cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
8 Flora

8 Flora is a big, bright, main belt asteroid. It is the closest big asteroid: no asteroid closer to the Sun has a diameter above 25 kilometres or two-elevenths that of Flora itself, and not until the tiny 149 Medusa was found was a single asteroid orbiting at a closer mean distance known. It is the seventh brightest asteroid with a mean opposition magnitude of +8.7. Flora can reach a magnitude of +7.9 at a favorable opposition near perihelion, such as will occur in mid November 2007.

Discovery and naming 
Flora was found by J. R. Hind on October 18, 1847. It was his second asteroid discovery after 7 Iris.

The name Flora was proposed by John Herschel, from Flora, the Latin goddess of flowers and gardens, wife of Zephyrus (the personnification of the West wind), mother of Spring, and whose Greek equivalent is Chloris (who has her own asteroid, 410 Chloris).

Characteristics 
Flora is the parent body of the Flora family of asteroids, and by far the biggest member, having about 80% of the total mass of this family. But Flora was almost certainly disrupted by the impact(s) that formed the family, and is probably an aggregate of most of the pieces.

Flora's spectrum indicates that its surface is made of a mixture of silicate rock (including pyroxene and olivine) and nickel-iron metal. Flora, and the whole Flora family generally, are good candidates for being the parent bodies of the L chondrite meteorites. This meteorite type comprises about 38% of all meteorites impacting the Earth.

Notable facts 
During an observation on March 25, 1917, 8 Flora was mistaken for the star TU Leonis, which led to that star's classification as a U Geminorum cataclysmic variable star. This mistake was uncovered only in 1995.

References

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve
 "Announcement of discovery of Flora", MNRAS 8 (1848) 82
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java)
 8 Flora at opposition Nov 15th, 2007 (0.89AU from Earth)
  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris.

Asteroids
Central Nacional de Televisão

Central Nacional de Televisão or CNT is a television network in Curitiba, Brazil. It was created by Paraná state for all Brazil on March 15, 1979.

Other websites

 http://www.cnt.com.br/

Brazilian television networks
Curitiba
1979 establishments
1970s establishments in Brazil
Dropsonde

A dropsonde is a weather reconnaissance device created by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), designed to be dropped from an aircraft at altitude to more accurately measure (and therefore track) tropical storm conditions as the device falls to the ground. The dropsonde contains a GPS receiver, along with pressure, temperature, and humidity (PTH) sensors to capture atmospheric profiles and thermodynamic data. It typically relays these data to a computer in the aircraft by radio transmission. The device's descent is usually slowed by a parachute, allowing for more readings to be taken before it reaches the water beneath.

Other websites
 Home page of NOAA's Aircraft Operations Center--includes info on dropsondes and the missions where dropsondes are used 
 Site about the development of a dropsonde 
 Company that makes them 

Weather
Pressure gradient

In atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields), the pressure gradient (typically of air, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pressure per unit length. The SI unit is pascal per metre (Pa/m).

Other websites
 IPCC Third Assessment Report

Atmosphere
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).

Other websites
 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
 NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
 NOAA GFDL ranking among the Top 500 Supercomputer Sites 

Weather
Puerto Morelos

Puerto Morelos is a town in Quintana Roo, Mexico's easternmost state, on the Yucatán Peninsula.

There are two parts to Puerto Morelos. The original coastal fishing village is now a laid-back, mixed-use neighborhood of private homes, hotels, condominiums, restaurants, and tourist shops. The second part is about 2 km inland and adjacent to Highway 307, on the western side. The inland portion is mainly single level dwellings for the local workers.

Cities in Mexico
Quintana Roo
Cabo Catoche

Cabo Catoche or Cape Catoche, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, is the northernmost point on the Yucatán Peninsula. It is about 53 km (33 miles) north of the city of Cancún.

Geography of Mexico
Capes
Quintana Roo
Key West, Florida

Key West is a city and an island of the same name near the southernmost tip of the Florida Keys.  It is the county seat of Monroe County, Florida, United States.

References

Other websites
 Official City Website
 Chamber of Commerce Website 
 Monroe County School District Key West Public Schools
 Oldest Hotel in Key West
 Key West Art Galleries
 A photographic tour of Key West 
 Getting to Key West, the road down US1 
 Sanborn Insurance Historical Maps of Key West 

Cities in Florida
Florida Keys
County seats in Florida
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional

The Servicio Meteorologíco Nacional (SMN) is Mexico's national weather organization. It collects data and issues forecasts, advisories, and warnings for the entire country.

Other websites
 Servicio Meteorologico Nacional

Weather services
Mexico
Tropical cyclone scales

Tropical cyclones are ranked according to their maximum winds using several scales. These scales are provided by several bodies, including the World Meteorological Organization, the National Hurricane Center, and the Bureau of Meteorology. The National Hurricane Center uses the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale for hurricanes in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic basins. Australia uses a difference set of tropical cyclone categories for their region. Many basins have different names for storms of hurricane/typhoon/cyclone strength. The use of different definitions for maximum sustained wind creates additional confusion into the definitions of cyclone categories worldwide.

