cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Central Mount Stuart

Central Mount Stuart is a mountain in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It can easily seen from the nearby Stuart Highway, which is about 6 km away. The mountain is made from dark red sandstone.

The mountain is named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart who reached the area on 22 April 1860. He worked out that a point about 4 km (2.5 miles) south-southwest of the mountain was the centre of Australia. Modern geographers do not agree with this and now place the centre at Finke.

Stuart climbed to the top on 23 April 1860, writing in his journal: 
"Took Kekwick and the flag, and went to the top of the mount, but found it to be much higher and more difficult of ascent than I anticipated...Near the top of the cone I placed a small bottle, in which there is a slip of paper, with our signatures to it, stating by whom it was raised. We then gave three hearty cheers for the flag, the emblem of civil and religious liberty, and may it be a sign to the natives that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and Christianity is about to break upon them."

The slip of paper was found in 1871 by John Ross during the building of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. It is now in the Library of South Australia.

Stuart called the mountain Central Mount Sturt, after his former expedition leader Charles Sturt. The name was changed on a suggestion from the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard MacDonnell. This happened soon after Stuart's return to Adelaide at the end of the expedition. Central Mount Stuart is the name that was printed in the published expedition journal.

References

Other websites
 Image of Central Mount Stuart on Google Maps

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Louise de Coligny

Louise de Coligny (Châtillon-sur-Loing, 23 September 1555 – Fontainebleau, 13 November 1620) was the fourth wife of Prince William the Silent. She was the daughter of an important French Protestant leader, Gaspard de Coligny.

Marriage
She married Charles de Téligny when she was 16 years old in 1571. He was a Protestant diplomat who was also friendly with the French king Charles IX. Both her father and her husband were killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. 

In 1583 she (27) married William the Silent in Antwerp. She became the Princess of Orange. Their son Frederik Hendrik was born on 29 January 1584. On the 10th of July that year, William was shot by catholic Balthasar Gerards and died.

Later years
She stayed in the Netherlands with her 6 stepdaughters. In 1619, she asked her stepson Maurits to stop the execution of high-placed Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, but he did not listen. She then left Holland and went to France where she (65) died in 1620. On 24 May 1621, she was buried in the crypt of the House of Orange-Nassau in the New Church in Delft.

House of Orange-Nassau
Princesses of Orange
1555 births
1620 deaths
Tarafa Baghajati

Tarafa Baghajati (, (born September 1st 1961) in Damascus, Syria) is a human right activist and writer, he is also the chairman of the Austrian Muslim Initiative (AMI).
He lives in Vienna, Austria since 1986.

Life 
Tarafa Baghajati was born in Damascus, to parents Adnan Baghajati,an author and former Syrian Education minister, and Amal Homsi, an economic journalist.

In 1984 the Syrian regime detained Baghajati for more than 8 months, he spent three of them in Tadmor Prison due to his political views.

Since he moved to Austria in 1986, Baghajati is active on the topics of immigration, anti-racism, human right and political issues which also involve the Middle East especially his home country Syria, he is also very active on the topics of Islam and Muslim in Austria and Europe, and opposition what is known as Islamophobia, and the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), in Africa and Europe.

In 1999, he found the initiative of Muslim Austrians ( IMOE ) with his wife Carla Amina Baghajati , Omar Al-Rawi, Mouddar Khouja and Andrea Saleh, who are members of the Islamic Religion Community in Austria .

Baghajati is a former board member . (2001 - 2007, 2004-2007 Vice- President ) and member of the Honorary Advisory Board of European Network Against Racism (ENAR)
He is also a board member of the Platform for Intercultural Europe (PIE).

In March 2009, Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met Sheikh Prof.Dr Yusuf al-Qaradawi in Qatar, one of the most best known Islamic contemporary authority scholar. They obtained a fatwa issued by the recognized legal scholars, stating the genital mutilation of girls is referred to and forbidden as "devil's work" because it is directed against the ethics of Islam. Speaking at the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, 6 February 2011 Baghajati ventured to predict to celebrate the end of this practice as early as 2020.

in February 2011,Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met this time Sheikh Prof.Dr Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti and obtained a similar fatwa against female genital mutilation.

Baghajati is one of the finders and a board member of European Muslim Initiative for Social Cohesion (EMISCO).

Education
Baghajati graduated as civil engineer from Polytechnic University of Timișoara in 1986

Awards 
Initiative of Muslim Austrians (IMOE) won democracy award by Margaretha Lupac Stiftung in 2008.

Personal life 
He is married to Carla Amina Baghajati since 1990,has four children.

References

1961 births
Living people
Engineers
Human rights activists
Muslims
Political prisoners
Syrian writers
Micronation

Micronations are countries started by one or a group of people which are not seen as actual countries by the United Nations. These countries are mostly used in people's heads, or on the internet. 

People make micronations for lots of reasons. Some are to show they do not like their main country (for example the United Kingdom), or if they want to make money, or to use it as a place for themselves.

List
Here is a list of some Micronations;

Competitions
Some micronations play in competitions with other micronations.

Football
The biggest football organisation for micronations is known as the MFA (Micronational Football Association), founded by Joe Foxon in 2009. It has 13 micronations from 7 countries as members. It makes a competition every 4 years called the MFA World Cup for all the micronations in the world to play in. The first World Cup will be in Southern England in 2013.

Singing
Every year there is a singing competition called the MicroVision Song Contest. Micronations make a song and put it on the internet, and then other micronations vote for the best song. The winner then makes the next one.

Other websites
Wiki of Micronations

References
Ilene Woods

Jacqueline Ruth "Ilene" Woods (May 5, 1929 – July 1, 2010) was an American singer and actress who voiced Cinderella in the 1950 Disney movie.

Early life 
Woods was born on May 5, 1929 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. As a child Woods was led into singing by her mother. By the age of 11, Woods had her own radio show.

Career
In 1948, at the age of 18, Woods recorded several songs for friends Mack David and Jerry Livingston. The songs ("Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo", "So This is Love", and "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes") were then played for Walt Disney. He chose Woods out of 300 other girls to play the part of Cinderella for the Disney movie Cinderella. Recording the part took about 2 years, working off and on.

Later years
Woods was first married to Stephen Steck Jr. They had one child, a daughter named Stephanie. After a divorce, in 1963 she married Ed Shaughnessy. They had two sons, James and Daniel.  In 2003 she was recognized as a Disney Legend for her work in Cinderella.

Death
Woods died on July 1, 2010 from causes related to Alzheimer's disease in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California. She was 81.

References

1929 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Singers from New Hampshire
Actors from New Hampshire
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Zygophyllaceae

The Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. It includes around 285 species in 22 genera.

In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales. 

rosids
Hendrik Lorentz

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist. In 1902, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations that were later used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time.

Biography

Early life
Hendrik Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Gelderland (The Netherlands), the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822–1893). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes.

Career

Lorentz and special relativity
In 1905, Einstein would use many of the concepts to write his paper entitled "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", known today as the theory of special relativity. Because Lorentz laid the fundamentals for the work by Einstein, this theory was originally called the Lorentz-Einstein theory.

Lorentz and general relativity
Lorentz was one of few scientists who supported Einstein's search for general relativity from the beginning – he wrote several research papers and discussed with Einstein personally and by letter. For instance, he attempted to combine Einstein's formalism with Hamilton's principle (1915).

Death
In January 1928, Lorentz became seriously ill, and died shortly after on February 4.

References

Other pages
Lorentz force

Other websites

in the Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam

1853 births
1928 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
People from Arnhem
Dutch theoretical physicists
Galileo (spacecraft)

Galileo was an unmanned NASA spacecraft. It explored the planet Jupiter and its moons. Galileo was launched in 1989 and it arrived at Jupiter in 1995.

Galileo was made up of two parts: an orbiter and a probe. The probe was released from the orbiter on July 13, 1995 and it went towards Jupiter. It reached Jupiter on December 7, 1995 and went down into the atmosphere. The probe gathered data for 57 minutes until the great atmospheric heat and pressure destroyed it.

The orbiter went into orbit around the planet on December 8, 1995 and went down into Jupiter's atmosphere and was crushed on September 21, 2003.

References

NASA spacecraft
Jupiter
Henderson's Boys

Henderson's Boys is a series of young adult spy books. It was written by English author Robert Muchamore. The series follows Charles Henderson, the creator of a fictional espionage organisation CHERUB and is set in the 1940s, during World War II. Henderson goes on various adventures, helped by children. Henderson's Boys is a spin-off of the popular CHERUB series, which is about the same organisation in modern times. There are seven books in the series. These are The Escape, Eagle Day, Secret Army, Grey Wolves, The Prisoner, One Shot Kill and Scorched Earth.

References

Young adult novels
Fiction books
MOX fuel

Mixed-oxide fuel (or MOX fuel) is nuclear fuel that contains an oxide of more than one element. Most nuclear fuel that is not of the MOX type only contains uranium dioxide. In most cases, the additional oxide will be plutonium dioxide, sometimes thorium dioxide. Any reactor that uses uranium-based fuel will produce plutonium dioxide. Mox fuel consists of about 93% uranium, and about 7% of thorium or plutonium dioxide.

One of the benefits of using MOX-type fuel is that the plutonium dioxide that is produced, can be re-used for energy generation. Certain types of nuclear power plants need plutonium to work properly.

Nuclear energy
The Bush (Alaska)

The Bush is a term for the portions of Alaska that are not connected to North America's road network.  Most of Alaska's native populations live in the Bush. They live off the land as their ancestors did.

Places in the Bush include Bethel, Dillingham, King Salmon, Nome, Barrow, Katmai National Park, Kodiak Island, Kotzebue, and Unalaska-Dutch Harbor.

Most parts of Alaska that are off the road system can only be reached by small airplane. Travel from place to place is usually by  snowmobile or snow machine, boat, or sometimes dog sled.

References 

Bush, The
Arctic Alaska

Arctic Alaska, or Far North Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northern area close to the Arctic Ocean.

