cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Icelandic króna

The Icelandic króna (ISK; plural krónur; króna means crown) is the currency used in Iceland. The name "Icelandic crown" is sometimes used instead.

There are currently only 5 banknotes (500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 króna) and 5 coins (1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 króna) in circulation.

History 

The Danish krone was introduced to Iceland in 1874. It replaced the earlier Danish currency, the rigsdaler. Iceland began making its own currency in 1885. The Danish krone left Iceland after the collapse of the Scandinavian Monetary Union. Iceland gained it's independence over Denmark  in 1918, and the first coins were issued in 1922.

Iceland experienced hyperinflation in 1981. So the currency was revalued. This meant that the 100 old krónur (ISJ) became as valuable as 1 new króna (ISK). The new 500 krónur banknote was also put into circulation the same year. The largest banknote ever issued was a 10,000 krónur. This bill was made after the 2008–11 Icelandic financial crisis.

In 2009, the Althing voted to join the European Union. After the left-wing parties were voted out of office, the negotiation were stopped. Nowadays, most people predict that the króna will remain the Icelandic currency for a long time.

Financial crisis 

A major financial crisis hit Iceland from 2008 to 2011. It brought about a collapse of the Icelandic banking sector. The value of the Icelandic króna dropped, and it went down to around 185 ISK per 1 euro. After many of the issues were resolved, the krónur value went up to around 140 ISK per 1 euro. However, the value has not been as high as it was since before the crisis (it was at 82 ISK per 1 euro in mid-2007).

References 

Currency of Europe
Iceland
1885 establishments
Establishments in Iceland
Independence Party (Iceland)

The Independence Party (Icelandic: Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn) is a centre-right political party in Iceland. They are liberal conservatives who are eurosceptic (meaning they don't want Iceland to join the European Union). The party is the one of the largest in Iceland. It is currently tied with the most seats in the Althing. The chairman of the party is Bjarni Benediktsson and vice chairman is  Þórdís Kolbrún Reykfjörð Gylfadóttir.

The party was formed in 1929 as a result of two parties merging. The newly formed party wanted Iceland to be independent. This was later achieved in 1944. From 1929 to 2009, the Independence Party was the dominant party in the Althing.

The party is economically liberal, and is against getting involved with other countries problems. The party is mainly supported by fishermen and high-earners, particularly in Reykjavík. The party also wants Iceland to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

References 

Political parties in Europe
Politics of Iceland
Rare-earth magnet

Rare-earth magnets are strong permanent magnets made from alloys of rare earth elements.

Developed in the 1970s and '80s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made. They have much stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets.

There are two types: neodymium magnets and samarium-cobalt magnets. Some rare-earth magnets such as Terfenol-D are magnetostrictive. They also have uses e.g. in speakers.

Rare earth magnets are extremely brittle and also vulnerable to corrosion, so they are usually plated or coated to protect them from breaking, chipping, or crumbling into powder.

References 

Alloys
Magnetism
Yahrzeit

Yahrzeit (Yiddish, from German, yahr, year, plus zeit, time) in Judaism is the yearly observancedef. 5 of the death of a close family member. There are a number of common customs for Jews observing a yahrzeit. These include remembering the relative, lighting memorial candles, saying special prayers, giving money to charity, and visiting the grave of the relative. 

The date of the yahrzeit is fixed by the Hebrew calendar.

Notes

Other websites
  (may not be Simple English)
Yahrzeit full article 
Judaism
Arboys-en-Bugey

Arboys-en-Bugey is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It was incorporated on 1 January 2016 by the combination of the former communes of Arbignieu and Saint-Bois.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Groslée-Saint-Benoît

Groslée-Saint-Benoît is a commune in the Ain department of east France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The municipality started on January 1, 2016 when two communes, Groslée and Saint-Benoît, joined together.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Walther Leisler Kiep

Walther Gottlieb Louis Leisler Kiep (5 January 1926 – 9 May 2016) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was a member of the Bundestag between 1965 and 1976 and again from 1980 to 1982. 

After switching to state-level politics, he served as Minister of Economy (1976–77) and Minister of Finance (1976–80) in Lower Saxony under Ernst Albrecht. In 1982, Kiep was the leading candidate for the CDU in two state elections in Hamburg. From 1971 until 1992, he was treasurer of his party at the federal level. 

Kiep died on 9 May 2016 in his home in Kronberg im Taunus in Hesse of pneumonia, aged 90.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Haut-Valromey

Haut-Valromey is a new commune in the Ain department of eastern France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The municipality was incorporated on January 1, 2016 and consists of the former communes of Hotonnes, Le Grand-Abergement, Le Petit-Abergement and Songieu.

It is the largest commune of the Ain department.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Gareth Gwenlan

Gareth Gwenlan OBE (26 April 1937 – 9 May 2016) was a British television producer and director. He was best known for his work on shows including The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin, To the Manor Born, Only Fools and Horses, and High Hopes. He was born in Brecon, Wales. Gwenlan was made Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013.

Gwenlan died on 9 May 2016 in Hertfordshire, England, aged 79.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2016 deaths
British television directors
British television producers
Parves-et-Nattages

Parves-et-Nattages is a commune in the Ain department of east France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The municipality started on January 1, 2016. The two old communes Parves and Nattages to make the new commune.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Henry Silva

Henry Silva (born September 15, 1928) is an American movie and television actor. He is known for his roles as Chunjin in The Manchurian Candidate (1962) and as the voice of Bane in Batman: The Animated Series.

References

Other websites
 
 Henry Silva at the Internet Broadway Database
 

1928 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Rodrigo Duterte

Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte (born March 28, 1945), nicknamed Digong, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who is the current President of the Philippines. Because of the urge of most Filipinos, he announced that he would run as a candidate for President of the Philippines on November 21, 2015. On May 9, 2016, Duterte was elected president.

He was among the longest-serving mayors in the Philippines. He had previously been a long-time mayor of Davao City from 1988 through 1998, from 2000 through 2010, and from 2013 through 2016. He was born in the city of Maasin, Leyte.

In August 2021, he announced his candidacy for Vice President of the Philippines.

In October 2021, Rodrigo Duterte announced that he was not running for vice-presidency in 2022 and would retire from political life.

References

1945 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Deists
Filipino lawyers
Mayors
Presidents of the Philippines
Homeowner association

A homeowner association (HOA) is an American real estate term. It is a corporation formed by a real estate developer to market, manage, and sell homes and lots in a residential place. 

Later, after a neighborhood is settled, the term may describe a group of home owners which set rules for the neighborhood. The purpose of a home-owners association is to improve the neighborhood's image. The members of a home-owner's association hope that, by improving the image, the values of their homes will rise. If the rules are violated by home-owners, the home-owners association can force them to pay money. If they refuse, the home-owner's association can take away their houses.

The fastest growing form of housing in the United States today is common-interest development (CID), a category that includes various housing types. Since 1964, HOAs have become increasingly common in the United States. HOAs governed 24.8 million American homes and 62 million residents by 2010.

References 

Home
Houses
Phil LaMarr

Phillip "Phil" LaMarr (born January 24, 1967) is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian. He is best known for his voice roles in various animated series such Samurai Jack, Justice League, Justice League Unlimited, Futurama, Static Shock, and Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. He was also best known as one of the original cast members on the sketch comedy series MADtv.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

1967 births
Living people
African-American voice actors
Kohl

Kohl is an ancient eye cosmetic, traditionally made by grinding stibnite (Sb2S3). It is widely used in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia as eye liner, to contour and/or darken the eyelids, and as mascara for the eyelashes. It is worn mostly by women, but also by some men and children.

Kohl is very ancient, and is seen in depictions of high status women and godesses in Ancient Egypt. It has also been used in India as a cosmetic for a long time. 

The content of kohl and the recipes to prepare it vary greatly. In North Africa and Middle East, homemade kohl is often made by grinding galena (lead sulfide). In the west, soot or organic charcoal may be used instead of lead. Plant oils and the soot from various nuts, seeds, and gum resins are often added to the carbon powder. Unfortunately, the non-lead products do not give such a good result as the older, traditional varieties. Handmade, lead-based kohl continues to be popular.

References 

Cosmetics
Antimony compounds
Lead compounds
Carbon
Papers, Please

Papers, Please is a video game made by Lucas Pope, an indie game developer, published under his secret name 3909. It is about an immigration officer who decided who to let in and who to refuse entry to the fictional country of Arstotzka. The game was released on August 8, 2013 for Microsoft Windows and for OS X. It was released for Linux on February 12, 2014. It was released for iPad on December 12, 2014. A PlayStation Vita version was announced in August 2014, but has not come out yet.

Gameplay
The gameplay for Papers, Please revolves around an immigrations inspector's life and job. The player can allow people to enter Arstotzka or refuse them. The player can use different tools to check if the immigration papers are out of date, real or fake. The player must try to keep unwanted people out of Arstotzka, like terrorists, criminals and those with incorrect papers. The player must correctly allow and not allow people in to the country within a set amount of time. Each mistake a player makes is 5 credits off their earned money at the end of the day. The money earned at the end of the day is based on how many people have been correctly finished. The player must pay for the officer's family, food and heating. The player can choose to not pay for any of them, which results in something happening to the family.

The game has 20 possible endings.

Development 
Lucas Pope created this game, He used to work for Naughty Dog. After working on the Uncharted games, he left to become an indie developer. He started work on it in November 2012, but it took longer than Pope thought, and was finished in nine months. It was put on green light on April 11, 2013 and was greenlit on May 1.

Reception 

Papers, Please has been thanked for its sense of immersion. CBC News' Jonathan Ore called Papers, Please a "nerve-racking sleuthing game with relentless pacing and dozens of compelling characters – all from a desk job".

Some critics however reacted badly to the paperwork gameplay. Stephanie Bendixsen from the ABC game review show Good Game found the game "tedious", commenting "while I found the issues that arose from the decisions you are forced to make quite interesting, I was just so bored that I just struggled to go from one day to the next. I was torn between wanting to find out more, and just wanting it all to stop."

References

2013 video games
Indie video games
MacOS games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
ProSci Incorporated

ProSci Incorporated is an American biotechnology company located in San Diego, California that specializes in research antibody products and custom antibody services and conducts research and development of neutralizing antibodyagainst HIV-1 and other emergent viruses.

History
ProSci Incorporated was co-founded in 1998 by CEO, Yu Geng, M.D.
ProSci has its own animal facilities since 2010 solely in San Diego. The animal facility is United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) licensed and National Institute of Health (NIH) assured and close to the company headquarter, which ensures the capability and quality of antibody development, custom antibody services and research applications.

Research
ProSci research programs include cancer bio marker discovery and neutralizing antibody development against emergent viruses such as HIV and influenza. ProSci’s innovative approach research using genetically engineered yeast strain and glycoproteins to mimic the HIV-1 glycan coat and develop neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 glycans has been awarded several Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) grants by NIH. Its research projects have resulted in an invention patent granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and a number of peer-reviewed publications.

Products and Services
ProSci specializes in the production of affinity-purified polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to novel targets in the fields such as apoptosis, HIV, infectious disease, immunology, immune checkpoint, signal transduction, cancer and neurobiology. To date, ProSci has a primary antibody catalog of over 20,000 antibodies. Other catalog items include blocking peptides, recombinant proteins, tissue and cell line slides and lysates.

References

Other websites
 

Companies based in California
San Diego, California
1998 establishments in California
Biotechnology companies of the United States
Brown bear

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear living in much of northern Eurasia and North America. It is smaller than the polar bear, but is the largest carnivore which lives entirely on the land. 
There are several recognized subspecies.

The brown bear's range has shrunk, but it is still listed as a least concern species by the IUCN. Its total population is about 200,000. As of 2012, this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN. However, many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered. The smallest subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered. It lives in just 2% of its former range, and poachers hunt it for its parts. The Marsican brown bear in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears.

The brown bear's main range includes parts of Russia, Central Asia, China, Canada, the United States (mostly Alaska), Scandinavia and the Carpathian region (especially Romania), Anatolia, and Caucasus. The brown bear is a national and state animal in several European countries. It is the most widely distributed of all bears. Brown bears are omnivores. Brown bears are apex predators. They eat berries, apples, honey, fish, insects, worms, nuts, grasses, leaves, carrion, rodents and rabbits. Brown bears even eat hoofed animals such as deer, moose, reindeer, bison and sheeps.

References 

Ursidaes
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of North America
The Chain of Generations Center

The Chain of Generations Center (מרכז שרשרת הדורות - Merkaz Sharsheret HaDorot) is an "art museum" at the Western Wall Plaza in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem beside the Western Wall which dedicated to the Jewish people history in Glasses. the "Chain of Generations Center" special exhibitions is located in a tunnel that runs several underground spaces, including works sculpted glass, light games, smoke, sound, holograms and archeological finds are. the museum was opened in 2006.

Gallery

Other websites 

   The Chain of Generations Center 

Jewish history
Judaism in Israel
Museums in Jerusalem
Western Wall Tunnel

The Western Wall Tunnel (Hebrew: מנהרת הכותל‎, translit.: Minharat Hakotel) is a tunnel exposing the Western Wall from where the traditional, open-air prayer site ends and up to the Wall's northern end.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Information from the Kotel site in English 
 Jeremy Langford's glass sculptures in "The Chain of Generations Center" in the Western Wall Tunnels 
 Read the iTour Jerusalem review of the Western Wall Tunnel 

Jerusalem
Archaeological sites in Israel
Rezső Nyers

Rezső Nyers (21 March 1923 – 22 June 2018) was a former Hungarian politician. He served as Minister of Finance of Hungary from 1960 to 1962. For a few months in 1989, he was the country's last Communist leader serving as President of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. Nyers died on 22 June 2018 at the age of 95 after a short illness.

References

Other websites
MTI Ki Kicsoda 2006, Magyar Távirati Iroda, Budapest, 2005, 1273–1274. old.
Nyers 1996-os országgyűlési életrajza
Életrajz az MTI 1956-os emlékoldalán 

1923 births
2018 deaths
Communist politicians
Hungarian economists

Politicians from Budapest
Reg Grundy

Reginald Roy "Reg" Grundy (4 August 1923 – 6 May 2016) was an Australian entrepreneur, and media and television mogul. He was one of the pioneers and most successful television businessman in Australia. He was born in Sydney.

He was also the creator of many TV hits starting with game shows like Wheel of Fortune and Blankety Blanks and later soap operas Neighbours, Prisoner, Sons and Daughters and The Young Doctors.

Grundy died at his home in Bermuda on 6 May 2016, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Television producers
Australian businesspeople
People from Sydney
Riki Sorsa

Richard Esko "Riki" Sorsa (26 December 1952 – 9 May 2016) was a Finnish pop singer. He started his career in 1974 as the lead singer in the band The Zoo. He represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1981 with the song "Reggae OK". 

Sorsa died of cancer on 10 May 2016, aged 63.

References

1952 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Disease-related deaths in Finland
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Finnish singers
Pop singers
Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles

Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (5 February 1650 - 2 October 1708) was a French nobleman from the House of Noailles. A well regarded military man of his day, he was a general under King Louis XIV of France and was later the subject of a painting by the famous court painter Hyacinthe Rigaud.

Family
Son of Anne de Noailles and his wife, Louise Boyer, he acceded to the title of Duke of Noailles on his father's death in 1678. He was married to Marie Françoise de Bournonville, with whom he had children. One of the chief generals of France towards the end of the reign of Louis XIV, and, after raising the regiment of Noailles in 1689, he commanded in Spain during both the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession. He was made a marshal of France in 1693. He died on October 2, 1708.

Children
Anne Jules de Noailles had many children
Marie Christine de Noailles (1672–1748), married (1687) Antoine de Gramont, Duke of Gramont;, Marshal of France (1671–1725)

Louis Marie de Noailles (°1675);
Louis Paul de Noailles (°1676), Count of Ayen;
Marie Charlotte de Noailles (1677–1723), married (1696) Malo, marquis of Coëtquen;
Adrien Maurice de Noailles (1678–1766), 3rd Duke of Noailles; married Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, niece of Madame de Maintenon;
Anne Louise de Noailles (°1679);

Jean Anne de Noailles (°1681); 
Julie Françoise de Noailles (°1682);
Lucie Félicité de Noailles (°1683), married (1698) Victor Marie d'Estrées (1660–1737), a Marshal of France;
Marie Thérèse de Noailles (°1684–1784), married (1698) Charles François de la Baume Le Blanc, Duke of La Vallière;
Emmanuel Jules de Noailles (1686–1702), Count of Noailles;
Marie Françoise de Noailles (°1687), married (1703) Emmanuel de Beaumanoir, marquis of Lavardin;
Marie Victoire de Noailles (1688–1766), married (1707) Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1688–1712), then (1723) his half-uncle the Count of Toulouse;
Marie Émilie de Noailles (1689–1723) married (1713) Emmanuel Rousselet, marquis of Châteauregnaud;
Jules Adrien de Noailles (1690–1710), Count of Noailles;
Marie Uranie de Noailles (°1691), nun;
Anne Louise de Noailles (°1695) married (1716) François Le Tellier, marquis of Louvois (died 1719) and had issue; married again to Jacques Hippolyte Mancini, Marquis Mancini and had issue; present prince of Monaco is descended from this line.

References

1650 births
1708 deaths
Dukes of Noailles
French military people
People from Paris
Guido van Rossum

Guido van Rossum (; born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer. He is best known for making the Python programming language.

References

1956 births
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
People from Haarlem
Ilkka Hanski

Ilkka Aulis Hanski (14 February 1953 – 10 May 2016) was a Finnish scientist. He worked in the field of ecology at the University of Helsinki. He is known for his research of metapopulation ecology.

Hanski died of a long-illness on 10 May 2016 at a hospital in Helsinki, aged 63.

Related pages
List of ecologists

References

1953 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Finland
Ecologists
Finnish educators
Finnish people
Louis van Gasteren

Louis Alphonse van Gasteren (20 November 1922 – 10 May 2016) was a Dutch movie director, movie producer, and artist. He was born in Amsterdam. He was known for his movies  Hans: Het Leven Voor De Dood (1983) and De prijs van overleven (2003). He won two Golden Calf Awards. His career began in the 1950s. At the time of his death, he was the oldest active filmmaker in the Netherlands.

Van Gasteren died in Amsterdam on 10 May 2016, aged 93.

References

Other websites

  
 

1922 births
2016 deaths
Dutch artists
Dutch movie directors
Dutch movie producers
People from Amsterdam
Philippe Beaussant

Philippe Beaussant (6 May 1930 – 8 May 2016) was a French musicologist and novelist. He was expert on French baroque music. He was born in Bordeaux, France.

He was the founder of the Centre de Musique Baroque de Versailles. He was the artistic adviser of 1987 to 1996. He has also been a producer of musical programs for Radio France since 1974. He was known for writing the biography of Jean-Baptiste Lully, Lully ou le musicien du soleil (Éditions Gallimard, 1992). 

Beaussant won the 1993 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for his novel Héloïse.

He was elected to seat 36 of the Académie française on 15 November 2007. He died in Paris on 8 May 2016, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Biography of Beaussant at the French-language publisher Librairie Arthème Fayard 

1930 births
2016 deaths
French writers
People from Bordeaux
Motiur Rahman Nizami

Motiur Rahman Nizami (Bengali: মতিউর রহমান নিজামী; 31 March 1943 – 11 May 2016) was a Bangladeshi politician, preacher and the former leader of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. He was the Member of Parliament of Pabna constituency from 1991 to 1996 and again from 2001 to 2006. He also served as the Bangladeshi Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Industry. He is the third minister of Bangladesh to be hanged.

On 29 October 2014 he was sentenced to death for war crimes in 1971 liberation war of Bangladesh by the International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh. It has been though that he was the supreme commander of the militia group Al-Badr during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

He was hanged at Dhaka Central Jail on 11 May 2016, aged 73.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
Civil servants
Muslim terrorists
People executed by hanging
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians
Bangladeshi Muslims
Adrien Maurice de Noailles, Duke of Noailles

Adrien Maurice de Noailles, (3rd) Duke of Noailles (29 September 1678 – 24 June 1766) was a French aristocrat and soldier.   He also acted as the Foreign Minister of France in 1744. As a result of his efforts in war he was created a 1702, a Grandee of Spain in 1711, and a Knight of the Order of Saint-Esprit in 1724. As well as a Marshal of France in 1734 by Louis XV.

Family

Son of Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles on his father's death in 1708. He married Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Louis XIV's wife Madame de Maintenon, with whom he had 4 daughters and 2 sons.

Children

 Françoise Adélaide de Noailles (1 September 1704 – January 1776), married Charles, Count of Armagnac in 1717, son of Louis of Lorraine, Count of Armagnac and had no issue; divorced in 1721;
Amable Gabrielle de Noailles (18 February 1706 – September 1742), married Honoré Armand de Villars, Duke of Villars and had one daughter. 
Marie Louise de Noailles (8 September 1710 – 22 May 1782), married in 1737 to Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force and divorced in 1742; had no issue;
Louis de Noailles, Duke of Ayen, Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 – 22 August 1793), married Catherine Françoise Charlotte de Cossé-Brissac and had issue;
Philippe de Noailles, Count of Noailles, Duke of Mouchy (27 December 1715 – 27 June 1794), married the famous Anne d'Arpajon (Lady-in-waiting to Marie Antoinette); Louis and his wife were executed in the Revolution;
 Marie Anne Françoise de Noailles (12 January 1719 – 29 June 1793), married in 1744 Ludwig Engelbert de La Marck (1701–1773), Count of Schleiden.

Dukes of Noailles
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Marshals of France
Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
People from Paris
1678 births
1766 deaths
Gilles Lamontagne

Joseph-Georges-Gilles-Claude Lamontagne (; April 17, 1919 – June 14, 2016) was a Canadian retired politician. He served as  the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from March 28, 1984 through August 9, 1990. Before, he served as Mayor of Quebec City from December 1, 1965 through December 1, 1977. He retired in 1990.

Lamontagne was born in Montreal. He fought during World War II. Lamontagne fought as a bomber pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force. He ended his air force service in the rank of flight lieutenant in 1945. In 1949, he married Mary Schaefer. They would remain married until her death in 2006. They had four children.

In 1990, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2000, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec and in 2005, a member of l'Ordre des Grands Québécois. He is an honorary member of the Royal Military College of Canada.

Lamontagne died on June 14, 2016 in Quebec City, aged 97.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Canadian mayors
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Politicians from Montreal
Kanyakumari

Kanyakumari is the town in Tamil Nadu of India where two seas and an ocean joins together. It is the southern tip of India. This town along with the some areas which was now occupied by the Indian Ocean was known as "Kumarikkandam"[குமரிக்கண்டம்], . This is a place that was predicted by Tamilians as the place where the first man and Tamil language originated. The coastal town Kanyakumari has the Thiruvalluvar statue.

Information of the town 
 Area: 25.98km2
 Population: 29,761
 Density: 665/km2
 District Collector: Sajjansingh R.Chavan

Kanyakumari district
Petrykivka painting

Petrykivka painting is a traditional Ukrainian decorative painting. It originates from the Petrykivka village in Dnipropetrovsk oblast of Ukraine. 

In 2013 it was included to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Gallery

References

Painting
Ukrainian culture
Pesse

Pesse is a village located in the Dutch province of Drenthe in the Netherlands. The Pesse canoe is known as the world's oldest boat is located in Pesse.

Settlements in Drenthe
Hoogeveen
John Stabb

Jonathan Dukes "John" Schroeder (July 12, 1961 – May 7, 2016) was an American rock musician. He was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Rockville, Maryland. He was best known as the founding member of Government Issue.

On May 7, 2016, Stabb died of stomach cancer at age 54.

References

1961 births
2016 deaths
American rock singers
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from stomach cancer
Musicians from Maryland
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
People from Rockville, Maryland
Nico de Bree

Nico de Bree (16 September 1944 – 6 May 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. De Bree started his professional career at local club Elinkwijk. He moved to N.E.C. in 1966. 

After playing 204 matches for the Nijmegen club, he moved to play in Belgium and won the 1975 league title with RWDM. He won the 1978 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup with Anderlecht. He also played for Winterslag and Beerschot.

He died of cancer in Vienna on 6 May 2016, aged 71.

References

1944 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Austria
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)
Gene Gutowski

Gene Gutowski, born as Witold Bardach, (July 26, 1925 in Lwów, Poland, now Ukraine – May 10, 2016 Warsaw) was a Polish-born American movie producer. He produced many of Roman Polanski's movies. He was known for producing The Pianist, The Fearless Vampire Killers, Cul-de-sac. 

Gutowski died of pneumonia in Warsaw, Poland on May 10, 2016, aged 90.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Poland

Polish movie producers
Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme found in nerve synapses, including nerve-to-muscle junctions. Its function is to end  transmission across a synapse.

It breaks up neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, and allows us to extend our muscles after contraction.

Related pages 
Nerve impulse

Enzymes
John Warr

John James Warr (16 July 1927 – 9 May 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a successful county player for Middlesex County Cricket Club. He played two Test matches for England. With his Test bowling average remains the worst of any retired English player.  Warr was known for his sense of humour and made many humorous after dinner speeches. He was born in Ealing, Middlesex, England,

Warr died on 9 May 2016, aged 88.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
English cricketers
People from Ealing
John Young (baseball)

John Thomas Young (February 9, 1949 – May 8, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He also scouted and worked in the front office. Young played in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers in 1971. He founded Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), a youth baseball program aimed at increasing participation among African Americans in baseball. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Young died in Los Angeles, California from diabetes on May 8, 2016, aged 67.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
African-American baseball players
Deaths from diabetes
Detroit Tigers players
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Karl Maramorosch

Karl Maramorosch (January 16, 1915 – May 9, 2016) was an Austrian-born American virologist, entomologist and plant pathologist. He was born in Vienna, and of Jewish descent. 

He got his Ph.D. at Columbia University.

He made research on viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae and other micro-organisms and their transmission to plants through insect in many parts of the world. 

He was the co-author of a textbook on techniques in virology. He was the author of numerous papers on the biology and ecology of plant viruses, their hosts and vectors. He received the Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 1980 for his work to the study of crop pathogens.

Maramorosch died in Ithaca, New York on May 9, 2016, aged 101.

References

1915 births
2016 deaths
American botanists
American centenarians
Austrian Jews
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish centenarians
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish Jews
Refugees from Nazism
Scientists from Vienna
American virologists
Educators from New York City
John Bradshaw (author)

John Elliot Bradshaw (; (June 29, 1933 – May 8, 2016) was an American educator, counselor, motivational speaker and author. He hosted a number of PBS television programs such as Bradshaw On: Homecoming. He was active in the self-help movement. He was known for creating the idea of "wounded inner child" and the dysfunctional family. His books are mainly works of popular psychology. His most popular book is Homecoming: Reclaiming and Championing Your Inner Child. He was born in Houston, Texas.

On May 8, 2016, Bradshaw died of heart failure in Houston at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 
 Curriculum vitae 

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Texas
Educators from Houston, Texas
American television presenters
Writers from Houston, Texas
Michael Ratner

Michael Ratner (1943 – May 11, 2016) was an American lawyer. He was the President Emeritus of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and president of the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR). Ratner was known for his human rights activism.

He was known as representing the Guantanamo Bay prisoners in the United States Supreme Court, where, in June 2004, the court decided his clients have the right to test the legality of their detentions in court.

Ratner died from complications of cancer on May 11, 2016, aged 72.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Lawyers from New York City
Educators from New York City
American human rights activists
Tony Cozier

Winston Anthony Lloyd "Tony" Cozier (10 July 1940 – 11 May 2016) was a Barbadian cricket writer. He was a commentator on West Indian cricket from 1958 until his death. Cozier was described as having an "encyclopaedic" knowledge of cricket. Cozier was born in Bridgetown, Barbados. He was known for his knowledge of statistics.

Cozier died on 11 May 2016 in Bridgetown from a long-illness, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 West Indies in India Nov 1974/Jan 1975 – Summary ESPNcricinfo – Excerpt from Cozier's book
 Tony Cozier Unplugged CaribbeanCricket.com, 20 April 2004 – Two-part interview with Cozier
 West Indies cricket needs Legends' clout Tony Cozier's last column for ESPNcricinfo published on 1 May 2016.

1940 births
2016 deaths
Barbadian sportspeople
Deaths from disease
Writers
Peter Behrens (musician)

Peter Behrens (4 September 1947 – 11 May 2016) was a German drummer, actor, musician and clown. Behrens was best known for being a member of the German band Trio in the early 1980s, where he played the drums. After Trio ended in 1986, and after overcoming alcoholism and a drug problem he retired.

Behrens had two children. He died on 11 May 2016 from multiple organ failure in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, aged 68.

References

Other websites
 
 http://www.stephan-remmler.de/peter_behrens/peter_behrens.htm 
 http://www.taz.de/pt/2004/01/05/a0189.nf/textdruck

1947 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
German musicians
Actors from Lower Saxony
Drummers
People from Lower Saxony
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is a painting by John Martin. Martin painted it in 1852.

John Martin was famous for painting landscapes in the style of Romanticism.   He painted pictures of the end of the world and events from the Bible.

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was the last painting that Martin finished. He completed it in 1852 and sent it to the Royal Academy. In 1853 he started to paint The Last Judgment, The Great Day of His Wrath, and The Plains of Heaven, but he became sick. He died the next year.

The painting shows the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah from the Bible. The picture shows Lot and his two daughters running from the city.  Lot's wife looked back and became a pillar of salt.  The painting has a red color and a storm in the sky, typical of Martin's work.

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is in the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle, England.

References 

Paintings
Anne van den Ban

Anne Willem van den Ban (28 February 1928 — 7 May 2016) was a Dutch scholar. His work is on Agricultural Extension. He was born in Leeuwarderadeel. He taught on how innovations can help farmers produce more crops. He helped create many new ways for farmers to produce crops in The Netherlands. 

Van den Ban was an adviser to the Executive Council of the International Society for Extension Education (INSEE). He received a Life Time Achievement Award in September 2008 for his "outstanding contribution in the field of Extension Education, Agricultural Development and Rural Development". from this organization

Van den Ban died at the age of 88 on 7 May 2016 in Wageningen.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch scientists
Dutch inventors
Louis de Noailles

Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 in Versailles – 22 August 1793 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) He was a member of the influential House of Noailles and was a nephew of Marie Victoire de Noailles, daughter-in-law of Louis XIV of France. He refused to emigrate during the Revolution.

Background and early life
Given the title of Duke of Ayen at birth he was born in Versailles and was one of six children. His father Adrien Maurice de Noailles was a distinguished military man of the reign of Louis XIV. Louis' mother was Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Madame de Maintenon (Louis XIV's second secret wife)

Marriage and children

On 25 February 1737 he married Cathérine Françoise Charlotte de Cossé, with whom he had four children

 Jean de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (26 October 1739, Paris – 20 October 1824)
 Adrienne Catherine de Noailles (24 December 1741 – December 1813) married René de Froulay, Count of Tessé, last Marquis of Lavardin (1736–1814)
 Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles (12 December 1743 - September 1822) French diplomat who remained unmarried. 
 Philippine Louise de Noailles (1745-1791) married  Louis Antoine Armand de Gramont, Duke of Lesparre.

Titles
21 April 1713 - 24 June 1766 The Duke of Ayen.
24 June 1766 - 22 August 1793 The Duke of Noailles.

Marshals of France
1713 births
1793 deaths
People from Versailles
Louis
Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
Dukes and duchesses of France
Automatic Identification System

Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a way for a ship to use a radio to tell other ships about it's position. It sends messages every few seconds. These are received other ships and by stations on land and on some satellites.  A ship knows its position by using Global Positioning System (GPS). Since 2004, all ships above 300 tons and all passenger ships have to use AIS.  AIS was made to avoid ships colliding.

References

Technology
Rockcrawling

Rock crawling is an extreme form of off-road driving. Participants use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc.

Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful and precise driving, and high torque generated through large gear reductions in the vehicle's drivetrain.  Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Most vehicles used to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about  long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course. Usually a spotter (person who guides the driver) helps the driver through hard obstacles. Spotters may also use a rope to help prevent a vehicle from tipping over.

Rock crawling basics

The vehicles

Vehicles commonly used include Jeep, Nissan Patrol, Toyota Land Cruiser, Land Rover, Ford Bronco, Suzuki Samurai, International Harvester Scout. Also, vehicles like the Mercedes Unimog due to its portal axles and greatly increased ground clearance. These vehicles are outfitted with custom parts. Power is usually not an issue, as rock crawlers typically lower their gear ratios in order to drive more slowly over obstacles without stalling the engine. These custom parts can include:
locking differentials
taller off-road tires
upgraded suspension
four wheel steering
roll cage for driver protection
engine modifications for increased performance, mostly torque
lowered gearing in either or all of the transmission, transfer case (including often employing a second transfer case to reduce gearing even more), or axle differentials
winches
body armour (rocker panels, tube fenders, etc.)
beadlocks (locks tires to the rims for low tire pressures)
long-travel shock absorbers, drop shackles, spring-over conversions (to increase wheel travel), coil-over spring/shock combinations, and upgraded control arms
portal axles

Oversized, low-pressure, knobby, mud-terrain tires are used. Most vehicles have a low-geared transfer case to make the most torque in the low speeds used for rock crawling. Suspension-wise, rock crawling vehicles sometimes have aftermarket lift kits installed, raising the chassis and increasing suspension flexibility. Highly modified rock crawling vehicles are less suitable for driving on roads and highways.

Building a dedicated rock crawler can cost a lot of money. For rock crawling competitions, getting a sponsor can help to cover some of these costs.

Related pages 

Jeep
Land Rover
Toyota
Suzuki
Daihatsu
International Harvester Scout

References 

Transport
Nagapattinam

Nagapattinam is a town and headquarters of Nagapattinam District in Tamil Nadu state of India. One of the town which was severely hit by the 2004 tsunami.

Demographics
 The town has an area of 14.92km2.

 The population is 102,905.

 The density of the people living is 615.99/km2

Occupation
As Nagapattinam is nearby the sea, the main occupation of the people here is Fishing.

Nagapattinam district
Anne de Noailles, Duke of Noailles

Anne de Noailles, (1st) Duke of Noailles (born after 1613 - 15 February 1678) was a French noble whose two sons bought the House of Noailles to prominence at the French royal court. Prior to being created a duke in 1663, he was a count.

Brief biography

A son of François de Noailles who was created the "Count of Ayen" in 1663. He was eventually created the Duke of Noailles during the reign of Louis XIV in 1663.

Marriage and children

13 December 1645 he married Louise Boyer with whom he had six children with;

 Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (5 February 1650 – 2 October 1708) married Marie Françoise de Bournonville and bhad children.
 Louis Antoine de Noailles  (27 May 1651 – 4 May 1729) a bishop and cardinal, who remained unmarried. Known as the Cardinal de Noailles.
 Jacques de Noailles (9 November 1653 - 22 April 1712) died unmarried. 
 Jean François de Noailles (28 August 1658 - 23 June 1692), "Marquis of Noailles". Married Marguerite Thérèse Rouillé in 1687 and had children
 Louise Anne de Noailles (1662-1693) married Henri de Beaumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin. 
 Jean Baptiste Louis Gaston de Noailles (8 July 1669 - 15 September 1720) Bishop of Châlons.

Dukes of Noailles

Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
1678 deaths
Dukes and duchesses of France
Elisa Mainardi

Elisa Mainardi (27 July 1930 – 8 May 2016) was an Italian stage, movie and television actress. She was born in Rome. She was known for her roles in Fellini Satyricon, Roma, and And the Ship Sails On. Mainardi was also known for being in movies directed by Federico Fellini.

Mainardi died in Rome, Italy on 8 May 2016, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
2016 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Rome
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (born 1924)

Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (Aleksandar Pavlov Karađorđević; 13 August 1924 – 12 May 2016) was the elder son of Prince Paul. His father served as Regent of Yugoslavia in the 1930s, and his wife, Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. 

He was born in White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey.

Alexander married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of King Umberto II of Italy in 1955. Alexander and Maria Pia divorced in 1967. 

On 17 February 2008, Alexander said that he did not support the declaration of independence by Kosovo.

Alexander died on 12 May 2016 in Paris, aged 91.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2016 deaths
People from Surrey
Serbian people
Yugoslavian people
Joe Temperley

Joe Temperley (20 September 1929 – 11 May 2016) was a Scottish saxophonist. He has performed with many instruments but is most associated with the baritone saxophone and bass clarinet. He was born in Lochgelly, Scotland. Temperley played with The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, but most famously with Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra.

Temperley suffered from cancer and died on 11 May 2016 in Manhattan, New York from kidney failure.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
People with cancer
Scottish musicians
Saxophonists
Clarinetists