cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Trampolining

Trampolining is a competitive Olympic sport in which gymnasts perform airborne acrobatics while bouncing on a trampoline. These can include simple jumps in the pike, tuck or straddle position to more complex combinations of forward or backward somersaults and twists.

There are two related competitive rebound sports: synchronized trampoline and double mini-trampoline.
The currently accepted basic format for individual trampoline competitions usually consists of two or three routines, one of which may involve a compulsory set of skills. The skills consist of various combinations of somersaults, shaped bounces, body landings and twists performed in various body positions.

History
In the early 1930s, an American gymnast George Nissen observed trapeze artistes performing tricks when bouncing off the safety net. He made the first modern trampoline in his garage to reproduce that net on a smaller scale and used it to help with his diving and tumbling activities. It was the beginning of a new sport.

In the USA, trampolining was quickly introduced into school physical education programs and was also used in private entertainment centers. Since trampolining became an Olympic sport in 2000, many countries have started developing programs for producing very competitive athletes.

Other 

  Directory of Trampoline Clubs worldwide at Open Directory Project (DMOZ)
 Everything about trampolining and acrobatic sports

References

Gymnastics
Priapulida

Priapulida (priapulid or penis worms) are a phylum of marine worms. Their name refers to their extensible spiny proboscis, which, in some species, may have a shape similar to that of a human penis. They live in the mud, which they eat, in comparatively shallow waters up to .

Their nearest relatives are probably Kinorhyncha and Loricifera with which they constitute the taxon Scalidophora. Besides arthropods and velvet worms, the priapulids are the only members of the Ecdysozoa which are relatively large in size. They feed on slow-moving invertebrates, such as polychaete worms.

Priapulid fossils are known at least as far back as the Middle Cambrian. They were probably major predators of the Cambrian period. There are only sixteen known living species of priapulid worms.

References 

Minor phyla
Kinorhyncha

Kinorhyncha  is a phylum of small (1 mm or less) marine invertebrates. They are widespread in mud or sand at all depths of the sea. They are sometimes called mud dragons. About 150 species are known. Kinorhynchs eat either diatoms or organic material found in the mud, depending on species.

Anatomy
Kinorhynchans are segmented, limbless animals. Their body has a head, neck, and a trunk. The trunk has eleven segments. They do not have external cilia, but have a number of spines along the body, and up to seven circles of spines around the head. These spines are used for movement. They can pull back the head and push forward; then they can grip the substrate with the spines, and draw up the body.

The body wall is a thin layer with a tough cuticle. It is moulted several times during growth. This layer is a syncytium, with nuclei, but no cell membranes.

The spines are hollow and covered by cuticle. The head is completely retractable, when is covered by a set of neck plates.

The nervous system is a ventral nerve cord, with one ganglion in each segment, and an anterior nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. This is the common arrangement  for invertebrates.  Some species have simple ocelli (eye-spots) on the head, and all species have tiny bristles on the body as touch receptors.

Reproduction
There are two sexes that look alike. A pair of gonads are in the mid-region of the trunk, and open to pores in the final segment. In most species, the sperm duct has two or three spiny structures that presumably help in copulation. The larvae are free-living.

Classification
Their closest relatives may be the phyla Loricifera and Priapulida. Together they are the Scalidophora.

Phylum Kinorhyncha
 Order Cyclorhagida
 Order Homalorhagida

References

Other websites
 Introduction to the Cephalorhyncha
 Drawings of Kinorhyncha 

Minor phyla
Loricifera

Loricifera  is a recently discovered ecdysozoan phylum of marine animals. The phylum includes the first animals known to exist in a completely anoxic environment (no oxygen at all). The phylum was described in 1983 by Reinhardt Kristensen.

They are a phylum of very small animals which live in sediment. There are now twenty-two described species, in eight genera. In addition, there are about 100 more species which have been collected, but not yet described. Their size ranges from 100 µm to about 1 mm.

Their habitat is in the spaces between marine gravel to which they attach themselves. They are among the most recently discovered groups of Metazoans. They attach themselves quite firmly to the gravel, and this explains why they remained undiscovered for so long. The first specimen was collected in the 1970s, and later described in 1983. They are found at all depths of water, in different sediment types, and in all latitudes. They have not yet been found in the fossil record.

Anatomy 
These animals have a protective outer case called a lorica. Protected by the lorica, the animals have a head, mouth and digestive system. Development is usually direct, though there are larvae in some species. The animals have two sexes as adults. There are some complex and flexible life cycles with different forms of parthenogenetic reproduction.

Their closest relatives are thought to be the Kinorhyncha and Priapulida, with whom they share some characteristics. Together they make up the clade Scalidophora.

In anoxic environments 

Three species of Loricifera have been found in the sediments at the bottom of the L'Atalante basin in the Mediterranean Sea. The 'surface' of this basin is 3,500 meters down. They are the first multicellular organisms known to spend their entire lives in an oxygen-free environment. It is thought they are able to do this because they rely on organelles which, unlike normal mitochondria, do not use oxygen for their energy cycle. They are able to do this because they use hydrogenosomes to get their energy rather than mitochondria.

The newly reported animals complete their life cycle in the total absence of light and oxygen, and they are less than a millimetre in size. They were collected from the deep basin where they live in a nearly salt-saturated brine. This brine, because of its density, does not mix with the waters above. As a result, the brine is completely anoxic, and high in ammonia. Also, due to the action of sulphate reducers, it contains sulphide at a high concentration. In the brine, the abundance of cells is not high. Extremophiles predominate, including members of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent community of archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante, including ciliates (45%), dinoflagellates (21%) and choanoflagellata (10%).p360–381

References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from references 

Minor phyla
Extremophiles
Saturation (chemistry)

The term saturation in chemistry is used in several ways:

Saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance. This point of maximum concentration, the saturation point, depends on the temperature of the liquid as well as the chemical nature of the substances involved. If a change in conditions (e.g. cooling) means that the concentration is higher than the saturation point, the solution has become 'supersaturated'.
In organic chemistry, a saturated chemical compound has no double bond or triple bond or ring. In non-cyclical, saturated hydrocarbons, every carbon atom is attached to two hydrogen atoms, except those at the ends of the chain, which have three hydrogen atoms.
In biochemistry, the term saturation refers to the fraction of total protein binding sites that are occupied at any given time. Applies to enzymes, and molecules like hemoglobin.
In organometallic chemistry, an unsaturated complex has fewer than 18 valence electrons and thus is susceptible to oxidative addition or coordination of an additional ligand. Unsaturation is characteristic of many catalysts because it is usually a requirement for substrate activation.

Related pages 
 Saturation
Chemistry
Sulphide

A sulphide (sulfide in US English) is an anion of  sulphur in its lowest oxidation number of -2.  Sulphide is also a term for thioethers, a common type of  compound which are known for their bad odours (example: H2S = hydrogen sulphide).

The dianion S2- exists only in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions. 

Chemistry
Sulphate

In chemistry, a sulphate (sulfate in US English) is a salt of sulphuric acid. The sulphate ion is a group of atoms with the formula SO4 and two negative charges. It consists of a central sulphur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms. It occurs when sulfuric acid is deprotonated twice. If it is only deprotonated once, the hydrogen sulfate ion is made.

Chemistry
L'Atalante basin

The L'Atalante basin is a very salty 'lake' at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.

It is about 190 km (~120 miles) west of the island of Crete. It is called a 'lake' because, though it is under more than two miles of water, it is almost completely separate from the sea above it. Its huge salt content prevents the waters mixing. Sometimes these lakes are called brine pools. They are found in many oceans; there is one in the Gulf of Mexico.

How it formed 
L'Atalante is only one of several such lakes underneath the normal waters of the Mediterranean. When the Strait of Gibraltar was closed, about six million years ago, the Mediterranean dried up and became a huge salt lake, rather like the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake are today. Then it dried out completely, leaving an enormous amount of salt. When the Straight of Gibraltar opened again about five million years ago, water from the Atlantic Ocean rushed in to form the Mediterranean we see today. Even today, the Atlantic feeds the Mediterranean with water, because the evaporation from the 'Med' is greater than is provided by its rivers. With its huge supply of salt underneath, and the constant evaporation, the Med is a high salt sea compared with the Atlantic.

The L'Atalanta lake and its neighbours the Urania and Discovery lakes are about 35,000 years old. They were formed by salt deposits dissolving out of the Mediterranean Ridge and collecting in deep depressions at the bottom of the Med. L'Atalante is the smallest of the three. Its surface begins at about  below sea level.

Salt content 
L'Atalante's salinity (salt content) is near saturation, at 36.5%, about eight times more than seawater. This prevents the water in the brine pool from mixing with the 'normal' seawater above. Without mixing, oxygen from above can't get into the brine pool. The basin's water is completely anoxic: it has no oxygen.

