cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (; , March 2, 1810—July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 257th Pope from 1878 until his death.

Monsignore
Pope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore. In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal.

In 1846, he visited London where he had an audience with Queen Victoria.

Bishop
Pecci was Bishop of Perugia for thirty-two years, from 1846 to 1878.

Cardinal
Pope Pius IX raised him to the rank of cardinal in 1853.

Pope
In 1878, Cardinal Pecci was elected Pope.

After his election, Pope Leo never went outside the gates of the Vatican.

Pope Leo was in office until the age of 93. He was the oldest pope and had the second longest papal reign before Pope John Paul II. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man."

Age age 93, the pope died from pneumonia and old age.

After his death 
The pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica.  His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

  "Pope Leo XIII" in Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913
  "Leo XIII" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Vatican webpage,  Leo XIII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Gioacchino Cardinal Pecci 
  Catholic Encyclopedia,  "List of Popes"

1810 births
1903 deaths
Italian popes
Konzum

Konzum is Croatia's biggest supermarket chain. Konzum was opened in Zagreb in 1957, and today has 230 stores open in Croatia. Lately, Konzum's popularity has grown a lot in Croatia. In 1994,  Konzum joined the Agrokor group. Konzum supermarkets can also be found in Croatia's neighbouring country, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Konzum has relations with the Bosnian company, Velpro.

Sources

Other websites
 

Companies of Croatia
Supermarkets of Europe
Establishments in Croatia
1957 establishments in Europe
Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was a Roman Catholic nun who started the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her work with people. For over forty years, she took care of needs of those without money, those who were sick, those without parents, and those dying in Calcutta (Kolkata), guided in part by the ideals of Saint Francis of Assisi. She was born in Skopje, Macedonia, and died in Calcutta.

As the Missionaries of Charity grew under Mother's leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s she had become internationally well known as an advocate for the poor and helpless, due in part to a movie and book, Something Beautiful for God by Malcolm Muggeridge. She did not think women had the right to have abortions and said "The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her own child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me?".

Following her death she was beatified (the first stage of sainthood) by Pope John Paul II and given the title Blessed Teresa of Calcutta. she is best social service woman. One day the vision Jesus Curiest asked help poor people and she hear this voice in train while going to join the meeting in church 
Mother Teresa left his best luxurious Rolls-Royce car and sell and made asram for poor people. 
Mother Teresa called Saint on 4 September 2016 by his Holiness Pope at Saint Peter, Vactain. Mother Teresa got many award like bharat ratna in 1980 and Nobel prize in 1979 etc. She is known as Surving the humanity

Criticism

Mother Teresa received criticism over the years, especially in recent years as debate about sex and abortion grew. Christopher Hitchens says that, instead of trying to help the poor, she encouraged them to endure pain and continue to suffer. Hitchens also thinks she was against ending poverty and raising the social status of women. Hitchens wrote a book on Teresa called The Missionary Position. In an article for Slate, Hitchens writes "MT was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God".

References

Other websites 
 Mother Teresa of Kolkata information  
 Speech On Mother Teresa In English : Nobel Peace Prize Speech

1910 births
1997 deaths
Albanian people
Beatified people
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from heart failure
Nuns
Order of Merit
People from Skopje
Roman Catholics
JoJo (singer)

Joanna Noëlle Levesque (born December 20, 1990 ), known by her stage name JoJo, is an American actress and singer. She was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and raised in Keene, New Hampshire and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She is a pop and R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She released her first album, JoJo, in June 2004. The album's first single "Leave (Get Out)" was No.1 of the US Billboard Pop Chart.

Filmography

Other websites 
 Official U.S. website
 
 
 MTV interview

References

1990 births
Living people
People from Brattleboro, Vermont
American child actors
American child singers
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American R&B singers
American television actors
Musicians from New Hampshire
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Vermont
Singers from Massachusetts
Singers from Vermont
Singers from New Hampshire
Angela Aames

Angela Aames (27 February 27, 1956 in Pierre, South Dakota – November 27, 1988 in West Hills, California) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the movie ’’Bachelor Party’’. She died of heart problems at the age of 32.

Other websites
 

1956 births
1988 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from South Dakota
People from Pierre, South Dakota
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Willie Aames

Willie Aames (born Albert William Upton 15 July 1960 in Los Angeles, California) is an actor famous for the roles of Buddy Lembeck on Charles in Charge, Tommy Bradford on Eight is Enough and the voice of Hank on Dungeons & Dragons, the cartoon. He also hosted a game show The Krypton Factor from 1990-91.

References

Other websites 
 

1960 births
Living people
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American child actors
American game show hosts
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television directors
American television producers
Movie directors from California
Participants in American reality television series
Screenwriters from California
Bruce Abbott

Bruce Paul Abbott (born July 28, 1954 in Portland, Oregon) is an American actor. He was in movies such as Re-Animator, Bad Dreams, The Prophecy II, Out of Time, Bride of Re-Animator and the television series Dark Justice.

