cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
John Kerr

Sir John Robert Kerr (24 September 1914 – 24 March 1991) was the 18th Governor-General of Australia from 1974-1977. He is famous for dismissing Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975. This is one of the most famous events in Australian history. Even though the Whitlam government was not voted back in after being dismissed, Kerr's actions divided opinion and he continued to be disliked by many people.

Prime Minister Gough Whitlam chose John Kerr to be Governor General in 1974. In 1974–75 the Whitlam government thought about borrowing US$4 billion in foreign loans. A Minister, Rex Connor,  had secret discussions with a loan broker from Pakistan. The Treasurer, Jim Cairns, misled parliament about this. This made the new leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser use the Senate to stop passing money for the government until there was an election. Whitlam refused. In 1975 the opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, blocked government supply in the Senate. This meant that the government had no money. This was a big crisis in Australia. In order to end the crisis, John Kerr dismissed Whitlam and made Fraser the Prime Minister. Whitlam lost the election that was held a month later.

References

1914 births
1991 deaths
Australian Governors-General
Politicians from Sydney
Australian lawyers
Malcolm Fraser

John Malcolm Fraser AC, CH, GCL, PC (21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015) was an Australian politician. He served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia from 11 November 1975 through 11 November 1983. He was also leader of the Liberal Party from 1975 to 1983.

Before being prime minister, Fraser was a member of the Australian Parliament from 1955 through 1983. He served as Minister of Defence from 1966 to 1968 and again from 1969 to 1971 and Minister for Education and Science from 1968 to 1969 and again from 1971 to 1972.

Early life
Fraser was born in Toorak, Victoria. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford. He married Tamie Beggs in 1956.

Prime Minister (1975-1983)
As leader of the Liberal Party, he became Prime Minister in November, 1975 when Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismissed Gough Whitlam. At this point he was only temporary Prime Minister. He won the election held in December, 1975. He won two more elections in 1977 and 1980 before losing to Bob Hawke in 1983. Fraser married Tamara (Tamie) Beggs in 1956 and the couple have remained married ever since.

His government stopped some of the changes made by the Whitlam government. They also reduced government spending to stop money becoming less valuable. He also supported efforts to abolish racism in South Africa, the boycott of the Moscow Olympics and more immigration from Asian countries.

He has criticised the prime ministership of John Howard who had been his Treasurer from 1977 to 1983.

Death
On 20 March 2015, his office announced that Fraser had died in the early hours of the morning, noting that he had suffered a brief illness in Melbourne, Victoria, aged 84.

More reading
 Ayres, Philip (1987), Malcolm Fraser, a Biography, Heinemann, Richmond, Victoria. 
 Kelly, Paul (2000), Malcolm Fraser, in Michelle Grattan (ed.), Australian Prime Ministers, New Holland, Sydney, New South Wales. 
 Kerr, John (1978), Matters for Judgment. An Autobiography, Macmillan, South Melbourne, Victoria.  
 Lopez, Mark (2000),The Origins of Multiculturalism in Australian Politics 1945–1975, Melbourne University Press, Carlton South, Victoria.

References

Other websites

Malcolm Fraser– Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
Australian Biography– Malcolm Fraser  An extensive 1994 interview with Fraser

The Malcolm Fraser Collection at the University of Melbourne Archives
  Malcolm Fraser at the National Film and Sound Archive 

Calvinists
Companions of Honour
Disease-related deaths in Victoria (Australia)
Government ministers of Australia
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Politicians from Melbourne
Prime Ministers of Australia
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Republicans
1930 births
2015 deaths
Companions of the Order of Australia
Casino Royale

Casino Royale is the twenty first James Bond movie. It is the first to star Daniel Craig as the secret agent James Bond. It was released on November 17, 2006.

Cast 
 Daniel Craig as James Bond
 Eva Green as Vesper Lynd
 Judi Dench as M

Release Dates

Link 

2006 movies
2000s adventure movies
2000s crime thriller movies
2000s spy movies
American crime thriller movies
British crime movies
British thriller movies
German crime movies
German thriller movies
Czech movies
Bahamian movies
Columbia Pictures movies
James Bond movies
MGM movies
Movies set in London
English-language movies
Movies directed by Martin Campbell
Australian Labor Party

The Australian Labor Party (ALP) is one of the two major political parties in Australia. The party was formed in 1891, and is the oldest political party in Australia. It is a social democratic party with strong links to the Trade Union movement. Since 1944, their main opponents have been the Liberal Party. The Labor Party most recently formed the Government from 2007 to 2013. This was under Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard, who became the first female Prime Minister of Australia. Labor lost the election to the Liberal Party in September 2013. It currently holds 69 seats in the House of Representatives and 26 seats in the Senate.

