cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Wilberforce (cat)

Wilberforce  was a cat who lived and worked at 10 Downing Street, the home of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He lived there between October 1973 and 13 November 1987.  His title was "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office".

He served under four British Prime Ministers: Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Jim Callaghan, and Margaret Thatcher. His chief job was to catch mice. While he was alive, he was said to be "the best mouser in Britain" as fit his role.

He retired on 3 April 1987, and was succeeded by Humphrey who was born in 1988, the year Wilberforce died.

History and career 
Wilberforce was just a kitten when he was adopted from a London branch of the RSPCA in 1973.  This was while Edward Heath was Prime Minister. He was appointed the Office Manager's cat, with a living allowance for his care. The black-and-white cat turned out to be a terrific mouser. The policeman on security duty at the front door of Number 10 had to ring the bell for Wilberforce whenever he wanted to come in.

According to Bernard Ingham, the former press secretary to Margaret Thatcher, Wilberforce was a normal cat for whom Thatcher once bought "a tin of sardines in a Moscow supermarket". Ingham was allergic to cats and did his best to avoid Wilberforce. "Bloody Wilberforce used to sit under my desk and I would have a fit of sneezing. I hate cats", he said.

On the BBC coverage of the 1983 UK general election, presenter Esther Rantzen was allowed to hold Wilberforce and introduce him to viewers.

Wilberforce retired in 1986, after 13 years of loyal service. He went to live with a retired caretaker from No. 10 in the country. He died in his sleep on 19 May 1988.

Further reading

References

Other websites 
 In pictures: animals at Downing Street: Wilberforce @ The Daily Telegraph

1970s births
1988 deaths
Individual cats
Delegate

A delegate someone who is either chosen or elected to vote or act for others. In organizations like the United Nations, each country sends delegates to represent them.

Political delegates 
Before a general election in the US, the process to select candidates begins with delegates. At the state level each of the major political parties selects delegates to attend a national convention. The two ways delegates are selected are the caucus and the Primary election. Each state may have different ways to select delegates as do political parties. The Republican Party lets each state decide how to select delegates. The Democratic Party uses a proportional method for awarding delegates. The percentage of delegates each candidate is awarded depends on the caucus or how many are elected for each candidate. Candidate "X" may have 40 percent, candidate "Y" may have 20 percent while candidate "Z" may have 50 percent. Any remaining percent may be undecided votes or for other candidates. 

A candidate becomes his or her party's presidential nominee after the delegates sent to the convention give that person a majority of the votes. Because there are often multiple rounds of votes taken to select a presidential candidate, delegates sometimes change their votes. But in recent elections that has become unnecessary. Since 1976, it was fairly clear who was the front-runner even before the first vote was taken.

References 

Politics
Glenwood, Illinois

Glenwood is a village in northeastern Illinois, near Chicago. At the 2010 Census, about 8,969 people were living there.

References

Villages in Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
1903 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Pareidolia

Pareidolia  ) is a word from Ancient Greek to describe the phenomenon, that the human mind often perceives familiar patterns in a stimulus, even when they are not there. 

Common examples are perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations, the "man in the moon", the "moon rabbit", and hidden messages within recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds.

Pareidolia is a special case of clustering illusion. 

Psychology
Gillette, Wyoming

Gillette is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Campbell County.

Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
Charles Caldwell Ryrie

Charles Caldwell Ryrie (March 2, 1925 – February 16, 2016) was an American writer and Christian theologian. He served as professor of systematic theology and dean of doctoral studies at Dallas Theological Seminary. He also served as president and professor at what is now Cairn University. 

Ryrie was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was raised in Alton, Illinois. Ryrie studied at Haverford College and at University of Edinburgh. 

He was the editor of The Ryrie Study Bible by Moody Publishers. It contains more than 10,000 of Ryrie's explanatory notes. First published in 1978, it has sold more than 2 million copies. He was a notable advocate of classic premillennial dispensationalism.

Ryrie died in Dallas, Texas on February 16, 2016 from pneumonia. He was aged 90.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
American theologians
Deaths from pneumonia
Writers from Illinois
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
Abdul Rashid Khan

Abdul Rashid Khan (19 August 1908 – 18 February 2016) was an Indian singer of Hindustani music. He performed khayal, dhrupad, dhamar and thumri.

Khan made several musical compositions. He was also a productive writer and poet. For his writing, he used the name Rasan Piya. He trained many students in his lifetime and became regarded as a "guru" at the ITC Sangeet Research Academy in Kolkata.

Khan died in 18 February 2016 from multiple organ failure. He was aged 107.

References

1908 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Centenarians
Indian musicians
Indian singers
Alexander Gutman

Alexander Ilyich Gutman (; January 29, 1945 – February 17, 2016) was a Russian movie director of Jewish origin. His career began in 1986. Gutman made over 50 documentary movies, 13 of them as director. He won awards at several Russian and international movie festivals. His most famous movie is Journey Back to Youth. 

Gutman was born in St. Petersburg. He graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute (now known as St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University) (1968) and VGIK (1978). Gutman died in Moscow on February 17, 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 71.

