cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Thrillville

Thrillville is a PlayStation 2, Xbox and PlayStation Portable video game. It was made by LucasArts and Frontier Developments. Players make their own theme park. They make roller coasters, game stalls, rides, race tracks and food and drink shops.

Story 

Uncle Mortimer, a strange scientist, puts the player in charge of Thrillville. It is a large theme park with roller coasters, games, rides, and racetracks. The player then picks a character. The character can be moved through each theme park. He must try to finish missions in the theme park before he can move on to the next one.

Garrison, another theme park owner, has his own theme park called Globo-joy. Globo-joy competes against Thrillville. The player must do difficult tasks to make Thrillville the best theme park.

Minigames 

Thrillville has many minigames that can be played in the theme park, or with up to four other players.

 Entertainer: Players must hit the right button at the right time to make the cheerleaders dance to the music
 RC wars: Players must drive remote-control cars into each other, to try to make the other car explode.
 Event Horizon: Players can pick between four space ships. Each ship has a different weapon. The goal is to destroy the other ships.
 Robot Invasion, Hauntings, Pirate Raiders, and Wild Frontier: Players move around in a battle arena. They can shoot either the other players or robot enemies.
 Star Sniper, Ghoul Gunner, Blackbeard's Booty, and Prospect Stakeout: Players shoot targets that pop out of certain areas.
 Dune Buggy, Anti-Grav Racer, Go-karts, Monster Truck, and Formula Thrills: Players race to the finish on a race track.
 Trojan Quest: Players can pick between four heroes. Playes must kill skeletons and evil monsters.
 Luftwaffe 109: Players can pick between four airplanes. They must shoot down enemy airplanes.
 Trampolines: Players bounce on a trampoline, doing tricks in the air.
 Saucer Sumo: Players control a flying saucer and try to bump the other players off the edge of the ring.
 Saucer Soccer: Players control a flying car and try to get the soccer ball and shoot it into the goal.
 Minigolf: Players play a game of miniature golf.
 Sparkle Island: Players play as a cat-like hero and shoot blobs.
 Mechanic: Players arrange tubes to fit on a board. They have to connect one part of the board to another.
 Groundskeeper: Players suck up the trash and wash the vomit that has collected in the theme parks.

Thrillville: Off the Rails
Thrillville: Off the Rails was the second game of the series. It came out in 2007 for the PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows. "Off the Rails" allows roller coasters to crash. It also added more minigames, characters with conversation skills amd more options. Off the Rails also added many songs including  "Parklife" by Blur and "Smile (Lily Allen song)" by Lily Allen.

Simulator video games
2006 video games
Video game series
Volvo

Volvo is a Swedish car and truck maker founded in 1927.

Ford bought the Volvo car company in 1999. In 2010 Geely bought the Volvo Car Company.

Today there are two companies. 1: Volvo Cars that produces standard size cars. 2: Volvo Group that produces trucks, boat engines, buses and more.

Volvo is now the leading producer in what most people would call safe family cars.

One of the Volvo's cars, the Volvo S60 is used by police departments in some parts of Europe and the United Kingdom.

In March 2010, Ford signed a deal to sell Volvo to Chinese car maker Geely for $1.8 billion. Volvo cars has is making all of it's cars zero emission by the year 2030.

Models
 Volvo C30
 Volvo S60
 Volvo S80
 Volvo V70
Volvo S60
Volvo S40
Volvo V50
Volvo V40
Volvo FH

References 

Automobile companies of Sweden
Gothenburg
Tempelhof-Schöneberg

Tempelhof-Schöneberg is one of the new borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the old boroughs of Tempelhof and Schöneberg.

Tempelhof-Schöneberg has an area of  and has, as of November 2004, about 335.000 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Ekkehard Band (SPD).

Other websites 

 Official Homepage
Platanaceae

Platanaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has only one genus platanus. This genus has six to ten species of tall trees. The trees grow naturally in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In all species, the flowers grow in dense groups of small flowers. The fruits are small achenes with hairs near the base.

