cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
John Putnam Chapin

John Putnam Chapin (April 21, 1810 – July 27, 1864) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1846–1847). He was a member of the Whig Party.

Chapin was born on April 21, 1810 in Bradford, Vermont. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Chapin died on July 27, 1864 in Chicago from a heart attack, aged 54.

References

1810 births
1864 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Chicago
Whig party (US) politicians
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Vermont
Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms are two words that doctors use to describe how a medical problem causes changes in a person's body.

Signs 
A sign is a change in the body that can be heard, seen, felt, or smelled by a doctor.  A sign may also be shown on medical tests like X-rays or blood tests.  For example:
 A doctor can hear changes in breathing sounds when he listens to a person's lungs with a stethoscope.  These changes can be a sign of different breathing problems.
A doctor can see that a person has a bruise or swelling.  These are signs of an injury to the body. 
A doctor can feel that a bone seems crooked or broken.  This may be a sign of a bone fracture (broken bone). 
A doctor can smell that a person's breath smells like fruit.  This can be a sign of very high blood sugar.
A doctor can see on an X-ray that a bone is broken.  This is a sign of a bone fracture.

Symptoms 
A symptom is a change in the body that cannot be seen, heard, felt, or smelled by a doctor.  It also cannot be shown on medical tests.  A symptom is something that only the person having the symptom can see, hear, feel, or smell.  For example:
 Before a migraine headache, a person may see flashing lights that are not really there.  Nobody but that person can see the lights, and they will not show up on any medical tests.  This is called an aura, and it is a symptom of a migraine.
 Sometimes, people will hear a ringing sound, like a phone ringing, in their ears.  This can be a symptom of ear problems or hearing problems.
 Pain is a common symptom.  A doctor cannot see, hear, or feel pain, or see it on tests.  Only the person having the pain can feel it.  If a person is having pain, like a headache or a stomach ache, there is no way for the doctor to know unless the person tells the doctor.
 Sometimes, before a person has a seizure, they may smell something that is not really there.  Nobody but that person can smell it.  This can be a symptom of an aura, warning that a seizure is going to happen.

Signs and symptoms often happen together 
Often, medical problems cause both signs and symptoms.  For example:

References
James Machon

James Machon (born 1848) was a Boy in the United States Navy and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Stationed in the immediate vicinity of the shell whips which were twice cleared of men by bursting shells, Machon remained steadfast at his post and performed his duties in the powder division throughout the furious action which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

References

Other websites

1848 births
Year of death unknown
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Surabaya

Surabaya (), the second largest city in Indonesia, is the capital of East Java. The meaning of Surabaya is combination of sura meaning shark and baya meaning crocodile. There are about 3 million people living in Surabaya and they speak a dialect of Javanese called Suroboyoan. Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta. Surabaya is located on the edge of the northern coast of Java Island and dealing with the Madura Strait and Java Sea.

Historical Places 
There are many museums and monuments that represents and shows the history of Surabaya.

House of Sampoerna 
The House of Sampoerna is a museum that exhibits from the story of the founder of Sampoerna, Liem Seeng Tee to history of tobacco making. One part of the museum shows the history of how this place was found. It starts from Seeng Tee moving to Indonesia after the death of his wife until how he found the old building of Dutch-supported orphanage. There are displays of Seeng Tee’s old objects such as his bicycle, motorcycle, and equipment and objects related to tobacco. There is a tobacco plant within the building where 3,500 women are rolling Dji Sam Soe cigarettes.

Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa 
Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa is a Catholic church. It is one of the old buildings left from during the Dutch invasion in the 18th century. It is the oldest church in East Java. It has been preserved by the Dutch government in Indonesia. Despite the fact that it is old, the brick stones are undamaged. Without air-conditioning in the hot weather of Indonesia, the temperature inside the church is low and cool. Services were held since 1800s and it still continues today every Sunday in Chinese.

Tugu Pahlawan 
Surabaya is not only the second largest city in Indonesia but it is known as the “city of heroes” because of the role it played in the Battle of Surabaya in November 10, 1945. This monument Tugu Pahlawan, Heroes Monument, is the symbol of Surabaya and is built to respect the heroes who fought for independence. This rocket-like monument points towards the moon 41.15 meters high. Along with the monument, there is a museum where diorama of Surabaya in 1945 is displayed. History of Surabaya at that time could be seen through pictures, clips, and stories. There are other buildings surrounding the monument to depict the struggles Indonesians had to go through.

Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma 
Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma was built in 1990s in order to save and maintain nation's cultural heritage. This museum exhibits historical items related to health and items that are used today. In September 14, 2004, Minister of Health changed the name of the museum to "Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma, MPH - MOH. There is a special library in the museum that displays materials such as books, magazines, tapes, and video recording that provides information about health studies. The museum also has different show rooms that displays different equipments used in the past and genealogy of royal families of Indonesia.