References

Other websites 
 

1954 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Oregon
American movie actors
American dancers
American movie directors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television directors
American television producers
People from Portland, Oregon
Bud Abbott

William Alexander “Bud” Abbott (October 2, 1895 – April 24, 1974) was an American actor, producer and comedian born in Asbury Park, New Jersey. He is famous for his role as the "straight man" of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Lou Costello.

Other websites 

 

1895 births
1974 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
Comedians from New Jersey
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr. on April 16, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach. He was known as Lew Alcindor before changing his name in the fall of 1971, several years after converting to Islam. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time. He has also had numerous television and movie appearances.

Early life
Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr., was born in Harlem, New York City, on April 16, 1947. His family was not poor: His father was a graduate of the famed Juilliard School of Music in virtuoso trombone. He attended Power Memorial High School in New York.

College
Alcindor went to college at UCLA. When he played on the freshman team, it beat the UCLA varsity team that had won two national championships. When he played on the varsity team, it won three national championships. When Alcindor was at UCLA, the NCAA did not allow the dunk, so he developed a hook shot called the skyhook. Alcindor also got a degree in history.

Professional basketball career 

Alcindor was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1969 NBA Draft. He lead the league in scoring twice with the Bucks. He also won three MVP awards with them. In 1975, Abdul-Jabbar was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. He won three more MVP awards with them, as well as five championships. Abdul-Jabbar played in the NBA until 1989. When he left, he had scored 38,387 points, which is more than any other player has. He was also one of the ten most accurate players, and blocked the third-most shots. Abdul-Jabbar was placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995.

Outside of basketball
Abdul-Jabbar studied martial arts with Bruce Lee, and appears in the Lee movie The Game of Death. He is also in the movie Airplane!. Abdul-Jabbar has written several books. Some of them are on basketball, but he has also written a book about the Harlem Renaissance. His book was later made into a documentary movie. Abdul-Jabbar has also been an assistant coach for several NBA teams. Usually, he has helped tall players play better. Abdul-Jabbar has had leukemia since 2009. He accepted Islam after the game. He became an assistant coach after he retired.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Kareem's complete bio at NBA.com
 Kareem's page at the Basketball Hall of Fame 
 1967-68 Oscar Robertson Trophy  USBWA College Player of the Year

1947 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
African-American basketball players
American movie actors
American Muslims
Sportspeople from New York City
Los Angeles Lakers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
People with cancer
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Betty Aberlin

Betty Aberlin (born Betty Kay Ageloff December 30, 1942, New York City) is an American actress, poet, and writer. She had a regular role on The Smothers Brothers Show. Aberlin worked on many television programs. She played Lady Aberlin on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. Her movie roles include work in Dogma and Jersey Girl.

References

Other websites 
 

1942 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Jake Abel

Jacob Allen "Jake" Abel (born November 18, 1987 in Canton, Ohio) is an American actor.

He is best known for his roles in movie Go Figure as Spencer, and in Threshold. He also played Kirk in an episode of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody.

References

Other websites 
 

1987 births
Living people
American television actors
People from Canton, Ohio
Actors from Ohio
American movie actors
American child actors
American models
Singers from Ohio
Baudrecourt, Moselle

Baudrecourt is a village in the Lorraine region of France. It is about half way between Metz and Nancy. The TGV high-speed line from Paris to Strasbourg currently ends there. In 1999, 172 people lived there.

Communes in Moselle
Hayden Panettiere

Hayden Lesley Panettiere (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer and a Grammy Award nominee.

She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show One Life To Live. She is also well known for her work in trying to stop whaling. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in Washington D.C., and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Her brother is actor Jansen Panettiere (born 1994).

Some of her acting roles 
1994–97: One Life To Live (soap opera)
1998: A Bug's Life (the voice of Dot)
2000: Remember the Titans 
2001: Joe Somebody 
2004: Raising Helen 
2005: Racing Stripes (voice)
2006–10: Heroes 
2010: Alpha and Omega (movie) (voice of Kate)
2011: Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy (as Amanda Knox)
2011: Scream 4
2012–2018: Nashville
2014-2015: Alpha and Omega 2 (movie) (voice of Kate)

References 

Actors from New York
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Singers from New York
1989 births
Living people
Toul

Toul is a city in the Northeastern part of France. There are about 17,000 people living there. Toul is a fortified town, with a long history. The people who started building the city were the Romans. It was the capital of the Leuci tribe. When the Carolingian Empire was split by the Treaty of Meerssen, in 870, Toul was  given to East Francia. In the early 1800s, the importance of the city diminished, and Nancy took its place.

Communes in Meurthe-et-Moselle
Subprefectures in France
Blessthefall

Blessthefall is an American post-hardcore band from Phoenix, Arizona. The band was formed in 2004 and released the first album His Last Walk in April 2007. The lead vocalist, Craig Mabbitt leaves the band in November 2007, the bassist Jared Warth was lead vocalist/bassist, replacing the Mabbitt place touring. Mabbitt joined Escape the Fate in mid-2008. Beau Bokan joined to the band in September 2008. With Bokan, the band released the second studio album, Witness in October 6, 2009, with Fearless Records. The third studio album, Awakening will released in October 4, 2011.

