cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Kyushu-Palau Ridge

Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR) is an ocean floor feature in the Philippine Sea. It is named after the nearby islands. At the northern end is the Japanese island of Kyushu. At the southern end is the Pacific island nation of Palau.

The seabed ridge begins in an area about 900 km from the eastern end of the  or "Bungo strait" between the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Shikoku.  The ridge creates a line on the ocean floor which runs southeast in the direction of the island of Palau.  There is a chain of extinct volcanos on this line.

KPR is southeast of the Japanese island of Kyushu.

History
KPR was created by movement at the northern edges of the Philippine Plate.

Related pages
 Saikaidō Seamounts
 Active volcano
 Dormant volcano

References

Other websites
 Wolfram Alpha, Kyushu-Palau Ridge

Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of Asia
Seamount

A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean sea floor. It does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and so is not an island. These are usually formed from submarine volcanoes. They are usually 1,000–4,000 metres (3,000–13,000 ft) in height from the sea floor. 

The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of metres below the surface, and so are in the deep sea. There are an estimated 100,000 seamounts around the globe, but only a few have been studied. Seamounts come in all shapes and sizes, and follow a distinctive pattern of growth, activity, and death. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example Loihi seamount in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.

Over time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface. There wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface.  After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat-top seamounts are called "guyots" or "tablemounts".

Seamounts are one of the most common oceanic ecosystems in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents attract plankton, corals, fish, and cetacea alike. Their effect has been noted by the commercial fishing industry, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are concerns about the effect of fishing on seamount ecosystems. There are well-documented cases of stock decline. 95% of ecological damage is done by bottom trawling, which literally scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts.

Most seamounts are not yet to be studied, or even mapped. Bathymetry and satellite altimetry are two technologies used to collect data. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts. The Muirfield seamount is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses. As they get older, water eats away at their sides. This causes landslides which, in turn, may cause massive tsunamis.

Related pages
Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
Saikaidō Seamounts
Guyot
Submarine volcano

References

Other websites 
 Earthref.org, Seamount Catalogue
 NOAA, Volcanic History of Seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska.
 USGS, Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
Hazelnut

Hazelnuts are nuts of the hazel genus of tree; they are also called cob nuts and filbert nuts. Filbert nuts are more elongated (twice as long as they are round). These nuts fall from their husks when ripe (that is, seven to eight months past pollination). Hazelnuts are oftentimes used as livestock feed or ground into paste. Hazelnut is produced especially in Greece, Turkey, Italy and the U.S. states Washington and Oregon. Hazelnuts are also used alongside chocolate for chocolate truffles. Moreover, hazelnut are rich in proteins and unsaturated fats.

Hazelnuts can also be used to make hazelnut butter.

References

Edible nuts and seeds
Sibling species

Sibling species are species which look alike, but cannot breed with each other.<ref name=Dict>Lincoln R.J; G.A. Boxshall and P.F. Clark 1982. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics. Cambridge University Press. p227 </ref>

The classic case is Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. They are almost identical, but if flies from one species are put with flies from the other species, they do not interbreed. Another example was the European mosquito known as Anopheles maculipennis''. This turned out to be a cluster of six different species, some of which transmit malaria, and some do not.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Sherilyn Fenn

Sheryl Ann "Sherilyn" Fenn (born February 1, 1965, Detroit) is an American actress. She has acted in many television programs and movies throughout her acting career. She was married to actor Johnny Depp for a brief time period.

Selected roles
Twin Peaks (TV series) (1990-1991), Audrey Horne
Of Mice and Men (1992), Curley's Wife
Liz: The Elizabeth Taylor Story (1995 TV movie), Elizabeth Taylor

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
1965 births
Living people
Circuit (political division)

A circuit ( ; Chinese: dào; Japanese: dō) was an historical political division of T'ang China and Japan and Korea.  In Korean, the same word  (; do) is translated as "province".

China 

Emperor Taizong divided China into parts which were called "circuits".

The organization of government and geography in T'ang China were merged in provinces (tao ) which were ten natural regions.  In part, Tang history is about the changing balance between the provinces and a strong central government.

Japan 

During the pre-modern era, Japan was divided into a central region and seven provincial regions or "circuits", including
 , 7 provinces (kuni)
 , 6 provinces
 , 8 provinces
 , 8 provinces
 , 8 provinces
 , 15 provinces 
 , 13 provinces

In the mid-19th century, the northern island of Ezo was settled, and renamed .

Hokkaido did not develop as a "circuit" in the traditional way.  It became a prefecture. It had a  name which was different from the other prefectures because of the suffix -dō.

Korea 
After the late-10th century, the province (do) was the main subdivision of Korea.

Related pages
 Prefectures of Japan
 Provinces of Japan

References

History of China
History of Japan
History of Korea
Saikaidō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
Saikaidō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including Saikaidō, remained cultural markers.

The Saikaidō road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

Geography
Saikaidō is the geographic region of Kyūshū. Tsushima Island and Iki Province were also part of the region. 

Saikaidō has nine ancient provinces and two islands, including 
 Bungo Province 
 Buzen Province
 Chikugo Province
 Chikuzen Province 
 Higo
 Hizen
 Hyūga
 Ōsumi
 Satsuma

Regional earthquakes
Historic earthquakes are named "Saikaidō" when the main damage was in the Kyūshū region.  Often quakes are called by the Japanese era name along with region location such as Saikaido.

Timeline
 8th century: Dazaifu was established as a government center for the island region.
 November 24, 1899 (Meiji 32): regional disaster called the  at Latitude: 31.9/Longitude: 132
 August 5, 1968 (Shōwa 43):regional disaster called the  at Latitude: 33.3/Longitude: 132.2

Related pages
 Kyūshū region
 Comparison of regions of Japan

References

Geography of Japan
Japanese culture
Document Object Model

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a representation of an HTML website's properties. By using DOM, an HTML page can be modified (elements of it can be removed, changed, or new elements can be added).

Software
Nankaidō

The   is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
Nankaidō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including Nankaidō, remained cultural markers.

The Nankaidō road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

Geography
Nankaidō is the geographic region of Shikoku. Awaji Island was also part of the region.

Nankaidō has parts of six ancient provinces and one island, including:
 Awa Province  
 Iyo Province 
 Kii Province 
 Sanuki Province 
 Tosa

Some geological features, such as the undersea Nankai Trough, have been named for the region.

Nankaidō earthquakes
Many historic earthquakes have the name "Nankai" or "Nankaido".  Major earthquakes are named with  the Japanese era name and the location such as Nankaido.

Timeline
 1498 (Meiō 7, 2nd day of the 7th month): regional disaster called the  at Latitude: 33.500/Longitude: 135.200, 7.5 on the Richter Scale.
 1605 (Keichō 10): regional disaster called the 
 1854 (Ansei 1): regional disaster called the 
 1944 (Shōwa 19): regional disaster called the 
 1946 (Shōwa 21): regional disaster called the

Related pages
 Shikoku region
 Comparison of regions of Japan

References

Geography of Japan
Japanese culture
Cathedral of the Most Holy Conception, Chile

The Cathedral of the Most Holy Conception () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Concepción, Chile.

Related pages 
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción
 History of Concepción
 Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception

Other websites 

 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción website 
 Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception website 
 The Cathedral in gcatholic.com 

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Chile
Concepción
Bring It On

Bring It On is a 2000 American teen comedy movie that stars Kirsten Dunst and Eliza Dushku. It is about cheerleader groups competing against each other in high schools in California. Bring It On got mixed critic reviews, though it took in over $90 million in box office revenue. It was released in America on August 25, 2000.

Other websites 

2000 comedy movies
2000s sports movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American sports comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
English-language movies
High school movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in San Diego, California
Teen sports movies
Universal Pictures movies
American independent movies
Carrie (1976 movie)

Carrie is a 1976 American supernatural horror movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma and written by Lawrence D. Cohen. It is based on a novel of the same name by Stephen King. The film stars Sissy Spacek as 17-18 year old Carrie White. She is shy and is victimized by her controlling religious fundamentalist mother, played by Piper Laurie, as well as by several of her high school classmates who bully her. However, she has telekinetic powers which she uses to take revenge on the people who deliberately cause her suffering. Nancy Allen, Amy Irving, William Katt and John Travolta play some of her classmates. Carrie was emotionally and verbally abused by some girls who are her classmates.

It was followed by a 1999 sequel, The Rage: Carrie 2. It was remade in 2002 and 2013.

Release dates

Other websites 

1976 horror movies
1970s horror thriller movies
1970s teen movies
American horror thriller movies
Supernatural horror movies
American teen horror movies
Carrie
English-language movies
High school movies
Movies about bullying
Movies about revenge
Movies based on books by Stephen King
Movies directed by Brian De Palma
Proms in movies
Telekinesis in movies
Carrie

Carrie may refer to:

Carrie (name), female name
Carrie (novel), American novel by Stephen King
Carrie (1976 movie), American movie based on the novel
The Rage: Carrie 2, 1999 movie sequel
Don't Look Now

Don't Look Now is a 1973 Anglo-Italian thriller movie directed by Nicolas Roeg. It stars Julie Christie and Donald Sutherland as a married couple from Hertfordshire who go to Venice, Italy after the accidental death of their daughter. It is based on a short story by Daphne du Maurier.

Other websites 

1973 horror movies
1973 thriller movies
1970s horror thriller movies
1970s serial killer movies
1970s supernatural movies
British crime movies
British horror movies
British thriller movies
Crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Hertfordshire
Italian horror movies
Italian thriller movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies based on books
Movies set in Venice
Movies directed by Nicolas Roeg
Yellow-backed duiker

The yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus silvicultor) is a small antelope.
It lives in the dense tropical forests of central Africa. Duikers can grow up to 3 feet in height and weigh up to 175 lbs. They live 10 to 15 years in captivity. A typical yellow-backed duiker's diet consists of bark, shoots, buds, seeds, fruits, fungi, herbs and some small animals.

References 

Bovids
Mammals of Africa
Grey crowned crane

The grey crowned crane or East African crowned crane  (Balearica regulorum) is a waterfowl species which lives in wetter areas of eastern and southern Africa. They grow up to 3.5 feet and weigh over 8 pounds. The East African crowned crane can live up to 25 years in captivity. They eat a variety of grasses, seeds, insects, and other small animals.

References 

Cranes
Marwar

Jodhpur state was a former princely state now in Rajasthan in India.  The region was earlier called Marwar meaning 'the land of death' due to its severe famines and harsh conditions of living. Maharaja Umaid Singhji got Umaid Bhawan Palace built in Jodhpur at the time of famine so as to provide employment to public. 

Its ruler, the Maharaja of Jodhpur, expressed a wish to join Pakistan but Lord Mountbatten warned him that his subjects were mostly Hindus and his accession to Pakistan would create problems. As a result Jodhpur, too, acceded to India.

References

History of India
Indian princely states
Rajasthan
Kapurthala (princely state)

Kapurthala State ( (Gurmukhi), کپورتھلہ (Shahmukhi), कपूरथला (Devanagari)), with its capital at Kapurthala, was a princely state in East Punjab. It was spread across .

History of India
Indian princely states
Punjab, India
Daniel McKeague

Daniel McKeague (born 1974) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, and TV advertising sales manager. He is best known as the new voice of the Aflac mascot, a duck. On April 26, 2011, it was announced that McKeague would replace Gilbert Gottfried as the duck's voice. Gottfried had been fired because of making a joke on the earthquake and tsunami in Japan.

Early life
McKeague was born and raised in Hugo, Minnesota in 1974.

Career
Originally a salesman, McKeague was hired by Aflac as the new voice of the Aflac Duck on April 26, 2011 after original actor Gilbert Gottfried (whom McKeague was able to impersonate) was fired.

On May 1, 2011, the first Aflac commercial with McKeague voicing the duck was released.

Personal life
McKeague has a wife and 3 children.

Filmography

Commercials
 Jump5: Pizza Man (2002)
 Aflac: Aflac Duck (2011-)

References

1970s births
Living people
American voice actors
American television actors
Comedians from Minnesota
Actors from Minnesota
Gilbert Gottfried

Gilbert Gottfried (born February 28, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor, and comedian. He was the voice of Iago in the movie Aladdin and the TV show based on the first movie. He was originally the voice of the Aflac Duck, but he was dismissed on March 14, 2011 and he was replaced by Daniel McKeague on April 26, 2011.

Early life
Gottfried was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York on February 28, 1955, the youngest of 3 kids.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 

Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
1955 births
American stand-up comedians
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Cooch Behar (princely state)

Cooch Behar (1586—1949; also spelled Koch Bihar) was a small kingdom located south of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, west of the upper Brahmaputra valley Ahom Kingdom, and north-east of the Ganges plain and Bengal.

Until 1949, Cooch Behar was a princely state subject to British rule. In 1949, it was merged with India; now free from the British. It later became a part of West Bengal.  However, if Cooch Behar had become part of East Pakistan, then India would not have had as much land access towards the north-east.  Also the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) would have land borders with Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim.

Indian princely states
History of India
West Bengal
1580s establishments
1949 disestablishments in Asia
1940s disestablishments in India
Tripura (princely state)

Twipra Kingdom was the ancient kingdom of the Tripuri people of the Bodo-Kachari ethnicity. It is now the state of Tripura in the northeastern region of India. It had a chronicle of 186 kings till the present king (Maharaja Pradyot Kishore Manikya, better known as Kirit Pradyot Deb Burman).

History of India
Tripura
Indian princely states
Don Freund

Don Freund (born 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American music writer and Professor of Composition at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music. His over 100 works include individual music and large theater works.

He has many famous awards for his work, including a Guggenheim Fellowship and allowances from the National Endowment for the Arts.

Recordings
New Music From Indiana University Vol 4 - Don Freund Madame Bovary Suite, Soft Cells, Concerto for Viola, Dissolving Music:Indiana University Concert Orchestra,  Indiana University New Music Ensemble,  Indiana University Chamber Orchestra conducted by Don Freund, David Dzubay, and Paul Biss. Indiana University 10.

Sources
 Jens Staubrand: Kierkegaard International Bibliography Music Works and Plays, Copenhagen 2009. In English and Danish. . Including Don Freund's FEAR AND TREMBLING BLUES, 1983
 Don Freund  Indiana University Homepage
 Don Freund , Composition Department, Jacobs School of Music
 Interview with Don Freund by George Walker (September 18, 2009), accessed 28 January 2010

American classical musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
1947 births
Writers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Living people
Educators from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Nham Biền

Nham Biền is a township (Thị trấn) and town and capital of Yên Dũng District, Bac Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Vietnam
List of American movies of 1991

A list of American movies released in 1991. 
The Silence of the Lambs won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Highest earning films
 Terminator 2: Judgment Day
 Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
 Beauty and the Beast
 The Addams Family
 City Slickers
 Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
 Thelma & Louise
 Fried Green Tomatoes
 Hot Shots!
 JFK

A-Z

Other websites 
 American movies of 1991 at the Internet Movie Database

1991 in the United States
American
1991
1991
Planning

Planning is the way most organizations work to do big projects. It is thinking about what needs to happen, and then making a detailed plan. It may include a schedule.

All humans plan to some extent: it is a fundamental property of intelligent behaviour. In big organisations and government planning is a main activity. It combines forecasting  developments with scenarios of how to react to them.

Forecasting is predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like.

The "nuts and bolts" of planning are the documents, diagrams, and meetings, the objectives and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this, planning has a different meaning depending on the context in which it is used.

The counterpart to planning is self-organization, when order emerges spontaneously out of seeming chaos.

References
Dorf an der Pram

Dorf an der Pram is a municipality in the district of Schärding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

Geography
Dorf an der Pram lies in the Innviertel. About 8 percent of the municipality is forest, and 80 percent is farmland.

References

Settlements in Upper Austria
Gradualism

Gradualism is a process of change by gradual, slow stages. In politics, it is the opposite of revolutions and rapid change. "Gradualism is... sometimes associated with social democracy".

In geology it is in tune with uniformitarianism, and against catastrophism. In biology it is in tune with Darwinian ideas of slowly changing species as opposed to big, rapid changes

Politics and society 
Gradualism is one of the defining features of political liberalism and reformism. It is against abrupt strokes such as revolutions or uprisings. Instead, change ought to be brought about in small, discrete steps.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was opposed to the idea of gradualism as a method of eliminating segregation. The government wanted to try to integrate African-Americans and European-Americans slowly into the same society, but many believed it was a way for the government to put off actually doing anything about racial segregation:

This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.— Martin Luther King Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech, delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC

Charles Lindblom was an influential professor and author who believed in muddling through ("incrementalism") as the right way to go. He pointed out the connexions between the political system, the market-place and democratic freedom.

Geology and biology
In the natural sciences, gradualism is a theory that profound change is the product of slow but continuous processes. It is often contrasted with catastrophism. Gradualism was proposed in 1795 by James Hutton to explain geology, and was later was the basis for Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology. William Whewell called the idea 'uniformitarianism'. It formed the basis of early evolutionary theory.

Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell's Principles of Geology. Everything we see from the past is explained by processes we can see going on today. The present is key to the past. So Darwin thought evolutionary must occur gradually, not in jumps ('saltations'), since we do not see big changes going on today. Extreme and rapid changes in an organism would be most likely to be fatal. It is almost universally agreed that complex organs such as the eye must have evolved by many small steps rather than by one or two mutations.

"Phyletic gradualism" is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium. They proposed that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability or stasis, punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. Their idea is less accepted today.

References 

Earth sciences
Evolutionary biology
Politics
Planning
Ernst Kummer

Ernst Eduard Kummer (born 29 January 1810, Sorau, Brandenburg; died  14 May 1893 Berlin) was a German mathematician.  At first he was a school teacher, teaching in a German high school gymnasium, where he inspired the  Leopold Kronecker to become a mathematician.  He became professor of mathematics in Breslau and then in Berlin.  He is famous for several mathematical discoveries, including his work on number fields.  Several mathematical ideas are named after him.

References
 Eric Temple Bell, Men of Mathematics, Pelican 1953

1810 births
1893 deaths
German mathematicians
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Leopold Kronecker

Leopold Kronecker (7 December 1823 Liegnitz, Prussia - 29 December 1891) was a German mathematician of Jewish descent.

At first he was a business man and earned a lot of money.  Then he devoted himself to mathematics.  He is famous for his work on number theory, determinant and algebra.  He criticized Cantor's work on set theory.  He was a pupil and lifelong friend of Ernst Kummer.

References
 Eric Temple Bell, 1986. Men of Mathematics, Penguin books 1953.

1823 births
1891 deaths
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
German number theorists
German algebraists
French Academy of Sciences

The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV. Its aim was to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was involved with many of the important scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.
It is one of the earliest academies of sciences.

People of the Academy 
Here are some incomplete lists of the officers of the academy.

Presidents
 1801–1814 Napoleon Bonaparte
 1952–1962 Albert Caquot
 Currently Jean Salençon

Treasurers
 -1788 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
 1788–1791 Mathieu Tillet

Permanent secretaries
 December 1666 – April 1668 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
 April 1668 – December 1669 Jean Gallois
 January 1670 – January 1697 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
 January 1697 – December 1740 Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (nominated by the king in January 1699)
 January 1741 – August 1743 Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan
 September 1743 – July 1776 Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy
 August 1777 – August 1793 Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet

Mathematical Sciences and then Mathematical Sciences and Physics 

 1801–1822 Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
 1822–1830 Joseph Fourier
 1830–1853 François Arago
 1853–1874 Léonce Élie de Beaumont
 1874–1900 Joseph Bertrand
 1900–1917 Gaston Darboux
 1917–1942 Émile Picard
 1942–1975 Louis de Broglie
 1975–1996 Paul Germain
 Currently: Jean Dercourt

Physical Sciences
 1795–1803 Bernard Germain de Lacépède
 1803–1832 Georges Cuvier
 1832–1833 Pierre-Louis Dulong
 1833–1868 Pierre Flourens
 1868–1884 Jean-Baptiste Dumas
 1884–1886 Jules Jamin
 1886–1887 Alfred Vulpian
 1887–1889 Louis Pasteur
 1889–1907 Marcelin Berthelot
 1907 Albert de Lapparent
 1908 Henri Becquerel
 1908–1914 Philippe van Tieghem
 1914–1948 Alfred Lacroix

Chemistry and Biology 
 1948–1986 Robert Courrier
 1986–1991 Alfred Jost
 1991–2001 François Gros
 2001–2006 Nicole Le Douarin
 Currently Jean-François Bach

Research
France
Búri

Búri was the first Norse god. He became the father of the other gods. He was married to Hárm. He ruled prehistory. He gave birth to the Nephaeleus. His reign ended when Thor and Loki were born.

Búri was born when the Divine Cow, Audhumla, licked him out of his icy prison. In his life, Búri lived alongside the ice giant Ymir. Ymir was also released from ice in a similar way.

Norse gods and goddesses
Hokurikudō

is a Japanese term for an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
Hokurikudō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including Hokurikudō, remained cultural markers.

The Hokurikudō road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

Geography
When the Gokishichidō system was initially established after the Taika reforms, the region consisted of just two provinces: Wakasa and Koshi. During the reign of Emperor Temmu, Koshi was divided into three provinces: Echizen, Etchū and Echigo and Sado Island was added as a fifth province. Later, Noto and Kaga were carved out of Echizen.

Hokurikudō has parts of seven ancient provinces.

Related pages 
 Tōhoku region
 Comparison of regions of Japan

References

Geography of Japan
Japanese culture
Campagnola Cremasca

Campagnola Cremasca is a comune (township) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40 km east of Milan and about 40 km northwest of Cremona.  

Campagnola Cremasca is on the edge of the following townships: Capralba, Casaletto Vaprio, Crema, Cremosano, Pianengo, Sergnano.

References

Settlements in Lombardy
Comunes of the Province of Pavia

This is a list of the 190 comuni (townships) of the Province of Pavia, in Lombardy, Italy.

References 

Lists of settlements in Europe
Alagna

Alagna is a comune (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40 km southwest of Milan and about 20 km west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 876 people and an area of 8.6 km².

Alagna is on the edge of the following townships: Dorno, Garlasco, Tromello, Valeggio.

Demographic change

References 

Settlements in Lombardy
Mimi Rogers

Miriam "Mimi" Rogers (née Spickler; born January 27, 1956) is an American movie actress and poker player. She has been in many television programs, including the series Dawson's Creek.

References

Actors from Florida
American movie actors
American television actors
Poker players
1956 births
Living people
Albaredo Arnaboldi

Albaredo Arnaboldi is a comune (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40 km south of Milan and about 12 km southeast of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 200 people and an area of 9.2 km².

Albaredo Arnaboldi is on the edge of the following townships: Barbianello, Belgioioso, Broni, Campospinoso, Casanova Lonati, Linarolo, Mezzanino, San Cipriano Po.

Demographic evolution

References 

Settlements in Lombardy
Frascarolo

Frascarolo is a comune (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 60 km southwest of Milan and about 40 km southwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 1,277 people and an area of 23.4 km².

Frascarolo is on the edge of the following townships: Bassignana, Gambarana, Mede, Suardi, Torre Beretti e Castellaro, Valenza.

Demographic change

References

Settlements in Lombardy
Mortal Thoughts

Mortal Thoughts is a 1991 American mystery crime thriller movie which stars Demi Moore, Bruce Willis and Harvey Keitel. Willis plays a deranged and violent husband who is murdered one night; Moore plays Cynthia (who gets interrogated); Keitel plays a detective in this movie.

Other websites 
 
 
 

1991 crime movies
1991 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s mystery movies
American crime thriller movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Movies about domestic violence
Movies directed by Alan Rudolph
Columbia Pictures movies
Maggie Gyllenhaal

Margaret Ruth "Maggie" Gyllenhaal is an American actress. She is the daughter of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal. She is the sister of actor Jake Gyllenhaal. Maggie got many awards for her 2002 movie Secretary.

Early life 

Maggie was born in New York City to Stephen and Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal. Her parents, who married in 1977, filed for divorce in October 2008. Her father is director Stephen Gyllenhaal, who was raised as a Swedenborgian, is of Swedish, French, German, Swiss, Welsh and English descent, and is a descendant of the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family. Jake's last ancestor to be born in Sweden was his great-great-grandfather, Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal. Her mother is Jewish; she was born in New York City, to a family from Russia, Latvia and Poland.

Gyllenhaal grew up in Los Angeles. She studied at the Harvard-Westlake School prep school. In 1995, she went to New York to attend Columbia University. Here, she studied literature and Eastern religions. She graduated in 1999. Hence, she got a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Movies

References

Other websites
 

Golden Globe Award winning actors
1977 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
Jewish American actors
The Battle for Wesnoth

The Battle for Wesnoth (or just Wesnoth) is a strategy video game. It is designed by David White and the first released was made in June 2003.
The game is available under the GPL license. The 1.14.5 version is the last release and was made the 18 September 2018.

Development 
The game is programmed in C++. It is cross-platform and runs on AmigaOS 4, BeOS, FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, MorphOS, NetBSD, OpenBSD, RISC OS, iOS, Solaris and Android.

The project has a very big community and counts many contributors too. Some developers are well-known authors of other free and open-source projects. For example, there are Eric S. Raymond or Rusty Russell.

The game is translated in more than 50 languages. In 10 of them, the game is very well translated (These languages have more than 95% of messages translated).

References

Other websites 
 

2003 video games
Vigevano

Vigevano (Avgevan in the local variety of Western Lombard) is a town and comune (township) in the province of Pavia, Lombardy, northern Italy, which has many treasures and a huge industrial business. It is in the middle of a district called Lomellina, a great rice-growing centre. Vigevano received the honorary title of city with a declaration of Duke Francis II Sforza on February 2, 1532. Vigevano is well known for its beautiful Renaissance "Piazza Ducale", in the middle of the town.

History

Vigevano dates back to the 10th century AD, when it was one of Lombard king Arduin's favourite places because of the good hunting.   

Vigevano was a Ghibelline township, favoring the Emperor and was therefore invaded and taken by the Milanese in 1201 and again in 1275. In 1328 it finally gave itself up to Azzone Visconti, after which it shared the fortunes of Milan. The Church of S. Pietro Martire (St. Peter Martyr) was built, with the neighbouring Dominican convent, by Filippo Maria Visconti in 1445. In the last years of Visconti's control it kept a siege by Francesco Sforza. Once he was settled in power in Lombardy, Sforza secured the erection of Vigevano as the seat of a bishop and provided its revenues.

Main sights

Castello Sforzesco
Vigevano is crowned by the Castello Sforzesco, a stronghold rebuilt 1492–94 for Ludovico Maria Sforza (Ludovico il Moro), the great patron born in the town, who changed the fortification/hunting lodge of Luchino Visconti (who in turn had re-used a Lombard fortress) into a rich noble residence, at the cusp of Gothic and Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was his guest at Vigevano, as was Bramante, who is credited with the tall tower that watches over the piazza from the Castello Sforzesco. The old castle has a unique raised covered road, high enough for horsemen to ride through, that travels between the new palace and the old fortifications; there is a Falconry, an elegant loggiato supported by 48 columns, and, in the rear area of the mastio, the Ladies' Loggia made for Duchess Beatrice d'Este.

Notable Vigevanesi 
 Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280 - c. 1349), physician and inventor
 Ludovico Sforza (1452–1508), known as Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor", Duke of Milan.
 Eleonora Duse (1858–1924), Italian actress, often known simply as Duse, was born in Vigevano.
 Gian Carlo Rota (1932–1999), mathematician and philosopher, was born in Vigevano.
 Margie Santimaria (born 1989), a professional triathlete

Gallery

References

Settlements in Lombardy
Towns in Italy
10th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
Fiat Palio

The Fiat Palio is a car produced by Fiat. It has been produced in various countries. It replaced the Fiat Duna in 1996.

Engines 
 1.2 8V 44 kW (60 hp) and 54 kW (73 hp)
 1.2 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.6 16V 74 kW (101 hp) and 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.7 TD 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.9 D 46 kW (63 hp)
 1.9 JTD 59 kW (80 hp)

Other websites

Palio
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Sword of Truth

The Sword of Truth is a series of thirteen epic fantasy novels written by Terry Goodkind. The book tells the story of Richard Rahl, Kahlan Amnell and Zeddicus Zu'l Zorander.

The series is published in more than 20 languages.

Books 
There is two prequels:
 The First Confessor: The Legend of Magda Searus, where the story takes place several hundred years before the main series.
 Debt of Bones, where the story takes place before the events related by the main series.

The main series is composed of:
 Wizard's First Rule
 Stone of Tears
 Blood of the Fold
 Temple of the Winds
 Soul of the Fire
 Faith of the Fallen
 The Pillars of Creation
 Naked Empire
 Chainfire
 Phantom
 Confessor

A second series, which is the suite of the first (events in the series take place directly after the end of Confessor):
 The Omen Machine
 The Third Kingdom

References

Other websites 
 Terry Goodkind  — official website of the author
Kunio Kishida

was a Japanese dramatist and writer.  He is known as one of the founders of modern Japanese drama.

Early life
Kishida studied French literature and modern drama at Tokyo Imperial University. In 1920, he went to Paris and studied the history of French drama.

Career
In the 1920s, Kishida wrote dramas and novels.

In 1937, he founded the Literature Theatre Company (Bungaku-za).

His name was given to the most famous prize for drama in Japan—the annual Kunio Kishida Award (Kishida Kunio Gikyoku-shô).

Major works

Drama
Old Toys (1924)
Autumn in Tirol (1924)
Paper Balloon (1926)
The Shower (1926)
Diary of Falling Leaves (1927)
Two Daughters of Mr. Sawa (1935)
A Warm Current (1943)
Hayamizu Girls School (1948)

References

Further reading
Rimer, J. Thomas. (1974). Toward a modern Japanese theatre: Kishida Kunio. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 

1890 births
1954 deaths
Writers from Tokyo
Jerry Maguire

Jerry Maguire is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama sports movie. It stars Tom Cruise, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Renée Zellweger. This movie got very positive reviews and became a strong success in the box office.

Release dates

Other websites 

1996 romance movies
1996 comedy-drama movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s romantic drama movies
1990s sports movies
Academy Award winning movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American sports movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Sports drama movies
Movies directed by Cameron Crowe
Domestic partnership

A Domestic partnership is a contract between two people who live together. They live together in the same household, but are neither married, nor joined in what is called a civil union. The sex of the partners is not relevant. 

Law
LGBT marriages
LGBT rights in the Republic of China

The Republic of China (Taiwan) is one of Asia's most tolerant countries as far as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights are concerned. The government proposed a bill in 2003 to make same-sex marriage legal. It has so far stalled without passage. If the law passes, the ROC would be the first country in Asia to allow same-sex marriages. In 2017, the ROC's Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex marriage should become legal within two years. The ROC is also described as the most liberal after over 30,000 people went to the Taiwan Pride parade in 2010 and 2011, making it the largest LGBT event in Asia. On May 17, 2019, the Legislative Yuan approved a bill, submitted by the Executive Yuan, recognising marriage for same-sex couples. The bill was signed into law by President Tsai Ing-wen on 22 May and went into effect on 24 May. Taiwan therefore became the first country in Asia to recognise same-sex marriage.

Living conditions

References

Other websites
Taiwan Pride 

China, Republic
Politics of Taiwan
List of rivers of Mongolia

This is a list of notable rivers of Mongolia.  They are arranged geographically by river basin.

Longest rivers

 Orkhon River - 
 Kherlen River - 
 Tuul River - 
 Zavkhan River - 
 Selenge River - 
 Tes River - 
 Hovd River - 
 Eg River - 
 Ider River - 
 Delgermörön -

Flowing into the Arctic Ocean

Yenisei River (Russia)
Angara River (Russia), flowing out of Lake Baikal
Selenge River (Сэлэнгэ мөрөн in Sükhbaatar) flowing into Lake Baikal
Chikoy River
Menza River
Katantsa River
Jida or Dzhida River (Russia)
Zhelter River (Зэлтэр гол)
Orkhon River (Орхон гол in Kharkhorin, Bulgan)
Tuul River (Туул гол in Ulaanbaatar)
Tamir River (Тамир гол at Arkhangai)
Kharaa River (Хараа гол at Selenge)
Eg River (in Khatgal)
Üür River (at Khövsgöl)
Uilgan River (at Khövsgöl)
Arigiin River 
Tarvagatai River 
Khanui River ( at Arkhangai)
Ider River (Идэр гол at Khövsgöl)
Chuluut River (at Arkhangai)
Suman River (at Arkhangai)
Delgermörön River (Дэлгэрмөрөн in Mörön)
Beltes River 
Bügsiin River 
Lesser Yenisei (Russia)
Kyzyl-Khem (Кызыл-Хем)
Büsein River 
Shishged River (Шишгэд гол)
Sharga River 
Tengis River

Flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk (Pacific Ocean)
Amur River (Russia/China)
Shilka River (Russia)
Onon River (Онон гол)

Flowing into endorheic basins

Hulun Lake
Kherlen River (Хэрлэн гол)

Ulaan Lake 
Ongi River

Great Lakes Depression

Khar-Us Lake 
Khovd River

Uvs Nuur Basin

Rivers draining into endorheic Uvs Lake, forming the drainage of the Uvs Lake Basin
 Kharkhiraa River
Sangil gol
Turuun River 
Nariin gol
Tes River
Shavar River
Tsereg River
Khachig River
Erzin River

Khyargas Lake 
Zavkhan River

Dörgön Lake 
Teeliin gol, flowing out of Khar Lake
Chono Kharaikh gol, draining into Khar Lake

Ulungur Lake 
Bulgan River (Ulungur River)

Geography of Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia
List of rivers of Montenegro

This is a list of rivers in Montenegro:

Bijela
Bistrica
Bukovica
Bojana
Cijevna
Ćehotina
Grnčar
Ibar
Komarnica
Lim
Lješnica
Ljuboviđa
Ljuča
Mala rijeka
Morača
Mrtvica
Ospanica
Piva
Ribnica
Sitnica (Morača)
Šavnik
Tara
Trebišnjica
Veruša
Vrmoša
Zeta

Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro
List of rivers of Morocco

This is a list of streams and rivers in Morocco

A 
El-Abid River
Azul River

B 
Baht River 
Bou Regreg

C 
Chaaba River

D 
Dadès River
Draa River

F 
Fes River

I 
Imini River 
Inaouen River

K 
Ksob River

L 
Lakhdar River
Laou River (Wad Laou/Law)
Loukkos River

M 
Makhazen River
Massa River
Moulouya River

N 
Noun River

O 

Ouarzazate River  
Ouergha River 
Oum Er-Rbia River
Ourika River

S 
Sebou River
Sous River

T 
Tamri River
Tensift 
Tessaoute River
Todra River
Tit River

Z 
Ziz River

Morocco
Morocco
Geography of Morocco
List of rivers of Mozambique

This is a list of streams and rivers in Mozambique

B 

Buzi River

C 

Chindi River

K 

Komati River

L 

Limpopo River -
Luambala River -
Luangwa River -
Lugenda River -
Licungo River - 
Ligonha River -
Lurio River

M 

Maputo River - Mazowe River - Manisi River - Messalo River - Matola River

P 

Pungwe River

R 

Ruvuma River

S 

Save River (Africa) - Shire River

Z 
Zambezi River

Mozambique
Mozambique
Geography of Mozambique
Competition (economics)

In economics, the word competition means that there are at least two competitors (¨players¨) who want to get a share of a market. The market is divided between all the economic players; this means that if a player gets a higher market share, another player will get a smaller share of the market. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith says that all players uses the resources they have so that they will get the most profit from these resources. According to Smith, this encourages efficiency. 
Game theory looks at competition, from a mathematical point of view.

Different forms of competition
 Products that perform the same function, and that are interchangeable, compete against each other; this is known as Direct competition
 Products that are substitutes compete; an example might be butter competing with margarine
 The broadest form is usually called budget competition: People have an amount of money they can spend each month; all the different products the consumers spend their money on, in a given month compete with each other.

Limiting competition
Note that competition does not necessarily involve different companies; in the 1920s, General Motors had divisions that overlapped, and that competed for resources. Procter & Gamble introduced the competition between different brands in the 1930s.

Also note that competition is limited: In some areas, there are monopolies, often granted by the state. The state may also apply taxes or pay subsidies as a way to protect its own economy.

Other factors that limit competition include the existence of cartels.

Economics
List of rivers of Myanmar

This is a list of rivers in Burma (Myanmar). This list is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

The longest river of Myanmar is the Irrawaddy River. This river begins where the N'mai River and Mali River join.

Indian Ocean
 Nāf River
 Kaladan River
 Lemro River
 Mayu River
 Kaleindaung River
 Pathein River (Bassein River)
 Dagā River
 Pyanmalot River (Pyamalaw River)
 Irrawaddy River (Ayeyarwady River)
 Yin River
 Mon River
 Yaw River
 Kyaw River
 Chindwin River
 Myittha River
 Manipur River
 Uyu River
 Tizu River
 Mu River
 Myitnge River
 Zawgyi River
 Shweli River
 Taping River
 N'Mai River
 Mali River
 Thandi River
 Yangon River (Rangoon River) (Hlaing River) (Myint ma kha River)
 Bago River (Pegu River)
 Myitmaka River
 Sittaung River
 Bilin River
 Salween River (Thanlwin River)
 Ataran River
 Zami River
 Winyaw River
 Gyaing River
 Haungtharaw River
 Yunzalin River
 Moei River (Thaungyin River)
 Nam Pang River
 Pawn River
 Pilu River
 Pai River
 Teng River
 Hsim River
 Pāng River
 Nam River
 Nanding River
 Ye River
 Heinze River
 Dawei River (Tavoy River)
 Great Tenasserim River (Tanintharyi River)
 Lenya River
 Kraburi River (Pakchan River)
 Dapein River
 Tarpein River
 Paung Laung River
 Chaungmagyi River

Pacific Ocean
 Mekong
 Kok River
 Ruak River
 Loi River

Others
 Maykha River
 Malikha River

References
 Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Other websites
 Arakanrivers 

Myanmar
Myanmar
Enver Pasha

İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعيل انور) (November 22, 1881 in Istanbul - August 4, 1922), he was known to European powers as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa) or Enver Bey and he was a Turkish military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution. His contributions for the revolution, he was given the nickname "The Hero of Liberty"(Hürriyet Kahramanı). He was the main leader of the Ottoman Empire in both Balkan Wars and World War I.

He was minister of War from 1914 to 1918.

Marriage and issue
By his marriage toEmine Naciye Sultanv, a granddaughter of sultan Enver had:
 HH Princess Dr. Mahpeyker Enver Hanımsultan (1917–2000), married and divorced, Dr. Fikret Ürgüp (1918–?), and had issue, one son:
 Hasan Ürgüp, (b.1948 -d.1989)unmarried and without issue
 HH Princess Turkan Enver Hanımsultan (1919–1989), married HE Huvayda Mayatepek, Turkish Ambassador to Denmark, and had issue, one son:
 Osman Mayatepek (b. 1950), married Neshe Firtina and had one daughter
 Mihrishah Türkan Mayatepek (b.1992)
 HH Prince Sultanzade Captain Ali Enver Beyefendi (1921 – Australia, December 1971), married and had issue, one daughter:
 Arzu Enver (b. 1955), married Aslan Sadıkoğlu and had Issue
 Burak Sadıkoğlu

His widow remarried his brother Mehmed Kamil Killigil (1900–1962) in 1923, and had one daughter: 
 HH Princess Rana Killigil Hanımsultan (1926; Paris – 14 April 2008; Istanbul), married Osman Sadi Eldem and had three children:
 Ceyda Eldem (b. 1952)
 Necla Eldem (b. 1954 - d. 1964)
 Edhem Eldem (b. 1960) married Zeynep Sedef Torunoğlu and had issue, one son:
 Simin Eldem (b.1987)

Other websites 
 Enver's biography
 Enver's declaration at the Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East

1881 births
1922 deaths
Generals
Government ministers
Military personnel of World War I
Muslims
Ottoman people
Turkish military people
Turkish politicians
List of rivers of Namibia

This is a list of streams and rivers in Namibia.  They are arranged by where the river drains.  There is list by letter at the end.

Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean 
Kunene River
Ugab River
Omaruru River
Swakop River
Khan River
Kuiseb River
Orange River
Fish River
Molopo River (South Africa, Botswana)
Nossob River

Flowing into the Indian Ocean 
Zambezi River
Kwando River (or Linyanti River or Chobe River)

Flowing into endorheic basins

Etosha Pan 
Ekuma River
Oshigambo River

Okavango Delta 
Okavango River

Sossusvlei 
Tsauchab

List by letter 
 Ekuma River
 Fish River
 Khan River 
 Kuiseb River 
 Kunene River 
 Kwando River
 Nossob River
 Okavango River
 Omaruru River 
 Orange River 
 Oshigambo River
 Swakop River
 Tsauchab
 Ugab River
 Zambezi River

Namibia
Namibia
Geography of Namibia