cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Invisible College

The Invisible College was the name given to themselves by a group of like-minded scientists and natural philosophers in England in the mid-17th century.  The informal association is considered to have been one of the origins of the Royal Society.

The purpose of the invisible college was to encourage each other to develop scientific knowledge through experiments and other kinds of investigation.

Some of the members of the Invisible College were among the founders of the Royal Society in 1660, including Robert Boyle, John Wilkins and Samuel Hartlib.

Modern use 
The concept of invisible college was developed in the sociology of science by Diane Crane, building on  de Solla Price's work on citation networks. It is related to, but significantly different from, other concepts of expert communities, such as "Epistemic communities", or "Communities of Practice".  Recently, the concept was applied to the global network of communications among scientists by Caroline S. Wagner.

In fiction it is mentioned in the novel The Lost Symbol by Dan Brown, and was the inspiration for the Unseen University in the works of Terry Pratchett.

Related pages
 Epistemic community

References 

History of science
Royal Society
17th-century establishments in England
List of WWE Divas Champions

The Divas Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned by the WWE. The wrestlers with the most reigns as Divas champion are Eve Torres and AJ Lee with 3 each. The longest reigning champion is Nikki Bella with the aid of her sister brie Bella, holding the championship for 301 days. There is no longer a current Divas champion as the  WWE doesn't want the  women to be classed as a diva and now calls them wwe superstars like the men

Title history

List of combined reigns

As of  , .

Related pages
WWE Women's Championship
WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)

References
General

Specific

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
Lists of professional wrestlers
Krzysztof Oliwa

Krzysztof Artur Oliwa (pronounced ; born April 12, 1973) is a Polish former professional ice hockey player.

Career statistics

Other websites 
 
 VIDEO Fights Oliwa

1973 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Calgary Flames players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Polish ice hockey players
ECHL players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Edward Leier

Edward "Eddie" Leier (born 3 November 1927) is a Polish-born former baseball player, track athlete, and ice hockey player. As a professional ice hockey player he played two seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 
 

1927 births
Living people
Polish ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey centres
Knut Andresen

Knut Andresen (born 1959 in Asker, Norway) is a former Norwegian ice hockey player who played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team at the 1980 Winter Olympics.

References

1959 births
Living people
Norwegian ice hockey players
Nik Antropov

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Antropov (Russian: Николай Александрович Антропов; born February 18, 1980) is a former Kazakh professional ice hockey forward for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites
 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Kazakhstani ice hockey players
Living people
Naturalized citizens of Canada
New York Rangers players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Winnipeg Jets players
Kevin Dallman

Kevin Jonathan Dallman (born February 26, 1981) is a former Kazakhstani-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that plays for and captains Barys Astana of the KHL. He also played for the Boston Bruins, St. Louis Blues, and Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Dallman became a citizen of Kazakhstan and is now eligible to play for the country in international competitions. Kevin has also expressed interest in playing for Kazakhstan internationally.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites 

1981 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kazakhstani ice hockey players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
St. Louis Blues players
Ontario Hockey League players
Alliance, Nebraska

Alliance, Nebraska is an average-sized city in the panhandle of Nebraska. The community consists of mostly farmers and ranchers.

Cities in Nebraska
County seats in Nebraska
Yelena Chernykh

Yelena Chernykh (née Kolesnichenko; August 24, 1979—October 4, 2011) was a Russian theatre actress.

Death 
32-year-old Yelena was killed in a car crash that took place October 4, 2011 in Novoanninsky. Together with her died her colleagues, 59-year-old Alexander Egorov and 52-year-old Valentin Yudina.

At the time her death Yelena was married to Yegor Chernykh with whom she had a daughter named Anastasia Chernykh (b.2002).

References 

1979 births
2011 deaths
Russian stage actors
Trackball

In computing, a trackball is a pointing input device. It consists of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes.  It is like an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks out.  The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers or the palm of the hand to move a cursor and can click one of two buttons (identical to mouse buttons) near the trackball to select desktop objects or position the cursor for text entry.  Currently only three major companies: Logitech, A4Tech and Kensington make many of them.  Microsoft was once a major producer. 

Large trackballs are sometimes seen on computerized special-purpose workstations, such as the radar consoles in an  air traffic control room, or sonar equipment on a ship or submarine, or computer-aided design. Potentiometers capture the trackball orientation.

Many notebook and laptop computers in the late 20th century used a small trackball.  It was usually located in front of the keyboard toward the user.  IBM's ThinkPad series of notebook computers use a "pointing stick", called a TrackPoint, that is integrated into the middle of the keyboard keys.

Computer hardware
Zacarias Moussaoui

Zacarias Moussaoui (, Zakariyyā Mūsawī; born May 30, 1968) is a French citizen who plead guilty to conspiring to kill citizens of the United States as part of the September 11 attacks. As a result of his conviction, he is serving a life sentence without parole at the Federal ADX Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.

References

1968 births
Living people
Al-Qaeda people
French criminals
French prisoners
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
September 11 attacks
Massari

Sari Abboud () or simply known as Massari () which means "money" in Arabic, is a Lebanese-born contemporary R&B/hip-hop singer. Massari was born in Beirut, Lebanon on December 10, 1980. His family moved to Canada while he was teenager. Massari began performing at a young age. Massari released his debut album Massari in 2005. The album was certified gold by the CRIA for selling 50,000 copies in that country alone. In 2009, Massari released Forever Massari. The album sold over 120,000 copies in Lebanon and Canada, combined.

Discography

Studio albums

DVD 
2006: Massari: Road to Success

Singles

Awards and nominations 

  For the song "Be Easy".
  For the song "Real Love".

References

Other websites 

BlackBeatsFM Interview with Massari 

1981 births
Living people
 
Canadian singers
Lebanese Muslims
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Kid Nation

Kid Nation was a reality show. It first aired on the CBS network on September 19, 2007. The show featured 40 children, aged 8–15, living in a ghost town named "Bonanza Town". No one had lived in the town since the 19th century. The children were required to create a functioning society in the town, as well as set up a government system used to solve problems in the town.

At the end of each episode the council awards a cash prize which is a "gold star" worth $20,000 to one of the kids.

Episodes 

 These gold stars were worth $50,000 and were awarded at the final town hall meeting.

References

Other websites
 Official Kid Nation Site (CBS)
 
 

2007 television series debuts
CBS network shows
American reality television series
English-language television programs
Big Brother 14 (U.S.)

Big Brother 14 is the upcoming fourteenth season of the US reality television show Big Brother. The new season was announced during the season finale of Big Brother 13. Julie Chen will continue to host the season. The season premier is scheduled to air on CBS in July 2012.

References

Other websites 
CBS Official Site
Global TV Official Site 

2012 in American television
2012 television seasons
Big Brother seasons
American television seasons
Austrian Hockey League

The Austrian Hockey League (Erste Bank Eishockey Liga) for sponsorship reasons, is the top level of ice hockey in Austria. EC KAC has won the most league titles, with 23.

Teams

Austrian Champions 

 1923 Wiener EV
 1924 Wiener EV
 1925 Wiener EV
 1926 Wiener EV
 1927 Wiener EV
 1928 Wiener EV
 1929 Wiener EV
 1930 Wiener EV
 1931 Wiener EV
 1932 Pötzleinsdorfer SK
 1933 Wiener EV
 1934 Klagenfurter
 1935 Klagenfurter
 1936 Not Played
 1937 Wiener EV
 1938 EK Engelmann
 1939-1945 Not played
 1946 EK Engelmann
 1947 Wiener EV
 1948 Wiener EV

 1949 Wiener EG
 1950 Wiener EG
 1951 Wiener EG
 1952 Klagenfurter
 1953 Innsbrucker EV
 1954 Innsbrucker EV
 1955 Klagenfurter
 1956 EK Engelmann
 1957 EK Engelmann
 1958 Innsbrucker EV
 1959 Innsbrucker EV
 1960 EC KAC
 1961 Innsbrucker EV
 1962 Wiener EV
 1963 Innsbrucker EV
 1964 EC KAC
 1965 EC KAC
 1966 EC KAC
 1967 EC KAC
 1968 EC KAC

 1969 EC KAC
 1970 EC KAC
 1971 EC KAC
 1972 EC KAC
 1973 EC KAC
 1974 EC KAC
 1975 ATSE Graz
 1976 EC KAC
 1977 EC KAC
 1978 ATSE Graz
 1979 EC KAC
 1980 EC KAC
 1981 Villacher SV
 1982 VEU Feldkirch
 1983 VEU Feldkirch
 1984 VEU Feldkirch
 1985 EC KAC
 1986 EC KAC
 1987 EC KAC
 1988 EC KAC

 1989 Innsbrucker EV
 1990 VEU Feldkirch
 1991 EC KAC
 1992 Villacher SV
 1993 Villacher SV
 1994 VEU Feldkirch
 1995 VEU Feldkirch
 1996 VEU Feldkirch
 1997 VEU Feldkirch
 1998 VEU Feldkirch
 1999 Villacher SV
 2000 EC KAC
 2001 EC KAC
 2002 Villacher SV
 2003 Black Wings Linz
 2004 EC KAC
 2005 Vienna Capitals
 2006 Villacher SV
 2007 Red Bull Salzburg
 2008 Red Bull Salzburg

 2009 EC KAC
 2010 Red Bull Salzburg
 2011 Red Bull Salzburg

bold - seasons in which league had teams outside Austria

Other websites

Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (EBEL) 
Austrian Hockey Association (ÖEHV)

Ice hockey leagues
Tamura, Fukushima

is a city in Fukushima, Japan.  Tamura was created on March 1, 2005 by combining several towns towns and villages from the Tamura District.  They were Funehiki, Ōgoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and Miyakoji. Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people moved to Tamura. The population actually went up by about 1,000 people, or 2%.

