cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church is a Chaldean Rite, Major Archiepiscopal Church in the Roman Catholic Church. It is the largest group among the Saint Thomas Christians. It originates from St. Thomas the Apostle who is believed to have come to India in AD 52. The Syro Malabar Church is the largest St. Thomas Christian community in India. They are also referred to as Syrian Catholics in Kerala. This church has its headquarters in Cochin, Kerala.

Cardinal Mar George Alencherry is the current head of this church.

The first Indian woman Saint, Saint Alphonsa belongs to this church.

Syro-Malabar Church has its presence all over the world. However the proper location is in South India. There are 26 Syro-Malabar dioceses world wide.

Eastern Catholicism
Jurassic Coast

The Jurassic Coast is a stretch of  coast in south-west England. It is between Orcombe Point near Exmouth in East Devon and Old Harry Rocks near Swanage in East Dorset. This is 96 miles long (154 km).

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Its entire length can be walked on the South West Coast Path.

Major fossil finds 
Some of the greatest fossil discoveries were made in this area. 
The first ichthyosaur skeleton
The first plesiosaur
The first pterosaur outside Germany
These finds were by Mary Anning in the first part of the 19th century. This area was home to Mary, a collector who searched for fossils of the coastline around Lyme Regis and discovered several complete Ichthyosaur fossils.

Geology 

The Jurassic Coast is made of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous cliffs, spanning 185 million years of geological history.

The site contains a number of special features and shows different landforms, including the natural arch at Durdle Door, the cove and limestone folding at Lulworth Cove and an island, the Isle of Portland.

Chesil Beach (or Chesil Bank) is one of England's three shingle (gravel) beaches. It is a barrier beach which runs parallel to the coastline and connects to Portland Bill (see photo). Between the barrier and the regular coastline is a lagoon.

Golden Cap is the highest place on the south coast of England. It is  high.

Sequence of rocks 
This section notes the main rocks found on the coast, starting with the lowest (earliest).

Blue Lias 

The Blue Lias is a geologic formation in the Jurassic Coast and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Lias Group.

The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur Dimorphodon.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone.

Gateway towns 
These are special towns that are related to the Jurassic Coast:
 Weymouth
 West Bay
 Abbotsbury
 Bridport
 Budleigh Salterton
 Charmouth — Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre
 Exmouth
 Lulworth
 Lyme Regis
 Seaton
 Sidmouth
 Swanage

Gallery

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites 

 Jurassic Coast official website 
 The South West Coast Path National Trail
 Jurassic Coast UNESCO World Heritage site datasheet

Devon
Dorset
Geography of England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Instruction (computer science)

In computer science, an instruction is a single operation of a processor defined by the processor instruction set.

The size or length of an instruction varies widely, from as little as 4-bits in some microcontrollers to many as multiples of a bytes in some very long instruction word (VLIW) systems.  Most modern processors used in personal computers, mainframes, and supercomputers have instruction sizes between 16 and 64 bits. In some architectures, especially Reduced instruction set computers, instructions are of fixed length, typically corresponding with that architecture's word size.

On traditional architectures, an instruction includes an opcode specifying the operation to be performed, such as "add contents of memory to register", and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations, or literal data. The operand specifiers may have addressing modes determining their meaning or may be in fixed fields.

In VLIW architectures, which include many microcode architectures, multiple simultaneous operations and operands are specified in a single instruction.

Instructions are rarely specified using their machine code form; they may be specified by programmers using an assembly language or, more commonly, may be generated by compilers.

There is another more general definition for an "instruction" not only related to the processor instruction set, which is: An "instruction" may be any representation of an element of an executable computer program.

Related pages
Machine language

Microprocessor design
Piacenza

Piacenza is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital city of the province of Piacenza. 99,897 people live there. Piacenza is famous for its palazzi.

References 

Cities in Emilia-Romagna
Capital cities in Italy
SA80

SA80 (Small Arms for the 80s) is the name of a weapons family used by the British Army and Royal Marines. All are of bullpup design: this means the magazine is behind the trigger so the weapon is shorter yet still has a long barrel.

The series includes an assault rifle known as the L85 and a Light Support Weapon (LSW) designated the L86 as well as a carbine variant for helicopter crews and a bolt action army cadet variant. 

The LSW variant is far more accurate than its predecessor, and is used in army FSGs (Fire Support Groups). They are amazingly accurate for their size (Army marksmanship tests were redesigned after the SA80 introduction because it was so accurate). Nevertheless, the SA80 family has been plagued by poor reliability. They have had an upgrade by the German arms company H&K when it was British owned. This resulted in the A2 series, but not all models have been upgraded. 

The SA80 also has a cadet force variant (L98 A2 Cadet GP) that is the same size, and is used throughout the ACF. It has a success rate far higher than the old, bolt-action A1 version.

Firearms
British Army equipment
Geoff Bunn

Geoff Bunn is an Anglo-Swedish author and artist. He was born in Birmingham, England in 1963.  He has been in galleries such as the Tate but is better known for placing his work in the ordinary environment rather than 'traditional' art galleries.  During the early 2000s, he worked in France, for a time, with painter Fred Yates.

Bunn has also painted a number of large and rather disturbing canvases of empty interiors. This series of paintings - which Bunn entitles 'Interior Landscapes' - led to Bunn being awarded the Cartazini Prize in 2007.

Bunn has written a number of books, including the best-selling transgender romance Blonde Boy, Red Lipstick.

References 
Documenta Exhibition 2002 

1963 births
Living people
English artists
People from Birmingham
Fred Yates

Frederick Joseph Yates (25 July 1922 – 7 July 2008) was an English artist. His work was very much in the style of the late L. S. Lowry.  Yates lived and worked all over England but in later years he was based in France.

References 

1922 births
2008 deaths
English painters
People from Lancashire
Sauerbraten

This article is about the dish; the computer game can be seen at Sauerbraten (video game)
Sauerbraten is a meat dish eaten mainly in Germany, but also neighbouring countries. The name comes form sauer (sour) and braten (roast). It refers to the way the dish is prepared: the meat is left in a kind of sour sauce (based on vinegar) to marinate

German food
Meat dishes
The Economist

The Economist is a magazine published each week in England. It was founded in 1843. It currently has about 1.3 million subscribers.

It was founded in 1843 by Scotsman James Wilson with assistance from the Anti-Corn Law League as a voice against England’s Corn Laws, regulations governing the import and export of grain. Wilson’s son-in-law Walter Bagehot, who served as editor of The Economist from 1861 to 1877, expanded the publication’s coverage into politics and strengthened its focus on U.S. affairs. A later admirer of Bagehot's was Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

In 1992 WT Layton was appointed as editor. His editorship was of profound importance to the newspaper, and he was probably the person to whom it owes most thanks for its survival and continued independence.The Economist is classically liberal and economically liberal. It supports free trade, globalization, and the legalization of same-sex marriage and illegal drugs. It targets highly educated readers, as well as famous people such as Bill Gates, Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Ted Turner.

Tone and voice 
The Economist has a consistent voice, partly because its writers are anonymous. It assumes its readers have a basic understanding of economics. Its articles are often witty.

References 

Magazines of the United Kingdom
Our Lady of Guadalupe

Our Lady of Guadalupe (Spanish: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe) is a name for the Virgin Mary who is said to have appeared at Tepeyac Hills in Guadalupe, a town near Mexico City. She is said to have appeared to a poor native American named Juan Diego. Our Lady of Guadalupe is one of the most popular cultural and religious icons in the Hispanic world. The feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe is celebrated each year by the Catholic Church on December 12, the anniversary of her appearance.

Roman Catholicism
Christian symbols
Mexico City
Marian apparitions
1531
Latin
Poison (band)

Poison is an American glam metal band from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.  They were formed in 1983. Their lead singer is Bret Michaels. One of their most popular hits was "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" which was the Hot 100 number-one single of December 24, 1988 and lasted until January 7, 1989.

American hard rock bands
Glam metal bands
Musical groups from Pennsylvania
Enigma Records artists
Yao Ming

Yao Ming (; born September 12, 1980) is a former Chinese professional basketball player. He played for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was the tallest player in the NBA, at . 

Yao was born at Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital in Shanghai, He is only child by Yao Tzi Yuan and Fong Fengdi , There are professional basketball players by their family,
He started with the Shanghai Sharks as a teenager and played on their senior team for five years in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). The team won a championship in his final year. Then he entered the 2002 NBA Draft. The CBA had to release him, and he was selected by the Houston Rockets to play on their team. He had also been chosen to play for the NBA All-Star Game for all six of his seasons. However, the Rockets have not advanced past the first round of the playoffs since he joined the team, and he has also had injuries in each of the past three seasons. On July 20, 2011, Yao announced that he was retiring from basketball after many foot and ankle injuries. 

His father, Yao Zhiyuan, is 2.08 m or 6 ft 10 in tall; his mother, Fengdi Fang, is 1.88 m or 6 ft 2 in tall. She was captain of the Chinese national women's basketball team. Yao's parents were the tallest couple in China when he was born.

Yao is married to Ye Li, who used to play for the China women's national basketball team. He is one of China's best-known athletes. He has sponsorships with several major companies, and he has been the richest celebrity in China for six straight years, earning US$51 million (CN¥357 million) in 2008. 

His rookie year in the NBA was the subject of a documentary film, The Year of the Yao, and he recently wrote an autobiography titled Yao: A Life in Two Worlds.

References

Other websites

Yao Ming's NBA profile 

1980 births
Autobiographers
Basketball players
Chinese sportspeople
Houston Rockets players
Living people
People from Shanghai
Ray Emery

Raymond "Ray" Emery (September 28, 1982 – July 15, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL) until his death. Emery played for the Ottawa Senators, Anaheim Ducks and Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played in KHL with the Atlant Moscow Oblast. Emery was awarded many honors, most from the minor league.

Career
Emery was given various nicknames over his career, most goes by "Razor" and "Sugar Ray." In the 2001 NHL entry draft, Emery was chosen 99th overall by the Ottawa Senators. Emery was made starting goaltender in the 2006-07 NHL season. That year, the Senators made it to the Stanley Cup finals. On June 20, 2008, after some off-ice incidents, the Senators released Emery. Under one month later, Emery signed a one-year, $2M contract with Atlant Mytishchi of the Russian KHL. After his time in Russia, it was announced on June 10, 2009 that the Philadelphia Flyers had signed him to a one-year deal for $1.5 million. In March 2010, Flyers GM Paul Holmgren announced that Emery would miss the remainder of the season because of avascular necrosis and that a bone graft would be done to alleviate his hip issues. Emery began workout and rehabilitation process and later signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Anaheim Ducks on February 7, 2011. During his time with the Ducks, he tied for fourth in the league after he posted a 7–2–0 record with a 2.28 goals-against average (GAA) and a .926 save percentage (SV%) in 10 regular season games going into the playoffs. He attended the Chicago Blackhawks training camp on a tryout basis and was later signed by the Blackhawks to a 1-year, $600,000 deal.

Emery has been known for getting into several altercations while playing ice hockey, a rarity for an ice-hockey goaltender. Emery once fought two Buffalo Sabres players, Martin Biron and Andrew Peters in a line brawl during the 2006-07 NHL season. He also fought with his teammate, Brian McGrattan, during a practice in January 2008. He has also fought with teammate's Jason Spezza and Chris Neil.

On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On July 5, 2013, he signed a $1.65 million, 1-year deal with the Philadelphia Flyers.

Death
On July 15, 2018, Emery accidentally drowned while diving at a yacht club in Hamilton, Ontario, aged 35.

Career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs 

Statistics via Eliteprospects

References

Other websites
 

1982 births
2018 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ontario Hockey League players
Ottawa Senators players
People from Hamilton
Philadelphia Flyers players
Stanley Cup champions
Human height

The human height is the height of a human body. Factors that influence human height are genetics, what people eat, the human body's natural chemicals, and being sick or healthy.

Overall, average human height increased over the last 100 years.

Men from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Netherlands, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro have the tallest average height.

See also 
 Human weight

References 

Human body features
Health
Execution unit

In computer engineering, an execution unit is a part of a CPU (not to be confused with the CPUs main control unit) that performs specific operations or calculations. It may have its own internal control sequence unit, some registers, and other internal units such as a sub-ALU or FPU, or some smaller, more specific components.

Now modern CPUs have multiple parallel execution units, referred to as scalar or superscalar design. The simplest arrangement is to use one, the bus manager, to manage the memory interface, and the others to perform calculations. Additionally, modern CPUs execution units are usually pipelined.

Other websites
 The Department's Computer Science Research Center on the UMass Faculty 

Microprocessor design
Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons

The pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons talks about all known Atlantic tropical cyclones before to 1600. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Pre-1600 1600s/10s 1620s/30s

Observation info for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because record keeping was non-existent in the pre-Columbian era, and any records that may have once existed have long since been lost. Even info from the early years of the Columbian era is suspect and incomplete because the difference between a hurricane and an extratropical system was not drawn by Renaissance scientists and sailors and because European exploration and colonization of the regions affected by hurricanes did not begin in earnest until the mid-16th century.

However, paleotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia. A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast. During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High—controlled by the North Atlantic Oscillation—was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. In fact, few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3–5 times. On the Atlantic coast, chance of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before.

Storms

Pre-1525

1525-1549

1550-1574

1575-1599

Related pages
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Further reading

Other websites
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml
http://www.candoo.com/genresources/hurricane.htm
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vahur.htm
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/la18hu.php

1599 and before
Valley Parade

Valley Parade, also known by its sponsored name of the Coral Windows Stadium is a football stadium in Bradford in England. It is home to the club Bradford City A.F.C. It was built in 1886. In 1985, a fire in one of the stands killed 56 people.

Football stadiums in England
1886 establishments in England
Levi Lincoln Sr.

Levi Lincoln, Sr. (May 15, 1749–April 14, 1820) was an American revolutionary. He was a Minuteman at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, a state legislator in Massachusetts, Governor of Massachusetts, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, a U.S. Representative, Attorney General for President Thomas Jefferson and Acting Secretary of State.

1749 births
1820 deaths
United States Attorneys General
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Governors of Massachusetts
Lawyers from Massachusetts
James R. Schlesinger

James Rodney Schlesinger (February 15, 1929 - March 27, 2014) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He became America's first Secretary of Energy under Jimmy Carter.

On March 27, 2014, Schlesinger died from complications of pneumonia at a Baltimore hospital. He was 85.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Politicians from New York City
United States Secretaries of Defense
United States Secretaries of Energy
Out-of-order execution

In computer engineering, out-of-order execution, OoOE, is a technique used in most high-performance microprocessors to make use of cycles that would otherwise be wasted by a certain type of costly delay. Most modern CPU designs include support for out of order execution.

The key concept of OoO processing is to allow the processor to avoid a class of delays (termed: "stalls ") that occur when the data needed to perform an operation are unavailable.

OoO processors fill these "slots" in time with other instructions that are ready, then re-order the results at the end to make it appear that the instructions were processed as normal. The way the instructions are ordered in the original computer code is known as program order, in the processor they are handled in data order (the order in which the data, operands, become available in the processor's registers). Fairly complex circuitry is needed to convert from one ordering to the other and maintain a logical ordering of the output; the processor itself appears to be running the instructions in random order.

The benefit of OoO processing grows as the instruction pipeline expands and the speed difference between main memory (or cache memory) and the processor increases. On modern machines, the processor runs many times faster than the memory, so during the time an in-order processor spends waiting for data to arrive, it could have processed a large number of instructions.

In earlier In-order processors, the processing of instructions is normally done in these steps:
 Instruction fetch.
 If input operands are available (in registers for instance), the instruction is dispatched to the appropriate functional unit.  If one or more operands is unavailable during the current clock cycle (generally because they are being fetched from memory), however, the processor stalls until they are available.
 The instruction is executed by the appropriate functional unit.
 The functional unit writes the results back to the register.

Out-of-order processors breaks up the processing of instructions into these steps:
 Instruction fetch.
 Instruction dispatch to an instruction queue (also called instruction buffer or reservation stations).
 The instruction waits in the queue until its input operands are available. The instruction is then allowed to leave the queue before earlier, older instructions.
 The instruction is issued to the appropriate functional unit and executed by that unit.
 The results are queued (Re-order Buffer).
 Only after all older instructions have their results written back to the register file, then this result is written back to the register. This is called the graduation or retire stage.

In the examples outlined above, the OoO processor avoids the stall that occurs in step (2) of the in-order processor when the instruction is not completely ready to be processed due to missing data.

Related pages
 Parallel computing
 Instruction-level parallelism

Other websites 
 "Implementation of precise interrupts in pipelined processors", a paper by Smith and Pleszkun (1985).

Computer science
Speculative execution

In computer science, speculative execution is the execution of code, before being sure if the result will be needed.

The technique is used in most high-performance microprocessors to execute a complete instructions or parts of instructions before being sure whether this execution is required

In the context of functional programming, the term "speculative evaluation" is used instead.

Other websites 
"Speculative computation in Multilisp."

Computer science
Branch prediction

In computer architecture, a branch predictor is the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch (jump) in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not. This is called branch prediction. 

Branch predictors are important in today's modern, superscalar processors for achieving high performance. They allow processors to fetch and execute instructions without waiting for a branch to be resolved.

Almost all pipelined processors do branch prediction of some form, because they must guess the address of the next instruction to fetch before the current instruction has been executed.  

Many earlier microprogrammed CPUs did not do branch prediction because there was little or no performance requirements; for this reason there is no need for altering the flow of the instruction stream.

Other websites
Seznec et al. (1996). "Multiple-Block Ahead Branch Predictors" – demonstrates prediction accuracy is not impaired by indexing with previous branch address.
Seznec et al. (2002). "Design Tradeoffs for the Alpha EV8 Conditional Branch Predictor" – describes the Alpha EV8 branch predictor. This paper does an excellent job discussing how they arrived at their design from various hardware constraints and simulation studies.
Jimenez (2003). "Reconsidering Complex Branch Predictors" – describes the EV6 and K8 branch predictors, and pipelining considerations.
Agner Fog. Branch Prediction in the Pentium Family

Microprocessor design
Key exchange

Key exchange is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between users, allowing use of a cryptographic system.

If two parties wish to exchange encrypted messages, each needs to know how to decrypt received messages and to encrypt sent messages. The information they require to do so depends on the encryption technique they might use. If they use a code, both will require a copy of the same codebook. If they use a cipher, they will need appropriate keys. If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key. If an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property, both will need the other's public key.

The key exchange problem is how to exchange whatever keys or other information needed so, in such a way, that no one else can obtain a copy. Usually, this required trusted secure channel. With the arrival of (public key / private key) cipher algorithms, the encrypting key (aka, the public key) could be made public, since (at least for "high quality" ciphers) no one without the decrypting key (aka, the private key) could decrypt the message.

In principle, then, the only remaining problem was to be sure that a public key actually belonged to its claimed owner, this is not a problem easy to solve; specially when the two users involved have never met and know nothing about each other.

In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published a cryptographic protocol, (Diffie-Hellman key exchange), which allows users to establish secure channels in order to exchange keys, even if an attacker is monitoring that communication channel. However, Diffie-Hellman key exchange did not address the "identity authentication" problem of being sure of the actual identity of the person or an entity.

Public key infrastructures have been proposed go around the problem of "identity authentication". In their most usual implementation, each user applies to a "certificate authority" for a digital certificate which serves for other users as a correct (termed: non-tamperable) authentication of identity.

In contrast, the web of trust system, which do not use central "certificate authority" at all. Each user is responsible for verifying any certificate from another user before using that certificate to communicate with the user who claims to be associated with the particular public key in a certificate, (see digital signatures).

The problem of key exchange has not yet been solved. In particular, it has not yet been solved for the modern situation of two previously unknown users attempting to communicate electronically, as, for instance, in electronic commerce. Some of the existing work-around designs work, more or less, but are not fully satisfactory.

Related pages
 Key (cryptography)
 Symmetric-key cryptography
 Public-key cryptography

Cryptography
Secure channel

In cryptography, a secure channel is a way of transferring data that is very difficult (called resistant) to overhear or copy (called interception) and understand (called decrypt) or change (called tampering).

A confidential channel is a way of transferring data that is resistant to interception, but may not be resistant to tampering and may not be resistant to impersonation by someone else (called spoofing).

An authenticatable channel is a way of transferring data that is resistant to spoofing but may not be resistant to interception or tampering.

Cryptography
Terminology

Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terminology studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" in one or more subject fields or areas of human activity. Terms are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts.  Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture.

Overview
Work on terminology consists mainly of:
 analyzing the concepts in a field of activity
 identifying the terms given to the concepts
 establishing correspondences between terms in different languages
 putting the terminology onto a database
 creating new terms, as required

Related pages 
Jargon
Communes of the Vaucluse department

There are 261 communes in the Vaucluse department in France, all included in the following list:

Vaucluse
Althen-des-Paluds

Althen-des-Paluds is a commune of 1988 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Ansouis

Ansouis is a commune of 1,105 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Apt, Vaucluse

Apt is a commune of 11,229 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Subprefectures in France
Aubignan

Aubignan is a commune of 3,877 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Aurel, Vaucluse

Aurel is a commune of 158 people (2008). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Auribeau

Auribeau is a commune of 59 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Le Barroux

Le Barroux is a commune of 615 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
La Bastide-des-Jourdans

La Bastide-des-Jourdans is a commune of 964 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
La Bastidonne

La Bastidonne is a commune of 677 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Le Beaucet

Le Beaucet is a commune of 352 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Beaumes-de-Venise

Beaumes-de-Venise is a commune of 2,070 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Beaumettes

Beaumettes is a commune of 197 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Beaumont-de-Pertuis

Beaumont-de-Pertuis is a commune of 934 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Beaumont-du-Ventoux

Beaumont-du-Ventoux is a commune of 286 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Bédarrides

Bédarrides is a commune of 5,110 people (as of 1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Bédoin

Bédoin is a commune of 2,609 people (as of 1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Blauvac

Blauvac is a commune of 337 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Bollène

Bollène is a commune of 13,835 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Bonnieux

Bonnieux is a commune of 1,417 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Brantes

Brantes is a commune of 65 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Buisson

Buisson is a commune of 264 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Buoux

Buoux is a commune of 112 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Cabrières-d'Aigues

Cabrières-d'Aigues is a commune of 819 people (2006). It is in the  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in south France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Cabrières-d'Avignon

Cabrières-d'Avignon is a commune of 1,705 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Flag of Oman

The national flag of Oman () has three stripes (white, green and red) with a red bar on the left that contains the national emblem of Oman.  The white stands for peace and prosperity, the green for fertility and the Green Mountains, and the red for battles against foreign invaders.  The red is also the colour of the former flag of the nation when it was known simply as the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman.
Until 1970, Oman used the plain red banner of the indigenous people, the Kharijite Muslims. In 1970, the Sultan introduced a complete new set of national flags. Bands of green and white were added to the fly, and the national emblem, the badge of the Albusaidi Dynasty, was placed in the canton. This shows crossed swords over a Gambia, a traditional curved dagger. White has been associated historically with the Imam, the religious leader of Oman and at times the political rival to the ruling Sultan. It also symbolizes peace. Green is traditionally associated with the Jebel al Akhdar, or "Green Mountains," which lie toward the north of the country. Red is a common color in Gulf state flags. The national emblem is said to date back to the 18th century. A curved dagger is fastened over a pair of crossed swords. An ornate horsebit links the weapons.

Oman
Oman
Cadenet

Cadenet is a commune of 3,950 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Caderousse

Caderousse is a commune of 2,496 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Coat of arms of Oman

The National Emblem of Oman () consists of a khanjar dagger in a sheath that is superimposed upon two crossed swords. This is the traditional symbol of Oman. It is found on numerous flags as well as the currency of Oman and on the planes of the Omani Air Force, among other locations.

Oman
Oman
Cairanne

Cairanne is a commune of 850 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Camaret-sur-Aigues

Camaret-sur-Aigues is a commune of 3,553 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Caromb

Caromb is a commune of 3,117 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Carpentras

Carpentras is a commune of 27,249 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Subprefectures in France
Caseneuve

Caseneuve is a commune of 355 people (1999). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in south France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Castellet

Castellet is a commune of 106 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Caumont-sur-Durance

Caumont-sur-Durance is a commune of 4,253 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Cavaillon

Cavaillon is a commune of 24,563 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne

Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne is a commune of 2,838 people (as of 1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Châteauneuf-du-Pape

Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a commune of 2,078 people (as of 1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Cheval-Blanc

Cheval-Blanc is a commune of 3,524 people (1999). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Courthézon

Courthézon is a commune of 5,364 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Crestet

Crestet is a commune of 432 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Crillon-le-Brave

Crillon-le-Brave is a commune of 398 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Cucuron

Cucuron is a commune of 1,828 people (2004). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue

Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue is a commune of 6,612 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Entrechaux

Entrechaux is a commune of 1,008 people (2007). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in south France.

References 

Communes in Vaucluse
Faucon

Faucon is a commune of 380 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

References 

Communes in Vaucluse
Flassan

Flassan is a commune of 341 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. It is at the bottom of Mont Ventoux.

Communes in Vaucluse
Fontaine-de-Vaucluse

Fontaine-de-Vaucluse is a commune of 610 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Gargas, Vaucluse

Gargas is a commune of 196 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Gignac, Vaucluse

Gignac is a commune of 48 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Gigondas

Gigondas is a commune of 648 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Gordes

Gordes is a commune of 2,092 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Goult

Goult is a commune of 1,285 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Grambois

Grambois is a commune of 1,113 people (as of 1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Grillon

Grillon is a commune of 1,686 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue

L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue is a commune of 16,971 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Jonquerettes

Jonquerettes is a commune of 1,236 people (1999). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Jonquières, Vaucluse

Jonquières is a commune of 3,926 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. It is also very slippy.

Communes in Vaucluse
Joucas

Joucas is a commune of 317 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lacoste, Vaucluse

Lacoste is a commune of 408 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lafare

Lafare is a commune of 97 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lagarde-d'Apt

Lagarde-d'Apt is a commune of 26 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lagarde-Paréol

Lagarde-Paréol is a commune of 297 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lagnes

Lagnes is a commune of 1,674 people (2007). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lamotte-du-Rhône

Lamotte-du-Rhône is a commune of 416 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lapalud

Lapalud is a commune of 3,267 people (1999). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in south France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lauris

Lauris is a commune of 3,102 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lioux

Lioux is a commune of 248 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Loriol-du-Comtat

Loriol-du-Comtat is a commune of 1,871 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Lourmarin

Lourmarin is a commune of 1,119 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Malaucène

Malaucène is a commune of 2,669 people (2008). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Malemort-du-Comtat

Malemort-du-Comtat is a commune of 1,203 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. During the time of the Roman Empire, the village was called "Calvia." The name Malemort means "bad death" and was probably used after the destruction of the village by the Franks. Comtat means "county", the land belonging to a count. Wine making has been carried out in region for at least 2,400 years. When wine making started again in medieval times, the Archbishop of Carpentras gave his monks a vineyard in Malemort du Comtat in 882.

The village is in the mountains, surrounded by olive and cherry trees. The city was protected by high walls and eleven towers which were built in the 12th century. Three of the gateways in the wall are still standing. The church, Notre Dame de l’Assomption, was built in the 13th century.

References

Communes in Vaucluse
Maubec, Vaucluse

Maubec is a commune of 1,581 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Mazan

Mazan is a commune of 4,943 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Ménerbes

Ménerbes is a commune of 1,157 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Mérindol

Mérindol is a commune of 1,923 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. The town has a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and mild winters. It does not rain very often and snow is rare. Protected by the Luberon, a mountain range, the town is sheltered from the mistral, a cold dry wind that blows from the north. The town was first built on a hill which was easy to defend. After the town was destroyed in 1545, it was rebuilt on the plain, near the river.

History
A ferry was in use to cross the Durance River in the year 1240. Mérindol was abandoned, probably because of plague, in the 15th century.

In the late Middle Ages, Louis II of Provence sold the land to the lords of Abacus-Cental and Rocca Sparviera. They moved in farming families from Piedmont. The farmers were followers of Pierre Vaudes (Peter Waldo). They were part of a group, known as the Vaudois or Waldensians, who had separated from the Catholic Church in 1170. They believed in a simple life based on a line in the Gospel of Matthew. This put them in opposition to the rich and powerful church. In 1530, a Dominican priest, Jean de Roma, began a campaign against the Vaudois because he said they were heretics. His gangs attacked the town and burnt many houses and killed many of the people.

In 1540, de Roma arrested a flour miller from Mérindol, took his mill, and then burned the man at the stake. On November 18 1540, 19 more people were sentenced to death by burning at the stake, and the town was ordered to be completely destroyed. A group from the town went to the king to save the people and the village. He gave them until 1545 AD to give up their religion and rejoin the Catholic Church. On April 18 1545, the village was completely burned and about 12 of the Vaudois still living there were killed. Over one week there were attacks on 11 other small villages, and it is thought that about 3000 people were killed. Many of the Vaudois from Mérindol were able to escape and ran away to Switzerland.

The Path of Memory

In 1977, members of Vaudois organizations in Germany, France and Italy built a path in memory of the people who had been killed for their religious beliefs. The path leads to the ruins of the Vaudois church.

References

Communes in Vaucluse
Méthamis

Méthamis is a commune of 397 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse
Mirabeau, Vaucluse

Mirabeau is a commune of 907 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Communes in Vaucluse