cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Hans-Georg Gadamer

Hans-Georg Gadamer (; February 11, 1900 – March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher. His philosophy was about the continental tradition. He was best known for his 1960 magnum opus Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode) on hermeneutics.

References

Other websites

Hans-Georg Gadamer at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Chronology (in German) 
Works by Gadamer 
Hans-Georg Gadamer: Plato as portratist 
Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz: "On Hermeneutical Ethics and Education", a paper on the relevance of Gadamer's Hermeneutics for our understanding of music, ethics and education in both.
 Larisa Cercel, Auf den Spuren einer verschütteten Evidenz: Übersetzung und Hermeneutik , in: Larisa Cercel (ed.), Übersetzung und Hermeneutik / Traduction et herméneutique , Bucharest, Zeta Books, 2009,  (paperback), 978-973-1997-07-0 (ebook).

1900 births
2002 deaths
20th-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
German academics
German centenarians
21st-century German philosophers
Writers from Hesse
Luis Delgado Aparicio

Luis Humberto Delgado Aparicio Porta (28 September 1940 – 2 April 2015) was a Peruvian politician. He served in the Congress of the Peruvian Government from 1995 to 2001. Before serving as a congressman, Aparicio was a delegate from 1990 through 1992. He was born in Callao, Peru.

Aparicio died in Lima, Peru from pancreatic cancer, aged 74.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Peruvian politicians
Civil servants
Doctor Zhivago

Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 epic romantic drama movie. The movie is about life in Russia before and during World War I and during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922. The movie is based on a novel of the same name. It was written by Boris Pasternak. The movie was banned in the Soviet Union. It could not be made there and also could not be shown in theatres after it was released. It was first shown in Russia in 1994. The movie was directed by David Lean.

Critics complained when the movie was released because its running time was over three hours. Also, critics thought that the history in the movie was not told correctly. Over time, opinions changed. Now it is thought by the public to be one of David Lean's best movies. It was ranked by the American Film Institute in 1998 as the 39th greatest American movie of all time.

The movie won five Academy Awards. It was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
 Omar Sharif – Dr. Yuri Zhivago
 Julie Christie – Lara Antipov
 Rod Steiger – Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky
 Alec Guinness – General Yevgraf Zhivago
 Geraldine Chaplin – Tonya Gromeko
 Tom Courtenay – Pasha Antipov / "Strelnikov"
 Rita Tushingham – Tanya Komarova / "The Girl"
 Jeffrey Rockland – Sasha

Background
The Doctor Zhivago novel was published in 1957 outside Russia, in Western countries. The book caused both praise and controversy. Some of Boris Pasternak's story had been available in Samizdat for some time after World War II. But the novel did not get written until 1956.

The book had to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union, because their government banned it for its views against Communism. It was taken by a trusted friend to an Italian publisher who printed and released it. Many people heard about the book because of the Soviet Union actions taken against the novel. It became very popular in the non-communist world. It spent 26 weeks at the top of the New York Times best-seller list.

A great poet who wrote about how he felt, Pasternak was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature. Even though the award was given for his poetry, it was known that the prize was mainly for Doctor Zhivago. The Soviet Union saw this Nobel Prize as a personal attack against their government itself. Pasternak was said to be a traitor by their leaders, so he refused to accept the Prize. The public now thought Pasternak was a Cold War symbol of rebellion against Soviet communism.

The movie plot was the same as the novel in some ways, but some changes were made. Many critics said that the movie gave too much attention to the love story between Zhivago and Lara. This downplayed the events of the Russian Revolution and the civil war that it caused.

References

1965 romance movies
1960s romantic drama movies
1965 drama movies
Italian romance movies
Italian drama movies
1960s epic movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Russia
Academy Award winning movies
English-language movies
1960s historical movies
Aaron Hernandez

Aaron Josef Hernandez (November 6, 1989 – April 19, 2017), was an American football tight end and convicted murderer. He was born in Bristol, Connecticut. He was drafted by New England Patriots in 2010. 

In 2013, Hernandez was indicted for first-degree murder. He was found guilty of murder in April 2015. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole.

He committed suicide by hanging on April 19, 2017 in his prison cell.

References

Other websites

1989 births
2017 deaths
American football tight ends
American murderers
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Murderers who committed suicide
New England Patriots players
People from Connecticut
People who committed suicide in prison custody
People who died in prison custody in the United States
Suicides by hanging in the United States
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Solidarity (Polish trade union)

Solidarity (, pronounced ; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" – Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność" ) is a Polish trade union that began on 17 September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by the Communist Party. It had 10 million members which was one in three of the total working-age population of Poland. Solidarity helped bring free elections to Poland. These elections were important as the country moved away from Communism.

References

History of Poland
Unions
1980 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Poland
Valery Belousov

Valery Konstantinovich Belousov (; 17 December 1948 – 16 April 2015) was a Russian professional ice hockey coach and player. He played for four teams between 1964 and 1987. At the time of his death, he was the head coach of the KHL's Traktor Chelyabinsk.

Belousov was born in Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast. He died on 16 April 2015, aged 66.

References

1948 births
2015 deaths
Ice hockey coaches
Russian ice hockey players
Attaphol Buspakom

Attaphol Buspakom (; 1 October 1962 – 16 April 2015), nicknamed "Tak" (), was a Thai national and football coach. He played for three teams between 1985 and 1998, and managed eight teams between 2002 and 2015.

Buspakom was born in Sattahip, Chonburi Province. He died from a blood infection on 16 April 2015 in Bangkok, aged 52.

References

1962 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Attaphol Buspakom
Attaphol Buspakom
Stanislav Gross

Stanislav Gross (30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician. He served as the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 4 August 2004 to 25 April 2005. He was a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD), which he lead from 26 June 2004 to 26 April 2005.

Gross was born in Prague. He was married to Šárka Grossová and had two daughters. He was a Christian.

Gross died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on 16 April 2015 in Prague, aged 45.

References

1969 births
2015 deaths
Christians
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Disease-related deaths in the Czech Republic
Lawyers
Politicians from Prague
Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic
Hardijs Baumanis

Hardijs Baumanis (10 December 1967 – 6 April 2015) was a Latvian diplomat. He served as Ambassador of Latvia to Lithuania and Azerbaijan from 2010 until his death.

Baumanis was born in Riga. He died on 6 April 2015 in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, aged 47.

References

1967 births
2015 deaths
Ambassadors
People from Riga
Latvian politicians
Mariano Taccola

Mariano di Jacopo detto il Taccola (1381 – ca. 1453), called Taccola (the crow), was an Italian artist, engineer and administrator. He lived during the early Renaissance period. He wrote two important books, De ingeneis and De machinis. These hand-drawn books have drawings of many new (for his time) machines. There are also descriptions of the machines.  Leonardo da Vinci and other people used his books in the later Renaissance.

Life  
Mariano Taccola was born in Siena in 1381. His father was a wine merchant named Jacopo. His mother's name was Madonna Nofria (Bacci). The name he was given at his baptism was Mariano Daniello. He once interviewed the Florentine architect Filippo Brunelleschi and recorded it in one of his folios. Brunelleschi advised Taccola not to explain his inventions to others who did not understand machines. He said: "Therefore the gifts given to us by God must not be relinquished to those who speak ill of them and who are moved by envy or ignorance.  To disclose too much of one's inventions and achievements is one and the same thing as to give up the fruit of one's ingenuity... the ignorant and inexperienced understand nothing, not even when things are explained to them; their ignorance moves them promptly to anger; they remain in their ignorance because they want to show themselves learned, which they are not"

Facsimile editions 
 J.H. Beck, ed., 1969, Mariano di Jacopo detto il Taccola, Liber tertius de ingeneis ac edifitiis non usitatis, (Milan: Edizioni il Polifilo), 156 pp., 96 pls.
(This edition reproduces Books III and IV of de Ingeneis)
 Frank D. Prager and Gustina Scaglia, eds., 1971, Mariano Taccola and His Book "De ingeneis" (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press), 230 pp., 129 pls.
(This edition also reproduces Books III and IV of de Ingeneis)
Gustina Scaglia, ed.,1971,  Mariano Taccola, De machinis: The Engineering Treatise of 1449, 2 vols. (Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag), 181 and 210 pp., 200 pls.

Further reading 
 Donald Routledge Hill, 1996, A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times Routledge
 Lawrence Fane, 2003, "The Invented World of Mariano Taccola", Leonardo, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 135–143
 Scott Christianson, 2012, 100 diagrams that changed the world. A Plume Book/Penguin: New York, N.Y., p. 71

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Institute and Museum of the History of Science – Online-Exposition about Taccola's drawings
 New York Public Library Digital Collection; Mariano Taccola
 The Archimededes Project; Database Machine Drawings Author:	mariano (taccola)

1380s births
1450s deaths
Italian engineers
Italian artists
People from Siena
Azali

The Azali religion  or Azali Babism (for short:Azali) is an Iranian religion founded in 1860s by Subh-i-Azal.

Azali is a monotheistic religion, beliving in one god. Its teaching comes from Abrahamic and old Iranian religions like Zoroastrianism and Indian like Buddhism, Hinduism and  Sikhism

Both Azali and Baha'i Faith split from religion of bayan (Babism), but some people categoring the Azali religion as one of Babism divisions.

Abrahamic religions
Babism
Oles Buzina

Oles Buzina (; 13 July 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Ukrainian journalist, writer, and politician for the pro-Russia Russian Bloc party. He was a journalist for the Russian language tabloid newspaper Segodnya.

Buzina was born in Kyiv. In 1992, he graduated from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. He was married and had a daughter.

Buzina was shot and killed by masked men on 16 April 2015 in Kyiv, aged 45.

References

1969 births
2015 deaths
Ukrainian journalists
Murders by firearm
Politicians from Kiev
Writers from Kiev
Television presenters
Lee Remmel

Leland "Lee" Remmel (June 30, 1924 – April 16, 2015) was an American football personality. He was known for working 62 years with the Green Bay Packers as a sportswriter and later a team employee (public relations, historian, spokesperson, and writer).

Remmel was born in Shawano, Wisconsin. He was married to Margaret "Noreen" Remmel from 1948 until her death on April 27, 2012.

Remmel died on April 16, 2015 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
American historians
Writers from Wisconsin
Alexander Nadson

Alexander Nadson (; 8 August 1926 – 15 April 2015) was a Belarusian émigré social and religious leader. He was the Apostolic Visitor for Belarusian Greek Catholic faithfuls abroad from 1986 until his death. He became a priest in 1958 and worked in the United Kingdom for most of his life.

Nadson was born in the town of Haradzeya, Nesvizh Raion of the Minsk Oblast.

Nadson died on 15 April 2015 in London, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Belarusian people
British Christians
British historians
British priests
Christian ministers
Eastern Catholics
Military personnel of World War II
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Polish military people
Juan Carlos Cáceres

Juan Carlos Cáceres (4 September 1936 – 5 April 2015) was an Argentine jazz and tango musician, singer-songwriter, and painter. He began his career in 1977 and created "Tango negro". For most of his career, he worked and lived in France. He released 12 albums between 1993 and 2011.

Cáceres was born in Buenos Aires. He died from cancer on 5 April 2015 in Perigny, near Paris, aged 78.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
Argentine painters
Argentine singer-songwriters
Argentine pianists
Cancer deaths in France
People from Buenos Aires
Charlie Beasley

Charles P. "Charlie" Beasley (September 23, 1945 – April 11, 2015) was an American basketball player. He played for the Dallas Chaparrals (1967–70), Texas Chaparrals and The Floridians (1970–71) in the ABA for 281 games.

Beasley was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma. He was married and had a son.

Beasley died on April 11, 2015 in McKinney, Texas, aged 69.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
2015 deaths
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
People from Shawnee, Oklahoma
Kayahan

Kayahan Açar (29 March 1949 – 3 April 2015), better known by his stage name Kayahan,  was a Turkish pop music singer-songwriter. His career lasted forty years. He composed all of his own material and released more than eight best-selling albums.

Kayahan was born in İzmir. He was married three times and had two daughters.

Kayahan died from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to lung cancer on 3 April 2015 at a hospital in Istanbul. He was 66.

References

Other websites

 

1949 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
People from İzmir
Pop singers
Singer-songwriters
Turkish singers
Lon Simmons

Lonnie Alexander "Lon" Simmons (July 19, 1923 – April 5, 2015) was an American baseball and football broadcaster. He worked for the San Francisco Giants baseball team and the San Francisco 49ers football team. He also played for three minor league baseball teams after World War II.

Simmons was born in Vancouver, Washington and grew up in Burbank, California. At the time of his death, he was living in San Francisco. He had four daughters.

Simmons died on April 5, 2015 in Daly City, California, aged 91.

References

1923 births
2015 deaths
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Baseball players from California
People from Burbank, California
Sportspeople from Washington
John Toohey (judge)

John Leslie Toohey  (4 March 1930 – 9 April 2015) was an Australian judge. He served as the Justice of the High Court of Australia from 6 February 1987 to 2 February 1998.

Toohey was born in rural Western Australia. He died on 9 April 2015, aged 85.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Australian judges
Australian lawyers
Politicians from Western Australia
Orma Slack

Orma Slack (née Snider; February 19, 1903 – April 13, 2015) was a Canadian supercentenarian. She died at the age of 112 years, 53 days. She was the oldest living person in Canada since the death of Colombe Benoît-Leclerc on 14 January 2015.

Slack was born in Bracebridge, Ontario. Her husband, William George Slack, died in 1988. They had two children, Rosemary (–1991) and Ted ().

Slack died on April 13, 2015 in Belleville, Ontario, aged 112 years and 53 days.

References

1903 births
2015 deaths
Canadian centenarians
People from Ontario
Supercentenarians
Perth Amboy, New Jersey

Perth Amboy is a city in eastern New Jersey. It is part of the New York City metropolitan area. At the 2010 census, 50,814 people lived in the city.

Perth Amboy was chartered in 1718. The city was incorporated on December 21, 1784.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Perth Amboy include:
 Solomon Andrews (1806–1872), creator of the first successful dirigible airship; served three terms as mayor of Perth Amboy.
 Jon Bon Jovi (born 1962), singer was born in Perth Amboy.
 Alan Cheuse (1940-2015), writer.
 Stanley Norman Cohen (born 1935), credited with the co-creation of the first genetically modified organism and the process of recombinant DNA technology.
 William Dunlap (1766–1839), theater pioneer.
 William Franklin (1730-1813), last governor of Province of New Jersey
 Angelina Grimké (1805–1879) and Sarah Grimké (1792–1873), abolitionists.
 Vida Guerra (born 1974), model, was born in Cuba but was raised in Perth Amboy.
 George Inness (1825–1894), landscape painter.
 Augustus Johnston (1729-1790), Rhode Island Attorney General, Tory sympathizer.
 Lawrence Kearny (1789-1868) the "Sailor Diplomat", who paved the way for an open-door policy with China.
 Edward L. Kemeys (1843-1907), sculptor in residence at Eagleswood Mansion.
 Morgan Foster Larson (1882-1961), Governor of New Jersey from 1929 to 1932.
 Miilkbone (Thomas Wlodarczyk), rapper.
 Walter Mitty, fictional character from the 1947 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.
 Steve Mizerak (1944–2006), champion pool player.
 Joseph Montani (PAHS, 1970), astronomer and planetary scientist who named the minor planet "12465 Perth Amboy" after his hometown.
 John A. Nagy (born 1946), author of books about espionage and mutinies of the American Revolution.
 George Otlowski (1912–2009), politician who was mayor of the city from 1976 to 1990.
 Thomas Mundy Peterson (1824–1904), first African-American to vote under the provisions of the 15th Amendment to the U.S. constitution in 1870.
 Joseph J. Sadowski (1917–1944), United States Army soldier awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II.
 Richie Sambora (born 1959), guitarist for Bon Jovi was born here.
 Marcus Spring (1810-1874), founder of Raritan Bay Union and Eagleswood Military Academy.
 John Stevens, (1749-1838), engineer who developed the multitubular boiler engine and the screw propeller.
 Gina Stritch, author.
 Bruce Taylor (born 1948), former NFL player.
 Harry Tierney (1890–1965), composer.
 Michelle Visage (born 1968), singer, deejay.
 John Watson (1685–1768), one of the first painters in America and holder of the first gallery of paintings in the country.
 Ruth White (1914–1969), actress.
 David T. Wilentz (1894–1988), N.J. Attorney General from 1934 to 1944 who prosecuted Bruno Hauptmann in the Lindbergh kidnapping trial.

References

Other websitess

 
1683 establishments in New Jersey
Cities in New Jersey
Monkey Wrench (song)

"Monkey Wrench" is the first single from Foo Fighters second album The Colour and the Shape. The song is about the ending of Dave Grohl's four year marriage to Jennifer Youngblood.

The song peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The song was released on 28 April 1997 in the United States.

References

Rock songs
1997 songs
Everlong

"Everlong" is the second single from Foo Fighters second album The Colour and the Shape. The song lyrics are about falling in love with a new woman. 

The song was released in the United States on 18 August 1997.

References

Rock songs
1997 songs
James Wan

James Wan (born 26 February 1977) is an Australian movie producer, screenwriter and movie director. He is best known for directing the horror movie Saw (2004) and creating Billy the Puppet. He also directed the movies Dead Silence (2007), Death Sentence (2007), Insidious (2010), The Conjuring (2013), Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013), Furious 7 (2015), The Conjuring 2 (2016) and Aquaman (2019).

Wan and Leigh Whannell served as executive producers for the Saw franchise with the movies Saw II, Saw III, Saw IV, Saw V, Saw VI, Saw 3D: The Final Chapter, Annabelle: Creation and Jigsaw.  He was also a producer for the horror movie The Curse of La Llorona (2019).

Wan was born in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. He is of Chinese ancestry. When he was seven, Wan moved with his family to Perth, Western Australia. He later lived in Melbourne, Victoria. He married Romanian-born actress Ingrid Bisu in 2019.

References

Other websites

 

1977 births
Living people
Australian movie directors
Australian movie producers
Australian screenwriters
People from Melbourne
People from Perth, Western Australia
Saw (franchise)
Writers from Victoria (Australia)
Fall River, Massachusetts

Fall River is a city in southeast Massachusetts. The city had a population of 88,857 at the 2010 census. Fall River was founded in 1803. In 1804 the town name was changed to Troy, named for Troy, New York. In 1834 the name changed back to Fall River.

A fire in 1834 destroyed the center of the village. The rebuilding effort is the origin of the city's motto "We'll Try". It became a city in 1854. Fall River became famous as a leading textile manufacturing center in the United States. It is also known for Battleship Cove, the world's largest collection of World War II naval vessels. It is the home of the USS Massachusetts (BB-59).

Fall River was also the home of Lizzie Borden. In 1893 she was put on trial for the axe-murders of her parents. Found not guilty, the people of Fall River treated her like an outcast for the rest of her life.

References

Cities in Massachusetts
1670 establishments
17th-century establishments in Massachusetts
1670s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Alien 3

Alien 3 (stylized as ALIEN3) is an American science fiction-horror movie. It was released on 22 May 1992. It was the debut feature movie of director David Fincher. Alien 3 movie stars Sigourney Weaver, Charles Dance, Charles S. Dutton and Lance Henriksen. It is a sequel to Alien (1979) and Aliens (1986). Alien 3 was by followed by Alien: Resurrection (1997).

Plot 
The movie continues the plot of the 1986 movie Aliens. Heading back to Earth a spacecraft has flight difficulties. It crash lands on a planet called Fiorina 161. The crash kills everyone aboard except Lieutenant Ellen Ripley (Sigourney Weaver). Fiorina 161 is a planet where the temperature averages forty degrees below zero. It was a maximum security prison colony. A group of ex-prisoners chose to remain on the planet. They belong to a sect identified as "an apocalyptic millennarian fundamentalist Christian sect." The first thing Ripley has to do is shave her head because of the lice there. She is threatened by being the only female on the planet. While waiting for a rescue ship it is discovered that one of the aliens Ripley and the others were fighting before has found its way to Fiorina 161. A pet dog is the first victim. Then ex-prisoners begin disappearing. They have no weapons to fight the alien monster, only fire. Then Ripley learns she has a little alien inside her. Worse, it's a queen capable of producing thousands of eggs. Ripley thinks it happened while she was asleep in her pod. The creature, called a Xenomorph, refuses to kill Ripley because of the embryo inside her.

Cast 
 Sigourney Weaver: Ripley
 Charles S. Dutton: Dillon
 Charles Dance: Clemens
 Paul McGann: Golic
 Brian Glover: Andrews
 Ralph Brown: Aaron
 Danny Webb: Morse
 Lance Henriksen: Bishop
 Chris Fairbank: Murphy
 Pete Postlethwaite: David
 Danielle Edmond: Newt

Release Dates

Production 
The movie had a difficult production, with various screenwriters and directors getting involved in the project. Shooting began without a finished script. The movie was the big-budget debut for the young David Fincher. He was brought into the project after a proposed version with Vincent Ward at the helm was cancelled well into pre-production. Fincher had little time to prepare. The experience of making the movie proved agonizing for him.

References

Other websites 
 Alien 3 at the Internet Movie Database

1992 horror movies
1990s science fiction horror movies
American monster movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alien movies
English-language movies
Sequel movies
Chris Lilley (comedian)

Christopher Daniel Lilley (born 10 November 1974) is an Australian comedian, television producer, actor, musician and writer. He is known for his creation and portrayal of several characters in the mockumentary television series We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year (2005), Summer Heights High (2007), Angry Boys (2011), Ja'mie: Private School Girl (2013), Jonah from Tonga (2014) and Lunatics (2019). He has also won the Logie Award for Most Popular Actor twice.

Life and career 
Lilley was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and grew up in Turramurra. He lives in Melbourne, Victoria. 

Lilley made his debut in the Big Bite in 2003. He played a role of sports enthusiast Extreme Darren and the high-school drama teacher Mr G. 

He is a vegetarian.

References

Other websites

 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian comedians
Australian screenwriters
Australian television actors
Musicians from Sydney
Stand-up comedians
Vegetarians
Writers from Sydney
Adjustable wrench

An adjustable wrench (US) or adjustable spanner (UK) is a wrench with a "jaw" of adjustable width. It can be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut or bolt). This type of tool may have other names in other parts of the world. 

Several people are claimed as its inventor. Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846), an engineer from Stroud, England, is one. On 22 September 1885 Enoch Harris received US patent 326868 for his spanner that permitted both the jaw width and the angle of the handles to be adjusted and locked. Some countries refer to it as a "Swedish key" after Swedish inventor Johan Petter Johansson. In 1891 he got a patent for an improved adjustable spanner which is still used today. Johansson improved the 1842 invention of another English engineer Richard Clyburn.

Monkey wrenches 
 
A monkey wrench is a heavyweight wrench in which the jaw width was set by a spinning ring fixed under the sliding lower jaw. In 1840, Worcester, Massachusetts knife manufacturer Loring Coes invented it. It was based on the wrench used on English 18th century coach wheels. Coe patented it in 1841 and the tools were advertised and sold in the United States as "monkey wrenches".

Related pages 
Wrench

References 

Tools
Northern Sotho language

Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa in Northern Sotho) is an African language mainly spoken by people living in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. 

Northern Sotho is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa. It is spoken by almost 4 618 500 people, or 8.4% of South Africans at home (2011-census). Northern Sotho is part of the Sotho language family.

References

Bantu languages
Languages of South Africa
Southern Sotho

Southern Sotho (Sesotho in Southern Sotho) is an African language mainly spoken by people living in Lesotho and the Free State Province of South Africa. 

Southern Sotho is one of the two official languages of Lesotho and one of the eleven official languages of South Africa. It is spoken by almost 6,024,000 people, or 7% of South Africans at home (2011 census). Southern Sotho is part of the Sotho language family.

References

Bantu languages
Languages of Africa
South Africa
Bolt

A bolt is a form of grooved fastener with an external helical male thread that engages the interior female thread of a nut. Bolts are closely related to, and often confused with, screws.

A screw is different from a bolt, because it does not take a nut, and its helical thread is used to penetrate (cut into) a softer material (such as wood).

This distinction is not always clear, and sometimes screws are regarded as bolts without a nut.

Related pages 
Wrench
Screw

References 

Hardware (mechanical)
Tswana language

The Tswana language (or Setswana) is a language spoken in southern Africa. About five million people speak it. It is a Bantu language. It belongs to the Niger–Congo language family within the Sotho languages. It is closely related to the Northern- and Southern Sotho languages.

Tswana is an official language of Botswana. Most Tswana speakers are in South Africa, where four million people speak the language.

References 

Bantu languages
Languages of South Africa
Nut (hardware)

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used with a mating bolt to fasten  parts together. Thus "nut and bolt" or "nuts and bolts" are term which recognise their pairing.

Like bolt heads, their shape is usually hexagonal, because this is best for gripping with tools. Nuts are graded with strength ratings like their respective bolts. For example, an ISO property class 10 nut can support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO property class 10.9 bolt without stripping its thread (the inside spiral groove).

Hardware (mechanical)
Corn snake

The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) is a North American species of rat snake that kills small prey by constriction. 

Corn snakes are found throughout the southeastern and central United States. They are often kept as pets. They reach a moderate size of . In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to be up to 23 years old or longer. 

Corn snakes look similar to  the venomous copperhead snake and are often killed because of this similarity.  Corn snakes are harmless and beneficial to humans. They are one of the most common snakes kept as pets, alongside the garter snake and ball python. Corn snakes lack venom and help control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease. They can be distinguished from copperheads  by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.

Although the corn snake is distinguished by its bright red orange colored scales, possible mutations can occur completely rejecting these pigments, changing its appearance. The two-color mutations that are known to occur is albinism and anerythrism. Snakes that are homozygous for albinism lack the black pigment, and the ones that are homozygous for anerythrism lack the red pigment.

The corn snake is named for the species' regular presence near grain stores, where it preys on mice and rats that eat harvested corn. The Oxford English Dictionary cites this usage as far back as 1675. Some sources maintain that the corn snake is so-named because the distinctive, nearly-checkered pattern of the snake's belly scales resembles the kernels of variegated corn. Regardless of the name's origin, the corn reference can be a useful mnemonic for identifying them. Their diet in the wild mainly consists of rodents, small amphibians, birds and/or their eggs, other types of eggs, and so on. They're not known for eating insects, though. In captivity they're usually fed a steady diet of pinky mice and other types of creatures such as the ones above.

Images

References
6. Bechtel, H. (1989, July 01). Color Mutations in the Corn Snake (Elaphe guttata guttata): Review and Additional Breeding Data. Retrieved April 08, 2019, Journal of Heredity, Volume 80, Issue 4, July 1989, Pages 272–276,
Colubrids
Screw thread

A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure. It is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a straight thread and the latter called a tapered thread.

The tightening of a nut to a bolt is like driving a wedge into a gap until it sticks through friction and plastic deformation (how the surfaces of the two objects slightly squash together).

A screw thread is one of the six simple machines which give mechanical advantage. 

The mechanical advantage of a screw thread depends on its lead, which is the linear distance the screw travels in one turn or revolution.

References 

Machines
Planomicrobium glaciei

Planomicrobium glaciei  is a species of bacteria. The cells are first coccoid. After some time they change to rods. The bacterium use the aerobic respiration with oxygen. The bacterium does not form endospores. It belongs to the gram-positive Firmicutes.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
South Magnetic Pole

The South Magnetic Pole is the point on the southern hemisphere where the magnetic lines are directly pointing upward. In other words, if there were a magnet inside the earth axis (from north to south), the South Magnetic pole would be at its southern end. Because the magnetic field of the Earth changes, the exact location of ths pole does as well., placing it off the coast of Antarctica, between Adelie Land and Wilkes Land. In 2015 it lies at  (est). That point lies outside the Antarctic Circle. Due to polar drift, the pole is moving northwest by about 10 to 15 kilometers per year. Its current distance from the actual Geographic South Pole is approximately 2860 km. The nearest permanent science station is Dumont d'Urville Station. Wilkes Land contains a large gravitational mass concentration.

References

Geography
1915 Football Championship Paranaense

The 1915 Football Paranaense Championship (in Portuguese: Campeonato Paranaense de Futebol de 1915)  was the first championship edition of the Brazilian state of Paraná and southern Brazil.

The winner this year was the International Football Club. It was a football club of Curitiba, extinct since 1924.

Games
May 23 - International 2-0 America
 May 30 - Coritiba 1-1 Rio Branco
 June 6 - Paraná 5-0 Paranaguá
 June 13 - America 5-1 Rio Branco
 June 20 - Coritiba 1-1 Paraná
 June 27 - International 8-1 Paranaguá
 July 5th - Coritiba 3-1 America
 July 12 - International 2-0 Paraná
 July 13 - Internacional 2-0 Coritiba
 July 25 - America W-O Paranaguá (Walkover)
 July 25 - Paraná 9-0 Rio Branco
 August 1 - Rio Branco 3-1 Paranaguá
 August 3 - International W-O Rio Branco (Walkover)
 August 10 - Paraná 2-0 America
 August 17 - Coritiba 2-0 Paranaguá

Return 
 August 24 - America 1-0 International
 August 31 - Rio Branco 0-3 Coritiba
 September 7 - Paranaguá 0-6 Paraná
 September 7 - Rio Branco 3-3 America
 September 14 - Paraná 1-0 Coritiba
 September 21 - Paranaguá 3-7 Internacional
 September 28 - America W-O Coritiba ✱ (Walkover)
 October 5th - Paraná 1-2 Internacional
 October 12 - Paranaguá 3-0 Rio Branco
 October 13 - Coritiba 1-3 International
 October 19th -Rio Branco O-W Paraná (Walkover)
 October 26 - Paranaguá O-W America (Walkover)
 November 17th - Rio Branco O-W International (Walkover)
 November 2 - America 0-2 Paraná
 November 7 - Paranaguá 3-3 Coritiba

Champion
International Foot-Ball Club

References

Other websites
Federação Paranaense de Futebol 1915 championship 

1915
Football in Brazil
Football leagues
1910s in South America
20th century in Brazil
Robert Rietti

Robert Rietti, born Lucio Rietti and usually credited as Robert Rietty (8 February 1923 – 3 April 2015), was a British-born Italian actor, director and playwright. He was knighted by the Italian government.

Rietti died on 3 April 2015, aged 92

References

Other website
 

1923 births
2015 deaths
British movie actors
British movie directors
British playwrights
Italian movie actors
Italian movie directors
Jaroslav Holík

Jaroslav Holík (; August 3, 1942 – April 17, 2015) was a Czech professional ice hockey coach and former player.

Holik played in the Czechoslovak Extraliga for Dukla Jihlava. He won a bronze medal at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. He was also successful at the Ice Hockey World Championships, winning gold at the 1972 World Ice Hockey Championships in Prague, silver at the 1965 World Ice Hockey Championships in Tampere and 1966 World Ice Hockey Championships in Ljubljana, and bronze at the 1969 World Ice Hockey Championships, 1970 World Ice Hockey Championships, both in Stockholm, and 1973 World Ice Hockey Championships in Moscow.

References

Other websites
 Jaroslav Holík – biography 

1942 births
2015 deaths
Czech ice hockey players
Czechoslovak ice hockey players
Ice hockey coaches
Olympic bronze medalists
Ice hockey centres
Mariano Gago

José Mariano Rebelo Pires Gago  (16 May 1948 – 17 April 2015) was a Portuguese electrical engineer and politician for the Socialist Party. He served as the Minister for Science and Technology from 28 October 1995 to 6 April 2002. He also served as the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education from 21 March 2005 to 21 June 2011.

Gago was born in Lisbon. He studied at universities in Lisbon and Paris. He was married and had a daughter.

Gago died a sudden cardiac death on 17 April 2015 in Lisbon. He was 66.

References

1948 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Engineers
People from Lisbon
Portuguese scientists
Portuguese politicians
Alfred Eick

Alfred Eick (9 March 1916 – 12 April 2015) was a German U-boat commander for Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded the attacks on at least eleven ships between 1943 and 1945. He was given the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Eick was born in Essen, Rhine Province, then-German Empire. He was also an accountant.

Eick died on 12 April 2015 in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, aged 99.

References

1916 births
2015 deaths
Accountants
German military personnel of World War II
People from Essen
Urban heat island

An urban heat island, or UHI, is what happens when a city is warmer than the area around it. It happens because things in cities like concrete take longer to give off heat than things like trees, which are common outside of cities. The urban heat island effect is stronger at night and when there is not much wind. Cities can be 3°C warmer than nearby countryside. 

In country areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy goes to evaporate water from vegetation and soil. But cities have less vegetation and soil. In cities, most of the sun’s energy is absorbed by urban building and asphalt paving. During warm daylight hours, there is less evaporative cooling in cities than in country areas. So, surface temperatures rise higher in cities than in country areas. 

Also, vehicles, factories, and industrial and domestic heating and cooling units give off more heat in cities. This problem is growing. This effect causes the city to become 2 to 10o F (1 to 6o C) warmer than surrounding rural areas.

Sources

Cities
Temperature
Thunderbolt and Lightfoot

Thunderbolt and Lightfoot is a 1974 American crime comedy-drama movie. Clint Eastwood and Jeff Bridges play the title characters. This was the first movie directed by Michael Cimino. Jeff Bridges was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. This was his second nomination. This movie was released on September 2, 1974. Its reviews were good.

References

Other websites
 

1970s comedy-drama movies
1970s crime drama movies
1974 comedy movies
1974 drama movies
1974 crime movies
American comedy-drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
American crime drama movies
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri

Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri ( ‘Izzat Ibrāhīm ad-Dūrī; 1 July 1942 – 26 October 2020) was an Iraqi general and a commander of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order. He was an Iraqi military commander and was vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council until the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. He was second in command of Iraq after Saddam's sons.

Between 1979 to 2003, he was the Vice President of Iraq during the Saddam Hussein regime. 

Douri was born in Ad-Dawr, Saladin Province. He was a Sufi Muslim.

Douri was apparently killed in a car bombing on 17 April 2015 in Tikrit, aged 72 but DNA tests failed to confirm his death. A year later, he appeared in a video sent to the press. 

Douri died on 26 October 2020 in Iraq from leukemia, aged 78.

References

Other websites

 

1942 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Asian Sufis
Vice Presidents of Iraq
Generals
Iraqi military people
Muslims
Homo (disambiguation)

Homo is the taxonomic genus that includes modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens).

Homo may also refer to:

 ὅμο-, Greek prefix meaning "the same", opposite of "hetero-" (Greek ἕτερο- )
 Homo, Latin for "man", "human being"
 Homos, an alternate spelling for hummus or hommus, a Levantine Arab food dip or spread made from chickpeas
 Homo-, in chemistry, a prefix in trivial names indicating a homolog, a series of compounds with the same general formula,
 HOMO, in chemistry an acronym for Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
 Homo, a colloquial abbreviation for homogenized milk (Canadian English)
 HomO, short name of the Swedish Ombudsman against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation
 Homo (slang) an unacceptable abbreviation for "homosexual" (adjective or noun)
Nintendomagasinet

Nintendomagasinet (NM) was a Swedish video game magazine. It was published between the years of 1990 and 1994. The magazine contained news, reports and comics based on video games. It also had a subscriber-only "Power Player" supplement which consisted of game reviews. The comics were translations of the Nintendo Comics System comics. Later it changed to the Nintendo Power comics Super Mario Adventures and The Legend of Zelda.

In popular culture
The first issue can be seen in the Swedish 1992 film Jönssonligan & den svarta diamanten.

References

1990 establishments in Sweden
1994 disestablishments in Europe
Magazines of Europe
Nintendo
Newspapers published in Sweden
1990s disestablishments in Sweden
Zwartbles sheep

Zwartbles sheep are a large breed of domestic sheep. This breed first came from Holland in the north of the Netherlands. They were used to make sheep milk as well as lamb and mutton. They were often kept in the same fields as the dairy cattle. 

They were brought over to Great Britain in the late 1900s. They are not very common and now live in the north of England. The sheep have reddish brown wool,  black legs with four white socks, a white tip on the tail, and a black face with a white stripe. They do not have horns. The lambs look the same but have jet black wool. These are a tame and friendly sheep, but are difficult to look after.

They are bred for their meat and not for their wool, because it is very dark and cannot be dyed. The meat from Zwartbles sheep does not have much fat and tastes sweet. 

The Zwartbles are large sheep: ewes (females) weigh an average of , and rams (males) . 
Being so large, they often have three or four lambs. Having so many babies can cause problems for the mother in giving birth. 

These sheep have become less popular in Holland. There are so few there that they are listed as being rare by the Dutch Rare Breed Survival trust in the mid-1970s.  
The first Zwartbles were imported to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. A group for their farmers and owners, the Zwartbles Sheep Association, was formed in 1995.

Zwartbles are now mainly used for breeding lambs, and for their meat and wool. Already coming from the cold, wet, windy climate in the Netherlands, they can live in good health at various altitudes in Great Britain. Some Zwarbles are now shown in agricultural shows to be judged. The wool of these show animals is often trimmed to remove the brown wool tips. This leaves a tight black fleece showing as the primary colour.

References

Other websites 

 Zwartbles Sheep Association Website

Caprids
Mammals of Europe
Radcliffe College

Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the female college attached to Harvard University. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges. 

It shared, with Bryn Mawr College, the popular reputation of students being both intellectually and independently minded. Radcliffe gave Radcliffe College diplomas to undergraduates and graduate students for the first 70 or so years of its history. 

In 1963 Radcliffe gave joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates. A formal "non-merger merger" agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977.  Radcliffe was fully integrated with Harvard by 1999. Today, in Harvard University, Radcliffe's former campus is now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. The former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle is now in the Harvard College housing system. Under the terms of the 1999 agreement, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle will always keep the "Radcliffe" name.

References 

Colleges and universities in Massachusetts
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
1999 disestablishments
1990s disestablishments in the United States
Bethel

Bethel (, meaning "House of God") was a city in the Hebrew Bible. It was located in what is now the West Bank.

Other websites 

Archaeological sites in Israel
Old Testament
West Bank
Shiloh (biblical city)

Shiloh was a city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. It is located in what is now the West Bank. In the Bible, it was the first capital of Israel.

Other websites 

Rabbi Ariel Bar Tzodeck's Insight into Shiloh (a Kabbalist perspective)
Shiloh in the Jewish Encyclopedia
photos of the Mosaic from Tel Shiloh
photos of the Mosaic from Tel Shiloh "Church of the ark found in the west bank" 
Photos of Tel Shiloh
More Archeology at Tel Shiloh

Archaeological sites in Israel
Old Testament
West Bank
House of Rohan

The House of Rohan is a French noble family of viscounts, later dukes and princes. They come from the area called Rohan in Brittany. Their line descends from the viscounts of Porhoët. It is said to trace back to the legendary Conan Meriadoc. Through the Porhoët, the Rohan are related to the Dukes of Brittany. They also later developed ties with the French and English royal houses. They played an important role in French and European history.

In France there were generally considered to have been two individual lines, the Princes of Soubise and the Princes of Guéméné. Both had many other titles. Four Archbishops of Strasbourg were members of the family. The Princes of Rochefort descended from the Guéméné  line.

Architectural legacy

The great wealth of the family allowed them to build several palaces and townhouses. They built them in cities and countries in and around Europe. Well known examples of these are:

The "Hôtel de Soubise": the Parisian townhouse of the Prince of Soubise. The building is now the property of the French government.
The Château des Rohan or  Rohan-Schloss in Saverne, France. Built by the Cardinal de Rohan. Now a museum. 
Palais Rohan in Vienna, Austria (completed in 1864)
The Palais Rohan in Strasbourg, Alsace (completed in 1742) built by another Archbishop of Strasbourg.

French nobility
Sarona (colony)

Sarona was a German Templer colony in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is now a neighborhood of the city. It was one of the earliest modern villages established in Palestine.

Sarona was built in 1871. It was located northeast of Jaffa. Now, the land the former colony is in the center of Tel Aviv. Many people in the Templar communities became Nazi sympathisers before and after World War II. By 1948 authorities of the British Mandate had expelled them.

Today, the place has been renovated and renewed as a "shopping village, subtracting and entertainment."

References

Other websites 

 The new lifestyle hub at the heart of Tel Aviv
 The end of the Sarona saga
  Sarona  Market

Tel Aviv
Evolve (video game)

Evolve is a first-person shooter video game. It was developed by Turtle Rock Studios and published by 2K Games. The game was released on February 10, 2015 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.

On July 1, the game won the Best of E3 2014 "Best of Show", and it was also the winner of the "Best Console Game", "Best Action Game" and "Best Online Multiplayer" awards. On August 15, the game was awarded the most awards at the 2014 Gamescom Awards.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 9.0 out of 10. Vince Ingenito of IGN said that the game was "Turtle Rock has created a smart, asymmetric, multiplayer monster-hunting game that plays unlike anything else. It's tactically deep, bursting with character, and it offers a level of nuance rarely found in multiplayer shooters."

GameSpot rated the game 8 out of 5. Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot said of the AI: "[it] is strong enough to make playing offline matches rewarding on its own terms".

References

Other websites

Official website

2015 video games
Cooperative video games
PlayStation 4 games
Windows games
Xbox One games