cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Marina Popovich

Marina Lavrentievna Popovich (née Vasiliyeva; July 20, 1931 – November 30, 2017) was a Soviet Air Force colonel, engineer, and legendary Soviet test pilot. She held 102 aviation world records set on over 40 types of aircraft. She was one of the most famous pilots in Russian history, and one of the most important female pilots of all time.

References

Other websites
 Records at fai.org

1931 births
2017 deaths
Military people
Russian scientists
Russian engineers
Vincent Scully

Vincent Joseph Scully Jr. (August 21, 1920 – November 30, 2017) was an American art historian. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut.

Scully was Sterling Professor Emeritus of the History of Art in Architecture at Yale University. He was the author of several books on the subject. Architect Philip Johnson once described Scully as "the most influential architectural teacher ever." His lectures at Yale were known to attract casual visitors and packed houses, and regularly received standing ovations.

In 2004, President George W. Bush presented Scully with the National Medal of Arts, the United States' highest honor for artists and arts patrons.

References

1920 births
2017 deaths
American historians
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
Physical unclonable function

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware modules that can generate randomness. Their operation is based on "locked" randomness, stemming from tiny imperfections (mistakes) in the manufacturing process of hardware, which result in the production (output) of a bit-string which appears random and can be considered as unique per hardware instance (device).

Essentially, in each PUF circuit, electric current may move through this circuit in two distinct ways/paths, such as two wires. If it goes mostly through one of these ways/paths, a logical zero is produced, whereas if it goes through the other way/path, a logical one is produced. The prevalent path is chosen according to tiny details (characteristics) of the circuit, such as which wire is thicker or longer. However, the two wires have been designed to be exactly the same, and only differ because of imperfections of the manufacturing process, which cause random tiny mistakes (imperfections), such as one wire being 5 mm, and the other 5.00001 mm. Therefore, and as the choice of the prevalent path is dependent on a large number of tiny details (thickness, length, resistance of the wires, etc.), which are very difficult to determine beforehand, this choice appears as random, and can be considered as chaotic. The tiny production mistakes that affect the path choice cannot be predicted as they happen randomly in the manufacturing process. Nevertheless, after they happen, they stay like that, for example, the small difference in length between two wires will always exist after they have been manufactured, so the aforementioned path choice is "locked", although it is "random" (chaotic), and will always give the same result.

Since most contemporary hardware devices consist of millions of circuits, millions of individual choices can be made at the same time, resulting in a string (series) of bits (zeros and ones) of a very large length. Since each choice is independent and "random", the probability that two such strings will be the same becomes extremely small due to their very large length. Therefore, a PUF can be used to produce a large bit-string that will be unique per device and always the same, when measured under exactly the same conditions. Such a bit string can then be used in cryptography as an inherently occurring cryptographic token, such as a key for encryption. As external (environmental) conditions may affect the result of a PUF (its "random" unique bit-string output), error correction may be needed to force this result to be the same between different measurements.

Hardware, which by its nature allows for a choice of path for electricity, such as memory cells, can be easily employed in order to implement a PUF in a device, without the need of additional circuitry. Therefore, PUFs can be quite cost-efficient and lightweight.

Cryptography
Numbers
Amar Singh Thapa

Amar Singh Thapa also known as Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa(), Budha Kazi Amar Singh Thapa or, Amar Singh Thapa The Elder was the senior commander of Nepal Army in the conquest of Western Provinces. He is often hailed as Living Lion of Nepal and was posthumously awarded with National heroes of Nepal, who often led great battles of conquest and defence for Gurkhas in person.

References

Footnotes

Notes

Sources
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1751 births
1816 deaths
History of Nepal
Israel Horovitz

Israel Horovitz (March 31, 1939 – November 9, 2020) was an American writer. His written plays include Author! Author! (1982) and Sunshine (1999). He was born in Wakefield, Massachusetts. 

His was married three times and had six children, including The Beastie Boys musician Ad-Rock.

In 2017 he was accused by some women of sexual and ephebophilic abuse.

Horovitz died on November 9, 2020 from cancer at his Manhattan home at the age of 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
American playwrights
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Fredy Schmidtke

Fredy Schmidtke (1 July 1961 – 1 December 2017) was a German track cyclist. He won a gold medal in the 1000 metres time trial at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He also finished eighth in the sprint event at that Olympics. He was born in Worringen, Cologne.

Schmidtke died of a heart attack on 1 December 2017, at the age of 56.

References

Other websites

 
 

1961 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German cyclists
German Olympic gold medalists
People from Cologne
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Philipp Graf Lerchenfeld

Philipp Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld (25 May 1952 – 1 December 2017) was a German politician. He was member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). He was a member of the Landtag of Bavaria from 2003 to 2013. He then served as a member of the Bundestag from 2013 to 2017. Besides being a politician, he was also a farmer, accountant and tax consultant.

