cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
The Greatest American Hero

The Greatest American Hero is an American comedy-drama television series. It was shown for three seasons from 1981 to 1983 on ABC. It was created by producer Stephen J. Cannell. It premiered as a two-hour television pilot on March 18, 1981. The series features William Katt as teacher Ralph Hinkley. It also starred Robert Culp as FBI agent Bill Maxwell, and Connie Sellecca as lawyer Pam Davidson.

The series chronicles Ralph's adventures after a group of aliens gives him a red suit that gives him superhuman abilities. Unfortunately for Ralph he loses the instruction booklet, and thus has to learn how to use its powers by trial and error.

References 

American comedy-drama television series
1981 television series debuts
English-language television programs
Planet Asia

Jason Green (better known as Planet Asia; born October 24, 1976) is an American rapper. He is known for being part of the hip hop duo Cali Agents. He is also well known for producing many mixtapes. He was with Interscope Records. However, he was not promoted like more popular Interscope rappers 50 Cent and Eminem.

He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002 for the song "W" by Mystic.

He was born Jason Green in Fresno, California.

References

Singers from California
Rap musicians from California
African American musicians
1976 births
Living people
People from Fresno, California
List of massacres of Azerbaijanis

The following is a list of massacres of Azerbaijanis that have occurred throughout history.

Related pages
Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment

References

Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
Discrimination
Massacres
History of Azerbaijan
Codex

A codex (plural codices) is a book-like object with writing on it. On a codex there are separate pages, whereas a scroll is one continuous long document. The term is used for book-type objects written by hand, and includes books written on vellum or parchment.

The codex transformed the shape of the book itself. As an objects, books can last for centuries, and many codices are in the great modern libraries. The codex was first described by the 1st-century AD Roman poet Martial, who praised it. The codex was as common as scrolls by about AD 300. It had completely replaced scrolls in the Greco-Roman world by the 6th century.

Related pages 
Codex Huamantla
Codex Buranus

References 

Writing media
Book terminology
Chester-le-Street

Chester-le-Street  is an ancient town in the northeast of England.  It is in County Durham. Where it stands was a Roman fort called Concangis. This is the 'Chester' (from the Latin castra) of the town's name. 'Street' refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town. It is now called Front Street (shown at right).

Chester-le-Street is  south of Newcastle upon Tyne and  west of Sunderland. It is on the River Wear.

Church
The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert lay for 112 years. Then it was taken to Durham Cathedral. The church is the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English. There Aldred wrote the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels.

Markets
This place is a market town. Markets are held on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Until 2009 the town had its own local government district. The status of the town has been changed several times by local government regulations. The changes were controversial at the time.

References 

Towns in County Durham
Cumberland Mountains

The Cumberland Mountains are a mountain range in the southeastern part of the Appalachian Mountains. They run from  northern Tennessee to West Virginia. They include parts of western Virginia and eastern Kentucky. Their highest peak, with an elevation of  above sea level, is High Knob near Norton, Virginia. According to the United States Geological Survey, the Cumberland Mountain range is  long and  wide. It is bounded by the Russell Fork on the northeast, the Pound River and Powell River on the southeast, Cove Creek on the southwest, and Tackett Creek, the Cumberland River, Poor Fork Cumberland River, and Elkhorn Creek on the northwest. It forms the part of the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia. The Cumberland Mountains were named for England's Duke of Cumberland. There are many limestone caves on the Virginia side.

References 

Mountain ranges of the United States
Appalachian Mountains
Cumberland Gap

The Cumberland Gap is a narrow pass through the Cumberland Mountains. It is a part of the Appalachian Mountains. It is near the junction of the U.S. states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. First used by Native Americans, it was famous during American colonial history as an important path through the lower Appalachians. In 1775 the trail was started by Daniel Boone. Over the next 35 years, over 300,000 Settlers used it to get to the western borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. It was an important part of the Wilderness Road. It is now part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.

References

Other websites

Landforms of the United States
Mountain passes
Appalachian Mountains
List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan

This list of earthquakes in Azerbaijan, is a list of notable earthquakes that have affected areas within the current boundaries of Azerbaijan.

References

Science-related lists
Azerbaijan
History of Azerbaijan
Central Zazaki

Central Zazaki (in Zaza language: Zazakiyê Merkezi or Zazakiyê Miyani; means Middle Zazaki) is one of three main dialects of the Zazaki language. This is spoken by the Zaza people in central parts of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Central Zazaki is spoken by over 1 million people in the eastern cities of Turkey, such as Elazığ, north of Diyarbakır, west of Bingöl and east of Malatya.

References 

Zazaki
Iranian languages
Mawlid of the Nebi

Mawlif of the Nebi (in Zazaki language: Mewlıdê Nebi, or in modern Zazaki, Biyayışê Peyğamberi) is the first book written in the Zazaki language. It was written by Ahmed el-Hasi in Diyarbakır in 1899 and was published on March 25, 1899. The book is a religious book and includes stories about the birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The title of the book means "Birth of the Prophet".

It was originally written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, which uses the Arabic script. Zazaki turned to using the Latin script in 1928 and the Mawlid was rewritten in this writing system, using the Zazaki alphabet.

References

Zazaki
1890s books
1899
Me and My Gang

Me and My Gang is the fourth studio album by American country music duo Rascal Flatts. The album was released on April 4, 2006, through Lyric Street Records. It debuted as No. 1 on Billboard 200. It held that position for three weeks. Me and My Gang had the highest sales of any album in 2006. RIAA certified it as five times platinum.

On April 25, 2007, Rascal Flatts performed "My Wish" on American Idol as part of fundraising for charities. The campaign was named Idol Gives Back.

References 

2006 albums
Country albums
Yucatan, Missouri

Yucatan is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States.

References 

Callaway County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Portland, Missouri

Portland is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located at  (38.710161,-91.717166) on Route 94 about twenty miles northeast of Jefferson City.

History
The village was laid out in 1831. Its location on the Missouri River made it a popular shipping point for the farms and plantations of Callaway County. The name Portland stems from that activity.

References

Callaway County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Toledo, Callaway County, Missouri

Toledo is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

History
A post office called Toledo was established in 1887. It operated until 1905.

References

Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Callaway County, Missouri
Toledo, Ozark County, Missouri

Toledo is an unincorporated community in Ozark County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

References

Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Fulton

Fulton may refer to:

People 

 Fulton (surname), including list of people with the surname

Places

Canada 
 Fulton, Ontario, a community in West Lincoln, Ontario

United States 
 Fulton, Alabama
 Fulton, Arkansas
 Fulton, California
 Fulton, Illinois
 Fulton, Indiana
 Fulton, Kansas
 Fulton, Kentucky
 Fulton, Maryland
 Fulton, Michigan
 Fulton, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 Fulton, Mississippi
 Fulton, Missouri
 Fulton, New York,
 Fulton, Ohio
 Fulton, South Dakota
 Fulton, Texas
 George W. Fulton Mansion
 Fulton, Tennessee
 Fulton, Wisconsin, a town
 Fulton (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Related pages
 
 
 Fulton County
 Fulton Ferry
 Fulton Township
Songül Öden

Songül Öden (born 1979 in Diyarbakır) is a Turkish actress. She is famous for her role as Gümüş Şadoğlu in Turkish series Gümüş. She graduated in theatre from the University of Ankara. She is an ethnic Zaza.

She is well-liked as an actress in the Middle East.

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
Turkish movie actors
Turkish television actors
Zaza
Fulton, Missouri

Fulton is a town in Missouri, United States. It is the county seat of Callaway County. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,790 in the 2010 census.

References

Other websites

 Fulton Area Chamber of Commerce 
 Fulton, Missouri tourism site 

Callaway County, Missouri
Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
1825 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Missouri
Callaway County, Missouri

Callaway County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. In the 2010 U.S. Census, the county's population was 44,332. Its county seat is Fulton. It is named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone.

References

Other websites
Callaway County official website

 
1820 establishments in Missouri Territory
Kansas City metropolitan area

The Kansas City metropolitan area surrounds the city of Kansas City, Missouri. It includes 15 counties in both Missouri and Kansas. With a population of 2.34 million people, it is the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri behind Greater St. Louis. However, the Kansas city metropolitan area is currently showing a 3.1 percent growth rate. The St. Louis metropolitan area is only growing at a rate of .7 percent.

References 

Kansas City, Missouri
Metropolitan areas of the United States
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

In statistics the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. 
It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.

A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle.
The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.

References

Probability distributions
Jessye Norman

Jessye Mae Norman (September 15, 1945 – September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer. She was a dramatic soprano. She often sung works by Richard Wagner. Norman was in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. She won Grammy Awards. She received a Spingarn Medal. She also got a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a National Medal of Arts.

In 1970, she performed in Italy for the first time. There she sang in Handel's Deborah. The following year, she performed at the Maggio Musicale for the first time. There she sang in L'Africaine. 

Norman was born in Augusta, Georgia. She died on September 30, 2019 at a Manhattan hospital from multiple organ failure and sepsis caused by a spinal cord injury at the age of 74.

References

1945 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from sepsis
African-American singers
American opera singers
Grammy Award winners
People from Augusta, Georgia
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
The Perfumed Garden

The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight ( ) is a book that was written by Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi in the 15th century. It explains sex. It is written in Arabic. The Perfumed Garden is an example of erotic literature and contains sex among humans (heterosexual and homosexual) and animals.

The book was first translated into English by Richard Francis Burton in 1886. He translated it through a French translation. He could not complete his translation because the book was not widely acceptable because of its content. After him a new French translation by René R. Khawam was published in 1976. In 1923 the English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote Le jardin parfumé: Poem for Piano Solo.

References

 The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nafzawi, translated by Jim Colville, 1999, Kegan Paul International, , 82 pages.
 La prairie parfumée ou s'ébattent les plaisirs, Umar Ibn Muhammad Nafzawi , translated by René R. Khawam, 1976, .
 The Perfumed Garden, Shaykh Nefwazi , translated by Sir Richard Francis Burton, Benares, 1886.  Many reprintings including:
 
 
 Full text online

Non-fiction books
Human sexuality
Hértevin language

Hértevin language (in Hértevin: ܣܘܪܬ Sôreth) is an Aramaic or Syriac language that was originally spoken in a group of villages in the southeastern part of Turkey. It is especially in Siirt Province. Speakers of Hértevin Aramaic have moved mostly to Western countries, and are now scattered and isolated from one another. A few speakers remain in Turkey.

References

More reading
 Jastrow, Otto (1990). Personal and Demonstrative pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic. In Wolfhart Heinrichs (ed.), Studies in Neo-Aramaic, pp. 89–103. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. .
 Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.

Turkey
Semitic languages
Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II (21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the last sultan to have complete control over the Empire. He witnessed many revolutions and wars. Abdulhamid II ruled from 1876 to 1909, until he was deposed by a group of people calling themselves the "Young Turks". 

He modernized the Empire during his reign, by for example building many railways, schools and hospitals. He also seeked to unify the Muslims in the Empire under Pan-Islamism as opposed to others wanting to unify the Empire under Ottomanism.

Although the Empire was beginning to fall, he at least gave the Empire a lift in his reign. 

His reign ended as Young Turks revolted against him, effectively deposing him and putting their favored sultan, Mehmed V.

References

Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
1842 births
1918 deaths
People from Istanbul
Brain death

Brain death means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed.  No treatment can help.  When a person is brain dead, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.

The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things.  A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own.  They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.

Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications.  For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs.  While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better.  Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.

Diagnosis

Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient.  They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own.  If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:
 The person has no reflexes (for example, they do not gag when the doctor touches the back of their throat)
 The person's pupils do not change size in bright light or in the dark
 The person does not move or react when the doctor does something painful (like pinching the person's skin)
 The person does not try to breathe on their own

Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives).  They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain.  Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests.  If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."

Immediate diagnosis
Sometimes, doctors use other tests which can diagnose brain death right away.  These tests include:
 EEG, which records the electrical activity in the brain.  A brain-dead person will have no electrical activity in their brain.
 Brain scans like CT scans.  A brain-dead person will have no blood flowing to their brain.

Causes
Brain death happens because of an injury to the entire brain.  The most common causes are:
 A very bad head injury
 A stroke which cut off the brain's oxygen supply or caused bleeding in the brain
 Swelling in the brain, either from an infection like encephalitis, or from the brain not getting enough oxygen.  

Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem.  If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.

Other websites
 Understanding Brain Death (in Simple English)  from Brigham & Women's Hospital

References

Death
Diseases and disorders of the brain
Luis Guillermo Solís

Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera (born 25 April 1958) is a Costa Rican politician. He was the President of Costa Rica from 2014 to 2018.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
Living people
People from San José, Costa Rica
Presidents of Costa Rica
Vargas

Vargas State (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. It is named after Venezuela's first civilian president, José María Vargas. The state covers an area along the Caribbean coast in the north of Venezuela. It borders Aragua to the west and Miranda to the east. Caracas is to the south. Vargas contains the country's largest seaport and airport. The state's capital city is La Guaira.

The area was previously governed as part of Venezuela's Federal District. The governor was chosen by the federal government of Venezuela. In 1998 the government of Rafael Caldera made Vargas split Vargas from the Federal District. Shortly after this it became the 23rd state of Venezuela.

Other websites

 Government website  

States of Venezuela
Akron

Akron may refer to:
Akron, Ohio
Akron, Iowa
Cojedes

Cojedes State () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is San Carlos. Cojedes covers a total area of 14,800 km². It had a population of 323,165 in 2011.

References

Other websites 

States of Venezuela
Johann Gottlieb Fichte

Johann Gottlieb Fichte (; ; May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814), was a German philosopher. He was one of the first philosophers of the movement known as German idealism. He died of typhus in Berlin.

References 

1762 births
1814 deaths
18th-century German philosophers
19th-century German philosophers
Deaths from typhus
Disease-related deaths in Berlin
Infectious disease deaths in Germany
People from Saxony
Tom Ellis (actor)

Thomas John Ellis (born 17 November 1978) is a British actor. He is known for playing Lucifer Morningstar in the Fox urban fantasy series Lucifer and its DC Universe crossover appearances. He has also played Gary Preston in the BBC One sitcom Miranda, William Rush in the USA Network series Rush and Mark Etches in the supernatural drama The Fades.

Ellis was born in Cardiff, Wales. He has an English background. His ancestry traces back to the county of Devon. He grew up in England. Ellis went to school in Sheffield.

Ellis was married English actress Tamzin Outhwaite from 2006 until their divorce in 2014. He married American screenwriter Meaghan Oppenheimer in 2019. He has three children.

References

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
British movie actors
British television actors
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Cardiff
People from Sheffield
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
Benchmark

A benchmark is a standard, or set of standards, that a product can have to show a level of quality. It can also be a test that a person makes a product like a computer do to see how good it can do a task, or set of tasks. Some computer benchmarks are to test the CPU or the GPU. People use benchmarks to see if their computer can run some kinds of software or games. People also use benchmarks to see if one piece of hardware is better than another.

References

Computing
Anti-Federalism

Anti-Federalism refers to a diverse group of Americans who opposed the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed a strong central government could become corrupt and tyrannical, as they believed England had become. They wanted a weak central government just as they had with the Articles of Confederation. One of the many points that the Anti-Federalists disagreed with the Federalists was that the Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights. Federalists argued the Constitution did not need a Bill of Rights, but agreed finally to add several amendments to the Constitution. The House of Representatives approved 17 amendments. The Senate passed on 12 of these for ratification by the states. Of the 12, 10 were ratified by the 13 states, becoming known as the United States Bill of Rights. Virginia was the last to ratify the amendments on December 15, 1791.

Under the new government, many Anti-Federalists created the Democratic-Republican Party.

References 

United States Bill of Rights
United States Constitution
18th century in the United States
Lateral root

Lateral roots are plant roots that extend horizontally from the main root (radicle). They serve to anchor the plant securely to the soil. The branching of roots helps water uptake. With the water comes similar required

required for the growth and development of the plant.

Plant anatomy
Kevin Randleman

Kevin Christopher Randleman (August 10, 1971 – February 11, 2016) was an American mixed martial arts fighter and wrestler. He was a UFC Heavyweight Champion from 1999 to 2000. He fought professionally from 1996 until 2011, winning 17 out of his 33 fights.

Randleman was born in Sandusky, Ohio. He was married twice and had three children.

Randleman died from heart failure caused by pneumonia on February 11, 2016 in San Diego, California. He was 44.

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
African-American wrestlers
American mixed martial artists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in San Diego County
Infectious disease deaths in California
Sportspeople from Columbus, Ohio
Mabel Matiz

Mabel Matiz (born Fatih Karaca, August 31, 1985 in Mersin) is a Turkish singer, writer and dentist. He chose Mabel Matiz as stage name. Mabel is a character in the novel Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna. Matiz means drunk in old Greek language. He has released 3 studio albums. He studied dentistry at the University of Istanbul, and graduated in 2008. He briefly worked in a health care clinic until starting a music career. He is an LGBT supporter and LGBT rights activist.

References

Turkish singers
Living people
1985 births
Chris Isaak

Chris Isaak (born June 26, 1956) is an American rock musician and actor. He is known for his 1950s rock and roll style. His songs are usually about love, loss and heartbreak. His has been singing for four decades. He has had twelve studio albums.

In 1990, his song "Wicked Game" was released. It became a Top 10 hit in 1991.

Isaak was born in Stockton, California.

References

Singers from California
American pop musicians
1956 births
Living people
People from Stockton, California
Alpine chough

The Alpine chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus) is a type of bird in the crow family. It is one of only two species in the genus Pyrrhocorax. It nests in the mountains. It can be found in Spain and Morocco eastwards through southern Europe to the Himalayas.

The golden eagle is a predator to the chough.

References

Passeri
Kentucky Camp, Arizona

Kentucky Camp is a ghost town in Arizona. It was a mining camp.

Settlements in Arizona
Ghost towns in the United States
Rocky Road to Dublin

"Rocky Road to Dublin" is an Irish folk song. The song was made in the 19th century by the composer D. K. Gavan. It tells a story about a man who is going from his home in Tuam, Ireland to Liverpool, England. It is a hard song to play and needs a lot of practice.

Other websites
Sheet music for the Rocky Road to Dublin

References

Folk music
19th-century songs
Irish culture
Manuel Vicente

Manuel Sesimbra Vicente (born 15 May 1956) is an Angolan politician. He has been Vice President of Angola since September 2012. He was born in Central Luanda.

Before becoming vice president, Vicente served as the chairman of Sonangol. Sonangol is an oil and natural gas company owned by the government of Angola.

References 

Living people
African politicians
Angolan people
1956 births
Rank correlation

A rank correlation is any statistic that measures the relationship between rankings. A "ranking" is the assignment of "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a variable. A rank correlation coefficient measures the degree of similarity between two rankings.

One might test for do colleges with a higher-ranked basketball program tend to have a higher-ranked football program? A quite important question is do people with higher-ranked education tend to get higher levels of income?

Some of the most used rank correlation statistics are
 Spearman's ρ
 Kendall's τ
 Goodman and Kruskal's γ

An increasing rank correlation coefficient implies increasing agreement between rankings. The coefficient is inside the interval [−1, 1] and assumes the value:

 1 if the agreement between the two rankings is perfect; the two rankings are the same.
 0 if the rankings are completely independent.
 −1 if the disagreement between the two rankings is perfect; one ranking is the reverse of the other.

Kerby simple difference formula 
Dave Kerby recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level.  

Kerby showed that this rank correlation can be expressed in terms of two figures: the percent of data that support a stated hypothesis, and the percent of data that do not support it. The Kerby simple difference formula states that the rank correlation can be expressed as the difference between the proportion of favorable evidence (f) minus the proportion of unfavorable evidence (u).

An illustration 
Suppose a coach trains long-distance runners for one month using two methods.  Group A has 5 runners, and Group B has 4 runners.  The hypothesis is that method A produces faster runners.  The race to assess the results finds that the runners from Group A do indeed run faster, with the following ranks: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.  The slower runners from Group B thus have ranks of 5, 7, 8, and 9.  

The analysis is done on pairs, a member of one group compared to a member of the other group. For example, the fastest runner in the study is a member of four pairs: (1,5), (1,7), (1,8), and (1,9).  All four of these pairs support the hypothesis, because in each pair the runner from Group A is faster than the runner from Group B.  There are a total of 20 pairs, and 19 pairs support the hypothesis.  The only pair which does not support the hypothesis are the two runners with ranks 5 and 6, because in this pair, the runner from Group B had the faster time.  By the Kerby simple difference formula, 95% of the data support the hypothesis (19 of 20 pairs), and 5% do not support (1 of 20 pairs), so the rank correlation is r = .95 - .05 = .90.

The maximum value for the correlation is r = 1, which means that 100% of the pairs favor the hypothesis.  A correlation of r = 0 indicates that half the pairs favor the hypothesis and half do not.  An effect size of r = 0 describes no relationship between group membership and the members' ranks.

References 

Statistics
Tachometer

A tachometer is a sensor that measures the rotation speed of an object, for example a wheel or shaft. There are different methods to do so (for example, mechanical, optical, or magnetic). Most tachometers display the measurement in revolutions per minute.

Measuring tools
Plain view doctrine

The plain view doctrine allows law enforcement officers to collect evidence or contraband found in plain view while they are lawfully present. It is an exception to items spelled out in a search warrant and to the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. The doctrine is based on the United States Supreme Court decision Horton v. California. The court held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit warrantless seizures of any evidence which is in plain view.

Horton test 
There are three conditions, all of which must be satisfied, in order to uphold a seizure under the plain view doctrine:
 the item must be in plain view of the officer,
 the officer must lawfully be in the place where he discovered the evidence, and
 the incriminating nature of the evidence must be immediately apparent.

Conditions 
In order for an officer to seize an item, the officer must have probable cause to believe the item is evidence of a crime or is contraband. The police may not move objects to get a better view. In Arizona v. Hicks (1987), the officer was found to have acted unlawfully. While investigating a shooting, the officer moved—without probable cause—stereo equipment to record the serial numbers. They also seized three weapons and a stocking-cap mask. The court granted the defendants motion to suppress all the evidence that had been seized because his Fourth Amendment rights had been violated. The plain view doctrine has also been expanded to include the sub doctrines of plain feel, plain smell, and plain hearing.

Digital searches 
In committing crimes, criminals routinely use computers and mobile devices. The courts have so far allowed law enforcement a broad authority to examine all files on computers in search of illegal materials.

References

Legal terms
United States law
Phil Gartside

Philip Andrew Gartside (April 1952 – 10 February 2016) was an English businessman. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire. Gartside was chairman of Bolton Wanderers Football Club from 1999 through 2015.

Gartside died in Cheshire from cancer on 10 February 2016. He was aged 63.

References

1952 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in England

English businesspeople
André van den Heuvel

André van den Heuvel (4 June 1927 – 9 February 2016) was a Dutch actor. He appeared in more than 55 movies and television shows between 1957 and 2008. He was born in Tegelen, Netherlands. He was known for his roles in Lifespan (1976), Rubens (1977), Dag Dokter! (1978) and in De rode zwaan (1999).

Van den Heuvel died in Amsterdam on 9 February 2016 from complications from a stroke. He was aged 88.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Dutch movie actors
Dutch television actors
People from Venlo
New York metropolitan area

The New York metropolitan area is the city and suburbs of New York City. It includes Long Island and the Mid- and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York. It also includes north and central New Jersey, three counties in western Connecticut and five counties in northeastern Pennsylvania.

The New York metropolitan area is the most populous in US. This includes the numbers defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents). It is also one of the most populous built-up areas in the world, and the single largest in North America.

References 

New York City
Metropolitan areas of the United States
Warrant (law)

A warrant is a writ that permits someone to take a specific legal action. Most often the writ is from a judge. It is used by law enforcement to take actions such as searching for evidence, making an arrest or seizing property.

Search warrant 
In the United States, in order for police and other law enforcement personnel to search for evidence, they need a warrant. They must also have probable cause (a good reason to believe they will find evidence of a crime). A search warrant must be signed by a judge or magistrate. The officer must provide a sworn statement of fact called an affidavit. If the judge or magistrate believes the affidavit establishes probable cause, he or she approves the warrant. A warrant is usually for a specific period of time and spells out exactly what the officers may search for and seize.

Arrest warrant

United States 
In many cases an arrest warrant is not needed. If a police officer personally sees someone committing a crime, the officer may arrest that individual without a warrant. An officer may also arrest someone if they have probable cause to believe the person had committed or were about to commit a crime. For example, a police officer is notified a bank has just been robbed and is given a description of the suspect. The single robber left in a dark blue Ford Mustang. The officer stops a dark blue Ford Mustang with bags of money on the back seat (in plain sight) and the driver matches the description. The officer believes he has probable cause and arrests the driver. 

If the person is in his (or her) own home and the crime is not a serious one, an officer needs an arrest warrant.

European Union 
In the European Union a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) is most often used between member countries in place of a lengthy extradition process. These came into effect on 1 January 2004. Since that time they are used to arrest dangerous criminals who flee across borders in Europe.

Japan 
In Japan, an officer may arrest a person they believe may have committed a crime. They can detain the person for up to 48 hours. The police are required to inform the person why they were arrested. During the 48 hour period, the person may be brought before a prosecutor if the police have enough evidence. If the prosecutor believes the evidence is enough, they request a warrant of detention before a judge within 24 hours. The defendant appears before the judge when the warrant is requested. The case may be dropped for lack of evidence either before the prosecutor or before the judge.

References 

Documents
Legal terms
Prince William County, Virginia

Prince William County is a county in Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 402,002.

References

Virginia counties
2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder

The 2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder occurred on May 14, 2015. Three members of the Savopoulos family (Savvas, Amy, and their son, Philip) were murdered at their home in Washington, D.C.. Their housekeeper, Veralicia Figueroa, was also murdered. The victims were held hostage for nineteen hours, from May 13. Ten-year-old Philip was tortured in order to coerce $40,000 in cash from the family.
The killers restrained the victims with duct tape before killing them. They then set the house on fire. All the victims had been hit with something, and Philip was also stabbed.

Victims 
The Savopouloses were an upper-class family. They lived in the Woodley Park neighborhood of Northwest Washington. Savvas Savopoulos was the CEO and President of American Iron Works. This is a construction company that helped build the Verizon Center.

The murder victims are:

 Savvas Phillip Savopoulos, age 46, a prominent area businessman
 Amy Clare Savopoulos (née Martin), age 47, his wife
 Philip Savvas Savopoulos, age 10, their son
 Veralicia Figueroa, age 57, their housekeeper

The family left behind two teenage daughters, Abigail and Katerina Savopoulos.

References 

2015 murders in the United States
2010s in Washington, D.C.
Arson
Mass murder in 2015
Mass murder in the United States
May 2015 events
Greater Mexico City

Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City. The official name is Mexico City Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México). It is made up of the Federal District itself and 41 surrounding municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo.

Components of the agglomeration

Mexico City Metropolitan Area
The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is defined to be integrated by:
The 16 boroughs (delegaciones) of the Federal District (Mexico City proper)

Azcapotzalco
Álvaro Obregón
Benito Juárez
Coyoacán
Cuajimalpa de Morelos
Cuauhtémoc
Gustavo A. Madero
Iztacalco
Iztapalapa
Magdalena Contreras
Miguel Hidalgo
Milpa Alta
Tláhuac
Tlalpan
Venustiano Carranza
Xochimilco

The 40 municipalities of the State of Mexico

Acolman
Atenco
Atizapán de Zaragoza
Chalco
Chiautla
Chicoloapan
Chiconcuac
Chimalhuacán
Coacalco de Berriozábal
Cocotitlán
Coyotepec
Cuautitlán
Cuautitlán Izcalli
Ecatepec de Morelos
Huehuetoca
Huixquilucan
Ixtapaluca
Jaltenco
La Paz
Melchor Ocampo
Naucalpan de Juárez
Nextlalplan
Nezahualcoyotl
Nicolás Romero
Papalotla
San Martín de las Pirámides
Tecámac
Temamatla
Teoloyucán
Teotihuacán
Tepetlaoxtoc
Tepotzotlán
Texcoco
Tezoyuca
Tlamanalco
Tlalnepantla de Baz
Tultepec
Tultitlán
Valle de Chalco Solidaridad
Zumpango

One conurbation municipality of the State of Hidalgo
Tizayuca

References

Mexico City
Metropolitan areas
Tizayuca

Tizayuca is a city and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. It covers an area of 92.5 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 56,573.

References

Municipalities of Mexico
Cities in Mexico
Hidalgo (state)
La Paz Municipality, Mexico

La Paz is a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico. Its municipal seat is the town of Los Reyes Acaquilpan. It is located on the dividing line between Mexico State and the eastern edge of the Federal District and is part of the Greater Mexico City area. The area was part of a region called "Atlicpac" which in Nahuatl means 'above or at the edge of water.'  The current city's/municipality's glyph symbolizes water.

References

Municipalities of Mexico (state)
San Mateo Piñas

San Mateo Piñas is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 211.8 km². 
It is part of the Pochutla District in the east of the Costa Region.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,647.

References

Municipalities of Oaxaca
Settlements in Oaxaca
San Mateo Río Hondo

San Mateo Río Hondo is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico. It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region.

References

Municipalities of Oaxaca
Settlements in Oaxaca
Charles C. Campbell

Charles C. "Hondo" Campbell (1948 – February 8, 2016) was an American general. He was the 17th Commanding General in the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). He previously served as FORSCOM’s Deputy Commanding General and Chief of Staff from April 26, 2006 to January 8, 2007. He assumed his Commanding General assignment January 9, 2007, and completed it June 3, 2010. He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Campbell died in Shreveport on February 8, 2016, from a heart attack. He was aged 68.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American military people
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
Violette Verdy

Violette Verdy (born Nelly Armande Guillerm; 1 December 1933 – 8 February 2016) was a French ballerina, choreographer, teacher, and writer. She worked as a dance company director in France and the United States. She was a Distinguished Professor of Music (Ballet) at the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University, in Bloomington, Indiana. She was an artistic director of the Paris Opera Ballet and Boston Ballet, and the recipient of two medals from the French government. She was born in Pont-l'Abbé, France.

Verdy died in Bloomington, Indiana from heart failure on 8 February 2016. She was aged 82.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Ballerinas
Choreographers
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in Indiana
French ballet dancers
French educators
French writers
People from Brittany
Kingdom of Mysore

The kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India. It was founded by the Wadiyar dynasty in 1399. They ruled from 1399 to 1947. The last ruler was Tipu Sultan. At first they ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1399 to 1565. From 1565 to 1761 they were independent rulers. From 1761 to 1796 they ruled in name only. The actual power was with Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. When Tipu Sultan died at the hands of the British, they ruled from 1799 to 1947 as British allies.

References

Other websites 

1399 establishments
1950 disestablishments
Former monarchies of Asia
14th-century establishments in India
1950s disestablishments in India
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC

H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding is a way to code videos in order to make them smaller.

It can be used for both lossy compression and lossless compression, though it is usually used for lossy compression. H.264 is used in many places including Blu-Ray players, as well as videos streamed through sites like Youtube. It is also used in some TV broadcasts.

H.264 has a successor called HEVC.

Standards
Television
Dominique D'Onofrio

Dominique D'Onofrio (18 April 1953 – 12 February 2016) was an Italian-born Belgian footballer, coach and later chairman. He was born on in Castelforte, Italy. He played for R.R.F.C. Montegnée during the 1970s. He was the head coach of Standard de Liège for almost ten years.

D'Onofrio died on 12 February 2016 from a heart attack while on a trip in Buenos Aires. He was aged 62.

References

Other websites
 Dominique D'Onofrio Interviewed 

1953 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian footballers
Belgian footballers
Coaches
August P. Mardesich

August Paul "Augie" Mardesich (February 11, 1920 – February 8, 2016) was an American politician from the state of Washington. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in San Pedro, California. Mardesich served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives from 1950 through 1963. He also served as a member of the Washington Senate from the 38th district from 1963 through 1978. 

Mardesich died in Mill Creek, Washington from dementia on February 8, 2016. He was aged 95.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Politicians from California
Politicians from Washington
US Democratic Party politicians
Eliseo Prado

Eliseo Prado (17 September 1929 – 10 February 2016) was an Argentine football forward. He played for Argentina in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Club Atlético River Plate. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Prado died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Buenos Aires on 10 February 2016. He was aged 86.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Argentine footballers
People from Buenos Aires
Honda (Colombia)

Honda is a city in the Tolima Department in  Colombia. In 2015, about 35,000 people lived there. The city was founded in 1539, and has city status since 1830. Together with Libano it is the seat of the Roman Catholic diocesese Libano-Honda.

Cities in Colombia
1539 establishments
1530s establishments in the Spanish Empire
Rithvik Dhanjani

Rithvik Dhanjani is an Indian television actor. He played Arjun Digvijay Kirloskar in Pavitra Rishta. He won the Indian dance reality show Nach Baliye 6 with his partner Asha Negi and also the host of Zee Rishtey Awards. In June 2012, Dhanjani  entered Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5 as Wild Card entry and came in third place.

Filmography

Television
2010 Bandini as Parth Shashank Mehta
2010-11 Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani as Jay Khurana
2011-14 Pavitra Rishta as Arjun Kirloskar   
2014 MTV Fanaah as Vidhyut
2015 Kumkum Bhagya as Arjun kirloskar (cameo appearance)
2012 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5 as Contestant
2013 India's Best Dramebaaz as Host
2013 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 as Contestant
2013 Yeh Hai Aashiqui as Kabir
2013-14 Nach Baliye 6 as Contestant (Winner) with Asha Negi 
2014 Dare 2 Dance as Contestant
2013- present Yeh Hai Aashiqui as Host 
2015 Yeh Hai Aashiqui as Rithvik Dhanjani (himself) with Asha Negi
2015 V Distraction as Host 
2015 Nach Baliye 7 as host alongside Karan Patel2015 Deva Shree Ganesha as Host
2015 I Can Do That as Contestant (Winner)
2015-Present India's Best Dramebaaz as Host alongside Ravi Dubey2016 I Don't Watch TV''

Awards and nominations
Awards from popular organisations

Other awards and recognitions

References

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Indian television actors
I Will Never Let You Down

"I Will Never Let You Down" is a song by British recording artist Rita Ora. It was first planned as lead single for her upcoming second studio album. But it was later released as a buzz single. It was written and produced by Calvin Harris. The single was released on 31 March 2014.

The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart making it Ora's fourth overall UK number-one single.

The music video features twin dancers Polly Duniam and Sophie Duniam.

References

Other websites

2014 songs
Calvin Harris
Dance-pop songs
R&B songs
Rita Ora songs
Character encoding

Given a number of characters of an alphabet,  a character encoding is a function that will map each character to a number. This number must be unique and is called code point. In this context, a character is the minimal unit of text that has a semantic value: In alphabets that use letters, this is usually a letter. Early systems, like the telegraph only have a part of all the letters possible. They have only uppercase letters, numbers, and a few extra characters (punctuation, spacing, newline..). The flag alphabet ships use is even more restricted.

Encodings
The Elements of Style

The Elements of Style is an American English how-to-do-it writing style guide. It lists brief guidelines for writing simple English. The book ran to many reprints. 

The original was composed by William Strunk Jr. in 1918, and was published by Harcourt in 1920. It had eight "elementary rules of usage", ten "elementary principles of composition", "a few matters of form", a list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused", and a list of 57 "words often misspelled". 

E. B. White much enlarged and revised the book for publication by Macmillan, in 1959. That was the first edition of the so-called "Strunk & White", which Time called in 2011 "one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923".

The first printing of the 1959 edition sold about two million copies. In the following four decades, more than ten million copies of the three printings (1959 edition, 1972 edition, and 1988 edition) have been sold.

References 

Non-fiction books
1920s books
Reference works