cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Forest, Ontario

Forest, Ontario is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.

History
Forest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.

Industry
The industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturing plants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.

Population
In 2001, the last year that Forest was a national census unit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. Information for Forest itself is not available.

Education
Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools.

Recreation and tourism
There are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tennis courts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golf course is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a  drive.

Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called The Promise in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides.

Towns in Ontario
Soul music

Soul music is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues, gospel music and pop music. It started in the 1960s in the United States. Features of Soul Music are call and response, hand claps, body movement and a tense vocal sound.

Ray Charles is said to be inventor of Soul with his song "I Got a Woman".
Soul is energetic music with main subjects of lyrics being love, dance and life.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame states that soul is "music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm & blues into a form of funky, secular testifying."
Recently, singers like Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse and Adele are known as Blue Eyed Soul singers.
In some variations of soul brass and saxophones are used a lot.

Notable artists 
Ray Charles
James Brown
Wilson Picket
Marvin Gaye
Smokey Robinson
Aretha Franklin
Major Lance

Related pages 
Funk
R&B
Reggae
Hip Hop

References 

Music genres
Garni

Garni ("Գառնի" in Armenian) is a village in the Armenian province of Kotayk'.

Other websites 
Garni at Armenica.org

Settlements in Armenia
Irredentism

Irredentism is the desire of a state or some of its people in a state for the annexation of land of another state. Those who want the land say that it really belongs to them because the other state stole it, or they wish to liberate the people who live there who have the same ethnicity or some other connection.

The term was invented in the 1870s, when the unification of Italy left out Italians who lived in Austria-Hungary.

International relations
Territorial disputes
Nationalism
Greater Armenia (political concept)

Greater Armenia or United Armenia is an Armenian irredentist political goal aimed at uniting all territories perceived as "historically or ethnically Armenian" to the Republic of Armenia.

Related pages
 Armenian Genocide

Middle East
Nationalism
Fume hood

A fume hood or fume cupboard is a large piece of scientific equipment common to chemistry laboratories. Fume hoods stop a person coming into contact with hazardous fumes. They contain an air pump that sucks fumes away from the person using them.

Fume hoods have a large glass window that is opened when a scientist needs to get inside. The window protects the scientist from splashes of chemicals or explosions that could harm them. Most chemical reactions are done inside a fume hood.

Other websites
University of Louisville's Chemical Hood User's Guide
Information from the University of Bath in the UK 

Laboratory equipment
Ghevont Alishan

Father Ghevont Alishan () (July 6, 1820 – November 9, 1901; also spelled Ghevond Alishan) was an ordained Armenian Catholic priest, historian and a poet. In 1885, Alishan created the first modern Armenian flag.

1820 births
1901 deaths
Armenian poets
Armenian historians
Christian clergy
Eastern Catholics
Armenian Catholic Church

The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church sui juris within the Catholic Church. Its headquarters are in Bzoummar, Lebanon. The union was established in the Council of Florence, in 1439. During the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1918, its followers were scattered, mainly to Syria and Lebanon. Many Armenians also fled to Georgia and Ukraine. In 1991, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Pope John Paul II merged  the churches in Georgia and Ukraine with those in Armenia. He created a new eparchy of Armenia and Eastern Europe. There is a seminary in Gyumri, the largest city in Armenia. At the same time Catholic Armenians in Georgia de facto entered this newly formed diocese.The city of Gymuri was chosen because most Catholic Armenians live in the north of the country.

Many Armenians emigrated to the United States and Canada, mainly in the 1970s. For this reason, Pope Benedict XVI created a diocese for these people. It is responsible for about 35.000 people in the US, and about 10.000 in Canada. 

The church uses the Armenian Rite and the Armenian language for its services. 

The current Patriarch of the church is Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni.

Other websites 
Official web site
Armenian Apostolic Church Library

Eastern Catholicism
Armin T. Wegner

Armin T. Wegner (October 16 1886 – May 17 1978) was a soldier in World War I, a writer and a co-creator of German Expressionism, a political activist for Armenian and Jewish human rights, and a victim of Nazi persecution.

He was a war reporter for several German newspapers at the same time. While staying in Turkey, he saw the genocide of Armenians with his own eyes.

