cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Market forms

In economics, market structure (also known as market form) describes the state of a market with respect to competition.

Most market forms given below talk about a homogeneous product.  This simply means that they all make the same . They simply want to get the cheapest one, since all kinds of sugars (or soaps) look the same anyway. 

The major market forms are:

 Perfect competition: there are many numbers of buyers as well as many numbers of sellers, all the producers sell the homogeneous product and price remains unchanged
 Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market: there are a large number of  independent firms. Each firm has  a very small proportion of the market share.
 Oligopoly: A market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
 Oligopsony: A  market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.
 Monopoly: There is only one seller and many number of buyers.
 Natural monopoly: A monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
 Monopsony: There is only one buyer in the  market.

The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions.

These somewhat abstract concerns usually determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade.

The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.

Related pages
 Economics
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy
 Microeconomics
 Macroeconomics
 Industrial organization

Other websites 
 Microeconomics  by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition

Market forms
Worcestershire

Worcestershire (ˈwʊs.təˌʃə; abbreviated Worcs) is a county in the West Midlands region of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was part of Hereford and Worcester.

The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire.

Physical geography 
Worcestershire is a fairly rural county. The Malvern Hills, which run from the south of the county into Herefordshire, are made up mainly of volcanic rock, some of which date from before 1200 million years ago. For more on the geology of the Malvern Hills, see the other websites section below.

Places of interest 
Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings
Walton Hill and the Clent Hills
Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural beauty
Severn Valley Railway
Worcester Cathedral
Great Malvern Priory
Leigh Court Tithe Barn
Claines Church
River Teme and valley
Tenbury Wells with its unique Pump Rooms.
River Severn at Worcester, River Avon at Pershore or Evesham
Witley Court at Great Witley. A burnt out shell of a large English stately home, famous for its gigantic fountain, now restored to working order. Currently owned by English Heritage.
West Midlands Safari Park
Hanbury Hall
Forge Mill Needle Museum at Redditch, the only remaining working needle mill in the world.

Local groups 
Worcestershire Conservative Future 
Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust

Related pages 
 Worcestershire sauce

Other websites 
Worcestershire County Council main site
Official Worcestershire County Council eHub 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
St Andrews

St Andrews is a town, that has its name from Saint Andrew the Apostle and is a former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, and an important home of golf.  It has a population of about 18 000, and stands on the North Sea coast between Edinburgh and Dundee. It is home to Scotland's oldest university, the University of St Andrews.

The town is called "home of golf" for two reasons. First, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, founded in 1754,has authority over the game worldwide except in the USA and Mexico. Second, the beautiful links (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship, the oldest of the Men's major golf championships. 

Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.

Buildings

Cathedral 

The Cathedral of St Andrew was at one time Scotland's largest building. It was founded by Bishop Robert (1122 - 1159).  It was not completed and consecrated until 1318 in the reign of Robert the Bruce (1306-29).

St Rule's Tower 

St Rule's tower stands in the Cathedral grounds but is older than the cathedral. Probably it was part of the Cathedral up to the early 12th century.

Castle 

The ruins of St Andrews Castle stand on a rock at the sea. It is said that Bishop Roger erected the first stone castle on the site about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence.

The University of St Andrews 
The University of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of Scone and a few others. 

The University library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded about the middle of the 17th century, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889 - 1890. 

The modern buildings, in the Jacobean style, were erected between 1827 and 1847. University College, Dundee, became in 1890 affiliated to the University of St Andrews.

Other websites 
 
 Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council 
 The Official Tourist Portal for St Andrews 

 St Andrews Links

References 
 

Towns in Fife
St Andrews (disambiguation)

The element St Andrew, St. Andrews or St. Andrew's is found in the names of many places and institutions.  All of them are named after Saint Andrew, a Christian saint and one of the New Testament Apostles.

Saint Andrew
Other saints who share this name include:
Saint Andrew Corsini (San Andrea Corsini)
Saint Andrew of Crete
Saint Andrew Fool of Christ, who lived in Byzantium in the 10th century and is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Saint Andrew the Scot
Andrew of Lampsacus
Andrew Avellino

British Isles and Europe
 The Saint Andrew's Cross (or saltire) is the national Flag of Scotland or the current Russian naval ensign.
 The Royal Burgh of St Andrews is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland.
The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, a world-famous golf club based in the above town.
 The University of St Andrews is a university in Fife, Scotland.
 Saint Andrew's High School, is a Catholic high school outside Glasgow, Scotland
 St Andrews is a suburb of Bristol, England.
 St Andrews is a parish in Guernsey in the Channel Islands.
 St Andrews is the home stadium of Birmingham City football club.
 St. Andrew's College (Dublin) is a private international secondary school in Dublin, Ireland 
St. Andrews Major - a village parish in the Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales

North America
 St. Andrews, South Carolina is a city in South Carolina, United States
 St. Andrews-by-the-Sea is a town in New Brunswick, Canada.
 St Andrews is a town in Manitoba, Canada.
 St. Andrew's Society of Charleston, South Carolina is the first known immigrant Scottish society.
 St. Andrew is an electoral district in Ontario, Canada.
 St. Andrew's School is a boarding school in Middletown, Delaware.
 St. Andrew's College is an all-boys independent boarding school in Aurora, Ontario, Canada.
 St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Jackson, Mississippi.
 St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Potomac, Maryland.
 Saint Andrew Parish is the name of several parishes of the Caribbean.
 St. A's, short for St. Andrew's, is the name of a fraternity at Columbia and Yale Universities in the U.S.

Australia, New Zealand, Japan
 St Andrews is a suburb of Sydney, Australia.
 St Andrews is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia.
 St Andrews is a town in South Canterbury, New Zealand.
 St. Andrew's University is a university in Izumi, Japan.

Egypt
 St. Andrew's United Church in Cairo is a church serving mainly Western and African people in Egypt.

Israel
 St Andrew's Church, Jerusalem

Malta
 St. Andrew's is an informal district in St. Julian's, Malta.

Morocco
 Church of Saint Andrew, Tangier

Other uses
 A Saint Andrew's cross is also a kind of bondage furniture.

See also
 Disambiguation page: San Andreas
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is one of the most famous editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica.  Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. The articles are still of value and interest to modern scholars as examples for the knowledge of the 19th and early 20th centuries. They contain, however, a number of problematic areas for the modern scholar using them as a source. The eleventh edition is no longer restricted by copyright and is available online, both in its original text and in part in other online encyclopaedias and works.

Background
The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled under the leadership of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper, and edited by Hugh Chisholm. American marketing methods assisted sales. Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to run that side of the enterprise.

Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day, such as Edmund Gosse, J. B. Bury, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Muir, Prince Peter Kropotkin, T. H. Huxley, G. K. Chesterton, Edmund Husserl and William Michael Rossetti, and others well known to that era. 

The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes to the format of the Britannica. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The content of the encyclopaedia was made up as follows:

The eleventh edition has become a commonly quoted source because of the reputation of the Britannica at that time and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on the Internet. The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 has been used as a source for many modern projects, such as Wikipedia and the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.

Gutenberg Encyclopedia
The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is actually the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns.

Other websites

Free, public-domain resources
 Full-page scans in tiff format, at Tim Starling's Wikisource page.  Probably requires the AlternaTiff plugin.  In particular, see:
 In Volume 1, the "Prefatory Note" and "Editorial Introduction," which discuss the history and objectives of the edition. (These, and the different Prefatory Note from the Handy Volume edition of 1915, are also included in the Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.)
The article on Encyclopaedia
Project Gutenberg Volume I
The Project Gutenberg Volume II

Articles about the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
 'Information ... Slightly Coloured by Prejudice', by Lawrence Biemiller, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Notes From Academe, Volume 52, Issue 47, Page A40. (No longer available on-line).
"Music and art in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica" by Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 25 August 2006)

Encyclopædia Britannica
Free encyclopedias
Pontiac

Pontiac was an automobile manufacturer, owned by General Motors. Pontiac was known for making affordable performance cars. It was established in 1926. In 2009 General Motors announced that it would shut down Pontiac.

Pontiac is named for Pontiac (Ottawa leader), an 18th-century war chief, and for the town of Pontiac, Illinois.

Models

Final Models
 Pontiac G3
 Pontiac G6
 G8 (coming in 2008)
 Solstice
 Pontiac Torrent
 Vibe a rebadged version of Toyota Voltz.

Discontinued
 Pontiac Aztek
 Pontiac G2/Matiz
 Bonneville
 Grand Am
 Pontiac Grand Prix
 Pontiac Le Mans
 Pontiac Firefly
 Pontiac Sunbird
 Pontiac Sunburst
 Pontiac Sunfire
 Pontiac Sunrunner
 GTO
 Pontiac Montana

Other websites 
 Pontiac web site
 Canadian Pontiac web site 
 Forever Pontiac web site

General Motors
Cadillac

Cadillac, officially the Cadillac Division of the General Motors Company, is a luxury car maker, owned by General Motors. During the 20th century, Cadillacs were so highly thought of that the phrase "the Cadillac of x" was coined, meaning that something of excellent quality and better than everything else in its category.

