cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Commodity

Commodity is a term with distinct meanings in both business and in Marxian political economy. For the former, it is a product, that is traded solely on the basis of price. For Marxian political economy it means wares offered for exchange.

Business usage
In the world of business, a commodity is a product, good or service that is traded based solely on its price, rather than quality and features. Examples include: electricity (most users of electric power are only concerned with energy consumption; only a minority of users are concerned with the quality and technical details of voltage and frequency deviations), wheat, bulk chemicals such as sulfuric acid, metals, and even orange juice.  

In the original and simplified sense, commodities were things of value, of uniform quality, that were produced in large quantities by many different producers; the items from each different producer are considered as of the same value.

Examples
Wheat is an example of a soft commodity. Wheat from many different farms comes together.  Generally, it is all traded at the same price; wheat from farm A has not another price than wheat from farm B.  Some uniform standard of quality is assumed. (There may be various standards leading to different pools:  one say for genetically modified wheat, and one for unmodified wheat.)
  
Markets for trading commodities can be very efficient, particularly if the division into pools matches demand segments. These markets will quickly respond to changes in supply and demand to find a price.

Commodities and Marxism
In classical political economy and especially Karl Marx's critique of political economy, a commodity is simply any good or service offered as a product for sale on the market. Some items are also seen as being treated as if they were commodities, e.g. human labour or labor power, works of art and natural resources, even though they may not be produced specifically for the market, or be non-reproducible goods. 

Marx's analysis of the commodity is intended to help solve the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods, using the labor theory of value. This problem was extensively debated by Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Rodbertus-Jagetzow among others. Value and price are not equivalent terms in economics, and theorising the specific relationship of value to market price has been a challenge for both liberal and Marxist economists.

Illustration
To understand the concept of a commodity, consider a chair. It is a commodity if the chair is a tradeable product of human work possessing a social use-value. By contrast, a fallen log of deadwood sat upon in the forest is not a commodity, as it was not produced by human work for the purpose of trade. A chair created by a hobbyist as a gift to someone is not a commodity. Nor is a chair a commodity (as a chair) if its only use would be as scrap firewood (unless one purchases a chair specifically to chop it up for fire wood). A chair that nobody could sit on has no use-value, and cannot be a commodity (unless it has an ornamental value, e.g. in a doll's house).

Related pages
 Property
 Trade

Business
My Lai Massacre

The My Lai Massacre (pronounced IPA: [mi.˧˩˥'lɐːj˧˧], Thảm sát Mỹ Lai, Thảm sát Sơn Mỹ) was the killing of hundreds of civilians by United States troops at the village of My Lai, Vietnam on March 16, 1968. A memorial in My Lai lists the names of 504 victims.

Before the massacre, U.S. troops were told that all of the "true" civilians would be at the market and the remaining people would be members of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam. When the soldiers got to the village they did not find any NLF troops. Despite this, many troopers began to kill the villagers, mainly elderly people, women, and children. 

The killings were stopped by an American helicopter pilot.

The killings were covered up by the United States Army, but eventually 26 soldiers were charged with being involved in the killings. However, only one, Lieutenant William Calley was found guilty.

The massacre caused public opinion in the United States to shift further towards wanting peace and wanting to get American troops out of Vietnam.

Massacres in Asia
Vietnam War
1968 in the United States
20th century in Vietnam
1960s in Asia
Damascus

Damascus (sometimes called the city of Jasmin) is the capital city of Syria. IIn Arabic, its name is Dimashq (دِمَشْق‎). It is the largest city in Syria with about 4.8 million people living there. Damascus is thought to be one of oldest cities in the world that still has people living in it. It is believed that people started living in Damascus as long ago as 8000 BC to 10,000 BC (12000 years ago).

Location
Damascus is about 50 miles inland from the Mediterranean Sea, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.

Economy
Damascus used to play an important role as an important trade center. Now it is not because of political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade. Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula. Damascus also holds an annual international trade exposition in the fall since 1955.

Education 
There are many universities in Damascus, one public university: Damascus University. while other universities are private, such as the Syrian Private University  and the aljazeera Private University.

Historical sites 
Damascus has many historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up with every passing job, it has become almost impossible to dig out all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 8 feet (2.4 m) below the modern level. The Citadel of Damascus is located in the northwest corner of the Old City. The Bab Sharqi street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of Bab Tuma (St. Thomas's Gate). Medhat Pasha Souq is also a main market in Damascus and was named after Medhat Pasha. At the end of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the House of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias's house. The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam.

Image gallery

References

Other websites 

eDamascus - Official website for Damascus
Damascus Online - Brief information about the city of Damascus
The 31 Places to Go in 2010 (The New York Times)
Ronnie Barker

Ronald William George Barker (25 September 1929 – 3 October 2005), popularly known as Ronnie Barker and (as a writer) Gerald Wiley, was an English comic actor, comedian and writer. He was born in Bedford and moved to Oxford when he was four. He is best known for being on the very popular television variety show The Two Ronnies. Also on the show was his long-time comedy partner, Ronnie Corbett. Barker died of heart failure in Adderbury, Oxfordshire.