After Hitler came to power, Wegner was against the fascists, and spoke against the treatment of Jews. After writing a letter to Hitler, he was arrested and tortured. Wegner survived and escaped and was based in England, and in Italy after the end of World War II.

Other websites 
Armin T. Wegner Society
Biography of Armin T. Wegner
Armin T. Wegner at Yad Vashem website

1886 births
1978 deaths
Armenian Genocide
German journalists
German people of World War II
German political activists
German writers
Holocaust survivors
Humanitarians
Activism

Activism is an action to make a change, or stop a change, in society. It can be trying to make a government change its laws, or trying to make people change what they do. There are many forms of activism. Activism is most associated with protests.

Activist demonstrative forms of activism includes rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes. When activism is linked to art, the action, in street art is called artivism.

Related page 
Lobbying
Social movement

Activism
Assyrian people

Assyrians, also known as Syriacs-Arameans and Chaldeans, are an ethnic group whose origins remain in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but who have gone to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands more live in Assyrian diaspora and Iraqi refugee communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Related pages
 Assyrian empire 
 Assyrian Genocide

References
Assyria

In the Middle Bronze Age,Assyria was a city state on the Upper Tigris river, named after its capital, the ancient city of Assur.  

The Assyrians were just to the north of their rivals, the Babylonians. All the kingdoms of ancient Mesopotamia used the cuneiform writing system invented by the Sumerians.

Assyrian people 
Assyrians are an ethnic group whose descendents remain in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but who have gone to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands more live in Assyrian Diaspora and Iraqi Refugees Communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, The United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Related pages
Assyrian genocide
Nineveh

 
Former countries in the Middle East
Yuri Andropov

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984) was a Soviet politician. He was born in Nagutskoye, Russian SFSR.

Andropov was Director of the KGB for an unusually long time:  19671982 (Jan-May). He was General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death fifteen months later. He had diabetes mellitus and died of renal failure in Moscow, Russian SFSR.

References

1914 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Directors of intelligence agencies
Former dictators
Russian communists
Russian politicians
Soviet politicians
Time People of the Year
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Van, Turkey

Van (Armenian ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province. It is on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city's population in 2005 was 284,464. According to the Encyclopedia of the Orient, Kurds form the majority though no census based on ethnicity was ever held in Turkey.

Other websites 
Plan of Van city as it was before 1915

Cities in Turkey
Van Province

Van () is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and has a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010. Kurds form the majority.

History 
In the 9th century BC, the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. For centuries after that, the area was a major Armenian population center. After World War I Armenian population was forced to leave and was cleansed during the Armenian Genocide.

Related pages
 Van Resistance

Sources

Other websites 

 Pictures of the capital of this province

Provinces of Turkey
Kurdistan
Urartian language

Urartian is the name for the language spoken by the people of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in northeast Anatolia (present-day Turkey), in the region of Lake Van.

Urartian was a language isolate, which was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, but a member of the Hurro-Urartian family.

There is a hypothesis that suggests that besides the cuneiform inscriptions of the Urartian language, Urartu had a native hieroglyphic writing system. Armenian scientist Artak Movsisyan published a partial attempt deciphering of Urartian hieroglyphs, saying that they were written in an early form of Armenian.

Related pages
Urartu

More reading 
C. B. F. Walker: section Cuneiform in Reading the Past. Published by British Museum Press, 1996, .
J. Friedrich: Urartäisch, in Handbuch der Orientalistik I, ii, 1-2, pp. 31–53. Leiden, 1969.
Gernot Wilhelm: Urartian, in R. Woodard (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages. Cambridge, 2004.
Mirjo Salvini: Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1995.

Other websites 
Urartian hieroglyphs hypothesis

Urartu
Yamaha Corporation

Yamaha is a Japanese multinational company that makes different products, including musical instruments such as keyboards.

Yamaha was founded in 1887 by Torakusu Yamaha. Yamaha started when the founder Torasku Yamaha when he successfully completed the first reed organ It was named Nippon Gakki Company, Limited and produced pianos and reed organs at that time. In October 1987, on the 100th anniversary, its name was changed to The Yamaha Corporation. Yamaha produces several musical instruments including keyboards, flutes, guitars and things in a band. Yamaha also produces motorbikes, as well as the voice synthesizer Vocaloid. Yamaha is a big corporation and was founded 125 years ago.

In 1989, Yamaha shipped the world's first CD recorder.

References 

1887 establishments
Companies of Japan
Musical instrument makers
1880s establishments in Japan
Grease (movie)

Grease is a 1978 American romantic comedy musical movie directed by Randal Kleiser and produced by Robert Stigwood. The movie tells the story of high-schoolers Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Danny (John Travolta), Frenchy (Didi Conn) and Sandy (Olivia Newton-John).

Release dates

Plot 
Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and Sandra Dee (Olivia Newton-John) meet in Los Angeles, California in summer 1959 and they fall in love. When Sandy has to leave to go back to Australia, they believe it is the end of their romance. However, Sandy gets transferred to his school and they meet again. When Danny sees Sandy again he acts as if he does not care about her. He does this to keep up his reputation, but Sandy does not know this and wishes she has never met him. She and Danny date on and off, but Sandy becomes frustrated with him because of the way he treats her. At the end of the movie, Sandy transforms herself into the kind of woman Danny could truly love forever and they get back together after much heartbreak and trivial matters.

Other websites 

1978 comedy movies
1970s musical movies
1978 romance movies
1970s teen movies
American high school movies
American musical comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1950s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Randal Kleiser
Eastern Time Zone

Eastern Time Zone (ET) is the time zone for the eastern part of the Americas including the United States, Canada and parts of South America and the Caribbean. ET is five hours behind UTC in winter, which is called Eastern Standard Time (EST). It is four hours behind UTC during summer Daylight saving time, when it is called Eastern Daylight Time (EDT).

The largest city in the Eastern Time Zone is New York City, which is the largest city in the United States. The New York metropolitan area is the largest in the zone.

Usage

North America

Canada
In Canada, the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone:
 Ontario (except areas west of Thunder Bay but including Atikokan)
 Quebec (except far eastern Côte-Nord and the Magdalen Is.)
 East-central Nunavut (including part of Melville Pen. and most of Ellesmere and Baffin Is., including Iqaluit; Southampton Island does not observe Daylight saving time)

United States
In the United States, the following states are part of the Eastern Time Zone:

Parts of several other states use Eastern Time as well:
 nearly all of Florida except for the west border with Alabama 
 most of Indiana (all except the Evansville area and the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois)
 eastern half of Kentucky
 all of Michigan except the four counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, Menominee).
 the eastern third of Tennessee
 some towns in eastern Alabama, including Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley, observe Eastern Time, although they are officially in the Central Time Zone. The main reason for this is because they are close to Columbus, Georgia, which is in the Eastern Time Zone.

Other countries
The following countries that use Eastern Time Zone include:

 Mexico - the eastern state of Quintana Roo also followed EST for a brief period in the 1990s
 Panama
 Jamaica
 Haiti
The Dominican Republic
 Cuba
 the Bahamas
 Not all Caribbean countries observe Daylight saving time.

South America
In South America this time zone is observed in: 
 Colombia
 Ecuador (except Galápagos)
 Peru
 Parts of Brazil:
 the state of Acre
 Amazonas - the southwestern region of the state.

Major Metropolitan areas

References

Time zones
Armenian Legion

The Armenian Legion () or Armenische Legion was the name given to the 812th Armenian Battalion which was a foreign unit comprised of several thousand men.

Leaders Kanayan and Garegin Njdeh counted the support of over 18,000 Armenians.

In addition to this exclusively Armenian unit, Nazi Armenians also served in the thirty eight other SS divisions, including the elite Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler.

Related pages
French Armenian Legion

Military of Armenia
Nazi Germany
History of Armenia
1944
Garegin Njdeh

Garegin Njdeh (, real name: Garegin Ter-Harutiunian, 1 January 1886 - late 1955) was an Armenian statesman, military, and political thinker. He was a native of Nakhchivan.

Death 
Njdeh fled Armenia after the triumph of Bolsheviks, and was involved in patriotic activities in Iran, Bulgaria and the United States. A controversial person, he was expelled from Dashnak party. Njdeh was very much against communism. He worked with Nazi Germans during the World War II. He was arrested in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1944 and sent to Moscow, then to Yerevan. He spent the rest of his life in prison in the Russian city of Vladimir, where he dide in 1955.

