cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mercury(I) bromide

Mercury(I) bromide, also known as mercurous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2Br2. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(I) bromide is a white crystalline solid. It is highly toxic. It easily disproportionates to mercury(II) bromide and mercury metal.

Occurrence
It is found very rarely as kuzminite, a mercury(I) bromide and chloride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a bromide like potassium bromide or sodium bromide with mercury(I) nitrate. It can also be made by reacting mercury and bromine.

Related pages
Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury(II) oxide

Mercury compounds
Bromine compounds
Mercury(I) fluoride

Mercury(I) fluoride, also known as mercurous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2F2. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(I) fluoride is a light yellow solid. It evaporates at 240°C. It turns black when light is shined on it. It reacts with water to make mercury metal, mercury(II) oxide, and hydrofluoric acid. It is highly toxic.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

Related pages
Mercury(II) fluoride
Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury compounds
Fluorine compounds
Mercury(II) sulfide

Mercury(II) sulfide, also known as cinnabar, mercuric sulfide, and mercury sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgS. It has mercury and sulfide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(II) sulfide is a red or black solid. It is found in two forms; cinnabar (alpha form) and metacinnabar (beta form). The alpha form is more common. The beta form is made when a mercury(II) salt like mercury(II) chloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with only the strongest acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a mercury(II) salt again. It does not dissolve in water. It breaks down to sulfur dioxide and mercury metal when heated.

Occurrence

Mercury(II) sulfide is found as the mineral cinnabar. It is the most common mercury mineral and mercury ore. It is a bright red mineral. It is soft and heavy.

Uses
Mercury(II) sulfide is what makes the pigment vermilion. It has been used as a pigment and as a mercury ore. It was used to make lacquerware, containers covered with lacquer. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Related pages
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury compounds
Sulfur compounds
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France

Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723. Born at his father's palace at Saint-Cloud, he was known from birth under the title of Duke of Chartres. His father was Louis XIV's younger brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, known as Monsieur; his mother was Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. 

In 1692, Philippe married his first cousin, Françoise Marie de Bourbon - the youngest legitimised daughter (légitimée de France) of Philippe's uncle Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. Named regent of France for Louis XV until Louis attained his majority in February 1723, the era of his de facto rule was known as the Regency (1715–1723). He died at Versailles in 1723. He is referred to historically as le Régent.

Issue

Mademoiselle de Valois (17 December 1693 - 17 October 1694) died in infancy.
Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had issue.
Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried.
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena and had issue.
Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had issue.
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married King Louis I of Spain, no issue.
Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) married Infante Carlos of Spain, no issue.
Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon and has issue.

Philippe also had several illegitimate children with several women, three of whom he acknowledged.

By Florence Pellerin:
Charles de Saint-Albin (1698–1764);
By Marie Louise Le Bel de La Boissière:
Jean Philippe bâtard d'Orléans (1702–1748);
By Christine Charlotte Desmares:
Angélique de Froissy (1702–1785).

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

2 August 1674 – 9 June 1701 His Royal Highness The Duke of Chartres, Grandson of France.
9 June 1701 – 2 September 1715 His Royal Highness The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.
2 September 1715 – 15 February 1723 His Royal Highness The Regent [of France], Grandson of France.
15 February 1723 – 2 December 1723 His Royal Highness The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.

1674 births
1723 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
People from Saint-Cloud
Regents
House of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Yousuf Karsh

Yousuf Karsh  (December 23, 1908 – July 13, 2002) was a Canadian photographer. He had Armenian heritage. He was a portrait painter. His work includes portraits of statesmen, artists, authors, musicians, film directors, scientists, and other people that do important things. He was celebrated by a festival in 2009.

References

Other websites 
 

1908 births
2002 deaths
Canadian painters
Canadian photographers
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)

Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was the Duke of Orléans and a prince du sang. At his father's death, he became the First Prince of the Blood (Premier Prince du Sang). Known as Louis le Pieux and also as Louis le Génovéfain, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.

Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan. At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.

He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orléans.

Marriage
He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724. The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely. He never remarried. 

He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève, having lost most of his sanity. He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce in Paris.

Children

Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) married Louise Henriette de Bourbon in 1743 and had issue.
Louise Marie d'Orléans (5 August 1726 – 14 May 1728) died young.

Titles and styles

4 August 1703 – 2 December 1723 His Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres 
2 December 1723 – 4 February 1752 His Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans 
Monsieur le Prince

1703 births
1752 deaths
People from Versailles
House of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Valois
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
9x19mm Parabellum

A 9x19mm Parabellum is a nine millimeter wide bullet. It is usually used in handguns or submachine guns. The nine millimeter is often referred to as a "nine", "9mm", or "9x19". It is one of the most widely used bullets in history originating with the 9x19 Luger, invented in Germany. Many guns fire the 9mm, including the Luger, Walther P38, the Sten Mk II, the MP-40, the Uzi, the MP5, the Beretta 92, and the Glock 18. It is the standard handgun bullet for all NATO countries.

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges
Ulvales

Ulvales is an order of green algae.

Algae
Ulvaceae

Ulvaceae is a family of green algae.

Algae
A Dangerous Path (Warriors)

A Dangerous Path is the fifth book in the Warriors series by Erin Hunter.  This book, and some following books in this series, takes place in the New Forest, in Great Britain. However some mountains have been added as the real New Forest has no mountains around it.

Plot 
Fireheart continues to struggle to care for ThunderClan, one of the warrior Clans in the forest, as Tigerstar tries to destroy ThunderClan. Bluestar is no help at all, because she is still insane from Tigerstar's previous betrayal. Tigerstar has plans of his own; this time to use a pack of dogs. He hunts rabbits in ThunderClan territory, and leaves a trail from Snakerocks to the ThunderClan camp, with Brindleface at the end. Once Fireheart discovers this, he takes ThunderClan to Sunningrocks. A patrol of fast warriors lead the dogs to their deaths in the gorge (a hole that extends wide, with water at the bottom). Fireheart is the last in line, and has a good lead until Tigerstar leaps out of nowhere and holds Fireheart down, letting the dogs get very close, before letting him go. Fireheart gets trapped in the lead dog's mouth, but is rescued by Bluestar. She bowls over the lead dog, who in turn releases Fireheart, and the two go down into the gorge. Fireheart saves Bluestar and brings her to the shore, where she eventually dies. Fireheart is filled with sadness for his leader.

References 

Warriors books
Nebula Award for Best Novel

The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America gives awards for good Science Fiction writing. Each year they give the Nebula Award for Best Novel. In this list, the year means the year that the book was published; awards are given the next year.

Winners and other nominees 

1 Also a winner of the Hugo Award for Best Novel.

Related pages
 Hugo Award for Best Novel
 List of science fiction awards

References

Other websites
 Nebula Awards Homepage
 List of award winners from official site 
 A list of the most honored Nebula Award nominated novels
 Another list of award winners 
 Scans of the first edition covers of Hugo- and Nebula-winning novels 

Nebula Awards
Lists of books
Nebula Award for Best Short Story

The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America gives awards for good Science Fiction writing. Each year they give the '“Nebula Award for Best Short Story”'. In this list, the year means the year that the book was published; awards are given the next year. The first title is the winner. Titles below the winner are other nominees (stories that were suggested as possible winners).

Winners and nominees

Related pages
 Hugo Award for Best Short Story

References

Other websites
 Nebula Awards Homepage
 List of past winners 
 http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NebulaNomList.html 

Short Story
Hamiltonian mechanics

Hamiltonian mechanics is a mathematical way of understanding the way something  mechanical will behave. It was invented  in 1833 by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.

The value of the Hamiltonian is the total energy of the thing  being described. For a closed system, it is the sum of its  kinetic and potential energy. There will be  a set of differential equations known as the Hamilton equations which show how the thing changes through time. 

Hamiltonians can be used to describe such simple systems as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes between  kinetic and  potential energy and back again over time. Hamiltonians can also be used to study the orbits of planets and in the behaviour of atoms using the principles of quantum mechanics.

Mechanics
Robert Del Naja

Robert Del Naja (pron. ; born 21 January 1966, in Bristol, England), also known as 3D, is an English artist and musician.  Originally famous as a graffiti artist and a member of the Bristol group known as "The Wild Bunch", Del Naja went on to become a founding member of the band Massive Attack where he is active to this day. However he has also admitted that he got his own way by "being stubborn, throwing tantrums — the usual fucking childish behaviour."

References

1966 births
Living people
English artists
English singers
Entertainers from Bristol
Massive Attack
Trip hop musicians
Sue Gardner

Sue Gardner (born May 11, 1967) is the former executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in San Francisco from 2007 to 2014. She was the director of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's website and online news outlets. She is currently the executive director of The Markup.

Life and journalism career 
Gardner grew up in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. She is the daughter of an Anglican minister and school principal. Gardner earned a degree in journalism from Ryerson University. She began her career on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) radio in 1990. She worked on the program As It Happens at first. Gardner  worked for more than a decade as a producer, reporter and documentary-maker for CBC Radio current-affairs. She also worked for Newsworld International. Her time at Newsworld dealt mainly with pop culture and social issues.

