cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Stoicism

Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy. It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom. This philosophy claims that it is virtuous to maintain a will (a determination, prohairesis) which is in accord with nature. 

Stoic doctrine was popular in Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 AD by the Emperor Justinian I, who thought their pagan character was at odds with his Christian faith.

Stoic philosophers 
 Antipater of Tarsus (210 BC129 BC)
 Cato the Younger (Uticensis 94 BC46 BC)
 Chrysippus (280 BC204 BC)
 Cleanthes (of Assos), (330 BC232 BC)
 Diodotus, (~120 BC59 BC), teacher of Cicero
 Diogenes of Babylon (230 BC150 BC)
 Epictetus (55 AD135 AD)
 Hierocles (2nd century AD)
 Marcus Aurelius (121 AD180 AD)
 Musonius Rufus (25 AD100AD)
 Panaetius of Rhodes (185 BC109 BC)
 Posidonius of Apameia (~135 BC51 BC)
 Seneca (4 BC65 AD)
 Contemporaries: Musonius Rufus, Rubellius Plautus, Thrasea Paetus
 Zeno of Citium (332 BC262 BC), founder of Stoicism
 Contemporaries: Aristo of Chios, pupil of Zeno; Herillus of Carthage

References 

Philosophical concepts
William Godwin

William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism. Godwin is famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, an attack on political institutions, and Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel. He was also married to Mary Wollstonecraft, with whom he had two children.

Major works 
 Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness (1793)
 Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794)
 The Enquirer (1797)
 Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798)
 St. Leon (1799)
 Fleetwood (1805)
 Mandeville (1817)
 History of the Commonwealth (1824-28)

1756 births
1836 deaths
English philosophers
English journalists
Anarchists
Rose garden

A Rose garden or Rosarium is a garden or park, often open to the public, in which roses are grown. While some rose gardens have only a decorative purpose, most of them are used to present and grow various types of roses.

The first known rose garden was planted by French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais in Malmaison. When she died, in 1814, the garden had around 250 types of garden roses. Another old rose garden is the Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt, Germany created in 1810 by Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

Growing roses for commercial purposes started in the 19th century. The important rose gardens created for commercial rose breeding were:

 "Roseraie du Val-de-Marne" in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, France
 "Dolná Krupá rosarium in Austria-Hungary (now Slovakia
 "Europa-Rosarium in Sangerhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

References
Jardins de roses, André Gayraud, éditions du Chêne, 
 Roseraies et jardins de roses, H. Fuchs in Le Bon jardinier, encyclopédie horticole, tome 1, La Maison rustique, Paris, 1964, .

Agriculture
Roses
Gardening
Peter Kropotkin

Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin () (9 December 1842 - 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, philosopher, revolutionary, scientist, geographer, and one of the first advocates of anarcho-communism.

Early life
Kropotkin was born on December 9, 1842 in Moscow, Russia.  His father, Aleksey Petrovich Kropotkin was a prince of the Rurik Dynasty. His father owned large amounts of land and over 1000 serfs.  His mother, Yekaterina Nikolaevna Sulima was the daughter of a Cossack general.  In 1846, Kropotkin's mother died of tuberculosis. Two years after, Kropotkin's father married a woman named Yelizaveta Mar'kovna Korandino.

Books 
  Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
 The Conquest of Bread Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
 Fields, Factories and Workshops
 P.Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.
 Memoirs of a Revolutionist, London : Smith, Elder; 1899. Kropotkin's own memoirs, which were also published in the United States in the same year and have appeared in a number of modern editions.
 The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, London, William Heinemann, 1909, translated from the French by N.F. Dryhurst. e-text (in French)
 Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1915). Available online at the Anarchy Archives,
 Ethics (unfinished). Included as first part of  Origen y evolución de la moral (Spanish e-text) 
 In Russian and French Prisons. Online book. A criticism of the existence of prisons.

Articles 
 "Research on the Ice age", Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1876.
 "The desiccation of Eur-Asia", Geographical Journal, 23 (1904), 722-741.
 Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion",  The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep., 1903), pp. 294–299, JSTOR
 "Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun., 1904), pp. 770–772, JSTOR
 "The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug., 1897), pp. 196–202, JSTOR
 "The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep., 1898), pp. 306–310, JSTOR

Pamphlets 
 Listen, Anarchist!
 An Appeal To The Young 
 War.
 Law and Authority.
 The Place of Anarchy in Socialist Evolution.
 Revolutionary Government.
 Are Prisons Necessary? Chapter X from "In Russian and French Prisons" (1887)
 Anarchism : Its Philosophy and Ideal (1896)
 The State : Its Historic Role (1897)
 On Economics Selected Passages from his Writings (1898-1913)

References

Other websites
"Map of the Southern Half of Eastern Siberia and Parts of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Sakhalin: For a General Sketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia" is a map that was made by Peter Kropotkin

Anarchists
Russian writers
1842 births
1921 deaths
Anarcho-communism

Anarcho-communism, also known as anarchist communism, is the belief that hierarchies, money, and social classes should not exist, and that the means of production should be held in common by society. Anarcho-communists support direct democracy and a network of voluntary associations, workers' councils, decentralized economic planning and a gift economy in which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs.

Some well-known anarcho-communist writers are Peter Kropotkin, Ricardo Flores Magón and Nestor Makhno. Anarcho-communism is opposed to more authoritarian forms advocated by Leninists and Maoists. These groups have violently clashed in Russia, Korea and Spain over their beliefs. Some examples of anarcho-communism in practice include the Free Territory of Ukraine, Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, Shinmin Autonomous Region, and the  Revolutionary Spain.

References 

Communism
Anarchism
Johann Baptist Martinelli

Johann Baptist Martinelli (February 8, 1701, Vienna - June 21, 1754, Vienna) was an Austrian architect and constructor of Italian descent.

Overview 
He was the son of architect Franz Martinelli. In cooperation with his brother Anton Erhard Martinelli, he designed the plans of several baroque church in the Habsburg empire, among which  the church in Grossweikersdorf and the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Blaj. He also designed several mansions among which the one in Dolná Krupá.

1701 births
1754 deaths
Austrian architects
People from Vienna
Agorism

Agorism is a free-market anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that believes the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges– a free market." The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states. Agorist theory divides people into two classes: people who make their living through the market, and people who make their living by coercing others (called the "economic class" and "political class", respectively). They support a nonviolent overthrow of the second class by the first, through peaceful black market and grey market activity, known as counter-economics.

References

Anarcho-capitalism
Libertarianism
Anton Pius Riegel

Anton Pius Riegel (1789-?) was an Austrian architect of the 19th century. He is known for his design of the György Károlyi palace in Budapest Hungary (now housing the Hungarian Museum of Literature) and the mansion of Dolná Krupá in Slovakia.

References
 Museum of Literature  
 Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá  

1789 births
19th-century deaths
Austrian architects
Year of death unknown
Hesperomannia arbuscula

The Maui Hesperomannia (Hesperomannia arbuscula) is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.
It is found only in the United States.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical wet low lying land forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland (an area with mostly bushes and few trees).
It is in danger due to the loss of its natural area of habitat.

Source
 Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. 2003.  Hesperomannia arbuscula .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 20 July 2007.

Asteraceae
Eureka Tower

Eureka Tower is a 297.3 metre (975 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof. Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres. Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.

Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006.

The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating and golden toilets. The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.

Other websites 
 Official website
 Emporis Page

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Skyscrapers in Australia
2006 establishments in Australia
Tay Zonday

Adam Nyerere Bahner (born July 6, 1982), often called by the pseudonym Tay Zonday, is an American keyboardist. His song "Chocolate Rain", and its YouTube video, became a popular Internet meme in July 2007. He has won YouTube Awards and Webby Awards.

References

Other websites
 Tay Zonday's website
 

1982 births
Living people
Singers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
American Internet celebrities
Antoine Dufour

Antoine Dufour is a French-Canadian guitarist. Dufour is famous for his fingerstyle guitar playing. Until now Dufour has made 3 studio albums, Naissance, Development and Existence. He has a strong fanbase because of his YouTube videos.

Biography
Dufour started playing guitar at the age of fifteen. Later he studied at the CEGEP, where he first listened to fingerstyle music. 2005 he became second and 2006 first place in the Canadian Guitar Festival's Fingerstyle Guitar Championship. Also he became third in the International Finger Style Guitar Championship in Winfield, Kansas.

Dufour also works as a guitar tutor, giving lessons through Skype.

Discography

Studio albums
 Naissance (2004)
 Development (2006)
 Existence (2008)

DVDs
 Antoine Dufour / Andy McKee Split DVD (2007)

Other websites
 
 Antoine Dufour at Candyrat Records
 Interview with Antoine Dufour at www.instrumentalcase.com

1979 births
Canadian guitarists
Folk musicians
Living people
Musicians from Quebec
Vheissu

Vheissu is an album by experimental band Thrice. It was released in 2005. The album introduced a new sound to the bands post-hardcore roots. It also used many new elements from music boxes to chain gangs and has much softer, dreamy songs such as "Atlantic"

The songs on Vheissu use many biblical themes but Thrice does not think of themselves as a Christian band. Some of the statements from the album which are clearly from the bible include:

There's no greater love, then that one shed his blood for his friends - from "For Miles"
We were all lost, and now we're found - from "Image of the Invisible"
Once again the bread and wine - from "From Moths to Flame"

The album artwork was created by author Dave Eggers and artist Brian McMullen. It includes pictures of various things and quotes lyrics from different Thrice songs found on the album.

Songs

 "Image of the Invisible"
 "Between the End and Where We Lie"
 "The Earth will Shake"
 "Atlantic"
 "For Miles"
 "Hold Fast Hope"
 "Music Box"
 "Like Moths to Flame"
 "Of Dust and Nations"
 "Stand and Feel Your Worth"
 "Red Sky"

2005 albums
The Artist in the Ambulance

The Artist in the Ambulance is the third album by the post-hardcore band Thrice. It was released on July 22 2003.

Like previous Thrice albums, some of the money made from selling The Artist in the Ambulance was given to a charity. The album's booklet features individual cards that have lyrics from Thrice songs, notes, photographs and comments from the band members and the producer.

"Stare at the Sun" is a main single from the album.

Songs 
 
 "Cold Cash and Colder Hearts" – 2:52
 "Under a Killing Moon" – 2:41
 "All That's Left" – 3:20 (also featured in Madden 2004)
 "Silhouette" – 3:06
 "Stare at the Sun" – 3:23 (also featured in SSX 3)
 "Paper Tigers" – 3:59
 "Hoods on Peregrine" – 3:31
 "The Melting Point of Wax" – 3:29
 "Blood Clots and Black Holes" – 2:49
 "The Artist in the Ambulance" – 3:39
 "The Abolition of Man" – 2:46 (The Abolition of Man is a 1943 book by C. S. Lewis)
 "Don't Tell and We Won't Ask" – 3:59
 "Eclipse" – 3:21
 "Motion Isn't Meaning" - 1:53

2003 albums
Chuck Palumbo

Charles Ronald "Chuck" Palumbo (born June 15, 1971) is an American professional wrestler, who is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its Raw brand.

References

Other websites 
ChuckPalumbo.com (Official Website)
WWE Profile

Online World of Wrestling Profile
Chuck Palumbo at WrestlingRevealed.com 

1971 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
People from West Warwick, Rhode Island
Sportspeople from Rhode Island
Vince J. McMahon

Vincent James McMahon (better known as Vince McMahon, Sr., (July 6, 1914 –May 24, 1984) was a U.S. professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for founding the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment, of which his son, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, is now the Chairman of the Board of Directors.

References 

1914 births
1984 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
WWE people
WWE Hall of Fame
René Adler

René Adler (born January 15, 1985 in Leipzig)  is a German footballer. He plays on the position of a goalkeeper for Bayer Leverkusen. Leverkusen is a city in Germany. The club Bayer Leverkusen plays in the Bundesliga, the first football league in Germany.

On October 11, 2008, Adler made his first match in the German national team against Russia (2-1).

References

1985 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Saxony
Kreator

Kreator is a German Thrash metal band from Essen. They formed in 1982 as Tormentor and are counted to the big three German Thrash Metal bands together with Sodom and Destruction.

Discography 
 Endless Pain (1985)
 Pleasure to Kill (1986)
 Terrible Certainty (1987)
 Extreme Aggression (1989)
 Coma of Souls (1990)
 Renewal (1992)
 Cause for Conflict (1995)
 Outcast (1997)
 Endorama (1999)
 Violent Revolution (2001)
 Enemy of God (2005)
 Hordes of Chaos (2009)
 Phantom Antichrist (2012)
 Gods of Violence (2017)

Other websites 

 Official website
 Official MySpace page
 Artist page at Allmusic
 Sinister Online interview with Mille Petrozza

References 

1980s establishments in Germany
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
Essen
German heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1982
Thrash metal bands
Gojira

Gojira is a death metal/thrash metal band from Bayonne, France. They formed in 1996 and were called Godzilla until 2001. Gojira is known for its lyrics about the environment, which is very unusual for a death metal band.

Discography

Studio albums 
 2001: Terra Incognita
 2003: The Link
 2005: From Mars to Sirius
 2008: The Way of All Flesh
 2012: L'Enfant Sauvage
 2016: Magma
 2021: Fortitude

Demos 
 1996: Victim 
 1997: Possessed
 1999: Saturate 
 2000: Wisdom Comes

Live albums 
 2004: The Link Alive (CD/DVD)

Other websites 
 Official website
 Gojira at MySpace

References 

Death metal bands
Colin Barnett

Colin James Barnett (born 15 July 1950) is the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He was Premier from 23 September 2008 until 17 March 2017. He is from the Liberal Party.

References
 

1950 births
Living people
Barnett, Colin
People from Perth, Western Australia
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Nathan Rees

Nathan Rees (born 12 February 1968) was the 41st Premier of New South Wales. He was premier from 5 September 2008 until 4 December 2009. He is from the Labor Party.

References

1968 births
Living people
Rees, Nathan
Politicians from Sydney
Australian Labor Party politicians
Anna Bligh

Anna Maria Bligh (born 14 July 1960) is an Australian politician who was the 37th Premier of Queensland from 13 September 2007 to 24 March 2012. She is from the Labor Party. She is the first female to be Premier of Queensland. On 16 August 2012 it was announced that Bligh was moving with her husband Greg Withers and the rest of her family to Sydney.

Early Life
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh. She grew up on the Gold Coast in south east Queensland. She was educated at several Catholic primary schools. Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School. She completed the last six months of her schooling at Nowra State High School. She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980. Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service. She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy.  She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995 and retired on 30 March 2012 following her defeat as Queensland Premier.

Parliament
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998. Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister. She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion.

References

1960 births
Living people
Bligh, Anna
Australian Labor Party politicians
Mike Rann

Michael David Rann (born 5 January 1953) was the 44th Premier of South Australia. He was premier from 5 March 2002 until 21 October 2011. He is from the Labor Party. He is how Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

References

1953 births
Living people
Rann, Mike
Politicians from Adelaide
Australian Labor Party politicians
David Bartlett

David John Bartlett (born 19 January 1968) was the 43rd Premier of Tasmania. He became premier on 26 May 2008. He is from the Labor Party.

Bartlett resigned, for family reasons on 24 January 2011, and was replaced as premier by Lara Giddings. She is also the Treasurer and Minister of the Arts.

References

Premiers of Tasmania
Politicians from Hobart
1968 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party politicians
John Brumby

John Mansfield Brumby (21 April 1953) was the 45th Premier of Victoria. He became Premier on 30 July 2007. He is from the Labor Party. After being defeated in the 2010 elections, Brumby was replaced as Premier by Ted Baillieu on 1 December 2010.

Early life
Brumby was born in Melbourne and educated at Ivanhoe Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School.
Brumby went to the University of Melbourne in 1971 and completed a Bachelor of Commerce degree. He then got his Diploma of Education from the State College of Victoria, Rusden, in 1975. He worked at Eaglehawk, Victoria, as a teacher for three years and then became a union official.

Politics
Brumby was an elected to the Parliament of Australia in 1983 and represented the electorate of Bendigo. he lost the seat in the 1990 election. He was elected to the upper house, the Legislative Council, of the Parliament of Victoria in 1993. When the leader of the Labor Party, Jim Kennan, resigned from Parliament, Brumby was became the new leader. He had to resign from the upper house as leaders have to be members of the lower house, the Legislative Council. He won an election for Jim Kennan's seat of Broadmeadows, Victoria. He was the Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for six years. Julia Gillard, the current Prime Minister of Australia, worked as his Chief of Staff. The Labor Party did not win as many votes in the 1996 election and lost two seats. Over the next few years the party did not think Brumby would be able to lead them to a win in the next election. Brumby was replaced as leader by Steve Bracks in March, 1999. Bracks led the Labor Party and won an election in September 1999. Brumby became the Minister for Finance in the new government, and a year later was made the Treasurer (in charge of all government spending).

Bracks resigned as Premier in July 2007, and the Labor Party elected Brumby as their new leader. This made him the Premier of Victoria. In November 2010 the Labor Party was defeated in the election with a 5.3% swing of votes to the Liberal and National Parties. Brumby resigned as the leader of the Labor Party.

References

1953 births
Living people
Premiers of Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian educators
Quentin Bryce

Dame Quentin Alice Louise Bryce  (née Strachan; born 23 December 1942) was the 25th Governor-General of Australia, from September 2008 to March 2014. She was the first woman to be the Governor-General. Before this she was the Governor of Queensland and she used to be a lawyer.

For her community works she was created a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John in 2003. If she were not already a Dame, she would have become a Dame of Justice when she became Prior of the Australian Priory of the Order of St John.

References

1942 births
Living people
Australian lawyers
Governors of Queensland
Australian Governors-General
Politicians from Brisbane
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Order of Australia
Blue-baby syndrome

Blue-baby syndrome, or blue baby is usually caused by a heart defect which laymen often call "a hole in the heart". Normally, oxygenated blood from the lungs is separated from deoxygenated blood from other tissues. Because of a defect in the heart ventricle walls, deoxygenated blood sometimes  mixes with the blood from the lungs. The resulting blood going through the aorta has less oxygen than usual. The baby then looks blue. An operation is usually done to fix this. 

There are several heart defects which produce this syndrome. There are also some causes which are not related to heart conditions.

On November 29, 1944, the first successful operation for the heart condition was done at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1976, the university awarded the surgeon an honorary doctorate.

References 

3. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24529 

Syndromes
Kings of Leon

Kings of Leon are a rock band from Oklahoma, USA. Their members are all related, three brothers and their cousin. They have released 6 albums. Their sixth album, Mechanical Bull, was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

Discography 

 Youth & Young Manhood (2003)
 Aha Shake Heartbreak (2004)
 Because of the Times (2007)
 Only by the Night (2008)
 Come Around Sundown (2010)
 Mechanical Bull (2013)
 Walls (2016)
 When You See Yourself (2021)

American rock bands
Musical groups from Oklahoma
Plaster

Plaster is a material similar to mortar and cement.  Plaster of Paris is one kind, made from gypsum by heating it. It is used to make copies of footprints, fossils, skeletons, and to set fractured bones. Other kinds of plaster are used for buildings and other purposes. Decorative plaster is more usually called stucco.

Materials
Minaret

A minaret is  a tower. Many mosques have minarets. Muezzins to call Muslims to prayers from minarets five times a day.

Architectural elements
Islamic architecture
Omi

Omi was a very old Japanese title of both someone's rank and their political rank it was only allowed for use by the most powerful clans during the Yamato time of Japanese history. The title Omi, was given to a man's son when the father died.

History of Japan
Japanese language
Mining feasibility study

A mining feasibility study is normally done before to a mining company buying land and is done to lower the risk of failure and reduce losing money for a mining company.

Mining
Free market

A free market is a system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. It is a result of a need being, then the need being met. A free market contrasts with a regulated market, in which government intervenes in supply and demand through non-market methods such as laws creating barriers to market entry or price fixing. In a free-market economy, prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy, and it typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises.

Although free markets are commonly associated with capitalism within a market economy in contemporary usage and popular culture, free markets have also been advocated by free-market anarchists, market socialists, and some proponents of cooperatives and advocates of profit sharing.[1] 

Economic markets
Libertarianism
Quba Mosque

Quba Mosque is a mosque in Medina. It is the oldest mosque in the world. When Muhammad and his friends were coming to Medina, they stopped over in Kuba. Muhammad started to build the mosque after his friend helped him.  Umar II added a minaret and enlarged the mosque. Suleiman the Magnificent destroyed the mosque and rebuilt it.

References 

Mosques in Saudi Arabia
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Alan Carpenter

Alan John Carpenter (born 4 January 1957) was the 28th Premier of Western Australia from 26 January 2006 to 23 September 2008. He is from the Labor Party. He is still in the Western Australian parliament.

References
 

1957 births
Living people
Carpenter, Alan
Australian Labor Party politicians
Geoff Gallop

Professor Geoffrey Ian Gallop (born 27 September 1951) was the 27th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 2001 to 25 January 2006. He was from the Labor Party.

References
 

1951 births
Living people
Gallop, Geoff
Australian Labor Party politicians
Renton, Washington

Renton is a city in King County, Washington, United States.  It is 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Seattle, Washington. Renton is on the southeast shore of Lake Washington. At the 2000 census, 50,052 people lived there. As of April 1, 2008, there were about 78,780 people.  The number of people increased a lot because of the addition of the Benson Hill communities directly southeast of the city.  According to the data from the Office of Financial Management, Renton is the 11th largest city in Washington, and 5th largest in King County.

Based on per capita income, Renton ranks 100th of 522 areas ranked in the state of Washington.

Notable residents
Jimi Hendrix, famous musician, buried in the city's Greenwood cemetery since 1970.
Ann Rule, the true crime novelist currently resides in Renton.
Sean Kinney, drummer of Alice In Chains grew up in Renton.
Bonnie Guitar, singer in the 50's and 60's, gave singing lessons as Bonnie Tutmarc, in the early 50's.
Tim Lincecum, famous Major League Baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants grew up in Renton, and attended Liberty HS.
Brandon Roy, NBA basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers, resides in Renton.
Jamal Crawford, NBA player for the Golden State Warriors, has a home in Renton and resides there during the off-season.
Kristina Horner, Eia Waltzer, Brittany Vahlberg, and Nick Horner, members of the wizard rock group The Parselmouths

References

Other websites
Renton city government webpage

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
Premier of Western Australia

The Premier of Western Australia is the leader of the Western Australian government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of Western Australia.

The current Premier is Mark McGowan from the Labor Party.

List of Premiers of Western Australia

# There were no political parties in Western Australia until 1904.

References

Other websites
Christian Heinrich Nebbien

Christian Heinrich Nebbien, sometimes referred to as Heinrich Nebbien or Henrik Nebbien, (September 22, 1778 in Lübeck - December 2, 1841 in Glogau) was a German landscaping architect.

His most important project was the Városliget park at the end of Andrássy ut in Budapest (1817).

Other projects for which he is known are:

 the park of the Betliar mansion in Slovakia (1783-1795) 
 the park of the Dolná Krupá mansion in Slovakia (1813-1819);
 The park in Martonvásár, Hungary.

He also wrote a book on the methods of increasing agricultural output, published in Prague in 1835.

Works
 Wie vielmal wohlfeiler kann der Landwirth produziren? Und: Wie vielmal größer kann der Ertrag des Bodens werden? -  Prag, J. G. Calve, 1835.

References

 Rosengräfin Marie Henriette Gräfin Chotek (24.11.1863 - 13.2.1946) 
 Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá  
 Prírodný park kaštieľa Betliar 
 Örsi Károly - Történeti kertek A magyar kertépítészet legszebb alkotásai 
 Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein und Lübeck 
 Neue Deutsche Biographie. Band 19 
 A Városliget Színházai 
 Magyar Erzsébet - Kertek, parkok Buda-Pest társaséletében a 19. században  
 Mittel-Transdanubien  
 Magyar kertművészet az újkorban 
 Nebbien Henrik (19. sz.) - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990 

1778 births
1841 deaths
German architects
People from Lübeck
Krompachy

Krompachy (German: Krompach, Hungarian: Korompa) is a town in Slovakia, located on the valley of the Hornád River. Until the end of the 20th century it was a centre of mining and metallurgy, particularly iron and copper. It is now an alpine resort, close to the Plejsy ski center.

Cities in Slovakia
Kingfisher

Kingfishers are small birds of the order Coraciiformes. There are about 90 species, mostly in the Old World and Australasia, Most species are tropical in distribution.

Their feathers are often bright colours, such as blue or orange. They have large heads, long, sharp bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

Most species have bright plumage with little differences between the sexes. Most are found only in forests. They eat a wide range of prey, including fish. They usually catch prey by swooping down from a perch. Many live near rivers and eat fish, but most species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other birds  of their order they nest in holes, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. A quarter of all kingfishers nest in disused termite nests.

Classification 
Based on sequence analysis, the 90 or so species of kingfishers are now divided into three families:
River kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
Tree kingfishers (Halcyonidae )
Water kingfishers (Cerylidae)

Habitat 
Kingfishers are found all over the world. They often make their nests near rivers where the water flows slowly. They make their nests in tall river banks. They dig a hole in the side of the river bank. Most kingfishers lay 3–6 eggs each time.

Many kingfishers eat fish. They sit on branches hanging over the river's edge and wait for a fish to appear. They then dive into the water to catch the fish. Some kingfishers eat lizards or other reptiles. Kookaburras do this.

History 
Most species are in the Australasian region, but the family did not originate there. They evolved in the Northern Hemisphere and invaded the Australasian region a number of times. Fossil kingfishers have been described from Lower Eocene rocks in Wyoming 50 million years ago (mya) and in Germany, around 30-40 million years ago. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene/Pliocene rocks of Australia (5-25 mya).

Conservation 
Kingfishers are easily harmed if there is a lot of snow and cold weather in winter. They can also die if humans cause a lot of water pollution or if the places where Kingfishers live are destroyed. Some kingfishers are endangered species.

References 

Coraciiformes
São José dos Pinhais

São José dos Pinhais is a Brazilian city, the second largest in the Greater Curitiba, in southern state of Paraná. In 2008 the population was more than 280.000 inhabitants.

The city is on a plateau 906 meters above sea level, and an area of 945,717 km². Is just 7 km away from the capital, Curitiba.

It is the third largest automotive pole of Brazil, housing assembly of Volkswagen, Audi, Nissan and Renault. The city is also home of the Afonso Pena International Airport, the main airport in southern Brazil.

Cities in Paraná State
Yone Minagawa

Yone Minagawa (January 4, 1893 – August 13, 2007) was a Japanese supercentenarian and the world's oldest living person between January 29, 2007, and Minagawa's death at age 114 years 221 days. 

Minagawa became Japan's oldest person in April 2005, following the death of 114-year-old Ura Koyama. With the death of 114-year-old Emma Tillman on January 29, 2007, Minagawa became the world's oldest living person. She was 114 years 25 days old at the time. Following her death, then 114-year-old Edna Parker became the new world's oldest living person.

References 

Japanese supercentenarians
1893 births
2007 deaths
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Richard G. Hovannisian

Richard Gable Hovannisian (, born November 9, 1932 in Tulare, California) is an American historian. 

He received his M.A.(1958) degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D.(1966) from University of California, Los Angeles. He was also Associate Professor of History at Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, from 1966 to 1969. In 1987, Professor Hovannisian was appointed as the first holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History at the UCLA. His biographical entries are included in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World among other scholarly and literary reference works.

Books 
The Republic of Armenia, Volume 1 (1971) and Volume II (1982), Vols. III & IV (1996) U.C. Press
The Armenian Holocaust, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Armenian Heritage Press (1980)
The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 2 vols. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997
Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998
Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2004)

References

Other websites 
Full bibliography 

American historians
Living people
1932 births
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman rule of Armenia or Ottoman Armenia begins with the initial accession of Mehmed II, but it was during the rule of Selim II (1524 – 1574) that Armenia become an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. This condition ended after 300 years when following the Russo–Turkish War (1828–1829), Eastern Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire. Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule until the Ottoman Empire itself fell in World War I.

On April 24, 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia died in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

History of Armenia

de:Armenien#Armenier im Osmanischen Reich
Armenian Question

The term "Armenian Question" refers to powers of Europe's involvement to the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. However, in specific terms, the Armenian question refers to the protection and the freedoms of Armenians from their neighboring communities.

The "Armenian Question", like the "Eastern Question", remained a factor (issue) in international politics, first with Great Britain and Germany; then Russia taking on the role of Ottoman Armenians protector.

References 

Armenian Genocide
Annihilation

Annihilation is the name given to the process that occurs when a particle and its antiparticle equivalent collide. The collision between these two particles makes energy release. Two types of this include the annihilation of electrons and positrons (the antiparticle for electrons), and the annihilation of protons and antiprotons.

Nuclear physics
Antimatter
South Asian river dolphin

The South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a freshwater or river dolphin found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan.

It is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin (P. g. gangetica) and Indus river dolphin (P. g. minor). 

From the 1970s until 1998, they were regarded as separate species; however, in 1998, their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species. The idea was to wait until genetic analysis had decided how best to classify them.

References

River dolphins
Phone Booth (movie)

Phone Booth is a 2003 American movie about a man trapped in a telephone booth by a sniper. It stars Colin Farrell and Kiefer Sutherland and was directed by Joel Schumacher. It is set in New York City. It was originally to be released in 2002 but was delayed because of the Beltway sniper attacks.

Other websites 

2003 crime movies
2003 thriller movies
2000s crime thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Joel Schumacher
Movies set in New York City
Beltway sniper attacks

The Beltway Sniper attacks were a series of sniper attacks on civilians over three weeks in October 2002 in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The shootings all took place in the Maryland and Virginia area, mainly in and around Washington, D.C. The shootings were carried out by American John Allen Muhammad (1960-2009) and Jamaican Lee Boyd Malvo (born 1985).

2002 in the United States
2000s in Maryland
2000s in Virginia
2000s in Washington, D.C.

Crime in Virginia
Crime in Washington, D.C.
Murder in 2002
Murder in the 21st century in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
October events

Terrorist attacks in the United States
Terrorist incidents in the 2000s
Ulmus wallichiana

The Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) Planch., also known as the Kashmir Elm, found in Kashmir.

Plants and animals of Kashmir
Ulmaceae
Central Karakoram National Park

Central Karakoram National Park or Karakoram National Park is a National Park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan
Chitral National Park

Chitral National Park is one of the national parks of Pakistan. It is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan at the side of Chitral River, just at a distance of two hours drive from the Chitral city.  The word, Gol in local language means ' the valley'. This park has many valleys thereby the name, Chitral Gol National Park.

Wildlife 
This park has three valleys. There are several galciers in the park . The park has cedar trees and endangered wild goat species Markhor. The snow leopard is sometimes seen there. The Tibetan wold, red fox, are also found in the park. Common birds are the bearded vulture, golden eagle, demoiselle crane, peregrine falcon,  snow partridge and rock partridge.

Related pages 
 Chitral District

National parks in Pakistan
Richard Court

Richard Fairfax Court (born 27 September 1947) was the 26th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 1993 to 16 February 2001. He was from the Liberal Party. His father, Charles Court, was also a Premier of Western Australia.

References
 

1947 births
Living people
Court, Richard
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park

Hazarganji Chiltan National Park is a park in the Quetta District on the west side of Balochistan Province. It is in western Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan

ur:ہزار گنجی چلتن نیشنل پارک
Hingol National Park

Hingol National Park or Hungol National Park () covers about . and is the largest of the National Parks of Pakistan and lies on the Makran coast in Balochistan approximately  from Karachi.
 
The area was declared a reserve in 1988.  

The Hingol River runs though the park.

References 

National parks in Pakistan
Khunjerab National Park

Khunjerab National Park is a National park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is one of the highest altitude parks in the world.

National parks in Pakistan
Kirthar National Park

Kirthar National Park is in Kirthar Mountains range. It is second biggest National Parks of Pakistan, the Hingol National Park being the biggest. It is also the first National Park from Pakistan to be included in the 1975 United Nation's list of National Parks around the world.

National parks in Pakistan
Lehri Nature Park

Lehri Nature Park is in Jhelum District, northern Punjab, Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan
Carmen Lawrence

Dr Carmen Mary Lawrence (born 2 March 1948) was the 25th Premier of Western Australia from 12 February 1990 to 16 February 1993. She was from the Labor Party. She became Premier after Peter Dowding resigned. She was the first woman to become Premier of an Australian state and she is Western Australia's only woman Premier. After she was Premier she became of member of the Australian parliament. She served as federal Health Minister from 1994 to 1996, under Paul Keating.

References
 

1948 births
Living people
Lawrence, Carmen
Australian Labor Party politicians
Government ministers of Australia
Machiara National Park

Machiara National Park is a national park in Pakistan. It is one of three globally important national parks chosen for a Global Environment Facility sponsored project. The goal of the project is to create management models showing good natural resource conservation.

National parks in Pakistan
Margala Hills National Park

The Margalla Hills National Park is in Northern Pakistan. It is at the foothills of the Himalayas, north of Islamabad.

National parks in Pakistan
Cholistan desert

Cholistan Desert (, also locally known as Rohi) sprawls thirty kilometers from Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan and covers an area of . It is next to the Thar Desert extending over to Sindh and into the Republic of India.

Deserts of Pakistan
Peter Dowding

Peter M'Callum Dowding SC (born 6 October 1943) was the 24th Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1988 to 12 February 1990. He was from the Labor Party. He became Premier when Brian Burke resigned. He had a difficult time as Premier because some people in his government broke the law. He is now a lawyer. He got a Centenary Medal in 2001.

References
 

1943 births
Living people
Dowding, Peter
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian lawyers
Australian Labor Party politicians
Indus Valley Desert

The Indus Valley Desert is a desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan. The Indus Valley desert covers an area of 19,500 square kilometers (7,500 square miles) in northwestern Punjab Province, lying between the Chenab River and Indus rivers. The Indus Valley Desert is drier and less hospitable than the Northwestern thorn scrub forests that surround it.

Deserts of Pakistan
Kharan desert

Kharan Desert () is a desert in Kharan District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Deserts of Pakistan
Thal desert

The Thal desert is in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a large area mainly between the Jhelum River and Sindh rivers near the Pothohar Plateau. It has little vegetation — mostly thorny bushes — over a breadth of 70 miles. In Thal the people are very poor because the whole land is arid and depends upon the weather conditions. They cultivate grains only. It is the most illiterate area in Punjab Province. 

Noor Pur Thal has ten Union councils.

Deserts of Pakistan
Flag of Texas

The Texas flag is known as the "Lone Star Flag". This flag was introduced to the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William H. Wharton. It became its national flag on January 24, 1839.

When Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America on December 29, 1845, its national flag became the state flag. Each color means a special symbol on the flag: blue stands for loyalty, white for purity, and red for bravery.

Texas 

Texas
Benny Benson

John Ben "Benny" Benson Jr. (October 12, 1913 – July 2, 1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. When he was three years old, his mother died. His father sent him and his brother Carl to boarding school because Benny's father could not take care of them. Benny grew up in Unalaska and later in Seward.

Alaska Flag 

Fame came to him from designing the Alaska flag. Benny was the winner of the contest run for Alaska students in grades seven to twelve in 1926. The Alaska Legislature adopted the design as the official flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2, 1927. Later, the drafters of the Alaska constitution stipulated that the territorial flag would become the official flag of the State of Alaska.

References

People from Alaska
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1913 births
1972 deaths
Bowling for Soup

Bowling for Soup is an American pop punk band from Wichita Falls, Texas.  

The band was formed in 1994 by Jaret Reddick, Chris Burney, Erik Chandler and Lance Morrill. The name of the band is from one of Steve Martin's comedy acts. They released their self-title debut album, Bowling for Soup, in September 1994.

Band members 
Current
Jaret Reddick – lead vocals, guitars (1994–present)
Chris Burney – guitars, backing vocals (1994–present)
Erik Chandler – bass guitar, backing vocals (1994–present)
Gary Wiseman – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1998–present)

Former
Lance Morrill – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1994–1998)

Discography

Albums
Bowling for Soup (1994)
Rock on Honorable Ones!! (1997)
Let's Do It for Johnny! (2000)
Drunk Enough to Dance (2002)
A Hangover You Don't Deserve (2004)
The Great Burrito Extortion Case (2006)
Sorry for Partyin' (2009)
Fishin' for Woos (2011)
Lunch. Drunk. Love (2013)
Drunk Dynasty (2016)

Other websites
Official website

1994 establishments in Texas
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Texas
Pop punk bands
Flag of Alaska

The Flag of Alaska has eight gold stars on dark blue. These stars form the Big Dipper and the North Star.

Creation 
The flag was created in 1927 by Benny Benson, a 13-year-old Alaska native. Up to that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag. Benson's design was chosen over 700 other submissions from school-children in grades 7–12. Most other entries showed the seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. The Alaska Legislature adopted the flag on May 2, 1927. It was kept as the state flag upon statehood in 1959.

Alaska's Flag Song Lyrics 
This song was made for the flag.

Related pages
Alaska

Other websites
Catalog of the "Eight Stars" exhibit  at the Alaska State Museum, in PDF format; requires Adobe Reader

Alaska
Alaska