cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ferenc Fricsay

Ferenc Fricsay (born Budapest, 9 August 1914; died Basel, 20 February 1963) (pronounced "Ferr-'ens 'Frich-sye") was a Hungarian conductor. From 1960 until his death, he was an Austrian citizen.

Fricsay was born in Budapest in 1914.  His music teachers were Hungary's most famous composers:  Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály and Ernst von Dohnányi.  He was only 15 when he conducted his first concert, and he soon became very famous.  He became music director of the then newly formed RIAS Symphony Orchestra in Germany in 1949. He was conductor of the Houston Symphony in 1954. He spent much of his time from the 1950s onward in Germany as conductor of the Bavarian State Opera (1956–1958), the RIAS Symphony Orchestra, the Deutsche Oper Berlin and the Berlin Philharmonic.

From the 1950s until his death, he recorded for the Deutsche Grammophon record label. Fricsay gave his last concert on 7 December 1961 in London where he conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in Beethoven's Symphony No. 7.  He was often ill during his life, and he died of stomach cancer on 20 February 1963 at the age of 48 in Basel, Switzerland.

Fricsay was known for his interpretations of the music of Mozart and Beethoven, as well as that of his teacher Béla Bartók. His 1958 recording of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is featured in the movie A Clockwork Orange.

Many musicians still think his recordings are among the very best.

Other websites
 Ferenc Fricsay website

1914 births
1963 deaths
Austrian conductors
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Deaths from stomach cancer
Hungarian conductors
People from Budapest
Irmgard Seefried

Irmgard Seefried (born Köngetried, Bavaria, 9 October 1919; died Vienna, 24 November 1988) was a famous German soprano who sang opera and lieder.

Irmgard Seefried was born in Köngetried, near Mindelheim, Bavaria, Germany.  She studied at Augsburg University.  Her first appearance in opera was in Aachen where she sang the role of the priestess in Verdi's Aida in 1940. She soon began to sing leading parts, and in 1943 she sang the part of Eva in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg at the Vienna State Opera conducted by Karl Böhm. Since then, she belonged to the ensemble of the Vienna State Opera until she retired in 1976.

She sang at the Salzburg Festival nearly every year and gave many recitals.  She appeared at the Royal Opera House of Covent Garden in London from 1947 to 1949, and also La Scala in Milan, Edinburgh Festival, etc. She sang at the  Metropolitan Opera in New York  during the 1953 -a1954 season the role of Susanna in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro

She is especially remembered for her singing of the music of Mozart and Richard Strauss, but she also sang in other composers' operas; the title role in Puccini's Madama Butterfly, Marie in Alban Berg's Wozzeck, Eva in Der Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Blanche in Poulenc's Dialogues des Carmélites, and the title role in Janáček's Káťa Kabanová. She was a great lieder singer and several of her Salzburg Festival recitals were recorded.  She left many recordings of oratorio and sacred music by Bach, Mozart, Haydn (including at least four different performances of the Angel Gabriel in Die Schöpfung), Brahms, Fauré, Beethoven, Dvořák, and Stravinsky.

Although she was a high soprano, she performed, and recorded, both the trousers roles of the Composer in Strauss's  Ariadne auf Naxos and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier.

She often sang with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, who said in an interview that Seefried could do easily some things which other singers struggled all their lives to do.  

She was married to the Austrian violinist Wolfgang Schneiderhan from 1948 until her death. 

After retirement, she taught students at Vienna Music Academy and Salzburg Mozarteum. She died aged 69 in Vienna in 1988.

1919 births
1988 deaths
German singers
Sopranos
German opera singers
Mica

The mica group of minerals are aluminosilicates with various metals. They split into fine sheets, which puts them in the phyllosilicate group of silicate minerals.

Mica includes several closely related materials having perfect basal cleavage. 

All are monoclinic which means their crystals are shaped like one kind of prism. They tend towards pseudo-hexagonal crystals and are similar in chemical composition. The highly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained by the hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms.

Being excellent electrical insulators, they are used in electronic equipment including capacitors.

Minerals
Talc

Talc (from the Arabic talk) is a silicate mineral, a type of clay. It is the standard for grade 1 in the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. A fingernail can easily scratch it. Talc is composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. Talc and pyrophyllite are very similar, but pyrophyllite may be slightly harder.

Talc has a greasy feel and a translucent, soapy look. In loose form, it is the widely used substance known as talcum powder. Steatite, also called soapstone, is a rock with a lot of talc.

Minerals
Vugar Gashimov

Vugar Gashimov (24 July 1986 – 11 January 2014) was a leading chess grandmaster from Azerbaijan who died recently from a brain tumour.

Gashimov was a noted player of bullet chess (2/3 minutes a side), and three times Azerbaijani national chess champion (1995, 1996 and 1998).
He won at Athens 2005 (Acropolis International). He was a two-times winner of the huge Cappelle-la-Grande Open: in 2007 and 2008 (with other players).

Team competitions 
Gashimov played for Azerbaijan in the Chess Olympiads of 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008. He played in the gold medal-winning Azerbaijani team at the European Team Chess Championship in Novi Sad in 2009, alongside Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Teimour Radjabov, Rauf Mammadov and Gadir Guseinov. He won the bronze medal in 2007.

Death 
Gashimov was treated for a brain tumor in a hospital in Heidelberg, Germany, and died on the night of 11 January 2014.

References 

1986 births
2014 deaths
Azerbaijani chess players
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from brain cancer
People from Baku
Burials at Alley of Honor
Chess grandmasters
Ian Nepomniachtchi

Ian Nepomniachtchi  (born 14 July 1990) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former Russian chess champion. 

He won the European Youth Chess Championship three times, in 2000 in the U10 class and in 2001 and 2002 in the U12 class. In 2002 he also won the World Youth Chess Championship in the U12 class. By winning the Aeroflot Open in Moscow in February 2008, he qualified for the 2008 Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting. In 2010, in Rijeka, he won the European Individual Chess Championship with 9/11. In the same year, in Moscow, he won the Russian Chess Championship; he defeated Sergey Karjakin in a playoff.  In 2019, Nepomniachtchi played in the FIDE Grand Prix. He finished second in this tournament. Nepomniachtchi's second place finish qualified him to play in the Candidates Tournament 2020–21.  On 26 April 2021  Nepomniachtchi won the Candidates tournament. Winning the Candidates tournamet qualifies Neopmniachtchi to play in the World Chess Championship 2021 match against the current World Chess Champion, Magnus Carlsen. The World Chess Championship match is currently being played in Dubai. The match began on 24 November, and will end on 16 December 2021.

References 

1990 births
Living people

Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Hao Wang

Hao Wang (), born 4 August 1989 in Harbin, Heilongjiang, is a Chinese chess grandmaster. 

In November 2009, Wang became the fourth ever Chinese player to cross the 2700 rating mark. 

He was the 2010 Chinese chess champion, and was ranked #1 in China and #15 in the world in July 2012.

References 

1990 births
Living people

Chinese chess players
Chess grandmasters
Lee Hae-Chan

Lee Hae-chan (, born July 10 1957) is a Korean politician, journalist and writer. In 2004, he became the 36th Prime minister of South Korea. He was the 38th education minister from March 3, 1998, to May 24, 1999. He became deputy mayor of Seoul in 1995.

Life 
Lee started his political career as an liberal activist. In 1988, he was elected to Parliament. He has been re-elected seven times since then; in 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2012.

In 1995, Lee was appointed to deputy mayor of Seoul. He only had the job briefly, however, because he resigned. From 1998 to 1999 he was Education Minister. During that time, he made reforms to education in the country, fought corruption, bribery and incompetency in schools, and reduced the age of retirement.

References 
 http://focus.chosun.com/people/people01.jsp?id=722

Other websites 
  Lee-hae-chan 
 i-love Lee-hae-chan 
  Lee Hae-Chan Fan-Cafe

1957 births
Living people
Deputy mayors
Government ministers
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Gata Kamsky

Gata Kamsky  (born June 2, 1974) is a Soviet-born American chess grandmaster. Kamsky won the 2010 Grenke Open World Rapid Chess Championship. He is rated #2 in the United States.

Kamsky was a prodigy who reached the final of the FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 at the age of 22, and reached a ranking of fourth in the world in 1996. He played almost no FIDE-rated games between 1997 and late 2004. He was studying medicine at the time.

Kamsky won the Chess World Cup 2007. This earned him a match against Veselin Topalov for the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship 2010, which he lost. Kamsky also played in the Candidates Tournament to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2012. He advanced to the semifinals before losing to Boris Gelfand.

References 

1974 births
Living people
American chess players
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Radosław Wojtaszek

Radosław Wojtaszek (born 13 January 1987 in Elbląg, Poland) is a Polish chess Grandmaster. In 2004 he won the European Youth Chess Championship (U-18), the World Youth Chess Championships (U-18) and the Cracovia Open with 7.5/9.

Wojtaszek won the Polish Chess Championship in 2005.
In 2006 he played for the Polish team at the Chess Olympiad played in Turin scoring 9 points out of 11 games.
In 2008 Wojtaszek was one of world champion Anand's official seconds for the match with Kramnik.
In December 2008 Wojtaszek became the European rapid chess champion.

In 2009 Wojtaszek finished second in the Polish championship, shared second at the international tournament in Lublin and won the Najdorf memorial played in Warsaw. In 2009/10 he tied for 1st5th at the 39th Rilton Cup in Stockholm.
In January 2010 Wojtaszek finished again second in Polish championship.

In 2010 Wojtaszek was again one of world champion Anand official seconds for the match with Topalov.
Wojtaszek won the 5th International Tournament of Polonia Wrocław played between the end of June and beginning of July 2010. At the San Juan International tournament in Pamplona he scored 6.5 points out of 9 games winning the tournament.

At the Chess Olympiad in Khanty Mansiysk, Wojtaszek played on the first board for Poland scoring 6 points in 9 games.