References

Other websites

People from Bedfordshire
Actors from Oxfordshire
British television writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from heart failure
English comedians
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
People from Bedford
People from Oxford
Writers from Oxfordshire
1929 births
2005 deaths
Guantánamo Province

This article is about the province in Cuba. For other titular locales and uses, see Guantanamo (disambiguation).

Guantánamo is the easternmost province of Cuba. Its capital is also called Guantánamo. Other towns include Baracoa. The province surrounds the important U.S. Navy base at Guantánamo Bay.

Guantánamo's architecture and culture is unlike the rest of Cuba. 
The original settlement was done by Catalan families from the Ampurdan region of north-eastern Catalunya, Spain in 1764. British forces had occupied the area for over 40 years and Scot-Irish settlers were a constant preoccupation to the Spanish auhorities. In 1805, when the French were forced out of St. Domingue (Haiti) 35,000 French settlers were given lands in Cuba, many French families settled in the Guantanamo area becoming coffee and cacao planters meaning that many buildings are comparable to those of the French Quarter of New Orleans in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

Before the Castroite Revolution the Carnivals of Guantanmo were famous in Cuba.

The province is only 80 km away from Haiti its closest point, across the Windward Passage and close enough to see lights on Haiti on a clear night. Guantánamo also has a number of immigrants from Jamaica.
 
The Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains (Sierra de Cristal) dominate the province, dividing both climate and landscape. The northern coast, battered by prevailing winds, is the wettest part of the country, while the south, sheltered and dry, is the hottest. The north is characterized by rainforests, while the south is arid and has many cacti.

Municipalities 

 Baracoa
 Caimanera
 El Salvador
 Guantánamo
 Imías
 Maisí (La Máquina)
 Manuel Tames
 Niceto Pérez
 San Antonio del Sur
 Yateras (Palenque)

Related pages
 Guantanamera
 Parque Nacional Alejandro de Humboldt

Provinces of Cuba
1764 establishments
Establishments in Cuba
Havana Province

Havana Province, (Spanish - Provincia de la Habana), Cuba, is a former provinces of Cuba. On January 1, 2011 it was split into two new provinces - Artemisa Province and Mayabeque Province.

The capital city of Havana is a separate province, surrounded by the province of Havana. It had 711 066 people in the 2002 census. The largest city is the city of Artemisa with a population of 75,000 in 2003. The second largest city is Güines (70,000).

Havana Province had borders with the city of Havana, Pinar del Rio, and Matanzas. It has coasts in the south and north and has dozens of towns and a few small cities which rank between the 20 and 40 largest of the island.

The southern coast of the province has many swamps and wetlands.

Most of the province's farms raise cattle and grow food, mostly potatos and fruit. Unlike much of Cuba, sugar and tobacco play only a small role in the province's economy. There is also much industrialization in the province, with many electricity plants and sugar mills.

References 

Provinces of Cuba
2010 disestablishments
Vail, Colorado

Vail is a town in the American state of Colorado. It is best known for being one of the best places to ski in North America. The Vail Ski Resort is the largest ski resort with only one mountain in North American. In 2006, it was believed that 4,859 people lived in Vail.

Notes

Cities in Colorado
Holguín Province

Holguín is one of the provinces of Cuba, the second most populous after Ciudad de la Habana. It lies in the southeast of the country. Its major cities include Holguín (the capital), Banes, Antilla, Mayarí, and Moa.

The province has a population of slightly over one million people. Its territory extends over more than 9300 km², 25 percent of which are covered by forest.

History 
Christopher Columbus landed in what is believed to have been today's Holguín province on October 27, 1492. He declared that it was "the most beautiful country human eyes had ever seen".

The Holguín province was established in 1978, when it was split from the Oriente region.

Illustrious Sons 
General Calixto García (1839-1898), 19th century patriot. Wars of independence from Spain.

General Fulgencio Batista Zaldivar (1901–1973), President, Dictator of Cuba.
Commander in Chief Fidel Castro (1926), lawyer, revolutionary, ex-President of Cuba.
Army General Raúl Castro (1931), minister of the Revolutionary Army Forces, Vice-President and President of Cuba.

Economy 
Like much of Cuba, Holguín's economy is based around sugarcane, though mining, corn and coffee are also large earners for the province.

At Moa, there is a huge cobalt processing plant with shipping facilities, that was constructed with the help of foreign aid , much of it from Canada. There are chrome, nickel, iron and steel plants dotted throughout the province as well.

Tourism has only recently begun to be experimented with by the Fidel Castro government, and in Holguín, there are numerous hotels around the Guardalavaca area.

Municipalities 

Holguín is divided into 14 municipalities:

 Antilla
 Báguanos
 Banes
 Cacocum
 Buenaventura
 Cueto
 Frank País (Cayo Mambí)
 Gibara
 Holguín
 Mayarí
 Moa
 Rafael Freyre
 Sagua de Tánamo
 Urbano Noris

Other websites 
 Holguín.cu
 Holguín Hotels 

Provinces of Cuba
1978 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Cuba
Paul Hartley

Paul James Hartley (born October 19, 1976) is a Scottish football player. He currently plays for Celtic and the Scottish national team.

