cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)

The Leader of the Conservative Party is the most senior politician within the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. The post is currently held by Boris Johnson who is also the Prime Minister at the head of a Conservative majority government. There was no proper leader of the Conservative Party until 1922:

Leaders in the House of Lords 1834–present
Those asterisked ( * ) were considered the overall leader of the party.
 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 1834–1846
 Edward Smith-Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley (14th Earl of Derby from 1851) 1846–1868 *
 James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury 1868–1869
 Hugh Cairns, 1st Baron Cairns 1869–1870
 Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond 1870–1876
 Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield 1876–1881 *
 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 1881–1902 (* from 1885)
 Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire 1902–1903
 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne 1903–1916
 George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Earl Curzon of Kedleston (1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston from 1921) 1916–1925
 James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury 1925–1931
 Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham 1931–1935
 Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry 1935
 E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1935–1938
 James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope 1938–1940
 Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote 1940
 E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1940
 George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd 1940–1941
 Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne 1941–1942
 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (5th Marquess of Salisbury from 1947) 1942–1957
 Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home 1957–1960
 Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham 1960–1963
 Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1963–1970
 George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe 1970–1973
 David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham 1973–1974
 Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1974–1979
 Christopher Soames, Baron Soames 1979–1981
 Janet Young, Baroness Young 1981–1983
 William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw 1983–1988
 John Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead 1988–1990
 David Waddington, Baron Waddington 1990–1992
 John Wakeham, Baron Wakeham 1992–1994
 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne 1994–1998
 Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde 1998–

Leaders in the House of Commons 1834–1922
 Sir Robert Peel 1834–1846 *
 Lord George Bentinck 1846–1847
 Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby 1848
 None 1848–1849
 Jointly Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby and John Charles Herries 1849–1852
 Benjamin Disraeli 1852–1876 (* from 1868)
 Sir Stafford Northcote 1876–1885
 Sir Michael Hicks Beach 1885–1886
 Lord Randolph Churchill 1886–1887
 William Henry Smith 1887–1891
 Arthur James Balfour 1891–1906 (* from 1902)
 Joseph Chamberlain 1906
 Arthur James Balfour 1906–1911 *
 Andrew Bonar Law 1911–1921 (* from 1916)
 Austen Chamberlain 1921–1922

Leaders of the Conservative Party 1922-Present

Date in brackets shows when each person became leader.
White people

White people are people with light skin. Most white people are of European origin, but are also found in other places. Sometimes it refers to a larger group: white people among other groups. The term "Caucasian" is often used as a synonym for "white people", but sometimes it means people of the Caucasus Mountains.

Before the modern age, no Europeans thought of themselves as "white". Instead, they defined their race, ancestry, or ethnicity in terms of their nationality (Greek, Roman, etc.).  The concept of a unified white race came into use in the 17th century, or later. The strongest proponents of racism in 20th century Europe, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, regarded some European peoples such as Slavs as racially different from themselves.

Related pages
Black people 
White Americans

Race
Kazuyo Sejima

is a Japanese architect and university professor at Tama Art University and Keio University in Tokyo. Sejima won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

Career
Sejima worked in the design office of Toyo Ito.

In 1987, she started her own company, Kazuyo Sejima and Associates in 1987.

In 1995, she started a partnership with Ryūe Nishizawa in Tokyo.  It was called SANAA.

In 2005-2008, she was a visiting professor at the School of Architecture at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey.

In 2010, Sejima became Director of the Architecture Sector for the Venice Biennale. She organized the 12th Annual International Architecture Exhibition. She is the first woman to be in that position.

Projects
This table is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

Unbuilt
 Platform III House, Tokyo, Japan, 1990
 Nasumoahara Harmony Hall, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, 1991
 Service Center at the Tokyo Expo 96, Tokyo, Japan, 1995
 Yokohama International Port Terminal, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, 1994

Honors
 Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
 Pritzker Prize, 2010.
 Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal, 2019

References

Other websites 

 SANAA website
 Vernissage.tv, "SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York"

1956 births
Living people
Japanese architects
Pritzker Prize winners
People from Ibaraki Prefecture
SANAA

The article about the capital of Yemen is at Sana'a

SANAA is an architecture partnership in Tokyo. SANAA won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

History
Kazuyo Sejima and Ryūe Nishizawa started the design office in 1995.

List of projects

 1995-1996 — Multimedia Studio, Gifu, Japan
 1995-1997 — N Museum, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
 1995-1999 — O Museum, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
 1995-1996 — S House, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
 1996-1997 — M House, Tokyo, Japan
 1996-1997 — K Office Building, Ibaraki, Japan
 1997-1998 — Koga Park Café, Ibaraki, Japan
 1997 — Welfare Center, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
 1999-2004 — 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
 2000 — Prada Beauty Store, Arezzo, Italy
 2000 — Japan Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy
 2001-2003 — Dior Omotesando Store, Tokyo, Japan
 2001-2006 — Glass Pavilion at the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio
 2003 — Issey Miyake Store, Tokyo, Japan
 2003-2006 — Zollverein School of Design, Essen, Germany
 2003-2006 —  Naoshima Ferry Terminal, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
 2003-2007 — New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York City, New York
 2009 — Serpentine Gallery, London, England
 2004-2010 — Rolex Learning Center at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Unbuilt
 1997-1999 — Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia
 1998 — Campus Center of the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
 2002 — Mercedes Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany
 2002 — Extension to the Rietberg Museum, Zurich, Switzerland

Awards and exhibits
 "City of Girls" in the Japanese Pavilion at the 2000 Venice Biennale
 Garden Cafe at the 7th International Istanbul Biennale, Istanbul, Turkey
 Zumtobel Staff-Lichtforum, Vienna, Austria
 Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain
 Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany
 Gallery MA, Tokyo, Japan
 N-museum, Wakayama, Japan
 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
 Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
 46th Mainichi Shinbun Arts Award (Architecture Category), 2005
 Schock Prize in the visual arts, 2005
 Pritzker Prize in 2010

References

Other websites
 SANAA website
 Verissage.tv, SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York

Japanese architects
Pritzker Prize winners
Companies of Japan
1995 establishments in Japan
Notoceratops

Notoceratops (meaning "southern horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur known only from a late Cretaceous jaw bone. Notoceratops walked on four sturdy legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head.

Discovery 
Notoceratops was named by Augusto Tapia in 1918 from a partial lower jaw found in Chubut, Argentina. This original Notoceratops bonarelli is missing and there is some doubt as to whether or not this fossil was actually a ceratopsian. 

Ceratopsids
Kumamoto Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Kumamoto.

History 
The area of Higo Province was renamed Kumamoto during the Meiji Restoration.

Timeline
 1607-1614 (Keichō 12-19): Kumamoto Castle, construction lasted 7 years
 December 1637 (Kan'ei 14): Shimabara Rebellion
 May 21, 1792 (Kansei 4, 1st day of the 4th month): Earthquake centered at Mount Unzen caused tsunami which hit Higo

Geography 
Kumamoto Prefecture is in the middle of Kyūshū  The western border of Kumamoto is the Ariake Sea and the Amakusa Islands.  Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture are in the north. Miyazaki Prefecture is in the east. Kagoshima Prefecture is in the south.

Mount Aso (1592 m) is an active volcano in the eastern part of the prefecture.

Cities

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
 Aso Kujū National Park

Shrines and Temples
Aso-jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Roasso Kumamoto

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/english/list.html ,
Christian Mortensen

Thomas Peter Thorvald Kristian Ferdinand Mortensen (August 16, 1882 – April 25, 1998), known as an adult as Christian Mortensen, was a Danish-born American supercentenarian who lived to age 115 years and 36 weeks and was believed to be the second oldest person ever born in Europe behind the possibly disputed 122-year-old Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment as well as the second-oldest man in history behind the nowadays debunked 120-year-old Japaneseman Shigechiyo Izumi. However, as both Calment and Izumi are debunked or possibly disputed, Mortensen was the fifth oldest person in history at the time of his death (behind Canadianwoman Marie-Louise Meilleur who died just nine days earlier, Americanwoman Sarah Knauss who then was the oldest living person, Japanesewoman Tane Ikai and Americanwoman Maggie Barnes who died less than 14 weeks earlier), the only man who became 115 years old (before Emiliano Mercado del Toro's 115th birthday on 21 August 2006) and the oldest man ever though until December 27, 2012 whereafter his record was broken by Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura (who was the third man to become 115 years old as well as the only man to become 116 years old).

Mortensen was baptised in Fruering Church on December 26, 1882. Besides his baptismal record, other records include the 1890 and 1901 census enumerations in Denmark, and church confirmation in 1896.

References

American supercentenarians
1882 births
1998 deaths
Violante Beatrice of Bavaria

Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (23 January 1673 – 30 May 1731) was the wife of the Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany, the heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. 

She was the youngest child of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy and was a sister to Louis XIV's daughter-in-law. 

She married Ferdinando de' Medici on 9 January 1689 and became known as the Grand Princess of Tuscany. Her husband died on 31 October 1713 and she did not have any children. She was put in charge of Siena in 1717 and died in 1731.

Titles and styles 

 23 January 1673 – 9 January 1689: Her Serene Highness Princess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria
 9 January 1689 – 5 February 1691: Her Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
 5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: Her Royal Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
 31 October 1713 – 12 April 1717: Her Royal Highness The Dowager Grand Princess of Tuscany
 12 April 1717 – 30 May 1731: Her Royal Highness The Governor of Siena

1673 births
1731 deaths
House of Wittelsbach
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria

Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was the wife of Louis, the Grand Dauphin. She had three sons including the father of Louis XV of France and a King of Spain. In France she was known as Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire. She was a sister of the Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, the last Medici Grand Princess of Tuscany. At court she was known simply as Madame la Dauphine. 

She was a daughter of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy.

Children

 Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
  Philippe of France (19 December 1683 –  9 July 1746), "Duke of Anjou", (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had further children such as a future Dauphine of France;
 Charles of France, Duke of Berry (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714); married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had children but none survived over a year.

Through her first two sons she is an ancestor of the present King of Spain as well as the present Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Titles and styles

28 November 1660 – 7 March 1680 Her Serene Highness Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
7 March 1680 – 20 April 1690 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)

1660 births
1690 deaths
House of Bourbon
House of Wittelsbach
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Geometric abstraction

Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms in non-representational compositions. This art is not meant to depict our everyday visual world, but instead uses the shapes of basic geometry.

Wassily Kandinsky, one of the forerunners of pure non-objective painting, was among the first modern artists to explore this geometric approach in his abstract work. Other examples of pioneer abstractionists such as Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian have also embraced this approach towards abstract painting.

Geometric abstraction is not just an invention of 20th century avant-garde artists or movements. It is present in many cultures throughout history both as decorative motifs and as art pieces themselves. 

Islamic art, in its prohibition of depicting religious figures, is a prime example of this geometric pattern-based art. It existed centuries before the modern movement in Europe, and in many ways influenced this Western school. Geometric patterns were often used in the architecture of Islamic civilisations from the 7th century-20th century, to visually connect spirituality with science and art.  

Abstract art has also historically been likened to music in its ability to convey emotional or expressive feelings and ideas without reliance upon or reference to recognizable objective forms already existent in reality. Wassily Kandinsky has discussed this connection between music and painting, as well as how the practice of classical composition had influenced his work, at length in his seminal essay Concerning the Spiritual in Art.

Expressionist abstract painting, as practiced by artists such as Jackson Pollock, is the opposite of geometric abstraction.  

Artists who have worked extensively in geometric abstraction include Josef Albers, Theo van Doesburg, Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Barnett Newman, Kenneth Noland, Bridget Riley, Alexander Rodchenko, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, among others.

Related pages 
Suprematism
Constructivism
Abstract art

References

Other websites
 Geometric Arts
 Easy Abstract Painting
Art movements
Josef Albers

Josef Albers (March 19, 1888 – March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and educator. His work in Europe and the United States was highly influential and far-reaching. His ideas formed the basis of many art education programs in the 20th century.

Life
Albers was born in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany. He studied art in Berlin, Essen, and Munich, before enrolling as a student at the prestigious Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. He began teaching in the preliminary course of the Department of Design in 1922, and was promoted to Professor in 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau. His work at this time included designing furniture and working with glass.

With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States. In 1950 Albers was appointed head of the Department of Design at Yale University. In 1963 he published Interaction of color which presented his theory that colors were governed by an internal and deceptive logic. A key idea, which he proved by examples, was that our perception of color is not constant. It is influenced by the juxtaposition (placing together) of one color with another. This interested artists interested in optical illusions (Op art).

Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. Most famous of all are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series Homage to the Square. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged inside each other. This was a union of geometric abstraction with experiments in color.

References

Other websites 
Joseph & Anni Albers Foundation  

1888 births
1976 deaths
American painters
German painters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
List of political parties in France

France has a multi-party system, which means that several political parties must form coalitions in order to form a government. This is because it would be very difficult for any one party to win a majority of seats in the French National Assembly. Since the 1980s, there have been two major coalitions; one is a collection of right-wing parties and the other is a collection of left-wing parties.

Parties

Right-wing
National Rally (Rassemblement National; RN): nationalism, conservatism, euro-scepticism. 

The Republicans (Les Républicains; LR) - Promotes conservatism, liberal-conservatism and nationalism. Replaced the Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire) in 2015.

Centrist
La République En Marche! - Promotes neoliberalism, economic liberalism, centrism, and pro-Europeanism. Founded by current French President Emmanuel Macron in 2016.

Left-wing
Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste) - Promotes social democracy.

La France Insoumise - Promotes democratic socialism.

French Communist Party (Parti Communiste Français) - Promotes communism.

Royalists
Royal Alliance (Alliance Royale)

Nouvelle Action Royaliste

Democratic rally (Rassemblement démocrate)

Communists
Worker's Communist Party of France (Parti Communiste des Ouvriers de France)

Independent Worker's Party (Parti ouvrier indépendant) - Trotskyist

Pole of Communist Rebirth in France (Pôle de Renaissance Communiste en France)

Others
Pirate Party (Parti Pirate)

Frexit
Popular Republican Union (Union Populaire Républicaine) - Promotes movement of national liberation and Frexit.

Regionalist Parties

 Abertzaleen Batasuna - Basque nationalist
 Alsace d'abord (In English:Alsace First) - Alsace nationalist
 Savoyan League (Ligue savoisienne) - Savoy nationalist
 Breton Democratic Union (Union Démocratique Bretonne) - Breton nationalism
 Party of the Corsican Nation (U Partitu di a Nazione Corsa) - Corsican nationalism
 Corsica Libera - Corsican nationalism

France
 
France-related lists
Dae Jung-Sang

Dae Jung-sang, also called Qiqi Zhongxiang or Geolgeol Jungsang (, ? – 698), was a Korean Goguryeos soldier. He was the father of Dae Jo-Young.founder of Balhae (in Manchuria and Northern Korean Peninsula).

690s deaths
Korean military people
Korean monarchs
Philip V of Spain

Philip V of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746) was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. He was a grandson of Louis XIV and Marie Therese of Austria and was King of Spain from 1700 – 1724 and again from 1724 – 1746. He succeeded Charles II of Spain who was childless and mad. 

He was born at the Palace of Versailles, France. He lost the Kingdom of Naples to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and the Kingdom of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II. He died at his the Royal Palace of Madrid.

Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. He died in Madrid, Spain. His reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history. He was also the father of three Kings of Spain.

First marriage

He married Maria Luisa of Savoy in 1701 and had four children:

Issue

Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no children.
Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Maria Barbara of Portugal, no children.

Second marriage

He remarried in 1714 to Elisabeth Farnese and had seven children:

Issue

Charles III of Spain (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had children.
Infante Francisco (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had children.
Infante Felipe (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had children.
Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had children.
Infante Luis (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had children.

1683 births
1746 deaths
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Spain
People from Versailles
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Louis I of Spain

Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy. His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history. It is often considered unremarkable. However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France. His wife was a  minor French princess.

Louis was born in Madrid. He was the heir to the throne from birth. He held the title Prince of Asturias. He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father. He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months. During his short reign he was nicknamed The beloved and The liberal (El Bien Amado and El Liberal in Spanish). His reign ended when he died of smallpox. He had no children.

Titles and styles
25 August 1707 – 2 April 1709: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain
2 April 1709 – 14 January 1724: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias
14 January 1724 – 31 August 1724: His Majesty The King

Kings and Queens of Spain
Spanish House of Bourbon
1707 births
1724 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish infantes and infantas
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans

Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was the wife of Louis I of Spain. She was a daughter of Françoise Marie de Bourbon and Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France. She married Louis, then known as the Prince of Asturias on 20 January 1722. She had no children and became Queen of Spain in January 1724 before her husband died the same year of smallpox. She was sent back to France where she died alone and ignored in Paris in 1742. She is noted as one of the shortest reigning royal consorts in history.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
11 December 1709 - 20 January 1722 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Montpensier
20 January 1722 - 15 January 1724 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Asturias
15 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty the Queen of Spain
6 September 1724 - 16 June 1742 Her Majesty the Dowager Queen of Spain

Other websites

1709 births
People from Versailles
Spanish House of Bourbon
1742 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
House of Orléans
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish infantes and infantas
Maria Luisa of Savoy

Maria Luisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) was the first wife of Philip V of Spain. She loved her husband a lot and gave him four children. She had a lot of influence in the government but died exhausted in 1714. Her husband remarried to Elisabeth Farnese in December 1714. She was very popular in Spain.

Life

Named after her aunt the former Queen of Spain she was the second daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Savoy. At her fathers court it was well known that her father was having an affair with the Countess of Verua. This therefore put strain on her parents marriage. She was always close to her sister Marie Adélaïde.

Family

She married Philip V in 1701 and had four children:
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no issue.
Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Barbara of Portugal, no issue.

1688 births
1714 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Deaths from tuberculosis
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Regents
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
People from Turin
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Elisabeth Farnese

Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was the second wife of Philip V of Spain. Phillip's first wife, Maria Luisa of Savoy, had died in February 1714. Elisabetta married the king in December 1714. She had lots of influence over the state till her husband's death in 1746. She acted as Regent in 1759 when her eldest son Charles III of Spain became king and was travelling from Naples. There were plans for her to marry Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont but the marriage never occurred.

Issue

 Infante Carlos of Spain (later King Carlos III) (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, then King of Naples and Sicily, then King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had issue.
 Infante Francisco of Spain (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
 Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had issue.
 Infante Felipe of Spain (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had issue.
 Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had issue.
 Infante Luis of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
 Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had issue.

Titles and styles

 25 October 1692 - 24 December 1714 Her Highness Princess Elisabetta
 24 December 1714 – 14 January 1724 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
 14 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth
 6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
 9 July 1746 - 10 August 1759 Her Majesty The Dowager Queen
 10 August 1759 - 7 October 1759 Her Majesty The Queen regent
 7 October 1759 - 11 July 1766 Her Majesty The Queen mother

1692 births
1766 deaths
House of Bourbon
Spanish House of Bourbon
House of Farnese
Italian people
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Regents
Political parties in Scotland

Most political parties in Scotland can be put into two groups: Unionists and Nationalists. Nationalists want Scotland to become an independent country and to stop being part of the United Kingdom whereas Unionists want Scotland to stay in the United Kingdom.

Parties currently represented
The following parties are parties represented at either the British House of Commons and/or the Scottish Parliament.

Parties formerly represented in the Scottish Parliament

 Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party - 1 MSP from 2003–2007

 Scottish Socialist Party - 6 MSPs elected in 2003, 4 at dissolution of last parliament in 2007

 Solidarity - 2 Scottish Socialist MSPs changed parties in 2006 when this party was formed and lost their seats in 2007

Minor parties in Scotland

These are parties who contested the 2007 Scottish Parliament election but did not gain representation:

 Scottish Christian Party - A Christian right party that endorses traditional social conservative Christian values.

 British National Party (BNP) - A far-right UK-wide party which promotes policies of anti-immigration, right-wing populism, Euroscepticism and Third position economics with many combinations 

 Christian Peoples Alliance - A centrist party that promotes Christian democracy people with disabilities was made to die and pay

 Socialist Labour Party - A left-wing UK-wide party that promotes socialism and Trade Unionism.

 UK Independence Party (UKIP) - A right-wing to far-right UK-wide party which promotes taking the UK out of the European Union as well as having conservative and right wing populist policies.

 Scottish Unionist Party - A centre-right protestant party which promotes abolishing the Scottish parliament.

 Free Scotland Party - A party in favour of an independent Scotland free from both the United Kingdom and the European Union.
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany

Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (9 August 1663 – 31 October 1713) was the son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. Ferdinando was heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with the title Grand Prince from his father's accession in 1670 until his death in 1713. He married Violante Beatrice of Bavaria in 1689 but the marriage remained childless. He died of syphilis aged 50. 

His older brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, then became Grand Prince and later was the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Titles and styles

9 August 1663 – 23 May 1670: His Highness Prince Ferdinando de' Medici
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: His Royal Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany

1663 births
1713 deaths
Grand Princes of Tuscany
Supernatural (TV series)

Supernatural is an American horror, drama, fantasy, fiction TV series created by Eric Kripke. It first aired on September 13, 2005 on The WB and now it is part of The CW series. The show stars Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester. The show follows the two brothers (Sam and Dean) as they hunt demons and other figures of the paranormal, but not Bigfoot and aliens. The series is produced by the Warner Bros. Company with the help of Wonderland Sound and Vision. The current executive producers are Eric Kripke and McG, who also directs, and Robert Singer. The fourth producer, Kim Manners died of cancer in the production of the fourth season.

Cast
 Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
 Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
 Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer
 Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester
 Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
 Alona Tal as Jo Harvelle
 Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
 Chad Lindberg as Ash
 Sterling K. Brown as Gordon Walker
 Mitch Pileggi as Samuel Campbell
 Misha Collins as Castiel
 Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer
 Richard Speight, Jr. as Gabriel
 Kurt Fuller as Zachariah
 Julie McNiven as Anna Milton
 Robert Wisdom as Uriel
 Fredric Lehne as Azazel
 Katie Cassidy as Ruby
 Genevieve Cortese as Ruby
 Nicki Aycox as  Meg Masters
 Mark Rolston as Alastair
 Christopher Heyerdahl as Alastair
 Mark Sheppard as Crowley

Other websites 

2005 television series debuts
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American drama television series
American horror television series
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo III de' Medici (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate Grand Duke of Tuscany. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. Cosimo's fifty long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of regulatory laws. His reign also saw Tuscany's bad finances become even worse. He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone de' Medici, when he died, in 1723. 

He married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of Louis XIV. It was a bad marriage and Marguerite Louise eventually left Tuscany to remain at the Convent of Montmartre in Paris. Together, they had 3 children. In later life, he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it. Tuscany passed it to the House of Lorraine in 1737.

Issue

Cosimo III had three children with Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France:

Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

14 August 1642 – 23 May 1670: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo III's official style was "Cosimo the Third, By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Tuscany."

Grand Dukes of Tuscany
Grand Princes of Tuscany
1642 births
1723 deaths
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Gian Gastone de' Medici (24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was the second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. His sister, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the Electress Palatine, married him to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1697. The two remained childless and it was common knowledge that Gian Gastone was homosexual. Gian Gastone succeeded his father as Grand Duke in 1723.

In his reign he reversed all his father's laws and stopped taxes for poorer people, repealed (got rid of) the anti-Jewish laws and stopped public executions. His father, Cosimo III, wanted the his sister to succeed him but Spain, Great Britain, Austria and the Dutch Republic disregarded and made Charles III of Spain his heir. Charles changed his claim to Francis III of Lorraine. Francis then became the Grand Duke on 9 July 1737 ending almost 300 years of Medici rule over Florence.

Titles and styles 
 24 May 1671 - 30 October 1713: His Highness Prince Gian Gastone
 30 October 1713 - 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Grand Prince [of Tuscany]
 31 October 1723 - 9 July 1737: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke [of Tuscany]

1671 births
1737 deaths
Grand Princes of Tuscany
LGBT royalty
Grand Dukes of Tuscany
Marguerite Louise d'Orléans

Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici. Deprived of her lover, Charles V of Lorraine, Marguerite Louise despised her husband and his family, whom she often quarrelled with and falsely suspected of attempting to poison her. Marguerite Louise reconciled with the Medici on more than one occasion, however, only to promptly resume hostilities.

Having become Grand Duke of Tuscany upon his father's death, in 1670, Cosimo III, under the sway of his mother, Vittoria della Rovere, refused to grant Marguerite Louise entry to the Privy Council. Thus without political influence, Marguerite Louise sorted the education of her eldest son, Grand Prince Ferdinando. Two more children followed: Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine, and Gian Gastone, the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany.

In June 1675, Marguerite Louise was allowed to return to France to live in a convent in Paris. She was a daughter of Gaston de France, Duke of Orléans. Although the contract, banned her from leaving the convent, Marguerite Louise often went to her cousin Louis XIV's court at Versailles. She was at the centre of many scandals at the convent, including an attempt to burn it down, which greatly irritated her husband, who, despite the separation, took great interest in Marguerite Louise's life. While still technically married, Marguerite Louise had several affairs.

Children
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

28 July 1645 – 12 June 1661 Her Royal Highness "Mademoiselle d'Orléans" [Grand daughter of France] 
12 June 1661 – 23 May 1670 Her Royal Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
23 May 1670 - 5 February 1691 His Highness  The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany
5 February 1691 - 17 September 1721 Her Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany

1645 births
1721 deaths
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
House of Orléans
House of Bourbon
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici

Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici (11 August 1667 – 18 February 1743) was the last of the House of Medici. A patron of the arts, she gave the Medici's large art collection (including the contents of the Uffizi, Palazzo Pitti and Medici villas) which she inherited upon her brother Gian Gastone’s death in 1737, and her Palatine treasures to the Tuscan state, on the condition that none of it be removed.

Life
Anna Maria Luisa was the only daughter of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIII of France. On her marriage to Elector Johann Wilhelm II, she became Electress Palatine, and, patronised a lot of musicians. As Johann Wilhelm had syphilis, the union with Anna Maria Luisa produced no children. In 1713 Cosimo III altered the Tuscan laws of succession to allow the accession of his daughter, and spent his final years canvassing the European powers to agree to recognise this statute. However, in 1735, as part of a territorial arrangement, the European powers appointed Francis Stephen of Lorraine as heir, and he duly ascended the Tuscan throne in her stead. After the death of Johann Wilhelm, Anna Maria Luisa returned to Florence, where she enjoyed the rank of first lady until the accession of her brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, who banished her to the Villa La Quiete.

When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of regent of Tuscany but she declined. Her death, in 1743, brought the House of Medici to an end.

1667 births
1743 deaths
House of Medici
House of Wittelsbach
Tuscan princes and princesses
Electors and Electresses
Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Ferdinando II de' Medici (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. He was the eldest child of Cosimo II de' Medici and Maria Maddalena of Austria. His 49-year rule saw the Medici Bank fail. 
He married Vittoria della Rovere, with whom he had two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, his eventual successor, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, a Prince of the Church.

Children

Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (19 December 1639 - 21 December 1639) died in infancy.
Unnamed son (1640).
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans and had children. 
Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, no children.

Titles and styles

14 July 1610 – 28 February 1621 His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
28 February 1621 – 23 May 1670 His Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany

1610 births
1670 deaths
Grand Princes of Tuscany
Grand Dukes of Tuscany
PQ: Practical Intelligence Quotient

PQ, meaning "Practical Intelligence Quotient", or "Intelligent License" in Japan, is a video game that measures your intelligence through 3-D puzzles involving everyday objects. The player tries to reach the pillar of light at the end of the level while avoiding obstacles and traps.

Gameplay
A game has 10 stages, which have 10 levels each. The light at the end of a level is your destination. Obstacles and traps try to fail you your way to the goal at the same time.

Other modes

Practice
In the game, the player can practice their skills in the levels with no worries about time.

Tutorial
Five basic steps to help you play the game.

Reception
The game received fairly good reviews from critics. For example the game was given a 69 on Metacritic and a 7.4/10 on Gamespot, as well as a 71% on GameRankings Aggregation.

Sequel
A sequel was released for the game in 2007. It was PQ2: Practical Intelligence Quotient 2 or Intelligent License 2 and worked pretty much the same, but had a puzzle creator.

References

Other websites
 Metacritic: Media Critic: Official Site

2005 video games
St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School

St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School is a Catholic high school in Clinton, Ontario, Canada. It is known for it's sports teams and good marks. It serves students from grades nine to twelve. The motto of St. Anne's is "in alis aquilae" which is Latin for "on eagle's wings". This motto comes from the Bible (the Book of Isaiah, Chapter 40).

Beginnings

St. Anne's was built in the town of Clinton, Ontario. When the school opened only 139 students went there. The students came from Huron County. In 2009, 600 people went there. The school was built to provide a French and faith-based education. St. Anne's is the only French-Immersion Catholic school in the county.

The school board is the Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board (HPCDSB).

Uniforms

St. Anne's is a uniform school, the only in the region and school board. The uniform consists of what a teen would normally wear, however the clothes are either plaid, navy, burgundy, kaki or white.

Faith-Based Education

St. Anne's is a Catholic school. Most students are Roman Catholics, however students of other religions are allowed and welcome in the school. All students must take a religion course each school year. To graduate, students need four religion credits. This course is offered in French Immersion.

Extra Curricular

St. Anne's has many sports teams and clubs. The most popular team are the boy's rugby and hockey teams. Girls' teams consists of the popular field hockey and rugby teams.

Sports Teams

St. Anne's sports teams include:
Badminton
Basketball
Cross-country running
Curling
Golf
Hockey 
Rugby
Swimming
Track-and-field.

Clubs

St. Anne's has numerous clubs and groups. They include:
Band (An extension of music class, it is responsible for music at masses, assemblies and concerts)
Chess Club
Enviro-Club
God-Squad (A religious group)
The Math Team
Me to We
Students for Life (Anti-abortion group)
Writers' Guild (Creative writing)

St. Anne's also has a Student Cabinet. Elections are held in the spring. Student Cabinet is in charge projects like dances and fundraisers. Each member of Student Cabinet has their own job relating to their elected position.

References

Other websites
 St. Anne's official website 
 The Ministry of Education of Ontario's website
 The Huron-Perth Catholic District School Board's website

Schools in Canada
1995 establishments in Canada
Henriette Adelaide of Savoy

Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 13 June 1676) was the wife of the Elector of Bavaria Ferdinand Maria. She had much influence and with her husband did much to improve the Electorate of Bavaria, her adopted country.  She was a daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.

She was the older of twins. Her twin sister was Catherine Beatrice of Savoy. Her mother was Christine of France, daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Christine was regent for her brother Charles Emmanuel II. 

On 8 December 1650 she married Ferdinand Maria, future Elector of Bavaria. The next year Ferdinand Maria became Elector, when his father Maximilian died. Henriette Adelaide had a lot of influence on Bavarian politics, in favor of France. This led to her eldest daughter marrying the Grand Dauphin in 1680. She also had a great part in the building of Nymphenburg Palace and the Theatinerkirche.

Issue

 Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria 28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) married Louis, Grand Dauphin and had issue; present King of Spain descends from her.
 Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), next Elector of Bavaria; married Maria Antonia of Austria and had issue; married Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska and had issue.
 Luise Margarete Antonie of Bavaria.
 Ludwig Amadeus Victor of Bavaria.
 Kajetan Maria Franz of Bavaria.
 Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (5 December 1671 – 12 November 1723) Elector and Archbishop of Cologne.
 Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (3 April 1673 – 3 June 1731) married Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.

Other websites

1636 births
1676 deaths
House of Savoy
House of Wettin
Twin people
Mariana Victoria of Spain

Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) sometimes Maria Anna Victoria was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven. Rejected due to her age, the marriage never took place and she was sent back to Spain. In 1729 she was married to the son of John V of Portugal. Her husband became the King on 31 July 1750. The mother of Maria I of Portugal she also acted as regent of Portugal during the last months of her husbands life and acted as advisor to her daughter in her reign.

Life in France

Under the influence of the Duke of Bourbon she was engaged to the young King Louis XV of France at the age of seven when she moved to the Palace of Versailles and was placed in the care of the Dowager Princess of Conti. Eventually due to her age she was unable to have children and was sent back to Spain in 1729. This caused a rift between the royal courts of Spain and France.

Issue
Maria I of Portugal (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) married Infante Pedro of Portugal and had issue. Later queen of Portugal.
Mariana Francisca of Portugal (7 October 1736 – 6 May 1813) died unmarried.
Doroteia of Portugal (21 September 1739 – 14 January 1771) died unmarried.
Benedita of Portugal (25 July 1746 – 18 August 1829) married Infante Joseph, Prince of Beira, no issue.

Titles and styles
 31 March 1718 – 19 January 1729: Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona Mariana Victoria of Spain
 19 January 1729 – 31 July 1750: Her Royal Highness the Princess of Brazil, Duchess of Braganza
 31 July 1750 – 29 November 1776: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
 29 November 1776 – 24 February 1777: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen Regent of Portugal and the Algarves
 24 February 1777 – 15 January 1781: Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen Mother of Portugal and the Algarves

Other websites
 

1718 births
1781 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Regents
People from Madrid
Spanish infantes and infantas
House of Braganza
Kings and Queens consort of Portugal