cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ignatius of Antioch

Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (ca. 35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John.  En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters, including one to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, who had also known John. These letters are an example of the theology of the earliest Christians.  Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.

Ignatius' feast day is observed on 17 October in Western Christianity and 20 December in Eastern Christianity.

Ignatius became Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and Evodius, who died around AD 67.  
Besides the Latin name, Ignatius, he also called himself Theophorus ("God Bearer"), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed. Ignatius was most likely a disciple of the Apostle John.

Ignatius is generally considered to be one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers) and a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican/Episcopal Church who celebrate his feast day on October 17, and the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, who celebrate his feast day on December 20.  Ignatius based his authority on living his life in imitation of Christ.

Martyrdom 
Ignatius was arrested by the authorities and transported to Rome under trying conditions:

He died as a martyr in the arena. This was during the reign of Trajan. The Roman authorities hoped to make an example of him and thus discourage Christianity from spreading. Instead, he met with and encouraged Christians who flocked to meet him all along his route, and he wrote seven letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.

References

Holy Letters and Syllables, the function and character of Scripture Authority in the writings of St Ignatius (Contains biography Ignatius as well. Doctoral thesis University of the Orange Free State 1997, Dutch, pdf)

Other websites 
 Early Christian writings: on-line texts of Ignatius' letters
 Catholic Encyclopedia: St Ignatius of Antioch; the manuscript traditions and the controversy over authenticity
 The Short Syriac Version  
The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch by Fr. John S. Romanides
Saint Ignatius
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes

30s births
107 deaths
Saints
S/2003 J 3

is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,622,000 km in 561.518 days, at an inclination of 146° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2507.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Stephen

Stephen or Steven (generally pronounced ) is an English masculine first name, comes the Latin form Stephanus and that from the Greek Στέφανος (Stephanos), which means "crown" or "wreath."

Other spellings are Stephan, Stefan, Stephaen, Stevie, and Stevon. Steve is the common short form and various diminutives such as Stevie are also found. Many family names come from Stephen: the most common are Stephens/Stevens and Stephenson/Stevenson (others include Stephen, Stephan, Stefan, Stevin, and Stever).

Equivalents of Stephen in various languages
 
 
 
 
 
  -Stefan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ("Estienne" is an obsolete spelling), Stéphane
 
  -Stefanos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  -Stiibun, Stiibu
Korean: 스티븐
 
 
 
 
 Montenegrin: Стефан/Stefan, Стеван/Stevan, Шћепан/Šćepan
 
 
 
  
  -Stepan
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  -Stepan, Stefan (Степан [Stepan] is a more western Ukrainian usage)

Historical figures known by the name Stephen

Saints
 Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Christianity (The Feast of Saint Stephen is celebrated on December 26 in the Western Church and December 27 in the Eastern Church.)
 Saint Stephen, the first king of Hungary
 St. Stephen of Surozh, see Bravlin for details.
Stephen, one of the pair of Christian saints and martyrs Socrates and Stephen

Royalty
 Stephen of Armenia
 Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria
 Stephen of England
 Stephen I of Hungary
 Stephen II of Hungary
 Stephen III of Hungary
 Stephen IV of Hungary
 Stephen V of Hungary
 Stephen III of Moldavia
 Stefan Uros I
 Stefan Uros II
 Stefan Uros III
 Stefan Uroš IV
 Stefan Uros V
 Stefan Vladislav I
 Stefan Vladislav II
 Stefan Nemanja
 Stefan Prvovenčani
 Stefan Radoslav
 Stefan Lazarević
 Stefano de Renniko
 Stefan I Crnojevic - ruler of Zeta
 Stjepan Držislav - King Of Croatia

Church figures
 Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople
 Patriarch Stephen II of Constantionople
 Pope Stephen I
 Pope-elect Stephen
 Pope Stephen II
 Pope Stephen III
 Pope Stephen IV
 Pope Stephen V
 Pope Stephen VI
 Pope Stephen VII
 Pope Stephen VIII
 Pope Stephen IX
 Stephanus I, bishop of Aquileia from AD 515
 Stephanus II Patriarch of Grado from AD 670
 Stephen, bishop of Zaragoza (Spain) in 1128-1130.

