cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ansei

was a  after Kaei and before Man'en.  This period started in November 1854 and ended in March 1860.  During this time, the emperor was . 

The nengō Ansei means "tranquil government".

Events of the Ansei era 

 1854 (Ansei 1): The Ansei-Tōkai Quake (安政東海地震, Ansei Tōkai Jishin) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 23, 1854. The epicenter ranged from Suruga Bay to the deep ocean, and struck primarily in the Tōkai region, but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The accompanying tsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the Bōsō Peninsula in modern-day Chiba prefecture to Tosa province (modern-day Kōchi prefecture)

 1854 (Ansei 1): The Ansei-Nankai Quake (安政南海地震, Ansei Nankai Jishin) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 24, 1854. Over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu were killed.

 1855 (Ansei 2): After the Imperial Palace was destroyed by fire in 1854 (Kaei 7), it was re-built in nine months.

 1855 (Ansei 2, 21st day of the 11th month): The emperor moved in a grand procession from the Katsura Palace to the newly completed palace in Kyoto.

 11 November 1855 (Ansei 2): Great Ansei Earthquake in Edo.  Epicenter -- (Latitude: 36.000/Longitude: 140.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

 15 November 1857 (Ansei 4): Nagasaki Medical School was opened.  Dr. Pompe van Meerdevoort gave the first formal public lecture at the new school.

 1858-1860 (Ansei 4-Ansei 6): Cholera killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Edo.

 1858 (Ansei 5): Establishment of Keio University.

 29 July 1959 (Ansei 5):  Ii Naosuke signs Japanese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce (also known as the "Harris Treaty").

 1858 (Ansei 5): Beginning of Ansei Purge which was ordered by Ii Naosuke.

 March 24, 1860 (Ansei 7):  Ii Naosuke was assassinated, also known as the "Sakurada-mon Incident"

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 National Diet Library, Photograph of Sakurada-mon (1909)

 

Japanese eras
1854 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1860 disestablishments
1860s disestablishments in Japan
1850s establishments in Asia
Man'en

was a  after Ansei and before Bunkyū.  This period started in March 1860 and ended in February 1861.  During this time, the emperor was . 

The nengō Tenpō means "Ten Thousand Years Prolonged"

Events of the Man'en era

 1860 (Man'en 1): First Western professional photographer to live in Japan was Orrin Freeman in Yokohama. 

 1860 (Man'en 1): First diplomatic mission from modern Japan to the United States.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" Link to historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1860 establishments in Asia
1860s establishments in Japan
1861 disestablishments
1860s disestablishments in Japan
Euro disco

Euro disco is a form of disco-based dance music which originated in the late-1970s in Europe, as a more European variant of disco music. Euro disco was based on disco music, yet it was a more encompassing genre which borrowed influences from pop, rock and New Wave music. In such a way, it was more pop-friendly and less "gritty" than regular disco music. It often included synthesizers within its composition.

Euro disco, as the term suggests, was popular in Europe. Nevertheless, it also achieved popularity in the United States through artists such as Donna Summer. Some regard Kraftwerk as the first Euro disco group. Furthermore,  Giorgio Moroder was also a major force within the Euro disco scene.

References

Disco
Pop music
Dance music
Electronic dance music
Wilson's bird-of-paradise

The Wilson's bird-of-paradise is a small bird of the Paradisaeidae family.

Description 
The male is a red and black bird-of-paradise with a yellow mantle on its neck, a light-green mouth, blue feet and two curved violet tail feathers. The head is naked blue with a black double cross pattern on it. 

As so often with birds in general, and paradise birds in particular, the female is not showy. It is a brownish bird, though it does have a bare blue crown.

Diet 
Wilson's bird-of-paradise eat usually fruit or small insects.

References 

Paradisaeidae
Woodpecker Finch

The Woodpecker Finch is a species of birds in the family Fringillidae. They live in the Galapagos Islands and are named for their habit of eating grubs that live in the woods. But the woodpecker finch, unlike woodpeckers, does not have a long tongue or a bill that is suitable for getting hold of the grubs. Instead, it uses a cactus spine or twig that is the right shape to dig grubs out.

References 

Finches
Galápagos Islands
Secretarybird

The secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) is a large terrestrial bird of prey. It is usually found in African savannas and open grasslands.

Unlike most birds of prey, the secretarybird hunts its prey on foot. Adults hunt in pairs and sometimes as family flocks. They stalk through the grass with long strides. Prey includes insects, mammals from mice to hares and mongoose, crabs, lizards, snakes, tortoises, young birds, bird eggs, and sometimes dead animals killed in grass or bushfires.

The bird is famous for hunting snakes. It even hunts venomous cobras and other reptiles. Its claws are weak and blunt, so to make a kill, it stomps on its victim, breaking its back.

It is put in its own family on the basis of molecular sequence analysis.

Size 
Standing up, the secretarybird is nearly 4.5 feet (1.3 m) tall.

References 

Accipitriformes
Taishō period

The , also known as the Taishō era, was a  after Meiji and before Shōwa.  This period started on July 30, 1912 and it ended on December 25, 1926. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Taishō means "Great Justice" or "Great Righteousness".

