cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tin(II) chloride

Tin(II) chloride, also known as stannous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnCl2. It has tin and chloride ions in it. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It is poisonous to mollusks like clams and oysters. It reacts with water to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white, and hydrochloric acid. That is why tin(II) chloride is normally dissolved in hydrochloric acid. It reacts with oxygen in the air to make tin(IV) chloride and tin(IV) oxide. It reacts with silver and gold compounds to make silver and gold metal. It also reacts with ferric compounds to make ferrous compounds.

It reacts with bases to make tin(II) oxide hydrate, which is white; if more base is added, the tin(II) oxide hydrate dissolves to make a clear solution again.

Preparation
It is made when tin reacts with hydrochloric acid.

Uses
It is used to electroplate tin on steel. It is used in the coloring of textiles. It is used to make silvered mirrors. A certain plastic uses it as a catalyst. It was used as a test for mercury(II) ions. If it is added to a colorless solution of mercury(II), a white solid of mercury(I) would form. If more is added, a black solid of mercury metal would be made. It turns bright purple in a solution that has gold ions in it. It is used in organic chemistry as a reducing agent.

Related pages
Tin(II) fluoride
Tin(II) bromide
Tin(II) sulfate

Chlorine compounds
Tin compounds
Tin(II) sulfate

Tin(II) sulfate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnSO4. It contains tin and sulfate ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It is not a reducing agent like other compounds containing tin(II), like tin(II) chloride. It absorbs water from the atmosphere and dissolves in the water it absorbed.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving tin in sulfuric acid. It is also made by reacting tin with copper(II) sulfate.

Uses
It is used as a source of tin(II) ions without any tin(IV) ions contaminating them.

Related pages
Tin(II) sulfide
Tin(IV) sulfide

Sulfur compounds
Tin compounds
Tin(IV) chloride

Tin(IV) chloride, also known as stannic chloride or tin dioxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnCl4. It contains tin and chloride ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a corrosive liquid (anhydrous) or solid (hydrated). It makes hydrochloric acid fumes which irritate the nose. It reacts with strong bases to make tin(IV) oxide hydrate. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid to make the SnCl62- ion.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tin with chlorine. 

Sn + 2 Cl2 → SnCl4

Uses
It was used in World War I to create irritating clouds of smoke. It is also used to make tin(IV) fluoride. It is also used to make organic compounds that have tin in them.

Related pages
Tin(II) chloride
Tin(IV) bromide
Tin(IV) iodide

Chlorine compounds
Tin compounds
Caesium-137

Caesium 137 is an isotope of caesium. It is radioactive. It is often a by-product of nuclear fission. It has a half life of about 30 years. Many areas where nuclear accidents have occurred, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, are contaminated with caesium-137.

Isotopes
Tin(IV) oxide

Tin(IV) oxide, also known as tin dioxide or stannic oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnO2. It has tin and oxide ions in it. It has tin in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white powdery solid. It reacts with acids to produce stannic salts, such as tin(IV) chloride with hydrochloric acid. It reacts with strong bases to make stannites. It reacts with carbon at a high temperature to make tin metal.

Occurrence
It is found as cassiterite in the mineral form. Cassiterite is an ore of tin.

Preparation
It can be made in pure form by burning powdered tin in air.

Sn + O2 → SnO2

Uses
It is used to detect carbon monoxide. It is also used as a catalyst for certain reactions. It is also used to make ceramics opaque (not clear). It is used in sensors of gases that can burn. A tin(IV) oxide wire is heated. When a flammable gas flows over it, it can conduct a little electricity. The sensor measures the electricity.

Related pages
Tin(II) oxide
Tin(II) chloride

Tin compounds
Strontium-90

Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope of strontium. It has a half life of roughly 29 years. Strontium-90 and strontium-89 have medical applications. They are used for radiation therapy,  in the treatment of certain bone cancers. Because its application generates a lot of heat it is sometimes used instead of Plutonium in nuclear power plants.

Isotopes
Tin(II) oxide

Tin(II) oxide, also known as stannous oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnO. It has tin in an oxidation state of +2. It also has oxide ions in it.

Properties
It is normally a blue-black solid. It can be red but the red form is more unstable. It burns in air with a green flame to make tin(IV) oxide. It is a reducing agent. It is rarer than tin(IV) oxide. It dissolves in acids to make a colorless solution.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting sulfuric acid with tin and reacting the tin(II) sulfate made with sodium hydroxide to make the tin(II) oxide hydrate. This is heated to get the tin(II) oxide.

Uses
It is used in touchscreens. It is used to make a glass with gold in it called ruby glass.

Related pages
Tin(II) chloride

References

Tin compounds
Oxides
Chemical stability

Chemical stability refers to the resistance of a chemical to change in a chemical reaction. Some chemicals, like gold, are very stable and resistant to change; but sodium is unstable and corrodes rapidly in the presence of air. When an atom has an extra electron or a missing electron, it is unstable. When that atom loses or gains the electron, it becomes stable. Stable atoms have lower energy than unstable ones.

Related pages
Chemical compound
Chemical equation
Chemistry

Physical chemistry
Materials science
Pisces (astrology)

Pisces () is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac. It came from the Pisces constellation. In western astrology this sign is no longer aligned with the constellation. This is because of the precession of the equinoxes. It is also considered a water sign and one of the four mutable signs.

