cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Friend of Dorothy

In gay slang, a "friend of Dorothy" (occasionally abbreviated FOD) is a term for a gay man. The phrase dates back to at least World War II, when homosexual acts were illegal in the United States. Stating that, or asking if, someone was a "friend of Dorothy" was a euphemism used for discussing sexual orientation without others knowing its meaning.

Origin 
The origin of the phrase is most commonly attributed to the movie, The Wizard of Oz because Judy Garland, who starred as the main character Dorothy, is a gay icon. In the film, Dorothy is accepting of those who are different. For example the "gentle lion" living a lie, "I'm afraid there's no denyin', I'm just a dandy lion." Others claim that the phrase refers to celebrated humorist and critic Dorothy Parker, who included some gay men in her famous social circle.

Misunderstanding 
In the early 1980s, the Naval Investigative Service was investigating homosexuality in the Chicago area. Agents discovered that gay men sometimes referred to themselves as "friends of Dorothy." Unaware of the historical meaning of the term, the NIS believed that a woman named Dorothy was at the center of a massive ring of homosexual military personnel. The NIS launched an enormous hunt for Dorothy, hoping to find her and convince her to reveal the names of gay servicemembers.

Related pages 
Judy Garland as gay icon

References

Further reading 
 Chauncey, George (1994). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Makings of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. New York: Basic Books.
 Duberman, Martin (1993). Stonewall. New York: Dutton. Lesbian and gay life before and after Stonewall, as seen by six contemporaries.
 Duberman, Martin, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey, Jr. (eds) (1989). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. New York: NAL Books. Twenty-nine essays covering aspects of the gay and lesbian world from ancient to contemporary times.
 Grahn, Judy (1990). Another Mother Tongue: Gay Words, Gay Worlds. Boston: Beacon Press. Explores the use of language to define gay and lesbian culture by examining stereotypes as access points into history.
 Katz, Jonathan (1992). Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.: a Documentary History. Rev. Ed. New York: Meridian.
 Marcus, Eric (1992). Making History: The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945-1990: An Oral History. New York: HarperCollins.

Other websites 
 Cruise Critic on "Friends of Dorothy"

Gay slang
I Could Go On Singing

I Could Go On Singing is a 1963 movie starring Judy Garland and Dirk Bogarde. It was Garland's last movie. It was not a huge box office success, but it won Garland much praise for her performance. In Bogarde's autobiographies and in the 2004 biography, it is recounted that Judy Garland's lines were substantially rewritten by Bogarde (with Garland's consent).

Plot 
Judy Garland plays a superstar singer named Jenny Bowman. She had met a man 15–16 years before. He is now a prominent physician, played by British actor Dirk Bogarde. They had a child whom she let his father raise in England. Jenny wants to finally see him, but in the end is left to her true home, the stage. Originally titled The Lonely Stage, it was renamed I Could Go On Singing, so that audiences would know it was the first time Garland sang in a movie since A Star Is Born in 1954.

Cast 
 Judy Garland as Jenny Bowman
 Dirk Bogarde as David Donne
 Jack Klugman as George Kogan
 Gregory Phillips as Matt
 Aline MacMahon as Ida
 Pauline Jameson as Miss Plimpton
 Jeremy Burnham as Hospital surgeon
 Lorna Luft as girl on boat
 Joey Luft as boy on boat

Music 
All songs performed by Judy Garland.

 I Am the Monarch of the Sea (Judy Garland and Boys) from H.M.S. Pinafore  by Gilbert and Sullivan
 Hello Bluebird, words and music by Cliff Friend
 It Never Was You, Kurt Weill and Maxwell Anderson
 By Myself, Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz
 I Could Go On Singing, Harold Arlen and E.Y. Harburg

Movie reviews 
"Either you are or you aren't - a Judy Garland fan that is. And if you aren't, forget about her new movie, I Could Go On Singing, and leave the discussion to us devotees. You'll see her in close-up...in beautiful, glowing Technicolor and striking staging in a vibrant, vital performance that gets to the essence of her mystique as a superb entertainer. Miss Garland is - as always - real, the voice throbbing, the eyes aglow, the delicate features yielding to the demands of the years - the legs still long and lovely. Certainly the role of a top-rank singer beset by the loneliness and emotional hungers of her personal life is not an alien one to her..."
- Judith Crist, The New York Herald Tribune

"3 stars...Judy Garland is back on screen in a role that might have been custom-tailored for her particular talents. A new song, I Could Go On Singing, provides her with a little clowning, a chance to be gay, a time for wistfulness, an occasion for tears. She and Dirk Bogarde play wonderfully well together, even though the script itself insists on their being mismatched..."
- Dorothy Masters, The New York Daily News

Soundtrack and video/DVD releases 
It was released on video in 1989, and on DVD in 2004. The soundtrack album was released at the time of the original movie release, and appeared on CD in 2002 along with the Garland album That's Entertainment!

Other websites 
 The Judy Garland Online Discography "I Could Go On Singing" pages.

References

1963 drama movies
British drama movies
American drama movies
1960s musical movies
Movies directed by Ronald Neame
Tassili n'Ajjer

Tassili n'Ajjer is a mountain range in the Algerian part of the Sahara Desert. The name means "Plateau of the Rivers".  It 72,000 km2. large.  The range is mostly made of sandstone. 

It is known for the prehistoric rock art.  The art has herds of cattle, large wild animals including crocodiles, and human activities such as hunting and dancing.   

The nearest town is Djanet.  It is about 10 km southwest of the range.

References

Mountains of Africa
Prehistoric Africa
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Geography of Algeria
Tipaza

Tipaza is a town on the coast of Algeria.  It is the capital of the Tipaza Province. It was formed in 1857.  It is known for its sandy beach and ancient ruins.

References

World Heritage Sites in Africa
Settlements in Algeria
Towns in Africa
1867 establishments
Establishments in Algeria
19th-century establishments in Africa
Barbary Coast

The Barbary Coast, or Berber Coast, was the land of the Berber people. It was the name used by Europeans from the 16th to the 19th century. It was the coast of North Africa – what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. 

This area was used by pirates.  They attacked ships and coastal towns.  They stole goods and people to sell as slaves from Europe, America and sub-Saharan Africa.

References

Geography of Africa
Kameyama, Mie

is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

In the Edo period, Kameyama-juku, Seki-juku and Sakanoshita-juku were the 46th, 47th and 48th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.  All three Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Numazu.

Gallery

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

 Kameyama City website 
  Hiroshige prints, Kameyama ,  Seki ,  Sakanoshita 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Mie Prefecture
National Liberation Front (Algeria)

The National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Algeria. It was formed on November 1, 1954 from several smaller groups.  It was started to get independence for Algeria from France.

Politics of Algeria‎
Socialism
Political parties in Africa
1954 establishments
Nationalist organizations in Africa
National liberation movements
20th-century establishments in Algeria
Ahmed Ben Bella

Ahmed Ben Bella (25 December 1918 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian soldier. He was the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.

He was born in Maghnia, Algeria. He was a Sunni Islam. Ben Bella joined the French Army in 1936.

He went to prison for forming a group to fight French rule. He escaped and went to Tunisia. He was arrested again in 1956 and got out of prison in 1962.

He became president in 1963. In 1965, Houari Boumédiènne made him stop being Presindent. He was under house arrest until 1980. He was allowed to live in Switzerland. He lived for 10 years in Lausanne. In 1990 he was able to return to Algeria.

References

1918 births
2012 deaths
Presidents of Algeria
Muslims
Elizabeth Banks

Elizabeth Banks (born February 10, 1974) is an American television and movie actress. She was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Her movies include the Spider-Man franchise, 2008's comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno, Invincible, The Hunger Games, and in The Lego Movie and sequel The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Banks is a Democrat. She attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention to support President Obama's re-election.

References

Other websites

Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
1974 births
Living people
Flag of Algeria

The national flag of Algeria has two equal vertical bars, green and white. In the center is a red star and crescent.  The white color is for peace.  Green is for the beauty of nature.  Red is for the blood of those killed fighting for independence in the Algerian War (1954 to 1962).  The star and crescent are for Islam.

Algeria
Algeria
Movie 43

Movie 43 is an American comedy movie in which Emma Stone, Halle Berry, Hugh Jackman, Uma Thurman, Elizabeth Banks, Chris Pratt, Naomi Watts, Seth MacFarlane, Josh Duhamel, Anna Faris, Greg Kinnear, Dennis Quaid, Kate Winslet, Gerard Butler, Richard Gere, Johnny Knoxville, Justin Long, and many other actors star. Its release date was January 25, 2013.