The company is one of the oldest car companies and was founded in 1902. By the 1950s and 1960s, it had become famous for making high-quality and luxurious cars, often setting the standard for automotive styling. Cadillac had largely declined by the 1980s and lost much of its market to other companies. Since the early 2000s, Cadillac has regained some of its lost reputation. However, it is not the same company it once was. Cadillac is based in Detroit, Michigan. Many of its cars are available as a V-model, which is a sports package.

Current
 CT4
 CT5
 CT6
 XT4
 XT5
 XT6
 Escalade

Discontinued
 Eldorado
 Seville
 DeVille
 Fleetwood
 Brougham
 Cimarron
 Catera
 ATS
 BLS
 CTS
 DTS
 SRX
 STS
 XTS

Gallery

Other websites
 Cadillac.com – Official site
 Cadillac.GM.ca  – Official site of Cadillac in Canada
 CadillacEurope.com – Official site of Cadillac in Europe
 CadillacOwners.com – Community of Cadillac owners and enthusiasts with pictures, classifieds, auctions, discussions, tech tips and more.
 History and Picture Cadillac in Russian 

General Motors
Oldsmobile

Oldmobile was an automobile maker, owned by General Motors.  Oldmobiles were known for being affordable cars with good performance and new technologies. The company was closed in 2004, due to the company being less popular. The cars are still a popular GM car thanks to resale.

Models
 Aurora
 Oldsmobile Bravada
 Custom Cruiser
 Cutlass
 Delta 88
 Intrigue
 Oldsmobile Silhouette
 Toronado

Galery 

General Motors
2004 disestablishments
Holden

Holden was an Australian car maker, owned by General Motors. Holden was known for making rear-wheel drive cars with large, naturally-aspirated engines. The company closed down in 2020.

Vehicles

Current

Former

Original models
Holden Monaro
Holden Camira
Holden Torana
Holden Kingswood
Holden Brougham
Holden Special
Holden Commodore
Holden Caprice
Holden Sandman

Toyota-based models
Holden Apollo (1989–1996)
Holden Nova (1989–1996)

Opel-based models
Holden Vectra (1997–2006)
Holden Zafira (2001–2005)
Holden Combo (1996–2012)
Holden Calibra (1991–1998)
Holden Insignia (2015–2017)
Holden Cascada (2015–2017)
Holden Tigra (2005–2007)
Holden Barina (1994–2005)
Holden Astra (1996–2009, 2015–2020)
Holden Commodore (2018–2020)

Chevrolet-based models
Holden Cruze (2009–2016)
Holden Malibu (2013–2016)
Holden Suburban (1998–2001)
Holden Volt (2012–2015)
Holden Barina (2011–2018)

Daewoo-based models
Holden Epica (2007–2011)
Holden Viva (2005–2009)
Holden Captiva (2006–2018)

Isuzu-based models 
Holden Jackaroo (1981–2004)
Holden Rodeo (1981–2008)
Holden Monterey 
Holden Frontera (1995–2004)
Holden Gemini
Holden Piazza
Holden Shuttle

Suzuki-based models
Holden Drover
Holden Scurry
Holden Cruze (2002–2006)
Holden Barina (1985–1994)

Other websites 
Holden Australia 
Holden New Zealand
Holden Special Vehicles

Companies of Australia
Battle of Dunkirk

The Battle of Dunkirk (French: Bataille de Dunkerque) (Also known as Operation Dynamo) was a major battle during World War II. It lasted from the 26 May until 4 June 1940. The Allied forces were split in two by a German armoured advance to the Channel coast at Calais. The British and French commanders had been taken by surprise at the speed of the advance. The northern part of the army was surrounded In Dunkirk, France, a port on the English Channel. There they made a perimeter and waited for an evacuation. The majority were able to escape. French troops elsewhere continued the Battle of France.

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Invasion of ''France and the Low Countries

1940 in France
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Hauts-de-France
May 1940 events
June 1940 events
Mussel

Mussels are several families of bivalve molluscs. Mussels live in lakes, rivers, and creeks. They sometimes also live in intertidal areas along coastlines worldwide.  The freshwater mussels (several allied families, the largest being the Unionidae) and saltwater mussels (family Mytilidae) are not closely related, despite the fact that they may look similar. They are grouped in different subclasses.  The freshwater Zebra mussels and their relatives (family Dreissenidae) live attached to rocks in a manner similar to marine mussels, but are classified with the Heterodonta, the taxonomic group including most bivalves referred to as "clams".

