cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Crépy-en-Valois

Crépy-en-Valois is a commune in the Picardy region in the Oise department in the north of France. The two listed historical monuments are the Saint-Thomas-de-Canterbury collegiate church and the Porte de Paris. The first one goes back to its oldest elements in the 12th century, when the city prospered under the guidance of the Dukes of Valois. The second one dates from 1788-1792 and is located rue Charles de Gaulle.

History 
The origins of the city of Crépy-en-Valois remain uncertain. During 10th century, the first lords of Crépy fortified the area, this rocky promontory overlooking the streams of Taillandiers and Sainte- Agathe.

The castrum didn't stop developing since then: firstly under the impetus of the Counts of Amiens Valois, who founded the Abbey Saint Arnoul in 1008, then with the Counts of Vermandois, particularly Philip d'Alsace and his wife Elizabeth who founded in 1182 in the suburbs a collegiate dedicated to Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who was assassinated in his cathedral.

Civil and religious protection drew a more and more numerous population. Prosperity settled thanks to the pilgrimages and grew even after 1213, the date of the reattachment of Valois to the French crown.

In 1790, the revolutionary district was created. Thereafter, it became an administrative center of the canton, arrondissement of Senlis, department of Oise.

The 19th century announced winds of change. The city expanded to the East with new neighborhoods. The arrival of the railroad facilitated the establishment of prosperous industries and therefore the installation of a workforce.

The wars of 1914 and 1939 wounded city by multiple bombings; but the successive mayors knew how to look after and maintain the city's dignity and dynamism.

References

Communes in Oise
Fossa

The fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the Eupleridae, a family of carnivorans closely related to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).

Its classification has been controversial because it looks like a cat. However, other traits suggest a close relationship with viverrids (most civets and their relatives). Its classification influenced thought about how many times mammalian carnivores had colonized Madagascar. Genetic studies now show that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are closely related to each other: they are a clade, the family Eupleridae. 
Carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once about 18 to 20 million years ago.

The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar. Adults have a head-body length of  and weigh between . The males larger than the females. It has semiretractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and they can jump from tree to tree.

The species is widespread, although population densities are usually low. It is found only in forested habitat, and hunts by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of lemurs, the endemic primates of the island. Tenrecs, rodents, lizards, birds, and other animals are also prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born blind and toothless (altricial). Infants wean after 4.5 months and are independent after a year. Sexual maturity occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20 years. The fossa is listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is generally feared by the Malagasy people and is often protected by their taboo. The greatest threat to the species is habitat destruction.

References 

Feliformia
Péronne, Somme

Péronne is a commune in the Picardy region in the Somme department in the north of France.

It is close to where the Battles of the Somme took place during World War I.

The Museum of the Great War (known in French as the Historial de la Grande Guerre) is located in the château.

Communes in Somme
Subprefectures in France
Ottoman architecture

Ottoman architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. It emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture. It was influenced by the Byzantine, Iranian and Seljuk architecture.  It was also influenced by Islamic Mamluk traditions after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. For almost 400 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques. Overall, Ottoman architecture has been described as Ottoman architecture synthesized with architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands. They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes. Their work achieved harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious building, which until then was simple but with extensive decoration, was transformed by the Ottomans. They used vaults, domes, semi-domes and columns. The mosque was changed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a beautiful sanctuary.

References

Other websites 
 Architecture. The Ottomans

Ottoman Empire
Dole, Jura

Dole is a commune in the Jura department. It was the capital of the Free County until Louis XIV conquered the region, which from then on became Besançon.

Communes in Jura
Subprefectures in France
Roanne

Roanne is a French commune, a subprefecture in the Loire department in central France. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Roanne.

Geography
The commune of Roanne is in the north of the Loire department and has an area of . The average altitude is  and the city hall is an altitude of .

The distances from Roanne to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Lyon, the regional capital - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Strasbourg - ;
 Nantes - ;
 Marseille - .

The commune of Roanne is surrounded by the communes:

The Loire river flows through the city. Two of its tributaries: Renaison and Rhins, also flow through the city and join the Loire in Roanne.

Climate
The climate of Roanne, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Roanne are known, in French, as  Roannais (women: Roannaises).

With a population of 35,200, Roanne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2, the highest density in the department.

Evolution of the population in Roanne

Roanne forms, with other 14 communes, the urban area of Roanne with a population of 80,098 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Roanne, formed by 50 communes with a population of 107,348 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

Administration 
Roanne is a subprefecture of the Loire department, the capital of the arrondissement of Roanne and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
 Roanne-1, with 29,634 inhabitants (2014).
 Roanne-2, with 29,843 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Roannais Agglomération ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Roanne is twinned with:

  Nuneaton and Bedworth, United Kingdom
  Reutlingen, Germany
  Guadalajara, Spain
  Montevarchi, Italy
  Piatra Neamţ, Romania
  Legnica, Poland

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Roanne
 Communes of the Loire department

References

Other websites

 City of Roanne website 
 Roannais tourisme 

Communes in Loire
Subprefectures in France
Cuba men's national volleyball team

Cuba national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Cuba.

Honors 
 Olympics: Bronze medal (1976)
 World Championship: Silver Medal (1990, 2010)
 NORCECA Championship: Gold medal (969, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2009, 2011) - Silver medal (1973, 1985, 1999, 2005)
 World League: Gold medal (1998) - Silver medal (1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999)

References 

 www.cubanav.org - Cuba Volleyball Federation

National volleyball teams
Sport in Cuba
Seljuk architecture

Seljuk architecture is the name given to architecture built during the time when the Seljuks ruled most of the Middle East and Anatolia. This was between the 11th and 13th centuries. After the 11th century the Seljuks of Rum emerged from the Great Seljuk Empire developing their own architecture. Their capital was Konya. They were influenced and inspired by the Armenians, Byzantines and Persians.

Great Seljuq Empire architecture
The architecture can be found in a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia. Also from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. The homeland of Seljuk architecture was Turkmenistan and Iran. This is where the first permanent Seljuk buildings were built. Unfortunately the Mongol invasions destroyed most of these buildings. Only a few remain. In 1063 Isfahan was established as capital of the Great Seljuk Empire under Alp Arslan.

The most significant change was in the early 12th century. It was the conversion of the hypostyle plan into a four-iwan plan mosque (see Shah Mosque). Another mosque-type introduced at this time was the kiosk mosque, consisting of a domed space with three open sides and wall containing a mihrab on the qibla side. The architecture of this period was also characterized by memorial tombs. These were usually octagonal structures with domed roofs, called Kümbet or Türbe. An impressive example of tomb architecture is the mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar at Merv. It is a massive building measuring  square with a huge double dome resting on squinches and muqarnas pendentives.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Seljuq dynasty
 Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar
 Kharraqan towers

References 

Architectural styles
Bulgaria men's national volleyball team

Bulgaria national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Bulgaria. They have participated in the FIVB world league ever since 1994. Bulgaria played at the first world championship in 1949.

Honors 
 Olympics: Silver medal (1980)
 World Championship: Silver Medal (1970) - Bronze medal (1949, 1952, 1986, 2000)
 World Cup: Bronze medal (2007)
 European Championship: Silver medal (1951)

References

Other websites 
 BG Vollyball

National volleyball teams
Sport in Bulgaria
Serbia men's national volleyball team

Serbia national volleyball team is the name of Serbia's national volleyball team. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball considers Serbia the inheritor of the records of SFR Yugoslavia (1948–1991), FR Yugoslavia (1992–2002) and Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006). Nikola Grbic, a former player and team captain, is the head coach.

Honors 
 Olympics: Gold medal (2000) - Bronze medal (1996)
 World Championship: Silver Medal (1998) - Bronze medal (2010)
 World Cup: Bronze medal (2013)
 European Championship: Gold medal (2001, 2011) - Silver medal (1997) - Bronze medal (1975, 1979, 1995, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2013)
 World League: Silver medal (2003, 2005, 2008, 2009) -  Bronze medal (2002, 2004, 2010)

References

Other websites 
 2011 European Men's Volleyball Championship (Final) - Italy vs Serbia (1-3)

National volleyball teams
Sport in Serbia
Beaune

Beaune is a commune in Burgundy in the Côte-d'Or department. It is the region's wine capital.

Twin towns 

 Nantucket, United States
 Malmedy, Belgium
 Krems an der Donau, Austria
 Bensheim, Germany
 Kōshū, Japan

Communes in Côte-d'Or
Subprefectures in France
Australia men's national volleyball team

Australia Men's national volleyball team also known as Volleyball Team Australia Men (VTAM) is the national volleyball team of Australia.

References

National volleyball teams
Sport in Australia
Ennio Porrino

Ennio Porrino (born Cagliari, 20 January, 1910 – died Rome, 25 September, 1959) was an Italian composer and teacher. 

Amongst his compositions were orchestral works, an oratorio and several operas and ballets. His best known work is the symphonic poem "Sardegna," a tribute to his native Sardinia, which premiered in Florence in 1933. In the course of his career, Porrino taught at the conservatories of Rome, Venice, and Naples, and in 1956 became the director of the Cagliari Conservatory. 

That same year he married Malgari Onnis (born 1935), a painter and theatrical designer. She designed the production of Porrino's last work, the opera I Shardana, which premiered on 21 March 1959, six months before his death. The couple had one daughter, Stefania (born 1957), who became a playwright and stage director.

References

1910 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Italian composers
Metal Slug (series)

is a series of video games created by SNK. It is a series of 2D shoot 'em ups released on the Neo Geo platform. The series is known for its detailed 2D pixel-art and high difficulty.

References 

Cooperative video games
Video game series
Drosnay

Drosnay is a commune in the Marne department in the Champagne-Ardenne region. In 2012, 189 people lived there.

Related pages 
 Communes of the Marne department

Communes in Marne
Genet

Genets are Old World mammals. They are viverrids, in the same family as civet cats. They are feliform carnivores of the family Viverridae. 

The closest relatives of genets are the civets, linsangs, fossa, and mongooses. Almost all species are in the genus Genetta. The common genet, Genetta genetta, is the only viverrid living in Europe. Other species live in Africa. Fossils of the genus have been found from the Pliocene.

Genets have long tails, about one to one and a half times the length of their bodies. These longs tails are a counterweight which helps them keep their balance as they leap from tree limb to tree limb.  They are not strictly terrestrial, and spend much of their time in trees. Genets have semi-retractable claws, which they use for climbing and holding prey, but not for fighting.

Genets are highly agile creatures, with quick reflexes and exceptional climbing skills, and are the only viverrids that are able to stand bipedally. They are able to walk, trot, run, climb up and down trees, and jump.

They often feed on small mammals, such as rodents, shrews, and bats. Small rodents are captured by the back and killed with a bite at the head, then eaten starting with the head. They also eat birds, bird eggs, centipedes, millipedes, scorpions, and various fruits, including figs and olives.

Species
 Angolan genet

References 

Viverrids
Winnowing

Rice_winnowing,_Uttarakhand,_India.jpg|thumb|Rice winnowing in India

Winnowing is a farming method developed by ancient people for separating grain from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain. Threshing, which is the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw, comes before winnowing. In place of a winnowing basket a colandar can be used.

In its simplest form it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff. The heavier grains fall back down for recovery. This method is called "wind-grading". Other methods include using a winnowing fan (a shaped basket shaken to raise the chaff). Yet another is using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel) on a pile of harvested grain.

Winnowing can also describe the natural removal of fine material from a coarser sediment by wind or flowing water. This is similar to separating wheat from chaff.

References 

Agriculture
Grains
Boom Clap

"Boom Clap" is an electropop song by Charli XCX. This song was released as the first single from The Fault in Our Stars soundtrack. It was also on XCX's studio album Sucker.

The single was released on June 15, 2014. It peaked at #6 on the UK Singles chart. It was also #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It got positive reviews by music critics.

References

Pop songs
2014 songs
Pour Some Sugar on Me

"Pour Some Sugar on Me" is a 1987 heavy metal single by Def Leppard. The song has sexual themes in it. It reached #2 on Billboard Hot 100 in July of 1988.

The song was from Def Leppard's studio album Hysteria. 

There are several versions of the song. The extended version is five minutes and 35 seconds long.

References

Heavy metal
1987 songs
Winter's Tale

Winter's Tale is a 2014 supernatural fantasy, mystery and romantic drama movie. It was based on a 1983 novel with the same name. Jennifer Connelly plays Virginia. Eva Marie Saint plays Willa Penn. Russell Crowe plays Pearly.

Cast
 Colin Farrell as Peter Lake
 Jessica Brown Findlay as Beverly Penn
 Jennifer Connelly as Virginia Gamely
 Russell Crowe as Pearly Soames
 William Hurt as Isaac Penn
 Mckayla Twiggs as Young Willa Penn
 Eva Marie Saint as Adult Willa Penn
 Will Smith as Judge / Lucifer
 Ripley Sobo as Abby
 Matt Bomer as Peter's father
 Lucy Griffiths as Peter's mother
 Finn Wittrock as Gabriel
 Listo as The Horse
 Kevin Corrigan as Romeo Tan
 Kevin Durand as Cesar Tan
 Graham Greene as Humpstone John

Production

Development
Initially Warner Bros. attempted to sign Martin Scorsese in 2002. He turned down the chance to direct the movie, calling it "unfilmable". Later on, the movie became a "passion project" for director Akiva Goldsman. He was given the go-ahead by Warner Bros. in February 2011 with a budget of $75 million. The budget was later dropped to $60 million in February of 2012. Will Smith and Russell Crowe were linked to the project in supporting roles.

Filming
Principal photography began in October 2012, though was delayed due to Hurricane Sandy. Shooting took place at locations across New York City, including Grand Central Terminal, Red Hook, Brooklyn, East Village, Manhattan and Central Park.

Release
The movie was released on 14 February 2014 in the United States.

Reception
It got negative reviews from movie critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie has a rating of 13%.

Box office
The movie performed poor in the box office. Its intake was only $12.6 million in the United States. It took in $30 million worldwide.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

2014 romance movies
2014 drama movies
2010s romantic drama movies
2010s fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
American fantasy movies
Linsang

The linsangs are four feliform species, two in Asia and two in Africa. The whole group was put in the Viverridae in a subfamily. The two pairs are:

The species of African linsangs are:
Poiana leightoni – Leighton's linsang
Poiana richardsonii – African linsang

The species of Asiatic linsangs are:
Prionodon linsang – Banded linsang
Prionodon pardicolor – Spotted linsang

DNA analysis shows:
 the African linsangs (Poiana) are true viverrids closely related to the genet.
 the Asiatic linsangs (Prionodon) are not, and may be the closest living relatives of the Felidae family. Discovering this, the Asiatic linsangs are now put into a family of their own. They are not viverrids.

Therefore, the similarities between the two genera of linsangs must be convergent. All of them are cat-like in appearance. They are nocturnal, generally solitary tree dwellers. They are carnivorous, eating squirrels and other rodents, small birds, lizards and insects. Typical size is a little over 30 cm (1 foot), with a tail that more than doubles that length. Bodies are long, with short legs, giving a low appearance. All species have yellowish bodies with black markings (stripes, blotches and spots), though the distribution and nature of the markings varies between species.

References 

Viverrids
Feliformia
African linsang

The African linsang or oyan are two species in the genus Poiana. They are viverrids in the mammalian subfamily Viverrinae.

DNA analysis showed that these African linsangs (Poiana) are true viverrids closely related to the genets.

References 

Viverrids
I Shardana

I Shardana is an Italian opera in three acts, with music and libretto by Ennio Porrino. It was first performed in Naples, on March 8, 1959. It is by far Porrino's most successful work. It has recently been rediscovered.

Principal characters

 Gonnario - bass
 Nibatta - mezzo-soprano
 Torbeno - tenor
 Bèrbera Jonia - soprano
 Norace - baritone
 Perdu - tenor
 Orzocco - baritone

Discography
 1960: Ferruccio Mazzoli (Gonnario), Oralia Dominguez (Nibatta), Gastone Limarilli (Torbeno), Marta Pender (Bèrbera Jonia), Piero Guelfi (Norace), Antonio Galiè (Perdu), Vinicio Cocchieri (Orzocco); Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro di Roma della RAI, Armando La Rosa Parodi - (Decca)
 2013: Manrico Signorini (Gonnario), Alessandra Palomba (Nibatta), Angelo Villari (Torbeno), Paoletta Marrocu (Bèrbera Jonia), Domenico Balzani (Norace), Gabriele Mangione (Perdu), Gianpiero Ruggeri (Orzocco); Orchestra e Coro del Teatro Lirico di Cagliari, Anthony Bramall - (Dynamic)

References 

1959
1950s operas
Edmond J. Gong

Edmond Joseph (Eddie) Gong (October 6, 1930 – May 19, 2015) was an American attorney and former politician in the state of Florida. He was the first Asian-American elected to the Florida House. He served as a Florida state senator from 1967 through 1971. He was also a member of Florida's House of Representatives from 1963 through 1966.

Gong died at the age of 84 in Miami, Florida.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Politicians from Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
Louis Johnson

Louis Johnson  (April 13, 1955 – May 21, 2015) was an American bass guitarist.

Johnson was best known for his group The Brothers Johnson and his session playing on several hit albums of the 1970s and 1980s including the "best selling album of all time" Thriller.

Johnson died on May 21, 2015 at the age of 60.

References

1955 births
2015 deaths
American guitarists
Bassists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Abutment

In engineering, abutment refers to the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam. This is where the structure's superstructure rests or contacts. Single-span bridges have abutments at each end. These provide vertical and lateral (side to side) support for the bridge. They also act as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach. Multi-span bridges require piers to support ends of spans that are not supported by abutments. Dam abutments are generally the natural valley walls. They may also be artificial in order to support arch dams such as Kurobe Dam in Japan.

The term may also refer to the structure supporting one side of an arch, or masonry used to resist the lateral forces of a vault. The word derives from the verb "abut", meaning to "touch by means of a mutual border".

References 

Civil engineering
Corbel

In architecture a corbel or console is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal sticking out from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight. It is a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall. A console, by comparison, is a piece applied to the structure. A piece of structural wood projecting in the same way was called a "tassel" or a "bragger" in the UK. The technique of corbelling, where rows of corbels support a projecting wall or parapet, has been used since Neolithic,  or New Stone Age, times. 

The word "corbel" comes from Old French and derives from the Latin corbellus, a diminutive of corvus (a raven) which refers to the beak-like appearance. Similarly, the French refer to a bracket-corbel, usually a load-bearing internal feature, as a corbeau (a crow).

References 

Architecture
Terry Sue-Patt

Terence Anthony "Terry" Sue-Patt (29 September 1964 – April/May 2015) was a British actor. He was best known for the role of Benny Green in the BBC television series Grange Hill (1978–1982). He also appeared in Jackanory. He was born in Islington, London to British Jamaican parents.

Sue-Patt was found dead on 22 May 2015 in Walthamstow, London. He was 50 and is believed to have been dead for about a month.

References

Other websites
 

1964 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
Black British actors
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Islington
Joaquim Durão

Joaquim Manuel Durão (25 October 1930 – 21 May 2015) was a Portuguese chess player. He was an International Master from 1975 until his death. He was 13 times Portuguese champion, and represented his country in ten Chess Olympiads. He was also president of the Portuguese Chess Federation.

Durão was born in Lisbon. He died on 21 May 2015, aged 84.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Chess players
Sportspeople from Lisbon
Asiatic linsang

The Asiatic linsang (Prionodon) is a genus with two species, the banded linsang (Prionodon linsang) and the spotted linsang (Prionodon pardicolor). They are native to southeast Asia:

DNA analysis on 29 species showed that Prionodon was the sister-group of the family Felidae. So the Asiatic linsangs are put in a family of their own, the Prionodontidae. Prionodon is not closely related to the African linsangs, although they look similar, and live a similar life. They are small cat-like carnivores adapted to catching small prey among the trees of a tropical forest. The similarities between the two groups came about by convergent evolution.

Prionodon is basal to the Feliformia and a sister taxon of the Felidae.

References 

Feliformia
Donald Wrye

Donald Wrye (September 24, 1934 – May 15, 2015) was an American movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was best known for directing the movie Ice Castles (1978). His career began in 1966.

Wrye was born in Riverside, California. He was married to Kathryn Dowling Wrye.

Wrye died in his sleep on May 15, 2015 at his home in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was 80.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
2015 deaths
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
People from Riverside, California
Screenwriters from California
Karnak king list

The Karnak king list, is a list of early Egyptian kings written in stone. It was in the southwest corner of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III. This hall was part of the Karnak Temple Complex, now Luxor, Egypt. It was written during the rule of Thutmose III. It has the names of 61 kings beginning with Sneferu from Egypt's Old Kingdom. Only the names of 39 kings can still be read. One name is not written in a cartouche (a border used around the name of a king). 

It is not a complete list of the Egyptian Pharaohs. This list has the names of kings of the First and Second Intermediate periods, which are left out in most other king lists.

It was first described by James Burton in 1825. In 1843, a German group directed by egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius was traveling up the River Nile to Karnak. A French adventurer, Émile Prisse d'Avennes, got there first. he pulled down the wall at night and took away the blocks with the lists. He had these blocks sent to France. Severely damaged, it is now on show at the Louvre in Paris.

Drawing of the list

The list
This list has the name of the Pharaoh followed by the actual one written on the stone. The list is in three sections and is divided at the center. The numbering is from the sides, toward the center.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of pharaohs
 Abydos King List
 Palermo Stone
 Turin King List

Notes

Other websites

 Lepsius drawing from APAW 1852  from Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
 Karnak king list with complete hieroglyphics, sources and pictures

Ancient Egypt
Reversal of Fortune

Reversal of Fortune is a 1990 drama movie. It was adapted off a 1985 novel. Jeremy Irons acts as Claus. Glenn Close plays Sunny.

The movie is based on the true story of the unexplained coma of socialite Sunny von Bülow. It is about the attempted murder trial and the acquittal of her husband Claus von Bülow.

The movie was released on October 17, 1990 in the United States. Its reviews were mostly positive.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1990 drama movies
American drama movies
Japanese movies
British drama movies
Movies directed by Barbet Schroeder
Glamorgan County Cricket Club

Glamorgan County Cricket Club is the only Welsh cricket team to play in the County Championship and the T20 Blast. They play cricket at Sophia Gardens, Cardiff, Wales.

References 

Cricket clubs
Dangerous Game (movie)

Dangerous Game is a 1993 erotic movie. Harvey Keitel plays Eddie Israel. Madonna plays Sarah Jennings. The movie is about a movie director based in New York City. The director has Sarah Jennings acting in a Hollywood marital-crisis drama movie.

This movie was released on November 19, 1993 in the United States. It got mixed reviews by movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a score of 29% based on 14 critic's reviews. It was rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). It contains violence, profanity, sexual situations and nudity.

References

Other websites

1993 drama movies
American drama movies
Italian movies
Movies directed by Abel Ferrara
American independent movies
Aruna Shanbaug

Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug (1 June 1948 – 18 May 2015) was an Indian nurse who was at the center of attention in a court case on euthanasia after spending 42 years in a coma after being raped and strangled.

Early life
Shanbaug was born in 1948 at Haldipur, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka. She worked as a nurse at the King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEM) in Mumbai. At the time of the attack, she was engaged to a doctor at the same hospital.

Attack
In 1973, while working as a junior nurse at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Shanbaug was anally raped then strangled by a ward boy, Sohanlal Bhartha Walmiki. She remained in a vegetative state following the assault.

Court case
On 24 January 2011, after she had been in this state for 37 years, the Supreme Court of India responded to the plea for euthanasia filed by Aruna's friend, journalist Pinki Virani, by setting up medical experts to test her.

The court rejected the petition on 7 March 2011. However, in its landmark opinion, it allowed passive euthanasia in India.

Death
Shanbaug died from pneumonia on 18 May 2015 after being in a persistent vegetative state for nearly 42 years.

References

Other websites
Never Ending Trauma Of Innocent Aruna!! 
Court ruling, Aruna Shanbaug vs. Union of India, March 7, 2011 at Supreme Court of India
Pinki Virani's Interview - June 13, 2008 

1948 births
2015 deaths
Crime in India
Crime victims
Deaths from pneumonia
Indian people
Infectious disease deaths in India
Rape
King of New York

King of New York is a 1990 crime-thriller movie. The movie is about drug trafficking in New York City. Laurence Fishburne plays Jimmy Jump. Wesley Snipes plays Thomas Flanigan. David Caruso plays Dennis Gilley. The movie was directed by Abel Ferrara. The movie was released in September 1990.

Cast 
Christopher Walken - Frank White
Larry Fishburne - Jimmy Jump
David Caruso - Dennis Gilley
Victor Argo - Roy Bishop
Janet Julian - Jennifer
Wesley Snipes - Thomas Flanigan
Steve Buscemi - Test Tube
Paul Calderón - Joey Dalesio
Giancarlo Esposito - Lance
John Turturro - Eddie
Theresa Randle - Raye
Frank Adonis - Paul Calgari
Harold Perrineau - Subway Mugger

Reception 
The movie premiered at the New York Film Festival. Many members of the audience, including Abel Ferrara's wife, walked from the movie theater. At a second showing of the movie the following day, Larry Fishburne and Nicholas St. John were booed from the stage.

Mark Caro, writing for the Chicago Tribune gave the movie only 1/2 star. He said  "``King of New York,`` [is] a film more interested in leaving impressions than spinning a smooth narrative". He also said that both the star, Christopher Walken, and the movie "remains just out of grasp". 

Rotten Tomatoes gives the movie a rating of 71%. Roger Ebert gave the movie two stars. Janet Maslin from New York Times said the movie was "a chillingly ambiguous portrait of its title character."

References

Other websites

1990 crime movies
1990 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
Italian movies
Movies about drugs
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Abel Ferrara
Jackie Basehart

John Anthony Carmine Michael "Jackie" Basehart  (11 October 1951 – 16 May 2015) was an American-born Italian actor. He was born in Santa Monica, California. Basehart was known for his role as Beri in the 1978 movie The Inglorious Bastards.

Basehart died at his home in Milan, Italy after suffering from a rare disease, aged 63.

References

Other websites
 

1951 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
Italian movie actors
People from Santa Monica, California
Jackie Brookner

Jackie Brookner (1945 – May 15, 2015) was an American ecological artist, writer, and educator. She worked with ecologists, design professionals, engineers, communities, and policy-makers on water remediation/public art projects for parks, wetlands, rivers, and urban stormwater runoff. 

Brookner died of cancer in her New York City home, aged 69.

References

1945 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American artists
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Educators from Rhode Island
Bob Belden

James Robert "Bob" Belden (October 31, 1956 – May 20, 2015) was an American saxophonist, arranger, composer, bandleader and producer. He may be best known for his Grammy Award winning jazz orchestral recording, "The Black Dahlia". Belden was born in Evanston, Illinois.

Belden died of a heart attack on May 20, 2015, at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, aged 58.

References

1956 births
2015 deaths
American composers
American saxophonists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Illinois
Presidential $1 Coin Program

The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress, , which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with portraits of U.S. presidents.

From 2007 to 2011, presidential $1 coins were minted for circulation in large numbers, resulting in a large stockpile of unused $1 coins. Since 2012, new presidential coins have been minted only for collectors.

Coin details
Dollar coins were issued bearing the likenesses of presidents, as follows:

† — The act specifies that a president must have been deceased for no fewer than two years to be honored in the series. (See above.) President Carter and Reagan's successors are currently living and therefore do not qualify.

References

Other websites

 U.S. Mint Presidential $1 Coin Act page
 U.S. Mint First Spouse Program page
 Images of the Presidential $1 coins

Currency of the United States

2007 establishments in the United States
Class action

A class action, class suit, or representative action is a type of lawsuit. One of the parties is a group of people who are represented collectively by one member of that group.  

The class action originated in the United States. It is still mainly a U.S. phenomenon. However, several European countries with civil law have made changes to allow consumer organizations to bring claims on behalf of consumers. 

In 1991 China passed the "Civil Procedure Law" that allows class actions. In Brazil class action suits have been brought against industries, banks. and other organizations. They have been used against environmental damage, product defects and false advertising to name a few. Unlike the US, Brazilian judges award much smaller amounts for damages.

The predecessor of the class action was called a "group litigation". They were used in England from the 13th century. It involved groups of people suing or being sued in a court. Group cases were easier to handle than numbers of individual cases, because of the slow and difficult travelling at that time. Judges travelled round a circuit, and might visit a town only once or twice a year. By the 18th century individual lawsuits became the norm.

References 

Legal terms
Znaur Gassiev

Znaur Nikolaevich Gassiev ( Znauyr Gassity, , ; 17 March 1925 – 6 March 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was one of the leaders of the South Ossetian independence movement in the early 1990s. He served as the first President of South Ossetia from 1991 through 1992.

Gassiev died on 6 March 2016 in Tskhinvali. He was aged 90.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Presidents of South Ossetia
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Teachers
Chevrolet S-10 Blazer

The Chevrolet S-10  Blazer and the similar GMC S-15 Jimmy were mid-size SUVs from General Motors. Production began in 1983. The S-10 was produced through 2005. In the United States retail sales after 2004 were limited to two-door Blazer models. All other models were sold to fleets until April 20, 2005. In the Canadian market, four-door models of the Blazer and Jimmy were sold until the 2004 model year. They were sold until the 2005 model year for the two-door models of both.

The S-series SUVs were based on the Chevrolet S-10 and GMC S-15 pickup trucks. In 1995 a second-generation model was produced. It had improvements in performance and interior room. It also had updated styling but did not carry the S-10 name.

They were produced in Pontiac, Michigan; Linden, New Jersey; Moraine, Ohio; Shreveport, Louisiana; and São Paulo, Brazil. Even though production ceased in the U.S., new Blazers are locally produced in Brazil with their own sheet metal stampings). In North America, the Moraine plant produced only 4-door vehicles. Both 2- and 4-door models were produced at Linden, which was the main assembly plant after the switch from Pontiac, Michigan about 1995.

References 

S-10 Blazer
Sport utility vehicles
Majd Izzat al-Chourbaji

Majd Izzat al-Chourbaji (Arabic: مجد عزت الشربجي )(born 1981) is a Syrian peace activist. In 2015, she received the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award, for her work with women and human rights in Syria.

Life 

Madj Izzat al-Chourbaji was born in 1981 in the town of Darayya, Syria.  When she was six months old, her family went to France because of violence in Syria.  They returned to Syria in 1991. In Syria, Majd studied French literature.  She received a degree from Damascus University. After college, Majd worked on an anti-corruption program in the Damascus suburbs. 

When the violence from the Arab Spring came to Syria, Majd started sit-ins  for the freedom of political prisoners. She went to jail, and was injured by the police. Although Mjad was hurt, she wanted peaceful protest. She started classes on peace and citizenship for the prisoners.  Majd persuaded 150 women prisoners to have a hunger strike.  She wanted to go to court to get publicity for the women's problems.    Finally, she went to court.  Majd and 83 prisoners received their freedom, in a prisoner exchange with the Syrian opposition. The Syrian security forces continued to watch Majd, so she went to Lebanon with her three children.

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Syrian people
1981 births
Living people
Activists
Twinkle (singer)

Lynn Annette "Twinkle" Ripley (15 July 1948 – 21 May 2015) was a British singer-songwriter. She had chart successes in the 1960s with her best known songs, "Terry" and "Golden Lights". Her niece is actress Fay Ripley.

Other websites
 Biography and discography at 45-rpm website

1948 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
English pop singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Surrey
Priscilla Pointer

Priscilla Marie Pointer (born May 18, 1924) is an American stage, movie and television character actress. She began her career in the theater. Her daughter is actress Amy Irving. She was known for her roles in Carrie, The Onion Field, Mommie Dearest, Twilight Zone: The Movie, A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, Blue Velvet and Coyote Moon.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1924 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Airline food

Airline food is food served to passengers on an airplane. It is usually included in the price of the ticket, except for most low-cost airlines.  Some airlines now have a buy-on-board menu, in which food and drinks are typically sold.  Some airline now offer small snacks, instead of meals.

Gallery

References

Foods
Mafia (video game)

Mafia (or Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven) is a Third-person shooter video game about a group of people who are in the mafia gang. It was released In 2002 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. A sequel to the video game called Mafia II was released in 2010.

References

2002 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Shooter video games
China men's national volleyball team

China national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of China. The team twice took part in the Summer Olympics, finishing in eighth place at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California., and 5th place in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Honors 
 Asian Championship: Gold medal (1979, 1997, 1999)
 Asian Games: Gold Medal (1986, 1990, 1998)
 Asian Cup: Gold medal (2012)
 Peace Cup: Gold medal (1990)

References

Other websites 
 CH Vollyball 

National volleyball teams
Sport in China
Japan men's national volleyball team

Japan national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Japan. Japan won a team Gold medal in the Olympics 1972. They've won Gold medals seven times in Asian Volleyball Championships. Their head coach is Masashi Nanbu.

Honors 
 Olympic: Gold medal (1972) - Silver Medal (1986)
 World Cup Silver medal: (1969 - 1977)
 Asian Championship: Gold medal (1975, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995, 2005, 2009)
 Asian Games: Gold medal (2010, 1994, 1982, 1974, 1970, 1966, 1958)

References

Other websites 
 JPN Vollyball - JVA

National volleyball teams
Sport in Japan
Traffic (movie)

Traffic is a 2000 American crime drama movie. It contains three stories of the illegal drug trade, one in Mexico, one in San Diego, one in Ohio. Catherine Zeta-Jones plays Helena. Erika Christensen plays Caroline. Dennis Quaid plays Arnie.

Traffic got very positive reviews from movie critics. The movie got back over $207 million at the box office. It also earned four  Academy Awards, including Best Director and Best Film Editing.

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2000 crime movies
2000 drama movies
2000s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies set in Mexico
Movies set in Ohio
Movies set in San Diego, California
Movies about the illegal drug trade
Erika Christensen

Erika Christensen (born August 19, 1982) is an American actress who has acted in many movies and television programs. She played Julia on the NBC family series Parenthood. She also played Caroline in the movie Traffic.

She was born in Seattle, Washington.

References

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Seattle, Washington
1982 births
Living people
Nurse Betty

Nurse Betty is a 2000 American black comedy movie. This movie is about a Kansas waitress who has a nervous breakdown after she sees her husband being murdered. Renée Zellweger plays Betty Sizemore. Chris Rock plays Wesley. Morgan Freeman plays Charlie. The movie won Best Screenplay at the Cannes Film Festival in 2000. The movie was rated R "for strong violence, pervasive language and a scene of sexuality". Nurse Betty got very positive reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave it three stars. Metacritic rated gave it a Metascore of 69. It was released on September 8, 2000.

References

Other websites
 
 

2000 comedy-drama movies
2000 crime movies
2000s black comedy movies
2000s crime drama movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American crime drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
German drama movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies directed by Neil LaBute
American independent movies
Trituberculata

The Trituberculata is an extinct group of mammals in the fossil record from about 215–85 illion years ago (mya). The discoveries were isolated teeth, so not much else can be said about the animals. They were small insectivores, and probably nocturnal. The group contains the ancestors of Placentalia and Marsupialia; all modern mammals except Monotremes are descended from trituberculates.

The name comes from the three tubercles (cusps) of the molar teeth (not to be confused with Triconodonta). The clade Trituberculata is not always regarded as valid. They probably do not form a monophyletic group. Instead, some may be "true" basal mammals (though not always closest related to each other). Others (such as the symmetrodonts) may fall just outside the therian crown group.

References

Sources 
Kemp T.S. 2005. The origin and evolution of mammals. Oxford University Press. 
Kermack D.M. & K.A. 1984. The evolution of mammalian characters. London: Croom Helm. 
Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L. & Luo, Zhe-Xi  2004. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. Columbia University Press, New York, 2004 .

Mammals
Fossils
Mesozoic
Radomir Naumov

Radomir Naumov (; 20 December 1946 – 22 May 2015) was a Serbian politician and engineer. He was the Minister of Mining and Energy from 3 March 2004 until 15 May 2007. He was also Minister of Religion from 15 May 2007 until 7 July 2008.

Naumov was born in Čoka. He graduated from the University of Belgrade. He was married to Marija.

Naumov died after an illness on 22 May 2015 in Belgrade. He was 68.

References

1946 births
2015 deaths
Engineers
Serbian people
European politicians
Barbegal aqueduct

The Barbegal aqueduct and mill is a Roman watermill complex. It is on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, near the town of Arles in southern France

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Buildings and structures in Ancient Rome
Aleksey Mozgovoy

Aleksey Borisovich Mozgovoy (, , born Oleksiy Borisovich Mozhovyj; 3 April 1975 – 23 May 2015) was a Ukrainian pro-Russian separatist commander in the self-proclaimed Republic of Novorossiya until 20 May 2015. He was leader of the rebel battalion "Prizrak". He was born in Svatove Raion, Voroshilovgrad Oblast.

He and four other people were killed on 23 May 2015 in a car attack in Perevalsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast. He was 40.

References

1975 births
2015 deaths
Assassinated people
Generals
Ukrainian military people
Ontario Liberal Party

The Ontario Liberal Party is a provincial political party in Ontario, Canada. The party follows a political ideology that is similar to what the Liberal Party of Canada follows. Despite this, the two parties are two different parties.

The party comes from the Reform movement in the 1830s and 1840s. The party was organized in 1847 by George Brown. It won the 1871 provincial elections and remained in power until the general election of 1905.

Between 2003 and 2018, the Liberals won every election. After the 2018 elections, the Progressive Conservatives took over. They lost almost all their seats in the Legislative Assembly, except for seven seats. Because they only had seven seats, they lost their official party status.

References

Other websites
 

Liberal parties
Liberal
1847 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Canada
Executive Council of Ontario

The Executive Council of Ontario (which is also called the Cabinet of Ontario) plays an important part in the Goverment of Ontario. It is made up of members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The members of the council are appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. Each member is usually the head of a government ministry.

Government of Ontario
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario

The Lieutenant Governor of Ontario is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II in Ontario. He or she carries out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties, such as approving laws. On 23 September 2014, Elizabeth Dowdeswell became Lieutenant Governor.

The lieutenant governors are appointed by the Governor General of Canada, based on the advise of the Prime Minister of Canada.

Government of Ontario