Some of the places in Arctic Alaska are the North Slope Borough, the Northwest Arctic Borough, and the Nome Census Area. Some towns there are Prudhoe Bay, Barrow, Kotzebue, and Nome.

Most of these places have no highways and can only be reached by aircraft or snowmobile, or by boat if they are on the coast or near a river. Long ago there were only Eskimos living here. They mostly ate salmon, which there are lots of there. More people came to Arctic Alaska when gold was discovered there. Still more people and industry came when petroleum was discovered in the area. Above the Arctic Circle, the sun rises in May and sets in August.

Arctic Alaska is mostly tundra covering mountain ranges and coastal plains. Some of the animals there are bears, wolves, sheep, reindeer, and lots of birds.

Other websites 
Regions of Alaska, including description of Far North Alaska 

Geography of Alaska
Andrew Fire

Andrew Zachary Fire (born April 27, 1959 in Palo Alto, California) is an American biologist. He is a professor of pathology and genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine. Fire was given the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of RNA interference. The research was conducted at Carnegie Institution for Science and published in 1998.

Education 
Fire completed high school at age 15. He wanted to study at Stanford University, where he would later work, but was not accepted. He studied at the University of Californiaat Berkeley. Fire graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics at 19,  and earned a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1983.

Nobel prize 
In 2006, Fire and Craig Mello shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work first published in 1998 in the journal Nature. The paper reports that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, and so caused the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA. As a result, the mRNA cannot be translated into protein.

Fire and Mello found that dsRNA was much more effective in gene silencing than the previously described method of RNA interference with single-stranded RNA. Because only small numbers of dsRNA molecules were required for the observed effect, Fire and Mello proposed that a catalytic process was involved. This hypothesis was confirmed by later research.

The Nobel Prize citation, issued by Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information". The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) quoted Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, on the scope and implications of the research:

"It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionise the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology".

References

1959 births
Living people
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from California
Jewish American scientists
People from Palo Alto, California
Stanley Cohen

Stanley Cohen (November 17, 1922 – February 5, 2020) was an American biochemist of Jewish descent. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986. His research helped people understand how cancer starts and how to design anti-cancer drugs.

He was also, with Herbert Boyer, one of the first to do any kind of genetic engineering.

Biography
Cohen majored in chemistry and biology at Brooklyn College. He received a bachelor's degree in 1943, and worked as a bacteriologist at a plant that processes milk. Later in 1945, he received an M.A. in zoology from Oberlin College. He also received a Ph.D. from the department of biochemistry at the University of Michigan in 1948.

In the 1950s, Cohen worked with Rita Levi-Montalcini at Washington University in St. Louis. He isolated the nerve growth factor and then discovered the epidermal growth factor. In 1959, he began teaching biochemistry at Vanderbilt University.

Cohen also received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1983 and the National Medal of Science in 1986.

Cohen died on February 5, 2020 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 97.

References

Other websites
 Autobiography at Nobel Prize website

1922 births
2020 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Nephron

Nephrons are tiny tubules (miniature tubes) which make up the smallest working part of the kidney. In other words, they are the smallest level where the kidney removes waste, excess salt and excess water. Each nephron starts in the cortex of the kidney, then goes into the medulla of the kidney, before coming back to the cortex, then goes through the medulla into the pelvis. In the pelvis, the nephrons join up with the ureter.

In humans, a normal kidney has between 800,000 and 1.5 million nephrons.

Each nephron consists of a cup-shaped structure at one end called the Bowman's capsule. It extends into a long urinary tubule,that is surrounded by a network of renal capillaries. The urinary tubules of nephrons in each kidney join to form a common tube called the ureter.

Inside the Bowman's capsule,is a network of blood capillaries called glomerulus. The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus together form the Malphigian capsule or Malphigian body.

References

Animal anatomy
Anatomy of the urinary system
Parliament of Canada

The Parliament of Canada  () is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa.

Parts
The parliament has three parts.  
 Queen Elizabeth II as Canadian monarch, represented by her governor general
 The Senate, or "upper house" and 
 The House of Commons often called the "lower house"

Members
The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 members of the upper house on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, while the 308 members of the lower house are directly elected by Canadian voters, with each Member of Parliament representing a single electoral district.
Rhynie chert

The Rhynie chert is an Lower Devonian sedimentary deposit, part of the Old Red Sandstone. It has extraordinary fossil details, and is a Lagerstätte.

The chert is exposed near the village of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. A second unit, the Windyfield chert, is located some 700 m away.

The Rhynie chert contains exceptionally preserved material covered by an overlying volcanic deposit. Most of the fossil bed has primitive plants (which had water-conducting cells and sporangia, but no true leaves), along with arthropods, lichens, algae and fungi.

Significance

Date 
This fossil bed is remarkable for two reasons. First, the age of the site, formed about 410 million years ago. This places it at an early stage in the colonisation of land.

Quality 
Second, these cherts are famous for their exceptional state of preservation, with individual cell walls easily visible in polished specimens. Stomata have been counted and lignin remnants detected in the plant material. The book lungs of some early spiders can be seen in cross-sections. Fungal hyphae can be seen entering plant material, acting as decomposers and mycorrhizal symbionts.

The oldest known insect (Rhyniognatha hirsti), which resembles the modern springtails, was found in the Rhynie chert, pushing dates for the origination of insects back to the Silurian period.

History of research
The chert was discovered by William Mackie while mapping the western margin of the Rhynie basin in 1910–1913.

Since 1980, the chert has been examined by the Münster group, and from 1987 by Aberdeen University. They showed the chert was indeed produced by a hot spring setting. Cores were drilled in 1988 and 1997.

Conditions of formation
The chert was formed when silica-rich water from volcanic springs rose and rapidly petrified the early terrestrial ecosystem in situ. Organisms are petrified that way by hot springs today, although that quality of preservation has not been found in recent deposits. Hot springs, with temperatures between , were active; the water had probably cooled to under  before it reached the fossilised organisms. The deposits are interbedded with sands, shales and tuffs, which speaks of local volcanic activity. Deposition was very rapid.

The texture of the silica formed is like that found today in freshwater streams at Yellowstone National Park. They are typically alkaline (pH 8.7) and tepid .

Living vegetation covered around 55% of the land area, with litter covering 30% and the remaining 15% of the ground being bare.

Other websites

References 

Lagerstätten
Fuckin' Perfect

Fuckin' Perfect (also known as "Perfect") is a song by American singer-songwriter Pink. It was released as the second single from her album, Greatest Hits... So Far!!! on December 14, 2010. The song was written by Pink with Max Martin and Shellback. They also produced the song.

The song is similar to Pink's previous single, "Raise Your Glass". This is because it tells people to accept each other for who they are.

The video has been debated, as it contains topics such as depression, self-harm, and suicide.

"Fuckin' Perfect" rose to number two in Billboard Hot 100. In this way, it became Pink's eleventh top-ten song in the United States. The song became a top 10 hit in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It went up to the top 40 in Belgium, Denmark, Hungary, Sweden, and Switzerland.

References

2011 songs
Pink songs
Adobe Acrobat

Adobe Acrobat is a family of software made by Adobe Systems. Software in the family can read and display Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Acrobat software can convert PDFs to other formats, PDF to Microsoft Word or Excel for example. It can also combine multiple file types into a single PDF file.

References

Adobe software
Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Lesser Poland Voivodeship, or Małopolska Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland. It is , and as of 2006, has 3,267,731 residents. It was created on 1 January 1999. The capital of the province is Kraków.

The province's natural borders are Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie) on the north, Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska (a broad range of hills stretching from Kraków to Częstochowa) on the west, and the Tatra, Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains on the south. The provinces and countries it is bordered by are the Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north, Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east, and the country of Slovakia to the south.

Protected areas

Protected areas in Lesser Poland Voivodeship include six National Parks and 11 Landscape Parks. These are listed below.
 Babia Góra National Park (a UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve)
 Gorce National Park
 Magura National Park (partly in Subcarpathian Voivodeship)
 Ojców National Park
 Pieniny National Park
 Tatra National Park (part of a UNESCO biosphere reserve shared with Slovakia)
 Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park
 Ciężkowice-Rożnów Landscape Park
 Dłubnia Landscape Park
 Eagle Nests Landscape Park (partly in Silesian Voivodeship)
 Kraków Valleys Landscape Park
 Little Beskids Landscape Park (partly in Silesian Voivodeship)
 Pasmo Brzanki Landscape Park (partly in Subcarpathian Voivodeship)
 Poprad Landscape Park
 Rudno Landscape Park
 Tenczynek Landscape Park
 Wiśnicz-Lipnica Landscape Park

References

1999 establishments in Poland
Voivodeships of Poland
Intransitive verb

In English, an intransitive verb is an action that involves the object or person doing the action by itself. For example: "The door opened." (by itself) This contrasts with a transitive verb, where the action is done by someone or something else, i.e.: "The person opened the door."

Parts of speech
Randolph Scott

Randolph Scott (January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American actor.

Career 

Randolph Scott made ​​his film debut in the silent film Sharp Shooters (1928). And in 1929 has a small role in the western starring Gary Cooper The Virginian. Scott was one of the leading film actors in starring western, and one of the best interpreters of the genre. Its first western classics were The Last of the Mohicans (1936) and Western Union (1941) directed by Fritz Lang.

In 1943 he starred with Glenn Ford in the western The Desperadoes, directed by Charles Vidor.
Some of his classic 1940 was Belle of the Yukon (1944), as Gentleman Jack, and  Badman's Territory (1946), as Sheriff Mark Rowley. 

Scott also co-starred with John Wayne in Pittsburgh (1942), and with Charles Laughton in Captain Kidd (1945), two films from the 1940s.

1950s 

The 1950 was one of the best for Scott stars in dozens of western. Among his films are 7th Cavalry (1956), he plays the role of Capt. Tom Benson. a Capt accused of cowardice, The Tall T (1957), as Pat Brennan, a cowboy who is kidnapped with a woman, the villain is Frank Usher, played by Richard Boone, and Ride Lonesome (1959), with Pernell Roberts.

In Comanche Station (1960), Scott is Jefferson Cody, A cowboy saves a woman who had been kidnapped by Indians Comanches, then struggles to get both of them home alive. This western was directed by Budd Boetticher, and written by Burt Kennedy. And his last western was Ride the High Country (1962), with Joel McCrea. Scott played role of Gil Westrum, an old gunslinger who with McCrea help a young woman escape from the bandits who pursue.

References 
Last Of The Cowboy Heroes: The Westerns Of Randolph Scott, Joel Mccrea, by Robert Nott
Silent Stars, by Jeanine Basinger

Other websites

1898 births
1987 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Virginia
Actors from Charlotte, North Carolina
Nichiren

Nichiren (16 February 1222 - 13 October 1282) was a Buddhism priest who lived in Japan. He is often called Nichiren, "Nichi" means "sun" and "ren" means "lotus". The type of Buddhism he founded is known as Nichiren Buddhism. Nichiren's actions and writings are the basis of the modern Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai International (SGI). According to SGI's interpretation of Buddhism, it is through faith, practice and study that people can tap into their Buddha nature, become truly happy, and build a peaceful society. Faith refers to the belief in the concept known as "the mystic law of the universe." Practice means to chant every day the phrase "Nam-myo-ho-renge-kyo" and sections from the Lotus Sutra while sitting in front of the Gohonzon, a sacred scroll that hangs in the butsudan (an altar). Practice also entails telling other people about Nichiren Buddhism. Study means reading the writings of Nichren and discussing the readings with other people.

1222 births
1282 deaths
Buddhist clergy
Bass Reeves

Bass Reeves (1838-1910) was an African American sheriff in Arkansas, who brought in hundreds of convicts. He was born as a slave, but then escaped his abusive master. He was one of the first African Americans to work in law enforcement west of the Mississippi River.

References

People from Arkansas
Stereotypic movement disorder

People with stereotypic movement disorder often hurt themselves. Some people make behaviors such as keeping their hands in their pockets, to prevent these movements. Cause of stereotypic movement disorder is certain physical conditions, head injuries and use of some drugs (cocaine). Childhood habits can result in negative social interactions and avoidance by peers and family members. Some repetitive behaviors can cause damage. The most common treatment approaches used for children with this condition are therapies aimed at reducing stress that may trigger the movements and changing behaviors. Some medications may also help reduce stereotypic behavior. Naltrexone has been used with some success in reducing stereotypic self-injurious behavior. In some cases, antidepressants such as Prozac, Zoloft and Luvox (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), or Anafranil (a tricyclic antidepressant) may be helpful.

Disorders
Gannet

Gannets are seabirds in the genus Morus. They are related to boobies. They are large white and black with yellow heads. They have long, pointed wings and long bills.
Gannets only lay one blue egg.

Gannets can dive from a height of , and hit the water with great speed. This can carry them to a depth of . The bird can then keep going deeper using its wings and feet. Some have been known to dive deeper than .

References 

Seabirds
Cabot High School

Cabot High School (CHS) is a public high school for students in grades nine through twelve in Cabot, Arkansas. Cabot High School is administered by the Cabot Public School District, which covers Cabot, Austin, Ward, and northern Lonoke County. CHS has been accredited by the North Central Association since 1967.

Academics 
As of 2010, the school offers Advanced Placement Program (AP) exams in the following areas:

  AP Art History
  AP Biology
  AP Calculus
  AP Chemistry
  AP English Language and Composition
  AP English Literature and Composition
  AP French Language
  AP German
  AP Physics B
  AP Spanish Language
  AP Studio Art
  AP United States History
  AP World History
  AP European History

School clubs
Cabot High has the following clubs for students to join:

 Air Force Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (AF JROTC)
 Art Club
 Astronomy Club
 Book Club & Poetry Club
 Cabot Cruzers (Car Club)
 Chess Club
 Debate
 Ecology Club
 Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA)
 Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA)
 French Club
 Free-Thinking Student Association (FSA)
 Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA)
 Friends of the Pound
 Cabot FFA
 Future Teachers of America
 German Club
 Habitat for Humanity
 Hello Club
 Helping Hands
 History Club
 Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA)
 Japanese Club
 J.U.S.T. Club
 Key Club
 Knitting Club
 MACH 1 Academy
 National Honor Society
 The Panther Tale Newspaper
 Panther Yearbook
 Penman Literary Magazine
 Cabot High Television and the Cabot Schools Network
 Band/Music Club
 Project Lead the Way 
 Quiz Bowl
 Sanctuary
 Spanish Club
 Student Council
 SkillsUSA

Athletics
The Cabot Panthers' football team has had success during the tenure of Coach Mike Malham. The Panthers won the state championship in 1983 and 2000 and were state championship runners-up in 1997 and 1998. 

The Cabot Panthers Golf team has won multiple titles in the past two decades. 

Other sports at Cabot High include Baseball, Boys Basketball, Girls Basketball, Cross Country, Soccer, Softball, Cheerleading, Dance Team, Swimming, Tennis, Track, Bowling, Volleyball, and Wrestling.

Notable students
 Terri Utley, 1982 Miss USA; 1981 Miss Arkansas USA
 Kimberly Forsyth, 2006 Miss Arkansas USA
 Whitney Kirk, 2003 Miss Arkansas
 Kathrine Dunphy, 2007 an actress in Transformers Movie
 Paula Montgomery - Miss Arkansas 1995, Miss Arkansas Teen USA 1991
 Joey Richardson, 1999 Allstate Football and Track Honor Graduate
 Danny Farrer, 1997 Allstate - Allstar Football and Track
 Tom Brannon, Today's THV Channel 11 Meteorologist

Other websites
Counseling Center website
Class of 1999 Alumni website
Alumni website
Career & Technical Education website

References

Schools in the United States
Arkansas
1912 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arkansas
Mazon Creek

Mazon Creek is a lagerstätte in northeast Illinois. It is a site of exceptional fossil preservation from the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the Carboniferous, about 309 million years ago.

The area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997. 

The site's greatest find is the oldest-known beetle.

Palaeoecology 
The sediments were laid in a gigantic tropical estuary, a river delta with shifting channels and mud and sand bars. Much of the continent was then covered by a great internal epeiric sea, which sometimes swept over the area, and then withdrew.

Coal measures are formed like this. A low-lying tropical swamp or rain forest forms a peat swamp which is short of oxygen. Dead plant material builds up, and does not decompose entirely. The plant material gets buried as a peat bog. From time to time rivers bring down a load of sediment from nearby mountains, covering the swamp. Eventually layers of coal alternate with layers of sandy deposit. Pressure turns it all into hard rock. Later on, the rocks are uncovered by erosion, and fossils can be found by humans.

The huge growth of vegetation at this time produced coal measures, and the fossils were found in concretions (hard balls) in the spoil heaps of coal mines. The concretions are caused by iron carbonate, FeCO3, which makes the parcel of mud and organic material into hard balls.

Flora and fauna 
Fossil specimens have been found which belong to these groups of plants and animals:
140 species of insects and other arthropods.
Freshwater aquatic faunas include fish, amphibia, bivalves, crustacea & horseshoe crabs. 
Fauna from brackish water include ostracodes, lungfish scales, xenacanth sharks, polychaetes, crustacea, cephalopods with soft tissues, hydrozoa, siphonophores, chitons, sea cucumbers, eurypterids, echinoderms.
One unique species cannot be placed in a taxon: the 'Tully Monster', Tullimonstrum gregarium, a soft-bodied marine invertebrate. It is the Illinois state fossil.

400 species of plants: Lepidodendron, horsetails, ferns, pteridosperms and primitive conifers and ginkgoes.

References 

Lagerstätten
Diocese of Truro

The Diocese of Truro is a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury.
The area included in the diocese is that of the county of Cornwall including the Isles of Scilly. It was formed in 1876 from the western parts of the Diocese of Exeter and the first bishop was appointed in 1877. The Christian faith has been alive in the region since at least the 4th century AD. Many of the communities in the diocese, as well as the parish churches, bear a Celtic saint's name, which is a reminder of the links with other Celtic lands. The head of the diocese is the bishop of Truro, Tim Thornton, and the cathedral is in Truro. 
There are 225 parishes with a little more than 300 church buildings in the diocese.

Notes

Further information
truro.anglican.org Diocese of Truro

Anglicanism
Cornwall
1876 establishments in England
Makaton

Makaton is a set of simple sign language and black-and-white symbols (pictures) which are used alongside simple talk. Makaton is a sign language that is free to teach other people but it is also sold, taught, guarded and checked up on by the business which started it. Makaton started with simple ordinary English and British Sign Language hand-signs; the pictures were added later. It is now used all over the world and changed for the country it is used in. It uses the same hand-signs as the sign language of the country it is used in but not in the same way. For example, in Britain, Makaton hand-signing is mostly made from BSL (British Sign Language), but the signs are used in a different order alongside the simple spoken words. 

Makaton is mainly taught to children and adults with special needs in speech and language, with or without hearing problems, by teachers, teaching assistants and childcare practitioners, carers or caregivers such as parents, grandparents, foster carers, other friends and family, and  specialist clinicians such as speech and language therapists.  Makaton is also popular to use with babies - "baby signing".

In British television, Justin Fletcher uses Makaton signing in Something Special, a series of television programmes aimed at children with special needs shown on CBeebies. It was also used by Dave Benson Phillips while telling nursery rhymes on BBC children's television years earlier than this. 

In schools and nursery schools and childcare as well as at home Makaton signs and symbols are often used alongside other ways of talking and showing like photographs and "PECS", which are drawn colour pictures of parts of a routine, like washing hands, eating a snack, or using the toilet. This way of using different ways of showing routines and making requests for people with communication problems is sometimes called "total communication".

Sign languages
Disability
Cladocera

Cladocera is an order of small crustaceans commonly called water fleas. Around 620 species have been recognised so far, with many more undescribed. 

