cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Personal space

Personal space is a concept from sociology. The concept talks about two actors (two people). The basic idea behind it is these actors have space around them. The closer they are to each other emotionally, the closer an actor will be able to stand to the other, without being intrusive. The concept was introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966.  Discomfort will result if one actor steps into the personal space of the other, without this being desired. The amount of space a being needs can be classified in two categories:
Immediate individual physical space (determined by imagined limits)
A space an individual considers theirs to live in; this is often called territory or habitat. Its size is dependent on many things, such as growth needs, habits, courtships, etc.

Hall's spacing models were based on Heini Hediger's 1955 psychological studies of zoo animals.

References

Sociology
The London Gazette

The London Gazette is one of the official records of the British government, and one of the most important in the UK. The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper. It was first published on 7 November 1665. It is not a normal newspaper with typical news stories. The London Gazette is still published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The Gazette is being digitising and records between the years 1752–1998 are online.

History

The London Gazette was first published as the Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665.  Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch, let alone read, London newspapers for fear of becoming ill.  When the King returned to London after the end of the plague the Gazette moved too. The first issue of the London Gazette (labelled No. 24) was published on 5 February 1666.  The Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers. It was not printed for sale to the general public.

Traditions
In time of war, dispatches from the various conflicts are published in the London Gazette. People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been “gazetted”.

Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") sometimes also meant becoming bankrupt. Notices of engagement and marriage also used to be published in the Gazette.

References

Other websites
 London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes 
 TSO (The Stationery Office)

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Polish Academy of Sciences

The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, in short: PAN) with seat in Warsaw, is one of the two Polish institutions which have the nature of an academy of sciences.

History
The Polish Academy of Sciences is an institution of studies of the Polish state, with seat in Warsaw. It had been established in 1952 by the partnership of previous societies of studies, including Polish Academy of Abilities (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, in short PAU), with its seat in Cracow, and the Scientific Society of Warsaw (Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie) which had been established in the 18th century as Society of Warsaw of the Friends of Sciences (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk).

In 1989, the Polish Academy of Abilities, in Cracow, assume again its independent existence, out of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in Warsaw.

Polish Academy of Sciences at Present
The Polish Academy of Sciences funciona as docta society which acts through a chosen corporation of distinguished scholars and of institutions of research. The academy also acts through its committees, creating an important scientific consulting body.

Remarkable members
 Tomasz Dietl physicist;
 Bohdan Paczynski astrophysicist;
 Adam Schaff (Marxist philosopher who had been a member of the academy);
 Aleksander Wolszczan astronomer.

Foreign members
 Aage Niels Bohr physicist;
 Karl Alexander Müller physicist;
 Roger Penrose mathematician;
 Carlo Rubbia physicist;
 Chen Ning Yang physicist.

Related pages
 Royal Society

Other websites
 Website of PAN

Warsaw
Education in Poland
1952 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Poland
Chinese remainder theorem

The  chinese remainder theorem is a theorem from number theory. It is about congruence. The original form was:
How many soldiers are there in Han Xin's army? – If you let them parade in rows of 3 soldiers, two soldiers will be left. If you let them parade in rows of 5, 3 will be left, and in rows of 7, 2 will be left.

The theorem says that there will be a solution to this question if there's no common factor between the row sizes. Using the original example, that is that no number divides both 3 and 7, both 3 and 5, nor both 5 and 7 (except, of course, 1). They're all coprime.

The Chinese remainder theorem is used in cryptography. For example, for the RSA algorithm.

Other websites 
 Chinese remainder theorem at cut-the-knot
 "Chinese Remainder Theorem" by Ed Pegg, Jr., The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007

Theorems in number theory
Shorinji kenpo

Shorinji kenpo is the style of kenpo (a kind of martial art). It was created by Nakano Michiomi.

History 
A Japanese with the name Nakano Michiomi - he later changed his name to So Doshin - incorporates his martial art school into his Buddhist teachings. So Doshin said, that he taught martial arts mostly in order to attract young people to Buddhism. Religious societies didn't pay the taxes, and So Doshin probably considered it, too. Until 1972, So Doshin said that he was the 21st grand master of an esoteric northern Shaolin system called Iher Man Thuen. In 1972 he changed his mind because the Japanese court gave an official decision that his style was not Chinese, but a mixture of karate (perhaps Wado-ryu) and jujutsu (perhaps Hakko-ryu). Consequently, the style's name was changed from "Shorinji Kempo," meaning "kung fu of Shaolin Temple," to "Nippon Shorinji Kempo," meaning "Japanese Way of Fist of Shaolin." The students of Nippon Shorinji Kempo have signs of manji on their kimonos, but it is not treated as the symbol of fascism, it signifies happiness in Buddhism.

Martial arts
Riff

In music, a riff is an ostinato; a repeated chord progression, pattern, or melody, often played by rhythmic instruments. The riff is the base of the musical composition. They are most common in rock music, funk, and jazz.

Some of famous riffs in rock music can be found in the following songs:

Deep Purple – "Smoke On The Water"
AC/DC – "Highway to Hell" 
Nirvana – "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
Metallica – "Enter Sandman"
Michael Jackson – "Beat It"
Chuck Berry – "Johnny B. Goode"
The White Stripes – "Seven Nation Army"
Black Sabbath – "Iron Man"
Jimi Hendrix – "Purple Haze"
The Rolling Stones – "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
Guns n Roses – "Sweet Child O'Mine"
 Queen – "Bohemian Rhapsody"

Musical terminology

en:Ostinato#Riff
Stop error screen

A Stop error screen is a screen that a device shows when it has an error it cannot fix and has to stop. These screens are usually called screens of death because the device cannot recover from the error and the operating system or firmware has to close.

The screens are usually color-coded such as a Windows computer showing a Black Screen of Death (BSoD) or an Xbox showing a green screen of death when they have errors.

History
If its settings tell it to, the computer will do a "core dump" and save data to a disk file, or "dump file", for later, to help an expert fix the problem.

These screens are usually caused by problems in device drivers. They can also be caused by hardware errors, such as bad RAM or power supplies, overheating of the inside of the system, or hardware which is run at higher rates than the limits. This is called overclocking.

These errors were in all the Windows operating systems since Windows 3.1.

Windows 1.0 and 2.0
The first BSODs were seen when starting Windows 1.0 and Windows 2.0, and had random data, mess, shown with a blue screen, hence the name.

Windows 3.x, 95, 98, and ME

The first BSOD that looked like an error was in Windows 3.1. BSODs like that appeared in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME. These showed an error message with an all-blue screen. The error screen was shown when there was a startup error, or when there was some other error such as an error occurring in a hardware driver file.

When Bill Gates was showing Windows 98 to the public, a BSOD happened. The computer crashed when his assistant, Chris Capossela, connected a scanner to show that Windows 98 could support Plug and Play. Bill Gates responded: "That must be... er... that must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet!"

Windows NT family
Beginning with Windows 2000, the BSOD remained an all-blue color, but changed to show more detailed technical information, and also listed a few steps that the user could do to fix the problem causing the BSOD to appear. The same screen was used in Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.

Windows 8
Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 uses a lighter blue color for the BSOD, and made the message easier to read. It even added an emoticon of a frowing face. The technical details was replaced with a simple line of text showing the name of the crash error so that the user could look it up on the Internet.

Windows 11
Windows 11 has a black screen of death instead of blue.

Related pages
 Red Ring of Death
 Kill screen
 Computer virus
 Computer hardware
 Data loss

References

Other websites 

 Microsoft Website

Computers
Portland Bill

Portland Bill is a peninsula off the south coast of England. It has strong tidal currents. The nearby town of Weymouth is a sailing venue for London 2012.

Geography of England
CERN

CERN is a research institute near Geneva, Switzerland.  The full name is Organisation Européene pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The letters "CERN" are left over from the older Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research). CERN was founded in 1954. Today 22 nations are members of the organisation. It is the world's biggest laboratory for particle physics. About 2600 people work there full-time, and over 7800 scientists from about 500 universities and research institutes work there in total.

The Large Hadron Collider, the largest particle accelerator in the world, is at CERN.

References

Other websites

Scientific organizations
Nuclear physics
Research organizations in Europe
1954 establishments in Europe
Onager

The Onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the Equidae family. It is native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Kashmir, Israel and Palestine, and western China. It is sometimes known as the Asian Wild Ass.

Equids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Pantropical spotted dolphin

The pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) is an oceanic dolphin. It is found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans. The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines (fishing). The 1980s saw the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Oceanic dolphins
Pilot whale

Pilot whales are two species of oceanic dolphins, whose scientific name is Globicephala. The two types of pilot whales are the long-finned pilot whale and the short-finned pilot whale. Their behaviour resembles that of the larger whales more than that of dolphins. 

The two look similar at sea and are usually just known simply as pilot whales or calderón in Spanish. They and other large dolphins are also known as blackfish.

Pilot whales can be found nearly worldwide. The long-finned variety prefers colder waters, for example near Antarctica. The short-finned ones can also be found in tropical waters. Pilot whales are highly social animals, they live in groups of 20-30 animals, called pods. Larger groups of over 100 pilot whales have been observed. Studies suggest that the young remain in the same pod as their parents, which is unusual for mammals. Female short-finned pilot whales go through menopause. Females that no longer reproduce contribute to the survival of the young.

For reasons which are unknown, pilot whales seem to end up stranded on a beach fairly often.

References 

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Asia
Pygmy killer whale

The Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family. It is small, and rarely seen.  Its name is because it shares some features with the Killer Whale.  They are not closely related.

Description
The pygmy killer is an average-sized dolphin. It may easily be confused at sea with other species, in particular the melon-headed whale. The body is large and dark-colored. The head is rounded without a beak. The sides are lighter and the belly is often white. Several individuals have been seen with a white lining around the mouth and chin. The dorsal fin is tall.

The pygmy avoids human contact. These dolphins always move in groups.  The groups are usually of 10 to 30, but sometimes much larger.

They have been seen attacking, killing and eating other cetacean species such as the Common Dolphin.

References

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Pakistan
Persian Jird

The Persian jird (Meriones persicus) is a species of rodent in the Muridae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.

The Persian jird is about 6 inches long.  It has a brush-tipped tail that is slightly longer than the body.  They are wild brown with white bellies. 

They live in dry rocky hillsides with little plant life and semi-desert areas.  The eat dry plant material and grains, and sometimes small insects.

Persian jirds usually have two litters a year.  Each litter has around seven pups.

Some people keep them as a pet.  They can live to be six or seven years old.  They need large cages that let them climb and leap.

Rodents
Mammals of Pakistan
Don LaFontaine

Donald LaFontaine (August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008) was an American voice actor. He had a deep voice. He recorded many movie trailers and television advertisements. He used the well known phrase "in a world...", which has been used in movie trailers many times.

Other websites 
Official site

2008 Interview on World Talk LIVE with host Brett Cohen

 The Age (Australia), November 29, 2003: Trailer talk Article about Don LaFontaine by Alan Gelder.
 SWINDLE Magazine Interview
 Don LaFontaine - Obituary

References

American voice actors
Actors from Minnesota
1940 births
2008 deaths
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Bungie Studios

Bungie Studios is an American video game developer. They are most famous for developing the award winning Halo series of video games. They also made Destiny. The studio was founded in May 1991 under the name Bungie Software Products Corporation by two students of the University of Chicago, Alex Seropian (Eng.) rus. and Jason Jones (Eng.) rus.. Originally based in Chicago, the company focused mainly on developing games for Macintosh computers and in the first 9 years of its existence created two successful series of games - Marathon and Myth, while Bungie West - a division of Bungie on the West Coast of the United States - was developing Oni games for PC and consoles.

In 2000, Bungie was acquired by Microsoft, and the Halo: Combat Evolved project, which was in development at that time, was reoriented to the upcoming Microsoft console — Xbox. The game was included in the console's starter game package, and subsequently became the so-called "killer application" of the Xbox platform, selling millions of copies and bringing billions of dollars in profits. Bungie has been releasing Halo series games for several years, but on October 5, 2007, it announced its independence from Microsoft, becoming a private company of Bungie (LLC); at the same time, the rights to Halo remained with Microsoft. In return, Bungie signed a contract with another game publishing company, Activision, in 2010, developing and releasing the multiplayer games Destiny (2014) and Destiny 2 (2017). In 2019, Bungie announced the end of the contract with Activision, expressing its intention to release further Destiny series games independently.

References 

halo
American video game companies
Flamethrower

A flamethrower is a device used to shoot fire. They have been used by the military since the days of Greek fire. Most modern military flamethrowers project flaming liquids. 

Flamethrowers became rare in the 19th century, due to improvements in other weapons.  Trench warfare made them more useful again, and the German army began using them in 1915.  Flamethrowers were used during World War 2 as a bunker clearing device.  Many Axis troops used pillboxes and other small fortifications in Northern France, Germany, and on Pacific Ocean islands.  Small fire squads used these weapons to draw them out.  Although flamethrowers project flames, burning was not the most common form of death associated with these weapons.  Rather, smoke released as a byproduct of combustion presented soldiers with the grim ultimatum between death by smoke inhalation or leaving the trench and facing enemy gunfire.

Due to advancements in ballistic technologies and modern warfare tactics, flamethrowers are much less common in modern theatres. Presently, these weapons have been converted for civilian use for clearing old crops, domestic defense and even landscaping. In 2018, the Boring Company headed by Elon Musk developed a civilian flamethrower in a limited production of 20,000 units. With the prominence of Musk in contemporary culture, these flamethrowers were sold quickly yielding 10 million dollars for the Boring Company in gross revenue.

Weapons
Holster

A holster is a type of clothing. It is like an extra pocket worn to hold something where it can quickly be taken out for use. Holsters have long been used to hold a firearm, especially a pistol. At the end of the 20th century many people started carrying a mobile phone in a holster.

Accessories
Confetti

Confetti is a lot of small pieces of paper or other material that is thrown into the air at a celebration such as party or a wedding.

In some places, the use of confetti is banned due to health problems of people or animals, or due to the work needed to clean up the confetti afterward.

Confetti comes in a variety of colors and shapes.

References 

Parties
Alanis Morissette: The Collection

Alanis Morissette: The Collection is the greatest hits compilation album by Alanis Morissette, released in the United States on 15 November 2005.

Track listing
"Thank You" (Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard)
"Head over Feet" (Ballard, Morissette)
"8 Easy Steps" (Morissette)
"Everything" (Morissette)
"Crazy" (Seal, Guy Sigsworth)
"Ironic" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Princes Familiar" (Nick Lashley, Morissette) (MTV Unplugged)
"You Learn" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Simple Together" (Morissette)
"You Oughta Know" (Ballard, Morissette)
"That I Would Be Good" (Morissette, Ballard)
"Sister Blister" (Morissette)
"Hands Clean" (Morissette)
"Mercy" (Jonathan Elias, Morissette) (from The Prayer Cycle)
"Still" (Morissette) (from the Dogma soundtrack)
"Uninvited" (Morissette) (from the City of Angels soundtrack)
"Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" (Cole Porter) (from the De-Lovely soundtrack)
"Hand in My Pocket" (Ballard, Morissette)
iTunes bonus tracks
"So Unsexy" (Morissette) (acoustic/Vancouver sessions) - also available for free download at Alanis' official website.
"Crazy" (Tony Kanal extended mix)

The Collection Info 
Morissette's singles that are not on the album include "All I Really Want", "Joining You", "Unsent", "So Pure", the live track "King of Pain" (a cover of The Police song), "Precious Illusions" and the European single "Out Is Through". Additionally, none of her eight dance pop single releases under MCA Records's Canada imprint are present.

References
"Alanis Morissette". Mariah-charts.com. Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Other websites
The Collection site at Alanis.com 

2005 albums
Alanis Morissette albums
Poales

Poales is a taxonomic order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons. The order includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges.

The earliest fossils attributed to the Poales date to the late Cretaceous period about  million years ago, though some suggest the origin of the group may be 115 million years ago in South America. The earliest known fossils include pollen and fruits.

The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences (except in the  genus Mayaca, with solitary terminal flowers). The flowers of many species are wind pollinated; the seeds usually contain starch.

One recent classification lists these families: 
 order Poales
 family Anarthriaceae
 family Bromeliaceae
 family Centrolepidaceae
 family Cyperaceae
 family Ecdeiocoleaceae
 family Eriocaulaceae
 family Flagellariaceae
 family Joinvilleaceae
 family Juncaceae
 family Mayacaceae
 family Poaceae
 family Rapateaceae
 family Restionaceae
 family Thurniaceae
 family Typhaceae
 family Xyridaceae

Uses 
The Poales are the most economically important order of monocots and possibly the most important order of plants in general. Within the order, by far the most important family economically is the family of grasses (Poaceae, syn. Gramineae), which includes barley, maize, millet, rice, and wheat. It is also the largest family in the order, far outnumbering the other families:
 Poaceae: 12,070 species
 Cyperaceae: 5,500 species
 Bromeliaceae: 3,170 species
 Eriocaulaceae: 1,150 species

References
Poaceae

Poaceae or Gramineae are the "true" grasses. They are a large family of monocot flowering plants. There are about 12,000 species and 780 genera. They are one of most ecologically and economically important of all plant families. Rushes, and sedges fall outside this family, but they are related.

Grasslands are about 20% of the vegetation cover of the Earth. Poaceae also live in many other habitats, including wetlands, forests, and tundra. Bamboos are part of this huge family of plants.

Domestication of poaceous cereal crops such as maize (corn), wheat, millets, and rice are eaten around the world. The Poaceae are the most economically important plant family in modern times, providing forage, building materials (bamboo, thatch) and fuel (ethanol), as well as food.

References
Ric Flair

Richard Morgan Fliehr (born February 25, 1949, in Memphis, Tennessee) better known by his ring name, Ric Flair, is a semi-retired American professional wrestler that is currently signed to WWE.
He wrestled for 36 years. His last WWE match was against Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XXIV. He is a two time WWE Hall of Famer.

His nickname is "The Nature Boy" Ric Flair.

References 

1949 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Writers from North Carolina
WWE Hall of Fame
Michelle McCool

Michelle McCool (born January 25, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. She is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where she competed on its SmackDown! brand. McCool was the first ever WWE Diva's Champion. She is married to fellow professional wrestler Mark Calaway who is better known by his ring name, The Undertaker. They had their first child, Kaia Faith Calaway on August 29, 2012.

Career
McCool was in the 2005 Diva Search but she lost to Christy Hemme. She still got a contract with the company.

McCool defeated Natalya Neidhart at The Great American Bash to become the first ever Diva's Champion. She lost the title to Maryse on Smackdown with María as a referee, after the match, McCool attacked María, turning heel, later, she apologized, but attacked Eve, turning definitely heel.

References

Other websites
Michelle McCool's WWE alumni profile

1980 births
Living people
Former WWE wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Florida
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international organisation that represents chemists in individual countries. It governs everything to do with chemicals, elements and new discoveries. Every chemical known has a common name and a IUPAC name. This is also true for the Periodic Table of the Elements. Every element's name has been approved by IUPAC. This rule does not apply to those elements still given temporary names. The organisation was founded in 1919.

Other websites 
 

Chemistry
Medes

The Medes were one of the ancestors of Kurdish people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. This area was known in Greek as Media or Medea They entered this region with the first wave of Iranian tribes, in the late second millennium BC (at the end of the Bronze Age).

By the 6th century BC, the Medes were able to make their own empire. It stretched from southern shore of the Black Sea and Aran province (in modern Azerbaijan) to north and central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

The Medes are credited with the foundation of the first Iranian empire, the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified Iranian empire of the Medes and Persians, often referred to as the Achaemenid Empire.

Controversy 
Modern scholars question whether a Median empire even existed. It is argued that even if it existed, it must have been just a political alliance among highland neighbors of the Assyrians. The alliance might include Armenia in southeastern Anatolia, Sagartians in modern northern Iraq, and the actual Medians in the area between what is today Hamadan-Kirmanshah in cental Zagros. Neither cuneiform sources, archaeological evidence, or biblical accounts, support Herodotus, who claimed there really was a Median empire.

Median language 
Strabo mentions the affinity of Mede with other Iranian languages  in his "Geography":

Herodotus, mentions the word "Spaka" ("Dog", still present in current Iranian languages such  as tat and  talysh, and different from Persian)

References and Notes 

Ancient history
History of Iran
625 BC establishments
6th-century BC disestablishments
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in the Middle East
Headshot

A headshot (or head shot) is a photograph of a person's face. It is a form of portraiture. The purpose of a headshot is to show the subject's personality, or character. Headshots are used in the modelling and acting businesses and is vital to the careers of many business and sales executives who use them on business cards, company web sites and social media sites like LinkedIn. Most actors have a headshot that they will provide to employers.

Headshots are a separate specialty career path branch for several photographers who make or have made careers in this kind of photography.  Examples include Yousuf Karsh (1908-2002), Yucel Yalim (1958), Cindy Quinn (1960) and Peter Hurley.

Related pages
Mugshot

Photography
Movie industry
Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel

Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel / Gymnase de la Rue des Alpes de Bienne is a high school in Biel in Switzerland. There are three local high schools and the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse / Gymnase de la Rue des Alpes is one of them. It is the only bilingual (Swiss-German and French) high school in the Canton of Berne. There are about 550 students and about 90 teachers at this school. This school specializes in three  subjects: Economy, Spanish and Applied Mathematics. The students usually attend the Gymnasium for three years and take the final examination at the end of their studies. The diploma, which is called Maturité in French or Matura in German, is the entrance ticket for all universities and colleges in Switzerland.

There is also a Commercial Highschool in the same building which is part of the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel / Gymnase de la Rue des Alpe de Bienne. It is more oriented for the business world 

At the beginning, the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse was a Progymnasium.
A Progymnasuim is like the today’s secondary school. But the school was just attended by boys.
Today it’s a High School for boys and girls. This school is a Swiss Olympic Partner School.
This means, those athletes from various sports can go their training, also during school.
There are many different athletes. Some play hockey, volleyball, tennis or they swim or dance etc. It’s not just for sports it’s also for music.

References

Other websites 
  Website of the high school

Buildings and structures in Switzerland
Schools in Switzerland
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
Mede, Lombardy

Mede is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy. It is located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 35 km southwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,993 and an area of 33.2 km².

Mede borders the following municipalities: Frascarolo, Gambarana, Lomello, Pieve del Cairo, Sartirana Lomellina, Semiana, Torre Beretti e Castellaro, Villa Biscossi.

Population 
Here is how the population of the town has changed over the last 140 years.

References 

Settlements in Lombardy
Ploidy

Ploidy is a term from genetics and cell biology. It is used to indicate the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Most eukaryotes have either one set (called haploid) or two sets (called diploid). Some other organisms are polyploid, they have more than two sets of chromosomes. Some amphibians are triploid, with three sets. The endosperm cells in the seeds of many plants are also triploid. Some kinds of trout or salmon have four sets (tetraploid). Other examples:
wheat: 6 sets (hectaploid)
certain sturgeons: 8 sets (octoploid) 
strawberries: 8 sets (octoploid)
plumed cockscomb (a plant, Celosia argentea): 12 sets (dodecaploid)
Bryophytes: body has one set; sporophyte has two sets.

Sex cells (gametes) are almost always haploid. If the reproductive stage (adult) is polyploid, then the gametes will have half the ploidy number of chromosomes. 

There are some variations of ploidy which are not discussed here. Some plant species with certain types of polyploidy do not use sexual reproduction, but survive with asexual methods.

Polyploidy 
Polyploidy occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

Most organisms are normally diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division. It is most commonly found in plants, but it does sometimes happen in animals. Some estimates suggest that 30-80% of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy (paleopolyploidy) in their genomes. Huge increases in angiosperm (flowering plants) diversity have coincided with the timing of ancient genome duplications shared by many species. 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase.

Polyploid plants arise spontaneously in nature. Many polyploids are fitter than their parental species, and may display novel variation or morphologies that contribute to speciation and eco-niche exploitation. 

Polyploidy may occur in one generation, and is an exception to the principle that evolution occurs gradually. There may, however, be many genetic changes in the species after polyploidy has taken place.

Gametes 
The gametes of polyploids are unusual, because they may carry several sets of chromosomes. For example, common wheat is a polyploid with six sets of chromosomes, two sets coming originally from each of three different species. So there are six sets of chromosomes in most cells, and three sets of chromosomes in the gametes.

Related pages
 Aneuploidy, one or a few chromosomes more or less than the usual number in the species.

References

Related pages 
Karyotype
Haplodiploidy

Chromosomes
Plants
Cell biology
Rhesus macaque

The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), often called the rhesus monkey and Indian monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. 

It lives in a wide area, and has an unknown but quite large population. It lives in a broad range of habitats. Native to South, Central and Southeast Asia, troops of Macaca mulatta inhabit a great variety of habitats from grasslands to arid and forested areas, but also close to human settlements.

Rhesus macaques are native to northern India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Afghanistan, Vietnam, southern China, and some neighboring areas. They have the widest geographic ranges of any nonhuman primate. He is also known as national mammal of Pakistan.

They are regular swimmers. Babies as young as a few days old can swim, and adults are known to swim over a half mile between islands. Rhesus macaques are noted for their tendency to move from rural to urban areas, where they rely on handouts or refuse from humans.

References 

Old World monkeys
Mammals of Asia
Risso's dolphin

The Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) is the only species of dolphin in the genus Grampus.

Oceanic dolphins
Foreplay

Foreplay is the name for a number of things people do before they have sex. These things do not need to be directly related to having sex. Rather, they are done to sexually arouse people, to make them want each other more, Examples of things that can be used in foreplay differ among people, Most people prefer simple things that make them feel nice such as a person talking softly, a compliment, a Hug, or by being Tickled by a person they like, or even sharing similar hobbies, such as white water rafting, rocky mountain climbing or even how flexible you both are at Yoga,
Not all of these acts are physical, some can also be psychological. Common things done in foreplay include kissing, touching each other, hugging, and stimulating the others erogenous zones.

Foreplay has a well-defined function - it lowers inhibitions and makes people feel better at ease.

Foreplay has been mentioned in historic works.  The Ancient Indian work Kama Sutra mentions different types of embracing, kissing, and marking with nails and teeth. It also mentions BDSM activities such as slapping and moaning as "play."

Based on age, religious and political background, what people do as foreplay can be quite different. Many people think that women demand more foreplay and require more time to become aroused. Recent scientific research has show that this is false, though.  Scientists from McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada used the method of thermal imaging to record baseline temperature change in the genital area as the definition of the time necessary for sexual arousal. Researchers studied the time required for an individual to reach the peak of sexual arousal and concluded that, on average, women and men spend almost the same time for sexual arousal — around 10 minutes.

References

Human sexuality
Army (1996 movie)

Army is a 1996 Hindi movie. It was directed by Raam Shetty. The movie stars Shahrukh Khan and Sridevi in the lead role.

Plot 
Arjun and Geeta are a young couple, who are deeply in love with each other. They get married, and soon have a child. Arjun gets in trouble with a well known gangster named Nagraj, and is killed. When Geeta finds out she decides to avenge Arjun's death. When Nagraj finds out that Geeta is out for vengeance, he does not believe that a lone defenseless widow can do him any harm. But Nagraj is in for a surprise when he comes face to face with Geeta and a group of young men who are dedicated to bring him down - even if they die trying.

Soundtrack 
The music for the soundtrack was written by Anand-Milind. Sameer wrote all the lyrics for the songs.

1996 action movies
1996 drama movies
1990s Indian movies
Hindi-language movies
Movies directed by Raam Shetty
BBC Radio 5 Live

BBC Radio 5 Live (formerly BBC Radio Five Live) is the BBC's radio station that gives live BBC News, phone-ins, and sports news. It is the main radio station for sport in the United Kingdom, covering nearly all big sports events in the UK or with British competitors in, including the Olympics and the football World Cup

It is transmitted via analogue radio on 693 and 909 kHz AM in the medium wave band. These frequencies belonged to BBC Radio 2 from November 23, 1978 to August 26, 1990. Before that they were used in some regions of the UK by the BBC Home Service and BBC Radio 4. The radio is also available on digital radio in the United Kingdom via DAB, digital satellite, IPTV, Freeview, and is also streamed online. However, because of rights restrictions, coverage of some events (especially live sporting events) is not available online. Also, some of the content available online is only for UK users.

References

Other websites
Note that Radio 5 Live operates International and UK feeds. International feeds aren't allowed to cover certain sports events because of local radio rights to those events.
 
 , from BBC iPlayer.
 A few jingles from BBC Radio 5 Live, including the final close of the old Radio 5.

1994 establishments in the United Kingdom
5 Live
Sports media
Cattenom power plant

Cattenom Power Plant is a nuclear power plant. It is near Metz, Grand Est, France. It has four pressurized water reactors. Each has a capacity of 1300 megawatts. In 2006, it produced the third most electrictity of all power plants in France, behind that of Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant (near Calais) and Plaluel (near Dieppe).

Buildings and structures in France
Nuclear power plants in Europe
Grand Est
Rough-toothed dolphin

The Rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) is a fairly large oceanic dolphin. It can be found in deep warm and tropical waters around the world.

Oceanic dolphins

eo:Steno
Spinner dolphin

The spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) is a small oceanic dolphin. It is found in off-shore tropical waters around the world. It is famous for its acrobatic displays in which they will spin longitudinally along their axis as they leap through the air.

Oceanic dolphins
Striped dolphin

The striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is an oceanic dolphin. They live in temperate and tropical waters of all the world's oceans. 

Oceanic dolphins
And did those feet in ancient time

"And did those feet in ancient time" is a short poem by William Blake.   It comes in the introduction to a long poem called  Milton: a Poem (1804).  Today it is best known as the hymn Jerusalem, sung to music written by C. Hubert H. Parry in 1916, more than a century after Blake had written the poem.

The words of the poem

And did those feet in ancient time
Walk upon England's mountains green?
And was the holy Lamb of God
On England's pleasant pastures seen?

And did the Countenance Divine
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here
Among these dark satanic mills?

Bring me my bow of burning gold!
Bring me my arrows of desire!
Bring me my spear! O clouds, unfold!
Bring me my chariot of fire!

I will not cease from mental fight,
Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,
Till we have built Jerusalem
In England's green and pleasant land.

What the poem is about

There is a legend that the young Jesus went to England with his uncle, Joseph of Arimathea, to England and visited Glastonbury.  The poem connects this legend to an idea in the Book of Revelation ( 3:12 and 21:2) describing a Second Coming in which Jesus builds a new Jerusalem. Some Christians thought that a new Jerusalem would be like Heaven, somewhere of love and peace. The poem asks if Jesus visited England and if Heaven was created in England.  Blake lived in the time of the early Industrial Revolution when there was a lot of poverty and misery.  Many people think the “dark Satanic mills” were the factories where many people worked in horrible conditions.  This contrasts with the country with its beauty and clean air: “England’s green and pleasant Land”. The second half of Blake's poem says people should try to establish "Jerusalem" once more.

Parry composes the music

Blake’s poem was not very well known during the 19th century, but in 1916 a collection of poems was published which included “Jerusalem”.  Britain was fighting a terrible war (the First World War), and so the people needed some strong, patriotic music to give them courage. Robert Bridges, the Poet Laureate asked Parry to put it to music at a Fight for Right campaign meeting in London's Queen's Hall.  He wanted Parry to write a tune that the audience would be able to sing easily.  At first Parry wanted verse one to be sung by a  solo female voice, but the version sung nowadays is the arrangement for orchestra made in 1922 by Sir Edward Elgar.  When King George V heard it for the first time he said that he preferred "Jerusalem" to "God Save the King", the National Anthem. 

England (as distinct from Britain) does not have an official anthem and so the British National Anthem "God Save the Queen" is used for national occasions, for example before English international football matches or at the Last Night of the Proms.  The song is also the unofficial anthem of the British Women's Institute.  It is often sung as a  hymn in churches, although people in some churches think it is not a hymn.  It is also sung in many schools.

References

19th-century British poems
20th-century songs
Compositions by Hubert Parry
Christian hymns
VistaPE

VistaPE is a is a project (set of scripts) for WinBuilder to create a Live CD based on the kernel of Windows Vista. 
VistaPE uses technology and is similar to WinPE 2.0 (from Microsoft), but has a graphical interface, more support for devices and functions, and can run almost any Windows program.

Features
 Possibility to either fully or partially load VistaPE at startup into memory (boot.wim)
 Support for a large number of SATA/RAID/SCSI/NIC drivers
 Capable to read and write on NTFS/FAT32/FAT/Ext2/Ext3 partitions
 Full networking support
 Automatic hardware detection (PnP)
 Booting from CD/HDD/UFD/Network
 Compatibility with Microsoft Windows Vista
 A wide range of programs and shells (Explorer, LiteStep, BS Explorer ...)
 No limits regarding the maximum number of open processes
 Automatic creation shortcuts for programs
 Ability to remove VistaPE boot media while VistaPE is running (using boot.wim)
 Full multilanguage support

Other websites 
How to create a VistaPE Live CD 

Live CD
Eye of GNOME

Eye of GNOME is the official image viewer for the GNOME desktop environment. Unlike some other image viewers, Eye of GNOME will only view images. It does, however, provide basic effects for improved viewing, such as zooming, fullscreen, rotation, and transparent image background control.

File formats 

Eye of GNOME supports the following file formats:

 ANI - Animation
 BMP - Windows Bitmap
 Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
 ICO - Windows Icon
 JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
 PCX - PC Paintbrush
 Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
 PNM - Portable Anymap from the PPM Toolkit
 RAS - Sun Raster
 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
 TGA - Targa
 Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
 Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format (WBMP)
 X BitMap (XBM)
 X PixMap (XPM)

Linux
GNOME
Ekiga

Ekiga (formerly called GnomeMeeting) is a free and open source VoIP and video conferencing computer application for GNOME and Windows. Ekiga supports both the SIP and H.323 (based on OpenH323) protocols and is fully interoperable with any other SIP compliant application and with Microsoft NetMeeting. It supports many high-quality audio and video codecs.

Ekiga was initially made by Damien Sandras in order to graduate from the Université catholique de Louvain. It is currently developed by a community-based team led by Sandras. The logo was designed based on his concept by Andreas Kwiatkowski, an open source enthusiast and a friend of his.

Features

Integration 
 LDAP and ILS directories registration and browsing
 Integration with Novell Evolution so that contacts are shared between both programs
 ZeroConf (Apple Bonjour) support
 External configuration with GConf, including ability for administrators to block certain settings
 Device auto-detection, including:
 ALSA and legacy OSS soundcard support, through plugins
 Video4linux and FireWire camera support, through plugins

User interface 
 Addressbook with speed dials
 SIP URLs and H.323/callto
 Dialpad
 Advanced call history
 Full-screen videoconferencing
 In call Instant-Apply support for settings
 Auto Answer and Do Not Disturb modes

Technical 
 Call forwarding on busy, no answer, always (SIP and H.323)
 Call transfer (SIP and H.323)
 Call Hold (SIP and H.323)
 DTMFs support (SIP and H.323)
 Basic Instant Messaging (SIP)
 Text Chat (SIP and H.323)
 Possibility to register to several registrars (SIP) and gatekeepers (H.323)
 Possibility to use an outbound proxy (SIP) or a gateway (H.323)
 Message Waiting Indications (SIP)
 Audio AND Video (SIP and H.323)
 STUN support (SIP and H.323)
 LDAP support

Incoming new features 
SIMPLE
SRTP
ZRTP
H263, H264

Roadmap

Notes 

Linux software
One Laptop Per Child

One Laptop Per Child is an organization founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is a non-profit organisation. It wants to make cheap laptops so that children in less rich countries without as much technology can also use a computer to learn. The laptop is called an XO.  It has an operating system called sugar based on GNU/Linux.  It also can run Windows.

References 

Non-profit organizations of the United States
Malvaceae

Malvaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family includes about 1000 species in 75 genera. They are found in tropical and temperate regions. They are not found very often in places such as Antarctica because those places are too cold for Malvaceae plants.

Okra is one example it is called lady’s finger or gumbo
Araceae

Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a 'spathe' or leaf-like bract. 

Also known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroid. This family of 107 genera and over 3700 species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and north temperate regions.

These plants often have rhizomes or tubers with calcium oxalate crystals or 'raphides' and commonly with milky sap. The leaves are alternate, simple or compound, petiolate, sometimes very large, and usually with a sheathing base.

Some genera of araceae include:
 Anthurium
 Dieffenbachia
 Dracunculus
 Monstera
 Philodendron
 Colocasia
 Arum

References 

Araceae
Omega SA

Omega SA is Swiss watch manufacturer. It belongs to the Swatch Group of companies. It is in Biel-Bienne (Switzerland). Omega SA produces watches of a high standard. It was founded in 1848 by Louis Brandt in La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland). There are many famous people that promote Omega SA including Michael Schuhmacher, George Clooney, Cindy Crawford and Nicole Kidman.

History 
The beginning of Omega was 1848 in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Louis Brandt opened a factory that produced watches. The watches made there carried the name Louis Brandt. After the death of Brandt, his sons transferred the production to Biel/Bienne (Switzerland). There, they started to produce their watches industrially. In 1898, "Louis Brandt & frères" employed more than 500 workers.

In 1894 they changed their name to Omega, named after their first watch.

In 1904, the Brandt brothers died, and the company came into the hands of their children. In the following years, Omega became a highly prestigious watch manufacturer. In 1925, Omega started to work with Tissot, another watch manufacturer.

Today Omega belongs to the Swatch Group.

Advertising

James Bond
Many filmmakers have Omega watches in their movies. For example, Pierce Brosnan wore an Omega Seamaster Quartz Professional in James Bond movies starting with the movie "Golden Eye". In all later movies, Brosnan wore an Omega Seamaster Professional Chronometer.

Daniel Craig also wears Omega in his James Bond movies. He even mentions the watch manufacturer by name in the movie.

Sports
At the moment, Omega SA is the official timekeeper for the Olympic Games. Their first time was 1932 at Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. They were the timekeeper in the 2006 Winter Olympics, and in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

As a sponsor for the Emirates Team New Zealand, Omega introduced the Seamaster NZL-32 chronograph in 2007. The name is the same as the name of the boat that won the America's Cup in 1995.

Other websites
 

Companies of Switzerland
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
19th-century establishments in Switzerland
1848 establishments in Europe