cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Stonewall Jackson

Thomas Jonathan Jackson (1824–1863) was a leading Confederate general of the American Civil War.  He earned the name "Stonewall" after the First Battle of Bull Run. He was frequently called the most brilliant strategist in the Confederate Army. Jackson was considered Robert E. Lee's "right hand". Jackson was mortally wounded at the Battle of Chancellorsville. On May 2, 1863, he was scouting ahead of his lines when one of his own men mistakenly shot him. His left arm was badly wounded requiring the doctors to amputate it two inches below his shoulder. He died on May 10, 1863. He was 39 years old. He likely died of a pulmonary embolism and not from pneumonia.

References 

1824 births
1863 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Confederate Army generals
Military people from Virginia
Treaty of Paris (1783)

The Treaty of Paris was the treaty that formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America.

The treaty was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783. The American Congress of the Confederation ratified the treaty on January 14, 1784. The British King George III ratified the treaty on April 9, 1784. 

Under the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the new nation, agreed to remove all troops, and set new borders of the United States.  The United States agreed to allow British troops to leave and to encourage the states pay all debts owed to Britain.  It also agreed not to persecute the Tories (people loyal to the British king and so also known as loyalists) still in the United States and allow those who left America to return.

France and Spain, who were allies of the United States, also signed peace treaties with Britain.  France got Tobago and Senegal and some other places. Spain wanted Gibraltar but instead got Menorca and Florida. The Netherlands, which signed later, did not gain or lose land but were forced to allow British trade in the Dutch East Indies. 

In India, the Kingdom of Mysore, which was supported by the French until the treaty was signed, continued fighting for another year but also neither gained nor lost any land.

Related articles 
 Treaty of Paris (1763)

References 

Paris 1783
American Revolutionary War
1783
1784
1780s in the United States
18th century in France
18th century in Spain
History of the Netherlands
18th century in India
Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris could refer to: 
 Treaty of Paris (1229), ended the Albigensian Crusade
 Treaty of Paris (1259), between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France
 Treaty of Paris (1303), between King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England
 Treaty of Paris (1323), Count Louis of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over Zeeland, in Flanders
 Treaty of Paris (1355), a land exchange between France and Savoy
 Treaty of Paris (1623), between France, Savoy, and Venice against Spanish forces in Valtelline
 Treaty of Paris (1657), established military alliance between France and England against Spain
 Treaty of Paris (1761), established the third Bourbon Family Compact between France and Spain
 Treaty of Paris (1763), ended the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War
 Peace of Paris (1783) in which Great Britain signed treaties with France, Spain and the Dutch Republic and the United States.
 Treaty of Paris (1783), ended the American Revolutionary War
 Treaty of Paris (1784) ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
 Treaty of Paris (1796), ended the war between France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
 Treaty of Paris (1810), ended the war between France and Sweden
 Peace of Paris (1814), ended the reign of Napoleon, and exiled him to Elba
 Treaty of Paris (1920), united Bessarabia and Romania
 Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, established peace between the World War II Allies and Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Finland
Earmuffs

Earmuffs are objects that are made to cover and protect a person's ears. A plastic or metal band fits over the top of the head, and there are two pads at the ends that cover the ears warmly.

Invention 

Chester Greenwood invented the earmuffs when he was 15. His ears would turn into unusual colors like red, white, purple, or blue and begin to hurt when it was cold (he lived in Maine).<ref>Harris, Harry. Good Old-Fashioned Yankee Ingenuity. Chelsea, Mich.: Scarborough House, 1990</ref> Because of this, he could not try the new ice skates he got for his fifteenth birthday. Chester had tried wrapping a scarf around his head, but it was too bulky. So Chester twisted some wire so that it went across the top of his head, and made a loop on each end near his ears. Then he asked his grandmother to sew some material on the end of each loop. She put black velvet on the inside of the ears, and beaver fur on the outside of each loop, then sewed the wire across Chester's hat to make it stay.Soon lots of people in his town wanted ear warmers like Chester's, and he opened a factory when he was 19 to make them.  Each year, his home town (Farmington) celebrates his invention with a parade on "Chester Greenwood Day."  

 Types of earmuffs 
There are two kinds of earmuffs: thermal earmuffs, which keep a person's ears warm, and acoustic earmuffs, also called ear defenders'', which block out a lot of sound and noise and can be used in construction (building) sites, for example, when jackhammering.

References 

Headgear
Rigel

Rigel is a hot supergiant star in the Milky Way Galaxy. It is classified as a blue supergiant. It is located in the constellation Orion. Many scientists believe that Rigel is the youngest star in the constellation. Rigel is much bigger than our star here in the solar system, the Sun at 78 times its radius and a diameter more than 100 million kilometers. Rigel lies 778 light-years from Earth in Orion. Because it is near the equator, Rigel is visible from Earth as a small, bluish circle on clear nights from both hemispheres.

Fate
The color of this star is bluish-white, hotter than a star with a yellow color, meaning it will use more energy quickly. The Sun uses the same gases as Rigel; hydrogen and helium that makes it shine. When Rigel loses its fuel inside the very hot core, it will blow up into the red supergiant stage of its life and explode in a supernova. A black hole or a pulsar could be left.

References

Supergiants
Agence France-Presse

Agence France-Presse (AFP) is a French news agency. It is the oldest one in the world, and also among the largest with Associated Press and Reuters. It is also the largest French news agency.

Media in Europe
Cathode ray

A cathode ray is a stream of electrons that are seen in vacuum tubes. It is called a "cathode ray" because the electrons are being emitted from the negative charged element in the vacuum tube called the cathode. A cathode ray tube aims the ray at a point on its screen. They were first observed in 1869 by German physicist Johann Hittorf, and were named in 1876 by Eugen Goldstein Kathodenstrahlen, or cathode rays.

Electrons were discovered as the constituents of cathode rays in 1897 by British physicist J. J. Thomson. He showed the rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle, which was later called the electron. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) use a focused beam of electrons deflected by electric or magnetic fields to create the image in a classic television set.

Some properties of cathode rays:
 They travel in a straight path.
 They have a negative electric charge
 They have particle property
 Magnets can deflect them
 Charge/mass ratio of the rays is constant
 They travel from the cathode to the anode
 Their properties are independent from the electrodes and gas present in the cathode ray tube.
 Cathode rays can ionize gas
 The travel more slowly than light
 They can heat objects that they hit
 They can penetrate through thin Aluminium plates
 They can make phosphors glow

References 

Electromagnetism
Electricity
Lewis structure

The Lewis structures, also called Lewis-dot diagrams or electron dot diagrams or Lewis dot structure  are pictures that show the bonding between a pair of electrons and the atoms of a molecule.

Each dot represents one electron. Two dots side by side represent a lone pair of electrons.

To show a bond between atoms, a line representing a pair of shared electrons is placed between the two atoms. This is showing water also known as H2O 

Rule:-
1. First we have to select central atom.

2. Central atom is that which is  present in list in number.

      if not 

3. central atom is that which has more number of valence electron.

4. hydrogen is never central atom.

5. then we arrange the rest of the atom and their electron as such they become stable.

Basic physics ideas
Sentience

Sentience is being capable of feeling, consciousness or having some form of mind. Eighteenth-century philosophers used the concept to distinguish the ability to think (reason) from the ability to feel (sentience).

Intelligence and sentience 
In simple English, to be sentient means displaying and/or having the ability to:
Feel
Perceive
Desire
possibly Will, though this goes beyond some definitions.

Philosophy and sentience 
In the philosophy of consciousness, sentience can refer to the ability of any thing to have subjective perceptual experiences, or as some philosophers refer to them, "qualia".

Animal rights and sentience 
Thinking about sentience is important when studying animal rights. This is because feeling is needed in order to suffer. The basis of animal rights is that some animals have emotions, can feel pain and also feel happy and well.

Reference 

Philosophy
Animal rights
Germination

Germination occurs when a spore or seed starts to grow. It is a term used in botany. When a spore or seed germinates, it produces a shoot or seedling, or (in the case of fungi) a hypha. The biology of spores is different from seeds.

A spore germinates if and when conditions are right. It has a very limited lifespan. The method of spore-bearers, which are lower plants such as mosses, ferns and also fungi, is to produce vast numbers of spores, of which only a small percentage germinate.

Seeds contain an embryo, a store of food (the endosperm), and a protective coat. Seed plants include Gymnosperms (such as conifers) and Angiosperms (such as flowering plants). Seeds can survive much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years. The strategy of seed-bearing plants is to invest energy and material in the substance of seeds, and they have evolved more sophisticated methods of dispersal than just wind.p98

Seeds do not germinate until their requirements are met, and these needs differ from species to species.
 The dormancy period must be over. Dormancy is governed by changes inside the seed. Each species has its own dormancy period, and will not germinate until that period is over.
 Their hibernation must be over. The hibernation is ended when events in the environment trigger germination. Sometimes this is just temperature and water, sometimes fire, sometimes the seed must go through a long cold spell.

The requirements for fruits is the same as for seeds. A fruit is just a seed with one or more extra layers derived from parts of the flower.

References 

Botany
Main line

A main line is a railway line that is a main trunk route and connects large cities.

Rail transport
Newark North Gate railway station

Newark North Gate train station is a train station that serves the town of Newark in Nottinghamshire, England. It is served by east coast trains and East Midland trains. East coast does intercity trains from King's Cross to Leads, Newcastle, York, Edinburgh, and Glasgow.

Railway stations in England
Iyaz

Keidran Jones (born 15 April 1987), better known by his stage name Iyaz, is a singer and rapper. His song "Replay" reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2009. In December 2009, "Replay" was number one on the Billboard Pop Songs chart. It also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on January 10, 2010. He made a song with Miley Cyrus called "Gonna Get This" for Hannah Montana.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References 

http://www.andpop.com/2009/11/08/iyaz-and-replay-climbing-to-the-top/

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Iyaz at Facebook
 
 

1987 births
Living people
Rap musicians
British Virgin Islands
Community (TV series)

Community is an American comedy series on NBC.  Community first aired on September 17, 2009, at 9:30 PM (EST). However, it was moved to 8:00 PM (EST) by its fourth episode.

The show is about the lives of students at a community college in the fictional city of Greendale, Colorado.

Community's sixth and final season concluded on June 2, 2015.

Cast 
 Joel McHale as Jeff Winger
 Gillian Jacobs as Britta Perry
 Danny Pudi as Abed Nadir
 Yvette Nicole Brown as Shirley Bennett
 Alison Brie as Annie Edison
 Donald Glover as Troy Barnes
 Ken Jeong as Señor Ben Chang
 Chevy Chase as Pierce Hawthorne

References 

2009 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
2010s American sitcoms
College television series
NBC network shows
Television series set in Colorado
English-language television programs
Orchestre de Paris

The Orchestre de Paris is a French orchestra based in Paris which was started in 1967. The orchestra's music director is Christoph Eschenbach and most of its concerts are performed at the Salle Pleyel.

Music directors 
 1967-1968 Charles Munch
 1969-1971 Herbert von Karajan (Musical advisor)
 1972-1975 Sir Georg Solti
 1975-1989 Daniel Barenboim
 1989-1998 Semyon Bychkov
 1998-2000 Christoph von Dohnányi (Artistic advisor)
 2000-present Christoph Eschenbach

Other websites 
 l'Orchestre de Paris official website 

Orchestras
Berlin Staatskapelle

The Staatskapelle Berlin is a German orchestra.  It is the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera (Berliner Staatsoper Unter den Linden).

The history of the orchestra goes back to 1570, when the Elector of Brandenburg started an orchestra at his court.  By the mid 18th century it was linked to the Royal Court Opera, started in 1742 by Frederick the Great. Famous musicians who have played with the orchestra include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Franz Benda, and Johann Joachim Quantz

Giacomo Meyerbeer became Kapellmeister (Music Director), from 1842.  The orchestra started a series of public concerts.  They were the first orchestra to play the first performances of many famous pieces of music by Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, and Otto Nicolai.  

The orchestra's music director is called the "Staatskapellmeister".  He is also the music director of the Berlin State Opera.  Today the music director is Daniel Barenboim, who has had the job since 1992.  In 2000 Barenboim was given the title of "conductor for life".  Barenboim and the orchestra have made several recordings.

Conductors/Music Directors

Other websites
Berlin Staatskapelle website

German orchestras
Stephen Sondheim

Steven Joshua Sondheim (March 22, 1930 – November 26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist.

Personal life 
Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City. He grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He was openly gay.

Sondheim died on November 26, 2021 from heart disease in Roxbury, Connecticut at the age of 91.

Career 
Sondheim wrote the words for songs in Gypsy and West Side Story. Of American composers still living, he had won the most awards. He won:
Multiple Grammy Awards
9 Tony Awards (more than any other composer)
A Lifetime Achievement Tony
An Academy Award
A Pulitzer Prize.

Sondheim wrote both the music and the words to his musicals.
 
Many critics like his work, but some people do not like it. Sweeney Todd is very different from the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein.

Some of Sondheim's musicals 
A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum
Follies
A Little Night Music
Sunday in the Park with George
Into The Woods
Sweeney Todd

References

Other websites 

1930 births
2021 deaths
American composers
American television writers
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Gay Jews
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American writers
LGBT composers
LGBT people from New York
LGBT writers
Pulitzer Prize winners
Tony Award winners
Writers from New York City
Writers from Pennsylvania
Peramelemorphia

The order Peramelemorphia includes the bandicoots and bilbies. They are small  marsupial omnivores. This order of mammals consists of some lesser known marsupials. They are native to New Guinea and Australia.

Marsupials of Australia
Vascular dementia

Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is a type of dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain.

Brain cells need a good supply of blood to stay healthy and function properly. The blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia.

References

Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Dementia
West End theatre

West End theatre refers to stage productions in the West End of London. It is like New York's Broadway, where musicals and plays are shown at number of theatres. In 2007, 13.6 million people went to see a show at the West End. The shows that were on in 2007 included: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, The Sound of Music, Dirty Dancing, Billy Elliot, Hairspray, Spamalot, Avenue Q, Wicked, Equus, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello and Grease.

References 

Theatres in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in London
Ann Coulter

Ann Coulter (born December 8, 1961) is from the United States. She is a writer and is known for her controversial opinions about politics. She was asked to go on television, radio and speaks at public and private events. Coulter has described herself as a "polemicist" or someone who tells the truth even if it will cause problems. She does not want to "pretend to be impartial or balanced."

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Official Twitter account

1961 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
Cornell University alumni
No Child Left Behind Act

The No Child Left Behind Act is a United States law that was to help students meet higher standards. This law started during President George W. Bush's time in the White House. President Bush made the law official on January 8, 2002. Schools around the US now have to test their students. If they don't, the schools risk losing funds given to them by the federal government. Some parts of this rule include bilingualism standards. All students must be on at least a proficient level (B+) by the 2013-14 school year. 

Since the law started, Congress gave more money to schools from $42.2 billion in 2001 to $54.4 billion in 2007. No Child Left Behind received a 40.4% increase from $17.4 billion in 2001 to $24.4 billion. The funding for reading quadrupled from $286 million in 2001 to $1.2 billion.

References 

Education in the United States
United States federal legislation
2002 in the United States
Resource room

Resource room is a place where special education students attend daily classes. These students are usually included in the general classroom and just need more support. Students are taught individually and in small groups.  The number of students in a resource room is at most five students per teacher.  Mainstreaming in education typically includes this service.  Students in separate classes generally do not need the resource room because all the support they need is in the self-contained classroom.

Special education teachers in resource rooms focus on the goals set by an Individualized Education Program.  These goals are based on the individual student's need to develop executive skills, complete their homework and behave. The programs can help students with language-based learning disabilities like dyslexia. Visuo-motor perception, arithmetic, spelling and overall self-perception improve after time in the resource room classroom.  The small-group instructional model leads to achievement in students with a multitude of educational disabilities.

Their peers also benefit when the concepts they learned in general education are reinforced in resource rooms.

References

Other websites 
http://specialed.about.com/od/idea/a/resourceroom.htm

Education
Learning
Disability
Peanut butter

Peanut butter is a type of moist paste that is made of crushed roasted peanuts. There are two kinds of peanut butter: crunchy/chunky peanut butter and smooth/creamy peanut butter. It can be eaten, for example on bread, usually with jelly to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a peanut butter sandwich with only peanut butter. Marcellus Gilmore Edson was the real inventor, not George Washington Carver.

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day.

Health 
Peanut butter can protect people from cardiovascular sickness. Peanut butter (and peanuts) have lots of protein, E, magnesium, folate, food fiber, and arginine. However, some people with peanut allergies can have a shock or allergic reaction from eating or smelling it, which has made some schools decide not to let their students eat peanut butter in their schools. Some oils put inside peanut butter to make it easier to spread can also make people have heart disease. Peanut butter can also carry salmonella and make people sick because of it.

Peanut butter has around 188 calories, with there being 71 percent of fat, 14 percent of protein, and 15 percent of carbohydrate. Other peanut butter types may have 616 or 195 calories. Although peanut butter has some fat, it may help with losing weight.

Ingredients 
Peanuts
Sugar
Salt
Vegetable Oil

References

Other websites 
 The National Peanut Board
 The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.
 The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)  (Last accessed 3 September 2008)
 How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter (Last accessed 16 October 2009)

Peanuts
Nut butters
War Memorial Opera House

The War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California is home to the second largest opera company in the United States. It was built in 1932 and seats 3123 people. Its interior is in the Beaux-Arts design.

Opera
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Music in San Francisco
1932 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in California
La Garde

La Garde is a city in the south of France. La Garde is the capital of the canton of La Garde.

Geography
La Garde is on the east of Toulon between Marseille and Nice. It's area land is 15.54 km²

Cities in France
Communes in Var
End–Ordovician extinction event

The End–Ordovician extinction event is the third-largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic eon. The Ordovician period followed the Cambrian and was followed by the Silurian. There were no living things on the land except for bacteria and perhaps some single-celled algae. The biota was almost entirely marine.

The extinction came in two steps, at the start and the finish of the Hirnantian stage, which was the last stage of the Ordovician. 

1. Pre-event: warm climate, deep ocean anoxic event. ocean bottoms were anoxic (little or no oxygen). Black shales were laid down in deep ocean strata; carbonates laid down on oxygenated continental shelves.

2. First step: climate turns cold; turnover of water in seas. Rising anoxic water kills most of the plankton, and shrinking seas remove habitats. Cold stage with clear evidence of widespread glaciation.

4. Second step: warming ocean re-established; glaciers melt, anoxic conditions reach continental shelves and kills fauna again.

Basic mechanism: climate changes from very warm to very cold and back to very warm. Changes in ocean circulation were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with.

More than 100 invertebrate families becam extinct in the End–Ordovician extinction event, and a total of almost half the genera. The brachiopods and bryozoans were decimated, along with many of the trilobite, conodont and graptolite families. 

The cause was probably the rise and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. The rise put much CO2 into the atmosphere, and the erosion took it out.

Related pages 
List of extinction events

References 

Extinction events
Palaeozoic
Ningaloo Reef

Ningaloo Reef is one of the largest coral reefs in the world. It is off the North West Cape in Western Australia. It is about  long. 

Ningaloo has about 200 species of hard coral and 50 species of soft coral. More than 520 species of fish live on the reef. Species that can be found at the reef include whale sharks, manta rays, humpback whales, dugongs, and Potato Cod. There are also six of the world's seven sea turtles including the Green turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Hawksbill turtle and Flatback turtle.

Marine Park
The Ningaloo Reef Marine Park covers an area of about 5000 square kilometers. 

The reef is popular with people from all over the world who come to go scuba diving and snorkeling.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

  Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) website 

Protected areas of Western Australia
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Reefs
Codeshare agreement

Codesharing is a type of partnership that airlines have. Airlines agree to sell each other's tickets on some routes. This means that both airlines sell more tickets.

Sometimes, airlines join groups (called alliances) which all agree to sell each other's tickets. For example, both United Airlines and Lufthansa are part of Star Alliance. This means that Lufthansa can sell tickets for United Airlines and United Airlines can sell Lufthansa's tickets.

Because airlines sell each other's tickets, some flights will have more than one flight number.

Airlines
Le Pradet

Le Pradet is a commune in the south of France.

Communes in Var
Canton of La Garde

The Canton of La Garde is a French canton near Toulon, in the department of Var. It is made up of La Garde and Le Pradet.

References

La Garde
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Command responsibility

Command Responsibility is an idea that Military Officers are responsible for making sure that the soldiers under their command do not commit war crimes, and if they do, make sure that the soldiers involved are punished. It also suggests, and is often claimed as an excuse when soldiers commit war crimes due to being ordered to do so, and that the officers in that case bear the responsibility, not the individual soldiers carrying out the illegal orders. This excuse is nowadays considered dubious and frequently ridiculed as the "Nuremberg defence", as many of the Nazis in the Nuremberg trials claimed that while they did in fact commit war crimes, they had an oath to Hitler and could not refuse to obey it, no matter the consequences. The command responsibility argument has been invoked since with varying success, but under modern international humanitarian law, command to commit an illegal act, such as crimes against humanity, is not an excuse unless there was fear of reprisals, for example the real threat of the person ordered being killed if he refused to carry them out.

References 
 Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law HTML version by Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, September 15, 2004

Military
Nikos Sampson

Nikos Sampson (December 16, 1935 – May 9, 2001) was a Cypriot politician. He was the leader of Cyprus for eight days in 1974. He had been active in EOKA before Cyprus became independent from the United Kingdom. EOKA wanted Cyprus and Greece to become a single country, and fought with the Turks in Cyprus. Afterwards, he became active in EOKA-B, which was a continuation of EOKA. In 1974, EOKA-B overthrew the government of Cyprus, and chose Nikos Sampson as President. Soon afterward, Turkey invaded Cyprus, and Nikos Sampson resigned from office. Afterward, he was tried for treason, and sent to prison for twenty years. Nikos Sampson died in 2001.

References 

 ^ "Nicos Sampson : Smiling Killer "
 ^ "EOKA shooters and bombers "
 ^ James Ker-Lindsay, "Britain and the Cyprus Crisis 1963-64" (2004)
 ^ Mallinson, William (June 30, 2005). Cyprus: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris. p. 81. . https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81&dq=. 
 ^ "Mr Nicos Sampson denies he knew coup was coming". The Times Digital Archive (Reuters). July 26, 1974. http://www.galeuk.com/times/ . Retrieved 2008-05-02.

1935 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Presidents of Cyprus
Nicosia
Bitola

Bitola () is the second-largest city in North Macedonia. It is located in the southwestern part of the country.

Cities in North Macedonia
Arlington County, Virginia

Arlington County is a county in Virginia. It has so many buildings that it looks like a city. It is one of the smallest counties in the United States by area. It is across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., and parts of it were once part of Washington. 210,000 people live there. It is where many U.S. government offices are, such as The Pentagon. It is also the location of Arlington National Cemetery, which was built at the former plantation of Robert E. Lee, and the Ronald Reagan National Airport. ANC is where John F. Kennedy and many American soldiers are buried. Several battles of the American Civil War were fought in and around Arlington.

The District of Columbia was made with land contributed by Virginia and Maryland. In 1846, Congress agreed to give the land south of the Potomac back to Virginia. Most of the returned land became Arlington.

Notable People 

 John Glenn, Astronaut
 Al Gore, Bill Clinton's vice president
 Ilhan Omar, US Congresswoman
Roman law

Roman law is the name used for a system of laws used by the Roman Empire. It started with the twelve tablets of civil law, . After the law code ordered by  it continued as Byzantine law. Roman law is the foundation of most legal systems in Europe, and its former colonies, and it influenced many other countries.

Law
Flag of Arizona

The Flag of the State of Arizona has 13 rays of red and gold (the conquistador colors and of the flag of Spain) on the top half, representing the 13 first counties of Arizona (there are 15 counties today), as well as telling of Arizona's picturesque sunsets. There is a copper colored star in the center representing Arizona's copper-mining company. The rest of the flag is colored blue, representing liberty.

In 1910, Colonel Charles W. Harris, head of the Arizona National Guard, made a flag for the Arizona Rifle Team when they attend the National Matches at Camp Perry. Arizona had been the only team in past matches to compete without a flag.

Arizona
Arizona
Chef salad

Chef salad (sometimes called chef's salad) is a type of salad. It usually includes a bed of leaf vegetables or lettuce, which can be served with hard boiled eggs, strips of meat (such as ham, roast beef, or turkey), cheese, cucumbers, croutons, and tomatoes. Chef salad is usually topped with Thousand Island dressing, but can be served with any type of dressing.

Salads
Pinchas Zukerman

Pinchas Zukerman  (, (born July 16, 1948 in Tel Aviv) is a famous Israeli violinist, violist, and conductor. Since 1971 he has conducted many orchestras.

Career
Pinchas Zukerman was born in Tel Aviv.  His parents were Jews who had survived the Nazi  concentration camps and had moved from Poland to Israel in 1947.  By the time he was eight he showed great musical promise and started to learn music at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv.  When the violinist Isaac Stern heard him play he was so impressed that he helped him to go to the Julliard School of Music in New York.  There he studied with Ivan Galanian.
In 1967 Zukerman shared a joint first prize in the Leventritt International Competition with Kyung Wha Chung.  Then Stern became ill and could not play in some concerts, so Zukerman played instead.  This made him famous.

After hearing Daniel Barenboim conduct the English Chamber Orchestra he became interested in conducting.  He started to conduct orchestras while playing the solo parts of works by Bach and Vivaldi.  This conducting (leading) from the concertmaster’s chair had been the tradition in the 17th and 18th centuries.  In 1974 he conducted the English Chamber Orchestra.  Then he got opportunities to conduct New York Philharmonic, the National Symphony, Boston Symphony, and Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestras.  In the 1980s he was the musical director of the St Paul Chamber Orchestra.  For many years he continued to appear as soloist with some of the best orchestras in the world.  He won many awards, including two Grammy Awards. 
 
In April 1998, he became music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa.  He took them on a tour of Europe in 1990.

In recent years Zukerman has worked hard to help young musicians.  As music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, he started the  Young Artists Program, a summer training program for talented young classical musicians. It soon became popular, with students from all over the world.

Although he had a lot of work in Ottawa  he also found time to be music director of the Ilona Feher Music Center in Holon, Israel, which he started.  He became chairman of the Pinchas Zukerman Performance Program at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He was also artist in residence of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra.

Personal life
In 1968 he married Eugenia Rich.  They had two daughters.  Later they divorced.  In 1985 he married the actress Tuesday Weld.  They later divorced.

External references
 http://www.answers.com/topic/pinchas-zukerman

1948 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Israeli conductors
Jewish Israeli musicians
People from Tel Aviv
Violinists
National Arts Centre Orchestra

The National Arts Centre Orchestra is an orchestra in Ottawa, Canada's capital.  Since 1998 their conductor (musical director) has been Pinchas Zukerman.   The orchestra was started in 1969.  It has made more than 40 recordings and toured widely throughout the world.

Other websites
 National Arts Centre Orchestra

Related pages

Ottawa, Ontario

Orchestras
Ottawa
Canadian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1969
1969 establishments in Canada
Christian de Quincey

Christian de Quincey, Ph.D., is an author and philosopher who teaches cosmology and spirituality at colleges in the United States and Europe. He is an internationally known author and speaker on consciousness. He is on the faculty of several U.S. universities and think tanks, and at Schumacher College, Devon, England. He has written 5 books on consciousness.

Books
Radical Nature: Rediscovering the Soul of Matter (Invisible Cities Press, 2002)
Radical Knowing: Understanding Consciousness through Relationship (Park Street Press, 2005)
Deep Spirit: Cracking the Noetic Code  (Casablanca Press, 2008)
Consciousness from Zombies to Angels: The Shadow and the Light of Knowing Who You Are (Park Street Press, 2009)
Radical Nature: The Soul of Matter (2nd edition) (Park Street Press, 2010)
The Scientific Exploration of Consciousness (co-author with Willis Harman) (Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1996).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Velvet worm

The velvet worms (Onychophora — literally "claw bearers") are a minor panarthropod phylum. 

There are two families and about 200 species. All living species live on land, in moist or wet tropical areas.

The two living families are the Peripatidae and the Peripatopsidae. They show a peculiar distribution, with the peripatids being mainly equatorial and tropical, while the peripatopsids are all found in what used to be Gondwana.

The segmented worm-like organisms have tiny eyes, "fur", antennae, multiple pairs of legs, and, slime glands. The group is thought to be related to arthropods. They prey on smaller animals such as insects, which they catch by squirting a sticky slime.

Possible fossil history 
Fossils from the early Cambrian bear a striking resemblance to the velvet worms. These fossils, known as the lobopods, were marine. They were a clade from which arthropods, tardigrades, and Onychophora arose.<ref name="Cite doi|10.1038/nature13576">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature13576 | pmid = 25132546 | journal = Nature | volume = 514 | issue = 7522 | pages = 363–366 | last = Smith M.R. & Ortega Hernández J. 2014 | title = Hallucigenia'''s onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda | year = 2014 | bibcode = 2014Natur.514..363S | s2cid = 205239797 | url = http://rdcu.be/bKoD }}</ref> They are found in the Cambrian, Ordovician (possibly), Silurian, and Pennsylvanian periods.

Historically, all fossil Onychophora and lobopods were lumped into the taxon Xenusia. However, few of the Cambrian fossils have features that definitely unite them with the Onychophora. The exceptions are Hallucigenia and Collinsium ciliosum'', which have distinctly onychophoran-like claws.

References 

Minor phyla
Tardigrade

Tardigrades ('water bears') are microscopic, segmented animals. They live in water. They are members of the tactopod phylum Tardigrada, part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. They are also known as water bears or moss piglets. 

Tardigrades were first described in 1773. Their name means "slow stepper". There are more than 1000 different species of tardigrade.

Tardigrades have a cylindrical shape with four segments, each with two legs. Each leg has little claws. The biggest adults may reach a body length of 1.2 mm, the smallest below 0.1 mm. Freshly hatched larvae may be smaller than 0.05 mm. Tardigrades feed on plant cells by penetrating the cell wall and eating what is inside. Some tardigrades are carnivores.

Tardigrades are eutelic: all adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells. Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.

Tardigrades can be found in many habitats: in moss, freshwater, the Himalayas, and the ocean. They are one of the few animals that can be found on the highest mountains and the deepest seas. About 83% of the known species live on land, the other 17% live in water.

Survivability 
Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals. 

In 2007, scientists discovered that some tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. This meant living in a vacuum with severe radiation. 

Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water. Tardigrades can survive extreme temperatures. They can live for a few hours in temperatures close to absolute zero and above boiling point. They can survive a few minutes in temperatures as high as . Some tardigrades can survive being frozen for over 30 years.

Tardigrades can also survive radiation at hundreds of times a level that would be deadly to humans, as well as toxic environments and severe impact events.

In 2019, a lander with Tardigrades on board crashed on the moon. It is believed that the Tardigrades survived and could live for a few years on the moon.

The tardigrades slow their metabolism to survive these environments. See rotifers for a similar account of survivability.

References 

Minor phyla
Extremophiles
Bond (finance)

A bond is a contract between two companies.

Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money. They issue bonds and investors buy them (thereby giving money to the people who issued the bond). 

Bonds have a maturity date. This means that at some point, the bond issuer has to pay back the money to the investors. They also have to pay the investors a little bit more than they paid for the bond. Bonds are used to keep the company running smooth when needed, and can be used as protection if their stock drops drastically.

Bonds are usually traded through brokers and are part of a financial instrument group called Fixed Income.
Banks and financial institutions offer loans on different terms against the security of assets.

Finance
Simply put, a bond is a receipt given by a government or organization as an agreement to borrow money from another organization which will be returned at a later date with certain amount of interest or increment.
Taki

Taki () is an Israeli game which is an expansion of Crazy Eights. It is made by Shafir games. The game's creator is Haim Shafir. The game takes about 20 minutes, is for 2-10 players, and is for ages 5 and up. It is very popular in Israel.  It is similar to the American game Uno.  

The Taki cards consist of the colors red, blue, green, and yellow.  The objective of the game is to get rid of all your cards before everyone else.

Card games
Scissor-tailed hummingbird

The scissor-tailed hummingbird (Hylonympha macrocerca) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Venezuela. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was first listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Research has shown it to be rarer than it was thought. Because of this, it was listed as "Endangered status" in 2008.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Greenish puffleg

The greenish puffleg (Haplophaedia aureliae) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Its habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and fairly degraded former forests.

References 
 BirdLife International 2008.  .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 12 Juni 2009.

Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Lavatory – Lovestory

Lavatory – Lovestory is a short movie that is about a lavatory attendant that finds a bunch of flowers in her tip jar (a tin where customers give her money as a reward for a good job). The movie was nominated for an Academy Award in the 81st Annual Academy Awards and won many awards at movie festivals.

References 

2007 movies
Short movies
Animated movies
University of Notre Dame

The University of Notre Dame (or simply Notre Dame) is a private Catholic university near South Bend, Indiana. It was founded in 1842 by Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Sorin was also the school's first president. In the beginning, it was an all-male school. In 1972 females were admitted. The university has five colleges and one professional school. Notre Dame offers master's degrees and doctoral degrees. The university's undergraduates live on campus in single-gendered residence halls. Alumni are located around the world. The school's athletic teams are known as the Fighting Irish.

Related pages
 Notre Dame Stadium

Notes

Other websites 

 University of Notre Dame
 Notre Dame Fighting Irish, the Official Athletic Site 
 Campus map

Colleges and universities in Indiana
Atlantic Coast Conference
Hockey East
1842 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Indiana
Campus

A campus is land where a college or university buildings are placed.  Campuses can have libraries, lecture halls, and parks. Campuses can consist of both academic (school and studying-related) buildings and non-academic buildings.

References 

Educational institutions
Pleasant Grove Township, Des Moines County, Iowa

Pleasant Grove Township is a township in the County of Des Moines in Iowa. The population is 457 with 227 males and 230 females.

Important places in Pleasant Grove

Churches 
Cedar Grove Church
Shaver Church
Agape Fellowship Church

Cemeteries 
Wilcox Cemetery
Infant Cemetery

Reservoirs 
Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Three Reservoir
Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Two Reservoir
Watson Lake

Creeks 
Shaver Creek
Caney Creek
Little Creek

References 

Settlements in Iowa
Townships in the United States
Blocked

Blocked is a puzzle game for the iPhone and iPod Touch.

Description
The player has to move around gray blocks until a blue rock is free and the blocks can only go left and right or up and down. The game has many challenges and levels.  There are five difficulty levels in Blocked: easy, medium, hard, harder, and hardest.

References

Mobile games
Oliver Goldsmith

Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was a writer, poet, and physician famous for his novel, The Vicar of Wakefield(1776). His first successful literary work was The Traveller (1764), a poem about British rule. Like Jonathan Swift, Goldsmith  society, but he did not use satire like Swift. Goldsmith's greatest poem, The Deserted Village (1770), was a sad poem about how country life was being destroyed by landowners. The same theme is inside The Vicar of Wakefield. Goldsmith's biggest work at that time was a collection of soft-satire essays on English life seen by an imaginary Chinese visitor. He also wrote two plays, The Good Natured Man (1768), and She Stoops to Conquer (1773).(He is also thought to have written the classic children's story, The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes.)

Life 

It is not known for sure when he was born. Most people now think that he was born in 10 November 1730. He was the second son of Charles Goldsmith, curate of Kilkenny West in West Meath in Ireland. In 1745 he went to Trinity College Dublin. He quickly spent all his money by gambling, which he became  to. After spending some time at the Universities of Edinburgh and Leyden he spent 1755 – 1756 travelling in Europe, where it is said that he lived by playing the flute. Before starting to write he worked in London as a doctor's helper, a doctor, and a school . He died in 1774 and was buried in Temple Church.

References

Other websites 

 
 Essays by Oliver Goldsmith at Quotidiana.org
 The Deserted Village
 Oliver Goldsmith: A Biography  by Washington Irving from Project Gutenberg
 Goldsmith  (English Men of Letters series) by William Black  from Project Gutenberg
 An Essay on the Theatre; or, A Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy
 Goldsmith Hall - student accommodation and lecture theatre, Trinity College, Dublin.
 Information on Goldsmith 
 Oliver Goldsmith Resource 
 Works by Oliver Goldsmith in e-book version
 The Goldsmith International Literary Festival Info on the Festival held annually in Goldsmith's Home County
 Poems and essays, Oliver Goldsmith, 1839, (William Smith, London)
 

1730 births
1774 deaths
Sea spider

Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the class Pycnogonida. 

There are about 1,300 species of sea spiders, which are found around the world. Sea spiders are found in all oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Species found in coastal waters are usually small and have a leg span of about 1 inch (2.5 cm), those living at great depths, up to 24 inches (60 cm).

Sea spiders are not true spiders, or even arachnids. Their traditional classification as chelicerates would put them closer to true spiders than to other well-known arthropod groups, such as insects or crustaceans. 

However, recent genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods.

Description 
The sea spider has a small, narrow body. It usually has four pairs of long, thin legs attached to the abdomen. Attached to the head there are usually three other pairs of appendages—a pair called chelicerae, used for grasping food; a pair of sensory projections called palps; and a pair of egg-carrying legs (sometimes underdeveloped or absent in the female). The female lays round masses of eggs on the egg-carrying legs of the male, which carries the eggs until they hatch.

Distribution 
On top of its head, the sea spider has a knobby projection bearing two, three, or four simple eyes. The head ends in a snout with a sucking mouth. Sea spiders feed by sucking the body juices of such marine animals as sea anemones, sponges, and sea squirts.

References 

Chelicerata