cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Arrest

An arrest is when a person's liberty is removed by taking them into detention (custody). This is usually done after an investigation of a crime or in stopping a crime from taking place. The term comes from Anglo-Norman. It is related to the French word arrêt, which means "stop".

Police and some other organisations are allowed to arrest people. In some places, normal people can arrest others (a "citizen's arrest"). For example, in England and Wales, a citizen's arrest can be made on someone who has committed a serious crime, though there are rules as to when and how this can be done.

Where the word comes from
The word "arrest" comes from Anglo-Norman. It is taken from the French word arrêt. Arrêt means 'to stop or stay'. There are many slang terms for being arrested in different countries. In British slang, the term "nicked" is often used to mean "arrested", and "nick" can also mean a police station. In the United States and France, "collared" is sometimes used. The term "lifted" is also used.

The way arrest is done

United States
When there is a good reason to think someone has committed a serious crime, the police usually handcuff an arrested person. The person will be taken to a police station or jail. There, they can be bailed or have their charge read out to them and asked how they plead. This is called an arraignment.

India
Indian law says that arrests do not need to be formal. The arrest can be made by a normal citizen, a police officer or a Magistrate. The police officer needs to tell the person who is being arrested what they did wrong and that they can be let go on bail if the crime allows people to be bailed.

Warnings

United States
A Miranda warning is only needed when a person has already been arrested is being questioned. This warning tells the person who has been arrested that they can be silent, can have a counsel with them, and warns them that whatever they say can be used against them. Police also must tell the person who has been arrested about their Miranda Rights.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom a person must be told that they are under arrest. They must also be told, in simple language that they can understand, the reasons for their arrest. A person must be 'cautioned' when they are arrested unless this can not be done, for example if the person being arrested is being violent or is drunk. The caution given in England and Wales is: You do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.

This exact wording is not needed as long as the same information is given.

Related pages 
 House arrest

References

Other websites 

 Being stopped, questioned or arrested by the police (Directgov, England and Wales)

Criminal justice
Punishments
Imprisonment and detention
Jos Oehlen

Jos Oehlen (born March 12, 1953 in Tegelen) is a Dutch sculptor.

Jos Oehlen studied at the Academy of Tilburg and the "Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunsten te Amsterdam." Most of his sculptures are done in bronze but he has also created some sculptures in granite and marble. His most recent large sculpture is "The Pelican" in Uny, Hungary.

Other websites 
Official site 
Article on Receiving and Giving Hands  (in Dutch)
Images of Sculptures
Dancer 
Double Figure 
The Pelican 
Ontvangende En Gevende Handen  (Receiving and Giving Hands)

1953 births
Living people
Oehlen, Jos
Oehlen, Jos
Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system was the first system used to control the value of money between different countries. It meant that each country had to have a monetary policy that kept the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to fight against temporary imbalances of payments. The Bretton Woods system was the first monetary order that organized monetary relations among independent nation-states.

It set out the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states.

Plans to rebuild the international economic system after the end of World War II started before the war ended. 730 delegates from all 44 Allies of World War II came to Bretton Woods, New Hampshire for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The delegates discussed and then signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944.

The planners at Bretton Woods set up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system. They started the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These organizations became active in 1946 after enough countries had ratified the agreement.

Until the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system worked. It controlled conflict and achieved the common goals of the leading states that had created it, especially the United States. But in 1971, In the face of increasing strain, the United States decided not to allow the conversion of dollars to gold and the system collapsed.

Other websites 
 The Gold Battles Within the Cold War (PDF)  by Francis J. Gavin (2002)
 International Financial Stability (PDF)  by Michael Dooley, PhD, David Folkerts-Landau and Peter Garber, Deutsche Bank (October 2005)
 "Bretton Woods System", prepared for the Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy by Dr.B.Cohen
 Bretton Woods Agreement  by Addison Wiggin Author of Empire of Debt

Economic systems
Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software

Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software is a German company that develops and publishes video games. It is in Heusenstamm, Germany. It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi. Boiko is now president of the company and Hamrozi is chief executive officer (CEO). The company is known for the Anno series (also by Max Design), Knights of Honor (by Black Sea Studios) and ParaWorld (by SEK).

List of games

The following is a list of games that have been created or published by Sunflowers:

Anno 1503: The New World
Anno 1503: Treasures, Monsters and Pirates
Anno 1602: By Royal Command
Anno 1602: Creation of a New World
Anno 1602: New Islands, New Adventures
Anno 1701
Knights of Honor
ParaWorld
TechnoMage: The Return of Eternity

Other websites 
Official Sunflowers website

Video game companies of Europe
Antiglobalization

Anti-globalization is used for people and groups who oppose certain aspects of globalization in its present form.

