cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
IC 1101

IC 1101 is the largest known galaxy. It is a supergiant elliptical galaxy  at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It, along with its cluster is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo.

Size
The galaxy has a diameter of about 4 or 6 million light years, which makes it the largest known galaxy in terms of breadth and size. It is the central galaxy of a huge galaxy cluster called Abell 2029 which has a mass (mostly dark matter) of roughly 100 trillion stars. IC 1101 Is also known as A2029-BCG, as it is the brightest member of the aforementioned cluster Abell 2029 . IC 1101 is more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way and 100 times as massive. If it were in place of our galaxy, it would swallow up the Milky Way, Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, and even most of the Local Group. IC 1101 owes its size to many collisions of much smaller galaxies about the size of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. It has steadily grown to this size due to these collisions. It also has the largest core of any galaxy, at a core diameter of around 13,000 LY, bigger than the previous largest core of any galaxy which is at 10,000 LY, in the elliptical galaxy A2261-BCG .

Related pages
List of galaxies
Abell 2029-The galaxy cluster in which IC 1101 is located.
Virgo (constellation)

References

Other websites
 

The scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day March 12, 2012)

Elliptical galaxies
Vostok 2

Vostok 2 (, Orient 2 or East 2) was a Soviet space mission. It carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day to study the effects of a long period of weightlessness on the human body.  Titov orbited the earth over 17 times. Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 had only done one orbit.

The flight was an almost complete success. Problems included not turning on a heater which meant the temperature dropped to , a period of space sickness, and problems on re-entry when the reentry module failed to separate cleanly from its service module.

Titov took manual control of the spacecraft for a short while. The Soviets admitted that Titov did not land with his spacecraft. Titov said he ejected from his capsule to test another landing system. It is now known that all Vostok program landings were done this way.

The re-entry capsule was destroyed during development of the Voskhod spacecraft.

As of 2012, Titov is the youngest person to reach space. He was 25 years old at launch.

References

Soviet spacecraft
Thérèse of Lisieux

Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1873 - 1897) (aka. St Therese of the Child Jesus/ Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux) is  Doctor of the Catholic church, which means that her life and writings are considered particularly important for Catholics. She is also called the Little Flower of Jesus. She lived in France as a nun, and died at 24 from tuberculosis. Mother Teresa chose her name in honor of her.

References

1873 births
1897 deaths
Christian saints
French Roman Catholics
Delphinus

Delphinus is a genus of dolphin, commonly known as the "Common Dolphin". There are two species in this genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus capensis). But some studies say that there is a third species, the "Arabian Common Dolphin" (Delphinus tropicalis), which has a long, thin beak and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

Description
Both, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin are medium-sized dolphins. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.9 to 2.5 meters (6.2 to 8.2 ft), and weigh around 80 to 235 kg (180 to 520 lb). Males are longer and heavier than females. They are dark grey on the back, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold, or yellow in color.

Behavior
Common Dolphins live in both, warm temperate and tropical waters from 40°N to 50°S. They eat many species of fish like sardines, herrings, and bonitos, octopuses and squids. They are fast swimmers, swimming up to the speed of 60 km per hour. They have made dives up to 200 meters (660 ft) deep.

Reproduction
Common Dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 centimeters (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh around 10 kg (22 Ib). They give birth to 1 young at a time. Females mature between the age of 2 and 7 years old and males mature between the age of 3 and 12 years old. They live for around 35-40 years.

Species
At first it was thought that there was only one species of the Delphinus genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Delphis). But later, studies showed that there was another species, the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Capensis). The difference between the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, is that the Short-beaked Common Dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the Long-beaked Common Dolphin. Now scientist say there is a third species, the Arabian Common Dolphin (Delphinus Tropicalis) which has a long, thin beak and lives in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, but it is not confirmed. 

Cetaceans
Elizabeth Berkley

Elizabeth Berkley (born July 28, 1974, in Farmington Hills, Michigan) is an American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role in Saved by the Bell. She also acted in the 1995 erotic drama Showgirls. Most of her movies are independent movies.

References

American television actors
Actors from Michigan
American movie actors
1972 births
Living people
Cartwheel galaxy

The Cartwheel galaxy (also known as ESO 350-40) is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor.

It is about 150,000 light years across, slightly larger than the Milky Way. It has a mass of about  solar masses, and rotates at .

It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky said his discovery was "one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics".

The Cartwheel galaxy shows radio and optical spokes, but they are not the same spokes.

Evolution 
The galaxy was a normal spiral galaxy before it had a collision with a smaller galaxy about 200 million years ago. When the nearby galaxy passed through the Cartwheel Galaxy, the power of the collision sent a strong shock wave through the galaxy. Moving at high speed, the shock wave moved gas and dust. This made a starburst around the galaxy's center. This explains the blue colored ring around the center, bright section. It can be seen that the galaxy is beginning to take the shape of a normal spiral galaxy again, as spiral arms (The spokes) are spreading out from a central core.

There are other possible explanations of the ring-like appearance.