Members
 Current members
 Beau Bokan - lead vocals/screams, keyboard (since 2008)
 Eric Lambert - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
 Jared Warth - bass/screams (since 2004), lead vocals (2004, 2007-2008)
 Matt Traynor - drums (since 2004)
 Elliott Gruenberg - rhythm guitar (since 2011)

 Former members
 Mike Frisby - rhythm guitar (2004-2011)
 Craig Mabbit - lead vocals (2004-2007)
 Miles Bergsma - lead guitar (2004-2005)
 Aiden Louis - bass, backing vocals (2008, Touring member only)

Discography 
 Black Rose Dying EP (2005)
 Blessthefall EP (2006)
 His Last Walk (2007)
 Black On Black Tour EP (2007)
 Witness (2009)
 Awakening (2011)

American punk bands
Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Arizona
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
Resin

Resin is a hydrocarbon secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees.

Plants evolved many complex chemicals as  defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury. 

The resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant.

Humans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties.

Resins are chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.  Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc.

Rosin 
Rosin, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes. 

Rosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term "colophony" comes from colophonia resina or "resin from the pine trees of Colophon", an ancient Ionic city.

Uses 
Rosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into  groups, such as:
Resisting slippages (increasing friction): used on stringed instruments, dancers' shoes, in gymnastics, in rock climbing, and on hands of various types of games players.
In manufacturing soap, inks, some paints, paper, varnish, glue, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
Pharmaceutical products: tablet film and enteric coating, microcapsules and nanoparticles.
Copal and amber are natural rosins: the lighter components of tree resin evaporated and left a hardened rosin.

References 

Natural materials
Varnish

Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent.

Resin 
Most resin or "gum" varnishes are made of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are spirit varnish (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine.

Shellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is dissolved in alcohol. It is not used outdoors or where it will touch water several times, such as around a sink or bathtub. insects in South Asia make it.

References 
 Bob Flexner (1993). Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA.

Other websites 
 The 17th century varnish of Lorenz Mizler
Tung and Linseed Oils  by Steven D. Russel

Materials
Secretion

Secretion is the process of releasing chemicals from a cell, or from a gland.

Eukaryotic cells have a highly evolved process of secretion.

Bibliography 

 The Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th edition - Alberts et al.
 The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotic 2nd edition – David White
 Article by Kiera moser

Physiology
Natural gum

Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, that can change the viscosity of a material in solution, even at small concentrations.
 
 Agar (E406), obtained from seaweed
 Alginic acid (E400), from seaweed
 Beta-glucan, from oat or barley bran
 Carrageenan (E407), from seaweed
 Gum arabic, from Acacia
 Mastic gum, a chewing gum from ancient Greece obtained from the mastic tree
 Sodium alginate (E401), from seaweed
 Spruce gum, a chewing gum of American Indians obtained from spruce trees

Natural materials
Polymers
Mineralization

Mineralization may mean: 

 In palaeontology: the process where organic material is converted to inorganic substance.  Waterborne minerals replace organic material in the body of an organism that has died and was buried by sediments.  The minerals may be such as calcium carbonate (calcite), iron oxide (hematite or limonite) or silica (quartz). 

 In mining geology, the deposition of metals as ore bodies or "lodes" by various processes.  For example, the deposition of metals by hydrothermal vents.

 In soil science, the release of organic compounds during decomposition.

Geology
Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib) () (Approximately March 17, 599- January 28, 661) was an early Islamic leader. He was the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia imam.

Since Ali stated that his body should remain a secret, his followers tied his body on a white camel, and went towards northern Afghanistan. Before being assassinated, Ali had reportedly given instructions to bury his body at the spot where the camel would die. At this location in Balkh, the white camel expired and Ali was buried secretly. In the 15th century, Abd al-Ghafur Lari is believed to discover Ali's tomb.

Other websites

Sunni biography 
 Biography from USC's MSA website

Shi'a biography 
 Brief Biography 
 Ali's Birth in the Kaaba 
 Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Imam Ali Quotes on various topics
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib 
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib  The Commander of the Faithfull
 Imam Ali foundation
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
 Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib's status
 Imam Ali
 Last will

References 

599 births
661 deaths
Caliphs
Imams
Shia Islam
Zakarid Armenia

The Zakarid Armenia describes territories of Armenia given to the Zakarid-Mxargrzeli princes as a fief by Tamar, the queen of the Kingdom of Georgia. 

History of Armenia
Women and Islam

The complex relationship between women and Islam is shown by both Islamic texts and the history and culture of the Muslim world. Islamic scholars maintain that the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, affirms women's religious and moral equality.

