cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pseudorandomness

Pseudorandomness is a process which has a result that seems to be random. Even if the result seems to be random, the process can be predicted.

This near random process is important to online security. Because the result can be predicted, it is important that the "seed,"(or first input) and the process are kept hidden.

History 
The creation of random numbers has many uses, mostly in statistics, and simulations. Before computers, researchers that needed random numbers would get them from dice, cards, roulette wheels,  etc, or by random number tables.

The first attempt to crate a large amount of random numbers was in 1927. This was when Cambridge University Press put out a list of 41,600 numbers made by L.H.C. Tippett. In 1947, the RAND Corporation created random numbers by simulating a roulette wheel using a computer. The results were published in 1955 with the title of, "A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates".

Unpredictability as "near random" 
By using radioactive substances with radioactive decay,  or by tuning a radio between stations, near random numbers can be created for short amounts of time. The time needed to get these numbers led to a change. This was using these generated numbers as a "seed" instead of a result.  The less numbers created by this process, the more random the result would seem. Another compromise is to combine the timings between keystrokes of multiple people.

People's actions have been proven to be useful for Multi-factor authentication. Also, studies have shown that pseudo random numbers can sometimes be predicted. This becomes more difficult when in small amounts.

In computational complexity 
In theoretical computer science, a distribution (set of numbers) is considered to be pseudorandom if it is similar enough to other sets. This idea of pseudorandomness is studied and has importance in cryptography.

Related pages 

 Pseudorandom number generator
 Random

References

Further reading 

 Donald E. Knuth (1997) The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (3rd edition). Addison-Wesley Professional, 
 Oded Goldreich. (2008) Computational Complexity: a conceptual perspective. Cambridge University Press. .   
 

Theoretical computer science
Jungholz

Jungholz is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is on the border to Bavaria, Germany.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Kaisers

Kaisers is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Lechaschau

Lechaschau is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Lermoos

Lermoos is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Musau

Musau is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Namlos

Namlos is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Nesselwängle

Nesselwängle is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Pfafflar

Pfafflar is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Pflach

Pflach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Amelia Court House, Virginia

Amelia Court House is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Virginia.

Census-designated places in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
Godzilla: Final Wars

Godzilla: Final Wars is a 2004 Japanese-American action-comedy adventure science-fiction giant monster film produced by Toho Co, Ltd. and Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. as the 50th anniversary of the Godzilla. as well the 29'th film of Godzilla series.

Plot 
in 2005, Gotengo joined forces with Godzilla takes against all creatures, Zilla, King Ceasar, Anguirus, Kamacuras, Kumonga, Ebirah, Hedorah, Gigan, Manda, Xiliens and Monster X/Kaizer Ghidorah. protected the humans include, Minilla itself.

Cast
 Masahiro Matsuoka as Shinichi Ozaki
 Rei Kikukawa as Miyuki Otonashi
 Don Frye as Captain Douglas Gordon
 Maki Mizuno as Anna Otonashi
 Kazuki Kitamura as The X/Xillien Controller
 Kane Kosugi as Katsunori Kazama
 Kenji Sahara as Hachiro Jinguji
 Masami Nagasawa and Chihiro Otsuka as Shobijin twins
 Shigeru Izumiya as Samon Taguchi
 Masakatsu Funaki as Commander Kumasaka
 Masatō Ibu as Xilien General
 Jun Kunimura as Major Kumoro
 Akira Takarada as Naotaro Daigo
 Kenta Suga as Kenta Taguchi
 Tsutomu Kitagawa as Godzilla
 Naoko Kamio as Minilla, Rodan 
 Kazuhiro Yoshida as Gigan, Hedorah
 Toshihiro Ogura as Keizer Ghidorah, Anguirus, Ebirah
 Motokuni Nakagawa as Monster X, King Caesar

Release 
The film was released in Japan, December 4, 2004 by Toho and United States in DVD, December 13, 2005 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

American monster movies
American action comedy movies
American action thriller movies
Movies about dinosaurs
Movies set in the 2000s
Godzilla
2000s adventure movies
Japanese movies
Apocalyptic movies
Shrek Retold

Shrek Retold is a recreation of the 2001 film Shrek, made by fans. It was released on November 29, 2018 to YouTube. YouTuber Grant Duffrin ("3GI") led the process of making the film. It features the work of over 200 creators, each making a single short part of the film.

Format 
As a recreation, Shrek Retold has the plot of the original film with only a few changes. The biggest difference between Shrek Retold and the original film is the strange ways each creator made their scene. As a group effort with over 200 creators, the art style, voice acting, and music change from scene to scene, and are usually very different from the original. Unlike the original Shrek which is completely 3D animated, Shrek Retold is made with 2D and 3D animation, live action, stop motion, and other methods. The film's creators include many internet personalities and actors, such as David Liebe Hart, Michael Cusack, Ratboy Genius, Anthony Fantano, Noah Munck, KC Green, Jamie Loftus, Doug Lussenhop, and SiIvaGunner.

Production and release 

Shrek Retold was made as group effort, although each creator made their part of the movie on their own. Director Grant Duffrin separated the film into scenes of different length, then each scene was remade by a creator. In an interview with Quartz, Duffrin said his love of Shrek was real, not like the "ironic" Shrek internet memes that were popular at the time. Soon before the film's release, a trailer for the film was uploaded to the 3GI channel which was talked about by many news outlets. The film was first shown on YouTube to a live audience on November 29, 2018, and is still on the site. On November 29, 2019, 3GI announced that the film would be able to be purchased in VHS format and as a free digital download. In March 2020, Shrek Retold was followed up by Sonic Rebuilt, a similar recreation of the 1999 Sonic the Hedgehog film.

Reception 
Shrek Retold was received well by reviewers, who mostly complimented its impressive scope for a fan creation and its strange content.

References

Primary

Secondary

Other websites 

 
 

Shrek
Pinswang

Pinswang is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Stimpy

Stimpson James Jonathan "Stimpy" Cat is a cartoon character in Spümcø and The Ren and Stimpy Show. He was created by John Kricfalusi and voiced by Billy West and Eric Bauza and was first performing in "Big Blue House".

Character 
 
Stimpy is a red Manx cat with a blue nose that has no tail. He’s body design was based on Tweety from Looney Tunes. Stimpy was named by John Kricfalusi’s classmate "Stimpy Cadogen". Billy said Stimpy’s voice was based on Larry Fine from The Three Stooges. Stimpy was voiced by Billy West from 1990 too 1996. In 2003 Stimpy was voiced by Eric Bauza. Some one fans ask Billy why he was not not in Ren and Stimpy: "Adult Party Cartoon". Billy said "because the new series was not funny".

Other Media 

In 2012 Stimpy appeared in Nicktoons MLB.

Stimpy, along with Ren  Höek has a cameo appearance in both Clueless and Space Jam.

Stimpy has also performed in Marvel Comics

References 

Fictional cats
Fictional characters introduced in 1991
The Ren & Stimpy Show characters
Schattwald

Schattwald is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Stanzach

Stanzach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Steeg, Austria

Steeg is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Tannheim, Austria

Tannheim is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Vils, Austria

Vils is a town in the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Vorderhornbach

Vorderhornbach is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Wängle

Wängle is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Weißenbach am Lech

Weißenbach am Lech is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Zöblen

Zöblen is a municipality of the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Achenkirch

Achenkirch is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Jane's Walk

Jane's Walk (Named after Jane Jacobs) is a international "New Urbanism movement" held every year in May in a series of cities walking tours. the audience is mostly volunteers who document the city and participate in discussions to improve the city.

Other websites 

Jane's Walk (International)
2012 Flickr photo pool

Architecture
Nong Sanfeng

Nong Sanfeng (born 11 February 1998) is a Chinese water polo player. She played at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 Asian Games, and  2019 Summer Universiade.

References

Other websites 
 China's Nong Sanfeng (L) has a shot blocked Getty

1998 births
Chinese water polo players
Living people
Aschau im Zillertal

Aschau im Zillertal is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Brandberg

Brandberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Bruck am Ziller

Bruck am Ziller is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Buch in Tirol

Buch in Tirol is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

The name of the municipality was changed from Buch bei Jenbach on 29 June 2010.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Eben am Achensee

Eben am Achensee is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

Villages 
Maurach (the seat), Bächental, Hinterriß and Pertisau.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Finkenberg

Finkenberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Fügen

Fügen is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Fügenberg

Fügenberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Gallzein

Gallzein is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Let's Groove

"Let's Groove" is a 1981 song from the R&B act Earth, Wind & Fire. It is on their album Raise!. The song was one of the band's biggest hits. It peaked at #3 in the United States and the United Kingdom. The song was number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart for eight weeks. It was certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of over one million copies.

References

1981 songs
Laura Wides-Muñoz

Laura Wides-Muñoz is an American journalist. She was a semifinalist for the 2018 John Kenneth Galbraith award.  She worked at  Associated Press, and for the Fusion network. In 2013, she was a Nieman fellow, at Harvard University. Her work appeared in Foreign Policy, the Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times.

Works 

 The Making of a Dream: How a Group of Young Undocumented Immigrants Helped Change What It Means to Be American HarperCollins, 2018.

References

Other websites 
 
 Laura Wides Muñoz , "The Making of a Dream" Politics and Prose, March 2, 2018
 https://www.laurawidesmunoz.com/ 

Living people
American journalists
Angel of Independence

The Angel of Independence, officially known as Monumento a la Independencia, also known as El Ángel, is an column in Paseo de la Reforma, between Río Tíber and Florencia streets, in Mexico City.

It was installed in 1910 by president Porfirio Díaz. It keeps the bodies of many heroes.

References 

Monuments and memorials
Buildings and structures in Mexico City
East Asian languages

The East Asian language family is a theoretical language family made up of the majority of the languages of East Asia and Southeast Asia. It includes the Sino-Tibetan language family, the Hmong-Mien language family, the Kra-Dai language family, the Austronesian language family, the Austroasiatic language family, the Koreanic language family, and the Japonic language family.

Languages of Asia
East Asia
Honkai Impact 3rd

Honkai Impact 3rd () is a 3D free-to-play action role-playing mobile game. It was created by Chinese developer miHoYo. The game's story is set in an alternate version of Earth, plagued by catastrophes resulting from a mysterious supernatural force called "Honkai" (in Chinese it translates as "Chaos", while in Japanese, it is spelled as "Houkai"). It is the third entry in the Honkai series and spiritual successor to Honkai Gakuen, using many characters from the previous title in a separate story.

Along with the mobile game himself, the storyline of Honkai Impact 3rd spans multiple supplementary media including an anime series, multiple manhua series, and promotional videos.

Related pages 
 Echo of Soul
 StarCraft
 Aura Kingdom
 Tibia

References 

2016 video games
Role-playing video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Mobile games
Ranoidea kumae

Ranoidea kumae is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea.  It lives in Southern Highlands Province.  Scientists saw it in the Kikori River Basin and they may have also seen it in the Strickland River, always at least 100 meters above sea level.

References

Frogs
Animals of Oceania
A Letter to Three Wives

A Letter to Three Wives is a 1949 American romantic drama movie directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and based on the 1945 novel by John Klempner. It stars Jeanne Crain, Linda Darnell, Ann Sothern, Jeffrey Lynn, Paul Douglas, Kirk Douglas, Thelma Ritter and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards and won 2 Oscars in 1950.

Other websites
 
 
 

1949 drama movies
1949 romance movies
1940s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
The Ipcress File

The Ipcress File is a 1965 British thriller movie directed by Sidney J. Furie and was based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Len Deighton. It stars Michael Caine, Guy Doleman, Nigel Green, Sue Lloyd, Gordon Jackson, Aubrey Richards, Tony Caunter, Frank Gatliff and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

Other websites
 
 
 

1965 thriller movies
1960s spy movies
British thriller movies
British spy movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Sidney J. Furie
Man of Marble

Man of Marble () is a 1977 Polish drama movie directed by Andrzej Wajda and starring Jerzy Radziwiłowicz, Krystyna Janda, Tadeusz Łomnicki, Krystyna Zachwatowicz.

Other websites
 

1977 drama movies
Polish movies
Movies directed by Andrzej Wajda
Yaser Abdel Said

Yaser Abdel Said (pronounced SIGH-EED; born January 27, 1957) is an Egyptian-American taxi cab driver from Texas. He was captured on August 26, 2020 for the capital murders of his daughters Sarah (born 1990) and Amina (born 1989).

Said killed the two daughters on January 1, 2008. He was pretending to take them out to eat. Sarah dialed 911 and warned them that her dad had shot them. Yaser went on the run for twelve years. Yaser, before his arrest, was one of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted.

The murders were called an "honor killing".

References

People from Texas
American murderers
Egyptian people
1957 births
Living people
A Swedish Love Story

A Swedish Love Story (, ) is a 1970 Swedish teen drama movie directed by Roy Andersson. It stars Ann-Sofie Kylin and Rolf Sohlman.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 

1970 drama movies
1970s teen movies
Swedish movies
Teen drama movies
Movies directed by Roy Andersson
Five Golden Dragons

Five Golden Dragons is a 1967 British West German Liechtenstein action adventure movie directed by Jeremy Summers and starring Bob Cummings in his final movie role, Margaret Lee, Rupert Davies. It was distributed by Anglo-Amalgamated and Constantin Film.

Other websites 
 
 

1967 movies
1960s action movies
1960s adventure movies
British action movies
British adventure movies
German movies
Liechtenstein movies
Gerlos

Gerlos is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Gerlosberg

Gerlosberg is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Hainzenberg

Hainzenberg is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Hart im Zillertal

Hart im Zillertal is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Hippach

Hippach is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Chevrolet Biscayne

The Chevrolet Biscayne is a full-size car produced by Chevrolet from the 1958 to 1972 model years. It is named after a show car displayed at the 1955 General Motors Motorama.

The Biscayne was the less expensive full-size model of Chevrolet.

It is similar to the Bel Air, Impala and Caprice.

Generations

1958–1960

1961–1964

1965–1970

1971–1972 

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
Biscayne
Sedans
Jenbach

Jenbach is a market town in the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It has about 7,000 people. It is in the Lower Inn Valley, 36 km east of the state capital Innsbruck.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Split Image (movie)

Split Image is a 1982 Canadian American drama movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring Michael O'Keefe, Karen Allen, Peter Fonda, James Woods, Elizabeth Ashley, Brian Dennehy, Ronnie Scribner. It was distributed by Orion Pictures.

Other websites

1982 drama movies
Canadian drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Ted Kotcheff
Kaltenbach

Kaltenbach is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Mayrhofen

Mayrhofen is a market town in the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Battle of Singapore

The Battle of Singapore was a battle of World War II from 8 to 15 February, 1942. The British army of 85,000 men was led by Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, while the Japanese regiment of 36,000 men was headed by Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Japan captured the British naval base in Singapore, built as a protectionary agent for dominions in the Pacific. Japan defeated the inadequate forces at Singapore, allowing the Imperial Japanese forces to move further south in its war against the Allied powers. The defeat of the "Singapore Strategy" meant that thousands of British and Australian POW's were taken.

At the beginning of December 1941, on the same day that Japan was attacking Pearl Harbour half a world away, the Japanese simultaneously bombed the Royal Air Force bases to the north of Singapore on the Malay coast, thereby eliminating the Air Force’s ability to either retaliate or protect the occupying troops on the ground. Their tactics were shrewd and incredibly well thought out. Before a Japanese soldier set foot on Singaporean soil, Britain’s naval and aerial capabilities had both been destroyed.

The worst defeat in the history of British arms, the Battle of Singapore and the preceding Malayan Campaign saw Percival's command suffer around 7,500 killed, 10,000 wounded, and 120,000 captured. Japanese losses in the fighting for Singapore numbered around 1,713 killed and 2,772 wounded. While some of the British and Australian prisoners were kept at Singapore, thousands more were shipped to Southeast Asia for use as forced labor on projects such as the Siam–Burma (Death) Railway and Sandakan airfield in North Borneo.

Many of the Indian troops were recruited into the pro-Japanese Indian National Army for use in the Burma Campaign. Singapore would remain under Japanese occupation for the remainder of the war. During this period, the Japanese massacred elements of the city's Chinese population as well as others who opposed their rule.

References 

Singapore
20th century in Singapore
1942
Súdwest-Fryslân

Súdwest-Fryslân () is a municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. In 2019, 89,710 people lived there. It is the largest municipality by area in the Netherlands.

History 
Súdwest-Fryslân was created in 2011 from the former municipalities of Bolsward, Nijefurd, Sneek, Wûnseradiel and Wymbritseradiel. In 2014, it was enlarged by parts of the former municipality of Boarnsterhim. In 2018 it was enlarged by parts of former municipality of Littenseradiel.

 
2011 establishments in the Netherlands
Bolsward

Bolsward () is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in Friesland
Former municipalities of Friesland
Súdwest-Fryslân
Eric Dier

Eric Jeremy Edgar Dier (; born 15 January 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays for  club Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team. A versatile defensive player, Dier has been deployed as a defensive midfielder, a centre back and a right back.

References

Other websites 

 Profile at the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. website
 Profile at the Football Association website
 

1994 births
English footballers
2018 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Premier League players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Association football midfielders
Association football defenders
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
Living people
Nijefurd

Nijefurd is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland.

History 
Nijefurd was created in 1984 from the former municipalities of Hindeloopen, Stavoren, and Workum, and part of Hemelumer Oldeferd. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân.

1980s establishments in the Netherlands
21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Former municipalities of Friesland
Súdwest-Fryslân
Optimal control

Optimal control theory is a theory from mathematics. It looks at how to find a good (usually optimal) solution in a dynamic system. The system is described by a function, and the problem often is to find values that minimize or maximize this function over an interval. 

There are several questions that arise:

 Are there any solutions, and can they be found?
 Are there any necessary conditions?
 Are these conditions sufficient?

In addition, there may be state restrictions. The state the system is in at a given point in time has to meet certain conditions. 

Most of the foundations of optimal control theory were done by Lev Pontryagin, in the Soviet Union, and Richard Bellman in the United States. 

An example of an optimal control problem might be a driver who wants to get from A to B in as little time as possible. There may be more than one route from A to B, and most of the time, the roads have speed limits.

Mathematics
Dantumadiel

Dantumadiel is a municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. In 2019, 18,923 people lived there.

Municipalities of Friesland
Pill, Austria

Pill is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Ramsau im Zillertal

Ramsau im Zillertal is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Ried im Zillertal

Ried im Zillertal is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Rohrberg, Austria

Rohrberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Schlitters

Schlitters is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Chevrolet Bel Air

The Chevrolet Bel Air is a full-size car produced for 25 years from the 1950 to 1975 model years.

In 1975, it was succeeded by the Chevrolet Impala.

Generations

1950–1954

1955–1957

1958

1959–1960

1961–1964

1965–1970

1971–1975 

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
Bel Air
Sedans
Schwendau

Schwendau is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Necessary and sufficient conditions

In science, the terms necessary and sufficient are often used. Some conditions are necessary, meaning that they are needed for something to happen. while others are sufficient, meaning that they are enough to make something happen.

Necessity 
In logic, a necessary condition for a logical statement is a logical consequence of the statement, in the sense that if statement is true, then the condition must have held.

Sufficiency 
A sufficient condition for a statement is a logical precursor of the statement, in the sense that if the condition is true, then so will the statement.

Mixed use of necessity and sufficiency 
Generally, a sufficient condition for a statement needs not be a necessary condition for the same statement (and vice versa). This means that some sufficient conditions are not necessary, and that some necessary conditions are not sufficient.

In logic, the term if and only if (shortened to iff) is often used to describe a condition that is both necessary and sufficient.

Australian philosopher John Leslie Mackie introduced the term INUS condition. INUS stands for "insufficient, but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition".

Related pages 

 Causality

References 

Logic
Philosophy of science
Stans, Austria

Stans is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Steinberg am Rofan

Steinberg am Rofan is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Strass im Zillertal

Strass im Zillertal is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Stumm

Stumm is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Stummerberg

Stummerberg is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Terfens

Terfens is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Guo Ning

Guo Ning (born 23 January 1995) is a Chinese water polo player.

She played at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2018 Asian Games, and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.

References

Other websites 
  Guo Ning of China #6 throws during the Women's Water Polo Qualification match Getty

1995 births
Chinese water polo players
Living people
Tux, Austria

Tux is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Uderns

Uderns is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

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Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Vomp

Vomp is a market town of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Wûnseradiel

Wûnseradiel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Former municipalities of Friesland
Súdwest-Fryslân
INUS condition

INUS condition stands for an ''insufficient, but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition. John Mackie introduced the term in the 1960s.

Mackie uses the example of a house burning: There was an electric short circuit that caused the fire. There was flammable material nearby, which started to burn after the short circuit happened. He then tries to explain the statement: "The short circuit caused the fire", according to the INUS condition:

 The short circuit is not a sufficient part of the the condition "short circuit and flammable material".
 The short circuit is a necessary part. 
 The condition "short circuit and flammable material" is not necessary for the result (house burning). It can be replaced by other conditions (for example "lightning and flammable material", or "arson") to get the same result.
 "short circuit and flammable material" is a sufficient condition, as it will always result in the house burning.

INUS conditions need prior experience: Only after you have seen a house burning after a short-circuit putting flammable material on fire several times can you deduce that it is indeed sufficient.

Related pages 
 Necessary and sufficient condition

References 
 John Leslie Mackie: Causes and Conditions. ''American Philosophical Quarterly''. 1965, 2(4). pp. 245–264. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20009173.
 John Leslie Mackie: ''The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation''. London 1974: Oxford University Press. especially chapter 3: Causal Regularities, pp. 59–87.

Logic
Hammah

Hammah is a municipality of the district of Stade, in Lower Saxony, Germany. As of 2019, 3,124 people lived there.

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lower Saxony
Weer

Weer is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Weerberg

Weerberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Wiesing

Wiesing is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Zellberg

Zellberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.

References

Other websites 
 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Lesueur's frog

LeSueur's frog, LeSuer's tree frog or the stony creek frog (Ranoidea lesueurii) is a tree frog from Australia.  It lives in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and parts of Victoria.

This frog lives in forests.  It lives in dry forests and wet forests, such as rainforests.  It can also look for food on land that humans use to graze animals.  The female lays eggs in pools next to streams and other places where the water does not flow quickly.  The eggs stick to the undersides of rocks and to the bottom of the body of water.

This frog can catch the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.

References

Animals of Australia
Frogs
Bi Yanan

Bi Yanan (born 6 December 1998) is a Chinese water polo player.

She played at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2019 Summer Universiade.

References 

1998 births
Chinese water polo players
Living people
Isoprene

Isoprene is a common organic compound produced by living things. Its full chemical name is 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, and its formula is CH2=C(CH3)−CH=CH2. Isoprene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is produced by many plants and animals (including humans). Its polymers are the main component of natural rubber.

Natural occurrences
Isoprene is produced and emitted by many species of trees (major producers are oaks, poplars, eucalyptus, and some legumes). Yearly production of isoprene emissions by vegetation is around 600 million metric tons, half from tropical broadleaf trees (that is, flowering plants) and the rest mainly from shrubs. 

This is about the same as methane emissions. It accounts for about one-third of all hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere. In deciduous forests, isoprene makes up about 80% of hydrocarbon emissions.  Microscopic and macroscopic algae also produce isoprene, but much less than trees.

Isoprene emission may help trees use to combat stress. In particular, isoprene does protect against moderate heat stress (around 40 °C). It may also protect plants against large fluctuations in leaf temperature. Isoprene is built into cell membranes and helps  membranes keep stable.

Isoprene produces the blue haze which gives the Blue Ridge Mountains their name.

References 

Organic compounds
Never Say Never Again

Never Say Never Again is a James Bond movie starring Sean Connery and directed by Irvin Kershner. It is the only remake of another James Bond movie, Thunderball. It is also the one of the few James Bond movies not made by Eon Productions.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 

1983 action movies
1980s spy movies
James Bond movies
Stade du 7 Mars

Stade 7 Mars () is a stadium in Ben Guerdane, Tunisia. It is currently used mostly for football. The stadium holds 10,000 of which 4,000 are covered, and was built in 2000. It is used by the US Ben Guerdane.

The date of 7 March corresponds to the day of the Battle of Ben Guerdane which takes place on 7 March 2016 in Tunisia. The clashes between the Tunisian security forces and the jihadists of the Islamic state (IS).

Establishments in Tunisia
2000 establishments in Africa
Football stadiums in Africa
Football in Tunisia
Tunis
Ben Guerdane

Ben Gardane or Bengardane ( or , ; ) is a commune and coastal town in south eastern Tunisia, close to the border with Libya. It is located at around .

History

During the Second World War Ben Gardane Airfield was used by the 57th Fighter Group, which flew P-40 Warhawks from the airfield from 9 to 21 March 1943 during the Eighth Army advance into Tunisia from Libya, to which the 57th was attached. It was also used by Spitfires from the 601 Squadron RAF.

The town belongs to the governorate of Medenine. Located 423 km - 559 km by road - from Tunis, it is the city furthest from the capital.

It is the last major city in the governorate of Medenine with total population estimated at 79,912 inhabitants in 2014. It is located 32 kilometers from the Tunisian-Libyan border.

It is best known both in Tunisia and Libya as a trade road and an open exchange market. Tunisians take advantage of the availability and variety of the goods existing in the shops. The great amount of these goods are basically imported from Libya and deemed less expensive.

It is distinguished for its large population of dromedaries estimated at 15,000 head. An annual festival devoted to them during the month of June.

In March 2016, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya attacked the town in the Battle of Ben Guerdane.

Islamic militancy

According to The Washington Post, "hundreds of young men have left Ben Guerdane over the past three decades to wage jihad in Iraq, Afghanistan and Bosnia, radicalized in part by a repressive regime that persecuted Islamists".

The leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi famously said of Ben Gardane, "if it was located next to Fallujah, we would have liberated Iraq."

Population and tribal diversity

There is a mixture of Berbers and Arabs, who from the Twazin tribal alliance which took place centuries ago as a tribal defense shield against the invasion, especially from the east towards Libya. There is no historical record as to the date of the establishment of this alliance but the inhabitants of Bengardane still have this bond and are said to be proud of the alliance. Beside the Twazin, there are other large tribes such as Jelidat, Rabai'a which have participated in shaping the heritage, culture and way of life in Bengardane .

Related pages 
 2016 Ben Guerdane attack

References 

Settlements in Tunisia
Towns in Africa
Chenda

The Chanda (Malayalam: ചെണ്ട, [tʃeɳʈa]) is a cylindrical percussion instrument used widely in the state of Kerala, Tulu Nadu of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in India. In Tulu Nadu (Coastal Karnataka), it is known as chende. It is greatly identified as a cultural element in Kerala.

Sound
This instrument is famous for its loud and rigid sound. A Chenda has two sides, the left side called "Edamthala" (ഇടം തല)(Left Head) and the right side "Valamthala" (വലം തല)(Right Head). The "Edamthala" is made of only one/two layer of cow skin and the "Valamthala" will have a five/seven layer skin, so as to have a bass sound. The skin are dried in the shade and fastened on wooden rings (Chenda Vattam, ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) made of the trunk of a locally available palm tree (Eeranpana) or bamboo, using a gum prepared from the seed of a tree called "pananchi maram". The circular frame is kept in a vessel, boiled for an entire day and then bent in the form of circle and dried. The body of the Chenda which is 1 ft in diameter and 1.5 inches thickness is made of the soft wood of the jackfruit tree (വരിക്ക പ്ലാവ്) (Varikka Plavu). The thickness is again reduced by 0.25 inches, at simultaneous points separated by 4 inches. This is done in order to produce highly resonating sound. Only the wooden rings with the skin (Chenda Vattam) is replaced once the quality of the sound is not up to the mark. For regular Chenda artists an average of 15 rings are required every year.

Usage
The Chenda is mainly played in Hindu temple festivals and as an accompaniment in the religious art forms of Kerala. The chenda is used as an accompaniment for Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Kannyar Kali, Theyyam and among many forms of dances and rituals in Kerala. It is also played in a dance-drama called Yakshagana (Tenku Thittu) which is popular in Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. There is a variant of this instrument used in northern school of Yakshagana called Chande. It is traditionally considered to be an Asura Vadyam ((demonic instrument)) which means it cannot go in harmony. Chenda is an inevitable musical instrument in all form of cultural activities in Kerala.

Making
In Kerala the craft of making Chenda is now associated with some few "Perumkollan" (smith) families at Peruvembu, Nemmara, Lakkidi, Vellarkad and Valappaya villages. Many famous Chenda percussionists in Kerala make their Chendas from Vellarkad village for it is famous for the quality of the instrument.

Kerala
Percussion instruments
Malindi

Malindi is a town lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa.

Malindi has a tropical savanna climate (As in the Köppen climate classification). The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture. Malindi developed as part of Swahili Civilization in the 5th–10th centuries.

The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama met Malindi authorities in 1498 to sign a trade agreement and hire a guide for the voyage to India, when he erected a coral pillar.

During World War II Malindi was one of only two towns in East Africa bombed by the Italians. This happened on 24 October 1940.
 
After the World War II Malindi began developing into a resort.
Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre (the previous San Marco Equatorial Range).

Gallery

In popular culture
Novel “MALI D’AFRICA” (by Sara Cardelli) describes the impossible love in Malindi.

Most of the events in the novels “Once in Malindi” and “Our Wild Sex in Malindi” (by Andrei Gusev) take place in Malindi, Watamu, Lamu. The novel describes a few years living in Malindi of Russian writer Andy and his wife Jennifer, who was born in Kenya.

Song “Yasoi Malindi” by Yasoy Kala Kana.

References

Cities in Kenya
Wymbritseradiel

Wymbritseradiel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Former municipalities of Friesland
Súdwest-Fryslân
Dongeradeel

Dongeradeel () is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Former municipalities of Friesland
Noardeast-Fryslân
Noardeast-Fryslân

Noardeast-Fryslân () is a municipality in the Dutch province of Friesland. It was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former municipalities of Dongeradeel, Ferwerderadiel and Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland.

In 2019, 45,181 people lived there.

 
2019 establishments in the Netherlands
King and Queen County, Virginia

King and Queen County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 6,945 people lived there. Its county seat is King and Queen Court House.

Virginia counties
King George County, Virginia

King George County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 23,584 people lived there. Its county seat is King George.

Virginia counties
King William County, Virginia

King William County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 15,935 people lived there. Its county seat is King William.

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Lancaster County, Virginia

Lancaster County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 11,391 people lived there. Its county seat is Lancaster.

Virginia counties
Lee County, Virginia

Lee County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 25,587 people lived there. Its county seat is Jonesville.

Virginia counties
Louisa County, Virginia

Louisa County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 33,153 people lived there. Its county seat is Louisa.

Virginia counties
Lunenburg County, Virginia

Lunenburg County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 12,914 people lived there. Its county seat is Lunenburg.

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Madison County, Virginia

Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 13,308 people lived there. Its county seat is Madison.

Virginia counties
Mathews County, Virginia

Mathews County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 8,978 people lived there. Its county seat is Mathews.

Virginia counties
Middlesex County, Virginia

Middlesex County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 10,959 people lived there. Its county seat is Saluda.

Virginia counties
Montgomery County, Virginia

Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 94,392 people lived there. Its county seat is Christiansburg.

Virginia counties
Nelson County, Virginia

Nelson County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 15,020 people lived there. Its county seat is Lovingston.

Virginia counties
New Kent County, Virginia

New Kent County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 18,429 people lived there. Its county seat is New Kent.

Virginia counties
Northampton County, Virginia

Northampton County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 12,389 people lived there. Its county seat is Eastville.

Virginia counties
Leesburg, Georgia

Leesburg is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Lee County.

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Hinesville, Georgia

Hinesville is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Liberty County.

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Betim

Betim is an Brazilian city in the state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2019 was 439,340 and has an area of 343,856 km².

Cities in Minas Gerais
Nadezhda Iarondaikina

Nadezhda Iarondaikina (born 30 November 1994) is a Russian water polo player.

She played at the  2015 World Aquatics Championships, and 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship.

References 

Russian water polo players
1994 births
Living people
Glee (season 1)

The first season of the musical comedy-drama television show Glee originally premiered on May 19, 2009 and ended on June 8, 2010 on FOX in the United States. The first season had 22 episodes and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Ryan Murphy Television. The first season features the "New Directions" glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio. It also shows the glee club in several competitions; local, regional and nationals which was held in New York City. The club members in this season began dealing with relationship, sexuality and social issues. 

Glee
American television seasons
2009 television seasons
2010 television seasons
CD-i games from The Legend of Zelda series

Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon and Zelda's Adventure were all Legend of Zelda games made for the Phillips CD-i video game console. They are some of the few Zelda games made for a video game console that was not owned by Nintendo. The games all received bad reviews for their poor game design, bad animation, and bad voice acting. Despite not being well-known at the time these games came out, the games became more well-known because of the internet.

1993 video games
CD-i games
Nintendo video games
Video game memes
Evgeniia Abdriziakova

Evgeniia Abdriziakova (born 7 June 1988) is a Russian water polo player. She played at the 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, and 2015 World Aquatics Championships,

References 

1988 births
Russian water polo players
Living people
Anastasia Verkhoglyadova

Anastasia Verkhoglyadova (born 12 June 1995) is a Russian water polo player.

She played at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships,  2017 World Aquatics Championships, 2014 Women's European Water Polo Championship, 2016 Women's European Water Polo Championship. and 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship.

References 

1995 births
Russian water polo players
Yelena Starodubtseva

Yelena Starodubtseva (born 26 February 1989) is an Kazakhstani female water polo player. She was a member of the Kazakhstan women's national water polo team. 

She was a part of the team at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

References 

1989 births
Kazakhstani water polo players
Agnee Morcha

Agnee Morcha is a Hindi action movie from Bollywood starring Dharmendra, Ravi Kishan, Mukesh Khanna, directed by Raju Chouhan and produced by Rajesh Kothari. The film was released on 4 April 1997 under the banner of Shiva Dolly Films.

Cast 

 Dharmendra 
 Mukesh Khanna 
 Ravi Kishan 
 Simran 
 Johnny lever 
 Raza Murad 
 Mushtaq Khan

References

Other websites 
 

1997 movies
Indian movies