References

Other websites
Galaxy evolution simulation: the Cartwheel Galaxy

Lenticular galaxies
Starburst galaxies
Ring galaxies

de:Ringgalaxie#Wagenradgalaxie
Messier 49

Messier 49 (also known as NGC 4472) is an elliptical galaxy about  away in the constellation of Virgo. This galaxy was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771. Messier 49 is 4.1° west-southwest of the star Epsilon Virginis.

Messier 49 was the first member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies to be discovered. It is the most luminous member of that cluster and is brighter than any galaxy closer to the Earth. This galaxy is part of the smaller Virgo B subcluster 4.5° away from the dynamic center of the Virgo Cluster, which is centered on Messier 87. Messier 49 is gravitationally interacting with the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636. 

Messier 49 has the radio emission of a normal galaxy. However, the core of the galaxy is emitting X-rays, which suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole of , or 565 million times the mass of the Sun. To the southwest of the core, the luminous outline of the galaxy can be traced out to a distance of 260 thousand parsecs. The only supernova event observed within this galaxy is SN 1969Q, discovered in June 1969.

This galaxy has a large collection of globular clusters, estimated at about 5,900. However, this count is far exceeded by the 13,450 globular clusters orbiting the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87. On average, the globular clusters of M 49 are about 10 billion years old. Between 2000–2009, strong evidence for a stellar mass black hole was discovered in an M 49 cluster. A second candidate was announced in 2011.

References

Elliptical galaxies
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

, also known as NAOJ, is a Japanese astronomy research organization.  NAOJ has several facilities in Japan; and it has an observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.

History
NAOJ was established in 1988.  Three institutions merged.  They were the 
 Tokyo Astronomical Observatory of the University of Tokyo
 International Latitude Observatory of Mizusawa
 Research Institute of Atmospherics of Nagoya University.

In 2004, NAOJ became part of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS).  NINS was created to promote collaboration among researchers of the five constituent institutes. NAOJ merged with four other national institutes.  They were
 National Institute for Basic Biology 
 National Institute for Fusion Science
 National Institute for Physiological Sciences
 Institute for Molecular Science

Timeline
 1888 	Tokyo Astronomical Observatory was established by the University of Tokyo
 1899 	Latitude Observatory was established in Mizusawa.
 1908 	Astronomical Society of Japan established.
 1949 	Nobeyama University Atmospheric Research Center established
 1960 	Okayama Astrophysical Observatory established
 1981 	Hinotori satellite launched
 1988 	NAOJ established
 1992 	Nobeyama Radio Heliograph began observations
 1996 	Introduction and open use of super computers
 1997 	HALCA satellite launched
 1999 	Subaru Telescope begain working on Mauna Kea in Hawaii
 2004 	NAOJ merged into NINS
 2006 	Ishigakishima Obervatory established, Akari satellite  launched
 2007 	Kaguya satellite launched

Locations
Mitaka Campus at Mitaka, Tokyo 
The Headquarters, Astronomy Data Center, Advanced Technology Center, Public Relations Center
Solar Flare Telescope, Sunspot Telescope, TAMA 300 gravitational wave detector
Tokyo Photoelectric Meridian Circle
Historical instruments: Solar Tower Telescope, 65cm refractor dome, 20cm refractor dome 

Nobeyama Radio Observatory & Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory at Minamimaki, Nagano 
45m Millimeter Radio Telescope, Nobeyama Millimeter Array, Nobeyama Radio Heliograph

Mizusawa VERA Observatory at Ōshū, Iwate. 
20m radio telescope, 10m VLBI radio telescope

Historical building: Dr. Kimura Museum

Norikura Solar Observatory at Mount Norikura, Nagano 
10cm Coronagraph, 25cm Coronagraph

Okayama Astrophysical Observatory at Mount Chikurinji, Okayama. 
188cm telescope, 91cm telescope, 65cm Coude-Type solar telescope

VERA 20m radio telescopes
Mizusawa
Ogasawara. 
Iriki. 
Ishigakijima.  

Hawaii Observatory on the island of Hawaii
Subaru 8m telescope (Mauna Kea) 
Hilo Base Facility (Hilo, Hawaii).

Projects

 Hinode
 SELENE

Gallery

Related pages
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

References

Other websites

National Astronomical Observatory Of Japan website

Japan
Observatories
1988 establishments in Japan
Short-beaked common dolphin

The short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is one of the two species of the genus, Delphinus. It is found in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It is also found in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Description
The short-beaked common dolphin is a medium-sized dolphin, but is smaller than the other species of the genus Delphinus, the long-beaked common dolphin. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.6 to 2 meters (5.2 to 6.6 ft), and weigh between 70 and 235 kg (150 to 520 Ib). Short-beaked common dolphins are said to be heavier than the Long-beaked common dolphin. The back of the short-beaked common dolphin is dark grey, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold or yellow.

Feeding
Short-beaked common dolphins eat fish like cod, herrings, sardines, and flying fish. They also eat octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and crustaceans.