In the state and territory parliaments, Labor governs in South Australia, Queensland, Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.

History
In the 1860s the trade unions in Australia began to try to get better wages and working conditions for their members. They were defeated by employers, the legal system, and the governments of the Australian colonies. Workers soon decided that they needed to become active in politics, and make changes through parliament. The first meeting of the ALP is said to have taken place in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. A group of shearers, who were involved in a big strike action, held a meeting in the shade of a large ghost gum (eucalyptus) tree, Corymbia aparrerinja. This tree became known as the "Tree of Knowledge".

ALP Prime Ministers of Australia

 Chris Watson, 1904.
 Andrew Fisher, 1908–1909 and 1910–1913 and 1914–1915.
 Billy Hughes, 1915
 James Scullin, 1929–1932.
 John Curtin, 1941–1945.
 Frank Forde, 1945.
 Ben Chifley, 1945–1949
 Gough Whitlam, 1972–1975.
 Bob Hawke, 1983–1991.
 Paul Keating, 1991–1996.
 Kevin Rudd, 2007–2010.
 Julia Gillard, 2010–2013.
 Kevin Rudd, 2013.

Current leaders of States and Territories of Australia

Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales) – Luke Foley, since 2015.
Premier of Victoria – Daniel Andrews, since 2014.
Premier of Queensland – Annastacia Palaszczuk, since 2015.
Premier of South Australia – Jay Weatherill, since 2011.
Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania) – Bryan Green, since 2014.
Leader of the Opposition (Western Australia) – Mark McGowan, since 2012.
Chief Minister of the Northern Territory – Michael Gunner, since 2016.
Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory – Andrew Barr, since 2014.

References

1891 establishments
1890s establishments in Australia
Social democratic parties
Bob Hawke

Robert James Lee Hawke  (December 9, 1929 – May 16, 2019) was an Australian politician. From March 11, 1983 to December 20, 1991, he served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia as leader of the Australian Labor Party. He was the third longest serving Prime Minister of Australia.

Political career
He was a union leader before he entered parliament in 1980. He became leader only a little while before the 1983 election but he defeated Malcolm Fraser. His government made many changes, like the Whitlam government, but did it more slowly and with more planning. His government moved Labor to the right economically. His leadership was challenged twice by Paul Keating. He lost the second time and retired. 

By July 1990, Hawke had overtaken Malcolm Fraser as the second longest-serving Australian Prime Minister but on 21 December 2004 the record was overtaken by John Howard, making Hawke the third longest serving Prime Minister.

Personal life and death
Hawke has been married twice. During office, he was married to Hazel Hawke (née Masterson), a respected "first lady". Just before Hawke became prime minister, author Blanche d'Alpuget wrote a biography about him. Hawke married d'Alpuget in 1995.

In late December 2018, Hawke revealed that he was in "terrible health". He supported Labor in the upcoming 2019 election and said he "may not witness the party's success". He died on 16 May 2019 in Sydney, at the age of 89. His death happened two days before the election.

References

Other websites

Hawke Swoops into Power  – Time 14 March 1983
Robert Hawke – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre
 

1929 births
2019 deaths
Agnostics
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from South Australia
Prime Ministers of Australia
Republicans
Treasurers of Australia
Rhodes scholars
Companions of the Order of Australia
1653

The year 1653 was a common year which started on Wednesday.

Events
 February 2 – New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated.
1549



Events
Kett's Rebellion

Births 
 Maria Holl (d. 1634), German woman accused of witchcraft
 30 July – Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 17 February 1609)

Deaths
 10 November – Pope Paul III (b. 29 February 1468), 221st Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
1544



Births 
 January 19 – King Francis II of France (d. December 5, 1560)
1209

1209 is a year in the 13th century.

Events 
 Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218)
 the Franciscans are founded
 Cambridge University founded.
 London Bridge completed
 In August, Simon De Monfort, leader of Albigensian Crusade, takes over Carcassonne
 Genghis Khan conquers Turkestan

Births 
 January 5 – Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1272)
 Hajji Bektash Wali, Turkish mystic (died 1271)

Deaths 
 November 12 – Phillipe de Plessis, Grand Master of the Knights Templar (born 1165)
 Walter Map, Welsh writer (born 1137)
 Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian theologian and philosopher (born 1149)
Shinzō Abe

Shinzō Abe (born 21 September 1954) is a Japanese politician.