They are everywhere in inland aquatic habitats, but rare in the oceans. Most are  long, with a down-turned head, and a carapace covering the thorax and abdomen. There is a single median compound eye. They swim with jerking flea-like movements.  

Most species show cyclical parthenogenesis, where asexual reproduction is occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction. The sexual reproduction produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats.

References 

Branchiopods
Old Red Sandstone

The Old Red Sandstone is a dark red sandstone laid down mainly in the Devonian period over a large part of the continent of Laurussia. The base of the ORS is now known to be in the Silurian and the top in the Carboniferous.

Laurussia is often called the Old Red Continent, or Euramerica. It included what is now much of northern Europe, Greenland and North America. It was, at the time, between 0o and 30o south of the equator.

History 
The Old Red Sandstone (ORS) was first discovered in Great Britain, and it played a big part in early geology. The term 'Old Red Sandstone' was first used in 1821 by Scottish naturalist and mineralogist Robert Jameson.

In 1787 James Hutton saw what is now known as Hutton's Unconformity at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders.

Later, on the Berwickshire coast, he found Siccar Point. There was "a beautiful picture of this junction washed bare by the sea", where 345 million year old Devonian Old Red Sandstone overlies 425 million year old Silurian greywacke.

The sequence of events 
The unconformity represents a gap in the record of geological time. During this time the rocks were raised above sea level, and erosion took place. Folding and faulting occurred. The mountains  were formed when a section of northwestern Europe collided with a continental plate made up of parts of present-day North America and Greenland. The lower strata tilted almost vertical.

The ORS rocks were deposited in a series of low-lying terrestrial basins, with lakes and rivers. These basins were between ranges of the Caledonian mountains. The ORS was laid down in this non-marine terrestrial environment. Thick deposits of sand and mud, 11,000 metres (36,000 feet) deep, often stained red by oxidized iron minerals, collected as the basins sank down.

The ORS was laid down over a long period of time from the latest Silurian to the earliest Carboniferous (Mississippian), 418–355 million years ago.

Variations 
The ORS is a rock formation which varies from place to place as the circumstances at the time must have varied.

The dark red colour of these rocks comes from iron oxide. However, not all the Old Red Sandstone is red or sandstone — the sequence also includes conglomerates, mudstones, siltstones and thin limestones and colours can range from grey and green through red to purple.

These deposits got sediment from the erosion of the Caledonian Mountain chain. This was built by the collision of the former continents to make the Old Red Sandstone Continent. This sequence is known as the Caledonian orogeny.

Related pages 
Laurasia
Laurentia
Laurussia

References 

Continents
Sandstones
Joe Flanigan

Joe Flanigan (born January 5, 1967) is an American television actor. He is best known for playing the character Major/Lt. Colonel John Sheppard in Stargate Atlantis. He shares his birthday with Stargate Atlantis co-star Paul McGillion.

Other websites

Actors from Los Angeles
American television actors
American television writers
Writers from Los Angeles
1967 births
Living people
Craftsman architecture

Craftsman was a style of architecture in the United States in the early 20th century.  It is called that because Gustav Stickley, a craftsman furniture maker, had a magazine called The Craftsman.  The movement was part of the Arts and Crafts movement that started in England in the late 19th century.  It wanted a "simpler way of life" that was not like American and English industrialized society.  Architects such as Greene and Greene designed Craftsman homes such as the Gamble House.  These houses were well-made, but did not have a lot of ornamentation.  Often they played off of natural themes.  A smaller version of the craftsman home was the bungalow.  By the 1910s, Craftsman bungalows were being built in large numbers in and around American cities.  Besides America and England, there was a lot of Craftsman architecture in Japan.

Architectural styles
Eugène Dubois

Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois (28 January 1858 – 16 December 1940) was a Dutch paleoanthropologist. He earned worldwide fame for his discovery of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or 'Java Man'. Although hominid fossils had been found and studied before, Dubois was the first anthropologist to embark upon a purposeful search for them.

Hominid discoveries
Between 1887 and 1895, Dubois searched at potential sites near rivers and in caves, first on the island of Sumatra, then on the island of Java.

In 1891, Dubois discovered remains of what he described as "a species in between humans and apes". He called his finds Pithecanthropus erectus ("ape-human that stands upright") or Java Man. Today, they are classified as Homo erectus ("human that stands upright"). These were the first specimens of early hominid remains to be found outside of Africa or Europe.

In 1895, Dubois returned to Europe and toured the continent to convince his colleagues that he had indeed found a missing link.  Although most anthropologists were intrigued, they did not always agree with Dubois' interpretations. After that, Dubois refused others access to his fossils, until he was forced to do so in 1923.

Related pages 
Raymond Dart
Robert Broom
Louis Leakey
Human evolution

References 

Dutch scientists
European anthropologists
1858 births
1940 deaths
Torri Higginson

Sarah Victoria "Torri" Higginson (born Burlington, Ontario, December 6, 1969) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in the TekWar movies and series, The English Patient, Bliss,  and Stargate Atlantis.

Career
Higginson took over the role of Dr. Elizabeth Weir from Jessica Steen in a guest spot on the season eight opener of Stargate SG-1. She was then carried over as the leader of the Atlantis expedition on Stargate Atlantis and played that role until the end of the show's third season. She was reduced from a main cast member to a recurring role in the fourth season. She did not play the role for the show's fifth season.

1969 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Rachel Luttrell

Rachel Luttrell (born 19 January 1971) is an actress. She is best known for her roles as Veronica Beck in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV series Street Legal and Teyla Emmagan, an Athosian warrior leader on Stargate Atlantis.

Filmography

References

Other websites
Official Rachel Luttrell web site

1971 births
Living people
Television actors
Stargate
Sun angle

Sun angle is the angle of incidence at which sunlight strikes the Earth at a particular time and place. In most places the Sun rises in the morning, is highest at noon, and sets in the evening. In different seasons the Sun is farther north or south. The angle controls the amount of heat energy received at this place, so summer days are usually warmer than winter nights.  

Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results both in warmth of the weather and in length of the day.

Related pages
Temperature

Notes

Climate
Seasons
Solar energy
Einstein field equations

The Einstein field equations, or Einstein-Hilbert equations, or simply Einstein equations are equations that describe gravity in the classical sense. They are named after Albert Einstein and David Hilbert. The basic idea is to use geometry to model the effects of gravity. The usual form of the equations is that of nonlinear partial differential equations. Such equations are usually solved by approximation. An exact solution can be obtained in special cases, where certain assumptions are dropped, or simplified.

Mathematical Interpretation 
Einstein used mathematical objects called tensors to describe the curvature of spacetime to define gravity. The equation below is the general form of the EFE  :

Where Rμv is known as the Ricci curvature tensor, gμv is the metric tensor, R is the scalar curvature, Λ is the cosmological constant, G is the gravitational constant, π is pi, c is the speed of light, and Tμv is called the stress-energy tensor.

A simpler way for non-math people to understand this is to place a large leaden ball on a rubber sheet suspended between four poles. The rubber sheet will sag from the weight of the lead ball, and if you spin a marble on the sheet it will circle the lead ball, just as the earth circles the sun. The reason is not that there is any attraction between the sun and the earth but that the earth follows the straightest path it can follow in curved space-time.  

Equations
Mie scattering

Mie scattering is the way that light scatters when it hits an object.  It is  named after the German physicist, Gustav Mie.  This theory is good for all wavelengths of light, and all object sizes.  If the object is much smaller than the wavelength of light, Rayleigh scattering theory is also quite good.

When the object is big, the light can hit many places on the object.  A quite good formula for the scattering is:

physics
Clint Walker

Clint Walker (born Norman Eugene Walker; May 30, 1927 – May 21, 2018) was an American actor.

Career 

Clint Walker began his career playing role Tarzan in Jungle Gents (1954), then played the role of Sardinian, in the classical biblical movie The Ten Commandments (1956).

Clint made several western movies on the big screen  Fort Dobbs (1958), and Yellowstone Kelly (1959), directed by Gordon Douglas, 
Gold of the Seven Saints (1961), with Roger Moore, More Dead Than Alive (1969) with Vincent Price, Sam Whiskey (1969) with Burt Reynolds. And the western starring with Charles Bronson, The White Buffalo (1977).

He also starred in television Westerns Yuma (1971) and The Bounty Man (1972).

Among his best works is the war movie The Dirty Dozen (1967), with Lee Marvin, He plays one of the dozen prisoners, who are elected by Marvin for a suicide mission. Walker also worked with Frank Sinatra in war movie, None But the Brave (1965), directed by Frank Sinatra.

Cheyenne

In 1955 he was hired to star in the ABC TV series Cheyenne, in which he played cowboy adventurer Cheyenne Bodie who, after the Civil War, roamed the Wild-West fighting bandits, cattle rustlers and Native American rebels. The series aired between 1955 and 1963 over more than 108 episodes. It was very successful, despite Clint's less-than-enthusiastic acceptance of the punishing demands of TV stardom.

Death
Walker died from congestive heart failure on May 21, 2018 in Grass Valley, California at the age of 90.

Filmography

References 

Encyclopedy of Weird Westerns: Supernatural and Science Fiction Elements in, by Paul Green,Mike Hoffman
50 Years of the Television Western by Ronald Jackson,Doug Abbott

Other websites

Official website
"Clint Walker: Top Gun of Warner's TV" by Herb Fagen (1999 interview)  @ Classic Images magazine, issue # 212, p. 12
"Belleville had its share of fame: Nice guy Clint Walker became Hollywood hunk"  by Jaime Ingle - News-Democrat (Wednesday, June 18, 2008)
 "Cowboy actor inspires local Western writer" - From the Idaho State Journal - December 2003 
 "Actor Clint Walker to be Inducted into National Cowboy Museum's Hall of Great Western Performers"  - March 3, 2004 - National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Illinois
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Illinois
Deaths from congestive heart failure
1927 births
2018 deaths