cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Military taxonomy

Military taxonomy is an indexing tool or record-keeping template. It includes weapons, equipment, organizations, strategies, and tactics.  

Military taxonomy can be used to  analyze field missions and other activities. For example, a taxonomy of terrorism would include terms related to terrorists, terrorist groups, terrorist attacks, weapons, venues, and characteristics of terrorists and terrorist groups.

A taxonomy of terms that describes types of military actions is affected by how all elements are defined and used. Many military strategies can be analyzed using a taxonomy model.

References

Taxonomy
military
Polar bond

In chemistry, a polar bond is a type of covalent bond between two or more dissimilar atoms, in which electrons are shared unequally.  A covalent bond is the "strong" kind of bond that makes a molecule. 

Electrons are negatively charged. If the two atoms share the electrons equally, then the negative charge is evenly spread out over the entire molecule, balanced out by the positive charges of the protons in the atoms' nuclei. This makes the entire molecule neutral - a non-polar bond, making a non-polar molecule. However, if one of the atoms is particularly greedy for electrons (called electronegativity), then its side of the bond will have more electrons. Therefore, that side of the bond will have a slightly negative charge, and the other side will have a slightly positive charge.

This is important because it turns the bond into an electrical dipole. This dipole acts like a magnet, if other bonds that work as dipoles are nearby, it will react to them.

In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other. Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles. Water does this. You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged. This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.

This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry.  This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known).  It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.

Related pages 
 Covalent bond
 Electronegativity

References

Chemical bonding
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-noir movie. It is set in 1947 in Los Angeles. The movie is based on Gary K. Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?.  It was directed by Robert Zemeckis. The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures. The movie has both animation and live action parts. The cartoon characters interact directly with human beings.

Awards
Who Framed Roger Rabbit won Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing. Nominations included Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Award.

Roger Rabbit won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects. Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd and Joanna Cassidy were nominated for their performances.  Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters also received nominations.

The movie was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won an award for its visual effects.

Roger Rabbit was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.

The movie also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie.

References

Other websites 
 

1988 comedy movies
1988 crime movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
1980s fantasy movies
1980s mystery movies
Academy Award winning movies
American animated movies
American buddy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American mystery movies
Film noir
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in Los Angeles
Saturn Award winning movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
American children's comedy movies
Jean-François Jacques

Jean-François "J. F." Jacques (born April 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He plays for the EC KAC of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He has also played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 68th pick in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He has played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers for 5 seasons.

In the 2011-2012 season he played for the Anaheim Ducks.  In July 2012, he was signed to the Florida Panthers.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

1985 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Baie-Comeau Drakkar players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Rosside

Rosside is a small hamlet on the outskirts of Ulverston, in North West England. The hamlet is about  in size. It contains approximately 15 houses. Rosside gains little income from tourism, unlike her neighbouring town of Ulverston, where people flock to the famous Laurel & Hardy museum, a true tribute to the great comedians.

Hamlets in England
Hamlets in Cumbria
Life After Death

Life After Death is the second and last studio album by American rapper, The Notorious B.I.G.. Life After Death was released on March 25, 1997. It was going to be released sometime in 1996 but was pushed back for some reason. It was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998, including Best Rap Album, Best Rap Solo Performance for the single "Hypnotize", and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its single "Mo Money Mo Problems". The album serves as his last studio album and was released posthumously due to The Notorious B.I.G. being shot and killed in a drive-by shooting prior to its release. Life After Death was released as a double album. Allmusic gave the album 4.5/5 stars.

Songs

Disc one

Disc two

References

1997 albums
The Notorious B.I.G. albums
River Pinn

River Pinn is a river in West London. It starts near Pinner.

Related pages 
 List of rivers in England

Other websites 
Celandine Route - along the River Pinn 

Rivers of England
Geography of London
New Bedford, Massachusetts

New Bedford is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts. It is  south of Boston,  southeast of Providence, Rhode Island, and about  east of Fall River. It is the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts.

Well-known people from New Bedford
 Frederick Douglass, 19th century abolitionist and editor.
 Quinn Sullivan, musical child prodigy

Sister cities
 Tosashimizu, Kōchi, Japan since 1987

References

Cities in Massachusetts
1640 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1640s establishments in Massachusetts
Peripheral vision

Peripheral vision is the ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision.

Functions
The main functions of peripheral vision are:
 recognition of well-known structures and forms with no need to focus by the foveal line of sight.
 identification of similar forms and movements (Gestalt psychology laws)
 delivery of sensations which form the background of detailed visual perception.

References

Vision
Slyudyanka

Slyudyanka (), is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. The town is located on the southern coast of Lake Baikal. It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. It is next to the confluence of the Slyudyanka River and Baikal. The town is divided into two parts by the Transsiberian Railway. Slyudyanka had a population of 19,242 in the 2002 census. In 2010. 18,542 people lived there. It is served by Slyudyanka-I and Slyudyanka-II railway stations. The Circum-Baikal Railway starts from the Slyudyanka-II station.

Slyudyanka was founded in 1647 by the Russian Cossacks. Because of its geographical position, the city grew quickly and became a large transit centre which connected Irkutsk with China and Mongolia. The town became a railway hub in 1905, when constructing of Transsiberian Railway had been finished. Also there is a marble deposit in the town.

Towns in Russia
Karma Police

"Karma Police" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead. It is from their 1997 album OK Computer.

1997 songs
Radiohead
Professional Golfers Association

Professional Golfers' Association, (with or without the apostrophe), is the usual term for a professional association in men's golf. It is often abbreviated to PGA. There are several PGAs around the world. These include:

 Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain & Ireland)
 Professional Golfers' Association of America

The women's version is Ladies Professional Golf Association. It is commonly abbreviated to LPGA. The United States association is called the LPGA. Other women's bodies have names based on where they are located. For example, LPGA of Japan or LPGA of Korea. 

The organisations which run the world's two leading professional golf tours have the letters PGA in their names. They are now independent of the Professional Golfers' Associations that created them: 
 The PGA Tour runs the PGA Tour, Champions Tour and Nationwide Tour.
 The PGA European Tour runs the European Tour, Challenge Tour and European Seniors Tour.

At first, PGAs were the main groups for all forms of professional golf in their area. Now some of them, including those of the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Ireland, are focused on the needs of the professional golfers who work as club or teaching professionals. They do not have as much to do with tournament professionals.

Golf
Fromage frais

Fromage frais is a dairy product of French and Belgian origin.

Fromage frais is a creamy soft cheese. It is made with whole or skimmed milk and cream. It is like cream cheese, but with less fat (fewer calories and less cholesterol). When people need fromage frais but cannot get it, they can use low fat cream cheese.
Pure fromage frais has very little fat. Cream is often added to make it taste better. This adds more fat. 8% of the weight of fromage frais with cream can be fat.

There are two ways to serve fromage frais. It can be served as a dessert similar to yogurt, often with added fruit. It can be used in savory dishes. In restaurants it is often served with honey. Restaurants call this fromage blanc au miel.

References

Other websites 
What is fromage frais (with or without fat?)

Cheeses
Stupid

Stupid may refer to:
Stupidity, a lack of intelligence
Stupid (art movement), a group of artists in Cologne, Germany, in the 1920s
"Stupid" (song), on Raven-Symoné's self-titled album
Stupid (Sarah McLachlan song), on the album Afterglow
Stupid!, a UK children's television show on CBBC
Stupid.com, a web site
"Stupid", a song by Swedish musician Per Gessle on his album The World According to Gessle
Stupid (Sarah McLachlan song)

"Stupid" is a song written by Sarah McLachlan and produced by Pierre Marchand for McLachlan's eighth album Afterglow (2003). It was released as the album's second single in Australia and the United States in mid-2004.

The music video features McLachlan in different time periods and was directed by Sophie Muller.

The song became McLachlan's highest-charting single release in Australia, debuting at number thirty-seven in early June 2004. It spent seven weeks on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, two of which were in the top fifty.

A remix of the song, titled "The Mark Bell Mix" was featured on So You Think You Can Dance.

Track listing
CD single
 "Stupid" — 3:26
 "Stupid" (Hyper remix) — 3:26
 "World on Fire" (Junkie XL club mix) — 12:21
 Enhanced with "Stupid" music video

Charts

Release history

Notes

2004 songs
Stupid (art movement)

Stupid was a short-lived grouping of constructivist artists, formed in Cologne in 1919. The founding members were Willy Fick, Heinrich Hoerle and his wife Angelika Hoerle (1899–1923), Anton Räderscheidt and his wife Marta Hegemann, and Franz Wilhelm Seiwert.

