cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Severan dynasty

|The Severan Tondo, showing Septimius Severus and his sons

The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The dynasty was founded by the Roman general Septimius Severus, who rose to power during the civil war of 193, known as the Year of the Five Emperors.

Although Septimius Severus successfully restored peace following the upheaval of the late 2nd century, the dynasty was disturbed by unstable family relationships, and constant political turmoil. It foreshadowed the coming Crisis of the Third Century. It was the last lineage of the Principate founded by Augustus.

Sequence 
Dates represent status of Augustus.
Septimius Severus (193–211)
Caracalla (198–217): eldest son. Cruel and treacherous; murdered his brother. It is said that 20,000 people were killed or proscribed (declared 'enemies of the state') by him.
Geta (209–211) younger son; junior co-emperor on his father's death. He was murdered by Caracalla.
Macrinus (217–218): Not a relative; he was the Praetorian Prefect who assassinated Caracalla.
Elagabalus (Varius Avitus Bassianus, 218–222): a relative, and a teenager (b. ~203/205), rumoured to be transgender and bisexual. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard.
Alexander Severus (222–235): cousin of Elagabalus; also a teenager. The best of the later Severids, ruled well with the help of his able mother. Mismanaged a war against Germans invading Gaul, and was overthrown by the soldiers.

The end of the Severids marked the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.

Roman Emperors
Crisis of the Third Century

The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 AD) was a period in which the Roman Empire almost collapsed. There were invasions, civil war, plague, and the economy collapsed. The crisis is sometimes called the "Military Anarchy" or "Imperial Crisis". 

The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops in 235 AD. This started a fifty-year period in which 20–25 rivals struggled for the throne. Most were important Roman Army generals who took control over all or part of the Empire. 

By 258–260, the Empire had split into three competing states. There was the Gallic Empire, which included the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and Hispania, and the Palmyrene Empire, with the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus. These became independent of the Italian Roman Empire proper, which stood between them. The crisis ended with the ascension of Diocletian in 284.

The crisis resulted in many changes to the Empire's institutions, society, economic life and, eventually, religion. It was a transition period between  classical antiquity and late antiquity.

References 

Roman Emperors
Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible

Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible is a science show hosted by Michio Kaku. As Kaku explains the principles of science, he suggests methods and shows various diagrams of the concept.

He starts by explaining a science topic, and shows diagrams to demonstrate the principles. He also interviews scientists who are studying that topic.

Sci-fi

The Sci-Fi in the show are such things as alien invasion and another Earth.

References

American television series
Ecumenism

Ecumenism (or Oecumenism) is the idea that the different Christian denominations should work together more than they currently do. This idea is different from religious toleration. Over the years, Christianity has been split into many different movements. These separations are based on doctrine, on history, and what people do in everyday life. 

The term ecumenical comes from the Latin oecumenicus, a phrase referring to "the whole world", meaning literally "inhabited" (lived in). In Christianity the qualification ecumenical is originally (and still) used in terms such as Ecumenical council and Ecumenical patriarch. The meaning pertains to the totality of the larger Church (such as the Catholic Church or the Orthodox Church). It is not restricted to one of its local churches or dioceses.

References 

Church organization
Christian movements and denominational families
Douglas DC-8

The Douglas DC-8  is an aircraft with four engines. It was the first jet plane made by the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was made from 1958 to 1972. There were 556 DC-8 planes built. Major users were Air Transport International, Astar Air Cargo and Johnsons Air. It was launched later than the Boeing 707.

Civil aircraft
Douglas aircraft
John Elliot (railway manager)

Sir John Elliot (6 May 1898 – 18 September 1988) was a British transport and railway manager. Born John Elliot Blumenfeld, he was the son of the  Daily Mail news editor R. D. Blumenfeld (who later became managing editor of the Daily Express.) He changed his name to John Elliot in March 1923.

References

1898 births
1988 deaths
British Rail
Knights Bachelor
Transport in London
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi

Sayeeda Hussain Warsi, Baroness Warsi (surname pronounced VAR-SEY; born 28 March 1971 in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, England) is a British politician and lawyer. She was born to Pakistani immigrants and is a member of the House of Lords. She has been the Chairman of the Conservative Party and Minister Without Portfolio in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. She was the first Muslim woman to be a member of the British cabinet. She lives in Wakefield, West Yorkshire.

Personal life
In 1990 Warsi married her cousin Naeem in an arranged marriage. She and her first husband divorced in December 2007. On 20 August 2009, she married Iftikhar Azam.

References 

1971 births
Living people
British lawyers
Muslims
Politicians from Yorkshire
Members of the House of Lords
Ulster Unionist Party

The Ulster Unionist Party or UUP for short is a centre-right political party in Northern Ireland. It wants Northern Ireland to stay in the United Kingdom and is also moderately against the European Union. It has 10 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 of 3 Northern Ireland seats in the European Parliament but has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Robin Swann.

During the 2010 general election and the 2009 European Parliament Election, the party allied itself to the UK Conservative Party and called itself Ulster Conservatives and Unionists - New Force.

Political parties in Northern Ireland
Conservative Party (UK)
London Underground 1972 Stock

The London Underground 1972 stock is a fleet of trains used on the London Underground. The 1972 Stock was ordered to make up the shortfall in trains on the Northern line's 1959 Tube Stock fleet. It is, however, currently used on the Bakerloo line.

Gallery

Other websites
 Transport for London - Rolling Stock - 1972 
 Tubeprune - 1972 Tube Stock

1972
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
Escalator

An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Transport
Construction
Infrastructure
Central London

Central London is the innermost part of London, England.

The inner London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963, and the definition is used for purposes such as the local government finance system. They correspond to the former area of the County of London. These inner London boroughs are:
 Camden
 Greenwich
 Hackney
 Hammersmith and Fulham
 Islington
 Kensington and Chelsea
 Lambeth
 Lewisham
 Southwark
 Tower Hamlets
 Wandsworth
 Westminster

The City of London was not part of the County of London and is not a London Borough but can be included. North Woolwich is an anomaly as it was part of the County of London but was transferred to Newham, an outer London borough, in 1965.

References 

Geography of London
1963 establishments in England
2010 California Proposition 19

California's Proposition 19, (often shortened to Prop 19), also known as the Regulate, Control & Tax Cannabis Act, was a ballot initiative on the November 2, 2010 California statewide ballot. The proposition would have decriminalized/legalized various marijuana-related activities, allow local governments to regulate these activities, collect marijuana-related fees and taxes, and authorized various criminal and civil penalties. It did not pass with 54% of California voters voting 'No', and 46% voting 'Yes'.

Results

Related pages
 Adult Use of Marijuana Act (2016)

Other websites 
 The Full Text of the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act of 2010
 State of California Legislative Analysts Analysis of the Initiative
 Ballotpedia page on California Proposition 19
 YES on Proposition 19 - the sponsors of the proposal
 Marijuana Policy Project, California branch  - a lobbying group in support
 Public Safety First - a lobbying group in opposition

Illegal drugs
Cannabis
2010 in the United States
2010s California elections
Square foot

A square foot is a way to measure area. It is the area made by a square that has 1 foot sides. It is used mainly in the United States and partially in Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, and the United Kingdom.

Units of area

ja:フィート#平方フィート
Martin McGuinness

James Martin Pacelli McGuinness (23 May 1950 – 21 March 2017)  was a Northern Irish politician who was the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland until his resignation on 9 January 2017. He was born in Derry, Northern Ireland. He was a member of Sinn Fein, which is a political party that wants Northern Ireland to join with the Republic of Ireland and leave the United Kingdom. He was the Member of Parliament and Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the constituency of Mid Ulster.

Martin McGuiness joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1970 and was put in prison for six months in 1973. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Mid-Ulster at the 1997 General Election but never took his seat in the House of Commons. This is because Sinn Fein members do not want to swear any oath to the Queen. 

McGuiness was one of Sinn Fein's top debaters at the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and was elected as a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 for the constituency of Mid Ulster. He was the Minister of Education in the Northern Ireland executive from 1999 to 2002. On 8 May 2007, following the St. Andrew's Agreement Martin McGuiness was made the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland. Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party was the First Minister until June 5, 2008 when he was replaced by Peter Robinson.

In January 2017, it was revealed that McGuinness was suffering from amyloidosis, a rare genetic disease that affects the vital organs. He died in a hospital in Londonderry  on 21 March 2017 from the disease, aged 66.

References

1950 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Democratic socialists
Disease-related deaths in the United Kingdom
Former members of the British House of Commons for Northern Irish constituencies
Northern Ireland Assembly, Former Members
Sinn Féin politicians
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Peter Robinson

Peter David Robinson (born 29 December, 1948 in Belfast) is a politician of Northern Ireland, who was the First Minister of Northern Ireland and leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

Career 
He was elected the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Belfast East during the 1979 General Election and was elected to the Northern Ireland assembly in 1998. He was the Minister for Regional Development from November 1999 to July 2000 and again from October 2001 to October 2002. Robinson was Minister of Finance and Personnel from May 2007 to June 2008. 

On 31 May 2008 the leader of the DUP Ian Paisley resigned and Peter Robinson was chose to replace him as First Minister and DUP leader. In January 2010, it was revealed that Peter Robinson's wife Iris Robinson, who was also an MP, had had an affair and attempted suicide in 2008 whilst she was a member of the British and Northern Irish parliaments. This scandal may have caused Peter Robinson to lose his Belfast East parliamentary seat at the 2010 General Election.

References 

1948 births
Living people
British Protestants
Former members of the British House of Commons for Northern Irish constituencies
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom
Northern Ireland Assembly, Former Members
Northern Irish Christians
Pentecostals
Politicians from Belfast
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Jacob Riis

Jacob August Riis (; May 3, 1849 – May 26, 1914) was a Danish-American photographer and journalist. Riis came to the United States in 1861 and worked in various odd jobs before going into journalism.  Riis is most known for his photographs and writings on slums in New York City.  Riis is usually thought of as one of the Muckrakers, a group of people who wanted to improve conditions in cities.

1849 births
1914 deaths
American journalists
Danish writers
American photographers
Writers from New York City
Latin honours

Latin honours are Latin phrases that are used to show how advanced the level at which someone earned an academic degree. The common ranks are: cum laude (meaning "with honor"), magna cum laude ("with great honor"), or summa cum laude ("with highest honor"). This system is mostly used in Canada, the United States, and in many European countries. Some universities in other countries also use the English translation of these phrases rather than the Latin ones.

Another example is egregia cum laude, which means "with outstanding honor" in English. The egregia rank was created to recognize students who earned the same grade point average as the summa honor, but who did so while in a more rigorous honors curriculum (used by the College of St. Benedict and St. John's University).

Other websites
Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, concerning Latin honors §15, in German 

Qualifications
Education
Latin phrases
Bugzilla

Bugzilla is an internet software for recording bug reports. It is coded in CGI and is used by many programmers. It is free for everyone to use without having to pay any money.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Bugzilla on Wikimedia

Internet
Mozilla
How It's Made

How It's Made is a half-hour documentary-style science show. It shows 3-4 everyday items being made. It is shown on the Discovery Channel.

Other websites 
Official site 

Canadian television series
English-language television programs
Mount Tongariro

Mount Tongariro is in the central North Island of New Zealand. It has 12 cones on top of its mountain. It has erupted over 70 times in the last few years. Mount Tongariro is  tall.

Volcanoes of Oceania
Mountains of New Zealand
FreeRice

FreeRice is a non-profit organization that donates rice to the hungry people around the world. Players choose an answer from a multiple-choice question. As the player gets more right answers, they advance in level. The highest level depends on the subject.

Donation

In 2008, FreeRice became economically sufficient to donate 20 grains of rice per answer instead of 10. Unfortunately, the economic landslide of 2009 reduced the grains per answer back down to 10.

References

Other websites
FreeRice: Official Site

Non-profit organizations
Caesalpinioideae

Caesalpinioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. Members of this family usually have zygomorphic flowers.

Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising Mimosoideae to the rank of family as Caesalpiniaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group treats Fabaceae in the broad sense.

Fabales
Haptic technology

Haptic technology or haptics is a tactile feedback technology. It makes vibrations and movements which can make people think that there is a real object when there is not. They are used to look into the sense of touch. Some video games use this to make it seem more real.

Origin of haptic 
The word Haptic comes from the Greek Haphe, meaning "pertaining to the sense of touch", and comes from the Greek word haptesthai meaning "to contact” or “to touch”.

Definition of haptic 

Existing computer technology to the human and computer information exchange has been used mainly audio-visual information. However, the user through the virtual reality want to be more specific and realistic information, and is designed to feel the passing touch and force haptic technology.

Field of haptic 
Haptis are divided into the 'force feedback' and 'tactile feedback'

Force feedback 
'Force feedback' is the technology that user to feel the power and movements.
For example, the park that are dynamic in the movie in the film as a moving screen, move the chair forward speed and sense of the conflict that their audience will feel like scenes. This is an example haeptikseuui using force feedback.

Tactile feedback 
'Tactile feedback' place in the field of medicine that is used a lot. On a computer screen and watch the virtual 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the patient directly to the affected part of the 3-D video in real-time sisulhal a notice on your computer screen. And the compressed air and electrical machinery, such as moving suyonggi using a small pin and, in fact, feels like touching the skin and is passed to implement the reality of the situation is almost similar to the environment.

Future of haptic 
In the future, the output of the computer device used to monitor, speakers, as well as standard haptic devices is expected to go. In addition, the leisure industry, with the 21st century haptic technology has many economical potential, haptic technology for the study will be very active.

Computing
John Bercow

John Simon Bercow (surname pronounce BER-COE; born 19 January 1963) is a British politician who was the Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 2009 through 2019. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Buckingham.

Biography 
John Bercow was active in the Conservative Party from a young age and was a Conservative councillor, for Lambeth, from 1986 to 1990. He stood as a candidate to become an MP at the 1987 and 1992 General Elections but was not successful. At the 1997 General Election, Bercow was elected the Conservative MP for Buckingham. He served in the shadow cabinets of Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard. After the Speaker Michael Martin resigned on 22 June 2009, Bercow was elected as the Speaker.

Bercow is the first Jewish Speaker. He is the first Speaker not to wear traditional court robes while presiding over the House of Commons.
But, along with tradition, Bercow does now display his coat of arms at Speaker's House.

On 9 September 2019, Bercow told the House of Commons that he would stand down on 31 October, or at the next general election, whichever occurs first. He officially left the office on 4 November 2019.

In 2021, Bercow became a member of the Labour Party, saying that Boris Johnson's leadership was making his old party "reactionary, populist, nationalistic and sometimes even xenophobic".

References

1963 births
Living people
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former Speakers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Jewish British politicians
People from Middlesex
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Michael Portillo

Michael Denzil Xavier Portillo (born 26 May 1953) is a British television presenter and former Conservative Party politician. 

Michael Portillo was born in Bushey, Hertfordshire, to a Scottish mother and Spanish father.

Portillo first became a Member of Parliament (MP) in a by-election in 1984, representing the constituency of Enfield Southgate. He very much liked Margaret Thatchers policies and was quite Eurosceptic, meaning that he was against the European Union. He became a cabinet member in 1992, holding the following positions: Chief Secretary to the Treasury (April 1992 - July 1994), Secretary of State for Employment (July 1994 - July 1995) and Defence Secretary (July 1995 - May 1997). Many people thought he would try to become the leader of the Conservative Party in 1995 but he chose to stay loyal to John Major. At the 1997 General Election, Portillo lost his seat in the House of Commons to the Labour Party.

Portillo returned to the House of Commons after winning a by-election in 1999 for the constituency of Kensington and Chelsea. He then started to re-think many of his ideas and began to argue for a more socially liberal Conservative Party. He became the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer in February 2000 but he did not have a good relationship with party leader William Hague. He was a candidate in the 2001 Conservative Party leadership contest; he lost to Iain Duncan Smith. Portillo left the House of Commons at the 2005 General Election and has since hosted several television and radio programmes.

Other websites 

1953 births
Living people
British television presenters
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Hertfordshire
Politicians from London
Pontifex Maximus

The Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the Roman Republic and Empire. The words meant 'greatest bridge-builder'. It was a religious post under the Roman Republic, and a mostly ceremonial post under the Roman Empire. The term was later used in the Roman Catholic Church for the Pope.

Religious leaders
Roman Senate

The Roman Senate was the longest-lasting institution in Ancient Rome. It began in the first years of the city, which was supposedly founded in 753 BC. It survived the kings, the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC), the Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD) and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD).

The Senate started as an advisory council of elders. The word "senate" came from 'senex' meaning "old man". The Senate reached its peak in the middle Republic, when it was the most powerful body in Rome. The Senate lost much of its power in the first period of the Empire, known as the Principate.

After Diocletian, when the centre of government was moved out of Rome, the Senate became just a municipal body. The influence of the old idea lived on, and Constantine II set up a Senate in Constantinople.

Functions 
The Senate passed decrees called senatus consultum, which were advice from the Senate to a magistrate (senior official). They usually were obeyed in practice.

Through such advice, the Senate directed the magistrates, especially the Roman Consuls (the chief magistrates) in their handling of military conflicts.

The Senate also had power over the civil government in Rome. Only the Senate could authorize paying out public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Empire grew, the Senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and praetors. It decided which magistrate should govern which province.

The senators were patricians, and so members by birth, or men of lesser birth who had notable achievements. Under the early kings, the Senate numbered 100, but grew to 900, then Augustus reduced it to 600. Even so, only about 100 to 200 members were active at any given time. From time to time there were other sources of power in Rome, such as assemblies, magistrates, dictators and emperors, but the Senate always played a part.

Other websites 
 Roman Senate Citizendium

Other reading 
 Lintott, Andrew 1999. The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press. .

Ancient Rome
Cabinet of the United Kingdom

In the government of the United Kingdom, the Cabinet is a group of 22 people led and chosen by the Prime Minister who are the main decision-makers in the British government. People in the cabinet have to be members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords.

All the Cabinet members are also members of the governing Conservative Party.

Cabinet Ministers
As of 8 January 2021:

References

Government of the United Kingdom
Politics of the United Kingdom
Zipper

This article is about the fastening device called the zip.  For information on the acronym ZIP, please see that article.

A zipper (zip fastener or zip in British English) is a device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric together.  It is widely used in clothing and other textiles.

Description
The bulk of a zip consists of two strips of fabric tape, one permanently fixed to each of the two flaps to be joined, and each carrying tens or hundreds of specially shaped metal or plastic teeth.  Another part, the slider, which is operated by hand, rides up and down the two sets of teeth.  Inside the slider is a Y-shaped channel that pushes the opposing sets of teeth together or apart, depending on the slider's direction of travel.  The zip is usually fitted vertically in clothing so that pushing the slider from top to bottom opens it, and pushing it from bottom to top closes it.  The friction of the slider against the teeth causes a characteristic buzzing noise which is probably the origin of the name zip.

History
An early device similar to the zip, 'an Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure', was patented in the USA by Elias Howe in 1851, but did not reach the market.  Whitcomb Judson patented a similar 'Clasp Locker', for fastening shoes, in 1891 or 1893, and marketed the invention through his 'Universal Fastener' company.  These two designs used hooks and eyes.  The design used today, based on interlocking teeth, was invented by an employee of Judson's, Swedish scientist Gideon Sundback, in 1913 as the 'Hookless Fastener' and patented in 1917 as the 'Separable Fastener'.  The B. F. Goodrich Company coined the name 'Zipper' in 1923, and used the device on tobacco pouches and boots.  The zip became popular for children's clothing and men's trousers in the 1920s and 1930s.  At this stage, the zip was permanently joined at one end, so could not be used to fasten jackets.

Clothing
Spiraeoideae

The Spiraeoideae is an old name for a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Until 2007, the subfamily name was used for a group of plants that are mostly shrubs (but some are herbs) and have small dry fruit. In 2007, the subfamily was made much larger, to include plants that were previously placed in subfamilies Amygdaloideae and Maloideae. In 2012, it was decided at the International Botanical Congress that the correct name for that large subfamily must be Amygdaloideae. Subfamily Amygdaloideae now includes plants with fleshy fruit including apple and plum.

Rosaceae
Analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry. It tries to analyze chemicals in things. A simple job would be to see how much zinc is in a piece of brass. There are several methods, like chromatography and mass spectrometry to do this. Flame tests can be used for a basic analysis.

More formally: it is the study of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.

Qualitative analysis finds what chemical species are in the sample. Quantitative analysis finds out how much of a substance there are in a sample. Substances in a sample are often separated from each other using chromatography before the analysis. This is because a sample can contain many different substances.

References 

Analytical chemistry
Mussaurus

Mussaurus (meaning "mouse lizard") was an early, plant-eating prosauropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic, about 215 million years ago.  It was found in southern Argentina. It gets its name from the small size of the skeletons first discovered.
They were large-eyed hatchlings (babies), only 9-16 inches long (18-37 cm); these are the smallest dinosaur skeletons yet found.

However, Mussaurus is now known from adult specimens. the name is something of a misnomer; adults possibly reached 3 m (10 ft) in length, and weighed . Mussaurus possesses anatomical features suggesting a close, possibly transitional evolutionary relationship with true sauropods.

References 

Prosauropods
Afrovenator

Afrovenator was a theropod dinosaur from the  Middle Jurassic of northern Africa. It was a bipedal meat-eating predator with long bladelike teeth.  Fossils have been found in Abaka, Niger in the southern Sahara desert. A nearly complete Afrovenator was found in 1993. It is one of the most complete dinosaurs found in Africa so far. 

The rocks where it was found were redescribed as "mid-Jurassic" after the discovery had been announced.

It is in a group of theropods which are known as the Megalosaurs.

References 

Dinosaurs of Africa
Megalosauridae
Superman (video game)

Superman (also incorrectly known as Superman 64) is a 1999 video game for the Nintendo 64, where the player controls Superman, a fictional superhero. Superman must save his friends from Lex Luthor, his archenemy. Most of the game is spent flying through rings. The game has received very negative reviews from critics and has been stated as "one of the worst games of all time" for "lame" weapons in the non-ring levels, overcomplicated controls, and bad graphics.

Gameplay
The player assumes the role of Superman who is challenged to complete many tasks and puzzles throughout the 14 levels in the game. Most of the levels in the game are restricted to two types of gameplay; in some levels, referred to as Ride Levels in the game's instruction manual, Superman is instructed to fly through a series of hoops by Lex Luthor; in between, he is also tasked to perform certain feats such as battling Luthor's minions, the Dark Shadows, and rescuing civilians from natural or artificial disasters, firstly stopping two cars from trapping civilians.

In other levels, referred to as Maze Levels in the game's instruction manual, Superman has found one of his friends from within one of Luthor's outposts, and must escape with them and defeat a boss. These levels are generally more rooted in action-adventure, and make great use of puzzle-solving. The game's "virtual Metropolis" in which these stages take place is filled with what the developers called "Kryptonite fog" in an apparent effort by Lex Luthor to diminish Superman's abilities (which is actually distance fog and is used as a technique to mask the game's poor draw distance).

The game also includes two multi-player modes (a racing mode and a battle mode) that can be played with up to four people. In the battle mode, players must defeat their opponents by throwing various weapons and items at them. In the racing mode, players control a spaceship and rings shoot from the backside of one opponent.

Development
Superman was originally shown at the E3 in 1997. In interview before the game was released, Eric Caen, co-founder of Titus Software, stated they were attempting to create the first "super hero" based video game where players really behave as a super hero. After the N64 version's negative response, Titus decided to completely redesign Superman for the PlayStation. Unfortunately, Titus lost the rights from the Warner Bros. for the Superman License, resulting in its cancellation in 1999. Given an exclusive look at the game, playstationmuseum.com stated that they had expected the worst, but they were pleasantly surprised by the "high quality graphics and animation" and awarded the game a rating of 90%.

Reception 
Superman has received very negative reviews from critics. On GameSpot, the game is rated a 1.3/10. On GameRankings Agreggation, it is "one of the worst games of all time" for "lame" weapons in the non-ring levels, overcomplicated controls, and bad graphics.

References

1999 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Superman
Video games based on DC Comics
Æsir–Vanir War

In Norse mythology, the Æsir–Vanir War was a war that occurred between the Æsir and the Vanir, two groups of gods. The war ultimately resulted in the unification of the two tribes into a single tribe of gods. The war is an important event in Norse mythology. The two side eventually came to a truce by spitting into a bowl; the spit was mixed, and the god Kvasir was born. Kvasir was killed by dwarves for his blood.

Norse mythology
Delisle scale

The Delisle scale is a scale to measure temperature. It was introduced by French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle in 1732. Delisle used a thermometer that worked with Mercury. The unit is abbreviated "De" or "D". 0°De is equal to the boiling point of water under normal pressure. Delisle then measured the volume change of the mercury. At the start, the Delisle scale had 2400 degrees. Josias Weitbrecht recalibrated the theromometer in 1738, so that the melting point of ice was taken into account. Ice melts at 150°De. 

The Deslile scale counts downwards, from the boiling point to the melting point. It was widely used in Russia in the 19th century.

Units of temperature
Wandering albatross

The wandering albatross is a large seabird of the family Diomedeidae. It is also called the snowy albatross or white-winged albatross. It is the largest member of the genus Diomedea (the great albatrosses) and has the largest wingspan of any living bird. It can have a wing-span of up to 11.5 feet (3.50 m).  The IUCN says it is a vulnerable species.

Behavior 
Wandering albatross live together when breeding, which they do once every two years. They are monogamous, and usually mate for life. They can live for over 50 years, and adult mortality is only 5 to 7% a year (this is very low for birds).

Communication 
They make many kinds of noises, such as screams, whistles, grunts and bill clapping. When they are looking for a mate, they spread their wings, wave their heads and tap their bills together. They feed at night on cephalopods, small fish, and crustaceans

References

Other websites

BirdLife Species Factsheet. 
 Wandering Albatross videos, photos & sounds  on the Internet Bird Collection
 Holotypes of Wandering Albatross subspecies in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
 South Georgia albatross slide show

Seabirds
Procellariiformes
Hypobromite

Hypobromite is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO-. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to hypochlorite. Hypobromites are the salts of hypobromous acid. Hypobromite is a disinfectant. Some white blood cells oxidize bromide to hypobromite with peroxide and use the hypobromite to kill germs. Bromides can be added to pools along with chlorine to make hypobromite, which disinfects the pools.

Hypobromites are made by dissolving bromine in a basic solution. Hypobromite disproportionates to bromate and bromide when heated.

Related pages
Bromite
Perbromate

Bromine compounds
Hypobromous acid

Hypobromous acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO. It contains hydrogen and hypobromite ions. It is a weak and unstable acid. It is similar to hypochlorous acid. It disproportionates into bromate and bromide when heated or left to dry. It is made when bromine is added to warm water. It can kill many bacteria and deodorize. It works very well when it is with hypochlorous acid.

Related pages
Bromous acid
Bromic acid
Perbromic acid

Acids
Bromine compounds
Bromous acid

Bromous acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO2. It contains hydrogen and bromite ions. It contains bromine in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
It can be made by oxidizing hypobromous acid with hypochlorous acid. It can also be made by careful disproportionation of hypobromous acid. It can also be made by reacting hypobromous acid and bromic acid. They can be used to reduce permanganates to manganates.

Related pages
Perbromic acid
Hydrobromic acid

Acids
Bromine compounds
Perbromic acid

Perbromic acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO4. It contains hydrogen and perbromate ions.

Perbromic acid is a very unstable acid. It easily breaks down. It can be made by reacting perbromates with an acid. It releases oxygen and turns into bromic acid. It can also totally break down, releasing bromine gas.

Related pages
Bromous acid
Hypobromous acid

Acids
Bromine compounds
Bromite

Bromite is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO2-. It is made by reacting bromous acid with a base. They easily disproportionate to bromates and bromides.

Related pages
Perbromate
Bromate
Hypobromite

Bromine compounds
Perbromate

Perbromate is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO4-. It contains bromine in its +7 oxidation state. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is very unstable and turns into bromate and oxygen easily. It was first made by decay of a radioactive selenate. Later it was gotten by electrolysis of a bromate. It can also be made by oxidation of bromate with fluorine or xenon difluoride.

Related pages
Bromite
Hypobromite

Bromine compounds
Bromate

Bromate is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO3-. It contains bromine in its +5 oxidation state. It is more common than hypobromites, perbromates, and bromites. Sodium bromate is an example. Bromates are strong oxidizing agents.

Bromates are made by reacting bromides with ozone. They can also be made by electrolysis of a hot bromide solution. Chlorine dioxide can react with bromide when in sunlight to make bromate. Bromates can be made by reacting potassium hydroxide with bromine. This makes bromide and bromate. Bromates can be made by reacting bromic acid with a base.

It might be a carcinogen. It is made when bromide is in water and reacted with ozone or chlorine. Sometimes water with too much bromate has to be gotten rid of.

Related pages
Bromous acid

Bromine compounds
Pablo Ruiz (singer)

Pablo Maximiliano Miguel Coronel Vidoz, also known as Pablito Ruiz and Pablo Ruiz, born on 4 May 1975 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is an Argentine singer, actor and dancer. His musical career began at age 10.

Discography

Studio albums 
 Pablo Ruiz (released 1985)
 Un ángel (1988)
 Océano (1989)
 Espejos azules (1990)
 Irresistible (1992)
 60/90 (1994)
 Aire (1997)
 Was it something that I didn't say? (1999)
 Jamás (2001)
 Necesito tus besos (2003)
 Demasiado tarde (2005)
 Renacer (2009)

References

Other websites
Official Website

1975 births
Living people
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine singers
Constructivism

Constructivism was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin onward which rejected the idea of art for art's sake in favour of art for social purposes. It heavily influenced graphic and industrial designers. 

Constructivism as an active force lasted until around 1934, having a great deal of effect on the art of the Weimar Republic and elsewhere, before being replaced by Socialist Realism. Its motifs have sporadically recurred in other art movements since.

Art movements
Architecture
Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen

Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen is the German title of “the medicinal plants of Kohler” - the atlas of medicinal plants with the illustrations and the brief explanations, one of the most known reference books on the medicinal plants of the end of the 19th Century.

Complete title of atlas in the German language - “Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte. Atlas zur pharmacopoea germanica, austriaca, belgica, danica, helvetica, hungarica, rossica, suecica, Neerlandica, British pharmacopoeia, zum Codex medicamentarius, sowie zur Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America”.

The three-volume publication was published by the publishing house Franz Kohler (Ger. Franz Eugen Köhler) “Gera-Untermhaus” at Gero in 1887.

In three volumes of atlas containing a four hundred colored botanical illustrations of medicinal plants. Together with the images of plants, the atlas includes detailed botanical descriptions and information about the medical effectiveness of these plants (Herbalism). High-quality chromolithographies accurately transfer to the component of plants and reflect the characteristic features of the corresponding forms. It is considered that this book - better meets the botanical illustrations of medicinal plants.

The publisher of reference book Franz Koehler was not the author or the illustrator of this work. Artist- illustrators - Müeller C.F. Schmidt, lithograph - K. Gunther. The first two volumes of publication were prepared with the participation of German botanist Gustav Pabst.

The fourth volume, initially outlined for the release, never was published. Later in the USA was published the analogous book, they sometimes identify it with the fourth volume.

Other websites

Alphabetical list

Medical manuals
Botany
Computer rage

Computer rage is a heightened physiological response with associated feelings of anger and frustration resulting from using a computer or other complex electronic device. 
It may result in the physical assault of the computer or similar item, possibly leading to the device incurring more damage than it had before.

Manifestation and causes

Computer rage may manifest itself in verbal abuse and occasionally physical violence towards the object, in some cases violent actions towards the hardware itself, usually either thumping the keyboard, shaking the monitor or banging the mouse on the table/desk. In online interactions, enraged persons may flame and abuse other users, shouting at them through headsets, sending rude messages, or rage quit (exiting a game prematurely out of anger). 

Computer rage may be caused by distress due to a hardware or software problem which the enraged person is unable to correct. Persons may bang or kick the computer in an attempt to get it to function normally, though this action carries the distinct risk of destroying the computer's hard disk drive via a head crash. Another common occurrence of computer rage is whilst playing computer games, mainly first-person shooters and mmorpgs. Computer rage is normally induced when a gamer either fails an objective or is killed repeatedly.

Tech support personnel and systems administrators may be subjected to customer's anger at a malfunctioning system, commonly including the aforementioned verbal abuse.

Related pages
Air rage
Mouse rage
Road rage
Technostress
Trolley rage
Wrap rage

References

Other websites
www.computer-rage.org  by Kent Norman
Survey on Computer Rage  by the Laboratory for Automation Psychology

Human behavior
Violence
Interhalogen

An interhalogen is a chemical compound. It is made by two halogens reacting with each other. Normally interhalogens are quite toxic and reactive. An example would be chlorine trifluoride or bromine monochloride.

Related pages
Halogen

Halogens
Chemical compounds
Chlorine trifluoride

Chlorine trifluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF3. It contains chlorine and fluoride ions. The chlorine is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Chlorine trifluoride is a colorless gas, but it can be compressed to a light yellow liquid. Chlorine trifluoride is normally sold compressed. It is an interhalogen, and is very reactive. It can burn plastics, sand, skin, hydrogen sulfide, metals, phosphorus, and sulfur. Since it is a much stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen, it can burn things that normally can't burn, like concrete or sand. It reacts with water very violently to make hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid. It can ignite glass after being in it for a while.

Preparation
Chlorine trifluoride is made by reacting chlorine with fluorine. This makes other chlorine fluorides which have to be taken out.

Uses
Chlorine trifluoride is used to make uranium hexafluoride by reacting it with uranium metal. It was looked at as a rocket propellant. It was also looked at as a poison gas. It is too difficult to make and store, though. Chlorine trifluoride can be used to clean areas where semiconductors are made.

Safety
Chlorine trifluoride is extremely toxic and dangerous. It is one of the most dangerous chemicals there is. It can catch many things on fire, including things that are usually non-flammable, such as asbestos, concrete, and glass. The fires are almost impossible to put out. It reacts with most things.

Related pages
Chlorine dioxide
Bromine trifluoride

References

Fluorine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Nick Young

Nick Young (born June 1, 1985 in Los Angeles, California) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Denver Nuggets of the NBA. He was selected by the Washington Wizards with the 16th pick in the 1st round of the 2007 NBA draft. Young played four seasons with the Wizards before being traded to the Los Angeles Clippers for a future second-round pick on March 15th, 2012. He went to University of Southern California for college and played basketball with the USC Trojans.

References

Other websites
Nick Young's NBA profile

1985 births
Living people
American basketball players
African-American basketball players
Washington Wizards players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Evil empire

The "Evil Empire" is a term which was used by the US president Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). It is a synonym for the Soviet Empire, which consists of the "republics" of the Soviet Union and the "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance" (Comecon). Members of this "council" were satellite states, which where formally independent, but always controlled into the right direction by the Soviet Union with military, if they considered it as necessary.

The first known usage of the term "Evil Empire" was in one of Reagan's speeches at 1983. He proposes to continue the endless war between good and evil. This emphasizes that you need both sides to agree for an nuclear freeze. If only the US reduced their nuclear weapons, it "would be a very dangerous fraud, for that is merely the illusion of peace". In contrast to this illusion he stands for the reality. This means for him "peace through strength".

Online source 
 "President Reagan's Speech Before the National Association of Evangelicals," The Reagan Information Page, March 8, 1983. 

1980s in the Soviet Union
Speeches by Ronald Reagan
Political slogans
1980s in the United States
Containment

The policy of containment was a diplomatic strategy of the United States to prevent the spread of the communism during the Cold War. Economic support should bind countries to the United States. This was a counteraction against the new Soviet sphere of influence.

In March 1947 the US president Harry Truman (1884-1972) announced support for countries which were threatened by military force. This speech is called "Truman Doctrine" nowadays. In detail, he promised support for Greece and Turkey against the Soviet Union.

The most important part of the policy of containment was the "European Recovery Program" (1948), also known as "Marshall Plan", which should boost the European economy after the destruction in the Second World War using—most important—money, successful American economic models, and less European trade barriers.

History of the Soviet Union
History of the United States