Other websites 
Official Site for Surabaya
Tourist Information

Cities in Indonesia
Java
Samul nori

Samul nori is a Korean traditional musical performance, which is performed with four percussion instruments: Jing, Janggu, Buk (the drum in Korean), Kkwaenggwari. The performance includes dancing. Specifically, in Samul, sa means "four", and mul means "object" in Korean, and nori means "to play". Considering the meaning of Samul nori, this is one kind of playful and casual art performance done in public. In the past, Korean people usually play Samul nori when they work in agricultural area to relax after working.

Nowadays, some Korean people who play Korean traditional music try to boost Samul nori. Famous samul-nori performances are Kim duk soo Samul nori and Namsadang nori. Namsadang Nori was chosen as a UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In addition, some Koreans are trying to transform Samul nori to modern styles by mixing this with other modern performances. For example, there were TV shows where Samul nori performers were dancing with pop singers or DJs. 

Furthermore, other than mixing Samul nori with modern performances, some Korean people try to create new performance inspired by Samul nori. For example, Nanta, a performance of sounds made by hitting everyday objects, is inspired by Samul nori. Also, there is Nori dan, social enterprise in Korea, which play recycled garbage as musical instruments by hitting them.

Korean music
63 Building

63 Building is a skyscraper on Yeouido (island) in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul in South Korea. Despite its name, it actually has 66 floors – 63 floors above ground and 3 floors underground. Construction started in February 1980, and was completed in May 1985. At that time, the name of the building was “Daehanlife 63 Building”, but the name of this has changed to “63 City.” It was the highest building in Asia at the moment of being built. It is now the 5th highest building in even Korea – the highest building in Korea is Northeast Asia Trade Tower in Incheon. But from now on, 63 Building is known as the most famous landmark in Korea.

Before it was built, South Korea was in the period of development. Therefore, it was decided to build the highest building in Asia to beat Sunshine 60 in Tokyo, Japan. There were also no buildings which were higher than 31 floors in South Korea. The process of building was chosen very fast.

63 building is actually a building for Hanhwa Group but it also has some cultural areas for visitors. Except for the top 3 floors, visitors can enjoy all of the building. There is an aquarium named “63 Sea World”, IMAX theater, and observatory with museum named “63 Sky-art.” There are also many areas like food courts and restaurants.

63 Sea World was opened at July 27th, 1985, and has over 400 species and 20,000 marine lives in there. It also has a coelcanth and oarfish. The theater in 63 Building is the first IMAX theater in Korea. The “63 Buffet Pavilion” is known as one of the greatest restaurants in Seoul.

There are six elevators which were made by Mitsubishi in 63 Building, and their speed is about 540 meters per minute. It is the fastest elevator in Korea. For subway, there are two stations, Noryangjin station in Line 1 and Line 9.

Other websites
Official English-language website 

Skyscrapers
Buildings and structures in Seoul
Busker Busker

Busker Busker () is a Korean indie band which got their popularity in Superstar K, one of the most famous audition programs in South Korea. The band is composed of three members now: Jang Bum-jun (guitarist and vocalist), Kim Hyung-tae (bassist), and Bradely Ray Moore (drummer). They won the second prize in Superstar K season 3, and then they officially released their own debut album on 29 March 2012.

History 
The three members were in the same university; Jang and Kim were students of Animation Art and Brad was an English professor in Sang-myung University located in Cheonan. They named the band as Busker Busker because they performed on the street to the public in Cheonan. They went to Seoul in order to share their music talents with more people, especially in Hong-dae which is a favorite place for many indie musicians in Korea. As they got popular among people, they participated in Superstar K of M-net on April, 2011. Actually there were more members in the band but composition was somewhat unsettled. As the three of them could adjust their schedules and started to be aired on TV, Busker Busker has been fixed as trio band.

They could pass the preliminary stage as performing their own song "Ideal Type". In Super-week, they performed K-pop song "Coming-of-age ceremony" but they failed to pass the rival mission with 2-Month () singing "Juliet". However, one of the Top 10 band, Yeri-Band left the lodging without permission during training period. As there happened to be a vacancy in Top 10, Busker Busker was newly selected as one of the top 11, with Haze. As they sang several songs on the live stages including "Tokyo girl", "People in Seoul" and "Makgerlina", they got extremely popular and most of their songs were ranked highest in music charts. Although Ulala Session got the title of the competition, they kept their popularity after the Audition.

Busker Busker has released their first regular album, Busker Busker 1st album, on March 29th, 2012. The songs in the album, which were all written by their own, hit all kinds of K-pop chart including "Cherry blossom Ending", "First Love", and "Yeosu Night Sea". The album sold over a million, and the next album Busker Busker 1st Finale has also been loved since it was released on June 21st. They ended their first promotional activities for the albums after finishing their first concert, Youth Bus, on June 22nd and 23rd.

South Korean musical groups
Indie bands
Reality television participants
2011 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in South Korea
Menorah (Hanukkah)

The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, is a nine-branched lamp or candleholder used on the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. It is used to celebrate, remember, and honor the historical miracle of Hanukkah. 

Its shape is an upright stand with eight equal branches to hold a candle or oil with a wick. A ninth branch, at the center or to one side and usually taller, is the shamash (). The shamash is lit first, then used to light the others, while a prayer is recited. One of the branches is lit on the first night, two on the second, etc., which lasts eight nights.

References

Hanukkah
Religious symbols
Suspension of disbelief

Suspension of disbelief is the willingness for a person to accept fantasy as it is presented to them in any form of media.

Reality and fantasy 
Reality is the world around us. Fantasy is a world that only is in our minds, or recorded in some way onto or into something that can be passed along from one form to another. Fantasy cannot exist as something real, something that we can touch or see as it is. 

An example of something from fantasy is the White Rabbit from Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland". Because of our experience, that is, how we have lived our lives, it has not been proven that it can possibly be real. The White Rabbit is an animal which stands on two legs (in some stories), wears human clothing, and acts and speaks like a human. For us as humans, a normal rabbit does not speak, nor does it act or speak like a human. Because of that, we think of the White Rabbit as fantasy, it only can be living in a not-real world.

Suspension of disbelief is a way to enjoy a story. If one were to completely disregard a story as false, the entertainment value, what makes us like a story, would be lost. On the other hand, if one accepts a story as real for as long as the story goes on, then a connection to living in reality can be made, however big or small.

Fantasy
Psychology
Fiction
James Hutchinson Woodworth

James Hutchinson Woodworth (December 4, 1804 – March 26, 1869) was an American politician. He was in the Illinois State Senate and in the Illinois State House of Representatives. He was a Chicago Alderman. He was elected to consecutive terms as Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1848–1850) as an Independent Democrat. He was in the US House of Representatives for one term as a member of the Republican Party.

Woodworth was born on December 4, 1804 in Greenwhich, New York. He was married to Almrya Booth from 1842 until his death in 1869. They had two children. Woodoworth died on March 26, 1869 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 64.

References

Other websites
First Inaugural Address
Second Inaugural Address

1804 births
1869 deaths
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
Chicago City Council members
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
United States representatives from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Isaac Lawrence Milliken

Isaac Lawrence Milliken (August 29, 1815 – December 2, 1885) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1854 to 1855. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Milliken was born on August 29, 1815 in Saco, Maine. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Milliken died on December 2, 1885 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 70.

References

Other websites
Inaugural Address

1815 births
1885 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Chicago, Illinois
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Maine
US Democratic Party politicians
Charles McNeill Gray

Charles McNeill Gray (March 7, 1807 – October 17, 1885) was an American politician who was Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1853–1854) for the Democratic Party.

Gray was born on March 7, 1807 in Sherburne, New York. He came and lived in Chicago since July 1834. Gray died on October 17, 1885 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 78.

References

Other websites
Inaugural Address 
Charles McNeill Gray at Chicago public library 

1807 births
1885 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Thomas Dyer

Thomas Dyer (January 13, 1805 – June 6, 1862) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1856–1857) for the Democratic Party.

Dyer was born on January 13, 1805 in Canton, Connecticut. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Dyer died on June 6, 1862 in Middletown, Connecticut from a heart attack, aged 57.

References

Other websites
 Inaugural Address

1805 births
1862 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
John Blake Rice

John Blake Rice (May 28, 1809 – December 17, 1874) was an American actor, theatrical producer and politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1865–1869). He was a Republican.

Rice was born in Easton, Maryland on May 28, 1809. He was raised in Annapolis, Maryland and in Chicago, Illinois. Rice died on December 17, 1874 in Norfolk, Virginia from liver cancer, aged 65.

References

Other websites
 

1809 births
1874 deaths
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Maryland
American stage actors
Deaths from liver cancer
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Maryland
United States representatives from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
Harvey Doolittle Colvin

Harvey Doolittle Colvin (December 18, 1815 – April 16, 1892) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1873 to 1875. He was a member of the People's Party.

Colvin was born on December 18, 1815. He was never married and had no children. Colvin died on April 16, 1892 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 76.

References

1815 births
1892 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Chicago, Illinois
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
Monroe Heath

Monroe Heath (March 27, 1827 – October 21, 1894) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1876 to 1879. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Heath was born on March 27, 1827 in Grafton, New Hampshire. Heath died on October 21, 1894 in Asheville, North Carolina from a stroke, aged 67.

Other websites
 

1827 births
1894 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New Hampshire 
US Republican Party politicians
Menelik II

Menelik II (17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1889 until he died in 1913.

Other websites 

Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Early Years
Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Later Years
Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Menelik II 

Ethiopian people
1913 deaths
1844 births
Emperors and empresses
Addis Ababa
Rogers Arena

Rogers Arena is a sports arena in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on September 21, 1995, and is the current home to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League.

History
The arena was first known as General Motors Place from 1995 to 2010. It was renamed Canada Hockey Place for a short time and held ice hockey events during the 2010 Winter Olympics. The arena used to be the home of the Vancouver Grizzlies from 1995 to 2001 before they moved to Memphis, Tennessee to become the Memphis Grizzlies.

Rogers Communications has naming rights for the arena right now. The arena has hosted the WWF's PPV In Your House 9: International Incident in 1996, ice hockey events during the 2010 Winter Olympics and UFC's 115 and 131.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1995 establishments in Canada
Indoor arenas
Music venues
Sports buildings in Canada
Vancouver Canucks
Besse Cooper

Besse Berry Cooper (August 26, 1896 – December 4, 2012) was an American woman who was, at the time of her death, the youngest of only 6 verified people (all of whom were women) who had become at least 116 years old, the oldest living person in the United States since Eunice Sanborn's death on January 31, 2011 and also believed to be the world's oldest living person. However, Brazilian woman Maria Gomes Valentim was on May 18, 2011 confirmed to be almost 7 weeks older, which made her the oldest living person from Frenchwoman Eugénie Blanchard's death on November 4, 2010 and Cooper the oldest living person from her death on June 21, 2011, just 18 days before her 115th birthday. Later on December 2 that year, when Japanesewoman Chiyono Hasegawa died 12 days after celebrating her 115th birthday, Cooper also became the last living person born in 1896. Cooper is (except from possibly disputed Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment) one of two people to have regained the status of world's oldest living person, with the other being Elizabeth Bolden.

Personal life
Besse Cooper was born as Besse Berry Brown in Sullivan County in Tennessee on August 26, 1896. She was the third of eight children of Richard Brown and Angeline Berry. She graduated from East Tennessee State Normal School (now East Tennessee State University) in 1916.  While a college student, she joined the so-called first wave of feminism in the United States, becoming a suffragette, joining the struggle for women's right to vote. The dedication of suffragettes like Besse, after some four decades of struggle by a fierce women's movement, resulted in the United States finally recognizing women as having the same right to vote as men, awarding them equal voting rights in all states. Besse's home state of Tennessee would prove the state which tipped the balance, being the 36th state needed to ratify and thus approve the Nineteenth Amendment be added to the U.S. Constitution in August 1920. She worked as a school teacher until the time of America's entrance to World War I in 1917, when she moved to Georgia. She taught in the Walton County town of Between until 1929, being the principal teacher in a one-room schoolhouse. She was married to Luther Cooper from 1924 until his death in 1963 with whom she had four children. She also had eleven grandchildren, thirteen great-grandchildren and two great-great-grandchildren. In her final years, Cooper lived in a nursing home in Monroe, Georgia. In August 2012, a bridge in Between was named the "Besse Brown Cooper Bridge" in her honour.

Cooper died of respiratory failure on December 4, 2012 at age 116 years, 100 days, and was succeeded as the oldest living person by Italian-born Americanwoman Dina Manfredini, who died just 13 days later, and was at the time of her death the youngest of only 6 verified people who had become at least 116 years old.

References

1896 births
2012 deaths
American supercentenarians
Deaths from respiratory failure
People from Tennessee
University of Bristol

The University of Bristol is a red brick university in Bristol, southwest England. Some studies rate it as one of the top 30 universities in the world. It has about 14 applicants for every undergraduate place.

Bristol
Bristol
DIN connector

A DIN connector is a type of round electronic connector. It is named for the Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German national standards regulator. DIN plugs can be used in audio systems and MIDI connections.The Mini-DIN connector is similar but smaller. Before USB connectors, keyboards and mice used mini-DIN connectors.

Electrical connectors
XLR connector

XLR connector is a type of electronic connector that is mostly used with audio technology. Balanced and unbalanced circuits are possible with XLR when using monosignal per one XLR connection. Sound quality improves with a balanced circuit because noise signal reduces, especially with microphones where the signal is often weak.

Electrical connectors
Audio technology
Jayne Meadows

Jayne Meadows (who was born as Jane Cotter; September 27, 1919 – April 27, 2015) was an American movie and stage actress. She was the older sister for the deceased actress Audrey Meadows. She was married to Steve Allen. Meadows was nominated for three Emmy Awards. Meadows was born  in Wu-ch'ang, Heilongjiang, China  to an American family.

Meadows died of natural causes at her home in Encino, California, aged 95.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

Actors from New York City
Actors from Connecticut
American stage actors
American television actors
American movie actors
Deaths from natural causes
1919 births
2015 deaths
Line level

Line level is the strength of an audio signal. An audio signal transfers sound, for example to CD players and cassette players. It is much higher than microphone level, which can be only a couple of millivolts. A line level signal can be connected to an amplifier which sends the signal to loudspeakers with much higher power.

A preamplifier is a device that can make the line level higher. It can boost a microphone's weak audio signal.

Audio technology
Objectification

Objectification refers to the treating of an abstract concept as a real thing.

Literature
Kim Campbell

Avril Phædra Douglas "Kim" Campbell  (known as Kim Campbell) (born March 10, 1947), is a Canadian politician, lawyer, diplomat, and writer who was the 19th Prime Minister of Canada from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993.

Biography
Kim Campbell was born on March 10, 1947, in Port Alberni, British Columbia. Her Parents were George Thomas Campbell and Phyllis "Lisa" Cook. 

She entered the PC Party leadership race after Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announced his retirement from politics. She defeated Jean Charest at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention and was appointed Prime Minister on June 25, 1993 by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn. She served as Prime Minister from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. She was the first and only to date female Prime Minister of Canada, the first Prime Minister to have been born in British Columbia and the first Prime Minister to be a baby boomer.

When Campbell became Prime Minister, there had to be a general election. This is because elections in Canada have to take place at least every five years. During the 1993 federal election campaign, she became very unpopular after the writ was dropped. Because of this, on the day of the election, the Progressive Conservatives won only two seats in Parliament. Campbell lost her own seat.

References

Other websites
Official website

 

1947 births
Canadian writers
Canadian diplomats
Canadian lawyers
Living people
Politicians from British Columbia
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Joy Davidman

Joy Davidman (born Helen Joy Davidman; 18 April 1915 – 13 July 1960) was an American poet and writer. She was Jewish and of Polish and Ukrainian descent. She won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 1938 and the Russell Loines Award for Poetry in 1939 for her book of poems, Letter to a Comrade. She was the author of several books, including two novels. She was also the wife of C. S. Lewis. She died of bone cancer four years after the marriage.

1915 births
1960 deaths
American poets
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from bone cancer
Writers from New York City
Girma Wolde-Giorgis

Girma Wolde-Giorgis (December 28, 1924 – December 15, 2018) was an Ethiopian politician and was the President of Ethiopia from 2001 to 2013.

Biography
Girma Wolde-Giorgis was born in December 28, 1924, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

He went to school at the Ethiopian Orthodox Church school and he later joined the Teferi Mekonnen School in Addis Ababa until the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. He was elected the President of Ethiopia as a surprise choice on 8 October 2001 by a unanimous vote of the Ethiopian Parliament. On 9 October 2007, he was re-elected as president.

Mulatu Teshome was elected the President of Ethiopia by a unanimous parliamentary vote on 7 October 2013.

Wolde-Giorgis died on December 15, 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia at the age of 93.

References

1924 births
Presidents of Ethiopia
Addis Ababa
2018 deaths
Hydrometer

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water it is used as water

A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly. A variety of scales exist, and are used depending on the context.

Hydrometers may be calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugars in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in spirits.

Measuring tools
Hygrometer

A hygrometer is a meteorological instrument that is used to measure the humidity of the air. A common way these devices work is by using a material that attracts moisture. This material changes depending on how hydrated it is.
 
A hygrometer has two bulbs: one wet and one dry. Both bulbs are like thermometers, though one is covered with a wet or dry towel. After a period of time, the water on the bulb evaporates and at that time, the temperature is measured on each bulb. The difference between the temperatures is noted. Then each of the temperatures are used on a chart to find the relative humidity of that temperature and area. Relative humidity is a ratio, so it has no unit. A small difference between the temperature of the bulbs shows a high relative humidity coming from a low evaporation rate. In dry air, evaporation takes place faster showing a large difference in temperature thus giving a low relative humidity.

Sling psychrometer 

A sling psychrometer works when the scientist spins two thermometers through the air, one plain and one with a wet cloth around it. The dry thermometer measures the air temperature. The wet thermometer measures the dew point, because the wet cloth is cooled as the thermometer spins. Since the water on the cloth evaporates, due to latent heat, which is the loss of heat energy when matter goes through a phase change, the cloth cools. Then, the thermometer measures the temperature of the cloth. Eventually the cloth will match the amount of water absorbed in it with the amount of water absorbed in the air, or the humidity. When the matching happens, the temperature will stabilize. Then, the scientist looks on a table to find the dew point according to the air temperature and humidity measured by the wet bulb. 
 
Measuring tools
Weather instruments
Gondola lift

A gondola lift is a type of public transport. It consists of cabins fixed to a cable that travels between two stations. The cable is moved around by motors at the stations and is lifted from the ground by towers. A gondola lift is similar to a cable car, and sometimes it is called like that. However, unlike a cable car a gondola lift contains many cabins that go around at the same time. Usually the cabins slow down at the stations to allow passengers to get in or out.

Gondola lifts are mainly used in skiing resorts to transport tourists up and down the mountains.

List of incidents 

The National Ski Areas Association reports 0.138 deaths per 100 million miles transported compared to 1.23 for cars.

 October 22, 1979: One person was killed and 17 other injured when two gondolas fell from the "Swiss Sky Ride" at the Texas State Fair. Winds gusting to  caused three cars to collide and two fell on midway games below the cable.
 January 29, 1983: The Singapore Cable Car disaster, which saw seven people killed when two cabins plunged into the sea after the cableway was hit by a Panamanian-registered oil rig being towed.
 September 5, 2005: Nine people died and ten were injured when a  concrete block was accidentally dropped by a construction helicopter in Sölden, Austria. Hundreds had to be evacuated from the lift.
 July 13, 2006: Five people, including a three-year-old girl, were injured after two cable cars collided and one crashed to the ground. The accident took place at the Nevis Range, near Fort William in northwest Scotland. There were no fatalities and the gondola was deemed safe for operation shortly after the accident.
 2006:  Two gondolas collide During a trial run of the Ngong Ping 360, leaving 200 volunteers stranded high above Hong Kong for several hours.
 February 18, 2007: A gondola car derailed from the cable at Ski Apache in New Mexico and rolled backwards hitting another car. Eight people were involved in the crash but only two suffered minor injuries.
 March 2, 2008: A man fell out of a gondola in Chamonix and died, perhaps after he and one of his friends leaned on and broke the plexiglass window.
 December 16, 2008: Ten people were injured (none seriously), and others left stranded after a tower supporting the Excalibur gondola lift on Blackcomb mountain collapsed, at the Whistler Blackcomb ski resort in Whistler, Canada.
 January 31, 2011: A ten-year-old boy fell  from a gondola in Hafjell, Norway. He suffered minor injuries.
 Cologne Cable Car closed in July 2017 due to an accident.
 August 2019: Someone cut the cable of the Sea to Sky Gondola in Squamish, British Columbia. No one was hurt but the gondola’s cars were destroyed when they crashed to the ground. The tourist attraction was closed for repairs.

Related pages 
Cable car
Chairlift

References

Vehicles
Ski lifts
John A. Roche

John A. Roche (August 12, 1844 – February 10, 1904) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1887–1889). He was a Republican.

Roche was born on August 12, 1844 in Utica, New York. Roche died on February 10, 1904 in Chicago from a type of poisoning, aged 59.

References

1844 births
1904 deaths
Accidental deaths
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York
US Republican Party politicians
People from Utica, New York
DeWitt Clinton Cregier

DeWitt Clinton Cregier (June 1, 1829 – November 9, 1898) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1889 to 1891. He was a Democrat.

Cregier was born on June 1, 1829 in New York City, New York. He was married to Mary Sophia Foggin. They had ten children. Cregier died on November 9, 1898 in Chicago, Illinois from pneumonia, aged 69. He is buried in Rosehill Cemetery in Lincoln Square, Chicago.

References

1829 births
1898 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
Hempstead Washburne

Hempstead Washburne (November 11, 1852 – April 13, 1919) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1891 to 1893. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Washburne was born on November 11, 1852 in Galena, Illinois. Washburne died on April 13, 1919 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 66.

Other websites
 

1852 births
1919 deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
John Patrick Hopkins

John Patrick Hopkins (October 29, 1858 – October 13, 1918) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1893–1895). He was a Democrat.

Hopkins was born on October 29, 1858, in Buffalo, New York. He was never married. Hopkins died on October 13, 1918, in Chicago, Illinois from a flu, aged 59.

References

1858 births
1918 deaths
Deaths from influenza
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Jeonju

The city of Jeonju was the political, economic and cultural center in the Honam Plain, Korea’s most fertile farmland that encompasses today’s South and North Jeolla Provinces. The first historic records about the city come from the Unified Silla Period. Back then, the city was called Wansanju. After the Unified Silla was divided, Jeonju served as the capital of the late Baekje, one of the kingdoms set up after the breakup of the Unified Silla. Coming to the Joseon period, Jeonju became even more important as the city was the birthplace of the first ancestor of Lee Sung-gae, the first king of the Joseon Dynasty. 

Known as a city with 1000-year history, Jeonju is also promoted as a gateway to traditional Korean culture and gastronomy. The Hanok Village in Jeonju is one of the most famous tourist attractions that many Koreans and foreigners visit every year. The Hanok Village, where traditional Korean houses from the Joseon Period are preserved, offers traditional Korean cuisine, hanji, or traditional Korean paper, and oriental medicine. Tourists can get a hands-on experience at various tourist facilities and historic sites in the city. 

UNESCO has officially designated Jeonju as a City of Gastronomy. The flavorful foods Jeonju offers are widely known among Koreans as well, and there are many restaurants in Korea that claim that they have originated from Jeonju. Two most famous foods from Jeonju are bibimbap and a bean sprout soup called kongnamulgukbap. Bibimbap is a dish that mixes rice with sautéed vegetables, meat, eggs, and hot red-pepper paste and offered in a bowl. Different ingredients blend in well to create a harmonious taste. Kongnamulgukbap is a bean sprout soup offered with rice in it. It seems a simple dish to make. But it has a very special taste that also comes from a mix of different ingredients put it to make the soup broth.

Climate

References

Korea
Cities in Asia
Frank J. Corr

Frank J. Corr (January 12, 1877 – June 3, 1934) was an American politician. He was the acting mayor of Chicago, Illinois in 1933 after the assassination of Anton Cermak. Corr was a Democrat.

Corr was born on January 12, 1877 in Brooklyn, New York. His family moved to Chicago in 1890. Corr was married to Mary Corr. They had no children. Corr died on June 3, 1934 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 57.

References

1877 births
1934 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
Edward Joseph Kelly

Edward Joseph Kelly (May 1, 1876 – October 20, 1950) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1933–1947) for the Demoratic Party.

Kelly was born on May 1, 1876 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Mary Edmond Roche from 1910 until her death in 1918. They had one child. Then he was married to Margaret Ellen Kirk from 1922 until his death in 1950. They had three children. Kelly died on October 20, 1950 in Chicago, Illinois from heart failure, aged 74.

References

1876 births
1950 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Backpacking (travel)

Backpacking is a form of low-cost and basically independent travel. Backpacker is the term for those who travel by carrying a light backpack for a relatively long period of time.

The cost of backpacking depends on the duration of traveling.  No matter how long they are planning to travel, backpackers also need to spend money on eating, sleeping and moving. Backpacking travel type minimizes the cost by choosing cheap accommodation, such as youth hostels. One of the popular ones is Youth Hostels Association (YHA). Many hostels are registered with YHA, and they have common standards. Depending on room types and season, the cost varies from $10 to $60 per night. Sometimes backpackers book accommodations at low rate and stay as a paying guest while on a long journey. Portals like airbnb.com, isearchrentals.com accumulates such kind of paying guest accommodations which helps backpacking travelers choose their stay at low costs.

Backpackers are highly connected to each other. They get information not only from the internet, but also from a bulletin board of their accommodation, Backpackers. They share their information how to get to the destination wisely and about shops or restaurants on the bulletin board. Some backpackers depend on couch surfing, not spending money on accommodation, visiting local people's houses. There are Backpackers Group in reach region, who plan their trip on regular intervals year around.

References

Travel
Martin H. Kennelly

Martin H. Kennelly (August 11, 1887 – November 29, 1961) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1947–1955). He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Kennelly was born on August 11, 1887 in Chicago, Illinois. He was never married and had no children. Kennelly died on November 29, 1961 from heart failure, aged 74.

References

1887 births
1961 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Starship Troopers

Starship Troopers is a 1997 American science fiction action adventure thriller movie. It was released on November 7, 1997. The gross amount of money the movie made was $65,000,000 (worldwide). The companies that helped make the movie TriStar Pictures, Touchstone Pictures and Big Bug Pictures. Starship Troopers was directed by Paul Verhoeven.

Story
Starship Troopers is about an interplanetary war between the Humans (Mobile Infantry) and large insect-like aliens in the 23rd century. It is about the experience of Johnny Rico, one of 3 close friends who join up to fight the bugs before his hometown of Buenos Aires is destroyed by the Arachnids.

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1997 action movies
1990s adventure movies
1997 science fiction movies
1997 thriller movies
American action movies
American adventure movies
American science fiction movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies set on fictional planets
Movies directed by Paul Verhoeven
SSG Landers

The SSG Landers, known as the SK Wyverns from 2000 to 2020, is a professional baseball team in South Korea. It was established in 2000. The team is based in Incheon and plays home games at Incheon SSG Landers Field. The mascot of this team was a wyvern, a king of dragons, while it was known as the SK Wyverns. Now, the mascot of this team is a dog.

History 
In the 2000 season, the Ssangbangwool Raiders, a team that had previously represented the North Jeolla region since 1991, was dissolved because of the bankruptcy of the Ssangbangwool Group. Then the KBO appointed SK company as a supporter of the new team, and SK determined its team name as SK Wyverns. So the Raiders and the Wyverns has no historical links although the Wyverns consisted of many players from the Raiders.

The Hyundai Unicorns, a team that had previously represented Incheon, went to Suwon, and the SK Wyverns became new Incheon team. It advanced the first Korean Series in 2003, where somewhat ironically, it was defeated by the Hyundai Unicorns in seven games.

Records 
In 2007, under the new director Kim Sung-keun, SK defeated the Doosan Bears in six games to win the 2007 Korean Series - the first time the franchise had won the Korean Series - after finishing the league in first place. They became the first team in Korean Series history to win after losing the first two games. Designated Hitter Kim Jae-hyun was the series MVP.

SK went to the Korean Series again in 2008, once again facing their main rivals, Doosan Bears. In a repeat of 2007, SK defeated Doosan and became the Korean Series Champions again. Choi Jeong, 21 year old 3rd baseman, was the series MVP.

In 2009, in spite of many injured players, SK advanced the Korean Series again, but they were defeated by the KIA Tigers in 7 games. However, in 2010, it regained the champion title by defeating Samsung Lions. In the next two years, SK lost to Samsung in the Korean Series.

Sport in South Korea
Baseball teams
Incheon
2000 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Michael Anthony Bilandic

Michael Anthony Bilandic (February 13, 1923 – January 15, 2002) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1976-1979). He was a member of the Democratic Party. He became mayor after being elected by the Chicago City Council to become acting mayor, upon the death of Richard J. Daley, beating Wilson Frost.

Bilandic was born on February 13, 1923 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at DePaul University. He was married to Heather Morgan. Bilandic died on January 15, 2002 in Chicago, Illinois from heart failure, aged 78.

References

Other websites
First Inaugural Address
Second Inaugural Address

1923 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
DePaul University alumni
Chicago City Council members
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (before 1750 – August 18, 1818) was the founder of the city of Chicago, Illinois in c. 1770s. Point du Sable was the first person to live in the city. He settled around where today the Chicago River is located at. He left Chicago in 1800.

Point du Sable was born around the 1750s. His birthplace is not known. Many people say that he was born in Haiti.  Point du Sable died on August 18, 1818 in St. Charles, Missouri.

References

Other websites
DuSable Heritage Association

1818 deaths
Haitian people
People from Michigan City, Indiana
People from Chicago
Lester L. Bond

Lester Legrant Bond (October 27, 1829 – April 15, 1903) was an American politician. He was the acting Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from August 18, 1873 through December 1, 1873 when Joseph Medill left for Europe.

Bond was born on October 27, 1829 in Ravenna, Ohio. He was married to Mary Aspenwell. They had a daughter, Laura Bond. Bond died on April 15, 1903 in Chicago, Illinois from a stroke, aged 73.

References

1829 births
1903 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Mayors of Chicago
Politicians from Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Thomas Hoyne

Thomas Hoyne (February 11, 1817 – July 27, 1883) was an American politician who was elected as the Mayor of Chicago in 1875. Since Honye was an Independent, there was never a Democrat or Republican who wanted to run for mayor at the time. But after his victory, he did not wanted to be the mayor because of the conflict and might ruin his career.

Hoyne was born on February 11, 1817 in New York City, New York. He was married to Leonora Maria Temple. They had seven children. Hoyne was killed on July 27, 1883 in Carlton, New York in a train crash, aged 66.

References

1817 births
1883 deaths
Accidental deaths
Mayors of Chicago
Independent politicians in the United States
Politicians from New York City
David Duvall Orr

David Duvall Orr (born October 4, 1944) is an American Democratic politician from Chicago, Illinois. He was the mayor of Chicago from November 25, 1987 through December 2, 1987. He became the mayor after the death of Harold Washington.

Orr was born on October 4, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Loretta Lim. They had four children. Orr now lives in Chicago, Illinois.

References

1944 births
Living people
Mayors of Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
Héctor Camacho

Hector Camacho (May 24, 1962 – November 24, 2012) was a Puerto Rican boxing performer known for his quickness in the ring. He held three world championships , one in the super featherweight, one in  the lightweight and one in the junior welterweight boxing weight divisions. His boxing career lasted for almost 30 years. On November 20 2012 the boxer was shot while he sat inside a vehicle close to a bar in Puerto Rico; he died November 24, aged 50.

References

1962 births
2012 deaths
Murder victims
Sportspeople from Puerto Rico
Boxers
Voiced consonant

In phonetics, a voiced consonant is a consonant which is pronounced with the vibration of the vocal cords. For example, the sound [] is a voiced consonant (specifically a sibilant), while [] is not, and it is called a voiceless consonant. You can feel when your vocal cords are vibrating by putting your finger at your larynx, or the Adam's apple.

Here are some examples of voiced and voiceless consonant pairs in English:

Many languages have pairs of consonants like these.

Consonants