From archeology, it is known that humans have been eating mussels for thousands of years. They can be cooked or eaten raw. Care must be taken however as mussels quickly become poisonous after they die.

Other websites 
 Freshwater Mussel Genera
 Methods of mussel farming 
 Photo of bouchot pilings for growing mussels 
 Gilbertson, Lance. (1999). Zoology Laboratory Manual (4th ed.), pp. 11.1-11.4. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Mississippi River Mussels 
 Marine Ecology Station 

Bivalves
Seafood
Herefordshire

Herefordshire (known as County of Herefordshire) is a county  in the West Midlands region of England. It borders the English counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south east and the Welsh counties of Gwent to the south west and Powys to the west. It is not to be confused with Hertfordshire, a county north of London.

It is pronounced  (i.e. first syllable as in "herring", and -e- a separate syllable).

The county town of Herefordshire is the cathedral city of Hereford.

Waterways
Historically, the Rivers Wye and Lugg were navigable but the wide seasonal variations in water levels mean that few craft larger than canoes and coracles are now used.  There are canoe centres at The Boat House, Glasbury-on-Wye, the Hereford Youth Service  and Kerne Bridge  Ross-on-Wye, as well as a rowing club in Hereford.

The early nineteenth century saw the construction of two canals, The Hereford & Gloucester Canal and The Leominster &  Stourport Canal but these were never successful and there are now few remains to be seen.

Other websites 
The Hereford Times Local news, sport & information
Herefordshire Portal Local events, jobs, photos and news
Herefordshire Libraries 10 Libraries across Herefordshire

Unitary authorities

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Gloucestershire

Gloucestershire (pronounced ; GLOSS-ter-sher) is a county in South West England. The county includes part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.

The county town is Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Stroud, Cirencester, and Tewkesbury.

Gloucestershire borders the county of Gwent in Wales, and in England the counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Somerset and Bristol.

Economy 
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Antiquities and Other Places of interest 
 Berkeley Castle, an example of a feudal stronghold.
 Beverston Castle
 Calcot Manor
 Forest of Dean
 Hailes Abbey
 Owlpen Manor
 Sudeley Castle
 Tewkesbury Abbey
 Tyndale Monument
 Wildfowl and Wetland Trust, Slimbridge

Other websites 
 Gloucester County Official Site
 Gloucester City Council website
 Visit Gloucester Site
 Gloucester jobs
 Gloucestershire County Council
 Gloucestershire Tourism Partnership
 Official site for Cotswolds tourism
 Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide  - A Guide to Yate and Chipping Sodbury in South Gloucestershire
 Archaeological Handbook of Gloucestershire by George Witts
 Tales of the River Severn  by Chris Witts

Ceremonial counties of England
Wiltshire

Wiltshire (short: Wilts) is an English county. It borders the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and contains the unitary authority of Swindon. The county town is Trowbridge, in the west of the county at . The county covers 858,931 acres (3476 km²)

Settlements
Notable towns and cities in Wiltshire are:
 Bradford on Avon
 Calne
 Chippenham
 Devizes
 Malmesbury
 Marlborough
 Salisbury (city)
 Swindon
 Trowbridge
 Warminster
 Westbury

A full list of settlements is at List of places in Wiltshire.

Places of interest

Notable places of interest in Wiltshire are:

Notable areas of countryside in Wiltshire are:
 Cranborne Chase 
 Marlborough Downs 
 Salisbury Plain 
 Vale of Pewsey 

Notable routes through Wiltshire are:
 A4 road
 M4 motorway
 A303 trunk road
 Fosse Way old Roman road
 Great Western Main Line railway
 Wessex Main Line railway
 Kennet and Avon Canal
 Swindon and Cricklade Railway 
 Thames Path, a long distance footpath
 Wiltshire Cycleway
 National Cycle Route 4

Wiltshire is "Mid-Wessex" in the novels of Thomas Hardy

Other websites 

 Wiltshire County Council
 List of Councillors 
 Wiltshire Constabulary Online 
 BBC Wiltshire
 Wiltshire Tourist Office
 John Aubrey's The Natural History of Wiltshire
 White horses of Wiltshire 
 Wiltshire Gazette & Herald
 Wiltshire Times & Chippenham News
 Geology map of Wiltshire (PDF)
 Wiltshire & Swindon Intelligence Network

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Conurbation

A conurbation is an urban area that includes a number of cities, towns and villages which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. It is a sort of agglomeration.