Tropical cyclones
Gulf Shores, Alabama

Gulf Shores is a coastal city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population was 5,044. However, since the year 2000, Baldwin County, Alabama as a whole, has experienced the second fastest rate of population growth in the state, behind only Shelby County, Alabama.

References

Other websites
 City of Gulf Shores
 Live Weather for Gulf Shores/Orange Beach: 

Cities in Alabama
Orange Beach, Alabama

Orange Beach is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,784. The city hosts popular annual events such as Viking longboat races, dolphin riding competitions, and para-gliding over the locally famous Bear Point Canyon.

References

Cities in Alabama
Emma Watson

Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson (born 15 April 1990, Paris France) is an English actress and model. She is known for playing Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter movie series alongside Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint. She has played roles in other movies aside from the Harry Potter series, including The Tale of Despereaux (2008) and Ballet Shoes (2007). She became the UN Women Goodwill Ambassador in July 2014. As late as 2019, Watson performed in the film adaption of Little Women, playing Meg.

Family 
Emma Watson is the daughter of Chris and Jacqueline Watson. She has one brother, Alex, as well as one stepbrother, Toby, and two stepsisters, Lucy and Nina.

Fashion 
As Watson has grown older, she has become more interested in fashion. She says that she thinks fashion is like art, which she studied in school. In September 2008, she told a blogger, "I've been focusing on art a lot, and fashion's a great extension of that."

In 2008, the British news reported that Watson was going to be the model for the fashion house Chanel instead of Keira Knightley, but both Watson and Knightley said that this was not true. In June 2009, Watson said that she would be helping Burberry by being a part of their new Autumn/Winter 2009 collection. She was later a part of Burberry's 2010 Spring/Summer campaign with her brother Alex, musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour, and Max Hurd.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

1990 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Actors from Paris
British feminists
English activists
English child actors
English models
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Rupert Grint

Rupert Alexander Lloyd  Grint (born 24 August 1988) is an English actor and producer. He is best known for playing the character of Ronald Weasley in all eight of the Harry Potter films. In early July 2009 Grint had swine flu and was forced to take a few days off from filming Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.

Filmography
 Postman Pat: The Movie (2014)
 Comrade (2012)
 Eddie the Eagle (2012)
 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II (2011)
 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part I (2010)
 Wild Target (2010)
 Cherrybomb (2010)
 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009)
 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007)
 Driving Lessons (2006)
 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)
 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
 Thunderpants (2002)
 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001)

Related pages
 Daniel Radcliffe
 Emma Watson
 Tom Felton

References

Other websites
 

Actors from Hertfordshire
British child actors
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
1988 births
Living people
9 Metis

For the moon of Jupiter, see Metis (moon).

9 Metis is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made of silicates and metallic nickel-iron, and may be the core remnant of a big asteroid that was destroyed by an ancient collision.

Discovery and naming 

Metis was found by Andrew Graham on April 25, 1848; it was his only asteroid discovery. It is also the only asteroid to have been found as a result of observations from Ireland. Its name comes from the mythological Metis, a Titaness and Oceanid, daughter of Tethys and Oceanus. The name Thetis was also considered and rejected (it would later devolve to 17 Thetis).

Characteristics 
Metis' direction of rotation is unknown at present.

Hubble space telescope images and lightcurve analyses are in agreement that Metis has a non-spherical stretched shape with one pointed and one broad end. Radar observations suggest the presence of a significant flat area, in agreement with the shape model from lightcurves.

What the surface is made of has been estimated as 30-40% metal-bearing olivine and 60-70% Ni-Fe metal.

Light curve data on Metis led to an assumption that it could have a moon. However, subsequent observations failed to confirm this. Later searches with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993 found no moons.

Occultations 
Metis has been seen to occult stars no less than 5 times.

References

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve
 "Notice of discovery of Metis", MNRAS 8 (1848) 146
 Irish Astronomical History: Markree Castle Observatory and The Discovery of the Asteroid Metis 
  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris.

Asteroids
Ely

Ely is used as a name in several ways including:

Places 
 Ely, Cambridgeshire, England
 Ely, Cardiff, Wales
 Ely, Nevada
 Ely, Minnesota
 Ely, Iowa
 Ely Place, Camden
 Ely Shoshone Indian Reservation, Nevada
 Ely Township, Michigan
 The Isle of Ely, England
 River Ely, Wales
 Taff-Ely, a local government district in Wales from 1974 to 1996

People named Ely 
 Ely Buendia, a Filipino musician
 Ely Callaway, founder of Callaway Golf
 Eugene Burton Ely, aviation pioneer
 Joe Ely, a honky-tonk/country musician
 John Ely (further list)
 Melvin Ely, an American professional basketball player
 Michael Ely, an author
 Richard T. Ely, an American economist
 Ron Ely, stage name of an American actor born Ronald Pierce
 Smith Ely, Jr., a mayor of New York City
 William Ely, an Australian politician
 Saint Ermenilda of Ely, daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent and Saint Seaxburh of Ely.
 Nicholas of Ely,  Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Treasurer in the 13th century
 Saint Seaxburh of Ely, an Anglo-Saxon princess, abbess and saint

