cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Robert Johnson (musician)

Robert Johnson, born Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) is one of the most famous Delta blues musicians.

He is known worldwide as the "King of the Delta Blues". He has also been called the "Grandfather of rock and roll".

Life 
He was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He was the 11th child of his mother Julia Major Dodds, and 10th child of his father Charles Dodds. When he was born, his father had left his mother. He was brought up by a field worker named Noah Johnson. That is why he chose "Johnson" for his family name.

Career 
Johnson began playing guitar when he was a child. In February 1929, he married Virginia Travis and became serious about playing the guitar. His wife died in childbirth at the age of 16 in April 1930. Johnson began traveling up and down the Delta. Around 1936, he was introduced to other blues players through a friend.

He had a remarkable combination of talent for singing, playing the guitar and composing songs. His vocals, the originality of his songs and his style of playing guitar have influenced many musicians. These include: John Fogerty, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, The Yardbirds, The Black Keys, and The White Stripes. Eric Clapton said Johnson is "the greatest blues musician ever to live".

Johnson was ranked 71st on Rolling Stone magazine list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time." In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Death
Johnson died on August 16, 1938. He died at the age of twenty-seven from poisoning. His early death and unknown early life have led to the spread of many legends.

Songs 
Eleven records were made by Robert Johnson with Vocalion during his lifetime, and a twelfth record was made once he had died.

All following songs were released after 1939:

References 

1911 births
1938 deaths
Blues guitarists
American guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Ishman Bracey

Ishmon Bracey (January 9, 1899 or 1901 – February 12, 1970), was a blues singer and guitarist from Mississippi.

Life

Early Life 
Bracey was born in Byram, Mississippi. He started playing at local dances and parties in about 1917.  He also worked as a waterboy on the Illinois Central Railroad.  His first recorded song was in Memphis in 1928. He played as lead guitar with Charlie McCoy on rhythm guitar.

Songs performed 
In the 1920s, Bracey had not yet started playing delta blues and each of his songs were different. However, he was one of the only Mississippi blues musicians to sing with a nasal voice. He often sang about skin creams and powders which would lighten dark skin.

Later life 
When he recorded in 1930, his voice had become deeper. This meant that he could not sing high enough for some of his songs and the songs had to be changed. He recorded after in 1931 for Paramount Records with a group called The New Orleans Nehi Boys, which had a guitarist called Charles Taylor.

Songs 
Bracey has recorded 16 songs in all, the original copies of his 78-rpm records are some of the most valuable things in blues collecting history. "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues" are his best known songs.

References 

Blues musicians
Singers from Mississippi
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
1901 births
1970 deaths
Bundesfinanzhof

The Bundesfinanzhof or Federal Finance Court  is one of the federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the final court of appeals for cases about tax and customs law.  It hears cases from the Finanzgerichte (Finance Courts).

The Federal Finance Court  was first created in 1918.  It has its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria.

Other websites
Official homepage

Munich
Hot Club de Paris

Hot Club de Paris are a band which came from Liverpool, United Kingdom. They are signed to the London-based Moshi Moshi Records, a record company, and released their debut album Drop It 'Til It Pops in October 2006. Their second album, Live at Dead Lake, was released in June 2008.

History 
The band formed in early 2004 after band members Matthew and Paul met in 2003 working at Chester racecourse. It's other members were playing in different bands in the Liverpool music scene including street punkers Down and Outs and new wave popsters Victor FME. 

They both loved American punk rock bands (Minutemen, Firehose, SST Records bands etc.) and they became interested in math rock and experimental indie bands which influenced their music a lot. They signed to Moshi Moshi Records in 2005, and have since toured around the world to support the release of their debut record. 

They have been shown on a number of music-based TV shows in the UK and their record played airplay on a number of radio stations including BBC Radio1, BBC 6 Music and XFM, whose DJ John Kennedy has championed the band. Kennedy claimed that their debut album is 'one of the best of 2006'.

They have toured with a number of bands including Jamie T, Maxïmo Park and The Who. 

They played at the 2007 SXSW music festival in Austin, Texas and have toured in the UK, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain, France, Sweden, Iceland, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Holland and India.

They recorded their second album (Live at Dead Lake) in Chicago with Brian Deck. Brian Deck has previously produced Iron and Wine and Modest Mouse. It was released in 2008.

They released two EPs in 2010: With Days Like This As Cheap As Chewing Gum, Why Would Anyone Want To Work? and The Rise And Inevitable Fall Of The High School Suicide Cluster Band. Tracks from these EPs were released on the album Free The Pterodactyl Three in 2011.

Singles 
 "Sometimesitsbetternottostickbitsofeachotherineachotherforeachother" (2006) UK #126
 "Everyeveryeverything" (2006) UK #140
 "Shipwrecked" (2007) UK #153
 "Clockwork Toy/You can call me Al" (2007) UK #N/A
 "Will You Still Be In Love With Me Next Year?" (2007)
 "Hey! Housebrick" (2008)
 "My Little Haunting" (2008)

Compilation contributions

Hot Club De Paris have released several tracks on compilation albums, including Can You Hear Me Clearly?, on Moshi Moshi records, and a rare CDR release Munkyfest v7.0, released by the organisers of the Munkyfest festival.

