cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Jan Swammerdam

Jan Swammerdam (12 February 1637 – 17 February 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects showed that the stages an insect life – egg, larva, pupa, and adult – are different forms of the same animal. He did experiments on muscle contraction. In 1658, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells. He was one of the first people to use the microscope in dissections, and his techniques remained useful for hundreds of years.

Research on insects
Knowledge of insects in the 17th century was to a great extent inherited from Aristotle. Swammerdam dissected insects and studied them under microscopes.

Swammerdam showed that insects develop in the same gradual manner as do other animals. He wanted to dispel the seventeenth-century idea that different life stages of an insect (e.g. caterpillar and butterfly) were different individuals. 

He got evidence from his dissections. By examining larvae, he identified adult features in pre-adult animals. For example, he noticed that the wings of dragonflies and mayflies exist before their final molt. Swammerdam used these observations in his 1669 publication, Historia Insectorum Generalis (The Natural History of Insects).  This work included many descriptions of insect anatomy. It was here that Swammerdam revealed that the "king" bee has ovaries. Biblia natura published posthumously in 1737, carried the first confirmation that the queen bee is the sole mother of the colony. Despite five intense years of beekeeping, the mode of honey bee reproduction escaped him as he wrote, "I do not believe the male bees actually copulate with the females."

References 

1637 births
1680 deaths
Beekeepers
Dutch scientists
Naturalists
People from Amsterdam
Ms. Pac-Man

Ms. Pac-Man is an arcade video game made by Midway Manufacturing (now Midway Games). It was released one year after Pac-Man, on January 13, 1982. It became one of the most popular video games of all-time after its release. This led Namco to make the game an official title in the Pac-Man series. It has a female character, new mazes, and changes in gameplay from Pac-Man. It is most successful American-made arcade game, selling 115,000 arcade cabinets.

Gameplay
Ms. Pac-Man plays similarly to Pac-Man. The player has to move Ms. Pac-Man, a yellow disc, around a maze. The goal is to eat all of the yellow pellets (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts. The player can get more points by eating fruits that appear. When Ms. Pac-Man eats a white pellet, the ghosts turn blue. The player can eat them for points. The game has 256 stages. Like Pac-Man, the 256th level cannot be finished because of a problem with the creation of the game.

The game has gameplay changes from the original Pac-Man. They include:
The game has four different mazes instead of one maze that is played for the whole game.
Three of the four mazes have two sets of warp tunnels instead of one.
Instead of staying in the middle of the maze, the fruit moves around the maze, going in and out of warp tunnels.
The ghosts have different behaviors.
The game has different sound effects and music.

References

Other websites
Ms. Pac-Man at the Killer List of Videogames
Ms. Pac-Man at the Arcade History database

1982 video games
Arcade games
Namco video games
Game Gear games
Sega Genesis games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Atari 2600 games
Commodore 64 games
M61 Vulcan

M61 Vulcan is a hydraulic and pneumatic rotary cannon. It has six barrels. It is cooled by air and fires by the power of electricity. It is a Gatling-style rotary cannon. The size of its caliber is 20 mm. It fires at an very very high speed. It has been the main cannon armament of United States military fixed-wing aircraft for over fifty years. It was made by General Electric at first, but today it is made by General Dynamics.

References

Weapons
First Presbyterian Church (Trenton, New Jersey)

The First Presbyterian Church is a historic church in Trenton, New Jersey, United States. It is located at 120 East State Street. The church building was built in 1726. During the American Revolutionary War the British occupied Trenton. They used the church as a stable to keep their horses. It was repaired when they left. In 1804 the old stone church was taken down. A new church of all brick was completed in 1805. The church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The church graveyard is the burial place of at least two Revolutionary War notables. Colonel Johann Rall, Commander of the Hessians forces defeated by General George Washington. He died just after the Battle of Trenton. John Rosbrugh, was killed at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek (Second Battle of Trenton). He was the first U.S. chaplain killed in battle. The inventor of the steamboat, John Fitch, was a member of the congregation at First Presbyterian.

References

National Register of Historic Places
Trenton, New Jersey
Presbyterianism
Churches in the United States
Buildings and structures in New Jersey
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1726 establishments
18th-century establishments in New Jersey
Feather River

The Feather River is a river in Northern California in the United States. It is a tributary of the Sacramento River. The river originates in the Sierra Nevada mountains and is  long, flowing in a general southward direction.

The river is an important source of drinking and irrigation water for California. Oroville Dam is located on the river, near the city of Oroville.

Tributaries
Bear River
Yuba River
Middle Fork Feather River
North Fork Feather River

Related pages
American River
California State Water Project

References 

Rivers of California
Butte County, California
Plumas County, California
Sierra County, California
Sutter County, California
Yuba County, California
American River

The American River is a river in northern California in the United States. It is a tributary of the Sacramento River. The river starts in the Sierra Nevada and flows west through the city of Sacramento. The river is  long with a watershed of .

Folsom Dam and Folsom Lake are located on the American river east of Sacramento.

Tributaries
North Fork American River
Middle Fork American River
South Fork American River

Rivers of California
El Dorado County, California
Placer County, California
Sacramento County, California
Grand Coulee Dam

The Grand Coulee Dam is a dam on the Columbia River in the United States state of Washington. The dam forms Lake Franklin D. Roosevelt. The dam was built between 1933 and 1942, with a new power plant added between 1997 and 1974. The dam is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Grand Coulee Dam is  high and  long. The lake behind it can hold more than  of water.

The dam provides water for agriculture in Central Washington. Water is pumped from Lake Roosevelt to Banks Lake, located in the Grand Coulee. From there it runs by gravity to irrigate about  of fertile farmland. Incorporated in the late 1940s and early 1950s, this scheme is known as the Columbia Basin Project.

Grand Coulee also produces hydroelectricity. In fact, it is the largest electric-power producing facility in the United States. At full load the dam can produce 6,809 megawatts or enough for 5 million typical American households. The dam was an important source of power for factories during World War II. Today, it provides much of the cheap electric power for the Pacific Northwest.

Among other benefits include flood control for the lower Columbia River and recreational boating and fishing on Lake Roosevelt.

As a consequence of the dam's construction, the reservoir flooded large tracts of Native American lands. Salmon can no longer migrate to the upper Columbia River system.

Other websites
Columbia Basin Project  – Bureau of Reclamation
Grand Coulee Dam – Northwest Power and Conservation Council

Dams in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington
20th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Gerry Desjardins

Gerard Ferdinand Desjardins (born July 22, 1944 in Noëlville, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Desjardins played 2 seasons in the CPHL with the Houston Apollos.

He joined the Los Angeles Kings in 1968 but first played a season in the AHL for the Cleveland Barons. He played 2 seasons with the Kings and joined the Chicago Black Hawks where he played for 3 years. After his time with the Black Hawks was over, he went and played for the New York Islanders for 2 seasons and the Buffalo Sabres for 4 years. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1978.

Other websites 

1944 births
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Islanders players
American Hockey League players
World Hockey Association players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Eugene O'Neill

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prizes throughout the 1920s and one even after his death in 1957.

Early life
O'Neill was born on October 16, 1888 in a hotel room in New York City, New York. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard University. O'Neill's parents were immigrants from Ireland.

Career
O'Neill's best-known stage works include, Anna Christie (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1922), Desire Under the Elms (1924), Strange Interlude (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1928), Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), and his only well-known comedy, Ah, Wilderness! (1933).

O'Neill won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his works on stage.

Personal life
O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins from 1909 until they divorced in 1911. They had one son. Then, he was married to Agnes Boulton from 1918 until they divorced in 1929. They had one son and one daughter. A granddaughter from this marriage is the actress Geraldine Chaplin.

After this divorce, he was married to Carlotta Monterey from 1929 until his death in 1953. O'Neill was an Agnostic.

O'Neill was a anarchist socialist.

Death
O'Neill died on November 27, 1953 at a hotel room in Boston, Massachusetts from cerebellar cortical atrophy, a neurological disease. He was 65 years old. As he was dying, he whispered his last words: "I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room."

Books

References

Other websites

 Eugene O'Neill official website
 Casa Genotta official website
 
 
 Eugene O'Neill | PlaybillVault.com
 Eugene O'Neil Autobiography  at the Nobel Foundation
 Works by Eugene O'Neill at Project Gutenberg Australia
 Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site
 American Experience - Eugene O'Neill: A Documentary Film on PBS 

1888 births
1953 deaths
American agnostics
American Nobel Prize winners
American playwrights
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from New York City
All Is Lost

All Is Lost is a 2013 American survival-adventure movie directed by J. C. Chandor. It only stars Robert Redford as a lost man at sea. The movie has almost no dialogue. It was released to positive reviews on October 18, 2013.

2013 movies
2010s adventure movies
American adventure movies
English-language movies
Survival movies
Lionsgate movies
127 Hours

127 Hours is a 2010 American biographical drama movie directed by Danny Boyle. It stars James Franco as real-life canyoneer Aron Ralston, who became trapped by a boulder in Blue John Canyon, southeastern Utah, in April 2003. It received positive reviews, especially from Roger Ebert, Richard Roeper, and Peter Travers. It was released on November 12, 2010.

2010 drama movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s biographical movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
American adventure movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
French biographical movies
French drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 2000s
Survival movies
Movies set in Utah
American independent movies
Movies directed by Danny Boyle
Rush (2013 movie)

Rush is an American-British 2013 biographical-drama movie written and directed by Ron Howard. It is based on the true events about racecar drivers James Hunt and Niki Lauda. It stars Chris Hemsworth, Daniel Brühl, and Olivia Wilde. It was released to positive reviews on September 20, 2013.

2013 drama movies
2010s biographical movies

2010s American biographical movies
2010s American drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ron Howard
Sports drama movies
The Simpsons: Road Rage

The Simpsons: Road Rage is a 2001 action-adventure video game based on the animated television show The Simpsons. It was released for the Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Playstation 2 and Game Boy Advance. It is similar to the game Crazy Taxi, in that the player has to pick up people and drive them to where they want to go as fast as they can.

2001 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Xbox games
PlayStation 2 games
Game Boy Advance games
The Simpsons
Cut the Rope

Cut the Rope is a puzzle video game released by ZeptoLab. In it, the player must cut a series of ropes with their finger to feed a small creature named Om Nom a piece of candy. Once you have fed him the candy, the next level is unlocked. The game has been downloaded over 100 million times. The spin off games have also being released: Cut the Rope: Holiday Gift (2010), Cut the Rope: Experiments (2011), Cut the Rope: Time Travel (2013) Cut the Rope 2 (2013) and My Om Nom (2014 for Apple App Store and 2015 for Google Play Store).

Gameplay 
In each level, the candy hangs by one or several of the titular ropes which the player must cut with a swipe of their finger using the device's touchscreen. Using various objects such as floating bubbles and bellows, the candy must also be manipulated around obstacles to get to Om Nom's mouth.
Each level takes place in a box, Which there are different boxes, (such as the cardboard box, the fabric box and the foil box) More boxes will be added soon.

Each level pack introduces new challenges.  Levels are scored with a zero to three star rating, Like Angry Birds. according to how many stars the player picked up, and a point score depending on the number of stars collected and the amount of time taken to complete the level. In-app purchases, such as "Superpowers" and "Hints", and "Magnets" make play easier.

Levels

New levels are added through updates.

Sources

Other websites 
 Cut the Rope on the publisher's website
 Cut The Rope Online

Puzzle video games
2010 video games
Mobile games
Windows games
United States Invasion of Panama

The United States Invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, was the invasion of Panama by the United States in December 1989 and January 1990. This operation was done during the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. By this treaty, it was accepted that the United States should give up control of the Panama Canal to Panama by 1 January 2000. 

During the invasion, the Panamanian leader, general and dictator Manuel Noriega was removed from his position and the elected president Guillermo Endara took control of the office. The Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved.

1989 in the United States
1990 in the United States
Conflicts
20th century in Panama
Conflicts in 1990
St Jude storm

The St. Jude Storm also known as Cyclone Christian, was a severe European windstorm that hit Northwestern Europe from 27 October 2013 to 28 October 2013. The storm caused 17 deaths. Winds of up to 80–90 mph (130–145 km/h) were forecast for southern England, but the highest windspeed was in Denmark, where a gust of 120.8 mph (194.4 km/h) was recorded in the south of the country on the afternoon of 28 October, the strongest wind recorded in the country's history. Damage occurred in Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, and United Kingdom.

References

2013 in the United Kingdom
2013 in weather
2010s in Belgium
2013 in Germany
2010s in Denmark
2010s in the Netherlands
Disasters in Europe
Severe weather
October 2013 events
Rodrigo López

Roderigo López (1525 – June 7, 1594) was a physician of Portuguese background. He was tried and executed for trying to poison Elizabeth I. He is believed to be the inspiration for Shakespeare's character Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.

López was born into a family of Jewish origin in Portugal. He graduated from university with a degree in medicine. He went to England where he was appointed chief physician to Elizabeth I in 1586. He knew powerful men at court, and grew rich and respected. He was involved in various court intrigues until convicted of plotting to poison the Queen. He was hanged, drawn and quartered. 

Several contemporaries make reference to the trial and execution. Christopher Marlowe mentions it in Doctor Faustus as do Thomas Dekker in Whore of Babylon and Thomas Middleton in A Game at Chess. It is possible that Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice was inspired by López. my dads bald

Queen Elizabeth I’s physician, Roderigo Lopez, was tried and executed for allegedly plotting to kill the queen in 1594. As a Portuguese double agent, ‘Doctor Lopez a Jew’ was said to have conspired with the Spanish, England’s enemies at that time. He was accused of attempting to kill the Portuguese King Antonio and ‘take away Queene Elizabeths life by poyson’, in return for ‘fifty thousand Crowns’

References

1525 births
1594 deaths
Executed people
Jewish scientists
Physicians
Portuguese scientists
Arletty

Arletty (15 May 1898 – 24 July 1992) was a French actress, singer, and model. She played Garance in the French movie Les Enfants du Paradis.

French actors
1898 births
1992 deaths
Les Enfants du Paradis

Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) is a French romantic drama movie. It was directed by Marcel Carné and released in 1945. It stars Arletty as French courtesan Garance. She is loved by four men: a street mime, an actor, a criminal, and an aristocrat. The story is set among the lower class theatres of Paris between 1820 and 1840. Garance is courted by four men but leaves them all because they will not allow her to love in her own way. The three hour film has been described as France's Gone with the Wind.

Other websites 

1945 movies
1940s historical movies
1940s drama movies
1940s romance movies
French drama movies
French-language movies
French romance movies
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies directed by Marcel Carné
Dave Dryden

David Murray Dryden (born September 5, 1941 in Hamilton, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. Dryden was known for the distinction of creating (as well as being the first goaltender to employ) the modern day goaltending mask consisting of a fiberglass mask with a cage.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Dryden played 2 seasons in the OHA playing for the Toronto St. Michael's.

In the NHL, he played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks, Buffalo Sabres and Edmonton Oilers. Dryden faced his brother Ken in a game between his Sabres and the Montreal Canadiens. It was the only time in the history of the NHL that brothers opposed each other as goalies.

Dryden was the goalie against whom Wayne Gretzky scored his first professional goal. During his time in the WHA, he played for the Chicago Cougars and Edmonton Oilers. He won the Ben Hatskin Trophy as the WHA's top goaltender, and the Gordie Howe Trophy as league MVP.

Since retiring from playing professional ice hockey in 1979, he became the chair person of Sleeping Children Around the World charity which was founded by his father and provides bed kits to children in developing countries.

Other websites 

1941 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Central Professional Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey League players
World Hockey Association players
Michel Dumas

Michel Joseph Dumas (born July 8, 1949) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently works as a chief amateur scout for the Chicago Blackhawks.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Dumas played 2 games with the Oklahoma City Blazers and 3 seasons with the Dallas Black Hawks of the CHL. He also played 2 seasons in the IHL with the Dayton Gems.

He was called up to play for the Chicago Black Hawks for 3 games and went back down to the play 1 season for the Dallas Black Hawks again.  He was called up again by the Black Hawks but he only played 5 games as his career was cut short due to an eye injury he suffered in a game against the Colorado Rockies in 1976.

He was hired by the Black Hawks tin 1977 to be an amateur scout, and was then promoted to be their chief amateur scout in the 1992–93 season.

Other websites 

1949 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
American Hockey League players
IPad Air

{{Infobox information appliance
| name         = iPad Air
| logo         = IPad Logo (2017).svg
| image        = IPad 2017 tablet.jpg
| caption      = 
| releasedate  = November 1, 2013
| discontinued = March 21, 2016
| developer    = Apple Inc.
| manufacturer = Foxconn
| family       = iPad
| type         = Tablet computer
| lifespan     = 
| price        = 
| unitssold    = 
| unitsshipped = 
| media        = 
| os =  Original: iOS 7.0.3 Current: iOS 12.5.1
| power        = Built-in rechargeable Li-Po battery
| soc          = Apple A9 with 64-bit architecture and Apple M9 motion co-processor 
| cpu          = 
| storage      = 16, 32, 64 or 128 GB flash memory
| memory       = 2 GB RAM 
| display      =  2,048 × 1,536 px color IPS LCD display at (264 ppi) with a 4:3 aspect ratio, oleophobic coating
| graphics     = 
| sound        = 
| input        = Multi-touch screen, headset controls, M7 motion co-processor, proximity and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, digital compass, dual microphone
| controllers  = 
| camera       = Front: 1.2 MP, 720p HD Rear: 5.0 MP AF, iSight with Five Element Lens, Hybrid IR filter, video stabilisation, face detection, HDR, ƒ/2.4 aperture
| touchpad     = 
| connectivity = 
| service      =  App Store, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Game Center
| dimensions   =  (h) (w) (d)
| weight       = Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi + Cellular: 
| topgame      = 
| compatibility = 
| predecessor  = iPad (4th generation)
| successor    = iPad Air 2
| related      = 
| website      = 
}}
The iPad Air''' is the fifth type of iPad made by Apple Inc. It was announced at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22, 2013. It first came with iOS 7 installed on it and was upgraded to other versions later. The iPad Air contains the 64-bit Apple A7 processor and another M7 coprocessor. Apple released the iPad Air on November 1, 2013. Sadly, it can’t support iPadOS.

The iPad Air is 7.5 millimeters thick, which is thinner than both the iPad 2 and the iPad Mini. It has a smaller screen bezel which looks like the one on the iPad Mini. However, it still uses the same 9.7-inch Retina Display as the previous iPad model. 

Its successor, the iPad Air 2, was announced on October 16, 2014.

Features 
The iPad Air can run iOS 12.  It can act as a mobile hotspot, sharing its internet connection over Wifi, USB, or Bluetooth.  It can have access to the App Store, where users can buy and download mobile applications onto their device.

References 

IPad
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks. It is based on the GSM standard and is part of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set. UMTS is developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). It uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology so that users can transfer information faster.

2002 establishments
Telecommunications
Marinade

Marination is the process of soaking foods in a liquid before cooking. The idea is to add flavour, and to tenderize tougher cuts of meat.

The liquid in question, the 'marinade', may be acidic (made with ingredients such as vinegar, lemon juice, or wine) or enzymatic (made with ingredients such as pineapple, papaya or kiwifruit). In addition to these ingredients, a marinade often contains oils, herbs, and spices to further flavour the food.

The process may last seconds or days. Different marinades are used in different cuisines. For example, in Indian cuisine the marinade is usually prepared with a mixture of blends.

References 

Cooking methods
Hôtel Ritz Paris

The Hôtel Ritz is a grand hotel in the heart of Paris in the Place Vendôme. The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

The hotel has 159 rooms. It was founded by the Swiss hotelier, César Ritz, in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898. The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of a Town house from the 18th-century. It overlooks one of the central squares in Paris.

It was one of the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom en suite, a telephone and electricity for each room. It established a reputation for luxury. The clients have included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel, for example Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years. One of the bars of the hotel, Bar Hemingway, is devoted to Hemingway.

The Ritz has the reputation of being the most expensive hotel in Paris. The rooms as of May 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,600 and cost up to €13,900 a night for the most expensive ones (the Suite Impériale is the most expensive). The Ritz employs more than 600 people.

L'Espadon is a world-renowned restaurant. It attracts aspiring chefs from all over the world who come to learn at the nearby Ritz-Escoffier School. The cuisine is run by the award-winning chef Michel Roth, the ninth head chef of the hotel. The restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide.

During the Second World War, the German Luftwaffe used the hotel as local headquarters in Paris. The son of César Ritz, Charles, died in 1976. The last members of the Ritz family who owned the hotel sold it to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed in 1979. In August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Al-Fayed's son, Dodi, dined in the hotel's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash.

The hotel is being entirely renovated. It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and will open its doors in March 2016, after a delay of nearly two years. Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel has featured in many novels (for example F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is The Night and Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises),
a play (Noël Coward's Semi-Monde), and films (such as Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon and William Wyler's 1966 comedy How to Steal a Million).

References 

Ritz
Buildings and structures in Paris
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist. He was one of the most famous and productive scientists of his time.

Microscopic organisms 
Ehrenberg was appointed professor of medicine at Berlin University in 1827. In 1829 he accompanied Alexander von Humboldt through eastern Russia to the Chinese frontier. After his return he began to concentrate his studies on microscopic organisms, which then were not much studied.

For nearly 30 years Ehrenberg examined samples of water, soil, sediment, blowing dust and rock and described thousands of new species, among them well-known flagellates such as Euglena, ciliates such as Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, and many fossils, in nearly 400 scientific publications. He was particularly interested in a unicellular group of protists called diatoms, but he also studied, and named, many species of radiolaria, foraminifera and dinoflagellates.

These researches built up our knowledge of the microorganisms of certain geological formations, especially of the chalk, and of the marine and freshwater accumulations. Until Ehrenberg took up the study it was not known that considerable masses of rock were composed of minute forms of animals or plants. He also demonstrated that the phosphorescence of the sea was due to organisms.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1836 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London from 1837. In 1839, he won the Wollaston Medal, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. He continued until late in life to investigate the microscopic organisms of the deep sea and of various geological formations. He died in Berlin on 27 June 1876.

Legacy 
After his death in 1876, his collections of microscopic organisms were deposited in the Humboldt Museum at the University of Berlin. The "Ehrenberg Collection" includes 40,000 microscope preparations, 5,000 raw samples, 3,000 pencil and ink drawings, and nearly 1,000 letters of correspondence. His collection of scorpions, and other arachnids from the Middle East, is also held in the Berlin Museum.

References 

1795 births
1876 deaths
German doctors
German anatomists
German naturalists
German zoologists
Geologists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Afro-Haitian

Afro-Haitians or Black Haitians, are Haitian people whose ancestors were Africans. Most Afro-Haitians are descended from West African slaves. The slaves were brought over to work in plantations, mainly for sugar canes.

The vast majority (about 90%) of Haitians are of African descent. Of them, about 25-30% are of mixed race or mulatto.

Origins 

Haiti, just like in any region in the Americas, received slaves from all over West and Central Africa. Although Haitian slaves were from all over Africa, the most common were Kongos from the Congo region, and Ewe and Fon tribes of current-day Benin or Togo. There was also a lot of Igbo people from Nigeria.

Haitian Voodoo is obviously from the Fon people of Benin, when they came in large numbers as slaves to work in plantations as maids, farmers, and sugar cane cutters have kept their traditions strong and alive till this day after 300 years away from their original home.

The African influence can also be seen in the language Haitians use to speak; Haitian Creole is a French-based language with strong African influence in the phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar, pronunciations. There are many words of African origin used in every day speech. Haitian food is mostly of African origin, including the names of the food. The music of Haiti is filled with African rhythms and instruments, the use of call and response as well as vocal African songs.

References 

Haiti
African people
Ethnic groups in North America
Mark Fitzpatrick

Mark Fitzpatrick (born November 13, 1968 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Cloutier played 1 season in the BCJHL with the Revelstoke Rangers and 3 seasons in the WHL with the Medicine Hat Tigers whom he won the Memorial Cup twice with.

He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 27th overall pick in the 1987 NHL Entry draft. He played 17 games with the Kings and on February 22, 1989 he was traded along with Wayne McBean to the New York Islanders in exchange for Kelly Hrudey. He played 2 seasons with the Islanders. During his time with them, Fitzpatrick contracted Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome, which is a potentially fatal neurological disease and it cost him almost all of the 1990-91 NHL season. He was able to recover and he returned to the ice in February 1992. He won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for his efforts in returning to the league after the illness in 1992.

On June 20, 1993, during the expansion draft for the Florida Panthers and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, he was traded to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall and a swap of first-round picks. After only four days, he was claimed in the expansion draft by the Panthers. He played 5 seasons with the Panthers where he played as a backup goaltender to John Vanbiesbrouck.

On January 16, 1998, he was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning with Jody Hull for Dino Ciccarelli and Jeff Norton. During his time in Tampa, he only managed record 7 wins in 34 games for the struggling Lightning who finished the season with the worst record in the NHL.

He was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for Michal Sykora where he spent the season as a backup capacity to Jocelyn Thibault. He moved to Carolina Hurricanes for the 1999–2000 NHL season but spent most of the year playing in the International Hockey League for the Cincinnati Cyclones. He only played 3 games for the Carolina Hurricanes and spent another season in the IHL for the Detroit Vipers before he retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2001.

References

Other websites 

1968 births
American Hockey League players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Carolina Hurricanes players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New York Islanders players
People from Toronto
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Emile Francis

Emile Percival Francis (September 13, 1926 – February 19, 2022), nicknamed "The Cat", was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, coach and general manager. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan.

Playing career
In the NHL, Francis played 2 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks and 22 games for the New York Rangers. He served as a back-up goaltender during his time with the Rangers. He was also the first goaltender to use a first baseman’s glove with a cuff added to protect his hand and wrist while previous goaltenders would were the same padded gloves as their teammates.

He mainly played in the AHL and WHL which he played for a number of different teams including the Vancouver Canucks, Saskatoon Quakers and Seattle Americans. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1960.

After he retired, he became the head coach of the OHA's Guelph Royals and then became the head coach of the New York Rangers from 1965 to 1975. He then became the head coach of the St. Louis Blues 1976 to 77 and in 1982. After coaching, Francis became the General Manager of the New York Rangers from 1964 to 1976, the General Manager of the St. Louis Blues from 1976 to 1983 and the General Manager of the Hartford Whalers from 1983 to 1989. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982 as a builder.

His son Bobby Francis also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings. He also coached the Phoenix Coyotes from 1999 to 2004.

Francis died on February 19, 2022, at the age of 95.

References

Other websites 

1926 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
2022 deaths
New York Rangers players
American Hockey League players
Peggy Stewart

Peggy Stewart (born Margaret O'Rourke; June 5, 1923 – May 29, 2019) was an American movie actress. She starred mostly in B-movies during the 1930s and 1940s. Her sister, Patricia O'Rourke, was an Olympic swimmer and was married to World War II hero and B-movie actor Wayne Morris.

Stewart was born on June 5, 1923 in West Palm Beach, Florida. She was married to Don Barry from 1940 until they divorced in 1944. Then she was married to Buck Young from 1953 until his death 2000. Stewart died on May 29, 2019 at the age of 95.

Stewart appeared in the 2012 Adam Sandler movie That's My Boy.

Stewart played Pam Beesly's grandmother, Mee-Maw, in a 2009 episode of The Office and reprised the role in a 2010 episode.

References

Other websites
 
 
 B-western ladies, Peggy Stewart

1923 births
2019 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Florida
The Last Station

The Last Station is an American 2009 biographical-drama movie about last months of Leo Tolstoy's life. It was directed by Michael Hoffman. It stars Christopher Plummer, Helen Mirren, and Paul Giamatti. It was released to positive reviews on December 23, 2009. It was nominated for many awards.

2009 movies
2009 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
German drama movies
Russian movies
Movies directed by Michael Hoffman
Beginners

Beginners is a 2010 American romantic-comedy-drama movie directed by Mike Mills. It is about the story of Oliver, a man remembering the life and death from cancer of his widowed gay father, Hal, while trying to work a new romantic relationship with a Frenchwoman, Anna. 

It stars Christopher Plummer and Ewan McGregor. It was released to positive reviews on June 3, 2011. This movie lead to Plummer's first Academy Award win.

Other websites 

2010 romance movies
2010 comedy-drama movies
2010s LGBT movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Cancer in movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
LGBT romance movies
Movies about families
Movies set in the 2000s
Works about old age
Works about widowhood
American independent movies
9 (2009 movie)

9 is a 2009 adult animated science fiction movie directed by Shane Acker and produced by Tim Burton. It stars Elijah Wood, John C. Reilly, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, Crispin Glover, and Martin Landau. It was released on September 9, 2009 to mixed reviews. 

2009 movies
2009 animated movies
American animated movies
American science fiction movies
Norman Tindale

Norman Barnett Tindale AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and ethnologist. He worked for the South Australian Museum for almost 50 years. He is best known for his work mapping the various cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians.

He was born in Perth, Western Australia. His family moved to Tokyo in 1907, when he was a young boy. Norman was educated at the American School in Japan. The family returned to Perth in 1915, and then moved to Adelaide in 1917. Tindale got a job at the Adelaide Public Library. In January 1919, he got a job at the South Australian Museum as entomologist's assistant to Arthur Mills Lea. He had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933.

Tindale began mapping the cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians early in his career. His interest in this began during a research trip to Groote Eylandt in 1921–1922. On the island, an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale detailed descriptions of which land belonged to his family and which land did not. This led Tindale to question the widely held belief among European Australians at the time, which was that Aboriginal people were nomadic and had no connection to any specific area. Tindale's maps have been superseded by more accurate ones.

After his retirement from the South Australian Museum, Tindale began teaching at the University of Colorado. He lived in the United States until his death, aged 93, in Palo Alto, California.

Awards
 1956: Verco Medal of the Royal Society of South Australia
 1967: Honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado
 1968: Australian Natural History Society Medallion
 1980: John Lewis Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia
 1980: Honorary doctorate from the Australian National University.

Tindale was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1994, shortly after his death.

References

Other websites 
 Norman Tindale website at Australian National University
 Norman Tindale  at the South Australia Museum
 Tribal Boundaries in Aboriginal Australia , the map of Aboriginal language-group boundaries by Norman Tindale
 Tindale Genealogical Collection  at the State Library of Queensland

1900 births
1993 deaths
Australian social scientists
Anthropologists
Archaeologists
People from Perth, Western Australia
Order of Australia
University of Adelaide alumni
Savoy Hotel

The Savoy Hotel is a luxury hotel on the Strand in central London. It was built by impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and opened in 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants, which were owned by his family for over a century.  

The Savoy was the first luxury hotel in Britain. It had electric lights throughout the building, electric lifts, bathrooms in most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water, and many other innovations. D'Oyly Carte hired manager César Ritz and French chef Auguste Escoffier, who established the highest quality in service, entertainment and dining. The hotel attracted royalty and other rich guests and diners. Winston Churchill frequently took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel.

The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous, and other entertainers (who were also often guests) included George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne and Noël Coward. Famous guests have included Edward VII, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Otto Hahn, Harry Truman, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, Babe Ruth, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Bob Dylan, The Beatles and numerous others.

The hotel is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It has been called "London's most famous hotel". It is still one of London's most prestigious and opulent hotels, with 268 rooms and panoramic views of the River Thames across Savoy Place and the Thames Embankment. The hotel closed in December 2007 for extensive renovations and reopened in October 2010.

References 

1889 establishments in England
City of Westminster
Hotels
Dorothy Kilner

Dorothy Kilner (17 February 1755 – 5 February 1836) was an English writer of children's books during the late 18th century.

Dorothy published her first books anonymously. She then published under the pseudonyms M. P. and Mary Pelham. This was common practice among female authors in that period.

Dorothy's most famous book was The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse. This was published in 1784. Some other books of hers are Anecdotes of a Boarding School, or an antidote to the vices of those Establishments (1790), Little Stories for Little Folks (about 1785), and The Village School (1795). Most of her stories had moral lessons.

Life 
Dorothy was probably born in Woodford, which was part of Essex at the time. Her father was Thomas Kilner (1719–1804), a public servant and landowner. Her mother was Frances Kilner (née Ayscough; 1718–1768). Dorothy was the youngest of five children. The family lived in Maryland Point.

Dorothy was inspired to write through her friendship with Mary Ann Maze (Mary Ann Kilner, 1753–1831). The two became friends when they were children. They wrote many letters to each other on religious and personal matters. The letters were usually written in verse. Maze later married Dorothy's brother, Thomas Kilner (1750–1812) in 1774. Dorothy moved into their house in Spitalfields, and helped to raise their five children.

Both Dorothy and Mary Ann became writers, and wrote many books for children. Their books were published by John Marshall. Copies of their books were found long after their deaths in a trunk in their home in Maryland Point. Several titles continued to be reprinted for many years.

References 
 
 Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

Other websites 
 
 Complete text of The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

1755 births
1836 deaths
British children's writers
Writers from London
Jessica Barth

Jessica Barth is an American writer and actress. Jessica Barth studied acting and creative writing at the West Chester University.

Career
Jessica Barth started working at three different restaurants in Los Angeles, California. She began her acting career with theater plays. She later began a professional acting career with her appearances in films and television series. Jessica Barth earned worldwide recognition with her first bigger appearance in Ted as Tami-Lynn, the main character's love interest.

Appearances

Films
Neo Ned (2005)
Next (2007)
Mr. Blue Sky (2007)
Get Smart (2008)
The Waterhole (2009)
Ted (2012)
Ted 2 (2015)

Television
The District
The Catch (2005)
One on One
South of Nowhere
How I Met Your Mother
Family Guy (Voice)
Days of Our Lives
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Cougar Town
Parks and Recreation

References

Other websites

Jessica Barth on Instagram

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Giovanni Ribisi

Antonino Giovanni Ribisi (born December 17, 1974) is an American actor. He began acting on television shows, guest-starring in Friends. He starred in many movies, including Saving Private Ryan, Avatar and Ted.

Other websites

 
 Official Website 

1974 births
American movie actors
American television actors
Living people
Lawrence Kohlberg

Lawrence Kohlberg (25 October 1927 – 19 January 1987) was an American psychologist. Today, he is mostly known for his theory, that the development of a sense of what is morally right or wrong occurs in different stages. There are three main stages, which are subdivided:
 (Pre-Conventional)
 Avoiding punishment
 Self-interest orientation 
 (Conventional)
 Interpersonal accord and conformity  / Social norms
 Authority and social-order maintaining orientation 
(Post-Conventional)
 Social contract orientation
 Universal ethical principles

1927 births
1987 deaths
American psychologists
Ventriloquism

Ventriloquism is a form of stage theater in which a person changes his or her voice so that it sounds like the voice is coming from somewhere else (usually a puppet or a dummy). A ventriloquist is one who performs this art.

Origins 
Originally, it was practiced in religion. Now, it is used in comedy.

History of modern-day ventriloquism 
Today's modern ventriloquism started in nightclubs.

Notable ventriloquists 
Jeff Dunham

References 

Performing arts
Puppets
Blobfish

A blobfish  (Psychrolutes marcidus) is three species of a fish of the family Psychrolutidae. They live in deep waters off the coasts of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Blobfish are typically shorter than 30 cm. They live at depths between  where the pressure is several dozen times higher than at sea level.

Blobfish are often caught accidentally in bottom trawling nets. Scientists now fear the blobfish could become an endangered species because of deep-ocean trawling.

As often happens with common names, there is another fish which may also be called "blobfish". It is Macquarie blobfish, a species of Ebinania.

References 

Ray-finned fish
Chac

Chac (also spelled Chaac) is the rain god of the Maya. He has a lightning axe. He uses it to hit the clouds and make thunder and rain.

Maya civilization
Gods and goddesses