cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Council areas of Scotland

A council area in Scotland is an area made for local government. There is a total of 32 council areas in Scotland. They are all governed by unitary authorities called "councils". The council areas were created on 1 April 1996, under the provisions of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. The Act calls them local authority areas but most people call them council areas.

The council areas have the option of being known as a  when choosing to go by a Gaelic name. However, only Comhairle Nan Eilean Siar (Council of the Western Isles) has chosen this option, while the Highland Council (Comhairle na Gaidhealtachd) uses both an English name and a Gaelic name.

References
Forks, Washington

Forks is a city in Clallam County of the state of Washington in the United States.

References

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
Doyle Brunson

Doyle F. Brunson (born August 10, 1933) is an American poker player from the U.S. state of Texas. He is sometimes called by his nickname, Dolly. He was active as a child. He played basketball for a short time but while in a factory he by mistake broke his leg. Then he chose to play poker. In 1976 he won the Main Event of the World Series of Poker. His winning hand was a ten and a two. In 1977 he won the Main Event again with the same hand and in 1980 he took second place at Main Event. He now has ten World Series of Poker bracelets and holds one World Poker Tour title.

References

1933 births
Living people
People from Texas
Poker players
Tim Pawlenty

Tim Pawlenty was the Governor of  Minnesota. He was elected Governor in 2002 and was re-elected in 2006. He did run for another term in 2010. He is a member of the United States Republican Party. He was succeeded by Mark Dayton.

Pawlenty ran for governor again in the 2018 election, but lost the Republican nomination to county commissioner Jeff Johnson.

Pawlenty ran for president in 2012.

Personal Life 
Tim Pawlenty´s wife is Mary Pawlenty. Pawlenty has a also written a book. At right is Pawlenty´s signature. Pawlenty is a Republican. 

1960 births
Living people

US Republican Party politicians
Governors of Minnesota
Grand Forks, North Dakota

Grand Forks is a city in the U.S. state of North Dakota along the Red River of the North. It was founded by Alexander Griggs on June 15 1870. It has a population of slightly over 50,000 and is now the county seat of Grand Forks County.  It is the third-largest city in the state after Fargo and Bismarck.

Across the river is East Grand Forks, Minnesota.

References

 
County seats in North Dakota
1870 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Dakota Territory
Kent Conrad

Gaylord Kent Conrad was the Senior Senator of North Dakota. He took office as senator on January 3 1987 and is currently serving with Junior Senator John Hoeven. He was the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee. He is a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party, the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party.

References

1948 births
Living people
US Democratic Party politicians
United States senators from North Dakota
People from Bismarck, North Dakota
Didí Torrico

Didí Torrico Camacho (born 18 May 1988 in Cochabamba) is a Bolivian football midfielder who currently plays for Wilsterman and the Bolivian national team.

Torrico began his career in 2005 playing for Iberoamericana before transferring to La Paz F.C. the following year. After three seasons in La Paz, he joined Wilstermann.

He has also played in six games for the Bolivian national team since 2008, and scored his first international goal against Mexico on March 11, 2009.

International goals

References
Base de Datos del Fútbol Argentino 
Fifa.com 

1988 births
Living people
Bolivian footballers
Internet fraud

Internet fraud means trying to trick or scam someone else using the Internet.  This usually means that the person who is being tricked loses money to the people scamming them.  Internet fraud can take place on computer programs such as chat rooms, e-mail, message boards, or Web sites. Advertisements that pop up on the internet have a big risk of being scams.

Other websites 
 

Crime
Mimar Sinan

Mimar Sinan or Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ (Ottoman Turkish: ; Modern Turkish: Mimar Sinan) (15 April 1489  - 9 April 1588) was an Ottoman architect and civil engineer. He worked for sultans Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim II, and Murad III. He worked about fifty years for Ottoman Empire. His masterpiece is the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. His most famous work is the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul. 

Architects
1489 births
1588 deaths
The Ashes

The Ashes is the symbol of international cricket  matches played between England and Australia. The Ashes were supposedly what remained of English cricket after the Australians had beaten them in the first test match played in England. 

The name comes from a small pot (known as an "urn") of ashes, which was made and presented to the England captain in 1882. It was based on a joke printed in The Sporting Times, an English newspaper. Someone placed an advertisement in the pages of the paper, describing how English cricket had died and its body had been cremated.

Cricket
Travelcard Zone 6

Travelcard Zone 6 is the sixth outward concentric zone of the Transport for London zonal system used for calculating co-ordinated inter-modal Travelcard fares within Greater London. In this zonal system, Greater London is split into six (approximately concentric) zones for the purpose of determining the cost of a Travelcard. The zones are also used for pricing London Underground and Docklands Light Railway single journeys, but not single journeys undertaken entirely by bus or tram, for which a system-wide flat fare applies. 

London Underground
Gerresheim

Gerresheim is one of the oldest parts of the City of Düsseldorf, Germany. It is in the east of the city. About 28,200 live in Gerresheim today.

History

In the year 670 a church in Gerresheim is mentioned first time.

