cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Hyperon

Hyperons are particles that are made of quarks. What makes them different from other baryons (particles made of three quarks) is that they must have at least one strange quark, but no charm quarks or bottom quarks. Strange quarks have a property known as strangeness. Strangeness causes the strange quark–and all other particles bonded with it–to not decay by strong force, but instead due to the much slower weak force. Since all quarks are fermions (which means that no two of them can be in the same point in space at the same point in time), each quark has a spin of 1/2, adding up to a total spin of 3/2 for a hyperon. This quickly decays into a 1/2 spin particle.

Hyperons themselves decay due to weak force. There are dozens of different hyperon combinations. For example, a Λ (lambda) hyperon has a charge of 0, and is often written as Λ0. When it decays, it usually creates one proton, and one antipion. Like many forms of weak force decay, there is more than one possible outcome. A Λ0 also has a significantly lower, but still possible, chance to decay into a neutron and an uncharged pion. Λ0 hyperons have an average lifespan of 2.6x10−10 seconds, which makes it one of the longest living hyperons.

Scientists still study hyperons in labs across the world, such as CERN, Fermilab, and SLAC. Hyperons provide answers questions for problems such as CP Violation, in which symmetries that were believed to be true may not be true.

Quantum mechanics
Subatomic particles
Dither

Dithering is the intentional use of noise (random sounds) to reduce the error of compression. 

Example below: 

Digital signal processing
Computer graphics
Sound
Donner Party

The Donner Party were a group of at least 87 American settlers who tried to cross the Sierra Nevada into California in the winter of 1846–47. Most historians count 87 members of the party. Stephen McCurdy in the Western Journal of Medicine includes three others, bringing the number to 90. 39 of them died from starvation, disease and the cold weather. The rest reached California the following year. They became famous in the history of the American West.

Journey 
The party left Springfield, Illinois in April 1846. They were led by two brothers, Jacob and George Donner. The settlers followed the California Trail to Fort Bridger in Wyoming. From there, they left the trail to take a different route that was not used much. It was reportedly a shorter way to California. This route was called the Hastings' Cutoff. There was much hardship and suffering on this route. They wasted 18 precious days. Instead of being shorter, it took them much longer to get across Nevada.

On October 28, heavy snows trapped the settlers in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The group made shelters, but ran out of food. Some of them resorted to cannibalism in order to survive.

On December 16, seventeen people tried to go west again. Of these, two went back to the camp. Of the fifteen who kept going, seven stayed alive and reached a settlement on the western side of the mountains after 32 days. After this, a rescue party went back, and in about two weeks made it to one of the camps set up in the mountains. After this, three more groups tried to rescue those trapped in the mountains. The last person was rescued on April 7,1847. In all, 45 people from the original Donner Party died, and there were 36 who survived. All the survivors made it to California, but they disagreed about what happened during the winter and whose fault it was.

Memorials 
Today, there are several memorials to the group, including a monument and the Donner Memorial State Park. A lake was also named after them.

In popular culture 
Puppet History talked about the Donner Party in the episode "The Grisly Journey of the Donner Party."

References

1846
1847
1840s in California
American explorers
Cannibalism
American cannibals
Body of Evidence

Body of Evidence is a 1993 American erotic thriller movie starring Madonna, Willem Dafoe, Joe Mantegna, Anne Archer and Julianne Moore. The movie was written by Brad Mirman, directed Uri Edel and produced by Dino De Laurentiis. It was given an "NC-17" rating because it showed female nudity, sex scenes, and vulgar language. The movie performed very poorly at the box office and was rejected by critics; the New York Times described it as a "sluggish courtroom melodrama." The 99 minute long movie was released by MGM.

Plot
Rebecca Carlson (Madonna) is on trial in Oregon for murder. The district attorney Robert Garret (Joe Mantegna) is sure she used her body as a weapon, causing her victim to die from a heart attack while having sex. She will inherit eight million dollars from the victim. She hires a good lawyer, Frank Dulaney (Willem Dafoe) to defend her in court.

References

Other websites

1990s erotic movies
1990s legal movies
1993 thriller movies
American erotic movies
American legal movies
American thriller movies
German movies
BDSM-related media
English-language movies
Movies set in Oregon
Portland, Oregon
Movies directed by Uli Edel
American independent movies
Invasion of Kuwait

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait was a military campaign to occupy Kuwait in the Persian Gulf. Started by Saddam Hussein in 1990 who accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil through slant drilling. In August 2, 1990 Iraq launched 88,000 troops backed up by 750 tanks into Kuwait. Two days after the invasion Kuwait was fully occupied and surrendered. Saddam Hussein made a temporary annexation of Kuwait as the 19th province of Iraq. It was not recognized by the United Nations or other countries.

Oil production 
After the occupation, Iraq took over many of the Kuwaiti oil fields and started taking the oil to keep for Iraq. Factories, businesses and industries were also taken over by Iraqis as well.

Operation Desert Storm 

After seven months of occupation, the United Nations launched a US led coalition to enter Kuwait to free it from Iraq.

History of the Middle East
Kuwait
Wars involving Iraq
1990 in Asia
Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah

Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah (born 16 June 1929 in Kuwait City – 15 January 2006) was an Emir of Kuwait, also known as the Last Emir in and before the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait.

References

1929 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Leuconostoc

Leuconostoc is a gram-positive bacteria, emerging human pathogen found in environment and food products. Risk factors of infection include antibiotic pressure, foreign device, or underlying immune defects. Commercial diagnostics are commonly used to identify gram-positive bacteria, with errors mostly at the species level.

Gram-positive bacteria
Pediococcus

Pediococcus is a genus of gram-positive lactic acid bacteria. They usually occur in pairs or tetrads, and divide along two planes of symmetry, as do the other lactic acid cocci genera. They are purely homofermentative.

Pediococcus strains are found in foods, on plants, and as beer-spoilage agents. They produce inactive lactic acid and are used mainly for making fermented vegetables, mashes, beer, and wort.

Gram-positive bacteria
Portishead (band)

Portishead (, with the stress on head) are an English musical group from Bristol. The band is named after the nearby town of the same name,  west of Bristol. Portishead is Geoff Barrow, Beth Gibbons, and Adrian Utley, while sometimes using a fourth member Dave McDonald; an engineer on Dummy.

References

1991 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Bristol
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical trios
Trip hop groups
UNKLE

UNKLE (also written as Unkle and U.N.K.L.E.) is a British musical band founded in 1994 by school friends James Lavelle and Tim Goldsworthy. Originally in the trip-hop business, the group once included producer DJ Shadow and has used a variety of guest artists and producers.

References

Trip hop groups
Joseph Erlanger

Joseph Erlanger (5 January, 1874- 5 December, 1965) was an American physiologist. He won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Herbert Spencer Gasser, for discovering that different nerve fibres have different functions.

He was of Jewish descent.

References

1874 births
1965 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Johns Hopkins University alumni
American neuroscientists
Scientists from San Francisco
American physiologists
Educators from San Francisco
Herbert Gasser

Herbert Gasser (Herbert Spencer Gasser, July 5, 1888  May 11, 1963) was an American doctor. He won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Joseph Erlanger.

Gasser discovered the different conductivity rates of different groups of nerve fibres. The work led to advances in our knowledge of the mechanism of pain and of reflex action and has inspired a large school of neurophysiologists. The Nobel Foundation described their work as "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" which probably means 'different fibres do different things'.

References

1888 births
1963 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Johns Hopkins University alumni
American physiologists
Scientists from Wisconsin
Pseudopodia

Pseudopodia  are temporary and cytoplasm-filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.

The cell wall makes a network of fibers. The cytoplasm flows into the network and fills it up, similar to a net filled with gelatin. This is able to move, lengthen, or shorten. The pseudopodia extends from the amoeba. Then the main part of the amoeba flows into that pseudopodia and the amoeba has changed its place.

Pseudopods are one of the three locomotion modes of unicellular organisms (together with flagella and cilia). Pseudopods can also capture prey by phagocytosis. Pseudopedia are used by some cells to move around. They can detect food and place it inside the cell. The human white blood cell uses this way to get around.

Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance:
Lobopodia are short and blunt in form, very typical of Amoeba.It uses pseudopodia to capture it's food and for movement 
Filopodia are more slender and filiform with pointed ends.
Reticulopodia, also known as reticulose pseudopods, are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets.
Axopodia are thin pseudopods and are enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are responsible for phagocytosis, by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts.  They are observed in radiolaria and heliozoa.

Cell biology
Tricky

Tricky (born Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws, 27 January 1968) is an English musician and actor. As a producer and a musician, he is noted for a dark, rich and layered sound and a whispering lyrical style. Culturally, Tricky encourages a togetherness of societies, particularly in his musical ensemble of rock and hip hop, high art and pop culture. His debut album Maxinquaye was nominated for the Mercury Prize and voted Album of the Year by NME Magazine.

Early life
Tricky was born in Knowle West, Bristol, England. His father left the family before he was born and his mother, Maxine Quaye, committed suicide when he was only four. He named his solo album after her - Maxinquaye - and once said that though he hardly knew her, he feels like she's speaking through him with his words.

He spent his childhood and teen years in the care of his grandmother, who often let him watch old horror movies instead of going to school. At 15 he began to write lyrics ("I like to rock, I like to dance, I like pretty girls taking down their pants" MixMag 1996) At 17, he spent some time in prison because he bought forged £50 notes from a friend, who later told the police. In an interview, Tricky said: "Prison was really good. I'm never going back" (NME 1995).

Albums
 Maxinquaye (1995) #3 UK
 Nearly God (1996) #10 UK
 Pre-Millennium Tension (1996) #30 UK, #140 US
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1998) #23 UK, #84 US
 Juxtapose (1999) (with DJ Muggs and Dame Grease) #22 UK, #182 US
 Blowback (2001) #34 UK, #138 US
 Vulnerable (2003) #88 UK
 Knowle West Boy (2008) #63 UK, #147 US
 Mixed Race (2010) #118 UK
 False Idols (2013) #66 UK, #149 US

References

Trip hop musicians
1968 births
English singers
Living people
The Wild Bunch (sound system)

The Wild Bunch were a sound system based in the St Pauls area of Bristol, England from 1983 to 1986.  The group was known for playing sets that drew large crowds on the club scene and had performed shows as far away as London. They performed in soundclashes against other Bristol sound systems. The Wild Bunch's sound used a lot of different musical styles - an unusual thing at the time. Their shows included parts of punk, R&B and reggae, with a use on slower rhythms and ambient electronic music that would become a start of the Bristol sound, more popularly known as trip-hop. They were a key member of what became the Bristol underground scene.

The Wild Bunch is perhaps best known for having been the first group of several notable British DJs and performers:
 Robert Del Naja, Grant Marshall and Andrew Vowles, went on to form Massive Attack in 1987.
 Tricky, also a part-time member of the outfit, performed with Massive Attack on their first and second full-length releases, Blue Lines and Protection respectively, before pursuing a successful solo career.
 Nellee Hooper, who moved to London after the group's dissolution and worked as a producer and remixer for a number of major artists, including Madonna, U2, No Doubt, Björk and Massive Attack themselves.  He won the 1995 BRIT Award for Best Producer.  He was also a member of Soul II Soul.

References

Musical groups
Rhynchosaur

Rhynchosaurs were a group of Triassic diapsid reptiles related to the archosaurs.  They were herbivores, and at times abundant (in some fossil localities accounting for 40 to 60% of specimens found), with stocky bodies and a powerful beak.

They became extinct at the End-Triassic extinction event.

Reptiles
Fossils
Once Upon a Time in the West

Once Upon A Time in the West () is a Spaghetti Western movie from 1968. It was directed by Sergio Leone. The music is by Ennio Morricone. It stars Claudia Cardinale, Henry Fonda, Charles Bronson and Jason Robards.

The movie is about the wild west, which is symbolized through the railroad. Henry Fonda plays a cruel murderer named Frank. Charles Bronson is a magic man with a harmonica; Claudia Cardinale plays a beautiful widow, Jill McBain.

Other websites 
 

American western movies
1968 movies
1960s western movies
Italian movies
United States National Film Registry movies
English-language movies
Italian-language movies
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
Season (disambiguation)

A season is one of the major divisions of the year.

Season may also mean:

 Season (sports), the part of the year when games are played
 Season (television), or series, a cycle or set of episodes of a television program
 Seasoning, spices on food
 Seasons, Suffolk a listed building in Suffolk, England
End-Triassic extinction event

The End-Triassic extinction event marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 208 million years ago. However, many of the extinctions occurred before then in the Upper Triassic.
 
Overall, this was one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon. It profoundly affected life on land and in the oceans. At least half of the species now known to have been living on Earth at that time went extinct. 

A whole class (conodonts: extinct chordates); 20% of all marine families; all large crurotarsans (non-dinosaurian archosaurs); some remaining therapsids; and many of the large amphibians such as the temnospondyls were wiped out. 

The event emptied many ecological niches, and allowed the dinosaurs to assume the dominant roles in the Jurassic period. This event happened in less than 10,000 years, and occurred just before Pangaea started to break apart. 

Scientists have suggested several explanations for this event, but all have unanswered challenges:
 Asteroid impact: no known impact crater has been dated to coincide with the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.
 Gradual climate change or sea-level fluctuations during the Upper Triassic. Sea level was low at the end of the Triassic, and the climate on Pangaea was arid. However, this does not explain the suddenness of the extinctions. 
 Massive volcanic eruptions would release carbon dioxide, which would cause intense global warming, or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause severe cooling. The flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) occurred at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

Recent evidence 
A recent paper in PNAS shows fairly clearly that mass volcanism was involved. It was probably the primary cause of the extinction. Mercury is present in volcanic rocks found at the end-Triassic boundary. 

Mercury is emitted in gaseous form during volcanism, and deposited in sediments. The paper says "Such episodic volcanism likely perturbed the global environment over a long time and strongly delayed ecological recovery".

References 

Extinction events
Mesozoic
Italian invasion of Albania

The Italian Invasion of Albania was a military campaign by Fascist Italy to Occupy Albania. Benito Mussolini the Fascist Italian Dictator started the Plan and Began to Build up His Armies on the Italian Water Border.Albania was aware of the Invasion but did not Know when it would happen, Zog I the King of the Albanians ordered out his Armies in Defense in case. On April 7, Mussolini launched a Surprise Attack on the Albanian coast. A fleet of Italian Ships with Italian Troops Aboard were Ready and Prepared to Advance inland. The Italians then Attacked the Coast without any Warning. Only a Day after they Attacked they Already Controlled Much of Albania but continued to fight the Invasion ended on April 12, after Albania surrendered All of Albania was under Italian control by April 10 though.

1939 in Europe
1930s in Italy
History of Albania
Wars involving Italy
April events
Piast the Wheelwright

Piast the Wheelwright was, according to legend, the creator of the Piast dynasty,a son Chościsko, which would go on to rule the Kingdom of Poland. He was first mentioned in the Polish Chronicle of Gallus Anonymus.

References 

Piast dynasty
Yogi Bear (movie)

Yogi Bear is a 2010 comedy starring Tom Cavanagh, Anna Faris, T. J. Miller, Andrew Daly, Nate Corddry, and the voices of Dan Aykroyd and Justin Timberlake.

Plot
When Jellystone Park starts losing visitors, and greedy Mayor Brown starts running out of money, he decides to shut it down and sell the land. That would mean everyone will lose the joy of the outdoors, and worst of all, Yogi and Boo-Boo will be thrown out of the only home they have ever known. So Yogi and Boo Boo must team up with their archenemy, Ranger Smith, to save the park in a week. Also helping them is Rachel, a documentary movie maker that Ranger Smith falls in love with. Mayor Brown tricks Ranger Jones in trying to stop them, so he can be the head ranger. He tricks Yogi into ruining everything, and the park gets shut down. To make things right, Yogi, Boo-Boo, Ranger Smith, Rachel, and Ranger Jones team up, and make Mayor Brown look bad. At the end Mayor Brown gets in trouble, Rachel starts dating Ranger Smith, and the park is saved.

Cast
 Tom Cavanagh as Ranger Smith
 Anna Faris as Rachel
 T. J. Miller as Ranger Jones
 Andrew Daly as Mayor Brown
 Nate Corddry as Chief of Staff
 Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi Bear
 Justin Timberlake as the voice of Boo Boo Bear

References

Related pages
 Yogi Bear
 Hanna-Barbera

2010 animated movies
2010 comedy movies
2010 3D movies
American animated movies
American comedy movies
Movies about bears
Warner Bros. movies
California State University, Northridge

California State University, Northridge or CSUN is a public university in Northridge, California, a neighborhood in the United States' second-largest city of Los Angeles. CSUN belongs to the California State University system. It was founded first as the Valley satellite campus of California State University, Los Angeles and adopted its current name of California State University, Northridge in 1972.  It has become the third largest university in the California State System.

CSUN offers a variety of programs leading to bachelor's degrees in 61 fields, master's degrees in 42 fields, and a doctoral degree in educational leadership. Cal State Northridge hosts the National Center on Deafness, and each year the university hosts the International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities.

The school's sports teams, nicknamed "Matadors", play in the Big West Conference.

Colleges

References

California State University
Colleges and universities in Los Angeles
Cal State Northridge
Bacteroidetes

The phylum Bacteroidetes is composed of three large classes of bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, in sediments, sea water and in the guts and on the skin of animals.

Members of the genus Bacteroides are opportunistic pathogens. Rarely are members of the other two classes pathogenic to humans.

Gram-negative bacteria
Bacteroides

Bacteroides is a genus of gram-negative bacteria. Bacteroides species are non-endospore-forming, anaerobes, and may be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species. The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.

Gram-negative bacteria
Shangri-La (disambiguation)

Shangri-La is an imaginary valley in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon by James Hilton.

Shangri-La may also mean:

Places

Brazil 
Xangri-lá, a city on the coast in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

China 
Shangri-La County, in Yunnan province, China

United States 
Shangri La Botanical Gardens and Nature Center, a botanical garden in Orange, Texas
Camp David, originally called "Shangri-La"
Shangri La (Doris Duke), a mansion outside Honolulu, Hawaii

Uruguay 
Shangrilá, a former seaside resort in Uruguay, now part of Ciudad de la Costa

Entertainment
The Shangri-Las, an American pop group of the 1960 known for "Leader of the Pack" and "Remember (Walkin' in the Sand)"
Shangri-La (novel), a Japanese novel, manga and anime series
Shangri-La (musical), a musical stage adaptation of the Hilton novel
Shangri-La (2002 film), a 2002 film by Takashi Miike

Buildings
Living Shangri-La, a mixed use skyscraper in Vancouver containing the 5-star Shangri-La Hotel Vancouver
Shangri-la Plaza Mall, Philippines
Shangri-La Toronto, a hotel/condominium under construction in Toronto

Other
Shangri-la (Titan), the name of a region on Saturn's main satellite, Titan
USS Shangri-La (CV-38), an aircraft carrier of World War II
The Shangri-La Diet
Shangri-La (Titan)

Shangri-La is a large, dark area on Saturn's moon Titan. It is at . The place is named after Shangri-La, the imaginary valley in Tibet. Some people think it is a very wide plain of dark material. These broad, dark areas of Titan may have been seas, but now they are dry.

Shangri-La has several areas of higher ground it. These are brighter and are called "islands". Regions of high ground surround Shangri-La:  Xanadu is to the east, Adiri to the west, and Dilmun to the north.

The Huygens probe landed on a western part of Shangri-La, close to Adiri.

Other websites
 Shangri-La in Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Saturn's moons
UNIQLO

UNIQLO  is a Tokyo fashion and clothing company. It is a fast growing company, one of the five biggest specialty fashion retailers in the world. The company makes T-shirts, jeans, and casual wear for both women and men. It is owned by Fast Retailing, a Yamaguchi based company.

Locations
UNIQLO has locations in 25 countries. The majority of shops and primary market is Japan. Shops are also in: Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, Vietnam India, USA, Canada, UK, France, Russia, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, Denmark and Italy.

History
The company began in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan in 1949. It has grown steadily since then. In 1984, Fast Retailing opened the first UNIQLO shop in nearby Hiroshima Prefecture. Since then it opened an online business in 2000. It then became international with shops in London (2001); Shanghai (2002); then, Korea, the USA in the SoHo fashion district of Manhattan in New York, and Hong Kong (2005). Since then it expanded into France (2007), Singapore (2009), and Russia (2010). Recently, on 27th September, they opened "BICQLO", which is a collaboration shop with Bic Camera.(2012)

Product

One of UNIQLO’s main product is HEATTECH. These clothes are sold in many countries. It keeps people warm, so it is useful in winter. It is thin and comfortable, so people can wear many layers of clothing easily. Also it has some good functions: it keeps in heat, and dries quickly. HEATTECH material has odor control, is anti-static, and stretches. Moreover, there are a variety of HEATTECH products, including: T-shirts, turtlenecks, underwear, leggings, and socks. Furthermore, heattech jeans have gotten attention for keeping people warm.

Hiring
UNIQLO announced that it is changing the way it hires new workers. Large companies in Japan usually hire new college graduates once a year. UNIQLO is changing to hiring people all through the year. They are also open to hiring people who have not yet graduated, people who graduated several years ago, and people with other jobs. UNIQLO is also a gateway to Japanese products in many countries.

References

Other websites
UNIQLO Twitter
Facebook 
UNIQLO official website
UNIQLO UK official website

Companies of Japan
Fashion houses
1949 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in Japan
Citroën BX

The Citroën BX is a car produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën GS in 1982, an estate version was added in 1985 and was facelifted a year later in 1986. Another update occurred in 1989. It was replaced by the Citroën Xantia in early 1993 with the estate continuing until 1994.

Engines 
 BX 14 46 kW (63 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
 BX 16 53 kW (72 hp), 65 kW (88 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 BX 19 77 kW (105 hp)
 BX 19 TZI 88 kW (120 hp)
 BX 19 GTI 92 kW (125 hp)
 BX 19 GTI 16V 109 kW (148 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
 BX 18 D 44 kW (60 hp)
 BX 18 TZD Turbo 66 kW (90 hp)
 BX 19 D 51 kW (69 hp)

BX
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Mahakala

Mahakala  is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of  80 million years ago. 

It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. 

Mahakala was a small dromaeosaur, about 70 centimeters long (28 in). Its skeleton shows some features which are also found in early troodontids and avialans. However, its short forearms rule it out of the Alialae.

Despite its late appearance, its structure is that of a basal dromaeosaur. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosauria, suggests that small size came before flight in birds.

Description

Although this individual was small, comparable in size to Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Mei, it was close to adulthood.  

This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae.

It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw. Mahakala also had very short forelimbs compared to other Dromaeosaurs.

Classification
A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found Mahakala to be the most basal known dromaeosaur. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians.

In evolution, small size would have come before flight. Like birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurs did not keep small size throughout their evolutionary history. They had several separate size increases among different lineages. 

Mahakala also shows a combination of characteristics found among basal troodonts and birds, and is missing some that are present in more derived (specialised) dromaeosaurs.

Paleoecology and paleobiology
The paleoenvironment had a semiarid climate, with sand dunes and alluvium (loose stuff). The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by streams after rain, and was affected by dust and sandstorms. Rainfall was low, and seasonal.  

Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present.  The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized. 

Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid Velociraptor, troodonts Byronosaurus and Saurornithoides, oviraptors Citipati, Khaan, and Oviraptor, and alvarezsaurs Mononykus and Shuvuuia; other dinosaurs present included the ceratopsian Protoceratops and the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus. Like other dromaeosaurs, Mahakala would have been a small, active, predaceous carnivore.

References

Other websites
HTML version of "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight"

Dromaeosauridae
Mongolia
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Avialae

Avialae is a term for birds and their immediate extinct ancestors. It is a clade of dinosaurs containing their only living representatives (birds) and whatever coelurosaurs are regarded as their ancestors. There are two ways it can be defined:

Definition by physical characters 
Avialae is defined as a clade based on physical characteristics. Jacques Gauthier named Avialae in 1986 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them.

Branch-based definition 
Several other authors use a similar, but branch-based, definition: all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus.

References

Birds
Coelurosaurs
Yatsuhashi

is a Japanese food. It is sometimes sold as a souvenir sweet. It is made from rice, sugar and cinnamon. Two types of Yatsuhashi can be bought, either raw or hard Yatsuhashi.

History

Yatsuhashi comes from Yatsuhashi Kengyo, the pioneer of making Yatsuhashi. In the Edo era, he saved everything so he could make something from leftover rice. Then Yatsuhashi was created. After he died, Yatsuhashi was loved by people in Kyoto, and now it is a very famous food in Kyoto.

Ingredients

Yatsuhashi is made from rice flour, soybean flour, sesame, sugar cane and a lot of cinnamon. A special cinnamon called “Nikkei” is part of its unique taste.

Shop

Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi was established by Sahei Tsuda in 1805. At one of the Izutsu yatsuhashi shops, Kyogoku Ichibangai, people can make their own yatsuhashi.

Otabe

In 1946, a confectionery retail store was started at the Kawaramachirokkaku. In1949, the store started to sell yatsuhashi. In 1969, the name of company has changed to “Otabe”. In 2010, Otabe’s Choco-Yatsuhashi won a special gold prize in Monde Selection.

Honke Nishio Yatsuhashi

The history of Honke Nishino Yatsuhashi began in 1687 in the Edo period, so three hundred years have passed. It has a long story. At the time, “Shiramochi” which is like old raw yatsuhashi was sold there.

Besides these yatsuhashi stores, there are famous shops in Kyoto. They are 'Goden Yatsuhashi, 'Seikodo', 'Hakushindo', and 'HonkeNishio'.

Sorts

Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honnpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from a famous shop shaped like a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings. It has been sold for more than 200 years. 

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender taste.

Yuko: This is a lyric confection containing bean jam. This is a Yatsuhashi which is associated with Yuko who is a heroine of “the gobantyo-yugirirou".
Other tastes: strawberry, powdered green tea, chocolate and apple.

Otabe

Otabe: This Nama-Yatsuhashi uses rice grown in Fukui prefecture which is called "Koshihikari", Hokkaido adzuki bean, and water in Fukui prefecture.
Other taste: chocolate, powdered green tea, salt, and sesami.

Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from Kyoto which has been loved by people since more than 300 years ago.

Choco-Yatsuhashi: This is the original confection of Otabe. Yatsuhashi is baked thin, and then it is coated in chocolate.

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender dough which is baked.

Honke Nishio Yatsuhasi

Yatsuhashi: This is crisp.
Tastes: powdered green tea, sesami, and banana.

Pocket-Yatsuhashi: This is a Yatsuhashi which you can carry in your pocket.
Tastes: cacao, strawberry, and powdered green tea.

References

Japanese food
Lyn Hancock

Lyn Hancock is an award-winning Australian-Canadian photojournalist, wildlife photographer, and book author.

She has raised numerous orphaned wild animals, including bears, cougars, eagles, puffins, raccoons, and seals; her experiences while doing so have formed the basis of her 20 books, including There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag, There's a Raccoon in my Parka, Love Affair with a Cougar, and Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon.

She has also written travel literature describing her experiences in the Canadian North.

The Simon Fraser University has awarded her one of the 2009 Outstanding Alumni Awards for Arts & Culture.

Books written

 There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag (1972)
 Pacific Wilderness/Wild Islands (1974)
 The Mighty Mackenzie (1974)
 There's a Raccoon in my Parka (1977)
 Love Affair with a Cougar (1978)
 An Ape Came out of my Hatbox (1979)
 Vanderhoof the Town that Wouldn't Wait (1979)
 Gypsy in the Classroom (1980)
 Tell Me, Grandmother (1985)
 Northwest Territories: Canada's Last Frontier (1986)
 Alaska Highway: Road to Adventure (1988)
 Nunavut (1995)
 Looking for the Wild (1996)
 Winging It in the North (1996)
 Yukon (1996)
 Northwest Territories (1997)
 Western Canada Travel Smart (1998)
 Destination Vancouver: a Port City (1998)
 Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon (2006)

Awards
For There is a Racoon in my Parka:
 1978: Francis H. Kortright Conservation Award for Excellence in Outdoor Writing
 1977: Authors' Literary Guild choice
 1977: Doubleday Book of the Month Club choice
For There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag:
 1973: Pacific Northwest Booksellers' Award
 1972: Book of the Month Club alternate selection
For Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon
 2007: Nominated for the Diamond Willow Award

References

People from Perth, Western Australia
Living people
Australian writers
People from British Columbia
Photographers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Satay

Satay is a local food of Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is usually made of meat on a stick with onion and gravy along with it.-

The dish was invented by Javanese street vendors.o

References 

Foods
Salinibacter ruber

Salinibacter ruber is an extreme halophile (salt-loving organism) that lives in concentrations of salt from 20 to 30%.

References

Extremophiles
Gram-negative bacteria
21 Guns

21 Guns is a song by American rock band Green Day. It was released in 2009, from their album, 21st Century Breakdown.

References 

Green Day songs
2009 songs
Mezzanine

Mezzanine is the third studio album by English trip hop group Massive Attack, released on 20 April 1998. It was produced by Neil Davidge along with the group. The album was released on Virgin Records.

The entire album was provided on their website for legal download many months before the CD release was announced. It was one of the first major uses of the MP3 format by a commercial organization.
It does not use the jazzy sounds and the rapping of Tricky in Blue Lines and Protection, leaving in favour a dark sound, heavy bass lines and distorted guitars.

References

1998 albums
Massive Attack albums
Trip hop albums
California State University

The California State University (CSU) is a public university system established in 1857 in California. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College system. The California State University system headquarters are in Long Beach, California.

The CSU system is composed of 23 campuses and has over 417,000 students supported by 47,000 faculties and staff.
It is the largest senior system of higher education in the United States.

CSU prepares about 60 percent of the teachers in the state, 40 percent of the engineering graduates, and more graduates in business, agriculture, communication studies, health, education and public administration than all other California universities and colleges combined. Altogether, about half the bachelor's degrees and a third of the master's degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU.

Since 1961, nearly 2.5 million alumni have received a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree from the CSU system which offers more than 1,800 degree programs in 240 subject areas.

Campuses 
The California State University has 23 colleges. They are listed in order from oldest to newest.

References

 
1857 establishments in California
Chione

Chione (or Khione) was the goddess of snow in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Boreas, the North Wind, and Oreithyia, an Athenian princess and has two mortal brothers and a mortal sister. Unlike her winged brothers and father she has no wings.
.

References

Greek gods and goddesses
Suzy Spafford

Suzy Spafford (born 1945 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American cartoonist. She is best known for drawing animal characters. Her Suzy's Zoo picture book is her most successful work. The book's characters have been made into greeting cards, stickers, stationery and calendars. The products are sold in thousands of stores all over the world.  She has also written several dozen books for children, including the Tales from Duckport series. Her pictures have been attracted by a lot of people in San Diego since 1967. She created her own greeting card company, Suzy's Zoo Studios, in 1968.

Suzy's Zoo

Characters
"Witzy", a baby duck, is the main character of Suzy's Zoo. He was based on Suzy's little brother, Johnny.
"Boof" is Witzy's best friend; a teddy bear. He is an old teddy bear so he is fixed several times by Witzy’s mom.
"Lulla" is a fashionable and tidy stuffed toy rabbit. She has a wind-up key on her back, and when Witzy turns the key, she begins to sing a sleepy song.
"Ellie Funt" is a shy stuffed toy elephant. She is made from the old bathrobe by Witzy’s mom.
"Patches" is a brave stuffed toy giraffe and he follows Witzy at night so Patches is not afraid of the dark. He is always full of energy and impishness.
"Tickle" is a ladybug who lives in the backyard. By the way, Witzy calls all ladybugs in his backyard "Tickle".
"Peek-a-boo" is a small snail live in the backyard. She likes to play hide-and-seek with her friends.
"Zoom-Zoom" is Witzy’s favorite grasshopper. He is always hopping in the backyard.
"Teeter & Totter" are twin turtles but they have a different color shell. Teeter is a girl and Totter is a boy. They are always together when they play in the backyard.

References

1945 births
People from Toledo, Ohio
Living people
American cartoonists
Flavivirus

Flavivirus is a genus of the family Flaviviridae. This genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis (swelling in the brain).

Flaviviruses are named for the yellow fever virus - "flavus" means "yellow" in Latin.  (Yellow fever was named because it often caused yellow-colored skin, called jaundice, in its victims.)
 
Flaviviruses share a common size (40-65 nm) and symmetry (shape), and they look similar under an electron microscope.  They are made of single-stranded RNA.
 
Humans get these viruses after being bitten by an infected mosquito or tick.  Usually, if a human who has a Flavivirus gets bitten by a healthy mosquito or tick, the human will not have enough of the virus in their blood to infect the insect.  This means humans do not help continue the virus's life cycle (by infecting insects who go on to infect other people).  However, this is not true for yellow fever or dengue fever.
 
People can also get Flaviviruses in other ways, like:
 Touching the dead bodies of animals who had a Flavivirus
 Getting a blood transfusion from someone who has a Flavivirus
 Having sex with someone who has a Flavivirus: this has been proven true at least for the Zika virus.
 Drinking unpasteurized milk products
 A fetus can get a Flavivirus from its mother during childbirth
It is not likely that animals can spread Flaviviruses directly to humans.  Scientists believe that an mosquito or tick has to bite an infected animal before it can spread the virus to a human by biting that human.  This means that Flaviviruses are probably not contagious diseases.  For example, early tests with yellow fever showed that the disease is not a contagious disease.

References

Viruses
Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegalovirus (which means "Large Cell", when translated from Greek cyto-, "cell", and -megalo-, "large") is a Virus which people get. It's a Herpesvirus and is usually called HCMV (Human Cytomegalovirus) or Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5).

As with all herpesviruses, even without symptoms, the virus can still be in a person for long periods of time, even for life.

Two out of five people in the world have HCMV. More people in developed countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have the condition. In these places, more than half of people have the condition.

There is no treatment or cure, but scientists in the United States are developing vaccines, but none has proven to work fully yet.

Viruses
Fantasy football

Fantasy football is a game where people make up "teams" of real American football players and get points for things that these players do in real games. People playing fantasy football can trade players from one team to another. Fantasy football has become very popular as it can be played on the Internet.

References

American football
California State University, Long Beach

California State University, Long Beach (also known as Cal State Long Beach, Long Beach State, CSULB, LBSU, or The Beach) is the second largest campus of the California State University (CSU) system and the third largest university in the state of California by enrollment. The University is located at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County.

CSULB has been recognized repeatedly as one of "America's Best Value Colleges" by the Princeton Review. More than 30 factors are considered to rate the colleges in four categories: academics, tuition GPA (the sticker price minus average amount students receive in gift aid scholarships and grants), financial aid (how well colleges meet students' financial need) and student borrowing.

Long Beach State has also been ranked as one of the top five public master's degree-granting institutions in the West by U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Colleges Guide". It is also home to the largest publicly funded art school west of the Mississippi. The university currently operates with one of the lowest student fees in the country at US $4,370 per year for full-time students having California residence.

Since the 2020–21 school year, Long Beach State has called its sports teams The Beach; the baseball team is also known as the Dirtbags. Before July 2020, the main nickname had been 49ers. Most Beach teams play in the Big West Conference.

References

Other websites

 Cal State, Long Beach
 Official Beach athletic website 

California State University
Long Beach State
Long Beach, California
1949 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
Hinamatsuri

, also called Doll's Day or Girls' Day, is a special day in Japan.  Hinamatsuri is celebrated each year on March 3.  This is a day for thinking about the happiness and health of young girls in Japanese families.

History
Since the 8th century, it was traditional to have special days for children twice a year—March 3 for girls and May 5 for boys.

Display

The focus of attention on Hinamatsuri is a display of dolls which are dressed in the fashion of the Heian period.  The group of dolls represent the Imperial court (hina ningyō).

The Japanese term for the display steps is .  There may be five or seven steps.

The Kantō region and Kansai region have different placement orders of the dolls from left to right, but the order of dolls per level are the same.

First platform, the top
The top tier holds two dolls.  They are .  
  holds a  
  holds a fan

The male doll is traditionally on the right, but sometimes the doll is on the left.

Second platform
The second tier holds three court ladies . Each holds something to do with sake.

Third platform
The third tier holds five male musicians .

Fourth step
Two Imperial ministers (daijin) may be displayed on the fourth tier

Related pages 
 Children's Day (Japan)
 Girls' Day (Germany)

References

Other websites

Japanese culture
Shichi-Go-San

Shichi-Go-San (seven-five-three in Japan) is one of the most important events for children in Japan. Every year on November 15, parents whose children are three, five, and seven years old celebrate the growth of their child.

History
In the past, death rates of infants were higher than present, so children were treated importantly. People have started to celebrate seven, five and three years old of children since the Edo period. Especially, celebrations of seven year old children are most important.

Custom

On this special day, children wear kimono and they are given chitose-ame. Chitose-ame is a long red and white candy.  This candy means children can grow well. People go to the shrine to play the growth of their children. Also, people sometimes take some pictures to the memory of children.

Related pages
 Children's Day (Japan)
 Hinamatsuri

References

Bibliography

Chitose-ame/Minatoya 
nihon-bunnka iroha-ziten

Japanese culture
Singaporean English

Singaporean English or Standard Singaporean English is a dialect of English used in Singapore. It is used as a lingua franca between Chinese Singaporeans, Malay Singaporeans, Indian Singaporeans and White Singaporeans. It (along with Mandarin, Malay and Tamil) is an official language of Singapore. It is the main language of government, business and school in Singapore.

Related pages 
 Languages of Singapore
 Malaysian English
 Manglish
 Singlish

English language
Dialects of English
Damon Albarn

Damon Albarn (, born 23 March 1968) is an English singer-songwriter and record producer who has been involved in many high-profile projects and groups throughout his career. He is perhaps best known internationally for his current role as the frontman and songwriter of Gorillaz, whose first two studio albums had sold more than 20 million copies together by 2007. Albarn also serves as the frontman and primary songwriter of Britpop band Blur, and has been in the projects The Good, the Bad & the Queen, Monkey: Journey to the West and Mali Music.

Albarn was born in Whitechapel. He grew up in Leytonstone and Aldham, Essex. He was voted the 4th greatest frontman of all time in a national 2010 Q magazine poll.

References

1968 births
Living people
British record producers
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Essex
Musicians from London

People from Leytonstone

Singers from London
Maxinquaye

Maxinquaye is the first album of the English actor and musician Tricky, released in 1995. Expanding on the  music template of fellow Bristolians Massive Attack, and featuring then-girlfriend Martina Topley-Bird on vocals, Maxinquaye is a dark, strange album featuring a combination of hip-hop, soul, dub, rock and electronica.

Maxinquaye, named after Tricky's late mother Maxine Quaye, who died when he was four, received great critical attention upon release. The album was re-issued in the UK on 2 November 2009 by Universal Island with a second disc of remixes as a "Deluxe Edition".

References

Debut albums
Trip hop albums