cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Series

A series is a group of similar things that are all related to the same topic.

In mathematics, a series is the adding of a list of (usually never-ending) mathematical objects (such as numbers). It is sometimes written as , which is another way of writing .

For example, the series  corresponds to the following sum:

Here, the dots mean that the adding does not have a last term, but goes on to infinity. 

If the result of the addition gets closer and closer to a certain limit value, then this is the sum of the series. For example, the first few terms of the above series are: 
 

From these, we can see that this series will have 2 as its sum.  

However, not all series have a sum. For example. a series can go to positive or negative infinity, or just go up and down without settling on any particular value. In which case, the series is said to diverge. The harmonic series is an example of a series which diverges.

Related page 
 List of series
 Sequence
 Series acceleration
 Taylor series

References 

Mathematics
Moose

A moose (Alces alces; called elk in Europe) is a large deer. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, Alces americanus.

A male moose is called a bull, a female moose is called a cow, and a young moose is called a calf. A group of moose is called a herd. The plural form of moose is "moose”.

Moose live in northern Europe, Asia, and in North America. Moose usually live in areas with lakes, marshes and swamps. They also live in mountain ranges.

Range 
Moose live in North America and also range from northern Europe to Siberia. In Europe they live in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland and the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). In North America they live in Canada, Alaska and northern parts of the United States. In 2008 they were re-introduced to Scottish Highlands from Scandinavia.

Population 
There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. Alaska has about 200,000. Canada and Russia each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the continental United States. The animal is widely distributed.

Life 

Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in winter they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat grass, leaves, twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a pregnancy of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves.

Predators 

A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. Siberian tigers prey on adult moose. Wolves also pose a threat, especially to females with calves. Brown bears are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own. American black bears and cougars can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows. Wolverine are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions. Killer whales are the moose's only known marine predator. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.

Moose and humans 
Moose have been hunted by humans since the Stone Age.

Because of their dark coloured fur, moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by cars. In some countries like Canada, Finland and Sweden there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced.

References

Other websites 

 goMoose
 

Deer
Mammals of North America
Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is a plan created by the United Nations for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming. The plan says that countries that adopt (follow) the Kyoto Protocol have to try to reduce how much carbon dioxide (and other "greenhouse gases" that pollute the atmosphere) they release into the air.

Establishment
The full name of the Kyoto Protocol is the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is called the Kyoto Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto Protocol was officially put into "full force" on February 16, 2005. On February 16, Russia began to follow (ratify) the Kyoto Protocol and it was decided to be put into "full force". As of February 2009, 183 countries have agreed to follow the Kyoto Protocol, who make up for more than 55% of the greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere.

Adoption status
There are still 29 countries which have not yet adopted it. Croatia and Kazakhstan have signed the treaty, but have not ratified it (made it a law they have to follow). Donald Trump and The United States of America has signed it but said that they will not ratify it. Australia has only recently ratified the Kyoto Protocol under the previous Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. Both of these countries have said that the fact that China and India are using exceptions to the treaty (those countries believe parts of the treaty do not apply to them and they will not follow those parts) in the name of industrialization is unfair and that they will not ratify because of this, although it is believed that the U.S. and Australia are protecting their economic interests by not ratifying. The countries' leaders say that changing their use of greenhouse gases will make their people lose jobs. The twenty four other countries have neither signed nor ratified the treaty.

Other websites 
The Kyoto Protocol

United Nations
Kyoto
Climate change
Green politics
Jack Nicholson

John Joseph "Jack" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American retired actor, director, producer and writer. He started out as a writer and part-time actor. He became a star in 1969 when he had a small part in the movie Easy Rider. He has won three Oscars, for As Good as it Gets, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Terms of Endearment. He is one of the fans for Los Angeles Lakers. Nicholson is one of only two actors who have been nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to 2000s; the other is Michael Caine. Nicholson received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1999. He has won seven Golden Globe Awards. He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2001. Nicholson dropped out from the remake movie Toni Erdmann.