References

1987 births
Living people
Polish chess players
Chess grandmasters
Nissan Maxima

The Nissan Maxima is an automobile produced by Nissan Motor Company in eight generations since 1981. It is a 4-door sedan with a 6-cylinder petrol engine.

Gallery 

Maxima
Front wheel drive vehicles

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Violeta Chamorro

Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (Born October 18, 1929 in Rivas, Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan political leader and was President of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1996. Her husband Pedro Chamorro, a newspaper editor, was assassinated in 1978. She took over as editor of the paper, La Prensa.

References

Presidents of Nicaragua
1929 births
Living people
François Duvalier

François Duvalier (14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), known as "Papa Doc" because he was once a doctor, was the President (dictator) and Head of State of Haiti from 1957 until his death. He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church for expelling foreign-born bishops. 

Like many rulers of Haiti, he was called "President for Life".  His widow was Simone Duvalier.  When he died their son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, called "Baby Doc", became President.

He was born and died at Port-au-Prince, Haiti. He died of diabetes and heart disease.

References 

1907 births
1971 deaths
Former dictators
Port-au-Prince
Presidents of Haiti
Unexplained deaths
Kratos

Kratos is a minor Ancient Greek god or demon. His name comes from the Greek word for "power" or "strength". He was a guardian of the throne of Zeus. Kratos was the second son of Zeus  and also the brother of Nike, Zelus, and Bia. He was one of the few people who dragged Prometheus to the rock where he was chained. His name is used as part of other words about power, including democracy, theocracy, plutocracy, aristocracy and dictator.

This Kratos is not to be confused with the protagonist of the video game franchise "God of War." That Kratos is a Spartan warrior and son of Zeus, who is enslaved by Ares, the Greek God of War. Over the course of the original God of War game, Kratos escapes bondage and becomes the new God of War by slaying Ares. However, that title is stripped from Kratos by Zeus at the beginning of God of War II.

References

Greek gods and goddesses
Charophyceae

The Charophyceae are the green algae closest to plants.

Their exact rank is the matter of some debate. Some botanists recommend expanding the existing plant kingdom to include charophyceans and chlorophytes.

Others classify Charophyceae as a class under division Charophyta, with Chlorophyta remaining a distinct division. There are also other possibilities.

The consensus among botanists is that charophyceans are the organisms most closely related to land plants (embryophytes).

Many of the complex plant traits related to sexual reproduction evolved first in charophyceans. Analysis of cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) shows that characteristics of plant chloroplasts also evolved first in the charophyceans, before the Zygnematales diverged from the lineage that lead to Coleochaetales, Charales, and the land plants.

Groups generally included within the Charophyceae are:
Mesostigmatales
Klebsormidiales
Zygnematales
Desmidiales
Charales
Coleochaetales

References 

Algae
Proactivity

In behavioural psychology, proactivity is thinking ahead. It means doing things before they are needed. It also means preventing something before it happens. It means the same thing as anticipation.

The term is often used in organizational behaviour. Proactive behaviour by individuals anticipates situations in the workplace. It means acting in advance of a situation, rather than just reacting afterwards. Proactive employees usually do not need to be asked to do something. They also do not need detailed instructions. Reactive employees are often controlled by the situation around them. In an unfamiliar situation they need instructions.

References 

Words
Cognition
Chlorophyta

Chlorophyta are a division of green algae.

It includes about 7,000 species of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryote organisms.

Like the land plants, green algae contain chlorophylls a and b, and store food as starch in their plastids. Most species are flagellate in at least one stage of their life cycle.

They are related to the Charophyceae (also called Charophyta) and land plants, together making up the Viridiplantae.
 
The division contains both unicellular and multicellular species. While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of environments. Watermelon snow, or Chlamydomonas nivalis, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Some lichens are symbiotic relationships between fungi and green algae.

Members of the Chlorophyta also form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges and cnidarians. Some conduct sexual reproduction.

References 

Algae
Extremism

Political views and ideas which are far from the  mainstream are called extremist. Such views often violate common moral standards. As an example, a group that wants to replace a democratic form of government with a totalitarian one is almost always considered extremist. Political or religious fundamentalism as well as fanaticism can  also be seen as extremist.

What is seen as extremist varies by country. People who support that Muslim women should wear a burqa may be seen as extremist in France, but such an opinion may not be extremist in Afghanistan or Saudi Arabia.

Politics
David Moss (ice hockey)

David Moss (born December 28, 1981 in Livonia, Michigan) is an NHL ice hockey right winger for the Calgary Flames. He was picked by the Calgary Flames with the 220th overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played college hockey at the University of Michigan with the Michigan Wolverines ice hockey team.

Moss is the cousin of current Toronto Maple Leaf, Phil Kessel.

Other websites 

1981 births
American ice hockey players
Calgary Flames players
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
American Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Zilda Arns

Dr. Zilda Arns (August 25, 1934 - January 13, 2010) was a Brazilian doctor and in 1983 set up the Children's Pastoral. Children's Pastoral is a Catholic church based organization which teaches mother basic health care skills. It has saved the lives of thousands of babies in Brazil.