“Anti-globalization” is considered by many to be a social movement, while others consider it to be several separate social movements. In either case, participants are united in opposition to the political power of large corporations, as exercised in trade agreements and elsewhere, which they say destroys the environment, human rights, labor rights for worker, national sovereignty, the third world, and more.  

Most people who are called "anti-globalization"  prefer instead to describe themselves as the Global Justice Movement, the Movement of Movements (a popular term in Italy), the "alter-globalization" movement (popular in France), and a number of other terms.

The groups and individuals that would come to be known as the "anti-globalization movement" developed in the late twentieth century to combat the globalization of corporate economic activity and the free trade with developing nations that might result from such activity.

Other page 
Anti-capitalism

Other websites 

The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress (CEPR) 
About Globalization
Center for Economic and Policy Research
International Monetary Fund
World Bank Group
World Economic Forum
World Trade Organization
Wobblies
Economic Globalization and the Environment 
Smygo  News & views for anarchists & activists
Corporatewatch
History of the G8 - UK government site
YaleGlobal Online - An online publication of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
New World Disorder  - Feature website on the movement from RTÉ, the Irish national broadcaster. 
"The ABCs of the Global Economy" from Dollars & Sense Magazine

Economics
Protests
Zambezi River

The Zambezi River is the fourth largest river in Africa. It is also the largest river that enters the Indian Ocean. It starts in Zambia, flows successively through Angola, Zambia again, borders Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, through Mozambique where it enters the ocean. Much more water flows during the rainy season, October through March.

The Victoria Falls, the most beautiful sight on the river, is listed as one of  the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Kariba Dam on the Zambezi is a major source of hydroelectricity

References

Rivers of Africa
Geography of Angola
Geography of Botswana
Geography of Mozambique
Geography of Namibia
Geography of Zambia
Geography of Zimbabwe
Treasurer

A treasurer is someone who looks after the money in a club, company, organization, association, or government. 

The treasurer of a government manages the Annual Budget of a state or country. The budget is used to give money to government departments and to pay for the debts or promises the government makes. This post is called Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom. There is a treasurer of the United States, but the United States Secretary of the Treasury actually controls the department.

Politics
Economics
SAS

SAS may refer to:
S.A.S., Special Air Service in the UK military
Serial Attached SCSI
Société par actions simplifiée
Yorkshire

Yorkshire is a historic county in Northern England. It covers a large area of the Pennines and its east coast borders the North Sea. The River Humber separates Yorkshire from Lincolnshire and the River Ouse flows into it.

Main places
The main towns and cities in Yorkshire are Leeds, York, Sheffield, Bradford, Middlesbrough, and Hull. It is the largest county in the United Kingdom. It covers just under  with a population of around 5 million.

History
Yorkshire was historically split up into three parts known as the East, North, and West Ridings while the county town York was in the middle. In the local government reorganization of England in 1974 the counties of West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire were established instead. Humberside included the former East Riding and Cleveland included part of the former North Riding.

Rivalry
The people of Yorkshire are traditional rivals of the people of Lancashire; they sometimes call Yorkshire the "County of Broad Acres" (because its land area is so large) or "God's Own County".

Landscapes
It has a wide range of landscapes: the green hills and valleys of the Yorkshire dales, the rugged heather of the Yorkshire moors, the coast which includes the resorts of Whitby or Bridlington. It also has several large cities including York (county town), Leeds, Sheffield (the greenest city in Europe and built on seven hills), Hull, Bradford, Doncaster, Harrogate and Wakefield.

References
Pixel

A pixel (short for picture element) is a single point in a picture. On the monitor of a computer, a pixel is usually a square. Every pixel has a color and all the pixels together are the picture. The color of a pixel can be stored by using a combination of red, green and blue (RGB) but other combinations are also possible, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK).

The word "pixel" 
The word "pixel" was first used in a paper by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965. He did not create the word himself. He got it from Keith E. McFarland but Keith does not know where he got it from. Keith said that the word was in use in those days.

The word "pixel" uses "pix" as a shorter word (an abbreviation) for "picture". The word pix was first used in 1932 in Variety, a magazine. It was an abbreviation for "pictures" or movies. By 1938 the word "pix" was also used for pictures that did not move (still pictures).

The word "picture element" is even older. For example, the German word Bildpunkt (which means "picture point") was used in a 1888 patent of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.

Related pages
 Display resolution
 Raster graphics

Computer science
Graphics
Olomouc

Olomouc is the sixth largest city in the Czech Republic. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. In the past, Olomouc was a capital city of Moravia. The city has about 102,000 residents. Its larger urban zone has a population of about 480,000 people.

There are many churches and historical buildings. There is beautiful Holy Trinity Column in the centre. UNESCO has this column on the list of World Heritage Sites. There is a nice astronomical clock.

Its university is the oldest in Moravia and second oldest in the Czech Republic. The university was founded in 1573 as part of effort to reestablish Roman Catholicism in the country. Roughly nine out of ten people of the Czech Crown lands were Protestants at the time.

References

Cities in the Czech Republic
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Astronomical clock

An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information. It shows the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. Some examples are large public clocks, but others are instruments for use inside buildings. Astronomical watches are made by several manufacturers. They are also extremely accurate.

The clocks made in the Middle Ages used the geocentric method, showing the Earth at the centre. The Sun rotates round the Earth:  this accords with daily experience and with the world view of pre-Copernican Europe.

The idea of an astronomical clock is ancient. Although not a clock in the traditional sense, the 2nd century BC Antikythera mechanism of ancient Greece was used to calculate the positions of the sun, moon, and stars at any given point by use of complex mechanical gears. European astronomical clocks are probably descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism. As Cicero later wrote in the 1st century BC, Archimedes and Posidonius's orrery achieved virtually the same thing.

References 

Clocks
Astronomy
Theobroma

Theobroma is a genus. There are about 20 species in it. They are small trees, native to the forests of Central and South America. The name translates to food of the gods.

Their family is given as Sterculiaceae or sometimes as Malvaceae.

Some of these trees have edible seeds.  Best known are perhaps the Cacao tree, the source of cocoa and chocolate. Other well-known trees are Cupuaçu, and Mocambo. 

Theobroma species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus Endoclita including E. chalybeatus, E. damor, E. hosei and E. sericeus. The larva of another moth, Hypercompe muzina, feeds exclusively on Theobroma cacao.

Trees
Sterculiaceae
Cupuaçu

Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), also spelled Cupuassu and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest tree related to Cacao. Common throughout the Amazon basin, it is widely cultivated in the north of Brazil. The largest production occurs in  Pará, followed by Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre.

Cupuaçu trees usually are between  5 and 15 meters (16 to 50 feet) tall. Some trees can reach 20 meters (65 feet). They have brown bark. Their leaves are 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long and 6–10 cm (2–4 in) across. These leaves have 9 or 10 pairs of veins. As they mature, their leaves change colour from pink-tinted to green. Eventually they begin bearing fruit. Cupuaçu fruits are oblong, brown, and fuzzy, 20 cm (8 in) long, 1–2 kg (2–4 lb) in weight, and covered with a thick (4–7 mm), hard exocarp.

The white pulp of the cupuaçu is uniquely fragrant. It contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao. Cupuaçu can replace cocoa in many day-to-day foods, especially for children, such as chocolate milk. It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets. Cupuaçu seeds can be made into cupulate, which looks and tastes just like chocolate but is cheaper and more resistant to heat. Asahi Foods, a Japanese company, once tried to patent the production and use of Cupuaçu seed fat, but they failed.

The wood is also commonly used for timber.

References

Other websites 
Theobroma grandiflorum 
http://www.rain-tree.com/cupuasu.htm : More detailed information

Sterculiaceae
Trees
Array data structure

In programming languages, an array is a way of storing several items (such as integers).
These items must have the same type (only integers, only strings, …) because an array can not store different kinds of items.
Every item in an array has a number so the programmer can get the item by using that number.
This number is called the index.
In some programming languages, the first item has index 0, the second item has index 1 and so on.
But in other languages, the first item has index 1 (and then 2, 3, …).

When the programmer creates an array, they must give the size of the array.
This is the number of items that can be stored in the array.
If the programmer wants to store more items, then they must create a new array.
This is because the size of an array can not be changed.

Arrays in C
In the programming language C, arrays can be created like this:
int array[5];

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:
array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 18;
array[2] = 5;
array[3] = 33;
array[4] = 50;

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:
int k = 3 + array[3];  // k is now 3 + 33 = 36

Arrays in Java
In the programming language Java, arrays can be created like this:
int[] array = new int[5];

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:
array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 18;
array[2] = 5;
array[3] = 33;
array[4] = 50;

The programmer can use a value in the array like this:
int k = 3 + array[3];  // k is now 3 + 33 = 36

Data structures
Tierce de Picardie

In music a Tierce de Picardie (meaning Picardy third) is a major chord at the end of a piece of music in a  minor key.

In the 16th to 17th centuries this was a very common way to end a piece in a minor key. This is because music in the minor sounds melancholy or disturbed in comparison to the major because the third note of the scale is flattened (lowered by a semitone). In the harmonic series this minor third is the 7th harmonic which sounds dissonant against the fundamental (first note of the scale).  This means that ending in the major gives a sense of relief after the tension of the minor.  In a piece in A minor, for example, where the third note of the scale is C natural, in a Tierce de Picardie the final chord will include a C sharp, changing the chord from A minor to A major.

Beethoven’s "Fifth Symphony" is in C minor but the last movement is in the major.  This is not a Tierce de Picardie in this case, as the term applies only when just the last chord alters.  The term was introduced in 1767 by Rousseau in his "Dictionnaire de musique" (Dictionary of Music).  “Tierce” means “third”, but no one knows why he called it “Picardie” (Picardy is an area in the north of France).

Bach used it fairly often in his music.  The first movement of the "Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra" is a good example.  In his "Fantasia and Fugue in G minor BWV542" the fugue ends with a Tierce de Picardie and, in some editions, the Fantasie as well.  It is possible that Bach would have finished the Fantasie with a major chord only if he was playing it on its own (without the fugue), but we cannot be sure of this.  Another good example of the Tierce de Picardie is the end of Cantata No. 82 "Ich Habe Genug", which is extremely effective. Another famous piece that ends in a Tierce de Picardie is Greensleeves.

Musical terminology
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a famous French-speaking philosopher. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland and always described himself as being Genevan.

Early life 
Rousseau lived in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment. His political ideology influenced the French Revolution and aided the development of nationalism and socialist theories.

Career 
Rousseau was also a composer, writing numerous books about music theory. Rousseau authored Confessions, an autobiography, one of the first of its kind. Many later philosophers were influenced by him. He wrote a novel Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, which was a best-seller and influenced 19th century writers of romanticism.

Rousseau believed that men were born good and innocent, and that corruption and sadness happened because of life experiences and experiences in society.  He believed that if society were gone, man would be happy and pure once again.

Rousseau is most famous for his social contract ideology, which is often compared to the social contract of John Locke. This ideology is stated in Rousseau's book, The Social Contract.

References 

1712 births
1778 deaths
Classical era composers
Swiss composers
Music theorists
Philosophers
Swiss writers
People from Geneva
Lublin

Lublin - city in eastern Poland. It's in the Lublin Voivodeship. It has an area of 147.5 km2. About 354,000 people live in Lublin.

Characteristic for Lublin are: high schools (incl. Catholic University of Lublin, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin University of Technology, Medical University of Lublin), Majdanek State Museum] and trolleybuses.

Cities in Poland
Real-time strategy

Real-time strategy (RTS) is a genre of computer and video games. In real-time strategy games, every player has an army to attack the other player(s). Every player has a military base and people or vehicles (these are called units). The player also has money to create new units or to build new buildings. These buildings can allow the player to do things, such as creating units or to use new technology.

The player that destroys the base and the units of the other player(s) wins.

In real-time strategy games, everything the player does, happens right away: there's no time between doing something (like telling a unit to move) and seeing it happen. This is different in turn-based strategy where the players take turns to do things.

God game vs. Simulation
Most RTSs are God game, that is, the player does not control a single member or unit while playing, but controls all aspects of the game: direct the units, their tactics, improvements and attacks, and direct the planning and Construction of the base, its improvements and the quantity of resources and production. A great example is Starcraft.

While in simulation, the player controls a member of the faction, being a collector, soldier, spy, producer, diplomat or leader of the faction itself. Example is the Ark: Survival Evolved in its "Hunger Games" mode.

Examples of real-time strategy games

 Age of Empires series
 Command & Conquer series
 StarCraft
 Total Annihilation
 Warcraft
 Supremacy 1914
 Ark: Survival Evolved

 
Types of video games
Video game genres
Raw material

Raw materials are materials that have not been processed. They are in the form in which they are found in nature without any thing done to them.  Raw materials are made into other things.

Raw materials usually come from:

 A plant or tree
 An animal
 A mine

Examples of raw materials:

 Grains such as wheat and rice
 Vegetables such as carrots and onions
 Meat such as beef and chicken
 Wood from a tree
 Honey from a bee's nest
 Minerals or metal from a mine
 Crude oil

Things that are not raw materials because they have been processed

 Bread and pasta
 Toothpaste and soap
 Sausages
 Furniture such as chairs and tables
 Machines such as cars
 Jewelry
 Clothing and shoes
 Gasoline
 Oil that goes in cars
+ coal 
Materials
Minerals
Pasta

Pasta is a food made from starch and water. It is usually cooked in hot water before being eaten. Pasta has been very popular in Italy and has also been eaten in many parts of Asia for a long time. It is also the national dish of Italy, invented in 1986

Pasta is often noodles. It is usually eaten in sauce, fried or in soup. Pasta is usually made from either wheat flour or rice flour, but it can be made with other types of flour. Pasta sometimes has eggs in it. Pasta comes in many different shapes and sizes.

Long pasta is named noodles. it has different names for each width. the name also changes if the edge is wavy. 

Short pasta comes in many shapes, each with a different name. they are named after what they look like. one common example is "bow-ties".

In addition to Italy, Pasta is also a popular dish in Greece. In Greek cuisine  there is a pasta dish called pastitsio which is similar to lasagna.

Types of Pasta 
Spaghetti
Tortellini
Linguini
Tagliatelle
Ravioli

Other websites 
 www.archimedes-lab.org :: Pasta shapes – history and a pasta shapes list
 www.food-info.net :: Pasta shapes – a well-illustrated list
 www.lifeinitaly.com :: History of Pasta  – includes pictures of how pasta is made.
 Information about Italian Pasta

References

 
Italian food
Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea Party was a protest by American colonists (These people were known as patriots) against King George III's rule in America. It happened on December 16, 1773.

The Boston Tea Party was an act of protest against the British for the Tea Act, one of several new attempts to tax colonists. The Americans had no one to speak for them in the British government. They were frustrated that they were being taxed by the government but had no part in how the government was run. They did not think it was right to pay taxes when they did not have a representative in the government ("No taxation without representation!"). Also, merchants selling their goods would lose their profit because of the taxes. The Americans began purchasing smuggled goods, which were much cheaper.

To show how angry they were, the Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressed up as Native Americans and went onto ships in the Boston Harbor.  They took boxes of tea and dumped them into the water.  The British government was enraged about this.  Parliament made even stricter laws for the colonies, later called the Intolerable Acts.  One of the Acts closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for all the tea they dumped. Another took away the right of Boston to govern itself,

The Boston Tea Party was one of the main events that started the American Revolutionary War.

David Kinnison [1764[?]-1852] who served briefly in the American Revolution  also claimed to have been a member of the Boston Tea Party....although he would have been only 9 years old at the time!

References

Other websites  

 Boston Tea Party -history.com
 The Boston Tea Party Historical Society

1770s in Massachusetts
18th century rebellions
American Revolutionary War
History of Boston, Massachusetts
Rebellions in North America
1773
Cookie

A cookie is a sweet dessert made from flour.  Cookies are made in an oven. They are also called biscuits in many English-speaking countries. In the United States and Canada, many varieties of biscuit are called cookies as well.

Description

Most cookies are flat and round like a disc.  Cookies often have flavors added to them, like spices, chocolate, butter, peanut butter, nuts or dried fruits. Most cookies are very sweet. Today, many people think of cookies with warmth and love. Cookies may be used like chocolate and candy as a reward when children do good deeds.

Even though it is close to cakes and other sweetened breads, cookies usually do not use water for cohesion. Water in cakes makes the base (in the case of cakes called "batter") as thin as possible, which allows the bubbles to form better. Cookies do not have bubbles, so they do not need this. In cookies, some form of oil or fat is used for cohesion. Oils, like butter, egg yolks, vegetable oils or lard are much more viscous than water and evaporate freely at a much higher temperature than water. So a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is more dense when cooked.

History
Cookies where made in Ancient Greece around 1200 BC. Hard wafers have been made for as long as baking existed. They were very popular because they last a long time and are not fragile, but they were normally not sweet enough to be called cookies today.

Cookies were made at first in 7th century AD Persia, just after the use of sugar became common there. They spread to Europe through the Muslim conquest of Spain. By the 14th century, they were common in all parts of Europe, and could be found anywhere from royal cuisine to street vendors.

People started to travel around the world at that time, and cookies made a good travel snack; a sweeter version of the travel cakes used throughout history. One of the most popular early cookies, which traveled very well and became known on every continent, was the jumble, a hard cookie made mostly from nuts, sweetener, and water.

Types
Common types of cookies:

 Vanilla cookie
 Chocolate cookie, often called Chocolate chip cookie
 Nut cookie, especially peanuts and walnuts 
 Oatmeal cookie
 Ginger cookie
 Fig cookie
 Sugar cookie

Related pages
Gingerbread Man
Cake
Pastry
Cracker
Biscuit

Pictures

References

 
Snack foods
Guru Nanak Dev

Sri Guru Nanak Ji (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539) was the creator of Sikhism, and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His father's name is "Mehta kalu" and mother's name is "Mata tripta" .The last Guru said that there would be no more Gurus after him and Sikhs would be taught by the Sikh holy book, which is called Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The word "Guru" means "teacher" in many Indian languages. His two son's are "Sri Chand" and "Lakshmi Das". 

Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is considered holy by Punjabi Hindus and Sahajdhari Sindhis across the Indian subcontinent. Because of his close connection with Hazrat Sheikh Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar, the Punjabi Sufi saint, Nanak Dev is also considered by many Muslims to be a Sufi, or adherent of Sufic tenets.

His main teaching to the world was written down to be "devotion of thought and having good actions as the first of our jobs".

Life 

Guru Nanak was born in Nankana Sahib, in Punjab. This is now part of Pakistan.

When Guru Nanak was a child he refused the upanayana (holy thread) to initiate him into the Hindu religion. Later in his life he married Mata Sulakhani with whom he had two sons. They were called Sri Chand and Lakshmi Das. According to the Sikh religion, one day he was bathing in the river and god took him up to heaven. His family members were very worried as they had thought he died. After three days he returned with the message of god. He gave up his job to spread the message on how to be a good person.

He died in Kartarpur.

References

All Pictures of Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji shown here are not true/original. These are just imaginations (Kalpana) of different painters/artists. So plz don't show such pictures (like the first one in which Guru ji is shown wearing a Mukt/Taaz, which is completely against Guru Ji's life long teachings, characteristics and way of life he lived and gave the same ideologies (sandesh) to whole humanity. So please respect. 

 Eternal Glory of Sri Guru Nanak Ji
 Sikh-History.com
 Max Arthur MacAuliff, The Sikh Religion, Vol 1, (The Life of Guru Nanak Ji), Oxford University Press, 1909.
 Satguru Nanak Ji (for Children) - eBook
 Sufis, Philosophers, and Nanak
 A short video documentary summarizing the life of Satguru Nanak Ji

1469 births
1539 deaths
Indian people
Punjabi people
Sikhism
Religious leaders
Hindu saints
Asian Sufis
Etruscan civilization

The Etruscan civilization lasted from about 900 BC to 27 BC and was a culture in ancient Italy. The Romans called the people Etrusci or Tusci. The Ancient Greeks called them Tyrrhenoi or Tyrrsenoi. The Etruscans called themselves Rasenna.

The Etruscan civilization began in pre-history. They lived in an area which included modern Tuscany, but was larger. At their height, they had three confederacies (like modern states): Etruria, Latinum and the Po Valley, and Campania. The Etruscans ruled Rome until 396 BC.

Language 
Not much is known about the Etruscan language. Not much of its writing survives. Most what survives is from engravings on tombstones. The Etruscans used an alphabet similar to those in Phoenicia and Greece.

The language is related to the Tyrrhenian language family and is not clearly related to other languages. Some Etruscan letters were used by the Romans in the Latin alphabet, which many languages use. Some Romans, such as Cicero, were fluent readers of Etruscan, but few of their writings survive. 

The lack of texts makes knowledge of their society and culture depend on much later Roman sources. Politics was based on the small city and probably the family unit. In their heyday, the Etruscan elite became rich by trade with the Celtic world to the north and the Greeks to the south, and filled their large family tombs with imported luxuries. Ancient Greece had a huge influence on their art and architecture, and Greek mythology was evidently very familiar to them.

Etruscan does not survive in any great literary works, unlike Greek and Latin. An Etruscan religious literature existed, and evidence suggests that there was a body of historical literature and drama as well. For example, the name of a playwright, Volnius, is known. He wrote the "Tuscan tragedies". Although there is no evidence of notation, it is possible that Etruscan music had a written form.

History 
The Etruscans mined metals like copper and iron. They became rich and powerful and travelled around the Mediterranean Sea. The Etruscans began to lose power in the 5th century BC. The Romans began conquering parts of Etruscan land. By the beginning of the 1st century BC, the Etruscans had been entirely defeated.

Art 
Etruscan art included wall paintings, metalwork and sculpture in terracotta. Sculpture in cast bronze was famous and widely exported, but few large examples have survived because bronze was valuable and so was often recycled.

Etruscan religion 
Etruscan religion was a set of stories, beliefs, and religious practices. These came from the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture. They were heavily influenced by the mythology of ancient Greece and Phoenicia. They had similarities to Roman mythology and religion. As the Etruscan civilization was assimilated into the Roman Republic in the 4th century BC, the Etruscan religion and mythology were partially absorbed. There was a Roman tendency to absorb local gods and customs of conquered lands.

References 

 
History of Italy
Natural environment

Natural environment means all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning not because of humans. The universe is natural, but often the term "natural environment" only means nature on Earth.   

Two aspects are usually included::
 Ecological units which are natural systems without much human interference.  These include all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events. 
 Universal natural resources and physical phenomena which lack clear-cut boundaries. These include climate, air, water,  energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism. 

There is also the built environment. There, man has changed landscapes and natural environment to make cities and agricultural land.

Etymology 
The main components of the Natural Environment can be simply defined. 'Natural' can be classified
 EEA multilingual environmental glossary 
 EU Environment Directorate-General
 Rehbar Development Foundation  — Development Foundation/Organization working on Environment, Education and Health

Related pages 
Ecosystem
Environmentalism

Environment 
Nature
Natural capital

Natural capital is a metaphor for the mineral, plant, and animal formations of the Earth's biosphere when viewed as a means of production of oxygen, water filter, erosion preventer, or provider of other ecosystem services.  

In a traditional economic analysis of the factors of production, natural capital would usually be understood as "land" and therefore something else than "capital" in its original sense.  

At the beginning of reflection about economics "land" was seen as something natural, but "capital"  as man-made goods only.  

But the benefits which humans have from nature are many. 17 of them were closely looked at by Robert Costanza.  These benefits are in some ways similar to those that owners of "capital" have as their capital produces more goods, e.g. a factory which produces automobiles just as an apple tree produces apples.

This is an approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources. But human knowledge and understanding of the natural environment is never complete, and therefore we cannot yet know what natural capital means exactly.

Related pages
Natural resource
Nature's services
Ecosystem services

References 
Amory B. Lovins, L. Hunter Lovins and Paul Hawken: A Road Map for Natural Capitalism  (Pdf), in: Harvard Business Review May-June 1999, p.145-157

Other websites 
Natural Capital indicators for OECD countries 
Natural Capitalism
Ecosystem Valuation - US DA

Ecology
Economics
Green politics
Oswaldtwistle

Oswaldtwistle is a town in Lancashire county near Accrington in North West England.

Many years ago, Oswaldtwistle had a running textile mill, and today you can explore it because it is now a craft fair with an presentation on life in the mill 100 years ago.

Other websites 
Life and Times of Oswaldtwistle 
Rhyddings Business and Enterprise School, Oswaldtwistle
Melbourne Street Church, Oswaldtwistle 

Towns in Lancashire
Prevention (disambiguation)

Prevention could mean:
 Preventative medicine
 Prevention (magazine), a magazine about health in the United States 
 Crime prevention
Lawn

A lawn is an area of land planted with grass, and sometimes clover and other plants. Lawns are cut to a low, even height using a lawnmower. Lawns are used for aesthetic (for their beauty) and recreational purposes. Other words used to describe them are turf, pitch, field or green may be used, depending on the sport and the continent. They are often found around buildings, making them a type of yard.

Lawns are generally composed only of grass species, subject to weed and pest control, maintained in green colour, and are regularly maintained to ensure an acceptable length. Lawns are used around, apartments, houses, commercial buildings and offices. Approximately 80% of all homes in the United States have grass lawns. This has resulted in a $40 billion per year industry, with American grass lawns using more water than is used to grow all the wheat and corn in the United States.  In that sense, by water consumption, grass is the United States’ leading “crop” by far, with the Environmental Protection Agency estimating that about 1/3 of all public water is used to water grass, with that number rising as high as 70% in some of the more dry regions of the United States.

The earliest mention of lawns comes from France during the 1500s. Lawns (as opposed to fields) found their way to England in the 1700s. One acre (0.4 hectare) of lawn would take three gardeners all day to mow using a tool called a scythe. Two centuries later, one person with a lawnmower could do it in an afternoon.

History 
In the 16th Century Renaissance, lawns were deliberately cultivated by the wealthy in both France and England, though they were more likely planted with chamomile or thyme than with grass. Both of these ground covers make excellent alternatives to grass in modern lawns.

Closely shorn grass lawns first emerged in 17th century England at the homes of large, wealthy landowners. While sheep were still grazed on many such park-lands, landowners increasingly depended on human labor to tend the grass closest to their homes.  Only the rich could afford to hire the many hands needed to scythe and weed the grass, so a lawn was a mark of wealth and status.

Lawns around the world 

In many parts of the United States lawn care is an important part of home maintenance. a poorly kept up lawn can hurt the value of a home.  Families do many things on their lawn.  Neighborhood cookouts, birthday parties and outdoor games are just some of the uses.

World Famous Lawns include:
 One of the most famous lawns in France surrounds the Eiffel Tower. It is part of the Champ de Mars. 
 The south lawn of the White House is a world famous lawn in Washington, D.C..
 The greens of Wimbledon, London where the Wimbledon Championships are played is the only major tennis tournament played on a grass court.
 Shinjuku Gyoen in Tokyo has large areas of lawns and gardens. It has some 1,500 cherry trees.

References 

Gardens
Sod

Sod is turf and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots, or a piece of this material. Some sod is grown agriculturally, and is sold to landscapers who use it to quickly get a lawn. Sod was used for building of fortifications in former times.

Construction
Flyover

A flyover is something people do with airplanes or helicopters.  It means flying over people who are watching.  Sometimes the airplanes fly very low to make it more exciting.  The Blue Angels are a special group of pilots that do a lot of flyovers at events.

Sometimes military aircraft fly over the enemy to try to scare the people they are fighting against.

Aviation
Blue Angels

The Blue Angels are a group of special pilots who work for the US Navy.  They fly F/A-18 fighter jet airplanes that are painted to look different from regular Navy planes.  They are very famous.  Almost every American has heard of them.  The pilots of the Blue Angels are very good at what they do.  They are able to fly very close to each other and do very difficult tricks.  They are most famous for the flyovers they do at many American sporting events.

Other websites 

 Explore the Navy: Blue Angels official website.

United States Navy aircraft
Means of production

Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: Produktionsmittel), also called means of labour are the materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products. This includes: machines, tools materials, plant and equipment, land, raw materials, money, energy, and anything else labor needs to make things.

The means of production can be owned by different people in different ways in different societies. Capitalism is when the means of production are owned privately. A capitalist society has a market, where things can be sold and bought. Capitalism also has wage labor. Other societies can be socialist, meaning the means of production are owned in common, either by the workers themselves or by the state.

Related pages 
 Communism
 Capitalism
 Factors of production
 Labor
 Marxism
 Socialism

References 

Factors of production
Construction

Materials
Year 2000 problem

The Year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem, the millennium bug, Y2K Bug, and Y2K) was a computer problem that affected lots of computer systems. It happened because of the way in which some early computer programs were made to handle only years containing two digits (for example '92 instead of 1992). This meant that the computer could confuse the year 2000 with the year 1900, because both would be written as 00. People started fearing that date-related processing would happen incorrectly for dates and times after December 31 1999. It caused concerns that many industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop working at exactly midnight, January 1 2000. People were panicked by press coverage and media speculation, as well as corporate and government reports. Companies and organisations around the world had to check and upgrade their computer systems to avoid the bug. The preparation for Y2K had a significant effect on the computer industry. No big computer failures occurred when the year changed to 2000.

Similar bugs 
 Year 100 problem
 Year 2038 problem 

2000
Computing
Biodiversity



The term 
The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in 1968, where he advocated conservation. It was widely adopted only in the 1980s.

The term biodiversity first appeared in a publication in 1988 when entomologist E. O. Wilson used it as a title. Since then, the term has often been used by biologists, environmentalists, political leaders, and citizens. A similar term in the United States is "natural heritage." It predates the others and is more accepted by the wider audience interested in conservation. Broader than biodiversity, it includes geology and landforms.

Definitions 
Biologists most often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region". An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances. There are three levels at which biological variety can been identified:

species diversity
ecosystem diversity
genetic diversity.

Threats 
The idea can be used for tackling practical problems in conservation, for example:
loss of species 
destruction of habitats
introduced and invasive species
genetic pollution
over-exploitation
effect of climate change

References

Related pages 
Biodiversity Convention
Conservation biology
Endemism
Neurodiversity

Further reading 
Levin, Simon A. 2013. Encyclopedia of biodiversity. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-384719-5
Wilson E.O. 2016. Half-Earth: our planet's fight for life. Liveright. ISBN 978-1631490828

Ecology
Conservation
Aberdeen, Washington

Aberdeen is a city in the American state of Washington. Aberdeen was founded by Samuel Benn in 1884. In 2000, 16,461 people lived in Aberdeen. Aberdeen is sometimes called the "Gateway to the Olympic Peninsula". It is also called the "Birthplace of Grunge" because musician Kurt Cobain is from Aberdeen. Other notable musicians from Aberdeen include The Melvins. Aberdeen is also the hometown of professional wrestler Bryan Danielson, better known as Daniel Bryan.

References 

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)