Events of the Taishō period
The years in which Taishō was the Japanese monarch comprise this period or era.
 1920 (Taishō 9): First census of Japan, population 77 million
 1921 (Taishō 10): Prince Hirohito was made regent (sesshō)
 1923 (Taishō 12): Great Kantō earthquake;
 1925 (Taishō 14): The Emperor accepts the principle of the right to vote for everyone

Politics
 1912 (Taishō 1): Emperor Meiji died; and Saionji Kinmochi was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
 1912 (Taishō 1): Katsura Tarō became 15th Prime Minister of Japan
 1913 (Taishō 2): Yamamoto Gonbee became 16th Prime Minister
 1914 (Taishō 3): Ōkuma Shigenobu became 17th Prime Minister
 1916 (Taishō 5): Terauchi Masatake became 18th Prime Minister
 1918 (Taishō 7): Hara Takashi became 19th Prime Minister
 1921 (Taishō 10): Takahashi Korekiyo became 20th Prime Minister
 1922 (Taishō 11): Katō Tomosaburō became 21st Prime Minister
 1923 (Taishō 12): Yamamoto became 22nd Prime Minister
 1924 (Taishō 13): Kiyoura Keigo became 23rd Prime Minister
 1924 (Taishō 13): Katō Takaaki became 24th Prime Minister
 1926 (Taishō 15):Wakatsuki Reijirō became 25th Prime Minister

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites 

 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1912 establishments in Asia
1910s establishments in Japan
1926 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Japan
1920s disestablishments in Asia
Lanarkshire derby

The Lanarkshire Derby is a football rivalry in Lanarkshire, Scotland, and matches are played between two of Motherwell, Hamilton Academical, Airdrie United and Albion Rovers.

Motherwell vs Airdrie
This game is the biggest Lanarkshire derby, and big crowds usually come to watch this match, at either Fir Park or Excelsior Stadium. For a very long time, Motherwell and Airdrieonians were the two biggest teams in Lanarkshire, up until Airdrie went out of business in 2002. There has only been one game between these two teams since Airdrie re-formed as Airdrie United, in the 2007 Scottish Cup. A Richie Foran goal won it for Motherwell that day, in front of a crowd of 5,924, the highest ever for an Airdrie United match. Also, this match had often been the final of the Lanarkshire Cup, a competition where teams from all-over Lanarkshire played in. This competition stopped in 1996.

Motherwell vs Hamilton Academical
This game is the second-biggest Lanarkshire derby, and the most Southern of all the derbies. Up until 2008, both teams were mostly in different divisions. Then Hamilton got promoted to the SPL and both teams were to play each other a lot. This ended when Hamilton got relegated in 2011, meaning that Motherwell are now the only SPL team in Lanarkshire.

Hamilton Academical vs Airdrie
This game is between the two middle-rated teams in Lanarkshire, and is not as big as when one of the teams play Motherwell. Both teams have usually been in a league lower than the SPL, so this is not thought to be a big derby.

Airdrie vs Albion Rovers
This game is big for both teams, as they were both in the Monklands area, until Airdrie moved to a new stadium in the Petersburn area in 1998. The first match between Albion and Airdrie (as United), was in 2010, when Airdrie beat Albion Rovers 1-0 at Cliftonhill. Since that game, both teams are in the same division in the 2011-12 season.

Albion Rovers vs Hamilton Academical
This is not a big derby match, as both teams have been in different divisions for most of their existence. They were in the same league in 2001, but have not met each other since, making this derby the smallest. Coatbridge and Hamilton are 6 miles apart.

Albion Rovers vs Motherwell
This is the least remembered of the derbies, as Albion have been in the lower divisions for most of their existence, whilst Motherwell have been in the top division. There is also no bad feeling between the two, as a few young Motherwell players have gone out on loan to Albion Rovers over the years.

References

Football in Scotland
Camposaurus

Not to be confused with Camptosaurus.

Camposaurus is a dinosaur from the Late Triassic of North America. It is a relative of Coelophysis. This relationship was upheld by a recent phylogenetic anlysis.

With fossils dating back to 205–210 million years ago (mya), it is the oldest known neotheropod. It is known from partial lower leg bones and other fragmentary material. 

A study of Camposaurus arizoniensis by Ezcurra and Brusatte discovered two unique features. This meant the specimen was a valid genus and species. Camposaurus is definitely a neotheropod. Based on phylogenetic analysis, its closest known relative is Megapnosaurus rhodensis, because they share similarities in the tibia, and ankle. Spielman et al. (2007) put Camposaurus in the family Coelophysidae.

References 

Theropods
Triassic dinosaurs
Staurikosaurus

Staurikosaurus is a genus of Upper Triassic theropod dinosaurs found in Brazil. It was a small, lightly built carnivore.

The rarity of Staurikosaurus remains may be a result of it being uncommon while alive, or because it lived in an environment such as a forest, where fossils rarely form.

Description

At just , 80 centimetres tall (31 in), and weighing just 30 kilograms (66 lb), Staurikosaurus was tiny in comparison to later theropods like Megalosaurus. Staurikosaurus and the related Herrerasaurus are definitely theropods and evolved after the sauropod line had split from the theropods.

The fossil record of Staurikosaurus is poor, but the skeletal structure of the legs is known. Staurikosaurus was a quick runner for its size. It also had just two vertebrae joining the pelvis to the spine, a distinctly primitive arrangement.

The available teeth for Staurikosaurus strongly suggest a carnivorous diet.

Tail 
The tail of Staurikosaurus was relatively long (with more than 40 vertebrae) compared to the rest of its body and was held straight and off the ground as it ran.  The rear part of Staurikosaurus's tail is stiffened by features of the tail vertebrae.  Ostrom thought this was a dynamic stabilizer to help balance while leaping and running.

References

Other websites 
 Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul. 

Triassic dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of South America
Theropods
Ostend manifesto

The Ostend Manifesto was an 1854 document describing the reasons for the United States to buy Cuba. Cuba was to be added as a slave state of the United States.

1854 in the United States
19th century in Belgium
19th century in Cuba
Slavery in the United States
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. It was made by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England.  EDSAC was the first stored-program electronic computer. It was also the first to run a computer game.

Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British company. They were rewarded with the first commercial computer, LEO I. LEO I was based on the EDSAC design.  EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of square numbers and a list of prime numbers.

References 

Computers
Voting age

Voting age is the age when a person is allowed to vote in political elections by governments. The majority of countries set it at 18, but ages ranging from 16 to 21 exist. Iran is the only sovereignty to ever have a voting age below 16 in recent history, setting it at 15 until it was raised to 18 recently. When the voting age was first established it was usually set at 21, but in the latter half of the twentieth century most countries, including the United States, lowered it to 18. A few jurisdictions today, such as Austria and the Isle of Man, have lowered it to 16.

Voting
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas

Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas is a television Christmas special that was first shown on the American television network ABC on Thursday, November 24, 2011. It is based on characters from the movie Ice Age. The entire cast from the movies all play the same characters; Ciara Bravo is the voice of Peaches, who is now a young kid. There are new characters voiced by Billy Gardell, T. J. Miller, and Judah Friedlander.

Premieres

Synopsis
In the middle of decorating for the holiday season, Sid (John Leguizamo) accidentally destroys Manny's (Ray Romano) favorite decoration, the traditional Christmas rock (predating the Christmas tree) by accident. Sid, convinced by Manny that he's now on Santa's naughty list, takes off with Crash (Seann William Scott), Eddie (Josh Peck), and Peaches (Ciara Bravo) — who's still a young child — for the North Pole to get him off the naughty list. On their journey, they befriend one of Santa's reindeer Prancer (T. J. Miller).

When they arrive at the North Pole, Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa's (Billy Gardell) workshop. When Manny, Ellie, and Diego (worried over Peaches' safety) arrive at the North Pole, they reunite to save Christmas. With the help of an army of mini-sloths (who had attacked Sid and his crew before), the Sub-Zero Heroes make enough new toys for every child on Earth. Santa is then able to distribute presents on a worldwide basis after Prancer and his whole family volunteer to pull his sleigh. Santa has also left Scrat (Chris Wedge) a present: A small acorn, which he then loses again.

Voice cast
 Ray Romano as Manny
 John Leguizamo as Sid
 Denis Leary as Diego
 Queen Latifah as Ellie
 Seann William Scott as Crash
 Josh Peck as Eddie
 Ciara Bravo as Peaches
 Chris Wedge as Scrat
 Billy Gardell as Santa Claus
 T. J. Miller as Prancer
 Judah Friedlander as Head Mini-Sloth
 Frank Welker as Animals' vocal effects (uncredited)

Welcoming
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas was positively welcomed from audience.

References

Other websites
 

2011 movies
Christmas movies
Ice Age (franchise)
Television movies
American animated movies
Mick Wingert

Michael "Mick" Wingert (born July 4, 1974) is an American stand-up comedian, voice actor, comedian, and actor. He is best known as the new voice of Master Po in Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness. He took over from Po's original voice actor Jack Black.

Early life
Wingert was born Michael Wingert in Lemoore, California.

Filmography

Video games

References

Other websites
 

American voice actors
American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from California
1974 births
Living people
Comedians from California
Lucy Liu

Lucy Liu (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress, artist, and movie producer. She was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City. Her parents are from Taiwan. Liu has been in many movies and many television programs.

Other websites 

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Queens
American artists
American movie actors
American television actors
Movie producers from New York City
New York University alumni
Christina Crawford (wrestler)

Christina Crawford (born October 17, 1988) is an American dancer and professional wrestler. She is best known for working for WWE where she wrestled in their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling and NXT, under the ring name Caylee Turner.

Crawford first became well known on WWE's Tough Enough. It is a reality television series. The winner of Tough Enough would get WWE contract. She did not win, but did well enough that WWE gave her a job.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE

Florida Championship Wrestling (2010–2011)
In June 2010, Crawford signed a contract with WWE. She was later sent to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). She first appeared on July 8, 2010 in a bikini contest. On November 20 that she made her first wrestling appearance using the new ring name Caylee Turner. It was a 6 diva tag team match with Rosa Mendes and Aksana. Her team lost the match to AJ Lee, Kaitlyn and Naomi Knight. In February 2011, Crawford was let go from her WWE contract.

Tough Enough (2011)
In March 2011, Crawford was listed as one of the fourteen people on the new version of  Tough Enough. On the May 16th edition of Tough Enough, Christina was in a match with A.J. Kirsch where she hurt her ankle. She was taken to the emergency room. On the May 23rd edition of Tough Enough, Christina was cut from the competition as was with A.J. Kirsch.

Return to Florida Championship Wrestling and release (2011–2012)
After leaving Tough Enough, Crawford went back to work for FCW. On June 22, 2011, she teamed up with Leah West to face Audrey Marie and Sonia in a tag team match but lost. On the August 7, 2011 episode of FCW television, she teamed up with A.J. and Kaitlyn. They beat the team of Sonia, Audrey Marie, and Raquel Diaz. On August 14 edition of FCW, Caylee teamed up with Naomi to defeat the team of Kaitlyn & Audrey Marie. On August 14, 2012, WWE released Crawford from her contract.

Personal life

Crawford is of  African American descent. She graduated from the University of Central Florida in 2011. She studied interpersonal communications. She has an older sister named Victoria, who is a professional wrestler for WWE, under the ring name Alicia Fox.

References

Other websites
FCW profile
Online World of Wrestling profile

1988 births
American dancers
African-American wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Bohemia at the Olympics

Kingdom of Bohemia, took part in some of the early modern Olympic Games.  It was an autonomous part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. The team began taking part in the Olympics at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  After World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia. Bohemian athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.  After Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Bohemian athletes competed for the Czech Republic at the Olympics.  Bohemian athletes have missed only three Olympics: the first in 1896, the 1904 Summer Olympics (the first not to take place in Europe)  and the boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics.

List of medalists

Hedwiga Rosenbaumová also won a bronze medal with Archibald Warden of Great Britain (GBR) in the mixed doubles event in tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  This medal is listed as being won by a mixed team instead of split between Bohemia and Great Britain.

Medals by Games

References
 

Former nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Basal

'Basal' is a term in biology for 'primitive' or 'ancestral'. Basal is preferred because it is neutral and non-judgmental. This terminology came into use with cladistics. The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which gave rise to later forms. It is a term which works at any level: a basal species gives rise to derived species, and a basal group gives rise to derived groups.

'Derived' is the correct term in biology for specialised or advanced. It is used for groups which have evolved from a more basal group. A derived trait is a trait that is present in an organism, but was not in the last common ancestor of the group being considered. Simplicity is often secondarily derived. For example, no mitochondria in the anaerobic protist Entamoeba histolytica is a result of their secondary loss.

General view –
Basal group
Derived group
Derived group
Derived group

Example –
Early primates
Monkeys
Apes
Homo

In the last example, note that apes are derived from monkeys but basal with respect to our own genus. The status of being basal or derived is relative, though living species can only be derived. In any basal-derived pair, the basal member must have evolved before the derived member, with evidence that some of its species gave rise to (evolved into) the derived member.

Other terms
See also Wiley et al. 1991.
Ancestral taxon = basal group
Characters or attributes:
Plesiomorphy = ancestral trait inherited from earlier forms.
Apomorphy =  trait or innovation derived from a plesiomorphic character. It may define a clade.
Synapomorphy = a trait or character of a whole clade.

References

Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy
Heisei period

, also known as the Heisei era, is the  after Shōwa and before Reiwa. This period started in February 1989 and ended on April 30, 2019 with the emperor's abdication. During this time, the emperor was ,

Events of the Heisei period
The years in which Akihito has been the Japanese monarch comprise this period or era.
 1990 (Heisei 2): Expo 1990 in Hyōgo Prefecture
 1992 (Heisei 4): Emperor Akihito traveled to China, the first time a Japanese monarch to visit.
 1993 (Heisei 5): 19th G7 summit in Tokyo
 1998 (Heisei 10): 1998 Winter Olympics
 2000 (Heisei 12): 26th G8 summit in Okinawa 
 2008 (Heisei 20): 34th G8 summit in Hokkaido

Disasters

 January 17, 1995 (Heisei 7, 17th day of the 1st month): Kobe Earthquake.

 11 March 2011 (Heisei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month): A magnitude 9.0 earthquake caused a great tsunami, known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and consequently created the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

 15 March 2011 (Heisei 23, 15th day of the 3rd month): Emperor Akihito made his first national television address. He said, "I hope from the bottom of my heart that the people will, hand in hand, treat each other with compassion and overcome these difficult times."

Politics
 1989 (Heisei 1): Emperor Shōwa died; and Noboru Takeshita was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
 1989 (Heisei 1): Sosuke Uno became 75th Prime Minister
 1989 (Heisei 1): Toshiki Kaifu became 76th Prime Minister
 1990 (Heisei 2): Kaifu became 77th Prime Minister
 1991 (Heisei 3): Kiichi Miyazawa became 78th Prime Minister
 1993 (Heisei 5): Morihiro Hosokawa became 79th Prime Minister
 1994 (Heisei 6): Tsutomu Hata became 80th Prime Minister
 1994 (Heisei 6): Tomiichi Murayama became 81st Prime Minister
 1996 (Heisei 8): Ryutaro Hashimoto became 82nd Prime Minister 
 1996 (Heisei 8): Hashimoto became 83rd Prime Minister 
 1998 (Heisei 10): Keizo Obuchi became 84th Prime Minister
 2000 (Heisei 12): Yoshiro Mori became 85th Prime Minister
 2000 (Heisei 12): Mori became 86th Prime Minister
 2001 (Heisei 13): Junichiro Koizumi became 87th Prime Minister
 2003 (Heisei 15): Koizumi became 88th Prime Minister
 2005 (Heisei 17): Koizumi became 89th Prime Minister
 2006 (Heisei 18): Shinzo Abe became 90th Prime Minister
 2007 (Heisei 19): Yasuo Fukuda became 91st Prime Minister
 2008 (Heisei 20): Taro Aso became 92nd Prime Minister
 2009 (Heisei 21): Yukio Hatoyama became 93rd Prime Minister
 2010 (Heisei 22): Naoto Kan became 94th Prime Minister
 2011 (Heisei 23): Yoshihiko Noda became 95th Prime Minister
 2012 (Heisei 24): Shinzo Abe became 96th Prime Minister

Gallery

Related pages 
 100 Landscapes of Japan (Heisei period)
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites 

 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

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Japanese eras
1989 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Japan
E pluribus unum

"E pluribus unum" is a traditional motto of the United States. It means "out of many, one" in Latin. It has been placed on the U.S. dollar bill, and other related items.

The motto was suggested by the first Great Seal committee in 1776. Consultant and artist Pierre Du Simitière chose the Latin motto, and his design expresses this theme.

This motto was well known to literate Americans of the 18th century. It had appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, published monthly in London since 1731, with copies reaching the colonies. The legend "E pluribus unum" was used on the title pages of the magazine's annual complication volumes.

In Thomson's 1782 sketch, for the final design, Charles Thomson put this motto on a scroll held in the bald eagle's beak.

"E pluribus unum" is a clear reference to the Thirteen Colonies united into one nation – symbolized by the shield on the eagle's breast. As explained in the official description of the Great Seal, the thirteen vertical stripes "represent the several states all joined in one solid compact entire, supporting a Chief, which unites the whole & represents Congress. The Motto alludes to this union."

References 

Latin phrases
Mottos of the United States
An Outcast of the Islands

An Outcast of the Islands is the second novel by Joseph Conrad. It was published in 1896. It was based on Conrad's experience working on a steamer (ship), the Vigar.

The novel tells about the fall of Peter Willems. He is a bad man, and has a bad reputation. On the run from a scandal in Makassar, he finds a place to hide in a hidden native village. However, he betrays the people who are helping him, because of lust for the tribal chief's daughter. The story features the character Tom Lingard, who Conrad uses lots, and also appears in Almayer's Folly (1895) and The Rescue (1920). It shares other characters with those novels.

This novel was made into a movie in 1952 by director Carol Reed, starring Trevor Howard as Willems, Ralph Richardson as Lingard, Robert Morley, and Wendy Hiller.

The work was quoted in T. S. Eliot's The Hollow Men: "Life is very long.".

1896 books
Novels
Works by Joseph Conrad
Scipionyx

Scipionyx samniticus is one of the most important recent dinosaur finds. It is a tiny theropod (meat-eater) fossil found in Cretaceous limestone in southern Italy near Naples. Although it was unearthed thirty years ago in 1981, its true importance was not realized until 1994. It is a very important specimen in that it has fossilized remains of many of its internal organs and muscles. This type of detail is rare in fossils since the soft tissues from an animal do not usually fossilize; they almost always rot before mineral replacement can take place. This new fossil will yield a lot of information about dinosaurs' anatomy and physiology as it is studied.

The fossil is a theropod, perhaps a compsognathid (related to Compsognathus). It is a hatchling 9.5 inches (24 cm) long. It is from 113 million years ago (during the Cretaceous period) and has been named Scipionyx samniticus. During the Cretaceous period it lived near a shallow lagoon.

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of Europe
Coelurosaurs
Battle of Messines

The Battle of Messines was a battle which happened in the Western front of the First World War. It began on 7 June 1917 when the British Second Army, which was commanded by General Herbert Plumer, attacked near the village of Mesen (Messines) in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack was meant to capture a ridge which ran north from Messines village, past Wytschaete village. This ridge was a natural place where  you could keep safe southeast of Ypres. One thing which happened during the battle which was unusual was that 19 mines were set off just before the infantry attack. This was a tactic which made German defences disorganised. This allowed the troops to do what they were supposed to do very quickly. The attack also came before the much larger battle, the Third Battle of Ypres, usually known as Passchendaele, which began on 31 July 1917.

References 

1917 in Belgium
Messines
Messines
Messines
Messines
Messines
Flanders
West Flanders
June events
Döbereiner's lamp

Döbereiner's lamp is one of the first lighters. It was developed in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner. The lighter was produced until around 1880. The Heidelberg Castle and also the Deutsches Museum (German Museum) still have original Döbereiner lamps to show.

The lighter works based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. In the glass cylinder (a in the picture on the right) is sulfuric acid. In the open bottle (b) is zinc and at the top is a valve. With the lever (f), the bottle will be opened. Then, the sulfuric acid flows into the bottle. When it reaches the Zinc, a reaction starts. It produces hydrogen.

The hydrogen can go out of the bottle at the top. Next to the valve, there is platinum. The hydrogen gas has to bypass the platinum. The hydrogen and the oxygen from the air react because of the catalytic effect of platinum. The gas mixture (called oxyhydrogen) then burns, because the reaction is exothermic, and produces water.

To stop this reaction, the bottle only needs to be closed, that means the lever needs to be released. The hydrogen can no longer go out of the bottle and pushes the sulfuric acid back into the glass cylinder.

References 

Fire
Light
Shōwa (Kamakura period)

was a  after Ōchō and before Bunpō.  This period spanned the years from March 1312 through February 1317. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Shōwa era
 1313 (Shōwa 2, 10th month): Former Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.

 1314 (Shōwa 3, 11th month): Hōjō Sadaaki returned from Kyoto to Kamakura.

 1315 (Shōwa 4, 7th month): Hōjō Hirotoki died in Kamakura; and  Hōjō Sadaaki and Hōjō Mototoki share power.

 1315 (Shōwa 4, 10th month): Hōjō Tokiatsu became Rokuhara Tandai in Kyoto.

 1316 (Shōwa 5, 7th month): Hōjō Tokiatsu, who is the son of Hōjō Sadaaki, became Shikken.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1311 establishments
1310s establishments in Japan
1317 disestablishments
1310s disestablishments in Japan
Shotoku

Shotoku or Shōtoku''' may mean

 Prince Shōtoku, a Japanese political leader of the 6th-century Asuka period

 Empress Shōtoku, the 48th monarch of Japan, known posthumously as Empress Shōtoku

 Shōtoku (era), a Japanese era name (1711-1716)
Macron

A macron ( ¯ ), from the Greek  (makrón), meaning "long", is a diacritic mark commonly placed above a single character or symbol (particularly vowels).

Usage
In the romanization of Japanese, a letter with macron represents a long vowel.
For example, in the Hepburn romanization system
 kōtsū () means "traffic" 
 kotsu () means "bone" or "knack"

In the written Hawaiian language, the kahakō is shown by a macron.

In mathematics, a macron (or overline) is often placed above a symbol to refer to a complex conjugate, a sample mean and a logical negation.

Related pages 
Tilde
Vinculum (symbol)

References 

Alphabetic diacritics
Bulgaria at the Olympics

Bulgaria was first at the Olympic Games at the very first Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Bulgaria is BUL.

History
The Bulgarian Olympic Committee was formed in 1923.  They first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1924. The nation has been in every Summer Games since except for 1932 (during the Great Depression), 1948 (after World War II), and 1984. Bulgaria was first in the Winter Olympic Games in 1936, and has been in every Winter Games since then.

Bulgarian athletes have won a total of 218 medals, with wrestling and weightlifting the most.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Bulgaria profile at London2012.com
 Bulgaria at Olympics.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Bulgaria
WYSIWYM

WYSIWYM is an acronym that stands for What you see is what you mean.  This was positioned to not be confused with WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get). The idea behind WYSIWYM is to display text on screen in much the same way as they will appear when printed on paper. WYSIWYM is different from this: The content is structured. When the content is entered, this meaning is added to the text. This will mean that presentation is separated from the content. The content is translated before it is rendered. This also means that it can be translated differently, the same content can lead to different output formats. More importantly though, the person editing the document can focus on the content, and is not easily distracted by what the content looks like. One of the drawbacks of the method is that the user is forced to think ahead. LaTeX is an example of a document processing system that uses WYSIWYM.

Web design
Acronyms
Enkyō (Edo period)

was a  after Kanpō and before Kan'en.  This period started in February 1744 and ended in July 1748. During this time the, emperors were   and .

Events of Enkyō era

 1744 (Enkyō 1): Great comet was visible in sky for many months; this comet is now identified as C/1743 X1 (De Cheseaux).

 1745 (Enkyō 2): Tokugawa Ieshige became shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

 1745 (Enkyō 2): First market fair in the capital region.

 1745 (Enkyō 2, 2nd month): A great fire sweeps through Edo.

 9 June 1747 (Enkyō 4, 21st day of the 4th month): Sakuramachi abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Momozono's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Enkyō (Kamakura period), 1308-1311

Notes

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1744 establishments
1740s establishments in Japan
1748 disestablishments
1740s disestablishments in Japan
Aerogel

Aerogel is a gel in which the liquid part has been replaced with a gas (usually air). It was invented in 1931 by Samuel Stephens Kistler. The most common type of aerogel is silica aerogel, which is made from the same molecule as glass. It is a solid material that is almost as light as air. It is the world's lightest material. Its melting point is 1200 degrees Celsius, which is comparable to crocidolite asbestos. Aerogel is the best thermal insulator available and can be used in construction in place of fiberglass insulation. It allows better insulation with less material, although it is much more expensive than fiberglass. It is also brittle, making it more difficult to install than fiberglass. Most aerogel is not water-resistant, and even small amounts of water can destroy it. It is also safer than fiberglass or asbestos because it is not known to cause cancer if inhaled into the lungs. Some aerogel insulation, however, contains fiberglass to increase its flexibility.

References

Other websites

Materials
Insulation
Red Bull GmbH

Red Bull GmbH is an Austrian company that sells the Red Bull energy drink. Billions of cans are sold in over 161 countries. The company has 7,758 employees and earned 3.78 billion euros in 2010. The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are in Fuschl am See, Austria.

History
Dietrich Mateschitz started the company with Chaleo Yoovidhya. The company brought the energy drink Krating Daeng from Thailand to Europe and around the world. Krating Daeng means "red bull" in Thai.  Mateschitz runs the company and Yoovidhya and his son are silent partners. Red Bull GmbH made a new “Austrian” Red Bull drink in 1987. It is carbonated and not as sweet as the Thai drink. The Austrian version of the drink has almost half of the U.S. market for energy drinks. It has up to 80% of the market in some other countries.

Marketing
The company supports many sports teams. It also puts its logos on many airplanes and sports cars to attract attention.

References
Merchandise industry (IndContOnNation)

Other websites

 Red Bull official website

Austrian food
Drink companies
Companies of Austria
1984 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Austria
Kan'en

was a  after Enkyō and before Hōreki.  This period started in July 1748 and ended in October 1751. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kan'en Era 

 1748 (Kan'en 1): The first performance of the puppet play Kanadehon Chushingura, which presents a classic story of samurai revenge.

 1748 (Kan'en 1): Ambassadors from the Korea and from the Ryukyu Islands were received in Edo.

 7 October 1749 (Kan'en 2, 26th day of the 8th month): Nijō Castle was burnt after it was struck by lightning.

 28 May 1750 (Kan'en 2, 13th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Sakuramachi died.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1748 establishments
1740s establishments in Japan
1751 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
Kanpō

, also known as Kampō, was a , also known as Kampō, after Genbun and before Enkyō.  This period started in February 1741 and ended in February 1744.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kanpō Era

 1742 (Kanpō 2): A comet was seen in the sky.

 1742 (Kanpō 2, 8th month): Flooding in the provinces of Musashi, Kōzuke, Shimotsuke, and Shinano.  In Heian-kyō, the Sanjo Bridge is washed away.

 1743 (Kanpō 3, 11th month): A comet was sighted in the night sky. This comet is likely to have been what is today identified as C/1743 C1 (De-Cheseaux).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1741 establishments
1740s establishments in Japan
1744 disestablishments
1740s disestablishments in Japan
Weston

Weston might refer to:

People
 Weston (surname)

Places

Australia
 Weston, Australian Capital Territory
 Weston Creek, Canberra
 Weston Park, Canberra
 Weston, New South Wales, a suburb of the City of Cessnock

Canada
 Weston, Nova Scotia
 Weston, Ontario
 Weston GO Station, a station in the GO Transit network located in the community

Ireland
 Weston Airport, Dublin

Malaysia
 Weston, Sabah

New Zealand
 Weston, New Zealand

United Kingdom

England

 Weston, Berkshire
 Weston, Cheshire
 Weston, Cornwall
 Weston-on-Trent, Derbyshire
 Weston, Devon
 Weston, Dorset
 Weston, Halton
 Weston, East Hampshire, Hampshire (near Petersfield)
 Weston, Southampton, Hampshire
 Weston, Herefordshire
 Weston under Penyard, Herefordshire (near Ross-on-Wye) 
 Weston, Hertfordshire
 Weston, Leicestershire
 Weston, Lincolnshire
 Weston Longville, Norfolk
 Weston, Bath, Somerset
 Weston in Gordano, Somerset
 Weston-super-Mare, Somerset
 Weston, North Yorkshire
 Weston, Northamptonshire
 Weston, Nottinghamshire
 Weston, Shropshire
 Weston-under-Redcastle, Shropshire
 Weston, Staffordshire (near Stafford)
 Weston-under-Lizard, Staffordshire
 Weston, Suffolk

Scotland

 Weston, Highland
 Weston, Moray
 Weston, South Lanarkshire

Wales

 Weston, Pembrokeshire, also called Sir Benfro

United States
 Weston, Colorado
 Weston, Connecticut
 Weston, Florida
 Weston, Georgia
 Weston, Idaho
 Weston, Illinois (DuPage County), renamed "Fermilab Village", now the grounds of Fermilab
 Weston, Illinois (McLean County)
 Weston, Iowa
 Weston, Louisiana
 Weston, Maine
 Weston, Maryland
 Weston, Massachusetts
 Weston, Missouri
 Weston, Nebraska
 Weston, New Jersey
 Weston Mills, New York
 New Weston, Ohio
 Weston, Ohio
 Weston, Oregon
 Weston, Texas
 Weston, Vermont
 Weston, Washington
 Weston, West Virginia
 Weston, Wisconsin, a village
 Weston (town), Wisconsin
 Weston, Wyoming
 Weston County, Wyoming

Companies
 George Weston Limited, a Canadian food production and distribution company
 J. M. Weston, a French shoe company
 Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, Newark, N.J., an US American and British manufacturer of various electrical instruments including exposure meters, founded by Edward Weston

Other
 Weston film speed ratings, an old scale for measuring film speed, superseded by the similar American Standards Association (ASA) system, which is now incorporated into the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) system
 Weston (band), a pop-punk/indie band from Pennsylvania
 Weston-super-Mare A.F.C., a semi-professional football club based in Weston-super-Mare in Somerset, England
 Weston Workers Bears FC, a football club based in Weston in New South Wales, Australia
 Weston cell, an electrochemical element

Related pages
Madison

James Madison was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Many things were named for him:

People 
 Madison (name), a given name and a surname

Place names 
 Madison, Wisconsin, the largest city with this name and the state capital of Wisconsin
 Madison, Alabama
 Madison, Arkansas
 Madison, California
 Madison, Connecticut
 Madison, Florida
 Madison, Georgia
 Madison, Illinois
 Madison, Indiana
 Madison, Kansas
 Madison, Maine
 Madison (CDP), Maine, census-designated place in the town of Madison
 Madison, Minnesota
 Madison, Mississippi
 Madison, Missouri
 Madison, Nebraska
 Madison, New Hampshire
 Madison, New Jersey
 Madison (town), New York
 Madison (village), New York, in the town of Madison
 Madison, North Carolina
 Madison, Ohio
 Madison, Pennsylvania
 Madison, South Dakota
 Madison, Tennessee
 Madison, Virginia
 Madison, West Virginia
 Madison (town), Wisconsin, adjacent to the city of Madison
 Madison Lake, Minnesota
 Madison Park, Seattle, Washington State

Streets 
 Madison Avenue (Manhattan), a famous avenue in New York City
 Madison Street (Chicago), a major thoroughfare
 Madison Street (Manhattan)

Green places 
 Madison Blue Springs State Park
 Madison River, in Wyoming and Montana
 Madison Square, a public park in New York City
 Mount Madison, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire

Buildings 
 Madison Square Garden
 Madison Carnegie Library
 Milton-Madison Bridge
 Hamilton-Madison House

Education 
 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
 James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
 James Madison College, Michigan State University
 Madison University, Mississippi
Crocker Land

Crocker Land is the name for a supposed eighth continent in the Arctic Ocean. In the year 1906, Robert Peary thought he had seen a landmass, which he named after George Crocker, a member of Peary Arctic Club. He thought that the land was about 130 miles (210 km) north of Ellesmere Island, at 83 degrees north and 100 degrees west. 

In 1913, the Crocker Land expedition started, to find Crocker Land. This expedition turned out to be a failure. The captain of the first ship became drunk and ran aground on the rocks. Later an Inuit guide was deliberately shot and killed by one of the expedition members under suspicious circumstances. The expedition eventually became stranded and was not rescued until four years later.

The MacGregor Arctic Expedition in 1937–1938 also took aerial photographs. These show that there is no land at that location. Despite this, some pseudo-scientific organizations still try to present a case for its possible existence.

The expedition did not find Crocker Land. Later, satellite images showed that the continent did not exist, and could not be found. Today, it is believed that what Peary saw, was a fata morgana mirage.

References

Phantom islands

en:Crocker Land
Bradley Land

Bradley Land is the name of a landmass Frederick Cook claimed to have seen during a expedition in 1909. He said, the land between positions  () and (). He described it as two masses of land with a break, a strait, or an indentation between. The land was named for John R. Bradley, who had sponsored Cook's expedition.

Cook published two photographs of the land and described it as follows: "The lower coast resembled Heiberg Island, with mountains and high valleys. The upper coast I estimated as being about one thousand feet high, flat, and covered with a thin sheet ice." 

It is now known there is no land at that location. Cook's observations were based on either a misidentification of sea ice or an outright fabrication.  Cook's Inuit companions reported that the photographs were actually taken near the coast of Axel Heiberg Island.

References

Phantom islands
Genbun

was a , also Gembun,  after Kyōhō and before Kanpō.  This period started in April 1736 and ended in February 1741. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Genbun era

 1736 (Genbun 1): The shogunate published an edict declaring that henceforth, the sole, authorized coinage in the empire would be those copper coins which were marked on the obverse with the character 文 (pronounced bun in Japanese or pronounced wen in Chinese.  This is to say, the same character which is found in this era name of Genbun).

 1737 (Genbun 2, 11th month): A comet was seen in the western part of the sky.

 10 May 1737 (Genbun 2, 11th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Nakamikado died.

 1739 (Genbun 4):  Iron coins were minted.

 1739 (Genbun 4): Hosokawa Etchū-no-kami of Higo was killed in Edo castle by Itakura Katsukane. The murderer was ordered to kill himself.

 8 August 1740 (Genbun 5, 16th day of the 7th month): Floodings in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).  Sanjo Bridge (Sanjo-bashi) is washed away.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1736 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1741 disestablishments
1740s disestablishments in Japan
1730s establishments in Asia
2015 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2015 Atlantic hurricane season had a little less storms than usual, 11 storms, and four of them reached hurricane status. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. This is when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic. However the first named storm, Ana, developed nearly a month before the official start of the season, the first time this has happened since 2012’s Beryl and the earliest a hurricane has happened since 2003’s Ana. The season ended with the diminish of Kate 18 days before the official end.

Due to a strong El Niño, most agencies predicted that only 6–10 tropical cyclones would form; however, the number of tropical cyclones that formed this season was higher than what the agencies predicted.

Retirement 
In the spring of 2016, the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) had retired the names Erika and Joaquin. Those names will not be used again in the Atlantic. Elsa and Julian were chosen to replace those names for the 2021 season.   
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season