She was born in the south of Brazil to German parents. She studied medicine at university and then set up clinics in Curitiba. She soon saw that much of the sickness, such as diarrhoea and dehydration could be prevented if parents knew how to care properly for their children. In 1983, her brother, Paulo Evaristo Arns, a bishop in the Catholic Church encouraged her to set up Children's Pastoral. It is now in 42,000 Brazilian communities, and has over 260,000 trained volunteers.

In 2007, Arns was given the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public service.

Arns was killed in the 2010 Haiti earthquake while speaking to a church group. She had gone there on a visit to a missionary organization helping with the care of babies.

References

1934 births
2010 deaths
Brazilian people
Marshall Warren Nirenberg

Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 - January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist. He won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Robert W. Holley and H. Gobind Khorana, for work on the genetic code and protein synthesis

References

1927 births
2010 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
American geneticists
Brad Maxwell

Brad Robert Maxwell (born July 8, 1957 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey  defenceman. During his junior career he won the Memorial Cup in 1977 as a member of the New Westminster Bruins.  Following that season Maxwell was selected seventh overall in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft by the Minnesota North Stars. He spent time playing for Minnesota, the Quebec Nordiques, the Toronto Maple Leafs, the Vancouver Canucks and the New York Rangers before retiring in 1987.

Other websites

1957 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
New Westminster Bruins players
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey League players
Quebec Nordiques players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Canucks players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Viridiplantae

Viridiplantae ('green plants') are the clade which includes the green algae and land plants.

In some classification systems they have been called Plantae, by expanding the traditional plant kingdom (Embryophytes) to include the green algae.

Adl and colleagues, who produced a classification for eukaryotes in 2005, used the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that most of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.

There are more than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae.

Group structure
The monophyletic Chlorophyta and Charophyta are classified under Viridiplantae. A common classification is:
Viridiplantae
Chlorophyta 
Streptophyta
Embryophyta
Charophyta
'Green algae' is not used here because they are definitely not monophyletic. It is just a convenience term for Chlorophyta and Charophyta together.

There are different opinions about the classification. Another opinion is that only the Charophyceae are closely related to land plants, and that arrangement is simplified as:
Viridiplantae
Chlorophyta 
Charophyta
Streptophyta
Embryophyta
Charophyceae

References

Plant taxonomy
Bernie Morris

Bernard Patrick Morris (b. August 21, 1890 - d. May ? 1963) - was an Canadian ice hockey player for the old Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association.  When the Metropolitans became the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917, Morris scored 14 of Seattle's goals (in a best-of-five series).

Playing career
Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Morris played for several senior teams in Manitoba and Saskatchewan before joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1914. He moved over to Seattle the following season, and played eight seasons for Seattle, and was a member of the Stanley Cup champion 1917 team. He played in two other Finals, the ill-fated 1919 series, and the 1923 series. He had an outstanding 1917 series, scoring 14 goals in four games. In 1923, he joined the Calgary Tigers and played a season and a half before joining the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). From 1925 unil 1930, he finished his career with various teams in the minor California Pro League, the Can-Pro and International League.

References

Other websites

1890 births
1963 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey centres
Johan Ferrier

Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier (12 May 1910  – 4 January 2010) was the last governor of Suriname, and then became its first president in 1975. Ferrier was a teacher, a trade union leader and a radio pioneer. In 1946 he helped start the National Party of Suriname.

Biography 
Suriname was a Dutch colony, and Ferrier was made an adviser to the Minister of Education. In 1968 he was made Governor of Suriname. The country became independent on November 25, 1975, and Ferrier was made the first President of Suriname. The government was overthrown by a military coup in 1980, led by Desi Bouterse.

Ferrier and his family moved to the Netherlands where he wrote a children's book called "The Anansi Book".

References

1910 births
2010 deaths
People from Paramaribo
Presidents of Suriname
Prime Ministers of Suriname
Stimulation of nipples

Stimulation of nipples is a sexual act of humans. Stimulation of the nipples is known to cause the body to release a hormone called oxytocin. Oxytocin is known to aid in the bonding of individuals.
Sexual acts
Natural rights

Natural rights are rights that believe it is important for all humans and animals to have out of (natural law.)  These rights are often viewed as inalienable, meaning they can almost never be taken away. The concept of what are natural rights has varied throughout history.  the Americans thought the British were being very unfair. So they created the natural law and the declaration of independence. Then after the declaration was written they created the united states and became a country.The idea first came up in ancient times but was discussed most famously by English philosopher John Locke in the 1600's.  Locke said that the most important natural rights are "Life, Liberty, and Property". In the United States Declaration of Independence, the natural rights mentioned are "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness".  The idea was also found in the Declaration of the Rights of Man. It is viewed by Locke, Jefferson, and others that the purpose of government is to protect peoples' natural rights through a social contract (an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits). There have been many times in history that natural rights have been breached by both governments and singular people.

Related pages 
Rights
Trisha Yearwood

Patricia Lynn "Trisha" Yearwood (born September 19, 1964) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Her first charting single was in 1991. She married country singer Garth Brooks in 2005.

Singles
"She's in Love with the Boy" (1991)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1964 births
Living people
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Chimera (mythology)

The Chimera (, Khimaira, from , khimaros, "she-goat") according to Greek mythology, is a monstrous creature that was composed of several different animals. The chimera is only one of several famous mythological hybrids. As with all mythical creatures, there is the question of its origin. In some traditions, the Chimera was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and sister of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. However, the chimera does not appear to have an existence in physical reality, save for the individual animals from which it is composed.

Description 
The most common description of the chimera comes from Homer's Iliad, in which the creature is said to have the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and tail of a snake. It is also believed to breath fire and be female, despite the mane adorning the lions head. The chimera was said to be incredibly vicious and powerful, especially since as one single creature, it possessed the abilities of three separate animals.

The Chimera was eventually killed by the hero Bellerophon. 

Greek legendary creatures
Lou Bega

Lou Bega was born as David Lubega on 13 April 1975 in Munich, Germany.

He is a Latin pop musician, famous for his song “Mambo No. 5”. This song is a remake of the Perez Prado instrumental from 1952. Bega added new lyrics to the song and sampled the original version extensively.

Bega had a multicultural upbringing as his mother is Sicilian and his father is from Uganda. Bega spent time in Miami during his teenage years.

Lou Bega has made music for Tropico video game.

References

1975 births
Living people
German pop singers
Latin music
Musicians from Munich
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (born 8 December 1832 in Kvikne, Norway - died 26 April 1910 in Paris, France) was a Norwegian playwright, author and poet who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1903.

His father was a Lutheran minister, but Bjørnson rejected organized religion. He married Karoline Reimers, a famous stage actress, and their son Bjørn also had great success as a stage actor, and appeared in a few early silent films. Their daughter, Bergljot, married Henrik Ibsen's son Sigurd.

He attended grammar school, Heltbergs Studentfabrikk in Oslo, with Henrik Ibsen, but dropped out of a course at the University of Oslo. By his early twenties he was writing literature reviews for the Norwegian newspaper, Morgenbladet. At 25 he wrote his first produced play, Mellem Slagene (Between the Battles). His Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg was a statement for political tolerance, and På Guds veie ("In God's Way") for religious tolerance. He is best known internationally for his tales of peasant life in Norway. His novel, Synnöve Solbakken, has been filmed three times. Bjørnson also worked as a stage director, and later served as editor of another paper, Aftenbladet, where he wrote fiery liberal editorials and passionately defended Alfred Dreyfus. His poem, "Yes, We Love This Land", is the Norwegian national anthem.

The cause of his death is unknown.

Books
 Synnöve Solbakken (1857, novel)
 En glad Gut (A Happy Boy) (1860, novel)
 Sigurd Slembe (Sigurd the Bad) (1862, epic poem)
 Fiskerjenten (The Fisher Maiden) (1868, novel)
 Digte og sange (Poems and Songs) (1870, poems)
 Arnljot Gelline (1870, epic poem)
 Magnhild (1877, novel)
 The Bridal March, and Other Stories (1882, short stories)
 Captain Mansana, and Other Stories (1882, short stories)
 The Fisher Maiden (1882, novel)
 Railroad and Churchyard (1882, novel)
 Det flager i byen og på havnen (The Heritage of the Kurts) (1884, novel)
 På Guds veje (In God's Way) (1889, novel)
 Geografi og Kærlighed (Geography and Love) (1889, novel)
 Three Comedies (1925, collected plays, published posthumously)
 Three Dramas (1925, collected plays, published posthumously)

Plays
 Mellem Slagene (Between the Battles) (1857)
 Halte-Hulda (Lame Hulda) (1858)
 Kong Sverre (King Sverre) (1861)
 De Nygifte (The Newly Married) (1865)
 Arne: A Sketch of Norwegian Country Life (1866)
 The Happy Boy: A Tale of Norwegian Peasant Life (1870)
 En fallit (A Bankruptcy) (1874)
 Redaktøren (The Editor) (1874)
 Kongen (The King) (1877)
 Kaptejn Mansana (Captain Mansana) (1878)
 Det nye System (The New System) (1879)
 Leonarda (1879)
 The Wedding-March (1882)
 En Handske (A Gauntlet) (1883)
 Over Ævne (Beyond Powers) (1889)
 Over Ævne II (Beyond Powers II) (1895)
 Laboremus (1901)
 På Storhove (At Storhove) (1902)
 Daglannet (Dag's Farm) (1904)

1832 births
1910 deaths
Playwrights
Norwegian writers
Unexplained deaths
Norwegian Nobel Prize winners
Ragnar Granit

Ragnar Arthur Granit  (30 October 1900 – 12 March 1991) was a Finnish-Swedish doctor and scientist. He won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the eye.

History
His father was a forester, Arthur Wilhelm Granit, and his mother was Albertina Helena Malmberg Granit. Ragnar Granit married Baroness Marguerite Emma Bruun ("Daisy") in 1929.

For his research into the internal electrical impulses that take place as the eye processes vision, Ragnar Granit was given the 1967 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.

Granit received Swedish citizenship during World War II, and once said that his Nobel Prize "belongs fifty-fifty to Finland and Sweden".

Education
 High School: Swedish Normallyceum, Helsinki (1919)
 University: Åbo Akademi University (1919)
 University: BS Medicine, University of Helsinki (1924)
 University: BS Philosophy, University of Helsinki (1924)
 Medical School: MD, University of Helsinki (1927)
 Scholar: Oxford University (1927-28)
 Scholar: Physiology, University of Helsinki (1929, 1932-33)
 Scholar: Medical Physics, University of Pennsylvania (1929-31)
 Professor: Physiology, University of Helsinki (1935-40)
 Professor: Physiology, Rockefeller University (1956-66)
 Scholar: Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm (1940-46)
 Professor: Neurophysiology, Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm (1946-67)

References 

1900 births
1990 deaths
Finnish scientists
Swedish neuroscientists
Swedish physicians
Finnish Nobel Prize winners
Copper (color)

Copper is the color of the metal copper.  It is a purplish-orange color.

The first recorded use of copper as a color name in English was in 1594.

Meaning of copper 

 Like the colors gold and  silver, copper represents wealth because the metal copper is valuable, but less valuable than gold or silver.  The metal copper is of value mainly to use as electrical wiring because copper is the best conductor of electricity after silver.

Tones of copper color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Skandar Keynes

Skandar Keynes, or ‘”Alexander Amin Caspar Keynes” is a British actor, born 5 September 1991. He starred Edmund Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia. He appeared in all three movies, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, which was released on December 10, 2010.

Personal Life 
Keynes was born in London. He was the son of Zelfa Hourani and author Randal Keynes. He has an older sister, Soumaya Keynes (born 1989), who also starred in many productions of the BBC Radio 4. His grandparents by his mother’s side were Furugh Afnan and Cecil Fadlo Hourani. Cecil Fadlo Hourani used to be an author and also advisor to Habib Bourguiba, the late Tunisian president. Cecil Hourani was also the brother of Albert Hourani, a historian who studied about the Middle East. The Hourani family were immigrants to England.
On his father’s side, Keynes is the grandson of Richard Keynes, the nephew of the Cambridge professor Simon Keynes, and the great-great-nephew of John Maynard Keynes, an economist. His great-great-great-grandfather was the famous naturalist Charles Darwin, who invented the theory of evolution. Keynes' great-grandparents were Edgar Adroam. 1st  Barpm Adoroam and Hester Adrian, Baroness Adrian, both receivers of the Nobel Prize.
Keynes had stated that he is an atheist. Keynes attended the Anna Scher Theatre School from 2000 to 2005. He went to the all-boys City of London School, and took his GCSEs in May and June 2008. He studied biology, chemistry, maths, and history at A-level. In October 2010 he began his degree in Arabic and Middle Eastern History at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He is currently a movie critic, writing for The Citizen, the City of London School weekly school newspaper. He is also a fan of English football club Arsenal.

Keynes lives presently in Highbury, London.

Career
He auditioned for The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at the same time as he asked for the role of Simon Brown in Nanny McPhee, but lost the role to Thomas Sangster. His voice got deeper when he was filming The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, so his sister Soumaya had to voice some of his lines.

Recently, he starred in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, the third installment of The Chronicles of Narnia movie series. The filming began in July 2009, and finished in December of the same year. The movie was released on 10 December 2010 in Britain and the US.

Filmography

Wins

Nominations

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Interview over the movie Prince Caspian  (12 May 2008)
Prince Caspian On set interview  (July 2007)
Cinema Confidential interview (December 7, 2005)

1991 births
Living people
Actors from London
Shin-Ōsaka Station

Shin-Ōsaka Station (新大阪駅,しんおおさかえき) is a railway station of JR West, JR Central and Osaka Municipal Subway in Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Adjacent stations 
JR West
 Sanyō Shinkansen
Kyoto (Tōkaidō Shinkansen) - Shin-Ōsaka - Shin-Kobe
Tōkaidō Line (JR Kyoto Line)
 Special Rapid Service
 Takatsuki - Shin-Ōsaka - Ōsaka
 Rapid Service
 Ibaraki - Shin-Ōsaka - Ōsaka
 Local
 Higashi-Yodogawa - Shin-Ōsaka - Ōsaka
 Through trains to and from the Hanwa Line
 Rapid Service, B Rapid Service
 Shin-Ōsaka - Nishikujo
JR Central
 Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Kyoto - Shin-Ōsaka - Shin-Kobe (Sanyō Shinkansen)
Osaka Municipal Subway
 Midōsuji Line
Higashi-Mikuni (M12) - Shin-Ōsaka (M13) - Nishinakajima-Minamigata (M14)

Other websites

Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Fontainebleau

Fontainebleau () is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is  south-southeast of the centre of Paris. 

Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department. It is the seat of the Arrondissement of Fontainebleau. The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region. It is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself.

Fontainebleau, together with the neighbouring commune of Avon, Seine-et-Marne and three other smaller communes, form an urban area of 36,713 people (according to the 1999 census). This urban area is a satellite of Paris.

Fontainebleau is known for the large and scenic Forest of Fontainebleau, a favourite weekend getaway for Parisians. It is also known for the historical Palace of Fontainebleau, which once belonged to the kings of France.

Communes in Seine-et-Marne
Subprefectures in France
Mudrock

Mudrocks make up most of the sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.

The types of mudrocks include: siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale.

Most of the particles are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in composition and naming.

There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks. There are some reasons for this:
Mudrocks are the least understood, and one of the most understudied sedimentary rocks to date
It is difficult to study mudrock constituents, due to their tiny size
And most importantly, there is more than one classification scheme accepted by scientists

Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, which is why mudrocks are so common.

With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of parallel layering (fissility). This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called shale, as distinct from mudstone.

From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks was not published until 1964. However, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil.

Related pages 
Mud
Mudstone

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Siltstone

A siltstone is a mudrock. For a rock to be a siltstone, it must be over fifty percent silt-sized material.

Silt is any particle smaller than sand, 1/16th of a millimeter (~0.06 mm), and larger than clay, 1/256th (~0.004 mm) of millimeter. Silt is the product of physical weathering, such as freezing and thawing. Physical weathering does not involve any chemical changes in the rock, just its physical breaking apart.

One of the highest proportions of silt found on Earth is in the Himalayas, which get rainfall of up to five to ten meters (16 to 33 feet) a year. Quartz and feldspar are the biggest contributors to silt. Silt tends to be non-cohesive, non-plastic, but can liquefy easily.

There is a simple field test to judge whether a rock is a siltstone or not, and that is to put the rock to one's teeth. If the rock feels "gritty" against one's teeth, than it is a siltstone.

References

Folk, R.L., 1965, Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version . Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981. 
Williams, Howel; Francis J. Turner and Charles M. Gilbert 1954. Petrography, W.H. Freeman

Sedimentary rocks
Maria Mitchell

Maria Mitchell (1818–1889) was one of the first female astronomers. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. She attended a local girls school. Later, Mitchell attended a school run by her father. Mitchell opened her own school when she was 17. Her school had many programs. These programs allowed students to birdwatch. They also allowed students to observe astronomy.

Mitchell’s love for astronomy started when her father began keeping a small observatory. She began to observe space and notice things. The accomplishment that made Mitchell famous was when she discovered a comet in October 1847. The comet was later known as Miss Mitchell's comet, and is now called C/1847 T1. She received a medal from the king of Denmark after discovering the comet.

Mitchell also helped make accurate calculations of time, latitude, and longitude. Mitchell became the first woman elected to join the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the year after. In 1850, she joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Afterward, she became professor of astronomy at Vassar College in 1865. She stayed there until she retired in 1888. Mitchell died one year later at age 71.

After Mitchell’s death, she was recognized as a great astronomer. In 1905, she was elected into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.

References

American astronomers
Scientists from Massachusetts
1818 births
1889 deaths
Mudstone

A mudstone is a siliciclastic sedimentary rock which has a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles (at least 1/3 of each). So, a mudstone is a type of mudrock with a more varied grain size than either siltstones or claystones.

Alternatively, some sources say it is a synonym for mudrock.

Claystone 
A claystone is a mudrock  which does not split easily.

In order for a rock to be a claystone, it must be up to half (50%) clay, whose particles measure less than 1/256th of a millimeter.

Related pages
Mud

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Lego Mindstorms NXT

Lego Mindstorms NXT is a robotic kit. It is made to build and program first robot in 30 minutes. The kit replaces a system called Robotics Invention System. The available versions are: Lego Mindstorms NXT 1.0 (set #8527), Lego Mindstorm NXT 2.0 (set #8547) and Lego Mindstorms Education NXT (set #9797). It comes with the NXT-G programming software. It is possible to use unofficial programming languages, such as NXC, NBC, leJOS NXJ, and RobotC using software that is not included with the kit.

The main component in the kit is computer module that controls the robot's movements and actions called the NXT Intelligent Brick. It has 32-bit microprocessor, four inputs, three outputs, Bluetooth communications, a speaker, 1 USB 2.0 port, and a 100×64 LCD display. Also, the NXT includes three powerful servo motors with rotation sensors. Very simple programs can be created in the menu on the NXT Intelligent Brick without a computer.  More complicated programs can be downloaded via Bluetooth or USB from the computer to the robot. The graphical, drag-and-drop programming language NXT-G is simple, but complete enough to be usable.

The NXT comes with five types of sensors: Touch, Light, Sound, Ultrasonic, and Rotation. The sound sensor is not included in the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 kit. 
 The touch sensor reacts to touch and release. It can detect single or multiple button presses, and reports back to the NXT Intelligent Brick.
 The Light Sensor enables the robot to decide what is light and what is dark and the light intensity, or hue, of different colors.
 The Sound Sensor is able to measure noise levels in both dB (decibels) and dBA (frequencies around 3–6 kHz where the human ear is most sensitive)
 The Ultrasonic Sensor is able to detect an object and measure distance in inches or centimeters.
 The Rotation Sensor is built into every motor so position and speed are always available to NXT programs.