References

2013 comedy movies
2010s black comedy movies
2010s sex comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American sex comedy movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Justin Long

Justin Jacob Long (born June 2, 1978) is an American movie actor. He has acted in many movies, including Live Free or Die Hard (a 2007 movie that stars Bruce Willis).

References

Other websites

American movie actors
Actors from Fairfield, Connecticut
1978 births
Living people
Australian Convict Sites

"Australian Convict Sites" is a World Heritage Site which includes the remains of 11 places used in the transportation of convicts to Australia. This was a plan by the British government to move thousands of prisoners from England to Australia. It started with the sending of the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788 and continued for about eighty years. The Australian Convict Sites include places in Sydney, Tasmania, Norfolk Island, and Fremantle. These show:

" .. the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."

All the sites were all individually included on the Australian National Heritage List before being put on the World Heritage list in 2010.

Penal Sites Included
The 11 penal sites making up the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage listed property are
  Cockatoo Island Convict Site (New South Wales) 
  Great North Road (New South Wales) 
  Hyde Park Barracks (New South Wales) 
  Old Government House (New South Wales) 
  Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (Norfolk Island) 
  Brickendon and Woolmers Estates (Tasmania)  
  Cascades Female Factory (Tasmania) 
  Coal Mines Historic Site (Tasmania) 
  Darlington Probation Station (Tasmania) 
  Port Arthur (Tasmania) 
  Fremantle Prison (Western Australia)

Criteria for Listing
There are over 3000 convict sites remaining in Australia. The Australian Convict Sites were selected as the best examples of the world's convict era. This met World Heritage Selection Criteria IV & VI:

Criterion IV (i.e. a collection of buildings/architecture etc. showing an important stage in human history):

"an exceptional example of the forced migration of convicts - an important stage of human history"

Criterion VI (i.e. directly associated with events etc. of importance to the whole world):

"an extraordinary example of global ideas and developments associated with the punishment and reform of the criminal elements of humanity during the Age of Enlightenment and the modern era

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites 
 Australian Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2008) Australian convict sites: World Heritage NominationAccessed 5 August 2010

 
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Sequoia National Park

Sequoia National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of California. It was created on September 25, 1890. The park covers . The park contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 United States, Mount Whitney, at  above sea level. The park is next to Kings Canyon National Park. The two parks are managed together by the National Park Service.

The park is famous for its giant sequoia trees. One of these trees is the General Sherman tree, one of the biggest trees on Earth. The General Sherman tree is in the Giant Forest, which has five of the ten biggest trees in the world.

References

Other websites

 NPS: official Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks website

National parks in the United States
Geography of California
Tulare County, California
1890 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in California
Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle

The  (CNCP, ) is a French inter-ministerial commission, interprofessional and interagency. It has been created by the social modernization law (No. 2002-73). It is under the authority of the Minister responsible for vocational training.

The commission has several missions:
 Identify the supply of vocational qualifications (),
 Process applications for registration and to update the  (RNCP, ),
 Ensure the renewal and adaptation of degrees and titles, to monitor the qualifications and work organization,
 Make recommendations to the attention of institutions delivering professional certifications or certificates of qualification.

Related pages
Commission des titres d'ingénieur
Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs
Conférence des Grandes Écoles

References

Other websites
 CNCP Official website 

Education in France
2002 establishments in France
Kupiškis

Kupiškis is a city in the northeast part of Lithuania. It is in Panevėžys County.

Cities in Lithuania
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape

Blaenavon Industrial Landscape is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Blaenavon, Wales. It includes coal and ore mines, quarries, a primitive railway system, furnaces, workers' homes, and the social infrastructure of the community.

History
The town of Blaenavon and 3,290 hectares in the region of the town were named a World Heritage Site in 2000.  The area around Blaenavon shows of the importance of South Wales as the world's major producer of iron and coal in the 19th century.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 
  Blaenavon World Heritage Site website

Buildings and structures in Wales
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales

The Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales (GIFAS, in English Group of French aerospace industries) is a  French aerospace industries association created in 1908, featuring more than 260 members. The first name of the association was Association des Industries de la Locomotion Aérienne. It acquired its current name in 1975.

The current president of the GIFAS is Éric Trappier, the CEO of Dassault Aviation.

