cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Beaufort Sea

The Beaufort Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after  hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort. The Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea. Tuktoyaktuk is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores.

The sea is frozen over most of the year. Only a narrow pass up to  opens in August–September near its shores. The seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago. The sea has many resources of petroleum and natural gas. They were discovered between the 1950s and 1980s.  People started exploring the resources in the 1980s. There is a large amount of beluga whales. The United States and Canada do not agree about the sea border.

Geography
Several rivers such as the Kongakut River in Alaska and the Firth River in Yukon empty into the Beaufort. The major river to flow into the sea is the Mackenzie, Canada's longest. The coastal shelf area is rather narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow in the Alaskan part of the sea.  It becomes wider near the delta of the Mackenzie River.  It never gets bigger than . Near the coast, the depths are shallower than .  The quickly get bigger northwards up to a few kilometers. There are many small islands in the sea and in the delta of the Mackenzie River. A few larger ones are west of the Mackenzie River, such as Herschel Island ( off the shore, and Barter Island ( from the coast.  The coasts are low, with the maximum elevations between . The soil is frozen all year around forming permafrost.  Only the top few tens centimeters thaw in summer. Buildings have to be above ground on wooden poles.

Flora and fauna
The shoreline of the Beaufort Sea is covered with tundra.  It is the northern limit of the polar bear in North America. The Mackenzie River is an important place to live for whales and sea birds. The delta of Mackenzie River has many lakes and ponds. The muskrat is one animal that lives here.

The sea has about 80 species of zooplankton, more than 70 species of phytoplankton, and nearly 700 species of polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans and mollusks. But there are not very many of the animals because of the cold climate. Important fish species include polar cod, Arctic cod, saffron cod, Arctic char, chum salmon, Arctic cisco, least cisco, lake whitefish, broad whitefish, Pacific herring, fourhorn sculpin, inconnu and flatfish.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Canada
Geography of Alaska
Northwest Territories
Chukchi Sea

Chukchi Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.  It is bounded on the west by the De Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which is the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The main port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea. It is moved east to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.

The sea has an area of about 595,000 km² (230,000 mi²).  It can only be travelled about four months of the year. The Chukchi Sea has very few islands compared to other seas of the Arctic. Wrangel Island is at the northwestern limit of the sea, Herald Island is near its northern limit, and a few small islands are along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts.

The sea is named after the Chukchi people.  The live on its shores and on the Chukotka Peninsula. The Chukchi worked at fishing, whaling and the hunting of walrus in this cold sea.

In Siberia places along the coast are: Cape Billings, Cape Schmidt,  Amguyema River, Cape Vankarem, the large Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Neskynpil'gyn Lagoon, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Enurmino, Chegitun River, Inchoun, Uelen and Cape Dezhnev.

In Alaska, the rivers flowing into the Chukchi Sea are the Kivalina, the Kobuk, the Kokolik, the Kukpowruk, the Kukpuk, the Noatak, the Utukok, the Pitmegea, and the Wulik, among others. The most important rivers flowing in from its Siberian side are the Amguyema, Ioniveyem, and the Chegitun.

Other websites

Geography of Alaska
Geography of Russia
Seas of the Arctic Ocean
East Siberian Sea

The East Siberian Sea is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean. It is between the Arctic Cape to the north, the coast of Siberia to the south, the New Siberian Islands to the west and Cape Billings, close to Chukotka, and Wrangel Island to the east. This sea borders on the Laptev Sea to the west and the Chukchi Sea to the east.

This sea is one of the least studied in the Arctic area. It has severe climate, low water salinity, and little flora, fauna and human population.  The depths are shallow (mostly less than 50 meters).  There are slow sea currents, low tides (below 25 cm) and frequent fogs, especially in summer.  The ice fields only fully melt in August–September. The sea shores were lived on for thousands of years by tribes of Yukaghirs, Chukchi and then Evens and Evenks.

The largest city and port is Pevek, the northernmost city of mainland Russia.

The most important of the rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea are the Indigirka, the Alazeya, The Ujandina, the Chukochya River, the Kolyma, the Rauchua, the Chaun, and the Pegtymel. Only a few rivers are able to be travelled on. The coastline of the sea is 3,016 km long.

Flora and fauna
There are few flora and fauna due to the harsh climate. The summer plankton bloom is short.  It makes 5 million tons of plankton in August and September.  The yearly amount is 7 million tons.

The sea shores and icefields have ringed seals, bearded seals and walruses along polar bears. Birds include seagulls, uria and cormorants. Sea waters are often visited by bowhead whale, gray whale, beluga and narwhal. Major fish species are grayling and Coregonus (whitefishes), such as muksun, broad whitefish and omul. Also common are polar smelt, saffron cod, polar cod, flounder and arctic char.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Russia
Greenland Sea

The Greenland Sea is a body of water.  It borders Greenland to the west, the Svalbard archipelago to the east, Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south. The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean and sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean.  