In the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 is new Colour sensor. It can detects different colours and measure the amount of reflected light and ambient light.

Robots
Audi 100

The Audi 100 is a car produced by Audi from 1968 to 1994. It was available as 4-door saloon and 5-door estate. It was replaced by the Audi A6. A 5-cylinder petrol version was sold as Audi 200.

Gallery

100
Front wheel drive vehicles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
The Night Santa Went Crazy

"The Night Santa Went Crazy" is an original song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a style parody of "Black Gold" by Soul Asylum. 

"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
1996 songs
Lorne Michaels

Lorne Michaels (born November 17, 1944) is the creator of Saturday Night Live. He has also produced movies. Michaels was born in Toronto. He moved to Los Angeles in 1968. He is the executive producer of The Tonight Show as well as Late Night with Seth Meyers. Michaels was given an Honorary Doctorate from Ryerson University in 1999.

References

1944 births
Canadian comedians
Living people
People from Toronto
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Alaska Marine Highway

The Alaska Marine Highway or the Alaska Marine Highway System (AMHS) is a ferry service operated by the government of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is based in Ketchikan, Alaska. The ferries have many different ways of being used. Passengers can stay inside in lounges or individual cabins, or can stay outside on the "sun deck." You can also bring a car or other vehicle with you for more money. The ferries operate along the coast of Alaska and also out to the Aleutian Islands. They also run all the way down to Bellingham, Washington sometimes.

References

Public transport
Water transport
Transport in Alaska
Yi Jianlian

Yi Jianlian (born October 27, 1984 in Heshan, Guangdong) is an Chinese basketball player who currently plays for the Guangdong Southern Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association. Yi began his professional career in China with the Tigers, and was chosen with the sixth pick in the 2007 NBA Draft by the Milwaukee Bucks. He played for the Bucks from 2007-08, the New Jersey Nets from 2008-10, and the Washington Wizards in 2010–11, after which he became a free agent. Because the NBA's owners locked out the players at the start of the 2011–12 season, Yi returned to China to play with the Tigers. Once the lockout ended, he returned to the U.S. and signed with the Dallas Mavericks. He played two games with the Texas Legends of the D-League before joining the Mavericks for the rest of that season. After the 2011–12 season, Yi once again returned to his original Chinese team.

Yi was featured on the cover of the August 24, 2003 issue of Time magazine.

Age dispute
Since he was drafted by the Bucks, his age has been the subject of controversy. There is strong evidence that he was actually born in 1984 not in 1987 as first thought. It is widely thought that Chinese officials lied about his age so that he could play for more years in tournaments for younger players (under 19, or under 21). One Chinese basketball official admitted in 2006 that past Chinese junior teams included over-age players, and an American who played with Yi in China has said that players' ages were often changed.  Yi has never commented on his age. In 2007 and 2008, Yi's date of birth was further scrutinized as being 27 October 1984, including a Chinese reporter discovering a high school enrollment form from 1997 that listed Yi as being born on 27 October 1984.

References

1987 births
Living people
Basketball players
Chinese sportspeople
Dallas Mavericks players
Milwaukee Bucks players
New Jersey Nets players
Washington Wizards players
Günther (singer)

Mats Söderlund (better known by his stage name, Günther) is a Swedish Europop/Eurodance singer and songwriter. 

Günther is probably best known for his song, "Ding Dong Song" which featured the lyrics "Ooohh, you touch my tralala... Mmmmm, My ding ding dong.".

Albums

Websites
Günther's Official website

1969 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Eudibamus

Eudibamus is an extinct genius of biped bolosaurid (a reptile) from the early Permian some 290 million years ago of Germany. Eudibamus is claimed to be the first bipedal vertebrate.

Fossils
Reptiles
National Geographic Society

The National Geographic Society is one of the world's largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in January 27, 1888 to "increase and diffuse geographic knowledge," the Society works to inspire people to care about the planet. It reaches more than 350 million people worldwide each month through its official journal, National Geographic, and four other magazines; National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; radio programs; films; books; DVDs; maps; and interactive media. National Geographic has funded more than 8,000 scientific research projects and supports an education program combating geographic illiteracy.

Description 
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Its interests include geography, archaeology and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history. The National Geographic Society’s logo is a yellow rectangular border, which became famous while appearing around each front page of the society's magazine.
Non-profit organizations of Washington, D.C.
1888 establishments in the United States
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Unix shell

A Unix shell, also called terminal or console, is a program that accepts Unix commands from the keyboard and executes them. These commands can be installed programs, for example:
 ls to list files
 cp to copy files
 man to get more information on commands

The commands do not need to come from the keyboard. They will, generally speaking, come from stdin. A Unix shell is a command line interface made especially for the control of a Unix system. There are different Unix shells, most notably bash, sh, C Shell and zsh. Their syntax is similar, for example the following dialog to find out your CPU type would be possible with all of them:
 # cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep --max-count=1 "model name"
 model name      : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU         860  @ 2.80GHz
Unix