cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by 14 events. It took place in the Man-made Basin, located at the Trade Unions Olympic Sports Centre (Krylatskoye district, Moscow). The rowing schedule began on 20 July and ended on 27 July. 

Due to the American-led boycott some strong rowing nations were not present. In that situation East Germany dominated the competition: they won 14 medals, including 11 golds, from 14 events.

Medals

Men's events

Four-oars with coxswain

Double sculls

Coxswainless pair-oars

Single sculls

Pair-oars with coxswain

Coxswainless four-oars

Coxswainless quadruple sculls

Eight-oars with coxswain

Women's events

Four-oars with coxswain

Double sculls

Coxswainless pair-oars

Single sculls

Quadruple sculls with coxswain

Eight-oars with coxswain

Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1980.

1980 Summer Olympics
Rowing
Coxless pair

In rowing, a coxless pair consists of a pair of rowers, each having one oar, one on the stroke side (rower's right hand side) and one on the bow side (rower's lefthand side). As the name suggests, there is no cox on such a boat, and the two rowers must co-ordinate steering and the proper timing of oar strokes between themselves.

Rowing
79

79 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
Foundation of Deva Victrix, see Chester city walls
The volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted, destroying Pompeii and Herculaneam.

79
1976 Summer Olympics

The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were held in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. These are the summer Olympic Games organised by the International Olympic Committee. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games in May 1970, over the bid of Moscow and Los Angeles, who later hosted the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympic Games respectively.
1960 Winter Olympics

The 1960 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States (in the Lake Tahoe basin). Squaw Valley won the bid in 1955.

Alexander Cushing, the creator of the resort, campaigned vigorously to win the Games. After being awarded the Games, there was a rush to construct roads, hotels, restaurants, and bridges, as well as the ice arena, the speed skating track, ski lifts, and the ski jumping hill.

 
1960 in sports
1960 in California
1984 Winter Olympics

The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games, were held in Sarajevo. (At that time, Sarajevo was in Yugoslavia, but it is now in Bosnia and Herzegovina.) Other candidate cities were Sapporo, Japan; and Falun in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was the first Winter Games and the second Olympics held in Eastern Europe (the first was the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow).

 
1984 in sports
1984 in Europe
20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1988 Winter Olympics

The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games, were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and opened by Governor General Jeanne Sauvé. The Olympics were highly successful financially as they brought in million-dollar profits. The games left a lasting impression on the host city and gave it a new identity from a cowtown to a large commercial sector of the country.

1988 was also the last year that the Paralympic Games and the Winter Olympics were held in separate cities; all subsequent games have been hosted by the same city or a city nearby.

As at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the Canadian team failed to win a gold medal, matching only Yugoslavia in the dubious distinction of not having won a winter gold medal on home soil.

History

Background 
Calgary first tried for the Olympics in 1964, and again in 1968.
Records of the Grand Historian

The Records of the Grand Historian () was written by Sima Qian, the historian of the Han Dynasty. It is a book recording Chinese history from the time of 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors until the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.

History of China
Football at the Summer Olympics

Football (soccer) has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 as a men's competition sport. Women's football was added to the official program at the 1996 Atlanta edition.

History 
Football was not in the original modern Olympic Games program as international football was not that popular in 1896. However an unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition. Complete records have been lost and may not even be true but it seems that only two games may have been played. An Athens XI lost to a team representing Smyrna (Izmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire. Smyrna went on to be beaten 15-0 by a team from Denmark. Demonstration tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the "Intercalated Games" of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams, and are not considered to be official Olympic events. Neither FIFA nor the IOC recognize the Intercalated Games. The first proper tournament is said to be in the 1908 Olympics, organized by the Football Association. It had 6 teams. The next tournament was organized by the Swedish Football Association in 1912. However, the tournament was very unbalanced, with some high scoring games such as 10-0 and 12-0, and all of the players were amateurs. The tournaments of 1924 and 1928 are the two only editions officially recognised by FIFA as championships of the world.

For the 1984 Olympics, the IOC admitted professional players.

Since the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, all teams have to be under-23 years old. Since 1996, three over 23 players are allowed.

A women's edition was added in 1996. The women's tournament has no age restrictions, unlike the men's tournament.

Results

Related pages
 National teams world champions (football)
 Football at the 1936 Olympics
 Football at the 1988 Olympics
 Football at the 2012 Olympics
 Football at the 2016 Olympics

References 

Football at the Olympics
1976 Winter Olympics

The 1976 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1976 in Innsbruck, Austria. The games were originally awarded to Denver, Colorado, United States in May 1970, but a 300 percent rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to voters' rejection of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games in 1972, so the IOC offered the games to Whistler, British Columbia (Canada), who had bid on the games, but they too declined due to a change of government there. (Whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics.) The IOC finally called on Innsbruck, which had hosted the 1964 Winter Games just twelve years earlier, to also host the 1976 games. Salt Lake City, Utah, which would eventually host in 2002, offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver. The IOC declined.

Other websites 

 Olympic.org - official site 

Winter Olympics
1976 in Europe
20th century in Austria
Innsbruck
Winter Olympics 1976
Winter Olympics in Europe
Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics

Gymnastics has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. For thirty years, only men were allowed to compete. Women's events were introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The competition was held in artistic gymnastics discipline until 1984, when rhythmic gymnastics discipline was added to the program of the Olympics. Since 2000, trampolining discipline has also been competed.

References 
 

Summer Olympic Games
Gymnastics
Biathlon

Biathlon (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery.

Related pages 

Biathlon's two sports disciplines:
 Cross-Country Skiing
 Rifle shooting

Other multi-discipline sports (otherwise unrelated to biathlon):
 Duathlon
 Nordic Combined
 Triathlon
 Pentathlon
 Modern pentathlon
 Heptathlon
 Decathlon

Other websites 

 Event & Competition Rules Authorized by the IBU Congress, June 1998  – The official IBU rule book, with annexes
 Biathlonworld.Com – A cooperation between IBU and EBU; with race results/statistics, TV schedules, live competition results, etc.
 Russian Biathlon Union (rus)
 Russian Biathlon Union(eng)
 Biathlon Canada
 Biathlon Alberta
 U.S. Biathlon Association 
 U.S. Archery Biathlon 
 History of Biathlon 
 Veltins Biathlon World Team Challenge
 Biathlon on OLN TV 
 Biathlon on DVD
 Biathlon Russia 
 Biathlon Ukraine
 BiathlonFrance.com

Skiing
Sport shooting
1972 Summer Olympics

The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were held in Munich, in what was then West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. Munich won its Olympic bid in April 1966 over the cities of Detroit, Michigan, USA; Madrid, Spain; and Montreal, Canada. The 1972 Summer Olympics are one of 2 Olympic Games that had a significant criminal incident—the Munich massacre, in which a group of Palastinian terrorists kidnapped and killed several Israeli athletes. The other Olympics with a significant criminal event was the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, USA—the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. A movie about the Israeli response to this was made called Munich.

Related pages
 Munich massacre
 1972 Summer Paralympics

Other websites 
 IOC Site on 1972 Summer Olympics
Royal borough

Royal Boroughs are districts in the United Kingdom that have been given this special title because they had special links with the British royal family.

English boroughs
Emperor Wu of Jìn

Emperor Wu of Jìn ( 236 - 290) was the founder of Western Jin Dynasty. His name was Sima Yan. He was born in He Nei (now Henan Province). His father was Sima Zhao and Sima Yi was his grandfather. They were the imperial officials of Wei Dynasty and seized control over the imperial court. In 265 AD, Sima Yan forced Emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. In 280 AD, he conquered Eastern Wu and unified China.

Emperors and Empresses of China
236 births
290 deaths
John Couch Adams

John Couch Adams (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892), was an English mathematician and astronomer. Adams was born in Laneast, Cornwall and died in Cambridge. He was famous for co-discovering the planet Neptune.

Other websites 
 Biography on the St Andrews database
 Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS 26 (1866) 157
 AJ 11 (1892) 112
 MNRAS 53 (1892) 184
 Obs 15 (1892) 173

1819 births
1892 deaths
English astronomers
English mathematicians
People from Cornwall
Itihasa

In Sanskrit, Itihasa means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidences are slowly beginning to find evidences to prove these Indian epics as actual history. 

The original meaning of Itiihaasa had a more precise connotation than the word History. The etymology attested to by Panini indicates itiha to mean ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’ . 
One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. Our investigations lead us to believe that the Maurya empire for which he was the preceptor began in 1534 BCE. He defines Itihaasa, in the context of the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;

पुराणमितिव्रुत्तमाख्यायिकोदाहरणं धर्मशास्त्रं चेतीतिहासः
Puraana (the chronicles of the ancients), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are known by (comprise the corpus of Itihaasah, ) History
Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Book 1, Chapter 5
Thus, History in this definition takes on the meaning more akin to the sense of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to indicate a superset of political science and History as we use them today. We feel vindicated therefore in calling our forthcoming conference a conference on Indian History ( http://www.india-forum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2088), since we seem to ascribe the same broad meaning that Kautilya did 3 millennia ago.

The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance
धर्मार्थ काममोक्षाणामुपदेश समान्वितं ।
पुरावृत्तं कथायुत्तरूपमितिहासं प्रचक्षते ।।
“Dharmaartha-kaama-moskshanaam upadesa-samanvitam | 
Puraa-vrttam, kathaa-yuttarupam Ithihaasah prachakshate ||” 

History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation. 
Clearly there is an emphasis on the traditions and on the utilitarian aspect of History, embedded in the etymology of Itihaasa. The reason we draw emphasis to the ambiguity in the use of the word History is that, in our usage, while we adhere to the broader usage of the word History, it makes for clarity in usage if the Civilizational aspects are distinguished into distinct categories

References 

Hinduism
Hindu texts
Bhakti yoga

Bhakti yoga is a Hindu spiritual practice.  People constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a Hindu god, usually Vishnu.
Bhakti is a Sanskrit term. It signifies an attitude of devotion to God. The relation between man and God is imagined as a beloved-lover, friend-friend, parent-child, and master-servant. The Bhakta worships his chosen God by any of these mentalities.

The Bhagavata Purana teaches nine primary forms of bhakti. They are:
 śravaṇa ("listening" to the scriptural stories of  and his companions)
 kīrtana ("praising," usually refers to ecstatic group singing)
 smaraṇa ("remembering" or fixing the mind on Viṣṇu)
 pāda-sevana (giving service)
 arcana (worshiping an image)
 vandana (paying homage)
 dāsya (behaving like a servant)
 sākhya (friendship)
 ātma-nivedana (complete surrender of the self)

Hinduism
International Society for Krishna Consciousness

The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) is a newer religious movement based on the original Vedic culture of ancient India. It is also known as 'the Hare Krishna' movement.  It was founded in 1966 in New York City by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The organization's core beliefs are based on three scriptures, Bhagavad Gita, Srimad Bhagavatam and the Caitanya-caritamrita.

1966 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New York (state)
Hinduism
New religious movements
Hare Krishna

The religious movement can be found at International Society for Krishna Consciousness.

Hare Krishna is a mantra. It is also known as Maha Mantra. The mantra was made well known even outside Hinduism by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. The mantra can be found in many Hinduist traditions in India. Those who believe in it think that when the mantra is heard, spoken, used for meditation or sung this can lead to a higher state of consciousness. According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, this higher consciousness takes the form of pure love of God (Krishna). The mantra is contained in the texts of Hinduism known as the Upanishads, which are considered by some scholars to have roots in the Vedic past.

References 

Hinduism
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, also known as Srila Prabhupada (September 1, 1896–November 14, 1977) was the person who created the ISKCON movement.

1896 births
1977 deaths
Hindu gurus
Purana

In the Sanskrit language, purana means story of ancient times. For Hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. Puranas tell about history, ancient Indian traditions, and what Hindus believe. It is basically in Sanskrit and Tamil languages.

List of Puranas

Mahapuranas 

Mahapurana means Great Story of Ancient Times in Sanskrit.

 Agni (15,400 verses) 	 	
 Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
 Bhavishya (14,500 verses)
 Brahma (24,000 verses)
 Brahmanda (12,000 verses; includes Lalita Sahasranamam, a text some Hindus recite as prayer)
 Brahmavaivarta (18,000 verses)
 Garuda (19,000 verses)
 Harivamsa (16,000 verses; more often considered itihāsa)
 Kurma (17,000 verses)
 Linga (11,000 verses)
 Markandeya (9,000 verses; includes Devi Mahatmyam, an important text for Shaktas)
 Matsya (14,000 verses)
 Narada (25,000 verses)
 Padma (55,000 verses)
 Shiva (24,000 verses)
 Skanda (81,100 verses)
 Vamana (10,000 verses)
 Varaha (10,000 verses)
 Vayu (24,000 verses)
 Vishnu (23,000 verses)

Hinduism
Hindu texts
Patti LaBelle

Patti LaBelle (born Patricia Louise Holte on May 24, 1944) is an American R&B and Soul singer. She is known for her high vocal belting (using the chest to make high pitch sounds). She is known for such songs as "New Attitude" and "On My Own".

She was the lead singer of Patty La Belle and the Bluebells during the 1960s and 70s. Later the group was known as simply "Labell". In this later group the style was more laid back, singing hits like The Rolling Stones' Wild Horses.

Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1944 births
Living people
Folklore

Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and more within a particular people. This also includes the oral traditions of that culture, subculture, or group. The academic and usually ethnographic study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics.

The famous folk tale is Little Red Riding Hood (in European culture). 

Folklore
Kappa

Kappa (uppercase/lowercase Κ κ) is the letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "k" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 20. Letters that came from it include the Roman K and Cyrillic К.

The letter κ always stands for the sound "k" in Greek. It is customary to transliterate (re-write) κ as "c" in English, but this is somewhat problematic since c is pronounced as "s" before e, i and y (which does not happen in Greek).

In mathematics, the lowercase  is used to represent the curvature of a curve, while the uppercase Κ is used to represent an ordinal number which is also a cardinal number.

Related pages 

 Thermal conductivity, represented by

References 

Greek alphabet
Văn Cao

Văn Cao (born Nguyễn Văn Cao; 15 November 1923 – 10 July 1995) was a famous Vietnamese composer.  He wrote the Vietnamese national anthem, "". He, along with Pham Duy and Trinh Cong Son, is widely considered one of the three most important people in modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.

Vietnamese people
composers
1923 births
1995 deaths
Kojiki

Kojiki or Furukotofumi (), also called in English the Records of Ancient Matters, is the oldest book known in Japan. It was written 712 CE, and dedicated to Empress Gemmei. The Kojiki is a book about Japanese mythology (Shinto), legends, songs, genealogies, oral traditions, and semi-historical accounts down to 641 BCE. The book mixes the legends of first emperor of Japan and several others with stories about the gods. Therefore, it is difficult to know which parts of the Kojiki are real and which parts are legend. According to legend, all the emperors of Japan are descended from Amaterasu, the sun goddess.

The Kojiki is written in Chinese, but the way the Japanese wrote it is by using the pronunciation of the Chinese characters and not the meanings of them.  In other words, a person who can read Chinese will not be able to read the Kojiki unless they also know how to speak Japanese. It includes many Japanese names and some phrases.

Sections
The Kojiki is divided into three parts: the , the  and the .

The Kamitsumaki, also known as the , includes the preface of the Kojiki. It is about the first gods in the mythology of Japan, Izanagi and Izanami. These are the gods who created the world. This volume also tells of the births of various gods of the kamiyo period, or Age of the Gods. The Kamitsumaki also describes the legends about the creation of Japan. It describes how Ninigi-no-Mikoto, grandson of Amaterasu, came down from heaven to Kyūshū and became the ancestor of the Japanese royal line. According to this legend, he is considered the great-grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.

The Nakatsumaki begins with the story of Jimmu, the first Emperor, and how he conquered Japan. The volume ends with the 15th emperor, Ōjin. Not much is written about the reigns of the second through the ninth emperors; only their names and the names of their various descendants are mentioned, as well as a few other details. There is no mention of their achievements. Many of the stories in this volume are mythological, and there is no evidence to suggest that they are historically accurate. Recent studies support the opinion that these emperors were invented to push Jimmu's reign further back to the year 660 BC.

The Shimotsumaki recounts the 16th to the 33rd emperors. Unlike the other two volumes, this one does not contain many references to the gods. Interactions between the human world and the gods are very prominent in the first and second volumes, but not in this volume. Information about the 24th to the 33rd emperors is largely missing as well.

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran
 Nihon Shoki

References

Other websites 

 The Internet Sacred Text Archive - An online version of Basil Hall Chamberlain's translation of Kojiki (1919).

History of Japan
Japanese mythology
Shinto
Hindu philosophy

There are mainly six branches of Hindu Philosophy. These six schools of philosophy have been the result of ancient Indian thought and usually termed as "Sad Darsana". These are:
Samkhya
Yoga
Vaiseshika
Nyaya
Purva Mimamsa
Vedanta

Among the above six schools of Hindu Philosophy, Vedanta is by far very popular. The Vedanta accepts the authority of the knowledge portions of the Vedas, called Upanishads.

Hinduism
Guru

In the Sanskrit language, guru means teacher. Eastern religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and newer movements such as Transcendental Meditation use guru as a title. They give it to a teacher (or guide) of religious matters. 

In Western usage, any person who has followers may be called a guru, even if he is followed for things other than religion or philosophy. A person with knowledge or expertise may be called a guru if he influences by personal teaching. Modern terms which have a rather similar meaning are mentor and tutor.

Satguru 
Many Hindus have a satguru as well.The word "guru" means the one who removes the darkness from our heart. Satguru means true guru or true teacher. The title means that his students know that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to enlightenment. A satguru is a great soul who has realized God and is able to lead others along the path. God shines out from the satguru more brightly than from other people because he is very pure and enlightened. The satguru is devoted full time to religious life, is unmarried and has given up all possessions, personal life, family and friends. He has received an initiation from his satguru that gives him great spiritual power and authority. He can teach parents how to raise children, adults how to avoid problems and overcome any challenge in life, and in general he can make people feel close to God.

Examples of gurus 
Lao Zi
Chuang Tzu
Dalai Lama
Gurdjieff
Krishnamurti
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Deepak Chopra

References 

Hinduism
Buddhism
Sikhism
Spiritual teachers
Religious leaders
Moksha

Moksha is the ultimate goal of personal spiritual development for some schools of Hinduism.  It is the equivalent of Nirvana in Buddhism.  In the Sanskrit language, "moksha" means freedom.  It is as a state of eternal bliss and emptiness.  According to Vedanta life is an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth into a physical universe.   Hindu scriptures describe Moksha as the spiritual liberation from this cycle and the achievement of an eternal and blissful emptiness that transcends all of the joys, pain, and sorrow of the physical body or corporeal life. It is the goal of Hindu practitioners to achieve Moksha (freedom/liberation from the material world) through the practice of Yoga viz Jnana Yoga(knowledge), Karma Yoga(work), and Bhakti Yoga (through reciting prayers and worshipping God). 

Moksha is a Vedic term. Scholars disagree about the precise relationship between the Moksha of Vedanta Hinduism and the Nirvana of Buddhism, but there is agreement that they are closely related historically and philosophically.  Similarities can be found between Moksha and some concepts found in the Upanishads.  Hindu texts explain the Moksha as Sat-Chit-Anand [True blissness of soul by separating the soul from the physical body by practising Dhyan and Yoga ].  Moksha originates from the Sanskrit word, moksa.

In short, moksha symbolizes something which is beyond comprehension; too great and too wondrous to be truly understood, it can only be felt when one attains it. The world is truly a beautiful place, but the greatness that lies within is even more so, since the power of the greatness is completely unknown. 
After all, isn't that what beauty is; appreciation of the unknown!  

For a more comprehensive explanation of this topic read the books:
 1. The complete works of Swami Vivekananda
 2.Philosophia Ultima(commentaries on Mandukyopanishad) by Osho
 3.Vedanta: Seven steps to Samadhi by Osho (Osho is the author of more than 650 books, his discourses are free to download on on<http://oshoworld.com>)

Moksha is the ultimate goal of a person to get liberated from the cycle of birth and death

Related pages 
Bhagavad Gita

Hinduism
Caste

The caste system is a system in India that was once mainly used by Hindus. This system has been generally accepted for about 3000 years. There are four castes in this system, and one outcast group regarded as "untouchables". There are also castes in countries other than India as the system spread to South Asia about 2000 years ago. For centuries, this system has dictated one's marriages, geographical location, and occupation. The Indian government today works to decrease this discrimination with the quotas set in government jobs in 1950.

 Brahmin - priests and scholars
 Kshatriya - warriors and kings
Vaishya - merchants and landowners 
Shudra - peasants and labourers
 Untouchables or Dalits - came much later after the other four groups and consisted of people who did jobs considered ritually polluting. This included sweeping ashes after cremations or ridding of animal waste or skinning animals such as cows.

Hinduism
Brahmin

Brahmin is one of the part of four varnas in Hinduism. Brahmins are the highest and most respected among people. In ancient India people who read the complete Upanishad Brahmanak were called Brahmins. They were teachers, warriors, doctors, scholars, or religious people in the past. They are called Dwij because they guided others toward enlightenment.

Caste system 
The caste system classified people by jobs.  The people in this caste were mostly priests and dramatists in the Aryan society.  The Brahmins arranged prayers and rituals.  Parashurama was one of the well known Brahmin by birth, but throughout his life, he was a warrior whose job was to protect Dharma.  Parshurama is also Creator Father of Bhumihar Brahman and Bhumihar Thakur, Bhumihar's are also known as Parashurama Brahman & Bramhkshatriya.  Most Brahmins practice vegetarianism.  

There are many subgroups in Brahmins based on demography. Rishiswar, Sanadhya, Kanyakubj, Telang, Saryupareen, Bhumihar, Goswami, Tyagi, and Saraswati are the main streams of Brahmin. Across the subcontinent, other Brahmins are also believed to have switched from the traditional duties of Brahmins in favor of military and administrative ones. In other parts of the subcontinent, outside of Punjab and the Gandhara region, they have been known as the Tyagi Brahman and "brahma-kshatriya" groups. These groups also claim to have descended from the Parshuram Tyagi Brahmans of Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh; traditionally, they have a close relationship and brotherhood with Mohyals.

Some Mohyal Brahmins migrated eastward and became as some sub-divisions of Bhumihar Brahmins, some of whom are also descendants of Hussaini Brahmins and mourn the death of Imam Hussain.[7] Bhumihar Brahmins and Tyagi/ Mohyal Brahmins have an affinity and brotherhood for each other. The  Bhumihar Brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the Saryupareen Brahmin division of Kanyakubja Brahmins.In Kerala Ezhavathy is also a Mohyal community.[8]

The Brahmins of Vedic Period 

The Brahmanas of the Vedic period were regarded as the most knowledgeable people and the best of best in all arts. Therefore, not all Hindus worship other Gods.

The sub-groups 

In Tamil Nadu, The Iyers and Iyengars are well known Brahmin communities. Iyers are mostly worshippers of Shiva and the Iyengars are Vaishnavites.

Hinduism
Kshatriya

Kshatriya is a division of the caste system about Rajput Jatt Gurjar in Hinduism. A kshatriya is a warrior, ruler or noble. Rajputs are universally considered as kshatriyas .

There are 3 lineages of Kshatriyas:-
 Suryavanshi (Solar Dynasty)
 Chandravanshi (Lunar Dynasty)
 Agnivanshi (Fire Dynasty)

However, there is one more lineage (not mentioned in any Puranas) - ‘’’Nagavanshi’’’ (snake-born), who claims descent from the Nagas.

Hinduism
Vaishya

Vaishya is a division of the caste system.  A vaishya is a trader, merchant or artisan.

Hinduism
Shudra

Shudra is a division of the caste system. A shudra is considered a servant or peasant. Shudra and Ati-shudra indicates the bottom most ranks in the Indian caste system.  

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule set out the history of shudra-ati-shudra communities in his book Gulamgiri. He drew the attention to the exploitation of Shudras, Ati-shudras, and women etc. At this time, most prefer not even to touch such castes.

References 

Hinduism
Jnana Yoga

In Hinduism, Jnana Yoga is the yoga or practice of knowledge. Jyâna in Sanskrit means "knowledge".

In the Bhagavad Gita Krishna says that jyâna consists of properly understanding kshetra (the field of activity—that is, the body) and kshetra-jna (the knower of the body—that is, the soul). Krishna emphasizes one must understand the difference between these two. "Those who see with eyes of knowledge the difference between the body and the knower of the body, and can also understand the process of liberation from bondage in material nature, attain to the supreme goal."

Hinduism
Atharva Veda

The Atharva Veda is the fourth Veda, one of the Hindu scriptures. There are a number of upanishads in this veda. Ganapathy, Narayana, Devi, Atharva Siropanishaths are part of atharv veda. Bhavanopanisath is also in atharva veda.  Sankaracharya established joshimath in kedarnath one of the four popal centres of Hinduism to flourish atharva veda.

Hinduism
Vedas
London Borough of Tower Hamlets

The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London Borough a bit east of the City of London and north of the River Thames.

Victoria Park is one of the most important parks. It has a canal running through it and lots people like to walk their dogs.
Uriah Heep

Uriah Heep are an English hard rock band. They formed in December 1969.

Studio albums 
 ...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble (1970)
 Salisbury (1971)
 Look at Yourself (1971)
 Demons and Wizards (1972)
 The Magician's Birthday (1972)
 Sweet Freedom (1973)
 Wonderworld (1974)
 Return to Fantasy (1975)
 High and Mighty (1976)
 Firefly (1977)
 Innocent Victim (1977)
 Fallen Angel (1978)
 Conquest (1980)
 Abominog (1982)
 Head First (1983)
 Equator (1985)
 Raging Silence (1989)
 Different World (1991)
 Sea of Light (1995)
 Sonic Origami (1998)
 Wake the Sleeper (2008)
 Into the Wild (2011)
 Outsider (2014)
 Living the Dream (2018)

Other websites 
The official Uriah Heep website

English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Musical groups from London
Church–Turing thesis

The Church-Turing thesis (also known as Church's thesis, Church's conjecture and Turing's thesis) is a statement about computers. It says that a very simple kind of computer now named a “Turing machine” is able to compute all computable functions. The Church-Turing thesis is linked to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. 
When a programming language is able to do what a Turing machine can do, that language is called Turing complete. If a problem is solvable in one such language, then it is solvable in all of those. 

Theoretical computer science

lt:Tiuringo mašina#Tiuringo tezė
London Borough of Brent

The London Borough of Brent is a London borough in north west London and is part of Greater London.

London Borough of Brent
London Borough of Ealing

The London Borough of Ealing is a London borough in West London, it is part of Greater London. It includes the town of Ealing, famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio.

London Borough of Ealing
Tamamo-no-Mae

Tamamo-no-Mae (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology and folklore. In the Otogizoshi, a collection of Japanese prose written in the Muromachi period, Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe.  She was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in Japan.  Tamamo-no-Mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty.  Tamamo-no-Mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects.  Although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer.  She answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy.  Because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the Imperial Court adored her, and Emperor Konoe fell deeply in love with her.

After some time had passed, the Emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill.  He went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer.  Finally, an astrologer told the Emperor that Tamamo-no-Mae was the cause of his illness.  The astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the Emperor ill in a evil plan to take the throne.  Following this, Tamamo-no-Mae disappeared from the court.

The Emperor ordered Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox.  After escaping from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to Miura-no-suke in a dream.  Once again in the form of the beautiful Tamamo-no-Mae, the fox told Miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life.  Miura-no-suke refused.

Early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the Plain of Nasu, and Miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow.  The body of the fox became the Sessho-seki, or Killing Stone, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it.  Tamamo-no-Mae's spirit became Hoji and haunted the stone.

Hoji is said to have haunted this stone in the Japanese prefecture of Nasu until a Buddhist priest called Genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by Hoji.  Genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally Hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.

In Matsuo Bashō's famous book, The Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no Hosomichi), Bashō tells of visiting the stone in the Japanese prefecture of Nasu.

Tamamo-no-Mae's legend served as base for the noh drama Sesshoseki ("The Killing Stone") and the kabuki play Tamamonomae (or The Beautiful Fox Witch).

References

Mailahn, Klaus: Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos, Münster 2006, 190-194, 

Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology
London Borough of Hounslow

The London Borough of Hounslow is a London borough in West London. The western District line and Piccadilly line pass through the Borough. The area was part of Middlesex, and is near to London Heathrow Airport. Through Houslow runs the A4 Great West Road.

The heart of Hounslow is the Treaty Centre, a two-floor shopping paradise with over 10 shops including a Debenhams. There is also a library. The musician M.I.A is from here, and the movie Bend it like Beckham is set in this part of London.

Other websites
Hounslow info

London Borough of Hounslow
London Borough of Richmond upon Thames

The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames is a London borough in south west London.

References

London Borough of Richmond
Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames

The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames is a London borough in south-west London. It is one of three Royal boroughs in London.

Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
London Borough of Sutton

The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in south west London.

London Borough of Sutton
London Borough of Bromley

The London Borough of Bromley is a London Borough of south east London.

London Borough of Bromley
London Borough of Lewisham

The London Borough of Lewisham is a London borough in south east London.

London Borough of Lewisham
London Borough of Bexley

The London Borough of Bexley () is a London Borough in south east London.

London Borough of Bexley
London Borough of Havering

The London Borough of Havering is a east London borough. Romford is the major centre. Havering is connected to central London by the District Line, which terminates at Upminster.

London Borough of Havering
London Borough of Barking and Dagenham

The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham is a London borough in East London.

London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
London Borough of Redbridge

The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in north east London.

London Borough of Redbridge
London Borough of Newham

The London Borough of Newham is a London borough in east London.

London Borough of Newham
London Borough of Haringey

The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough in north London. There are some interesting sights, for example, the stadium of the Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur and the Alexandra Palace.

London Borough of Haringey
London Borough of Barnet

The London Borough of Barnet is a London borough in north London.

London Borough of Barnet
London Borough of Harrow

The London Borough of Harrow is a London borough in north west London.

References

London Borough of Harrow
London Borough of Hillingdon

The London Borough of Hillingdon is a London borough. It is the farthest west borough of London.

London Borough of Hillingdon
John Shakespeare

Sir John Shakespeare II (c. 1530-September 1601) was an English nobleman, politician, and knight. He was Sir William Shakespeare's father and husband of Mary Arden.

Sir John Shakespeare II was the son of English nobleman Sir Richard Shakespeare I (1490-1561) and Abigail Webb (1493-1565), John II was named after his paternal grandfather the English politician Sir John Shakespeare I (1460-1521), John II great-grandfather was the English politician Sir Thomas Shakespeare (1430-1511).

1530s births
1601 deaths
People from Warwickshire
Norwegian Elkhound

The Norwegian Elkhound is a type of dog that was bred in Norway, where most of them are found. They are fluffy and are working dogs.

They have been living and working with humans since the stone age and served as a hunter, herder, guard and companion.

A spitz, type with curled tale and pricked ears, the are friendly,playful and also great with kids.They are a great family dog, but needs a large garden and daily walks. They enjoy an active family that will play with them but are more than happy to live a less strenuous life but,they must not be allowed to get lazy because as with all hounds, will put on weight in excess.

Dog breeds
Kim Dae-jung

Kim Dae-jung (January 6, 1925-August 18, 2009) was a South Korean president. In 2000, he got the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the first person from Korea to get a Nobel prize. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia   Kim Dae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

Other websites 
 Official Nobel page for Kim 
 Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library
 BBC article on his legacy

1926 births
Presidents of South Korea
Roman Catholics
Deaths from multiple organ failure
2009 deaths
Bio Booster Armor Guyver

Bio-Booster Armor Guyver (Viz Media) or Guyver (Chuang Yi Publishing) (強殖装甲ガイバー, Kyōshoku Sōkō Gaibā?) is a long-running manga series written by Yoshiki Takaya

1986 horror movies
1991 movies
1994 movies
2005 anime television series
American action movies
Anime OVAs
Anime series
Manga series
1985 manga
Dystopian movies
Japanese movies
Repulse Bay

Repulse Bay (, literally Shallow Water Bay) is a famous beach in Hong Kong. It is in the southern part of Hong Kong Island. There are many stories explaining how the bay got its name: in 1841, pirates took Repulse Bay and lived there. They frequently took things from ships. In order to protect the ships, the British Fleet repulsed (attacked) the pirates and their base. Due to this event, it was named Repulse Bay. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the name of Repulse Bay was changed to ).

float Taiwan is also added to swallow water bay

Geography of Hong Kong
Beaches of Asia
Pelagianism

Pelagianism is a theory named after Pelagius. It is the belief that people are not born with original sin and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. For this reason, Adam's sin was there to set a bad example for those that came after him; other than that it had no consequences. Jesus was there to set a good example (much like Adam's bad example) but also to pay the price for our sins. Pelagius believed that because people choose to sin, they are like criminals who need to be pardoned, not victims of an inherited sinful nature.

Pelagianism was condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. However, some people believe that Pelagius was simply misunderstood. Today there are no known Pelagians, but there are people who follow Celtic Christianity tradition, which respects Pelagius as a good example of Celtic Christian.

Related pages
Fall of Man

Other websites 
Canons From The Council Of Carthage Against Pelagianism, May 1, 418
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pelagius and Pelagianism
Pelagians, Donatists, Monks, Anabaptists and other Perfectionists  - a sympathetic look at Pelagianism and similar 'perfectionist' movements
Pelagius Library: Online site dedicated to the study of Pelagius
Pelagianism: The Religion of Natural Man  - a critical look at Pelagianism

Ancient Christianity‎
Goggles

Goggles and safety glasses are thick, plastic glasses worn over the eyes to keep objects out of them. Goggles are used to keep water out of the eyes when swimming. They are also used for safety reasons when working with instruments that can be dangerous, like chemical or when things might fly into the eyes. Special goggles are used for kinds of welding to protect the eyes from bright light.

Related pages
 Ski goggles

Protective clothing
Headgear
Urashima Tarō

is a Japanese fairy tale about a fisherman who rescues a turtle and is rewarded with a visit to the Ryūgū-jō, the Dragon Palace. There are many different versions of this story.

Story

One day, a fisherman named Urashima Taro was fishing when he noticed a turtle, which appeared to be in trouble. Taro saved the turtle and in return the turtle magically gave Taro gills and brought Taro to the Dragon Palace (Ryūgū-jō), deep underwater. The turtle turned out to be the daughter of Ryūgū-jō, a lovely princess. He stayed there with her for a few days, and received a mysterious box from her when he was leaving, which she told him never to open.  What he did not realize that time in the Dragon Palace moves an awful lot slower than on land and when he returned 700 years had passed. When he got home he found that all of his family had died long ago. In grief, he opened the box. It revealed itself in a cloud of white smoke, it was his true age, and Urashima Taro aged and died.

Related pages
Rip van Winkle

Other websites

Urashima Taro  (in English)

Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology
Electrical generator

A generator usually means a machine that makes electrical energy. It has a generator head with wires, spinning inside a magnetic field. The resulting electromagnetic induction makes electricity flow through the wires. Hybrid electric vehicles carry a generator powerful enough to make them go. The biggest generators don't go anywhere; they stay in power stations.

Different things can be used to make the generator head spin. Some small ones are cranked by someone's arms or legs. Bigger ones are connected to an engine. The biggest ones use a steam turbine or hydroelectric water power. Some use wind power. Whatever makes it turn, the generator converts this energy into electrical energy.

Some portable generators have an internal combustion engine. They are harmful when used indoors because they make carbon monoxide.

Components
Simple generators have:
a rotor, which is the moving part of the generator
an axle
a magnet
brushes

Some kinds have:
a commutator, which is a switch that reverses the current
a power supply to start the generator

Related pages
 Electricity

Electricity
motors
Paste

Paste could mean:

 Glue, something that is used to make two objects stick together.
 Cut, copy and paste in computing.
 Paste (food), a type of Mexican food.

Basic English 850 words
Inert gas

An inert gas is a gas that does not usually react chemically with other things. Examples of inert gases are argon and helium. 

Inert gases are made up of only one element is called a noble gas. Inert gases can also be made of more than one element. They can be gases of molecules or mixtures of gases of elements.

Inert gases are used in several ways. A gas made from nitrogen is used to keep vegetables from spoiling when they are transported. Other inert gases are used in welding. They are put into gasoline tanks to help prevent explosions. The inert gases are as follows:
Helium
Neon
Argon
Radon
Xenon
Krypton

Gases
Emperor Gaozu of Han

Emperor Gaozu of Han (, 256 BC or 247 BC – 195 BC) was the founder of Han Dynasty. He ruled China from 202 BC until 195 BC. His name was Liu Bang and Ji was his courtesy name. He was born in Yang Li City. After defeating the great King, Xiang Yu, Emperor Gaozu of Han unified China and became the first emperor of Han Dynasty. Emperor Weidi of Han, Gaozu's son, was the 2nd emperor of Han Dynasty.

Birth:

One day, Liu Bang's mother slept near the river bank. Suddenly, thick clouds darkened the sky and it thundered. Liu Bang's father, Liu Tai Gong, felt it strange and he worried over his wife's safety. He went to find his wife immediately. When Liu Tai Gong arrived, he saw a dragon sleeping on her body. After this incident, Liu Tai Gong's wife had a baby and Liu Bang was born soon!

Appearance and Personality:

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Liu Bang looked like the dragon. Also, there were 72 moles on his left leg. People saw a dragon following Liu Bang all the time. For the personality, Liu Bang was kind and he loved helping poor people. He liked drinking wines with his friends as well.Emperors of Han Dynasty
3rd-century BC births
190s BC deaths