References

1908 establishments in Europe
Aviation in France
Aerospace engineering
Scientific organizations
1900s establishments in France
Esquire (magazine)

Esquire is a men's magazine, published in the U.S. by the Hearst Corporation. Founded in 1932, it flourished during the Great Depression under the guidance of founder and editor Arnold Gingrich.

Notes 

1932 establishments in the United States
American magazines
Magazines published in New York City
UniverSud Paris

UniverSud Paris is a grouping of higher education institutes in France. It groups 21 public universities and the national research center. These places teach nearly all subjects of sciences (fundamental, engineering, business).

History
In 1991, the French government decided to create the "French Poles of Research and Higher Education". In 2007, its status changed to a public establishment for scientific cooperation (établissement public de coopération scientifique).

Colleges and institutes

The member universities and institutes are :

 Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences (Agro ParisTech), founded in 2007, as a result of the merger of three agronomy, forestry and food science schools with roots dating back to 1824
 National Veterinary School of Alfort, founded in 1765
 National School of Landscape (ENSP), founded in 1965
 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), founded in 1946
 National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (formerly Cemagref), founded in 1981
 French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), founded in 1999
 Telecom & Management SudParis, founded in 1979
 Genoscope (French National Sequencing Center), founded in 1996
 National School of Computer Science for Industry and Business (ENSIIE), founded in 1968
 HEC Paris, founded in 1881
 École Polytechnique (X), founded in 1794
 École supérieure d'optique (IOGS), founded in 1917
 École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles, founded in 1969
 SOLEIL (French particle accelerator), founded in 2006
 Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), founded in 1943
 Paris-Sud 11 University, founded in 1971
 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, founded in 1991
 University of Évry Val d'Essonne, founded in 1991
 École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, founded in 1880
 École Centrale de Paris, founded in 1829
 École supérieure d'électricité (Supélec), founded in 1894

References

Colleges and universities in France
1991 establishments in France
Île-de-France
Charity (practice)

Charity is the act of giving help to those in need of it. It is a humanitarian act. It involves giving money, goods or time and effort to those who need it. It is done without expecting something in return. Giving money or food to poor people is an example of charity. Poor, sick or injured people are generally considered the proper people to whom charity should be given. When such people are not supported, they often begin begging, which is directly asking for help from people they do not know. Others may rely on support from charitable organisations. These organisations collect money and goods and then give them to those in need.

Most charities are concerned with providing basic needs, such as food, water, clothing, health care and shelter. The most common form of charity is donating money. The money is then used to buy these basic needs. However, there are many other actions that may be performed as charity, such as teaching orphans, donating blood, or money to help fund medical research.

Charitable giving can be a responsibility in many religions. This kind of charity is called almsgiving or alms. In Islam, for example, it is called zakat. It is one of the five most important duties of being a Muslim.

Related pages 
 Altruism
 Charitable organization
 Compassion
 Fundraising
 Humanitarianism
 Philanthropy
 Pro bono

References

Altruism
Daphnia

Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera. They are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans often called water fleas because of their jumpy swimming style. They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.

Anatomy & physiology

Circulation 
Daphnia have open circulatory systems. Instead of having blood vessels, the daphnia have a fluid called haemolymph. The haemolymph is pumped throughout the body cavity (which is called a haemocoel).

Nervous system 
The Daphnia’s nervous system consists of a brain that has two or three pairs of ganglia. Ganglia are nerve cells that tend to cluster up. The nervous system also has nerve rings that go round the oesophagus. Last of all, it has a paired ventral nerve cord.

Reproduction 
The Daphnia reproductive system is parthenogenetic. The female daphnia produce eggs without mating. That means that their eggs can grow without being fertilized. The female daphnia carries its 50 or so eggs in the brood chamber, until they are ready to hatch. Daphnia can still mate, the only difference is that the “mated” eggs have an extra hard shell that can protect them from harsh conditions for a long time. These eggs are called cysts, and they can hatch when conditions are favorable again, which is usually around spring.

Other 
Daphnia spp. are a popular live food in tropical and marine fish keeping.

References

Other websites 
 Van Bergen, Yfke. 2004. Daphnia breaths easy. Journal of Experimental Biology 207, i-ii 

Branchiopods
President of Algeria

The President of Algeria is the head of state of Algeria.  The President is also in charge of the Algerian armed forces.

