cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure

In crystallography, the crystal structure is how the atoms (or ions or molecules) are arranged in a crystalline material. Crystals occur naturally from the way the chemical bonds of the atoms connect. Symmetric repeating patterns occur in 3-D space in the crystal.

The crystal structure and symmetry cause many physical properties, such as cleavage (how the crystal splits) how it conducts electricity, and its optical properties..

The crystal structure of a chemical is the shape of the crystal at the molecular level. There are several shapes of crystals. Sodium chloride is a cube. Copper sulfate is triclinic. Most things, even metals, have crystal structures. Some crystals fit more atoms in them than others, and these crystals usually weigh more.

References 

Analytical chemistry
Minerals
Aliens of the Deep

Aliens of the Deep is a 2005 documentary movie, directed in part by James Cameron and filmed in the IMAX 3D format. It was produced by Walden Media and Buena Vista Pictures. Cameron worked with NASA scientists to explore the Mid-Ocean Ridges, under water chains of mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that are home to some of the planet's more unusual forms of life.

Plot
Cameron joins up aboard the Russian research ship, "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", with a group of NASA scientists, as well as some Russian marine biologists, to investigate ten hydrothermal vents in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The vents have their own unique ecosystem, which support diverse organisms such as giant tube worms, swarms of blind white crabs, and vast amounts of shrimp which are capable of "seeing" water that is heated by the vents. These creatures do not need sunlight like other organisms, and instead get their energy from the vents. They are able to survive in the superheated and sulfurous water. Because of this, the documentary suggests that this is what life beyond Earth might look like. As some alien ecosystems are likely to be a lot harsher than a typical terrestrial ecosystem, these exotic vents provide an insight into some of the forms that alien life might take.

The documentary shows Cameron's passion for exploring the oceans, as well as his interest in extraterrestrial life. It also shows the technology used to reach such depths.

The movie is similar to Cameron's earlier documentary, Ghosts of the Abyss (2003), which involves him journeying to the wreck of the RMS Titanic. It too was filmed in the 3-D IMAX format.

American documentary movies
English-language movies
Hazard

A hazard is something that can be dangerous. Fire, Explosives and Fuel are all examples of hazards. Many chemicals can be a hazard. There are ways to get rid of hazardous things. There are different types of hazards; some can catch things on fire; some can burn skin; some can irritate the eyes, etc.

The term 'hazard' is used in driving instruction, and in some traffic-related laws. It simply means 'something a motorist should notice and drive accordingly'. For example, children playing on the pavement (U.S. = sidewalk; Austr. = footpath) are a potential hazard. If any go into the actual road, then they are a real hazard, and motorist should do whatever is safe.

Chemistry
Safety
Risk and Safety Statements

Risk and Safety Statements are codes that show the hazards of certain chemicals. There are certain R (risk) phrases and S (safety) phrases. For example, R34 states that the chemical may cause burns. S36 says to wear protective clothing.

Related pages
List of R-phrases
List of S-phrases

Chemistry
Safety
List of R-phrases



Risk Phrases
R1: Explosive when dry
R2: Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R4: Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds
R5: Heating may cause an explosion
R6: Explosive with or without contact with air
R7: May cause fire
R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire
R9: Explosive when mixed with combustible material
R10: Flammable
R11: Highly flammable
R12: Extremely flammable
R14: Reacts violently with water
R15: Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases
R16: Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances
R17: Spontaneously flammable in air
R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
R19: May form explosive peroxides
R20: Harmful by inhalation
R21: Harmful in contact with skin
R22: Harmful if swallowed
R23: Toxic by inhalation
R24: Toxic in contact with skin
R25: Toxic if swallowed
R26: Very toxic by inhalation
R27: Very toxic in contact with skin
R28: Very toxic if swallowed
R29: Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
R30: Can become highly flammable in use
R31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
R32: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
R33: Danger of cumulative effects
R34: Causes burns
R35: Causes severe burns
R36: Irritating to eyes
R37: Irritating to respiratory system
R38: Irritating to skin
R39: Danger of very serious irreversible effects
R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
R41: Risk of serious damage to eyes
R42: May cause sensitisation by inhalation
R43: May cause sensitisation by skin contact
R44: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement
R45: May cause cancer
R46: May cause heritable genetic damage
R48: Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
R49: May cause cancer by inhalation
R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms
R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms
R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R54: Toxic to flora
R55: Toxic to fauna
R56: Toxic to soil organisms
R57: Toxic to bees
R58: May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment
R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer
R60: May impair fertility
R61: May cause harm to the unborn child
R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility
R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child
R64: May cause harm to breast-fed babies
R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed
R66: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness
R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects

Related pages
Risk and Safety Statements
List of S-phrases

Safety
Chemistry lists
Okinawa Prefecture

is traditionally a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan.   Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu.  Recent government proposals recognize the prefecture as its own region.

The capital city is Naha which is on the island of Okinawa.

History

Timeline
 1429: Shō Hashi founded the Ryūkyū Kingdom
 1609: Shimazu of Satsuma Province invade Ryukyu Kingdom
 1853: Commodore Mathew Perry and US Navy ships at Naha
 1875 (Meiji 5): Ryūkyū Domain is created
 1879 (Meiji 12): Okinawa Prefecture was established.
 1945 (Shōwa 20): US administration after World War II
 1953 (Shōwa 28): Partial reversion to Japan
 1972 (Shōwa 47): Reversion to Japan
 2000 (Heisei 12): 26th G8 summit at Kyushu and Okinawa

Geography
Okinawa is a grouping of many islands along the border at the edge of the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean from Kyūshū to Taiwan.  It is the southernmost prefecture in Japan.

Cities
Okinawa Prefecture has eleven cities. Okinawan names are in parentheses.
 Ginowan (Jinoon)
 Ishigaki (Ishigachi)
 Itoman (Ichuman)
 Miyakojima (Naaku)
 Nago (Nagu)
 Naha (Naafa) (capital)
 Nanjō (Nanjoo)
 Okinawa (Uchinaa) (formerly Koza)
 Tomigusuku (Timigushiku)
 Urasoe (Urashii)
 Uruma (Uruma)

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 19% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Naminouegū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the Ryukyu Islands.  In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto.  It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or  which includes five sanctuaries.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

More reading
 Kerr, George H. (1958). Okinawa: the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: Charles Tuttle Co. OCLC 722356
 ___. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. OCLC 5455582

Other websites

Okinawa Prefecture 
Okinawa Tourist Information 
Ryukyu Cultural Archives
Okinawa Prefecture Official Home-page 

 
Ryukyu Islands
Gunma Prefecture

is a prefecture of in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Maebashi.

History
In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kōzuke Province.

Geography 
Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kantō Plain. It is mostly mountainous. 

Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture.  The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture.

Cities 
There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture:

Annaka
Fujioka
Isesaki
Kiryū

Maebashi (capital)
Midori
Numata
Ōta

Shibukawa
Takasaki
Tatebayashi
Tomioka

Towns and villages 

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Thespa Kusatsu

References

Other websites 

 (Japanese)
Kagoshima Prefecture

is a prefecture of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Kagoshima.

History
Kagoshima Prefecture is made from the old provinces of Ōsumi and Satsuma, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands.

During the Sengoku period and Edo period, Ōsumi was controlled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration.  Important historical figures from Kagoshima are Saigo Takamori and Tōgō Heihachirō.

Timeline
 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month) – Ōsumi Province was separated from Hyūga Province.
 1543 (Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month): 1st gun is brought to Japan by the Portuguese
 1549 (Tenbun 18, 3rd day of the 7th month): Catholic Francis Xavier arrives in Kagoshima
 1914 (Taishō 3, 1st month): Eruption of the Sakurajima volcano
 2004 (Heisei 16): Kyushu Shinkansen line opens in Kagoshima

Geography
Kagoshima borders Kumamoto Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture. It is in the southern part of Kyushu facing the Pacific Ocean.

Cities

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Kagoshima jinja, Hirasaki jinja and Nitta Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/foreign/english/index.html ;
Osaka Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu.  The capital city is Osaka.

History 
Osaka prefecture was created by merging the area of Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province.

In 1994, the Kansai International Airport opened.  This is one of the main international airport hubs of Japan.

Geography 
Osaka Prefecture has borders with Hyōgo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture in the north. Nara is east of Osaka. Wakayama Prefecture shares the prefecture's southern border. The west faces Osaka Bay. 

The  flows through the prefecture.

Cities 

Thirty-three cities are located in Osaka Prefecture:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Hiraoka jinja, Ōtori jina, and Sumiyoshi taisha are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Osaka based organizations
 Cerezo Osaka
 Gamba Osaka
 Kansai Ki-in (Largest Go organization in Osaka)
 Osaka University (One of the largest national university in Japan)

References

Other websites

 Osaka Prefecture website
Garhwal

'Garhwal Land ' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttrakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.

History 

The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that are known are very vague and unreliable.
MARODA is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only  from Devpryag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settlled in Delhi for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the uttarakhand.

Religious Aspect 

Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Deoparyag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.

People  

Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture.Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states.Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.

Culture 

The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.

Uttarakhand
Singapore National Pledge

The Singapore's National Pledge was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

The pledge 
These are the words of the pledge:

We, the citizens of Singapore, pledge ourselves as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion, to build a democratic society based on justice and equality so as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our nation.

Malay original
Kami, warganegara Singapura, sebagai rakyat yang bersatu padu, tidak kira apa bangsa, bahasa, atau agama, berikrar untuk membina suatu masyarakat yang berdemokratik, berdasarkan kepada keadilan dan persamaan untuk mencapai kebahagiaan, kemakmuran dan kemajuan bagi negara kami.

Chinese translation 
{| cell padding=6
!
!Pinyin
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|
我們是新加坡公民，
誓愿不分种族、言语、宗教， 
团结一致， 
建设公正平等的民主社会， 
并为实现国家之幸福、繁荣与进步， 
共同努力。
|

Wǒmen shì Xīnjō gōngmín, 
shìyuàn bù fēn zhǒngzú, yányǔ, zōngjiào, 
tuánjié yīzhì, 
jiànshè gōngzhèng píngděng de mínzhǔ shèhuì, 
bìng wèi shíxiàn guójiā zhī xìngfú, fánróng yǔ jìnbù, 
gòngtóng nǔlì. 
|}

Tamil translation
சிங்கப்பூர் குடிமக்களாகிய நாம் இனம், மொழி, மதம் ஆகிய வேற்றுமைகளை மறந்து ஒன்றுபட்டு, நம் நாடு மகிழ்ச்சி, வளம், முன்னேற்றம் ஆகியவற்றை அடையும், வண்ணம் சமத்துவத்தையும் நீதியையும் அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஜனாயக சமுதாயத்தை உருவாக்குவதற்கு உறுதி மேற்கொள்வோம்!

Rules for using the Pledge

These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.

We will recite the pledge in schools, on SAF Day and during the National Day Parade (NDP).
Everyone should put their right fist at their left part of the chest to be loyal to Singapore.
We cannot use the pledge for what it should not be used as.

Singaporean culture
Fish pie

Fish pie is a savory pie that has fish in it. It is normally eaten by British people, and made with white fish (cod, haddock, or halibut) in a white sauce. Hard boiled eggs are sometimes added as well, and the pie is made in a deep dish. The fish is not covered by a pie crust, but there are mashed potatos over it instead. The pie is sometimes also called the "fisherman's pie" because it is similar to the shepherd's pie.

Related pages
Pot pie
Sweet potato pie

Other websites 
Recipes for luxury fish pie and fisherman's pie  from BBC Food.

Savoury pies
Boiled egg

A boiled egg is an egg boiled in its shell. This is a common way of cooking eggs. If the shells are broken, it is called a poached egg. There are two different types of boiled eggs: hard boiled eggs and soft-boiled eggs.

Hard-boiled eggs
Hard-boiled eggs are completely cooked. The egg yolk is solid. They can be eaten warm or cold. Some dishes use them like egg salad. They can be stored for a long time in the refrigerator. Some machines called egg slicers can slice these easily.

Soft-boiled eggs
Soft-boiled eggs have firmly cooked eggwhites, while at the same time, the yolks are liquid. They can have salmonella in them if you don't prepare them correctly. In Europe, soft-boiled eggs are a traditional breakfast cousin, and you normally scoop them out of the shell and eat. In Asia, the soft-boiled egg is cracked into a cup with soy sauce and black pepper.
To make the perfect soft boiled egg, bring the water up to a boil, then lower it to a rapid simmer. Add the eggs to the pot, and then begin timing. If you're just cooking one or two eggs, five minutes is perfect for a runny yolk, or cook as long as seven minutes for a more firmly set, but still spoonable, yolk.

Related pages
Fried egg

Egg dishes
Yolk

The yolk is the yellow center of an egg. It is only one cell. It is commonly seen in fried eggs. When it is mixed with the whites, it makes scrambled eggs. It is sometimes used in cooking. It is much higher in calories than the egg white. It has fat-soluble vitamins in it. Some eggs have two egg yolks in them.

References

Egg
Spanakopita

Spanakopita is a Greek savory pastry, a type of spinach pie. It is filled with spinach, feta cheese, eggs, onions, and seasoning. This filling is wrapped in a pastry with olive oil. It is normally eaten as a snack. 

Greek food
Savoury pies
1861 in architecture

The year 1861 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings
 Arlington Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts, United States is completed.

Awards
 Royal Gold Medal - J. B. Leseur.
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: (unknown).

Births
 January 6 - Victor Horta (died 1947)

Deaths
Old Schwamb Mill

The Old Schwamb Mill is the oldest continuously operating mill site in the United States. There has been a mill operating at this site since c.1650. The current mill is a 19th-century woodworking factory. The mill was built in 1861, and purchased by brothers Charles and Frederick Schwamb in 1864 for the manufacture of picture frames. It remained within the family's ownership and continued to operate, more or less unchanged in both equipment and processes, until 1969. Two wings were added during this time, however: one by 1881, and the other between that date and 1898. The mill still contains operational equipment and four preserved power systems.

References 
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) MASS, 9-ARL, 4-, Old Schwamb Mill, Stuart Campbell (historian) and Richard K. Anderson, Jr., (photographer), Library of Congress online collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.ma1024

1861 architecture
Halifax Town Hall

Halifax Town Hall is a grade II listed, 19th century town hall in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. It is notable for its design and interiors by Charles Barry and his son, Edward Middleton Barry, and for its sculptures by John Thomas.

References

Other websites

 
 Halifax Town Online: Address and phone number of Town Hall.
 Hathi Trust: Building News and Engineering Journal vol 5, 28 January 1859, p.82, "The new town hall at Halifax" 

1861 architecture
Annisquam Bridge

Annisquam Bridge is a historic bridge in Annisquam, Massachusetts, a village within the city of Gloucester.

Built in 1861 to cross Lobster Cove, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is a wood pile bridge.

References

1861 architecture
Sleepy Hollow

Sleepy Hollow is a 1999 American horror movie directed by Tim Burton. It stars Johnny Depp, Christina Ricci, Christopher Walken, Ian McDiarmid, Sir Michael Gambon, Sir Christopher Lee, Michael Gough, Richard Griffiths, Jeffrey Jones, Martin Landau and Miranda Richardson. The movie is based on a book by Washington Irving called The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The story is set in 1799. It is about the murders of Sleepy Hollow, New York which Ichabod Crane (Johnny Depp) has to investigate and find out who is the killer. When the movie went to box office it was a success and it made roughly $207 million worldwide.

Awards

References

Other websites 
 

1999 horror movies
1999 mystery movies
1990s supernatural movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
Ghost movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Tim Burton
Movies set in New York
Republic of Maryland

The Republic of Maryland (also known as the Independent State of Maryland) was a small nation of African Americans from 1854 to 1857. It was in Africa. After this, it joined what is now Liberia. 

The area was first settled in 1834<ref name="Repository p.42">[https://books.google.com/books?id=jx8SAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42 The African Repository, Volume 14, p.42.] Retrieved March 13, 2010</ref> by freed African-American slaves and African-Americans who were born free. Most of them were from the U.S. state of Maryland, and were there under the authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. In 1838, other African-American settlements were joined to the Commonwealth of Liberia, which said that it was independent and not a part of Liberia in 1847. The Maryland in Liberia colony remained apart, as the state colonization society did not want anyone else to be able to trade goods. On 2 February 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. The state said that it was independent on 29 May 1854, and that it would be called Maryland in Liberia with its capital at Harper.

History
In  December 1831, the Maryland state legislature said that it would give US$10,000 for 26 years to take free blacks and former slaves from the United States to Africa, and the Maryland State Colonization Society was started for this purpose.

Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia

On 29 May 1854 The State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia (it was also known as the Republic of Maryland), with its capital at Harper, Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. However, it would last just three years as its own country.

Soon afterwards, local tribes, including the Grebo and the Kru, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to defend itself, Maryland asked Liberia, its more powerful neighbor, for help. President Roberts sent military help, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops stopped the local tribesmen. However, it was now clear that the Republic of Maryland could not survive on its own, and 18 March 1857 Maryland was added by Liberia, and became known as Maryland County.

References
Freehling, William H., The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 Retrieved March 12, 2010
 Hall, Richard, On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857''
 Latrobe, John H. B., p.125, Maryland in Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South - West Coast of Africa, 1833-1853 (1885). Retrieved Feb 16 2010

Notes

Former countries in Africa
1854 establishments
1857 disestablishments
1850s establishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Africa
Rockstar Games

Rockstar Games is a video game company that has created well-known games such as the Grand Theft Auto series of games and the MidnightClub Racing Game series. The company was formerly known as BMG Interactive in its early years.

RAGE

Rockstar Games have developed their own game engine called the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) to facilitate game development on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows, and Wii systems.

Rockstar studios

American video game companies
1998 establishments in the United States
Slumdog Millionaire

Slumdog Millionaire is a 2008 British-Indian drama movie based on Vikas Swarup's novel Q&A and directed by Danny Boyle. The movie has a different story from the book. It follows a homeless Mumbai resident who becomes a contestant for the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.

Slumdog Millionaire was nominated for ten Academy Awards. It won the following eight:
 Best Picture, Christian Colson
 Best Director, Danny Boyle
 Best Adapted Screenplay, Simon Beaufoy
 Best Cinematography, Anthony Dod Mantle
 Best Original Score, A. R. Rahman,
 Best Original Song – "Jai Ho", Music by A. R. Rahman, Lyric by Gulzar (lyricist)
 Best Film Editing, Chris Dickens
 Best Sound Mixing, Resul Pookutty, Richard Pryke, and Ian Tapp
It was also the highest-grossing film ever of an Indian film.

Cast 

 Dev Patel as Jamal Malik
 Ayush Mahesh Khedekar as toddler Jamal
 Tanay Chheda as teenage Jamal
 Freida Pinto as Latika
 Rubina Ali as toddler Latika
 Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar as teenage Latika
 Madhur Mittal as Salim K. Malik, Jamal's elder brother
 Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail as toddler Salim
 Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala as teenage Salim
 Anil Kapoor as Prem Kumar
 Irrfan Khan as Police Inspector
 Saurabh Shukla as Police Constable Srinivas
 Mahesh Manjrekar as Javed Khan
 Ankur Vikal as Maman
 Rajendranath Zutshi as Millionaire show producer
 Sanchita Choudhary as Jamal's mother
 Mia Drake Inderbitzin as Adele, an American tourist
 Siddhesh Patil as Arvind, blind beggar
 Shruti Seth as Call center instructor
 Arfi Lamba as Bardi
 Anjum Sharma as one of the Call center operators

References

Other websites 
 

2008 romance movies
2008 drama movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s romantic drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Picture Oscar
British romantic drama movies
Indian movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
Coming-of-age romance movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in India
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Mumbai
Movies directed by Danny Boyle
Sherry

Sherry is a wine made from grapes. It is produced in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. In Spanish, it is called vino de Jerez.

Kinds of Sherry 

There are many different kinds of Sherry:

 Fino
 Oloroso
 Amontillado
 Cream
 Pedro Ximenez

Wine
Jerez de la Frontera
Scottish Conservative Party

The Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Conservative Party. The party's policies usually promote conservatism and the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party holds 31 out of 129 seats. The party's leader is Douglas Ross. The Conservatives have six out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

In Scotland, the Conservatives used to be known as the Unionist Party and were Scotland's largest party during the 1950s. However in 1965, the Scottish Unionist Party merged with the Conservative Party which triggered a decline in Conservative support across Scotland. At the 1987 General Election, the Conservatives were reduced from 21 to 10 Scottish seats, and the party lost all of its Scottish seats in 1997.

Other websites
Official website

Conservative parties
Political parties in Scotland
Conservative Party (UK)
Scottish Labour

The Scottish Labour Party is a political party in Scotland. It is part of the British Labour Party. The party's policies usually promote social democracy and democratic socialism. It also supports Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, it is the third party. It controls 22 out of 129 seats. The party also control 1 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (having previously held 41)  

Following a heavy defeat in Scotland in the United Kingdom general election, 2015, Jim Murphy announced his resignation as party leader on 16 May 2015. On 15 August 2015 Kezia Dugdale was elected leader of the party, with Alex Rowley as her deputy. In 2017 Dugdale resigned and Rowley became acting leader. Richard Leonard was elected as the party's leader on 18 November 2017.

List of leaders since 1999 
 Donald Dewar (1999–2000), 1st First Minister of Scotland, died in office
 Henry McLeish (2000–2001), 2nd First Minister of Scotland, resigned
 Jack McConnell (2001–2007), 3rd First Minister of Scotland, lost Scottish Parliament election
 Wendy Alexander (2007–2008), resigned
 Iain Gray (2008–2011), lost Scottish Parliament election
 Johann Lamont (2011–2014), resigned
 Jim Murphy (2014–2015), resigned following the United Kingdom general election, 2015
 Kezia Dugdale (2015–2017), resigned
 Richard Leonard (2017–2021), resigned
 Anas Sarwar (2021–present)

Representation 
 House of Commons - 1 out of 59 Scottish MPs
 Scottish Parliament - 22 out of 129 seats

Other websites
Official website

1900s establishments in Scotland
1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political parties in Scotland
Social democratic parties
Labour Party (UK)
Scottish Liberal Democrats

The Scottish Liberal Democrats is a political party in Scotland that is part of the British Liberal Democrats. The party's policies usually promote liberalism and progressivism as well as the continuing of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the Scottish Parliament, the party's leader is Willie Rennie and the party is an opposition party with 4 out of 129 seats. The party has 4 seats out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

References

Other websites
Official website

Liberal parties
Liberal Democrats (UK)
Political parties in Scotland
Scottish Green Party

The Scottish Green Party (also known as the Scottish Greens) is a political party in Scotland that has close relations to the Green Party of England and Wales. The party's policies usually promote green politics, nuclear disarmament, anti-nuclear power, proportional representation, and the creation of an independent Scotland free from the United Kingdom but within the European Union. If Scotland becomes an independent country the party wants the country to be a republic, and no longer be part of the monarchy of the United Kingdom. It also wants an independent Scotland to have its own currency.

In the Scottish Parliament the party is an opposition party with 6 out of 129 seats. It does not have any seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The co-leaders of the party are Patrick Harvie (MSP) and Lorna Slater (MSP).

Other websites
Official website

Political parties in Scotland
Green political parties
Pnictogen

The Group 15 elements, also called the pnictogens, Group V elements, or Group VB elements, are a group on the periodic table. They have many different properties. Nitrogen is a colorless unreactive gas that helps us breathe. Phosphorus is a super reactive white or red solid nonmetal. Arsenic is a highly toxic semimetal. Antimony is also a semimetal. Bismuth is a radioactive metal. Moscovium is a man made element that is radioactive. They all have 5 valence electrons but most of them form +5 or -3 chemical compounds.  
 

Periodic table
Chemical elements
Phosphonium

Phosphonium is an ion. It is rare. Its chemical formula is PH4+. It is similar to ammonium. It is almost never found outside of an organic compound. Its molar mass is 35.01 g/mol. 

Phosphorus compounds
Phosphide

Phosphide is an ion. Its chemical formula is sometimes P3-, but it does not always have that formula. It is a reducing agent. Phosphides (chemical compounds having the phosphide ion in them) react with acids to make phosphine gas.  Sodium phosphide is an example. Some phosphides are semiconductors and are not ionic with P3- ions. They are less reactive. Some metals form alloys with phosphorus to make phosphides. If it is ionic, then the phosphorus is in the -3 oxidation state.

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium phosphide

Sodium phosphide is a chemical compound. It contains sodium and phosphide ions. Its chemical formula is Na3P.

Properties
Sodium phosphide is a black solid. It is ionic. There are several other sodium phosphides that do not have the formula Na3P. It reacts with acids to make phosphine gas. It is a reducing agent.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting liquid sodium with phosphorus(V) chloride. It can also be made by reacting sodium with phosphorus.

Uses
It is used to make semiconductors. It can also be used as a catalyst.

Safety
Sodium phosphide is flammable, making toxic gases when burned. It also makes toxic flammable gases when reacted with acids.

Related pages
Sodium phosphate
Sodium phosphite
Sodium hypophosphite

Phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds
Phosphorus(V) chloride

Phosphorus(V) chloride, also known as phosphorus pentachloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PCl5. It contains phosphorus and chloride ions. The phosphorus is in the +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Phosphorus(V) chloride is a colorless solid. It is one of the most important phosphorus chlorides. Sometimes it is yellowish. It reacts with hot water to make phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a lot of chlorine with phosphorus. It can also be made by reacting chlorine with phosphorus(III) chloride.

Uses
Phosphorus(V) chloride is used to add chloride to other chemical compounds.

Safety
Phosphorus(V) chloride is acidic and toxic. It puts off toxic gases when reacted with water.

Related pages
Phosphorus(III) iodide
Phosphorus(V) oxide
Phosphorus(III) oxide

Phosphorus compounds
Chlorine compounds
Fly agaric

Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Although it is generally considered poisonous, deaths from its consumption are extremely rare, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling. Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia; however, such traditions are far less well documented.

Other websites 

 Webpages on Amanita species by Tulloss and Yang Zhuliang
 Amanita on erowid.org
 Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026) by IPCS INCHEM

Foods
Fungi
Medicinal plants
Vulnerable species
Dilma Rousseff

Dilma Vana Rousseff (born 14 December 1947) is an economist and politician. She was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until 2016. 

In 2003, in the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, she was the minister of Mines and Energy. She became Lula's Chief of Staff in 2005, after her predecessor, José Dirceu, resigned because of charges of corruption. On 31 October 2010, Rousseff won 55% of the vote. Her main contender was José Serra who won 44%. Serra was the candidate of the Brazilian Social Democratic Party. On 1 January 2011, she became the first woman president of the country. In August 2016, she was impeached and removed from office.

Early career
She was against the military dictatorship that governed Brazil from 1964 to 1985.  In January 1970 she was sent to prison for being a member of a Marxist group which had carried out bank robberies and murders. She was released after three years. She joined the Workers Party in 1986.

Presidency
Rousseff was an important ally of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a labour activist who became President of Brazil. A left wing candidate, Lula was a popular president and Rousseff became his chosen successor. She won the 2010 Presidential election.

As President, Rousseff kept with many of Lula's policies. She also became known for bringing the World Cup and the Olympics to Brazil. Many Brazilians were against this, and felt that the money spent on these events would be better spent on other things. Rousseff was on the board of Petrobras, an oil company, in the 2000s. In 2015, reports of corruption at Petrobras became known. Although not named in the investigation, many people in her government were, and there were large protests against Rousseff's government, including Lula da Silva. She has also been accused of lying about economic numbers during her campaign to be reelected. On 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially approved by the Chamber of Deputies.

Impeachment

On 12 May 2016, the impeachment process began when the Senate of Brazil temporarily suspended President Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reaches a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged. Vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension. Rousseff said she is innocent and that the impeachment is a coup. Rousseff was removed from office on 31 August 2016 when the Brazilian Senate voted 61-20 in favor of impeachment. She was succeeded by Vice President Michel Temer.

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Belo Horizonte
Presidents of Brazil
Galba

Servius Sulpicius Galba (; ; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69 AD) was a Roman Emperor for seven months from AD 68 to 69. Galba was an governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, which was the province near the Pyrenees. He was the first emperor of Year of the Four Emperors.

He was born near Terracina, "On the left as you travel towards Fundi" in the words of Suetonius. Galba was adopted by Livia Ocellina and took her family name until becoming emperor.

References

Other websites

 
 

 
 

 
 

Roman Emperors
0s BC births
69 deaths
Vitellius

Aulus Vitellius Germanicus  {September 24, 15-December 22, AD 69} was later known as Vitellius was an Roman Emperor and general for eight months from 16 April to 22 December 69.
Vitellius was acclaimed emperor following quick succession of previous emperors Galba and Marcus Salvius Otho, in the year of civil war known as Year of the Four Emperors
Vitellius was the first add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name was instead of Caesar upon his accession; the latter name had fallen into disrepute in many quarters because of the actions of Roman Emperor Nero.

Portrait

Invading Britain
Vitellius was an Roman military commander of Germania Inferior. In AD 43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers Britannia, Aulus Plautius, governor of Britannia. Roman conquest of Britain, and Claudius defeats Caratacus

Rebellion
On 16 April 69 After Marcus Salvius Otho's death in Rome, He became in Roman Emperor of Rome. he was an third emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors. He ate a lot  He did a quick succession with Galba and Otho. After Otho's friend Nero's death.

References

Roman Emperors
10s births
69 deaths
Anton Mauve

Anthonij (Anton) Rudolf Mauve (18 September 1838, Zaandam, North Holland – 5 February 1888, Arnhem) was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. He signed his paintings 'A. Mauve' or with a monogrammed 'A.M.'.
He had a great influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh.

Mauve mostly painted people and animals shown outdoors. The paining Morning Ride shows well-dressed riders at the coast of the sea, as they ride away from the viewer. One detail which is uncommon, but shows his realism are the horse droppings shown in the foreground of the picture. His best-known paintings show peasants working in the fields, and sheep-herding scenes.

Other websites

1838 births
1888 deaths
Dutch painters
People from Zaanstad
Vespasian

Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 17 November 9 AD – 23 June 79), was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79.

Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the empire for 27 years. Although he held the consulship in 51 AD, Vespasian became more highly regarded as a successful military commander. He took part in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD,p16 and the Jewish rebellion of 66 AD.p29–38

While Vespasian was preparing to besiege Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho died in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69 AD.

In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on July 1.p43 In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. Upon his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus.

References

Further reading 
 Entry on Vespasian in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

9 births
79 deaths
Roman Emperors
RTL Television

RTL Television or short RTL is a German television station. It is belongs to the RTL Group. It started on 2 January 1984.

Other websites
 Official website 

German television networks
Nerva

Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva, 8 November 30 – 25 January 98) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98.

Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.

Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively.

On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.

Nerva's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army.

A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.

Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.

Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan. This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

References 

30 births
98 deaths
Roman Emperors
Jimmy McLeod

James Bradley McLeod (April 8, 1937 – May 18, 2019) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. McLeod started his career with the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League during the 1972. Later in his career he played in the World Hockey Association for the Chicago Cougars, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and New York Golden Blades.

Other websites

1937 births
2019 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
People from Thunder Bay
St. Louis Blues players
World Hockey Association players
Jeff McDill

Jeffrey Donald 'Jeff' McDill (born March 16, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1976–77 NHL season.

Other websites

1956 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Flin Flon Bombers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Victoria Cougars (1971–94) players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Murdo MacKay

Murdo John MacKay (born 8 August 1917 in Fort William, Ontario - d. August 8, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.

Other websites

1917 births
2000 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
People from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Eastern Hockey League players
Bernadette Soubirous

Bernadette Soubirous (7 January 1844 – 16 April 1879) was a young girl who had religious visions at Lourdes, France. During 1858 she said she saw the Virgin Mary 18 times. The Roman Catholic Church later made her a saint, and Lourdes has become one of the most visited places for pilgrims.

References

1844 births
1879 deaths
Christian saints
French Roman Catholics
Marian apparitions
People from Occitanie
Economic nationalism

Economic nationalism is the idea that a state should have control over its economy, labour and how capital is formed. In most cases, this includes taxation of imports. In many cases, economic nationalism is the opposite of globalization, or it questions the use of free trade without restrictions.

Economic policy
Nationalism
Green Party of England and Wales

The Green Party of England and Wales is a green, left-wing political party in England and Wales. The party's policies promote environmentalism and progressive social reform. It wants to create a system of proportional representation for British elections. It has progressive policies on animal rights, LGBT rights and believes in drug policy reform. The party also supports a universal basic income (UBI).

Since May 2010, the party has 1 out of 573 English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, two members of the London Assembly and hundreds of elected members of local government. The party is close to the Scottish Green Party and the Green Party of Northern Ireland. The party's first leader was Caroline Lucas from 2008 until 2012. Its current leaders are Carla Denyer and Adrian Ramsay, who were elected as co-leaders on 1 October 2021.

The Green Party includes several regional parties. The Cornish Green Party supports autonomy for Cornwall.

References

Political parties in England
Political parties in Wales
Green political parties