cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Edgar Laprade

Edgar Louis "Beaver" Laprade (October 10, 1919 – April 28, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played for the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League (NHL). He also spent time with the Port Arthur Bearcats of the Thunder Bay Senior Hockey League.

Born in Mine Centre, Ontario, Edgar was one of Canada's top senior hockey players before joining the NHL.  He helped the Bearcats win the 1940 Allan Cup, before joining the Rangers in 1945. While with the Rangers, he would win the 1946 Calder Memorial Trophy and the 1950 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy.  He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.

Laprade died at the age of 94 in Thunder Bay, Ontario from natural causes.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1919 births
2014 deaths
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Deaths from natural causes
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
New York Rangers players
National Recovery Administration

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was an agency in the Federal government of the United States in the 1930s, during the New Deal.  It was formed by the National Recovery Act during the first "Hundred Days" of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.  It regulated the economy.  It was the first agencies that could control minimum wages.  It was headed by Hugh S. Johnson, a former general.  The NRA lasted until 1935, when the United States Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional.

References

1935 disestablishments
1930s disestablishments in the United States
United States government agencies
Works Progress Administration

The Works Progress Administration (or WPA) was an agency in the United States during the New Deal.  It was formed in 1935, during the "Second New Deal".  It employed more workers than any government agency had before.  It built thousands of roads, schools, and government buildings.  Part of it was the Federal Art Project, which created, such as murals by Diego Rivera and the play The Cradle Will Rock.  The agency was led by Harry Hopkins.  It lasted until World War II. This program gave millions of people jobs during the great depression.

20th century in the United States
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1935 establishments in the United States
New Deal
Great Depression
Gloria Steinem

Gloria Marie Steinem (born March 25, 1934) is an American radical feminist and writer. She founded Ms. magazine, and also wrote for several other magazines. Steinem is Jewish and is from Toledo, Ohio.

Steinem started the Women's Media Centre with Jane Fonda and Robin Morgan in 2005. 

In 2013 she was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama for her support of abortion rights.

Personal life
Steinem was married to David Bale (1941-2003) from September 3, 2000 until his death.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1934 births
Living people
Abortion-rights activists
American activists
American LGBT rights activists
American political activists
American political writers
American radical feminists
Anti-pornography activists
Humanists
Jewish activists
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Journalists from Ohio
People from Toledo, Ohio
Socialists
Betty Friedan

Betty Friedan ( February 4, 1921 – February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist and feminist.  She wrote the book The Feminine Mystique in 1963. She argued in the book that there was more to life for women than the achievements of their husbands and children. In an interview for Life magazine in 1963 she said "Women of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your vacuum cleaner!"  She helped set up the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 and was its first president. In 1981 The Second Stage was published. In the book Friedan said that the women's movement had reached its second stage.

Personal life
Friedan married Carl Friedan in 1947. Friedan died on her 85th birthday.

References

1921 births
2006 deaths
Abortion-rights activists
American activists
American feminist writers
Jewish activists
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Writers from Illinois
Icelandic name

Icelandic names are different from most other naming systems used in the West, in that the names follow a patronymic (sometimes matronymic) surname pattern. 

This means that when a person is named, their last name is the name of their father, plus -son. So if a man called Eric had a son called Leif, Leif's name would be Leif Ericsson. 

The same is true for females, although sometimes women take the name of their father for their last name, or the name of their mother. Also, the suffix -dottír is added to the end of the parent's name. So, if a girl called Astrid's parents were Leif and Inga, then their daughter could be called either Astrid Leifsdóttir, or Astrid Ingasdóttir. 

Changes were announced to the laws about names in 2019. Given names are not limited by gender anymore. People that are registered officially with a non-binary gender will be able to use the suffix -bur ("child of") instead of -son or -dóttir.

This naming system is the same naming system that was used by the Vikings. Iceland has kept this naming system because Iceland is an island, and had little contact with the outside world for quite some time, so there was not much change in things like customs, language and naming systems.

Iceland
Crystal Castles

Crystal Castles is an experimental electronic music duo from Toronto, Canada. It is made up of producer Ethan Kath and vocalist Alice Glass. The band has released three albums, all named Crystal Castles, in 2008, 2010, and 2012. Their first album made the NME list of the 50 greatest albums of the decade, placing at #39.

Members

Current members
Ethan Kath – instruments, production (2003–present)
Alice Glass – vocals (2004–present)

Additional live members:
Christopher Chartrand – drums (2008–present)

Former live members
Past spare live members:
Cameron Findlay – drums (2007–2008, currently playing in Parallels)
Mike Bell – drums (2008–2009, currently playing in Lymbyc Systym)
"Yes" Tom Cullen – drums (February 2008, currently dj-ing as Yes!Tom)

Discography
Crystal Castles (2008)
Crystal Castles II (2010)
 Crystal Castles III (2012)

Videography
"Magic Spells" (2008) (directed by Video Marsh)
"Courtship Dating" (2008) (directed by Marc Pannozzo)
"Celestica" (2010) (directed by Rob Hawkins)
"Baptism" (2010) link (directed by Rob Hawkins)

References

Canadian rock bands
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in Canada
Crystal Castles (album)

Crystal Castles is the first studio album by Toronto-based duo Crystal Castles. The album was selected for the NME magazine's list of the 50 greatest albums of the decade, and gained #39.

Track listing

Personnel
 Alice Glass (Vocals/Lyrics)
 Ethan Kath (Music/Samples/Production)
 Matthew von Wagner (Vocal Production for 3 tracks: "Alice Practice", "Love and Caring", "Xxzxcuzx Me")

2008 albums
Chalcophile

A chalcophile is a chemical substance that would rather react with sulfur instead of oxygen. Some things like to react with oxygen to make oxides. Other things react with sulfur to make sulfides. Chalcophiles are normally found as sulfides. Zinc is a chalcophile. Zinc sulfide is a common ore, while zinc oxide is rare. Chalcophiles are ore loving and combine readily with sulfur.

Periodic table
Dethklok (band)

Dethklok is a band created by Brendon Small and Tommy Blacha. There are two bands called Dethklok: a fictional one in the television series Metalocalypse, and one formed to play the fictional one's songs.

To date, the real band has released three albums, The Dethalbum, The Dethalbum II, and Dethalbum III.

Actual band members

Studio members
 Brendon Small – vocals, guitar, electric bass, keyboards
 Gene Hoglan – drums (2007–present)
Live members
 Brendon Small – vocals, guitar
 Gene Hoglan – drums (2007–present)
 Mike Keneally – guitar, backing vocals (2007–present)
 Bryan Beller – bass, backing vocals (2007–present)

Discography

Studio albums
 The Dethalbum (2007)
 Dethalbum II (2009)
 Dethalbum III (2012)

Music videos

References

Other websites

 

Death metal bands
Musical groups established in 2006
Brendon Small

Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975 in Springfield, Illinois) is an American sitcom writer/producer, actor, voice actor, composer, and musician. He is best known as the maker of the cartoon series Home Movies and Metalocalypse.

1975 births
Living people
American animators
American heavy metal musicians
American voice actors
American composers
Writers from Springfield, Illinois
Musicians from Springfield, Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Tianyuraptor

Tianyuraptor is a genus of short-armed dromaeosaurid dinosaur ('running lizard'; a type of small dinosaur considered to be closely related to birds) that lived during the Early Cretaceous, about 122 million years ago. Its remains have been found in western Liaoning, China. It was similar to other dromaeosaurids found in Liaoning, with the exception of being somewhat more primitive. The type specimen, formally described in 2009, shows features not seen in previously known Northern Hemisphere (Laurasian) dromaeosaurids, but present in Southern Hemisphere (Gondwanan) species and early birds. 

The generic name of Tianyuraptor combines Tianyu, referring to the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature where the holotype specimen is stored, with raptor, the Latin word for 'robber'.

Dromaeosauridae
Fruitadens

Fruitadens is a genus of heterodontosaur dinosaur. 

The name means "Fruita tooth", in reference to Fruita, Colorado, where its fossils were first found. It is known from partial skulls and skeletons from at least four individuals from rocks of the Morrison Formation in Colorado. Fruitadens is a small ornithischian dinosaur, with young adults estimated at 65 to 75 cm (26 to 30 in) in length and 0.5 to 0.75 kg (1.1 to 1.7 lb) in weight. 

The lower jaws had an enlarged canine-like tooth, opposite a gap in the upper jaw (a 'diastema'). Unlike Echinodon, there wasn't an enlarged tooth in the upper jaw. A small peg-like tooth was present in front of the canine-like tooth. Replacement teeth were present in the jaws, unlike most other heterodontosaurids. Fruitadens was an omnivore. 

Heterodontosaurs
Geelong Football Club

The Geelong Football Club, the Cats, is an Australian Rules Football team that plays in the Australian Football League. The club is based in the city of Geelong, Victoria. The club started in July 1859, and had played continuously since then, which makes it the second oldest club in any code, in the world. The club was an original member of the Victorian Football Association which formed in 1877. It left the association with a number of other clubs to form the Victorian Football League in 1897. It is now a member of the Australian Football League.

References

Other websites
 The Geelong Football Club website

Australian Football League
Geelong
Volvo B10BLE

Volvo B10BLE is a bus produced by Volvo from 1992 until 2002.

Buses
B10BLE
The Diary of a Young Girl

The Diary of a Young Girl is a  diary written in Dutch by Anne Frank. She began it in 1942, writing secretly to an imaginary friend. She wrote it while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was caught in 1944 and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.  After the war, the diary was found by Anne's father, Otto Frank. He was the only known survivor of the family. The diary has now been published in more than 60 different languages. It is now considered a classic of war literature. The diary was rescued from a reject pile by cookbook publisher Judith Jones.

It was first published as Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 12 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944 (The Annex: Diary Notes from 12 June 1942 – 1 August 1944) by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947. After it was translated into English as Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Valentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952, it became very famous critically. It became very popular, and the 1955 play The Diary of Anne Frank and movie version were both based on the diary. The play was first acted in New York City. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1956. The book is in several lists of the top books of the twentieth century. It discusses the themes of sharing and selfishness in the war, about how someone can be different on the inside and the outside, and about the loneliness of growing up.

Related pages

Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Memory of the World Programme

References

Other websites 

 Anne Frank House website
 Anne Frank Trust UK website
 , Jon Blair, 1995. (DVD)
 Quicktime video. Miep Gies describes giving Anne Frank's papers to Otto Frank
 Quicktime interview with Otto Frank's second wife, about the publication of Anne Frank's diary
 Anne's manuscripts
 Article about the publication of Het Achterhius, by The Anne Frank House
 Online exhibition of Anne Frank's manuscripts 
 Article on Anne Frank the writer
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Sayana Ser  from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

1947 books
Anne Frank
Pulitzer Prize winners
Diaries

he:אנה פרנק#יומנה של אנה פרנק
Crystal Castles II

Crystal Castles, also known as Crystal Castles II, is the second album by electronic music group Crystal Castles. The album was released by Fiction Records on 24 May 2010.

Critical reception
Crystal Castles has been met with mostly good reviews from people.

Track listing

Notes
 Ethan Kath sings "Not in Love", which is a cover of a song by 1980s new wave band Platinum Blonde.
 "Year of Silence" samples the vocal track from the Sigur Ros song called "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur".
 Both "Violent Dreams" and "Vietnam" contain parts of the song "A Walk In The Park" by Stina Nordenstam.
 The CD sleeve notes state that the album cover is a photo of X Tecumseh Clark taken by his father, avant-garde composer and poet Todd Tamanend Clark.

Charts

Album charts

References

2010 albums
Odds

In mathematics, odds are the chance that an event will happen compared to the chance that it will not happen. For example, if there is an equal chance that it will rain or that it will not rain, the odds of it raining are 1:1 (which is read as "1 to 1"). If it is twice as likely that it will not rain, then the odds of it raining are 1:2 (read as "1 to 2").

Uses for odds
Odds are often used in gambling, especially in horse racing. 

In statistics, when the odds are written as fractions, the ratio of the odds of two related experimental events is called the odds ratio. This is often written as  for short.

Related pages 

 Probability

References

Other websites

 Ask Dr. Math: Odds Slang for Probability?

Mathematics
Battle of Sunomatagawa

The Battle of Sunomatagawa was a Japanese battle. It took place in Nanaimo, a place in Japan, in 1181 AD. Minamoto no Yukiie and his army found Taira no Tomomori's army across the river. They swam the river and attacked them. But Tomomori's people could tell the difference between the wet enemies and their dry people and forced them back across the river.

1181
Battles
History of Japan
Alton, Hampshire

Alton is a market town in the English county of Hampshire, England. The town is famous for the home of Jane Austin, a famous English poet. It is the highest town in Hampshire.

Towns in Hampshire
New Alresford

New Alresford is a market town in the county of Hampshire, England. The town is notable for growing much watercress.

Towns in Hampshire
Farnham

Farnham is a large market town in the county of Surrey, England. There are 37,000 people living in the town. It is famous for its castle and its historic buildings. The town is south of the River Wey.

References

Towns in Surrey
River Wey

River Wey is a long river which runs through the counties of Hampshire, Surrey and West Sussex in England. The source is in the town of Alton, Hampshire.

Rivers of England
Hampshire
Surrey
West Sussex
Battle of Leipzig

The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations was a battle between Napoleon I and his army and an allied force of several nations. It happened on October 16-19 in 1813. Napoeon’s army had been defeated and depleted in the French invasion of Russia. The French were also losing the Peninsular War and retreating everywhere.

Being outnumbered, he attacked. His allies in the Confederation of the Rhine changed sides, and Napoleon was defeated. It was the one of the largest battles before World War I. It involved about 600,000 soldiers, and the largest cavalry charge ever. It was part of the War of the Sixth Coalition. After this battle, and the later defence of Paris (1814), Napoleon was taken to the island of Elba.

References

Other websites
  “Easily ranking as one of the largest battles in History”
 Allied Order-of-Battle at Leipzig: 16-18 October 1813
 French order of battle: II–XI Army Corps
 French order of battle: Cavalry Reserve and the Imperial Guard
  http://www.voelkerschlacht1813.de/
  http://www.voelkerschlacht-bei-leipzig.de/
  http://www.leipzig1813.com

1813
19th century in Germany
Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig
Invisible Children

Invisible Children is an organization that aims to help child soldiers in Africa. It was founded in 2004. It specifically focuses on the activities of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and its leader, Joseph Kony. It wants to stop the LRA from kidnapping children and forcing them to serve as soldiers.

It was established after a movie was made about forcing children to fight in wars.

Human rights organizations
2004 establishments
Organizations based in the United States
MU*

MU* refers to a family of text-based online game servers:

 TinyMUD
 MUSH
 MOO
 TinyMUCK
 and other related types

These are also called the Tiny family.  These are kinds of MUD.

Computing
Internet
Terracotta

Terracotta, sometimes spelled terra cortta, is a red clay-based baked ceramic, usually unglazed.  

Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably.

Production and properties
Clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After thorough drying, it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. 

After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware.

Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog").

The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.

References 

Ceramics
Yo-yo effect

The Yo-yo effect means people quickly gaining weight after a diet. Other words for this activity are yo-yo dieting or weight cycling. People's weight can move down and back up like a yo-yo when they follow several diets one after another. A person's weight after the diet is often higher than it was before dieting.

The Steps 
The steps to the weight cycle are normal eating, weight gain, diet, metabolism slow-down, and end of the diet. But they repeat again and that’s the Yo-Yo effect. For example, Sherman Morrison talks about someone on the website healevate.com, saying, “In the 1990’s she got up to 237 pounds, dropped it back down to 160 in the early 2000’s, but then crept back up over 200. Recently, however, she shed 30 pounds using Weight Watchers.” Which means she first gained weight, then she lost weight, and finally she gained it back. Basically, Morrison is describing that the Yo-Yo effect is gaining and losing weight over and over again.

Causes
The body needs less energy after losing weight on a diet. People have less fatty tissue and often less muscle after the diet. Muscle tissue needs more energy than fatty tissue. Reducing the amount of muscle tissue therefore reduces the need for energy. Also, limit the number of calories people take in. At some point, a dieter's body will change the way it uses energy if there are less calories to burn. The body does this to make sure it survives when less food is available. These changes in the body cause people to gain weight rapidly when they stop dieting and return to their old eating habits.

Avoiding It
People can avoid the yo-yo effect by changing their diet. If a diet works without the body switching to a more efficient way of using calories, there will be no yo-yo effect. A diet should change the dieter's eating habits for a long time. New eating habits should not give the body more energy than it needs. At the end of the diet, it also makes sense to raise the number of calories someone eats slowly. Exercise and sports can increase the amount of calories burned by the body rather than turned into fat.

References

Health
David Latta (ice hockey)

David Latta (born January 3, 1967, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger.  He was drafted in the first round, 15th overall, by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and went on to play thirty-six games in the National Hockey League, all of them with the Nordiques.

Other websites

1967 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Quebec Nordiques players
People from Thunder Bay
Pentti Lund

Pentti Alexander Lund (born December 6, 1925 – April 16, 2013) was a Finnish-Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played for the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers  in the National Hockey League.  During his first year he was the recipient of the Calder Trophy.  Lund is often said to have been the first Finnish player in the National Hockey League. (Albert Pudas, however, played 4 games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926-1927). Lund moved to Canada from Finland at the age of six.

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Calder Trophy winners
Finnish ice hockey players
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Eastern Hockey League players
Mechanical wave

A mechanical wave requires a medium. Sound waves, waves in a Slinky, and pressure waves are all examples of this phenomenon. Sound waves need a physical medium in order to exist; the Slinky waves need the Slinky, and the waves in the ocean need the water. Like all waves, they have a frequency, period, wavelength and amplitude.

Mechanical waves are a local oscillation of material. Only the energy propagates; the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position; the wave travels by jumping from one particle of the transmission medium to another. Therefore, mechanical waves transport energy and not material.

Physics
Mother Angelica

Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation  (Rita Antoinette Rizzo; April 20, 1923 – March 27, 2016) was an American Catholic nun. She created the Eternal Word Television Network (ETWN). It is a very popular television channel for Catholics.

Mother Angelica died on March 27, 2016, Easter Sunday, from complications of a stroke at her home in Hanceville, Alabama, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American television personalities
American Roman Catholics
Flame test

A flame test is a test for chemicals. Normally it is used to see whether there are certain metals in a chemical compound. The chemical compound is heated in a flame and a colored flame is made. The colored flame can be turned into its spectrum to analyze it. Many metals produce flame colors. The colors are made by electrons jumping up to higher orbits in the atom when it is heated. They fall down soon, putting out light as energy.

Related pages
Chemical reaction
Ion

Chemistry
Nine Lessons and Carols

The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church.  There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation.  The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus.

The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on  Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880.  The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in  Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services.

The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas.  The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century.

Service at King's College, Cambridge

The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918.  The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college.  Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts.

The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible.   Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols.   The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City".  Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir.  The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins.

Since 1982 the  Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury.  Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir.  The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful".  This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television).

References

Other websites
King's College Chapel's webpage about the service 

Liturgical calendar
Christmas
Babbitt metal

Babbitt metal is a metal that has very little friction. It is used for bearings. It can be made from tin, copper, antimony, or lead. Normally it is a certain mixture of these metals. It is very soft. There are harder and softer parts in it, though. This creates small holes where grease can go in when the soft parts rub away. An item with bearings could be a fidget spinner or a bicycle wheel.

Alloys
Zinc aluminium

Zinc aluminium, also called ZA, are alloys of zinc and aluminium. They make good bearings. They work similar to Babbitt metal. Different amounts of aluminium can be added to make different properties. The percentage of aluminium can be known by a number. ZA8 means there is 8% aluminium.

Alloys
Nickel silver

Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is an alloy. It normally has copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Despite the name, it does not contain any real silver. It is common in utensils. It is also used in cymbals, keys, zippers, and musical instruments. Some coins use nickel silver. It is sometimes used to trick people into thinking it is silver. A German industrial chemist named E.A. Geitner discovered nickel silver in the early 19th century.

Alloys
Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216.

Early life 
Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family.

During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy.

Cardinal
In 1190, Clement III raised him to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Segni was unanimously elected pope on January 8, 1198; and he took the name of Innocent III.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Innocent promoted the theory that the spiritual power of the church was greater than than any king or emperor. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state.

Crusades
Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade.

Lateran Council
In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Segni 

1160s births
1216 deaths
Italian popes
Debby Boone

Debby Boone (born Deborah Ann Boone on September 22, 1956) is a singer, songwriter, and children's book author. She is the daughter of singer Pat Boone. She has won three Grammy Awards; in 1977, 1980 and 1984.

Awards
 1977: Grammy Award: Best New Artist of the Year, for the song "You Light Up My Life"
 1980: Grammy Award: Best Inspirational Performance for the song "With My Song I Will Praise Him"
 1984: Grammy Award: Best Performance by a duo or group for the song "Keep The Flame Burning" with Phil Driscoll

References

1956 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Singers from New Jersey
Christian music singers
American pop musicians
People from Hackensack, New Jersey
Flops

FLOPS is an acronym for "Floating point Operations per Second". The FLOPS is a measure of a computer's performance, especially in the fields of calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations. It is like the older measure of instructions per second.

Computing measurement
Satyr

A satyr is a creature from Greek mythology. They are usually depicted with the upper half of a human and the legs of a goat, and horns on their heads. Satyrs were usually companions of Dionysus and Pan. They are often shown in art chasing after nymphs and were associated with nature and fertility. Sometimes satyrs were figured as the leader of drunks and pageantry.

Gallery

Related pages
Satyr play

Other websites 

Greek legendary creatures
Sigur Rós discography

This page is about the music of the Icelandic band Sigur Rós.

Albums

Studio albums

References

Other websites
 Sigur Rós official website
 Sigur Rós official UK website
 The Spy Machine  Sigur Rós discography
 
 

Discographies
White-tailed deer

The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand.

The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight.  Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long.  It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish or reddish in winter and summer.  Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter.  The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long.  Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years.

This type of deer is quite shy.  When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails.  They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year.  During the autumn, the deer engage in mating.

They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants.  The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening.

Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans.

References

Mammals of North America
Deer
Great northern bean

Great Northern beans are beans that are white colored. They are also light in flavor. They have a shape like a Lima bean except it is a little bit shorter than a Lima bean.

References

Fabaceae
Frederick de Houtman

Frederick de Houtman (1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer. In 1619, on his way to Batavia, he sailed the western coast of Australia.

1571 births
1627 deaths
Dutch explorers
Jigsaw puzzle

A jigsaw puzzle is a puzzle with pieces in it. Most people think it is harder than normal puzzles. It is usually used as children's toy.

Variations
Jigsaw puzzles come in many variations, for example they can vary in number of pieces. Standard puzzles contain from 300 to 1000 pieces. The largest commercially sold puzzle had 32,256 pieces. Versions designed for children come in great variety of puzzle piece sizes. Some puzzles are made double-sided so they contain 2 different puzzles on each side. 

There are also 3D jigsaw puzzles. Most of them are made of wood or styrofoam.

There are many jigsaw games available for computers and mobile devices too. Computers have the advantage of interactivity, for example some companies offer you to make custom puzzles based on your photo sent to them.

There is also the last type of a jigsaw puzzle, it is considered a 3D puzzle but made from a 2D pieces. After you assemble pieces in 2D, you bend and adjust the whole creation to make to 3D model.

References

Toys
Googie

Googie is the term given to a type of architecture and art in the United States in the 20th century.  It is also called Doo Wop, Atomic age, or populuxe.   It was very futuristic, echoing themes of the 1950s as a whole.  Some of Googie architecture was based on what spaceships look like.  It started in California soon after World War II and spread to the rest of the United States in the 1950s.  Many of the buildings built in the Googie style were coffee shops, bowling alleys and motels.  

Here are a few famous Googie buildings:

 The Space Needle
 Los Angeles International Airport
 The first Tomorrowland at Disneyland
 The first McDonald's
 Many of the early casinos in Las Vegas  

Architectural styles
Sharecropping

Sharecropping is a term for when one person farms another person's land, and then the two share what is produced.  Sharecroppers are almost always poor, and are often in debt to landowners or other people.  Sharecropping was very common in the Southern United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery. At that time, many African-Americans sharecropped on the land that they had once farmed as slaves.  Sharecropping was part of the system of "Jim Crow", which kept blacks poor and not really citizens.

Sharecropping became more common in the Southern United States when slavery was abolished. During the 20th century it became rare there.

History of the United States
Labor
Agriculture
Property
List of presidents of South Korea

This is a list of the presidents of South Korea.

Since the creation of the Government of the Republic of Korea which is commonly known as South Korea in 1948, twelve people have served nineteen terms as President of South Korea. The president is the country's head of state as well as its head of government. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.

Presidents

Lists of politicians
South Korea-related lists
President of South Korea

The President of the Republic of Korea () is the head of state, leader of the executive of the South Korean government and the commander in chief of the South Korean Armed Forces

The president is directly elected by the people to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House").

Moon Jae-in, former human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-President Roh Moo-hyun, became President of South Korea on 10 May 2017.

If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.

Powers and duties of the president
The president is required to:
 uphold the Constitution
 preserve the safety and homeland of South Korea
 work for the peaceful reunification of Korea, typically act as the Chairperson of the National Unification Advisory Council

List of presidents

Living former presidents
As of , two former presidents are alive:

The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of ).

The most recent President to die was Chun Doo-hwan, who died on November 23, 2021.

References

Other websites
Official Website of the President of the Republic of Korea
Pierre Auguste Cot

Pierre Auguste Cot (17 February 1837 – 2 August 1883) was a French painter. Today he is counted as being part of the Academic art movement. He is also known for his portraits. He studied painting in Toulouse and Paris. His teachers were  Léon Cogniet, Alexandre Cabanel and William Bouguereau, amongst others. He won various prizes for his paintings, and in 1874, he is made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died at the age of 46.

1837 births
1883 deaths
French painters
Legion of Honour
Normal force

Normal force is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with; If there was no normal force, you would slowly seep into the ground.

The normal force on a object is always perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface the object is on.

On a flat surface, the normal force of an object is  (the object's weight, that is its mass multiplied by the force of gravity).

On an inclined plane, the normal force is reduced by the angle, and the normal force is .

Note that on a flat surface,  (angle)would be 0, and so  would be 1. Thus, the two equations are equal.

Mechanics
Zeebo

The Zeebo is a video games console. It was released by Zeebo Inc in 2009 in Brazil and Mexico. It has wireless capabilities. Players cannot online with the console anymore. 

Video game consoles
Grade (education)

Grades are a teacher's evaluation of a student's performance. They are often letters (e.g. A, B, C, D, F,) or numbers (e.g. 1-10.), although in some countries they do not use either of these systems.

Letter grades are most commonly used in the United States and some others. The grades D or C are usually enough to pass.

Grades can also be on a number scale. Typically a midpoint score is a pass. Sometimes the numbers can go in descending order to indicate better performance.

A Grade Point Average, or GPA, takes the grade(s) of a student and assigns point values to them. These points are added up and divided to calculate the GPA.

Simple grades can be found with this formula:

The grade is the answer to that formula turned into a percent.

This is the type of grading the United States uses the most:

References 

Education
Elaphrosaurus

Elaphrosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago. It was 15 feet long, and weighed 450 pounds. 

Elaphrosaurus was a slender, fast, and agile predator that probably preyed on small ornithopods, such as Dryosaurus. 

The type specimen was found in the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. It was a nearly complete skeleton, but unfortunately, it lacked a skull. Since its body was similar to ornithomimids, it was originally thought to be the earliest ornithomimid. However, later studies showed that it is actually a ceratosaur. There is one named species, Elaphrosaurus bambergi. Remains very similar to it have also been found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States. These may possibly belong to Elaphrosaurus, indicating that this dinosaur had a wider range than previously thought.

Dinosaurs of Africa
Ceratosaurs
Jurassic dinosaurs
National Organization for Women

The National Organization for Women (NOW) is the largest feminist organization in the United States.   It was founded by Betty Friedan in 1966. About half a million people are members. It was one of the groups that wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and other ways to make women equal to men.

Presidents
The following women have led the National Organization for Women;
 Betty Friedan (1966–1970)
 Aileen Hernandez (1970–1971)
 Wilma Scott Heide (1971–1974)
 Karen DeCrow (1974–1977)
 Eleanor Smeal (1977–1982)
 Judy Goldsmith (1982–1985)
 Eleanor Smeal (1985–1987)
 Molly Yard (1987–1991)
 Patricia Ireland (1991–2001)
 Kim Gandy (2001–2009)
 Terry O'Neill (2009–Present)

Opposition to equal rights

The National Organization for Women has opposed tries to make men and women equal in the law. One of the biggest things they have opposed is shared parenting.

Other websites
 National Organization for Women, Official website

References

Feminism
1966 establishments in the United States
Human rights organizations in the United States
Cnemidophorus

Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as whiptail lizards or racerunners. Over 30% of the Cnemidophorus genus are parthenogenic.

Lizards
Toxicofera

Toxicofera (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living species. This is all venomous reptile species, plus related non-venomous species.

The clade was identified when research showed that the evolution of venom was very ancient, and that it might have occurred only once.

Cladistics 
The Toxicofera combines the following groups from traditional classification:

 Suborder Serpentes (snakes)
 Suborder Iguania (iguanas, agamid lizards, chameleons, etc.)
 Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
 Family Varanidae (monitor lizards)
 Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
 Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)

References 

scaled reptiles
Balaur

Balaur is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Europe during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago. 

The specimen is unique: unlike most other dromaeosaurs, it had two sickle claws on each foot, not just one. It had a reduced and presumably nonfunctional third finger, consisting of only one rudimentary phalanx.

The specimen was discovered in 2010. Balaur lived on a large prehistoric island called Hateg Island. Seventy million years ago, sea levels were much higher than they are today. Europe was an archipelago of islands. 

Possibly because it was relatively isolated from other dinosaurs, Balaur developed unique features. It was a small . This is an example of island dwarfism.

There is one known species, Balaur bondoc. Balaur was a velociraptorine. Studies have shown that it is most closely related to the famous Asian dromaeosaurid Velociraptor.

References 

Dromaeosauridae

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Book of Optics

The Book of Optics is a book that was written by Ibn al Haytham (965–1040 CE), an Arabic scientist and polymath. It was a seven-volume treatise on optics, physics, mathematics, anatomy and psychology, from 1011 to 1021. It was originally written in Arabic and was later translated into Persian, Latin and Italian within the next several centuries. The book had an important influence on the development of optics and on science in general because it introduced the experimental scientific method. Ibn al-Haytham has been called the "father of modern optics". Ibn al-Haytham wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known.

the book of optics is also written en part by Ibn al-Haythams nephew at four years old

Science books
Letter (paper)

A letter is a message in writing that is sent to others, often by post (mail). The sender addresses it to the intended reader. For example:

Letter is more personal and official than phone conversation or an email.

Related pages 

 Electronic mail
 Envelope
 Gallows letter
 Letter box
 Postcard
 Telegram

 
Paper
Postal service
Tobolsk

Tobolsk () is part of the Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is near many rivers. It is one of the few towns in Russia that have stone fortresses, known as kremlins. According to the census in 2002, 92,880 people live inside it. Its economy depends mostly on its oil. In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and his family, including his youngest daughter Anastasia, were moved to Tobolsk.

References

Further reading 
 Brumfield, William Tobolsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2006  (in English and in Russian)

Towns in Russia
Princess Helen of Serbia

Princess Helen of Serbia (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as Princess Jelena of Serbia. Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as Elena Petrovna, Jelena Petrovna, Hélène Petrovna or Ellen Petrovna. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away.

References 

1884 births
1962 deaths
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Princes and princesses
Lithography

Lithography (from Greek λίθος - lithos, 'stone' + γράφω - graphο, 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface.

Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

Introduction
Lithography originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate.

The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (= water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.

This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.

In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone).  After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.

Chromolithography 
Chromolithography (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.

By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.

References 

History of printing
Books
Printmaking