Living former presidents

As of 22 September 2021, there is one living former president:

 
1962 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Algeria
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need

From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs (or need) is a slogan that Karl Marx made popular in his writing Critique of the Gotha program, published in 1875. The German original is Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen. According to Marx, once a communist society has been established, it will produce enough goods and services so that everyone's needs can be satisfied.

Even though the phrase is commonly attributed to Marx, he was not the first to use it. The slogan was common within the socialist movement. Louis Blanc first used it in 1839, in "The organization of work".  The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French communist Morelly, who proposed in his 1755 Code of Nature "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including the following:

References

Socialism
Kassaman

Kassaman or Qassaman (We Pledge) is the national anthem of Algeria. Mufdi Zakariah wrote the lyrics in 1956.  He did this while in jail by the French. The composer of the music is Mohamed Fawzi, from Egypt. He wrote the lyrics on the walls of a French prison with his blood.

Lyrics

National anthems
Algeria
20th-century establishments in Algeria
1956 establishments in Africa
San Francisco row houses

The San Francisco row houses, also known as Painted Ladies are Victorian and Edwardian buildings painted in three or more colors. The style used is sometimes called polychrome.

Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Emblem of Algeria

The national emblem of Algeria is the seal used by the government.  Other states use coats of arms.  The current emblem began in 1976.  The difference was changing the motto from French to Arabic. On the emblem is the crescent that is also found on the Flag of Algeria.  It is a symbol of Islam.  The text says "The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria".

The Hand of Fatima is in front of the Atlas Mountains.  It is below a rising sun to show a new era.  Buildings are for industry and plants for agriculture.

Historic coats of arms and emblems

Algeria
Algeria
1976 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Algeria
Abdelaziz Bouteflika

Abdelaziz Bouteflika (2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician. From 1999 to 2019, he was the ninth President of Algeria.  He was President at the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002.  He ended emergency rule in February 2011 during Arab Spring.

He was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1974 until 1975.

Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after months of massive protests.

Bouteflika died on 17 September 2021 at his home in Zéralda, Algeria from cardiac arrest at the age of 84. He was in bad health since he had a stroke in 2013.

References

1937 births
Presidents of Algeria
2021 deaths
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Prime Minister of Algeria

The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria.

The President of Algeria chooses the Prime Minister. The People's National Assembly must okay the choice. There are no  limits on a Prime Minister's term.  The person who was Prime Minister the longest was Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani.  He did the job from 1979 to 1984.

List

 
1962 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Algeria
Ahmed Ouyahia

Ahmed Ouyahia (born July 2, 1952) is an Algerian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Algeria from August 16, 2017 to March 12, 2019.

Ouyahia was already Prime Minister from 1995 to 1998, from 2003 to 2006, and from 2008 to 2012.

He was also Minister of Justice for a time. He formed and was president of the RND party.

References

1952 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Algeria
Adrar Province

Adrar is a province in southwestern Algeria.  It is named for its capital Adrar. It is the second-largest province. There are 402,197 people.

Divisions
The province has 11 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Adrar
 Aougrout
 Aoulef
 Bordj Badji Mokhtar
 Charouine
 Fenoughil
 Reggane
 T'Sabit
 Timimoun
 Tinerkouk
 Zaouiet Kounta

References

Provinces of Algeria
Chlef Province

Chlef is a province in Algeria.  There are about 1 million people. The capital is Chlef.

Divisions
The province is divided into 13 districts.  There are also 35 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Abou El Hassan (دائرة أبو الحسن)
 Aïn Merane (دائرة عين مران)
 Béni Haoua (دائرة بني حواء)
 Boukadir (دائرة بوقادير)
 Chlef (دائرة شلف)
 El Karimia (دائرة الكريمية)
 El Marsa (دائرة المرسى)
 Oued Fodda (دائرة وادي الفضة)
 Ouled Ben Abdelkader (دائرة اولاد بن عبد القادر)
 Ouled Farès (دائرة اولاد فارس)
 Taougrit (دائرة تاوقريت)
 Ténès (دائرة تنس)
 Zeboudja (دائرة زبوجة)

References

Provinces of Algeria
Laghouat Province

Laghouat is a province  (wilaya) in central Algeria. The name means "the oases". The capital is Laghouat. Other localities include Aflou, Ain Madhi, Kourdane and Makhareg.

Divisions
The province is divided into 10 districts.  There are also 24 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aflou
 Aïn Mahdi
 Brida
 El Ghicha
 Gueltet Sidi Saâd
 Hassi R'Mel
 Ksar El Hirane
 Laghouat
 Oued Morra
 Sidi Makhlouf

References

Provinces of Algeria
Crater Lake National Park

Crater Lake National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was created in 1902. It is the only national park in Oregon. The park includes the caldera of Crater Lake, the remains of the destroyed volcano Mount Mazama, and nearby hills and forests. 

The lake is  deep. It is the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest in North America and the ninth deepest in the world. The lake is so deep because of the caldera it is in.

Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it. All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or flowing away underground. The lake is re-filled only from snow and rain.

Related pages
 Cascade Volcanic Arc

References

National parks in the United States
Oregon
Oum El Bouaghi Province

Oum El Bouaghi or Oum el-Bouaghi is a province of Algeria. The capital is Oum el-Bouaghi.

Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 12 districts.  There are also 29 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Babouche
 Aïn Beïda
 Aïn Fakroun
 Aïn Kechra
 Aïn M'Lila
 Dhalaâ
 F'Kirina
 Ksar Sbahi
 Meskiana
 Oum El Bouaghi
 Sigus
 Souk Naâmane

References

Provinces of Algeria
Bob Carr

Robert John "Bob" Carr (born 28 September 1947) was a Labor member of the Australian senate from 6 March 2012 to 24 October 2013 and Foreign Minister  13 March 2012 to 18 September 2013. Before that, he was Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
Premiers of New South Wales
Politicians from Sydney
Australian Labor Party politicians
Members of the Australian Senate
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

A total of 19 places in Australia have been chosen as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Australia agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on 22 August 1974.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2020, there are 20 WHS places in Australia.
 4 cultural sites
 12 natural sites
 4 mixed sites

There are 2 sites which are on a tentative list.

Table

Tentative list
The tentative list consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.
 Great Sandy World Heritage Area
 Gondwana Rainforests (extension to existing property)
 Murujuga Cultural Landscape
 Flinders Ranges

Notes

References

Other websites

 UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Australian culture
Australia
Australia-related lists
Total Recall (1990 movie)

Total Recall is a 1990 American science fiction action movie directed by Paul Verhoeven. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Ironside, Rachel Ticotin and Sharon Stone. It is set in the year 2084 in a terraformed Mars. The movie was released in June 1990. The story of the movie came from "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale" by Philip K. Dick.

It was remade in 2012.

Release dates

Other websites 

1990 action movies
1990s mystery movies
1990 science fiction movies
1990s American action movies
American mystery movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Paul Verhoeven
Movies set in the future
Movies set on Mars
Dystopian movies
Movies about dreams
That's the Way (I Like It)

"That's the Way (I Like It)" is a disco-pop song released during late 1975 by the group KC & the Sunshine Band. It was risqué at the time because of certain lyrics. This single has been covered and sampled by various artists through the years.

Pop songs
1975 songs
Hefei

Hefei () is a city and municipality () in eastern China. Hefei is the capital the Anhui province. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui. It is located in the central portion of the province, and it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast, Tongling to the south, Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west. Hefei has 7.06 million people, 2.18 million of whom lives in the urban area.

History 

From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC, there were many small states in Hefei. The area later became a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. In the 2nd century BC, the name 'Hefei' was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty.

In the 3rd century AD, the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford was fought at Xiaoyao Ford () in Hefei. Zhang Liao, a general of the Wei state, led 800 picked cavalry and defeated the 200,000-strong army from Wu. After this battle, Wu and Wei fought for several decades in Hefei.

Political divisions 
Hefei Municipality is divided into 4 districts, 4 counties and 1 city.

Luyang District ()
Yaohai District ()
Baohe District ()
Shushan District ()
Feidong County ()
Feixi County ()
Changfeng County ()
Lujiang County ()
Chaohu City ()

References

Cities in China
Anhui

Anhui (; ) is a province in the east of China. The capital is Hefei. The area of Anhui is 139,400 km2, the population of it is roughly 62,548,000 (2017).

Administrative divisions
Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions:

Provinces of China
Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)

The Australian Fossil Mammal Sites is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Queensland and South Australia.

