cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born as Maria Ludwig Michael Mies; March 27, 1886, Aachen – August 19, 1969, Chicago) was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to, and was addressed, as Mies, his surname. Along with Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the first masters of modern architecture.

Significant_buildings 
Barcelona PavilionTugendhat HouseCrown HallFarnsworth House860–880 Lake Shore DriveSeagram BuildingNew National GalleryToronto-Dominion CentreWestmount Square

References

Other websites

 Mies van der Rohe Society
 Mies van der Rohe Foundation 
 
 Mies in Berlin-Mies in America
 Great Buildings Architects
 Elmhurst Art Museum, featuring McCormick House
 Richard King Mellon Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
 Travel guide to Mies Buildings

1886 births
1969 deaths
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
American architects
German architects
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Aachen
Stickney (crater)

Stickney is the largest crater on Phobos.  Phobos is a satellite of Mars. It is at  and is  in diameter.  It makes a large part of the moon's surface.

It is named after Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, wife of Phobos's discoverer, Asaph Hall.

References

Other websites

 Flight around Phobos (animated movie)
 Stickney in High Resolution

Impact craters
Moons of Mars
Gao (surname)

Gao is a Chinese family name that can be literally translated as "high" or "tall". There are about 16 million living people with this surname. Some places, such as Taiwan, usually romanize this family name into Kao. In Hong Kong, it is romanized to Ko. In Macau, it is romanized to Kou.

Romanization and pronunciation

Surnames
Venule

A venule is a very small blood vessel.  It lets blood return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins. Venules range from 8 to 100μm in diameter.  They are formed when capillaries come together.

Blood vessels
World IPv6 Day

World IPv6 day was an event on January 12, 2011.  On World IPv6 day, many websites tested IPv6, the new version of the "Internet protocol".  There was another event on June 6, 2012 called "World IPv6 Launch Day".  On World IPv6 Launch Day, the Internet Society hoped that IPv6 would really be enabled and work on many websites.

Internet
Matsukata Kojiro

was a Japanese businessman and art collector. His collection of French art is the core of Japan's National Museum of Western Art (NMWA) in Ueno, central Tokyo.

Background 
Matsukata was the son of Matsukata Masayoshi who was a Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Period.

Career
Matsukata became  president of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company (Kawasaki Shōzō) in 1896.

Art collecting 

Masukata bought thousands of Western paintings and sculpture including Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" and "Gates of Hell." The Rodin sculptures in the NMWA entrance plaza were made from the same original casting as at the Rodin Museum in France.  In fact, Matsukata actually paid for the best Rodin castings in France today.

Some works collected by Matsukata are today in the French national collection of art.  

Matsukata's art collection was first seen by the Japanese public in 1959.

References

Other websites

 National Museum of Western Art website

Japanese people
1865 births
1950 deaths
Aberdeen (disambiguation)

Aberdeen is a city in Scotland, United Kingdom.

Aberdeen may also be:

Aberdeen, Scotland 
Aberdeen, Scotland, is home of:

 Aberdeen F.C.
 Aberdeen railway station

North America

United States of America

 Aberdeen, Idaho

 Aberdeen, Ohio

 Aberdeen, Washington
Pyramid (game show)

Pyramid is a game show which was shown on television. Many different versions of the show have been made. The current show is on GSN. on 1973 Present Until 1989 on ABC Game Show Network CBS Call NBC on New 2012 or 2016 in Match Game Wheel of Fortune & Jeopardy Game Show Network GSN (1994 Present) in 2001

History

$10,000 Pyramid
The first version of the game was called the $10,000 Pyramid. It was hosted by Dick Clark. The game show offered the largest prize on television at the time.

Other versions
The show ran for other versions. Some versions offered $25,000 as the prize. Others offered $100,000 as the prize.

The Pyramid
In 2012, GSN premiered a new version called The Pyramid. The show is based on the format of the old ones. This version premiered on September 3, 2012. It is hosted by Mike Richards. In this version, getting all 7 words right won the contestant $500, and the amount they would play for in the Winner's Circle went up by $5,000.

Gameplay
There are two halves of the game. The first and second halves are almost equal. In the first half, normal people team with famous people. One of the teams will try to describe a word to the other. There are seven words in each round. There are six total rounds in the first half. At the end of the half the team with the most points moves on. They go to the "Winner's Circle". In the Winner's Circle, one player will use short phrases to tell the other a category. There are six categories for the Winner's Circle. If the team guesses all six correct in one minute they win the prize money. For the second half the players switch famous people. The gameplay is the same in the second half.

Bonus cards
There have been many bonuses offered on the show. Some of the bonus cards are:
7/11: This was hidden under one of the first round subjects. The player would get $1,100 if they answered all 7 right in time.
Mystery 7: The player would get a surprise if they guessed all 7 words right in time. Prizes included trips, computers, and other items.

American television game shows
CBS network shows
ABC network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Game Show Network

GSN (formerly Game Show Network) is an American cable television game network. It shows game show episodes. It airs in the United States. 

The company is jointly owned by DirecTV and Sony Pictures Television.  The channel was launched on December 1, 1994.

Shows that air on GSN
Wheel of Fortune
Jeopardy!
Match Game
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
Whammy
Card Sharks
Press Your Luck
Lingo 
Family Feud 
Minute To Win It 
Friend or Foe 
Deal or No Deal 
The Pyramid

Originals 
America Says
The Chase
Get a Clue
Catch 21
Master Minds
Cash Cab
People Puzzler
Chain Reaction(2005/2016/2021)
Emogenius
Common Knowledge
Winsanity
Caroline & Friends
Idiotest

& More

Other websites
 

American  television  networks
Cable  television
Aleph one

Aleph one, written as , is an infinite cardinal number following aleph null (). It is the cardinality (size) of the set of numbers of possible arrangements for all countably infinite sets. Under the continuum hypothesis, it is also the cardinality of the real numbers. Aleph one is followed by aleph two, .

Related pages 

 Infinity

References 

Mathematics
Zayn Malik

Zain Javadd "Zayn" Malik ( (born 12 January 1993), who records as Zayn, is a British singer and songwriter. He was born and raised in Bradford.

Malik wanted to pursue a career in music from a young age leading him to audition as a solo artist for the British reality television music competition The X Factor in 2010. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Malik was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form the boy band that would become known as  One Direction.

During his time in the group, they released the albums Up All Night (2011), Take Me Home (2012), Midnight Memories (2013), and Four (2014).

Malik split from the boy band in March 2015 and signed a solo recording contract with RCA Records.

He has been in a relationship with American model Gigi Hadid since late 2015. In September 2020, Hadid gave birth to their daughter in New Hope, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

 
 

1993 births
Living people
British singer-songwriters
British R&B musicians
British pop musicians
British pop singers
People from Bradford
Harry Styles

Harry Edward Styles (born 1 February 1994) is an English singer-songwriter, and actor. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Louis Tomlinson, Liam Payne,  Niall Horan and Zayn Malik (2011-present).

Styles made his debut as a singer with his band White Eskimo, who performed locally in Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. In 2010, Styles auditioned as a solo artist for the British television series The X Factor. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Styles was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form One Direction. The group landed the title of being 3rd place through the season.

Many of his fans query about a relationship with former band member Louis Tomlinson, called the relationship Larry Stylinson. Styles has recently explained that he does not feel the need to label himself. He stated that “it’s not a case of I’m not telling you but only who cares”

Styles and his One Direction colleagues have released the albums Up All Night (2011), Take Me Home (2012), Midnight Memories (2013), Four (2014), and Made in the A.M. (2015). They have also performed on two worldwide tours, one featured on concert film One Direction: This Is Us, and won several awards, including five Brit Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards. Second album, Fine Line, (2019) was listed among Rolling Stone's 500 Greats Albums of All Time in 2020. The most popular songs of this album were Watermelon Sugar and Adore You

In 2017, Styles had a movie role as a British soldier named "Alex" in Christopher Nolan's war movie Dunkirk.
 
In 2018, Styles and his fellow executive producer, Ben Winston, will be creating a new television series called "Happy Together.

References

1994 births
Living people
English singer-songwriters
English movie actors
English rock singers
Musicians from Worcestershire
English rock guitarists
English pop musicians
English pop singers
Actors from Worcestershire
Louis Tomlinson

Louis William Tomlinson (born Louis Troy Austin; 24 December 1991) is an English singer and songwriter. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Liam Payne, Niall Horan and Harry Styles.

Tomlinson began his career as an actor appearing in ITV drama Fat Friends as an extra. He also went on to appear in another ITV drama movie If I Had You and the BBC drama Waterloo Road. In 2010, he auditioned in the tv series The X Factor, he met his bandmates and future husband Harry Styles. His band One Direction released their first album on November 18, 2011. They release 4 more albums, one of which became the most sold album of 2013. They went on a supposed "18 month hiatus", which has turned into 7 years. He was one of the main songwriters of the group 

Following the band's hiatus , Tomlinson released the singles "Just Hold On", "Back to You", "Miss You", and "Just Like You". In 2020 Louis released his debut album walls with 12 new tracks. In his album he has 3 singles, Kill my Mind, Two Of Us, and Walls. His first single kill my mind, was played at Wembly stadium for the 2020 euro after his fans voted him in. His second single Two Of Us was writen from Louis to his mother after her death in 2016.

In 2013, he was signed as a footballer by Doncaster Rovers of the Football League Championship on a non-contract basis. The same year he also formed his own record label, Triple Strings Ltd. He appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK.

References

1991 births
Living people
English singer-songwriters
English pop singers
English rock singers
English footballers
Actors from Yorkshire
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
John Burgoyne

John Burgoyne (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a general in the British Army. In 1777, he led the British troops in the Battle Of Saratoga where he surrendered to American general Horatio Gates. This success led to France and Spain recognizing the United States and offering aid to the continental army. Historians consider this to be the turning point for the American Revolutionary War.