References

Other websites

1945 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Jewish screenwriters
Russian Jews
Russian movie directors
Russian screenwriters
Soviet Jews
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Axillary nerve

The axillary nerve is a nerve in the armpit. It comes from the brachial plexus. It has nerve fibers from the C5 and C6 nerve roots. The axillary nerve goes through the quadrangular space. It is sometimes called the circumflex nerve.

Function
The axillary nerve sends and receives signals from three muscles in the arm: deltoid (a muscle of the shoulder), teres minor (one of the rotator cuff muscles) and the long head of the triceps brachii.  

The axillary nerve sends signals to two muscles in the forearm, and to muscles in the hand. The axillary nerve also sends signals to the brain from the shoulder joint, and from the skin.

Injuries and problems
The axillary nerve can get injured from shoulder dislocation, squashing the armpit using a crutch or a broken arm. Injury to the nerve results in:

Paralysis (meaning it can't move) of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle, resulting in trouble moving the arm. Paralysis of deltoid and teres minor muscles results in flat shoulder deformity.
Loss of feeling in the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm.

References

Nervous system
Triceps brachii muscle

The triceps brachii muscle is a muscle on the back of the upper arm.  There are three parts that each come from different places at the top of the arm and join together at the elbow. It straightens the arm. The name is Latin for "three-headed muscle in the arm".

Structure
The triceps brachii has three heads. They are: the long head, medial (inside) head, and the lateral (outside) head.The long head comes from the shoulderblade. It goes down the arm between teres minor muscle and teres major muscle.

The medial head and lateral heads comes from the humerus (upper arm bone).

The medial head is mostly made of small, slow muscle fibers and motor units. The lateral head is mostly made of large, fast fibers and motor units. The long head is made of a mixture of fiber types and motor units. Some scientists think that each of the three parts can be thought of as separate muscles.

The fibers join to a single tendon to attach to the ulna bone. Some research found that there might be more than one tendon.

Nerve supply
Scientists used to think that all three heads of the triceps brachii got nerve signals from the radial nerve. However, a study found that, in 20 cadaveric (dead) bodies and 15 live people, the long head actually got nerve signals from part of the axillary nerve in every case.

Function
The triceps straightens the elbow pulls against the biceps and brachialis muscles. It can also hold the elbow in place when the forearm and hand are used for small movements, like writing.The long head might be used when the same force is needed for a long time, or to help control shoulder and elbow movement. The lateral head is used when a lot of force is needed at once, while the medial part is used for more careful movement.

The long head also moves shoulder joint, bringing the arm backwards or inwards.

Training

The triceps can be trained by itself or together with other muscles by straightening the elbow or keeping it straight while holding something.

Name
The name triceps brachii is Latin for three-headed. It is called this because there are three parts of the muscle. The triceps brachii is commonly just called the triceps.

The plural of triceps used to be tricipites, but now people usually say triceps to mean both singular and plural.

Animals
In horses, the long head is about 84% of the weight of the triceps, the lateral head is about 15%, and the medial head is about 3%.

Many mammals, like dogs, cows, and pigs, have a fourth triceps head, called the accessory head. It is between the lateral and medial heads.

Additional images

References

Other websites

 
 Photo  at Ithaca College

Muscles
Limbs and extremities
A Touch of Class (band)

A Touch of Class (also known as ATC) was a pop group based in Germany. It had four members. They each came from different countries— Joseph "Joey" Murray from New Zealand, Livio Salvi from Italy, Sarah Egglestone from Australia and Tracey Packham from the United Kingdom. The group was active from 1998 to 2003.

They were most popular after the release of their first single, "Around The World (La La La La La)", in 2000. This song was an English version of the song "Pesenka" by Ruki Vverh! It was first released on 9 May 2000. It charted at #1 in Germany for six weeks. It was later a Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom and United States. The song was in a television commercial for General Electric in early 2002. Similar-sounding songs were successful in parts of Europe, but A Touch of Class are mainly remembered for this first hit.

Their first album was Planet Pop. It was released on 6 February 2001 by Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Republic Records. Their second album was Touch The Sky. It was not very successful. The group broke up in mid-2003.

References

German musical groups
List of castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan

This is a list of castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan.

List

Other websites
 
 Historical monuments Azerbaijans.com 

Azerbaijan
Castles
Castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan
Archaeological sites in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan-related lists
Civil War Journal

Civil War Journal is an American television series on The History Channel. It was shown from 1993 to 1998. There was only one season.

1993 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
Roaring Spring, Pennsylvania

Roaring Spring is a borough in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It had 2,585 people living there at the 2010 census. It is part of the Altoona Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Roaring Spring, Kentucky

Roaring Spring is an unincorporated community in Trigg County, Kentucky, United States.

A post office called Roaring Spring was established in 1849, and operated until 1909. It is named after a nearby cave spring which produced a roar.

References

Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Trigg County, Kentucky
Tensor

A tensor is a mathematical object. Tensors provide a mathematical framework for solving physics problems in areas such as elasticity, fluid mechanics and general relativity. The word tensor comes from the Latin word tendere meaning "to stretch".

A tensor of order zero (zeroth-order tensor) is a scalar (simple number). A tensor of order one (first-order tensor) is a linear map that maps every vector into a scalar. A vector is a tensor of order one. A tensor of order two (second-order tensor) is a linear map that maps every vector into a vector (e.g. a matrix).

