cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Saladin

Saladin, or Sultan Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (25 December 1138–1193) was a famous  Sultan of Egypt and Syria during the Crusades. 

A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition to the European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa.

His father, who worked for the Turkish governor, decided to raise him in Syria where he received his education. Another influential figure in his life was his uncle Shirkuh who was a military leader and later commanded for Saladin during the wars. Many Muslims consider him a hero for defeating the Crusaders over 20 years of battles. The Crusades were series of battles between Christian Europe and Islamic Near East over holy land in what is now known as Palestine. Saladin’s army protected Egypt from the Crusaders in 1168.  

The ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt made him Vizier, meaning prime minister, even though he was not Shi'ite. Just before the Caliph died, Saladin was crowned Sultan of Egypt and Syria. His greatest victory was at the Horns of Hattin in July 1187 AD, after which Jerusalem fell to the Muslims (October 1187) and was never again recovered by the Crusaders. He is also remembered for his series of battles and wins and losses against King Richard I of England. These were inconclusive and in the end resulted in a moral victory for Sultan Salah ad-Din, when Richard's Crusade failed and returned to Europe.

He founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Iraq, Mecca Hejaz and Diyar Bakr. Salah ad-Din is a title which translates to The Righteousness of the Faith from Arabic.

Many books were written about Saladin, the things he did and the battles he won. Daastaan Imaan Farooshoon Ki is one book in Urdu written by Althamash that says very good things about Saladin and compares and contrasts him to other kings and princes, in a favourable light.

References

1138 births
1193 deaths
Crusades
Kurdish people
Muslims
1877



Births 
 October 29 – Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer
 November 9 – Muhammad Iqbal, national poet of Pakistan (d. 1938)
 Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, British Indian judge, legislator and philanthropist (d. 1939)
 November 24 – Alben W. Barkley, 35th Vice President of the United States (d. 1956)

Deaths 
 October 29 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate general and founder of the Ku Klux Klan

Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 February 20 - premiere of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake in Moscow
1831



Events 
 June 13 – James Clerk Maxwell born in Edinburgh
 October 30 – In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave revolt in United States history.
1842



Art, music, theatre, literature 
 March 26 - August Bournonville's Napoli is first performed in Copenhagen by the Royal Danish Ballet

Births 
 January 11 – William James, American philosopher and psychologist

Deaths 
 October 30 – Allan Cunningham, Scottish poet and writer.
Cheesecake

A cheesecake is a dessert cake made of cheese (usually cream cheese but sometimes ricotta), eggs, and sugar. It often has a graham cracker crumb crust, sometimes held together by melted butter. The filling has a very heavy, smooth texture. It sometimes has sour cream to make it easier to shape and may have fruit flavoring such as strawberry, blueberry, or lemon. It is often topped with fresh fruit or chocolate.

History 
Cheesecake is now often thought to be part of American cooking, but it has a long history. Cheese making began around 2000, and scientists who study people in the past have found cheese molds almost as old.

Cheesecakes are known to go back to at least Greece. In the 100s, the writer Athenaeus's Dinner-Table Philosophers mentioned the poet Callimachus (around the 200s) used to have a book by an "Aegimius" about the art of making cheesecakes (, Plakountopoukón Sýngramma). Cheesecake may have been given to the sportspeople during the Olympic Games, which started in 776.

Even before the Romans took over Greece, they had begun making cheesecakes as well. M. Porcius Cato's Book on Farming (written around 160) mentions three kinds of cakes, , and for use as offerings to the gods. Placenta cakes were the closest to today's cheesecakes, since its crust and filling are made separately. 

Europeans stopped using yeast and started adding beaten eggs to their cheesecakes around the 1700s. This made it taste more like a dessert than a cheesebread. 

Cheesecake recipes were brought to the United States as people moved there from Europe. Most of today's kinds of cheesecake ("New York-style cheesecake") come from the kind created by William Lawrence of Chester, New York, in 1872. He was trying to make something like the soft French Neufchâtel cheese and ended up with a heavy, creamy "unripened cheese".

Types 
There is an all-garlic restaurant in Stockholm where they offer a garlic cheesecake.

Other 
Sonya Thomas holds the world record for eating the most cheesecakes in a given time. She ate 11 pounds of cheesecake in nine minutes.