Lerchenfeld was born in Köfering, Regensburg District, Bavaria. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Marie Therese.

Lerchenfeld died of lung cancer on 1 December 2017, at the age of 65.

References

Other websites

  
 Philipp Graf Lerchenfeld at Parliamentwatch 

1952 births
2017 deaths
Accountants
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from lung cancer
Former members of the German Bundestag
German Roman Catholics
People from Regensburg
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria
Grand Prix (TV programme)

Grand Prix was a British television programme based on the Formula One World Championship. It was primarily presented by the "Voice of F1" Murray Walker, who was also the lead commentator.

BBC Television programmes
Sports television series
1970s British television series
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
Zastava M84

The Zastava M84 is a general purpose machine gun made from Yugoslavia during the 1980s and is currently manufactured from Serbia. The M84 is a copy of the Soviet PKM general purpose machine gun.

Variants 
 M84: The standard M84 is intended for infantry use, and is derived from the Soviet PKM. It differs from the PK-series in that it has a solid wooden stock and an unfluted barrel. It is also configured for tripod mounting (like the PKMS) and comes with a scope mount (like the PKMSN).
 M86: The M86 variant is based on the PKT, and is designed to mount as a coaxial weapon on tanks and other combat vehicles. The stock, bipod, and iron sights are omitted from this version, and it includes a heavier barrel and electric trigger.

Users

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Zastava Arms
 Zastava M84

General-purpose machine guns
Asepsis

Bacteria are used to test the effectiveness of disinfectants and antibiotics. Therefore, it is important that bacteria are not contaminated with other microorganisms. To prevent contamination, aseptic techniques are used.
These include:
 Sterilising all Petri dishes and culture media using an autoclave
 Sterilising all inoculation loops by passing them through a flame or dipping them into alcohol

Related pages 
 Antiseptic
 Cleanliness
 Ignaz Semmelweis

Medicine
Microbiology
Time in Hungary

Hungary uses Central European Time (CET) which is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+1). Hungary has not observed summer time since 1916.

Hungary
Hungary
Crato

Crato is a city in the south of state of Ceará in Cariri. Crato is called the "Oasis do Cariri". It is next to the state of Pernambuco. Is at the foot of the Araripe Plateau. Have a population formed by 130.064 According to IBGE

Climate 
The rainfall in the municipality is 1,086 millimeters per year. Much of the rain falls from December to April.

Average temperatures throughout the year vary between 24° C and 27° C, with minimums of 14° C up to averages maximum of 33° C

History 
The Region was discovered during the 17th century by Capuchin Friars. After an intense exploration of the region was founded "Mission Miranda" in honor of a chief of the local tribe baptized by that name. Later it would be called "Miranda" and "New Cariris"Later it would be called "Miranda" and "New Cariris"

References 

Cities in Ceará
Trun

Trun is a municipality in Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the former municipality of Schlans became part of Trun.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Municipalities of Graubünden
CBS Morning News

CBS Morning News is an early morning television program on CBS. It is hosted by Anne-Marie Green. The program debuted on October 4, 1982 as the CBS Early Morning News. It was renamed to CBS Morning News. The program airs live at 4:00 a.m. Eastern, but on some stations it airs at 4:30 a.m. Eastern.

References

American television news programs
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Rondon Pacheco

Rondon Pacheco (31 July 1919 – 4 July 2016) was a Brazilian politician. He served as Chief of Staff of Brazil to President Artur da Costa e Silva from 1967 to 1969 during the Brazilian military government. He later served as Governor of his home state of Minas Gerais from 1971 to 1975.

Pacheco was born in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. He was married to Marina de Freitas Pacheco. They had three children.

Pacheco died from pneumonia on 4 July 2016 in Uberlândia, at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian politicians
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
Minas Gerais
Tujetsch

Tujetsch is a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

Villages 
Tschamut, Selva, Dieni, Rueras, Zarcuns, Camischolas, Gonda, Sedrun, Bugnei, Surrein and Cavorgia.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 
 

Municipalities of Graubünden
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Gladys Nordenstrom

Gladys Mercedes Nordenstrom-Krenek (May 23, 1924 – July 5, 2016) was an American composer. She studied under Austrian composer Ernst Krenek at Hamline University. She later married him in 1950. She sometimes worked with Krenek on projects. After his death in 1991, she founded the Ernst Krenek Institute in 1998 and Krems die Ernst Krenek in 2004 in Vienna, Austria. In 2006, Nordenstrom was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria. She was born in Mora, Minnesota.

Nordenstrom died on July 5, 2016 in Palm Springs, California, at the age of 92.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
American classical musicians
American composers
American pianists
Musicians from Minnesota
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Valendas

Valendas is a former municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Irina Bilyk

Irina Bilyk born 6 April 1970 is a Ukrainian singer. People's Artist of Ukraine (2008).

