cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (TV series)

Star Wars: The Clone Wars is an American computer-animated television series created by George Lucas and by Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation set during Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones from Three Months after the Battle of Geonosis and before Revenge of the Sith when Anakin turns evil. The series became very popular around the world on Cartoon Network as U.S Cartoon Network owned rights for season 1-5 but as season 6 was relicenced to Netflix in U.S and Canada. Disney had cancelled the show due to want more of Star Wars Episode 7 and Star Wars Rebels but in September 7 2014 on star wars.com a story arc with rough animation reel was the unreleased episodes due to cancellation and Star Wars Son of Dathomir was turned in to a comic book and another one will come with Asajj Ventress  in June 2015.

Plot
The Clone Wars has begin as the Jedi Knights struggle to maintain peace in the galaxy and are forced to lead the Clone army of the republic against the evil droids army of the Sith lead by Count Dooku, General Grievous and other villains.

Production
The series was spinoff the 2D cartoon series made to a 3D series. George Lucas (executive producer) had first the idea as wanting to make a series based on the clone wars. George Lucas intended to make 100 episodes in five seasons.

Episodes
The first set of episodes were combined to form a movie, which was released in theaters in 2008. Then the television series continued from there.

Lucasfilm had Originally produced 100 episodes divided in 5 seasons but Dave Filoni had confirmed on his Facebook a sixth season coming in Early 2014 on Netflix and a sixith season came with 11 episodes but there were still unfinished episodes and story arcs so the Clone Wars Legacy had an unreleased rought animatic story arc on starwars.com and turned in to comic books and novels.

In 2020, a seventh and final season was released on Disney Plus. This was an additional 12 episodes.

Release

Broadcast
The series airs on Cartoon Network U.S and Cartoon Network Worldwide. First in U.S in 2008. Netflix had obtained rights for season six.

Home media
The seasons of the show was made in DVD released in volumes as Season Two Volume titled Commando Commanders. DVD called Return of Darth Maul containing Darth Maul return story arc and Asajj Ventress new life. After Season Six came on Netflix the season came on DVD titled ''The Lost Missions'

References

Other websites 
 

Animated television series
Clone Wars, Star Wars.
Netflix original shows
Darth Maul

Darth Maul is a fictional character from the Star Wars universe. The character first appeared in the movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace in 1999. Darth Maul has also been in many books set in the time period just before the Clone Wars. Darth Maul was played by Ray Park in the movie.

Darth Maul is the first known apprentice of Darth Sidious. Maul is a Sith lord who uses the Dark Side of the Force. Darth Maul has black and red tattoos covering his head and face, a crown of small horns, and evil yellow eyes. He uses a red, double bladed lightsaber as a weapon. He flies the starship The Sith Infiltrator.

History

After Nute Gunray, the viceroy of the Trade Federation, loses Queen Amidala, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to track her down. Darth Maul follows her to Tatooine, where he sends out probe droids to find her. As Anakin, the Queen and the Jedi Qui-Gon Jinn get ready to leave the planet, Darth Maul attacks on his speeder and Maul and Qui-Gon battle. After losing the Queen, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to Naboo to watch over the planet. When the Queen launches an attack, Darth Maul shows himself again. This time Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi start to battle with him. Darth Maul kills Qui-Gon and almost pushes Obi-Wan down a pit. In the end, Obi-Wan uses Qui-Gon's lightsaber to cut Darth Maul in half. Darth Maul fell down the pit, but somehow survived, as shown when he turns up again in the 2008 animated TV series, Star Wars: The Clone Wars.

References

Other websites 
 Star Wars Databank  Maul, Darth

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
Probe droid

Probe droids are robots in the Star Wars movies. They are used for spying and finding people. Darth Maul used probe droids to find Queen Amidala and the Jedi in The Phantom Menace. In The Empire Strikes Back, the Imperials use the probe droids to find the Rebel base.

Star Wars

en:List of minor Star Wars droids#Probe droid
Count Dooku

Count Dooku of Serenno (also known as Darth Tyranus) is a character from the Star Wars universe. Dooku is one of the major characters in Episode II: Attack of the Clones. He was played by late Christopher Lee. 

He is the second known student of Darth Sidious. Dooku is also the leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars.

Fictional characters introduced in 2002
Star Wars characters
Clone Wars

The Clone Wars was a period in the Star Wars movies. It was first mentioned in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) and was explored later in several films, books, and television series.

Within the Star Wars franchise, the Clone Wars are a set of battles that took place over three years. They were fought between the Jedi and the Clone Troopers vs. the Sith and the Battle Droids. 

The war began during the events of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) and ended in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005). From 2008 to 2020, a movie and television series called Star Wars: The Clone Wars were released. These focused on the events that occurred in between.

Other less prominent media have explored this period as well, such as Star Wars: Clone Wars (an animated series from 2003-2005) and comic books focusing on Darth Maul. Several new Star Wars characters were created in this period that have become very popular, such as Ahsoka Tano and Asajj Ventress.