The sea has an Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 °C.  The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea, north of Iceland, between Greenland and Jan Mayen island. It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal.  It has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years.

Major islands of the Greenland Sea include Svalbard archipelago, Edvards, Eila, Godfred Hansens, Île-de-France, Jan Mayen Lynns, Norske and Schnauders. Of those, only the Svalbard islands are lived on, and Jan Mayen has only seasonal military staff.

Fauna
The Greenland Sea is has many of the organisms that form the base of the oceanic food chain. Large invertebrates, fish (such as cod, herring, redfish, halibut, and plaice), birds and mammals (including various species of seals, whales, and dolphins) all feed on the smaller invertebrates and small organisms. Mosses, lichens, and scanty bushes around the coasts serve as food to the deer and musk oxen, which in turn are hunted by the polar bear.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Greenland
Geography of Norway
White Sea

The White Sea is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea.  It is on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. All of the White Sea is under Russian control and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. It is divided between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts and the Republic of Karelia.

The major port of Arkhangelsk is on the White Sea. It is an important Soviet naval and submarine base. The White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with the Baltic Sea.

The White Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms.  The others are the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Yellow Sea.

Geography

There are four main bays or gulfs on the White Sea.  Kandalaksha Gulf is in the western part of the White Sea.  It is the deepest part of the sea, reaching 340 metres (1,115 feet). On the south, Onega Bay receives the Onega River. To the southeast, the Dvina Bay receives the Northern Dvina River at the major port of Arkhangelsk. On the east side, opposite the Kola peninsula, is Mezen Bay. It receives the Mezen River and the Kuloy River. Other major rivers flowing into the sea are the Vyg, Niva, Umba, Varzuga and Ponoy.

The seabed of the central part and Dvina Bay is covered in silt and sand.  The bottom of the northern part, the Kandalaksha Gulf and Onega Bay is a mixture of sand and stones. 

The White Sea has a large number of islands, but most of them are small. The main island group is the Solovetsky Islands.  They are almost in the middle of the sea, near the entrance to Onega Bay. Kiy Island in Onega Bay is important due to a historic monastery. Velikiy Island, close to the shore, is the largest island in the Kandalaksha Gulf.

Fauna and economy
The sea has more than 700 species of invertebrates, about 60 species of fish, and 5 species of marine mammals. The fishing industry is small.  They mostly target harp seal, ringed seal, herring, saffron cod, European smelt, Atlantic cod and Atlantic salmon. There is a developing seaweed industry.

The White Sea is an important traffic centre of northwestern Russia. The White Sea – Baltic Canal links it through Onega Lake to the Baltic Sea and the major city and port of Saint Petersburg. The Baltic Sea, in turn, is connected by the Volga–Baltic Waterway to the Volga River, Black, Caspian, and Azov seas. The major ports on the White Sea are Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Onega, Mezen, Kem, Kandalaksha and Umba. Even though it is frozen in winter, boats can travel on the sea all year around because of the use of icebreakers.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Russia
Philippe Harache

Philippe Harache (born 12 April 1954 in Orbec) is a French aerospace engineer and businessman. He is the former Vice-President of Eurocopter.

Graduate from  Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées (1976), Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University, INSEAD and Harvard University, Philippe Harache started his career in 1978 as Helicopter engineer. 
In 1982, he was President of Samaero at Singapore.

He became Vice-President of Eurocopter in 2001. He retired in 2010.

Since 2002, he has also been an adviser of France.

Further reading 
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), Harache, Philippe

Award 
 Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

References 

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
French aviators
French engineers
Harvard University alumni
Raytheon

Raytheon Company is an American defense contractor and industrial corporation. It makes military weapons and commercial electronics. It is the world's largest producer of guided missiles. Raytheon was set up in 1922.

References 

Companies based in Massachusetts
Electronics companies of the United States
Military
Jean-Paul Troadec

Jean-Paul Troadec (born October 14, 1948 in Saint-Renan, Finistère, France) is a French aerospace engineer. He is the current head of the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, the France aviation accident investigation bureau.

Graduate from École Polytechnique (1967) and French Civil Aviation University (1970) he has done a career of 25 years at the French civil aviation authorities. From 1985 till 1993, he was head of the Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique.

He was nominated head of the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile in 2009, succeeding Paul-Louis Arslanian.

Aeronautical qualifications 
 Military parachute licence
 Commercial pilot licence Instrument rating (multi engine)

Awards 
 Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur
 Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite
 Medal of Aeronautics

Further reading 
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

References 

1948 births
Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
French aviators
French engineers
People from Brittany
Tilt Train

The Tilt Train is the name for two high speed train services by Queensland Rail. It runs along the coast of Queensland, from Brisbane, the state capital, through to regional centres Rockhampton and Cairns. It is the most popular way to explore Queensland's coastal tourism places.

Tilting trains
Queensland
Rail transport in Australia
Artificial island

An artificial island or man-made island is constructed by people.  The island was not formed by nature.  Artificial islands may vary in size.

History
The creation of artificial islands has a long history, including
 14th century: Tenochtitlan, the Aztec city in the same place as Mexico City
 17th century: Dejima (or Deshima), created in the shape of a fan in the bay of Nagasaki during Japan's Edo period
 19th century: Ellis Island, in the harbor of New York City
 20th century: Kansai International Airport in Osaka
 21st century: Palm Jumeirah in Dubai; Fiery Cross Reef, Johnson South Reef, and Mischief Reef by China

Largest artificial islands

Political status
Under the  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11).  Such islands are part of the nearest coastal state if the island is within  (Article 56). 

Artificial islands are not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Gallery

Related pages
 List of artificial islands

References

Other websites
List of artificial islands

The list of artificial islands is growing.  Artificial islands are being built in the 21st century.

List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

Dubai
 Burj al-Arab 
 Palm Jumeirah

Japan
Chūbu International Airport
Dejima
Kansai International Airport
Kobe Airport
Tokyo International Airport (Haneda)

Maldives
Hulhumale

Netherlands
Flevoland

United Kingdom
Sealand

United States
Palm Island, Florida
Door County, Wisconsin north of the canal

References

Lists of islands
Volcanic crater

A volcanic crater is a circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. 

It is usually a circular basin. When active, there is a vent or vents inside it. From these magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta. A crater can be huge, and sometimes deep. 

During certain types of gigantic eruptions, the volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside. This dropped surface crater is called a caldera.

Related pages 
 Caldera
 Volcano

References

Other websites
Guglielmo Marconi

Guglielmo Marconi  (25 April 1874  20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer.  He was a pioneer of long-distance radio transmission. which he used to build up a radio telegraph system.  Marconi is often named as the inventor of radio.  He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun. 

Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built on previous experimentation, and work by others.  When he was twenty years old, based on the experiments of Hertz, Popov, Lodge, Bose, and Tesla, Marconi began his own experiments. 

As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897, Marconi became wealthy in the business of radio, mainly for ships at sea. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi. Back in Italy, he went on to become a member of the Grand Council of Fascism.

References

Other websites

Inventors
1874 births
1937 deaths
Italian people
Italian physicists
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Roulette

Roulette is a casino game named after a French diminutive for little wheel. In the game, players may choose to place bets on fields which include one or more numbers, the colors red or black, or whether the number is odd or even.

To determine the winning number and color, the game wheel is spun in one direction, then a ball is spun in the opposite direction around a track running around the wheel. The ball eventually slows down and falls on to the wheel and into one of 37 (in French/European roulette) or 38 (in American roulette) colored and numbered pockets on the wheel.

Variants of games
 French roulette is available at the top rated casino roulettes.
 Mini roulette is becoming popular at casinos. The wheel only has 12 figures rather from the standard 36.
 Probably the most performed form of roulette is European roulette. The game has only just one zero, It has the biggest payout of any form of roulette should you bet and land on one number: 35:1.
 American roulette. The game is broadly offered at all online roulette games but it is the version using the greatest house edge, mainly due to the double zero. For those who have an option, especially if you're not a higher roller or really are a novice would be to avoid American roulette before you feel at ease with the sport.

References

Gambling
Fritz the Cat

Fritz the Cat is a 1972 animated movie directed by Ralph Bakshi. It led to strong controversy upon its release. This movie was the first animated movie to be marked X by the MPAA, although that rating was later surrendered and the movie was released without any actual rating.

Obscenity
1972 movies
Animated movies
Multilingual movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Ralph Bakshi
Bay of Biscay

The Bay of Biscay is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean south of the Celtic Sea. It is along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal.  It is named in English after the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Basque Country.

The average depth is  and maximum depth is .

The Bay of Biscay is home to some of the Atlantic Ocean's worst weather. Large storms occur in the bay, especially during the winter months. Until recently ships would be wrecked in Biscay storms, and many lives were lost. Improved ships and weather prediction have helped to reduce these problems.

Rivers
The main rivers that empty into the Bay of Biscay are:
 France (north to south): Loire, Charente, Garonne, Dordogne, Adour, Nivelle.
 Spain (east to west): Bidasoa, Oiartzun, Urumea, Oria, Urola, Deba, Artibai, Oka, Nervión, Agüera, Asón, Miera, Pas, Saja, Nansa, Deva, Sella,  Nalón, Navia, Esva, Eo, Landro, Sor.

Main cities
The main cities on the shores of the Bay of Biscay are:
 France: Brest, Nantes, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Biarritz.
 Spain: Donostia-San Sebastián, Bilbao, Santander, Gijón, Avilés.

Wildlife

Many species of whales and dolphins can be seen in this area.  It is one of the few places where the beaked whales such as the Cuvier's beaked whale have been seen frequently. This is the best study area for beaked whales in the world. The best areas to see the larger cetaceans are in the deep waters beyond the continental shelf.

Other websites

Bays
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of France
Geography of Spain
Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean.  It is between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude) is in the gulf.

Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.

Islands in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea has a number of islands, the largest of which are in a southwest-northeast chain, forming part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes.

Annobón
Annobón, also known as Pagalu or Pigalu, is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

Bioko
Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

Corisco
Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

The Elobeys
Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea. It became independent from Portugal in 1975.

Other websites

Guinea
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Africa
Gulf of Saint Lawrence

The Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French: golfe du Saint-Laurent) is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the world's largest estuary.  It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about  and having  of water.

Geography 
The gulf is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula, to the east by Newfoundland, to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and to the west by the Gaspé and New Brunswick. It has Anticosti Island, Prince Edward Island, and the Magdalen Islands.

Besides the Saint Lawrence River itself, some of the tributaries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence include the Miramichi River, the Natashquan River, the Restigouche River, the Margaree River, and the Humber River. Arms of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, and Northumberland Strait.

Outlets 
The gulf flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the following outlets:

 The Strait of Belle Isle between Labrador and Newfoundland (17 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

 The Cabot Strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island (104 km wide and 480 m at its deepest).

 The Strait of Canso between Cape Breton Island and peninsular Nova Scotia (1 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

Protected areas 

St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia, off the northeast tip of Cape Breton Island, is called the "Graveyard of the Gulf" for its many shipwrecks.  Getting to the island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.

Bonaventure Island on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Île Brion and Rochers-aux-Oiseaux (Bird Rock) northeast of the Magdalen Islands are important migratory bird sanctuaries.  They are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.

The Government of Canada maintains national parks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estuary at Forillon.  It is on the eastern tip of the Gaspé, Prince Edward Island on the north shore of the island. Kouchibouguac is on the northeast coast of New Brunswick. Cape Breton Highlands is on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Gros Morne is on Newfoundland's west coast.  And a national park reserve is in the Mingan Archipelago on Quebec's Côte-Nord.

References

Other websites

Saint Lawrence
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Canada
Labrador Sea

The Labrador Sea (French: mer du Labrador) is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. The sea is surrounded by continental shelves to the southwest, northwest, and northeast. It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. It has been described as a marginal sea of the Atlantic.

The Labrador Sea is about 3400 meters deep and  wide where it joins the Atlantic Ocean. It becomes shallower, to less than  towards Baffin Bay and passes into the  Davis Strait.

The water temperature varies between  in winter and  in summer. The salinity is relatively low, at 31–34.9 parts per thousand. Two-thirds of the sea is covered in ice in winter.

Fauna
The northern and western parts of the Labrador Sea are covered in ice between December and June. The drift ice serves as a breeding ground for seals in early spring. The sea is also a feeding ground for Atlantic salmon and several marine mammal species. Shrimp fisheries began in 1978, as well as cod fishing. The cod fishing quickly lessened the fish population in the 1990s and was stopped in 1992. Other fishery targets include haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster and several species of flatfish and pelagic fish such as sand lance and capelin. Bigger amounts are in the southern parts of the sea.

The sea has one of the two major stocks of Sei whales, the other one being the Scotian Shelf. Also common are minke and bottlenose whales.

The Labrador Duck was a common bird on the Canadian coast until 19th century, but is now extinct. Coastal animals include the Labrador Wolf, caribou, moose, black bear, red fox, arctic fox, wolverine, snowshoe hare, grouse, osprey, raven, ducks, geese, partridge and American wild pheasant.

Flora
Costal vegetation includes black spruce, tamarack, white spruce, dwarf birch, aspen, willow, ericaceous shrubs, cottongrass, sedge, lichens and moss. Evergreen bushes of Labrador tea, which is used to make herbal tea, are common in the area, both on the Greenland and Canadian coasts.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Greenland
Newfoundland and Labrador
Ligurian Sea

The Ligurian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea.  It is between the Italian Riviera (Liguria and Tuscany) and the island of Corsica. The sea is probably named after the ancient Ligures people.

Geography
The sea borders the countries Italy, France, and Monaco. In the east the sea borders the Tyrrhenian Sea, while in the west it borders the Mediterranean Sea proper. Genoa is the most prominent city in the area.  

The Gulf of Genoa is its northernmost part. The sea receives the Arno River from the east. The ports of Genoa, La Spezia, and Livorno are on its rocky coast. It reaches a maximum depth of more than 9,300 feet (2,850 m) northwest of Corsica.

Conservation
In order to provide protection for the many cetacean (whales and dolphins; porpoises are not found in this part of the Mediterranean Sea) species in the Ligurian Sea the bordering countries made the sea a SPAMI in 1999. The International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary now covers 84,000 km².  This covers territorial waters as well as high sea.

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Italy
Geography of France
Sea of Marmara

The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. It separates Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean.  The Sea has an area of 11,350 km² (280 km x 80 km) with the greatest depth reaching 1,370 m.

Geography
The salinity of the sea averages about 22 parts per thousand.  This is slightly greater than that of the Black Sea but only about two-thirds that of most oceans. The water is much more saline at the sea-bottom, averaging salinities of around 38 parts per thousand — similar to that of the Mediterranean Sea. Water from the  Susurluk, Biga (Granicus) and Gonen Rivers reduces the salinity of the sea.

There are two major island groups known as the Princes' and Marmara islands.

The south coast of the sea includes the Gulf of Izmit, the Gulf of Gemlik and the Gulf of Erdek.

The North Anatolian fault, which has started many major earthquakes in recent years, such as the 1999 İzmit earthquake, runs under the sea.

References

Other websites

Waterways
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Sea of Marmara
Sargasso Sea

The Sargasso Sea is a region in the gyre in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream; on the north, by the North Atlantic Current; on the east, by the Canary Current; and on the south, by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current. This system of ocean currents forms the North Atlantic Gyre. All the currents deposit the marine plants and garbage they carry into this sea.

The Sargasso Sea is 700 statute miles wide and 2,000 statute miles long (1,100 km wide and  3,200 km long). Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea. The Sargasso Sea is the only "sea" without shores. The ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is different for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity.  Underwater visibility is up to .

Portuguese sailors were among the first to discover this region in the 15th century.  They named it after the Sargassum seaweed growing there. 

The Sargasso Sea plays a major role in the migration of the European eel and the American eel. The larvae of both species hatch there and go to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, they try to return to the Sargasso Sea to lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young Loggerhead Sea Turtles use currents, such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the Sargassum as cover from predation until they are mature.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Kyoto University

, or   is a Japanese university in Kyoto. It is the second oldest Japanese university.  It is in the city of Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture

History 
 was established on June 1897 as a part of the Imperial university system.

The College of Law and the College of Medicine were founded in 1899, and the College of Letters was established in 1906.

In October 1947, Kyoto Imperial University was renamed Kyoto University.

Organization
Kyoto University has the following schools.
 Faculty of Integrated Human Studies
 Faculty & Graduate School of Letters
 Faculty & Graduate School of Education
 Faculty & Graduate School of Law
 Faculty & Graduate School of Economics
 Faculty & Graduate School of Science
 Faculty & Graduate School of Medicine
 Faculty & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Faculty & Graduate School of Engineering
 Faculty & Graduate School of Agriculture

Related pages
 List of national universities in Japan
 University of Tokyo

Notable alumni
 Kenichi Fukui
 Susumu Tonegawa
 Shinya Yamanaka
 Yoshinori Ohsumi
 Tasuku Honjo
 Akira Yoshino

References

Other websites 

 Kyoto University website 

1897 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
Tokyo Medical and Dental University

or TMDU in short, is a Japanese national university in Tokyo.

Structure 
TMDU has three campuses. One is the Kounodai (国府台) campus. The closest station to the campus is Ichikawa Station. Freshmen learn liberal arts and sciences there. By being on the outskirts of Tokyo, Kounodai campus is in a rich natural environment. The others are  Yushima (湯島) and Surugadai （駿河台） campus. The closest station to the campuses is Ochanomizu Station. Upperclassmen learn their speciality there.

TMDU has faculty of medicine and faculty of dentistry. There are also two graduate schools, medical and dental sciences and health care sciences; four undergraduate faculties - medicine, dentistry, health care sciences and oral health care sciences; two university hospitals; an undergraduate college of liberal arts and sciences; and two research institutes, the institute of biomaterials and bioengineering and the medical research institute.

Outline 
The university was founded under the name of "Tokyo National School of Dentistry" as the first dental education institution in 1928. Then in 1951, it was reestablished with the faculty of medicine as Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

In world university ranking in 2011-2012 of Times Higher Education, TMDU is the 276~300th place, the 35th place in Asia, the 10th place in Japan.

Goals
TMDU's education philosophy is:
 To give students a broad education and a rich sensibility
 To teach creative people who can diagnose and solve problems by themselves
 To teach medical professionals with a rich international quality

Notable alumni 
Muscle Kitamura
Koichiro Fujita
Tomomi Himeno
Minoru Kamata

Getting into TMDU 
To enter TMDU, students should pass 2 types of exams: the common test for university admissions and the university's own exam.

Access

Yushima campus
 2-minute walk from Marunouchi Line, Ochanomizu Station
 3-minute walk from JR Chūō-Sōbu Line, Ochanomizu Station
 4-minute walk from Chiyoda Line, Shin-Ochanomizu Station

Kounodai campus
 10-minute walk from Keisei line, Konodai Station  
 20 mitutes by bus from JR Chuo / Sobu Line, Ichikawa Station

Features
Sparkling lights from the TMDU laboratories until midnight all year round is one of the features of Ochanomizu.
On Christmas Day, there are sparkling lights in the shape of a Christmas tree on M&D Tower.
Akio Suzuki (the previous president of TMDU) was known as a respected doctor of cardiac surgery. In Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack (a Japanese manga), he was introduced as "Prof. 'S' of University 'J'". Prof. 'S' refers to Akio Suzuki and University 'J' refers to Juntendo University in Tokyo.

Yushima campus buildings 
 M&D Tower 
　…on your left side when looking from Ochanomizu Station.
 Medical Building 
　…in the middle of M&D Tower and Dental Building.
 Dental Building 
　…on your right side when looking from Ochanomizu Station.

References

Other websites

 TMDU website 

Colleges and universities in Tokyo
1928 establishments
1920s establishments in Japan
John Cusack

John Paul Cusack (born June 28, 1966) is an American actor, movie producer, and screenwriter. He was born in Evanston, Illinois. He is the fourth of five children of actor Dick Cusack (1925-2003) and Nancy (née Carolan). His siblings Ann (born 1961), Joan (born 1962), Bill (born 1964) and Susie (born 1971) are actors.

His movies include: The Sure Thing, Better Off Dead, One Crazy Summer, Say Anything..., Bullets Over Broadway, City Hall, Grosse Pointe Blank, Con Air, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, The Thin Red Line, Pushing Tin, Being John Malkovich, High Fidelity, America's Sweethearts, Serendipity, Identity, Runaway Jury, Must Love Dogs, The Ice Harvest, 1408, 2012, Hot Tub Time Machine, The Raven, and in The Butler.

Movies

References

Other websites

1966 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from Illinois
People from Evanston, Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois
American bloggers
Andaman Sea

The Andaman Sea or Burma Sea  is a body of water to the southeast of the Bay of Bengal.  It is south of Burma, west of Thailand and east of the Andaman Islands, India. It is part of the Indian Ocean.

The sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries.  Its coral reefs and islands are popular for tourism. Many building were badly  damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

The average depth of the sea is about 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). The northern and eastern parts are shallower than 180 meters (600 ft) due to the silt deposited by the Irrawaddy River. This major river flows into the sea from the north through Burma. The western and central areas are 900–3,000 meters deep (3,000–10,000 ft). Less than 5% of the sea is deeper than 3,000 meters (10,000 ft).  In a system of submarine valleys east of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, the depth is more than 4,000 meters (13,200 ft). The sea floor is covered with pebbles, gravel and sand.

Flora
The coastal areas of the Andaman Sea have mangrove forests and seagrass meadows. The mangrove roots trap soil and sediment.  They provide shelter and are a nursery for fish and small aquatic organisms. Their body protects the shore from the wind and waves. Their detritus are a part of the aquatic food chain.

Other important sources of nutrients in the Andaman Sea are seagrass and the mud bottoms of lagoons and coastal areas. Many aquatic species move from and to seagrass either daily or at certain stages of their life cycle.

Fauna

The sea waters along the Malay Peninsula favor molluscan growth. There are about 280 edible fish species belonging to 75 families. Of those, 232 species (69 families) are found in mangroves and 149 species (51 families) live in seagrass. 101 species are common to both places. The sea also has many vulnerable fauna species, including dugong, several dolphin species, such as Irrawaddy Dolphin and four species of sea turtles: critically endangered leatherback turtle and hawksbill turtle and threatened green turtle and Olive Ridley turtle. There are only about 150 dugongs in the Andaman Sea, scattered between Ranong and Satun provinces.

Volcanic activity

To the east of the main Great Andaman island group, is Barren Island.  Barren Island is the only presently active volcano associated with the Indian subcontinent. This island-volcano is  in diameter and rises 354 meters above the seal level. Its recent activity started again in 1991 after a quiet period of almost 200 years. The last eruption has started on 13 May 2008 and still continues. The volcanic island of Narcondam which is further to the north.  No records exist of its activity.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Indian Ocean
Geography of Thailand
Geography of Myanmar
Timor Sea

The Timor Sea is a relatively shallow sea.  It is bounded to the north by the island of Timor, to the east by the Arafura Sea, to the south by Australia and to the west by the Indian Ocean.

The sea has a number of reefs, islands where no one lives and significant hydrocarbon reserves. The Timor Sea was hit by the worst oil spill for 25 years in 2009.

Geography 

The waters to the east are known as the Arafura Sea. The Timor Sea is next to three large inlets on the north Australian coast, the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Beagle Gulf and the Van Diemen Gulf. The Australian city of Darwin is the only large city by the sea. The small town of Wyndham is on the west arm of Cambridge Gulf, an inlet of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf.

Rivers that enter the Timor Sea from the Northern Territory include Fish River, King River, Dry River, Victoria River and the Alligator Rivers. Rivers in the Kimberley region that flow into the Timor Sea include the Ord River, Forrest River, Pentecost River and Durack River.

The sea is about 480 km (300 statute miles) wide, covering an area of about 610,000 km². (235,000 square miles). Its deepest point is the Timor Trough  in the northern part of the sea, which reaches a depth of 3,300 m (10,800 ft). The rest of the sea is much shallower, much of it averaging less than 200 m (650 ft) deep.

In May 2010, it was said that a crater about 50 km wide has been found on the seabed of the Timor Sea.

Reefs and islands 

A number of important islands are in the sea.  Two of the islands are Melville Island, part of the Tiwi Islands, off Australia and the Australian-governed Ashmore and Cartier Islands. It is thought that early humans reached Australia by "island-hopping" across the Timor Sea.

Scott and Seringapatam Reefs formed in the area. To the west on the same underwater platform is the Rowley Shoals.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Indian Ocean
Bodies of water of Australia
East Timor
Geography of Indonesia
Arafura Sea

The Arafura Sea is west of the Pacific Ocean.  It overlys the continental shelf between Australia and New Guinea.

Geography
The Arafura Sea is bordered by Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is  long and  wide. The depth of the sea is mostly 50–80 metres (165–265 feet) with the depth increasing to the west. As a shallow tropical sea, its waters are the start for tropical cyclones.

The sea is over the Arafura Shelf, part of the Sahul Shelf. When sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait formed a large flat land bridge.  The bridge connected Australia and New Guinea and let humans move from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul.

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Asia
Bodies of water of Australia
Geography of the Northern Territory
Geography of Indonesia
Joan Cusack

Joan Mary Cusack Burke (born October 11, 1962 ) is an American actress. Her movies include Working Girl, Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3, Married to the Mob, Say Anything, Runaway Bride, and Chicken Little. She was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for her work in Working Girl and In & Out.

Early and personal life
Cusack is the sister of John Cusack, Ann Cusack, Bill Cusack, and Susie Cusack. Cusack was born on October 11, 1962 in New York City, New York  and was raised in Evanston, Illinois. Cusack married Richard Burke in 1993. They have two children together. They currently live in Chicago, Illinois.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 American Dad! - Widows Support Group Member
 Peep and the Big Wide World - Narrator
 Phineas and Ferb - Glenda Wiggins

Film Roles
 Arthur Christmas - Lead Elves
 Chicken Little - Abby Mallard
 Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil - Verushka the Witch
 Mars Needs Moms - Mom
 Toy Story 2 - Jessie
 Toy Story 3 - Jessie
 Toy Story 4 - Jessie
 Woody's Roundup: The Movie - Jessie
Martha Speaks (reboot)-Martha Lorraine

Video Game Roles
 Kinect Disneyland Adventures - Jessie

References

Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Chicago
People from Evanston, Illinois
Yōmei Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Yōmei is an extinct volcano. 

This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Yōmei of Japan.

The last eruption from Yōmei seamount was between 60 million and 65 million years ago.

Related pages
 Submarine volcano
 Active volcano
 Dormant volcano

References

Other websites
 Seamount Biogeosciences Network,  database

Seamounts
Pacific Ocean
Celebes Sea

The Celebes Sea is a sea of the western Pacific Ocean.  It is bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sulu Sea and Mindanao Island of the Philippines.  It is bordered on the east by the Sangihe Islands chain, on the south by Sulawesi, and on the west by Kalimantan in Indonesia. It is 420 miles (675 km) north-south by 520 miles (837 km) east-west.  It has a total surface area of . The maximum depth is 20,300 feet (6,200 m). The sea opens southwest through the Makassar Strait into the Java Sea.

