cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Walter Tull

Walter Daniel John Tull (28 April 1888 – 25 March 1918) was an English professional  footballer. He played as an inside forward for Tottenham Hotspur and Northampton Town. He was the second person of mixed race to play in the top division of the Football League. He was the first mixed-race British outfielder in the top division of English football. His professional football career began after he was spotted while playing for his local amateur club, Clapton F.C..  He began playing for Clapton in 1908. Within a few months he had won winners' medals in the FA Amateur Cup, London County Amateur Cup and London Senior Cup. In March 1909 the Football Star called him "the catch of the season".

Tull was brought up in a National Children's Home orphanage in Bethnal Green, London, along with his brother. They were placed there following the death of their parents. He joined Tottenham in 1909 and transferred to Northampton Town in 1911, where he made 111 first-team appearances.

During the First World War, Tull served in the Footballers' Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment. He fought in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Tull was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant on 30 May 1917. This was in spite of the fact there was a ban on black people being given that status.

Tull fought in Italy in 1917–18. He was noted for his "gallantry and coolness" while leading his company of 26 men on a raiding party into enemy territory. He returned to France in 1918. Tull was killed in action on 25 March during the Spring Offensive. His body was never recovered.

Campaigners have called for a statue to be erected in his honour. Northampton South MP Brian Binley has campaigned for Tull to be posthumously awarded the Military Cross. He was honoured with a commemorative plaque in London placed close to where he lived. A Walter Tull commemorative coin is part of a set of £5 coins released by the Royal Mint.

References 

1888 births
1918 deaths
British military personnel of World War I
English footballers
Military people killed in World War I
People from Folkestone
Sportspeople from Kent
Sportspeople from London
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Westfield, Indiana

Westfield is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 30,068.

References 

Cities in Indiana
Moheener Ghoraguli

Moheener Ghoraguli were an Bengali independent music group that became famous in the 1990s. They performed for more than 10 years. They are famous for their lyrical theme. Most of their albums are concept albums, which means every song is linked through a theme. Their first album was the Shongbigno Pakhikul O Kolkata Bishayak, which was released in 1977. Their latest album is Khyapar Gaan, which was released in 1999. The band were named actually taken from a poem "Ghora" ('Horses') from the poetry book Shatti Tarar Timir by the great modernist Bengali poet Jibanananda Das. In 2008, they played at a concert called Abar Bochhor Tirish Pore. The original line up was Gautam Chattopadhyay, Biswanath Chattopadhyay, Pradip Chattopadhyay, Ranjon Ghoshal, Abraham Mazumdar, Tapas Das and Tapesh Bandopadhyay. They have made some very popular albums including Shongbigno Pakhikul O Kolkata Bishayak and Aabaar Bochhor Kuri Pore.

Discography 

 Shongbigno Pakhikul O Kolkata Bishayak (1977)
 Ajaana UDonto bostu ba Aw-Oo-Baw (1978)
 Drishyomaan Moheener Ghoraguli (1979)

Other websites 

 Moheener Ghoraguli's official site 

Musical groups established in 1976
1976 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in India
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
20th-century disestablishments in India

Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in India
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
1990s disestablishments in Asia
1980s disestablishments in Asia
Trust law

In law a trust is a relationship where property is held by one party for the benefit of another party. A trust is created by the owner, also called a "settlor", "trustor" or "grantor"  who transfers property to a trustee. The trustee holds that property for the trust's beneficiaries. Trusts exist mainly in common law jurisdictions. They have existed since Roman times.

Basics of trusts  
When an owner of property places that property into trust, he or she turns over part or all of his or her rights to the trustee. This separates the property's legal ownership and control from its settlor's ownership and benefits. This controls the property and its benefits if the settlor is absent, incapacitated, or dead. Trusts are frequently created in wills, defining how money and property will be handled for children or other beneficiaries.

The trustee is given legal title to the trust property, but has an obligation to act for the good of the beneficiaries. The benefits of the trust belong to the beneficiary. The trustee may be compensated and have expenses reimbursed. But the trustee must otherwise turn over all profits from the trust properties. Trustees who don't do this are self-dealing. Courts can reverse self dealing actions, order profits returned, and impose other sanctions.

The trustee may be either a individual, a company, or a public body. There may be a single trustee or multiple co-trustees. The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created. In most jurisdictions, this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed.

Advantages of a trust may include:
 Avoiding probate or court intervention with regard to a person's assets;
 Planning for future events that may affect property;
 Control of what happens to assets after death;
 Possible reduction of future tax liability;
 Keeping financial affairs confidential when they might otherwise have to be disclosed in probate court; and
 Planning for your own disability or incapacity, or providing support for a disabled family member.

Testamentary trusts 
Testamentary trusts transfer property into the trust after the death of the settlor. The trust allows the settlor to specify any conditions and may spread payments from the trust over a period of time. Testamentary trusts are not automatically created when the settlor dies but may be specified in will. Because a testamentary trust is created by a provision of a  will, it is necessary for the estate to go through probate.

Living trusts 
A living trust may be more complicated than a testamentary trust. Many people use a living trust to avoid probate, although even with a trust a deceased person's estate will often still include assets that must be probated. You also cannot use living trusts to name guardians for your children, but may designate a guardian in your will.

Living trusts may be used to manage property both during the settlor's lifetime and after death. If the settlor becomes incapacitated, disabled by an accident or illness, or is unavailable to manage the property the trustee may manage the property on behalf of the settlor in a manner consistent with the terms of the trust.

References 

Law
Legal terms
Toulouse Business School

Toulouse Business School is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in 5 places, in Paris and Toulouse, France, in the United Kingdom (London), in Spain (Barcelona) and in Morocco (Casablanca), where it is a university.  It is one of the oldest business schools in the world, established in 1903.  It presents itself as "Think and Create".

TBS is well-known for its aviation management degrees in partnership with the French Civil Aviation University.

Notable alumni
Méziane Idjerouidène, President of Aigle Azur;
Omar Kabbaj, advisor to King Mohammed VI of Morocco
Renan Luce, singer and songwriter
Laurent Morali (born 1975), French-born, US-based real estate developer
Nicolas Todt, motorsport CEO.

References

Other websites 

 Toulouse Business School

Education in France
Toulouse
John Bel Edwards

John Bel Edwards (born September 16, 1966) is an American attorney and Democratic Party politician. He is the Governor of Louisiana since January 2016. He was elected on November 21, 2015. He was a member of and the Minority Leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives, having represented the 72nd District from 2008 through 2016.

Edwards was born in Amite City, Louisiana. Many of his family members have been police officers, and in the 19th century they owned a lot of slaves. Edwards was an officer in the United States Army then a lawyer before he decided to run for governor.

References

Other websites
 Edwards for Governor campaign site 
 Louisiana House of Representatives - John Bel Edwards  official government website
 Election results

1966 births
Living people
Governors of Louisiana
US Democratic Party politicians
Joseph Silverstein

Joseph Silverstein (March 21, 1932 – November 22, 2015) was an American violinist and conductor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

In 1962, Silverstein became concertmaster of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, a job he held for 22 years. He was appointed assistant conductor in 1971. He was music director of the Utah Symphony from 1983 to 1998. He has served as a professor of violin at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia.

Silverstein died on November 21, 2015 in Boston, Massachusetts from a heart attack at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
Utah Symphony Orchestra history 
Portland Symphony Orchestra page on Silverstein

1932 births
2015 deaths
American conductors
Educators from Detroit, Michigan
American violinists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Educators from Boston, Massachusetts
Linda Haglund

Linda Haglund   (15 June 1956 – 21 November 2015) was a Swedish Olympic sprinter. Her running career would take her to the 1972, 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. Haglund had her best Olympic Games' showing with a fourth place in the Moscow Games' 100 m final.  

Haglund died from complications of lung cancer on 21 November 2015, aged 59.

References

1956 births
2015 deaths
1972 Summer Olympics
1976 Summer Olympics
1980 Summer Olympics
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Deaths from lung cancer
Sprinters
Swedish Olympians
Bob Foster

Robert Lloyd "Bob" Foster (April 27, 1942 – November 21, 2015) was an American light heavyweight and heavyweight professional boxer.

Early life
Foster was born in Borger, Texas. He was raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Career
He was known as "The Deputy Sheriff", Foster was one of the greatest light heavyweight champions in boxing history. He won the undisputed light heavyweight championship from Dick Tiger in 1968 via fourth round knockout, and went on to defend his crown fourteen times in total from 1968 to 1974. Foster challenged heavyweight kings Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali during his career, but was knocked out by both fighters. He retired from professional boxing in 1978, at the age of 36.

Death
Foster died on November 21, 2015 at a hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the age of 73

References

Other websites
New Mexico Boxing, the Bob Foster story 

1938 births
2015 deaths
African-American boxers
Sportspeople from Texas
Sportspeople from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Chester W. Nimitz

Chester William Nimitz, Sr. (; February 24, 1885February 20, 1966) was an American fleet admiral of the United States Navy. He played a major role in the naval history of World War II as Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet (CinCPac), for U.S. naval forces and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CinCPOA), for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II.

Nimitz was born in Fredericksburg, Texas. He studied at the United States Naval Academy. Nimitz died in Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco, California from pneumonia caused by a stroke, aged 80.

Related pages
 USS Nimitz (CVN-68)
 Guadalcanal Campaign
 Battle of Midway
 Battle of Okinawa

References

Other websites

 National Museum of the Pacific War
 USS Nimitz Association
 Nimitz-class Navy Ships at Federation of American Scientists
 Nimitz State Historic Site  in Fredericksburg, Texas
 "The Navy‘s Part in the World War," (26 Nov 1945) . A speech by Nimitz from the Commonwealth Club of California Records at the Hoover Institution Archives.

1885 births
1966 deaths
Admirals
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
Infectious disease deaths in California 
Military people from Texas
Tower Commission

The Tower Commission was created on 26 November 1986 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in response to the Iran Contra scandal. Reagan appointed Republican and former Senator John Tower of Texas, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft.

The Commission's report, published on 26 February 1987, concluded that CIA Director William Casey, who supported the Iran-Contra arrangement, should have taken over the operation and made the President aware of the risks and notified Congress as legally required. 

The Commission's work was continued by the Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair, which were formed in January 1987 and published a report in November 1987; and by Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh, appointed 1 December 1986 and publishing a final report in 1993.

References

1986 in the United States
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Oskar Fischer

Oskar Fischer (19 March 1923 – 2 April 2020) was an East German politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the German Democratic Republic from 1975 to 1990. Fischer was the first member of the East German cabinet to visit Pope John Paul II at the Vatican in 1978. He was born in Aš, Czechoslovakia.

Fischer died on 2 April 2020 in Berlin, aged 97.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2020 deaths
Czechoslovak people
Ambassadors of Germany
Government ministers of East Germany
Members of the Volkskammer
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Allan MacEachen

Allan Joseph MacEachen, OC (July 6, 1921 – September 12, 2017) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Inverness, Nova Scotia. He was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada, serving from 1977 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984 during Pierre Trudeau tenure as prime minister. In 2008, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

MacEachen died on September 12, 2017 at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
 Allan MacEachen 

1921 births
2017 deaths
Canadian politicians
Civil servants
People from Nova Scotia
Deputy Prime Ministers of Canada
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
Dhawalagiri Zone

Dhawalagiri () is one of the fourteen administrative zones of Nepal. According to 2001 census, It has a population of 556,191.

Related pages
 Zones of Nepal
 Districts of Nepal
 Development Regions of Nepal

References

Other websites 
 Introduction of Western  regions of Nepal.
 About Dhawalagiri Zone and also it's locations.

Zones of Nepal
Trentino Volleyball Club

Trentino Volley is a professional volleyball team  based in Trento, in northern Italy. It has played in the Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 2000. It has won the Italian Volleyball League (four times), the Italian Cup, the Italian Super Cup, the CEV Champions League (three consecutive times) and the FIVB Men's Club World Volleyball Championship (a record four consecutive times). In the 2010–11 season it won national, continental and world championships. It is the first and only team in volleyball history to have done that.

Volleyball clubs
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Sport in Italy
2000 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Italy
Culex

Culex (also called the common house mosquito) is a genus of mosquitoes. It includes several species of mosquitoes that vector (carry and transmit) one or more important diseases between birds, humans and other animals. The diseases they vector include West Nile virus, as well as arbovirus and filariasis infections. A connection between Culex mosquitoes and malaria was first shown by Major Ronald Ross of the British Army. Ross received a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work.

References 

Infectious diseases
Insects
Eulerian path

Eulerian path is a notion from graph theory. A eulerian path in a graph is one that visits each edge of the graph once only. A Eulerian circuit or  Eulerian cycle is an Eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex.

Graph theory
Hohmann transfer orbit

In orbital mechanics, a Hohmann transfer orbit moves a spacecraft between orbiting heights. It is the most fuel-efficient method to do so, because the spacecraft is not trying to escape the planet's gravity, using an elliptical orbit for the transfer.  

A ship using this would have to apply two velocities, one to enter the elliptical orbit, and one to enter the second orbit.

Calculation 
Assuming the mass of the spacecraft is much lower than that of the orbiting planet, the two velocities,  and , can be solved for as:where    
  is the mass of the planet,    

  is the universal gravitational constant, and    

  and  are the initial and final distances from the center of the planet.

Applications 
 Satellites can be moved into their proper height using a Hohmann transfer orbit.  
 A lunar transfer orbit (LTO) is used to reach the moon.  
 The Interplanetary Transport Network uses more than one body and requires lower velocity changes, and thus less fuel.  

Orbits
Spaceflight
Mauricio Macri

Mauricio Macri (; born 8 February 1959) is an Argentine civil engineer, businessman and politician. He was the 53rd President of Argentina from 10 December 2015 through 10 December 2019. He was the  Mayor of Buenos Aires serving from 10 December 2007 through 10 December 2015.

Presidency
On 22 November 2015, after a tie in the first round of presidential elections on 25 October, Macri won the first ballotage in Argentina's history, beating Front for Victory candidate Daniel Scioli and becoming president-elect. He was inaugurated on 10 December 2015.

Running for president when the Argentine economy was not performing well, Macri campaigned on a platform of change, and promised to pass free market reforms of the economy. Macri made major economic changes as soon as he entered office, hoping to help create jobs. He also is changing the country's foreign policy. While the president that came before him, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, had criticized the United States' policies, Macri has improved relations. In 2016, Barack Obama visited Argentina. The two talked about improving relations, issues in the hemisphere, and an apology from the United States for its support of the dictatorship in Argentina (as well as in several other Latin American countries) in the 1970s and 80s.

Macri has been critical of the government of Nicolas Maduro, and feels that the Venezuelan President is undemocratic and oppressive.

Macri lost his re-election bid in the 2019 election to Alberto Fernández and left office on 10 December 2019.

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 Office of the President 
 Mauricio Macri's Official Website 
 Official Facebook
 CityMayors profile
Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)

1959 births
Living people
Mayors
People from Buenos Aires
Presidents of Argentina
Selwa Roosevelt

Selwa Carmen Showker “Lucky” Roosevelt (born January 13, 1929) is a retired-American civil servant. She served as Chief of Protocol of the United States for almost seven years from 1982 through 1989 during the Ronald Reagan presidency. She was married to, Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr., the grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt.

References

1929 births
Living people
Civil servants
Politicians from Tennessee
James W. Symington

James Wadsworth Symington (; born September 28, 1927 in Rochester, New York) is an American attorney and politician. He served as four-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977, representing Missouri for the Democratic Party. His father was United States senator Stuart Symington.

References

Other websites
  James W. Symington Papers (1964–1976) at the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-St. Louis 

1927 births
Living people
People from Rochester, New York
Politicians from New York
United States representatives from Missouri
US Democratic Party politicians
Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu

Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu (1927 – 21 November 2015) was a Turkish statesman. He served as a legislator of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for three terms between 1961 through 1996. He was the first as a member of Justice Party (Turkey) and then as the Vice President of Motherland Party (Turkey), that he founded together with President Turgut Özal and others.

Pehlivanoğlu died on November 21, 2015 in Ordu, Turkey from complications of pneumonia, aged 88.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Turkish businesspeople
Civil servants
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Turkish lawyers
Turkish politicians
Norman Tebbit

Norman Beresford Tebbit, Baron Tebbit, CH, PC (born 29 March 1931) is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he served in the Cabinet from 1981 to 1987 as Secretary of State for Employment (1981–83), Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (1983–85), Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1985–87) and Chairman of the Conservative Party (1985–87). 

He was a member of parliament (MP) from 1970 to 1992, representing the constituencies of Epping (1970–74) and Chingford (1974–92).

Other websites
An electoral curse yet to be lifted
What is the Conservative Party for? 
Tebbit: They are out to get me 
Tebbit will stay, says Tory leader 
TUC poster blaming Thatcher and Tebbit for rising unemployment
TUC poster against Tebbit's 1982 Employment Act
Tebbit on the front cover of the Private Eye
Norman Tebbit | What England Means to Me

1931 births
Living people
British military people
English journalists
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Middlesex
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
Douglas Hurd

Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell (born 8 March 1930) is a British Conservative politician. He served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995.

He was born in the market town of Marlborough in Wiltshire. Hurd first entered Parliament in February 1974 as MP for the Mid Oxfordshire constituency (Witney from 1983). His first government post was as Minister for Europe from 1979 to 1983 (being that office's inaugural holder) and he served in several Cabinet roles since 1984. 

His jobs include Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (1984–85), Home Secretary (1985–89) and Foreign Secretary (1989–95).  He stood unsuccessfully for the Conservative Party leadership in 1990, but retired from frontline politics during a Cabinet reshuffle in 1995.

In 1997, Hurd was elevated to the House of Lords and is one of the Conservative Party's most senior elder statesmen. He is a patron of the Tory Reform Group and remains an active figure in public life.

Other websites
Hurd's memories of his assignment Beijing in the 1950s 
Hurd intervenes in the 2001 General Election campaign on European policy
BBC reports on the findings of Hurd's commission into the role of the Archbishop of Canterbury
An article by Douglas Hurd on peace in the Middle East 
Speech by Hurd on Britain and Europe
 Daily Telegraph review of Robert Peel, a Biography
Economist Review of "Robert Peel, a Biography"
Daily Mail Review of "Robert Peel, A Biography"
Patron, Witney History Society 

1930 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People educated at Eton College
People from Wiltshire
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Herbert Scarf

Herbert Eli Scarf (July 25, 1930 – November 15, 2015) was an American economist and professor emeritus of Economics at Yale University (2010-2015). 

He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He served as the president of the Econometric Society in 1983. He received both the Frederick Lanchester Award in 1973 and the John von Neumann Medal in 1983 from the Operations Research Society of America and was elected as a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association in 1991.

Scarf was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Princeton University and at Temple University. Scarf died at his home in Sag Harbor, New York from heart failure, aged 85.

References

Other websites

 Personal web site
 The works of Herbert Scarf 

1930 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American economists
Educators from New York City
Scientists from New York City
Scientists from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Educators from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Yoram Tsafrir

Yoram Tsafrir (30 January 1938 in Kfar Azar – 23 November 2015) was an Israeli archaeologist. His research has included the Byzantine influence on ancient synagogues, demography of Palestine in the Byzantine period. He led excavations at Beit She'an, and at Rehoboth. He was Professor Emeritus in the University of Hebrew, University of Jerusalem, and in the Institute of Archaeology. He was a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Tsafrir died in a hospital in Jerusalem, Israel from a heart attack at the age of 77.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2015 deaths
Archaeologists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Israeli academics
Israeli Jews
Jewish academics
Litchfield, Maine

Litchfield is a town in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,624 at the 2010 census. Litchfield is included in the Augusta, Maine micropolitan.

Litchfield was incorporated in 1795. It was originally known as Smithtown Plantation.

Other websites
 Litchfield, Maine Official Website
 Historical Society of Litchfield, Maine

Towns in Maine
North Pole, Idaho

North Pole is a small unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Idaho.

Unincorporated communities in Idaho
Kostandin Shpataraku

Kostandin Shpataraku (flourished 1736–67) was an Albanian painter of 18th century.

Early life
Kostandin Shpataraku was born in Valesh village in the Shpat region of Albania. The region is located in the southern highland of Elbasan, Albania, in today's Gjinar which was originally in the Ottoman Empire.

Work
Shpataraku was a painter in the Orthodox tradition of icons and Byzantine church frescoes, active between 1736 and 1767. His works combine Byzantine tradition and Italian Renaissance influences.

Death
Shpataraku was beheaded by the Ottomans in Elbasan. His family took his body and buried him in his village with his head apart from the rest of the body, so the Ottomans could not find his exact grave. A small chapel was built later to commemorate him. He is also commemorated as a saint by the locals, on September 21.

Legacy
Many of his icons are in Ardenica Monastery, St. Jovan Vladimir's Church near Elbasan, Vithkuq, and in the "Museum of Medieval Art" in Korce. Many of his works belong to private collections.

References

Other websites 

Kostandin Shpataraku links

Painters
Albanian people
Elastin

Elastin is part of connective tissue. It is an elastic protein which allows many tissues in the body to go back to their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin return to its original position when handled. Elastin is also used in places where mechanical energy is stored.  

Elastin is important in blood vessels because it helps blood to flow. It is common in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta.  Elastin is also very important in the lungs, ligaments, the skin, the bladder, and elastic cartilage. It is present in all vertebrates above the jawless fish.

In humans, elastin is encoded by the ELN gene.

References 

Animal tissues
Icterid

The Icteridae are a family of small to medium-sized New World songbirds. They are usually brightly colored. Most species have black as a main plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red. The family is extremely varied in size, shape, behavior and coloration. 

This group includes the New World blackbirds, New World orioles, the bobolink, meadowlarks, grackles, cowbirds, oropendolas and caciques. Despite their similar names, they are only distantly related to the Old World common blackbird (which is a thrush) or the Old World orioles.

Icterids are unusual in songbirds because they have considerable sexual dimorphism. For example, the male great-tailed grackle is 60% heavier than the female. The smallest icterid species is the orchard oriole, in which the female averages 15 cm in length (6 in) and  in weight, while the largest is the Amazonian oropendola, the male of which measures  and weighs about . This variation in size is greater than usual in passerine families. 

One unusual adaptation shared by the icterids is gaping, where the skull allows them to open their bills strongly rather than passively. This lets them force open gaps to get at hidden food.

Passeri
Amanda Holden

Amanda Holden (born 16 February 1971) is an English actress, singer and presenter. She hosts Britain's Got Talent on ITV. She played Mel in the TV series Kiss Me Kate. She also played Geraldine Titley in the TV comedy-drama series The Grimleys. Furthermore, Holden appeared in Smack the Pony, EastEnders, Celeb, Hearts and Bones and Cutting It.

Holden was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 Biography by Amanda Holden

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Hampshire
English movie actors
English singers
English stage actors
English television actors
Musicians from Hampshire
People from Portsmouth
Television personalities from Hampshire
Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)

Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 2002 musical, with lyrics by Dick Scanlan and music by Jeanine Tesori. It is based on the 1967 movie of the same name. It is about a girl from Kansas, Millie Dillmount, who comes to New York City in the 1920s to marry for money rather than love. Millie begins to soon take delight in the flapper lifestyle. However, problems arise when she checks into a hotel owned by a the leader of a white slavery ring in China.

Thoroughly Modern Millie is a pastiche musical, imitating the style of the original movie. It won a 2002 Tony Award for best musical. It played in London and New York City.

References

West End musicals
Broadway musicals
Tony Award winning musicals
Looking Back (Stevie Wonder album)

Looking Back, and also called Anthology, is a triple LP anthology by American musician Stevie Wonder. It was released on November 30, 1977 on Motown Records.

Album packaging
Since its release as a 12-inch triple LP, it has not been made available on a CD or download. It is considered to be a limited edition. The album has 40 songs from Wonder's early period (1962 - 1971).

Track listing

Side one
 "Thank You (For Loving Me All the Way)" - (2:30)
 "Contract on Love" - (2:02)
 "Fingertips - Part 2" - (2:52)
 "Workout Stevie, Workout" - (2:40)
 "Castles in the Sand" - (2:10)
 "Hey Harmonica Man" - (2:35)
 "High Heel Sneakers" - (2:58)

Side two
 "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" - (2:53)
 "Nothing's Too Good for My Baby" - (2:38)
 "Blowin' in the Wind" - (3:45)
 "Ain't That Asking for Trouble" - (2:47)
 "I'd Cry" - (2:22)
 "A Place in the Sun" - (2:52)
 "Sylvia" - (2:33)

Side three
 "Down to Earth" - (2:48)
 "Thank You Love" - (2:50)
 "Hey Love" - (2:44)
 "Travelin' Man" - (2:54)
 "Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do)" - (3:06)
 "I Was Made to Love Her" - (2:35)
 "I'm Wondering" - (2:52)

Side four
 "Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" - (2:44)
 "You Met Your Match" - (2:36)
 "I'd Be a Fool Right Now" (New 1977 mix) - (2:53)
 "Alfie" - (2:58)
 "More Than a Dream" - (3:20)
 "For Once in My Life" - (2:16)

Side five
 "Angie Girl" - (2:56)
 "My Cherie Amour" - (2:54)
 "I Don't Know Why (I Love You)" - (2:43)
 "If I Ruled The World" - (3:31)
 "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" - (2:57)
 "Never Had a Dream Come True" - (2:59)
 "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" - (2:46)

Side six
 "Heaven Help Us All" - (2:59)
 "I Gotta Have a Song" - (2:32)
 "Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer" - (2:56)
 "If You Really Love Me" - (2:53)
 "Something Out of the Blue" - (2:58)
 "Do Yourself a Favor" - (5:58)

Personnel
Stevie Wonder - vocals, piano, harmonica, keyboards

Production

Charts

References

1977 albums
Greatest hits albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants

Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants" is an album by Stevie Wonder, originally released on the Tamla label on October 30, 1979. It was also the soundtrack to the documentary The Secret Life of Plants, directed by Walon Green.

Reviews

Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"''' received mixed reviews from critics.

Track listingAll songs written, produced and arranged by Stevie Wonder, except where noted.Side one
 "Earth's Creation" – 4:06 (Instrumental)
 "The First Garden" – 2:32 (Instrumental)
 "Voyage to India" – 6:29 (Instrumental)
 "Same Old Story" – 3:44
 "Venus' Flytrap and the Bug" – 2:25
 "Ai No, Sono" – 2:06

Side two
 "Seasons" – 2:53 (Instrumental)
 "Power Flower" – 5:29
 Lyrics by Michael Sembello.
 "Send One Your Love (Music)" – 3:05 (Instrumental)
 "Race Babbling" – 8:51

Side three
 "Send One Your Love" – 4:01
 "Outside My Window" – 5:29
 "Black Orchid" – 3:47 (Wonder, Yvonne Wright)
 "Ecclesiastes" – 3:42 (Instrumental)
 "Kesse Ye Lolo De Ye" – 3:03
 "Come Back as a Flower" – 4:59
 Lead vocals and lyrics by Syreeta Wright.''

Side four
 "A Seed's a Star/Tree Medley" – 5:53
 "The Secret Life of Plants" – 4:16
 "Tree" – 5:47 (Instrumental)
 "Finale" – 7:01 (Instrumental)

References

1979 albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Electronica albums
Mýa

Mýa Marie Harrison (born October 10, 1979) () is an American singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. She first became famous in 1998 with her debut album Mýa. She is best known for the 2001 cover of the famous R&B song "Lady Marmalade".

Early life and career beginnings

Mýa is a native of Washington, D.C. She is one of three children. Her father, Sherman, was an African-American musician and singer. He played in several bands near where they lived. Her Italian-American mother, Theresa, worked as an accountant. As a child, Mýa would pretend she was Michael Jackson and would sing into a wooden spoon and pretended it was a microphone. 

Mýa sometimes was bullied because of her ethnic background. She would say 
There was a time in my life when I wasn't popular and accepted by kids in school. I was made fun of with braces and kinky hair, and being from a multicultural family, etcetera... And it really hurts when you're that age, but later when you get something of your own or you get involved in activities like a sport, you begin to be accepted for what you do, and your personality and who you are, instead of your clothes and how you look and the name designer brands you have on.

Discography
 Mýa (1998)
 Fear of Flying (2000)
 Moodring (2003)
 Liberation (2007)
 Sugar & Spice (2008)
 K.I.S.S. (Keep It Sexy & Simple) (2011)
 Smoove Jones (2016)

Tours
Opening Act
 1998: Smokin' Groove Tour (various hip-hop artists)
 1998: Boyz II Men Tour
 1999: Lilith Fair Tour (various female performers)
Headliner
 2000: MTV European Tour
 2001: House of Blues Tour
 2003: House of Blues Tour
 2007: Seagrams Live Tour (with Clipse)
Supporting
 2007: BET Black College Tour (various artists)
 2014: Full Frequency Tour (Sean Paul's Australian tour in November)

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1979 births
Living people
American R&B singers
American R&B musicians
American hip hop musicians
Mýa (album)

{{Infobox album
| name = Mýa
| type = studio
| artist = Mýa
| cover = 
| released = 
| recorded = 1996–98  
| genre = 
| length = 57:24
| label = Interscope
| producer = 
ýa (1998)
| next_title = Fear of Flying (2000)
| misc =}}Mýa''' is the self-titled debut studio album by American recording artist Mýa. It was her first studio album for then-record label Interscope Records released April 21, 1998. When the album was released Mýa was a teenager.

ReviewsMýa'' received mixed reviews when it was released.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1998 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
Moodring

Moodring is the third studio album by American recording artist Mýa. It was her last studio album for then joint record label A&M and Interscope Records, released on July 22, 2003.

Reviews

Moodring received generally positive reviews from music critics.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Tour

Release history

References

2003 albums
Hip hop albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
Varduhi Varderesyan

Varduhi Varderesyan (; 19 March 1928 – 24 November, 2015) was an Romanian-born Armenian actress. She was born in Bucharest, Romania. In 2002 she was declared an honorary citizen of Yerevan. She was known for her roles in Looking for the Addressee, Northern Rainbow, Hayrik, and in The Journey.

Varderesyan died in Yerenvan, Armenia at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
IMDB profile
Persons.am 
Biography and photos of Varduhi Varderesyan
Facebook.com

1928 births
2015 deaths
Armenian actors
Entertainers from Bucharest
Soviet actors
Manmeet Bhullar

Manmeet Singh Bhullar (March 1, 1980 – November 23, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta who represented the constituency of Calgary-Greenway as a Progressive Conservative.  He served as a cabinet minister from 2011 until the defeat of the Progressive Conservative government in 2015.

Bhullar died in a motor vehicle collision north of Red Deer, Alberta while driving from Calgary to Edmonton on the Queen Elizabeth II highway, on November 23, 2015 at the age of 35. Bhullar had stopped to assist a driver involved in a collision and sustained fatal injuries after he was struck by a semi truck that had lost control descending a hill.

References

1980 births
2015 deaths
Road accident deaths
Civil servants
Politicians from Calgary
Ann Njogu

Ann Njogu is a lawyer and activist from Kenya. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

Njogu is the director of the Centre for Rights Education and Awareness.  The center made a record of violence based on gender after the December 2007 Kenyan elections. Njogu was also a leader in the Multi-Sectoral Committee on Constitutional Reform, the Joint Dialogue Forum on Constitutional Reform, and a delegate to the Bomas National Conference on Constitutional Reforms. These groups worked for better government.

The 2006 Sexual Offenses Act 

Njogu helped write the law for Kenya’s Sexual Offenses Act.  This act became law in 2006.

This law protects women from sexual and gender based violence.  It helps abused women to find justice  Njogu also gave counseling and support to the victims of sexual and gender-based violence.  Njogu started centers to give information, legal aid, counseling and psychosocial support to women.  The centers are all over the country.  The first center was in Kibera slum.

Arrests 

In 2007, Njogu wanted a review of the salaries of the members of parliament.  Kenya is very poor, but the members of parliament received a lot of money.  The police attacked Njogu and took her to jail.   Njoogu and the others who were arrested filed a Constitutional reference.  It was called "Ann Njogu and others versus the State." It said the police could not keep a Kenyan citizen in jail for more than 24 hours.

In 2008, Njokgu helped to start the Civil Society Congress.  This group worked for better government after the 2007 Kenyan election.  In 2008 Njogu said there might be corrupttion in the sale of the Grand Regency Hotel.  The police arrested Njokgu and they beat her.

Awards 

Njogu received a 2010 International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

Other websites 
The Centre for Rights, Education and Awareness (CREAW)

Related pages

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Activists
Kenyan people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lee Ae-ran

Lee Ae-ran (Hangul = 이애란; Revised Romanization = I Aeran; McCune–Reischauer = Ri Aeran) (born 1964) is a South Korean activist. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 
Lee's grandparents left North Korea to go to South Korea. The government of North Korea sent Lee and her family to a labor camp. She was in jail for eight years. In 1997, a family member in America wrote a book.  The book said Lee's father worked against North Korea, so Lee ran away to South Korea.

Lee studied the subject of food and nutrition at Ewha Womans University.  In 2009, she received a PhD.

Work 
In 2005, Lee started the Global Leadership Scholarship Program.  The program gives scholarships to students from North Korea to learn English.

In 2008, Lee ran for a seat in the National Assembly.  She was the first North Korean defector to do this.

In 2009, Lee started the Hana Defector Women's Organization.  The NGO helps North Korean women who live in South Korea.  The women receive job training, childcare, help with education, and human rights training.

Lee became the head of the North Korean Traditional Food Institute in 2012.  The institute tries to bring North and South Korea closer together.  It gives vocational training to North Korean defectors.  It also teaches about the food traditions of Pyongyang.

Also in 2012, Lee led an 18-day hunger strike in front of the Chinese embassy. Lee protested against China, because they wanted to send North Korean refugees back to North Korea.

Awards 
Lee received a 2010 International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

References

Other websites 

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1964 births
Living people
Human rights activists
People from Pyongyang
South Korean people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Wasted username

A wasted username or wasted account is a user account on a website that was not used very much (or at all) after it was made. A person who makes an account like this is called a namewaster or a name waster.

This word came from YouTube, where many people would post both funny and hateful comments on namewasters' YouTube channels. This was an Internet phenomenon until 2012, when YouTube deleted a lot of these wasted accounts.

References 

Internet memes
YouTube
Chain mail

Mail, or chain mail, is a type of armour. It is made of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. The Celts are usually credited with inventing mail armour. Celtic mail was usually made in the form of a vest.

Etymology
The origins* of the word "mail" are not fully known. One theory is that it originally comes from the Latin word macula, meaning "spot" or "opacity".  Another theory relates the word to the Old French "maillier", meaning “to hammer” (related to the modern English word "malleable"). A mail shirt is a called a hauberk (haubergeon or byrnie). Mail leggings were called chausses. A mail Hood is called a coif and covered the head, neck and shoulders. 

*Another possible source is Italian.  The word for jersey or sweater, and sometimes shirt, in modern Italian is maglia or, in French, maillot.

History 
Many scholars think mail was invented by ancient Celts about the 3rd century BC. At that time their iron work was probably the best in Europe. The Romans quickly adopted it for their own army. A shirt of mail armour weighed about . After a battle it was common practice to strip weapons and armour from the dead. Vikings were known to wear mail armor whenever they could get their hands on it. Mail was expensive, time-consuming to make, and required a supply of iron. It became more expensive as improvements were made in materials and workmanship. Mail armour was in use in Europe until the 15th century.

Modern uses 
Mail is today used in gloves to prevent cuts by butchers and firefighters. Some divers wear mail suits when swimming around sharks and particularly when feeding sharks. But mail is heavy and it makes moving around more difficult. Mail is very popular with history reenactors. It is also popular in live action role playing.

Gallery

References

Armour
Afar Triangle

The Afar Triangle  (or Afar Depression) is a low area bordering on the Red Sea. It is part of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. 
The area overlaps the borders of Eritrea, Djibouti and the entire Afar region of Ethiopia.

Human fossils 
Important fossil specimens of the earliest hominins have been found in this area. These are the earliest of the human clade. The area is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans. 

Many important fossil localities exist in the Afar region. These sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of flora and fauna.

Geography 
The Triangle includes the lowest point in Africa, Lake Asal, Djibouti, at 155 m (or 509 ft) below sea level.

The Awash River is the main waterflow into the region. It runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of saline lakes. The northern part of the Afar Depression is also known as the Danakil Depression. The lowlands are affected by heat, drought, and poor air circulation. Some of the lowlands are the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on Earth.

The Afar Triangle is bordered by high areas, as shown on the topographic map.

Plate tectonics 
The Depression is a plate tectonic triple junction. This geologic feature is one of earth's great active volcanic areas, so the floor of the depression is composed of lava, mostly basalt.

The continuous process of volcanism makes mineral deposits, like sulfur, salt, bentonite, and gypsum. There are also geothermal energy sources and hot springs in different areas of the region.

In 2005, a giant rift was formed in just a few days. The rift opened when the Dabbahu Volcano erupted. The rift is part of the process of the Arabian and African plates moving apart. This new crack,  long, and  deep, opened when the lava from the erupting volcano flowed underground and cooled. It left a  long,  wide dike within days.

References 

East Africa
Archaeological sites in Africa
Stabat mater

Stabat Mater Dolorosa, often referred to as Stabat Mater, is a 13th-century Catholic hymn to Mary. It has been attributed to the Franciscan Jacopone da Todi and to Innocent III. It is about the Sorrows of Mary.

Like so many other hymns the name of the hymn is made of the first few words. This is called an incipit. The first line reads Stabat mater dolorosa ("The sorrowful mother stood"). The Stabat Mater hymn is about the suffering of Mary, Jesus Christ's mother, during his crucifixion. It is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows. The Stabat Mater has been set to music by many composers, among them Palestrina, Pergolesi, Alessandro Scarlatti and Domenico Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Haydn, Rossini, Dvořák, George Henschel, Karol Szymanowski, Poulenc and Arvo Pärt.

In the 16th centry, the hymn was added to the Roman missal. The Council of Trent banned it, like most sequences. In the 18th century it was added to the Breviary of Roman Catholic mass. The Second Vactican Council abolished this form of mass, so it is only part of regular mass one day of the year. The current version can be found in the Roman Gradual, which dates of 1973.

References 

Christian hymns
Rhododendron niveum

Rhododendron niveum is a Rhododendron species. It is native to northeastern India (including Sikkim), Bhutan, and southern Tibet. It grows at altitudes of 2600–3500 meters. 

It is a shrub or small tree that grows to 2–6 m in height, with leathery leaves 8.5–11 by 3.6–4.6 cm in size. Flowers are magenta to lilac.

References 

Rhododendron
Plants of Asia