He was first made the 90th Prime Minister of Japan following Junichiro Koizumi in 2006. However, he stepped down on 12 September 2007 after a year. The stated reason to end his term was missing support for Japan's mission in Afghanistan. However, he had also been involved in a number of crises over the last few months. 

In 2012 he was once again made party leader and his party went on to win the election in December 2012 by a wide margin. This brought him back to power as Prime Minister. In 2019, he became the longest serving Prime Minister in Japan.

He was born in Shinjuku, Tokyo, but his Constituency is in Yamaguchi Prefecture. It was inherited from his father Shintarō Abe. His grandfather was Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi.

On 28 August 2020, Abe announced his plans to resign as Prime Minister because of his bad health with ulcerative colitis. He was replaced by Yoshihide Suga on 16 September 2020.

References

Related pages
 Abenomask

1954 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Petunia

Petunia is a genus of plants. All of them bear flowers. They are in the Nightshade family, and are related to tobacco. Many people grow them in the garden. Petunias are usually used as annual plants, because they die when the weather becomes cold. They grow best when they are planted in the sun.

nightshades
Garden petunia is not difficult to grow or maintain and presents no particular challenges provided the soil is kept reasonably dry. Garden petunia is used for its delicate, colorful flower booms, pleasing scent and its flowering duration which lasts from spring until frost. They make excellent bedding and container plants.
                          garden petunia will thrive best in fertile soil with high organic matter content such  manure. If potting, soil needs to be lightweight to allow water to drain away. Dense soil with poor drainage is easy to accumulate water.
                                  Garden petunia can be grown from  transplants is easier. Transplants should be positioned in light, well-drained soil with exposure to full sun shortly . If planting in pots use a soil-less mix to keep cultivation substrate light garden petunia free of disease.
                             Watering of garden petunia once a week should be sufficient in most condition.
If growing garden petunia in containers or baskets, opt for a time-release fertilizer.The most important factor in growing of garden petunia is sunlight. garden petunia needs at least five hours of sunlight per day. Lack of sunlight may also lead to leggy plants and a lack of healthy flowering.
Aphelion

The aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun. The point in orbit where an object is nearest to the sun is called the perihelion. The word aphelion derives from the Greek words, apo meaning away, off, apart and Helios. 

The Earth's orbit has its aphelion around July 4, at which it is approximately 152.1 million kilometers or 94.5 million miles from the Sun.

Orbits
Condoleezza Rice

Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American Republican politician, She was the 66th United States Secretary of State. She was the second Secretary of State under former President George W. Bush. She took over from Colin Powell on January 26, 2005, after he stepped down. Rice was the first African American woman, second African American (after Powell), and second woman (after Madeleine Albright) to serve as Secretary of State. Her educator was Josef Korbel, he inspired her.

Condoleeza was born at Holy Family Community Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama, She is only child of John W. Rice. Jr is a High School Guidance Counselor and Angelena Ray is High School Teacher, She has study at St. Mary's Academy,  Bachelor of Arts at University of Denver,  Doctor of Philosophy at University of Denver and Aspen Music Festival and School  

Before she became Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice was Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term (2001–2005). Before she did this, she was a Professor of political science at Stanford University from 1993 to 1999, where she also was the Provost.

Rice was in the 2011 documentary Miss Representation.

Rice was a Democrat until 1982. She then changed to Republican because she did not agree with the foreign policy of Democratic President Jimmy Carter and because her father was Republican.

Rice was the United States National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush during the September 11 attacks.

References

Other websites 
 Biography from the U.S. Department of State
 Biography from the White House
 Biography  from the Hoover Institution
 Profile from BBC News

 

1954 births
Living people
African American politicians
American academics
American political scientists
American Presbyterians
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
United States National Security Advisors
United States Secretaries of State
Educators from Birmingham, Alabama
Decidability theory

Decidability theory is a branch of mathematics. Suppose there is a set, and there is an element. There is also an algorithm. The algorithm will simply check if the element belongs to the set or not. If the algorithm stops (after a limited time) and has reached a decision, if the element is in the set or not, this is called decidable.

In simple terms, if there is a shopping bag, decidability is that one is able to check whether or not there is some salad in the bag.