Star Wars

da:Clone Wars
Prokaryote

Prokaryotes (or monera) are some of the simplest living things.  They are unicellular organisms and they include two major divisions of simple living beings: bacteria, and archaea.  They generally do not have a cell nucleus, nuclear membrane or cell organelles, however a small number of exceptions have been found.  Prokaryotes possess genetic material in the form of a single DNA loop called a Nucleoid that floats around freely inside the cell. Bacteria include the Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae due to their photosynthetic capacity).

Some form biofilms that are somewhat like multicellular organisms.

Besides a nucleus, prokaryotes lack other things eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) have. They reproduce without fusion of gametes. They do not have membranes. This means that there are no vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticula or other organelles inside the cell. However, they do have ribosomes, though of a simpler kind than eukaryotes. Eukaryote cells include organelles which were once free-living prokaryotes.

Taxonomy 
In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. This arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eukarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.

The Archaea include simple organisms which were first discovered in extreme environments. Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures. Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.

The prokaryotes may not be a monophyletic, taxonomic group of common descent, but merely a group of similar organisms. The relationships between Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota are assessed differently by different scientists. The three-domain system of Carl Woese treats them as one monophyletic group.

References 

Cell biology
Cuttlebone

Cuttlebone is a hard brittle structure found inside cuttlefish. It is made mainly of calcium carbonate. The cuttlefish use it to control floating. Cuttlebones have been used to make polishing powder. This was then added to toothpaste. Today, cuttlebone is mainly used for caged birds and turtles in their habitats, so they get their calcium easily and fast.

Zoology
Decapodiformes

Decapodiformes is a superorder of Cephalopoda. It includes cephalopods with ten feet. These are usually eight short arms and two long tentacles. Well-known members are cuttlefish, squid, and the extinct belemnites. 

Cephalopods
Octopodiformes

Octopodiformes is a group of cephalopods with eight arms and no skeletal structure. They include Octopods and the Vampire squid.

References

Cephalopods
Octopoda

Octopoda is one of the largest orders which contain the common octopus and some other types. Fossila are rare, but they do have a fossil record starting in the later Carboniferous.

Octopods are put into two suborders. One, the Incirrina, is composed of the well-known Octopus of rocky shores and coral reefs and its relatives. The other suborder, the Cirrina, contains octopods whose tentacles are linked by an umbrella-like mantle, so their activity is rather different from the common octopus.

References 

Cephalopods
Vampyromorphida

Vampyromorphida is an order of cephalopods. There are one extant species (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) and several extinct taxa in it.

Classification
Order Vampyromorphida
?Suborder †Kelaenina
Family †Muensterellidae
Suborder †Prototeuthina
Family †Loligosepiidae  
Family †Plesioteuthididae  
Family †Geopeltididae  
Family †Leptotheuthididae  
Family †Lioteuthididae 
Family †Mastigophoridae 
Suborder †Mesoteuthina
Family †Palaeololiginidae
Subfamily †Teudopseinae
Subfamily †Palaeololigininae
Family †Trachyteuthididae
Subfamily †Trachyteuthidinae
Subfamily †Actinosepiinae
Suborder Vampyromorphina
Family Vampyroteuthidae

References

The Taxonomicon: Order Vampyromorphida 
Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Vampyromorpha 

Cephalopods
Diana Burrell

Diana Burrell (born 25 October 1948) is an English composer. She was born in Norwich, Norfolk. She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge.  She started her career as a viola player, but soon became well known for her compositions was able to be a full-time composer.

Her first big orchestral piece was called Landscape (1988).  It describes the wild, windswept countryside. It won an Encore Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society and BBC Radio 3. Another orchestral work has a long title in German:  Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere (The sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals).  It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.

Burrell has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet,  an opera The Albatross (1997),  lots of choral works and chamber music.  She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped.  She has also written music for young people such as Lights and Shadows (1989) which includes children’s choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.

Burrell teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is Artistic Director of Spitalfields Festival in London.  She lives in East London.

References

Other websites 
 United Music Publishers official website for Diana Burrell 

English composers
People from Norwich
Women composers
1948 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Classical Greece

Classical Greece was the period in ancient Greece from about 500–323 BC. It had a civilisation and style which was considered by later observers to be outstanding. Politically, the classical period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, or from the  beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars to the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. It is considered to have ended in 323 BC with the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent collapse of the Macedonian Empire.

Classical Greece was followed by the Hellenistic period of history.

Ancient Greece
Gwinnett County, Georgia

Gwinnett County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Gwinnett County is Lawrenceville. The county was created on December 15, 1818.  The Census bureau says there were 754,104 people living in Gwinnett County in 2006.

The county was named for Button Gwinnett, one of the people who signed the United States Declaration of Independence for Georgia.

References

Other websites 
Official Web site of Gwinnett County Government

Georgia (U.S. state) counties
 
1818 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
University of Georgia

The University of Georgia (UGA) is a university that is in and around Athens, Georgia. The university was created January 27, 1785 and was the first state university in the United States. However, it was not the first state university to hold classes or to graduate students. That honor belongs to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

About 34,000 students go to the school. The University's mascot is a bulldog named "Uga".

Diversity
Only white male students studied at UGA during the first century of its history. UGA began educating female students during the summer of 1903. Women were not admitted as full-time undergraduates until 1918. Before official admission of women to the University, several women were able to complete graduate degrees through credit earned during the summer sessions. The first woman to earn such a degree was Mary Lyndon. She received a Master of Arts degree in 1914. Mary Creswell earned the first undergraduate degree in June 1919, a B.S. in Home Economics. Two UGA dormitories are named after these graduates: Creswell Hall and Mary Lyndon Hall.

Racial integration started in 1961, with the admission of Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne Hunter after notable tension with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2001, on the fortieth anniversary of their having first registered for classes, the University renamed a prominent campus building in their honor: Holmes-Hunter Academic Building. Although Hunter and Holmes were the first African-American students to matriculate at UGA, Mary Frances Early became the first African-American graduate by earning her master’s (MMEd) in music education in 1962. In 1963, Chester Davenport became the first African-American admitted to the UGA School of Law and its first African-American graduate (LL.B. 1966). A decade later, Sharon Tucker was the first female African-American law graduate, earning her J.D. in 1974.

References

Colleges and universities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
Southeastern Conference
1785 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Gerhard Armauer Hansen

Gerhard Hendrik Armauer Hansen (July 29, 1841 - February 12, 1912) was a Norwegian doctor. He is famous for discovering the bacteria that causes leprosy in 1873. That disease is also called Hansen's disease in his honour. 

1841 births
1912 deaths
Norwegian physicians
Fire station

A fire station (also known as a firehouse or fire hall) is a building for storing fire engines and other firefighting equipment.

Some fire stations are staffed by full-time firefighters. These fire stations have offices and living areas for them. There will also be beds, for when they are on duty at night. They wait at the fire station to be called out to an emergency. The firefighters often slide down a pole to get downstairs to the fire engine, as this is quicker than walking down stairs.

In small towns and villages, a fire station may not have full-time firefighters. Instead, these stations have part-time or volunteer firefighters. When there is an emergency, they will drive to the fire station and bring out the fire engine.

Buildings and structures
Firefighting
Outhouse

An outhouse is a small building that covers a toilet. The toilet inside is often either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be found.

References

Other websites

Waste
Fence

A fence is something built like a low wall, often made of metal or wood, to keep something in or to keep something out.  It differs from a wall, which has a foundation.  Fences are usually supported by fenceposts.  Fences can be large or small.  Many are used in gardens but some are used in different places.

Related pages 
 Hedge

Architectural elements
Walls
Princeton University

Princeton University is a private university in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. It opened in 1746 with the name "The College of New Jersey". It was eventually named "Princeton University" in 1896. In conversation, it is simply called, "Princeton".

Princeton is one of the 8 Ivy League colleges. It was the fourth official college in the United States.

Princeton's main library, Firestone Library, is one of the biggest university libraries in the world.

In 2013 Forbes put Princeton at number three in their list of "America's Top Colleges".

Princeton works with Coursera.

References 

 
Association of American Universities
Collegiate Water Polo Association
ECAC Hockey
Ivy League
1746 establishments
1740s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in New Jersey
Dill

Dill (Anethum graveolens) is a short-lived annual herb that is often used as a spice, to make food taste better by adding a unique, slightly tangy flavor that goes well with savory foods.

Uses

Fresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called "dill weed" to distinguish it from dill seed) are used as herbs.

Like caraway, its fernlike leaves are aromatic, and are used to flavor many foods, such as gravlax (pickled salmon), borscht and other soups, cream cheese and pickles. Dill is said to be best when used fresh, as it lose its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried dill leaves preserve their flavor relatively well for a few months.

Dill seed is used as a spice, with a flavor similar to caraway.

Dill oil can be extracted from the leaves, stems and seeds of the plant.

Other websites 

Plants for a Future: Anethum graveolens
'A Modern Herbal' (Grieves, 1931)

Herbs
Apiaceae
Turk

Turk or Turks most often refers to:
 Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups that speak Turkic languages
 Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group that lives in what is now Turkey
Mummification

Mummification is a process in which the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved. The process can occur either naturally, or it can be intentional. If it occurs naturally, it is the result of cold (as can be found in a glacier), acid (as can be found in a bog) or dryness. The Egyptians wrapped bandages around the corpse to protect the body from rotting.  

Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, but as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. They used a hook to remove the brain from taking it out from the nose and they would surgically remove all other organs but the heart, as this was needed for the weighing of the heart ceremony. The organs would then be buried with the mummy in separate containers called canopic jars.

Intentional mummification  
Intentional mummification was common in ancient Egypt, for burying Egyptian pharaohs. Osiris was probably the first mummy in Egypt. 

It takes about 70 days to complete the mummification of a dead body. The first step is to push a sharp rod up the nose and into the  brain. From there, the brain is broken up into tiny pieces and removed through the nose, and then the nose is filled with sawdust. Next, they make a hole in the body to remove all the organs except for the heart. Jars which had the heads of gods on top were used to store the organs. The hole was then filled with linen and spices and the body was left under salt to become dry. Later, after 40 days the body was wrapped in linen bandages. Priests surrounded the body while it was being prepared and performed rituals. After the mummifying process was complete, a mask was placed over the head so it could be known in the afterlife.
Ötzi the Iceman a mummy of a man who lived about 5,300 years ago was found to be naturally mummified by ice. Ötzi was found in 1991 in the Schnalstal glacier, Ötzti Alps, near Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.

Mummies in Egypt 
There were no restrictions on who could be mummified. Any Egyptian who could afford to pay for the expensive process of preserving their bodies for the afterlife was allowed to mummify themselves. Egyptians believed in life after death, and that death was just a transition from one life to another. They believed that they had to preserve their bodies so they could lead a new life. They would need all the things they had used when they were alive so their family would put those things in their grave. Egyptians paid vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved. It took a very long time from start to finish. It took them 70 days to embalm a body. Canonical jars were used by Egyptians to hold the internal organs. It was very important to Egyptian religion that the human body was preserved. Anubis was a god of mummification, he had a human body and a head of a jackal. His job was to prepare the body of the dead to be received by Osiris, the god of the dead. Osiris will then let the souls on and into the underworld.

Gallery

References 

Death customs
Bandage

A bandage is strip of cloth or other material that is used to stop and absorb blood from wounds.

In common speech, the word "bandage" is often used to mean a dressing, though technically the two are different things.

How to apply a bandage 

See these links:
How to apply a bandage in a figure of 8 around an ankle. (YouTube)
How to apply a bandage in circular style around a wrist. (YouTube)
How to apply a compression bandage for lymphedema. 

Medical equipment
Xenophobia

Xenophobia is the fear or dislike of strangers or unknown things. Xenophobia can also mean the fear of trying new things, but it is usually the fear of differences between people. Xenophobia may be about foreign things or people, or just the attitudes of a group towards other groups. It may increase because of immigration. Apparently, xenophobia has always existed. Even the Ancient Greeks believed that barbarians (non-Greeks) were naturally meant to be enslaved.

Sometimes xenophobia overlaps with other types of phobias such as Islamophobia, Germanophobia or Anti-Mexican sentiment.

The Vienna Declaration by United Nations declares that all people should have equal human rights and toleration.

Related pages
Discrimination
Hate crime
Phobia
Racism

References

Phobias
Hedone

Hedone in Greek mythology (which the Romans called Voluptas) was the daughter of Eros and Psyche. She was seen as the personification of lust.

Other websites 
 Ode to Voluptas (Information about Voluptas, Daughter of Eros & Psyche)

Greek gods and goddesses
Psyche (psychology)

The psyche is the human mind, conscious and unconscious. The word has a long history, going back to the ancient Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus and Plato.

It was used in older psychology and philosophy as meaning the source or cause of human nature. It is not a scientific term, but the word "psychology" is derived from it. The English word soul was sometimes used synonymously in older texts.

In modern times the word is used as a synonym of mind.

References 

Psychology
Lamellibrachia

Lamellibrachia is a genus of cold seep tube worms. These are related to giant tube worms. They live on the floor of the oceans, near cold seeps. There crude oil and methane leak out of the ocean floor. 

The worm forms a symbiosis with certain bacteria which can oxidise sulphides. The worm provides the bacteria with hydrogen sulphide and oxygen. It does this by taking them up from the environment and binding them to a haemoglobin molecule. In return, the bacteria feed the worm. The worms can grow to a length of about 3 metres.

Together, they form a 'biogenic habitat' by creating groups of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Living in these aggregations are over a hundred different species of organism, many of which are found only at these seeps.

Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents are the only known communities that do not rely on photosynthesis for food and energy production. Unlike hydrothermal vents, which are short-lived environments, cold seeps leak oil and gas slowly. Probably because of the cooler temperatures and stability, many cold seep organisms are much longer-lived than those inhabiting hydrothermal vents. These worm grow very slowly, but can reach lengths of over 10 feet (3 metres). This means individuals may live over 250 years.

References 

Annelids
Giant tube worm

The giant tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) is an annelid. They live on the floor of the oceans (mainly Pacific Ocean), usually near black smokers, a type of hydrothermal vent. They can tolerate extremely high temperatures and levels of sulfur. They live in symbiosis with certain bacteria. The bacteria enter the mouth of a young tube worm, but when the worm gets older its mouth and gut seal up, trapping the bacteria forever. These bacteria are fed with sulfur compounds and oxygen. The bacteria then turn these compounds into organic molecules on which the host worms feed. 

Annelids
Trans-Siberian railway

The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a set of railways that goes from Moscow and European Russia to the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.

Because Russia is such a big country, travel from one end and the other is an important problem. In the 1890s, the Russians began building the longest railway in the world to connect Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Before the railway was built, the trip took about a year along very rough roads. One reason for building the "Trans-Sib" was military: to transport troops to the East in order to protect the country against Japan and China. Another reason was to transport food from the farming areas of south-western Siberia to the people in the European part of Russia. Many cities and industries are built up along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1900, it connected with the West Siberian Railway.

Transport in Russia
Rail transport in Asia
Rail transport in Europe
Nuclear reaction

A nuclear reaction is a process involving an atomic nucleus or more than one nucleus. The most common kinds are
Nuclear fusion, a reaction in which two or more particles collide. The results are new particles which are different from the first ones. 
Nuclear fission, a nucleus breaking into pieces. 
Radioactive decay, in which a nucleus spits something out, changing itself into a different kind of nucleus.

In the case of radioactivity the reaction is . Fission and fusion can be done on purpose, to release energy. This energy can then be used for different things, for example to make steam (as in a nuclear power plant). It can also be used as energy for a bomb.

In the example figure 6Li fuses with deuterium. This makes Beryllium which then decays into two alpha particles. 

Nuclear reactions occur in the sun, in nuclear reactors, in particle accelerators, and in outer space.  Other than radioactive decay, very few nuclear reactions occur on earth except in these special places.  Nuclear reactors use nuclear reactions to make heat and electricity.  Accelerators sometimes cause nuclear reactions to make radioactive materials.  Particles from outer space cause nuclear reactions in earth's atmosphere that make air slightly radioactive.

Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that they do not need a catalyst.  Radioactive decay also cannot be stopped, sped up or slowed down.

Other websites 
Images for nuclear reaction
Videos for nuclear reaction

Nuclear physics
St Paul's Cathedral

St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican church in the City of London. The original version was built by Mellitus in 604 AD. He was Bishop of the East Saxons. 

In 962 and 1087, the cathedral burnt down and was built again. Before today's version of the cathedral, there were four others. The earlier ones burnt down. 

Today's cathedral is made of limestone. It was built after the Great Fire of London in 1666 had destroyed the "Old St Paul's". Its architect was Sir Christopher Wren, who designed a further 50 churches. Wren designed it in the Renaissance style. St Paul's is a popular tourist attraction and is still used as a church today. It is the cathedral of the Church of England Diocese of London.
It is 365 feet (111 meters) high to the cross on top.

Buildings and structures in London
Anglican Cathedrals
Cathedrals in England
City of London
Churches in the United Kingdom
Greenhouse

A greenhouse, or green house (also called a glass-house or hothouse) is a building where plants such as flowers and vegetables are grown. It usually has a glass or translucent plastic roof. Many greenhouses also have glass or plastic walls. Greenhouses warm up during the day via penetration of the sun's rays which heat the plants, soil and structure. This heat is given up gradually throughout the night.

Types of greenhouses
Greenhouses come in many shapes and sizes, with different functions. Some people have small greenhouses in their backyard, or as a lean-to attached to their home, called mini greenhouses, or tomato houses. They want to start off their seeds and seedlings in a protected environment as well as those growing plants that need warmer conditions. Others, wishing to extend their living space, have house extensions in the form of mini-conservatories. Commercial companies usually have larger greenhouses for horticultural purposes, but have more substantial structures for plant displays where the public is admitted. For the same reason, botanic gardens usually have a high proportion of greenhouses with substantial structures.

Role of greenhouses
Many vegetables and flowers are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, when it is still too cold to grow plants outside. Then these plants move into the soil outside as the weather warms up. Greenhouses are used to grow crops in cold countries such as Canada. The largest group of greenhouses in the world is in Leamington, Ontario (in Canada), where about 200 acres (0.8 km²) of tomatoes are grown in glass greenhouses.

Gardening in greenhouses 

Gardening and growing plants in greenhouses is different from growing plants outside as no rain can get inside a greenhouse, so gardeners have to water plants. Also, greenhouses can get very hot from the sun's heat, so gardeners have to make sure that it does not get too hot for the plants. Greenhouses usually have vents that can be opened to let excess heat out. Some greenhouses have electric exhaust fans that automatically turn on if it gets too hot in the greenhouse. A greenhouse is the place for tender plants such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and aubergines.

