cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Kan'ei

was a  after Genna and before Shōhō.  This period started in February 1624 and ended in December 1643. During this time, the emperors and empress were , and .

The nengō Kan'ei means "Permanent Liberality".

Events of the Kan'ei era

 1625 (Kan'ei 2): Founding of Kan'ei-ji, which is a Buddhist temple in Ueno.
 4 November 1626 (Kan'ei 3, 16th day of the 9th month): Emperor Go-Mizunoo visited to Nijō Castle.
 22 December 1629 ( Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month): Go-Mizunoo abdicated; and his daughter received the succession (senso). Soon after, Empress Meishō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (sokui).
 14 March 1632 (Kan'ei 9, 24th day of the 1st month): Former Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada died.
 28 February 1633 (Kan'ei 10, 20th day of the 1st month): There was an earthquake in Sagami Province.
 1634 (Kan'ei 11, 7th month): Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu visited the new empress in her court; and he visited ex-emperor Go-Mizunoo.
 1635 (Kan'ei 12): Ambassador from the King of Korea was received in Heian-kyō.
 1636 (Kan'ei 13): Coins were minted which stayed in use until 1853.
 1637 (Kan'ei 14): Christian rebellion at Shimabara Castle.
 1638 (Kan'ei 15): Christian religion was made illegal in Japan.
 1643 (Kan'ei 20): An ambassador from the king of Korea was received in Heian-kyō.
 10 November 1643 (Kan'ei 20, 29th day of the 9th month): In the 15th year of Empress Meishō's reign (明正天皇15年), the empress abdicated; and her brother became Emperor Go-Komyō in ceremonies of senso and sokui.

Hayashi Razan and his son wrote Kan'ei shoka kezuden in 1641-1643.  The shogun ordered the writing of this history of the great clans of Japan.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Bank of Japan (BOJ):  Kan'ei Tsuho ,  Bunsen (copper coin = one mon)

Japanese eras
1624 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1643 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
1640s disestablishments in Asia
1620s establishments in Asia
Fresca

Fresca is a drink produced by Coca-Cola Company. It is made of citrus. The drink is similar to Squirt from 7UP company.

Drinks
Bank of Japan

The , also known as , is the central bank of Japan.  The main offices of the bank are in Chuo, Tokyo.

History
Matsukata Masayoshi founded the Bank of Japan in 1882 (Meiji 15).  The bank was adapted from a Belgian banking model.

Changes based on other national banks were made part of bank regulations.  BOJ was given a monopoly on controlling Japan's money supply in 1884.

The Bank of Japan issued its banknotes in 1885  (Meiji 18). In 1897, Japan joined the gold standard.

Location
The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza).  It is near the Tokyo's Ginza district The Neo-baroque Bank of Japan building in Tokyo was designed by Tatsuno Kingo in 1896.

Related pages
Japanese yen
Bank of England
European Central Bank
Federal Reserve

Notes

More reading 
 Werner, Richard A. (2003). Princes of the Yen: Japan's Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ;  OCLC 471605161

Other websites 

 Bank of Japan official site ;  
 Building a National Currency—Japan, 1868-1899 

1882 establishments
1880s establishments in Japan
Banks of Asia
Companies of Japan
Shōhō

was a  after Kan'ei and before Keian.  This period started in December 1644 and ended in February 1648. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Shōhō era
 
 1644 (Shōhō 1): The third major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.

 18 May 1645 (Shōhō 2, 23rd day of the 4th month): The Shogun was elevated the court role of Dainagon.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 National Archives of Japan map of Edo in the 1st or 2nd year of Shōhō (1644 or 1645) 

Japanese eras
1644 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1648 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
1640s disestablishments in Asia
1938 New England hurricane

The 1938 New England Hurricane was an extremely damaging and highly deadly Atlantic tropical cyclone which struck Long Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont with strong winds of Category 4 hurricane level. The hurricane didn't curve out to sea like hurricanes usually do. The 1938 storm caused over 300 million in property damage (1938 USD) and killed between 682 and 800 people. Tropical cyclones were not given human names at the time, so the 1938 storm had a number instead.

Hurricanes in the United States
1938 in North America
September events
20th century in the Bahamas
1930s in the United States
20th century in New Jersey
1930s in New York (state)
20th century in Connecticut
20th century in Rhode Island
20th century in Massachusetts
History of Vermont
20th century in New Hampshire
20th century in Maine
1930s in Canada
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Deadly storms
Darrell K. Sweet

Darrell K. Sweet (August 15, 1934 – December 5, 2011) was an American artist. He mostly painted landscapes and pictures for stories. He was well known for painting the cover art for science fiction and fantasy novels. Sweet was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1983.

Sweet was born in Highland Park, New Jersey. He studied fine arts at Syracuse University and graduated in 1956. Sweet was famous for making the covers of the fantasy books in the Robert Jordan series The Wheel of Time. He also illustrated covers for the popular Xanth series by Piers Anthony, the Saga of Recluce by L. E. Modesitt, Jr. and the Runelords series by David Farland. Sweet painted the original cover art for Stephen R. Donaldson's series The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever.

Sweet produced over 3,000 images between 1975 and 2005. He died in 2011. He was 77 years old.

References

Other websites
 Darrel K. Sweet Online Portfolio 

1934 births
2011 deaths
American painters
People from New Jersey
Reanimation

Reanimation a 2002 album by American rock band Linkin Park. It is the first remix album and the fourth album overall by the band. The album is a follow-up to their first studio album, Hybrid Theory. It was released on 30 July 2002. The album was recorded during the band's Hybrid Theory tour in 2001. It features hip hop and electronic-influenced remixes of songs from Hybrid Theory.

List Of Songs
"Opening"
"Pts.of.Athrty"
"Enth E Nd"
"[Chali]"
"Frgt/10"  	
"P5hng Me A*wy"
"Plc. 4 Mie Hæd"  	
"X-Ecutioner Style"
"H! Vltg3"  	
"[Riff Raff]"  	
"Wth>You"
"Ntr\Mssion"
"Ppr:Kut"
"Rnw@y"  	
"My<Dsmbr"  	
"[Stef]"  	
"By_Myslf"  	
"Kyur4 th Ich"
"1stp Klosr"
"Krwlng"

Japanese edition bonus tracks
"Buy Myself"

iTunes edition bonus tracks
"One Step Closer" (Live LP Underground Tour 2003)
"Buy Myself" (Marilyn Manson Remix of By Myself)
"My December" (Live Projekt Revolution Tour 2002)

2002 albums
Linkin Park albums
Nu metal albums
Axum

Axum or Aksum is a town in northern Ethiopia.  It was the original capital of the Kingdom of Aksum. Axum is located in the Tigray Region near the base of the Adwa mountains. 

Settlements in Ethiopia
Pygmalion

Pygmalion is a play by George Bernard Shaw.

Plot 
A street girl selling flowers, Eliza, meets Professor Higgins. Higgins was writing down her pronunciation for his study, but Eliza misunderstood him as a policeman and caused trouble. Higgins says he can make her a duchess. It was changing her pronunciation. Later she remembers what he said and goes to learn pronunciation with a desire to be an upper class woman. 

Higgins decides to do an experiment with her. He deceives all the people at a party. It was making them believe that she is a duchess. After this success, Higgins suggests two options for Eliza. One is marrying based on her beauty. The other is running a flower shop with money from Colonel Pickering who is a rich man. Eliza refuses to do both of them and she leaves his home. Higgins and Colonel Pickering look for Eliza as soon as they know that she left. They find her in Mrs. Higgins’ house but Eliza refuses to go back. She says she would marry Freddy.

Background 
George Bernard Shaw is famous for giving audiences a twist by not doing what they expect. In comedy, people expect someone in a bad situation to be in a better one at the end. They expect a poor person to marry a rich man. They expect a villain to be punished. In Pygmalion, the flower girl in the bad situation gets better in the end. This girl selling flowers on the street rises to the upper class. It was through changing her language.

However, contrary to the audience's expectation, romance between flower girl and Professor Higgins doesn’t happen. She doesn’t marry a rich man. Also, George Bernard Shaw reflected his beliefs to reform the society in this play. 

In the 20th century, there were many poor people on the street. Especially little girls worked all day for a tiny amount of money. The author had much interest in poor people and women’s freedom. And he believed speech was one of the things that separated rich and poor people. That is the starting point of Pygmalion. He used the change of language as a means to rise to the upper class.

Interpretation 
In mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who did not like women. He could not find a woman to love. And he decided to make a statue, Galatea. In the play, Pygmalion is compared to Professor Higgins. And Galatea is compared to Eliza. Pygmalion made Galatea to be his ideal woman. And Professor Higgins changed Eliza into a perfect upper class woman. He taught her everything from how to talk to how to behave in front of people. This process of making Eliza an upper class woman is criticized as playing with a live doll, as though she didn’t have her own soul. Higgins treats her as an object.

Also, the common expectation of audiences that women’s fate is determined by men is criticized. It is because of Eliza’s reaction after the success of pretending to be a duchess. She thought the two options suggested by Higgins would be selling herself. 

When she was selling flowers, at least she didn’t have to sell herself. She doesn’t want to rely on a rich man, but decides to marry a poor man, Freddy. She says she can make something of him. She values love more than anything else.

Plays
Elizabeth Perkins

Elizabeth Perkins (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress. She has been in  many movies and television programs. Perkins is from Queens, New York.

Her movie roles have included Big, The Flintstones, Miracle on 34th Street, About Last Night..., and Avalon. She is perhaps best known for her role as Celia Hodes in the Showtime series Weeds.

Personal life 
Perkins' first husband was Chicago actor and director Terry Kinney; the couple divorced. She has one daughter, Hannah Phillips, born in 1991. In 2000, she married Argentinian-born cinematographer Julio Macat. In 2005 she learned that she had a form of type I diabetes.

Awards and nominations 
Primetime Emmy Awards
 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2009 Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
Golden Globe Awards
 2006 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for Weeds (nominated)
 2007 Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for Weeds (nominated)
Satellite Awards
 2005 Best Actress in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2006 Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-series, or TV Movie for Weeds (nominated)
Screen Actors Guild Awards
 2007 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)
 2009 Best Acting Ensemble in a Comedy Series for Weeds (nominated)

References 

1960 births
Living people
DePaul University alumni
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Virginia Cooperative Extension

Virginia Cooperative Extension provides resources and educational outreach to more than seven million Virginia residents in the areas of agriculture and natural resources, family and consumer sciences, community viability, and 4-H youth development. The federal government started cooperative extension programs in each state with the Smith-Lever Act of 1914. Virginia’s two land-grant universities: Virginia Tech and Virginia State University run the program.  The program has faculty and staff at the two universities, 107 county and city offices, 11 agricultural research and Extension centers, and six 4-H educational centers.

Related pages
 Cooperative Extension Service
 Virginia Tech
 Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
 Virginia State University

References

Other websites
 Virginia Cooperative Extension
 Shaping Extension's Future 

Education in the United States‏
1914 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Virginia
Mosaic (genetics)

In genetics, a mosaic (or mosaicism) means the presence of two different genotypes in an individual which developed from a single fertilized egg. As a result, the individual has two or more genetically different cell lines derived from a single zygote. 

Mosaicism may result from:
Crossing-over during mitosis 
A gene mutation during development 
A chromosomal mutation during development
X-inactivation: one X chromosome is randomly switched off in cells of a female mammal

The phenomenon was discovered by Curt Stern. In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination, normal in meiosis, can also take place in mitosis. When it does, it results in somatic (body) mosaics. These are organisms which contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissue.

Chimeras 
People who have mosaicism are often called chimeras but this is a mistake. A mosaic is originally from a single fertilised egg, whereas a chimaera comes from two fertilised eggs.

Other causes of two-tone appearances 
This is easiest to see with eye colours. When eye colours vary between the two eyes, or within one or both eyes, the condition is called heterochromia iridis (= 'different coloured iris'). It can have many different causes, both genetic and accidental. For example, David Bowie has the appearance of different eye colours due to an injury that caused one pupil to be permanently dilated.

On this page, only genetic mosaicism is discussed.

X-inactivation 
This is a controlled and natural developmental phenomenon in mammalian females. Females have two X chromosomes (and males have only one). The two X chromosomes in a female are rarely identical. They have the same genes, but at some loci (positions) they may have different alleles (versions of the same gene).

In the early embryo, each cell independently and randomly inactivates one copy of the X chromosome. This inactivation lasts the lifetime of the cell, and all the descendants of the cell inactivate that same chromosome. X-inactivation is reversed in the female germline, so that all egg cells contain an active X chromosome.

This phenomenon shows in the colouration of calico cats and tortoiseshell cats. These females are heterozygous for the X-linked colour genes: the genes for their coat colours are carried on the X chromosome. X-inactivation causes groups of cells to carry either one or the other X-chromosome in an active state.

X-inactivation is an epigenetic change, a switching off of genes on one chromosome. It is not a change in the genotype. Descendent cells of the embryo carry the same X-inactivation as the original cells. This may give rise to mild symptoms in female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders.

Mutations 
Mutations in body cells (somatic mutations) cause groups of cells to differ in their genetics. 
Somatic mutation leading to mosaicism is common in the beginning and end stages of human life. Cancer research has shown that somatic mutations are responsible for most leukemia, lymphomas, and solid tumors.

Related pages 
Chimaera (genetics)

References 

Classical genetics
Anti-fan

Anti-fans are the group of people who are opposed to particular person, system, or idea. This word is from a prefix 'anti-', which means 'opposed'. Anti-fans gather and criticize particular thing which they hate.

Anti-fans' activities are very diverse. Anti-fans usually work and share their views in online website. They make anti-fan page. E.g. anti-fan website, anti-fan blog, anti-fan internet cafe etc. And, they criticise their target, spread a rumor about the target, and post malicious comments to Internet articles. Anti-fans also work when they are offline. They sometimes boo and jeer at their target and even start a movement against the target. 

Early their activities used to be constructive criticism, but nowadays the movement of anti-fans is changing to severe insult to their target with no specific reason. The ruthless attack causes a lot of social problems now. A lot of celebrities who are the anti-fans' target are suffering from their behaviors. In some case, they may accuse anti-fans of personal insults.

Object

Anti-fans' targets are various. The most usual target is entertainer. There are a lot of anti-fans' website for the entertainer who they dislike. E.g. Some anti-fans oppose a form of music, movie, athlete, politician, political party, TV series, idea etc. Surprisingly, the number of anti-fans tends to be proportional to the target's  popularity. Thus, the number sometimes becomes a yardstick of star's popularity.

Intelligent anti-fan

Intelligent anti-fan is one type of anti-fans. Intelligent anti-fans act as if they are the target's real fan and do wrong and bad behaviors as the fan. They intelligently create the target's bad image and gather more anti-fan.

References
 Anti-fan at Urban Dictionary

Other websites 
Article: Seattle man starts 'anti-fan site' for Colton Harris-Moore

Fandom
Mountain pygmy possum

The mountain pygmy possum (Burramys parvus) is a small, mouse-sized (weighs 45 g) nocturnal marsupial of Australia. It is found high up (1300 to 2230 metres) in rock screes and boulder fields of southern Victoria and in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales.

This possum is a Lazarus taxon, and the only living species in the Burramys genus. It is also the only Australian mammal restricted to an alpine habitat. Its prehensile tail, at ~14 cm, is longer than its 11 cm head and body length. Its diet consists of insects, fleshy fruits, nuts, nectar and seeds. 

The mountain pygmy possum was first described as a Pleistocene fossil by Robert Broom in 1896. It was thought to be extinct until 1966, when a living specimen was discovered in a ski-hut on Mount Hotham.

Three geographically isolated populations are known to exist. These populations have been shown to be genetically distinct. For most of the year, males and females live apart from each other. The females live on the better part of the rocky slopes, while the males live on the margins, usually lower on the mountain. In order to breed, the males migrate to the females' habitat. During the ski season on Mount Higginbotham, the males had to cross a road which put their survival in jeopardy. A "Tunnel of Love" was constructed under the road and a road sign was put in place to warn drivers.

References 

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts
Movie censorship

Censorship in movies is the act of giving a movie a very strong film rating systems classification, or banning the movie altogether.

United Kingdom
The highest rating label in United Kingdom is 18. These means people under 18 cannot look at, buy or rent any movie under this rating. Movies with such a rating often have very strong language, explicit sexual content or heavy violence. If the content of the movie is higher than the 18 rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

Australia
Refused Classification is the very strongest rating in Australia. This rating means a movie has been banned from a part of Australia. In some cases, it has been banned in all of the country. This rating is tagged onto movies which the Australian Classification Board has said are too severe for viewing by general public.

United States
The movie rating is NC-17 in the United States. This means No Children 17 and Under Admitted. Such movies contain strong sexual content, very strong violence or extremely graphic language and are usually considered too intense for an R rating.

Canada
The highest rating label in Canada is R. This means nobody under 18 may view, buy, rent, or watch any movie under this rating. Movie with this rating have strong sexual content/nudity, prolonged scenes of graphic violence, strong coarse language, graphic horror, and other disturbing content. If the content of the movie is higher than the R rating, the movie is then banned entirely.

Related pages
 Movies banned in China

Movie ratings
Censorship
Monsanto process

The Monsanto process is a way of making acetic acid. It uses a catalyst to add a carbonyl group to methanol. This process operates at a pressure of 30–60 atm and a temperature of 150–200 °C. It gives a selectivity greater than 99%. It was developed 1960 by German chemists working at BASF. Chemists at Monsanto introduced a new catalyst system in 1966. Today, chemists make acetic acid by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd which is more economical and environmentally friendly. So, the Monsanto process is not used very much in industry.

Catalytic cycle
The process has several steps, which repeat to remake the catalyst:

The catalytically active species is the anion cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]− (1). The catalytic cycle has been shown to involve six steps, two of which do not involve rhodium: conversion of methanol to methyl iodide and the hydrolysis of the acetyl iodide to acetic acid. (These steps are in the middle of the above diagram.) The first organometallic step is the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to cis-[Rh(CO)2I2]− to form the hexacoordinate species [(CH3)Rh(CO)2I3]− (2). This anion rapidly transforms, by the migration of a methyl group to the carbonyl ligand, affording the pentacoordinate acetyl complex [(CH3CO)Rh(CO)I3]− (3). This five-coordinate complex then reacts with carbon monoxide to form the six coordinate dicarbonyl complex. (4) This decomposes by reductive elimination to form acetyl iodide (CH3COI) and regenerate the active form of the catalyst. Acetyl iodide is then hydrolyzed to acetic acid.

The reaction mechanism is first-order with respect to methyl iodide and the catalyst (1). Hence the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle has been proposed to be the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to the catalyst (1). Chemist think that this occurs with the rhodium center making a nucleophilic attack on the carbon of methyl iodide.

Tennessee Eastman acetic anhydride process
The Monsanto process for making acetic acid inspired chemists to invent a way to make Acetic anhydride. It is produced by carbonylation of methyl acetate.

 CH3CO2CH3  + CO  →   (CH3CO)2O

In this process lithium iodide converts methyl acetate to lithium acetate and methyl iodide, which in turn affords through carbonylation acetyl iodide. Acetyl iodide reacts with acetate salts or acetic acid to give the product. Rhodium iodides and lithium salts are employed as catalysts. Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under water-free (anhydrous) conditions in contrast to the Monsanto acetic acid synthesis.

References

Other websites
 http://www.uyseg.org/catalysis/ethacid/ethacid2.htm 
 http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/ethanoicAcid/6ethanoicAcidPM2.htm 

Organometallic chemistry
Chemical processes
Keian

was a  after Shōhō and before Jōō.  This period started in February 1648 and ended in September 1652. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Keian era

 1648 (Keian 1): Legal code about city life and business are established in Osaka

 1649 (Keian 2): Five-storied pagoda at  was built in Asakusa.

 1649 (Keian 2): Legal code for peasants established by Tokugawa Iemitsu.

 1 April 1649 (Keian 2, 20th day of the 2nd month): There was a major earthquake in Edo.

 1651 (Keian 4): Plot to overthrow the Tokugawa, also known as the Keian Uprising.

 1652 (Keian 5, 5th month):  Nihon Odai Ichiran was published.  The French version of this work was the first Japanese history book to be published in the West.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1648 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1652 disestablishments
1650s disestablishments in Japan
Communist Party of Pakistan

The Communist Party of Pakistan () is a communist party in Pakistan.

The CPP was founded in Calcutta, Union of India on March 6, 1948. A decision was taken at the Second All India Conference of the Communist Party of India, which was held in Calcutta at that time, that a separate communist party ought to be created in the new State of Pakistan. It was thought that Pakistan, being a relatively small country (in comparison to India) and suffering from instability, was ripe for revolution. The delegates from Pakistan separated themselves and held a separate session were they constituted the CPP.

Political parties in Pakistan
Communist parties in Asia
Jōō (Edo period)

, alternatively romanized as Jō-ō or Shōō, was a  after Keian and before Meireki. This period started in September 1652 and ended in April 1655. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Jōō era

 3 October 1653 (Jōō 2, 12th day of the 8th month): Fire destroyed a large part of the Imperial palace and nearby temples.
 18 August 1654 (Jōō 3, 6th day of the 7th month): Buddhist priest Ingen arrived at Nagasaki from China.
 30 October 1654 (Jōō 3, 20th day of the 9th month): Emperor Go-Kōmyō died.

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Jōō (Kamakura period)

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Sennyuji Temple Museum, Funeral ceremonies for Emperor Go-Kōmyō 
  Imperial Household website, Emperor Go-Kōmyō's mausoleum (misasagii) 

 

Japanese eras
1652 establishments
1650s establishments in Japan
1655 disestablishments
1650s disestablishments in Japan
Meireki

was a  after Jōō and before Manji.   This period started in April 1655 and ended in July 1658. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Meireki era

 1655 (Meireki 1): The ambassador of Korea is received in Japan.

 1655 (Meireki 1): Emperor Go-Mizunoo went for the first time to location at base of Mount Hiei where Shugakuin Palace (Shugakuin Rikyū) would be built.

 2-3 March 1657 (Meireki 3, 18th-19th days of the 1st month): The city of Edo was destroyed by fire, also known as the Great Fire of Meireki.

In 1656-1659, Go-Mizunoo built the Imperial villa and Japanese gardens at Shugakuin Rikyū.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1655 establishments
1650s establishments in Japan
1658 disestablishments
1650s disestablishments in Japan
Manji (era)

was a  after Meireki and before Kanbun.  This period started in July 1658 and ended in April 1661. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Manji era

 1658 (Manji 1): After the Great Mereiki Fire, the shogunate organized four teams of firefighters.

 1658 (Manji 1): Birth of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu.

 1659 (Manji 2): In Edo, construction began on the Ryōgoku Bridge (ryogokubashi).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1658 establishments
1650s establishments in Japan
1661 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
Regionalliga Ost

The Regionalliga Ost is one of three third level leagues in Austrian football.The Regionalliga is the highest league in Austrian amateur football. The league was reintroduced in the 1984-85 season. It covers the Austrian states of Burgenland, Lower Austria and Vienna. The champion of the league plays relegation versus the 9th of the Austrian football first league. The champion of the 2010/11 season was ESV Parndorf. The club failed in the relegation matches versus First Vienna FC.

Teams of the 2011/12 season
SV Horn
SC/ESV Parndorf  
SK Rapid Wien Amateure  
SV Schwechat  
1. Simmeringer SC 
Wiener Sportklub
Trenkwalder Admira Amateure
1. SC Sollenau  
FK Austria Wien Amateure  
SKU Amstetten  
SC Ritzing  
SV Stegersbach  
SV Mattersburg Amateure  
FAC Team für Wien  
SC Neusiedl am See  
SC Columbia Floridsdorf

References

Football in Austria
Football leagues
Chimera

Chimaera or chimera can mean:

Mythology 
Chimera (mythology)
 Mount Chimaera, the region in Lycia that some believe inspired the myth

Science
 Chimaera (genetics)
 Chimera (plant)
 Chimera (virus), a virus with genetic material from other organisms
 Chimera or fusion protein, a hybrid protein made by the splicing of two genes
 Chimera (paleontology), a fossil put together with parts from different species
 Chimaera (fish)
Heterochromia

Heterochromia means "different colours", and is most used for the description of different coloured eyes. Some people, and animals, have differences between the irises of their eyes. There are many different causes for this condition.

Genetic causes for heterochromia include genetic mosaicism, where changes may take place in the dividing cells leading up to iris formation in the embryo. Or, environmental damage may occur to the eyes. Or, various diseases and medical conditions may result in changes in eye colour.

Similar events may happen in other tissues, and sometimes result in visible tissue differences. However, the condition is most easily seen in the iris of the eye. The terms Hetrochromia iridis (= different colour of the iris), Heterochromia iridum (plural form) and Heterochromia iridium (a mistake in Latin grammar) are variously used when it is the eye colour which is specifically mentioned.

Genetics
Eye
Osteopathy

Osteopathy is a philosophy that refers to the ability of the human body to heal itself.

Health
Alternative medicine
Endogamy

Endogamy is the idea that a person ought to marry another person from the same group as them. The type of group is not always the same; it could be based on a religion, a class or a social group. Often group endogamy is enforced by arranged marriages, this is a system based on benefits for the group rather than marriage for love.

Group adherence 
By marrying a person with the same group characteristics, it means that the partners will have similar views or beliefs about something. Many people marry endogamously for reasons of compatibility, which can be due to choice. But there are also other reasons when there is less choice involved or there is disapproval if it is not followed.

By doing this it keeps the numbers of a group to a minimum and thus creates stronger group bonds. For example, when moving to another country, a Sikh family may actively look for other Sikh families to mix with in order to facilitate Sikh marriages. By merging, they create a stronger bond between their own communities and can be a way to deal with being a minority.

Biology 
If a group has been marrying endogamously for a long period of time the gene pool may be smaller and there is a greater chance of genetic disease. For example, within the Jewish community Tay-Sachs disease is a common genetic disease.

Related pages
Exogamy

References 
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186956/endogamy
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press
http://www.jewishgenetics.org/?q=content/tay-sachs-disease

Marriage
Genetics
Exogamy

Exogamy is when a person ought to marry someone from outside a certain group.

Biological 
In most places, exogamy is practiced in order to avoid incest, which is taboo in many groups across the world. This is to avoid some of the effects that endogamy creates such as genetic diseases. If two parents have very different genes then there is a lesser chance of a child inheriting both copies of that gene.

Cultural 
Exogamy is used to make a connection between two groups. For example, when a person marries another they become part of the family. This connection may be for reasons of inter-group cohesion. In other words, creating an alliance with another group.

Dual exogamy 
Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, argued that when two families are connected by the marriage of two people it creates more relationships for trading other things such as food. It also means that they have more people to rely on. In order to keep this going, groups will trade sisters/daughters for wives and trade back in return.

Related pages
Endogamy

References 
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.
McCallum, C. (2001) Gender and Sociality in Amazonia: How Real People Are Made. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198244/exogamy

Marriage
Throw out the baby with the bath water

Throw out the baby with the bath water is an idiom.

The phrase describes a special kind of mistake which happens when something good is lost while trying to get rid of something bad.

The idiom summarizes what happens when something which is necessary is rejected along with what is not necessary.

A slightly different explanation focuses on the loss of the essential while holding on to what is not essential.  In other words, the idiom also makes sense when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bath water. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

History

This idiom comes from a German proverb, das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten. In 1512,  Narrenbeschwörung (Appeal to Fools) by Thomas Murner includes a woodcut picture showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water.

Alternate expressions
The meaning and intent are sometimes mirrored in different terms.
 Throw out the champagne with the cork
 Empty the baby out with the bath.

References

More reading 
 
 

Idioms
The Lurking Horror

The Lurking Horror is an interactive fiction computer game released by Infocom in 1987. The game was  inspired by the horror writings of H. P. Lovecraft. It was released for several platforms simultaneously thanks to the Z-machine.

1987 video games
Infocom
Tuvalu at the Olympics

Tuvalu has been in the Olympic Games one time. They were in the 2008, with 3 athletes. They have not been at the winter games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Tuvalu profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Tuvalu
Pope Gregory XII

Pope Gregory XII (; c. 1326 – 18 October 1417) was the 206th Pope. He was born Angelo Corrario at Venice, Italy.  He became Bishop of Castello in 1380, titular Patriarch of Constantinople in 1390, a cardinal in 1405, and finally Pope Gregory XII on 30 November 1406. He held office during the years of the Western Schism. In 1415, he resigned during the Council of Constance. He died at Recanati in 1417. His papal resignation was the last until Pope Benedict XVI resigned in February 2013.

References

Other websites 

 
   "Gregory XII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Emeritus Gregory XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Correr

 

Italian popes
1320s births
1417 deaths
Vanuatu at the Olympics

Vanuatu was first at the Olympic Games in 1988.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no ni-Vanuatu athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Vanuatu was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Vanuatu profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Vanuatu
New Zealand at the Olympics

New Zealand at the Olympics is a history which began in 1908.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for New Zealand is NZL.

History
A team from New Zealand was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  For their first two Games in 1908 and 1912, New Zealand was with Australia in a combined Australasia team.  New Zealand first sent an independent team in 1920.

New Zealand has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1952, missing only the 1956 and 1964 Games.

New Zealand athletes have won a total of 103 medals at the Summer Games. The most successful sport is athletics.  New Zealand has only won a single medal at the Winter Games.  The silver medal won by Annelise Coberger in alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics was the first medal won at the Winter Games by a Southern Hemisphere nation.

National Olympic Committee 
The New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) is the National Olympic Committee for New Zealand. The NZOC was formed in 1911, and recognized by the IOC in 1919.

Participation 
Being in the remote South Pacific, New Zealanders had to take long sea voyages to attend the early Olympics. It wasn’t until 1920 that New Zealand sent its first team. Before that three New Zealanders won medals for Australasian teams in 1908 and 1912.

As of  1111 athletes have represented New Zealand at the Olympic Games.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

The total (NZ) does not include the medals won by New Zealanders as part of the combined Australasia team (ANZ) at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics:
 bronze medal won by Harry Kerr in Men's 3500 metre walk in Athletics
 gold medal won by Malcolm Champion as a member of the Men's 4x200 metre freestyle relay in Swimming 
 bronze medal won by Tony Wilding in Indoor men's singles in Tennis

Medals by Winter Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
New Zealand at Olympic.org
Athletics in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand has a paragraph on each Olympiad and Empire Games to 1964  
The Olympics (NZHistory.net.nz) 
The Joseph Romanos list of our best Olympians 
Medal Count for NZ at DatabaseOlympics.com (total of 78 not complete)

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in New Zealand
Austria at the Olympics

Austria has been at most of the Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Austria is AUT.

History
The Austrian team missed the 1920 Summer Olympics due to its role in World War I.  The nation has twice hosted the Games in Innsbruck for the 1964 Winter Olympics and again for the 1976 Winter Olympics.

Austrian athletes have won a total of 86 medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  They have 185 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Austria has won more medals in alpine skiing than any other nation.

The National Olympic Committee for Austria is the Österreichisches Olympisches Comité.  It was formed in 1908 and recognized in 1912.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 
 Austria profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Austria
Azerbaijan at the Olympics

Azerbaijan first took part in the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.   Before Azerbaijani athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.  In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.

Azerbaijani athletes have won a total of twenty-six medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic was formed in 1992 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Medals

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by Summer Sport

Medals by Winter Sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 List of flag bearers for Azerbaijan at the Olympics
 Azerbaijan at the Paralympics

Other websites

 
 "Azerbaijani Wrestler Namig Abdullayev Wins Olympic Gold," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 76.
 "Zemfira Meftakhetdinova: Right on Target, Olympic Gold, Skeet Shooter," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 79.
 "Vugar Alakbarov, Olympic Bronze in Boxing," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 78.
 Azerbaijan profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Belarus at the Olympics

Belarus was first in the Olympic at the 1952 Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland as part of the Soviet Union.  After the Soviet Union disbanded in 1991, Belarus, along with four of the other fourteen former Soviet republics, were in the 1992 Winter Olympics (held in Albertville, France) as the Unified Team. Later in 1992, eleven republics joined Belarus to compete as the Unified Team at the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain. Two years later, Belarus competed for the first time as an independent nation in the 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway. From 1952 until the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, 168 Belarusian athletes won 200 medals either as part of the Soviet Union or as independent Belarus.

Medal tables

Medals by Games

Medals by sport

Flag bearers

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Belarus profile at London2012.com
 Official Website of the NOCRB  
 Olympic page 
 Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States Olympic movement in Belarus 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Belarus
Bearing (navigation)

In navigation, the word bearing is used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction. There are different systems of reference that can be used for this. A system of reference that is commonly used is that of Cardinal directions, as they can be found with a compass. The direction a ship is pointed can also be the reference.

Points that can easily be determined, and that move very little, can be taken as reference. Such points include stars, mountains, the sun, and beacons. Beacons come in the form of lighthouses on the coast, but also as electric beacons or other sea marks on the open sea. 

Bearings can be measured different ways. Optical bearings rely on visual information, other systems rely on radar for tools.

Navigation
Kanbun (era)

, also romanized as Kambun, was a  after Manji and before Enpō.  This period started in April 1661 and ended in September 1673. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kanbun era

 20 March 1662 (Kanbun 2, 1st day of the 2nd month): Earthquake in Heian-kyō (Kyoto) destroyed the tomb of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

 1620 (Kanbun 2): Tosa Hiromichi 土佐広通 (1561–1633) was ordered by the emperor to change his name to .

 5 March 1663 (Kanbun 3, 26th day of the 1st month):  Emperor Go-sai abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Reigen 's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 6 June 1663 (Kanbun 3, 1st day of the 5th month): An earthquake struck in Ōmi Province.

 1668 (Kanbun 8, 1st day of the 2nd month): A major fire in Edo lasted 45 days.

 1670 (Kanbun 10): The Bonin Islands were discovered by the Ogasawara clan.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1661 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1673 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
Belgium at the Olympics

Belgium has been in most Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Belgium is BEL.

History
Athletes from Belgium competed for the first time was at the 1900 Games.  The nation was host to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.  Belgian athletes have won 142 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another five at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Belgium was formed and recognized in 1906.

List of medalists

Summer Olympics

Winter Olympics

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Belgium profile at London2012.com
 Belgium at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics

Bosnia and Herzegovina were first at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Independence from Yugoslavia was in 1991. No athletes have won a medal.

The Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1992 and recognized in 1993.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Bosnia and Herzegovina profile at London2012.com

Sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nations at the Olympics
National Art Center, Tokyo

or NACT is a museum in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

NACT is a unique art museum. It does not have a permanent collection.  Instead, it is a large venue for changing art exhibitions.  NACT has 14,000 square meters of exhibition space and an Art Library.  It also has educational programs.

History
The National Art Center building was completed in May 2006. Kisho Kurokawa was the architect.

The museum opened in 2007.

Related pages
 Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
 Kyushu National Museum
 Nara National Museum (NNM)
 National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
 National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
 National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
 National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
 Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
 List of national museums

References

Other websites
The National Art Center, Tokyo website in English

Art museums in Japan
National museums in Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Minoru Miki

Minoru Miki (; 16 March 1930 – 8 December 2011 in Tokushima) was a Japanese composer. He wrote opera and modern Japanese music. He was one of the first members of the group Pro Musica Nipponia. He died early in the morning on 8 December 2011. Miki was 81 years old.

References

Japanese musicians
2011 deaths
1930 births
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Treyarch

Treyarch is an American video game developer company. Peter Akemann and Doğan Köslü started the company in 1996. Activision bought it in 2001. It is in Santa Monica, California.

In 2005, Gray Matter Interactive and Treyarch became one company.

As part of the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention, Activision announced that Treyarch would be one of three developers making their first James Bond game, Quantum of Solace. The game started to be sold on 31 October 2008 in Europe and 4 November 2008 in North America. Beenox and Vicarious Visions made the PC and handheld versions of the game. Treyarch also plays an important part in developing the Call of Duty series. They have made Call of Duty 2: Big Red One, Call of Duty 3, Call of Duty: World at War, and Call of Duty: Black Ops.

Call of Duty: Black Ops had the record for the biggest entertainment release ever for any kind of entertainment. It broke the record during the first day it was sold Sales from the game worldwide reached US $650 million within five days after its release.Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 later broke the record again.

Developed

References 

Companies based in Santa Monica, California
American video game companies
1996 establishments in California
Enpō

, also Empo, was a  after Kanbun and before Tenna.  This period started in September 1673 and ended in September 1681.  During this time, the reigning emperor was .

Events of the Enpō era 

 1673 (Enpō 1): A great fire destroyed much of Heian-kyō.

 1673 (Enpō 1): Mitsui opened a dry goods store in Edo.

 10 May 1674 (Enpō 2, 5th day of the 4th month): Ingen died at Mampuku-ji near Heian-kyō.

 1675 (Enpō 3): A great fire in Heian-kyō.

 1675 (Enpō 3): The Bonin Islands are explored by shogunate.

 7 April 1680 (Enpō 8, 8th day of the 3rd month) : Tokugawa Ietsuna died.

 11 September 1680 (Enpō 8, 19th day of the 8th month): Former-Emperor Go-Mizunoo died.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1673 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1681 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan