cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Radio 1's Live Lounge

Radio 1's Live Lounge is an album of live tracks played on Jo Whiley's Radio 1 show. It contains both covers and the bands' own songs.

Track listing

Disc 1
 Foo Fighters - "DOA"
 Arctic Monkeys - "Love Machine" (originally by Girls Aloud)
 Snow Patrol - "Run"
 The Kooks - "Crazy" (originally by Gnarls Barkley)
 Razorlight - "Golden Touch"
 Corinne Bailey Rae - "Munich" (originally by Editors)
 The Automatic - "Gold Digger" (originally by Kanye West feat. Jamie Foxx)
 Editors - "All Sparks"
 Boy Kill Boy - "Maneater" (originally by Nelly Furtado)
 Queens of the Stone Age - "No One Knows"
 Embrace - "How Come" (originally by D12)
 James Blunt - "If There's Any Justice" (originally by Lemar)
 Natasha Bedingfield - "The Scientist" (originally by Coldplay)
 Kings of Leon - "Molly's Chambers"
 Jamie Cullum - "Frontin'" (originally by Pharrell Williams)
 Sugababes - "Living for the Weekend" (originally by HARD-Fi)
 Lemar - "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" (originally by The Darkness)
 Will Young - "Hey Ya!" (originally by OutKast)
 Hard-Fi - "Tied Up Too Tight"
 Oasis - "Songbird"

Disc 2
 Coldplay - "The Scientist"
 Lily Allen - "Smile"
 Keane - "With or Without You" (originally by U2)
 KT Tunstall - "Other Side of the World"
 Franz Ferdinand - "What You Waiting For?" (originally by Gwen Stefani)
 Pink - "Family Portrait"
 OutKast - "Ms. Jackson"
 The Futureheads - "Hounds Of Love" (originally by Kate Bush)
 Jamelia - "Numb" (originally by Linkin Park)
 Dizzee Rascal - "Jus' a Rascal"
 Lemon Jelly - "Nice Weather For Ducks"
 Mylo - "In My Arms"
 My Chemical Romance - "Song 2" (originally by Blur)
 The Coral - "Dreaming of You"
 Maxïmo Park - "Going Missing"
 The Bravery - "An Honest Mistake"
 The Streets - "Let's Push Things Forward"
 Basement Jaxx - "Romeo"
 Orson - "Push the Button" (originally by Sugababes)
 50 Cent - "In Da Club"

Related pages
Live Lounge
Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 2
Radio 1. Established 1967

2006 albums
Sula Sgeir

Sula Sgeir is a small, uninhabited Scottish island in the North Atlantic.  One of the most remote of the British Isles. The island is inhospitable to humans. There is a ruined stone house called Taigh Beannaichte (Blessed House) on the east headland Sgeir an Teampall, the island is formed by pieces of rocks, where are often hard to walk on. Sula Sgeir is a National Nature Reserve since 1956. It is an important place for birds.

The most famous part of island are the caves, which can be explored.

Fauna 
There are 5,000 breeding pairs of gannets on Sula Sgeir, which they share with other bird species such as Black-legged Kittiwakes, guillemots, puffins and fulmars.

Inner and Outer Hebrides
Antiderivative

Antidifferentiation (also called indefinite integration) is the process of finding a certain function in calculus. It is the opposite of differentiation. It is a way of processing a function to give another function (or class of functions) called an antiderivative. Antidifferentiation is like integration—but without limits. This is why it is called indefinite integration. When represented as single letters, antiderivatives often take the form of capital roman letters such as  and .

In general, an antiderivative is written in the form , where:

 The long S, ,  is called an integral sign. In integration, the integral sign has numbers on it. Those numbers tell you how to do the integration. Antiderivatives are different. They do not have numbers on on their integral signs.
 is the equation you are integrating.
 The letters  mean "with respect to ". This tells you how to do the antidifferentiation.

Simple antidifferentiation 

A function of the form  can be integrated (antidifferentiated) as follows:

 Add 1 to the power , so  is now .
 Divide all this by the new power, so it is now .
 Add the constant , so it is now .

This can be shown as:

 (also known as the power rule of integral)

When there are many terms, we can integrate the entire function by integrating its components one by one:

(This only works if the parts are being added or taken away.)

Examples 

Changing fractions and roots into powers makes it easier:

Integrating a bracket ("chain rule") 

To integrate a bracket like , a different method is needed. It is called the chain rule. It is like simple integration, but it only works if the  in the bracket is linear (has a power of 1), such as  or —but not  or .

