cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Gene duplication

Gene duplication (or gene amplification) is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.

Gene duplication is important in supplying raw genetic material – new genes – to biological evolution. This has been recognized since the 1930s. Recent genomic sequence data show that duplicated genes are common in all organisms surveyed.

Origin 

In classical genetics it may occur as an error in crossing-over during meiosis, or the duplication of an entire chromosome.

In non-classical genetics it may happen by a retrotransposition event.

Implications 
The second copy of the gene is often relatively free from selective pressure. Mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. Thus it accumulates mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations.

A duplication is the opposite of a deletion. Duplications arise from unequal crossing-over that occurs during meiosis between misaligned homologous chromosomes. The product of this recombination are a duplication at the site of the exchange and a reciprocal deletion.

Evolutionary importance 
Gene duplication is believed to play a major role in evolution; this idea was first suggested 100 years ago. Susumu Ohno was one of the most famous developers of this theory in his classic book Evolution by gene duplication (1970).  Ohno argued that gene duplication is the most important evolutionary force since the emergence of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).

Major genome duplication events are not uncommon. It is believed that the entire yeast genome underwent duplication about 100 million years ago.  Plants are the most prolific genome duplicators.  For example, wheat is hexaploid (a kind of polyploid), meaning that it has six copies of its genome.

Normally, a big change in gene function is resisted because the original function is needed, but after a duplication one gene carries on the original function. Therefore, a change of function in the second copy is possible without loss of fitness.
This freedom from consequences allows for more mutations to be 'carried' in the population. Some of these might increase the fitness of the organism or code for a new function. 

The two genes that exist after a gene duplication event are called paralogs and usually code for proteins with a similar function and/or structure.  By contrast, orthologous genes are ones which code for proteins with similar functions but exist in different species, and are created from species-splitting.

Related pages 
Gene family
Hox gene
Mutation

References 

Classical genetics
Margins

In typesetting, the page margins (with header and footer) are the borders of the page outside of the regular text to be shown.

There are 4 main margins:
 top margin (or: header) - the top (upper) border of the page
 bottom margin (or: footer) - the lower border of the page
 left margin - the lefthand-side border of the page
 right margin - the righthand-side border of the page
Other special margins can be used, beyond the typical 4, to provide additional margin settings on a page.

In computer CSS styles 
For webpages (such as on the Internet), the margins can be set by using CSS style sheet directives, such as:
 style="margins: 0.6em 0.7em 0.4em 0.7em" for margins: top, right, bottom & left.
 style="margin-top: 0.6em" to set just the top margin.
 style="margin-left: 0.7em" to set the left margin.
 style="margin-right: 0.7em" to set the right margin.
 style="margin-bottom: 0.4em" for the bottom margin.
Each page, and each image or formatted table on a page, can have the 4 margins set, separately.

Typesetting
Writing
Gladstone, South Australia

Gladstone is a small town in South Australia about 200 km north of Adelaide. In 2006 the population was 629.

It is in the middle of a farming area that grows wheat and raises sheep, but Gladstone is important because it has lots of very big buildings to store wheat, barley, durum wheat, peas, faba beans and fiesta beans. All together, these buildings store the biggest amount of grains in the Southern Hemisphere in a place not by the sea.

Railways

The railways are important to Gladstone so the grains can be moved to the sea and put on ships. The nearest place where this happens is Port Pirie. 

The railways are also important to move the grains to the big cities in Australia. Gladstone is on the biggest railway line in Australia that goes between Sydney in the east and Perth in the west. Railway lines also go south to Adelaide, and north to other small towns. Now, all of the railway lines are  4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) apart. This is called standard gauge. Before 1970, the railway lines going north were  3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) apart (narrow gauge), and the railway lines going south were 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) apart (broad gauge). All three "gauges" joined together in Gladstone. Look at the photo to see this. This is very rare. Before 1970, there were only three places in the whole world where this happened.

Towns in South Australia
Rosanna Arquette

Rosanna Arquette was born in New York City on August 10, 1959. She is an American actress and movie director. Her notable movies include Desperately Seeking Susan, Pulp Fiction and many other movies. She's also been in TV shows. Many of her family members are also actors.

1959 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Arquette family
Broadcasting House

Broadcasting House is the headquarters and registered office of the BBC in Portland Place and Langham Place, London.

Current use 
Broadcasting House is home to BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, and BBC Radio 4 Extra and also houses the BBC Radio Theatre, where music and speech programmes (typically comedy for BBC Radio 4) are recorded in front of a studio audience. It is also the headquarters of the BBC itself and contains the offices of key figures within the organisation, such as the Director General.

Construction
The Original Construction of Broadcasting House took place in 1932, and opened on the 14 May 1932, 8 years after the corporation was created and was built as a housing for all their current operations, of offices and radio operations. Architect George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBC's civil engineer, M T Tudsbery. The original interiors were the work of the Australian-Irish architect Raymond McGrath. He set up and directed a team that included Serge Chermayeff and Wells Coates and designed the vaudeville studio, the associated green and dressing rooms, and the dance and chamber music studios in a flowing Art Deco style. It was later said of his efforts that "the designs for the BBC gave the first real fillip to industrial design in England".

The building was designed with the radio elements, such as the studios, in a central location constructed of Portland stone. The remainder of the building was steel framed and faced with Portland stone on the outside. These areas housed the offices, so that they could be both away from the noise of the radio operations, and have access to daylight. Issues with local residents also caused the structure to be changed: The east side of the building blocked out the light to local residents, and after complaints and seeking the right of ancient lights, the building was changed so that the East side of the building had a sloped roof. The building also faced issues with the fact that both the Bakerloo and the Victoria lines of the London Underground, as well as sewers 100 years old ran under the site.

The building also incorporated other elements, the ground floor of the building was fitted with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the street, as it was believed that to finance such a project (costing £25,000,000 in today's money) they would need to rent out the ground floor as a retail unit. This however never occurred, as the Corporation expanded so quickly the space was needed by the BBC.

References 

Buildings and structures in London
Talcahuano

Talcahuano is a commune, city and port in Chile with 171.383 inhabitants and an area of 92.3 square kilometres, all according to the census of 2002. Additionally, this city is known as the first military, industrial and fishing port in the history of Chile.

History 
Talcahuano was declared and founded on 1764 like a port city by Antonio Guill y Gonzaga. This city and the port was well known by some American whaleships on 19th century.

Etimology 
The name Talcahuano comes from Talcahueñu, in honor to the Araucanian chief when Spaniards came to the zone. Talcahueñu also means Thundering Sky on mapudungun language.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Talcahuano municipality 
  thno.info
 ASMAR - Astillero de Talcahuano 

Cities in Chile
Volkswagen First Act

Volkswagen First Act is a guitar created by first act in partnership with Volkswagen.

Guitar included with Volkswagen cars
Volkswagen initiated a campaign in 2006 in which the company gave away special edition First Act guitars along with a special series car. The stereos in these Volkswagen could be used as an amplifier for the guitar. An accompanying ad campaign featured guitarists Slash, John Mayer, and Nigel Tufnel of Spinal Tap playing First Act guitars through the sound systems of Volkswagen automobiles. 

1 – Custom First Act GarageMaster guitar. White with color-coordinated pick guard to match the car (blue, white pearl, black, red). Plate on back of headstock has car’s VIN.
1 – Nice VW/First Act embroidered heavy-duty padded nylon gig bag
1 – Super-cool VW/First Act embroidered heavy-duty seat belt material guitar strap with leather ends
1 – Indispensable 20′ Instrument cable. 1/4 TS to 1/8 TRS3 – Neat VW/First Act logo charcoal celluloid guitar picks-medium thickness

Specs
Body type 	Solid body, double cutaway
Material 	Poplar
Color 	        White/black, White/Blue, White/Red, White/Pearl
Neck 	        Satin finished maple
Fretboard 	Rosewood
Fret count 	22
Scale length 	25 1/2 in.
Nut width 	1 11/16 in.
Pickup configuration 	2 Alnico V humbuckers
Tuning keys 	Die cast, 3×3
Weight 	7lbs.
Overall Length 	38 in.
Width 	12 3/4 in.
Electronics 	Volume control, tone control, 9-volt amp-modeling circuit, master volume control, distortion/clean switch, high boost/cut switch, preamp on/off switch, three-way pickup selector toggle switch 

Volkswagen
Guitars
Advertising
Ciyos Guran

Ciyos Guran (born 28 May 1938 in Orim, Mazandaran, Iran) is an Iranian poet and writer.  He writes Mazandarani and Persian poems.

Resources 
 dw-world:_CiyosGuran

Iranian_writers
Mazandaran
Iranian poets
Accuracy and precision

The accuracy and precision of measurements have special meanings in the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics. 

The accuracy of a measurement system is how close it gets  to a quantity's actual (true) value. 

The precision of a measurement system is the degree to which repeated measurements give the same results.

A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a error in the way it is done, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The end result would be a consistent, yet inaccurate, set of results from the flawed experiment.  Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.

A measurement system is valid if it is both accurate and precise. Related terms include bias (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and error (random variability).

Related topics 
The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.

In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.

Different meanings of 'precision' 
The word "precision" also refers to how fine the measurement is made, as the resolution of the measurement, such as to the nearest meter, centimeter, or yard, foot, inch, or nanometer. 

In the case of full reproducibility, such as when rounding a number to a representable floating point number, the word precision has a meaning not related to reproducibility. For example, in the IEEE 754-2008 standard, it means the number of bits in the significand (number of digits in the amount), so it is used as a measure for the relative accuracy with which a number can be shown.