Other uses 
 Diocese of Ely, a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury
 Ely (band) from North England
 Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field
 Ely-Criglar House (also known as the Francis R. Ely House), a historic site in Marianna, Florida
 Ely Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge
 Ely Racecourse, Cardiff
 Ely railway station 
 Marquess of Ely (also Earl of Ely), a title in the peerage of Ireland

Acronym
ELY may refer to:
 ELY is the ICAO airline code for El Al.
 Ely Airport, also known as Yelland Field, has IATA code ELY.
 Ely railway station has National Rail code ELY.
 Elyria, Ohio rail station has Amtrak station code ELY.
 Callaway Golf Company has NYSE code ELY.
Ministry for Intra-German Relations

The Federal Ministry of Intra-German Relations () was a federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was responsible for all relations with the East German government. This was because the West German government said there should be only one Germany. This meant they could not use the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because they could not admit that East Germany was a foreign country.

The ministry was created in 1949 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs (). This ministry was also in charge of matters about the German lands east of the Oder-Neisse-Line which had become a part of Poland. The ministry was renamed in 1969 when Willy Brandt signed a treaty with Poland which said that Poland's western border was along the Oder and Neisse Rivers. This was part of Willy Brandt's ideas of Ostpolitik. At that time Poland was under a communist government. They could not allow West Germany to sign a treaty about East Germany's borders, which is why the treaty says "the western border of Poland" and not "the border between Germany and Poland".

The ministry was abolished in 1991, about one year after German Reunification, after helping with the change to one country. All "intra-German affairs" are now jobs of the Ministry of the Interior.  The Minister of the Interior is now also Commissioner for the New Bundesländer to show that there is still some work to make all  of the states equal.

Ministers

Publications 
 BMgF (Hrsg.): SBZ von A-Z, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1. bis 10. Aufl., 1953 bis 1966, ca. 500 Seiten.
 BMgF (Hrsg.): Sowjetische Auffassungen zur Deutschlandfrage 1945 – 1954. Dargestellt nach amtlichen Dokumenten, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1954.
 BMgF (Hrsg.): Wer ist wer in der SBZ? Ein biographisches Handbuch, Verlag für Internationalen Kulturaustausch, Berlin, 1958.
 BMgF (Hrsg.): Die Situation der Jugend im kommunistischen Herrschaftssystem der SBZ Deutschlands in Bonner Berichte aus Mittel- und Ostdeutschland, Bonn – Berlin, 1960.
 BMgF (Hrsg.): Die Bemühungen der Bundesrepublik um Wiederherstellung der Einheit Deutschlands durch gesamtdeutsche Wahlen. Dokumente und Akten. I. Teil, Oktober 1949 – Oktober 1953, Deutscher Bundes-Verlag, Bonn, 1958.

Intra-German Relations
East Sussex

East Sussex is a county created on 1 April 1974. It is in South East England.

Location 
It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.

 
1974 establishments in England
Ceremonial counties of England
Karl Carstens

Karl Walter Claus Carstens (14 December 1914 - 29 May 1992) was a German politician. He served as the fifth Federal President of West Germany.

Biography 
Born in Bremen, Carstens studied law and political science at the universities of Frankfurt am Main, Dijon, Munich, Königsberg, and Hamburg from 1933 to 1936. In 1949 he received a Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree from Yale Law School.

Carstens joined the Nazi Party in 1940. This was when he was a law clerk. He said he had to join the party or he would not be treated fairly. But this does not explain why Carstens had joined the SA, another Nazi party group, in 1933.

In 1955 he joined the CDU.

In July 1960 Carstens started to work for the government. He was a secretary of state in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the same year he was also appointed as professor for public and international law at Cologne University. During the Grand coalition government (1966-1969), he was in the Ministry of Defence, and in 1968 he became Director of the Chancellor's Office.

In 1972 Carstens was elected into the Bundestag. He stayed a member until 1979. He often spoke against the left-wing ideas in German society and accused the governing SPD of being to soft on left-wing extremists. He also famously denounced the author Heinrich Böll as a supporter of the Baader-Meinhof Gang.

On 14 December 1976, the CDU/CSU became the largest group in parliament, and Carstens was elected president of the Bundestag.

On 23 May 1979 Carstens was elected as President of the Federal Republic of Germany. Carstens was well known for hiking around Germany during his term in order to decrease the gulf between politics and the people.

In December 1982, the recently elected Chancellor Helmut Kohl deliberately lost a motion of confidence in order to hold new general elections. On 7 January 1983, President Carstens dissolved the Bundestag and called for new elections. In February 1983 the Federal Constitutional Court said that deliberately losing the vote was allowed, so the general elections could take place.

In 1984 he decided not to seek a second term on account of his age and left office on 30 June 1984.

Literature 
 Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt - Funktion - Person. 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007, 

1914 births
1992 deaths
Former members of the German Bundestag
German academics
German Lutherans
Politicians from Bremen (state)
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Sturmabteilung people
Rena Sinakin

Rena Sinakin (born March 1949) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. She was educated at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Sinakin started her career as a singer on Capitol Records. She later went on record on Atlantic/Atco.

