cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Popular sovereignty in the United States

Popular sovereignty was a political doctrine in the United States that held that the people who lived in a state or region should decide what kind of government or laws they should have. Popular sovereignty allowed settlers of a territory to decide for themselves on the question of slavery without any interference from the federal government. During 19th century it was a compromise used to determine if a western territory or new state would accept or reject slavery within its borders. 

It was first promoted in the 1840s. Stephen A. Douglas, one of the sponsors of the Kansas–Nebraska Act inserted it in the new law as a measure to balance slave and free states.  Abraham Lincoln was one of those who did not agree. He thought Congress should regulate federal territories. The act was passed but popular sovereignty proved to have deadly consequences. When Kansas was being considered for statehood, there was a rush by both people who were for and against slavery to go to Kansas and vote on the issue of slavery. This resulted in a great deal of fraud and violence. It led directly to Bleeding Kansas, the bloody border war over slavery.

References 

Legal terms
19th century in the United States
Bleeding Kansas
Origins of the American Civil War
Avegno Gordevio

Avegno Gordevio is a new municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 20 April 2008 when the municipalities of Avegno and Gordevio joined together to become Avegno Gordevio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2008 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Ticino
Cool (Gwen Stefani song)

"Cool" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). Written by Stefani and Dallas Austin, the song was released on July 5, 2005 as the album's fourth single. The song was compared to early music by Madonna, Cyndi Lauper and Janet Jackson.

Music video
Cools music video was directed by Sophie Muller and  was filmed in Lake Como, Italy. The video features flashbacks of Stefani with brunette hair.

Track listings

CD single
"Cool" (album version) – 3:09
"Cool" (Photek Remix) – 5:49

CD maxi single
"Cool" (album version) – 3:09
"Cool" (Photek Remix) – 5:49
"Hollaback Girl" (Dancehollaback Remix by Tony Kanal featuring Elan) – 6:53
"Cool" (video) – 4:06

12" single
A1. "Cool" (Richard X Remix) – 6:37
A2. "Cool" (Richard X Dub Mix) – 7:10
B1. "Cool" (Photek DJ Mix) – 6:34
B2. "Cool" (Photek Remix) – 5:49

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Dallas Austin – drums, keyboards, production, songwriting
 Greg Collins – recording
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 Caesar Guevara – assistant engineering
 Rob Haggett – second assistant engineer
 Doug Harms – assistant engineering
 Nellee Hooper – additional production

 Tony Kanal – synthesizer
 Jason Lader – programming
 Kevin Mills – assistant engineering
 Tony Reyes – bass guitar, Line 6 guitar
 Paul Sheehy – assistant engineering
 Rick Sheppard – MIDI, recording, sound design
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

2004 songs
2005 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Pop songs
New wave
R&B songs
Orlando nightclub shooting

The 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting was a major incident inside Pulse, a gay bar and nightclub in Orlando, Florida. It happened on June 12, 2016.

More than fifty people, including the shooter, were killed in the massacre. It was the deadliest homophobic attack on LGBT people in United States history. It was the deadliest attack in the U.S. since the September 11, 2001 attacks.

The gunman was Omar Mir Seddique Mateen.

Incident

According to law enforcement officials, at an unknown time before the shooting, Mateen called the police and pledged himself to the leader of ISIS.

At about 2:00 a.m. EDT, Mateen fired shots inside the nightclub. He was armed with a rifle, a handgun, and a "device". Mateen then left the club briefly and exchanged gunfire with a police officer outside, before returning inside to take hostages. Pulse posted on its Facebook page at 2:09 EDT, saying "Everyone get out of pulse and keep running".

Reactions

United States

Florida governor Rick Scott described the incident as "clearly an act of terror", and declared a state of emergency.

In a broadcast statement made at around 2:00 p.m. from the White House, President Barack Obama described the shooting as an "act of terror" and an "act of hate". He mentioned that he has directed the Federal Bureau of Investigation to investigate the shooting as an act of terrorism, and that the full resources of the federal government would be made available.

References

2016 mass shootings
2016 murders in the United States
Nightclub shooting
2010s mass shootings in the United States
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2016
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States
Attacks on nightclubs
Islamic State
Islamic terrorist incidents in the United States
June 2016 events
Mass murder in 2016
Mass murder in Florida
Massacres in the United States
Murders by firearm in Florida
Terrorist incidents in 2016
Molokhia

Molokhia or Mulukhiyah (various spellings based on the ) is a soupy vegetable dish. It is made from leaves of Corchorus olitorius, commonly known as Nalta jute, tossa jute, and Jew's mallow.  It is commonly served in the eastern Mediterranean area, the Levant and North Africa.

