cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Meristem

A meristem is a tissue in plants made of dividing cells. They are in parts of the plant where growth can take place.

Plant cells which are differentiated generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is necessary to get new cells. This allows for the growth of tissues and new organs needed by the plant.

Meristematic cells have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals. They are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cell division.

The cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small.  The cytoplasm does not contain plastids (such as chloroplasts, but they are there in rudimentary form ('proplastids'). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.

Apical meristem 

The apical meristem, or growing tip, is found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants.

It begins growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots (forming buds, among other things). Specifically, an active apical meristem lays down a growing root or shoot behind itself, pushing itself forward. Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems.

Primary meristems
Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem:
 Protoderm – around the outside of the stem and develops into the epidermis.
 Procambium – just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem. It also produces the vascular cambium, a secondary meristem.
 Ground meristem develops into the pith. It produces the cork cambium, another secondary meristem.

These meristems are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height.

Secondary meristems 
These meristems cause secondary growth, or an increase in width. There are two types of secondary meristems:
 Vascular cambium – produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, which may continue through the life of the plant. It is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called arborescent. It does not occur in plants which do not go through secondary growth, that is, herbaceous plants.
 Cork cambium – gives rise to the bark of a tree.

Related pages 
 Cork cambium
 Vascular cambium

References 

 Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece Biology, 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings.
 Schoof et al. The stem cell population of Arabidopsis shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between CLAVATA and WUSCHEL genes. Cell 100: 635-644.

Other websites 
 Research on meristems: meristemania.org  

Plant anatomy
Plant tissues
Vascular cambium

The vascular cambium is a  meristem.

It is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and  is between these tissues in the stem and root. Only a few leaves even have a vascular cambium.

Vascular cambium is a type of meristem - a tissue consisting of embryonic (not specialized) cells which can produce other (and more differentiated) plant tissues originate. Primary meristems are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips. Another lateral meristem is the cork cambium, which produces cork, part of the bark.

Synonyms 
 wood cambium
 main cambium
 bifacial cambium

Related pages 
Meristem
Cork cambium

References

Other websites  
 Pictures of  Vascular cambium
 Detailed description - James D. Mauseth

Vascular tissue
Cork cambium

Cork cambium is a tissue in many vascular plants as part of the bark (periderm). 

The cork cambium is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems. It is found in woody and many herbaceous dicots, gymnosperms and some monocots, which usually have no secondary growth.

Cork cambium is one of the plant's meristems - the tissues that consist of embryonic (not specialized) cells from which the plant grows. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem. The function of cork cambium is to produce the cork, a tough protective material.
  
Synonyms for cork cambium are bark cambium, pericambium or phellogen.

Economic importance
 Commercial cork comes from the bark of the cork oak (Quercus suber). Cork has many uses including wine bottle stoppers, bulletin boards, coasters, hot pads to protect tables from hot pans, insulation, sealing for lids, flooring, gaskets for engines, handles for tennis rackets, etc. 
 Many types of bark are used as mulch.

Related pages
Meristem
Cork (material)

References
Junikka, L. (1994) Macroscopic bark terminology. IAWA Journal 15(1): 3-45
Trockenbrodt, M. (1990) Survey and discussion of the terminology used in bark anatomy. IAWA Bulletin, New Series 11: 141-166.

Plant anatomy
Cork (material)

Cork is a material that is harvested for commercial use primarily from the bark of the Cork Oak tree. As the cork is harvested.
Portugal produces 50% of cork worldwide. Cork is made up of suberin, a hydrophobic substance.

In general, cork is made up of suberin (average of about 40%), lignin (22%), polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) (18%), extractables (15%) and others.

Properties and uses
Cork's elasticity together with its near-impermeability makes it suitable as a material for bottle stoppers, especially for wine bottles. Cork stoppers represent about 60% of all cork based production. Cork's low density makes it a suitable material for fishing floats and buoys, as well as handles for fishing rods (as an alternative to neoprene). Cork is also used in the manufacture of musical instruments, particularly woodwind instruments, where it is used to fasten together different segments of the instrument and make the seams airtight.  

Since cork has suberin in its cell walls, this makes the cells consist of sealed elements. And having sealed elements make it greater for acoustic insulation and even thermal insulation. Sealed elements are capable of trapping and absorbing sound. In short, suberin is mostly responsible for noise reduction! Also, lignin is another constituent of cork. It makes up about 22% of cork. One study says that it’s also associated with soundproofing and thermal insulation! 

The cork industry is generally regarded as environmentally friendly. The sustainability of its production and the easy recycling of cork products and by-products are two of its most distinctive aspects. 

Cork demand has increased due to a larger proportion of wine being sealed with cork rather than being sold in bulk. Top quality corks are quite expensive, so many cheaper brands have switched to lower quality cork, synthetic plastic stoppers, screwcaps, or other closures.

Related pages
 Cork cambium

References

Other websites 
 Cork Board Sheets Information 
 Cork Information
 Cork production
 Cork Supply USA 
 Instituto de Promoción del Corcho, Extremadura (Spain) 

Wood
Acorn

The acorn is the fruit of the oak tree. It is a nut, and has a single seed (rarely two seeds), enclosed in a tough, leathery shell. Acorns vary from 1 – 6 cm long and 0.8 – 4 cm broad. Acorns take between about 6 or 24 months (depending on the species) to mature.

Acorns are one of the most important wildlife foods in areas where oaks grow. Creatures that make acorns an important part of their diet include birds, such as jays, pigeons, some ducks and several species of woodpeckers. Small mammals that feed on acorns include mice, squirrels and several other rodents. Such large mammals as pigs, bears, and deer also eat large amounts of acorns: they may constitute up to 25% of the diet of deer in the autumn. In some of the large oak forests in southwest Europe, traditionally called "dehesas", pigs are still turned loose in oak groves in the autumn, to fill and fatten themselves on acorns. 

Acorns contain tannins, which are toxic to some animals such as horses. The tannins can be soaked out, using water.

References

Other websites 
 Nutrition Facts for Acorn Flour
 Nupa Acorn Soup (Miwokan recipe)
 Cooking With Acorns: A Major North American Indian Food
 How to whistle an acorn

Nuts
President of Belarus

The president of the Republic of Belarus (, ) is the head of state of Belarus. The office was created in 1994. A president is chosen by other Belarusians every five years in a national vote. Alexander Lukashenko is the only person who has been president.

List of presidents of Belarus (1994–present)

References

Politics of Belarus
Presidents of Belarus
Jay

The jays are several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy birds in the crow family Corvidae.

Jays in culture

Slang
 The word "jay" has an archaic meaning in American slang meaning a stupid or dull person, from which is derived the term jaywalking

Organizational symbols
 The Toronto Blue Jays, a Major League Baseball team based in Toronto, Ontario.

Related pages
General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

References

 Ericson, Per G. P.; Jansén, Anna-Lee; Johansson, Ulf S. & Ekman, Jan (2005): Inter-generic relationships of the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvidae) based on nucleotide sequence data. Journal of Avian Biology 36: 222-234. PDF fulltext

Other websites
Jay videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Corvids
Clubmoss

Clubmosses are a group of plants in the Lycopodiophyta, which are the most ancient group of land plants. The clubmosses are an order Lycopodiales, (or a subclass Lycopodiopsida).

Clubmosses are thought to be structurally similar to the earliest vascular plants, with small, scale-like leaves, homosporous spores borne in sporangia at the bases of the leaves, branching stems (usually dichotomous), and generally simple form.

A powder known simply as lycopodium, consisting of dried spores of the common clubmoss, was used in Victorian theater to produce flame-effects. A blown cloud of spores burned rapidly and brightly, but with little heat. It was considered safe by the standards of the time.

Taxonomy 
The group is now split into two families:
Lycopodiaceae: the typical clubmosses. Their spores are on a club-like structure. Their typical chromosome count is n=34.
Huperziaceae: the firmosses. Their spore-bearing structures are in the axils of unmodified leaves. The family has a basal chromosome count of n=67.

Vascular plants
Plant taxonomy
Horsetail

The horsetails are a class in the Pteridophyta (ferns). They were one of the most important plant groups in the Palaeozoic era.  For over 100 million years they were diverse, and dominated the understorey of late Paleozoic forests.  They are seen in the coal measures of the Carboniferous period, and some were trees reaching up 30 metres. The group is now almost extinct, but one genus survives. They are vascular plants that reproduce by spores and not by seeds. The name horsetail arose because the branched species somewhat resemble a horse's tail.

Equisetum 

Equisetum is the only living genus of horsetails. The name Equisetum comes from the Latin (equus = horse; and seta = bristle). The genus includes 15 species.
Horsetails are native on all continents except Australasia and Antarctica. They are perennial plants, either herbaceous, they die back in winter (most temperate species) or they are evergreen (some tropical species, and the temperate species Equisetum hyemale, E. scirpoides, E. variegatum and E. ramosissimum). They mostly grow 0.2-1.5 m tall, though E. telmateia can exceptionally reach 2.5 m, and the tropical American species E. giganteum 5 m, and E. myriochaetum 8 m.

In these plants the leaves are very small, in whorls joined together to make sheaths around the stem. The stems are green and photosynthetic, also distinctive in being hollow, jointed and ridged, usually with 6-40 ridges. There may or may not be whorls of branches at the nodes; when present, these branches are identical to the main stem except smaller.

A superficially similar flowering plant (Hippuris, "mare's tail", in the family Plantaginaceae), unrelated to the genus Equisetum, is occasionally misidentified as a horsetail.

References

Other websites 
 UK National Collection - includes a taxonomic list of all known species and hybrids
 The Wonderful World of Equisetum 
 Giant horsetails
 HDRA organic weed management: field horsetail - includes occurrence, biology, persistence and spread, management and discussion

Pteridophyta
Vascular plants

frr:Equisetales
Green algae

Green algae are microscopic protists. One can find them in all sorts of natural water: salt water, freshwater and brackish water. The group is less used in classification today. Although most are descended from a common ancestor, some are not. Some of their descendants, the land plants are not included in the group, so the group is not monophyletic.

The green algae are the large group of algae from which the higher plants developed.