However, sharia (Islamic law) shows the marked differences between women's and men's roles, rights, and obligations, and many Muslim-majority countries give women different rights than men with regard to marriage, divorce, civil rights, legal status, dress code, and education.

Islamic feminism is a type of feminism that focuses on women in Islam. Nawal El Saadawi is an Egyptian feminist who has written many books about women in Islam.
 

Islam
Chador

A chador (Persian چادر) is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. In Iran, women wear  a chador in public. The Chador covers all the body except the face. However some religious women, cover their faces with their chador too.

A chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric open down the front.  It is thrown over the head and held shut in front. A chador has no hand openings or closures but is held shut by the hands or by wrapping the ends around the waist.

Related page 
Hijab
Women and Islam

Islamic dress
Vortex mixer

A vortex mixer is small machine used in laboratories to mix small beakers of liquids.

What is inside? 
Inside, a vortex mixer has an electric motor which turns a pipe facing upwards. This pipe is attached to a small rubber bowl where one can put a beaker of liquid to be mixed up. The rubber bowl turns quickly and creates a vortex or a spiral flow inside any liquid which is placed on it and is therefore mixed up. Most vortex mixers have controls which let the user control how fast or slow they want the mixer to turn and can also set it to turn continuously for a certain length of time.

Where they are used 
Vortex mixers are used in bioscience laboratories to mix two different chemicals for a desired effect or to dilute an acid or an alkali by mixing them with water.

Other websites
 IKA – A vortex mixer manufacturer
 VELP – A vortex mixer manufacturer 
  In depth information on the VSM-3 Vortex Mixer
 Talboy – A vortex mixer manufacturer 
 In-depth article on vortex mixers 
 In-depth article on the structure of a vortex mixer

Laboratory equipment
Niqāb

A Niqab is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. Women who wear niqab in public are called Niqabi. There are many Niqabis in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar,Yemen and Egypt. Niqab covers all the woman's body including the face.

Niqab around the world

In France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a niqab (and the burqa) in public is illegal. And in more countries, it is illegal to enter a government building, public building, public transport, schools, or to drive a vehicle with a niqab (or a burqa).

Related pages
 Hijab
 Burqa

Islamic dress
Hira

Hira is a cave. It is on the Arabian Peninsula. Prophet Mohammad lived in this cave for forty days. Muslims believed that God spoke to Mohammad in Hira through angel Gabriel.

Other websites 
Story about Hira

Islam
Ferdowsi

Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī (935-1020) () or Ferdowsi is a Persian poet. Ferdowsi was born in Tus. He wrote the Shāhnāma. Shahnama is the national epic of Iran.

935 births
1020 deaths
Persian poets
Abu-Mansur Daqiqi

Hakim Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (935/942-976/980) (Persian: حكیم ابومنصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی بلخی) or Daqiqi was a Persian poet. He was a Zoroastrian. His slave killed him. He wrote the Goshtaspnama.

10th-century births
10th-century deaths
Persian poets
Edward VII

Edward VII (9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was the king of the United Kingdom from 1901 to 1910, which is called the Edwardian period. He was the first British monarch whose royal house was called the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. (King Edward's son, George V, changed the name to Windsor in 1917 and this name is in use today.)

Edward was born Albert Edward and was the oldest son of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent for longer than any other person (up until that time). His mother was queen for 63 years and Edward was 59 years old when he became king. In his younger years as Prince of Wales, he was known as a playboy and popularized many trends in fashion.  He married Alexandra of Denmark, but he had many mistresses.

Family and legacy

Edward VII was the father of George V and grandfather of Edward VIII and George VI. He is also the great-grandfather of the present queen, Elizabeth II. There are a number of statues of Edward VII around the British Isles and Commonwealth realms.

Edward was given a grand state funeral with the largest gathering of royalty taken place anywhere in the 20th century. It included Wilhelm II, the Kaiser of the German Empire (who would later be at war with Britain) and Nicholas II, the Tsar of the Russian Empire, as well as many others. For the first time in royal history, Edward lay in state for the people to pay their last respects, a reflection of his immense popularity.

Edward was king for only nine years but made a lasting impression. He became increasingly popular with his people and was credited as a peacemaker for his work in maintaining world stability at a time when war seemed to be looming. He died at the age of 68 in 1910. Four years later, the peace he worked so hard to keep was broken with the start of World War I (1914–1918).

Other websites

1841 births
1910 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Companion of the Order of the Star of India
1900s in the United Kingdom
1910s in the United Kingdom
Adhesive tape

Adhesive tape is a tape that is coated with adhesive and used to stick objects together. 

Adhesive tape that will stick with application of pressure only (i.e. without activation by water, solvent or heat) is known as pressure sensitive tape. It can consist of a wide variety of tape backings and pressure sensitive adhesives.

Single-sided tapes allow joining of two overlapping or adjoining materials, while double-sided tape (adhesive on both sides) allows joining of two items back-to-back.

Other websites

 Pressure Sensitive Tape Council
 The History of Pressure Sensitive Tape

Tools
Tape

Tape refers to a strip of long, thin and narrow matter, usually rolled up. It can also refer to any of these.
 Adhesive tape, including:
 Gaffer tape
 Duct tape
 Masking tape
 Electrical tape
 Videotape
 Cassette Tape, a magnetic data/audio storage device 
 Tape measure
 Tape dispenser
 Tape worm
 Tape (movie), a 2001 film
 Twill tape, a narrow, sturdy woven fabric used like string
 Red tape, a colloquialism for heavy or undesirable bureaucratic process
 Optical celluloid tape used in movie projectors (a possible precursor to the compact disc)
 Tape (pr. tah-peh), an alternative spelling of tapai, an Indonesian fermented food.

Related pages 
 Magnetic tape
Watford

Watford (pronounced wot-fud) is a large town and borough in Hertfordshire in the East of England. 

In 2011, it had a population of 131,928 people, making it Hertfordshire's largest settlement. Despite being Hertfordshire's largest town, the county town is Hertford. 

Watford is located 17.5 miles north west of Central London and 16.7 miles (27.02 km) south west of Hertford and is on the banks of the River Colne.

Transport
Watford is one of the few places that are not in London to have a London Underground station and to be on the Tube Map. Watford has four mainline train stations, Watford Junction, Watford High Street, Watford North and Garston, as well as the tube station.

Watford Junction is on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow Central and is also on the London Overground Watford DC line to London Euston. Watford High Street is also on this line. Watford North and Garston are on the Abbey Line to St Albans Abbey. Watford tube station is on the Metropolitan line.

Sports
Watford has a professional football club, Watford FC, who have played in the Premier League. They play their home matches at Vicarage Road Stadium.

Twin towns
Watford is twinned with:
 Mainz, Germany
 Nanterre, France
 Pesaro, Italy
 Velikiy Novgorod, Russia
 Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.

Gallery

 
Unitary authority districts of England
Home Alone

Home Alone is a 1990 American comedy action movie mostly set in Chicago, Illinois, Paris, Dallas, and Scranton. It was written and produced by 20th Century Fox by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. It stars Macaulay Culkin and features Joe Pesci, Daniel Stern, John Heard, Catherine O'Hara, Roberts Blossom, and John Candy.

The film follows Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin), an eight-year old boy who is mistakenly left behind by his family when they go on a vacation to France, over Christmas. While his family is gone, Kevin initially relishes being alone and learns to take care of himself, but soon his excitement sours as he must stop two bumbling burglars, Harry (Joe Pesci) and Marv (Daniel Stern), who are planning to rob every house in his neighborhood, from trying to burgle his house too by setting up a series of booby traps. After falling for most of Kevin's booby traps, Harry and Marv trap him in a vacant house that they robbed earlier and plan to kill Kevin, but his elderly friendly neighbor, Old Man Marley (Roberts Blossom), sneaks in, knocks them unconscious with his snow shovel, takes Kevin home, and the burglars get arrested. The next morning, it is Christmas and Kevin's parents and siblings come back, while his aunt, uncle, and cousins are still in France.

The film was very popular and was followed by five sequels (two theatrical sequels, two made-for-television films, and one reboot): Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992). This film brought back most of the original film's cast and has a similar plot and continuity. Home Alone 3 (1997) had different kids and villains. Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House (2002) is the first made-for-television movie and features some of the main characters from the first two films, but with a new cast. Like Home Alone 3, Home Alone 5: The Holiday Heist (2012) doesn't revolve around Kevin, but with newer characters and is the second made-for-television movie. A reboot of the film titled Home Sweet Home Alone released on November 12, 2021.

In its opening weekend, Home Alone grossed $17 milliion in 1,202 theaters. The film was nominated for Best Original Score and for Best Original Song.

Composer John Williams wrote the music for the movie, as well as Home Alone 2, and some popular songs that have already existed were played during the movie as well.

References

Other websites 

1990 comedy movies
1990 crime movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
1990s family movies
American criminal comedy movies
American crime movies
American family movies
Christmas movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies produced by John Hughes
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in San Diego, California
Movies directed by Chris Columbus
Hijab

The word hijab is used in particular to refer to clothing which covers a woman's chest, head and hair. This is often done in Islam for females over the age of puberty. The headscarf, a symbol of hijab, is worn in the presence of adult males outside their immediate family. It is not necessary when females or males are within their immediate family. 

The Arabic word used to specifically mean this is "khimār" (). This "veil" can come in several different types, such as an ordinary veil (which only covers the head), a niqab, a burka also known as an abayah, which covers the entire body, and any form of covering used to veil. There are many styles to wear. Muslim men must also observe standards of modest dress. 

The Quran has no requirement that women cover their faces with a veil, or cover their bodies with the full-body burqa or chador.