References 

Vegetables
Soups
Dürrenroth

Dürrenroth is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Dürrenroth 

Municipalities of Bern
Arkadiusz Milik

Arkadiusz "Arek" Milik (born 28 February 1994 in Tychy, Poland) is a Polish association football forward who currently plays for the French club Olympique de Marseille (on loan from SSC Napoli) and the Poland national football team. He has also played for AFC Ajax, Rozwój Katowice, Górnik Zabrze, Bayer 04 Leverkusen and FC Augsburg.

Other websites 

 Voetbal International profile 
 Arkadiusz Milik profile on Soccerway
 Arkadiusz Milik profile on 91minut

References 

1994 births
Polish footballers
Living people
Vasili Berezutski

Vasili Vladimirovich Berezutski (Russiann: Василий Владимирович Березуцкий; born on born 20 June 1982 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian association football defender who currently plays for the Russian club PFC CSKA Moscow and the Russia national football team. He played for Torpedo-ZIL from 1999 to 2001 as well. He sometimes plays as a defensive winger or midfielder. He has an identical twin who also plays for CSKA Moscow, Aleksei.

Other websites 
Vasili Berezutski  at CSKA Moscow official website
Vasili Berezutski profile on Soccerway

References 

1982 births
Living people
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Russian footballers
Sportspeople from Moscow
Twin people
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Crash (Gwen Stefani song)

"Crash" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). Written by Stefani and No Doubt bandmate Tony Kanal, the song uses car metaphors to describe a relationship. Many music critics compared the song to music made by American female rap group Salt-n-Pepa.

Music video
Unlike the previous singles released from the Love. Angel. Music. Baby. album, "Crash" was the only song not to feature an actual music video, a live performance from the Harajuku Lovers Tour was used instead, this was mainly because Stefani was pregnant with her first child.

Track listings
US 12" promotional single
A1. "Crash" (Album Version) – 4:06
B1. "Crash" (Instrumental) – 4:05
B2. "Crash" (A Cappella) – 4:06

European promotional CD single
"Crash" (Album Version) – 4:06

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 Lee Groves – keyboards, mix programming
 Rob Haggett – second assistant engineer
 Tony Kanal – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, synthesizers
 Colin "Dog" Mitchell – recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering

Charts

Release history

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
Electro songs
R&B songs
Eggiwil

Eggiwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Eggiwil 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Epsach

Epsach is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Bern
Skylab

Skylab was the first space station of the United States. It was launched on May 14, 1973 on an extra Saturn V Moon rocket. It was launched without the third stage, lunar module, or command/service module because Skylab was itself an extra third stage that was turned into a space station, which is called a wet workshop. The Apollo spacecraft visited the station three times. If there was any problem, an Apollo spacecraft with Vance D. Brand and Don L. Lind could rescue the crews.

Experiments 

Skylab did 80 experiments. Those were divided into six categories:
 Life science
 Solar physics and astronomy
 Earth resources
 Material science
 Student research
 Other

Space stations
Our (river)

The Our (pronunciation [u:r]) is a river in Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. It is a left-hand tributary of the Sauer river, and so it is part of the drainage basin of the Rhine river.

Geography
The Our river has a length of . Of that length,  are in Luxemboug Its drainage basin has an area of .

The source of the Our is in southeastern Belgium. It is near Manderfeld in the Büllingen municipality,  Liège province. It is at an altitude of about .

The river flows southwards, more or less along the German-Belgian  border and, after Ouren, along the German-Luxembourg border. The historic town of Vianden lies on the Our.

The Our joins, as a left tributary, the Sauer river in Wallendorf in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, at about  of altitude.

North of Viande, the river is blocked by the Our Dam.

Main tributaries 
The tributaries of the Our river with length over 5 km are:
 Left tributaries
 Auw - 5.9 km
 Ihrenbach - 15.9 km
 Irsen - 35.5 km
 Teggelbach - 5.0 km
 Right tributaries
 Medenderbach - 7.5 km
 Kolvenderbach -8.7 km
 Weberbach - 6.1 km
 Braunlauf - 17.8 km
 Ulf - 17.8 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Belgium
 List of rivers of Germany
 List of rivers of Luxembourg

References 

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Belgium
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Luxembourg
Wallonia
Liège (province)
Carsington Water

Carsington Water is a massive reservoir operated by Severn Trent Water.

It is England's ninth largest reservoir with a capacity of 35,412 megaliters. Planning for the reservoir started in the 1960s with actual construction staring in 1979. In 1984 there was a partial collapse of the dam.

Water infrastructure
England
Bodies of water
Eriswil

Eriswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Eriswil 

Municipalities of Bern
Secunderabad

Secunderabad is a city in the state of Telangana, India. It is popularly called the twin city of Hyderabad.

History
Secunderabad was founded in the year 1806 as a British cantonment. Secunderabad and Hyderabad together form the sixth biggest metropolis in India. It is one of the biggest cantonments in India. It has a large presence of army and air force.

Demographics
The population of Secunderabad is 204,182. The literacy rate of Secunderabad is 73%. The most popular sport is cricket.

Cities in India
Telangana
Erlach, Switzerland

Erlach () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Cities in Switzerland
Erlenbach im Simmental

Erlenbach im Simmental is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Ersigen

Ersigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016 the former municipalities of Oberösch and Niederösch merged into the municipality of Ersigen.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Thrombolite

Thrombolites are ancient types of microbial communities that photosynthesize. They are similar to stromatolites, but they are formed differently.

Stromatolites are clearly layered, but thrombolites are not. They are "clotted accretionary structures". They formed in shallow water by the trapping, holding, and cementing sedimentary grains by microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. They were common in the Cambrian and early Ordovician, and few examples still exist today.

References 

Fossils
Bacteria
Sedimentary rocks
Eschert

Eschert is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Etzelkofen

Etzelkofen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne,
Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Etzelkofen, Büren zum Hof, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

Former municipalities of Bern
Free-Stater (Kansas)

Free-Staters were those settlers in Kansas Territory during the Bleeding Kansas era in the 1850s who opposed the extension of slavery to Kansas. The name came from the term "free state". This meant a U.S. state without slavery.

Some Free-Staters were abolitionists from New England. Other Free-Staters were abolitionists who came to Kansas Territory from Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states. However, the majority of Free-Staters, regardless of where they were from, did not claim to be abolitionists at the beginning.  Instead, the official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding all Black people from the state of Kansas. While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people believing the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only.

Pro-slavery Southerners in Kansas Territory said all Free-Staters were abolitionists. This was in order to motivate the South's opposition. However, Eli Thayer and other New England Company leaders denied that they were seeking to abolish slavery. Also, the failed Topeka Constitution drafted by the Free-Staters in 1855 would have excluded any black person from settling in Kansas. This is whether they were slaves or free. In contrast, abolitionists wanted equal rights for all blacks and to end discrimination against them.

As time passed and the violence in Bleeding Kansas increased, abolitionists became associated with the Free-State movement. In 1858, the Free-Staters proposed a second constitution, the Leavenworth Constitution, which banned slavery and also would have given the right to vote to black men. This constitution also failed because of unresolved conflict between the two sides. Kansas became a state in 1861 after the fourth and final Wyandotte Constitution was agreed on.  Holton, Kansas was named for the Milwaukee, Wisconsin free-stater Edward Dwight Holton.

References 

Political movements
1850s in Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
Evilard

Evilard is a municipality in the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Lucca Borges de Brito

Lucca Borges de Brito (born 14 February 1990), simply known as Lucca, is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for Corinthians. Lucca is known for his playmaking ability, his excellent technical ability, vision and set pieces.

References

1990 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Fahrni

Fahrni is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Farnern

Farnern is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Graziano Pellè

Graziano Pellè (born 15 July 1985 in San Cesario di Lecce, Italy) is an Italian association football forward who currently plays for the English club Southampton and the Italian national football team. He has also played for U.S. Lecce, Calcio Catania, Crotone, Cesena, AZ Alkmaar, Parma Football Club SpA, U.C. Sampdoria and Feyenoord. He won the Eredivisie with AZ Alkmaar in 2009 and was Premier League Player of the Month in September of 2014.

Other websites 
Stats at Lega Serie A  
National team data  
Voetbal International profile

References 

1985 births
Living people
Italian footballers
People from Apulia
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Omar Mateen

Omar Mir Seddique Mateen (November 16, 1986 – June 12, 2016) was an American mass shooter/mass murderer. He killed at least 49 people and wounded 53 others in a mass shooting at a gay bar in Orlando, Florida. He was killed in a gunfight with the police. It was the largest and deadliest act of violence targeting LGBT people in United States history.
Mateen was born in New York to Afghan parents. He moved to Port St. Lucie, Florida in 1991.

Before the shooting, he had been investigated by the FBI in 2013 and 2014. Mateen reportedly pledged his allegiance to the Sunni militant jihadist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) before the shooting.

References

1986 births
2016 deaths
American Muslims
American spree killers
American terrorists
Criminals from New York City
Deaths by firearm in Florida
Islamic State people
People from Florida
Bogdan Stancu

Bogdan Sorin Stancu (born on 28 June 1987 in Pitești, Romania) is a Romanian association football forward and left winger who currently plays for the Turkish club Gençlerbirliği and the Romania national football team. His nickname is Motanul (meaning Tomcat). He also previously played for Argeș Pitești, CS Mioveni, Unirea Urziceni, Steaua București, Galatasaray and Orduspor.

Career statistics

International goals 

These goals are current since the game against Switzerland.

Other websites 
 Official FCSB profile  
 Bogdan Stancu's profile at RomanianSoccer.ro
 Bogdan Stancu's profile UEFA.com

References 

1987 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Farhiyo Farah Ibrahim

Farhiyo Farah Ibrahim (Arabic language: فرحيو فرح إبراهيم) is a Somali refugee and women’s rights activist.  She fights against female genital mutilation and forced marriage in the Dadaab refugee camp in north-east Kenya. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

In 2002 Farah went to work for the National Council of Churches in Kenya, teaching people about reproductive health. After she was attacked, she took a job as an interpreter in Dadaab.

In 2005 Farah went to a leadership program in the town of Naivasha in Western Kenya.  Then she worked for CARE, giving people information about reproductive health.  CARE is an international NGO that helps refugees.

References

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Somalia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Human rights activists
The Carsey-Werner Company

The Carsey-Werner Company (also called Carsey-Werner Productions or Carsey-Werner Television) is an independent television company. It was founded in 1981 by former ABC writer and producer duo Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner.

The company created television sitcoms including Roseanne, A Different World, The Cosby Show, Grace Under Fire and That '70s Show.

Carsey-Werner was sold to NBC Universal in 2007.

References

American television studios
1981 establishments in the United States
Companies based in California
Ge with upturn

Geh with upturn (Ґ, ґ) is the fifth letter of the Ukrainian alphabet. It can also be used in the Belarusian language. This letter means the sound [g] in both languages, "Г" meaning the sound [h]. Firstly this letter appeared in the middle of the 19th century.
Serious (Gwen Stefani song)

"Serious" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). The track was written by Stefani and her Doubt bandmate, Tony Kanal. Kanal also produced the song with Mark "Spike" Stent. Serious had been compared to Madonnas early music by Enrique Peña Nieto.

Music video 
A music video was made for the song, but the video was never officially released. Sophie Muller directed the music video. The music video features Stefani and the Harajuku Girls dancing on various rooftops throughout Los Angeles. A minute long clip of the music video was uploaded onto YouTube on October 13, 2006.

Credits and personnel 
Management
 Recorded at Kingsbury Studios, Los Feliz, California
 Mixed at The Mix Suite, Olympic Studios, London, England

Personnel

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Lee Groves - keyboards, programming, mixing
 Rob Haggett - assistant engineering, mixing
 Tony Kanal - keyboards, production, programming, synthesizer

 Colin "Dog" Mitchell - additional recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent - production, mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering, mixing

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

References 

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Dance-pop songs
New wave
R&B songs
Pasophae

Pasophae, also spelt Pasiphaë, is a character in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the sun god, Helios and the wife of King Minos. She was the mother of many of Minos' children. They included Ariadne and her brother Androgeos, who was killed by the Athenians. She also had an affair with a prized bull her husband had refused to sacrifice to Poseidon. The offspring of Pasophae and the bull was the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by Theseus.

People in Greek mythology
Long Way to Go (Gwen Stefani and André 3000 song)

"Long Way to Go" is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000. The song appears as the closing track on Stefani's debut studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). It was released on November 23, 2004 by Interscope Records. The track was written by both Stefani and 3000. The song also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech.

Background 

"Long Way to Go" was originally recorded in 2003 during recording sessions for both of Stefani and 3000's then upcoming studio albums. André 3000's original version of the song had Stefani as a featured artist and he originally recorded for the Outkasts The Love Below album. Writing and production 
Lyrically, Long Way to Go is about prejudices against dating someone from a different race. The line, "When snow hits the asphalt / Cold looks and bad talk come" is used as a metaphor for the nasty comments people receive when dating someone of the opposite race. Long Way to Go also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech. Long Way to Go was written by Stefani and 3000 and was also produced by 3000.

 Track listings and formats 
 US Digital download
 "Long Way to Go" (with André 3000) – 

 Interscope Records Sampler
A1 "Rich Girl" (featuring Eve) – 
A2 "Hollaback Girl" – 
A3 "Bubble Pop Electric" (featuring Johnny Vulture) – 
B1 "Long Way to Go" (with André 3000) – 
B2 "Harajuku Girls" – 
B3 "Cool" – 

 Credits and personnel 
Management
 Recorded at Stankonia Recording, Atlanta; Larabee Sound Studio East, Los Angeles; and Soundcastle Studios, Los Angeles.

Personnel

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 André Benjamin – keyboards, lead vocals, mixing, production, songwriting
 Warren Bletcher – assistant engineering
 Greg Collins – mixing
 CutMaster Swiff – cuts
 Nick Ferrero – assistant engineering
 John Frye – additional recording

 Kevin Kendricks – keyboards, piano
 Martin Luther King, Jr. – additional songwriting
 Kevin Mills – assistant engineering
 Pete Novak – additional recording
 Glenn Pittman – assistant engineering
 Sean Tallman – assistant engineering

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.''

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
Electro songs
R&B songs
Ferenbalm

Ferenbalm () is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Forst, Switzerland

Forst is a village in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The former municipality of the district of Thun merged with Längenbühl on January 1, 2007 to form Forst-Längenbühl.

Former municipalities of Bern
Villages in Bern
Forst-Längenbühl

Forst-Längenbühl is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2007 the former municipalities of Forst and Längenbühl merged into the new municipality of Forst-Längenbühl.

References

2000s establishments in Switzerland
2007 establishments in Europe
Municipalities of Bern
Fraubrunnen

Fraubrunnen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Frauenkappelen

Frauenkappelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Plains Indians

The Plains Indians were those tribes of Native Americans who lived on the Great Plains of North America. At the height of their cultures, their main source of food was the large herds of American bison. Hunting was not only the main activity of Plains Indians but was a central part of their religion.Their thinking and culture was formed from the natural environment they lived in. Up to the 1500s, tribes lived on the edges of the Great Plains. They were farmers and hunter-gatherers. From autumn to spring they raised crops. During the summers they went out onto the Great Plains to hunt bison on foot.

Juan de Oñate and other conquistadores brought horses, which changed the way the Plains Indians hunted. They quickly adapted to hunting bison on horseback as nomadic hunters. It began with the Apache who stole horses from the Spaniards. Horses also escaped into the wild. The Comanche soon followed and both tribes based their wealth and power on the horse. Horses were traded to or captured by other tribes and by the mid 1700s most Plains Indians had one or more horses. The next advance came from the British who brought guns to North America. The British also pushed many of the Eastern Woodlands tribes onto the Great Plains. After the 1850s, the horse culture of the Plains Indians ended as tribes were moved to Indian reservations.

Tribes 
Tribes of the Great Plains included:

 The Arapaho
 The Blackfoot
 The Comanche
 The Cheyenne
 The Crow
 The Kiowa
 The Kitsai
 The Missouria (or Niúachi)
 The Mandan
 The Omaha
 The Osage
 The Otoe
 The Pawnee
 The Saulteaux (or Plains Ojibwe)
 The Plains Cree
 The Plains Apache (also called the Kiowa Apache)
 The Ponca
 The Quapaw (or Arkansas and Ugahxpa)
 The Sarcee
 The Sioux (Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota)
 The Tonkawa
 The Wichita

Western movies 
Buffalo Bill Cody featured plains Indians in his Wild West shows beginning in the 1880s.  When Hollywood began making movies, the western was a favorite topic.  They introduced the plains Indians as the stereotypical Native American Indian to the entire world.  When fiction about the American Old West shows Indians, they are usually plains Indians.

Related pages 
 Great Plains

History of North America
Native American people
Wind It Up (Gwen Stefani song)

"Wind It Up" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It was released on October 31, 2006 as the lead single from Stefani's second studio album "The Sweet Escape". The song contains a sample from "The Lonely Goatherd" which was originally from The Sound of Music.

Background and writing
In July 2005, Stefani began writing and recording material with Pharrell Williams in Miami, Florida for her album.

Reviews
Many music critics did not like the yodeling that was featured in the song.

Stefani later said about the song:

Track listings
 UK, German, and Australian CD single
 "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
 "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
 German CD maxi single
 "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
 "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
 "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Mix) – 3:02
 "Wind It Up" (video) – 3:11
 UK 12" single
A1. "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
A2. "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
B1. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Main Mix) – 3:11
B2. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Neptunes Mix) – 3:10

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Ron Fair – orchestra production
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

 Brian Garten – recording
 Hart Gunther – assistant engineering
 The Neptunes – production
 Mark "Spike" Stent – additional production, mixing
 Talent Bootcamp Kids – additional vocals
 Pharrell Williams – songwriting

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2006 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Osage Nation

The Osage are a Midwestern Native American tribe of Plains Indians who historically ruled much of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The tribe formerly lived in the areas in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys around 1,200 BC. They then began migrating west due to wars with the invading Iroquois. The term "Osage" is considered a French name for the tribe which roughly translates into "Mid-Waters". The Osage people refer to themselves in their own language as Wazhazhe.

At the height of their power in the early 18th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region. They were feared by neighboring tribes as ruthless and "savage" fighters. The Osage would often practice ritual scalping and beheading as military trophies. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red River to the South and were greatly dependent on nomadic buffalo hunting and farming.

The 19th-century painter George Catlin described the Osage as:

The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation", and Washington Irving said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West."

The Osage originally lived among the Kansa, Ponca, Omaha, and Quapaw in the Ohio Valley.  Researchers believed that the tribes likely developed differences in their languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in the present-day area of Nebraska, the Kansa in Kansas, and the Quapaw in Arkansas.

The Osage are a federally recognized tribe. They were forced to move to Indian Territory in the 19th century, and have been based in Oklahoma. There are 9,400 descendants, 5,620 of which reside in area surrounding Osage county. Members live both on the nations tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country such as Kansas.

References 

History of Native Americans
Native American people
Isenthal

Isenthal is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage of Isenthal 

Municipalities of Uri
Shielding effect

Shielding is when an electron becomes less attracted to other atoms the further it is away from the nucleus. This is because the forces holding atoms together become weaker as distance increases.

In group 1 elements 
In a reactive metal like sodium, the single electron on an electron shell furthest from the nucleus is more likely to be lost in a reaction with another element. This is because less energy is needed to pull them away. Other elements with similar properties like potassium that are lower down on the periodic table than sodium will be even more likely to lose their furthest electron in a reaction. This is because of the addition of more electron shells between the nucleus and the furthest electron, increasing distance.

In group 17 elements 

The shielding effect also happens with elements that have many electrons on their furthest electron shell, for example chlorine. In this case however, more energy is needed to give the atom an electron. The amount of energy needed is increased with the number electron shells around the nucleus of the atom, for example in elements further down the periodic table like bromine.

Physical chemistry
Ádám Szalai

Ádám Csaba Szalai (born 9 December 1987 in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian association football forward who currently plays for Hannover 96 on loan from TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and the Hungarian national football team. He has also played for VfB Stuttgart, Real Madrid Castilla, 1. FSV Mainz 05, Schalke 04, Budapest Honvéd and Újpest.

References

Other websites 
National team data 
Ádám Szalai  – FIFA competition record

1987 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Sportspeople from Budapest
Ackee

The ackee, (Blighia sapida) is a fruit. It is related to the lychee and the longan. It is native to tropical West Africa. The scientific name honours Captain William Bligh who took the fruit from Jamaica to Kew Gardens, England in 1793.

The fruit was imported to Jamaica from West Africa before 1778.  Since then it has become a feature of various Caribbean cuisines, and is cultivated elsewhere in the world.

References

Fruits
Sapindaceae
Gadmen

Gadmen is a former municipality in the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen.

Other websites

 Official Website 

Former municipalities of Bern
New York Tribune

The New-York Tribune was an American newspaper. It was founded by Horace Greeley as a Whig Party penny newspaper in April 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper was called the New-York Daily Tribune. The tribune not only reported the news, it covered subjects such as politics, literary works, social reform and intellectual achievements. Greeley, through the Tribune, supported the beginnings of Republican Party. In 1860 the Tribune supported Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States and during the Civil War. However, the paper opposed his reelection in 1864. For some time the paper had the largest circulation in the United States. The Tribune's editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune. It remained a major US daily newspaper until it ended publication in 1966.

References

Other websites 
 New York NY Tribune. Pdf copies of all issues 1841–1924

Newspapers in New York City
Gals

Gals () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Pawnee people

The Pawnee are a Native American Plains Indians tribe. They lived mainly in what is now Nebraska and Kansas. Unlike other tribes of the Great Plains, they were semi-nomadic people. They were hunters and farmers. The Pawnee farmed for most of the year and lived in earth lodges. During the buffalo hunting season, they lived in tepees so they could follow the herds. In the early 1800s their main village was on the south side of the Platte River (Nebraska). They raised crops including beans, corn, pumpkins, squashes and sunflowers. The powerful Pawnee tribe had four individual bands. These were the Chaui (Grand), the Kitkehaki (Republican Pawnees), Pitahauerat (Tapage Pawnees) and the Skidi (Loup or Wolf Pawnees). They were a fierce people who used war paint and tattoos to intimidate their enemies. The Pawnee took scalps in battle. Pawnee war parties often rode out on scalping missions against other tribes. The Pawnee also practiced human sacrifice. Most often this took the form of ritually killing a young captive girl in a five-day ceremony. She was sacrificed to the Morning Star. The last known ritual killing was of a girl in the mid-18th century. The Pawnee were the largest tribe to have lived in Nebraska. They were one of the earliest tribes to come to the area. Estimates are that there were between 10,000 and 12,000 Pawnee in Nebraska by 1800. They had little to fear from their enemies because they were a large tribe. But smallpox and other diseases aswell as warfare with the Sioux reduced their numbers significantly in the early 1800s. They were finally removed to Oklahoma in the 1870s.

References

Other websites 
 The Pawnee Morning Star Ceremony
 The Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma

History of the United States
Native American people
Eagle nebula

The Eagle nebula is a young open cluster of stars in the constellation Serpens.  

The nebula is catalogued as Messier 16 (M16), and as NGC 6611. It is also called the Star Queen nebula and The Spire. These last names refer to visual impressions of the dark patch near the center of the nebula. This is called the "Pillars of Creation". It was photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. The nebula contains several active star-forming gas and dust regions, including the Pillars of Creation.

References 

Nebulae
William Adams

William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), was an English navigator. He was the first Englishman to visit Japan.

He was born in Gillingham, Kent, England. William's father died when his at age 12. He apprenticed to a shipwright, and studied shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation. He joined the Royal Navy during Anglo-Spanish War. He served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake. He became a pilot for the Barbary Company, a trading company established by Queen Elizabeth I of England.

In 1598, Adams shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet. The fleet was owned by a company of Rotterdam merchants (Dutch East India Company). The fleet went from the isle of Texel, North Holland to the Eastern world.

References

1564 births
1620 deaths
Gillingham, Kent
People from Kent
New England Emigrant Aid Company

The New England Emigrant Aid Company (est.1854), originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company, was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts. It was created to bring immigrants to the Kansas Territory. This was done to make sure Kansas would become a free state. The company was created by Eli Thayer, a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, over a month before the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854. This act allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose for themselves whether or not slavery would be legal. The concept was called popular sovereignty.

The company was chartered in Massachusetts and started with a capital of $5 million. Thayer's plan was to play on antislavery sentiment in the Northern United States. At the time there was a very delicate balance between slave states and free states. The Company send settlers to Kansas to buy land and build houses, shops and mills. The settlers could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the money back to Thayer and his investors. Because several investors found the idea of profiting from the antislavery cause unpleasant, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society. The name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. The Company never made a profit or made a significant impact on the population of Kansas. But, it caused Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and abolitionists to act. To protect the settlers they sent, the Company secretly sent armed men and Sharps rifles to Kansas. The rifles were sent in crates marked "books" and "Bibles". This played a part in what would become Bleeding Kansas.

References 

History of the United States
History of Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1854 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Gampelen

Gampelen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is not be confused with the municipality Gampel in the canton of Valais.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

The 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (known as the Brasileirão Petrobras 2012 for sponsorship reasons) was the 56th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Corinthians come in as the defending champions having won the title in the 2011 season. On 11 November 2012, Fluminense won the title for the fourth time.

Teams

Stadiums and locations

Statistics

Top goalscorers 

Source: globoesporte.com

Hat-tricks 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2012 in association football
Gelterfingen

Gelterfingen is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf.

Former municipalities of Bern
Gerzensee

Gerzensee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

The town is named after its lake: Gerzensee.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Gerzensee 

Municipalities of Bern
Realp

Realp is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Webpage 

Municipalities of Uri
Golaten

Golaten is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach.

References 

Former municipalities of Bern
Gondiswil

Gondiswil (Dialect: Gumiswil) is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Gondiswil 

Municipalities of Bern
Schattdorf

Schattdorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 5,000 people live in Schattdorf. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 
 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Seedorf, Uri

Seedorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Seedorf, Uri. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official website of Seedorf 

Municipalities of Uri
Seelisberg

Seelisberg is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama

Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama is a football club which plays in Brazil. The club is probably passing through the worst period in its history, since in the last 12 years, Vasco has fallen to the second division of the Brazilian Football Championship four times.

League title
Série B : 1
2009

References

Football clubs in Rio de Janeiro
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Brazil
LDU Quito

Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito (also called Liga de Quito or just Liga) is an Ecuadorian association football club based in Quito, Ecuador. The team currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A and was founded on 11 January 1930. LDU Quito is one of the most successful Ecuadorian teams, winning 9 regional titles, 10 national titles, and 4 international titles. They were runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup as well.

Honours 

Regional
Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol de Pichincha (3): 1932, 1952, 1953
Campeonato Professional Interandino (6): 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967
National
Serie A (10): 1969, 1974, 1975, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010
Serie B (2): 1974 E1, 2001
International
Copa Libertadores (1): 2008
Copa Sudamericana (1): 2009
Recopa Sudamericana (2): 2009, 2010

References 

Football clubs
1930 establishments in South America
Central Italy

Central Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

Geography
Central Italy borders to the northwest with Liguria (Northwest Italy); to the northeast with San Marino and Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy); to the south with Abruzzo, Molise and Campania (South Italy).

The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west.

The Apennines are mountain ranges that go across Central Italy. The highest point, in the region, is Monte Vettore () that is  high. The main rivers are the Arno and Tiber rivers. The largest lakes are Trasimeno,  Bolsena and Bracciano.

Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 41 provinces and 985  comuniː

As geographical region, however, Central Italy also includes the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are usually part of Southern Italy for historical reasonsː both were part of the southern Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The comuni with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

Related pages
 NUTS level 1:
 Northwest Italy
 Northeast Italy
 Central Italy
 South Italy
 Insular Italy
 Northern Italy
 Southern Italy

References

Geography of Italy
Chinese Super League

The Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 中国足球协会超级联赛; Pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài; usually called Chinese Super League (中超联赛) or CSL; and known as Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest tier of professional association football in China. It is controlled by the Chinese Football Association.

The league was created in 2004 and replaced the Chinese Football Association Jia-A League.

Currently, 16 teams play in the league. The Chinese Super League has been won by 7 teams: Shanghai Shenhua, Shenzhen Jianlibao, Dalian Shide, Shandong Luneng, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, and Guangzhou Evergrande.

2016 clubs

History 

In 1994, the Chinese Jia-A League became the country's first professional football league. People in the Chinese Football Association began to talk about creating a new league in late-2000. In 2002, the CFA made a decision to establish the Chinese Super League, which started in 2004.

Results and statistics

Champions 

The following table shows who won the league and when.

Top scorers

Other websites 

 Official site of the Chinese Super League  
 Official site of the Chinese Football Association 
 RSSSF.com - China - List of Champions
 English site about the CSL

References 

Football leagues
Football in China
2004 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in China
Queen Ratna of Nepal

Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (born 19 August 1928) was Queen consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 and Queen Mother from 1972 to 2008 when the royal family were removed of all titles and privileges.

She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family. She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi.

References

Other websites

Royal Court of Nepal 

1928 births
Living people
Nepalese people
Kings and queens
Jo Cox

Helen Joanne "Jo" Cox (née Leadbeater; 22 June 1974 – 16 June 2016) was an English UK Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Batley and Spen from her election in May 2015 until her death in June 2016. She won the seat with an increased majority for Labour in the 2015 general election. She also worked at humanitarian organisation Oxfam.

On 16 June 2016, Cox was shot and stabbed many times in Birstall, where she had been holding a small meeting with her constituents. She was left in critical condition and died from her injuries about an hour later at the age of 41. A 52-year-old man was arrested in connection with the attack.

References

1974 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English murder victims
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Murders by firearm in England
People from West Yorkshire
UK MPs 2015–2017