cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Abdul Salam Azimi

Abdul Salam Azimi (Pashtu:عبدالسلام عظیمی  (born: 1936, in Farah Province) is the Chief Justice of Afghanistan.  He is the Acting Head of the Afghan Supreme Court. He is considered a moderate and wears western-style clothing including suits and ties. Azimi is a former professor at the University of Nebraska at Omaha in the United States.  He is an ethnic Pashtun of the Alizai tribe.

References 

1936 births
Living people
Afghan people
Noshaq

Noshaq (or Nowshak) is the highest mountain in Afghanistan.  It is the second highest independent peak of the Hindu Kush after Tirich Mir (). Noshaq is located in the northeastern corner of the country along the Durand line.  It is the westernmost  peak in the world. The north and west sides of the mountain are in Afghanistan. The south and eastern sides are in Pakistan. Easy access to the middle of Noshaq would be in Chitral, Pakistan

Landforms of Afghanistan
Mountains of Asia
Registan Desert

The Registan Desert, also known as Rigestan Desert, is a desert in Afghanistan.  It is between Helmand and Kandahar provinces in southwestern Afghanistan. It is a sandy desert with small, red sandhills about  high, plains that are covered with sand, and open rocky and clay areas. There are a few Baluchi and Pashtun nomads there. The desert is starting to go over surrounding agricultural areas.

References

Geography of Afghanistan
Deserts of Asia
Helmand River

The Helmand River (also spelled Helmend, Helmund, Hirmand; Pashto/Persian:   , Greek:  (Etýmandros), Latin: ) is the longest river in Afghanistan. The name means "dammed, having a dam".  Helmand Province is named after the river.

The Helmand river stretches for . It rises in the Hindu Kush mountains,  about  west of Kabul (), passing north of the Unai Pass. It crosses south-west through the desert of Dashti Margo, to the Seistan marshes and the Hamun-i-Helmand lake region around Zabol at the Afghan-Iranian border ().

References

 
 Frye, Richard N. (1963). The Heritage of Persia. World Publishing company, Cleveland, Ohio. Mentor Book edition, 1966.
 Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961). Between Oxus and Jumna. London. Oxford University Press.
 Vogelsang, W. (1985). "Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West." Iranica antiqua, 20 (1985), pp. 55–99.

Geography of Iran
Rivers of Afghanistan
Saif Ali Khan

Saif Ali Khan is a well-known actor in India. He was born on 16 August 1970. He was born to Sharmila Tagore, great-grandniece of Rabindranath Tagore.

References

1970 births
Living people
Indian actors
Uhwudong

Uhwudong (, c. 1430 - October 18 1480), also written as Eoudong or Eowudong, was a Korean Joseon Dynasty gisaeng, writer, poet, and dancer. She lived during the reign of King Yejong and King Seongjong. She was also called Eeulwudong.

famous for divorced from royal family wife. she was said to be charming, witty, very beautiful, and very smart. Her personal life has inspired movies, a TV series, operas, and many novels. She is one of Koreas modern popular cultural icons.

Popular culture 
In the late 20th century, Uhwudong's story was of interest in both North Korea and South Korea. There are books, movies and operas about her.

In late 1985, a movie Eoudong was released. It starred Lee Bo-hee in the title role. Another movie, Kim Mun-hee, was released on May 23, 1987. In 2007, KBS released a TV series entitled King and I starring Kim Sa-rang.

Related pages 
 Shin Saimdang
 Yu Gamdong
 Heo Chohui
 Hwang Jinyi

Other websites 
 Uhwudong at naver.com 
 Uhwudong at daum.net 
 Uhwudong: Korean historical persons information  

Dancers
Korean painters
Korean writers
1430s births
1480 deaths
Poets
Van der Waals force

In chemistry, the van der Waals force is a type of intermolecular force that attracts molecules together. An intermolecular force is a relatively weak force between molecules. Van der Waals forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force. They are named after the Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923).

Negatively charged electrons orbit around molecules or ions. The electrons shift their orbits to create slightly different charges from one end of the molecule to the other as a response to each other. These slight differences are called partial charges, described by using the variables δ- or δ+. 

Van der Walls force is sometimes used loosely to mean for all intermolecular forces. Van der Waals forces are weaker than covalent bonds and usually weaker than hydrogen bonds, but they play a important role in supramolecular chemistry, enzymes, polymer science, nanotechnology, surface science, and condensed matter physics. Van der Waals forces define many properties of organic compounds, including their ability to dissolve.

References

Force
Chemical bonding
Michel Wachenheim

Michel Wachenheim, (born 16 January 1951 at Saint-Maur-des-Fossés) is a French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Graduate from École Polytechnique (promotion 1972) and École nationale de l'aviation civile (promotion 1975), Michel Wachenheim starts his career in 1977 at the air traffic department. In 2007, he becomes Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Transport Dominique Bussereau. The 1st of September 2009, he becomes French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

Michel Wachenheim is married, has three children and is Officier de la Légion d'honneur. The 2009-2010 promotion of the institut de formation universitaire et de recherche du transport aérien (research and training air transport institute) bears his name.

References

Further reading 
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 527, Wachenheim, Michel
 Who’s Who in France, 2012, 2307 p. (), notice « Wachenheim, Michel ».

Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
1951 births
Ambassadors of France
French aviators
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Closeted

Closeted and in the closet are metaphors used to describe lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) people who for some reason have not disclosed their sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex characteristics. People who have declared this identity are said to have "come out of the closet."

Reading list 
 Epistemology of the Closet (reprinted 1992) by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, .
 Dossie Easton, Janet Hardy, When Someone You Love Is Kinky,  Greenery Press, 2000. .

Other websites 
 Empty Closets - Coming Out Resources and a Safe Place to Chat
 The Human Rights Campaign's Coming Out Guides 
 The Human Rights Campaign is the leading agency of the National Coming Out Project

LGBT
Metaphors
Iolanta

Iolanta (sometimes Iolanthe) () is a one-act opera. The libretto was written by Modest Tchaikovsky. It is based on the Danish play Kong Renés Datter (King René’s Daughter) by Henrik Hertz. The story is a account of the life of Yolande de Bar. The play was translated by Fyodor Miller and adapted by Vladimir Zotov. The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The opera received its premiere in St. Petersburg on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre on a double-bill with the ballet The Nutcracker.

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Operas
Hrithik Roshan

Hrithik Roshan (born 10 January 1974) is an Indian Bollywood actor. Roshan had appeared as a child actor in many movies in the 1980s and also appeared as an assistant director in the 1990s. He made his movie debut in his father's film, Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai in 2000 with Ameesha Patel who also made her debut. His performance in the movie was widely appreciated and earned him a Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Best Male Debut. He followed it with leading roles in Fiza and Mission Kashmir and had a male supporting role in the blockbuster movie Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), which was India's highest-grossing movie in the overseas market at that time. This was followed by several flops in his career. The flops included Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage which reunited him with Ameesha Patel after their debut film. However, his career later improved when he acted in Koi... Mil Gaya, another film directed by his father and won two Filmfare Awards and he also acted in its sequels Krrish and Krrish 3, which were both successful. He earned praise for his portrayal of a thief in the 2006 adventure film Dhoom 2, Mughal emperor Akbar in the 2008 historical romance Jodhaa Akbar and a quadriplegic in the 2010 drama Guzaarish. He played the lead in the 2011 drama Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, the 2012 action revenge film Agneepath, the 2014 action comedy Bang Bang!, the 2019 biopic Super 30, and the 2019 action thriller War which ranks as his highest-grossing release.

References

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
Indian actors
Actors from Mumbai
Stephen Root

Stephen Root (born November 17, 1951) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known for doing many voices in movies and TV shows. He voiced Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in King of the Hill, Zeb Zoober in The Country Bears and Junjie in Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness.

Other websites
 

1951 births
People from Sarasota, Florida
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Florida
Living people
Goose step

The goose step is a kind of marching done by the military. It is usually done in formal parades and other ceremonies. While marching together, the troops swing their legs high off the ground, while keeping their knees unbended (so that their legs are straight). It resembles the walking style of a goose.

The march comes from the Prussian army in the mid-18th century. It was called the Stechschritt (meaning, "piercing step") or Stechmarsch. It is still used today by the armed forces of the nearly 30 countries.

Other websites
Black-and-white video of the march 

Military
James Hong

James Hong (traditional Chinese: 吳漢章, Wú Hànzhāng; born February 22, 1929) is an American stand-up comedian, character actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is perhaps best known as the voice of Mr. Ping in the Kung Fu Panda franchise.

Family
Hong and his family came out in an around-the-world mountain biking travel adventure called Full Cycle: A World Odyssey. The Hong family rode their mountain bikes on a trail near the Hollywood sign. James' daughter named April was born in 1975.

Other websites

 
 

1929 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Kung Fu Panda Holiday

Kung Fu Panda Holiday, also known as Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special, is a 2010 American television special, based on the Kung Fu Panda franchise. It premiered on NBC on November 24, 2010.

It features the voices of Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Jackie Chan, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jack McBrayer. The special's premiere broadcast drew 5.925 million viewers.

Kung Fu Panda Holiday got mostly positive reviews.

Storyline
One day, Master Shifu (Dustin Hoffman) assigns Master Po (Jack Black) to host the upcoming annual Winter Feast that's to be held at the Jade Palace with every single Kung Fu master. But Po declines because he's gonna spend Christmas with Mr. Ping (James Hong) instead.

Voice cast
 Jack Black as Po
 Dustin Hoffman as Shifu
 Angelina Jolie as Tigress
 Seth Rogen as Mantis
 Lucy Liu as Viper
 David Cross as Crane
 James Hong as Mr. Ping
 Jack McBrayer as Wo Hop
 Dan Fogler as Zeng
 Jackie Chan as Monkey
 Jonathan Groff as Master Rhino
 Conrad Vernon as Boar

References

Other websites
 

English-language movies
American animated movies
Christmas movies
2010 movies
2010 animated movies
Kung Fu Panda
Television movies
Lockheed C-130 Hercules

The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a military transport aircraft. The aircraft was first introduced (made available) in 1957. It is still used today by over 60 countries worldwide in active service. There are over 40 models and types of the C-130.

Military aircraft
C-130
Badakhshan Province

Badakhshan (Persian: بدخشان - Badakhshān) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It has 28 Districts.  The capital is Feyzabad. It is located in the north-east of the country, between the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya.

Geography
Badakhshan is bordered by Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Khatlon Province in Tajikistan to the north and east. In the east is the Wakhan Corridor. The province has a total area of 44,059 km².  Much of the land is the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges.

Economy

Badakhshan is one of the poorest areas in the world. Opium poppy growing is the only real source of income in the province.

Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines for over 6,000 years.  The mines were the largest and most well-known source in ancient times.

Demographics
The population of the province is estimated at 889,700 people.  The majority of them are Persian-speaking Tajiks. 

The residents of the province are largely Sunni.

Districts of Badakhshan

Sport 
The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket competitions by the Badakhshan Province cricket team.

Notable people from Badakhshan 
 Burhanuddin Rabbani - leader of the Jamiat-e Islami political party and former president of Afghanistan
 Tahir Badakhshi - political activist
 Latif Pedram - political activist and candidate for Afghanistan's presidency
 Mahboobullah Kushani - political activist and candidate for Afghanistan's presidency
 Mohammad Wali (Prime Minsiter) - Prime Minsiter (Amanullah Khan)
 Shah Wali Taranasaz - Musician
 Nasratullah Nasrat - Afghan cricketer

Related pages 
 Badakhshan

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Fayzabad, Badakhshan

Fayzabad (also spelled Feyzabad, Fazelabad or Faizabad) () is the provincial capital and largest city in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan.  There are around 50,000 people. It is the main commercial and administrative center of the Pamir region.

Geography
Fayzabad is in northeast Afghanistan. The city is located on the right bank of the Kokcha River.

Economy
Fayzabad has been separate from other parts of the country because of the lack of paved roads. There are two active bazaars in the city where items as different as cotton, cotton cloth and goods, salt, sugar, tea, indigo, and cutlery are traded.

Demographics
The majority of the people are Tajiks.  There also are some Pashtun, Uzbek and Turkmen.

Culture
There are a number of mosques and shrines of historical importance in the city.

Public services
The city has several schools including an all-girls school. There is also a hospital which is considered the best in the province, and a police station. There is a guest house called Lapis Lazuli for expatriates.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) is the modern archaeological name for a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia, dated to ca. 2300–1700 BCE.  It was in present-day  Turkmenistan, northern Afghanistan and northeastern Iran, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan. Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi (1976). Bactria was the Greek name for the area of Bactra (modern Balkh), in what is now northern Afghanistan.  Margiana was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Margu, in today's Turkmenistan.

Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward many buildings in many sites. Reports on the BMAC were mostly in Soviet journals, until the last years of the Soviet Union.  The findings were unknown to the West until Sarianidi's work was translated in the 1990s.

References 

Archaeological sites in Asia
Uzbek language

Uzbek (O'zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили or Ўзбекча in Cyrillic script, أۇزبېك تیلی in Arabic script) is a Turkic language. It is the official language of Uzbekistan. It has about 40 million native speakers. It is spoken by the Uzbeks in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia. Uzbek belongs to  the southeastern Turkic or Uyghur family of Turkic languages.

References

Languages of Russia
Languages of Tajikistan
Languages of Turkmenistan
Languages of Uzbekistan
Languages of China
Turkic languages
Turkmen language

Turkmen (, Cyrillic: , Persian: ) is the national language of Turkmenistan. It is spoken by about 7,000,000 people in Turkmenistan and by an about 380,000 more people in Northwestern Afghanistan and 500,000 in Northeastern Iran.

Literature
The leading Turkmen poet is Magtymguly Pyragy, who wrote in the 1700's.

References

Languages of Iran
Russia
Languages of Turkmenistan
Turkey
Turkic languages
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani (Nurestani) languages () are one of the three groups in the Indo-Iranian language family.  The other two languages are Indo-Aryan and Iranian. They are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan.

Languages
 Askunu (Ashkun) 2,000 speakers
 Kamkata-viri (Bashgali, includes the dialects Kata-vari, Kamviri & Mumviri) 24,200 speakers
 Vasi-vari (Prasuni) 2,000 speakers
 Tregami (Gambiri) 1,000 speakers
 Waigali (Kalasha-ala) 2,000 speakers
 Zemiaki 500 speakers (traditionally classified as a dialekt of Indo-Aryan Nangalami-Grangali, belongs here according to Grjunberg 1999)

References

Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Pakistan
Telephone numbers in Afghanistan

Area codes in Afghanistan are two digits long. It is common to write phone numbers as (0xx) yyy-yyyy, where xx is the area code. The 0 prefix is for long-distance dialing from within the country. International callers should dial +93 xx yyyyyyy.

Area codes for common cities are:

020 yyy yyyy: Kabul
030 yyy yyyy: Kandahar
040 yyy yyyy: Herat
050 yyy yyyy: Mazar-i-Sharif
060 yyy yyyy: Jalalabad

References 

Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Helmand Province

Helmand (Pashto/Dari: هلمند) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Lashkar Gah. The Helmand River flows through the mainly desert region, providing water for irrigation.

Helmand is the world's largest opium-producing region.  It makes 75% of the world's total production. This is more than all of Burma, which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan. Afghan opium accounts for more than 90% of the global supply.

The current governor is Mohammad Golab Mangal (since March 2008).

Much of the fighting between NATO and Taliban forces is taking place in this province. Helmand is said to be a Taliban stronghold.

Border with Pakistan
Helmand has a southern border with the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Many domestic and international observers have criticized Pakistan's efforts towards securing the border against Taliban insurgents.

Cities

Lashkar Gah
Sangin
Musa Qala

Demographics
The population is 1,441,769. The area is 58,584 square kilometres. Pashtuns are the majority estimated at 92% of the population. There are also Balochs who are in the south.  Also there are small numbers of Hazara, Brahui and Tajik.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Ghazni Province

Ghazni  () () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Its capital is Ghazni City.

Demographics and geography
The major ethnic groups in the province are Hazaras, Pashtuns and Tajiks. There are also some Burki, and Uzbeks. Ghazni is made up of 19 districts.

Some Sikhs and Hindus also live in Ghazni province. During the Taliban regime they fled the country. With the current administration they have returned to Ghazni city.

Infrastructure
Band E Sardeh Dam is located in Andar District near the border with Paktika Province.  It creates a large water reservoir that is important to the irrigation of the Kahnjoor farming zone.

Related pages 
 Ghazni

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Ghazni

Ghazni (Persian/Pashto: غزنی - Ġaznī; historically known as غزنین / Ġaznīn and غزنه / Ġazna) is a city in central-east Afghanistan. It is the capital of Ghazni Province.

Just like other cities of Afghanistan, Ghazni is very old and has seen many military invasions.

Infrastructure

Education 
The city has a number of public schools.

Resources 
Ghazni City is located in an area of extreme drought. In 2007, one of the gates on a fifty-year-old dam on the Jikhai River broke.  This worried the people of Ghazni city about the water supply. The dam serves as a good source of irrigation water to Ghazni City and the surrounding agricultural areas. Nearby rivers have a history of flooding  and causing severe damage and death, though efforts have begun to fix this.

Notables from Ghazni 
 Sadiq Ali Khan Tanoli (sons named Feroz Khan, Sanjay Khan, Akbar Khan (director), Indian film actors,
 Hajweri Ghaznawi
 Mahmud of Ghazni
 Sanai
 Hassan Ghaznavi
 Faiz Muhammad Katib Hazara
 Farrukhi Sistani, Manuchehri Damaghani, Abul-fazl Bayhaqi (royal poets and writers who lived during the Ghaznavids period)

Points of interest 
 Citadel
 Minarets of Ghazni
 Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III
 Tomb of Sebuktigin
 Mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud
 Mausoleum of Sanai
 Museum of Islamic Art
 Tapa Sardar Excavations

Related pages 
 Ghazni Province

References and footnotes 

 

Cities in Afghanistan
Pashayi language

Pashayi - also known as Pashai - is a language (or a group of languages) spoken by the Pashai people in parts of Kapisa, Laghman, Nuristan, Kunar, and Nangarhar Provinces in northeastern Afghanistan.

It is spoken by over 216,842 people who are mostly Muslim. Most of them are bilingual in Pashto.  Only 25% are able to read.  The Pashai language was not written prior to 2003.

References 

Languages of Afghanistan
Dardic languages
Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire ( (Kuṣāṇ Rājavaṃśa), BHS: , Parthian: Kušanxšaθr) was first formed in the early 1st century AD.  It was in eastern and northern Afghanistan and the north-west of India.

The Kushan were a branch of the Yuezhi confederation. Previously a nomadic people living in eastern Central Asia, the Yuezhi moved southwest and settled in ancient Bactria.

Notes

History of Iran
History of Pakistan
Former empires
1st-century establishments
History of India
Disestablishments in Asia
Jennifer Lawrence

Jennifer Shrader Lawrence (born August 15, 1990) is an American actress. She appeared in Time's list of most influential people in the world in 2013, and has won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, three Golden Globe Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, among other accolades.

Lawrence first became known for appearing on The Bill Engvall Show (2007–2009), and had her breakthrough with Winter's Bone (2010). She went on to starring roles in the X-Men film series (2011–2019) and The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015), and is the highest-grossing action heroine. She won the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in Silver Linings Playbook (2012), and earned an additional two Golden Globe Awards for starring in American Hustle (2013) and Joy (2015). She subsequently played roles in Passengers (2016), mother! (2017) and Red Sparrow (2018).

Career
In 2010, Lawrence played Ree Dolly in Winter's Bone. In 2012, she played Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games franchise. In 2013, she won an Oscar for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role. That year, she also won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy.

Personal life
Lawrence is of English, Scottish, Irish and German descent. As of August 2013, Lawrence is dating X-Men: First Class and X-Men: Days of Future Past co-star Nicholas Hoult. The couple started dating in 2011 after filming X-Men: First Class, but ended their relationship in January 2013, after 2 years of dating. They reconnected 6 months later in July 2013, after filming X-Men: Days of Future Past together.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations
Lawrence has been the recipient of an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Award, four Critic's Choice Movie Awards, a Independent Spirit Award, a Venice Film Festival Award, a Palm Springs International Film Festival Award, a Saturn Award, a Satellite Award and several other awards. She was named the Associated Press' Entertainer of the Year for 2013.

References

Other websites

 
 Jennifer Lawrence Foundation
 
 Jennifer Lawrence at Biography.com
 Jennifer Lawrence at The New York Times
 Jennifer Lawrence at Rotten Tomatoes

1990 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Buddhas of Bamiyan

The Buddhas of Bamiyan ( – but hay-e bamiyan) were two 6th century monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff. They are in the Bamyan valley in the Hazarajat region of central Afghanistan.

They were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban.  Japan and Switzerland, among others, have said they would help rebuild the statues.

References

Statues
Buddhism
Geography of Afghanistan
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Tahirid dynasty

The Tahirid dynasty () was a Persian dynasty that ruled the Abbasid province of Khorasan from 821 to 873.  It also ruled the city of Baghdad from 820 until 891. The capital in Khorasan was first located at Merv. Later it moved to Nishapur.

References

Former monarchies of Asia
873 disestablishments
821 establishments
History of Islam
Royal dynasties
Marilyn Chambers

Marilyn Ann Chambers (April 22, 1952 – April 12, 2009) was an American pornographic actress, exotic dancer and fashion model. She was born Marilyn Ann Briggs in Providence, Rhode Island. She was raised in Westport, Connecticut. She was notable for performing in many pornographic movies, including Behind the Green Door and mainstream movies, including Rabid. Chambers died in Santa Clarita, California due to cerebral hemorrhage and aneurysm cause by heart disease.

Other websites

1952 births
2009 deaths
Actors from Rhode Island
American erotic dancers
Models from Rhode Island
American movie actors
American pornographic actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Sistan

Sīstān () is a border region in eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southern Afghanistan (Nimroz, Kandahar and Zabul provinces).

Sistan was once the homeland of Sakas, a Scythian tribe of Iranic origin. The Saffarids, one of the early Iranian dynasties of the Islamic era, were first from Sistan.

References

 Britannica

Geography of Iran
History of Iran
History of Persia
Saffarid dynasty

The Saffarids or the Saffarid dynasty () was a Persian empire. They ruled in Sistan from 861–1002.  Sistan was a historical region in southeastern Iran, southwestern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Their capital was Zaranj, located in present-day Afghanistan.

References 

History of Iran
History of Afghanistan
History of Tajikistan
History of Islam
Royal dynasties
9th-century establishments in Asia
867 establishments
1002 disestablishments
Bukhara

Bukhara (;  ; ) is the capital of the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan. It is the nation's fifth-largest city. It had about 263,400 people at the 2009 census. People have lived in the area for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time.  The city is on the Silk Road. That made it a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which has many mosques and madrassas, is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. There are many Uzbeks and Tajiks. The city has Jews and other ethnic minorities.

Names
Bukhara was called Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.

Transportation
Bukhara Airport
The M37 highway connects the city to most of the major cities in Turkmenistan including Ashgabat.

Notable people

Many important people lived in Bukhara in the past. Most famous of them are:

 Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari (810-870) - Islamic scholar and compiler of hadiths
 Avicenna (Abu Ali ibn Sina) (980-1037) - physician and person of encyclopedic knowledge
 Bal'ami: Abolfazl Muhammad and his son Abu-Ali Mohammad, two famous viziers of Samanid kings, historians and patrons of art and literature
 Abubakr Narshakhi (10th century) - historian who wrote History of Bukhara
 Hazrat Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari(c. 595-690 AH, 1199-1291 CE)
 Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (1318–1389)
 Amir Kulal (died in 1370)
 Kiromi Bukhoroi
 An Lushan
 Sadriddin Ayni (1878–1954)
 Abdurauf Fitrat
 Oksana Chusovitina

References

World Heritage Sites in Asia
Cities in Uzbekistan
History of Persia
Lashkar Gah

Lashkar Gah () (), also called Bost, is a city in southern Afghanistan and the capital of Helmand Province. It is located in Lashkar Gah district, and is between the Helmand and Arghandab rivers. The city has a population of 201,546 as of 2006.

Lashkar Gah is linked by major roads with Kandahar to the east, Zaranj to the west, and Herat to the north-west.

Sports
Football is the popular sport in Lashkar Gah. The Lashkar Gah Football Stadium was rebuilt in 2006.  It can hold around 10,000 spectators. Currently, 13 registered cricket teams play at the new Karzai Stadium in Lashkar Gah.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Greater Khorasan

Greater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan () (also written Khurasan) is a historical region of Greater Iran.  It also included parts of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikstan

References

Regions of Asia
Central Asia
South-central Asia
History of Persia
Al-Farabi

Al-Farabi (persian: ابو نصر محمد بن محمد فارابي,  / ;)  known in the West as Alpharabius (c. 872 in Fārāb – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951 in Damascus), was a persian scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world. He was also a cosmologist, logician, and musician.

References

Philosophers
950s deaths
Turkish people
Scientists
Musicians
Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī

Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died in the year 13 December 1048 in Ghazni), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni' in English, was a Persian-Chorasmian Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.

Al-Biruni was one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences.  He did a lot of work as a historian, chronologist and linguist.

Notes

References

973 births
1048 deaths
Philosophers
Persian mathematicians
Asian anthropologists
Timurid dynasty

The Timurid dynasty () or the Timurids, who called themselves Gurkānī Note: Gurgān, Gurkhān, or Kurkhān; The meaning of Kurkhan is given in Clements Markham's publication of the reports of the contemporary witness Ruy González de Clavijo  as "of the lineage of sovereign princes". (), were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage. Members of the dynasty were strongly influenced by the culture of Iran and had established two well-known empires in history, the Timurid Empire in Iran and Central Asia and the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughal dynasty was a branch of the Timurid dynasty.

References

History of Islam
Mongol Empire
History of Iran
History of Uzbekistan
Royal dynasties
Satrap

Satrap was the name given to the governors of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid (Persian) Empires.

History of Persia
Hotaki dynasty

The Hotaki dynasty was founded in 1709 by Mirwais Hotak at Kandahar, Afghanistan. It was made up of Pashtuns (ethnic Afghans) who belonged to the Hotak tribe of Pashtuns. They revolted and made their land independent from foreign ruler, but later they invaded Persia and defeated the great Persian Empire of the Shi'a Safavids.

Mahmud Hotaki, son of Mirwais, ruled Persia until he died in 1725 and then his cousin Ashraf ruled until 1729 when Nader Shah Afshar defeated him.

The last king was Hussain Hotaki in Kandahar until he was defeated by Nader Shah in 1738.

References

Notes

History of Iran
History of Afghanistan
Former countries in Asia
Former monarchies of Asia
Royal dynasties
1709 establishments
1738 disestablishments
1700s establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Asia
Himni i Flamurit

"Himni i Flamurit" (in English: 'Hymn to the Flag') is the national anthem of Albania. The words were written by the Albanian poet Asdreni (Aleksandër Stavre Drenova). The hymn was first published as a poem in Liri e Shqipërisë (in English: Freedom of Albania), an Albanian newspaper in Sofia, Bulgaria, on 21 April 1912. It was later printed in a volume of poems by Drenova titled Ëndra e lotë (in English: Dreams and tears), which was published in Bucharest. The music of the anthem was composed by the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu. It's based on the song Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire.

Lyrics
The first part (stanza or verse) is always sung, the second part is sung on occasion, and the third part is never sung.

Albanian lyrics

Adaptation into English
Around our flag we are united,
with one will and one desire;
A sacred oath are now proclaiming
for our salvation to aspire.
May only those avoid the struggle,
those who are traitors to our laws;
Undaunted is a hero through and through,
and dies a martyr to the cause.
May only those avoid the struggle,
those who are traitors to our laws;
Undaunted is a hero through and through,
and dies a martyr to the cause.

With weapons in our hands a-brandished,
we will defend our fatherland;
Our sacred rights we'll not relinquish,
the foe has no place in our land.
For God has told the world, proclaiming:
the nations of the earth shall wane;
And yet will live, will thrive Albania,
for her, our fight won't be in vain.
For God has told the world, proclaiming:
the nations of the earth shall wane;
And yet will live, will thrive Albania,
for her, our fight won't be in vain.

In other alphabets
Albanian has historically been written in a number of different alphabets.

References

National anthems
Albania
Telephone numbers in Albania

The country calling code for Albania is +355
 
For domestic calls (within Albania), 0 must be dialed before the area code. The prefix for international calls from Albania is 00 (for example for an United States number 00 1 ... should be dialed). Below is an explanation when dialing a Tirana number:

Dial        2xxx xxx    (from within Tirana)
Dial     04 2xxx xxx    (from within Albania)
Dial +355 4 2xxx xxx    (from outside Albania)

History
Albania has the lowest rate of telephone use in Europe.  In 2008 there were about 10 lines per 100 people. Cellular phone use is very common throughout the country.

Numbering plan by Municipality (effective 15 September 2008)
This is a list of area codes in Albania.

Albania
Albania
List of heads of state of Albania

This is a list of heads of state of Albania.  The head of state is named President.

Heads of State of Albania (1912–Present)

Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914)

Principality of Albania (1914–1925)

Albanian Republic (1925–1928)

Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)

Italian Occupation (1939–1943)

German Occupation (1943–1944)

People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1944–1991)

Republic of Albania (1991–Present)

First Secretaries of the Albanian Communist/Labour Party (1941–1991)

Living former presidents

References

Albania

head of state
List of prime ministers of Albania

This is a list of prime ministers of Albania.  The current Prime Minister is Sali Berisha.

Prime ministers of Albania (1912–Present)

Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914)

Principality of Albania (1914–1925)

Albanian Republic (1925–1928)

Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)

Italian Occupation (1939–1943)

German Occupation (1943–1944)

People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1944–1991)

Republic of Albania (1991–Present)

References
 

Albania
Zayyanid dynasty

Zayyanids (, Ziyānyūn) or Abd al-Wadids (), or Banu Zayan, is the name of a Berber Zenata dynasty in North Africa. The Zayyanids, whose capital was Tlemcen(in modern day Algeria) existed from 1235 to 1556. They were also known as Abdalwadid.

References

History of Algeria
History of Morocco
Former monarchies of Africa
Royal dynasties
1236 establishments
1556 disestablishments
1230s establishments in Africa
Catholic University of the North

The Catholic University of the North () is a Catholic university located in Antofagasta, Chile. It is one of the universities in the north of Chile.

Faculties 
 Civil engineering & Construction
 Sciences
 Sea sciences
 Economy & Management
 Engineering & Geologic sciences
 Humanities
 Medicine

Other websites 
 Catholic University of the North 

Antofagasta
Antofagasta
1956 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Chile
Gennady Zyuganov

Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov (born 1944 in Mymrino) is a Russian politician.  He has led the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) since 1993. He has campaigned for the Russian presidency four times. He has finished second each time.

References

1944 births
Living people
Colonels
Communist politicians
Russian communists
Russian politicians
Soviet military people
Isfana

Isfana is a small town in Kyrgyzstan. It is the administrative center of Leilek District. Over 27 thousand people live in Isfana.

References

Towns in Asia
Geography of Kyrgyzstan
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ()  is the Netherlands' main international airport, It is 20 minutes southwest of Amsterdam. The airport's English name is Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The airport had an IATA name of SPL, but is now AMS.
The airport is the main airport for KLM, Arkefly, Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair and Transavia. The airport is also the main European airport for Delta Air Lines. It is the 4th busiest airport in Europe and the 12th busiest in the world.

Airlines & Destinations

Railway station
Trains run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen connect Amsterdam Schipol railway station to places around the Netherlands.

References

Airports in Europe
Transport in the Netherlands
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Amsterdam
Haarlemmermeer
Flybe

Flybe Group PLC (Known as flybe) was a low-cost regional airline group in Exeter, Devon, England. It had over 180 routes to 65 European airports and was Europe's biggest regional airline. Over 6.7 million passengers travelled with them during 2010. The airline was on the London Stock Exchange (), and payed around 2,800 people.

References

1979 establishments in the United Kingdom
Airlines of the United Kingdom
Low-cost airlines
Aurigny Air Services

Aurigny Air Services Limited, known as aurigny.com  is an airline with its head office at Guernsey Airport in the Channel Islands, and is owned by the States of Guernsey. It operates passenger and freight services between the Channel Islands, northern France and the United Kingdom. Its main base is Guernsey Airport, with other aircraft and crew based at Jersey Airport and Alderney Airport. Aurigny is one of the longest operating regional airlines in the world, and is one of the oldest airlines in Britain except for Loganair and Monarch Airlines. The name means Alderney.

Destinations

Current destinations
Aurigny Air Services runs to the following destinations (at February 2010):

British Crown Dependencies
Alderney (Alderney Airport) Base
Guernsey (Guernsey Airport) Hub
Jersey (Jersey Airport) Base
France
Dinard/Saint-Malo (Pleurtuit Airport)
Grenoble Airport (seasonal)
United Kingdom
Bristol (Bristol International Airport)
London
(Gatwick Airport)
(London Stansted Airport)
Manchester (Manchester Airport)
Nottingham (East Midlands Airport)
Southampton (Southampton Airport)

Former destinations
The airline used to run to the following destinations:
France
Cherbourg (Cherbourg - Maupertus Airport)
Caen (Caen - Carpiquet Airport)
Granville, Manche (Granville - Mont Saint Michel Aerodrome)
Netherlands
Amsterdam (Amsterdam Schiphol Airport)
United Kingdom
Brighton (Shoreham Airport)
Bournemouth (Bournemouth Airport)
Charter:
Cambridge (Cambridge Airport)
Gloucester (Gloucestershire Airport)
Ramsgate (Manston Airport)

References

1968 establishments
Airlines of Europe
Channel Islands
1960s establishments in Europe
Blue Islands

Blue Islands Limited is an airline of the Channel Islands. Its main office is in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, and its registered office is in Saint Anne, Alderney. It runs timetabled services from and within the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Its main base is Jersey Airport.

References

1999 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Channel Islands
British Midland Airways Limited

British Midland Airways Limited known as BMI was an airline based at Donington Hall in Castle Donington in the United Kingdom, close to East Midlands Airport.  The airline flew to places in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia from its base at London Heathrow Airport, where it held 11% of all take off and landing slots and runs over 2,000 flights a week. 

BMI was owned by Lufthansa, who announced an agreement in December 2011 to sell the airline to the owner of British Airways, International Airlines Group. The deal does not include Bmibaby and BMI Regional.. BMI Regional was sold to Sector Aviation Holdings for £8 million in May 2012. In April 2012 it was announced that bmi (excluding bmibaby) was to be fully merged into British Airways by the end of October 2012.

British Midland Airways Limited had a Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, which allowed it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats, and was a 3-star airline by Skytrax.

References

Airlines of the United Kingdom
1938 establishments in the United Kingdom
Bmibaby

Bmibaby Limited known as bmibaby.com was a British low-cost airline. It flew to places in the UK and Europe from its bases at Belfast City, Birmingham and East Midlands airports. It was owned by British Midland International, which itself is owned was Lufthansa. In April 2012, BMI was bought by the International Airlines Group and the airline, along with bmibaby, stopped flying. 

Bmibaby had a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence. It was allowed to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.

References

Airlines of the United Kingdom
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
BMI Regional

British Midland Regional Limited known as bmi regional was a British regional airline that runs timetabled passenger services mostly within the UK. Its head office is in Aberdeen Airport East in Dyce, Aberdeen, Scotland. Its main base is Aberdeen Airport.  BMI Regional was owned by British Midland International until 2012. Sector Aviation Holdings Limited bought BMI Regional in May 2012.

References

Airlines of the United Kingdom
1987 establishments in the United Kingdom
Belfast City Airport

George Best Belfast City Airport  is a single-runway airport in Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland next to the Port of Belfast it is  from Belfast City Centre. It shares the site with the Short Brothers/Bombardier aircraft making area. The airport began commercial operations in 1983.

The airport was known as "Belfast City Airport" until it was renamed in 2006 in memory of George Best, the professional footballer from Belfast, best known for his time with Manchester United.

The airport gets over 2.7 million passengers in 2010, a record total for the airport, though the total fell by 12.5% to 2.4 million in 2011.

The airport is a major base for Flybe, which began services at the airport in 1993 and is now the largest operator at Belfast City.

Belfast City has a CAA public use aerodrome licence (number P862) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.

References

Airports in the United Kingdom
Belfast
County Antrim
Buildings and structures in Northern Ireland
Transport in Northern Ireland
1983 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
Ipswich Airport

Ipswich Airport  is a former airfield on the outskirts of Ipswich, Suffolk England.

Airports in England
Ipswich
Amānullāh Khān

Md. Aman Ullah  (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: ) (Aptil 27, 2000 –) was the Sovereign of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929. He was first an Emir and after 1926 the King. He led Afghanistan to freedom from the United Kingdom. He was the first Afghan ruler to make the country more modern. Habibullah Kalakani and his followers fought against Khan. On 14 January 1929, Amanullah went to then neighboring British India. Afghanistan fell into a civil war (1928–1929). From British India he went to Europe where he died in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1960.

References 

1892 births
1960 deaths
Monarchs of Afghanistan
Erythraean Sea

The Erythraean Sea was the old name for all  Indian ocean in 15-17 century  it was a name only for north part of the Indian ocean and Arabian Sea. it was used throughout Europe until the 18-19th century.

Name
The Greeks themselves derived the name from an eponymous persian King Erythras, knowing that the waters so described were deep blue. Modern scholars sometimes attribute the name to the seasonal blooms of the red-hued Trichodesmium erythraeum in the Red Sea. Documents on the Persian Gulf's name describes a story from the  Agatharchides, author of On the Erythraean Sea page 113 saying the Erythrae was son of Myozai a Persian lord which forced  to go to an island because of the attack  by the lions to his cattle ,then  he invited other people to settle in this island, most probably today Qeshm Island or Hormuz Island then  it became lucky island and the name of the Erythraean Sea is related to him.

Use
The name "Erythraean Sea" has been or is still used for the following places: 
In the opening sentences of Herodotus' history, written in the 5th century BC, he refers to the Phoenicians having come originally from the Erythraean Sea. 
In the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, written in the 1st century AD, as well as in some ancient maps, the name of the sea refers to the whole area of the northwestern Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea.
In centuries past, the name "Erythraean Sea" was applied by cartographers to the NW part of the Indian Ocean, mainly the area around Socotra, between Cape Guardafui and the coast of Hadhramaut. 
The name "Erythraean Sea" was used as well to refer to some gulfs attached to the Indian Ocean, specifically, the Persian Gulf. 
As a name for the Red Sea, especially after the 19th century. The modern country of Eritrea was named after this ancient Greek name. 
Since 1895, the name has also been applied to a large dusky region on the surface of planet Mars, known as Mare Erythraeum.

Related pages
 Persian Gulf
 Socotra

References

Other websites
The Periplus of the Erythrean sea, containing an account of the navigation of the ancients, from the sea of Suez to the coast of Zanguebar, William Vincent (ed.), 2 voll., London, 1800, vol. 1, vol. 2.
 William H. Schoff,  The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912), with additional commentary including alternate spellings or translations from Lionel Casson's more recent edition.

Seas of the Indian Ocean
Badghis Province

Bādghīs (Persian/Pashto: بادغیس) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in northwestern Afghanistan, between the Murghab and Hari rivers.  It goes as far northward as the edge of the desert of Sarakhs.

History
The province was one of the last captured by the Taliban in their military offensive before the American invasion in 2001. TheTajik people of the province never welcomed the Pashtun Taliban. The province was quickly retaken by Northern Alliance forces.

Geography

Badghis Province is in the isolated hills of northwestern Afghanistan.  Its borders are Herat, Ghor, and Faryab provinces as well as Turkmenistan.

Politics
The current Governor of the province is Delbar Jan Arman.

Economy
Agriculture is the main source of people's income. The Murghab and Hari rivers makes the land suitable for farming. The province had a bad drought in the late 1990s and early 2000s. This has gotten better. Badghis is the biggest in pistachio production in Afghanistan. It is also one of the carpet-making capitals of the country.

Transportation
Badghis Province has little transportation. Qala i Naw Airport (QAQN) is the only airport.

References

 Afghanistan Information Management Service 

Provinces of Afghanistan