cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
If Only You Were Lonely

If Only You Were Lonely is the second album released by Hawthorne Heights. Many listeners consider the album more on the dark side, than the first Hawthorne Heights album.

The album includes a few songs where death growls are absent, and others where it is only used in a small part of the song, to make it fit better. Previously, they would use these harsh vocals a lot more.

It had three singles: "Saying Sorry", "This is Who We Are" and "Pens and Needles".

Track listing

2006 albums
Hawthorne Heights albums
Estádio da Ressacada

The Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, usually called Estádio da Ressacada or just Ressacada, is a football stadium inaugurated on November 15, 1983 in Carianos neighborhood, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a maximum capacity of approximately 19,000 people. The stadium is owned by Avaí. Its formal name honors Aderbal Ramos da Silva, who was president of the Santa Catarina Football Federation and was also governor of the state.

Several matches of the Brazilian football team, as well as the Brazilian Olympic team were played at Ressacada Stadium.

This stadium should not be confused with Blumenau's stadium, which is also called Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, however it is nicknamed DEBA, and has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people.

History

In 1982, to replace the old Estádio Adolfo Konder, Avaí bought a groundplot close to the city's airport (Hercílio Luz International Airport). The construction works were led by Cairo Bueno, and the stadium was designed by the architect Davi Ferreira Lima.

The inaugural match was played on November 15, 1983, when Vasco da Gama beat Avaí 6-1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Vasco da Gama's Wilson Tadei.

On May 31, 1986, the stadium lights were inaugurated.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 19,000, set on July 17, 1988 when Avaí beat Blumenau 2-0, for the Campeonato Catarinense final.

References

Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.

Other websites

Templos do Futebol
Avaí's Official website

Ressacada
Santa Catarina
1983 establishments
1980s establishments in Brazil
Ford Anglia

Ford Anglia was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1939 through 1967.

1930s automobiles
1940s automobiles
1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
Anglia
Flag of France

The Flag of France is called the "Tricolour" (). It was adopted 15 February 1794. It is blue, white and red. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing chose the current colors.

References

France
France
Coat of arms of France

The national emblem of France has been a symbol of the country since 1953. It is not officially the coat of Arms but it appears on French passports.

On it you can see:
 A wide shield with the head of a lion and two letters, "RF". This means République Française (French Republic in french).
 A laurel branch that symbolises victory of the Republic.
 An oak branch that symbolises perenity or wisdom.
 The fasces is a symbol associated with justice (from Roman axes.

France
France
Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a socialism where government is organized by democracy. In short, it believes that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect. 

The combination of the two ideologies of democracy and socialism make democratic socialism. Democratic socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few. To achieve a more just society, many structures of the government and economy must be radically transformed through greater economic and social democracy so that ordinary citizens can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives. Democratic socialists do not want to create an all-powerful government bureaucracy, but at the same time do not want big corporate bureaucracies to control our society either.  

Examples of democratic socialist include Salvador Allende, the democratically elected President of Chile who was overthrown by a US-backed coup de etat; Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia; and the United Kingdom Parliament's former Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.

Democratic socialism is not the same as Marxism-Leninism, which believes in single party rule.

References

Related pages 

 socialism
social democracy (do not confuse with democratic socialism)

Socialism
Democracy
Political systems
Opel Sintra

The Opel Sintra is a large MPV produced by the German automaker Opel from 1996 to 1999. The Sintra is branded as Opel in Europe and Vauxhall in Great Britain. It was a European version of GM’s U-Body minivans and built on the same production line in Doraville, Georgia. 

The reason the Sintra was not a success was because EuroNCAP tested a 1998 model and found it only scored 2.5 Stars, forcing Opel and Vauxhall to drop the model in early 1999. The model was criticised for its dull styling and poor build quality as well as being unsatisfying to own. Because the Astra-Based Zafira MPV debuted when the Sintra finished production in 1999, sometimes it is said that the Zafira replaced the Sintra, but actually Opel never had another Large MPV after the Sintra and then eventually Opel abandoned the Large MPV market in Europe.

1990s automobiles
Sintra
Opel Zafira

Opel Zafira is a car produced by the German carmaker Opel since 1999, and is branded as Vauxhall Zafira in Great Britain. It currently in its third generation.

Replacement of the Sintra

The Zafira is sometimes said to be the replacement of the Sintra, because it was introduced roughly around the same time it was discontinued. Also, they were both minivans. However, the Zafira was in a different segment, and Opel had not intended this.

Gallery

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Zafira
Opel Vectra

Opel Vectra was a car produced by the German carmaker Opel from 1988 to 2008 and branded as Opel in Europe (except for the United Kingdom), Vauxhall in the United Kingdom and The Republic of Ireland, Holden in Australia and in New Zealand, and Chevrolet in Latin America.

It was produced from August 1988 to September 2008, when it was replaced by the European Car of the Year award-winning Insignia.

First Generation (1988–1995) 

The first generation was made between October 1988 and October 1995, it was sold In the UK as the third and last generation Vauxhall Cavalier. There was no estate/wagon version of it and was facelifted in 1992.

Versions

Engines

Petrol

Carburetted 
 1.4 S 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 S 60 kW (82 hp)
 1.8 S 65 kW (88 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)

Fuel-injected 
 1.6 i 52 kW (71 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.8 i 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 i 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.0 i 16V 100 kW (136 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 i 16V Turbo 150 kW (204 hp)
 2.5 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)

Diesel 
 1.7 D 42 kW (57 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.7 TD 60 kW (82 hp)

Second generation (1995–2002) 
The second generation was made between October 1995 and May 2002 and was sold as a Vauxhall in the UK. An estate/wagon version was added in October 1996 and was facelifted in April 1999. In the UK, the car was heavily criticised by well known motoring journalist and TV presenter Jeremy Clarkson, but that didn't stop it from being popular there.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.6 i 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 i 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.8 i 16V 85 kW (115 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
 2.0 i 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.2 i 16V 108 kW (147 hp)
 2.5 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)
 2.6 i V6 125 kW (170 hp)

Diesel 
 1.7 TD 60 kW (82 hp)
 2.0 DI 16V 60 kW (82 hp)
 2.0 DTI 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
 2.2 DTI 16V 92 kW (125 hp)

Third generation (2002–2008) 
The third and final generation launched in June 2002 with hatchback and saloon/sedan models while the related Signum hatchback appeared in June 2003 with an estate/wagon launching that October, as usual, it's sold as a Vauxhall in the UK. It was facelifted in October 2005 and was replaced by the Insignia in late 2008.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.6 i 16V 74 kW (100 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8 i 16V 81 kW (110 hp), 90 kW (122 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 i 16V Turbo 129 kW (175 hp)
 2.2 i 16V 108 kW (147 hp)
 2.2 i 16V Direct 114 kW (155 hp)
 2.8 i V6 Turbo 169 kW (230 hp) and 184 kW (250 hp)
 2.8 i V6 Turbo OPC 188 kW (255 hp) and 206 kW (280 hp)
 3.2 i V6 155 kW (211 hp)

Diesel 
 1.9 CDTI 74 kW (100 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.9 CDTI 16V 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 DTI 16V 74 kW (100 hp)
 2.2 DTI 16V 92 kW (125 hp)
 3.0 CDTI V6 130 kW (177 hp) and 135 kW (184 hp)

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Vectra
A (disambiguation)

A is the first letter of the alphabet. It may also refer to:

In English, it is one of the two indefinite articles, the other being an.
 In measurement, A is a symbol for area.
 In medicine, A is one of the human blood types.
 In music, A is a note.
 In the International System of Units, A is the symbol for the ampere (which is also shortened to amp).
 In school, an A+ is the highest grade you can get, with an A being the grade below.
 In transport, A is the international license plate code for Austria.
In the New York Stock Exchange, A is the symbol for Agilent Technologies.
Poison dart frog

Poison dart frog  is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. They are native to Central and South America. 

Unlike many frogs, these are active during the day. They often have brightly-coloured bodies, which act as warning colouration. All dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic.  In the wild, frog of different species and in different places may have very different levels of toxicity.  Many species are critically endangered. 

Poison dart frogs are poisonous because they eat ants and other small insects that have toxins in their bodies. If an animal eats the frog, it will become very sick.

Toxicity 
Many poison dart frogs secrete alkaloid toxins through their skin. Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation. They are able to be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs.  

The most toxic of poison dart frog species is Phyllobates terribilis. As mentioned above, dart frogs do not make their own poisons, but keep (sequester) the chemicals from arthropod prey, such as ants, centipedes and mites. This is the diet-toxicity hypothesis. Because of this, captive-bred animals do not have significant levels of toxins: they are reared on diets that do not have the alkaloids used by wild populations.  Nonetheless, the captive-bred frogs can store up alkaloids if they get an alkaloid-containing diet. 

Most wild species are not lethal to their predators, but rather taste foul enough that frogs are released immediately. Despite the toxins used by some poison dart frogs, some predators can withstand them. One is the snake Leimadophis epinephelus, which has developed immunity to the poison.

Taxonomy
Dart frogs are the focus of many studies. Their scientific names may sometimes change. Family Dendrobatidae was revised in 2006 and now has 12 genera, with about 170 species.

Colour morphs
Some poison dart frogs species include a number of colour morphs that evolved as recently as 6,000 years ago. 

Predation does influence the evolution of polymorphism, for example, in O. granulifera. Sexual selection has contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of Oophaga pumilio.

References

Grant, Taran. "Poison dart frog." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013.Web. 10 Jan. 2013.

Other websites 

Dyeing Poison Frog. ARKive, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.arkive.org/ >.

Venomous animals
Golden dart frog

The golden dart frog (Phyllobates terribilis) is a poison dart frog. It lives in the Pacific coast of Colombia. 

In captivity, poison dart frogs are not poisonous. It is in the wild where they are poisonous because of what they eat. This amphibian of the Dendrobatidae family is considered the most poisonous vertebrate in the world.  The optimal habitat of P. terribilis is the rainforest with high rain rates (5 m. or more), altitude between 100-200 m, temperature of 26 °C, and relative humidity of 80-90%.

"In a 20-gram white mouse, the minimal lethal dose of batrachotoxin/homobatrachotoxin is about 0.05 µg, when injected subcutaneously. Thus, one frog, P. terribilis, with typical 1100 µg of these compounds, contains enough poison to kill more than 20,000 mice. Although extrapolating toxicity parameters from mouse to man has errors, if we suppose that man is at least as susceptible as mice to these compounds, the lethal dose is about 180 µg for a person. Larger animals are often more susceptible to toxins that smaller organisms, so that the lethal dose for man may be even less. Myers et al. [1] anticipated a lethal dose of batrachotoxin for man of only 2.0 to 7.5 µg, when administered by injection. 
"The oral potency of batrachotoxin is much lower; therefore, Indians can eat animals captured by their darts without of risk of intoxication. In additions, the small amount of poison used is metabolized and the metabolites are not poisonous; most importantly, cooking may also destroy the toxins, although not all toxins are heat labile".

The high toxicity of P. terribilis may be due to eating small insects or other arthropods, and one of these may truly be the most poisonous creature on Earth. Scientists have suggested the crucial insect may be a small beetle from the family Melyridae. At least one species of these beetles produces the same toxin found in P. terribilis. Their relatives in Colombian rainforests could be the source of the batrachotoxins found in the highly toxic Phyllobates frogs of that region.

References 

Poison dart frogs
Mercedes-Benz R-Class

Mercedes-Benz R-Class is a car made by Mercedes-Benz introduced in 2005. The model wasn't a strong seller for Mecedes-Benz and was discontinued in 2012 without a replacement. 

2000s automobiles
R-Class
2010s automobiles
Mercedes-Benz C-Class

Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a luxury car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993. It is currently in its fourth generation. The C-Class is the most popular Mercedes-Benz. It is the main competitor of the BMW 3 Series and Audi A4. The interior is made up of soft-touch leather and aluminium. It is priced in between the A-Class and the E–Class. To be more specific, a base model C-Class can be priced at around 41,000 dollars.

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
C-Class
2010s automobiles
Ford F-Series

Ford F-Series is a series of pickup trucks produced by Ford Motor Company since 1948. It is currently in its Thirteenth Generation. The most popular variant of the F-Series is the F-150. It was the best-selling vehicle of its time, the most popular pickup truck for 23 years and the most popular truck for 33 years. This does not include combined sales of General Motors pickup trucks. Millions of the F-Series trucks were sold in the United States and other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia and Australia. For the 2010 model year, the SVT Raptor high-performance truck was introduced. Unlike its Lightning predecessor, it was a vehicle meant for off-road driving.

The F-Series through time

References

F-Series
Pickup trucks
European Council

The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. It is made of all the heads of state or government of the Union's member states and with the President of the European Commission. The country which holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union also leads its assemblies.

The Council has no formal executive or legislative powers. It is an institution that deals with very important issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union". The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels.

References

European Union
Nick Jonas

Nicholas Jerry Jonas (born September 16, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter and actor.

Jonas formed a band with his older brothers, Joe and Kevin, known as the Jonas Brothers. The group released their debut studio album It's About Time. The band became a Disney favorite and later starred in Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two of their own series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).

In 2017, Jonas appeared in the adventure comedy movie Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.

Jonas is married to Indian actress and singer Priyanka Chopra. In January 2022, the couple had their first child, via surrogacy.

Television
 The Voice (2020-2021) - Coach

References

1992 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American pop singers
American R&B singers
American rock singers
American pianists
American rock guitarists
American pop musicians
American R&B musicians
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Singers from Dallas, Texas
Musicians from Dallas, Texas
Writers from Dallas, Texas
Singers from New Jersey
Musicians from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
People from Wyckoff, New Jersey
Joe Jonas

Joseph Adam Jonas (born August 15, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, and actor. He became known as a member of the pop rock band the Jonas Brothers, alongside his brothers Kevin and Nick.

He starred in Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two television series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).

After the Jonas Brothers officially split-up, Jonas formed the funk-pop band DNCE in 2015. The group became well known for their debut single "Cake by the Ocean", which peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States.

In 2019, he married English actress Sophie Turner.

References

1989 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American pop singers
American R&B singers
American rock singers
American pianists
American rock guitarists
American pop musicians
American R&B musicians
American funk singers
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Singers from Arizona
Writers from Arizona
Musicians from Arizona
Actors from Arizona
Singers from New Jersey
Musicians from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
People from Wyckoff, New Jersey
INSEE

INSEE () is the French national institute for Statistics and Economic studies. The INSEE was created in 1946. It replaced the National Statistics Service (SNS) which was created under the Vichy government during World War II.

INSEE Code 
INSEE codes (or COG) are given to Communes in France. They consist of 8 digits (numbers) but there is a simple version with 5 digits. The first two digits (3 for Overseas France) are the number of the department. The other 2 (or 3) numbers are the number of the commune. The INSEE code is not the same as the postcode.

France
Anhedonia

In psychology, anhedonia (< Greek αν- an-, without + ηδονή hēdonē, pleasure ) is not being able to feel pleasure. This may include not enjoying things like eating, exercise, watching movies, meeting friends, social activities, or sexual interaction and activity.

In most cases, anhedonia is caused by mental disorders. It happens in some severe cases of depression and it is a common symptom of schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder and major depressive disorder.

Other websites 
 No Pleasure, No Reward
 Discussion of male orgasmic dysfunction (ejaculation without orgasm) on the Sexual Health Forums of HisandHerHealth.com 

Psychology
Symptoms
CFP Franc

The CFP franc (usually just called franc) is the currency used in some of France's overseas colonies (French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna). It was created in December 1945. The initials CFP originally stood for Colonies françaises du Pacifique ("French colonies of the Pacific") but now officially stand for Change Franc Pacifique ("Pacific Franc Exchange"). There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 CFP franc coins and 500, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 CFP franc banknotes.

Currency of Oceania
Economy of France
French Polynesia
Pierre Corneille

Pierre Corneille (June 6, 1606 – October 1, 1684) was a French playwright. He is one of the most famous 17th century French dramatists. Some others are Molière and Racine. He has been called “the founder of French tragedy” and produced plays for nearly forty years.

Works
 Mélite (1629)
 Clitandre (1630–31)
 la Veuve (1631)
 la Galerie du Palais (1631–32)
 La Place royale (1633–34)
 l'Illusion comique (1636)
 Médée (1635)
 le Cid (1637)
 Horace (1640)
 Cinna (1641)
 Polyeucte (1642)
 La Mort de Pompée (1643)
 Le Menteur (1643)
 Rodogune (1644)
 Héraclius (1647)
 Don Sanche d'Aragon (1650)
 Andromède, (1650)
 Nicomède, (1651)
 Pertharite, (1651)
 l'Imitation de Jésus-Christ (1656)
 Oedipe (1659)
 Trois Discours sur le poème dramatique (1660)
 La Toison d'or (1660)
 Sertorius (1662)
 Othon (1664)
 Agésilas (1666)
 Attila (1667)
 Tite et Bérénice (1670)
 Psyché (w/ Molière and Philippe Quinault,1671)
 Suréna (1674)

1606 births
1684 deaths

French playwrights
Jean Racine

Jean Racine (December 22, 1639 – April 21, 1699) was a French playwright. He was one of the most famous of the 17th century in France (with Molière and Corneille). Racine was mostly a tragedian, even though he did write one comedy.

Works 
 La Thébaïde (1664)
 Alexandre le Grand (1665)
 Andromaque (1667)
 Les Plaideurs (1668)
 Britannicus (1669)
 Bérénice (1670)
 Bajazet (1672)
 Mithridate (1673)
 Iphigénie (1674)
 Phèdre (1677)
 Esther (drama) (1689)
 Athalie (1691)

French playwrights

1639 births
1699 deaths
Cinderella

"Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper"  is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published anonymously in Paris in 1697  in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault.

The story is about an ill-treated girl who, with the help of her fairy godmother, travels to a ball in a pumpkin coach.  She flees the ball at midnight and loses her glass slipper. A prince, who has fallen in love with her, finds her lost slipper and uses it later to find her.

Similar European tales are found in Bonaventure des Periers's New Recreations and Joyous Games (1558) and Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1634-6). The Brothers Grimm included their version, "Aschenputtel", in Children's and Household Tales (1812). Tales similar to "Cinderella" exist in Chinese, Indian, African, Javanese, Australian, and Japanese literature and folklore. The tale has been adapted to the stage, movies, television, and other media.

Story 
A widower marries a proud and haughty woman. She already has two daughters of her own. They despise the man's daughter by his first marriage, but she is gentle and beautiful, They treat her meanly. She is assigned all the housework and sleeps in the attic. She gave her the name Cinderella because she sits in the chimney corner.

A prince gives a ball and all the ladies of quality are invited. Cinderella's stepsisters go to the ball, but Cinderella remains at home crying. Her fairy godmother appears and transforms a pumpkin into a golden coach to take Cinderella to the ball. The fairy turns mice, lizards, and a rat into horses and coachmen with a wave of her wand. She gives Cinderella a gown of gold and silver and slippers made of glass. She orders Cinderella to return home by midnight for the charm ends at that time. Cinderella goes to the ball and dazzles everyone. The prince pays her special attention. Her stepsisters do not recognize her. She leaves at midnight and returns home.  The next evening she again goes to the prince's ball. She loses track of time, hurries away just at midnight, but loses one of her glass slippers. At home, Cinderella's gown turns to rags, but the other glass slipper remains as it is.

The stepsisters tell her that the prince is in love with the unknown beautiful lady. The prince orders the slipper to be tried on all the ladies in the land. He will marry only the girl whose foot will fit the slipper. The stepsisters try it on but it does not fit. Cinderella tries it on and it fits. She pulls the other slipper from her pocket and puts it on. The Godmother appears and touches Cinderella's clothes with her wand. They are transformed into a gown more beautiful than that she wore to the ball.  A few days later, the prince marries her. She forgives her stepsisters for their past meanness and finds husbands for them at the court.

References 

 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. 

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
Iranian

Iranian may refer to:
 Something of, from, or related to Iran, a country in the Middle East.
 One of the Iranian languages.  See also Languages of Iran.
 Iranians, persons from Iran, or of Iranian descent. For more information about the Iranian people, see Demographics of Iran and Culture of Iran. 
 Iranian peoples, various ethnic groups originating in or associated with Iran 
 Iranian diaspora
 For specific persons, see List of Iranians
Analog-to-digital converter

An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is an electronic integrated circuit that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital number. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number. The size of the number grows with an increase in the input voltage or current.  However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs.

References

More websites

 Counting Type ADC  A simple tutorial showing how to build your first ADC.
 An Introduction to Delta Sigma Converters A very nice overview of Delta-Sigma converter theory.
 Digital Dynamic Analysis of A/D Conversion Systems through Evaluation Software based on FFT/DFT Analysis RF Expo East, 1987
 Which ADC Architecture Is Right for Your Application? article by Walt Kester
 AN71 - The Care and Feeding of High Performance ADCs Real world circuit and layout advice
 ADC and DAC Glossary  Defines commonly used technical terms.
 Signal processing and system aspects of time-interleaved ADCs. 
 Introduction to ADC in AVR - Analog to digital conversion with Atmel microcontrollers

Electronic circuits
Digital-to-analog converter

In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (abbreviated DAC or D-to-A) is a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage or electric charge).

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse operation.

Electronic circuits
Digital Signal Controller

A Digital Signal Controller (DSC) can be thought of as a hybrid of microcontrollers and DSP processors.  

Technology
Computer science
Naltrexone

Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is different from the drug naloxone. Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose. Naltrexone is for longer-term control of dependence. Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends naltrexone for people who are fully detoxed from alcohol or opioids and are highly motivated to remain abstinent. Naltrexone is also sometimes used off-label to treat opioid and nicotine withdrawal as well. Although naltrexone is a helpful medication, it is not a cure for alcohol or opioid dependence. To be effective, naltrexone must be combined with other psychosocial therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy or motivational interviewing, or with a 12-step program such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous.

History 
Naloxone was first synthesized and subsequently patented in 1961 by Drs. Jack Fischman and Mozez Lewenstein of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, based on a theory proposed by their colleague, Dr. Harold Blumberg at the Long Island-based Endo Laboratories. Intravenous naloxone (Envizio) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for opioid overdose reversal in 1971 and was shortly adopted as a standard emergency treatment at many of the nation’s premier academic medical centers.

Naltrexone Side Effects 

 Abdominal pain and cramps
 Anxiety
 Headache
 Joint and muscle pains
 Nausea and vomiting
 Sleep problems
 Tiredness

Drugs
Addiction

References
Proximity fuze

A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze, for "variable time") is a fuze that is made to create an explosion when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a set value, or when the target passes through a given line. Proximity fuzes are mostly used in anti-aircraft warfare. They usually work as a simple radar. 

weapons
PT boat

PT Boats were motor torpedo boats ("PT", for "Patrol Torpedo"). They were small, fast ships used by the United States Navy in World War II to attack larger surface ships. The PT boat squadrons were nicknamed "the mosquito fleet".

Naval ships of the United States
Radar jamming

Radar jamming is the emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the work of a radar by flooding its receiver with noise or false information. There are two types of radar jamming: Mechanical and electronic jamming.

War
Wave physics
Peace Corps

The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. The Peace Corps was started by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and allowed by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The first president of the Peace Corps was Sargent Shriver. The Peace Corps Act says the purpose of the Peace Corps is: 
“to promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.”

Since 1960, more than 190,000 people have served as Peace Corps volunteers in 139 countries.

Notes 

United States government agencies
Great Society

The Great Society was a set of programs proposed or enacted in the United States by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society were to end poverty and to end racial discrimination. New major spending programs that dealt with education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were started during this period. The Great Society was like the New Deal domestic plan of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but had very different programs.

Unlike the New Deal, the Great Society focused more on people rather than the economy. Medicaid and Medicare were implemented to help poor Americans. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society was the largest expansion of spending programs since the Great Depression. Many of the programs that exist can be attributed to the passage of the Great Society.

1960s in the United States
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset

Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1506 – 22 January, 1552) was an English peer and politician. He was Lord Protector of England during the reign of King Edward VI, because Edward was too young to rule alone. He served as Lord Protector from 1547 to 1552, when he was executed for treason.

1506 births
1552 deaths
English Dukes
Sit-in

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons non-violently occupying an area for a protest.

Social sciences
Alden B. Dow

Alden B. Dow (April 10, 1904, Midland, Michigan – August 20, 1983) was an American architect. He was the son of Herbert Henry Dow (founder of the Dow Chemical Company) and Grace A. Dow. Dow is known for his architectural design. His personal house in Midland, the Midland Center for the Arts, the Fleming Administration Building, as well as the building for the Grace A. Dow Library (named after his mother) are examples of his important work.

1904 births
1983 deaths
American architects
People from Midland, Michigan
Businesspeople from Michigan
Strategic Defense Initiative

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a plan created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on defense instead on the offensive mutual assured destruction (MAD).

Notes 

Cold War
Military of the United States
War
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Military-industrial complex
Circa

Circa is Latin for "around" or "about". It is often used to show when something approximately happened. It is often shortened to c., ca., ca or cca.

An encyclopedia entry may begin with circa in the date of birth, for example: "Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227)". The "c." means that he was born in about 1162, but the exact date is not certain. Sometimes the circa symbol is italicized to show that it is not in the English language.

Estimated values of different units may also begin with circa in research reports and scientific articles, for example "it involved c.450 kg of carved ivory". The "c." means that it was an estimated value based on an average value or any other coefficient that the researcher will generally define in the methodology.

Latin words used in English
Varg Vikernes

Varg Vikernes (legal name Louis Cachet, born Kristian Vikernes on February 11, 1973 near Bergen, Norway) is a black metal musician, convicted murderer, arsonist and political activist. In 1991, Vikernes created the one-man music project Burzum. Burzum quickly became important within the early Norwegian black metal scene. Later he became a part of the Heathen Front and wrote several writings on Germanic neopaganism.

In the early 1990s, there were black metal bands who believed in burning churches to prove their hatred for Christianity. Vikernes was found guilty of arson and the murder of Mayhem band member Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth. He was sent to prison for 21 years. Vikernes was up for parole in 2008 but it was denied. He was released in March 2009.

On July 16th 2013, Vikernes and his wife, a French national, were arrested in Corrèze, France, on suspicion of planning acts of terrorism because his wife had purchased four rifles. They were released with no charges after police could not identify any terrorist plans or targets.

References

Other websites
Official website for Varg Vikernes and Burzum

1973 births
Living people
Arsonists
Murderers
Norwegian musical entertainers
Political activists
Paul Gauguin

Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French post-Impressionist painter. He was not well appreciated until after his death. Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of color and style that were different from Impressionism. His work was influential among the French avant-garde and fauvism, as well later artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Gauguin’s art became popular after his death; partly from the efforts of art dealer Ambroise Vollard. 

Gaugin gave up his family and life to live in Tahiti in 1891. He died of syphilis in 1903.

Related pages 
 List of French painters

References 

1848 births
1903 deaths
Artists from Paris
Deaths from infectious disease
French painters
French printmakers
The Three Musketeers

The Three Musketeers () is a novel of adventure fiction by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan. He leaves home to become a musketeer of the guard of King Louis XIII of France. He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ().

The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne. Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the D'Artagnan Romances.

The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844. All the books sold well and made plenty of money for Dumas. The story was later made into several plays and movies.

1841 books
French novels
Pasties

Pasties (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.

The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape.  This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.

Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance. 

Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt.

Pasties in law
The United States Supreme Court held in Erie v. Pap's A.M. that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.

References

Clothing
Body art
Stendhal

Henri-Marie Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842) is better known by his pen name Stendhal. He was a 19th century French writer. He is known for his precise analysis of his characters' psychology. His two most famous novels are Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).

Stendhal was born in Grenoble. He died in Paris.

1783 births
1842 deaths
French novelists
People from Grenoble
Pen names
Travis Barker

Travis Landon Barker (born November 14, 1975) is an American drummer. He is better known for being in the band Blink-182. He is also the drummer for +44 and has several side projects such as Box Car Racer, Transplants and Expensive Taste.

Plane crash
Just before midnight on September 19, 2008, Barker and Adam "DJ AM" Goldstein were involved in a plane crash. Barker and Goldstein survived but the pilot, Sarah Lemmon, the co-pilot, James Bland, Chris Baker and security guard, Charles "Che" Still all died in the crash. Barker suffered both second and third degree burns that covered around 1/3 of his body.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1975 births
Living people
American drummers
American rock musicians
American punk musicians
Musicians from California
Guy de Maupassant

Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a popular 19th century French writer. He is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story. 

He was an apprentice of Flaubert. Maupassant's stories have a common economy of style and their efficient, effortless dénouement (ending). Many of the stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War. Many more describe the war. He also wrote six short novels.

1850 births
1893 deaths

French writers
Prairie dog

Prairie dogs are a genus of ground squirrels. They are  small, burrowing rodents which live in short-grass prairies and the high plains of western North America. The explorers Lewis and Clark sent a prairie dog to President Thomas Jefferson during their expedition; it was quite strange to him.

Prairie dogs are found in North America. In Mexico, they are mostly found in the northern states, which are the southern end of the great plains: northeastern Sonora, north and northeastern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo León, and northern Tamaulipas; in the U.S., they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the Canadian Prairies. They will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits.

Diet 
Prairie dogs are mostly herbivores (plant-eaters). They eat grasses, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruit, eggs, and some insects.

Biology and behavior

Highly social, prairie dogs live in large colonies – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. Families usually are made up of one male and two to four females living in a strict social hierarchy. Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony. The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved by fighting. Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes. 

Prairie dogs are social animals, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss. Prairie dogs employ a complex form of communication that involves barks and rhythmic chirps.

Prairie dog tunnel systems usually have several rooms. Tunnels can go down as far as , and can extend laterally as much as . Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance. The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts.

The prairie dog is well adapted to predators. They can detect predators from a far distance and alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call. Prairie dogs use different calls to identify specific predators. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators. Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.

The prairie dog is chiefly herbivorous, though it eats some insects. It feeds primarily on grasses and, in the fall, broadleaf plants. Prairie dogs have 1-6 pups (babies) yearly, which are born blind and furless and need about 30 days of close nurturing from their mother.

Sometimes two prairie dogs touch teeth with each other. Researchers think they do this as a way of recognizing each other.

Predators 
Prairie dogs are hunted by many animals, including wolves, dogs, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and humans.

References 

Squirrels
Mammals of North America
The Hunchback of Notre Dame

The Hunchback of Notre Dame (, "Our Lady of Paris") is a 1831 French novel written by Victor Hugo. It is set in 1482 Paris. The story is about a Gypsy (Esmeralda), a bell-ringer in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris (Quasimodo) and the archdeacon (Claude Frollo).

Other websites

 The Hunchback of Notre Dame at Internet Archive and Google Books, multiple English translations (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
 , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (plain text and HTML)
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame at LibriVox, 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (audiobook)
 Notre Dame de Paris Harvard Classics
  Notre-Dame de Paris at Wikisource (HTML)

1831 books
French novels
Works by Victor Hugo
Antoine Watteau

Jean-Antoine Watteau (10 October 1684 – 18 July 1721) was a French painter. His brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. It brought back the almost forgotten Baroque idiom, which, in time became known as Rococo. He invented the genre of fêtes galantes: scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, with an air of theatricality. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.

Gallery

Other websites 

Watteau paintings at the Web Gallery of Art

1684 births
1721 deaths

French painters
Soggy biscuit

Soggy biscuit (also called “limp biscuit”, “landscapers lunch”, “crispy cookie”, “ookie cookie”, “jizzcuit” or “jogo do pão”) is a male masturbation game played mostly by teenage groups in which the participants stand around a biscuit masturbating until ejaculating onto it; the last person to do so must eat the biscuit.

Although the way it is spelled may differ slightly, the notability of the game is shown by the variations of it being referred to in popular culture, examples including Stephen Fry's The Liar, the German movie Crazy, the 2006 film Sleeping Dogs Lie, the "Chains" episode of Blackadder II, the "Freaks & Greeks" episode of Drawn Together (2004-2006), the "Sleepover" episode of Big Mouth, Limp Bizkit, and Skinless's song "Scum Cookie".

References 

Games
Human sexuality
Hurricane Isabel

Hurricane Isabel was the costliest and deadliest hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season. Isabel formed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) on September 11. After weakening and strengthening for four days, Isabel slowly weakened. It moved onto the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 18. It quickly weakened over land.

In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed away part of Hatteras Island. This area of washed away land was sometimes known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was highest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed. The worst effects happened in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and on the shores of the James River. Virginia had the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the total damage and 68% of the total deaths from the storm happened in North Carolina and Virginia.

There was moderate to severe damage up the Atlantic coastline and as far west as West Virginia. About six million lost power in the eastern United States. Rain fell from South Carolina to Maine, and westward to Michigan. In total, damage is estimated at $3.6 billion (2003 USD, $4.1 billion 2008 USD). 16 deaths in seven states are blamed directly on the hurricane. 35 more deaths in six states and one province were not directly related to the hurricane.

2003 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in North Carolina
2000s in the Bahamas
2000s in North Carolina
2000s in Virginia
2000s in Maryland
2000s in South Carolina
History of West Virginia
History of Delaware
2000s in New Jersey
2000s in New York (state)
2000s in Pennsylvania
2000s in Ohio
2000s in Washington, D.C.
2003 in Canada
2003 in the United States
Hurricanes in Virginia
Eugène Delacroix

Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on color and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.

However, Delacroix was given neither to sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."

Delacroix was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.

References 

1798 births
1863 deaths
French painters
People from Ile-de-France
Eugène Durieu

Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu (1800; Nîmes, France – 1874; Paris, France) was an early French photographer of nudes, known for making studies for Eugène Delacroix.  Some of Durieu's nudes were used by Delacroix to creating his own paintings and drawings.

References

 Coke, Van Deren. "Two Delacroix Drawings Made from Photographs". Art Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Spring, 1962), pp. 172–174. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/774417>.
 

1800 births
1874 deaths
French photographers