cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Planet Dinosaur

Planet Dinosaur is a six-part documentary television series produced by the BBC, narrated by John Hurt, first aired in the United Kingdom in 2011, produced by VFX studio Jellyfish Pictures. It is the first major dinosaur-related series for BBC One since Walking with Dinosaurs. There are more than 50 different prehistoric species featured, and they and their environments were created entirely as computer-generated images, for only a third of the production cost that was needed a decade earlier for Walking with Dinosaurs. By the time the third episode aired, the companion book to the series was released accompany it. The DVD will be released after the series finishes.

Spin-off 
CBBC aired a spin-off, Planet Dinosaur Files, from 29 September, 2011, hosted by Jem Stansfield. Each episode compares three Mesozoic creatures and involves practical tests to replicate certain behaviours in an attempt to find out which creature holds a certain title, such as the "most powerful" theropod.

Reception
Tom Sutcliffe in the Independent found that it was visually "polished and jazzed up" but that  the "knowledge and science generally take second place to B-movie spectacle".

List of episodes

References

Other websites 
 BBC website
 Production website 

2011 British television series debuts
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
Dinosaurs
Documentaries
English-language television programs
Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act

On July 28, 2011, the United States House Judiciary Committee passed the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011 (HR 1981). The bill passed by a vote of 19-10. Next the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives. Some people are against this bill because it gives a lot of access to personal information. Some people have said that the bill will not become a law, but the Congressional Budget Office put out a report on October 12, 2011, with the cost of making the changes in the bill. The next step is that the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives.

History
On May 25, 2011, Representative Lamar Smith of Texas introduced the bill.  It was co-sponsored by 25 other Representatives of the House. On July 28, 2011 the bill was passed by the House Judiciary Committee. It has to go through more approvals before it becomes a law.

Purpose
The purpose of the bill is to protect children. The bill would give the police more access to information in order to find and catch people who make and/or distribute child pornography.

This bill would create laws that give bigger punishments for people charged with child pornography. The bill also makes companies that people in the United States get internet service from (internet service providers or ISPs) keep records of all of their customers' internet use for twelve months. They would have to keep this information in case it needs to be used to investigate people.

Cost
On October 12, 2011 a report on the costs of the bill was released. This report said that the cost to the government would be very small and that the internet service companies would have to pay more than $200 million. That money includes the cost of storing the extra information about their customers.

Controversy
Some say that because of the Patriot Act, this law could mean that people could lose some of their civil rights. Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.) is very against the bill and asked for it to be renamed the "Keep Every American's Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act."  She believes that people will have a lot less privacy if this is passed.

People who are in favor of the bill say that the police and other law enforcers need to be able to go back and look at the records of  IP addresses, because these addresses can change over time. So the police need to be able to check the records in order to catch people. occurred. Lamar Smith, the bill's sponsor, said that: ""Some Internet service providers currently retain these [IP] addresses for business purposes. But the period of retention varies widely among providers, from a few days to a few months. The lack of uniform data retention impedes the investigation of Internet crimes." Smith said that the number of child pornography cases grew by 150% a year every year for the past ten years.

References

Internet
Pornography
United States law
Children
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress. She won the Miss World 1994 pageant.  Her acting has made her one of the most popular celebrities in India. She has won many awards, including two Filmfare Awards. Bachchan also was given the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012. Some parts of the media have called her "the most beautiful woman in the world".

Biography 
She was born into the family of merchant navy officer Krishnaraj Raja and writer Vrinda Rai. The actress has an older brother - a merchant navy engineer Aditya.

Aishwarya's native language is Tulu, and she also speaks English, Hindi, Marathi, and Tamil. As a child she studied classical music and dance. At an early age, she moved with her family to Bombay, where she studied at Arya Vidya Mandir high school in the suburbs of Santacruz. After graduating from Ruparel College (before that she studied at Jai Hind College for a year), she entered the university, where she began to study architecture, but then became a model. In 1994 she won the Miss World contest. After participating in the Pepsi advertising campaign, she starred for Vogue magazine.  

Aishwarya's first role in a film was the well-received film "Tandem" in 1997, where she played a dual role: a rural beauty and an actress.

Personal life 
She dated Salman Khan for several years. After a while she started dating actor Vivek Oberoi. On January 14, 2007, she announced her engagement to actor Abhishek Bachchan, the son of the famous actor Amitabh Bachchan, and married him on April 20 of that year. On November 16, 2011, Aishwarya Rai gave birth to a daughter at a clinic in Mumbai. The girl was named Aaradhia Bachchan.

References

Other websites 

1973 births
Indian movie actors
Indian models
Miss World winners
Indian beauty pageant winners
Mariner 9

Mariner 9 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the ninth spacecraft in the Mariner programme. It was sent to study and orbit the planet Mars. It was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 9 reached Mars on November 13, 1971, after a ~170 day flight. The spacecraft was sent to map 70 % of the surface of Mars and to study the temperature changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface. When it arrived, a dust storm hid the surface of Mars. After a few months the dust settled and Mariner 9 discovered the Valles Marineris.

Mariner 09
Mars
Flemming Jørgensen

Flemming "Bamse" Duun Jørgensen (7 February 1947 – 1 January 2011) was a Danish pop singer and actor. He was the lead singer of the band Bamses Venner () and also released solo albums. As an actor he received a Robert Award for best male supporting actor in 1986 for the movie Ofelia kommer til byen (). Jørgensen died of a cardiac arrest on New Year's Day in 2011.

Discography 
Din sang (1977)
Solen skinner (1979)
Bamse Live I (1980)
Bamse Live II (1980)
Lige nu (1987)
1988 (1988)
Lidt for mig selv (1994)
Jul på Vimmersvej (1995)
Stand By Me (1999)
Always on My Mind (2001)
Be My Guest (2005)
Love Me Tender (2007)
Tæt på (2010)

References

1947 births
2011 deaths
Danish actors
Danish singers
Danish movie actors
William George Aston

William George Aston (9 April 1841 – 22 November 1911) was a British diplomat, author and scholar-expert in the language and history of Japan and Korea.

Early life
Aston was born near Londonderry in  Ireland. In 1859-1863, he studied at Queen's College in Belfast, which is now Queen's University Belfast.

Career
Aston was an interpreter in the British Legation in Japan in 1864. He studied with Ernest Mason Satow. 

Aston worked in the British consular service in Tokyo, Kobe and Nagasaki. He retired in 1889.

Japan
Along with  Satow and Basil Hall Chamberlain, Aston was one of three major British Japanologists during the 19th century.

Aston was the first translator of the Nihongi into the English language (1896).

Korea
In 1884, Aston was the first Western diplomat to live in Korea. 

Aston donated his translations of Korean folk tales to the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersberg, Russia and they were published in 2004. This part of Aston's personal collection is now at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about William George Aston, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 90+ works in 200+ publications in 4 languages and 3,000+ library holdings.

 A Short Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language (1869)
 A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language (1877)
 A Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language (1877)
 Early Japanese history (1889)
 Nihongi; Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 (1896)
 A History of Japanese Literature (1898)
 Littérature japonaise (1902)
 Shinto, the Way of the Gods (1905)
 Shinto, the Ancient Religion of Japan (1907)

References

Other websites

  Aston, W. G. (William George), 1841-1911 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

The History of Japanese Literature by W.G. Aston (Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1899)

Japanologists
British historians
1841 births
1911 deaths
British diplomats
Emperor Junna

was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 823 and ended in 833.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Junna's life
Junna was Crown Prince for 13 years.

 810 (Kōnin 1): Prince Ōtomo was named the heir of Emperor Saga at 25 years of age.

 30 May 823 (Kōnin 14, 17th day of the 4th month): In the 14th year of Emperor Saga's reign, the monarch abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by Prince Ōtomo, who was Saga's younger brother. Soon afterwards, the prince is said to have said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 22 March 833 (Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a his adopted son, who would be known as Emperor Ninmyō.

 11 June 840 (Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Junna is in Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

Eras of reign
The years of Junna's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Kōnin (810-824)
 Tenchō            (824-834)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan
786 births
840 deaths
Stye

Styes (), also hordeolum () are infections at the base of a human eyelid or the eyelash. They are usually formed in the lids and are small red bumps; these styes can be either external or internal. Styes are small-sized and rather short in duration. They happen particularly often in infants, although people of all ages can get it. They're triggered by eye rubbing or poor nutrition. They often last four days under treatment to two weeks without.

Diseases and disorders of the eye
Ichinobe-no Oshiwa

was the eldest son of Japanese Emperor Richū; and he was the father of sons who would become known as Emperor Kenzō and Emperor Ninken.

No firm dates can be assigned to the lives or reigns of this period, but the reign of Emperor Ankō is considered to have lasted from 456 to 479; and Oshiwa died during Ankō's reign.

Traditional history 
According to the Nihonshoki, Oshiwa was killed in a hunting accident by Emperor Yūryaku.  His sons were adopted as heirs by Emperor Seinei.  They are known as Prince Woke  (or Kenzō-tennō) and as Prince Oke (or Ninken-tennō).

References 

5th-century births
5th-century deaths
Japanese imperial family
Accidental deaths
Dinosaur Ridge

Dinosaur Ridge is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.

The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil localities. In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Stegosaurus, and Allosaurus. 

In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.  In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.

The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.

The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation.  When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints.  These were found to include mostly Iguanodon-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.

The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.

References

Other websites 
 Friends of Dinosaur Ridge
 Photos
 Dinosaur Ridge Information 

Colorado
Dinosaurs of North America
Museums in the United States
Galaxy Nexus

The Galaxy Nexus is a smartphone made by Google and Samsung, using the Android operating system. The phone started being sold on November 17, 2011.

Unlocking and rooting 
The Galaxy Nexus is designed to be a developer-friendly phone. It is very easy to unlock and root. To unlock the bootloader, boot the phone into fastboot mode by holding down both volume keys while powering the phone on, and connect the phone to a computer with the Android SDK installed and run the command "fastboot oem unlock". This is in contrast to most other mobile phones which are designed to be difficult to unlock. This phone uses NFC, which allows it to communicate wirelessly with other Android devices.

Related pages 
 Google Nexus

References

Other websites 
 Official Galaxy Nexus page 
 Galaxy Nexus at Samsung
Engadget coverage

Nexus mobile phones
Android smartphones
Mobile phones released in 2011
The Social Network

The Social Network is a 2010 American movie about the beginning of Facebook. Jesse Eisenberg played Mark Zuckerberg in the movie. David Fincher directed the movie. Adam Sorkin wrote the screenplay. The movie was very popular and won many awards, but did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The story happens in Massachusetts and California from 2003–2005.

Cast
 Jesse Eisenberg as Mark Zuckerberg
 Andrew Garfield as Eduardo Saverin
 Justin Timberlake as Sean Parker
 Armie Hammer as Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss
 Josh Pence as Tyler Winklevoss (body double for Armie Hammer)
 Max Minghella as Divya Narendra
 Brenda Song as Christy Lee
 Rashida Jones as Marylin Delpy
 Joseph Mazzello as Dustin Moskovitz
 Rooney Mara as Erica Albright
 Dustin Fitzsimons as The Phoenix S-K Club President
 Patrick Mapel as Chris Hughes
 Douglas Urbanski as Larry Summers
 Wallace Langham as Peter Thiel
 Dakota Johnson as Amelia Ritter
 Malese Jow as Alice Cantwel
 Denise Grayson as Gretchen
 James Shanklin as Prince Albert II
 Trevor Wright as Josh Thompson
 John Getz as Sy
 Shelby Young as K.C.
 David Selby as Gage
 Aaron Sorkin as Ad executive

Release dates

References

Other websites 

Official site

2010 drama movies
2010s legal movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American legal movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies directed by David Fincher
Movies set in California
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies set in 2004
Chaz Bono

Chaz Salvatore Bono (Born Chastity Sun Bono; March 4, 1969) is an American actor and is a spokesperson for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. He danced on ABC's Dancing With the Stars.

In 1995, Chaz, who still appeared female at the time, told The Advocate that he was a lesbian.
In 2008 Bono started his gender transition from female to male. 

He is the son of Sonny and Cher Bono. He is a female-to-male transgender person. A documentary on Bono's experience, Becoming Chaz, was at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.  It was later on the OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network.

Books written
 Family Outing (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (1998). Little, Brown and Company. pp. 272. 
 The End of Innocence: A Memoir (with Michele Kort) (2003). pp. 232. 
 Transition: the story of how I became a man (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2011). New York: Dutton. 
 Transition: Becoming Who I Was Always Meant to Be (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2012 paperback). Plume. pp. 272.

References

Other websites 

American movie actors
American television actors
LGBT people from California
Actors from Los Angeles
Transgender and transsexual people
Participants in American reality television series
1969 births
Living people
Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)

"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" is a single performed by American recording artist Katy Perry. It is the fifth single from her third album Teenage Dream. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US. It reached the top in Canada as well. It climbed to the top five in Australia and New Zealand and the top ten in Austria and the UK. It was released June 6, 2011. A remix was later released featuring rapper Missy Elliott.

The song became Perry's fifth number-one single from Teenage Dream. This was a first for a female artist. Only Michael Jackson also had five chart-toppers from one album with Bad in 1987.

References

2011 songs
Katy Perry songs
Ying Yang Twins

The Ying Yang Twins are an American crunk rap group based in Atlanta. The group debuted in 2000 and rose into mainstream with the song Get Low almost three years later. They've had several hit albums and hit songs.

American rap music groups
Musical groups from Atlanta, Georgia
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Dip slope

A Dip slope is the geological formation of tilted strata. They're found on homoclinal ridges, one side being steep and irregular and the other (the dip slope) being parallel to the bedding.

Geology
List of Harry Potter movie characters

This is a list of Harry Potter movies cast members. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson are the pioneer trio in Harry Potter series for the 8 movies.

Cast

References 

Lists of fictional characters
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport

Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport is a large airport in France.  It is in the outskirts of Paris.  In 2010, it handled 58,164,612 passengers.

As of 12 February 2018, the head of the airport is Marc Houalla.

References

Airports in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
Pouzolles

Pouzolles () is a commune in the Hérault department and Occitanie in southern France.

Activities 
The village has a small collection of shops (bakery, superette, tobacconist) and several chambres d'hôtes. There are other activities, such as a post office, a nearby paintball, a seasonal gallery and of course the local wine industry.

Places of interest 
 the château (see pictures)

 the village center, built as a circulade

Demography

Related pages
 Communes of the Hérault department

References

Other websites
 Official Pouzolles website 

Communes in Hérault
Harima Province

, also known as ,  was an old province of Japan in area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with the provinces of Tajima, Tamba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka.

The provincial capital city was Himeji on the Ishikawa River.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Harima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Temples and Shrines
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Harima.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hyōgo Prefecture
Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux

The Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux was a group of communes in the Hérault departement and Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.

It was created on December 31, 1997, by decision of the Prefecture, and dissolved on January 1, 2013 upon merging with surrounding communauté de communes to form the Communauté des communes des Avant-Monts du Centre Hérault.

Etymology

The name comes from the local coteaux (vineyards) and chateaux (castles), prominent features of the countryside.

Communes

Coteaux et Chateaux contained the following communes:

 Fos
 Gabian
 Margon
 Montesquieu
 Neffiès
 Pouzolles
 Roujan
 Vailhan

References

Other websites
 Official Website 
 Look up coteau and château on the Wiktionary.
Child support

Child support is continued payment performed by a parent for the financial benefits of children following marital separations, divorces or ends of civil unions. Child maintenance is paid either directly or indirect by obligors toward an obligee for care and support of children from terminated marriages, civil unions or other relationships. The obligor is the non-custodial parent; the obligee is either the custodial parent, a caregiver, a guardian or the state.

Duration of support orders
Support orders end based on local laws and the facts of each case. Support orders usually end when the child reaches the age of majority. (This can be an age from 16 to 21 (New York State)  or graduates from high school.) Some countries and states have laws that make support continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, the payments must continue until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child.

Several factors can end a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.

References

Other websites
History of child support in the UK
Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia - includes calculators and guides for separated parents
US Federal Child Support Enforcement - child support enforcement
UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS - UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS

Family law
Emperor Ninmyō

was the 54th  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 833 and ended in 850.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .  

Ninmyō was the second son of Emperor Saga and the Empress Tachibana no Kachiko.  

Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines (kōi); and he had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Ninmyō's life
Ninmyō was Crown Prince for 10 years.

 6 January 823 (Kōnin 10, 4th month, 19th day): At age 14, Prince Masara is named Junna's heir.

 22 March 833 (Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by his adopted son.  Masara-shinnō was the natural son of Emperor Saga, and therefore would have been Junna's nephew.  Soon afterwards, Emperor Ninmyo is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 838-839 (Jōwa  5-6): Diplomatic mission to Tang China headed by Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu. 

 6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): Emperor Ninmyō died at the age of 41.

After his death
Emperor Ninmyō is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, as the location of Ninmyō's mausoleum.

Ninmyō was sometimes posthumously referred to as "the Emperor of Fukakusa," because that was the location of his tomb.

Eras of reign
The years of Ninmyō's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Tenchō  (824-834)
 Jōwa    (834-848)
 Kashō    (848-851)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites
 Hokusai:  Poem #12, image of ceremonial event in Ninmyō's court 

Emperors of Japan
810 births
850 deaths
Natural deduction

Natural deduction is a branch of mathematical logic developed in Poland in the 1920s and 30s. It is meant to express inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning.

Spurred on by a series of seminars in Poland in 1926 by Łukasiewicz that advocated a more natural treatment of logic, Jaśkowski made the earliest attempts at defining a more natural deduction. In 1929 he first suggested in 1929 using a diagrammatic notation, and later updated his proposal in papers in 1934 and 1935.

References 

Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, 2000. Language, proof and logic. CSLI (University of Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press. A gentle introduction to first-order logic via natural deduction, by two first rate logicians.

Other websites 
 Clemente, Daniel, "Introduction to natural deduction."
 Pelletier, Jeff, "A history of natural deduction and elementary logic textbooks."

Logic
John McCarthy

John McCarthy (1927-2011) was an American scientist. He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic. 

McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955. He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958. This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older. McCarthy studied mathematics. He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had. McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.

1927 births
2011 deaths
American computer scientists
Scientists from Boston, Massachusetts
Hurricane Karl (2010)

Hurricane Karl was the fifth and final major hurricane of 2010's Atlantic hurricane season. It became the most damaging hurricane to ever impact the Mexican state of Veracruz. As of September 23, 22 people have been confirmed killed, most of which were in the state of Veracruz. Preliminary losses from the storm are estimated at 70 billion MXN ($5.6 billion USD). Despite the destruction, the name Karl was not retired.

Sources

Other websites
The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Advisory Archive for Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Graphic Archive for Hurricane Karl

Hurricanes in Mexico
2010 in Mexico
2010 in Belize
September 2010 events
Robert Pierpoint

Robert Pierpoint (May 16, 1925 – October 22, 2011) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.
 
He was born in Redondo Beach, California. Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands. Pierpoint covered the Korean War. He appeared on the first edition of See It Now in 1951. He also covered the State Department for CBS. He was often on Charles Kuralt's Sunday Morning broadcasts until his retirement. 
 
He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys. He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of M*A*S*H.
 
Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter. His wrote about this in his book, At the White House (1981). He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon. He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.

One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air. He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts.  The television image showed only his chest and above. But a photograph was taken that showed his legs. To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.

References 

 

 

American war correspondents
1925 births
2011 deaths
Writers from Los Angeles
Emperor Montoku

was the 55th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

His reign started in 850 and ended in 858.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .  He was also known as Tamura-no-mikado or Tamura-tei.

He was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō.

Montoku had six Imperial consorts and 29 Imperial sons.

Events of Montoku's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for 8 years.
 6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month):  In the 17th year of Ninmyō-tennō 's reign (仁明天皇17年), the emperor died.  His eldest son received the succession (senso).
 850 (Kashō 3, 4th month): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 850 (Kashō 3, 5th month): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died.
 850 (Kashō 3, 11th month): The emperor named Korehito-shinnō, the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.  This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa who was Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 855 (Saikō 2, 1st month):  The Emishi organized a rebellion.  In response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.
 855 (Saikō 2, 5th month): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off.
 7 October 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): Montoku died at the age of 32.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (misasagi) of Montoku is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.  The site is formally named Tamura no misasagi.

Eras of reign
The years of Montoku's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Kashō   (848-851)
 Ninju  (851-854)
 Saikō  (854-857)
 Ten'an  (857-859)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
827 births
858 deaths
Xavier Tondo

Xavier Tondo Volpini (5 November 1978 – 23 May 2011) was a Spanish professional bicycle racer. He mainly participated in bicycle races up the mountain.

On 23 May 2011, while he was getting his bicycle ready for a ride, Tondo was trapped between his own garage door and car. He was crushed by the door. One of his teammates, Beñat Intxausti, was with him during the accident.

References

Other websites 
Profile at Cycling Archives

1978 births
2011 deaths
Accidental deaths in Spain
Spanish cyclists
Edmundo Ros

Edmundo Ros OBE FRAM (7 December 1910 – 21 October 2011), born Edmund William Ross, was a Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician, vocalist, arranger and bandleader who made his career in Britain.

Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos. Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha. Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular. His Wedding Samba sold three millions copies on 78rpm. He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.

The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music. Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences. This is something he talked about after his retirement.

He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910. He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18. He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums. He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London. He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937. To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.

During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver. After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club". He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was Rhythms Of the South (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.

He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings. He received the OBE in 2000. He died in 2011 at the age of 100.

References

1910 births
2011 deaths
Bandleaders
Liz Claiborne (fashion designer)

Anne Elisabeth Jane "Liz" Claiborne (March 31, 1929 – June 26, 2007) was a Belgian-born American fashion designer and entrepreneur.

Early life
Claiborne was born to American parents in Brussels, Belgium. She moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1939. She went on to found the clothing company, which was named Liz Claiborne, Inc. She was the first female CEO and chairperson of a Fortune 500 company.

Death
Claiborne died in New York City from cancer of the lining of the abdomen.

Other websites
Official website
Liz Claiborne Art Ortenerg Foundation

1929 births
2007 deaths
American chief executives
American fashion designers
Cancer deaths in New York City
People from Brussels
Businesspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
Liz Claiborne

Liz Claiborne, Inc. is a fashion company based in New York City and founded in 1976 by a fashion designer of the same name. The organization markets clothing and fragrances. In the 1980s it was the first company from a female to hit the Fortune 500 mark.

The company was created by Liz Claiborne the person.

Fashion houses
Companies based in New York City
1976 establishments in New York (state)
Electrical outlet

An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows. Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages. Adapters are available to convert between the different types.

Other websites 

 International power cords technology
 Glossary of standards terms
 Electricity Around The World (about plugs, sockets and electrical systems used around the world)
 Change to UK electrical wire colors 2004
 Household electrical safety handbook, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
 IEEE history of Australian power connectors (in pdf format)
 South Africa Eskom: Wiring a Plug 
 Guidance Notes for the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong)
 Museum of Plugs and Sockets: pictures including disassembled units

Electrical wiring
Anemometer

An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed. It is found in most weather stations. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word ἄνεμος , meaning wind. It describes any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. Leon Battista Alberti described an anemometer for the first time around 1450.

References

Meteorology
Measuring tools
Herbert A. Hauptman

Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician. He won a Nobel Prize. He made a mathematical method to find a molecular structures based on the X-ray patterns of crystallized materials. With Jerome Karle, he won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Biography
He was born in New York City. He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.
 
Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age. He studied at Townsend Harris High School. He graduated from the City College of New York (1937). He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939. He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.
 
After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.. He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park. They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the  direct methods in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 article, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.
 
In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972. At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following years.

Hauptman who was an atheist, signed with 21 other Nobel laureates the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

References

Other websites
Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Laureates
Herbert Hauptman's Autobiography
Dr Hauptman's CV 
Pergament: A PBS portrait of Buffalo's Nobel winner Herbert Hauptman
Board of Science Advisors, The Buffalo International Film Festival, Buffalo, NY, United States 

 

1917 births
2011 deaths
American atheists
American chemists
American mathematicians
American Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish atheists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Educators from New York City
Viking program

The Viking program was a NASA mission that sent two spacecraft to the planet Mars. These spacecraft were called Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each spacecraft was made of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiters took pictures of Mars from their orbit and sent information to Earth. The landers gathered scientific data on the surface of the planet.

Both Viking spacecraft were launched in 1975 and both reached Mars in 1976. Scientists chose landing places for both landers from the pictures that the orbiters had taken. Then the landers were released from the orbiters and they went down to their landing places. The orbiters continued to take pictures while the landers studied the surface of the planet and did other things. All of the spacecraft, including both orbiters and both landers, kept working for longer than they had been planned to. Eventually, they broke down. Viking 2 Orbiter stopped working in 1978, Viking 1 Orbiter and Viking 2 Lander in 1980, and Viking 1 Lander in 1982.

The Viking program was the most expensive and difficult mission ever sent to Mars. The program cost a total of US$1 billion. The program was very successful. Most of the knowledge about Mars until the late 1990s came from the Viking mission.

References

Other websites
 NASA Mars Viking Mission
 Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet
 Viking Mission to Mars  (Video)
 A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile

NASA programs
Mars
Piculet

The piculets are a subfamily of small woodpeckers which are mostly in tropical South America, with just three Asian and one African  species.

Like true woodpeckers, piculets have large heads, long tongues to get their insect prey and zygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backwards. However, they lack the stiff tail feathers that woodpeckers use when climbing trees. They are more likely to perch on a branch rather than an upright trunk.

They eat insects and grubs mainly from decaying wood. They re-use woodpecker holes for nesting, rather than making their own holes. The eggs are white, as with many hole nesters.

There are 30 species in all. It is known that they split off from mainstream woodpeckers in the middle Miocene about 15 million years ago (mya). Splits between the three genera happened about 7.9 mya.

Typically these birds have grey or dull green upperparts and dark-streaked white underparts.

References 

Piciformes
Fallin' for You

"Fallin' for You" is a song by the recording artist Colbie Caillat. The song was released June 29, 2009 as the lead single off her album Breakthrough, which was also released in 2009. The lyrics speak of someone falling for a guy with whom they are friends.

2009 songs
Moulting

Moulting (or molting) is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off part of its body (usually the outer layer or covering) at particular times of year, or at specific points in its life cycle.  Moulting is also known as sloughing, shedding, or for some species, ecdysis.

Moulting can involve the epidermis (skin), and hair, fur, wool, or other external layer. In some species, other body parts may be shed, for example, wings in some insects. Examples include old feathers in birds, old hairs in mammals (especially dogs and other canidae), old skin in reptiles, and the entire exoskeleton in arthropods.

Examples

Ecdysis 
In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton (or shell).  

This process of moulting is called ecdysis. It is the defining feature of a whole group of invertebrates, the clade Ecdysozoa. This group includes the arthropods, nematodes, velvet worms, horsehair worms, rotifers, tardigrades and Cephalorhyncha. Since the cuticles of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. Amongst fossils, trilobites and eurypterida used ecdysis. 

Ecdysis is part of the whole process of metamorphosis. The different stages (called 'instars') and the development of new 'apparatus' (such as sense organs) is necessary as the creature moves from one form to another. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton.

References 

Developmental biology
Invertebrates
Detention (imprisonment)

Detention is a depriving of liberty of a person by the authority of a government or a country, usually the police. Such depriving liberty is allowed only in the case that the person can considered to have committed a crime. Other depriving liberty is called arbitrary detention and prohibited by article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. And even detention is done legally, the person must be treated with humanity and respected the person's dignity according to the Convention against Torture.

Related pages
Arrest
Prison
International human rights law

Human rights
Torture
Imprisonment and detention
Charles III of Spain

Charles III (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was a king of Spain and the oldest son of Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese. He ruled Spain from 1759 until his death in 1788. After he died, his son, Charles IV, became king. He was also the king of Naples and Sicily from 1734 until 1759. In those places he was known as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily. He was the builder of the Palace of Caserta as well as the Royal Palace of Madrid and the Real Albergo dei Poveri in Naples. 

Charles III grew up in Madrid. When he was 16 years old, he went to live in Parma, a city in Italy. He ruled that city, and the nearby city of Piacenza as their Duke from 1731 until 1734.  In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony. They had 13 children. Only 8 of them lived to be adults.

Sources
Lynch, John. "Charles III". Encyclopædia Britannica Online

1716 births
1788 deaths
Kings and Queens of Spain
Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
Pope Paul V

Pope Paul V (; Rome, 17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 234th Pope from 16 May 1605 until his death.

Early life
He was born in Rome.  He was a son of the noble Borghese family of Siena.

Cardinal
In June 1596 he was made Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Borghese was elected pope in 1605; and he chose to be called Paul V.

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Relations with Japan
In October 1615, Paul V received a diplomatic mission from Japan.  The embassy was led by Hasekura Tsunenaga.

Construction
Paul V financed work on the unfinished St. Peter's Basilica. He enlarged the Vatican Palace and Quirinale Palace, restored the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, constructed or repaired aqueducts.  He also made additions to the Vatican library.

Canonisations and Beatifications
Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo and Frances of Rome. He beatified Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Theresa of Avila and Francis Xavier.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Paul V
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Borghese
 

Paul 05
People from Rome
1552 births
1621 deaths
Beavis and Butt-head

Beavis and Butt-head is an American adult animated television sitcom by Mike Judge which ran for 7 seasons from March 8, 1993 and ended on November 28, 1997 on MTV. In 1996 the series was adapted into a movie titled Beavis and Butt-Head Do America. The eighth season was shown in 2011. The title characters are hard rock/heavy metal-loving teenagers from the fictional town of Highland, Texas.

Other websites 

1993 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s animated television series
2010s teen television series
1990s American animated television series
American teen television series
High school television series
Animated television series
Television series set in Texas
English-language television programs
1. Oberndorfer Sportklub 1920

The 1.Oberndorf Sportklub 1920 (also known as Oberndorfer SK 1920) is a football club from Oberndorf, Salzburg, in Austria. The club is the oldest football club outside the city of Salzburg.

History 
In March 1920, Hermann Rasp created the club. By 1921, they made the Salzburg football association. Before World War II Oberndorf played in different levels in Salzburg but they did not play during the war. In 1946, the club restarted again. The most successful years were the 1960s when the club played two times in the Tauern Liga which was then the second division in Austrian league system.

Since 1990 the club was part of the highest league in Salzburg. In 2007 they were relegated and the next season again. So they play in the 2011/12 season in the 1.class north. 2014 the were promoted and play in the 2. Landesliga (5th level)

Oberndorf is well known for its youth teams. Over 100 young players play in seven youth teams. Famous players who started their career in Oberndorf were Hermann Stadler, who played as professional for Austria Salzburg and Rapid Wien and Gerald Baumgartner who also played for Austria Salzburg and for Austria Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Current squad

References

Other websites 
 1. Oberndorfer SK in TransferMarkt
 1. Oberndorfer SK in German

Football clubs of Salzburg
Fixed point

A value x is a fixed point of a function f if and only if f(x) = x.

Examples 
1 is a fixed point of  because . Some functions do not have fixed points.  For example  does not have one because  is never equal to x.

Mathematics
Systems theory
Recursion