Some logical problems cannot be decided that way (This statement is false). They are called undecidable

There is a weaker property too, called semidecidable. A set is called semidecidable (or recursively enumerable), if there is an algorithm that lists its elements out.

Theoretical computer science
Ground

Ground is a commonly used word for the surface of the Earth. It is the dirt, soil and rock that we walk on. Ground in electrical language is the electrical charge of the earth. Voltages are compared to the ground to measure voltage.

Geography
John Grisham

John Ray Grisham Jr. (born February 8, 1955) is an American politician, lawyer, and writer.

Biography and career
He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. His father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer. After moving often, the family settled in 1967 in the town of Southaven in De Soto County, Mississippi, and he graduated from Southaven High School. Young Grisham loved to read. In 1977, Grisham received a degree from Mississippi State University. He earned his law degree from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. After leaving law school, he entered a small-town general law practice for nearly 10 years in Southaven, MS where he paid a lot of attention on criminal law and civil law.

In 1983, he was elected as a Democrat to the Mississippi House of Representatives, where he served until 1990.  During this time, he continued his private law practice in Southaven.

In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the testimony of a 12-year-old girl who was raped. In his spare time, Grisham began work on his first novel, which explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her attackers. He spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987. The book was bought by Wynwood Press, which published it in June 1988.

The day after Grisham finished A Time to Kill, he began work on another novel, the story of a young attorney lured to what seemed to be a perfect law firm. That second book, The Firm, became the bestselling novel of 1991. Grisham then went on to write at least one work a year, most of them popular bestsellers. 

Grisham has been declared  "the bestselling novelist of the 90s," selling a total of 60,742,288 copies. Grisham's 1992 novel The Pelican Brief sold 11,232,480 books in the United States alone, making it the bestselling novel of the decade and the only novel to sell ten million books or more during a period of 10 years.

Books by John Grisham

Fiction
 A Time to Kill (1989)
 The Firm (1991)
 The Pelican Brief (1992)
 The Client (1993)
 The Chamber (1994)
 The Rainmaker (1995)
 The Runaway Jury (1996)
 The Partner (1997)
 The Street Lawyer (1998)
 The Testament (1999)
 The Brethren (2000)
 The Summons (2002)
 The King of Torts (2003)
 The Last Juror (2004)
 The Broker (2005)
 The Appeal (2008)
 The Associate (2009)

Non-fiction
The Innocent Man (2006)

Other websites  	 	 
 Official website
 

1955 births
Living people
lawyers from Arkansas
lawyers from Mississippi
Politicians from Arkansas
Writers from Arkansas
Politicians from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas
Construction worker

A construction worker is someone whose job is to work on a construction site where structures such as bridges or houses are being built. Construction workers use many types of tools (such as shovels and wrenches) and operate machines and vehicles such as trucks and bulldozers. Working as a construction worker can be dangerous, because a person could fall, or have a heavy object fall on them. Construction workers have to wear safety clothing to protect themselves, such as leather work boots with a metal toe, plastic construction hats or helmets, and goggles to protect their eyes. Many construction workers also wear brightly-coloured orange safety vests, so that drivers and other construction workers will be able to see them.

 

Examples of structures are:
	Bridges
Buildings
Dams
 Towers

Also built on construction sites are:
	Airports
	Railway lines
	Roads
	Tunnels

Construction occupations
Never Mind the Buzzcocks

Never Mind the Buzzcocks is a British television game show on channel BBC Two. It was first presented by Mark Lamarr, then a different person each episode, then Simon Amstell, then different people again and finally Rhod Gilbert. The left team is captained by Phill Jupitus. The right team was captained by Sean Hughes, then Bill Bailey, then different people for each episode and finally by Noel Fielding.

Other websites 

1993 television series debuts
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
British comedy television series
British television game shows
Panel games
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British television series debuts
2012 television series endings
2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
Ragnarök

In Norse mythology, Ragnarök ("fate of the gods") is the battle at the end of the world. It is to be fought between the gods or Æsir, led by Odin; and the fire giants, the Jötnar and other monsters, led by Loki and Surtr. Not only will most of the gods, giants, and monsters die in this battle, but almost everything in the universe will be destroyed.

The following battles will be fought:
 Odin vs Fenrir: Odin will be swallowed by Fenrir.
 Vidar vs Fenrir: Vidar will kill Fenrir by stepping on the jaw of Fenrir and split it all the way down through his tail. That's when Ragnarok ends. 
 Thor vs Jormungandr: Thor kills Jormungandr, but then dies from his wounds and the poison after taking nine steps.
 Tyr vs Garm: Garm bites off Tyr's other hand and he bleeds out, but not before he gives Garm a mortal wound, which does kill him.
 Heimdall vs Loki: Both will inflict fatal wounds on each other, but Loki shall refuse to die until he sees the destruction of the worlds which will happen soon after. They'll both die next to each other.

After these gods die, Surtr will alight the world in flames, until a flood finally covers the world.

Surviving gods 
Hoenir, Magni,  Modi, Njord, Vidar, Vali, and the daughter of Sol are all stated to survive Ragnarok. All of the remaining Æsir then reunite at Ithavllir. Baldr and Hod return from the underworld - Baldr having been killed by Hod, and Hod by Vali, before Ragnarok. Hoenir either makes slots for divination or receives a wand for divination, depending on the translation. Vidar - who avenges Odin - and Vali are unharmed by Surtr's fire or the flood. Magni and Modi who will wield their father's (Thor) hammer, Mjolnir, will also live. Njord is stated to return to Vanaheim at "the doom of man", which has been interpreted as Ragnarok. Sol (who dies) gives birth to a daughter who will follow her path in the new world.

Theories 
There are some beings whose fate after Ragnarok is uncertain. Nidhhoggr is stated to fly with darkness under him and corpses on his back at the end of the Voluspa. This has been noted to not fit well with the theme of the last stanza, in which all of the old and bad has been burnt, and a new world with only good will rise of the waters. The last stanza has seen this interpreted differently, with some having Nidhoggr as the last remaining evil in the new world, and others stating that Nidhhoggr will rise one more time but then fall back to the ground, meaning evil has been defeated and all is good in the new world.

Additionally, the dwarfs are stated to be in their "stone doors". This has been interpreted as meaning that the dwarfs are stuck in their mountain homes or structures, which are going to fall - but that they are unable to leave, as they will turn to stone if they do.

References 
 2. The Voluspa in the Poetic Edda

Norse mythology
1657

The year 1657 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 September 24 – The first autopsy and coroner's jury verdict are recorded in the Colony of Maryland.

Date unknown
 Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").
1587

The year 1587 was a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 February 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.

Births
 August 18 – Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler, the first person of English parentage born in America (date of death unknown)
1538

The year 1538 was a common year which started on Tuesday.

Events
 October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded.
1486

The year 1486 was a common year which started on .

Events
 January 18 – King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York are married, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York after the Wars of the Roses.

1486
1481



Events
 May 21 – Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481–1513).
 December 26 – Battle of Westbroek: Holland defeats the troops of Utrecht.
1474



Births 
 Juan Ponce de Leon (d. 1521), Spanish explorer
1040s



Significant people 
 King Macbeth of Scotland (d. 1057)
 Godwin, Earl of Wessex (d. 1053)
 El Cid (b. 1040)
1487

The year 1487 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 August – Bartolomeu Dias leaves Lisbon on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope.

Date unknown
 Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl dedicates the Great Temple Pyramid of Tenochtitlan with thousands of human sacrifices.

Births
 February 7 – Queen Dangyeong, Korean royal consort (d. 1557)
 February 8 – Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1550)
 February 15 – Henry of the Palatinate, bishop of Utrecht (d. 1552)
 April 10 – William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1559)
 July 5 – Johann Gramann, German theologian (d. 1541)
 July 16 – Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530)
 July 17 – Ismail I, Shah of Persia (d. 1524)
 August 27 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Schleswig and Holstein (d. 1514)
 September 10 – Pope Julius III (d. 1555)
 October 5 – Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1553)
 November 14 – John III of Pernstein, Bohemian land-owner, Governor of Moravia and Count of Kladsko (d. 1548)

Deaths 
 March 21 – Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (b. 1417)
 June 16 – John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (b. c. 1463)
 June 26 – John Argyropoulos, philosopher
 July 16 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1436)
 September 9 – Chenghua Emperor of China (b. 1447)
 September 14 – Mara Branković, Serbian princess (b. 1416) 
 September 30 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1400)
 October 22 – Antonio Bettini, religious writer (b. 1396)
 date unknown
 William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel (b. 1417)
 Tlacaelel, high priest of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)
1293



Births 
 Philip VI of France (died August 22, 1350), King of France
1st century BC

The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. Scientific notation does, however, use a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year −1'.

Related pages
 Kofun period
Monarchy of the United Kingdom

The Monarchy of the United Kingdom is the head of state of United Kingdom. The current monarch is Elizabeth II who has reigned since 1952. The queen is currently the head of the U.K and 15 other nations known as the commonwealth realms.

Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland

House of Hanover
 George I (1714 - 1727)
 George II (1727 - 1760)
 George III (1760 - 1801)

Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

House of Hanover
 George III (1801 - 1820)
 George IV (1820 - 1830) (Regent 1811-1820)
 William IV (1830 - 1837)
 Victoria (1837 - 1901)

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The royal household changed its name to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha after Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but Victoria stayed part of the House of Hanover. With monarchs it started in 1901. The name was changed in 1917 by George V.

 Edward VII (1901 - 1910)

House of Windsor
In 1917 King George V changed the royal house's name to Windsor because the United Kingdom was at war with Germany and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is a German name. 

 George V (1910 - 1922, changed name of house in 1917)

Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
In 1922 Ireland was split into the future Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland stayed part of the United Kingdom. However, the name was not changed until 5 years later and George V continued to be King of Ireland until he died ("of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India").

House of Windsor
 George V (1922-1936)
 Edward VIII (1936), abdicated
 George VI (1936 - 1952)
 Elizabeth II (1952 - present)

Heads of state
Lists of British monarchs
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Cosplay

is a short way of saying of "Costume Play". It is an act of dressing up to look like an anime, manga, video game, Japanese rock,  or K-pop character. A person who does this is called a Cosplayer. 

Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay. Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character and memorizing quotes. Masquerading, or "The Masquerade," usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.

Even though cosplaying is originally from Japan, there are a number of cosplay communities in Malaysia, China, the United States, UK, Indonesia, and the Philippines, because of the popularity of Japanese animation, movies, and popular culture in those countries.

Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions. Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amongst otaku.

References

Anime
Cosplay
Factorial

The factorial of a whole number , written as  or , is found by multiplying  by all the whole numbers less than it. For example, the factorial of  is , because . Hence one can write . For some technical reasons,  is equal to .

Factorial can be used to find out how many possible ways there are to arrange  objects.

For example, if there are 3 letters (A, B, and C), they can be arranged as ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA. That would be 6 choices because A can be put in 3 different places, B has 2 choices left after A is placed, and C has only one choice left after A and B have been placed. In other words,  choices.

The factorial function is a good example of recursion (doing things over and over), as 3! can be written as 3×(2!), which can be written as 3×2×(1!) and finally as 3×2×1×(0!). N! can therefore also be defined as N×(N-1)!, with 0! = 1.

The factorial function grows very fast. There are 10! = 3,628,800 ways to arrange 10 items.

Notes 
n! is not defined for negative numbers. However, the related gamma function is defined over the real and complex numbers (but the integers it is defined over are positive).

Related pages 
 Exclamation mark
 Permutation

References

Other websites
 Calculation of Factorial (0≤N≤40000)

Recursion
Mathematics
Neustadt bei Coburg

Neustadt bei Coburg is a German city in the North of Franconia and has an population of ca. 17,000. It is near Coburg. Its mayor is Frank Rebhan (SPD).

Sister cities
 Sonneberg, Germany
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France
 Member in the City Friendship Neustadt (Newton) in Europe

Traffic
Next important traffic routes are in Coburg.

References

Other websites

Coburg (district)
Rocko's Modern Life

Rocko's Modern Life is an animated television show that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996. A comic book series based on the cartoon was made by Marvel Comics the following year. The television special, Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling was released in 2019.

Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friend Heffer, a turtle named Filbert, and his not-so-friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead. The show's story line was based on Rocko's everyday life.

Rocko was voiced by Carlos Alazraqui.

1993 television series debuts
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
1996 television series endings
English-language television programs
Midgard

Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure". It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from. The term is an English version of the Old Norse language.

Old Norse 
Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead. Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall.

According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.

Places in Norse mythology
Words
Alien (movie)

Alien is a 1979 British-American science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott. It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures.  The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and hurts the crew of the spaceship Nostromo. The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash.

The extraterrestrials in the movies are usually called Xenomorphs.

Alien was a box office success (it made a lot of money). It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups). Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first action movie to have a strong female heroine.

There are three sequels to this movie: Aliens (1986), Alien³ (1992), Alien: Resurrection (1997), and a cross-overs: Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007).

The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: In space no one can hear you scream.

Other websites 
 
 Executive producer Ron Shusett on making Alien - video interviews and transcript

1979 horror movies

1979 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alien movies
American monster movies
British science fiction movies
British horror movies
English-language movies
Movies set on fictional planets
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Saturn Award winning movies
Xinhai Revolution

The Xinhai Revolution was a revolution in China in 1911. It consisted of many revolts and rebellions. At the end of the Xinhai Revolution the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated. China changed from a monarchy to a republic.

Revolutions
20th century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
History of China
1911
Sonneberg

Sonneberg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The nearest large city is Coburg. The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people. The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel.

Sister cities
 , Göppingen
 , Neustadt bei Coburg

Sights

Museums
 Schlauaquarium Nautiland
 Heimattiergarten
 German Toy Museum
 Astronomiemuseum

Buildings
 Sternwarte
 Citychurch St.Peter
 Militarychuch St. Aegidien
 Old City hall
 New City hall
 House of AOK
 Main station

Regular meetings
 International Jazz Days of Sonneberg
 Sonneberger Vogelschießen
 Sonneberger Kneipenfest
 Sonneberger Musikmeile
 Doll Theater Weeks
 International Doll Festival (with Neustadt bei Coburg)
 City festival

Traffic
 B 89 Konach-Meiningen
 A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl about 15 km away from Sonneberg there is the Connectionpoint Neustadt bei Coburg-Sonneberg. It is next to Coburg.
 With the train to Coburg and to Eisenach
 Next airports in Coburg and Suhl

References

Sonneberg Rural District
Eisfeld

Eisfeld is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca 6,000. The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz.

Sister cities
 Ahorn (Germany)
 Ham (France)

Traffic
 B 4 Nürnberg-Coburg-Erfurt-Hamburg
 A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Suhl

The next important airports and train stations are in Coburg

References

Other websites

  

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Schleusingen

Schleusingen is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is 10 km north of Hildburghausen, and 12 km southeast of Suhl.

The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000. The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer.

Sister city 
 , Plettenberg

Traffic 
 A 73 Coburg-Suhl
 The next important train stations and airports are in Coburg and Suhl.

References

Other websites

 Schleusingen on the net

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Hildburghausen
Lauscha

Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.

Lauscha is in the middle of the Thuringian forest, the green heart of Germany.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Neuhaus am Rennweg

Neuhaus am Rennweg is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca. 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Schalkau

Schalkau is a German town in the south of Thuringia. Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is 13 km west of Sonneberg, and 15 km north of Coburg.

The population of Schalkau is about 3,500. The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner.

The former municipality Bachfeld was merged into Schalkau on 31 December 2019.

References

Other websites

Sonneberg Rural District
Römhild

Römhild is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 2,000. Its mayor is Klaus-Jürgen Theilig. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge verwaltungsgemeinschaft

References 

Verwaltungsgemeinschaft in Hildburghausen
Mily Balakirev

Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.

Balakirev, Mily
Balakirev, Mily
1837 births
1910 deaths
Vincenzo Bellini

Vincenzo Bellini (Catania, November 3 1801 - Puteaux, near Paris, September 23 1835) was an Italian composer and opera composer.

Bellini was well liked for his melodies. His first success was Il pirata in 1827. It was followed by I Capuleti e Montecchi in 1830. Then came his most famous operas La sonnambula (1831), Norma (1831) and his last I puritani (1835).

His second to last work Beatrice di Tenda (1833) was less successful.

Although his operas never left the repertoire, they became popular again in the 1950s due largely to soprano Maria Callas, followed by Joan Sutherland in the 1960s.

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera and Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1801 births
1835 deaths
Bellini, Vincenzo
Bellini, Vincenzo
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Italian musicians
People from Sicily
Charles-Valentin Alkan

Charles-Valentin Alkan (30 November 1813 - 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music. Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play. Franz Liszt,  Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer. Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.

From the 1860s to 1873 he did not show in public very much, and composed some of his works.

Alkan was a close friend of Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.

Other websites

French composers
Romantic composers
French pianists
1813 births
1883 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Thomas Arne

Thomas Arne (born in London, baptized 28 May 1710; died London 5 March 1778) was an English composer and violinist.  He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century.  He wrote music for lots of plays.  He had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes.  Songs such as Where the Bee Sucks are still very popular.  His best known tune is Rule Britannia which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms.

Arne, Thomas
Arne, Thomas
Arne, Thomas
1710 births
1778 deaths
Bad Rodach

Bad Rodach is a German town in the north of Franconia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 7,000. Its mayor is Gerold Strobel.

References

Other websites 

Spa towns in Germany
Coburg (district)
M.I.A.

Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born 17 July 1977 in Hounslow, London) is an acclaimed artist, movie graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name M.I.A. Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music. 

M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output. 

In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album The Menace, by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."

"Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.

M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of Arular on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album Arular.

One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making Piracy Funds Terrorism, a mash-up mixtape of Arular tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.

Arular 
in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, Arular, which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.

Kala 
Kala is M.I.A.'s second album. Track listing as follows:
 Bamboo Banga
 Bird Flu
 Boyz
 Jimmy
 $20
 Mango Pickle Down River
 World Town
 Paper Planes
 Come Around

1977 births
Living people
Musicians from London
Artists from London
Rap musicians
Otaku

Otaku is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "おたく" (otaku), meaning "your house", that has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby. Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study, and is oftentimes (esp. in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga. The term can be compared with Hikikomori.

In Japan, otaku has generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society. However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies. Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or nerd. In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic" and is not typically perceived as derogatory.

References

Slang
Anime and manga terms
Haddock

Haddock is a fish that lives in the Atlantic ocean. It only lives in the sea. Haddocks are important fish for the fishing industry. The fish can be easily recognised by a black line on the white side of the fish. Pollock is a fish with reversed coloring, white line on a black background.

Teleosts
Edible fish
Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht (also called Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, ) was a two-day pogrom that happened against Jews in Nazi Germany and parts of Austria. It was between 9 and 10 November 1938. About 30,000 Jews were moved to concentration camps, and over 1,500 synagogues were pillaged and partly destroyed. Also, almost all Jewish cemeteries in Germany and Austria were destroyed. This marked the change from discriminating against Jews to actively persecuting and deporting them.

Herschel Grynszpan (sometimes also spelled Grünspan), a 17-year-old Jew living in Paris, learned that his whole family had been made to go back to Zsbaszyn in Poland, even though the younger children had been born in Germany. He got a gun, and with this he fired shots at Ernst Eduard vom Rath, who was a secretary of the German embassy in Paris. This was on 7 November. Vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November.

The motive of Grynszpan is unclear. In a judicial hearing in 1942, he said it was revenge. He meant to shoot the ambassador, but hit the secretary instead.

The NSDAP used this event as an excuse to seize Jewish property. There had been a similar event in February 1936 but there were almost no consequences. Then, a Jewish student, David Frankfurter, had fired shots at the NSDAP secretary Wilhelm Gustloff. At that time, the NSDAP could not act because of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Photo gallery

Further reading 
 Schultheis, Herbert. Die Reichskristallnacht in Deutschland nach Augenzeugenberichten (Bad Neustädter Beiträge zur Geschichte und Heimatkunde Frankens 3). Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale: Rötter Druck und Verlag. 1985. .

1938 in Germany
20th century in Austria
Nazism
Judaism in Austria
Judaism in Germany
November events
990s



Events
 Sei Shonagon writes The Pillow Book, a compilation of her daily observations, thoughts and feelings as an attendant to Empress Sadako in Japan's Imperial Court.
PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting TV service with many member TV stations in the United States. The equivalent service for radio in the United States is National Public Radio (NPR).

PBS Stations
 WGBH Boston, MA
 WMPB Baltimore, MD
 WNED Buffalo, NY
 WNET Newark, NJ
 WQED (TV) Pittsburgh, PA
 WTTW Chicago, IL

PBS Shows
Bill Nye the Science Guy

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Anti-Semitism on PBS?

1952 establishments in the United States
UPN

UPN (which originally stood for the United Paramount Network) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States. UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network. UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW, a joint venture between CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. division of Time Warner, which owned The WB before that network was also shut down in 2006 and merged with UPN to create The CW.

References

American television networks
Viacom
Columbia Broadcasting System
Television network

A television network is a network to provide television programming to many television stations. It is almost always a large company. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (for example, the BBC, NBC or CBS) began as radio networks. 

A television network may broadcast many television channels. For example, BBC is a television network. It broadcasts its programs on many different channels including BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Parliament and CBBC.  Each channel will often have a group of programs that are similar in some way. For example, CBBC broadcasts children programs. The individual companies that create the content are television studios.  A studio is often an affiliate of a network. For example, WAVY is a station in Hampton Roads, Virginia. It is an affilliate of the  NBC network. WAVY is also the name of the channel that the studio creates and broadcasts locally on channel 10. It is called WAVY10.