cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Nicky Hofs

Nicky Hofs (born 17 May 1983) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Vitesse.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Vitesse||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||13||2
|-
|2002/03||13||2
|-
|2003/04||27||5
|-
|2004/05||16||6
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||12||5
|-
|2005/06||14||3
|-
|2006/07||19||7
|-
|2007/08||23||6
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Vitesse||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||30||7
|-
|2009/10||||
167||43
167||43
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
People from Arnhem
Sportspeople from Gelderland
Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara

Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara (Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška) is a Croatian song promoting the Ustaše. The lyrics celebrate the World War II crimes against the Serbs. The lyrics include words in the typical dialect of Herzegovina, where some of the worst atrocities against Serbs during WWII happened.

In 2007, Efraim Zuroff reported in the Jerusalem Post that during a performance by Marko Perković of the Croatian band Thompson at Maksimir Stadium, there were a large number of Ustaše symbols and fascist salutes among the crowd (which included politicians, government officials and celebrities), helping to create an air of discomfort among Croatia's minorities in the region at the time.  Zuroff claimed that Perković gained notoriety two years earlier for having performed a modified version of the song, which "expressed nostalgia for those two infamous Croatian concentration camps in which at least 300,000 innocent Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians were murdered by the Ustashe with nary a Nazi in sight."

Perkovic himself denies writing or even performing the song, stating that he is a musician, not a politician. An organizer for a Thompson tour of New York City also defended Perkovic, saying he did not write the song nor is a copy available on any of his albums.

Lyrics

Related pages
Independent State of Croatia
Thompson (band)
Ustaše

References

Other websites
 Audio recording of the song performed by Marko Perković Thompson in Osijek in 2002

Songs
Croatia
Motoo Kimura

Motoo Kimura (13 November 1924 – 13 November 1994) was a Japanese mathematician and biologist. He was known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968. "Calculating the rate of evolution in terms of nucleotide substitutions seems to give a value so high that many of the mutations involved must be neutral ones".

He became one of the most influential theoretical population geneticists:
 Motoo Kimura's research contributions can be divided into two parts. The first is a series of papers on theoretical population genetics, the quality and quantity of which place him as the successor to the great trinity, R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright. The second is his neutral theory, the idea that the bulk of molecular evolutionary changes are driven by mutation and random chance, rather than by natural selection.

Kimura was heavily influenced by Sewall Wright; the main distinction being that Wright was mainly interested in populations, whereas the core of Motoo's work was in changes at the molecular level. Modified versions of Kimura's ideas are still in use today.

In 1992, Kimura received the Darwin Medal from the Royal Society, and the following year he was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

Honours
 Weldon Memorial Prize (UK), 1965.
 Japan Academy Prize, 1968.
 Order of Culture (Japan), 1976.
 Royal Society (UK), Darwin Medal in 1992; Foreign member, 1993.

References 

1924 births
1994 deaths
Japanese mathematicians
Geneticists
Evolutionary biologists
People from Aichi Prefecture
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, also written Ahmadinezhad (; born October 28, 1956) is an Iranian politician who was the sixth President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He was president from August 3, 2005 to August 3, 2013.

Ahmadinejad became the mayor of Tehran, the capital of Iran, on May 3, 2003. He was chosen to be the president in elections on June 24, 2005. Many people think he is very religious. Because of that, the religious leadership in Iran supported him in many ways when he was elected.

Ahmadinajad's political power comes from the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, also known as "Abadgaran". This is an alliance between Islamic parties and organizations.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has a Master of Science in Civil engineering from the Iran University of Science and Techology. He also has a PhD in  transportation engineering from the same university. Hassan Rouhani was elected on June 15, 2013 as Ahmadinejad's successor and took office on August 3, 2013.

His brother was failed presidential candidate and staff member Davoud Ahmadinejad (1950–2017).

References

Notes

1956 births
Living people
Iranian Muslims
Mayors
Presidents of Iran
Espoo shopping mall shooting

Espoo shopping mall shooting was a mass shooting in the Sello shopping mall, in Espoo, near Helsinki, Finland on 31 December 2009. 

The shooter killed five people, including his ex-wife, and then killed himself.

Events 
It is believed one of the main motives or reasons behind the shooting was the affair Shkupoll's ex-wife was having with another man who worked in the mall. The shooter killed his girlfriend in their apartment, and police were already looking for him when he began shooting in the mall. Police say he used an illegally purchaed 9mm handgun to commit the murders.

References 

2009 crimes
2009 in Europe
2000s murders in Europe
21st century in Finland
Attacks on buildings and structures in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2000s
Attacks on shops
December events
Shopping mall shooting
Mass murder in Europe
Mass murder in the 2000s
Mass shootings in Europe
Mass shootings in the 2000s
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in Europe
Suicide in the 2000s
Aquatic

Aquatic is a term often used in biology and ecology. Literally, it means watery, and refers to both fresh and salt-water. So aquatic plants or animals are those that live in water: ponds, rivers, oceans. Aquatic mammals include whales, dolphins, seals, walrus, and also otters, beavers, and other river forms. Aquatic birds are even more numerous: ducks, herons, waders, kingfishers, penguins. 

Ecology
Cryogenian

The Cryogenian is a geological period, from ~720 million years ago (mya) to 635 mya. It lies in the middle Proterozoic eon before the Ediacaran period.

The period is important to both Earth science and biology because it contains the two longest and most severe ice ages of all time: 
 The Sturtian ice age 717 mya to 660 mya
 The Marinoan ice age 650 mya to 635 mya

These two snowball earth events were previously put together as the Varangian glaciation. They covered much, possible all, the Earth with ice. The root cause of the temperature drop may have been the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesising bacteria and eukaryotes in the previous periods. Much else happened: the supercontinent Rodinia broke up and another, Pannotia, began to form. Fossil steroids suggest the presence of early sponges, and amoeboid cells with tests (coverings) appear in the fossil record.

Neoproterozoic
Humphrey Appleby

Sir Humphrey Appleby, GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (Oxon), is a character in the British television series Yes, Minister and Yes, Prime Minister.  He was played by Sir Nigel Hawthorne. In Yes Minister, he is the Permanent Secretary for the Department of Administrative Affairs (a fictional department of the British government). In the last episode of Yes, Minister, "Party Games", he becomes Cabinet Secretary, the position he retains during Yes, Prime Minister. Nigel Hawthorne that portrays this character won the BAFTA Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance four times: 1981, 1982, 1986 and 1987.

Other websites 
 Telegraph – Sir Humphrey Appleby and the tale of the prescription charge 
 Times Online – Yes Minister goes Dutch and Sir Humphrey Appleby becomes a dame

Fictional British people
Television characters
Great Eastern Railway

The Great Eastern Railway (GER) was a pre-grouping British railway company. The company's main line linked London Liverpool Street to Norwich and had other lines through East Anglia.  The company was grouped into the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923.

Other websites 

 Great Eastern Railway Society
 Archived copy of a page containing comprehensive details of those railways
 Shipping interests of the company
 Manningtree Rail Users Association

Pre-grouping British railway companies
London and North Eastern Railway
Transport in Epping Forest
1862 establishments in the United Kingdom
1860s establishments in England
1923 disestablishments
1920s disestablishments in England
Ongar railway station

Ongar railway station is a former London Underground station in the town of Chipping Ongar, Essex. Until its closure in 1994, it was the easternmost point of the Central line, and from 1961 until its closure in 1994 it held the distinction of being the London Underground station farthest from Central London.

References

Other websites

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 

Epping Ongar Railway's official website
London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Ongar station
London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Epping to Ongar branch

Disused London Underground stations
Transport in Epping Forest
Epping Ongar Railway
Former single platform tube stations
1865 establishments in the United Kingdom
1994 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1990s disestablishments in England
North Weald railway station

North Weald railway station is a former London Underground station in Essex, England. It is between Epping and Blake Hall on the Central Line, serving North Weald.

Other websites
Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
London's Abandoned Tube Stations - North Weald

Disused London Underground stations
1865 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Epping Ongar Railway
Former single platform tube stations
1990s disestablishments in England
Chipping Ongar

Chipping Ongar is a small market town in the civil parish of Ongar, in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England. In 2001 there were 6,069 people living in Ongar civil parish. There are 3 Primary Schools; High Ongar, Shelley and Chipping Ongar Primary School.Theres lots of local shops there like sainsbrys.

http://www.chippingongar.essex.sch.uk/

Ongar is also famous for the Epping Ongar Railway which celebrated its 150th anniversary this year.

References

Other websites

Towns in Essex
Epping Forest
Eastern Counties Railway

The Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) was an English railway company which began operating on 20 June 1839. It ran a train service from a temporary terminus at Mile End to Romford. This is now part of the Great Eastern Main Line. The line was extended the following year to a new London terminus at Shoreditch (later renamed Bishopsgate) and the line was subsequently extended to cover the 51 miles between London and Colchester. 

Pre-grouping British railway companies
Rail transport in London
1839 establishments in Europe
1830s establishments in England
1862 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1860s disestablishments in Europe
Passing loop

A passing loop (also called a "passing siding", "crossing loop", "crossing place" or, colloquially, "a hole") is a place on a single line railway/tramway, often located at a station, where trains/trams in opposing directions can pass each other.

Railway track layouts
Epping, Essex

Epping is a small market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England.

References 

Epping Forest
Towns in Essex
Market towns in England
Loughton

Loughton () is a town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex. Loughton Brooke Runs through Lougton and Epping Forest (near Loughton) is what is known as a SSSI (a Site of Specific Scientific Interest).

References 

Towns in Essex
Epping Forest
Pascal Zuberbühler

Pascal Zuberbühler (born 8 January 1971) is a Swiss football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="8"|Grasshopper Zürich||rowspan="8"|Nationalliga A||9||0
|-
|1992/93||21||0
|-
|1993/94||0||0
|-
|1994/95||33||0
|-
|1995/96||24||0
|-
|1996/97||36||0
|-
|1997/98||28||0
|-
|1998/99||36||0
|-
|1999/00||Basel||Nationalliga A||36||0

|-
|2000/01||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||13||0

|-
|2000/01||Aarau||Nationalliga A||2||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Basel||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||3||0
|-
|2001/02||36||0
|-
|2002/03||35||0
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Super League||35||0
|-
|2004/05||33||0
|-
|2005/06||36||0

|-
|2006/07||West Bromwich Albion||League Championship||15||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Neuchâtel Xamax||Challenge League||17||0
|-
|2007/08||Super League||34||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|Premier League||0||0
|-
|2009/10||||
454||0
13||0
15||0
482||0
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||11||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||51||0
|}

References 

1971 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Shin Asahina

Shin Asahina (born 20 August 1976) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
|-
|2000||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2001||6||0||2||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|2002||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||26||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|2004||35||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Rosso Kumamoto||Regional Leagues||15||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2006||Football League||31||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||8
|-
|2007||Banditonce Kobe||Regional Leagues||11||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||12||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|TDK||rowspan="2"|Football League||30||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2009||14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
178||15||8||1||2||0||188||16
178||15||8||1||2||0||188||16
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Manabu Ikeda

Manabu Ikeda (born 3 July 1983) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||17||2||2||1||3||0||22||3
|-
|2000||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||3||0||4||0||20||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||13||0||||||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2004||1||0||||||colspan="2"|-||1||0
44||2||5||1||7||0||56||3
44||2||5||1||7||0||56||3
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Tim Cahill

Tim Cahill (born 6 December 1979) is an Australian football player. He plays for Everton and Australia national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="7"|Millwall||rowspan="4"|Second Division||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1998/99||37||6||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||37||6
|-
|1999/00||45||12||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||48||12
|-
|2000/01||41||9||2||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||47||10
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|First Division||43||13||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||47||13
|-
|2002/03||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3
|-
|2003/04||40||9||7||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||48||12
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Everton||rowspan="6"|Premier League||33||11||2||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||38||12
|-
|2005/06||32||6||3||1||0||0||4||1||39||8
|-
|2006/07||18||5||0||0||3||2||colspan="2"|-||21||7
|-
|2007/08||18||7||0||0||4||1||6||2||28||10
|-
|2008/09||30||8||7||1||1||0||2||0||40||9
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
349||89||24||6||20||4||12||3||405||102
349||89||24||6||20||4||12||3||405||102
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||5||7
|-
|2005||9||1
|-
|2006||8||3
|-
|2007||5||1
|-
|2008||3||2
|-
|2009||7||5
|-
!Total||37||19
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
Australian footballers
Sportspeople from Sydney
Suguru Ito

Suguru Ito (born 7 September 1975) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="4"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||9||1||1||0||0||0||10||1
|-
|1998||7||1||1||0||4||1||12||2
|-
|1999||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1999||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||24||6||1||0||1||0||26||6
|-
|2001||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||5||0||0||0||2||0||7||0
46||8||3||0||7||1||56||9
46||8||3||0||7||1||56||9
|}

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Akita Prefecture
John van Loen

John van Loen (born 4 February 1965) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="5"|Utrecht||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||2||0
|-
|1984/85||22||5
|-
|1985/86||30||15
|-
|1986/87||31||11
|-
|1987/88||31||13
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="2"|Roda||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||31||8
|-
|1989/90||25||17

|-
|1990/91||Anderlecht||First Division||26||3

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Ajax||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||30||10
|-
|1992/93||7||1
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||16||4
|-
|1993/94||23||9
|-
|1994/95||15||4

|-
|1995||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||36||9

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Utrecht||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||14||1
|-
|1996/97||25||6
|-
|1997/98||12||0

|-
|1998/99||APOEL Nicosia||First Division||0||0
314||104
26||3
36||9
0||0
376||116
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1985||1||0
|-
|1986||0||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||3||1
|-
|1990||2||0
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

References

1965 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)
Andrea Orlandi

Andrea Orlandi (born 3 August 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Swansea City.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006/07||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Swansea City||rowspan="2"|League One||8||0||4||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2008/09||11||1||2||0||2||0||15||1
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||
1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
19||1||6||0||2||0||26||1
20||1||6||0||2||0||27||1
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Ludovic Sylvestre