The Symbol 
The symbol represents 2 fish, swimming in different directions. The two shapes are also crescents, facing outward, which represents the idea that Pisceans are open to new things and to change.

Astrology 
Pisces has been traditionally ruled by the planet Jupiter, but since its discovery, Neptune has been considered a modern ruler of this sign. Being the twelfth sign, Pisces is associated with the astrological twelfth house.

Individuals born when the Sun was in this sign are considered "Pisceans". The Sun can be seen 1n Pisces from about February 19 to March 20, ending at the moment of vernal equinox by definition under the tropical zodiac.

Under the sidereal zodiac, it is generally there from about March 15 to April 13.

Traditional Relationships with Pisces 

 Birthstone= amethyst
 Starstone= Coral
 Colours= Sea Green
 Metal= Tin

Astrological signs
James Wilson

James Wilson (September 14, 1742 – August 21, 1798) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Wilson was elected two times to the Continental Congress, and was a major force in drafting the United States Constitution. He was a leading legal thinker, and he was one of the first six justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States.  Wilson was born in Scotland, but lived most of his life in Pennsylvania.

Early years
James Wilson was born in Carskerdo, near St. Andrews, Scotland. His parents were William Wilson and Alison Landall.  Wilson attended a number of universities in Scotland without attaining a degree. Imbued with the ideas of the Scottish Enlightenment, he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in British America in 1766, carrying valuable letters of introduction. These helped Wilson to begin tutoring and then teaching at The Academy and College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsylvania). He petitioned there for a degree and was awarded an honorary Master of Arts several months later.

Wilson started reading the law at the office of John Dickinson a short time later. After two years of studying, he got the bar in Philadelphia, and, in the following year (1767), set up his own practice in Reading, Pennsylvania. His office was very successful and he earned a small fortune in a few years. By then he had a small farm near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, was handling cases in eight local counties, and was lecturing at The Academy and College of Philadelphia.

On 5 November 1771, he married Rachel Bird, daughter of William Bird and Bridgette Hulings, they had six children together.

Political career
In 1774, Wilson wrote a pamphlet saying that the British Parliament had no power in America.  He was for the Declaration of Independence when he was in the Continental Congress.  During the American Revolution, he served in the Pennsylvania State Militia.  He was also attacked at his house by a mob.  This was called the Fort Wilson riot.  Wilson also continued to practice law, and was France's lawyer in the U.S.

Wilson was one of the main political economists at the Constitutional Convention.  He gave more speeches than anyone but Gouverneur Morris.  He also proposed the three-fifths compromise, and sat on the Committee of Detail.

Wilson served on the United States Supreme Court from 1789 to 1798.  He was the first associate justice nominated by George Washington.

References 

1742 births
1798 deaths
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Ultratop 40 Singles

Ultratop 40 Singles, often called Ultratop 40, is the weekly chart of best-selling singles in Wallonia, Belgium. Its equivalent covering the Flanders region is Ultratop 50.  Both charts are made and published by the Ultratop organization.  Like the UK Singles Chart, Ultratop creates charts based on retail record sales of around 500 retail outlets and legal digital downloads.  Currently GfK is the market observer of the charts. The chart broadcasts on Radio Contact on Saturdays from 12:00 to 14:00. The combined number of Ultratop chart listeners on radio or TV stations exceeds two million each week.  To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the charts in 2005 a jubilee book was published.  It covered all the 15,282 singles from 5,882 artists thus far.

Related pages
Ultratop 50

References

Record charts
Ultratop 50 Singles

Ultratop 50 Singles, often called Ultratop 50, is the weekly chart of fifty best-selling singles in Flanders, Belgium.  Ultratop 50 and is produced and published by the Ultratop organization.  The chart has existed since March 31, 1995.  It is published in Dutch, French, and English, and is presented on several Belgian radio stations as well as on TMF Flanders television.

Its equivalent in the Wallonia region of Belgium is known as the "Ultratop 40 Singles" chart.

Three other charts from the Ultratop organization bear similar names: two separate and usually different charts named "Ultratop 50 Albums" tracking weekly album performance in the Dutch-speaking Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia regions, respectively; and one chart named "Ultratop 50 Alternative Albums". All of these charts, too, are published in three languages.

Related pages
Ultratop 40

Record charts
Valencia Street Circuit

Not to be confused with Circuit de Valencia

The Valencia Street Circuit is a semi-permanent street circuit in Valencia Spain. The circuit will host the Formula One European Grand Prix for seven years starting in  The first Formula One race on the circuit was held on 24 August 2008, with Felipe Massa winning the event, the European Grand Prix. The circuit uses the roads around the city's harbour and America's Cup port area. One section of the circuit uses a 140 metre long swing bridge. 
It also includes some roads designed to be used only for racing purposes by the German architect Hermann Tilke. Tilke also designed the buildings used for the circuit.

History 
The deal to host the Valencia race was signed on 1 June 2007. It will last for seven years. The deal was made with the Valmor Sport group. The official track layout was unveiled by Valencia councillor and transport minister, Mario Flores, on 19 July 2007. The track was first used in the last weekend of July 2008. The circuit hosted a round of the Spanish F3 Championship and International GT Open. It was first used for the European Grand Prix on 24 August 2008.