Reproduction
Female short-beaked common dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 cm (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh about 10 kg (22 Ib). Males mature at the age of between 3 and 12 years old, and females mature at the age of between 2 and 7 years old.  They live for around 35 years, but some live for only 22 years.

Species
The short-beaked common dolphin was first thought to be the only species of the genus, Delphinus. But soon, studies show that there is another species, the long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis). The difference between the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin is that the short-beaked common dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the long-beaked common dolphin.

Sources

Cetaceans
Cheryl Tiegs

Cheryl Rae Tiegs (born September 25 1947 in Breckenridge, Minnesota) is an American fashion model and actress. She is best known for her modeling for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. Tiegs has been on the cover of the SI Swimsuit Issue three times. She has also been on the covers of many other magazines. These include Vogue, Glamour, Harper's and Time. Tiegs performed as herself in the sitcom Just Shoot Me.

From 1970 to 1979, she was married to movie director Stan Dragoti.

References

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Actors from Minnesota
Models from Minnesota
1947 births
Living people
Patrika Darbo

Patrika Darbo (born April 6, 1948 in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American movie and television actress. She played Nancy Wesley in the television soap opera Days of Our Lives. She also acted in independent movies.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
Actors from Jacksonville, Florida
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Messier 84

Messier 84 (also known as NGC 4374) is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Virgo.  M84 is in the heavily populated inner core of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.

Radio observations and Hubble Space Telescope images of M84 have revealed two jets of matter shooting out from the galaxy's centre, as well as a disk of rapidly rotating gas and stars. This suggests there is  a supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. Its mass is  1.5  M☉, that is gravitation amounting to 15 billion solar masses.

History
Charles Messier discovered Messier 84 in 1781 when he searched for "nebulous objects" in the night sky. The object is the 84th in the Messier Catalogue.

Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in M84: SN 1957
and SN 1991bg.
Possibly, a third, SN 1980I is part of M84 or, alternatively, one of its neighboring galaxies, NGC 4387 and M86.

References 

Lenticular galaxies
Ricardo Montalbán

Ricardo Montalbán (Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino, KSG November 25, 1920 – January 14, 2009) was a Mexican radio, television, theatre and movie actor. He had a career seven decades long (motion pictures from 1943 to 2006) and many notable roles.

During the mid-1970s, Montalbán was the spokesman in TV automobile advertisements for the Chrysler Cordoba, in which he praised the "soft Corinthian leather" used for its interior. He also advertised the Chrysler New Yorker.

From 1977 to 1984, he was famous as Mr. Roarke the main star in the television series Fantasy Island. He played Khan Noonien Singh in the 1967 episode "Space Seed" of the first season of the original Star Trek series, and the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.

He won an Emmy Award in 1978 for his role in the miniseries How the West Was Won and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1993. Into his 80s, he continued to perform, often providing voices for animated films and commercials, and appearing in several Spy Kids films as "Grandfather Valentin".

Montalbán was born in Mexico City, Mexico on November 25, 1920. He grew up in the city of Torreón, the son of Spanish immigrants Ricarda Merino and Jenaro Montalbán, a store manager. He was married to Georgiana Belzer from 1944 until her death in 2007. They had four children.

Montalbán died from heart failure in his Los Angeles, California home on January 14, 2009, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1920 births
2009 deaths
Actors from Mexico City
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Emmy Award winning actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican radio actors
Mexican stage actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Subaru Telescope

is the large telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan at the Mauna Kea Observatory on the island of Hawaii. From 1999 to 2005, its main mirror was the largest in the world.

The telescope is named after the Pleiades star cluster.

History
In September 1999, former-Princess Sayako of Japan dedicated the telescope.  For the dedication, an eyepiece was constructed so that Princess Sayako could look through it directly.

References

Other websites 

  Subaru Telescope website
 Corning Museum of Glass, Telescopes and Mirrors

Telescopes
1999 establishments in Japan
Western scrub jay

A Western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica) is a type of jay bird in Western North America. They live in forests and look for food on the ground. They eat acorns, hairy caterpillars, beetles, wasps, corn, nuts, fruit, lizards, and other things.

References 

Corvids
Jill Ireland

Jill Dorothy Ireland (April 24, 1936 - May 18, 1990) was an English actress. She was born in London. She was in many movies. She also did some television performances. She was married to the actor Charles Bronson. Ireland died in Malibu, California due to breast cancer.

Actors from London
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from breast cancer
English movie actors
1936 births
1990 deaths
Cynthia Nixon

Cynthia Ellen Nixon (born April 9, 1966) is an American actress, activist and politician. She is most well known role comes from playing Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series Sex and the City (1998-2004). She has had other movie and TV starring acts as well. In 2016, she played Nancy Reagan in the television movie Killing Reagan. 

On March 19, 2018, she announced via Twitter that she was running for Governor of New York.

References

US Democratic Party politicians
Actors from New York City
Politicians from New York City
LGBT people from New York City
Bisexual people
American political activists
American progressives 
American movie actors
American television actors
1966 births
Living people
Vostok (rocket)

The Vostok rocket was developed by the Soviet Union to as their main launch vehicle for space flights. It was based on the R-7, an ICBM designed by Sergei Korolev and first launched in 1957. An R-7 rocket was used to carry Sputnik 1 into space on October 4, 1957. It was a single rocket with 4 booster engines attached to the sides, which acted like a multi stage rocket. The Vostok was an R-7 with an extra upper stage rocket, called Blok-E. This upper stage would fire as the lower stages ran out of fuel (a mix of kerosene and liquid oxygen. 

The Vostok was the first rocket with enough power to reach a solar orbit, with Lunar 1, launched on January 2, 1959. Luna 2 was the first rocket to reach the Moon, launched September 14, 1959. Luna 3, launched October 4, 1959, was able to take photographs of the far side of the Moon.

A Vostok rocket carried the Vostok 1 spacecraft, carrying Yuri Gagarin, the first person to go into space on April 12, 1961. Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space on June 16, 1963.

References

Soviet spacecraft
Robin Wright

Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress. Her roles include starring as Jenny in the Academy Award winning movie Forrest Gump. She played in many other movies and television series. Wright was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her acting in the soap opera Santa Barbara.

Wright was married to actor Sean Penn from 1998 until 2010. They have 2 children.

1966 births
Living people
Actors from Dallas, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Elizabeth McGovern

Elizabeth McGovern (born July 18 1961 in Evanston, Illinois) is an American movie, television and stage actress. Her movies include Johnny Handsome (1989) and Once Upon a Time in America (1984). Most of her acting has been on stage or in television.

Ms. McGovern was also a member of the "Brat Pack", and unofficial group of young Hollywood actors who gained fame mainly in the 1980s.

People from Evanston, Illinois
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
1961 births
Living people
Flag of Belize

The flag of Belize comes from the earlier flag of British Honduras.  British Honduras is the name of Belize during the time the British ruled. 

The flag is royal blue. It has a white disc at the centre with the national coat of arms held by a white and a black man. They are surrounded by fifty mahogany leaves. The flag is bordered at top and bottom by two red stripes.

The colours on the flag are for the country's national parties. The People's United Party (PUP) uses the color blue.  The United Democratic Party (Belize) (UDP) uses red. 

National flags
Belize
1981 establishments in Belize
Coat of arms of Belize

The Coat of Arms of Belize began to be used when Belize became independent.  The current coat of arms is only slightly different from that used when Belize was a British colony.

The border is a circle of twenty-five leaves. Inside the circle is a mahogany tree. There are the tools of a woodcutter and a ship.  These show the importance of mahogany in the 18th and 19th century Belizean economy.  

The shield is supported by two wood-cutters of different races.  The one on the left is holding an axe. The one on the right is holding an oar.  Again this shows the importance of the mahogany and its importance to boat building.  

At the bottom is the national motto: SUB UMBRA FLOREO.  This means "Under the Shade I Flourish".

The Flag of Belize has the coat of arms in its centre.

References

Belize
Belize
1981 establishments in Belize
Land of the Free

Land of the Free is the national anthem of Belize. Samuel Alfred Haynes wrote the words.  Selwyn Walford Young wrote the music. They did this in 1963. It became official in 1981.

National anthems
Belize
1981 establishments in Belize
Hondo River (Belize)

This article is about the river in Belize and Mexico; for other uses, see Rio Hondo

The Rio Hondo is a river of Central America.  It is about 150 km (93.2 mi) in length.  It flows in a northeasterly direction and ends in the Chetumal Bay on the Caribbean Sea. Most of border of Mexico and Belize runs along its length.

Many archaeological sites of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization are near the river's course.

The river is mentioned in a stanza of Belize's national anthem, Land of the Free:

References

Other websites 

 Map showing location 

Rivers of Belize
Rivers of Guatemala
Rivers of Mexico
Mopan people

Mopan are one of the Maya peoples in Belize and Guatemala. Their language is also called Mopan.  It is one of the Yucatec Maya languages. 

The British forced the Mopan out of British Honduras and into Guatemala. The Mopan in Guatemala were made into slaves. In the 19th century, many Guatemalan Mopan came back into British Honduras.

In the 2000 Census, 6,093 Belizeans said Mopan was their first language.  This was 3% the population.

References

Ethnic groups in North America
Maya civilization
Belize
Guatemala
Q'eqchi' people

Q'eqchi' (K'ekchi', or simply Kekchi) are one of the Maya peoples in Guatemala and Belize.  Their language is also called Q'eqchi'.

Before the Spanish came in the 1520s, Q'eqchi' were mostly in what are now the departments of Alta Verapaz and Baja Verapaz in Guatemala. With the activity the Q'eqchi' moved into other regions of Guatemala, southern Belize, and smaller numbers in El Salvador, Honduras and southern Mexico.

References

Ethnic groups in North America
Maya civilization
Belize
Guatemala
Ambergris Caye

Ambergris Caye is the largest island of Belize.  It is in the northeast of the country in the Caribbean Sea.  It is administered as part of the Belize District. The closest point on the mainland is part of the Corozal District. Caye is pronounced as "key". It means an island.  

The Caye is about  long from north to south, and about  wide. It was named after large lumps of ambergris which washed ashore here.

The Belizean island is mostly a ring of white sand beach around mangrove swamp in the centre.

A Maya community lived on the island in Pre-Columbian times.  They made polished red ceramics. 

San Pedro Town is the largest settlement and only town on Ambergris. There are a number of small villages and resorts. 

The main attractions are the Belize Barrier Reef and its beaches. The barrier reef is the second-largest in the world. Only the Great Barrier Reef of Australia is bigger.

References 

Atlantic islands
Islands of Central America
Geography of Belize
Izabal Department

Izabal is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its coastal areas are part of the homeland of the Garifuna people.

Geography
Izabal is bordered to the north by  Belize, to the north east by the Gulf of Honduras, and to the east by  Honduras.  It is bordered by the Guatemalan departments of Petén to the north west, Alta Verapaz to the west, and Zacapa to the south.

The department of Izabal surrounds Lago Izabal.  It is Guatemala's largest lake at about 48 km long and 24 km wide, with an area of about 590 km². The Spanish Colonial fort of San Felipe overlooks the point where the lake flows into the Río Dulce.

The small town of Izabal is on the south shore of the lake. Before the ports of Livingston and Puerto Barrios were built in the 19th century this was Guatemala's main Caribbean Sea port.  It was the original seat of Izabal department. Now Izabal town is a remote village that gets little traffic.

From the area around Lake Izabal, the Department of Izabal stretches along the Río Dulce to the coast of the Caribbean Sea.

The department of Izabal includes the ports of Puerto Barrios (the departmental seat), Santo Tomás de Castilla, Livingston and Guatemala's free trade zone Zolic. Izabal also includes the Pre-Columbian Maya ruins of Quirigua.

Municipalities 

 El Estor
 Livingston
 Los Amates
 Morales
 Puerto Barrios

References

Departments of Guatemala
Sarstoon River

Sarstoon River is a river in the Toledo District of Belize. It makes the country's southern border with Guatemala.

The river's sources are in Guatemala. There it is called by its Spanish name, Río Sarstún. It flows through the Guatemalan departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal.  Then it goes into Belize and through Toledo to the Caribbean Sea.

Rivers of Belize
Rivers of Guatemala
Channing Tatum

Channing Matthew Tatum (born on April 26, 1980 in Cullman, Alabama) is an American movie producer and actor. He is a main actor in the movies Coach Carter, Dear John, 21 Jump Street, its sequel 22 Jump Street, White House Down, The Lego Movie, Foxcatcher, The Hateful Eight, and in Hail, Caesar!. 

In 2006, Tatum met actress Jenna Dewan. They became engaged in 2008. They married on July 11, 2009. Their daughter was born in 2013.

References

Other websites

Actors from Alabama
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American dancers
American movie producers
1980 births
Living people
Michael Hutchence

Michael Kelland John Hutchence (22 January 1960 – 22 November 1997) was an Australian recording artist and actor. He was best known as being one of the founding members and lead singer of the rock band INXS. 

Hutchence was also the lead singer for the band Max Q and acted in the movies Frankenstein Unbound and Dogs in Space. 

In 1992, Hutchence was punched by a taxi driver in Copenhagen, knocking him to the ground. This caused Hutchence brain damage and depression. 

In July 1996, Paula Yates gave birth to their daughter.

Hutchence was found dead by a hotel maid in his hotel room at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Double Bay, Sydney on 22 November 1997. He committed suicide by hanging himself with his snake skin belt. Hutchence had been a drug user and was using drugs just before his death.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1960 births
1997 deaths
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian rock singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Sydney
Musicians who committed suicide
Suicide in the 1990s
Suicides by hanging
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in Australia
Michael Bolton

Michael Bolotin (born February 26, 1953), better known as Michael Bolton, is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. He has eight Top 10 records and received Grammy Awards as well as the American Music Awards. He began singing in hard rock, though he later went to the soft rock styles starting in the late 1980s and has stayed there since. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut with family from Ukraine.

References

1953 births
Living people
Singers from Connecticut
American rock singers
American guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
Musicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Ukrainian Americans
Melanie Mayron

Melanie Joy Mayron (born October 20, 1952 near Philadelphia) is a movie actress and director who was featured in many television programs in the 1980s and 1990s. She also directed them, and directed many movies.

Actors from Pennsylvania
American television actors
1952 births
Living people
Audrina Patridge

Audrina Patridge (born 9 May 1985) is an American television personality and actress.  She acted in several motion pictures. She is especially notable for being among the four original members of the MTV reality show The Hills.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Los Angeles
American television actors
Television personalities from California
1985 births
Living people
The Waltons

The Waltons (September 14, 1972-June 4, 1981) was an American television series. It was about a family in rural Virginia between 1933 and 1946, during the Great Depression and the Second World War. The series was distributed by Lorimar and syndicated via Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution. Six television movies followed this: three in 1982, and another three in the 1990s. The series lasted almost nine years. 

Although the story takes place in Virginia, the entire series was filmed in Los Angeles in the Warner Bros. Studios. The house (outside and inside) was build in the studio, just for the series. 
The mountain in the background (which has the Hollywood Sign that was hidden, and which was shown as heavily forested and green with special effects) stood in for the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia.

1970s American television series
1972 television series debuts
1981 television series endings
Fictional families
English-language television programs
John Playfair

John Playfair FRSE, FRS (10 March 1748 – 20 July 1819) was a Scottish scientist and mathematician, and a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. 

He is perhaps best known for his book Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (1802), which summarised the work of James Hutton. It was through this book that Hutton's principle of uniformitarianism first reached a wide audience. The idea was later taken up by Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin. Playfair is also remembered for his proposal of an alternative to Euclid's parallel postulate.

Works 
1802: Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the Earth.  
Dissertation on the progress of Mathematical and Physical Science since the revival of learning in Europe in the Encyclopædia Britannica (Supplement to fourth, fifth and sixth editions).

1748 births
1819 deaths
British mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Scottish scientists
Ryan Tannehill

Ryan Timothy Tannehill is an American quarterback who plays for the NFL's Miami Dolphins.

College
Tannehill played for Texas A&M during his college career, after graduating from Texas' Big Spring High School.

NFL

2012
During the 2012 NFL Draft, Tannehill was picked 8th by the Miami Dolphins. He was the first quarterback picked by the Dolphins in the first round of any NFL Draft since Dan Marino. On July 28, 2012, Tannehill signed his rookie contract, a 4-year deal worth $12.688 million. Tannehill started his first pro career game. He played poorly, throwing 0 touchdowns and 3 interceptions against the Houston Texans. Even though he had a poor first game, Tannehill showed signs of growth throughout his rookie season. Despite playing better as the season progressed, his play was still thought to be overall mediocre, as it was overshadowed by the play of other rookie quarterbacks, such as Andrew Luck, Robert Griffin III, and Russell Wilson.

References

Other websites 

Texas A&M bio 
ESPN player profile and stats

Miami Dolphins players
1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Texas
People from Lubbock, Texas
Tennessee Titans players
Orivesi

Orivesi is a town and municipality in Finland. It is in Pirkanmaa. The municipality was founded in 1865. It has been classed as a town since 1986.

Nearby municipalities include Juupajoki, Jämsä, Kangasala, Kuhmoinen, Ruovesi and Tampere.

There were more than 9,600 people in Orivesi (as of January, 2014). The name Orivesi means "stallion water".

Other websites 

Town of Orivesi  – Official website

Municipalities of Finland
Towns in Finland
1865 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in Finland
Messier 100

Messier 100 (also known as NGC 4321) is an example of a so-called 'grand design' spiral galaxy. It is visible in the southern part of constellation Coma Berenices. Messier 100 is one of the brightest and largest galaxies in the Virgo cluster, about 55 million light-years away, with a diameter of 160,000 light years. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in  1781. Later it was entered in Messier’s catalogue of nebulae and star clusters after Charles Messier made observations of his own a month later. The galaxy was one of the first spirals discovered, and was listed as one of 14 spiral nebulae by the Earl of Rosse in 1850.

The galaxy has two satellite galaxies, NGC 4323  connected with M100 by a bridge of luminous matter  and NGC 4328.

Star formation
Messier 100 is considered a starburst galaxy with a radius of 1 kilo-parsec, where star formation has been taking place for least 500 million years in separate bursts. Star formation is concentrated in a ring  actually two tightly wound spiral arms attached to a small nuclear bar.

As usual on spiral galaxies of the Virgo Cluster, in the rest of the disk both star formation and neutral hydrogen are reduced in the galaxy's disk, something caused by interactions in the Virgo cluster.

Related pages
Other Grand design spiral galaxies
Whirlpool galaxy-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
Pinwheel galaxy-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
Messier 74-Another Grand design spiral galaxy
Messier 81-Another Grand design spiral galaxy

References 

Spiral galaxies
Starburst galaxies
Akari (satellite)

is a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit in 2006.  

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

The satellite was launched on February 22, 2006.   

The primary mission of Akari was as a space observatory to survey the entire sky in near-, mid- and far-infrared  with its infrared telescope.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Akari (ASTRO-F) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
2006 in Asia
2000s in Japan
Walkie-talkie

A walkie-talkie is a hand held device, two way radio receiver/transmitter. It was developed in the second world war. 

Radio engineer Alfred J. Gross worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1934 and 1941. During the war it was developed by Donald L. Hings and engineering teams at Motorola led by  Henryk Magnuski.

Typical walkie-talkies today are phone sized and have a push to talk button. Walkie-talkie are used for various reasons, in the military, for amateur radio, and for personal use.

History 
The first walkie-talkie was so large it had to be carried in a backpack, and was called Motorola SCR-300. Mortorola also made other Walkie-talkies during World War Two. During World War Two The first hand-held Walkie-talkies were also developed by Mortorola during WWII.

Development 
The idea of walkie-talkies did not get much interest until the war started in 1939. After a few years the Motorola team had improved them, so that the army could use them. There were also vehicle and tank versions. The British, Germans and Americans all had their own versions. 

Motorola also produced the hand-held AM SCR-536 radio during World War II, and it was called the "handie-talkie" (HT).  The terms are often confused today, but the original walkie talkie referred to the back mounted model, while the handie-talkie was the device which could be held entirely in the hand (but had vastly reduced range).

Uses 

Walkie-talkies are widely used in many settings, business, police force, military and recreation.

References

Radio
Messaging
Telecommunications
Abell 2142

Abell 2142 is a huge, X-ray luminous galaxy cluster in the constellation Corona Borealis. It is the result of an ongoing merger between two galaxy clusters. 

The combined cluster is six million light years across, contains hundreds of galaxies and enough gas to make a thousand more. It is "one of the most massive objects in the universe".

X-ray image 
The image on the right was taken in 1999 with the Chandra X-ray Observatory's 0.3-10.0 keV Advanced Imaging Spectrometer, and covers an area of 7.5 x 7.2 arc minutes. It shows a colossal cosmic "weather system" produced by the collision of two giant clusters of galaxies. For the first time, the pressure fronts in the system have been traced in detai. They show a bright, but relatively cool 50 million degree Celsius central region (white) embedded in large elongated cloud of 70 million degree Celsius gas (magenta), all of which is boiling in a faint "atmosphere" of 100 million degree Celsius gas (faint magenta and dark blue). The bright source in the upper left is an active galaxy in the cluster.

Quick facts
Abell 2142 is part of the Abell catalogue of rich clusters of galaxies originally published by UCLA astronomer George O. Abell (19271983) in 1958. It has a heliocentric redshift of 0.0909 (meaning it is moving away from us at 27,250 km/s) and a visual magnitude of 16.0. It is about 1.2 billion light years (380 megaparsecs) away.

References 

Galaxy clusters
Screen printing

Screen printing is a printing technique. It uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil has open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials. The ink or paint can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp image onto a material. 

A fill blade or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing ink through the mesh openings.

Printmaking
History of printing
Julianne Hough

Julianne Alexandra Hough (born July 20 1988) is an American dancer, country music singer, songwriter and actress. She is best known for being a two-time champion on the ABC series Dancing with the Stars. Her first album was released May 20, 2008. She acted in the 2011 remake of the movie Footloose.

Hough is the second of five children. She has three sisters and a brother. All of her grandparents were professional dancers.

References

Other websites

Singers from Utah
American movie actors
Actors from Utah
Country musicians
1988 births
Living people
Jake Kaminski

Jake Kaminski (born August 11, 1988) is an American archer.  He is best known for competing in the Summer Olympic Games.

Career
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was part of the men's archery team that won a silver medal.

Related pages
 United States at the Olympics
 Brady Ellison 
 Jacob Wukie

References

Other websites
 Jake Kaminski at London2012.com

1988 births
Living people
American archers
American Olympic silver medalists
Brady Ellison

Brady Ellison (born October 27, 1988) is an American athlete.  He is an archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Career
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was part of the men's archery team that won a silver medal.

Related pages
 United States at the Olympics
 Jake Kaminski
 Jacob Wukie

References

Other websites
 Jacob Wukie at London2012.com

1988 births
Living people
American archers
American Olympic silver medalists
People from Glendale, Arizona
Crystal Bowersox

Crystal Lynn Bowersox (Born August 4, 1985, in Elliston, Ohio) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She was the runner-up in the ninth season of American Idol. Her debut album was Farmer's Daughter, released in 2010. She was diagnosed with diabetes when she was age 6 and has been hospitalized several times since.

References

Other websites

American rock singers
American soul musicians
Country musicians from Ohio
American blues musicians
American blues singers
American country singers
American gospel singers
American gospel musicians
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Ohio
American television actors
Actors from Ohio
People from Toledo, Ohio
1985 births
Living people
American Idol contestants
American soul singers
Kyoko Yano

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Yano was born in Yokohama on June 3, 1984. After graduating from Kanagawa University, she joined Urawa Reds in 2007. In 2007 season, she was selected Best Young Player awards. She retired end of 2012 season. In 6 seasons, she played 111 matches in Nadeshiko League and she was selected Best Eleven every season.

In June 2003, Yano was a Kanagawa University student, she was selected to play for the Japan national team at the 2003 AFC Championship. At this competition, on June 11, she debuted and scored a goal against Guam. She played at the World Cup 3 times (2003, 2007 and 2011) and at the Summer Olympics 3 times (2004, 2008 and 2012). Japan won the championship at the 2011 World Cup and silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She played 74 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2012.

