cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mario Party 4

Mario Party 4 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It is the fourth game in the Mario Party series. It is the first Mario Party game for the Nintendo GameCube. It was published by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on October 21, 2002 in North America, on November 8, 2002 in Japan, and on November 29, 2002 in Europe.

Gameplay
Mario Party 4 plays the same as the first three Mario Party games. Players go around on boards collecting coins and stars. Along the way, they may use items to help them. Items can be bought in an item shop. After all four players go, they play a mini-game. Whoever wins the mini-game wins coins. The player who has the most stars at the end of the game wins. One new feature in this game is the Warp Space. If a player lands on this space, they must switch spaces with another player. Who the player has to switch spaces with is chosen by a wheel.

Six boards are available to play on. One of the boards must be unlocked in Story Mode. Eight characters are playable, including Mario, Luigi, and Princess Peach.

2002 video games
Mario Party games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Nintendo GameCube games
2000s video games
Video games developped in Japan
Party video games
Board games
Hey You, Pikachu!

Hey You, Pikachu! is a life simulation video game for the Nintendo 64 game console. It is a spin-off game in the Pokémon series. It was released on December 12, 1998 in Japan and November 6, 2000 in North America.

The game involves talking to Pikachu, the game's main character, with the Nintendo 64's Voice Recognition Unit. The Voice Recognition Unit is an add-on microphone for the Nintendo 64 controller. It allows the Nintendo 64 to recognize and understand the human voice. The player talks to Pikachu in order to complete tasks given by the game. The player can also pick up and use items.

The player's goal is to befriend a wild Pikachu using a device made by Professor Oak to befriend wild Pokémon. Through earning the Pikachu's trust, the Pikachu will eventually live in the player's house. There are three different activity days, each with a different goal. The player keeps the Pikachu for 365 days. If the player reaches the 365th day, the Pikachu is released back into the wild.

1998 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Pokémon video games
Ramón José Velásquez

Ramón José Velásquez Mujica (28 November 1916 – 24 June 2014) was an Venezuelan politician. He served as Acting president of Venezuela between 1993 and 1994. He was known as a historian, journalist, lawyer, politician and entertainer of companies for his knowledge of the "national life".

In 1993, when president Carlos Andrés Pérez was impeached, Congress made Velásquez acting president. He served from June 5, 1993 through February 2, 1994.

Velásquez was born on November 28, 1916 in San Juan de Colón, Táchira, Venezuela. He studied at Central University of Venezuela. He married Ligia Betancourt Mariño. He moved to Caracas, Venezuela in 1993.

Velásquez died at the age of 97.

Related pages
List of historians by continent

References

Other websites
 Biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation
 "La Paz Ramónica" (Velasquez´s government) by Edgar C. Otálvora 
 "RJV La Red de Liberales y Socialdemócratas". (Velasquez´s biography by Edgar C. Otálvora) 

1916 births
2014 deaths
Presidents of Venezuela
Venezuelan entertainers
Historians
Venezuelan journalists
Lawyers
Martha Gellhorn

Martha Gellhorn (November 8, 1908 - February 15, 1998) was an American novelist and journalist. She wrote many novels. She also wrote news stories for the Atlantic Monthly.

Gellhorn was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She committed suicide with an overdose of drugs. She was 89 when she died.

References

American war correspondents
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
Writers who committed suicide
Drug-related suicides
1908 births
1998 deaths
O. Henry Award winners
Octavio Lepage

Octavio Lepage Barreto, (November 24, 1923 – January 6, 2017)  was Acting President of Venezuela from May 21, 1993 through June 5, 1993.

Lepage was born on November 24, 1923 in Santa Rosa, Anzoátegui, Venezuela. He studied at Central University of Venezuela. Lepage married Verónica Peñalver. In 1993, he moved to Caracas, Venezuela. Lepage died in Caracas, Venezuela on January 6, 2017, aged 93.

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
Presidents of Venezuela
Hyperbola

A hyperbola is a type of conic section. Like the other three types of conic sections - parabolas, ellipses, and circles - it is a curve formed by the intersection of a cone and a plane. A hyperbola is created when the plane intersects both halves of a double cone, creating two curves that look exactly like each other, but open in opposite directions. This occurs when the angle between the axis of the cone and the plane is less than the angle between a line on the side of the cone and the plane.

Hyperbolas can be found in many places in nature. For example, an object in open orbit around another object - where it never returns - can move in the shape of a hyperbola. On a sundial, the path followed by the tip of the shadow over time is a hyperbola.

One of the most well-known hyperbolas is the graph of the equation .

Definitions and equations 

The two disconnected curves that make up a hyperbola are called arms or branches.

The two points where the branches are closest together are called the vertices. The line between these two points is called the transverse axis or major axis. The midpoint of the transverse axis is the center of the hyperbola.

At large distances from the center, the branches of the hyperbola approach two straight lines. These two lines are called the asymptotes. As the distance from the center increases, the hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, but never intersects them.

The conjugate axis or minor axis is perpendicular, or at a right angle to, the transverse axis. The endpoints of the conjugate axis are at the height where a segment that intersects the vertex and is perpendicular to the transverse axis intersects the asymptotes.

A hyperbola that has a center at the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system, which is the point (0,0), and has a transverse axis on the x-axis can be written as the equation

a is the distance between the center and a vertex. The length of the transverse axis is equal to 2a. b is the length of a perpendicular line segment from a vertex to an asymptote. The length of the conjugate axis is equal to 2b.

The two branches of the above type of hyperbola open to the left and the right. If the branches open up and down and the transverse axis is on the y-axis, then the hyperbola can be written as the equation

Hyperbolic trajectory 
A hyperbolic trajectory is the trajectory followed by an object when its velocity is more than the escape velocity of a planet, satellite, or star. That means its orbital eccentricity is greater than 1. For example, meteors approach on a hyperbolic trajectory, and interplanetary space probes leave on one. 
Conic sections

Related pages 
Hyperbolic functions
Eleanor Marx

Eleanor Marx (16 January 1855 – 31 March 1898) was an English socialist activist and writer. She was also a literary translator. She was the youngest daughter of Karl Marx. She committed suicide using poison, aged 43.

1855 births
1898 deaths
British activists
British socialists
English writers
Writers who committed suicide
Eta Carinae

Eta Carinae (η Carinae or η Car) is a superbright hypergiant star in the constellation Carina, about 7,500 to 8,000 light-years from the Sun. 

The system contains at least two stars, of which the primary is a luminous blue variable (LBV) that initially had around 150 solar masses, of which it has lost at least 30. A hot supergiant of about 30 solar masses is in orbit around the primary. An enormous thick red nebula surrounding Eta Carinae makes it impossible to see this companion optically, but the dumbell-shaped gas cloud is formed by two stars. 

The Eta Carinae system is inside the Homunculus nebula, itself part of the much larger Carina nebula. Together they have a combined luminosity of over five million times the Sun's. It is not visible north of latitude 30°N and is seen moving round the pole south of latitude 30°S. Due to its mass and the stage of its life, it is expected to explode as a supernova in the future.

History 
Eta Carinae was first recorded as a 4th magnitude star. It brightened from 1837 to 1856 in an event known as "the Great Eruption". Eta Carinae became the second brightest star in the sky between 11 and 14 March 1843 before fading well below naked eye visibility. 

It has brightened since about 1940, peaking above magnitude 4.5 in 2014. Eta Carinae is circumpolar south of latitude 30°S, so it is never seen north of latitude 30°N.

System and properties
This stellar system is currently one of the most massive that can be studied in detail. Until recently, Eta Carinae was thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was proved to be a binary system. The most massive star in the Eta Carinae multiple star system probably has more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. There are other massive stars which are known to be more luminous and are more massive.

Stars like Eta Carinae produce over a million times as much light as the Sun. They are quite rare — only a few dozen are present in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way. They are assumed to be near or over the Eddington limit. That means the outward pressure of their radiation is almost strong enough to counteract gravity. Stars over 120 solar masses exceed the Eddington limit, and their gravity is barely strong enough to hold in their radiation and gas.

Eta Carinae's chief significance for astrophysics is its giant eruption, which was observed around 1843. In a few years, Eta Carinae produced almost as much visible light as a supernova explosion, but it survived. It was a  'supernova impostor' or 'failed supernova'. Eta Carinae's giant eruption was the prototype for this phenomenon.

One remarkable aspect of Eta Carinae is its changing brightness. It is currently classified as a luminous blue variable (LBV) binary star due to peculiarities in its pattern of brightening and dimming.

The ionizing radiation emitted by the secondary star in Eta Carinae is the major radiation source of the system. Much of this radiation is absorbed by the primary stellar wind.

Related pages
 S Doradus

References 

Hypergiants
Anne Sexton

Anne Sexton (November 9, 1928 - October 4, 1974) was an American novelist, poetry and children's book writer. She wrote primarily about topics like mental illness and severe depression. She was born near Boston, Massachusetts. She later committed suicide by way of carbon monoxide poisoning. She was 45.

Writers who committed suicide
Deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning
Writers from Massachusetts
1928 births
1974 deaths
Leerdam

Leerdam is a city in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. It has about 21,000 inhabitants (2016). Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Vijfheerenlanden. Until 2019, Leerdam was a municipality in the province of South Holland.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of South Holland
Vijfheerenlanden
Helen Twelvetrees

Helen Twelvetrees (December 25, 1908 - February 13, 1958) was an American movie and stage actress. She acted in many stage plays from the 1920s to the early 1950s. Twelvetrees was born in Brooklyn, New York. She killed herself by using sedative drugs.

People who committed suicide
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
1908 births
1958 deaths
Tribadism

Tribadism is a lesbian sexual act in which a woman rubs her vulva against her partner's vulva or another part of her partner's body for sexual stimulation. It is also known as scissoring, a sex position in which the women intertwine their legs and rub their vulvas together, or as tribading or tribbing.

References

Sexual acts
Federal monarchy

A federal monarchy is a federation of states with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but also having lesser monarchs, or a republican system of government, in the various states joined to the federation. An example is Malaysia.

Monarchy
Geniocracy

Geniocracy is a kind of government.  In this system, very intelligent people, geniuses, control the country. Supporters of this kind of government believe that if the smartest people rule, it will be good for the people. Scientists and sociologists would run the country using their good ideas.

Intelligence
Forms of government
Democratic republic

A democratic republicanism is the idea which combines both republicanism and democracy. This means that a country where the people can take part in the decisions that affect the way their community is run and one with no monarch. This could be presidential, semi-presidential or parliamentary. Many countries considered themselves democratic republics. It means that citizens get to vote for the president. Democracy is the idea of free and fair elections. For example, the German Democratic Republic is a democratic socialist republic.

Definition 
Democratic Republic of the Congo 
People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria 
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal 
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 
Somali Democratic Republic 
Democratic Republic of Vietnam 
People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen 
Democratic Republic of Georgia 
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 
Lao People's Democratic Republic 
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 
German Democratic Republic 
Democratic Kampuchea 
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 
People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 
Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe 

Forms of government
Democracy
Mob rule

Mob rule is sometimes called ochlocracy or mobocracy. There is sometimes no legal government, and mobs of people decide whatever they want. It is government by a mob (crowd of people). In this system, the mob becomes the ruler or dominant force in society. Actually, it is rare for a whole country to be under mob rule. More frequent is for part of the country to overthrow its leaders and be for a time without a government. Parts of a country may try to secede (break off) from the country. That has been quite common in certain parts of the world.

Mobs do have leaders, who make speeches complaining about what is wrong, and what they want instead of the legal government. Sometimes mods succeed in taking over the whole country (Russian revolution), sometimes they fail because the government succeeds in using force to stop them. The British decision to ban the trade of slaves (William Wilberforce) was fiercely resisted by the people who made money out of the trade. Slave trade mobs attacked the homes of people known to support abolition.

Related pages
 Populism

Forms of government
Political systems
Demarchy

Demarchy is a political system based on many decision-making groups that deal with specific functions in a given area (transport, parks, land use, etc.) The members that make up each group are chosen randomly every year. Democracy in Athens used this method to appoint officials.

This system is advantageous because it can not be influenced by pressure groups, media and others. In demarchy "political machines" or special preparation of candidates are not important because nobody can predict who will be in government next.

Political systems
Compulsory voting

Some countries have compulsory voting, which requires citizens to register to vote and to go to their polling place or vote on election day. If the voter does not attend a polling place, they may be subject to punishment such as fines or community service.

Discrimination
Voting
The Mark of Athena

The Mark Of Athena is the third book of the Heroes of Olympus series by Rick Riordan. In this book, the perspective of the story moves between Percy Jackson, Annabeth Chase, Leo Valdez, Jason Grace, and Piper McLean. All of the seven demigods appear in this book.

In the beginning, the Argo II is approaching Rome (Camp Jupiter) when suddenly, a statue pops into existence on the ship and almost knocks Annabeth overboard. The statue is Terminus, the Roman god of boundaries. He yells that he will not accept having weapons over the Pomerian Line (the camp boundary). After being irritated by a curious Leo and a charmspeaking Piper, Terminus tells them to "surrender, then leave". Annabeth sees Percy walking down in Camp Jupiter with Hazel and Frank as if they were best friends, and knew she was too close to give up. (She also notices that Percy is a praetor now and signs that New Rome had recently been attacked by an army of monsters.) She asks if it was against the rules to hover OVER New Rome, as technically it wouldn't be on Roman soil. Terminus agrees grudgingly to this, but tells them to not harm his city. 

Rick Riordan
Percy Jackson and the Olympians
Fantasy books
Sarah Kane

Sarah Kane (3 February 1971 – 20 February 1999) was an English playwright. Her writings dealt with the themes of desire, pain, love, torture and death. Her five plays are Blasted (1995), Phaedra's Love (1996), Cleansed (1998), Crave (1998) and 4.48 Psychosis (2000). In 1995, she wrote the screenplay for the short movie Skin. She also wrote two newspaper articles for The Guardian.

Kane was born in Brentwood, Essex. She was raised by evangelical parents. A Christian in her early life, Kane later became an atheist. She was a lesbian.

Kane was depressed for years during her life. On 20 February 1999, she killed herself at King's College Hospital in Camberwell, London, by hanging herself with her shoelaces. She was 28. She had earlier been taken to the same hospital after overdosing on prescription drugs on 17 February.

References

Other websites
 

1971 births
1999 deaths
English atheists
English LGBT people
English novelists
English playwrights
English screenwriters
Lesbians
People from Brentwood, Essex
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Writers from Essex
Writers who committed suicide
Belshazzar

Belshazzar is a king of Babylonia in the Book of Daniel. He is the son of Nebuchadnezzar and is killed by Darius the Mede.
His banquet is the subject of a painting by Rembrandt.

Other websites
Belshazzar's Feast

Old Testament people
Kings and queens
S. Epatha Merkerson

Sharon Epatha Merkerson (the middle name is pronounced ee-pay-thuh), known as S. Epatha Merkerson, is an American actress. She was born on November 28, 1952. She is best known as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren in the Law & Order television series. She was on Law & Order from 1993 until it stopped airing new episodes in 2010, and she was in 391 episodes. This was more than any other actor on the show.

She has won a Golden Globe, an Emmy award, an Obie Award, four NAACP Image Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.

References

Actors from Michigan
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
1952 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
Law & Order: Criminal Intent

Law & Order: Criminal Intent is an American television show that was on NBC from September 30, 2001, to June 26, 2011. It was the second spin-off of Law & Order (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was the first one). It ran on NBC for the first six seasons, and then it moved to USA Network for the last four seasons. NBC did this to save money.

2001 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American crime television series
NBC network shows
Television series set in New York City
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Dann Florek

Dann Florek (born May 1, 1950) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Police Captain Donald Cragen in both the Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit television series. He was on Law & Order for the first three years of the show, and has been on Special Victims Unit since it began.

1950 births
American television actors
Living people
Law & Order: Trial by Jury

Law & Order: Trial by Jury was an American television show. It was a spin-off of the police drama Law & Order. It is the third spin-off of Law & Order, after Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Law & Order: Criminal Intent. It aired on NBC from March 3, 2005 to January 21, 2006.

The show focused mostly on the criminal trial of the accused. It showed the prosecution's and defense's preparation for the trial, as well as the trial itself. Things such as jury selection and deliberations in the jury room that were rarely shown on Law & Order were the focus of this show.

Other websites

Law & Order: Trial by Jury at the Internet Movie Database

American drama television series
American crime television series
2005 television series debuts
NBC network shows
Television series set in New York City
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Law & Order: LA

Law & Order: LA was an American television police drama. It was a spin-off of Law & Order, being the fourth spin-off. It ran on NBC from October 18, 2010 to July 11, 2011. It is the only American Law & Order show to be set outside of New York City, being set in Los Angeles.

Law & Order: LA followed the same format as Law & Order. The first half of the show showed the crime, the police looking for the suspect, and the suspect being arrested (the "Law" part). The second part of the show showed the trial and whether or not the suspect did the crime (the "Order" part). The show was adapted to fit the Los Angeles criminal justice system.

Other websites

Law & Order: LA at the Internet Movie Database

2010 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2010s American television series
American crime television series
American drama television series
NBC network shows
Television series set in Los Angeles
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Naomi (given name)

Naomi is an English name meaning "enjoyment, pleasure" in Hebrew and Arabic. Noemie is a version used in French-speaking countries. It is also a Japanese name,  meaning various things depending on the kanji used.

People with the name include:

 Naomi (in the Book of Ruth in the Bible)
 Noemi (trance music), Dutch singer
 Naomi Klein, Canadian journalist, author and activist
 Naomi Mitchison, Scottish novelist and poet
 Naomi Novik, American novelist
 Naomi Wolf, bestselling American writer
 Naomi Campbell, well-known British fashion model
 Naomi Chazan, Israeli politician
 Naomi Shindou, Japanese seiyuu
 Naomi Nagasawa, Japanese seiyuu, now known as Nao Nagasawa
 Naomi Uemura, first person to reach the North Pole solo
 Naomi Watts, English-born Australian actress and producer
 Naomi Russell, Australian gymnast
 Naomi Judd, American country music singer and songwriter
 Naomi Shemer, Israeli songwriter
 Naomi Phoenix, UK pop/rock singer and songwriter. Released music branded "Naomi".

In music:
 Noemí Carrión (Naymi), a Spanish singer and actress	

In fiction:

 Naomi Hunter, character in Metal Gear Solid
 Naomi Wildman, fictional character in Star Trek 
 Naomi Dorrit, a character from the TV series Lost
Naomi, a minor character from the tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Den-O.

Given names
Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy happens when the nerves of the peripheral nervous system suffer damage due to disease, trauma to the nerves or through side effects of a certain illness. The four patterns of this condition are polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, nononeuritis mp and autonomic nerve damage. The most common of these is polyneuropathy which affects the feet and legs. The actual forms may be broken down by causes. Losses of muscle bulk and muscle twitches may be seen. Damage to the sensory nerves may lead to numbness, strong tingling or burning pain that is described as electric-like, freezing and burning. Autonomic nerve damage leads to issues, such as hypertension, sexual troubles, bladder dysfunction and abnormal heart rate. Neuropathy can happen with or without the presence of diabetes mellitus.

Health problems
Nervous system
Nissan Motor Company

Nissan (In Japanese: 日産自動車株式会社; Nissan Jidōsha Kabushikigaisha) is a company from Japan that makes vehicles, including automobiles, trucks, and buses. In the United States it was previously called Datsun.

Nissan makes cars under its own name, while its luxury cars have the brand Infiniti. In 1999, it made a partnership with Renault of France, and was joined by Mitsubishi Motors in 2016.

Vehicles 

A partial list:
 Nissan 240SX
 Nissan 300ZX
 Nissan Altima
 Nissan Bluebird
 Nissan Cube
 Nissan Juke
 Nissan Leaf
 Nissan Maxima
 Nissan Micra
 Nissan Note
 Nissan Pathfinder
 Nissan Primera
 Nissan Pulsar
 Nissan Qashqai
 Nissan Quest
 Nissan Rogue
 Nissan Sentra
 Nissan Skyline
 Nissan Stanza
 Nissan Terrano II
 Nissan Versa
 Nissan X-trail
 Nissan Xterra
 Nissan Z

References

Other websites 
Nissan USA
Nissan Global

 
1933 establishments
1930s establishments in Japan
Tesla

Tesla usually refers to Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), physicist, electrical engineer, and inventor.

Tesla may also refer to:

 Tesla (unit), a unit for measuring magnetic fields
 Tesla, Inc., a company that builds electric cars
 Tesla coil, a type of electrical circuit that produces high-voltage, alternating current electricity
Dick Wolf

Richard Anthony "Dick" Wolf (born December 20, 1946) is an American producer. He is best known for creating the Law & Order television series as well as its American spin-offs. He has a star on the Holywood Walk of Fame, and he has won an Emmy Award.

References

1946 births
Living people
American television producers
Emmy Award winners
People from New York City
Geoff Peterson

Geoff Peterson is an animatronic human skeleton. It is the sidekick on the late-night talk show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. It is voiced by Josh Robert Thompson. It first appeared on The Late Late Show on April 5, 2010. It was built by Grant Imahara.

References

Robots
Arthur Gardner

Arthur Gardner (Arthur Goldberg; June 7, 1910 – December 19, 2014) was an retired-American actor and movie producer.

Gardner was born in Marinette, Wisconsin. One of his first roles was as a student in 1930's All Quiet on the Western Front. He was the only surviving member of either the cast or crew.

He helped form the Levy-Gardner-Laven production company in 1951. Gardner's producing credits include the television series The Rifleman (1958-1963) and The Big Valley (1965-1969). His movie credits include 1974's McQ and 1975's Brannigan, both starring John Wayne.

Gardner lived in Beverly Hills, California since the 1960s. His son was actor, Steve Gardner. Gardner died in Beverly Hills from natural causes, aged 104.

References

Other websites
Arthur Gardner at Internet Movie Database 

1910 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American centenarians
American silent movie actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American movie producers
Actors from Wisconsin
Moldovan

Moldovan might mean:

Anything related to Moldova
Moldovan language
Louise Currie

Louise Currie (born Louise Gunter; April 7, 1913 – September 8, 2013) was an American movie actress. She was active from 1940 until her retirement in 1997. 

Currie was born on April 7, 1913 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. She studied at Martha Washington Seminary and at Sarah Lawrence College. Currie was married to John Whitney until they divorced. Then she was married to John Good from 1948 until his death in 1996. Then she was married to Grover Asmus from 2002 until his death in 2003.

References

Other websites

1913 births
2013 deaths
American centenarians
American silent movie actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from Oklahoma City
People from Beverly Hills, California
Tommy Kelly (actor)

Tommy Kelly (April 6, 1925 – January 26, 2016) was an American actor and teacher. He was known for his roles in Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus, Military Academy, The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, and in They Shall Have Music.

Kelly was born on April 6, 1925 in New York City, New York. His ancestry is Irish. Kelly used to be a teacher in Washington, D.C.. He retired from acting in 1950. Kelly died in Greensboro, North Carolina from congestive heart failure on January 26, 2016 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
 

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American teachers
Actors from New York City
Educators from New York City
Barbara Blida

Barbara Maria Blida, née Szwajnoch (December 3, 1949 - April 25, 2007) was a Polish politician. She was in the Parliament of Poland from 1989 until 2005. At one time, she was a member of the Cabinet. She joined the Polish United Workers' Party (the Communist Party representing Poland since World War II). Blida shot herself in the heart in the bathroom of her own house. She later died, age fifty-seven.

Polish politicians
Politicians who committed suicide
1949 births
2007 deaths
Officer Creek

Officer Creek is a watercourse in the north-west of South Australia, on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It is normally mostly dry except for periods of very high rainfall. It runs from the Musgrave Ranges southward into the Great Victoria Desert. The only major community on Officer Creek is Kaltjiti.

The land around Officer Creek is part of the traditional homeland of the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara. In September 1873, the explorer Ernest Giles and his team came to the creek during his second trip into the centre of Australia. At Kaltjiti, they encountered a large group of Aboriginal men. The Europeans fired shots from their rifles, allegedly because the Aboriginal people were throwing spears at them. Giles' group escaped unharmed, but did not report whether any of the Aboriginal men were hurt. He later acknowledged that aggression from the locals toward White people was usually due to them trespassing on sacred land. Giles may have interrupted an initiation or another kind of ceremony. Giles named the river "The Officer", and it was known by this name until the 1930s when it was renamed Officer Creek.

Other websites
Officer Creek on Bonzle, Digital Atlas of Australia

Rivers of South Australia
A Message From Earth

A Message from Earth is a high-powered digital radio signal that was sent from Earth towards Gliese 581 c. Gliese 581 c is a large terrestrial extrasolar planet, and the signal was sent due to the possibility of the planet containing lifeforms. The signal was sent on 9 October 2008. It contains 501 messages that were selected through a competition on the social networking site Bebo.

The message was sent using the RT-70 radar telescope of Ukraine's National Space Agency. The signal will reach the planet Gliese 581 c in early 2029.

References

Extraterrestrial life
Signalling
Lake Neale

Lake Neale is a salt lake in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, in Australia. It is on the north-west side of Lake Amadeus. The two lakes form part of a chain of salt lakes that stretches about , from Lake Hopkins in the west to the Finke River in the east. This drainage basin is known as the Amadeus Basin. The lake is usually a dry salt plain. It holds water for short periods after heavy rainfall. Lake Neale is on Aboriginal land, in the Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust. The Haasts Bluff lands are nearby to the north.

Lake Neale was named after Frank Neale, one of the pilots of an aerial expedition to accurately survey the desert regions northwest of Alice Springs in 1930. Neale flew one of the two planes that had been hired by explorer Donald Mackay for the expedition. The team made 15 survey flights over 24 days, in which they mapped the dimensions of Lakes Amadeus and Neale and found the even larger Lake Mackay, further to the north.

The first European to see Lake Neale was the explorer Ernest Giles in 1872. He had seen Kata Tjuta from far away and was making his way there. Lake Amadeus blocked his path. He also saw Lake Neale when he tried to reach Mount Unapproachable, on the northern side of the lake. He was coming from the east, and did not notice a land bridge between Neale and Amadeus. He mistook them as one big lake. William Tietkens corrected this mistake in an expedition of his own seventeen years later.

References

Lakes of the Northern Territory
Kow Swamp

Kow Swamp is a lake in north-central Victoria, Australia. It was once a swamp. It is now used for water storage.

Description
Kow Swamp is in the Murray River valley, about  west of the town of Gunbower and the Murray River, in the Shire of Campaspe.  Its name comes from the Aboriginal word Ghow means the white gypsum soil found at the swamp.  It is a popular site for recreational fishing.  The lake is about . Its circumference is .

History

Archaeology

Kow Swamp is an archaeological site which has produced human skeletal remains dating from the late Pleistocene, over 10,000 years ago.

Irrigation
Kow Swamp was used to store water from the Murray for irrigation. In 1900 the capacity was increased to 51,730 megalitres.

References

Lakes of Australia
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Migratory locust

The migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) is the most widespread locust species, and the only species in the genus Locusta. It occurs throughout Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. It used to be common in Europe but has now become rare there.

Because of the vast geographic area it occupies, which comprises many different ecological zones, numerous subspecies have been described. However, not all experts agree on the validity of some of these subspecies.

Many other  species of Orthoptera  with gregarious and migratory behavior are indicated with the name of 'locusts'.

Polyphenism
The migratory locust is polyphenic. It has a solitary phase and a gregarious phase. This is a type of polymorphism where a single genotype produces two or more phenotypes. During development, an environmental factor causes a switch from one morph to another.

For the migratory locust, the switch is caused by population density. As the density of the population increases the locust transforms from the solitary phase to the gregarious phase, with intermediate phases.

The colour and size of the migratory locust changes according to its phase and its age. Gregarious larvae have a yellow to orange covering with black spots. Solitary larvae are green or brown. The gregarious adult is brownish with yellow, the latter colour becoming more intense and extensive on maturation. The solitary adult is brown with varying extent of green colour depending on the colour of the vegetation. Gregarious adults vary in size between 40 and 60 mm according to the sex. They are smaller than the solitary adults.

Steedman, Alison (ed) 1988. Locust Handbook. 2nd ed, London: Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute. 

Orthoptera
Toni Basil

Mary Antoinette Hoole (stage name Toni Basil; September 22, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter, dancer and actress. She is best known by the 1982 hit single Mickey. In addition, she has performed in many movies. Basil was born in Philadelphia.

References

Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American singer-songwriters
American movie actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Choreographers
American dancers

1943 births
Living people
Polyphenism

Polyphenism is a kind of polymorphism where different forms of an animal are caused a single genotype. The animal inherits the capability, but the environment determines which form develops. This contrasts with genetic polymorphism, where each morph (form) inherits a slightly different genome.

Polyphenism occurs when the animal inherits a developmental switch. The switch is sensitive to some environmental cue or trigger. For example, the sex of crocodiles is determined by the prevailing temperature. Their gender is a polyphenic trait, and is not determined by the usual sex linkage.

Other examples

The caste system in insects 
The caste system of social insects is the division of labor between genetically identical individuals. Polyphenism determines whether larvae develop into queens, workers, and in some cases soldiers. In the case of the ant, P. morrisi, an embryo must develop under certain temperature and photoperiod conditions in order to become a reproductively-active queen. This allows for control of the mating season, but like sex determination, limits the spread of the species into certain climates.
In bees, "royal jelly" provided by worker bees causes a larva to become a queen. Royal jelly is only produced when the queen is aging or has died.

Seasonal changes 
Polyphenic pigmentation is adaptive for species which reproduce several times a year. Different pigment patterns provide camouflage throughout the seasons, and alter heat retention as temperatures change. Because insects cease growth and development after they are adults, their pigment pattern is set in adulthood. In the case of the peppered moth, Biston betularia, the caterpillars are polyphenic. Their trigger is switched by the colour of the plants they are eating: see this.

References 

Developmental biology
Genetics
Sarah Kofman

Sarah Kofman (September 14, 1934 - October 15, 1994) was a French philosopher and writer. She wrote many books about many topics. She committed suicide at age 60.

French philosophers
French writers
1934 births
1994 deaths
Antonov An-26

The Antonov An-26 is soviet built twin-engine transport aircraft. It is used by both airlines and air forces. It is a short takeoff and landing aircraft.

It is built under licence in China like Y-7H. An-26 is a modernized variant of An-24.

Bibliography

Similar aircraft 
 Airtech CN-235

References 

Civil aircraft
Military aircraft
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Mount Unapproachable

Mount Unapproachable is a mountain in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is on the northern side of Lake Neale. It is about  above sea level. The area is far apart from other towns. The nearest towns are Kaltukatjara (116 km away), Kintore (135 km away) and Yulara (138 km away). The mountain is mostly made of sandstone.

The mountain was named by explorer Ernest Giles in 1872. Giles was on an expedition to find a way across the desert from east to west. He had just found and named Lake Amadeus. He could see the mountain rising to the west, and hoped to find water there. But, he was unable to get to the mountain because his path was blocked by the lake. Giles in fact over-estimated the size of Lake Amadeus and missed the bridge of land between Amadeus and Lake Neale.

In 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, came back on his own expedition and surveyed the area. He wrote that he travelled to the Bloods Range, to the south of Lakes Amadeus and Neale. He named the highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges. Tietkins then travelled to the east for three days, and came to Lake Amadeus. At the western end of the lake and on the north shore, he described a sandstone range, which he named Long's Range after his brother-in-law. He climbed a nearby set of hills, and identified Mount Unapproachable as the westernmost peak of the Long's Range. He reported that his team reached Unapproachable around the middle of June and then spent several days travelling around the western edge of Lake Amadeus. He corrected Giles' earlier mistake and successfully mapped the lake's western shore.

Another team of surveyors visited the area in 1926, led by Donald Mackay and Herbet Basedow. On 1 July, they climbed a hill that Basedow identified as both Mount Unapproachable and Mount Harris. He found them to be the same mountain after comparing his own observations with those of Giles and Tietkens. Basedow decided that this hill was the Mount Unapproachable that Giles had described, and that Tietkens had mistakenly renamed it Mount Harris. But, on modern maps, Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers are the names given to two peaks in the Bloods Range.

References

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Peg Entwistle

Peg Entwistle (February 5, 1908 – September 16, 1932) was a Welsh-born English stage actress. She acted in only one movie. In September 1932, she jumped from the letter "H" of what was then the Hollywoodland sign and later died at age 24.

References

Other websites 

 Peg Entwistle IMDB

People who committed suicide
English stage actors
English movie actors

1908 births
1932 deaths
Andrea Anders

Andrea Anders (May 10, 1975) is an American actress. She usually acts in television sitcoms. She was born in Madison, Wisconsin.

References

American television actors
Actors from Wisconsin
1975 births
Living people
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Thornaby-on-Tees

Thornaby-on-Tees is a town in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in North Yorkshire.

Towns in North Yorkshire
Lyutvi Mestan

Lyutvi Ahmed Mestan (), or shortly Lyutvi Mestan (born 24 December 1960), is a Bulgarian politician. He is of Turkish-Bulgarian origin. He was the 2nd chairman of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms. He has been the Member of Parliament for Kardzhali.

References

Other websites 
 Bulgarian Parliament 

1960 births
Living people
Bulgarian politicians
Kotli

Kotli () is the largest town of the Kotli District in Azad Kashmir.

Tehsils of Azad Kashmir
Sengunthar

Sengunthar is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. They are also known as Kaikolar and use Mudaliar as title. They are present throughout the state of Tamil Nadu and also in some parts of Andhra and Kerala apart from the Tamizh Eezham. The considerable proportion of this community is engaged in the occupation of cloth merchants and weaving. They are included in the Central list of Other Backward Community. Senguntha Mudaliars have their historical connection with the Medieval and Later Chola Army Battalion.

Hinduism
Tamil culture
Castes in Tamil Nadu
Sam Waterston

Samuel Atkinson "Sam" Waterston (born November 15, 1940) is an American actor, producer, and director. He is best known for playing Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy in Law & Order, and also for playing Sydney Schanberg in the 1984 movie The Killing Fields. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award for his work on Law & Order. He has also been nominated for an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for that show. He has won other awards, too. He has also been nominated for a lot of awards.

References

1940 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American television directors
American television producers
Actors from Massachusetts
Living people
George Pickingill

George Pickingill (born 1816, died 1909) was an  English cunning man.

References

English people
1816 births
1909 deaths
Shlomo Yanai

Shlomo Yanai (born May 18, 1952 in Holon) is a retired Israeli military officer and businessman. He held the rank of Major General. He was the CEO of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (TEVA) from 1 March 2007 to May 2012. He was offered the directorship of Mossad by Benjamin Netanyahu but turned it down. 

Shlomo Yanai was born in Holon in 1952, and was raised in Tel Aviv.

References

1952 births
Living people
Chief executives
Israeli generals
Israeli Jews
Jewish military people
Van Wagenen House

The Van Wagenen House is a house in Jersey City, New Jersey. It is also known as the Apple Tree House. It has been part of the National Register of Historic Places since August 16, 2006.

History
The main part of the house was built in the 1740s, and an addition was made to it in the 1820s. A legend states that during the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette talked about war strategy under an apple tree in front of the house in 1779.  However, this is probably not true. There used to be an apple orchard and a cider press at the house, which is why it is also called the Apple Tree House.

The house was called one of the most endangered (which means it is at a very high risk of being ruined) historic sites by Preservation New Jersey in 1996. The building really needed to be improved (made better). In 1999 the City of Jersey City bought the house and started to make it better. The city plans to use the house as a museum.

References

National Register of Historic Places
Jersey City, New Jersey
Houses in the United States
Buildings and structures in New Jersey
Beverly Archer

Beverly Archer (born July 19, 1948) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Iola in Mama's Family. She also appeared on a lot of other television shows. Archer retired from acting in 2000. She was born in Oak Park, Illinois.

References

People from Oak Park, Illinois
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
1948 births
Living people
Candice King

Candice Rene King (née Accola) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She appears mostly on television. She acted as Caroline in The Vampire Diaries. 

Accola is a supporter of the It Gets Better Project, which aims to prevent suicide among LGBT youth.

Awards

References

1987 births
Living people
Actors from Houston, Texas
American television actors
Julie Adams

Julie Adams (born Betty Mae Adams; October 17, 1926 – February 3, 2019) was an American actress. She acted mostly from the 1950s to the late 1990s. She did many television series and movies. Adams was born in Waterloo, Iowa. She was raised in Arkansas. She was known for her roles in the 1950s movies Bend of the River and Creature from the Black Lagoon. She was also known for her roles as Paula Denning on Capitol and as Eve Simpson on Murder, She Wrote.

Adams died on February 3, 2019 in Los Angeles, California, aged 92.

References

Other websites

Official site
Interview with Julie Adams, April 29, 2013, Classic Film & TV Cafe

American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Models from Iowa
Actors from Arkansas
Actors from Iowa
1926 births
2019 deaths
People from Waterloo, Iowa
Margaret Avery

Margaret Avery (born 20 January 1944) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television. She acted in The Color Purple and other movies. She was born in Magnum, Oklahoma.

American television actors
American movie actors
1944 births
Living people
Marvel Rea

Marvel Luciel Rea (November 9, 1901 – June 17, 1937) was an American actress. She performed in silent movies. She was also a comedian. Rea was born in Nebraska. She died in June of 1937, aged 35 after poisoning herself with ant paste.

People who committed suicide
American movie actors
Actors from Nebraska
1901 births
1937 deaths