Related pages 
Chador
Head scarf
Head tie
Veil
Women and Islam

References 

Islamic dress
Headgear

la:Gilbab
Scooby-Doo

Scooby-Doo is an American long-running animated series that was made for Saturday morning cartoons in many different versions from 1969-present. The first series, that was called Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, was made for Hanna-Barbera Productions. Hanna-Barbera made many versions like it and other shows like it until everything was made in The WB Television Network. Warner Bros. currently handles the production (making) of the show.

Though the show, people in it, and their ages have changed, the most familiar versions of the show have a talking dog named Scooby-Doo and four teenagers: Fred "Freddie" Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville "Shaggy" Rogers.

Danish Voice Cast
 Lars Thiesgaard – Scooby Doo
 Timm Mehrens – Stubbe
 Vibeke Dueholm – Susan
 Ann Hjort – Vera
 Johan Vinde – Jan

Plot
A group of young teenagers and their talking dog solves mysteries in the animated series. The television show was in the early 2010s. 

                                                                                                                                       

Animated television series
1969 television series debuts
1960s American television series
1970s American television series                    
1980s American television series
1990s American television series                                                                                           
2000s American television series
Akita Inu

The Akita Inu is a breed of dog from Japan. It is usually  high and weighs . Female Akitas are 5 to 10 kg lighter. Their coat can be many colors. There are two coat types in the Akita, the standard coat length and the long coat.

Akitas originate from Akita Prefecture, in the north of Japan.
The most famous Akita Hachiko was known for his unusual loyalty to his owner.
To date, only the American Kennel Club, consider American and Japanese  Akitas to be two varieties of the same breed. The United Kennel Club and the Japan Kennel Club consider Japanese and American Akitas as separate breeds.

Dog breeds
Nezami

Nezami (Hakīm Nizām ad-Dīn Abū Muhammad Ilyās ibn-Yusūf ibn-Zakī ibn-Mu'ayyid Nezāmi Ganjavi (11411209) )  was a Persian poet. Nezāmi was born in Ganja, now Azerbaijan. He wrote five poetry books.

In 1169/1170 the king of Darband sent him the maiden Afaq, and Nizami married her. In 1174 his son Muhammad was born.
Nizami Gencevi wrote five poems. The first of them was "Sirler Xezinesi". The others are "Xosrov ve Shirin", "Leyli ve Mecnun", "Yeddi Gozel" and "Isgendername".

References 

Persian poets
1141 births
1209 deaths
List of Persian poets and authors



Classical 
 Rudaki
 Shahid Balkhi
 Boshakor Balkhi
 Daqiqi
 Ferdowsi
 Mansur Al Hallaj
 Farrokhi Sistani
 Unsuri
 Kasai Marvazi
 Manuchehri
 Moazzi
 Naser Khosrow
 Anvari
 Khaqani Shirvani
 Mas'oud Sa'd
 Jamal Raza
 Jamaluddin Abdurrazzagh Isfahani 
 Kamaluddin Ishafahi
 Baba Taher
 Omar Khayyám
 Attar
 Mowlana Rumi
 Amir Khosrow
 Saadi
 Sanaayi
 Bidel Dehlavi
 Hafez
 Jami

Modern 
 Iraj Mirza
 Shabestari
 Forough Farrokhzad
 Reza Mirfakhraei
 Daryoush Farkhakfar
 Shamlou
 Mahdi Akhavan Sales
 Nima Yooshij
 Iqbal
 Farrokhi Yazdi
 Mohammadreza Alidoosti (محمدرضا علیدوستی)
 Parvin E'tesami
 Simin Behbahani
 Sohrab Sepehri
 Ruhollah Khomeini
 Ali Shariati
 Daryush Shokof
 Mostafa Rahimi
 Yahya Alavi Fard
 Hadi Khorsandi (هادی خرسندی)

Lists of poets

Iran-related lists
Rudaki

Abu Abdullah Jafar ibn Mohammad ibn Hakim ibn Abdurrahman ibn Adam Rudaki Samarghandi (859 - c. 941) () or Rudaki was a Persian poet. He was born in Panjakent, Tajikistan and lived in Samarghand. Rudaki translated the old Indian fable book Panchatantra into Persian verse. His poems are collected in diwan.

Reference

 Cedar of Samarkand(Rudaki Continuous Poems Description),Poopak Niktalab , Printed 2020 , Faradid Publishing

859 births
941 deaths
Persian poets
Baba Taher

Baba Taher () was a Persian poet. He lived in Hamadan, a city in Iran. Baha Taher songs are read in Pahlavi languages. His tomb is in Hamadan, western Iran.

10th-century births
11th-century deaths
Persian poets
Amir Khosrow

Hakīm Abul-Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow Balkhi Dehlavi (1253-1325) () or Amir Khosrow is a Persian poet. Amir Khusrow lived in Delhi. His poems are in Persian and Hindi. 

Allaudin Khilji (1296 A.D - 1316 A.D) had a court minister named Hazrat Amir Khusro who was said to be highly gifted in music with an exceptionally innovative mind. His contribution to Hindustani classical music was said to be unmatched. It is also said that he created the Sitar (probably inspired by the Veena and other string instruments of Persia). The modification of the Pakhawaj into the Tabla is also credited to him.

It has also been said that Amir Khusro introduced many styles of singing including Khayal, Tarana, Ghazal and Qawali. He is credited for some most popular Ragas like Yaman, Poorya and Poorvi.

1253 births
1325 deaths
Persian poets
Hafez

Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi (also spelled Hafiz) (born between 1310 and 1337, believed to have died at age 69) () or Hafez is a Persian poet. Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. Hafez learnt the Quran by heart at an early age. His poems are collected in Divan e Hafez. William Jones translated his work into English in 1771.

Life

Despite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known, and particularly about his early life there is a great deal of more or less mythical anecdote. Some of the early tazkeras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable. One early document discussing Hafez' life is the preface of his Divān, which was written by an unknown contemporary of Hafez whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām. The generally accepted modern edition of Hafez's Divān is known as Qazvini-Ḡani, edited by Moḥammad Qazvini and Qāsem Ḡani.

Legends of Hafez

Many semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hāfez after his death. Four of them are:
 It is said that, by listening to his father's recitations, Hāfez had accomplished the task of learning the Qur'an by heart, at an early age (that is in fact the meaning of the word Hafez). At the same time Hāfez is said to have known by heart, the works of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, Saadi, Farid ud-Din and Nezami.

 According to one tradition, before meeting Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Hāfez had been working in a local bakery. Hāfez delivered bread to a rich quarter of the town where he saw Shakh-e Nabat, allegedly a woman of great beauty, to whom some of his poems are addressed. In the knowledge that his love for her would not be requited and ravished by her beauty, he allegedly had his first mystic vigil in his desire to realize this union, whereupon, overcome by a being of a surpassing beauty (who identifies himself as an angel), he begins his mystic path of realization, in pursuit of spiritual union with the divine. The obvious Western parallel is that of Dante and Beatrice.

 At age 60 he is said to have begun a chelleh-nashini, a 40-day-and-night vigil by sitting in a circle which he had drawn for himself. On the 40th day, he once again met with Zayn al-Attar on what is known to be their fortieth anniversary and was offered a cup of wine. It was there where he is said to have attained "Cosmic Consciousness". Hāfez hints at this episode in one of his verses where he advises the reader to attain "clarity of wine" by letting it "sit for 40 days".

 In one famous tale, the famed conqueror Tamerlane angrily summoned Hāfez to him to give him an explanation for one of his verses

References 

14th-century births
14th-century deaths
Persian poets
Iranian people
Iranian poets
Forough Farrokhzad

Forough Farrokhzad (January 5, 1935 — February 13, 1967) () was an Iranian poetess. She lived in Tehran. In 1967, she died in a car accident. She was thirty-two. Maryam Dilmaghani translated her poems to English in 2006.

Persian poets
1935 births
1967 deaths
Ahmad Shamlou

Ahmad Shamlou (December 12, 1925 – July 24, 2000) () or Shamlou was a Persian poet, writer and journalist. In 1954, he was arrested. He was freed in 1955. Shamlou published more than seventy books. He wrote short stories, novels, plays, essays and poems.  He died in Tehran and was buried in Karaj.

1925 births
2000 deaths
Persian poets
Parvin E'tesami

Parvin E'tesami (March 17, 1907 – April 5, 1941; ) is an Iranian poetess. She was daughter of Yosuf E'tesami, Iranian poet and writer. She started poetry when she was 9. Alladin Pazargadi translated her works from Persian into English in 2000.

Persian poets
1907 births
1941 deaths
Jihad

Jihad is an Arabic word meaning "to struggle".  Muslims (believers in Islam) use this word to talk about defending the faith and protecting their family and nation, as well as defending innocent people.  It can also mean fighting with yourself to become a better person.  It is an official part of Shi'a Islam, but it is not an official part of Sunni Islam, though some call it the sixth pillar of Islam. In some cases, there have been 'Jihads' that have self immolated themselves, in order to get into heaven. There are suicide bombers, who blow themselves up, because they think that it is right and that they are cleaning the world's filth. This is, however, wrong in Islam. It is a major sin to commit suicide or homicide. Killing another human being in Islam is the equivalent of killing all of humanity. On the contrary, saving another human being's life is the equivalent of saving all of humanity.

Islam
Postfix notation

Postfix notation is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Postfix notation is also known as Reverse Polish Notation. The notation was invented by Charles Hamblin in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations. He used Jan Łukasiewicz's prefix notation.

When postfix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed.

Some computer languages, like Postscript use Postfix notation. It is also used in some models of Hewlett-Packard calculators

With postfix notation, the operations are noted after their arguments. Because of this, postfix is relatively easy to do with computers that have a stack to do calculations.

Further Explanation
Reverse Polish Notation uses a system that involve "stacks", each of which stores a certain value in specific ranks. The stacks usually start off with the first stack (often called the X stack), followed by the second stack (often called the Y stack), the third stack, and so on. New values can be entered on the first stack by pushing up the stack ranks by one. On a Reverse Polish Notation calculator, the "Enter" function would do the same. 

Using a common operator (plus, minus, multiply, or divide) will make the operator act from the first stack to the second stack. For example, the Reverse Polish Notation "12 3 /" means "take the numbers 12 and 3, then divide 12 by 3". On a Reverse Polish Calculator, this is written as "12 Enter 3 /", to denote each declared ranking up of the stacks.

Reverse Polish Notation is able to deal with expressions involving brackets too. Suppose there is a normal equation "4 * (5 + 8)". In Reverse Polish Notation, this expression will be formatted as "5 8 + 4 *". The "5 8 +" part refers to the bracket "5 + 8" to equal 13. The "4 *" part refers to multiplying the result together to get 52. On that step, the resulting stack from adding 5 and 8 is automatically raised one rank after adding in the new value 4. Then using the multiply operator will multiply the sum of 5 and 8 by 4 will equal 52.

Documentation included with early Hewlett-Packard calculators explained RPN as the same method you would use to evaluate an expression using paper and pencil. Basically, first you write down the arguments and then perform the arithmetic function. From the calculator's perspective, you must provide the argument(s) before calling the function. The benefit of a calculator with RPN is that you are always certain to which numbers (or intermediate calculation results) a function is being applied.

References

Mathematical notation
Infix notation

Infix notation is the common arithmetic and logical formula notation, in which operators are written infix-style between the operands they act on (e.g. 2 + 2). It is not as simple to parse by computer as prefix notation ( e.g. + 2 2 ) or postfix notation ( e.g. 2 2 + ), but many programming languages use it due to its familiarity.

In infix notation, unlike in prefix or postfix notations, parentheses surrounding groups of operands and operators are necessary to indicate the intended order in which operations are to be performed. In the absence of parentheses, certain precedence rules determine the order of operations. These are explained in the order of operations article.

Related pages
postfix notation, also called Reverse Polish notation
prefix notation, also called Polish notation
Shunting yard algorithm, used to convert infix notation to postfix notation or to a tree

Other websites
RPN or DAL? A brief analysis of Reverse Polish Notation against Direct Algebraic Logic

Mathematical notation
Fiqh

Fiqh or Islamic jurisprudence () is an expansion of Sharia law and is meant to be used with fatwas by Islamic clerics (known as 'Ulema' in Arabic) to help Muslims not break Sharia law. Fiqh is a section of Islamic law which deals with acts of Muslim, that includes both worship and daily life actions. 
In Sunni Islam there are four main schools of thought, they are:

Hanafi
Maliki
Shafi'i
Hanbali

**Islamic jurisprudence or Feqh illustrates Islamic Law for Acts of Worship such as Prayer, Zakat, Fasting, Hajj, and Purification.

The different schools of thought are not different beliefs but different views .

In Shia Islam there is one main school of thought, it is called Ja'fari

source: https://www.al-feqh.com/en

Islamic law
Dir en grey

Dir en grey is a rock band from Japan. They began in 1997. They have recorded twenty eight singles, three EPs and eight albums, of which they have released three in Europe and two in the United States.

Vocal Kyou use growl, falset, mixvoice and hoistle voice in their music. Their music mixes rock and metal with tribal music. Many visual kei bands are influenced by Dir en grey.

Members
 Kyo (京) – vocals
 Kaoru (薫) – guitar
 Die – guitar
 Toshiya – bass
 Shinya – drums

Discography
 Studio albums
 Gauze (1999)
 Macabre (2000)
 Kisou (2002)
 Vulgar (2003)
 Withering to Death. (2005)
 The Marrow of a Bone (2007)
 Uroboros (2008)
 Dum Spiro Spero (2011)

Japanese rock bands
Hard rock bands
Japanese heavy metal bands
Metalcore bands
Visual kei bands
Osaka
Yucatán Peninsula

The Yucatán Peninsula is a peninsula in North America. It separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. The peninsula is east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic divider, separating Central America from the rest of North America.

The peninsula includes the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part of Belize; and Guatemala's northern department of El Petén.  Mexican states on the isthmus to the south and west of the peninsula include Chiapas and Tabasco. 

The Chicxulub crater is on the north coast. It is believed to be made by the impact that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Peninsulas
Geography of Belize
Geography of Guatemala
Geography of Mexico
Clarksville, Tennessee

The city in New Zealand is at Clarksville, New Zealand

Clarksville is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, USA. Clarksville is the county seat of Montgomery County and is Tennessee's fifth largest city. As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 132,929, and as of 2017 had an estimated population of 153,205. Clarksville is the central city of the Clarksville-Hopkinsville metropolitan statistical area, which is made up of Montgomery County, Tennessee, and Christian County, Kentucky.

The city has several nicknames: "The Queen City", "Gateway to the New South", and "Clarksvegas" (The name of a former bar in town).

References

Cities in Tennessee
County seats in Tennessee