Layout
The track is  long and incorporates a total of 25 turns. There are 11 right-hand turns and 14 left-hand turns. It is estimated that the track has a top speed of around . Valencia is not as tight as Circuit de Monaco. There are not very many places to pass. The straights not not very straight the track gets very dusty off line.

The circuit has been criticised by the drivers for its lack of overtaking opportunites. There have only been 4 recorded passes in the first race held in 2008, and no passes in 2009. There is little space in the circuit to make changes to improve passing.

References

Other websites 

The F1 Valencia Street Circuit Official Site 
Valencia Street Circuit guide from Official F1 Site
Valencia F1 Street Circuit in Google Maps

Formula One circuits
Sport in Spain
Valencia
Circuit Ricardo Tormo

Circuit Ricardo Tormo (also known as Circuit de Valencia and officially named "Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo") is a motorsport race track located in Cheste (Valencia, Spain) and built in 1999. It has a capacity of 120,000 spectators and seating for 60,000.  It is often used as a test track by the Formula One teams, because of the mild temperatures in winter. Anthony Davidson holds the unofficial lap record, set in 2006 while testing a Honda, with a time of 1 m 08.540sec. The track hosts the MotoGP Valencian Community Grand Prix.

The track is named after Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer Ricardo Tormo (September 7, 1952 – December 27, 1998). Circuit Ricardo Tormo has been featured in a number of video games and simulations.

References

Other websites 

Circuit de Valencia – Official website

Formula One circuits
Valencia (autonomous community)
1999 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Spain
Velvet Sky

Jamie Szantyr (born June 2, 1981 in New Britain, Connecticut) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Velvet Sky is a former TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion. Sky also appeared in the WWE in 2005-06. Sky formerly dated Former WWE wrestler Gregory Helms but they broke up.

Other websites 
 Velvet Sky's TNA profile 

1981 births
Living people
Female professional wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Connecticut
Sydney funnel-web spider

A Sydney funnel-web spider or Atrax robustus is a  funnel-web spiders. Their bite is very serious and venomous and has killed 13 people since 1927. It is found in Sydney, Australia.

Website
Sydney funnel-web spider at the Museum of Australia

Spiders
A1

A1, A-1 or A.1. may refer to:

Education 
 A1, the Basic Language Certificate of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
 Language A1, the former name for "Language A: literature", one of the IB Group 1 subjects
 A1, a secondary school subdivision in the  Congolese education system
 A1, a baccalauréat series in the education system of some parts of France
 A1, a baccalaureate in the Gabonese education system, see Education in Gabon
 A1, the highest category of Qualified Flying Instructor in the Central Flying School of the UK Royal Air Force

Grades 
 A1, a grade for the Leaving Certificate, a qualification in the education system of Ireland
 A1, the highest available grade for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia examination in Malaysia
 A1, a grade for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination in Nigeria, see Education in Nigeria
 A1, a grade for the Singaporean GCE 'O' Level, an examination in the education system of Singapore
 A-1, an Academic grading in Pakistan commonly used in the education system of Pakistan

Entertainment

Books, magazines, comics and manga 
 A1 (comics), a comics anthology
 A-1 Comics, a 1944–1955 Golden Age comics publication
 A1—The Great North Road, a book by Paul Graham (photographer)

Cinema and movies 
 A-1 Headline, a 2004 Hong Kong movie
 A 001, operazione Giamaica (Our Man in Jamaica), a 1965 Italian adventure movie directed by Ernst R. von Theumer
 A1, a 1999 Syrian movie, see List of Syrian movies
 A1 (2019 movie), Indian Tamil movie

Companies 
 A1 Film Company, a Burmese cinema company
 A-1 Pictures, a Japanese animation studio

Games 
 A1 Games, an American video game publisher for the PlayStation
 A1 – Slave Pits of the Undercity, a part of Scourge of the Slave Lords, and adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 Larsen's Opening, a chess move, A01 in ECO code
 A1, a square on a chessboard

Music and dance 
 Aone Beats or Aone, music producer
 A1, a part in contra dance choreography
 A-1 Sound Studios, a recording studio owned by Herb Abramson
 A-1, an American rap group behind the album Mash Confusion
 A-One (band), a Mandopop group
 A1 (band), a British-Norwegian boy band
 A1 Bentley, rapper and reality TV star (from Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood)
 A1 x J1, teenage rappers who had a hit with "Latest Trends" featuring Aitch

Albums 
 A1, an album by Ertuğ Ergin
 A1, an album by Tony Cetinski
 A One, an album by Ayumi Hamasaki
 A1 (album), a 2002 album by Norwegian band A1

Television and radio 
 A-One (TV channel), a Russian music channel
 A1 TV channel (Macedonia)
 A1 Report, a television station in Albania
 America One, an American television network
 A 1, see List of radio stations in Austria and Liechtenstein
 A1, a promotional name for CHIN (AM) radio in Canada
 A1, a Slovenian radio network owned by Radiotelevizija Slovenija
 A-1 Detective Agency, a fictional detective agency in the radio series I Love a Mystery

Science

Astronomy 
 A1, a class of star, see stellar classification
 "A1" subobject designations, including:
 NGC 3603-A1

Roads 
A1 roads in several countries; see List of A1 roads
Season premiere

In television, a season premiere refers to the first episode of a new television season for a series that has been renewed.

In North America, a given show's season premiere often airs in September or October, after several months of reruns.

Characteristics

A season premiere usually has one or more of the following characteristics:

 Resolutions to cliffhangers and other plots left unresolved in the previous season's season finale.
 Introductions of new storylines. Some stock examples might include a character having a new job (or losing one), a character gets a new love interest (or an existing relationship either ends or enters a new phase), children entering a new school, the core group of characters move to a new home (or hangout, etc.) ... and the list goes on.
Often, one or more of these stories will introduce a fundamental change to a particular show. An example is Archie Bunker's Place, where Archie's wife, Edith, died and the characters deal with her death. Subsequent episodes had Archie adjusting to life as a widower and re-entering the dating scene.
 One-up episodes with plots or special guest stars meant to entice viewers. Some shows feature a special guest star (e.g., Don Drysdale on a season premiere episode of The Brady Bunch or Jerry Seinfeld on a season premiere of 30 Rock); others might have multi-part "adventures," such as the Bradys' family vacations to Grand Canyon and Hawaii.
 A change in central setting or, to a lesser extent, remodeling of the setting.
 Introductions of new characters, frequently to boost the ratings of a veteran show, two examples are John Doggett in season eight and Monica Reyes in season nine of The X-Files.
 In the case of game shows, the introduction of new (or revised) rules, new bonus games, rules concerning prizes (such as what can be won), and/or new models.
 The show airing at a new day and/or timeslot, either to improve sagging ratings or - if the ratings are high - to anchor a line-up of new and veteran programs.

Television series
Madison Rayne

Ashley Nichole Simmons (born February 5, 1986 in West Lafayette, Ohio) is an American female professional wrestler currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. Madison Rayne is a former TNA Knockout Tag Team Champion with Lacey Von Erich and Velvet Sky and is a former two-time TNA Women's Knockout Champion. Rayne is currently part of the stable, The Beautiful People.

Other websites 
 Madison Rayne's Official website
 Madison Rayne's TNA profile 

1986 births
Living people
Female professional wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ohio
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Tony Orlando

Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis  (born April 3 1944) known professionally as Tony Orlando is an American singer. He is best known for being in the singing group, Tony Orlando and Dawn, also the name of a television show that was popular for variety entertainment. They were known for singing the songs, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree", "Knock Three Times", and "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)".

Orlando is from Greek, Latino, and Puerto Rican descent.

Websites
Tony Orlando's Official website

1944 births
Living people
Singers from New York City
Actors from New York City
American television actors
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir

Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) is a large evergreen tree in the genus Pseudotsuga in the plant family Pinaceae. The tree is native to British Columbia, Idaho and Colorado.

Conifers
Trees
A1 road (Great Britain)

A1 is the official title of the Great Northern Road in England. It runs up the eastern side of England from London to Edinburgh in Scotland. It is six hundred and sixty kilometres long, making it the longest numbered road in the U.K.. The A1 has six major junctions with motorways, and over twenty major junctions with other A roads.

The A1 follows, for much of the way, the course of a Roman road, Ermine Street, and the old coach route to Edinburgh. It is not a motorway, but a lot of it is now built to motorway standards. It is one of two main roads going from London to Northern England, the other being the M1 motorway.

Passing through Nottinghamshire, the road skirts the remains of Sherwood Forest. Scotch Corner, in North Yorkshire, marks the point where the traffic for Glasgow and the west of Scotland divides from that for Edinburgh, as it has for hundreds of years before car traffic. From North Yorkshire to Durham the road follows, for part of the way, another Roman road called Dere Street. This road ran from Eboracum (York) to the Antonine Wall in the lowlands of present-day Scotland.

Some parts of the A1 are motorways, and these parts are numbered A1(M).

References

Roads in the United Kingdom
Cam'ron

Cameron Giles (born February 4, 1974 in Harlem, New York) is an American rapper better known by his stage name, Cam'ron or Killa Cam. 

Cam'ron was known for popularising the colour pink, which he demonstrated in his music video for "Killa Cam", where he was wearing all pink clothing and drove a pink Range Rover.

Cam'ron started the "Stop Snitchin'" campaign when he was shot outside a nightclub in his Lamborghini, which the gunman was trying to carjack. Cam'ron said in a 60 Minutes interview that he did not know the gunman, but he did not want to help the police because he did not want to be a snitch and it would hurt his record sales. He also mentioned his Stop Snitchin' campaign in another 60 Minutes interview when Anderson Cooper asked him, "If there was a serial killer living next to you, you wouldn't tell the police?" He replied, "I would probably move."

Albums 
Cam'ron has released 7 studio albums:

Other websites
 Cam'ron's Myspace

1988 births
Living people
Rap musicians from New York
Singers from New York City
Kaihin-Makuhari Station

Kaihin-Makuhari Station (海浜幕張駅,かいひんまくはりえき) is a railway station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Mihama-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. This is the nearest station to Makuhari Messe, Chiba Marine Stadium, and the AEON headquarters.

Adjacent stations
 JR East
  Keiyō Line
 Commuter Rapid
 Pass
 Rapid
 Minami-Funabashi - Kaihin-Makuhari - Kemigawa-Hama
 Local
 Shin-Narashino - Kaihin-Makuhari - Kemigawa-Hama

Other websites

 JR East station information 
 Kaihimmakuhari Station bus terminal map 
 Keisei Bus Makuhari New City route map 

Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture
Nihombashi Station

Not to be confused with Nippombashi Station in Osaka, Japan.

Nihombashi Station (日本橋駅,にほんばしえき) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

Adjacent stations
 Tokyo Metro
 Ginza Line
 Kyōbashi （G 10） - Nihombashi （G 11） - Mitsukoshimae （G 12）
 Tōzai Line
 Rapid, Local
 Ōtemachi （T 09） - Nihombashi （T 10） - Kayabachō （T 11）
 Toei Subway
 Toei Asakusa Line
 Airport Rapid, Airport Access Express, Airport Rapid Limited Express
 Shimbashi （A 10） - Nihombashi （A 13） - Higashi-Nihombashi （A 15）
 Local, Express, Rapid, Commuter Limited Express, Limited Express, Access Express, Rapid Limited Express
 Takarachō （A 12） - Nihombashi （A 13） - Ningyōchō （A 14）

Railway stations in Tokyo
1932 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Japan
Drew Brees

Drew Brees (; born January 15, 1979) is a former American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints. A native of Austin, Texas, he played college football for Purdue and was drafted by the San Diego Chargers in 2001, where he was their starting quarterback until 2006. In 2009, he led the Saints to a Super Bowl championship and was named MVP of the game.

Sources

Other websites

 The Brees Dream Foundation
 
 New Orleans Saints bio

American football quarterbacks
New Orleans Saints players
San Diego Chargers players
Sportspeople from Austin, Texas
1979 births
Living people
Mariano Rivera

Mariano Rivera (born November 29, 1969 in Panama City, Panama) is a baseball player.  He has played with the New York Yankees for many seasons.  He is a “closer”, a type of pitcher who pitches in the ninth inning.  Rivera is thought to be one of the best relief pitchers ever, and will probably be in the Baseball Hall of Fame.  Rivera throws a very fast “cutter” pitches that are good at striking out batters.  Rivera has more saves in the World Series than any other pitcher.  He also has more saves all-time then anybody, a record he set in 2011.  Mariano Rivera wears #42, and is the only player in Major League baseball to do so.  Rivera was born in Panama and played his first baseball there.

References

Awards Won
Rolaids Relief Man of the Year, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2009
DHL Delivery Man of the Year, 2005, 2006, 2009
2004 American League Championship Series MVP
World Series Champion, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2009

1969 births
American Christians
American League All-Stars
Living people
New York Yankees players
Taco truck

A taco truck is a truck that sells tacos and other types of Mexican food.  Some taco trucks also deal in fusion cuisine.  It is one of the most common types of food trucks.  In most taco trucks, the food is made in the truck.  Taco trucks and other food trucks are common around colleges, as college students often eat at them.  Though there are taco trucks all over the world, they are most often seen in Los Angeles and other Mexican-American cities.  In many cities, such as Los Angeles, regular restaurants have tried to shut down taco trucks.  This is because taco trucks sell food at a lower price than many restaurants.  Taco trucks have been criticized in the past for being dirty and unhealthy, but this is not the case anymore. Chicago is the only city in the United States which does not allow cooking on food trucks but Taquero Fusion, Chicago's Original Taco Truck, managed to figure out a way to provide gourmet tacos to their customers.  

Mexican food
Trucks
Hairpin turn

A hairpin turn (also hairpin bend, hairpin corner, or just hairpin), is a very tight corner. It makes a vehicle turn almost 180° to continue on the road. It gets its name from the way it looks like a hairpin or bobby pin. Hairpin turns may be called switchbacks in American English.

Hairpin turns may be built when a road or path climbs up or down a steep slope. This allows the path to travel the slope with a smaller slope. Hairpin turns may be used in race tracks to slow down the race cars after a long, fast straight.

Roads
Railway track layouts
Sepang International Circuit

The Sepang International Circuit (SIC) is a racing circuit in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. It is near the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, about 60 km south of the capital city Kuala Lumpur. It is the venue used for the Formula One Malaysian Grand Prix, A1 Grand Prix as well as the Malaysian MotoGP. The circuit was designed by German designer Hermann Tilke.

Layout 
The main circuit is 5.54 km long. It is raced in a clockwise direction. It is noted for its sweeping corners and wide straights. The layout is unusual, with a very long back straight separated from the pit straight by just one very tight hairpin corner.

The circuit may be set-up with other configurations. The north circuit is the first half of the main circuit. The course turns back towards the pit straight after turn 6 and is 2.71 km long.

The south circuit is the other half of the circuit. The back straight of the main circuit becomes the pit straight. It joins onto turn 8 of the main circuit to form a hairpin turn. This circuit is 2.61 km in length.

Sepang International Circuit also features kart racing and motocross facilities.

References

Other websites 

 Sepang F1 International Circuit 
 Official information about Sepang at the Formula 1 site
 Google Maps location

Formula One circuits
Selangor
Shanghai International Circuit

The Shanghai International Circuit is a Chinese motor racing venue. It is in the district of Jiading near Shanghai in the People's Republic of China. It was the venue of the first Formula One Chinese Grand Prix on 26 September 2004.

History 
The circuit costing about $450 million (USD). It was paid for by a government-funded joint-venture company. This company was made up of the Shanghai Juss Corporation, Shanghai National Property Management Co Ltd, and Shanghai Jia'an Investment and Development Co Ltd. Architectural and design experts began visiting the site by April 2003. The site was transformed from swampland to an international racetrack in 18 months.  A team of 3000 worked around the clock to finish the construction.

Other events held at the circuit include a round of the MotoGP world championship, the Australian-based V8 Supercar championship, and also the final round of the A1 Grand Prix in 2006 and 2007.

The 2008 MotoGP race was the last one at Shanghai International Circuit. The FIM didn't select the circuit for 2009 because of overcrowding problems.

Layout
Like many new Formula One circuits, Shanghai International Circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke. It features his trademark track feature: a long back straight followed by a hairpin turn. Current-generation F1 cars can easily exceed  on the long straight between corners 13 and 14. The track layout was inspired from the Chinese character shang (上). Shang is the first character in the name of the city Shanghai, and means "above" or "ascend".

Records 
Times below are driven over a distance of 5.451 km.

*Intermediate circuit (4.600 km/2.858 mi)

References

Other websites 

 Shanghai International Circuit Statistics from official F1 site
 A1GP info of Shanghai International Circuit

Formula One circuits
Endeavour River National Park

The Endeavour River National Park is just north of Cooktown, Queensland, Australia. It protects the north banks of the Endeavour River. Both the river and the park are named after Captain James Cook's ship, HM Bark Endeavour. The ship was repaired in the river in 1770 after being damaged by coral on the Great Barrier Reef. Most of the park can only be reached by boat. There are no facilities in the park, and people are not allowed to camp there. The park covers an area of about 2400 hectares. It is next to the Cairns Marine Park and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

The Endeavour River protects a number of different habitats including, coastal dunes, fresh water wetlands, river estuary, mangrove forests, heathland and tropical woodlands.

References

National parks in Australia
Protected areas of Queensland
Nobuko Yoshiya

was a Japanese novelist. She wrote during the Taishō and Showa periods of Japan. She was one of modern Japan's most successful writers. She wrote many romance novels and adolescent girls’ fiction. She was also one of the first writers of Japanese lesbian books, including the Class S genre.

Early life
Yoshiya was born in Niigata Prefecture, but grew up in the cities of Mooka and Tochigi, in Tochigi Prefecture. Her father was in the public service, so her family often moved. She was the only daughter and youngest child of her family. Both, her mother and her father, came from samurai families. She started writing when she was in her teens, although before this she had developed a love for writing which sapped her time for learning domestic skills from her mother.

References

General references

 Frederick, Sarah. "Women of the Setting Sun and Men from the Moon: Yoshiya Nobuko's Ataka Family as Postwar Romance."U.S. - Japan Women's Journal, English Supplement 23. 2003.
 Frederick, Sarah. "Not that Innocent: Yoshiya Nobuko's Good Girls in Jan Bardsley and Laura Miller eds. Bad Girls of Japan. Palgrave, 2005.
 Mackie, Vera. Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press (2003)

Other websites
Kamakura Yoshiya Nobuko Memorial Museum 

1896 births
1973 deaths
Japanese novelists
People from Niigata Prefecture
Radioisotope heater unit

A radioisotope heater unit is a device that provides heat from the breakdown of radioactive material.  Radioactive material is added to a container within the heater.  Because the material is unstable, it breaks down, releasing energy as heat. The heater may be packaged with a thermocouple to make electricity.

Physics
Circuit de Catalunya

The Circuit de Catalunya is a racetrack in Montmeló, to the north of Barcelona, Catalonia. It is home to the Formula One Spanish Grand Prix and the motorcycle Catalonia Grand Prix. With long straights and a variety of corners, the Circuit de Catalunya is seen as an all-rounder circuit. It is often used for off-season testing.

History 
The Circuit de Catalunya was built in 1991. It was planned to host its first race in 1992 to go with the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games were scheduled to take place in Barcelona. The circuit is often referred to as 'Barcelona' in the racing community, even though it is located in Montmeló. The Circuit de Catalunya should not be confused with the Montjuïc circuit, which hosted the Spanish Grand Prix four times between 1969 and 1975. Unlike the Circuit de Catalunya, Montjuïc circuit is actually located within the city of Barcelona.

Because of so much testing is done at this circuit, Formula One drivers and mechanics are extremely familiar with it. This has led to criticism that drivers and mechanics are too familiar with Catalunya, reducing the amount of on-track action.

When the circuit opened, overtaking was frequent. Cars could closely follow each other through the last two corners. They would slipstream down the long straight for a pass. As aerodynamic balance became more important, this overtaking method became less effective. The cars were unable to follow each other as close. They would encounter turbulence created by the leading car. This made it hard for a car to get close enough to pass. In  the next to the last corner was replaced with a chicane. This was an effort to improve passing. The redesign did not increase the amount of overtaking.

The Circuit de Catalunya also plays host to many other racing series, including Moto GP.  The chicane which was put in for Formula 1 does not exist in the track layout for Moto GP, and there are at least five points on the track where riders are known to pass. As in Formula 1, turn one is the most popular place for overtaking.

References

Other websites 

 Circuit de Catalunya 
 Circuit de Catalunya at Google Maps
 Statistics from official F1 site

Formula One circuits
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Spain
Juan Manuel Santos

Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (born 10 August 1951) is a Colombian politician. He became the President of Colombia on 7 August 2010. Santos replaces Álvaro Uribe as president.

Santos has distanced himself from Uribe. Santos intends work on the social need of the country. He also wants to improve relations  Colombia's neighbors.

Since winning the presidency in a June 20 landslide, Santos has marked distance between himself and Uribe, signaling the arrival of a leader who, unlike his predecessor, intends to focus on a social agenda and the country's frayed relations with its neighbors. During his inauguration speech, he said "I will preside over a government of national unity that will bring social prosperity for all Colombians... If we want to have economic and social development, we need to build unity among us."

Santos was schooled in the United States and is familiar with technology. He was a defense minister in the Uribe government. Santos has become well known around the world for trying to end the long conflict in Colombia. In 2016, after a lot of negotiations, he announced a peace deal with the FARC militia, which has been at war with the Colombian government since the 1960s. By June 2016, a peace deal had been reached, and some people have said Santos and the other negotiators may win a Nobel Peace Prize if the peace deal holds. Uribe is against the deal, which he thinks is too easy on FARC.

He is 65 years old, and is from one of the most politically influential families of Colombia. He is married to Maria and has three children.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2016 

He left office on 7 August 2018 and was replaced by conservative Iván Duque Márquez.

References 

Living people
People from Bogotá
1951 births
Presidents of Colombia
Ross Island

Ross Island is an island which was formed by four volcanoes in the Ross Sea, which can be found near the continent, Antarctica.

Geography
Because of the persistent presence of the ice sheet, the island is sometimes mistaken to be a part of Antarctica. Its area is 2,460 km² (950 sq mi); only a small portion of the island is free of ice and snow. The planet's southernmost active volcano, Erebus (3794 m), as well as the dormant volcano Terror (3230 m), are situated on the island. They were named by Ross after his ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror. The third highest peak is Mount Bird, and on its slopes are Shell Glacier and Endeavour Piedmont Glacier. Abbott Peak stands between Mount Erebus and Mount Bird.

Despite its relatively small size, Ross Island is the world's 6th highest island.

Discovery
The island was discovered by Sir James Clark Ross in 1841, and it was later named in his honour by Robert F. Scott. 

Ross Island was the base for many of the early expeditions to Antarctica. It was and still is the southernmost island reachable by sea. Huts built by Scott's and Shackleton's expeditions are still located on the island, preserved as historical sites.

Today Ross Island is home to New Zealand's Scott Base, and the largest Antarctic settlement, the U.S. Antarctic Program's McMurdo Station. Greenpeace established World Park Base on the island and it ran for five years, from 1987 to 1992.

Claims
Ross Island lies within the boundaries of Ross Dependency, which is claimed by New Zealand.

Wildlife
Ross Island supports a colony of about a half million (500 000) Adélie Penguins.

References

Other websites

 NIWA New Zealand

Islands
Geography of Antarctica
Excretion

Excretion is one of the most basic functions of life. It is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials. It is an essential process in all forms of life. It contrasts with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell.

In single-celled organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms use more complex methods. Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs.

Mammalian excretion 
In mammals, excretion is the formation of urine in the kidneys, and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs. These waste products are eliminated by urination and breathing out respectively. If excretion does not occur in an organism, waste products accumulate, which eventually kill the organism.

Also, food waste is expelled through the anus. Other substances are secreted into the bile, and then eliminated in the faeces. The skin and lungs also have excretory functions: the skin eliminates metabolic wastes like urea and lactic acid through sweating,p395 and the lungs expel carbon dioxide.

Some terms 
 Mucociliary excretion is the excretion of mucus in the respiratory system. Cilia work to clear the small passages, and coughing removes phlegm.
 Biliary excretion goes through the bile duct to the duodenum and removed in the faeces.
 Perspiration is the excretion of salts and water from the body, although the main purpose is to cool the body.

Other vertebrates 
Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the water, as this compound is soluble and there is ample water available for dilution. In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment, and ammonia itself is toxic.

Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a white paste. This allows efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg. Both uric acid and faeces are expelled through a common opening called the cloaca. Their waste is usually two-coloured: part white (uric acid) and part green or black (organic waste).

Many bird species, especially seabirds, can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands, the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak.

References 

Physiology
Vibration isolation

Vibration isolation is a system of devices to decouple a mechanical or structural object from its vibrating supports.

For example, the handles of the saw presented in the right photo are separated from the engine and cutting bar to reduce shaking for the operator. Here, the spring mount is a part of this vibration isolation system.

When the targeted object is rather heavy (e.g. building, bridge or the like), vibration isolation may be called base isolation. Vibration isolation is a branch of protective techniques known as vibration control.

History
From the very beginning, the theory of vibration isolation, in general, and of base isolation, in particular, rested on two pillars: heavy damping and frequency separation. Unfortunately, nobody paid any attention that the heavy damping was a sort of a strong connection between a substructure and superstructure, and that the idea of decoupling them with the help of such connections was of no good.

Related pages
Damping
Vibration
Earthquake protector

References

Mechanics
Mechanical vibrations
Murder of Megan Kanka

Megan Nicole Kanka (December 7, 1986 – July 29, 1994) was an American child who was raped and murdered by her neighbor Jesse Timmendequas. It happened in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey by a convicted sex offender, when she was seven years old.

Timmendequas tricked Kanka to come into his house by saying he had a puppy inside. Once Kanka noticed there was no puppy Timmendequas raped her, slammed her head into a dresser, wrapped her head in a plastic bag, and strangled her with a belt. He put her body in his car and assaulted her once more before placing her in a toy chest and dumping it in a park in nearby West Windsor, New Jersey. When he went to court the jury sentenced him to death after convicting him of kidnapping, rape, sodomy and murder.

The aftermath of this led the New Jersey Legislature to pass a law called "Megan's Law" which requires convicted sex offenders to tell the local police department when they move into a neighborhood.

References

1994 deaths
1990s in New Jersey
1990s murders in the United States
Murdered children
American children

Deaths by strangulation

Kidnapped American people
Rape
Children victims of violence
Ueno Station

Ueno Station () is a railway station of JR East and Tokyo Metro in Taitō, Tokyo, Japan. Ueno Station should not be confused with the nearby Keisei-Ueno Station.

Neighbor 
JR East
 Tōhoku Shinkansen
Tokyo - Ueno - Ōmiya
 Yamanote Line
Okachimachi - Ueno - Uguisudani
 Keihin-Tōhoku Line
Rapid
Akihabara - Ueno - Tabata
Local
Okachimachi - Ueno - Uguisudani
 Tōkaidō Line
Rapid
Ueno - Akabane
Local, Commuter Rapid
Ueno - Oku
 Jōban Line
Ueno - Nippori
Tokyo Metro
 Ginza Line
Ueno-hirokōji （M 15） - Ueno （G 16） - Inarichō （M 17）
 Hibiya Line
Naka-Okachimachi （H 16） - Ueno （H 17） - Iriya （H 18）

Other websites

Railway stations in Tokyo
Yuniesky Betancourt

Yuniesky Betancourt (born January 31, 1982 in Santa Clara, Cuba) is a Cuban baseball player. He currently plays as a shortstop for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Betancourt formerly played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005 to 2009 and the Kansas City Royals from 2009 to 2010 before being traded along with Zack Greinke to the Brewers for Alcides Escobar, Lorenzo Cain, Jeremy Jeffress, Jake Odorizzi, and $2,000,000 to reportedly offset the buyout of Betancourt's club option in 2012.

Other websites
 Yuniesky Betancourt at mlb.com

1982 births
Living people
Cuban sportspeople
Kansas City Royals players
Seattle Mariners players
Saitama-Shintoshin Station

Saitama-Shintoshin Station (さいたま新都心駅,さいたましんとしんえき) is a railway station of JR East in Saitama, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

Neighbor 
JR East
 Keihin-Tōhoku Line
Yono - Saitama-Shintoshin - Ōmiya
 Tōhoku Main Line
Urawa - Saitama-Shintoshin - Ōmiya
 Takasaki Line
Urawa - Saitama-Shintoshin - Ōmiya

Other websites 

Saitama-Shintoshin Station (Official Site) 

Railway stations in Saitama Prefecture
Tarawih

Tarawih (تراويح) also spelled Taraweeh, are extra prayers which Muslims read at night in the month of Ramadan. The details of how the Tarawih are to be said is different between the different branches of Islam. Tarawih prayers are made up of a number of prayer phrases and actions, raka‘āt, said in pairs. Hanafis and Shafi'i say there are 20 raka‘āt, some Hanabalis say it is only eight, while others say 20. Malikis say there are 36, and the Ahl al-Hadeeth say it is 8.

References

Ramadan
Let's Go All the Way (song)

"Let's Go All the Way'" is a 1986 dance-pop/new wave song by the American pop band Sly Fox. It is the first single from their only album Let's Go All the Way, which was released in 1985. The song was produced by Ted Currier and written by Gary "Mudbone" Cooper.

The song was used in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off and Loverboy and was also covered in 1999 by The Wondergirls and again in 2000 by the horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse.

Insane Clown Posse songs
1986 songs
Riddle Box

Riddle Box is the third studio album by American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on October 10, 1995. The producers of the album were Insane Clown Posse and Mike E. Clark. The album was the third of the "Joker Cards" in the Dark Carnival mythology.

1995 albums
Insane Clown Posse albums
Privateer (motorsport)

In auto racing, a privateer is usually an person or race team that enters a race on their own. They are not directly supported by an automobile manufacturer. Privateer teams often build and maintain their own vehicles. 

In the early years of Formula One, privately-owned teams would race using a race car built by another team or constructor. Many privateer entrants compete for the enjoyment of the sport, and are not paid to be racing drivers.

The modern F1 Concorde Agreement now requires teams to build their own cars. In modern F1 terms, privateer is more often used to refer to a team  who are not at least part-owned by large corporations, such as WilliamsF1.

Related pages
Contrast: Factory-backed

References 

Sports words