cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Revolver

A revolver is a type of gun. Revolvers are repeating firearms with a cylinder that spins. Revolvers have several chambers each holding one cartridge. Most are handguns, but other types of weapons also use revolving cylinders. They are also called revolving guns, though revolver is used far more often. The first revolvers date back to late 1500s in Europe. It was not until the 1700s or 1800s, however, they became affordable. Revolvers are sometimes used by law enforcement agencies. On some occasions, these guns can be reset by one hand, then loaded with the other.

Action

Single-action 

In a single-action revolver, the hammer is manually cocked. This is usually done with the thumb. This action turns the cylinder to the next cartridge. It also locks the cylinder in place with the chamber aligned with the barrel. The trigger, when pulled, releases the hammer, which fires the round in the chamber. To fire again, the hammer must be manually cocked again. This is called "single-action" because the trigger only performs a single action—that of releasing the hammer. Because only a single action is performed and trigger pull is very light, firing a revolver in this way allows most shooters to achieve greater accuracy. Additionally, the need to cock the hammer manually acts as a safety. The gun will not fire unless the hammer is cocked back. The Colt Paterson Revolver, the Walker Colt, the Colt's Dragoon and the Colt Single Action Army pistol of the American Frontier era are all good examples of this system.

Double-action 

In double-action, the stroke of the trigger pull generates three actions: 
The hammer is pulled back to the cocked position.
At the same time, the cylinder turns to the next round.
The hammer is released to strike the firing pin. 
Double-action means that a cocking action separate from the trigger pull is not needed. Every trigger pull causes a complete cycle and a bullet is fired. This allows the gun to be carried uncocked. It also allows the gun to be drawn from the holster and fired using only the trigger. However, a double-action revolver has a longer and harder trigger pull. However, this drawback can also be viewed as a safety feature, as the gun is safer against accidental discharges from being dropped.

Most double-action revolvers may be fired in two ways.
 The first way is single-action. It can be used the same a single-action revolver. The hammer is cocked with the thumb, which indexes the cylinder and when the trigger is pulled the hammer fires the round. In this mode the trigger pull is lighter.
 The second way is double-action, or from a hammer-down position. In this case, the trigger first cocks the hammer and revolves the cylinder. It then trips the hammer at the rear of the trigger stroke, firing the round in the chamber. In this mode the trigger pull is much heavier.

References
Simon Baker

Simon Baker (born 30 July 1969) is an Australian actor and director. He is best known for his roles as Nicholas Fallin on The Guardian and Patrick Jane on The Mentalist. Baker was born in Launceston, Tasmania. He was first raised in New Guinea and then Ballina, New South Wales. He began a career in acting in 1988.

Baker married actress Rebecca Rigg in 1998. They live together in Los Angeles, California and have three children. 

Baker was nominated for an Emmy Award for The Mentalist in 2009.

References

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
People from Tasmania
Actors from New South Wales
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Television directors
People from Launceston, Tasmania
Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev (; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019. Some opposition groups call him an "unofficial leader" and "dictator".

Nazarbayev has been the president since December 1991, when Kazakhstan became independent of the Soviet Union. He has been the country's leader since 1989. This is when he was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR. In April 2011, Nazarbayev was re-elected to another five-year term. 

In February 2014 he proposed renaming Kazakhstan to "Kazakh Eli". In 2006 he rewrote the words to "My Kazakhstan" which was then accepted as the country's national anthem. Shortly after his resignation as president the capital city was named after him in his honour.

Notes

References 

Presidents of Kazakhstan
1940 births
Living people
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Kim Il-sung Square

Kim Il-sung Square is the national square of North Korea. It is in the capital Pyongyang next to the Taedong River. The square is used for military parades and performances for national holidays. Around the square are national institutions that include stairs with chairs overlooking the square.

Other websites 

Asian Historical Architecture: Kim Il-sung Square images
Traveller's blog with pictures from North Korea ; Several photos of Kim Il Sung Square.
Kim Il-sung Square, Pyongyang, North Korea (video) — practising for the Mass games

Pyongyang
National squares
George Houvardas

George Houvardas (born  1982) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his role as Nick "Carbo" Karandonis on the Seven Network television program Packed to the Rafters.

Houvardas was born in Sydney, New South Wales and is of Greek origin. He began a career in television acting in 2008. He lives in Sydney.

References

Other websites

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian television actors
Loudness war

The loudness war is a negative term that describes the apparent competition to release albums that are increasingly loud. Albums that are "victims of the loudness war" have less good sound quality because the dynamic range has been compressed to make the music louder. Examples of albums that are victims of the loudness war include Death Magnetic by Metallica. Record producer Charles Dye started an organization called Turn Me Up! that campaigns to give musicians the choice to make albums with bigger dynamic ranges. In March 2010, mastering engineer Ian Shepherd organised the first Dynamic Range Day.

References

Music
Eritherium

Eritherium is an extinct genus of early Proboscidean. It was discovered in Morocco. It was first named by Emmanuel Gheerbrant in 2009 and the type species is Eritherium azzouzorum. Eritherium is the oldest, smallest and most primitive known elephant relative.

The phosphate bed where the remains were found places the animal's age as 61.1 to 57.8 million years ago.

Eritherium is the oldest known representative of the Proboscideans. It has not been assigned to any family in the order. Eritherium is the sister clade to Phosphatherium, Numidotherium and Moeritherium. This is one of the most complete evolutionary sequences of early mammalian radiations after the K/T extinction event. Thus, the elephants are one of the oldest "modern" mammal orders to have survived.

References 

Extinct elephants
SummerSlam (2012)

SummerSlam (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 19, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-fifth yearly SummerSlam event that was held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2012 website

2012 in professional wrestling
SummerSlam
Sports in Los Angeles
2012 in American television
2010s in Los Angeles, California
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement (VHEMT) is an environmental movement. It was started in 1991 by the American activist Les U. Knight. Knight says that the human population is too big for the Earth, so humans should choose to stop reproducing.

Other websites
Official website

1991 establishments
Political movements
Cylinder (firearms)

A cylinder, in firearms terminology, is the cylindrical, rotating part of a revolver. The cylinder has multiple cartridges chambers. The cylinder revolves around a central shaft in the revolver. This is to bring each individual chamber into alignment with the barrel for firing. Each time the gun is cocked (made ready to fire), the cylinder rotates by one chamber making the pistol ready to fire again.

Cylinders typically hold six cartridges—which is why revolvers are sometimes called "six shooters". But some small frame revolvers only hold five cartridges, due to the smaller overall size of the gun. Several models of .22 rimfire caliber revolvers have cylinders holding nine or ten rounds. As a general rule, cylinders are not designed to be removed from the firearm except for cleaning. A speedloader or moon clip can be used with some revolvers for rapid reloading.

References 

Firearm components
Apomixis

Apomixis is reproduction where only one parent passes genes to the offspring. Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones).

The method is most seen in plants, especially flowering plants. Brambles (blackberry) are apomictic. Some authorities give "reproduction by special tissues without fertilisation", or "asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development".

Apomixis includes some methods which are more common in animals, such as parthenogenesis.

In botany, apomixis was defined by Hans Winkler as the replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization.

Horticulture methods, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, is not apomixis. Natural replacement of the seed by an asexual method is apomixis.

References 

Genetics
Methods of reproduction
Kat Bjelland

Katherine "Kat" Lynne Bjelland (born December 9, 1963) is an American singer. She became known as the singer of the punk rock band Babes in Toyland. In 2001 the band broke up. That year Bjelland released an album as part of Katastrophy Wife. Since then Katastrophy Wife has released one more album.

Early life
Bjelland was born in Oregon. Her parents divorced when she was young. Bjelland said that her stepmother was "abusive" and that her mother beat her. When Bjelland was in second grade she was bought an acoustic guitar after she asked for one.

Career
In 1982 Bjelland moved to Portland, Oregon. There she formed a series of bands. The Neurotics was the first. In 1981 Bjelland started Sugar Babydoll with her friend Courtney Love. Bjelland and Love made a new band called Pagan Babies around 1985. They made a demo tape of four songs. Bjelland wrote songs inspired by the punk rock band Frightwig. Love said, "you're never going to get anywhere playing that punk rock noise" and left the band. In 1986 Bjelland started The Italian Whorenuns.

In 1987 Bjelland started Babes in Toyland. The band released their first album, Spanking Machine, in 1990. 

In 1993 Babes in Toyland performed at the Lollapalooza tour. Bjelland started a band with her husband Glenn Mattson called Crunt. In 1994 they released an album, Crunt. In 1995 Bjelland divorced her husband and Crunt broke up. In 1999 Bjelland started Katastrophy Wife. Babes in Toyland broke up in 2001.

Personal life
In 1999 Bjelland's son Henry was born.

References

1963 births
American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
American pianists
Singers from Oregon
Writers from Oregon
Musicians from Oregon
People from Salem, Oregon
Living people
Die Antwoord

Die Antwoord () is a South African rap band. The main singers are Yolandi Visser and her husband Ninja. They released their first album $O$ in 2009. In 2012 their second album Ten$ion was released. Four singles were released from the album.

2008 establishments in Africa
Hip hop bands
South Africa
2000s establishments in South Africa
Orizaba

Orizaba is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is 20 km west of its twin city Córdoba. It sits at the base of Pico de Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico. It is also a volcano with a perfectly shaped snow-covered cone. The city had a 2005 census population of 117,273 and occupies almost the same area as its small municipality. The municipality includes a few small areas outside the city.  It has an area of 27.97 km² (10.799 sq mi).

It was an important town during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. On January 27, 1774, the Spanish king Carlos III gave town status to Orizaba, and on November 29, 1830 Orizaba was declared a city.

References 

Cities in Mexico
Veracruz
1774 establishments
18th-century establishments in Mexico
1770s establishments in North America
List of WWE Intercontinental Champions

This is the title history of the WWE Intercontinental Championship. The title was introduced in 1979 when Pat Patterson was awarded the championship he won a fictional tournament in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In total, there have been 75 distinct championship holders as of January 2018. fi day3at  al abtal bejdarfel
The wrestler with the most reigns as Intercontinental champion is Chris Jericho with 9. The longest reigning champion is The Honky Tonk Man, holding the championship for one year, two months and 27 days, from June 13, 1987 to August 29, 1988. The current Intercontinental champion is AJ Styles.

Title History

References

Other websites 
 WWE Intercontinental Title History

Lists of professional wrestlers
World Wrestling Entertainment championships
Antonio Cafiero

Antonio Francisco Cafiero (September 12, 1922 – October 13, 2014) was an Argentine politician. He was the Governor of the Buenos Aires Province from 1987 through 1991. He was also its Senator from 1993 to 2005.

Cafiero was born on September 12, 1922 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He studied at the University of Buenos Aires. Cafiero died on October 13, 2014 of pneumonia in Buenos Aires, aged 92.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Argentine politicians
People from Buenos Aires
Accountants
Lee Teng-hui

Lee Teng-hui (15 January 1923 – 30 July 2020), sometimes called the "father of Taiwan's democracy", was a politician of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan). He was the President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000.

Lee died of sepsis caused by multiple organ failure in Taipei on 30 July 2020, aged 97.

References

Other websites
Biography from Office of the President, ROC
Friends of Lee Teng-Hui Association 
Lee Teng-Hui Academy 
America and Taiwan, 1943–2004
Cornell University Magazine Profile

1923 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from sepsis
Presidents of the Republic of China
Belisario Betancur

Belisario Betancur Cuartas (4 February 1923 – 7 December 2018) was an Colombian politician. He was the 26th President of Colombia from 1982 to 1986.

Betancur was born on 4 February 1923 in Amagá, Antioquia, Colombia. He studied at Pontifical Bolivarian University. Betancur died on 7 December 2018 in Bogotá from a kidney infection at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
Biography by CIDOB Foundation
 Betancur's page at the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences

1923 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from kidney disease
Ambassadors of Colombia
Presidents of Colombia
Reginald Palmer

Sir Reginald Oswald Palmer, GCMG, (15 February 1923 – 23 May 2016) was the Governor-General of Grenada from 6 August 1992 to 8 August 1996.

Palmer retired from public service in 1980 and entered the private sector, serving two terms as President of the Grenada Employer's Federation.

He died in May 2016 at the age of 93.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Governors-General of Grenada
Disney Junior

Disney Junior, is an American cable and satellite television network. It is part of The Walt Disney Company. It is for children between one and eight years old. It shows first-run children's television shows, movies and made-for-DVD movies. It follows Playhouse Disney, which aired from April 6, 1997 to February 13, 2011.

The name Disney Junior is also used for a morning and early afternoon program seen on the Disney Channel, branded as "Disney Junior on Disney Channel".

Programming
Programming on the Disney Junior channel includes original series (such as Vampirina) and series which used to be shown on the Playhouse Disney block (such as Mickey Mouse Clubhouse) It also showed re-runs of former original shows (such as Doc McStuffins). There included some that also air on the companion Disney Channel morning block. The network also airs short-form series as well as reruns of some older animated series. These progams had been seen on sister network ABC, CBS (made before 1996) and programs from Disney Channel and Toon Disney. These are aired by the channel by popular demand (especially during the overnight graveyard slot). The channel also carries several non-Disney preschool shows (such as PJ Masks and Bluey).

References

Other websites

 
 Disney Junior Press

American television networks
Disney companies
Companies based in Burbank, California
Ioannis Grivas

Ioannis Grivas (; 23 February 1923 – 27 November 2016) was a Greek judge and politician. Grivas was the 87th Prime Minister of Greece. He served as a non-party interim Prime Minister.

Grivas was born in Kato Tithorea, Tithorea, Phthiotis in the region of Lokris. He studied at the University of Athens. Grivas died on 27 November 2016 in Athens, aged 93.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Greek judges
Prime Ministers of Greece
Rafael Addiego Bruno

Rafael Addiego Bruno (February 23, 1923 – February 20, 2014) was a Uruguayan jurist and political figure. He was President of Uruguay from February to March 1985.

References

Other websites
 Photo

1923 births
2014 deaths
Presidents of Uruguay
César Gaviria

César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo (; born 31 March 1947) is a Colombian economist and politician. He was the 28th President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 under the Colombian Liberal Party.

Gaviria was born on 31 March 1947 in Pereira, Risaralda. He studied at the University of the Andes until 1969.

References

Other websites

César Gaviria biography 

1947 births
Living people
Presidents of Colombia
Secretaries General of the Organization of American States
Aziz Ansari

Aziz Ansari (born  February 23, 1983) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Tom Haverford on the NBC television program Parks and Recreation. He is also a movie actor, appearing in Funny People (2009), I Love You, Man (2009), Observe and Report (2009), and 30 Minutes or Less (2011).

Ansari was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He is the son of an Indian Tamil Muslim family. He started acting after graduating from the New York University in 2004. He lives in Los Angeles, California and is an atheist.

References

Other websites

1983 births
Living people
People from Columbia, South Carolina
Actors from South Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
American stand-up comedians
American atheists
Comedians from South Carolina
Georgina Henry

Georgina Clare Henry (8 June 1960 – 7 February 2014) was a British journalist. She worked with The Guardian. She held several senior positions at the newspaper.

Henry was born in Aden, Yemen (then a British colony) on 8 June 1960. Henry was educated at Cranbrook School, Kent and King's College London where she read history. At King's College she met Ronan Bennett, subsequently a writer, who became her life-long partner.

Henry died on 7 February 2014 in London, England from eye cancer, aged 53.

References

1960 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from eye neoplasm
Cancer deaths in England
English journalists
Writers from Kent
Marty Plissner

Martin Plissner (1926 – February 6, 2014) was an American political commentator. He worked for CBS News from 1964 until his retirement in 1996. He first began his job during the United States presidential election, 1964 during Robert F. Kennedy's campaign. He was known for first using the phrase "too close to call".

Plissner was born in 1926 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Yale University. Plissner served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was married to Susan Morrison until his death. They had two daughters. He had one son from a last marriage. Plissner lived in Washington, D.C..

Plissner died on February 6, 2014 in Washington, D.C. from lung cancer, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Warren Mitofsky Memorial Service by Marty Plissner 
 Marty Plissner, longtime CBS News political director, dies at 87 

1926 births
2014 deaths
American journalists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
American political commentators
Writers from New York City
Kal Penn

Kal Penn (born Kalpen Suresh Modi; April 23, 1977) is an American actor, producer, and civil servant. He is best known for his role as Lawrence Kutner on the Fox television program House. He is also well known for appearing in the movies Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004), Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008), and A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas (2011).

Penn was born in Montclair, New Jersey. He is the son of an Indian family. He started acting after graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1998. He lives in Los Angeles, California.

Penn was the Associate Director in the White House Office of Public Engagement for Barack Obama from 2009 through 2011.

References

Other websites

1977 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American television actors
American movie producers
Civil servants
Democrats (United States)
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Armie Hammer

Armand Douglas "Armie" Hammer (born August 28, 1986) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in movies, including The Social Network, The Lone Ranger and Cars 3.

Personal life
Hammer was born in Los Angeles. He is of Russian-Jewish, Danish, Swiss, Greek, Poland, Russian, English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish and Cherokee origin. He took courses while at the University of California, Los Angeles. In a 2008 interview, Hammer stated, regarding his religious beliefs, "I have my own spiritual life, and I value it very much".

Hammer married television personality Elizabeth Chambers in May 2010. Their wedding was featured in the January 2011 issue of Town & Country. They were introduced by Hammer's friend, artist Tyler Ramsey. They have two children, including a daughter Harper (born 2014) and a son Ford (born 2017).

References

Other websites

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Amber Coffman

Amber Dawn Coffman (born June 15, 1984 in Austin, Texas) is an American singer and guitarist. Between 2005 and 2007, she was member of instrumental band Sleeping People. In 2007, she joined Dirty Projectors and released three studio albums with this band. She also worked together with Rusko ("Hold On"), J. Cole ("She Knows"), Major Lazer ("Get Free") and Snoop Lion ("No Regrets"). Since 2013 she has worked on her first solo album. Her debut solo album City of No Reply was released in June 2017.

References

1984 births
Living people
Singers from Austin, Texas
American guitarists
Tuusula

Tuusula is a town in Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Uusimaa. Neighbouring municipalities are Vantaa, Nurmijärvi, Hyvinkää, Sipoo, Järvenpää and Kerava.

Population growth

References

Other websites 

 Homepage

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.

Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. (; August 22, 1934 – December 27, 2012), better known as Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., was a United States Army general who was the commander of the U.S. Central Command and the coalition forces in the Gulf War.

He was born in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Ruth Alice (née Bowman) and Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr., both Americans of German origin. Schwarzkopf died from pneumonia on December 27, 2012, aged 78, in Tampa, Florida.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2012 deaths
American generals
Cancer survivors
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Florida
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Republicans (United States)
Kivijärvi

Kivijärvi is a municipality in Central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Karstula, Kannonkoski, Kinnula, Kyyjärvi, Perho and Viitasaari.

Villages 
Kirkonkylä, Tiironkylä, Heitjärvi, Penttilänkylä, Sompala, Lahdenperä, Risuperä, Hoikanperä, Puralankylä, Talviaislahti and Lokakylä.

Population growth

References

Other websites 

 The official Kivijärvi page

Municipalities of Central Finland
Ii, Finland

Ii is a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Oulu, Pudasjärvi, Ranua and Simo.

History
In 1749, there were 2378 people living in Ii.

Ii was merged with Kuivaniemi in 2007.

Population growth

References

Other websites

 Ii pages

Municipalities of Northern Ostrobothnia
Uusimaa

Uusimaa (or Uudenmaan maakunta) is a region in southern Finland. It is located next to Gulf of Finland.  Neighbouring regions are Southwest Finland, Kanta-Häme, Päijänne Tavastia and Kymenlaakso.

The historical province of Uusimaa covered a larger area than modern Uusimaa.

A very large number of people in Finland live in Uusimaa. As of 31 November 2013, there were over 1,500,000. Uusimaa is only 3% of the total area of Finland.

Nature
The ground is bedrock, granite and gneiss.

Other websites

Uudenmaan liitto 

Regions of Finland
Pirkanmaa

Pirkanmaa is a region in western Finland. As of 2013 population was about 500,000. Neighbouring regions are: Southwest Finland, Satakunta, Kanta-Häme, Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Ostrobothnia and Central Finland

Municipalities

 Akaa
 Hämeenkyrö
 Ikaalinen
 Juupajoki
 Kangasala
 Kihniö
 Lempäälä
 Vilppula
 Nokia
 Orivesi
 Parkano
 Pirkkala
 Punkalaidun
 Pälkäne
 Ruovesi
 Sastamala
 Tampere
 Urjala
 Valkeakoski
 Vesilahti
 Virrat
 Ylöjärvi

Population growth

References

Other websites

Pirkanmaan liitto 

Regions of Finland
Martha Chase

Martha Cowles Chase (November 30, 1927 – August 8, 2003), also known as Martha C. Epstein, was an American geneticist known for having experimentally showed in 1952 (with Alfred Hershey) that DNA rather than protein is the genetic material of life.

Early Life and Education

Chase was born in 1927 in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1950 she received her bachelor's degree from the College of Wooster. In 1964 Chase received her PhD from the University of Southern California.

Research and Later Life
In 1952 Chase was a young laboratory assistant to American bacteriophage expert Alfred Hershey at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory at the Carnegie Institution for Science. This was where the well-known Hershey-Chase experiment was performed. The experiment , otherwise known as the 'blender experiment' showed that it was DNA, and not protein, that was the genetic material through which traits were inherited.

A series of personal setbacks through the 1960s ended Chase's career in science. She spent decades suffering from a form of dementia that affected her short-term memory. She died of pneumonia on August 8, 2003, at the age of 75.

Key paper
Hershey, A. D. and Martha Chase. "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage." J. Gen. Physiol., 36 (1): 39-56. September 20, 1952.

References

Other websites
Linus Pauling and the race for DNA: Martha Chase 
Dawson, Milly. Martha Chase Dies.  Genome Biology 

1927 births
2003 deaths
American biochemists
Scientists from Ohio
John Enderby

Sir John Edwin Enderby (16 January 1931 – 3 August 2021) was a British physicist. From 1976 to 1996 he was professor of physics at the University of Bristol. From 2004-2006 he was the president of the Institute of Physics. In 2004 he received a knighthood for services to science.

Enderby died on 3 August 2021, aged 90.

References

1931 births
2021 deaths
British academics
British physicists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
2014 Football League Cup Final

The 2014 Football League Cup Final was a football match. It took place on 2 March 2014 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the last match of the 2013–14 Football League Cup.

The final was played between Premier League clubs, Manchester City and Sunderland. This was Manchester City's fourth League Cup final. It was their sixth Wembley visit since 2011. This was Sunderland's second League Cup final. It was their first visit to Wembley since 1998.

Sources

2014 in association football
Football League Cup
2014 in England
2010s in London
Kemijärvi

Kemijärvi is a city in Lapland in northestern Finland. The municipalities next to it are Pelkosenniemi, Salla, Posio and Rovaniemi.
Lake Kemijärvi is in Kemijärvi.

Population growth

References

Other websites
 Kemijärvi pages

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Salla

Salla, (name was Kuolajärvi to 1936) is a municipality in Finnish Lapland, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kemijärvi, Kuusamo, Pelkosenniemi, Posio and Savukoski. Oulanka National Park is in the areas of Salla and Kuusamo.

Villages
Aatsinki, Aholanvaara, Ahvenselkä, Hautajärvi, Hietajärvi, Hirvasvaara, Isohalme, Kallunki, Kelloselkä, (Märkäjärvi), Kotala, Koutelo, Kursu, Käsmä, Naruska, Niemelä, Oulanka, Onkamo, Pahkakumpu, Paloperä, Saija, Salmivaara, Selkälä, Tuohikylä, Vallovaara, Varvikko, Vittikko.

Population growth

References

Other websites
 Salla pages

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Saarijärvi

Saarijärvi is a city in central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Karstula, Multia, Soini, Uurainen, Ähtäri and Äänekoski.

History
Saarijärvi has been city since 1986. However, there have been people living here for 6,000 years. In 1749, Vanha Saarijärvi had populatoin of 1,380. It's population was the largest in 1870 when there were 14,000 living there.

The neighboring municipality of Pylkönmäki was merged with Saarijärvi in 2009.

Population growth

References
Tilastokeskus reference, Finnish

Other websites

 Saarijärvi pages

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Central Finland
1986 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Ähtäri

Ähtäri is a city in Finland. Nearby municipalities are Alajärvi, Alavus, Keuruu, Multia, Saarijärvi, Soini and Virrat.

Population growth

Other websites

References

Cities in Finland
Division of Riverina-Darling

The Division of Riverina-Darling was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1984. It was abolished in 1993. It was named for the region of Riverina and the Darling River. It was located in the towns of Broken Hill, Griffith, Hay and Narrandera. The Division of Watson (1934–69) replaced it when it was abolished.

Members

Riverina-Darling
1984 establishments in Australia
1993 disestablishments in Australia
Gomphotherium

Gomphotherium is an extinct genus of proboscid which evolved in the lower Miocene of North America. It survived from 13.651.7 million years ago (mya).

They spread to Asia, Europe and Africa after a drop in sea level allowed them to cross over. It survived into the Pliocene, and its remains have been found in Chile, china, France, Germany, Austria, Kansas, Tennessee, Pakistan, Kenya and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

 
Gomphotherium stood around  high with an estimated weight of 4-5 tons, and looked similar to a modern elephant. However, it had four tusks; two on the upper jaw and two on the long lower jaw. Gomphotherium lived in dry wooded regions near lakes.

Feeding method 
The lower tusks are parallel and shaped like a shovel. They may have been used to dig up food from mud. These animals probably lived in swamps or near lakes, using their tusks to dig or scrape up aquatic vegetation. 

However, wear patterns on the teeth of its relative Platybelodon suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees, and may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

Unlike modern elephants, the upper tusks were covered by a layer of enamel. Compared to elephants, the skull was more elongated and low, indicating that the animal had a short trunk, rather like a tapir's. In comparison to earlier proboscids, Gomphotherium had fewer molars; the remaining ones had high ridges to expand their grinding surface.

References 

Extinct elephants
Kanta-Häme

Kanta-Häme is a region in Finland. Kanta-Häme has many features that are similar to the Finnish Lakelands. Neighbouring regions are Uusimaa, Päijänne Tavastia, Pirkanmaa and Southwest Finland.

Nature
Torronsuo National Park and Liesjärvi National Park are both located in Kanta-Häme, near Tammela.

Municipalities
Cities marked bold:
Forssa
Hattula
Hausjärvi
Humppila
Hämeenlinna
Janakkala
Jokioinen
Loppi
Riihimäki
Tammela
Ypäjä

Population growth

Traditional food
 Lammin sahti
 Mämmi

References

Other websites

Hämeen liitto

Regions of Finland
Cindy Birdsong

Cynthia Ann "Cindy" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer, most famous for singing with the legendary soul groups The Supremes and Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.

Singers from New Jersey
1939 births
Living people
Arke (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Arke is the daughter of Thaumas. Her sister is Iris, the rainbow goddess. Arke and her sister Iris had wings and were the messengers of the Olympian gods. When the gods were fighting the Titans, Arke betrayed the gods and joined the Titans against them. When the Olympians won, Zeus took Arke's wings and cast her into Tartarus. Arke's wings were later given to Thetis as a gift on her wedding day. Thetis later gave them to her son Achilles. She tied them to his ankles. which is where his surname Podarces (literally "swift-footed") came from.

References 

Greek gods and goddesses
Tammela, Finland

Tammela is a municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Forssa, Hämeenlinna, Jokioinen, Karkkila, Lohja, Loppi, Somero and Urjala.

Nature
Torronsuo National Park and Liesjärvi National Park are both located in Tammela.

Population growth

References

Other websites

 Tammela pages

Municipalities of Kanta-Häme
Hausjärvi

Hausjärvi is a municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna, Hämeenkoski, Janakkala, Kärkölä, Mäntsälä and Riihimäki.

Population growth

References

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality of Hausjärvi 

Municipalities of Kanta-Häme
Itä-Häme

Itä-Häme is the eastern part of the historical province Tavastia in Finland.

Municipalities in this area are: Heinola, Hartola, Sysmä, Joutsa, Luhanka and Pertunmaa.

Related pages 
 Itä-Häme (newspaper), published in Heinola.

Geography of Finland
Atlanta Rhythm Section

The Atlanta Rhythm Section (or ARS) was an American southern rock and popular music group. ARS was formed from 1970–74. The members originally were from Doraville, northeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Their hit songs include "So into You", "Champagne Jam" and "Neon Nites".

Several people within this music band have died throughout the years. Robert L. Nix died May 20, 2012 because of diabetes and multiple myeloma at age 67. The group split up shortly after 1981. They reunited from time to time to do tours.

Albums 
 Atlanta Rhythm Section (1972)
 Back Up Against the Wall (1973)
 Third Annual Pipe Dream (1974)
 Dog Days (1975)
 Red Tape (1976)
 A Rock and Roll Alternative (1976)
 Champagne Jam (1978)
 Underdog (1979)
 Are You Ready (1979)
 The Boys from Doraville (1980)
 Quinella (1981)
 Truth in a Structured Form (1989)
 Partly Plugged (1997)
 Eufaula (1999)
 With All Due Respect (2011)

References 

American rock bands
American pop music groups
1970 establishments in the United States
Colman, South Dakota

Colman is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Moody County, and 594 people lived there at the 2010 census. Colman was founded in 1880. It is also known as Sankey.

References

Cities in South Dakota
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Twista

Carl Terrell Mitchell (born November 27, 1973), better known as Twista, is an American rapper. He released his first album in 1992. He had his first number one single, "Slow Jamz", in 2003.

References

1973 births
African American musicians
American rap musicians
Living people
Division of Dickson

The Division of Dickson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland, Australia. It was set up in 1992 and is named after Sir James Dickson, a supporter of the Australian Federation, the Premier of Queensland and Minister for Defence in the first Australian government. It covers the outer north-western suburbs of Brisbane, including Albany Creek, Arana Hills, Bray Park, Brendale, Cashmere, Dayboro, Eatons Hill, Everton Hills, Ferny Hills, Joyner, Kallangur, Lawnton, Mount Glorious, Mount Nebo, Petrie, Samford Valley, Strathpine and Warner.

1993 Election
There was an unusual circumstance at the 1993 election. One of the candidates, an independent, died very shortly before the election. Because of this another election had to be called for the division a month later than the general election. The Labor Party won the election, and Prime Minister Paul Keating selected his new ministers on 27 March. He did not include an Attorney-General, keeping the position open for Michael Lavarch. Lavarch won the division, and was appointed to the ministry on 27 April.

Members

Michael Lavarch had previously had been member for the Division of Fisher. He was Attorney-General in the Keating Government. Tony Smith did not receive Liberal Party support for the upcoming 1998 election, and so become an independent. Cheryl Kernot had been a member of the Australian Senate and leader of the Australian Democrats. She resigned, joined the Labor Party and won the division in 1998. Peter Dutton was a minister in the Howard Government and Minister for Health and Minister for Sport in the Abbott Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Dickson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Peter Dutton's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1992 establishments in Australia
Shlomo Argov

Shlomo Argov, Hebrew: שלמה ארגוב , (December 14, 1929 – February 23, 2003) was a well-known Israeli diplomat. He was the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom. On 3 June, 1982 three Palestinians tried to kill Shlomo Argov. This was a cause of the 1982 Lebanon War.

Early life and education
Argov was born in Jerusalem in 1929. His family had lived in Jerusalem for seven generations. As a teenager, he joined the Palmach, the elite force of the Haganah. During the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, he was wounded in the Battle of Safed. When Israel was established and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War began, Argov joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

In 1950, he completed his military service and went to the United States to study. In 1952 he received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Georgetown University. While studying, he worked part-time at the Israeli Embassy. In this time he met his future wife Hava. Afterwards, he went to study in the United Kingdom. In 1955 he received a Master of Arts in international relations from the London School of Economics.

Personal life
Argov had three children with his wife Hava: son Gideon and daughters Yehudit and Edna. Hava died in May 2002.

Attempted assassination
On 3 June 1982, three men, Hussein Ghassan Said, Marwan al-Banna, and Nawaf al-Rosan came close to Argov when he got into his car after a party at the Dorchester Hotel, in Park Lane, London. There is another report that says that four men were coming close to Shlomo Argov. Said shot Argov in the head. Argov was not killed, but he was badly injured. He was taken to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery very rapidly, and he was taken to a specialist unit and the surgeons did an emergency brain surgery on him . He remained in a coma for three months. Argov was the second of two Israeli diplomats who were attacked in just a month. This was given as the reason for Israel attacking Lebanon in 1982.

Later life
Argov recovered from his coma and was returned to Israel. There, he was placed in Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem as a permanent patient. Though he could not move, he could clearly understand what was going on around him.

Death
Argov died at Hadassah Hospital in 2003 aged 73 from the injuries in the attack. He had been paralysed and was placed in permanent hospital care for 21 years.

References

1929 births
2003 deaths
Ambassadors of Israel
Israeli Jews
People from Jerusalem
TR-069

TR-069 is a protocol that is mainly used for the communication with end-user devices, such as DSL modems. The number of such devices is rising steadily, and they are often are very difficult to configure. For that reason, TR-069 allows to configure these modems remotely. This also poses problems, because it allows to change the configuation  the managed device as well as  other devices, which may be behind a firewall. Since the users are not aware of the configuration changes, TR-069 can be used to introduce a backdoor. This backdoor might allow a "remote search" by police or legal authorities of a country.

TR069 Open source implementations
EasyCwmp opensource implementation of the TR069 cwmp client developed with C/SHELL

Telecommunications
Backdoor (computing)

In computing, a backdoor is a way of bypassing security mechanisms to gain access to a resource that is otherwise secured. Backdoors give illegal access to an otherwise secured resource. A common example for  a backdoor is the existence of default passwords which can be used to access the BIOS of a computer. Very often, special programs that run on a computer provide the functionality of a backdoor.

List of known backdoors in standards
 the MD2 algorithm was found in the 1996 announcement of RFC6149 to have a backdoor
 Ron Rivest's MD4 hash was found in the 2011 announcement of RFC6150 to have a backdoor
 Rivest's MD5 hash was shown to have several weaknesses in 1996 by Hans Dobbertin
 SHA-0 (aka FIPS-180) was withdrawn after CRYPTO '98
 SHA-1 (aka FIPS-180-1) was shown to be attackable in 2005 by Eli Biham and co-authors, as well as Vincent Rijmen and Elisabeth Oswald
 The Dual_EC_DRBG cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator was revealed in 2013 to have a kleptographic backdoor deliberately inserted by NSA, who also had the private key to the backdoor.

References

Computer security
Manoel de Oliveira

Manoel Cândido Pinto de Oliveira GCSE, GCIH (; 11 December 1908 – 2 April 2015) was a Portuguese director and screenwriter. At the age of 106, he is thought to be the second oldest movie director, just behind George Abbott at 107.

Manoel de Oliveira was born in Cedofeita, Porto and was raised as a Roman Catholic. He began making movies in 1927.

Oliveira married Maria Carvalhais on 4 December 1940. They have four children together that were all born in the 1940s. When he was younger, Oliveira competed as a race car driver.

He was also an athlete competing in the pole vault event.

de Oliveira died on April 2, 2015 in Porto from heart failure, aged 106.

References

Other websites

1908 births
People from Porto
Portuguese movie actors
Portuguese movie directors
Portuguese screenwriters
Portuguese movie producers
Deaths from heart failure
Centenarians
Roman Catholics
2015 deaths
Alison Brie

Alison Brie Schermerhorn (born December 29, 1982), better known by her stage name Alison Brie, is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Annie Edison on the NBC sitcom Community and Trudy Campbell on the AMC drama Mad Men. She has also been in movies such as Scream 4 (2011), The Five-Year Engagement (2012), and as Uni-Kitty in The Lego Movie (2014) and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019).

Brie was born in Hollywood, California. Her mother is Jewish and her father is of Dutch, Irish, and Scottish origin. She started acting in 2004 at the Jewish Community Center in Southern California. She lives in Los Angeles. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the California Institute of the Arts in 2005. Before she was a movie actress, Brie worked as a clown at birthday parties. She also performed in theater in California. Brie also studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Scotland.

References

Other websites

 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Avivore

An avivore is an animal that mostly preys on and eats birds. Birds that eats other birds, such as hawks, eagles, and falcons, are called avian avivores.

Related pages
Bird
Bird of prey

Birds
Carnivores
Nicholas Winton

Sir Nicholas George Winton MBE (born Nicholas George Wertheim; 19 May 1909 – 1 July 2015) was a British humanitarian. He is best known for his role in the rescue of 669 mostly Jewish children from German-occupied Czechoslovakia before World War II. This event became known as the Czech Kindertransport. He was also known as the "British Schindler".

Winton was born in Hampstead, London, England. His parents were German Jews. The family later became Christians and Winton was baptised. In 1923, he began studying at Stowe School. He married Grete Gjelstrup, a woman of Danish origin, in 1948. They were married until Gjelstrup's death in 1999. They had three children together, Nicholas, Barbara and Robin.

Winton died from respiratory failure on 1 July 2015 in Slough, Berkshire, aged 106.

References

Other websites

1909 births
2015 deaths
Bankers
British centenarians
British Jews
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in England
English activists
English Christians
Humanitarians
Jewish activists
Jewish businesspeople
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Hampstead
Stockbrokers
Egan, South Dakota

Egan is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Moody County, and 278 people lived there at the 2010 census. Egan became a city in 1881.

References

Cities in South Dakota
1881 establishments in Dakota Territory
Trent, South Dakota

Trent is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Moody County, and 232 people lived there at the 2010 census. Trent became a city in 1884.

References

Towns in South Dakota
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Dakota Territory
Ward, South Dakota

Ward is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Moody County, and 48 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in South Dakota
Maicon Pereira de Oliveira

Maicon Pereira de Oliveira (8 May 1988 – 8 February 2014) commonly known as Maicon, was a Brazilian footballer. He played for the Ukrainian club Illichivets on loan from Shakhtar Donetsk. He operated as a striker.

Maicon died in a car accident in Donetsk on 8 February 2014, aged 25.

References

1988 births
2014 deaths
Road accident deaths
Brazilian footballers
People from Rio de Janeiro
Jomo Kenyatta

Jomo Kenyattapron. (~1889 – 22 August 1978) was an Kenyan politician. He was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978. He served first as Prime Minister (1963–64) and then as President (1964–78). He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation.

As President, Kenyatta was against socialism and worked with the United Kingdom and the United States in the Cold War. He also was criticized within Kenya for corruption. He suffered a heart attack in 1966, and eventually died on 22 August 1978 from complications of a stroke, aged 88. His son Uhuru Kenyatta is the current president of the country.

References

Other websites

Jomo Kenyatta sworn in as President - 1964 newsreel
Mzee Jomo Kenyatta
Famous People in Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta

1889 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Presidents of Kenya
Prime Ministers of Kenya