In 870 the church the Gerresheim Womans Abbay, St. Margaret's, (Gerresheim Abbey) was founded by Gerricus.

In 1368 got the City Rights by the Counts of Berg.

In the Truchsess War and later the Thirty Years' War Gerresheim was raided some times. Even the nons of Abbay became poorer.
So the city became poorer and lost its attraction.

In 1803 there was no Abbay anymore. In 1809 Gerresheim was taken over by Prussia.
In 1838 Gerresheim got its railway sation.

In 1909 Gerresheim became a part of Düsseldorf.

Buildings and attractions

 Basilica Saint Margaretha, formerly St. Hippolytus, Roman Catholic church, Romano-Gothic abbey church, sanctified in 1236 in the place of a church of the Staufens.
 The treasures of the church are a crucifix from the 10th century and a Gospel book from the 11th century
 Abbey buildings date from the 13th century
 Quadenhof Castle dates from the 15th century
 Gustav Adolf Church, Protestant (Lutheran) church from 1878

Sources
 Communal District Administration (German)
 Communal Administration (German)

Boroughs of Germany
Düsseldorf
Independent Spirit Awards 2005

21st Independent Spirit Awards
March 4, 2006

Best Film: 
 Brokeback Mountain 
The 21st Independent Spirit Awards, given by Film Independent on 4 March, 2006, awarded who they thought were best in movie for 2005.

Winners and nominees

Best Actor 
 Philip Seymour Hoffman - Capote 
Jeff Daniels - The Squid and the Whale
Terrence Howard - Hustle & Flow
Heath Ledger - Brokeback Mountain
David Strathairn - Good Night, and Good Luck.

 Best Actress  Felicity Huffman - Transamerica
Laura Linney - The Squid and the Whale
Dina Korzun - Forty Shades of Blue
S. Epatha Merkerson - Lackawanna Blues
Cyndi Williams - Room

Best Cinematography 
 Good Night, and Good Luck. - Robert Elswit
Capote
Keane
Last Days
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada

 Best Director  Ang Lee - Brokeback Mountain
Gregg Araki - Mysterious Skin
Noah Baumbach - The Squid and the Whale
George Clooney - Good Night, and Good Luck.
Rodrigo García Barcha - Nine Lives

Best Documentary Film 
 Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room

 Best Film  Brokeback Mountain
Capote
Good Night, and Good Luck.
The Squid and the Whale
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada

Best First Film 
 Crash
Lackawanna Blues
Cirrincione
Me and You and Everyone We Know
Thumbsucker 
Transamerica

 Best Foreign Language Film  Paradise Now, Palestinian Authority
The Death of Mister Lazarescu (Moartea domnului Lazarescu), Romania
Duck Season (Temporada de patos), Mexico
Head-On (Gegen die Wand), Germany/Turkey
Tony Takitani, Japan

Best Screenplay 
 Capote - Dan Futterman 
Nine Lives - Rodrigo García 
The Squid and the Whale - Noah Baumbach 
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada - Guillermo Arriaga 
The War Within - Ayad Akhtar, Joseph Castelo and Tom Glynn

Best Screenplay (first): 
Transamerica - Duncan Tucker 

 Best Supporting Actor  Matt Dillon - Crash
Firdous Bamji - The War Within
Jesse Eisenberg - The Squid and the Whale 
Barry Pepper - The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada
Jeffrey Wright - Broken Flowers

Best Supporting Actress 
 Amy Adams - Junebug
Maggie Gyllenhaal - Happy Endings
Allison Janney - Our Very Own
Robin Wright Penn - Nine Lives
Michelle Williams - Brokeback Mountain

 Award breakdown 2/2: Crash
2/3: Transamerica2/4: Brokeback Mountain
2/4: Capote1/2: Junebug
1/4: Good Night, and Good Luck.

Biggest losers:0/6: The Squid and the Whale
0/3: Nine Lives0/2: Lackawanna Blues (TV movie)0/2': Me and You and Everyone We Know
0/2: ''Room

Movie awards
Argostoli

Argostoli is a coastal Greek town. It is in Kefalonia island whose is a capital. Also it is a capital of Kefalonia prefecture which is conclude and Ithaca island. According to the 2001 census, 12.589 people lived there. Argostoli has a port and it connects with Peloponnese port, Killini. 

Cities in Greece
Lefkada (city)

Lefkada City is a Greek town which is the capital of the Greek island Lefkada. The population of Lefkada City was 10,875 people, according to the 2001 census. It is located in the north of the island Lefkada. 

Here is the narrow isthmus which separates Lefkada from continental Greece. Lefkada City is the first place visitors see, going to the island of Lefkada from continental Greece.

Lefkada has many earthquakes, so its houses are built by wood and metal.

References 

cities in Greece
Komotini

Komotini is a Greek city in Thrace. Thrace is a periphery in the northwest of Greece. Komotini is a capital of Rodopi prefecture. 52.659 people live there. Some of the people are Muslims. Komotini is the second city in Greece which has Muslims. The other city is Xanthi.

Related pages

Cities in Greece
Raval

Raval is the God of the large Imperial Group known as The Imperial Zongian Empire, which hails from the internet game Second Life.

