cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Haan

Haan is a town of the district of Mettmann in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Since 1975, Gruiten belongs to Haan.

Population

Twin towns 
Haan is twinned with:
  Eu, France, since 1967
  Berwick-upon-Tweed, United Kingdom, since 1982
  Bad Lauchstädt, Germany, since 1990
  Dobrodzień, Poland, since 2004

The local Gymnasium is also twinned with Liceo Scientifico of  Forte dei Marmi, Italy.

References

Other websites 

 Official site 

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Mettmann Rural District
Impact Wrestling

Impact Wrestling is a professional wrestling company founded in 2002 shortly after World Championship Wrestling closed down. They are the main rivals for World Wrestling Entertainment.  They made a video game called TNA iMPACT! and a sequel to it called TNA Impact! 2011 after it's weekly program which was of the same name before it was renamed Impact Wrestling.

Jeff Jarrett left the company in December 2013 and announced that he was starting his own professional wrestling promotion called Global Force Wrestling. It was later clarified that he still remains an "investor" of TNA.

On November 19, 2014, it was announced that TNA would be ending their relationship with Spike, and that they would instead partner with Discovery Communications to distribute their shows beginning in January 2015. In the United States, TNA programs, which include Impact Wrestling, will move to Destination America. Discovery will also hold rights in selected international markets. Spike's outreach at the time was estimated to be more than 97 million homes while Destination America was only estimated to reach 59 million households.

Champions

References

Other websites

 Official website

2002 establishments in the United States
Impact Wrestling
Nothing

Nothing is a concept of being without any form of matter.
.

Related pages 
 Existentialism
 Nihilism
 No
 Vacuum
 Zero

Matter
Will Ryan

William Frank Ryan (May 21, 1949 – November 19, 2021) was an American actor, singer and musician.

Career
His music career first began when he was in high school. He then signed the first of two recording contracts with CBS Records.

He got back into music and after moving to California. He began to write and record wacky songs for Disney. He did the voice of Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore in Disney Channel's Welcome to Pooh Corner. Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.) for the Focus on the Family radio series Adventures in Odyssey. 

He also voiced Rabbit in Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore. He was also the original voice of Petrie in The Land Before Time.

Death
Ryan died from cancer in Santa Monica, California on November 19, 2021, at the age of 72.

Some movies
Mickey's Christmas Carol - Mole, Willie the Giant, Pete, Big Bad Wolf, Weasel #2 (1983)
Welcome to Pooh Corner - Rabbit, Tigger (1983)
Dumbo's Circus - Barnaby (1985)
Frog and Toad Are Friends (1985)
An American Tail - Digit (1986)
Mother Goose's Treasury - Bertram the Goose (1987)
Frog and Toad Together (1987)
DuckTales - Pete, Dangerous Dan (1987)
The Land Before Time - Petrie (1988)
Stanley and the Dinosaurs - (1989)
The Little Mermaid - Seahorse (1989)
Rock-a-Doodle - Stuey (1991)
Garfield and Friends (episode 88 Ghost of a Chance, as McKraven (or McCraven) The Ghost) (1992)
Thumbelina - Hero, Reverend Rat (1994)
A Troll in Central Park - Boss (1994)
The Pebble and the Penguin - Royal, Tika (1995)
Disney's House of Mouse - Willie the Giant (2001–2003)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) - Papa Bear
Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (2004)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse - Willie the Giant (2006–present)
Family Guy (episode Road to the North Pole, as Winnie The Pooh) (2010)
It's A Frame-Up! - Shooster (2013)
Get a Horse! - Peg-Leg Pete (2013)

Discography
Eugene Sings!
Eugene Sings! Christmas
Am I Cool or What?
Goin' Quackers
Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective!
Elmo Aardvark: Vintage Cartoon Sound Tracks
Elmo Aardvark: Classic Cartoon Soundtracks
Classic Songs for Leonard Reed's Shim Sham Shimmy
Adventures in Odyssey (Eugene Meltsner/Harlow Doyle)

References

Other websites 

1939 births
2021 deaths
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
Adventures in Odyssey
American voice actors
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
Musicians from Cleveland, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in California
Captivity (animal)

Animals who live under human control or care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or wild animals. This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos. Sometimes humans take care of critically endangered animals and therefore these animals are in captivity.

Zoos
Animal rights
Cultural history
Cultural studies
Choctaw

The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the southeastern United States.

References 

Native American
Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans in the United States (also known as American Indians) are the indigenous peoples from the areas of North America now part of the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. The Cherokee were the first Native Americans to be recognized as US citizens. In the 19th century white colonists called the Cherokee one of the Five Civilized Tribes. The others were Chicksaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole. 

There are about 310 Indian reservations in the US. Most Native Americans do not live on a reservation anymore. 

Native Americans are affected by some problems more than White Americans. For example Native Americans are six times more likely to suffer from alcoholism than average.  About 24% live in extreme poverty.  Native American and Native Alaskan women are more likely to be targets of sexual violence than other women.

References 

Native American
Ethnic groups in the United States
Brian Cowen

Brian Cowen (born 10 January 1960) was the Taoiseach (prime minister) of the Republic of Ireland.  He became the taoiseach on 7 May 2008, after Bertie Ahern, he resigned after losing a general election on 9 March 2011. He was the leader of a political party called Fianna Fáil. They were in a coalition government with the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats. Independent TDs (Irish members of parliament) also support his government.

References

1960 births
Living people
Government ministers of Ireland
Members of Dáil Éireann
Taoisigh of Ireland
Web chat

A web chat is a chat system to exchange information via the Web. People use a web browser to communicate with others. Apart from the browser you do not need anything else, which makes a web chat easy to use and ideal for people not very experienced with computers.

On the technical side web chats are often written with Java, Flash or Ajax.

Related pages
 Chat room
 Webcam

Internet communication
Web browsers
British Grand Prix

The British Grand Prix is a grand prix motor race organised in Great Britain by the Royal Automobile Club. First held in 1950 and after that every year since today.

Winners

Multiple winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Multiple winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.Multiple winners (engine manufacturers)Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1999-2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

*** Built by  Porsche

By year

A green background indicates an event which was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship.A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Formula One Grands Prix
1920s establishments in the United Kingdom
Ob River

The Ob is a river in Siberia. Together with the Lena and the Jenissei, it is one of the most important rivers of Siberia. Depending upon how its length is measured, it can be between 3.650 km and 6.210 km long. Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard. The Irtysh is the Ob river's main tributary. Other tributaries include the Omsk, Parabel, Chaya, Tobol and Ishim.

Rivers of Russia
Siberia
Deductive reasoning

Deduction is one of the two main types of reasoning. The other is induction. In deduction, we apply a general rule to a particular case.

Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion must follow from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

Aristotle, the first person we know who wrote down laws of deduction, gives this example of deduction:

 All men are mortal.
 Socrates is a man.
 Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

The first two statements are called "premises". The last statement is called the "conclusion". The conclusion is taken from the premises. 
If the conclusion is wrong, then at least one of the premises is wrong
If one of the premises is wrong, the conclusion may also be wrong.

Deductive reasoning is often called "top-down logic", whereas inductive reasoning is called "bottom-up reasoning".

Logic

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Inductive reasoning

Induction is one of the main forms of logical reasoning.  The other is deduction.  In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases.  For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.

Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science. Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky. Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do. We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism). What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations. That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained. What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one.  

Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants. If he had stopped there, his name might not be known today. What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained. It was an hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible. It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it. Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation. The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.

Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science. The philosopher Hume said it meant “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience”. Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question “Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?”  Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions? A way to say it is: "If all known As are B, then probably all As whatever are B".

Criticism 

Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true. This is illustrated in the following example:

1. Humans exist.2. Birds also exist.3. Therefore, birds are human.  

This example shows that even though all the premises are correct, the conclusion can be false.

References

Other websites 
Discussions suitable for students of philosophy can be found in the usual places, especially:
Vickers, John 2014. The problem of induction. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 

Logic
Oklahoma Territory

Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state. It was made up of the western area of what is now the state of Oklahoma. The eastern area consisted of the last remaining part of Indian Territory.

Lands that came to make up Oklahoma Territory 
 Old Oklahoma – April, 22, 1889 – opened by land run.
 No Man's Land – May 2, 1890, assigned to Oklahoma Territory by Organic Act.
 Iowa reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
 Sac and Fox reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
 Tonkawa reserve – 1891 – allotment.
 Citizen Potawatomi and Absentee Shawnee reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
 Cheyenne Arapaho reserve – April 19, 1892 – opened by land run.
 Cherokee Outlet – September 17, 1893 – opened by land run.
 Kickapoo reserve – May 4, 1896 – opened by land run.
 Greer County – March 16, 1896 – officially assigned to Oklahoma Territory (Supreme Court decision May 23, 1895, separated the county from Texas).
 Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
 Wichita and Caddo reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
 Ponca and Otoe–Misouria reserve – 1904 – allotment.
 Kaw reserve – 1906 – allotment.
 Osage reserve – 1906 – allotment.
 Big Pasture – December 1906 – sealed bid.

Other websites
 History of the State of Oklahoma, 1908 

19th century in Oklahoma
1890 establishments in the United States
1907 disestablishments
1900s disestablishments in the United States
Former territories of the United States
Marin-Epagnier

Marin-Epagnier is a former municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Epagnier and Marin to form Marin-Epagnier. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène.

It lies at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel close to Biel, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways.

The Iron Age archaeological site of La Tène is within Marin-Epagnier's communal boundaries. (See also La Tène culture.) La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland. La Tène has a sandy beach, unique in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Marin-Epagnier

Former municipalities of Neuchâtel
2009 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
Magdalenenberg

Magdalenenberg is the name for a tumulus grave. It dates from the Iron Age. It lies at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, in Germany. The nobleman who is buried there was part of the Hallstatt culture. With a volume of 33.000 cubic metres it is the biggest grave from that time in Central Europe.

In his first-hand account of the Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico), Julius Caesar observes that the Gallic people have a moon- based calendar, and that the big event for them was what astronomers now call the Lunar Standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years. Lunar Standstills are marked in several ancient cultures (including sites in Colorado and Ohio), usually by standing stones that indicate the point where the moon seems to rise and set in the same place, instead of rising in one place and appearing to move across the sky to set in another. Now a German scholar, Dr Allard Mees, a researcher at the Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz, has discovered evidence to back Caesar’s observation: a huge royal tomb that functions as a lunar calendar and that preserves a map of the sky at Midsummer 618 BC, the presumed date of the burial.

Dr Mees said that Magdalenenberg was ‘the earliest and most complete example of a Celtic calendar focused on the moon’, and that following Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, ‘Gallic culture was destroyed and these types of calendar were completely forgotten in Europe, to be replaced by the Roman sun-based calendar’.

Ancient history
Sacred Cenote

Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice) is a well known cenote at the Maya site of Chichen Itza. One can access it by a 900 foot paved corridor that leads from the Great Plaza. The Sacred Cenote was used for human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac in periods of drought.

Notes

Other websites 
 Cenotes of Chichén Itzá

Archaeological sites in Mexico
Maya civilization
Yucatán (state)
Cenote

A cenote is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater. It is typical in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands. The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at.

Definition and description 

Cenotes are surface connections to underground water bodies. While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst  features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes. 

Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers. They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.

Cause 
Cenotes in or near the Yukatán may have been caused by the Chicxulub meteor impact 60 million years ago.

Famous cenotes

Mexico 
Yucatán Peninsula:
  Dos Ojos, near Tulum, Mexico
 Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico
 Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza, Mexico
 Xtacunbilxunan, Bolonchen, Mexico

Central and Northern Region:
 Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Canada 
 Devil's Bath, northern Vancouver Island, Canada

United States 
 Bottomless Lakes, near Roswell, New Mexico

References

Other websites 

 Sistema Zacatón 
 Volcanic karstification of Sistema Zacaton, Mexico (Gary, Sharp, 2006) 
 Stages in the Formation of a Cenote
 Doline, Sinkhole, Cenote
 Cenotes of Chichén Itzá
 Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS)
 Year 1999 Cenotes Conference in Perugia, Italy
 Maps of Chicxulub and Ring of Cenotes 

Geology
Physical geography
Mexico
Monkton, Kent

Monkton is an English village on the Canterbury-Ramsgate road. It is at the southwestern edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet. The church there is dedicated to Mary Magdalene. Inside the Church is a plaque, commemorating a local soldier, Euncie Rochelle, who died in the Iraq war. Monkton is no longer thought of as a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.

In the November of 2007, the village exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters attempting to put out the blaze, but having so few people and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unable to reach it in time. However, fortunately, all of Monkton's twenty people were evacuated into safety to nearby Minster. However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement. Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single storey house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new place, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old one.

References

Other websites
 Monkton 

Villages in Kent
Electric chair

An electric chair is a specially built chair which is used to execute condemned criminals by electrocuting (giving them a strong electric shock) them. This means that they are being killed as a punishment for a crime that they were accused of, usually murder.

An electric chair is a strong wooden chair which has electrodes (which are objects often made out of metal that conduct electricity) for running electric current through the convict's body. One electrode is placed on the convict's head, and another is placed  on the convict's right shin. When the switch is turned on, a 2,000 volt current goes through the convict. The current is to stop the heartbeat, cause unconsciousness, and cause death. Sometimes, the chair was made from the wood of the gallows which it replaced.

The electric chair is sometimes used as the very symbol of death penalty. It is also a part of Americana (that is: cultural symbols of USA) and the electric chairs of many states have ironic nicknames like Old Sparky, Yellow Mama, Gruesome Gertie, Sizzling Sally or Hot Seat. The execution itself is sometimes called "riding the lightning".

History of the electric chair

The electric chair was designed by Dr. Alfred Southwick, and first built by Harold Brown in 1888. Dr. Southwick had seen a drunk man falling in a generator and dying immediately from electric shock. There had been a very gruesome hanging in New York in 1886 that did not go right. The drop had been too long and the convict's head was torn off. Many people wanted a less cruel method of execution. The state of New York chose the electric chair.

This execution method has been used only in the United States and, for several decades, in the Philippines (its first use there in 1924, last in 1976). The electric chair has become a symbol of the death penalty, and a part of American folklore. However, it is becoming replaced as a method of executing criminals in the United States by lethal injection. Altogether, 25 US states and the US federal government have used the electric chair.

The decline of the electric chair

Death in the electric chair is usually quick as the convict dies from electric shock which stops the heart. However, if something goes wrong, the death is more like frying the convict alive. The electric chair has been declared as a cruel and unusual punishment in many states and is no longer used in most states. In fact, there are no longer any states that use the electric chair as its main way of executing criminals. All states that use the death penalty use lethal injection as its main way of executing criminals now.

So far, the latest person executed in an electric chair has been Lee Hall aka. Leroy Hall Jr. a man who killed his ex girlfriend, Traci Crosier, in 1991. He was executed in Tennessee at the Riverbend Maximum Security Prison on December 5, 2019. Lee chose the electric chair over lethal injection believing that electrocution would be a faster and less painful death.

References

Capital punishment
Santiago Bernabéu Stadium

The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium is a football stadium in Madrid, Spain. It is the second largest stadium in Spain after the Camp Nou. It has a capacity for 81,044 people. The stadium is called Estadio Santiago Bernabéu in Spanish.

The 1982 FIFA World Cup and the final, were held at the Santiago Bernabéu.

History

The stadium was built at the same site of Campo de Chamartín. Construction began in 1945. On December 14, 1947, the stadium officially opened. The first match was against Portuguese champions Os Belenenses (3-1).

At that time, the stadium consisted of two uncovered tiers that could hold about 75,000 spectators. Capacity was further increased to 125,000 in 1954, when one of the long sides got expanded with a third tier. The Bernabéu was together with the Camp Nou as the playing venue of the UEFA 1964 European Nations' Cup, hosting one of the two semi-finals and the final between Spain and the Soviet Union (2-1).

Towards the end of the 1970s, the stadium had already started to age. Club officials started making plans to build a new stadium in the north of the city.

However, with the coming of the 1982 World Cup it was instead decided to renovate the Bernabéu. The renovation included the construction of a roof over the three two-tiered stands and the installation of seats in half of the stadium. As a result, capacity was reduced to 90,800. During the 1982 FIFA World Cup, the Santiago Bernabéu hosted three matches in the second group stage and the final between Italy and West Germany (3-1).

In the 1990s, UEFA required the stadium to become an all-seater, which would have reduced capacity to 50,000 seats. The club president therefore started a redevelopment program. The changes included extending the third tier over the entire stadium, the creation of corporate facilities, and four access towers in each corner of the stadium. Works started in 1992 and were completed two years later.

The stadium was further refurbished and upgraded between 2001 and 2006. Works most of all focused on improving corporate facilities. Construction was concluded in 2006 with the construction of a roof over the one remaining uncovered stand. The expansion design was done by Madrid-based architect Antonio Lamela.

Additional improvements, such as a retractable roof, were delayed due to financial reasons. In 2013 club president Florentino Pérez announced Real was seeking to sell the naming rights for its stadium. In 2014 German architects GMP revealed a plan for the improvements. A sponsorship agreement was finally made with IPIC.

References

   

Buildings and structures in Madrid
Football stadiums in Spain
1947 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Spain
Electrocution

Electrocution or electric shock is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity. Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock". 

The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes). If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive.   In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current.  Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle.  A large Tesla coil can burn and kill. 

Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA  (0.005 to 0.03 Amps).   Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him. At around 20 mA breathing is difficult. At about 75mA breathing stops. At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick. At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.

Electricity
Torture
Death
Stora Enso

Stora Enso is a Finnish-Swedish cellulose and paper making corporation. It is the one of the largest paper making firms in the world. It was formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998. 

Its head office is in Helsinki, and it has some 46,000 employees. In 2002 it was the fifth largest pulp and paper maker in money income and in 2005 it was the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of tonnes. The Finnish State is the biggest owner in the company.

The Stora corporation originally began as a copper mine (whole name Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag (Big Copper Mountain's Mining Works)). It was founded in 1288 and it is the oldest corporation in the world. It later became also a paper and cellulose maker. Enso-Gutzeit was founded by Mr. Hans Gutzeit in a small town called Enso in Finland. It was founded in 19th century. Both companies were the largest paper and cellulose makers of both countries. It is the second largest corporation in Scandinavia after Nokia.

Other websites
 Stora Enso

Companies of Finland
Helsinki
SpeechWeb

A SpeechWeb is a collection of SpeechWeb applications.  The collection or web of applications can be navigated using a SpeechWeb browser.

The goals of the SpeechWeb are: 
1. Providing end users with voice only interfaces to remote applications.
2. Providing software developers with a framework to build their user interfaces with.

A SpeechWeb browser is a document or program allowing a human user to interact with a SpeechWeb application.  A SpeechWeb browser can be implemented in X+V, VoiceXML, or others.  An example browser using X+V is available here .

A SpeechWeb application is an application that provides a special interface.  The basic idea is that not much more than natural language is used to communicate with the applications.  SpeechWeb applications also need to describe the possible input texts by publishing a  JSGF grammar.

Other websites
 MySpeechWeb
 Browser for the Public Domain SpeechWeb

Internet
Bard

The bard probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe. Bards were poets or singers and were most likely were in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer". It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.

Well known bards 
 Taliesin, lived in the 7th century, wrote the Book of Taliesin
 Aneirin, a late 6th century Brythonic poet who wrote the Book of Aneirin.
 Dafydd ap Gwilym, a 14th-century Welsh poet, generally regarded as the greatest Welsh poet of all time.
 Iolo Morganwg, an 18th-century Welsh rogue and bard, famous for his forgeries and lies.
 Iolo Goch, a 14th-century Welsh poet and bard, famous for several surviving works, especially 'The Labourer'.

Ancient history
Operation

Operation may refer to:

 Surgery
An arithmetic operation:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
 A planned military engagement, such as a battle
 A business or franchise

Basic English 850 words
Mausoleum

A mausoleum is a building used to store the remains of people who have died. Instead of being buried in soil, like in a cemetery, they are placed in chambers behind walls, or in a vault under the floor. The word came from the name of an ancient king.

Lenin's Mausoleum 
Soviet leader Lenin is a mausoleum. In 1953, Joseph Stalin was buried next to him but his body was removed during destalinization.

Examples 
 Sun Yat-sen's Tomb in Nanjing, China
 The Taj Mahal
 The Great Pyramids
 Grant's Tomb

Burial monuments and structures
Venus figurines

Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines. These are figurines that show women. Most often the women are shown as being pregnant, with breasts well visible. The figurines occur from Western Europeto Siberia. Most are about 30.000 years old; Two figurimes have been found that are much older, the Venus of Tan-Tan has been dated to 500.000 to 300.000 years ago. It was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 300.000 to 200.000 years ago. It may be the earliest thing that shows the human form. 

Different kind of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.

Today it is not known what the figurines meant for the people who made them. There are two basic interpretations:
They may be representations of human fertility, or they may have been made to increase it.
They may represent (fertility) goddesses.
Scientists have excluded that they were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not yet been discovered.

The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. It contained traces of Iron and Manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram  shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that this could not have been done by nature alone

References

Ancient history
Ceramics
Venus of Tan-Tan

The Venus of Tan-Tan is a venus figurine. It was found in Morocco. It has been dated to be between 300.000 and 500.000 years old. Unlike the other venus figurines, it appears neither male nor female.

Ancient history
Venus of Berekhat Ram

The Venus of Berekhat Ram is a stone that was found on the Golan Heights in 1981. Scientists have proposed to classify it as a Venus figurine, because there are traces it was worked on with a stone tool. The things that have been worked can clearly be told apart from the natural stone. It is therefore agreed that the pebble has been modified by human action, even though it bears little resemblance to the much later "Venus figurines" of about 30.000 years ago.

References 

Ancient history
Golan Heights
Sculptures
List of Baptists

This is a list of Baptists. This list is not complete.



Preachers, theologians, and missionaries 

 Chambers, Oswald, converted to Christianity under C. H. Spurgeon
 Colson, Chuck, former top aide to President Richard Nixon 
 Falwell, Jerry, televangelist, founder of the Moral Majority
 Graham, Billy 
 Ham, Mordecai, tent revivalist who preached the sermon where Billy Graham was converted to Christianity
 Hyles, Jack, controversial pastor and leader of the Independent Baptist movement
 King, Dr. Martin Luther (Jr.), Civil rights leader, Nobel Peace Prize recipient 
 MacArthur, John (Jr.), pastor and theologian
 Rogers, Adrian, televangelical
 Spurgeon, C. H., British pastor, known as "The Prince of Preachers"
 Stanley, Charles, televangelist founder of In Touch Ministries

Politicians

 Carter, Jimmy, Nobel Peace Prize recipient;  39th President of the United States 
 Huckabee, Mike, (R) former governor of Arkansas and 2008 Presidential candidate 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 16th President of the United States. Lincoln was raised in the Regular Baptist church, but did not practice any organized religion as an adult.
 McCain, John, United States Senator (R) Arizona, Presidential candidate
Rockefeller, Nelson, U.S. Vice-President under Gerald Ford (1974-77)

Entertainers 

 Aiken, Clay, country music singer
Campbell, Glen, country music singer
Cash, Johnny, country music singer
Costner, Kevin, actor
Davis, Bette, actress and former Baptist
Holly, Buddy, rock 'n' roll singer
Murphy, Eddie
Norris, Chuck, actor

Other Baptists 
Brown, Jim, former fullback for the Cleveland Browns
Mutombo, Dikembe, center for the Houston Rockets
Johnson, Zach, professional golfer, winner of the 2007 Masters Tournament
White, Reggie, professional football defensive end; member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Jesse James, an American outlaw, son of a Baptist minister
 Rockefeller, John D, twentieth century oil tycoon
 Bunyan, John, author of Pilgrim's Progress
 Grisham, John, bestselling author of The Firm, A Painted House and Skipping Christmas.
 LaHaye, Tim, co-author of the bestselling Left Behind series

References

Other websites 
 Christian Hall of Fame
 Famous Baptists 

Lists of people
Chattanooga, Tennessee

Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee, a state in the United States of America. Cities larger than it are Memphis - the largest; Nashville - the capital of the state; and Knoxville. Chattanooga is in the southeast of Tennessee.

The first people to live in the Chattanooga area were Native American Indians with sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period.

Geography and climate 
The United States Census Bureau say that the city has a total area of 143.2 square miles (370.8 km²). This is made up of 135.2 square miles (350.2 km²) of land, and 8.0 square miles (20.6 km²) of water (5.56% of the total area).

The most well known natural feature near Chattanooga is the Tennessee River and the surrounding highlands.  The city is between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge.

References

Other websites 
 City of Chattanooga

 
County seats in Tennessee
Greenville, South Carolina

Greenville is a city in South Carolina, United States. Bob Jones University is in Greenville. Greenville is in the Blue Ridge region of the state and is the county seat of Greenville County. As of 2010, it had an urban population of 400,492.

References

Other websites 
Greenville website 

 
County seats in South Carolina
1831 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in South Carolina
Jonathan Edwards

"Jon Edwards" redirects here.  You may be looking for John Edwards.

Jonathan Edwards can mean:

Jonathan Edwards (theologian) (1703–1758), an American jalen and theologian and president of Princeton University
Jonathan Edwards (athlete) (born 1966), a British triple jumper and world record holder
Jonathan Edwards (theologian)

Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans.  He was one of the most important people in the Great Awakening, a religious movement in the United States.  He preached a sermon called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".

1703 births
1758 deaths
American Calvinists
American theologians
Christian religious leaders
Missionaries
People from Massachusetts
Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. It is often treated with prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy.

Aggressive prostate cancer is now known to have a genetic basis. Men with gene BRCA2 are more likely to get the cancer, and more likely it will be in its most aggressive form.

References

Male reproductive system
Cancer
John Edwards

Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician. He served one term as U.S. Senator from North Carolina.

Early life 
Johnny Edward was born at Prisma Health Oconee Memorial Hospital in Seneca, South Carolina, He was son of Wallace Edwards and Catharine Edwards, He studied Clemson University and North Carolina State University,  He was graduated in Bachelor's degree of textile technology in 1974, After that He was graduated in Doctor of Law at University of North Carolina School of Law .

Lawyer 
Before his time in the Senate, he was a lawyer. He argued and won several big cases about doctors who gave bad care and caused harm to patients. He also won lawsuits for people who had been injured by negligence of businesses or by using their products.

His best known case was for a Cary, North Carolina three year old girl. She was badly injured by being sucked into an open drain in a swimming pool playpool for toddlers. Her family won enough money from the drain company to pay for her medical care for the rest of her life.

Political career 
Edwards served for one term in the United States Senate from 1999 to 2005, serving his state of North Carolina. He decided not to run for re-election as he was running for president, and later vice-president, in the 2004 election cycle. He ran for President of the United States twice, in 2004 and 2008, but was defeated by John Kerry and Barack Obama in the Primaries.  He was later chosen to be the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 2004 on the Kerry ticket, but he was defeated by incumbent Vice-President Dick Cheney.

Personal life 
In 2008, he admitted to having an affair while his wife, Elizabeth was dying.  He has written several books.

References

Other websites 
 John Edwards for President official campaign website

1953 births
Living people
Lawyers from North Carolina
2004 United States presidential candidates
American Methodists
Politicians from Raleigh, North Carolina
Politicians from South Carolina
United States senators from North Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
Businesspeople from South Carolina
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
Writers from South Carolina
Lawyers from South Carolina
Fuller Theological Seminary

The Fuller Theological Seminary is in Pasadena, California. It is one of North America's largest seminaries. The Seminary has over 4,300 students from over 67 countries and 108 denominations.

References

Other websites 
Official site

Colleges and universities in California
Christian colleges and universities in the United States
Pasadena, California
Seminaries
1947 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
Bachelor of Divinity

In Western Christian theology, a Bachelor of Divinity (BD or BDiv) is usually an undergraduate academic degree given for courses taken in the study of divinity. At some institutions, the BD is a higher degree than the Bachelor of Arts.

Related pages
 Bachelor of Arts
 Master of Arts

Academic degrees
Christian theology
Freespire

Freespire is a Linux distribution made with parts from Ubuntu. It was made to make using free software easy, while giving the choice to use non-free (not open source) parts. These parts might be programs, drivers, or codecs. Linspire, a commercial Linux distribution, is made from Freespire.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

Linux distributions
Spiritual gift

In Christianity, the spiritual gifts are gifts given to Christians. Each Christian has his or her own gift (or gifts). They are talked about in the New Testament, mainly in First Corinthians 12, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. Some believe that they only worked in early Christianity.

Christian theology

ru:Святой Дух#Дары Святого Духа
Sanctification

The word sanctification refers to the act of making holy or setting apart as special. The word is used five times in the Authorized Version of the New Testament (1 Corinthians 1:30, 1 Thessalonians 4:3,1 Thessalonians 4:4, 2 Thessalonians 2:13, and 1 Peter 1:2).

To sanctify means “to set apart for special use or purpose,” and “to make holy or sacred,” and etymologically from the Latin verb 'sanctificare' which in turn is from sanctus “holy” and facere “to make.”

When an object or place is made holy, usually a ceremony is performed. Then people see that it is a special object or place and treat it with respect.  A person may also be "set apart for special purpose", as when a priest or pastor is ordained.  

Sanctification can also refer to the process by which a person becomes a good moral person, or  someone with a close relationship to God.  This may not include any ceremony.  Persons who achieve this holiness are sometimes called Saints.  Some churches have a list of saints who have been recognized as having been especially holy persons.   

Generally in Protestant teaching, all Christians are considered saints.  All are expected to become people who are close to God and who live a life like that which Jesus taught.  Reading the Bible, prayer, worshiping God and Jesus and telling others about their faith are important in becoming sanctified. 

Christian terminology
Christian theology
Glossolalia

Glossolalia, or speaking in tongues, is speaking rapid speech-like syllables which cannot be understood. In some cases it is part of religious practice. Some consider it as a part of a sacred language. It is a common practice amongst Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity.

Linguistics
In 1972 a linguist from the University of Toronto published an assessment of Pentecostal glossolalia. His assessment was based on a large sample of glossolalia recorded in public and private Christian meetings in Italy, the Netherlands, Jamaica, Canada and the US.

Samarin found that glossolalic speech is like human language in some respects. The speaker uses accent, rhythm, intonation and pauses to break up the speech into distinct units. Each unit is itself made up of syllables. The syllables are formed from consonants and vowels taken from a language known to the speaker:
It is verbal behaviour that consists of using a certain number of consonants and vowels... in a limited number of syllables that in turn are organized into larger units that are taken apart and rearranged pseudogrammatically... with variations in pitch, volume, speed and intensity.p120

Samarin found that the resemblance to human language was just on the surface. He concluded that glossolalia is "only a facade of language".p128 The syllable string did not form words, the stream of speech was not internally organized, and – most importantly of all – there was no systematic relationship between units of speech and concepts. Humans use language to communicate but glossolalia does not. Therefore, he concluded that glossolalia is not "a specimen of human language because it is neither internally organized nor systematically related to the world man perceives".p128 On the basis of his linguistic analysis, Samarin defined Pentecostal glossolalia as "meaningless but phonologically structured human utterance, believed by the speaker to be a real language but bearing no systematic resemblance to any natural language, living or dead".p2

References 

Linguistics
Theology
Pentecostalism
Yucatec language

Yucatec Maya ("Maaya T'aan" in the revised orthography of the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala) is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is also spoken in northern Belize and parts of Guatemala. To native speakers, it is known only as Maya - "Yucatec" is a label linguists use to distinguish it from other Mayan languages (such as K'iche' and Itza' Maya).

In the Mexican states of Yucatán, northern Campeche and Quintana Roo, Maya remains many speakers' first language today, with approximately 800,000 speakers.

Languages of North America
Maya civilization
Uxmal

Uxmal is a large pre-Columbian city. The ruins are in Mexico today, in the state of Yucatán. According to the records of the Maya, the city was built around the year 500 AD. According to current research, about 25.000 people lived there. Most of the buildings that can be seen today were built between 700 and 1100. After 1200, there seems to be no new construction. The ruling family moved their capital elsewhere, and the population of the city declined. 

According to the documents of the Spanish conquerors, the city still had some importance in the 1550s. It was probably abandoned soon afterwards, as the Spanish built no city nearby.

Maya civilization
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Yucatán (state)
Tayasal

Tayasal is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site from the Postclassic period.  The site is in the southern Maya lowlands on a small island in Lake Petén Itzá. This island is now part of the Department of Petén in northern Guatemala.  Tayasal was the capital of one of the last independent Maya polities to be conquered by the Spanish conquistadores and colonizers, along with Zacpeten (the capital of the Ko'woj Maya) and Eixequil (the Yalnain capital), in 1697.  

As an archaeological site, it was heavily damaged by the Spanish after its fall.  The capital city of the modern Petén department, Flores, has been built over the island and the nearby shores of the lake.  

The Itza left the Yucatán region in the 13th century and built the city later known as Tayasal as their capital. They called it Noh Petén, or literally "City Island". It was also called Tah Itzá, or Place of the Itzá.

In 1541, Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but needed to move on and did not try to conquer it due to its very good defensive position. 

The Spanish were not able to conquer the island until 1697, after several attempts, that begun in 1629, when they marched in, from Corozal in Belize, Yucatán and Alta Verapaz, attacked with boats, and destroyed it. Many Itzá people hid in the jungle for years. The structures of Noh Petén were turned into the Roman Catholic Church and other buildings in the city of Flores.

Related pages
Spanish conquest of Yucatán

Other websites
History and Photos from Tayasal, Zacpetén and Queixil Islands 

Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Maya civilization