Other
 Stephanus of Byzantium
 Stephanus Med. and Stephanus, Phil, two 7th century physicians, see List of ancient doctors
 Henri Estienne (1528-1598), a printer and humanist generally now known by the Latin version of his name, Stephanus.
 Stephen, a character in the 1970s science fiction series The Tomorrow People
 "Steven", a long-running comic strip by cartoonist Doug Allen

Given names
Lenzburg (district)

Lenzburg is a district of the Canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is the town of Lenzburg. The district contains a total of 20 municipalities:

Districts of Aargau
Muri (district)

Muri is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Muri.

It contains the following municipalities:

Districts of Aargau
Diminutive

A diminutive is a formation of a word used to express smallness of the object or quality that is meant with the word the diminutive is formed from.

Examples in English

Diminutives are common in most dialects of English. Terms such as "undies" for underwear and "movie" for "moving picture" are frequently heard terms in English. 

Common diminutives are:
 -ey/-ie/-y: dearie, doggy, kitty (this also being the basis of the naming of Brittany i.e. Minor Britain in reference to its cultural ties to the Celts of Great Britain.)
 -ette: diskette, cigarette, kitchenette, suffragette (Suffrage)
 -let: piglet, chicklet, applet, eyelet, gauntlet, tablet
 -ling: duckling, gosling
 -s(y): "Wills", Becks
 -a: Macca, Gazza
 -o: smoko (smoking break)

Linguistics
Rheinfelden (district)

Rheinfelden is a district of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is Rheinfelden. 

It contains 14 municipalities:

Districts of Aargau
Zofingen (district)

Zofingen is a district in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is in the southwest corner of the canton. 

It contains the following municipalities:

Districts of Aargau
S/2003 J 16

is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,744,000 km in 610.362 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3185.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Licinius

Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius (c. 250 - 325) was Roman emperor from 308 AD to 324 AD.

Licinius went with his close friend the Emperor Galerius on the Persian expedition in 297.  After the death of Flavius Valerius Severus, Galerius declared Licinius emperor honorific in the West in 308. 

On the death of Galerius, in May 311, Licinius shared the entire empire with Maximinus Daia. The Hellespont and the Bosporus were the dividing line.

In 313 he married Flavia Julia Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, at Mediolanum (now Milan). Together with Constantine he issued the "Edict of Milan" that allowed Christianity to be professed in the empire. 
On April 30,  Licinius won against Maximinus at the Battle of Tzirallum. So he became master of the East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, was master in the West.

In 314, a civil war began between Licinius and Constantine. Constantine won at Cibalae in Pannonia and again 2 years later in Thrace. Then followed a period during which they worked together. But in 324 Constantine attacked him again and Licinius had to give up. Because his wife, Constantine's sister, asked for his survival he was not killed immediately. In 325 Constantine accused him of starting a conspiracy with the barbarians and had him killed.

References

Other websites 
 De Imperatoribus Romanis website: Licinius
Socrates Scholasticus account of Licinius' end

250 births
325 deaths

Roman Emperors
Zurzach (district)

Zurzach is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Zurzach. 

It contains the following municipalities:
 

Districts of Aargau
S/2003 J 10

is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard et al. in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,731,000 km in 700.129 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3438.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Aarburg

Aarburg is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Aarburg - homepage 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Aargau
Abtwil, Aargau

Abtwil is a municipality in Muri, which is in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Ammerswil

Ammerswil is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is located 3 km south-east of the town of Lenzburg.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Edict of Milan

The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and removed the persecution of Christians.

With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members. The exact words of the edict are no longer known.

History 
The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the East. The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius. 

There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311. They were granted an indulgence, not favors. 

"Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."

But by the Edict of Milan the meeting places and other properties which had been taken from the Christians were to be returned: 
"...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception..."

References

Other websites 
 Medieval Sourcebook – Galerius and Constantine: Edicts of Toleration 311 and 313
 The Roman Law Library, incl. Constitutiones Principis 

Ancient Christianity

Ancient Roman law
...
Bible History
Aristau

Aristau is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Arni, Aargau

Arni is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

References

Other websites
Arni website

Municipalities of Aargau
Religious toleration

Religious toleration is people allowing other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs. In a country with a state religion, toleration means that the government allows other religions to be there. Many countries in past centuries allowed other religions but only in privacy. This has become rare. Others allow public religion but practice religious discrimination in other ways. It allow to follow and practice.

Related pages 
 Freedom of religion
 Religious persecution
 Multiculturalism
 Islamophobia
 Toleration
 Pluralism

More reading

Other websites

History of Religious Tolerance

Human rights
Religious ethics
Attelwil

Attelwil is a former municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipality of Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.

Former municipalities of Aargau
S/2003 J 19

is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,709,000 km in 699.125 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1961.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Aigle (district)

Aigle is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities: 

 Aigle
 Bex
 Chessel
 Corbeyrier
 Gryon
 Lavey-Morcles
 Leysin
 Noville
 Ollon
 Ormont-Dessous
 Ormont-Dessus
 Rennaz
 Roche
 Villeneuve
 Yvorne

Districts of Vaud
Aubonne (district)

Aubonne was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Aubonne.

It contained the following municipalities:

 Apples
 Aubonne
 Ballens
 Berolle
 Bière
 Bougy-Villars
 Féchy
 Gimel
 Longirod
 Marchissy
 Mollens
 Montherod
 Pizy
 Saubraz
 Saint-George
 Saint-Livres
 Saint-Oyens

Former districts of Vaud
Avenches (district)

Avenches was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Avenches. As of 2006 it is part of the Broye-Vully District.

It contained the following municipalities:

 Avenches
 Bellerive
 Chabrey
 Constantine
 Cudrefin
 Donatyre
 Faoug
 Montmagny
 Mur
 Oleyres
 Vallamand
 Villars-le-Grand

Former districts of Vaud
Cossonay (district)

Cossonay was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Cossonay.

Former districts of Vaud
Échallens (district)

Echallens was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Echallens. As of 2006 it is part of the Gros-de-Vaud District.

It contained the following municipalities:

 Assens 
 Bercher 
 Bioley-Orjulaz
 Bottens
 Bretigny-sur-Morrens 
 Cugy
 Dommartin 
 Echallens 
 Eclagnens 
 Essertines-sur-Yverdon 
 Etagnières 
 Fey 
 Froideville 
 Goumoens-la-Ville 
 Goumoens-le-Jux 
 Malapalud 
 Morrens 
 Naz
 Oulens-sous-Echallens 
 Pailly 
 Penthéréaz 
 Poliez-le-Grand 
 Poliez-Pittet 
 Rueyres 
 Saint-Barthélemy
 Sugnens
 Villars-le-Terroir 
 Villars-Tiercelin 
 Vuarrens

Former districts of Vaud
Grandson (district)

Grandson was a district of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was the town of Grandson. As of 2006 it is part of the Jura-Nord vaudois District.

The district had the following municipalities:

 Bonvillars
 Bullet
 Champagne
 Concise
 Corcelles-près-Concise
 Fiez
 Fontaines-sur-Grandson
 Fontanezier
 Giez
 Grandevent
 Grandson
 Mauborget
 Mutrux
 Novalles
 Onnens
 Provence
 Romairon
 Sainte-Croix
 Vaugondry
 Villars-Burquin

Former districts of Vaud
Theodosius I

Theodosius I (11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. He was a general in the Roman army and the son of another general, Theodosius the Elder. When the emperor Valens died in battle fighting the Goths, Valens' nephew, the emperor Gratian, made Theodosius emperor. Theodosius married Gratian's sister. While emperor, Theodosius overcame three civil wars in the empire. Gratian and his brother the emperor Valentinian II both died young, and Theodosius made his own sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors. Theodosius made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire and made other religions illegal.

Life

Early life 
Where Theodosius () was born is unknown. According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Coca, Spain. However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Hispania (now in Spain). His father was a military officer.

Death 
Theodosius died in Milan on January 17, 395. When he died he was made into a god. Parts of the Christian Church name Theodosius a saint.

Christianity as religion of Roman Empire 
Theodosius made the Nicene Creed the official belief system of the Roman Empire. Prior to that, many different creeds were believed. The Nicene Creed states that that Jesus, the Son, is equal to God the Father. Other people, such as Arius, said that Jesus was inferior to the Father. Theodosius affirmed the faith that the Council of Nicea agreed on.

References

Other websites 

 De Imperatoribus Romanis, Theodosius I

347 births
395 deaths
Roman Emperors
Lausanne (district)

Lausanne is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Lausanne.

It contains the following municipalities:
 Belmont-sur-Lausanne
 Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
 Crissier
 Epalinges
 Jouxtens-Mézery
 Lausanne
 Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
 Paudex
 Prilly
 Pully
 Renens
 Romanel-sur-Lausanne

Districts of Vaud
Ernest Shackleton

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer.

Shackleton led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration".  The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire, but Shackleton was born in County Kildare, Ireland. Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban London when he was ten. 

His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, from which he was sent home early on health grounds. Determined to do better, he returned to Antarctica in 1907 as leader of the Nimrod Expedition.  In January 1909, he and three companions made a southern march. They went to the farthest South latitude anyone had reached, at 88° 23' S, 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles, 180 km) from the South Pole. This was by far the closest to the pole in exploration history up to that time. For this achievement, Shackleton was knighted by Edward VII on his return home.

Antarctica 
Shackleton first went to the Antarctic on Captain Robert Scott's 1901-1904 expedition but he was sent home as he was ill. In 1907, he went back to the Antarctic and in January 1909 was part of a group who walked further south than anyone had ever been before, travelling to within 190 kilometres of the South Pole.
In 1912 the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the leader of the first group to reach the South Pole. Shackleton decided on a new target, he wanted to walk across Antarctica from one side to the other crossing the South Pole in the middle.

Disaster struck when his ship, Endurance, was trapped in the ice. They spent 281 days on board waiting for the ice to break again, but the boat was slowly crushed to pieces. Shackleton and his men dragged their lifeboats over many miles of snow and ice to reach sea. They set sail in the lifeboats and eventually reached Elephant Island. In April 1916, Shackleton and four others sailed hundreds of miles to South Georgia to get help at the whaling station there. This was a journey of 1300 kilometres and took 16 days. Unfortunately the boat he was in landed on the wrong side of the island and they had to climb over the mountainous middle section to reach the whaling station. A rescue party saved everyone from Elephant Island in August 1916.

In 1921, Shackleton returned to the Antarctic, intending to carry out a programme of scientific activities. Before the expedition could begin this work, Shackleton died of a heart attack on 5 January 1922 while his ship, Quest, was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request, he was buried there.

References 

Explorers
People from the Republic of Ireland
British people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Antarctica
1872 births
1922 deaths
Knights Bachelor
Lavaux (district)

Lavaux was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Cully. As of 2006 it is part of the Lavaux-Oron District.

It contains the following municipalities:

 Chexbres
 Cully
 Epesses
 Forel
 Grandvaux
 Lutry
 Puidoux
 Riex
 Rivaz
 Saint-Saphorin
 Savigny
 Treytorrens
 Villette

Other websites 
  Pictures of Lavaux
  Lavaux, pays aux trois soleils

Former districts of Vaud
Morges (district)

Morges is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is the city of Morges. The population (as of December 2015) is 80,095.

These are the municipalities in Morges:

Geography 
The area of the district is 372.99 square kilometers (144.01 sq mi). Of this area, 205.69 km2 (79.42 sq mi) or 55.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 126.4 km2 (48.8 sq mi) or 33.9% is forested.The remaining area, 38.25 km2 (14.77 sq mi) or 10.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 2.66 km2 (1.03 sq mi) or 0.7% is unproductive land.

References 

Districts of Vaud
Anzonico

Anzonico is a former municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Aquila, Switzerland

Aquila is a former municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006 the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged into the new municipality of Blenio.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2006 disestablishments in Switzerland
Aranno

Aranno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Aranno profile on the Cantonal Administration site 

Municipalities of Ticino
Basadingen-Schlattingen

Basadingen-Schlattingen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

Official website of Basadingen-Schlattingen

Municipalities of Thurgau
Berg, Thurgau

Berg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
Berlingen, Switzerland

Berlingen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Thurgau
S/2003 J 15

is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,721,000 km in 699.676 days, at an inclination of 142° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.0932.

It is the farthest member of the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References

Jupiter's moons
S/2003 J 18

is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,813,000 km in 569.728 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1570.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Stanisław Wyspiański

Stanisław Mateusz Ignacy Wyspiański (January 15, 1869, Kraków – November 28, 1907, Kraków) was a Polish writer, painter, and architect.

1869 births
1907 deaths
Polish writers
People from Kraków
Eustreptospondylus

[[File:Eustrept1DB1.jpg|thumb|Eustreptospondylus feeding on a ichthyosaur]]
Eustreptospondylus (meaning "well-reversed vertebrae") was a megalosaurid tetanuran theropod (a large, bipedal meat-eater) about 23-30 ft (7-9 m) long, weighing about 440-550 pounds (200 kg to 250 kg). This predator had a large head, long, sharp serrated teeth, short arms and a primitive hip structure. It lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 165 million years ago. Incomplete fossils have been found in England. Eustreptospondylus was named by Richard Owen in 1841. The type species is E. oxoniensis'', which was named by C. A. Walker in 1964.

Megalosauridae
S/2003 J 23

is a moon of Jupiter. A team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard et al. found it in 2004 in pictures taken in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,740,000 km in 700.538 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3931.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Megaraptor

Megaraptor was a large 26 feet (8 m) long late Cretaceous dinosaur. It had two large sickle-like claws on each hand. It was a lightly built biped, with a large head and sharp, serrated teeth in powerful jaws.

The first fossil of Megaraptor to be discovered was one of its claws. As they strongly resembled the claws seen in Dromeosaurs, it was thought that Megaraptor was a large member of that family. Later, a complete hand was discovered, revealing the main claw was on its thumb.

It is now classified either as a allosauroid carnosaur, related to Neovenator, or right over on the other side of the Theropoda as a tyrannosauroid coelurosaur.

References 

Carnosaurs
385571 Otrera

(385571) Otrera (also ) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2004. Only five others are known: , , 385695 Clete,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

Trojan asteroids
Neptune
2005 TN53

(also written as 2005 TN53) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005. Only five others are known: , 385571 Otrera, 385695 Clete,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

Trojan asteroids
Neptune
385695 Clete

385695 Clete (also written as (385695) 2005 TO74) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005. Only five others are known: , 385571 OItrera, ,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

Trojan asteroids
Neptune
2006 RJ103

(also written as 2006 RJ103) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by the SDSS Collaboration in 2006. Only four others are known: , 385571 Oterea,  and 385695 Clete. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

References

Trojan asteroids
Neptune
2007 RW10

is a Neptune Trojan discovered in September 2007. Only five others are known: , , ,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

References

Other websites
Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Trojan asteroids
Neptune
Radiogenic

A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is made by radioactive decay.

Nuclear physics
Tropopause

The tropopause is a boundary region in Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Here the air ceases to cool at -56.5°C (-70°F), and the air becomes almost completely dry.

Most commercial aircraft are flown in the Tropopause. To put it into even simpler words, the tropopause is the interferance between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Layers of Earth's atmosphere
Gravity wave

Do not confuse with gravitational wave.
In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two mediums (e.g. the atmosphere or ocean) which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy.

Other websites
 Gallery of cloud gravity waves over Iowa
 Time-lapse video of gravity waves over Iowa
 Water Waves Wiki 

Fluid mechanics
Atmosphere
Accretion disk

An accretion disk (or disc) is an astronomical term. It describes a disc of material being drawn in by gravity to a centre of mass, such as a star or black hole. As the material comes in, it spins round the central body and radiates energy.

The central body is typically either a young star, a protostar, a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. As the material moves in, gravitational energy released in that process is transformed into heat and rotational movement. 

The energy emitted at the disk surface is in form of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object. Accretion discs of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared, those around neutron stars and black  holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum.

Other websites
 Professor John F. Hawley homepage 
 Nonradiative Black Hole Accretion
 Accretion Discs on Scholarpedia
 Magnetic fields snare black holes' food - New Scientist

Astrophysics
-
Black holes
Victoria Beckham

Victoria Caroline Beckham (born 17 April 1974) is an English singer, songwriter, fashion designer and business woman. She used to be a member of a pop group called the Spice Girls. She receives a great deal of media coverage due to being married to football player David Beckham.  Her nickname is Posh Spice.

Victoria was born at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow, Essex, She was eldest child of Antony Adams and Jacqueline Cannon.   

She has married David Beckham in July 1999. The couple have three sons: Brooklyn Joseph (born March 1999), Romeo James (born September 2002), Cruz David (born February 2005); and a daughter, Harper Seven (born July 2011).

She had a short solo career after the Spice Girls in 2001, unlike her fellow members, she didn't have a solo No.1.  After that, she created clothes and perfumes with her husband. 

She reunited with the Spice Girls for a world tour in 2007.

Filmography

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

English R&B singers
English pop musicians
English dance musicians
English singers
Musicians from Hertfordshire
Spice Girls
1974 births
Living people
Spice (album)

Spice was the first album by the Spice Girls. It was released in the United Kingdom in 1996, and in the United States in 1997. It was the most successful album by a girl group ever. It sold 23 million copies around the world.

There were five songs that were very successful from this album. The most successful was "Wannabe", which went to No. 1 on many music charts around the world.

1996 albums
Spice Girls
Head tie

A head tie is an American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS), west and southern African women’s head scarf, specifically an elaborate ornamental head covering. The purpose of the head tie worn by enslaved African women was to protect their hair as they labored. In the 18th century, the Spanish governor of Louisiana passed a law requiring that free Afrodescendant women also cover their hair.  This requirement was meant to demean free Afrodescendant women by associating them with slavery, but also to protect European men from sexual provocation. The head tie worn by West African women has been worn since the 1960s. 

The name of the head tie varies according to region and historical context. These designations have included: tignon (United States), dhuku (Zimbabwe), tukwi (Botswana) and doek (South Africa and Namibia).

Related pages
Head scarf
Hijab

References 

Headgear
Dupatta

Dupatta (, ) is a long scarf that is essential to many South Asian women's suits. Some "dupatta suits" include the salwar kameez, the trouser suit, and the kurta. The dupatta is also worn over the Hindu outfit of lehenga or ghaghra- choli. The dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress. It is traditionally worn across both shoulders. However, the dupatta can also be worn like a cape around the entire torso. The material for the dupatta varies according to the suit: cotton, georgette, silk, chiffon, and more. The other names for dupatta are chunri and chunni (sometimes shortened to 'unni' by many Gujaratis).

There are various modes of wearing the unsewn dupatta. When not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with both ends thrown over each respective shoulder. When the dupatta resting is worn along with the salwar-kameez it is casually allowed to flow down the front and back.

The use of the dupatta has definitely undergone a metamorphosis over time. In current fashions, the dupatta is frequently draped over one shoulder, and even over just the arms. Another recent trend is the short dupatta often seen with kurtas and Indo-Western clothing. Essentially, the dupatta is often treated as an accessory in current urban fashion. Nevertheless, the dupatta remains an integral part of Indian clothing and Pakistani clothing. Its nowadays a blend of fashion with the tradionalism.

Other websites
 Article about Dupatta at indiaprofile.com

Headgear
Charles XII of Sweden

Charles XII (Swedish: Karl XII) was the king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He was born on June 27, 1682.

During his time as a king, he tried to expand Sweden's empire. He took part in the Nordic War (1700-1721), in which his enemies were Denmark, Poland and Russia. England and the Netherlands supported him and his armies won over the Danes during a sea battle.He also beat Peter I Russian Tsar. 

After these successes, he attacked Poland, where during this time Augustus II the Strong was the king. This war was closed by the peace of Altranstadt. 

Charles attacked Russia again in 1707 with the Ukrainian leader, hetman Mazeppa. After more than a 1000 km walk in 1709, the Swedish king suffered a defeat from the Tsar. Charles had to flee to Turkey. He could only return to Sweden in 1714. He tried to compensate for the lost territories by a war against Norway. During the battle he was shot in the head and died in 1718. The wars of Charles XII made Sweden weaker.

References 

1682 births
1718 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Izanagi

is a deity who was a child of the seven divine generations in Japanese mythology and Shintoism, and is also referred to in the roughly translated Kojiki as "male who invites", or Izanagi-no-mikoto.

He and his wife Izanami created many islands, deities, and forefathers of Japan. When Izanami died while giving birth to a child, Izanagi tried (but failed) to retrieve her from Yomi (the underworld). In the cleansing rite after his return, he created Amaterasu (the sun goddess) from his left eye, Tsukuyomi (the moon god) from his right eye, and Susanoo (tempest or storm god) from his nose.
When Izanagi looks at his wife in Yomi, he sees her monstrous and hellish state and she is ashamed and angry. She chases him in order to kill him. She fails, but promises to kill a thousand of his people every day. Izanagi says that he will create a thousand and five hundred every day.

Japanese deities
Creation myths
S/2003 J 12

is a moon of Jupiter, and is the smallest known. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 17,740,000 km in 482.691 days, at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4449.

It is the closest of the farther non-spherical retrograde moons of Jupiter, and does not seem to belong to any group.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Dia (moon)

Dia (S/2000 J 11) ls the second-outermost prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000.

Dia is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 12,555,000 km in 287 days, at an inclination of 28° (to Jupiter's equator), and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.248.

The moon is included in the Himalia group. After discovery it was lost for ten years because the orbit was poorly known. Recovery allowed much better precision.

References 

 Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
 Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Sinope (moon)

Sinope is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914, and is named after Sinope of Greek mythology.

Sinope did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called "Hades" between 1955 and 1975.

Sinope was the farthest known moon of Jupiter until the discovery of Megaclite in 2000.  The farthest moon of Jupiter now known is .

Orbit 

Sinope orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations. It is often believed to belong to the Pasiphaë group. However, given its mean inclination and different colour, Sinope could be also an independent object, captured independently, unrelated to the collision and break-up at the origin of the group. The diagram illustrates Sinope's orbital elements in relation to other moons of the group.

Physical characteristics 
Sinope has an estimated diameter of 38 km (assuming an albedo of 0.04) The moon is red unlike Pasiphae which is grey.

Its infrared spectrum is similar to D-type asteroids also  different from Pasiphae. These dissimilarities of the physical parameters suggest a different origin from the core members of the group.

References

Other websites 
Sinope Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Ananke (moon)

Ananke is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1951 and is named after the mythological Ananke, the mother of Adrastea by Jupiter. The adjectival form of the name is Anankean.

Ananke did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called "Adrastea" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Adrastea is now the name of another moon of Jupiter.

Ananke gives its name to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Orbit

Ananke orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. Eight non-spherical moons found since 2000 follow similar orbits. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations. The diagram illustrates Ananke's orbit in relation to other retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter. The eccentricity of selected orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre). The farthest spherical moon Callisto is located for reference.

Given these orbital elements and the physical characteristics known so far,  Ananke is thought to be the biggest remnant of an original break-up forming the Ananke group.

Physical characteristics
In the visible spectrum, Ananke appears grey to light-red.

The infrared spectrum is similar to P-type asteroids but with a possible indication of water.

References

<li value="11"> Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES

Other websites
Ananke Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Camptosaurus

Camptosaurus (meaning "bent lizard") was a plant-eater from the Upper Jurassic (about 156 to 145 million years ago). It is related to Iguanodon. 

It was a heavy ornithischian dinosaur that was about 16-23 feet (5-7 m) long and 3-4 feet (1 m) high at the hips, weighing roughly 2,200 pounds (1000 kg). It had a long snout, hundreds of teeth and a horny beak. Its legs were longer than its arms; it had four-toed feet and five-fingered arms, all with hooves. It could walk on two or four legs, it probably went on all four to graze for low-lying plants.

Ornithopods
Jurassic dinosaurs
Carme (moon)

Carme is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in  California in July 1938. It is named after the mythological Carme, mother by Zeus of Britomartis, a Cretan goddess.

Carme did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called "Pan" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Pan is now the name of a moon of Saturn.

It gives its name to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

References

Other websites 
 Carme Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Leda (moon)

Leda or , is a moon of Jupiter. Unlike many moons, it is not a sphere. Charles T. Kowal found it working at the Mount Palomar Observatory on September 14, 1974. He took photographs for three nights September 11 through 13. Leda is in all of the photographs. The moon'S name come from Leda in Greek mythology. She was one of Zeus's lovers. Zeus is the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Zeus came to Leda in the shape of a swan. Kowal suggested the name and the IAU supported it in 1975.

Leda belongs to the Himalia group. They are five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements given here are as of January 2000, but they are changing a lot because gravity effects from the sun and planets.

References

Other websites
Leda Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Lysithea (moon)

Lysithea ( ,  ; ) is a prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson in 1938 at Mount Wilson Observatory and is named after the mythological Lysithea, daughter of Oceanus and one of Zeus' lovers.

Lysithea did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called "Demeter" from 1955 to 1975.

It belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 28.3°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

References

Other websites
Lysithea Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Rust Belt

"Rust Belt" is a term that refers to an area of the northern United States. The area is mostly the states near the Great Lakes, and some of them are considered to be Midwest states. This area was once known for steel production and heavy industry. That industry has greatly decreased since the middle of the 20th century. As the name might imply, the area has sort of turned to "rust", like what happens to old steel. Much of this decrease in industry is because of the United States using manufacturers from other countries. It became an Industrial hub because of its proximity to The Great Lakes, canals, and rivers which companies used to access raw materials and ship out products.  

Most Rust Belt cities, for example, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Youngstown, Ohio, have had a very large decrease in their population since the 1950s and 1960s. 

Some "Rust Belt" cities include:

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Erie, Pennsylvania
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Youngstown, Ohio
Canton, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Steubenville, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Gary, Indiana
Flint, Michigan
McKeesport, Pennsylvania
Wheeling, West Virginia
Detroit, Michigan
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Buffalo, New York
Rock Island, Illinois
Niagara Falls, New York
Rochester, New York
Grand Rapids, Michigan
South Bend, Indiana
Chicago, Illinois
Charleston, West Virginia
St. Louis, Missouri
Camden, New Jersey
Trenton, New Jersey
Lansing, Michigan
Newark, New Jersey
Jersey City, New Jersey
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Springfield, Illinois
Watertown, New York
Akron, Ohio
Warren, Ohio
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Scranton, Pennsylvania

Regions of the United States
Pax Romana

The Pax Romana was a time when there was a lot of peace in the Roman Empire. "Pax" means "peace" in the Latin language; "Romana" means "Roman" in Latin.  So, "Pax Romana" means "Roman peace."

the Pax Romana lasted from 27 BC until 180 AD.  It started when Caesar was Emperor (ruler) of the Roman Empire. The Pax Romana is called a good time period because: 
There were not many wars. 
There was a lot of trade. ("Trade" means the buying and selling of goods.  Goods are things that can be bought or sold.)

The Emperors of the Pax Romana were:
 Augustus: (27 BC  14 AD) Augustus was the first emperor, He was the adopted son and great nephew of Julius Caesar.

Nerva: (96–98 AD) Nerva changed land laws to help the poor and changed tax rules.
Trajan: Trajan built many new public works projects such as bath-houses and roads. The empire grew to its biggest size while Trajan was emperor.
Hadrian: Hadrian built Hadrian's Wall in Britain (at the time called Britannia). He also made Roman laws easier to understand.
Antoninus Pius: Antonius promoted art and science. He also built new public works, and passed laws to help orphans.
 

The Pax Romana, which in Latin means Roman Peace, was a period from about 2000 to about 1800 years ago when the Roman Empire had reached the height of its size and had few military conflicts.  The Pax Romana was not always totally peaceful, as a transition within government could lead to chaos, but is remembered as a golden age for Rome where the empire grew wealthy and no threats challenged Roman dominance in Europe, northern Africa, or the Middle East. During this time period, they grew tremendously in architecture, science, mathematics, 

Ancient Rome
Bell UH-1 Iroquois

The UH-1 Iroquois (although known mainly as the Huey) was a helicopter made by Bell Helicopters. It first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1959. It was known for being in the Vietnam War. It could be used for transporting soldiers, cargo, support, helping lost soldiers or pilots, or attacking enemies. One version, the UH-1V was made just for helping hurt people getting to hospitals. Some Hueys were given to civilians to for business travel, forest fire fighters, and police stations.. Now, the UH-60 Black Hawk is mainly used, but the Huey is still in service with countries.

Related pages 

 Bell AH-1 Cobra

References 

Helicopters
Vietnam War aircraft
UH-1
Terabyte

A terabyte (TB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. One terabyte holds 1000 gigabytes (GB) or a trillion (1,000,000,000,000) bytes, and 1000 terabytes make one petabyte.  

Large organizations use terabytes of storage to hold massive amounts of data. People at home might use terabytes for backups.  An external hard drive can be several terabytes. Usually, one terabyte of space costs $50.

References 

Computing measurement
Meteora (album)

Meteora is the second studio album and fifth overall album by Linkin Park. It was released on March 25, 2003. It was initially going to release in Q4 2002 but got delayed to the end of Q1 2003. The album has sold 5.5 million copies in the USA and over 15 million worldwide also.

List of songs
"Foreword"
"Don't Stay"
"Somewhere I Belong"
"Lying from You"
"Hit the Floor"
"Easier to Run"
"Faint"
"Figure.09"
"Breaking the Habit"
"From the Inside"
"Nobody's Listening"
"Session"
"Numb"

References 

2003 albums
Linkin Park albums
Nu metal albums