cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Theodosia Okoh

Theodosia Salome Okoh (13 June 1922 — 19 April 2015) was a Ghanaian stateswoman, teacher and artist. She was known for designing Ghana's flag in 1957. She also played a leading role in the development of hockey in Ghana.

References

1922 births
2015 deaths
Ghanaian people
Artists
Educators
Tema

Tema is a city on the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located  east of the capital city; Accra. As of 2013, the population was 161,612.

Settlements in Ghana
Santa Rosa, California

Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, California, United States. The Census Bureau estimated its 2012 population at 170,685. In the beginning of October, 2017, a firestorm burnt 5% of the homes in the city, killing atleast 19 people.

References

Other websites
 

Settlements in Sonoma County, California 
Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
County seats in California
Shiaphobia

Anti-Shi'ism (pronounced: Anti, She, ism) or Shiaphobia is the prejudice against or hatred of Shia Muslims. Shia Muslims make up somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of Muslims worldwide. Sunni Islam and Shia Islam split because the two groups have different beliefs about the type of person that could become a caliph, a top leader of Muslim peoples. Shias believed the leader should be related to the Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis believed the leader should be chosen for his ability to lead the community ( it's not because the leader should be related but because the prophet Mohammed said in the ghadeer that Ali will be the leader after him which they didn't follow. 

The two groups have lived together peacefully for centuries. Shia and Sunni have not only lived together they have intermarried in many cases. But modern politics and recent events have sparked new fighting between the two groups. Modern Anti-Shi'ism violence is just a part of the overall conflict. It is one result of the collapse of authoritarian rule in the region.

References 

 
Discrimination
Religious violence
Controlled burn

A controlled burn (sometimes also called a prescribed fire) is a fire that is started on purpose, and kept under control.  It is done by people who are trained in controlling a fire, with the right equipment and the right weather conditions.  It is done to help the environment or to make an area safer for people.

This is not the same as a practice fire, where a firefighter crew might start a fire in a house or other building that is going to be destroyed.  They use it for practice, to learn how to enter a burning house safely and how to put out a house fire.  Controlled burns, on the other hand, are done outdoors in forests or prairies.

Reasons

There are several reasons why a controlled burn may take place.  In some areas, there may be too much dry wood and dead plants.  If a fire started there that was not controlled (like arson, an accident, or a lightning strike), that fire could become dangerous.  So by having trained people there, and burning it carefully, then the fire won't be as hot and won't get out of control.

Another reason is to help nature.  Some plants need fire so their seeds can start to grow, some animals prefer to live in places that have been recently burned, and sometimes it helps to get rid of weeds.  Also, the ash on the ground is a quick fertilizer and helps return nutrients to the soil.

Sometimes it is done to help people.  It can clear an area of brush and make it easier to see and move around.  Hunter-gatherer people would do this to chase game into an area where they can kill the animal for food.  This is becoming rare.

Methods

From the fire triangle, it is known that a fire needs fuel, oxygen and heat.  To control a fire, removing one of these three things will cause the fire to go out.  To keep the fire in the area it is supposed to be in, the fire can be smothered, removing oxygen.  Or it can be sprayed with water, removing the heat.  And the fire finishes when there is no more fuel.

Generally, the back fire is started first.  This is the fire that burns into the wind, and moves slowly.  This is a smaller, safer fire, and is easier to control.  It can be started next to a trail or stream or other fire break that keeps the fire from moving downwind.

After the back fire is in place, then the head fire is started.  It will burn downwind (travels with the wind).  This will burn faster and hotter.  When it reaches the back fire, there is no more fuel for the fire, and it dies out.

Equipment

The list can depend on the group doing the burn, but often includes:
 drip torch - this starts the fire by dripping fire onto the grass as the person walks along
 water sprayer - usually worn as a backpack, water can be sprayed onto the fire to keep it in the area it should be in
 flapper - a wide piece of rubber on a handle, this can be flapped onto the fire, putting it out
 shovel - this can be used to dig up dirt and create a fire break that will not burn

Notes

Ecology
Fire
Gennadi Vengerov

Gennadi Aronovich Vengerov (; 27 August 1959 – 22 April 2015) was a Belarusian-born Russian-German actor and voice artist. He began acting in 1978 on stage, and later in 1987 on television and movies. He had over 150 credits to his name. He was also the Russian voice of the title character of EVE Online and appeared in the movie Enemy at the Gates (2001). In 1990, he moved to German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and worked as a Deutsche Welle radio announcer.

Vengerov was born in Vitebsk. He served in the Soviet Army until 1983 when he moved to Moscow.

Vengerov died from lung and bone cancer on 22 April 2015 in Düsseldorf. He was 55.

References

Other websites
 

1959 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Moscow
Belarusian people
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from bone cancer
Deaths from lung cancer
German movie actors
German stage actors
German television actors
German voice actors
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Soviet movie actors
Soviet television actors
Fastlane (2015)

Fastlane (2015) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 22, 2015 at FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee. It was the first Fastlane event held by the WWE.

The main event saw Roman Reigns defeat Daniel Bryan to keep his spot in the WWE World Heavyweight Championship main event match against Brock Lesnar at WrestleMania 31.

Matches

1Cena passed out in Rusev's finisher, The Accolade and the match's outcome was announced as a submission victory for Rusev.

References

Other websites
Official Fastlane website

2015 in professional wrestling
History of Memphis, Tennessee
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
2010s in Tennessee
2015 in the United States
February 2015 events
Smith v. Allwright

Smith v. Allwright  (1944), was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. The decision made it unconstitutional to keep African Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. By extension it covered white primaries in all states. It overturned Grovey v. Townsend (1935) which had allowed the Democratic party to hold all-white primaries that excluded black voters.

The all-white primary 
The Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution gave African Americans freedom from slavery, citizenship and the right to vote. But many former slave states came up with ways to keep blacks from voting. These included poll taxes, literacy tests and complex voter registration laws. While these worked in most southern states, it did not work in Texas. The party needed the Hispanic vote but wanted to exclude blacks. They needed also to split the black and hispanic vote. Texas, like most southern states, was a one-party state. The Democratic party controlled politics. The state and local primary elections decided which candidate would ultimately win office in the general election. Democrats in Texas used the "white primary" to serve their purposes. It prohibited non-whites from joining the Democratic party and taking part in primary elections. It could be used also to exclude Mexican Americans in areas of the state where the party did not need them. The Reconstruction Amendments applied to the state. But in Grovey v. Townsend the state of Texas was allowed to pass on its responsibility for protecting black voter rights to a private organization—the Democratic party. This allowed Texas to use the all-white primary.

The case 
In another decision, Grovey v. Townsend (1935), the Supreme Court decided that the Democratic Party was a private organization. Their state convention could decide who can be a member. Lonnie E. Smith, a Houston dentist, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) decided to fight this decision. 

In Smith v. Allwright (1944), the court overturned the Grovey ruling. A majority of the justices decided that the Democratic party was more than a private organization. It was a part of the election process in Texas. For this reason the court said that it was  unconstitutional to stop African Americans from voting in the Democratic primary.

References

Other websites 
 Smith v. Allwright - Impact
 Smith v. Allwright, The Oyez Project

United States Supreme Court cases
Cindy Yang

Peng Hsin-yi (; 4 December 1990 – 21 April 2015), better known by her stage name Cindy Yang (Chinese: 楊又穎), was a Taiwanese actress and model. She was known for her appearances on 100% Entertainment and the movie First of May (2015).

Yang was born in Taichung. She was the daughter of politician Peng Tso-kwei. She committed suicide by helium inhalation on 21 April 2015, aged 24. Her funeral was held on 24 April.

References

1990 births
2015 deaths
Actors who committed suicide
Models who committed suicide
Movie actors
Taiwanese actors
Ali Abu Mukhammad

Ali Abu Mukhammad (), also known as Ali Abu Muhammad al-Dagestani, born Aliaskhab Alibulatovich Kebekov (), was a Dagestani militant Islamist in Russia and the leader of the Caucasus Emirate following the death of inaugural leader Dokka Umarov. The United States Department of State added Kebekov to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists on March 25, 2015. 

On 19 April 2015, Ali Abu Mukhammad was killed by Russian security forces during special operations near Buynaksk.

References

1972 births
2015 deaths
Asian military people
European military people
Heads of state
Muslim terrorists
Russian people
Sixto Valencia Burgos

Sixto Valencia Burgos (March 28, 1934 – April 23, 2015) was a Mexican cartoon artist. He was born and died in Mexico City. He was best known for drawing famed Mexican cartoon character Memín Pinguín. He also worked as a cartoonist for MAD magazine.

Other websites
Bio from amiens.com 
Cartoonist defends stereotyped image on new Mexican stamps

1934 births
2015 deaths
Cartoonists
Artists from Mexico City
M. H. Abrams

Meyer (Mike) Howard Abrams (July 23, 1912 – April 21, 2015), usually cited as M. H. Abrams, was an American literary critic. He was known for works on Romanticism, in particular his book The Mirror and the Lamp. 

Abrams died in Ithaca, New York, aged 102.

References

Other websites

1912 births
2015 deaths
American centenarians
American literary critics
Eductors from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from New York
Long Branch, New Jersey

Long Branch is a beach side city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 30,719.

References

Cities in New Jersey
Monmouth County, New Jersey
Aziz Asli

Aziz Aslimanesh (‎; 9 April 1938 – 23 April 2015), better known as Aziz Asli, was an Iranian football goalkeeper, manager, painter, and actor. He played for teams such as Persepolis F.C. and his country from the late 1940s until the early 1970s. He managed Zob Ahan Isfahan F.C. for a short time. He also acted in movies before the Islamic Revolution.

Asli was born in Tabriz. He was of Azerbaijani ancestry. He died on 23 April 2015 in Munich, Germany, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 
 Team Melli stats

1938 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Germany
Football managers
Iranian actors
Iranian association football goalkeepers
Movie actors
Desert locust

The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is a species of locust. Plagues of desert locusts threaten agricultural production in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. They have done so for centuries. The livelihood of one-tenth of the world’s human population may be affected by this voracious insect. The destructive swarms of locusts do not form every year, but only when conditions are right for them.

The desert locust is potentially the most dangerous of the locust pests because of the ability of swarms to fly rapidly across great distances. It has two to five generations per year. The last major desert locust upsurge in 2004–05 caused crop loss in West Africa and reduced food supply in the area. The desert locust alone is not responsible for famines, but it is a contributing factor.

Development 

The insect does not have complete metamorphosis. Its larvae develop in stages called "instars". As the larvae get closer to adulthood, they are called "nymphs" or "hoppers". There are two kinds of hopper: solitary and gregarious.

In the solitary phase the hoppers do not group together but move about independently. Their colouring in the later instars tends to be greenish or brownish to match the colour of the herbage. 

In the gregarious phase the hoppers bunch together and in the later instars develop a bold colouring with black markings on a yellow background. The immatures are pink and the mature adults are bright yellow and fly during the day in dense swarms. 

The change from a solitary insect to a voracious locust pack usually follows a period of drought, when rain falls at last, and vegetation flushes in desert locust breeding places. The population builds up rapidly and the competition for food increases. 

As hoppers get more crowded, the close physical contact causes the insects' hind legs to bump against one another. This stimulus triggers a cascade of metabolic changes which move the insects from the solitary to the gregarious phase. When the hoppers become gregarious, their colouration changes from largely green to yellow and black, and the adults change from brown to pink (immature) or yellow (mature). Their bodies become shorter, and they give off a pheromone that causes them to be attracted to each other. This causes swarm formation.

References 

Orthoptera
Pierre Claude Nolin

Pierre Claude Nolin (October 30, 1950 – April 23, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was the Speaker of the Senate from November 27, 2014 until his death. He was also Senator for De Salaberry, Quebec from June 18, 1993. He was a member of Conservative Party of Canada.

Nolin was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied at the University of Ottawa. He married Camille Desjardins in 1976. They had three children.

Nolin died from cancer on April 23, 2015 in Ottawa, Ontario. He was 64.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Politicians from Montreal
Razan Zeitouneh

Razan Zaitouneh or Zeitunah () is a Syrian human rights lawyer and activist. She was born 29 April 1977. In March 2013, Zeitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.  In December 2013, Zeitouneh disappeared in Syria.

Early life  

Zaitouneh was part of the Syrian uprising.  She documented human rights in Syria for the Local Coordination Committees of Syria.  After the government accused her of being a foreign agent she went into hiding and her husband was arrested.

Education and career 
Zaitouneh finished law school in 1999.  In 2001 started her work as lawyer, and she became a member of the team of lawyers for defense of political prisoners. In the same year, she was one of the founders of the Human Rights Association in Syria (HRAS). In 2005, Zaitouneh started SHRIL (the Syrian Human Rights Information Link), to report about human rights problems in Syria. In 2005, Zaitouneh became a member of the Committee to Support Families of Political Prisoners in Syria.

Recognitions 
On 27 October 2011, Zaitouneh received the 2011 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, together with four other Arabs.  In 2011, she also received the Anna Politkovskaya Award. In 2013, Zaitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award.

In December 2013, pro-opposition websites said that Zaitouneh was kidnapped along with her husband, Wael Hamadeh, and two colleagues, Samira Khalil and Nazem Hammadi, in the opposition-held town of Douma to the north of Damascus. As of 4 February 2014, their location was still unknown.  The identity of the kidnappers was not certain, although they were suspected to be from the Islamist rebel group the Army of Islam.

Awards 
 European Parliament’s Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, 2011.
 The 2011 Anna Politkovskaya Award.
 The Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought for the year 2012 in Berlin.
 International Women of Courage Award 2013

References

Other websites 

 
 Profile at Huffington Post
 2013 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1977 births
Syrian people
Human rights activists
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Missing people
Gideon Eilat

Gideon (Gidi) Eilat (17 January 1924 - 21 April 2015) was a German-born Israeli military person. He was a former member of the Palmach. He was the commander of the third battalion of the Yiftach Brigade during the War of Independence. His highest rank was that of lieutenant colonel (sgan aluf).

He was active in the Kibbutz Artzi movement. Eilat was one of the founders of the Civil Guard of the Israel Police Department. He was also a member of Kibbutz Beit Alfa.

Eilat was born in Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He was raised in Tel Aviv, Israel. Eilat died at a hospital in Beit Alfa, Israel at the age of 91.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Colonels
German Jews
Israeli Jews
Israeli military people
Jewish military people
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
People from Tel Aviv
Alpine, Texas

Alpine is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Brewster County. About 6,054 people lived there in 2013.

Alpine was first named Osborn for the part of the railroad that it was near.  From 1883 to 1888, Alpine was named Murphyville, for the owners of the land where the spring was that the railroad used to get water for its steam locomotives.

Sul Ross State University opened in Alpine in Summer of 1920.  Big Bend National Park was started near Alpine on June 12, 1944.  Both of these things forced people to move to Alpine.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Francis Tsai

Francis Tsai (April 14, 1967 – April 23, 2015) was an American comic book artist, illustrator, author and conceptual artist. He was of Taiwanese and Japanese ancestry. Tsai also contributed covers and interior art for Marvel Comics.

Tsai was from Honolulu, Hawaii.

Tsai provided interior artwork for a number of Dungeons & Dragons manuals for Wizards of the Coast, including Sharn: City of Towers, Monster Manual III, d20 Future, Races of Eberron, Lost Empires of Faerûn, Explorer's Handbook, Tome of Magic: Pact, Shadow, and Truename Magic, Power of Faerûn, and d20 Future Tech.

He also worked on movies such as Sucker Punch and TMNT - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

In 2010, at the age of 42, Tsai was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. He died April 23, 2015.

References

Other websites
 Francis Tsai official website
 

1967 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
American comics artists
People from Honolulu
Robert P. Casey

Robert Patrick "Bob" Casey, Sr. (January 9, 1932 – May 30, 2000) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 42nd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1987 to 1995. He previously served as a state senator (1963–68) and Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–77).

Casey died at the age of 68 from a rare disease called amyloidosis in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

References

1932 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Governors of Pennsylvania
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
American Roman Catholics
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Richard Corliss

Richard Nelson Corliss (March 6, 1944 – April 23, 2015) was an American movie critic. He was one of several editors of Time magazine who focused on movies, with occasional articles on other subjects. He created the widely used term "Drop Dead Gorgeous" in 1985 when describing Michelle Pfeiffer's performance in the movie, Into the Night.

Corliss died in New York City, New York from a stroke, aged 71.

References

Other websites

Biography  - from Time magazine
Biography - from Allmovie
Corliss's Top Ten Picks  - a yearly breakdown of Corliss's favorite movies.
Top 100 Movies Ever  - Corliss and fellow Time critic Richard Schickel's list of the greatest movies ever made

1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie critics
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Władysław Bartoszewski

Władysław Bartoszewski  (February 19, 1922 in Warsaw – April 24, 2015 in Warsaw) was a Polish politician, social activist, journalist, writer, historian, former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner, World War II Resistance fighter, Polish underground activist, participant of the Warsaw Uprising, twice the Minister of Foreign Affairs, chevalier of the Order of the White Eagle, and an honorary citizen of Israel and a member of the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Activists
Polish journalists
Politicians from Warsaw
Writers from Warsaw
Polish historians
Political prisoners
Righteous Among the Nations
Peter Howell (actor)

Peter Howell (1919 – 20 April 2015) was an English actor. He was known for his appearances on Emergency – Ward 10, The Avengers, The Prisoner, Doctor Who, The Lord of the Rings, and Yes Minister.

Howell was born in London. He died after a short illness on 20 April 2015 in Northwood, aged 95/96.

References

Other websites
 

1919 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
Disease-related deaths in England
English movie actors
English radio actors
English television actors
Rex Robinson (actor)

Rex Robinson (1926 – April 2015) was a British actor. He was best known for appearing in three Doctor Who serials in the 1970s, all directed by Australian Lennie Mayne. He also appeared in television series such as Z-Cars, The Onedin Line, Within These Walls, Terry and June, The Professionals, Only Fools and Horses, and Yes Minister. He also appeared in the movie Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987).

Robinson was born in Derby, Derbyshire. He was married to actress Patricia Prior until his death. He died in April 2015, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Derbyshire
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Derby
Lennie Mayne

Leonard Edward "Lennie" Mayne (8 November 1927 – 20 May 1977) was an Australian television director. He was best known for directing four Doctor Who serials, The Curse of Peladon (1972), The Three Doctors (1972), The Monster of Peladon (1974) and The Hand of Fear (1976). He also worked on television series such as Dr. Finlay's Casebook, Warship and The Onedin Line. He was married to actress Frances Pidgeon, with whom he had twin daughters.

Mayne died by drowning in a sailing accident on the English Channel in May 1977.

His life is documented in the film, Looking For Lennie, which is featured on the Bluray release of the Doctor Who story, The Three Doctors.

Other websites
 

1927 births
1977 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Australian people
Television directors
Call of Duty: Black Ops III

Call of Duty: Black Ops III is a first-person shooter video game. The Call of Duty game was developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was announced on April 9, 2015 and was fully revealed on April 26, 2015. It was released on November 6, 2015 on Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows and  also on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

References

2015 video games
Black Ops III
PlayStation 4 games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Titan arum

The titan arum, Amorphophallus titanum, is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. 

The titan arum's inflorescence is not as large as that of the talipot palm, Corypha umbraculifera, but the inflorescence of the talipot palm is branched rather than unbranched.

Due to its odor, which is like the smell of a decomposing animal, the titan arum is called a 'carrion flower', or 'corpse flower', or 'corpse plant'.  For the same reason, the name 'corpse flower' is also used for the genus Rafflesia which, like the titan arum, grows in the rainforests of Sumatra. The function of the smell is to attract insect pollinators.

Both male and female flowers grow in the same inflorescence. The female flowers open first, and only lasts (or is "receptive") about 12 to 24 hours. Then a day or two following, the male flowers open. This usually prevents the flower from self-pollinating.

The popular name "titan arum" was invented by the broadcaster and naturalist Sir David Attenborough for his BBC series The Private Life of Plants, in which the flowering and pollination of the plant were filmed for the first time. Attenborough felt that calling the plant Amorphophallus on a popular TV documentary would be inappropriate.

The record size is 3.1 m (10 ft 2.25 in) tall.

References

Araceae
Talipot palm

Corypha umbraculifera, the talipot palm, is a species of palm native to eastern and southern India and Sri Lanka. It is also in Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand and the Andaman Islands.

It is one of the largest palms in the world. Individuals have reached up to 25 m (82 ft) with stems up to 1.3 m (4.25 ft) in diameter. It is a fan palm (Arecaceae tribe Corypheae), with large leaves up to 5 m (16 ft) in diameter, with a leaf stem up to 4 m (13 ft), and up to 130 leaflets. 

The talipot palm bears the largest inflorescence of any plant, 6-8 m (20-26 ft) long, consisting of one to several million small flowers borne on a branched stalk at the top of the trunk. The talipot palm flowers only once, when it is 30 to 80 years old. It takes about a year for the fruit to mature, producing thousands of round, yellow-green fruit 3-4 cm (1.2-1.6 in) in diameter, each containing a single seed. The plant dies after fruiting.

References 

Arecaceae
Stand by Me Doraemon

Stand by Me Doraemon is a 2014 Japanese 3D animated movie. This movie  also known as Doraemon 3D. It is based on the popular manga and anime series Doraemon. The movie was released in Japan on 8 August 2014.

Cast

Music
Himawari no Yakusoku (ひまわりの約束) by Motohiro Hata

References

2014 movies
Animated movies
Uherský Brod shooting

On 24 February 2015, a mass shooting happened at the  restaurant in the town of Uherský Brod, Czech Republic. The gunman, 63-year-old Zdeněk Kovář, killed eight people and injured another. He was in the restaurant for around two hours ( 12:30 p.m.–14:23 p.m.) before the tactical team went into the building. After they entered the building, the gunman committed suicide (killed himself).

References

2015 mass shootings
2015 murders in Europe
2010s mass shootings in Europe
History of the Czech Republic
February 2015 events
Mass murder in 2015
Mass murder in Europe
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in Europe
P-type semiconductor

A p-type semiconductor is an extrinsic type of semiconductor. When a trivalent impurity (like Boron, Aluminum etc.) is added to an intrinsic or pure semiconductor (silicon or germanium), it is said to be a p-type semiconductor. Trivalent impurities such as boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), aluminum (Al) etc. are called acceptor impurity. Ordinary semiconductors are made of materials that do not conduct (or carry) an electric current very well but are not highly resistant to doing so. They fall half way between conductors and insulators. An electric current occurs when electrons move through a material. In order to move, there must be an electron 'hole' in the material for the electron to move into. A p-type semiconductor has more holes than electrons. This allows the current to flow along the material from hole to hole but only in one direction.

Semiconductors are most often made from silicon. Silicon is an element with four electrons in its outer shell. To make a p-type semiconductor extra materials like boron or aluminum are added to the silicon. These materials have only three electrons in their outer shell. When the extra material replaces some of the silicon it leaves a 'hole' where the fourth electron would have been if the semiconductor was pure silicon.

Manufacture
P-type semiconductors are made by doping the pure semiconductor material. The amount of impurity added is very small compared to the amount of semiconductor. The exact character of the semiconductor can be changed by varying the amount of 'dopant' that is added. In p-type semiconductors the number of holes is much higher than that of thermally generated electrons.

Properties 

 p-type semiconductors are the impure or extrinsic semiconductors. Trivalent atoms are doped with intrinsic semiconductors to produce p-type semiconductors.
 Concentration of holes is greater than the concentration of electrons in p-type semiconductors. That means holes are the majority carriers in p-type semiconductors.
 Majority current flow in p-type semiconductors are caused by the movement of holes inside it. (How the holes move in semiconductor?)
 p-type semiconductors have greater conductivity than the pure or intrinsic semiconductors.
 p-type semiconductor behaves like an intrinsic semiconductor at very high temperature.

Examples 
Boron doped Silicon, Aluminum doped Silicon, Boron doped Germanium etc. are the examples of p-type semiconductors.

Related pages

Semiconductor

Other websites
 The Doping of Semiconductors - Hyperphysics
Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor materials by Electronics & Physics
P-type Semiconductor material

Electronic components
Finger Plan

The Finger Plan () is an urban plan from 1947 which provides a strategy for the development of the Copenhagen metropolitan area in Denmark. According to the plan, all future development of Copenhagen would be along five 'fingers'. These grouped business areas would be near S-train commuter rail lines. The finger-line areas extend from the 'palm' which represents the dense urban area of central Copenhagen. Between the 'fingers', is land for agriculture and recreational use.

By the definition used in the Finger Plan, the metropolitan area has a population of 1,930,260 (1 October 2011). It has an area of  over 34 municipalities.

In 2007 the Finger Plan was updated to the "Finger Plan 2007". This plan is written into the laws and is legally binding over Greater Copenhagen. The Finger Plan for 2007 does share the metropolitan area like this:

 Inner metropolitan area (the palm)
 Outer metropolitan area (the fingers)
 the green areas (the space between the fingers)
 The other metropolitan area (as are for the end of the fingers)

References 

Planning
Copenhagen
1947 in Europe
20th century in Denmark
Mullumbimby, New South Wales

Mullumbimby is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is sometimes called The Biggest Little Town in Australia.

References

Towns in New South Wales
High Rock Lake

High Rock Lake is a reservoir lake located in Davidson and Rowan counties of North Carolina. It serves as a border between them. It is a reservoir for hydroelectric power generation. It is the northernmost of the Uwharrie Lakes. High Rock is the second largest lake in North Carolina after Lake Norman. Its water surface covers  and there are  of shoreline. High Rock Lake begins at the confluence of the Yadkin River and the South Yadkin River. The lake's name comes from nearby "High Rock Mountain", the tallest mountain in the Uwharrie Mountains. High Rock Lake is currently managed and operated by the Alcoa company.

References

Geography of North Carolina
Lakes of the United States
Pee Dee River

The Pee Dee River, also called the Great Pee Dee River, is a river in North Carolina and South Carolina. It originates in the Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina. Its upper course, above the mouth of the Uwharrie River, is known as the Yadkin River.  It has a number of dams for flood control and hydroelectric power. The lower part of the river is named Pee Dee (in colonial times written Pedee). It is named after the Native American Pee Dee people.  The Pee Dee region of South Carolina was named after either the tribe or the river. The first Europeans believed to have navigated part of the river was a party sent by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1521. They named it "River of St. John the Baptist ()."

References

Geography of North Carolina
Rivers of South Carolina
Savannah River

The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States. It makes up most of the border between the states of South Carolina and Georgia. The Savannah River drainage basin extends into the southeastern side of the Appalachian Mountains just inside North Carolina. It is bounded by the Eastern Continental Divide. It is formed by the confluence of the Tugaloo River and the Seneca River. Today this confluence is under Lake Hartwell, a man-made reservoir. From Lake Hartwell to the Atlantic Ocean the Savannah River is  long.

Two major cities are located along the Savannah River: Savannah, and Augusta, Georgia. They were the center of early English settlements during the Colonial period of American history. The Savannah River is tidal at Savannah. Downstream from there, the river widens into an estuary. Then it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The area where the river's estuary meets the ocean is known as "Tybee Roads".  The Intracoastal Waterway flows through a section of the Savannah River near the city of Savannah.

References

Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rivers of South Carolina
Dan Fredinburg

Daniel Paul Fredinburg (September 8, 1981 – April 25, 2015) was an American engineer and Google executive. He was a product manager and head of privacy at Google X. He was born in Mission Viejo, California. From January 2013 to February 2014, he dated actress Sophia Bush.

Fredinburg died on Mount Everest in an avalanche caused by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. He was 33.

References

1981 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths
Businesspeople from California
Engineers from California
Google people
Sid Tepper

Sid Tepper (June 25, 1918 – April 24, 2015) was an American songwriter. He was best known for working with with Roy C. Bennett, which created several hits for Elvis Presley. Between 1945 and 1970, Tepper and Bennett published over 300 songs.

He died on April 24, 2015, at the age of 96.

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
American songwriters
Writers from New York City
George C. Young

George Cressler Young (né Jung; August 4, 1916 – April 24, 2015) was an American lawyer and judge. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. Young was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Young was reassigned to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida on October 29, 1962. He served as chief judge from 1973 to 1981 and assumed senior status on October 19, 1981. 

Young died of a heart attack in Orlando, Florida, aged 98.

References

1916 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Lawyers from Cincinnati, Ohio
American judges
Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
Sabeen Mahmud

Sabeen Mahmud () was a Pakistani human rights activist and social NGO worker. She was the founder and director of the Karachi-based cafe The Second Floor (T2F) and president of the Karachi branch of TiE. 

On 24 April 2015, she was shot dead by unidentified gunmen in Karachi while on her way home after attending a seminar.

References

2015 deaths
Activists
Murders by firearm
Pakistani murder victims
People murdered in Pakistan
Rustum Ghazaleh

Rustum Ghazaleh () also transl. from Arabic as Rostom Ghazale, Rustom Ghazalah, Rustom Ghazali; 3 May 1953 – 24 April 2015) was a Syrian military and intelligence officer. On 24 July 2012, Ghazaleh was appointed chief of political security.

References

1953 births
2015 deaths
Generals
Syrian military people
Ismail Hussain

Ismail Hussain (1 April 1950 – 24 April 2015) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian Parliament representing the Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency) for the Indian National Congress party.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Indian politicians
Jim Fanning

William James Fanning (September 14, 1927 – April 25, 2015) was an American catcher, manager and front office executive in Major League Baseball. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

He was the first general manager of the Montreal Expos of the National League (appointed in August 1968), he served the Expos in a number of capacities for almost 25 years. He served as their field manager in 1981. He guided Montreal into the playoffs for the only time in the 36-year history of the franchise.

Fanning died on April 25, 2015, at his home in London, Ontario, aged 87.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Chicago Cubs players
Sportspeople from Chicago
Anton Vratuša

Anton Vratuša, born Vratussa Antal (21 February 1915 – 30 July 2017) was a former politician and diplomat. He was Prime Minister of Slovenia and Yugoslavia's ambassador to the United Nations. Vratuša died on 30 July 2017 at the age of 102.

References

Other websites

1915 births
2017 deaths
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Centenarians
Prime ministers
Slovenian politicians
Yugoslavian people
Alfonso Oiterong

Alfonso Rebochong Oiterong (October 9, 1924 – August 30, 1994) was a politician from Palau. He was the country's Vice-President from 1981 to 1985. He was President from 2 July to 25 October 1985.

References

1924 births
1994 deaths
Presidents of Palau
Ken Birch

Kenneth Joseph "Ken" Birch (31 December 1933 – 24 April 2015) was an English footballer. He played as a right-half for Everton and Southampton. Later, he led Welsh club Bangor City to victory in the Welsh Cup in 1962. He played from the 1951 until after 1963.

Birch was born in Birkenhead, Cheshire. He died on 24 April 2015, aged 81.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Wang Guozhen

Wang Guozhen (; 22 June 1956 – 26 April 2015) was a Chinese poet and painter. He began writing in 1985, and publishing in 1990. He released at least ten poetry books between 1990 and his death, most notably Top Modem Chinese Poem: Wang Guozhen's 80 Poems in English Verse.

Wang was born in Beijing. His ancestral home was in Xiamen, Fujian. He graduated from Jinan University in 1982.

Wang died from liver cancer on 26 April 2015 in Beijing, aged 59.

Related pages
List of Chinese painters

References

1956 births
2015 deaths
Chinese painters
Chinese poets
Deaths from liver cancer
Writers from Beijing
Arrondissements of the Gironde department

There are 6 arrondissements in the Gironde department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 6 arrondissements of Gironde are:

History
Since its creation, the Gironde department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the Gironde department with seven districts: Bordeaux, Libourne, La Réole, Bazas, Cadillac, Blaye and Lesparre. Bordeaux was the capital of the department.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bordeaux, Bazas, Blaye, Lesparre, Libourne, La Réole.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Lesparre and La Réole were eliminated; the subprefecture of Bazas was moved to Langon.
 1942 : Lesparre is again an arrondissement of the department with the name of Lesparre-Médoc.
 2006 (6 December) : creation of the arrondissement of Arcachon.

References

Gironde
Arrondissement of Arcachon

The arrondissement of Arcachon is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Gironde département. Its capital is the city of Arcachon.

History
The arrondissement of Arcachon was created on 6 December 2006, to begin on 1 January 2007, with four cantons taken from the arrondissement of Bordeaux.

Geography
The arrondissement of Arcachon is in southwestern Gironde, with an area of . It has 146,160 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc, to the northeast by the arrondissement of Bordeaux, to the southeast by the arrondissement of Langon, to the south by the Landes department and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Biscay).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Arcachon, there is only one canton where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: Les Landes des Graves. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Arcachon has 17 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Andernos-les-Bains (33005)
 Arcachon (33009)
 Arès (33011)
 Audenge (33019)
 Le Barp (33029)
 Belin-Béliet (33042)
 Biganos (33051)
 Gujan-Mestras (33199)
 Lanton (33229)
 Lège-Cap-Ferret (33236)
 Lugos (33260)
 Marcheprime (33555)
 Mios (33284)
 Saint-Magne (33436)
 Salles (33498)
 Le Teich (33527)
 La Teste-de-Buch (33529)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Gironde department
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Arcachon
Arrondissement of Blaye

The arrondissement of Blaye is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Gironde département in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Blaye.

History
When the Gironde department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Blaye was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Blaye is the smallest of the arrondissements of the Gironde department, with an area of . It is in northern part of the department and it has 88,115 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Blaye is bordered to the north and northeast by the Charente-Maritime department, to the southeast by the arrondissement of Libourne, to the south by the arrondissement of Bordeaux and to the west by the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc. The Gironde estuary is to northwest of the arrondissement.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Blaye, there are only two cantons: 

 L'Estuaire, with 39 communes, all in the arrondissement of Blaye;
 Le Nord-Gironde, with 26 communes in the arrondissement of Blaye and 2 communes in the arrondissement of Bordeaux.

Communes
The arrondissement of Blaye has 63 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Anglade (33006)
 Val-de-Virvée (33018)
 Bayon-sur-Gironde (33035)
 Berson (33047)
 Blaye (33058)
 Bourg (33067)
 Braud-et-Saint-Louis (33073)
 Campugnan (33089)
 Cars (33100)
 Cartelègue (33101)
 Cavignac (33114)
 Cézac (33123)
 Civrac-de-Blaye (33126)
 Comps (33132)
 Cubnezais (33142)
 Cubzac-les-Ponts (33143)
 Donnezac (33151)
 Étauliers (33159)
 Eyrans (33161)
 Fours (33172)
 Gauriac (33182)
 Gauriaguet (33183)
 Générac (33184)
 Lansac (33228)
 Laruscade (33233)
 Marcenais (33266)
 Marcillac (33267)
 Marsas (33272)
 Mazion (33280)
 Mombrier (33285)
 Peujard (33321)
 Plassac (33325)
 Pleine-Selve (33326)
 Prignac-et-Marcamps (33339)
 Pugnac (33341)
 Reignac (33351)
 Saint-André-de-Cubzac (33366)
 Saint-Androny (33370)
 Saint-Aubin-de-Blaye (33374)
 Saint-Caprais-de-Blaye (33380)
 Saint-Christoly-de-Blaye (33382)
 Saint-Ciers-de-Canesse (33388)
 Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde (33389)
 Saint-Genès-de-Blaye (33405)
 Saint-Gervais (33415)
 Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives (33416)
 Saint-Laurent-d'Arce (33425)
 Saint-Mariens (33439)
 Saint-Martin-Lacaussade (33441)
 Saint-Palais (33456)
 Saint-Paul (33458)
 Saint-Savin (33473)
 Saint-Seurin-de-Bourg (33475)
 Saint-Seurin-de-Cursac (33477)
 Saint-Trojan (33486)
 Saint-Vivien-de-Blaye (33489)
 Saint-Yzan-de-Soudiac (33492)
 Samonac (33500)
 Saugon (33502)
 Tauriac (33525)
 Teuillac (33530)
 Villeneuve (33551)
 Virsac (33553)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Gironde department
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Blaye
Arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc

The arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Gironde département in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Lesparre-Médoc.

History
When the Gironde department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc was part of that original department, with the name of Arrondissement of Lesparre.

The arrondissement was dissolved on September 1926 but it was again an arrondissement on June 1942 but with the name of Arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc.

Geography
The arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc is in the northwest of Gironde, with an area of , the second largest, after the arrondissement of Langon, of the arrondissements of the department. It has 86,560 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement is bordered to the north by the Charente-Maritime department, to the east by the arrondissements of Blaye, to the southeast by the arrondissement of Bordeaux, to the south by the arrondissement of Arcachon and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Biscay).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc, there are only two cantons:

 Le Nord-Médoc, with 29 communes, all in the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc;
 Le Sud-Médoc, with 22 communes in the arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc and 1 commune in the arrondissement of Bordeaux

Communes
The arrondissement of Lesparre-Médoc has 50 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Arcins (33010)
 Arsac (33012)
 Avensan (33022)
 Bégadan (33038)
 Blaignan (33055)
 Brach (33070)
 Carcans (33097)
 Castelnau-de-Médoc (33104)
 Cissac-Médoc (33125)
 Civrac-en-Médoc (33128)
 Couquèques (33134)
 Cussac-Fort-Médoc (33146)
 Gaillan-en-Médoc (33177)
 Grayan-et-l'Hôpital (33193)
 Hourtin (33203)
 Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac (33208)
 Labarde (33211)
 Lacanau (33214)
 Lamarque (33220)
 Lesparre-Médoc (33240)
 Listrac-Médoc (33248)
 Margaux-Cantenac (33268)
 Moulis-en-Médoc (33297)
 Naujac-sur-Mer (33300)
 Ordonnac (33309)
 Pauillac (33314)
 Le Porge (33333)
 Prignac-en-Médoc (33338)
 Queyrac (33348)
 Saint-Christoly-Médoc (33383)
 Saint-Estèphe (33395)
 Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil (33412)
 Saint-Julien-Beychevelle (33423)
 Saint-Laurent-Médoc (33424)
 Saint-Sauveur (33471)
 Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne (33476)
 Saint-Vivien-de-Médoc (33490)
 Saint-Yzans-de-Médoc (33493)
 Sainte-Hélène (33417)
 Salaunes (33494)
 Saumos (33503)
 Soulac-sur-Mer (33514)
 Soussans (33517)
 Talais (33521)
 Le Temple (33528)
 Valeyrac (33538)
 Vendays-Montalivet (33540)
 Vensac (33541)
 Le Verdon-sur-Mer (33544)
 Vertheuil (33545)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Gironde department
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Lesparre-Medoc