cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
List of presidents of France

This is a list of presidents of France.

List of presidents

French First Republic (1792–1804)

French Second Republic (1848–1852)

French Third Republic (1870–1940)
Political parties

French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
Political Party:

French Fifth Republic (1958–present)

References
French Second Republic

The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and started the Second Empire.

References

French Republic 2
French Republic 2
19th-century establishments in France
1848 establishments in Europe
1850s disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in France
1852
1840s in Europe
1850s in France
States and territories established in the 19th century
States and territories disestablished in the 19th century
Government of National Defense

The Government of National Defense () was the first government of the Third Republic of France from 4 September 1870 to 13 February 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War. It was formed after the Emperor Napoleon III was captured by the Prussian Army.

Members
General Louis Jules Trochu, President of the Government
Léon Gambetta, Minister of the Interior
Jules Favre, Vice-President, Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adolphe Le Flô, Minister of War
Léon Martin Fourichon, Minister of the Navy and the Colonies
Ernest Picard, Minister of Finance
Jules Ferry, Secretary of the Government
Jules Simon, Minister of Education, Religion, and Arts
Adolphe Crémieux, Minister of Justice
Emmanuel Arago, Minister of the Interior
Pierre Frédéric Dorian, Minister of Public Works
Henri Rochefort, Minister without Portfolio 
Alexandre Glais-Bizoin, Minister without Portfolio
Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès, Minister without Portfolio
Eugène Pelletan, Minister without Portfolio

References

Politics of France
French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government created in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the creation of the Vichy government in France.

References

Politics of France
French Republic 3
French Republic 3
1870s in Europe
1880s in Europe
1890s in Europe
1900s in Europe
1910s in France
1920s in France
1930s in France
19th-century establishments in France
1870 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1940s disestablishments in Europe
1940 disestablishments
States and territories established in the 19th century
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
Provisional Government of the French Republic

The Provisional Government of the French Republic (PGFR;  (GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 after the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon, and lasted until the creation of the French Fourth Republic.

List of Chairmen of the Provisional Government

References

1940s establishments in France
1944 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1946 disestablishments in Europe
Politics of France
French Fourth Republic

The French Fourth Republic () was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. 

It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic that was in place from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, and suffered many of the same problems.

Notes

References

Politics of France
French Republic 4
French Republic 4
1940s in France
1950s in Europe
1940s establishments in France
1946 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1950s disestablishments in Europe
1958 disestablishments
States and territories established in the 1940s
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
French Fifth Republic

The Fifth Republic (), France's current republican system of government, was created by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. 

The Fifth Republic was created after the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state.

Notes

References

Politics of France
French Directory

The Directory (also called Directorate, ) was a five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.

Notes

France
French Consulate

The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. 

During this time, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul (Premier consul), created himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler.  

Napoleon brought authoritarian personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship.

References

France
Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure

Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (; 27 February 17673 March 1855) was a  French lawyer and statesman. He is best known as the first head of state of the Second Republic.

References

1767 births
1855 deaths
Presidents of France
French Executive Commission (1848)

The Executive Commission of 1848 was a short-lived government during the French Second Republic. It was chaired by François Arago. It lasted from 9 May 1848 to 24 June 1848. It replaced the Provisional Government of 1848 and was in turn replaced by the Cabinet of General Cavaignac.

The members of the Commission acted as joint head of state.

References

France
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac

Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (; 15 October 1802 in Paris – 28 October 1857) was a French general. He was Chief of the Executive Power between June 1848 to December 1848. He also was Prime Minister of France at the same time.

References

1802 births
1857 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Politicians from Paris
Louis-Jules Trochu

Louis-Jules Trochu (; 12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's de facto head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 22 January 1871.

References

1815 births
1896 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Patrice de MacMahon

Patrice de MacMahon, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta (; born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician. He was Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1875 and as President of France, from 1875 to 1879.

References

1808 births
1893 deaths
Presidents of France
Jules Grévy

François Judith Paul Grévy (; 15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891) was President of France from 1879 to 1887, and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction.

References

1807 births
1891 deaths
Presidents of France
Félix Faure

Félix François Faure (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.

References

1841 births
1899 deaths
Presidents of France
Émile Loubet

Émile François Loubet (; 30 December 183820 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France and later President of France.

References

1838 births
1929 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Armand Fallières

Clément Armand Fallières (; 6 November 1841 – 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1906 to 1913.

References

1841 births
1931 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Paul Deschanel

Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel (; 13 February 1855 28 April 1922) was a French statesman. He was President of France from 18 February to 21 September 1920.

References

1855 births
1922 deaths
Presidents of France
Alexandre Millerand

Alexandre Millerand (;  – ) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924.

References

1859 births
1943 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Gaston Doumergue

Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 18 June 1937) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1924 to 1931.

References

1863 births
1937 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of France
Paul Doumer

Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932. At the age of 74, he is the oldest person elected president.

References

1857 births
1932 deaths
Assassinated people
Murders by firearm
Presidents of France
Ruth Williams Khama

Ruth Williams Khama is the first first lady of the Republic of Botswana since it gained its independence in 1966. She was a British citizen. Her love life with the first president of Botswana, Sir Seretse Khama was filled with controversies. They got kicked out of the country because the bangwato tribe believed Khama broke the laws by marrying a white woman. Controversies spiked because the bangwato had grudges over the whites, claiming they were killers and manipulators.

With many negotiations, the Khamas, Ruth and Seretse were able to return and eventually became the first president and first lady of Botswana.

Botswana politicians
First Ladies of Africa
Albert Lebrun

Albert François Lebrun (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic.

References

1871 births
1950 deaths
Presidents of the Senate (France)
Presidents of France
Deaths from pneumonia
Félix Gouin

Félix Gouin (; 4 October 1884 – 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

Honours and awards
 Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
 Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria

References

1884 births
1977 deaths
Presidents of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
Georges Bidault

Georges-Augustin Bidault (; 5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. From 1949 to 1950, he was the Prime Minister of France.

References

1899 births
1983 deaths
Presidents of France
Prime Ministers of France
Vincent Auriol

Vincent Jules Auriol (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician. He was President of France from 1947 to 1954.

References

1884 births
1966 deaths
Presidents of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
Léon Blum

André Léon Blum (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister.

References

1872 births
1950 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
René Coty

Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.

References

1882 births
1962 deaths
Presidents of France
Pierre Werner

Pierre Werner (29 December 1913 – 24 June 2002) was a Luxembourgian politician in the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) who was the 18th Prime Minister from 1959 to 1974 and from 1979 to 1984.

References

1913 births
2002 deaths
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
Viktor Klima

Viktor Klima (born 4 June 1947) is an Austrian Social Democrat politician and businessman. He was chancellor of Austria from 1997 to 2000.

References

1947 births
Living people
Chancellors of Austria
Austrian businesspeople
Presidents of the European Council
Paavo Lipponen

Paavo Tapio Lipponen () (born 23 April 1941) is a Finnish politician and former reporter. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1995 to 2003, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1993 to 2005.

References

1941 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Council
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
Mirek Topolánek

Mirek Topolánek (, born 15 May 1956) is a Czech politician and business manager. He was Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 2006 to 2009 and Leader of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) from 2002 to 2010.

References

1956 births
Living people
Presidents of the Czech Republic
Czech businesspeople
Prime Minister of the Czech Republic

The Chairman of the Government of the Czech Republic (Czech: Předseda vlády České republiky, normally referred to in English as the Prime Minister), is the head of the Government of the Czech Republic.

List

Notes

Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic
List of prime ministers of the Czech Republic

This is a list of prime ministers of the Czech Republic, a political office that was created in 1993 following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

List
 Parties

References
Order of the Elephant

The Order of the Elephant () is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour. It has officially existed since 1693. The honor is usually given to presidents and heads of state.

References

Danish culture
Orders, decorations, and medals
Order of Isabella the Catholic

The Order of Isabella the Catholic () is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country. 

The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I.

References

19th-century establishments in Spain
1815 establishments in Europe
Orders, decorations, and medals
Military Order of Saint James of the Sword

The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword () is a Portuguese order of chivalry.

Other websites
Homepage of the order, with pictures of the badges and explanation of the several grades 
The Cross of Saint James, history of the St James' Cross used by the Order of St James of the Sword 

Orders, decorations, and medals
Portuguese culture
Raymond Barre

Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. He was Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981.

References

1924 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
List of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly

The following is a list of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly.

List

Other websites
Rulers.org
Worldstatesmen.org
Ministry of the Economy and Finance (France)

The Ministry of the Economy and Finance (, pronounced ), informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the Government of France.

List

Other websites
 Composition of Government
 Common site of the two ministries
 French taxation site
Jacques Chaban-Delmas

Jacques Chaban-Delmas (; 7 March 1915 – 10 November 2000) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1969 to 1972.

References

1915 births
2000 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Prime Ministers of France
Pierre Messmer

Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He was Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974.

References

1916 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Jean-Pierre Fourcade

Jean-Pierre Fourcade (born 18 October 1929) is a French politician. He was a member of the Senate of France. He represented the Hauts-de-Seine and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement Party.

References

1929 births
Living people
French Ministers of Finance
National Centre of Independents and Peasants

The National Centre of Independents and Peasants (Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans, CNIP or CNI) is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal political party in France, founded in 1949.

Other websites
Official website

1940s establishments in France
1949 establishments in Europe
Political parties in France
Independent Republicans

The Independent Republicans (, RI) were a liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962. It became a political party in 1966 known as the National Federation of the Independent Republicans (Fédération nationale des républicains et indépendants, FNRI). Its leader was Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

In 1977 it became the Republican Party which joined the Union for French Democracy (UDF) the following year.

References

1960s establishments in France
1962 establishments in Europe
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Political parties in France
Republican Party (France)

The Republican Party (, PR) was a conservative-liberal political party in France founded in 1977. It replaced the National Federation of the Independent Republicans that was founded in 1966.  It was created by future President of France, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. It was known to be conservative in domestic, social and economic policies, pro-NATO, and pro-European.

References

1970s establishments in France
1977 establishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
1997 disestablishments in Europe
Political parties in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Union for French Democracy

The Union for French Democracy (, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France. It began in 1978 as an alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing against Gaullist power over the political right in France. 

This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, Démocratie française. The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals.

References

1970s establishments in France
1978 establishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in France
2007 disestablishments in Europe
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Political parties in France
Democratic Convention (France)

Democratic Convention (Convention démocrate, CD) is a centrist-liberal political party in France led by Hervé de Charette. It is the continuation of the Popular Party for French Democracy, started in 1995.

The Popular Party for French Democracy (Parti populaire pour la démocratie française, PPDF) began in July 1995. It replaced Perspectives and Realities Clubs and supported the Union for French Democracy (UDF).

References

Political parties in France
Liberal Democracy (France)

Liberal Democracy (, DL) was a conservative-liberal political party in France from 1997 to 2002.

References

Political parties in France
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945

The Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the Croix de guerre created on September 26, 1939. It honors people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.

References

Military honors
Military of France
École nationale d'administration

The École nationale d'administration (often called ENA; ; ) is a French grande école, created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle.

References

1945 establishments in France
Schools in France
Strasbourg
Henri Giscard d'Estaing

Henri Marie Edmond Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (born 17 October 1956) is a French businessman. He was the son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard was born in Paris.

Giscard d’Estaing joined the resort company Club Med in 1997 as chief operating officer in charge of finance, development and international relations. He became chief executive officer in 2001 and chairman in 2002.

References

1956 births
Living people
French businesspeople
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
People from Paris
Louis Giscard d'Estaing

Louis Joachim Marie François Giscard d'Estaing (born 20 October 1958) is a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France. He is the son of the late President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926-2020) and Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (née Sauvage de Brantes). He is mayor of Chamalières since 2005.

References

1958 births
Living people
Politicians from Paris
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1974 French presidential election

Presidential elections were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history.

Other websites
 Radio-TV debate Valéry Giscard d'Estaing/François Mitterrand 

20th century in France
1974 in Europe
Presidential elections in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Trente Glorieuses

Les Trente Glorieuses (, 'The Glorious Thirty') was the thirty years from 1945 to 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France.

The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié. Fourastié created the term in 1979 with the publication of his book Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975 ('The Glorious Thirty, or the Invisible Revolution from 1946 to 1975'). 

The term is comes from Les Trois Glorieuses ('The Glorious Three'), the three days of revolution on 27–29 July 1830 in France.

References

1940s in France
1950s in Europe
1960s in France
1970s in Europe
Economic history
Constitutional Council (France)

The Constitutional Council (;  ) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was created by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 to make that constitutional ideas and rules are seen through. It is located in the Palais-Royal, Paris.

References

France
Convention on the Future of Europe

The Convention on the Future of the European Union, also known as the European Convention, was a body created by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. 

It was inspired by the Philadelphia Convention that led to the creation of the United States federal Constitution. The goal was to create a constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt. 

The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.

References

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
European Union
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unapproved international treaty meant to create a constitution for the European Union (EU). 

It would have replaced the European Union treaties with a single text.

The Treaty was signed on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the then 25 member states of the European Union. It was later ratified by 18 member states.

However French and Dutch voters did not approve the treaty thus not passing it.

References

European Union
1981 French presidential election

The French presidential election of 1981 took place on 10 May 1981, giving the presidency of France to François Mitterrand, the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic.

References

1981 in Europe
20th century in France
Presidential elections in France
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing

Olivier Giscard d'Estaing (30 December 1927 – 13 September 2021) was a French politician. He was chairman of the Committee for a World Parliament. He was the brother of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Giscard d'Estaing died in Vierzon, France on 13 September 2021, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 World Parliament
 INSEAD Business

1927 births
French mayors
2021 deaths
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Alexandre Parodi

Alexandre Parodi (1 June 1901 – 15 March 1979) was a French diplomat. He was the first ambassador of France to the United Nations.

Parodi was a member of the State Council.

From 1944 to 1945, Parodi was the Minister of Work and Social Security. From 1945 to 1960, Parodi worked as a French diplomat.

References

French politicians
1901 births
1979 deaths
1st Army (France)

The First Army () was a field army of France that fought during World War I and World War II. It was also active during the Cold War.

References

Army
Military of France
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly

Lycée Janson de Sailly is a lycée located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The lycéens of Janson are called les jansoniens and they usually refer to their high school as Janson, or JdS. It is the biggest academic institution in the region: 3,200 boys and girls from 11 to 20 attend classes ranging from junior high school to Classes Préparatoires.

References

Schools in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
Lycée Louis-le-Grand

The Lycée Louis-le-Grand () is a secondary school located in Paris. Founded in 1563 by the Jesuits as the Collège de Clermont, it was renamed in King Louis XIV of France's honor.

References

16th-century establishments in France
1560s establishments in Europe
1563 establishments
Colleges and universities in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
Inspection générale des finances (France)

The Inspectorate General of Finances or Inspection générale des finances (IGF) is a supervisory body in France. In the recent years, the IGF has been at the head of the movement of modernization of the state.

It is currently run by Marie-Christine Lepetit. It is placed under the joint responsibility of the Ministry for Economy, Finance, and Industry and the Ministry for Budget, Public Accounts and State Reform.

Other websites
 

Politics of France
Edgar Faure

Edgar Faure (; 18 August 1908 – 30 March 1988) was a French politician, essayist, historian, and memoirist. From 1973 to 1978, he was President of the French National Assembly. He was also Prime Minister of France in 1952 and again from 1955 to 1956.

References

1908 births
1988 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Presidents of the National Assembly (France)
1969 French presidential election

The 1969 French presidential election took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969. It happened after the resignation of President Charles de Gaulle on 28 April 1969.

More readings
 
 Penniman, Howard. "French Elections, 1969." World Affairs 132.2 (1969): 101–117. online

1969
1960s in France
Presidential elections in France
1969 French constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in France on 27 April 1969. The reforms would have led to government changes to the Senate. It was rejected by 52.4% of voters. This led to President Charles de Gaulle's resignation.

References

1969
1960s in France
Élysée Palace

The Élysée Palace (; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. It was used as the office of the French President for the first time in 1848.

Other websites
 Official website

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Paris
Presidents of France
European Monetary System

The European Monetary System (EMS) was a system where most of the nations of the European Economic Community (EEC) would have their currencies merged together. It was created in 1979 under then President of the European Commission Roy Jenkins.

References

European Union
Helsinki Accords

The Helsinki Final Act, also known as Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third part of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during 30 July – 1 August 1975. 

All then-existing European countries as well as United States and Canada, altogether 35 participating states, signed the Final Act in an attempt to improve the détente between the Soviet bloc and the West.

References

1975
Gerald Ford
Opération Lamantin

Opération Lamantin (French for manatee) was a December 1977 – July 1978 military operation by France with the help of the Mauritanian government, in its war against Sahrawi guerrilla fighters of the Polisario Front. It supported independence for Western Sahara. 

Airstrikes were launched in the provinces, but the results of the operation were not significant. France used Jaguar combat aircraft from Dakar Airbase. The bombings were targeted in the rail mines in Zouérat to the coast of Nouadhibou, which were blocked by Polisario.

References

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1970s in Africa
1977
1978
Military of France
Mauritania
Wars involving Africa
Jean-Bédel Bokassa

Jean-Bédel Bokassa (; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I, was a Central African political and military leader. He was the second president of the Central African Republic and as the emperor of the Central African Empire, from his Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a coup in 1979.

References

1921 births
1996 deaths
Former dictators
African politicians
Operation Caban

Operation Caban was a military operation that happened in September 1979, to put former president, David Dacko back into power, and restore the Central African Empire to the Central African Republic by removing Emperor Bokassa I.

References

1979
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Military of France
David Dacko

David Dacko (; 24 March 1930 – 20 November 2003) was a Central African politician who served as the 1st President of the Central African Republic from 14 August 1960 to 1 January 1966, and 3rd President from 21 September 1979 to 1 September 1981.

References

1930 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Presidents of the Central Africa Republic
Prime Ministers of the Central African Republic
Diamonds Affair

The diamonds affair, known in France as "l'affaire des diamants", was a major political scandal in the 5th French Republic. 

In 1973, the Minister of Finance, future president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, was offered two diamonds from the Emperor of the Central African Empire Bokassa I. The affair was revealed by satiric newspaper Le Canard Enchaîné on October 10, 1979, towards the end of Giscard's presidency.

Many believe this was the reason for Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid.

References

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
1973
20th century in France
Political scandals
Francisco Suárez

Francisco Suárez of Toledo Vázquez of Utiel and González of the Tower, known like Doctor Eximius (Granada, 5 January 1548-Lisbon, 25 September 1617), went a theologian, philosopher and jurist jesuita Spanish. One of the main figures of the movement of the Philosofic School of Salamanca, was considered one of the best scholastic

His work considers  a turning point in the history of Segundo escolasticismo, that marks the transition of the Renaissance to the modern philosophy. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures so distinct between yes in the place, the time and the philosophical orientation like Leibniz, Grocio, Pufendorf, Schopenhauer and Heidegger found reasons to quote it like source of inspiration and influence

References 

Articles with unsourced statements
Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou

The Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP) (Georges Pompidou European Hospital) is a French hospital located in Paris. It opened in 2001.

In 2013, French Professor Alain Carpentier created the first 100% artificial heart, using biomaterials and electronic sensors. The device was successfully implanted by a team at the hospital on 18 December 2013.

References

Hospitals in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group

The Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (, ELDR) was a liberal political group of the European Parliament between 1976 and 2004. 

The group made up of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.

References

1976 establishments in Europe
2004 disestablishments in Europe
Liberal parties
European Union
Atomium - European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy

Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy (EISMD) – formerly known as Atomium Culture AISBL - is an international non-profit organisation based in Brussels. 

The Institute meets at European universities.

References

Establishments in Belgium
2009 establishments in Europe
Non-profit organizations of Europe
Brussels
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Council of European Municipalities and Regions

The Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) is the largest organisation of local and regional governments in Europe. Its members are 60 national groups of towns, municipalities and regions from 41 countries that are part of the Council of Europe. Together these associations represent about 130,000 local and regional authorities.

Other websites
 
 United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)
 Local Government in Europe
 The Archives of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions are consultable at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
 European elections: local and regional governments' manifesto

20th-century establishments in Belgium
1951 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Europe
Brussels
AEI World Forum

The AEI World Forum is an annual meeting of business and financial executives, heads of government, government officials, and educators. It happens every spring in Sea Island, Georgia. It is supported by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and the Vail Valley Foundation, and it features a number of AEI scholars and fellows.

In 1976, U.S. president Gerald Ford hosted the second G7 summit in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 

During his presidency, Ford became close friends with three of the other heads of government present at the summit: British prime minister James Callaghan, French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, and German chancellor Helmut Schmidt. 

Ford and Giscard d'Estaing started the forum.

References

Gerald Ford
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Events in the United States
Trilateral Commission

The Trilateral Commission is a non-governmental, nonpartisan discussion group. David Rockefeller started the commission in July 1973. It was created to improve cooperation between Japan, Western Europe and North America.

References

Europe
1988 French presidential election

Presidential elections happened in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988.

In 1981, the Socialist Party leader, François Mitterrand, was elected President of France and the Left won the legislative election. 

However, in 1986, the right regained a parliamentary majority.

Other websites
  Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/François Mitterrand
  Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV

20th century in France
1988 elections
Presidential elections in France
1995 French presidential election

Presidential elections in France to elect the fifth president of the French Fifth Republic happened on 23 April and 7 May 1995.

Other websites
 Radio-TV debate Jacques Chirac/Lionel Jospin
 Announcement of the result of the second round, on TV

1990s in France
1995 in Europe
Presidential elections in France
SAARC Literary Award

SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001 Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra,  Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the recipients of this award. 
Nepali poet, lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is only writer to get this award twice.

Award Recipients

The year wise list of the award recipients are as follows:

References

Other websites
Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature
FOSWAL Advisory Committee 
Related News on OneIndia
Related News on Hindustan Times
Related News on NDTV
Related News on Afgan Embassy
Related News on The Kathmandu Post
Related News on Outlook India
Related News on Greater Kashmir 

Asian culture
Literary awards
Gaullism

Gaullism () is a French political term of people who support the ideas and presidency of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle.

Gaullism cannot be seen within a political ideology, meaning it is not left or right. It is more of how the President of France should use their power.

"Neo-Gaullism" has been used to describe a movement after the death of de Gaulle in 1970 from people who are economic liberal than both traditional and social Gaullism.

Gaullist political parties 
The following is a list of Gaullist political parties and their successors:
 1947–1955: Rally of the French People (RPF)
 1955–1958: National Centre of Social Republicans (CNRS)
 1958–1962: Union for the New Republic (UNR) and Democratic Union of Labour (UDT)
 1962–1967: Union for the New Republic – Democratic Union of Labour (UNR – UDT)
 1967–1968: Democratic Union for the Fifth Republic (UD-Ve)
 1968–1971: Union for the Defence of the Republic (UDR)
 1971–1976: Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR)
 1976–2002: Rally for the Republic (RPR)
 1994-2018: Movement for France  (MPF)
 1999–2014: Debout la République (DLR)
 2002–2015: Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)
 2014–present: Debout la France (DLF)
 2015–present: The Republicans (LR)

References

Political parties in France
Ordre national du Mérite

The Ordre national du Mérite (; ) is a French order of merit with membership given by the President of the French Republic, founded on 3 December 1963 by President Charles de Gaulle. It is usually only for French citizens.

References

Orders, decorations, and medals of France
Order of the Southern Cross

The National Order of the Southern Cross () is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. This order was created to honor the independence of Brazil and the coronation of Pedro I.

Notes

Orders, decorations, and medals
Brazil
Nansen Refugee Award

The UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award is given each year by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to an individual, group, or organization in honor of great service to refugees. It was created in 1954.

References

1954 establishments
Awards
Order of Charles III

The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III, originally Royal and Much Distinguished Order of Charles III (, originally ) was created by the King of Spain Carlos III with the motto Virtuti et mérito. 

It honors people for their actions benefiting Spain and the Crown. Since its creation, and second to the Order of the Golden Fleece, it has been the most distinguished civil award that can be given in Spain.

References

Orders, decorations, and medals
Spain
Sofema

Sofema (Société française d’exportation de matériel militaire et aéronautique) is a French company which works in the renovation, marketing and maintenance of first generation land, sea and air equipment for the French Armed Forces. The company is based in Paris.

Technical facilities are in La Teste (Gironde - in the south west of France) and Châteauroux (Indre).

References

Companies of France
Sindhi Cultural Day

Sindhi Cultural Day (, ), also known as 'Aekta jo ddihaarro', is widely celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to spotlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh. The day is celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora around the world.  Cultural day is the celebration, demonstration of culture of Sindh, Sindhis in Sindh and Sindhi diaspora all over the world celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards the rich heritage and culture of Sindh. On this jubilation people gather in all major cities of Sindh at Press Clubs, and other places and arrange various activities of literary (poetic) gatherings, Mach Katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies. It is also a symbol of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
Tropical Storm Bertha (2020)

Tropical Storm Bertha was a unusual tropical storm that did not last very long. It hit South Carolina on the same day it formed, and dissipated the day after that. However, it was unusual because of the time it formed. It formed very near to the coast, and on May 27. 

Tropical cyclones in North America
Agamy

Agamy is a relational model consisting of the non-pair formation, where there is no partner. It's the status of not engaging in relationships or marriages, sometimes not even in sexual reproduction.

References 

Relationships
Casus belli

Casus belli is a Latin phrase for an event or a situation that directly provokes a war. Note that the plural of the phrase is also casus belli. If this was an aggression in the sense of international law, the country is allowed to start a war in self-defence. It is common to provoke an aggressor, so as to be able to legally start a war. Examples of this are the Arrow incident that started the Second Opium War, or the Maine incident, which led the United states to annex Cuba and the Philippines from the Spanish Empire. The Iraq War was started by the US and its allies, on the pretext that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Years after the war, it turned out he didn't have any. Another example: the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the casus belli for the First World War.

Latin phrases
War
The Champ

The Champ is a 1931 American drama movie directed by King Vidor and starring Wallace Beery, Jackie Cooper, Irene Rich, Roscoe Ates, Edward Brophy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1931. It was remade twice in 1953 as The Clown and in 1979 as The Champ.

Other websites
 
 
 

1931 movies
1930s drama movies
American drama movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by King Vidor
Movies about alcoholism‏‎
Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)

The flag of South Africa from 1928 to 1994 was originally used by the Union of South Africa from 1928 to 1961 and later the Republic of South Africa until 1994. It was also used in South West Africa (today Namibia) until 1990 when the territory was under South African rule.

The design features three horizontal bands of orange, white and blue with three small flags (the flag of the United Kingdom to the left, the vertical version of the flag of the Orange Free State in the centre and the flag of the South African Republic to the right) centered on the white band. Because of its colours it was known as the Oranje, Blanje, Blou (Afrikaans for Orange, White, Blue) by citizens.

The flag is viewed as a symbol of apartheid and white supremacy, since 2019 it is illegal to display this flag in public in South Africa and is classified as a hate speech.

Gallery

References

South Africa
South Africa
1928 establishments
1994 disestablishments
Apartheid
Controversies
Aromanticity

Aromanticism or aromanticity is a romantic orientation in which a person does not experience romantic attraction, whether entirely, partially or circumstantially. They may not feel romantic love, and may not feel the need to be in romantic relationships. It doesn't mean they are agamous.

They can have any sexual orientation, be asexual, bisexual, heterosexual, homosexual, pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, pomosexual, or ceterosexual. It's often shortened to aro.

References 

LGBT variations
Polysexuality

Polysexuality is a sexual orientation in which the person feels or experiences attraction to many, but not necessarily all genders. Polysexuality, not to be confused with pansexuality or omnisexuality, is under what some people would call the bisexuality umbrella, sometimes seen as non-monosexual spectrum.

References 

Human sexuality
LGBT variations
Seventh Heaven (1927 movie)

Seventh Heaven is a 1927 American silent romantic drama movie directed by Frank Borzage and was the first adaption of the 1922 play of the same name by Austin Strong. It stars Janet Gaynor, Charles Farrell, Ben Bard, Albert Gran, David Butler, Gladys Brockwell and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won 3 Academy Awards in 1929 and was remade in 1937.

Other websites

1927 movies
1920s romance movies
1920s drama movies
1920s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on plays
American silent movies
Movies directed by Frank Borzage
Movies set in the 1910s
Free European Song Contest

The Free European Song Contest (abbrev. as FreeESC) is a song contest run by the private channel ProSieben that started in 2020. Different singers representing countries in Europe (mainly) compete every year.

Some of the competitors are famous singers include: Nico Santos (famous singer in Germany), Max Mutzke (represented Baden-Württemberg at the Bundesvision Song Contest 2014, Ilse DeLange (represented the Netherlands at the ESC2014 as member of The Common Linnets), Sarah Lombardi (participant in the 8º season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar), Eko Fresh (German rapper of Turkish and Kurdish descent who won 5 awards).

The latest winner of the Free European Song Contest is Rea Garvey of Ireland.

The Free European Song Contest was created by Stefan Raab (with the collaboration of the private channel ProSieben and the production company Brainpool TV) after the cancelation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The first contest took place at the ProSieben Studios, Cologne, Germany on 16 May 2020 at 20:15 CEST on the television channel ProSieben and the second contest took place at the Lanxess Arena, Cologne, Germany.

List of winners

Highest placings of non-winning countries

Related pages
Eurovision Song Contest (Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light)
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Asia Song Contest (Asian version of Eurovision)
AfriMusic Song Contest (African contest based in Eurovision)
Bundevision Song Contest (previus contest made by ProSieben)
Turkvision Song Contest (Turkish contest organised by TMB TV and created by TÜRKSOY for the Turkic countries and Turkic people)

Other websites
ProSieben.de FreeESC- the official website at ProSieben 
Brainpool's Info of FreeESC - at the official Production website 
Free European Song Contest on IMDb

2020 establishments in Europe
Free European Song Contest
Undercurrent (1946 movie)

Undercurrent is a 1946 American crime drama movie directed by Vincente Minnelli and was based on the 1944 story You Were There by Thelma Strabel. It stars Katharine Hepburn, Robert Taylor, Robert Mitchum, Edmund Gwenn, Marjorie Main, Jayne Meadows, Dan Tobin, Leigh Whipper and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites
 
 
 

1946 drama movies
1946 crime movies
1940s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Vincente Minnelli
Ole Espersen

Ole Mogens Espersen (20 December 1934 – 4 December 2020) was a Danish politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Espersen was Minister of Justice during two cabinets of Anker Jørgensen in the 1980s. He also was a member of the Folketing from 1973 to 1994.

Espersen died on 4 December 2020 at the age of 86.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
Danish politicians
Kinuko Tanida

was a Japanese volleyball player. She was a member of the Japanese winning team, . Tanida won a gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

Tanida died on 4 December 2020 in Tokyo from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Japanese volleyball players
Xu Shousheng

Xu Shousheng (; 23 January 1953 – 5 December 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was the Communist Party Secretary of Hunan from 2013 to 2016. He was the Governor of Hunan and Gansu provinces from 2006 to 2013. Xu was born in Jiangsu, China.

Xu died on 5 December 2020 in Nanjing, China at the age of 67.

References

1953 births
2020 deaths
Chinese politicians
Christian Serratos

Christian Marie Serratos (born Bernardi, ; born September 21, 1990) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Rosita Espinosa in AMC's The Walking Dead TV series, Suzie Crabgrass in the Nickelodeon series Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, Angela Weber in The Twilight Saga series and as Selena in Netflix's Selena: The Series.

References

1990 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pasadena, California
Singers from Pasadena, California
Ricardo Antonio Chavira

Ricardo Antonio Chavira (born September 1, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Carlos Solis in the television series Desperate Housewives (2004–2012). 

He plays Abraham Quintanilla in the television series Selena: The Series (2020).

References

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Austin, Texas
Actors from San Antonio, Texas