British in the American Revolutionary War
British Army generals
1792 deaths
1722 births
Honda Ridgeline

Honda Ridgeline is a mid sized pickup truck produced by Honda. The first model year for this truck was 2006; it has undergone several changes in design since being introduced. Unlike a traditional body-on-frame truck, the Ridgeline uses a closed box unibody frame similar to the one used on the Accord, Pilot and Odyssey. Despite good sales Honda pulled the truck in 2015. A second generation model was introduced in 2017.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Honda automobiles
G. D. Spradlin

Gervase Duan "G.D." Spradlin (August 31, 1920 – July 24, 2011) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. He was known for his roles as Senator Pat Geary in The Godfather II and as the General in Apocalypse Now.

Spradlin was born on August 31, 1920 in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma. He studied at the University of Oklahoma. Spradlin was married to Nell Spradlin from 1944 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Frances Hendrickson from 2002 until his death in 2011. He had two children with Nell. Spradlin died on July 24, 2011 from natural causes in San Luis Obispo, California, aged 90.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Oklahoma
Anna Faris

Anna Kay Faris (born November 29, 1976) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress, comedian and singer who is known for her roles in all four Scary Movies, Lost in Translation, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, The House Bunny and Overboard.

Faris was born on November 29, 1976 in Baltimore, Maryland. She was raised in Edmonds, Washington. She studied at Edmonds-Woodway High School and at the University of Washington. 

She was married to Ben Indra from 2004 until they divorced in 2008. She was married to Chris Pratt from 2009 to 2018. She has a son, Jack Pratt by her second husband Chris Pratt. In 2017, Faris and Pratt legally separated and divorced the following year. In 2021, she married Michael Barrett.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Baltimore
Actors from Washington
American movie actors
Singers from Baltimore
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Baltimore
Comedians from Washington
Singers from Maryland
Singers from Washington
Hollywood Records

Hollywood Records is an American record label.  They focus on pop, rock, alternative and teen pop genres. It was founded in 1989.  It is one of the major DMG labels. 

Its current roster includes artists such as: Demi Lovato, Queen, Plain White T's, Jesse McCartney, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Breaking Benjamin, Jessica Sutta, Lucy Hale, Miley Cyrus, Selena Gomez & the Scene, Valora, Cherri Bomb, Stefano Langone, Bridgit Mendler, and Zendaya Coleman.

Other websites
 

Disney companies
American record labels
Companies based in Burbank, California
1989 establishments in California
Hoplite

A hoplite was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. A hoplite's main weapon was his spear. They fought close together in what was called a phalanx formation. In a phalanx, each man's shield protected himself and also gave some protection to the right arm of the man on his left. 

The word "hoplite" comes from  the type of the shield used by the soldiers. In later texts, the term hoplite is used to denote any armoured infantry, regardless of armament or ethnicity.

The armour of a hoplite included:
helmet with face covered
shield
body armour
greaves (leg armour)
sword
spear

A hoplite was usually a free citizen who got his own armour and weapons. In most Greek city-states, citizens got basic military training, serving in the standing army for a time. They were expected to take part in any military campaign when they would be called for duty. The Lacedaemonian citizens (Sparta) were renowned for their lifelong combat training and almost mythical military prowess, while their greatest adversaries, the Athenians, were exempted from service only after the 60th year of their lives.

The phalanx, and hence the armour, was trained to work as a team. A phalanx tended to be 8 rows or more deep, each row with a leader, and an officer who kept order in the rear. The first lines would stab at their opponents, at the same time try to keep in position. The ranks behind them would support them with their spears and the mass of their shields gently pushing them, not to force them into the enemy but to keep them steady and in place. At certain points, a command would be given to take a certain number of steps forward. 

In battle, a phalanx would tend to drift to the right (as hoplites sought to keep behind the shield of their neighbour). The weak spot on a phalanx was on the right, where the free arms were unprotected by shields. The most experienced hoplites were often placed on the right side of the phalanx, to counteract these problems.

Notes 

Ancient Greece
Armour
Mush March

Harold "Mush" March (18 October 1908 – 9 January 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 17 seasons in the NHL for the Chicago Black Hawks.

March was best known for scoring the game-winning second overtime goal in Game 4 of the 1934 Stanley Cup Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was also the first recorded player to win the Stanley Cup on an overtime goal. March won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks again in 1938. He scored the very first goal in Maple Leaf Gardens on November 12, 1931 and also dropped the very same puck that he used to score the first goal during the ceremonial opening faceoff as part of the final game played at the Gardens. March was the last surviving member of Black Hawks 1934 Stanley Cup team.

References

Other websites

1908 births
2002 deaths
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Chicago Blackhawks players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Stanley Cup champions
Memorial Cup winners
Semantic resolution tree

A semantic resolution tree is a tree used for the definition of the semantics of a programming language.

Data structures
Computer programming
Independence Day of Pakistan

Independence Day (; Youm-e-Azadi), observed annually on 14 August, is a National holiday in Pakistan, commemorating the day when Pakistan achieved independence and was declared a sovereign nation, following the end of the British Raj in 1947. Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement; the Pakistan Movement aimed for creation of an independent Muslim state by partition of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent and was led by All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Pakistani culture
Holidays
Pak
Oh-My-God particle

The Oh-My-God particle was a really tiny portion of matter or energy (undefined) moving incredibly fast. It was first spotted on the evening of 15 October 1991 over Dugway Proving Ground in Utah and shocked many astrophysicists. It has an estimated energy of  (50 J)—in other words, a subatomic particle with kinetic energy equal to that of a baseball () traveling at about . That amount of energy is also 50 times the energy that a collision in the Large Hadron Collider would have.

The speed of the particle was almost the speed of light. If a year were to pass in a race between a ray of light and the particle the distance will be 0.00000046 millimetre or be behind 0.00000000000000015 seconds.

There have been at least 15 similar events recorded.

References 

Subatomic particles
Doru Shahabad

Doru () is a town of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Krishnamurti

Jiddu Krishnamurti (11 May 1895 – 17 February 1986) was an Indian-born speaker on philosophical and spiritual subjects. His career had two clearly distinct stages. In the first, he was the pupil and eventually leader of the new religious movement known as Theosophy. In the second part he rejected Theosophy and every belief associated with it, saying: "I maintain that truth is a pathless land, and you cannot approach it by any path whatsoever, by any religion, by any sect".

Theosophy 
Krishnamurti was born into a Brahmin family in what was then British India. In early adolescence, he had a chance encounter with prominent occultist and high-ranking theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater in the grounds of the Theosophical Society headquarters at Adyar in Madras (now Chennai). He was subsequently raised by Annie Besant and Leadbeater, leaders of the Society at the time. They believed him to be a "vehicle" for an expected World Teacher. While he was young, Besant had control over his life, and won a court case for custody of Krishnamurti and his brother.

Freedom 
As a young man, Krishnamurti disavowed Theosophy and dissolved the worldwide organization (the Order of the Star in the East) established to support it. He resigned from the various trusts and other organizations which were affiliated with Order of the Star, and the Theosophical Society. He returned the monies and properties donated to the Order, among them a castle in the Netherlands and  of land, to their donors.

From then on he claimed allegiance to no nationality, caste, religion, or philosophy. He spent the rest of his life travelling the world, speaking to large and small groups and individuals. He authored many books, among them The First and Last Freedom,  The Only Revolution, and Krishnamurti's Notebook. Many of his talks and discussions have been published.

Krishnamurti did not accept followers nor worshippers. He thought the relationship between disciple and guru encouraged dependency and exploitation. He accepted gifts and financial support freely offered to him by people inspired by his work, and continued with lecture tours and the publication of books and talk transcripts for more than half a century.

He constantly urged people to think independently, and he invited them to explore and discuss specific topics together with him. His subject matter included: psychological revolution, the nature of mind, meditation, inquiry, human relationships, and bringing about change in society. He stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasized that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.

His supporters, working through non-profit foundations in India, Great Britain and the United States, oversee several independent schools based on his views on education. They continue to transcribe and distribute his thousands of talks, group and individual discussions, and writings by use of a variety of media formats and languages.

References 

1895 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Religious leaders
Philosophers
Spiritual teachers
XYZ Affair

France was taking American ships in 1797. President John Adams wanted to avoid a war with France, so he sent officials to France to discuss the rights of neutral nations. However, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, sent three secret agents who insisted that America give a loan to France and pay a bribe. President Adams refused the offer that France gave. When he told the public in 1798, he addressed the Frenchmen as X, Y, and Z, hence the name of this affair. People hated the XYZ Affair, saying, “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” America soon quickly declined France’s offer. John Adams decided to start preparing for unofficial war, but not declaring war so as to keep peace.

1790s in the United States
1790s in France
1798
Craig Defoy

Craig Defoy (born 27 March 1947) is a Welsh professional golfer. Defoy played on the European Tour. He did not win but had three second-place finishes.

British golfers
Welsh sportspeople
1947 births
Living people
Deep Space Network

The Deep Space Network is NASA's group of large antennae at three stations around world. They are at Madrid, California, and Canberra, approximately 120 degrees apart around the Earth. They communicate with satellites and probes in space. The antennas are also used as radio telescopes to learn about stars and other natural things in space.

NASA
Edwin M. Stanton

Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the United States Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory under the command by Ulysses S. Grant.

Early life
Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, the eldest of four children to David and Lucy Norman Stanton. Throughout his childhood and adult life Stanton suffered from asthma. Stanton studied at Kenyon College. He was also from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Personal life
He was married to Mary Lamson from 1836 until her death in 1844. They had two children; Lucy Lamson and Edwin Lamson. Then he was married to Ellen Hutchinson. His brother David committed suicide. Stanton died on December 24, 1869 in Washington, D.C. from respiratory failure, aged 55.

