cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tethys Ocean

The Tethys Ocean existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia during much of the Mesozoic era. 

Several smaller versions have existed down to the present day. Today's Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea are remnants of the Tethys.

Names 
This is a list of names which have been used for different stages of the Tethys:
Proto-Tethys, from the latest Ediacaran to the Carboniferous 550–330 million years ago (mya)
Palaeo-Tethys or Paleo-Tethys, from Carboniferous to early Jurassic
Tethys Ocean proper, or Neo-Tethys,  existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia before the opening of the Indian and Atlantic oceans during the Cretaceous period. Roughly, a bigger Mediterranean, continuing right through to the Indian Ocean.
Alpine or Paratethys sea to the north of the Tethys, roughly where the Alps are today.

Oceans
Mesozoic
Freedom in the World

Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by U.S.-based Freedom House. It  attempts to measure the degree of democracy and political freedom in every nation and territory around the world.

References

Politics of the United States
Hornchurch

Hornchurch is a suburban area in the London Borough of Havering in east London.

London Borough of Havering
Nord N-262

The Nord N-262 is a civilian and military aircraft. It was a twin-turboprop. It was built by Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Nord, also known as Nord. It was built in all-metal. It flown for the first time in 1962.

Variants

Civilians variants 
 N-262 : Initial production variant.
 N-262B : Variant produced for french airline Air Inter.
 N-262C : Variant of N-262 with more powerful turboprops and greater wing.
 Mohawk 298 : Variant built in USA.

Military variants 
 N-262C : Transport variant for the Armée de l'Air.
 N-262E : Training and maritime patrol variant for French Navy.

Military users

Bibliography 
 
 
  

French military aircraft
Civil aircraft
Nord aircraft
Punjab States Agency

The Punjab States Agency was a political office of the British Indian Empire. The agency was created in the 1930s, on the model of the Central India Agency and Rajputana Agency. It dealt with forty princely states in northwest India. formerly dealt with by the British province of the Punjab province. The Punjab Hill States agency was created from it in 1936. 

After 1947, most of the states agreed to join the Union of India. The rest joined the Dominion of Pakistan.

History of Punjab
British India
Government agencies
Rye, East Sussex

Rye is a small town of about 4,500 people in Rother, East Sussex, England. Rye's postcode is TN31.

Towns in East Sussex
Chandragupta I

Chandra Gupta was a major king of the Gupta Empire around 320 AD. He is generally considered the founder of the Gupta dynasty. He made alliances with many powerful families in the Ganges region.

Kings and queens
Indian people
Juankoski

Juankoski is a town in Northern Savonia, Finland. About 5,000 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Juuka, Kaavi, Kuopio, Rautavaara and Tuusniemi. Since 2017, it was merged into the city of Kuopio.

Other websites 

 Juankoski website

Towns in Finland
Former municipalities of Finland
Shraddha Kapoor

Shraddha Kapoor (born March 3, 1987) is an Indian actress and singer who appears in Hindi movies of Bollywood. Through her movie career, she has become one of Bollywood's famous actresses and one of the most popular celebrities in India. She began her acting career in the 2010 movie Teen Patti for which she earned a nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut category.

References

Other websites

 Shraddha Kapoor at Wikia
 

1989 births
Living people
Punjabi people
Indian movie actors
Singers from Mumbai
Actors from Mumbai
Chandragupta II

Chandragupta II, also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya, was a Raja Gupta of the Magadha kingdom (reigned 380-415 CE ).He was the son of Samudragupta and Datta Devi.

Upon the death of their father, king Samudragupta in the year 375, it seems that his eldest son ,Ram Gupta ,succeeded him. Chandragupta II ascended the throne later in 380 . He was a great conqueror and a diplomat. He married his daughter, Prabhavati Gupta to the king Rudrasena II (reigned 385-390 ), whose untimely death allowed Gupta to strengthen their grip on the Deccan region.

With its alliance with Vakataka, he destroyed the Saka kingdoms (Scythian) of Malwa, Gujarat and Kâthiâwar in 388, and transferred his capital from Patna to Ujjain (Ujjayini). The annexation of the western provinces Gupta gave control over trade with Europe and Egypt. Wearing Barkachha (Greek Barygaza), at the mouth of Narmada, also fell to Gupta.

Chandragupta brought the empire to its territorial and cultural peak. He surrounded himself with a circle of poets of Sanskrit phrase nicknamed the "nine gems" or "Navaratna" , the most famous of whom was Kalidasa.These are the nine gems:

 Amarasimha

 Dhanvantri

 Harisena

 Kalidasa 

 Kahapanaka 

 Sanku 

 Varahamihira 

 Vararuchi 
 Vetala Bhatta

He was succeeded by his son Kumaragupta I in 415 CE.In his reign,the number shoonya (zero) was invented by Aryabhatta.

Indian monarchs
Lavia

Lavia is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. About 1,900 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kankaanpää, Kokemäki, Pori, Pomarkku, Sastamala and Ulvila. 

The designer of Finish Euro coin comes from Lavia.

Other websites 

 The official page

Municipalities of Finland
Painkiller (Judas Priest album)

Painkiller is the twelfth studio album by British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. Painkiller was released on 3 September 1990.

The album featured the singles "Painkiller", "A Touch of Evil", and "Night Crawler".

The album was the first to feature drummer Scott Travis who replaced Dave Holland. It was also the last album to feature Rob Halford who left the band after the tour of the album because of growing tensions within the band. Halford returned in 2003. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1991 but lost to Metallica's cover of Stone Cold Crazy.

Songs

References

1990 albums
Judas Priest albums
Speed metal albums
Ram It Down

Ram It Down is the eleventh studio album by British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. Ram It Down was released on 17 May 1988.

The album featured the singles "Johnny B. Goode", a cover of the Chuck Berry song, "Ram It Down/Heavy Metal", "Blood Red Skies", and "I'm a Rocker".

It was the last album to feature drummer Dave Holland who was replaced by Scott Travis. It was also the last album to feature producer Tom Allom. Allom returned to co-produce A Touch of Evil: Live in 2009. Halford said that "'Ram It Down' is a harder song, from the British Steel time."

Songs

References

1988 albums
Judas Priest albums
Speed metal albums
Defenders of the Faith

Defenders of the Faith is the ninth studio album by British heavy metal band Judas Priest. Defenders of the Faith was released on January 4, 1984.

The album featured the singles "Freewheel Burning", "Some Heads Are Gonna Roll" and "Love Bites".

The song "Eat Me Alive" was listed #3 on the Parents Music Resource Center's "Filthy Fifteen" which is a list of 15 songs the organization finds most objectionable. The co-founder Tipper Gore said that the song was about oral sex at gunpoint. In response to the allegations, the band recorded the song "Parental Guidance" on their next album Turbo.

Songs

References

1984 albums
Judas Priest albums
Benjamin Franklin Butler

Benjamin Franklin Butler was an American politician and political general during the American Civil War. He was born in New Hampshire in 1818. He became a lawyer in 1840. During the Civil War, he was one of the first generals in the Union Army. He also didn't return escaped slaves to their masters, claiming that they were Contraband of War. After the war, he was governor of Massachusetts from January 1883 to January 1884. He died in 1893.

References

1818 births
1893 deaths
Politicians from New Hampshire
American Civil War generals
Governors of Massachusetts
Irvin McDowell

Irvin McDowell was a Union general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1818 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1838. He fought in the Mexican-American War. At the start of the Civil War, he became a brigadier general and commanded the Union army in the First Battle of Bull Run. He was blamed for the Union defeat in the battle. He then commanded a corps in the Second Battle of Bull Run. After that battle, he was sent to command the U.S. soldiers in California. He retired from the army in 1882. He helped build parks in San Francisco, California until he died in 1885.

1818 births
1885 deaths
American Civil War generals
People from Ohio
John Schofield

John Schofield was a Union general in the American Civil War. He was born in 1831 in Ohio. He graduated from the United States Military Acadamy in 1853. He fought mostly in the Western Theater of the Civil War. After the war, he was Secretary of War from June 1868 to March 1869. He was the commanding general of the U.S. army from 1888 to 1895, when he retired. He died in 1905.

1831 births
1905 deaths
American Civil War generals
United States Secretaries of War
People from Ohio
Appomattox Campaign

The Appomattox Campaign was a military campaign during the American Civil War. It happened in 1865 in Virginia. At the start of the campaign from March 30–April 1, 1865, Union general U.S. Grant captured Petersburg, Virginia. Confederate general Robert E. Lee tried to get the Army of Northern Virginia moved to North Carolina, so he could fight along with other Confederate soldiers. But Grant surrounded Lee's army at Appomattox Courthouse and forced Lee to surrender. After Lee's surrender, other Confederate armies started to surrender too.

American Civil War battles
1865 in the United States
1860s in Virginia
Military campaign

A military campaign is a series of battles in a particular area within a certain period of time. Usually, one army is trying to capture the area from another army. A war may have several campaigns.

Campaign
 Campaign
The Free Lance–Star

The Free Lance–Star is a newspaper based in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The newspaper is published daily and serves many counties surrounding Fredericksburg.

The Free Lance was first published on January 27, 1885. In 1900, the Free Lance operation merged with its competitor, The Fredericksburg Daily Star. The two merged newspapers changed the name to The Free Lance–Star.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Online version of print newspaper 

Newspapers in the United States
Virginia
Chewbacca

Chewbacca is a fictional character in Star Wars. Chewbacca is portrayed by Peter Mayhew. Chewbacca is a Wookiee, a fictional species of bipeds in the Star Wars universe.

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters
Utatsusaurus

Utatsusaurus is the earliest-known form of an ichthyopterygian. It lived in the earliest Lower Triassic period, about 250245 millions years ago. It is nearly 3m (about 9 feet) long with a slender body. 

The name Utatsusaurus was given after the city Utatsu-cho where the first specimen was found. The fossils have been found in the Lower Triassic of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan and British Columbia, Canada.

Utatsusaurus is one of the most primitive (basal) types of ichthyosaur. It has transitional features between its ancestral land-dwelling forms and the more derived ichthyosaurs. Unlike the more advanced ichthyosaurs, Utatsusaurus has no dorsal fin and has a broad skull. The snout gently tapers, compared to the more rounded one of more derived ichthyopterygians. The tail had a long low fin, quite different from the tail shape of later forms. This suggests that the animal swam by undulation, waving its body to & fro, rather than using its paddles and tail.

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami destroyed the local museum, but fortunately the specimens were not there at the time.

References 

Ichthyosaurs
Fried egg

A fried egg is a hen egg fried as food.

Egg dishes
Fried foods
Paco Peña

Paco Peña (born 1 June 1942) is a Spanish flamenco composer and guitarist. He is regarded as one of the world's foremost traditional Flamenco players.

Born in Córdoba, Spain as Francisco Peña Pérez, Paco Peña began learning to play the guitar from his brother at age 6 and made his first professional appearance at 12. Encouraged by his family, he left home and began performing throughout Spain as part of a government-sponsored folk music and dance program. This led to calls from professional Flamenco companies in Madrid and the Costa Brava, where Peña established himself as a highly regarded accompanist to Flamenco dance and singing. 

Seeking a new challenge, he moved to London he become a soloist in the late 1960s. Initially the star attraction in the Restaurante Antonio in Covent Garden, Peña got so much interest that he soon found himself sharing concerts with stars. He made his solo debut at Wigmore Hall in 1967. It was not long before Peña was touring the world, both as a soloist and an accompanist with performances at Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Royal Albert Hall in London and the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. 

He founded the world's first university course on flamenco guitar, at the Rotterdam conservatory of music. In 1984 Peña was interviewed by Julian Bream for the Channel 4 television series Guitarra! which traces the development of the guitar in Spain.

References 

1942 births
Living people
Guitarists
People from Córdoba, Andalusia
Spanish musicians
Gerard Mortier

Gerard Alfons August, Baron Mortier (25 November 1943 – 8 March 2014) was a Belgian opera director and administrator. He was the general director of La Monnaie/De Munt (1981–91) and of the Salzburg Festival of Salzburg, Austria (1990–2001). He was born in Ghent and was Flemish.

Mortier died from pancreatic cancer on 8 March 2014 in Brussels. He was 70 years old.

References

Other websites

 

1943 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Belgium
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
People from Ghent
Richard Phillips

Richard Phillips (born May 16, 1955) is an American merchant mariner and author. He served as captain of the MV Maersk Alabama during its hijacking by Somali pirates in April 2009. He was played by Tom Hanks in the 2013 movie ''Captain Phillips.

Phillips was born in Winchester, Massachusetts. He was raised in Vermont.

References

1955 births
Living people
Sailors
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from Vermont
People from Winchester, Massachusetts
Maersk Alabama hijacking

The Maersk Alabama hijacking it was a hijacking of the Maersk Alabama sea ship in 2009. It was hijacked by four pirates in the Indian Ocean. It was  southeast of Eyl, Somalia. The four pirates soon took its captain, Richard Phillips, as hostage on the Maersk Alabama's lifeboat.

The hijacking ended after a rescue effort by the U.S. Navy on 12 April 2009, by shooting three of the four pirates. The leader of the attack was in the USS Bainbridge looking for a ransom agreement. He was arrested on site. The pirates wanted a ransom of 10 million dollars. Only three people died (all were the hijackers) during the attack.

The book A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea (2010) by Stephan Talty and Captain Richard Phillips was published soon afterwards. The hijacking also inspired the 2013 movie Captain Phillips starring Tom Hanks.

The leader of the attack, Abduwali Muse, is currently serving time in prison in Indiana.

References

2009 crimes
2009 in the United States
Somalia
Brentwood, Essex

Brentwood is a wealthy town in Brentwood borough in Essex. About 75,000 people live in the town. It is just outside London. 

Towns in Essex
William Guarnere

William J. "Wild Bill" Guarnere (April 28, 1923 – March 8, 2014) was an American World War II veteran and author. He was known for being played in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers. He fought during the Battle of Normandy and at the Battle of the Bulge. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Guarnere died on March 8, 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from natural causes, aged 90.

References

1923 births
2014 deaths
American people of World War II
Deaths from natural causes
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lauro Cavazos

Lauro Fred Cavazos Jr. (born January 4, 1927) is an American politician. He served as Secretary of Education from 1988 to 1990. He was the first Hispanic to serve in the United States Cabinet. 

Cavazos was born in Kingsville, Texas. He is of Mexican descent.

Other websites

1927 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Education
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Texas
William Bennett

William John "Bill" Bennett (born July 31, 1943) is an American politician. He was the third United States Secretary of Education. He was in Ronald Reagan's cabinet. He served from February 1985 through September 1988. From 1989 to 1990, he served as the first Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.

Bennett was born in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Williams College, at the University of Texas-Austin, and at Harvard Law School. Bennett is addicted to gambling.

References

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Education
Directors of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from New York City
Terrel Bell

Terrel Howard Bell (November 11, 1921 – June 22, 1996) was an American politician. He was the second United States Secretary of Education. He was in the Ronald Reagan cabinet. He served from January 1981 through January 1985.

Bell was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at Southern Idaho College of Education. Bell died in Salt Lake City from pulmonary fibrosis, aged 74.

References

1921 births
1996 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
United States Secretaries of Education
US Democratic Party politicians
Educators from Salt Lake City, Utah
Politicians from Idaho
Educators from Idaho
James B. Edwards

James Burrows Edwards (June 24, 1927 – December 26, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 110th Governor of South Carolina from January 1975 through January 1979. He served as the third United States Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan's cabinet from January 1981 through January 1982. 

Edwards was born in Hawthorne, Florida. Edwards died at his home in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina on December 26, 2014 at the age of 87 from complications from a stroke.

References

Other websites
 SCIway Biography of James Burrows Edwards

1927 births
2014 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States 
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in South Carolina
Governors of South Carolina
Military people from Florida
Politicians from Florida
United States Secretaries of Energy
US Republican Party politicians
William Clay Ford, Sr.

William Clay Ford, Sr. (March 14, 1925 – March 9, 2014) was an American businessman. He was the last surviving grandchild of Henry Ford. Ford owned and served as chairman of the Detroit Lions football team.

Ford was born on March 14, 1925 in Detroit, Michigan. He studied at Yale University. Ford died on March 9, 2014 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan from pneumonia, aged 88.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
People from Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Frank Jobe

Frank Wilson Jobe (July 16, 1925 – March 6, 2014) was an American orthopedic surgeon and co-founder of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic. Jobe invented a kind of elbow operation for baseball players. This surgery is called Tommy John surgery. 

Jobe died on March 6, 2014 in Santa Monica, California, aged 88.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
American physicians
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
Peter Mayhew

Peter William Mayhew (May 19, 1944 – April 30, 2019) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Chewbacca in the Star Wars movies. Mayhew was 7 feet 3 inches tall.

Mayhew was born in London, England. On 30 April 2019, he died at his home in Boyd, Texas from a heart attack, aged 74.

References

Other websites

 

1944 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Texas
English movie actors
English television actors
Actors from London
Grosse Pointe, Michigan

Grosse Pointe is a city near Detroit in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It had a population of 5,421 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Michigan
Zdeněk Hajný

Zdeněk Hajný (30 January 1942 – 1 March 2014) was a Czech painter, graphic artist and psychologist. In 1994, he founded Galerie Cesty ke světlu. He was born in Vsetín, Zlín Region, Czechoslovakia.

Hajný died on 1 March 2014.

References

Other websites

  

1942 births
2014 deaths
Artists
Czech painters
Czech psychologists
Juva

Juva is a municipality in Southern Savonia. It had about 6,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Joroinen, Mikkeli, Pieksämäki, Puumala, Rantasalmi  and Sulkava.

Other websites 

 The official  page

Municipalities of Southern Savonia
Barbro Kollberg

Barbro Anna Elisabet Hildestrand (née Kollberg; 27 December 1917 – 6 March 2014) was a Swedish actress. She is best known for her roles in Hem från Babylon (1941), It Rains on Our Love (1946), A Life for the Taking (1995) and As It Is in Heaven (2004). She was born in Eskilstuna, Södermanland County.

Kollberg died on 6 March 2014 in Stockholm. She was 96 years old.

References

Other websites
 
 Barbro Kollberg at the Swedish Film Database

1917 births
2014 deaths
Swedish stage actors
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson

Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson (; born 12 March 1975) is an Icelandic politician. He was the Prime Minister of Iceland from 23 May 2013 through 5 April 2016. He has been chairman of the Progressive Party since 2009. He resigned on 5 April 2016 as a result of the Panama Papers leak.

Sigmundur Davíð was born in Reykjavík. He is married to Anna Sigurlaug Pálsdóttir. They have a child together.

References

Other websites

 

1975 births
Living people
People from Reykjavík
Prime Ministers of Iceland
Gum arabic

Gum arabic, also known as acacia gum, or meska, is a natural gum. It is made of hardened sap from two species of acacia tree; Senegalia (Acacia) senegal and Vachellia (Acacia) seyal. The gum is got from wild trees throughout the Sahel from Senegal to Somalia. In the past it has also been cultivated in Arabia and west Asia.  

Gum arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It was historically the source of the sugars arabinose and ribose, both of which were first discovered and isolated from it.

Production 
Acacia gum has been harvested in Arabia, Sudan, and west Asia since antiquity, and sub-Saharan acacia gum has a long history as a prized export. Traditionally harvested by semi-nomadic desert tribes on their travels, acacia gum is a main export of several African nations. The hardened gum is collected in the middle of the rainy season (harvesting usually begins in July), and exported at the start of the dry season (November).

From the 1950s to the early 1990s Sudan did about 80% of gum arabic production. Today, the figure is under 50%. Hundreds of thousands of Sudanese are dependent on gum arabic for their livelihoods. It is still the world's largest single producer, and the production of gum arabic is heavily controlled by the Sudanese government.

Uses

Food 
In food, gum arabic is used as a stabilizer. It is edible and has E number E414. Arab populations use the natural gum to make a chilled, sweetened, and flavored gelato-like dessert.

Ink 
Gum arabic has been used from ancient times as part of black ink. The main constituent is carbon soot from lamps or burnt plant material. Apart from water and gum arabic, the ancient Egyptian ink was made of not much else. Written on paper or papyrus, this ink has survived for over three thousand years.

Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional lithography and is used in printing, paint production, glue, cosmetics and various industrial applications, including viscosity control in inks and in textile industries. Nowadays less expensive materials compete with it for many of these roles.

Painting and art 

Gum arabic is used as a binder for watercolor painting because it dissolves easily in water. Pigment of any colour is suspended in the acacia gum to get in watercolor paint. Water acts as a vehicle to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper. When all moisture evaporates, the acacia gum binds the pigment to the paper surface. After the water evaporates, the acacia gum in the paint film increases luminosity and helps prevent the colors from lightening. Gum arabic allows more precise control over washes, because it prevents them from flowing or bleeding beyond the brush stroke. In addition, acacia gum slows evaporation of water, giving slightly longer working time.

Photography 
The historical photography process used gum arabic mixed with ammonium or potassium dichromate and pigment to create a coloured photographic emulsion that becomes relatively insoluble in water upon exposure to ultraviolet light. In the final print, the acacia gum permanently binds the pigments onto the paper.

References 

Natural materials
Henry Halleck

Henry Halleck was a general in the United States army. He was born in 1815 in New York. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1839. He fought in the Mexican-American War. During the American Civil War, he became the commander of the Union armies in the Western Theater in 1862. In July 1862, Lincoln made Halleck the general-in-chief of all Union armies. However, Lincoln did not like the way Halleck ran the army, so in March 1864 Halleck was replaced as general-in-chief by U.S. Grant. Halleck was Grant's chief of staff and stayed in Washington, D.C. In 1865 he was transferred to the West Coast. In 1869, he was transferred to Kentucky, where he died in 1872.

1815 births
1872 deaths
American Civil War generals
People from New York
Chris Pronger

Christopher Robert Pronger ( or ; born October 10, 1974) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who is currently under contract with the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL)

Awards
OHL First All-Star Team – 1993
Max Kaminsky Trophy – 1993
CHL Plus/Minus Award – 1993
CHL Best defenceman – 1993
NHL All-Rookie Team – 1994
Bud Light NHL Plus/Minus Award – 1998, 2000
Played in NHL All-Star Game – 1999, 2000, 2001 (voted in as starter but injured), 2002, 2004, 2008
James Norris Memorial Trophy – 2000
Hart Trophy (MVP) – 2000
NHL First All-Star Team - 2000
NHL Second All-Star Team - 1998, 2004, 2007
2002 Winter Olympics - Won Olympic Gold with Team Canada
Stanley Cup – 2007
2010 Winter Olympics - Won Olympic Gold with Team Canada

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

All-Star Games

Other websites

"Captain Crunch's Time Has Come", The Toronto Sun, February 1, 1998.

1974 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Edmonton Oilers players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
People from Ontario
Philadelphia Flyers players
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Peninsula Campaign

The Peninsula Campaign was a series of battles during the American Civil War. The campaign happened from March to July 1862. The Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by George B. McClellan, tried to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia by moving westward on the Virginia Peninsula. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by Joseph E. Johnston, tried to stop McClellan. After Johnston was wounded on May 31st at the Battle of Seven Pines, Robert E. Lee took command of the army. Lee then attacked McClellan during the Seven Days Battles. After the battles, McClellan's army was transferred back to Washington, D.C.

 
1862 in the United States
Virginia Peninsula

The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, USA. It is surrounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads, and Chesapeake Bay. It is sometimes called the "Southern Neck", so people would not confuse it with two other peninsulas to the north, the Middle Peninsula and the Northern Neck.

Geography of Virginia
Peninsulas
Landforms of the United States
Battle of Seven Pines

The Battle of Seven Pines was a battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on May 31st and June 1st, 1862. It is sometimes called the Battle of Fair Oaks. The Confederate army tried to overwhelm part of the Union army. The Union army won the battle.

Seven Pines
1862 in Virginia
Peninsula Campaign
Grumman EA-6B Prowler

The Grumman EA-6B Prowler is a military aircraft. It is a version of the A-6 Intruder. It is used as electronic warfare aircraft for radar jamming. It was never exported. It is used only by the US Navy and the US Marines Corps. After 2021, it will be replaced by Boeing EA-18 Growler.

The EA-6B Prowler was used in the Vietnam War, in the Gulf War, and in the war of Kosovo. It was used in Afghanistan's war against al-Qaeda. 

The aircraft can be used from an air base or an aircraft carrier.

Bibliography 
 
 

Vietnam War aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
EA-6B
Overland Campaign

The Overland Campaign was a series of battles in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It took place during May and June of 1864. Union general Ulysses S. Grant wanted to defeat the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by Robert E. Lee, and to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. The battles were some of the bloodiest battles of the war.

Background 
In the spring of 1864, Grant had been appointed to command all Union armies. Grant's plan to end the war had several parts. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and Grant's Overland Campaign were supported by other campaigns. They were all intended to keep Lee from reinforcing his main army. George Meade was still in (nominal) command of the Army of the Potomac, but there was little doubt Grant was in direct control of the army's movements.

Grant ordered General Franz Sigel to advance down the Shenandoah Valley to prevent reinforcements and supplies from reaching Lee's army. Grant ordered Benjamin F. Butler's Union Army of the James to cut the rail lines between Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia. This interrupted Lee's main supply line. Grant wanted to force Lee to attack even though Lee had no reinforcements and few supplies.

The campaigns were all to start at the beginning of May. The Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River on May 4, moving south towards The Wilderness before Lee could attack them. But Lee attacked while Grant's army was still trying to move through the tangled forest. The Battle of the Wilderness started the campaign.

Battles 
 Battle of the Wilderness (May 5th to May 7th), 29,800 casualties.
 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8th to May 21st), 30,000 casualties. 
 Battle of North Anna (May 23rd to May 26th, 4,000 casualties.
 Battle of Cold Harbor (May 31st to June 12th), 15,500 casualties.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 The Civil War in Four Minutes: The Overland Campaign
 The Overland Campaign; Annimated History

American Civil War battles
1864 in the United States
Cessna T-37 Tweet

The Cessna T-37 Tweet is a military aircraft. It's used exclusively by military. It's a twin-turbojet aircraft. It's used by many countries. 
A-37 Dragonfly is an attack aircraft variant.

Similar aircraft 
 Aero L-29 Delfin.
 Fouga CM-170 Magister.

Bibliography 
 
 

T-37
United States Air Force aircraft
Hubert Reeves

Hubert Reeves (born July 13, 1932) is a French Canadian astrophysicist. His career has lasted for nearly fifty years. He won many awards for his works including the Albert Einstein Award.

Reeves was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf. Reeves now lives in Paris, France.

Related pages
List of astrophysicists

Other websites

  
 Biography in English at science.ca

1932 births
Living people
Canadian scientists
People from Montreal
Writers from Quebec
Quiznos

QIP Holder LLC, business known as Quiznos, is a fast food restaurant brand. Quiznos is known for their toasted subs. The restaurant was created by company founder Jimmy Lambatos in 1982. The headquarters for Quiznos is located in Denver, Colorado. Behind Subway, it is the second-largest submarine sandwich shop chain in North America.

On February 27 2014, the Wall Street Journal wrote that the company was potentially preparing to file for Bankruptcy debt protection because the country currently has $570 million of debt. On March 14, 2014, the restaurant brand filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. They said that they would still continue operating while it restructured its debt and made operational improvements.

References

Other websites
Official website

American fast food restaurants
1981 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Colorado
Rudolph A. Marcus

Rudolph Arthur Marcus (born July 21, 1923) is a Canadian-American chemist. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems. The Marcus theory is named after him.

Marcus was born in Montreal, Quebec.

References

Other websites

1923 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian chemists
American chemists
People from Quebec
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Sbarro

Sbarro, LLC is a restaurant chain. Sbarro is known for their New York style pizza. The restaurant was created by both Gennaro and Carmela Sbarro in 1956.

They opened their first Salumeria, an Italian grocery store, at 1701 65th Street and 17th Avenue in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York. One of their busiest Sbarro restaurants was located in the World Trade Center mall.  The headquarters for Sbarro is located in Melville, New York.

On August 9, 2001, there was a suicide bombing at a Sbarro restaurant in downtown Jerusalem, Israel. The bombings were carried out by Hamas. 15 people were killed, which included 7 children, and a pregnant woman. It also wounded 130 people.

On March 10, 2014, Sbarro filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy.

References

Other websites
Official website

1956 establishments
Companies based in New York City
American fast food restaurants
Aarón Hernán

Aarón Hernán (November 20, 1930 – April 26, 2020) was an Mexican telenovela and movie actor. Hernán has appeared in over 100 Spanish telenovelas and over 67 movies. He was known for playing priests on telenovelas. He appeared in two American movies, Apolinar and Black Wind.

Hernán was born on November 20, 1930 in Camargo, Chihuahua. He died on April 26, 2020 in Mexico City of a heart attack, aged 89.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican stage actors  
Chihuahua
Zdzisław Żygulski, Jr.

Zdzisław Żygulski (18 August 1921 – 14 May 2015) was a Polish art historian and professor. He works at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, Anglicist.

He has been the curator of the Arms and Armour Section of the Czartoryski Museum since 1949.

Żygulski was born in Borysław, Poland on 18 August 1921. He died in Krakow, Poland, aged 93.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2015 deaths
Polish writers
Polish historians
Polish educators
Heiko Bellmann

Heiko Bellmann (17 March 1950 – 7 March 2014) was a German biologist, writer, zoologist and photographer. He published over fifty books.

Bellman died on 7 March 2014 at the age of 63.

References

Other websites
  

1950 births
2014 deaths
German biologists
German writers
Photographers
German zoologists
Werner Uebelmann

Werner J. Uebelmann (16 March 1921 – 1 March 2014) was a Swiss entrepreneur and writer. He last best known for his large collection of cactus. He was born in Aarau, Aargau.

Uebelmann died on 1 March 2014 in Muri, Aargau. He was 92 years old.

References

Other websites
  

1921 births
2014 deaths
Swiss businesspeople
Swiss writers
Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!

Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! is the fourth studio album recorded by American rock band, Panic! At The Disco.  This is also the first album introducing bassist, Dallon Weekes, who originally joined the band on tour in 2009.

The album was named after a quote from Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! made it to number two on Billboard's Top 200 soon after it was released.  "There's some glitz, some glamour, but there's also the dingy, old Vegas side to the music", lead vocalist, Urie states to MTV.  He also explained that the content of the album reflects on experiences he had.  Overall, he expressed his desire for the album to be ''"music that makes you feel good."

2013 albums
Rock albums
Panic! at the Disco albums
Mad as Rabbits

Mad as Rabbits was the last song ever recorded while Ryan Ross and Jon Walker were still members of Panic! at the Disco.  The song is from the band's second studio album, Pretty. Odd.  The quote "(We must) Reinvent Love" (or "Reinvent♥") is the last line sung on the album by Urie and Ross together.

2008 songs
Rock songs
Takfiri

A Takfiri is a Muslim who says that another Muslim has apostated (left the religion).  'Takfiri' comes from the word kafir, meaning somebody who does not follow Islam. The ideology partially comes from hadithic (from narrations from Muhammad's life) requirements to enjoin [instruct someone to follow] the good and forbid the evil.

Related pages
Jihad

References

Islam
Peter Bares

Peter Bares (16 January 1936 – 2 March 2014) was a German organist and composer. He was best known for his church music. He was born in Essen.

Bares died on 2 March 2014 in Rhineland-Palatinate. He was 78 years old.

References

Other websites
  

1936 births
2014 deaths
German composers
German organists
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Essen
Société Bic

Société Bic, better known as just Bic, is a Consumer goods company. Bic is known for their lighters, ballpoint pens, magnets, shaving razors, paper products, and watersports products. The company was created by Baron Marcel Bich in 1945. 

The first product that the company made was the Bic pen, known as the Bic Cristal. In 1958, the company went public through a reverse merger with the Waterman Pen Company in the United States and they later sold off the older operation.

References

Other websites
Official website

Companies of France
1945 establishments in France
Shirtdress

A shirtdress is a style of dress which borrows details from a boy's-man's dress shirt. These can include a collar, a button front, or cuffed sleeves. Often, these dresses are made up in crisp fabrics like cotton or silk, much like a men's dress shirt would be. As they are typically cut without a seam at the waist, these dresses often have a looser fit, usually relying on a belt to define the waist. Button fronts and a forgiving fit make this a flattering look for most body types.

Other websites

Definition of a Shirt Dress  by Cynthia Nellis

Dresses
Sanna Nielsen

Sanna Viktoria Nielsen (born 27 November 1984) is a Swedish singer. She has participated in Melodifestivalen seven times between 2001 and 2014. Her seventh try was in Melodifestivalen 2014 with the song "Undo". The song won and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Career
Sanna Nielsen was born and grew up in Bromölla, Skåne. Her career started at several talent searches, the first being in 1992 in Olofström. In 1994 she participated in a talent search in Kallinge and won with the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight". Nielsen performed with the danceband Mats Elmes between 1995 and 1996 at the age of eleven.

At the same time she reached the number one spot on the Svensktoppen Chart with the song "Till en fågel".  Nielsen became the youngest person to reach number one at the chart.

In September 1996 Nielsens debut album "Silvertoner" was released. A reviewer of the album for Göteborgs-Posten compared Nielsen to  Carola Häggkvist and Sissel Kyrkjebø. During the following years Nielsen released the Christmas album Min önskejul in 1997 and the music single "Time to Say Goodbye" in 1999. During her high school years, she studied the Estetichal programme and mostly music at Helenehoms Gymnastin in Malmö.

In December 2001 Nielsen participated in a Christmas tour along with Christer Sjögren, Sten Nilsson and Charlotte Perrelli. In 2002 she toured with Roger Pontare and in December the same year she participated in a Christmas concert with Kalle Moraeus and Tito Beltrán in both 2003 and 2004.

In February 2006, her second solo music album Nära mej, nära dej was released with lyrics and music by Fredrik Kempe and Marcos Ubeda. In July-August 2007 she was on a new music tour called Sommar, Sommar, Sommar along with Shirley Clamp and Sonja Aldén. In April 2008 the album Stronger was released, an album completely in English language, the first time Nielsen had such an album. The same year the album Our Christmas was released, containing Christmas songs along with Shirley Clamp and Sonja Aldén. In December 2013 Nielsen released her seventh studio album called Min jul with Christmas songs.

At the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 Nielsen did the commentary for Swedish television.

Discography

Albums

Joint albums

Singles

References

Other websites
Official Website

1984 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Hylonomus

Hylonomus is an extinct stem tetrapod which lived 312 million years ago (mya) during the Pennsylvanian.
The lack of skull openings behind the eyes makes it difficult to decide whether or not it is a sauropsid. Westlothiana is older, but may have been an amphibian, and Casineria is rather fragmentary. 

Hylonomus was  long (including the tail) and probably would have looked rather similar to modern lizards. It had small sharp teeth and likely ate small invertebrates such as millipedes or early insects.

Fossils of Hylonomus have been found in the remains of fossilized club moss stumps in Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia, Canada. The theory is that, after harsh weather, the club mosses would crash down. The stumps eventually hollow out. Small animals such as Hylonomus, seeking shelter, might enter and become trapped, starving to death. Fossils of the basal pelycosaur Archaeothyris and the basal diapsid Petrolacosaurus are also found in the same region of Nova Scotia, higher up, dated about 6 million years later.

Some fossilized footprints, from about 315 mya, have been found in New Brunswick. They are attributed to Hylonomus.

References 

Stem tetrapods
Reptiles
Dollarama

Dollarama is a dollar store chain. The chain was created by Larry Rossy in 1992. The first Dollarama was opened at the shopping centre "Les promenades du St-Laurent" in Matane, Quebec in April, 1992.

In November 2004, 80 percent of Dollarama was sold to a private equity fund, Bain Capital, of Boston, Massachusetts for $850 million US.

References

Other websites
Official website

Companies of Canada
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
1992 establishments in Canada
Bell UH-1Y Venom

The Bell UH-1Y Venom is a US military helicopter. It's a twin-turboshaft variant of the UH-1 Iroquois. It's used only by US Marines squadrons. It's used for troops transport and light attack.

Bibliography 
 
 

Helicopters
United States Marine Corps aircraft
UH-1Y
Century Series

Century Series is the nickname of a group of fighter aircraft built in USA for the Cold War. It was all aircraft with number 100 in the code.

 North American F-100 Super Sabre.
 McDonnell F-101 Voodoo.
 Convair F-102 Delta Dagger.
 Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.
 Republic F-105 Thunderchief.
 Convair F-106 Delta Dart.
 North American YF-107 Ultra Sabre.

Bibliography
 

United States military aircraft
Trabzonspor

Trabzonspor or TS, is a Turkish football club from Trabzon. Trabzonspor was founded in August 2, 1967.

Squad 
 Onur Kıvrak
 José Bosingwa
 Aykut Demir
 Didier Zokora
 Sol Bamba
 Soner Aydoğdu
 Emre Güral
 Adrian Mierzejewski
 Şahin Aygüneş
 Paulo Henrique Carneiro Filho
 İbrahim Demir
 Florent Malouda
 Abdülkadir Özdemir
 Gustavo Colman
 Özer Hurmacı
 Mustafa Yumlu
 Fatih Öztürk
 Olcan Adın
 Yusuf Erdoğan
 Mustafa Akbaş
 Alexandru Bourceanu
 Zeki Yavru
 Marc Janko
 Caner Osmanpaşa
 Zeki Ayvaz
 Gökhan Alsan
 Kadir Keleş

Coach 
Hami Mandıralı

Turkish football clubs
1967 establishments
Joe McGinniss

Joe McGinniss, Sr. (December 9, 1942 – March 10, 2014) was an American author. He wrote many books about politician such as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Sarah Palin, and Barack Obama.

McGinniss was born in New York City. He studied at College of the Holy Cross. McGinniss died in Worcester, Massachusetts from prostate cancer, aged 71.

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from prostate cancer
American journalists
Writers from New York City
Orduspor

Orduspor is a Turkish football club from Ordu. Orduspor was founded in 1967 by Ali Ataoğlu.

Turkish football clubs
1967 establishments
Bob Crow

Robert Crow (13 June 1961 – 11 March 2014) was a British trade union leader. He served as the General Secretary of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) from 2002 until his death. The union was previously headed by Jimmy Knapp, until his death in 2001. Crow helped make the RMT one of Britain's fastest growing trade unions.

Crow died in Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, England after suffering an aneurysm and heart attack, aged 52.

References

Other websites
 BBC profile
 Bob Crow: You Ask The Questions The Independent, 29 June 2009
 "Rail union leader praises communist 'workers' champion'"

1961 births
2014 deaths
British activists
British communists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from aneurysm
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from London
Pocky

Pocky is a Japanese snack food. They are chocolate-coated biscuit sticks. They are made by Ezaki Glico and were first sold in 1966. They can be fuond in flavors such as chocolate, strawberry, almond and others. They are sold in Europe under the name Mikado.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Snack foods