For example,  can be determined in the following steps:

 Add 1 to the power , so that it is now 
 Divide all this by the new power to get 
 Divide all this by the derivative of the bracket  to get 
 Add the constant  to give

Examples

Related pages

 Fundamental theorem of calculus
 Integral
 Numerical integration
 Partial fraction decomposition

References 

Mathematical analysis
Baucau

Baucau is a city in East Timor (Timor Leste). It is  east of the capital, Dili. About 16,000 people live there. That makes it the second biggest town in East Timor. It is served by the Cakung Airport. The town was first started by Portugal as a trading center.

References

Cities in East Timor
1 BC

Year 1  was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Some sources list it as a common year starting on either Friday or Saturday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Piso.

Events
 Emperor Augustus made a peace treaty with Phraates V
 Ovid writes the Ars Amatoria
 Ping of Han becomes Emperor of China
 December 25 - Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus

Births 

 Ptolemy of Mauretania (d. AD 40)

Deaths 

Dong Xian, a Han Dynasty Chinese official under Emperor Ai of Han (b. 23 BC)
Emperor Ai of Han (b. 27 BC)
Empress Fu
Empress Zhao Feiyan (b. 32 BC)
Data Protection Act 2018

The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 29) is a law passed by the  British government in 2018, and replaces the one passed in 1998. 

It sets out rules for people who use or store data about living people and gives rights to those people whose data has been collected. The law applies to data held on computers or any sort of storage system, even paper records. 

The law covers personal data which are facts like your address, telephone number, e-mail address, job history etc. 

People who use the information are called data controllers. People who the data is about are called data subjects.

Main points of the Data Protection Act 
This is a brief simplified summary of the main principles of the UK Data Protection Act.

This applies to information kept on staff, customers and account holders, for example;
 If you collect data about people for one reason, you must not use it for a different reason;
 You must not give people's data to other people or organisations unless they agree;
 People have the right to look at data that any organisations store about them;
 You must not keep the data for longer than you need to and it must be kept up to date;
 You must not send the data to places outside of the European Economic Area unless adequate levels of protection exist;
 Organisations that store data about people must register with the Information Commissioner’s Office;
 If you store data about people you must make sure that it is secure and well protected;
 If an organisation has data about you that is wrong, then you have a right to ask them to change it.

Related pages
 Computer legislation
 Computer Misuse Act

Other websites
 Information Commissioner’s Office

Computers
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Nontrinitarianism

Nontrinitarism is a movement that rejects the idea of the Christian Trinity. That idea says that God is three different persons in one being. 

There are several movements which can be classified as Nontrinitarian. At the First Council of Nicaea, in the year 325, people met and defined the idea of trinity. Some movements started before the council. Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in Restorationism during the 19th century.

Modern-day versions are usually called Unitarianism. 
 Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in the Trinity and are known for showing people from the Bible why they believe the idea to be false.
Mormons also do not believe in the Trinity but believe that God the Father, his son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three separate entities.
Seventh-day Adventists did not believe in the Catholic doctrine of the trinity for the first 50 years of their existence either. The founders of the world wide Seventh Day Adventist Church believed that: "There is one supreme God of the universe and Jesus Christ: The only begotten Son of God!", Statement of Believes, 1873. The change came many years latter, when the founders of the Seventh Day Adventist Church had already 'slept in the Lord"(died).

References
Interstate 10

Interstate 10 (or I-10) is a long Interstate Highway which the west side ends at Santa Monica, California (near Los Angeles), and the other side ends at Jacksonville, Florida. In Texas, it is one of the routes which the speed limit is  per hour. The route is  long and travels through 8 states. It is the fourth longest Interstate Highway in the United States after I-90, I-80, and I-40.

Major cities along the highway
 Los Angeles, California
 San Bernardino, California
 Palm Springs, California
 Phoenix, Arizona
 Tucson, Arizona
 Las Cruces, New Mexico
 El Paso, Texas
 San Antonio, Texas
 Houston, Texas
 Lake Charles, Louisiana
 Lafayette, Louisiana
 Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 New Orleans, Louisiana
 Biloxi, Mississippi
 Mobile, Alabama
 Pensacola, Florida
 Tallahassee, Florida
 Jacksonville, Florida

References

10
1957 establishments in the United States
Ranked list of Dominican Provinces

These are ranked lists of the Provinces of Dominican Republic. Population figures areas are taken from the report on the 2010 census.

The percentages (%) mean how much of the country the province has (population and area).

By population

By area

By population density

Map

References
Miranda Cosgrove

Miranda Taylor Cosgrove (born May 14, 1993) is an American actress and singer. She was born in Los Angeles, California. She first started her career in 1998 in various commercials. She is best known for her roles as Megan Parker in Drake and Josh, Summer Hathaway in School of Rock and her lead role as Carly Shay in Nickelodeon's iCarly. She has also guest-starred in shows like Zoey 101. She also had her debut soundtrack album called Sparks Fly in April 2010 and High Maintenance in March 2011.

Filmography

Other websites

1993 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American child actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Old Believers

In the Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (, read starovery or staroobryadtsy) became separated after 1666-1667. They split from the  hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. Old Believers continue liturgical practices which the Russian Orthodox Church followed before the reform. 
 
Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (раскол). This word comes from a Russian word расколоться, that means "to cleave apart").

Background 
Patriarch Nikon (1605-1681; 1651-1658 as patriarch) wanted to bring the Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church closer together. For this reason, he changed a few rituals and texts in 1651. These changes were made to the Russian rituals to be closer to the Greek ones of Nikon's time. According to the Old Believers, Nikon did this without the support of the clergy. and without a council. When the changes were done, people who still practised the old rites were persecuted. 

Eastern Orthodox Church
81 (number)

Eighty-one is a number. It comes between eighty and eighty-two, and is an odd number. It is also a square number.

Square numbers
Integers
Province of Florence

The Province of Florence (in Italian: "Provincia di Firenze") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The province has an area of 3,514 sq. km and a population of 933,860 (2001) in 44 comuni.

Much of the province is in the plain of the Arno river that became an urban centre around the city of Florence.

The city (in Italian "comune") of Florence is the capital of both the province and the region of Tuscany.

Important cities
Florence - 366.488 inhabitants
Scandicci - 50.003 inhabitants
Sesto Fiorentino - 46.702 inhabitantis
Empoli - 46.017 inhabitants
Campi Bisenzio - 39.176 inhabitants
Bagno a Ripoli - 25.228 inhabitants
Fucecchio - 21.912 inhabitants
Pontassieve - 20.581 inhabitants
Borgo San Lorenzo - 17.350 inhabitants

Hospitals
In Florence:
C.T.O
Careggi
I.O.T
Mayer
Oftalmico
Ponte Nuovo
Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio
Santa Maria Nuova
Villa d'Ognissanti
Villa Monna Tessa

In Empoli:
Hospital of San Giuseppe di Empoli (two different buildings)

In Castelfiorentino:
Hospital of Santa Verdiana di Castelfiorentino

In Fucecchio:
Hospital of San Pietro Igneo di Fucecchio

In Bagno a Ripoli:

Hospital of Santa Maria Annunziata

Other websites
 Province homepage 

F
Province of Arezzo

Province of Arezzo (Italian: Provincia di Arezzo) is the eastern most province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of province of Arezzo is the city of Arezzo.

The province has an area of 3,232 km², and a total population of 323,288 (2001) in 39 comuni (singular: comune).

Other websites 
 Province homepage (in Italian)

A
Province of Grosseto

Province of Grosseto (Italian: Provincia di Grosseto) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Grosseto. In the province, there is The Natural Park of Maremma. It is in the famous area of Maremma.

The province has an area of 4,504 km² and a total population of 211,086 (2001). There are 28 comuni (singular: comune) in the province

As of June 2005, the main comuni by population are:

Other websites
 Province homepage 

G
Old Catholic Church

The Old Catholic Church is a name for a group of Christian churches. Most of them are from German-speaking countries. Their beliefs are close to that of the Anglican Church.

Origins 
They split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1870s. This was because the First Vatican Council had said the pope was infallible. The Council was from 1869 to 1870. The word Old Catholic was first used in 1853 for the See of Utrecht (who was not under the authority of the pope). Usually, these churches are part of the Union of Utrecht.
Province of Livorno

The Province of Livorno (Italian: Provincia di Livorno) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Livorno.

The province has an area of 1,218 km², and a total population of 326,444 (2001). There are 21 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Province homepage 
 Livorno Tourist Board Site

L
Province of Lucca

Province of Lucca (Italian: Provincia di Lucca) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Lucca.

The province has an area of 1,773 km², and a total population of 372,244 (2001). There are 35 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

L
Province of Massa-Carrara

The Province of Massa-Carrara (Italian: Provincia di Massa-Carrara) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is named after the two main cities in its territory: Carrara and Massa, its capital.

The province has an area of 1,157 km² and a total population of 200,695 (2005). There are 17 comuni (singular: comune) in the province. The main comuni by population are:

Economy 
The economy of the province is  based on the production of the famous white Carrara marble.

Related pages
 Massa di Carrara
 Carrara
 Marble
 Duchy of Massa and Carrara

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

M
Province of Pisa

The Province of Pisa () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Pisa.

The province has an area of . In 2005, 394,101 people lived there. There are 39 comuni in the province.

Pisa is well known for the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa,which is in the city.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 
 Pisa photos

p
Province of Pistoia

The Province of Pistoia (It. Provincia di Pistoia) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.

Geography 
The capital of the province is the city of Pistoia.  The province has an area of 965 km² and a total population of 268,503 (2001). There are 22 communes in the province.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

P
Province of Prato

The Province of Prato (Italian: Provincia di Prato) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Prato. It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.

The province has an area of 365 km² and a total population of 227,886 (2001). There are 7 comune (municipalities) in the province.

Comuni and population

Famous people born in Prato 
 Birthplace of Italian football legend Paolo Rossi.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

P
War of the Pacific

The War of the Pacific (or Saltpeter War) took place from 1879-1883. It grew out of a dispute between Bolivia and Peru against Chile over control of a part of the Pacific coast. The disputed area was part of the Atacama Desert that lies between the 23rd and 26th parallels. The territory contained valuable mineral resources, mainly potassium nitrate, which were exploited by Chilean companies and British interests. The Bolivian government decided to increase taxes to take advantage of the increasing income of the region, which led to a commercial dispute.

The early part of the war was mostly at sea, and the late part mostly on land. Chile won, and Bolivia lost its access to the ocean and became landlocked.

1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
History of Bolivia
History of Chile
19th century in South America
History of Peru
Wars
Province of Siena

The Province of Siena (Italian: Provincia di Siena)is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Siena.

The province has an area of 3,821 km² (1475 mile²) and a total population of 252,288 (2001). There are 36 comuni (singular: comune) in the province. At June 30, 2005, the main comuni by population are:

The province is divided into seven historical areas:
 Alta Val d'Elsa
 Chianti senese
 The urban area of (Monteriggioni and Siena)
 Val di Merse
 Crete senesi Val d'Arbia
 Val di Chiana senese
 Val d'Orcia and Amiata

Other websites
 Province homepage 

S
Johannes Ockeghem

Johannes Ockeghem (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez. He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher. He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.

Life 

The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents. He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain. His native language was probably French.

Like many composers in this period, he started to learn about music by singing in a church choir, quite possibly in Saint-Ghislain and then in Mons. 

His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France). Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France. By this time he was well known as a singer and composer. He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours. Charles VII gave him important jobs. After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king. He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king. He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain. He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois. He also had other jobs in Paris.

Louis XI died in 1483. We do not kinow much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.

Music and influence 

Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost. There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works. His Missa pro Defunctis is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem. Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called “cantus firmus technique”. Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself). This was rather unusual.

Ockeghem’s music influenced Josquin des Prez and other composers from Flanders and the Netherlands. 

When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem in his honour. The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew. Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions. In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.

References 

 Article "Johannes Ockeghem." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (ISBN 1-56159-174-2)
 groves music online 

1410s births
1497 deaths

Belgian composers
Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers
Group 16 element

Group 16 is the third last group in the periodic table. This group is called the oxygen family or the chalcogens. The elements in this group are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium and livermorium. The first two elements are nonmetals, elements are in between are metalloids and  the last two are metals  Polonium and livermorium are radioactive. Oxygen (as O2) is a colorless gas. 

Chemical elements
Periodic table
Magadino

Magadino is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Maggia (municipality)

Maggia is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History
The actual municipality was created in 2004 on April 27 by merger of the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Maggia, Moghegno and Someo.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Historikerstreit

The Historikerstreit (Historians' dispute) was an intellectual and political controversy in West Germany about the way the Holocaust should be interpreted in history.  It took place between 1986-1989, and pitted left-wing intellectuals against right-wing intellectuals. Its embers flared up again briefly in 2000 when one of the leading figures, Ernst Nolte, was awarded a literary prize. "Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will" proposed by Ernst Nolte, had to be rejected as inadequate due to their lack of sufficient empirical substance.

Notes and references

Other websites
Cohen R. Hitler Apologist Wins German Honor, and a Storm Breaks Out
 
  Götz Aly. The logic of horror
Nolte E. "Streitpunkte"
Schmidt & Paetzel Fernsehfilme GmbH: deutsche Streitfall der Historiker Ernst Nolte 
Holocaust denial
Gulag

History of Germany
Jury

A jury is a group of ordinary people, who aren't employees of the court, who decide the answer to a question in a court room. Usually, this question is whether a person is guilty or innocent of committing a crime. A jury may also be responsible for deciding a penalty for the person if they are found guilty. Normally, all members of the jury have to agree on the decision. Sometimes, the jury can still make a decision even if a few members don't agree with it. However, if the jury is quite clearly divided, the result is known as a hung jury and the case is not decided. A member of a jury is called a juror. A juror is supposed to be impartial. This means that he or she is to be fair and listen to both sides of the story without deciding what side they will take ahead of time.

Types of juries 
In the United States there are primarily two types of juries which are the finder of facts in a trial:
 A petit jury also called a trial jury is one made up of from 6 to 12 jurors.
 A grand jury is called by a prosecutor to decide if there is probable cause to believe someone has committed a crime. If so, the grand jury returns an indictment against the defendant.

Juries by country

A jury in the United Kingdom is made up of 12 people for criminal cases and 10 people for civil cases (or 15 people in Scotland) these people are selected at random and are British citizens with no criminal record. Members are chosen from the electoral register for their local area and those chosen must attend jury duty.

In the United States, juries are made up of 12 regular people from the area in which the trial is held and are not members of the court system. They are paid a small amount for their service.

References 

Trials

de:Jury
nn:Meddommar
Develier

Develier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Other websites
Official website of the municipality of Develier

Municipalities of Jura
Ederswiler

Ederswiler is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the only German-speaking municipality in the canton, where all others are French-speaking.

References 

Municipalities of Jura
Glovelier

Glovelier is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Glovelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mervelier

Mervelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Jura
Prana

Prana is the vital air or breath of the human body in Hinduism. It is also the vital, life-sustaining force of both the individual body and the universe. Its was first written about in the Upanishads. Prana is in all living forms, but is not itself the soul.

The word prana means "breath" in Sanskrit.

In yoga, prana is divided into different type. There are said to be five pranas or vital currents. They are called prana, apana, vyana, udana and samana.

Hinduism
Yoga
Sanga Monastery

Sanga Monastery is a small Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet. Sanga Monastery was built in the ruins of the castle (or fort) Taktse (also Dagtse) Dzong (formerly Dechen Dzong) on the top of a hill. Dagtse Dzong overlooks the roads to Yerpa and Ganden Monastery to the east.

Sanga Monastery together with Ganden Monastery belong to the Geluk (Gelug-pa) order (also known as Yellow Hat Sect, lit. 'Virtuous'). The Yellow Hat Sect was started by Tsongkhapa (Tsong Khapa or Lobsang Drakpa), also known as Jé Rinpoché, 1357–1419. He was known as a writer and teacher.

References 

Buddhist buildings
Tibet
Monasteries
Satguru

In some eastern religions, a Satguru (or Sadguru) is a person who is considered to have achieved enlightenment, and who can help others to achieve the same. The word means "true teacher" in Sanskrit (), sat meaning "true" and a guru meaning "teacher". The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, nirvana or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu understandings about the importance of the guru.

Ancient and  traditional sources 
In  the Guru Gita, Shiva says to Parvati:

The body, the senses, the Prana, wealth, one’s own relations, the self, wife etc., all these should be surrendered to the Satguru. (38)
One who cuts asunder, for the disciple, the eight kinds of attachment (doubts, pity, fear, shyness, censure, position in society, high birth and wealth), by the sword of mercy and bestows absolute Bliss is called Satguru. (57)
Just as the ocean is the king of waters, the Param Guru(Satguru) is the King among Gurus. (179)
A Param Guru is free from attachment, etc.; peaceful, always contented in Himself, independent, and one who considers the status of *Brahma and Vishnu like a blade of grass. (180)
One who is independent at all times and places, who possess an unshakable mind and always blissful, who experiences the homogenous essence of the Self, such a one is the Param Guru. (181)
One who is free from the feeling of duality and non-duality, who shines by the light of His self-realization, who is able to destroy the deep darkness of ignorance, and is omniscient, He is a Param Guru. (182)
By whose mere Darshan, one attains calmness, cheerfulness, and peace and steadfastness, and peace of mind, such a one is Param Guru. (183)
One who looks upon his own body as a corpse, and his Self as the non-dual Brahman, and who has killed the infatuation for  wealth and women, such a person is a Param Guru. (184)
Family traditions, wealth, strength, shastras, relatives, brothers, - none of these are useful to you at the time of death. Satguru is the only saviour. (188)

The Kularnava Tantra (XIV/65) states,
"It is very rare to find a Satguru who can give Shaktipat and rare to find a disciple worthy of receiving it.  One gets such a Guru only as a result of past meritorious actions."

In the Upanishads, five signs of satguru (true guru) are mentioned.

In the presence of the satguru; Knowledge flourishes (Gyana raksha); Sorrow diminishes (Dukha kshaya); Joy wells up without any reason (Sukha aavirbhava); Abundance dawns (Samriddhi); All talents manifest (Sarva samvardhan).

According to Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu Satguru is always a sannyasin, an unmarried renunciate.

Related pages
 Guru
 Guru-shishya tradition
 Parampara
 Sampradaya

References

Hinduism
Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who studies physics.

Here are some famous physicists:

 Robert J. Lang
 Albert Einstein
 Archimedes
 Benjamin Franklin
 Blaise Pascal
 Enrico Fermi
 Erwin Schrödinger
 Galileo Galilei
 Henri Poincaré
 Isaac Newton
 James Watt
 Johannes Kepler
 Julius Robert Oppenheimer
 Leó Szilárd
 Marie Curie
 Max Planck
 Donna Strickland
 Niels Bohr
 Nikola Tesla
 Rene Descartes
 Richard Feynman
 Satyendra Nath Bose
 Stephen Hawking
 Werner Heisenberg
 C.V. Raman
 Abdul Kalam
 Jagadish Chandra Bose

Science occupations
Western Roman Empire

The Western Roman Empire was the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 286 AD. The other half of the Roman Empire became known as the Eastern Roman Empire, later known as the Byzantine Empire.

The whole Roman Empire had been in difficulties since 190 AD when large Gothic tribes began moving into areas under Roman control. The leadership of Rome was weak and there was instability. Various power groups in the Roman armies kept trying to install their own Emperors, and murdering Emperors who belonged to other groups. This meant the invasions by the Germanic tribes were not successfully stopped.

The Emperor Diocletian tried to bring stability back into government by dividing the Empire into sections. These became the Western Empire which included Iberia, France, Southern Britain, Italy, North Africa and parts of Germany, and the Eastern Empire which included the Balkans, Turkey, the Levant and Egypt.

Rome ceased to be the capital from the time of the division.  In 286, the capital of the Western Roman Empire became Mediolanum (modern Milan).  In 402, the capital was again moved, this time to Ravenna.

The Fall of the Empire

This division did not help the Western Empire which came under increasing invasions from the north from the Ostrogoths, Huns, Franks, Visigoths, and Burgundians. The armies were brought back towards Rome, abandoning England and France. The economy could not cope: the increased need for military spending caused inflation. The citizens were unhappy with rising taxes and rising prices.

In AD 398, Alaric and his Visigoths began making attacks closer and closer to the capital. By 410 he had sacked the city of Rome. In 455, the Vandals captured Rome. In 476 the Goths captured the capital.

The fall of the Western Roman Empire took place in 476 AD when the leader of the Goths, Odoacer, removed Emperor Romulus. He became King of Italy, and Roman control over the Empire in the west ended. By this time the Western Empire existed in name only, the Emperor no longer could use military, financial or political power.

Related pages
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Holy Roman Empire

Other websites
www.roman-empire.net
De Imperatoribus Romanis

Places of Ancient Rome
Roman Empire
Ravenna

Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.  The city is inland, but is connected to the Adriatic Sea by a canal.  Ravenna once was the seat of the Western Roman Empire and later the Ostrogothic kingdom. It is presently the capital of the province of Ravenna. At 652.89 km² (252.08 sq mi), Ravenna is the second-largest comune in land area in Italy, although it is only a little more than half the size of the largest, Rome.

Twin cities
 Chichester, United Kingdom
 Dubrovnik, Croatia, since 1969
 Speyer, Germany, since 1989

References

Other websites 
 
Tourism and culture Official website  (English)
Ravenna, A Study  (1913) by Edward Hutton, from Project Gutenberg
Catholic Encyclopedia: Ravenna's early history and its monuments
ItalianVisits.com
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Ravenna Pages   (photos)
Ravenna Photo Gallery  Pictures of the most important travel attractions in Ravenna

 
Capital cities in Italy
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Social democracy

Social democracy is a government system that has similar values to socialism, but within a capitalist framework. The ideology, named from democracy where people have a say in government actions, supports a competitive economy with money while also helping people whose jobs don't pay a lot. This makes it easier for people to support themselves in society by having more protection if they lose their jobs.  Socialism places an emphasis on equal rights for everyone, and there is plenty of government ownership or regulation of various industries that make companies play by the government's rules. This way of governing is appreciated by people living in countries who have to battle the cold more than others, like the northern Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Iceland. The ideology's movement has seen some interest in other countries whose systems do not work this way, because it has worked well for those who have it. 

Despite a common belief that social democracy is socialist by principle, its policies keep capitalism in place and socialists often dislike social democrats. Social democrats support Keynesian economics, where the government should step in and help people without jobs. In social democracy entrepreneurs own the industries just like they would in a standard capitalist economy. In socialism the workers own them instead which is very different.

Practice versus theory 
In practice no political theory works out in a simple way. The Soviet Union and its various satellites are a good example. The workers did not own either their place of work or their own homes, in any meaningful way. 

Neither were capitalist systems empty of help for the poor and the needy. A good example is England, where relief for the poor was available in every parish in the land, long before there were any government social services. The practice was known as charity. Also, Britain saw the growth of an important middle class after industrialisation took hold. So it is not right to think of such societies as simply composed of owners and workers, or rich and poor.

Social democrats are divided in how they see their theory. Terms like "market socialism" and "the third way" are efforts to rethink what social democracy means today.

Related pages 
Socialist International
Welfare state

References 

Socialism
Democracy
Political systems
UEFA Europa League

The UEFA Europa League is a football tournament for teams that did not make the UEFA Champions League. They qualify by being not the best in the country and not making the best competition. For example in England, teams that finish after the first four teams can go to the Europa League. There is another option, which if you finish 3rd in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, you will qualify for the last 32 in the Europa League, and the 3rd option is when a club which being eliminated from the UEFA Champions League 3rd round (Into the UEFA Europa League Playoff Round). In 2009, it was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League. It was previously known as the UEFA Cup. The winner of the UEFA Europa League plays the winner of the UEFA Champions League in the UEFA Super Cup.

The Competition Winners

Other websites
 

UEFA
1955 establishments in Europe
Magliaso

Magliaso is a municipality in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Mairengo

Mairengo is a former municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Malvaglia

Malvaglia is a former municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of  Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle. The reservoir Bacino di Val Malvaglia is found above the village.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Manno

Manno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Maroggia

Maroggia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Massagno

Massagno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Medeglia

Medeglia is a former municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2010 disestablishments in Switzerland
Melano

Melano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Melide, Switzerland

Melide is a municipality  of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Melide is known world-wide for the famous Swissminiatur, a museum that shows famous buildings in Switzerland presented in miniature form.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Web site of Swissminiatur

Municipalities of Ticino
Wilmersdorf

Wilmersdorf was a village near Berlin. In 1920 Wilmersdorf became a borough of Greater Berlin Groß Berlin. In 2001 it became a part of the new borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The Kurfürstendamm runs through the area. The former borough of Wilmersdorf included the localities Halensee, Schmargendorf and Grunewald.

Related pages

 Charlottenburg
 Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

Districts of Berlin
Able Label

The Able Label was an independent record label from Brisbane, Australia.

Grant McLennan & Robert Forster of The Go-Betweens 
released their first two singles "Lee Remick" & "People Say" on it in 1978 and 1979. Later, it allowed other Brisbane groups, The Numbers (later to become The Riptides), The Apartments and the Four Gods to make their own records using the Able Label logo.

Discography

Related pages
 List of record labels

References

Other websites 
 Able Logo image

Companies of Australia
Independent record labels
Defunct companies
Indie music record labels
Goosebumps

Goosebumps is a collection of children's horror fiction books written by R. L. Stine.

The Goosebumps series sometimes contained too much violence, so some American libraries disagreed with having the books there; the novels were fifteenth on the American Library Association's list of most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 1999.

After the series, many different spinoffs were made, also written by Stine, including Give Yourself Goosebumps and Goosebumps: Series 2000 which appeared in 1995 and 1998.

Two board games were created after the Goosebumps series, these were called "Terror in the Graveyard" and "Escape from Horrorland". a 1996 PC game was also produced, entitled Goosebumps: Escape from Horrorland.

Front covers and most other Goosebumps-related art was done by artist Tim Jacobus, while the covers for the later Give Yourself Goosebumps series were digitally created by Craig White.

In 2015, a movie based on the book was released starring Jack Black as R. L. Stine.

References

Children's books
Fiction books
Azuli Records

Azuli Records is an independent record label, focusing on house music and other forms of electronic dance music. The label was founded by DJ Dave Piccioni in London, England in the early 1990s.

Releases include the Late Night Tales / Another Late Night DJ mix albums, and the "Choice" series.

Related pages
 List of record labels

Other websites
 Official site

British record labels
Independent record labels
Electronic music record labels
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
Carluke

The town of Carluke is in the centre of the Scottish countryside in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, 5.4 miles North-West of Lanark and 5 miles South-East of Wishaw. Many people in Carluke are commuters, with a variety of small stores and supermarkets available at the centre of the town.

Notable Figures
Three people who were born in the town have received the Victoria Cross. The inventor of Slush Puppies previously stayed on a street in Carluke. The famous ex-Motherwell striker Dougie Arnott lives in Carluke.

References

Towns in South Lanarkshire
Marvel Universe

The Marvel Universe (MU) is a comic book fictional universe created by Marvel Comics. The MU is where most of the main stories published by Marvel Comics takes place. The MU is actually just one of an infinite number of different dimensions. Each one can be called a Marvel universe, but the term is commonly used for just one. This one is also called Earth-616 when looking at all the universes as a group. The other universes vary from very similar to the Earth-616 universe to completely different. This lets the writers create stories which have a large effect to the universe they take place in without affected the main universe used by all of the writers as a group. 

Fictional universes
Marvel Comics
Kreuzberg

Kreuzberg, south of Berlin-Mitte, was one of the best-known boroughs of Berlin, famous for its nightlife and its left-leaning electorate as well as its problems with crime the drug scene and a very high number of immigrants.

Kreuzberg consists of two different parts, the southeastern 'SO 36' (or simply '36') part and the southwest 'SW 61' (or simply '61'). Until the Berlin Wall fell, these were the last two numbers of the postal codes for the two areas.

It was a separate borough from 1920, when it became a part of Groß-Berlin, until the borughs were changed in 2001. Then it was joined with Friedrichshain to form the new borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Since these two localities are linked only by a single bridge over the Spree river, the Oberbaumbrücke, this joining seemed awkward to many residents. The two areas could not agree on where the new borough's town hall should be. Friedrichshain was chosen by tossing a five-Mark coin.

Summary 

Kreuzberg is known to many for numerous Turkish immigrants from eastern parts of Turkey, and the yearly May Day riots. This is because before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Kreuzberg was isolated. Its eastern parts were almost entirely surrounded by the Wall. This area consequently had cheap rents and lower-income families as well as squatters from the radical left. The western part of Kreuzberg also bordered onto the wall, and it was here where Checkpoint Charlie was.

History 
Kreuzberg got its name is from its highest point, the Kreuzberg (literally, "cross hill"). It is of  above sea level.. The hill was a traditional place for weekend trips, and had a lot of small restaurants for the visitors. The hill got its name from a monument built in 1821 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. It was to remember the wars against Napoleon I of France.

After 1860 industry began moving into Kreuzburg. There was also an Exportviertel (export quarter) along Ritterstraße which had a lot of many profitable small businesses, and the "press quarter" along Kochstraße was the home of most of Germany's large newspapers as well as the Ullstein, Scherl, and Mosse book publishers.

Both of these industrial quarters were almost entirely destroyed during World War II, with the bombings of a single night from 3 February 1945. To remember old tradition, the Axel Springer press company built its new headquarters at Kochstraße again, right next to the Berlin Wall.

After World War II, Kreuzberg's housing rents were regulated by law, which made investments unattractive. As a result, housing was of low quality, but cheap, which made the borough a prime target for immigrants coming to Germany (and Berlin).

Other websites 

 friedrichshain-kreuzberg.de, the website of the combined borough (in German)

Districts of Berlin
Civil War (comics)

Civil War was a large comic book story created by Marvel Comics. The story was the main focus of a seven issue series that started in May 2006 and ended in February 2007. It involved every major Marvel character and a large number of minor ones. Nearly every main Marvel title during this time dealt with this story. 

The story was about the United States dealing with an accident during a superhero battle that caused 613 deaths. To prevent this from happening again, the government created the Superhero Registration Act (SRA). This was a law that forced all people with superhuman powers to identify them self to the government. Many superheroes believed this was a good thing and that it would save lives. Others believed it was bad. They felt that if the government knew who they were, they would be in danger of others finding out. They believed that the SRA took away many of their freedoms. This caused the superheros to split into two groups. Those supporting the SRA were led by Iron Man. Those against it were led by Captain America.

Many people have compared the story of Civil War to that of the United States after 9/11 and the Patriot Act.

Marvel Comics