Personal life
Nicholson has been linked to many actresses and models, including Michelle Phillips, Bebe Buell and Lara Flynn Boyle. He had a intimate relationship with Anjelica Huston from 1973 to 1989. The relationship ended when the media reported Rebecca Broussard was pregnant with their child. Nicholson and Broussard had two children together, Lorraine and Raymond. Nicholson's other children are Jennifer (born with Sandra Knight) and Honey Hollman (born with Winnie Hollman). Susan Anspach says that her son, Caleb Goddard, was fathered by Nicholson. He is not sure that he is the father. Nicholson describes himself as a "lifelong Irish Democrat", and is highly against abortion. He is Roman Catholic. In 2020, Nicholson endorsed Bernie Sanders's second presidential campaign for the 2020 nomination.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 
 Jack Nicholson Online

1937 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
Actors who played the Joker
American movie actors
American television actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey
1860s



The most important events 
 The Civil War in the United States

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
 Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
 King William I, German Emperor (Germany)
 King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
 Pope Pius IX
 Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
 Queen Isabella II (Spain)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 President James Buchanan (United States)
 President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
 President Andrew Johnson (United States)
 President Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America)
 President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Kōmei (Japan)
 Emperor Meiji (Japan)
 Emperor Xianfeng (China)
 Emperor Tongzhi (China)
Italian language

The Italian language is a Romance language spoken in Italy. Other countries that use Italian as their official language are San Marino, Vatican City and Switzerland.  Slovenia, and Croatia also use Italian as an official language, but only in some regions.  Italian is spoken by about 70 million people in several countries, including some parts of Monaco, Malta, Albania, Montenegro, Dodecanese (Greece), Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tunisia. The standard version from Tuscany is used for most writing but other dialects are sometimes written.

It is mostly derived from Latin, with some words from Greek, Etruscan and elsewhere. It is called an inflected language - that means that the meaning of words can be changed by changing their endings. Italian nouns are either masculine or feminine in gender (these usually have little to do with natural genders).

Most singular masculine nouns end in -o, and most plural masculine nouns end in -i.

Most singular feminine nouns end in -a, and most plural feminine nouns end in -e.

So:
  = male cat
  = female cat
  = male cats
  = female cats

The ending of verbs are quite complicated because of conjugation. The endings depend upon the tense of the verb (past, present, future and so on) and on the person of the verb (I, you, they etc.). Because Italian grammar uses endings for these inflections, the personal pronoun is not always needed (in the following example it is in parenthesis).

So:
 (io) parlo = I speak
 (noi) parliamo = we speak
 (lui) parlava = he was speaking
 (loro) parlarono = they spoke
 (io) parlerò = I will speak
 parliamo! = let's speak!

There are very many of these endings to learn - it is one of the more difficult parts of the Italian Grammar. But pronunciation is simple - there are just a few rules to learn, and hardly any difficult sounds.

Many Italian words for food have entered the English language, such as: pizza, spaghetti and ravioli. Many technical words in music are Italian, such as forte and allegro. Many musical instrument names are also Italian, such as cello and tuba. Mafia and vendetta come from the darker side of Italian culture .

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 Italian grammar and interactive course
 Italian proverbs
 Italian Learning Tips 
 Italian Grammar Primer 
 Italian Online Dictionaries and Glossaries 
 A dictionary of Italian orthography and pronunciation
 English-Italian Dictionary and English-Italian Dictionary on http://www.wordreference.com/
1935



Events
 April 15 – Roerich Pact signed in Washington D.C.
 June 5 - Lucy the Mouse cartoons by Walt Disney and Roy Oliver Disney on 20th Century Fox and for Twentieth Century Pictures. Lucy the Mouse cartoon character and the mascot of 20th Century Fox.

Births 
January 8 – Elvis Presley, musician (d. 1977)
February 5 – Hank Aaron, professional baseball player
March 31 – Herb Alpert, musician
July 17 – Donald Sutherland, actor
August 30 - John Phillips, American guitarist (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 2001)
September 29 – Jerry Lee Lewis, muisican
October 12 - Luciano Pavarotti, opera singer (The Three Tenors) (d. 2007)
December 1 – Woody Allen, movie maker

Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Hans Spemann, a German doctor and zoologist.

Movies released 
The Turn of the Tide

Hit songs
 "Lullaby of Broadway" – by Al Dubin and Harry Warren, from the movie Gold Diggers of 1935, won the Academy Award for the best song.
The Velvet Underground

The Velvet Underground was an American rock band, (not bebop). It was founded in 1964. 