Between the normal water and the brine is a short (1.5 metres) boundary zone called a halocline. The salt content rises sharply there, and oxygen reduces towards zero. This halocline between the seawater above and the brine below has many bacterial and archaeal cells: they are chemoautotrophs, which feed on ammonia from the brine but cannot function without some oxygen. Certain methane oxidizers and haloarchaea are found only in the halocline.

Life without oxygen 
Below, in the brine, the number of cells is much lower than in the halocline. Extremophiles are most common, including some of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante, mostly ciliates (45%), dinoflagellates (21%) and choanoflagellata (10%).p360–381

The dark grey anoxic sediments at the bottom of L'Atalante lake are covered with a  loose black layer. Microbes found in the sediments are almost all (90%) various species of Bacillus. In 2010, three metazoan species, all in the Loricifera phylum, were discovered living in the sediment, the first multicellular lifeforms known to live entirely without oxygen.

References

Oceanography
Earth sciences
Tactical voting

Tactical voting happens when a person votes for someone other than their favorite candidate in a way to either help their favorite or achieve some other goal. This may happen in national or local elections, or even in elections for clubs and homeowner associations.

Examples 

Say 5 people are running as candidates for board members, but only 3 will be elected. For the following situations except the last, let's say you get 1 vote.

 Your favorite is almost guaranteed to win a seat on the board, so you may choose to vote for your second favorite candidate to help him out. That gives your two favorites a better chance of winning.

 Your favorite is almost guaranteed to lose, so you may choose to vote for your second favorite candidate to help him out. That gives your second choice a chance of winning even though your favorite may lose.

 Your favorite is uncertain to win, so you may choose to vote for a stronger candidate, rather than see someone else win.
You don't have a favorite, but hate the current leading candidate, but you may choose to vote for somebody with less votes to even out the results between them. 

 Say you get to vote for 3 candidates and your favorite is in the middle of the pack. You may choose to vote only for your favorite and not use your other 2 votes so that your favorite faces less competition. 

Another common situation happens in primary elections, where members of one party may temporarily 'cross over' to the other party to support a candidate who is getting fewer votes, hoping their favorite will face weak competition in the main election. This type of negative voting is popular but often considered unethical.

Ethics 

Many experts question tactical voting in that it can undermine a democratic outcome. That is, ethical voters may believe it more important how a candidate wins than who wins. Others feel the end justifies the means. Most researchers tend to frown on tactical voting.

Resources

 
 Svensson, Lars-Gunnar (1999). The Proof of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem Revisited
 The Science of Elections, Brams, Herschbach Science Online (2001). Abstract

Other websites

 Tactical Voting Can Be a Weak Strategy -- Article on tactical voting within larger strategic considerations [archived]
 VotePair.org VotePair is a banding together of the people who started tactical voting online in the 2000 US elections
 Voting methods page  Includes extensive discussion of strategic voting in a wide range of real and theoretical voting systems

Voting
Queensberry (band)

Queensberry were a German girl group that was started at the German version of Popstars in 2008. They split in 2013.

Discography

Albums

Singles 

2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
German pop music groups
Girl groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups established in 2008
Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar is the only water passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Europe and Africa; on one side is the southern tip of Spain and Gibraltar, and on the other is northern Morocco and Ceuta. The distance between the Rock of Gibraltar and Morocco is only 7.7 nautical miles (14.24 kilometers, 8.9 miles) at its narrowest point.
The water depth ranges between 300 and 900 meters.

Gibraltar
Geography of Morocco
Geography of Spain
Hurricane Fran

Hurricane Fran was a hurricane during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. This storm caused over $3 billion in damage. It killed 20-30 people. Fran struck North Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane with winds of . The name Fran was later retired and replaced by Fay for the 2002 Atlantic season.

Storm History

Hurricane Fran started from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa, entering the Atlantic Ocean, on August 22. The low pressure area became a tropical depression on August 23. Little changed for several days. By August 26, the storm had been disorganized.

On August 27, the storm grew into a tropical storm and was named Fran. On August 29, the storm intensified into a category 1 hurricane. The interaction with Hurricane Edouard led to weakening and the storm took a northwestward direction. When Edouard was gone, the storm grew into a category 1 hurricane again.

Fran grew in early September. By September 3, it the winds were at . The system started to develop an eye. By September 5, winds were at 120 mph (195 km/h) and its pressure was 946 mbar.

On September 6, the storm hit North Carolina with winds of . Once on land, the storm rapidly weakened. It moved through Virginia. It died on September 8.

Preparations
A Hurricane Watch was issued in the Lesser Antilles in late August. As Fran moved away, the watch was ended. 

Hurricanes in Virginia
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Hurricanes in South Carolina
Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)

Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota, at 2,301 feet (701 m). It is located in northern Cook County. It is a Minnesota State Historic Site.

References

Geography of Minnesota
Mountains of the United States
Al Franken

Alan Stuart "Al" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is a former United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, which affiliates with the national  Democratic Party.  Before he was a Senator, Franken was a writer and actor on Saturday Night Live.

Franken was also a left-wing pundit and has written several books on politics. His second cousin was actor Steven Franken.

On December 7, 2017, Franken announced in an address before the Senate that he would be resigning from his office following sexual harassment claims.

References

Other websites 

 Office of Senator Al Franken 
 Official campaign website
 Campaign contributions  at OpenSecrets.org
 Al Franken topic page at The New York Times
  in 2002
  in 2003
  in 2004
 Al Franken profile in Moment Magazine in 2005 
 

Comedians from New York City
American movie actors
American screenwriters
American television actors
US Democratic Party politicians
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Harvard University alumni
Actors from Minnesota
United States senators from Minnesota
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Writers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
1951 births
Living people
Comedians from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis–Saint Paul

Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, United States, and is made up of 186 cities and townships. Built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, the area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul.

Related pages
 Minneapolis, Minnesota
 Saint Paul, Minnesota

References

Other websites 
 Flyby video courtesy NASA/Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio
 Fact sheet about Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area Comparison 
 History of the National Weather Service in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
 Twin Cities Daily Photograph — One photograph a day of the Twin Cities Metro Area
 GIS-based Demographic Guide to Twin Cities Region 

Cities in Minnesota
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Metropolitan areas of the United States
Arrowhead Region

The Arrowhead Region is in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It got its name from its pointed shape.  The mainly rural region is 27,575.19 km² (10,635.26 sq mi) of land area and comprises Carlton, Cook, Lake and St. Louis Counties. At the 2000 census 248,425 people lived there.

References
Counties of the Arrowhead Region, Minnesota  United States Census Bureau

Other websites
Northland Connection Local website

Geography of Minnesota
Misquah Hills

The Misquah Hills are a range of large hills or small mountains in northeastern Minnesota, in the United States.  They are located in or near the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness within Superior National Forest. They contain Eagle Mountain, the highest point in Minnesota at 2301 feet (701 meters).

Geography of Minnesota
Wilderness Areas of the United States
Landforms of the United States
Sawtooth Mountains (Minnesota)

The Sawtooth Mountains are low ridges on the North Shore of Lake Superior in the U.S. state of Minnesota. They extend about 30 miles (50 km) from Carlton Peak near Tofte on the west, to Grand Marais on the east.

References

Geography of Minnesota
Mountains of the United States
Leaf Hills Moraines

The Leaf Hills Moraines, sometimes called the Leaf Mountains, are a range of hills in west-central Minnesota.  The lands typically rises to a height of  to  above the surrounding farmland throughout the duration of its range, occasionally reaching higher than .

Geography of Minnesota
Hills
List of United States senators from Minnesota

Minnesota was admitted to the Union on May 11, 1858.
As of July 7, 2009, Minnesota has had 40 senators serve in the US Senate.

Class I

Class II

All living senators
Rudy Boschwitz
Dean Barkley
Norm Coleman
David Durenberger
Mark Dayton
Amy Klobuchar
Al Franken

Related pages
Classes of United States Senators

References

Other websites
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
Chronological list of U.S. Senators

Senators from Minnesota
Governor of Minnesota

The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Thirty-nine different people have been governor of the state. State governors are elected to office by popular vote. The current governor of Minnesota is Democratic Tim Walz.

Cabinet
The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state departments.  The governor appoints these department heads, who are usually called commissioners.  Cabinet-level departments include:

Department of Administration
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Corrections
Department of Education
Department of Employee Relations
Department of Employment and Economic Development
Department of Finance
Department of Health
Department of Human Rights
Department of Human Services
Iron Range Resources (Also known as the IRRB [pronounced "eye-triple-r-b"])
Department of Labor and Industry
Bureau of Mediation Services
Metropolitan Council
Department of Military Affairs
Minnesota Higher Education Services Office
Minnesota Housing Finance Agency
Department of Natural Resources
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Department of Public Safety
Department of Revenue
Department of Transportation
Department of Veterans Affairs

Residence
The Minnesota Governor's Residence is located in Saint Paul, at 1006 Summit Avenue.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Website of the governor and lieutenant governor
Minnesota Constitution, Article V
Okutama, Tokyo

is a town in Greater Metropolitan Tokyo, Japan.