References 

Desserts
Pies
Rhubarb

Rhubarb is one of about 60 plants in the genus Rheum, family Polygonaceae. The vegetable rhubarb is Rheum rhabarbarum (or Rheum x hybridum). The leaves are somewhat toxic because they have oxalic acid, but the red stalks are baked in pies, with sugar to soften their tart flavor.

There are many varieties grown for eating. The drug rheum is prepared from the rhizomes and roots of another species, R. officinale or medicinal rhubarb.

Caryophyllales
Monkey

Monkeys are tree-dwelling (arboreal) simians. They are in the primate order. Monkeys are intelligent, social animals. Monkeys have a tail, even if it is a short one.

The word "monkey" is a common-language term. It includes two rather different groups of primates. The big distinction is between Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Some examples of monkeys are macaques, baboons, guenons and marmosets.
Old World monkeys: Cercopithecidae. Apes are the descendants of Old World monkeys.
New World Monkeys: Platyrrhini or Ceboidea (same thing in effect)
Both these groups are in the infraorder Simiiformes. That infraorder also includes the great apes and man.

Some monkeys live almost entirely in trees. Others live partly on the ground. Monkeys are mainly vegetarian, with a strong preference for fruit. However, they may eat a wide range of other food, including insects. Monkeys can live in forests and savannahs, but not in deserts. Some can live in snowy mountains, but more live in rainforests. There are none in the rainforests of Australia and New Guinea. Apparently, they never reached those islands.

Some monkeys are small, about  long and  in weight. Other monkeys are much larger, about  long and  in weight. A group of monkeys is called a "troop" of monkeys or a "tribe" of monkeys.

The two groups of monkeys live in different places: the New World Monkeys in South America and the Old World Monkeys live mainly in  Africa and Asia. New World Monkeys are often smaller than Old World Monkeys. Monkeys have long arms and legs to help them swing from trees. Some monkeys' tails can wrap tightly around branches, almost like a "fifth limb". This type of tail is 'prehensile'.

The smallest known monkey is the pygmy marmoset. It is between  and  in size (without the tail). It weighs about 120 grams. It lives in the treetops of rainforests in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. The largest known monkey is the mandrill. It can grow to about  in size. Adults weigh up to . The monkeys often climb with the help of their tails.

The word monkey might have come from a popular German story, "Roman de Renart" (Reynard the Fox). In there, the name of the son of Martin the Ape is Moneke.

In Africa, monkeys can be sold as "bushmeat" (meat of wild animals). Monkey brains are eaten in some parts of Africa, South Asia, and China.

References

Notes

Related pages
 Primate
 Simian

Other websites

"The impossible housing and handling conditions of monkeys in research laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
The problem with pet monkeys: reasons monkeys do not make good pets, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com
Helping hands: monkey helpers for the disabled, a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments.

Basic English 850 words
Monkeys
Civilization

Civilization (or civilisation) comes from the Latin word civis meaning someone who lives in a town. The Romans usually wanted conquered people to live in towns. When people are civilized, they have learned from the wisdom, skill and knowledge gained over centuries of human progress. The opposite of civilization is sometimes said to be entropy, barbarity, rudeness, or animal-like behavior. 

A civilization is generally an advanced stage of organization. That means it has laws, culture, a regular way of getting food and protecting the people. Most civilizations have agriculture, and a system of government like monarchs or elections. They speak a common language, and usually have a religion of some kind. They teach their young the knowledge they need. All civilizations since the Sumerians and the Egyptians have had some kind of writing. This is because writing lets people store and build up knowledge.

Past societies that would be called more primitive compared to today, are still often referred to as civilizations for their time. The Roman Empire is an example of a past large civilization. It was governed from Rome. This empire once stretched from the Scottish borders to North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. Their language was Latin. 

Latin remained the preferred way of communication among educated people, long after their civilization had vanished. Some scientists, scholars and others still use Latin in the course of everyday work, even though the Roman civilization fell apart more than 1,500 years ago. The Roman civilization lasted almost 1000 years.

One way a civilization ends is to become part of another civilization. For example, Ancient Egypt was conquered by foreigners who changed the country. It became part  of Persian, Greek, Roman, and Islamic civilization. Another way is to go back to an earlier, simpler way of life. For example, Roman civilization collapsed in the Dark Ages. When people became more civilized again, it was the Medieval civilization.

