cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Berne, New York

Berne is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. About 2,800 people lived there as of the year 2000.

Other websites 

  Town of Berne, official web page.

Towns in New York
Brown University

Brown University is an American private research university in Providence, Rhode Island, United States and is a member of the Ivy League. It was founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, early in the reign of King George III (1760–1820) and before American independence from the British Empire. It was founded by the Brown brothers, who were slave traders. Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States.

Brown is ranked as the 14th national university behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Stanford, University of Chicago, Duke, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Caltech, Dartmouth, Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern. Brown was the first college in the country to accept students of any religion.

It is the second last ranked Ivy League University with Cornell being the last.

References

Association of American Universities
Ivy League
Colleges and universities in Rhode Island
Providence, Rhode Island
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Rhode Island
Rutgers University

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University), is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States.

Ranking 
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The campuses of Rutgers are in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark and Camden. Rutgers is the largest university within New Jersey's state university system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a 2006 survey conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.

References

Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Colleges and universities in New Jersey
New Brunswick, New Jersey
1766 establishments
Southern cassowary

The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius), also known as double-wattled cassowary or two-wattled cassowary, is a large flightless black bird with hard and stiff plumage, two dangling red wattles and a big bony lump on its head called a casque. It lives in tropical rainforest and feeds mostly on fallen fruit, red nape and two red wattles hanging down its throat.

The big female lays up to five enormous glossy green eggs on the ground. She then leaves the male bird to sit on them and raise the stripey chicks. The cassowary is a very rare bird in Australia but also lives in New Guinea.

Birds of Australia
Struthioniformes
Birds of Oceania
Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education

The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the second largest provider of higher education in Pennsylvania after the Commonwealth system and a large public university system in the United States. It is the tenth-largest university system in the United States and 43rd largest in the world. The system is 14 state-owned schools, all of which are NCAA Division II members.

History

The Normal School Act of 1857 was passed on the last day of session on 20 May 1857. It created 12 school districts.  Afterward, the School Code of 1911 made Pennsylvania buy all the schools. The "normal" schools evolved from state normal schools, to state teacher's colleges, to state colleges.  Act 188, which was signed into law on November 12, 1982 and came into effect on July 1, 1983, established the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and converted those state colleges into universities.

Universities and locations
The system is made up of the following 14 universities in Pennsylvania:

PASSHE universities also operate four branch campuses. The Office of the Chancellor is in the capital city of Harrisburg at the Dixon University Center.

References

Other websites
 Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education official website
 PASSHE Foundation, Inc.

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Pennsylvania
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is a parade that happens every Thanksgiving. It is held in New York City. It is presented by chain store business Macy's. It started in 1924. The parade often includes many balloons, floats, celebrities, songs and more. It ends with the arrival of Santa Claus, which marks the start of the Christmas and holiday season. The hosts of The Today Show also host this event by introducing new acts in the parade.

Other websites

 Official website

Events in the United States
New York City
1924 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Indiana University of Pennsylvania (or IUP) is a public university in the borough of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA,  northeast of Pittsburgh. It is the largest university in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE) and is the state's fifth largest university. It is governed by a local Council of Trustees and the Board of Governors of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. IUP has branch campuses at Punxsutawney, Northpointe, and Monroeville.

References 

Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1875 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
Rockville, Maryland

Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the 2007 census update, the city had a total population of 58,706, making it the third largest city in Maryland.

References

Cities in Maryland
County seats in Maryland
Montgomery County, Maryland
1717 establishments
1710s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Maryland
Montgomery County, Maryland

Montgomery County of the U.S. state of Maryland is north of Washington, D.C. and southwest of Baltimore. It is one of the richest counties in the United States, and has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years old who hold a post-graduate degree. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville.

References

Maryland counties
 
1776 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Maryland
Of a Revolution

Of a Revolution, better known as O.A.R., is an American rock band consisting of Marc Roberge (vocals, guitar), Chris Culos (drums, percussion), Richard On (guitar, backing vocals), Benj Gershman (bass guitar), Jerry DePizzo (saxophone, guitar, backing vocals). The band has a lot of fans in college and many of the band's songs relate to the band members' lives at  Ohio State University (Columbus) and growing up in Rockville, Maryland.

American rock bands
Musical groups from Maryland
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Maryland
George Foreman Grill

The George Foreman Lean Mean Fat-Reducing Grilling Machine, commonly known as the George Foreman Grill, is an indoor, electrically-heated grill manufactured by Salton, Inc. George Foreman, a former champion boxer, is the main spokesperson for the grill.  Since its introduction in 1994, over 80 million Foreman grills have been sold.

Reception
Foreman has made over 150 million dollars from the sales of his grills, an amount that is more than he earned as a boxer.

The company has created many different sizes and designs for the grill since it was first made.  These include "The Champ" which was the first grill produced, a family size grill, and a "Super Large" grill that has 144 inches of grilling space.  There is also a deep fryer and roaster.

A website made an April Fools' Day joke by claiming to sell a USB version of the grill called the "iGrill."  The fake product was advertised as a grill that can be plugged into a computer and turned on by someone on the Internet.

References

Cooking appliances
Lava Records

Lava Records is an American record label that is owned by Warner Music Group.

References 

American record labels
Treacle

Treacle (Also known as Molasses in the United States (Molasses in the UK refers to treacle not made for humans to eat)) is a type of syrup.  It is made when people are processing the plant sugarcane.  It is used in cooking to make things sweeter.  It is usually dark brown.

Uses for medicine 
Doctors used the word treacle to describe a medicine with many ingredients, or medicines that would treat snakebites.  Wells that were thought to have water that would cure people were called "treacle wells".

Syrup
Bulgarians

Bulgarians are a South Slavic people from southeast Europe. There are around 7.3 million Bulgarian nationals. The Bulgarians speak the Bulgarian language and most of them live in Bulgaria. There is also a large diaspora of Bulgarians in Germany, Ukraine, Spain, UK and USA.

Culture

Language 

The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that is very similar to the Macedonian language. It is spoken by around 9 million people. There are some notable differences in the Bulgarian language that set it apart from other Slavic languages. For example, Bulgarian lost almost all of the noun cases. The language also developed a definite article.

The Bulgarian language is written with the Cyrillic script. The Cyrillic script was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and is now used in 12 other languages.

Religion 

Bulgarian Orthodoxy has been the prominent religion in Bulgaria since 870 AD. There are also a small amount of Bulgarians who converted to Islam during Ottoman rule.

References 

Slavic peoples
Romanian leu

The leu is the money that is used in Romania. The smaller kind of money used is the ban, or bani(plural). 100 bani make up a leu. Because Romania joined the European Union, they will start using the euro in 2014.

Sources

Leu
Mandatory access control

In computer security, a mandatory access control (MAC) means a type of access control by which the operating system changes the way a subject (e.g. a user or a program) can access or do some sort of action on an object (e.g. a file or folder). Subjects and objects each have a set of security rules.  Whenever a subject tries to use an object, the operating system kernel looks at these security rules and decides whether the subject can use the object.

Computer security
Access control

Access control is the ability to allow or deny the use of a certain object by a certain person or entity. Access control machine can be used in managing physical objects (such as a movie theater, to which only people with tickets are allowed in) or digital objects (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).

Because every person’s fingerprint, iris, voice, retina, face, hand, vein and signature are unique, a biometric time clock provides a quick, accurate, and reliable way to record who is accessing an object or place. That is why many companies now employ biometrics (systems that identify people based on a body part).

In recent times, there are large number of biometric systems that are commercially available. Such biometric systems are based on unique characteristics of human being. The most common, reliable and successful system is the one based on fingerprints. Users are supposed to put their thumb/index finger (or any specified finger) in the finger reader. The system then compares the fingerprint that is read with the one in the central database for authentication.

Most biometric systems do not keep an image of the fingerprint but a template. A template is basically a number that is calculated based on various characteristics of the fingerprint. This is done so that persons may not sneak unauthorised images of fingerprints into the database. When a fingerprint is to be matched, its "template number" is computed and compared with that stored in the database. Most systems allow for dry, greasy, chaffed and minor cuts on the fingers. The other biometric systems are based on retina of the eye, palm, photograph or voice pattern recognition. The palm-based systems take the image of the palm from various angles and compare them.

References 

Security
Linux Security Modules

Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework that allows the Linux kernel to support a variety of computer security models while avoiding favoritism toward any single security implementation. The framework is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux version 2.6.

Computer security
Linux
Black swan

For the movie, see Black Swan (movie).

The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird that mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia. It is different from other swans because it is mostly black, though its flight feathers are white. 

Birds of Australia
Anatidae
Common Desktop Environment

The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix. It is based on the Motif widget toolkit. HP uses CDE as the default desktop manager for OpenVMS which belongs to HP. This means it will be run without making any changes.

Other websites 

 AIX - 
 HP-UX - CDE
 Solaris - CDE
 Tutorial for the CDE
 Open Group - CDE
 CDE source code repository

Computing
Unix
HMHS Britannic

The HMHS Britannic was a British passenger ship. The ship was also used as a war ship and a Royal Mail steamer. The Britannic was finished on 26 February 1914, for the White Star Line. It was a sister ship to the Olympic and the RMS Titanic. The building of the ship was held up when the Titanic sunk, and extra safety items were added to the Britannic.

World War I 
The start of World War I meant the ship was not used for passenger work. It was set up as a hospital ship with 3,300 beds. She sailed to Mudros on the 23 December 1915, to pick up wounded soldiers from Gallipoli. She continued as a hospital ship until 1916 when it was turned back into a Royal Mail and passenger ship. Before this latest change was carried out, the ship was called back into war service and went back to Mudros.

Sunk 

On 21 November 1916 the Britannic hit a naval mine in the Kea Channel, off the Greek island of Kea. The mines had been put there by the German submarine U-73. A huge explosion tore a hole in the side of the ship which sunk one hour later. The ship was carrying 1,125 people, and nearly all were saved. Two lifeboats were struck by the ship's propellers and 30 people were killed.

The German newspapers claimed that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo because it might have been carrying soldiers. The captain of the U-73 said this was not true, he had only been laying the naval mines.

References 

Ships of the White Star Line
Croatian First Football League

Prva HNL is a football league which is top division in Croatia.

Club 2009/10 
 Dinamo Zagreb
 Hajduk Split
 Rijeka
 Slaven Belupo Koprivnica
 Zagreb
 Šibenik
 Osijek
 Cibalia Vinkovci
 Inter Zaprešić
 Varteks Varaždin
 Zadar
 Croatia Sesvete
 Istra
 Karlovac
 Lokomotiva
 Međimurje

Champions

Former champions 
 1992 : Hajduk Split
 1992/93 : Croatia Zagreb
 1993/94 : Hajduk Split
 1994/95 : Hajduk Split
 1995/96 : Croatia Zagreb
 1996/97 : Croatia Zagreb
 1997/98 : Croatia Zagreb
 1998/99 : Croatia Zagreb
 1999/00 : Croatia Zagreb

References 

Football leagues
A-League Men

A-League Men, known before the 2021–22 season as the A-League, is an association football (soccer) league which is the top division in Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 2004 as a replacement to the National Soccer League and started in August 2005. Unlike professional soccer leagues in most of the rest of the world, A-League Men has what is called a "franchise" system—the same teams play in the league each year, unless a team drops out of the league on its own, or the league decides to add one or more new teams. This system is normal for pro sports leagues in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada.

Since the beginning of the league in 2005, fourteen teams have competed in the league with Western United becoming the last club to join the league in the 2019–20 season. From those fourteen teams, six have taken the title while seven have taken the minor premiership. The current champion is Melbourne City FC, who defeated Sydney FC in the 2021 Grand Final.

The word "Men" was added to the league name after the 2020–21 season when the country's men's, women's, and youth leagues were brought under the "A-League" brand.

History
Before A-League Men was founded, the top division of Australian soccer was the National Soccer League which ran between 1977 and 2004.

2021–22 clubs 
 Adelaide United
 Brisbane Roar
 Central Coast Mariners
 Macarthur FC
 Melbourne City
 Melbourne Victory
 Newcastle Jets
 Perth Glory
 Sydney FC
 Wellington Phoenix
 Western Sydney Wanderers
 Western United

Former clubs 
 Gold Coast United (2009–2012)
 New Zealand Knights (2005–2007)
 North Queensland Fury (2009–2011)

Champions and premiers 
A-League Men, like other professional leagues in Australia, crowns its champion at the end of a knockout playoff series involving top teams on the regular-season table. The final match is called the Grand Final, a term used in several other Australian sports. The team that finishes on top of the regular-season table is called the "Premiers". Media sometimes incorrectly call the Premiers the "minor premiers", a term used in other football codes in the country.

Football leagues
Football in Australia
Sport in New Zealand
Organisations based in Australia
2005 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
2000s establishments in Australia
Eredivisie

Eredivisie is a football league which is top division in Netherlands. It was created in 1956. Before 1956, the teams competed in the Netherlands Football League Championship.

The most successful team has been AFC Ajax, with 33 titles.

At the end of the 2014/15 season, the Eredivisie was ranked the 10th best league in the Europe.

Clubs 2014/15 
 ADO Den Haag
 Ajax
 AZ
 SC Cambuur
 FC Groningen
 FC Twente
 FC Utrecht
 Go Ahead Eagles
 PEC Zwolle
 Feyenoord
 Heracles Almelo
 NAC Breda
 Excelsior
 PSV Eindhoven
 FC Dordrecht
 Willem II
 SC Heerenveen
 Vitesse

Champions

Former champions

References

Football leagues
Football in the Netherlands
1956 establishments in the Netherlands
North American Soccer League

North American Soccer League (NASL) was a soccer league with teams from the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The league was founded in 2009 and began play in 2011. It is the second level of the soccer pyramid in both the U.S. and Canada, behind Major League Soccer. Puerto Rico has its own soccer league, but it plays at a level below the NASL.

Teams

Football leagues
Soccer in the United States
2009 establishments
Propositional logic

Propositional logic is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the system are propositional calculus and sentential calculus. The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, being either true or false. Propositions can be represented by capital roman letters such as ,  and , and joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and (), logical or (), logical if (), logical if and only if () and logical not ().

Propositional logic only looks at the propositions and how they are connected, and does not decompose them. That way, the proposition All cats are dogs and the earth is a disc is made of two propositions, All cats are dogs, and The Earth is a disc. These are joined together with the logical connective AND. 

There are other logic systems that build on propositional logic. One of these is predicate logic, which defines logical predicates, and looks at how they can be applied to arguments. Another system is called modal logic. It introduces two new junctors: it is possible that and it is necessary that.

If-then statements
A simple logic statement is an implication (statement of the form "If P, then Q"). For example, "If it rains for an hour, then the ground will be wet". In this example, P ("if it rains for an hour") is the antecedent, and Q ("the ground will be wet") is the consequent. The consequent must necessarily follow if the antecedent is true. Therefore, an if-then statement is wholly false if the consequent does not actually follow the antecedent. An example of this would be, "If a dog ate a whole meal, then it would be starving." In this case if P were true, Q would be false and the whole statement is false. Here is a truth table for an if-then statement:

Note that there are two logic errors that people often make from this:

1) "If Q, then P". In our example, this would mean "If the ground is wet, then it has been raining for an hour". However, the ground could be wet for other reasons, like if snow has melted or a water main has broken.

2) "If not P, then not Q".  In our example, this would mean "If it has not been raining for an hour, then the ground is not wet".  However, the ground could still be wet for the reasons listed above.

The only correct inference that can be made is "If not Q, then not P". This means, in our example, "If the ground is not wet, then it has not been raining for an hour".

And/or statements 
Another simple logic statement is "P or Q". For example, "Either I am in Hong Kong or I am in London."

Related pages 

 First order logic
 Mathematical logic
 Rule of inference
 Tautology (logic)
 Truth in logic and philosophy

References

Other websites

Logic
BC Lions

The BC Lions are a Canadian Football League team from Vancouver, BC. The Lions play their games at BC Place Stadium. The Lions play in the CFL West Division. The Lions were started in 1954 and used to play at Empire Stadium in East Vancouver. They also played at the Empire Stadium site in 2010 and 2011, in a temporary stadium called Empire Field. This was necessary because BC Place was closed in those seasons for major renovations.

The Lions have won the Grey Cup six times, most recently at BC Place in 2011.

About 
 Name: Named after "The Lions", which are mountain peaks in the Vancouver area.
 Started: 1954.
 Colours: Orange, Black, and White.
 Stadiums: Empire Stadium (1954-82), BC Place Stadium (1983-today), Empire Field (temporary stadium in 2010–11).
 Western normal season championships (12): 1963, 1964, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011.
 Grey Cup Appearances (10): 1963, 1964, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2011.
 Grey Cup Wins (6): 1964, 1985, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2011.
 Rivals: Saskatchewan Roughriders.
 Theme song: "Roar, You Lions, Roar" by Dal Richards and his Orchestra

Sport in British Columbia
Canadian football clubs
1954 establishments in Canada
Transmission Control Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is part of the popular "TCP/IP" combination used by the Internet. The Internet Protocol, or IP, makes sure data on the internet gets to the right place. Then TCP makes sure the data is put in the right order, and none of it is missing. TCP also helps to control traffic on the internet so it does not get overloaded. These protocols, which are kind of like languages that computers use, are designed so that any computer, and any program (such as a Web browser or e-mail client), can use them.

Importance of TCP 
TCP makes it easier for computer programs to communicate with each other, typically over a computer network. When a program wants to send a lot of data, TCP is in charge of dividing the data, sending it through the network, and putting it back together correctly on a different computer. In the process, IP chooses which wires and "intersections" get used to send all the data pieces in the fastest way. It does this using packets.

If there are a lot of people using the network, it can get overloaded. Also sometimes weather, power outages, and other problems can make communication hard. Routers on the Internet use something called load balancing to try to fix some of these problems. But still, information can be delivered out of order, get lost, or even duplicated. TCP is designed to notice all of these problems and try to fix them. This can take a while, which is why the Internet sometimes seems slow. Once the TCP receiver has finally reassembled a perfect copy of the data originally transmitted, it passes that data to the computer program that asked for it. In this way, the program does not have to know about the network, and TCP does not have to know about the program's data.

Further reading 
 W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. 
 W. Richard Stevens and Gary R. Wright. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. 
 W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Protocols.

Other websites 
 Dissertation about TCP improvements in wired and wireless networks  (Dissertation)
 IANA Port Assignments
 John Kristoff's Overview of TCP (Fundamental concepts behind TCP and how it is used to transport data between two endpoints)
 RFC 675 - Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
 RFC 793 - TCP v4
 RFC 1122 - includes some error corrections for TCP
 RFC 1323 - TCP-Extensions
 RFC 1379 - Extending TCP for Transactions—Concepts
 RFC 1948 - Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks
 RFC 2018 - TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options
 RFC 2581 - TCP Congestion Control
 RFC 2988 - Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer
 RFC 4614 - A Roadmap for TCP Specification Documents
 TCP, Transmission Control Protocol
 TCP EFSM diagram - A detailed description of TCP states.
 The basics of Transmission Control Protocol 
 The Law of Leaky Abstractions by Joel Spolsky
 Checksum example

Computer protocols
Monologue

A monologue is a long, uninterrupted speech or poem by one person. The person may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a character, reader, or inanimate object.

The term 'dramatic monologue' is used both for monologues in plays and for the poetic genre.

Rant
A rant (also called harangue or declamation) is a monologue that does not present a well-researched and calm argument; rather, it is typically an attack on an idea, a person, or an institution, and very often lacks proven claims.  

Some rants are used not to attack something, but to defend an individual, idea or organization. Rants of this type generally occur after the subject has been attacked by another individual or group.

Rants are used often in situations requiring monologue. Comedians, such as Lewis Black, Adam Carolla, and Rick Mercer, use rants as a way to get their message or punch-line across to the listening audience.

A rant can be used to flame members of an email group or electronic mailing list that are failing to reach a consensus on an issue.

Related pages
 Debate
 Rhetoric
 Dialectic
 Stream of consciousness writing

Literature
Drama
Comedy
Figures of speech
Movie terminology
Poetry
Ann Dunham

Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist. She was later known as, Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro (after her second divorce) and finally as Ann Dunham. Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas. Dunham spent her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington. Much of her adult life was spent in Hawaii.

Early life
Dunham was born in Ascension Via Christi Hospital St. Francis in Wichita, Kansas. She is the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham. She was mostly of English ancestry, with some German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin, five times removed.

Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother may have been descended from African John Punch, who was an indentured servant/slave in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.

Death
In 1995 in Hawaii, she died of uterine cancer which spread to her ovaries. Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu. Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.

Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills. The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:

I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.

References

American anthropologists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from uterine cancer
Obama family
Scientists from Wichita, Kansas
Scientists from Washington
1942 births
1995 deaths
Canadian Albums Chart

The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada.  It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by Jam! Canoe, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart.

The chart has 200 positions, however, Jam! only publishes the top 100 for the public. Unlike the case with its CD single equivalent (the Canadian Singles Chart), album sales are not declining as rapidly in Canada as CD singles are, and the Canadian Albums Chart remains the most reliable source for the most popular albums in Canada.

References
Nielsen Soundscan 
Jam! Canoe

Other websites
Top 100 Albums In Canada

Record charts
Toothpaste

Toothpaste is a part liquid paste, applied to the bristles of a toothbrush in order to aid oneself with the act of toothbrushing.

This substance has several purposes, such as removing plaque from one's teeth, whitening one's teeth and freshening one's breath.

Several toothpaste brands specialize in caring for teeth sensitive to certain conditions (for example heat, cold) or flavours (such as sweetness). The majority of these products work by strengthening the tooth enamel, thus easing discomfort and providing the teeth with a protective outer layer.

Traditionally, toothpaste has a minty flavour, as this is said to allow a sense of freshness in the mouth. However, fruit and flavours have been popular in the past. Fruit toothpastes, however, are discouraged by dentists due to their acidic and tooth-eroding properties.

Swallowing 
Swallowing big amounts of toothpaste can make humans very sick and is poisonous. Due to this, the FDA started making toothpaste companies to put a notice about swallowing from 1997 to present.

References 

Dentistry
Karl Goldmark

Karl Goldmark (born Keszthely, Hungary, 18 May 1830; died Vienna 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian composer.  His music was largely forgotten for a long time after his death, but is now starting to be played much more.

Life and career
Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. He was one of 20 children. His father was a chazan to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely. He learned to play the violin and was sent to Vienna to study music.  After the Revolution of 1848 the Conservatory had to close down and so he had to teach himself how to compose. He earned money by playing the violin in theatre orchestras and by teaching music.  For a short time one of his pupils was Jean Sibelius.

Wagner's music was an influence on his compositional style.  However, he could not form a proper friendship with Wagner because of Wagner's antisemitism.

Goldmark composed six operas, including Die Königin von Saba ("The Queen of Sheba").  It was very popular during his lifetime and continued to be performed by the Vienna State Opera until 1938.  His Violin Concerto No. 1 was also very popular indeed, then it lay forgotten for many years.  It is very Romantic and sounds very Hungarian.
     
Other works include a symphony called Ländliche Hochzeit (Rustic Wedding) and several other orchestral works, some chamber music and choral music.

1830 births
1915 deaths
Hungarian composers
Romantic composers
Vulpecula

Vulpecula is a northern constellation (group of stars). People say that it looks like a fox. It is not very bright.  None of the stars in Vulpecula are brighter than the 4th magnitude in Vulpecula.  It is in the middle of the Summer Triangle, three stars that make the shape of a triangle in the sky.

Deep sky objects
 Dumbbell nebula

Constellations
Ferruccio Busoni

Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 - 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, teacher and conductor.

His life
Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy.  His parents were both musicians.  His father played the clarinet and his mother played the piano.  They were often touring when Ferruccio was young.  He spent most of his childhood in Trieste.

Busoni was a child prodigy. He first played the piano in public at the age of seven. Two years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna.  The composer Franz Liszt heard him.  He also met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.

For a short time he studied in Graz, then in Leipzig. He taught in several places including Helsinki, where he met Jean Sibelius as well as a young lady was to be his wife. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra.  He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.

In 1894 he went to Berlin where he stayed.  He performed as a pianist and conductor and taught many gifted pianists. 
He wrote a book called Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music.  He did not agree with the strict rules that were used by most teachers for teaching composition.  He thought that music was "born to be free".  His thinking influenced his composition pupils who included Percy Grainger, Kurt Weill and Edgard Varèse.

During World War I, Busoni lived first in Bologna, where he was director of the conservatory, and later in Zürich. He refused to perform in any countries that were involved in the war. He returned to Berlin in 1920 where he gave master classes in composition.  

Busoni died in Berlin from a kidney disease.

Music

Busoni's music is based on the Romantic style, but it also starts to sound quite modern.  He uses a lot of complicated counterpoint. Sometimes it is quite atonal.  A lot of it is based on music of the past.  He made many transcriptions, including piano transcriptions of several works by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Busoni was a virtuoso pianist, and his works for piano are difficult to perform. His Piano Concerto is extremely hard to play as well as being extremely long (about 70 minutes).  The British pianist John Ogdon, who played it, called it "the longest and grandest piano concerto of all".

Some of his best known works include his suite for orchestra Turandot which he made into an opera, and his opera Doktor Faust which he had not finished when he died.  It was finished by his student Philipp Jarnach, but in the 1980s Anthony Beaumont made a better version of it.

Recordings
Busoni made a number of piano rolls, and a small number of these have been re-recorded onto CD. People who knew him disagree about whether these piano roll recordings show his playing at his best.

1866 births
1924 deaths
20th-century Italian composers
Deaths from kidney disease
Disease-related deaths in Berlin
Italian conductors
Musicians from Tuscany
Italian pianists
Romantic composers
Organ system

In biology, an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.

Organs and their tissue systems 
These specific systems are widely studied in anatomy. They are present in many types of animals.

 Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
 Integumentary system: skin, hair, fat, and nails.
 Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
 Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
 Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
 Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
 Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
 Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands.
 Immune system: protects the organism from foreign bodies
 Lymphatic system: the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. The system includes the functions of immune responses and the development of antibodies.
 Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.
 Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
King's Peak

King's Peak is a mountain that can be found on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.  It is near the Gold River in Strathcona Provincial Park.

Mountains of British Columbia
Mount Overill

Mount Overill is a volcanic mount in the southwestern part of British Columbia in Canada.

Mountains of Canada
List of volcanoes in Canada

The following is a list of volcanoes in Canada, by territory:

Alberta

British Columbia

New Brunswick

Newfoundland and Labrador

Northwest Territories

Nunavut

Ontario

Quebec

Yukon

Related pages
 List of mountains in Canada

Other websites 
 Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes 

Canada

Canada-related lists
Béhasque-Lapiste

Béhasque-Lapiste is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in southwest France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

The following is a list of the 547 communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France, by letter:

Pyrenees-Atlantiques
Aast, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Aast, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

Transport

Road 
The D311 and D64 roads pass through the commune.

Geography 
Aast is on the border of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

Related pages
 Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

Other websites
Aast on Google Maps
Aast on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN)  website 
Aast on the INSEE website 

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Abère

Abère is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Aincille

Aincille is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Aincille
Aldudes

Aldudes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Aldudes
Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette

Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Amorots-Succos

Amorots-Succos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Amorots-Succos
Ance

Ance is a former commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Ance Féas.

References 

Former communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Angaïs

Angaïs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Anoye

Anoye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Anoye
Aramits

Aramits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, in southwestern France.

The people living in Aramits are called Aramitsiens or Aramitsiennes.

At the 2009 Census, the commune had a population of 677.

References 

Aramits
Araujuzon

Araujuzon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Araujuzon
Araux

Araux is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Araux
Arbouet-Sussaute

Arbouet-Sussaute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Arbouet-Sussaute
Arbus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Arbus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Arbérats-Sillègue

Arbérats-Sillègue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Arette

Arette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Other websites
Arette on Lion1906
Arrete on the 1750 Cassini Map
Arette on the INSEE website 
INSEE

References

Arette
Argelos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Argelos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Argelos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Arhansus

Arhansus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Arhansus
Arnéguy

Arnéguy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Aroue-Ithorots-Olhaïby

Aroue-Ithorots-Olhaïby is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in southwestern France.

References 

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Arrast-Larrebieu

Arrast-Larrebieu is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France. It is in the former province of Soule. It is mostly agricultural.

Population 

Arrast-Larrebieu
Arricau-Bordes

Arricau-Bordes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Arricau-Bordes
Arros-de-Nay

Arros-de-Nay is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Arros-de-Nay
Arzacq-Arraziguet

Arzacq-Arraziguet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Arzacq-Arraziguet
Asasp-Arros

Asasp-Arros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Asasp-Arros
Ascain

Ascain is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Ascain
Aste-Béon

Aste-Béon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Aste-Béon
Athos-Aspis

Athos-Aspis is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Athos-Aspis
Audaux

Audaux is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Audaux
Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Aussevielle

Aussevielle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Aussevielle
Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren

Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Autevielle-Saint-Martin-Bideren
Aydius

Aydius is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Aydius
Aïcirits-Camou-Suhast

Aïcirits-Camou-Suhast is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Balansun

Balansun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Balansun
Baleix

Baleix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Baleix
Baliracq-Maumusson

Baliracq-Maumusson is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Baliracq-Maumusson
Bassussarry

Bassussarry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Bassussarry
Bastanès

Bastanès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Bayonne

Bayonne (Gascon Baiona; ; ) is a city and commune in southwestern France at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, of which it is a subprefecture.

Geography
Bayonne has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Bayonne is surrounded by the communes Boucau, Tarnos (in the Landes department), Lahonce, Mouguerre, Saint-Pierre-d'Irube, Villefranque, Bassussarry and Anglet.

Population
With a population of 47,492, Bayonne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Bayonne are known, in French, as Bayonnais (women: Bayonnaises).

Administration
Bayonne is a sous-préfecture in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1800. It is also the capital of three cantons.
 Bayonne-1, formed with a part of Bayonne and part of Anglet.
 Bayonne-2, formed with a part of Bayonne and the commune Boucau.
 Bayonne-3, formed with the parts of Bayonne not included in the other two cantons.

Gallery

Twin towns
Bayonne is twinned with:
  Pamplona, Spain
  Daytona Beach, Florida, United States

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Bayonne
 Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Bayonne - Official site 
 General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques  
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Aquitaine  

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Bedous

Bedous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Bedous
Bellocq

Bellocq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Bellocq
Bentayou-Sérée

Bentayou-Sérée is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Berrogain-Laruns

Berrogain-Laruns is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

References 

Berrogain-Laruns
Beuste

Beuste is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Beuste
Bidos

Bidos is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France.

References 

Bidos
Bilhères

Bilhères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Billère

Billère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Bonnut

Bonnut is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Bonnut
Bordères

Bordères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques