cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Huntingdon College

Huntingdon College, founded in 1854, is a liberal arts college in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. It is known for its business and science programs. The college has recently made a football team and marching band.

History 

Huntingdon College was first started on February 2, 1854, as "Tuskegee Female College". A decision was made in the late 19th century to move the campus to a larger city. The college, renamed the "Woman's College of Alabama" moved in 1910 to a 58 acre section of Montgomery. Several new buildings were built for the "Gothic" style of the main college building, Flowers Memorial Hall.

The college admitted its first male student in 1934 and changed its name the next year to Huntingdon College in honor of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, a person who supported Methodism

Rankings
Huntingdon is ranked a fourth school by U.S. News and World Report. Huntingdon College is also ranked by the Princeton Review as one of the best liberal arts colleges in the Southeast.

References

Further reading

Other websites 

Huntingdon College official site

Colleges and universities in Alabama
Montgomery, Alabama
1854 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Alabama
Ballistics

Ballistics is a science about the motion of projectiles (flying objects), mainly about bullets which are fired from guns.  This science shows us the path and behavior of projectiles.  Gun ballistics may be divided into the following  four categories.
 

 Internal ballistics is about the motion of projectile inside barrel ( tube part of gun).  This motion depends on the pressure of gas, which come into being by burning gunpowder.  Pressure depends on (is connected) amount of gunpowder in bullet, type of gunpowder, size of pieces of gunpowder, free space behind a bullet and outside temperature.  This motion also depends on size and weight of bullet.  The most important number from internal ballistics for performance is a muzzle velocity (Projectile speed from the front edge of barrel).
 Transition ballistics is a science about behavior and changes in the nearest distance from the barrel. It study effect of gases going from a barrel behind a bullet, which are faster than bullet. These gases can negatively (badly) effect ballistic path.
 External ballistics studies the trajectory (path) of a bullet outside the barrel. This trajectory depends on three ballistic conditions. It is a beginning speed, angle of fire and ballistic coefficient ( number, which characterize influence of air). Trajectory of a projectile is also influenced by (depends on) resistance of air, rotation of bullet, density and pressure of air and size and orientation of wind. For long-distanced missiles are also important changes in magnetic field of the Earth.
 Terminal ballistics is about what happens when the bullet hits something.

References

Physics
Mechanics
Southern Gothic

Southern Gothic is a kind of gothic fiction, different from American literature, that usually takes place in American South. It can be ironic and unique. It is used in writing for subjects such as social issues and the culture of the American South.

Fiction genres
Maserati

Maserati is an Italian luxury car making company. It began working with the company known as Ferrari, but recently changed to a group that includes Alfa Romeo. The Maserati brothers were named Alfieri, Bindo, Carlo, Ettore, and Ernesto. Alfieri initially raced with cars from a company called Diatto, but in 1926 when they stopped being produced, Alfieri and his brothers created a company called Maserati. One of the first cars that they made (driven by Alfieri) won the 1926 Targa Florio. Alfieri died in 1932, but the three other brothers continued making the cars. Their trident logo was probably created by an artist named Mario.

Maserati also ran a Formula One racing team between 1950 and 1957, employing numerous drivers, including the five-time drivers' champion Juan Manuel Fangio.

Other websites
 
Maserati Specialist

Italian automobile companies
1926 establishments in Italy
Millennials

Millennials (also known as Generation Y) are typically defined as the generation of people born between 1981 to 1996 (according to some sources). A number of other references and sources say Millennials have birth dates January 1980–December 1995.  

People in this generation are sometimes called Echo Boomers because of the high birth rate during this period. The high birth rate almost matches that of the Baby Boom period after World War II. 

Some of the famous celebrities who are from Generation Y include Harry Styles, Katy Perry, Britney Spears, Natasha Bedingfield, Christina Ricci, Anna Chlumsky, Beverley Mitchell, Kim Kardashian, Lady Gaga, Kate Bosworth, Justin Bieber, Mandy Moore, Miley Cyrus, Mara Wilson, Colbie Caillat, Dua Lipa and Avril Lavigne.

References

Cultural anthropology
Aeolus

Aeolus or Eolus was the king of winds in Greek mythology. Although he varied from story to story, he was sometimes said to have had all the winds in a bag. In the Odyssey, he gave that bag to Odysseus to help him get home. Aeolus was the son of Hellen and a nymph named Orseis. Aeolus' brothers were Dorus, Xuthus and Amphictyon.

Greek gods and goddesses
Nemean lion

The Nemean lion ( ; Latin: Leo Nemaeus) was a vicious monster in Greek mythology that lived at Nemea. It was eventually killed by Heracles. It could not be killed with mortal weapons because its golden fur was impervious to attack. Its claws were sharper than mortal swords and could cut through any armor.

Greek legendary creatures
Hornblende

Hornblende is a complex series of silicate minerals.

Hornblende is not a recognized mineral in its own right, but the name is used as a general or field term, to refer to a dark amphibole.

It is an isomorphous mixture of three molecules; a calcium-iron-magnesium silicate, an aluminium-iron-magnesium silicate, and an iron-magnesium silicate.

Hornblende has a hardness of 5–6, a specific gravity of 2.9–3.4 and is typically an opaque green, greenish-brown, brown or black color. It is most often confused with the minerals augite and biotite mica, both of which are black and can be found in granite.

Occurrence
Hornblende is a common constituent of many igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite, diorite, gabbro, basalt, andesite, gneiss, and schist. It is the principal mineral of amphibolites.

Very dark brown to black hornblendes that contain titanium may be called basaltic hornblende, from the fact that they are usually a constituent of basalt and related rocks.

Etymology
The word hornblende is derived from the German horn and blenden, to 'blind' or 'dazzle'. The term blende is often used to refer to a brilliant non-metallic luster, for example, zincblende and pitchblende, the ore of uranium.

Related pages
List of minerals

References

 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 416-7, 
Mindat retrieved 06/21/05
Scandinavian mineral gallery  retrieved 06/21/05
Table Info retrieved 2/27/07

Minerals

de:Amphibolgruppe#Calcium-Amphibole
Echidna (mythology)

Echidna (Greek: from “Snake”) is a monster of Greek mythology, half woman, half serpent. Her parents were either the sea deities Phorcys and Ceto (according to Hesiod’s Theogony) or Tartarus and Gaia (in the account of the mythographer Apollodorus); in Hesiod, Tartarus and Gaia are the parents of Echidna’s husband, Typhon. Among Echidna’s progeny by the 100-headed Typhon, were Ladon (the dragon who protected the Golden Apples of the Hesperides), another dragon who protected the Golden Fleece, the Hydra, the goatlike Chimera, and the infernal hounds Orthus and Cerberus. The Sphinx and the Nemean lion, both sired by Orthus, were also among her offspring.

Greek legendary creatures
Ultrarelativistic limit

Particles which go near the speed of light are called ultrarelativistic.

The ultrarelativistic limit is the maximum velocity that a particle can move at. Albert Einstein found the equation for energy: E=mc². This means that energy is equal to a certain amount of mass. However, this is a simplified version of his equation. The longer version of his equation is E2=m2c4+p2c2. (Mathematically, if you ignore the p2c2 and take the square root of the equation, you get E=mc2). p2c2 refers to the velocity of a particle multiplied by a very large number. 

Einstein then went on to show that a particle can never achieve the speed of light, because you get a divide by zero error from the equation for kinetic energy, .
Look at the denominator (bottom) of the equation, . "v" refers to the velocity of the particle. If its velocity reaches the speed of light (which is "c" in this equation),  will equal one, and since that would leave one minus one in the denominator, there would be a divide by zero error.

Particles which go below the speed of light (all particles which have mass) are called tardyons. Theoretical particles which go above the speed of light are called tachyons.
Relativity
Atmospheric circulation

Atmospheric circulation is a large-scale movement of masses of air. The origin of these processes is the sun's radiation. The sun waves radiate the short-wave radiation. The earth absorbs only a part of this energy. The other part is radiated back to the atmosphere and to the universe. The back radiation is long-waved. The thermal energy is distributed thanks to the circulation of the air on the surface of the earth.

The demonstration of circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatologic structure is almost constant. We recognize 3 cells: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell and the Polar cell. The movement of air masses is influenced by coriolis force. It means that the air diverts to the west.

Hadley cell 
The earth and ocean are intensively radiated in the equatorial areas. The hot and usually moist air rises. It is called convection. This process creates a low pressure area along the equator. The area is also called the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The hot air goes to both south and north and gets colder. When the air is cold enough, it goes down to the surface again. This creates deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropics.  Reaching latitude 30 degrees, the masses of air return to the rainy equator.

Polar cell
The air on 60 degrees of latitude is colder and drier than the air on the equator. On the other hand, the rising movements are still possible. The character of processes is similar to the Hadley cell. The warmer air goes up, and falls down on the poles. This air comes back to the equator.

Ferrell cell
The movements between 30 and 60 degrees are more complex. Temperature is not the main reason of this circulation. The air in this temperate zone cell moves according to the differences between moving masses in Hadley and Polar cells. Prevailing winds are generally westerly.

Other websites
 Intertropical Convergence Zone 

Atmosphere
Meteorology
Pat Roberts

Charles Patrick "Pat" Roberts (born April 20, 1936 in Topeka, Kansas) is a former senator from Kansas. Before Roberts was a senator, he was a U.S. House of Representatives member and the chairman for the United States House Committee on Agriculture.

On January 4, 2019, Roberts announced that he will not seek reelection in 2020.

References

References 

1936 births
Living people
People from Dodge City, Kansas
People from Topeka, Kansas
United States representatives from Kansas
United States senators from Kansas
US Republican Party politicians
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Kansas Republicans
Firestar's Quest

Firestar's Quest is a volume in the Warriors novel series by Erin Hunter.

Setting 

At first it takes place at the New Forest. Soon, it's a journey.

Plot 

The story begins with Firestar out in the forest. He gets caught by his own apprentice, Bramblepaw. The next day he becomes a warrior, Brambleclaw. Meanwhile, Firestar's dreams become disturbed by wailing cats, and he eventually goes to the Moonstone, looking for answers. He finds out that the cats are SkyClan cats, the lost Clan from many moons ago. There, he has a discussion with his closest friends, who are his deputy, Graystripe, his medicine cat, Cinderpelt, and his mate, Sandstorm. They decide that Firestar must go. He picks up Sandstorm on his way out of the camp, and heads off along the river.

He now goes along through a storm, and loses Sandstorm. Because of that, he stays a few days in the nearby village to look for her. One he finds her, the pair continue, and find the end of the stream. There, they seek out the last descendant of SkyClan, and talk to him. They are then given their mission: Rebuild SkyClan before it is gone forever. They find many cats, join them up if they choose, and teach them about the ways of the Clans. 

They pick up more and more cats, and eventually, the newly rebuilt SkyClan along with Firestar and his mate fight a gigantic swarm of rats. There, their mission is complete. The first SkyClan's enemies are gone, SkyClan is rebuilt, and the modern SkyClan is now the fifth Clan. There are six Clans once again. ThunderClan, RiverClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, SkyClan, and StarClan are once again all the Clans in history.

The end shows Sandstorm and Firestar with their two kits, Leafkit, named for Leafstar, leader of SkyClan, and Squirrelkit, named for her bushy tail.

Warriors books
Monitor lizard

Monitor lizards, the genus Varanus, are also known as biawak or goannas. They are members of the family Varanidae. Their closest living relatives are the anguid and Heloderma lizards.

Varanus is a genus of largely carnivorous lizards. There are about 60 species in 10 subgenera. The species cover a vast area, occurring through Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, to China, down Southeast Asia to Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia and islands of the Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea. A large concentration of monitor lizards occurs on Tioman Island in the Malaysian state of Pahang. Some are now found in South Florida, particularly in the Everglades.

Monitor lizards  have long necks, powerful tails and claws, and well-developed limbs. The species include the largest living lizard, the Komodo dragon, and the crocodile monitor. 

Most species are terrestrial, but arboreal and semi-aquatic monitors are also known. International trade in five species is banned, and all the others are threatened species.

Species
Subgenus Empagusia:
 Bengal monitor
 Black roughneck monitor
 Clouded monitor
 Dumeril's monitor
 Golden monitor

Related pages 
Savannah monitor

References
Musado

The musado is a modern martial art which is divided into two branches: the traditional musado destined for civil persons and the Musado MCS (Military Combat System) destined for the army and the police. The term musado (from Korean language) means "the way of warrior". Nevertheless, the musado is a German martial art, based on the Korean arts.

The international centre of the musado is in Dortmund.

The grand master of the musado is Herbert Grudzenski (1947-September 20, 2012)  from Germany, the main instructors for the Czech Republic are Oldřich Šelenberk and Antonín Sokol.

Traditional musado 
The traditional musado derives from Korean traditional martial arts such as taekwondo, hapkido  & Kuk Sool Won. Many of the techniques tailored more for European physical capabilities while maintaining the Korean martial arts mindset  though Grudzenski himself was also a black belt in Judo & Jujitsu.

The beginning of the musado is dated as from 1968.

Technical levels in the traditional musado 
The traditional musado has 6 levels (1.-6. kup) of student which are marked by colour (see the table). Differently from the majority of the martial arts the student does not have a belt since the beginning. Only to the term of the course which lasts 2–4 months there is capacity to pass examination for the white belt.

The belts go up until ninth dan, dan is marked on the belt with Roman numeration written with golden letters. In the Czech Republic, the most graduated is Antonín Sokol (4. dan).

Code of honour of the practitioners of musado 
The code of honour is a modern version of the code of ancient Korean units Hwarang.

Oath 
 Loyalty to own country 
 Loyalty to the teaching and to the instructors, with respect to the parents  
 Confidence and fraternity among friends 
 Courage when facing an enemy 
 Never kill without cause

Moral and ethical principles 
After taking oath the student must adhere to these moral and ethical principles (kyohun; Korean terms):
 in – humanity
 oui – justice
 ye – courtesy
 ji – wisdom
 shin – confidence
 sum – goodness
 duk – virtue
 chung – loyalty
 yong – courage

Musado Military Combat System 
The Musado MCS is a military system of personal defence and of body-to-body combat, designed especially for training of the army, of the police and of other forces of security.

The musado also is used in training of the special units, for example of the units of aerial war, of the brigades of rapid reaction and of the brigades of the UNO.

In the army of the Czech Republic this system was introduced in 1993.

Musado MCS does not have any rules precisely given. However, with its vast extension it provides more than 4000 techniques and skills which with good mastery enable the warrior to stop an attack.

References

Other websites
  Official page of the musado
  Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic History of the musado
  German organization of the musado 

European martial arts
Dortmund
Lancia Thema

The Lancia Thema is a car produced by Lancia. It replaced the Lancia Gamma in 1984, and were replaced by the Lancia Kappa in 1994.

Engines 
 2.0 i.e. 8V 83 kW (113 hp), 85 kW (116 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)
 2.0 i.e. 16V 104 kW (141 hp), 108 kW (147 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)
 2.0 i.e. 8V Turbo 110 kW (150 hp) and 122 kW (166 hp)
 2.0 i.e. 16V Turbo 133 kW (181 hp) and 151 kW (205 hp)
 2850 V6 i.e. 12V 108 kW (147 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
 3000 V6 i.e. 12V 128 kW (174 hp)
 3.0 V8 32V 8.32 151 kW (205 hp) and 158 kW (215 hp)
 2.4 TD 74 kW (101 hp)
 2.5 TD 85 kW (116 hp)

Thema
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Alex Plante

Alexandre "Alex" Plante (born May 9, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for the Oklahoma City Barons of the American Hockey League. He was selected by the Edmonton Oilers 15th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft and made his National Hockey League (NHL) debut in 2009–10. He is the son of former professional defenceman Cam Plante, while his brother, Tyler, is a goaltender in the Florida Panthers organization.

Playing career 

Plante played junior hockey for the Calgary Hitmen of the Western Hockey League (WHL).  The Hitmen selected him with their second round pick, 21st overall, in the 2004 WHL Bantam Draft. He established himself as a regular on Calgary's blue line in 2005–06, playing in 54 games.  He appeared in 58 more in 2006–07 and attracted greater attention from NHL scouts in the 2007 playoffs, scoring 11 points in 13 games.  As a result, the Edmonton Oilers selected him 15th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, a higher position than he was initially expected to go. Several injuries limited Plante to 36 games in 2007–08 and he failed to report to Calgary's training camp prior to the 2008–09 WHL season, claiming that the team had treated him poorly the previous year. While he initially demanded a trade out of Calgary, Plante ultimately recanted and returned to the Hitmen early in the season. He rebounded from his "nightmare season" in 2007–08 to rank among the leaders of the Hitmen defence with 45 points in the regular season and another 15 in the playoffs before Calgary was upset in the league championship series by the Kelowna Rockets.

The Oilers signed Plante to a three-year contract following the season. He began his professional career in 2009–10 with Edmonton's top minor league affiliate, the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League (AHL). Several injuries on Edmonton's defence led the Oilers to recall Plante, and he made his NHL debut on February 1, 2010 against the Carolina Hurricanes and recorded an assist. He was returned to Springfield as injured players returned to the Oilers' lineup.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

Alex Plante's profile at the WHL 

American Hockey League players
1989 births
Calgary Hitmen players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Phan Thanh Giản

Phan Thanh Giản or Phan Thanh Jan(潘淸簡, 1796 - 1867) was a Vietnamese politician, diplomat and historian. He was Vietnam's diplomat in France, the war.

Book 
 《欽定越史通鑑綱目》

1796 births
1867 deaths
Suicides by poison
Vietnamese people
Asian politicians
Silversun Pickups

Silversun Pickups is an American indie band from Los Angeles, California. Silversun Pickups has four members in the band; the current band members are Brian Aubert, Nikki Monninger, Joe Lester, Christopher Guanlao.

Career 
The band was formed by four friends and was originally called, A Couple of Couples but was changed to Silversun Pickups because it was an off licence across from the Silverlake Lounge and near their house at Sunset and Silverlake Blvds in Los Angeles. The band currently has Brian Aubert on Vocals and guitar, Nikki Monninger on bass and vocals, Chris Guanlao on drums and Joe Lester on keyboards, samples and sound manipulation.

Band members 

Current
Brian Aubert – guitar/Vocals 
Nikki Monninger – bass guitar/vocals 
Chris Guanlao – drums 
Joe Lester – keyboards/samples/sound manipulation 

Former
Jack Kennedy - Rhythm Guitar
Elvira Gonzalez - Drums

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Silversun Pickups has released 4 EPs and two albums.

Albums
Carnavas (2006)
Swoon (2009)

EPs
Pikul (EP) (2005)
Remixes (2007)
Live Session (2007) (iTunes Exclusive)
The Tripwire Session: Live in Chicago (2007)

Other websites 
 Official website

Alternative rock bands
Indie rock bands
American rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Kraken

Kraken are legendary sea monsters of gargantuan size, said to have dwelt off the coasts of Norway and Iceland. The sheer size and fearsome appearance attributed to the beasts have made them common ocean-dwelling monsters in various fictional works. 
The legend may actually have originated from sightings of real giant squid that are variously estimated to grow to 13–15 m (40–50 ft) in length, including the tentacles.

Cryptozoology
Leviathan

Leviathan (, "twisted, coiled"), is a monster mentioned in the Bible. In Satanism Leviathan is believed to be one of the princes of Hell. The word has become synonymous with any large sea monster or creature. In classical literature (such as the novel Moby-Dick) it refers to great whales, and in Modern Hebrew, it means simply "whale."

Old Testament
Monsters
K-line

A k-line or kill line is an IRC term. When a user is k-lined, he or she is banned from a certain server, either for some time or forever. When the user is banned they are not allowed to join that server again and have to join another one to get back onto IRC. This is recorded as a line in the server's IRC daemon configuration file which has the letter "K" at the beginning. This is where "K-line" comes from.

Internet Relay Chat
Shadow cabinet

A shadow cabinet is a term which applies in some parliamentary democracies based on the UK parliamentary tradition. It is a group of politicians who hold a political position in their party, but whose party is not in government (that is, an opposition party). A member of the shadow cabinet is a shadow minister. The leader of a shadow cabinet is called the Leader of the Opposition. The term is of United Kingdom origin, and is used by some members of the Commonwealth. Some elements are found in other democratic systems of government.

Each minister of a Cabinet has a corresponding shadow minister. The shadow minister may provide alternative policies to the minister in the government. The two of them may debate on issues relating to their area of jurisdiction. For example, the British "Shadow Secretary of State for Health" often replies to the Secretary of State for Health.

The current UK Shadow Cabinet is made up of members of the Labour Party. The term refers only to the party in opposition which has the most seats of the opposition parties.

References 

Politics
Michelle Malkin

Michelle Malkin (born October 20, 1970) is a conservative blogger, political commentator and author. She runs a weekly syndicated column. Her weekly syndicated column is in a number of newspapers and websites. She is a Fox News Channel contributor and has been a guest on MSNBC, C-SPAN, and national radio programs. Malkin has written four books published by Regnery Publishing.

References

1970 births
Living people
American conservatives
American political commentators
American political writers
American bloggers
Dodge Ram Van

The Dodge B-Series were a series of passenger or cargo vans which began around 1971 and ended in 2003. These vans were full sized. They had the names of Sportsman for the passenger van. The cargo vans were named Dodge Tradesman. This was before 1979, beginning in which year these vehicles were renamed Dodge Ram. The vehicles were marketed under Dodge. The B-Series vans were discontinued in June 2003 and replaced with the Dodge Sprinter, a rebadged Mercedes which was already on sale since 2002. 

Vans
Lincoln Town Car

The Lincoln Town Car was an American-made full size sedan. It was launched in 1980 as a 1981 model. However, the Town Car name was first used on the Lincoln Continental starting in 1959 and ending in 1979. For 1980, the Town Car name was used on a downsized version of the Continental before it was used on its own model. The first official generation of the Town Car was made from 1981 to 1989. For 1990, the second generation got a complete redesign and was facelifted for the 1995 model year. For 1998, the Town Car entered its third generation and got a rounder, more sleek design. For 2003, the Panther platform got new rack and pinion steering along with a slight redesign which lasted till its end in 2011. The Lincoln Town Car was distributed by The Ford Motor Company, Ford's Lincoln (automobile) division. This automobile was the most used limousine in the United States and in Canada. The automobiles are sometimes used as taxis. They were used as hearses as well. The Town Car was discontinued in 2011.

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Sedans
Town Car
Seventh Son of a Seventh Son

Seventh Son of a Seventh Son is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It went on sale on 11 April 1988.

It is a concept album, and talks about the idea that a seventh son of a seventh son has special powers.  The album was the most popular one in th eUnited Kingdom when it went on sale.

The album got good reviews.  One person who reviewed it said that "ranks among [Iron Maiden's] best work."

Musicians
 Bruce Dickinson - lead vocals
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Adrian Smith - guitar, backing vocals, synth
 Steve Harris - bass, string synth,  backing vocals
 Nicko McBrain - drums, percussion

Track listing

References

Iron Maiden albums
1988 albums
Candida albicans

Candida albicans is a yeast which causes oral and genital infections in humans. The infection is candidiasis, better known as "thrush". It is treated with antimycotics (anti-fungal drugs).

C. albicans biofilms readily form on the surface of medical devices. Hospital-related infections in patients are a major health concern.

C. albicans is among the gut flora, the many organisms that live in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Under normal circumstances, it lives in 80% of the human population with no harmful effects, although overgrowth results in candidiasis.

Fungi
America's Got Talent

America's Got Talent (sometimes abbreviated as AGT) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network, and part of the global British Got Talent series franchise. It began in June 21, 2006. It features singers, dancers, magicians and other talents from America to compete for a contract and $1,000,000 and as a headliner on the Las Vegas Strip since season 3.

Format 
Artists compete for the judges votes. Before appearing, Applicants must audition to impress the crew who works on the show. This is how people get a chance to impress the judges. 

Note: Certain seasons may have different variations of rounds.

Auditions 
Once applicants have made the show, they go on stage with the judges. Before the act, they introduce themselves("Who are you and where are you from?") is a common line. They perform their act with added help from the crew that helps the contestants with playing music, and props. The coaches have a big red X button they can press if the act starts performing and they get bored, don't like the act, or think the act isn't "talent" material or just plain stupid. If an act receives all of the Judges X's, they must stop performing, however, some have ignored the unofficial rule. After the act is complete, the judges make comments make positive and/or negative about it. Each judge then votes. If an act received 3 Yes's(75%) or more, they move on to the next round of competition. If an act received 2 yes's(50%) or less, they are eliminated from the competition. X's do not determine a judge's yes or no decision. Even if an act received four X's, they can still go through if they can convince the judges to give them 3 yes's, they still go through.

Judge Cuts 
The second round of the competition features the contestants performing an act again(usually better and bigger) than the last time. The Judges decide on a certain number of acts moving to the live shows. The contestants are usually split into a certain number of groups as well. The judges decide who moves on as a group, instead of individually. The judges can still X a performance, but all performances are eligible to move on when the judges X a performance, even with four X's.

Live Shows

Winners
 Season 1: Bianca Ryan
 Season 2: Terry Fator
 Season 3: Neal E. Boyd
 Season 4: Kevin Skinner
 Season 5: Michael Grimm
 Season 6: Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.
 Season 7: Olate Dogs
 Season 8: Kenichi Ebina
 Season 9: Mat Franco
 Season 10: Paul Zerdin
 Season 11: Grace VanderWaal
 Season 12: Darci Lynne
 Season 13: Shin Lim
 Season 14: Kodi Lee
 Season 15: Brandon Leake
 Season 16: Dustin Tavella

AGT: The Champions 
 Season 1: Shin Lim
 Season 2: V.Unbeatable

References

Other websites

2006 American television series debuts
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
NBC network shows
Television series created by Simon Cowell
American reality television series
Reality television competitions
English-language television programs
Stained glass

Stained glass is glass coloured by adding metallic salts when it is made. The coloured glass is made into stained glass windows. Small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures. The glass is held together  by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame.

Painted details and yellow stain are often used to improve the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln.

Stained glass is much used in Christian art but other themes are not rare. It is still popular today, and often called art glass. It is often used in luxury homes and commercial buildings.

Some colours are added to stained glass by the salts of:
 Copper: metal gives dark red glass
 Gold: metal in tiny amounts (0.001%) produces ruby red glass
 Silver, usually silver nitrate, gives range of red to yellow colours
 Cobalt: brilliant blue
 Manganese dioxide: green
 Iron(II) oxide: blue-green
 Chromium: dark green

References 

Glass
Art
Architectural elements
Shutter Island (movie)

Shutter Island is a 2010 American psychological thriller movie directed by Martin Scorsese, with Leonardo DiCaprio, based on novel Dennis Levane.

The movie cost about $80 million to make.  Worldwide, it had a total gross profit of $294,803,014.

References

Other websites 

2010 thriller movies
2010 mystery movies
American mystery movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Chevrolet Caprice

Chevrolet Caprice and Caprice Classic are fully sized vehicles produced by General Motors. The vehicles were first produced around 1965. The cars were discontinued in the United States during 1996, though they returned for 2011. These cars are used as police vehicles or as taxis in many countries.

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Caprice
List of United States senators from Kansas

This is a list of United States senators from Kansas.

Class 3

Notes

Senators from Kansas
Euston Road

Euston Road is the main east/west road in the north central London.

A number of railway stations are on the Euston Road including Marylebone station, Baker Street tube station, Great Portland Street tube station, Euston railway station, Euston tube station, Euston Square tube station, King's Cross station, St Pancras station and King's Cross St Pancras tube station.

It is also the home of the British Library, the Friend's Meeting House (a place of worship for Quakers) and various buildings associated with University College London.

Euston Road is connected to Marylebone Road, Baker Street, Tottenham Court Road, Pentonville Road and many other roads.

Roads in London
Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle (also known as the Benson-Calvin cycle) is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.  

The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. 

The Calvin cycle is named after Melvin C. Calvin, who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for finding it in 1961. Calvin and his colleagues, Andrew Benson and James Bassham, did the work at the University of California, Berkeley.

Context 
Using the radioactive carbon-14 isotope as a tracer, Calvin, Andrew Benson and their team mapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant during photosynthesis. They traced the carbon-14 from soaking up its atmospheric carbon dioxide to its conversion into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. The single-celled algae Chlorulla was used to trace the carbon-14.

The Calvin group showed that sunlight acts on the chlorophyll in a plant to fuel the manufacture of organic compounds, not directly on carbon dioxide as previously believed.

Steps
The steps in the cycle are as follows:

1. Grab: A five-carbon carbon catcher called RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) catches one molecule of carbon dioxide and forms a six-carbon molecule.

2. Split: the enzyme RuBisCO (with the energy of ATP and NADPH molecules) breaks the six-carbon molecule into two equal parts.

3. Leave: A trio of carbons leave and become sugar. The other trio moves on to the next step.

4. Switch: Using ATP and NADPH, the three carbon molecule is changed into a five carbon molecule.

5. The cycle starts over again.

The product 
The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or 'glucose triose phosphates' (G3P). Each step of the cycle has its own enzyme which speeds up the reaction.

References

Plant physiology
Biochemistry

fi:Yhteyttäminen#Valoreaktiot ja pimeäreaktiot
Political machine

A political machine (sometimes called just machine in politics) is a political organization in which a person or small group with authority that has enough votes or is popular enough to have control over political administration or any type of government in a city, county, or state. The term political machine has been used mostly since the 19th century in the United States, used to describe machines like Tamanny Hall who stayed in control mostly because of the large support from the immigrants in Manhattan during the 19th century.

References 

Politics

bg:Клиентела
cs:Klientelismus
de:Klientelismus
es:Clientelismo político
fr:Clientélisme
gl:Clientelismo
nl:Cliëntelisme
pt:Clientelismo
sk:Klientelizmus
Hall & Oates

Hall & Oates is an American musical group. The members are Daryl Hall and John Oates. They came from Philadelphia. Their greatest fame was from the late 1970s to mid 1980s. During this time they had many hit songs. They faded from view in 1990, but the duo are still performing together.

Albums 
 Whole Oats (1972)
 Abandoned Luncheonette (1973)
 War Babies (1974)
 Daryl Hall & John Oates (1975)
 Bigger Than Both of Us (1976)
 Beauty on a Back Street (1977)
 Along the Red Ledge (1978)
 X-Static (1979)
 Voices (1980)
 Private Eyes (1981)
 H2O (1982)
 Big Bam Boom (1984)
 Ooh Yeah! (1988)
 Change of Season (1990)
 Marigold Sky (1997)
 Do It for Love (2003)
 Our Kind of Soul (2004)
 Home for Christmas (2006)

Other websites
Hall & Oates Official website

1969 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Soul bands
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania
Duke of Normandy

The title Duke of Normandy was given to the rulers of the duchy of Normandy. This fief was created in 911 by Charles the Simple King of France for Rollo, a leader of Northmen. In 1066 the seventh duke, William II, became King William I of England. The title of Duke of Normandy was held by the Kings of England until Henry III gave up the title by treaty in 1259. King John had lost mainland Normandy in 1204, and kept only the Channel Islands.  Today the Channel Islands are a British Crown dependency.

In 1660 when King Charles II was restored to the throne, the King of France, Louis XIV, created Charles' brother James Duke of Normandy, probably as a show of support for monarchy and to stop Charles claiming the title himself.

Early Dukes of Normandy (911-1204)

House of Normandy 

Rollo 911-928
William I Longsword 928-942
Richard I 942-997
Richard II the Good 996-1026
Richard III 1026–1027
Robert I The Magnificent 1027-1035
William the Conqueror* 1035-1087 (William II as Duke of Normandy, William I as King of England)
Robert II Curthose 1087-1106
William Rufus* as regent 1096-1100
William Clito as claimant 1106-1134
Henry I Beauclerk* 1106-1135
William III Atheling (Under his father, Henry I)
Stephen of Blois* 1135-1144 (usurped from Empress Matilda)

House of Plantagenet 

Geoffrey Plantagenet 1144-1150 (jure uxoris)
Henry II* 1150-1189
Henry the Young King* as junior duke 1170–1183
Richard IV Lionheart* 1189-1199
John Lackland* 1199-1216, lost mainland Normandy in 1204.
Henry III* 1216–1259, renounced mainland Normandy and the ducal title by Treaty of Paris (1259).

Notes

References 

House of Normandy
Kings and Queens of England
Channel Islands
Fernando Wood

Fernando Wood (14 June 1812 – 14 February, 1881) was an American politician of the Democratic Party from Pennsylvania. He served as the Mayor of New York City twice (1855 – 1857, 1860 – 1862), United States Representative three times (1841–1843, 1863–1865, and 1867–1881) and as Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in both the 45th and 46th United States Congress (1877–1881). He was head of the political machine Tammany Hall. In 1854 he was elected Mayor of New York City and took office in 1855. He ran again in 1856, but lost to Daniel F. Tiemann, who was mayor from 1857 to 1859.  Wood was re-elected in 1860 and took office again that year, for the last time. After being a mayor, Wood returned to the United States Congress. He died at the age of 68.

1812 births
1881 deaths
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mayors of New York City
United States representatives from New York
Ford Expedition

The Ford Expedition is a full sized SUV that can carry up to nine people. This SUV debuted around 1997 as a replacement for Ford Bronco. The vehicle is used by EMS, by law enforcement and by fire department agencies.

First Generation (1997-2002)   

The First generation Expedition, also known as the UN93 was manufactured on July 22, 1996 in Wayne, Michigan  and Revealed on October 2 ,1996. Its front end is identical to the 10th gen Ford F-150. It has 3 variants, XLT, Eddie Bauer, and SVT (Which was discontinued days later). The engines can be a 4.6, 5.4, and 5.6.

Second Generation (2003-2006) 

The Second generation Expedition was manufactured on March 2002 under the U222 chassis code in Wayne, Michigan and revealed at the 2002 North American International Auto Show.  

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Expedition
Full-size vehicles
Sport utility vehicles
Chironex fleckeri

Chironex fleckeri, commonly known as sea wasp, is a well-known, lethal,  venomous species of Box jellyfish. It lives in coastal waters from northern Australia and New Guinea north to the Philippines and Vietnam. Humans can easily be killed by its sting. It is considered the most lethal jellyfish in the world because of the numerous incidents resulting in injury or death to humans.

References

Other websites 
 
 Distribution of Box Jellyfish in Australia

Cnidarians
Venomous animals
Ford Flex

The Ford Flex was a full size crossover which was manufactured by Ford Motor Company. Its styling was based on the concept of the Ford Fairlane. The vehicle made its debut in 2007 at the New York International Auto Show. It replaced the Ford Freestar as well as its sibling, the Mercury Monterey and the Ford Taurus X and began sales in June 2008 as a 2009 model. It was facelifted for the 2013 model year and ended production in 2019.  

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Flex
Rod Blagojevich

Rod R. Blagojevich (born December 10, 1956) was 40th Governor of Illinois beginning January 13, 2003 and ending January 29, 2009. He succeeded George Ryan, who would also be arrested for non-related charges. Blagojevich was the first Governor of Illinois to be impeached while in office and the first Democratic politician in over 25 years to face such charges. In February 2020, President Donald Trump ended Blagojevich's prison sentence four years earlier.

Early life
Blagojevich was born in Chicago, Illinois, the second of four children. His father, Radislav, was an immigrant steel plant laborer from a village near Kragujevac, Serbia. Blagojevich graduated from Chicago's Foreman High School after transferring from Lane Technical High School. He began boxing at a young age.

Governor of Illinois
During 2002, Blagojevich campaigned for his party's nomination to become governor. Blagojevich won a close primary campaign against former Illinois Attorney General Roland Burris and Chicago Public Schools Superintendent Paul Vallas, who ran well in the suburban collar counties of Chicago. Blagojevich finished strongly in Southern Illinois, winning 55% of the primary vote downstate, enough to win a primary victory by a thin margin.

In the general election, Blagojevich defeated Topinka and the Green Party's Rich Whitney, outspending Topinka $27 million to $6 million. He attempted to tie Topinka to former Republican governor George Ryan's corruption. Blagojevich won re-election.

Arrest and conviction
He was arrested in December 2008 on federal corruption charges, including conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud. Blagojevich was later impeached during January 2009, convicted and removed from office on January 29, 2009. On December 7, 2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison. He is held at Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood in Jefferson County, Colorado.

On May 31, 2018, President Donald Trump, soon after having pardoned commentator Dinesh D'Souza, told reporters that he was considering reducing Blagojevich's sentence (without pardoning him). Trump called Blagojevich's 14-year sentence "unfair", saying that Blagojevich's statements about enriching himself were "stupid", but also the sort of thing "that many other politicians say".

President Donald Trump commuted his sentence on February 18, 2020, ending his sentence four years early.

Personal life
Blagojevich has been married to Patricia Mell Blagojevich. They have two children. His family owns a home in Ravenswood, Chicago, but live in Jefferson County, Colorado because of Blagojevich's prison stay.

References

American fraudsters
American prisoners
American boxers
United States representatives from Illinois
Criminals from Chicago
Governors of Illinois
1956 births
Living people
Lawyers from Chicago
The Prodigy

The Prodigy are an English electronic dance music group. It was by Liam Howlett in 1990 in Braintree, Essex. Along with Fatboy Slim, The Chemical Brothers and The Crystal Method, as well as other acts, members of the Prodigy have been said as founders of the big beat genre which achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s and 2000s. They have sold over 25 million records worldwide. They named the band after the  synthesizer, Moog Prodigy.

References

1990 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Dance music groups
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups from Essex
Rotes Rathaus

The Red City Hall () is the town hall of Berlin, in the Mitte borough on Rathausstraße near Alexanderplatz. It is the home to the governing mayor and the government (the Senate of Berlin) of the Federal state of Berlin. The landmark building got its name from the red clinker bricks with which it is covered.

History

The Rathaus was built between 1861 and 1869 in the style of the north Italian High Renaissance by Hermann Friedrich Waesemann. It was modelled on the Old Town Hall of Toruń, now in Poland, while the architecture of the tower is reminiscent of the cathedral tower of Notre-Dame of Laon in France.  It replaced several individual buildings dating from the Middle Ages and now fills an entire city block.

The building was heavily damaged by Allied bombing in World War II and rebuilt to the original plans between 1951 and 1956. The Neues Stadthaus, which survived the bombing and had been the head office of the Berlin city fire insurance company  in Parochialstraße was the temporary city hall for the post-war city government for all four sectors of Berlin until September 1948.  Following that time, it housed only those of the Soviet sector. The reconstructed Rotes Rathaus, then in the Soviet sector, served as the town hall of East Berlin, while the Rathaus Schöneberg in Schöneberg borough was seat of the West Berlin Senate.  After German reunification, the administration of reunified Berlin officially moved into the Rotes Rathaus on 1 October 1991.

Related pages
Senate of Berlin
Mayor of Berlin
List of mayors of Berlin
Alexanderplatz
Nikolaiviertel
Fernsehturm Berlin
Marienkirche
Marx-Engels-Forum

Other websites

 CityMayors feature
 Red Town Hall 360° Panorama

Buildings and structures in Berlin
1860s establishments
Landmarks in Germany
List of mayors of Berlin

The following list of mayors of Berlin shows all the mayors () of Berlin, Germany since 1809:

1809–1948
 (generally "Lord Mayor")
Leopold von Gerlach (1809–1813)
Johann Büsching (1814–1832)
Friedrich von Bärensprung (1832–1834)
Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1834–1848)
Franz Christian Naunyn (1848–1851)
Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1851–1862)
Karl Theodor Seydel (1863–1872)
Arthur Hobrecht (1872–1878)
Max von Forckenbeck (1878–1892)
Robert Zelle (1892–1898)
Martin Kirschner (1899–1912)
Adolph Wermuth (1912–1920)
Gustav Böß (1921–1929)
Arthur Scholz (1929–1931)
Heinrich Sahm (1931–1935)
Oskar Maretzky (1935–1937)
Julius Lippert (1937–1940)
Ludwig Steeg (1940–1945)
Arthur Werner (1945–1946)
Otto Ostrowski (1946–1947)
Louise Schroeder (1947–1948)
Ferdinand Friedensburg (1948)

1948–1991 (East Berlin)
Mayors () of East Berlin, capital in the socialist state of German Democratic Republic.

Friedrich Ebert, Jr. (1948–1967)
Herbert Fechner (1967–1974)
Erhard Krack (1974–1990)
Dr. Ingrid Pankraz (1990)
Dr. Christian Hartenauer (1990)
Tino Schwierzina (1990–1991)
Thomas Krüger (1991) provisional
The Mayor of Berlin (Regierender Bürgermeister von Berlin) was democratically elected in January 1991.

1948–1991 (West Berlin) 
Governing Mayors () of West Berlin (1949–90), and Berlin, capital of Germany since 1990.

After reunification

Berlin
Mayors