References 
Society
Mail

Mail is part of the postal system. The postal system is a system where written documents and small to medium packages are sent (delivered) to places around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post.

A postal service can be private or public.  Governments often make rules about private postal delivery systems. Since the early 19th century, most national postal systems have been controlled entirely by governments.  The governments make people pay a fee to send something.  This fee is usually in the form of stamps.  Some governments only let private postal services deliver parcel (non-mail) packages.

Postal systems often do things other than sending letters. In some countries, the postal system is also in charge of telephone and telegraph systems. The postal systems in other countries can help people apply for government papers such as passports and driver's licenses. Many places the post offices also work like banks. This is so that people can take out money or pay bills at a nearby post office, instead of travelling to a big bank in the nearest town.

People drop letters in a post box to be collected and delivered by the post office.

Related pages 

 
 Clapper Post
 Electronic mail
 Envelope
 Letter (paper)
 Letter box
 Postcard
 Telegram

Postal service
Gene Pitney

Gene Francis Alan Pitney (17 February 1940 – 5 April 2006) was an American rock singer and songwriter. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Some of his most well-known songs are "Town Without Pity", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" and "Twenty Four Hours From Tulsa". He died of a heart attack in Cardiff in 2006 while on tour in the UK.

American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United Kingdom

Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
1940 births
2006 deaths
Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is an agency of the US government that investigates crime across the country. It is dedicated to national security and to law enforcement.

The Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 and was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. J. Edgar Hoover was the Director of the Bureau from 1924 to his death, in 1972. Although the FBI works worldwide, its headquarters are in Washington DC. It has 56 main offices in cities throughout the United States.

Mission and priorities 
The FBI's mission is to protect the USA and maintain justice. They do this in many ways:
 They protect the United States from terrorist attacks.
 They protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage.
 They protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes like hacking.
 They protect civil rights.
 They combat all national and international criminal organizations.
 They combat major white-collar crime and fraud.
 They combat important violent crime.
 They also support international partners.

Organization

Organizational structure

The FBI is organized into branches and the Office of the Director. This office contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions. Each division is headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches. Each sub-branch is led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge.

Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director. The functions branches of the FBI are:
 FBI Intelligence Branch
 FBI National Security Branch
 FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch
 FBI Science and Technology Branch
 FBI Information and Technology Branch
 FBI Human Resources Branch

FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit
The FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit (FCNU) is a 24/7 operational response to crisis and to negotiate person(s) who are threatening to commit suicide or other harmful situations after a crime has been committed. The FBI's lead negotiator contacts the person(s) involved, with a hard-wire phone line to communicate with the person(s) to try convincing them to give themselves up to local police who are on stand-by.

References

Other websites 
 

 
1908 establishments in the United States
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek was an Indo-European language spoken in Ancient Greece from about 1500 BC to about 300 BC. Ancient Greek and Latin are very important languages. Although they are no longer spoken, they influenced almost all modern European languages.

Greek had many different dialects. Attic Greek was spoken in Athens, the largest city, and was thought to be the purest form of Greek. Later, in the educated Roman world, children were taught Greek as a second language just as many people now learn English as their second language. Koine Greek was the common language of Greeks. It was Attic Greek mixed with several other dialects.

Homer spoke and wrote in an old dialect that was somewhat different from Attic Greek. The Iliad and the Odyssey are long poems that tell exciting stories about warfare, travel and the Greek gods. In the 5th century BC, some great plays were written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The Golden Age of Ancient Greece inspired literature that has been read for centuries.

Attic Greek 
Attic Greek was the dialect that was spoken in Athens and the rest of the region of Attica. It was the dialect most similar to later forms of Greek since it was the standard form of the language. It is studied in Ancient Greek courses because it was the most common dialect.

Changes 
All languages change with time, and Greek has changed a great deal over 2500 years. Modern Greek is often said to have started in the year 1453 AD.

Unlike Latin, Ancient Greek did not split into many languages, but it is still considered to be a separate language from Modern Greek. The pronunciation has changed; for instance, beta was pronounced "b" in Ancient Greek, but it is pronounced "v" and is called "vita" in Modern Greek. The spelling has not changed much, which gives the appearance of less change than has actually happened. Also, many different vowels and diphthongs merged into "i", the vowel sound in the English word "ski". The tonal system of Ancient Greek has disappeared, but modern Greek had only recently changed its spelling to match that change.

Despite these changes, much of the language has remarkably survived intact through the centuries. There is a community near Trabzon, Turkey, that speaks a dialect that is closer to Ancient Greek than to Standard Modern Greek.

Related pages 
 Greek alphabet
 Greek language

References 

Greek language
Ancient Greece
Autobahn

Autobahn (engl. motorway) is the controlled-access highway system in Germany. They are famous because in many parts of the roads, there are no speed limits and drivers can drive as fast as they want to.

An autobahn has at least two lanes in each direction, with a barrier between the directions. Sometimes there may be more than two lanes for one direction (or another lane for cars with mechanical failures). All drivers are supposed to drive on the outer-most right lane except when they move past other cars or trucks that are going slower.

Many autobahns in Germany have no speed limit. There is only a speed recommendation of  per hour. However, drivers going faster than 130 km/h can be made responsible for an accident that they are involved in. The German traffic law says that it is only permitted to drive as fast as the track conditions allow.

German Road Safety Council (DVR) has established that on average, there are 25% more deaths on sections of the autobahn without speed limits compared to those with a limit. Data analysis performed by Der Spiegel has established that a speed limit applied across all German motorways would save 140 lives a year.

An emergency telephone is located at a German autobahn every . Junctions between two autobahns are called Dreieck (Triangle), if one autobahn ends there or Kreuz (Cross). Junctions with normal roads are called Anschlussstelle. All junctions of an autobahn are numbered sequentially.

Driving on a German autobahn is free for cars. Trucks (12.5 tons and above) do have to pay a toll of about a twelve cents (0.12 €) per kilometre.

References

Transport in Germany
Roads
Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg (originally written 'Schönberg') (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian-born composer. He was known for his twelve-tone system of writing music.

History
Schoenberg came from a strict Jewish family who had moved to Austria from Hungary. They were quite poor and Schoenberg taught himself about music. When he was grown up he had to do a lot of teaching to try and earn enough money to live. In later life he went to live in the United States. It took a long time before he was recognized world-wide as a great composer. His two most famous pupils were Alban Berg (1885-1935) and Anton Webern (1883-1945). He taught them how to write twelve-tone music and they became famous composers.

When Arnold Schoenberg was a young man he was living in the late 19th century. If you look at the way composers wrote music at this time you will find that their compositions became more and more chromatic. This means that more and more sharps and flats were used during the piece, and the music went from one key to another (modulated) very quickly. Richard Wagner wrote very chromatic music, especially in his opera Tristan and Isolde.

Religion 
In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church. According to MacDonald, this was partly to connect with Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self-defence "in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism".

In 1933, after long thought, he returned to Judaism, because he realised that "his racial and religious heritage was inescapable", and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism. He would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life.

Early work
Schoenberg’s early works are mostly Late Romantic. His piece Verklärte Nacht (which can be played by six string instruments or by a whole orchestra) has very beautiful harmonies which go quickly from one key to another. Gradually Schoenberg’s music changed. It became so chromatic that it was no longer in any key at all. Music like this (called “atonal”) is much harder to understand. His Five Orchestral Pieces were played by the conductor Sir Henry Wood at a Promenade Concert in 1912. The audience did not like it at first and took some time to get used to the sound.

Twelve-tone system
In 1923 Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone system for which he is famous. This is music which is based on a particular row of notes. Twelve-tone music is atonal because there is no feeling of being in any key, because of the equal use of every pitch.

References 

1874 births
1951 deaths
Austrian composers
20th-century composers
Colin Baker

Colin Baker (born 8 June 1943) is an English actor. He is most famous as the Sixth Doctor on Doctor Who from 1984 to 1986. He has no relation to Tom Baker, who played the fourth incarnation of the Doctor.

1943 births
Living people

English stage actors
English television actors
Boxing

Boxing is one of the world's oldest combat sports. It is held in a ring and two boxers (people who fight in boxing fights) wear padded gloves and try to hit one another.
 
There are a few different ways to win in boxing. One is by a way of a knockout, which is when a fighter is punched and falls to the ground and cannot get back up within ten seconds.  Another way is by a technical knockout, which is when the fighter can not continue fighting thus the referee stops the fight. Technical knockout wins and losses are also knockout wins or losses for a boxer. Another possibility is winning on points, which a boxer gets by outboxing his or her opponent by hitting the opponent more often, harder, and more accurately. There are also draws in boxing. What in other sports are called "tie" in boxing it's called "draw". A referee can announce a technical draw due to an accidental cut or an accidental wound like a headbutt. Generally, it is considered a "no contest" (NC)-in which case, the fight is considered as not having taken place at all and not counting as a fight. However, after the fourth round, if the score cards for both fighters are equal, the fight could be called a draw. It is a way to defeat your enemy by brute physical force. Each round lasts 3 minutes for men, 2 minutes for women.

Famous boxers 
 Muhammad Ali 
 Mike Tyson
 Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
 Nonito Donaire
 Jack Dempsey
 George Foreman
 Joe Frazier
 Evander Holyfield
 Lennox Lewis
 Joe Louis
 Rocky Marciano
 Manny Pacquiao
 Willie Pep
 Sugar Ray Robinson
 Max Schmeling
 Floyd Mayweather, Jr.
 Wilfredo Gómez
 Wilfred Benitez
 Sugar Ray Leonard
 Roberto Duran
 Oleksandr Usyk
 Vasiliy Lomachenko

Related pages
Punching bag

 
Summer Olympic sports
1900s

The 1900s was the decade that started on January 1, 1900, and ended on December 31, 1909.

Events
 1901 – Independence of Australia.
 1903 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the United States.
 1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War.
 1905 – First Russian Revolution.

World leaders
 Prime Minister Edmund Barton (Australia)
 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (Australia)
 Prime Minister Chris Watson (Australia)
 Prime Minister Sir George Reid (Australia)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 President Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
 President William Howard Taft (United States)

 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
 Mohammad Ali Shah, 1907–1909
 Ahmad Shah Qajar, 1909–1925
Tux Racer

Tux Racer is a video game made by Sunspire Studios where the player moves Tux, the Linux Penguin . In the game, Tux goes down a hill on his belly and collects fish. There are many things that slow Tux down. There are also things that may be hard for Tux to get past.

Controls 
 Turning: Left and Right buttons
 Paddling (makes Tux go faster): Up button
 Braking (makes Tux slow down): Down button
 Jumping: Hold down the "E" button, then let go
 Hard Turn (makes Tux turn when he is moving fast or when you want him to turn a lot): Down and Right or Left buttons at the same time
 Reset (makes Tux Get out when he is stuck): Backspace Button
 Quit (exits the game): "Q" Button

Updated version
The developers of Tux Racer have long abandoned making and programing the game. But some programmers took the source code and they call their new version Extreme Tux Racer, it is much newer and has many improvements over the old Tux Racer.

Other websites 
 Official website

2000 video games
Northwest Territories

The Northwest Territories is a territory in Northern Canada. 44,541 people live there as of 2018. It is 1,171,918 square kilometers.

The capital of the Northwest Territories is Yellowknife. Yellowknife was the capital since 1967. The Northwest Territories have many geographical features, like the Great Bear Lake, the Mackenzie River and Nahanni River, which is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Northwest Territories entered the Canadian Confederation in 1870. The Hudson's Bay Company gave the land to the Dominion of Canada. The Northwest Territories have one person in the House of Commons and the Canadian Senate. A lot of parts of the Northwest Territories were given to other provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. In 1999, the eastern part of the Northwest Territories became the territory of Nunavut.

References

Other websites 

 
Provinces and territories of Canada
Inno e Marcia Pontificale

Hymn and Pontifical March (Inno e Marcia Pontificale) is the national anthem of the Vatican City. It was adopted in 1950.

Latin words 
O Roma felix - O Roma nobilis.
Sedes es Petri, qui Romae effudit sanguinem,
Petri, cui claves datae sunt regni caelorum.
Pontifex, Tu successor es Petri;
Pontifex, Tu magister es tuos confirmas fratres;
Pontifex, Tu qui Servus servorum Dei,
hominumque piscator, pastor es gregis,
ligans caelum et terram.
Pontifex, Tu Christi es vicarius super terram,
rupes inter fluctus, Tu es pharus in tenebris;
Tu pacis es vindex, Tu es unitatis custos,
vigil libertatis defensor; in Te potestas.
Tu Pontifex, firma es petra, et super petram hanc
aedificata est Ecclesia Dei.
O felix Roma - O Roma nobilis.

Ancient latin Words
(Evaristo D'Anversa)

Roma, alma parens, Sanctorum Martyrumque,
Nobile carmen, te decete, sonorumque,
Gloria in excelsis, paternae maiestati
Pax et in terra  fraternae caritati 

Ad te clamamus, Angelicum pastorem:
Quam vere refers, Tu mitem Redemptorem!
Magister Sanctum, custodis dogma Christi,
Quod unun vitae, solamen datur isti.

Non praevalebunt horrendae portae infernae,
Sed vis amoris veritatisque aeternae.

Salve, Roma!
In te aeterna stat historia,
Inclyta, fulgent gloria
Monumenta tot et arae.

Roma Petri et Pauli,
Cunctis mater tu redemptis,
Lumen cunctae in facie gentis
Mundique sola spes!

Salve, Roma!
Cuius lux occasum nescit,
Splendet, incandescit,
Et iniquo oppilat os.

Pater Beatissime,
Annos Petri attinge, excede
Unum, quaesumus, concede:
Tu nobis benedic.

English translation 

[Hymn]
O Rome immortal, city of martyrs and saints, 
O immortal Rome, accept our praises. 
Glory in the heavens to God our Lord 
And peace to men who love Christ! 

To you we come, angelic Pastor,
In you we see the gentle Redeemer.
You are the holy heir of our Faith,
You are the comfort and the refuge of
Those who believe and fight.

Force and terror will not prevail,
But truth and love will reign.

[Pontifical March]
Hail, O Rome,
Eternal adobe of memories;
A thousand palms and a thousand altars
Sing your praises.

O city of the Apostles,
Mother and guide of the elect,
Light of the nations,
And hope of the world!

Hail, O Rome!
Your light will never fade;
The splendour of your beauty
Disperses hatred and shame.

O city of the Apostles,
Mother and guide of the elect,
Light of the nations,
And hope of the world!

Vatican City
National anthems
Northern Mariana Islands

The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are a political division controlled by the United States. Its capital is Saipan.

Geography
The Northern Mariana Islands, together with Guam to the south, compose the Mariana Islands. The southern islands are limestone, with level terraces and fringing coral reefs. The northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanos on Anatahan, Pagan and Agrihan. The volcano on Agrihan has the highest elevation at . 
Anatahan Volcano is a small volcanic island  north of Saipan. It is about  long and  wide. Anatahan began erupting suddenly from its east crater on May 10, 2003, at about 6 p.m. (0800 UTC). It has since alternated between eruptive and calm periods. On April 6, 2005, approximately  of ash and rock were ejected, causing a large, black cloud to drift south over Saipan and Tinian.

References

Other websites 

Northern Mariana Islands  official government website
The CNMI Covenant 
The CNMI Constitution 
CNMI Office of Resident Representative Pedro A. Tenorio
H.R. 873 - the Northern Mariana Islands Delegate Act 
H.R. 5550 - The United States-Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Human Dignity Act 
U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000

 
Micronesia
1890s



Events

Births 
 May 19, 1890 – Ho Chi Minh, prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1955–1969) of North Vietnam
 September 15, 1890 – Agatha Christie, English writer
 October 2, 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian
 October 14, 1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States 1953–1961
 November 22, 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, president of France 1958–1969
 June 9, 1891 – Cole Porter, American musician
 January 3, 1892 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English author
 May 7, 1892 – Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia 1953–1980
 December 26, 1893 – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China

World leaders 
 Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson (Canada)
 Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Canada)
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Czar Alexander III (Russia)
 Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 Prime Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (United Kingdom)
 President Benjamin Harrison (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907

Deaths
Benjamin Harrison

Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833–March 13, 1901) was the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893).
He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to himself become president. His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican party and was elected to the White House in 1888, beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland.  He was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House. After Harrison served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again and, this time, beat Harrison. 

Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison. During the American Civil War Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general). He was also a successful lawyer, arguing many cases before the United States Supreme Court.

Presidency 
Benjamin Harrison as president wanted to increase tariffs (a tax on goods that come into the country) for two reasons:
 First, it gave more money to the U.S. government, so it could fund important things.
 Second, because he believed in protectionism. He thought a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things instead of buying them from foreign countries.

Harrison spent the money received from the tariffs to give money to injured American Civil War veterans.

Harrison was the first president to have a billion dollar budget for the government.  People criticized him for that.

He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which gave the U.S. government the power to regulate big businesses.  

Harrison did not use that power much.

References

Other websites 
 Benjamin Harrison's White House biography 

1833 births
1901 deaths
American Civil War generals
 
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from influenza
Politicians from Ohio
United States senators from Indiana
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
1880s



Events 
 The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
 Railroads help industrialize many western countries.

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
 Guangxu Emperor (China)
 Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
 Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Emperor Meiji (Japan)
 General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
 Czar Alexander II (Russia)
 King Alfonso XII (Spain)
 Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)         
 President James Garfield (United States)
 President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
 President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Pedro II (Brazil)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia

In 1903, the king of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I. After this, Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to World War I.

Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war. Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13). The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.

For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. A Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.

References
1881



Events 
 The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.

Births 
 February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
 February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
 October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
 November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)

Deaths 
 September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831)
William McKinley

William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. 

Before he became President, McKinley was a congressman of Ohio.

Presidency
McKinley was inaugurated in 1897. This was the first presidential inauguration to be filmed.

When the USS Maine was sunk, the public wanted war. Congress declared war against Spain in Latin America. This was the Spanish-American War. It started the era of imperialism for the United States.

During his presidency, McKinley also supported higher tariffs (taxes on countries which trade with the US).  During his term, the United States annexed Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island.

Assassination
McKinley was elected to a second term as president in 1900. His second term did not last very long. He was shot by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. His abdominal gunshot wounds became infected and resulted in gangrene. He died on September 14. Czolgosz said the President committed war crimes in the Philippines and was an enemy of the people. Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair on October 29, 1901 . McKinley was the third American president to be assassinated. 

After McKinley's death, his vice president Theodore Roosevelt became president.

Praise 
McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history.

Kenneth F. Warren emphasizes the national commitment to a pro-business, industrial, and modernizing program, represented by McKinley.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 William McKinley's White House biography 

1843 births
1901 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Murders by firearm in New York
People from Canton, Ohio
People murdered in New York
Politicians from Ohio
Presidents of the United States
 
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
Gliwice

Gliwice is a city in south Poland, in Silesian Voivodeship and along the Kłodnica River.  According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.

History of Gliwice 
In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history.  At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335.  Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia.  However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.

In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.

In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.

Other websites 
 http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl 
 http://www.gliwice.uc.gov.pl 

Cities in Poland
1868



Events 
 Helium is discovered.
 Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women is published.
1814



Events 
 Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.

Births 
 May 9 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist.
1846

1846 was a year in the 19th century.

Events 
April 25 – The Mexican-American war starts.
May 17 – The Saxophone is patented.
1705

Year 1705 (MDCCV) was a common year starting on Thursday. It was a common year starting on Monday on the 11-day slower Julian calendar. In the Swedish calendar, it was a common year starting on Sunday. The Swedish calendar is one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.
701

701 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets.

Deaths 
 September 9 – Pope Sergius I
1158



Deaths 
 August 30 – King Sancho III of Castile
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation

Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation is an animated movie from 1986, made by Canada's Nelvana Limited and distributed by Columbia Pictures. A follow-up to the first Care Bears Movie, it tells of the beginnings of the Kingdom of Caring, and of the Care Bears' first Caring Mission, which takes place at a summer camp.

The movie made $8.5 million in the United States during its original run at theatres. Only one more addition to the original Care Bear trilogy, Adventure in Wonderland, would premiere on the big screen the next summer.

A New Generation is a prequel to the Nelvana television series that would be shown on the ABC network the following September.

Synopsis
In this second movie, the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family, as they try to save them and the Kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart. A camper named Christy makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before, even cartwheels. In turn, he plans to forever capture the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins, one at a time, inside a magic red bag, and them trap them all inside a secret location somewhere at camp.

Christy's two friends, Dawn and John, later join the Care Bear Family so that they can put an end to his evil doings.

Facts
An episode of DiC's Care Bears show also took place at a summer camp. But the storyline of A New Generation does not borrow from it.

This was one of only two Care Bear movies to have Harmony Bear as a character; the other one was 2005's Big Wish Movie. Her second and final 1980s appearance was in the animated series' "Great Race" episode.

Related pages
The Care Bears Movie, the original movie from 1985

Other websites 

Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation at Rotten Tomatoes

1986 movies
1980s family movies
1980s sequel movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
Internet Relay Chat

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a chat system on the Internet.  People from around the world can use it to have conversations together. It can also be used for two people to chat privately.

The IRC chat rooms are also called IRC channels. These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally, .com .org or .net. An example would be 'irc.[Servername].org'

There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30,000 users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100,000 users).

Users of IRC need an IRC client. An IRC client is a computer program that works with IRC.  There are many clients. Some of these clients run in the web browser. Other clients run as an application.  Popular stand-alone clients include mIRC for Microsoft Windows, and XChat for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Opera web browser has an IRC client built into the browser. ChatZilla is a chat client which is a plugin to Mozilla Firefox.

An IRC bot is a computer program that helps control and protect channels.

The name of an IRC channel usually begins with a hash (#).

Technical information 

IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.

IRC was originally a plain text protocol (although later extended), which on request was assigned network port 194/TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.

IRC clients

This is a list of some programs which allow users to connect to IRC.

 AmIRC
 Bersirc
 BitchX
 BnIRC
 ChatZilla
 Colloquy
 Coolsmile
 EPIC
 FlowChat
 HexChat
 HydraIRC
 IceChat
 Irssi
 Jmirc
 Konversation
 KVIrc
 Mibbit
 mIRC
 Pjirc
 SeaMonkey
 TinyIRC
 XChat
 Quassel
 Weechat

Related pages 
 Internet Relay Chat commands
 IRC bot
 Internet Relay Chat operator

References

Other websites 

 IRC.org - Technical and Historical IRC6 information; articles on the history of IRC.
 RFC 1459 - Technical Information about the IRC Protocol.

Internet communication
Computer protocols
Spring

Spring is the season after winter and before summer. Days become longer and weather gets warmer in the temperate zone because the Earth tilts relative to its orbital plane around the Sun.  In many parts of the world it rains for hours.  This helps the plants grow and flowers bloom.  Often people with hay fever suffer more, because some plant pollens are allergens. Many animals have their breeding seasons in spring.  At the start of spring, people suffering from seasonal affective disorder will feel better.  

Holidays celebrated in spring include Passover and Easter.  In many countries, the period of school between early January and later May or early June is referred to as the “Spring Semester” or “Spring Term”.  Spring break is a vacation period in early spring at universities and schools in various countries in the world. 

Basic English 850 words
Yes (band)

Yes are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "I've Seen All Good People".

Discography
Studio albums
 Yes (1969)
 Time and a Word (1970)
 The Yes Album (1971)
 Fragile (1971)
 Close to the Edge (1972)
 Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973)
 Relayer (1974)
 Going for the One (1977)
 Tormato (1978)
 Drama (1980)
 90125 (1983)
 Big Generator (1987)
 Union (1991)
 Talk (1994)
 Keys to Ascension (1996)
 Keys to Ascension 2 (1997)
 Open Your Eyes (1997)
 The Ladder (1999)
 Magnification (2001)
 Fly from Here (2011)
 Heaven & Earth (2014)
The Quest (2021)

1968 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London
War on Terrorism

The War on Terrorism, or War on Terror, is a campaign that the United States and some of its allies started to remove terrorist groups and to punish the states that sponsor terrorism. It replaced the Cold War. The former United States President Bush's argument was that the countries like North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya (also known as the Axis of Evil) were a direct threat to the United States and its allies. The term was typically used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda.

The Administration of former U.S. President Barack Obama used the term Overseas Contingency Operation.

Notes

References

Other websites
 

Terrorism
Politics of the United States
Wars involving the United States
Al-Qaeda