cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1953 Formula One season

The 1953 Formula One season was the 4th of the championship. The champion was Alberto Ascari in a close battle.

World Championship season review

1953 Drivers Championship final standings

 * Fastest lap (1 point awarded)
 ** Multiple drivers set equal fastest lap times, thus sharing the 1 point.
 † Position shared between more drivers of the same car
 ‡ Several cars were shared in this race. See the race page for details.
 Only the best 4 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

Non-Championship race results
Formula One/Two races also held in 1953, which did not count towards the World Championship.

References

Formula One seasons
Formula Two
1950s in sports
1954 Formula One season

The 1954 Formula One season was the 5th edition of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

Season review

1954 Drivers Championship final standings

 * Fastest lap (1 point awarded)
 ** Multiple drivers set equal fastest lap times, thus sharing the 1 point.
 † Position shared between more drivers of the same car
 ‡ Several cars were shared in this race. See the race page for details.
 Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

Non-Championship race results
Other Formula One races also held in 1954, which did not count towards the World Championship.

Formula One seasons
1954 in sports
1955 Formula One season

The 1955 Formula One season was the 6th of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

Season review

1955 Drivers Championship final standings

 * Fastest lap (1 point awarded)
 † Position shared between more drivers of the same car
 Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

Non-Championship race results
Other Formula One races also held in 1955, which did not count towards the World Championship.

Formula One seasons
1955 in sports
1956 Formula One season

The 1956 Formula One season was the 7th of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

Season review

1956 Drivers Championship final standings 

Formula One seasons
1956 in sports
1957 Formula One season

The 1957 Formula One season was the 8th of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

Season review

1957 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1950s in sports
1958 Formula One season

The 1958 Formula One season was the 9th of the championship. The champion was Mike Hawthorn in a close battle.

Season review

1958 Drivers Championship final standings

References 

Formula One seasons
1958 in sports
1959 Formula One season

The 1959 Formula One season was the 9th of the championship. The champion was Jack Brabham in a close battle.

Season review

1959 Drivers Championship final standings

References 

Formula One seasons
1959 in sports
1960 Formula One season

The 1960 Formula One season was the 10th of the championship. The champion was Jack Brabham in a close battle.

Season review

1960 Drivers Championship final standings

References

Formula One seasons
1960 in sports
1961 Formula One season

The 1961 Formula One season saw Phil Hill crowned as champion.

Season review

1961 Drivers Championship final standings

 Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

Formula One seasons
1961 in sports
1962 Formula One season

The 1962 Formula One season saw Graham Hill crowned as champion.

Season review

1962 Drivers Championship final standings

 Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

1962 in sports
Formula One seasons
1963 Formula One season

The 1963 Formula One season crowned as champion Jim Clark.

Season review

1963 Drivers Championship final standings

References

Formula One seasons
1963 in sports
1964 Formula One season

The 1964 Formula One season crowned as champion John Surtees.

Season review

1964 Drivers Championship final standings

 Only best 6 results counted toward the championship. Hill scored 41 points during the year, but only 39 points were counted toward the championship. Surtees scored 40 points, all of which counted toward the championship. Thus, Surtees became the World Champion, although he did not score most points over the course of the year.

Formula One seasons
1964 in sports
1965 Formula One season

The 1965 Formula One season crowned as champion Jim Clark.

Season review

1965 Constructors Championship final standings

1965 Drivers Championship final standings

References

1965 in sports
Formula One seasons
1966 Formula One season

The 1966 Formula One season crowned as champion Jack Brabham.

Season review

1966 Drivers Championship final standings

References

Formula One seasons
1966 in sports
1967 Formula One season

The 1967 Formula One season crowned as champion Denny Hulme.

Season review

1967 Constructors Championship final standings

1967 Drivers Championship final standings

References

Formula One seasons
1967 in sports
1968 Formula One season

The 1968 Formula One season crowned as champion Graham Hill.

Season review

1968 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1968 in sports
1969 Formula One season

The 1969 Formula One season crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

Season review

1969 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1969 in sports
1970 Formula One season

The 1970 Formula One season crowned as champion Jochen Rindt.

Season review

1970 Drivers Championship final standings 

Formula One seasons
1970 in sports
1971 Formula One season

The 1971 Formula One season crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

Season review

1971 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1971 in sports
1972 Formula One season

The 1972 Formula One season crowned as champion Emerson Fittipaldi.

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Drivers

Formula One seasons
1972 in sports
1973 Formula One season

The 1973 Formula One season crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

Season review

1973 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1973 in sports
1974 Formula One season

The 1974 Formula One season crowned as champion Emerson Fittipaldi.

Season review

1974 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1974 in sports
1975 Formula One season

The 1975 Formula One season saw Niki Lauda crowned as champion.

Season review

1975 Drivers Championship final standings 

Formula One seasons
1975 in sports
1976 Formula One season

The 1976 Formula One season crowned James Hunt as champion.

Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers contested the 1976 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1976 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers.

Season review
The Driver's championship was won by James Hunt from Niki Lauda, who had to miss several races as a result of an injury sustained in a crash at the German Grand Prix.

1976 Drivers Championship final standings

1976 in sports
Formula One seasons
1977 Formula One season

The 1977 Formula One season crowned as champion Niki Lauda.

Drivers and constructors
The following drivers and constructors contested the World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for Formula 1 Constructors:

Season review

1977 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1977 in sports
1978 Formula One season

The 1978 Formula One season crowned as champion Mario Andretti.

Season review

1978 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1978 in sports
1979 Formula One season

The 1979 Formula One season crowned as champion Jody Scheckter.

Season review

1979 Drivers Championship final standings

References

Formula One seasons
1979 in sports
1980 Formula One season

The 1980 Formula One season was the 31st of the championship. The champion was Alan Jones.

Related pages
 Formula 1

Formula One seasons
1980 in sports
1981 Formula One World Championship

The 1981 Formula One season was the 32nd of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

Season review

1981 Drivers Championship final standings 

Formula One seasons
1981 in sports
1983 Formula One World Championship

The 1983 Formula One season was the 34th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

Formula One seasons
1983 in sports
1984 Formula One World Championship

The 1984 Formula One season was the 35th of the championship. The champion was Niki Lauda in a close battle.

Season review

 Half points awarded after race was stopped due to dangerous conditions.
 Grands Prix in New York City and Fuengirola, Spain were scheduled, but cancelled; the European and Portuguese Grands Prix replaced these two races, respectively.

1984 Constructors Championship final standings

 On 18 July, Tyrrell was disqualified from all races so far that season, and banned from competing in remaining races, because the team had run illegal cars

1984 Drivers Championship final standings

Formula One seasons
1984 in sports
1985 Formula One World Championship

The 1985 Formula One season was the 36th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle.

Formula One seasons
1985 in sports
1986 Formula One World Championship

The 1986 Formula One season was the 37th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle. It started on March 23, and ended on October 26 with sixteen races.

This was the first year that turbocharged were required. Formula One had baned naturally aspirated (atmospheric) engines. Until the planed engine change in 2014, this was the only year turbos were required. The ban on atmospheric engines was lifted in 1987. In 1989, all forced induction engines (turbochargers or supercharge) were banned.

Drivers and constructors

Race schedule

Results and standings

Race results

Scoring system

Drivers standings 

 Pole position in Bold.
 Fastest lap in Italics.
  Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
 Numbers without parentheses are Championship points. Numbers in parentheses are total points scored from the best 11 finishes.

Championship standings 

 Pole position in Bold.
 Fastest lap in Italics.
  Car did not finish the Grand Prix. Car was classified (ranked) because it finished over 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites
 The official website of Formula One

Formula One seasons
1986 in sports
1987 Formula One World Championship

The 1987 Formula One season was the 38th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

Formula One seasons
1987 in sports
1988 Formula One World Championship

The 1988 Formula One season was the 39th of the championship. The champion was Ayrton Senna in a close battle.

Drivers & Constructors
The following drivers and constructors competed in the 1988 season

Season review

1988 Constructors Championship final standings

1988 Drivers Championship final standings

 Only best 11 results counted toward the championship. Prost scored 105 points during the year, but only 87 points were counted toward the championship. Senna scored 94 points, with 90 points counted toward the championship. Thus, Senna became the World Champion, although he did not score most points over the course of the year.

References

Formula One seasons
1988 in sports
1989 Formula One World Championship

The 1989 Formula One season was the 40th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle.

Season review

1989 Drivers Championship final standings

References

Formula One seasons
1989 in sports
Lamar, Texas

Lamar is a small community in Aransas County, Texas, ten miles north of Rockport and forty miles north of Corpus Christi. Like the (otherwise unconnected) Lamar County it was named for Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas.

Cities in Texas
Sukima switch

is a J-pop duo. The groups members are Takuya Ōhashi (May 9, 1978) and Shintarō Tokita (February 25, 1978). Ōhashi is the singer for the group. He also plays the guitar and harmonica. Tokita plays piano and keyboard. Their style is very heavily-jazz influenced.

Albums
2004: 
2005: 
2006: 
2009: 
2011: musium

J-pop bands
Jazz bands
Qi Yuwu

Qi Yuwu (Chinese: 戚玉武; pinyin: Qī Yùwǔ; born November 28, 1976) is a television and movie actor. Qi was born in Guangzhou, China. He grew up in Singapore.

Early life
Qi was a Physical Education major graduate. He was the winner the China Round of Asian Star Search 1999, Singapore's regional talent search contest. He also won  "Mr. Personality". Before signing to MediaCorp Studios, he was a model. He had also played the lead part in a Guangzhou television serial.

Career

Television
In 2004, 2005 and 2006, Qi was selected as one of the "Top 10 Most Popular Male Artists" on the annual Star Awards. He was also nominated for the "Best Actor" award in Star Awards 2004 for the drama series, Room In My Heart and Star Awards 2006 for the drama series, C.I.D.

In 2006, he was expected to win the Best Actor award for his acting in C.I.D but he lost out to long-time actor Li Nanxing. After which, Li Nan Xing said that he was he did not think that he would win because he had been watching "C.I.D" and though Qi's acting was better.

A natural actor, Yuwu was cast with regional actors in his first television series, Master Swordsman Lu Xiao Feng. This was followed by Dare To Strike, another blockbuster co-production with Hong Kong actors.

Movies
Though being new in the movie industry, he already has many fans and an official fan club. He was the first MediaCorp star to start a successful movie career.

His notable roles were in My Genie as Zhang Tai Ping, The Champion as Lu Kai Wei, C.I.D as Tang Si Wei and The Peak as Chen Tian Jun.

In 2007, Qi starred in the movies The Leap Years (also called Leap of Love) with Wong Lilin, Ananda Everingham and Joan Chen; The Home Song Stories, again with Joan Chen; and 881 by Royston Tan, with Yeo Yann Yann. He also made a guest appearance in the movie Protege, acting with Louis Khoo and Daniel Wu.

He has said in an interview that he will be doing more movies in 2008 and will take a break from television work.

References

Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese voice actors
1976 births
Living people
Nigel Barker

Nigel Barker (born April 27, 1972 in London, England) is a fashion photographer most popular for being on America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2. He is still a judge and the 2nd main judge (only after Tyra Banks). Barker is a married man.

America's Next Top Model 
Barker has been a judge on television show America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2, which premiered in 2004. He is a permanent judge. He is memorably known for being offended by several contestants, especially winners.

Cycle 7
Barker was offended by contestant CariDee English when she made a joke that he had stuck a stick inside his anus. English later apologized to Barker during judging, having written a letter that she read out. Barker forgave her but still made her enter the bottom two to teach her a lesson.

Cycle 9 
Barker was supportive of Saleisha Stowers, a contestant that eventually became the winner. Stowers dated Barker so that he would put in good words for her in front of Tyra. Sometime another week was shown that Barker blinked at Stowers, which also make Stowers having a seducing action.

1972 births
Living people
British photographers
Comedy-drama

Comedy-drama, also called dramedy or crama, is a style of television and movies when there are similar amounts of both humor and seriousness.

History

Theatre
Traditional theatre was separated from its earliest days into comedy and tragedy. Authors such as Anton Chekov and George Bernard Shaw famously blurred the line between comedy and drama.. . . .

Early television
In live theatre the difference between comedy and tragedy became less and less significant, in mass media, comedy and drama were clearly separated. Comedies, especially, were meant to only have jokes and not any serious content.

By the early 1960s, television had started to present half-hour long "comedy" series, or one hour long "dramas." Half-hour series were mostly situation comedy or family comedy. One hour dramas could have detective series, westerns and science fiction.

Recent drama-comedy on television
A drama-comedy today is usually an hour-long dramatic series with funny jokes such as Moonlighting, Northern Exposure, Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Eureka, Life on Mars, House, Desperate Housewives, Charmed, Popular, Skins, Monk, Psych, Gilmore Girls, The O.C., Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Ally McBeal, Ugly Betty, Brothers & Sisters, Grey's Anatomy or ''Boston Legal".

Other websites
 Comedy-drama  at the All Movie Guide
Petronas Towers

The Petronas Towers are two very tall skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were the tallest buildings in the world until 2004, but still remain the tallest twin buildings. Each tower has 88 floors and they are connected by a sky-bridge between the 41st and 42nd floors. It is a commercial office building.

Sources

Buildings and structures in Malaysia
Skyscrapers
Kuala Lumpur
1994 establishments in Asia
Ponce, Puerto Rico

Ponce is the second largest city in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area.  It is in the southern part of the island. 186,475 people live there. It is also called La Perla del Sur (The Pearl of the South) and La Ciudad Señorial de Puerto Rico (Majestic city of Puerto Rico).

The city was named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, the grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.

References

Other websites
 Ponce and its barrios, United States Census Bureau 
 
 Places of Interest in Ponce, Puerto Rico (Spanish) 
 Ponce Official Site 

Cities in Puerto Rico
Municipalities of Puerto Rico
Transmitter

In electronics, a transmitter is a device which sends signals using radio waves.

The transmitter converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the desired frequency. Most transmitters use a quartz crystal to set the frequency of the resulting carrier wave. A modulator modifies the carrier wave, by frequency modulation or amplitude modulation or some other kind, to include the information needed, such as an audio or video signal. The modified waves are sent by an antenna to another antenna at the receiver which extracts the information from the waves.