During the 1970s, she moved into production. She produced Gladys Knight and the Pips, McFadden and Whitehead and John Lennon's band Elephants Memory.

1949 births
Living people
American record producers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Pennsylvania
Goodbye (Eurovision song)

"Goodbye" was the Bosnian and Herzegovinian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997.

Performance 
The song was performed in Bosnian by Alma Čardžić.

Meaning 
The song is about the singer asking her lover not to end their relationship. She suggests many things that he could do, just as long as he does not "say the two words, which mean it's over" (the two words being "Goodbye, darling" – "" in Bosnian).

1997 songs
Norbert Lammert

Norbert Lammert (born 16 November 1948 in Bochum) is a German politician, and a member of the CDU party.

After military service Lammert studied political science, sociology, modern history and social economics at the university of Bochum and the University of Oxford (England) from 1969 to 1975. He graduated in 1972 but carried on studying to get a doctorate in social sciences in 1975.

Although he has worked as a lecturer, Lammert became a member of the Bochum City Council in 1975. He was elected to the Bundestag in 1980, and has been a member ever since.

Lammert was a Vice-President of the Bundestag from October 2002 to 18 October 2005, when he became President.

In 2005, he was elected the President of the Bundestag, the German parliament. Even though the President of the Bundesrat acts as deputy for the Federal President, according to the German order of precedence, Lammert, as President of the Bundestag, is Germany's highest ranking official after the Federal President.

Literature
Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt - Funktion - Person. 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007,

References

Other websites

 Official biography at the Bundestag 
 Lammert's website

1948 births
Living people
German academics
German Roman Catholics
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Bochum
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Amarna

Amarna ( al-‘amārnä) is on the east bank of the Nile in the modern Egyptian province of Minya. It is a big archaeological site. It has the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1353 BC), and abandoned shortly afterwards. The Amarna period is the time when Amarna was the capital.

"Amarna" is the Arabic name for the place. The name for the city used by the ancient Egyptians is written as Akhetaten in English. It translates to "the Horizon of the Aten" (Akh-t-Aten).

Amarna art 
The Amarna art-style broke with the old Egyptian conventions. It showed its people more realistically. It included informal scenes, such as affection within the royal family or playing with their children. It no longer portrayed women as lighter coloured than men. The art had a realism that sometimes shocks. This art had a more lasting legacy than the religion.

References

Other websites 

 The University of Cambridge's Amarna Project
 Amarna Art Gallery Shows just a few, but stunning, examples of the art of the Amarna period.
 Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets
 Satellite image
 M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection-

Ancient Egypt
Capital of Egypt
Decomposer

A decomposer is an organism that breaks down long chain polymers from dead organisms into smaller molecules. Decomposers are bacteria and fungi. What they do is use the parts and energy to build up their own materials, which are also organic. 

Decomposers are heterotrophs. This means they use organic substrates to get their energy, carbon and nutrients for growth and development.   

Decomposers break down cells of other organisms using biochemical reactions without need for internal digestion. This is different from detritivores, which actually digest dead organic matter.

Decomposition also involves abiotic decomposition. This is breakdown by chemical processes, such as hydrolysis, or physical processes, such as heat. This turns organic material into inorganic material, and so returns nutrients to the environment.

Related pages
Mushrooms
Microbes
Ecosystems
Producers
Consumers

References

Ecology
Saleisha Stowers

Saleisha Stowers is the winner of the 9th season of America's Next Top Model, a model competition on 2007. She was born on January 10, 1986 and is now a model with Elite Model Management. Stowers also won CoverGirl cosmetics worth $100,000 and a cover on a magazine called Seventeen.

Before America's Next Top Model
Stowers worked at a service counter. She joined a camp by model Tyra Banks called T-Zone because she had no confidence in herself. After the camp, she had more confidence and became more contented as a person. Stowers was in the sixth season of the competition as a minor model with a one-second appearance. She also was a model on Tyra Banks' show.

America's Next Top Model
Stowers joined the ninth season of America's Next Top Model and became one of the 13 girls to become contestants. She dated judge Nigel Barker in the show.

Controversy
Stowers knew Tyra Banks, which made some people think it was unfair to the other girls. Stowers also was in an advertisement before the contest. The rule states that contestants must not be in advertisements in the previous five years.

Living people
1986 births
Models from Los Angeles
James Hetfield

James Alan Hetfield (born August 3, 1963) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is an original member of the thrash metal band Metallica.

Personal life
Hetfield married his wife Francesca Tomasi on August 17, 1997. They have three children.

References 

1963 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
American rock guitarists
Metallica
American heavy metal musicians
People from Downey, California
Tyra Banks

Tyra Banks (born December 4, 1973 in Inglewood, California) is an American supermodel and actress. She is hosts her television programs, America's Next Top Model and The Tyra Banks Show.

Tyra is 5'11" tall. She is the CEO of her own company, TYInc. She was the first African American model to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition. Tyra is the "Youth Correspondent" for the Oprah Winfrey Show. She signed modeling contract with the Elite Agency when she was 15 years old. Before she signed, Tyra planned on attending Loyola Marymount University.

Acting

References 

American movie actors
American television actors
Television talk show hosts
American television personalities
Participants in American reality television series
Models from Los Angeles
Actors from Inglewood, California
1973 births
Living people
America's Next Top Model

America's Next Top Model is a reality television series created and hosted by supermodel Tyra Banks. It began in 2003 on UPN. It moved to The CW for its seventh cycle in 2006 when it replaced UPN. After 22 cycles, the show has been canceled with the last episode is going to be aired on December 4, 2015

Overview
A group of contestants are chosen to live together in the Top Model House and compete to become America's Next Top Model. Each week, one girl is asked to leave (called 'elimination') because she does not have the standard and ability to become a top model. The elimination is based on a photoshoot or a commercial and the reward challenge is different every week. The last few girls travel to another country (France, Italy, Japan, China, Thailand etc.) to continue the competition. Near the end, they will do a CoverGirl commercial. Then, the last girls appear in a final runway show against each other. The winner is then chosen by the group of judges that includes Tyra Banks and others.

Judges

Current Judges:
Tyra Banks - main judge, supermodel (Cycle 1 - 22)
Kelly Cutrone - PR maven (Cycle 18 - 22)
J. Alexander (Miss Jay) - male runway coach (Cycle 5 - 13, 21 - 22)

Previous Judges:
Kimora Lee Simmons - fashion company owner (Cycle 1)
Beau Quillian - fashion editor for Marie Claire (Cycle 1)
Janice Dickinson - (Cycle 1 - 4)
Eric Nicholson - fashion editor for Jane (Cycle 2)
Nigel Barker - a fashion photographer (Cycle 2 - 18)
Nole Marin - make-up artist (Cycle 3 - 4)
Twiggy - supermodel (Cycle 5 - 9)
Paulina Porizkova - top model ( Cycle 10 - 12)
André Leon Talley - fashion editor (cycle 14 - 17)
Rob Evans - male supermodel (Cycle 19 - 20)
Johnny Wujek - photoshoot creative director (Cycle 19 - 20)

Cycles

Spin-Offs
This show has many spin offs, some of them aren't produced anymore. Here are the most important:
 Britain's and Ireland's Next Top Model
 Australia's Next Top Model
 Germany's Next Top Model

References

 
2003 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Prime Minister of France

The Prime Minister of France is the person who controls the government of France. He is appointed by the President of France. The current Prime Minister of France is Jean Castex. He was given the job by President Emmanuel Macron on July 3, 2020.

List of prime ministers (since 1958)
Political parties

References
François Fillon

Francois Fillon, (born 4 March 1954) is a former Prime Minister of France. He was born in Le Mans. Nicolas Sarkozy gave him the job on 17 May 2007. He resigned on 15 May 2012, following the defeat of Sarkozy in the presidential elections.

In 2017, Fillon ran for President of France and at some point was seen as the front-runner. However, following an embezzlement investigation his popularity decreased and lost the first round to Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen.

On February 24, 2020, Fillon became one of the few Prime Ministers to ever go on trial. On June 29, 2020, he was convicted of fraud and sentenced to five years in prison.

References

Other websites

French lawyers
Prime Ministers of France
1954 births
Living people
French criminals
People from Le Mans
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
1121



Events 
 Concordat of Worms condemns Pierre Abélard's writings on the Holy Trinity. Later in the year, Canon Fulbert (not to be confused with Fulbert of Chartres (960-1028)), uncle of Heloise, has Abélard castrated.
 Reading Abbey is founded.
 David the Builder, King of Georgia, with the army of 55,000 defeats the 200,000-strong Muslim coalition troops at Didgori, Eastern Georgia.

Deaths 
 December 11 — Al-Afdal Shahanshah, Caliph of Egypt (b. 1066)
 William of Champeaux, French philosopher
 Zhou Tong, archery teacher and second military arts tutor of famous Song Dynasty General Yue Fei.
1122



Events 
 September 23 — Resolution of Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms.
 Pierre Abélard writes Sic et Non.
 Battle of Beroia

Births 
 Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England (approximate date) (d. 1204).
 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1190).

Deaths 
 Alexander I of Scotland, king of Scots
 Ralph d'Escures, archbishop of Canterbury
 Ilghazi, Ortoqid ruler of Mardin
 Arnulf of Montgomery, Anglo-Norman aristocrat (b. 1068)
 Margrave Ottokar II of Styria
1123



Events 
 First Council of the Lateran confirms Concordat of Worms and demands that priests remain celibate.
 End of the reign of Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan.
 Emperor Sutoku ascends to the throne of Japan.
 St Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) founded in London, England.
 The Pactum Warmundi is established between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Births 
 Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (d. 1160)
 Leonardo Fibonacci, Mathematician born (d. 1209)

Deaths 
 August 29 — Eystein I of Norway (b. around 1088)
 Wanyan Aguda, chieftain of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe (b. 1068)
 Peter of Pappacarbone
1125



Events 
 May 23 — Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V.
 War ends between Toulouse and Provence.
 The castle of Nassau is built.
 Magnus the Strong becomes ruler of Sweden.
 June 11 — The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Azaz.

Births 
 Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1194)
 Lu You, Chinese poet (d. 1210)

Deaths 
 January 24 — King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073).
 April 12 — Vladislav I of Bohemia.
 May 19 — Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev.
 May 23 — Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1081).
 October 21 — Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian chronicler.
 Eustace III of Boulogne.
 Ingold II, ruler of Sweden (b. 1105).
1986 FIFA World Cup

The 1986 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1986. 24 national teams took part. Argentina won the trophy after beating Germany in the final. Diego Maradona was the best player of the tournament.

Participants

Africa 
 Algeria (ALG) • Squad
 Morocco (MAR) • Squad

Asia 
 Iraq (IRQ) • Squad
 Korea Republic (KOR) • Squad

Europe 
 Belgium (BEL) • Squad
 Bulgaria (BUL) • Squad
 Denmark (DEN) • Squad
 England (ENG) • Squad
 France (FRA) • Squad
 West Germany (FRG) • Squad
 Hungary (HUN) • Squad
 Italy (ITA) • Squad
 Northern Ireland (NIR) • Squad
 Poland (POL) • Squad
 Portugal (POR) • Squad
 Scotland (SCO) • Squad
 Soviet Union (URS) • Squad
 Spain (ESP) • Squad

North and Central America 
 Canada (CAN) • Squad
 Mexico (MEX) • Squad

South America 
 Argentina (ARG) • Squad
 Brazil (BRA) • Squad
 Paraguay (PAR) • Squad
 Uruguay (URU) • Squad

Results

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Ranking of third-place teams 

Starting with the 1994 World Cup, teams were awarded three points for a win rather than two, to encourage more offensive tactics. Had those rules been in place, Hungary would have finished ahead of Bulgaria for the 15th seed, and Uruguay would have been eliminated. The top four teams qualified for the knockout stage.

Knockout stage

Round of 16

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

3rd place

Final

References 
 FIFA 

|

FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA World Cup
1980s in Mexico
Football in Mexico
Amethyst (color)

For other meanings of the word, see Amethyst (disambiguation).
The color amethyst is a moderate, transparent purple.  It is also known as a deep shade of lavender .  Its name is from the stone amethyst.  This stone is a form of quartz but it is not always purple. It was a very prized stone before more of it was found.

In a RGB color space, hex #9966cc (also known as Amethyst) is composed of 60% red, 40% green and 80% blue. Whereas in a CMYK color space, it is composed of 25% cyan, 50% magenta, 0% yellow and 20% black. It has a hue angle of 270 degrees, a saturation of 50% and a lightness of 60%.

Color Codes
RGB Decimal: 153, 102, 204

RGB Percent: 60, 40, 80

Hex triplet: 9966cc

HSL: 270°, 50, 60
Sapphire (color)

Sapphire is a deep blue or bright blue color that is a representation of the color of a sapphire. Sapphire gems are most commonly found in a range of blue shades.  Other names for variations of the color sapphire are blue sapphire or sapphire blue, shown below.

The first written use of sapphire as a color name in English was in 1430.

Meaning of sapphire
 In the Old Testament of the Bible, in the Book of Ezekiel, it is stated that God sits upon a sapphire throne in Heaven. It is possible that this may be the source of the importance of the color blue in Judaism.

Tones of sapphire color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Tobago

Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is in the southern Caribbean Sea, northeast of the island of Trinidad and southeast of Grenada. The island is not hit by hurricanes very often.

Other websites 
 Tobago House of Assembly
 WorldStatesmen Trinidad and Tobago
 Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
 National Library and Information System Authority of Trinidad and Tobago
 Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Development Company

Trinidad and Tobago
Saharan Air Layer

The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is an intensely dry, warm and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere which often overlays the cooler, more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa, where it originates, it is the prevalent atmosphere, extending from the surface upwards several kilometers. As it drives, or is driven, out over the ocean, it is lifted above the denser marine air. This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height. The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or "caps" any convection originating in the marine layer. Since it is dry air, the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep, that is, the temperature falls rapidly with height.

Other websites
 NOAA FAQ: Saharan Air Layer
 Real Time SAL data
 HA! Look at 2006! Where are the Hurricanes?
 Research: Aerosols Slow Wind 

Meteorology
Winds
Portland Point

Portland Point is the southernmost point in Jamaica. It is half-way along the island's south coast at the end of a hilly peninsula. A large bay, Portland Bight, lies to the east of it. 

Jamaica
Yucatán Channel

The Yucatán Channel is a strait between Mexico and Cuba. It is also called the Straits of Yucatán. The channel connects the Caribbean Sea with the Gulf of Mexico. It is just over  wide. It is about  deep at its deepest point near the coast of Cuba.

Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Cuba
Geography of Mexico
George Town, Cayman Islands

George Town, Grand Cayman, is the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. The town has a population of 20,626 (1999 estimates).

National capitals in North America
Cayman Islands
Guanahacabibes Peninsula

Guanahacabibes Peninsula is the western most point on the island of Cuba. It is in the Pinar del Río Province, in the municipality of Sandino and is sparsely populated. The waters surrounding the peninsula are important lobster and red snapper fishing grounds. It also boasts the category of Biosphere Reserve, listed by UNESCO in 1987. Its western extremity, Cape San Antonio (), is the western most point of Cuba.

References

Geography of Cuba
National parks in North America
Biosphere reserves
Mobile Bay

Mobile Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, lying within the state of Alabama in the United States. Its mouth is formed by the Fort Morgan Peninsula on the eastern side and Dauphin Island, a barrier island on the western side. The Mobile River and Tensaw River empty into the northern end of the bay, making it an estuary. Dog River, Deer River, and East Fowl River empty into the western side of the bay, and Fish River is across the bay on the eastern shore.

Geography of Alabama
Bays of the United States
Delmarva Peninsula

The Delmarva Peninsula is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, made up by parts of three U.S. states: Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Named as a portmanteau of the letters of the states that occupy it, it is almost 300 by 100 km or about 180 by 60 miles, and is bordered by the Chesapeake Bay on the west, and the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean on the east.

Delmarva Peninsula is home to beaches like Ocean City, Maryland and Bethany Beach, Delaware

Peninsulas
1273



Events

Europe 
 September 29 – Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne.
 December 6 – Thomas Aquinas quit writing Summa Theologica — a master work of Catholic theology — leaving it unfinished after having a mystical experience during Mass.
 King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Bratislava from Hungary.

The Middle East 
 December – Followers of the recently deceased Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi establish the Sufi order of the Whirling Dervishes in the city of Konya (in present-day Turkey).
 The "Holy Redeemer" khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of the art form, is carved in Haghpat, Armenia, by Vahram.
 The Constantinople suburb of Beyoğlu (then known as Pera) is given to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus in return for Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople.

Asia 
 January 31 – The six-year long battle of Xiangyang ends as commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.
 In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government of the Mongol Empire) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Mongol and Goryeo forces.

Births 
 July 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (died 1352)
 November 24 – Alphonso, Earl of Chester, son of Edward I of England (died 1284)
 Abu al-Fida, Arab historian (died 1331)
 David VIII of Georgia (died 1311)

Deaths 
 December 17 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (born 1207)
 Baldwin II of Constantinople, last Latin Emperor of Constantinople (born 1217)
1246



Events 
 End of the reign of Emperor Go-Saga, emperor of Japan. Emperor Go-Fukakusa replaces him.
 Güyük Khan is enthroned as the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
 A papal mission under Giovanni da Pian del Carpine arrives at Karakorum and witnesses this event.
 The Mexica settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.
 Sainte-Chapelle built.
 With the death of Duke Frederick II, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria
 Beaulieu Abbey dedicated.

Births 
 September 14 – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (died 1272)

Deaths 
 February 25 – Dafydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd
 May 31 – Isabella of Angouleme, queen of John of England
 June 15 – Duke Frederick II of Austria (born 1219)
 September 20 – Mikhail of Chernigov, Prince of Kiev
 September 30 – Yaroslav II of Russia (born 1190)
 November 8 – Berenguela of Castile, queen of Castile and León (born 1196)

References
1070



Events 
 Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England, which later collapses.
 Lanfranc, an Italian lawyer, becomes William's formidable Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 Central Asian poet Yusuf Balasagun completes the Kutadgu Bilig.
 Bergen, Norway is founded by the king Olav Kyrre. This will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until it is replaced by Oslo in 1314.
 Abu Bakr Ibn-Umar founds Marrakesh.
 Chinese Chancellor Wang Anshi starts the Xining Reforms (which last until 1085).
 The Temple of Literature is established in the capital of Vietnam.
 A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives the Seljuk Turks across the Euphrates.
 Song Dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the Ben Cao Tu Jing, a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy.

Deaths 
 Baldwin VI of Flanders (b. 1030)
1967 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1967 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1967, and lasted until November 30, 1967. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season was fairly average, with eight storms forming.

Hurricane Beulah was the most notable Atlantic hurricane of 1967. A Category 5 hurricane, it killed 58 and made $217 million ($1.2 billion in 2005 US dollars) in damage as it crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and then made landfall a second time near the mouth of the Rio Grande river.

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
1234



Events 
 February 9 — Song Dynasty Chinese and Mongolian armies occupied the Jurchen capital at Caizhou, marking the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234).
 Supposedly Mali begins revolt against oppressors.
 Canonization of Saint Dominic
 Pope Gregory IX called for a Crusade against Bosnia and replaced the Bogumil Bosnian Bishop with a Catholic Dominican German Johann
 Pope Gregory IX released the Nova Compilatio Decretalium
 King Andrew II of Hungary proclaimed herzeg Coloman as Ban of Bosnia, who passed it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Ban Matej Ninoslav (1234 to 1239) despite Matej being the legitimate Ban of Bosnia

Births 
 Abaqa Khan, Mongol emperor of Persia (died 1282)

Deaths 
 April 16 – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (dob. unknown)
 June 18 – Emperor Chūkyō of Japan (born 1218)
 August 31 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (born 1212)
 Alan, Lord of Galloway
 Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (born 1192)

Monarchs/Presidents 
 Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
 Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
 Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong King of Navarre (reigned from 1194 to 1234)
1235



Events 
 The Normans invade Connacht.
 St. Elizabeth of Hungary is canonized by Pope Gregory IX. She died on November 17 1231 at age 24, either from physical fatigue or from disease, in Marburg.
 A general inquisition begins in France.
 The Byzantine emperor John III Ducas Vatatzes and the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II besiege Constantinople in an attempt to take it from its Latin rulers, John of Brienne and Baldwin II. Angelo Sanudo successfully negotiates a two-year truce.
 Sundiata Keita's victory at the Battle of Kirina marks the beginning of the Mali Empire.
 The Lancaster Royal Grammar School is founded.
 A Chinese text of this year records that Hangzhou City, the capital of the Song Dynasty, held various social clubs that included a West Lake Poetry Club, the Buddhist Tea Society, the Physical Fitness Club, the Anglers' Club, the Occult Club, the Young Girls' Chorus, the Exotic Foods Club, the Plants and Fruits Club, the Antique Collectors' Club, the Horse-Lovers' Club, and the Refined Music Society.

Births 
 Henry of Almain, King of the Romans (died 1271)
 Pope Boniface VIII (approximate date; died 1303)
 Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales (died 1283)
 Ramon Llull, Catalan writer and philosopher (died 1315)
 Saint Rose of Viterbo (died 1252)
 Arnold of Villanova, Spanish alchemist and physician (died 1311)
 Qian Xuan, Chinese painter (d. 1305)

Deaths 
 January 14 – Saint Sava of Serbia (born 1175)
 September 5 – Henry I, Duke of Brabant (born 1165)
 October 26 – Andrew II of Hungary (born 1175)
 Rabbi David Kimhi, Biblical commentator (born 1160)
Hurricane Beulah

Hurricane Beulah tracked through the Caribbean Sea, struck the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico as a major hurricane, and moved west-northwest into the Gulf of Mexico, briefly gaining Category 5 status. It was the strongest hurricane during the 1967 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone then weakened before moving into Texas as a major hurricane. It spawned 115 twisters across Texas, which established a new record for the highest amount of tornadoes produced by a tropical cyclone. Due to its slow movement over Texas, Beulah led to significant flooding, and caused over $1 billion (2005 USD) in damages. There were 58 fatalities.

Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in Mexico
Hurricanes in the United States
1967 in the United States
1960s in Mexico
1960s in Texas
1150



Events 
 Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges
 City of Airdrie, Scotland founded
 King Sverker I of Sweden deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden
 Albrecht the Bear inhabits Brandenburg
 Peter the Lombard publishes Sentences
 University of Paris, now known as the Sorbonne, founded
 During Crusades, city of Ashkelon fortified with 53 towers by Fatimid rulers
 Earl of Bedford created
 Cubbie Roo's Castle built on Wyre, Orkney
 Mersey Ferry begins running between Liverpool and Birkenhead
 Neuruppin city founded in Brandenburg, Germany
 Rinteln city founded in Lower Saxony, Germany
 Middle Dutch begins to be spoken in what is now Benelux
 Joscelin II of Edessa taken prisoner during Second Crusade
 Tuam promoted to a Metropolitan Archdiocese, Ireland
 Earliest textual reference made to Gypsies working as musicians (in Constantinople)
 Castle Rising built in Norfolk, England by William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel
 Garcia IV Ramirez ends reign as King of Navarre
 Bishopric of Aberdeen established
 Christian Malone writes Irish Chronology Chronicum Scotorum
 Christchurch Priory founded

Births 
 Leo II of Armenia (d. 1229).
 William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber (approximate date; d. 1211).
 Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (approximate date; d. 1176).
 Alix of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (d. 1198).
 Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian (d. 1220).
 Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (d. 1195).
 Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury (approximate date; d. 1228).
 Beatrice, Countess of Dia.

Deaths 
 Emperor Xizong of Jin, the third ruler of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty
 Suryavarman II, Khmer king, builder of Angkor Wat
 Barisan of Ibelin, figure in the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem
 Pribislav of Brandenburg, last king of the Hevelli (b. c. 1075)
Greater Antilles

The islands of the Caribbean Sea, collectively known as the West Indies are sorted by size and location into the Bahamas (or Lucayan archipelago), the Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles. The Greater Antilles are Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (composed of Haiti on the west side and the Dominican Republic on the east side) and Puerto Rico. The smaller islands near these four major islands are sometimes also treated as part of the group. This includes the smaller islands thst surrounding the main islands, but are still part of the main island country (e.g. the Republic of Cuba consists of the island of Cuba and several smaller islands around it). The Cayman Islands are also often included in the Greater Antilles because they are close. The Greater Antilles are made up of continental rock, distinct from the Lesser Antilles, which are mostly young volcanic or coral islands.

Caribbean islands

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