References

Other websites

Biography from "Impeach Andrew Johnson".
Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.
Mr. Lincoln's White House: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.

1814 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Lawyers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
American abolitionists
People from Steubenville, Ohio
United States Attorneys General
United States Secretaries of War
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Ohio
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lawyers from Ohio
Samuel J. Tilden

Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the United States from which he lost to Rutherford B. Hayes in one of the most contentious and violent American elections in the 19th century. Tilden was also Governor of New York from January 1, 1875 through December 31, 1876.

Tilden was born on February 9, 1814 in New Lebanon, New York. He studied at Yale University and at the University of New York. Tilden was never married and had no children. Tilden died on August 4, 1886 in Yonkers, New York from natural causes, aged 72. Tilden's gravestone has the phrase "I still trust the people" on it.

References

Other websites
Samuel Tilden.com
Hayes-Tilden election described in detail, compared to Bush-Gore election

1814 births
1886 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Lawyers from New York
Governors of New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Horatio Seymour

Horatio Seymour (May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the 18th Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant.

Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, New York on May 31, 1810. He studied at Geneva College. He was married to Mary Bleecker. They had no children. Seymour died on February 12, 1886 from an illness, aged 75. His wife, Mary Bleecker died a month later also from an illness.

References

Other websites

Mr. Lincoln and New York: Horatio Seymour 
First Edition 1862 Report on Horatio Seymour Winning New York Governor's Race.

1810 births
1886 deaths
Lawyers from New York
Governors of New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Stephen A. Douglas

Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois. He was a U.S. Representative, a U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.

Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because though short in physical stature, he was a forceful and even dominant figure in politics.

Douglas was born on April 23, 1813 in Brandon, Vermont. He was raised in Jacksonville, Illinois. He was married to Martha Martin from 1847 until her death in 1853. They had three children. Then he was married to Adele Cutts from 1856 until his death in 1861. They had one child. Douglas died from pneumonia caused by Typhoid fever in Chicago, Illinois on June 3, 1861, aged 48.

References

Other websites

Project Gutenberg text of Life of Stephen A. Douglas by William Gardner
Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850

1813 births
1861 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from typhoid fever
United States senators from Illinois
Lawyers from Vermont
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Vermont
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Surtur (Marvel Comics)

Surtur is a fictional character that appears in comic books by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the giant Surtr from Norse mythology.

Marvel Comics characters
Phaistos disc

The Phaistos disc is a bronze age artifact. The disc  is about  in diameter and is made of clay. It is covered with many symbols. It is from the civilization of Minoa on the Greek island of Crete, possibly from the 2nd millennium BC. 

The symbols cover both sides of the disc. They show everyday things. They were stamped onto the disc, pressed into the clay when it was still soft. They run in a spiral. This disc is the first known "printed" work in history; in the sense that there was a re-usable set of characters and drawings. It is the only artefact of its kind. Many questions have been asked about the disc, about its purpose, and if the signs shown actually represent writing.

In total, there are 242 tokens on the disc, taken from a set of  45 unique signs. There are arranged in 61 groups, separated by lines. Groups are between two and seven stamps long. Because the "text" is very short, and the disc is unique, it is likely that it will not be deciphered.

References 

Minoan culture
Chris Pratt

Christopher Michael  Pratt (born June 21, 1979) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Harold Brighton "Bright" Abbott in the series Everwood, Ché in The O.C. (2003), and Andy Dwyer and Parks and Recreation (2009), a role which garnered him a Critics' Choice nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2013.  He also was the voice of Emmet in the 2014 animated film The Lego Movie and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019).

In recent years, Pratt is known for his role as Owen in the Jurassic Park movie series beginning in the 2015 movie Jurassic World and continuing in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018).

Personal life
Pratt was born in Virginia, Minnesota on June 21, 1979. He was raised in Lake Stevens, Washington. He married Anna Faris in 2009. Their son, Jack Pratt, was born August 25, 2012. In 2017, Pratt and Faris legally separated and divorced in 2018. He later married author Katherine Schwarzenegger in 2019. They have one child.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Kennedy family
Actors from Minnesota
Actors from Washington
Rosario Couture

Joseph Albert Rosario "Rosie, Lolo" Couture (July 24, 1905 – March 1, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 8 seasons in the NHL; 7 seasons for the Chicago Black Hawks and 1 season for the Montreal Canadiens.

Couture won the Stanley Cup with the Black Hawks in 1934. Couture along with Leroy Goldsworthy were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August of 1934.

Other websites

1905 births
1986 deaths
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Chicago Blackhawks players
Montreal Canadiens players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Stanley Cup champions
National Assembly of Benin

The National Assembly is Benin's legislative body.  It is unicameral, meaning there is only one legislative body.

In 2012 the National Assembly has 83 members.  Members are directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation.  They serve five-year terms. 

Benin
Benin
Robert Osborne

Robert Jolin Osborne Jr. (May 3, 1932 – March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016.

Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017.

Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84.

References

Other websites

Official website
Robert Osborne's column  in The Hollywood Reporter

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American historians
LGBT actors
LGBT writers
Gay men
American LGBT people
Actors from Washington
Writers from Washington
Angélique Kidjo

Angélique Kpasseloko Hinto Hounsinou Kandjo Manta Zogbin Kidjo, commonly known as Angélique Kidjo, is a Beninoise singer-songwriter and activist.  She is noted for her diverse musical influences and creative music videos. 

Time Magazine called her "Africa's premier diva". The Guardian listed her as one of their Top 100 Most Inspiring Women in the World. She was the first woman to be listed on "The 40 Most Powerful Celebrities In Africa" by Forbes Magazine.

Discography

Pretty (1988) (African release only)
Parakou (1990)
Logozo (1991)
Ayé (1994)
Fifa (1996)
Oremi (1998)
Keep On Moving: The Best Of Angelique Kidjo (2001)
Black Ivory Soul (2002)
Oyaya! (2004)
Djin Djin (2007)
Õÿö (2010)
Spirit Rising (Live) (2012)

Awards
 Danish Music Awards: Best Female Singer (Denmark, 1995)
 Kora Music Awards: Best African Female artist (Africa, 1997)
 Mobo Awards for Best World Music Act (UK, 2002)
 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2008)
 Commander of the National Order of Benin (Benin, 2008)
 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2011)

References

1960 births
Beninese people
Gospel musicians
Jazz musicians
Jazz singers
Living people
Reggae musicians
Grammy Award winners
Dhobi Ghat

Dhobi Ghat or Dhoby Ghaut is a word used in various parts of South Asia. It means a place where the traditional dhobi caste of washermen and women go to wash clothes. The word usually means a place near a river or stream, in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a Dhobi Ghat  doesn't necessarily have to be near a source of natural water. 

The world's largest Dhobi Ghat is said to be in Mumbai, India. It figured in the famous  Dhobi Ghat (2010).

India
Pakistani culture
Djimon Hounsou

Djimon Gaston Hounsou (born April 24, 1964) is a Beninese-American actor and model. As an actor, Hounsou has been nominated for two Academy Awards.

In 1987, he became a model and started a career in Paris. He moved to the United States in 1990.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe he plays the role of Korath the Pursuer in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and in Captain Marvel (2019). Also, in the DC Extended Universe, he played the role of the Fisherman King in Aquaman (2018), and the wizard Shazam in Shazam! (2019).

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

1964 births
Living people
African American actors
Beninese people
American movie actors
American television actors
French television actors
French movie actors
Wally Badarou

Wally Badarou (born Waliou Jacques Daniel Isheola Badarou, 22 March 1955, Paris, France) is a musician from Benin.  Badarou played with the British band Level 42.

Badarou helped organise the Kora All Africa Music Awards in 1997.  He co-wrote and produced So Why, a charity album for the ICRC.

Discography

Solo
1979: Back to Scales Tonight
1984: Echoes
1985: Chief Inspector (EP)
1989: Words of a Mountain
1997: So Why
2001: Colors of Silence : Musical poetry for Yoga
2009: The Unnamed Trilogy

Movie scores
1981: Dickie Jobson: Countryman
1982: Nathalie Delon & Yves Deschamps: They Called It an Accident
1985: Hector Babenco: Kiss Of The SpiderWoman (additional music)
1991: Lol Creme: The Lunatic
1997: Idrissa Ouedraogo: Kini & Adams
1997: Don Letts & Rick Elgood: DanceHall Queen
1999: Chris Browne: Third World Cop
2000: John Berry: Boesman & Lena

Producer (and co-producer)
1979: Janic Prévost - J'veux d'la Tendresse
1981: Alain Chamfort - Amour Année Zéro
1983: Marianne Faithfull - A Child's Adventure (& co-writer)
1985: Level 42 - World Machine (& co-writer)
1986: Alain Chamfort - Tendres Fièvres (& co-writer)
1986: Fela Ransome Kuti - Teacher Don't Teach Me NonSense
1987: Level 42 - Running in the Family (& co-writer)
1988: Level 42 - Staring at the Sun (& co-writer)
1990: Level 42 - Guaranteed (& co-writer)
1993: Level 42 - Forever Now (& co-writer)
1995: Salif Keita - Folon
1996: Carlinhos Brown - AlfaGamaBetizado
1998: Yannick Noah & Zam Zam - Zam Zam
1998: Wasis Diop - Toxu
2000: Trilok Gurtu  -The Beat Of Love (& co-writer)
2001: i Muvrini - Umani

References

1955 births
Living people
Beninese people
Musicians from Paris
Gnonnas Pedro

Gnonnan Sossou Pierre Kouassivi, known by the stage name Gnonnas Pedro was a singer and musician from Lokossa, Benin. He is best known as the lead singer of Africando between 1995 and his death in 2004.

Gnonnas Pedro died August 12, 2004, age 61 of prostate cancer in a hospital of Cotonou, Benin.

Discography

Solo

 Dadjes: The Band Of Africa (1975)
 Gnonnas Pedro (Disco Stock, 1979)
 El Cochechivo (Ledoux, 1981)
 Agbadja (Syllart, 1999)
 Irma koi (Syllart, 1999)
 The best of Gnonnas Pedro (2003)

With Africando

 Gombo Salsa (Stern's Africa STCD1071, 1996)
 Baloba (Stern's Africa STCD1082, 1998)
 Mandali (Stern's Africa STCD1092, 2000) Credited to Africando All Stars. Released in France as Betece
 Live! (Sono CDS8907, double CD, 2001) Out of print
 Martina (Stern's Africa STCD1096, 2003)
 Ketukuba (Stern's Africa STCD1103, 2006) Released after his death.

References

1940s births
2004 deaths
Singers
Beninese people
Zam Zama

Zam Zama or Zam-zammah also often called the 'terror of Northern India' is an old cannon. It is made of brass and was made in Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1762, on the orders of the Afghan king. Ahmad Shah Durrani. It was of great size back then, and had tremendous fire-power, and all armies opposing the Afghans were terrified of it in the region. 

The cannon was later damaged in a military campaign and sank to the bottom of the Chenab River from where it was recovered and captured by the victorious Sikh Khalsa forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. After that, the Punjab region fell under Sikh rule, giving birth to the superstition that 'whoever holds Zam Zama holds the Punjab'.

The cannon was later taken to Delhi but brought back to Lahore in 1870 and installed outside the old Lahore Museum and then later on shifted outside the present museum building in the 1890s, opposite to the old campus of the University of the Punjab. It was later restored and cleaned up in the 1990s.

During the period of British India, Zam Zama achieved special fame when the writer Rudyard Kipling mentioned in the opening pages of Kim (book), published in 1901.

References

History of India
History of Pakistan
Lahore Museum

The Lahore Museum or Ajaib Ghar (Urdu: Wonder House) is a museum in the city of Lahore, India and Pakistan. It is the largest and best museum in the country.

History
The original old Lahore Museum was made during British Indian times in the 1860s, in what had been the old 'Punjab Exhibition Hall' and the famous gun Zam Zama was installed outside it in 1870. This old museum, along with the Punjab School of Arts (later the Mayo College of Arts) was looked after by John Lockwood Kipling (1837-1911) father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who mentioned the museum and Zam Zama in his Kim (book) (1901). In 1894, the museum's 'new' building was completed and it shifted there the same year, right opposite the old campus of the University of the Punjab, on the Mall.

Collection
At present, the Lahore Museum is set in its beautiful grounds and has one of the best collections of arts and artifacts in its galleries in South Asia. Especially notable are: (a) its ancient Gandhara Buddhist sculptures (b) its Tibetan and Hill States collection (c) its famed collection of miniature paintings from the Mughal Empire and the Pahari school and (d) its excellent collection of contemporary paintings by some of Pakistan's most prominent artists such as Ustad Allah Bux, A.R. Chughtai, Shakir Ali, Sadequain, Gulgee and others.

References

Further reading

Other websites

Lahore Museum Official Website
Lahore Museum as it looked in 1900

Lahore
Museums in Pakistan
1865 establishments
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Don't Break the Oath

Don't Break the Oath is the second studio album by Mercyful Fate, a heavy metal band from Denmark.  Some people who make music and people who talk about music think it is one of the best heavy metal albums ever.



History
In the 1980s, there were a lot of bands in Europe playing heavy metal.  Many of them were playing music like bands from the United Kingdom, in a way that was called the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (or NWOBHM for short).  There were a lot of hard rock bands, too, and there were a lot of things hard rock bands and NWOBHM bands both did.  Mercyful Fate was one of the first few NWOBHM bands to be different from hard rock bands on purpose.

King Diamond, the singer and leader of Mercyful Fate, painted his face with upside-down crosses and wrote lyrics about Satan, Hell, and things like that.  Hank Shermann, the band's guitarist, played very fast and with a lot of guitar solos to help make the band sound evil.  Mercyful Fate had already started to do these things in 1983 with their last album, Melissa.

Sound

How they played their instruments
Hank Shermann and Michael Denner wrote the songs in a way that fit well with King Diamond's singing.  Like on Melissa, King Diamond sang in a high-pitched way that was different from other heavy metal singers.

What the songs are about
All of the ideas in all of the songs are evil.  They talk about things like bringing back people from the dead, casting black magic, and witches and demons.  Worshipping Satan is a special subject, and is talked about on almost every song.

Song list
 "A Dangerous Meeting" – 5:12
 "Nightmare" – 6:21
 "Desecration of Souls" – 4:57
 "Night of the Unborn" – 5:02
 "The Oath" – 7:34
 "Gypsy" – 3:10
 "Welcome Princess of Hell" – 4:06
 "To One Far Away" – 1:31
 "Come to the Sabbath" – 5:18

People who made the album

People who played music on the album
King Diamond – singing, keyboards
Hank Shermann – guitar
Michael Denner – guitar
Timi "Grabber" Hansen – bass
Kim Ruzz – drums

People who helped make the album sound right
Bill Turjancik – producer
Henrik Lund - producer, engineer
Niels Erik Otto – engineer

1984 albums
Heavy metal albums
Didier Demazière

Didier Demazière is a French sociologist specialized in the study of unemployment. He is senior researcher at  French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS).

Bibliography 
 L'injonction au professionnalisme. Analyse d'une dynamique plurielle (The injunction professionalism. Dynamic analysis of a plural), with Valérie Boussard and Philip Milburn, (2010).
 Sociologie des groupes professionnels. Acquis récents, nouveaux défis (Sociology of professional groups. Recent achievements, new challenges), with Charles Gadéa, (2009).
 Sociologie des chômeurs (Sociology of unemployed), (2006), ()
 Analyses textuelles en sociologie. Logiciels, méthodes, usages (Textual analysis in sociology. Software, methods, uses), (2006).
 Analyser les entretiens biographiques (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Claude Dubar, 2004. ()
 Le chômage. Comment peut-on être chômeur ? (Unemployment. How can you be unemployed?), (2003).
 Chômeurs: du silence à la révolte. Sociologie d'une action collective (Unemployed: from silence to revolt. Sociology of collective action), with Maria Teresa Pignoni, (1999).
 Le chômage de longue durée (The long-term unemployment), (1995).
 La sociologie du chômage (The sociology of unemployment), (1995).
 Longue durée. Vivre en chômage (Long-term. Living in unemployment), with Marc Helleboid and Jacques Mondoloni, (1994).
 Le chômage en crise? La négociation des identités des chômeurs de longue durée (Unemployment crisis? Negotiation of identities of long-term unemployed), (1992)

References

Year of birth unknown
French sociologists
Living people
Legal clinic

A legal clinic or law clinic is a place where people get legal help.  They are non-profit organizations.  Clinics can be found in many countries.

When legal clinics were first started, they were a way for law students to get practical experience.  Many legal clinics offer pro bono work. 

Law
A.R. Chughtai

A.R. Chughtai or in full Abdur Rahman Chughtai (1897-1975) was a Pakistani artist and painter. He was well known for his unique style of painting deeply influenced by the miniature paintings of the Mughal Empire. 

1897 births
1975 deaths
Pakistani people
Ustad Allah Bux

Ustad Allah Baksh (1895-1978; ) was a very well known early modern artist and painter of Pakistan. He is best known today for his depictions of rural life in the country and for subjects from Hindu and Persian mythology.Whenever Pakistan's folk culture and life will be talked about, the name of Ustad (ustad means a maestro) Allah Baksh will stand out prominently. He was the man who immortalized our rural life, and specially of the Punjab – the land where he was born in 1885 in the small town of Wazirabad, Punjab. His very near-to-life life-size paintings are full of colour, life and people that forces an onlooker to stop in his tracks and appreciate his masterly work of art. He died in October 1978. His grave can be found at Muslim Town graveyard, Lahore.

Ustad Allah Bakhsh was lucky to have found Master Abdullah, a great maestro of his own time and a master of miniature art. He started learning from his ustad at the age of five and by the age of fourteen he had become an artist of his own style. He also learnt the art of painting from Master Meeran Bakhsh Naqash, a known teacher and painter and was also the Vice Principal of the Mayo School of Arts, now the National College of Arts Lahore.

His art treasure has been preserved in the National art gallery is an exclusive corner attributed to one of the great master painters of Pakistan and Indo-Pak subcontinent. Besides, his studio where he used to spend most of his time has been converted into an academy "Allah Bux Academy" which is now serving as a learning ground for those who wants to excel in this great master's style.

Sources 

1895 births
1978 deaths
Pakistani people
Punjabi people
Henna

Henna, also known as mehandi or mendhi is a flowering plant. It has been used since ancient times to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, cotton, wool and other fabrics. The name is also used for the dye or color preparation derived from the plant, and for the art of making temporary tattoos or designs from these dyes. These henna tattoos are often used in wedding ceremonies. 

In addition, the name is also sometimes used, wrongly, for other chemical preparations and dyes that are in fact not made from this plant. 

The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic  (or colloquially , loosely pronounced /ħinna/). The natural dye is still mostly used in Arabia, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan.

Uses 
Henna is used for many hair related problems. 

Scalp Itchiness: The anti-microbial and anti-fungal property of henna is the best to soothe the itchy scalp. 

Relieves Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in the production of free radicals. It causes hair loss, hair damage, breakage, and premature greying of hair. Henna has antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress. 

Hair Growth: Henna has properties that help repair hair cuticles, making hair strands thick and strong.

References 
Flowering plants
Middle East
Indian culture
Pakistani culture
List of New England Patriots players

This is a list of New England Patriots players.

Tom Brady, QB
Brian Hoyer, QB
James White, RB
Dion Lewis, RB
Rex Burkhead, RB

Lists of sportspeople