Landmarks
There are two well-known places to visit in Takine-cho. Abukuma Limestone Caves and the Hoshi no Mura ("Village of Stars") Observatory are popular with tourists.

Sister cities
Tamura has a only one international sister city:
  Mansfield, Ohio, United States

And, one sister city in Japan:
  Nakano, Tokyo

Related pages
 Futaba, Fukushima
 Kawauchi, Fukushima
 Namie, Fukushima
 Ōkuma, Fukushima
 Tomioka, Fukushima

References

Other websites

 Tamura official website 

Cities in Fukushima Prefecture
Pietro Baracchi

Pietro Paolo Giovanni Ernesto Baracchi (1851–1926) was an Italian astronomer. He moved to Australia in the 1870's and worked at the Melbourne Observatory. In 1910 the Australian government asked him to find a suitable place for an observatory in the new Australian Capital Territory. Barrachi set up a small observatory on Mount Stromlo in May 1911. This was the first government building in Canberra and was the beginning of the Mount Stromlo Observatory. The observatory had a 9-inch (23 cm) telescope, donated by Ballarat gold miner, James Oddie.

References

1851 births
1926 deaths
Italian astronomers
Melbourne Observatory

The Melbourne Observatory, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was built in 1861. It replaced an earlier observatory at Williamstown. The Melbourne Observatory is now part of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens. The observatory had an important role as it used observations of the stars to keep accurate time. It also kept the weather records and scientists were able to make weather predictions.

In 1869 the observatory installed the Great Melbourne Telescope (48 inch) which at that time was the largest steerable telescope in world. There were problems with its size and image accuracy and by 1890 it was no longer used. As Melbourne increased in size the light from the city limited the use of the observatory for serious astronomy. The Great Melbourne Telescope was sold to the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Canberra in 1944. It was destroyed in a bushfire in 2003, but there are plans to rebuild it and set it up as a display at the Melbourne Observatory.

The Melbourne Observatory is no longer used, but the historic equipment is kept in working condition by the Astronomical Society of Victoria. This is an amateur group of volunteers interested in astronomy. They have regular tours, talks and observation nights using the telescopes. The historic buildings are now used as offices for the gardens, a cafe and a shop.

References

Other websites
 The Melbourne Observatory 

Observatories in Australia
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
1861 establishments in Australia
Matt Cooke

Matthew David Cooke (born September 7, 1978) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He plays for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks, Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins.

He is known as a pest because of his way of aggravating opponents. He has also faced many suspensions by the NHL. In 2009, He won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins.

Career statistics

Awards
He won a gold medal with Team Canada in the 2010 World Ice Hockey Championships.
He won the Stanley Cup in 2009. (Pittsburgh Penguins)

References

Other websites 

1978 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Ontario Hockey League players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Canucks players
Washington Capitals players
Radio frequency

The term Radio frequency refers to electromagnetic radiation in the range of frequencies lower than microwaves. Radio waves at these frequencies have been found useful for long-range communications. Among these frequencies, shortwave radio communications operate at frequencies that can be reflected by the ionosphere and therefore can bounce around the earth. Longwave frequencies are used for relatively short range communications such as the most ordinary of the commercial amplitude modulation (AM) radio stations. Their transmissions ordinarily do not get long bounces.

Different short-wave frequencies (with wavelengths shorter than 120 meters) can be reflected well and transmitted by long bounces around the world during times when different conditions prevail in the ionosphere. So transmitters for such organizations as VOA (Voice of America) and BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) will change operating frequencies from month to month and also from time to time during a 24 hour period.

Electromagnetic radiation
Radio technology
White-flippered penguin

The white-flippered penguin (Eudyptula minor albosignata) is a subspecies of the little penguin.  Their name comes from the unique white edges on their flippers (wings).

References

Penguins
Chris Nilan

Christopher John Nilan (born February 9, 1958 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American retired professional ice hockey forward. He played 15 seasons and 688 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Boston Bruins organizations. He won the Stanley Cup with the Montreal Canadiens in 1986. His nickname was "Knuckles" because he was to fight with other players.

References

Other websites

1958 births
American ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Boston, Massachusetts
Boston Bruins players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Stanley Cup champions
Solar telescope

A solar telescope is a special telescope used to look at the Sun. By using a range of special filters astronomers are able to study the Sun and look at sunspots and solar eclipses.  A solar telescope also known as a special telescope orbits space.

a) Hubble

b) Observing the X-ray Chandra

Telescopes
Dave Semenko

David John Semenko (July 12, 1957 – June 29, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre that played 2 seasons in the WHA and 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers and Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. He won back-to-back Stanley Cups in 1984 and 1985 with the Edmonton Oilers. Fans nicknamed Semenko "Cementhead" even though his official team nickname was always "Sammy".

Career statistics

Death
Semenko died on June 29, 2017, 13 days before his 60th birthday after a short battle with liver and pancreatic cancer.