The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. In the Charales, the closest relatives of higher plants, full differentiation of tissues occurs. There are about 6000 species of green algae. Many species live most of their lives as single-cells, other species form colonies or long filaments.

Related pages 
Algae
Brown algae
Euglena, a protist that includes a green alga within its cells
Seaweed

References

More reading

Other websites 
Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens 
Green algae (UC Berkeley)
Monterey Bay green algae 

Algae
Brackish water

Brackish water (less commonly brack water) is salt water and fresh water mixed together. It is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. 

Some human activities can produce brackish water, mostly certain civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish pools for freshwater prawns. 

Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (ppt or ‰). Thus, brackish covers a range of salinity regimes and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space and/or time.

Etymology 
The term brackish water comes from the Low German word Brack, which is a small lake made when a storm tide breaks a dike and floods land behind the dike.

Brackish water habitats

Estuaries 

The most important brackish water habitats are estuaries, where a river meets the sea, mixing salt and fresh water.  The River Thames flowing through London is one of the most familiar of river estuaries.

Mangroves 
Another important brackish water habitat is the mangrove swamp or mangal.

Brackish seas and lakes 
Some seas and lakes are brackish. The Baltic Sea is a brackish sea adjoining the North Sea.

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake and contains brackish water with a salinity about one-third that of normal seawater. The Caspian is famous for its peculiar animal fauna, including one of the few non-marine seals (the Caspian seal) and the great sturgeons, the source of caviar.

Important brackish bodies of water 
Brackish seas
 Baltic Sea (the world’s largest pool of brackish water)
 Black Sea
 Caspian Sea (world’s largest lake)

Brackish water lakes
 Lake Charles in Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA
 Chilika Lake, Odisha, India
 Pangong Tso (Lake) in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India 
 Lake Van, Turkey

Coastal lagoons, marshes, and deltas
 The Burgas Lakes near the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
 Kaliveli Lake, near Pondichery, India
 Kerala Backwaters, Series of lagoons and lakes in Kerala
 Lagos Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria
 Lake Pontchartrain, north of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
 Pulicat Lake, north of Chennai, India
 The Rann of Kutch, on the border of India and Pakistan
 Parts of the Rhône Delta, France: An area known as the Camargue

Estuaries
 Amazon River, empties so much freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean that it reduces the salinity of the sea for hundreds of miles
 Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland, USA
 The Fleet lagoon, Dorset, England
 Hampton Roads, Virginia, USA
 Lower Hudson River, in New York and New Jersey, USA
 Lingding Yang, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China
 Port Royal Sound part of Beaufort County, South Carolina, USA 
 Saint Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, the part downstream from Québec and Saguenay respectively
 The Thames Estuary in South East England

Related pages
 Salinity
 Desalination

Water
Ecology
Flagellate

Flagellates are cells with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella.  Some cells in animals may be flagellate, for instance the spermatozoa of most phyla. Flowering plants and fungi do not produce flagellate cells, but the closely related green algae and chytrids do.  Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. They are found in most lines of eukaryotes, and it is likely that all surviving eukaryotes developed from them.

Related pages
 Ciliate cells have many cilia, which have the same structure as flagella, but are smaller

Protista
Sustainable energy

Sustainable energy is energy that is created in an environmentally friendly way.

It involves both energy efficiency and renewable energy. Both resources help to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. 

Efficient energy use allows energy demand to slow so that rising clean energy supplies can make big cuts in fossil fuel burning.  If energy use grows too fast, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total emissions; reducing the carbon content of energy sources is also needed.
 
Any serious vision of a sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewables.

References

Energy
Sustainable development
Neoprene

Neoprene is the DuPont Performance Elastomers trade name for a family of synthetic rubbers based on polychloroprene (polymer form of Chloroprene).  Neoprene was invented by DuPont scientists after Dr. Elmer K. Bolton of DuPont attended a lecture by Fr Julius Arthur Nieuwland, a professor of chemistry at the University of Notre Dame.

Applications
It is used in a wide variety of environments, such as in wetsuits, laptop sleeves, cars, bombs, electrical insulation, and car fan belts.  Its chemical inertness makes it well suited for industrial applications such as gaskets, hoses, and corrosion-resistant coatings. It can also be used as a base for adhesives.

Uses
balls; diaphragms as in diaphragm valve
sheet: glove
foam: wetsuit; glove
adhesive: adhesive tape; liquid adhesive

Other websites
Information about Neoprene at DuPont Performance Elastomers 

Polymers
Pioneer 11

Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) was a NASA space probe the second mission to visit Jupiter and the first mission to visit Saturn. The space probe was launched on April 6, 1973 and flew by Jupiter on December 4, 1974 and Saturn on September 1, 1979. The probe was last heard from November 1995 when the last communication between Earth and the probe ended due to power limitation and vast diatance.

Both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 had plaques etched in gold.  The plaques were designed by a team lead by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life should the spacecraft come into contact with it.

Related pages
 NASA
 Voyager 1
 Cassini-Huygens

References

Other websites
Pioneer Project Home Page
Pioneer 11 Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Ted Stryk's Pioneer 11 at Saturn page 
NSSDC Pioneer 11 page 
Pioneer Odyssey, NASA SP-396, 1977 - This is an entire book about the Pioneer 10 and 11 project, with all pictures and diagrams, on-line!  Scroll down to click on the "Table of Contents" link.

