Aldehyde

An aldehyde () is an organic compound.  It contains a formyl group. A formyl group is a part of a molecule with the structure R-CHO.   It is made of a carbon double bonded to oxygen.  The carbon is also bonded to hydrogen and an R group. A side chain is the rest of the molecule.
The group without the side chain is called the aldehyde group or formyl group. Aldehydes are different from ketones because the formyl group is at the end of the molecule in an aldehyde.  Ketones have the formyl group in the middle of the molecule. Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry. Many fragrances (smell producing compounds) are aldehydes.

Structure and bonding
Aldehydes have a carbon double bonded to an oxygen.  Because of this, they are slightly polar.  This causes aldehydes to have a number of properties.  One of the most important of these is solubility in water.

Nomenclature

IUPAC names for aldehydes
The common names for aldehydes are not always the official names.  The IUPAC names are useful, however. IUPAC recommends the following nomenclature for aldehydes:
 Aldehydes without rings of carbon are named based on the longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde. Thus, HCHO is named based on methane, and CH3CH2CH2CHO is named based on butane. The name is formed by changing the ending -e of the parent alkane to -al.  HCHO is named methanal.  CH3CH2CH2CHO is named butanal.
 If a -CHO group is attached to a ring, then -carbaldehyde is added to the end of the name. Because of this, C6H11CHO is known as cyclohexanecarbaldehyde.  If there are other names that need to be added to the end of the word because other functional groups are present, formyl- is added to the beginning of the word. Methanoyl-is sometimes added instead, but formyl- is better.

Etymology

The word aldehyde comes from Latin.  It was shortened from alcohol dehydrogenatus (dehydrogenated alcohol).   The word aldehyde was created by Justus von Liebig. In the past, aldehydes were sometimes named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, vinous aldehyde for acetaldehyde. (Vinous is from the Latin word for wine, which is the traditional source of ethanol.)

The term formyl group comes from the Latin or Italian word formica which means ant.

Physical properties and characterization
Aldehydes have many different properties.  These properties change a lot if the rest of the molecule changes.  Smaller aldehydes are more soluble in water. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are completely soluble in water.  Many aldehydes have strong smells.  Aldehydes will break down in air.

Two of the most important aldehydes, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, tend to form long chains.  This is called polymerization.

Naturally occurring aldehydes
Many aldehydes are found in essential oils and are the reason for their smells.  Cinnamaldehyde, cilantro, and vanillin all get their smells from aldehydes.

Common reactions
Aldehydes are highly reactive and participate in many reactions."  In industry, aldehydes are used to prepare plasticizers, polyols, and alcohols. In biology, aldehydes are used to replace amine groups and form sugars.

Dialdehydes 
A dialdehyde is a molecule with two aldehydes. The names of dialdehydes have the ending -dial or -dialdehyde. Some dialdehydes are  named after the acid that they are similar to. An example is butanedial, which is also called succinaldehyde (from succinic acid).

Examples of aldehydes
 Methanal (formaldehyde)
 Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
 Propanal (propionaldehyde)
 Butanal (butyraldehyde)
 Benzaldehyde
 Cinnamaldehyde
 Tolualdehyde
 Furfural
 Retinaldehyde

Dialdehydes
 Glyoxal
 Malondialdehyde
 Succindialdehyde
 Glutaraldehyde
 Phthalaldehyde

Uses
Of all aldehydes, formaldehyde is produced the most. About 6 million tons per year are made.  It is mainly used to make resins when mixed with urea, melamine, and phenol. Bakelite is made like this.   Another commonly made aldehyde is butyraldehyde. 2 and a half million tons per year are made. A lot of acetaldehyde once was once made, but much less is made today.  This is because chemicals that used to be made from acetaldehyde are now made in other ways.

Related pages
 Enol

References

Other websites
Entrancei https://www.entrancei.com/chapter-aldehydes-and-ketones/type-of-chemical-reactions-in-carbonyl-compounds

Aldehyde synthesis - Synthetic protocols  from organic-reaction.com

Organic compounds
Functional groups