Ludovic Sylvestre (born 5 February 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Mladá Boleslav.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005/06||Barcelona||La Liga||2||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||19||0
|-
|2007/08||6||0
|-
|2007/08||Viktoria Plzeň||Gambrinus liga||14||3
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Mladá Boleslav||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||29||3
|-
|2009/10||||
2||0
68||7
70||7
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
French footballers
Satoshi Nagano

is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||18||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||20||1
|-
|2006||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||4||0||7||0
|-
|2006||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||29||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2008||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2009||19||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2010||Giravanz Kitakyushu||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
103||2||5||0||4||0||112||2
103||2||5||0||4||0||112||2
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway electrification system

A railway electrification system supplies electrical energy to railway locomotives and multiple units so that they can operate without having an on-board prime mover. Their main advantages are high energy efficiency and low operating cost. Building their wires and other infrastructure is expensive, however.

Power supply
Electricity may be sent to the train in different ways. Different countries use different systems. The most widely used systems are:
 Alternating current from overhead lines at 15,000 volts, 16.7 Hz
 Alternating current from overhead lines at 25,000 volts, 50 Hz
 Direct current from overhead lines at 1,500 or 3,000 volts
 Direct current from a third rail at 600 or 750 volts

Related pages
 Electric locomotive

Rail infrastructure
Rail technologies
Electric railways
Single track (rail)

A single track railway is one where traffic in both directions shares the same track.  In the early days of railways, especially before the telegraph, operation of significant numbers of trains on a single track railway was fraught with difficulties, including delays and accidents, particularly head-on collisions.

Railway track layouts
English National Opera

English National Opera (ENO) is an opera company based in London, England.  The opera house where it performs is called the London Coliseum.  It is in St. Martin's Lane, very near Trafalgar Square.  It is one of the two big opera companies in London.  The other big one is the Royal Opera (ROH), Covent Garden.  The English National Opera is different because the operas there are always sung in English.  The ticket prices are not quite as high as at the ROH.

History 
The beginnings of the ENO go back to 1898 when Lilian Baylis gave a series of opera concerts at the Old Vic theatre.  About ten years later she started a theatre company there. She put on Shakespeare's plays in a shortened form.  She added a small group of dancers to the company. The Sadler's Wells Theatre opened, and the company were called the Vic-Wells Opera Company.  The dancers later separated from Vic-Wells and became the Royal Ballet.

The company toured while the theatre was closed during the Second World War.  At the end of the war it came back and was called Sadler's Wells Opera Company, and the theatre opened again with a performance of Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes.  It was the first English opera since the time of Purcell to become internationally famous. 
In 1968 Sadler's Wells Opera moved from Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum.  Six years later the company was renamed English National Opera.

Since then the ENO has put on many great opera productions.  For many years the general director was Peter Jonas, the artistic director was David Poutney and the conductor (musical director) was Mark Elder.

In 2004 many improvements were made to the building.  While the building was going on the ENO performed in the Barbican Centre.

Although ENO performs all operas in English, in 2005 it introduced surtitles at the Coliseum.  This makes it easier for the audience to understand the words being sung.

In 2007 the conductor Edward Gardner became music director of ENO.

Music directors
Lawrance Collingwood (Chief Conductor, 1931-1941, Music Director 1941-1946) 
James Robertson (1946-1954) 
Alexander Gibson (1957-1959) 
Colin Davis (1961-1965) 
Mario Bernardi (1966-1968) and Bryan Balkwill (1966-1969), co-Music Directors 
Sir Charles Mackerras (1970-1977)
Sir Charles Groves (1978-1979)
Mark Elder (1979-1993)
Sian Edwards (1993-1997)
Paul Daniel (1997-2005)
Edward Gardner (2007-present)

Other websites
 ENO website
 ENO history

1900s establishments in England
Gilbert and Sullivan
Opera companies
London
Air show

An air show is an event at which aviators display their flying skills and the capabilities of their aircraft to spectators in aerobatics. Air shows without aerobatic displays, having only aircraft displayed parked on the ground, are called "static air shows".

Aviation
Green belt

A green belt or greenbelt is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts are greenways or green wedges which have a linear character and may run through an urban area instead of around it.  A green belt is basically an invisible line that goes around a certain area, stopping people from building there so that some of the wild and agricultural land can be saved.

Real estate
Urban planning
Local government
Jacopo Peri

Jacopo Peri (born Rome, 20 August 1561; died Florence, 12 August 1633) was an Italian composer and singer. He composed the first opera ever written.

Life
Peri was born in Rome, but studied in Florence. He had several church jobs, playing the organ and singing. He also worked at the court of the Medici family, playing instruments and composing incidental music for plays and madrigals.

In the 1590s, Peri worked for Jacopo Corsi, the most important patron of music in Florence. They felt that art at that time (music, drama, painting etc.) was not as good as the classical art that had been produced 2000 years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. They wanted to write drama like the old Greek tragedies. In music they started to write "monody", which meant a solo song with a continuo bass accompaniment. They soon started to realize that just monody on its own could become boring, so they developed it into recitative (where the story could be told) and aria (where the singers could express their feelings in song). Peri and Corsi asked the poet Ottavio Rinuccini to write some words for them and together they produced the opera Dafne. It was probably nothing like what the Ancient Greeks would have done, but it was the first opera in modern times.

In 1600, Rinuccini and Peri wrote another opera together: Euridice.  We still have the music Euridice, although unfortunately the music to Dafne has been lost.

Peri wrote several other operas, although they are not great works. However, a very great composer was around at the time. His name was Claudio Monteverdi. In 1607, he started writing operas and his operas are often performed today.

1600 is the date usually thought of as the beginning of the Baroque music period. It is a convenient date because it is when opera started.

References
"Jacopo Peri", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  

1561 births
1633 deaths
Baroque composers
Italian composers
Musicians from Rome
Renaissance composers
Blake Hall tube station

Blake Hall station is a disused station in Essex, formerly on the Central Line of the London Underground  between North Weald and Ongar.

Notes 

Disused London Underground stations
1865 establishments in the United Kingdom
Epping Ongar Railway
Former single platform tube stations
1981 disestablishments
M11 motorway

The M11 is a motorway in South East England. It goes from London to Cambridge. It is  long. It opened between 1975 and 1980.

Junctions

Motorways in England
Transport in Epping Forest
Coopersale Halt railway station

Coopersale Halt is the current terminus of the Epping Ongar Railway in the hamlet of Coopersale in Epping, Essex, England. It is located between Epping and North Weald.

Related pages
Central Line
Epping Ongar Railway
Ongar tube station
Blake Hall tube station
North Weald tube station
Epping tube station
Closed London Underground stations

Other websites
Epping Ongar Railway's Official Website
Epping–Ongar Line (part 1)
Epping–Ongar Line (part 2)

Railway stations in England
Epping Ongar Railway
Epping Forest
Martin Bell

Martin Bell, OBE, (born 31 August 1938) is a British UNICEF (UNICEF UK) Ambassador, a former broadcast war reporter and former independent politician.

1938 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
British war correspondents
British television presenters
Independent politicians
Politicians from Suffolk
Urban75

Urban75 (also sometimes referred to as u75 or urban) is a website and messageboard based in Brixton, England. It was founded in 1995 and includes various content e-zine content, as well as bulletin boards. The site was founded and is currently run by Mike Slocombe.

Websites
Activism
Protests
Francesco Cavalli

Francesco Cavalli (born Crema, Lombardy, 14 February 1602; died 14 January 1676) was an Italian composer.  He lived in the early part of the Baroque music period. His real name was Pietro Francesco Caletti-Bruni, but he is better known as Cavalli, which was the name of his patron, a Venetian nobleman.  He is remembered for his operas.

Life
Cavalli was born at Crema, Lombardy. He became a singer at St Mark's in Venice in 1616, then he was organist there, and in 1668 he became maestro di cappella.

He began to write for the theatre in 1639. Soon after that the first public opera house opened in Venice. Cavalli became so famous that he was invited to Paris in 1660 where he performed his opera Xerxes. He visited Paris again in 1662. He died in Venice at the age of 73.

Music and influence
Cavalli lived at the time that opera had just been invented by Jacopo Peri.  Claudio Monteverdi composed the first really good operas.  Cavalli became the most important Italian writer of operas in the middle of the 17th century.  His operas use small orchestras, unlike those of Monteverdi, who was writing for the court in Mantua where there was lots of money for big orchestras.  Cavalli had a good sense of drama and he wrote lovely melodies.

He wrote 57 operas, of which 27 survived.  He also wrote some church music and some instrumental music.

1602 births
1676 deaths
Italian composers
Baroque composers
People from Lombardy
Santana do Paraíso

Santana do Paraíso is a Brazilian city in the Vale do Aço metropolitan area, state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2009 was 24.695 inhabitants. Its area is 275,529 km². The city was founded in April 28, 1992.

It is limited with the municipal districts of Belo Oriente, Mesquita, Ipatinga, Caratinga e Ipaba

Other websites 
 Official site of Santana do Paraíso

Cities in Minas Gerais
Vale do Aço metropolitan area
1992 establishments
1990s establishments in Brazil
Ruston (engine builder)

Ruston was an industrial equipment manufacturer in Lincoln, England, the company's history going back to 1840. The company is best known as a manufacturer of narrow and standard gauge diesel locomotives and also of steam shovels.

Rail vehicles manufacturers
Ruston & Hornsby locomotives
Lincolnshire
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing
1857 establishments in Europe
1918 disestablishments in Europe
1850s establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Locomotive manufacturers
Harsco Corporation

Harsco Corporation () is a diversified, worldwide industrial company based in the United States.  Harsco operates in 45 countries and employs approximately 21,000 people worldwide. The company provides industrial services and engineered products that serve some of the world’s largest and most essential industries, including steel, construction, railways, and energy.  The 2005 revenues totaled $2.8 billion, nearly 60% of which were generated internationally.

1853 establishments in the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Brake van

Brake van and guard's van are terms used mainly in the UK and Australia for a railway vehicle that has a hand brake which can be applied by the guard.  The equivalent North American term is caboose but a British brake van and a caboose are very different in appearance because the former usually has only four wheels while the latter usually has bogies.

United Kingdom rolling stock
Transport in Australia
Track ballast

Track ballast forms the trackbed upon which railway sleepers (UK) or railroad ties (US) are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties. It is used to facilitate drainage of water, to distribute the load from the railroad ties, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track structure. This also serves to hold the track in place as the trains roll by. It is typically made of crushed stone, although ballast has sometimes consisted of other, less suitable materials.

References

Rail infrastructure
Karmapa

Karmapa is Tibetan buddhist teacher or lama. He is the first one from Tibetan lamas, who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist masters. Karmapa is the head of Karma Kagyu- the biggest subschool or lineage of Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The first Karmapa Dusum Khyenpa (1204—1283) is student of Gampopa(1079-1153) .
Permanent way

The permanent way is the elements of railway lines: generally the pairs of rails typically laid on ties ("sleepers" in British parlance) embedded in ballast, intended to carry the ordinary trains of a railway. It is described as permanent way because in the earlier days of railway construction, contractors often laid a temporary track to transport spoil and materials about the site; when this work was substantially completed, the temporary track was taken up and the permanent way installed.

References 

Rail infrastructure
London Underground 1962 Stock

The 1962 Tube Stock was a type of London Underground tube train built for use on the Central line. They were used on the Central line between 1962 and 1995. These tube trains were very similar to the 1938 stocks used on Piccadilly line.

1962
Scrap

Scrap is a term used to describe recyclable materials left over from manufacturing and product consumption. It includes parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Often confused with waste, scrap in fact has significant monetary value.  

Overall, the scrap industry processes more than  of recyclable material each year into raw material feedstock for industrial manufacturing around the world. One example is scrap steel. Scrap is mainly reused to make other items. Plastic, for example, is melted down into new shapes. A water bottle may have been part of a computer once.

Recycling
Waste management
Scrap is very valuable. Some scrap is stolen for its worth, like copper wires and pans. This is a crime in some countries, and many investigations are focused on issues with legitimate metal trading. Totaled cars are often also sold for the metal inside. They are crushed, melted into smaller ingots and cylinders, then shipped to a manufacturer of metal goods that paid for that scrap metal. For developed metals to become scrap metal, it needs to be unused and useless in the form it's in. Only then do people shred and melt metal to be used for other things.
Verismo

Verismo is a word which refers to a type of literature and a type of opera that was popular towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The Italian word "verismo" means "realism".
In literature the main verismo writers were the Frenchman Émile Zola, the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen and the Italian writer Giovanni Verga. The composer Pietro Mascagni used a story by Verga for his opera Cavalleria rusticana. This was a short, one-act opera which became extremely popular. Several composers were inspired by it and wrote similar works. The only one of these which is still regularly performed is Pagliacci by Ruggero Leoncavallo. These two short operas are often performed on the same evening. They are known together as "Cav and Pag".

Verismo operas are generally based on stories about ordinary people from the working classes rather than about kings or gods or aristocrats. There is often a lot of violence in the stories as people love one another with great passions, which often leads to murder. Bizet's opera Carmen is typical of that kind of story, although it was composed before the verismo tradition was really popular.

References 
 New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

Opera genres
Opera terminology
Literature
BBC Introducing

BBC Music Introducing is the brand for new music programmes across the BBC showcasing unsigned, self signed and other emerging musical talent primarily from the UK.

BBC
Eats, Shoots & Leaves

Eats, Shoots & Leaves is a book written by Lynne Truss. It explains  how careful writing and punctuation helps writers communicate clearly. One example is the difference between the statements "eats, shoots and leaves" and "eats shoots and leaves." It explains by the example of a panda who walks into a restaurant, eats, draws a gun and shoots at the other patrons, and then leaves, blaming the incident on the instruction of a badly punctuated wildlife manual. The purpose of the book is to explain the importance of proper punctuation.

The book was interesting to read and a great commercial success  it was a best-seller. However, it had its own punctuation errors and inconsistencies, as a review in the New Yorker magazine pointed out.

References 

2003 books
Non-fiction books
Rubeus Hagrid

Rubeus Hagrid is a character in the J.K. Rowling Harry Potter book series. A teacher and groundskeeper at Hogwarts, the school that Harry Potter attends, Hagrid is a friend of Harry, Ron, and Hermione. Hagrid is also a "half-giant." His father was not a giant, whereas his mother, Fridwulfa, who abandoned him when he was just an infant, was a giantess. He has a half-brother named Grawp. In the Harry Potter movies, Hagrid is played by Robbie Coltrane. Martin Playfield appears as a young Hagrid in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

Over the course of the Harry Potter books, Hagrid is expelled from Hogwarts after The Ministry of Magic thought he had opened the Chamber of Secrets.  But the truth that he had been framed by Tom Riddle is exposed and Hagrid is allowed to remain at the school as gamekeeper. The government broke his wand and banned him from doing magic when he was expelled, but he keeps pieces of the wand in his pink umbrella. 

Hagrid, who keeps several pets, is also a friend of Madame Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy of Magic, although it is not known if they were together in a romantic way.

Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Harry Potter characters

de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Rubeus Hagrid
fr:Personnages secondaires de l’univers de Harry Potter#Rubeus Hagrid
tr:Hogwarts kadrosu#Rubeus Hagrid
Rodney Stuckey

Rodney "Norvell" Stuckey is a professional National Basketball Association player for the, Detroit Pistons. He went to Eastern Washington University. He went to Kentwood High School, in Kent, Washington. He was born on, April 21, 1986 in Seattle, Washington. He was drafted by the Detroit Pistons in the 1st round (15th pick, 15th overall) of the 2007 NBA draft. His jersey number is 3. He is 6'5", and is 205 pounds. He was the 2007-08 NBA All-Rookie (2nd). He plays the guard position.

On March 5, 2010, Stuckey had a seizure on the bench during a game and collapsed in his trainer's arms, and was taken to the hospital. However, he was reported to be doing well not long after going to the hospital, and returned to next play in a game on March 19.

Other websites 
 Rodney Stuckey overall statistics

References

1986 births
American basketball players
Living people
Sportspeople from Seattle, Washington
Detroit Pistons players
Alou Diarra

Alou Diarra ( ; born 15 July 1981) is a French football player. He plays for Girondins Bordeaux and France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||Louhans-Cuiseaux||Division 2||3||0

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2001/02||0||0

|-
|2002/03||Le Havre||Ligue 1||25||0
|-
|2003/04||Bastia||Ligue 1||35||4
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Lens||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||34||2
|-
|2005/06||32||2
|-
|2006/07||Olympique Lyonnais||Ligue 1||15||1
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||36||4
|-
|2008/09||35||2
|-
|2009/10||||
215||15
0||0
215||15
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
!Total||24||0
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
French footballers
Gaël Givet

Gaël Givet (born 9 October 1981) is a French football player. He plays for Blackburn Rovers.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="7"|Monaco||rowspan="2"|Division 1||1||0||||||||||0||0||1||0
|-
|2001/02||22||2||||||||||0||0||22||2
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Ligue 1||21||1||||||||||0||0||21||1
|-
|2003/04||33||2||||||||||13||0||46||2
|-
|2004/05||31||0||||||||||9||1||40||1
|-
|2005/06||31||2||||||||||6||0||37||2
|-
|2006/07||32||1||||||||||0||0||32||1
|-
|2007/08||Olympique Marseille||Ligue 1||29||0||||||||||9||0||38||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||14||0||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
200||8||||||||||28||1||228||9
14||0||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
214||8||4||0||0||0||28||1||246||9
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
French footballers
Arles
Brad Jones (soccer)

Bradley Scott Jones (born 19 March, 1982) is an Australian football player. He plays for Middlesbrough.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||Middlesbrough||Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|2001/02||Shelbourne||Premier Division||2||0||||||||||||||2||0

|-
|2001/02||Middlesbrough||Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Stockport County||Second Division||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2003/04||Middlesbrough||Premier League||1||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2003/04||Rotherham United||First Division||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Blackpool||Second Division||5||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2004/05||League One||12||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||5||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2005/06||9||0||3||0||0||0||4||0||16||0
|-
|2006/07||Sheffield Wednesday||League Championship||15||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="4"|Premier League||2||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2007/08||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2008/09||16||0||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
67||0||11||0||1||0||4||0||83||0
2||0||||||||||||||2||0
69||0||11||0||1||0||4||0||85||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Australian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Western Australia
People from Perth, Western Australia
Sebastián Viera

Sebastián Viera (born 7 March 1983 in Florida, Uruguay) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for Larissas and Uruguay national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|Nacional||rowspan="4"|Primera División||16||0
|-
|2004||26||0
|-
|2005||16||0
|-
|2005/06||0||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="4"|Villarreal||rowspan="4"|La Liga||29||0
|-
|2006/07||28||0
|-
|2007/08||18||0
|-
|2008/09||0||0

|-
|2009/10||Larissas||Super League||||
58||0
75||0
0||0
133||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||15||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Uruguayan footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Christian Bolaños

Christian Bolaños (born 17 May 1984) is a Costa Rican football player. He has played for Start and Costa Rica national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="6"|Saprissa||rowspan="6"|Primera División||17||1
|-
|2002/03||21||1
|-
|2003/04||0||0
|-
|2004/05||33||1
|-
|2005/06||34||2
|-
|2006/07||33||5

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Odense||rowspan="2"|Superliga||22||3
|-
|2008/09||2||0

|-
|2009||Start||Premier League||||
138||10
24||3
0||0
162||13
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||12||1
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
!Total||31||1
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Costa Rican footballers
Mido

Mido (born 23 February 1983) is an Egyptian football player. He plays for West Ham United and Egypt national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||Zamalek||Premier League||4||3||||||||||||||4||3

|-
|2000/01||Gent||First Division||21||11||||||||||||||21||11

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Ajax||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||24||12||||||||||||||24||12
|-
|2002/03||16||9||||||||||||||16||9

|-
|2002/03||Celta Vigo||La Liga||8||4||||||||||||||8||4

|-
|2003/04||Olympique Marseille||Ligue 1||22||7||||||||||11||2||33||9

|-
|2004/05||Roma||Serie A||8||0||||||||||4||0||12||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|Premier League||9||2||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3
|-
|2005/06||27||11||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||11
|-
|2006/07||12||1||3||1||4||3||4||0||23||5
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||12||2||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2
|-
|2008/09||13||4||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||15||5
|-
|2008/09||Wigan Athletic||Premier League||12||2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||2

|-
|2009/10||Zamalek||Premier League||15||1||||||||||||||15||1

|-
|2009/10||West Ham United||Premier League||||||||||||||||||||
19||4||||||||||||||19||4
21||11||||||||||||||21||11
40||21||||||||||||||40||21
8||4||||||||||||||8||4
22||7||||||||||11||2||33||9
8||0||||||||||4||0||12||0
85||22||10||2||6||4||4||0||105||28
188||68||10||2||6||4||19||2||223||76
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||14||6
|-
|2002||8||3
|-
|2003||8||6
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||5||3
|-
|2006||6||1
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||51||19
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Egyptian footballers
People from Cairo
Egypt international footballers
Angelo Carlos Pretti

Angelo Carlos Pretti (born August 10, 1965) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||Yokohama Flügels||J. League 1||13||3||0||0||0||0||13||3
|-
|1994||Kyoto Purple Sanga||Football League||25||17||2||2||colspan="2"|-||27||19
|-
|1995||NEC Yamagata||Football League||29||16||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||16
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|Football League||27||13||3||2||colspan="2"|-||30||15
|-
|1997||29||19||3||4||colspan="2"|-||32||23
|-
|1998||Tokyo Gas||Football League||26||8||3||0||colspan="2"|-||29||8
149||76||11||8||0||0||160||84
149||76||11||8||0||0||160||84
|}

Other websites

 F-Sports 

1965 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Rudi Vata

Rudi Vata (born 13 February 1969) is a former Albanian football player. He has played for Albania national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="2"|Vllaznia Shkodër||rowspan="2"|Superliga||||
|-
|1989/90||||
|-
|1990/91||Dinamo Tirana||Superliga||6||0

|-
|1991/92||Le Mans||Division 2||||
|-
|1991/92||Tours||Division 2||||

|-
|1992/93||Dinamo Tirana||Superliga||||

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Celtic||rowspan="4"|Premier Division||22||2
|-
|1993/94||10||1
|-
|1994/95||7||1
|-
|1995/96||6||0

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Apollon Limassol||rowspan="2"|First Division||25||4
|-
|1997/98||24||5

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Energie Cottbus||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||25||0
|-
|1999/00||25||1
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||30||1
|-
|2001/02||1||0
|-
|2001/02||LR Ahlen||2. Bundesliga||8||0

|-
|2002/03||Tirana||Superliga||13||4

|-
|2003||Yokohama||J. League 2||24||3

|-
|2003/04||St. Johnstone||First Division||15||0
19||4
||
60||4
49||9
89||2
24||3
241||22
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||5||0
|-
|1993||6||0
|-
|1994||3||0
|-
|1995||5||1
|-
|1996||4||0
|-
|1997||7||1
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||8||1
|-
|2000||7||2
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
!Total||59||5
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Albanian footballers