transitive verb has an object; an intransitive verb does not.p1051 Examples:
Transitive: 
We really enjoyed the trip.
She read the book.
What did you throw?

Intransitive: 
She relaxed.
She travels.
She slept.
A transitive verb is an action verb. It expresses something doable (something possible to do). The direct object is something or someone who is the receiver of the action (verb). In the first two examples above, the 'trip' and the 'book' are the direct objects. 'Enjoyed' and 'read' are the transitive verbs.

References 

Grammar
Audio description

Audio description is an additional track of narration. It is targeted at visually impaired or blind consumers of television, dance, opera, movies or other visual art. In these tracks, a narrator talks through presentation and makes a description about what's happening during natural pauses in audio. Descriptive video service (DVS) is used for the DVDs of certain movies as part of the audio description.

Audio technology
Teak

Teak is the common name for the tropical hardwood tree Tectona grandis and its wood products. Tectona grandis is native to south and southeast Asia and grows in many countries. It has been introduced to Africa and the Caribbean. Burma produces nearly one third of the world's total teak.

The word teak comes from the Malayalam word theka or tekka. This tree is mentioned in the seventh-century literature of the Tamil language known as the Tevaram.

Tectona grandis is a large deciduous tree that is dominant in mixed hardwood forests. It has small, fragrant white flowers and papery leaves that are often hairy on the lower surface.

References

Lamiaceae
Trees
Gym Class Heroes

Gym Class Heroes are an American hip hop band from Geneva, New York. They are associated with other musicians, including but not limited to Patrick Stump and Adam Levine of Maroon 5. On their album As Cruel as School Children is the song Cupid's Chokehold, which samples Breakfast in America by Supertramp. The band's lead singer is Travie McCoy.

1997 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
1990s establishments in New York (state)
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rap music groups
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from New York
Artificial cranial deformation

Artificial cranial deformation, also known as head flattening or head binding is when the skull of a human is changed forever, and on purpose. It is done by changing how a child's skull grows by putting force on the skull. Flat shapes, long shapes and round shapes can be used to do this. It is done on young children. This is because the skull is easier to shape at this time. Usually, the shape that will be used to change the skull is attached about a month after the baby is born. It stays on for around six months after this.

The practice has been most often used in native societies in the Americas, but there are examples from Asia and Europe. The Toulouse deformation was caused by wrapping the head of the newborn, possible to protect it from damage. In pre-modern societies the practice was surprisingly common. 
In most cases the reasons for the practice is not known.

Related pages 
Foot binding

References 

Traditions
Body art
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a treaty made by the United Nations. It is to help civil rights get better.

The rights are listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important treaties in international human rights law. The Covenant was adopted on 16 December 1966 with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It was put into force in 1976. The United Nations set up the Committee on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) to carry out the treaty.

Main contents 
Article 1. Right to self-determination.
Article 6. Right to life and on Genocide Convention.
Article 7. Free from torture and any inhuman treatments.
Article 8. Free from slavery and unfree labour.
Article 9. Right to personal security and protection from arbitrary arrest and detention. Right to demand remedy if proved innocent.
Article 10. The right to be treated with humanity and repected dignity while in detention.
Article 12. Freedom of movement, freedom to leave and to enter one's own country. 
Article 14. The right to a fair trial and to be regarded as innocent until found guilty.
Article 16. Right to be recognized as a person before law.
Article 17. Right to privacy and protection from attack of honour.
Article 18. Freedom of thought, conscience and freedom of religion.
Article 19. Freedom of expression and freedom of speech but with special duty and responsibility not to harm others.
Article 20. prohibition of propaganda of war and any inciting of hatred and discrimination.
Article 21. Freedom of assembly.
Article 22. Right to association and trade union.
Article 23. Right to family and marriage with free will of each person (against forced marriage).
Article 25. Right to free and fair voting.
Article 26. Equality before law and protection from all discriminations by law.
Article 27. Right to minority groups and ethnic group and to use their own language.

Optional protocols 
This Covenant has two optional protocols. One of them is to allow a citizen whose rights have been violated to claim before the CCPR. The other is to prohibit the death penalty. There are countries which ignore, or do not agree with, the optional protocols.

Related pages
Civil rights
International human rights law
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Human rights

Other websites 
International Covenant on Civil and political Rights

References 
United Nations
Human rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a treaty made by the United Nations to ensure that the 
economic, social and cultural rights are affirmed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important treaties on the international human rights law. This Covenant was adopted in 1966 together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and entered into force in 1976.

Main contents 
Article 2. Right to enjoy all human rights in this Covenant without any discrimination
Article 5~7. Right to work with decent conditions and to equal payment for equal work.
Article 8. Right to join a trade union and to strike action for decent conditions, including fair payment and holiday leave. 
Article 9. Right to Social Security.
Article 10. Right to marriage and to form a family with especial protection for mothers.
Article 11. Right to an adequate standard of living, including food, clothing and the housing.
Article 12. Right to the best possible standard of health.
Article 13. Right to education; free primary education for all and equal access to secondary and higher education, which should also be as free as possible. Education should aim to allow everyone to develop their personality as much as possible, and respect for human rights, tolerance and peace.
Article 15. Right to enjoy culture and science.

Related pages
Economic, social and cultural rights
International human rights law
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Other website 
International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

United Nations
Human rights
Economic, social and cultural rights

Economic, social and cultural rights are a part of human rights. In an important United Nations treaty called The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the countries in the United Nations agreed that every person in the world should have these rights.  Some examples of these rights include:
 The right to education (school)
 The right to work, with good pay, in a good, safe place to work
 The right to strike (when workers strike, they decide together that they will not work any more until their bosses make things at work better - like giving them enough pay to live on, or making the work safer)
 The right to housing
 The right to Social Security
 The right to be healthy
 The right to an adequate standard of living (meaning a person has everything they need to survive, including water, food, clothing, enough money to pay for what they need, and somewhere safe to live).
These rights were already listed in the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, they were included again in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights to make sure that giving people these rights would be the law all across the world.  

A separate Covenant specifically on economic, social, and cultural rights was done for a reason.  These rights were not included in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These two Covenants were kept separate because civil rights are thought to be protected strongly than economic, social and cultural rights.  A separate Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights was done to make it clear how important these rights are.

As the Vienna Declaration says, all human rights must be protected equally because "all human rights are universal and cannot be divided."

Related pages
Human rights
Civil rights
Digital rights
International human rights law

Human rights
Vickers machine gun

The Vickers machine gun (also known as the Vickers gun) was a machine gun that was used by the British Army from 1912 to 1968. It was made by Vickers Limited. The gun was very reliable. It was one of the most commonly used weapons in the first world war.

References 

Medium machine guns
Albania at the Olympics

Albania at the Olympics is a history which began in 1972.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Albania is ALB.

History
The Albanian team did not take part in the next games between 1976 and 1988. They returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. They have took part in all Olympic Games since then. They first took part in the Winter Olympic Games in 2006.

Albania usually takes part in events that have swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. Albania has won an Olympic medal at the 1972 Olympics in weightlifting (gold, Ymer Pampuri).

Statistics

Albania at the Summer Olympic Games

Albania at the Winter Olympic Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Albania profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
American Samoa at the Olympics

American Samoa at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 8 countries and 20+ athletes. Since 1988, American Samoa has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for American Samoa is ASA.

History
The National Olympic Committee for American Samoa was formed in 1987; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Teams from American Samoa have take part in Summer Olympic Games.  Samoan athletes went to only one of the Winter Olympic Games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
American Samoa
Summer Olympic Games
Winter Olympic Games

References

Other websites 
  American Samoa profile at London2012.com
 

Nations at the Olympics
American Samoa
Andorra at the Olympics

Andorra at the Olympics is a history which includes 20 games in 25 countries and 50+ athletes. Since 1988, Andorra has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Andorra is AND.

History
The National Olympic Committee for Andorra (Comitè Olímpic Andorrà) was formed in 1971; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1975.

Athletes from Andorra first took part in the Olympic Games in 1976. They have taken part in all Olympic Games since then.

Andorra have never won a medal before. They usually take part in events like cycling, swimming, athletics, shooting, and judo.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Andorra profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Andorra
Tori Spelling

Victoria Davey "Tori" Spelling (born on May 16, 1973) is an American actress, television writer and producer.

Personal life 
From 2004 to 2006 Tori was married to actor and playwright Charlie Shanian (b.1965). 

Tori has been married to actor Dean McDermott (b.1966) since May 7, 2006 after they were dated for 8 months. The spouses have four children together: son Liam Aaron McDermott (b.March 13, 2007), daughters Stella Doreen McDermott (b.June 9, 2008) and Hattie Margaret McDermott (b.October 10, 2011), and another son — Finn Davey McDermott (b.August 30, 2012). Spelling also has a step-son Jack Montgomery McDermott (b.1998) from McDermott's 1st marriage to actress Mary Jo Eustace.

Other websites 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Writers from Los Angeles
1973 births
Living people
Royal Standard of Scotland

The Royal Standard of Scotland, (), also known as the Banner of the King of Scots, or more commonly the Lion Rampant of Scotland, is the Scottish Royal Banner of Arms. Used historically by the King of Scots, the Royal Standard of Scotland differs from Scotland's national flag, the Saltire, in that its correct use is restricted by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland to only a few Great Officers of State who officially represent the Sovereign in Scotland. It is also used in an official capacity at royal residences in Scotland when the Sovereign is not present.

The earliest recorded use of the Lion rampant as a royal emblem in Scotland was by Alexander II in 1222; with the additional embellishment of a double border set with lilies occurring during the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286). This emblem occupied the shield of the  royal coat of arms of the ancient Kingdom of Scotland which, together with a royal banner displaying the same, was used by the King of Scots until the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI acceded to the thrones of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland. Since 1603, the Lion rampant of Scotland has been incorporated into both the royal arms and royal banners of successive Scottish then British monarchs in order to symbolise Scotland; as can be seen today in the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom. Although now officially restricted to use by representatives of the Sovereign and at royal residences, the Royal Standard of Scotland continues to be one of Scotland's most recognisable symbols.

National Flag of Scotland

The Flag of Scotland, also known as the Saint Andrew's Cross or more commonly The Saltire, is the national flag of Scotland. The Saltire is the correct flag for everyone to fly in order to show both their loyalty and Scottish nationality. It is also, where possible, flown from Scottish Government buildings every day from 8am until sunset, with certain exceptions; for example United Kingdom National Days.

References

Flags of the United Kingdom
Scotland
Royalty and nobility
British monarchy
1222 establishments
Establishments in Scotland
1220s establishments in Europe
Football in Scotland

Association football is the most popular sport in Scotland. Scotland has the second oldest national Football Association in the world (behind England's FA), and the trophy for the national cup, the Scottish Cup, is the oldest sporting trophy in the world.

Scottish football club Rangers F.C. have won a world record 54 league titles.

Scotland and Scottish football clubs hold many records for football attendances;

The highest ever attendance for a UEFA competition match was in the 1969-70 European Cup semi-final at Hampden Park, Scotland's national stadium. A record 136,505 people attended that Cup semi-final played between Celtic and Leeds United 
The attendance of 149,415 for the Scotland vs. England match of 1937 at Hampden Park is also a European record. 
The attendance of 146,433 for the 1937 Scottish Cup final between Celtic and Aberdeen at Hampden Park is a European record for a club match. 
Rangers' record attendance of 118,567 is a British record for a league match.

Structure
Professional football in Scotland is split into four leagues. The winners of the league move up into the league above it, and those who finish last in the league move down into the league below it. The leagues are:

Scottish Premier League
Scottish First Division
Scottish Second Division
Scottish Third Division
Micrograph

Micrographs are photographs taken through microscopes to show magnified versions of items. They are used for forensic engineering and forensic science to record trace evidence. Micrographs are also used for scanning electron microscopy so the sample areas selected for analysis are visible.

Photography
Microscopes
Felix Adjei

Felix Adjei ( born 17 December 1990) is a football player from Ghana. He plays for F. C. Liefering, the second team of F.C. Red Bull Salzburg, in the SKY GO Erste Liga (2nd level in Austrian football) as midfielder.

Career
He started playing football for Red Bull Ghana where he was at the academy which is run by Red Bull. In 2009 he was invited to Salzburg where Nico Kovac, then coach of the second team, was impressed by his skills. He became the first player who came to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg from the Ghana academy. He became part of the second team, the Red Bull Juniors. On October 15th he played his first match in the first team against Wacker Innsbruck. He was in the starting team and played till minute 62.

Honours
 Champion Regionalliga West (3rd stage of Austrian football):2011
 Salzburg Cup:2011

References

Ghanaian footballers
1990 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Gluten-free diet

A gluten-free diet is a diet that excludes foods that have gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. Most breads, cakes, pastas/noodles, beers and pizzas are made with gluten. Gluten is used as a food additive in the form of a flavoring, stabilizing or thickening agent. It is often called "dextrin". Some non-foods, such as medications and vitamin supplements, especially those in tablet form, may contain gluten as a binding agent.

A gluten-free diet is the only medically accepted treatment for wheat allergy and coeliac disease (in North America, it is usually spelled "celiac disease").

Some gluten-free diets also exclude oats. Doctors do not agree on whether oats affect coeliac disease sufferers.
Many alcoholic beverages are gluten free, but many types of whiskey and beer contain gluten, because using grains is a necessary part of their production.
Gluten-free diets have become popular worldwide. Some say that such a diet can cause problems with Vitamin B and magnesium intake by the body, because wheat improves the rate in which humans body can use them.
Gluten-containing ingredients sometimes are used as colorants, preservatives and thickeners in products such as ice cream and ketchup.
Even some cosmetics like lip-balm and lipsticks can contain gluten, so persons wanting to follow such a diet need to learn about which products contain wheat and its byproducts.

References

Other websites 
  2015. BBC News Magazine. The great gluten-free diet fad - BBC News

Nutrition
Little Havana

Little Havana () is a section of Miami, Florida, where many Cuban immigrants and refugees have settled. The high number of Cuban refugees Florida receives is due to its proximity to Cuba.  It is called Little Havana because Cuba's capital is Havana.  There is also a smaller Little Havana in Tampa, Florida.

In recent years, increasing numbers of Honduran, Nicaraguan, and Guatemalan immigrants have moved into the neighborhood. At the same time, increasing numbers of Cubans left the area for the suburbs in western Miami.  Part of Little Havana is now called Little Managua named after the Nicaraguan capital.

Calle Ocho Festival 
The Calle Ocho Festival is held in Little Havana.

Miami, Florida
Howard Stern

Howard Stern (born January 12, 1954) is an American radio and television personality known for his radio show, The Howard Stern Show.

Stern was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City.

He originally started as a disc jockey for a New York station playing rock music.  He discovered a talent for comedy, and developed a wide-ranging confrontational style that encouraged listeners to call in.  Eventually, in the 1990s, his show was widely distributed. As an example, in one of his most infamous episodes, he persuaded a female caller to have phone sex with him on the air.  He made deep buzzing noises into his microphone, and had her sit on a speaker with the volume turned up.

Stern's crude style of entertainment (which many listeners support) has earned him the title "King Of All Media" -- at least in the eyes of his fans.  His show is frequently the subject of complaints by various listeners (and occasionally ethnic groups) who find his shows offensive.  Radio stations airing his show have occasionally been subjected to fines for violating FCC requirements due to the content of the show, but the parent conglomerate (Infinity Broadcasting) that hosts Stern's show seems to consider these fines a necessary price to pay, in order to support Stern's continuing popularity. In 1994 Stern ran for Governor of the state of New York.  

Stern is the most popular and well-known of a variety of offensive radio hosts known generally as "shock jocks."  In spite of the crude content of his show, many radio listeners consider Stern's delivery to be far from the worst quality radio aired today.  His popularity has given rise to a number of imitation "shock jocks" who attempt to outdo Stern in terms of offensiveness and rudeness...but these imitators have found themselves with more troubles to worry about than listener ratings.  In 2002 rival radio hosts Opie and Anthony were fired from their popular radio show after they encouraged a couple to engage in sexual intercourse at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City, then airing a running commentary of the act on their show.  Stern, his supporters note, has not gone out of his way to offend the general public in this manner.

On January 15, 1998 Lance Carvin, who had been stalking Stern, was sentenced to two and a half years in prison for threatening to kill Stern and his family.

Other websites 

The Howard Stern Show on Sirius XM Radio

1954 births
Living people
American autobiographers
American radio personalities
American television producers
American television talk show hosts
American television writers
Comedians from New York City
People from Queens
Television personalities from New York City
Writers from New York City