The UNESCO listing is for two separate areas where fossils from the Cainozoic era have been found. Riversleigh is in the north west corner of Queensland and Naracoorte is in the south east corner of South Australia. The Riversleigh site is part of the Lawn Hill National Park.

The sites are important for their extinct marsupials. The fossils show the evolution of mammals in Australia over the last 20 million years. The Naracoorte site is part of the Naracoorte Caves National Park. Its fossils show the way marsupials adapted to the great climate changes that have affected the world over the last 170,000 years.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

References  

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Lagerstätten
Protected areas of South Australia
Protected areas of Queensland
Indian Armed Forces

The Indian Armed Forces are the military of India. It is made up of an Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. There are other parts like Paramilitary and Strategic Nuclear Command.

The President of India is its Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defence.

In 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32 million active personnel. This makes it one of the largest militaries in the world.

Currently, the Indian Army is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defences against missiles of other countries. In 2011, India imported more weapons than any other nation in the world.

From its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and one war with China.

Every year, 7 December is celebrated as Armed Forces Flag Day.

References
Na Hye-sok

Na Hye-sok (28 April 1896 – 10 December 1948) was a Korean independence activist and artist, poet, novelist, and feminist activist. She was a famous woman among early 20th century oil painters. Her nickname was Jeongwol.

Work books 
 Na Hye-sok Jeonjip (나혜석전집, 羅蕙錫全集)
 Go on a honeymoon, the tomb of  first love (첫사랑의 무덤으로 신혼여행을 가다)
 Divorce testimony (이혼고백서, 離婚告白書)
 Na Hye-sok Works Collection (나혜석 작품집)
 Gyunghee (경희)
 Jeongsun (정순)

Related pages 
 Uhwudong
 Heo Nanseolheon
 Hwang Jinyi
 Lim Yunjidang

Other websites 

 Na Hye-sok (1896-1946) 
 Na Hye-sok 
 Na Hye-sok:Navercast 
 Times Weekender; Na Hye-Sok Lived Flamboyant Life to Tragic End. - Korea Times (Seoul, Korea) | HighBeam Research - FREE trial 
 Creating new paradigms of womanhood in modern Korean literature: Na Hye-sok's "Kyonghui".(Critical Essay) - Korean Studies | HighBeam Research - FREE trial 
 Most Feminine and Feminist 
 Kyonghui 

Korean writers
Korean poets
Korean painters
Korean feminists
1896 births
1948 deaths
Indian Army

The Indian Army is the part of the Indian Military which operates on land. It is the largest part of the Indian Military.

In 2010, Indian Army had 1,128,000 active personnel and 960,000 personnel. It has more soldiers than any other nation except China and the U.S.

References 

Army
Armies
Old City (Jerusalem)

The Old City (, al-Balda al-Qadimah, , Hin K'aghak, , Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah) of Jerusalem is the oldest part of the city located in Israel. It is an  area that is surrounded by walls. It contains some of the most important places for three major religions. These include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, the Temple Mount for Jews, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims. The Old City formed the whole city of Jerusalem until 1860, when a Jewish neighborhood was built outside the Western Wall.

The Old City is historically divided into four quarters, although the current quarters were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is divided into the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. After the war in 1948, the Old City was occupied by Jordan and the Jewish people living in the city were forced to move out. During the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the Old City and the rest of East Jerusalem. Today, Israel still controls the whole area, which it says is part of its national capital.

In 1980, Jordan asked UNESCO to make the Old City a World Heritage Site. It was added to the World Heritage list in 1981. Because of the conflict over the territory, it was added to the list of sites in danger in 1982. UNESCO policy is that East Jerusalem, including the Old City, is part of the occupied Palestinian territory.

References

Other websites

Virtual tour of the Old City's historic sites
Virtual tour of the Muslim Quarter 
Virtual tour of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Jewish history
History of Islam
History of Palestine
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary

The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary () is a World Heritage Site in Senegal. It is on the Senegal River. It has different wetland areas that are used by many migrating birds. Some birds use the wetland after they cross the Sahara desert. There are almost 400 kinds of birds. Some of the most common are pelicans and flamingos. Many different kinds of animals also live in the park.

References
 WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet 
 Official UNESCO website entry
Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature, des Bassins de rétention et des Lacs artificiels: Parcs et réserves , 13 October 2005.

