cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Diet (nutrition)

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food that is eaten by a person or another organism. Dietary habits are the usual decisions someone or a culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. 

In discussing diet, the key issue is the change in work done. People have moved from manual work to office-type work, and to houses which have washing machines (et cetera). This has happened usually without changes in eating habits got during childhood. This is the basic reason why people get fat, with all the problems which follow. 

With the word diet, it is often expressed the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos, due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthful. A proper nutrition requires a proper ingestion and, also important, the absorption of vitamins, minerals, and food energy in the form of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in health and mortality, and can also define cultures and play a role in religion.

Diets are about eating the right quantity and type of food at the right time. When people talk about a diet, they are usually referring to a special kind of diet. When someone says they are "dieting", it means that they are trying to lose weight. People who study diet and eating habits are called dietitians.
When the diet is not right, people can gain or lose weight. They may become overweight or underweight. To get back to their normal weight, they need to change their diet. This may be very hard to do. Often help from a specialist is required.

Some people will also do fasting - they will not eat anything for some time to lose weight, balance their diet and clean their bodies.

Some people have diseases where they cannot eat certain foods without becoming very sick. They need to change their diet to avoid these foods. A food allergy is a condition in which a specific food makes someone sick. Phenylketonuria is a disease in which a person cannot digest certain foods properly because they have an amino acid, or type of chemical, called phenylalanines in them.

A fad diet is a type of diet that becomes popular for a short time without any major health organizations recommending it.

Health agencies recommend that people maintain a normal weight by limiting consumption of energy-dense foods and sugary drinks, eating plant-based food, limiting consumption of red and processed meat, and limiting alcohol intake.

Related pages
 Nutrition

References 

Food and drink
Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans

Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans is a 2009 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Werner Herzog. It has Nicolas Cage playing a bad lieutenant who bullies people, abuses heroin, painkillers and cocaine and is corrupt on many levels. The movie is similar to but neither a sequel nor remake for Abel Ferrara's 1992 classic movie Bad Lieutenant, which starred Harvey Keitel as a nameless police lieutenant. The 1992 movie was rated NC-17, whereas the 2009 movie received an R rating. Also starring in the 2009 movie is Eva Mendes; she plays the lieutenant's girlfriend.

Other websites 
 

2009 crime movies
2009 drama movies
2000s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Louisiana
New Orleans, Louisiana in fiction
Movies directed by Werner Herzog
Movies about the illegal drug trade
Chief Justice of India

The Chief Justice of the Republic of India is the head of the judicial branch of the government of India and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of India, which makes them the highest ranking officer of the Indian federal judiciary. The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President of India with the advice and consent of the Parliament to serve until they reach the age of sixty-five, resign, are impeached or die.
The current chief justice of India is N. V. Ramana.

Oath of affirmation
Sextant

A sextant is an object used for navigation which measures angles. The user is able to measure the angle between the horizon and an object in the sky, such as the sun, a star, or a planet. It originally could measure angles up to 60°, which was one sixth of a circle. This is how it got its name from the Latin word sextus (six). It helps work out positions of latitude and longitude.

References

Navigation
Sailing
Heimo Pfeifenberger

Heimo Pfeifenberger (born 29 December 1966 in Zederhaus, Salzburg) is a former professional footballer from Austria. He played mainly for SV Austria Salzburg and also in the Austrian national football team. With 74 goals for Salzburg and 43 for Rapid he is one of the best scorers in Austrian football history.

Career
He started playing football in the youth teams of his local club USV Zederhaus. After scoring 56 goals for Zederhaus in the 1987 season he was transferred to Austria Salzburg. Later he played for SK Rapid Wien and Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga. He spent the most successful time of his career with Austria Salzburg in the mid 90s. He became an Austrian Champion for two times (1994 and 1995) and in 1994, he was Austria's top scorer. He was also awarded the Footballer of the year award. After playing for Bremen, he returned to Austria and played again for Salzburg. In 2004, he ended his active career as a professional footballer. Afterwards, he started his managerial career and in 2007, he became the coach for SV Seekirchen in the Regionalliga West(3rd level) and afterwards did also manage SV Grödig. Overall, Both of his careers (as a footballer and as a manager) were successful and he became one of the most influential Austrian player ever.

Manager career
He started as a youth coach for FC Red Bull Salzburg in 2005. After two years, in 2007, he became the coach of SV Grödig in the Reginalliga West and helped the team getting promoted to Erste Liga(2nd level). In the next season, he got replaced as the coach of the team so Andreas Herzog offered him the job of an assistant coach in Austria's under 21 team . After a short time with SPG Axams-Götzens, he became the coach of SV Grödig again in 2010.

Honours

National
    Austrian Football Bundesliga (2):        1994, 1995
   Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (1):        1994
 Austrian Footballer of the Year(1): 1994

International
 Member of the Austrian Team: FIFA World Cup 1990 and 1998
 UEFA Cup final with Austria Salzburg: 1994
 Champions League 1994/95

Manager
Champion Regionalliga West with SV Grödig: 2007/08, 2009/10

1966 births
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Living people
SV Grödig managers
Wolfsberger AC managers
SC Wiener Neustadt managers
Astronomical Almanac

The Astronomical Almanac is a book published each year by the United States Naval Observatory and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office. It includes information on astronomy such as the setting and rising times of the sun, moon, planets and stars, as well as eclipses. It has been published since 1767. In 1981 the American and British publications were combined. The information in the almanac is used by astronomers, navigators, surveyors and space scientists. Using the information it would be possible to work out your position on Earth to within 500 metres.

References

Astronomy
Navigation
Reference works

fa:زیج
Peter Warburton

Peter Egerton Warburton (1813—1889) was an English naval and military officer who became famous as an explorer of Australia. He served as the Commissioner of Police in South Australia.  He was employed by the South Australian government to replace Benjamin Herschel Babbage, because they felt Babbage was moving to slowly. Warburton led several trips into the desert between 1856 and 1874. He found a gap through the ring of salt lakes north of Adelaide in South Australia, which had blocked northward exploration. He visited the artesian springs which he named Coward Springs. He also explored the Davenport Range which he named after Sir Samuel Davenport, a South Australian politician. 

In 1872 he became the first person to cross Australia from the centre, at Alice Springs to the coast of Western Australia. He had to cross the Great Sandy Desert, a trip which left him blind in one eye. He was so ill he completed the trip tied to his camel. They were forced to eat most of their camels. He said they only reason the group survived was through the skills of Charley, their Indigenous Australian guide, Charley.  Warburton was made a CMG and given £1000 as a reward in 1875.

References

1813 births
1889 deaths

Exploration of Australia
British military people
English explorers
Australian police officers
Marree, South Australia

Marree is a small town in South Australia. The area was called Herrgott Springs by John McDouall Stuart who explored the area in 1859. He named them after one of his exploring group, David Herrgott, a Bavarian naturalist, who had found the artesian springs. The town was named Marree during World War One, because of ill feelings towards Germany. Marree was an Aboriginal word meaning "many possums."

The town is 685 km north of the state capital, Adelaide.

References

Towns in South Australia
1859 establishments in Australia
Geiger–Marsden experiment

The Geiger–Marsden experiment (also called the Gold foil experiment or the Rutherford experiment) was a scientific experiment done by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909. They were instructed by Ernest Rutherford, and the experiment happened at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester.  The results of the experiment were surprising. They showed scientists that the atomic nucleus exists. This disproved the plum pudding model of the atom, and led to the Rutherford atomic model (also called the planetary model).

References

Physics experiments

de:Rutherford-Streuung#Rutherfordscher Streuversuch (Manchester, 1909–1913)
Gunnlöð

Gunnlöð is a giantess in Norse mythology, a daughter of the giant Suttungr and granddaughter of Gilling. She slept with Odin.

Norse mythology
Davenport Range

The Davenport Range is a mountain range 760 km north of Adelaide, South Australia. The nearest town is Coober Pedy which about 140 km to the southwest. It was named by the explorer Major Peter Warburton who first saw them in 1859. He named them after Sir Samuel Davenport (1818—1889), a South Australian politician.

References

Mountains of South Australia
Mountain ranges of Australia
Nicolas Cage

Nicolas Kim Coppola (born January 7, 1964), known professionally as Nicolas Cage, is an American actor, producer, and director. He was born in Long Beach, California. He has starred in many movies, including: Peggy Sue Got Married (1986), Moonstruck (1987), Kiss of Death (1995), Face/Off (1997), The Wicker Man, Ghost Rider (2007), Knowing (2009), and Kick-Ass (2010). Cage won an Academy Award for the Best Actor in the movie Leaving Las Vegas (1995). He is the nephew of Francis Ford Coppola.

Early life
He was born on January 7, 1964, in Long Beach, California. His parents were August Floyd Coppola, a professor of literature, and Joy (nee Vogelsang), a dancer and choreographer. He was raised in a Catholic family.

References

Other websites

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Long Beach, California
American movie actors
American movie producers
American Roman Catholics
American television producers
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1964 births
Living people
Arquette family
Lalit Modi

Lalit Kumar Modi, (; born November 29, 1963) Is an Indian businessman. Modi is the founder of the Indian Premier League, where he was the Chairman and Commissioner. Modi was also the Chairman of Airtel Champions League T20. Modi served as the Vice President of the Board of Cricket Control in India (BCCI) and the Punjab Cricket Association.

Lalit Modi is the President and Managing Director of Modi Enterprises and the Executive Director of Godfrey Phillips India.

People from New Delhi
1963 births
Living people
Indian architects
Indian businesspeople
Stuart McCall

Andrew Stuart Murray McCall (born 10 June 1964), usually known as Stuart McCall, is a former footballer who played in central midfield. He played a total of 763 league games during his career, the 13th highest of all British footballers. He is now a football manager, managing Scottish Premier League side Motherwell.

McCall started his professional career with Bradford City, where he made his senior debut in 1982. He played six seasons at Valley Parade, during which time he won the Division Three championship, a title which was overshadowed by a fire at Bradford's stadium when 56 people died and his father Andy was injured. After missing out on promotion in 1987–88, McCall moved to Everton, for whom he scored twice but finished on the losing side in the 1989 FA Cup Final. In 1991, he moved to Rangers, with whom he spent seven seasons and won six league titles, three Scottish Cups and two Scottish League Cups. McCall returned to Bradford City as captain to take them into the top division of English football for the first time in 77 years. After four seasons he moved to Sheffield United, where he retired as a player in 2005.

Despite being born in Leeds, England, McCall qualified to play for Scotland through his Scottish father. He won 40 caps for his country and scored one goal in the 1990 World Cup in Italy. He also played in two European Championships but his international career ended after he was left out of the 1998 World Cup squad.

McCall was part of the coaching staff during his second spell at Bradford City, briefly serving as caretaker-player manager in 2000. He continued his coaching at Sheffield United and was assistant manager to Neil Warnock until May 2007, when he returned to Bradford City for a third time, this time as manager. He spent two-and-a-half seasons in charge of Bradford City, leaving in February 2010. Just before the end of the year, he took over as Motherwell manager.

English footballers
English football managers
1964 births
Living people
Premier League players
Ally McCoist

Alistair Murdoch "Ally" McCoist, MBE (; born 24 September 1962 in Bellshill, North Lanarkshire) is a Scottish former professional football player who played as a striker. He is currently manager of Rangers, where he spent fifteen of his twenty-two years as a player. Since retiring, he has also had a secondary career as a television presenter and sports pundit.

McCoist began his career with St Johnstone before moving to Sunderland in 1981. He returned to Scotland two years later and signed with Rangers. At Rangers, McCoist became the club's record goalscorer, netting 355 goals. In addition to this McCoist holds the Rangers records for number of league goals scored, number of Scottish League Cup goals scored and the most goals scored by a player in European competitions with 251, 54 and 21 respectively. McCoist is also third in the all-time appearance table for Rangers, having made 581 appearances for the club.

McCoist is the Scottish top-tier league's all-time leading goalscorer, having netted 291 times for St. Johnstone, Rangers and Kilmarnock between 1979 and 2001.

Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
British television personalities
Living people
1962 births
North Lanarkshire
Oodnadatta, South Australia

Oodnadatta is a small town in the north of South Australia, 1011 km from Adelaide. About 150 people live in the town, of whom 80% are Aboriginal people from the Aranda, Antakarainnja, Luritja and Pitjantjatjara nations. The name Oodnadatta comes from an Aranda word, utnadata, which means mulga blossom. 

Explorer John McDouall Stuart visited the area in 1859. His route was later used as the route for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line in 1872. The discovery of good artesian wells meant that a town could be set up for the building of the railway which eventually went to Alice Springs.

References

Oodnadatta
Indigenous Australian communities
1890 establishments
1890s establishments in Australia
Davie Cooper

David "Davie" Cooper (25 February 1956 – 23 March 1995) was a professional football player. He was a Scotland international and played as a left winger. 

He started his career at Clydebank F.C. where he was an instant success, helping the club to the second division championship in 1975-1976. Some of the major clubs began to take notice of his ability and in 1977 he was signed by Rangers manager Jock Wallace for £100,000. With Rangers, Cooper won three League Championships and three Scottish Cups. By season 1988-1989 he was no longer a first team regular and moved to Motherwell for £50,000. He went on to win the Scottish Cup with Motherwell in 1991 before returning to his former club Clydebank in 1994.

Dutch footballing legend Ruud Gullit played against Davie Cooper in a friendly match for Feyenoord against Rangers, after which he called Cooper one of the greatest players he has ever seen, he later named Cooper in his greatest XI in football magazine Four Four Two 

He died of a brain haemorrhage on 23 March 1995 whilst he was filming a coaching video.

References

1956 births
1995 deaths
Scottish footballers
Port Augusta, South Australia

Port Augusta is a city in South Australia at the top of Spencer Gulf, 322 km north of Adelaide. The first people to live in the area where the indigenous Banggarla or Nuguna people. Matthew Flinders explored the gulf in 1802. Edward Eyre explored the land in 1839 before going north to Lake Eyre. The harbour was set up in 1852 by Alexander Elder and John Grainger. They named it after Lady Augusta Sophia Young, the wife of the Governor of South Australia. Because of its location, the city quickly became an important port, servicing much of the inland of Australia. In 2018 there were 13,799 people living in Port Augusta.

References

Cities in South Australia
Saasen (Reiskirchen)

Saasen is a small village in the municipality of Reiskirchen. It is in the Gießen district of Hesse in Germany. The village includes the parts Bollenbach, Veitsberg and Wirberg, an old castle. Currently Saasen has 1,156 people living there.

The name of Saasen changed many times in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Climate 
Saasen has a temperate climate. Winters are mild and summers are cool.

Villages in Hesse
Daniel Offenbacher

Daniel Offenbacher(born February 18, 1992 in Scheifling, Austria) is an Austrian football player. He is playing for the Red Bull Juniors, the second team of F.C. Red Bull Salzburg, in the Regionalliga West (3rd level in Austrian football) as midfielder. 2011 he signed a contract for the first team. Currently he is playing on loan with Blau-Weiß Linz in the Second League.

Career
He started playing in his local club SV Scheifling in Styria. 2006 he came to Red Bull Salzburg academy and played in their youth teams. His first professional match was on 16 October 2009 in a match versus FC Wacker Innsbruck for the Red Bull Juniors. His first match in the first squad was exactly one year later when he substituted Ibrahim Sekagya in minute 68 in a league match versus SV Kapfenberg. 2010 he became regular member of the Juniors and played  four times in the first squad. With the second squad he became champion of the Regionalliga West. He also was member of the Austrian team for the FIFA U20 World Cup in 2011.

Honours
Champion of Austrias Regionalliga West 2010/11
Member of the Austrian team for the FIFA U20 World Cup 2011

References

1992 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
People from Styria
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Blenheim Palace

Blenheim Palace is a grand building in the town of Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England, UK. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
The palace was built to celebrate a great victory over the French at Blenheim, in 1704. The great country home was designed by architects Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. It has a park that was landscaped by Capability Brown.

Blenheim was the home of John Churchill, who was the 1st Duke of Marlborough. His successors still live in the palace.

Sir Winston Churchill was born at Blenheim.

Blenheim Palace and its grounds were named a World Heritage Site, in 1987.

Gallery

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites 

Palaces in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Natalya Bochkareva

Natalya Vladimirovna Bochkareva (; 25 July 1980) is an Russian stage and movie actress and television presenter.

Biography 
Natalya Vladimirovna Bochkareva was born in Gorky [now Nizhny Novgorod]. Both her parents died, her mother died at age 54 from complications after strokes and her father died at age 52 several years later. She has one sibling, younger sister Nadezhda Bochkareva.

In 2000 she graduated from Nizhny Novgorod Theatre School, and in 2002 from Moscow Art Theatre School.

Career 
She started her career in 1999 when played a small role in movie "Chinese service". Since 2006 she play main role Darya Bukina in TV series "Happy Together". It is an adaptation of series "Married ... With Children".  She has been an actress with the Moscow Art Theatre since 2002.

Since 2010, she also is a television presenter.

Personal life 
On September 28, 2007 she married lawyer Nikolai Borisov. They has a two children, son Ivan Borisov (born on January 4, 2007) and daughter Maria Borisova (born on February 22, 2008). Natalya also has a stepdaughter, Alysa Borisova.

References

1980 births
Living people
Russian stage actors
Russian movie actors
Nissan Terrano II

The Nissan Terrano II was a automobile that was made by Nissan Motor Company, introduced in 1993. It was replaced by the Nissan Qashqai in 2006.

Engines 
 2.4 85 kW (116 hp), 87 kW (118 hp) and 91 kW (124 hp)
 2.7 TD 74 kW (100 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
 3.0 Di 113 kW (154 hp)

Terrano II
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles

da:Nissan Terrano#Terrano II (R20, 1993−2007)
Buddleja

Buddleja is a genus in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, although previously it had been placed the Logania family. They are commonly called butterfly bushes. Buddleja davidii is the type species. It is in the order Lamiales (previously Gentianales).

References

Scrophulariaceae
Asteridae

Asteridae is a Linnaean term with the rank of subclass. By definition it always includes the family Asteraceae (Compositae). However, in the modern APG III system of classification, asterid and euasterid are names for clades. Their member families are similar to those of the Asteridae.

One of the better-known systems that recognized subclass Asteridae was the Cronquist system, which included the orders:

 Gentianales
 Solanales
 Lamiales
 Callitrichales
 Plantaginales
 Scrophulariales
 Campanulales
 Rubiales
 Dipsacales
 Calycerales
 Asterales

Most of the above orders as defined by Cronquist have been dramatically redefined on the basis of recent molecular systematic studies.

References 

Eudicots
Klebsiella

Klebsiella is a dangerous bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a main cause of pneumonia in children. A new drug resistant strain was discovered recently. The type species is Klebsiella pneumoniae. It can also cause donovanosis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD).

Gram-negative bacteria
Mesa

Mesa (Spanish and Portuguese for "table") is a steep-sided, flat-topped hill or mountain. They are sometimes called "table mountains." These mountains are mainly found in Spain, Africa and in some parts of the United States.

Mountains
Tennant Creek, Northern Territory

Tennant Creek is a small town in the Northern Territory of Australia, about 500 km north of Alice Springs and 1000 km south of Darwin. There are about 3,500 people living in the town. The area is part of the Barkly Tablelands, a large flat grassy plain the size of the United Kingdom, famous for its large cattle stations (farms). The first people to live in the area were the Warramunga people. 

The explorer John McDouall Stuart was the first European to visit the area in 1860, but was attacked by warriors from the Warramunga at Attack Creek. In the battle at the creek, Stuart wrote that they "took steady aim" and fired their guns at the Warramunga, but he does not mention if any were killed or injured. Stuart named Tennant Creek after a John Tennant, of Port Lincoln, South Australia.

A repeater station for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line was built 11 km north of Tennant Creek in 1872.

There was a gold rush to Tennant Creek in 1930, Australia's last gold rush. Mining is still a major activity in the area, with gold, manganese and copper mines. In 2011 the Australian government proposed building a nuclear waste dump near the town despite protests from the traditional Aboriginal land owners. The traditional owners challenged the proposal in the Federal Court in June 2014, and the Northern Land Council dropped its plans.

References

Towns in the Northern Territory
1870s establishments in Australia
Royal Geographical Society

Royal Geographical Society (RGS),  also known as the Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers (RGS-IBG),<ref>RGS-IBG is an acronym.  RGS stands for Royal Geographical Society and Institute of British G'eographers.</ref> is a British professional society engaged in the moving forward of geographical knowledge.

The current president is Michael Palin.

History
RGS was established in 1830.  The society started as a club where men could talk about geography while eating dinner.

Today the society has become a world centre for geography.  RGS supports research, education, expeditions and fieldwork.

Notable membersThis list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.''
 David Livingstone
 Henry Morton Stanley
 Robert Falcon Scott
 Ernest Shackleton
 John Hunt, Baron Hunt 
 Edmund Hillary
 John George Bartholomew

Related pages 
 List of Royal Societies

References

Other websites
 Royal Geographical Society website 

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Geography
Geographical
1830 establishments in Europe
1830s establishments in the United Kingdom
Benjamin Herschel Babbage

Benjamin Herschel Babbage (1815—1878) was an English scientist, engineer and explorer. Babbage was the son of the famous mathematician, Charles Babbage. He went to South Australia to map the geography and the location of minerals.

Babbage was very thorough, and spent a lot of time making sure that his information was correct. He carried a lot of equipment, as well as four and half tonnes of food, enough to last 18 months in the desert. Among his supplies he had 20 kilograms of chocolate and 5000 litres of water. He also took a flock of 150 sheep, which limited the speed the group could move. The government became frustrated with Babbage's slow progress, they wanted to know about possible farm lands and valuable minerals as soon as possible. Eventually Babbage was removed from the job and replaced by Major Peter Warburton.

Babbage later helped on the planning for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. He was interested in growing grapes and retired to his large vineyard at St.Marys. He died on 20 October 1878, and is buried at St.Marys.

References

1815 births
1878 deaths

Exploration of Australia
People from South Australia
English explorers
Stuart Highway

The Stuart Highway is one of Australia's major roads. It links Port Augusta, South Australia, with Darwin in the Northern Territory a distance of 2,834 km. It is named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart, and much of the road follows the route he took on his epic journey in 1862. The highway is promoted as a tourist attraction, called the "Explorer's Way". For many years in Australia it was simply known as "The Track". Towns on the highway include Marla, Coober Pedy, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek and Katherine.

References

Other websites
 The Explorer's Way

Roads in Australia
Malva

Malva is a genus of about 25-30 species of plants commonly called mallows. It is the type genus in the family Malvaceae. Several species are widely grown as garden flowers, while some are invasive weeds,such as M. neglecta. The color mauve is named after the French name of the plant. The word Mallow comes from the old English "malwe" which was imported from the word "Malva".

References

Malvaceae
Poinsettia

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is a red and green plant popular at Christmas time. It grows in Mexico and Central America and is an important export. It belongs to the order Malpighiales.

Many flowering plants use the pigment phytochrome to sense seasonal changes in day length, which they take as signals to flower. This sensitivity to day length is termed photoperiodism. Short day plants flower when the length of daylight falls below a certain critical level. 

It is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering.  Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin.  

Plants make use of the phytochrome system to sense day length or photoperiod.  This fact is used by florists and greenhouse gardeners to control and induce flowering out of season, such as with Poinsettia.

Euphorbiaceae
Gold Coast (Florida)

The Gold Coast is a region on the southwestern coast of the U.S. state of Florida. It is between Tequesta and Florida City. It includes the cities of Miami and Fort Lauderdale, as well as West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, and Hollywood.

Geography of Florida
Erysipeloid

Erysipeloid is a mild disease caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix. The only symptom is mild cellulitis. The disease is very rare and is seen in people who handle raw fish or meat.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Dipsacaceae

Dipsacaceae, or teasel family, was a family in the order Dipsacales. It contained 350 species of perennial or biennial herbs and shrubs. (Perennial means that a plant lives for two or more years. Biennial means that a plant takes two years to grow fully.) The family contained eleven (11) genera. It is in the family Caprifoliaceae now.

These plants live in most temperate climates. They are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The family contains these genera:
Acanthocalyx
Dipsacus (teasel)
Knautia
Scabiosa
Succisa (devil's bit)
Succisella
Morina -- also placed in its own family, Morinaceae.
Cephalaria
Pterocephalus
Callistemma
Pycnocomon
Triplostegia

Outside pages
Dipsacaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF

Dipsacales
Venda language

Venda, also called  or , is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa. Most Venda speakers live in South Africa, but some speakers live in Zimbabwe. The Venda language is very similar to the Kalanga language, which is spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe. During the Apartheid era of South Africa, Venda speakers lived in the bantustan of Venda.

Venda is a language in the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo language family.

Venda is spoken by about 666,000 people in the northern part of South Africa's Limpopo Province. Around 84,000 people in Zimbabwe also speak the language.

Writing 
The Venda language uses the Latin alphabet. It has five (5) extra accented letters. Four consonants have a circumflex below the letter (ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ) and one consonant has an overdot (ṅ). 

The letters C, J, and Q are used when writing foreign words and names.

Unicode 
The extra letters have these Unicode names 
  U+1E12 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E13 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E3C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E3D LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E44 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE 
  U+1E45 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE 
  U+1E4A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E4B LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E70 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E71 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW

References

Other websites 

Ethnologue entry for Venda
Tshivenda - South African Languages
Batho Portal Welcome page in Venda 
PanAfrican L10n page on Venda

Computer programs 
 Spell checker for OpenOffice.org and Mozilla , OpenOffice.org , Mozilla Firefox web-browser , and Mozilla Thunderbird email program  in Venda
 Translate.org.za  Project to translate Free and Open Source Software into all the official languages of South Africa including Venda
 Keyboard with extra venda characters 

Languages of South Africa
Zimbabwe
Bantu languages
Deinococcus radiodurans

Deinococcus radiodurans is a gram-positive, nonmotile, red-pigmented bacterium. It was originally identified as a contaminant of irradiated canned meat in 1956. 

Deinococcus radiodurans has the systems for DNA repair, DNA damage export and genetic redundancy. It can recover from desiccation (loss of water) and starvation. It has a very high tolerance to radiation forms like gamma radiation.  It is so far known as the most radioactive resistant organism. Thioredoxin reductase is an enzyme found in the cells' response to double-strand DNA breaks.

D. radiodurans has a gene sequence that encodes for a protein that is very similar to the RecD enzyme found in E. coli. This significant finding suggests that this RecD-like protein in D. radiodurans is an important part of the repair system it uses. 

It may be possible to make other bacteria as radiation resistant as D. radiodurans by changing their genetics. One research team in China is trying to insert an expressive recombinant Mn-SOD protein from D. radiodurans into E.coli BL21. The real challenge here is making the protein self-sustaining in the new species. The team has "provided the foundations for further studies and applications of the recombinant Mn-SOD".

Genus 
The genus Deinococcus has 47 species, which share these characteristics. D. radiodurans is the one discovered first, and on which most experiments have been done. All members of the genus are radio-resistant.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Extremophiles
Karl Zankl

Karl Zankl († 3 October 1945) was an Austrian football player and coach.

He played for Cricketer, Polizei SV and Wiener Sport-Club as midfielder. With Sport-Club he became Austrian champion 1922 and Cup winner 1923. During the Second World War he was engaged in a resistance group against the nazis. At the end of the war he tried to reestablish the Austrian Football Federation (ÖFB). He also formed a national football team and became the first coach of the post war aera. He also was the first president of the Vienna Football association after the World War.

Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
Menindee, New South Wales

Menindee is a small town on the banks of the Darling River in New South Wales, Australia. It is 1,271 km west of the state capital, Sydney. There are about 980 people who live in Menindee. The explorer Major Thomas Mitchell was the first Europen to visit the area in 1835. He named the lakes in the area Laidley Ponds. A hotel was built by Tom Paine in 1853, which became an important supply base for the Burke and Wills expedition in 1860.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Adelaide River

The Adelaide River is in the Northern Territory of Australia. It starts in the Lichfield National Park and flows into the sea at Clarence Strait, about 50 km northeast of Darwin. The river is about 253 km in length. It is well known for its Saltwater Crocodiles.

Europeans first explored the river in 1839 when a British sailor, Ben Helpmann, explored it by boat.

References

Rivers of the Northern Territory
Eduard Bauer

Eduard "Edi" Bauer (* 13 February 1894 - 4 March 1948) was an Austrian football player and coach. He played for SK Rapid Wien and the Austrian national football team as striker. He was also coach of the Austrian national football team.

Eduard Bauer died 1948 in duty through complications after an operation.

Honours

Player 
 8 x Austrian Champion: 1912, 1913, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1923
 2 x Austrian Cup: 1919, 1920
 1 x Final Mitropacup: 1928
 2 x Best scorer: 1917, 1918

Coach
 1 x Mitropacup: 1930
 3 x Austrian Champion: 1929, 1930, 1935
 1 x Austrian Cup: 1927

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
1894 births
1948 deaths
Roper River

The Roper River is in the Northern Territory of Australia. It flows east for 400 km from near Mataranka before it flows into the Gulf of Carpentaria.

The Roper was first explored by Europens in 1845, when the explorer Ludwig Leichardt crossed on his way west from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. He name it after a member of his group, John Roper. It is can be used by boats as far as the Roper Bar, and in the 1880's there were several paddlesteamers working on the river.

References

Rivers of the Northern Territory
Mary River (Northern Territory)

The Mary River flows in the Northern Territory of Australia and is a site of the Mary River National Park.  Its lower reaches form part of the Adelaide and Mary River Floodplains. It was named in 1862 by the explorer John McDouall Stuart. He named it after the daughter of his employer, James Chambers.

References

Other websites

Northern Territory Government entry on the Mary River National Park 
pdf maps of river and environs

Rivers of the Northern Territory
Manuel L. Quezon

Manuel Luis Quezón y Molina (August 19, 1878 – August 1, 1944) served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines. Quezón is considered by most Filipinos to have been the second president of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo (1897–1901).

Quezón was the first Senate president elected to the presidency, the first president elected through a national election, and the first president to be re-elected. He is known as the "Father of the National Language".

During his presidency, Quezón tackled the problem of landless peasants in the countryside. He also reorganized the islands's military defenses, planned to reorganize the government, promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao, tried to end foreign control over Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform and the tackling of graft and corruption within the government. Quezón set up a government-in-exile in the US when World War II started and the Philippines were threatened with a Japanese invasion. During his exile in the US, Manuel Quezón died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.

1878 births
1944 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from tuberculosis
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Infectious disease deaths in New York
Majors
Military personnel of World War II
Presidents of the Philippines
Susan Raab

Susan Raab (1969—November 27, 2006) was an American theatre actress and producer.

Career 
For seven years, Susan Raab worked as an associate producer for L.A. Theatre Works nationally syndicated radio theater series "The Play's the Thing", which airs weekly in the Bay Area on KPFA.

Personal life 
She was married to Oscar-winning director Eric Simonson since 2004 until her death in 2006. They had a one child.

Death 
Raab died after her 8-month battle with breast cancer at the age 37 in Marin County. She was buried in St. Anselm Church in Ross.

1969 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Jamuna River

The Jamuna River (Bangla: যমুনা Jomuna) is one of the three major rivers of Bangladesh. The river flows from India to Bangladesh and is a major channel of the Brahmaputra River. The Jamuna flows in the southward direction and meets the Padma River (Pôdda) and Meghna River near Goalundo Ghat and Chandpur respectively. These waters then together flow into the Bay of Bengal.

The Jamuna is known to be a very wide river. The breadth of the river, from bank to bank, is about 2 miles in the dry season while its about 5 miles during the rainy season. The River also acts as an important resource for transportation.

Rivers of Bangladesh
Rockbeare

Rockbeare is a village and civil parish in East Devon, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 880 people living in Rockbeare.

References 

Villages in Devon
East Devon
Civil parishes in Devon
Cornish dialect

Cornish Dialect (also called Anglo-Cornish Dialect) is the dialect of the English language spoken in Cornwall.

History 

A long time ago, people in Cornwall spoke the Cornish language. This is a language similar to Welsh and Breton. After a while, people speaking English came into Cornwall, and the Cornish people started to learn English. They didn't speak in exactly the same way as the people they learned English from, instead they spoke in a distinct way, the Cornish dialect of English. Eventually they forgot how to speak the original Cornish language by about the year 1800.

International use 

Cornish people also spoke Cornish dialect when they went abroad to America and Australia and other places.

Geography 

The Cornish dialect changes between the west and east of Cornwall. In the east, it is more like how people in Devon speak.

Differences between Cornish Dialect and 'proper' English 

Sometimes Cornish people use different words to people who speak 'proper' English. They might also say the words in a different order when they speak Cornish dialect from when they speak 'proper' English, which is a difference in grammar between Cornish dialect and 'proper' English. Other times, they say the same words in a different way using different vowel sounds from 'proper' English.

Decline 
When Cornish people started to go to school in the late 19th century, teachers told them to speak 'proper' English not dialect. A lot of people thought that people who spoke the dialect were not as intelligent and educated as those who spoke 'proper' English, so people spoke the dialect less, and the dialect declined. In the 20th century, a lot of people moved into Cornwall from the south east part of England near London. These people did not speak the Cornish dialect and found it hard to understand Cornish people who spoke it. The Cornish people spoke the dialect less because they did not want people not to be able to understand them.

Preservation
As fewer people spoke the Cornish dialect, other people, such as people in the Old Cornwall Society,  wrote down the dialect, and made audio recordings, so the dialect wouldn't be lost.

Literature
People have written books, short stories, and poetry in Cornish Dialect.

References

Further reading
 M. A. Courtney; T. Q. Couch: Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall. West Cornwall, by M. A. Courtney; East Cornwall, by T. Q. Couch. London: published for the English Dialect Society, by Trübner & Co., 1880
Pol Hodge: The Cornish Dialect and the Cornish Language. 19 p. Gwinear: Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 1997 
David J. North & Adam Sharpe: A Word-geography of Cornwall. Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies, 1980 (includes word-maps of Cornish words)
Martyn F. Wakelin: Language and History in Cornwall. Leicester University Press, 1975  (based on the author's thesis, University of Leeds, 1969)

Other websites
Old Cornwall Society dialect webpages 

Cornwall
British English
High Easter

High Easter is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 657 people living in High Easter.

References 

Villages in Essex
Uttlesford
Civil parishes in Essex
Cullompton

Cullompton is a town and civil parish in Mid Devon, Devon, England. In 2010 there were 8,639 people living in Cullompton. It is also near Cullompton Services, on the M5 motorway.

How the town got its name and spelling 
There are two ideas about how the town got its name. The first idea is that its name means farm near the River Culm and that the name Culm means twisted, because the river has lots of bends  The second idea is that it is named after Saint Columba of Tir-de-Glas who some people think came to Cullompton in 549 AD.

In the past there were 40 different ways to spell Cullompton. In the nineteenth century people used 3 different spellings. The Royal Mail who delivered letters, spelt it Cullompton. The first map made by the Ordnance Survey called it Cullumpton. The railway station sign said Collumpton. By 1889 almost everyone agreed to spell it Cullompton. 

People who live in the town and like it call it Cully.

History 
A Roman fort was built on St Andrew's Hill above the town. This was later replaced by a second fort. Pottery which was made between 50 and 70 AD was found in the field where the forts were. Some more pottery was found in the middle of Cullompton. This was not as old as the pottery from the fort and was made in the second and third centuries.

The first written record of Cullompton is in the will of the English King Alfred the Great.

Other websites 
 http://www.cullompton.org/

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Towns in Devon
Mid Devon
Antlers

Antlers are usually large, branching structures, made of bone, which grow on the heads of deer and similar animals.

With deer, only males have antlers. Only reindeer (caribou) have antlers on the females, and these are normally smaller than those of the males.

Growth of antlers 
While an antler is growing, it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone.  

Antlers are one of the most striking cases of male secondary sex characteristics in the animal kingdom. They grow faster than any other mammal bones.  Growth occurs at the tip, and is initially cartilage, which is mineralized to become bone. Once the antler has achieved its full size, the velvet is lost and the antler's bone dies. This dead bone structure is the mature antler. The antlers fall off at some point. 

To re-grow antlers each year uses up nutrition, so they are honest signals of food gathering capability.

Sexual selection
The principle means of evolution of antlers is sexual selection, which operates by two mechanisms: Male–male competition (behaviorally, physiologically) and female mate choice. 

Male–male competition can take place in two forms. First, they can compete when males use their antlers as weapons to compete for mates; second, they can compete where males present their antlers to display their strength and fertility. Males with the largest antlers are more likely to obtain mates and achieve fertilization success.

Related pages
Horn (anatomy), a structure similar to antlers, but made of keratin instead of bone

References 

Animal anatomy
Citroën

Citroën is automobile manufacturer based in France. André-Gustave Citroën started the company in 1919 and it became the first mass-production automobile company outside the USA. Citroën was the first to create a sales and services network that goes with the automobile.

Innovations 
Citroën were innovators in automobile design. Their Traction Avant (pictured) had the first mass production of three revolutionary features that are still in use today. They are: a unitary body with no separate frame, four-wheel independent suspension, and front-wheel drive.

Later on, in the 1950s, Citroën developed a remarkable type of suspension. A high-pressure hydraulic system was used in over 9 million Citroën cars. They included the DS, SM, GS, CX, BX, XM, Xantia, C5, and C6. Self-levelling is the principal benefit – the car kept a constant ride height above the road. It adjusted to the passenger and cargo load, and gave a  very soft suspension. This type of suspension smooths out road irregularities without disturbing the occupants. It is often compared to riding on a 'magic carpet' for this reason.

Models
 Citroën Berlingo
 Citroën AX
 Citroën BX
 Citroën C5
 Citroën C6
 Citroën Evasion
 Citroën Jumper
 Citroën Saxo
 Citroën Xantia
 Citroën XM
 Citroën Xsara

References 

Automobile companies of France
1919 establishments in France
Stove

A stove is an enclosed heated space. The word is usually taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating, either to heat the space in which the stove is found or to heat the stove itself, and anything placed on it. This article is principally concerned with enclosed stoves burning solid fuels for room heating.

Kitchen stove

A kitchen stove is a kitchen appliance designed for cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven underneath it which is used for baking.

Cooking appliances

de:Wärmegerät
Yarcombe

Yarcombe is a village and civil parish in East Devon, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 530 people living in Yarcombe.

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Villages in Devon
East Devon