Related pages
Precision (numbers)
Significant figures
Pi

References

Other websites 

 BIPM - Guides in metrology - Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM)
 "Beyond NIST Traceability: What really creates accuracy" - Controlled Environments magazine
 Precision and Accuracy with Three Psychophysical Methods
 Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, Appendix D.1: Terminology
 Accuracy and Precision

Critical thinking
Measurement
Humidex

The humidex ("Hyu-mah-deks") is a temperature index used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to a person, by adding the effect of heat and humidity. For example, if the temperature is  and the calculated humidex is 40, then that means the humid heat feels like a dry temperature of . The index is widely used in Canadian weather reports during summer to give the discomfort level.

According to the Meteorological Service of Canada, a humidex of at least 30 causes "some discomfort", at least 40 causes "great discomfort" and above 45 is "dangerous". When the humidex hits 54, then heat stroke is very near.

The current formula for getting the humidex (see below: Humidex formula) was developed by J.M. Masterton and F.A. Richardson of Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service in 1979. The humidex differs from the heat index used in the United States, in being derived from the dew point rather than the relative humidity.

The record highest humidex in Canada occurred on July 25, 2007, when Carman, Manitoba hit 53.0. That number broke the previous record of 52.1 set during 1953 in Windsor, Ontario (The residents of Windsor would not have known it at the time, since the humidex had yet to be invented).

Humidex formula 
When the temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) and the dew point is 15 °C (59 °F), the humidex is 34. Note how humidex is a dimensionless number, but it indicates an approximate temperature in °C. If the temperature remains  and the dew point rises to  , the humidex rises to 42.  The humidex tends to be higher than the U.S. heat index at equal temperature and relative humidity.

The humidex formula is as follows:

humidex = (air temperature in Celsius) + h 
h = (0.5555)*(e - 10.0)

e = 6.11 * exp [5417.7530 * ((1/273.16) - (1/dewpoint in kelvins))]

Complete:

Related pages
Heat index
Wind chill

References

Other websites 
"Frequently Asked Questions" , MSC, 2004.
Wind Chill and Humidex Criticism about the use of wind chill and humidex
More Humidex info

Weather measurements
Meteorology
1979 establishments in Canada
Heat index

The "heat index" (HI, also "humiture") is a measurement which combines air temperature and relative humidity as being the human-perceived equivalent temperature — how hot it feels. The result is also known as the "felt air temperature" or "apparent temperature". For example, when the temperature is  with very high humidity, the heat index can be about .

The human body normally cools itself by perspiration, or sweating, which evaporates and carries heat away from the body. However, when the relative humidity is high, then the evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry air. Measurements have been taken based on subjective descriptions of how hot subjects feel for a given temperature and humidity, allowing an index to be made which relates one temperature and humidity combination, to another, at a higher temperature in drier air.

The heat index was developed in 1978 by George Winterling as the "humiture" and was adopted by the National Weather Service a year later. It is derived from work carried out by Robert G. Steadman. Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Large deviations from the typical values will result in heat-index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature.

In Canada, the similar humidex is used in place of the heat index. The humidex differs from the heat index in using the dew point rather than the relative humidity.

The heat index is defined so as to equal the actual air temperature when the partial pressure of water vapor is equal to a baseline value of 1.6 kPa. At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). This corresponds to an air temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50% in the sea-level psychrometric chart.

At high temperatures, the level of relative humidity needed to make the heat index higher than the actual temperature is lower than at cooler temperatures. For example, at approximately 27 °C (80 °F), the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at about 43°C (110°F), any relative-humidity reading above 17% will make the Heat Index higher than 43°C (110 °F).

The heat index is calculated only if the actual temperature is above 27 °C (80 °F), dew point temperatures greater than 12 °C (54 °F), and relative humidities higher than 40%. The heat index and humidex figures are based on temperature measurements taken in the shade and not the sun, so extra care must be taken while in the sun.

Sometimes the heat index and the wind chill are denoted collectively by the single terms "apparent temperature" or "relative outdoor temperature".

Related pages
Humidex
Wind chill

References

Other websites 
"Frequently Asked Questions" , MSC, 2004.

Weather measurements
Meteorology
1978 establishments
Blue Velvet (movie)

Blue Velvet is a 1986 American mystery movie by David Lynch. It is set in North Carolina. The cast include Dennis Hopper, Laura Dern and Kyle MacLachlan. The title is from the 1963 Bobby Vinton song of the same name. This movie was originally detested by certain movie critics, although it is now widely acclaimed. It was controversial at the time of its 1986 release, and has since become a cult favorite.  Lynch got his second Academy Award nomination for Best Director for the movie.

1986 drama movies
1986 mystery movies
1986 thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American mystery movies
BDSM in movies
Cult movies
Film noir
Movies about suburbia
Movies set in North Carolina
Movies directed by David Lynch
American independent movies
Charlotte Hounds

The Charlotte Hounds are a men's professional field lacrosse team that is based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Hounds joined Major League Lacrosse (MLL) in 2012. They play their home games at American Legion Memorial Stadium.

Other websites
Charlotte Hounds Official website 

Lacrosse
Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina
Mononucleosis

Mononucleosis is the presence of Lymphocytes in the bloodstream. There are two forms:
 Glandular fever
 CMV Mononucleosis.
The term usually refers to Glandular fever.

Diseases caused by viruses
Hand, foot and mouth disease

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a human disease which is caused by a strain of Coxsackie A virus. Symptoms include:

Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Fatigue
General discomfort (aches and pains)
Earache
Sore throat
Painful mouth sores
Body rash
Sores with blisters on hand
Mouth lesions
Loss of appetite
Diarrhea

HFMD is very common, especially in babies and young children. It is easily spread from person to person, so it often happens in a nursery or kindergarten. Only a small number of people get sick enough to go to a hospital. There is also no specific treatment for HFMD. It goes away on its own after one or two weeks.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Ontario Hockey League

The Ontario Hockey League or OHL, is a professional ice hockey league based in Canada and features 17 teams from Canada and 3 teams from the United States. For a player to play in the Ontario Hockey League they have to be between the ages of 15 to 20. The main championship for the OHL is the J. Ross Robertson Cup which is awarded to the winner of the Ontario Hockey League playoff championship. The current holders of the Cup is the Owen Sound Attack. The Ontario Hockey League is one of the three Major Junior ice hockey leagues which is part of the Canadian Hockey League.

Teams in the OHL

Other websites 
Official OHL website
Deen (band)

Deen is a popular music group from Japan which started in 1993. In April 2011 they released the song "Konomama kimidakewo ubaisaritai" which means "I want to steal only you."

Japanese rock bands
Pop music groups
Folk music groups
Mayor of Chicago

The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was increased to two years. In 1907 it was again lengthened to four years, the present duration.  Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March.  In that year, legislation changed them to April. In 1869, however, election time was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were lengthened. In 1875, the election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872. Lester L. Bond was the acting mayor when Joseph Medill left to a tour around Europe. Thomas Hoyne won election as mayor, but could not become the mayor so the election became a void. As of 1995, no mayor can run for a political party, they are considered as nonpartisans.

List of mayors

Vice Mayor
The city council elects a vice mayor who is interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury. As of May 2019, the current vice mayor is Tom Tunney.

Past holders of this office have included Brendan Reilly (2015–2019) Ray Suarez (2011–2015), and David Orr.

Notes
1 Rahm Emanuel is a Democrat, but he and all other candidates in the 2011 election officially ran as nonpartisans.  Under a 1995 Illinois law, "candidates for mayor . . . no longer would run under party labels in Chicago."

References

Other websites

Lists of politicians from the United States
Mayors of Chicago
1837 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Illinois
Richard M. Daley

Richard Michael Daley (born April 24, 1942) was an American politician. He was the 54th Mayor of Chicago. Daley was mayor from 1989-2011. He was a member of the Democratic party. His father was also the Mayor of Chicago, Richard J. Daley.

1942 births
Living people
Mayors of Chicago
DePaul University alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Businesspeople from Chicago
State legislators of the United States
Lawyers from Chicago
Basic Instinct

Basic Instinct is a 1992 American erotic thriller. The movie was directed by Paul Verhoeven and stars Michael Douglas and Sharon Stone. Douglas plays a San Francisco police detective who investigates the murder of a rich rock star. During this investigation he gets personally involved with the prime suspect, Catherine Tramell (played by Stone). The movie generated a lot of controversy due to its strong and graphic violence. It was strongly opposed by gay rights activists for its portrayal of a bisexual woman as a narcissistic psychopath. The movie was given mixed reviews, but it took in millions at the box office. It was originally under a rating of NC-17. It was later edited down for an R rating before release.

It was followed by a sequel, Basic Instinct 2.

Other websites 

1992 crime movies
1992 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s erotic movies
1990s LGBT movies
1990s mystery movies
1990s serial killer movies
American crime thriller movies
American erotic movies
American LGBT movies
American mystery movies
American serial killer movies
British thriller movies
British LGBT movies
French thriller movies
French LGBT movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Film noir
LGBT crime movies
LGBT erotic movies
LGBT thriller movies
Movies about writers
Movies set in San Francisco
Narcissism in fiction
Movies directed by Paul Verhoeven
Obscenity controversies
Congressional Gold Medal

The Congressional Gold Medal is awarded by the United States Congress.  It is one of the highest awards like Presidential Medal of Freedom given to people who are not in the military.  Gold medals have been awarded since the days of the Continental Congress.  A gold medal often includes a picture of the person who received it.

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
United States Congress
Presidential Medal of Freedom

The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award given by the President of the United States. It recognizes those individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors". The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform.

It was established in 1963 and replaced the earlier Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S Truman in 1945.

Gallery

Related pages
 Congressional Gold Medal
 Medal of Freedom

References

Other websites

"Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients", a list of recipients from May 5, 1993, through August 19, 2009, from senate.gov, the U.S. Senate's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009. 

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
1963 establishments in the United States
Plant cell

Like all organisms, plants have cells. Plant cells have a nucleus with chromosomes and DNA, and they have mitochondria. Those are common to all eukaryotic cells. But in some ways they are different from animal cells and the cells of other eukaryotes.

 They have cell walls composed of cellulose and some other compounds. Pectin, and sometimes lignin, is secreted on the outside of the cell membrane. This is different from the cell walls of fungi (which are made of chitin), and of bacteria (which are made of peptidoglycan). The cell wall gives the cell a definite shape.
 There are special cell-to-cell communication pathways known as plasmodesmata. These are pores in the cell wall through which the cell content of adjacent cells (including endoplasmic reticulum)  are continuous.
 They have plastids. The most notable are the chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll. This green-colored pigment absorbs sunlight, and allows the plant to make its own food by photosynthesis. Other types of plastids are the amyloplasts, which store starch, elaioplasts for fat storage, and chromoplasts for making and storing pigments. Like mitochondria, plastids have their own genomes of about 100–120 unique genes. It is thought they started as prokaryotic endosymbionts living in the cells of an early eukaryotic ancestor of the land plants and algae.
 They have a large central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane. The vacuole keeps the cell's turgor (stiffness), controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap, stores useful material and digests waste proteins and organelles.
 Cell division by construction of a 'cell plate' late in cytokinesis is characteristic of land plants and a few groups of algae.
 The sperm of bryophytes and pteridophytes, cycads and Ginkgo have flagella similar to those in animals. However, higher plants (including gymnosperms and flowering plants) lack the flagella and centrioles that are present in animal cells.

References 

Cells
Plant anatomy
Abé language

Abé is a language spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. Its name is also spelled Abbé, Abbey, and Abi. About 170,000 people spoke the language in 1995. These people mostly lived in the Department of Agboville.

The Abé language is part of the Niger-Congo language family. It has four dialects: Tioffo, Morie, Abbey-Ve, and Kos

Outside pages
Ethnologue report for Abé

Ivory Coast
Niger-Congo languages
Southern Bantoid languages

The Southern Bantoid languages are a group of African languages of the Niger-Congo language family. This group was first described by Kay Williamson in 1989. Williamson described a way of splitting the Bantoid languages into two groups, North and South. 

According to the Ethnologue, there are 643 languages in the Southern Bantoid group. Many of these languages are mutually intelligible (someone who is speaking one language can be understood by someone who speaks another language.) The group includes a number of smaller language families:
 Narrow Bantu languages
 Jarawan languages
 Tivoid languages
 Beboid languages
 Mamfe languages
 Grassfields languages
 Ekoid languages
There are also some languages in the Southern Bantoid group that have not been classified into one of these language families.

References

Bibliography

Outside pages
 Southern Bantoid on the Ethnologue
The Boy Who Cried Wolf

The Boy Who Cried Wolf is a fable by Aesop. 

The Boy Who Cried Wolf is number 210 in the Perry Index. The fable is about a shepherd boy who keeps tricking people into believing that a wolf is attacking his flock of sheep. The boy tricks the people so many times that when a wolf actually comes to kill the flock, the townspeople don't believe his cries for help and the wolf eats his flock. The moral of the story is that this is how liars are rewarded: even if they tell the truth, no one believes them. The story dates back  to Classical times.

References

Aesop's Fables
The Crow and the Pitcher

"The Crow and the Pitcher" is a fable by Aesop. "The Crow and the Pitcher" is numbered at 390 in the Perry Index. The fable is in the 2nd century AD Greek fable collection by pseudo-Dositheus and also later appears in the 4th–5th century Latin verse collection by Avianus.

The fable is about a crow that is thirsty and comes across a pitcher of water. When the crow looks in the pitcher, the water is at the bottom and is out of the crow's reach. The crow tries to push the pitcher over but fails to do so. It drops pebbles in the pitcher, one by one, until the water rises to the top of the pitcher which allows the crow to drink. Avianus follows the fable with a moral that emphasizes the virtue of ingenuity: "This fable shows us that thoughtfulness is superior to brute strength."

Aesop's Fables
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) is a programme of activities for anyone aged 14 to 24. There are three levels of the award: Bronze, Silver and Gold. There are different sections in each level. At Bronze and Silver level, participants must do four sections: Volunteering, Physical, Skills and Expedition. At Gold level, participants must do another section, as well as the other four, called Residential. Each level can take between 1-4 years to complete.  All activities must be done by the participant's 25th birthday.  Around 275,000 participants are taking part in their DofE programme at any time in the United Kingdom. The aim of the programme is to evidence a person's dedication to improving themselves. DofE is also run in other countries under the name of the International Award.

eDofE
eDofE is an online system that lets participants manage their DofE programme. It also enables leaders to look at participants' progress.

References

Awards
Languages of Africa

The languages of Africa include more than 3,000 languages. These languages include native languages (languages that come from Africa) and colonial languages, which were brought to Africa by colonists from Europe. The continent has the highest concentration of languages in the world.  At least 30% of the world's languages come from and are spoken in Africa. 

Over the years, many African languages have died out and become extinct. This happens for several reasons, including wars and genocide by other African tribes. Other languages were abandoned, or its speakers disappeared.

Organization 

There are more than 3,000 languages spoken in Africa. These languages are grouped into several major language families. Linguists do not agree about which groupings are "correct" and valid.

Most linguists organize the African languages into four major language families. These are:
 Afroasiatic languages, spoken by 350 million people in the Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, and Sahei. 
 Niger-Congo languages, possibly the world's largest language family, spoken in sub-Saharan Africa. 
 Nilo-Saharan languages, spoken by 50 million people in the upper parts of the Chari River and Nile River. 
 Khoisan languages, spoken by about 120,000 people,  which include all "click" languages. 
This classification of languages is based on the research of the linguist Joseph Greenberg, who published The Languages of Africa in 1963.

The African languages were traditionally (historically) organized into six language families. Today, some linguists doubt that some of these groupings are valid. The six traditional families are:
 Afroasiatic languages, spoken from North Africa to the Horn of Africa and Southwest Asia 
 Niger-Congo languages, spoken in West, Central, and Southeast Africa
 Nilo-Saharan languages, spoken in Sudan and Chad
 Khoe languages, spoken in the deserts of Namibia and Botswana
 Austronesian languages, spoken in Madagascar
 Indo-European languages, spoken in Southern Africa

Still other linguists believe that the Nilo-Saharan languages and the Niger-Congo languages are part of the same family. These linguists organize the African languages into only three language families: Niger-Congo languages, Afroasiatic languages, and Khoisan languages.

No matter how the major language families are organized, there are many smaller families and language isolates. In addition, there are some obscure (rare, uncommon) languages that are not yet classified into any family. Africa also has some sign languages, which are mostly language isolates.

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 

Languages of Africa
Herbert Rettensteiner

Herbert Rettensteiner (born 26 August 1946 in Schwarzach, Austria) was an Austrian football goalkeeper. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

Career
He started playing with his local club SV Lend. In 1967 he went to SK Bischofshofen and played with them in the second league. His next team was FC Wacker Innsbruck in the Nationalliga (then first league in Austria). In Innsbruck the club joined with Wattens and Wacker Innsbruck and formed SSW Innsbruck.

The goalkeeper of Wattens, Friedl Koncilia, often played instead of him so Rettensteiner, after the second title with Innsbruck, went to SK VOEST Linz. In 1975 he went on to SV Austria Salzburg, where he played in the first and second division until 1982.

In his time with Salzburg he scored two penalty goals. After the end of his professional career he became part of the coaching team of SV Austria Salzburg and was coach of SV Grödig.

International
He played his first match for the national football team on 12 April 1970 against CSSR when he came on in the second half. He played his last international match in 1974.

Honours
Austrian Cup:1970 (Innsbruck)
Austrian Champion:1970/71; 1971/72(Innsbruck) ;  1973/74 (SK VOEST Linz)
15 matches for the Austrian national football team

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Association football goalkeepers
1946 births
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Living people
Independent sources

The term "multiple independent sources" in journalism, criminal justice, science and general research, are two or more unconnected people, organizations, or objects which provide a given set of information or samples. For example, two separate people who see a traffic accident, at the spot, could be considered independent sources. However, if one person saw the accident and told the other one about it, then they would not be independent, since one would depend on the other for their information. Also, if two witnesses to an event discuss what they saw before they are asked about it and agree to tell the same story, then they are also no longer independent. As another example, two scientific devices could be considered independent sources of measurement data, unless they shared the same wiring or electrical power supply (or similar factors).

Consulting multiple independent sources is a common technique for detecting errors and deception, as any divergences or contradictions between statements, or data samples, would likely indicate one of these.

Famously, the New York Times'  minimal standard for reporting a fact not otherwise attributed to a single speaker is that it be verified by at least two independent sources.

Circular reporting is a situation where multiple sources appear to be independent, but in reality originate from a single source.  Because circular reporting can happen inadvertently in many situations, extra care must be taken to ensure that multiple sources actually are independent, rather than interconnected in an obscure manner.

Related pages
 Editorial independence, not permitting advertisers to dictate news content

References

Journalism
Nair

Nair, also known as Nayar, is a Hindu caste of the Indian state of Kerala on the Malabar Coast.

History

According to some theories, the Nair have Indo-Scythian ancestry. During British rule, Nair were known as Nayarkutti and were important in politics, government, medicine, education, and law.

Related pages 
 History of India

References

More reading 
 Fawcett, Fredrick. (1901). Nâyars of Malabar. Madras: Madras Government Press. OCLC 457840401
 Fuller, Christopher John. (1976). The Nayars Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; ; OCLC 2238183
 Jeffrey, Robin. (1976). The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore 1847-1908. London: Sussex University Press. ; OCLC 461808228
 Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava. "Some Aspects of Nayar Life," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, July-December 1918, Vol. 48, pp. 254–293.

Other websites 
 Digital Colonial Documents (India) 

Kerala
Johnny Rebel (singer)

Clifford Joseph Trahan (born September 25, 1938 in Moss Bluff, Louisiana; died September 3, 2016 in Rayne, Louisiana), better known as Johnny Rebel or Pee Wee Trahan, is an American country music singer-songwriter who is known for writing and performing racist songs under the name, Johnny Rebel. His songs usually use the racial slur nigger and sometimes he voices sympathy for Jim Crow-era segregation and the Ku Klux Klan. He went on hiatus for about three decades and then came back in 2001 after the September 11, 2001 attacks and issued his CD single "Infidel Anthem".

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

1938 births
Living people
American country guitarists
American country singers
Musicians from Louisiana
Singers from Louisiana
Clarissa Explains It All

Clarissa Explains It All is an American teen sitcom set in Ohio. It was aired on Nickelodeon from March 1991 to October 1994. Melissa Joan Hart plays Clarissa Darling, who lives with her parents and younger brother.

Other websites 

1991 American television series debuts
1994 television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
American teen comedy television series
Television series about families
Television series about friendship
Television series about suburbia
Television series set in Ohio
English-language television programs
Withermarsh Green

Withermarsh Green is a village in Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a church.

References 

Settlements in Babergh
Villages in Suffolk
Polstead Heath

Polstead Heath is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. A chapel was built in 1838. It also has three listed buildings, including Spencer's Farmhouse, The Orchards and White House Farmhouse. In "The Dentists Register 1999" there was a dentist at Spencers Farm. A developer (someone who plans housing) wanted to add some housing in Polstead Heath, but this was not wanted. There is also a 19th century orchard in Polstead Heath.

References 

Settlements in Babergh
Hamlets in Suffolk
Hadleigh Heath

Hadleigh Heath is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. A chapel was built in 1823, it was removed to Polstead in 1849. It also has one listed building called Evans Hall.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.genuki.org.uk/cgi-bin/churchentry?CCC=SFK,ID=10669,FT=Polstead%20Chapel%20Evans%20Heath-Hadleigh%20Heath%20General%20Baptist

Settlements in Babergh
Hamlets in Suffolk
Levamisole

Levamisole is a drug that was used to treat infections with parasitic worms, and for some forms of chemotherapy, to treat cancer. The drug was discovered in 1966. It was withdrawn from  the US and Canadian markets in 2000 and 2003, because of a serious risk of side effects; better drugs can replace it. 

Currently, levamisole remains in veterinary use as a dewormer for livestock. The drugs has also been used as an adulterant in cocaine sold in the US and Canada. This use resulted in serious side effects.

References

Drugs
Roland Ratzenberger

Roland Ratzenberger (4 July 1960 – 30 April 1994) was an Austrian Formula One driver. He was killed in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola. He had a short career, and drove for Simtek.

He was born in Salzburg.

1960 births
1994 deaths
Austrian sportspeople
Deaths in sport
Formula One drivers
People from Salzburg
Girl, Interrupted (movie)

Girl, Interrupted is a 1999 American drama movie. The cast of the movie are Winona Ryder, Angelina Jolie, Brittany Murphy and Whoopi Goldberg. The story of the movie is about a young woman's 18 month stay on a mental ward in Pennsylvania in the late 1960s after taking a drug overdose. Ryder plays Susanna Kaysen, the central character on whose novel the movie is based. Kaysen has borderline personality disorder. Jolie won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lisa Rowe, who has antisocial personality disorder. Murphy's character Daisy Randone has bulimia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Other websites 

1999 movies
1990s biographical movies
1990s teen drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American teen drama movies
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
Movies based on books
Movies directed by James Mangold
Movies set in Pennsylvania
Movies set in the 1960s
English-language movies
Bupropion

Bupropion is an antidepressant.  It is also used to help people quit smoking. It is marketed as Wellbutrin.

References 

Addiction
Drugs used in psychiatry
Dunkleosteus

Dunkleosteus was a prehistoric arthrodire. It was a primitive fish from the later Devonian period, about 360 million years ago. Dunkleosteus was a heavily armoured placoderm. Fossils have been found in Morocco, Africa, Poland, Belgium, China, and the USA.

Placodermi first appeared in the Silurian, and the group became extinct during the transition from the Devonian to the Carboniferous, leaving no descendants. The class lasted barely 50 million years, in comparison to the 400 million year long history of sharks.

Description 
This top predator was up to 11.5 ft (3.5 m) long and had large, scissor-like cutting jaws with serrated, razor-sharp bones, but no teeth. Its skull was over 2 feet (65 cm) long. It had a jointed neck, an eel-like tail, a scale-less body, and hinged body shields.

References 

Fossils
Placoderms
Vector (biology)

A vector in biology is an animal on or in which a small living thing gets transported. The vector gets no benefit and sometimes loses fitness by the arrangement.

The term is most used for the transport of parasites and agents of infection or disease. So, deadly diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, are carried by some mosquitoes.

The study of vectors gives us knowledge about the life cycle of parasitic diseases, and this helps us control those diseases.

Examples

Insects

Flies 
Mosquitoes
 Mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus transmit human malaria and elephantiasis (a roundworm disease).
 Aedes mosquitoes  are vectors of avian malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and chikungunya (a viral disease).
 Sand flies transmit leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and pappataci fever.
Tsetse flies Several genera are vectors of human African trypanosomiasis also  known as "African sleeping sickness".

Bugs 
 Aphids are the vectors of many viral diseases in plants.
 Triatomine bugs such as Rhodnius prolixus are vectors of Chagas disease.

Other insects 
 Fleas such as the human flea, Pulex irritans and the Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, transmit bubonic plague, murine typhus and tapeworms. Rodents, such as rats and mice carry the fleas, and spread them.
 Glassy-winged sharpshooter (a leafhopper) transmits the Xylella fastidiosa bacterium among plants, resulting in diseases of grapes, almonds, and many other cultivated plants.

Other groups 
 Ticks of the genus Ixodes are vectors of Lyme disease and babesiosis. and along with lice transmit various members of the bacterial genus Rickettsia.
Cyclopoid copepods: a number of species transmit the nematode Dracunculus medinensis.
Mammals
Bats which represent about 20% of all known mammalian species act as both a natural reservoirs for viruses such as the Hendra virus (HeV) and the SARS like coronaviruses and in many cases as a vector for various viruses such as the lyssaviruses including the rabies virus.
 Felids (cats) are the primary hosts for Toxoplasma gondii a  parasitic protozoan which causes Toxoplasmosis. Approximately 30% of the human population is infected with Toxoplasmosis.

References 

Microbiology
Parasitism
Health
Donnie Wahlberg

Donald Edward "Donnie" Wahlberg (born August 17, 1969, Boston, Massachusetts) is an American singer, movie actor, director and producer. In the 1980s and 1990s he was a part of the group New Kids on the Block; he has rejoined the group from 2008 and after. He also had featured roles in the Saw franchise. His father is of Swedish and Irish descent and his mother is of English, French-Canadian, Irish and Scottish descent. He stars on Blue Bloods since 2010 on CBS.

References

Other websites

 
 

1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Singers from Massachusetts
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
New Kids on the Block

New Kids on the Block are an American pop group who were formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984. They had many hit songs in the 1980s and 1990s. They disbanded in 1994 and regrouped in 2008.

Discography
Studio albums
 New Kids on the Block (1986)
 Hangin' Tough (1988)
 Step by Step (1990)
 Face the Music (1994)
 The Block (2008)
 10 (2013)

Members of the group 
 Donnie Wahlberg
 Jonathan Knight
 Danny Wood
 Jordan Knight
 Joey McIntyre

Other websites 
Official website

1984 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American boy bands
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Nedging

Nedging is a village in the civil parish of Nedging-with-Naughton in Babergh, Suffolk, England. Nedging has a church.

References 

Villages in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Nayland

Nayland is a village in the civil of Nayland With Wissington, in Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a church.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/place_page.jsp?p_id=7535

Villages in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Steve Earle

Stephen Fain "Steve" Earle (born January 17, 1955 in Hampton, Virginia) is an American country/rock singer-songwriter. He has received a total of fourteen nominations for Grammy Awards and has won three; one for Best Contemporary Folk Album for The Revolution Starts Now, one for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album (Vocal or Instrumental) for Washington Square Serenade and one for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album for Townes. 

He is also known for being a political activist and his views towards anti-war and anti-death penalty policies.

Albums

Other websites
Official website

References

1955 births
Living people
Bassists
American guitarists
Country musicians
American rock musicians
American folk musicians
Singers from Virginia
Musicians from Virginia
People from Hampton, Virginia
American political activists