The original line-up was Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker. They were discovered by the famous artist, Andy Warhol, who produced and designed the cover for their first album The Velvet Underground and Nico, which paired them with another discovery of his, German model/singer, Nico. The album was never really a hit, but it is now considered a classic. 

Later, the group broke up with Warhol and Nico after being a part of Andy Warhol's Factory for a while. The group released several more albums, White Light/White Heat (1967), The Velvet Underground (1969), Loaded (1970), and Squeeze (which features none of the original members, 1973), before finally breaking up. Lou Reed later had a successful solo career and is considered one of the founders of the "punk" movement.

Albums
 The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967)
 White Light/White Heat (1968)
 The Velvet Underground (1969)
 Loaded (1970)
 Live at Max's Kansas City (recorded 1970, released 1972)
 Squeeze (1973)
 1969: The Velvet Underground Live (double album, recorded live 1969, released 1974)
 VU (recorded 1968-1969, released 1985)
 Another View (recorded 1967-69, released 1986)

American rock bands
Musical groups from New York City
Alfred Hitchcock

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock  (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was a British movie director who later became an American citizen, but still kept his British citizenship. He mostly made mystery and suspense movies. Despite having a successful career, Hitchcock never won an Academy Award.

Career
Hitchcock started his career in England, starting with silent movies in the 1920s. In the 1930s, he made some successful movies like The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), and The Lady Vanishes (1938). He then moved to the United States, to work in Hollywood. His first American movie was Rebecca (1940), which won an Academy Award. 

Some of his best known movies from the 1940s are Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946), which were inspired by psychoanalysis. His first movie in color was the experimental Rope (1948). Strangers on a Train (1951) was based on a novel by Patricia Highsmith. In the 1950s, he made three popular movies with Grace Kelly: Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954), and To Catch a Thief (1955). In 1956, he made a new version of The Man Who Knew Too Much, starring James Stewart and Doris Day. He returned to black-and-white, briefly, with The Wrong Man (1957). Then came Vertigo (1958), which some consider his best suspense movie. It was followed by three more successful movies: North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963). After that, he only made 5 more movies: Marnie (1964), Torn Curtain (1966), Topaz (1969), Frenzy (1972), and Family Plot (1976).  In 1971, he became the very first winner of the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.  This is an award for lifetime achievement.

In 1945 Hitchcock made a documentary about the Holocaust. It will be shown on British television in 2015.

Hitchcock appeared very quickly in small roles in most of his movies.

He also hosted a TV show, Alfred Hitchcock Presents.

Personal life
Hithcock was born in Leytonstone, Essex. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Alma Reville, who helped write some of his movies. They had a daughter, Patricia. He died in Bel Air, Los Angeles.

References 

1899 births
1980 deaths
Actors from Essex
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American Roman Catholics
American screenwriters
American television directors
American television producers
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in the United States
English movie actors
English Roman Catholics
English screenwriters
Extras
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Leytonstone
Writers from Essex
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
BAFTA Award winning directors
Black comedy

Black comedy (also known as dark comedy or dark humor) is getting humor (something funny or comical) from something serious. It is known for its use of very sensitive subjects, such as war, tragedy, disease,  death and suffering of the innocent. Black comedy is also a form of satire that uses irony and mocking. It may cause a wide variety of emotional reactions.

The term black humor (from the French humour noir) was coined by the surrealist André Breton in 1935.

Some famous examples of black comedy include:
South Park
Waiting for Godot
Happy Tree Friends
Cartoons by Charles Addams
Catch-22
Dr. Strangelove
Harold and Maude
Plays by Joe Orton
The novel, film and early TV episodes of M*A*S*H
Itchy and Scratchy on the Simpsons.
Cartoons by John Callahan

References
Elliott Gould

Elliot Gould (born as Elliott Goldstein August 29, 1938) is an American actor. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He is mostly known for his roles in many films including M*A*S*H (1970), Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1970), and Ocean's Eleven (2001). He has also made guest appearances on many television such as Jack Geller in Friends.

Gould's parents were Jewish; Gould says he has a very deep Jewish identity. He married singer and actress Barbra Streisand in 1963. The couple separated in 1969 and divorced in 1971. Their son is actor Jason Gould (born 1966).

References

Other websites 

1938 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Movie producers from New York City
1809



Births 
 January 4 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind (d. 1852).
 January 15 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864)
 January 19 – Edgar Allan Poe, American  writer (d. 1849)
 February 3 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
 February 12 – Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865)
 February 12 –  Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882)
 February 15 – Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884)
 March 31 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
 April 15 – Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)
 June 4 – Columbus Delano, American statesman  (d. 1896)
 June 4 – John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871)
 June 8 – Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900)
 August 6 – Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (d. 1892)
 August 8 – Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)
 August 27 – Hannibal Hamlin, American politician (d. 1891)
 August 29 – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
 October 22 – Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
 December 24 – Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
 December 29 – William Ewart Gladstone, British politician (d. 1898)
Beadle

A beadle is someone who works at a church or a Jewish synagogue and helps the clergy.  A beadle's main job is to show people to their seats and to keep order during church services.

Like many words that describe a person's job, the word beadle can also be used as a last name.

Religious occupations
Olivine

Olivine (or chrysolite) is a silicate mineral made of magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4.

It ranges in colour from chartreuse green to pale olive.  In its gem form, it is called peridot.

Dunite is a rock of 90%+ olivine.  Dunite and other peridotite rocks are major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found on land, except where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust. 
Olivine has also been found at several extraterrestrial locations, such as the moon and many passing space rocks - as well as the outer layers of dust orbiting young stars.

Minerals
Igneous rocks
Economy

An economy is a system of making and trading things of value.  It is usually divided into goods (physical things) and services (things done by people). It assumes there is medium of exchange, which in the modern world is a system of finance. This makes trade possible. The alternative  systems of barter – exists only on a very small scale.

To better understand how the economy works, it can be discussed in three sections. These are:
 The primary sector which covers raw products from farming, fishing, and mining, and so on.
 The secondary sector which covers manufacturing of goods.
 The tertiary sector which covers a range of services, provided to people and companies.

The term 'real economy' is sometimes used to mean the part of the economy concerned with goods and services. This is contrasted with the 'paper economy', the financial side of the economy, which buys and sells on the financial markets.

The word 'economy' comes from the Greek word οἰκονόμος. This means "person who manages the house".

Related pages 
 Economics
 Political economy

References
Steam

Steam is the name given to water when it is in a gas form.  Steam is sometimes thought of as a cloud of translucent mist, however that is only the result of the steam condensing in the air, forming water vapor.  Actual hot steam is invisible. 

When the pressure of the atmosphere is 1013 mbar (this is about the average pressure for a place which is at sea level), water will boil (turn into steam) at 100 degrees Celsius.  This is the boiling point.  Boiling happens in a boiler. 100 degrees Celsius is the same temperature as 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Réaumur and 373.15 Kelvin.

A major use of steam is to power steam engines. A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

Other websites
 Steam -Citizendium 

Basic English 850 words
Gases
1834



Births 
July 19 – Edger Degas, French painter (d. 1917)
Netball

Netball is a sport played in two teams of seven. It is like basketball except that bouncing the ball is not allowed. The player cannot step with the ball either, nor hold it for more than three seconds. The game proceeds by players throwing (passing) the ball to each other until one attempts to throw it through the hoop, known as a "shot". 
There are 7 fixed positions on the court, which restrict the places where each player is allowed to go:
 C - Centre
 WA - Wing attack
 WD - Wing defence
 GD - Goal defence
 GK - Goal keeper
 GS - Goal shooter
 GA - Goal attack

There are many rules in netball some of which are:
 If a shooter attempts to shoot the ball but misses the hoop without it touching, then the shooter must wait until another player touches the ball first or until the ball bounces before she can touch the ball again.
 A player can only hold the ball for three seconds - held ball
 No stepping with the ball - stepping
 When defending, a player must be 3 feet from the player with the ball - otherwise it is called obstruction
 A player may not bounce the ball to herself - replay
 A player may not contact another player - contact
 A player may not enter a part of the court where her position is not allowed - offside
 When shooting or defending, a player may not use the pole as support - free pass to the other teams.
no girl is allowed to shoot from outside the semi circle or pass over a third.