Geography
Okutama has an area of 225.63 km². Mount Kumotori, Tokyo's highest peak at 2017 m, divides Okutama from the Okuchichibu region of the neighboring Saitama and Yamanashi Prefectures. Tokyo's northernmost and westernmost points lie in Okutama, as does Lake Okutama, an important source of water for Tokyo, located above the Ogōchi Dam in the town.

References

Other websites
 http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/english/index.html ;  

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Flag of Minnesota

The Flag of Minnesota is the state seal on a  blue background. The flag that people use now was made in 1957 and the state seal on the flag was changed in 1983. In the past, people used a different flag that looked like the one that Minnesota uses now, but it had different colors on the front and back of the flag. Some people don't like the flag because they think it is too complicated and they think it should be simpler.

Related pages
Minnesota
Flag

Minnesota
Minnesota
Seal of Minnesota

The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota is the insignia that the Secretary of State affixes to government papers and documents to make them official.

Related pages
Flag of Minnesota

Minnesota
Minnesota
Sweet corn

Sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata var. rugosa; also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content and prepared as a vegetable.

Related pages
 Cornbread

References

Vegetables
Upper Midwest

The Upper Midwest is a region of the United States with no agreed-upon boundaries, but it almost always lies within the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwest region, which includes the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana.

Other websites 
The History of the Upper Midwest: An Overview
USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center 
U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Upper Midwest Mineral Resources Program

Midwestern United States
Animikie Group

The Animikie Group of sediments were deposited between 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago, within the Animikie Basin. This group of formations are divided into the Gunflint Range, the Mesabi and Vermilion ranges, and the Cuyuna Range.

Geology
Mountain ranges
Mountains of the United States
Mountains of Canada
Hail! Minnesota


"Hail! Minnesota" (also simply called "Minnesota" in early years) is the state song of Minnesota. It began at the University of Minnesota in the early 1900s when some students decided to honor their graduating class with a new song. In 1945, the Minnesota State Legislature approved the tune as the state song.

Lyrics

Minnesota, Hail to Thee!
Hail to Thee, our state so dear,
Thy light shall ever be
A beacon bright and clear.
Thy sons and daughters true
Will proclaim Thee near and far.
They shall guard thy fame and adore thy name;
Thou shalt be their Northern Star!

Like the stream that bends to sea,
Like the pine that seeks the blue;
Minnesota, still for Thee
Thy sons are strong and true!
From thy woods and waters fair,
From thy prairies waving far.
At thy call they throng with a shout and song;
Hailing Thee their Northern Star!

References

Other websites
Minnesota Secretary of State  with sheet music and recording.

Minnesota
1900s establishments in Minnesota
United States state songs
Morchella

Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible mushrooms closely related to the cup fungi. These appear honeycomb-like in that the upper portion is composed of a network of ridges with pits between them.

China produces cultivated morels.

Morels are the state mushroom of Minnesota, USA.

References

Other websites

 MushroomExpert.com's Morel section
 Healing-mushrooms.net's Morel page
 Morel Satisfaction: Stalking the Wild Mushroom from National Public Radio
 Morel Mushroom Discussion Forum 

Edible fungi
Cypripedium reginae

Cypripedium reginae, also known as he Showy Lady's-slipper, the Pink-and-white Lady's-slipper, or the Queen's Lady's-slipper, is a rare temperate lady's-slipper orchid native to northern North America. It grows white flowers, with pink labella.

References 

 NatureServe (2006), "Cypripedium reginae", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, Virginia

 Gray's Manual of Botany of the Northern United States, American Book Company, 1889

Other websites 

Minnesota Secretary of State: State Flower , accessed January 31, 2004
US Geological Survey: Showy Lady Slipper, accessed January 31, 2004
Showy Lady's-slipper: Queen Lady's-slipper(botany.wisc.edu) , accessed Nov 19, 2005
NRCS: USDA Plants Profile: Cypripedium reginae

Orchids
Lake Superior agate

The Lake Superior agate is a type of agate stained by iron and found on the shores of Lake Superior. Its wide distribution and iron-rich bands of color reflect the gemstone's geologic history in Minnesota. In 1969 the Lake Superior agate was picked by the Minnesota Legislature as the official state gemstone.

References 
 Minnesota's State Gem: The Lake Superior Agate

Gemstones
Wild rice

Wild rice (also called Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) is four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China. While it is now something of a delicacy in North America, the grain is no longer eaten in China, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable.

Other websites 
 Australian wild rice; information about cultivated wild rice in Australia
 Zizania in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 Save Our Rice Alliance; information on wild rice harvest, management and distribution across the Upper Great Lakes Region
 Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
 Asian Vegetables
 Zizania aquatica
 Jenks, Albert Ernest (1901). The wild rice gatherers of the Upper Lakes: a study in American primitive economics.

Rice
Red pine

The Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) is a pine native to northeastern North America. The Red Pine grows in the area from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. In the Upper Midwest of the United States it is sometimes known by the confusing name Norway Pine even though it is not native to Norway.
It is the state tree of Minnesota.

References

Other websites
Gymnosperm Database: Pinus resinosa
Flora of North America: Pinus resinosa
Red Pine Content: Pinus resinosa

Conifers
Plants of North America
L'Étoile du Nord

L'Étoile du Nord is a French phrase meaning "The Star of the North". It is the motto of the U.S. state of Minnesota.  It was chosen by the state's first governor, Henry Hastings Sibley, and was adopted in 1861, three years after Minnesota became a state. Because of this motto, one of Minnesota's nicknames is The North Star State. The Minnesota North Stars chose the English translation for their name.

References

Minnesota
Mottos
Grace (photograph)

Grace is a 1918 photograph by Eric Enstrom. It depicts an old man, Charles Wilden, with hands folded, saying a prayer over a table with a simple meal. It was created in Bovey, Minnesota. In 2002, the Minnesota State Legislature established it as the state photograph.

References

Other websites
GRACE by Enstrom  - Website for Photograph

Photography
Walleye

Walleye  (Sander vitreus) is a freshwater perciform fish native to most of Canada and to the northern United States. 

It is a North American close relative of the European pikeperch. 

The walleye is sometimes also called the yellow walleye to distinguish it from the blue walleye, which is an extinct subspecies formerly found in the southern Great Lakes.

References 
 
 Boyd Huppert (December 7, 2004). "Walleye or Zander? What are you really eating?" KARE.
 FishBase information on Walleye

Other websites 
 Nativefish.org article about the blue walleye 
 Information about Sander vitreus from the University of Minnesota 

Edible fish
Perciformes
Freshwater fish
Dakota

Dakota may refer to:

Geography 

 American states:
 North Dakota 
 South Dakota

Other 
 Transportation:
 "Douglas Dakota", military transport C-47 Skytrain (aircraft)
 Earthbound character Mr. Saturn often utters the phrase "Dakota"

Related pages
  

sl:North Dakota
Minnesota Territory

The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota.

Territorial Governors

Territorial Secretaries
Charles K. Smith, 1849–1851
Alexander Wilkin, 1851–1853
Joseph Rosser. 1853–1857
Charles L. Chase 1857–1858

Congressional Delegates
Henry Hastings Sibley, 31st Congress, 32nd Congress, 1849–1853
Henry Mower Rice, 33rd Congress, 34th Congress, 1853–1857
William W. Kingsbury, 35th Congress, 1857–1858

Other websites 

Minnesota historic documents (incl. Organic Act, Enabling Act, Act of Admission and territorial maps) 

1849 establishments in the United States
1850s disestablishments in the United States
1840s in the United States
History of Minnesota
1858 disestablishments
Former territories of the United States
Wildlife management

Wildlife management is a general term for the process of keeping wild species at desirable levels as determined by wildlife managers. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control.  Wildlife management has become an integrated science using disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results.

Wildlife conservation aims to halt the loss of species. It does this by taking using ecological principles to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people. Most wildlife is concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats. Techniques can include reforestation, pest control, irrigation, coppicing and hedge laying.

Game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the wellbeing of game birds. It may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland. In his 1933 book Game Management, Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use".

References 

Ecology
Drift velocity

Drift velocity is the average velocity with which free particles, for example electrons, are pulled towards an electric field.

Velocity
Alex Auld

Alexander Auld (born January 7, 1981) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). Auld has also played for the New York Rangers, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Phoenix Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators and Dallas Stars of the NHL. He has appeared internationally for Team Canada on three occasions – the 2001 World Junior Championships, the 2004 Spengler Cup, and the 2006 World Championships.

Awards
OHL Second All-Rookie Team - 1999
OHL Third All-Star Team - 2001
Cyclone Taylor Trophy (Vancouver Canucks MVP) - 2006
Molson Cup (Vancouver Canucks three-star selection leader) - 2006

Career statistics

International play
Played for Team Canada in:

2001 World Junior Championships (bronze medal)
2004 Spengler Cup (3rd place)
2006 World Championships (4th place)

Other websites 

Auld's biography at Hockeygoalies.org

1981 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Dallas Stars players
ECHL players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
Ottawa Senators players
People from Thunder Bay
Phoenix Coyotes players
Vancouver Canucks players
Grove (nature)

A grove is a small group of trees with little or no undergrowth. For example: a sequoia grove, or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts. Other words for groups of trees include woodland, copse, woodlot, thicket or spinney.

Related pages
 The National Grove of State Trees at the United States National Arboretum

Further reading 
 

Trees
Food poisoning

Food poisoning is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is contaminated.
There are two kinds of food poisoning: poisoning by toxic agent or by infectious agent. Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced exotoxins, which can  happen even when the microbe that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites that contaminate food, rather than chemical or natural toxins which are what we usually call poison. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 of them die every year.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, pain in the head or fatigue.

In most cases the body is able to permanently get better after a short period of acute discomfort and illness.  Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems.

Food borne illness due to Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella or Shigella infection is a major cause of reactive arthritis, which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with liver disease are especially susceptible to infections from Vibrio vulnificus, which can be found in oysters or crabs.

Tetrodotoxin poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as numbness and shortness of breath, and is often fatal.

References

Other websites
Descriptions of the main microbes that make food unsafe 
How long does food poisoning last?

Illnesses
Food and drink
Rungrado May Day Stadium

The Rŭngrado May First Stadium, or May Day Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Pyongyang, North Korea, completed on May 1, 1989.

The stadium was built as a main stadium for the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1989.
It is currently used for football matches, a few athletics matches, but most often for Arirang performances (also known as the Mass Games). The stadium can seat 150,000, which is the largest stadium in the world that is not used for auto racing.

Its name comes from the place where it is, Rungra Islet in the Taedong River, and May Day, the international day celebrating labour.

The stadium is most famous for being the place where large shows celebrating Kim Il-sung and the North Korean nation were held. In June-July 2002, the "Arirang" gymnastic and artistic performances were held there. There were 100,000+ people taking part —double the number of people watching— and was open to foreigners, which is rare. These performances now happen every year, usually in August and September. The Guinness Book of Records has recognized these events as the largest in the world.

In 2000, Kim Jong-Il used the stadium to entertain Madeleine Albright, the U.S. Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton.

References 

Stadiums in Asia
Pyongyang
Buildings and structures in Korea
1989 establishments in Asia
Establishments in North Korea
Badwater Basin

Badwater Basin is a basin in Death Valley National Park, Death Valley, California. The water which goes into it does not flow into any ocean.

Badwater Basin is the lowest point in North America, at  below sea level. Mount Whitney, the highest point in the 48 states, is only 76 miles west of the Basin. It is one of the lowest places in Death Valley.

Badwater Basin has a small natural pool of undrinkable water next to the road. The water comes from a spring. It is called 'Badwater' because people cannot drink the water. This is because so much salt has built up from the basin. The pool does have animals and plants living there, including pickleweed, insects, and the Badwater snail.

The pool is not actually the lowest point of the basin. The lowest point is several miles to the west, the exact point which is lowest changes.  However, the salt flats are dangerous to travel across (in many cases being only a thin white crust over mud), therefore the sign states that the lowest point is at the pool, where people can see it. Some people say that it is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere, but this is not true. The lowest point is actually Laguna del Carbón in Argentina at -105 meters (-344 feet).

Geography

At Badwater Basin, big rainstorms sometimes flood the bottom of the valley. They cover the salt pan with a thin sheet of standing water. This makes new lakes, but the lakes do not last long. This is because the average  of rain that falls every year is much lower than the a 150-inch annual evaporation rate, so all the water evaporates away. This means that even a 12-foot-deep, 30-mile-long lake would dry up in a single year. While the basin is flooded, some of the salt dissolves and goes back into the basin as clean crystals when the water evaporates.

Painted on the cliff above Badwater is a sign that says "Sea Level"  which people visiting like to look at.

History
During the Holocene, when the regional climate was less dry, streams that ran from mountains in the area slowly filled Death Valley until it was 3 feet (1m) deep. Eventually, there was a  long lake, Lake Manly.

The wet times with much rain did not last. The temperature got warmer, and there was less rain. The lake began to dry up, and as the water evaporated, the lake became saltier. Eventually, only a soup of brine was left. Salts (95% table salt: NaCl) began to turn into crystals, covering the surface with a thick crust from three inches to five feet thick (1-1.7m).

Pictures

References

Books
 John McKinney: California's Desert Parks: A Day Hiker's Guide. Wilderness Press 2006, , S. 54-55
Don J. Easterbrook (Hrsg): Quaternary Geology of the United States. Geological Society of America 2003, , S.63-64

Other websites

Badwater Basin in the Encyclopædia Britannica

Geography of California
Drainage basins
Brian Campbell

Brian Wesley Campbell (born  May 23, 1979 in Strathroy, Ontario) is a former Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks, and Buffalo Sabres.

Career 
He also played in the NHL with the Buffalo Sabres for 8 seasons, the San Jose Sharks for 1 season and the Chicago Blackhawks for 3 seasons. He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres with the 156th overall pick in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He also played 4 seasons in the OHL for the Ottawa 67's and 1 season in SM-liiga for Jokerit.

He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

Other websites 

1979 births
Living people
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
San Jose Sharks players
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey people from Ontario
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Memorial Cup winners
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Bush Doctrine

The Bush Doctrine is a term which many people use to describe several foreign policy and national defense decisions that President George W. Bush made.

The Bush Doctrine is usually used to describe how Bush invaded Iraq in what is known as pre-emptive war (which means to attack the enemy before they can attack you).

George W. Bush did not make up this term and he never said what he thought about the term.

There are other United States presidential doctrines also.

Politics of the United States
Truman Doctrine

A speech was made by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to the U.S. Congress on March 12, 1947. In this speech he said he thought that the United States should help Greece and Turkey to stop them being 'totalitarianists' although he meant Soviet Communism.  This became known as the Truman Doctrine.  Some historians believe that this was the start of the Cold War.  

This speech was made after the United Kingdom said that they would stop helping Greece and Turkey in February 1947 since the U.K. was also poor after the cost of World War II. This meant that Greece and Turkey would still be poor and Truman believed that a poor Eastern Europe would convert to a Communist government more easily unless helped by the United States. Truman wrongly thought that the Soviets were helping the Greek Communist partisans when there was no clear proof.

This plan was a big change to American politics. Political historian Walter LaFeber wrote that 'the doctrine became an ideological shield' which means that he believed that the United States used the doctrine as an excuse or reason. The Marshall Plan came after because of this.

Related pages 

 Marshall Plan

References

Cold War
1947 in the United States
God Defend New Zealand

"God Defend New Zealand", called "Aotearoa" (simply "New Zealand") in Māori, is the title of the most popular national anthem of New Zealand. It was originally a poem written by Thomas Bracken in the 1870s until it was set to music by John Joseph Woods as part a competition for ten guineas in 1876. Two years later, Thomas Henry Smith wrote the lyrics in Māori—one of the country's official languages. The anthem was adopted in 1977.

"God Save the Queen", the national anthem used for the United Kingdom and used as a royal anthem for a number of countries and territories, is also a national anthem of New Zealand.

Lyrics
According to copyright law of New Zealand, the English lyrics are no longer copyrighted since the beginning of 1949 or the end of the 50-year mark of Bracken's death, and since the 1980s, the rights to the musical score are in the public domain.

The meaning of the Māori lyrics are slightly different from the English lyrics.

References

National anthems
New Zealand
Troy Hudson

Troy Hudson (born March 13, 1976 in Carbondale, Illinois) is a former American professional basketball player at the point guard position.

References

Other websites
NBA.com profile
Official website 

1976 births
Living people
People from Carbondale, Illinois
African-American basketball players
Sportspeople from Illinois
Golden State Warriors players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Orlando Magic players
Utah Jazz players
American basketball players
Target Center

The Target Center is an arena in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is sponsored by Target Corporation. The arena has 702 club seats and 68 suites.

The center is home to the National Basketball Association's Minnesota Timberwolves. From 1994–1996, it was home to the Minnesota Arctic Blast of RHI. In 1996, it was home to the Arena Football League team Minnesota Fighting Pike.  The Women's National Basketball Association's Minnesota Lynx also play in the arena.

Other websites 

Target Corporation
National Basketball Association
Sports buildings in Minneapolis, Minnesota
1990 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Minnesota