The Stupid group aimed to address sociopolitical issues through an art of proletarian character. Seiwert and Räderscheidt were at the time active in the local Dada scene. Räderscheidt's studio was their base of operations, but by 1920 he had abandoned the constructivist style. The group  exhibited together and issued a publication, "Stupid 1", before disbanding.

Notes

References
Dempsey, Amy (2002). Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements. New York: Harry A. Abrams. 
Michalski, Sergiusz (1994). New Objectivity. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. 
Anton Raederscheidt biography at www.raederscheidt.com 

Art movements
Worry

Worry is an emotion. It means that one feels stressful or he or she is panicking about something. It is felt as anxiety or concern about a real or imagined issue. Most people experience short periods of worry in their lives, but it is not normally a problem. In fact, a small amount of worrying may even have good effects, if it makes people take precautions or be more careful.

Emotions
Jiske Griffioen

Jiske Griffioen (born 17 April 1985 in Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player. She was born with Spina bifida. Before she started her career as a wheelchair tennis player, she was a member of the national wheelchair basketball team at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney at the age of 14. Griffioen has won Grand Slam titles in doubles play at the Australian, French and US Opens and on four occasions has won the end of year Masters doubles.

References

Other websites
ITF Profile 
 Home page of Jiske Griffioen 

1985 births
Living people
Dutch Paralympic bronze medalists
Dutch Paralympic gold medalists
Dutch Paralympic silver medalists
Dutch wheelchair tennis players
Sportspeople from Utrecht (province)
Portia de Rossi

Portia Lee James DeGeneres (born Amanda Lee Rogers; January 31, 1973), known professionally as Portia de Rossi (), is an Australian-American actress, model and philanthropist. She is best known for the television work on series such as Ally McBeal and Arrested Development.

Early life
She was born in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. She is the daughter of Margaret, a medical receptionist, and Barry Rogers. Her father died when she was nine. She grew up in Grovedale, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria. She modelled for print and TV commercials as a child. In 1988, at the age of 15, Rogers adopted the name Portia de Rossi, by which she remains best known; in 2005, she explained that she wanted to reinvent herself, using the given name of Portia, a character from William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice and an Italian last name.

Personal life
She wrote a book about her battle with anorexia called Unbearable Lightness: A story of loss and gain. At one stage she weighed only , was eating only 300 calories a day, and taking 20 laxative pills a day.

She is openly lesbian. She married comedian Ellen DeGeneres in Los Angeles in 2008.

References

1973 births
Living people
Actors from Victoria (Australia)
American LGBT people
American television actors
Australian LGBT people
Australian television actors
Lesbians
LGBT actors
People from Geelong
Animal colour

Animal colour (or coloration) is produced by light reflecting from an animal's surface. The ways animals produce colours include pigments, chromatophores and other structures, and bioluminescence.

Since sight is usually so important to animals, and is so often used by predators as a long-range way to find prey, an animal's colour must serve one or more functions. These functions, such as finding prey, or evading capture, or finding a mate, are absolutely essential for life and survival. Therefore, animal colour is determined by natural selection because it affects the survival of animals and their offspring.

Some of the most obvious functions of colour are:
 Camouflage: enabling an animal to remain hidden from view
 Signalling to other animals
 Warning colouration: signalling to other animals not to attack
 Mimicry: taking advantage of another species' warning coloration
 Sexual selection: finding a mate
 Other kinds of signalling
 Diversion
 Startle defence: unexpected flashes of colour or eyespots
 Dazzle: confusing a predator by moving a bold pattern (such as zebra stripes) rapidly
 Physical protection: such as humans in tropical climates have dark skin pigments which protect against sunburn and skin cancer.
 Incidental colouration. This is common in plants, which have green leaves because chlorophyll is green. In animals it is rare, such as having red blood (haem, needed to carry oxygen, is red). However, when the red shows on the surface it is often due to selection, as in human red lips.

Overwhelmingly, the most common function of colour is in predator-prey relationships. "Anti-predator adaptations occur in every biome of the world and in almost every taxonomic group".

Animal colour has been a topic of interest and research in biology for a long time. According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, features such as colouration evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage. For example, individuals with slightly better camouflage than others of the same species would, on average, leave more offspring.

Startle and dazzle defences 
Animals can have a camouflage defence at distance, but when faced by a predator they may switch to a 'flash' defence to gain time and distract the predator. The predator often blinks or turns its face away in self-defence. This is a reflex act which is there to protect its vital facial area. In the second the predator blinks, the prey flies or jumps, and lands in camouflage again. This pattern of colour plus behaviour is quite common. It is called deimatic defence by textbooks, from the Greek for 'dread' or 'to frighten'.

Related pages 
Camouflage
Defence against predators
Mimicry
Sexual dimorphism
Warning colouration

References 

Evolutionary biology
Ecology
Underclocking

Underclocking is the process of configuring a computer processor or other electronic circuit to operate at a lower speed than usual. This will reduce the speed of the computer, but it will usually make the battery last longer and the computer will produce less heat. Some computers automatically underclock themselves when the system is not doing a lot of work. For even further battery and heat savings a computer can be undervolted, where the processor is operated at a lower voltage than usual. Other devices such as video cards and smartphones can also be underclocked. The opposite of underclocking is called overclocking, and it is used to increase the speed of the computer but at the cost of battery life (if there is a battery) and heat output.

Computer hardware
Computer processors
Margaret Beckett

Dame Margaret Mary Beckett DBE MP (née Jackson, born 15 January 1943) is a British Labour Party politician.

Beckett was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire. She went to the Notre Dame High School for Girls in Norwich, then to the University of Manchester Institute of Science of Technology.

She was the Member of Parliament for Lincoln from 1974 to 1979. She has been MP for Derby South since 1983. She was Leader of the Opposition from May - July 1994.

Other websites 
 Parliament 
 BBC 

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Lancashire
1943 births
Living people
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (movie)

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 2011 British-French spy movie. It was directed by Tomas Alfredson.

The movie is based on the 1974 novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy by John le Carré. It is set in London in the early 1970s. The story follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of MI6.

The novel had already been the basis of a 1979 BBC Television miniseries with Alec Guinness in the lead role.

Related pages 
Kim Philby

Other websites
 

2011 movies
2010s spy movies
2011 thriller movies
British spy movies
British thriller movies
English-language movies
French thriller movies
German thriller movies
American thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in London
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies directed by Tomas Alfredson
Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid. Its salts are known as glutamates. Glutamate are important neurotransmitters. They are important for long-term potentiation, learning and memory. Glutamates are also used as food additives: They make flavour better. The E numbers 620 to 625 have been assigned to the most important glutamates, for example monosodium glutamate. They are commonly found in Convenience food and Asian cuisine.

References

Amino acids
Cats & Dogs

Cats & Dogs is a family action comedy movie from 2001. It had a sequel called Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore (2010).

Sources

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

Family movies
2000s action movies
2001 comedy movies
2001 movies
Movies about animals
American movies
Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore

Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore is a 2010 family action comedy movie. It was directed by Brad Peyton. It is the sequel to Cats & Dogs.

Sources

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2010 movies
2010s action movies
2010s comedy movies
Family movies
Movies about animals
American movies
Thermosetting polymer

A thermosetting polymer, also known as a thermoset, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by: 
 heat (generally above ) 
 a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example) 
 irradiation such as electron beam processing

Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form.

Process
The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process.  Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point.  During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material.

Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached.  So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured.  This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material.

Properties
Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.

Related pages
 Vulcanization
 Fusion bonded epoxy coating
 Thermoplastic

References 

Polymers
Emperor Taizong of Tang

Emperor Taizong of Tang (born Li Shimin, January 23, 599 – July 10, 649) was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. He was the emperor who conquered all of China under Tang control. His ancestral name is Taizong. His rule of the Tang Dynasty earned him the nickname of "Rome of the East" by the Romans. His throne name was Zhenguan. This was considered one of the best times of rule in China. Taizong had three siblings: two brothers and a sister. They were: Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji and Princess Pingyang. 

599 births
649 deaths
Emperors and Empresses of China
The Death of General Wolfe

The Death of General Wolfe is a painting by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West.  

The painting shows the death of British General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec of the Seven Years' War in 1759. The painting is an oil on canvas of the Age of Enlightenment. West made the painting in 1770. It is now in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa.

Related pages
 The Death of the Earl of Chatham

References

18th-century paintings
American paintings
Polo Grounds

The Polo Grounds was a sports stadium in New York City. It was actually the name of four different stadiums, which were all located in New York. The first Polo Grounds was the home of the New York Metropolitans baseball team from 1880 to 1885, and the New York Giants also played there. When this stadium was destroyed in 1889, the Giants moved to a new stadium, which they also called the Polo Grounds. Finally, in 1890, the Giants moved to the final version of the Polo Grounds, where they stayed until 1957. The New York Mets played at the Polo Grounds for two years after the Giants moved to San Francisco. The New York Giants and New York Jets football teams also played at the Polo Grounds, and the New York Yankees played there before Yankee Stadium was built. The Polo Grounds was torn down in 1964, and apartment buildings are now on the site.

Baseball stadiums
Former Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in New York City
New York Mets
San Francisco Giants
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Framly Nainggolan

Framly Nainggolan (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, July 29, 1984) is an actor from Indonesia. He played in several movies such as Jenglot Pantai Selatan (2011). He is the winner of the competition of L-Men Of The Year 2005.

Filmography 
 Jenglot Pantai Selatan (2011)

References

Other websites 
 Profile at Indonesianfilmcenter.com 

Indonesian actors
1984 births
Living people
People from Jakarta
The Death of the Earl of Chatham

The Death of the Earl of Chatham is the title of a 1781 oil-on-canvas painting by Boston-born American artist John Singleton Copley. 

The painting shows the fallen body of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham on 7 April 1778, during a debate in the House of Lords on the American War of Independence. The painting includes fifty-five portraits.

Related pages
 The Death of General Wolfe

References

18th-century paintings
American paintings
TCP/IP model

The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a model with four layers which is for both modelling current Internet architecture, as well as providing a set a rules that govern  all forms of transmission over a network. DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense,created it in the 1970s. It evolved from ARPANET, which was an early wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the Internet Model or less often the DoD Model.

This model was being made at the same time as the OSI Model was created. The TCP/IP model is not the same as the OSI Model, however it was influenced by the model, which is why many names of the different layers are the same.

The TCP/IP model describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network.  TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.  Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.

TCP/IP has four abstraction layers as defined in RFC 1122: link layer, IP layer, transport layer and  application layer. People often compare this layer architecture with the seven-layer OSI Reference Model; using terms such as Internet reference model. This is incorrect, however, because it is descriptive while the OSI Reference Model was intended to be prescriptive, hence being a reference model.

The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

Internet protocols
Chiropractic

Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine. A chiropractor is a person who went to school to learn chiropractic. Chiropractors may diagnose and treat many conditions relating to muscles, joints, and nerves of the body. They may give what is called an "adjustment" to the body. An adjustment is a fast short push to an area of the patient's spine or other joints to help their condition. Chiropractors do not use drugs to treat patients. They use natural treatments such as nutrition, exercise, physical therapy, adjustments, and massage in order to help their patients.

Chiropractic has changed since it was created over 100 years ago because chiropractors learn new facts and do new research. Chiropractors have many different ways to treat their patients. They all use drug free treatments. Chiropractic is best known for helping people with spine pain, but chiropractors can also help other problems. There has been a debate as to whether or not chiropractic is classified as Pseudoscience.

Alternative medicine
King Kong Bundy

Christopher Alan "Chris" Pallies (November 7, 1957 – March 5, 2019) better known by his ring name, King Kong Bundy, was an American stand-up comedian, actor and professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. He won a Slammy Award in 1987 for the Bobby "The Brain" Heenan Scholarship Award. While he was signed to the WWF, Bundy had numerous feuds with Andre the Giant, Hulk Hogan and The Undertaker.

Bundy died at his home in Glassboro, New Jersey on March 5, 2019, aged 61.

Championships
Bundy held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

AWA Superstars of Wrestling
AWA Superstars of Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Continental Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship  (1 time)
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Rick Rude

Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with The Masked Superstar

International Pro Wrestling
IPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Maryland Championship Wrestling
MCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

NWA New York
NWA New York Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Top Rope Wrestling
TRW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

World Class Championship Wrestling
NWA American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA American Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Bill Irwin (1) and Bugsy McGraw (1)

World Wrestling Federation
Slammy Award for Bobby "The Brain" Heenan  Scholarship Award (1987) with Haku, Tama, André The Giant, Hercules, and Harley Race
World Wide Wrestling Alliance
WWWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

References

Other websites
King Kong Bundy's WWE alumni profile

1957 births
2019 deaths
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Former WWE wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Apostatic selection

Apostatic selection is frequency-dependent selection by predators. It applies when prey are two or more forms (morphs) which look quite different. This is a kind of polymorphic species, where the predator learns to select the more common form. Then there is an advantage in looking different, and this advantage keeps the frequency above the mutation rate. The second form, or 'morph', becomes better known by predators as its number increases. So the population tends to have a kind of balance between the frequency of the two morphs.

Apostatic selection is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Ecology
Above mean sea level

The term above mean sea level (AMSL) is the elevation or altitude used by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach.  It is also used in aviation, where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences.

Definition
A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the British Ordnance Survey uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall from 1915 to 1921 for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80 cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire earth. GPS and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level.  Another alternative is to use a geoid based datum such as NAVD88.

References

Physical geography
Geodesy
Trichomonas gallinae

The protozoan Trichomonas gallinae is a cosmopolitan parasite found in birds. It most often infects pigeons and doves, but can also affect other birds such as domestic and wild turkeys, chickens and birds of prey. The disease in pigeons is commonly called canker. A similar parasite in falcons is called "frounce".

References

Parasites
Chromatophore

Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in cold-blooded animals.

Some species can rapidly change colour so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological colour change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes.

Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters. They may be started by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes around the animal.

Cephalopod chromatophores 

Colleoid cephalopods have complex organs which they use to change colour rapidly. This is seen in squid, cuttlefish and octopuses.  Each chromatophore unit is a single chromatophore cell and muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are in an elastic sac. To change colour the animal changes the sac form or size by muscular contraction. This changes its appearance. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, because the shape of the sac is being changed rather than pigment being moved in the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved.

Octopuses can operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike displays, giving rapidly changing colour schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern similar to that of the chromatophores they each control. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the colour change occurs in waves. 

Like chameleons, cephalopods use colour change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, with the ability to match both the colour and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.

References 

Ecology
Physiology
UGK Records

UGK Records is an American record label. It was created by Chad Butler, rapper Pimp C, immediately following his release from prison in 2006. The music production company is named after Pimp C’s rap group UGK (UnderGround Kingz). The label was in the process of finalizing a distribution deal when Pimp C was found dead in his West Hollywood hotel room. UGK Records was managed by Pimp C’s mother, Weslyn Monroe, known as Mama Wes. The label is now being managed by Pimp C’s son.

Artists
Artists signed to the label include:

17 The Hogg
AZ Hustlerz
Bankroll Jonez
Big Bubb
Bryn King
Codaq
Da Underdawgz
Deezy
Dub-G
Hezeleo
Ivory P
Izzy
Lil Corey
Texodus
X-Mob

References

UGK Videos

American record labels
Tree fern

Tree ferns are a large group of ferns with tree-like form. They are part of a subclass of ferns which is monophyletic by DNA sequence analysis.

The tree-ferns and some other ferns with creeping rhizome stems make up the Cyatheales group of ferns (as a sub-class or order). The tree-like habit has evolved a number of times in this group. They can grow up to 20 metres tall, with their large fronds at the top.

Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas as well as temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand, and other island groups nearby. A few genera extend further, such as Culcita in southern Europe. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds.

The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large, and multiple-divided fronds. The young fronds of tree ferns emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow.

Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows.

It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are but it is likely to be around a thousand. New species are discovered in New Guinea with each botanical survey. Many species must have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats were cut down by people.

References 

Pteridophyta
George Eastman

George Eastman (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) was an American inventor and businessman.

Eastman was born in Waterville, New York. He founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film. This made photography popular and led to other men inventing film stock. His Kodak company still runs today, but more focused on printers and printing.

Eastman shot himself dead in Rochester, New York.

References 

American inventors
Businesspeople from New York
Suicides by firearm in the United States
1854 births
1932 deaths
Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Pervasive developmental disorder is an autistic spectrum disorder. The full name for this condition is pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. It is also known as atypical autism.

Nervous system
Eric Lloyd

Eric Lloyd (born David Eric Lloyd Morelli on May 19, 1986) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his role as Charlie Calvin in The Santa Clause movie series.

Other websites 

Actors from Glendale, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1986 births
Living people
Sonic Youth

Sonic Youth is an American rock band from New York City. The band was formed in 1981. In the beginning of their career, the band was associated with the underground art and music scene in New York City, No Wave. Sonic Youth was part of the first wave of American noise rock groups, but made their own interpretation of hardcore punk sound. Critics consider Sonic Youth as an important element in the rise of indie rock movements. The band members are: Thurston Moore (guitar and vocals), Kim Gordon (bass, vocals, and guitar), Lee Ranaldo (guitar and vocals), Steve Shelley (drums), and Mark Ibold (guitar and bass).

Discography 

Sonic Youth (1982)
Confusion Is Sex (1983)
Bad Moon Rising (1985)
EVOL (1986)
Sister (1987)
Daydream Nation (1988)
Goo (1990)
Dirty (1992)
Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star (1994)
Washing Machine (1995)
A Thousand Leaves (1998)
NYC Ghosts & Flowers (2000)
Murray Street (2002)
Sonic Nurse (2004)
Rather Ripped (2006)
The Eternal (2009)

References

Other websites 

Sonic Youth – official website 
Sonic Youth live recordings archive 

1980s establishments in New York (state)
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
American rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from New York City
Leroy Goldsworthy

Leroy "Goldy" Goldsworthy (October 18, 1908 – March 16, 1980) was an American ice hockey player. He played 11 seasons in the NHL. Goldsworthy won the Stanley Cup while a member of the Chicago Black Hawks in 1934. Goldsworthy along with Rosario Couture were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August 1934.

Other websites
 
 

1908 births
1980 deaths
American ice hockey players
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Americans players
New York Rangers players
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Communes of the Martinique department

The following is a list of the 34 communes of the Martinique overseas department of France.

(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique, created in 2001.

Martinique
The Jerk

The Jerk is a 1979 American comedy movie. It starred Steve Martin in his first movie role. Martin also wrote the movie with Carl Gottlieb and Michael Elias. The movie was directed by Carl Reiner.

Other websites 

1979 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Mississippi

St. Louis, Missouri
Movies directed by Carl Reiner
Jemaah Islamiyah

Jemaah Islamiah  (, al-Jamāʿat ul-Islāmíyatu, meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI), is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization. It wants the creation of an Islamic caliphate (Daulah Islamiyah)  in Southeast Asia. It would include Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei.  JI was added to the United Nations 1267 Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.

References

Islamic organizations
Terrorism
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Indonesia
Smosh

Smosh is a web-based comedy duo. The members are Ian Hecox and Anthony Padilla who have been on YouTube since 2005. Today they have over 5 different channels, over 300 videos on their main channel and over 10 million subscribers.

History
Smosh started as early as 2001 when Anthony created a website named smosh.com and started adding flash videos. Shortly after Ian joined him.

They both started their famous YouTube channel Smosh in November 2005 uploading the Pokemon Theme Song which eventually gained 25 million views which was, at the time, the most viewed video on YouTube, however six months later into the fame the video was removed for copyright reasons.

Later on in March 2007 though, a user named Andi2000 re-uploaded the video and today, it has 15 million views. Smosh also re-made the video in November 2010 changing the lyrics a little bit so it wouldn't be removed again.

In 2009 smosh.com had a major redesign. Adding a games section and an extras and bloopers for their skit. 2010 also a new iSHUT UP app available on the App Store and Google Play and three new web-series': Ask Charlie, Lunchtime with Smosh and Ian is Bored.

In January 2013 Smosh became the most subscribed channel on the internet beating Ray William Johnson.

Nowadays, there skits are more general and advanced.

Channels

Smosh
The head channel where Padilla and Hecox post new skits every Friday.

IanH
IanH is their second channel which was originally just Hecox's personal channel for unscripted vlogs and such. It's now known for Ian is Bored, where the two do random things and sometimes also do mail times and foreign food tests, Lunchtime with Smosh, where Padilla and Hecox go out to various restaurants to eat different foods and answer twitter questions and Smosh Pit Weekly, a show that features different pieces and internet memes, hosted by the alternative worker, Mari Takahashi. Smosh Pit Weekly is posted every Saturday, while Ian is Bored is posted every second Monday with Lunchtime with Smosh during the other Mondays.

AnthonyPadilla
Padilla's personal channel, where he does unscheduled vlogs.

WatchUsLiveAndStuff
Padilla and his girlfriend Kalel made this channel on June 9, 2013 and have been posting vlogs on here since.

AskCharlie
Based on the January 2010 skit Charlie the Drunk Guinea Pig. This is a channel where Charlie answers questions asked by users. This show ran from January 2010 until December 2011 before he was killed off because it was too hard for Smosh to keep up.

ElSmosh
ElSmosh is the Spanish version of Smosh where Padilla and Hecox post the Spanish version of Smosh Pit Weekly, El Smosh Pit de la Semana, on Wednesdays, and post a Spanish skit on Sundays, both two days after the English version.

Shut Up! Cartoons
An animated web-series animated by different animators, post different videos Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.

SmoshGames
Smosh's gaming channel, with two new videos every day except for Saturday when they only post one video.

SmoshCast

Podcast created by Smosh as part of being bought by Mythical Entertainment

References

Internet celebrities
Comedians from California
Podcasters
Geophysics

Geophysics () is the physics of the Earth and its environment in space. It is also the study of the Earth by measuring things and collecting data. Sometimes geophysics means only studying the geology of the earth such as its shape, gravitational and magnetic field, internal structure and composition. It is can also mean how those create plate tectonics, magmas, volcanism and rock formation.

Some geophysicists now also study the hydrological cycle including snow and ice. They study how the oceans and the atmosphere move. They study electricity and magnetism in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. How the earth and sun affect each other is also part of geophysics.

Geophysics was only recognized as a special area of study in the 19th century. But, there were geophysicists in ancient history. The first magnetic compasses were made in the fourth century BC and the first seismoscope was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox. Instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as parts of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean.

Studying geophysics may help with problems such as mineral resources, reducing natural hazards, and protecting the environment. Geophysical survey data help find petroleum reservoirs, mineral deposits, groundwater, and archaeological relics. Such data can also tell the thickness of glaciers and soils, and tell which areas have environmental damage that should be fixed.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 A reference manual for near-surface geophysics techniques and applications
 Commission on Geophysical Risk and Sustainability (GeoRisk), International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 
 Study of the Earth's Deep Interior, a Committee of IUGG
 Union Commissions (IUGG)
 USGS Geomagnetism Program

subfields of geology
Subfields of physics
Kōfu

is the capital city of  Yamanashi Prefecture in Japan.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2000.

History

Kōfu's name means "capital of Kai Province". During the Sengoku period, it was the stronghold of Takeda Shingen.

Special places 
 Kai-Zenkō temple
 Maizuru Castle Park
 Takeda Shrine
 Yumura Spa
 Yamanashi Science Museum

People from Kōfu
 Hidetoshi Nakata, football player who last played with Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League. He retired following World Cup 2006.
 Naoko Takeuchi, Creator of Sailor Moon and other comics.

Sports
A J-League football team, Ventforet Kofu is based in Kōfu. Their home ground is the Kose Sports Stadium.

Sister cities
  Cheongju, South Korea
  Chengdu, China
  Des Moines, Iowa, USA
  Lodi, California, USA
  Pau, France, France
  Yamatokoriyama, Nara, Japan

References

Other websites
 Kōfu official website - Japanese
 Yamanashi International Association - English

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Yamanashi Prefecture
Sumoto, Hyōgo

is a city on Awaji Island in Hyōgo, Japan. The city was founded on February 11, 1940.

Sumoto city is famous for many foods, for example: Awaji onions, Naruto oranges, and Kobe Beef.

Bicycle rental scheme
Sumoto runs runs a cheap electric bike rental program with Awaji and Minami Awaji. It is to help visitors stay for more than one day and explore the island.

References

Other websites
 Sumoto official website

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Hyōgo Prefecture