cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Boards of Canada

Boards of Canada (commonly abbreviated BoC) are a Scottish electronic music duo of two brothers Mike Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin (born July 21, 1971). They are signed with Warp Records and have released several works on that label with little advertising and few interviews, while also having a secret, privately released back-catalogue of albums on their self-run Music70 label. They have also recorded four tracks under the alias Hell Interface.

Musical style
Boards of Canada's music is part like the warm, analog sounds of 1970s media and contains themes of childhood, nostalgia and the natural world. Mike and Marcus have mentioned the documentary movies of the National movie Board of Canada, from which the group's name is derived, as a source of inspiration.

History

Early years (1986–1995)
Growing up in a musical family, brothers Mike and Marcus Eoin began playing instruments at a young age.  They experimented with recording uses at around the age of 10, using tape machines to layer cut-up samples of found sounds over compositions of their own. In their teens they went in a number of amateur bands; however, it was not until 1986 when Marcus was invited to Mike's band that Boards of Canada was born. By 1989, the band had gone down just to Sandison and Eoin. In the early 1990s, a number of collaborations took place and the band put on small shows among the "Hexagon Sun" collective.

In early 2000, the website for the band, Music70.com, removed the early discography of Boards of Canada, although some information has been preserved by fans. Early tape releases by Boards of Canada include Play By Numbers, Acid Memories, Hooper Bay, and the earliest known release by the band is titled Catalog 3. None of the material from those days is readily available, and since official Boards of Canada sources deny the existence of these albums, there seems to be little chance for this early material ever to be seen publicly.

References

Scottish musical groups
Musical groups established in 1986
1986 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Jon Cryer

Jonathan Niven "Jon" Cryer (born April 16, 1965 in New York City, New York) is an American actor, screenwriter and film producer. He is the son of David Cryer (born 1936) and Gretchen Cryer (née Kiger, born 1935). He played Alan Harper in the sitcom Two and a Half Men from 2003-2015. He has won an Emmy Award and has three Emmy nominations for Two and A Half Men.

Cryer went to London to study acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.

Film and television credits

Other websites

References

1965 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winners
Movie producers from New York City
Owl City

Owl City is an American pop music project by Adam Young.

He had a hit with a song called Fireflies in 2010. It was the number one song in United States of America  for two weeks.  He has written several songs, including Vanilla Twilight. In 2012 he had a hit song with Carly Rae Jepsen, called Good Time.

Band members
Current members
 Adam Young – lead vocals, programming, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, guitars, bass guitar, drums, percussion, vibraphone
Current touring members
While Young writes, composes, records, and produces all of Owl City's music (not including The Midsummer Station, which was mostly written by other people), during live performances he is accompanied by a group of supporting musicians:
 Breanne Düren – keyboards, backing vocals 
 Jasper Nephew - Guitar, Synth
 Gabriel Hagen - Drums

Discography
Extended Plays
Of June (2007)
Shooting Star (2012)
 The Midsummer Station Acoustic (2013)
Studio albums
Maybe I'm Dreaming (2008)
Ocean Eyes (2009)
All Things Bright and Beautiful (2011)
The Midsummer Station (2012)
Mobile Orchestra (2015)

References

2000s in music
William Bateson

William Bateson (Yorkshire, 8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was a British zoologist, a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge University. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel, after their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

Career 

Bateson became famous as a mutationist who believed evolution took place by jumps. Later, Ronald Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane showed that discrete mutations were compatible with gradual evolution: see the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Bateson was the first to suggest the word "genetics" to describe the study of inheritance, in a letter to Adam Sedgwick, dated April 18, 1905. Bateson first used the term "genetics" publicly at the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906. Although this was three years before Wilhelm Johannsen used the word "gene" to describe the units of hereditary information, De Vries had introduced the word "pangene" for the same concept already in 1889 and etymologically the word genetics finds its origin in Darwin's concept of pangenesis.

Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett, and he and Punnett founded the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent traits. So important from 1900 to 1910, he was almost a bystander for the next ten years because he refused to accept the role chromosomes played in genetics. At last, in 1921, a visit to T.H. Morgan's fly lab convinced him, but by then he could no longer recover his influence.

References 

1861 births
1926 deaths
British zoologists
English geneticists
English science writers
Beretta 92

A Beretta 92 is a pistol and is one of the most famous pistols of the Italian company Beretta. It fires 9x19mm cartridges and it can hold 15 of them. It is the standard side-arm of many police and military units and the United States Army. In the US Army, the pistol got the name M9.

After the US military ended its ban on foreign-made weapons, its allies in NATO pressured the US to adopt a 9mm handgun to replace the M1911 because NATO has a rule that all NATO countries must use weapons with the same kinds of ammunition.

Pistols
Law enforcement equipment
Ice Climbers

The Ice Climbers are a series of video games produced and developed by Nintendo. The series is about Popo and Nana, also known as the Ice Climbers. The games were first produced in 1985. The plot of the game was to get stolen vegetables back from a giant condor on 32 ice-covered mountains. Popo and Nana have also appeared in the Super Smash Bros. series.

Video game series
Nintendo video games
Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram

Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram or Wat Phra Kaew, the "Temple of the Emerald Buddha", is one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in Thailand. It is in the grounds of the Grand Palace. It is the only temple in Bangkok that does not have monks. This temple is famous for the statue of Buddha, which is really made from jade, not emerald. The king of Thailand is the only person allowed to go near the Emerald Buddha. The king changes the clothes on the Buddha three times every year. In summer the Buddha is dressed in a crown and jewelry; in winter he wears a golden shawl, and  in the rainy months he wears a gold robe and headdress. 

The temple was started in 2325 B.E. during the reign of King Rama I and finished in 2327 B.E. The temple was built to hold the Buddha statue which is believed to have been made in Thailand in the 14th century. Captured by the Cambodians in 1552, the statue was kept in Laos for 214 years until King Rama I recaptured it. He brought it with him when he moved his capital to Bangkok in 1784. The design of this temple was copied from Wat Phrasrisanphet in the Ayudhaya period. Because Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram is important, it is renovated every 50 years.

References

Buddhist temples in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Establishments in Thailand
1784 establishments in Asia
Colossal squid

The colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, is the biggest squid in the world, 9–10 metres (30–33 feet) long.

The colossal squid is bigger than a giant squid. Its body is reddish brown and it lives up to 2000m below the surface of the Southern Ocean. It is the main food eaten by sperm whales. The colossal squid has ammonium chloride in its body, so it tastes bad for humans.

It is believed to feed on prey such as chaetognatha, large fish like the Patagonian toothfish and other squid in the deep ocean using bioluminescence.

The colossal squid is thought to have a slow metabolic rate, requiring only around 30 g of prey daily. Estimates of its energetic demands suggest that it is a slow-moving ambush predator, using its large eyes primarily for predator detection rather than active hunting.

The eye is 27 cm (10.63 in) wide, with a lens 12 cm across. This is the largest eye of any known animal. These measurements are of the partly collapsed specimen: when living the eye was probably 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across.

The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is displaying this specimen in an exhibition which opened in 2008. A website on the squid specimen is also available.

References 

Cephalopods
James Morrison

James Morrison, born November 11, 1962, is famous Australian jazz musician. He has played with people such as B. B. King and Ray Charles. 

He was born Boorowa, New South Wales. He started playing trumpet at the age seven. He also plays trombone, euphonium, flugel horn, tuba, saxophones, and piano. In 1979, aged 16, he performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, and graduated from the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music the next year. He was given the Mo Award, for the Australian Performer of the Year in 1990. In 2000 he played the opening fanfare for the Sydney Olympic Games.

References

Other websites 
 James Morrison's official website 

1962 births
Living people
Jazz musicians
Musicians from New South Wales
Trumpeters
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!

I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here! is a television show like Big Brother where a group of celebrities get together as they sky dive down to the jungle. For a few weeks, they have to cope with jungle creatures such as snakes, spiders, cockroaches and more. The UK version of the show takes place in Queensland, Australia and airs every November-December on ITV1 in the UK. The presenters are Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly.

Bushtucker trial
Evey day, someone has to do a task known as a "bush trucker trial". The public has to vote on which celebrity has to do it apart from in the first two or three days. Sometimes, near the end of the series the celebrities decide who participates in the trail. To make the trials more challenging, they put some creepy crawlies with them. All trials have stars, and they earn stars for meals back at the camp.

Cut scenes
Like Big Brother, the show has a lot of cut scenes. One of them has a spider which catches a bug and spins it around and makes an amusing sound.

References

Other websites

2002 British television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
Reality television competitions
English-language television programs
Crossing over

Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination. It occurs during meiosis.

Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes. The effect is to assort (shuffle) the alleles on parental chromosomes, so that the gametes carry combinations of genes different from either parent. This has the overall effect of increasing the variety of phenotypes present in a population.

The process can be seen directly in stained cells, and indirectly if there are genetic markers or not on the chromosomes. The visible crossovers are called chiasma (plural: chiasmata), which is Greek for a cross. F. A. Janssens was the first to suggest what chiasmata meant.

The large-scale effect of crossing over is to spread variation through a population. This is the main result of sexual reproduction compared to non-sexual modes of reproduction.

The main advantage to the parents is the greater variety in their offspring. This, it is thought, increases the chance that some of the offspring will survive and reproduce. This has been the subject of much investigation and discussion.

References 

Chromosomes
Chromatid

Chromatids are the daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome which are joined by a single centromere. When the centromere divides, the chromatids become separate chromosomes.

Each of the two daughter chromatids contains the same DNA and chromatin protein as its original chromosome. But in meiosis, crossing over (exchanges) take place between two of the non-sister chromatids. This has profound consequences: it produces genetic recombination, and increases the variability of gametes.

Reference 

Chromosomes
Wat Pho

Wat Pho (more fully Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram) is the "Temple of the Reclining Buddha". It is the one of the most important Buddhist temples in Thailand. With 99 pagodas, this temple has the most pagodas in Thailand. It is the largest and oldest Buddhist temple in Bangkok, and home of Thailand's largest Buddha. It is the temple where the art of Thai massage was developed.

The important pagodas are the pagodas of King Rama I, King Rama II and King Rama IV. This temple was rebuilt from the old Wat Photaram from the Ayudhaya period by King Rama I in 1788. It took seven years and five months and 18 days to finish. King Rama I changed the name from “Photaram” to “Phracheatupon Vimonmungkrawat”. King Rama III (1824—1851) did a lot of repairs to the building. King Rama IV renamed this temple "Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram". Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram is a popular place for tourists.

The "Reclining Buddha" (Phra Buddhasaiyas) is  long and  high. It was made during Rama III's work on the temple. His body is covered in gold, his eyes and feet have mother-of-pearl decorations. The bottom of his feet have 108 scenes made from the shells on them in both Chinese and Indian style.

References

Buddhist temples in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Habbo

Habbo, or Habbo Hotel, is a virtual game on the Internet which is for teenagers. It is played by lots of people at once so is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game. The chain of websites is owned by the Sulake Corporation and has been online since 2000. Habbo has services in many countries and have over 10 million unique visitors every month.

About 
Habbo is a popular online community for teens to chat with each other, and establish their own creative world. This site was founded and launched in Finland, the main location in the gaming system is known as a hotel lobby.

Habbo money is known as a “credit” which was be purchased in numerous ways, and in different currencies from other countries and can be paid for using a credit card, or registering with a mobile phone.

This gaming site became popular in a few international countries, not online including the United States but also in the UK, Finland, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, Italy and Sweden.

References

Other websites 
 

Online games
Kay Jewelers

Kay is an American jewelry company that is all around the world. Its slogan is, "Every kiss begins with Kay". The tag line was written in 1997 by a Senior Art Director named Randall Herrera working for an agency called Stern Advertising in Pepperpike Ohio. It was one of several lines offered up to Kay Jewelers and is still going strong to this day.

Its headquarters are in Akron, Ohio.

References

Jewelry
Companies based in Ohio
Akron, Ohio
Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard GCB OM GCVO DSO (3 February 1873 – 10 February 1956) was a British Army officer who commanded the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) from August 1915 to January 1918. The RFC was followed by the Royal Air Force (RAF), which was founded in March 1918.

Trenchard, who learnt to fly in 1912, eventually became Chief of the Air Staff in 1919. In that position he reorganised the Air Ministry, and laid the foundations of the Royal Air Force.

Trenchard was Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police from 1931 to 1935. The Commissioner is the highest ranking police officer in the United Kingdom, despite the fact that his authority is generally confined to Greater London.

Career 
As a boy Trenchard found learning difficult. He failed many tests and only just got into the British Army as an officer. Trenchard first went to India with the Army and he then asked to go to South Africa because he wanted to fight in the Boer War. During the fighting, Trenchard was shot in the chest and became unable to walk properly because of damage to his back. He returned to England where a doctor told him to go to Switzerland because the air was better than in England. Trenchard became bored and started to bobsleigh. After crashing on a fast bend, Trenchard was able to walk properly - because his back was fixed. After his health got better still, Trenchard returned to the war in South Africa.

In 1912, Trenchard learned to fly and joined the Royal Flying Corps. He became the second most important man at the Central Flying School in England and had several important jobs in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Trenchard was the man in charge of the Royal Flying Corps in France from 1915 to 1917. In 1918, he was the first man in charge of the Royal Air Force for a short time. He then went back to France to take over the Royal Air Force bombing attacks on Germany. Winston Churchill put him back in charge of the Royal Air Force in 1919. Over the next 10 years, Trenchard started Air Force training bases and made sure that it was used to enforce the law in parts of the British Empire. In the 1930s Trenchard was in charge of the London's police force (the Metropolitan Police) and as an older man he argued for keeping a big RAF. In modern times, some people say that Trenchard was one of the first people to argue for strategic bombing.

References

Other websites

 Air of authority - a history of RAF organisation - Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton
 USAF Association Magazine - Trenchard at the creation 
 First World War.com - Who's Who: Hugh Trenchard
 History learning site - Hugh Trenchard
 British Ministry of Defence - Trenchard: father of the RAF 

British military people
Royal Air Force
Order of Merit
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
British aviators
Danaus (genus)

Danaus is a genus of butterflies.  Danaus is in the family Nymphalidae.  Species in this genus are commonly known as Tigers or Monarchs.

Species
 Danaus affinis Fabricius, 1775 - Malay Tiger
 Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758 Plain Tiger
 Danaus cleophile Godart, 1819 - Jamaican Monarch
 Danaus eresimus Cramer, 1777 - Soldier
 Danaus erippus Cramer, 1775 - Southern Monarch
 Danaus genutia Cramer, 1779 - Common Tiger
 Danaus gilippus Cramer, 1775 - Queen
 Danaus ismare Cramer, 1780 - Ismare Tiger
 Danaus melanippus Cramer, 1777 - White Tiger
 Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, 1758 - Monarch.

Other websites

Danaus at www.funet.fi
Harold Lloyd

Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr. (April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) was an American actor and producer. Along with Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton, Lloyd is remembered as one of the most popular and influential comedians of the silent movie years.

Harold Lloyd made nearly 200 movies. Many were without sound but later movies had sound.

His movies usually had "thrill" sections where Lloyd would be in fast chases and performed his own stunts. Lloyd did these dangerous stunts himself even though a movie accident had caused the loss of his right thumb and index finger.

Although Lloyd's movies were not as commercially successful as Chaplin's, Lloyd made a lot more money than Chaplin during their movie years. ($15.7 million to Chaplin's $10.5 million).

Lloyd died of prostate cancer.

1893 births
1971 deaths
Actors from Nebraska
American movie actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from prostate cancer
Marc-Antoine Charpentier

Marc-Antoine Charpentier (born near Paris,  1643; died  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 24 February 1704) was a French composer.  He lived in the period known as the Baroque period.  His most famous music is his  Te Deum.  This work begins with a prelude which today is extremely popular.  It was the signature tune for the European Broadcasting Union where it was used to introduce programmes such as the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest.  It is often used as a voluntary for weddings.

Life
We do not know much for certain about his early life.  He went to Italy where he learned a lot by studying the music of Italian composers.  He studied with the composer Giacomo Carissimi for several years.

When he returned to France he got a job as musician to the Duchess of Guise who was a rich lady who employed several musicians.  He worked for her for many years, both as a singer  (he had a high tenor voice known in French as an “haute-contre”), and as a composer.  When the great playwright Molière stopped working with Lully he asked Charpentier to work with him.  He wrote music for several plays by Molière including Le malade imaginaire. After Molière's died in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for other playwrights such as Thomas Corneille and Jean Donneau de Visé.  He often used more musicians than he was allowed (only Lully, the king’s composer, was allowed to use lots of musicians for his performances).  In the end Charpentier stopped writing music for plays.

In 1679, Charpentier was invited to compose for the king’s son, the Dauphin.  The Dauphin had a private chapel and Charpentier wrote religious music for him.  In 1683 he was given a royal pension.  In April of that year he became very ill and could not work for a time.

From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier was maître de musique to the Jesuits, Soon he stopped composing big works such as oratorios and concentrated on smaller works for church worship which were sometimes played by a large number of players.  He also was music teacher to the Duke of Chartres.

In 1698 he was made maître de musique at the  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.  This was one of the top musical jobs in France (the only better job in sacred music in France was director of the royal chapel at Versailles).  He kept this job until his death in 1704.  After his death nearly all the works he wrote for the Chapel were destroyed.  This was the usual procedure when a maître de musique died.   His famous Mass Assumpta Est Maria has survived.  Perhaps that is because it was not composed for the Chapel.

His music
Charpentier’s compositions include oratorios, masses, operas, and many smaller works.  He also wrote a lot of music for plays.   Many of his smaller works for one or two voices and instruments he called air sérieux or air à boire if they are in French, but cantata if they are in Italian.

Bibliography
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1643 births
1704 deaths
French composers
Baroque composers
Andris Nelsons

Andris Nelsons (born November 18 1978) is a Latvian conductor.  He is particularly known as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.

Life

Nelsons was born in Riga, Latvia. His parents were both musicians.  His mother started the first early music group in Latvia.  His father plays the cello and conducts choirs.

Nelsons learned to play the trumpet.  He played the trumpet with the Latvian National Opera. He had always wanted to be a conductor.  The conductor Mariss Jansons taught him to become a good conductor.  In 2003 Nelsons became principal conductor of the Latvian National Opera.  He stayed with them for five years.  In 2006, he became chief conductor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie of Herford, Germany, for three years.

1978 births
Living people
People from Riga
Latvian writers
Latvian conductors
FourCC

FourCC (Four Character Code, 4CC) is identifier of length of four bytes used to identify type of data format (e.g. video codec used in AVI multimedia container).

The same video format can be (in dependency to used codec) denoted by several different FourCC codes. Even there is no exception to the rule to use more FourCC codes for that format by same codec. For example, some different DivX codec versions denote MPEG-4 ASP format by DIVX and DX50 codes. Therefore, selection of this code depends on used codec and thus on used multimedia framework.

Other websites 
 FourCC.org – FourCC codes for video codecs and uncompressed formats

Computer file formats
Fred Penner

Frederick Ralph Cornelius Penner, CM (born November 6, 1946) is a Canadian TV host who is famous as a children's entertainer. Penner does concerts and lectures across North America. From 1985 to 1997 he had his own television show called "Fred Penner's Place." It was shown on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television network. It was co-produced and shown on Nickelodeon in 1989 and 1990.

Fred Penner was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He began writing songs when he was only four years old. He taught himself how to play guitar. He learned that he could use his music to communicate and educate his sister who had Down Syndrome.

After he graduated from university he worked with mentally and physically challenged children by using music to comfort and entertain them. Penner recorded an album of the music he used to educate his mentally challenged students. The album was called "The Cat Came Back." He also recorded a song of the same name which became a very famous children's song. 

He sang The Cat Came back on the popular children's TV show "Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show" in 1984. The following year the CBC network gave Penner his own TV show.

In 1991 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He was given this honour for his years of "using music and song to entertain and educate his young audience".

Notes

Other websites
 Fred Penner's Official Site

1946 births
Canadian guitarists
Living people
People from Winnipeg
Frasin

Frasin is a town in Suceava County, Romania.  The Suceava River is 2 nautical miles to the northwest of Frasin, and Vama is 3.5 nautical miles west of Frasin.

References

Towns in Suceava County
MyWikiBiz

MyWikiBiz is a wiki directory that lets people write about themselves. It began as a service creating Wikipedia articles for paying corporations. The site was founded by Gregory Kohs, a market researcher.

Gregory Kohs and his sister started the MyWikiBiz venture in Pennsylvania in July 2006, first as a paid editing service, writing content for Wikipedia and other  sites.  The legitimacy of the idea was supported by the English Wikipedia’s Reward Board, where interested parties would offer cash rewards or gifts to create or improve Wikipedia articles.

References

Other websites 
MyWikiBiz

Wikis
Topiary

Topiary is the art of creating sculptures by clipping trees and bushes (shrubs). The shrubs used in topiary are evergreen, have small leaves, and produce dense foliage. Common plants used in topiary include bay laurel, holly bushes, myrtle and privet hedges. Shaped wire cages are sometimes used in modern topiary but traditional topiary depends on using special scissors with patience and a steady hand. Notably, the Samban-Lei Sekpil is the tallest topiary plant in the world.

History
The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener. A friend of Julius Caesar introduced Rome to the topiary. In Japan and China they have “cloud pruning” where they cut bushes into the shapes of clouds and “Karikomi”, where they cut large shrubs into curved shapes and objects. Bonsai is a form of topiary. During the 16th century in Europe typical traditional topiary included geometric shapes: balls, pyramids, cones, and spirals. In the 20th century Walt Disney used topiaries in the form of his cartoon characters to decorate his theme parks.

References

Gardening
Aldwych tramway station

Aldwych tramway station was a tram stop that was underneath Kingsway. The tramway station should not to be confused with Aldwych tube station. The stop is part of the Kingsway tramway subway.

Services running from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services from Highbury & Islington station to Tower Bridge and Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed on 6 April 1952.

The Strand Underpass, which opened in 1964, comes to surface level part way through the former location of the Aldwych tramway station. No sign of the former station is visible on the surface or from the road tunnel however.

References

Other websites
Includes an illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003 
LCC Tramways 1914 Map showing routes south of Aldwych station

Transport architecture in London
Trams in London
1969–70 NHL season

The 1969–70 NHL season was the 53rd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Twelve teams each played 76 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the St. Louis Blues four games to none in the final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1969 in North America
1970 in North America
1970–71 NHL season

The 1970–71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Fourteen teams each played 78 games. The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Chicago Black Hawks in seven games in the final series. The Buffalo Sabres and the Vancouver Canucks made their NHL debuts this season.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1970 in North America
1971
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I  (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions. With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France. He was the father of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France.

Biography 

He married Maria Theresa of Austria for love. with the input of the Prince of Craon. They had sixteen children who are named here:

Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1737-1740).
Archduchess Maria Anna (1738-1789).
Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741).
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790)
Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808).
Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761).
Archduchess Maria Amalia (1746-1804)
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747-1792)
Archduchess Maria Caroline (stillborn 1748).
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762).
Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767).
Queen Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily (1752-1814)
Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755-1793)
Archduke Maximilian Francis (1756-1801)

Titles and styles
 8 December 1708 - 4 June 1723: His Highness Prince Francis Stephan of Lorraine
 4 June 1723 - 27 March 1729: His Highness The Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
 27 March 1729 - 12 July 1737: His Royal Highness The Duke of Lorraine
 12 July 1737 - 20 January 1745: His Royal Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
 20 January 1745 - 18 August 1765: His Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman Emperor

References

Holy Roman Emperors
Habsburg Dynasty
1708 births
1765 deaths
House of Lorraine
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis 2
Alexander Selkirk

Alexander Selkirk, (1676 - 13th December 1721) also known as Alexander Selcraig, was a Scottish sailor. He became famous for his amazing story of survival and is likely to have inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book Robinson Crusoe.

He was on an expedition when the captain of the ship, Captain Stradling, left him on an island off the coast of Chile. Selkirk's job on board was the navigator. He controlled where the ship needed to go and where it was at that point in time. He had an important job. He tried to warn the captain about certain repairs that were needed but the captain ignored Selkirk and carried on sailing. Selkirk knew the ship was to drown at any given moment and tried to demand the repairs were taken care of but nobody listened. They had stopped at an island to restock fresh water and supplies. Selkirk said he would rather stay on the island than continue to ride on a dangerous, leaky ship. So there he was left. He had last minute second thoughts and tried to get back onto the ship but Stradling refused. Selkirk was marooned on that island for about four years and had to rely on himself and his skills for survival.

At the time of his rescue, he had been gone for about four years. He was very familiar with crafting things himself out of resources on the islands and having to use his survival skills. He heard noises and when he went to find out what it was, he saw ships on the horizon. He didn't know if they were on his side or enemies but he knew he had to try. He got their attention and so they sailed over to his island. Once they had beached on the shore, Selkirk came out from the bushes with his hands up. It turned out they were English and on his side. They let him aboard their ship and they were at sea for another year, stopping off at a few places, before returning to England.

When he returned, his story was written down by a person in his town and has been made into a slightly different version by Daniel Defoe who named it Robinson Crusoe. 'Robinson Crusoe' has been rewritten many times by lots of different people. There were some differences like how Crusoe was stranded for over twenty years and Selkirk, four. Even though this story was based off Selkirk, the exact island he was deserted on was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island after previously being called Juan Fernández Island.

The book is a major piece of literature which is important in the history of English and the beginning of the popularity of novels.

1676 births
1721 deaths
Sailors
Scottish people
Robert Gould Shaw

Robert Gould Shaw (October 10, 1837 in Boston, Massachusetts – July 18, 1863 in Morris Island, South Carolina) was a colonel during the American Civil War. He led the all African American 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.

Shaw died leading his troops attacking Fort Wagner in 1863, aged 25.

References

1837 births
1863 deaths
Colonels
Military people killed in action
Military personnel of the American Civil War
People from Boston, Massachusetts
Robinson Crusoe Island

Robinson Crusoe Island is the largest of three islands in the Juan Fernández archipelago, belonging to Chile. The island is also known as Isla Más a Tierra or Aguas Buenas. More than 800 people live on the island, which is  from the coast of South America. In 1966, Chile renamed it Robinson Crusoe Island, because Alexander Selkirk had spent about four years alone there. Selkirk may have been the person who inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book Robinson Crusoe.

Pacific islands
Islands of Chile
Biosphere reserves
Buster Keaton

Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton VI (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor and movie director. He is most famous for his silent films which showed his skill at physical comedy.

The magazine Entertainment Weekly listed Keaton at number seven on their list of "The Greatest Directors of All Time." And in 1999 the American Film Institute placed Keaton at 21 on their list of "The Greatest Male Actors of All Time."

Famous movie critic Roger Ebert wrote that Keaton's "extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, he worked without interruption on a series of movies that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies."

In a 2002 worldwide poll by "Sight & Sound" Keaton's 1927 movie titled "The General" was number 15 on their "Best movies of All Time" list. Three other Keaton movies were also added to the magazine's survey.

Notes

Other websites 

Buster Keaton Museum
Buster Keaton in Five Easy Clips 

1895 births
1966 deaths
Actors from Kansas
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American silent movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
Russian roulette

Russian roulette is a deadly game played with a revolver. In the game, there is only one bullet in one of the six cylinder slots of the revolver. The person then closes the cylinder, spins it, places it against their head or sometimes inside their mouth and pulls the trigger. The person therefore has a one-in-six chance of killing themselves.

It is done either for bravado, boredom, suicide or other reasons. It sometimes used in fiction as part of interrogations, where the interrogator asks the suspect if he wants to play a game of Russian roulette and palms the bullet.

Related pages 
 Roulette

Games
Nude beach

A nude beach is a place where people can swim, without having clothes on. There are many nude beaches found around the world.

For example, there is a public nude beach called Haulover Beach near Miami, Florida. There is a public nude park usually called Hippie Hollow Park (but officially called McGregor Park) on a lake near Austin, Texas. There is an admission charge and children are not allowed. There are several nude beaches in California. People are nude at one end of a public nude beach called Crystal Crescent Beach near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. There is a public nude beach called Hanlan's Point Beach on an island near downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. There is a public nude beach called Wreck Beach in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  There is a public nude beach close to New York City called Gunnison in Sandy Hook, New Jersey.

There are many nude beaches in Europe and Australia.

References

Beaches
Nudity
Undercroft

An undercroft is traditionally a cellar or storage room, often brick-lined and vaulted, and used for storage in buildings since medieval times.

References 

Rooms
Buddha Bar

Buddha Bar is a Parisian bar and restaurant. It is in Boissy-d'Anglas street, in the 8th district of Paris, famous for its atmosphere. The franchise has expanded with similarly themed Buddha Bar venues in Prague, Kyiv and London, among others.

October 2012 saw the launch of Buddha-Bar London and Parisians,  Tarja Visan has brought her expertise across the channel and into the heart of Knightsbridge.
 
Buddha-Bar London aims to push culinary boundaries and the menu blends Far Eastern cuisine with Western tastes and influences. Chinese, Japanese, Thai and other Eastern flavours are stylishly entwined to spearhead a new-wave Pacific Rim cuisine. Dishes created especially for London include Venison Tataki, Smoked Duck and Foie Gras Gyoza, Dragon Scallop and Pan-fried Seabass with Shiso Butter.

References

Other websites
Buddha Bar website

European restaurants
Buildings and structures in Paris
Edwards syndrome

Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome is a trisomy. It is a genetic disorder. People with trisomy 18 have three copies of chromosome 18. "Normal" people have two copies of the chromosome. It is named after John H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960. It is the second most common autosomal trisomy, after Down Syndrome, that carries to term.  

It is estimated that about  one in 3,000 live births are affected.  The incidence increases as the mother's age increases.  The syndrome has a very low rate of survival. People with Edwards syndrome often have heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders.  

About 95% of the babies with Edwards syndrome die before they are born. About half of all babies born with the condition will reach two months of age, and only 5-10% will survive for a year.  The median life span is five to fifteen days. One percent of children born with this syndrome live to age ten, typically in cases of the less severe mosaic Edwards syndrome.

References 

Trisomies
Thames Embankment

The Thames Embankment is a major feat of 19th century civil engineering. It reclaimed marshy land next to the River Thames in central London.

Overview 
The Embankment now runs on the northern side of the river from Parliament in Westminster to the City of London. It is a continuous four-lane road (mostly a double carriageway). It connects with all the bridges along the route from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars Bridge.

It was built in two parts, the Victoria and the Chelsea Embankment, but it is now unified. Londoners regard it as a single road, the Embankment. There is a much smaller road on the south side of the river, called the Albert Embankment.

References 

Roads in London
Embankment
City of London
City of Westminster
London Transport Executive

The London Transport Executive (LTE) was the organisation responsible for public transport in the Greater London area, England, United Kingdom, between 1948-1963. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organization was London Transport.

1948 establishments in Europe
1962 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in England
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Intermodal transport authorities
1940s establishments in England
The Strand

The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London. It links the City of London with the centre of London at Charing Cross and Trafalgar Square. The Strand is the southern boundary of the Covent Garden district. Covent Garden is the space once occupied by a famous fruit and vegetable market, and is now a huge pedestrian precinct with many and  varied commercial outlets.

The Strand passes Aldwych, and joins directly with Fleet Street at Temple Bar. The street is just over three-quarters of a mile long. It includes many commercial premises, two theatres, and hotels. The most notable hotel is the Savoy Hotel, one of the grand London hotels.

References 

City of Westminster
Roads in London
Parnassiinae

Parnassiinae is a subfamily of butterflies.  It belongs in the family Papilionidae.  They are commonly known as Apollos and Parnassians.  The butterflies in this subfamily are only found in the Holarctic Region (the Holarctic Region is the northern part of North America and Eurasia).

The caterpillars and adults are poisonous to vertebrates.  The caterpillars are thought to be Müllerian mimics with millipedes.  The adult butterflies are thought to be Müllerian mimics with adult Whites.

After mating, the male glues a structure to the end of the female's abdomen.  This keeps the female from mating again.  This structure is called a sphragis.

Tribes and genera
Parnassiini Duponchel, 1835
Hypermnestra Ménétriés, 1846
Parnassius Latreille, 1804
Luehdorfiini Chapman, 1895
Archon Hübner, 1819
Luehdorfia Crüger, 1878
Zerythiini
Sericinus Westwood, 1851
Bhutanitis Atkinson, 1873
Zerynthia Ochsenheimer, 1816
Allancastria Bryk, 1934

Extinct species
The two species listed here are extinct.  They are also of uncertain placement.

Doritites bosniackii Rebel, 1898†
Thaites ruminiana Scudder, 1875†

References

Other websites

Parnassiinae at Tree of Life 

Papilionidae
Milot

Milot, (Kréyòl: Milo) is a town in northern Haiti, in the  arrondissement (part of a Haitian department) Acul-du-Nord, Nord department; the town is on the northern foothills of the Massif du Nord mountain range.

The most important economic activity in Milot is farming. Some crops are sugar cane, cacao, tobacco and citrus fruits like orange.

After the Haitian independence, the country was divided in two parts and the northern part was made a kingdom by Henri Christophe and he made Milot the capital of his kingdom.

Christophe built a palace in Milot where he and his family lived; the palace was named Sans-Souci. He also built a fort,  Citadelle Laferrière, high in the mountains at about 8 km from Milot, and some smaller forts in Ramiens, on the road to the Citadelle. These buildings are now part of the Natural History Park - Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers, a World Heritage Site designated by the UNESCO in 1982.

Gallery

References 

Cities in Haiti
Islam in Austria

Islam is a minority religion in Austria with 4.22% of the population in the 2001 census. Most Muslims came to Austria after 1960. They were migrant workers from Turkey and Ex-Yugoslavia. There are also communities of Arab and Pakistani origin.

The westernmost Bundesland Vorarlberg has the highest share of Muslims in the country with 8.36%. There is a lot of industry there. It is followed by the capital Vienna with 7.82%. The central Bundesländer Salzburg, Upper Austria, Tyrol and Lower Austria have an average Muslim population. The south-eastern states of Styria, Carinthia as well as Burgenland in the east have fewer Muslims than the average.

Austria is unique among Western European countries. It is until now the only country that has granted Muslims the status of a recognized religious community. They were first recognised after Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. Austria has regulated the religious freedoms of the Muslim community with the so called "Anerkennungsgesetz" ("Act of Recognition"). This law was reactivated in 1979 when the Community of Muslim Believers in Austria (Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Österreich) was founded. This organization has the right to give lessons of religious education in state schools. It could also collect "church tax", but so far it has not exercised this privilege. It does not build, finance or administer mosques in Austria.

Parallel structures exist within the Islamic religious group. The religious life takes place in mosques belonging to organisations. These organisations represent one of the currents of Turkish, Bosnian and Arab Muslims. Among the Turkish organisations, the "Federation of Turkish-Islamic Associations" is controlled by the Directorate for Religious Affairs, whereas the other groups, such as the Süleymancıs and Milli Görüş can be seen as branches of the pan-European organisation centered in Germany.

Muslims in Austria according to their ethnic groups

Further reading
 

 

 Study for Bundesministerium des Innern: Perspektiven und Herausforderungen in der Integration muslimischer MitbürgerInnen in Österreich, Mathias Rohe, Universität Erlangen. May 2006 (summary by MilitantIslamMonitor.Org: Radical Islam in Europe: Austrian government study concludes 45% of Muslims unwilling to integrate)
 Anna Strobel: Unique Legal Status – Muslims in Austria  From: Herder Korrespondenz, 2006/4, pp. 200–204
 Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation, languages, origin and nationality (PDF)(German), Statistik Austria.

Austria
Religion in Austria
Rick Mercer

Richard Vincent "Rick" Mercer (born October 17, 1969) is a Canadian comedian who has been on shows like This Hour Has 22 Minutes and his own show The Rick Mercer Report.

Mercer is openly gay.

References 

Canadian comedians
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
Canadian LGBT people
1969 births
Living people