References

Other websites
 

1957 births
2017 deaths
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Edmonton Oilers players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
World Hockey Association players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Seraikistan

Saraikistan (Saraiki, Punjabi, ) is a term used by few Saraikis to mean the southern region of the Punjab province of Pakistan.

References

Pakistan
Hexachlorobenzene

Hexachlorobenzene is an aromatic compound. The molecule structure  resembles benzene, except that hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine. It is a colorless powder that is produced using catalysis from Iron(III) chloride or from Hexachlorocyclohexane.  Hexachlorobenzene was used as a fungicide, mostly to treat cereals. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants forbids its production and use. The main reason for this restriction was that the outbreaks of rare diseases. Certain people eating food that had been treated became ill, and the illness could be linked to this substance. 

Carbon compounds
Chlorine compounds
Chlordane

Chlordane is an insecticide, introduced in 1947. It is an organochloride that acts like a contact poison. It can be produced using the Diels–Alder reaction, and has at least 147 constituents. Its main use was in treating seeds, e.g. of potatoes, wheat, or vegetables. It was also used for wood preservation, and against ants and termites. Chlordane only degrades slowly, which means that it is relatively easy to spread it over long distances. It accumulates in the body of animals, in mammals mostly in the nervous system and the liver. Chlordane has been shown to cause cancer in mice; it may cause cancer in humans. Chlordane is toxic. It is listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

References

Chemical compounds
Carcinogens
Aldrin

Aldrin is an insecticide, which was used against termites, locusts and the larvae of Click beetles. Most plants and animals convert it to Dieldrin. It is listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, its production, use and trade are banned since 2004. Aldrin is a neurotoxin. People inhaling it can develop headaches, but also seizures. In humans, Aldrin is converted to dieldrin in the liver. The change will mean that it can leave the body again. The problem is that the change is slow, and the half-life is about a year. Aldrin may be a teratogen, and it probably causes cancer.

Production
Aldrin is produced by combining hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction to give the adduct.

Aldrin is named after the German chemist Kurt Alder, one of the coinventors of this kind of reaction.  An estimated 270 million kilograms of aldrin and related cyclodiene pesticides were produced between 1946 and 1976.

In soil, on plant surfaces, or in the digestive tracts of insects, aldrin oxidizes to the epoxide, dieldrin. Dieldrin is more strongly insecticidal than aldrin.

References

Chemical compounds
Mirex

Mirex is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that was commercialized as an insecticide. It was later banned because it was harmful to the environment. This white crystalline odorless solid is a derivative of cyclopentadiene. It was popularized to control fire ants but by virtue of its chemical robustness and lipophilicity it was recognized as a bioaccumulative pollutant. However, the spread of the red imported fire ant was actually encouraged by the use of Mirex, as it also kills native ants that are highly competitive with the fire ants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency prohibited its use in 1976.

References

Hydrocarbons
Dieldrin

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally produced in 1948 by J. Hyman & Co, Denver, as an insecticide. Dieldrin is closely related to aldrin. Aldrin reacts further to form dieldrin. Aldrin is not toxic to insects; it is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin which is the active compound. Both dieldrin and aldrin are named after the Diels-Alder reaction which is used to form aldrin from a mixture of norbornadiene and hexachlorocyclopentadiene.

Dieldrin was developed as an alternative to DDT and has proved to be a highly effective insecticide. It was very widely used during the 1950s to early 1970s. Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin.

However, it is an extremely persistent organic pollutant; it does not degrade easily. Furthermore, it tends to biomagnify as it is passed along the food chain.  Long-term exposure has proven toxic to a very wide range of animals including humans. For this reason it is now banned in most of the world.

It has been linked to health problems such as Parkinson's disease, breast cancer, and immune, reproductive, and nervous system damage. It can also adversely affect testicular descent in the fetus if a pregnant woman is exposed to Dieldrin.

Dieldrin is listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Synthesis
It can be formed from the synthesis of hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene with norbornadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction, followed by epoxidation of the norbornene ring.

Dieldrin is named after Otto Paul Hermann Diels, the co-inventor of the Diels-Alder reaction.

References

Chemical compounds
Endrin

Endrin is an insecticide that was commonplace among cotton growers and for the treament of cereals. It was also used to kill rodents. It is a neurotoxin. It is a stereoisomer of Dieldrin. In the soil, it can take up to twelve years to decay. It is one of the twelve substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, and its production, trade and use is banned since 2004.

References

Chemical compounds
Organic compounds
Pollution
National Museum of Australia

The National Museum of Australia is a social history museum in Australia's capital city, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. It includes displays on the people of Australia, including the Indigenous Australians, the history of settlement and the environment. It was opened in 2001.

References

Other websites
 National Museum of Australia website 

National museums
Museums in Australia
Government agencies of Australia
Buildings and structures in Canberra
2001 establishments in Australia
Terminal Velocity (video game)

Terminal Velocity is a video game that was published by 3D Realms and was developed by Terminal Reality. The video game was released on May 1, 1995 and was released for the MS-DOS and Mac OS. The game is an arcade-style flight combat game, with simpler game controls and physics than most other flight simulators. The game is best known for it's fast and high-energy action sequences. The game takes place in the year 2704, when the ASFAR (Alliance of Space-Faring Alien Races), of which Earth is a member of, suddenly turns against Earth and their fleet ravages the planet and starts a war. The player has to fly a powerful starfighter called the TV-202, in a series of missions to defeat the enemy. A huge supercomputer known as X.I. (Xenocidic Initiative) is responsible for the war and the final mission is to destroy it.

Other websites
Official website 

1995 video games
DOS games
Star Fox 64

(also known as Lylat Wars in Australia and Europe) is a video game that was published by Nintendo and was developed by Nintendo EAD. The game was released on April 27, 1997 in Japan, June 30, 1997 in North America, October 20, 1997 in Europe, and October 20, 1997 in Australasia for the Nintendo 64. The game is a reboot of the original Star Fox for the SNES and is the first in the Star Fox series to be released on the Nintendo 64. Star Fox 64 was also the first Nintendo 64 game to include a Rumble Pak. The game received positive reviews with a 8.3 out of ten by GameSpot and 88 out of 100 from Metacritic. The game was ranked as #73 on Nintendo Power's "Top 200 Nintendo Games Ever" and was also listed as the 45th greatest game of all time by Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition in 2009.

Star Fox 64 3D
 is a remake released for the Nintendo 3DS console. It was released between July and September 2011. It includes use of the console's touch screen and better graphics.

References

Other websites
Official website (archive)

1997 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Virtual Console games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Star Fox
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey

Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey is a 1993 animal-adventure movie that was produced by Jeffrey Chernov and Franklin R. Levy and was directed by Duwayne Dunham. Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey was released on February 3, 1993 in North America. It is a remake of the 1963 movie, The Incredible Journey which was based on the novel of the same name. The movie was xxxxxxxxxx the 1996 movie, Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco. The movie received positive reviews with a 87% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

References

Other websites 

1993 movies
American adventure movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies about animals
Teltow

Teltow is a place in Germany. The population is around 4,000 and it is in the province of Potsdam-Mittelmark.

References
Eric Carle

Eric Carle (June 25, 1929 – May 23, 2021) was an American children's author and illustrator. Carle illustrated more than 70 books with some being best sellers. More than 102 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. His best known work is the 1969 book, The Very Hungry Caterpillar which has been translated into over 50 different languages. 

Carle was born in Syracuse, New York. He was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War and was stationed in Germany with the Second Armored Division and was appointed the position of mail clerk. Carle had a son and a daughter.

Carle died on May 23, 2021 at his studio home in Northampton, Massachusetts from kidney failure aged 91.

References

Website
Official website

1929 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American children's writers
Writers from New York
People from Syracuse, New York
American illustrators
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
American military personnel of the Korean War
The Very Hungry Caterpillar

The Very Hungry Caterpillar is a children's book by American writer Eric Carle. It is Carle's most famous book, it has been translated into over 50 different languages and has sold 30 million copies worldwide. The book is about a caterpillar that eats food until pupating and becoming a butterfly. The book was inspired by a hole puncher. The New York Times named it as one of the "Ten Best Picture Books of the Year" in 1969. Google celebrated the book's 40th anniversary in 2009 by changing the logo on its main search page to the style used in the book.

References

Other websites
 The Very Hungry Caterpillar reviews 

1969 books
English-language picture books
Children's books
Children's picture books
1920 Duluth lynchings

The 1920 Duluth lynchings occurred when a mob attacked and lynched three black circus workers in Duluth, Minnesota. Beforehand there were rumours that black people had raped a teenager.  A physician who examined the girl found no evidence of rape or assault.

The killings shocked the country, particularly because they had occurred in the northern United States. Four other lynchings had occurred in Minnesota before that time. In 2003, the city of Duluth erected a memorial to the murdered workers.

References

1920 in the United States
Deaths by hanging
Duluth, Minnesota
Murder in the United States
20th century in Minnesota
Lynching
Lynching

Lynching is the execution of a person or persons, by the people of an area without the use of a court trial. Often the people lynched have been hanged. Other forms of lynching include being dragged to death behind a car, burning and use of a gun. What makes the execution a lynching is the nature of it being done without a court trial by people who believe the accused is guilty of a crime. Lynchings have been used in the southern states of the United States of America against African Americans during the time of slavery but more commonly after the abolition of slavery during the time of civil rights activism and the times of the various Ku Klux Klans. Lynching continues to be a problem to this day, and is not just limited to southern states. Lynching is murder, and many times the people who do it are never punished. One horrific example of Lynching is Lynching of Jesse Washington.

Lynching in the United States

United States lynchings rose in number after the American Civil War in the early-to-mid 1860s.

Most lynchings went down by the 1950s.

Most lynchings were of African American men in the South. But women were also lynched. Also, white lynchings of blacks happened in the Midwest and Border States. Sometimes whites were also lynched. There were also lynchings of Native Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans in the West, including California.