Playing Court 
A netball court is 30.5m long and 15.25m wide. The longer sides are called the side lines and the shorter sides the goal lines. The court is divided into three equal parts, a centre third and two goal thirds. These sections are marked by two transverse lines parallel to the goal lines. Each third measures 10.167m wide.

The goal circle is a semi‑circle 4.9m in radius and its centre is the midpoint of the goal line. The centre circle is 0.9m in diameter and is marked in the centre of the court.

All lines are part of the court and  50mm wide, preferably white. It is recommended that they are a textured, water‑based acrylic, straight and have clean, crisp edges.

Team sports
Atomic number

The atomic number (symbol: Z) of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number of an atom identifies which element it is. In a neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. The elements of the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number.

Atomic number is not the same as:  
 atomic mass (symbol: ma), which is the mass of a single atom, commonly expressed in unified atomic mass units  
 mass number (symbol: A), which is the sum of the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom  
 relative atomic mass (also called atomic weight; symbol: Ar), which is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.  

The atomic number of the periodic table directly corresponds to the number of protons which is in the atom. Once another proton is added, it is no longer the same element. The same cannot be applied to when another neutron or another electron is added. Adding more electrons will give the atom a negative charge and removing electrons will give the atom a positive charge. Metals tend to lose electrons, which creates a positive charge. Non-metals tend to gain electrons, forming a negative charge. Electrons are the foundation for determining how compounds are formed among atoms. 

Adding or removing neutrons within an atom changes its isotope. As an example, carbon-12 is the most stable isotope for a carbon atom. However, we can add two more neutrons and carbon-12 is now carbon-14, a less stable isotope of carbon. The number of an isotope directly correlates to the atomic mass of an element.  The amount of neutrons in any given atom by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass.  

For example oxygen has 8 protons. The atomic number is the number of protons an element has.  So, if an unidentified element has 8 protons, then it is oxygen. This is because each element has a certain number of protons.  If an element had 9 protons, it would not be oxygen, but an element can have 8 protons, and 9 neutrons and still be considered oxygen; we call this an isotope.

References

Related pages 
Henry Moseley

Chemistry
Nuclear physics
Merchant marine

Merchant marine is a term used in many places to talk about commercial ships and crews. A country's merchant marine is made up of all the ships owned by companies or individuals in that country which are used to make money. Most of a country's merchant marine is usually made of ships that carry things from place to place, like oil tankers and freighters. Other ships, like cruise ships and ferries, are also included because they are used to make money. When a country is at peace, its merchant marine works independently. Some countries, though, require merchant ships to work for their armed forces in times of war.

In the United States, "Merchant Marine" has a different meaning. The United States Merchant Marine (USMM) is a part of the military which is controlled by the government in both peace and war. When the United States is at war, the USMM is used to carry military supplies. In World War II, nearly one out of every twenty-six American merchant mariners was killed, a higher portion of men than in the Army, Navy, or even the Marines.

References

Other websites 
 The Marine Society 
 International Merchant Marine Community 
 United States Merchant Marine Academy
 Canadian Merchant Navy: Second World War 
Official database of deceased Canadian Merchant Mariners 
 SwissWorld: The Swiss Merchant Navy
Photos of the Merchant Marine Memorials in London

Naval transport
FreeBSD

FreeBSD is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if the user has a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, the user probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley.

Open source 
FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone can download the source code and change, or learn from it. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers.
Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer.

Operating systems based on FreeBSD 
There are a lot of operating systems, which are based on FreeBSD.

Operating systems with a GUI 
Several projects created an operating system, based on FreeBSD, which has a GUI by default.

Examples for that kind of operating systems are:
 DesktopBSD
 GhostBSD
 PC-BSD

Related pages
 DragonFly BSD
 OpenBSD
 NetBSD

Further reading

Other websites 

 FreeBSD
 FreeBSD software
 Other interesting information about FreeBSD including One Floppy FreeBSD MP3 and CD Player
 mdoc.su — short manual page URLs, a URL shortener written in nginx
 BXR.SU — FreeBSD source code search
 FreeBSD 9.1 - Announcement of FreeBSD 9.1

BSD
Free software
Operating systems
Garry Marshall

Garry Marshall (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016) was an American writer, producer, director and actor.

Career
Marshall wrote for comedians Joey Bishop and Phil Foster. Soon he moved on to writing for television series, including The Dick Van Dyke Show and The Tonight Show. In 1970, he adapted the Neil Simon play and 1968 movie The Odd Couple into a popular television series starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman.

It was very successful. Marshall worked on Happy Days, Laverne and Shirley (which co-starred his sister Penny), and Mork and Mindy. Both of there were spin-offs from Happy Days and just as successful and well-known. He directed and acted in several movies including Pretty Woman and Runaway Bride.

Marshall also ran and works out of a local community theatre house in Los Angeles, The Falcon Theatre.

Death
On the morning of July 19, 2016, Marshall, aged 81, died at a hospital in Burbank, California, due to complications of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.

Filmography

Animation
 BoJack Horseman - Abe
 Father of the Pride - Bernie
 Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero - Soda Jerk
 Pinky and the Brain - Mr. Itch (The Devil)
 Rugrats - Fred
 The Looney Tunes Show - Dr. Weisberg
 The Simpsons - Larry Kidkill, Sheldon Leavitt

Live action
 Happy Days - Drum Player, Prom Drummer
 Laverne & Shirley - Drummer
 The Naked Truth - Garry Marshall
 The Odd Couple - Walter Madison

Films
 A League of Their Own - Walter Harvey
 Can't Be Heaven - Pawn Shop Broker
 Chicken Little - Buck Cluck
 Finding Bliss - Garry Marshall
 Hocus Pocus - Devil (Husband)
 Orange County - Arthur Gantner
 Pretty Woman - Bum Tour Guide
 Race to Witch Mountain - Dr. Donald Harlan
 Runaway Bride - First Baseman in Softball
 Scooby-Doo and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery - Manny Goldman
 The Strangest Rugrats Adventure - Garry Marshall

References

Other websites 

1934 births
2016 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from the Bronx
Priscilla Presley

Priscilla Presley (née Wagner) is an American actress. She is the former wife of Elvis Presley and is the mother of Lisa Marie Presley. Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera Dallas, and The Naked Gun movies with Leslie Nielson. She is also a member of Scientology.

Early life
Presley was born at Brooklyn Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York City.  Her maternal grandfather, Albert Henry Iversen (1899–1971), emigrated from Egersund in Norway to the United States in 1905. He married Lorraine Davis (1903–1984), who was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. They had three children: Albert, Jr. (March 1922), James Richard (March 1924) and Anna Lillian Iversen (March 1926). Anna was later called, or her name was changed to, Ann. She was called Rooney (short for Annie Rooney) as a child. At the age of 19, she gave birth to Priscilla. They both still have cousins in Norway. In a letter to the City Hall of Egersund, Ann asked for information about their relatives, and wrote that Priscilla was interested in knowing about them; Priscilla's parents then visited family members in Norway in 1992.

She attended General H.H. Arnold High in Wiesbaden, West Germany.

References

Other websites
Priscilla Presley at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

1945 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
Elvis Presley
Scientologists
Canada Dry

Canada Dry is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages. Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water. Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root. Club soda is a clear drink sometimes used to remove stains from clothing. Tonic water is often used to make an alcoholic beverage known as gin and tonic.

Drink companies
Canadian food companies
Companies based in Texas
Shaving

Shaving is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.

Hygiene
Vauxhall Astra

Vauxhall Astra is a car produced by Vauxhall since 1980. It was first just branded as a Vauxhall, since 1991 it has also been sold as a Opel, a Holden and a Chevrolet. From 2007 to 2009 it was sold as a Saturn.

History

In 1979, General Motors, the owners of Vauxhall, decided to replace the Viva model (Kaddett in Europe including Republic of Ireland) in the United Kingdom as Vauxhall's small family car. The model still shared its body with the Kaddett, however it had things suited for use in this country, i.e. the steering wheel on the right side so that owners could drive on the left-hand side of the road. The first generation was made from 1980 to 1984 and had hatchback, saloon and estate versions with 2 or 4 doors, the saloons looked identical to the hatchback but they sold poorly and were axed in 1982, the same year when a Bedford van model appeared. The second generation launched in late 1984, being larger with an aerodynamic design, the versions on offer were much the same as before, a saloon model called the Belmont launched in January 1986 with a cabriolet added in Spring 1987. It was given a mild facelift in January 1989. Some versions continued until 1993 when the cabriolet and Astramax van ended production. In late 1991, the third generation launched and this time, the 3-door estate was axed and the saloon from Spring 1992 was just called Astra. A new cabriolet model arrived in June 1993. In late 1994, it was facelifted and featured Vauxhall’s new V grille which appeared on the Omega that launched in the same year. The cabriolet continued until 1999. When it launched, Opel and Chevrolet both binned the Kaddett name. Therefore, they adopted the Astra one. In 1995, Holden did that too. It was only in South Africa that the Kaddett name continued and it was only on the Astra hatchback. The fourth generation launched in Spring 1998 with the same large range as before, coupe and cabriolet models were added in 2000. In 1999, the year after the launch of the fourth generation, South Africa binned the Kaddett name too, leaving no countries/regions/continents using the Kaddett badge. Some versions continued until 2005 as a cheap alternative to the new generation model while the van continued until late 2006 when it was replaced with a new version. In May 2004, the fifth generation launched, the 3-door from early 2005 was made to look more sporty and featured a large, panoramic windscreen on some models, the saloon was axed due to poor sales while in 2006, a hard-folding coupe/cabriolet launched called the TwinTop. It was facelifted in early 2007 and sales continued until 2011 for some versions. The van was axed in 2013 without a replacement. The sixth generation Astra was launched in late 2009 as a hatchback at first and an estate added in late 2010. The sporty 3-door was marketed as the GTC and launched in late 2011. It was facelifted in September 2012 and continued until 2015, 2016 for the estate and 2017 for the GTC. 

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Astra
Tower Bridge

Tower Bridge is a drawbridge in London. It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London. It allows ships through the bridge deck when  is raised  at an angle in the centre.

The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey, an area in Southwark. Tower Bridge is far more visible than London Bridge, which people often mistake it for. Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge. It has its own exhibition centre in the horizontal walkway. This gives one of the best vantage points in London.

The "bascules" are the surfaces raised to allow tall ships to pass through: this happens about 900 times per year. The bridge's decks (bascules) can be raised to 83o from the horizontal.

History
The City of London Corporation held a competition for the design in 1876. Over 50 designs were entered, and in 1884 Horace Jones and John Wolfe Barry's design was chosen.

Workers began to build the Tower Bridge in April 1886 and the bridge was opened in 30 June 1894.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Design
The bridge is  in length with two towers, each  high, built on piers. The central span of  between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83o to allow river traffic to pass. The bascules, weighing over 1,100 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimize the force required and allow raising in five minutes. The bascules are raised by huge hydraulic pumps which were first powered by steam engines. In 1976 these were replaced by oil and electricity. The bridge is made from more than 11,000 tons of steel, and covered with Cornish granite and Portland stone.

The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each  long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are  above the river at high tide. These walkways allow people to still cross the river, even when the bridge is raised. They were closed in 1910 because not enough people used them, but were reopened in 1982.

Gallery

Tower Bridge,London Getting Opened

Tower Bridge Photo

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 Tower Bridge Exhibition 
 Tower Bridge

Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Bridges and tunnels in London
Steel bridges
Stone bridges
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Suspension bridges
Waiter

A waiter is a person who "waits" on tables, often at a restaurant or cafe. A female waiter is called a waitress. They will take orders and delivers food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or cafe.

Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.

Food-related occupations
Variable

A variable is a special type of amount or quantity with an unknown value. The opposite of a variable (that is, a known value) is called a constant.

Variables in math
In mathematics, a variable is usually given a letter, such as x or y. For example:

 The letters m, n, p, q are often used as variables for integers.
 The letters a, b and c are often used as coefficients of functions.
 The letters i, j ,k are often used as indices of summation.
 The letter t is often used as a variable for time.
 The letter z is often used as a variable for complex numbers.

Most letters are used in equations to show numbers that are unknown (an exception is e, which is a constant). Using a type of math called algebra, one can find the value of the variable.

Any number cannot change its value. This is true whether the number is rational (such as -8.625) or irrational (such as 2√3, which is 2 multiplied by the square root of 3), or whether the number is real (such as ) or imaginary (such as ).

Variables are also common in science, where they usually represent physical properties that do not stay the same. For example, if a person stands 5 feet away from a building, the distance variable compared to the building does not change over time. 5 feet is called a fixed amount, which is the opposite of a variable amount. But if a person walks away from the building, the distance variable compared to the building is increasing. So it does not have the same value and we cannot use the same number for it, as the distance might be 1 foot now, but 2 feet a second later.

Variables in computer science
In computer science, a variable is a value in a program that can change. It does not have to be a number. In fact, it can be a string (text value), a date, an amount of money, an object such as a picture, or simply null (which means it has no content). The value that is stored in a variable can change the behavior of a program when it is run. Because of this, variables are commonly used to store input and output values.

Each programming language works differently with variables. Most of them allow any character string that is not "reserved" (that is, has a special meaning) to be the name of the variable. It is good in computer programming to use names that tells what will be stored in the variable (such as "person", "age", "total", and so on). Also, some languages like C and Java require the data type of the variable (that is, the kind of content that will be stored in it) to be declared (written) when the variable is created. Others, like Python and Visual Basic, do not have this rule, which allows the type of variable to be changed when a new value is stored in it.

Related pages 

 Dependent and independent variables
 Explanatory variable

References 

Mathematics
Computer science
Golan Heights

The Golan Heights is a strip of land in northeastern Israel that was captured by Israel in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return. On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of extinct volcanos.

In January 2013, the Israeli government said it planned to build a wall along the eastern edges of the Golan Heights, on its border with Syria.

Maps

References

Notes

Other websites 

 Israeli community portal 
 The Syrian Golan  – Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
 Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
 What is the dispute over the Golan Heights? 
 A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report
Translator

A translator reads something written in one language and speaks it or writes it in another language. For example, they could read a book in French and then translate it into English. See translation for more information.

In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language deeply. They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to the second language. As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science. 

Language
Teenager

A teenager, or teen, is someone who is between 13 and 19 years old. They are called teenagers because their age number ends with "teen". The word "teenager" is often associated with adolescence. Most neurologists consider the brain still developing into the persons early, or mid-20s.  A person begins their teenage life when they become 13 years old, and ends when they become 20 years old.  In some places, teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be regarded as both teenagers and adults. 

The way the word is used varies.  Most societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood.  These ceremonies may be quite elaborate. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development occurs. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.

The life of a teenager seems to change daily. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, Teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests during this time of great change.  Before their teenage years, these adolescents focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents.

In the United States, teenagers typically leave middle school to attend high school.

References  

Humans
1546

Year 1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 The Anglo-French War ends
 The Book of Apocrypha is added in the Roman Catholic church

Births 
 December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
 date unknown
 Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)

Deaths 
 February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)
1598



Events 
 The Franco-Spanish War ends
 The Eighth War of Religion ends

Births 
 April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli
 Bonaventura Cavalieri
Adult

An adult is a person who is grown up completely. The person is already past the child stage. It is the phase after being a teenager. Once someone reaches adulthood, that person typically no longer has to take directions from a parent or guardian, but rather can make decisions for themselves. Legally speaking, adulthood is reached at 18 in most countries.

In biology, a person is considered an adult physically when they are sexually mature. This means that they have begun or passed through the physical puberty, and are able to sexually reproduce.
Mentally and emotionally, a person is considered a full grown adult in their mid twenties. A person can be at legal age at 18, yet they're still in adolescence, their minds are still developing. 

In most countries, someone is legally considered an adult when he or she is older than a certain age. This is called the Age of majority. Hitting the age of majority means that you are considered old enough to make your own decisions, and not having to be taken care of by your parents or other adults. In most countries, this age is 18 years. However, it varies from ages as low as 16 to as high as 21. There are many additional laws that determine from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse. 

There are also some cultures that says a person is an adult from an age of 13 years on, for example see Bar Mitzi, which usually corresponds to puberty.

References

Related pages

Adolescence
Middle age
Old age

Humans
Colony

A colony is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase dependent territory is now used instead of colony.

A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.

Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.

Related pages
Dependent territory

Other websites
 http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002

Politics