Sources 
Interview 
BBC gig review 
Article on gigwise

Other websites 
Official website
Interview on www.krugermagazine.com 
Official hotclubdeparis myspace
HCdP page  on Moshi Moshi Records web site
album review on This is Fake DIY

English rock bands
Musical groups from Liverpool
Willie Brown (musician)

Willie Brown (August 6, 1900 – December 30, 1952) was an American guitarist and singer. He played with Charley Patton, Son House, and Robert Johnson.

Life

Birth 
Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.

Music 
He was known to be shy and only wanting to accompany other musicians rather than play lead guitar. Robert Johnson called him "my friend boy Willie Brown".

Brown is heard playing on the Paramount label sessions of 1930. He played M & O Blues and Future Blues. He also played songs with Son House and Charlie Patton. There are also rumours that he played with Luke Thomson and Thomas "Clubfoot" Coles. At least four other songs he recorded for Paramount have never been found.

Brown also played a song during the Great Depression for the Library of Congress called Make Me a Pallet on the Floor.

Possible songs 
A song called Rowdy blues was thought to have Brown playing on rhythm guitar since he played another song (Future Blues) on the same album (Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers).

Death 
He died of heart disease in Tunica, Mississippi at the age of 52.

Other websites
 "Cross Road Blues" lyrics

1900 births
1952 deaths
American blues musicians
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
Sid Wilson

Sidney George "Sid" Wilson (born January 20, 1977) is an American musician and member of Slipknot. In Slipknot he is known as #0. He is known as the craziest member of Slipknot because of his over-the-top antics, such as jumping into the audience and moshing along with them, hitting himself with the custom percussion instruments, and walking on top of the crowd. He also performs as DJ Starscream.

His injuries include breaking both of his heels. He likes the television series Transformers and takes his DJ name "Starscream" from one of its characters. He also has tattoos of the characters. In Slipknot he wears a metallic style mask with lighting up eyes and moving eyebrows and mouth.

1978 births
Living people
Slipknot
American DJs
Heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Iowa
Mahamudra

Mahamudra (Sanskrit: great seal) is an advanced form of meditation in Buddhism. It is practiced by the Kagyu, Gelug and Sakya schools of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Bön and Nyingma schools practice a different advanced form of meditation called Dzogchen.

Buddhism
Discount store

A discount store is a type of department store, which sell products at prices lower than traditional retail outlets. Most discount department stores offer wide assortments of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, vape supplies or electrical appliances. Discount department stores are more popular in the United States than other countries.

Related pages
 Department store
 Supermarket
 Grocery store

Marketing
Second Temple

The Second Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש meaning 'Holy House') was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BC and 70 AD. It is  also known as Herod's Temple. During this time, it was the center of Jewish worship. The Romans destroyed Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4, 70 A.D.

Related pages
Western Wall

Other websites
About the Temple of Jerusalem
Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jewish Encyclopedia: Temple, The Second

Ancient Israel and Judah
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Temple Mount
Temple in Jerusalem

The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (, transliterated Bet HaMikdash, which means literally "The Holy House") stood on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. According to classical Jewish belief, it was the "footstool" of God's presence in the physical world.  It was the place where Jews brought all the offerings described in the Torah.

The First Temple, also called Solomon's Temple, was built by King Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE and has been dated astronomically to 957 BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. This first Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. A new temple was built from 535 BCE to 516 BCE. That was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. All of the outer walls still stand, although the Temple itself has long since been destroyed.
 
The Islamic Dome of the Rock has stood on the site of the Temple since the late 7th Century CE. The al-Aqsa Mosque, from roughly the same period, also stands on the Temple courtyard.

Related pages
 Al-Aqsa Mosque
 Second Temple

References

Other websites
 About the Temple of Jerusalem
 visit of the Temple Institute Museum in Jerusalem conducted by Rav Israel Ariel 

Ancient Israel and Judah
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Judaism
Judaism in Israel
Mean Girls

Mean Girls is a 2004 American teen comedy movie starring Lindsay Lohan.

Plot 

It's about a teenage girl, Cady Heron, who used to be home schooled in Africa but moves to the United States and has to go to a normal high school in Evanston, Illinois. On her first day at school, she hates it. She thinks it is a bit weird because she cannot go to the toilet when she wants, cannot write in green ink and has to stay in the same seat everytime she goes into a lesson. On the second day it becomes more successful as she makes new friends, Janice and Damian. When they skip a lesson, Janice and Damian give her a map of the school eating area. It is arranged into different sorts of people and their personalities. At lunch time Cady is on her way to sit with her new friends but is interrupted, then Regina, Gretchen and Karen ("The Plastics") ask her to sit with them and so she sits with them.

Soon, Cady joins the Plastics, and Janice devises a plan to shatter them.  Cady convinces Regina to eat these bars that will make her gain weight instead of lose weight.

However, Cady gets too much into the Plastics, and throws a party at her parents' house without their permission.  She tries to hook up with Regina's boyfriend, but he does not like her because she's just like a Plastic now.  Janice tells Cady that she's just one of the Plastics now.  Low grades in calculus class force Cady to rethink her plans.  She joins the decathlon team.

Cast
Lindsay Lohan as Cady Heron
Rachel McAdams as Regina George
Tina Fey as Ms. Sharon Norbury
Tim Meadows as Mr. Ron Duvall
Amy Poehler as Mrs. George
Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Heron
Lacey Chabert as Gretchen Wieners
Amanda Seyfried as Karen Smith
Lizzy Caplan as Janis Ian
Daniel Franzese as Damian
Neil Flynn as Mr. Heron
Jonathan Bennett as Aaron Samuels

Sequel
Mean Girls 2 was released in 2011 on DVD. None of the actors from Mean Girls were in it apart from Tim Meadows.

Other websites
 
 

2004 comedy movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American LGBT movies
American teen comedy movies
English-language movies
High school movies
LGBT comedy movies
Movies about bullying
Movies based on books
Movies set in Illinois
French Open

The French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Paris, France. The first competition was held in 1891.

The French Open is known for being the only Grand Slam played on a clay court. On a clay court the ball bounces much slower and higher than on hard or grass courts. This makes it more difficult to win the point and rallies (the number of shots in a point) usually last longer. Players that excel on clay courts are called clay-court specialists.

The tournament is played for two weeks. It starts in late May and finishes in early June.

Sometimes, the French Open is called the Roland Garros tournament. Roland Garros was a well-known aviator from World War I who had the main tennis court named after him.

The singles winners in 2016 were Novak Djokovic and Garbiñe Muguruza. The singles winners in 2015 were Stan Wawrinka and Serena Williams.

Records 
 Men - Rafael Nadal has won 9 times: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014.
 Women - Chris Evert won 7 times: 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1986.

Sources 

Grand Slam tennis tournaments
Paris
Sport in France
1891 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in France
Sami

Sami might mean:

Sami people, an ethnic group from Lapland
Sami language, the language spoken by the Sami people

Given name
Sami Al-Jaber, Saudi Arabian footballer
Sami Helenius, Finnish ice hockey player
Sami Hyypiä, Finnish footballer
Sami Khedira, German footballer
Sami Lepistö, Finnish ice hockey player
Sami Salo, Finnish ice hockey player
Sam Chatmon

Sam Chatmon (January 10 1897 - February 2 1983), was a guitarist and singer.

Life and career 
Chatmon was born in Bolton, Mississippi.

Early life 
Chatmon had a very musical family, all of them lived in Mississippi. Two of Sam's brothers, fiddler Lonnie Chatmon and guitarist Bo Carter, performed with guitarist Walter Vinson as the Mississippi Sheiks. Chatmon himself was a member of the family's string band when he was young. He performed all the time for white audiences in the 1900s.

Music style 
The Chatmon band played:
 Ragtime
 Ballads
 Popular dance tunes.

Instruments played 
Chatmon played the banjo, mandolin, harmonica and the guitar. He played at parties and on street corners in Mississippi for money and tips. In the 1930s he recorded songs with his brothers.

Later life 
Chatmon moved to Hollandale, Mississippi in the early 1940s and worked on plantations in Hollandale. He started playing again in 1960, playing mostly blues music. In the same year, he recorded songs for Arhoolie Records. He went on tours in the 1960s and 1970s and played for many festivals such as the Festival of American Folklife in Washington, D.C. in 1972, the Mariposa Fest in Toronto in 1974, and the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1976.

Timeline
 1897 - Born in Bolton, Mississippi
 1900 - Played for white audiences
 1930 - Recorded with the Sheiks, Lonnie and the Chatman Brothers
 1940 - Moved to Hollandale, Mississippi, to work on plantations
 1960 - Rediscovered as a folk-blues artist, he also recorded for the Arhoolie Label
 1970 - Performed with Fingers Taylor on The Blues Caravan
 1972 - Played many of his largest and best-known folk festivals
 1974 - Played the Mariposa Fest in Toronto
 1976 - Played the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival
 1983 - Died

References

Other websites 
 Illustrated Sam Chatmon discography
 Sam Chatmon biography at the All Music Guide website

Blues musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
American guitarists
1879 births
1983 deaths
Medicine wheel

A medicine wheel is a stone structure built by the natives of North America for spiritual and ritual purposes.

They appear mostly in Alberta, Canada. They were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern. They often look like a wagon wheel laying flat.  They could be large, reaching up to 75 feet across.

Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American traditions. However, the meaning is usually not shared outside the tribe.

Other websites
What is a Medicine Wheel? 

Buildings and structures
Spirituality
Religious symbols
Stone structure

Stone structures, or "megaliths", have been built by men for thousands of years. Many of these structures were built around the same time (the 3rd millennium BC).

Some of the better known ones are:

Easter Island
Egyptian pyramids
Medicine wheels
Stone circle
Stone circle (Iron Age)
Stonehenge, which is in England.
Stone ship
Ziggurats

Prehistoric buildings and structures
Megalith

A megalith is a large stone used to build a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. Megalithic means structures made of such large stones, put together without the use of mortar or cement. 

The word megalith comes from the Ancient Greek  megas meaning great, and  lithos meaning stone. It has been used to describe stone structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different times.  Many megaliths were used to figure out the dates of the solstices and equinoxes.

These structures were built mainly in the Neolithic period. They continued to be built into the Bronze Age. Some were built even earlier in the Mesolithic period.

A famous example of a megalith is Stonehenge.

Notes

References
 Johnson, W. (1908). Folk-memory. Oxford: Clarendon press.

Prehistoric buildings and structures
Moshi Moshi Records

Moshi Moshi Records is a small London-based independent record label that has released music by the bands such as The Rakes, Bloc Party, Hot Chip, Hot Club De Paris, Kate Nash, Junkboy, Architecture in Helsinki, Tilly and the Wall, Yeti, and its newest release is from a group called Au Revoir Simone. Mates Of State is the Moshi Moshi's 50th release.

It is named after the Japanese telephone greeting "Moshi Moshi" ().

Artists
Alterkicks (band)
Architecture in Helsinki (band)
Au Revoir Simone (band)
Best Fwends (band)
Bloc Party (band)
Blue Foundation (band)
Break bot (band)
Dananananaykroyd (band)
Dntel (band)
Fans of Kate (band)
Foreign Born (band)
Friendly Fires (band)
The Grates (band)
Hot Chip (band)
Hot Club de Paris (band)
Ingo Star Cruiser (band)
J Xaverre (band)
Junk Boy (band)
Kate Nash
Late of the Pier (band)
Lo-Fi-Fnk (band)
The Mae Shi (band)
Mates of State (band)
Matt and Kim (band)
Matt Harding (band)
Metronomy (band)
New Rhodes (band)
Pedro v Kathryn Williams (band)
The Rakes (band)
Rat:att:agg (band)
Roland Shanks (band)
Slow Club (band)
Sukpatch (band)
Tilly and the Wall (band)
Unsound (band)
Yeti (band)
Zan Lyons (band)

Related pages
List of record labels
A side project of the Disco Biscuits

Other websites
Official Moshi Moshi Records web site

Independent record labels
Indie music record labels
Joey Jordison

Nathan Jonas "Joey" Jordison (April 26, 1975 – July 26, 2021) was an American musician. He was the drummer for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he was known as #1. He is also the guitarist for Murderdolls.

Jordison died on July 26, 2021 at the age of 46. He was suffering from transverse myelitis when he died.

References

1975 births
2021 deaths
Slipknot
American drummers
American guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
American punk musicians
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Deaths from autoimmune disease
Richard Cromwell

Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659.  Richard Cromwell's enemies called him Hickory Dick and Queen Dick.

Richard Cromwell was not suited to ruling the country.  He followed his father as ruler only because he was Oliver's oldest living son, and people expected one of Oliver's sons to follow him.  After a short time, he gave up power and he knew that many of the people wanted King Charles II to come back from Holland and rule the country.  When it was agreed that Charles would return, Richard thought it would be best for him to leave Britain, and he went to live in France for a while.  He changed his name to "John Clarke" and travelled around Europe, not returning home for twenty years.  When he came back, he lived quietly outside London for the rest of his life.

Stories about Richard 
The nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock" is actually about Richard Cromwell. One of Richard's nicknames was Hickory Dick. The mouse in the rhyme runs down when the clock strikes one and Cromwell only reigned for one year.

References

Other websites 
 BBC Bio of Richard Cromwell
 BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell 
 Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell 

 

1626 births
1712 deaths
English heads of state
Cipriano de Rore

Cipriano de Rore (born in Ronse, Flanders, 1515 or 1516; died  Parma, September 1565) was a composer who lived in the Renaissance period.  He was Flemish, but spent all his adult life in Italy.  The name de Rore is a proper Flemish name, not a name that has been changed to look Italian.  He was one of the most important composer of madrigals in the 16th century.

Life 
There is very little known about Rore's early life.  He was born in a small town called Ronse (Renaix) in what is now Belgium.  It is possible that he had music lessons in Antwerp.  We think that he was taken to Italy by Margaret of Parma in 1533 as one of her servants.  Margaret, who was an illegitimate daughter of Charles V, was very wealthy and she married into the Medici family.  Rore probably continued to learn about music in Italy.

In his music publications de Rore is called a “disciple” of Adrian Willaert.  We do not know whether this means that he had lessons from Willaert, or just that he learned to compose by studying Willaert’s music.  His first book of madrigals was published in 1542, and then two books of motets were published.

In 1546 Rore went to Ferrara, where he was maestro di cappella (choirmaster) He wrote a great deal of music in Ferrara.  He worked for the Duke Ercole II d'Este.  He composed masses, motets, chansons, and lots of madrigals, some of which were about things that happened in the court at Ferrara.  The duke awarded him an important honour.  Rore also wrote music for Albrecht V of Bavaria who lived in Munich.

He left his job in Ferrara and went back to Flanders where he found his home town Ronse had been destroyed in a war.  He went back to Ferrara, but could not get his old job back.  After another visit to Flanders he returned to Italy and got a job in Parma, but the music in that town was not very good.  For a short time he had a very important job of
maestro di cappella at St. Mark's.  Adrian Willaert had just died.  However, Rore only kept this job for a year, returning to Parma in  1564 and dying there the next year.

Works and influence 
Rore is best known for his Italian madrigals, but he also wrote a lot of church music, including masses and motets.  He learned from studying the music of Josquin. His madrigals are based on the style of Willaert.  He enjoyed writing thick counterpoint and making the voices imitate one another a lot.  Most of the words he set were serious words, not lighthearted and amusing.  He often used chromaticism.  He developed his musical style a lot during his lifetime.  His music was very important in the development of the Italian madrigal, and it led the way to the madrigals of Monteverdi.

References
 Reese, Gustave. Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  
[*http://www.grovemusic.com/Groves Online]

1510s births
1565 deaths
Belgian composers
Franco-Flemish composers
People from East Flanders
Renaissance composers
Flemish language

Flemish is a language. It is a type of Dutch which is spoken by people in Belgium. It is the same as Dutch, but there are some typical words added. Dutch became the official language of the northern part of Belgium in 1938. 
The biggest difference from Dutch is the pronunciation.

Related pages 
Dutch language

References 

West Germanic languages
Languages of Europe
1965 Yerevan Demonstrations

The 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations were a 24-hour mass protest in Yerevan, Armenian SSR on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. It is said that this event constitutes the first step in the struggle for the recognition of the 1915 genocide.

On April 24, 1965, for the first time for any such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, one million protesters held a 24-hour demonstration in front of the Opera House, and demanded that the Soviet Union government officially recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and build a memorial in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.

Many committed intellectuals, such as Silva Kaputikyan, had made impassioned pleas to the authorities in Moscow. The memorial, on Tsitsernakaberd hill, was completed in 1967.

Following the example of this high-profile demonstration, similar protests were made throughout the world, in whichever country the Armenian Diaspora exists. Since the day of the protests, Armenians to this day visit the memorial and make protests around the world to gain acceptance of the Armenian Genocide by Turkey.

Related pages
Armenian Genocide

References

Other websites 
Armenian Genocide time line
24th of April in Armenia

20th century in Armenia
Armenian Genocide
Yerevan
Armenian Revolutionary Army

The Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) was a paramilitary organization. Its last attack occurred in 1985.

The Lisbon Five
5 Armenian gunmen  (known as "Lisbon Five") attacked the Turkish embassy in Lisbon in 27 July, 1983. The first Armenian was killed by security guards at the start of the attack. The wife and the son of Osman Ozturk, the Turkish chargé d'affaires, and a Portuguese policeman also died in the assault, 4 people were injured.  Portugal's Interior Minister Eduardo Perella said the government received intelligence information "that Armenian groups might attack Wednesday and beefed up security at diplomatic missions". 
The Armenian Revolutionary Army claimed responsibility for attack.

In a message dropped in the mailbox of The Associated Press office in Lisbon, the group said: "We have decided to blow up this building and remain under the collapse. This is not suicide... but rather our sacrifice to the altar of freedom". The group said the attack had been carried out because "Turkey and its allies refused to acknowledge the genocide of Armenians".

References

 Armenians storm the embassy // "The Globe", 28/7/1983.
 Armenian Revolutionary Army at Tkb.org

Armenian Genocide
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Anti-Turkism
Jenkem

Jenkem is an alleged drug that was supposedly invented in poor parts of Africa.

Appearance 
When it is ready to be used, it is a gas. It is created from feces left in a container to ferment for a long time.

Effects
When breathed in, Jenkem makes the person see crazy things. It is like a crazy dream, the person imagines things happening that are not really happening. The person may also hear sounds that are not really there. This is called a hallucination. Jenkem is also used to make a person happy. Because it is made out of fermented waste (or old feces), it is also very stinky.

Some say it is as if you have a curtain in front of you.

Dangers
Because Jenkem is human waste and is inhaled (huffing), the person can get an infection because of the dirt and germs in the waste.
Jenkem also contains methane, which is explosive and flammable.

Drugs
US Open (tennis)

The US Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Queens, New York City in the USA. It is run by United States Tennis Association. The tournament has been played on three different surfaces:
 Grass (1881-1974)
 Har-Tru (a type of clay court, 1975-1977)
 Decoturf (a type of hard court, 1978-present)

The tournament was first played in 1881 for men, and 1887 for women. In 2006, the U.S. Open became the first Grand Slam to use Hawk-Eye. Hawk-Eye is a machine that can give a virtual replay of the shot that has just been played - this is useful for seeing if the ball was in or out. When a player does not agree with the umpire, they can ask to use Hawk-Eye. As of 2007, the other three Grand Slams use this machine too.

The US Open is the final Grand Slam of the year and is played over two weeks, in late August and early September.

Champions

Past champions 
Men's Singles
Women's Singles
Men's Doubles
Women's Doubles
Mixed Doubles
Singles Finals

Current champions

Records 
 Men - Jimmy Connors, Pete Sampras, and Roger Federer have won 5 times.
 Women - Chris Evert has won 6 times.

Other websites 
 US Open official site
 US Open - All winners and runners-up. Reference book

1881 establishments in the United States
Sports in New York City
 
1880s establishments in New York (state)
Mobile device

A mobile device is an electronic device which its user can easily carry with them. Typical examples are a mobile phone, PDA and handheld game consoles.  Mobile devices do not need an external power supply to work.  Usually, they have a battery to hold electricity to work without electric wires.  A user can change, send and move data by connecting to a modem or cable, or more often wirelessly. 

Uses for these devices include reading and writing e-mails, surfing in the internet and listening to music. Smartphones, tablets and similar complicated mobile devices can run computer programs including computer games, and have many of the functions of a desktop PC.

Examples of mobile devices 

 Palmtop
 PDA - Personal digital assistant
 Cell phone
 Pocket PC
 Smartphone
 Tablet computer
 Smartwatch
 Bluetooth headset

Categories 
Mobile devices can be classified by size and capabilities:
 With small, text-screen. May be used to write short messages. 20th century mobile phones were like this.
 With medium screen and runs mobile operating system. Examples: Smartphone, E-reader.
 With big screen and runs desktop operating system. Examples: laptops, some tablets.

Related pages 
 Mobile operating system
 Symbian OS
 Windows Mobile
 Android Mobile
 iOS Mobile

Communication
Computer hardware
Tor (software)

Tor is a group of computer servers that keep users anonymous on the Internet. It works by moving data across many Tor servers, called "hops". The role of each server is to only move that data to another server.  With the final hop moving data to the end site. As a result, information transmitted in this way is hard to trace.

Tor is also the name that some people give to the web browser used to access the Tor server, the Tor Browser Bundle. The browser is actually a specific version of Mozilla Firefox that has been changed so that it is extremely safe and secure.

Operation
Tor is used to hide Internet users.  People who run the Tor network run a network of onion routers.  This makes the location of the user secret.  Services can also be hosted from "secret" locations using the Tor "Hidden services" feature. A hidden service is an anonymous website that search engines like Google don't know about, and it uses an Onion address as its URL. Onion addresses  are URLs that looks like 16 random letters and numbers and ends with .onion. People usually use the Tor browser to go to those sites.

Unlawful use 
The Tor network can be used for purposes that are against the law in some places. This can be criticizing leaders of state, P2P sharing of copyrighted files, moving child pornography., or buying and selling illegal drugs.

References

Other websites

 The Tor Project

Software
Damage deposit

A damage deposit or security deposit is a sum of money that is paid when one  rents an item. It is paid to ensure the owner that it is returned in good condition. It is very common with rented accommodation. There it may also be called a tenancy deposit or in some places a tenancy bond. Damage deposits can be either be refundable or nonrefundable, depending on the terms of the transaction. 

The owner of the item (the landlord in the case of accommodation) will take a sum of money from the person(s) renting the item (the tenant). If the item is returned in good condition at the end of the tenancy the owner should return the deposit. If the item is returned with damage the cost of repairing that damage may be charged against the deposit, and part (or none) of the deposit will be returned.

Security deposits are not considered taxable income, and local laws often treat security deposits as trust funds. Security deposits that are used as final rent payments must be claimed as advance rent and are taxable when paid.

Other websites
 Tenants' information guide on deposits from Shelter 
 Tenants' information guide on deposits  aimed at students, but useful for most types of tenants.
 Tenancy Deposit Scheme for Regulated Agents  - a scheme aiming to aid fairness in tenancy deposits.

References 
Property

th:มัดจำ
Lodging

Lodging or holiday accommodation is a type of accommodation. People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging mainly for sleeping. Other purposes are safety, shelter from cold and rain, and to have a place to store luggage and being able to take a shower.

They do that in a hotel, hostel or hostal, a private home (for example, a bed and breakfast or guest house place), in a tent, or a caravan/camper (often on a campsite). 

Lodging may also refer to when cereal crops fall over, often due to wind or rain pressure, making grain harvest difficult.

Related pages
 Homelessness
 Hostel
 Tourism

Other websites
 Simply translated accommodation portal available in 14 languages: Residenzo
 The Lodging Wiki at Hospitality-411 
 World Lodging Guide
VEHICALL, a worldwide free service for holiday rentals

References 

Travel
Republic of Venice

The Most Serene Republic of Venice (, ), was an  Italian state where current Venice is now. It existed for one thousand one hundred years, from the late 7th century until the late 18th century (1797, when it was conquered by Napoleon). It was an important economic and trading power which was ruled by a leader called a doge.

Former city-states
7th-century establishments
1797 disestablishments
Venice
Establishments in Italy
Disestablishments in Italy
1790s disestablishments in Europe
Mindroling Monastery

Mindroling Monastery is one of the six major monasteries of the Nyingma school in Tibet. It was founded by Rigzin Terdak Lingpa in 1676. Tendrak Lingpa's lineage is known as the Nyo lineage. Mindroling in Tibetan means "Place of Perfect Freedom". It is near Lhasa on the south side of the Tsangpo river.

Mindroling was damaged in 1718 by the Dzungar Mongols from East Turkistan.
It was built again during the life of the Seventh Dalai Lama, Kelzang Gyatso (1708-1757).

Mindroling Monastery has a university. Nyingma scholars and yogis from all over Tibet studied there. The students studied Buddhist scriptures, astronomy, Tibetan lunar calendar, calligraphy, rhetoric, and Traditional Tibetan medicine. Monks studied thirteen major sutra and tantra texts of the Nyingma. They also learned from found teachings called terma. The head of the school was very important in Tibet. 

At the time of the 1959 revolt against Chinese Communist rule in Central Tibet, there were around 300 monks at Mindroling. In the years after 1959, the monastery again was damaged, but not as badly as other monasteries such as Ganden. Now, the monastery is still being rebuilt .

In 1965, His Eminence Khochhen Rinpoche and a small group of monks started a new Mindroling monastery located near the hill town of Dehra Dun in Uttarakhand state, India. It now contains Ngagyur Nyingma College, one of the largest Buddhist institutes in India.

Related pages
 List of Tibetan monasteries

Other websites 
Website of the new Mindroling Monastery in India 

Tibetan Buddhism
Royal Mail

Royal Mail is a postal service company in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. It was established as early as 1516. The British Government formerly owned it and since 2013 own 30% of it.

Related pages 
 Mail
 Royal Mail Ship

References

Other websites 
 
 royalmailgroup.com

 
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
1516 establishments
1510s establishments in England
Bed and breakfast

A bed and breakfast is a private home in which someone can stay when travelling abroad.

References 
 Sakach, Deborah Edwards, Bed & Breakfasts and Country Inns (American Historic Inns, Inc., 16th edition, 2004) 
 Jan Stankus, How to Open and Operate a Bed & Breakfast (Globe Pequot Press, 7th edition 2003) 
 Martha Watson Murphy and Amelia Rockwell Seton, How to Start and Operate Your Own Bed-And-Breakfast/Down-To-Earth Advice from an Award-Winning B&B Owner (Owlet, 1994) 
 Mary Davis, So-You Want to Be an Innkeeper: The Definitive Guide to Operating a Successful Bed-And-Breakfast or Country Inn (Chronicle Books, 1996) 
 Susannah Craig and Park Davis, Complete Idiot's Guide to Running a Bed and Breakfast (Alpha Books, 2001) 
 Cheryl Verstrate, Homestay 101 for Hosts (Start and Run a Successful Homestay), 1st edition,2006 
 Sandee Wright, Owner & Innkeeper of Timberwolf Creek, Maggie Valley NC, Founder of CAIK (Caucus of American InnKeepers)

Accommodations
James Cotton

James "Jimmy" Cotton (July 1, 1935 – March 16, 2017), was an American blues harmonica player, singer, and songwriter. He was an orphan.

Career 
Cotton first became interested in playing music when he heard Sonny Boy Williamson on the radio. He left his home to find Sonny Boy Williamson, and when he found him (in West Helena, Arkansas), Williamson took him in and raised him. Blues singer Bobby Bland was his half-brother.

First band 
Cotton first began playing the blues harp in Williamson's band, called Howlin Wolf's. After one gig, Sonny Boy quit the band to live with his wife in Milwaukee. He left the band in Cotton's hands. Cotton said, "He just gave it to me. But I couldn't hold it together 'cause I was too young and crazy in those days an' everybody in the band was grown men, so much older than me."

Later career 
Cotton started working with the Muddy Waters Band in 1955. He performed songs like "I Got My Mojo Working" and "She's Nineteen Years Old". After leaving Muddy's band in 1966, Cotton toured with Janis Joplin. Alone, Cotton wrote classic songs like "Cotton Crop Blues", "Rocket 88" and "Hold Me In Your Arms".  He formed the James Cotton Blues Band in 1967. They performed all of Cotton's classics and more.

Death 
Cotton died at a medical center in Austin, Texas from pneumonia on March 16, 2017 at the age of 81.

Awards 
Cotton played harmonica on Muddy Water's Grammy Award winning 1977 album Hard Again. James Cotton's band would also get nominated for two Grammy Awards. The first one was for his 1984 release, Live From Chicago: Mr. Superharp Himself!. His second for Take Me Back.

Performances 
Cotton played with the following people:
 Big Mama Thornton
 Janis Joplin
 Sonny Boy Williamson
 Howlin' Wolf
 Muddy Waters
 Led Zeppelin
 Freddie King
 Steve Miller
 Santana
 B.B. King
 The Grateful Dead
 Willie "Big Eyes" Smith
 Johnny Winter
 Jimmie Vaughan
 Todd Rundgren

Albums 
 Chicago/The Blues/Today! vol. 2
 Take Me Back
 3 Harp Boogie
 Live from Chicago Mr. Superharp Himself High Compression 100% Cotton
 Live & On the Move
 Cut You Loose!
 Mighty Long Time
 Fire Down Under the Hill
 Baby, Don't You Tear My Cloths
 Deep in the Blues
 Living the Blues
 ''35th Anniversary Jam

References

Other websites 
 All Music Guide
 James Cotton discography from Music City 
 His official website
Review of Breakin' It Up Breakin' It Down CD 

Chicago blues musicians
Blues harp players
Singers from Mississippi
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
Disease-related deaths in Texas
Deaths from pneumonia
1935 births
2017 deaths
Accommodation (eye)

Accommodation is the way the eye increases optical power (the degree to which the lens converges or diverges light). This is necessary to produce a clear image (focus) on an object when it draws near the eye. A lens that is more convex( fatter in the middle) would refract more light rays than a less convex lens (thinner lens). The lens can change shape because the cells of the lens contain an elastic crystalline protein. The young human eye can change focus from distance to seven centimeters from the eye in 350 milliseconds. 

The eye focuses on a given object by changing the shape of the eye lens through accommodation.  This is controlled by ciliary muscle,which surrounds the lens.

Other websites 
 pupilEyes - Learn about accommodation of the eye 

Optometry
Eye anatomy
Focus (optics)

In geometrical optics, a focus (also called an image point) is the point where light rays that come from a point on the object converge (come together).

In reality the focus is never a point but a small spot called the blur circle.

An image, or image point or region, is in focus if light from object points is converged almost as much as possible in the image, and out of focus if light is not well converged.

References 

Optics
Photography
List of municipalities in Switzerland

The following is a list of the municipalities in Switzerland.

 

Switzerland
Municipalities of Switzerland
Switzerland-related lists
Vich, Switzerland

Vich is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

Economy
The Plainisphare record label is in Vich.

History
Vich once had a paleolithic village (which are about 2.5 million years old) on it. There are also clues that it was lived on during the Bronze Age. There is also a Roman paved road running through it from Nyon to Orbe.

Control 
Vich was controlled by many people. It belonged to the lords of Besançon to Cossonay,  Prangins and Savoy.

In 1536 the canton of Vaud was taken by the Bernese who kept it until 1798 when the canton was freed by the French revolutionary troops. In 1803, Vich joined the Swiss Confederation.

References

Other websites 

 Official website (French)
 Aerial photographs on swisscastle.ch

Municipalities of Vaud
Ludiano

Ludiano is a former municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Lugaggia

Lugaggia was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined together and became the municipality of Capriasca.

References

Other websites 

 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Lugano

Lugano (Latin language: Luganum) is a city of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Since 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the city. In 2008, they were followed by Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese. In 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla were incorporated into the city.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Lugano Tourism 
  Lugano Monte Brè

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Ticino
Lumino

Lumino is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Egyptian pyramids

The Pyramids of Egypt are among the largest structures ever built and are one of the most important examples of Ancient Egyptian civilisation. Most were built during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. 

The pyramid were mostly made of limestone. The top layers were casing blocks of especially good white limestone laid on top of the main blocks. Each casing block was then trimmed so that the outer surface of the pyramid would be smooth and white. Some capstones were covered with metal leaf.

The casing blocks from the Great Pyramid of Giza were all removed in the 14th and 15th  centuries A.D. and used to build the city of Cairo. Some casing blocks still remain on the top of the pyramid next to Khufu's (belonging to Khafra). 

The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of different sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.

Three small pyramids were built on the eastern side of the great pyramid. These pyramids were built for Khufu's queens.

A small satellite pyramid was built near the queens' pyramids. Some experts believe that this may have been built as a symbolic tomb for Khufu's ka (spirit).

Surrounding the pyramid there are several hundred mastaba tombs of nobles. The nobles wanted to be buried close to their pharaoh so that they would stay close to him in the next life.

Construction dates 
There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza in the Old Kingdom.  The best-known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'.

The following table lays out the dates of construction of most of the major pyramids. Each pyramid is identified by the pharaoh who ordered it built, their approximate reign and its place.

Related pages
 Pyramid
 Giza Necropolis

References

Other websites 

 Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt - Aldokkan
 Pyramids of Egypt – Comprehensive site by an Egyptian archaeology enthusiast that includes spectacular photographs of dozens of pyramids.
 Ancient Authors – A site that quotes descriptions of the "Labyrinth" of Amenemhet III's pyramid at el-Lahun by various ancient authors.
 Ancient Egyptian History - A comprehensive & consise educational website focusing on the basic and the advanced in all aspects of Ancient Egypt
 ANCIENT EGYPT - History & Chronology – A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Egypt and Nubia (Sudan).
 www.great-pyramid.info  –  Photographs and information on Egyptian pyramids.
 Pyramids of Giza colour satellite imagery  (Wikimapia - Google maps)
 Pyramids in relation with the Noble Quraan (Quran)
 diagram of an ancient pyramid from bbc.co.uk 
 Great Pyramid of Giza -Citizendium
 Pyramids of Egypt 
 Pyramids of Giza color satellite imagery 

Buildings and structures in Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Pyramids