In linear algebra, the tensor product of two vector spaces  and , ,  is itself a vector space. It is a way of creating a new vector space analogous of multiplication of integers.

Related pages 

 Einstein field equations, where tensor is used

References 

Linear algebra
Geometry
La Paz, Honduras

La Paz () is the capital of the La Paz Department of Honduras. It has a population of 46,264 (2015 est.).

References

Settlements in Honduras
1792 establishments
1790s establishments in North America
Kenton County, Kentucky

Kenton County is a county in Kentucky. Its county seats are Covington and Independence.

Kenton County is included in the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Communities

Cities

Bromley
Covington (county seat)
Crescent Springs
Crestview Hills
Edgewood
Elsmere
Erlanger
Fairview
Fort Mitchell
Fort Wright
Independence (county seat)
Kenton Vale
Lakeside Park
Ludlow
Park Hills
Ryland Heights
Taylor Mill
Villa Hills
Walton

Unincorporated communities
Atwood
Latonia
Latonia Lakes
Nicholson
Visalia

References

 
1840s establishments in Kentucky
1840 establishments in the United States
Trigg County, Kentucky

Trigg County is a county in Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,339. Its county seat is Cadiz.

References

 
1820 establishments in Kentucky
Harlan County, Kentucky

Harlan County is a county in Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,278. Its county seat is Harlan.

Communities

Cities
 Benham
 Cumberland
 Evarts
 Harlan (county seat)
 Loyall
 Lynch
 Wallins Creek

References

 
1810s establishments in Kentucky
1819 establishments in the United States
BBC Choice

BBC Choice was a television channel owned by the British Broadcasting Corporation. It launched on 23 September 1998 along with the launch of digital television in the UK, there was also a launch promo featuring actress Pauline Quirke. It was replaced on 8 February 2003 by BBC Three.

BBC television channels
2003 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Kenton

Kenton may refer to:

Places

Canada
Kenton, Manitoba

South Africa
Kenton-on-Sea

United Kingdom
Kenton, Devon
Kenton, London
Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne
Kenton, Suffolk

United States
Kenton, Delaware
Kenton Hundred, an unincorporated subdivision of Kent County, Delaware
Kenton County, Kentucky
Kenton, Ohio
Kenton, Michigan
Kenton, Portland, Oregon
Kenton, Oklahoma
Kenton, Tennessee

Other uses
Kenton (surname)

Related pages
Ken-Ton, the pairing of Kenmore, New York and Tonawanda, New York
Toulouse School of Economics

Toulouse School of Economics (TSE) is a school for the study of economics. The school is in Toulouse, France. It is one of the most famous research and teaching centers of economics in the world. It was created in 2006.

TSE is specialist in the fields of economics. Its President is Jean Tirole, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2014.

Former students 
 Philippe Crébassa, French aerospace engineer and businessman.

References

Other website
 Official

Colleges and universities in France
Toulouse
2006 establishments in France
Jasmine Tookes

Jasmine Tookes (born February 1, 1991) is an American model.

Tookes was born and raised in Huntington Beach, California.  She did gymnastics for ten years and was active in volleyball and softball before she became a model at about the age of 15. Her mother is a celebrity fashion stylist. Tookes was discovered at one of her mother's showroom appointments.

Tookes is of  mixed ancestry. African, West Indian and her maternal grandmother is Caucasian. She is in a relationship with fellow Calvin Klein model Tobias Sorensen.

Tookes' first commercial ad campaigns were in 2010 for ugg boots and Gap. Before breaking out on the international scene, she booked a Spring 2011 DKNY campaign and a layout in Vogue Italia.

In 2015, she became a Victoria's Secret Angel.

In September 2020, Tookes announced her engagement to her boyfriend of four years Juan David Borrero, director of international markets of Snap Inc and son of doctor Alfredo Borrero Vega, Vice President-elect of Ecuador.

References 

Models from California
1991 births
Living people
Paavo Nurmi

Paavo Johannes Nurmi (13 June 1897 – 2 October 1973) was a Finnish middle- and long-distance runner. He was born in Turku. Nurmi set 22 official world records at distances between 1500 metres and 20 kilometres. He participated in the Olympic Games twelve times where he won nine gold and three silver medals.

References 

1897 births
1973 deaths

Competitors in athletics
Finnish Olympic silver medalists
Olympic gold medalists
Turku
Hardin, Ohio

Hardin is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Ohio.

History
Hardin was platted in 1816. The community was named for John Hardin (1753–1792), a Continental Army officer in the American Revolutionary War. Hardin was the county seat from 1819 until 1820. A post office called Hardin was established in 1820, and discontinued in 1909.

References

Unincorporated communities in Ohio
Pantelis Pantelidis

Pantelis Pantelidis (23 November 1983 – 18 February 2016) was a Greek singer and songwriter. He was born in Athens and grew up in Nea Ionia. He worked in the Greek Navy, but left this job for a musical career. He learned music by himself. He became known from some YouTube videos. He worked with Greek musicians such as Vasilis Karras, Despina Vandi and others. He twice won awards at the MAD Video Music Awards, first in 2013 as the best new artist and secondly in 2015 as the best Greek male singer.

Pantelidis was killed on February 18, 2016, in a car crash in Athens. He was aged 32.

References

1983 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths
Greek singers
People from Athens
Belinda Nash

Belinda Nash (October 27, 1946 – February 16, 2016) was an American historian, author and activist. She wrote a biography of Grace Sherwood, the last person to be "convicted" by ordeal of being a witch in Virginia. As a result of Nash's work, Sherwood was given a pardon, 300 years after her trial by ordeal.

Nash died in Virginia Beach, Virginia on February 16, 2016 from cancer. She was aged 69.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Virginia
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American historians
Canadian people
Claude Jeancolas

Claude Jeancolas (1949 – 17 February 2016) was a French writer, art historian and journalist. He was best known for his expertise on Arthur Rimbaud. He was born in Nancy, France. 

Jeancolas died in Paris, France from cancer on 17 February 2016. He was aged 66.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
French writers
French historians
French journalists
Displacement (ship)

Displacement or displacement tonnage is the weight of water that a ship pushes aside when it is floating, which in turn is the weight of a ship (and its contents). It is usually applied to naval vessels rather than commercial ones, and is measured when the ship's fuel tanks are full and all stores are aboard.  Merchant vessels use other measures such as net tonnage, gross tonnage, or deadweight tonnage.

References 

Ships
Tamerlan Aguzarov

Tamerlan Kimovich Aguzarov  (; 14 June 1963  – 19 February 2016) was a Russian politician. He was the head of North Ossetia-Alania from June 5, 2015 until his death in February 19, 2016.

Aguzarov died on 19 February 2016 in Moscow from complications of pneumonia. He was aged 52.

References

Other websites
 Официальный сайт Правительства Республики Северная Осетия — Алания 

1963 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Russian politicians
Civil servants
Bill Daily

Bill Daily (August 30, 1927 – September 4, 2018) was an American comedian and dramatic actor. He acted in many television sitcoms. He was best known for playing astronaut Roger Healey on I Dream of Jeannie and commercial airline navigator Howard Borden on The Bob Newhart Show.

Daily was born in Des Moines, Iowa. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Daily died on September 4, 2018 at the age of 91 in his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2018 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Des Moines, Iowa
Actors from Chicago
Comedians from Chicago
Comedians from Iowa
Comedians from New Mexico
Aleksey Batalov

Aleksey Vladimirovich Batalov () was a Soviet and Russian actor. He has been known for his portrayal of noble and positive characters. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1976 and a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1989. He also starred in Mikhail Romm's Nine Days of One Year (1962). In 1967 he was a member of the jury of the 5th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1973 he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.

Batalov died on 14 June 2017 in Moscow from complications of a fall at the age of 88.

References

1928 births
2017 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Russian movie actors
The Dream Makers II

The Dream Makers II (, also The Dream Makers 2 or ZZSF2) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It is a sequel to the 2013 series The Dream Makers. It began its run from 4 December 2015. There are 32 episodes. It stars Zoe Tay, Li Nanxing, Huang Biren, Jeanette Aw, Rui En, Qi Yuwu, Romeo Tan, Julie Tan, Zhang Zhenhuan, Ian Fang, Chen Meifeng and Damian Lau as the main characters. The show is Channel 8's end-year blockbuster for 2015.

Cast
Zoe Tay as Zhou Weiyun
Li Nanxing as Lin Tao
Huang Biren as Guan Xie En
Rui En as Fang Tonglin
Qi Yuwu as Jason Lam
Jeanette Aw as Zhao Fei'er
Romeo Tan as Zhong Yiming
Julie Tan as Dong Zihuai
Zhang Zhenhuan as Chen Guang
Ian Fang as Joey
Damian Lau as Zheng Shouyi
Chen Meifeng as Zhong Qianyi
Wang Yuqing as Qin Wenxu
Li Wenhai as MD Chong
Choy Peng Hoy as Yalian
Rayson Tan as Richard Ma
Tracy Lee as Diana
Richard Low as Zhao De
Edwin Goh as Eddy
Damien Teo as Eden
Eelyn Kok as Meiling
Yan Bingliang as Chen Dongqiang
Yao Wenlong as Zheng Shoude
Chen Hanwei (special appearance)

Trivia
This is Zoe Tay and Huang Biren's first drama collaboration in 27 years.
This is Hong Kong TVB actor Damian Lau's second Singaporean drama series after Dare To Strike, and Taiwanese actress Chen Meifeng's first Singaporean drama.