Discography
 «Кувала зозуля» (1990)
 «Я розкажу» (1994)
 «Nova» (1995)
 «Так просто» (1996)
 «Фарби» (1998)
 «Ома» (2000)
 «Biłyk» (2002)
 «Країна» (2003)
 «Любовь. Яд» (2004)
 «На бис» (2008)
 «Рассвет» (2014)
 «Без Грима» (2017)
1970 births
Ukrainian singers
Versam

Versam is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Versam,
Valendas,
Safien and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Safien

Safien is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Safien, Valendas, Versam and Tenna merged into the new municipality of Safiental.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Garth Ennis

Garth Ennis (born 16 January 1970) is a Northern Irish-American comics writer. He is best known for Preacher, The Boys, Hellblazer, Marvel Comics' The Punisher and DC Comics' Hitman. He worked a lot with artist Steve Dillon. In 1998, he was awarded the Eisner Award for Best Writer.

Ennis was born in Holywood, County Down. He is an atheist.

References

Other websites

 

1970 births
Living people
American atheists
American comics writers
British atheists
British writers
People from County Down
Schmitten, Graubünden

Schmitten () is a municipality of the district Albula. It is in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Graubünden
Magny, Haut-Rhin

Magny is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Alain Jessua

Alain Jessua (16 January 1932 – 30 November 2017) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Évreux, France. He directed ten movies between 1956 and 1997.

He worked as assistant director for Jacques Becker on the set of Casque d'or, with Max Ophüls for Madame de... and Lola Montès and with Marcel Carné on Wasteland.

His 1967 movie Jeu de massacre was entered into the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Screenplay.

Jessua died from cancer on 30 November 2017 at the age of 85.

References

Other websites 
Alain Jessua biography

1932 births
2017 deaths
French movie directors
French screenwriters
Writers from Paris
Magstatt-le-Bas

Magstatt-le-Bas is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Magstatt-le-Haut

Magstatt-le-Haut is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in the east France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Randall Park

Randall Park (born March 23, 1974) is an American actor, comedian and writer. He is known for playing Kim Jong-un in comedy movie The Interview (2014), Danny Chung in Veep and Louis Huang in ABC's television show Fresh Off the Boat.

Park was born in Los Angeles, California. His parents are Korean. He has been married to actress Jae Suh Park since 2008. They have a daughter.

References

Other websites

 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American television writers
Comedians from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
2017–18 Premier League

The 2017-18 Premier League is the 26th premier league as Chelsea are the defending Champions. The season started on 11 August 2017 and finished on 13 May 2018. Newcastle United F.C. Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town got promoted to the Premier League from the English Football League. Brighton are playing in the Premier League for the first time in their history.

League table

Results

Season record

Scoring

Top scorers

Hat-tricks

Note
4 Player scored 4 goals; (H) – Home ; (A) – Away

Top assists

Clean sheets

Discipline

Player

Most yellow cards: 11
 Oriol Romeu (Southampton)

Most red cards: 2
 Wilfred Ndidi (Leicester City)
 Jonjo Shelvey (Newcastle United)

Club

Most yellow cards: 73 
West Bromwich Albion
West Ham United

Most red cards: 5
Leicester City

Awards

Monthly awards

PFA Team of the Year
The PFA Team of the Year was:
Goalkeeper: David de Gea (Manchester United)
Defence: Kyle Walker (Manchester City), Nicolas Otamendi (Manchester City), Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham Hotspur), Marcos Alonso (Chelsea)
Midfield: David Silva (Manchester City), Christian Eriksen (Tottenham Hotspur), Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City)
Attack: Mohamed Salah (Liverpool), Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur), Sergio Agüero (Manchester City)

PFA Player of the Year
The PFA Players' Player of the Year was awarded to Mohamed Salah.

PFA Young Player of the Year
The PFA Young Player of the Year was awarded to Leroy Sané.

FWA Footballer of the Year
The FWA Footballer of the Year was awarded to Mohamed Salah.ref>ref>

Other websites
Official website

References 

Eng
England
2018 in association football
Premier League
Time in Oman

Oman uses Gulf Standard Time (GST) (UTC+04:00), like its neighbor United Arab Emirates. Oman does not use daylight saving time (DST).

References 

Oman
Oman
Saint-Michel-sur-Orge

Saint-Michel-sur-Orge is a commune. It is found in the region Île-de-France in the Essonne department in the north of France.

The inhabitants are Saint-Michellois.

It’s the smallest commune in France. (or city.) It has 20,057 population.

Communes in Essonne
Mundell Lowe

James Mundell Lowe (April 21, 1922 – December 2, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist. He worked a lot in radio, television and movies. He was also a session musician. He produced music and scores for many television shows and movies including Billy Jack, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) and Starsky & Hutch. He sometimes worked with André Previn.