In March 2006, she replaced Claude Galipeau as Senior Director. She was in charge of 150 people who worked on CBC.ca, the CBC website.

Wikimedia and recent work 
In May 2007, Gardner left CBC. Soon after that, she started working with the Wikimedia Foundation. She helped as an advisor on how the foundation worked and how it was governed.

In December 2007, she was hired as the Foundation's Executive Director.  Over the next two years, the number of employees of the foundation grew. This included the addition of a fundraising team. She also guided the foundation as it moved its office from Tampa to San Francisco.

In October 2009, the Huffington Post said Gardner was as one of ten 'media game changers of the year'. They said this because of the affect she had on new media because of her work for Wikimedia.

References

Other websites 
 Sue Gardner's personal blog
 "Sue Gardner to lead Wikipedia"  Canadian Broadcasting Company
 Radio documentary by Gardner about Al Purdy, Canadian poet, for This Morning Sunday
 "Wikipedia struggles with funding" , United Press International
 Wikipedia's Librarian to the World Fast Company interview

Interviews
 Video interview with Gardner on CNET News 
 Audio (RAM-file) interview with Gardner  on radio station Sounds Like Canada, April 8, 2008
 Interview  with Gardner on the Wikipedia Weekly community podcast from Wikimania 2008
 Journalism is going to look different (CanadaEast.com)

1967 births
Living people
Canadian businesspeople
Wikipedia people
Chiba Lotte Marines

Chiba Lotte Marines are the baseball team in Chiba, Japan. Their stadium, QVC Marine Field, is placed in Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture.

History
They were founded in 1950 as the "Mainichi Orions". In 1958, they changed their name to the "Daimai Orions", the "Tokyo Orions" in 1964, the "Lotte Orions" in 1969, and finally the Chiba Lotte Marines since 1992. Chiba Lotte Marines has been a Pacific league champion six times, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1974, 2005, and 2010. Then, 4 times they won Japan series, 1950, 1974, 2005, and 2010.

Players
Tsuyoshi Nishioka entered into Chiba Lotte Marines in 2002 and played for 8 years in Japan. He was a captain of Chiba Lotte Marines in the 2010 season. He transferred to the Minnesota Twins after Chiba Lotte Marines won the Japan series in 2010. He is well known as switch hitter and recorded high averaged hitting in WBC-2006.

Baseball teams
Baseball in Japan
Chiba Prefecture
1950 establishments in Japan
Na+/K+-ATPase

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Na+/K+-ATPase}}

Na+/K+-ATPase is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane.  It is sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as the 'Na+/K+ pump', 'sodium-potassium pump', or simply 'sodium pump', for short. It was first discovered by Jens Christian Skou who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.

The enzyme moves Na+ (sodium) ions out of the cell and replaces them with K+ (potassium) ions. This keeps the Na+ ions outside of the cell membrane, and keeps the K+ ions on the inside of the cell membrane. The process works in the opposite direction of diffusion.

For every three sodium ions that get pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions get pumped into the cell. One phosphate group is still bound to the pump.

Sources 

Enzymes
Man Bites Dog

Man Bites Dog is a 1992 Belgian mockumentary crime movie. It was released in 1993 in the United States. This movie is rated NC-17 due to strong graphic violence.

The story of the movie is a crew of movie makers who follow a serial killer. They record his horrific crimes for a documentary they are making. At first they are only watching. Then they find themselves caught up in the increasingly chaotic and nihilistic violence. Since its release the picture has become an international cult film.

References

Other websites

1992 crime movies
1992 comedy movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
Belgian crime movies
Belgian comedy movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
NC-17 rated movies
Obscenity controversies
1992 independent movies
Movies set in Belgium
Basin (geology)

A geological basin is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level.

Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes). The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent. The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.

Causes 
One cause is stretching of the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle). Examples: North Sea; Nevada basin; Death Valley; Red Sea.
Overthrusting of a continental plate, at a plate boundary, causes the plate to flex. Part goes up, and part goes down. The downward part becomes a foreland basin. Examples: the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain; the Molasse and Po River basins next to the Alps.
Rifting can cause basins, as with the Dead Sea rift.

Death Valley example 

Starting around 16 million years ago in the Miocene, and continuing into the present, a large part of the North American Plate has been stretched by being pulled apart.p611 The result has been the creation of a large and still-growing region of relatively thin crust; the region grew an average of  per year initially and then slowed to  per year in the last 5 million years. Geologists call this region the Basin and Range Province.

Pulling forces causes rock at depth to stretch like silly putty and rock closer to the surface to break along normal faults into downfallen basins called grabens.

Sediment 
Because the basin is low-lying, it collects sediment. Rivers may run down into the basin from surrounding mountains. Floods or lakes may form with no outlet to the sea. Evaporation occurs; more sediment arrives, and so on. The strata which forms gives clues as to the palaeoclimate.

Other terms that are used to describe a basin are: drainage basin, catchment, catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, water basin, endorheic basin and watershed.

Drainage 
Some basins, such as the Great Basin, do not drain to the sea. The water may drain into underground aquifers, or evaporate to form salt lakes.

Most basins, however, are drainage basins with rivers bringing their water into the sea. Many such rivers meander through a web of islands at the river delta, and bring along a huge amount of sediment in the form of mud, clay and sand. The Amazon and the Mississippi river systems are like this. The strata which form are quite different from inland basin lakes.

References 

Landforms
Auger electron spectroscopy

Auger electron spectroscopy is a way of telling what chemical elements are at the surface of an object.

When an electron is removed from a core level of an atom, a higher energy level electron may fall in the vacancy. If the energy released by the fall is transferred to another electron, the latter (called Auger electron) will be emitted from the atom, in what is called the Auger effect, after the French physicist who discovered the phenomenon, Pierre Auger. The kinetic energy levels of the Auger electrons depend on the type of the atoms from which the electrons were ejected, and the chemical environment of the atoms. AES consists of bombarding a sample with energetic electrons and measuring the energy of the Auger electrons, obtaining a spectra that can be used to get information about the identity and environment of the emitting atoms.

Spectroscopy
Lee Fogolin

Lee Joseph Fogolin (born February 7, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a retired defenceman who played in the National Hockey League.  He played for the Buffalo Sabres and the Edmonton Oilers, playing in 924 NHL regular season games between 1974 and 1987, winning the Stanley Cup in 1984 and 1985.

Background and early career
Fogolin was born in Chicago while his father, Lee Fogolin Sr., was a member of the Chicago Blackhawks. His son, Michael Fogolin, played for the Prince George Cougars in the WHL and died in his sleep on May 26, 2004 of a possible heart condition.

Fogolin played from 1972–1974 with the Oshawa Generals of the OHA, scoring 52 points in 102 games with 240 PIM.  He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, of the 1974 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres.

Although Fogolin was raised in Canada, he was chosen to play for Team USA in the 1976 Canada Cup, since he was born in the U.S..  He was invited again in 1984, but this time chose not to play.

NHL playing career
Fogolin played his first professional season (1974–75) in Buffalo, but played parts of the next season with the Sabres and the AHL Hershey Bears. He was acquired by the Edmonton Oilers for the 1979–1980 season.

Fogolin played seven full seasons with Edmonton, and was named as captain for the 1981–82 season. He would be the first of four captains to lead the Oilers to the Stanley Cup finals, in 1983, where they lost to the New York Islanders. While a solid defenceman in his own right, he was overshadowed by many of the young stars on the Oilers' roster, most notably scoring superstar Wayne Gretzky. Fogolin gave up the captaincy to Gretzky for the 1983–84 season onwards. Fogolin was a member of the Oilers' Stanley Cup wins in 1984 and 1985. Fogolin also played in the 1986 National Hockey League All-Star Game.

Fogolin was re-acquired by the Sabres near the end of the 1986–87 season, and retired after completing the season with them.

Awards and achievements
1983–84 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1984–85 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1985–86 - National Hockey League All-Star Game

Career statistics

Other websites

Oilers Heritage biography.
Fogolin's profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

1955 births
American ice hockey players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Edmonton Oilers players
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Chicago
Ontario Hockey League players
Tony Hrkac

Anthony J. "Tony" Hrkac () (born July 7, 1966 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Houston Aeros of the AHL.

Awards and achievements
 Hobey Baker Award (top player in NCAA): 1986–1987 season
  Led the IHL in points scored (132) and was named league MVP as a member of the Indianapolis Ice in 1992–93.
  Hrkac's #26 was retired by the AHL's Milwaukee Admirals on March 14, 2008.

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 
 Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

1966 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Stars players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
New York Islanders players
People from Thunder Bay
Quebec Nordiques players
St. Louis Blues players
San Jose Sharks players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover

The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is a 1989 British independent movie starring Richard Bohringer, Alan Howard, Michael Gambon and Helen Mirren and directed by Peter Greenaway. This movie was originally tagged by the MPAA under an X rating, due to which commercial distribution of this movie was limited. The X rating was then surrendered, and this movie was released with no rating. It was later released onto video with two versions, one rated NC-17, and the other under an R rating.

Other websites 

1989 drama movies
1989 romance movies
1980s crime drama movies
1980s romantic drama movies
Adultery in movies
British crime drama movies
British romantic drama movies
English-language movies
NC-17 rated movies
French crime movies
French romance movies
French drama movies
Dutch romance movies
Dutch drama movies
Movies directed by Peter Greenaway
Independent movies
Howard Zinn

Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922 – January 27, 2010) was an American historian and professor from Brooklyn, New York. Zinn considered himself to be a radical. 1980, he wrote A People's History of the United States, which is a book that tells the history of the United States from the perspective of common people instead of people who were in power. This included people who were oppressed. As of the time of Zinn's death, the book had sold almost two million copies.

Zinn died of a heart attack while swimming on January 27, 2010 in Santa Monica, California, aged 87.

References

Writers from New York City
Democratic socialists
American playwrights
American activists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths by drowning
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
American historians
1922 births
2010 deaths
Rickettsia

Rickettsia is a unique genus classified between a virus and a bacteria. The organism is unique in that it has a cell wall and exists only in living cells like a virus, but is susceptible to antibiotics like bacteria.

The method of growing Rickettsia in chicken embryos was invented by Ernest William Goodpasture and his colleagues at Vanderbilt University in the early 1930s.

Gram-negative bacteria
Richard Holbrooke

Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke (April 24, 1941 - December 13, 2010) was an American diplomat. He became well-known when he helped broker the Dayton peace agreement, together with Carl Bildt. This agreement of 1995 helped end the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

He died of a torn aorta on December 13, 2010.

Early life
Holbrooke was born to Dan and Trudi Holbrooke on April 24, 1941 in Manhattan, New York. He had a brother, Andrew, who

He attended Scarsdale High School, before going to Brown University and the Princeton University.

References

1941 births
2010 deaths
American diplomats
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from New York City
Deaths from aortic dissection
Maria Theresa of Spain

Maria Theresa of Spain (; ; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.

She was the daughter of Philip IV, King of Spain and Elisabeth of France. She was Queen of France as wife of King Louis XIV and mother of Le Grand Dauphin. During her lifetime in Spain, she was painted by the renowned painter, Diego Velázquez. Married to Louis XIV in 1660 following the Franco-Spanish War she played little part in politics during her lifetime. The Bourbon Claim to the Spanish Throne which sparked of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1700 stems from her. She also acted as regent of France for her husband at least once during her tenure as queen consort.

Marriage

María Teresa married Louis XIV of France by proxy on 3 June 1660 at Fuenterrabia. Her father Philip IV and the entire Spanish court accompanied the María Teresa to the Isle of Pheasants in Bidassoa, where Louis XIV and his court met her. On 7 June 1660, she departed from her native country of Spain. On 9 June she married Louis XIV in a religious ceremony at Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the Saint Jean Baptiste church, which had recently been rebuilt for the occasion. She had a six children with Louis XIV but he would never love her. Marie Thérèse lived a quiet life with her Spanish attendants and had to put up with her husbands various affairs, notably with Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan. She is a direct ancestor of the present Spainish King Felipe VI.

Death and legacy

During the last week of July 1683, Marie Thérèse fell ill.  She died a painful death on 30 July 1683 at Versailles in the arms of Madame de Maintenon. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris on 3 September 1683. Her tomb was destroyed during the French Revolution.

Children
Louis of France, Dauphin of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) Dauphin of France married Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria and had issue. Later married Marie Émilie de Joly in secret.
Anne Élisabeth of France (18 November 1662 – 30 December 1662) died in infancy.
Marie Anne of France (16 November 1664 – 26 December 1664) died in infancy or the Black Nun of Moret
Marie Thérèse of France (2 January 1667 – 1 March 1672) known as "Madame Royale" but died in infancy.
Philippe Charles of France (5 August 1668 – 10 July 1671) Duke of Anjou, died in infancy.
Louis François of France (14 June 1672 – 4 November 1672) Duke of Anjou, died in infancy.

Namesakes

 Her third daughter was named after her.
 As well as a "Princess of the French royal blood" Marie Thérèse, Princess of Conti.

References

Other websites

1638 births
1683 deaths
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Habsburg Dynasty
Kings and Queens consort of France
Portuguese royalty
Regents
Spanish infantes and infantas
Ryan Johnson

Ryan M. Johnson (born June 14, 1976) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently a free agent in the National Hockey League. Johnson also played for the Florida Panthers from 1996 to 2000, the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1999 to 2001, another stint with the Florida Panther from 2001 to 2003, the St. Louis Blues from 2002 to 2008, the Vancouver Canucks from 2008 to 2010 and the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1976 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
St. Louis Blues players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Vancouver Canucks players
Louis, Duke of Burgundy

Louis of France (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Dauphin of France, known as le Grand Dauphin and, as such, was known as le Petit Dauphin. He became Dauphin of France upon his father's death in 1711.

Biography

Louis de France was born in the Palace of Versailles, the eldest son of Louis, le Grand Dauphin, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. At birth, he received the  title of Duke of Burgundy.

Louis grew up with his younger brothers; Philippe, Duke of Anjou and Charles, Duke of Berry. 

At the age of 15, he married his second cousin, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. This match had been decided as part of the Treaty of Turin, which ended Franco-Savoyard conflicts during the Nine Years' War. The marriage took place on 7 December 1697 at the Palace of Versailles. The two were in love with one another, a rarity at the court of Versailles.

Louis became Dauphin of France upon the death of his father in 1711. 

In February 1712, his wife contracted measles and died on the 12th of that month. 

The Duke of Burgundy, who dearly loved his wife and who had stayed by her side throughout the fatal illness, contracted the disease and died on 18 February, six days after her at the Château de Marly. Both of his sons also became infected, the eldest, Louis, Duke of Brittany, the latest in a series of Dauphins, succumbed to it on 8 March. The only one to survive was the two-year old Duke of Anjou, the future King Louis XV of France.

Children

Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

16 August 1682 – 14 April 1711 His Royal Highness The Duke of Burgundy
14 April 1711 – 18 February 1712 His Royal Highness The Dauphin of France

Other websites

House of Bourbon
1682 births
1712 deaths
People from Versailles
Deaths from infectious disease
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Dauphin of France

The Dauphin was the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350–1791, and from 1824–1830.

History
Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed le Dauphin (French for dolphin). The title of Dauphin of Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his signeurie, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of le Dauphin and govern this territory. The Dauphin retained the title only. The estates belonged to the crown. On the death of the Dauphin, his eldest son inherits the title. If there is no son, his oldest brother succeeds him. If the king does not have a son the title does not go to anyone. It is never given to a brother of the king. The wife of the Dauphin was known as the Dauphine. The first French Dauphin was Charles V. The title is roughly equivalent to the English title Prince of Wales. The Dauphin was entitled to the use of the style of Royal Highness but this was only ever used in written form.

The title of Dauphin of Auvergne was used by the Count of Clermont.

Dauphins of France, 1349-1830 

 Charles V of France 1349–1364
 Charles, eldest son and heir of Charles V; future Charles VI 1368-1380
 Charles 1389
 Charles 1392–1401
 Louis, 1401–1415
 John, 1415–1417
 Charles VII of France  1417–1422
 Louis XI of France 1423–1461
 Charles VIII of France 1470–1483
 Charles Orland 1492–1495
 Charles 1496
 François 1497–1498
 François 1518–1536
 Henry II of France 1536–1547
 Francis II of France 1547–1559
 Louis XIII of France 1601–1610
 Louis XIV of France 1638–1643
 Louis, Grand Dauphin 1661–1711
 Louis, Petit Dauphin 1711-1712
 Louis 1712
 Louis XV of France 1712–1715
 Louis 1729–1765
 Louis XVI of France 1765–1774
 Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 1781–1789
 Louis XVII of France 1789–1791 (in 1791 his title was changed to "Prince Royal")
 Louis XIX of France 1824–1830

Related pages
Prince of Wales
Titles of European royal heirs

References 

 
Ranks in the old Kingdom of France
Titles in the old Kingdom of France
Puzzle Bobble 2

Bust-A-Move 2 is the first sequel to Bust-A-Move, and is also known as Puzzle Bobble 2 outside Europe and North America. Released into the arcades in 1995, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64 and PC conversions followed. The game was included in Taito Legends 2, but the US arcade version was included on US PS2 version instead. The game is a spin-off from Bubble Bobble.

The game builds on the original by adding a tournament style variation on the two player game for play against the computer and by adding a branching map to the one player game, allowing the player to periodically select one of two groups of five levels to play next, leading to different game endings. Some of the contestants in the new tournament mode are based on characters from Bubble Bobble, including variations on a Monsta and a Mighta.

Some versions of the game, including the PlayStation, feature time trial competitions in which a single player attempts to finish simple rounds quickly enough to beat previous time records or two players simultaneously attempt to beat the records and each other.