References

Civil rights

Lynching
MERLIN

MERLIN, the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network, is an array of radio telescopes. It is spread across Great Britain. There are seven radio telescopes in the array. MERLIN is run by Jodrell Bank Observatory, by the University of Manchester. It is run as a national facility on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council.

References

Other websites 

Telescopes
Grouped data

Grouped data is a statistical term used in data analysis. Raw data can be organized by grouping together similar measurements in a table. This frequency table is also called grouped data.

Example 
For example, someone gave a group of students a simple math question, and timed how long it took them to answer it. The numbers are below:

The smallest amount of time was 8 seconds, and the largest was 34 seconds. One method we could use to analyze the needed time is to group close numbers together. In order to keep the analysis fair, we'll make each group be the same number of seconds. We can then count how many students fell in each group. For example, if we organized scores into 5 second ranges:

Another way to group data is to organize the scores data into groups based on their performance. Suppose there are three types of students:
 Smart (5 to 14 seconds)
 Normal (15 to 24 seconds)
 Below average (25 or more seconds)

then the grouped data looks like the following:

Mean of grouped data 
An estimate, , of the mean can be calculated from grouped data.

x refers to the mid-point of the class intervals
f is the class frequency.

Note that this estimated mean may be different from the sample mean of the ungrouped data. The mean of the grouped data in the above example can be calculated as follows:

Therefore, the mean of the grouped data is

Related pages
Data binning
Level of measurement
Frequency distribution
Discretization of continuous features

Notes

References
Newbold, P., W. Carlson and B. Thorne (2009) Statistics for Business and Economics, Seventh edition, Pearson Education. .

R

Statistics
Kim Hyun-Soo

Kim Hyun-Soo () is a Korean name. The surname is Kim (), and the given name is Hyun-Soo (). It is usually thought of as a unisex name. It can also be spelled as Kim Hyun-Su, Kim Hyeon-Soo or Kim Hyeon-Su.

Notable people with the given name Kim Hyun-soo 
 Kim Hyun-Su (born February 1973) (born on February 1973), an association football player, formerly of Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors.
 Kim Hyun-Soo (born March 1973) (born on March 1973), an association football player, formerly of Daegu FC
 Kim Hyun-Soo (baseball) (born 1988), a baseball player as a left fielder for the Doosan Bears.

Names
Epitech

École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies, commonly named EPITECH, is a French private college establishment in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (close to Paris), Bordeaux, Rennes, Marseille, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Nantes, Nice, Strasbourg, Saint-André, Réunion and Toulouse, France.

EPITECH is specialized in the different fields of IT. The school is part of IONIS Education Group.

References

Schools in France
1999 establishments in France
Réunion
École spéciale de mécanique et électricité

École spéciale de mécanique et électricité, commonly named ESME-Sudria, is a French private high school establishment located in Paris, Ivry-sur-Seine, Bordeaux, Lille and Lyon, France.

ESME-Sudria is specialized in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, mechanics, telecommunications, and computer engineering. The school is part of IONIS Education Group.

List of ESME Sudria heads
 Joachim Sudria	: 1905 - 1950
 Pierre Doceul : 1950 - 1980
 Jean Doceul : 1980 - 2003
 Hervé Laborne : 2003 - 2011
 Roger Ceschi : 2011 - 2014
 Eric Simon : 2014 - 2015
 Véronique Bonnet : Since 2015

Notable Alumni
 Marc Sellam (1974), founder and current President of IONIS Education Group.

References

Schools in France
1905 establishments in France
Conférence des Grandes Écoles

The Conference des Grandes Écoles (CGE) is an association of Grandes écoles of engineering and management, all recognized by the state and delivering a national degree after at least 5 years of higher education. Some companies, alumni associations and organizations are also member of CGE. It also organizes the Mastère Spécialisé, the Mastère en sciences and the BADGE programs.

References

Further reading
 Official website

Education in France
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)

The Winnipeg Jets were a professional ice hockey team from Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Jets played in the National Hockey League for 17 seasons before being relocated to Phoenix, Arizona and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996. A new Winnipeg Jets team was relocated back to Winnipeg from the Atlanta Thrashers in 2011.

References

1972 establishments in Canada
1996 disestablishments in North America
1990s disestablishments in Canada
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Canada
Sport in Manitoba
World Hockey Association teams
F♯ (musical note)

F♯ (eff-sharp or F-sharp; also known as fa dièse or fi) is the seventh semitone of the solfège.

It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to Sol Bémol or G (G-flat).

Related pages
F-sharp major
F-sharp minor

Musical notes
A (musical note)

La or A is the sixth note of the solfège. "A" is generally used as a standard for tuning. When the orchestra tunes, the oboe plays an "A" and the rest of the instruments tune to match that pitch. Every string instrument in the orchestra has an A string, from which each player can tune the rest of their instrument.