Hartley used to play for Hamilton Academical, Millwall, Raith Rovers, Hibernian, Greenock Morton, St Johnstone and Hearts.

Scottish footballers
1976 births
Living people
Sancti Spíritus Province

Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad.

The southern coast of the province is flat, but the western portion of Sancti Spíritus province is mountainous. The southeast has numerous mangroves and swamps.

The largest man made reservoir in Cuba, the Embalse Zaza, is in Sancti Spíritus province.

Tourism is a big earner for the province, with most of the tourism revolving around the old city of Trinidad, a World Heritage listed city which has dozens of colonial buildings (and almost no 20th century architecture) dating back to the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, and, as with most of Cuba, sugarcane and cattle are important commodities. Some tobacco and rice is also grown.

During the 1600s, both Dutch and British pirates attempted to take control of what is today Sancti Spíritus province, but with little success, as the Spanish garrison held them off. From 1660 to 1680, Trinidad was plagued by pirates from Jamaica and Tortuga, and on two occasions, pirates razed the city.

The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara.

Municipalities 

 Cabaiguán
 Fomento
 Jatibonico
 La Sierpe
 Sancti Spíritus
 Taguasco
 Trinidad
 Yaguajay

Other websites 
 Hotel del Rijo in Sancti Spíritus
 A complete list of Sancti Spíritus Hotel's
 Hotel Zaza in Sancti Spíritus 

Provinces of Cuba
Matanzas Province

Matanzas is one of the provinces of Cuba.

Location

Major towns 
Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province.

Geographical location and appearance 
The second largest in Cuba, Matanzas province is largely flat, with its highest point (Pan de Matanzas) at only 380m above sea level.

The north coast has numerous small cays of its coast, and scrubland and mangroves near the shoreline.

The southern coast has one of Cuba's most distinctive features: an enormous marsh, Ciénaga de Zapata that covers both the southern part of the province and the peninsula of the same name. East of the peninsula lies the Bay of Pigs, the site of the failed US backed invasion.

Economy 
Of Cuba's provinces, Matanzas is one of the most industrialised, with petroleum wells, refineries, supertanker facilities, and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province.

Municipalities 
 Agramonte
 Alacranes
 Arcos de Canasí
 Bolondrón
 Cárdenas
 Carlos Rojas
 Colón
 Guamacaro
 Jagüey Grande
 Jovellanos
 Juan Gualberto Gómez
 Los Arabos
 Manguito
 Martí
 Matanzas
 Máximo Gómez
 Pedro Betancourt
 Perico
 San Antonio de Cabezas
 San José de los Ramos
 Santa Ana (Cidra)
 Unión de Reyes
 Varadero

References
Cuba Demographycs

Other websites 
Provincial portal

Provinces of Cuba
Pinar del Río Province

Pinar del Río is one of the provinces of Cuba. It is at the western end of the island of Cuba.

The Pinar del Río province has one of Cuba's three main mountain ranges, the Cordillera de Guaniguanico. The mountains are divided into the easterly Sierra del Rosario and the westerly Sierra de los Organos. These form a landscape characterised by steep sided limestone hills and flat, fertile valleys.

The province relies on tobacco farming, with Pinar del Río producing 70% of Cuba's crop, used to make the cigars that are so prized overseas. The best tobacco, used for more expensive cigar brands, is grown in the flat lands of San Juan y Martínez. Tourism in the Viñales Valley is another important part of the economy.


Municipalities 
 Bahía Honda
 Candelaria
 Consolación del Sur
 Guane
 La Palma
 Los Palacios
 Mantua
 Minas de Matahambre
 Pinar del Río
 San Cristóbal
 Sandino
 San Juan y Martínez
 San Luis
 Viñales

Famous people from Pinar del Río 

 Omar Ajete - baseball player
 Danys Baez - baseball player
 José Contreras - baseball player
 Silvia Costa - high jumper
 Emeterio González - javelin thrower
 Pedro Luis Lazo - baseball player
 Omar Linares - baseball player
 Alay Soler - baseball player

Other websites 
 Official site
 Visit Hotel Pinar del Río 
 Villa Maria La Gorda 
 Villa Cabo San Antonio 
 Hotel Moka, Las Terrazas, Pinar del Río  

Provinces of Cuba
Hergé

Georges Prosper Remi (22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), also known as Hergé, was a Belgian cartoonist. Hergé was born in Etterbeek, Brussels from a group of people in Belgium called Walloons. He's best known for his 23 completed comics, The Adventures of Tintin. Hergé first made Tintin in Le Petit Vingtième in 1929.
"This famous Belgian artist is often considered to be the most influential European comic artist ever and his "clear line" style was widely copied by new generation of comic artists."
Hergé died in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert on 3 March 1983. He was 75 years old. Hergé's life's work is watched over by his widow. She shut down Hergé Studios. She started the Hergé Foundation in 1987. It is now called Moulinsart S.A.