Legends of Raval 

The Origin of Raval (In Zongian Lore) is that he was a one of the members of the rogue Linden group which is lost to SL history, named the Race Maker's a group which set out to build their own races on the game within the very pre-release of Second Life, all 10 Race Makers filled with National Socialist, Communist and Imperial ideas for how a society should be ran, Raval being the only Race Maker to proclaim himself a God, the rest proclaiming themselves the political rulers of their society, Instead Raval decided to make his first Zongian the Emperor of his society, which was the Legendary Emperor - Altmoss Torok.

Real Life Raval 

The real life Raval's true identity is unknown, claiming to be imortal due to a incident he claims: "I was there with Howard Carter, when we uncovered King Tut, the others became cursed, I became blessed, by the grace of Ra sun God of the Egyptian peoples" the rest of his claim is fuzzy and hard to understand, all "Zongian Blooded" people believe his claim many who don't believe the claim have been said to have gone missing, many scholars believe this to be the work of the Zongian High Council in real life. Tray Quandry, one of the Virtual planets greatest Commanders once stated "Raval is my master, he is something I would not cross unless I wanted to die a coward".

Video game characters

Online games
Apple Worldwide Developers Conference

The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC, also called "dub-dub") is an event held every year for software developers who create software for macOS and iOS. The first WWDC took place in 1987. After 13 years of being held in early June in San Francisco, California, WWDC returned to San Jose, California in 2017. Sometimes new products are announced at the conference.

Since 2020, WWDC is a virtual event due to COVID-19 pandemic.

References

Apple Inc.
San Francisco
June events
1987 establishments in California
Strum, Wisconsin

Strum is a village in Trempealeau County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  It can be found along the Buffalo River. 1,001 people were living in Strum as of the 2000 census. Strum has an area of 1.2 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Other websites
Village of Strum 
School District of Eleva-Strum

Trempealeau County, Wisconsin
Villages in Wisconsin
Dard people

The Dards are an ethnic group predominantly found in Eastern Afghanistan, India's Jammu and Kashmir, in the Northern Areas and in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Smaller Dard populations can be found in China. The term Dard is due to Herodotus who described a land of the Dardikae in the area of northeastern Afghanistan.

Ethnic groups in Kashmir
Tony Mowbray

Anthony Mark "Tony" Mowbray (born 22 November 1963) is an English former professional football player and the current manager of Coventry City. Mowbray played for Middlesbrough, Celtic and Ipswich Town as a defender.

Mowbray was born in Saltburn-by-the-Sea, North Riding of Yorkshire. He previously managed West Bromwich Albion, Hibernian and Celtic.

1963 births
Living people
English football managers
English footballers
People from North Yorkshire
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Primary cell

A primary cell is a battery that is made to be used one time only. It cannot be recharged. Once all the power is used up, the battery must be thrown away. It no longer makes electricity. Primary cells are often used to give power to small appliances that are used in the home.

The advantages  about this kind of disposable battery are:
 it costs less money
 it is easier to make
 it can last longer before being used (shelf life) 
 it is easily available to buy

The disadvantages about this kind of disposable batteries are:
 it is making waste when thrown away
 it can be  made with toxic materials

Examples
Alkaline battery
Leclanche battery
Lithium battery
Mercury battery
Silver oxide battery

Historic primary cells
The following primary cells are only of historical interest. The dry cell is now almost universal.

Related pages
Secondary cell
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Liam Finn

Liam Finn is a rock singer who was born in Australia, grew up in New Zealand but now lives in London in England. Liam is the son of Neil Finn, the singer of the famous group Crowded House. He sometimes plays as part of that group as well.

Liam Finn played a song in the television show of David Letterman in 2008.

Discography

Studio albums
 I'll Be Lightning (2007)
 Champagne In Seashells EP (2009)
 FOMO (2011)

Live albums 
 Live (in Spaceland) – 22 February 2008, Spaceland Recordings
 Live From The Wiltern – (2008) Yep Roc Records

1983 births
Living people
Rock musicians
New Zealand singers
Twilight (2008 movie)

Twilight is a 2008 American teen romantic-fantasy movie. It is based on the novel by Stephenie Meyer. The movie was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and stars Robert Pattinson, Kristen Stewart, and Taylor Lautner. Stephenie Meyer has a cameo appearance in the movie. The movie is about a teenage girl and a vampire falling in love.

The movie was a huge success. It was released in cinemas on November 21, 2008 and grossed $35.7 million on this day. Since then, it has gone on to gross over $382,133,300 worldwide. The soundtrack for the movie was released on November 4, 2008 and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. The soundtrack contains all of the music from the movie including music created and sung by actor Robert Pattinson, who appeared in the movie.

Plot 
Isabella Swan, who is seventeen years old, moves to Forks, a small town in Washington, to live with her father, Charlie, after her mother remarries. She meets many new friends at High School and they inform her about the Cullen family, and Bella becomes intrigued. Edward Cullen, who is in Bella's Biology class, acts very strangely when he sees her for the first time, which makes Bella confused. A few days later, Bella is almost hit with a van in the school parking lot. Edward manages to move extremely quickly by her side and pushes the van away with his hand, leaving a huge pressure mark in the side of the van. Bella did not know how he managed to do this, so she is determined to find out. However, Edward refuses to explain what happened, and warns her not to be friends with him.

After Bella does lots of research, she finds out that Edward Cullen is a vampire. Bella and Edward fall in love and Edward introduces her to his family, Carlisle, Esme, Alice, Jasper, Emmett, and Rosalie who are also vampires. They invite Bella to play baseball with them, and she agrees. However, three other vampires called James, Victoria and Laurent arrive and disrupt the game. James, who is a tracker vampire, is intrigued by Edward's protectiveness over a human and wants to hunt Bella. Edward and his family risk their lives to protect her, but James gets Bella on her own after lying to her that he was holding her mother hostage. James attacks Bella and bites her wrist, but Edward, along with the other Cullen family members, arrives before he can kill her. James is destroyed, and Edward sucks James's venom from Bella's wrist, preventing her from becoming a vampire. A severely injured Bella is taken to a hospital. Upon returning to Forks, Bella and Edward attend their school prom. While there, Bella expresses her desire to become a vampire, which Edward ignores. The movie ends with Victoria secretly watching the pair dancing, plotting revenge for her love.

Other websites 

2008 drama movies
2008 romance movies
2000s fantasy movies
2000s romantic drama movies
2000s teen drama movies
2000s teen romance movies
2000s American fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Washington (U.S. state)
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
Vampires in movies
Cyclone Tracy

Cyclone Tracy was a tropical cyclone that destroyed the city of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, 1974. It is the most compact tropical cyclone on record in Australia, with the gale force winds reaching out only  from the centre. It is the second most compact cyclone in the world. Tropical Storm Marco of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season had gale-force winds reaching only  from the centre. After forming over the Arafura Sea, the Tracy moved south and hit the city with Category 4 winds on the Australian cyclone scale. It is possible that it had reached Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale when it made landfall.

Tracy killed 71 people, caused $837 million in damage (1974 AUD) and destroyed more than 70% of Darwin's buildings, including 80% of the houses. Of the 49,000 people who lived in Darwin, 20,000 people were left homeless. More than 30,000 people had to leave the city. Most of Darwin's population were moved to Adelaide, Whyalla, Alice Springs and Sydney. Many people never returned to Darwin. The city was rebuilt using modern materials and updated building methods. Bruce Stannard of The Age stated that Cyclone Tracy was a "disaster ... without parallel in Australia's history."

References

1974
Tropical cyclones in Oceania
20th century in Australia
Northern Territory
Kristen Stewart

Kristen Jaymes Stewart (April 9, 1990) is an American actress working in television and movies. She is known for roles in the films Catch That Kid, Panic Room, Zathura, In the Land of Women, Adventureland, Into the Wild, The Messengers, Twilight, The Twilight Saga: New Moon and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. In 2021, she played Princess Diana of Wales in the biopic drama Spencer and the role earned her her first Academy Award nomination.

Early life 
Kristen was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Her father, John Stewart works as a stage manager and television producer. Kristen's mother, Jules Mann-Stewart, is a script supervisor and was born in Australia. Kristen has an older brother, Cameron Stewart.

Career 
Kristen started acting when she was eight years old, after an agent saw her perform at her school's Christmas event. Her first minor roles were in programs such as The Thirteenth Year and The Safety Of Objects and her first major role was in a movie called Panic Room. Since then, Kristen has appeared in films such as Cold Creek Manor, Catch That Kid, Undertow and Speak.

She won the Orange Rising Star Award in 2010.

References

Other websites 

 
Kristen Stewart Breaks Down Her Career, Vanity Fair, published by YouTube July 30, 2019

Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
BAFTA Award winners
1990 births
Living people
LGBT entertainers
Bisexual people
Catch That Kid

Catch That Kid! is a 2004 American criminal comedy movie. It was directed by Bart Freundlich. It is a remake of the Danish movie Klatretøsen (2002). The movie's working titles were Mission Without Permission (also the movie's United Kingdom title) and Catch That Girl.

Release dates

2004 comedy movies

2000s criminal comedy movies
2000s movie remakes
20th Century Fox movies
American criminal comedy movies
American family movies
American heist movies
American movie remakes
English-language movies
Movies about families
Catherine Hardwicke

Catherine Hardwicke (born Helen Catherine Hardwicke; ) is an American production designer and movie director. She has worked on the movies Thirteen, The Nativity Story and Twilight.

Filmography

Director

References

Living people
1955 births
American movie directors
Art museum

An art museum or art gallery is a place where works of arts are shown for people to look at.  These works of art are usually paintings, but they can also be sculptures, photographs or other visual art works.  Most art museums are open for the public to visit, but there are also some which are private.

What distinguishes an art museum from other galleries is that it owns the works of art. A museum has staff called "curators", who are expert on art. Art museums are often used to help teach students about the history of art. There are about 700 university art museums and galleries in the United States.

References
Bavarian State Opera

The Bavarian State Opera (in German: Bayerische Staatsoper) is an opera company based in Munich, Germany.  It has been in existence since 1653. Its orchestra is the Bavarian State Orchestra. While opera performances are held in the Prinzregententheater (completed in 1901), the company's home base is the National Theatre Munich on Max-Joseph-Platz.

Peter Jonas is the General Director.  He has been there since 1993 and is the first British director of any major German speaking Opera House. Since 1998 the conductor Zubin Mehta was music director of the Bavarian State Opera and Bavarian State Orchestra. He was followed in 2006 by Kent Nagano.

Other websites 
 Bayerische Staatsoper official website 

Munich
Opera companies
1653 establishments
1650s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Germany
Police Academy

Police Academy is a popular movie and television series.

Movies 
 Police Academy - 1984
 Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment - 1985
 Police Academy 3: Back in Training - 1986
 Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol - 1987
 Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach - 1988
 Police Academy 6: City Under Siege - 1989
 Police Academy: Mission to Moscow - 1994
 Police Academy 8 - 2013

Television series 
 Police Academy - 1988, 2 season, for a total of 64 episodes.
 Police Academy - The Series - 1997, 26 episodes.

Main characters 
 Carey Mahoney (4 films; animated series)
 Moses Hightower (6 films; animated series; television series)
 Eugene Tackleberry (7 films; animated series; television series)
 Larvell Jones (7 films; animated series; television series)
 Douglas Fackler (1, 2, 3 and 6 films; animated series; television series)
 Laverne Hooks (6 films; animated series)
 Debbie Callahan (1, 3 at 7 films; animated series; television series)
 Com. Eric Lassard (7 films; animated series)
 Sweetchuck (2 at 4 films; animated series)
 Zed (2 at 4 films; animated series)
 House (4 and 5 films; animated series)
 Capt. Thaddeus Harris (1, 4 at 7 films; animated series)
 Proctor (2 at 6 films; animated series; television series)
 Mauser (2 and 3 films; animated series; television series)
 Nick Lassard (5 and 6 films)
Tacloban

Tacloban or Tacloban City, is a first class highly urbanized city in the whole of Eastern Visayas, Region 8, and the capital city of Leyte province. Tacloban is a port city in the Philippines. It is about 360 miles (580 kilometers) southeast of Manila. It is the capital of the province of Leyte. It is also the regional center of Eastern Visayas. It is geographically located at San Juanico Bridge, a famous longest bridge in the Philippines, stragecally in San Juanico Strait which divides in Leyte and Samar Province, Tacloban also known as the heart of Eastern Visayas, The city accessibility have made the city, commercial educational, government and political hub as well as the tourism service center of the region, Tacloban City is the first to be as highly urbanized city in Region next is to. Ormoc City, the Independent City of province.

Cities in the Philippines
Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress is a major Indian political party. The party was founded in 1885. It is the largest constituent party of the UPA, a coalition of Indian political parties that form the opposition against the ruling NDA coalition. The party's chairperson is Sonia Gandhi. It has registered its worst performance in an election in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.

References

1885 establishments
Social democratic parties in Asia
Political parties in India
1880s establishments in India
Pentium

Pentium is an x86 microprocessor, first made in 1993. It is a brand name by Intel who developed the Pentium I (1993-1999), Pentium II (1997-1999), Pentium III (1999-2003), Pentium 4 (2000-2008), Pentium M (2003-2008), Pentium D (2005-2008) and Pentium Extreme Edition (2005-2008) processors. Today, it is the medium range microprocessor in the Intel microprocessor lineup, above the Celeron and Atom and below the Core family of microprocessors.

Intel processors
His Dark Materials

His Dark Materials is a fantasy novel series by British author, Philip Pullman.

Books 
 Northern Lights
 The Subtle Knife
 The Amber Spyglass

Fantasy books
Series of books
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

In mathematics and statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is a measure of correlation, named after its maker, Charles Spearman. It is written in short as the Greek letter rho () or sometimes as . It is a number that shows how closely two sets of data are linked. It only can be used for data which can be put in order, such as highest to lowest.

The general formula for  is .

For example, if you have data for how expensive different computers are, and data for how fast the computers are, you could see if they are linked, and how closely they are linked, using .

Working it out

Step one 
To work out  you first have to rank each piece of data. We are going to use the example from the intro of computers and their speed.

So, the computer with the lowest price would be rank 1. The one higher than that would have 2. Then, it goes up until it is all ranked. You have to do this to both sets of data.

Step two 
Next, we have to find the difference between the two ranks. Then, you multiply the difference by itself, which is called squaring. The difference is called , and the number you get when you square  is called .

Step three 
Count how much data we have. This data has ranks 1 to 5, so we have 5 pieces of data. This number is called .

Step four 
Finally, use everything we have worked out so far in this formula: .

 means that we take the total of all the numbers that were in the column . This is because  means total.

So,  is  which is 4. The formula says multiply it by 6, which is 24.

 is  which is 120.

So, to find out , we simply do .

Therefore, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is 0.8 for this set of data.

What the numbers mean 
 always gives an answer between −1 and 1. The numbers between are like a scale, where −1 is a very strong link, 0 is no link, and 1 is also a very strong link. The difference between 1 and −1 is that 1 is a positive correlation, and −1 is a negative correlation.  A graph of data with a  value of −1 would look like the graph shown except the line and points would be going from top left to bottom right.

For example, for the data that we did above,  was 0.8. So this means that there is a positive correlation. Because it is close to 1, it means that the link is strong between the two sets of data. So, we can say that those two sets of data are linked, and go up together. If it was −0.8, we could say it was linked and as one goes up, the other goes down.

If two numbers are the same 
Sometimes, when ranking data, there are two or more numbers that are the same. When this happens in , we take the mean or average of the ranks that are the same. These are called tied ranks. To do this, we rank the tied numbers as if they were not tied. Then, we add up all the ranks that they would have, and divide it by how many there are.  For example, say we were ranking how well different people did in a spelling test.

These numbers are used in exactly the same way as normal ranks.

Related pages
Correlation

Notes and references 

Statistics
Mathematics
Killzone 2

Killzone 2 is a is a first-person shooter for the PlayStation 3, made by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the third game in the Killzone series that began on the PlayStation 2 with Killzone and continued on the PlayStation Portable with Killzone: Liberation. The game was first announced at E3 2005, with a technology demo on display, while the first gameplay video was shown two years later at E3 2007.

2009 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Velafrons

Velafrons (meaning "sailed forehead") is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Mexico. Its fossils were found in the Upper Cretaceous Cerro del Pueblo Formation (about 73.5 million years old), near Rincon Colorado, Coahuila, Mexico. The type specimen is CPC-59, and the type species is V. coahuilensis.

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Manzai

is a traditional kind of Japanese comedy. Manzai is a special kind of stand-up comedy.  It is both dialogue and performance.

A comedy team brings together a straight man (tsukkomi) who feeds punchlines to a funny man (boke).  A pair of comedians with a special back-and-forth style is called kakeai manzai.

History 
The history of manzai began in the Nara period.

In the Edo period, the traditional dialogue was performed on stage.

In modern times, manzai performances are televised in Japan.

New Year's tradition
In Japan's past, traditional manzai performers would go from house to house in the New Year's season.  They would sing songs and perform good-luck dances in return for a small amount of rice or money.

Related pages
 Xiangsheng
 Stand-up comedy

References

More reading

 Davis, Jessica Milner. (2005). Understanding Humor in Japan.  Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ;  OCLC 475380964

Comedy
Japanese culture
Entertainment in Japan
Arsenal tube station

Arsenal tube station is a London Underground station in Highbury, north London. The station is on the Piccadilly line. It is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is between Holloway Road and Finsbury Park tube stations. The station was originally known as Gillespie Road. In 1932, it was renamed after Arsenal Football Club. It is the only Tube station named directly after a football club.

History
Gillespie Road station was opened by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR) on 15 December 1906. When the different London Underground companies were joined together, the GNP&BR became the Piccadilly line. The original station building and ticket hall were designed by Leslie Green. The buildings had red terracotta on the outside. The station is similar to Holloway Road and Caledonian Road stations, also on the Piccadilly line. The station was renamed to Arsenal in 1932.

References

Other websites 

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 .

Piccadilly line stations
Tube stations in the London Borough of Islington
Arsenal F.C.
London Travelcard zone 2
Railway stations opened in 1906
1906 establishments in England
Leadbeater's possum

Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) is an endangered species of Australian possum. They need food all year round, and trees with holes where they can hide during the day. They live in mixed-age wet sclerophyll forest with plenty of Acacia.

The possum was once thought to be extinct. It now lives only in small areas of old and mixed age mountain ash forest in the central highlands of Victoria, north-east of Melbourne. 

These trees are a species of Eucalyptus: they give off vapour which catches fire easily. About half this area was burnt in the disastrous Black Saturday bushfire in 2009. Large areas of the forest around Marysville, Narbethong and Healesville were destroyed.

References

Other websites

Marsupials of Australia
Endangered species
Victoria, Australia
Vostok 1

Vostok 1 (, East or Orient 1) was the first flight to take a human into space. It used a Vostok 3KA spacecraft, and was launched on April 12, 1961. It took into space Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time a person went into outer space and the first time anyone had entered into orbit. The flight made one orbit and lasted for 1 hour, 48 minutes. The Vostok 1 was launched by the Soviet space program and made by the Soviet rocket scientists Sergei Korolev and Kerim Kerimov.

The Vostok spacecraft weighed , was  long and  in diameter. The cosmonaut flew inside a spherical module. He sat on a seat which was also an ejection seat which allowed the cosmonaut to escape from the spacecraft in case of an emergency. The flight was simple, the cosmonaut was simply a passenger. There were controls for use in an emergency. The spacecraft had a food locker, radio, a cabinet with experiments inside, and two windows, one above the ejection seat and one to the right.. Gagarin ejected from the spacecraft after re-entry and landed by parachute.

There were six manned Vostok flights, the last one, Vostok 6, carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to go into space on June 16, 1963.

References

Soviet spacecraft
Red Faction: Guerrilla

Red Faction: Guerrilla is a third-person shooter video game made by Volition, Inc. and published by THQ, with the PC version being made by Reactor Zero. The game first came out on June 2, 2009 in North America for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. In the European countries it was released on June 5 2009 and the Microsoft Windows version will be released on August 25 2009. The game is the third game in the Red Faction series.

Gameplay
Red Faction: Guerrilla has a third person perspective, the first two games had a first-person perspective. This was changed because Volition though that the third-person view would be better because the player would be able to see more of the environment. In Red Faction: Guerrilla, the hero, Alec Mason, can run, jump, steal vehicles, and use weapons to explore the open world of Mars and fight the EDF (Earth Defense Force).

Reception
Red Faction: Guerrilla has gotten good reviews. The Metacritic score is 85/100. The GameSpot reviewer Randolph Ramsey gave the game a, 8.5/10. He said that the physics and the realism of the game were good, but also said that the game is repetitive and that the story was not good. IGN reviewer Charles Onyett gave the game an 8/10. He said that the game is fun, but that the storyline, graphics, and voice acting are weak.

References

2009 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Glazed tile

A glazed tile is a tile with glaze. It is made by putting chemical glazes on the tile, let it dry, and putting it into a kiln (an oven that heats up to high temperatures). The kiln heats to about 2000 degrees turning the chemical glaze to colors. It is often framed and sold. This is a popular form of art.

Glazed tiles can also come in a range of textures, from more coarse matte tiles which are good for flooring since they provide traction to high gloss, very smooth tiles which work well for countertops and splashbacks.

Glazed tiles were used to make the roof  on buildings in China.

Ceramics
Enola Gay

The Enola Gay is a B-29 Superfortress Bomber. This plane is famous for dropping the first atomic bomb (named Little Boy) over the Japanese city of Hiroshima during World War II. The Bomber is named after its Pilot, Paul Tibbets' mother Enola Gay Tibbets. The plane was used from 18 May 1945 to 24 July 1946, after which it was stored at Suitland, Maryland.

References

World War II
Hiroshima
Paul Tibbets

Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a Brigadier general for the United States Air Force from 1937 to 1966. Paul is famous for dropping the first Atomic bomb on Hiroshima in the B-29 Superfortress called Enola Gay. He was born in Quincy, Illinois.

Tibbets died of heart failure after suffering a small stroke in Columbus, Ohio, aged 92. His remains were cremated where his ashes were later scattered across the English Channel.

References

Other websites

509th Composite Group
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
BBC News item announcing Tibbets' death
In pictures: Paul Tibbets
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, November 2, 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, November 2, 2007
Obituary, The Times, November 2, 2007
"Hiroshima; Enola Gay's Crew Recalls The Flight Into a New Era", New York Times, August 6, 1995

1915 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from stroke
American aviators
American people of World War II
Military people from Illinois
Phil Jackson

Phil Jackson (born September 17, 1945) is a coach in the NBA. He has won eleven championships as coach in the NBA, six with the Chicago Bulls and five with the Los Angeles Lakers. With his 10th championship, Phil Jackson surpassed Red Auerbach, who won 9 championships before 1966. As of March 4, 2010, Phil Jackson has the highest winning percentage in regular season games of any coach in NBA history who coached at least 500 games.  Before he was a coach, Jackson was a player for the New York Knicks and the New Jersey Nets.  Jackson is from Montana.

References

1945 births
Living people
Chicago Bulls head coaches
New Jersey Nets players
New York Knicks players
Sportspeople from Montana
Kennel cough

Kennel cough or tracheobronchitis is a very easily caught dog illness. The dogs have swelling and pain  of the upper breathing passages.  It can be caused by viral infections such as canine distemper, canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus, or canine respiratory coronavirus, or bacterial infections such as Bordetella bronchiseptica.  It is called kennel cough because the infection can spread very quickly among dogs, who live together as in a kennel or an animal shelter.

Infection
Both viral and bacterial causes of kennel cough are spread through the air by infected dogs sneezing and coughing.  It can also be spread through contact with things that have the bacteria or virus on them.  It can still be spread days or weeks after symptoms disappear.  Symptoms  usually begin about 3 to 5 days after the dog is around the infected animal or object.  The disease can turn into pneumonia.

Symptoms
Symptoms can include a harsh, dry coughing, retching, sneezing, snorting (noise made with the nose), gagging or vomiting in response to light pressing of the trachea or after excitement or exercise.  The symptoms are caused by the inflammation of the airways.  It can increase after excitement or exercise because of the quick breathing that takes place which causes the nerves of airway to become more stimulated.  A fever is not always present.  The disease can last 10–20 days and can come back when the dog is put into a stressful situation which puts stress on the dog's immune system.  Medical diagnosis is made by seeing these symptoms, having a history of exposure is also helpful but not always found as kennel cough is easily spread through contact with the ground, toys, sidewalks, dog parks.

Treatment and prevention
Antibiotics are given to treat any bacterial infection present.  Cough suppressants are used if the cough is not productive (nothing is being coughed up).  The usual outcome is good.  Prevention is by vaccinating for canine adenovirus, distemper, parainfluenza, and Bordetella.  In kennels, the best prevention is to keep all the cages clean.  Most kennels will not board dogs without proof of vaccination.

Related pages
Bronchitis

References

Other websites
Kennel Cough Home Remedy 
Kennel Cough from The Pet Health Library
Merck Veterinary Manual Entry on Kennel Cough
Kennel Cough 

Dogs
Animal diseases
Pierre Schaeffer

Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French musician and other things, like an inventor and engineer, and more. He was born in Nancy. He created a kind of music called musique concrète (which in the French speak means "concrete music"). This music was different from regular music, and had many sounds from things in the real world.

Schaeffer died of Alzheimer's disease in Aix-en-Provence.

1910 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in France
French musicians
People from Nancy
Area 51

Area 51 is a military base, and a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base. It is in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles (133 km) north-northwest of downtown Las Vegas. At its center, on the southern shore of Groom Lake, is a large military airfield. The base's primary purpose is to support development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems. The base is in the United States Air Force's Nevada Test and Training Range NTTR, formerly called the Nellis Air Force Range NAFR. Although the facilities at the range are managed by the 99th Air Base Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, the Groom facility appears to be run as an adjunct of the Air Force Flight Test Center AFFTC at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert, around 186 miles (300 km) southwest of Groom, and as such the base is known as Air Force Flight Test Center Detachment 3.

Though the name Area 51 is used in official Central Intelligence Agency documentation, other names used for the facility include Dreamland, Paradise Ranch, Home Base, Watertown Strip, Groom Lake, and most recently Homey Airport. The area is part of the Nellis Military Operations Area, and the restricted airspace around the field is referred to as R- 4808N, known by the military pilots in the area as "The Box" or "the Container ".

The facility is not a conventional airbase, as frontline operational units are not normally deployed there. It instead appears to be used for highly classified military/defense Special Access Programs SAP, which are unacknowledged publicly by the government, military personnel, and defense contractors. Its mission may be to support the development, testing, and training phases for new aircraft weapons systems or research projects. Once these projects have been approved by the United States Air Force or other agencies such as the CIA, and are ready to be announced to the public, operations of the aircraft are then moved to a normal air force base. 

There was intense secrecy surrounding the base. The U.S. government did not acknowledge its existence until July 14, 2003. This secrecy made it the frequent subject of fiction and conspiracy theories and a central component to unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore. Testing the U-2 plane in the 1950s – at altitudes much higher than commercial aeroplanes then flew – provoked "a tremendous increase in reports of unidentified flying objects (UFOs)". 

The presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said she would release information about Area 51, as long as it did not threaten national security.

In July 2019, more than 1,700,000 people responded to a joke proposal to storm Area 51 which appeared in an anonymous Facebook post. A further 1,300,000 people said they were interested in the event, scheduled for 20 September 2019, and billed as "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us", an attempt to "see them aliens."

References 

Buildings and structures in Nevada
United States Air Force
Conspiracy theories
1942 establishments in the United States
UFOs
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Ding Liren

Ding Liren (born 1992) is a Chinese chess grandmaster. He won the Chinese Chess Championship in 2009. On 6 June 2009, at the age of 16, he became the youngest ever person to win the national title. In October 2009, he became China's 30th Grandmaster.

In April 2011, Ding won the Chinese Championship for a second time.

References

Other websites

gallery of images
Sina.com.cn

Chinese chess players
1992 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Oliver Twist

Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress (1838) is Charles Dickens's second novel. It was first published as a book by Richard Bentley in 1838. It tells the story of an orphan boy and his adventures among London's slums. Oliver is captured by, and forced to work among, pickpockets and thieves until redeemed by a gentleman who has taken an interest in him. Characters include Fagin, Nancy, Bill Sykes, and the Artful Dodger. The book is one of the earliest examples of the social novel. It draws the reader's attention to evils such as child labour, the recruitment of children as criminals, and the presence of street children.

The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of hardships as a child labourer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. It is likely that Dickens's own early youth as a child labourer contributed to the story's development. The book influenced American writer Horatio Alger, Jr. and his stories of poor boys living on the streets of nineteenth-century New York City.

The book has been adapted to a popular musical play called Oliver! and several movies, notably a 1948 production starring Alec Guiness as Fagin. A Disney animated feature about alley cats called Oliver & Company has also been released.

1830s books
Books by Charles Dickens
Books first published in serial form
English novels
English-language novels
Danish Kaneria

Danish Prabha Shanker Kaneria (born 16 December 1980) is a Pakistani cricketer. He was born in Karachi and made his first cricket entrance in 2000 against England in Faisalabad. He is generally a leg spin bowler and is famous for his googlies. 

His best bowling figures are getting 7 wickets for 77 runs against Bangladesh. Kaneria was born into a Gujarati family of Marwari origin.

On June 22, 2012 Kaneria was banned for life from any involvement in the playing, organisation or administration of any cricket under the jurisdiction of the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). Kaneria was found guilty of two charges of spot fixing.

References

Pakistani people
Pakistani cricketers
Living people
1980 births
People from Karachi