Marine life 

The Celebes Sea is home to a wide variety of fish and aquatic creatures. The tropical setting and warm clear waters give it about 580 of the world's 793 species of reef-building corals.  There is a large amount of marine life, including whales and dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, eagle rays, barracuda, marlin and other reef and pelagic species. Tuna and yellowfin tuna are  also abundant.

Pirates
The Celebes Sea is known for its pirates.  They prey not only on small time fishermen but also giant container ships. Nowadays, these pirates have high-tech weapons and equipment like radar and GPS navigation devices and ride on high-speed motorboats. It is the second most pirated body of water after the Gulf of Aden near Somalia.

Commercial significance 
The Celebes Sea is an important sea route for regional trade. The sea is also popular for scuba diving and luxury ocean cruising.

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Geography of Indonesia
Geography of the Philippines
Geography of Malaysia
Flores Sea

The Flores Sea covers 93,000 square miles (240,000 square kilometres) of water in Indonesia.

The seas that border the Flores Sea are the Bali Sea (to the west), Java Sea (to the northwest), and the Banda Sea (to the east and northeast). The Indian Ocean and Savu Sea are to the south,.  They are separated from the Flores Sea by various islands. Islands that border this sea are the Lesser Sunda Islands and Celebes (Sulawesi).

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Geography of Indonesia
Gulf of Alaska

The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean.  The borders are the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, where Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.

The entire shoreline of the Gulf is a combination of forest, mountain, and a number of tidewater glaciers.  Alaska's largest glaciers, the Malaspina Glacier and Bering Glacier go out onto the coastal plain along the Gulf of Alaska. Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound are the two largest connected bodies of water.  There is also Yakutat Bay and Cross Sound.  Lituya Bay is the place of the largest recorded tsunami in history.

Other websites

 World Atlas

Alaska
Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of the United States
Geography of Alaska
Geography of British Columbia
Gulf of Thailand

The Gulf of Thailand is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.

Geography
The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The gulf is about 320,000 km². The boundary of the gulf is defined by the line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam to the city Kota Baru on the Malaysian coast.

The Gulf of Thailand is relatively shallow. Its average depth is 45 m, and the maximum depth only 80 m. This makes water exchange slow.  The strong water inflow from the rivers make the Gulf low in salinity (3.05-3.25%) and rich in sediments. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya (including its distributary Tha Chin River), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.

Tourism
The Gulf of Thailand has many coral reefs, and several diving resorts. Due to the tropical warmth of the water, it is popular with tourists. Some of the most important tourist places in the Gulf of Thailand are the islands of Ko Samui and Ko Pha Ngan in Surat Thani province, Pattaya in Chonburi province, Cha-am in Phetchaburi Province,  Hua Hin in  Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Ko Samet in Rayong Province,and Ko Chang in Trat Province

References

Other websites

Thailand
Pacific Ocean
Geography of Thailand
Java Sea

The Java Sea is a large shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf. It is 320,000 km². It was formed as sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age. The Java Sea is between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south; Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its northwest links it to the South China Sea.

Fishing is an important economic activity in the Java Sea. There are over 3,000 species of marine life in the area. A number of national parks are in the area such as Karimunjawa. The Thousand Islands are north of the mainland Jakarta. The area around the Java Sea is a popular tourist destination. Scuba diving lets people explore and photograph underwater caverns, wrecks, coral, sponges, and other marine life.

The Battle of the Java Sea, during February and March 1942, was one of the costliest naval battles of World War II. The naval forces of the Netherlands, Britain, Australia, and the U.S. were nearly completely destroyed trying to defend Java from Japanese attack.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Indian Ocean
Geography of Indonesia
Koro Sea

The Koro Sea or Sea of Koro is a sea in the Pacific Ocean.  It is  between Viti Levu island, Fiji to the west and the Lau Islands to the east.  It is surrounded by the islands of the Fijian archipelago.

The sea is named after Koro Island.

References 
 Kontynenty i państwa : Australazja, Antarktyka, wyd. Fogra, Kraków, 2000, p. 239-240, .

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Oceania
Fiji
Molucca Sea

The Molucca Sea is in the western Pacific Ocean, within the country of Indonesia.  The region is rich in coral and has many diving sites.

Location
The Molucca Sea borders the Banda Sea to the south and the Celebes Sea to the north. 

The islands bordering the Molucca Sea include Halmahera to the north east, Buru and Ceram in the centre, and Sulawesi to the west.  The Talaud Islands to the north are the general limit of the sea. The Molucca Sea Plate, the tectonic plate named after the sea, goes further north.

Other websites

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Geography of Indonesia