History 
Roman gardeners grew cucumbers in frames covered with oiled cloth or with sheets of mica. In the 1500s, Italian gardeners built structures for the tropical plants that explorers brought back to Italy. Jules Charles built the first modern greenhouse in Holland. In the 1800s, large greenhouses were built in England. The greenhouse concept also appeared in the Netherlands and then England in the 17th century

References

Further reading
 Woods, May (1988) Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories. Aurum Press, London, .
Mini Greenhouse nhà kính mini 

Gardening
Agricultural buildings
Apprenticeship

Apprenticeship is a system of training people who are learning how to do a job which needs special skill.  Someone who is learning in this way is called an "apprentice".  An apprentice will learn by working with someone who is already skilled at a job.  They are like a teacher and pupil.

Development 
The system of apprenticeship has been used for many hundreds of years.  In the late Middle Ages the craft guilds and town governments used to watch and control the system.  A master craftsman had the right to employ young people to work for them and pay them a small salary.  In return the apprentice would be learning the trade.  Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices are more common nowadays, especially in crafts such as embroidery, silk-weaving etc..

Related pages 
 Education

Further reading
Modern Apprenticeships: the way to work, The Report of the Modern Apprenticeship Advisory Committee, 2001  
Apprenticeship in the British "Training Market", Paul Ryan and Lorna Unwin, University of Cambridge and University of Leicester, 2001 
Creating a ‘Modern Apprenticeship’: a critique of the UK’s multi-sector, social inclusion approach Alison Fuller and Lorna Unwin, 2003 (pdf) 
Apprenticeship systems in England and Germany: decline and survival. Thomas Deissinger in: Towards a history of vocational education and training (VET) in Europe in a comparative perspective, 2002 (pdf)

Other websites 
The School of Applied Arts Apprentice program 
Facts about Germany: Apprenticeships, Federal Foreign Office 
Apprenticeships - a great idea (UK)
L'Apprenti, in French
Article on the history of apprenticeship in the U.S.  from EH.NET
Academic Apprentices: Still an Ideal?, Barry Yeoman, Duke Magazine

Learning
Battle droid

In the Star Wars fictional universe, battle droids are robots that are made for fighting. They are seen in the prequel trilogy of the Star Wars movies. Battle droids are used by the Confederacy of Independent Systems to fight the Galactic Republic.Clones of the Republic could easily overcome these droids.The battle droids are controlled by a central droid control ship. If the control ship is destroyed, the droids shut off.

Types of battle droids

Other websites 
 Star Wars Databank |Battle droid

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars characters

it:Droideka
pl:Droidy bojowe Federacji Handlowej i Separatystów#Droid Niszczyciel
Western long-beaked echidna

The western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni) is one of the echidnas which live in New Guinea. Fossils of this species have also been found in Australia. It is one of the four living echidnas, three of which are species of Zaglossus.

This echidna lives from 1300m to 4000m above sea level. It lives in alpine meadow and humid forests in the mountains. Unlike the short-beaked echidna which eats ants and termites, the long-beaked species eats earthworms. It is also larger that the short-beaked species. It can be told apart from the other Zaglossus species by the number of claws on the front and back feet. It has three (rarely four) claws.

It is an endangered species. Its population has been reduced by habitat loss and hunting. The long-beaked Echidna is good to eat. Although hunting the species has been banned by the Indonesian and Papua New Guinea governments, traditional hunting is permitted.

In February of 2006, an expedition led by Conservation International found a population of them in what they described as a "lost world" of wildlife in the Foja Mountains of Papua Province, Indonesia.

The echidnas and Platypus are monotremes, the only mammals to lay eggs.

References

Augee M and Gooden B. 1993. Echidnas of Australia and New Guinea. Australian National History Press  
Flannery T.F. and Groves C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia, 62(3): 367-396

Monotremes
Eastern long-beaked echidna

The eastern long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), also known as Barton's long-beaked echidna, is one of three species from the genus Zaglossus. All of them occur in New Guinea. It is found mainly in Papua New Guinea between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level. 

It can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet. It has five claws on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. The adult animal weights between  5 kg (11 lb) and 10 kg (22 lb). Its body length ranges from 60–100 cm (23.5-39 inches). It has no tail. It has dense black fur. The species is the largest monotreme and is slow moving. It rolls into a spiny ball for defense.

There are four recognised subspecies:
Z. bartoni bartoni
Z. bartoni clunius
Z. bartoni smeenki
Z. bartoni diamondi
The population of each subspecies is geographically isolated and they can be distinguished primarily by differences in body size.

References 

Flannery, T.F. and Groves, C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia, 62(3): 367-396

Monotremes
Long-beaked echidna

The long-beaked echidnas make up one of the two genera (Genus Zaglossus) of echidna. Echidna is a spiny monotreme that lives in New Guinea. There are three living species, and two extinct ones.

Echidnas are one of the two types of mammals that lay eggs.

Species

Zaglossus attenboroughi

Habitat: regions of New Guinea at higher elevation than highland forests
Era: the present
Status: Endangered

Remarks: Species described from one sample only. May be endangered, or locally extinct. See Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna

Zaglossus bartoni

Habitat:on the central cordillera between the Paniai Lakes and the Nanneau Range, as well as the Huon Peninsula
Era: the present
Status: Endangered

Remarks: see Eastern Long-beaked Echidna

Zaglossus bruijni

Habitat: highland forests of New Guinea
Era: the present
Status: Endangered

Remarks: see Western Long-beaked Echidna

Zaglossus hacketti

Habitat: Western Australia
Era: Upper Pleistocene

Remarks: This species is known only from a few bones. At a metre long, it was huge for an echidna and for monotremes in general.

Zaglossus robustus

Habitat: Tasmania
Era: Pleistocene

Remarks: This species is known from a fossil skull about 65 cm long.

References

Flannery, T.F. and Groves, C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. Mammalia, 62(3): 367-396

Other websites 
 EDGE of Existence (Zaglossus spp.) - Saving the World's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species
 
 A pretty good summary, including references on animalinfo.org

Monotremes
Sir David's long-beaked echidna

Sir David's long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus  attenboroughi), also known as the cyclops long-beaked echidna, is one of three species of the genus Zaglossus. All of them are found in New Guinea. It is named after Sir David Attenborough. It lives in the Cyclops mountains in Papua province of Indonesia near the cities of Sentani, Jayapura. 

The species was described from a single damaged animal, which was collected in the Dutch colonial era (c. 1961). It has not been collected since that time. The Cyclops mountain forest habitat has been disturbed recently. This has raised concern that Z. attenboroughi populations may already be endangered or even locally extinct. However, many parts of the mountains are covered in thick jungle and have not been searched since 1961. It is possible that the animal still exists there or in nearby mountain ranges. In 2007 scientists found holes which they believe were made by the echidna poking its nose into the dirt while looking for earthworms. 

It is the smallest member of the genus. It is closer in size to the short-beaked echidna than other members of the genus. It has five claws on its fore and hind feet. It has dense short fur.

References 

Monotremes
Whittier, Alaska

Whittier is a small town in Alaska on the Kenai Peninsula. Whittier has 182 people always living in it. The Whittier Glacier near Whittier was named for the American poet John Greenleaf Whittier in the year 1915.

During World War II the United States Army built a port and railroad near the glacier and named the port Whittier. The two big buildings that are very easy to notice in Whittier were built after World War II. The Hodge Building (now called Begich Towers) was built for housing soldiers and the Buckner Building, finish being built in 1953, was called the "city under one roof". It was once the biggest building in Alaska. The Begich Building is now a condominium (or houst that has many rooms that people live in), and almost all of the people that live in Whittier's live here.

The town was badly damaged by tsunamis (or very big waves) started by the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake; thirteen people died because of the waves that were 13 m (43 ft) tall.

Whittier is a popular port for cruise ships, because people can go to Anchorage and the inside of Alaska by both car and train. Whittier is also popular with visitors and fishermen.

Whittier is the wettest city in Alaska and the United States. The city receives at least 198 inches of rain a year.

References

Other websites 

 City of Whittier
 Whittier Chamber of Commerce

Cities in Alaska
Kate Winslet

Kate Elizabeth Winslet,  (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress. She made her movie debut as Juliet Hulme in Peter Jackson's Heavenly Creatures (1994). She is best known for her starring role in the American movie, Titanic.  Winslet is the second of four children, her sisters are the actresses Anna and Beth Winslet and her brother is Joss Winslet, her mother Sally Anne is a barmaid and her father Roger John Winslet is a swimming pool contractor. Her maternal grandparents Linda and Oliver Bridges founded the Reading Repertory Theatre and her uncle is the actor Robert Bridges, Her maternal great-grandmother Florence Theodelinda Lidman, was the daughter of a Swedish immigrant.

Kate Winslet was married to director Jim Threapleton; they had a daughter, Mia. She married director Sam Mendes; they had a son, Joe. In 2012, she married Ned Rocknroll, nephew of billionaire Richard Branson. She had his first son in December of 2013.

Films 
 Heavenly Creatures (1994) Juliet Hulme
 A Kid in King Arthur's Court (1995) Princess Sarah
 Sense and Sensibility (1995) Marianne Dashwood
 Jude (1996) Sue Bridehead
 Hamlet (1996) Ophelia
 Titanic (1997) Rose DeWitt Bukater
 Hideous Kinky (1998) Julie
 Faeries (1999) Brigid
 Holy Smoke! (1999) Ruth Barron
 Quills (2000) Madeleine LeClerc
 Enigma (2001) Hester Wallace
 Christmas Carol: The Movie (2001) Belle
 Iris (2001) Young Iris Murdoch
 The Life of David Gale (2003) Bitsey Bloom
 Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) Clementine Kruczynski
 Finding Neverland (2004) Sylvia Llewelyn Davies
 Romance & Cigarettes (2005) Tula
 All the King's Men (2006) Anne Station
 Little Children (2006) Sarah Pierce
 Flushed Away (2006) Rita Malone
 The Holiday (2006) Iris Simpkins
 The Reader (2008) Hanna Schmitz
 Revolutionary Road (2008) April Wheeler
 Carnage (2011) Nancy Cowan
 Contagion (2011) Dr. Erin Mears
 Movie 43 (2013) Beth
 Labor Day (2013) Adele Wheeler
 A Little Chaos (2014)  Sabine De Barra
 Divergent (2014) Jeanine Matthews
 The Dressmaker (2014) Myrtle 'Tilly' Dunnage

References

Other websites 

 

1975 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Berkshire
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English singers
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Berkshire
People from Reading, Berkshire
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Joe DiMaggio

Joseph Paul DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 - March 8, 1999) was an American Major League Baseball center fielder who played his whole career for the New York Yankees.  His nicknames were Joltin' Joe and The Yankee Clipper.  He played from 1936 to 1942 and then joined the army in 1943 because of World War II. He came back and began playing again in 1946 until his retirement in 1951 at the age of 36. By the time he retired he had hit 361 home runs.  He hit almost one home run for every strikeout.  DiMaggio died on the 8th of March, 1999, of lung cancer. He is widely regarded as one of the best baseball players of all time.  DiMaggio was also well known for his marriage and lifelong devotion to Marilyn Monroe.

Notes

Other websites 

1914 births
1999 deaths
American baseball players
Deaths from lung cancer
New York Yankees players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire, an area ruled by the great Mongol Khans in the 13th and 14th centuries, was one of the largest land empires in history. 
The original homeland of the Mongols, was bounded by the Khingan Mountains on the east, the Altai and Tian mountains on the west, the Shilka River and the mountain ranges by Lake Baikal on the north, and the Great Wall of China on the south.

It was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 AD when he brought together the Mongol and Turkic tribes. When he died in 1227 AD, he had conquered Central Asia, North China and parts of eastern Persia. Later his grandson Kublai Khan would go on to expand the empire and found the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty, ruling whole China. The Mongol Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to East Asia, including Central Asia and the Middle East. Its power did not last long, though. By the 1360s it had broken into several empires, all of which were later destroyed.

Other websites 

 Genghis Khan and the Mongols
 The Mongol Empire
 Mongols 
 Genghis Khan Biography 
 The Mongols in World History
 The Mongol Empire for students

 
History of Mongolia
1206 establishments
1360s disestablishments
1200s establishments in Asia
14th-century disestablishments in Asia
Parthia

Parthia is an ancient country of Asia, now Iran and regions of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria,Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and UAE.

Parthians were excellent horsemen and archers. In battle, mounted Parthians often discharged their arrows back towards the enemy while pretending to flee.

In 250 BC, the Parthians succeeded in founding an independent kingdom that in the 1st century BC it grew into an empire extending from the Euphrates to the Indus and from the Amu Darya to the Indian Ocean.

Other websites 

 Parthia.com - with an extensive bibliography

 History of Parthia
The Establishment and Development of Christianity in the Parthian Empire in Transoxiana 6.
Parthia (Old Persian Parthava) 

Ancient Rome
Ancient history
Iran
History of Pakistan
History of Persia
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
238 BC



Events 
 In the Battle of Utica, the loyal Carthaginian troops of Hamilcar Barca defeat rebels.
 Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus attacks Carthaginian rebels on the island of Sardinia, and he makes it into a Roman province.
 The Parthian kingdom breaks away to become independent of the Seleucid Empire.

230s BC
1312

1312 CE (or A.D.) is a common year in the 14th century.

Births 
November 13 – Edward III of England
1422

1422 (MCDXXII) was .

Deaths 
 August 31 – Henry V of England
Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process where a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers into many smaller units. In this reaction, water is always added to the chemical compound.

Hydrolysis of metal salts 

Hydrolysis of metal salts is more commonly known as hydration.  Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form basic salts.  Such salts contain a hydroxyl group that is directly bound to the metal ion in place of a water ligand. The positive charge on metal ions creates an attraction to water, a Lewis base with a non-binding electron pair on the oxygen atom, and alters the water molecule's electron density. This in turn increases the polarity of the O-H bond, which now acts as a proton donor under Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory to release the hydrogen as a H+ ion, increasing the acidity of the solution. For example, aluminium chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis in water with the solution being very acidic.
[Al(H2O)6]^3+ + H2O <=> [Al(OH)(H2O)5]^2+ + H3O+

This implies that hydrogen chloride is lost in the evaporation of AlCl3 solutions and the residue is a basic salt (in this case an oxychloride) in place of AlCl3. This type of reaction is also seen with other metal chlorides such as ZnCl2, SnCl2, FeCl3 and lanthanide halides such as DyCl3. With some compounds such as TiCl4, the hydrolysis may go to completion and form the pure hydroxide or oxide, in this case TiO2.

References

Chemistry