A0 is the lowest note on the standard piano. The octaves follow A1, A2, etc.. A7 is a few pitches lower than C8, the highest note on the standard piano. The note "A" is not considered to be a certain milestone or mark to hit with voice as, for example, Tenor C is, but it can be extremely demanding in certain octaves.

Designation by octave

Common scales beginning on A
A Major: A B C D E F G A 
A Natural Minor: A B C D E F G A 
A Harmonic Minor: A B C D E F G A 
A Melodic Minor Ascending: A B C D E F G A
A Melodic Minor Descending: A G F E D C B A
A Dorian: A B C D E F G A

Related pages
A major
A minor

Other websites
Standard Pitch or Concert Pitch for Pianos by Barrie Heaton
Virginia Tech Music Dictionary: A 

Musical notes
Gene silencing

Gene silencing is a general term describing epigenetic processes of gene regulation. It is used to describe the "switching off" of a gene by a mechanism other than genetic engineering. That is, a gene which would be expressed ("turned on") under normal circumstances is switched off by machinery in the cell. When a gene is silenced it means that its RNA is unable to make a protein.

Genes are regulated at either the transcriptional stage, or later, before translation.  

Transcriptional gene silencing is done by histone modifications, which put heterochromatin around a gene. This means the transcriptional machinery (RNA polymerase, transcription factors, etc.) cannot get at the gene. Genes may be silenced by DNA methylation. This happens regularly during development, when genes are turned on and off at different stages.

Post-transcriptional gene silencing is done by blocking or destroying the mRNA of a particular gene. The destruction of the mRNA prevents translation to form an active gene product (in most cases, a protein). A common way mRNA gets silenced is by RNAi. 

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing are used to regulate genes. Methods of gene silencing also protect the organism's genome from transposons and viruses. Gene silencing thus may be part of an ancient immune system protecting cells from such infectious DNA and RNA.

Cell biology
Molecular biology
Neurospora

Neurospora is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. The best known species in this genus is Neurospora crassa, a common model organism in genetics and molecular biology.

The first published account of this fungus was from an infestation of French bakeries in 1843.

N. crassa is used as a model organism because it is easy to grow and has a haploid life cycle that makes genetic analysis simple since recessive traits will show up in the offspring. Analysis of genetic recombination is facilitated by the ordered arrangement of the products of meiosis in Neurospora ascospores. Its entire genome of seven chromosomes has been sequenced.

Neurospora was used by Edward Tatum and George Wells Beadle in their experiments for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958. Beadle and Tatum exposed N. crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. They then observed failures in metabolic pathways caused by errors in specific enzymes. This led them to propose the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis that specific genes code for specific proteins.  Their hypothesis was later elaborated to enzyme pathways by Norman Horowitz, also working on Neurospora.

In the 24 April 2003 issue of Nature, the genome of N. crassa was reported as completely sequenced. The genome is about 43 megabases long and includes approximately 10,000 genes. There is a project underway to produce strains containing knockout mutants of every N. crassa gene.

In its natural environment, N. crassa lives mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It can be found growing on dead plant matter after fires. Neurospora is actively used in research around the world. It is important in the elucidation of molecular events involved in circadian rhythms, epigenetics and gene silencing, cell polarity, cell fusion, development, as well as many aspects of cell biology and biochemistry.

Strains and other materials for working with Neurospora are available from the
Fungal Genetics Stock Center

References 

Fungi
Model organisms
Rosemont, Illinois

Rosemont is a village in Illinois in the United States. It is near the O'Hare Airport, just northwest of Chicago.  The Allstate Arena is in Rosemont.

References

Villages in Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Satellite television

Satellite television is a way of sending television signals.  Television channels go to a ground station, which sends them by radio waves to a communications satellite in space.  The satellite then transmits that signal back to earth. People with a satellite dish can receive the signals.  Very often, satellite television is provided as a pay television service (especially to places where cable TV is not available).  Here are some examples:
 Sky (UK)
 Freesat (UK)
 Dish Network (US)
 Astro (satellite TV)

Television technology
ITV Granada

Granada Television was a television production company. It owned an ITV television channel of the same name. It produced a number of shows for many television stations (like Channel 4 and Sky). The company is now known as ITV Studios, which is owned by ITV plc. Granada's best known programme is the long-running soap opera Coronation Street. 

Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Entertainment companies
Heptachlor

Heptachlor is an insecticide. It was used against ants, termites, against mosquitos of the genus Anopheles, that can spread malaria and as a general pesticide.  In humans, heptachlor damages the liver, and the central nervous system. It may cause cancer. It is sold as a powder. The Diels-Alder reaction is used to produce it. The compound is very stable and can stay in the environment for decades. 

Hepltachlor is one of the substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Chemical compounds
Magellan Telescopes

The Magellan Telescopes are two 6.5 meter diameter optical telescopes at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. The two were named after the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan. Each telescope is also named; the Baade after astronomer Walter Baade, and the Clay after the philanthropist Landon T. Clay.

First light for the telescopes was on September 15, 2000 for the Baade, and September 7, 2002 for the Clay.

The Carnegie Institution for Science, University of Arizona, Harvard University, University of Michigan and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology worked together to build and operate the twin telescopes.

The Magellan Planet Search Program is looking for planets using a spectrograph mounted on the 6.5m Magellan II (Clay) telescope.

References

Other websites
 Magellan Project homepage

Telescopes
Astronomical observatories in Chile
Las Campanas Observatory

Las Campanas Observatory  is an astronomical observatory in the southern Atacama desert in Chile.  It is owned and operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science. It was built in 1969 as the main observing site for the Carnegie Institution for Science. The headquarters are located in La Serena, Chile and the observatory is about  northeast of the city. The observatory is at  above sea level.

On February 24, 1987, Ian Shelton and Oscar Duhalde first saw the Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A).

Telescopes
 Magellan Telescopes — Two 6.5m telescopes, Magellan 1 named after Walter Baade and Magellan II after Landon Clay
 Du Pont Telescope — 2.5-meter (100-inch), named after Irénée du Pont and in operation since 1977 
 Swope Telescope — 1m, named after Henrietta Swope
 Warsaw Telescope — 1.3 m, owned by Warsaw University Observatory
 Giant Magellan Telescope (under construction) — 24.5 m effective (seven 8.4 m segments)
 NANTEN Telescope (closed) — 4m millimeter-wavelength radio telescope, transported to Atacama desert, Chile.

There are also the small "Pi of the sky" wide-angle cameras that filmed the gamma ray burst GRB 080319B in 2008. This was the largest explosion ever seen in the Universe, and could have been seen without a telescope.

Other websites
Las Campanas Observatory 
Carnegie Institution for Science

References

Astronomical observatories in Chile
Tyler Perry

Tyler Perry (born September 13, 1969 in New Orleans) is an American playwright and actor, whose work plays are usually for encouragement to African Americans. Having started writing plays at age 18, Perry created a successful touring theater company, videos of whose performances were sold on DVD. As of March 2005, the plays had grossed over $75 million in ticket and DVD sales. He is well known for his plays on Madea.  At age 16, he had his first name legally changed from Emmitt to Tyler in an effort to distance himself from his father.

Filmography

Film work

Play work

Television work

References

Other websites 
Tyler Perry Official website
Tyler Perry's 34th Street Films Official website

Interview with Tyler Perry on beliefnet.com

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Louisiana
African American actors
African American movie directors
African American movie producers
African American writers
American Christians
Screenwriters from Louisiana
Writers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Be Easy

"Be Easy" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song peaked at number four on the Canadian Singles Chart, number 70 on the German Singles Chart and number 24 on the Portuguese Singles Chart. The song became the second single from Massari (2005). The music video won "Best Pop Video of the Year" at the 2006 MuchMusic Video Awards.

Charts

References

Massari
2005 songs
Smile for Me

"Smile for Me" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song was the lead single from Massari (2005).

Charts

References 

Massari
2005 songs
Massari (album)

Massari () is the debut album by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. It was released in 2005. It was certified gold for selling 50,000 copies in Canada.

Track listing

References

2005 albums
Debut albums
Massari
R&B albums
Pop albums
Hip hop albums
Spectrograph

A spectrograph  is an instrument that breaks up a wave into a frequency spectrum. These could be sound, light or radio waves. For example the frequency spectrum of light is the brightness (intensity) and the amount of each colour. There are several kinds of machines called spectrographs, used to look at different waves. The term was first used in 1884.

A spectrograph is closely related to a polychromator.

Spectrographs and astronomy
In astronomy, the first spectrographs used photographic paper as the detector. The star spectral classification and discovery of the main sequence, Hubble's law and the Hubble sequence were all made using photographic paper. The plant pigment phytochrome was discovered using a spectrograph that used living plants as the detector. New spectrographs use electronic detectors, such as CCDs which can be used for both visible and UV light. The type of detector depends on the wavelengths of light to be recorded.

Echelle spectrograph
An echelle spectrograph is a special machine which is able to break up light waves, with a high resolution and little interference. It does this by using very narrow slits which breaks light into beams, and then breaking up those beams again.

References

 James, John (2007), Spectrograph Design Fundamentals (Cambridge University Press)

Other websites
Spectrograph for astronomical Spectra 

Astronomy
Physics
Ken Mogi

is a Japanese scientist. He studies the human brain. He works a researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratories and teaches at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Life
Mogi was born 20 October 1962 in Nakano Ward, Tokyo. His family soon moved to Kasukabe, Saitama where he grew up. He has an unusual hairstyle and cuts his own hair.

Studies
He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1985 with a degree in science and in 1987 with a degree in law. Mogi earned his Ph.D. in 1992. His thesis was called "Mathematical Model of Muscle Contraction".

Legal problems
In 2009, Japan's National Tax Agency said that Mogi had broken tax laws. Mogi did not pay all of his taxes for three years. He tried to hide income of ¥400,000,000. NHK fired Mogi from a TV program because of his bad behavior.

References 

1962 births
Living people
Scientists from Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni