cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Jaú National Park

The Jaú National Park ('Parque Nacional do Jaú') is in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in the Amazonas state of Brazil. 

It is the largest forest reserve in South America, covering an area over 6 million acres (23,000 km²). Entry into the park is restricted; express permission from the Brazilian government is required to enter the reserve.

The park is a good example of tropical rainforest conservation in the Amazon. Its  forests, lakes and channels are a "constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world". The site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin and the jaguar. There are many other species of animals and plants.

More information 
The park is in the lower reaches of the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon. This branch is black with the organic matter picked up by the river. It has white-sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season. The streams turn into a 'ria' lake in the wet season, flooding huge areas of land, typical of all large rivers in the Amazon region. The site contains the nine-tier waterfall of the Carabinani River.

The Rio Negro flows through the eastern edge of Brazil’s Jau National Park. The river is the big strip of blue running from left to right across the image, and the other blue ribbons are tributaries. It starts at the border of Venezuela and Brazil, and meets up with the Amazon in central Brazil. Half-submerged islands can be seen in the center of the river. Between November and April when the river is at its peak, many of these islands disappear.

There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. The site is home to relics of past human occupation of the Amazon region.

References

Other websites 
 NASA Earth Explorer page 
 Satellite photo (Google)

National parks in South America
World Heritage Sites in South America
Geography of Brazil
Amazonas (Brazil)
List of World Heritage Sites in Ecuador

The List of World Heritage Sites in Ecuador is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries, not including Ecuador.

Ecuador agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on June 16, 1975.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2012, there are 4 places in Ecuador which are on the World Heritage List. 
 2 cultural sites  
 2 natural sites

There are 7 sites which are on a tentative list.

Table

Tentative List
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.

 Ciudad de Zaruma

 Sitio arqueológico de Ingapirca

Related pages
 UNESCO World Heritage Site

References

Other websites

 UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador
Batna Province

Batna is a province of Algeria. The capital is Batna. Other important towns are Barika, Merouana and Timgad. Belezma National Park is there.

Districts
Batna Province has 22 districts.  There are also 61 Communes.

The districts are:

 Aïn Djasser
 Aïn Touta
 Arris
 Barika
 Batna
 Bouzina
 Chemora
 Djezzar
 El Madher
 Ichmoul
 Menaâ
 Merouana
 N'Gaous
 Ouled Salem
 Ouled Si Slimane
 Ras El Aioun
 Seggana
 Seriana
 T'Kout
 Tazoult
 Théniet El Abed
 Timgad

References 

Provinces of Algeria
Béjaïa Province

Béjaïa is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park is there. The endangered primate, Barbary Macaque is found in the province's Gouraya National Park.

Divisions
The province has 19 districts.  There are 52 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Adekar
 Akbou
 Amizour
 Aokas
 Barbacha
 Béjaïa
 Béni Maouche
 Chemini
 Darguina
 El Kseur
 Ifri-Ouzellaguen
 Ighil Ali
 Kherrata
 Seddouk
 Sidi Aïch
 Souk El Tenine
 Tazmalt
 Tichy
 Timezrit

References

Provinces of Algeria
Biskra Province

Biskra is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Biskra.

Divisions 
The province has 12 districts.  There are 33 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Biskra
 Djemourah
 Foughala
 El Kantara
 El Outaya
 M'Chouneche
 Ouled Djellal
 Ourlal
 Sidi Khaled
 Sidi Okba
 Tolga
 Zeribet El Oued

References 

Provinces of Algeria
Béchar Province

Béchar  is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital Béchar.  A large part of the province has sand dune fields that no one can live in.

Divisions
The province has 12 districts.  There are 21 municipalities.

The districts are:

 Abadla
 Béchar
 Béni Abbès
 Béni Ounif
 El Ouata
 Igli
 Kénadsa
 Kerzaz
 Lahmar
 Ouled Khodeïr
 Tabelbala
 Taghit

References

Provinces of Algeria
Blida Province

Blida is a province in Algeria. The capital is Blida. The Chréa National Park is here.

Districts
The provinces has 10 districts.  There are also 25 municipalities.

The districts are:

 Blida
 Boufarik
 Bougara
 Bouïnian
 El Affroun
 Larbaâ
 Meftah
 Mouzaïa
 Oued El Alleug
 Ouled Yaïch

References

Provinces of Algeria
Bouïra Province

Bouïra is a province in Algeria.  The capital is also Bouïra.

Districts
The province has 12 districts.  There are also 45 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Bessem
 Bechloul
 Bir Ghbalou
 Bordj Okhriss
 Bouïra
 El Hachimia
 Haïzer
 Kadiria
 Lakhdaria
 M'Chedellah
 Souk El Khemis
 Sour El Ghozlane

References

Provinces of Algeria
Tamanghasset Province

Tamanrasset or Tamanghasset is the largest province in Algeria. It was named after its capital Tamanrasset. The Province has two National parks: Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park. The province makes up almost a quarter of the country's area.

Administrative divisions
The province has 7 districts.  There are also 10 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Abalessa
 In Ghar
 In Guezzam
 In Salah
 Tamanrasset
 Tazrouk
 Tin Zaouatine

References

Provinces of Algeria
Tébessa Province

Tébessa is a province of Algeria. Tébessa is also the name of the capital. Another important city is El Ouenza. Tebessa is only 20 kilometers west from Tunisia border.

Divisions
The province has 12 districts.  There are also 28 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Bir El Ater
 Bir Mokadem
 Cheria
 El Aouïnet
 El Kouif
 El Ma Labiodh
 El Ogla
 Morsott
 Negrine
 Ouenza
 Oum Ali
 Tébessa

References

Provinces of Algeria
Tlemcen Province

Tlemcen is a province in northwestern Algeria. The Tlemcen National Park is there.

Divisions
The province has 20 districts.  There are also 53 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Talout
 Bab El Assa
 Bensekrane
 Béni Boussaïd
 Béni Snous
 Chatouane
 Felaoucene
 Ghazaouet
 Hennaya
 Houanaine District (Honaine)
 Maghnia
 Mansourah
 Marsa Ben M'Hidi
 Nedroma
 Ouled Mimoun
 Remchi
 Sabra
 Sebdou
 Sidi Djillali
 Tlemcen

References

Provinces of Algeria
Patti Austin

Patti Austin (born August 10, 1950) is an American R&B singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Austin has had many hits on several music charts. Some sources mention Austin as being born in 1948 while others say that either 1949 or 1950 is her actual birth year.

References

1950 births
Living people
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York
American R&B singers
Tiaret Province

Tiaret is a province of Algeria. The capital is Tiaret.

Divisions
The province has 14 districts.  There are also 42 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Deheb
 Aïn Kermes
 Dahmouni
 Frenda
 Hamadia
 Ksar Chellala
 Mahdia
 Mechraâ Sfa
 Medroussa
 Meghila
 Oued Lili
 Rahouia
 Sogueur
 Tiaret

References

Provinces of Algeria
Tizi Ouzou Province

Tizi Ouzou is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital.

Divisions
The province has 21 districts.  There are also 67 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn El Hammam
 Azazga
 Azzefoun
 Béni Douala
 Béni Yenni
 Boghni
 Bouzeguène
 Draâ Ben Khedda
 Draâ El Mizan
 Iferhounène
 Larbaâ Nath Irathen
 Maâtka
 Makouda
 Mekla
 Ouadhia
 Ouacif
 Ouaguenoun
 Tigzirt
 Tizi Gheni
 Tizi
 Tizi Rached

References

Provinces of Algeria
Algiers Province

Algiers is a province in Algeria.  It is named after the capital, Algiers, which is also the national capital. There are about 3 million people.

Divisions
Algiers province has 13 districts and 57 communes or municipalities.

Districts
The districts, listed according to official numbering (from west to east), are:

References

Algiers
Provinces of Algeria
Djelfa Province

Djelfa is a province of Algeria.  The capital is Djelfa.  There are over 1.2 million people. Important towns are Tadmit, El Khemis, and Selmana.

Division
The province has 12 districts.  There are also 36 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Aïn El Ibil
 Aïn Oussera
 Birine
 Charef
 Dar Chioukh
 Djelfa
 El Idrissia
 Faidh El Botma
 Had Sahary
 Hassi Bahbah
 Messaâd
 Sidi Ladjel

References

Provinces of Algeria
Jijel Province

Jijel is a province in Algeria.  It is on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The capital is Jijel.  Taza National Park is there.

Divisions
The province has 11 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Chekfa
 Djimla
 El Ancer 
 El Aouana
 El Milia
 Jijel
 Settara
 Sidi Maârouf
 Taher
 Texenna
 Ziama Mansouriah

References

Provinces of Algeria
Lactarius torminosus

Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a mushroom in the genus Lactarius. It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. L. torminosus associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.  Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins responsible for the acrid taste are destroyed by cooking.

The caps of L. torminosus mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to . Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades. The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young. On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together. It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found. The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to  and a thickness of . When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The variety normandensis, in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.

Fungi
Sétif Province

Sétif Province is a province in north-eastern Algeria. The capital and largest city is Sétif.  Another large city is El Eulma. There is also the World Heritage Site of Djémila there.

Divisions
The province has 20 districts.  There are also 60 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Arnat
 Aïn Azel
 Aïn El Kébira
 Aïn Oulmane
 Amoucha
 Babor
 Béni Aziz
 Béni Ourtilane
 Bir El Arch
 Bouandas
 Bougaâ
 Djémila
 El Eulma
 Guenzet
 Guidjel
 Hammam Guergour
 Hammam Souhna
 Maoklane
 Salah Bey
 Sétif

References

Provinces of Algeria
Saïda Province

Saïda is a province of Algeria.  It is named after its capital.

Divisions
The province has 6 districts and 16 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn El Hadjar
 El Hassasna
 Ouled Brahim
 Saïda
 Sidi Boubekeur
 Youb

References

Provinces of Algeria
Skikda Province

Skikda is a province of Algeria.  It is on the Mediterranean coast.

Divisions
The province has 13 districts and 38 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Kechra
 Azzaba
 Ben Azzouz
 Collo
 El Hadaik
 El Harrouch
 Ouled Attia
 Oum Toub
 Ramdane Djamel
 Sidi Mezghiche
 Skikda
 Tamalous
 Zitouna

References

Provinces of Algeria
Sidi Bel Abbès Province

Sidi Bel Abbès is one of the provinces of Algeria. The name is from the city of Sidi Bel Abbès. It is in the northwestern part of the country.

Divisions
The province has 15 districts and 52 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn El Berd
 Ben Badis
 Marhoum
 Mérine
 Mostefa Ben Brahim
 Moulay Slissen
 Ras El Ma
 Sfisef
 Sidi Ali Benyoub
 Sidi Ali Boussidi
 Sidi Bel Abbès
 Sidi Lahcène
 Télagh
 Ténira
 Téssala

References

Provinces of Algeria
Annaba Province

Annaba  is a small province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria. Its capital, Annaba is Algeria's main port for mineral exports.

Divisions
The province has 6 districts and 12 municipalities.

The districts are:

 Annaba
 Aïn El Berda
 El Hadjar
 Berrahal
 Chetaïbi
 El Bouni

References

Provinces of Algeria
Guelma Province

Guelma Province is a province in eastern Algeria. The name is from the largest city Guelma.  There are 429.998 people who live here.

Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 34 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Makhlouf
 Bouchegouf
 Guelaât Bou Sbaâ
 Guelma
 Hammam Debagh
 Hammam N'Bails
 Héliopolis
 Houari Boumédienne
 Khezaras
 Oued Zenati

References

Provinces of Algeria
Constantine Province

Constantine is one of the 48 provinces of Algeria.  The capital is Constantine.

Divisions 
The province has 6 districts and 12 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Aïn Abid
 Constantine
 El Khroub
 Hamma Bouziane
 Ibn Ziad
 Zighoud Youcef

References

Provinces of Algeria
Médéa Province

Médéa is a province of Algeria. The capital is Médéa.

Divisions
The province has 19 districts and 64 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Boucif
 Aziz
 Béni Slimane
 Berrouaghia
 Chahbounia
 Chellalat El Adhaoura
 El Azizia
 El Omaria
 Guelb El Kébir
 Ksar El Boukhari
 Médéa
 Ouamri
 Ouled Antar
 Ouzera
 Seghouane
 Si Mahdjoub
 Sidi Naâmane
 Souaghi
 Tablat

References

Provinces of Algeria
Mostaganem Province

Mostaganem is a province of Algeria. The capital is Mostaganem.

Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Achacha
 Aïn Nouïssy
 Aïn Tédelès
 Bouguirat
 Hassi Mamèche
 Kheïr Eddine
 Mesra
 Mostaganem
 Sidi Ali
 Sidi Lakhdar

References

Provinces of Algeria
M'Sila Province

M'Sila (also spelled Msila, M'sila or MSila) is a province of northern Algeria.  It has 1 million people.  The capital is also called M'sila.  M'Sila is mostly known for its farming.

Divisions
The province has 15 districts and 47 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Aïn El Hadjel
 Aïn El Melh
 Ben S'Rour
 Bou Saâda
 Chellal
 Djebel Messaâd
 Hammam Dhalaâ
 Khoubana
 M'Sila
 Magra
 Medjedel
 Ouled Derradj
 Ouled Sidi Brahim
 Sidi Aïssa
 Sidi Ameur

References

Provinces of Algeria
Mascara Province

Mascara is a province in Algeria. There was an earthquake in the capital Mascara City on 18 August 1994. The name means "military garrison" in Arabic. Another important town is Sig.

Divisions
The province has 16 districts and 47 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Aïn Farès
 Aïn Fekan
 Aouf
 Bouhanifia
 El Bordj
 Ghriss
 Hachem
 Mascara
 Mohammedia
 Oggaz
 Ouled Attia
 Oued Taria
 Sig
 Tighenif
 Tizi
 Zahana

References

Provinces of Algeria
Ouargla Province

Ouargla or Warqla is a province in eastern Algeria. Its capital is Ouargla. Other important towns are Temacine, Touggourt, and Hassi Messaoud. It contains the Issaouane Erg desert.

Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 21 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 El Borma
 El Hadjira
 Hassi Messaoud
 Mégarine
 N'Goussa
 Ouargla
 Sidi Khouiled
 Taïbet
 Témacine
 Touggourt

References

Provinces of Algeria
Oran Province

Oran is a province in Algeria.  The capital is Oran.  There are 1,584,607 people.

Divisions
As of 1984, the province has 9 districts and 26 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Aïn El Turk
 Arzew
 Bethioua
 Bir El Djir
 Boutlélis
 Es Sénia
 Gdyel
 Oran
 Oued Tlélat

References

Provinces of Algeria
El Bayadh Province

El Bayadh is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital El Bayadh.

Divisions
The province has 8 districts, and 22 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Boualem
 Bougtob
 Boussemghoun
 Brézina
 Chellala
 El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
 El Bayadh
 Rogassa

References

Provinces of Algeria
Illizi Province

Illizi is a province in the south-eastern corner of Algeria.  It is named after its capital Illizi.
It borders Libya to the east.

Divisions
The province has 3 districts and 6 communes or municipalities.  The area has lots of natural gas.

Districts

 Djanet
 Illizi (district-municipality)
 In Aménas

References

Provinces of Algeria
Island of stability

The chemical elements beyond lead are radioactive, and they do not have stable isotopes. This means that they will decay into other elements. Except for Plutonium, their half life is in the order of several minutes, to seconds. There is a theory in physics that says that after a number of elements with short half lives, there will be others with longer half lives. These are generally known as Islands of stability. These elements are expected to have isotopes with half lives in the range of several minutes. The hypothesis is that the atomic nucleus is built up in "shells" in a manner similar to the structure of the much larger electron shells in atoms. In both cases, shells are just groups of quantum energy levels that are relatively close to each other. Energy levels from quantum states in two different shells will be separated by a relatively large energy gap. So when the number of neutrons and protons completely fills the energy levels of a given shell in the nucleus, the binding energy per nucleon will reach a local maximum and thus that particular configuration will have a longer lifetime than nearby isotopes that do not possess filled shells.

A filled shell would have "magic numbers" of neutrons and protons. One possible magic number of neutrons for spherical nuclei is 184, and some possible matching proton numbers are 114, 120 and 126 – which would mean that the most stable spherical isotopes would be flerovium-298, unbinilium-304 and unbihexium-310. Of particular note is Ubh-310, which would be "doubly magic" (both its proton number of 126 and neutron number of 184 are thought to be magic) and thus the most likely to have a very long half-life. (The next lighter doubly magic spherical nucleus is lead-208, the heaviest stable nucleus and most stable heavy metal.)

Recent research indicates that large nuclei are deformed, causing magic numbers to shift. Hassium-270 is now believed to be a doubly magic deformed nucleus, with deformed magic numbers 108 and 162. However, it has a half-life of only 3.6 seconds.

Isotopes have been produced with enough protons to plant them upon an island of stability but with too few neutrons to even place them upon the island's outer "shores". It is possible that these elements possess unusual chemical properties and, if they have isotopes with adequate lifespans, would be available for various practical applications (such as particle accelerator targets and as neutron sources as well).

References

Physics
Bordj Bou Arréridj Province

Bordj Bou Arréridj is a province in east Algeria.  It is about 200 km away from the capital Algiers. The capital is Bordj Bou Arreridj.

Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 34 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Taghrout
 Bir Kasd Ali
 Bordj Bou Arréridj (District-municipality)
 Bordj Ghedir
 Bordj Zemmoura
 Djaâfra
 El Hamadia
 Mansourah
 Medjana
 Ras El Oued

References

Provinces of Algeria
Boumerdès Province

Boumerdès is a province of northern Algeria.  The capital is the coastal city of Boumerdès.

Divisions
The Province has 9 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Baghlia
 Bordj Ménaïl
 Boudouaou
 Boumerdès
 Dellys
 Isser
 Khemis El Khechna
 Naciria
 Thénia

References

Provinces of Algeria
El Tarf Province

El Taref is a province of Algeria. El Kala is a port town in this province. El Taref is the capital city. There is also El Kala National Park.

Administrative divisions
The province has 7 districts and 24 municipalities.

Districts
 Ben M'Hidi
 Besbes
 Bouhadjar
 Boutheldja
 Dréan
 El Kala
 El Taref

References

Provinces of Algeria
Tindouf Province

Tindouf, also written Tinduf, is the westernmost province of Algeria.  There are 58,193 people. Tindouf has many resources including iron ore.

Administrative divisions

The province has one district, Tindouf. There are two towns: Tindouf and Oum El Assel.

References

Provinces of Algeria
Tissemsilt Province

Tissemsilt is a province of Algeria. The capital is Tissemsilt. Théniet El Haâd National Park is there.

Divisions
The province has 8 districts and 22 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Ammari
 Bordj Bou Naâma
 Bordj Emir Abdelkader
 Khémisti
 Lardjem
 Lazharia
 Théniet El Had
 Tissemsilt

References

Provinces of Algeria
El Oued Province

El Oued is a Saharan province of Algeria. The capital is El Oued.

Division
The province has 12 districts and 30 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Bayadha
 Debila
 Djamaâ
 El Meghaier
 El Oued
 Guemar
 Hassi Khelifa
 Magrane
 Mih Ouensa
 Reguiba
 Robbah
 Taleb Larbi

References

Provinces of Algeria
Khenchela Province

Khenchela Province is a province of Algeria.  The capital is Khenchela.

Division
The province has 8 districts and 21 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Khenchela, as a district and capital
 Aïn Touila,  northeastern of capital
 Babar,  south of capital
 Bouhmama,  west of capital
 Chechar,  south of capital
 El Hamma,  west of capital
 Kaïs,  west of capital
 Ouled Rechache, 22 km east of capital

References

Provinces of Algeria
Souk Ahras Province

Souk Ahras is a province in Algeria.  The capital is Souk Ahras. It is on the border between Algeria and Tunisia.

Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 26 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Bir Bouhouche
 Haddada
 M'Daourouch
 Mechroha
 Merahna
 Ouled Driss
 Oum El Adhaïm
 Sedrata
 Souk Ahras
 Taoura

References

Provinces of Algeria
Tipasa Province

Tipaza or Tipasa is a province on the coast of Algeria.  The capital is Tipasa.  It is 50 km west of the capital of Algeria.

Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Ahmer El Aïn
 Bou Ismaïl
 Cherchell
 Damous
 Fouka
 Gouraya
 Hadjout
 Koléa
 Sidi Amar
 Tipaza

References

Provinces of Algeria
Mila Province

Mila is a province of Algeria.  The capital is Mila.

Divisions
The province has 13 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Aïn Beida Harriche
 Bouhatem
 Chelghoum Laïd
 Ferdjioua
 Grarem Gouga
 Mila
 Oued Endja
 Rouached
 Sidi Merouane
 Tadjenanet
 Tassadane Haddada
 Teleghma
 Terrai Bainem

References

Provinces of Algeria
Macquarie Island

Macquarie Island is a large island in the Southern Ocean. It is about  south east of Tasmania, and about half way between Australia and Antarctica. The island became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Macquarie Island is about  long and  wide. It was first discovered in July 1810, by Captain Hasselburgh, who was searching for places to hunt whales and seals.  No people live there now.  The only way to get to the island is by sea and there are no harbors to dock a ship.