Completion of the single player game gives the player a code which can be entered to unlock 'Another World' for the single player game, which features subtle changes to the existing levels to increase their difficulty and changes to all backdrops to resemble levels from Bubble Bobble. The various enemies from Bubble Bobble also make an appearance in the background of the credits sequence.

Bust-A-Move 2X 
Taito later repacked Bust-A-Move 2 with an optional alternative set of levels and some new attract mode animations (including holiday-themed ones) as Bust-A-Move 2X (Also known as Puzzle Bobble 2X).

Ports of Bust-A-Move 2 to the PC and Sega Saturn are of Bust-A-Move 2X and additionally include a level editor/designer. A port of 2X was made to the PlayStation but was not released until some time after a port of Bust-A-Move 2 was released; therefore, it is not so well known.

Cover art
This game has become notorious for one version of its cover art. The original US version of the Saturn edition featured a picture of several large balls with screaming, blue, human faces with white sticks forcing their eyes open. This cover earned it a place on Gamespy.com's Top Ten Worst Covers list.

References

1995 video games
Arcade games
Game Boy games
Nintendo 64 games
PlayStation games
Puzzle video games
Sega Saturn games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
Sally Field

Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American actress, singer, producer, director, and screenwriter. She has been in many movies. These include Norma Rae, Murphy's Romance, Forrest Gump, Steel Magnolias, The Amazing Spider-Man, and Lincoln. She has also acted in television programs and won many awards for her movies and acting.

Personal life
Field married Steven Craig in 1968. The couple had two sons; Peter Craig, a novelist, and Eli Craig, an actor and director. Craig and Field divorced in 1975.

Sally Field was romantically involved with Burt Reynolds for many years.  During this time they co-starred in several movies. She married movie producer Alan Greisman in 1984. They had one son, Sam, in 1987. Field and Greisman divorced in 1993.

Field has osteoporosis.  She has become a vocal advocate for women's health issues, encouraging early diagnosis of such conditions through technology, such as bone density scans.

Filmography

Movie

Television

References

Other websites

 

1946 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Pasadena, California
Singers from Pasadena, California
Writers from Pasadena, California
Staple (fastener)

A staple is a fastener that is usually made out of metal and is used to fasten paper to other paper or paper to special walls called bulletin boards. Some large staples may be used for industrial uses, such as masonry, roofing, corrugated boxes and other heavy-duty uses.

Hardware (mechanical)
W and Z bosons

W and Z bosons are a group of elementary particles. They are bosons, which means that they have a spin of 0 or 1. Both had been found in experiments by the year 1983. Together, they are responsible for a force known as "weak force." Weak force is called weak because it is not as strong as the strong force. There are two W bosons with different charges, the normal W+, and its antiparticle, the W –. Z bosons are their own antiparticle.

Naming
W bosons are named after the weak force that they are responsible for. Weak force is what physicists believe is responsible for the breaking down of some radioactive elements, in the form of Beta decay. In the late '70s, scientists managed to combine early versions of the weak force with electromagnetism, and called it the electroweak force.

Creation of W and Z bosons
W and Z bosons are only known to be created under Beta decay, which is a form of radioactive decay.

Beta Decay
Beta decay occurs when there are a lot of neutrons in an atom. Simplified diagram hints that neutron corresponds to one proton and one electron. When there are too many neutrons in one atom nucleus, one neutron will split and form a proton and an electron. The proton stays where it is, and the electron will be launched out of the atom. Resulting Beta radiation is harmful to humans.

Weak force is believed to be able to change the flavour of a quark. For example, when it changes a down quark in a neutron into an up quark, the charge of the neutron becomes +1, since it would have the same arrangement of quarks as a proton. The three-quark neutron with a charge of +1 is no longer a neutron after this, as it fulfills all of the requirements to be a proton. Therefore, Beta decay will cause a neutron to become a proton (along with some other end-products).

W boson decay
When a quark changes flavour, as it does in Beta decay, it releases a W boson. On average, W bosons only last for 3x10-25 seconds before themselves decaying into other particles, which is why we had not discovered them until less than half a century ago. Surprisingly, W bosons have a mass of about 80 times that of a proton. Keep in mind that the neutron that it came from has almost the same weight as the proton. In the quantum world, it is not uncommon for a more massive particle to come from a less massive particle; the extra mass comes from stored energy via Einstein's famous formula, . After the 3x10-25 seconds has passed, a W boson decays into one electron and one neutrino. Since neutrinos rarely interact with matter, we can ignore them from now on. The electron is propelled out of the atom at a high speed. The proton that was produced by the Beta decay stays in the atom nucleus, and raises the atomic number by one.

Z boson decay
Z bosons are also predicted in the Standard Model of physics, which successfully predicted the existence of W bosons. Z Bosons decay into a fermion and its antiparticle, which are particles such as electrons and quarks which have spin in units of half of the reduced planks constant.

References 

Elementary particles
J/ψ particle

J/ψ mesons (pronounced jeɪ/saɪ, English jay/sigh) are subatomic particles made of one charm quark and one charm antiquark. Mesons are a family of composite particles which are made of one quark and one antiquark. It was discovered by Burton Richter. The discovery of J/ψ mesons was huge because it revealed the existence of the fourth known quark of the time, the charm quark. J/ψ mesons were used in an attempt to learn more about quark-gluon plasmas, but no conclusive results were found. The name J/ψ comes from the chosen names from the two labs that found them, one of which chose the letter J, while the other chose the Greek letter ψ (psi).

Subatomic particles
Toxic shock syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome or TSS is a non-common, deadly infection caused by toxins from bacteria.

Toxic shock syndrome is usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, but it can also be caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

Symptoms

Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can show up suddenly, and the disease can be deadly. The symptoms are different when the toxic shock syndrome is caused by different bacteria. When it is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, the symptoms are generally high fever, low blood pressure, confusion, and malaise. If the disease is not treated, someone with toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus can go into a coma.

When toxic shock syndrome is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, it usually is a rash that was already there getting worse. People with toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes have pain where the rash is, then the symptoms below happen very quickly. 

The symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include:

A high fever that starts quickly

Low blood pressure

Vomiting or diarrhea

A rash that looks like a sunburn, mostly on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet

Confusion 

Muscle pain 

Redness of the eyes, mouth, and throat

Seizures 

Headaches

Causes

Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by many things. The most common reasons are injuries to the skin that allow bacteria to get into the bloodstream and tampons.

Treatment

Many people with toxic shock syndrome have to stay in the hospital. If it is very bad, they might have to go to the intensive care unit so that doctors can make sure that they are getting good care. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is because of tampon use, doctors will make sure that they take the tampon out. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is an injury (an abscess or other infection), the injury has to be drained.

Antibiotics like cephalosporin, penicillin, and vancomycin are used to stop the bacteria from growing. Clindamycin and gentamicin stop the toxins from being produced.

Tampons and toxic shock syndrome

In 1978, Procter and Gamble (a United States company that sells many different products) started selling tampons called Rely. Rely tampons could be left in for a whole menstrual cycle, which is from 2 to 8 days. Women who used Rely tampons sometimes got toxic shock syndrome because of this. Other tampons that are left in for a long time can also cause toxic shock syndrome.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Kids (movie)

Kids is a 1995 American movie set in New York City. The movie is directed by Larry Clark and written by Harmony Korine. It is about teenagers, drugs and HIV. The movie caused serious controversy when it was released. Starring in the movie are Chloë Sevigny and Rosario Dawson. This movie was rated NC-17, though the rating was surrendered and the movie was released with no rating.

1995 crime movies
1995 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
1990s teen drama movies
American crime drama movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
HIV/AIDS
Movies about drugs
Movies about virginity
Rape in movies
American independent movies
Henry & June

Henry & June was a 1990 American movie. It is based on a book by French writer Anaïs Nin. The movie is about Nin's relationship with American writer Henry Miller and his wife June. The movie stars Fred Ward, Uma Thurman, and Maria de Medeiros. It was the first movie to be given the MPAA's rating of NC-17.  The movie was released during the autumn of 1990.

NC-17 rated movies
1990 movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Universal Pictures movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Philip Kaufman
John Ford

John Ford (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973) was an American movie director. He is best known as a director of western movies. He was born in Cape Elizabeth, Maine.

The Navy 
Ford was a soldier in World War II. He served for the United States Navy as the leader of the photography division. On D-day, Ford and his soldiers crossed the English Channel. The soldiers arrived at Omaha Beach and watched the first boats land on the shore. Ford went on to the beach and filmed the battle take place.

Directing career 
Ford started directing movies in 1917 after he moved to California. His first movies were made during The Silent Era, an era where there was no recorded sound in any movies. In 1956, Ford finished making a popular movie called The Searchers. The movie starred John Wayne as the hero. The Searchers is widely known today for its cultural and historical significance.

Death 
In the early 1970s, Ford broke his hip and had to be put in a wheelchair. Ford died on August 31, 1973 at his home Palm Desert, California from stomach cancer, aged 79.

References

1894 births
1973 deaths
Admirals
American military personnel of World War II
American movie directors
Deaths from stomach cancer
People from Maine