Accolades 
 Star Awards 2016 Backstage Achievement Awards - 
 Loh Woon Woon and Wong Foong Hwee were nominated for Best Director, to which Loh won.
 Rebecca Leow was nominated for Best Screenplay.
 Kee Chee Wee was nominated for Best Programme Promo.
 Tommy Lee Heng Soon was nominated for Best Cameraman (for Drama Programmes).
 Simon Poon, Joyce Teo and Steven Lee were nominated for Best Editing for Drama Programme, to which Poon won.
 Star Awards 2016 Part 2 - 
 《终于》 won the Best Theme Song.
 Damien Teo won the Young Talent Award.
 Edwin Goh and Zhang Zhenhuan are nominated for Best Supporting Actor, to which Zhang won.
 Julie Tan won the Best Supporting Actress.
 Romeo Tan and Qi Yuwu are nominated for Best Actor, to which Qi won.
 Jeanette Aw, Rui En and Zoe Tay are nominated for Best Actress, to which Aw won.
 The series won the Best Drama Serial. It is one of the five dramas to be nominated for both the Best Drama Serial and Best Theme Song, along with 118, Crescendo, The Journey: Our Homeland and Tiger Mum.
 Star Awards 2016 Post Show Party - 
 Jeanette Aw, Rui En and Huang Biren are nominated for Favourite Female Character. Despite Aw's wish to withdraw from voting-based award categories, she is nominated for "Favourite Female Character" and "Favourite Onscreen Couple" again. Aw won the award once again.
 Qi Yuwu and Rui En, Qi Yuwu and Jeanette Aw, and Zhang Zhenhuan and Julie Tan are nominated for Favourite Onscreen Couple (Drama). Qi and Aw won the award.
 Romeo Tan won the London Choco Roll Happiness Award.

References

Singaporean television programs
Chinese language
2015 television series debuts
Drama television series
2015 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in Singapore
Comberton

Comberton is a village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, England. It is about 10 km (6 miles) south-west of the city of Cambridge.

Comberton has a population of about 2,400. It has two churches: an Anglican church dating from the 13th century, and a Baptist church dating from 1861.

Its neighbouring village is Barton.

Related pages
 List of places in Cambridgeshire

References

Other websites

 Comberton Village Website

Villages in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Eric Brown (pilot)

Captain Eric Melrose "Winkle" Brown, CBE, DSC, AFC, Hon FRAeS, RN (21 January 1919 – 21 February 2016) was a Scottish Royal Navy officer and test pilot. He flew 487 different types of aircraft, more than anyone else in history. 

He also held the world record for most aircraft carrier landings performed (2,407) and was the Fleet Air Arm's most decorated living pilot. He achieved several "firsts" in naval aviation, including the first landings on an aircraft carrier of a twin-engined aircraft, an aircraft with a tricycle undercarriage and a jet-propelled aircraft.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
British aviators
British military personnel of World War II
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Edinburgh
Royal Navy officers
Bruno Zuppiger

Bruno Zuppiger (24 February 1952 – 19 February 2016) was a Swiss management consultant and politician. He was a member of the conservative Swiss People's Party. He served on the Swiss National Council representing the Canton of Zürich. In 1999, he was elected to the National Council. He was chairman of the National Council's Finance Committee and also served on the Security Policy Committee.

Zuppiger was born in St. Gallen, Switzerland. He graduated from the University of St. Gallen and the Zürich Teachers' Seminary in 1976. Zuppiger died in Zürich on 19 February 2016 from cancer. He was aged 63.

References

1952 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Swiss politicians
Civil servants
People from St. Gallen
Samuel Willenberg

Samuel Willenberg (February 16, 1923 – February 19, 2016) was a Polish-born Israeli prisoner in the Treblinka extermination camp. He was part of its prisoner revolt, and a participant of the Warsaw Uprising. In the uprising, he used the name Igo.

Willenberg was born in Częstochowa, Poland.

After the war he lived in Israel. He received the highest of Poland's orders including Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit. It was awarded by President Lech Kaczyński.

His memoir, titled Revolt in Treblinka, was published in Hebrew, Polish and English between 1986 and 1991. He was a sculptor and painter.

Willenberg died on February 19, 2016 from complications of a stroke in Udim, Israel. He was aged 93. Before his death, he was the last living survivor of Treblinka.

References

Other websites

Michał Grynberg, Maria Kotowska, Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945 (The Life and extermination of Polish Jewry 1939–1945). Warsaw, Oficyna Naukowa 2003, p. 202. . 
Samuel Willenberg, Bunt w Treblince (Revolt in Treblinka). Warsaw, Biblioteka "Więzi" 2004, pp. 9–150. . 
Patrycja Bukalska, "Piekło płonie" (The Hell burns) in: Tygodnik Powszechny [on-line]. Tygodnik.onet.pl, 16/2013 (Special). Accessed August 29, 2013. 
Barbara Engelking, Dariusz Libionka, Żydzi w powstańczej Warszawie (Jews in the Warsaw Uprising). Warsaw, Stowarzyszenie Centrum nad Zagładą Żydów (Center for Holocaust Association) 2009, pp. 75–155. .

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Holocaust survivors
Israeli Jews
Israeli painters
Israeli sculptors
Jewish artists
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Polish Jews
Fernando Cardenal

Fernando Cardenal Martínez (26 January 1934 – 20 February 2016) was a Nicaraguan Jesuit and liberation theologian. He served as Minister of Education from 1984 to 1990, during the Sandinista era. His brother, poet Ernesto Cardenal, also a Catholic priest, served as Minister of Culture from 1979 to 1987. He was born in Granada, Nicaragua.

Cardenal died in Managua from heart failure on 20 February 2016. He was aged 82.

References

Other websites

 Fernando Cardenal as a Jesuit Priest 
 Interview with Fernando Cardenal from Georgetown University

1934 births
2016 deaths
Christian theologians
Deaths from heart failure
Government ministers
Jesuits
Nicaraguan politicians
Ove Verner Hansen

Ove Verner Hansen (20 July 1932 – 20 February 2016) was a Danish opera singer and actor. He played the character "Bøffen" (or "Biffen" in Norwegian, literally meaning "the steak" in both languages) in several of the Olsen Gang (Olsenbanden) movies. He played a tall large slow-moving henchman, often seen lifting Egon Olsen up over his head, carrying him under one arm, and trying to kill him.

Hansen died in Gentofte, Denmark from a heart attack on 20 February 2016. He was aged 83.

References

Other websites
 Ove Verner Hansen at Danskefilm.dk

1932 births
2016 deaths
Danish actors
Danish singers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
European opera singers
Vi Subversa

Frances Sokolov (20 June 1935 – 19 February 2016), better known by her stage name Vi Subversa, was a British singer and guitarist. She was a member of the anarcho-punk band Poison Girls. She was born in London, England.

Subversa died of cancer at her home in London on 19 February 2016. She was aged 80.

References

1935 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in London
British guitarists
Singers from London
Musicians from London
Log Cabin Republicans

Log Cabin Republicans (LCR) is an organization in the United States. They do work within the Republican Party. They work for equal rights for LGBT people in the United States.

On February 15, 2013, the National Board of Directors made Gregory T. Angelo the director.

History
Log Cabin Republicans began in 1977 in California as a cause for Republicans who were against the Briggs Initiative. The Briggs Initiative would have banned homosexuals from teaching in public schools. It called for the firing of openly gay or lesbian teachers.

Ronald Reagan, who was running for president, was against the Briggs Initiative.

LCR was against the re-election of George W. Bush in 2004 because of his support of the Federal Marriage Amendment.

Platform
LCR acts differently from socially conservative Republicans' views or is neutral. They work for same-sex marriage, domestic partner benefits and permanent removal of the estate tax.

The LCR has no official position on abortion.

References

1977 establishments in the United States
LGBT in the United States
Political organizations based in Washington, D.C.
United States Republican Party
Briggs Initiative

California Proposition 6, also known as Briggs Initiative, was an initiative on the California state ballot on November 7, 1978. It did not pass. It was sponsored by John Briggs, a conservative state legislator from Orange County. The initiative would have banned homosexuals from working in California public schools.

The San Francisco politician Harvey Milk fought the measure. California Governor Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter were against it. Polls had originally showed support for the initiative leading by a large margin. It was defeated by the LGBT community, conservatives and liberals alike.

References

1978 in California
LGBT in the United States
United States law
1970s in law
Hans Posthumus

Hans Posthumus (10 March 1947 – 15 February 2016) was a Dutch professional footballer. He played as a striker.

Posthumus was born in Harderwijk, Netherlands. He played for VVOG, Wageningen, Feyenoord, Mechelen, Lierse and NEC. While with Lierse he was the top-scorer in the Belgian Pro League during the 1975–76 season. He retired from professional football in October 1978, at the age of 31, due to back pain.

Posthumus died of a stroke at a hospital in Rotterdam on 15 February 2016. He was aged 67.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Gelderland
Nando Yosu

Fernando Trío Zabala (8 July 1939 – 20 February 2016), known as Nando Yosu, was a Spanish football midfielder and manager. His long career, as both a player and coach, was mainly associated with Racing de Santander. He played with Racing Santander from 1958 to 1962 and again from 1963 to 1964. He managed Racing Santander from 1977 to 1979, in 1996, 1998 to 1999, in 2005 and in 2006. 

Yosu was born in Mungia, Spain. He retired in 2006 because he had Alzheimer's disease. Yosu died from the disease on 20 February 2016 in Santander, Spain. He was aged 76.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Spain
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
CAGE questionnaire

The CAGE questionnaire is a set of four questions about a person's drinking habits.  It is commonly used to test adults for alcoholism.

Because it is so short, doctors often start by using the CAGE questionnaire when they suspect that a patient may be an alcoholic.  People can also do the CAGE questionnaire on their own.

"CAGE" is an acronym for the four questions in the test.

The test
The four questions in the CAGE questionnaire are:

Scoring the test
If a person answers "yes" to a question, they score one point for that question.  If they answer "no" to a question, they score a 0.

If a person scores 2 or more - meaning they answered "yes" to at least two of the four questions - they are likely to have a problem with alcohol.

Scoring 2 or more on the CAGE does not automatically mean that a person is an alcoholic.  However, it does mean that they need more testing to see if they are an alcoholic.

The most important question is the last one.  If a person needs a drink in the morning to feel better, it means they are having alcohol withdrawal symptoms.  This means the person's body is dependent on alcohol.  (The person's body is so used to having alcohol that when it does not have alcohol, even overnight, the person gets sick.)  This is one of the main signs of alcoholism.

Effectiveness
Many studies have shown that the CAGE questionnaire is a good test for alcoholism.  For example, one study showed that:
 77% of people who scored 2 or more on the CAGE were alcoholics
 93% of people who scored less than 2 were not alcoholics

Related pages
 Alcoholism

References

Addiction
Alcohol drinking habits
Medical tests
Badajoz

Badajoz () is the capital of the Badajoz Province in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. The population in 2011 was 151,565.

A major Napoleonic siege was fought here between Britain and France

Town twinning 

  Elvas, Portugal
  Santarém, Portugal
  Nazaré, Portugal
  Blumenau, Brazil
  Granada, Nicaragua

References

Other websites

Cities in Extremadura
Municipalities in Extremadura
Capital cities in Spain
Essaouira

Essaouira (), formerly known as Mogador, is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean.

Cities in Morocco
Alcohol tolerance

Alcohol tolerance is a special case of drug tolerance: with certain substances, such as alcohol, the body gets used to them. People consume substances such as alcohol, because these substances have certain effects. As the body gets used to the substance, the quantity needed to get the desired effect wil increase.

With certain drugs, the same is true for stopping: directly stopping the drug is dangerous, because of withdrawal symptoms. So the amount of the drug taken has to be reduced in steps, before stopping altogether. There are drugs that can make stopping easier, because they reduce the severity of the withdrawal symptoms.

Alcohol drinking habits
Sonny James

James Hugh Loden (May 1, 1929February 22, 2016), known professionally as Sonny James, was an American country music singer and songwriter. He was best known for his 1957 hit, "Young Love". 

James had 72 country and pop charted releases from 1953 to 1983, including an unprecedented five-year streak of 16 straight Billboard #1 singles among his 26 #1 hits. Twenty-one of his albums reached the country top ten from 1964 to 1976. In May 2007 Sonny, accompanied by his Southern Gentlemen, walked the red carpet and were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

James died on February 22, 2016 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 86.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from Alabama
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Alabama
Writers from Alabama
Cyclone Winston

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston was a tropical cyclone in February 2016. It was the first recorded Category 5 storm to hit Fiji. It was also one of the strongest tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere. Before the storm got to Fiji, many shelters were opened. A curfew was called across the country on 20 February.

The cyclone struck Fiji as a Category 5 tropical cyclone. Winston caused a lot of damage in the islands. It killed twenty-eight people.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of 20 February. Striking Fiji at Category 5 intensity on 20 February, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed 44 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands, with some remaining isolated more than two days after the storm's passage. A total of 40,000 homes were damaged or destroyed and approximately 350,000 people—roughly 40 percent of Fiji's population—were significantly impacted by the storm. Total damage from Winston amounted to FJ$2.98 billion (US$1.4 billion). The nation's government declared a state of emergency on 20 February, which remained in place for 60 days. Immediately following the cyclone, the governments of Australia and New Zealand provided logistical support and relief packages. In the following weeks, a coalition of international support, including intergovernmental agencies, brought tens of millions of dollars in aid and hundreds of tons of supplies to residents in Fiji.

References

2016 disasters
2016 in weather
February 2016 events
Fiji
Niue
Tonga
Tropical cyclones in Oceania
Vanuatu
María Luisa Alcalá

María Luisa Alcalá (March 26, 1943 – February 21, 2016), also known as Ma. Luisa Alcalá, was a Mexican actress. She was known for her roles as Socorrito in Esmeralda, Filomena in La usurpadora and Malicha in El Chavo del Ocho. Alcalá was born in Mexico City.

Alcalá died in her sleep at her home in Mexico City from a heart attack on February 21, 2016. She was aged 72.

References

Other websites

1943 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Actors from Mexico City
Hans Reffert

Hans Reffert (19 July 1946 – 21 February 2016) was a German musician and composer. He was best known for his work with Guru Guru, Reffert was involved with a number of ensembles, including Flute & Voice, Zauberfinger, Sanfte Liebe and Schrammel & Slide. 

Reffert studied guitar with Sigi Schwab and flute and composition in Mannheim. He also created commissioned works for the National Theatre Mannheim and other theaters, as well as for cinema and television productions.

Reffert died in Mannheim on 21 February 2016. He was aged 69.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
German musicians
People from Ludwigshafen
20th-century German composers
21st-century German composers
Yochanan Sofer

Yochanan Sofer (1923 – February 22, 2016) was a Hungarian-born Israeli religious official and activist. He was the Rebbe of the Erlau dynasty. He was born in Eger, Hungary. After surviving the Holocaust, he continued their legacy by founding a yeshiva and a movement in their name, first in Hungary and then a few years later in Jerusalem.

Sofer died in Jerusalem on February 22, 2016 from pneumonia. He was aged 93.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Israeli activists
Israeli rabbis
Holocaust survivors
Hungarian Jews
Jewish activists
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Gil Hill

Gilbert R. "Gil" Hill (November 5, 1931 – February 29, 2016) was an American civil servant and movie actor. He was the former President of the Detroit City Council. He was also a corruptpolice officer in Detroit and part-time actor. He was known for his roles in the Beverly Hills Cop movie franchise.

Hill died on February 29, 2016 at DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital in Detroit after a long battle with pneumonia. He was aged 84.

References

Other websites
 Metro Times overview of Hill's 2001 election campaign
 

1931 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
American movie actors
American police officers
Deaths from pneumonia
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Politicians from Detroit, Michigan
Cara McCollum

Cara McCollum (February 6, 1992 – February 22, 2016) was an American journalist. She was a news presenter for SNJ Today, which she joined in July 2015. She was Miss New Jersey 2013 and competed for the Miss America 2014 title in September 2013. She was born in Forrest City, Arkansas.

McCollum died at the age of 24 on February 22, 2016, in Camden, New Jersey. She died because of injuries she got a week earlier from a car accident.

References

1992 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths in New Jersey
American television presenters
American journalists
Models from Arkansas
Writers from Arkansas
Toyota Avalon

The 'Toyota Avalon is a car made by Toyota. It is a full-size car with four doors. As of 2013, the Toyota Avalon is available in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and the Middle East. It is named after Avalon, a legendary island from Celtic legends.

The car was first introduced as a 1995 model. It has sold over 1 million copies since it was introduced.

References

Toyota automobiles
Asha Patil

Asha Patil (1936 – 18 January 2016) was an Indian actress of Marathi movies, television and theatre. She was regarded as being one of the best stage and movie actresses of her time. Asha Patil was mostly known for portraying character roles of the Marathi Mother.

Filmography

Films 
 Antaricha Diwa (1960)
 Chandal Choukadi  (1961)
 Manasala Pankha Astat  (1961)
 Shahir Parshuram (1962)
 Rangalya Ratri Asha  (1962)
 Sant Nivrutti Dnyandev   (1964)
 Kamapurata Mama  (1965)
 Sadhi Manasa  (1965)
 Preeti Vivah   (1981)
 Samna (1974)
 Karava Tasa Bharav   (1975)
 Soyarik (1975)
 Tumcha Aamcha Jamala  (1978)
 Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya (1978)
 Sasurwashin (1978)
 Banya Bapu  (1977)
 Ram Ram Gangaram  (1977)
 Padarachya Sawalit   (1977)
 Sulavarachi Poli   (1979)
 Mantryachi Sun (1980)
 Utavala Navara   (1989)
 Gavran Gangu (1989)
 Palva Palvi (1990)
 Shubha Bol Narya (1990)
 Maherchi Sadi (1991)
 Sasarcha Dhotar (1994)
 Putravati (1996)
 Vajavu ka 
 Ghe Bharari (2008)
 Maherchi Pahuni

Theatre 
 To Mi Navhech (1962)
 Ekach Pyala (1976)

References 

1936 births
2016 deaths
Indian movie actors
Actors from Mumbai
All Night Long (1981 movie)

All Night Long is a 1981 comedy movie starring Barbra Streisand, Gene Hackman, Diane Ladd, Dennis Quaid, Kevin Dobson, and William Daniels. It was written by W. D. Richter and directed by Jean-Claude Tramont.

Box office
The movie was generally a failure. It had an opening weekend of about $1.4 million and grossed around $10 million worldwide. This is a little over $26 million in 2016 dollars. It was nominated for Worst Actress at the Golden Raspberry Awards in 1982.

References 

1981 comedy movies
1980s American comedy movies
Conosa

The Conosa is one of three subphyla in the Amoebozoa. It is subdivided into two infraphyla – the Mycetozoa and the Archamoebae.
Mycetozoa: a group of slime moulds.
Archamoebae: distinguishing mark: they have no mitochondria.

Conosa includes the species Dictyostelium discoideum and Entamoeba histolytica, among others.

About 2000 species are known, and probably there are many more. Because these cells have few visible characteristics, they do look rather alike: "they exhibit few morphological traits that can be used as taxonomic characters". As their molecular biology becomes known, many species may get split.

References 

Protozoa
Infraphylum

An infraphylum is a rank in the Linnaean taxonomy of biological groups. Normally the ranks go phylum > class > order etc. However, sometimes extra steps are needed. If so, an infraphylum ranks immediately below a subphylum, and above a class.

Taxonomy
Archamoebae

The Archamoebae are an important group of amoebae. They are unusual among protists because they have no mitochondria.  

The group includes many genera which are internal parasites or commensals of animals: for example Entamoeba and Endolimax. Some are human pathogens, causing diseases such as amoebic dysentery. Other genera of archamoebae live in freshwater habitats, and have flagella.  Most have a single nucleus and flagellum, but the giant amoeba Pelomyxa has many of each.

Analysis of 100 genes shows that the Archamoebae are part of the Amoebozoa which have lost their mitochondria. They are close relatives of the slime moulds. Parasitic and commensal forms like Entamoeba and Endolimax developed separately from free-living ancestors.

References 

Protozoa
Hardin County, Kentucky

Hardin County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. Its county seat is at Elizabethtown. 
The county was formed in 1792.

References

 
1792 establishments in Kentucky
Cuiba language

Cuiba is a Guahiban language spoken in Colombia and Venezuela. There are 2,300 people who speak it in Colombia and 650 in Venezuela.  More than half of Cuiba speakers do not speak any other language. In Colombia the literacy rate among Cuiba speakers is 45%.

References

Languages of South America
Venezuela
Baure language

Bauré is an Arawakan language native to Bolivia. The language is nearly extinct. It is spoken by only 40 of the thousand Baure people. These people live in the Beni Department northwest of Magdalena, Bolivia. Some parts of the Bible have been translated into Baure. Most Baure people now speak Spanish.

Baure has an active–stative syntax.

References

Other websites
 Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition)
 Documentation of Endangered Languages: Baure

Languages of South America