cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mohs scale of mineral hardness

Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.

Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.

Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral.  There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond.  Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct - for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than the diamond.   The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.

Relative hardness of some items 
2.5
Fingernail
2.5–3
Gold, Silver 
3
Copper penny 
4-4.5
Platinum 
4-5 Iron
5.5 Knife blade
6.5 Iron pyrite 
5.5 Glass
6.5 Hardened steel file

References

Other websites 
 http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/mohs_scale_of_hardness.htm
 How to use the Mohs scale of mineral hardness 

Minerals 
Tests
Chinglish

Chinglish is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese.  It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English.  For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese "hǎojiǔbùjiàn".

The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words Chinese and English.

Example 
One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die.

Proper english translation 
One car drove towards another; both cars crashed, and one of them was destroyed.

References 

English language
Chinese language
Friedrich Mohs

Friedrich Mohs (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

Job and Career 
Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness. 

He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them. 

In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

Later Career 
In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna. 

Mohs ended his remarkable career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.

References 

German scientists
1773 births
1839 deaths
Chelicerata

The Chelicerata are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.

The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.

The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of  these 'sea spiders'.

The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.

References
Cameraman

A cameraman or camera operator, is the person who takes motion pictures of the actors in a movie with a motion picture camera. They also are the people who work the cameras for television shows and news.

Entertainment occupations
Wire-crested Thorntail

The wire-crested thorntail (Discosura popelairii) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Their coloring is steel-blue, with white shafts, making a pretty sight when spread. The bird has a crest of bright green feathers. These birds feed on nectar from flowers using their long tongue or catch insects on the wing.

Hummingbirds
Avoidant personality disorder

Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a type of personality disorder, a long-term mental illness.

Symptoms 
People diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder are socially inhibited, meaning that they are shy and afraid of social situations. They feel that they are not good people and are afraid of people rejecting them. They are very sensitive to other people saying bad or negative things about them.

Diagnosis 
Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals diagnose people with avoidant personality disorder using a book called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). They look at a person's behaviour and how they are feeling. If the person has four or more of the following signs, the DSM-IV-TR says that they have AvPD.
 Avoids jobs or activities that involve a lot of contact with other people because of being very afraid of rejection or being criticised by other people
 Does not want to get involved with people unless they are sure that the other person likes them
 Is restrained or reserved in relationships and does not let people get too close because of being afraid of being made to feel bad
 Spends a lot of time thinking about being criticised or rejected in social situations
 Feels inhibited when meeting new people because of feeling not as good as other people
 Thinks that they are not good with people, not attractive, or not as good as other people
 Does not like to take risks or do new things in case they get embarrassed or feel bad

The symptoms of AvPD are much more serious than ordinary shyness.

References

Other websites 
 

Personality disorders
Cassiopeia (mythology)

Cassiopeia was a woman in Macedonian mythology. She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia. They had a daughter called Andromeda. Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very arrogant and vain. She thought that she was better than other people. One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids. The Nereids were sea-nymphs. When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry. He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do. The oracle said that they must sacrifice their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock. A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda. Later, they got married.

Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her. He placed her in the sky. There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.

References 

People in Greek mythology
Branch line

A branch line is a secondary railway line. It links to a more important route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line. David Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay.

References

Transport infrastructure
Atlantic Records

Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a major record label. It sold rhythm & blues, rock and roll, and jazz. It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. Some of its groups included Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Foreigner.

Recording artists

Related pages
Jazz
Rock and Roll
Record label

American record labels
1947 establishments in the United States
Amazilia hummingbird

The amazilia hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia) is a species of hummingbird. The loja hummingbird (A. alticola) has less tan-brown underparts. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the amazilia hummingbird.

The amazilia hummingbird lives in western Peru and Ecuador. It is mostly common, and can be seen in big cities such as Lima and Guayaquil. It likes dry, open or partly-open habitats, but also lives in forests.

References 
 Schulenberg T. et al 2007. Birds of Peru. Christopher Helm. 

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Wikimedia Foundation

The Wikimedia Foundation is an American  non-profit foundation. Their main headquarters is in San Francisco in the United States. The Wikimedia Foundation runs many projects using the wiki idea and the MediaWiki software. These projects include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, and Meta-Wiki.

There are many other wikis related to the foundation, but these are mostly smaller projects. They include the Wikimedia Foundation wiki, the MediaWiki wiki, the Test Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Incubator, Bugzilla, and the Wikimania wiki.

The foundation's creation was officially announced by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who was running Wikipedia within his company Bomis, on June 20, 2003.

The foundation gets most of its funds from donations, as it is nonprofit. It also looks for grants. Some companies have helped Wikimedia by giving free computer hardware, and by hosting servers. Since people can write the wikis, Wikimedia projects are free to use. Funds are used to run computer servers and to pay staff. The Foundation had 160 employees in 2013.

In 2013, Sue Gardner was the executive director.

In 2015, Patricio Lorente was the Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board.

In 2016, Katherine Maher became the executive director.

In 2018, María Sefidari is chair of the board.

The different boards

Board of Trustees 

The Board of Trustees in charge of all the affairs of the Foundation has ten members:

 four who are appointed by the Board itself;
 three who are selected by the community of all the different Wikimedia projects;
 two who are selected by the local chapters and thematic organizations;
 and one emeritus for the foundation's founder, Jimmy Wales.

The Signpost reported that two new trustees were elected in 2019:
 Nataliia Tymkiv, user:antanana  (English or Ukrainian)
 Shani Evenstein, user:Esh77 i(English or Hebrew)

Advisory Board 
The Foundation also has an Advisory Board, an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.

References

Other websites 
 
 Governance wiki

 
Non-profit organizations of California
Companies based in San Francisco
David Chalmers

David Chalmers was born in 1966. He has lived in Australia all of his life.

Since 2004 he has been a professor of philosophy at the Australian National University.

He has challenged other philosophers to solve the "Hard Problem of consciousness". This is the problem of explaining the relationship between physical and mental states. For example, the brain has a physical way of processing information and this makes an experience, a mental state.

Other websites
 Hard problem of consciousness

1966 births
Living people
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Atheists
Australian academics
People from South Australia
Australian philosophers
Australian giant cuttlefish

The Australian giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) is the biggest species of cuttlefish.

It grows up to  in mantle length length and over  pounds in weight. Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.

References

Cephalopods
Panpsychism

Panpsychism is the theory that everything in the universe is somewhat sentient or conscious. They are all connected parts of the whole. 

Panpsychists believe  that all matter in the universe has some degree of consciousness.In other words the substance of the universe is composed entirely of mind or consciousness. This is not to say that rocks have a mind but that the individual atoms and other particles in the rock have some sort of awareness and are aware of each other. Panpsychism is opposed to materialism or any doctrine that argues that the reality of the universe is composed solely of matter. Panpsychism needs no supernatural miracle to explain consciousness, it is consciousness. In other words we are all part of a grand communication scheme which is the glue that holds the universe together.

References
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
 Catholic Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Other websites 
 Panpsychism.net 

Philosophical movements and positions
Plateosauridae

Prosauropods were a group of early herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the later Triassic and early Jurassic periods. 

They were the largest herbivores in their environment, and quickly reached (6 to 10 meters long). All prosauropods had a long neck and small head, forelimbs shorter than the hindlimbs, and a very large thumb claw for defense. They were originally thought to be the ancestors of the sauropods, but are now considered by some as a parallel lineage.

Taxonomy 
Infraorder Prosauropoda
?Yimenosaurus
Meroktenos
?Mussaurus
Family Riojasauridae
Eucnemesaurus
Riojasaurus
Family Plateosauridae
Plateosaurus
Sellosaurus
?Unaysaurus
Family Massospondylidae
?Adeopapposaurus
Coloradisaurus
Lufengosaurus
Massospondylus
Yunnanosaurus
Jingshanosaurus
Admiral

Admiral is the highest rank in a navy. The term is used internationally by many countries. It derives originally from the Arabic word emīr (= commander), and came to English by way of Old French and Latin. 

Variations on the term are:
Admiral of the Fleet: originally, the Admiral in charge of an operational fleet, later used to designate senior status.
Vice-Admiral: step lower in rank than Admiral.
Rear-Admiral: two steps lower in rank than Admiral.
Admiralty: the department of government which administers the navy.
Admiralty Board: committee of the Ministry of Defence (UK)
Admiral: a butterfly of vivid colour belonging to the Nymphalid family.

References 

 
Military ranks
Bee hummingbird

The bee hummingbird or zunzuncito (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Cuba's Isla de la Juventud. 

A newly hatched bee hummingbird chick may weigh about a fingernail clipping. Its weight is less than a tenth of an ounce (2 g). Because of this, it is the smallest living bird as well as the smallest theropod dinosaur on record.

References 

Hummingbirds
Blue-capped hummingbird

The blue-capped hummingbird or Oaxaca hummingbird (Eupherusa cyanophrys) is a species of hummingbird. It is endemic to subtropical moist forest in the southernmost part of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Its tiny range is threatened by habitat loss.

Like the White-tailed hummingbird, it is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the more common Stripe-tailed hummingbird.

References
 BirdLife International 2004.  Eupherusa cyanophrys.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Birds of North America
Hummingbirds
Cwmbran

Cwmbran is a town just outside of Newport. In 2001, about 47,254 people lived there. It has the second biggest undercover shopping center in Wales. Cwmbrân was created under the New Town Act of 1946 to house employees of the nearby steelworks. It has different industries, including the production of car parts, nylon yarn, and cookies.

References 

Towns in Wales
Raje

Raje () is the honorary title for a king or nobleman (i.e. "your Majesty") in India. In India, south Indian states were ruled by the royal Indian dynasties. The rulers were addressed by the people as Raje.

Some clans of the Maratha community put the name Raje before their original clan name. Examples of these include RajeBhosale, RajeShirke, RajeMahadik, RajeNimbalkar and RajeMane.

In states like Rajasthan, Rajput community chiefs are known by the titles that include Maharawal, Rana and Maharana. These mean the same thing as Raje or Maharaja.

Related pages 
 Raja

Titles
History of India
Flag of Colorado

The Flag of the State of Colorado has three horizontal stripes of the same width; the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white. On top of these stripes sits a circular red "C", filled with a golden disk. The blue is meant to represent the skies, the gold stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains and the red represents the earth.

History
The flag was thought up by Andrew Carlisle Johnson in 1911 and adopted by the state's General Assembly on June 5 of the same year. 

However, the legislature did not specify the size of the "C" or the exact shade of blue or red. Because of this, some flags were in slightly different colors and had the "C" wholly within the center stripe. On February 28, 1929, the General Assembly added to the statement that the flag would be the same color blue and red as the flag of the United States.  On March 31, 1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe.

References

Colorado
Colorado
Amethyst woodstar

The amethyst woodstar (Calliphlox amethystina) is a species of hummingbird.Tiny, short-billed hummingbird of forests, forest edges, and savanna woodlands. Both sexes are green on the back with a white band across the rump. The  males have a pink throat and a forked tail. Females have a white throat, a short tail, and cinnamon flanks and undertail. 

It is found in most of central, and eastern South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname (the Guianas), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The bird's range surrounds the "Amazon countries" into the Andes foothills and higher heights of upstream river systems, but is not along the Amazon River proper in the central Amazon Basin, or the central upper Basin; it is in Brazil at the river's outlet, and upstream for about 500 km.

The amethyst woodstar's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.

The amethyst woodstar was named after the amethyst crystal

References

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Harbor seal

The harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), also called the common seal, is a true seal. They are found in coastal waters of the northern Atlantic and Pacific ocean as well as Baltic and North Seas making them the most wide-ranging of the pinnipeds (walruses, eared seals, and true seals).

The females live longer than the males and females usually live to be 30 to 35, while males usually live up to 20 or 25 years old.

References 

Pinnipeds
Merit badge

A Merit badge is an award earned by youth members of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), based on things within an area of study by finishing a list of  updated . The purpose of the merit badge program is to allow Scouts to find subjects to figure out if they would like to further pursue them as a career or . At first, the program also exposed Scouts to the life skills of contacting an Merit Badge Counselor they had not met before, arranging a meeting and then showing the Merit Badge Counselor their skills, kind of like to a job or college interview.

Merit badges are an important part of earning the high ranks in Scouting (Star, Life, and Eagle).  Eagle requires earning 21 merit badges, including 12 in specific areas such as camping, first aid, and citizenship; Life requires eleven and Star six.

At first, there were fifty-seven merit badges; today, there are 122.

Merit badges are also used as ways to move up in Scouting in other countries, such as Ireland.

List of Merit Badges
The following is a list of Boy Scout merit badges.  Merit badge that are required for Eagle are in italics

American Business
American Cultures
American Heritage
American Labor
Animal Science
Archaeology
Archery
Architecture
Art
Astronomy
Athletics
Automotive Maintenance
Aviation
Backpacking
Basketry
Bird Study
Bugling
Camping
Canoeing
Chemistry
Cinematography
Citizenship in the Community
Citizenship in the Nation
Citizenship in the World
Climbing
Coin Collecting
Collections
Communications
Composite Materials
Computers
Cooking
Crime Prevention
Cycling
Dentistry
Disabilities Awareness
Dog Care
Drafting
Electricity
Electronics
Emergency Preparedness
Energy
Engineering
Entrepreneurship
Environmental Science

Family Life
Farm Mechanics
Fingerprinting
Fire Safety
First Aid
Fish and Wildlife Management
Fishing
Fly Fishing
Forestry
Gardening
Genealogy
Geocaching
Geology
Golf
Graphic Arts
Hiking
Home Repairs
Horsemanship
Indian Lore
Insect Study
Inventing
Journalism
Landscape Architecture
Law
Leatherwork
Lifesaving
Mammal Study
Medicine
Metalwork
Model Design and Building
Motorboating
Music
Nature
Nuclear Science
Oceanography
Orienteering
Painting
Personal Fitness
Personal Management
Pets
Photography
Pioneering
Plant Science
Plumbing
Pottery

Public Health
Public Speaking
Pulp and Paper
Radio
Railroading
Reading
Reptile and Amphibian Study
Rifle Shooting
Robotics
Rowing
Safety
Salesmanship
Scholarship
Scouting Heritage
Scuba diving
Sculpture
Shotgun Shooting
Skating
Small-Boat Sailing
Snow Sports
Soil and Water Conservation
Space Exploration
Sports
Stamp Collecting
Surveying
Swimming
Textile
Theater
Traffic Safety
Truck Transportation
Veterinary Medicine
Water Sports
Weather
Whitewater
Wilderness Survival
Wood carving
Woodwork

For 2010 Only
Carpentry
Pathfinding
Signaling
Tracking

Scouting
Blue-throated hummingbird

The blue-throated hummingbird, (Lampornis clemenciae), is a species of hummingbird. It is a good sized hummingbird, 11.5 to 12.5 cm (4½ to 5 inches) in length and 6 to 10 grams in weight. 

The blue-throated hummingbird is darkish green on the top of its body, blending to medium gray on its belly. It has a bright white stripe behind its eye and a narrower stripe reaching backward from the corner of its bill, bordering a blackish cheek patch. Its tail feathers are iridescent blue-black with broad white tips on the outer two to three pairs. 

The species gets its name from the adult male's iridescent blue throat patch (gorget). The female does not have this. Instead it has a plain grey throat. Males sing two types of songs: a simple "peep song", which sounds like a squeaky wheel, and a quiet but hard "whisper song". The female is also thought to sing during the breeding season to attract males.

Birds of North America
Hummingbirds
Elephant seal

The Elephant Seal is a huge seal of the genus Mirounga. There are two species, one in each hemisphere. The southern elephant seal, is found in Antarctic waters, while the northern elephant seal lives on islands of California and Mexico. The elephant seal is the largest amphibious animal. The bulls have a huge proboscis, and may weigh 750 lbs, and 8 ft in length at maturity although old males can approach 11 ft long and weigh 1,375 lbs in rare cases.

Behaviour

On land 
Outside the breeding season, elephant seals come ashore only to shed their skin, a process known as moulting. In late summer, hundreds of seal gather on beaches and wallow in muddy pools of water. They lie close to gather while they gradually shed patches of hair and skin. Eventually, the old skin replaced by a new coat of sleek fur, and the seal return to water.

Mating is preceded by fights between males, who throw their huge bulk against each other. Winners get to mate with females.

Diving 
Elephant seals dive to 1550 metres beneath the ocean's surface: the deepest recorded dive of an Elephant seal is  . The average length of their dives is around 20 min for females and 60 min (1 hour) for males, as they search for their favorite food. Their diet includes skates, rays, squid, octopus, eels, penguin (Southerns only), and small sharks. Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths (stomach stones).

They are surprisingly good on land, faster than humans when moving over sand dunes.

References 

Pinnipeds
James Thomas Humberstone

James Thomas Humberstone (July 8, 1850 - June 12, 1939) was an English chemical engineer. In 1872, he founded the Peru Nitrate Company in the Tarapacá Province of Peru (now part of the Tarapacá Region of Chile). He introduced the Schanks System and other innovations to the industry.

Life 
 
Humberstone was born in Dover, England. His grandfather had been director of the band of the Scottish Guard. His father worked in a post office. 

His family moved to London when he was young. Humberstone worked for the London and North Western railway when he was 17. While he worked there, he learned about mechanics and chemistry. Later, he joined the Royal School of Mines in London. He was a very good student.

When he  was 25, he was hired by The Tarapaca Nitrate Company and moved to South America. Humberstone arrived at the Peruvian port of Pisagua on January 6, 1875, where he commenced working as a chemist and engineer.

In 1878 he implemented the Shanks system to make sodium carbonate. He also made other changes such as the transfer of waste water to avoid losing the materials in the gravel. 

In 1879 the Chilean army landed in Pisagua, and consequently, many office workers went to the Pampa for safety. Humberstone, his wife, his mother and his two daughters went with them.
When they got to Tarapaca, the governor said they should go to Arica because the military was coming. They crossed the desert because they did not want to be near the coast. It took them twenty days to get get to Arica . When the war ended, and Tarapaca became part of Chile , Humberstone continued working in the Agua Santa office. 

In 1936, King George VI made him a member of the Order of the British Empire. Humberstone died in Iquique on June 12, 1939 and is buried in the British Cemetery, Tiliviche, Chile.

1850 births
1939 deaths
British engineers
English chemists
Brown inca

The brown inca (Coeligena wilsoni), is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Unlike most hummingbirds, the brown inca are not brightly colored. Instead they are plain brown with a white patch on the shoulder and an iridescent purple throat if seen in the best light.

References 
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Nairobi National Park

Nairobi National Park is the smallest park in Kenya.

The park has lots of different kinds of animals.

The park has a lot of educational programmes for teaching visitors about the different species of animals, their habitats and their diet.

The park has an area called the Orphanage where orphaned and abandoned animals are looked after.

Kenya
National parks in Africa
Salomon Wininger

Salomon Wininger (13 December 1877, Gura Humora, Bukovina – December 1968, in Ramat Gan, Israel) was an Austrian-Jewish biographer.

Before World War I, Wininger lived in Chernivtsi and moved to Vienna during the war years, where he decided to write biographies of famous Jewish persons. This idea was pushed in order to counter the self-hating mood of Jewish youth in the city, created under the influence of Otto Weininger's works.

After his return to Chernivtsi in 1921, Shlomo Wininger wrote about 13,000 biographies and published them in seven volumes between 1925 and 1936. He survived the time of World War II in Chernivtsi and emigrated in 1951 to Israel.

Wininger is considered as one of the greatest Jewish biographers of all time.

Works 

 Große Jüdische National-Biographie ("Lexicon of Jewish National Biographies"). Chernivtsi 1925–1936.
 Gura Humora: Geschichte einer Kleinstadt in der Südbukovina ("Gura Humora: History of a Small Town in South Bukovina").

References 
 Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 16. Keter, Jerusalem 1971.
 Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Vol. 3, S-Z. Ed.: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien. K. G. Saur, München 2002

Austrian writers
1877 births
1968 deaths
Biographers
Indo-Canadians

Indo-Canadians are Canadians whose family can trace back to India. The names "East Indian" and "South Asian" are used for people who originate from India, to tell them apart from the First Nations peoples of Canada who are often called Indian, and from the people of the Caribbean, who are sometimes called West Indian. Most Indo-Canadians call themselves "Indian", instead of "East Indian". This is because Christopher Columbus thought the Americas were India, and that Native Americans were Indian.

Most Indo-Canadians come from India, but some come from the Caribbean, South America, Africa, and the Middle East. They usually live in cities like Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Calgary, and Vancouver. They are one of the fastest growing races in Canada, because of immigration.

References

Ethnic groups in Canada
Branko Mikasinovich

Branko Mikasinovich (born November 6, 1938) is one of the foremost scholars of Yugoslav and Serbian literature and a noted Slavist. He has edited Introduction to Yugoslav Literature (Twayne, 1973), the most representative anthology of modern Yugoslav prose and poetry in English; Five Modern Yugoslav Plays (Cyrco Press, 1977), a unique collection of plays written between 1945 and 1980; Modern Yugoslav Satire (Cross-Cultural Communications, 1979). which was selected for "Best Titles of 1979" by Library Journal, and included in the Puschart Prize V: The Best of the Small Presses; Yugoslav Fantastic Prose (Proex, 1991), the first anthology of Yugoslav supernatural tales in English, and Yugoslavia: Crisis and Disintegration (Plyroma Publishing Co., 1994).

Branko Mikasinovich received his B.A. from Roosevelt University in Chicago (1965), M.A. from Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. (1967), and Ph.D from the University of Belgrade (1984). He has taught Russian language and Slavic Literature at Tulane University and the University of New Orleans, and was president of the Louisiana Association of Professors of Slavic and Eastern European languages. He has appeared as a panelist on Yugoslav press on ABC's "Press International" in Chicago and PBS's "International Dateline" in New Orleans. He also appears on "Voice of America" Serbian Service television program, "Open Studio."

Baron Mihailo Mikasinovich, who was instrumental in opening Serbian schools in Krajina in the 18th century, Stefan Mikasinovich, a teacher of Dositej Obradovic, a prime mover of the Serbian cultural rebirth in the period of Enlightenment, and his father Sava Mikasinovich inspired, to a large extent, the author's scholarly activities.

1938 births
Living people
Academics
Linguists
Serbian scientists
Longuemare's Sunangel

Longuemare's sunangel (Heliangelus clarisse) is a species of hummingbird. It can be found in Venezuela and northeastern Colombia. It is closely related to the Amethyst-throated Sunangel. The Longuemare's Sunangel is 9.4 cm (3.7 inches) long (not with the bill) and normally weighs 5.3 grams. The bill is short for a hummingbird, 1.8 cm or 0.7 in long. The overall coloring is of dark colors.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Horned Sungem

The horned sungem (Heliactin bilophus) is a species of hummingbird. It can make 90 wingbeats per second when it's hovering to drink nectar from flowers. A wingbeat is one complete up-and-down movement, which means that the horned sungem moves its wing muscles at a rate of more than 10,000 times per minute. It lives in Bolivia, Brazil, and Suriname. It likes mostly dry open or semi-open habitats, such as savanna and Cerrado. It does not like thick humid forest.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Shillong

Shillong (Khasi: Shillong, Hindi: शिलांग) is a city in India. Shillong is the capital of Meghalaya. The East Khasi Hills district is in Shillong. In 2001, the city had a population of 260,520. Shillong is a major place in north-east India for education, because it has many schools and universities.

Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Shillong had a population of 232,946. Males and females are both 50% of the population. About 80% of people in Shillong can read, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%. 83% of males can read, and 78% of women can read. In Shillong, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Khasis make up most of the population. However, the percentage of Khasi people is decreasing because many other people are moving there. People of all the other northeast Indian tribes live in Shillong. Many Bengali, Nepali, Assamese, Biharis and Marwaris also live there.

Christianity is the main religion in the city. Protestants make up 75% of the Christian population of Shillong and Catholics make up the remaining 25%. A lot of people in Shillong follow the original Khasi religion. There are also many other religions in the city.

References

Other websites 

Muslims in Shillong struggling to make their presence felt - TCN News
Eastern Panorama - Oldest Magazine of North East India
Meghalaya State Government Portal
Shillong.com
Shillong Online
Resubelpara
The Shillong Times - North East India Second Oldest English Daily

Capital cities in India
Meghalaya
Gestalt therapy

Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy. It is a way of treating people who feel ill at ease. It is based on the idea that it is best to experience what we feel "here and now" and not keep thinking about the past or worry about the future. The goal is to help clients become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them. 

It forms part of what is called humanistic psychology and was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s. 

At the center of Gestalt therapy is the idea of "awareness" (knowing). The person being helped is encouraged to know his or her own feelings and behaviour, and the effect they have upon the world around them. 

With Gestalt therapy, the patient is helped to see that they are trying to avoid feeling emotions from the present. Once the patient realizes this, he or she can begin to get better.

Related pages 
Gestalt psychology

Psychology
Weak entity

A weak entity is part of an Entity-relationship model (ER model) diagram that relies on other entities (Strong Entities). Without the strong entity, the weak entity wouldn't exist.

Diagramming software
Database modeling
Plovercrest

The plovercrest (Stephanoxis lalandi) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. 

Its habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and degraded former forest. The Plovercrest has a blue chest, green back and white flanks.

References

 BirdLife International 2004.  Stephanoxis lalandi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Olive-spotted Hummingbird

The olive-spotted hummingbird (Leucippus chlorocercus) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

References
 BirdLife International 2004.  Leucippus chlorocercus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Hummingbirds
William A. Shine Great Neck South High School

William A. Shine Great Neck South High School, also called Great Neck South, is a high school in New York. It is known for its high academic achievement. The school is located in Lake Success. However it is officially listed in Great Neck. It is part of the Great Neck Union Free School District. It teaches students from grade 9 to grade 12.

References

Other websites 
 Official site 

Schools in New York
Grade retention

Grade retention is when a student repeats a grade i.e. first grade, second grade, etc. Some students have disabilities and must repeat a grade due to the problem for not meeting their needs in the first place. Either way, grade retention can be emotionally damaging on a student's self-esteem.

Other websites 
 Taking Responsibility for Ending Social Promotion: A Guide for Educators and State and Local Leaders , U.S. Department of Education, May 1999
 Position Statement on Student Grade Retention and Social Promotion , National Association of School Psychologists, April 12, 2003

Education
Eleventh grade

Eleventh grade (called Grade 11 in some places, also known as junior year in the United States and Australia) is the second to last year of secondary education in the United States, as well as many other nations. Students are usually 16 when they start and are 17 years old at the end.

Education
Village School (Great Neck, New York)

Village School (commonly VS) is the oldest public alternative high school in New York State. It was judged very good by the Center for the Study of Educational Alternatives at Hofstra University. The American School Board Journal gave the Magna Award to the School for its excellent, unique, high school program. As a member of the Coalition of Essential Schools, the Village School and its staff work closely with other member schools and with the education faculty of Brown University. The Village School is officially recognized by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and certified by the New York State Education Department. There are about 50 students enrolled in the Village School each academic year.

Village School is one of three high schools in the Great Neck School District, which includes Great Neck North High School and William A. Shine Great Neck South High School. VS offers its 46 students an individualized system where students earn credits as they meet curriculum goals that have been established by their teachers. Original, performance, and published documents are assessments of these goals have long been part of a Village School student's academic history. About 99 percent of the students continue their education at four-year schools.

The alternative school provides education for grades 9-12. Many types of students attend the Village School. The Village School's catalogue describes the students saying, 
All have at least average ability, some have exceptional learning abilities and artistic talents, while others have special educational needs. Students who may have felt lost and isolated in a large school often thrive in the smaller and more personalized setting of the Village School. 

The school describes itself as a "college preparatory public high school dedicated to encouraging academic success through a non-traditional, innovative curriculum". Co-founder Arnie Langberg has been called "one of the most important pioneers in the field of public alternative education." The admissions process at Village School is comprehensive. Each student takes part in an on-campus interview and is accompanied by a parent. The children are hand picked and visit the school twice before being considered a candidate for this program.

References 

Schools in New York
1970 establishments in New York (state)
Vanessa Hudgens

Vanessa Anne Hudgens (born December 14, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She is most well known for starring in High School Musical and High School Musical 2 on Disney Channel. She has won many awards and been nominated since High School Musical. She has been on many TV shows and movies. She began acting and singing at an early age. She is now engaged with her long time boyfriend TITO, who is a professional musician, performer & actor.

Early life
Hudgens was born in Salinas, California, and has lived with her parents along the West Coast, from Oregon to Southern California. Her mother, Gina (née Guangco), held a succession of office jobs, and her father, Gregory Hudgens, was a firefighter. She has a younger sister, Stella Hudgens, who is also an actress. She was raised as a Roman Catholic. Her father is of Irish and Native American ancestry, and her mother, a native of Manila, Philippines, is of Spanish-Chinese-Filipino ancestry. All of her grandparents were musicians.

Discography
V (2006)
Identified (2008)

Tours
The Party's Just Begun Tour (2006)
High School Musical: The Concert (2006/2007)
Identified Summer Tour (2008)

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Actors from Monterey County, California
American child actors
American child singers 
American movie actors
American pop singers
American television actors
High School Musical people
People from Monterey County, California
Singers from California
Twix

Twix is a type of chocolate bar made by Mars, Inc. It is a biscuit covered with caramel and milk chocolate. Twix was called Raider in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway for many years before its name was changed in 1991 (2000 in Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Turkey).

Different Products 

 Peanut Butter Twix
 Twix Tea Breaks
 Twix Miniatures 
Cookies-n-Creme Twix (1990) Cookies and cream are inside, instead of caramel.
Chocolate Fudge Twix (1990)
Triple chocolate (First released in 1991 in the UK as limited edition. US, Australia, limited edition).
Choc 'N' Orange Twix (1992 and 1999 limited edition, UK).
King Size Twix (1994 – present, UK).
Ice Cream Twix (Bars) (1995 – present, UK & US).
Chocolate Ice Cream Twix (Bars) (1999 limited edition, UK)
Twix 100 Calorie Bars (2000s, US).
New Twix (2000 – present, UK, Europe)
Twix Mint (2001 limited edition, UK).
Ice Cream Twix (Pot) (2001 – ?, Europe).
Orange Twix (2003 limited edition, Poland).
White Chocolate Twix (2004 limited edition, UK).
 Dark Chocolate Twix (2004 limited edition, US), with dark chocolate instead of milk chocolate.
 White Chocolate Twix (2005 and 2008 limited edition, Europe).
 White Chocolate Twix (2005 limited edition, US).
Coffee Twix (2000s, Asia), includes coffee flavoured caramel.
bisc& Twix (2005 – 2006, UK). This was the relaunch of Twix Top. Other flavours included M&Ms, Bounty as well as others. This product is no longer available in the UK, but was / is still available in Europe.
bisc& Twix Top Choco (2006 – Present, Europe). Contains chocolate biscuit and chocolate caramel. Also available in standard biscuit and caramel.
Twix Pods (2006 – present, Australia)
 Twix Topix (2007, Europe). It has 3 flavors: Milk Cream, Macchiato and Creamy Caramel. 
 Mint Slice Twix (2006 – 2007 limited edition, Australia)
 Twix PB (2007 – present, US)
Twix Super Thick Shake (2007 – present, UK, Ireland)
Twix Java (2008 US). It has coffee-flavored caramel.
 Dark Chocolate Twix (2008 limited edition, UK, 2009 limited edition, Europe).
Twix Cappuccino (2007 limited edition, Poland).
Twix Minis. Tiny Twix bars.
Treacle Twix.

Candy
Tawny-bellied Hermit

The tawny-bellied hermit (Phaethornis syrmatophorus), is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

References

  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.

Hummingbirds
Al-Jazira Club

Al-Jazira is a football club in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Club history
Al-Jazira was founded in 1974 when Khaladiyah and Al-Bateen merged (were put together). It was at this time that the first board of directors was formed . Mohammad Khalifa Al Kindi and Sheikh Hamdan Bin Hamad Al Nahyan helped with the administrative work of the club for a long time. Sheikh Hamdan Bin Zayed AL Nahyan’s became the honorary chairman of the club and chairman of the honorary panel, along with H. H. Sheikh Mansour Bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

Expansion
Al-Jazira is located in the capital Abu Dhabi. New branches of the club will be started in the Al Shawamikh, Al Bahya and Wathba areas. This is to encourage the discovery of new talented players and add them to the club teams. The total cost of these branches will be 60 million dirhams.

United Arab Emirati football clubs
Rose (disambiguation)

Rose can mean:

Rose, a plant

People 
Rose Byrne, Australian actress
Rose Cleveland, First Lady of the United States (1885-1886)
Rose Marie, American and comedian
Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, American philanthropist,  mother of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy

Fictional people
Mad Max

Mad Max is a 1979 Australian action movie directed by George Miller. It is the first role of Mel Gibson.

Mad Max tells a story about life in an apocalyptic world.  There have been sequels.

Other websites 

 Mad Max wallpapers

1970s action movies
1970s adventure movies
1970s road movies
Australian action movies
Australian adventure movies
Australian science fiction movies
English-language movies
1979 science fiction movies
Movies directed by George Miller
Movies set in Australia
Movies set in deserts
Dystopian movies
Goro

Goro can mean:

Places

Benin 
 Goro, Benin

Ethiopia 
 Ejersa Goro, a town in Misraq Hararghe Zone, Oromia
 Goro, Bale, a town in Bale Zone, Oromia
 Goro, Mirab Shewa, a town in Mirab Shewa Zone, Oromia
 Goro, Oromia (woreda), a woreda in Bale Zone of Oromia Region
 Goro, Oromia, Debub Mirab Shewa (woreda), a woreda in Debub Mirab Shewa of Oromia Region
 Goro, SNNPR (woreda), a woreda in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region

Italy 
 Goro, Emilia–Romagna, a comune in the Province of Ferrara

New Caledonia 
 Goro, New Caledonia, a community in South Province

People
 Goro Inagaki (born 1973), Japanese singer
 Gorō Miyazaki (born 1967), Japanese film director

Characters
Goro (Mortal Kombat)

Other
 Goro (sweet bread), a Norwegian sweet bread
Sooty Barbthroat

The sooty barbthroat (Threnetes niger) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in French Guiana and far north-eastern Brazil. Its habitat is humid tropical lowland forest. Though normally restricted in range, it is common enough to be thought a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.

The taxonomy and systematics of the Sooty Barbthroat complex has made much confusion. Some authors thought the Sooty Barbthroat to be a "melanistic variant" of the pale-tailed barbthroat (T. leucurus).

Not only that, but some suggest that the bronze-tailed barbthroat (T. n. loehkeni) should also be thought a valid species and have the doubtful Christina's barbthroat (T. n. christinae) as a subspecies. Freire's Sooty barbthroat (T. n. freirei) is average between the sooty and bronze-tailed barbthroats however, and thus its status needs to be more clear before the problem is fixed.

References 
 

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Rutland County, Vermont

Rutland County is a county in the U.S. state of Vermont. In 2005, 63,743 people lived there.  Its county seat is Rutland. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has 945 square miles (2,447 km²) of total area. Out of that, 933 square miles (2,415 km²) is land and 12 square miles (32 km²) is water.

Nearby counties 
 Addison County, Vermont - north
 Windsor County, Vermont - east
 Bennington County, Vermont - south
 Washington County, New York - west

References 

Vermont counties
Esmeraldas woodstar

The Esmeraldas woodstar (Chaetocercus berlepschi) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Ecuador. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

References 
 BirdLife International 2004.  Chaetocercus berlepschi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds