cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa (spelled Addis Abeba by the Ethiopian Mapping Institute, also called Finfinne) is the capital city of Ethiopia. It is also the capital of the African Union and the Oromia region of Ethiopia.

History

Addis Ababa is both a city and a state. The city has people living in it from as many as 80 different countries speaking 80 different languages. There are many different communities in the city including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. Addis Ababa is about 2,500 m above sea level. It has about four million people.

The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. The city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II.  The city is at the foot of Mount Entoto. In 1935 the city (renamed Addis Abeba) was conquered by the Italians and was made the capital of their empire in eastern Africa until 1941. Italians made huge improvements and modern projects to the city.

The city has grown since World War II and is now a huge metropolis that has nearly 4 people living there as of 2020.

Addis Ababa University is in the city. Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University. It was named after the former Emperor of Ethiopia, who gave his palace to be used the main campus of the university in 1961.

References

Bibliography

Related pages
 Italian Mogadiscio
 Piccola Roma
 Italian Tripoli

Other websites 

 Addis Ababa City Administration 
 Addis Ababa City Council 
 Introduction to Addis Ababa
 Picture of Addis Ababa 

1886 establishments
 
19th-century establishments in Africa
Regions of Ethiopia
Home directory

In computing, a home directory is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories folders). Very often, there is one such home directory per user. Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.

A home directory is used to store personal files of the respective user, including written document and settings for programs.

Different Implementations

Unix and Linux
On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username. It is usually in the /home hierarchy. A user fred would therefore his home directory in /home/fred.

It can be written as ~.

Microsoft Windows
Since Windows 95 there is a directory called My Documents. It was introduced together with My Computer. It helps the users locate their files. Since Windows 2000 it is in the user's profile directory Documents and Settings\username. So a user fred will find his files in Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents. In Windows Vista the directory has lost the My, and is simply called Documents.  Other directories, which are similar, may exist. They are called My Music, My pictures and My videos. Since Windows 7 files of a user can be found at \Users\(username)\.

Mac OS X
In Mac OS X, the home directory is in /Users.

Software
Nowruz

Nowruz (, meaning "[The] New Day", ; ) it is what the Iranians call their New Year. It is one of the ancient celebrations which has survived throughout history and is considered to be a day in which new good things start.

Nowruz (, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day", ) is the name of the Iranian New Year.

Nowruz is the day of the spring equinox, when the amount of light and dark is the same during the day. It is the beginning of the year in the Persian calendar. It is usually celebrated on March 21.On September 30, 2009, UNESCO registered Nowruz as an intangible cultural heritage under the official name "International Nowruz Day". The UN General Assembly then listed Nowruz, which has roots in Iran, on its calendar. A document approved by the United Nations General Assembly on February 23, 2010 explains that Nowruz on March 21 originated in Iran more than 3,000 years ago and is celebrated by more than 300 million people today. There is. UN member states celebrated Knowles in 1391 (2012) for the first time in Iran-sponsored UN and UNESCO public places, and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also sent a message to the celebration .

background
Nowruz has been celebrated by people from different ethnic communities and religious backgrounds for thousands of years.  It started in Persia in one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire in Persis (Fars). It has been registered by UNESCO as The "International Day of Nowruz" a cultural and spiritual heritage of mankind on October 29, 2009. UN General Assembly also registered Nowruz as an Iranian heritage in its calendar. UN General Assembly described it as a festival celebrated for more than 3,000 years. Nowadays more than 300 million people celebrate it all over the world .UN document explained  on March 23rd 2010.
Iran hosted celebrating Nowruz in the United Nations and UNESCO for the first time in 2012. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a message on the occasion.
According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name, Nowruz was originated in ancient Persia. This celebration is attributed to the mythical king Jamshid. Iranians celebrated Nowruz  continuously at least  since 500 BC .Historically  the ethnics residing in geographical civilization of PERSIA have celebrated changing of the seasons or  solar rotations, the equinoxes (March ( 21st) and September (about 23rd) and the solstices in June (20th or 21st) and December (21st or 22nd). they infact were honoring and welcoming sun developments  and return of spirit of the dead in this special days.
there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.
the March equinox or Nowruz is formally the beginning of the new year in Iran and Afghanistan and Nowruz festival start in last Wednesday of the end of year and continues till 13 first month of new year. It is a national holiday now in all Iranian neighboring countries including, Azerbaijan,  Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan , Georgia, India,Uzbekistan.

Gallery

Sources

Holidays
Earth's mantle

Earth's mantle is the 1,800 mile (2,900 km) thick shell making up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is over the Earth's iron-rich core, which takes up about 15% of Earth's volume.

The upper mantle 
Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.

Uppermost mantle 
A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km thick. There are two main zones in the upper mantle. The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50 km thick.

Asthenosphere 
Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200 km thick.

Lower mantle 
The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle. It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily. The lower mantles temperature has a max of about 4,000 °C (7,000 °F). 

The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: oxygen 44.8% by weight; magnesium 22.8%; silicon 21.5%. Compounds are oxides: silica SiO2 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.

Place with no crust 
In 2007 a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering. The anomaly is mid-way between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean, at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.

Other such 'Oceanic Core Complexes' (OCCs) were found later. Many have active hydrothermal vents.

Other websites 

 Information on the Mohole Project
 Theory of the Earth

References 

Structure of the Earth
Robert Burns

Robert Burns (25 January 1759  1796) was a famous poet born in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland. Some of his most famous poems include To A Mouse, Auld Lang Syne, and Tam o Shanter. Burns is seen as the national poet of Scotland. Much of his work is written in broad Scots, a sister language to English. His poem and song A Man's A Man For A' That was sung at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. "To A Louse, On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church" is a 1786 Scots poem by Robert Burns.

Burns died at 37, and is buried in the graveyard of St Michael's Church, Dumfries, Scotland.

Notes

References

 
 
 
 Dietrich Hohmann: Ich, Robert Burns, Biographical Novel, Neues Leben, Berlin 1990 (in German)

Other websites

Modern English translations of poems by Robert Burns

Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland

Legacy of Robert Burns – National Archives of Scotland website 
 Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, p. 57
A recital of Tam o Shanter a Tale
 A recital Address to the Unco Guid
 A recital of Address to a Haggis

 A Recital Holly Willie's Prayer including Epitaph on Holly Willie

1759 births
1796 deaths
Scottish writers
Scottish poets
Book club

A book club is a club where people regularly meet to discuss a book that they have read and talk about their opinions, likes, dislikes of the characters and plot. Book clubs meet in private homes, libraries, bookstores, pubs, cafes or restaurants over meals, etc.

Books
Organizations
Video Relay Service

VRS or Video Relay Service is a service by which deaf people can use sign language on phone calls. In some countries it has largely replaced the use of TTY for for this pupose.

VRS uses a video camera and a high-speed Internet connection, to let people call friends, family, and business associates.  A deaf or hard of hearing person can use a remote control and call an interpreter.  When interpreter comes on their screen, the caller can call any hearing person and have a phone conversation through the interpreter.

VRS was invented in the 1990s in Sweden. In the early 21st century it became available in the United States. A person in the United States, can make calls to, or receive calls from, anybody in the world via VRS.

Other websites
Pinky tells the Real Story Video Relay Service VRS 
Proud Geek presents: List of Video Relay Services

Electronics
Florida Panthers

The Florida Panthers are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Sunrise, Florida at FLA Live Arena. They were named for the Florida panther, a type of cougar that is considered an endangered species.

The Panthers have made it to the Stanley Cup Finals once in 1996 when they lost to the Colorado Avalanche in four games.

Other websites
 Official website

References 

1993 establishments in Florida
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Florida Panthers
Carolina Hurricanes

{{Infobox NHL team
| team_name = Carolina Hurricanes
| current = 2020–21 Carolina Hurricanes season
| bg_color = background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#CC0000 5px solid; border-bottom:#000000 5px solid;
| text_color = #000000
| logo_image = 
| conference = Eastern
| division = Metropolitan
| founded = 1972
| history = New England Whalers1972–1979 (WHA)Hartford Whalers1979–1997 (NHL) Carolina Hurricanes1997–present
| arena = PNC Arena
| city = Raleigh, North Carolina
| uniform_image = 
| team_colors = Red, white, gray, black   
| media_affiliates = Bally Sports SouthESPN The Fan (99.9 FM)The Buzz (620 AM)
| owner = Tom Dundon
| general_manager = Don Waddell
| head_coach = Rod Brind'Amour
| captain = Jordan Staal
| minor_league_affiliates = Chicago Wolves (AHL)Greenville Swamp Rabbits (ECHL)
| stanley_cups = 1 (2005–06)
| conf_titles = 2 (2001–02, 2005–06)
| presidents'_trophies = 0
| division_titles = ''4 (1998–99, 2001–02, 2005–062021)
| website = 
}}
The Carolina Hurricanes''' are an ice hockey team that plays in the  NHL. The team's home arena is PNC Arena, in Raleigh, North Carolina. They won the Stanley Cup during the 2005-2006 season by beating the Edmonton Oilers. They play in Raleigh, North Carolina, but they moved in 1999 from Hartford, Connecticut, where they were known as the Hartford Whalers. They play in the Metropolitan Division of the NHL.

The name "Hurricanes" was chosen because the eastern part of North Carolina is often hit by hurricanes during tropical storm season.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1972 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Dakar

Dakar is the capital city of Senegal. It is on the country's Atlantic coast on the western edge of Africa. The city is a trade seaport for items leaving Africa. Dakar has a population of 1,030,594 people. The metropolitan area has about 2.45 million people living in it.

The National Assembly of Senegal and Senegal Presidential Palace are in Dakar.

History 

The area that is now Dakar was first settled around the 15th century. In 1444, Portuguese created a colony there. By 1536, the colony was being used to as part of the slave trade. Between 1588 and 1677, the area was fought over by many countries. During this time it was under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and finally the French.

In 1857, the French built a military base here. This base was called Dakar. It was made the capital of French West Africa in 1902. Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire during this time. It was very important in terms of trade, military, and communications to the empire until World War II.

The city was the capital of the Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960. It then became the capital of Senegal.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

References

Other websites 
  dakarville.sn  - City of Dakar official website.
 African Photos Photos from Dakar

Cities in Senegal
Capital cities in Africa
IRCAM

IRCAM stands for Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music).  It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music.  IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou. 

In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research.  Boulez was in put in charge of the institute.  It was opened in 1977. Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date.  They were given plenty of time to experiment.  Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there.  Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.

Other websites
 The official site of IRCAM

Music technology
Paris
Yaoundé

Yaoundé is the capital city of the Republic of Cameroon. It is the second largest city in the country after Douala.

History 
Yaoundé was founded in 1888 by German traders. It was created to be used as a base for the ivory trade and an agricultural research station. The city was under the control of Belgian troops during World War I. After the war, it became the capital of French Cameroons. It has remained the capital of the Republic of Cameroon until the present day.

References

Settlements in Cameroon
Capital cities in Africa
1888 establishments
19th-century establishments in Africa
Asmara

Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea. It is the largest settlement in the country. Asmara has a population of about 579,000 people. Textiles and clothing, meat, beer, shoes, and ceramics are the major industrial products of the city.

History 
Asmara grew from four villages founded in the twelfth century. It is said that there were four clans living in the Asmara area. The women of these tribes told them men to join together to fight bandits who had been attacking the area.  After they defeated the bandits, a new name was given to the place, Arbaete Asmara. This name, in the Tigrinya language, meant the four females united. Arbaete was later dropped and the name was made Asmara.

In 1889, Asmara became an Italian colony. It was made the capital of the country in 1897 and was called Asmara italiana. The city was damaged during earthquakes in 1913 and 1915. During the 1930s, the Italians made many chances to how Asmara looked. Many new buildings were created during this time and the city was mainly populated by Italian colonists (in 1940 there were 57000 Italian residents on a total population of 98000).

These buildings were built in the same style as Italian buildings. This gave Asmara the look of an Italian city: that is why sometimes the city is nicknamed "Piccola Roma since then. Today many of the buildings and stores in Asmara still have Italian names.

During World War II, after the defeat of Italy in Africa, Asmara was under British rule. In 1952, the United Nations placed the country and Asmara under Ethiopian control. In the 1960s, the Eritrean people started fighting for independence from Ethiopia.

This bloody war lasted until 1991. Asmara was given back to the Eritrean people on May 24, 1991.

In July 2017 Asmara has been declared World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

Related pages
 Eritrea
 Piccola Roma

References

Bibliography

 Francesca Calace. Restituiamo la Storia – dagli archivi ai territori. Architetture e modelli urbani nel Mediterraneo orientale Gangemi editorial Rome, 2012 ISBN 978-88-492-2364-4
 Giovanni Godoli. Asmara: immagine di una città. Architettura e Potere da Ferdinando Martini all'Impero. Universita' di Firenze. Florence, 2012 ()
 Jochen Visscher. Asmara - The Frozen City Jovis ed. Berlin, 2006  ISBN 978-3-936314-61-8 ()

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Eritrea
12th-century establishments in Africa
History of Italy
Bamako

Bamako is the capital and largest city of Mali. It is on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the Upper and Middle Niger Valleys, in the southwestern part of the country.

Other websites

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Mali
17th-century establishments in Africa
Lomé

Lomé is the capital city of Togo. Lomé is the administrative and industrial center of the country. The city is also the main port of Togo. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. The population of the city was estimated as around 700,000 people in 1998. It is estimated that more than 1 million people live in Lomé area at that time.

Lomé is on the Gulf of Guinea. It is in the south west of Togo, on the border between Togo and Ghana. Things to see in the city include Lomé Grand Market, the Togo National Museum in the Palais de Congrés, a fetish (voodoo) market, Lomé Cathedral, beaches and the former wharf.

History 
The city was founded in the eighteenth century by the Ewe people. In 1882, the village, known then as Bey Beach, became a major trading center for the British.

Bey Beach became the capital of Togo when the German rulers moved the capital from Aneho in 1897. The city then grew quickly until it was taken by the French Army in 1914 during World War I.

References 

Togo
Capital cities in Africa
Wireless Markup Language

Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a programming language used for of wireless devices. It is similar to HTML. WML is a version of XML. This means that syntax is very important. Every tag needs to be properly nested and closed. WML can only be displayed in a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Browser.

Other websites 
 W3Schools WAP/WML Tutorial 

Markup languages
Maseru

Maseru (pronounced "ma'seru") is the capital city of Lesotho. It is near Mohokare River. Maseru is on the border with South Africa, and is connected to it through Maseru Bridge. The nearest city to Maseru in South Africa is named Ladybrand.

The National University of Lesotho amd the international airport called Moshoeshoe International Airport are near Maseru.

Maseru is a sister city of Austin, Texas.

Lesotho
Capital cities in Africa
Fandom

Fandom (from the noun fan and the affix -dom, as in kingdom, dukedom, etc.) or fanbase is a name used for a group of people (called "fans") who are interested in something. A fandom can be about any interest or activity. Fandoms can be for example about hobbies, genres or fashions, book or movie series, or even individual celebrities.

Related pages
Fan fiction
Fictional universe
New York Islanders

The New York Islanders are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were a great team between 1980 and 1983, winning four Stanley Cups and a record 19 consecutive playoff series. The Islanders have played for most of their history in Nassau County, New York on Long Island. They played from 1972 to 2015 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, then temporarily moved to Brooklyn and the Barclays Center starting with the 2015–16 season. However, Barclays Center proved to be less than desirable as a hockey venue, and the team returned to the Coliseum part-time in 2018–19 and 2019–20 and full-time in 2020–21.

In November 2021, the Islanders opened their current home of UBS Arena, next to the Belmont Park horse racing track in Elmont, a community next to the New York City borough of Queens.

References

Notes

Other websites
Official website
Arizona Coyotes

The Arizona Coyotes are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Glendale, Arizona.

History
In 1996, the team moved to Phoenix from Winnipeg, Canada, where they were known as the Jets. The team moved to the suburb of Glendale in December 2003. They have never won a Stanley Cup. Their head coach is Rick Tocchet and their general manager is Bill Armstrong. Wayne Gretzky resigned as head coach on September 14, 2009. In May of 2009, the Coyotes filed for bankruptcy protection.

They officially changed their name from the Pheonix Coyotes to the Arizona Coyotes on June 27, 2014.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1990s establishments in Arizona
Buffalo Sabres

The Buffalo Sabres are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League.

Other websites
 Official website

References

1970 establishments in New York (state)
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Buffalo Sabres
Sabres
Columbus Blue Jackets

The Columbus Blue Jackets are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They are one of the newest teams in the NHL, created in 2000. The Blue Jackets first made the playoffs in 2009. The coach right now is John Tortorella. The Blue Jackets play at Nationwide Arena. They play in the Metropolitan Division.

2009–10 Season

References

Other websites
Official website
Atlanta Thrashers

The Atlanta Thrashers were an American professional ice hockey team that played in Atlanta, Georgia. They played in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Thrashers played their home games at Phillips Arena. The team played in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference.

They only made the NHL playoffs once, in the 2006–2007 season.

On May 31, 2011, investors named True North Sports and Entertainment purchased the Atlanta Thrashers. The sale was approved by the National Hockey League on June 21, 2011.

2007–08 season 

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

2008–09 season 

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

2009–10 season

References

2011 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Sports in Atlanta, Georgia
1999 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Rachael Ray

Rachael Ray (born August 25, 1968 in Glen Falls, New York) is an Emmy Award-winning television personality and author. Her family roots are from Sicily, Italy. Her TV shows include 30 minute Meals, $40 a Day, Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels and The Rachael Ray Show in September 2006 First Episode in Rachael Ray. In September 2010, Rachael Ray's Week In a Day began airing on the Cooking Channel. She has written 12 cookbooks. Plus Stay Home & More Episodes in Season 14/Season 15 Make Room For Season 16  

1968 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
Writers from New York
Sophora

Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs. It is in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Many students see Sophora as three genera: Sophora, Calia (S. secundiflora) and Styphnolobium (S. japonica).

Related pages
 Sophora davidii
 Sophora macnabiana
 Kowhai
Māmane

Faboideae
Trees
Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are a taxon of bacteria which conduct photosynthesis. They are not algae, though they were once called blue-green algae. It is a phylum of bacteria, with about 1500 species. In endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts (plastids) are descended from cyanobacteria. Their DNA profile is evidence for this.

Cyanobacteria have an extremely long fossil record, starting  at least 3,500 million years ago. They were the main organisms in the stromatolites of the Archaean and Proterozoic eons.

The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is highly significant. The early atmosphere on Earth was largely reducing, that is, without oxygen. The cyanobacteria in stromatolites were the first known organisms to photosynthesise and produce free oxygen. After about a billion years, the effect of this photosynthesis began a huge change in the atmosphere. The process, called the Great Oxygenation Event, took a long time. Eventually, it killed off most of the organisms which could not live in oxygen, and led to the kinds of environment we know today, where most organisms use and need oxygen.

Light detection 
Cyanobacteria have a way of detecting light. Conrad Mullineaux, of Queen Mary University of London, said, "It has a way of detecting where the light is; we know that because of the direction that it moves".
"In a single-celled pond slime, they observed how incoming rays are bent by the bug's spherical surface and focused in a spot on the far side of the cell. By shuffling along in the opposite direction to that bright spot, the microbe moves towards the light".

Related pages
 Ice algae

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Cell biology
Photosynthesis
Teletypewriter

A teletypewriter (TTY; also called a teletype or teleprinter) is a device that sends a typed message to another place. A teletypewriter has a typewriter keyboard, a local printer (so the user can see what has been typed) and a transmitter. Messages can be sent over wires or radio waves. Teletypes were used mostly in the early to mid-20th century. They were developed to improve telegraphs, some of which also used keyboards, though not typewriter keyboards.

Though teleprinters have been replaced by other technologies, TDDs (Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf), which are based on the idea and design of teletypes, are still used these days. Not all people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech-impaired have switched to using instant messaging or texting or other modern services. Many still type messages back and forth to one another by TDD.

Related pages
 Video Relay Service

Other websites
 About the TTY

Electronics
Writing
Of Montreal

of Montreal is an American indie pop band. The band was formed in Athens, Georgia. The lead singer of the band is Kevin Barnes. He started the group as the only member. It was one of the second wave of groups to come from The Elephant 6 Recording Company. They have released twelve studio albums.

Albums 
 1997: Cherry Peel
 1998: The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy
 1999: The Gay Parade
 2001: Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse
 2002: Aldhils Arboretum
 2004: Satanic Panic in the Attic
 2005: The Sunlandic Twins
 2007: Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?
 2008: Skeletal Lamping
 2010: False Priest
 2012: Paralytic Stalks
 2013: Lousy With Sylvianbriar
 2015: Aureate Gloom
 2016: Innocence Reaches 
 2018: White Is Relic/Irrealis Mood
 2020: Ur Fun

Other websites 
Of Montreal's official site
Of Montreal's fan page
Of Montreal on Elephant6.com 
Artwork by David Barnes 
Of Montreal discussion board 
Of Montreal on National Public Radio
Lazy-i Interview from April 2004
View the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. commercials featuring music from Of Montreal
Listen to Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?
Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun 

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Funk bands
Musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Indie rock bands
Alcalá de Henares

Alcalá de Henares is a city in the Community of Madrid, Spain. It is thirty kilometres from Madrid. It has about 200,000 people. There is a university. Miguel de Cervantes, an important Spanish writer, the author of the "Don Quixote", was born there.

Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid
Alpine newt

The alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) is an amphibian. It is a  Salamander (Urodela or Caudata). The alpine newt is one of five newts in Germany.

Description 
Early in the year, alpine newts mate. During that time, the males have a blue color on their sides but not too much to overlap their white-black-spotted flank. Their belly is a bright orange.
The females are more camouflaged to their marshy environment. They are a mottled brown with barely visible, black spots.

The biggest of the males can reach up to nine, and the females up to twelve centimeters in length. After the mating season, they return to their natural color of the mottled brown.

Life and habitat 
The alpine newt typically lives in forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions. They are mostly absent in forest-poor areas. They often occur   in thick deciduous forests, as well as parland and natural gardens. Outside the spawning season, the Alpine Newt is a land animal. During the day it stays in all kinds of undergrowth, but during the mating season in cool water (forest pools, artificial pools). After the adults come out of winter dormancy, the alpine newts immediately take themselves to the spawning pools.

Location 

The spread of the alpine newt is constricted to Central Europe and parts of mountainous Southern Europe as well as an isolated area on the Iberian Peninsula.

There is also some introduced wild populations in the UK

Endangerment 
After a steep decrease in the alpine newt population in the 1960s-70s, they have recovered their numbers a bit. Surveillance in the surrounding area of Cologne (approximately 50m above sea level) showed an increase in alpine newt numbers, but the numbers of newts in breeding pools seemed to decline. In home gardens, newts are settling in pools in which there may be a high reproduction rate. If fish are in these ponds, the population will be completely wiped out. However, a small pool of 150 litres volume had more than 60 alpine newt tadpoles of different sizes at the beginning of July 2003. They were likely spawned from just one female.

Taxonomy 
The alpine newt has been usually placed into the Triturus genus. García-París | display-authors = etal split the genus Triturus into three, and placed the alpine newt into its own genus Mesotriton. Also the subspecies T. a. inexpectatus was elevated to species status. However this split has not been completely accepted yet. Originally 9 subspecies of the alpine newt were recognized.

References 

Newts
Differential equation

A differential equation is a mathematical equation that involves variables like x or y, as well as the rate at which those variables change. Differential equations are special because the solution of a differential equation is itself a function instead of a number.

In applications of mathematics, problems often arise in which the dependence of one parameter on another is unknown, but it is possible to write an expression for the rate of change of one parameter relative to another (derivative). In this case, the problem is reduced to finding a function by its derivative related to some other expressions.

Types of Differential Equations
If a differential equation only involves x and its derivative, the rate at which x changes, then it is called a first order differential equation. A higher-order differential equation has derivatives of other derivatives. If there are more variables than just x and y, then it is said to be a partial differential equation. Sometimes, something in the world will obey several differential equations at the same time. These are said to be modeled by coupled differential equations.

Some differential equations can be solved exactly, and some cannot. Sometimes one can only be estimated, and a computer program can  do this very fast. Although they may seem overly-complicated to someone who has not studied differential equations before, the people who use differential equations tell us that they would not be able to figure important things out without them. Most scientists and engineers (as well as mathematicians) take at least one course in differential equations while in college. Some mathematicians devote their career to investigating differential equations that are difficult to solve.

Uses 
Differential equations are used in many fields of science since they describe real things:
 In physics for various forms of movement, or oscillations
 Radioactive decay is calculated using differential equations.
 Isaac Newton's Second law of motion 
 Newton's Law of Cooling
 The wave equation
 Laplace's equation
 The Navier–Stokes equations described the movement of fluids
 The Hamiltonian equations for general mechanics

People who studied about differential equations

 Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
 Hiroshi Umemura
 Israel Gelfand
 Peter Lax
 Ryogo Hirota
 Sofya Kovalevskaya
 Vladimir Arnold

Related pages
 Finite element method
 Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
 Numerical methods for partial differential equations
Windhoek

Windhoek () is the capital city of Namibia. It has a population of 230,000 people. Windhoek is the trade center for sheep skins.  The area was controlled by Germany in 1885. It became the capital of the German colony, German South-West Africa, in 1892. During World War I, Windhoek was captured by South Africa. It was the capital of South West Africa (Namibia) under South African control until the independence of Namibia in 1990. 

Windhoek has a semi-desert climate.

Windhoek is known to be among the cleanest cities in Africa.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Official homepage of the City of Windhoek - Windhuk
 WebCams showing Windhoek

News
 Republikein, Namibian newspaper (Afrikaans)
 Allgemeine Zeitung Namibias, Namibian newspaper (German)
 The Namibian, newspaper (English)
Boiling tube

A boiling tube is a large tube made of glass, which is used in laboratory to strongly heat substances. A boiling tube is a scaled-up test tube, but larger in size. This larger size allows substances to boil freely inside a boiling tube.

Boiling tubes can also be used as a replacement for test tubes specially when a larger volume is desired.

Boiling tubes are commonly made from Pyrex glass which can tolerate high temperatures.

laboratory equipment
Ouagadougou

Ouagadougou (, is the capital of Burkina Faso. It is also the country's biggest city. In Ouagadougou, people mainly make clothing and food. Ouagadougou's mayor is chosen every five years. Ouagadougou is near the equator. It is always warm. In Ouagadougou, people speak French. Ouagadougou is one of the poorest cities in Africa. Almost 70% of its people can not read or write but the city has ten universities.

Economy 
Informal trade is widespread in the streets.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities:

References

Other websites

 Official website of the government of Ouagadougou 
 The plan of Ouagdougou
 Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages
Venetian language

The Venetian language (in Venetian: ) is a Romance language.

It was the language once spoken in the Republic of Venice.

Today
In the present day, it is spoken in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in Slovenia and in Croatia. It is also spoken in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states) and Mexico (town of Chipilo) by the descendants of Italian immigrants.

References

Languages of Europe
Romance languages
Venice
Yamoussoukro

Yamoussoukro is the capital city of Côte d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). About 200,000 people live in this city. Yamoussoukro became the capital in 1983. Abidjan was the capital before that.

History of Yamoussoukro 
Before the Second World War, Yamoussoukro was a small city. It was mainly made up of farms. In 1964, the president of Côte d'Ivoire decided to make Yamoussoukro the capital because it was where he grew up. In 1983, Yamoussoukro became the capital of Ivory Coast. In 1990, the Pope opened the biggest church in the world. It is called Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. In 2004, Yamoussoukro's airport was attacked by France because airplanes from that airport had killed 9 people from France.

Important things in Yamoussoukro 
Yamoussoukro is famous for the biggest church in the world, The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. Also, it is very tall. 

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Ivory Coast
Bloemfontein

Bloemfontein is one of the three capital cites of South Africa. It is the judicial capital of South Africa, as the Supreme Court is there. In Afrikaans and Dutch, Bloemfontein means "Spring of Bloem (Bloom)". It is also known as the city of roses. There are a lot of flowers in Bloemfontein.

History 
Bloemfontein was founded by Major H. Douglas Warden in 1846. It was created as both a fort and a place to live. It became the center of government of the British-controlled Orange River Sovereignty (1848–54) and of the Orange Free State (later known as just Free State).

Bloemfontein became the judicial capital of South Africa in 1910. It is a place where the government works. It has a lot of hospitals and schools.

Geography 
Bloemfontein is in central South Africa. It is dry in this part of South Africa. There are a few hills around Bloemfontein. Grass mostly grows around Bloemfontein. The summers are hot, and the winters are cool, but it snowed in August 2006.

Economy 
Much of the economy of the city is based on canned fruit, glass products, furniture, plastics, and railway engineering. The city saw a large economic growth in the mid-20th century because of the Free State goldfields 160 km (100 mi) northeast of the city. The Orange River project also helped the city grow economically. It is a major source both of hydroelectricity and of water for irrigation and human uses.

Sports 
The most popular sports in Bloemfontein are football, rugby, and cricket. In 2010, Bloemfontein will host some FIFA World Cup matches, at Free State Stadium.

Famous people from Bloemfontein 
 Zola Budd, a famous athlete
 J. R. R. Tolkien, philologist and author of The Lord of the Rings

 
1846 establishments
19th-century establishments in South Africa
1840s establishments in Africa
Jack Black

Thomas Jacob "Jack" Black (born August 28, 1969) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, musician, producer, singer, and writer. He is an important member of the Frat Pack, a name used by members of the media for a group of comedians active in today's Hollywood movies. Black is also in demand for some of Hollywood largest movies and smallest indie films. He and Kyle Gass make up the comedy/rock duo Tenacious D. Black starred in the movie Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, which is based on a true story. Black is also known by his nicknames, Jables or JB. He also played in the 2008 movie Tropic Thunder.

Early and personal life
Black was born in Santa Monica, California to Thomas Black and Judith Cohen. His father is of English, French, German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh descent and His mother is Jewish (of Russian descent). Since 14 March 2006, he is married with Tanya Haden. They have two sons (*2006 and *2009) he is also a relation of Ibiza Resident DJ DAN BLACK UK

Filmography

References

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American guitarists
American movie actors
American movie producers
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Comedians from Santa Monica, California
Singers from California
Writers from California
Dough

Dough is a thick, malleable and sometimes elastic paste made out of flour by mixing it with a small amount of water. Dough can be used to make bread, pastries, cookies, muffins, and other foods.

In many parts of central India, people use the quick method of making an instant roasted dough ball or baati. Flat, unleavened breads known as roti, lavash, yufka, matzo, and tortilla are used in many parts of the world today.

Leavened dough, made from dry, ground grains mixed with water and yeast, is used all over the world. It includes all kinds of breads made from wheat, maize, rice and other grains or similar crops used today in the world.

Fried dough foods are common in many cultures. In the United States, "elephant ears" is a common name for fried dough.

In slang, dough is money.

Slang
Muffin

A muffin is a small bread- or cake-like baked food. Muffins are similar to cupcakes: they have round bases, rounded tops, and are usually sweet, but there are also savory kinds (like cornbread muffins). A muffin can also mean a different baked food, the smaller, disk-shaped English muffin, although this is not common outside Britain. In Britain, the term can mean either type of muffin. Muffins can also have extra ingredients to its flavour, such as blueberries or chocolate chips. Muffins are usually eaten at breakfast but can be eaten at any other meal. It is usually served with tea.

Cakes
Sweet breads
English muffin

An English muffin (known as a muffin or breakfast muffin in the United Kingdom) is a round, flat bread made from a dough with yeast and enriched with butter and milk. It is often served toasted at breakfast in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia.

Cooking

Breads
Breakfast foods
British food
Cornbread

Cornbread or Johnny cake is a name for any number of "quick breads"- bread leavened chemically instead of by yeast- which has cornmeal. As maize (also known as corn) is native to North America, the various kinds of cornbreads are more prevalent there.  In Italy, the corn-based mush known as polenta is sometimes fashioned into a fried form resembling cornbread.

Breads
Cupcake

A cupcake (also British English: fairy cake; Australian English: patty cake or cup cake,) is a small cake designed to be eaten by one person. They are often baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. Like larger cakes, frosting and other cake decorations, such as sprinkles, are common on cupcakes. They are often sweet and include frosting. Some specialized bakeries sell only cupcakes.

History
The first cupcake could be traced back to 1796. A recipe for "a cake to be baked in small cups" was written in American Cookery by Amelia Simmons. The earliest use of the term cupcake was in “Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats” in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's Recipes cookbook.

In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the name cup cake or cupcake. Before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds. They got their name from the cups they were baked in. The name "fairy cake" is a description of its size. It would be appropriate for a party of small fairies to share a fairy cake. English fairy cakes vary in size more than American cupcakes. They are normally smaller and are rarely topped with much icing.

The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume. They were measured using a standard-sized cup instead of being weighed. Recipes with ingredients that were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups. They were more commonly baked in tins. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was more used in home kitchens, these recipes became known as 1234 cakes or quarter cakes. They were called this because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs. They are plain yellow cakes that are less rich and less expensive than pound cake. This is because they use about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were to tell the baker whether to measure by volume or weight.

References

Cakes
Curry

Curry (from Tamil kari) is the English word for any of a general variety of spiced dishes, best known in Indian, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Indonesian, Malaysian, Pakistani, Thai, and other South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines, though curry has been adopted into many other cuisines. Curry first came from India. The idea of curry was later brought to the West by British colonialists in India from the 18th century. Dishes that are often called curries in Europe and America are rarely called curries in the native language.

Curry can also be found in the United Kingdom and Jamaica. It is usually eaten with Basmati rice or naan, a type of flat bread.

A curry dish called Balti is said to have been originated in Birmingham, United Kingdom and has been dubbed Britain’s de facto national dish.

Related pages
Masala

References 

Indian food
Pakistani food
Shore

A shore or shoreline is the land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean or river. Where the water is a sea, the shore is also called a "coast".

Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by erosion caused by water, such as waves.  The geological makeup of rock and soil controls the type of shore which is created.  Erosion of sedimentary soils can make a sandy or pebbly shore, usually called a beach. 

A shore includes the intertidal zone that is alternately exposed and covered by waves and tides.

A shore will often have a lighthouse on it to help ships in the sea.

Landforms
Stick

A stick is a long, slender piece of wood, usually a branch from a tree without the leaves.

Stick may mean:
Chopsticks, an eating utensil
Rod, cane, or hickory stick, disciplinary implements
Pointing stick, an indicator
Swagger stick, a formal attribute
Club (weapon) or staff (stick), weapons
Tally sticks, a marking medium
Walking stick, a mobility aid
Fire stick, a stick for making fire

In objects of similar shape:
A stick of dynamite
Joystick, a computer game controller
Prayer stick
Polo stick, hockey stick, lacrosse stick, etc. in sports
Memory stick, a device for storing digital information
Stick shift, automobile transmission

Stick may also mean:
 Stick (unit), an ancient unit of length (2 inch ≈ 5 cm), cfr. in yard
 Silver Stick and Gold Stick, certain functions named after a ceremonial attribute
 Stick (comics), a character in Marvel Comics, predominantly Daredevil
 Stick-Eastlake, a type of Victorian architecture
 Stick (film), a movie featuring Burt Reynolds and music by Anne Murray

In nicknames:
 Sticks for the Led Zeppelin album Led Zeppelin IV
 Sticks for Stephen Kernahan, former Australian rules football champion with the Carlton Football Club
 Stick for Gene Michael, former baseball infielder and manager 
 Candlestick Park, the home stadium of the San Francisco 49ers, now known as Monster Park

In music:
 Clapstick, a musical instrument that traditionally accompanies the didgeridoo
 Chapman Stick, a musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s

Related pages 
 Pogo Stick, pole with a spring up its botttom
 Poohsticks, a game
 Styx (band) and Styx (album), an American rock group and their debut album
 Stick insect or "walking stick", an insect
 Stick figure, also known as a stick man