cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
The Fifer

The Fifer or Young Flautist (1866) is an oil painting by French painter Édouard Manet. It hangs in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France.

History
Manet painted The Fifer after a trip to Spain he made in 1865. There he discovered the work of Diego Velázquez. Manet reflected the influence of Spanish painting in The Fifer. The painting was rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon in 1866. The painting was exhibited in 1867. Manet died in 1883. In 1884, The Fifer was seen at the major retrospective exhibition of Manet's work organized as a tribute.

The rejection by the Salon jury caused the writer Émile Zola to publish a series of articles in defense of Manet in the newspaper L'Événement.

Between 1873 and 1893, the painting was held by Jean-Baptiste Faure, a French composer and baritone, friend of Manet. In 1893, it was returned to the collection of art dealer Durand-Ruel. The painting was acquired in 1894 by Count Isaac de Camondo. It remained in his collection until 1911. That year it was donated to the French state. The painting was intended for the Musée du Louvre. It was not exhibited to the general public until 1914.

In 1947, the painting was moved to the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume. This museum is a showroom located in the Jardin des Tuileries and belonging to the Louvre. It remained there until 1986. It then was brought to the Musée d'Orsay with the rest of the Impressionist paintings in the Louvre. It can currently be seen in the Musée d'Orsay.

Analysis
Manet portrayed an anonymous character: a teenage musician of the band of the Imperial Guard. The lad was sent to Manet by commander Lejosne. He was "treated like a grandee of Spain." Additional models may have also posed for the figure. The likenesses of both Léon Leenhoff (Manet's stepson) and Victorine Meurent (Manet's preferred model) have been seen in the boy's face and figure.

Sandra Orienti declares, "The Fifer is one of Manet's  most famous paintings, and it is also one of his most daring works: here ... can be found a synthesis of all that is most complex in his vocabulary." She points out that the band boy's uniform is painted in red, black, and white with decorations in dull gold. The figure and its dress contrasts with the vague, undefined background. The lad has no support for himself except himself. "[h]is form ... seems to create a double dimension, the first being the small figure of the boy, the second his eyes and the spectator's eyes meeting between the rather crudely painted eyelids."

References

Paintings by Édouard Manet
1860s paintings
French paintings
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Puerto Varas

Puerto Varas is a city and commune of Chile with 32.912 inhabitants according with the INE census of 2002.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Puerto Varas municipality 

Cities in Chile
Julie

The name Julie is a French female given name. It comes from the Latin name Julia. Julia means "youthful" or "soft haired" in Latin. The name Julie and its variants are feminine for the masculine name Julius. Julie is very popular in the United States. The name was particularly popular between 1951 and 1991. Its variant, Julia, has been in the top 100 female names dating back to 1980. Julie and its related names are being used by many famous people, such as Julie Andrews and Julie Benz. As Julia the name is currently being used for Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones.

Given names

it:Giulia
The Balcony

The Balcony is an 1868 oil painting by the French painter Édouard Manet. It was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1869. The painting depicts four figures. On the left is Berthe Morisot, who became in 1874 the wife of Manet's brother, Eugène. In the centre is the painter Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemet. On the right is Fanny Claus, a violist. The fourth figure in the background is possibly Leon Leenhoff, Manet's stepson.  It was sold by Gustave Caillebotte in 1884. It hangs at this time in Paris at the Musée d'Orsay.

Inspiration and description
The painting was inspired by The Majas at the Balcony by Francisco Goya. It was created at the same time and with the same purpose as Luncheon in the studio. The three characters were all friends of Manet. They seem to be disconnected from each other. Berthe Morisot, on the left, looks like a romantic and inaccessible heroine, the young violinist Fanny Claus and the painter Antoine Guillemet seem to display indifference. The boy in the background is Manet's stepson, Léon. Just behind the railings, there are a hydrangea and a dog with a ball.

A study for The Balcony, The Portrait of Mademoiselle Claus, is in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.  The portrait’s subject is Fanny Claus, the closest friend of Manet’s wife Suzanne Leenhoff.  This unfinished portrait was painted as a study for the finished picture.

Provenance 
Following Manet’s premature death in 1883, the portrait was bought in a studio sale by the artist John Singer Sargent. The portrait had only been seen once in public since it was first painted in 1868. In 2012 the Ashmolean Museum succeeded in raising the funds to acquire it and keep it permanently in a public collection in the United Kingdom.

Reception
This was the first time Berthe Morisot posed for Manet. Manet's Luncheon in the studio was the work of an innovator but The Balcony was not. Unlike Morisot, the three other figures are pale and undistinguished. Orienti writes, "Guillemet looks pompous and stupid, Jenny Clauss a stereotype, and the painting as a whole seems to suffer from the uneven distribution of the figures." The press considered the painting "discordant". The contrast of colors (the background completely black, the white faces and clothes, the blue tie of the man, and the green railings) contributes to create an atmosphere of "mystery".

Gallery

References

Paintings by Édouard Manet
1870s paintings
French paintings
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Lord's Resistance Army

The Lord's Resistance Army is a paramilitary group, and a new religious movement. Joseph Kony founded it in 1987, in the north of Uganda, to fight against the government, headed by president Yoweri Museveni. The group operates in Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in South Sudan. It wants to establish an independent state which is governed by laws based on the Ten Commandments. There is an insurgency called Lord's Resistance Army insurgency, which was basically caused by the group. Uganda was able to evict the group, but it continues to terrorize the population in the other countries where it is active. In conjunction with the conflict, the group is also said to have committed several grave abuses of human rights.It has been accused of widespread human rights violations, including murder, abduction, mutilation, child-sex slavery and forcing children to participate in hostilities.

The group is led by Joseph Kony, who proclaims himself the spokesman of God and a spirit medium. Since 1987, Kony is believed to have recruited between 60,000 and 100,000 child soldiers and displaced around 2 million people throughout central Africa. The LRA is one of the foreign organizations designated as terrorist by the United States, and its leadership is wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

References

Rebel militia groups in Africa
New religious movements
1987 establishments in Africa
Uganda
Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Christian organizations
Christian terrorism
Michael Dukakis

Michael Stanley Dukakis (, born November 3, 1933) served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving Governor in Massachusetts and only the second Greek-American governor in United States history, after Spiro Agnew.

In 1988, he was the Democratic nominee for President, but lost to Republican then–Vice President, George H. W. Bush.

After the 1988 Election
Dukakis was mentioned as candidate for Massachusetts Senator for a possible interim successor to Ted Kennedy, after Kennedy's death but Governor Deval Patrick chose Paul G. Kirk, the other candidate and a favorite of the Kennedy Family.

In 2008, he talked about his defeat in an interview with Katie Couric, in which he said he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man, we never would have heard of the kid, and we wouldn't be in this mess."

References

Other websites
Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governors Biography 

Michael S. Dukakis  at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science
Michael Dukakis  at UCLA
The Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988) are in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
The Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990) are in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
Dukakis discusses presidential debates  as reported in the Harvard Law Record
Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's Morning Joe: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'

1933 births
Living people
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Governors of Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
1988 United States presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
Tangail District

Tangail () is a district in the central region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Jamalpur District

Jamalpur () is a district in the Dhaka Division of Bangladesh. It was originally established in 1869.

Districts of Bangladesh
Sherpur District

Sherpur () is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Kishoreganj District

Kishorganj () is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Netrokona District

Netrakona is a district in northeast Bangladesh. It is a part of the Mymensingh Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Saint Pancras Church, Ipswich

Saint Pancras is a Catholic church covering the town centre of Ipswich, England.

When it was built, the church was supposed to be used as the Catholic cathedral for the East of England.

References

Churches in England
Ipswich
Roman Catholic churches
Venus Consoling Love

Venus Consoling Love or The Bath of Venus is a painting by François Boucher. It is signed and dated 1751. It measures 107 x 84.8 cm (42 1/8 x 33 3/8 in.) It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. The painting once belonged to Mme de Pompadour. Boucher was Pompadour's favorite artist. The painting may have been intended for her apartment at Versailles or for her chateau at Bellevue.

She allegedly posed for the painting. It is more likely Venus was a product of Boucher's imagination. The technical dexterity evident in the painting is the principal charm of Rococo art.

"Boucher's success in communicating the charm and sensuality of the nude lies in his mastery of color and fluid brushstrokes ... The painting exemplifies the rococo love of asymmetric lines and sinuous curves, artfully arranged to seduce both the eye and the mind of the beholder."

References 

18th-century paintings
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
French paintings
Gilbert

Gilbert is a British Isles male given name. It means "the bright pledge" in Germanic. Many famous people have carried the name, including W. S. Gilbert. 

It was used on a powerful Atlantic hurricane that struck the Caribbean and Mexico in 1988.

In popular culture 
Gilbert is Caillou’s pet cat that appears in the popular television show Caillou.
Given names
Felicity

Felicity is an English female given name. It means "happiness". The name is derived from the Latin name Felicitas. Felicitas is the name for an Ancient Roman goddess. This female name was at 236 in popularity for girls around England and Wales. The name was 390th in popularity on girls in the United States for 1999. Felicity is a female form of the male name Felix. The name Felicity is the name of a character played by Keri Russell.

Given names
Stentor

Stentor is a genus of filter-feeding ciliates. They are usually horn-shaped, and reaching lengths of 2 millimeters, they are among the biggest known unicellular organisms.

They are a type of protist ciliate in the heterotrich class. The old-fashioned name for them was  trumpet animalcules.

The body is horn-shaped, with a ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" that sweeps in food and helps swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single celled organisms. As in many freshwater protozoans, Stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. They can regenerate, and small fragments can grow into full organisms. Each cell has one (often elongated) macronucleus and several micronuclei. Having two types of nuclei is charcteristic of ciliates.

Ciliates
Daming Sunusi

Muhammad Daming Sunusi (born in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, June 1, 1952) is a judge from Indonesia. He became controversial for his words "rape victims and perpetrators alike, enjoy" in the House of Representatives at the fit and proper test as a potential Supreme Court Justice.

References

Other websites
 Pengadilan Tinggi Palembang 

1952 births
Living people
Indonesian politicians
Judges
Japan Airlines

Japan Airlines () is an airline founded in 1951. Its headquarters are in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. The airline and four of its sub-airlines (J-Air, JAL Express, JALways, and Japan Transocean Air) are members of the Oneworld airline alliance. Japan Airlines currently goes to over 90 destinations.

History
Japan Airlines began on August 1, 1951. In 1954, it started international flights. It bought its first jet aircraft in 1968, the Douglas DC-8. Japan Air System merged with Japan Airlines in 2002. In 2007, it joined the Oneworld alliance. In January 2010, Japan Airlines declared bankruptcy.  British Airways and Qantas helped the airline pay off debts.  It finally rose from bankruptcy in April 2011.

Gallery

References

Other websites
JAL website

Airlines of Asia
Transport companies of Japan
1951 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
Panchagarh District

Panchagarh (, Ponchogorh) is a district in the far northern part of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Thakurgaon District

Thakurgaon () is a district in the north-western side of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division and borders India to the west.

Other websites 

Districts of Bangladesh
Nilphamari District

Nilphamari () is a district in northern bengal of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division.

Subdistricts

External link 

Districts of Bangladesh
Lalmonirhat District

Lalmonirhat () is a district on the northern border of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Kurigram District

Kurigram () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is in the Rangpur Division.

Other websites

Districts of Bangladesh
Gaibandha District

Gaibandha () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Skymark Airlines

Skymark Airlines or Sky is a low-cost Japanese airline founded in 1998. It is partly owned by the Japanese travel company H.I.S.

Other websites
Company site

Related pages
 All Nippon Airways
 Japan Airlines

Airlines of Asia
Transport companies of Japan
Low-cost airlines
1998 establishments in Japan
Claire

The name Claire is a female given name. It means clear in French. The popularity of the name in United Kingdom peaked in the 1970s and 1980s. Around 1997, the name fell out of the top 100 girls' names there. Many famous people have this name. One of them is the actress Claire Danes.

Given names
Yakushima

Yakushima is a World Heritage Site south of Kyushu in southern Japan.

Islands of Japan
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Chibi Maruko-chan

Chibi Maruko-chan (Little Maruko) is an anime broadcast on Sunday evenings in Japan. It is about a elementary school student and her family.

anime
Japanese literature

Japanese literature is literature written in the Japanese language. Early Japanese literature was a lot like Chinese literature because Japan and China had a lot of contact. Over time, Japanese literature became a new style that was different from Chinese literature.

Female authors 
Female authors were successful during the Heian period. When the Imperial Court became less powerful, female authors were less successful.

Related pages
Basho
The Tale of Genji
Yasunari Kawabata
Yukio Mishima
Shusaku Endo
Pillow book
Haiku
Kenzaburo Oe
Natsume Soseki
Shusaku Endo

Shūsaku Endō ( , 27 March 1923 – 29 September 1996) was a Japanese writer known mainly for his novels. Endō is categorised as one of the "Third Generation" writers, the third major group of writers who appeared after World War II.

1923 births
1996 deaths
Writers from Tokyo
The Oval (Belfast)

The Oval is a football ground in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is the home of Glentoran F.C.

Sources

Football stadiums in Northern Ireland
Belfast
Euglenozoa

The Euglenozoa are a large phylum of flagellate protists. 
They are part of the wastebasket taxon known as the Protozoa, which had many obviously different protists.

Euglenozoa include a variety of common free-living species, and some important parasites, of which a few infect humans. There are two main subgroups, the Euglenoidea "euglenids" and Kinetoplastea "kinetoplastids". Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 1540 µm in size, although some euglenids get up to 500 µm long.

Most Euglenozoa have two flagella, parallel to one another in a pocket-like structure. In some there is a cytostome or mouth, used to eat bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by a microtubule from the flagellar bases; two other tubules support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell.

Some other Euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids have chloroplasts and so get energy by photosynthesis. These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophylls A and C, and other pigments, so are probably evolved from those of a captured green alga.  Reproduction occurs only by cell division.  During mitosis, the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside it.

The group is characterized by the ultrastructure of the flagella. In addition to the normal supporting microtubules, each contains a rod (called paraxonemal), which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other.

Classification
The euglenozoa are generally accepted as monophyletic. They are related to Percolozoa; the two share mitochondria with disk-shaped compartments, which only occurs in a few other groups.
Both probably belong to a larger group of eukaryotes called the Excavata. This grouping has been challenged.

References 

Protista
Commodore 64

The Commodore 64 was a bestselling, 8-bit home computer from the 1980s. It was created by Commodore International, and it entered the market in 1982. Around 17 million units are believed to have been sold. The Commodore 64 is often credited with making personal computers popular amongst the masses. This quality sparked comparisons with the Ford Model T. The Commodore 64 was offered at relatively low prices, and was available in malls, department stores, and toy stores instead of solely in the shops of authorized dealers.

Other articles
Amiga
ZX Spectrum
BBC Micro
Atari XL

References

Commodore computers
Kinetoplastid

The kinetoplastids are a group of single-cell flagellate eukaryotes. They include a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals. There are also forms found in soil and aquatic environments. They are members of the phylum Euglenozoa. 

Their main distinguishing feature is the presence of a kinetoplast, a DNA-containing granule inside the single mitochondrion at the base of the cell's flagella (the basal body).

The kinetoplastids were first defined by Honigberg in 1961 as the flagellate order Kinetoplastida.  They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate Bodonidae and uniflagellate Trypanosomatidae. 

The Trypanosomatidae includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. Trypanosoma brucei causes Sleeping sickness; Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, Leishmania causes leishmaniasis, Crithidia is parasitic on insects, and  Cryptobia is an ectoparasite on the gills of fish.

Bodo is typical of the free-living Bodonids, and includes various species which feed on bacteria.

References 

Protista
Captain George K. H. Coussmaker

Captain George K. H. Coussmaker (1782) is an oil painting by Joshua Reynolds. Coussmaker was born in London in 1759 to Evert and Mary Coussmaker. He entered the military in 1776. He was promoted several times. He never saw active service. He retired in 1795. He married Catherine Southwell in 1790. They had two children, George and Sophia (later, the Baroness de Clifford). He died in 1801. 

Coussmaker sat for Reynolds 21 times and his horse 8 times between February 9 and April 16. Reynolds was paid 205 pounds. Another 10 guineas was paid for the frame. The portrait remained with Coussmaker and his descendants until 1884. It was then sold to William K. Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt bequeathed to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1920. Museum curators describe the picture as "an exceptionally fine work ... The composition is complex and the whole vigorously painted."

References 
The Met: Captain George K. H. Coussmaker

18th-century paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
British paintings
Paintings by Joshua Reynolds
1782
Pet Shop Boys

Pet Shop Boys are a British synthpop duo: Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe. They formed in London in 1981 after they met in an electronics shop. They have sold 50 million records and are the most successful British music duo of all time. They have won three Brit Awards. They have been nominated for seven Grammy Awards. In 1984 their first single "West End Girls" was released. It reached number one in the UK and US.

Studio albums 
 Please (1986)
 Actually (1987)
 Introspective (1988)
 Behaviour (1990)
 Very (1993)
 Bilingual (1996)
 Nightlife (1999)
 Release (2002)
 Fundamental (2006)
 Yes (2009)
 Elysium (2012)
 Electric (2013)
 Super (2016)
 Hotspot (2020)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1981 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
English pop music groups
LGBT-themed musical groups
Musical duos
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from London
New wave bands
Nicole

Nicole is a female given name of Greek origin. It means "victorious people". It is the French female version of the boy's name Nicholas. There are many variants for this female name. Famous persons going by the name include Nicole Sullivan and Nicole Kidman. The name is being used for tropical storms or hurricanes in Atlantic Basin.

Given names
The Dancing Class

The Dancing Class is an oil painting by Edgar Degas painted about 1870. It was the first of his ballet pictures. It depicts a dance class at the Paris Opéra. When he painted this picture, Degas did not yet have privileges to go backstage at the Opéra. In the late 1870s, Degas said, "I have done [painted] so many of these dance examinations without having seen them that I am a little ashamed of it."

Joséphine Gaujelin (or Gozelin) is the dancer in the center of the picture. She waits for the starting note from the ballet master. The watering can (to wet down the rosin on the floor), the top hat as music holder, and the empty violin case are props that Degas would continue to use in his ballet pictures. Degas would re-use the poses in this picture many times.

References 
 

1870s paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
French paintings
Diastereomer

Diastereomers (also called diastereoisomers) are stereoisomers which are not enantiomers. They are molecules which have the same atoms and bonds but different stereochemistry in at least one, but not all, of their chiral centres. Diastereomers can have very different properties even though they look similar. This is different from enantiomers, that have exactly the same properties except when in a chiral environment like the human body.

Every chiral centre in a molecule has two possible ways of putting the groups in space. With only one chiral centre, there are two enantiomers. With two chiral centres, you can form 4 different isomers. When all chiral centres are changed at the same time, two pairs of enantiomers are formed. When only one chiral centre is changed at a time, sets of diastereoisomers are formed. With more chiral centres the possibilities are many more.

Diastereoisomers which are different at only one of more chiral centres are called epimers. For example, D-Threose and D-Erythrose (see picture) are diastereomers because they are different at only one of two chiral centres. Because of this they can also be called epimers.

References 

Stereochemistry
Rate-determining step

The rate-determining step is the step for which the transition state has the highest energy. It is the slowest step within a chemical reaction. It can be thought of as the most difficult step to go through. It is also the step that must be used to calculate the activation energy.

Knowing which step is rate-determining is very important when studying a reaction mechanism. This is because if this step is changed the reaction can go much faster. This can be done for example by using a different reagent or changing the temperature or pressure. Changing the conditions for any other step of the mechanism will not change the overall speed of the reaction at all.

In the rate equation, which is an equation to calculate the speed of the reaction from the concentration of molecules, usually the only step that is important is the rate-determining one.

Chemical kinetics

ja:反応速度#律速段階
Japanese Footbridge

Japanese Footbridge is an oil painting by Claude Monet. It was painted in 1899. It measures 81.3 x 101.6 cm (32 x 40 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art. 

In 1893, Monet moved to a house in rural Giverny. In 1893 and the years following, he turned a swampy area at Giverny into a water lily pool. It became a source of artistic inspiration. 

In 1899 Monet painted 12 works that centered on the garden and the Japanese Footbridge he constructed. The National Gallery of Art writes: "When Monet exhibited these paintings at Durand–Ruel's gallery in 1900, a number of critics mentioned his debt to Japanese art. More telling, the impenetrable green enclosure—heightened in the National Gallery painting by the placement of the top of the bridge's arch just below the painting's top edge—harkens back to the hortus conclusus (closed garden) of medieval images, while also evoking a dreamlike contemplative zone consonant with symbolist literature, especially poems such as "Le Nénuphar blanc" by Stéphane Mallarmé. Gustave Geffroy described this effect in his review of the exhibition (Le Journal, November 26, 1900), speaking of "this minuscule pool where some mysterious corollas blossom," and "a calm pool, immobile, rigid, and deep like a mirror, upon which white water lilies blossom forth, a pool surrounded by soft and hanging greenery which reflects itself in it."

References 

Landscape paintings
1890s paintings
Paintings by Claude Monet
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
French paintings
Reproductions available in many sizes at Art Studio Gallery La Fayette
Water Lilies

Water Lilies (or Nymphéas, ) is a series of about 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings are of Monet's flower garden at Giverny. They were the main focus of Monet's work during the last thirty years of his life. Many of the works were painted while Monet suffered from cataracts. The paintings are on display in museums all over the world, including the Musée Marmottan Monet and the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Carnegie Museum of Art and the National Museum of Wales, among others.

As part of his extensive gardening plans at Giverny, Monet had a pond dug in his garden and planted with lilies in 1893. He painted the subject in 1899, and thereafter it dominated his art. He worked continuously for more than twenty years on a large-scale decorative series, attempting to capture every observation, impression, and reflection of the flowers and water. The series captures the blooms at different times of the day, and under different atmospheric conditions. After much hesitation, Monet exhibited a group of 48 water-lily paintings in 1909 at the Paris gallery of his art dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel. The series became an enormous financial, popular, and critical hit. By the mid-1910s, Monet had achieved a completely new, fluid, and somewhat audacious style of painting in which the water-lily pond became the point of departure for an almost abstract art.

Related pages
 Rouen Cathedral (Monet)

References

Other websites

 Water Lilies at the Portland Art Museum

Landscape paintings
Paintings by Claude Monet
1890s paintings
20th-century paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Piper Laurie

Piper Laurie (born January 22, 1932 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American actress. She played Catherine in the television series Twin Peaks. She acted in the movies Carrie and Children of a Lesser God. She has also acted in stage plays. She was married to movie critic Joe Morgenstern from 1962 until they divorced in 1982.

American movie actors
Actors from Michigan
1932 births
Living people
American television actors
Nighthawks

Nighthawks is an oil painting. It was painted by American realist painter Edward Hopper in 1942. The picture shows two people sitting in a diner late at night. It is Hopper's most famous work. It is one of the most recognizable paintings in American art. Within months of its completion, it was sold to the Art Institute of Chicago for $3,000. It hangs in the Institute.

1940s paintings
American paintings
1942 works
The Attentive Nurse

The Attentive Nurse is an oil painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It measures 46.2 x 37 cm (18 3/16 x 14 9/16 in.). It was painted in 1747. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. 

The National Gallery tells us that Chardin reveals dignity and beauty in everyday life. The woman is preparing an invalid's meal. Each object receives careful treatment from the artist. The table setting is a harmony of white tones: jug, tablecloth, egg, and plate. Every pot, each piece of crockery has been given distinct treatment. As Diderot wrote of Chardin, "it is not white, red, or black pigment that you mix on your palette, it is the very substance of objects."

Chardin's subjects were popular with all classes of society, including the aristocracy. The National Gallery writes, "Perhaps their appeal rested in their sense of order, of things in their proper place. Chardin anticipated the popularity of paintings of "sensibility," which increased from the 1740s on, telling a colleague that "one uses color, but one paints with sentiment."

References 
 

18th-century paintings
Paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
French paintings
1747
Broth

Broth or stock is a tasty soup. It is sometimes defined as the liquid part of soup. It can be made in boiling water by adding meat, fish or vegetables, and taking out the fat. It is sometimes used as an ingredient (or stuff) in recipes to make food taste better.

In Britain, a broth is a soup in which there are solid pieces of meat or fish, with some vegetables. It is usually made with a stock or plain water as its base, with meat or fish added while being brought to a boil, and vegetables added later. Broth is often made more substantial by adding rice, barley or pulses. Broth is distinct from stock, which is a thin liquid made by simmering raw ingredients until all the taste has been got, then sieving the resulting liquid. In Japan, other stuffs such as kelp, dried small sardines and katsuobushi are also used for Japanese dishes, too.

In the United States terms, broths are made from portions of meat, whereas stocks are made from vegetable scraps and bones.

Related pages 
Dashi

References 

Soups
Samuel Loomis

Dr. Samuel James "Sam" Loomis (March 13, 1922 – c. October 29th, 1998) is an fictional British character in the Halloween. He is the main good guy of Halloween, Halloween II, Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers, Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers and Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Donald Pleasence plays the character of Dr. Loomis in all five movies relating to Michael Michael Myers from parts 1-2 and from parts 4-6 (He and Michael did not appear in part 3). 

From all the Halloween franchise, he is thought to be as the archenemy to the series' central character and main villian, Michael Myers. Dr. Loomis does not appear in the other movies after part six, because his portrayer Donald Pleasence died before part six was released. Malcolm McDowell plays Dr. Loomis in the 2007 re-make, Halloween and in its sequel Halloween II.

His name Samuel Loomis is based on John Gavin's character name from Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 horror movie Psycho.

References
 

Fictional British people
Fictional characters introduced in 1978
Halloween (franchise)
Movie characters
The Swing (Fragonard, 1767-1768)

The Swing (1767-1768) is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted in 1767-1768. It measures 81 × 64 cm (31.9 × 25.2 in). The painting depicts a woman kicking off her shoe as she flies up in a swing. A young man gazes up her skirt while another man controls the swing with a rope. It hangs in the Wallace Collection, London.

 
18th-century paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
French paintings
Walmor Chagas

Walmor Chagas (August 28, 1930 – January 18, 2013) was a Brazilian actor. He was in over 50 movies since his career began in 1965. He is known for his roles in São Paulo, Sociedade Anônima, Xica da Silva, Sonho Meu, Esperança, Caminhos do Coração, and in A Favorita.

Chagas was born on August 28, 1930 in Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Chagas committed suicide by shooting himself in the head on January 18, 2013 in his home in Guaratinguetá, São Paulo, Brazil, aged 81.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2013 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
People from Rio Grande do Sul
Suicides by firearm
The Swing (Fragonard, 1775-1780)

The Swing is an oil painting by  Jean Fragonard. It was painted between 1775 and 1780. The picture measures 215.9 x 185.5 cm (85 x 73 1/16 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.

References 

18th-century paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
French paintings
Subaru Corporation

Subaru Corporation which used to be named Fuji Heavy Industries  is a Japanese manufacturing company that makes Subaru cars, aircraft for the Japanese Self Defence Force, engines, garbage trucks and wind turbines.

References

Other websites
The Company's website 

Companies of Japan
Subaru
1950s establishments in Japan
1953 establishments in Asia
The Copper Cistern

The Copper Cistern is an oil painting on oak by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It was painted in around 1735. It measures 28.5 cm x 23 cm (11.22 in x 9.06 in). It hangs in the Louvre. Chardin chose themes that were popular with all classes of 18th century Parisian society.

References
 

1730s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin
French paintings
1735
A Rage in Harlem

A Rage in Harlem is a 1991 movie starring Forest Whitaker, Danny Glover, Robin Givens and Gregory Hines. The movie is set around 1950s New York City. It was given an R rating by the MPAA. The movie was shot in Cincinnati.

1991 comedy movies
English-language movies
American comedy movies
American independent movies
The Cellar Boy

The Cellar Boy is an oil painting on canvas by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It was painted sometime between 1736 and 1738. It measures 46 cm x 38 cm (18.11 in x 14.96 in). It hangs in a private collection. Chardin chose themes that were popular with all classes of Parisian society.

References 
 

1730s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin
French paintings
1738
Ginza

Ginza  is an area of Central (Chuo) Tokyo ward, it is known for its expensive shops.

Related pages
Ginza Station
Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Tokyo
Soap Bubbles (painting)

Soap Bubbles is an oil painting on canvas by Jean-Baptiste-Simeon-Chardin. It was painted sometime between 1733 and 1735. It measures 93 cm x 74.5 cm (36.61 in x 29.33 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. Chardin chose homely subjects that proved popular with all classes of French society. He painted several pictures of boys playing.

The National Gallery of Art writes, "For the 18th–century viewer, bubbles were a form of entertainment. But they also were a symbol of the transience of life. The subject was popular; Chardin made at least three and probably four versions of this painting."

The National Gallery of Art continues: "Chardin has rigorously constructed his composition. The boys are framed by a rectangular stone window, the sharp rectangles offset by the hunched youth whose arms and head form a triangle. This triangular shape is echoed in the hat of the younger boy. The focus of the composition, however, is the circular, translucent bubble, which glistens against the warm brown tones of the canvas."

References
 
 

1730s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
French paintings
1735
The Happy Lovers

[[File:Happy Lovers.jpg|thumb|300px|The Happy Lovers]]The Happy Lovers'' is an oil painting on canvas by the French painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted sometime between 1760-1765. It measures . It hangs in the Norton Simon Museum.

References 
 

18th-century paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
French paintings
Lilacs and Roses

Lilacs and Roses is an oil painting on canvas by Édouard Manet. It was one of his late works, painted in 1883. It measures 54 × 45 cm. It is in a private collection. The painting is a development of the small vase of roses on the bar in Manet's The Bar at the Folies-Bergère. 

Many of Manet's later works offered a small still life in the lower left hand corner of the picture. The flowers present a "cross" shape that is broken by a diagonal line through the center.  The brushwork is exceptional. The picture is one of the masterpieces of Manet's later years.

References 
 

1880s paintings
Paintings by Édouard Manet
French paintings
End of the Lunch

End of the Lunch is an oil painting by Pierre Auguste Renoir. It was painted in 1879. François Mathey writes, "This picture, redolent with a warm, healthy, and vibrant sensuality was painted under the arbor of Oliver's restaurant in Montmartre." The people in the picture are Ellen Andrée, the artist's current model Marguerite, and the son of someone who owned a ship.

References  
 

1870s paintings
French paintings
Stoke Newington

Stoke Newington is an area of the London Borough of Hackney, northeast of central London.

Related pages
Stoke Newington railway station

Other websites
The Reservoirs Nature Society (TeRNS), Stoke Newington's wildlife group

London Borough of Hackney
Girl Most Likely

Girl Most Likely is a 2012 American comedy movie. It stars Kristen Wiig as Imogene, Annette Bening as Zelda, Natasha Lyonne as Allyson and Matt Dillon. This comedy deals with gambling troubles and suicide attempts. It got mixed to positive reviews from the critics.

2012 comedy movies
English-language movies
American comedy movies
American independent movies
RoboCop (2014 movie)

RoboCop (RoboCop 4) is a 2014 American action science fiction thriller movie. It stars Joel Kinnaman, Gary Oldman, Samuel L. Jackson, and Michael Keaton. RoboCop is a remake of the 1987 action picture by the same name. This action picture is set in 2028 Detroit and was shot there. It was released on February 12, 2014 by Columbia Pictures. It also follows RoboCop 2 (1990) and RoboCop 3 (1993).

Other websites

2014 action movies
2014 science fiction movies
2014 thriller movies
2010s action thriller movies
2010s movie remakes
American action thriller movies
American movie remakes
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Detroit, Michigan
Movies set in the future
RoboCop
Science fiction action movies
Drone movies
Dystopian movies
American superhero movies
Movies directed by José Padilha
Passiflora

Passiflora is also known as the passion flowers or passion vines. It is a genus of about 500 species of flowering plants. They are mainly vines, with some being shrubs, and a few species being herbaceous.  See passionfruit for information about the fruit of the passiflora plant.

The family Passifloraceae is characterized by a pantropical distribution. Passiflora is absent from Africa, which, instead, hosts many other members of its family  (e.g. the more plesiomorphic Adenia).

There are nine species of Passiflora native to the USA, from Ohio to the north, west to California and south to the Florida Keys. Most other species are found in South America, China, and Southern Asia, New Guinea, four or more species in Australia and an  endemic species in New Zealand.

Malpighiales
The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel

The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel is a 2011 British comedy-drama movie starring Judi Dench and Maggie Smith. It is based on the  novel These Foolish Things. John Madden is the director. This comedy-drama got very good reviews from critics. It was a box office hit. It made over $134 million worldwide.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

2011 comedy-drama movies
2010s LGBT movies
British comedy-drama movies
British LGBT movies
English-language movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
Movies set in Asia
Rajasthan
Amiga

The Amiga was a line of personal computers that Commodore International produced during the 1980s and early 1990s. The first Amiga computer, the Amiga 1000, possessed a HAM mode enabled the machine to display 4096 colors, a chip that enabled it to play back four channels of sound at once, an operating system with multitasking, and a graphical user interface at a time that these features were uncommon or not as developed as Amiga's. The Amiga is often said to have been ahead of its time. Although the Amiga did not sell well and Commodore went bankrupt, the Amiga developed a fandom and niche amongst video and graphics enthusiasts and gamers.

The Amiga was initially created by computer chip designer Jay Miner and Hi-Toro (later Amiga Corporation). In 1984, Commodore purchased Amiga Corporation. The first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, was released in 1985 after delays and marketing blunders. In 1994, Commodore declared bankruptcy.

References

Other websites

Amiga, by Joe Cassara, at urbandictionary.com
A history of the Amiga, by Jeremy Reimer, at arstechnica.com

Commodore computers
Rate equation

The rate equation (or rate law) is an equation used to calculate the speed of a chemical reaction. For a general reaction , the rate equation is: 

Here, [A] and [B] are the concentrations of A and B. x and y depend on which step is rate-determining. If the reaction mechanism is a very simple one, where A and B hit each other and then go to products through one transition state, then x=a and y=b. k is the rate constant of the reaction. This changes with temperature, pressure and other conditions. 

The rate equation is a differential equation. If it is integrated, then an equation which tells how the concentration of reagents and products changes with time is found.

In special cases, it is very easy to solve the equation and find k. For example, in a first-order reaction the equation is:

Integrating gives:

So, a plot of   against time t gives a straight line with a slope of .

Sometimes, experiments can be made so that the reaction looks like a first-order one. If the concentration of one reagent is kept at the same high value then it can be thought of as a constant. The equation becomes  where k' is the pseudo-first order rate constant. Then the method above can be used to calculate k'.

Reference 

Chemical kinetics
Human resources

Human resources is all the people working for a company or organization. Sometimes, human capital is used as well. This is because employees (the people that work) are a good thing for a business because they add value to it.

Examples are teachers, etc.

It is important that human resources in a company are the best possible, because it is the workers that can make the difference. There are many factors to think about when talking of human resources:
Demographics, which is things like the age and sex of the people. It is important that there are both new young people starting and old people with lots of knowledge around a business.
Diversity, so that all type of people are represented equally.
Skills and qualifications: it is important that only people with the right skills do a job. Otherwise, it will be a loss of time and money.

Human resources management is the group of people within a company that takes care of human resources. They make sure every employee is happy with what they are doing. They also do recruitment (finding new people for a job).

Business
Benjamin F. Stewart

Benjamin F. Stewart (born 1851) was a Private in the United States Army. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Indian Wars.

Biography
Benjamin Stewart was born in 1851 in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as a Private in Company E, 7th U.S. Infantry during the American Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor December 2, 1876 for his actions at Little Big Horn River Montana on July 9, 1876.

Medal of Honor
Rank and organization: Private, Company E, 7th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At Big Horn River, Mont., 9 July 1876. Entered service at: ------. Birth: Norfolk, Va. Date of issue: 2 December 1876.

Citation:

Carried dispatches to Gen. Crook at imminent risk of his life.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

References

Other websites

1851 births
Year of death unknown
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Virginia
Recruitment

Recruitment is the process of finding new people to do a job. For a company or organization, it is important to choose the right people from the beginning. This is because human resources are often a very important part of a business.

Recruitment has many different steps. First, the company needs to advertise that it has a job available. People then send an application. This usually includes a curriculum vitae, which is a summary of what a person has done until now in their life. The best applicants are selected and they come for an interview. This might also include some further tests or exercises to do. The person chosen is then given an offer of a job. Finally, they can choose to take it or not.

There are many ways of doing recruitment. Some companies go to consultants, who know where and how to find the best people. Universities and schools often have a group of people that tells the students about getting a job. At other times, a company might really want a person that is very good at a job but works for another company. They can then ask directly to this person, maybe offering more money. Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are also sometimes used by people looking for a job.

References 

Occupations
Juliana Paes

Juliana Couto Paes (born March 26, 1979) is a Brazilian actress and former model.

Born in Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Paes is of Black, Portuguese, Bolivian, indigenous Brazilian and Spanish descent. She is the oldest child of Regina and Carlos Henrique Paes. She has three siblings: Mariana, Rosana, and Carlos Henrique Jr.

Career

Television 
 2012 - Gabriela....Gabriela
 2011 - O Astro ....Nina 
 2009 - Caminho das Índias ....Maya Meetha
 2008 - A Favorita ....Maíra Carvalho
 2007 - Duas Caras ....Herself
 2006 - Pé na Jaca ....Gui (Guinevere Ataliba dos Santos)
 2005 - América ....Creusa
 2003 - Celebridade ....Jaqueline Joy
 2001 - O Clone ....Karla
 2000 - Laços de Família ....Ritinha

References

Other websites 

1979 births
Living people
Brazilian actors
People from Rio de Janeiro