cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Helen Mirren

Dame Helen Lydia Mirren DBE (born Helen Lydia Mironoff; 26 July 1945) is an English actor active in theatre, movie and television.

Early life
Mirren was born in Chiswick, Middlesex, England, to a Russian father and an English mother, she was raised in Essex.

Acting
She began her acting career in 1963 with the National Youth Theatre, later joining the Royal Shakespeare Company. She has since then appeared with several theatre companies in a wide variety of roles. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest British actresses of all time.  

She began appearing in movies while still very young but did not really attract attention until the late 1970s. Her movies include: Caligula (1979), The Long Good Friday (1980), Excalibur (1981), Cal (1981), White Nights (1985), Pascali's Island (1988), The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover (1989), The Madness of King George (1994), Gosford Park (2001), and The Queen (2006), for which she won the Academy Award for best actress, and several other awards (Golden Globe, BAFTA, etc.).

Mirren has also appeared in several series on television, notably as Inspector Jane Tennison in the Prime Suspect series, she was also acclaimed as Queen Elizabeth I in the series Elizabeth I (2006).

Personal life
Mirren is an atheist. She has no children. She began a relationship with Taylor Hackford in 1986. The couple married in 1997.

References

Other websites 

1945 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Essex
Actors from Middlesex
BAFTA Award winners
British atheists
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Makgeolli

Makgeolli (Makuly, also called nongju or takju) is a Korean traditional rice wine. Made from rice, it is a milky brew with an alcohol content of 6 to 7 percent. Rice, the main ingredient of it, is not sweet in itself, so Nuruk is also used to make it. Once boiled rice and Nuruk are mixed, the enzymes in Nuruk break down carbohydrates in rice into sugar. Then the sugar meets yeasts in Nuruk and there begins fermentation. Because the fermentation keeps on going, Makgeolli should be drunk as soon as possible once it is opened.

It has a long history. Ancient people made liquor with grains such as wheat and rice after they found the way to grow them. That is the beginning of it. There are some records about it. For example, a book written in Three Kingdoms of Korea, it says many people drank ‘grain liquor.’ Moreover, in a document about the brewing of Joesun Dynasty, there says Makgeolli had had long history and been considered as liquor of the folk. Made from newly harvested rice, it was regarded as sacred gift from God. In addition, it played an important role in religious event like praying ceremony for a year of abundance.

Compared to other liquor, it is good for health. Abundant in protein and fiber, it affects to liver much less than any other alcohol. Rather it helps prevent cancer and heart disease. Similar to milk and yogurt, it has good effect on the health with its organic acids.

These days, demand on it is growing from USA and Japan, so exports are rising in Korea. Actually in Korea, most of the men who drank it were farmers or manual workers in 1970s. That’s because it was replaced not only by soju but also by Western drinks such as beer or whisky. Recently, however, even young generations are more likely to drink it than before.

References 

- Yonhap News https://fitcrv.com/benefits-of-brown-rice/ 

Wine
Sadri language

Sadri (also Nagpuri) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar,  Chhattisgarh and   Odisha. It is the native language of the Sadaan, an ethino-linguistic group of the of Chota Nagpur region. In addition to native speaker, Sadri is also used as a lingua-fraca by large number of tribal groups such as: Kharia, Munda, Bhumij, Kurukh and many of these tribal group have adopted Sadri as their first language. It spoken by many Tea-tribes of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh.

Script 
In past, either Devanagari or Kaithi script were use in writing Nagpuri poems. 
 In present,
Nagpuri is commonly written in the Devanagari script.

Geographical Distribution
Nagpuri language is chiefly spoken in western Chota Nagpur Plateau region of west-central Jharkhand in districts such as Latehar, Lohardaga, Chatra, Palamu, Garhwa, Gumla, Simdega, Ranchi, Khunti, West Singhbhum  North-east Chhattisgarh in district  Jashpur, Surguja, Balrampur, South-east Uttar Pradesh in Sonbhadra, Northern Odisha in Sundargarh and south-west Bihar in  Aurangabad district.

Alternate names
Alternate names of dialects include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Nagpuri, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.

References

Languages of Bangladesh
Rohingya language

The Rohingya language is a language that is spoken by approximately 1 million in Arakan (which is in Burma), Half a million in Makkah, Jeddah, and Madinah of Saudi Arabia, 300,000 in Karachi and Pakistan, 200,000 in Cox's Bazaar District of Bangladesh (2006), 30,000 in Malaysia, and others in Thailand, UAE and India. It has many alternate names, including: Rohinga, Rohinja, Ruaingga, Arakani, and Arakanese. The Rohingya language is related to the Bengali language. The Rohingya language uses a lot of words from other languages, like Arabic and English. This is due to history (the Rohingya are Muslim and Arabic is an important language in their religion, Islam) and culture (they interacted with the English and many other different groups).

Alphabet 
The Rohingya language has many different alphabets. People have a hard time trying to agree on a single alphabet to write in. They can write in: Burmese alphabet, Arabic alphabet, or the Latin alphabet (the ABCs). A Rohingya man named Mohammed Hanif created the Hanafi alphabet, which is suitable to write the language in. However, not many computers can support the Hanafi alphabet. So for the time being, many Rohingya use the ABCs when they use computers and phones.

Sounds 
Rohingya has 25 consonant sounds and 6 vowel sounds.

Grammar 
Rohingya is a subject-object-verb language. For example, "I love you" in English would be "I you love" in Rohingya.

Sample text 
The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Rohingya: Manúic beggún azad hísafe, ar izzot arde hók ókkol ót, fúainna hísafe foida óiye. Fottí insán óttu honó forók sára elan ot aséde tamám hók ókkol arde azadi ókkol loi fáaida goróon ór hók asé. Ar, taráre dil arde demak diyé. Ótolla, taráttu ekzon loi arekzon bái hísafe maamela goróon saá.

English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Languages of Bangladesh
Cryosphere

The cryosphere is the part of the Earth’s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). It often overlaps with the hydrosphere, the water on, under and over the surface of the Earth. The cryosphere is an important part of the global climate system. It influences surface energy, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and the way both air and water move about in the atmosphere and oceans. The cryosphere is important to understanding how the climate of Earth works and how it affects global climate. The word cyrosphere comes from the Greek word cryo meaning "cold" or "to cold".

Earth
Jute

Jute is a vegetable fibre. It is very cheap to produce, and its production levels are similar to that of cotton. It is a bast fibre, like hemp, and flax. Coarse fabrics made of jute are called hessian, or burlap in America. Like all natural fibres, Jute is biodegradable."Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to make burlap, Hessian or gunny cloth. It is very rough and is very difficult to cut or tear.

The jute plant is easily grown in tropical countries like Bangladesh and India. India is the largest producer of jute in the world. Jute is less expensive than cotton, but cotton is better for quality clothes. Jute is used to make various products: packaging materials, jute bags, sacks, expensive carpets, espadrilles, sweaters etc.
It is obtained from the bark of the jute plant. Jute plants are easy to grow, have a high yield per acre and, unlike cotton, have little need for pesticides and fertilizers.

In Iran, archaeologists have found jute existing since the Bronze Age.

References 

Fibers
Bryan Hopkin

Sir Bryan Hopkin (7 December 1914 – 10 October 2009) was a Welsh economist.  He spent a lot of his career giving economic advice to the British government.  At other times he taught economics at university.  He did not agree with the economic policies of Margaret Thatcher.

Life

Hopkin went to Barry Grammar School and then studied at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was a student of John Maynard Keynes.  He then studied at Manchester University.

In 1941, during the Second World War, Hopkin was working as a civil servant at the Ministry of Health. Winston Churchill chose him to be part of the government's statistical team.  He spent many years advising the government, before becoming Professor of Economics at Cardiff University in 1972.

He became head of the Government Economic Service in 1973, and gave advice to Denis Healey.  It was a hard time for Healey because the unions were asking for big pay increases and inflation was rising.  Hopkin helped Healey to persuade people to stick to the pay policy he had made.  Then Hopkins returned to work at the university, from where he criticized Margaret Thatcher's policies.  The economy was not going well, and Mrs Thatcher wanted to make cuts in government spending.  Hopkin and many other economists disagreed.  They thought the government should spend money instead to help the economy.

Hopkin was made CBE in 1961 and knighted in 1971.  In 1938 he married Renée Recour (d. 2002), and they had two sons.  Sir Bryan Hopkin died in Bedford.

References

1914 births
2009 deaths
Economists
Welsh people
Civil servants
Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, , was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled segregation was legal, as long as equal facilities were provided for both races. The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1. The majority opinion was written by Justice Henry Billings Brown, and the minority opinion was written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. 

In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education partially overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling.

Background 
The State of Louisiana passed a law saying that whites and blacks had to ride in different cars on trains, but required that the train cars be "equal."  Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth black (meaning that one of his eight great-grandparents was black) was arrested for riding in a whites-only car.  He challenged the  Louisiana law, saying it was against the United States Constitution. Plessy argued that the state law which required East Louisiana Railroad to segregate trains had denied him his rights under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

The Decision 
The Supreme Court, in a 7-1 decision, ruled that the Louisiana law was valid.  They said that requiring whites and blacks to ride in separate trains did not harm blacks in any way.  Justice John Marshall Harlan was the only justice who thought the law was against the Constitution.  He thought segregation made black Americans feel inferior.  He said that the Constitution is "color blind" and that the law should not treat any group better than any other group.

Brown and Plessy 

In 1954, the United States Supreme Court made it illegal to segregate schools by race.  Chief Justice Earl Warren even ruled that ""separate facilities are [always] unequal."" 

However, Brown did not make it illegal to segregate in any other places, aside from schools.  Segregation in other places was still legal.  This means that Brown overturned part of Plessy v. Ferguson by making school segregation illegal, but it did not overturn the entire law.

Related pages
 Racial segregation
 History of racial segregation in the United States
 Jim Crow laws

References

United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
American civil rights
19th century in Louisiana
Human rights abuses in the United States
Robbinsville Township, New Jersey

Robbinsville is a township in Mercer County, New Jersey. As of the year 2000, 10,275 people live in Robbinsville. The town was incorporated, or created as a town, on March 15, 1859.

Geography
Robbinsville is 20.5 square miles in size. The median income is $71,377. The main transportation systems within Robbinsvile are US Route 130, Route 33, Interstate 195 and the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95). Trenton-Robbinsville Airport is also located within Robbinsville. About 30,000 aircraft enter and exit the airport a year.

References

Townships in New Jersey
Mercer County, New Jersey

Mercer County is a county in New Jersey, United States of America. Trenton, the capital of New Jersey is in Mercer County. As of the year 2006, 367,605 people lived in the county. Mercer county was founded in the year 1838.

References

New Jersey counties
1838 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Jersey
Cyrillic numerals

Cyrillic numerals was a numbering system using the Cyrillic alphabet.

Cyrillic script
Numerals
Gochujang

Gochujang () is a savory, fermented Korean food. It is made from red chili, glutinous rice, fermented soybeans and salt. It is used to add flavour to a variety of Korean foods such as bibmbab (), bulgogi (), and tteokbokki ().

Ingredients 
The main ingredients of gochujang are red chili powder, glutinous rice powder mixed with powdered fermented soybeans, and salt. Each serving contains 8.9% of protein, 4.1% lipid, 15.9% of carbohydrate, and 3.5% of fibre. It has more Vitamin B than doenjang and ganjang. It contains 5mg of Vitamin C per gram and 2,445mg of carotene per 100 gram.

One peculiar ingredient is capsaicin which is main cause of hot taste. Some people put salted fish or meat into gochujang.

History 
Gochujang (hot pepper paste) has been made since chili was introduced from Japan in 1592, during the middle period of the Chosun Dynasty (). According to Jung-Bo-Sal-Lim-Kyung-Jae (), written in 1766, it was made from beans, sweet from glutinous rice, hot from red peppers, and salty. Since that time, making gochujang became rapidly popular. In Nong-Ga-Wol-Lyung-Ga (), there is content regarding making it.

Types 
Different types of gochujang are made by adding different ingredients in the production process. Recipes are slightly different depending on the parts of Korea it comes from. The most common types of gochujang are listed below.

 Glutinous rice Gochujang

Made by mixing glutinous rice powder with powdered fermented soybeans red peppers, which are the basic ingredients of Gochujang.

 Kaoliang Gochujang 

made by adding kaoliang.

 Barley Gochujang 

made by adding barley. Popularly used as Ssam-Jang (쌈장) in summer. 

 Wheat Gochujang 

made by adding wheat. Used for making Jji-Gaes (찌개, stews), and Jang-A-Jji (장아찌, Pickled Vegetables)

 Red-bean Gochujang

made by adding red-beans. Used in Cho-Gochujang (초고추장) thanks to the beautiful red color.

References 
 이춘자, Lee Chun-Ja/ 장 醬/ 대원사, Dae Won Sa/ 2003/ pp. 89 – 107
 김찬곤, Kim Chan-Gon, 한국문화관광부, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ 우리 민족 문화 상징 100/한솔수북, Han Sol Su Book/ 2006/ pp. 67 - 69

Korean food
Yut

Yut is a traditional Korean board game played mainly during the period from Korean New Year to the first full moon. Cheok-sa and sa-hee are the other names of the game. Its origin is not clear, but it seems that the game was started from the age of ancient Korea called Three-Kingdoms. The game is played by throwing four sticks, and moving marks on the board according to shapes of the sticks that fell down. During Korean New Year, many people play the game because it can be enjoyed anywhere by players of any age.

Tools 

The equipment of the game consists of a board, four yut sticks, and four marks, called mal, per each team. The board, which is normally rectangular shaped, is made of various materials like stitched cloth, paper, or leather. It includes a circle with a cross in the center, and 28 circles around this cross. The sticks determine how far a mal can advance. The stick has two sides; one is round, and the other flat. It is usually made of wood from chestnut trees. Players can move their mal from one circle to another, based on the results that their sticks indicate. Any item can be used for a mal, if it can be distinguished from the mal of opposite teams.

Rules 
The facing of the sticks after being thrown indicate the movements of each team’s mal. There are five possibilities: do, gae, geol, yut, and mo, meaning five livestock, pigs, dogs, cow, sheep, and horses. Do, when the flat side of only one stick faces upward, means a one-step advance. When two flat sides are up, it means gae, which is a two-step advance. Geol is three flat sides up, which is a three-step advance, and yut, where all four sticks are lying flat side up, means a four-step advance. When all four sticks face round side up, it is mo which means a five-step advance. Each team normally throw the sticks in turn, but players get one more chance to throw the sticks when they throw a yut or mo.

Players can move only one mal per each movement, unless mals are grouped in one. When a mal reaches the big circles in the center, or reaches the others in each corner, players can move their mal in a shortcut. There are four possible routes to move mal when considering shortcuts. When a mal reaches a circle that is already occupied by a mal of an opposing team, the mal of the opposing team is captured by the new mal, and must restart from the starting point. If a mal lands on a circle with another mal of same team, the two mals can make a group, and move together. The first team causing all of their mals to reach the starting point again becomes the winner of game.

References 
Kim Sang-hoon "Yut playing, a traditional four-stick game" http://www.prkorea.com/engnews/index.cgi?action=detail&number=398&thread=10r01 
http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=251024
http://www.gwangcheon.es.kr/bosco/min38.htm

Board games
Sujebi

Sujebi () is a traditional Korean soup. It is a Korean-style pasta soup consisting of hand-torn dough flakes with various vegetables and has been eaten from the early Goryeo period. In ancient times, when the Korea people were poor, they didn't have much foodstuffs and so made sujebi with small quantity of dough and leftover vegetables. In addition, rice was rare after the Korean War, so many people ate sujebi instead of rice because wheat flour was cheaper at that time. However, sujebi with various kinds of ingredients was considered a special food, so it was eaten on special days like a celebration day or feast. Nowadays, there are many kinds of sujebi and many people enjoy it as a health food. It is similar to another Korean traditional food Kalguksu, but Kalsuksu is made with noodles while sujebi is made with wheat flakes. Both of them are considered as proper food for a rainy day due to its hot and rich flavored broth. It is usually eaten with kimchi.

Origin 
It was during the mid Joseon period that sujebi was named. Its name was originally came from Chinese letter 手(su, 수) meaning ‘hand’ and 摺(jeop, 접) meaning ‘folding’. The pronunciation has been changed as time passes for the ease of articulation. It is called differently depending on the regions, but sujebi is the standard word and most commonly used.

Classification 
Generally, there are two kinds of sujebi depending on the type of broth. One is with Korean clear soup, and the other is with seaweed soup. In the former one, dough flakes are roughly torn by hand, whereas in the latter one, dough flakes are round shaped. This round-shaped dough is called "Saeal"(새알 in Korean). When people order or make sujebi, it usually refers to the former one in Korea. Then, it is again classified as various types depending on other ingredients. Typically, there are potato sujebi which includes potatoes and seafood sujebi with seafood. However, many restaurants are making new sujebi variations to attract customers these days.

Korean food
Soups
Kim Gu

Kim Gu (Hangul: 김구, July 11, 1876 – June 26, 1949) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea three times. Kim was the 6th, 12th, and 13th (and final) president. He was the leader of the Korean independence movement against Japanese Imperialism and a reunification activist. Kim was also called Baekbeom. It was his pen name. He is a well respected person to many Korean people. Prime Minister 1921 to 1927 and Interior Minister of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1923 to 1924.

Early life
Kim was born in Hwanghae, Korea in 1876. At the age of 15, he studied the Chinese language. (한학; 漢學). In 1893, he joined the Donghak movement. He became the regional leader for Haeju. The next year, while he was leading the Donghak Peasant Revolution, he went to Manchuria to escape from Japanese soldiers. In 1896, he returned to Korea and killed Josuke Tsuchida, a Japanese soldier. He killed Tsuchida as revenge for the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong of the Korean Empire. Empress Myeongseong was killed by Miura Goro, a Japanese assassin.

After the March 1st Movement in 1919, Kim Gu exiled himself to Shanghai, China. He joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. From that time, he started fighting against Japanese Imperialism. He wanted independence for Korea. He organized the Korea Patriotic Legion. It was a nationalist group. He told Yoon Bong-Gil to bomb the ceremony for the Emperor's birthday at Hongkeou Park in Shanghai. Also, he had Lee Bong-chang try to kill the Japanese Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo. This ended up with failure. Kim also created the Korean Liberation Army. He was re-elected several times as the leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

After the independence of Korea on 15 August 1945, he came back to Seoul. He worked as a right-wing politician with Lee Seung Man and Kim Kyu-sik. He tried to prevent the division of the Korean peninsula. In 1948, he tried to stop South Korea’s national election and to start negotiations between South and North Korea. This failed.

Death
In June 26,1949, Kim was assassinated by a Korean soldier, Ahn Doo-hee. Ahn was later killed by a taxi driver. Many people think there must have been a conspiracy.Some people said that he was ordered by Rhee Syng-man. It is not known if this is true. In 1962, he was awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation. He wrote Baekbeomilji (Journal of Baekbeom). It is his autobiography. It is important both historically and education.His funeral was held at July 5,1949

Book 
 Autobiography, 《Dowaesilki》(도왜실기, 1932)
 《Baikbumilji》(백범일지, 1947)

Related pages
 Kim Kyusik
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Seong-Su
 Chang Myon
 Kim Won-bong
 Park Hon-Yong

References 
Definition in Knowledge Encyclopedia (in Chinese)

1876 births
1949 deaths
Anti-Communists
Korean educators
Terrorists
South Korean politicians
Murder victims
Autobiographers
Southern California

Southern California is a region of California. The definitions of it vary, but it usually contains the area around Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as the "Inland Empire" of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. Over twenty million people live in Southern California.

Geography of California
Chocolate brownie

A chocolate brownie (or simply called a brownie) is an American dessert or snack made with chocolate. Its name came from its dark brown color. It tastes like a cross between a cake and a cookie. Unlike other cakes, it is baked without baking powder so it is much thicker. It is normally served cut into squares or rectangles. It can be eaten as a snack, or with ice cream or whipped cream as a dessert.

Origin
There is no clear record of how brownies were first made. They were first made in the late 1880s. The first known recipe for brownies was in the 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue. The most popular story about the origin of the brownie is about a housewife in Bangor, Maine. It says that the house wife forgot to add baking powder to a chocolate cake she was making. The cake did not rise but it was still delicious. Chocolate brownies are also very popular dessert in the United Kingdom.

Types of brownies
There are different types of brownie. They are either chewy or cake-like depending on the recipe. Sometimes nuts or chocolate chips are added, or icing or caramel is put on top. A brownie with brown sugar and no chocolate are sometimes called a blondie. Sometimes, brownies are crackled on top, which means the inside is extra soft.

Other websites
 Chocolate brownie recipe

Cakes
Military strategy

A military strategy is a set of ideas or policy used by armed forces to get the results they want. Strategy is used to win combat, battles and wars. It involves planning, logistics (the movement and use of forces and equipment), and the deception of the enemy.

Carl von Clausewitz is considered the creator of modern military strategy.

References

Other websites

Military
Civilization IV

For the series as whole, see Civilization (series)

Civilization IV is a strategy computer game released in 2005. It is build by the company Firaxis Games. It is a turn based game where the player builds an empire from the ancient era, into the modern era. In this time, the player is tasked with researching technology, managing a military, declaring war, engaging in diplomacy, spreading religions, managing governmental systems and building wonders of the world. There is an option as playing as one of 18 historical civilizations, each with at least on historical leader. Different nations and leaders have different advantages, disadvantages, and special military units to construct. It has two expansions. The first was Warlords and the second was Beyond the Sword. It was released in 7 languages: Chinese, French, German, Spanish, English, Japanese and Italian.

References
 Civilization 4 Review

Civilization series
2005 video games
Trenton-Robbinsville Airport

Trenton-Robbinsville Airport is a privately owned airport in Robbinsville, New Jersey. It has a 4,275 foot (1,303 meter) long asphalt runway.

Other Information
Airport Type: Public
Elevation: 119 ft above sea level
Coordinates: 40° 12′ 50.19″ N, 74° 36′ 6.46″ W
FAA Location Identifier: N87

References
Airport Home Page

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in New Jersey
Transport in New Jersey
Jhalawan

Jhalawan is a former country. It was established in the 17th century. Its boundary was fixed with Sindh in 1853.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Sarawan County

The Sarawan Country was a division of the former princely state of State of Kalat in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Its area was 4,339 square miles.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Swat (princely state)

Swat () was a princely state and is now part of Pakistan. Swat was part of the Mughal Empire ruled by local Gujar rulers known as Akhoond or Akhwand. From 1926 until 1947, Swat was a princely state in British Raj, and in 1947 it acceded to Pakistan. It lay to the north of the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan until it was dissolved in 1969. It incorporated the current states of Swat, Buner and Shangla.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Marri-Bugti County

Marri-Bugti Country (Marri and Bugti Country) was a tribal region during the British occupation of Baluchistan.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Book Off

Book Off () is Japan’s biggest chain of second hand bookstores. It is operated by Book Off Corporation Limited. The first Book Off store opened in May, 1990. The first franchisee Book Off store opened in Nov, 1991. The success of the business expanded to 917 stores in Japan and 14 stores abroad (8 in US, 3 in France, 2 in Korea, and 1 in Canada). Book Off sells books including comic books, magazines, and novels, and also sells CDs, DVDs, and Game software. Books are grouped by genres, writers, and prices. The overseas Book Off stores sell second hand books from Japan and also from its own country. Book Off not only sells the second hand books, but also buys the books from customers. For that reason Book Off’s theme copy is “お売りください” which means “Please, sell us your book”. The company uses this copy rather than ”We buy your book” to show respect to customers.

Some Book Off chains, especially ones abroad, have various signboard designs, but still they share the symbol colors of Book Off which are yellow, blue, and red. Book Off has its mascot "Yomuyomukun (Mr. Yomu-yomu)" holding a book in his hands. "Yomu (読む)" in Japanese means "read". Another uniqueness of Book Off is the employees’ loud greeting. Employees shout “いらっしゃいませ! (irashaimase! : welcome!)” when customers enter, and "ありがとうございました! (arigatou gozaimasita! : thank you!)” when customers leave the shop. Book Off chain stores abroad also greet customers with Japanese. 

From 1999 Book Off Corporation Limited started to expand the business into other second hand stores. B-Kids, B-Sports, B-Style, B-Life and B-Select cover second hand baby goods, children wear, sports goods, ladies’ and men’s wear, interior goods, and accessories respectively. After the first B-Kid store opened in Apr, 1999, now there are 26 B-Kids, 32 B-Style, 24 B-Sports stores in Japan. Book Off charges about 81% of the business and the other type of stores charge 19% of the entire sales.

Other websites 
 Book Off Global Website Book Off official English language website

Books
Companies of Japan
1990 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Japan
Françoise Hardy

Françoise Hardy is a French singer, actress and model. As a celebrity in various fields, she has been an icon in France.

Early life 
Hardy was born at 17 January 1944 in Paris and grew up in rich family. From her childhood, she was so interested in literature that she was attracted to Simone de Beauvoir and Albert Camus. She received a guitar from her mother as a present for her passing baccalaureat at 16. It caused her to get interested in Chanson. Hardy mastered guitar by herself and showed an interest in composing chanson. Trying to be a singer was hard, she failed many times. After entering the University of Sorbonne in Paris, she kept studying a chanson in Petit conservatoire de la chanson, a chanson school founded by Mireille  who was a famous singer at that time.Soon, she contracted with the record label Vogue in November 1961.

Success 
In June 1962, she made a great debut with her famous chanson Tous les garçons et les filles which became a hit all over Europe at her age of 18. The song made the wave of Yé-yé music in France with two million sales. It was when another famous song Comment te dire adieu appeared that Hardy estalished her as a singer in 1968. The song received a favorable review from many critics who were indifferent to young singers without precedent. Since then, she has been a cultural iconic figure in France. All of almost her songs were self written, and they have been translated into English, Spanish, Italian and German. As an actress, she appeared in many films - Château en Suède (1963), Une balle au cœur (1965), What’s new pussycat? (1966) Masculin- Féminin (1966) and Grand prix (1967)

She has a son, Thomas Dutronc in 1973 and married his father Jacques Dutronc. Now, they remain a couple.

French singers
French songwriters
1944 births
Living people
Musicians from Paris
Baekje

Baekje was ancient kingdom on the Korean Peninsula from 18 BCE to 660 CE. Baekje was also called Nam Buyeo. According to the Samguk Sagi, a historical record published in ancient Korea, Baekje was founded by Onjo at Wirye-sung (the present-day Han River area in Seoul). Baekje was one of the three kingdoms of Korea together with Goguryeo and Silla. Beakje, Goguryeo and Silla tried to expand each of their lands by allying and making war against one another. 

In the 4th century, Beakje conquered almost every southern part of the Korean Peninsula and flourished by accepting Buddhism and reforming its system. Also, due to its advantageous natural environment, Baekje easily traded with China and Japan. Especially Baekje established goodwill relationships with Japanese rulers of the Kufun period and transmitted its advanced culture such as pottery and Buddhism to Japan.

However, in the 5th century, Baekje was defeated by Goguryeo. It suffered the loss of its capital. Baekje moved its capital to Ungjin. In 6th century, King Seong decided to move capital to Sabi to restore Baekje's glorious past. However, Baekje was ruined by Silla at 660. Although Baekje was destroyed at that time, many ill-fated attempts were existed to restore Baekje from its descendants.

References

History of Korea
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in Asia
18 BC establishments
660 disestablishments
7th-century disestablishments in Asia
Saturday Night's Main Event

Saturday Night's Main Event was a professional wrestling television show that was aired as a special 36 times by World Wrestling Entertainment. Saturday Night's Main Event was a tremendous ratings success for NBC during its heyday, most notably on the March 14, 1987 show, which drew an 11.6 rating, which to this day remains the highest rating any show has ever done in that time slot. That show was headlined by a battle royal featuring Hulk Hogan and André the Giant, who were slated to face each other at WrestleMania III. As Hogan rarely wrestled on the WWF syndicated and cable television shows, Saturday Night's Main Event was the program on free television where most viewers were able to see him in action.

The Main Event
The success of Saturday Night's Main Event led to several Friday night prime time specials, known as The Main Event. The first of these, on February 5, 1988 featured a WrestleMania III rematch between Hogan and André and drew 33 million viewers and a 15.2 rating, which is still the highest-rated television show in professional wrestling history. This event was shown live. The late night shows however were always taped 1–2 weeks prior to airing.

References

World Wrestling Entertainment television programs
1985 American television series debuts
1992 television series endings
1992 disestablishments in the United States
Generator (Bad Religion album)

Generator is the sixth album released by the American punk rock band Bad Religion. Although the album was recorded and finished in May 1991, it was not officially released until March 1992. 100,000 copies of the album were shipped.

Generator was also the band's first release with drummer Bobby Schayer, who replaced Pete Finestone during the Against the Grain tour. Today, Generator has been remembered as one of the best albums to emerge from the early 90s punk scene, and one of the most enduring works of Bad Religion's career.

A video was made for "Atomic Garden". It is available for watching here . This was the first video Bad Religion ever released.

Track List
"Generator" (Gurewitz) - 3:21
"Too Much to Ask" (Graffin) - 2:45
"No Direction" (Graffin) - 3:14
"Tomorrow" (Graffin) - 1:56
"Two Babies in the Dark" (Gurewitz) - 2:25
"Heaven Is Falling" (Gurewitz) - 2:04
"Atomic Garden" (Gurewitz) - 3:10
"The Answer" (Graffin) - 3:21
"Fertile Crescent" (Graffin) - 2:08
"Chimaera" (Graffin) - 2:28
"Only Entertainment" (Graffin) - 3:12

References

1992 albums
Bad Religion albums
Punk albums
Niklas Hjalmarsson

Niklas Hjalmarsson (born June 6, 1987 in Eksjö, Sweden) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player that currently plays for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for their farm team the Rockford IceHogs of the AHL and the Chicago Blackhawks (NHL). Although he spent the majority of his time on the IceHogs, He earned a regular spot on the Chicago Blackhawks roster after James Wisniewski was traded to the Anaheim Ducks. Hjalmarsson won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks in 2010.

On July 9, 2010, He signed an offer sheet with the San Jose Sharks which was for 4 years and $14 million. The Blackhawks matched it and Hjalmarsson became the first defenceman in 13 years to receive an offer sheet as a restricted free agent. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1987 births
Arizona Coyotes players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
Swedish ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Dustin Byfuglien

Dustin Byfuglien (pronounced Buff-lin; born March 27, 1985 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American professional ice hockey player that is currently a free agent of the National Hockey League (NHL) as a defenseman. He is African American. When he was smaller he moved to Roseau, Minnesota with his mom but decided to move to Chicago to play midget hockey it was there where he was drafted by the Blackhawks in 2003. He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010. He played for the Chicago Blackhawks for 5 seasons and played 1 season with the Atlanta Thrashers.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Other websites 

 
 

1985 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Winnipeg Jets players
Living people
Sportspeople from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Prince George Cougars players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey defencemen
Ash (band)

Ash is an alternative rock band from Downpatrick, Northern Ireland. They officially formed in 1992, when the frontman Tim Wheeler and the bassist Mark Hamilton were only 15. Then, Rick "Rock" McMurray joined the band as drummer and Charlotte Haterley (who left the band in 2006) as second guitar and vocalist.

Other websites 

 Official Ash Site
 The Ash Files – Ash live recordings resource, moderated by the band themselves
 Ash Photography 
 Ash at Reading festival  & Leeds festival 
 Interview in LeftLion Magazine 2007
 Ash interview (Oct 2007) on Record Overplayed webzine
 Twilight of the Innocents interview
 Ash A-Z singles Interview on God Is In The TV Zine 

British rock bands
Irish rock bands
Pop punk bands
Tomáš Kopecký

Tomáš Kopecký (pronounced "koh-PEHT-skee"; born February 5, 1982 in Ilava, Czechoslovakia) is a former professional Slovakian ice hockey player that played as a left winger for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He previously played four seasons with the Detroit Red Wings and played 2 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks. He is married and has two sons named Jakub and Tobias.

In 2010, He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks making him a two-time Stanley Cup champion.

Career statistics

Awards
He won the Stanley Cup in 2008. (Detroit Red Wings)
He was a member of the 2010 Member of the Slovakia Winter Olympic Team.
He won the Stanley Cup in 2010. (Chicago Blackhawks)

References

Other websites 

1982 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Lethbridge Hurricanes players
Living people
Slovak ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey centres
Pat Sajak

Pat Sajak (born October 26, 1946) is an American game show host. He hosts Wheel of Fortune since 1981.

Sajak was on Super Password several times from 1984–1989, as well as Password Plus in 1981.  Other game shows on which Sajak guested were Dream House and Just Men!.

Sajak hosted a late-night talk show on CBS called The Pat Sajak Show from January 1989 to April 1990. More recently, he filled in for Regis Philbin on Live with Regis and Kelly.

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
American television presenters
Television personalities from Chicago
American television talk show hosts
American bloggers
Salcea

Salcea is a town of Suceava County in northern Romania.  9,194 people were living in Salcea as of 2000.

Other websites
 Aeroportul Suceava, Salcea

Towns in Suceava County
Kim Seong-Su

Kim Seong-Su (; Hanja 金性洙, October 11, 1881-February 18, 1955), the second vice-president of the Republic of Korea (대한민국; 大韓民國), was a politician, educationist, journalist, and founder of Kyung-Sung textile Co. (경성방직회사; 京城紡織會社) , the Dong-A Ilbo(동아일보; 東亞日報), and Korea University(고려대학교; 高麗大學校). After he died he was given the Order of Merit for National Foundation(건국훈장; 建國勳章). He is also known by his pen name Inchon (인촌; 仁村)

Life

Early life 
Kim Seong-Su was born on October 11 1891, in Gochang(고창; 高昌), Jeollabuk-do(전라북도; 全羅北道), South Korea. He graduated from Waseda University in Japan in 1914, majoring in Political Science and Economics. After returning home, he took over Jung-Ang High School, which was in financial difficulties, and took office as the president in 1917. Also, he founded Kyung-Sung textile Co. in 1919 in order to realize Korea’s economic independence from Japan and to foster its national capital. He launched the Dong-A Ilbo in 1920 and took charge of Boseong College (보성전문학교; 普成專門學校), the predecessor of the present Korea University.

Pro-Japanese 
In 1938, he was a promoter of the Federation for National Mobilization of Korean(국민정신총동원조선연맹; 國民精神總動員朝鮮聯盟), which was one of the pro-Japanese groups. He also took part in several pro-Japanese activities, writing articles which admired student soldiers and the draft system for Japan. Due to these activities, he was included in the list of 3,090 pro-Japanese collaborators released by the Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities(민족문제연구소; 民族問題硏究所) in 2008.

After Korean Liberation 

After the Independence from the Japan Occupation on August 15 1945, in 1946 he became the governor of Korea Democratic Party(한국민주당; 韓國民主黨) and the ninth president of the Dong-A Ilbo. He was opposed to U.S. trusteeship of Sourh Korea and in 1949 he took office as the supreme council of Democratic National Party(민주국민당; 民主國民黨). He was inaugurated as the second vice president of South Korea in 1951, but resigned the following year because he was against the dictatorial powers of President Rhee Syng-man(이승만; 李承晩). The same year he became an adviser of Democratic National Party and then, continued to take part in the nongovernment party. He was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation in 1962.

Related pages
 Dong-A Ilbo
 Korea University
 Song Jin-woo
 Jungang high School
 Korean Democratic Party
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Gu
 Kim Kyusik
 Shin Ik-hye
 Chang Myon
 Yun Chi-Young
 Yun Chi-Ho
 Yun Posun

Other websites 
 Kim Seong-Su on Doopedia 
 Incheon Kim Seung-Su Memorial Conference

1881 births
1955 deaths
Anti-Communists
Korean educators
South Korean journalists
Vice Presidents of South Korea
Nuneaton

Nuneaton is the largest town in the English county of Warwickshire. Nuneaton is famous for the novelist, George Eliot, who was born on a farm outside Nuneaton in 1819 and lived in Nuneaton during her early life.

Geography
The town is 14.5 km (9 miles) north of Coventry, 32 km (20 miles) east of Birmingham and 166 km (103 miles) northwest of London. The River Anker runs through the town.
Nuneaton had a population of 70,721 as of 2001 though the 2008 estimate is 73,000.

Nuneaton also has a football team called Nuneaton Town.

Notable inhabitants
 George Eliot, Victorian novelist

References

Towns in Warwickshire
Sarrasani

Sarrasani is the name of a famous German circus. It was resident in Dresden. Later it became known as national circus of Argentina.

Sarrasani was founded by the clown Hans Stosch. His stage name was Giovanni Sarrasani. He came 1901 to Radebeul. The circus had its official premiere 1902 in Meißen. In the year 1912 a stationary circus building opened in Dresden. The circus often performed abroad. It had two famous labels, the Elephants and the Sioux.

Stosch-Sarrasani sen. died 1934 in São Paulo. His son Hans Stosch-Sarrasani jun. followed him as director. He died in 1941 in Berlin. His widow took directorship. The Sarrasani theater was destroyed on 13 February 1945 during the World War II.

Trude Stosch-Sarrasani emigrated to Argentina. She re-launched the circus in Buenos Aires. Perón and Evita declared Sarrasani Circo nacional Argentino. The Argentine Sarrasani existed until 1972. 

The artist Fritz Mey re-launched the German Sarrasani in 1956. His partner, Ingrid Wimmer, was adopted by Trude Stosch-Sarrasani in 1976. André Sarrasani, son of Fritz Mey and Ingrid Wimmer, leads the circus since 2000. Sarrasani came back to Dresden in 1990 for the first time after 45 years. André Sarrasani performs today in Dresden the Dinner-Varieté-Show Trocadero.

Trude Stosch-Sarrasani died the 6 of June 2009.

Literature 
 Stosch-Sarrasani, Hans: Durch die Welt im Zirkuszelt. Berlin Schützen-Verl. 1940.
 Günther, Ernst: Sarrasani. Geschichte und Geschichten. Dresden Saxo-Phon. 2005.
 Weaver, Jace: Other words: American Indian literature, law, and culture, Vol. 39 of American Indian literature and critical studies series. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001

Other websites 

 Photos at Deutsche Fotothek
 Sarrasani in Dresden

Entertainment in Germany
War language

War (also spelled Waar) or Amwi is an Austro-Asiatic language spoken by about 16,000 people in Bangladesh and 12,000 people in the Republic of India.

References

Languages of Bangladesh
Languages of India
Supernova (South Korean band)

Supernova (; stylized as SUPERNOVA) is a six-member Korean Pop boy band. Its members are Yunhak, Sungje, Sungmo, Kwangsu, Jihyuk and Geonil. They debuted through the M.net M! PICK season 6 in 2007 and belong to Korean record company Core Contents Media. From 2007 to 2018 they were known in Korean as Choshinsung 

At first, Choshinsung was a five-member boy band but it was turned to a six-member through many times of changing their members. For this reason, they had to put their debut on after 1 year and recorded their album again. Before the debut all of members participated in commercial movies and other singer’s music videos. Then, they debuted through M.net M! PICK which is a TV program of picking up new faces for making Korean entertainers in August 2nd, 2007.

Members

Drama 

Japan
 Choshinsung – 2010 君にラヴソングを (Kimi ni Love Song wo)
 Choshinsung – 2011 僕たちのアフタースクール (Bokutachi After☆School)
 Yoonhak – 2010 恋するキムチ (Love Kimchi)

Korea
 Choshinsung – 2011 SBS 싸인 (SIGN)
 Geonil – 2003 상두야,학교가자! (Sang Doo, Let's Go To School)
 Geonil – 2004 사랑을 할꺼야 (Love is All Around)
 Geonil – 2009 혼 （魂） (Soul)
 Geonil – 2011 근초고왕 (King Geunchogo)
 Geonil – 2012 아모레미오 (Amore Mio)
 Kwangsoo – 2011 레알스쿨 (Real School) Sitcom
 Jihyuk – 2011 총각네 야채가게 (Bachelor's Vegetable Store)
 Sungje, Kwangsoo – 2012 일년에 열두 남자 (Twelve Men in a Year)

Music Video

Albums 

Korea
 1집 The Beautiful Stardust (2007)
 미니앨범 Time To Shine (2010)

Japan
 1st  hana (2009)
 2nd ★★★★★★ (2010)
 3rd Hop Step Jumping！(2010)
 4th 4U (2011)

Awards 
 Cyworld Digital Music Awards: Ting's Choice Artist award <TTL> (2009)

References

Other websites 
 Mnet Media Official Site 
 Choshinsung Korea Official Site  
 Choshinsung Japan Official Site  
 Cho Shin Sung Indonesia Supporter 
 Supernova Indonesia Fanbase  

South Korean boy bands
J-pop bands
K-pop music groups
2007 establishments in South Korea
Temple of Castor and Pollux

The Temple of Castor and Pollux is a Roman temple that worshipped the Gods, Castor and Pollux. This temple was based in the famous Roman Forum which is now in ruins.

Ancient Rome
Ancient Greek and Roman temples and shrines