cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
State of Vietnam

State of Vietnam was a former autonomous state controlled by France. It was established in 1949. It was an associated state and a constitutent territory of the French Indochina until 1954. From 1954, it became fully independent from France since this country lost the First Indochina War. It was replaced by Republic of Vietnam in 1955. It proclaimed its sovereignty over all of Vietnam's territories, but in fact, it only controlled small parts of its proclaimed territories. Most of its territories was controlled by Viet Minh and Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Only French-occupied territories in Vietnam was controlled by the State of Vietnam. From 1954, the 1954 Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into two countries: North Vietnam and State of Vietnam. North Vietnam's territory is from Quang Binh Province to the North. The State of Vietnam's territory is from Quang Tri Province to the South. Its area was 173,809 km2 from 1954.

History
State of Vietnam was established in 1949. It was preceded by the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. It was established in 1948. In 1950, it was recognised by France, United Kingdom and United States with the capital of Saigon and the chief of state of Bao Dai. In 1954, France lost the First Indochina War. That led to the 1954 Geneva Accords. It divided Vietnam into two countries. State of Vietnam and France gathered their troops in  Southern Vietnam. On 26 October, it was replaced by Republic of Vietnam.

Military
Following the signing of the 1949 Élysée Accords in Paris, Bao Dai was able to create a National Army for defense purposes.

It fought under the State of Vietnam's banner and leadership and was commanded by General Nguyen Van Hinh.

Related pages
 Empire of Vietnam
 Republic of Vietnam

References

1949 establishments in Asia
1955 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in Asia
20th century in France
20th century in Vietnam
Former countries in Asia
States and territories established in the 1940s
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
Empire of Vietnam

The Empire of Vietnam () was a puppet state controlled by Japan. It was formed on 17 March 1945 and ended on 30 August 1945. This was towards the end of World War II. The capital city was Huế.

Former monarchies of Asia
1945 in Vietnam
1945 establishments in Asia
1945 disestablishments in Asia
World War II
Puppet states
1945 in Japan
Gingalain

Gingalain () is a knight from the Arthurian legend of the Round Table. He is the title character in Le Bel Inconnu, a poem written by Renaut de Beaujeu (1180s–1230). He is also in the (destroyed) 12th-century manuscript, Gliglois. It is uncertain if the Gliglois of the medieval manuscript refers to Gawain's son or some other character in the "Fair Unknown" cycle.

References

Other websites 
 "The Fair Unknown"

Arthurian legend
Fictional knights
Childfree

The term childfree means people who choose not to have children. It includes people who have had sterilisation (surgery such as a vasectomy) to make themselves unable to have children.

The most common reasons for being childfree are:

not liking children
asceticism or religious reasons
not wanting to become a parent
thinking that wanting to reproduce oneself is narcissistic
not having enough money to take care of children
personal well-being

People may also choose not to have children for ethical reasons, such as antinatalism. By choosing not to have their own children, childfree people have choices of saving large amounts of money. They can also focus on themselves. They usually benefit society more by being childless rather than having children.

Being childless was considered unusual in the 1950s. Since then, the number of adults without children has increased. Many researchers say childfree adults are more educated, less likely to be religious and more likely to live around cities. In the late 2000s to early 2010s, the rate of women in the United States becoming pregnant dropped almost 9%. The birth rate between 2010 and 2013 was the lowest in the country's history.

References

Related pages
Abortion
Birth control
Childlessness

Relationships
Family
Children

 Antinatalism
 Sterilization
Childlessness

Childlessness is not having a child. Since the 1970s, there are more childless people. There are two kinds of childlessness, voluntary and involuntary.

Voluntary childlessness is when people choose to not have children. People do this for several reasons, which include:
Celibacy (not having sexual intercourse)
Not wanting to have a child (see Childfree)
Not having enough money to take care of a child
Being too old to have a child
Voluntary childlessness is sometimes called childfree.

There are also several reason for involuntary childlessness, including:
Infertility, which means they are unable to biologically have children.
the death of an infant or child either before, during, or shortly after birth.

Options for involuntary childlessness
Sometimes a couple can have a child through artificial insemination, when a sperm is place in a woman's uterus immediately after ovulation. Another option is in vitro fertilization (or IVF). In this process, a sperm and an egg are placed together until fertilization happens, then the egg is put into the uterus.

References

Relationships
Family
Children
Michael Shermer

Michael Brant Shermer (born September 8, 1954) is an American science writer. 

He was a fundamentalist Christian. During graduate school he stopped believing in God.  He started The Skeptics Society and Skeptic (U.S. magazine) in 1992. The society has over 55,000 members.

1954 births
American atheists
Writers from Los Angeles
Living people
The Browning Version

The Browning Version is a British drama movie from 1994. The movie is about a teacher, Andrew, having a failed life. People hate him and do not respect him. His wife, Laura, is not faithful. Andrew is forced to retire, and may not even receive a pension. Greta Scacchi plays Laura. Albert Finney plays Andrew. The runtime is almost 97 minutes.

