cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Contiki

Contiki is a small, open source free operating system.  It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems.  It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.

The name Contiki comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.

The basic kernel and most of the core functions were developed by Adam Dunkels at the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

Features 

A full installation of Contiki includes the following features:
 Multitasking kernel
 Optional per-application pre-emptive multithreading
 Protothreads
 TCP/IP networking
 Windowing system and GUI
 Networked remote display using Virtual Network Computing
 A web browser (claimed to be the world's smallest)
 Personal web server
 Simple telnet client
 Screensaver

More applications planned include:
 an email program
 an Internet Relay Chat client

Ports 

The Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems:

 Computers:
 Apple II family*
 Atari 8-bit*
 Atari ST
 Atari Portfolio
 Casio Pocketview
 Commodore PET*
 Commodore VIC 20*
 Commodore 64*
 Commodore 128*
 GP32
 PC-6001
 Sharp Wizard
 x86-based Unix-like systems, on top of GTK+ as well as directly using the X Window System
* cc65 based development

 Video game consoles:
 PC Engine
 Sega Dreamcast
 Sony PlayStation

 Handheld game consoles:
 Nintendo Game Boy
 Nintendo Game Boy Advance

 Microcontrollers:
 Atmel AVR
 TI MSP430

Related pages

References 

Operating systems
Princess Madeleine of Sweden

Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess. She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.

Princess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill. The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.

Early life 
Princess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden. Her fourth name, Josephine, honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.

Forbes Magazine ranked Madeleine at 12th place on its "20 Hottest Young Royals" list in 2008.

References 

1982 births
Living people
Swedish royalty
Queen Silvia of Sweden

Queen Silvia of Sweden (born Silvia Renate Sommerlath) (born 23 December 1943) and of half German, half Brazilian descent is the Queen consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf, Sweden's monarch, and the mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria. Their other two children are
 Prince Carl Philip of Sweden and
 Princess Madeleine of Sweden

She is styled Her Majesty The Queen and is in Sweden most often referred to as Queen Silvia. 

She also make efforts for charitable organizations, human rights and sign language and opposes child sexual abuse and child pornography.

1943 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of Sweden
People from Munich
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Kings and Queens consort
Princess Victoria of Sweden

Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (full name in Swedish: Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée, born 14 July 1977) is the heiress apparent to the throne of Sweden.

Early life 
Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna. She is eldest child and elder daughter of Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Victoria has two younger siblings, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.

Marriage and children 
Victoria married her former personal trainer, Daniel Westling, on 19 June 2010. They have two children:

 Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland (born 23 February 2012)
 Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne (born 2 March 2016)

Titles and styles
14 July 1977 – 31 December 1979: Her Royal Highness Princess Victoria of Sweden.
1 January 1980 – 9 January 1980: Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden.
9 January 1980 – present : Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland.

1977 births
Living people
Swedish royalty
Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland

Prince Carl Philip of Sweden (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil, born May 13, 1979), Duke of Värmland is a Swedish prince. He is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.

He was born Crown Prince of Sweden, because Sweden did not allow women to rule as Queen Regnant. On January 1, 1980 the Act of Succession was changed to introduce fully cognate succession. Since then, Carl Philip has been second in the line of succession, after his elder sister, Crown Princess Victoria. 

However, because the UK still has male primogeniture (brothers inherit before sisters), Carl Philip is ahead of his elder sister in the line of succession to the British throne.

Carl Philip was christened at The Royal Palace Church on August 31, 1979. His godparents are Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Princess Birgitta of Sweden.

He married Sofia Hellqvist on 13 June 2015. On 19 April 2016 their first child, Prince Alexander was born.

1979 births
Living people
Swedish royalty
Hermeskeil

Hermeskeil is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
About 5,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Trier-Saarburg
Reinsfeld

Reinsfeld is a village in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. 
About 2,000 people live there.

Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg
Hunsrück

The Hunsrück is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.

Many of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsrück, all bearing names on their own: the (Schwarzwälder) Hochwald, the Idarwald, the Soonwald, and the Binger Wald. The highest peak is the Erbeskopf (816 m).

Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach.  Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.

The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.

The German TV drama trilogy Heimat, directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.

Other websites 

Photos of HEIMAT- und HEIMAT3 - film locations at Hunsrück/Germany 

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Mountain ranges of Germany
Kentwood, Louisiana

Kentwood is a small town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border. The population was 2,205 at the 2000 census. It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears

References 

Towns in Louisiana
I'm with You

I'm with You is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, Let Go. The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie Bruce Almighty.

Formats and tracklistings 
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "I'm with You".

CD single 
 "I'm with You"
 "I'm with You (Live)"
 "Unwanted (Live)"
 "I'm with You (Video)"

Charts

References 

Avril Lavigne songs
2002 songs
Somersault

A somersault is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a flip (or, if performed backwards, a backflip). 
A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a Gainer

The word comes from the old French word sombresault, which is no longer used.

Gymnastics
Lisa Donovan

Lisa Donovan (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other. She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program MadTV.

1980 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
Actors from New York City
Writers from Los Angeles
American television actors
Internet celebrities
Comedians from New York City
Augite

Augite is a mineral. The mineral's name comes from the Greek word augites, meaning "brightness". However, augites only look shiny some of the time. Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.
Augite is a pyroxene.

Related pages
List of minerals

Minerals
Onyx

An onyx is a type of black rock mineral with white banded lines around it.

Related pages
 List of minerals
 Jewel
 Birthstone

Minerals
Opal

The opal is a fairly white rock mineral. It is the birthstone for the month of October. Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water.

Related pages
List of minerals

Gemstones
Birthstones
Amethyst

An amethyst is a  mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually transparent and best known for its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it. 

Heating the amethyst either takes away its color or changes it to a yellow hue. Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina). The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February. In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.

Meaning and superstition 
Many people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk. This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word amethustos, means "without being drunken". 

Also they are thought to be good for healing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.

Amethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look gentle. The “powers” of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage,  protection from robbers, and happiness.

In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of New Jerusalem.

There are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers. 

Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.

Decoration 
The amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways. It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks. It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes. People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.

The amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility. This is because its royal color was purple. When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones). Then, it was set in gold. 

During the 15th century, the French fleur-de-lis brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times. The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts.

References 

Gemstones
Birthstones
Emerald

An emerald is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May. It is a green crystal. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.

Etymology 
The word emerald comes from Vulgar Latin. The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word Smaragdus, which came from the Greek,  (smaragdos; "green gem"). It first came from a Semitic word, izmargad (). This meant "emerald" or "green". The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (בָּרָק ;البُراق; "lightning" or "shine") (c.f.  bareqeth and , barq, "lightning"). It is where the Persian ( zomorrod), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( maragdam) and Russian (; izumrúd) words came from.

Related pages
 List of minerals
 Emerald (color)

References 

Gemstones
Birthstones
Garnet

A garnet  is one kind of silicate mineral. There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals. Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty. Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry. In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January.

Related pages
 List of minerals
 List of birthstones

Sources

Further reading
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, 
Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones

Other websites

http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com contains a comprehensive section about garnets and garnet magnetism.
USGS Garnet locations – USA
http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/garnet.html 
http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html
 Blog post on garnets on the Law Library of Congress's blog

Gemstones
Birthstones
Ralph Macchio

Ralph Macchio (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in My Cousin Vinny, The Karate Kid, The Karate Kid II, and The Karate Kid III. He was also in the movie The Outsiders as Johnny.

Other websites 

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York
French Armenian Legion

The French Armenian Legion, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire.

Related pages
 Armenian Legion

20th century in Armenia
1916 in France
Vahan Kurkjian

Vahan M. Kurkjian (; Aleppo, 1863 – New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader.

Other websites 
History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian, full text of the book.

Armenian historians
Armenian writers
1863 births
1961 deaths
Aleppo
North India

Northern India, also known as Hindustan, is a land and cultural region of India. In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-east India, East India, West India and South India.

As a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of six Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan also The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India. It shares some of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage with neighboring Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, which was part of British India empire prior to the 1947 Independence. The North Indian Plain is a large part of it.

Related pages
Church of North India

Other websites
 Ampur: A Virtual Village 
 More Info about Northern India 
 North India - New Delhi (Capital) City Guide

Regions of India
Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference (sometimes called the Crimea Conference) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the end of the Second World War in Europe. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was important in European history.

Agreements 

The allies agreed at Yalta :
 Germany would be completely disarmed.
 A new world organisation would be set up, the United Nations.
 Stalin would join the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.
 Germany would be split up into four different pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
 Berlin would also be split up into four different areas
 Germans who committed war crimes would be judged and sentenced.
 A Soviet-dominated government would be set up in Poland
 Eastern Europe would be under Soviet influence.
 Free elections would be held in countries free from German rule.
 Planning would start on war reparations by Germany and how much money it would owe the other countries.

Related pages
 Potsdam Conference

Other websites
 A revision site for IGCSE students
 The Yalta Betrayal 
 In Depth information on Yalta, not recommended for Simple Wikipedia Users 
 The Aims of The Allies at the Yalta Conference in depth

World War II
Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the dictator of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.

The first conference was held at Yalta, but the Allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the United States had a new president, Truman, who was much tougher on communism than the previous president, Franklin Roosevelt, had been, which was a problem for Stalin. Also, Winston Churchill had been voted out in the United Kingdom and replaced by Clement Attlee. Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than the new leaders and also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them others, who did what he wanted. That caused many problems at Potsdam since other countries no longer trusted the Soviets.

The agreements 

The allies talked about and agreed:
 Germany would be temporarily split into four pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
A large piece of eastern Germany would become Polish, and the Germans in it would be expelled.
 Nazi criminals would be judged and sentenced.
 Germany would be demilitarised.

The disagreements 
The allies talked about but did not agree on the following:
 How to separate Germany
 How much money Germany would pay to the winners of the war
 How Stalin was treating Poland
 How much land Poland would have

Related pages
 Potsdam Declaration
 Yalta Conference

Other websites
 A revision site for IGCSE students
 The Aims of The Allies in depth - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 The events of Potsdam in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 A CNN webpage on Potsdam, very in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users

1945 in Germany
Potsdam
World War II
Nahe

The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It is also a famous wine region of Germany.

The name Nahe comes from the Latin word Nava, which is of Celtic origin and means the wild river. The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.

It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen. Its length is . Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Germany
Palatinate (region)

The Palatinate (germ.:Pfalz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate (lat.: palatinatum Renensis; germ.: Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (Bundesland) of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz).

Geography
The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest (Pfälzerwald) covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the German wine road (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.

Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (Vorderpfalz), West Palatinate (Westpfalz), North Palatinate (Nordpfalz), and South Palatinate (Südpfalz).

Administratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:

Independent cities:
Frankenthal
Kaiserslautern
Landau
Ludwigshafen
Neustadt an der Weinstraße
Pirmasens
Speyer
Zweibrücken

Districts:
Bad Dürkheim
Donnersbergkreis
Germersheim
Kaiserslautern (district)
Kusel
Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis
Südliche Weinstraße
Südwestpfalz

Other websites
Bayern-Pfalz-Stifung 
The royal palace in Edenkoben 
Rhenish Palatinate - Catholic Encyclopedia article

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Regions of Germany
Taunus

The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany. It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn. On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsrück. The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.

Not to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the Großer Feldberg (878 m above sea level). It is followed by the Kleiner Feldberg and the Altkönig (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-Tène A, ca. 400 BC) near the summit.

The Roman Limes was built across the Taunus. The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum. After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here.

Highest mountains 
 Großer Feldberg (878 m), Hochtaunuskreis (district)
 Kleiner Feldberg (825 m), Hochtaunuskreis
 Altkönig (798 m), Hochtaunuskreis

Geography of Hesse
Mountain ranges of Germany
Antonov An-225

The Antonov An-225 Mriya  was a Ukrainian cargo aircraft and the largest airplane in the world. It has 6 engines. It was manufactured by a company called Antonov. Three of them were built to carry the Soviet Space Shuttle Buran. Since the shuttle was never finished, the planes have been used to carry very large items that cannot be transported another way. However, there is only one in service today. It was modelled from the Antonov An-124 Ruslan. This plane is big enough to carry a Boeing 747's fuselage. 

It was destroyed during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 An-225 - buran-energia.com
 Payloads

Civil aircraft
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Edmund Burke

Edmund Burke (12 January 1729-9 July 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer. He became a member of the British Parliament with the Whigs in 1765.

Burke supported the American Revolution. He opposed the French Revolution for killing Catholics and other dissenters. His most famous book was Reflections on the Revolution in France, which created many of the ideas in conservatism.

Other websites 

  (including his collected works in 12 volumes)

1729 births
1797 deaths
Irish philosophers
Irish politicians
British politicians
People from Dublin
Guys and Dolls

Guys and Dolls is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of Guys and Dolls is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

What happens 

Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.

Nathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.

Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.

Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.

Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.

Broadway musicals
1950s musicals
Ichiro Mizuki

, real name  (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo), is a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor.  He is best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.

Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968, although his first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was released as this song was composed by Kanae Wada. Later, he starts to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has been sang more than 1000 songs since his anison debut.

From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert in duration of 24 hours. Also the success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.

On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.

Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also act the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

Other websites

 Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
 Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website 
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
 Ichiro Mizuki  at the Henshin Hall of Fame
 

Actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese songwriters
Japanese voice actors
1948 births
Living people
Saalburg

The Saalburg is a Roman fortification in the Taunus mountains in Germany and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes.

It was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210. Then the Romans left it after 260. It is estimated that it was home to a cohors equitata, about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.

In 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt. Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology. It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.

As part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15. July 2005.

References

Other websites 
 Saalburgmuseum

Buildings and structures in Hesse
History of Germany
Kesha Wizzart

Kesha Wizzart (22 October 1988 – 12 July 2007) was an English singer. She was a contestant on the television programme Stars In Their Eyes. She was born in Manchester.

Wizzart was murdered on 12 July 2007, along with her mother Beverley and brother Fred. It happened in their home in Manchester. The investigators found injuries to their heads. The next day, a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started. He was arrested on 14 July, convicted and received three life sentences.

References

Other websites 
TV show teenager is victim of triple murder – Retrieved from Sky News

1988 births
2007 crimes
2007 deaths
Black English musicians
British child singers
English murder victims
Musicians from Manchester
People murdered in England
Names for small numbers

Naming very small numbers is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10−3 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10−5 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10−5).

Some examples

Names for small numbers

Related pages
Names for large numbers

Other websites 
Names of large and small numbers 

Numbers
Military of ancient Rome

The Military of ancient Rome (known to the Romans as the militia) means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War, around 320 BC.

The Roman military was an important part of the Roman state. Josephus describes the Roman people as "as if born ready armed". It has a history of more than 1300 years. Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.

After a series of reforms, the army became highly trained, and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period. The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast. In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace. The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period.

References

Other sources 
Primary sources 
Livy, The Rise of Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998
Polybius, History, Book 6
Tacitus, The Histories, Book V

Secondary sources 
Gibbon E., The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin, 1985
Goldsorthy A., In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003
Grant, M., The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993
Heather, P., The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History, MacMillan, 2005
Jones, The Later Roman Empire,Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964
Lane Fox, Robin, The Classical World, Penguin, 2005 
Luttwak, E., The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins
Matyszak, P., The Enemies of Rome, Thames and Hudson, 2004
Santosuosso, A., Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001

Other websites
UNRV's Roman Military
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
 Military Resources 
 Armamentarium bibliography 
 The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary, Bill Thayer's Lacus Curtius site.

Ancient Rome
Legion (disambiguation)

Legion may refer to:

Armed forces

Roman Empire
Roman Legion 
List of Roman legions (disambiguation page)
Legionary

United States

Legion of the United States

World War II

33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) (French Legion)
Armenian Legion
Condor Legion
Ostlegionen

Foreign Legions
 Foreign legion
 French Foreign Legion
 Spanish Foreign Legion

Other legions
Arab Legion
Black Legion 
British Legion
Alpha helix

.

An alpha helix (α-helix) is a twisted part of a protein. It is one of the two most common parts of the secondary structure, or shape, of a protein. The other is the beta sheet. An alpha helix is created by alternating groups of atoms. There is a carbonyl group, created by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, and an amine group, created by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Each section containing one of each of these groups is called a residue, a general term for a small part of a molecule. Each amine group forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group four residues earlier. A prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein. It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions. The alpha helix consists of 3.6 residues per turn. All hydrogen bonds face in the same direction. If two or more alpha helices come together, they become a tertiary structure. (Ex. Five alpha helices arranged into a barrel shape)

Biochemistry
Allied-occupied Germany

After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones. This had been agreed in London in September 1944.

They were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany (the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France. This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949.

In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles. After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew during July 1945.

Related pages
 American occupation zone
 British occupation zone
 Soviet occupation zone

Other websites 
 Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany

1949 disestablishments
1945 establishments in Germany
1940s disestablishments in Germany
Topaz

Topaz is a silicate mineral. Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

Color and varieties
Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities. The typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare).

Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah.

Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are exposed too much in the sunlight.

Blue topaz is the US state Texas' gemstone.

Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored.

Gallery

Related pages
List of birthstones

References

Other websites

Pink Topaz, Biblical Topaz References Farlang – gem information and full text historical references
Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain, Juab County , Utah Geological Survey

Gemstones
Birthstones
Beautiful (song)

Beautiful is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album Stripped. It was written by Linda Perry.

Aguilera sings about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences.

It was released late in 2002. It was the second single from Stripped.

"Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in Mean Girls.

Other websites 
 Music video for "Beautiful"

2002 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
Fundamental theorem of algebra

The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial  with the degree , where , the polynomial equation  must have at least one root , and not more than  roots altogether.

Some remarks: 
 the degree  of a polynomial is the highest power of  that occurs in it 
 some of the roots may be complex numbers
 it is possible to 'count' a root  twice, if  is still a root of the polynomial ; if you will 'count' the roots in this way, then the polynomial  with degree  has exactly  roots 
 it is not a theorem of pure algebra. It is not possible to prove this theorem without an element of analysis. This element has been reduced to the observation that, firstly, for polynomial functions  of odd degree the pair of values  and  has opposite positive and negative signs when  is large enough. And secondly, that any polynomial function  on the real line that takes positive and negative values for  has to cross  axis.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Mathematical theorems
Finite

If something is finite, it means it will end. The opposite is infinite. There are many uses of this word, for example:

 A finite number is a number which is not equal to ; all real numbers are finite.
 A finite set is a set that has a certain number of elements.
 A finite verb is a term from linguistics that means that a verb is of a form that tells person and tense.

fr:Fini
it:Finito
Lake Champlain

Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609.

A region of large freshwater lakes
Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada.  Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. The lake is about  in area. It is about  long. At its widest point, it is about  wide. The maximum depth is about . It contains about 80 islands, including an the entire country of Grand Isle County in Vermont.

Colonial America and the Revolutionary War
 
In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys.  Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time.  The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal.  The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.

Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times.  Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777.  A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga.

Other websites

Lakes of the United States
Lakes of Canada
Geography of Vermont
Geography of New York
Geography of Quebec
Biosphere reserves
Fumie Suguri

is a Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a figure skater. She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion.

Profile 
Suguri is expressive, her program is called "Suguri World". Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too.

She was first Japanese skater to win the ISU Grand Prix Final in 2003, and got more Four Continents Championships titles in 2005, and got more World Championships medals than other Japanese figure skater in 2006.

Records

References

Other websites 

  
 

Japanese figure skaters
1980 births
Living people
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health.  As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke.

Related pages
Occupational Safety and Health

References and suggested reading 
American National Standards Institute (1996); “Workshop on International Standardization of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Is there a Need?” Workshop proceedings. Rosemont, Illinois, May 7-8, 1996. 
American National Standards Institute (2005): “American National Standard – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems.” Draft document. 
Adams, E. (1976) "Accident Causation and the Management System" in Professional Safety, October, pp 26-29.
Anton, T. (1979) Occupational Safety and Health Management, McGraw Hill, New York.

Other websites 
  OSHA website and public contact website.
 Full text of the OSH Act 
 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
 OSHA Office of Education and Training 
 Current 29 CFR Books in Digital Format

United States government agencies
United States Department of Labor
Medical and health organizations in the United States
1970 establishments in the United States
Arsenio Hall

Arsenio Hall (born February 12, 1956) is an American actor and comedian. He hosted his own television talk show, The Arsenio Hall Show, from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network. He also had his own sitcom on ABC titled, Arsenio.

Hall co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the movies Coming to America and Harlem Nights. After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.

Hall was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

Other websites 

Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
African American actors
African American comedians
African American television personalities
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from Cleveland, Ohio
Television personalities from Ohio
1956 births
Living people
Bezenye

Bezenye is a village in the north-west of Hungary.  It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9 km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava. The population is about 1600.

Archaeologists  have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes.  Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there.  Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled.  New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans.  The Croatians called the village "Bizonja" and the Germans called it "Palersdorf".  "Bezenye" is the Hungarian name.  It comes from a Slav word "baza" meaning an elderberry tree.

After World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany.  New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye.

Today Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village.  The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German.  The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian.

References
 "The Slovak-Austrian-Hungarian Danubeland", compiled by Daniel Kollár;

Other websites 
 Bezenye.hu
 Street map (Hungarian)

Villages in Hungary
Royal Proclamation of 1763

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III after Great Britain gained French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the Proclamation was to organize Britain's large North American empire, and to make relations with Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Parliament also wished to gain trust from the natives so they could place forts there.  

The Proclamation stated that Americans could not settle or buy land west of a line along the Appalachian Mountains. This angered colonists Tempted by great farm land, settlers continued to flow into the Ohio River Valley and Great Britain was unable to provide adequate protection for those colonists. Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from Native Americans. The later Quebec Act, 1774 extended the rights of French Catholics, thus further angering English Protestant settlers.

Opposition to the Proclamation

French 
 Boundaries of Québec were very limited.
 Catholics not permitted to run for office.
 Did not think the proposed assembly would represent the views of the population. 
 Were concerned about the future of the Roman Catholic Church.
 Could not fur trade outside the proclaimed boundaries.

British 
 Did not like the restrictions placed on fur trade.
 Colonists wanted to continue going west. Many veterans of the war against France had been given land beyond the line, and the Proclamation took it away. 
 Were not satisfied by the proposal for an elected assembly.
They did not have a say in it.

References 

1760s in the Thirteen Colonies
1763
Resistance to the British Empire
1760s in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Inkscape

Inkscape is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License. Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics.
Inkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time.

History 
Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork (break-off) of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application).

Bibliography

Sources 

Free software
Graphics software
Land grant

A land grant  is a gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service. Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies to help develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries.

Roman soldiers were given rewards at the end of their service including cash or land (praemia). Augustus fixed the amount in AD 5 at 3000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5000 denarii.

In old California, the King of Spain frequently gave land to people he liked, or who helped him.

References

Business
Property