Other websites

Senegal
Birds
World Heritage Sites in Africa
1971 establishments in Africa
National parks in Africa
Refining

Refining is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a refinery.

Petroleum

Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and  Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.

Sugar
Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.

Metals

There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by  electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.

Table salt
Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.

Industries
American cheese

American cheese (also called a cheese slice or processed cheese) is a kind of pasteurized processed cheese. Usually, it has a mild taste. Originally, it was white, and made by mixing other kinds of cheese, most often Cheddar cheese and Swiss. 

It is no longer produced by mixing existing kinds of cheeses, but by using a number of ingredients. In many countries, including the US, processed cheese is licensed differently to "real" cheese. American cheese may therefore not be sold as "cheese", but as "processed cheese". 

On the label, the word cheese is often left out, and the product is labeled "American slices", "slices" or similar. Since this kind of processed cheese is very common in the United States, it is often used to refer to all kinds of processed cheese. All the same, the term "American cheese" does have a legal definition in the American Code of Federal Regulations.

Processed cheese
Fraser Island

Fraser Island  is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the east coast of Queensland in Australia.

Fraser Island is  long. It is the largest sand island in the world. It has large shifting sand dunes, and highly coloured sand cliffs.  The World Heritage Site covers . 

The island has a range of plants including patches of rainforest. There are also perched freshwater lakes. These are lakes that are not connected to the groundwater, but sit above them. Half of the perched lakes in the world are found on Fraser Island. The water in the lakes is very clear.

The endangered cooloola sedge frog lives on Fraser Island.  Fraser Island is one of only three places where this frog lives.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Islands of Australia
Protected areas of Queensland
Biosphere reserves
Village Voice

The Village Voice is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City. It features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City. It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis. It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.

The Voice was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village. This was its initial coverage area. It expanded to other parts of the city by the 1960s. The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square.  They are now at Cooper Square  in Manhattan in the East Village.

Notes 

Newspapers in New York City
1955 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in New York (state)
Purnululu National Park

Purnululu National Park is an Australian national park in the north east of Western Australia.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The site covers  and includes the Bungle Bungle Ranges. The ranges are made from Devonian era sandstone and have been eroded over 20 million years into shapes like towers and cones. The sandstone has horizontal stripes of orange coloured by iron oxide which dry out quickly, and dark strips where bacteria are growing in damp layers of stone. Other areas of the park include the sand plains which surround the Bungle Bungles; the Ord River valley, and limestone ridges.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Protected areas of Western Australia
National parks in Australia
Cinema of India

The cinema of India includes movies produced in India. It has been around since the early 20th century. Movies made in India are popular in the Middle East, South Asia, and Western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States as well as India. In 2010 India produced the most films, with Hollywood and China behind them. Bollywood (Hindi cinema) and Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema) are considered to be the national cinema of India.

References

 
Indian culture
Lord Howe Island Group

The Lord Howe Island Group is a group of 28 small islands and rocks about  north east of Sydney. The islands are governed by New South Wales. The islands became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

Geography
The islands were formed by a volcano which erupted for a period of about 500,000 years during the Miocene era, about 7 million years ago. This volcano is about  under the sea, and the islands are the tops of the volcano's peak. The main islands of the World Heritage Site are:
 Lord Howe Island
 Ball's Pyramid
 Admiralty Group
 Mutton Bird and Sail Rock
 Blackburn (Rabbit) Island
 Gower Island

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Islands of Australia
Geography of New South Wales
Lord Howe Island

Lord Howe Island is a small island about  north east of Sydney. It is governed by New South Wales. About 70% of the island is part of the Lord Howe Island Group which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. The island was first discovered in 1788 by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, who was captain of the HMS Supply. He was taking convicts from Sydney to start a new prison colony on Norfolk Island.

References

Geography of New South Wales
Islands of Australia
Volcanoes of Australia
Australian National Heritage List
Islam in Iran

The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities. Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist. There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam. When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dihqans, or landed gentry. By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.

Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, it did not become so until much later, around the 15th century. The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf. It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran had become Shi'as, an affiliation that has continued. Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.

Nowadays Islam is the religion of 98% of Iranians, approximately 90% of Iranians are Shi'a and 8% are Sunni, mostly Turkomen, a minority of Arabs (mainly in Hormozgan Province), Baluchs, and Kurds living in the south, southeast, northeast and northwest. Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers.

References 

Iran
Persian culture