Other websites 
 International Telecommunication Union
 Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page
 WCOV-TV's Transmitter Technical Website
 Major UK television transmitters including change of group information, see Transmitter Planning section.
 Richard Moore's Anorak Zone Photo Gallery of UK TV and Radio transmission sites 

Machines
Radio
Layla

Layla is a song by Derek and the Dominos. The song first appeared on the album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. This song clocks in at 7 minutes and 4 seconds, and it is split into two sections. The first section has the unmistakable guitar riff, which has two parts to it. The first part is played on a Brownie guitar by Eric Clapton. The next part that comes in is played on a Gibson Les Paul by Duane Allman. Clapton also sings the lead vocals. Bobby Whitlock sings the backup vocals, and he plays the keyboard. Carl Radle plays the bass, and Jim Gordon plays the drums. He plays the piano part in the second segment, and Allman plays the slide guitar during the piano exit part. Eric Clapton plays the acoustic guitar, which augments the piano. While Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" builds from a quiet introduction to a hard rock finale, "Layla" does pretty much the opposite. The "bird call" sound at the end of the song is made by Allman on the slide guitar.

This song was dedicated to Pattie Boyd, who was already married to George Harrison. The lyrics have something to do with unrequited love. The song was also named after a fictional character in a movie.

1971 songs
Audit

An audit is an evaluation or examination of something by a person or group of people. They can be made to a person, to a company, to buildings, to systems, to documents and many other things that are used by people. 

Audits are made to check something, like a person is paying their taxes correctly or that a document is correct. 

The most common type of audit are the audits performed on companies and their financial statements, a type of document. In business, many companies inform and report their operations, their money, and their income in financial statements to many people for many reasons. They inform people like banks, governments, investors, and the public, for reasons like getting a loan, paying taxes, getting investments, and improving their public image.

References 

Business
Financial statements

In business, a financial statement is an organized document that has financial information, like income and transactions, of a person, company, government, or organization. They are used by these people and organizations to make decisions on the subject (the person or organization who the financial statement is about), like whether or not to invest in a company and at what price.

Basic financial statements
A financial statement can be written in many forms, but in most countries there are four (4) basic financial statements that are standard. They are:

Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)
A Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) is a financial statement that includes everything the business owns (called assets) and the business owes (called liabilities, which also include debts) as at a particular date.  The amount the business owes to its owner is called equity (also represents the amount of investment of the owner into the business). 

For a private individual (a person not in business), an asset may be their house or car, and their liability may be their mortgage and credit cards. 

The Statement of Financial Position is a snapshot of the financial health of a business at specific dates.

Statement of Profit or Loss (Income Statement / Profit or Loss Account)

A Statement of Profit or Loss (or Income Statement) shows the profit or loss made during the year by taking into consideration the revenues generated during the year (whether payment is received or not) less any costs incurred during the year (whether such costs have been settled or not).

Statement of Changes in Equity 
A statement of owner's equity shows the movement of the owner's investment in the business.  In the case of a company, this separates the investment amount from the amounts included in Capital and Revenue Reserves.

Statement of Cash Flows
A Statement of Cash Flows is a financial statement that shows the transactions involving cash during the year categorized by Operating, Investing and Financing Activities, thus explaining the movement in Cash and Cash Equivalents during the year.

Business
Benson & Hedges

Benson and Hedges were a cigarette manufacturer.  The company were bought by the Gallaher Group The name became a brand of the Gallagher.  The brand sponsored Formula One racing teams for many years.

In April 2007 Japan Tobacco bought the Gallaher Group.

Companies of Japan
Royal Warrant

Royal warrants of appointment  are given by members of the British Royal Family to companies and other people who supply them with goods.

The warrant does not mean that the things are the best, only that the Royal family has been buying then for at least five years.

Only three members of the Royal Family issue warrants now.  They are
The Queen
The Duke of Edinburgh
Charles, Prince of Wales

The Queen Mother also issued royal warrants.  They were all expired in 2007, five years after her death

Many royal families in Europe issued similar awards, Sweden still does, but they are for supplying the "Royal Swedish Court" , that is the royal palace rather than a named member of the royal family.

Other websites 

Royal Warrants explained on the royal.gov.uk website
The Royal Warrant Holders Association*
Royal Warrant Holders Denmark

British monarchy
Antonio de Cabezón

Antonio de Cabezón (born Castrillo de Matajudios, near Burgos, Spain, 1510; died Madrid, 26 March, 1566) was a Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance.  He was blind from early childhood.  He is best known for the music he composed for the organ.

Life
His parents came from noble families and owned a lot of land.  He probably had his first organ lessons at the local church.  Then he had more music lessons in Palencia.  He probably had organ lessons from the cathedral organist.  He never had an official job at the cathedral, but he must have been an excellent student, and his teachers, who had a lot of influence, recommended him to the royal family.  In 1526 he became organist to Queen Isabella and played at the Spanish chamber concerts of King Charles V of Spain.

