cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Presociality

Presociality is a term which applies to animal behaviour. Presocial animals have close family relationships, more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species. However, they do not form the extreme colonies of eusocial insects, such as ants.

Presocial animals can live together and take care of their young. They may have some division of labor, but they do not have all the three essential traits of eusocial animals, which are: 
There are many generations that are alive at the same time.
There is extreme division of labour. Some animals may be specialised for a certain function. Some animals may be sterile.
The older animals cooperate to care for the young.

Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.

The concept of presociality can be further divided:
Subsocial: parents interact with young. This applies to all mammals without exception, almost all birds, many reptiles and fish, and quite a few insects.
Parasocial: individuals of the same generation live in a single, cooperative dwelling and interact with each other
Communal: each individual care exclusively for her or his own young
Quasisocial: individuals care cooperatively for all brood; however, all members of the colony are reproductive
Semisocial: a few individuals reproduce, yet the arrangement is not quite eusocial. For example, adult generations might not overlap, the reproductive dominance might be temporary.

Among the Vespid wasps, the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behaviour. It is easier to guard the eggs and grubs when the mother wasp stays in her nest to watch over her larva. More so if other adults stay with her. Then the other adults need to collect more food than just for themselves. And so on. it becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.

Related pages  
Eusociality
Collective animal behaviour

References

Zoology
Murrumbidgee River

The Murrumbidgee River is a big river in New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory.  It joins in with the Murray River. The word Murrumbidgee is from the Wiradjuri language (Indigenous Australian) and means "big water", "track goes down here" or "very good place". There are many large towns built next to the river, Gundagai, Wagga Wagga, Narrandera, Hay and Balranald.

References 

Rivers of New South Wales
Australian Capital Territory
Neotominae

Neotominae is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.

Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.

Taxonomy
Subfamily Neotominae
Tribe Baiomyini
Baiomys - Pygmy Mice
Scotinomys - Brown Mice
Tribe Neotomini
Neotoma - Pack Rats
Xenomys - Magdalena Rat
Hodomys - Allen's Woodrat
Nelsonia
Tribe Ochrotomyini
Ochrotomys - Golden Mouse
Tribe Peromyscini
Peromyscus - Deer Mice
Reithrodontomys - New World Harvest Mice
Onychomys - Grasshopper Mouse
Neotomodon - Mexican Volcano Mouse
Podomys - Florida Mouse
Isthmomys - Isthmus Rats
Megadontomys - Giant Deer Mice
Habromys
Osgoodomys - Michoacan Deer Mouse

Related pages
New World rats and mice

References
Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick, R. D. Bradley.  2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40:251-258.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Kusadasi

Kusadasi (Turkish Kuşadası) is a town in the province of Aydın in Turkey. The town is a tourist resort and is near the ancient city of Ephesus. It has a population of about 65,000 people.

Cities in Turkey
Ayvalik

Ayvalik (Turkish Ayvalık) is a seaside town in the west of Turkey in the province of Balıkesir. The town had an important number of Greek people living there. After the Turkish Independence War the population changes with Turkish and Greek population and Greek population have gotten smaller.

Cities in Turkey
Bregenz

Bregenz (Vorarlbergian: Breagaz)  is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. About 27.000 people live in the city proper, its agglomeration has about 60.000 people. Together with Lindau, the settled area (which reaches into the south of Germany, and into Switzerland) has about 120.000 people. The city has a port on Lake Constance and is a railway hub. 

Humans have lived in the area since about 1500 BC. During Roman times, there was an Oppidum. Parts of the city are fortified. Bregenz has the right to hold a market once a week since 1330. 

The borders of Switzerland and Germany are less than 10 km away. 

The main ethnic groups are Austrians, Turkish, Italians, Serbians, and Germans.

Settlements in Vorarlberg
Austrian state capitals
Cities in Austria
Nazimiye

Nazimiye is a district of Tunceli Province in Turkey. Its old name is Kisle. The district has a total population of about 2000 people. There is no industrial activity in Nazimiye. Agriculture and state ownership institutions are the only jobs there.

Districts of Turkey
Yalova

Yalova is a Turkish city in the northwest, which was affected in the earthquake of 17 August 1999. The city is along the coast of the Marmara Sea. Yalova has a better quality of life from other Turkish cities. It has a population of 77,000.

The first people settled in this region in the Prehistoric Period.

Twin cities of Yalova are Bonn in Germany and Mahachkala in Russia.

Cities in Turkey
Mudanya

Mudanya is a town along the Sea of Marmara and also a district of Bursa Province in Turkey. It is located in Gulf of Gemlik.  The town has a road transportation with Bursa and seaway transportation by ferries with Istanbul.

Mudanya has industrial sector and agriculture sector especially oil production. The town also has a seaport.

Settlements in Turkey
Districts of Bursa Province
Gemlik

Gemlik is a harbor town in Turkey. It has 70,000 people living there. Gemlik is a district of Bursa Province. It has a free industrial zone. This zone helped the development of industry in Gemlik. Agriculture is mostly olives for eating. Olive oil is important to the economy of Gemlik.

There is a seaport in the town. Gemlik is between Bursa and İstanbul. Because of this location, the town developed rapidly after the 1990s.

Districts of Bursa Province
Cities in Turkey
Chinchillidae

The family Chinchillidae contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives.  They are restricted to southern and western South America. Often they can be found in the Andes. They are large rodents, weighing from 800 grams to 8 kilograms. They have strong hind legs and large ears. All species have thick, soft fur. Their fur is considered valuable in some species.

Classification 
There are three extant and three fossil genera currently recognized.
†Eoviscaccia incertae sedis
Subfamily Chinchillinae
Chinchilla –  chinchillas
Lagidium –  mountain viscachas
Subfamily Lagostominae
Lagostomus –  plains viscachas
†Pliolagostomus
†Prolagostomus

References

McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. 
 Woods C. A. and C. W. Kilpatrick.  2005. Hystricognathi pp. 1538–1600 in D. E. Wilson and M. A. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, p. 1553.

Rodents
Myomorpha

Suborder Myomorpha has 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, almost a quarter of all mammals. mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles are in the group. They are grouped according to how the jaw looks like and how the molar teeth look like. They are very good at biting and chewing. Myomorphs are found all around the world, except Antarctica, in almost all land places. They are usually animals who are more active at night and they are seed-eaters.

Most myomorph species belong to superfamily Muroidea:
 Superfamily Muroidea
 Family Platacanthomyidae
 Family Spalacidae
 Family Calomyscidae
 Family Nesomyidae
 Family Cricetidae
 Family Muridae
 Superfamily Dipodoidea
 Family Dipodidae

Rodents
Eumuroida

Eumuroida are a group of all muroid rodents, or the true muroids. It was made in 2004. The group is not in the standard taxonomic classification, but it is between superfamily and family. The Eumuroida is the clade including all organisms which evolved from the most recent ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae.

Taxonomy

Family Calomyscidae
Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
Family Nesomyidae
Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
Family Cricetidae
Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
Subfamily Tylomyinae
Family Muridae
Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

References
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Mouse-like hamsters

Mouse-like hamsters are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.  They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.

The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters.  They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, Calomyscus bailwardi, but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.

In Europe, species of Calomyscus can be kept as a pet. They are called Calomyscus bailwardi mystax or Calomyscus bailwardi. Only special people sell them, not pet shops, so they are usually only people who really like mice will buy them.

Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species.  They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity.  They regularly live over 4 years in captivity.  The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, Peromyscus crinitus.

Species 
Calomyscus bailwardi - Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster from Iran
Calomyscus baluchi - Pakistan mouse-like hamster from Pakistan and Afghanistan
Calomyscus elburzensis Goodman's mouse-like hamster from northeastern Iran and southern Turkmenistan
Subspecies Calomyscus elburzensis zykovi Zykov's mouse-like hamster from southeastern Turkmenistan
Calomyscus grandis - Noble mouse-like hamster from near Teheran
Calomyscus hotsoni Hotson's mouse-like hamster from southern Pakistan
Calomyscus mystax Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster from Turkmenistan
Calomyscus tsolovi Syrian mouse-like hamster from Syria
Calomyscus urartensis Urar mouse-like hamster from Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran

References 
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Volf, J. 2003. Rekord dlouhovekosti kreckovitych savcu (Cricetidae). Gazella 30:69-72.

Other websites 
 Animal Diversity Web: Detailed description
 Photos of the Turkmen Mouse-like hamster (German page) 

Rodents
Nesomyidae

Nesomyidae is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea.  It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.

Characteristics

Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.

Classification

Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies.  Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.

Subfamilies
Cricetomyinae (pouched rats)
Delanymyinae (Delany's Mouse)
Dendromurinae (climbing mice)
Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Petromyscinae (African rock mice)

References

Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Manisa

Manisa is a large city in western Turkey in Asia Minor.

Other websites 

Cities in Turkey
Eskişehir

Eskişehir (eskē'shehēr, , "Old City") is a city that can be found in the northwestern part of Turkey. It is the capital district of Eskişehir Province.

References

Other websites 
 Eskişehir Photo Gallery

Cities in Turkey
Cricetidae

The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. With almost 600 species, it is the second largest family of mammals, and has animals in it in the New World, Asia, and Europe.

Characteristics 
The cricetids are small mammals, ranging from just 5 to 8 cm and 7 grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse, up to 41 to 62 cm and 1,100 grams in the Muskrat. How long the tail is depends on how big the body is, and the tails can be either with hair or a little hair. Most species have brown fur, with a white colored underbelly, but there are also many other patterns, especially in the cricetine and arvicoline subfamilies.

Like the Old World Mice, cricetids live in a wide range of habitats, in the high Arctic to tropical rainforests and hot deserts. Some are good at climbing, with long balancing tails and other way to help them to climb, while others can swim, with webbed feet and small external ears. Yet others are burrowing animals, or ground-dwellers, which live in the ground.

Their diet is also variable, with herbivorous, omnivorous, and insectivorous species known. They all have large, biting and chewing, incisors separated from grinding molar teeth by a gap, or diastema. 
There can be a lot of these animals in a very short time, because the mother gives birth to them after 15 to 50 days, and they have a lot of babies at one time. The young are usually born blind, hairless, and helpless.

Taxonomy 

The cricetids are thus classified to contain one prehistoric and 5 living subfamilies, around 112 living genera and approximately 580 living species:
 Arvicolinae - voles, lemmings, muskrat
 Cricetinae - hamsters
 Democricetodontinae (fossil)
 Neotominae - North American rats and mice, including deer mice, pack rats, and grasshopper mice
 Sigmodontinae - New World rats and mice, predominantly South American genera such as brucies.
 Tylomyinae - New World climbing rats and relatives

References 
  (1984): Cricetidae. In: : The Encyclopedia of Mammals: 640-655, 672-673. Facts on File, New York. 
  (2004): Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31(1): 256-276.  PDF fulltext 
  (2001): Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18(11): 2017-2031. PDF fulltext
  (2004): The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31(3): 972-978. 
  (1986): Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. Facts on File, New York. 
  (2004): Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology 53(4): 533-553.  PDF fulltext

Rodents
Gaziantep

Gaziantep is a city in the southeast of Turkey. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification). Gaziantep is well known for its dessert baklava. Gaziantep is the sixth biggest city in Turkey.

Gazantiep has had terrorist attacks in 2012, May 2016 and August 2016.

Cities in Turkey
Baklava

Baklava () is a traditional sweet made from pastry and often eaten as a dessert. It is known in many countries of the former Ottoman Empire. It is also developed from the cookery of the Ottomans and is believed to be invented in Istanbul. Baklava is a popular dessert in the Arab world.

In Turkey, Baklava is made of thin pastry layers filled with nuts, pistachios or walnuts. It sweetened with special syrup or honey. Baklava can also be served with ice cream or kaymak (clotted cream).

References 

Middle Eastern foods
Turkish food
Desserts
Radikal

Radikal was a nationwide newspaper in Turkey. Radikal was a center-left newspaper. It shares social liberal ideas. 
On Sundays it gave an extra called Radikal2.

Other websites 
Radikal's official website 

Turkish-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Turkey
Istanbul
ÖSS

ÖSS Turkish Öğrenci Seçme Sınavı is the exam for entering universities in Turkey. Every year in June, the ÖSS exam is done. OSS is a test exam which has many questions from different subjects such as Maths, Geography, and History.

Colleges and universities in Turkey
Ahmet Necdet Sezer

Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born September 13, 1941 in Afyonkarahisar) is a Turkish politician who was the tenth President of Turkey. He was president from May 16, 2000 until August 28, 2007. He was a republican and supporter of secularism in Turkey.

Presidents of Turkey
1941 births
Living people
Kamer Genç

Kamer Genç (February 23, 1940 – January 22, 2016) was a Turkish politician.He was a member of parliament as a member of the Republican People's Party in the 18th, 19th, and 23rd election cycles, and in the 20th and 21st as a member of the True Path Party. He was born in Nazımiye, Tunceli Province.

Genç died of cancer in Istanbul, Turkey on January 22, 2016 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Turkish politicians
Zaza
Emine Erdoğan

Emine Erdoğan, born as Emine Gülbaran, (born February 16, 1955 in Üsküdar, Istanbul) is the First Lady of Turkey and the wife of current Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They were married on July, 4 1978. She is of Arab descent.

Her family is originally from Siirt in southeast Turkey. She went to Istanbul Mithatpaşa Vocational Institute for Girls.

References 

1955 births
Living people
Arab people
First Ladies
People from Istanbul
Kenan Evren

Ahmet Kenan Evren (17 July 1917 – 9 May 2015), was a Turkish politician who served as the 7th President of Turkey. He was a former Turkish general and the leader of the coup d'état on 12 September 1980.

On 18 June 2014, Evren and General Tahsin Şahinkaya were given life sentences because of their roles in the 1980 coup. Evren and Şahinkaya had both of their military ranks stripped and both were demoted to rank of Private.

Evren died at a military hospital in Ankara of gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 9 May 2015, aged 97.

References

1917 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Generals
Presidents of Turkey
Turkish military people
Show TV

Show TV is a national television channel in Turkey. The channel launched on March 1, 1991. Turkish news presenter Ali Kırca is the one of the important people on Show TV.

Turkish media
Television networks
Cumhuriyet

Cumhuriyet (English: The Republic) is a Turkish nationwide daily newspaper based in Istanbul. It was founded on May 7, 1924 by Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu.

Cumhuriyet newspaper includes columnists that are generally considered to share social democratic, secularist and republican ideas with its readers. Cumhuriyet is sold about 60,000 everyday.

İlhan Selçuk, the editor of Cumhuriyet arrested by police after the conservative-Islamic government party AKP has wanted to closed.

Related pages 
List of newspapers in Turkey

References

Other websites 
Cumhuriyet's official website 

Newspapers published in Turkey
Turkish-language newspapers
Istanbul
Uludag University

Uludag University is a Turkish university. It is in Turkey's fourth largest city, Bursa. Before 1980 its name was Bursa University, but in 1980 the name changed to Uludag University. Uludag is the name of the highest mountain in Bursa. Uludag University is a public university. The university has a big campus in Görükle village outside of the city.

Colleges and universities in Turkey
Bursa
Osmangazi University

Osmangazi University is a university in Eskişehir, Turkey.

Colleges and universities in Turkey
ERASMUS programme

The Erasmus Programme is a European Union project to help students and university teachers move among EU countries and Turkey, Norway and Switzerland. Its name stands for "European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students". The name is also in honor of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus.

European Union
Academia
National Gallery of Art

The National Gallery of Art is an art museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was built in 1938 by the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon gave money and art to help the museum. Many lovers of art have given the National Gallery their art collections, like Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel H. Kress, and Joseph E. Widener. This has made the National Gallery one of the best art museums for Western art painting and sculpture in the world.

Other websites 

1937 establishments in the United States
Museums in Washington, D.C.
Buildings on the National Mall
Art museums in the United States
National museums
20th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
1999 İzmit earthquake

The 1999 İzmit earthquake was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999. It happened at around 3:01 am local time. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing 15,135 people and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. The epicenter was in İzmit, which was heavily damaged and where most of the deaths and injuries occurred.

After the earthquake, international support came to the area including former United States President Bill Clinton who visited the people who had been affected from the quake in Adapazarı. The quake also caused damage and the deaths of hundreds of people in Istanbul.

References 

1999 disasters
1999 in Asia
Earthquakes in Asia
Earthquakes in the 1990s
20th century in Turkey
August events
Andrew W. Mellon

Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855 – August 27, 1937) was an American banker who also owned many industrial businesses. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.

Personal life 
Mellon was a lover of art, and had a large collection which he gave to the National Gallery of Art. Mellon was also a philanthropist - someone who gives to charity in order to make the world a better place.

American philanthropists
Bankers
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
US Republican Party politicians
1855 births
1937 deaths
Taksim Square

Taksim Square is an area in Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turkey. Sometimes it is called the heart of Istanbul. On 1 May 1977 at a Labour Day celebration, there were more than 500,000 people in the square.

Taksim Square has a Republican Monument which was built in 1928.

Istanbul
National squares
Street market

A street market is an open-air market. Generally in an open-air market clothing, fruits and vegetables are sold. In Greece and Turkey, as well as in the Netherlands, street markets stands in several days weekly.

Retail markets
Reflecting pool

A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a pool of water that is in many memorials.  It is usually shallow and calm, so that a visitor can see a reflection of the memorial in the water.  Visitors are also supposed to think about what the memorial means while looking at the pool.  This is also called reflecting.  

The most famous reflecting pool is the one leading up to the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Other famous reflecting pools are the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and the pool in front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Bodies of water
Architectural elements
Gardening
Bozcaada

Bozcaada is an island in Aegean Sea. It is the third largest island of Turkey.  Bozcaada is also a district of Çanakkale Province.  Bozcaada has 2,500 inhabitants.  The main economical activities are tourism and fishing.  The island is well known for its grapes and wines. Romanlar live there and works as Coachmen.

Islands of Turkey
Heybeliada

Heybeliada is an island in Sea of Marmara in Turkey. It is officially a part of Adalar district of Istanbul. Heybeliada has an old Orthodox Christian Theology School, started in 1844. However this school was closed because of Turkish laws on secularism in 1971. These laws on the separation of church and state have also closed all Muslim Theology schools. Turkey and the Eurpean Union are looking at ways to reopen this school again. However to do this, the government must prepare a new laws that do not conflict with secularism.

Islands of Turkey
Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is the biggest reflecting pool in Washington, D.C. It is right next to the Lincoln Memorial.  The reflecting pool is long and can be seen in many photographs of the Washington Monument. There are paths and trees on both sides, and many people exercise around it.  It reflects both the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, which means that you can see both if you look into the water.

It is on the west side of the National Mall, and is about 2,029 feet (618 m) long and 167 feet (51 m) wide. It is about 18 inches (46 cm) deep on the sides and 30 inches (76 cm) deep in the middle. It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S. gallons (25,500,000 L) of water.

Events
Because the reflecting pool is right in front of the Lincoln Memorial, many famous events have happened there.

In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was not allowed to sing in the Constitution Hall in Washington, because of her race.  Instead, she sang on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. Over 75,000 people went to the Reflecting Pool area to listen to her. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, helped make her concert at the Lincoln Memorial possible.

In 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom held a large Civil Rights rally around the reflecting pool.  This was where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to a quarter million people standing around and in the Reflecting Pool.

National Mall
Monuments and memorials in the United States
Washington, D.C.
Gebze

Gebze is an industrial town in the provience Kocaeli, Turkey.  It is the largest industrial area of Kocaeli.  There is a project to build the İzmit Bay Bridge to connect Yalova and Gebze.

Cities in Turkey
Alanya

Alanya is a seaside resort in the south of Turkey and also a district of Antalya. Alanya has 300,000 permanent inhabitants. In summer, lots of tourists come to town for beach and sun. In summer, the population rises suddenly. Alanya has 10,000 European inhabitants and the number of European inhabitants rises year to year.

Cities in Turkey
Sezen Aksu

Sezen Aksu (born 13 July 1954) is a Turkish pop singer, songwriter and producer. She is popular in Turkey and outside of the country. She has sold over 40 million albums. She is called Queen of the Turkish pop.

She supports other singers with working together or writing songs for them. She has worked with Turkish singer Tarkan.

1954 births
Living people
Turkish singers
Imrali

Imrali is an island in the Marmara Sea in Turkey. There is only a jail in the island and no other buildings. Abdullah Öcalan is imprisoned there since 1999. Adnan Menderes the former prime minister of Turkey was executed there in 1961.

Islands of Turkey
Prisons
The Backyardigans

The Backyardigans is a Canadian-American animated musical TV series created by Janice Burgess aired on Nickelodeon from October 11, 2004 to July 12, 2013 in the United States.

Characters
Uniqua, a pink Uniqua (name of the species). Voiced by LaShawn Jefferies.
Pablo, a blue and yellow feathered penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler in Season 1, Jake Goldberg in Season 2-4.
Tyrone, a red-haired orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis, Jr. in Season 1, Jordan Coleman in Seasons 2-3 and Chris Grant, Jr. in Season 4.
Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae in Seasons 1-2 and Gianna Bruzesse in Seasons 3-4.
Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo.

References

2004 television series debuts
Children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
ATV Turkey

ATV is a Turkish television channel that broadcasts nationwide. It was founded in 1993. Avrupa Yakası is one of the popular sitcoms broadcast on ATV.

Turkish media
ATV

ATV could mean:

Television channels and stations:
ATV (Aruba), the NBC affiliate of Aruba.
ATV Turkey
ATV, student TV at American University

Other TV-related:
Apple TV, digital media receiver
Bodrum

Bodrum is a tourist resort in Turkey. It is in western Turkey along the Aegean Sea. Thousands of tourists come every year for sun and beach tourism. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Famous singer Zeki Müren died in Bodrum. Herodotus, an Ancient Greek Historian, lived in Bodrum. Turgut Reis was a Bodrumer who was an Ottoman admiral.

Further reading 
Bodream, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2010, ()

Cities in Turkey
Phenomenology

Phenomenology is a way of thinking about ourselves. Instead of asking about what we really are, it focuses on phenomena. These are experiences that we get from the senses - what we see, taste, smell, touch, hear, and feel. Phenomenology does not ask if what we are seeing is actually there: for example it is not where we see an object (whether in real life, a dream or a hallucination) that is important, but it is the significance of the object that is important to the phenomenologist. It also does not ask if we are missing something, or if we have all the facts. Instead, phenomenologists (those who do phenomenology) believe we should look at the world just as it appears to us. 

Martin Heidegger, a famous phenomenologist, said that philosophers should be looking at how we live in our "average everydayness."  In his book Being and Time, he uses many examples of how people live in their normal lives. Jean-Paul Sartre did the same in his book Being and Nothingness. For example, he writes about meeting a friend at a cafe. However, the friend, named Pierre, never shows up. Sartre writes that he can feel the absence of Pierre in the cafe. Because of this, he says that non-Pierre (or the lack of Pierre) is something that exists, at least for him. It exists because he can feel it.

References

Books 
 
 

Philosophical movements and positions
Dalaman

Dalaman is a town in southwestern Turkey. It is a district of Mugla Province.  Dalaman has an international airport, Dalaman International Airport, which serves a gateway to tourists who are coming Mugla and the surrounding area.

Cities in Turkey

it:Distretto di Dalaman
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (also known as Second Bosphorus Bridge) is a bridge between Asia and Europe in Istanbul, Turkey.  The bridge carries 8 lanes of E80 (European Route) that spans across the Bosporus strait. It is 1,510 m long.

Buildings and structures in Turkey
Istanbul
Steel bridges
Transport in Turkey
Marmaray

Marmaray is a transport project in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It connects the European and Asian sides of the city by an railway tunnel under the Bosphorus.

Other websites 

Transport in Turkey
Istanbul
Atatürk International Airport

Atatürk International Airport (formerly Yesilkoy International Airport) is the major international airport in Turkey. It is in the European part of Istanbul. In 2010, about 32 million passengers used Atatürk Airport. It was the 8th busiest airport in Europe in 2010.

The airport has three terminals – Terminal 1 for international passengers, 2 for domestic passengers, and 3 for cargo.
Atatürk Airport has three runways - runways 3000x45m (17L/35R & 17R/35L) and runway 2600x60m (05/23).

To get to the city center from Istanbul Atatürk Airport (IST), there is a light rail service, airport shuttle service, municipal buses, taxi, or hire cars.

References

Airports in Europe
Buildings and structures in Turkey
Transport in Turkey
Marmara University

Marmara University is a high-educational institution in the Asian part of Istanbul.

Important people who graduated from Marmara University
Aydın Doğan-Turkish Businessman
Kemal Sunal-Turkish actor
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan-Turkish President

Colleges and universities in Turkey
Kemal Sunal

Kemal Sunal (1944–2000) was a Turkish actor. He played Şaban, a character, in several movies. Generally his characters comes from middle-working class so the audience can understand how the working class lived when the movie was made. He died in 2000 of a heart attack on a plane in Turkey. He has a daughter named Ezo Sunal and a son named Ali Sunal who is an actor too.

Films 
 Propaganda (1999)
 Varyemez (1991)
 Koltuk Belası (1990)
 Boynu Bükük Küheylan (1990)
 Abuk Sabuk Bir Film (1990)
 Zehir Hafiye (1989)
 Talih Kuşu (1989)
 Gülen Adam (1989)
 Uyanık Gazeteci (1988)
 Polizei (1988)
 Öğretmen (1988)
 Düttürü Dünya (1988)
 Bıçkın (1988)
 Yakışıklı (1987)
 Kiracı (1987)
 Yoksul (1986)
 Tarzan Rıfkı (1986)
 Japon İşi (1987)
 Garip (1986)
 Deli Deli Küpeli (1986)
 Davacı (1986)
 Şendul Şaban (1985)
 Şaban Papuçu Yarım (1985)
 Sosyete Şaban (1985)
 Gurbetçi Şaban (1985)
 Katma Değer Şaban (1985)
 Keriz (1985)
 Atla Gel Şaban (1984)
 Ortadirek Şaban (1984)
 Postacı (1984)
 Şabaniye (1984)
 Tokatçı (1983)
 Kılıbık (1983)
 En Büyük Şaban (1983)
 Çarıklı Milyoner (1983)
 Yedi Bela Hüsnü (1982)
 Doktor Civanım (1982)
 Üç Kağıtçı (1981)
 Kanlı Nigar (1981)
 Davaro (1981)
 Zübük (1980)
 Gol Kralı (1980)
 Gerzek Şaban (1980)
 Devlet Kuşu (1980)
 Korkusuz Korkak (1979)
 Umudumuz Şaban (1979)
 Şark Bülbülü (1979)
 Dokunmayın Şabanıma (1979)
 Bekçiler Kralı (1979)
 Yüz Numaralı Adam (1978)
 Kibar Feyzo (1978)
 İyi Aile Çocuğu (1978)
 İnek Şaban (1978)
 Avanak Apti (1978)
 Şabanoğlu Şaban (1977)
 Sakar Şakir (1977)
 Hababam Sınıfı Tatilde (1977)
 Çöpçüler Kralı (1977)
 İbo Güllüşah İle İbo (1977)
 Tosun Paşa (1976)
 Süt Kardeşler (1976)
 Meraklı Köfteci (1976)
 Kapıcılar Kralı (1976)
 Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor (1976)
 Şaşkın Damat (1975)
 Hanzo (1975)
 Hababam Sınıfı Sınıfta Kaldı (1975)
 Hababam Sınıfı (1975)
 Köyden İndim Şehire (1974)
 Salako (1974)
 Salak Milyoner (1974)
 Mavi Boncuk (1974)
 Hasret (1974)
 Canım Kardeşim (1973)
 Oh Olsun (1973)
 Güllü Geliyor Güllü (1973)
 Yalancı Yarim (1973)
 Tatlı Dillim (1972)

Other websites 
 

1944 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Turkish actors
Adile Naşit

Adile Naşit (June 17, 1930 – December 11, 1987) was a Turkish movie actress. She played in many Turkish movies. Her nickname was Hafize Ana (meaning Hafize name, Ana mother) and was a character she played in movies.

Other websites
 

Turkish actors
1930 births
1987 deaths
Barilla Group

Barilla Group is a large Italian food company that makes pasta. They are the world's leading pasta maker. Barilla also provides pasta products to restaurants worldwide. They are the leading seller of bakery products in Italy. By purchasing the Swedish bakery company Wasabröd, they became the leading producer of flatbread in the world.

History 

The company was founded in 1877 in Ponte Taro, Italy by Pietro Barilla. The company is privately held, and is now in the fourth generation of Barilla family ownership. It is controlled by three brothers, Chairman Guido Barilla, and Vice Chairmen Luca Barilla and Paolo Barilla.

Company 

Barilla Group has many production plants all over the world. These are in Italy, Greece, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the United States and Mexico. The company also operates mills in Italy, Greece, Sweden, Turkey, and the US, while its central office is in Parma, Italy. Barilla's trademarks are Wasabröd (in Sweden), Misko (in Greece), Filiz (in Turkey), Yemina and Vesta (in Mexico). The wheat used to make the final product is purchased from around the world.

Controversy 

In 2013 the owner of Barilla, Guido Barilla, made controversial remarks about being for traditional family values and not gays. In a few hours Twitter had hundreds of messages protesting the company. This made the brand Barilla one of the top topics. Many messages called for a boycott of all the company's products. Guido later apologized by saying, “I apologise if my words generated misunderstandings or arguments, or if they offended the sensibilities of some people. In the interview I simply wished to underline the central role the woman plays within the family.”

In November of 2013 the Barilla Group announced they would start a "more active, global leadership position on diversity, inclusion and social responsibility." This included creating a board of experts to advise Barilla on these sensitive issues. Barilla also created of a new position in the company, a Chief Diversity Officer.

References

Other websites 
 Pasta maker Barilla tries to make amends... NYDailyNews.com

1877 establishments in Europe
Food companies of Italy
19th-century establishments in Italy
Moda

Moda is a district in Kadıköy, Istanbul. Barış Manço pop singer lived here. Moda has a coast suitable for jogging. From Moda coast the beautiful image of Bosphorus can be seen.

Districts in Istanbul
Chinese poker

Chinese Poker is a poker variant that came from Asia. It is also called Russian Poker. It is usually played with two to four players; each player is dealt 13 cards, and then needs to create 3 poker hands from his cards.
 The first hand has 3 cards.
 The second hand has 5 cards.
 The third hand has 5 cards as well. 
The third hand must be the best hand (by the standard poker rankings). The third had must be better than the second hand. The second hand must be better than the first hand (the one with the 3 cards in it).

Other websites 
Chinese Poker 

Poker
City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra

The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) is one of the leading British orchestras. It is based in the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England. It became particularly famous during the years when it was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.

The orchestra was founded in 1920 by Neville Chamberlain, the man who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At that time it was called City of Birmingham Orchestra. Appleby Matthews conducted its first concert. In November of the same year the composer Edward Elgar conducted the orchestra in a programme of his own music in Birmingham Town Hall. Adrian Boult was chief conductor from 1924 to 1930.

History 
The CBO became a full-time organisation in 1944. It changed its name to the "City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra" (CBSO) in 1948. Chief conductors since then included Rudolf Schwarz and the composer Andrzej Panufnik.

The CBSO became internationally famous when Simon Rattle became chief conductor in 1980. The orchestra became known for their playing of late romantic and 20th century works, especially those of Sibelius and Gustav Mahler. During this period, the orchestra moved from Birmingham Town Hall to a new concert hall: the Symphony Hall, which was inside Birmingham's International Convention Centre.

Rattle was named music director of the CBSO in 1990. That same year, a new job was created for a composer who would be associated with the orchestra. It was called "Radcliffe Composer in Association", and the first person to have this post was Mark-Anthony Turnage. In 1995 Judith Weir became Fairbairn Composer in Association, followed in 2001 by Julian Anderson.

After Rattle gave up his job with the CBSO in 1998 and the Finnish conductor Sakari Oramo became chief conductor that year, and music director in 1999.

In October 2007, the orchestra named the Latvian conductor Andris Nelsons as the CBSO's 12th music director, starting with the 2008-2009 season.

The CBSO has made many recordings for EMI Classics and Warner Classics, as well as smaller labels. The Orchestra's chief executive is Stephen Maddock.

Conductors of the CBSO

Other websites 
 City of Birmingham Symphony official site

British orchestras
Egon Krenz

Egon Krenz (born 19 March 1937 in Kolberg) was a politician of the German Democratic Republic. He served in the East German Army, NVA (Nationale Volkes Armee), where he attained the rank of Unteroffizere (Corporal). He was a high-ranking member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He was the successor to Erich Honecker as leader of East Germany from 18 October 1989 until 3 December 1989, for a few weeks. Later, he was sentenced to six and a half years in prison and released in 2003.

1937 births
Living people
German criminals
German prisoners
Members of the Volkskammer
People from former German territories
Presidents of East Germany
Berlin Friedrichstraße

Berlin Friedrichstraße () is a railway station in the center of Berlin. It has regional and suburban railways connections. During the times of East Germany, it was the only station served by some underground lines from West Berlin.

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Railway stations in Germany
Peyton Manning

Peyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is a retired American football quarterback. He played college football at University of Tennessee  and a total of 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Manning was with the Indianapolis Colts for 14 seasons and his last 4 seasons was with the Denver Broncos. Many people think that Peyton Manning is one of the best quarterbacks in National Football League history. He joined the team in 1998 when he was drafted ahead of Ryan Leaf, who was a bust. Peyton is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the older brother of former New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning. 

Manning has been in many television commercials. He has represented Papa Johns and Nationwide. He has also had his picture on the covers of some video games for the Xbox, and was on an episode of Saturday Night Live. Manning has also made a lot donations to charities and he has his own charitable group, called the Peyback foundation.

On February 4, 2007, Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a victory over the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. He was called the Most Valuable Player of that game. Manning was released by the Colts after missing all of the 2011 season with a neck injury. He signed with the Denver Broncos. Manning is also famous for his yelling and pointing before the snap while making last-second changes.

Peyton's father Archie Manning and brother Eli Manning have also played quarterback, but Peyton is the most successful.

Peyton Manning became the second quarterback after Brett Favre to beat the other 32 teams, after the Denver Broncos defeated the Indianapolis Colts (Manning's former team), in their season opener.  He is one of the 3 quarterbacks who defeated the other 31 teams after Tom Brady and Brett Favre.

On March 7, 2016, Manning announced that he was retiring from professional football.

References

 Peyton Manning picks Denver Broncos

1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
American football quarterbacks
Statue of Freedom

The Statue of Freedom is a statue of a woman that is on top of the United States Capitol.  It was made in 1863 by Thomas Crawford.  The woman is a symbol - she was not an actual person but stands for the idea of freedom.  She is holding a shield and a laurel wreath in one hand.  In the other hand, she is holding a sword that is sheathed (in its case).

The statue stands on the peak of the dome, beckoning ideas and statutes that will be for the good of America and humanity.

Washington, D.C.
Murray River

The Murray River is the largest river in Australia. It starts high in the Snowy Mountains and flows mainly west until it gets to the sea near Goolwa, South Australia.

For much of its length it forms the boundary between Victoria and New South Wales. Other rivers join the Murray, the Darling River, the Lachlan River, the Murrumbidgee River and the Goulburn River.

History
For thousands of years, the Murray River has been known to Aboriginal Australians, who called it various names such as Millewa and Tongala.

The river was later called the Hume River after it was visited by European explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in November 1824. Explorer Charles Sturt renamed the river in January 1830 after a British politician, Sir George Murray. In 1852, the government offered a bonus of $8,000 for the first paddlesteamer to reach Echuca. This was achieved by both William Randell and Francis Cadell.

Randell built a steamboat the Mary Ann, named after his mother, to start trading in 1853. Soon it was racing Captain Francis Cadell's steamer and river trading began. This provided many new jobs and started new settlements and industries along the entire length of the river Murray system. G.B. Johnston sailed a steam boat as far as Albury in 1855. The river was very important for carrying people and goods until the railways took over. By 1900 the river trade was just about over.

References

Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers of South Australia