Plant families
Proteales
Microsoft Office Online

Microsoft Office Online is the website of Microsoft Office. It has images, articles, templates, downloads and other attractions.

Trivia 
By November 2004, Microsoft Office Online received over 52 million visitors, with over 746 million page views, ranking it in the top 100 sites worldwide.

Other websites
Official website
Office Live

Microsoft websites
Visual Studio Tools for Office

Visual Studio Tools for Office (Sometime written as VSTO) is an add-on product for Microsoft's Visual Studio product that enables developers to create applications using Microsoft Office.

Other websites 
Visual Studio Tools for Office page

Microsoft Visual Studio
Callirrhoe (moon)

Callirrhoe or , is one of Jupiter's farthest named moons. It was found by Spacewatch on October 6, 1999 and originally designated as an asteroid (). It was found to be in orbit around Jupiter by Tim Spahr on July 18, 2000, and then given the designation .

Callirrhoe is about 8.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,356,000 km in 776.543 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (140° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.264.

It was named in October 2002 after Callirhoe, daughter of the river god Achelous, one of Zeus' (Jupiter's) many conquests.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

As a navigation exercise, the New Horizons spacecraft imaged it on January 10, 2007.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Mneme (moon)

Mneme or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003, and was designated S/2003 J 21.
 
Mneme is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,427,000 km in 640.769 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (148° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2214.

It was named in March 2005 after Mneme, one of the three original Muses. She is sometimes confused with Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses (the three or the nine, depending on the author) by Zeus (Jupiter).

Mneme belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Lift Coefficient

The lift coefficient (CL or CZ) is coefficient without a dimension that relates the lift generated by an airfoil, the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.  It may also be described as the ratio of lift pressure to dynamic pressure.
Lift coefficient may be used to relate the total lift generated by an aircraft to the total area of the wing of the aircraft.  
Lift coefficent may also be used as a characteristic of a particular shape (or cross-section) of an airfoil.  

The lift coefficient is a dimensionless number.

Physics
Karl Dönitz

Karl Dönitz ( ) (16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German naval leader. He commanded the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) during the second half of World War II. Dönitz was also President of Germany for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. For his role in World War II, Dönitz was referred to as "der Löwe" (the Lion).

Dönitz was born in Berlin. He entered the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) in 1911. During World War I, he served on surface ships. Later he was transferred to submarines (U-boats). He remained in the navy after the war and rose through the ranks of the German Navy of the Weimar Republic (Reichsmarine) and the German Navy of the Third Reich (Kriegsmarine). He became a Großadmiral. He served as Commander of Submarines (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote, B.d.U.). Later, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy (Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine). He got this position, even though he never joined the Nazi Party. Under his command, the U-boat fleet fought the Battle of the Atlantic. He also served as Reichspräsident for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. He ended the war as a prisoner-of-war of the British.

After the war Dönitz was charged and convicted of "crimes against peace" and "war crimes" at the Nuremberg Trials. He served ten years in prison. He ordered the unrestricted submarine warfare which was done by Germany in the North Atlantic. With this, he caused Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.
At his trial, evidence was shown that the Allies had acted similarly. For this reason, this breach of international law had no impact on his sentence. After his release from prison, Dönitz moved to Aumühle, a small village near Hamburg. During his later years, he wrote two autobiographies. In them, he covered different periods in his life. He died of a heart attack on Christmas Eve, 1980.

References

1891 births
1980 deaths
Admirals
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German autobiographers
German military personnel of World War I
German military personnel of World War II
German prisoners
German war criminals
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Presidents of Nazi Germany
Helike (moon)

Helike or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation .

Helike is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,540,000 km in 601.402 Earth days, at an inclination of 155° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1375.

It was named in March 2005 after Helike, one of the nymphs that nurtured Zeus (Jupiter) in his infancy on Crete.

Helike belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Turbulence

Turbulence or turbulent flow is violent, unsteady, chaotic movement of fluids like air and water. It is contrasted with laminar flow. Most motion of fluids in real life (outside laboratories) is turbulent.

Fluid mechanics
Praxidike (moon)

Praxidike or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .

Praxidike orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,824,000 km in 613.904 days, at an inclination of 144° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1840.

It was named in August 2003 after Praxidike, the Greek goddess of punishment.

Praxidike belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid. With an estimated diameter of 7 km, Praxidike is the second biggest member of the group after Ananke itself (assumed albedo of 0.04)

The moon appears grey similar to C-type asteroids.

References 

 Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
 Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Great Dark Spot

The Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89) is a dark spot on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. It was discovered in 1989 by NASA's Voyager 2 probe. Although it appears similar to Jupiter's spot, which is an anticyclonic storm (this is like a hurricane), it is believed that the Great Dark Spot is an atmospheric hole similar to the hole in Earth's ozone layer.

However, the insides of Great Dark Spots are mostly cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be much shorter, forming and disappearing once every few years or so. Based on pictures taken by Voyager and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend a little bit more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot.

Characteristics
The dark, elliptically-shaped spot (with initial dimensions of 13,000 × 6,600 km, or 8,100 × 4,100 mi) was about the same size as Earth, and was similar looking to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Around the Great Dark Spot, winds were measured blowing up to 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) an hour, the fastest in the Solar System. The Great Dark Spot is thought to be a hole in the methane cloud deck of Neptune. The spot was seen at different times with different sizes and shapes. 

The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the tropopause layer similar to high-altitude cirrus clouds found on Earth. Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are made of mostly crystals of ice, Neptune's clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane. And while Neptune's clouds usually form and then disappear within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

Neptune's dark spots are thought to happen in the troposphere at lower heights (or altitudes) than the brighter upper cloud deck features. As they are stable features that can last for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures.

Disappearance
When pictures were going to be taken of the Great Dark Spot again in November 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope, it had gone away completely, leaving astronomers to believe that it had either been covered up or that it had just disappeared. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer able to be seen as a dark feature. Dark spots may disappear when they move too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown way.

However, a new spot that looked very much like the old spot appeared in Neptune's northern hemisphere. This new spot, called the Northern Great Dark Spot (NGDS), has remained able to be seen for several years.

Related pages
 Small Dark Spot

References

Other websites
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/neptune.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/neptune/atmosphere/N_clouds_GDS.html 
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960508.html
http://intranet.dalton.org/departments/science/Astro/planets/Neptune/the%20dark%20spot.htm 
http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/neptune_006.htm 
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000hst..prop.5096S

Neptune
Supersonic

The term supersonic is used to describe a speed that is over the speed of sound (Mach 1).  At a normal temperature like 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21.1 °C), the speed needed for something to be traveling at a faster than sound speed is about 344 m/s, 1,129 ft/s, 770 mph or 1,238 km/h. Speeds faster than 5 times the speed of sound are sometimes called hypersonic. Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (like the propeller) reach supersonic speeds are called transonic (normally somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).

Whips have operated supersonically for many centuries. Artillery became supersonic in the 19th century.

It can be very hard to reach supersonic speeds, because drag increases a lot near these speeds. This slows a plane, and for years made control difficult. These problems were called the "sound barrier". Jet engines and other developments solved the problems in the middle 20th century.

Aviation
Sound
Small Dark Spot

The Small Dark Spot, sometimes also called Dark Spot 2 or The Wizard's Eye, was a southern cyclonic storm on the planet Neptune. It was the second strongest storm on the planet in 1989, when Voyager 2 flew by the planet. When first discovered, it was  a dark cyclonic storm.  As Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core of cloud activity developed. It disappeared in 1994.

References

Astronomical phenomena
Weather
Neptune
Aitne (moon)

Aitne or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2001, and given the designation .

Aitne is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,285,000 km in 679.641 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.393.