About 1538 he married the daughter of a rich family and he went to live in Avila where his wife came from.  They had five children who had important positions at the royal court when they grew up.

After Queen Isabella died he spent all his time working for Prince Philip, who became Philip II.  King Philip thought he was the world’s greatest artist except for the painter Titian.  He often travelled with the king to countries such as Italy, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.  He influenced many European composers that he met, and they influenced him.  When the king moved to Madrid and made it the capital of Spain, Cabezón went there too.  He stayed there until his death.

His music
Cabezón was one of the greatest composers of his time.  He was good at writing music which sounded just right for the organ and the clavichord.  He used the techniques of other composers of his time, but added some very special effects.  Instead of just putting in a lot of ornamentation to make the music interesting, he enjoyed creating tension between harmony and melody.

He wrote diferencias (sets of variations) which use Spanish tunes which were often dances such as the folia, pavan and galliard.  Many of his organ compositions are called  glosas .  Each one has something very special to say.

1510 births
1566 deaths
Spanish organists
Renaissance composers
Spanish composers
Glosa

Glosa is a term that was often used by Spanish musicians in the 16th century to mean: a piece of music which was similar to a set of variations.  Composers at that time often wrote collections of glosas.  The term is related to the word “gloss”.  They were comparing it to gloss (ornamentation) that a poet might put on his poem.  They were often on religious themes.

Antonio de Cabezón was an important composer of glosas.

Glosa was also used by Spanish musicians to mean: musical ornamentation.  This is the meaning in the title of a famous book of music for viola da gamba and harpsichord by Diego Ortiz called Trattado de glosas (1553).

Musical forms
Real property

Real property is a type of property that includes land and buildings and infrastructure in land. It is one of two types of property that one can own, and the other is personal property.

Residential real estate may contain either a single family or multifamily structure that is available for occupation or for non-business purposes.

References 

Property
Business
15 Eunomia

15 Eunomia is a very big asteroid in the closer part of the main asteroid belt. It is the biggest of the stony (S-type) asteroids, and somewhere between the 8th to 12th biggest Main Belt asteroid overall (unsure diameters make its ranking unsure). It is also the biggest member of the Eunomia family of asteroids.

Eunomia was found by Annibale de Gasparis on July 29, 1851 and named after Eunomia, one of the Horae (Hours), a personification of order and law in Greek mythology.

Characteristics 
As the biggest S-type asteroid (with 3 Juno being a very close second), Eunomia has attracted a moderate amount of scientific attention. It has a bit over one percent of the mass of the entire main belt.

Eunomia appears to be a stretched but fairly round body, with what appear to be four sides of differing curvature and noticeably different average compositions. Its stretched shape led to the suggestion that Eunomia may be a binary object. However, this has been denied. It is a retrograde rotator with its pole pointing towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-65°, 2°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 165°.

Like other true members of the family, its surface is made up of silicates and some nickel-iron, and is quite bright. Calcium-rich pyroxenes and olivine, along with nickel-iron metal have been detected on Eunomia's surface. Spectroscopic studies suggest that Eunomia has regions made up differently.

Eunomia has been seen occulting stars three times. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.5, about equal to the mean brightness of Titan and can reach +7.9 at a near perihelion opposition.

References

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve, including composition variations across the surface
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
16 Psyche

16 Psyche is a very big Main belt asteroid, well over 200 kilometers in diameter, and likely the biggest of the metallic M-type asteroids. It is estimated to have 0.6 percent of the mass of the entire asteroid belt.

This asteroid was found by Annibale de Gasparis on March 17, 1852 from Naples and named after the Greek nymph Psyche. The first fifteen asteroids to be found were given symbols by astronomers as a type of short-hand notation. In 1851, however, J. F. Encke suggested using a circled number. 16 Psyche was the first new asteroid to be found that was designated with this scheme (in 1852 by J. Ferguson).

Characteristics 
Radar
observations indicate that it is made of iron-nickel. Psyche appears to be a case of an exposed metallic core from a bigger differentiated parent body. Unlike some other M-type asteroids, Psyche shows no sign of the presence of water or  water-bearing minerals on its surface, consistent with its interpretation as a metallic body. Small amounts of pyroxene appear to be present.

If Psyche is the core remnant of a bigger parent body, we might expect other asteroids on similar orbits. Psyche does not belong to any asteroid family. One theory is that the collision occurred very early in the solar system's history, and all the other remnants have since been ground into fragments by subsequent collisions or had their orbits perturbed beyond recognition.

Psyche is massive enough that its perturbations on other asteroids can be measured, which enables a mass measurement. Its density is fairly low for metal (although fairly common for asteroids as such), indicating a fairly high porosity of 30–40%.

Psyche appears to have a fairly round surface and is approximately ellipsoidal in shape. Recent lightcurve analysis indicates that its pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-9°, 35°)  or (β, λ) = (-2°, 215°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 95°.

Two stellar occultations by Psyche have been seen (from Mexico on March 22, 2002, and another on May 16, 2002). Lightcurve changes indicate a non-spherical body, consistent with the lightcurve and radar results.

References

Other websites 
 Shape model deduced from lightcurve (PDF)
 Occultation of TYC 5783-1228 by 16 Psyche  (Video)
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
Cancún

Cancún (pronounced as ) is a coastal city in Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula. About 573,000 people live in Cancún, but over 4,000,000 tourists visit Cancún every year on vacation. At present it is, with Acapulco, the Mexican resort best known in the world.

The resort is entirely artificial: few lived here before 1970. The first hotels were funded by the government. February to May is wonderful weather most of the time, and there are stunning white sand beaches. Even the sea is warm. There is now an airport, and bus connections to the rest of the Yucatán. The Yucatán has many Mayan sites, and some villages which are still mostly Mayan.

References

Other websites

Cities in Mexico
Quintana Roo
1970 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in Mexico
Norman, Oklahoma

Norman, is the county seat and largest city in Cleveland County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Norman is about 20 miles south of Oklahoma City. James Garner and Toby Keith are from Norman. The University of Oklahoma is in Norman. Norman was founded in 1889 by Abner Norman. In 2008, Money Magazine said Norman was a very good place to live. Norman has one small airport and a railroad station.

References

Other websites 

 Visit Norman
 Official city website 
 Jazz in June festival
 SummerBreeze Concert Series 

County seats in Oklahoma
 
19th-century establishments in Indian Territory
Mid-Atlantic States

The Mid-Atlantic States (also called Middle Atlantic States or simply Middle East) form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau. The division consists of three states: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. This definition corresponds with the region's traditional definition as the section of the Atlantic Seaboard between New England and the South. However, many people consider the Mid-Atlantic to be the states south of the Northeast, centered in Delaware, Maryland.

The traditional Mid-Atlantic States comprise the most densely-populated of the nine U.S. regions, and anchor the megalopolis which runs from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The southeastern part of New York State, eastern Pennsylvania, and all of New Jersey combine to form the bulk of the moral region of the Metropolis, according to socio-political geographers James Patterson and Peter Kim, co-authors of the 1991 book The Day America Told The Truth. (Metropolis begins in the southern Connecticut suburbs of New York City and stretches along the Eastern seaboard to the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C.). The book classifies the remainder of New York State and Pennsylvania in the Rust Belt.

Other websites 
 http://geology.er.usgs.gov/states/mid_atl.html

Census Regions of the United States
Landfall (meteorology)

Landfall is when a tropical cyclone or waterspout moves from being over water to being over land. When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it can be called a tornado, and can cause damage to buildings and other things made by people. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it quickly spreads out and loses its energy; the water falls as rain.

A tropical cyclone is said to make landfall when its center moves over land; in tropical cyclones this can be when the eye moves over land. This is where most of the damage occurs because when the storm is over water there is a little chance of damage, except if the parts of the storm that are raining are over land, which can cause severe flooding especially when the system is moving slowly or not at all. The effects of landfall are:
 the storm surge peaks
 the core of strong winds comes on shore
 and heavy flooding rains move over land.

Together with the high surf, these can cause a lot of beach erosion. In low lying areas the storm surge can stay inland for a long time and mix with chemicals already in the area to create a toxic mess. When a tropical cyclone makes landfall, the eye "closes", surf gets less, and winds get less as the cyclone spreads out, losing energy. Damage inland may include flooding rains, gusty winds, and severe weather associated with the cyclone's remnant thunderstorms.

A "landfall" should not be confused with a "direct hit", which happens when the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes over the land but the center of the storm stays over water. The effects of this are similar but storm surges can be much less. These effects are:
 high surf
 heavy flooding rains
 water building up along the coast
 minor storm surges
 beach erosion
 high winds
 possibly severe weather.

Tropical cyclones
Freeport, Texas

Freeport is a city in Brazoria County, Texas within the Houston – Sugar Land – Baytown Metropolitan Area in Southeast Texas. As of the 2000 U.S. census, the city population was 12,708. Freeport is about sixteen miles from Angleton.

Dow Chemical is the major employer in Freeport, as the company operates a large chemical plant complex in Freeport.

References

Other websites
 Freeport's Official Homepage
 Brazosport ISD's Official Homepage
 Freeport Offshore Fishing Charter 
 Historic materials about Freeport, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
 Handbook of Texas: Freeport
 http://texashistory.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=coverage_place&q=United%20States%20-%20Texas%20-%20Brazoria%20County

Cities in Texas
1917 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Texas
San Luis Pass

San Luis Pass is a strait of water at the south-western end of Galveston Island off the shores of the U.S. state of Texas. It connects the sheltered waters of West Bay to the open Gulf of Mexico.

There are also two mountain passes of the same name in the USA:
San Luis Pass, Colorado skirting the San Luis Peak in the San Juan Mountains
San Luis Pass, New Mexico

Other websites
 San Luis Pass Fishing Pier
 A Sedimentologic Description of a Microtidal, Flood-Tidal Delta, San Luis Pass, Texas 

Geography of Texas
Bodies of water of the United States
19 Fortuna

19 Fortuna is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made up of stuff similar to 1 Ceres: a darkly colored surface that is heavily space weathered and made up of primitive organic compounds, including tholins.

Fortuna is 225 km in diameter and has one of the darkest known geometric albedos for an asteroid over 150 km in diameter. Its albedo has been measured at 0.028 and 0.037.

The Hubble Space Telescope saw Fortuna in 1993. It was resolved with an apparent diameter of 0.20 arcseconds (4.5 pixels in the Planetary Camera) and its shape was found to be nearly spherical. Moons were searched for but none were detected.

Stellar occultations by Fortuna have been seen several times.

It was found by J. R. Hind on August 22, 1852 and named after Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck.

References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
20 Massalia

20 Massalia is a big and fairly bright Main belt asteroid. It is also the biggest member of the Massalia family of asteroids.

Characteristics 
Massalia is an S-type asteroid. It orbits at very low inclination in the intermediate main belt, and is by far the biggest asteroid in the Massalia family. The remaining family members are pieces blown off by a cratering event on Massalia 

Massalia has an above-average density for S-type asteroids, similar to the density of silicate rocks. As such, it appears to be a solid un-fractured body, which is rare among asteroids of its size. Apart from the few biggest bodies over 400 km in diameter, such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, most asteroids appear to have been fractured a lot.

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Massalia's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (45°, 10°) or (β, λ) = (45°, 190°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 45°in both cases. The shape reconstruction from lightcurves has been described as quite spherical with large planar, nonconvex parts of the surface.

Discovery 
Massalia was found by A. de Gasparis on September 19, 1852, and also found independently the next night by J. Chacornac. It was Chacornac's discovery that was announced first.

Massalia is the Greek name for Marseille, where Chacornac made his discovery (de Gasparis was observing from Naples).

References

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve
 Orbital elements for bright asteroids from the Minor Planet Center.
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
22 Kalliope

22 Kalliope is a big main belt asteroid of the M-type, found by J. R. Hind on November 16, 1852. It is named after Calliope, the Greek Muse of epic poetry.

Characteristics 
Kalliope is about 180 km in diameter but is not perfectly round, as shown by images from the VLT at the European Southern Observatory 

Its spectrum is M-type, but Kalliope does not appear to be metallic. It is similar to other M-types such as 21 Lutetia. Firstly, its density is far too low to be metal. Second, spectroscopic studies have shown evidence of hydrated minerals  and silicates, so the surface is probably stony. Kalliope also has a low radar albedo, unlike most metallic surfaces.

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Kalliope's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-23°, 20°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives Kalliope an axial tilt of 103°. Kalliope's rotation is then a bit retrograde.

Moon 
Kalliope has one known moon, Linus, or (22) Kalliope I Linus. It is quite big: 30–40 km in diameter. It orbits about 1065 km from Kalliope. This is about 12 times the radius of Kalliope. Linus was found on August 29, 2001 by Jean-Luc Margot and Michael E. Brown, while another team also independently found the moon 3 days later.

References

Other websites 
 Kalliope and Linus very well resolved with the 8m VLT at ESO. Also includes a Kalliope shape model.
 shape model deduced from lightcurve
 orbit diagram for Linus 
 A different VLT image of Kalliope and Linus 
 Data sheet at Johnston's Archive, includes some other parameters.

Asteroids
Contact

Contact means to touch physically or to communicate with.

Contact could also mean:

General uses
 Contact lens, a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens
 Contact process, a method for producing sulfuric acid on an industrial scale
 Contact network, a type of social network
 Contact (law), in Family Law, deals with the right of parents or other significant persons to meet with and relate to a child
 Active component of electric switch or electrical connector
 vCard or hCard, in address books, a contact is the name, address, phone number, and other pertinent information
 Contact paper, in photography, used to print negatives without enlargement
 Contact (mathematics), a mathematical concept, the idea of curves (for example) touching
 Optical contacting, a process in which two highly polished surfaces are permanently or temporarily joined without use of any adhesive
 Contact Energy, an energy company in New Zealand
 The initial fighting with an enemy unit, in a military context
 Contact Conference, an annual interdisciplinary scientific conference
 A social contact, a person renowned for performing special and often illegal favors for individuals in return for goods or services.
 First contact between different cultures.
 Radar contact, the display of a single radar return from an object as a result of one radar sweep. (Compare with track).
CONTACT USA, a Crisis Hotline.
 Amateur radio contact, an exchange of information between two amateur radio operators
Contact massage, massage that is done by hands or special electronic aids
 In military parlance a contact is a chance encounter with the enemy, typically while undertaking patrolling operations. Especially common in Britain, Australia/New Zealand and probably other Commonwealth forces such as India.

In music
 Contact (musical), a dance musical

Albums
 Contact (Fantastic Plastic Machine album), an album by Fantastic Plastic Machine
 Contact!, an album by Eiffel 65
 Contact (Silver Apples album), an album by Silver Apples
 Contact, an album by The Benjamin Gate
 Contact (Thirteen Senses album), an album by Thirteen Senses.
 Contact (Indo G album), an album by Indo G
 Contact (Minori Chihara album), an album by Minori Chihara.

Songs
 "Contact", a song by Thirteen senses from the above album.
 "Contact", a song from the broadway version of the rock opera, "Rent".
 "Contact", a song by The Police from their 1979 album Reggatta de Blanc
 "Contact (song)", by the French rock band Kyo.
 "Contact" (Phish song), an early Phish song

Other media
 Contact (novel), a science fiction novel by Carl Sagan
 Contact (movie), a movie based on the book
 Contact (video game), a Nintendo DS game
 Contact (Dance), a dance production by Paul Mercurio
 Contact (The Culture), in novels by Iain M. Banks, the Exploration (and sometimes military) corp of the Culture
 Contact (game), a word-guessing game.
 Contact is English for Contacto, a publication of the British Interlingua Society.
Mac OS X Tiger

Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4) is the fifth major release of Apple's Mac OS X. It was released on April 29, 2005.

References

Other websites
 Ars Technica Mac OS X 10.4 Review and Overview
 Mac OS X Tiger 'Developer' Overview 

MacOS
Operating systems
Notre-Dame de Paris

Notre Dame is a very old cathedral in Paris, France. It is one of France's most famous landmarks and many people visit it each year. The cathedral is on a small island on the River Seine. It is the cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Paris, one of 23 archdioceses in France. The cathedral was built during two centuries. It is a very good example of Gothic Architecture in France. At the time it was finished, the cathedral was the biggest such building in Western Europe. Between 1844 and 1864, the building was renovated under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who incorporated elements into the design that the medieval building had not possessed before. The two rose windows which ornate the transept are among the biggest in Europe: each has a diameter of 13m.

The bronze plate in the parvis before the cathedral is the origin of all road distances in France calculated from Paris. The national geographic institute in France uses the building as a benchmark. The coordinates and altitude for this point are known precisely.

Victor Hugo wrote a famous story called 'Notre-Dame de Paris'.  The story takes place around the cathedral.  The English title is 'The Hunchback of Notre Dame', and it has also been made into movies.

Tradition has it that Notre-Dame’s first stone was laid in 1163 in the presence of Pope Alexander III.

On May 21, 2013 French historian Dominique Venner committed suicide at Notre Dame de Paris because of his beliefs for gay rights. About 1,500 people were evacuated from the cathedral.

2019 fire 

On 15 April 2019, smoke and flames were sighted and the Cathedral was declared to be on fire. The fire burnt for over half a day and caused massive damage. Most works of art in the cathedral could be saved. The French government announced that the damage would be repaired and the cathedral would be rebuilt.

References

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Paris
Stand Up for Love

"Stand Up for Love" was the first single from Destiny's Child's greatest hits album, 1's. Released in 2005, the single became Destiny's Child's first single to fail to chart in the United States. The song was the final Destiny's Child single, although another new song from the album, "Check on It" (a solo Beyoncé Knowles song) was released.

Formats and remixes
 "Stand Up for Love" (Single Edit)
 "Stand Up for Love" (Instrumental)
 "Stand Up for Love" (Acapella)
 "Stand Up for Love" (Junior's Roxy Remix)
 "Stand Up for Love" (Junior Vasquez Roxy Anthem Remix)
 "Stand Up for Love" (Junior Vasquez Roxy Dub Mix)
 "Stand Up for Love" (Maurice Joshua Nu Anthem Mix)
 "Stand Up for Love" (Maurice Joshua Nu Soul Mix)

Destiny's Child songs
2005 songs
Survivor (song)

"Survivor," Destiny's Child's signature song, is an R&B song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles, Anthony Dent, and Mathew Knowles for Destiny's Child's third studio album Survivor (2001). It was produced by Beyoncé and Dent, and was released as the album's first single in early 2001. The song reached number one in Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom, and entered the top 10 of the majority of the charts it appeared on, making it one of Destiny's Child most successful single releases. The song also won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

Destiny's Child songs
Grammy Award winning songs
2001 songs