Statistics

References

Other websites

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies players
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2003 AFC Women's Championship players
2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup players
2010 AFC Women's Asian Cup players
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Olympic medalists in football
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
Asian Games medalists in football
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Sportspeople from Yokohama
David Brown

David Brown (July 28, 1916 – February 1, 2010) was an American movie producer. Brown and business partner Richard D. Zanuck were one of the most successful producers in Hollywood in the 1960s and in the 1970s.

Brown was born in New York City, the son of Lillian (née Baren) and Edward Fisher Brown. He was best known as the producing partner of Richard D. Zanuck. They were jointly awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1990 for their achievements in producing. Among their films were Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975), and other box office hits such as Cocoon (1985), Driving Miss Daisy (1989) and A Few Good Men (1992).

Brown had one son (Bruce, from an earlier marriage) who died before him, and a half brother (Edward Fisher Brown Jr.).
Brown authored Brown's Guide to the Good Life: Tears, Fears, and Boredom, which gives advice on life. He also wrote Let Me Entertain You, an anecdotal auto-biography.

Brown died at his home in Manhattan from renal failure on February 1, 2010, at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 

1916 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American movie producers
American journalists
Movie producers from New York
Writers from New York City
Helen Gurley Brown

Helen Gurley Brown (February 18, 1922 – August 13, 2012) was an American author, publisher, and businesswoman. She was editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan magazine for 32 years.

Early life
Brown was born in Green Forest, Arkansas on February 18, 1922, the daughter of Cleo and Ira Marvin Gurley.

Career
After working at the William Morris Agency, Music Corporation of America, and Sam Jaffe talent agencies she went to work for Foote, Cone & Belding advertising agency as a secretary. Brown became well-known for her writing skills and moved her to the copywriting department where she advanced rapidly to become one of the nation's highest paid ad copywriters in the early 1960s.  In 1959 she married David Brown, who later became the producer of Jaws, The Sting, Cocoon, Driving Miss Daisy, and other motion pictures.

In September, 2008, she was named the 13th most powerful American over the age of 80 by Slate magazine.

After more than 50 years of marriage, her husband, David Brown, died at age 93 on February 1, 2010.

Together with her husband David, Helen Gurley established the David and Helen Gurley Brown Institute for Media Innovation. This institution will be housed at both the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Stanford University School of Engineering|Stanford's Engineering School. Their $30 million donation to the two schools will be used to develop journalism in the context of new technologies.

Death
Brown died at the McKeen Pavilion at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia after a brief hospitalization; she was 90.  In its statement announcing the news, Hearst Publications did not disclose a cause.

Awards
1985 Matrix Award from New York Women in Communications
 1995: Henry Johnson Fisher Award from the Magazine Publishers of America
 1996: American Society of Magazine Editors' Hall of Fame Award
 1998 Editor of the Year by Advertising Age magazine

References

Other websites
Helen Gurley Brown Papers and finding aid from the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith Collection
(26 June 2003) "Sex and the Octogenarian"  (Telegraph Interview)
Brown Institute for Media Innovation 

1922 births
2012 deaths
American editors
American feminists
Chief executives
Writers from Arkansas
Publishers
Muscadine

Muscadine is a grapevine species.  It is in the southeastern United States.  They grow well in a warm and humid climate.

Muscadine berries are bronze to dark purple to black in color when ripe. However, many wild varieties stay green.  Their skin is very tough.  To eat the raw fruit a person bites a small hole in the skin to suck out the pulp inside. Muscadines are not only eaten fresh, but also are used in making wine, juice, and jelly.

Vitaceae
Kathy Baker

Katherine Whitton "Kathy" Baker (born June 8, 1950) is an American movie and television actress. She acted in the movies Edward Scissorhands, The Cider House Rules and Cold Mountain. She also acted in the TV series Picket Fences and Boston Public. She was born in Midland, Texas.

People from Midland, Texas
Actors from Texas
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American movie actors
1950 births
Living people
Bill Butler (cinematographer)

Wilmer C. “Bill” Butler, A.S.C. (born April 7, 1921) is an American cinematographer, part of the New Hollywood generation. He shot The Conversation (1974), Jaws (1975), and three Rocky sequels. He completed 1975's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest after Haskell Wexler was fired from the production.

Movies
 Evil Angel (2009)
 Redline (2007)
 Joe and Max (2002)
 Anaconda (1997)
 Flipper (1996)
 Beethoven's 2nd (1993)
 Hot Shots! (1991)
 Child's Play (1988)
 Rocky IV (1985)
 Rocky III (1982)
 Stripes (1981)
 It's My Turn (1980)
 Rocky II (1979)
 Capricorn One (1978)
 Grease (1978)
 Damien: Omen II (1978)
 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) (additional photography)
 Jaws (1975)
 The Conversation (1974)
 Drive, He Said (1971)

Other websites

1921 births
Living people
American cinematographers
People from Colorado