Geology
The island was formed by two tectonic plates meeting and forcing each other upwards. It is the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle,  below the ocean floor, are being pushed up above sea level. Confirmation is in this reference under section "Criterion (viii)".

Plants and animals
Many birds and animals use Macquarie Island to breed. About 3.5 million seabirds and 80,000 elephant seals come to the island every year. Four types of penguins live on the island. There are about 850,000 royal penguins, 200,000 king penguins, 10,000 gentoo penguins, and rockhopper penguins with numbers thought to be between 20,000 and 1,000,000.

In 1977 Macquarie Island became a Biosphere Reserve.  The coastal ecosystem is recognized as part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Islands of Australia
Australian National Heritage List
Protected areas of Tasmania
Biosphere reserves
Aïn Defla Province

Aïn Defla is a province in northern Algeria. It is southwest of Algiers, the capital. Towns in Ain Delfa include Miliana, Hammam Righa, and Aïn Torki.

Administrative divisions
The province has 14 districts and 36 municipalities.

The districts are:
 Aïn Defla
 Aïn Lechiakh
 Bathia
 Bordj El Amir Khaled
 Boumedfaâ
 Djendel
 Djelida
 El Abadia
 El Amra
 El Attaf
 Hammam Righa
 Khemis
 Miliana
 Rouina

References

Provinces of Algeria
Naama Province

Naâma is a province of Algeria.  The capital is the town of Naâma. There is an airport in Mécheria.

Divisions
The province has 7 districts and 12 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Aïn Séfra
 Asla
 Mécheria
 Mekmen Ben Amar
 Moghrar
 Naâma
 Sfissifa

References

Provinces of Algeria
Aïn Témouchent Province

Aïn Témouchent is a province in northwestern Algeria.  The capital is Aïn Témouchent.

Districts
The province has 8 districts and 28 municipalities.

The districts are:
 Aïn Kihel
 Aïn Larbaâ
 Aïn Témouchent
 Béni Saf
 El Amria
 El Malah
 Hammam Bou Hadjar
 Oulhassa Gheraba

References

Provinces of Algeria
Matilde Camus

Matilde Camus (26 September 1919 – 28 April 2012) was a Spanish poet who also wrote non-fiction. She was born in Santander, Cantabria.

Poetry
 Voces ("Voices", 1969).
Vuelo de estrellas ("Stars flight", 1969).
Manantial de amor ("Love Spring", 1972)..
Bestiario poético ("Poetic book of animals", 1973).
Templo del Alba ("Temple of Dawn", 1974).
Siempre amor ("Forever Love", 1976).
Cancionero de Liébana ("Collection of verse of Liebana", 1977).
Corcel en el tiempo ("Steed of the time", 1979).
Perfiles ("Profiles", 1980).
He seguido tus huellas ("I have followed your footprints", 1981).
Testigo de tu marcha ("Witness of your departure", 1981).
Testimonio ("Testimony", 1982).
La preocupación de Miguel Ángel ("The concern of Miguel Ángel", 1982).
Tierra de palabras ("Land of words", 1983).
Coral montesino ("Chorale of Monte", 1983).
Raíz del recuerdo ("Root of remembrance", 1984).
Cristales como enigmas ("Glasses as enigma", 1985).
Sin teclado de fiebre ("Without a fever keyboard", 1986).
Santander en mi sentir ("Santander in my heart", 1989).
Sin alcanzar la luz ("Without reaching the Light", 1989).
El color de mi cristal ("The colour of my glasses", 1990).
Tierra de mi Cantabria ("Cantabria, my land", 1991).
Amor dorado ("Golden Love", 1993).
Ronda de azules ("Blue avenue", 1994).
Vuelo de la mente ("Mind flight", 1995).
Reflexiones a medianoche ("Midnight thoughts", 1996).
Mundo interior ("Inner World", 1997).
Fuerza creativa ("Creative strength", 1998).
Clamor del pensamiento ("Clamour of thought", 1999).
Cancionero multicolor ("Multicolour collection of verses", 1999).
La estrellita Giroldina ("Giroldina the star", 1999).
Prisma de emociones ("Prism of emotions", 2000).
Motivos alicantinos ("Motif from Alicante").

Other websites
 "Matilde Camus Official Website"

1919 births
Spanish poets
2012 deaths
People from Cantabria
Ghardaïa Province

Ghardaïa is a province in eastern Algeria.  The capital is Ghardaïa. The M'Zab Valley, located there, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Divisions
The province has 9 districts and 13 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Métlili
 El Ménia
 Bounoura
 Mansourah
 Ghardaïa
 Dhayat Ben Dhahoua
 Zelfana
 Bérianne
 El Guerara

References

Provinces of Algeria
Camus (disambiguation)

Camus could mean several things:
 Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960), French philosopher and writer 
 Matilde Camus (26 September 1919 – 28 April 2012), Spanish poet and writer

Surnames
Relizane Province

Relizane is a province of Algeria. Relizane is the capital.

Divisions
The province has 13 districts and 38 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 Ain Tarik
 Ammi Moussa
 Djidiouia
 El H'Madna
 El Matmar
 Mazouna
 Mendes
 Oued Rhiou
 Ramka
 Relizane
 Sidi M'Hamed Ben Ali
 Yellel
 Zemmoura

References

Provinces of Algeria
UTC+01:00

UTC+01:00 is the timezone for many places.

This time is used in:

Central European Time
West Africa Time
Western European Summer Time
British Summer Time
Irish Standard Time
Romance Standard Time (Microsoft Windows Control panel)
Swatch Internet Time

As standard time (all year round)
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo:
Bandundu
Bas-Congo
Équateur
Kinshasa
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Niger
Nigeria
Tunisia

As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
France
Germany
Gibraltar (UK)
Hungary
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
North Macedonia
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway, including:
Svalbard and Jan Mayen
Poland
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain - except Canary Islands
Sweden
Switzerland
Vatican City

As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)
Namibia
Bouvet Island

As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
Alderney
Faroe Islands
Guernsey
Ireland
Isle of Man
Jersey
Morocco 
Portugal - except Azores
Sark
Spain - Canary Islands only
United Kingdom (GMT / BST)

References

UTC offsets

cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+1 A, SEČ (Středoevropský čas), CET (Central European Time)
Wāli

Wāli or vali is a title used during the Arab Empire and Ottoman Empire.  It means governor. It is still used in some countries with Arabic culture.

In Algeria, a wāli is the "governor" of each of the 48 provinces.  They are chosen by the president.

In Iran the governors are called Vāli.

In Turkey the head of the 81 provinces is called a wāli.

Titles
Shark Bay

Shark Bay is a large bay on the west coast of Western Australia. It is about  north of Perth. In 1991, the bay, its islands, and the land around it were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.   

Shark Bay has three important features to protect. It has the largest seagrass beds in the world. These are home to about 10% of the world's dugongs. And at one end of the bay are stromatolites, which are the oldest form of life on the Earth. The protected area covers .

World Heritage Site
The area protected by the World Heritage Site is made up of different areas. About 70% of the site is marine environment protected by national parks and reserves, and includes  of coastline. About 20% was used for farming, but half of this area has been taken over by the government and is now conservation area. About 6% is in national parks and reserves.

Parks and reserves
 Bernier Island
 Dirk Hartog Island National Park
 Dorre Island
 Charlie Island
 Faure Island Sanctuary
 Francois Peron National Park
  Friday Island
 Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve
 Hamelin Pool/East Faure Island High-Low Water Mark
 Koks Island
 Monkey Mia
 Shark Bay Marine Park
 Shell Beach Conservation Park
 Small Islands
 Zuytdorp Nature Reserve

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

 Shark Bay website

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Geography of Western Australia
Australian National Heritage List
People's Provincial Assembly

The People's Municipal Assembly is the political group that rules the provinces of Algeria. The people are picked for five years. This assembly further elects a president, the president of the People's Provincial Assembly.

Government of Algeria
Numidia

Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom.  It was in modern-day Algeria and a smaller part of western Tunisia in North Africa.  It was the first major state in the history of Algeria and the Berber world.

Sources

History of Algeria
History of Tunisia
Rustamid

The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) ruled part of North Africa in the from the 700's to 909.  It was a Muslim theocracy.  The capital was Tahert.  It was in present-day Algeria. The group had a Persian origin. No one knows how big their land was but it went as far east as Jabal Nafusa in Libya.

Rustamid Imams
Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam ibn Bahram (776-784)
Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd ar-Rahman (784-832)
Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab (832-871)
Abu Bakr ibn Aflah (871)
Muhammad Abul-Yaqzan ibn Aflah (871-894)
Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan (894-897)
Yaqub ibn Aflah (897-901)
Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan, again (901-906)
Yaqzan ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan (906-909)

References

History of Africa
History of Algeria
History of Islam
Former theocracies
Former countries in Africa
Former monarchies of Africa
Zirid dynasty

The Zirid dynasty were a Berber group. They were from what is now modern Algeria. The capital was Kairouan. 

The Hammadids came from this group.

Zirid rulers
Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Bologhine Ibn Ziri (973-983)
Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (983-995)
Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur (995-1016)
Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis (1016–1062) declared independence from the Fatimids 1048, changed capital to Mahdia in 1057 after Kairouan was lost to the Banu Hilal.
Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Muizz (1062–1108); changed the khutba to refer to the Abbasid Caliph in 1087, marking a final break with the Fatimids.
Yahya ibn Tamim (1108–1131)
Ali ibn Yahya (1115–1121)
Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1121–1152)

References

History of Algeria
History of Africa
Former monarchies of Africa
Royal dynasties
10th-century establishments in Africa
12th-century disestablishments in Africa
973 establishments
1152 disestablishments
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England.

Stonehenge and Avebury are groups of large stones called megaliths. Both  sites are circles of stones which are placed in a pattern.  In each, the placement of the stones and spaces between them may have astronomical meaning.

History
The creation of Stonehenge and Avebury dates from the Bronze Age.

Avebury is  to the north of Stonehenge.  It is Europe's largest prehistoric stone circle. It has about 100 megaliths.
 
Small sites of prehistoric stones are nearby, including Silbury Hill, Windmill Hill, West Kennet Long Barrow, and Overton Hill.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 EnglishHeritage.org,  Stonehenge
 SacredDestinations.com, Stonehenge

Buildings and structures in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Stone circles
Archaeological sites in Wiltshire
National Trust properties
Henges
Neolithic
Hammadid dynasty

The Hammadids were a Berber group.  It was in what is now north-eastern modern Algeria.  It existed from about 1008 to 1152.  They were destroyed by the Almohads.  

The capital was first Qalaat Beni Hammad.  It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  In 1090 the capital was changed to Béjaïa.

Rulers
Hammad ibn Buluggin, 1014–1028
al-Qaid ibn Hammad, 1028–1045
Muhsin ibn Qaid, 1045–1046
Buluggin ibn Muhammad ibn Hammad, 1046–1062
an-Nasir ibn Alnas ibn Hammad, 1062–1088
al-Mansur ibn Nasir, 1088–1104
Badis ibn Mansur, 1104
Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur, 1104–1121
Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz, 1121–1152

History of Africa
Former monarchies of Africa
11th-century establishments in Africa
12th-century disestablishments in Africa
1152 disestablishments
1014 establishments
French colonial empire

The French colonial Empire (French: Empire colonial français) was land controlled by the French from the 16th century to the late 1960s. In the 17th and 18th centuries France gained and lost large territories in North America and India. Like the other empires of the time, was powered by slaves captured from Africa. The Haitian Revolution, when many of these slaves in the colony of Saint Domingue fought and defeated the French, caused major changes in the empire.

Sometimes, people say there was a first and a second French colonial empire. The "First French Colonial Empire" was from the French colonization of the Americas to the Napoleonic Wars. The "Second French Colonial Empire" is the French colonies in Africa.

From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire had a total area of over 10,000,000 square kilometres (3,900,000 sq mi), at its peak in 1680. At the time, it was the second-largest empire in the world, behind the Spanish Empire. In terms of land area, the Second French colonial empire extended to over 13,500,000 square kilometres (5,200,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1936. It was also the second largest in the world at the time, at 10% of the world's land area. The total land area of the first and second French colonial empire combined reached 24,000,000 square kilometres (9,300,000 sq mi).

France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century, but lost most of them after losing in the Seven Years' War. The North American colonies were lost to Britain and Spain. Spain returned Louisiana (New France) to France in 1800. Then, France sold it to the United States in 1803. France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, mostly in Africa, but also in Indochina and in the South Pacific. It started to trade with the countries by supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items. Rebuilding an empire improved French reputation as an international power by spreading the French language and the Catholic religion. It also provided more men to fight in the World Wars.

A major goal was the  "The Civilizing Mission" (French: Mission civilisatrice). 'Civilizing' the populations of Africa by spreading language and religion was used to explain how the French colonial project worked. France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the French settlers took power while being a minority.

References 

History of France
Overseas empires
Colonialism
1534 establishments
1946 disestablishments
Algerian dinar

The dinar is the money of Algeria. 100 santeem make 1 dinar.  The name "dinar" comes from the Roman denarius.  Algeria started using the dinar on 1 April 1964. Bank notes are issued by the Central Bank of Algeria. The symbol for the Dinar is DA; the Arabic symbol is (د.ج).

In 1964, the Algerian Dinar replaced the Algerian Franc. Banknotes were distributed in 5, 10, and 100 Dinar denominations. Coins were also issued in 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 santeem denominations.

Currency of Africa
Algeria
1964 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Algeria
Central Atlas Tamazight

Central Atlas Tamazight, also known as Central Morocco Tamazight   is a Berber language.  It is of the Afro-Asiatic language family. it is spoken by 3 to 5 million people in Central Morocco, and by smaller communities in France and elsewhere. It is an official language of Morocco.

Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the four most-spoken Berber languages.  The other ones are Kabyle, Shilha, and Riff.

References

Berber languages
Morocco
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine

The  was a silver mine in the city of Ōda, Shimane Prefecture. It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history. Iwami Ginzan was active for almost four hundred years. It was discovered in 1526 and closed in 1923. 

Today the mine has become an open-air museum.  It was named a World Heritage Site in 2007.

Mine history

Kamiya Jutei, a Japanese merchant, started the mine in 1526. By the early 1600s the mine was producing approximately 38 tons of silver a year. That was one third of the world's production at that time. 

Warlords fought over the mine until the Tokugawa Shogunate took control of it in 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.  Yamabuki Castle was built in the center of the complex.  The mine produced less in the nineteenth century as it had trouble competing with other mines. It closed in 1923.

Position in the economy
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was very important in East Asian trade because silver was the main currency. The silver mined at Iwami Ginzan was very high quality. From 17th century, coins made of the silver from the mine were not only one of the basic currencies in Japan but also used in the trade with China, Portugal and the Netherlands.

World Heritage Site

The Japanese Government named the mining town as a Special Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings in 1969. The government also applied for it to become a World Heritage Site. The application succeeded in July 2007, although the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOSMOS) did not find any "outstanding universal value" of the site.

References

Further reading
 Lyman, Benjamin Smith. (1879).  Geological Survey of Japan: Reports of Progress for 1878 and 1879. Tookei: Public Works Department.   OCLC: 13342563

Other websites

 Iwami-Ginzan Silver Mine site 
 Article in UNESCO
 Japan Mint, World Heritage Coin Set 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
Museums in Japan
Mining
Buildings and structures in Japan
Shimane Prefecture
1520s establishments in Asia
1923 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
20th-century disestablishments in Japan
1526 establishments
1920s disestablishments in Asia
Shrines and Temples of Nikkō

is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nikkō in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. 

The site covers 103 buildings or structures and the natural area around them.  Two Shinto shrines  and one Buddhist temple are included in the site.

History
The area of Nikko has been a Shinto forest since pre-historic times.  It has had Buddhist temples since the 9th century.  Thousands of Japanese cedars were planted in the early 17th century

The shrines and temples of Nikkō are closely related to the history of the Tokugawa Shoguns.  

In 1871, the Shinto areas and Buddhist areas were separated.  Three sites were identified -- two Shinto shrine complexes and one Buddhist temple complex.   

After the "Law on the Preservation of Shrines and Temples" in 1897, Nikkō was protected by the Japanese government. 
 
Nikkō's shrines and temples were named a World Heritage Site in 1999.

 At the , 23 structures are included in the World Heritage site.  All are registered "Important Cultural Properties".

 At the , many buildings are named as part of the World Heritage site. Some are registered "National Treasures of Japan" and 37 are "Important Cultural Properties"

 At the , many buildings were mentioned in the World Heritage Site nomination process.  There are 37 "Important Cultural Properties". One sub-temple complex made up of the Honden and Haiden of the Taiyuin Mausoleum is a registered "National Treasure of Japan".

In 2012, the World Heritage Site covers nine National Treasures of Japan and many "Important Cultural Properties".

Gallery
Many gates and buildings at Nikkō have very detailed carvings. The use of color is based on records dating back to 1753.  The very precise descriptions of the architectural structures
and the decorative works are used by experts who want to preserve history at Nikkō.

Related pages
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

References

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Japan
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Shinto shrines
Tochigi Prefecture
Buddhist temples in Japan
Wet Tropics of Queensland

The Wet Tropics of Queensland is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which has the oldest continuously surviving tropical rainforests on Earth. The forests date from the Mesozoic era when the climate of Australia (and the world) was much more tropical than today. Originally, the rain forest area covered a much wider area than today. Today it is just a narrow strip along the east coast of Queensland. It starts just north of Townsville and continues to just south of Cooktown, a distance of about . 

The wet tropics cover an area of  in 730 separate blocks of land. It includes 41 national parks covering. About 80% of the site is tropical rainforest. It is interesting because it is very old forest, and is a living record of 415 million years of evolution, going back to Pangea and Gondwana. All of Australia's marsupials, and many of its other animals, evolved in tropical rainforests, and many of their closest surviving ancestors still live in the Wet Tropics of Queensland.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
Daintree Rainforest

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Geography of Queensland
Australian National Heritage List
The Last Temptation of Christ

The Last Temptation of Christ is a 1988 American drama movie. It is based on the 1953 novel of the same name. Martin Scorsese directed the movie. It stars Willem Dafoe as Jesus, Harvey Keitel as Judas and Barbara Hershey as Mary Magdalene. This movie was highly controversial on multiple levels: certain countries went as far as banning it. Furthermore, certain video stores, such as Blockbuster, would not carry the movie or make it available for rental due to the controversy. This movie was released on August 12, 1988.

Other websites 

1988 movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
David Bowie
American independent movies
Flag of Andorra

The national flag of the Andorra was adopted in 1866.  The flag is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The Coat of arms of Andorra is in the centre. The three vertical bars look of equal width but the centre yellow bar is slightly wider than the other two.  The ratio of bar widths is 8:9:8. 

The look of the flag is from the flags of France and Spain.

The motto in the coat of arms in the middle stripe Virtus Unita Fortior means "Strength United is Stronger".

Andorra
Andorra
Important Cultural Properties of Japan

is a list of items made by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs. These are places and things that are especially important to the Japanese people.

Types of Cultural Properties
Japan's government made a Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties a  to protect its culture. It chooses important items and names them as Cultural Properties The law sets rules about changing, repairing, or exporting these items.

There is also , which sets a lower level of protection and support for  Registered Cultural Properties than for Designated Cultural Properties.

There are different levels of designation.  Designation can be at a ,  or  level.

Designations of a different level can coexist. For example, Sankei-en, a traditional Japanese-style garden in Naka Ward, Yokohama, owns both city designated and nationally designated Important Cultural Properties.

Some Important Cultural Properties of Japan

Notes

References

Japanese culture
Coat of arms of Andorra

The coat of arms of Andorra has been used for centuries. Below the shield arms is Andorra's national motto  (Latin for ). The coat of arms also appears on the Flag of Andorra.

Andorra
Andorra
El Gran Carlemany

"El Gran Carlemany" is the national anthem of Andorra. It means "The Great Charlemagne".  Enric Marfany Bons wrote the song. Joan Benlloch i Vivó composed the music. It started to be used in 1921.

Catalan lyrics

El gran Carlemany, mon Pare
dels alarbs me deslliurà,
I del cel vida em donà
de Meritxell, la gran Mare,

Princesa nasquí i Pubilla
entre dos nacions neutral
Sols resto lúnica filla
de l’imperi Carlemany.

Creient i lluire onze segles,
creient i lliure vull ser.
Siguin els furs mos tutors
i mos Prínceps defensors!

I mos Prínceps defensors!

English translation

The great Charlemagne, my Father,
liberated me from the Saracens,
And from heaven he gave me life
of Meritxell the great Mother.
I was born a Princess, a Maiden
neutral between two nations.
I am the only remaining daughter
of the Carolingian empire.
Believing and free for eleven centuries,
believing and free I will be.
The laws of the land be my tutors,
and my Princes defenders!

And my Princes defenders!

National anthems
Andorra
Spaniards

Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a predominantly Romance-speaking ethnic group native to Spain.  Latin America has the largest population of people of Spain descent, people with full or partial (Mestizo) ancestry.

References
Joan Enric Vives Sicília

Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (born 24 July 1949) is the current Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra.

Born in Barcelona, he became a priest in 1974. On 19 March 2010, he became an archbishop.

References 

1949 births
Living people
Current national leaders
People from Barcelona
Princes of Andorra
Roman Catholic archbishops
Spanish Roman Catholics