It was named in August 2003 after Aitna or Aitne, the divine personification of Mount Etna, whose sons by Zeus (Jupiter) are the Palici, the twin sicilian gods of geysers (other authors have them descend from Thalia and/or Hephaistos).

Aitne belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
William Lassell

William Lassell (June 18, 1799 – October 5, 1880) was a British astronomer, born in Bolton, Lancashire, England. He died in Maidenhead in 1880. He is well known as discoverer of Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, and for his improvements to the reflecting telescope. 

Lassell, William
1799 births
1880 deaths
Roche limit

The Roche limit (), sometimes referred to as the Roche radius, is the distance within which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction. Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material will tend to disperse and form planetary rings, while outside the limit, material will tend to coalesce. The term is named after Édouard Roche, the French astronomer who first calculated this theoretical limit in 1848.

References

Sources 
 Édouard Roche: La figure d'une masse fluide soumise à l'attraction d'un point éloigné, Acad. des sciences de Montpellier, Vol. 1 (1847–50) p. 243

Other websites 
 Detailed derivation of formulae for calculating the Roche limit
 Discussion of the Roche Limit 

Astrophysics
Synchronous orbit

A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which an orbiting body (usually a satellite) has a period equal to the average rotational period of the body being orbited (usually a planet). Or in smaller words, the orbit above and the spinning planet below, go around once in the same amount of time. It orbits in the same direction of rotation as that body. So if you were on the orbiting body, you would always see the same side of the body being orbited. Or if you were on the body being orbited, the orbiting body would stay in the same part of the sky. Geostationary orbit is the most common kind.

Orbits
François Arago

François Jean Dominique Arago (Catalan: Francesc Joan Dominic Aragó; February 26, 1786 – October 2, 1853) was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.

1786 births
1853 deaths
French astronomers
S/2003 J 2

is an unnamed non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt and was announced on March 4, 2003  As of 2006, it is Jupiter's farthest known moon.

 is about two kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 29,540,000 km in 980 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (152° to Jupiter's equator) and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2255.

It seems to belong to a group all of its own, with a distant and retrograde orbit.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Santiago Rodríguez Province

Santiago Rodríguez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is San Ignacio de Sabaneta.

The province was created in 1948.

Name
Santiago Rodríguez was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. He is one of the founder of the city of Sabaneta. He was an important military leader during the initial stages of the Restoration War (1863-1865).

History
The town of San Ignacio de Sabaneta was founded in 1844 and it was made a municipality of the Santiago province in 1854 and then of the Monte Cristi Province province in 1879. In 1948, it became a province.

Monción was a municipality of Montecristi since 1907. In 1996, Villa Los Almácigos became a municipality.

Location
Santiago Rodríguez is in the region known as Línea Noroeste ("Northwestern Line"). The province has the Monte Cristi and Valverde provinces to the north, the Santiago province to the east, the San Juan and Elías Piña provinces to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Santiago Rodríguez province, and 27,559 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 30th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 1,015,397 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San Ignacio de Sabaneta, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 15,648 inhabitants.

Geography
The Santiago province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 22nd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

The altitude of the provincial capital, San Ignacio de Sabaneta, is  above sea level.

The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is in the southern part of the province, and the Sierra Samba (or Sierra Zamba), a chain of low hills, runs across the northern half.

The main rivers are Guayubín and Mao, both tributaries of the Yaque del Norte river.

Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler in the mountains.

Municipalities
There are 3 municipalities and none municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

Economy
The only economic activity of importance is farming.

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1948 establishments in North America
1940s establishments in the Dominican Republic
S/2003 J 5

is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,974,000 km in 758.341 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (167° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.307.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Magnolia (tree)

Magnolia is a genus of 210 species. The Angiosperm taxonomical names Magnoliophyta (division) and Magnoliopsida (class) come from this genus. Charles Plumier gave a flowering tree from the island of Martinique the genus name Magnolia, after French botanist Pier Magnol.
Many magnolias that have pretty flowers are used as street trees.

References 

Magnoliaceae
Trees
S/2003 J 4

is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 2 km in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,571,000 km in 739.294 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3003.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19

The MiG-19 Farmer was a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan. It first flew in 1953 and was introduced in 1955. It was meant to replace the older MiG-17 Fresco. During the Vietnam War, it was used a little by the North Vietnamese but not as much as the MiG-17 or MiG 21 Fishbed.

It had 3 30mm cannon, and could carry 4 bombsor rockets. It weighed 11,397 pounds (5,170 kilograms) empty and could weigh up to 19,621 pounds (8,900 kilograms) at the heaviest. It was powered by 2 Tumansky RD-9 jet engines, each had 7,165 pounds (3250 kilograms) of thrust with afterburner. It was 12 feet (3.6576 meters) high, had a wingspan of 29.5 feet (9 meters), and was 42 feet 11 in (13.1 meters) long. It could go 903 miles per hour (1,450 kilometers per hour), and was the first supersonic Soviet fighter.

Eventually, it was replaced by the newer MiG-21.

Related pages
 MiG-17 Fresco
 MiG-21 Fishbed
 F-8 Crusader
 F-4 Phantom II

References 

Soviet military aircraft
Polish military aircraft
Vietnamese military aircraft
Cold War
Vietnam War aircraft
Camille Flammarion

Nicolas Camille Flammarion (February 26, 1842 – June 3, 1925) was a French astronomer and writer.  He was usually credited as Camille Flammarion.

1842 births
1925 deaths
French astronomers
French writers
Herse (moon)

Herse is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003  and called  until 2009. 

Herse is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,134,000 km in 672.752 days, at an inclination of 162° to the ecliptic (161° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2379.

It is the closest member of the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Johann Gottfried Galle

Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 in Radis, Saxony-Anhalt–10 July 1910 in Potsdam, Brandenburg) was a German astronomer at the Berlin Observatory who, with the help of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune, and know what he was looking at. He used the calculations of Urbain Le Verrier to know where to look.

1812 births
1910 deaths
German astronomers
People from Saxony-Anhalt
Voyager program

The Voyager program is a space exploration program of the United States' NASA agency. It consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s. Although they were officially used to study just Jupiter and Saturn, the two probes were able to continue their mission into the outer solar system. They have since continued out and exited the solar system. These probes were built at JPL and were funded by NASA.

Both missions have gathered large amounts of data about the gas giants of the solar system, of which little was known before. In addition, the spacecraft paths have been used to place limits on the existence of Planet X, a planet believed by some people to be farther from the Sun than Pluto.

In 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had  left the solar system (Heliosphere) on 25 August 2012. It is the first man-made object to enter interstellar space. In 2018, NASA announced that Voyager 2 had reached the heliopause on 5 November of that year.  Both of them are now in travelling in the interstellar space.

References

Other websites
 NASA Voyager website - Main source of information.
 Voyager Spacecraft Lifetime
 Space Exploration - Robotic Missions
 NASA Facts - Voyager Mission to the Outer Planets (PDF format)
 Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System  - current positions and diagrams
 Voyager 1 and 2 atlas of six Saturnian satellites (PDF format) 1984
 Mission state
Neptune Trojan

A Neptune Trojan is an asteroid which is in the same orbit as the planet Neptune. 

Their name comes from the Trojan asteroids which have the same orbital period as a planet. As of March 2007, there are six known Neptune Trojans. They lie in the elongated, curved region around the L4 Lagrangian point 60° ahead of Neptune. The six Neptune Trojans are , 385571 Otrera, , 385695 Clete,  and .

The discovery of  in a high inclination (>25°) orbit is significant because it suggests a ‘thick’ cloud of Trojans. It is believed that large (radius ≈ 100 km) Neptune Trojans could greatly outnumber the Jupiter Trojans. 

The New Horizons spacecraft passed through the L5 Neptune region in 2014. It was preparing to observe Pluto and did not observe any asteroids there.

References

Trojan asteroids
Neptune
Edward Guinan

Edward Guinan  is currently a professor in Villanova University's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He and two colleagues discovered  Neptune's ring system.

References

American astronomers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Occultation

An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer.  A planet, for example, can pass in front of a star.  Some occultations are eclipses. The word is often used in astronomy. It can also be used in a non-astronomical sense to describe when an object in the foreground occults (covers up) objects in the background.

Astronomical phenomena
Flattening

The flattening, ellipticity, or oblateness of an oblate spheroid is the "squashing" of the spheroid's pole, down towards its equator.

Physics
Adaptive optics

Adaptive optics is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion (or deformation). It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, or astronomical seeing.  

Adaptive optical works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the technique was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical. 

Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip-tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equal to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes. 

A significant fraction of the aberration introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the aberration introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality over what would be possible according to the atmospheric seeing. 

Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors having only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently.

Other websites 
 Description of Active & Adaptive Optics E.S.O.
 Adaptive Optics Tutorial at CTIO  A. Tokovinin
 Research groups and companies with interests in Adaptive Optics
 NSF Center for Adaptive Optics at UC Santa Cruz
 Center for Astronomical Adaptive Optics at The University of Arizona 
 Using Adaptive Optics to image photoreceptors 
 Gemini's Laser Vision Reveals Striking New Details in Orion Nebula
 Adaptive optics pinpoints on black holes 
 Uranus in 2004  (with and without AO)

Telescopes

sv:Teleskop#Adaptiv optik
Optical depth

Optical depth is a measure of transparency. It is defined as the fraction of radiation (or light) that is scattered or absorbed on a path. One way of visualizing optical depth is to think of a fog. The fog between a person and an object that is immediately in front of them has an optical depth of zero. As the object moves away, the optical depth increases until it reaches a large value and the object is no longer visible.

Other websites
 optical depth equations

Light
English free settlers

English free settlers were people that chose to go to New Holland (now Australia). They were not forced to go there, as the convicts were. The English free settlers went to Australia between the late 18th century and the early 19th century. When the English free settlers got to Australia, they landed in the southern part of the continent. That was the only colony created by the free settlers. 

The English free settlers went to Australia to be free. They wanted to make money as well. They also wanted to explore Australian families who wanted a better life with their children. Some people called the English Free settlers "pilgrims".
In the early years of the colony, very few settlers came to Australia. Free settlers had to fund their own transport and were usually quite wealthy. The few who made the journey to Australia did so mostly to make their fortune. They were often given large land grants and convicts to work for them.

References

18th century in Australia
19th century in Australia
Meter (poetry)

In poetry, meter (British English spelling: metre) means the rhythmic patterns in a verse.

Fundamentals

The units of poetic meter, like rhyme, vary from language to language and between poetic traditions. They can involve arrangements of syllables into repeated patterns called feet within a line. English meter is founded on the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. In Latin and Greek verse, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, not syllable stresses but syllable lengths are the component parts of meter.

Poetry
Verse

In poetry a verse is technically a single line in a poem. A poem is a "metrical composition".

However, in common use, a verse is a group of lines in a poem which make up a paragraph. It consists of several lines, either in print for reading, or in a song. In the poems and theatre of Ancient Greece these units were called strophes.

Related pages 
Poetry
Blank verse
Free verse
Verse-chorus form
Ballad
Rhyme
Stanza
Ode

Poetry forms
S/2003 J 9

is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,858,000 km in 752.839 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.276.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Dynamic pressure

In fluid dynamics dynamic pressure depends on density and velocity of the fluid. 

It is defined by the following equation (with q standing for dynamic pressure or "velocity pressure"):

where (using SI units):

 = dynamic pressure in pascals
 = fluid density in kg/m3 (such as the density of air)
 = fluid velocity in m/s

Physical meaning 

Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.

Related pages
 Pressure

Other websites 
 Definition of dynamic pressure on Eric Weisstein's World of Science

Fluid mechanics
Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1751, – September 14, 1836) was an American politician, Revolutionary War hero and the third vice president of the United States (1801 – 1805). He was born in Newark, province of New Jersey.
Burr fought in the American Revolutionary War, reaching the rank of Colonel.
After the war, Burr was a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and served in the New York State Assembly, as New York State Attorney General, and as a United States Senator before serving as Vice President.

Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804, when Burr was still Vice President.

Burr conspired to form a new country in Mexico. He wanted to be present if and when Spain and Mexico went to war. Some people, including President Thomas Jefferson, who had picked a different vice president for his second term, saw Burr's actions as treason. However, in 1807 Burr was found innocent of the charges. He was often thought of by his enemies as unreliable. Burr died in 1836.

1756 births
1836 deaths
Vice Presidents of the United States
American revolutionaries
Politicians from New York
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Bilten

Bilten was a municipality in the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the municipalities of Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden joined together to become the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Official website of Bilten 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Braunwald

Braunwald is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official website of Braunwald 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Elm, Switzerland

Elm is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

It is the municipality farthest south in the valley of the Sernf.

History 
Russian General Alexander Suvarov and his troops stayed the night in Elm before crossing Panix Pass to Pigniu on their retreat into Austria.

On September 11, 1881, an avalanche caused by too much mining of slate killed 114 people and buried 83 structures in the municipality.

Other websites

Website of the touristic region of Elm 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Engi

Engi is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites 

 Official website of Engi 
 The History of the Citizen Families of Engi (GL) and their Development 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Ennenda

Ennenda is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality Glarus 
 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Filzbach

Filzbach is a former municipality in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Website of Filzbach 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Glarus (city)

Glarus (German: ) is the capital of the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Glarus lies on the Linth River at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills.

History 
The first mention of the town is from 1178.

It became the capital of the Linth valley in 1419. In the 1700s and 1800s, the valley began to be industrialized.

In 1864, the first European labor law to protect workers was introduced in Glarus, prohibiting requiring workers to work more than 12 hours a day.

Since 1 January 2011, the municipality Glarus incorporates the former municipalities of Ennenda, Netstal and Riedern.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Official Web site 

Municipalities of Glarus
Capital cities in Switzerland
Haslen

Haslen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On July 1, 2006, Haslen merged with the municipalities of Leuggelbach and Nidfurn. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Haslen, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Switzerland, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Linthal

Linthal is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Linthal, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

 Official website of Linthal 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Luchsingen

Luchsingen is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Hätzingen and Diesbach were merged into the municipality of Luchsingen.

Oberblegisee is in the municipality.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Matt, Switzerland

Matt is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Agno

Agno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

It is known for being the municipality where Lugano Airport is situated.

It is not far from the city of Lugano

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Airolo

Airolo is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30 kilometres of ski slopes.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Alto Malcantone

Alto Malcantone is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was formed on 13 March 2005 from the earlier municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Alto Malcantone 

Municipalities of Ticino
2005 establishments in Switzerland
Balerna

Balerna is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Castel San Pietro

Castel San Pietro is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Chiasso

Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sport 
 Football: FC Chiasso
 Ice hockey: HC Chiasso
 Road bicycle racing: GP Chiasso (UCI Europe Tour)

References

Other websites 
  Official municipality website

Municipalities of Ticino
Morbio Inferiore

Morbio Inferiore is a municipality of the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is in the hills above Chiasso. It is in the district of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Caneggio

Caneggio is a former municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cabbio

Cabbio was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Vacallo

Vacallo is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The current population is almost 3,000 people. The coat of arms of Vacallo is a V with three bunches of grapes.  Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the municipality.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the municipality of Vacallo
 Page with some pictures 
 Primary school
 SAV Basket team 

Municipalities of Ticino
Sagno

Sagno is a former municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Aarwangen (district)

Aarwangen is a district in the northeast corner of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The district includes the following 25 municipalities and has an area of 154 km²:

 CH-4912 Aarwangen
 CH-4944 Auswil
 CH-4913 Bannwil
 CH-3368 Bleienbach
 CH-4917 Busswil bei Melchnau
 CH-4955 Gondiswil
 CH-4932 Gutenburg
 CH-4936 Kleindietwil
 CH-4900 Langenthal
 CH-4935 Leimiswil
 CH-4932 Lotzwil
 CH-4934 Madiswil
 CH-4917 Melchnau
 CH-4924 Obersteckholz
 CH-4943 Oeschenbach
 CH-4919 Reisiswil
 CH-4914 Roggwil
 CH-4938 Rohrbach
 CH-4938 Rohrbachgraben
 CH-4933 Rütschelen
 CH-4911 Schwarzhäusern 
 CH-4922 Thunstetten
 CH-4916 Untersteckholz
 CH-4937 Ursenbach
 CH-4923 Wynau

Former districts of Bern
Aarau (district)

The district of Aarau in the Swiss Canton of Aargau has the following municipalities: 

Districts of Aargau
Baden (district)

Baden is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital city is the town of Baden. The largest municipality is Wettingen. The district has 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07 km², and a population of 121,071.

Municipalities 

 

Districts of Aargau
Bremgarten (district)

Bremgarten is a Swiss district in the Canton of Aargau.

It has a total of 25 municipalities, listed below:

Districts of Aargau
Brugg (district)

Brugg is a district in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, it is south of the Aare and the Aargauer Jura covers the district. The capital of the district is Brugg. 

It contains the following municipalities:

Localities of 

 Altenburg bei Brugg
 Lauffohr

Districts of Aargau
Kulm (district)

Kulm is an administrative district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is west of Lake Hallwil and covers parts of the Wyna and Suhre valleys. The principal town is Unterkulm; the largest municipality is Reinach. The district contains 17 municipalities, is 101.35 km² in area and has a total population of 36,700 people (2005).

Municipalities 

 

Districts of Aargau
Laufenburg (district)

Laufenburg is a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Laufenburg.

It contains the following municipalities:

Districts of Aargau
Chuck Norris

Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist and actor. He served in the United States Air Force. He became famous as a martial artist and started his own school, Chun Kuk Do. Norris was cast in a number of action movies, such as Way of the Dragon. He was The Cannon Group's star in the 1980s. He played Cordell Walker in the action television series Walker, Texas Ranger from 1993 to 2001.

Norris is a politically conservative. He has written books on Christianity and supports Republican candidates and causes. In 2007 and 2008, he campaigned for former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, who was running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008. In the 2012 election he endorsed former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and he supported Donald Trump in 2016. Norris also writes a column for the conservative website WorldNetDaily.

Film

Television

References

Related pages

 Chuck Norris facts

Other websites 
 Official web site
 
 Official Chuck Kwon Do Website
 Chuck Norris at WorldNetDaily 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from Oklahoma
American conservatives
American Evangelicals
American martial artists
American military people
American movie actors
American political activists
American screenwriters
American television actors
Christian writers
Creationists
Republicans (United States)
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Writers from Oklahoma
George Clinton (vice president)

George Clinton (July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and politician. He was the first (and longest-serving) governor of New York.  He then was Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1805–1812).

Clinton was born in the state of New York. Clinton fought with the British in the French and Indian War.

Clinton was a member of the Continental Congress and voted for the Declaration of Independence. He was a friend of George Washington and served with and supplied the Continental Army.

Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. Clinton was vice president under two different presidents. He is one out of two vice presidents who did this; John C. Calhoun served under two presidents as well. Clinton was also a candidate for president in the 1808 election and did receive six electoral votes.

DeWitt Clinton, his nephew, also became governor of New York. George Clinton is a known relation of the 42nd president, Bill Clinton, who took his stepfather's surname as a child. 

1739 births
1812 deaths
Governors of New York
Vice Presidents of the United States
Founding Fathers of the United States
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians