cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Battle of Chantilly

The Battle of Chantilly happened on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia. It was the last battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War. The battle had two names: the Union side called it the "Battle of Chantilly" and the Confederates called it the "Battle of Ox Hill".

Background
Confederate General Robert E. Lee had just won the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 29. The Union Army, commanded by John Pope, started retreating north towards Washington, D.C. Lee wanted to destroy Pope's army. He sent Thomas J. Jackson's corps to march around Pope's army in order to capture the road to Washington. If the Confederates captured the road, Pope would have been surrounded and be forced to surrender.

On September 1, Pope found out where Jackson was. He sent Jesse L. Reno with two divisions to attack Jackson. Jackson had stopped on Ox Hill, which was near the Chantilly Plantation. He decided to stop there because he found Pope's army was farther north than he expected.

The battle
The first Union commander to arrive at Ox Hill was Isaac Stevens. He decided to attack Jackson's men about 5 p.m. At the same time, a thunderstorm broke out and made some of the solders's ammunition too wet to fire. Many men had to fight with bayonets. Stevens's division made part of the Confederate army retreat. But the Confederates counterattacked and forced Steven's division retreat. During the attack, Stevens was killed.

After Stevens' s attack failed, Philip Kearny's division arrived. Kearny tried to attack the Confederates but he was killed too. After sunset, the Union soldiers retreated from the battlefield.

Aftermath
The Union army lost about 1,000 casaulties in the battle. The Confederates lost about 500 to 600 casualties. Pope continued retreating to Washington on September 2.

Sources
 Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. .
 Taylor, Paul. He Hath Loosed the Fateful Lightening: The Battle of Ox Hill (Chantilly) September 1, 1862. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Books, 2003. .

Chantilly
September 1862 events
1862 in Virginia
Jörg Haider

Jörg Haider (26 January 1950 – 11 October, 2008) was an Austrian politician who was often called to be off right-populism ("rechtspopulist"). He was born in Bad Goisern, Upper Austria, and died near Klagenfurt, Austria.

At the age of 29 he became the youngest member of the Austrian parliament and in 1989 the Governor of Carinthia for the first time.

Haider lead the Freedom Party to great success so that in 1999 the party reached the second most votes with 27% behind the SPÖ with 33% and could form a coalition with the Austrian People's Party ÖVP (having for the first time only the third most votes) making Wolfgang Schüssel Chancellor of Austria.

Haider passed his leading position to other party members so that a coalition could take place and returned to Carinthia to work as Governor again.

In 2004 Haider was re-elected as Governor of Carinthia. One year later the leading members of the FPÖ as well as there party members in the government together with Jörg Haider (as their new head) founded a new Party, the BZÖ. In 2006 the BZÖ party reached the 4% (that time lead under P. Westenthaler) in the Austrian elections and so became part of the Parliament with 7 representatives. For the snap elections in September 2008 he was voted unanimity in his party for the leading position and ran as candidate again for the elections like back in the nineties. Surprisingly the party gained 10.7% and therefore could rise its seats 3 times now having 21 representatives under the lead of Jörg Haider. However Haider promised before the votes toke place too remain Governor as he would have only changed as of becoming Chancellor. There were possibilities to build a government with Jörg Haider as chancellor (Haider already achieved to form a coalition where the ÖVP under Schüssel with the 3rd most votes got the Chancellor) or at least the BZÖ represented in the government. For this a coalition of BZÖ with FPÖ and ÖVP was necessary, however Haider never got into this position.

On 11 October 2008, Haider died in a traffic accident near the town of Klagenfurt. He was returning home after an event that had taken place earlier. Many people living in Carinthia in reaction to his death, left public offerings as flowers, candles, cards and personal messages, Austrian singer and intendant Harald Serafin called the tragic death even an "Austro-Lady-Diana-Story".

References

1950 births
2008 deaths
Austrian politicians
Austrian Roman Catholics
Governors
People from Upper Austria
Road accident deaths
Egyptian Museum

The Egyptian Museum, formally known as the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, is a museum in Cairo, Egypt, which has a large collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 120,000 items. The museum's Royal Mummy Room, shows some mummies of New Kingdom kings and queens.

Another large museum of Egyptian antiquities is Egyptian Museum of Turin, which is the only museum other than the Cairo Museum that is dedicated only to Egyptian art and culture.

Other websites 

 Egyptian Museum in Cairo 
 Egyptian Museum of Turin

Cairo
Egypt
1902 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Cairo
1900s establishments in Egypt
Yagan

Yagan (c. 1795–11 July 1833) was a Noongar warrior who played an important part in early  indigenous Australian resistance to European settlement and rule in the area of Perth, Western Australia. 

Yagan was the son of Midgigoroo, one of the elders of the tribe who lived in the Perth area. Yagan was blamed for spearing cattle near the Swan River. There were not many cattle in the new colony and food was scarce. Yagan's taking of the settlers animals and food supplies was seen as a very serious crime. After a European was killed, the military started a search for Yagan. He was found after four months and sent to Carnac Island. He escaped after six weeks. One of the soldiers who had got to know him on Carnac Island, compared him to William Wallace.

Yagan's brother was killed in April 1833 while trying to steal flour from a cart. Yagan, Midgigoroo and several others attacked another cart and killed the drivers. They were declared outlaws, which meant they had no legal rights and could be killed by anyone. A reward of £30 was offered for their capture. Midgigoroo was soon captured and executed. Two months later, on 11 July 1833 a shepherd, William Keates, shot and killed Yagan. Keates was killed soon afterwards in another fight with the Aborigines, and his brother claimed the reward for the capture of Yagan. Yagan's head was cut off and sent to England for display. 

After a long search his remains were rediscovered in an unmarked grave in Liverpool and returned to Australia in 1997. On 10 July 2010, Yangar was reburied in Perth, at a site now called the Yagan Memorial Park. The park is on the site where Yagan was killed in 1833.

References

Indigenous Australian history
1795 births
1833 deaths
People from Western Australia
Indigenous Australian people
Osaka University

Osaka University is a national university of Japan. It was started in 1869. It is in Osaka. It has 11 departments.

Related pages
 List of national universities in Japan

Other websites

Official website

Colleges and universities in Japan
1869 establishments in Japan
Osaka
Daytona 500

The Daytona 500 is an auto race held in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is the opening event of the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Daytona has hosted racing for many years. Originally cars raced on the beach, but in 1959, race officials built the Daytona International Speedway, where the race has been held ever since. The Daytona track hosts many other races as well. The Daytona 500 is considered the most important event in NASCAR.

The Daytona 500 has many memories, the winners receive a Harley J. Earl Trophy every year at the end of every race, The trophy is not the only one awarded to the event, The crew chief of the teams receives the Cannonball trophy, a trophy by Cannonball Baker.

Eventually, the  race was held in 1959, It was the second 500-mile NASCAR race, following the Southern 500, By 1961, the race was referred as the Daytona 500.

At Daytona, the cars pile up in multi-car wrecks, known as The Big One.

List of Daytona 500 winners

Other websites

NASCAR
1959 establishments in Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida
Beat 'em up games

Beat 'em up games are video games where the player beats up bad guys while walking through levels. Sometimes the player has to beat up certain bad guys to progress through the game. Most of the time, these games have level bosses which are usually at the end of the level. Examples of "beat-em up" games are arcade games like Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and The Simpsons. Super Smash Bros. Brawl also has a "beat-em up" part in the game where the player fights bad guys from the Subspace Emissary and fights other characters as well in order to beat the levels.

Types of video games

Video game genres
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky () is a city in Russia. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Kamchatka Krai. Population: 181,181 (2019).

The city lies on the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

It was founded by Vitus Bering in 1740 and was named after ships the St. Peter and the St. Paul.

Principal industry is fishing.

Education
 Kamchatka state university
 Kamchatka state technical university

Science

Institute of volcanology and seismology of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the city.

Climate is mild. Annual average temperature is +2,8 °C.

Other websites 
 Official website of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district 

Capital cities in Russia
Perspective (graphical)

In graphic arts, perspective is the representation of how an image is seen by the eye. It is about how the angle and distance of a three-dimensional object is represented on a flat surface. To create a real scene, objects are drawn smaller to show that they are farther away from the person looking at the artwork. The dimensions of an object are also drawn differently depending where the line of sight is. The size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are usually drawn shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. This is called foreshortening, and is used to create the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Landscape paintings have a horizon line. This line represents objects that are infinitely far away. They have shrunk, in the distance, like objects on the Earth's horizon. Changing the height of the horizon level changes the view point for the picture. A person lying on the ground and looking up would have a different view to a person on a ladder looking down.

Basic concept

Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the painting), to the viewer's eye.  It is similar to a viewer looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. If viewed from the same spot as the windowpane was painted, the painted image would be identical to what was seen through the unpainted window.  Each painted object in the scene is a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Teaching Perspective in Art and Mathematics through Leonardo da Vinci's Work  at Mathematical Association of America
Perspective in Ancient Roman-Wall Painting at Southampton Solent University
Mathematics of Perspective Drawing

Graphics
Art
Graphic arts

Graphic arts is a term that was used for the art of printmaking and drawing. Today it means the skills of a graphic designer or print technician. Graphic arts as a trade can be traced back to the first instances of the stamped image or word.

Traditional Meaning
Graphic art is an artistic process of creating a design where one uses a medium (like rubber or plexiglas) and transfers the image to a material (like paper).

Related pages
Graphic design

Other websites
 American Institute of Graphic Artists
 Online Design Degrees 
 Graphic Artists Guild

Graphics
Cylinder (engine)

A cylinder is the central working part of an engine, the space in which a piston travels. Mostly several cylinders are arranged side by side in an engine block.

Related pages
 Internal combustion engine

Technology
Auto parts
Stanley, Iowa

Stanley is a city in the Buchanan and Fayette counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. There were 128 people living in Stanley as of the year 2000.  The city has an area of 0.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Cities in Iowa
La Chaux-des-Breuleux

La Chaux-des-Breuleux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Abrams, Wisconsin

Abrams is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. 1,757 people were living in Abrams as of the 2000 Census.

The town has an area of 37.6 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Oconto County, Wisconsin
Ackley, Wisconsin

Ackley is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 510 people living in Ackley as of the 2000 Census.  The town came into being on March 4, 1879.

The town has an area of 70.9 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

References

Langlade County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
1879 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Wisconsin
Epauvillers

Epauvillers is a village and former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Epauvillers, Epiquerez, Montenol, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne, Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs.

Former municipalities of Jura
Villages in Switzerland
Eichsfeld (district)

Eichsfeld is a rural district in Thuringia, Germany, and is part of the historical region of Eichsfeld.

History 
In medieval times, the district of Eichsfeld was much largaer than the present rural district and was owned by the Archbishops of Mainz.

Eichsfeld was the only part of Thuringia not to accept the Protestant Reformation, mostly because of the efforts of the Archbishop of Mainz.

In 1801, the clerical states were dissolved, and Prussia took over.  

The present district was established in 1994 by merging the former districts of Worbis and Heiligenstadt.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
Official website (German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Gotha (district)

Gotha is a Kreis (rural district) in the middle of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district was made on October 1, 1922, when the newly created state of Thuringia was divided into 15 rural districts () and 9 district free cities ().

Partnerships
Since 1990 the district has had a partnership with Main-Kinzig Rural District in Hesse, Germany.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Related pages
 Saxe-Gotha
 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

Other websites
 Official website
Schwabhausen, Thuringia

Schwabhausen is a municipality in Gotha Rural District, Thuringia. It is not part of any verwaltungsgemeinschaft.

References

Other websites

Gotha Rural District
Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin

There are also other towns named Adams in Wisconsin.

Adams is a town in Adams County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  There were 1,267 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census. The City of Adams can be found inside of the town.  The town has an area of 50.6 square miles, says to the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Adams County, Wisconsin
Adams, Green County, Wisconsin

There are also other towns named Adams in Wisconsin.

Adams is a town in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 464 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census.  The town has an area of 36.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

History
The first settlers were Cornish lead miners. They were followed by settlers from New England, Ireland, Switzerland, and Norway. The town has been the home of a Lutheran and a Catholic parish. Saint Francis Catholic Church was made by Catholic immigrants from Ireland. Later, the parish joined with Saint Joseph Catholic Church in Argyle, Wisconsin. The church was later torn down. Only the cemetery is still there.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Green County, Wisconsin
Adams, Jackson County, Wisconsin

There are also other towns named Adams in Wisconsin.

Adams is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 1,208 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census.  The town has an area of 37.0 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Jackson County, Wisconsin
Addison, Wisconsin

Addison is a town in Washington County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 3,341 people living in Addison as of the 2000 Census.  The town has an area of 36.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Washington County, Wisconsin
Into the Wild (Warriors)

Into the Wild is the first book in the Warriors series.  It was written by Kate Cary and Cherith Baldry under the pen name of Erin Hunter.

Plot Summary 
Rusty was an ordinary house cat who dreamed of living in the wild, catching his own prey and sleeping under the stars. One night, he decided to explore the nearby forest but was warned by his friend, Smudge, that the forest was filled with dangerous, wild cats. Rusty continued into the forest anyway and meets with the leader of ThunderClan, Bluestar leader of one of the four wild cat clans living in the nearby forest. He decides to accept her invitation to join her clan and becomes Firepaw, an apprentice of ThunderClan. The other Clan cats are initially reluctant to accept Firepaw because of his kittypet origins, but he  earns a place in the Clan as he is a natural fighter, hunter,and a truly loyal member of ThunderClan.

Firepaw quickly becomes best friends with the apprentices Graypaw and Ravenpaw, and falls in love with the Clan's medicine cat (a Clan healer with spiritual abilities, forbidden to have a mate or kits) Spottedleaf. He continues his apprenticeship and learns to hunt, fight, survive in the wild and about Clan traditions. He finds another great friend, Yellowfang, an old, grumpy but very profound medicine cat who was exiled from ShadowClan and later accepted into ThunderClan and taken care of by Firepaw.

The cats have no natural enemies in the forest, but the Clans occasionally fight with each other to occupy hunting grounds, to settle dissensions, or even to drive each other out from their territories. In an earlier battle to re-occupy a region known as sunning rocks, the ThunderClan deputy (second in command) Redtail loses his life. This happens shortly before Firepaw arrives. Firepaw later learns from Ravenpaw that the deputy was not killed by the enemy Clan but by Tigerclaw, an ambitious ThunderClan warrior. Expecting to be named deputy, he is disturbed when Lionheart is made the new deputy just after Firepaw arrives. Firepaw and Graypaw help Ravenpaw escape the forest to live on a farm as Tigerclaw plans to kill him for knowing about his secret....

After driving out WindClan for more hunting territory, ShadowClan tries to drive out ThunderClan, leading to a battle. Lionheart is killed during the fight, and Tigerclaw is named deputy. After this, Clawface of ShadowClan kills Spottedleaf and steals some ThunderClan kits. Everyone leads to suspect that it was Yellowfang who took the kits, considering she disappeared the moment they revealed Clawface's murder. Firepaw, along with Graypaw, follow Yellowfang's scent to ShadowClan territory, to find out the truth about Spottedleaf and the missing kits. Together, with some help from within ShadowClan, they drive out Brokenstar, the villainous leader of ShadowClan. Yellowfang, having proved her loyalty, becomes ThunderClan's new medicine cat, while Firepaw and Graypaw are made warriors and receive their warrior names, Fireheart and Graystripe.

References

2003 books
Warriors books
Critical density

Critical density is the value at which the Universe is at balance, and expansion is stopped.  This value is estimated as (1~3)×10^-26 kg/m³ and it’s calculated when you take the matter-energy density of the universe and divide it by the matter-energy density of the universe that is required to achieve that balance.

This is related to the cosmic density parameter in many ways; this term describes the ratio of the actual density value of the Universe to the critical density value.  If the ratio is one, then the Universe is at balance, and the Universe is flat and will expand forever. If the ratio is greater than one, then the actual density of the Universe is greater than the critical density, and thus the Universe will eventually become closed and will ultimately end up collapsing in on it self.  If the ratio is less than one, then the actual density is less than the critical density, and the Universe is open and expands forever in every direction.

Relativity
Cosmology
Non-Euclidean geometry

Non-Euclidean geometry is a type of geometry. Non-Euclidean geometry only uses some of the "postulates" (assumptions) that Euclidean geometry is based on. In normal geometry, parallel lines can never meet. In non-Euclidean geometry they can meet, either infinitely many times (elliptic geometry), or never (hyperbolic geometry).

An example of Non-Euclidian geometry can be seen by drawing lines on a ball or other round object, straight lines that are parallel at the equator can meet at the poles

Origin 
It is called "Non-Euclidean" because it is different from Euclidean geometry, which was discovered by an Ancient Greek mathematician called Euclid. The different names for non-Euclidean geometries came from thinking of "straight" lines as curved lines, either curved inwards like an ellipse, or outwards like a hyperbola.

The first authors of non-Euclidean geometries were the Hungarian mathematician János Bolyai and the Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, who separately published treatises on hyperbolic geometry around 1830. As well Eugenio Beltrami published book on non-Eucludean geometry in 1868. Others, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, had earlier ideas, but did not publish their ideas at the time.

Fields of geometry
Miranda de Ebro

Miranda de Ebro is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest city in Burgos province, in the region of Castile and León. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 39,589 people (2009).

The river which runs through the city is the Ebro.

Other websites
 Official Website

Cities in Castile and León
Municipalities in Castile and León
Interstate H-1

Interstate H-1 (or H-1) is the most important interstate highway in Hawaii, United States, located on the island of O‘ahu. The road sees more traffic than any other interstate in Hawaii. Despite the number, this is an east-west highway–the 'H'-series (for Hawaii) numbering is done in the order in which routes were given money and built.   H-1 goes from Route 93 (Farrington Highway) in Kapolei to Route 72 (Kalanianaole Highway) in Kāhala. East of Middle Street in Honolulu (exit 19A), H-1 is called the Lunalilo Freeway and is sometimes signed as such at older signs in the center of Honolulu.  West of Middle Street, H-1 called the Queen Liliʻuokalani Freeway; this name is shown on some roadmaps. It is the west-most interstate highway in the United States. The route is  long.

References

H1
Roads in Hawaii
Interstate H-2

Interstate H-2 (abbreviated H-2) is an intrastate interstate highway located on the island of O‘ahu in Hawai‘i, USA.  H-2 is also known as the Veterans Memorial Freeway. Despite the number, this is a north–south interstate–the 'H'-series (for Hawaii) numbering reflects the order in which routes were given money and built. Its southern terminus is at Interstate H-1 in Pearl City, and its northern terminus is at Wilikina Drive (Route 99) in Wahiawā near Schofield Barracks and Wheeler Army Airfield. The route is  long.

References

H2
Roads in Hawaii
Interstate H-3

Interstate H-3 is a highway in the American state of Hawaii. It begins at the Halawa Interchange with Interstates H-1 and H-201.  The highway then runs along a viaduct through Halawa Valley for about 6 miles. It then goes through the Tetsuo Harano Tunnels through the Koolau Mountains.  Once on the eastern end of the tunnel, the highway follows a viaduct built along the side of Haiku Valley until the Kaneohe Interchange with state route 63 (Likelike Highway) which leads into the town of Kaneohe.  The highway then continues to the Halekou Interchange with state route 83 (Kamehameha Highway). Four miles farther, it reaches the main gate of Marine Corps Base Hawaii. The route is  long.

References

H3
Roads in Hawaii
Mike Shinoda

Michael Kenji "Mike" Shinoda (born February 11, 1977)  is a Japanese-American musician,  record producer, and artist from Agoura Hills, California. He is famous for being the rapper, keyboard and piano player, vocalist and rhythm guitarist of Linkin Park, and his side project, Fort Minor. He also does artwork, production and mixing for both groups.

Personal life
Mike Shinoda has been married to children's author Anna Hillinger since May 10, 2003. The couple have three children.

References

1977 births
Living people
American record producers
Linkin Park
Toyota Corolla

The Toyota Corolla is a sedan automobile made by Toyota since 1966.

Sales 
It was first sold in America in 1968. The Corolla is made in many countries all around the world including the United States. The Corolla once had a twin called the Sprinter and it was sold by Chevrolet in the United States as the Nova and Geo Prizm in the 1980s and 1990s. The Corolla is Toyota's best selling car besides the Hi-Lux pickup truck and the bigger Toyota Camry.

Corolla
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Sedans
Front wheel drive vehicles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Toyota Hilux

The  (sometimes written as HiLux or in the past called the Hi-Lux, in North America since 1976 called the Toyota Truck, Toyota Pickup Truck, or Toyota Compact Truck, or sometimes in North America since 1995 the Toyota Tacoma)  is a compact pickup truck sold by Toyota. Toyota has been building the Hilux since 1968. New versions have been made at least every decade since then. The most recent big change was in 2015, and the most recent small change was in 2017.

References

Hilux
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Pickup trucks
Trucks
Vehicles
Fair trade

Fair trade is a social movement which tries to help people who make things in developing countries. The movement helps people to work in better conditions and helps them get more money for what they make. These things give workers the opportunity to improve their lives and plan for their future, and they help reduce poverty. The movement also tries to keep the environment the same or improve the state that it is in. it is a way to help poverty

Fair trade helps people in developing countries sell to people in developed countries. Things that are sold in international trade include handicrafts and other manufactured goods, agricultural products such as grains, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, honey, cotton, quinoa, fresh fruit, chocolate, wine and flowers, and minerals such as iron and petroleum.

Merchandise that has fair trade status must be given a fair trade certificate. This says it follows rules about fairness to workers and the environment. This will mean the product can put the Fairtrade symbol on their packaging if they earn the certificate.

Related pages
Moral purchasing
Oxfam

Other websites 
FLO International
FLO-CERT

Trade
728 Leonisis

728 Leonisis is an asteroid of the Flora family, found by Johann Palisa in 1912 in Vienna.  Its provisional name was 1912 NU.

Astronomers are not sure what its spectral class is. It has been previously placed in the rare A and L classes. These are generally "stony" spectra, but with significant differences from the usual S-type. The unusual spectrum brings Leonisis' membership in the Flora family into doubt.

References

Other websites 
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets

Asteroids
David C. Jewitt

David C. Jewitt is a Professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. He was born in 1958 in England, and graduated from the University of London in 1979.

1958 births
Living people
English astronomers
Mains hum

Mains hum is a signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency, and usually some harmonic content. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, inducing a voltage by transformer action.

Sound
Epiquerez

Epiquerez is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Epiquerez, Epauvillers, Montenol, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne and Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs.

Former municipalities of Jura
Les Genevez

Les Genevez is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References
Goumois

Goumois is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.

Former municipalities of Jura
Lajoux

Lajoux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites

Municipalities of Jura
Greiz (district)

Greiz is a Landkreis (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
Historically the area of the district was part of the Vogtland, named after the title Vogt given to the local rulers in the 13th century. Only two lines of the Reuß family survived from that time, with one principality based in Greiz, and the other in Gera and Schleiz. In 1919 both were merged into the Volksstaat Reuß (People's State of Reuss), which then became part of Thuringia in 1920.

A subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp was located at Berga/Elster during World War II. The SS made inmates dig tunnels and lay railway tracks for the Schwalbe V project.

The district in its current form was created on July 1, 1994, when the districts Gera-Land, Zeulenroda and the previous district Greiz were merged.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Sights
Sights in the district Greiz:
 The Upper Castle of Greiz
 The Lower Castle of Greiz
 The Summer Palace Greiz
 Weida Osterburg Castle
 Ronneburg Castle
 Reichenfels Castle Ruin
 Old Guardhouse "Alte Wache" in Greiz
 Zeulenroda Town Hall
 Widen Church Ruin in Weida
 St. Veit Parish Church
 Mildenfurth Monastery
 Cronschwitz Monastery Ruin
 Greiz Park
 Fairy Tale Forest in Wünschendorf

Museums in the district Greiz:
 Museum of Local History in Greiz
 Summer Palace in Greiz
 Zeulenroda City Museum in Zeulenroda
 Osterburg Castle Museum in Weida, Thuringia
 Heinrich-Schütz-House in Bad Köstritz
 Museum in Hohenleuben

References

Other websites
 Official website
Montfaucon, Switzerland

Montfaucon is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Montfavergier merged into the municipality of Montfaucon.
Montfavergier

Montfavergier is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Montfavergier merged into the municipality of Montfaucon.

References 

Former municipalities of Jura
Muriaux

Muriaux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Le Peuchapatte merged into the municipality of Muriaux.

Other website
Le Noirmont

Le Noirmont is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official Website of the municipality of Le Noirmont
Le Peuchapatte

Le Peuchapatte is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Le Peuchapatte merged into the municipality of Muriaux.

Former municipalities of Jura
Les Pommerats

Les Pommerats is a former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.

Former municipalities of Jura
Saignelégier

Saignelégier is a municipality in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district of Franches-Montagnes. 

The bog and nature preserve around étang de la Gruère is found in the municipality.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.

Other websites
 Official website of the municipality of Saignelégier

Municipalities of Jura
Saint-Brais

Saint-Brais is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References
Hildburghausen (district)

Hildburghausen is a district in Thuringia, Germany. It covers most of the same territory as the old Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

Coat of arms 

The coat of arms displays:
 the heraldic lion of Meißen
 the cock representing the counts of Henneberg, who ruled the region until 1583
 below the symbol of the bishopric of Würzburg is displayed

Towns and municipalities

Related pages 
Saxe-Hildburghausen

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Ilm-Kreis

Ilm-Kreis is a district in Thuringia, Germany.

History 
In medieval times the territory was ruled by the counts of Henneberg and the princes of Schwarzburg, two local dynasties. While Ilmenau was ruled by Henneberg, Arnstadt belonged to Schwarzburg. When the Henneberg family became extinct in 1583, Ilmenau was acquired by Saxony. The principality of Schwarzburg was split up between family members into several tiny states. One of those states (Schwarzburg-Arnstadt) was based in Arnstadt; it was founded in 1574 and existed until 1716, when it became part of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. It became part of Thuringia when the Freestate of Thuringia was founded in 1920.

The district was founded in 1920 (under the name Arnstadt); it was divided in 1952 into the districts of Arnstadt and Ilmenau, but joined together again in 1994.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
 Official website (German, English)

References

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Adrian, Wisconsin

Adrian is a town in Monroe County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 682 people living in Adrian as of the 2000 Census.  The town has an area of 35.3 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Monroe County, Wisconsin
Agenda, Wisconsin

Agenda is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 513 people living in Agenda as of the 2000 Census.  The town has an area of 89.5 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Dietary fiber

Dietary fiber is the part of food from plants that cannot be digested. Dietary fiber helps to absorb water or remove waste from the body. Dietary fiber has many parts that plants have, and  is eaten in plant foods.

Dietary fiber includes substances like cellulose, wax and lignin, among others. The term "fiber" is not the best way to describe it, because many of these substances are not actually fibers.

Dietary Fiber   is grouped if it is soluble or insoluble. Soluble means if it helps to absorb water or not. If it is insoluble, it helps remove wastes from the body.

Food supplements
Henry Ian Cusick

Henry Ian Cusick (born April 17, 1967) is an Emmy Award-nominated Scottish-Peruvian actor of stage, television, and movies.

Biography

Early life 
Cusick was born in Trujillo, Peru to a Peruvian mother and a Scottish father. He lived in Trinidad and Tobago for 10 years. He went to high school there at Presentation College. He can speak both English and Spanish. Cusick spent six months at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. After that he joined the Citizens' Theatre.

Career 
Cusick's first leading roles at the Citizens' Theatre were Dorian Gray in The Picture of Dorian Gray with Rupert Everett, Hamlet in The Marovitz Hamlet with Helen Baxendale, and Horner in The Country Wife.

His performances as Torquato Tasso in the Edinburgh International Festival production of Torquato Tasso, and Creon in the Citizens' Theatre production of Oedipus earned him a special commendation for the Ian Charleson Award 1995 for "Outstanding Performance by a Young Actor in a Classical Theatre Role". He was nominated for an Emmy for his guest role as Desmond Hume on the television series Lost. He joined the main cast of Lost in season 2. He was also in two episodes of season 5 of 24.

Other websites

1967 births
Living people
Scottish stage actors
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Peruvian entertainers
Bo Pelini

Mark "Bo" Pelini (born December 13, 1967) is the head football coach at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Before that, he was the defensive coordinator for the LSU Tigers.  On December 2, 2007, one day after coaching in the 2007 SEC Championship Game, Pelini was named as head coach at Nebraska by athletic director Tom Osborne.

College football coaches
1967 births
Living people
Solenoid

A solenoid is a 3 dimensional structure of wire. When this wire is wrapped around a metallic block in a coil and electricity is passed through it, it has some special magnetic properties. Electromagnetic induction makes it an electromagnet that can be switched on or off. The side in which the current appears to be passing clockwise, is the South Pole, and the side in which the current seems to be passing anticlockwise is the Northern Pole. The solenoid works just like a bar magnet, and therefore has many uses.  

This principle is used to create valves, among other things. Where the solenoid operates an electric switch, it is a relay. 

Pinball machines, vehicles and traditional door bells use solenoids.

Electronic components
Electromagnetism
Kyffhäuserkreis

Kyffhäuserkreis is a rural district in the northern part of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
In the 12th century there was a castle on the Kyffhäuser mountains, which was built during the reign of emperor Frederick I. According to the local legend, the emperor did not die, but instead went to sleep in this castle.

From 1579 on the region belonged to Saxony, but after 1815 it was divided between the Prussian Province of Saxony and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

In 1952 the two districts of Artern and Sondershausen were set up by the East German government. These districts were merged in 1994, with only a few municipalities joining other districts.

Partnerships
The district has a partnership with the district Ahrweiler in Rhineland-Palatinate, which was actually established with the district Artern in 1990.

Geography 
The district is named after the Kyffhäuser mountains. The main river is the Unstrut, which flows through the east of the district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
 Touristic website (English, German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Nordhausen (district)

Nordhausen is the northernmeost Landkreis (rural district) of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1815, when the Prussian province Saxony was created. There were many changes to the boundaries up to 1952, when some municipalities were brought into the district and others left.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Saale-Holzland

Saale-Holzland-Kreis is a landkreis (rural district, or county) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district was set up in 1994 by joining the old districts of Eisenberg, Jena and Stadtroda. When the district of Stadt rod) was first set up in 1922 it already covered nearly the area of the current district. In 1952 the East German government abolished the federal states (Bundesländer), and also split the district into the three parts, which were put together again in 1994.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Saale-Orla

Saale-Orla is a Landkreis (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Lobenstein, Pößneck and Schleiz.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)
 Touristic website (German, English)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Saalfeld-Rudolstadt

Saalfeld-Rudolstadt is a Landkreis (district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district dates back to the Landratsamt Saalfeld, which was created in 1868, and in 1922 it was converted into the Landkreis. Also in 1922 the district Rudolstadt was created. Both districts were merged in the local government changes of 1994.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Schmalkalden-Meiningen

Schmalkalden-Meiningen is a Landkreis (rural district) in the west of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Schmalkalden, Meiningen and part of Suhl-Land.

Partnerships 
The district has a partnership with the Vogelsbergkreis in Hesse, as well as with the Komitat Pest in Hungary.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)
Sömmerda (district)

Sömmerda is a Landkreis (rural district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany.

History 
The district Sömmerda was created in 1952. In 1994 the districts of Thuringia were reorganized, and the district Sömmerda was made a lot bigger by adding municipalities from the old districts Artern and Erfurt-Land.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

Rural Districts of Thuringia
Ahnapee, Wisconsin

Ahnapee is a town in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 977 people living in Ahanpee as of the 2000 Census.  The town has an area of 31.2 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Kewaunee County, Wisconsin
Electronvolt

The electron-volt or electron volt, symbol eV, is used to measure energy. It is defined as the amount of energy an electron gains after being accelerated by 1 volt of electricity. Joules are used often for energy measurement, but it is sometimes useful to use electron-volts for very small amounts of energy, such as that carried by a single subatomic particle. To convert joules into electron-volts, divide joules by the charge of an electron, which is about 1.602 coulomb.

E.g. 5 J = 5/1.602  5 J = 3.125 eV.

The electronvolt is often used in atomic, nuclear and particle physics. For example, the energy of photons can be measured by the voltage necessary to overcome their photoelectric effect.

Other websites 
 Conversion Tool
 Electronvolt Citizendium

Units of measurement
Physics
Meltingen

Meltingen is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Messen

Messen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Balm bei Messen, Brunnenthal, Messen and Oberramsern merged to form the municipality of Messen.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Metzerlen-Mariastein

Metzerlen-Mariastein is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Mariastein Abbey website  

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Mühledorf, Solothurn

Mühledorf is a former municipality in the Bucheggberg district in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.  On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Mühledorf, Aetingen, Aetigkofen, Bibern, Brügglen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, Küttigkofen, Kyburg-Buchegg and Tscheppach merged into the new municipality of Buchegg.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Solothurn
Kolding

Kolding is a Danish seaport found at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark (Region of Southern Denmark). Kolding is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre, and has many industrial companies.

With a population of 86,000 inhabitants, Kolding is the seventh largest in Denmark.

History

Battles of Kolding

1658
In the Battle of Kolding on December 25, 1658, the alliance of Polish and Danish forces under hetman Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Swedish forces of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

1849
A battle between German and Danish troops in the town on April 23 1849 during the First War of Schleswig.

The fireworks accident in Seest

On November 3, 2004, N. P. Johnsen's Fireworksfactory in Seest exploded. One firefighter died, 85 people were injured, and around 2000 people were evacuated during this accident in Kolding,.

Important places in Kolding
 The Museet på Koldinghus, the museum of the city. It has a collection of Danish art from the late Middle Ages to the 1940s, and a very large collection of items in gold and silver.
 The Trapholt art museum.
 The Designskolen Kolding, a university school of design

Sister cities
The following cities are sisters of Kolding:
  Anjo, Japan (since 1997)
  Delmenhorst, Germany (since 1979)
  Drammen, Norway (since 1946)
  Huéscar, Spain (since 1982)
  Lappeenranta, Finland (since 1947)
  Panevėžys, Lithuania (since 2000)
  Pisa, Italy (since 2007) 
  Stykkishólmur, Iceland (since 1979)
  Szombathely, Hungary (since 1991)
  Örebro, Sweden (since 1946)

Notes

Other websites

 Official English homepage of Kolding municipality 
 Official site of Koldinghus castle
 Kolding Museum 

Cities in Denmark