cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ernst Chain

Sir Ernst Boris Chain, FRS (19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979) was a German-born British biochemist. 

He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey, for the discovery of penicillin and how it could cure bacterial infections. Later he worked on the chemical structure of penicillin and other natural antibiotics.

Chain was Jewish, and moved to England in 1933. In 1939 he took British citizenship, and was knighted in 1969. 

He won many awards: he was made a Commander of the Légion d'Honneur and awarded the Grande Ufficiale al Merito della Repubblica Italiana.

Life and career
Chain was born in Berlin, the son of Margarete (née Eisner) and Michael Chain, who was a chemist and industrialist dealing in chemical products. His family was Jewish. His father emigrated from Russia to study chemistry abroad and his mother was from Berlin. In 1930, he received his degree in chemistry from Friedrich Wilhelm University. He left Nazi Germany and worked at universities and laboratories in England.

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 
 

1906 births
1979 deaths
British biochemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
German biochemists
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish German scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Knights Bachelor
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
German Nobel Prize winners
Benoît de Maillet

Benoît de Maillet (Saint-Mihiel, 12 April 1656 – Marseille, 30 January 1738) was a well-travelled French diplomat and naturalist. 

He was French consul general at Cairo, and overseer in the Levant. He formulated an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the Earth and its contents. 

Maillet's geological observations convinced him that the Earth could not have been created in an instant because the features of the crust indicate a slow development by natural processes. He also believed that creatures on the land were ultimately derived from creatures living in the seas. He believed in the natural origin of man.

Age of the Earth 
Maillet made the first reasonable estimate of the Earth's age based on evidence. He thought the Earth must have developed by slow, natural forces. He studied geology in the field. He could see signs of erosion on land and sedimentation in the sea. 

He hid his ideas under the guise of a talk with an Indian philosopher, to avoid conflict with the Catholic Church. His work stayed in manuscript until after his death, when it was published after its editor had made changes which damaged it. Now there is a better modern edition based on the manuscripts. 

Maillet estimated that the Earth was older than two billion years. He also recognized the true nature of fossils, and had early ideas about evolution.

References 

French geologists
French naturalists
Heinrich Biber

Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber von Bibern (baptised 12 August 1644 – died 3 May 1704) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist.  He was the most famous German violinist of his time.  He is particularly famous for his violin sonatas.

Life
Biber was born in a small Bohemian town near Reichenberg.  Nothing is known about his music education.  We know that in the mid-1660s he went to work for Prince-Bishop Karl, Count Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn of Olomouc.  The prince loved music and kept many musicians at his court.  During the winter of 1670-1671 Biber became a member of the Kapelle at Salzburg court.  He was married there in 1672.  There he played the violin and trained the choirboys and composed a lot of music.  He probably had a lot of contact with other well-known musicians such as Georg Muffat.  Although he was the greatest virtuoso of his time he hardly seems to have travelled about to play.

In 1690 Biber was raised to the nobility.  During his last years he seems to have spent much of his time composing works for the theatre as well as sacred music.

Related pages
 Scordatura

References 
 

1644 births
1704 deaths
Baroque composers
Czech composers
Austrian composers
Austrian musicians
Austrian violinists
Ilium

The ilium is one of the three bones which make up the pelvis in tetrapods. These include the bones that are usually called "hips", e.g. 'putting your hands on your hips'.

Bones

he:אגן#כסל
Ulna

The ulna is one of the two bones which make up the lower forearm in tetrapods. The other one is the radius. Above them is the elbow and humerus; below are the hands or front feet.

Bones
Radius (bone)

The radius is one of the two bones which make up the lower forearm in tetrapods. The other one is the ulna. Above them is the elbow and humerus; below are the hands or front feet.

Bones
Humerus

The humerus is the upper forearm bone in tetrapods. It connects to the shoulder blade (scapula) at the upper end, and the elbow below.

Images

Bones
Scapula

The scapula is the shoulder blade or pectoral girdle bone in tetrapods. It connects to the humerus and the clavicle.

Bones
Femur

The femur is the thighbone in tetrapods. It connects to the pelvis (hip) at the upper end and to the knee at the lower end. It connects with the hip by a ball-and-socket joint which allows freedom of movement. 

The lower end of the femur forms a hinge with the lower leg known as the knee. This has two 'articulations': with the patella (knee-cap), and with the tibia (the main lower leg bone).The femur is also the longest and strongest bone in your body.

Bones
Rites of Spring

Rites of Spring was an American post-hardcore band from Washington, D.C. in the mid-1980s, known for their fact, jumpy live performances. A part of the D.C. hardcore punk scene, Rites of Spring increased the violence and passion of hardcore while at the same time experimenting with its rules. Lyrically, they also moved hardcore into very personal realms and, in doing so, are usually considered the first emo band.

The band only performed 15 concerts. Vocalist/guitarist Guy Picciotto and drummer Brendan Canty went on to play in the influential post-hardcore band Fugazi in the late 1980s.

References

Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
Fibula

The fibula is one of the two bones which make up the lower leg (humans), or back leg in tetrapods. The other one is the tibia. Above them is the knee and femur; below are the feet. Muscles are attached to the top of the fibula which help move the knee. It is also used to support the knee and the tibia.

Bones
Category theory

Category theory is a type of mathematics.  Category theorists show how different ideas in mathematics are alike. For example, some ideas from topology and abstract algebra are similar. Ideas in category theory are written down in formulas or diagrams. Category theory can be used to make computer programs more secure or easy to write.

A category is a mathematical object. It can be drawn with dots and arrows. Each arrow goes from one dot to one other dot. There can be many dots, sometimes so many that you cannot count them. An arrow is the abstract idea of a function and the dots are the domain and codomain of the function.

Composition is a way to make a new arrow out of two arrows.  If two arrows form an elbow shape, then they have a composition arrow from the start of the first to the end of the second. Composition obeys some axioms, or equations.

Many ideas in abstract algebra are examples of categories or can be used to make categories.  Often, this makes the ideas seem more similar.

Fields of mathematics
Radio drama

Radio drama (or audio drama, audio play, radio play, radio theatre, or audio theatre) is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance without visual elements. It is usually heard on radio or published as audiobook. Radio drama is often described as "cinema for the ears". It had its greatest popularity in the Golden Age of Radio, before television was introduced.

Drama
Radio
Casimir I the Restorer

Casimir I the Restorer (; b. Kraków, 25 July 1016 - d. Poznań, 28 November 1058), was a Duke of Poland. He was a part of the Piast dynasty and father of Boleslaw II. He is known as "the Restorer" because he reunited the Polish Kingdom.

1016 births
1058 deaths
People from Kraków
Piast dynasty
Polish dukes
Jundallah

Jundallah (or Jondallah, translates to Soldiers of God), or People's resistance movement of Iran (PRMI) is a militant organisation based in Balochistan. The organisation claims to be fighting for the rights of Sunni muslims in Iran. Most muslims in Iran are Shi'a, Sunni make up for the largest group that is not Shi'a. Iran says the group is a terrorist organisation. Iran has blamed the organisation for many acts of smuggling illegal drugs, and of kidnapping. The organisation is believed to have 1.000 fighting soldiers.

Many observers believe the group is linked to al-Qaeda.  For a long time, Iran has believed that the U.S. government supported Jundallah. Several other sources such as the ABC News, Daily Telegraph, and journalist Seymour Hersh have also reported that Jundullah has received support from the United States against the government of Iran, although the US denies any involvement.

In August 2007, the Israeli Mossad chief, Meir Dagan, pushed for using ethnic groups (among others, people from Balochistan) in Iran to make the Iranian government weaker and try to change the people in charge of the government.

References

Terrorism
Islamic terrorism
Iran
Islamic organizations
Nationalist organizations in Asia
National liberation movements
Shiaphobia
Rebel militia groups in Asia
The X Factor (album)

The X Factor is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It is their tenth studio album, and went on sale on 2 October 1995.

The album was not liked much by people who reviewed it; one person said that it had "[a] lack of energy" and that it was "merely adequate."

Musicians
 Blaze Bayley - vocals
 Dave Murray – guitar
 Janick Gers – guitar
 Steve Harris – bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain – drums

Track listing

References

1995 albums
Iron Maiden albums
Flame retardant

A flame retardant is a chemical substance that makes things harder to burn. Some flame retardants are minerals or inorganic compounds like antimony trioxide or asbestos. Other flame retardants are special types of plastics and polymers. There are several ways flame retardants work. Some absorb heat when they are heated, stopping the thing from igniting. Others stop the heat from the fire from going into the thing. Flame retardants are used in textiles and bedding to prevent them from burning easily.

Firefighting
Solingen arson attack

The Solingen arson attack of 1993 happened on the night of 29 May 1993 when five Turkish people were killed in Solingen, Germany. They died when four young German men, belonging to the political far right, firebombed a house. The dead were women and children, aged four, nine, 12, 18 and 27, all of whom who were related.

The attack caused many protests in Germany, and many German government officials were at a memorial service for the dead.  Some of the protests were violent, but others were peaceful.

Because of the attack, Germany decided to make sure fewer people from other countries came into Germany for political asylum. It also banned some right-wing political groups.

On 14 October 1995, a German court sentenced the four people who did the attack. Three men, aged 18, 19 and 22, were given prison terms of ten years. The fourth man, 25, was given a term of 15 years. The sentences were opposed by the men and their families, though most of the Turkish people in Germany approved of them. Some Turkish people wanted the men to get life terms in jail.

References

1990s in Germany
1990s murders in Europe
Anti-Turkism
Arson
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1990s
History of North Rhine-Westphalia
Mass murder in 1993
Mass murder in Germany
May events
Arson attack
Hyperthermophile

Hyperthermophiles are extremophile organisms that live best in very hot environments– from 60°C (140°F) up to 100°C (212°F). The best temperature for hyperthermophiles to grow at is around 80°C (176°F). Hyperthermophiles are mostly in the Archaea domain, but some bacteria are able to tolerate temperatures of around 100°C (212°F) as well. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to tolerate other environmental extremes, like high acidity or radiation levels.

References

Extremophiles
Solder

Solder is a metal or alloy that melts at a low temperature. There are two types of solder; soft solder and hard solder. Soft solder melts easily with soldering irons and is used for electronics and electrical work. Hard solder melts at a higher temperature with a torch. Using solder is called soldering. 

There are two main types of soft solder; lead solder and lead-free solder. Lead solders have about 60% (or 63%) tin and 40% (or 37%) lead in them. They are toxic because they have lead in them. They melt at around 185°C. Lead solder is cheap, so it used to be popular. In plumbing, a 50% tin and 50% lead mixture was used. People thought this was safe, but then they saw that the lead was coming into the water. Now lead solder is illegal for water. Lead solder was once used for food cans. After many years, the lead could come into the food. The cans poisoned people who ate the food. Lead solder is still used in electronics.

In 2006 the European Union, China, and California banned lead in consumer products. Lead solder became illegal in electronic devices in some places. Lead-free solder was needed. Many lead-free solders have tin, silver, and copper in them. They melt around 217°C. Sometimes indium is added to the solder to make it better, but indium is very expensive.

Many times when a metal is being soldered, it oxidizes, making a layer of metal oxide that does not hold solder. Flux is added to react with the metal oxide and turn it back into the metal again. That helps the solder connect to the metal. Rosin is a common flux. Some electronics makers use fluxes that can be washed away with water. Some solders have a flux core, where the flux is inside the solder.

Another type of solder is used to connect glass to other things. They melt around 450-550°C.

Gallery 

Electronics
Alloys
Antimony pill

An Antimony pill is a pill made from metallic antimony. It was a popular remedy in the nineteenth century, used to purge and revitalise the bowels. In use, it is swallowed and allowed to pass through the body, after which it is recovered for reuse. They called it the everlasting pill.

References 

Drugs
Aluminium antimonide

Aluminium antimonide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlSb. It has aluminium and antimonide ions in it. Compounds like it, such as gallium antimonide and indium antimonide can be made into LEDs and detectors for Infrared radiation but aluminium antimonide doesn't work as well. It is used instead to make the other compounds work better by stopping defects forming as they are made.

Properties
Aluminium antimonide is a black solid. It is a semiconductor. It reacts with acids to make stibine. It is a reducing agent. It has properties between a salt and an alloy.

Related pages
Aluminium chloride
Zinc antimonide

Aluminium compounds
Antimony compounds
Antimonide

Antimonide is an ion. Its chemical formula is Sb3-. It has antimony in its -3 oxidation state. Antimonides are reducing agents. They react with acids to make stibine. Many antimonides have properties between a salt and an alloy. Many transition metal and post-transition metal antimonides are semiconductors.

Related pages
Nitride
Phosphide

Antimony compounds
Stibine

Stibine, also known as antimony hydride or hydrogen antimonide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbH3. It is a covalent compound. It could be seen as having antimonide and hydrogen ions, or antimony and hydride ions.

Properties
Stibine is a colorless gas. It is very toxic. It has a bad smell like hydrogen sulfide. Its structure is similar to ammonia. It can be found in the Marsh test, a test for arsenic. Antimony is reacted with a mixture of zinc and hydrochloric acid in a tube, making stibine. The stibine is heated and a shiny area of antimony is made in the heated part of the tube. 

Stibine easily decomposes into antimony and hydrogen at room temperature. This decomposition can be explosive. It burns very easily in air to make antimony trioxide and water. It can be deprotonated by very strong bases. Stibine melts at -88°C and boils at -17°C.

History
Stibine was first found in 1837. It was difficult to find its properties because people did not know of a good way to make it. In 1901, Alfred Stock found a good way to make this gas and found most of its properties.

Preparation
Stibine is made by reacting any antimonide with a strong acid. Some antimonides react with water to make this gas. Stibine can also be made by reacting any antimony(III) compound such as antimony trioxide with any hydride.

Uses
Stibine is used to dope semiconductors with antimony. Some claim that it is used as a fumigant, but phosphine works much better.

Safety
Stibine is a highly toxic gas, similar in toxicity to phosphine. It is too unstable to be of any hazard outside the laboratory, though.

Related pages
Arsine
Bismuthine
Aluminium antimonide

Antimony compounds
Zinc antimonide

Zinc antimonide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ZnSb. It has zinc and antimonide ions in it.

Properties
Zinc antimonide is a gray solid. Its properties are between an alloy and a salt. It reacts with water to make stibine. It is a reducing agent. It is a semiconductor.

Preparation and Uses
It is made by heating zinc and antimony. It is used in transistors and infrared detectors.

Related pages
Aluminium antimonide
Zinc sulfate
Zinc chloride

Sources

Zinc compounds
Antimony compounds
Antimony tribromide

Antimony tribromide, also known as antimony(III) bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbBr3. It has antimony and bromide ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony tribromide is a colorless solid. It absorbs water from the air. It reacts with water to make antimony trioxide and hydrobromic acid. It has covalent bonds in it and melts easily.

Preparation
It is made by reacting antimony and bromine or by reacting concentrated hydrobromic acid with antimony trioxide.

Uses
It is used as a fire retardant. It is also used in dyeing, and analytical chemistry.

Related pages
Antimony trichloride
Antimony sulfide

Antimony compounds
Bromine compounds
Antimony trichloride

Antimony trichloride, also known as antimony(III) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbCl3. It has antimony and chloride ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony trichloride is a white or pale yellow solid. It has a strong odor and absorbs water from the air. It reacts with water to make antimony trioxide and hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting chlorine with antimony, antimony trioxide, or antimony trisulfide.

Uses
It is used to detect Vitamin A. It is used to get horns off calves. It is also used as a catalyst.

Related pages
Antimony pentachloride
Phosphorus trichloride
Bismuth trichloride
Antimony trifluoride

Antimony compounds
Chlorine compounds
Antimony trifluoride

Antimony trifluoride, also known as antimony(III) fluoride or Swart's reagent, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbF3. It has antimony and fluoride ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony trifluoride is a light gray solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is very corrosive. It has a strong odor.

Preparation
It is made by reacting antimony trioxide with concentrated hydrofluoric acid or by reacting antimony with a little fluorine.

Uses
It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry. A Belgian chemist reacted a chloride with antimony trifluoride and chlorine to make a fluoride from the chloride. It was used to make Freon. It is also used in pottery and dyeing.

Safety
Antimony trifluoride is highly corrosive. It is acidic and can burn the digestive system. It also makes ulcers.

Related pages
Bismuth trifluoride
Antimony tribromide

Antimony compounds
Fluorine compounds
Antimony triiodide

Antimony triiodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbI3. It has antimony and iodide ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties, preparation, and uses
Antimony triiodide is a red solid. It is made by reacting antimony with iodine or by reacting concentrated hydriodic acid with antimony trioxide. It is used as a dopant.

Related pages
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trichloride
Antimony tribromide

Antimony compounds
Iodine compounds
Antimony trioxide

Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony(III) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2O3. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. It has antimony in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony trioxide is a white solid. It is the most common antimony compound. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with oxidizing agents to make antimony pentoxide and with reducing agents to make antimony or stibine. It reacts with concentrated acids to make antimony(III) salts and dissolves in strong bases.

Occurrence

Antimony trioxide is found in two minerals, valentinite and senarmontite. Valentinite is a white mineral that is sometimes pale yellow.

Preparation
Antimony trioxide is made when antimony is made. Stibnite is heated with air to make antimony trioxide. It is separated from arsenic by the boiling of the arsenic trioxide before the antimony trioxide boils. Antimony trioxide can also be made by a two step process. Stibnite is burned in air with calcium chloride to make calcium sulfate and antimony trichloride, which is reacted with water to make antimony trioxide.

Uses
Antimony trioxide is mainly used as a flame retardant. It is also used to make glass, enamel, and ceramic opaque (not clear). Some pigments have antimony in them. It is also used as a catalyst for making plastics. It is also used as a catalyst for vulcanizing rubber, making it more "rubbery" and less likely to crack.

Safety
Antimony trioxide is somewhat carcinogenic. It is somewhat toxic when eaten or breathed in.

Related pages
Antimony tribromide
Antimony pentafluoride
Bismuth trioxide

Antimony compounds
Oxides
Valentinite

Valentinite is a mineral. Its chemical formula is Sb2O3. It is a mineral form of antimony trioxide. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3. It is colorless to white. Its specific gravity is 5.76. It is made when stibnite is oxidized. 

Minerals
Antimony trisulfide

Antimony trisulfide, also known as antimony(III) sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2S3. It has antimony and sulfide ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony trisulfide is a gray solid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make hydrogen sulfide and an antimony(III) compound. It dissolves in potassium hydroxide. It burns in air to make antimony(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide. It is a reducing agent.

Occurrence
Stibnite is the mineral form of antimony trisulfide.

Preparation
Antimony trisulfide is made in the laboratory by reacting any antimony(III) compound with hydrogen sulfide.

Uses
Antimony trisulfide is used in cosmetics; in this area it is called kohl. It is used in pyrotechnics to make a glitter effect. It is also used in the heads of safety matches. It used to be used in flash powder before electronic flashes were used.

Related pages
Antimony trichloride
Bismuth(III) sulfide

Antimony compounds
Sulfur compounds
Stibnite

Stibnite is a mineral. Its chemical formula is Sb2S3. It is the main ore of antimony. The American Museum of Natural History has a huge crystal of stibnite. Stibnite is soft, with a Mohs hardness of 2. Its specific gravity is 4.63.

Minerals
Antimony compounds
Antimony tetroxide

Antimony tetroxide, also known as antimony tetraoxide or antimony(III,V) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2O4. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. The antimony is both in the +3 and the +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony tetroxide is a white solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It turns yellow when heated and turns white again when cooled.

Occurrence and preparation
Antimony tetroxide is found as the mineral cervantite. It is made by heating antimony trioxide with air, burning antimony in air, or heated antimony pentoxide strongly.

Related pages
Antimony trichloride
Phosphorus pentoxide
Bismuth pentoxide

Antimony compounds
Oxides
Antimony pentachloride

Antimony pentachloride, also known as antimony(V) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbCl5. It has antimony and chloride ions in it. The antimony is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony pentachloride is a colorless or yellow liquid. It releases toxic and odorous (bad odor) fumes in air. It melts at 2.8°C and boils at 140°C. It reacts with water to make antimony pentoxide and hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in chloroform. It absorbs water to form a solid hydrate. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting liquid antimony trichloride with chlorine.

Uses
It is used in a test for caesium. It is also used in the making of chemicals and dyes.

Related pages
Antimony pentafluoride
Antimony trifluoride
Bismuth pentafluoride

Antimony compounds
Chlorine compounds
Antimony pentafluoride

Antimony pentafluoride, also known as antimony(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbF5. It has five antimony-fluorine bonds. The antimony is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Antimony pentafluoride is a colorless thick liquid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and very reactive. It can help fluorine to oxidize oxygen. This is not normal as oxygen normally oxidizes other things; it does not get oxidized. It can make very strong acids when mixed with hydrofluoric acid. It was used in the first reaction that used fluorides to make fluorine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting antimony pentoxide or antimony pentachloride with hydrofluoric acid. It can also be made by reacting antimony trifluoride with fluorine.

Uses
It is used to make very strong acids.

Safety
Antimony pentafluoride reacts with most chemical compounds. It is extremely corrosive.

Related pages
Antimony tribromide
Bismuth pentafluoride
Antimony tetroxide

Antimony compounds
Fluorine compounds
Antimony pentoxide

Antimony pentoxide, also known as antimony pentaoxide and antimony(V) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Sb2O5. It has antimony and oxide ions in it. The antimony is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid to make antimony pentachloride and antimony pentafluoride. It breaks down to antimony tetroxide when heated to a high temperature.

Preparation
It is made by reacting antimony trioxide with nitric acid. It can also be made by reacting antimony pentafluoride or antimony pentachloride with water.

Uses
Antimony pentoxide is used in fire retardants and the making of titanium dioxide. It is also used as a catalyst.

Related pages
Antimony trichloride
Antimony triiodide
Bismuth pentoxide

Antimony compounds
Oxides
Lucas Cruikshank

Lucas Alan Cruikshank (born August 29, 1993) is an American comedian and television actor.

He was born in Columbus, Nebraska on August 29, 1993.

He created his character Fred Figglehorn, and his Fred series for his channel, on the video-sharing website YouTube. These videos are about Fred Figglehorn, a fictional 6-year-old who has a weird home life and "anger management issues".

Cruikshank is openly gay. In a video released August 20, 2013, he came out saying "I'm gay. I feel so weird saying it on camera. But my family and friends have known for like three years. I just haven't felt the need to announce it on the Internet."

References

Other websites

 
 Fred Figglehorn official website 

1993 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Internet celebrities
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
American LGBT people
Actors from Nebraska
Comedians from Nebraska
Flaviviridae

The Flaviviridae are a family of viruses that are primarily spread through arthropod vectors (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). The family gets its name from Yellow Fever virus, a type virus of Flaviviridae; flavus means "yellow" in Latin.

They include the following genera:
 Genus Flavivirus (type species Yellow fever virus, others include West Nile virus and Dengue fever)
 Genus Hepacivirus 
 Genus Pestivirus

Viruses
Paramyxovirus

Paramyxoviruses (from Greek para-, beyond, -myxo-, mucus or slime, plus virus, from Latin poison, slime) are viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family of the Mononegavirales order; they are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.

Viruses
Netherlands during World War II

During World War II, the Netherlands was taken by Germany by military force, and occupied it between 1940-1945. It started with the Battle of the Netherlands in 10 May 1940. On May 15, the Dutch government surrendered and the Germans took over. The Dutch government went to London. The country was liberated on 5 May 1945, when the Germans surrendered to the Canadian forces.

Related pages 
 Dutch resistance (people who fought against the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands)

1940s in the Netherlands
World War II
Protection (album)

Protection (1994) is Bristol-based trip-hop band Massive Attack's second album.

Sound
Protection was featured in the top ten of Rolling Stone magazine's 'Coolest Albums of All Time List,' calling it "great music for when you're driving around a city at 4 am," due to the 'chill out' nature of the album.  Like most of Massive Attack's albums, the music often forgets about categorisation, ranging from R&B (title track, Sly) to hip hop/rap (Karmacoma, Eurochild) to reggae-tinged synthpop (Spying Glass) to classical-influenced electronica instrumentals (Weather Storm, Heat Miser).

Paul Evans of Rolling Stone gave the album three and a half of five stars calling it "Cool, sexy stuff, it smoothly fuses dub, club and soul, grounding its grace in sampled hip-hop beats."

It is the second and last Massive Attack album listed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

The track "Karmacoma" featured vocals from Tricky, and the video was directed by Jonathan Glazer. The song also features a sample from the track "Dream Time in Lake Jackson" by The KLF, which can be found 2:00 minutes in.

DJ Mad Professor remixed the album in 1995 under the name No Protection.

Track listing
"Protection" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Thorn) – 7:51
"Karmacoma" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Tricky/Norfolk/Locke) – 5:16
"Three" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Suwoton) – 3:49
"Weather Storm" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Armstrong/Harmon/Napoleon/Lloyd /Murray) – 4:59
"Spying Glass" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Andy) – 5:20
"Better Things" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Thorn/Watt/Brown) – 4:13
"Eurochild" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Tricky/Norfolk/Locke) – 5:11
"Sly" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/Suwoton/Goldman) – 5:24
"Heat Miser" (Vowles/Del Naja/Marshall/Hooper/de Vries) – 3:39
"Light My Fire" (live) (The Doors Cover) – 3:15

References

1994 albums
Massive Attack albums
Trip hop albums
Neneh Cherry

Neneh Marianne Karlsson (born 10 March 1964), known as Neneh Cherry is a Swedish singer-songwriter and rapper of mixed African-European descent. Cherry is also an occasional DJ and broadcaster. Cherry blends hip hop with other influences, and experienced some mainstream success with several of her recordings.

Early life
Cherry was born in Stockholm. A biracial woman, Cherry's father is from the Sierra Leone in West Africa and her mother, Moki, is from Sweden. However, she was raised by the African American jazz musician  Don Cherry (1936-1995), whom her mother married early in her life.

Career

Early days in London
Cherry left school at 14 and moved to London, where she joined the punk rock band "The Cherries". Cherry moved through several bands, including New Age Steppers, Rip Rig + Panic (with whom she appeared on an episode of cult sitcom The Young Ones in 1982), and Float Up CP. She also DJ'd, playing early rap music on the reggae pirate Dread Broadcasting Corporation.

Raw Like Sushi
In 1988 "Buffalo Stance" was released. Cherry's first album Raw Like Sushi was released on 2 May 1989.

Homebrew
In 1992 Cherry's second album Homebrew was released. It did not sell as many copies as Raw Like Sushi.

Man
In 1996 Cherry released Man.

Blank Project
In February 2014 Cherry released her first solo album in 18 years, Blank Project.

References

1964 births
Living people
Musicians from Stockholm
Rap musicians
Singers from Stockholm
Writers from Stockholm
Trip hop musicians
Blue Lines

Blue Lines is the first album by British electronica group Massive Attack, released on 8 April 1991 (see 1991 in music) by Virgin Records.

Blue Lines is usually considered the first trip hop album, although the term was not used commonly until years later. The album was a success in the United Kingdom, reaching #13 in the albums chart; sales were limited elsewhere. A mix of electronic music, hip hop, dub music, '70s soul music and reggae, the album established Massive Attack as one of the most best British bands of the 1990s and the founder of trip hop's Bristol Sound. Music critic Simon Reynolds stated that the album also marked a change in electronic/dance music, "a shift toward a more interior, meditational sound. The songs on Blue Lines run at 'spliff' tempos – from a mellow, moonwalking 90 beats per minute ...down to a positively torpid 67 bpm." The group also drew inspiration from concept albums in various genres by artists such as Pink Floyd, Public Image Ltd., Billy Cobham, Herbie Hancock and Isaac Hayes.

Blue Lines featured breakbeats, sampling, and rapping on a number of tracks, but the design of the album differed from common hip hop. Massive Attack approached the American-born hip hop movement from an underground British perspective, as well as incorporating live instruments into the mixes. It features the vocals of Shara Nelson and Horace Andy, along with the rapping of Tricky Kid. Blue Lines proved to be popular in the club scene, as well as on college radio stations.

Daddy G said about the making of the album:

References

Massive Attack albums
Trip hop albums
Instant camera

An instant camera is a type of camera that will generate a developed photo. The best-known examples were the instant film cameras developed by Polaroid.

Photography
Shinji Ikari

Shinji Ikari (碇シンジ) is a main character in Neon Genesis Evangelion. He is the pilot of Evangelion Unit 01.

Profile
Shinji was born on June 6, 2001. His father, Gendo (ゲンドウ), is the commander of NERV. His mother, Yui (ユイ), died when Shinji was a child. Shinji lives in "Tokyo-3", a city built, after the original Tokyo was destroyed. He is a junior high school student and the pilot of Unit 01. He plays the cello. His blood type is A.

Personality
Shinji has low self-esteem. He is scared of piloting, and has left NERV a few times. He always returns, because he wants his father to be proud of him. Shinji makes a few friends throughout the series. He courageously tries to help them when they have problems, even if he could get hurt.

Relationships

Asuka Soryu
Asuka is a selfish American-German pilot of Unit-02. She insults anyone who tried to support her.

Gendo Ikari
Shinji does not spend time with his father often.

Rei Ayanami
Rei feels more lonely than Shinji, but acts like she does not have feelings. He is curious about her.

Misato Katsuragi
Shinji's guardian who lives in her apartment.

Quotes
 "I mustn’t run away."

References

GAINAX NET , GAINAX Official web site. Retrieved 22.12.2010

Nihon TV Official web site, Nihon TV Official web site. Retrieved 22.12.2010 

Television characters
Anime characters
Ice-T

Tracy Marrow (born February 16, 1958), better known by his stage name Ice-T, is an American rapper, actor, record producer, singer and songwriter. He was born in Newark, New Jersey and moved to Summit, New Jersey during his childhood. He moved to Los Angeles, California in his early teens. His movies include Ricochet and New Jack City. He is best known for his role in the TV series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.

References

Other websites 
 

1958 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from New Jersey
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
Rap musicians from New Jersey
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Movie producers from California
Movie producers from New Jersey
Singers from Los Angeles
Singers from New Jersey
New Edition

New Edition is a rhythm and blues music group from Boston. The members of this group are Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Ricky Bell, Johnny Gill, Ralph Tresvant and Bobby Brown. They released hit songs, including "Mr. Telephone Man" and "Candy Girl" during the 1980s and 1990s. They were one of the first boy bands.

Brown left the group around 1986. He later got back with them in the 1990s.

   
American boy bands
American R&B bands
Sophie Marceau

Sophie Marceau (; born 17 November 1966) is a French actress, director and screenwriter.

Filmography

Actress
 La Boum (The Party) (1980) as Victoire Beretton
 La Boum 2 (1982)
 Fort Saganne (1984) as Madeleine de Saint-Ilette
 Joyeuses Pâques (Happy Easter) (1984) as Julie
 L'Amour braque (Mad Love) (1985) as Mary
 Police (Police) (1985) as Norya
 Descente aux enfers (Descent Into Hell) (1986) as Lola Kolber
 L'Étudiante (The Student) (1988) as Valentine Ezquerra
 Chouans! (1988) as Céline
 Mes nuits sont plus belles que vos jours (My Nights Are More Beautiful Than Your Days) (1989) as Blanche
 Pacific Palisades (1990) as Bernadette
 Pour Sacha (For Sacha) (1991) as Laura
 La Note bleue (The Blue Note) (1991) as Solange Sand
 Fanfan (Fanfan & Alexandre) (1993) as Fanfan
 La Fille de d'Artagnan (D'Artagnan's Daughter) (1994) as Eloïse d'Artagnan
 Braveheart (1995) as Princess Isabelle
 Beyond the Clouds (Al di là delle nuvole) (1995)
 Anna Karenina (1997) as Anna Karenina
 Marquise (1997, by Véra Belmont) as Marquise du Parc
 Firelight (1997, by William Nicholson) as Élisabeth Laurier
 Lost & Found (1999) as Lila Dubois
 A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999) as Hippolyta
 The World Is Not Enough (1999) as "Bond girl" Elektra King
 La Fidélité (Fidelity) (2000) as Clélia
 Belphégor – Le fantôme du Louvre (Belphegor, Phantom of the Louvre) (2001) as Lisa
 Alex and Emma (2003) as Polina Delacroix
 Je reste! (2003) – Marie-Dominique Delpire
 Les clefs de bagnole (The Car Keys) (2003)
 A ce soir (2004) as Nelly
 Anthony Zimmer (2005) as Chiara Manzoni
 La Disparue de Deauville (2007) as Lucie/Victoria
 [es Femmes de l'Ombre (Female Agents) (2008)
 LOL (Laughing Out Loud) (2008)
 De l'autre côté du lit  (2008)
 Don't Look Back (2009)
 L'homme de Chevet (Cartagena) (2009)
 L'âge de raison (2010)

Writer and director
 L'Aube à l'envers (short film) (1995)
 Speak to Me of Love (2002)
 La Disparue de Deauville (2007)

Other websites 

1966 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
Actresses who played Bond girls
Child actors
French movie actors
French screenwriters
Movie directors from Paris
Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689)

Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) was the first wife of King Charles II of Spain. She was a granddaughter of Louis XIII of France. In her adopted country, she was known as Maria Luisa de Orléans.

Background

Marie Louise d'Orléans was born at the Palais Royal in Paris and was the eldest daughter of Philippe of France and Henrietta of England. 

Charming, pretty and graceful, Marie Louise was her father's favourite and she had a happy childhood. Marie Louise spent a lot of time with both her grandmothers - Anne of Austria and Queen Henrietta Maria. For a time she was raised with the future Queen Anne I of Great Britain, her first cousin who lived in France till 1670. Marie Louise's mother died the same year and her father married Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate in 1671. All her life, Marie Louise would maintain an affectionate correspondence with her stepmother.

Marriage
She was forced to marry Charles II of Spain. The proxy marriage ceremony took place at the Palace of Fontainebleau on 30 August 1679. On 19 November 1679, Marie Louise and Charles II were married in-person in Quintanapalla, near Burgos, Spain. This was the start of a very lonely existence at the Spanish court. Her new husband had fallen madly in love with her, whose beauty and charm were renowned, and his passion for her remained with him until the end of his life. The very rigid etiquette of the Spanish Court (it was even forbidden to touch the Queen), and her unsuccessful attempts to bear a child, however, caused her to suffer from depression. 

Her French attendants were all accused of plotting against the king and his family and, as a result, one of her personal maids was tortured under allegations. Due to the nature of the times, and the Spanish Court’s hatred of the young French princess, there were even riots outside the Palace in Madrid where she resided. 

After years of trying and of increasing homesickness of her happy years in France with her family, Marie Louise turned to food. During the last years of her life, she became overweight. After horseback riding on 11 February 1689, she felt a severe pain in the abdomen which forced her to lie down the rest of the evening. She died the following night. 

Her husband was heartbroken at the death of his wife. At the time, there were rumours that she had been poisoned but it seems likely that the real cause of Marie Louise's death was appendicitis. Shortly after the Queen's death, the Spanish ministers began to look for a second wife for the King. The main candidates were the Tuscan princess Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici and the Maria Anna of Neuburg and the latter was chosen. Charles II died childless in 1700 ending the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg.

Other websites

1662 births
1689 deaths
Deaths from appendicitis
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
House of Orléans
Habsburg Dynasty
People from Paris
Andrew Vowles

Andrew Lee Isaac Vowles (born 10 November 1967, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, England), also known as Mushroom, is a founding member of British trip-hop band Massive Attack.

Early years
Vowles grew up in Bath. The same time to Massive Attack, Vowles, along with Robert Del Naja, Grant Marshall, Nellee Hooper, and others were The Wild Bunch crew, named after a western by Sam Peckinpah. Several members of The Wild Bunch formed Massive Attack.

Career

Vowles stayed a member of Massive Attack until shortly after the release of their third full-length album, Mezzanine, in 1998. Interviews with band members have pointed to differences of opinion in the direction the band should go; Vowles liking a hip-hop direction while Robert Del Naja and Daddy G leaned more towards darker electronica themes. He also had expressed a dislike for touring, an activity which he characterised as "pimping".

References

1967 births
Living people
British musicians
Massive Attack
Trip hop musicians
Marie Jeanne of Savoy

Marie Jeanne of Savoy (Marie Jeanne Baptiste; 11 April 1644 – 15 March 1724) was Duchess of Savoy as wife of Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy. She acted as Regent for her son Victor Amadeus II and was the sister of the Queen of Portugal.

Biography

She was born a Princess of Savoy in Paris. Married by proxy to Charles of Lorraine in 1662, Lorraine soon refused to recognise the union. Despite this, she married Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy in 1665 who was her second cousin once removed. The mother of the future Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia who saw the elevation of the House of Savoy to kings, she styled herself as Madama Reale or Madame Royale and acted as Regent of Savoy from 1675 in the name of her son Victor Amadeus II who was his successor. Her regency officially ended in 1680 but she maintained power for four years until her son banished her from further influence in the state. She left a considerable architectural legacy in Turin and was responsible for the remodelling of the Palazzo Madama which was her private residence. At the time of her death she was the mother of the King of Sardinia as well as great grandmother of the King of Spain and King of France as well as the mother of the King of Sardinia.

Name

Her name in French would be translated as Marie "Jeanne Baptiste de Savoie" whereas in Italian it would translate as "Maria Giovanna Battista di Savoia". The addition of Nemours to either is incorrect and holds no relevance to her other than she was a daughter of a duke of Nemours. The French version of her name is used more than its Italian variant. Therefore she is known as simply Marie Jeanne of Savoy.

Issue

Victor Amadeus II (4 May 1666 – 31 October 1732) married Anne Marie d'Orléans and had children. Later became the king of Sardinia.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

11 April 1644 – 20 May 1665 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Nemours
20 May 1665 – 12 June 1675 Her Highness the Duchess of Savoy
12 June 1675 – 15 March 1724 Her Highness the Dowager Duchess of Savoy

References

Other websites

1644 births
1724 deaths
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
People from Paris
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Regents
Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy

Charles Emmanuel II (20 June 1634 – 12 June 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675 and under regency of his mother Christine Marie of France until 1663. He was also the claimant king of Cyprus and Jerusalem. At his death in 1675 his second wife Marie Jeanne of Savoy acted as Regent for their eleven-year-old son.

Biography

He was born in Turin to Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy and Christine Marie of France. In 1638 at the death of his older brother Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel succeeded to the duchy of Savoy at the age of 4. His mother governed in his place, and even after reaching adulthood, Charles Emmanuel continued a life of pleasure, far away from the affairs of state.

Only after the death of his mother in 1663, he really assumed power.

But he greatly improved commerce and wealth in the Duchy, developing the port of Nice and building a road through the Alps towards France. He also reformed the army by forming five Piedmontese regiments and recreated cavalry, as well as introducing uniforms. He also restored fortifications. He constructed many beautiful buildings in Turin, for instance the Palazzo Reale where he died. He is buried at Turin Cathedral.

Marriages

Charles Emmanuel married twice.

 Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans (1648-d.1664) daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans on 4 March 1663.
 Marie Jeanne of Savoy (1644-1724) daughter of Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours on 20 May 1665.

Issue

Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, future King of Sicily and later Sardinia married Anne Marie d'Orléans and had issue.
Charles Emmanuel II also had a number of illegitimate children.

1634 births
1675 deaths
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
House of Savoy
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Bob Clampett

Robert Emerson Clampett Sr. (May 8, 1913 – May 2, 1984) was an American animator, director, producer and puppeteer. He was one of the important people in the history of American animation. He claimed to have invented the characters of Porky Pig, Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny.

Clampett was born in San Diego, California, on May 8, 1913. He held a number of jobs including a newspaper cartoonist, and at Disney, before becoming an animator for Harman-Ising.

He died in Detroit, Michigan, on May 2, 1984.

References

1913 births
1984 deaths
American animators
American puppeteers
Businesspeople from San Diego, California