References

Other websites
http://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/herge.htm - Hergé Georges Remi - Overview of his life and works
http://us.tintin.com/about/herge/ - Hergé

1907 births
1983 deaths
Belgian comics artists
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Cartoonists
Deaths from AIDS
Disease-related deaths in Belgium
Former Roman Catholics
West Side Story

West Side Story is a musical. It is based on Shakespeare's play, Romeo and Juliet. The book was written by Arthur Laurents. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein, and the lyrics were written by Stephen Sondheim. It starred Carol Lawrence as Maria. 

West Side Story opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on 26 September 1957, and on the West End at Her Majesty's Theatre on 12 December 1958. On the West End, was performed 1,039 times. It won two Tony Awards. 

The musical was adapted to a movie in 1961, starring Natalie Wood. The movie won 10 Academy Awards. The movie was remade in 2021.

Plot 
The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid-1950s.  It is a working-class neighborhood with a mixture of ethnic groups. (In the early 1960s, much of the neighborhood would be cleared to make room for Lincoln Center, which changed the neighborhood.) 

The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The Sharks' members are immigrants from Puerto Rico. The Jets' members are Caucasian (their families immigrated from places like Ireland and Italy).  The two gangs fight over which areas in the neighborhood belong to which gang.

There are four main characters in the play:
 Riff, the Jets' leader
 Bernardo, the Sharks' leader
 Maria, Bernardo's sister
 Tony, Riff's best friend.  Tony used to be a member of the Jets.
After meeting her at a dance, Tony falls in love with Maria.  This causes more fighting between the Jets and the Sharks.

Music
Bernstein's score for the musical includes:

Importance
The play's dark theme, sophisticated music, long dance scenes, and focus on social problems made West Side Story a turning point in American musical theatre.

Related pages
 Musical theatre
 Romeo and Juliet

References

Other websites  

The Official West Side Story website 

Broadway musicals
West End musicals
Musicals adapted to movies
Musicals based on plays
1950s musicals
Thrash metal

Thrash metal is a type of heavy metal music, one of the extreme metal types of music, that is characterised by its high speed and aggression.

Origins 
The origins of thrash metal are generally traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when a number of bands began incorporating the sound of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal with elements of hardcore punk and more specifically Thrashcore, creating a new genre and developing into a separate movement from punk rock. This genre is much more aggressive compared to its relative, speed metal.

Thrash metal bands 
 Anthrax
 Artillery
 Bound For Glory
 Celtic Frost
 Coroner
 D.R.I.
 Dark Angel
 Death Angel
 Deaths Head
 Defiance
 Destroyer 666
 Excel
 Exodus
 Flotsam and Jetsam
 Forbidden
 Hellhammer
 Helloween
 Kreator
 Megadeth
 Mercenary
 Metal Church
 Metallica
 Mortal Sin
 Nevermore
 Overkill
 Onslaught
 Pantera
 Sepultura
 Sabbat
 Sanctuary
 Slayer
 Suicidal Tendencies
 Tankard
 Testament
 Trivium
 Venom
 Voivod

Heavy metal subgenres
Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and leader of the SS.

Himmler and the Holocaust 
Himmler's SS (theTotenkopfverbände) organized and administered Germany’s regime of concentration camps and, after 1941, the Holocaust in Poland. The SS, through its Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD), hunted down Jews, Gypsies, communists and any persons who the Nazis believed to be either Untermensch (sub-human) or against the regime. They were brought to concentration camps. Himmler opened the first of these camps at Dachau on 22 March 1933.

Unlike Hitler, Himmler inspected concentration camps. In August 1941, he saw many Jews being shot in Minsk. It was said that he turned green in the face after brain matter from one of the Jews splashed onto his coat. His assistant had to jump forward and hold him steady. After that, the Nazis searched for a new and easier way to kill. This led to the use of the gas chambers.

Posen speech 
On 4 October 1943, Himmler spoke of the extermination of the Jewish people during a secret SS meeting in the city of Poznań (Posen). The following are parts from an audio recording of the speech:I also want to mention a very difficult subject before you here, completely openly. It should be discussed amongst us, and yet, nevertheless, we will never speak about it in public. I am talking about the Jewish evacuation: the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. "The Jewish people are being exterminated," every Party member will tell you: "Perfectly clear, it’s part of our plans, we’re eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter."

References

Other websites 
 List of Himmler speeches  A very detailed list of Himmler speeches including online sources and material in the U.S. National Archives.
 audio recording  of the Poznan speech
 Die Schutzstaffel als antibolschewistische Kampforganisation An essay by Himmler
 About Heinrich Himmler 

1900 births
1945 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
German military personnel of World War II
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Murderers who committed suicide
Nazis who committed suicide
People from Munich
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Nazi Party
RSHA people
SS officers
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Former Roman Catholics
Coronation

A coronation is a ceremony that gives a monarch regal or royal power. The power is symbolized by putting a crown upon his or her head. We say that the king or queen is "crowned" at the coronation. 

The ritual may have a religious meaning. Coronations are not as common now as in the past, although in some countries such as Great Britain it is still normal to hold the ceremony to install a new king or queen.

Related pages
 Enthronement
 Inauguration

Royalty and nobility
Monarchy
Perth and Kinross

Perth and Kinross (Peairt agus Ceann Rois in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland. It borders onto the Aberdeenshire, Angus, City of Dundee, Fife, Clackmannanshire, Stirling, Argyll and Bute and Highland council areas. Perth  is the administrative centre.  It corresponds broadly, but not exactly, with the former counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire.

Other websites 
Perth and Kinross Council
Scottish Local Government areas and history
The Perthshire Diary - 365 history stories
Perth Scotland

Towns and villages
Aberfeldy
Acharn
Alyth
Auchterarder
Ballinluig
Blackford
Blairgowrie
Bridge of Balgie
Clunie
Comrie
Coupar Angus
Crieff
Dull
Dunkeld
Dunning
Finegand
Fearnan
Forteviot
Fortingall
Glenshee
Kenmore
Killiecrankie
Kinloch Rannoch
Kinross
Lawers
Meigle
Meiklour
Methven
Milnathort
Muthill
Perth
Pitlochry
Rattray
Spittal of Glenshee
Weem

Places of interest
Atholl Country Collection
Ben Lawers
Blackhall Roman Camps
Blair Atholl Mill
Blair Castle
Castle Menzies
Cluny House
Drummond Castle
Forest of Atholl
Fortingall Yew
Glen Lyon
Grampian Mountains
Loch Earn
Loch Rannoch
Loch Tay
Melville Monument
Rannoch Moor
Strathearn

Scottish Council Areas
Cylon

The Cylons are fictional robots on the science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica.

The Story So Far

The people from the Twelve Colonies of Kobol created the Cylon robots. They told them to work for them and fight for them. The Cylons stood up to the people from the Colonies and fought against them. The Cylons went away after the war and changed into real people as well as robots. After forty years, the Cylons came back and almost killed all the people in the Colonies. They went after the people that were not killed in many ships.

Types of Cylons
Skinjob Cylons look the same as normal people. It is very hard to know if they are Cylons or normal people. There are many Skinjobs that look the same. There are only twelve looks. Cylons that look the same do not always act the same.

Centurions are metal robots with armor. Humans sometimes call them toasters because they are shiny like a toaster. Centurions fight and work.  They are the only type of Cylons to not be alive.

Cylon raiders are small ships that fight other small ships. The ship is actually a type of animal.

Fictional races
Battlestar Galactica
Gestapo

The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany.

Hermann Göring, the Minister-President of Prussia, formed the unit in 1933. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of SS national leader Heinrich Himmler, who in 1936 was appointed Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei) by Hitler.

The name stands for Geheime Staatspolizei. This means "secret state police". It was under the overall administration of the Schutzstaffel (SS).

The Gestapo were allowed to arrest people that offended the government. The government could use the secret police to accuse and arrest anyone they wanted without being questioned. They were instrumental to the SS in enforcing The Holocaust.

References 

1933 establishments
1945 disestablishments in Germany
1930s establishments in Germany
Intelligence agencies
Law enforcement agencies
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
Jarosław Kaczyński

Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński (born 18 June 1949) is a Polish politician. He was born in Warsaw.

As a child, he and his brother Lech Kaczyński starred in the 1962 Polish movie The Two Who Stole The Moon (O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc), based on a popular Polish children's story by Kornel Makuszyński.

He was Prime Minister of Poland from July 2006 to November 2007. He is also the chairman of Law and Justice ("Prawo i Sprawiedliwość"), a political party which he helped start in 2001.

He ran for President in 2010, but was defeated by Civic Platform candidate Bronisław Komorowski.

In October 2020, he became the Deputy Prime Minister of Poland.

References

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
Polish movie actors
Politicians from Warsaw
Prime Ministers of Poland
Twin people
Sierpc

Sierpc is a city in Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. About 18,872 people live there. The area is 18,6 km².

The football club there is called Kasztelan Sierpc.

Other websites 
Official town webpage
Map via mapa.szukacz.pl
Open air museum in Sierpc - photo

Cities in Poland
Heart failure

Heart failure is when the heart cannot pump blood well. Heart failure is different from cardiac arrest, because the heart is still working. Heart failure can be sudden ("acute"), like after a heart attack, or can come on slowly. 

Someone with heart failure can have shortness of breath (which may be worse when they lie flat), waking up breathless at night, swelling of the legs, and needing to urinate often during the night. There are many reasons why someone can get heart failure. Most often, heart failure is caused by heart attacks, high blood pressure, or problems with the heart valves. 

A doctor makes a diagnosis of heart failure by asking about the symptoms above, and examining the heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver (for swelling) and legs (for swelling or edema). Other tests to prove the diagnosis are X-rays of the lungs, an echocardiogram (an ultrasound test of the heart) and blood tests. 

Heart failure can only be cured with a heart transplant, which is not done often, but most people with heart failure need to take diuretic medicines and other medication (ACE inhibitor, statin). Some people with heart failure are treated with an artificial pacemaker that makes the heart work better.

Cardiology
Diseases
Organ failure
Kalash

The Kalash (Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush mountain range. They live in the Chitral district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. They  speak the Kalash language, a member of the Dardic language family of Indo-Aryan.  

There are only about 3000 Kalash polytheists and 3000 Kalash Muslims. The Kalash people live in three isolated valleys. They claim to have a Greek origin. The Kalash have a polytheist religion, while neighboring peoples are Muslims. If a Kalash person converts to Islam, that person is kicked out from Kalash society. This is the reason why the Kalash religion still exists and this is the only way to make it exist also in the future. The Kalash are also known for their human features. It can vary from someone with light brown skin, brown eyes, and black hair to someone with white skin, blue eyes, and blonde hair.

Related pages 
 Nuristani people

References

Other websites

General Information 
 Picturesque Pakistan  Extensive, general Kalash information
 Site Shara Forum for Chitral and the Kalasha
 Kalash: The descendants of Alexander's soldiers 
 Reaching out to Alexander’s sons The Kalash, Pakistan’s remaining pagans, find unlikely savior in British senior citizen
 The Kalash: The Lost Tribe of Alexander the Great

Resource 
 Kalasha People Online  A blog used by Kalasha and their New Alphabet to write Kalashamondr (Kalasha language)
 Frontier Language Institute  Kalasha dictionary

Media 
 Kalash Valleys  A plethora of high quality pictures of the Kalash people and their homeland.
 Youtube: Kalash Image and video montage
 The Alphabet Book Trailer   Promotional trailer for the feature documentary "The Alphabet Book" 

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Tuareg people

The Tuareg (, sometimes spelled Touareg in French, or Twareg in English) are a Berber ethnic group. The Tuareg today lives mostly in West Africa, but they were once nomads that moved throughout the Sahara. They used their own writing known as the tifinaɤ.

Today most Tuaregs are Muslims. Their most important leader was a woman. Tuareg men use veils, but not women. Their families are matrilinear.

References

Berber people
Aneurysm

An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a blood-filled bulge of a blood vessel. It is usually caused by disease or by the walls of the blood vessel becoming weak. Aneurysms usually happen in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta (the main artery coming out of the heart) - this is an aortic aneurysm. This bulge in a blood vessel can burst or break open and cause the person to die at any time. The larger an aneurysm becomes, the more likely it is to burst. Aneurysms can be treated. 

Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Digimon

Digimon is a Japanese media franchise made by Bandai. It features the group of eponymous digital creatures, which humans befriend each partners and protect both worlds from enemies. The series has movies, manga, anime, toys, video games and card games.

Anime
1999 anime television series
Tears

Tears are clear liquid made by the body to clean and lubricate the eyes.

There are three different types of tears that the body makes:

 Basal tears: In a normal, healthy mammal, tears are regularly made to clean the cornea (front part of the eye) and to keep it clean from dust.

 Reflex tears: This type of tear is made when something irritates the eye, say, bits of dust or the smell of an onion.  These tears are made to clean the eye and wash out anything irritating it.

 Emotional tears (psychic tears): The last category is called crying or weeping, when tears are made because of physical pain or strong emotions.  

Eye
1203

1203 (MCCIII) was .

Events 
 April 16 – Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France.
 April 8 – Congress in Bilino Polje, where Ban Kulin officially declared his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounced the heresy.
 June 23 – Fleet of the Fourth Crusade enters Bosphorus
 July 17 – Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople by assault; the Byzantine emperor Alexius III flees from his capital into exile.
 August 1 – Fourth Crusade elevates Alexius IV as Byzantine emperor, after the citizens of Constantinople proclaim as emperor Isaac II Angelus (Alexius IV's father).
 William de Braose, Fourth Lord of Bramber becomes the guardian of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, and is possibly responsible for his death.
 Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate

Heads of states 
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
15

15 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Flaccus.

Events 
Valerius Gratus is appointed Prefect of Iudaea.
The town of Emona is founded. It is now called Ljubljana.
Legio XXI Rapax is stationed in Regensburg.
Germanicus fought a drawn battle with Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest
In Rome, the selection of civil servants passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.
Biography of Augustus by Nicholas of Damascus published.

Births 
 September 24 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor.
 November 6 – Agrippina the younger, Roman empress (or possibly 16) (+ 59)

Deaths 
Sejus Strabo, Praetorian prefect. His son, Sejanus, succeeds him. > 31

10s
Bonar Law

Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 – 30 October 1923), commonly called Bonar Law (), served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Law was elected to Parliament in 1900 as a member of the Conservative Party.  He became leader of the Party in 1911.  He was Lloyd George's Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons while Lloyd George served as Prime Minister during World War I.

Law became Prime Minister in October 1922.  He found out he had throat cancer and resigned in May 1923.  He died in October 1923.

References

Other websites

 

1858 births
1923 deaths
British chess players
British Protestants
Canadian Christians
Cancer deaths in London
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from New Brunswick
Presbyterians
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
39

39 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Corbulo.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.
 Domitius Afer becomes a consul.
 Caligula is also a consul.
 Agrippa I, king of Iudaea, is called back to Rome.
 Legio XV Primigenia and XXII Primigenia are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.
 Caligula's campaign into Germany was stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea.
 Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the temple in Jerusalem. Jews protest.  They are able to stop construction of the statue until the death of Caligula (January 24, 41).
 Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.

Asia 
 The Trung Sisters resist Chinese influence in Vietnam.

Births 
 November 3 – Lucan, Roman poet
 December 30 – Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (79–81)
 Julia Drusilla, daughter of current Roman Emperor Caligula
 Britannicus, son of later Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina

Deaths 
 Seneca the Elder, Roman rhetorician
 Herod Antipas

30s
Jönköping

Jönköping is a city in Sweden. About 90,000 people live there. It is in southern Sweden near the lake Vättern.

Jönköping was actually 3 towns that grew into one large town. The 3 towns were, Jönköping (55.000), Huskvarna (22.000) and Norrahammar (9.000).

Jönköping is the 9th biggest city in Sweden.

Sports 
 HV71, ishockey club
 Jönköping Bandy IF, bandy club
 Jönköpings IK, floor ball club
 Jönköpings Södra IF, soccer club

References

Other websites
Doppler effect

The Doppler effect is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring seeing or hearing the wave (watcher or observer).

Another word for "causer" is "sender" or "source". Another word for "change in distance" is "speed" or "relative velocity". 
A common example is sitting in a car while another car goes by the watcher.  The watcher will hear a change in pitch, while the sender will not.

For waves read all the waves that can send out or reflected by an object. And for reflection read change of direction of a wave.

Effects of changes in distance 

If observer and creator of the wave get closer, the frequency is higher and the wavelength is shorter.
 For light, this causes a shift in colour towards the blue end of the spectrum called a blue shift. The faster something is moving toward us, the greater the blue shift.
 For sound, this causes the sound to become higher in pitch

If the distance between the observer and creator gets longer, the frequency is lower and the wavelength is longer.
 For light, this causes a shift towards the red end of the spectrum called a red shift, the faster something is moving away, the greater the red shift.
 For sound, this causes the sound to become lower in pitch.

Light waves can also be read, examples are:
 Microwaves
 Radio waves

An extreme example of the doppler effect is an aeroplane flying at a faster speed than the speed of sound and how the wall of sound is heard on the ground.

Related pages 
red shift
blue shift

Wave physics
Monagas Sport Club

Monagas Sport Club is a club of football from Maturín, Venezuela.

Presidents 
 Rubén León  (1988–1992)
 Rumualdo Romero (1993–1995)
 Jesús Salgado (1995–1996)
 Rafael Castellín Osuna  (1997)
 Claudio González  (2000–2001)
 Roicis Pérez  (2001–2003)
 Antonio del Moral 
 Antonio Núñez
 Manuel Villalba
 Ramón Caballero (–2006)
 Nelson Núñez  (2006–)

Coaches 
   Joaquín (Fariñas) Da Silva
   Víctor Pignanelli
 Luis Fernández
   Antonio Mejías
 Radamel García 
 Manolo Contreras
   Eduardo Borrero
   Luis Mendoza
 Daniel Lanata
   Alí Cañas
   Franco Fasciana
   Del Valle Rojas
   Bernardo Redín

Famous players 
   Alexander Bottini
   José (Cuervito) Rivas
   Rafael Castellín
   José Fasciana
   Franco Fasciana
   César González
   José (el Papi) Rivas
   Carlos (Pomada) Bravo

Current roster 2007 
Goalkeepers 
   José Bottini
   Andrés Rivas
Defenders 
   Juan Carlos Guazá
   Lenín Díaz
   Andrés Mosquera
   Pedro Agustín Duval
   Frank José Presilla
   Luis Salazar
   Benzon Rovira
   Robert Alexander Varrone
   Ever Avendaño
Midfielders 
   Edward Leonett
   Williams Lacle
   John Mancilla
   Jarvy Mejía
   Timshel Tábarez
   Néstor Sánchez
   Laynecker Zafra
  Ricardo Wisniewski
Forwards 
   Alexis Acuña
   Luis Alberto Moreno
   Hermes Orejuela
   Jamerson Rentería

Source 
liderendeportes.com

Other websites 
 Official page

Venezuelan football clubs
Appenzell Innerrhoden

Appenzell Innerrhoden is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It is the smallest canton by population and the second smallest by area.

Districts 
The 6 (districts) of Appenzell Innerrhoden are:

Appenzell, population 5587 (2002)
Gonten, population 1398 (2002)
Oberegg, population 1831 (2002)
Rüte, population 3036 (2002)
Schlatt-Haslen, population 1160 (2002)
Schwende, population 2094 (2002)

Other websites 
Official Page 
Official Statistics
Säntis (German)
Thai language

The Thai language is the national and official language of Thailand. It is the first language of the Thai people, Thailand's main ethnic group. Thai is closely related to the Lao language. In fact, some dialects of Thai and Lao are mutually intelligible, meaning that speakers of one language can talk with and understand speakers of the other language without knowing the other's language.

The Thai alphabet has 44 consonants:

The alphabet has Thai numbers:
๑ 1 
๒ 2
๓ 3
๔ 4
๕ 5
๖ 6
๗ 7
๘ 8
๙ 9 
๐ 0

Other websites 

 thai-language.com English speakers' online resource for the Thai language
 Thai Online Web Application with 105 Interactive Lessons of which the first 10 are free to access.
 Thai Flashcards, online flashcards with sound.
New England Patriots

The New England Patriots is an American football team in the National Football League or the NFL. They are in the American Football Conference or the AFC. Their starting quarterback is Mac Jones. Cody Kessler plays the second string quarterback. The Patriots play in Gillette Stadium on Foxborough, midway between Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.

In the 2007 season, the Patriots have won all 16 games and became the first team with 16 wins and no losses. They would win 2 more playoff games and enter the Super Bowl at 18-0. However, they did not complete a historic 19-0 season, because they lost to the Giants. The Giants scored 17 points when David Tyree made a helmet catch and the Patriots scored 14 points.

The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018. They play in Foxboro, Massachusetts. They lost to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012 in a rematch of Super Bowl XLII which their perfect season got spoiled. This time, the Giants scored 21 points and the Patriots scored 17 points.

The Patriots also won Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks when Russell Wilson threw an interception on the final play. The Patriots scored 28 points and the Seahawks scored 24 points.

The Patriots were originally called the "Boston Patriots", and played in Fenway Park. Their name comes from the city of Boston's importance in the American Revolution.
Aspidogastrea

The Aspidogastrea (gr. aspid - shield, gaster - stomach/pouch) is a small group of flukes. There are about 80 species. 

The group is a subclass of the Trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Species are between approximately one mm to several cm long. They are parasites of freshwater and marine molluscs and vertebrates (cartilaginous and bony fishes and turtles). Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host. 

None of the species has any economic importance, but the group is of very great interest to biologists because it has several characters which appear to be basal.

Other websites 
Aspidogastrea from Tree of Life
Checklist of European aspidogastreans 
Fishdisease.net 

Flatworms
989

989 is a year in the 10th century.

Events 
 September – Halley's Comet is at perihelion
 Sankore University founded in Timbuktu

Births 
 Adémar de Chabannes (died 1034), monk and historian
 Gisela of Swabia (died 1043), Holy Roman Empress

Deaths 
 6 September – Sharaf al-Daula, emir of Kerman and Fars
986

986 was a year in the 10th century.

Events 
March 2 – Louis V becomes King of the Franks
End of the reign of Emperor Kazan, emperor of Japan
Emperor Ichijō ascends to the throne of Japan
Explorer Bjarni Herjólfsson becomes the first inhabitant of the Old World to sight North America
Sweyn Forkbeard becomes King of Denmark
Song Dynasty sends armies on three fronts against the Liao Dynasty in the Sixteen Prefectures but are defeated on all fronts.
Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism is a term for different social and economic ideas. Originally the term was used by a group of liberals who helped shape social market economy in the mid 20th century. Classic liberalism characterized by free market trade, deregulation of financial markets, mercantilism and the shift away from state welfare provision.

Alexander Rustow was the first economist to develop this concept, looking after a Social Democracy system rather than a Laissez Faire Capitalist Society.

Characteristics of Neoliberalism 

In the application of neoliberal ideals, the state might also intervene and regulate, for example, to prevent exploitation, or to ensure social fairness and equality.

Neoliberalism is antithetical to the protection of group - rather than individual - interests, for example, that might be achieved through lobbying of groups, or state interventions that protect national interests via tariffs or subsidies.

Neoliberalism has moved away from a centrally governed economy.

Contemporary use 
Since the 1990s the term has been consistently used in academia to imply the move from welfare state to laissez faire economic management, particularly associated with the promotion of free market ideals in the late 1980s by Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the US.

Examples of neoliberal regimes of Government 

 Chile under Augusto Pinochet
 Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher
 New Zealand under David Lange
 The United States of America under Ronald Reagan attempted to establish this but never did.
 Australia under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating
 Brazil under Jair Bolsonaro

References 

Liberalism
Economic theories

cs:Liberalismus#Neoliberalismus
Oligopoly

In economics, an oligopoly is a market form in which the market or industry is controlled by a small number of sellers. Usually, the market has high barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market or even be able to have a significant market share. 

As there are only a few sellers in the market, each seller would take note of the actions made by one another, and thinks about how the other sellers will respond when making decisions  As such, there is a possibility in which an oligopoly can come together to make a common decision that allows them to have less competition and charge higher prices for consumers.

Examples
In many countries, some country-held companies were privatized. Very often, this privatization lead to oligopolies. In many countries, there are only a handful of companies providing networks for mobile phones. They control the prices for accessing the network. That is why using a mobile phone is often much more expensive than using a land line one.

Trains run by private sectors are much costlier than those run by a government. As a government gives rights to private sectors to get a hold of some other sectors, they take advantage of it.

Other websites 
 Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
 Vives, X. (1999). Oligopoly pricing, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. (A comprehensive work on oligopoly theory)