Armenian politicians
1886 births
1955 deaths
Drastamat Kanayan

General Drastamat Kanayan (May 31, 1884 – March 8, 1956) was an Armenian  politician, revolutionary, and general. He was the commander of the Armenian Legion of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany and part of Armenian national liberation movement.

Drastamat Kanayan was born in Iğdır, Surmalu, Russian Empire (present-day Turkey) in 1884.

Armenian politicians
1884 births
1956 deaths
Armenian Genocide
Armenian military people
Assassins
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
German people of World War II
Terrorists
Jack White

Jack White (born John Anthony Gillis, July 9, 1975 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American singer, guitarist, composer and actor. He is best known as one half of The White Stripes with his ex-wife Meg White.

Because of his successful career with The White Stripes, he has gotten the chance to work many other famous musicians, including Bob Dylan and Loretta Lynn. He has performed many different genres of music, including blues music, folk music, alternative rock, garage rock, and indie music, among other music, in his songs. 

He married model Karen Elson in 2005. They currently have two children, Scarlett Teresa White and Henry Lee White. As of today, they live in Nashville, Tennessee.

Other websites 

1975 births
Living people
American guitarists
American songwriters
American composers
American movie actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Meg White

Meg White was born on December 10, 1974 in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. She is an American drummer and vocalist. She is one half of The White Stripes with her ex-husband Jack White.

Meg's playful yet simple style of drumming has drawn so much debate about her ability that is referenced in the movie School of Rock. In reference to her simple approach to drumming, Meg said "That is my strength. A lot of drummers would feel weird about being that simplistic."

1974 births
Living people
Singers from Michigan
American drummers
Musicians from Michigan
American rock musicians
American blues musicians
Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was sepatated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.

The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Time in Australia

Mainland Australia has three official time zones. The full names of the time zones are usually shortened by dropping the Australian.  Most Australian external territories are in different time zones.  Many parts of Australia have daylight saving time.

History
The three official standard time zones were set up in February 1895.

Originally South Australia was nine hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) but in May 1899 they added another thirty minutes to that.  Some people have disliked having this non-whole number of hours difference.  In 1986 and 1994 they tried to take the thirty minutes away again or add another thirty minutes but they failed.

When the Australian Capital Territory separated from New South Wales they kept using Eastern Standard Time.  When the Northern Territory separated from South Australia they kept using Central Standard Time.

Changes
There have been some other changes.
Broken Hill in far-western New South Wales uses Central Standard Time.
Lord Howe Island sets its clocks 10:30 ahead of GMT. 
Some towns on the Eyre Highway in the south-east corner of Western Australia, between  the South Australian border almost as far as Caiguna, use Central Western Standard Time.  This is an unofficial time zone 45 minutes ahead of the official Western Australian time.
The Indian Pacific train has its own time zone when travelling between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta.  They call it "train time".

Outside territories

Australia's many outside territories follow their own time zones.  None follow daylight saving time.

Daylight saving time
South Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania use daylight saving time every year.  In these regions daylight saving time begins on the first Sunday in October at 2:00 am local standard time, and ends on the first Sunday in April at 3:00 am local daylight saving time.  The starting and finishing times are sometimes changed when there are special events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, in Australia.

The Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia do not have daylight saving time.  People living in the northern parts of Australia tend not to be in favour of daylight saving.

References 
 The Australian National Time System National Standards Commission Leaflet No. 8, January 2003. Linked via Wayback machine
  NSW Legislative Council Hansard, 2 March 2005 
 Daylight Saving Petitions 
 Daylight Saving Time History of daylight saving time implementation dates at the Bureau of Meteorology website.

Other websites
Time Zones in Australia

Time zones
Australia
Human sacrifice

Human sacrifice is the act of killing a human being as an offering to a deity or other, normally supernatural, power.

It was practiced in many ancient cultures. The practice was different in different cultures.
Some like the Mayans and Aztecs are notorious for their ritual killings, others have looked down on the practice as primitive.

Victims were ritually killed in a manner that was supposed to please or appease gods or spirits. Victims ranged from prisoners to infants to Vestal Virgins whose stomach's were cut open, with a dull,stone knife and their hearts were burned.

Over time human sacrifice has become less common around the world, and sacrifices are now very rare. Most religions condemn the practice and present-day laws generally treat it as a criminal matter. Nonetheless it is still occasionally seen today, especially in the least developed areas of the world where traditional beliefs persist.

Phoenicia
The ancient Middle Eastern kingdom of Phoenicia practiced sacrifice of children to their god Moloch. It was believed to be evil by the Jewish authors of the Bible.

Aztec
The Aztecs were particularly noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale; an offering to Huitzilopochtli would be made to restore the blood he lost, as the sun was engaged in a daily battle. Human sacrifices would prevent the end of the world that could happen on each cycle of 52 years. In the 1487 re-consecration of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan many prisoners were sacrificed.

Tlaloc
Tlaloc would require weeping boys in the first months of the Aztec calendar to be ritually murdered.

Inca empire
A number of mummies of sacrificed children have been recovered in the Inca regions of South America.

References

Articles
 “Indian cult kills children for goddess: Holy men blamed for inciting dozens of deaths”, The Observer (United Kingdom newspaper) Dan McDougall in Khurja, India, Sunday March 5, 2006
 Heinsohn, Gunnar: “The Rise of Blood Sacrifice and Priest Kingship in Mesopotamia: A Cosmic Decree?” (also published in Religion, Vol. 22, 1992)

Books
 Dying for the Gods, Miranda Aldhouse Green; Trafalgar Square; 2001, 
 Cenote of Sacrifices, Clemency Coggins and Orrin C. Shane III ; 1984 The university of Texas Press; 
 Violence and the Sacred, Rene Girard, translated by P. Gregory; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, 
 I See Satan Fall Like Lightning, René Girard, Translated by James G. Williams; Orbis Books; 2001, 
 The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy Ronald Hutton, 1991, 
 Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece Dennis D. Hughes 1991 Routledge 
 City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization, David Carrasco,  Moughton Mifflin, 2000,

Related pages
Cannibalism
Crucifixion of Jesus
Sacrifice

References

Other websites

TIME Asia Magazine: Killing for “Mother” Kali 
Indian temple revives “human sacrifice”
Witch Burning and Human Sacrifice in India, PDF
“Priest makes human sacrifice”
 Human sacrifice of children 

Superstitions
Tomomi Kahala

Tomomi Kahala, sometimes spelled Kahara ( Kahara Tomomi born August 17, 1974 in Tokyo) is a Japanese female singer. Her nickname is "Tomochan", and special skill is Horse riding. Her most famous song is "I'm Proud", "I Believe".

Albums

Awards

Other websites 
 Tomomi Kahara - Universal Music official site 
 Kahala Tomomi Website - Warner Music official site 

1974 births
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
Canton Township, Michigan

Canton, Michigan is a township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. About 93,704 people live in it according to an educated guess of the U.S. Census Bureau. The FBI decided that it is the 20th safest city in the United States.The average household in Canton earns $84,000 dollars.

References 

Townships in Michigan
1834 establishments in Michigan Territory
Probability theory

Probability theory is the part of mathematics that studies random situations. Probability theory usually studies random events, random variables, stochastic processes, and non-deterministic events (events that do not follow a simple pattern).   

Tossing a coin, winning the lottery, or rolling a die are random events. However, random events have certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted, using probability theory. 

Scientists can use probability theory to obtain information about things that would be too complex to deal with, like statistical mechanics. Also, scientists discovered (in the 20th century) that atoms, and everything that we know, obeys something called quantum mechanics, which uses lots of probability theory.

History 
The theory of probability was created by Gerolamo Cardano, a medical doctor and gambler who tried to calculate his luck. Years later, Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal helped develop Cardano's theory.  

Today, probability theory is used in statistics, which is useful to all kinds of areas: like medicine, economy, Science, Mathematics...

Related pages 
 Fuzzy logic
 Variance
 Law of large numbers
 Central limit theorem 
 Statistics

Bibliography 

 
 The first major treatise blending calculus with probability theory, originally in French: Théorie Analytique des Probabilités.

 
 The modern measure-theoretic foundation of probability theory; the original German version (Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung) appeared in 1933.

 

 
 A lively introduction to probability theory for the beginner.

References
The Raven

"The Raven" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845. It tells the story of a mysterious talking raven who visits a lover; it shows how the lover is slowly going insane. It is often called Poe's most famous poem, its publication made him famous in his day, and today it is still one of the most recognized and respected poems in American literature.

Other websites 

19th-century American poems
Poems by Edgar Allan Poe
Beck

Beck Hansen (better known as simply Beck) (born Bek David Campbell, July 8, 1970 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer, musician, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for folky rock music, unusual lyrics, and post-modern arrangements, which has made him one of the most outstanding in 1990s alternative rock.

He became extremely popular with his hit song "Loser" in 1994. Beck is known for including various styles of music into his songs, including folk music, electronica, indie music, techno, rock music, and alternative music, among others.

Hansen married actress Marissa Ribisi in 2004. They currently have two children: a son, Cosimo Henri, and a daughter, Tuesday.

References

1970 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American songwriters
American composers
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Electronic musicians
Multi-instrumentalists
Prime Meridian

The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of longitude) that goes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in London it is also known as the International Meridian or Greenwich Meridian. Other longitudes are given as east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Lines like this are not actually lines on the ground, but are ways of saying where a place is on the globe. The ones that run horizontal (east to west) are called latitude. They tell us how far a location is from the equator. The other lines are vertical and are known as longitudes. 

Such is the Meridian's fame that each year, hundreds of thousands of visitors from all around the world make their way to the Observatory to stand astride the Line. But its position is marked in hundreds of other places too. On its path from pole to pole, the Meridian passes through England, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana and Antarctica.

Related pages 
 Meridian
 International Date Line

Lines of longitude
Retirement

Retirement is when people stop working. People may retire when they reach a certain age, or if they get sick or have an accident, or even for their own choice. Some people may semi-retire and keep some sort of job. People typically do this after working for so many years and growing tired of it. 

Society
Leisure
Trdat the Architect

Trdat the Architect (c. 950-1020) (Armenian: Տրդատ ճարտարապետ), known in Latin as Tiridates, was chief architect of the Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia.

After a great earthquake in 989 destroyed the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials sent Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994.

Other websites
 The Ani cathedral
 Cities and sites in Armenia 

Byzantine Empire
Byzantium

Byzantium () was an ancient Greek city. The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion.

The city became the center of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages), but at that time it was already called Constantinople.

History

Legend
The origins of Byzantium are not clear. There is only a legend. It tells that a certain Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. He had asked the Oracle at Delphi where he should found his new city. The Oracle told him to find it "opposite the blind." At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the Asiatic shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. It was they who must have been blind because they had not seen that obviously superior land was just a half mile away on the other side of the Bosporus. Byzas founded his city here in this "superior" land and named it Byzantion after himself.

History before Constantine I
Byzantion was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus.

When it fought with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, when he had become emperor, and quickly regained its earlier prosperity.

Center of the Eastern Roman Empire
When Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to move his capital to the Eastern part of the Roman Empire he chose the place of Byzantion because of its strategical value. He refounded it, in 330 AD, as Nova Roma.  After his death the city was called Constantinople ('city of Constantine'). It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later called the Byzantine Empire by historians.

Emblem
Following the legend the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after an important victory in 340 BC.  However, the origin of the crescent and star as a symbol dates back much earlier - to ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. But Byzantium was the first city that used the crescent moon as its symbol. In 330 AD Constantine I added the Virgin Mary's star to the flag.

Related pages
 Constantinople details the history of the city before the Turkish conquest of 1453
 Istanbul, describes the modern city

Notes

References
Jeffreys, Elizabeth and Michael, and Moffatt, Ann. 1981. Byzantine Papers: Proceedings of the First Australian Byzantine Studies Conference, Canberra, 17-19 May 1978. Australian National University, Canberra.
 Istanbul Historical Information - Istanbul Informative Guide To The City .  Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.
 The Useful Information about Istanbul . Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.

Other websites
 Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies : www.byzantium.ac.uk
 Description of Byzantine monetary system - fifth Century BC : History of money FAQs

Ancient Greece
Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia

The Arsacid Dynasty or (sometimes called the Arshakuni Dynasty) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428. They started as a branch of the Parthian Arsacids but became a distinctly Armenian dynasty later on. Armenia was between the Parthian and Roman Empires and both were trying to control it. Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia.

An independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180. Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405.

References

History of Education in Armenia - by Kevork A. Sarafian, G A Sarafean
The heritage of Armenian literature Vol.1 - by A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Edward S. Franchuk, Gabriel Basmajian

Other websites
Armenian History; Armenian Highland
Armenian History: Arshakuni Dynasty by Levon Zekiyan 
The Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian 

History of Armenia
Royal dynasties
1st-century establishments
5th-century disestablishments
Hakob Kojoyan

Hakob Karapetovich Kojoyan (1883 - 1959) was an Armenian artist. He worked in genres of painting, landscapes, and applied art. Hakob Kojoyan was awarded the designation of "People's Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." He helped Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian to create the coat of arms for the Democratic Republic of Armenia.

Biography 
Hakob Kojoyan was born in Akhaltsikhe (now in Georgia) to a family of Armenian jewelers. As a boy he apprenticed to the goldsmith's craft and learned engraving. At age 20 he went to study art in Munich, Germany, and in 1905 went to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in Russia, where he studied for two years. He later spent time in Paris and Moscow, then in 1918 returned to Armenia.

References

1883 births
1959 deaths
Armenian artists
Alexander Tamanian

Alexander Tamanian (, March 4, 1878, Yekaterinodar - February 20, 1936, Yerevan) was an Armenian neoclassical architect, who is remembered today for his work in the city of Yerevan.

Other websites 
Alexander Tamanian at Armeniapedia.org
Alexander Tamanian at TACentral.com

Armenian people
1878 births
1936 deaths
Ani

Ani (, Latin: Abnicum) is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site in Turkey. It is in the province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey.

At the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.

History 
Armenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD. They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.
 
By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot Msaker (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of ishkhan (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.

Other monuments 
There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.

Other websites 
 Virtual Ani - has clickable maps, extensive history and photos

History of Armenia
Ruins
Buildings and structures in Armenia
5th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in Armenia
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Armenian SSR  or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia, came into being on 29 November 1920. On 1 December 1920, the Prime Minister Simon Vratsian handed over control of the country to the Communist Party of Armenia. The name was later changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Notes 

20th century in Armenia
Republics of the Soviet Union
1920 establishments in the Soviet Union
1920 disestablishments
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Armenian Americans

An Armenian American is an American whose ancestry is from Armenia. During the 2009 Census in the United States, 1,270,000 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.

History 
The first Armenian known to have moved to America is nicknamed "Martin the Armenian". He was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. He arrived in Jamestown in 1618, when the colony was only 11 years old. Martin was invited to the colony to raise silk worms. Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they went back to Europe.

Armenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century. However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

References

Other websites
 Information about Armenian-Americans in the United States
 More Information about Armenian-Americans

Ethnic groups in the United States
Thomas Cavendish

Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (1560-1592) was an English sea explorer. He was known as "the Navigator" because he led the third expedition to travel around (circumnavigate) the globe. Cavendish was the first who set sail to do this. Magellan and Francis Drake were the first two to circumnavigate the globe, but they did not intend to do so. Cavendish died at sea on his second voyage around the world.

1560 births
1592 deaths
English explorers
William Saroyan

William Saroyan () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants. These stories were popular during the Great Depression. Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).

Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "In Armenian it is sor-row'yan, accent on row.  In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'"

Life 
Saroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant. His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister. At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911. At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing. Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery.

Quotations 
 "The writer is a spiritual anarchist, as in the depth of his soul every man is. He is discontented with everything and everybody. The writer is everybody's best friend and only true enemy - the good and great enemy. He neither walks with the multitude nor cheers with them. The writer who is a writer is a rebel who never stops." (from The William Saroyan Reader, 1958)

 "I should like to see any power of the world destroy this race, this small tribe of unimportant people, whose wars have all been fought and lost, whose structures have crumbled, literature is unread, music is unheard, and prayers are no more answered. Go ahead, destroy Armenia. See if you can do it. Send them into the desert without bread or water. Burn their homes and churches. Then see if they will not laugh, sing and pray again. For when two of them meet anywhere in the world, see if they will not create a New Armenia."

References

Other websites 
 The William Saroyan Society 
 William Saroyan article on Armeniapedia.org
 The William Saroyan Literary Foundation Intl. on WilliamSaroyan.org

People from Fresno, California
1908 births
1981 deaths
Writers from California
Raphael Lemkin

Raphael Lemkin (; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent. Before World War II, Lemkin was interested in the Armenian Genocide and campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism". He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943 from the root words genos (Greek for family, tribe or race) and -cide (Latin for killing).

Death
Lemkin died of a heart attack at the public relations office of Milton H. Blow in New York City in 1959, at the age of 59.

Other websites
Biographical sketch of Raphael Lemkin
Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947
Raphael Lemkin at ArmeniaPedia

1900 births
1959 deaths
Belarusian Jews
Genocides in Europe
Polish lawyers
Polish Jews
Refugees from Nazism
Jewish lawyers
Vakıflı

Vakıflı Köyü ( — Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. It is on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samandağ district of Hatay Province. It has a view of the Mediterranean Sea. From the village, people can see the Syrian border. It has a population of about 130 people.

Cities in Turkey
Spanish colonization of the Americas

The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. This was the first part of the European colonization of the Americas. 

The Spanish expanded their territories in America over the years until they included Central America, most of South America, Mexico, the South of what today is Southern United States, the Western part of what today is the United States, the Southwestern part of what today is British Columbia in Canada, and even reaching Alaska. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Spanish possessions in America began a series of independence movements, which led to the complete separation from Spain by the mid 1820's of Mexico, and the colonies in Central and South America. The remaining Spanish colonies, Cuba and Puerto Rico, were lost in 1898 as a consequence of the Spanish-American War

References

Other websites 
 Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America
 Dr. Robert Jackson's Missions of South America
 Spanish Colonial Missions Initiatve NPS/INAH 

History of Native Americans
History of Spain
Conquistador

A Conquistador (English: Conqueror; : Conquistadores, or Conquistadors) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer. The Conquistadors invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands and other islands in Asia Pacific. Many of them were hidalgos (noblemen of low category).

Their conquests brought these lands under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas. They created what is now called Latin America.

The first immensely successful conquistador was Hernán Cortés. Between 1520 and 1521, Cortés, along with native enemies of the Aztecs, conquered the mighty Aztec Empire. Present day Mexico came under the dominion of the Spanish Empire, as New Spain. Francisco Pizarro later found and conquered the similarly large Inca Empire.

List of Conquistadors 
 Alonso Dávila (México, 1520-1533)
 Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
 Alonso de Ojeda (Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Aruba)
 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (United States, 1527-1536, 1540-1542)
 Antonio de Aragón, Tucumán (Argentina)
 Cristóbal de Olid (Honduras, 1523-1524)
 Diego de Almagro (Perú, 1524-1535, Chile, 1535-1537)
 Diego de Nicuesa (Panamá, 1506-1511)
 Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (Cuba, 1511-1519)
 Domingo Martínez de Irala
 Francisco de Montejo (Yucatán, México, 1527-1546)
 Francisco de Orellana (Amazon River, 1541-1543)
 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán, México, 1517)
 Francisco Pizarro (Perú, 1509-1535)
 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (United States, 1540-1542)
 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Colombia, 1536-1537, Venezuela, 1569-1572)
 Gonzalo Pizarro (Perú, 1532-1542)
 Hernán Cortés (México, 1518-1522, Honduras, 1524, Baja California, 1532-1536)
 Hernando de Soto (United States, 1539-1542)
 Hernando Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1560)
 Inés Suárez, (Chile, 1541)
 Juan de Esquivel, (Jamaica, 1509-1512)
 Juan de Salcedo, (North of Philippines, 1570-1576)
 Juan de Grijalva (Yucatán, México, 1518)
 Juan Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1536)
 Juan Ponce de León (Puerto Rico, 1508, Florida, 1513 and 1521)
 Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
 Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (United States, 1524-1527)
 Martín de Goiti, (Manila, Philippines, 1570-1571)
 Martín de Ursúa, (Petén, Guatemala, 1696-1697)
 Miguel López de Legazpi, (Philippines, 1565-1571)
 Nicolás de Federmann (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537-1539)
 Pánfilo de Narváez (Florida, 1527-1528)
 Pedro de Alvarado (México, 1519-1521, Guatemala, 1523-1527, Perú, 1533-1535, México, 1540-1541)
 Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540-1552)
 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Florida, 1565-1567)
 Sebastián de Belalcázar (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533-1536))
 Sebastián Vizcaíno
 Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510-1519)

Other websites 
 The Conquistadors - Start the Adventure (PBS): https://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm

History of Spain