cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Intel Core

Intel Core is the name of a family of 32-bit dual-core microprocessors. It was made by the technology company Intel. Intel Core processors are based on Pentium M technology. Those processors are more advanced than Intel P6 processors. This architecture, or way to build a processor, is now replaced by Core 2 microarchitecture. In the Core family, there are two groups: the Duo (with two cores) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core). The Solo line replaced the Pentium M one-core processor.

In September of 2006 and January of 2008, Core CPUs stopped selling as much, as Intel released CPUs with newer technology.

Yonah
Yonah is a company name for Intel's first generation of microprocessors for mobile computers. The Core Duo was released on 5 January 2006. It was the first Intel processor to be used in Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers. Yonah does not have 64-bit function.

The Intel Core Duo has two cores, 2 Mebibytes of L2 cache for both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls the L2 cache and front side bus access.

The Intel Core Solo uses two-cores die as a Core Duo, but one core is turned off.

Technical specifications
 151 million transistors, with 2 MiB L2 cache.
 2.33 – 2.50 GHz
 front side bus (FSB) is 667 MT/s (per second)
 supported by the 945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, and 965GT chipsets

Advantages and shortcomings
The duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) has two cores, which give performance per watt almost as good as single-core processors. In computer machines operating with batteries, this means getting as much total work done in one battery charge like in old computers.

The shortcomings of Intel Core (Yonah) are:
 64-bit is not supported.
 Limited FPU (Floating Point Unit) throughput (amount of data computed in a certain time) for non-parallel (not at the same time) computations or single processes.
 "Performance per watt" is not better or even worse than older processors.

Core-based processor Intel Xeon Sossaman LV (low-voltage), for servers also does not have the Intel 64-bit function. All new server systems have support for x86-64, and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.

On July 27, 2006, Intel released newer Core version Intel Core 2.

Related pages 
 Intel
 FSB
 Multi-core processor

References

Other websites
Intel Core Duo Web page
Intel Core Solo Web page
Processor comparison table
Intel Core technical specifications 
techPowerUp! CPU Database
Tested against AMD's 64 X2 line and Intel's own Pentium M
Intel® Centrino® Duo Mobile Technology papers

Computer hardware
Intel Core processors
Geographer

A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography.

That is the study of Earth's physical environment and human habitat. 

Geographers are historically known as people who make maps. Nowadays map making is the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. The geographer studies not only the physical details of the environment. He looks at the influence of this physical environment as well. Therefore he looks at human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. He will concentrate on the influence space has for relationships between these elements. 

The National Geographic Society sees five broad key themes for geographers:
location
place
human-environment interaction
movement
regions

References

 
Social sciences
Science occupations
Rod

Rod may mean:
Rod (geometry), a straight and slender stick; a wand; a cylinder; hence, any slender bar
Rod cell, a cell found in the retina that is sensitive to light/dark (black/white)
Rod (unit), an Imperial unit of length, also known as the pole or perch
Rod (cryptozoology), observational artifacts produced by rapidly flying animals
Rod (god), a Slavic god
Rod (publisher), a music label from 1950s and 1960s Louisiana
Rods (Tarot Suit)
Railway Operating Division
Fishing rod
Lightning rod
Connecting rod, in an internal combustion engine
Divining rod, two rods believed by some to find water in a practice known as dowsing
Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment
Switch (rod), a piece of wood as used as a staff or for corporal punishment, or a bundle of such switches

Rod may also be:
Eubacterium with the shape of a rod
Penis (slang)
Gun (slang)

People with the given name Rod
Often as an abbreviation of such names as Roderick and Rodney:

Rod Stewart, rock musician
Rod Laver (born 1938), Australian former tennis player
Rod Steiger (1925–2002), American actor
Rod Flanders, a fictional character on The Simpsons
Rod From Avenue Q, a character in the stage musical Avenue Q
Rod Whittaker, a fictional camp character from the late 80's
Rod Serling, Creator of the 1960s show The Twilight Zone

People with the surname Rod
Edouard Rod, French-Swiss novelist, 1857-1910
Johnny Rod, American bass guitar player

Related pages
Hrod
Rob
Roth
Dowel
Hot rod, often also referred to as 'rod'
Rebar
Rood, an old English unit equal to quarter an acre
Stick, any long object
Structural steel
R.O.D., an acronym for the Read or Die anime

Basic English 850 words
Chakra

A chakra is an energy center in the human body as taught in Indian yoga and some related cultures. Chakras are also believed in by some New Age adherents. Chakra means ‘Aneel or wheel' in Sanskrit.

According to people who believe in their existence, a chakra is an area in the body connected with life energy. They say that there are seven chakras in the body - each is an interface for the flow of life energy. They say that a chakra vitalizes a physical body and is associated with interactions of a physical or mental nature. They also say that current science is not able to detect or measure chakras.

Definitions 
Although there are various interpretations as to what exactly a chakra is, the following features are common in all systems:
 They form part of a subtle energy body, along with the energy channels, or nadis, and the subtle winds, or pranas.
 They are located along a central nadi, Sushumna, which runs either alongside or inside the spine.
 Two other nadis, Ida and Pingala, also run through the chakras, and alongside Sushumna. They occasionally cross Sushumna at the location of the chakras.
 They possess a number of 'petals' or 'spokes'. In some traditions, such as the Tibetan, these spokes branch off into the thousands of nadis that run throughout the human body.
 They are generally associated with a mantra seed-syllable, and often with a variety of colours and deities.

Types of Chakras
The seven main chakras are described as being present in an ascending column from the base of the spine to the head. The chakras are usually connected with a certain color. Each chakra is also connected with some part of consciousness.

The following seven primary chakras are commonly described:

 Muladhara (, Thai: มูลาธาระ) Base or Root Chakra (ovaries/prostate)
 Swadhisthana (Sanskrit: स्वाधिष्ठान, , Thai: สฺวาธิษฺฐานะ) Sacral Chakra (last bone in spinal cord, the coccyx)
 Manipura (Sanskrit: मणिपूर, , Thai: มณีปูระ) Solar Plexus Chakra (navel area)
 Anahata (, Thai: อนาหะตะ) Heart Chakra (heart area)
 Vishuddha (, Thai: วิศุทฺธะ) Throat Chakra (throat and neck area)
 Ajna (, Thai: อาชฺญา) Brow or Third Eye Chakra (pineal gland or third eye)
 Sahasrara (, Thai: สหัสฺราระ) Crown Chakra (top of the head; 'soft spot' of a newborn)

 Root chakra (Muladhara)
 Navel chakra (Swadhisthana)
 Solar plexus chakra (Manipura)
 Heart chakra (Anahata)
 Throat chakra (Vishuddha)
 Third eye chakra (Ajna)
 Crown chakra (Sahasrara)

Related pages
 Esotericism
 Kundalini
 Occultism

References

 Introduction to Chakras from Kheper.net
 
 
Meditation
Yoga
Scalp

For other uses of the word, see Scalp (disambiguation)

The scalp is the anatomical area between the face and the neck.

Layers 
It is usually described as having five layers, which can be remembered with the mnemonic "SCALP":

 S: The skin on the head from which head hair grows. It is richly supplied with blood vessels.
 C: Connective tissue. a thin layer of fat and fibrous tissue lies beneath the skin
 A: The aponeurosis (or Epicranial aponeurosis) is the next layer. It is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue
 L: The loose areolar connective tissue layer provides an easy plane of separation between the upper three layers and the pericranium.  In scalping the scalp is torn off through this layer.  
 P: The pericranium is the periosteum of the skull bones and provides nutrition to the bone and the capacity for repair.  It may be lifted from the bone to allow removal of bone windows (craniotomy).

References 

Head (body part)
Perm (hairstyle)

A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce .

The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin.

References

Other websites
Pictures of Nessler's permanent curling machine
Disulphide bonds in hair
The chemistry of a permanent wave
Old advertisement for Toni brand perm
Getting a perm in 1950 (demonstration) 

Hair
Audiophile

An audiophile is a person who cares about how good music sounds on a stereo or other high fidelity sound system. An audiophile is interested in how to improve the sound quality of sound recordings, such as vinyl records and Compact Discs, as well as the equipment used to listen to recordings such as CD players, amplifiers and loudspeakers.

Audiophiles are always looking for ways to improve their sound system. There are discussion forums, magazines and clubs for audiophiles to share their ideas. 

Some audiophiles believe that differences should be able to be measured in a scientific way. This type of audiophile is called an "objectivist".

Other audiophiles believe that "what sounds better" or "more musical" may not be measurable. They rely mostly on their own ears and preferences. This type of audiophile is called a "subjectivist".

Audiophile is also used as an adjective in descriptions of audio equipment and recorded music, where it is intended to imply high quality.

References

Other websites
 The Audio Critic - Thirty-year publication, now online only, with in-depth independent verification of vendors' claims. 
  The Audio Press - Criticism of industry, magazines, and reviewers.
  Audiophilia - Online magazine featuring high-end audio equipment and music reviews.
  Enjoy the Music.com - High-end audio equipment, music reviews, show reports, and information.
  Positive Feedback Online - Print magazine that merged with audioMUSINGS and morphed into an online forum for the audio arts.
  Science and Subjectivism in Audio   Technically-detailed article by Douglas Self.
 6Moons.com - Online magazine.
 StereoTimes - Equipment reviews and articles of general interest to audiophiles.
 TNT-Audio - Non-profit, Internet high-fidelity review.

Music
Barbelo

Barbelo is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is  believed to be the first emanation of Bythos.

In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."

The Apocryphon of John continues:

"This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."

Relation to other systems of thought
The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.

References
 The Nag Hammadi Library. The Apocryphon of John Retrieved Oct. 21, 2004.

Gods and goddesses
Perm

Perm (, pronounced:pʲɛrʲmʲ) is a city and administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia. It lies on the banks of the Kama River, at the foot of the Ural Mountains.

Perm is one of the largest cities in Russia, with 976,116 (2006 est.) inhabitants, fewer than the  1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in the 1989 Census.

In geology, the Permian period takes its name from the region.

History 
From 1940 until 1957, the city was named Molotov (), after Vyacheslav Molotov. In 2021, six people were killed in a mass shooting.

Administrative divisions 

Perm is divided into seven city districts:

Modern city 

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

There is one international airport in Perm Bolshoye Savino (Big Savino).
Perm is also served by the smaller airport "Bakharevka".

Perm's public transit network includes streetcar (tram), bus, and trolleybus routes.

Sister cities 
Perm is the sister city of (twinned with):
  Louisville, Kentucky, United States (1994)
  Oxford, United Kingdom (1995)
  Duisburg, Germany (2007)

Sport 
 FC Amkar Perm, the football club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Premier League
 Molot-Prikame Perm, ice hockey club playing in the Russian Hockey Super League
 PBC Ural Great, the basketball club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Basketball Super League

Other websites 

 Official website
 Perm regional server 
 The Official Website of the Perm Municipal Duma
 The heritage of Perm Region 
 Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry 
 The Western Ural Photographic Album 
 History of Perm 
 Perm and Perm Region Information on Kommersant Publishing webpage (also, see all other Russian subjects of the Federation) 
 The city of Perm - The poem of the town
 Perm State University
 Perm for travelers Sights of Perm and Perm's region
 General info on the city of Perm

Capital cities in Russia
Bodhicitta

In Buddhist thought, bodhicitta is the motivation of a bodhisattva. The word bodhicitta combines the words for enlightenment (Bodhi) and  mind (Citta). It is sometimes translated as mind of enlightenment.

Bodhicitta is taught to be the intent to become enlightened, not for oneself, but for the benefit of all beings.

Buddhist terminology
Dakini

In Hinduism and Buddhism, a dakini is a female being like a goddess. They are mostly found in Tibetan Buddhism.Chinese: 空行母, Pinyin: Kōngxíng Mǔ and 狐仙,Pinyin:Hú xian ;明妃,Pinyin:Míng fēi｝ The dakini inspires spiritual practice. A dakini is often depicted as beautiful and naked. The nakedness represents the freedom of the mind.

The Chinese and Tibetan terms for dakini literally mean "she who travels in the sky"; this is sometimes written poetically as "sky dancer". Their bodies are depicted curved in sinuous dance poses.

Dakinis are associated with energy. They are linked with the revelation of the path of transformation. They help people to change the energy of negative emotions, called poisons (kleshas), into enlightened awareness.

Appearance 
Images tend to show the dakini as a young, naked figure in a dancing posture, often holding a skull cup filled with menstrual blood or the elixir of life in one hand, and a curved knife in the other. She may wear a garland of human skulls, with a trident staff leaning against her shoulder. Her hair is usually wild and hanging down her back, and her face often wrathful in expression, as she dances on top of a corpse, which represents her complete mastery over ego and ignorance.

Events 
Tibetan Buddhists believe that a Dakini gave a black hat to the third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje (1284 - 1339), when he was three years old. The Black Crown became the emblem of this Tibetan lineage known as the Karma Kagyu.

Notes

References 
 Beyer, Stephen (1973). The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet. University of California Press. 
 English, Elizabeth (2002). Vajrayogini: Her Visualizations, Rituals, and Forms. Wisdom Publications. 
 Norbu, Thinley (1981). Magic Dance: The Display of the Self Nature of the Five Wisdom Dakinis. Jewel Publishing House, 2nd edition. 
 Padmasambhava, translated by Erik Pema Kunsang (1999) Dakini Teachings. Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2nd edition. 
 Simmer-Brown, Judith (2001). Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism. Shambhala Publications. 
 Yeshe, Lama (2001). Introduction to Tantra : The Transformation of Desire. Wisdom Publications, revised edition.

Other websites 
 Dakini and the Female Spirit 
 Dakini on khandro.net

Buddhist gods and goddesses
Gnosticism



Gnosticism is a group of religious ideas from around the 1st century. "" is the ancient Greek word for "knowledge", but now more closely means "esoteric knowledge". Gnostic ideas were a main part of early Christianity before being persecuted by other Christians. Gnostic ideas are also found in sects of Judaism and Islam, as well as in alchemy and other kinds of esotericism.

The word "Gnostic" was mostly used by people who were against these ideas. For this reason, some researchers have said that Gnosticism is a  of many separate religious movements. There are many problems for people who research Gnosticism:
 Many Gnostic teachings were esoteric, meaning they were kept secret or hidden
 A lot of what is known about Gnostic beliefs came from attacks written by non-Gnostic Christians
 Almost all Gnostic writings were destroyed by non-Gnostic Christians who wanted to wipe them out

Beliefs 
Gnosticism says that humans are divine souls trapped in the ordinary physical (or material) world.  They say that the world was made by an imperfect spirit.

The imperfect spirit is thought to be the same as the God of Abraham. The imperfect spirit may be seen as evil, or sometimes just not perfect but doing the best it can.  

The real God who is good, is distant and not easy to know. In order to get free from the material world, a person has to get gnosis.  That is the special secret knowledge given only to a few special people. 

Some Gnostic groups saw Jesus as sent by the supreme being, to bring gnosis to the Earth.

References

Other websites 

 Ancient Gnosticism
 Religious Tolerance - A survey of Gnosticism
 Sacred Wisdom  - Gnosticism and Christian Esotericism
 Early Christian Writings - primary texts
 The Gnostic Society Library
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism
 Introduction to Gnosticism 
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism
 Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John
 Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics 
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism

 Contemporary Gnosticism
 The Alexandrian Gnostic Church 
 Apostolic Johannite Church
 Ecclesia Gnostica (Gnosis Archive)
Grimoire

Grimoire is a book of witchcraft or paranormal magic. The word is pronounced "grim-warr", which rhymes with "guitar".

The word is a mistaken way of saying grammar. It probably started being used in a time when not many people could read. Then any book might be thought to contain instructions for magic.

In the religion of Wicca other forms of Neopaganism, such a book is sometimes called a "Book of Shadows".

Books
Magic (paranormal)
Hermeticism

Hermeticism is the study and practice of occult philosophy and magic. The name comes from the fact that the first books about Hermeticism  are said to have been written by the god Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Greatest Hermes"), who combines aspects of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.  

Hermeticism is also connected with astrology and alchemy.  These beliefs were strong in Europe during the Renaissance. The Hermetic Corpus was translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1463 and published in 1471. At this time, the Hermetic Corpus was thought to be older than both Plato and Pythagoras.

In 1614, Isaac Causabon showed that the texts were actually written sometime between 200 and 300 AD. This view was based on careful study of the way language was used in the original writings.

Hermeticism was revived in the 19th century in Western Europe. The most famous group involved in this revival was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

Related page 
Supernatural

Religion
Philosophical movements and positions
Creation myths
Illuminati

The Illuminati (the “enlightened ones”) was a late 18th century German political secret society. Adam Weishaupt, a Bavarian philosopher and lawyer, started the secret society on the 1st of May 1776 at the university of ingolstat. In 1785 it was outlawed in Bavaria. 

Originally, they opposed superstition, prejudice, religious influence over public life, and abuses of state power. They supported women’s education and gender equality. 

Later, other groups formed using the same name. There is no evidence that these present-day groups have any significant power or influence. They promote themselves using the Bavarian Illuminati to attract membership.

References 

Secret societies
Conspiracy theories
1776 establishments
1785 disestablishments
Simputer

The Simputer is a small, cheap device, similar to personal digital assistant (palmtop). The unique feature of this device is a smart-card interface which allows a single Simputer to be used by many users. User's private data might be kept on a cheap smart-card. This device was constructed by Indian company- Simputer Trust. The name stands for "Simple computer".

History

The Simputer project was invented during the organization of the Global Village, an International Seminar on Information Technology for Developing Countries. It was conducted in October 1998. The discussion was about big need for a low-cost mass access device which will bring local-language IT to the masses. During inventing a name for new established original device, the purpose was to find complex acronym to fit the name Simputer. Thus Simputer is a Simple, Inexpensive, Multi-lingual comPUTER. Later it was expanded to Simple, Inexpensive Multi-lingual People's compUTER. Now it is also called "computer for the masses".

Features

It is architecturally similar to the Linux Advanced Radio Terminal and the Intel StrongARM reference platform. It has processor Intel StrongARM 200+ MHz, 64MB of RAM, 32MB Flash ROM and may use cheap smart-cards with capacity 8KB. It has also USB connectivity and software modem so might be connect to the internet. 320x240 LCD interface in Simputer is with a touch panel overlay on liquid-crystal display. Operating system runs on a version of the Linux Kernel (computer science). Type of the software used in Simputer is text-to-speech. This tool may use speakers and microphone because it has special jacks. It has also built-in Infrared Data Association (IrDA) port. The device is powered by 3 AAA sized NiMH batteries.

Licensees

The Simputer Trust has licensed to manufacturers to produce devices based on the Simputer. These companies are: PicoPeta Simputers and Encore Technologies.

Future prospects

The tool developed is very generic and has similarities to many other countries. It is ideally suited for developing and under developed countries like: India, Azerbaijan, Mauritius, Mongolia, Ghana, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Thailand or Vietnam.

Sources
 http://www.simputer.org/simputer/history/ 
 http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/digitalbridges/materials/marwaha_paper.pdf (International  Cooperation in the ICT Field: Bridging the Digital Divide)
 http://indic-computing.sourceforge.net/designaxes/analysis.html
 http://www.simputer.org/simputer/about/

Other websites
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1535992.stm
 http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=85140
 http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Open_Source/Simputer/
 http://www.amidasimputer.com/
 http://www.picopeta.com/
 http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/apr/24spec.htm
 http://www.ncoretech.com/products/ia/simputer/index.html

Computers
Gela

Gela is a city in the Italian region of Sicily. It is in the province of Caltanissetta in the south of Sicily. The city is at about 84km from the province's capital of Caltanissetta, on the Mediterranean Sea. The city has a larger population than the capital and is second largest in land area. 

Gela is an important industrial city and port town. One important industry that is located here is that of petroleum refinery. The city can be reached from other cities, like Syracuse and Caltanissetta, by train.

References 

Cities in Sicily
Kama Sutra

Kamasutra (), also known in Western countries as the Kama Sutra, is an ancient Indian book on love. It was written by Mallanaga Vatsyayana. Part of the book deals with human sexual behavior.

References 

Non-fiction books
Australian Open

The Australian Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is the first one of the year. It is played in Melbourne, Australia. The Australian Open has been played on three different surfaces:
Grass (1905–1987)
Rebound Ace (a type of hard court, 1988–2007)
Plexicushion (a faster type of hard court, (2008–present)

Before 1983, many of the best tennis players did not play at the tournament. This was because the Australian Open was far away from Europe and North America and was not considered as important as the other Grand Slam tournaments.

Heat policy
The tournament is played in January, during the Australian summer. In 1998 an extreme heat rule was brought in. It is the only major tournament that has a heat policy. If the temperature gets higher than 35 degrees (C) matches may have to be stopped for a short time, because players feel dehydrated. Matches on the outside courts are stopped. The roof over the main stadium courts can be closed, and cooling systems turned on. In 2007 the temperature on the courts reached 50 degrees Celsius.

Winners
 2019 Novak Djokovic and Naomi Osaka
 2018 Roger Federer and Caroline Wozniacki
 2017 Roger Federer and Serena Williams
 2016 Novak Djokovic and Angelique Kerber
 2015 Novak Djokovic and Serena Williams
 2014 Stan Wawrinka and Li Na
 2013 Novak Djokovic and Victoria Azarenka
 2012 Novak Djokovic and Victoria Azarenka
 2011 Novak Djokovic and Kim Clijsters
 2010 Roger Federer and Serena Williams
 2009 Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams
 2008 Novak Djokovic and Maria Sharapova 
 2007 Roger Federer and Serena Williams
 2006 Roger Federer and Amélie Mauresmo 
 2005 Marat Safin and Serena Williams
 2004 Roger Federer and Justine Henin-Hardenne

References

Other websites
 Australian Open website

Tennis tournaments in Australia
Grand Slam tennis tournaments
1905 establishments
1900s establishments in Australia
Adrian Willaert

Adrian Willaert (pronounce: AH-dree-ahn VIL-art), (born Flanders about 1490; died Venice, 7 December  1562) was a Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was one of the most important composers of his time.  He went to Italy when he was young and spent the rest of his life there.  He belonged to the group of composers who lived and worked in Venice at the time, and who were known as the “Venetian School”.

Life 
He may have been born in Bruges which is now in Belgium, although we are not sure.  One of his students, Gioseffo Zarlino, who became a well-known music theorist, said that Willaert went to Paris first to study law, but then decided to study music.  In Paris he met Jean Mouton, the main composer of the French royal chapel, and studied with him.  Mouton taught him to write music in the style of Josquin, whose music was very polyphonic with the voices imitating one another a lot.

Sometime around 1515 Willaert first went to Rome.  There is a story, which is probably true, that Willaert was surprised to find the Pope’s choir singing something he had composed.  The choir thought it had been composed by Josquin, who was very famous by then.  When the young Willaert told them that he himself was the composer, the choir did not believe the young man, and refused to sing it again.

In July 1515, Willaert worked for the Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este of Ferrara.  Ippolito liked to travel, and he often took Willaert and other musicians with him to places such as Hungary, where he probably spent two years, from 1517 to 1519.  When Ippolito died in 1520, Willaert worked for Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara.  In 1522 Willaert had a job at the court chapel of Duke Alfonso; he stayed there until 1525.

Willaert then got the most important musical job in the whole of Europe at that time: he became maestro di cappella (director of music) at the church of St. Mark's at Venice.  The director who had been there before had not been very good, so Willaert made the music in that church really great again.  He stayed in that job until his death.  He was very famous and young composers came from all over Europe to study with him and learn how to be a composer.

Musical style and influence 
Willaert was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance and the most important composer in Europe between the death of Josquin and the time of Palestrina.

He wrote music in lots of forms, especially church music, madrigals and instrumental pieces called ricercar.

References 

 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  

1490s births
1562 deaths
Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers
Sydney Harbour

Sydney Harbour (also called Port Jackson) is a natural harbour on the East Coast of Australia in Sydney. It is the location of the  Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

History 

Before the arrival of European settlers, the area surrounding Sydney Harbour was home to a variety of aboriginal tribes, including members of the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Eora and Wanegal tribes. It is believed (source?) that the Gadigal people once lived in the area heading from the south side of Port Jackson (South Head, Watsons Bay) and west in a semi circle through Petersham. The Cammeraygal tribe lived on the northern side of Sydney Harbour and the Wanegal tribe owned the area on the southern side of the Parramatta River, just west of Petersham and through to Rose Hill. The Eora tribe lived on the southern side of Sydney Harbour, not far from where the First Fleet set up camp.

In 1770, shortly after he left Botany Bay (Kurnell Peninsula), Lt James Cook became the first non-Aboriginal person to visit Sydney Harbour.  Cook named it [Sydney Harbour] after Sir George Jackson. He did not go into the harbour, but sailed past the entrance (Sydney Heads) on his way north up the East Coast of Australia. 

European settlement started on January 26, 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived from England. Phillip brought 732 convicts (prisoners) and a small group of soldiers to start a penal colony. They landed at a small inlet which they called Sydney Cove after Lord Sydney, who was the British government's Home Secretary.

Islands 
There are lots of islands inside Sydney Harbour, including Shark Island, Clark Island, Fort Denison, Goat Island, Cockatoo Island, Spectacle Island, Snapper Island and Rodd Island. Some other former islands, including Bennelong Island, Garden Island and Berry Island are now connected to the mainland by bridge or by landfill. There are several islands only accessible by boat, for example Fort Denison and Cockatoo Island. Boat hire operators offer charter trips or self-drive options to these locations.

References

Other websites
A Living Harbour A history of Sydney Harbour from ABC Radio National

Sydney
Geography of New South Wales
Bays of Australia
Vex (disambiguation)

Vex may refer to:

 Vex, a robotic construction kit
 FIRST Vex Challenge, a robotics competition
 Vex, Switzerland
 Vex (album), an album by Steel Pulse
Vex (brachiopod), a brachiopod genus.
 Vex Red, an English rock band
 The Vex, a music club started by Self-Help Graphics & Art, Inc.
 Z.Vex Fuzz Factory, a brand of fuzz box used for musical effects.
 Virgin Express, an airline created by the Virgin Group
Billy Ray Cyrus

Billy Ray Cyrus (born August 25, 1961) is an American singer, songwriter and actor.

He is best known for his popular single "Achy Breaky Heart" (1992).

From 2001 to 2004, Cyrus starred in the television series Doc. The series was about a country doctor who moved from Montana to New York City. He was in the Disney Channel series, Hannah Montana, which he co-starred with his daughter Miley Cyrus.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Kentucky

References

Other websites
 
 Billy Ray Cyrus at CMT.com
 
 
 Archive of  .

1961 births
Living people
Actors from Tennessee
Country musicians from Tennessee
American country singers
American movie actors
American television actors
Musicians from Tennessee
Singers from Tennessee
Yantra

Yantra literally means loom, instrument or machine. In actual practice, a yantra is a symbol which represents aspects of the divine, such as the Mother Goddess or Durga. It is made of interlocking geometric figures, circles, triangles and floral shapes that form a pattern. Though drawn in two dimensions, a yantra can represent a three dimensional sacred object. The yantra is primarily a meditation tool. Yantras function as revelatory symbols of cosmic truths.

Gallery

Related pages
 Mandala
 Tantra

References
 Khanna, Madhu (1979). Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity. Thames and Hudson, first paperback edition, 1981.

Other websites
 An Introduction to Yantras, What They Are and How to Use Them For Meditation
 Yantras - The Mystic Power
 High Resolution Yantras Dasa Maha Vidya, The 15 Nityas and other yantras, printable.

Hinduism
Meditation
Symbols
Shri Yantra

The Shri Yantra or Sri Chakra of Tripura Sundari is a yantra or mandala formed by nine interlocking triangles surrounding a dot in the cetner called a bindu.  Four of these triangles are orientated upright representing Shiva or the Masculine.  Five of these triangles are inverted triangles represent Shakti or the Feminine. Because it is composed of nine triangles, it is also known as the navayoni chakra.

Together the nine triangles are interlaced in such a way as to form 43 smaller triangles in a web symbolic of the entire cosmos or a womb symbolic of creation. Together they express Advaita-ism or non-duality. This is surrounded by a lotus of eight petals, a lotus of sixteen petals, and an earthsquare resembling a temple with four doors.

The Shri Chakra is also known as the nava chakra because it can also be seen as having nine levels. Each level corresponds to a mudra, a yogini, and a specific form of the deity Tripura Sundari along with her mantra. These levels starting from the outside or bottom layer are:
Trailokya Mohana, a square of three lines with four portals
Sarvasa Paripuraka, a sixteen-petal lotus
Sarva Sankshobahana, an eight-petal lotus
Sarva Saubhagyadayaka, composed of fourteen small triangles
Sarvarthasadhaka, composed of ten small triangles
Sarva Rakshakara, composed of ten small triangles
Sarva Rohahara, composed of eight small triangles
Sarva siddhi prada, composed of 1 small triangle
Sarvanandamaya, composed of a point or bindu

TEMPLES

1.Shri Yantra Temple,This temple is Most Popular and Ancient .

2.Shri Narmadeshwar Shri Laxmi Yantra Mandir in this temple  Siddha Shri is Given by the Priest to Devotees take to home and prey .this temple is Situated Rajpipla city, JIOR pati, Kumbheshwar street,At the Bank of River Narmada .

Official Website:- Shri Narmadeshwar Shri Laxmi Yantra Mandir Official Website

References

Other websites

Lalita Tripurasundari, the Red Goddess
Shri Narmadeshwar Shri Laxmi Yantra Mandir 
Sri Yantra 

How to Draw a Sri Chakra 
How to draw Sri Yantra 

Hinduism
Meditation
Tulku

A tulku (also tülku, trulku) is a Tibetan Buddhist lama who has achieved the ability to consciously determine to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow. The most famous example is the lineage of Dalai Lamas, who are said to be reincarnations of the previous thirteen Dalai Lamas, beginning with Gendun Drup (1391 – 1474). It is held in the Vajrayana tradition that the oldest lineage of tulkus is that of the Karmapas (spiritual head of the Karma Kagyu lineage), which began with Düsum Khyenpa (1110-1193).

In addition to Tibetans and related peoples, Tibetan Buddhism is the traditional religion of the Mongols and their relatives. The Mongolian word for a tulku is qubilγan, though such persons may also be called by the honorific title qutuγtu (Tib: phags-pa / Skt: ārya), or hutagt in the standard Khalkha dialect.

A recent Chinese word for tulku is huófó (活佛), which literally means "living Buddha". Thus the term Living Buddha is used to mean tulku. 

 References 
 Logan, Pamela (2004). "Tulkus in Tibet". Harvard Asia Quarterly'' 8''' (1) 15-23.

Buddhism
Yeshe Tsogyal

Yeshe  Tsogyel (, rhymes with "may say so well") is also known in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism as the Great Bliss Queen. She is both a woman and a female deity called a dakini.

She lived from 757 to 817, and was the wife of Emperor Trisong Detsen (740 - c. 798) who invited Padmasambhava to Tibet:
From the mouth of a lotus was born
The swift goddess, heroic liberator
Who went forth in human form
Amid the snowy mountains of Tibet.

Among Tibetans she is seen as a Buddha who takes the form of an ordinary woman so as to be seen by the average person, "who, for the time being, do not see her Vajravarahi form as a fully perfected deity." In fact,
She displays whatever emanation form will tame
Any given [person], just as, for example, the full moon in the sky
Emerges as [various] reflections in different water vessels.

According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha, a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly. She is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha's own mother.  Her name ("Primordial (ye) Wisdom (shes) Queen (rgyal mo) of the Lake (tso)") derives from her birth causing a nearby lake to double in size.

As a young girl, she is said to have prayed for the happiness of all sentient beings. At the age of sixteen, she was initiated into Buddhism by Guru Padmasambhava. Although she was originally one of the Queen consorts of Trisong Detsen, he gave her to Padmasambhava and she became his main spiritual consort. After many years of study she became enlightened. Yeshey Tsogyal was the main person who wrote down and collected Padmasambhava's teachings. She also terma most of the hidden teachings called termas.

As the wife of Tri-song-day-tsen and the consort of Padmasambhava, given to him at her request by the king, she also stands historically at the beginning of Buddhism's eclipse of Bön in Tibet.  She is also considered a manifestation of Sarasvati and sometimes identified with the Bodhisattva Tara.

Notes

References
Klein, Anne Carolyn (1995). Meeting the Great Bliss Queen: Buddhists, Feminists, and the Art of the Self. Beacon Press: Boston. .

757 births
817 deaths
Tibetan Buddhism
Urho Kekkonen

Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (; 3 September 1900 – 31 August 1986), often referred to by his initials UKK, was the President of Finland between 1956 and 1982. He was also the Prime Minister of Finland before that.

Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi. He took part of the Finnish Civil War. He was anti-Communist and later anti-Fascist.

Kekkonen became the Interior Minister in 1937, and he then attempted to ban the fascist party known as the Patriotic People's Movement (commonly abbreviated to IKL).

In the year 1950, after the Second World War, Kekkonen became the Prime Minister of Finland.

The "Passikivi-Kekkonen line" was a foreign policy doctrine established by, Kekkonen and Juho Kusti Paasikivi, aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union.

Kekkonen was elected the President of Finland in 1956, after president Paasikivi. He attempted to keep Finland a neutral country, which means it was not affiliated with any military alliance such as NATO or the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.

Urho Kekkonen led the underwriting of the Helsinki Accords of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe between European countries, the United States and the Soviet Union in 1975.

Kekkonen became sick in 1981 and resigned from presidency.

He died in 1986, aged 86.

References 

1900 births
1986 deaths
Presidents of Finland
Prime Ministers of Finland
Albert Hofmann

Albert Hofmann (11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008) was a Swiss scientist. He invented Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann wrote more than 100 scientific articles and a number of books, including LSD: My Problem Child (1979).

Life 
Hofmann was born in Baden, Switzerland. He studied chemistry at the University of Zürich. His main interest was the chemistry of plants and animals, and he studied about the chemical structure of the common animal substance chitin. Hofmann worked at the pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.

Five years after its first synthesis, he discovered by accident the psychedelic effects of LSD, after absorbing some through his fingertips on April 16 1943. Three days later, he deliberately consumed 250 micrograms of LSD, and experienced far more intense effects. This was followed by a series of self-experiments. He first wrote about these experiments on April 22 of the same year.

He became director of the natural products department at Sandoz and went on studying hallucinogenic substances found in Mexican mushrooms and other plants used by the indigenous peoples. This led to the synthesis of psilocybin, the active agent of many magic mushrooms.

Hofmann called LSD "medicine for the soul".

He had a heart attack in his home in Burg im Leimental on April 29, 2008, and died at the age of 102.

Other websites 
 Albert Hofmann (NNDB)
 Erowid: Albert Hofmann Vault
 Albert Hofmann Foundation
 MAPS ("Stanislav Grof interviews Dr. Albert Hofmann")

1906 births
2008 deaths
Swiss chemists
Swiss centenarians
Mahasiddha

A mahasiddha (Sanskrit: maha - great, siddha - achiever) is type of yogi important in Tantra. They are found in both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. They are connected with unusual ways of thinking and with the highest levels of spiritual enlightenment.  They are very different from arhats, the saints who gave up the world to achieve buddhahood.

The Mahasiddhas are actual people who acquired magical powers from their spiritual practice. A mahasiddha is a bodhisattva, someone who can enter nirvana whenever they want, but instead choose to stay in samsara to help others.

In both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions there are 85 Mahasiddhas. The lists are not all the same, but there are many Mahasiddhas who appear on most lists. In Tibetan Buddhist art, they are often shown in paintings together, for example around the border of a thanka.

Important Mahasiddhas
Each Mahasiddha has come to be known for certain things.  One of the most loved Mahasiddhas is Virupa, who is a saint of the Sakyapa sect.  He lived in 9th century India and was known for his great attainments. Other important Mahasiddhas include:

Marpa, the great translator and first native-born guru in Tibet who brought Buddhist teachings from India.
Milarepa, Marpa's student . In Buddhist pictures and statues, Milarepa is shown with his right hand cupped against his ear. He does this to better listen to the teachings (dharma). 
Karmapa, the first consciously incarnating lama of Tibet.
Gorakhnath
Matsyendranath
Nagarjuna
Naropa
Saraha
Shantideva
Tilopa

Complete list of Mahasiddhas
In Buddhism there are 89 Mahasiddhas: 
Acinta,
Ajogi,
Anangapa,
Aryadeva,
Babhaha,
Bhadrapa,
Bhandepa,
Bhiksanapa,
Bhusuku,
Camaripa,
Campaka,
Carbaripa,
Catrapa,
Caurangipa,
Celukapa,
Dan,
Darikapa,
Dengipa,
Dhahulipa,
Dharmapa,
Dhilipa,
Dhobipa,
Dhokaripa
Dombipa,
Dukhandi,
Ghantapa,
Gharbari,
Godhuripa,
Goraksa,
Indrabhuti,
Jalandhara,
Jayananda,
Jogipa,
Kalapa,
Kamparipa,
Kambala,
Kanakhala,
Kanhapa,
Kankana,
Kankaripa,
Kantalipa,
Kapalapa,
Khadgapa,
Kilakilapa,
Kirapalapa,
Kokilipa,
Kotalipa,
Kucipa,
Kukkuripa,
Kumbharipa,
Laksminkara,
Lilapa,
Lucikapa,
Luipa,
Mahipa,
Manibhadra,
Medhini,
Mekhala,
Mekopa,
Minapa,
Nagabodhi,
Nagarjuna,
Nalinapa,
Naropa,
Nirgunapa,
Pacaripa,
Pankajapa,
Putalipa,
Rahula,
Saraha,
Sakara,
Samudra,
Santipa,
Sarvabhaksa,
Savaripa,
Syalipa,
Tantepa,
Tantipa,
Thaganapa,
Tilopa,
Udhilipa,
Upanaha,
Vinapa,
Virupa,
Vyalipa,
Lokesh

References
Dowman, Keith (1986). Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Other websites
Murals of mahasiddhas in the Lukhang hidden temple
Names of the 84 Mahasiddha (with brief explanation of their meaning).
The Mahasiddha Linedrawings of H.R.Downs (in Dowman (1986)).
MahaSiddha Dharma website

Buddhism
Hinduism
Gustatory system

The gustatory system is the sensory system for the sense of taste.

Function 
The human body can be stimulated by certain things. This stimuli is measured by sensory receptors and the energy is converted to something our brain can understand. There are receptors in our tongue which can measure four main things.

Salt 
This is the simplest receptor found in the mouth.

Sour 
Sour tastes are usually received from acidic compounds.

Bitter 
Bitter tastes are important, since poisons are usually bitter and therefore we need to know whether or not to spit a bitter food out. This is the most complicated receptor found in the mouth.

Sweet 
Food which has a lot of carbohydrates such as glucose are sweet.

Sensory system
Olfactory system

The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction or the sense of smell.

Most mammals and reptiles have two parts to their olfactory system. 
There is a main olfactory system, which detects volatile, airborne substances. 
There is secondary, or accessory, system. The accessory olfactory system senses fluid-based stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones.

The olfactory system is often spoken as being similar to the gustatory system (taste system). Both are chemosensory senses. They change chemical signals into nerve impulses, which are translated into perceptions in the brain.

The part of the brain which deals with olfaction is the rhinencephalon, a small part in the human brain, but much more important in other vertebrates. The piriform cortex is probably the area most closely associated with identifying the odor. The medial amygdala is involved in social functions such as mating and recognising animals of the same species. The entorhinal cortex pairs odors with memories. The exact functions of these higher areas is still being researched. 

Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the olfactory system.  By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were about one thousand different genes for olfactory receptors in the mammalian genome.

Damage 
Damage to the olfactory system can happen through brain injury, cancer or toxic gases. The damage is usually measured by doctors giving the patient something to smell and having the patient try to guess what it is.

Related pages 
Olfaction

References 

Sensory system
Bricostore

Bricostore is a type of French hypermarket. They sell do-it-yourself (DIY) goods.

Bricostore in Europe

Other websites 
 Bricostore Romania
 Bricostore Hungary 
 Bricostore Croatia 

Companies of France
Supermarkets of Europe
1850s establishments in France
1850 establishments in Europe
Pharaoh's Island

Pharaoh's Island is an island on the River Thames, in Surrey, England.

Location 
The island is above Shepperton Lock. It can only be reached by boats.

History 
The island was given to Admiral Nelson as a reward for winning Battle of the Nile, and he used it as a place to fish.

Other websites 

 The River Thames Guide — Shepperton Lock

Islands of England
Surrey
Ky Ebright

Carroll M. Ebright (March 20, 1894 - November 1979), sometimes known as Ky Ebright was a  coach for the University of California, Berkeley crew team. He is the only man to coach three Olympic gold medal winning eight oared boats. Ky Ebright died in Berkeley, California at the age of 85.

Wins

Olympic wins 
 1928 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
 1932 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
 1948 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal

IRA Championships 

1928
1932
1934
1935
1939
1949

References

Other websites 
 Rowing Hall of Fame Link 
 IRA Championships Link 
 History Cal Crew 

1894 births
1994 deaths
American Olympic gold medalists