This was released 8 June 1994.

British drama movies
1994 movies
The Birds II: Land's End

The Birds II: Land's End is a television movie from 1994. It is a horror movie, and the sequel to The Birds (1963). It is about birds attacking people in a house. The movie was rated R due to horror and violence.

The reviews on the movie were negative.

1994 horror movies
1994 thriller movies
1990s horror thriller movies
American horror thriller movies
Television movies
The Client

The Client is a 1994 American melodramatic legal crime drama movie. It was directed by Joel Schumacher. It is based on the novel of the same name. This is about murder, suicide and Mafia activities in New Orleans. Brad Renfro plays Mark Sway. Tommy Lee Jones plays Reverend Foltrigg. Susan Sarandon plays Regina Love. Mary-Louise Parker plays Dianne.

The movie was released on July 20, 1994. It got positive reviews from most critics. It made a lot of money.

1994 crime movies
1994 drama movies
1990s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Legal movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Joel Schumacher
Suicide in fiction
Clear and Present Danger

Clear and Present Danger is a 1994 American spy movie. The movie is about agents in the CIA, FBI and murder around Washington, D.C. and Colombia involving the Cali drug cartel and corrupt powerful American politicians and bureaucrats. Harrison Ford plays Jack Ryan, who has become the Director of the CIA. Anne Archer plays his wife Cathy Ryan. Thora Birch plays his daughter Sally Ryan. Other actors who play in the movie include James Earl Jones, Willem Dafoe, Harris Yulin and James Cromwell.

This movie was released August 3, 1994. The run time is 141 minutes. Its reviews were excellent. It made a lot of money at the box office.

It is the sequel of the 1992 movie Patriot Games.

Other websites 
 
 

1994 crime movies
1994 drama movies
1994 action movies
1990s sequel movies
1990s spy movies
American action movies
American crime drama movies
American sequel movies
American spy movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies about terrorism
Murder in movies
Movies about drugs
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies set in Virginia
Movies set in South America
Movies directed by Phillip Noyce
Shannon Tweed

Shannon Tweed (born March 10, 1957) is a Canadian actress and model. She acts mostly in erotic thriller movies. In Detroit Rock City, she played Amanda Finch.

Tweed was born in St. John's, Newfoundland.

References

1957 births
Living people
Canadian models
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
People from Newfoundland and Labrador
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Erotic thriller

An erotic thriller is a form of the thriller genre that involves sexuality. Many people liked this from around 1984-85 until the early 1990s. After that, not as many people liked it. It is, however, still popular.

An erotic thriller can be a book, a movie, or a television program. Examples of erotic thriller movies are Basic Instinct, Color of Night, Single White Female (1992), Body of Evidence, Crash (1996) and Basic Instinct 2 (2006).

References

Genres
Human sexuality
Zimbabwe Rhodesia

Zimbabwe Rhodesia () was an unrecognized state in southern Africa. It replaced the Republic of Rhodesia from 1 June 1979 to 12 December 1979. It was replaced by the re-established British colony of Southern Rhodesia for three months before being replaced by the present day Republic of Zimbabwe.

References

Former countries in Africa
Former polities of the Cold War
Former republics
History of Zimbabwe
The Simpsons: Tapped Out

The Simpsons: Tapped Out is a  mobile game based on The Simpsons released in 2012 published and developed by Electronic Arts for Twentieth Century Fox and Gracie Films. Homer destroyed the entire city of Springfield after he sat and played The Happy Little Elves Game during working hours while Springfield's nuclear power plant suffers a meltdown. Homer begins then with the help of Lisa build a new Springfield.
The game was released on 17 February 2012 for iOS and one for Android was released later in 2012. On 3 March 2012 the game was taken away from the App Store one for a short period, when it was discovered that app had some bugs . The game features voice dialogue from the actor for the TV series and the script for the game is written by the authors of the series.

The game
The player's task is to place the buildings and other objects in Springfield and provide residents in the town of tasks to do. Every time something starts to be built or a task is started, it takes some time for the task to be completed, after the assignment or the construction is finished the player receives a reward XP points and money, sometimes also added new features to the game. There are two currencies in the game, dollars and donuts. Donuts are game premium currency and given only occasionally free, otherwise they cost real money. Some things in the game costing dollars, while others donuts. The player can every day even visit other players' versions of Springfield to get more points and dollars. The total friends player can have is 100 friends.

Seasonal updates are released, which have special content and events.

Reception
slidetoplay.com gave the game the highest rating, and like references to the Simpsons in the game and how fun and addictive it is. They do not like, however, that some popular stuff is premium content. CNET have compared the game with Sim City while IGN compared the game with Farmville and did not like 300 donuts cost 20 real dollars when there are games for iOS for 1-3 dollars so it makes no sense to pay over 10 dollars for a building. Macworld in Australia thought it was irritating that the player can only see the game from one angle but says that the replica characters cause much laughter.

References

Other websites
The Simpsons: Tapped Out on ea.com

2012 video games
Mobile games
The Simpsons
Komla Dumor

Komla Afeke Dumor (3 October 1972 – 18 January 2014) was a Ghanaian journalist. He was born in Accra, Ghana. His grandfather was Philip Gbeho, composer of the Ghanaian national anthem. As of June 2012, Dumor was the main presenter of the BBC World News programme Focus on Africa.

Dumor died suddenly on 18 January 2014, in London after suffering cardiac arrest.

References

Other websites
About Us, BBC World Service 
Focus and Network presenters, BBC World Service. 
"Ghana: Komla Dumor Anchors BBC Africa Business Report",by Cephas, 21 August 2009, allAfrica.

1972 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Journalists
BBC television presenters
People from Accra
Death and funeral of Néstor Kirchner

Néstor Kirchner was the former President of Argentina and the first Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations. He died of heart failure on the morning of 27 October 2010. He was aged 60. His wife, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, was with him when he died. He had been expected to run for president in 2011.

Kirchner's funeral began on 28 October. His body was put on display in his coffin at the Casa Rosada. Over more than 24 hours, hundreds of thousands of people came to see him. Many Argentine politicians and eight South American leaders attended the funeral. In the afternoon the next day, his body was moved to the metropolitan airport. A procession of many people walked with his coffin from Casa Rosada. From the airport of Río Gallegos, Kirchner's body was taken to the cemetery.

References

Other websites

The Boston Globe
La Nación 
Urbanphoto 

Néstor Kirchner
Kirchner
2010s in Argentina
October 2010 events
Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. She died of a stroke in London on 8 April 2013. She was aged 87. A ceremonial funeral was held on 17 April. It included a formal procession and then a service at St Paul's Cathedral. Her body was cremated. Her ashes were buried next to those of her husband Denis Thatcher at the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London on 28 September 2013. This was what she had wanted. She had refused a state funeral.

At the event, the crowds were peaceful. Thousands of supporters cheered and applauded. A few hundred people came to protest at Ludgate Circus, with other protesters scattered along the route. Police reported only one incident, and no arrests.

References 

2013 in London
Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher
Division of Watson

The Division of Watson is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up for the 1993 election to replace the abolished Division of St George. It is named after Chris Watson, the first Labor Prime Minister of Australia. 

The division is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, including Belfield, Belmore, Burwood Heights, Campsie, Chullora, Clemton Park, Enfield, Greenacre, Lakemba, Mount Lewis, Roselands, Strathfield South and Wiley Park and parts of Ashbury, Bankstown, Beverly Hills, Burwood, Canterbury, Croydon, Croydon Park, Earlwood, Kingsgrove, Narwee, Punchbowl, Riverwood and Strathfield.

History
There was an earlier Division of Watson (1934-69). It was in the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney, however that Division is not connected to this one except in name.

Members

Leo McLeay was Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Watson - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1992 establishments in Australia
Aminomethyl propanol

Aminomethyl propanol is a clear, colored liquid that neutralizes acids to create salts and water. It is used for the preparation of buffer solutions. It does not dissolve in water. It has about the same density as water.

References
http://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/aminomethyl-propanol 
http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB0320043.htm

3
Death and funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska

Lech Kaczyński, the fourth President of the Republic of Poland, died on 10 April 2010. He died in a plane crash outside of Smolensk, Russia. The plane was a Tu-154 belonging to the Polish Air Force. The crash killed all 96 on board. His wife, Maria Kaczyńska, was also among those killed.

The speaker of parliament, Bronisław Komorowski, soon became Acting President by law.

After the death of Kaczyński was announced, Komorowski declared a week of mourning. It went from 11 to 18 April. A state funeral for Lech and Maria was held on the last day. Several countries observed a day of national mourning on the day of the funeral. Afterwards, the couple were buried together in a crypt in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.

President of the United States Barack Obama cancelled his plans. He made a public statement. He spoke of his sadness and blamed the volcanic ash that was disrupting air travel over Europe at the time.

References

2010 in Europe
History of Poland
Kaczyński
André Gide

André Paul Guillaume Gide (22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947. 

Gide was born in Paris into a middle class Protestant family. During a trip to Alegeria Gide realized that he was gay. His first novel The Notebooks of Andre Walter was published in 1891. Gide met Oscar Wilde in 1894. In October 1895 Gide married his cousin Madeleine. When Gide was 47 15-year-old Marc Allégret became his lover.

Gide also opposed colonialism and exploitation of slavery in Africa and was interested in communism and visited Soviet Union, but he expressed critical idea on the totalitarian regime.

1869 births
1951 deaths
Anti-Communists
Communists
French LGBT people
French Nobel Prize winners
Gay men
LGBT Nobel Prize winners
LGBT writers
Writers from Paris
Death and funeral of Hugo Chávez

Hugo Chávez, the President of Venezuela, died on 5 March 2013. He was 58 years old. Because of his death, the Venezuelan constitution required an election for a new president to be held within 30 days. Vice President Nicolás Maduro became temporary president. On 14 April, he was officially elected.

Chávez' funeral was held on 8 March. Maduro originally said that Chávez' body would be embalmed and permanently displayed in a glass coffin at a military museum. However, on 13 March Maduro announced that this would not happen. This was because the government could not get prepared in the short time that had passed. Maduro extended the National Mourning for four days more, to eleven days. By the end of this, Chávez' body was moved to the Museum of the Revolution at Fort Montana. This had been where Chávez had tried to overthrow the government in 1992.

Chávez's body was never embalmed. He was buried at a cemetery in Venezuela.

References

2013
History of Venezuela
Chavez
March events
2010s in South America
Battle of Pea Ridge

The Battle of Pea Ridge was a battle which happened during the American Civil War. It was fought on March 7th and 8th, 1862 in Arkansas. The Confederates lost the battle.

Pea Ridge
1862 in the United States
1860s in Arkansas
March 1862 events
Battle of Bentonville

The Battle of Bentonville was a battle which happened during the American Civil War. It was fought from March 19th to March 21st, 1865 in North Carolina. It was one of the last battles of the war. The Confederates lost the battle.

Bentonville
1865 in the United States
March events
19th century in North Carolina
Reykjavík Summit

The Reykjavík Summit was a meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.

It was held in Höfði in Reykjavík, the capital city of Iceland, on October 11–12, 1986. This was during the Cold War. The talks focused on peace between the United States and the Soviet Union. 

The talks failed near the end of the meeting. However, the progress that had been made eventually led to the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the two countries.

References

1986 in Europe
Diplomatic conferences
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Mikhail Gorbachev
Reykjavík
Cold War
1986 in the United States
1980s in the Soviet Union
20th century in Iceland
Mr. Lordi

Mr. Lordi (born 15 February 1974) is a Finnish musician, painter and graphic designer. He is the singer and songwriter for the hard rock band Lordi. He also makes all the costumes for the band. His real name is Tomi Petteri Putaansuu.

Putaansuu was born in Rovaniemi, Finland. He studied filmmaking in Tornio. While there, he created Lordi's first music video, "Inferno". He formed the band Lordi in 1992. All publicity photographs of Mr. Lordi have his face hidden behind his mask and stage makeup. He does not talk about his private life or his real name for the media.

References 

1974 births
Singer-songwriters
Finnish musicians
Living people
Anti-balaka

Anti-balaka is a name for a group of Christian militias in the Central African Republic. They are the main militias fighting the Seleka rebels. Anti-balaka means "anti- machete" or "anti-sword" in the local Sango and Mandja languages.

In September 2021, Eugène Ngaïkosset, anti-balaka leader and former member of President François Bozizé's close guard, was arrested. Eugène Ngaïkosset is accused of numerous crimes in the CAR.

References

Rebel militia groups in Africa
Central African Republic
Christian terrorism
Bruce Dern

Bruce MacLeish Dern (born June 4, 1936) is an American actor. He was nominated for two Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actor for Coming Home and Best Actor for Nebraska.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Bruce Dern at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
 Cinema Retro's Evening with Bruce Dern at The Players, New York City

1936 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
June Squibb

June Louise Squibb (born November 6, 1929) is an American actress. She has played supporting roles in movies like Alice, Scent of a Woman, The Age of Innocence, In & Out, and Far from Heaven.

References

Other websites
 
 

1929 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Illinois
Rich Whitney

Rich Whitney (born April 21, 1955) is an American politician and civil rights attorney. He was the Illinois Green Party's nominee for Governor of Illinois in the elections of 2006 and 2010.

References

Other websites
Whitney for Governor (Official Website)
Rich Whitney for Governor on MySpace
A look at Rich Whitney, Green Party candidate for governor
"Don't Fear the Spoiler: Why it's (probably) safe to vote Green for governor"  (Chicago Reader, Oct. 2006)

1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Illinois
Politicians from Connecticut
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
People from Carbondale, Illinois
Mona Lisa (actress)

Gloria Lerma Yatco (June 22, 1922 – August 25, 2019), better known as Mona Lisa, was a Filipino movie actress. She was one of the most popular Filipino actresses of the 1940s. She resumed her movie career in the 1970s retiring for 20 years and remained in her 80s.

Her best known roles were Insiang, Giliw Ko, and Cain at Abel.

Lisa died on August 25, 2019 at her home in Manila from Alzheimer's disease-related problems at the age of 97.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Filipino actors
People from Manila
Janakkala

Janakkala is a municipality in Finland. 16,881 people lived there in 2013. Population centers: Turenki, Tervakoski, Leppäkoski and village called Tarinmaa.

Neighbour municipalities, in south: Hausjärvi, Loppi and Riihimäki. Hämeenlinna is on the north.

Coat of arms
Janakkalas coat of arms has been designed by Onni Oja in 1950.

Villages

26 villages:

Known people
 Tuomas Kyrö, writer
 Ida Aalberg, actor
 Olavi Borg, professor
 Laiska Leppone, rap-musician
 Reko Lundán, writer
 Timo Mäenpää, musician
 Kustaa Paturi, poetry and agonist
 A. P. Sarjanto, songwriter

Other websites 
 The official Janakkala page

Municipalities of Kanta-Häme
Iberian Union

The Iberian Union was a state that governed the Iberian peninsula between 1580 and 1640. After the young king of Portugal and his uncle died, three of their relatives fought the War of the Portuguese Succession. Philip II of Spain won, thus linking the monarchies of Portugal and the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg. This dynastic union joined the crowns of Castile, Portugal and Aragon along with their respective colonial possessions, under the rule of the Hispanic monarchy. The institutions, government and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; they merely had the same king of Habsburg Spain.  The alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in all the other Iberian kingdoms.  The term Iberian union  was not used at the time, it is a creation of modern historians.

The monarchs had long wanted to unify the penisula: They had the  visigothic monarchy in mind. Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of León and Castile both took the title Imperator totius Hispaniae, meaning "Emperor of All Hispania" centuries before.  If  Miguel da Paz (1498–1500), Prince of Portugal and Asturias had become king, the union could have been achieved earlier.  However, he died early in his childhood.

The history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1578 to the first House of Braganza monarchs was a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire's spice trade was peaking at the start of this period.  Vasco da Gama had finally reached the East by sailing around Africa in 1497–98, completing the exploratory efforts started by Henry the Navigator.  This opened an oceanic route for the profitable spice trade into Europe that bypassed the Middle East.

Throughout the 17th century, the increasing predations and surrounding of Portuguese trading posts in the East by the Dutch, English and French, and their rapidly growing intrusion into the Atlantic slave trade, undermined Portugal's near monopoly on the lucrative oceanic spice and slave trades. This sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. To a lesser extent the diversion of wealth from Portugal by the Habsburg monarchy to help support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War, also created strains within the union, although Portugal did benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade. These events, and those that occurred at the end of Aviz dynasty and the period of Iberian Union, led Portugal to a state of dependency on its colonies, first India and then Brazil.

References

1580 establishments
16th-century establishments in Spain
1580s establishments in Europe
1640 disestablishments
1640s disestablishments in Europe
16th century in Spain
17th century in Spain
Roberta Cowell

Roberta Elizabeth Marshall Cowell (8 April 1918 – 11 October 2011) was a British racing driver and World War II fighter pilot. She was born in Croydon, Surrey. She was also the first known British transsexual woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery.

She died on 11 October 2011 in Hampton, London. Her funeral was attended by only six people and (on her instructions) was unpublicised - her death was not publicly reported until two years later, when a profile of her was printed in The Independent newspaper in October 2013.

References

1918 births
2011 deaths
British military people
Transgender and transsexual people
Deaths from natural causes
English LGBT people
English racecar drivers
LGBT military people
Sportspeople from Surrey
Cyclomatic complexity

Cyclomatic complexity is a measurement to see how difficult a computer program is to understand. The measurement was developed by Thomas J. McCabe, Sr. in 1976. It looks at the program's source code and measures the number of independent paths through the source code. The concept is similar to the general text complexity, which is measured by the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Test.

Cyclomatic complexity is computed using the control flow graph of the program: the nodes of the graph correspond to indivisible groups of commands of a program, and a directed edge connects two nodes if the second command might be executed immediately after the first command. Cyclomatic complexity may also be applied to individual functions, modules, methods or classes within a program.

One testing strategy, called Basis path testing by McCabe who first proposed it, is to test each linearly independent path through the program; in this case, the number of test cases will equal the cyclomatic complexity of the program.

References

Theoretical computer science
April Ashley

April Ashley, MBE (born George Jamieson; 29 April 1935 – 27 December 2021) was an English model and restaurant hostess. She was one the first British people to be outed as a transsexual, this was done by the Sunday People in 1961.

She was also known as one of the first British people to undergo sex reassignment surgery, after racing driver and World War II fighter pilot Roberta Cowell, and the ninth in the world to have the surgery.

Ashley died on 27 December 2021 in London, at the age of 86.

References

More reading

Other websites

 April Ashley's Odyssey  The text and pictures from her 1982 book 
 April Ashley Photo Gallery Tribute 
 How Prescott made a woman out of me - Daily Mail profile, 3 June 2006
 April Ashley Documentary

1935 births
2021 deaths
Transgender and transsexual people
English LGBT people
English models
English movie actors
Actors from Liverpool
Writers from Liverpool
Jane Kean

Jane Kean (April 10, 1923 – November 26, 2013) was an American actress, writer, and singer. Her most famous roles were as Trixie Norton on The Honeymooners with Jackie Gleason, and as the voice of Belle in the perennial favorite Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol.

Kean died on November 26, 2013 at age 90, at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California of complications from a fall.

References

More reading

Other websites
 
 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Hartford, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Tom Laughlin

Thomas Robert "Tom" Laughlin (August 10, 1931 – December 12, 2013) was an American actor, director, screenwriter, author, educator and political activist. He was known for his role as Billy Jack on the television series Billy Jack. He ran for President of the United States in 1992, 2004, and 2008 for the Democratic Party.

Laughlin died of complications from pneumonia on December 12, 2013 at Los Robles Hospital and Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, California.

References

Other websites

 Official Billy Jack website, including information on Tom Laughlin's political aspirations

1931 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie directors
American television directors
American screenwriters
American political activists
Educators from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
US Democratic Party politicians
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Writers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
2008 United States presidential candidates
Riihimäki

Riihimäki is a town in Finland. It locates 70 km from Helsinki to north. As of 31 August 2013, almost 30,000 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Janakkala, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, and Loppi.

History
Riihimäki's population center grew around railwaystation. Riihimäki railway station is one of the 1862 opened Helsinki-Hämeenlinna railways stations. Story tolds that this not dense populated area was simply named by the kiln what was upon a hill.

Other websites

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kanta-Häme
Nguyen Van Troi

Nguyen Van Troi (1947–1964) was a Vietnamese assassin. He was arrested and sentenced to death because he tried to kill United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara while he was visiting South Vietnam. He was glorified as a national hero.

Nowadays, many streets in Vietnam are named after him. 

Vietnamese people
1947 births
1964 deaths
Assassins
Internet café

An Internet café (also called a Cybercafé) is a type of café. It is a business that provides Internet access to the public, usually for a fee. It also sells coffee and food. Internet cafés were introduced in the 1990s. The spread of modern-style cafés to many places, urban and rural, went hand in hand with computers. Many Internet cafés offer wireless Internet or have computers customers can use. They also offer telephones and newspapers. Internet café users need to be aware they have less security than most private networks. They are also more exposed to malicious software, also called 'malware'.

References 

Food and drink
Restaurants
Black Point

Jonás Joaquín Ortiz Alberto (born in 1989), is better known by his stage name Black Point (sometimes El Negro or Black Jonas Point). He is a Dominican rapper, songwriter and producer. Ortiz, along with Del Patio and Pitbull, wrote and performed the song "Watagatapitusberry". This song reached number 30 in the US Billboard Latin Songs chart and number 13 in the US Billboard Tropical Songs chart.

Biography
Black Point was born in Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic. He was only 8 when he started to get interested in hip hop music and start writing rap songs. His manager, Big W One, was the person that produced and record his debut song of rap on the 2000. On 2008 Black Point arrives to the Dominican Republic's radio stations gaining so much fame with themes like "Mi mujer no era mala", "Amigo" and the famous collaboration of hip hop Dominican culture, "Capea El Dough: All Stars".

Discography

Singles

References

Other websites 
 
 Black Point discography at MusicBrainz
 

1989 births
Living people
Dominican Republic musicians
Rap musicians
Dominican Republic writers
X-DuckX

X-DuckX is a French-Canadian animated television series, that lasted for 78 episodes, directed by François Reczulski in 2001, made by Alphanim, France 3, YTV, Super Écran and Tooncan.
 
The series chronicles the wacky and dangerous a duo of ducks, Slax and Geextah, fans of extreme sports adventures. Both live, as their passion, extreme adventures that sometimes grow beyond their limits. In France, the series was first broadcast on France 3 in 2002 before being broadcast on Jetix (formerly Fox Kids) from 2004 to 2006. In Canada, X-DuckX was broadcast on Super Écran and YTV.

Canadian animated television series
French television series
2001 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
2001 establishments in Canada
2001 establishments in France
Michael Jackson (writer)

Michael Jackson (March 27, 1942 – August 30, 2007) nicknamed "Beer Hunter" was a famous British writer. He was known for being an expert about beer.

It was revealed in December 2006 that Michael Jackson "is and has been suffering for at least a decade from Parkinson's Disease." He also suffered from diabetes. Michael Jackson died of a heart attack in his home the morning of 30 August 2007 at the age of 65 in London.

References

Other websites
Obituary, The Independent, 3 September 2007 
 Obituary, The Times, 5 September 2007
'Lives Remembered' The Times
Remembering Michael Jackson, The Brewers Association
 Michael Jackson's Life and Death, All about Beer 
'Michael Jackson's Rare Beer Club'

1942 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction

British writers
People from Leeds
Deterrence (legal)

In law, the term deterrence is used to describe the situation where punishment or threat is used to keep people from committing a crime. Both the person who committed a crime, as well as other people should be kept from committing that kind of crime. 

Law
Magnesium sulfate

Magnesium sulfate is a chemical compound that contains magnesium, sulfur and oxygen. Its formula is MgSO4.

Magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer.

Properties
Magnesium sulfate is soluble in water.

References
http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20(General%20Monographs-%20M)/MAGNESIUM%20SULFATE.html
http://www.webmd.com/baby/magnesium-sulfate-for-preterm-labor
http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm354603.htm

Sulfur compounds
Oxygen compounds
The War of the Worlds

The War of the Worlds is an 1898 science fiction book by H. G. Wells. It is about Martians attacking Earth. A 1938 radio broadcast version by Orson Welles frightened many people.

1890s books
Science fiction books
Books by H. G. Wells
Bert Williams

Bert Frederick Williams MBE (31 January 1920 – 19 January 2014) was an English international football goalkeeper. Nicknamed "The Cat", he spent the majority of his playing career at Wolverhampton Wanderers where he won the League Championship and FA Cup. At the time of his death Williams was the oldest living England international.

References

Other websites
England Profile 

1920 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
English footballers
People from Wolverhampton
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Pete Burns

Pete Burns (5 August 1959 – 23 October 2016) was an English singer. He started the band Dead or Alive in 1980. Their 1985 single "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" was number one. He has since become known for having had a lot of cosmetic surgery. He also became known for being on Celebrity Big Brother in 2006.

Early life
Burns was born in Wirral to a German mother, Eva. He started school when he was seven.

Career
In 1979 Burns was the singer of Nightmares on Wax. In 1980 he started Dead or Alive. In April 1984 Dead or Alive released their first album Sophisticated Boom Boom. Dead or alive's second album Youthquake was released in May 1985. It reached number nine in the UK Albums Chart. 

In 2004 Burns released a single with the Pet Shop Boys. In 2006 "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" was released as a single for the fourth time. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart.

In 2011 Burns was on Celebrity Come Dine with Me.

Personal life
Burns used to have "really bad depression". In 2006 he was arrested for attacking his fiancee. In 2007 Burns married Michael Simpson.

References

1959 births
English singers
English television personalities
2016 deaths
Aletia

Aletia is a genus of moths. It is part of the Noctuidae family.

Species 
 A. argentaria (Howes, 1945)
 A. cucullina Guenee
 A. cuneata (Philpott, 1916)
 A. cyanopetra (Meyrick, 1927)
 A. dentata (Philpott, 1923)
 A. empyrea (Hudson, 1918)
 A. falsidica (Meyrick, 1911)
 A. falsidica hamiltoni (Hampson, 1913)
 A. fibriata (Meyrick, 1913)
 A. inconstans (Butler, 1880)
 A. lacustris (Meyrick, 1934)
 A. mitis (Butler, 1877)
 A. moderata (Walker, 1865)
 A. obsecrata (Meyrick, 1914)
 A. panda (Philpott, 1920)
 A. probenota (Howes, 1945)
 A. sistens (Guenée, 1868)
 A. sollennis (Meyrick, 1914)
 A. temperata (Walker, 1858)
 A. virescens (Butler, 1879)

References

Other websites 
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuidae
Lamborghini Aventador

The Lamborghini Aventador LP 700-4 is a supercar made by Lamborghini. It replaced the Lamborghini Murciélago. The name Aventador comes from a fighting bull. The Aventador is also the base of the Lamborghini Veneno, a limited production hypercar.

Overview 
As with the Murciélago model, the Maternal company Audi used the bullfight concept. In the advertising materials of Lamborghini, it was said that Aventador is a bull who became famous after one of the most bloody battles in Zaragoza, for which he received a "Trofeo de la Peña La Madroñera" which was prestigious award for courage in the arena. LP 700-4 means technical equipment of the car, where 700 is power in hp, and 4 is a full drive.

References

Aventador
Sports cars
2010s automobiles
Audi R8

The Audi R8 is a V10 sports car produced by the German company Audi, for the first time introduced in 2006 at the Paris Motor Show.

Overview 
Model R8, as well as a number of other Audi auto models, is manufactured at the Quattro GmbH plant which is a subsidiary of the German company for the production of Audi AG cars, which is part of the Volkswagen AG concern. The enterprise is based in Neckculum, near Stuttgart.

The design of the car was developed by the Italian automobile designer Valter de Valva and his design team. 

Audi R8 is available to have two people inside.

The new Audi R8 of the second generation was shown on March 3, 2015 at the Geneva Motor Show.

In 2020, the Audi R8 received an updated engine line.

References

R8
2000s automobiles
Sports cars
Azaria Alon

Azaria Alon (November 15, 1918 – January 19, 2014) was an Israeli environmentalist. He was the co-founder of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI). 

Alon received an Israel Prize for lifetime achievement in 2012. He had previously been cited for the Israel Prize when the SPNI won it in 1980.

Alon died on January 19, 2014 from natural causes, aged 95.

References

1918 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Israeli activists
Israeli Jews
Jewish activists
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Soviet Jews
Ukrainian Jews
Yakuza

, known also as , are members of transnational organized crime syndicates in Japan. 

Yakuza call themselves ninkyō dantai (chivalrous organizations) which the Japanese media and police call them bōryokudan (violence group). They are the world's largest criminal organization and have about 103,000 members. The three biggest Yakuza families are Yamaguchi-gumi, Sumiyoshi-kai, and Inagawa-kai. During the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, they opened their offices to help refugees and sent dozens of trucks with supplies to affected areas.

References

Other websites

 The secret lives of Yakuza women-BBC Reel(Video)
 101 East – Battling the Yakuza—Al Jazeera (Video)
 FBI What We Investigate - Asian Transnational Organized Crime Groups
 Yakuza Portal site
 Blood ties: Yakuza daughter lifts lid on hidden hell of gangsters' families
 Crime Library: Yakuza
 Yakuza distribution map
 Japanese Mayor Shot Dead; CBS News, 17 April 2007
 Yakuza: The Japanese Mafia
 Yakuza distribution map
 Yakuza: Kind-hearted criminals or monsters in suits?

17th-century establishments in Japan
Gangs
Secret societies
Christopher Chataway

Sir Christopher John Chataway, PC (31 January 1931 – 19 January 2014) was a British middle- and long-distance runner, television news broadcaster, and Conservative politician. His stepson is the Conservative MP Charles Walker and his brother-in-law the former Conservative MP Peter Hordern.

He suffered from cancer for the last two and a half years of his life. He died aged 82 at St John's Hospice in north west London.

References

Other websites

Sunday Times article 13 December 2009

1931 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
English television presenters
Politicians from London
Sportspeople from London
Television personalities from London
Ancel Keys

Ancel Benjamin Keys (January 26, 1904 – November 20, 2004) was an American scientist. He is known for researching human nutrition. Keys died when he was 100 years old. Keys was the cover of the January 13, 1961 issue of Time magazine.

He showed studies that saturated fats is the reason why heart disease is rising despite getting the results by cherrypicking the data. He has criticized some work against sugars, one example in which:It is clear that Yudkin has no theoretical basis or experimental evidence to support his claim for a  major influence of dietary sucrose in the etiology of CHD;  his claim that men who have CHD are excessive sugar eaters is nowhere confirmed but is disproved by many studies superior in methodology and/or magnitude to his own; and his  "evidence"  from population statistics and time trends will not bear up under the most elementary critical examination.  But the propaganda keeps on reverberating ...

Multiple studies already proved him wrong.

References

1904 births
2004 deaths
American centenarians
Scientists from Colorado
Steven Fromholz

Steven Fromholz (June 8, 1945 – January 19, 2014) was an American entertainer, poet, singer and songwriter. He was the Poet Laureate of Texas in 2007.

Fromholz was born in Temple, Texas on June 8, 1945. Fromholz began performing while he was serving in the United States Navy during the 1960s. After leaving the Navy, he teamed with Dan McCrimmon to create the group Frummox. 

Fromholz died on January 19, 2014 in a hunting accident when a rifle fell and discharged in El Dorado, Houston, Texas. He was 68 years old.

References

Other websites
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1945 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
Singer-songwriters from Texas
American poets
American entertainers
Deaths by firearm in Texas
General Mills

General Mills Inc. is an American corporation, focused on food products. The company's headquarters are in Golden Valley, Minnesota. It markets many well-known North American brands. Its most well-known products are cereals, such as Cheerios, Trix, and Lucky Charms. The company makes more than 100 of the leading U.S. brands.

References

1866 establishments in the United States
American food companies
Companies based in Minnesota
Division of Wentworth

The Division of Wentworth is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was one of the 75 divisions set up in 1901 for the first federal election. The division is named after William Charles Wentworth (1790–1872), an Australian explorer and politician.  In 1813 he crossed the Blue Mountains with Blaxland and Lawson.

The Division, in terms of area, is the smallest in Australia. It includes the suburbs of Bellevue Hill, Bondi, Bondi Beach, Bondi Junction, Bronte, Centennial Park, Clovelly, Darlinghurst, Darling Point, Dover Heights, Double Bay, East Sydney, Edgecliff, Elizabeth Bay, Kings Cross, North Bondi, Paddington, Point Piper, Potts Point, Queens Park, Rose Bay, Vaucluse, Watsons Bay, Waverley, Woollahra and Woolloomooloo; and parts of Randwick.

Members

Eric Harrison was a minister in the governments of Joseph Lyons and Robert Menzies. He was also deputy Leader of the Liberal Party. He resign in 1956 and became Australian High Commissioner in London. Bob Ellicott was Attorney-General from 1975–1977. He also served as Minister for Home Affairs, Minister for Capital Territory. He resigned in 1981 to become a judge on the Federal Court of Australia. John Hewson and Malcolm Turnbull both served as Leaders of the Opposition, and Turnbull served as Prime Minister from 2015 to 2018. Peter King lost Liberal Party support, and decided to become an independent. He was banned from the Liberal Party for 10 years.

After Malcolm Turnbull was removed as Prime Minister by the Liberal Party he resigned from the Parliament. A by-election was held for the seat which was one by an independent candidate, Kerryn Phelps.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Wentworth – Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1901 establishments in Australia