cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Cyclone Bobby

Cyclone Bobby took place on February 19, 1995. The cyclone hit parts of Western Australia. It moved slowly before hitting the east of Onslow. Cyclone Bobby had 40mm of rain and a maximum winds of 270km/h. Three people died from Bobby and many were injured. Cyclone Bobby was one of the most devastating cyclones in the history of Western Australia.

1995
Tropical cyclones in Oceania
1990s in Australia
Western Australia
Postal codes in Azerbaijan

Postal codes in Azerbaijan consist of four digits.  

The four-digit postcode shows the nationwide format AZ NNNN. The first two digits show the regions of Azerbaijan in accordance with the modern administrative divisions, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.

From 1970 until 1991, when Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR, the entire territory of the Soviet Union used the six-digit postcode 37NNNN. After gaining independence, Azerbaijan switched to the current four-digit postcode.

Related pages 
 Azərpoçt – the national postal service of Azerbaijan
 Postal code
 Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan
 ISO 3166-2:AZ
 Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
 
 

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
ENSAE ParisTech

ENSAE Paris (officially École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique Paris) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its curricula lead to these French & European degrees:
 Ingénieur ENSAE ParisTech (ENSAE ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages. The students are from a dozen nationalities.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSAE ParisTech relate to the following topics:
Economics
Finance, insurance
Macroeconomics
Microeconomics
Sociology
Statistical

Notable graduate 
 Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Moroccan economist and writer.

References 

Technical colleges and universities in Paris
1942 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in France
Hayflick limit

The Hayflick limit (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture. It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.
We now know that the telomeres on each cell's chromosomes get slightly shorter with each new cell division, until they reach a critical length.

The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times. The population then goes into senescence. This refutes the idea of Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel that normal cells are potentially immortal.

Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the chromosomes of the cells. Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.

The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death. Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms. Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis. The genes were found by studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These same genes function in humans for apoptosis.

References

Related pages 
Apoptosis
Ageing

Chromosomes
Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department

There are 3 arrondissements in the Deux-Sèvres department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Deux-Sèvres are:

History
Since its creation, the Deux-Sèvres department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the department, with six districts: Melle, Niort, Parthenay, Saint-Maixent, Thouars and Châtillon (now Mauléon). The capital of the department was Niort alternating with Parthenay and Saint-Maixent but soon was changed and Niort was kept as the only capital.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Melle, Niort, Parthenay and Thouars. Saint-Maixent and Châtillon were left out.
 1804 : the subprefecture of Thouars is moved to Bressuire.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Bressuire and Melle were eliminated.
 1942 : the Bressuire was made again an arrondissement.

References

Related pages
List of arrondissements of France

Deux-Sevres
Arrondissement of Bressuire

The arrondissement of Bressuire is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bressuire.

History
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Bressuire was not one of the original districts but, in 1804, it was made one of the arrondissements of the department when the subprefecture of Thouars was moved to Bressuire.

Geography
Bressuire is the northernmost arrondissement of the department. It is bordered to the north by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Parthenay and to the west by the Vendée department.

It has an area of , and a population of 96,703 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Bressuire, there are 3 cantons with all their communes  in the arrondissement: Bressuire, Mauléon and Thouars, 

The following table shows the distribution of the communes in the arrondissement of  Bressuire:

Communes
The arrondissement of Bressuire has 53 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Argentonnay (79013)
 Argenton-l'Église (79014)
 Boismé (79038)
 Bouillé-Loretz (79043)
 Bressuire (79049)
 Bretignolles (79050)
 Brie (79054)
 Brion-près-Thouet (79056)
 Cerizay (79062)
 Chiché (79088)
 Cirières (79091)
 Combrand (79096)
 Coulonges-Thouarsais (79102)
 Courlay (79103)
 Faye-l'Abbesse (79116)
 La Forêt-sur-Sèvre (79123)
 Geay (79131)
 Genneton (79132)
 Glénay (79134)
 Louzy (79157)
 Luché-Thouarsais (79159)
 Luzay (79161)
 Mauléon (79079)
 Mauzé-Thouarsais (79171)
 Missé (79178)
 Montravers (79183)
 Nueil-les-Aubiers (79195)
 Oiron (79196)
 Pas-de-Jeu (79203)
 La Petite-Boissière (79207)
 Pierrefitte (79209)
 Le Pin (79210)
 Saint-Amand-sur-Sèvre (79235)
 Saint-André-sur-Sèvre (79236)
 Saint-Aubin-du-Plain (79238)
 Saint-Cyr-la-Lande (79244)
 Sainte-Gemme (79250)
 Sainte-Radegonde (79292)
 Sainte-Verge (79300)
 Saint-Jacques-de-Thouars (79258)
 Saint-Jean-de-Thouars (79259)
 Saint-Jouin-de-Milly (79261)
 Saint-Léger-de-Montbrun (79265)
 Saint-Martin-de-Mâcon (79274)
 Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay (79277)
 Saint-Maurice-Étusson (79280)
 Saint-Pierre-des-Échaubrognes (79289)
 Saint-Varent (79299)
 Taizé (79321)
 Thouars (79329)
 Tourtenay (79331)
 Val en Vignes (79063)
 Voulmentin (79242)

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Bressuire
Randall Woolf

Randall Woolf (born 23 August 1959) is an American composer. He studied at Harvard University. Woolf received Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999. One of his piaces is called White Heat. He is a long time collaborator of Welsh musician John Cale. He arranged Cale's score for Mary Harron's movie American Psycho. His wife Kathleen Supové is a pianist.

References

Other websites
Official website

1959 births
Living people
American composers
Arosio, Switzerland

Arosio is a village and former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 13 March 2005 the former municipalites of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Envelopment

Envelopment is the military tactic of attacking the enemy's flank or rear. This is done while keeping the enemy's attention focused on his front by the use of diversionary attacks. The envelopment makes the enemy fight in a direction they are the least prepared for. The maneuver requires a flank that can be attacked. Unlike a flanking maneuver, which uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank, envelopment depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain. The envelopment has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include being able to capture or defeat all or part of an opposing army. It offers less risk than other offensive maneuvers. Disadvantages include the possibility of an enemy counterattack on the weakened center or on the other flank.

Types of envelopment 
 Turning movement where the object is to "turn" the enemy from his defensive position and force them to act.
 Single envelopment is an attack on one flank or the enemy rear from one direction while holding their attention to their front.
 Double envelopment, also called a Pincer movement, requires three forces. One holds the center while the other two attack the right and left flanks. Once both flanking attacks reach the rear, the enemy is encircled.   
 Vertical envelopment is an envelopment from the sky. First thought of by Benjamin Franklin, it was not practical until the invention of the airplane.  Vertical envelopment uses paratroopers or other soldiers that arrive by air on the enemy's flank or rear.

Historic examples 
Famous examples of the single envelopment include Alexander the Great who used it at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. Robert E. Lee used the tactic at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941. Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae where he defeated the Roman army in 216 BC. In 1781 during the American Revolutionary War, American general Daniel Morgan used it successfully against British general Banastre Tarleton, causing many of the British soldiers to surrender.  In the 1944 Falaise Gap during Operation Overlord, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces.

References

Other websites 
 Rome 2 - Advanced Tactics - Double Envelopment at Cannae; YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
Knap of Howar

Knap of Howar is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland. The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC. The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea. It is believed that the houses where lit by fires. 

Settlements in Scotland
DeAndre Yedlin

DeAndre Yedlin (born July 9, 1993 in Seattle, Washington) is an American soccer player for Newcastle United.

References 

1993 births
African-American sportspeople
American soccer players
Jewish American sportspeople
Sportspeople from Seattle, Washington
Premier League players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Living people
Sèvre Nantaise

The Sèvre Nantaise is a river in western France, a left tributary of the Loire river.

It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Niortaise river that flows through Niort) and ends in the city of Nantes (and is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

Geography
The Sèvre Nantaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nantes, where the Sèvre Nantaise joins the Loire river.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Nantes

Course
The Sèvre Nantaise starts in the Gâtines plateau, commune of Neuvy-Bouin, near the commune of Secondigny in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Nantes.

The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 4 departments and 44 communes:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Deux-Sèvres: 15 communes.
 Pays de la Loire region
 Vendée: 15 communes.
 Maine-et-Loire: two communes.
 Loire-Atlantique: 12 communes.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Sèvre Nantaise river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station M7502410 - La Sèvre Nantaise à Nantes 
 Visite virtuelle du basin de la Sèvre Nantaise 

Rivers of France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Pays de la Loire
Ricardo Lucarelli

Ricardo Samuel Lucarelli Santos de Souza (born February 14, 1992) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He is a member of the Brazil national volleyball team and Brazilian club Funvic Taubaté. He competed on the winning volleyball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

References 
 http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/bra-brazil/players/ricardo-lucarelli-santos-de-souza?id=40937

1992 births
Living people
Brazilian volleyball players
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Aaron Russell

Aaron Russell (born June 4, 1993) is an American volleyball player. He is a member of the United States men's national volleyball team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He won a bronze medal. Since late 2015, he plays for an Italian volleyball club.

Other websites
 Bio in Centre Daily Times
 FIVB profile

American volleyball players
1993 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Artem Volvich

Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich (born 22 January 1990) is an Russian volleyball player. He is a member of the Russian National Volleyball Team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Other websites
 FIVB profile

Russian volleyball players
1990 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Lazarus

Lazarus is a given name and surname (family name). It is derived from the Hebrew אלעזר, Elʿāzār (Eleazar) meaning "God has helped".

People with the given name Lazarus
 Lazarus (rapper), U. S. rapper, songwriter and physician from Detroit
 Lazarus of Bethany, a figure in the Gospel of John, which describes him being raised by Jesus from the dead
 Rich man and Lazarus, a parable of Jesus which is unrelated to the Lazarus raised from the dead
 Lazarus of Persia (died 326), Persian martyr
 Saint Lazarus of Aix (died 441), bishop and saint
 Saint Lazarus (bishop of Milan), reigned 438 to 449
 Lazarus Zographos (died 867), Christian saint

People with the surname Lazarus
 Abraham Lazarus (1911–1967), British politician
 Bob Lazarus (1956–2009), comedian from the USA
 Celestine Lazarus (born 1992), Nigerian footballer
 Charles Lazarus, businessman, founder of Toys "R" Us
 Edward Lazarus (born 1959), author and lawyer from the USA
 Emma Lazarus (1849–87), poet from the USA
 Fred Lazarus, Jr. (1884–1973), businessman from the USA
 Glenn Lazarus (born 1965), Australian politician and former rugby league footballer
 Henry Lazarus (1815–95), British clarinettist
 John Lazarus (born 1947), Canadian writer of dramas
 Joseph Lazarus (1903–43), U.S. Olympic boxer
 Leon Lazarus (1919–2008), comics writer
 M. E. Lazarus (1822–95), anarchist from the USA
 Mark Lazarus (born 1938), football player
 Mell Lazarus (1927-2016), cartoonist
 Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903), German philosopher
 Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), psychologist and creator of the coping theory
 Richard Lazarus, professor of law at the Harvard Law School
 Stephanie Lazarus (born 1960), U.S. police officer convicted of murdering a romantic rival

References 

Given names
Surnames
Cagiallo

Cagiallo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio merged to form the new municipality Capriasca.

References 

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Sala Capriasca

Sala Capriasca is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

References 

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Tesserete

Tesserete is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

In 1976 the neighboring municipality Campestro was incorporated into Tesserete.

On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

References 

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Ardfern

Ardfern ( = "the head-land of alder-trees") is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is on the south coast of the Craignish peninsula, facing Loch Craignish.

Villages in Scotland
Argyll and Bute
Rosh Chodesh

Rosh Chodesh or Rosh Hodesh (; trans. Beginning of the Month; lit. Head of the Month) is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon. It is considered a minor holiday, like the middle days of Passover and Sukkot.

When a Hebrew calendar month is 30 days long, day 30 is considered Rosh Chodesh of the next month. Then Rosh Chodesh is two days long: day 30 of the old month and day 1 of the new month.

References

Jewish festivals and holidays
Sèvre Niortaise

The Sèvre Niortaise is a river in western France, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.

It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Nantaise) and flows through Niort (that is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

Geography
The Sèvre Niortaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Niort.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Niort

Course
The Sèvre Niortaise starts in the commune of Sepvret in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée and Charente-Maritime.

Finally, the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean to north of the city of La Rochelle.

The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 38 communes:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Deux-Sèvres: Sepvret, Chey, Exoudun, La Mothe-Saint-Héray, Saint-Maixent-l'École, La Crèche, François, Chauray, Saint-Gelais, Échiré, Saint-Maxire, Sciecq, Niort, Magné, Coulon, Arçais
 Charente-Maritime: Marans, Charron
 Pays de la Loire region
 Vendée: Damvix, Maillé, L'Île-d'Elle.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the  Sèvre Niortaise river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites
 
 Banque Hydro - Station N4300623 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Niort (La Tiffardière) 

Rivers of France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Pays de la Loire
Intersectionality

Intersectionality or intersectional theory studies the relation between the many different ways that people are kept in a lower social position, controlled, and left out of important parts of society because of their differences. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw gave the name "intersectionality" to this concept in 1989. 

Sometimes a society decides that a group of people are different from themselves. When they do this, they other that group, or marginalize them. Intersectionality points out that people are often othered for more than one reason.

These reasons might be

 gender
 race
 class
 ability
 sexual orientation
 religion
 caste
 age
 nationality
 language
 or other parts of identity.

Because of this, it suggests that these types of othering cannot be looked at by themselves. They must be looked at together. For example, a person can be othered because they are a woman, a person of color, a poor person, and a disabled person at the same time. These different forms of othering make each other worse, shape each other, and prop each other up. This means that the experience of being othered for all of these reasons is different from what would happen if you added them all up. Because of this, fighting each one alone would not help the people who experience many of them at the same time.

Intersectionality says that the different ways people are othered and forced into a lower social position, such as racism, sexism, classism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia and bigotry based on belief, create an entire system. In this system, each of the ways people are held down by society contributes to the other. So if someone wanted to understand how a society began to other a group of people as a race apart from themselves (racialization), they would have to look into the ways that gender, class, sexuality, and other parts of identity shaped this process.

Intersectionality began as a way to understand the ways that women of color in American society were othered. The women who developed the theory were challenging the feminism of their time. They saw it as being too focused on the issues of wealthy white women. They felt that this left behind the women who needed feminism the most, and only helped the women who already had the most power. They were also criticizing the Civil Rights Movement. They saw it as being too focused on men and leaving women of color behind. They believed they had a place in both of these movements, and that these parts of their lives could not be separated. Intersectional theory quickly grew to include the relation between all of the many other ways that people are othered and kept in a lower social position, such as sexuality, ability, and the gender binary.

Civil rights
Discrimination
Feminism
Thouet

The Thouet is a river in western France, flowing through the Deux-Sèvres and Maine-et-Loire departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions.

It is one of the last left tributary of the Loire river.

Geography
The Thouet river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Thouet starts in the Gâtine plateau, west of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the commune of Le Beugnon, near Secondigny and close to the source of the Sèvre Nantaise river, at an elevation of about . From the source to Parthenay the river flows in a generally southwest-northwest direction. To the east of Parthenay, the river turns north and flows on a generally northward direction for the rest of its course.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Saumur.

The Thouet flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 34 communes; some of them are:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Deux-Sèvres: Le Beugnon, Secondigny, Parthenay, Saint-Loup-Lamairé, Airvault, Thouars, Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay.
 Pays de la Loire region
 Maine-et-Loire: Montreuil-Bellay, Chacé, Artannes-sur-Thouet, Saumur.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Thouet river are:

Left tributaries:
 Palais - 24 km
 Cébron - 29 km
 Thouaret - 52 km
 Argenton - 71 km

Right tributaries:
 Viette - 61 km
 Losse - 17 km
 Dive - 75

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station L8102120 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Tallud 
 Histoire & Patrimoine des Rivières & Canaux  

Rivers of France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Pays de la Loire
Amambay

The Amambay department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Pedro Juan Caballero. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-13.

The name comes from the name of a part of the Caaguazú Cordillera, the "Amambay Cordillera" (). Amambay (or amambái) means "fern" in Guaraní language; ferns are common in the forests of the region.

History
The town of Pedro Juan Caballero was found in 1893, and Bella Vista, in 1902. The department of Amambay was created in 1945 as the No. 10 department of the country.  After some reorganization it was declared as the No. 13 department.,

Pedro Juan Caballero, the capital of the department, is still known by its old name, Punta Porá, because is near the Punta Porá Hill; that name was used by the people that transported yerba mate from Mato Grosso to Concepción. The BrazilIan municipality across the border, Ponta Porã (Mato Grosso do Sul), keeps the name.

Geography
The Amambay department is in the north part of the Oriental region. It has an area of , with a population of 125,611 for a Population density of .

Amambay is the highest of the Paraguayan departments,  high, and the Punta Porá Hill,  high, is one the highest point in the country.

Limits
 To the north: Brazil, separated by the Apa river and the Amambay Cordillera.
 To the east: Brazil, separated by the Amambay Cordillera.
 To the south: Canindeyú department.
 To the west: Concepción and San Pedro departments.

Rivers
The main rivers in the department are the Apa in the north, and the Ypané and the Aquidabán rivers in the central part of the department.

Climate
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Pedro Juan Caballero was . The month with the most precipitation was February with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was May with .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Pedro Juan Caballero was . The warmest month, on average, was December with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

Districts
The department is divided in 5 districts:

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Amambay website 
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay

Departments of Paraguay
Darwin–Wallace Medal

The Darwin–Wallace Medal is awarded by the Linnean Society of London for "major advances in evolutionary biology".

The medals have been awarded every 50 years, beginning in 1908. That year marked 50 years after the joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. These were On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. The papers were both about natural selection as the main cause of evolution. The papers were presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858. 

Wallace was one of the first to get of the medal. In his case it was made of gold, rather than the silver versions given to the six other medallists. However, in 2008 the Linnean Society announced that due to the continuing importance of evolutionary research, the medal will be awarded on an annual basis beginning in 2010.

Awardees

1908 
The first award was of a gold medal to Alfred Russel Wallace, and silver medals to six other distinguished scientists:

Joseph Dalton Hooker
August Weismann
Ernst Haeckel
Francis Galton
E. Ray Lankester
Eduard Strasburger

1958 
20 silver medals were awarded:

Edgar Anderson
Yevgeny Pavlovsky
Maurice Caullery
Bernhard Rensch
Ronald A. Fisher
G. Gaylord Simpson
Carl Rudolf Florin
Carl Skottsberg
Roger Heim
H. Hamshaw Thomas
J.B.S. Haldane
Erik Stensiö
John Hutchinson
Göte Turesson
Julian Huxley
Victor van Straelen
Ernst Mayr
D.M.S. Watson
H.J. Muller
John Christopher Willis (posthumously)

2008 
13 silver medals were awarded, including 2 posthumously:

 Nick Barton
 M.W. Chase
 Bryan Clarke 
 Joseph Felsenstein
 Stephen Jay Gould (posthumously)
 Peter R. Grant
 Rosemary Grant
 James Mallet
 Lynn Margulis
 John Maynard Smith (posthumously)
 Mohamed Noor
 H. Allen Orr 
 Linda Partridge

From 2010  
 Brian Charlesworth (2010)
 James A. Lake (2011)
 Loren H. Rieseberg (2012)
 Godfrey Hewitt (2013)
 Dolph Schluter (2014)
 Roger Butlin (2015)
 Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis (2016)

References 

Orders, decorations, and medals
Science awards
Khan Academy

Khan Academy is a non-profit educational organization. It has been created by Sal Khan. Khan Academy is available on the internet for free. Khan Academy teaches by using YouTube videos of short lectures of certain topics, as well as by using practice exercises and tools that help with learning. It is available in many different languages, but mostly English.

Khan Academy teaches mostly about mathematics, but also teaches biology, chemistry, physics, history, astronomy, cosmology, American civics, art history, economics, music, computer programming and computer science, healthcare, medicine, and finance. In the YouTube videos that Khan Academy makes, they record diagrams being drawn from a tablet using the screen capture software called Camtasia Studio.

References

Other websites 

 

Educational organizations
American websites
Untersteckholz

Untersteckholz was a municipality in Aarwangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010 the Untersteckholz became part of Langenthal.

Former municipalities of Bern
Ursenbach

Ursenbach is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Urtenen-Schönbühl

Urtenen-Schönbühl is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Official website of Shoppyland Schönbühl

Municipalities of Bern
Uttigen

Uttigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Kienersrüti merged into the municipality of Uttigen.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Uttigen 

Municipalities of Bern
Political general

A political general is a term used by historians and most often applies to the American Civil War. In this context, it means a General officer who does not have formal military training or experience and who gained his position through political influence. To a lesser degree, it can also mean generals who engaged in politics during or after their time as a general. A "political general" can seem to be a contradiction in terms in a country such as the United States where by law the military is under civilian authority. An example was Dwight D. Eisenhower, who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in the class of 1915. He was an experienced staff officer who commanded the invasions of North Africa and Western Europe. Eisenhower developed the political skills to deal with his British and American officers as well as political leaders. He later became President of the United States.

Background 
In history, many great generals were also political leaders. Julius Caesar was a general who became the dictator of Rome in 44 BC. Genghis Khan was the son of a Mongol chieftain who became a general and then the leader of the Mongol Empire. As a general, Alexander the Great never lost a battle. He was a king who was also a general. In the British Army of the 17th and 18th centuries, the officers were often aristocrats and most obtained their rank by purchase.

In American history up to the Civil war, there had been a long line of amateur military leaders going back to the colonial militias. Before he led the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington had little military experience. Andrew Jackson only had experience in the American Indian Wars. But he successfully defeated a larger and more professional British army at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. 

During the American Civil War, two great armies were raised that were made up largely of citizen-soldiers. There simply were not enough trained generals to lead all these men. Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis appointed political generals, some of whom later proved to be incompetent. Others proved to be good or even great generals. Many of these generals had very little or no military training before being commissioned a general. Confederate general Patrick Cleburne was such a leader. He earned his nickname as the "Stonewall Jackson of the West" by being a great general. One of the worst examples was Union general Daniel Sickles. He was a Tammany Hall politician who used his influence to rise to the rank of major general. Sickles nearly lost the Battle of Gettysburg for the North yet, after 34 years of lobbying, managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Civil War in Four Minutes: Political Generals; YouTube

Politics
E. Ray Lankester

Sir E. Ray Lankester KCB, FRS (15 May 1847 – 13 August 1929) was a British zoologist, born in London.

Ray Lankester was an invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist. He was Professor of Zoology at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.

E. (Edwin: his first name was never used) Ray Lankester was the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London. Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray.

References 

1847 births
1929 deaths
English biologists
British zoologists
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake

The August 2016 Central Italy earthquake was a natural disaster that struck Central Italy on 24 August 2016 at 03:36 CEST. Its epicentre was close to Accumoli. It was followed by 40 strong aftershocks.

More than 250 people were killed by the earthquake.

References

2016 disasters in Europe
2016 earthquakes
2010s in Italy
Abruzzo
August 2016 events
Earthquakes in Italy
Lazio
Marche
Umbria
Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi

Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi or Nihal Naji Ali Al Awlaki (Arabic: نهال ناجي علي العولقي  ) is a Yemeni lawyer. She is Yemen’s Minister of Legal Affairs.  In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Al-Awalqi is from the Shabwah Governorate in Yemen. At the time of her appointment as Minister of Legal Affairs, on September 9, 2016, she was 39 years old. Al-Awalqi received a Doctor of Laws degree with honors from Mohammed V University in Morocco. She also received a Master of Law and a Bachelor of Legal Sciences from Mohammed V. University.   She speaks Arabic, English, and French.

Work 

Al-Awalqi was an assistant law professor at the University of Aden, where she worked on research and training on the status of women.
She was a member of the comprehensive national dialogue conference state-building team.  She was a member of the constitution drafting committee.  She was a member of the government negotiating team in Geneva.

On September 9, 2016, Yemen President Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi appointed al-Awaqi as Minister of Legal Affairs ( وزيراً للشؤون القانونية  ).

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References

Yemeni people
Living people
Lawyers
Politicians
1977 births
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Elqui Province

Elqui Province () is one of three provinces in the Chilean region of Coquimbo (IV). Its capital is the city of Coquimbo.

It is named after the main river of the province: the Elqui River river.

Geography
The Elqui province has an area of , the largest province in the Coquimbo region.

Elqui is bordered on the north by the Atacama region (Huasco province), on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Limarí province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Elqui river that is  long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

Population
 (last national census), there were 365,371 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km², the province of the region with more people living in it.

The largest city of the province is La Serena with a population, in 2002, of 160,148 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Elqui is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes (comunas). The city of Coquimbo serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
 Province of Elqui website 

Provinces of Chile
Limarí Province

Limarí Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Ovalle.

It is named after the main river of the province: the Limarí River.

Geography
The Limarí province has an area of , the second largest province in the Coquimbo region.

Limarí is bordered on the north by the Elqui province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Choapa province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Limarí river that is  long.

Population
 (last national census), there were 156,158 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Ovalle, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 66,405 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes (comunas). The city of Ovalle serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
 Province of Limarí website 

Provinces of Chile
Choapa Province

Choapa Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Illapel

Geography
The Choapa province has an area of , the smallest province in the Coquimbo region.

Choapa is bordered on the north by the Limarí province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the  Valparaíso region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Population
 (last national census), there were 81,681 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Illapel, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 30,355 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes (comunas). The city of Illapel serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
 Province of Choapa website 

Provinces of Chile
LGBT rights in Tunisia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Tunisia may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality is illegal in the Republic of Tunisia and the law does not include sexual orientation or gender identity in its civil rights laws and there is no legal recognition for same-sex couples. According to the 2013 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 93% of Tunisian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society.
 
Tunisia tends to be socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality. There are a few led organised LGBT Human rights movement such as the movement named "Shams". Mostly Tunisians are generally Muslims with traditional values, and traditional Islamic attitudes and mores look down upon Homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of decadence and Immorality. But Tunisian Cross-dressers are not expressly Illegal in the country. Male prostitution workers occur in some Tunisian tourist resorts. The so-called Minister for Human Rights Samir Dilou stated that "Freedom of Speech has its limits", Homosexuality is a "perversion", and gay people needed to be "treated medically" for this. His comments were condemned by many in Tunisian society who posted pro-LGBT pictures on social networking sites. In June 2012, Dilou rejected the recommendation of the United Nations Human Rights Committee for Tunisia to decriminalise same-sex sexual acts, stating that the concept of "Sexual orientation is specific to the west" which is not true and is overridden by Tunisian Law, which "clearly describes Tunisia as an fellow Arab Muslim country".

In May of 2016, several LGBTI Associations organised a small, discreet Gay Pride reception in Tunis. Associations also organised events and public demonstrations to mark the International Day against Homophobia in May.

Public Tunisian Opinion:

Public opinion regarding its LGBT Human rights is complex. According to a 2014 Survey Poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 18% of Tunisian people were in favour of legalising Same-sex marriages, with 62% being opposed to such legislation of legalisation.

Summary table

References

Tunisia
Tunisia
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse

Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse (INSA Toulouse, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (Southern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur INSA Toulouse (INSA Toulouse Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Masters Recherche & Doctorat (PhD doctorate studies )
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at INSA Toulouse.

Research labs 
Research activities at INSA Toulouse relate to the following topics:
 Nano and Multifunctional Materials for Machines and Structures
 Extreme Measurements, Non-Destructive Testing
 Microbial Systems, Biotechnologies, Water and Processes
 Energy Conversion and Optimised Energy Management
 Modelling, Simulation and Statistics for Physics, Engineering and Biology
 Cyber-Physical Systems, Micro-NanoSystems for Health, Aeronautics and Space

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
1963 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in France
Prosopis tamarugo

Prosopis tamarugo, commonly known as tamarugo, is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found only in the dry northern regions of Chile.

Description
Prosopis tamarugo are trees that could grow up to  tall but usually they are, on average,  tall and the trunk is  wide. The young branches have spines. Flowers grow together in inflorescences and their pollination is made by bees.

Where it grows
The plant grows only in the Pampa del Tamarugal, some  east of the city of Iquique.

The Pampa del Tamarugal is a plain between 19°33' S and 21°50' S, and an altitude from .

Even if the Pampa del Tamarugal is very dry, the Prosopis tamarugo can use the relatively shallow ground water.

Uses
The wood and dry leaves of Prosopis tamarugo are used as firewood; the wood is also used for lumber. Leaves and fruits are used as food to animals, mainly to ruminants as cattle, sheep and goats.

Fruits are sweet and people can eat them.

Gallery

References

Trees
Fabaceae
Margaret Anstee

Margaret Anstee (June 26, 1926 - August 25, 2016) was a British diplomat. She worked with the United Nations for over 40 years, and became the first woman to reach the post of Under-Secretary-General. She was the Director-General of the UN office in Vienna. She also worked as the Director-General's Special Representative to Angola. She wrote an autobiography called Never Learn to Type.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British diplomats
People from Essex
United Nations officials
Maria Eugénia

Maria Eugénia Pinto do Amaral (April 1, 1927, Lisbon - August 25, 2016, Lisbon) was a Portuguese actress and singer. She became known as the Radio Girl when she starred in the movie of the same name directed by Arthur Duarte in 1944.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Portuguese movie actors
Portuguese television actors
Portuguese voice actors
Portuguese stage actors
Portuguese singers
People from Lisbon
Justin du Fresne

Justin du Fresne (died August 25, 2016) was a New Zealand radio broadcaster, known as the Voice of Wellington. He began his career in 1960 working for the New Zealand Broadcasting Service. After a break, he returned to radio in 1984 as a morning talk show host, and retired in 2013. He died from cancer in 2016.

References

2016 deaths
New Zealand radio personalities
Warren Hinckle

Warren Hinckle (October 28, 1938, San Francisco - August 25, 2016, San Francisco) was an American journalist. He became famous as the editor of Ramparts magazine in the 1960's. Hinckle was known for his no holds barred writing style (later called gonzo journalism), and as a supporter of the political left.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
American journalists
Neo-futurism

Neo-futurism is a 21st-century movement in the arts, design, and architecture with an attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological".  Neo-futurism has absorbed sоme of the high-tech concept themes аnd ideas and incorporating elements of high-tech industry аnd technology.

Artists of Neo-futurism movement 
Neo-futurist artists include Erin Sparler, Marlow Rodale, Panayiotis Terzis, Miguel Ovalle, Italian hypermetaphysic painter Luca Bestetti, British Olivia Peake, Yuima Nakazato, and Simon Stålenhag.

Neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, the British architect Zaha Hadid,  and by Vito DiBari.

Related pages 
 Futurism

References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 
 Rowena Easton, The NeoFuturist Manifesto, 2008 http://www.neofuturist.org/manifesto.php 
 
 A History of Neo-Futurism, Erica Anne Milkovich, 2010 - Avant-garde (Aesthetics)
 Gunther Berghaus, From Futurism to Neo-Futurism, in Avant-garde/Neo-avant-garde, 2005, published by Dietrich Scheunemann, Rodopi BV http://www.rodopi.nl/senj.asp?BookId=Avant+17 

Art movements
Appeal to emotion

Appeal to emotion is a logical fallacy. It happens when the argument is designed to trigger an emotional response instead of giving reasons. An example of this would be "we have to donate to charity X; think of the children!", where instead of giving a reason why we should donate to charity, an emotive trigger is used instead- "think of the children". It is also called argumentum ad passiones or appeal to feeling.

Aristotle recognized that if you triggered someone's emotions, they were easier to persuade. He said this in his book, Rhetoric.

References

Logical fallacies
Appeal to tradition

Appeal to tradition (also known as argumentum ad antiquitatem, appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice) is a common fallacy.

In this fallacy, an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past. The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way".

An example of appeal to tradition is, "drinking boiling hot water (and never cold water) is always healthy because Chinese people have done it for thousands of years."

An appeal to tradition essentially makes two mistakes:

 The tradition might be entirely based on incorrect grounds.
 The circumstances may have changed; so past justifications for the tradition may be invalid.
In the case of drinking boiling water, traditional Chinese medicine claims that the health benefits come from re-balancing one's own qi, rather than the fact than un-boiled or un-chilled water may have dangerous germs in it.

The opposite of an appeal to tradition is an appeal to novelty, claiming something is good because it is new.

References 

Logical fallacies