Pioneer program
Medical tourism

Medical Tourism is when patients visit other countries for medical care. The patients usually come from developed countries to find treatment at lower prices. Over 50 countries have identified medical tourism as a national industry.

Examples of common medical procedures done for medical tourists are surgeries like joint replacement, heart surgery, cosmetic surgery, dental treatment, and addictions rehabilitation (or recovery from addiction).

Etymology 
The term medical tourism can also be called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare. it was initially developed by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of travelling across international borders to obtain health care.mainly it is for curing people and a lot of countries believe on this.

Countries 
Countries that are popular for Medical Tourism are:
 Canada
 Cuba
 Thailand
 India
 Singapore
 Brazil
 Mexico
 Taiwan
turkey
somalia
Costa Rica

Cost savings 
To get an idea of the potential cost savings from medical tourism, in Denver, Colorado, USA, a person without health insurance who needs a hip replacement will pay about US $60,000 (EUR 44751). In comparison, in Cuba, going through medical tourism firm Choice Medical Services, the same procedure costs about US $8000 (EUR 5967) or about an 80 percent savings.

References

Other websites 
"Canadian Firms Offer Cuban Healthcare to US, Canadian Patients", Miami Herald, Oct. 7, 2007

Tourism
Medicine
Burrowing parakeet

The burrowing parakeet (Cyanoliseus patagonus), also known as the burrowing parakeet or Patagonian conure, is a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. It is found in Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Uruguay. It lives in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and pastureland. It is also known as the burrowing parrot.

Other websites 

Birds of Chile postage stamps

Parakeets
Aquifer

An aquifer is an underground  layer where the material contains water. That can be less solid material like sand, gravel, clay or silt, but it can be rock as well,  as long as the rock allows water to get in (that means that it is water-bearing).
From such layers or groundwater can be usefully extracted using a well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology.

Groundwater in rock formations 
Groundwater may exist in underground rivers (e.g., caves where water flows freely underground). This may occur in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography, which make up only a small percentage of Earth's area. More usual is that the pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water — like a kitchen sponge — which can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.

If a rock unit of low porosity is highly fractured, it can make a good aquifer (via fissure flow), if the water can get through it. Porosity is important, but, alone, it does not make an aquifer. The Deccan Traps (a flood basaltic lava) in west central India are good examples of rock with high porosity but low permeability, so they are poor aquifers. The (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk of south east England has a reasonably high porosity, but low grain-to-grain permeability. Much of its good water-yielding characteristics being due to micro-fracturing and fissuring.

Examples 
The Great Artesian Basin in Australia is arguably the largest groundwater aquifer in the world. (over 1.7 million km²). It plays a large part in water supplies for Queensland and remote parts of South Australia.
The Guarani Aquifer with an area of 1.2 million km² is shared by Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
The Ogallala Aquifer of the central United States is one of the world's great aquifers. It underlies portions of eight states, contains primarily fossil water from the time of the last glaciation.  Annual recharge, in the more arid parts of the aquifer, is estimated to total only about 10 percent of annual withdrawals.
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world’s largest known fossil water aquifer system.

Exploitation 
Aquifers can occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be exploited for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them which can be exploited as groundwater resources. If more water is taken out than get in again one speaks of over-harvesting. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, population growth has led to over-population which has caused the lowering of water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea (saline intrusions). In these cases the aquifer contains brackish water.

When water seeps (comes slowly) out of the ground, it is called a seep or "spring (water)". It usually means there is an aquifer under the ground.

References 

Ecology
Voyager 2

Voyager 2 is a space probe used by NASA to explore Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.  It is the only spacecraft that has come near to Uranus and Neptune.  Because of this, a majority of pictures we see of these two ice planets came from this spacecraft.  It was identical in form to its sister spacecraft, Voyager 1.  The probe is currently moving away from the solar system, and is heading out into interstellar space.

Voyager 2 was launched on August 20, 1977.

Both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 include the Voyager Golden Record, which is a recording of sounds and images of life on Earth.  It was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

In 2018, NASA announced that Voyager 2 had reached the heliopause on 5 November of that year.

Related pages
 Pioneer 10
 Pioneer 11
 Voyager 1
 Exploration of Neptune

References

Other websites
 NASA Voyager website
 Voyager Spacecraft Lifetime
 Voyager 2 Mission Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System  - current positions and diagrams
 Mission state
 VOYAGER RECENT 6-HOUR HISTORY 
 Voyager 2 Detects Odd Shape of Solar System's Edge  23 May 2006

Voyager program
World Party Day

World Party Day (P-Day) is celebrated on April 3 as a synchronized global mass celebration of a better world and the creation of desirable reality.

How It Began 
The idea of a coordinated synchronized worldwide party appeared as a work of fiction in the book Flight, A Quantum Fiction Novel, by American writer Vanna Bonta. In the ending of the book, published in 1995, all people in the world celebrated at the same time.

Worldwide Celebration
Masses of people grew larger by connecting with groups who shared ideals of peace and goals of using human intelligence and resources toward humanitarian progress.
A massive worldwide phenomenon now in progress involves millions of individuals, organizations and corporations around the world who are realizing a responsibility and ability to contribute positively to the collective future of humanity and Earth.

Social Change
The internet, media and communication has accelerated one of the biggest social transformations in human history, facilitating the organization of global movements. Research has begun documenting the emerging social transformation of people around the world uniting for a positive, joyful future for humanity, through a common task.

Locations 
Many cities and regions in the United States, France, England, Africa, Italy, China, Korea, Vietnam, India, and Thailand have notable celebrations of World Party Day (P-Day). Radio stations and internet communities spread the event with podcasts of "World Party I."

Simultaneous (at the same time) celebration of World Party Day occurs in every continent of the world, including the Middle East  and Africa.

Customs 
The celebration has no religious or political connections. The theme of World Party Day celebrations is a "universal human right to fun, peace and life." The only requirement is to celebrate and party from any place, whether a formal event or private party, large or small, or alone.

Global podcasts in 2007 featured a variety of music, including the African Children's Choir, Hip Hop artists, and radio stations reading from the novel Flight.

Events have been organized as dance parties, concerts, and meditations, however, the only mandatory observance is a synchronized mass awareness of the human right to enjoy life, and displaying hospitality. Some public celebrations organize multicultural food and music events.

Since 2000, synchronized global events have escalated, such as The Quadrille Dance Parade, at which in 2007, its 7th year, 24,000 people danced at once. In 2006, 23,600 danced simultaneously in a total of 36 cities.

Petitions circulate to world leaders to officially declare the holiday with the objective of complete world participation every April 3, with everyone in the world having a party in their own way, where ever they are.

References

Other websites 
 World Party Day  Fusion music, release April 3, 2001
 World Party Day participating site

Music festivals
Observances
Jack Lemmon

John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (February 8, 1925 – June 27, 2001), was an American actor and director who received many awards in his long career. He got two Academy and five Golden Globe awards. Lemmon acted in many movies, and was famous for being very good at comedy and drama. Lemmon died of bladder and colon cancer.

Movies 
The Lady Takes a Sailor (1949)
It Should Happen to You (1954)
Phffft! (1954)
Three for the Show (1955)
Mister Roberts (1955)
My Sister Eileen (1955)
Hollywood Bronc Busters (1955)
You Can't Run Away from It (1956)
Fire Down Below (1957)
Operation Mad Ball (1957)
Cowboy (1958)
Bell, Book and Candle (1958)
Some Like It Hot (1959)
It Happened to Jane (1959)
The Apartment (1960)
Stowaway in the Sky (1960)
Pepe (1960)
The Wackiest Ship In the Army (1960)
The Notorious Landlady (1962)
Days of Wine and Roses (1962)
Irma la Douce (1963)
Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963)
Good Neighbor Sam (1964)
How to Murder Your Wife (1965)
The Great Race (1965)
The Fortune Cookie (1966)
Luv (1967)
There Comes a Day (1968)
The Odd Couple (1968)
The April Fools (1969)
The Out-of-Towners (1970)
Kotch (1971)
The War Between Men and Women (1972)
Avanti! (1972)
Save the Tiger (1973)
The Police Can't Move (1974) (narrator)
The Front Page (1974)
Wednesday (1975)
The Gentleman Tramp (1975)  (narrator)
The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1975)
Alex & the Gypsy (1976)
Airport '77 (1977)
The China Syndrome (1979)
Portrait of a 60% Perfect Man (1980)
Tribute (1980)
Buddy Buddy (1981)
Missing (1982)
Mass Appeal (1984)
Macaroni (1985)
That's Life! (1986)
Dad (1989)
JFK (1991)
Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992)
The Player (1992)
Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)
Luck, Trust & Ketchup: Robert Altman In Carver County (1993)
Short Cuts (1993)
Grumpy Old Men (1993)
The Grass Harp (1995)
Grumpier Old Men (1995)
Getting Away with Murder (1996)
My Fellow Americans (1996)
Hamlet (1996)
Out to Sea (1997)
Off the Menu: The Last Days of Chasen's (1997)
Puppies for Sale (1998)
The Odd Couple II (1998)
Tuesdays with Morrie (1999)
The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000)

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Jack Lemmon's Gravesite

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1925 births
2001 deaths
David Niven

David Niven (March 1, 1910 – July 29, 1983) was an English actor. He won the Academy Award for "Best Actor" for his role in the movie Separate Tables in 1958. Originally, he was the actor who was to play the first James Bond, but the producers later decided to give the role to Sean Connery instead. Some of the movies that he was in include The Pink Panther, Around the World in 80 Days, The guns of Navarone, and Casino Royale. 

Niven started his career as an extra. He died of motor neurone disease.

Other websites

1910 births
1983 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
Actors who played James Bond
Actors who played M
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
English movie actors
English television actors
Extras
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Rudolph Valentino

Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor of silent movies. He was born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Piero Filiberto Guglielmi in Castellaneta, Italy. He became popular as one of the first sex symbols in Hollywood in the 1920s.

Valentino did not live long enough to see movies with sound replace silent movies. He died of peridontis on August 23, 1926, at the age of 31.

Movies 
 My Official Wife (1914)
 The Quest of Life (1916)
 The Foolish Virgin (uncredited) (1916)
 Seventeen (uncredited, extra) (1916)
 Alimony (1917)
 A Society Sensation (1918)
 All Night (1918)
 The Married Virgin (or Frivolous Wives; 1918)
 The Delicious Little Devil (1919)
 The Big Little Person (1919)
 A Rogue's Romance (1919)
 The Homebreake (1919)
 Out of Luck (1919)
 Virtuous Sinners (1919)
 The Fog (1919)
 Nobody Home (1919)
 The Eyes of Youth (1919)
 Stolen Moments (1920)
 An Adventuress (1920)
 The Cheater (1920)
 Passion's Playground (1920)
 Once to Every Woman (1920)
 The Wonderful Chance (1920)
 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921)
 Uncharted Seas (1921)
 Conquering Power (1921)
 Camille (1921)
 The Sheik (1921)
 Moran of the Lady Letty (1922)
 Beyond the Rocks (1922)
 Blood and Sand (1922)
 The Young Rajah (1922)
 Monsieur Beaucaire (1924)
 A Sainted Devil (1924)
 Cobra (1925)
 The Eagle (1925)
 The Son of the Sheik (1926)

References

Other websites
 Rudolph Valentino homepage
 
 Rudolph Valentino Yahoo discussion group 
 Rudolph Valentino photo gallery at Silent Gents.
 Audio history (MP3, 17:23). Emily Leider, author of Dark Lover: The Life and Death of Rudolph Valentino
 Affairs Valentino.
 Valentino biography in Spanish, Italian & English 
 Rudolfo Valentino at tricolore.net 

1895 births
1926 deaths
Italian actors
Silent movie actors
Raquel Welch

Jo Raquel Tejada (born September 5, 1940), usually called Raquel Welch, is an American actress and model. She became famous during the 1960s as one of the most beautiful women in Hollywood. She won the Golden Globe Award in 1975.

Movies 

 A House Is Not a Home (1964)
 Roustabout (1964)
 A Swingin' Summer (1965)
 The Queens (1966)
 Fantastic Voyage (1966)
 One Million Years B.C. (1966)
 Shoot Loud, Louder... I Don't Understand (1966)
 Think Twentieth (1967) (short subject)
 The Oldest Profession (1967)
 Fathom (1967)
 Bedazzled (1967)
 The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968)
 Bandolero! (1968)
 Lady in Cement (1968)
 100 Rifles (1969)
 Flareup (1969)
 The Magic Christian (1969)
 The Beloved (1970)
 Myra Breckinridge (1970)
 Hannie Caulder (1971)
 Bluebeard (1972)
 Fuzz (1972)
 Kansas City Bomber (1972)
 The Last of Sheila (1973)
 The Three Musketeers (1973)
 The Four Musketeers (1974)
 The Wild Party (1975)
 Mother, Jugs & Speed (1976)
 The Animal (1977)
 Crossed Swords (1978)
 Trouble in Paradise (1989)
 Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult (1994) (Cameo)
 Chairman of the Board (1998)
 What I Did for Love (1998)
 Tortilla Soup (2001)
 Legally Blonde (2001)
 Jim Brown: All American (2002) (documentary)
 Forget About It (2005)
 '' The Elvis Cup (2006)

Other websites 

 
 
 Raquel Welch video clips

American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Chicago
1940 births
Living people
Rita Hayworth

Margarita Carmen Cansino, usually called Rita Hayworth (October 17, 1918 – May 14, 1987), was an American actress of Spanish and Irish origin who became famous as the greatest sex symbol of the 1940s.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Obituary, New York Times, May 16, 1987 - Rita Hayworth, Movie Legend, Dies
 Rita Hayworth Biography.
 Find-A-Grave profile for Rita Hayworth
 The All-American Love Goddess  Rita Hayworth: 1918-1987   Time Magazine 1987 obituary.
 California Carmen  Hayworth's November 10, 1941 Time Magazine cover story article.
 Cultural Studies essay on Rita 
 

1918 births
1987 deaths
Actors from Brooklyn
American dancers
American movie actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Tommy Lee Jones

Thomas "Tommy" Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor and movie director. He won the Academy and the Golden Globe awards in 1993 for his role in the movie The Fugitive.

Early life
He was born in Texas in 1946. His mother, Lucille Marie (née Scott), was a police officer, school teacher, and beauty shop owner, and his father, Clyde C. Jones, was an oil field worker. The two were married and divorced twice. Jones has stated that his grandmother was of Cherokee ancestry. He was raised in Midland, Texas. Jones was given an athletic scholarship to go to a school in Dallas, Texas. After finishing school he worked on the oil rigs before going to Harvard University to study English.

He finished university in 1969 and moved to New York to be an actor. His first role was in the Broadway play, A Patriot For Me. He had many small parts until he got the main role in the movie JFK. He won the Academy Award for the best actor in a supporting role for the movie The Fugitive.

Other websites

References

People from Midland, Texas
American movie actors
American movie directors
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from Texas
1946 births
Living people
James Garner

James Garner (born James Scott Bumgarner; April 7, 1928 – July 19, 2014) was an American movie and television actor. He acted in several television series in a career of more than fifty years, including his roles as Bret Maverick in the popular 1950s western-comedy series, Maverick and Jim Rockford in the popular 1970s detective drama, The Rockford Files. He also acted in many movies, including The Great Escape (1963) and Paddy Chayefsky's The Americanization of Emily (1964).

Garner died from a massive heart attack at his Los Angeles, California home, aged 86.

Movies
 Toward the Unknown (1956)
 The Girl He Left Behind (1956)
 Shoot-Out at Medicine Bend (1957)
 Sayonara (1957)
 Darby's Rangers (1958)
 Up Periscope (1959)
 Alias Jesse James (1959) (Cameo)
 Cash McCall (1960)
 The Children's Hour (1961)
 Boys' Night Out (1962)
 The Great Escape (1963)
 The Thrill of It All (1963)
 The Wheeler Dealers (1963)
 Move Over, Darling (1963)
 Action on the Beach (1964) (short subject)
 The Americanization of Emily (1964)
 36 Hours (1965)
 The Art of Love (1965)
 Grand Prix: Challenge of the Champions (1966) (short subject)
 A Man Could Get Killed (1966)
 Duel at Diablo (1966)
 Mister Buddwing (1966)
 Grand Prix (1966)
 Hour of the Gun (1967)
 Once Upon a Wheel (1968) (documentary)
 The Man Who Makes the Difference (1968) (short subject)
 How Sweet It Is! (1968)
 The Pink Jungle (1968)
 The Racing Scene (1969) (documentary)
 Support Your Local Sheriff! (1969)
 Marlowe (1969)
 A Man Called Sledge (1970)
 Support Your Local Gunfighter! (1971)
 Skin Game (1971)
 They Only Kill Their Masters (1972)
 One Little Indian (1973)
 The Castaway Cowboy (1974)
 HealtH (1980)
 The Fan (1981)
 Victor/Victoria (1982)
 Tank (1984)
 Murphy's Romance (1985)
 Sunset (1988)
 The Distinguished Gentleman (1992)
 Fire in the Sky (1993)
 Maverick (1994)
 Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick (1996) (documentary)
 My Fellow Americans (1996)
 The Hidden Dimension (1997) (documentary) (narrator)
 Twilight (1998)
 Space Cowboys (2000)
 Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) (voice)
 Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002)
 The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration (2003) (voice) (direct-to-DVD)
 The Notebook (2004)
 Al Roach: Private Investigator (2004) (short subject) (voice)
 The Ultimate Gift (2007)
 The Magic Shoe (2007)
 Terra (2008) (voice)

References

Other websites

Jim's bio @ the Museum of Broadcast Communications 
Archive of American Television Interview with James Garner March 17, 1999 on Google Video
Rockford Files site 

Actors from Oklahoma
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Norman, Oklahoma
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1928 births
2014 deaths
Anthony Quinn

Anthony Quinn (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001) was a Mexican-American actor, as well as a painter and writer. He is famous in the United States for his roles in two Hollywood films, the star role in Zorba the Greek and Viva Zapata!. He won two Academy Awards during his very long career.

Other websites 
 The Estate of Anthony Quinn
 Anthony Quinn's artwork 
 
 Directing Anthony Quinn 

Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from throat cancer
Golden Globe Award winners 
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
1915 births
2001 deaths
Rock Hudson

Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was an American movie and television actor. He is famous for his good looks and remembered as a romantic star during the 1950s and 1960s, especially several movies where he starred with actress Doris Day. 

Hudson was voted Star of the Year and Favorite Leading Man, by many movie magazines and was one of the most popular movie stars of the time. He made nearly 70 movies and acted in several television productions during a career of more than three decades, and he received the Golden Globe Award four times. 

Hudson was a closeted homosexual. He was one of the first major Hollywood personalities to die from AIDS.

Movies

Fighter Squadron (1948)
Undertow (1949)
One Way Street (1950)
I Was a Shoplifter (1950)
Peggy (1950)
Winchester '73 (1950)
The Desert Hawk (1950)
Shakedown (1950)
Tomahawk (1951)
Air Cadet (1951)
The Fat Man (1951)
Bright Victory (1951)
Iron Man (1951)
Bend of the River (1952)
Here Come the Nelsons (1952)
Scarlet Angel (1952)
Has Anybody Seen My Gal? (1952)
Horizons West (1952)
The Lawless Breed (1953)
Seminole (1953)
Sea Devils (1953)
The Golden Blade (1953)
Gun Fury (1953)
Back to God's Country (1953)
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) (narrator)
Taza, Son of Cochise (1954)
Magnificent Obsession (1954)
Bengal Brigade (1954)
Captain Lightfoot (1955)
One Desire (1955)
All That Heaven Allows (1955)
Never Say Goodbye (1956)
Giant (1956)
Written on the Wind (1956)
Battle Hymn (1957)
Something of Value (1957)
A Farewell to Arms (1957)
The Tarnished Angels (1958)
Twilight for the Gods (1958)
This Earth Is Mine (1959)
Pillow Talk (1959)
The Last Sunset (1961)
Come September (1961)
Lover Come Back (1961)
The Spiral Road (1962)
Marilyn (1963) (documentary) (narrator)
A Gathering of Eagles (1963)
Man's Favorite Sport? (1964)
Send Me No Flowers (1964)
Strange Bedfellows (1965)
A Very Special Favor (1965)
Blindfold (1965)
Seconds (1966)
Tobruk (1967)
The Man Who Makes the Difference (1968) (short subject)
Ice Station Zebra (1968)
A Fine Pair (1969)
The Undefeated (1969)
Darling Lili (1970)
Hornets' Nest (1970)
Pretty Maids All in A Row (1971)
Showdown (1973)
Embryo (1976)
The Mirror Crack'd (1980)
The Ambassador (1984)

Other websites
 
 Transcript of CNN Larry King 7. june 2001, Special on Rock Hudson offscreen with Dale Olson
 Transcript of CNN Larry King 1. October 2003, 18th anniversary of Hudson's death
 Rock Hudson biography at TCM 
 Rock Hudson at AllExperts 
 Rock Hudson at classic movies - many links 
 fan page by LMScully
 Rock Hudson at Brian's drive-in theatre

Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from AIDS
Gay men
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in California
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Illinois
People from Winnetka, Illinois
Stage names
1925 births
1985 deaths
Olivia de Havilland

Dame Olivia Mary de Havilland DBE (July 1, 1916 – July 26, 2020) was a British-American actress. She was one of two the only living star of Gone with the Wind, but there are also actors with smaller roles in said movie who are still alive. She has won the Academy Award two times. She is the sister of late actress Joan Fontaine, who also won the Academy Award. They did not get along ever since they were children.

De Havilland was born in Tokyo to British parents. She became an American citizen in 1941. She lived in Paris from 1956 until her death in 2020.

De Havilland died on July 26, 2020 at her home in Paris at the age of 104.

Films 
 Alibi Ike (1935)
 The Irish in Us (1935)
 A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935)
 Captain Blood (1935)
 A Dream Comes True (1935 - short subject)
 Anthony Adverse (1936)
 The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936)
 The Making of a Great Motion Picture (1936 - short subject)
 Call It a Day (1937)
 It's Love I'm After (1937)
 The Great Garrick (1937)
 Gold Is Where You Find It (1938)
 The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
 Four's a Crowd (1938)
 Hard to Get (1938)
 A Day at Santa Anita (1939 - short subject)
 Wings of the Navy (1939)
 Dodge City (1939)
 The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939)
 Gone with the Wind (1939)
 Raffles (1940)
 My Love Came Back (1940)
 Santa Fe Trail (1940)
 The Strawberry Blonde (1941)
 Hold Back the Dawn (1941)
 They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
 The Male Animal (1942)
 In This Our Life (1942)
 Show Business at War (1943 - short subject)
 Princess O'Rourke (1943)
 Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943)
 Government Girl (1943)
 To Each His Own (1946)
 Devotion (1946)
 The Well-Groomed Bride (1946)
 The Dark Mirror (1946)
 The Snake Pit (1948)
 The Heiress (1949)
 My Cousin Rachel (1952)
 That Lady (1955)
 Not as a Stranger (1955)
 The Ambassador's Daughter (1956)
 The Proud Rebel (1958)
 Libel (1959)
 The Light in the Piazza (1962)
 Lady in a Cage (1964)
 Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)
 The Adventurers (1970)
 Pope Joan (1972)
 Airport '77 (1977)
 The Swarm (1978)
 The Fifth Musketeer (1979)

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Long obituary at https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/olivia-de-havilland-dead-gone-wind-adventures-robin-hood-star-was-104-720040
 1995 interview

1916 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Tokyo
American centenarians
American movie actors
American stage actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
British centenarians
British movie actors
British stage actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Maximus the Confessor

Saint Maximus the Confessor (also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus of Constantinople) (born  580 – 13 August, 662) was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. In his early life, he was a civil servant. He was also an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. However, he gave up this life to become a monk.

Further reading
Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings (Classics of Western Spirituality). Ed. George C. Berthold. Paulist Press, 1985. .
St. Maximus the Confessor: The Ascetic Life, The Four Centuries on Charity (Ancient Christian Writers). Ed. Polycarp Sherwood. Paulist Press, 1955. .
Maximus the Confessor and his Companions (Documents from Exile) (Oxford Early Christian Texts). Ed. and Trans. Pauline Allen, Bronwen Neil. Oxford University Press, 2004. .
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Other websites 
 Selected works of Saint Maximus Confessor
 Maximus Confessor in the Catholic Encyclopedia
 Maximus Confessor  in the Catholic Forum
 Maximus Confessor in the Orthodox Church in America

Christian saints
Toraja people

The Toraja are an ethnic group, indigenous to a part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. There are about 650,000 of them around the world. 450,000 of these still live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja"). Most of them are Christian. Others of them are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognized this animist belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").

References

Further reading

Other websites 
Tana Toraja official website .
Toraja on the Net - news and commentary.
batusura.de - A personal website containing photography and recorded music from Toraja.
Online Toraja information.

Ethnic groups in Asia