Lowe was born in Shady Grove, Mississippi. He married singer Betty Bennett in 1975.

Lowe died on December 2, 2017 in San Diego, California. He was 95.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2017 deaths
American guitarists
American jazz musicians
Musicians from Mississippi
Jerzy Kłoczowski

Jerzy Kazimierz Kłoczowski (29 December 1924 – 2 December 2017) was a Polish historian. He was a professor at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. He was member of the Polish Senate from 1989 to 1991. During World War II, he was a soldier of the Home Army and was involved in the Warsaw Uprising. He was badly injured in the attack and lost his right hand. In 2004, he was awarded with the Order of the White Eagle by President Aleksander Kwasniewski. He was born in Bogdany Wielkie, Masovian Voivodeship.

Kłoczowski died on 2 December 2017, at the age of 92.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Military personnel of World War II
Polish academics
Polish historians
Polish military people
Takam Kingdom

Takam Kingdom () Takam of Bagalyas or Bagalyadesh or 4000 Parvat Kingdom was a historical Thapa kingdom founded by King Kalu Thapa Kshatri of the Bagale Thapa clan belonging to Khas community. This Thapa dynasty ruled for 300 years between 1246 B.S. - 1545 B.S. (1189 CE - 1488 CE), only to be conquered it into Chaubise Parbat State by King Dimba Bam of Samalvanshi Thakuri clan .

References
Dick Gernert

Richard Edward "Dick" Gernert (September 28, 1928 – November 30, 2017) was an American professional baseball player. He was a first baseman and outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Boston Red Sox (1952–59), Chicago Cubs (1960), Detroit Tigers (1960–61), Cincinnati Reds (1961) and Houston Astros (1962). He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania.

Gernert died on November 30, 2017 in Reading, at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

1928 births
2017 deaths
American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Detroit Tigers players
Houston Astros players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Reg Varney

Reginald Alfred "Reg" Varney (11 July 1916 – 16 November 2008) was a British actor and comedian. He was best known for playing bus driver Stan Butler in the sitcom On the Buses, and the movie spin-offs On the Buses (1971), Mutiny on the Buses (1972) and Holiday on the Buses (1973). He also appeared in the sitcom The Rag Trade. In 1967, he made the first withdrawal from an ATM.

Varney was born in Canning Town, Essex, England. He was married to Lilian from 1939 until her death in 2002. They had one daughter, Jeanne. He had a heart attack in 1965 and 1981, and a stroke in 1989.

Varney died of a chest infection on 16 November 2008 in Budleigh Salterton, Devon. He was 92.

References

Other websites

 

1916 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Actors from Essex
Comedians from Essex
English stage actors
English television actors
English movie actors
Infectious disease deaths in England
Berne, Germany

Berne is a municipality of the district Wesermarsch in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Weser, about 20 km east of Oldenburg, and 25 km northwest of Bremen.

Berne is the birthplace of musician, producer and songwriter Dieter Bohlen.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Tenna, Switzerland

Tenna used to be a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Tenna,
Valendas, Versam and Safien joined and became the new municipality of Safiental.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Safiental

Safiental () is a municipality in Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna joined together to become the new municipality, Safiental.

References

Other websites 

 

Municipalities of Graubünden
2013 establishments in Switzerland
Morissen

Morissen () is a former municipality, in the new municipality of Lumnezia and the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Mahsun Kırmızıgül

Mahsun Kırmızıgül (born Abdullah Bazencir; March 26, 1969 in Bingöl, Turkey) is a Turkish actor, movie director, screenwriter and musician.

Early life and career 
Kırmızıgül was born on 26 March 1969 in Bingöl. He studied at primary and secondary schools in Diyarbakır. He started his career as a musician by singing for the weddings. In 1984, he was invited to Istanbul to make an album for Güneş Plak. The artist won acclaim with his movie Beyaz Melek which he wrote, directed and played.

Filmography

TV series 
 Alem Buysa... (1993)
 Bu Sevda Bitmez (1996)
 Hemşerim (1996)
 Yıkılmadım (1999)
 Zalım (2003)
 Aşka Sürgün (2005) 
 Hayat Devam Ediyor (2011-2013) General Director - Story
 Benim İçin Üzülme (2012) General Director - Story
 Babalar ve Evlatlar  (2012) - Story Cinema 
 Vezir Parmağı (2017) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 The Miracle (2015) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 New York'ta Beş Minare (2010) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 Gecenin Kanatları (2009) as screenwriter.
 Güneşi Gördüm (2009) as actor, director, screenwriter.
 Beyaz Melek (2007) as actor, director, screnwriter.
 Yaşamak Haram Oldu'' (1987)

References 

1968 births
Living people
Turkish movie actors
Turkish singers
Turkish screenwriters
Waltensburg/Vuorz

Waltensburg/Vuorz is a former municipality of the district Surselva. It is in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Michelin

Michelin is a French tyre company. It is based in Clermont-Ferrand, France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Tigar, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal (in North America) tyre brands. The mascot is Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man.

In 2012, the Group produced 166 million tyres at 69 facilities located in 18 countries.

The company was founded in 1889.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1880s establishments in France
1889 establishments in Europe
Tire manufacturers
Companies of France
Clermont-Ferrand
Malmerspach

Malmerspach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy is the removal of an ovary or ovaries. It is similar to castration. People get an oophorectomy for many reasons. This may be to treat cancer or the menstrual cycle. It has also been proposed as a way of treating female sexual predators, female hebephiles and female pedophiles by stopping their libido.

Notes 

Reproductive system
Anaphrodisiacs
Surgery
Arriva Southern Counties

Arriva Southern Counties is a bus company. It is a division of Arriva, which operates services in East Sussex, Essex, Kent, Surrey and West Sussex.

It is made up of Arriva Guildford & West Surrey, Arriva Kent & Sussex, Arriva Kent Thameside, Arriva Medway Towns and Arriva Southend.

Divisions

Arriva Guildford & West Surrey
Arriva Guildford & West Surrey operate in parts of West Sussex and Surrey. Buses go to Redhill, Weybridge, Horsham and Camberley.

Arriva Kent Thameside
Arriva Kent Thameside operate in parts of Kent. Buses go to Bluewater shopping centre, Dartford, Orpington, Greenhithe, Gravesend.

Fastrack

Arriva Kent Thameside also operate two Fastrack services, The buses serve Route A from Dartford and to Bluewater Shopping Centre, and Route B from Temple Hill to Gravesend. The buses used are Wright StreetLites. The buses are painted light purple and dark purple.

Arriva Medway Towns
Arriva Medway Towns operate in the Medway Towns and parts of Kent. Buses go to the Medway Towns, Bluewater shopping centre and Gravesend.

Arriva Southend
Arriva Soundend operate in Essex. Buses go to Southend-On-Sea, Rochford and Hadleigh.

Arriva Sapphire
Arriva Southern Counties operates two Sapphire routes in Kent, These buses have luxury seats, free WIFI, charging points (to charge your laptop or phone), display screens to show what stops are next and CCTV screens,

The buses serve route 101 from Gillingham to Maidstone  and routes 480 and 490 from Valley Drive to Dartford. The buses used are Alexander Dennis Enviro400 and Wright StreetLite. The buses are painted light blue and dark blue.

References

Other websites
Arriva website

Bus transport
Leoš Šimánek

Leoš Šimánek (born 19 April 1946) is a Czech traveler, photographer and mountaineer. He wrote more than 20 books about his travels.

Šimánek studied civil engineering. He left communist Czechoslovakia in 1968. He settled in Germany where he gained citizenship and lived at different times of his life. He worked as an architect in Passau. He also lived in Canada where he built his own cabin. He first wrote his books in German language but later also in his native Czech. Apart of travel books, he also wrote a novel called V zajetí polární zimy. As a mountaineer, he made first ascent at Mount Queen Bess in British Columbia.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

1946 births
Living people
Czech writers
Photographers
Mountain climbers
Ewald Schurer

Ewald Schurer (15 April 1954 – 2 December 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Ebersberg, Germany. He was a member of the SPD.

Schurer died on 2 December 2017 at his home in Ebersberg, at the age of 63.

References

Other websites

 Website from Ewald Schurer
 Biography by German Bundestag

1954 births
2017 deaths
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Politicians from Bavaria
Kjell Opseth

Kjell Olav Opseth (2 January 1936 – 3 December 2017) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Transport and Communications from 1990 to 1996. He was also Minister of Local Government Affairs from 1996 to 1997. He was born in Førde, Sunnfjord, Vestland.

Opseth died on 3 December 2017 in Førde, at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

 Kjell Opseth at Storting.no 

1936 births
2017 deaths
Government ministers
Norwegian politicians
St. Martin, Graubünden

St. Martin (, ) is a former municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipality of St. Martin merged into the municipality of Vals.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Surcuolm

Surcuolm is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

In 2009 it was merged with Flond to form the municipality of Mundaun.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Vella, Switzerland

Vella is a former municipality in the district Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Vella, Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn and Vrin merged  into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Vignogn

Vignogn is a former municipality, in the new municipality of Lumnezia and the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Vrin

Vrin is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. It is found of the district Surselva. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Vrin, Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn and Vella merged into the new municipality of Lumnezia. In 1998, Vrin was awarded the Wakker Prize for the preservation of its architectural heritage. It was first mentioned in 1208 as Varin.

In 2011, 255 people lived there.

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
San Martín de Trevejo

San Martín de Trevejo (Fala: Sa Martín de Trevellu) is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.

In 2008, 926 people lived there.

Municipalities in Extremadura
Oliva de Plasencia

Oliva de Plasencia is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.

In 2005, 252 people lived there.

Municipalities in Extremadura
Naudiha pranpur

Naudiha pranpur is a small village in Gaya district, Bihar (India). It is 40 kilometers from Jharkhand state border, 150 kilometers southeast from capital of Bihar, Patna, and 50 kilometers from Gaya town in southeast direction. This village is idle village of Fatehpur block and Naudiha sultanpur panchayatiraj.

Address 

 Village - Naudiha pranpur
 P.O-        Dharampur
 P.S-         Fatehpur
 Distt-       Gaya
Constituency- Bodhgaya

State-              Bihar
 Country-          India
 Continent -       Asia
 PIN -                805128

Agriculture 
Naudiha pranpur  is an agrigarian village. Agriculture is the main and only one source of income. Here, agriculture depend on monsoon and if monsoon fails, then drought condition happens.

List of crops are grown here 
 Paddy
 Wheat
 Arhar
 Masoor 
 Potato
 Onion
 Vegetables

Fruits found in Naudiha Pranpur 
 Mango
 Khazoor (date)
 Blackberry
 Plum (bair)

Villages in India
Ulli Lommel

Ulli Lommel (21 December 1944 – 2 December 2017) was a German actor and director. He was known for his works with Rainer Werner Fassbinder and his association with the New German Cinema movement. 

Lommel was well known for the time which he spent at The Factory and as a creative associate of Andy Warhol. From 1977 until his death, he lived and worked in the United States, where he wrote, directed and starred in over 50 movies. His best known work was The Boogeyman (1980).

References

Other websites
 
 Fucking Liberty! review by Bill Krohn 
 Fucking Liberty! review (German)
 Fucking Liberty! review (German)
 

1944 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
German movie actors
German movie directors
Nava Semel

Nava Semel (; born Nava Artzi; 15 September 1954 – 2 December 2017) was an Israeli author, playwright, screenwriter and translator. Her short story collection Kova Zekhukhit  (Hat of Glass) was the first work of fiction published in Israel. It addressed the topic of the "Second Generation" - children of Holocaust survivors.

She received "The Israeli Prime Minister's Award for Literature" in 1996, "The Women Writers of the Mediterranean Award" in France 1994, and "Women of the Year in Literature of the City of Tel Aviv" 2006.

References

Other websites
 Nava Semel Official website
 Nava Semel at the Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature (ITHL)
 "Nava Semel talks about the Jewish tragedy and the act of remembering", Interview with Bookaholic Romania, 23 March 2015

1954 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Jewish Israeli writers
Jewish screenwriters
Novelists
People from Tel Aviv
Playwrights
Thomas Finlay (judge)

Thomas Aloysius Finlay (17 September 1922 – 3 December 2017) was an Irish judge and politician. He was born in Dublin. 

Finlay served as Chief Justice of Ireland from 1985 to 1994, Justice of the Supreme Court from 1985 to 1994, President of the High Court from 1974 to 1985 and Judge of the High Court from 1971 to 1985. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 1954 to 1957.

Finlay died on 3 December 2017 in Dublin, aged 95.

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Irish politicians
Irish judges
People from Dublin
Buangkok MRT station

Buangkok MRT Station (NE15) is a MRT station in Sengkang, Singapore. It opened on 15 January 2006. It opened after the public wanted it to be opened. It is part of the North East MRT Line.

History
When the North East Line opened, it was one of the 2 completed MRT stations of North East Line that was not open, the other being Woodleigh which opened on 20 June 2011. This station was originally planned to be opened with 15 other stations on the North East Line. However, a few days before the opening, the operator SBS Transit decided not to open the station as the area around the station was undeveloped and the company claimed that the number of passengers would be too low to cover operating costs.

The opening date of the station was 15 January 2006. The station was well maintained like any other station throughout the time before it was opened. To prepare for the station's opening, the programming had to be updated to include Buangkok. Residents had said they would be willing to walk 400 metres to the station every day.

The station opened on 15 January 2006. SBS Transit expected around 3,500 passengers to use the station daily, which would be the lowest among all the stations along the line, resulting in the station making a loss. However, the actual numbers was much lower than expected during its first week of operation. Only an average of 1,386 passengers used the station each day. For comparison, Clarke Quay station, which is the second most unused station, already had more than 6,000 passenger trips each day. However, Clarke Quay was located in the Central Business District with considerable development in the area. This was because the station was located over 400 metres from most residents' homes.

From 5 January 2018, cash top ups are not accepted at the passenger service centres at this station.

Art in Transit 
There is an artwork in the station. It was made by Vincent Leow. It is called Water, Nature and the Contemporary (current).

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Sengkang
Hermann Schwörer

Hermann Schwörer (1 May 1922 – 24 November 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Berlin. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany.

Schwörer served in the Bundestag between 1958 and 1994. From 1970 to 1979, Schwörer was a member of the European Parliament.

Schwörer died in Berlin on 24 November 2017 at the age of 95.

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
Former MEPs
MEPs for Germany
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Anne Buydens

Anne Buydens (born Hannelore Marx, 23 April 1919 – 29 April 2021) was a German-born Belgian-American actress, philanthropist, and producer. She was a member of the International Best Dressed List, beginning in 1970.

Buydens married actor Kirk Douglas in 1954. They had two children.

Both Kirk Douglas and Buydens were behind the establishment of "Harry's Haven", an Alzheimer's disease unit at the Motion Picture & Television Fund Home in Woodland Hills. It is named after Kirk Douglas's father. The couple was known for their effort to rebuild playgrounds in the Los Angeles Unified School District.

Buydens died at her home in Beverly Hills, California on 29 April 2021, one week after her 102nd birthday.

References

1919 births
2021 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German movie actors
Belgian movie actors
American movie actors
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All the Money in the World

All the Money in the World is a 2017 British-American historical crime drama movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Scarpa. It is based on John Pearson's 1995 book Painfully Rich: The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty.

It stars Michelle Williams, Christopher Plummer, Mark Wahlberg, Romain Duris, Charlie Plummer, Stacy Martin, Andrew Buchan, and Timothy Hutton. The movie tells the story of how J. Paul Getty refused to cooperate with the group of kidnappers, from the organized crime Mafia group 'Ndrangheta, who kidnapped his grandson John Paul Getty III in the 1970s.

Kevin Spacey originally portrayed Getty Sr. However, after multiple sexual assault allegations were revealed against Spacey, his scenes were cut and re-shot with Christopher Plummer. Though re-shoots began on November 20, 2017, TriStar Pictures has the movie's United States release scheduled for December 22, 2017, but moved the date to December 25.

For their roles, Williams and Plummer are nominated for a Golden Globe Award with Plummer being nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

References

Other websites

2017 movies
2010s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
British crime drama movies
English-language movies
J. Paul Getty
Kidnapping in fiction
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about extortion
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in Rome
David R. Bowen

David Reece Bowen (born October 21, 1932) is an American politician. He was born in Houston, Mississippi. Bowen was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. He served for 2nd congressional district. He served from January 3, 1973 through January 3, 1983. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Other websites
 

1932 births
Living people
United States representatives from Mississippi
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Jean Spencer Ashbrook

Emily Jean Spencer Ashbrook (née Spencer; September 21, 1934) is an American politician. She is the widow of Congressman John M. Ashbrook, Republican of Ohio. She is also a former member of the United States House of Representatives herself, having completed her late husband's final term of office, also as a Republican from June 29, 1982 through January 3, 1983.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
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Ed Weber

Edward Ford "Ed" Weber (born July 26, 1931) is an American politician. He served one term in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican from January 3, 1981 through January 3, 1983. He won his district in 1980 due to Ronald Reagan's success in Ohio in the 1980 presidential election. In 1982, however, he lost his re-election bid to Marcy Kaptur.

Other websites

 

1931 births
Living people
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Bill Gradison

Willis David "Bill" Gradison Jr. (born December 28, 1928) is an American politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1993.

References

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1928 births
Living people
Mayors of Cincinnati
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Ronald M. Mottl

Ronald Milton Mottl (born February 6, 1934) is an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He had been a member of the state House of Representatives of Ohio from 1987 to 1997. 

A conservative Democrat, Mottl was an ally of Ronald Reagan's legislative agenda. He lost the Democratic primary to Ed Feighan in 1982, thereby losing his seat.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
American conservatives
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Tom Luken

Thomas Andrew Luken (July 9, 1925 – January 10, 2018) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He also was the mayor of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1972.

In 1974, Luken won a special election in the Cincinnati-based 1st congressional district to fill out the term of William J. Keating, a Republican who resigned his seat. However, Luken was defeated later that year in his bid for a full term by Republican Bill Gradison.

Luken died on January 10, 2018 in Cincinnati at the age of 92.

References

1925 births
2018 deaths
Mayors of Cincinnati
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William J. Keating

William John Keating (March 30, 1927 – May 20, 2020) was an American businessman and politician of the Republican Party. From 1967-70, he served on the Cincinnati City Council.

Keating served in the United States House of Representatives from 1971-74, representing Ohio's 1st congressional district. Keating resigned from Congress to become President and CEO of The Cincinnati Enquirer.

Keating was a founding member of the law firm Keating, Muething and Klekamp.

Keating died on May 20, 2020 in Cincinnati at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 

1927 births
2020 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
Businesspeople from Cincinnati, Ohio
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Jean Schmidt

Jeannette Marie Schmidt (born November 29, 1951) is a former U.S. Representative for , serving from 2005 to 2013. She is a member of the Republican Party.

On March 6, 2012, Schmidt was defeated for re-election in the GOP primary by Brad Wenstrup.

References

Other websites
 Jean Schmidt for Congress official campaign site
 Profile on the Ohio Ladies' Gallery website 
 
Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template:
 Biography at Ballotpedia
 Congressional profile at GovTrack
 Congressional profile at OpenCongress
 Financial information (federal office) at OpenSecrets.org

1951 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Brad Wenstrup

Brad Robert Wenstrup  (born June 17, 1958) is an American politician, Army Reserve officer, and Doctor of Podiatric Medicine, who has been the U.S. Representative for  since 2013. 

Wenstrup is a member of the Republican Party. He defeated U.S. Representative Jean Schmidt in the 2012 Republican primary election and Democrat William R. Smith in the 2012 general election. 

Wenstrup is a colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve and an Iraq War veteran. 

After the shooting of Congressman Steve Scalise on the morning of June 14, 2017, Wenstrup attended to the wounded congressman until he was transported to MedStar Washington Hospital Center.

References

1958 births
Living people
United States representatives from Ohio
American physicians
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Graham McTavish

Graham McTavish (born 4 January 1961) is a Scottish movie, television and voice actor. McTavish appeared in the 2011 movie The Wicker Tree, Robin Hardy's sequel to his 1973 movie, The Wicker Man and played Dwalin in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit trilogy.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
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Andhra University

Andhra University is a Government run University located in Visakhapatnam. It was established in 1926. It has an area of 171 hectares (422 acres).

Faculties and departments 
 Andhra University College of Arts and Commerce (established 1931)
 Andhra University College of Engineering (established 1955)
 Andhra University College of Engineering for Women (established 2010)
 Andhra University College of Law (established 1945)
 Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (established 1951)
 Andhra University College of Science and Technology (established 1931)
 Andhra University School of Distance Education (established 1972)

References 

Colleges and universities in India
1920s establishments in India
1926 establishments in Asia
Katrín Jakobsdóttir

Katrín Jakobsdóttir (pronounced ; born 1 February 1976) is an Icelandic politician. She is the 28th and current Prime Minister of Iceland since 30 November 2017. She has been a member of the Althing (Iceland's parliament) for the Reykjavík North constituency since 2007. 

She became deputy chairperson of the Left-Green Movement in 2003 and has been their chairperson since 2013. Katrín was Iceland's Minister of Education, Science and Culture and of Nordic Co-operation from 2 February 2009 to 23 May 2013.

References

Other websites
Nordic Labour Journal: Katrín Jakobsdóttir - party leader during times of change

1976 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Environmentalists
People from Reykjavík
Prime Ministers of Iceland
Reinforcement learning

The biology behind Reinforcement learning can be found at Operant conditioning, and Reward
Reinforcement learning (RL) is teaching a software agent how to behave in an environment by telling it how good it's doing. It is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviorist psychology.

Reinforcement learning is different from supervised learning because the correct inputs and outputs are never shown. Also, reinforcement learning usually learns as it goes (online learning) unlike supervised learning. This means an agent has to choose between exploring and sticking with what it knows best.

Introduction 

A reinforcement learning system is made of a policy (), a reward function (), a value function (), and an optional model of the environment.

A policy tells the agent what to do in a certain situation. It can be a simple table of rules, or a complicated search for the correct action. Policies can even be stochastic, which means instead of rules the policy assigns probabilities to each action. A policy by itself can make an agent do things, but it can't learn on its own.

A reward function defines the goal for an agent. It takes in a state (or a state and the action taken at that state) and gives back a number called the reward, which tells the agent how good it is to be in that state. The agent's job is to get the biggest amount of reward it possibly can in the long run. If an action yields a low reward, the agent will probably take a better action in the future. Biology uses reward signals like pleasure or pain to make sure organisms stay alive to reproduce. Reward signals can also be stochastic, like a slot machine at a casino, where sometimes they pay and sometimes they don't.

A value function tells an agent how much reward it will get following a policy  starting from state . It represents how desirable it is to be in a certain state. Since the value function isn't given to the agent directly, it needs to come up with a good guess or estimate based on the reward it's gotten so far. Value function estimation is the most important part of most reinforcement learning algorithms.

A model is the agent's mental copy of the environment. It's used to plan future actions.

Knowing this, we can talk about the main loop for a reinforcement learning episode. The agent interacts with the environment in discrete time steps. Think of it like the "tick-tock" of a clock. With discrete time, things only happen during the "ticks" and the "tocks", and not in between. At each time , the agent observes the environment's state  and picks an action  based on a policy . The next time step, the agent receives a reward signal  and a new observation . The value function  is updated using the reward. This continues until a terminal state  is reached.

Artificial intelligence
Learning