cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Prayer

Prayer is a communication to God.  Many believe their prayers are answered and evidence of it is primarily reported in the Old and New Testament.  Later miracles and graces have been reported by the Church and by common people.  Prayer is done by those who trust the power of word and thought. Jesus taught people to say the Lord's Prayer.

Prayer can be spoken, silent (no talking), or in a song.  It can be used to praise God or to ask for something including help and forgiveness. Prayers can be said over and over again as in a Rosary or just once.  The Rosary includes Lord's Prayer and several others. Sister Lucia of Fatima said that Virgin Mary "in these last times in which we live has given new efficacy in the recitation of the Holy Rosary" and that " She has given this efficacy to such an extent that there is no problem, no matter how difficult it is, whether temporal or above all spiritual, in the personal life of each one of us, of our families … that cannot be solved by the Rosary". 

Islamic prayer, or salat is a duty to be performed five times per day.  Hinduism has prayer to various divinities or holy beings.  Some people say that prayers for sick people bring them health.

Dua 

 ( is a prayer or request made by Muslims in which they ask for help from their God. Muslims see dua as a very serious way of worship.

Dua has been done by Muslims for a long time, as it is seen as very important by a lot of Muslims and Muslim families. They have been carried on as traditions.

References

Theology
Worship
Joseph (Hebrew Bible)

In the Bible, Joseph was a son of Jacob. Joseph's brothers hated him, because he was their father's favorite son, and his father gave him a coat which was said that it was revealed from heaven. One day they decided to kill him but changed their minds. According to Genesis they sold him as a slave. In Islamic tradition they threw him in a large well that had only a little salt water but when he drank it, by the will of God, it was very sweet. A passing caravan found him and took him as a slave to Egypt.

Joseph became the slave of the chief of the Pharaoh's guards but was put in prison, where he interpreted the dreams of other prisoners. The Pharaoh heard of his power and asked for interpretations of his own dreams. Joseph became the Pharaoh's prime minister. This caused the Israelites to leave Canaan and live in Egypt. 

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Cross

A cross is a symbol, which is used for many things.

Crosses in religion 
the Christian cross
the Ankh, an Ancient Egyptian symbol for life
the Swastika, a symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, but also used in many cultures at different times.

Other crosses 
the Swastika, also known as Hakenkreuz used as a symbol of Nazism. This sign is thought to be insulting by many people in the West.
the Cross of Saint Peter, an inverted Latin cross, used by Catholics and also associated with Satanism.
the Red Cross, used by medical and humanitarian groups

Symbols
Peloponnese

The Peloponnese is a large peninsula in Greece. It is the part of Greece which is south of the Isthmus of Corinth.

The Peloponnese has many mountains and a long jagged coastline. The highest part is Mount Taygetus in the south. 

There are four south-pointing peninsulas within the Peloponnese. They are called Messenia, the Mani Peninsula, Epidaurus, and the Argolid.

There are also two groups of islands near the Peloponnese. In the east there are the Argo-Saronic Islands and in the west there are the Ionian Islands. There is also the island of Kythira, which is near to the Epidaurus peninsula. Kythira is often thought of as part of the Ionian Islands.

The Peloponnese has had people living on it since prehistoric times. Its name means Island of Pelops. Pelops was a person from Greek mythology, who took over the island. During the Middle Ages and the Ottoman Empire, the peninsula was known as the Morea.

Peninsulas
Peripheries of Greece
Olympia

Olympia ( Olympía) was a place in ancient Greece. It was in Elis, which is now called Ilia; and is in the east of the city Pyrgos. It was the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history. The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.

History 

Olympia was a sanctuary, consisting of various buildings. These included a hippodrome, Palaestra, Gymnasium and several temples. The Olympic Games began here in 776 BC. They were founded by king Pelopas. They happened every four years, in the summers. All the ancient Greek towns competed. The winners of the Olympic games were important people. The Olympic games were abolished by emperor of Byzantium Theodosius I, in 394 AD.

During ancient history, Olympia was a powerful and rich town. It ruled over the west of Peloponnese. Olympia kept its strength and during Roman period. During the Middle Ages it was an unimportant city.

Gymnasium 
The Gymnasium at Olympia was a large, open air, quadrangle surrounded on all four sides by colonnades of the Doric order. Only the southern and eastern sides survive. They date to the second century BC. The River Kladeos has destroyed the western side. The gymnasium was used by runners and pentathlon athletes for training. Athletes trained in the nude. In bad weather, training took place under the eastern colonnade (210.51 meters) and the other three colonnades. Little of the gymnasium has been excavated. About 200 BC, a portico of the Corinthian order was built to join the gymnasium and the palaestra.

Hippodrome 
The Hippodrome was the site of horse and chariot races at Olympia, Greece. It was 1,153 meters long. It was south of the stadium, but none of it survives. It was washed away by the Alpheios River.

Palaestra

Footnotes

References
Grevena

Grevena is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Grevena is a small city which is in the west of Macedonia. Its population is 12,037 inhabitants according to 2001 census. It is built at a height of 500 meter approximately. West of Grevena is the mountain range of Pindos with many forests and with a ski center which it is named Vasilitsa. This ski center has a lot of snow throughout the winter. 

Prefectures of Greece
Lesbos

Lesbos, also called Lesvos, is an island in Greece. It is in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Lesbos is the Mytilene. According to Classical Greek mythology, Lesbos was the patron god of the island. 

The word 'lesbian' comes from Lesbos. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Many of her love poems are written to women.

Prefectures of Greece
Evros

Evros is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Evros is Alexandroupoli.

Prefectures of Greece
Xanthi

Xanthi is a Greek city and its one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  Its population is 46,464 inhabitants. It is located in the north-east of Greece, in the district of Thrace. Many Muslims live in Xanthi. So this city has an oriental color.  

Cities in Greece
Batha

Batha was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The area is part of the Batha Region since 2002.

Prefectures of Chad
Biltine Prefecture

Biltine was one of fourteen prefectures, or areas, of Chad.  The capital of Biltine is Biltine. In 1993, it had a population of 148,807 people and an area of 46,850 square kilometers of land.

As of 2002, the area is now part of Wadi Fira Region

Prefectures of Chad
Chari-Baguirmi

Chari-Baguirmi was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of was Ndjamena. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

References

Prefectures of Chad
Guéra

Guéra was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital city of Guéra was Mongo. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Kanem

Kanem () was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Kanem was Mao. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Lac

Lac is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Lac is the Bol.

Prefectures of Chad
Salamat

Salamat was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Salamat was Am Timan. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Tandjilé

Tandjilé was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Tandjilé was Laï. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Ron Howard

Ronald William Howard (born March 1, 1954) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.

Howard was born in Duncan, Oklahoma. His father is actor Rance Howard. He started acting as a young child. As an actor he was best known for his roles on television, as Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show and Richie Cunningham on Happy Days. He appeared in movies like The Music Man (1962) and American Graffiti (1973).

He later quit acting and became a director. Some of the movies he has directed are: Splash (1984), Cocoon (1985), Willow (1988), Parenthood (1989), Apollo 13 (1995), How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), A Beautiful Mind (2001), and Cinderella Man (2005).

His father Rance Howard, brother Clint Howard and daughters Bryce Dallas Howard and Paige Howard are also actors, as was his mother, Jean Speegle Howard.

Recently, he returned to television and made the TV show Arrested Development.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Burbank, California
Actors from Oklahoma
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Writers from California
Writers from Oklahoma
1954 births
Living people
Playboy

Playboy was a monthly American men's magazine. It was founded by Hugh Hefner in Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Marilyn Monroe was the magazine's first cover model. The logo was created by Art Paul.

The magazine featured articles about men's interests including clothing, sports, consumer goods, men's health, politics, and public figures.  The magazine always showed large pictures of nude women, except for one year in 2016–2017.

In each issue, a provocatively posed "Playmate of the Month" was featured in a pictorial several pages in length at the center of the magazine with an accompanying "centerfold" photograph. Unlike traditional pin up art, Playboy humanized their models by describing their real world jobs, accomplishments, and goals.

In 1963 Hefner was arrested for obscenity in Chicago after publishing nude photos of actress Jayne Mansfield on the set of Promises! Promises!  He was acquitted at trial by a hung jury.

Starting with the March 2016 issue, the magazine no longer had pictures of nude women. According to the company, "times change." Times changed again in February 2017 when nudity returned. In March 2020 the company announced that it would stop publishing the magazine on paper and only use digital copies instead. Between 1970 and 1985 Playboy was also printed in braille. It is also one of the few magazines whose microfilm format was in color, not black and white.

References

1953 establishments in the United States
American men's magazines
Nudity
Magazines published in Chicago, Illinois
1165



Events 
 The city of Jimmy is founded.

Birthdays 

 Ibn Arabi

References
Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam

Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam is a United States Navy and United States Air Force base in the U.S. state of Hawaii, on the south lagoon shore of Oahu. The navy base was started in 1899 and merged with the air force base in 2010. It is 8 miles (15 km) west of downtown Honolulu.

The Japanese  bombed Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, which was a surprise. The attack led to America's fighting in World War II.  The reason the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor was to destroy the U.S. Navy (Seventh Fleet), and prevent the U.S from stopping the Japanese expansion in Asia.

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Attack on Pearl Harbor

United States Navy
Hawaii
1899 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Hawaii
RPG

RPG may refer to:

 In the military, RPG means a rocket-propelled grenade, a weapon that launches explosive warheads.
 In entertainment, RPG means role-playing game, a game where the player plays the role of one or several characters.

Disambiguation pages
Paraguay

Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay (), is a small country in South America. It is landlocked, meaning that it does not touch the ocean. It is bordered to the North and East by Brazil, the West by Bolivia, and the South and Southeast by Argentina. The main languages are Spanish and Guaraní.
Paraguay's population is about 6 million. The ethnic makeup of the population is like the following: Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) 80%, European 20%, unmixed Amerindian 1-3%, Asian 1-4%.

Over (20%) of the population lives below the poverty line.

Paraguay has two official languages, Spanish and Guarani. Guaraní is recognized as a national language.

The capital city is Asuncion. Asuncion was founded in 1537 by a man from Spain named Juan de Salazar. Paraguay was a colony of Spain. Paraguay became independent from Spain in 1811.

From 1865-1870 Paraguay lost land and most of its male population in the War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It gained land in the Chaco War against Bolivia in the 1930s.

Paraguay's religion is Roman Catholicism.

The weather is more humid in the east and dryer in the west.

Government and politics

Administrative subdivisions
Paraguay has 17 departments and one capital district (Distrito Capital). The departments are formed by districts.

The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:
 Occidental (Western) region or Chaco, to the north of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón and Presidente Hayes)
 Oriental (Eastern) region, to the south of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro and Ñeembucú; the capital district is part of this region)

References

Notes

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1811 establishments
1810s establishments in South America
Loch Ness

Loch Ness is a loch in the Scottish Highlands. It is also on the Great Glen Fault and part of the Caledonian Canal.

Geography 
Loch Ness is 36 kilometres long and only 1.5 kilometres wide. It is the second largest Scottish loch by surface area at , after Loch Lomond. Because of its great depth, it is the largest by volume. Its deepest point is . This is deeper than any other loch except Loch Morar. 

It contains more freshwater than all the lakes in England and Wales combined, and is the largest body of water on the Great Glen Fault, which runs from Inverness in the north to Fort William in the south.

In popular legend, it is the home of the "Loch Ness Monster", a myth which was promoted by a faked photograph.

Other websites 

 Cryptozoology.com
 Fort Augustus near Loch Ness

References

Geography of Scotland
Legends
Ness
Lakes of the United Kingdom
Nevada

Nevada is one of the United States' states. Its capital is Carson City. Other big cities are Las Vegas, Henderson and Reno.

History
Nevada was originally founded in 1821 as part of the First Mexican Empire. The Mexican Empire turned into the Mexican Republic in 1823, along with Nevada. Before the arrival of Europeans, Nevada was inhabited by Native American tribes including the Shoshone, the Paiute, the Washoe, and the Mohave.

The Mexican-American Conflict
Fighting between the United States and Mexico started. They fought over what was to become the Southwestern United States and who could own this land. This was called the Mexican-American War. The war ended in an American victory in 1848. Nevada later became an American territory in 1861. It was called the "Nevada Territory". This was not all of Nevada as it is today. The eastern part of Nevada was part of "Utah Territory"  and the southern part was part of "New Mexico". In 1859 in the Comstock Lode, gold and silver were first discovered. This started a huge growth in mining in the state which Nevada is known for.

Gaining statehood
On October 31, 1864, now celebrated as "Nevada Day", Nevada was made the 36th state in the United States. It was given the distinct shape resembling a rectangle with a triangle. It was named Nevada meaning "snowy land" in Spanish, because it was snowy in the North. Later, on May 5, 1866, Nevada got its current borders because the Pah-Ute County in Arizona was taken as part of Nevada. It is now Clark County, Nevada. It was also agreed upon that the western part of Utah would become Eastern Nevada.

COVID-19 Response 
On May 8th, 2020 Gov. Steve Sisolak allowed phase 1 re-opening of Nevada's economy, allowing restaurants and other previously non essential businesses to open.

Economy
Tourism is very important to the economy of Nevada. Many people visit Las Vegas, which has many casinos and resorts. There is not as much farming as there is in some other states, because Nevada is so dry. However, mining is big in Nevada. More gold is mined in Nevada than in any other state.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Nevada
 List of counties in Nevada

References

Other websites

 State of Nevada official website

 
1864 establishments in the United States
Western United States
Comoros

Comoros (officially called Union of the Comoros) is a small island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is between Madagascar and mainland Africa.  The capital is Moroni on Grande Comore.  The population (except for Mayotte) is about 798,000 people.

The Comoros Islands are in the Indian Ocean, between Mozambique and Madagascar. It is the southernmost member state of the Arab League.

There are 4 islands from west to east: Grande Cormore, Moheli, Anjouan and Mayotte.  All the islands are of volcanic origin. Islam is the official religion of Comoros with over 90% of the population being Sunni Muslims.

Mayotte is also a territory that is claimed by Comoros but is under occupation by the French as an  overseas territory. The other islands form the independent state of Comoros.

The country has a history with many coup d'état since independence in 1975. As of 2008, about half the people live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.

Mount Karthala is the country's highest point. Karthala is an active shield volcano on Grand Cormore. It had a minor eruption in May 2006.

Geography
The Comoros is formed by Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) and Nzwani (Anjouan), the three major islands in the Comoros Archipelago. There are also many minor islets. The islands are officially known by their Comorian language names. International sources still use their French names (given in parentheses above). The capital and largest city is Moroni on Ngazidja.

At 2,034 km2 (785 sq mi), it is one of the smallest countries in the world. The interiors of the islands vary from steep mountains to low hills.

Climate 
The climate is generally tropical and mild. The rainy season runs from December to April. It is called kashkazi/kaskazi, meaning north monsoon. The cool, dry season is from May to November. It is called kusi, meaning south monsoon.

The temperature reaches an average of  in March, the hottest month. The average low is  in the dry season. The islands are rarely subject to cyclones.

The islands have their own ecoregion, the Comoros forests.

Government
The President of the Comoros is both head of state and head of government. The constitution was adopted on 23 December 2001. It was last amended in May 2009.

In November 1975, the Comoros became the 143rd member of the United Nations. The citizens of Mayotte chose to become French citizens and keep their island as a French territory.

There is a small standing army. This includes a 500-member police force and a 500-member defense force. A treaty with France provides navy protection for territorial waters.

Cities

Economy
The Comoros is one of the world's poorest countries.  Agriculture is the leading sector of the economy. Agriculture includes fishing, hunting, and forestry.

The Comoros is the world's largest producer of ylang-ylang. It is a large producer of vanilla.

References

Other websites
 
 

 
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1975 establishments in Africa
Kiribati

Kiribati (pronounced "KiriBASS") is an island country located on the Pacific Ocean. It has 33 atolls, groups of tiny islands. The country is near the equator. Its capital is South Tarawa, on the Tarawa atoll.

Kiribati used to be called the Gilbert Islands. In 1892, the Gilbert Islands became a British protectorate with the Ellice Islands (nowadays known as Tuvalu), together called Gilbert and Ellice Islands. Kiribati became an independent republic in 1979.

Tourism is an important industry.

Kiribati signed a "Treaty of Friendship and Territorial Sovereignty" (also called the "Treaty of Tarawa") with the United States in 1979.  The USA gave up its claims to the islands of Canton, Enderbury, Hull, Birnie, Gardner, Phoenix, Sydney, McKean, Christmas, Caroline, Starbuck, Malden, Flint, and Vostok in that treaty. 

The official languages of Kiribati are English and Gilbertese.

References

Other websites

 
Least developed countries
1979 establishments
Bisexuality

Bisexuality is a sexual orientation. Bisexual (also bi) people are sexually attracted to both men and women. Some bisexual people love men and women the same and some people love one more than the other. 

A popular myth within the LGBT community is that bisexual people can only be attracted to cis people (people who identify with their assigned birth gender), and/or males and females. This is incorrect.

Some bisexual people have preferences to one or more sexes, however some may not. Both attractions are entirely valid and accepted by the bisexual community, as bisexuality is fluid and is a different experience for every bisexual person.

In 1948, Alfred Kinsey published the Kinsey scale. The Kinsey scale shows that sexuality is a continuum, meaning it moves little by little from heterosexuality to homosexuality. On the Kinsey scale, a 0 is someone who is only heterosexual. A 6 is someone who is only homosexual. Someone who is equally homosexual and heterosexual (bisexual) is a 3.
   
In biology, bisexual can define an organism that has both male and female organs. This mostly refers to plants.

Related pages
Pansexuality

References

Further reading 
Sexual orientation and bisexuality FAQ's from the American Psychological Association
James D. Weinrich, Sexual Landscapes: Why We Are What We Are, Why We Love Whom We Love, Charles Scribner's Sons, December 1987.

LGBT variations
Annie

Annie (1976  present) is a musical. The book was written by Thomas Meehan. The lyrics were written by Martin Charnin. The music was written by Charles Strouse. Annie is based on characters and concepts created by Harold Gray for the comic strip Little Orphan Annie.

The musical premiered on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre in 1977. It ran for about six years. A West End production opened in 1978. Annie won three Tony Awards, including the Tony Award for Best Musical.

Roles
 Annie, an 11-year-old orphan
 Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks, a billionaire
 Grace, his assistant
 Miss Hannigan, the matron of an orphanage
 Rooster, Miss Hannigan's brother
 Lily St. Regis, Rooster's girlfriend

Story
Annie lives in an orphanage run by Miss Hannigan. She is chosen from the orphans to spend two weeks with Oliver Warbucks. He grows to love her. When he learns that she wants to find her parents, he offers a large reward. Miss Hannigan, Rooster, and Lily scheme to kidnap Annie, but their plot fails, and they are sent to prison.

Adaptations
Annie was made into a movie in 1982 starring Albert Finney, Aileen Quinn, Bernadette Peters, and Carol Burnett.

Broadway musicals
West End musicals
1970s musicals
Musicals based on comic strips
Musicals adapted to movies
Tony Award winning musicals
James Taylor

James Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer and songwriter. He is popular for his songs "Fire and Rain", "You've Got a Friend", and "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)". Taylor is a Democrat and  attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. Taylor even performed during Obama's second inauguration.

References

American singer-songwriters
Singers from North Carolina
Grammy Award winners
American pop musicians
Democrats (United States)
1948 births
Living people
1664



Events 
 March 12 –  New Jersey becomes a colony of Britain.
San Francisco

San Francisco is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is famous for the Golden Gate Bridge. With a population of 744,041, San Francisco is the 13th largest city in the United States, and the 4th largest city in California behind Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose. It is in the northern part of California, between the Pacific Ocean and the San Francisco Bay. The urbanized San Francisco Bay Area surrounds it. San Francisco was founded in 1776 by the Spanish conquerors. It was called "Hierba Buena" which is Spanish for "Good Herb", because a lot of mint grew there. After the Mexican-American War, Yerba Buena was taken over by the United States. In 1848 it was renamed "San Francisco" and became a city in 1850. The city is famous for its many internet companies and being home to a large LGBTQ+ population.

Climate
San Francisco has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb in the Köppen climate classification). The record high temperature is 41.1 °C (106 °F) on September 1, 2017. The record low temperature is -4.4 °C (24 °F) on December 9, 1972.

References

Other websites 
 San Francisco Hotels 

 
County seats in California
1850 establishments in California
1776 establishments in North America
18th-century establishments in California
Job

A job is any legal activity that allows an individual to perform a service and in return earn credits she/he can use to buy things.

A job can mean "some work that has to be done", for example: there are jobs to be done in the house: washing up, mending things that are broken, etc.

A job can also mean: work that a person does to earn money.  The word "job" may be used when a person works for someone else "an employer" who pays them for the work.  For example, a teacher's job is to teach children or adults. A taxi driver's job is to drive people in a taxi. A firefighter rescues people from burning buildings and puts out fires.   A dermatologist's job is to diagnose and treat skin diseases.  Some jobs pay very little.

The International Labour Organization was established to make people's job conditions better. It became an organization of the United Nations in 1946.

Related pages
International Labour Organization
Constitution
Constitutional economics
Full employment
Unemployment

VOA Special English words
Employment
Crop

Crops are living plants grown by farmers. Most crops are foods such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. Some crops are for drugs, such as quinine, or fibers such as cotton, or other materials such as rubber or wood. Farms are usually made to grow just one kind of crop. Crops are domesticated plants, most of which have been selected to improve their size, taste and other qualities.  Many crops are farmed in monoculture.Growingng crops is a part of agriculture.

Important food crops 
The following crops are very important as food to humans (The numbers shows the kcal of a person for a day). They are: rice (541 kcal), wheat (527 kcal), sugarcane and other sugar crops (200 kcal), maize (corn) (147 kcal), soybean oil (82 kcal), other vegetables (74 kcal), potatoes (64 kcal), palm oil (52 kcal), cassava (37 kcal), legumes (37 kcal), sunflower oil (35 kcal), rapeseed and mustard oil (34 kcal), other fruits, (31 kcal), sorghum (28 kcal), millet (27 kcal), groundnuts (25 kcal), beans (23 kcal), sweet potatoes (22 kcal), bananas (21 kcal), various nuts (16 kcal), soybeans (14 kcal), cotton oil (13 kcal), groundnut oil (13 kcal), yams (13 kcal).

References

Agriculture
Proletariat

The proletariat (often shortened to "prole" in slang) is a term used by communists for a segment of society. It describes the class of workers in urban areas who work in industry or manufacturing. These urban workers are different from the peasants, who are workers who do farming jobs in rural areas. Someone is who part of the proletariat class is called a proletarian. 

The political way of thinking of communism states that the proletariat should have a revolution and take over the means of production. They are often sarcastically referred to as "wage-slaves." 

The proletariat is the laboring bulk of society that does most of the useful, necessary work, and pays most of the taxes. It is also perceived by "capitalists" (another communist term) as being necessary for those reasons: labor and taxes, plus being available to exploit to produce profits.

History 
The word proletariat comes from the Latin word proletarius, which means "maker of offspring". In Ancient Rome, the proletarii were the people who were so poor that the only form of property that they had were their children, who could be used as soldiers.

Modern use 
Karl Marx used the word proletariat to describe people who did not own the means of productions (such as factories and land) and had to work for others for a wage. He thought the proletariat class could overthrow the capitalist system and society more just. He learned about the word while studying Roman law in Berlin. In Marxist theory, the lumpenproletariat ("rag-proletariat" in German) were a class of people who were not interested in revolution.

Marx believed that the bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat.

References

Related pages
Bourgeoisie
Class struggle
Exploitation
Marxism
The Communist Manifesto

Communism
Ohio River

The Ohio River is the one of the most important tributaries to the Mississippi River. It is 981 miles long and it forms boundaries for the states of Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia before finally going to its headwaters in Pennsylvania. It is its widest a little to the West of downtown Louisville, where it is one mile wide. Cities on the Ohio River include Evansville, Indiana, Paducah, Kentucky, Cincinnati, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The river begins in Pittsburgh.  The Wabash, Kentucky and the Tennessee Rivers flow into the Ohio.

Other websites 
Historic Ohio, the magazine 
Ohio Historical Preservation Group
Ohio River Valley Families Online Searchable Database, a genealogy resource
Image at the confluence with the Mississippi River
Watershed information 
Ohio River Forecast Center, which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries.

Rivers of Kentucky
Rivers of Illinois
Rivers of Indiana
Geography of Ohio
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Rivers of West Virginia
Frankie Avalon

Frankie Avalon (born Francis Thomas Avallone, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1939) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his starring roles in a series of beach movies in the 1960s. He was known as a teen idol.

References

Other websites 
 

1939 births
Living people
American movie actors
American pop musicians
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Huntz Hall

Henry "Huntz" Hall (August 15 1919 - January 30 1999) was a well-known American actor. He was best known as Dippy in the Dead End Kids series. He made 78 movies.

Trivia 
He is one of the famous people who appeared on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

1919 births
1999 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Robert Peel

Sir Robert Peel (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850) was a British politician. He established many well-known laws in Britain including the police force and had a brief term as Prime Minister. 

In  1834, he founded the Conservative party out of the old Tory party which was founded in 1678. Peel was a very clever politician in his own right. However, his conviction led eventually led him to go against his party in 1846 by repealing the Corn Laws, following this the party split and were not able to win a majority for 28 years.

In 1835 he published the Tamworth Manifesto, which told people how he wanted the government to be run. He came to power in 1841, defeating the Whig government of Lord Melbourne, and ruled the country until 1846. During this time, Peel's popularity with other party members became lower because many of them thought he was too proud, and disliked the way he changed his mind over many important issues, often without telling them first. The defeat of his Conservative Party in 1846 was followed by a brief period in the House of Commons until his death in 1851, in a horse riding accident.

Peel is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album. 

1788 births
1850 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer
British conservatives
People from Bury
Etoumbi

Etoumbi is a town in a part of the Republic of the Congo called Cuvette-Ouest.

Recently, there were four outbreaks of the Ebola virus in Etoumbi. Some people think this is because the people that live there ate some dead animals from the forest. In 2003, 120 people died in an outbreak. Because of an outbreak in May, 2005 nobody was allowed in or out of the town.

Other websites 

 Multimap: Map of Etoumbi 

Towns in Africa
Settlements in the Republic of the Congo
Chad

Chad (; , officially called the Republic of Chad), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. The capital is N'Djamena. 

It was a French colony until 1960. It suffers from poverty, illness, drought, and armed conflicts. In 2011, the population of Chad was 11,535,000.

Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.

Chad has one of the highest levels of hunger in the world. Food insecurity is common in the country. 80% live in total poverty on less than a dollar a day, and 90% are unemployed in Chad. Chad has a low life expectancy. Life expectancy is 54 years old in Chad.

Chad is home to 134 kinds of mammals, 141 bird species, 52 kinds of reptiles, 30 amphibians and 130 kinds of fish. Many animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, warthogs, giraffes, antelopes, lions, leopards, and cheetahs live in Chad.

Geography

Chad is the world's 21st-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa.  To the north is Libya, to the south is the Central African Republic, to the east is Sudan, and to the west are Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger.

The country's capital is  from the nearest seaport Douala, Cameroon. Due to this distance from the sea and the country's largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes called the "Dead Heart of Africa".

Lake Chad is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Lake Chad was  7000 years ago.  Now it is . Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara.

The region's tall grasses and large amount of marshes make it good for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers are the Chari and Logone.

Regions
Since 2002, the Republic of Chad has been divided into regions. It was previously divided into prefectures, and then departments.

Below is a list of the 23 regions as of 2012.

ad since 2012

Cities
The largest cities in Chad are:
N'Djamena - 704,200
Moundou - 136,900
Sarh - 100,100
Abéché - 72,500
Kélo - 41,500
Koumra - 35,400
Pala - 34,600
Am Timan - 28,200
Bongor - 27,100
Mongo - 27,100

Languages
Chad's official languages are Arabic and French, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Due to the important role of Arab traders and merchants, Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca, a language for all to use.

Education
Attending primary school is required in Chad, though only about 50% of children attend school. Adult literacy is only 35%.

The University of N'Djamena provides higher education.

References

Related pages
 Virgin Islands

Other websites
 
 

 
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1960 establishments in Africa
Anal sex

Anal sex is a sex act performed on the anus. Anal sex can involve a penis inserted in the anus, oral stimulation of the anus, using fingers for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.

Overview 
The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. Lubrication is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.

For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the prostate that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the clitoral legs/G-Spot or the cervix. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the anus has many nerve endings.

Related pages
Condom
Orgasm
Masturbation
AIDS
Donkey punch

Other websites 
Discovery.com - Anal sex

Sexual acts
1605



Events 
 Don Quixote, part 1, is written by Miguel De Cervantes
Bias

Bias means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea. Bias can be influenced by a number of factors, such as popularity (for example, a newspaper might be biased towards a particular political party due to their employees sharing the same political beliefs as that party). 

Bias in an article or editorial would show one point of view, using selected facts and quotes to support that point of view.  Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded.  For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about the good gas mileage, fun, and agility.  An article biased against motorcycle riding would show facts about risk of injury and noise, and ignore positive facts about motorcycles.

An article biased against guns would show only facts and information that support the author's position.  They would list suicides, accidental shootings and other facts showing guns in a negative way.  An article biased for guns should show only information that supports the author's position.  The positively biased article would discuss 'lives saved' by guns, numbers of crimes prevented by civilian gun use, and other facts and data that put gun ownership and guns in a good light.

Bias in writing can also be shown by using bad or slang words to refer to groups of people or things.  "Broads" rather than "women"; "murdercycles" rather than "motorcycles".  Words or phrasing that make wide assumptions about races or groups of people also indicates bias.  "All Chinese people are good at math".  

Bias also means mistakes in measurements. For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes.  The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes.  If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on.  Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.

Related pages 
Cognitive bias
Prejudice

Other websites 
Examples of Bias in Writing

Psychology
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Births 
 September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist (d. 1788)
The Passion of the Christ

The Passion of the Christ is the title of a movie that was produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions. It was released in 2004. The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.

The Passion of the Christ was unusual and controversial for many reasons. All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes. Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.

Jewish groups and Christians objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed. There were also other depictions in the film of Jews that many Jews and Christians felt was controversial. They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism and inaccurate beliefs of Jews. The movie makers said that this was not their intention, however criticism from both sides continued and still persists to this day.

Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself. The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.

Other websites 
 

2004 drama movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies based on the Bible
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Mel Gibson
Zachary Taylor

Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th president of the United States. He served as President from 1849 until his death in 1850. He was a second cousin to James Madison.

General years
Taylor was a general in the United States Army. He led an army during the Mexican-American War. He was selected by the Whigs to be their candidate because he was a famous general. He was the last President to own slaves while in office.

Presidency
During his term, slavery was a big issue because the Northerners wanted no slavery in the U.S. and wanted to stop newly formed states from allowing slavery. The southerners believed that they had the right to keep their slaves and people feared that they would choose to not be a part of the United States anymore (which they would eventually do in 1860).

Taylor did not like the idea of the southern states leaving the United States at all. He threatened to use military force against them if they were to do that.

Taylor never voted until he was 62 years old. He was never a resident of a particular location in the United States long enough to register to vote. 

Sixteen months into his presidency, Taylor died of cholera and his vice-president Millard Fillmore became president to take his place.

The Compromise of 1850 (a proposal several laws that would calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the north and the south) was voted on in Congress shortly after his death. This was negotiated by Kentucky's Congressman, Henry Clay, who was a distant cousin of the Taylors and Lincolns.

References

Other websites 
 Taylor's White House biography 

1784 births
1850 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Virginia
American military people
 
19th-century American politicians
Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the state of Alabama in the United States. It is on the Alabama River. In 2000 201,568 people lived there.

History 
Montgomery was started on December 3, 1819 by merging New Philadelphia and East Alabama Town. The city became a county seat in 1822. On January 28, 1846, the state capital was moved from  Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. For a few months in 1861 Montgomery was the capital of the Confederate States of America.

Notable natives and residents 
 Nat King Cole, jazz pianist & singer
 Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights advocate
 Bart Starr, Pro Football Hall of Famer
 Rosa Parks

References

Other websites 

 Montgomery -Wikivoyage
 City of Montgomery, Alabama

Former national capitals
 
County seats in Alabama
State capitals in the United States
1819 establishments in Alabama
Omaha, Nebraska

Omaha is a city in the state of Nebraska in the United States. The city is home to 408,958 people making it the state's largest city both in population and geography.

Music
Omaha is known for its Indie music scene. Bright Eyes and 311 are some of the most well known bands to come out of the city. Local music venues include the Slowdown in NoDo and The Waiting Room in Benson.

Connor Oberst, lead singer of Bright Eyes, started Saddle Creek Records in Omaha. The label is named after a street in Midtown Omaha, despite the label being housed in downtown. Saddle Creek Records is the owner of the Slowdown.

Business
Omaha is home to a number national and global headquarters including TD Ameritrade, Berkshire Hathaway, Con Agra Foods, Mutual of Omaha, Woodmen of the World, and Hayneedle. First National Bank of Omaha's headquarters are located downtown at One First National Place, the state's largest building. Billionaire Warren Buffett calls the city home and hosts the annual Berkshire Hathaway shareholders meeting at the Century Link Center in downtown Omaha.

Sports
The city hosts the College World Series every year at TD Ameritrade Park, since 2011. The series was formerly hosted at Rosenblatt Stadium prior to its condemnation in September 2010 and subsequent demolition in late 2012. The Series was first held in Omaha in 1947.

Climate
Omaha has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and quite wet; winters are cold and quite dry.

References

 
County seats in Nebraska
1854 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Palo Alto, California

Palo Alto is a city in the American state of California in Santa Clara County that has a population of about 55,000 people. It is in the region called Silicon Valley and close to Stanford University. It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "Palo Alto" means tall tree in Spanish after a famous redwood that was struck down by lightning in 1955. A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, churches, restaurants and mild climate.

Palo Alto is where Apple CEO, Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011.
Willie Nelson

Willie Hugh Nelson (; born April 29, 1933) is an American country music singer-songwriter, as well as an author, poet, actor, and activist.

In 1961, a song that he wrote was recorded by Faron Young, and became a number one song on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. In 1975 he had his first number one song, as a singer, on Billboards Hot Country Songs music chart.

Early life
Willie Nelson was born in Abbott, Texas on April 29, 1933, during the Great Depression to Myrle Marie (née Greenhaw) and Ira Doyle Nelson. He was born on April 29, 1933, but his birth was recorded by doctor F. D. Sims on April 30. He was named Willie by his cousin Mildred, who also chose Hugh as his middle name, in honor of her recently deceased younger brother. Nelson's ancestry includes English, Irish, and Cherokee. His parents moved from Arkansas in 1929, to look for work. Nelson's grandfather, William, worked as a blacksmith, while his father worked as a mechanic. His mother left soon after he was born, and his father remarried and also moved away, leaving Willie and his sister Bobbie to be raised by their grandparents. The Nelsons, who taught singing back in Arkansas, started their grandchildren in music. Nelson's grandfather bought him a guitar when he was six, and taught him a few chords, and with his sister Bobbie, he sang gospel songs in the local church.  He wrote his first song at age seven, and when he was nine, played guitar for the local band Bohemian Polka. During the summer, the family picked cotton along with other citizens of Abbott.  Nelson didn't like picking cotton, so he earned money by singing in dance halls, taverns, and honky tonks from age thirteen, and continuing through high school. Nelson's musical influences were Hank Williams, Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell, Ray Price, Ernest Tubb, Hank Snow, Django Reinhardt, Frank Sinatra and Louis Armstrong.

Personal life
Nelson is the co-chair of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) advisory board.

Discography

Singles

Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain (1975)
"Always on My Mind" (1982)

Writing of songs
Crazy (song) (1961)
Christmas Blues

Related pages 
List of country musicians from Texas

Sources

1933 births
Living people
American country singers
American country guitarists
American movie actors
American songwriters
American television actors
Musicians from Texas
Singers from Texas