cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer

Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer is a 2007 superhero movie, and sequel to the 2005 movie Fantastic Four. Both movies are based on the comic book of the same name. The movie was directed by Tim Story, who also directed the original. Ioan Gruffudd, Jessica Alba, Chris Evans, Michael Chiklis, Julian McMahon and Kerry Washington reprised their roles from the first movie.

It was released June 15, 2007, in North America, and was released onto high-def Blu-ray Disc and DVD on October 2, 2007.

Cast 
Ioan Gruffudd as Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic
Jessica Alba as Susan Richards / Invisible Woman
Chris Evans as Johnny Storm / Human Torch
Michael Chiklis as Benjamin Grimm / The Thing
Julian McMahon as Victor Von Doom / Doctor Doom
Doug Jones as Norrin Radd / Silver Surfer
Laurence Fishburne as Silver Surfer's voice
Kerry Washington as Alicia Masters
Stan Lee as himself

Release Dates

Rating 
Unlike the first Fantastic Four film (which was rated PG-13), the film was rated PG by the MPAA for sequences of action violence, some mild language and innuendo. This is Marvel's first film to be rated PG by the MPAA.

Crazy credits 
 After the 20th Century Fox fanfare animation is completed, the logo disappears and slide away via a comic strip to proceed into the Marvel logo before the opening credits.

2007 movies
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Fantastic Four (movie series)
Movies about weddings
Movies composed by John Ottman
Movies directed by Tim Story
Movies produced by Avi Arad
Silver Surfer
Superhero comedy movies
2000s apocalyptic movies
American superhero movies
The Ultimate Fighter

The Ultimate Fighter is a reality television series and mixed martial arts (MMA) contest, in the United States, and made by Spike TV and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). On this show, professional MMA fighters that have yet to make a big name for themselves are placed in a house outside of Las Vegas, Nevada and they go against each other for the title of The Ultimate Fighter, winning a six-figure, multi-fight contract with the UFC.

Other websites
Official website
Spike TV's Ultimate Fighter page
UFC Official Website

Ultimate Fighting Championship
American reality television series

de:Ultimate Fighting Championship#The Ultimate Fighter
nl:Ultimate Fighting Championship#The Ultimate Fighter
Good Luck Chuck

Good Luck Chuck is a 2007 romantic comedy movie starring Jessica Alba and Dane Cook. The story of the movie is Chuck is a "good luck charm" lover. That is, women will find their "one true love" after having sex with him. He then meets a girl who he thinks is his true love.

Sources

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2007 comedy movies
2007 romance movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s sex comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American sex comedy movies
English-language movies
Lionsgate movies
Movies about dentistry
Maxim (magazine)

Maxim is an international men's magazine based in the United Kingdom and known for its revealing pictorials featuring popular actresses, singers, and female models, none of which are nudes.

In the United States, Maxim is an industry leader, reporting a circulation of 2.5 million readers which they claim is enough to outsell leading competitors GQ, Esquire, and Details combined.

Magazines of the United Kingdom
Camp Nowhere

Camp Nowhere is a 1994 movie directed by Jonathan Prince, written by Andrew Kurtzman and Eliot Wald, and starring Jonathan Jackson, Christopher Lloyd, Melody Kay, Andrew Keegan, and Marne Patterson. The movie also features Jessica Alba in one of her first movie roles.

1994 movies
English-language movies
Honey (2003 movie)

Honey is a 2003 movie released by Universal Pictures. Featuring music produced by Rodney Jerkins, the movie stars Jessica Alba, Mekhi Phifer, Lil' Romeo,Zachary Isaiah Williams Joy Bryant, Missy Elliott and David Moscow. A number of popular hip hop and R&B musicians make cameos in the movie, including Jerkins, Jadakiss and Sheek Louch of The Lox, Tweet, and Ginuwine. Canadian R&B artist Shawn Desman was also featured. R&B and hip-hop singer Aaliyah, a close friend of Missy Elliott, was originally cast as the star of the movie before her death.

The movie grossed $27 million at the US box office, and was released on DVD and VHS on March 23, 2004.

2003 movies
English-language movies
The Secret World of Alex Mack

The Secret World of Alex Mack was an American television series that ran on Nickelodeon from October 8, 1994 to January 15, 1998, replacing Clarissa Explains It All on the SNICK line-up. Repeats of the series aired in 2003 on The N, but it was soon replaced there. The show is currently not on the air in the U.S.

1994 American television series debuts
Nickelodeon television series
1998 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Atlantic Theater Company

The Atlantic Theater Company runs an off-Broadway theater in a converted church in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City.

Theater
Companies based in New York City
Beverly Hills, 90210

Beverly Hills, 90210 is an American primetime television drama series that aired from October 4, 1990, to May 17, 2000 on FOX in the United States and subsequently on various networks around the world. The show followed the lives of a group of teenagers living in the upscale, star-studded community of Beverly Hills, California and attending the fictitious West Beverly Hills High School and then-fictitious California University. The show was created by Darren Star and produced by Aaron Spelling and Spelling Television. The "90210" in the title refers to one of the suburb's postal ZIP codes.

The original premise of the show was based around the adjustment and culture shock that twins Brandon (played by Jason Priestley) and Brenda Walsh (played by Shannen Doherty) had after they and their parents, Jim and Cindy moved from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Beverly Hills. The show addressed several topical issues, including: date rape, alcoholism, domestic violence, gay rights, drug abuse, teenage suicide, AIDS, and teenage pregnancy.

The show gained popularity during the summer of 1991, when FOX aired a special "summer season" of the show while most other series were in reruns. The series became one of FOX's top shows when it began its next season that fall. Viewership increased dramatically and the cast members, particularly Jason Priestley and Luke Perry, became teen idols, while the series would make actresses Shannen Doherty, Jennie Garth and Tori Spelling household names.

Other websites 

1990 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American drama television series
American teen television series
Beverly Hills, California in fiction
Fox television series
Television series set in Los Angeles County, California
English-language television programs
Teen Choice Awards

The Teen Choice Awards is an awards show presented annually by FOX. The program honors the year's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, and television, as voted on by teens aged 12–19. The program usually features a high number of celebrities and musical performers. The winners are awarded with lifesize surfboards, to fit the summertime theme. The ceremony has also created spin-off teen awards on YouTube.

Starting in 1999, the Teen Choice Awards were presented weeks prior to the televised event up through 2005. Since 2006, the program has been televised live.

References

Fox Broadcasting Company
Entertainment awards
French Canadians

French Canadian (Canadien or Canadien français in French) refers to a nation or ethnic group that comes from Canada in the period of French colonization in the 1600s. They are the main French-speaking population of Canada. It may also refer to people of French descent living in Canada, or native speakers of French in Canada.

References

Other websites

Multicultural Canada website includes seven full-text searchable French Canadian newspapers from Ontario and Quebec

Ethnic groups in Canada
Mexican Americans

Mexican Americans are  US citizens  of Mexican ancestry. They account for 9% of the country's population: about 28.3 million Americans listed their Original Native ancestry as Mexican as of 2006. They form the largest Original Native group in the United States and contain the largest group of . Mexican Americans trace their ancestry to the modern day country of Mexico or the Southwestern United States.

Most Mexican Americans live in the four states that border Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. The areas in and around Los Angeles is home to over six million Mexican Americans. There are also a number of large Mexican American communities in other areas of the Western and Southwestern United States. Though Chicago is not in the Western or Southwestern United States, it has 1.4 million Mexican Americans, more Mexican Americans than any city except Los Angeles. The metro areas of Dallas, Houston, and Phoenix each have more than one million Mexicans.  There are a growing number of Mexican Americans in the Midwest and South.  

Most Mexican Americans have been referred to as "mestizos", by the generational cast system  imposed by Europeans by which people of Original Native ancestry are more  one ethnicity. Most of their heritage is the indigenous, Original Native people  of Mexico, but it often contains other groups, Central, South America Original Native. Some have a mixture of the casts such as Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Irish and Native American tribes from the U.S. such as Apache.

Related pages
 Mexican people
 Mestizo
 Hispanic
 Chicano

References

Other websites

 California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – In the Chicano/Latino Collections  - University of California Santa Barbara
 California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – Digital Chicano Art  - University of California Santa Barbara
 Calisphere > California Cultures > Hispanic Americans - University of California System
 ImaginArte – Interpreting and Re-imaging Chican@Art - University of California Santa Barbara
 Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race (book)
 Mexican-American.org – Network of the Mexican American Community
 Mexican Americans MSN Encarta (Archived 2009-11-01)
 Think Mexican – News, Culture, and Information on the Mexican Community

Ethnic groups in the United States
Saturn Award

The Saturn Award is an award presented every year by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films to honor the top works in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in movie, television, and home video. The prestigious Saturn Awards were devised by Dr. Donald A. Reed, who felt that movies within those genres were never given the appreciation they deserved. The physical award is a representation of the planet Saturn, surrounded with a ring of film. The award was initially, and is still sometimes loosely referred to as a Golden Scroll.

Similar to other awards, like the Oscars, the Emmys and the Grammys, the Saturn Awards are voted on by members of the presenting Academy. There are also special awards for lifetime achievement in the field.

The awards were first presented in 1972.

References 

Television
Science fiction awards
Movie awards
Del Rio, Texas

Del Rio is a border city in and the county seat of Val Verde County, Texas, United States. It is near the Laughlin Air Force Base.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Tonsil

The tonsils are areas of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. An infection of the tonsils is called tonsillitis or tonsilitis. Most commonly, the term "tonsils" refers to the palatine tonsils that can be seen in the back of the throat. 

Like other organs of the lymphatic system, the tonsils act as part of the immune system to help protect against infection. In particular, they are believed to be involved in helping fight off pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract infections.

Head (body part)
J.C. Penney

J. C. Penney Company, Inc (most commonly known today by the name JCPenney or simply Penneys) is a mid-range chain of American department stores based in Plano, Texas, a suburb north of Dallas. The company operates 1,067 stores in 49 of the 50 U.S. states (except Hawaii) and Puerto Rico, and the largest general merchandise catalog business in the United States. In addition to sale of conventional merchandise, JCPenney stores are often home to several leased departments such as Optical, Portrait Studios, Jewelry & Watch repair, etc.

American department stores
Companies based in Texas
Plano, Texas
1902 establishments in the United States
Flipper (1995 TV series)

Flipper (1995), is an American television series, also known as The New Adventures of Flipper.  It is a remake of the 1964 Flipper television series.  The first two seasons appeared first in syndication; seasons 3 and 4 appeared on the PAX network.

The 1995 version brought back Bud Ricks as a scientist doing marine research in Florida.  The dolphin Flipper was one with whom Dr. Ricks was working.  Jessica Alba was in the show.

1995 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Orient

Orient is a term meaning "the east". It is from the Latin word oriens. Ancient Rome sometimes used it to mean the area east of Rome. Later the dividing line moved farther east, to the Adriatic or the Aegean or the Indus River. This term is in contrast to the "Occident", which is a term meaning "the west".

Asia
Console role-playing game

A console role-playing game is a video game genre that resembles traditional role-playing games. Many console role-playing games use common features like turn-based battles, random battles, stats, and leveling up.

 
Video game genres
Drew Barrymore

Drew Blyth Barrymore (born February 22, 1975) is an American actress and film producer. Born in Culver City, California, she is the youngest member of the Barrymore family. Lionel Barrymore was her great-uncle and John Barrymore was her grandfather. Barrymore made a breakout role in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. She starred with Adam Sandler in The Wedding Singer, 50 First Dates and Blended. She starred in the Netflix series Santa Clarita Diet.

Personal life 
Barrymore is bisexual. She was married three times. She had a relationship with Jeremy Thomas, Tom Green and Will Kopelman. Before their divorce, Barrymore has two daughters.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1975 births
Living people
Actors from Culver City, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Barrymore family
Bisexual people
Golden Globe Award winning actors
LGBT actors
LGBT people from California
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Brooklyn South

Brooklyn South is a short-lived American television police drama. It aired from 1997 to 1998 on CBS for only one season. It was cancelled due to poor ratings.

One of the producers of the series was Steven Bochco, creator of many well-known police dramas such as Hill Street Blues and NYPD Blue. Brooklyn South was also created and produced by David Milch. The series tried to create a setting of a gritty, realistic police station similar to that of NYPD Blue, but differed by focusing on the uniformed police officers rather than the detectives. The pilot of Brooklyn South was noted as the first TV-MA rated episode on broadcast television.

1997 American television series debuts
Drama television series
CBS network shows
1998 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Never Been Kissed

Never Been Kissed is a 1999 American comedy movie directed by Raja Gosnell. It follows a journalist pretending to be high school student. It stars Drew Barrymore, David Arquette, Michael Vartan, Molly Shannon, Leelee Sobieski, John C. Reilly, Jessica Alba, Marley Shelton and Garry Marshall. It marked the first movie produced by Flower Films and James Franco's film debut.

Other websites 

1999 comedy movies
1999 romance movies
1990s high school movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s teen comedy movies
1990s teen romance movies
American high school movies
American romantic comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Raja Gosnell
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies shot in Chicago, Illinois
Proms in movies
Idle Hands

Idle Hands is a 1999 American comedy-horror movie starring Devon Sawa, Seth Green, and Jessica Alba with Elden Henson and Vivica A. Fox. It follows the life of a teen whose hand becomes possessed and goes on a killing spree, even after being cut off from his arm. The film was delayed in its release because of the Columbine massacre.

Sources

1999 comedy movies
1999 horror movies
1990s black comedy movies
Supernatural horror movies
1990s teen comedy movies
1990s teen horror movies
American black comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen horror movies
Body horror movies
Comedy horror movies
English-language movies
Impact of the Columbine High School massacre
Telepathy

Telepathy  is the hypothesis that some people can communicate to others by thought, instead of through the known senses.

The term was coined by classics scholar and psychologist Frederic William Henry Myers in 1882. Sigmund Freud did experiments with his daughter Anna where he attempted to communicate with her telepathically. In 1930 Upton Sinclair wrote a book about his experiments with his wife in telepathic communication entitled Mental Radio.

Eysenck's opinion 
Professor Hans Eysenck of London University's Institute of Psychiatry stated "Unless there is a gigantic conspiracy involving some thirty university departments all over the world, and several hundred highly respected scientists in various fields, many of them originally skeptical to the claims of the psychical researchers, the only conclusion that the unbiased observer can come to is that there does exist a small number of people who obtain knowledge existing in other people's minds, or in the outer world, by means as yet unknown to science".

Scientific reception 
A variety of tests have been performed to demonstrate telepathy, but there is no scientific evidence that the power exists.

A panel commissioned by the United States National Research Council to study paranormal claims concluded that "despite a 130-year record of scientiﬁc research on such matters, our committee could ﬁnd no scientiﬁc justiﬁcation for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception, mental telepathy or 'mind over matter' exercises... Evaluation of a large body of the best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist." The scientific community considers parapsychology a pseudoscience. There is no known mechanism for telepathy. Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that telepathy would contradict laws of science and the claim that "signals can be transmitted across space without fading with distance is inconsistent with physics".

Related pages 
Parapsychology

References 

Parapsychology
Pseudoscience
Megabit

A megabit is a unit of information or computer storage that means one million bits, or one thousand kilobits. It is abbreviated Mbit or Mb.

Computing
Invisible Woman

Susan Storm Richards (also known as Invisible Girl and later, Invisible Woman) is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics superheroine created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby. The character first appeared in Fantastic Four #1 in November 1961. Like the other founding members of the Fantastic Four, Sue received her powers after being exposed to a cosmic storm. Her primary power deals with light waves, allowing her to render herself and others invisible. However, she can also project powerful fields of invisible energy which she uses for a variety of offensive and defensive effects. Sue plays a central role in the lives of her brother, her husband, her children (Franklin Richards and Val Richards), and her friend, Ben Grimm. She has been adapted into motion puctures and is played by Rebecca Stabb, Jessica Alba and Kate Mara.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fantastic Four
Fictional characters introduced in 1961
Marvel Comics characters
Marvel Comics mutates
Shigesato Itoi

Shigesato Itoi ( Itoi Shigesato, born November 10, 1948 in Gumna) is a famous Japanese copywriter, essayist, and game designer. In his video game career, his most well-known works have been games in the EarthBound series.

References 

1948 births
Mother series
Japanese voice actors
Japanese video game designers
Living people
People from Gunma Prefecture
The Eye (2008 movie)

The Eye is a 2008 movie starring Jessica Alba. It is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong-Thai-Singaporean movie of the same name. The movie was rated PG-13 by the MPAA for "violence/terror and disturbing content." It was directed by David Moreau and Xavier Palud. It is the story of a young blind girl who has her sight restored. She is able to see dead people, and sets out to find the history of her new eyes.

References 

2008 movies
English-language movies
Lionsgate movies
Creatures Inc.

is a Japanese video game company. It used to be called Ape, Inc. It's most well known for the Pokémon video game series, trading cards, and toys, as well as the EarthBound series while they were Ape, Inc.

Companies of Japan
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is a professional honorary group meant for the advancement of the arts and sciences of motion pictures.

The Academy has over 6,000 motion picture professionals as members. While the most of its members are in the United States, membership is open to filmmakers around the world. As of 2004, it had members from 36 countries. It is known around the world for its yearly Academy Awards, known to most people as the "Oscars." 

Also, the Academy gives Student Academy Awards to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level each year; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting each year; and runs the Margaret Herrick Library in Beverly Hills, California and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, California, which will grow to include Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, to open as a tourist site in 2017.

The president of the Academy has been Cheryl Boone Issacs since 2013.

References 

Movie organizations
1927 establishments in the United States
The Love Guru

The Love Guru is an 2008 American romantic sports comedy movie set in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was directed by Marco Schnabel and starring Mike Myers. Romany Malco, Jessica Alba and Justin Timberlake co-star. In addition to starring in the movie, Myers wrote The Love Guru with Graham Gordy and produced it with Gary Barber. The movie was released by Paramount Pictures on June 20, 2008 and was rated PG-13.

Cast
Mike Myers as Guru Maurice Pitka
Jessica Alba as Jane Bullard
Romany Malco as Darren Roanoke
Meagan Good as Prudence Roanoke
Verne Troyer as Coach Punch Cherkov
Justin Timberlake as Jacques "Le Coq" Grandé
Telma Hopkins as Lillian Roanoke
Manu Narayan as Rajneesh - Pitka's assistant
John Oliver as Dick Pants
Ben Kingsley as Guru Tugginmypudha
Stephen Colbert as Jay Kell
Jim Gaffigan as Trent Lueders
Rob Huebel as Bar Patron / Cameo
Omid Djalili as Guru Satchabigknoba

People who appeared as themselves
Mike Myers
Mariska Hargitay
Kanye West
Val Kilmer
Morgan Freeman (voice)
Rob Blake
Deepak Chopra
Oprah Winfrey
Judi Dench (referenced by commentator Jay Kell (Stephen Colbert))
Jessica Simpson

Other websites 
The Love Guru Official Movie Website 

Guru Pitka's Book Club  "The Love Guru - The Official Book Club"

2008 comedy movies
2008 romance movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s sports comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American sports comedy movies
English-language movies
Paramount movies
Screenplays by Mike Myers
Movies produced by Mike Myers
Toronto
GQ

GQ (originally Gentlemen's Quarterly) is a monthly men's magazine focusing upon fashion, style, and culture for men, through articles on food, movies, physical fitness, sex, music, travel, sports, technology, and books. It is generally thought of as being more sophisticated than magazines, such as Maxim or FHM.

History
Gentlemen's Quarterly was launched in 1931 in the United States as Apparel Arts, a men's fashion magazine for the clothing trade, aimed primarily at wholesale buyers and retail sellers.

Sources

Monthly magazines
American men's magazines
Big Cartoon DataBase

The Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB) is an online database of information about cartoons, animated movies, and animated television shows.

Other websites 
 The Big Cartoon DataBase

1996 establishments
Entertainment websites
InStyle

InStyle is a monthly women’s magazine, published by Time Inc., which is about the private side of public faces. It started in 1995. It has a circulation of about 1.7 million.

American magazines
MTV Movie Awards

The MTV Movie Awards is a movie awards show presented annually on MTV (Music Television). It also contains movie parodies that used official movie footage with hosts and other celebrities and music performances. The nominees are decided by a special panel at Tenth Planet Productions, the production company headed by Joel Gallen, who also created the MTV Movie Awards. Winners are decided by the general public. Presently voting is done through MTV's official website through a special Movie Awards link.

Other websites
 

Movie awards
MTV
Awake (movie)

Awake is a 2007 American crime thriller movie. It was written and directed by Joby Harold. It stars Hayden Christensen, Jessica Alba, Lena Olin, and Terrence Howard. The movie was rated R by the MPAA for language, an intense disturbing situation, and brief drug use.

The movie was released in the United States and Canada on November 30, 2007.

2007 crime movies
2007 thriller movies
2000s crime thriller movies
2000s psychological movies
American crime thriller movies
American psychological movies
English-language movies
Multilingual movies
Suicide in movies
Frank Miller (comics)

Frank Miller (born January 27, 1957) is an American writer, artist and movie director. He best known for his film noir-style comic book stories including Ronin, Daredevil: Born Again, The Dark Knight Returns, Sin City, and 300. 

He is one of the most widely-recognized and popular creators in comics, and is one of the most influential comics creators of his generation.

Early life 
Miller was born in Olney, Maryland, on January 27, 1957, and raised in Montpelier, Vermont.

Career 
Because of his interest in comics, Miller moved to New York as a young adult to work as a comic book artist. Miller released his first graphic novel, Ronin, in 1983. Miller later wrote other graphic novels including the Dark Knight Returns and 300.  

Miller moved to Los Angeles and worked in Hollywood during the 1980s and 1990s, writing the scripts for Robocop II and III. Not happy with the films, Miller stopped working in TV and movies until 2005, when Miller worked with director Robert Rodgriguez on the film, Sin City.

References

 

American movie directors
American comics artists
American comics writers
Writers from Maryland
Writers from Vermont
1957 births
Living people
Robert Rodriguez

Robert Anthony Rodriguez (born June 20 1968) is an American director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor and musician perhaps best known for making profitable, crowd-pleasing independent and studio movies with fairly low budgets and fast schedules by Hollywood standards. He shoots and produces many of his movies in Texas and Mexico.

References 

1968 births
Living people
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American movie producers
American cinematographers
American editors
Writers from San Antonio, Texas
Musicians from San Antonio, Texas
Michael Weatherly

Michael Manning Weatherly, Jr. (born July 8, 1968) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo on the television series NCIS. After being in over 300 episodes he is leaving NCIS at the end of the 2016 season. He also plays Dr. Jason Bull in the CBS drama series Bull.

References

Other websites 
 Official Michael Weatherly website

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1968 births
Living people
Telegraphy

Telegraphy (from the Greek words tele (τηλε) = far and graphein (γραφειν) = write) is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters.

A telegraph sends electric pulses in a special code, composed from short and large marks. Usually, amateur radio operators use Morse code.

History
Some of the first telegraphs were made in the late 1700s, but these were hard to use because they had too many wires. Samuel Morse made a telegraph using only one wire. In 1844, he built a telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington, D.C., and soon, there were telegraphs all over the United States. This made it easier for people to talk to people far away and made it easier for people to move out West. A transatlantic telegraph cable and other developments linked the world by the end of the century. Radio telegraphy became widespread in the early 20th century, especially on ships.

People would send messages called telegrams to other people. They would give the message to a telegraph operator, who would send the message using Morse code. The operator on the other end would write down the message and give it to the person receiving the message. After the 1930s, it became cheaper to make long-distance telephone calls than to send telegrams, so fewer telegrams were sent. Western Union, an American company that was created for telegrams, sent its last one in 2006.

Telegraphs now
Telegraphs have become rare. This is because of newer technology that people can use to communicate, such as the telephone and the Internet. However, morse code is still popular among amateur radio enthusiasts.

Related pages 
 Electrical telegraph

References

Other websites 

 

Postal history
History of technology
Telecommunications
Rheumatism

Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a general term for medical problems that can hurt the heart, bones, joints, kidney, skin and lungs. The study of these problems is called rheumatology.

Types 
The major rheumatic disorders that are known, some are:
 Ankylosing spondylitis
 Back pain
 Bursitis/ Tendinitis, Shoulder pain, wrist, biceps, leg, knee (patellar), ankle, hip, and Achilles
 Capsulitis
 Fibromyalgia
 Neck pain
 Osteoarthritis
 Psoriatic arthritis
 Rheumatic fever
 Rheumatic heart disease (a long-term complication of Rheumatic fever)
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Systemic lupus erythematosus
 Temporal arteritis and Polymyalgia rheumatica
 Tenosynovitis.

Treatment 
Many traditional herbal remedies were recommended for "rheumatism". Modern medicine, both conventional and complementary, shows that the different rheumatic disorders have different causes (and several of them have more than one) and need different kinds of treatment.

Other websites 
 American College of Rheumatology
 EULAR - The European League Against Rheumatism
 BBC "Your Health" website on Arthritis and Rheumatism 
 e-medicine article on Non-Articular Rheumatism

Rheumatology
Diseases
Bright's disease

Bright's disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that are now called acute or chronic nephritis. The main symptom is  the presence of serum albumin (blood plasma protein) in the urine, and frequently accompanied by oedema and hypertension.

The term is no longer used, as the disease is now classified by its better known causes.

References 

Diseases
National Football League Training Camp

In the National Football League, NFL Training Camp is the time before the season starts. During this time, teams will work hard at an special place, often a university. This is almost the same as baseball's spring training.

Training camp sites by team

Other websites 
NFL Training Camp Information - From NFL.com

Training camp
Training camp

A training camp is a place where soldiers or sports players go to learn skills. Often, they go there to learn physical action, rather than book subjects they would learn at a school. In major sports like the National Football League, training camp refers to the time before the season starts. 

In the military, Recruit training (also called "basic training" or "boot camp") helps new military personnel get the mental and physical fitnesss they need for their military career. Each military branch in a country usually has its own training program. There are also civilian boot camps for those who want to experience military training without joining the military.

Well-known training camps 
Infantry Training Centre
Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island
National Football League Training Camp
International Mathematical Olympiad Training Camp

References 

Training
Sperm whale

The sperm whale (Physeter catodon), also known as the cachalot, is the largest toothed whale. It has the biggest head of any animal. The head can be about  long, and is about one-third of the whale's body. Its lower jaw is small and contains its huge, conical teeth (which fit into sockets in the upper jaw).

Diet 
Sperm whales are carnivores (meat-eaters). They mostly hunt medium-sized squid. They also eat many kinds of fish such as skate. Sometimes they hunt giant squid that live on the ocean bottom at great depths. They can dive up to 2250 m and stay underwater for two hours.

Size 
Sperm whales can reach up to 20.7m long, and weigh up to 80,000kg. There is disagreement on the claims of adult males approaching, reaching or exceeding 24m in length.

Echolocation 
Like other toothed whales, the sperm whale uses echolocation, a way of sensing in which they emit high-pitched clicks and sense them as they bounce back off objects (like prey). This is crucial in hunting in the dark ocean depths.

References 

Toothed whales
Camp Rock

Camp Rock is a 2008 American musical comedy movie made by the Disney Channel.

Camp Rock soundtrack
Camp Rock is the soundtrack of the movie. It was released on June 17, 2008. Full songs of the album were made available on Camp Rock's official web site for one week, beginning June 10, 2008. The full soundtrack was first broadcast on Radio Disney on June 14, 2008 during Planet Premiere: Camp Rock. The soundtrack was released in the United Kingdom on July 14, 2008.  The whole premise of the movie is the fact that E-ZPass was not accepted on the Ohio Turnpike

Original soundtrack
The soundtrack album (both original and special edition) is an enhanced CD which contains a clip of an acoustic version of "This Is Me" when played on the computer with internet access.

Track listing
 "We Rock" (3:12)
 "Play My Music" (3:26)
 "Gotta Find You" (4:05)
 "Start the Party" (3:03)
 "Who Will I Be?" (3:13)
 "This Is Me (3:09)
 "Hasta La Vista" (2:38)
 "Here I Am" (3:47)
 "Too Cool" (2:53)
 "Our Time Is Here" (3:33)
 "2 Stars" (3:44)
 "What It Takes" (2:45)

Camp Rock: Extended and Remixed
Camp Rock: Extended and Remixed is a special edition of the original soundtrack due for a release on September 30, 2008.

Track listing
 "We Rock" - Cast of Camp Rock
 "Play My Music" - Jonas Brothers
 "Gotta Find You" - Joe Jonas
 "Start the Party" - Jordan Francis
 "Who Will I Be?"  - Demi Lovato
 "This Is Me" - Demi Lovato & Joe Jonas
 "Hasta La Vista" - Jordan Francis & Roshon Fegan
 "Here I Am" - Renee Sandstrom
 "Too Cool" - Meaghan Jette Martin
 "What It Takes" - Aaryn Doyle
 "2 Stars " - Meaghan Jette Martin
 "Our Time Is Here" - Demi Lovato, Meaghan Jette Martin & Aaryn Doyle
 "This Is Me (Acoustic Version)" - Demi Lovato
 "Play My Music (Remix)" - Jonas Brothers
 "This Is Me (Remix)" - Demi Lovato & Joe Jonas
 "We Rock (Remix)" - Cast of Camp Rock

Camp Rock 2

Gary Marsh, the president of Entertainment, Disney Channel World, confirmed that a script was almost complete for Camp Rock 2. According to The Hollywood Reporter, all the principal cast was expected to return,[5] with a special appearance by Frankie Jonas.[6]

Demi Lovato - Mitchie Torres, 
Joe Jonas - Shane Gray, 
Meaghan Jette Martin - Tess Tyler, 
Alyson Stoner - Catilyn Geller, 
Jasmine Richards - Margaret Peggy DuPree, 
Anna Maria Perez de Tagle - Ella, 
Maria Canals Barrera - Connie Torres, 
Kevin Jonas - Jason, 
Aaryn Doyle - Lola Scott, 
Jordan Francis - Barron James, 
Roshon Fegan - Sander Loya, 
Daniel Fathers - Brown Cessario, 
Nick Jonas - Nate, 
Frankiee Jonas - Max Gray, 
Olesya Rulin - Taira Stevens, 
Daniel Curtis Lee - Connor Geller, 
Edward Jaunz - Steve Torres, 
Michelle Trachtenberg - Shanica Towels, 
Jennifer Ricci - TJ Tyler, 
Camily Acuña - Miriam Torres, 
Mery Gambarotta - Sibley Tyler

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official Camp Rock ABC Family site
 

2008 comedy movies
2000s musical movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s television movies
American musical movies
American teen comedy movies
American television movies
 
Disney movies
English-language movies
Movies about vacationing
Amani Toomer

Amani Toomer () (born September 8, 1974 in Berkeley, California) is a retired American football wide receiver that played for the New York Giants and Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. He won Super Bowl XLII with the Giants on February 3, 2008.

Other websites 
 

1974 births
Living people
Kansas City Chiefs players
New York Giants players
Sportspeople from Berkeley, California
Mega Man 9

Mega Man 9, known in Japan as , is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Wii's WiiWare service, PlayStation Network, and Xbox Live Arcade. It is the first game in the original Mega Man series to be made since the release of Mega Man 8 for the PlayStation in 1996. It has the same graphics as the NES Mega Mans.

Mega Man games
Wii-only games
Capcom games
Video game sequels
Mega Man 8

Mega Man 8, known in Japan as , is a platform video game made by Capcom for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn game consoles. It stars the character Mega Man, the mascot of the franchise.

1996 video games
1997 video games
Mega Man games
PlayStation games
Sega Saturn games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Video game sequels
Mega Man 7

Mega Man 7, known in Japan as , is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Super NES game console.

Mega Man games
1995 video games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Mega Man 6

Mega Man 6, known in Japan as , is a platform video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

1993 video games
Mega Man games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Video game sequels
Mega Man 5

Mega Man 5, known in Japan as , is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Mega Man games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
1992 video games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Video game sequels
Mega Man 4

Mega Man 4, known in Japan as , is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

1991 video games
Mega Man games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Video game sequels
Touchdown

A touchdown is a common way of scoring in American and Canadian football.  A team gets a touchdown by the person with the ball running across the line of the goal, or catching the ball while past the line of the goal.  In American and Canadian football, a touchdown gives the team 6 points. The team also gets a chance to score 1 or 2 more points in what is called an extra point.

Related pages
 Try

American football
Canadian football
Sports words
Eton, Berkshire

Eton is a town in Berkshire, England. It is next to the opposite bank of the River Thames to Windsor and is connected to the Windsor Bridge.

Other websites 

Eton Town Traders Association

Windsor and Maidenhead
Towns in Berkshire
Naomi

Naomi may refer to:

People
 Naomi (given name), a female given name
 Naomi (in the Book of Ruth in the Bible)
 Noemi (trance music), Dutch singer

Music
 "Naomi", a song by Neutral Milk Hotel
 Naomi (band), a German pop duo
 Naomi Awards, ironic and humorous awards

Fiction

Naomi, a minor character from the tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Den-O.
 Naomi (novel), by Japanese author Junichiro Tanizaki

Technology

 Naomi Internet Filter, free advanced Internet filtering program
 Sega NAOMI, an arcade hardware system that spawned the Sega Dreamcast game console
Mega Man 3

Mega Man 3, known in Japan as , is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

1990 video games
Mega Man games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Semitic languages

The Semitic languages are a branch of Afroasiatic languages spoken in North Africa, Arabia, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. 

The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family, which originated in the Middle East. Semitic languages are spoken by more than 470 million people across much of Western Asia, North Africa and the Horn of Africa, as well as in large communities of people from different countries in North America and Europe. 

The name was taken from Shem, a son of Noah in Genesis (chapters 6-11).

Some examples of Semitic languages are Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Maltese.
Mega Man 2

Mega Man 2, known in Japan as Rockman 2: The Mystery of Dr. Wily, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

1988 video games
Mega Man games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Capcom games
Video game sequels
Mega Man (video game)

Mega Man is also known as  in Japan. It is a video game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It is the first game in the original Mega Man series. It was released in Japan on December 17, 1987. It was released in North America on December 1987 and Europe on May 1990.

Plot
Two scientists, Dr. Light and Dr. Wily, create humanoid robots; Wily goes rogue and reprograms most of the robots for world domination. It's up to Mega Man, a robot created by Dr. Light, to stop Dr. Wily and his army of Robot Masters.

Gameplay
The game opens with a boss select screen, giving you the option to choose which of the Robot Masters you wish to take down first. Once you have selected a Robot Master you are teleported by Dr. Light to an approximation of the Robot Master's location. From there you must find your way to the Robot Master, along the way overcoming many traps, pitfalls and other obstacles. Once you defeat a Robot Master you gain its power, which can be used on other Robot Masters and follows a Rock, paper, scissors type effectiveness, where a rock attack would work better on a robot with scissors than one made of paper.

References

Other websites
 Mega Man at MobyGames

1987 video games
Mega Man games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
Video games developed in Japan
Capcom games
Mario Kart 64

is a Nintendo 64 racing game and the second main installment for the Mario Kart series made by Nintendo. It was later released for the Wii's Virtual Console in January 2007, and for the Wii U in January 2016, and is one of the launch titles for the Nintendo Switch Online. It features Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, Toad, Yoshi, Donkey Kong, Wario, and Bowser as playable characters. This game marks the first appearance of Luigi, Wario, and Donkey Kong in a Nintendo 64 game.

Courses

References

Other websites
Official Nintendo Japan Mario Kart 64 site

Mario Kart 64 at the Super Mario Wiki

1996 video games
Mario Kart games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Super Mario Kart

Super Mario Kart is a Super Nintendo Entertainment System racing game released first in 1992 and the first main installment for the Mario Kart series, made by Nintendo. It has eight playable characters from the Mario series.

Characters

 Mario
 Luigi
 Princess Peach
 Yoshi
 Bowser
 Donkey Kong Jr.
 Koopa Troopa
 Toad

Courses

Battle Courses
Battle Course 1
Battle Course 2
Battle Course 3
Battle Course 4

1992 video games
Mario Kart games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Isaac

Isaac is a figure in Abrahamic religions, one of the three Patriarchs. He is described in the Bible, in the Book of Genesis (chapters 18-27). He was the son of Abraham and Sarah. God tells them they will have a child but they think they are too old and they laugh. They name the boy Isaac after their laughter.  Isaac marries Rebecca, and is the father of Esau and Jacob.

Notes

Other websites 
 Isaac in Catholic Encyclopedia
 Isaac in Jewish Encyclopedia

Patriarchs
Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Sarah

Sarah or Sara was the wife and half-sister of Abraham in the Old Testament book of Genesis (Chapters 12-23). They got married in Haran. She was barren for a long period.She had a child with Avraham named Isaac when she was 90. She lived until she was 127, and was buried by Abraham in Hebron in what is now the West Bank. Her name was Sarai but God changed it to Sarah.

Sarah (also spelled Sara) is also a popular Hebrew female name in English. It means 'princess'. If you lived in Spain, the name would mean, "Fairy".

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes is a book in the Old Testament of the Bible. It is described as "the words of the Philosopher, David's son, who was King in Jerusalem" (verse 1). This is probably Solomon.  The book talks about the meaning of life and the best way to live.

People disagree about what the Book of Ecclesiastes means.  Some people think the book is very pessimistic, saying "all is vain", "there is nothing new under the sun."(Chapter I), and "I looked again at all the injustice that goes on in this world. The oppressed were weeping but no one would help them. No one would help them, because their oppressors had power on their side. I envy those who are dead and gone; they are better off than those who are still alive. But better off than either are those who have never been born." (Chapter 4)  Other people think the book says that even though life is hard and we will all die someday, we should just enjoy God's gifts.

The book finishes by saying: ""Fear God, and keep his commandments; for that is the whole duty of everyone" (12:13).

Impact
Some of the sayings and ideas in Ecclesiastes have become important in British and American culture.  For example, the saying "there is nothing new under the sun" is often used in the United States.

During the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln used a quote from Ecclesiastes in a speech to Congress: "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever...."  ("One generation of people dies, and another generation is born, but the world will be here forever.") 

President Joe Biden has also made a brief reference of Ecclesiastes during his winning speech after the 2020 Presidential Election: "To everything there is a season: a time to build, a time to reap, and a time to sow and a time to heal. This is the time to heal in America.” 

Famous American writer Thomas Wolfe once said: "Ecclesiastes is the greatest single piece of writing I have ever known, and the wisdom expressed in it the most lasting and profound."

One of the most famous parts of Ecclesiastes is verses 3:1 to 3:8:
"To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven:
A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;
A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up;
A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;
A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together; a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;
A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away;
A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak;
A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace."

Pete Seeger made a song named Turn, Turn, Turn! that included lines from these verses of Ecclesiastes. The Byrds had an international hit with their version of this song in 1965.

References

 

Old Testament books