A metropolitan area usually combines one or several conurbations.

Settlements
Dunkirk

Dunkirk (, pronounced  or ; ) is a harbour city in the northernmost part of France, 10 km (6 mi) from the Belgian border.
 
The population of the whole metropolitan area was of 265,974 at the 1999 census. 

Until the middle of the 20th century the city was in the Dutch language area; today the local Dutch dialect still can be heard but has largely given way to French.

History 
Dunkirk was first mentioned in 1067 as Dunkerk (). 

In World War II, heavy fighting took place around Dunkirk during the German invasion in 1940 (Battle of Dunkirk), but a lull in the action unexpectedly allowed a large number of French and British soldiers to escape to England. The British evacuation of Dunkirk through the English Channel was codenamed Operation Dynamo. 
During the war, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by bombing.

Postwar Dunkirk 

On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian auto carrier Tricolor collided with the Bahamian-registered Kariba and sank off Dunkirk harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the English Channel.

Economy 
Dunkirk has the third largest harbour in France, after those of Le Havre and Marseille. It is also an industrial city, heavily dependent on the steel, food processing, oil refining, ship building and chemical industries.

Tourist attractions 

 The Musée Portuaire hosts exhibits images about the history and presence of the port.
 The Musée des Beaux-Arts has a large collection of Flemish, Italian and French paintings and sculptures.
 The Carnival of Dunkirk

Miscellaneous

Transport 

Dunkirk has a ferry connection with Dover in England.

Twin towns 

Dunkirk is twinned with:
  Krefeld, Germany since June 15, 1974
  Middlesbrough, United Kingdom since April 12, 1976

Dunkirk has cooperation agreements with:
 Dartford district, United Kingdom since March 1988
 Thanet district, United Kingdom since June 18, 1993

Other websites 

 City council website
 Tourist office website

Communes in Nord
Subprefectures in France
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Sudetenland

The Sudetenland was a mountainous area of Czechoslovakia. The name comes from the Sudetes, a mountain range, but it was also used for other places in Bohemia in which mostly-German people lived. They wanted their homes to be part of Germany, not Czechoslovakia. Nazi Germany took Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938, which contributed to the start of World War II.

Other websites
 WW2DB: Annexation of Sudetenland

History of Germany
Geography of the Czech Republic
Crimson

Crimson is  reddish magenta color between red and rose on the color wheel.  You can make it by combining a strong, bright deep red with a little blue.  It is originally the color of the dye produced from the dried bodies of a scale insect, Kermes vermilio.

The word crimson has been in written use in the English since 1400,

Meaning of crimson

In English, crimson is traditionally associated with the color of blood, and hence is associated with violence, courage and martyrdom.
Crimson was the most distinctive color of British officers' uniforms until the introduction of khaki camouflage, and remains in use for the colours (flag). The King's Royal Hussars still wear crimson trousers.
 In Poland, karmazyn ('crimson') is a synonym for a Magnate (someone who is a member of the nobility).

Tones of crimson color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Teal (color)

Teal is a deep blue-green color; a dark cyan.

Teal gets its name from the colored area around the eyes of the common teal, a member of the duck family.  

The first written use of Teal as a color name in English was in 1917.

Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine

Tones of teal color comparison chart

Tones of the Teal color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References

Other websites 
Plochere Color System website
 What Color is Teal and How You Can Use It in Your Home Decor, Architect Anton Giuroiu , Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest, Romania
Navy blue

or navy is a dark shade of the color blue. Some people mistake navy blue for black because some navies (such as the United States Navy) use a shade of navy blue that is so dark it is practically black.

Meaning of navy blue

 Navy blue represents sailors and also represents the navy of a nation.  Navy blue also represents the sport of yachting.
 Since 1748, British Royal Navy uniforms have been white and navy blue.  Other navies also adopted these uniform colors.  This is where the color got its name.
 Navy blue is the most popular color for a jacket known as a blazer (which also has brass buttons) which is often worn on special or formal occasions.  Navy blue colored blazers are also often worn by people who are employed in customer service positions that serve the public from behind a desk, such as hotel concierges.
 Navy uniforms colored a color called Regimental (now called Persian Indigo), made by dyeing cloth with indigo dye, were popular among many nations during the 19th Century.

Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine

Tones of navy blue

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Lime (color)

Lime is a yellowish green color.  It is the color that is half way between the color chartreuse green and yellow on the color wheel.  The color lime is named after the fruit, lime.

The official web color named lime actually corresponds to pure green on an RGB display.  Lime green is the color of the outer skin of a lime.  Lime pulp is the color of the inside of a lime and of limeade, a fruit drink that is made from limes.

The first recorded use of lime as a color name in English was in 1905.

Meaning of lime
 The color lime implies someone or something that is tangy, tasty, and bold like the flavor of limeade, the drink that is made from limes.

 Sailors in the British Navy are called limeys because they used to be issued large rations of lime fruit to eat to prevent the disease scurvy on long sea voyages.

Tones of lime color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Jochen Rindt

Karl Jochen Rindt (born  April 18 1942 in Mainz, Germany – died September 5 1970 in Monza) was a German racing driver who represented Austria during his career. In 1970, he won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, but died in a crash in Monza. He was the only driver to win the championship after he died.

In 1965 he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.

References

1942 births
1970 deaths
Austrian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
People from Mainz
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Claudio Arrau

Claudio Arrau León (; February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean classical pianist.

Arrau started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 5. The Chilean government heard of the child prodigy and quickly organized to have him sent to Germany to study with the best music teachers. At the age of 7 Arrau started to study music seriously at the Stern Conservatory, Berlin, Germany.

By the age of 11, Arrau was playing like a master, and performed the works of Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin and Johannes Brahms in recitals. 

Later in life Arrau became an important teacher of the piano and taught some of the most famous pianists in the world. Arrau married Ruth Schneider, an opera singer, and settled in the United States. Throughout his career he won the highest awards for piano playing. He died in Austria in 1991.

1903 births
1991 deaths
Chilean people
Pianists
People from Bío Bío Region
Patriotism

Patriotism means loyalty of a person to his/her own nation or the leaders of the nation. A patriot is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders. Patriotism is different from nationalism. 
Also, contrary to a nationalist, patriots do not favor                imperialism, while nationalists tend to favor imperialism. An example of a nationalist favoring imperialism would be Adolf Hitler.

The English term "patriot" is first known from the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς (patris), "fatherland". The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century..

Politics
Nationalism
Misogyny

Misogyny (similar to Misandry) is a type of discrimination that refers to the discrimination of female people (women). Misandry, a similar term, refers to discrimination of men.

A misogynist is a person who hates women. Misogynists hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil. The opposite of being misogynistic is being anti-sexist or misandrist.

There are some communities that have been described as misogynist such as the manosphere.

References

Reated pages 
Sexism
Violence against women

Discrimination
Hatred
United Parcel Service

United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American company that transports packages. It is the largest package delivery company in the world. UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries. It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. The company started in 1936 when several smaller companies merged and took the new name. It was owned by employees until 1999 when it offered stock to outsiders. 

The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks. The company trademarked the color so other delivery companies cannot use a brown logo.

UPS Airlines is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries. UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.

Other websites 
 UPS corporate website, shipping, tracking, service information
 ST Courier 

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Gómez Pereira

Gómez Pereira (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo. He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy. As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.

His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the  famous idea "cogito ergo sum". This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".

Life
Little is known about his life. He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila.  Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.

He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca.  His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain. He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520. He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants. He never had children. 

He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain.  He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince,  Don Carlos, when he had an accident.  He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water. 

Pereira
Pereira, Gomez
1500 births
1567 deaths
Cartesian coordinate system

In mathematics and geometry, the Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system used to give the location of points on a plane by using two numbers for each point. It is also called the rectangular coordinate system. The numbers are usually called the  coordinate and the  coordinate. To find the coordinates of a point, two perpendicular lines, called axes (singular: axis), are drawn. The point where the axes meet is the coordinate origin, written (0,0). The  coordinate gives the position of a point measured along the  axis, and the  coordinate gives the position along the  axis. Cartesian coordinates can be used in three dimensions (3D), by adding a third number, the  coordinate. In four dimensions (4D), a fourth number, the  coordinate, is added. Each coordinate represents a dimension of space.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system, many shapes, like straight lines and parabolas can be described by using algebraic equations. The results of the equations can be seen by plotting (drawing) a point for each solution to the equations. For example, the  axis is described by the equation . A circle having radius  and centered at the origin can be described with the equation  (see Figure 2).

The name Cartesian comes from the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: Cartesius), who worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. This work was important in creating calculus and cartography.

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two works by Descartes. In part two of his Discourse on Method, Descartes explains plotting the position of a point or object on a surface, using two perpendicular axes as measuring guides. In La Géométrie (Geometry), he further explores these ideas.

Related pages

Polar coordinate system

Coordinate systems
Horatio Nelson

Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an English sea captain in the Royal Navy. He was born at the rectory of the village of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk. 

Nelson commanded the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, fighting the French and Spanish. Nelson was blind in one eye, after being wounded in battle. During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed by a French sniper.

Last words
At least three versions of his last words exist, and are shown in wikiquote. 

His most well-known last words are, "Kiss me, Hardy".

Another statement during his last hours was, "Thank God I have done my duty."

Alternatively, he may have said both of these statements; "Kiss me, Hardy" and Hardy kissed him on the cheek. Then Nelson said, "Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty." Then Hardy kissed him again on the forehead and Nelson called out, "Who is that?" Hardy replied, "It is Hardy." Then Nelson said, "God bless you, Hardy." Then he murmoured to those around him to look about Emma Hamilton and his daughter.

Most recently are accounts of his chaplain, Alexander Scott; his steward, Chevalier; and the purser, Walter Burke.  "Drink, drink. Fan, fan. Rub, rub" was a request to ease his symptoms of thirst, heat, and the pains of his wounds. 

Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded his last words as 'God and my country'.

References 

1758 births
1805 deaths
Admirals
British Barons
British Viscounts
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People from Norfolk
Royal Navy officers
United Kingdom Barons
United Kingdom Viscounts
Turquoise (color)

Turquoise is the colour of the gem turquoise.  It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan.  Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green.  The name comes from the French word for Turkish.

Meaning of turquoise 

 People who practise holistic medicine say that turquoise has a calming effect on patients.  They use this color to treat patients prone to panic attacks or mania. To a lesser degree, mainstream psychiatric hospitals also use turquoise and other light shades of blue and green to calm patients by painting the walls in these colors.
 "The Turquoise" is slang for the waters of the Caribbean.  In the sunlight these waters look turquoise because they are shallow.
 The color and gem stone represent Sagittarius.

Tones of turquoise colour comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
Amber (color)

The color Amber is a yellow color. It got its name from the material known as amber.  The amber color is halfway between yellow and orange on the color wheel.

The first recorded use of amber as a color name in English was in 1500.

Meaning of amber 
 Amber is used in traffic lights and turn signals.
 Amber is a symbolic color symbolizing energy.
 The color amber is associated with Zoroastrianism because of its practice of fire worship in fire temples (actually, the holy fire is simply a representation of the spiritual energy of God Ahura Mazda).
 The original Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. Due to its singular beauty, it was sometimes dubbed the Eighth Wonder of the World.
 Amber is a colour worn by Hull City AFC, an English Association football team. Also worn by Mansfield Town F.C.

Tones of amber color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Sea captain

A sea captain, also known as a skipper, is the leader on a ship.  They are responsible for the safety of everyone on board.  If the ship is in trouble, most captains will not leave unless everyone is safe.

Related pages
Captain

occupations
Ships
Brain stem

The brainstem is the rear part of the brain. It has two sections: the hindbrain, which includes the pons and medula, and the midbrain.

Though the brainstem is small, it is extremely important. The motor (movement) and sensory connections from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. Also, from the brainstem come the main motor and sensory nerves to the face and neck. These nerves are called the cranial nerves. The brainstem controls many bodily functions of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing, heart beat, and sweating. The brainstem controls functions which are unconscious, but necessary for life. 

The hindbrain consists of the pons, and the medulla oblongata; which is an extension of the spinal cord.  It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord. Its neurons are the control centre of bodily functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.

Functions of the brainstem 
Conduction All information going between the body and the cerebellum and the cerebrum must go through the brainstem.
Nerves Cranial nerves 3–12 emerge from the brainstem. There are motor neurons in the brainstem that allow movement in the face, including speech and swallowing. 
Integration It is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a serious and often life-threatening problem.

Brain
Ideology

An ideology is a collection of ideas or beliefs shared by a group of people. It may be a connected set of  ideas, or a style of thought, or a world-view. It was coined by a French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy in 1801/5.

There are two main types of ideologies: political ideologies, and epistemological ideologies. Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run. Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.

There are many different types of ideologies. Communism, socialism, and capitalism are  political/economical ideologies.

Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of values, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or class which explains how society should work. It offers a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.

Political ideologies have two dimensions:
 Goals: how society should work (or be arranged).
 Methods: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.

Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana). 

Today, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age, in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed. This is often associated with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".

References

Philosophy
Politics
Sociology
Iran–Iraq War

The Iran–Iraq War was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988. It was commonly called the Persian Gulf War until Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. The Iraq-Kuwait war, which the United States entered, later was called the Persian Gulf War or the Gulf War.

The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on 22 September 1980, after a long history of border disputes and demands for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime. Iraqi forces did well at the beginning of the war, taking Iranian Khuzestan, but before long they were stopped and forced out of Iran. The war continued for years, and neither side gained much ground in the resulting trench warfare. About a million soldiers died and a similar number of civilians. Both sides used blockade, which other countries opposed. Despite several calls for an end to the fighting by the United Nations Security Council, the two countries fought until 20 August 1988; the last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003. The war changed politics in the Middle East and worldwide.

The Iran–Iraq War is also noted for Iraq's use of chemical weapons and biological weapons against Iranian troops and civilians. The role of the United States and Soviet Union was very important, dating back to the Cold War. In 1953, the US encouraged a coup d'état against Mohammad Mosaddegh, who was the Prime Minister of Iran. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power, supporting his military and his government. The United States sold many weapons to the Shah's government. Meanwhile, revolutionaries of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party overthrew the king of Iraq and, with the help of the Soviet Union, built up their army. Starting with the United Arab Republic, they sought to unite all the Arabs into one state, including the Arab minority in Iran.

After the war started, (especially between 1983 and 1988) the United States sold weapons to the Iraqis. This move was largely due to America's interest in containing the revolutionary Ayatollah Khomeini. Thus, both the Soviet Union and the United States supplied Iraq with weapons to use against Iran. The United States had sold many weapons to Iran before the war. it was believed the soviet union was selling weapons to both sides during the war.

Related pages
 Persian Gulf
 Gulf War

References 

1980s in Asia
1980s in Iran
Wars involving Iraq
20th century in Iraq
Freedom fighter

A freedom fighter is a person who thinks their native ethnic group is not free, and is working to have freedom for their group. Most often this means that a freedom fighter wants their people to have own nation and independence and/or get rid of oppressors. People who think like this are said to think in a nationalist way

Freedom fighter is a relativistic term - this means a person decides by his or her point of view if he call some persons or groups freedom fighters or not. Freedom fighter is a positive term - this means that he or she calls a person "freedom fighter" only if he or she supports the goals of the freedom fighter. If people do not support his goals, they probably use more negative terms like insurgent, terrorist, rebel or criminal.

Freedom fighters are often called terrorists by their opponents if they hurt civilians. However, not all freedom fighters hurt civilians. Some freedom fighters damage the opposing military. Some freedom fighters damage property - this is called sabotage. There are also freedom fighters who do not use violence at all. For example, the Mahatma Gandhi and the Dalai Lama.

Groups 
These are examples of groups who call themselves freedom fighters.
 The African National Congress, c.f. Alfred Nzo's Address to the British Trades Union Congress at its Presentation of a Gold Medal to Nelson Mandela , 1988.
 Al-Qaeda
 Aryan Nations
 Babbar Khalsa (Sikh separatists)
 CNRT Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense
 The Continuity Irish Republican Army
 Earth Liberation Front
 ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna - Basque nationalist organization
 GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
 Hamas
 Hezbolla
 Hizbul Mujahideen - Kashmiri separatists
 The Irish National Liberation Army
 The Irish People's Liberation Organisation
 The Irish Republican Army
 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Separatists)
 Mahdi Army a milita force created by and loyal to the Iraqi Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr
 The New Peoples' Army
 The Real Irish Republican Army
 The Scottish National Liberation Army
 The Ulster Defence Regiment
 The Ulster Freedom Fighters
 The Ulster Volunteer Force

Other examples 
 The Dalai Lama: "We are freedom fighters unique in our peaceful approach to liberation."
 Sitting Bull
 Nelson Mandela
 Mahatma Gandhi
 Michael Collins (Irish leader)
 Red Cloud
 William the Silent
 George Washington
 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Human rights
Freedom
Groove (joinery)

In joinery, a groove is a slot or trench cut into a member which runs parallel to the grain. A groove is something else than  a dado, which runs across the grain. 

Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields. Typically, a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers.

A groove may be through, meaning that it passes all the way through the surface and its ends are open, or stopped, meaning that one or both of the ends finish before the groove meets edge of the surface.

Methods
A groove can be cut by the following methods:
electric router using a straight or rebate bit
circular saw with multiple passes (depending on width and depth)
dado set in a single pass
spindle moulder (wood shaper)
hand saw and chisel
router plane

Manufacturing

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