cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Jeffrey Dahmer

Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer (May 21, 1960 – November 28, 1994) was an American serial killer. He was born in Wisconsin and moved to Ohio in 1966. He murdered young males in Wisconsin and Ohio from 1978-1991. In 1992, he was convicted of 15 murders. Dahmer later confessed to 17 murders in all, dating back to his first victim in 1978. The jury rejected Dahmer's insanity defense, and he was sentenced to 15 life terms (life imprisonment is the maximum penalty that Wisconsin has, but not Ohio, which has the death penalty). He was beaten to death with workout equipment by another inmate, Christopher Scarver, who had been jailed for murder, on the morning of November 28, 1994.  Scarver also killed another inmate, Jesse Anderson, at the same time with the workout equipment. Anderson had been jailed for murder as well. They had all been working out together.

Dahmer was diagnosed with three personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal.

References 

1960 births
1994 deaths
Deaths by beating
American murder victims
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American rapists
American serial killers
Criminals from Ohio

Gay men
LGBT people from Ohio
LGBT people from Wisconsin
Murdered criminals
People murdered in the United States
People who died in prison custody in the United States
People with antisocial personality disorder
People with borderline personality disorder
American cannibals
Art history

Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contents; that is genre, design, format, and style. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture and other decorative objects. An art historian is a person who studies the history of art, and then writes about it or teaches about it so that other people can learn about this subject as well.

The first person to become an art historian was Giorgio Vasari. He lived in Florence during the Renaissance, at a time when there were many famous artists alive. Vasari was an artist himself. He decided to write down all the stories that were told in Florence about the many different artists who had made the city famous. He included biographies of several other artists from Northern Italy as well. When all the information was collected and the biographies written, he published them in 1568 in a book called Lives of the Artists. Because of this book, art students today have a lot of information about artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian and their works.

References 

Art
Dugong

The dugong (Dugong dugon) is a large mammal that lives its whole life in the sea. 

They are sometimes called "sea cows" as they eat large amounts of sea grass. They live in warm, shallow areas where the sea grass grows. This area includes the north coast of Australia, and in other countries in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. 

Dugongs are more closely related to elephants than to other sea creatures. Their closest aquatic relative is the manatee, a fresh water species found in America and West Africa.

The dugong can grow to about  long and weigh as much as . They only come to the surface to breathe, and unlike seals, they never come up on the land. A baby dugong is called a calf. It drinks milk from its mother until about two years old. A dugong reaches its adult size between the ages of 9 and 17 years. The dugong can live for up to 70 years of age. They are grey to brown in color. They have a tail with flukes, like a whale, and flippers. They do not have a dorsal fin like a shark. They have a wide flat nose, small eyes, and small ears.

The dugong is a migratory animal, but very slow moving. Studies by James Cook University showed that while many dugongs traveled less than , some went as far as . Scientists believe that dugongs move long distances for several reasons. They may be looking for food, as cyclones or floods can affect the seagrass. Males may be following females, or looking for their own territory. If the water gets cold, less than 17 degrees Centigrade, they will travel to warmer areas. 

Because of their size, the only other species to attack dugongs are sharks, the Saltwater Crocodile and killer whales.

References

Sirenia
Mammals of Australia
Disk image

A disk image is a single computer file containing the complete contents of a device that contains data, such as a hard drive, tape drives, floppy disk, CD, DVD, BD, and key drive. 

A disk image file (or simply a disk image) is an exact binary copy of an entire disk or drive. Disk image files contain all the data stored on the source drive including not only its files and folders but also its boot sectors, file allocation tables, volume attributes and any other system-specific data. A disk image is not a collection of files or folders but is an exact duplicate of the raw data of the original disk, sector by sector.

Computing
R-Drive Image

R-Drive Image is disk cloning computer program that can create copies of computer hard drives. This program is developed by R-Tools Technology Inc..

File format
R-Drive Image uses a closed file format, with the .arc extension (unrelated to the data compression format also with the .arc extension).

Related pages
Disk cloning
List of disk cloning software

References

Other websites 
Official website
Reviews:  ,  ,  , 

Software
Live CD
Parnitha

Parnitha is a mountain of Greece. It is in the south of Greece, in Attica peninsula. This mountain is the highest mountain in Attica, 1,413 meters high. The mountain is covered by dense vegetation. In the lower points is covered by Pine forests and in the higher points by Greek-fir forests. In the summer of 2007 a big part of forest was burnt because of a destructive wildfire.

References

Balkan Mountains
Mountains of Greece
Child abandonment

Child abandonment is when a parent leaves their child. There are many causes of child abandonment, including poverty or mental illness. In many countries, if a children are abandoned, they become orphans and live in an orphanage. They are raised there until they reach 18.

In the United States, "Safe Haven Laws" allow parents to leave their infants at certain safe places.  The goal of these laws is to keep parents from leaving their infants in unsafe places, or killing them.  In some states, leaving a baby at a Safe Haven is thought of as child abandonment, and a complaint may be filed in family court.  But as long as the baby has not been hurt, the parents cannot be charged with a crime for leaving their baby at a Safe Haven.  The baby is given to state child protection workers, who find a safe place for the baby and try to get him or her adopted.  Hospitals, fire stations, and police stations are common Safe Havens.

History
Abandonment (or exposure) was a widely used method of getting rid of babies that parents did not want. Babies would be left outside, often in a pot or a vase, to die. It was practiced in ancient times, especially in Athens. The babies at the most risk were girls; babies with physical disabilities; ugly babies; children born to poor families; and babies who looked unwell. In past days, Women would not voice their thoughts on whether their babies were left to die. Due to the patriarchic structure of society, the fathers were the only ones who ultimately had a say. When it comes to child protection, your local authority and the police may become involved if they believe you child is at risk or is out of your control.

References

Child abuse
Helix

In math, a helix is a curve in three dimensions. It looks a bit like a spiral. Each helix has a line called its axis. The helix has a constant angle to this line. Helices are often seen in nature and the sciences. 

Three-dimensional shapes
The Cartoon Cartoon Show

The Cartoon Cartoon Show is the programming block that airs 15 Cartoon Cartoons on Cartoon Network. The block began airing in 2005 and has appeared on weekends at 8AM and 12PM ever since. The block also appears on weekdays at 2PM.

Cartoon Network series
English-language television programs
Theory of everything

We do not have a theory of everything. It is a hope for the future. The basic concept of the theory of everything is that one theory could explain every aspect of physics.  The four basic forces of nature are gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and the electromagnetic force; the theory of general relativity explains gravity, and quantum mechanics explains the other three forces. Right now, no one theory that everyone accepts can explain all four forces.

String theory is a theory that could become the "theory of everything".

Unified field theory 
Unified field theory is a hope for a theory of fields in physics that will explain all natural phenomena. Theories in physics can be very different and even disagree with each other. This is true for example for quantum mechanics (the science of very small things) and general relativity (the science of space and time). The goal of unified field theory is to take all the different parts of physics and combine them into one theory that explains everything. The Standard Model comes close to a unified field theory, combining everything except general relativity.

References

Nuclear physics
Basic physics ideas
Dichotomous key

A dichotomous key is a series of questions with only two alternatives. There are only two options at each step. The purpose is to make an identification or to reach a decision. The system has long been used for identifying animals and plants. However, in principle, it can be used for many other tasks, such as fault-finding in complex machinery.

Taxonomy
KISS (principle)

The KISS principle is "Keep It Simple, Stupid". It is an acronym, with the letters KISS making the beginnings of the important words. It was used as a principle for design by the U.S. Navy in 1960. The phrase is said to have been first used by Kelly Johnson, lead engineer at the Lockheed Skunk Works.

There are several variations of the phrase, such as "Keep it short and simple".

Related pages
Occam's razor

References

Acronyms
Figures of speech
Linguistic reduction

Linguistic reductions are lost sounds in words, which happens in spoken English. For instance, "going to" changes to "gonna". The most common reductions are contractions. Most contractions are reductions of 'not'. For instance, "cannot" becomes "can't". Many contractions are reductions between a subject and a verb. For instance, "He is..." becomes "He's..."

Some reductions are known to language learners, such as the reduction of a verb and "to". Examples are "going to" becoming "gonna" and "want to" becoming "wanna".

Linguistic reductions are part of natural English and should not be considered slang or improper.

Categories
There are several basic categories of reductions:
 Elision is one or more sounds left out of a word. A common example is "and", which frequently changes to "an" or sometimes even "n". Another example is the "ba" sound in "probably", which leads to the pronunciation, "probly".
 Word stress is a weaker stress on a word. The words near it are stressed more by comparison. The weakly-stressed word may be blended, linked or even deleted.
Function words are words that signify grammatical relations and are different from content words.  Content words tend to carry more information andare often stressed. Function words are often unstressed andmay be reduced, blended, linked or deleted.
 Contractions

Linguistics
Tokyo Metro

The  is one of two rapid transit systems making up the Tokyo subway system, the other being Toei.

Lines

Note: Including the 8.3 km stretch between Wakoshi and Kotake-mukaihara shared with Yurakucho Line.

References

Japanese railways
Tokyo
Glomma

Glomma is the longest river in Norway. It is  long and runs from Aursund to Fredrikstad.

References

Other websites

Rivers of Europe
Geography of Norway
Random sample

A random sample is a sample taken at random from a population of data. 

In a random sample every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. For instance, to do an election poll, calling people randomly out of the phone book would be better than asking people at a labor union meeting or at a small business convention. A page of the phone book is a more random sample of voters than a union meeting, so the result is more likely to tell who will really be elected. But neither sample is really random because for one thing, some people do not have phones.

Other websites 
 Simple Random Sampling -Citizendium 

Mathematics
Statistics
Urban contemporary

Urban contemporary or urban music is a kind of music played on the radio. It comes from cities. The first person to use this word was the now dead New York DJ Frankie Crocker in the mid 1970s. Urban contemporary radio stations play only hip hop/rap, contemporary R&B, more urban-styled pop, and on occasion, Caribbean music such as reggae and reggaeton. Urban contemporary came from R&B and Soul. Almost all Urban contemporary type radio stations are found in cities that have lots of African-American people. Some cities that have Urban contemporary stations are; Los Angeles, California, New York City, Atlanta, Georgia, Chicago, Fayetteville, North Carolina, Charlotte, and Norfolk, Virginia, etc.

The words "urban contemporary" make people think of African American music, like R&B. For Latino people, the music is more like music from Latin neighborhoods, such as Reggaeton, Hip hop from South America, or bachata.

These stations try to sell their music to African-Americans between the ages of 18 and 34. Their playlists are mainly singles by popular hip hop and R&B artists. Sometimes, an urban contemporary station will play classic soul music songs from the '70s and early '80s to make old people happy.

Some radio stations in cities, like KJLH, KMEL, KDAY, and WVEE, will play gospel and Christian R&B/hip-hop music on Sundays.

References

Music genres
African-American history
Cleo Laine

Dame Cleo Laine, Lady Dankworth, DBE (born 28 October 1927) is a British jazz singer and an actress. She was born in Southall, Middlesex to a white English mother and black Jamaican father. She is famous for her scat singing and for being able to sing very high and very low notes.

She is the only female performer to have received Grammy nominations in the jazz, popular and classical music categories. Laine is the widow of jazz composer Sir John Dankworth.

1927 births
Living people
Black British musicians
British jazz musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Middlesex
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
State Senator

A state senator is a member of a state's Senate, the upper house in the bicameral legislature of 49 U.S. states, or a legislator in Nebraska's one house State Legislature.

There are usually fewer state senators than there are members in a state's lower house.  In the past, this meant that senators represented different regions within a state, not according to the population of the region. This was a way of balancing the power of the lower house, where the numbers for each state were related to the state's population.  In 1963, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that state legislatures must give seats in both houses depending on the population of the state.

References

Politics of the United States
Bicameral

A Bicameral system of government is one where there are two legislative or parliamentary chambers. The word comes from the Latin "bi" (meaning two) and "camera" (meaning chamber). In most cases they have different numbers of members. The smaller legislature is often called the "upper house" or "senate" and the larger is called the "lower house", and sometimes also called by another name such as "assembly" or "commons". For legislation to be passed, bicameral legislatures normally need a majority of members of both chambers to vote for the legislation.

Experts sometimes point out that often deadlocks occur in this kind of system. This can make it harder to pass laws. But others point out the checks and balances this system maintains. This prevents laws from being passed that favor a certain political faction, the government or group of people.

Bicameral systems in the world 
 In the United Kingdom, the two chambers are called the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
 The United States Congress is bicameral.
 All the states apart from Nebraska use the bicameral system. Nebraska is unicameral.
 Australia has a bicameral system with a House of Representatives and a Senate. All the Australian states are also bicameral, except Queensland which is unicameral.
 India has bicameral central and state parliaments.

References 

Legislatures
Unicameralism

In government, unicameralism is when there is only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Therefore, a unicameral legislature or unicameral parliament is a legislature with one chamber. It comes from the Latin "uni" (meaning one) and "camera" (meaning chamber).

Unicameral legislatures are used around the world.

Since 1937, the US State of Nebraska’s Nebraska Legislature has been unicameral, however all other US states use a bicameral system.

Legislatures
Nebraska Legislature

The Nebraska Legislature is the highest legislative body of the U.S. state of Nebraska. It meets at the Nebraska State Capitol in the City of Lincoln in Lancaster County.

Nebraska's Legislature is unusual because it is unicameral. It is also the smallest state legislature in the United States of America, as it only has 49 members.

State government in the United States
Lincoln, Nebraska
State legislatures of the United States
Upper house

An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. The other chamber is called the lower house.

Upper Houses in the world 
 India: the Rajya Sabha
 Pakistan: the Senate of Pakistan
 United Kingdom: the House of Lords
 United States of America: the United States Senate

Legislatures
Lower house

A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. The other chamber is called the upper house.

Although it is called the "lower" house, in many legislatures in the world it actually has more power than the "upper" house.

Lower Houses in the World 
 France: the National Assembly
 Pakistan: the National Assembly
 United Kingdom: the House of Commons
 United States of America: the United States House of Representatives

Legislatures
William-Adolphe Bouguereau

William-Adolphe Bouguereau (born November 30, 1825) was a French painter. Bouguereau was a traditionalist and his style did not change much throughout his painting career. He was a popular artist in his day. Rich customers liked his photo-realistic style. He liked to paint classical scenes and scenes from ancient mythology.

As a boy Bouguereau was born into a family of wine and olive oil sellers. His parents wanted him to join the family business when he became an adult. His uncle, however, arranged for him to get a proper education at school. Bouguereau showed great talent for art. One of his father’s customers talked him into sending William to a famous art college. There he won first place for one of his paintings. To earn extra money he designed labels for fruit jellies and jams.

Bouguereau liked to paint pictures of women. He was known for being able to make his subject look prettier than she really was. 

In 1856, he married Marie-Nelly Monchablon and had five children. In the late 1850s he made a profitable friendship with a successful art dealer. This art dealer made William famous even in other countries. William was able to buy a big house and studio with his growing fortune.
He was a hard working painter. He would make a thorough study and sketch of what he planned to paint. The great way he painted skin, hands and feet was well known. He eventually became a teacher at a French art college. 

Near the end of his life he described his love of his art: “Each day I go to my studio full of joy; in the evening when obliged to stop because of darkness I can scarcely wait for the next morning to come…if I cannot give myself to my dear painting I am miserable”. He painted eight hundred and twenty-six paintings.

Bouguereau died at the age of 79 on August 19, 1905 from heart disease.

Gallery

1825 births
1905 deaths
French painters
Carrot cake

Not to be confused with Chai tow kway, a type of local dish found in Singapore and Malaysia

Carrot cake is a sweet and moist spice cake, full of cut carrots and toasted nuts, and covered in cream cheese icing. One part of the cake is that the orange flakes of cut carrot give the cake color and texture, along with sweetness and moisture.

Baking and ingredients
To make carrot cake, all the wet ingredients, such as the typical eggs, vegetable oil, yogurt, melted butter and, are mixed together. Then, all the dry ingredients; such as flour, grated carrots,  baking powder, baking soda, allspice, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, sugar, brown sugar are typically then mixed together, and the wet are then added to the dry. Many carrot cake recipes have optional ingredients, such as nuts, raisins, pineapple, or coconut.

Presentation
Carrot cake may be eaten plain, but it is commonly either glazed or covered with white icing or cream cheese icing and walnuts, often cut.  Often they are decorated with frosting or marzipan made to look like carrots.  They are popular in loaf, sheet cake and cupcake form, and (in the United Kingdom as well as North America) can be found pre-packaged at grocery stores, and fresh at bakeries. Some carrot cakes are even layered.

Pictures

Related pages
Cake
Chocolate cake

References

Other websites
A carrot cake recipe

Cakes
Rann of Kutch

Rann of Kutch (Urdu:رن کچھ) is a large area of Salt marshes located mostly in Gujarat (primarily the Kutch District), Republic of India and the southern tip of Sindh province, Pakistan. It is divided into two main parts; Great Rann of Kutch and Little Rann of Kutch. It is entirely claimed by Pakistan as part of Sindh. It is about  big and is reputed to be the largest salt desert in the world. The Rann of Kachchh is Homeland of the Kutchi people.

Geography

The Rann of Kachchh is located in the Thar Desert bio-geographic area in Gujarat with some parts in Pakistani province of Sindh. It is a seasonally marshy region, the word Rann meaning "salt marsh", alternating with medaks, elevated pieces of land where vegetation grows.

Kachchh is the name of the District currently in Gujarat (Western India), but as part of Sindh where this region is situated. The Marsh covers a huge area of around 10,000 square miles and is positioned between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the Indus River in southern Pakistan. To the northeast corner of the Rann of Kachchh lies the Luni River, originating in Sakastan.

Republic of India-Pakistan disputed border
This inhospitable salty lowland, rich in Natural gas, is one scene of the perennial border disputes between Bharat and Pakistan that, in April 1965, contributed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Later the same year, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Wilson persuaded the combatants to end hostilities and establish a Tribunal to resolve the Territorial dispute. A verdict was reached in 1968 which saw Pakistan getting 10% of its claim of . 90% was awarded to India, although India still claims 100% of the region. Tensions may spurt again if the issue one many between them is not resolved.

Ecological importance

The Rann of Kachchh is the only large Flooded grasslands zone in the whole Indo-Malayan region of the planet.
The fact that the area has desert on one side and the sea on the other provides the Rann of Kachchh with a variety of ecosystems, including Mangroves and Desert vegetation. The grassland and deserts of the Rann of Kachchh are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to the often harsh conditions of this vast area. These include Endemic and Endangered animal and plant species. The marsh covers an area of around . It is between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the Indus River in southern Pakistan.

The region is important for Biodiversity.

Handicrafts

The unique handicrafts of Kutch are world famous. A lot of women and young girls make their living by selling different types of embroidered cloths. The embroidery is of various styles such as Rabari, Ahir, Sindhi, Banni, Mutwa, Ari and Soof - and some styles include mirror or bead inlay.

Related pages
 Kori Creek
 Sindh
 Kutch District

References

Other websites
 Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions
 Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh

Deserts of Pakistan
Geography of India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
Kutch district

Kutch district (also spelled Kutch or Kachchh, ) is a formerly-independent district of Gujarat state in western Republic of India. Covering an area of 45,612 km², it is the largest district in the state of Gujarat and also the largest district of within India. Only the Leh, in Indian-administered Kashmir is larger.

Districts of Gujarat
Absinthe spoon

An absinthe spoon is simply a special spoon, placed over a glass of absinthe. There are holes in the spoon, over which a sugar cube is placed. Then, cold water is poured over the sugar to dilute and sweeten the absinthe.

Alcoholic spirits

en:Absinthiana#Absinthe spoon
Domain name

A domain name is a human-readable web address (e.g. "google.com") that points to an IP address and helps users to access websites or other resources in a convenient way.

Extensions
See main article: URL 

Domain names have extensions (called "top-level domains") at the end of the URL. For example ".com", ".net" and ".org" are the most commonly used domain name extensions. The most popular domain extension is .com with more than 100 million domains registered. The .com extension stands for "commercial", .org for organization and .net for network.

There are also country-specific domain name extensions. For example, the United Kingdom has the ".uk" domain extension and Japan has ".jp".

References

Internet standards
Edinburgh International Festival

The Edinburgh International Festival is a festival of music, theatre, opera, dance, visual arts and literature that takes place every year in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Each year it is held for about three weeks in late August and early September.

The festival started in 1947. A key person was Rudolf Bing, who was then the manager of the Glyndbourne Opera Festival. Bing was later General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1950 to 1972. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1946 and knighted in 1971. His idea was to heal the wounds of war through the languages of the arts. Since 2014 the director of the festival has been Fergus Linehan.

At first the Festival concentrated on classical music. Its later events were based on the traditional arts: classical music, ballet, sculpture and fine art. Since 1999 the permanent home of the festival is at The Hub, near Edinburgh Castle. Several large theatres, concert halls and churches in Edinburgh are used for the events, e.g. Usher Hall, Festival Theatre, Edinburgh Playhouse, The Queen's Hall and The Hub. 

About ten other festivals are held in Edinburgh at the same time as the Edinburgh Festival. The result is festivals with more than 2,500 performances and events per day in Edinburgh in August, many times bigger than the next biggest arts festivals anywhere in the world.

2020 is the only year the Festival has not been held. The reason was the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic.

References

Related pages
Edinburgh Fringe

Other websites

Official web site
Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals

1947 establishments in the United Kingdom
1940s establishments in Scotland
Edinburgh
Music festivals in Scotland
Festivals in the United Kingdom
Edinburgh Festival Fringe

The Edinburgh Festival Fringe (The Fringe) is the world’s largest arts festival.  It started in 1947.  It takes place every year at the same time as the Edinburgh International Festival: late August and early September.  There are hundreds of different events. There are concerts, theatre, opera, and dance and many informal events.

The organisers are the Festival Fringe Society: they publish a programme every year, sell tickets and give advice to performers from the Fringe office on the Royal Mile.

The Edinburgh Festival itself is recognised to offer high-quality events. However, the Fringe events are variable, and entry has no real quality barriers. It is largely an open event where almost any theatrical or show event can be performed. Its lack of supervision means the shows are of unpredictable standard. All events have an entrance charge, which is reasonable because theatres do charge performers.

References

Other websites 

Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals

Festival Fringe
Festivals in the United Kingdom
1947 establishments in the United Kingdom
1940s establishments in Scotland
Protea

The Protea (giant Protea known as Protea cynaroides) is part of an ancient plant family, the Proteaceae, which had already divided into two subfamilies before the break-up of the Gondwanaland continent about 140 million years ago. Both subfamilies, the Proteoideae and the Grevilleoideae, occur mainly in the southern hemisphere. In southern Africa there are about 360 species, mainly from the subfamily Proteoideae, of which more than 330 species are confined to the Cape Foral Kingdom, between Nieuwoudtville in the northwest and Grahamstown in the east. Protea cynaroides belongs to the genus Protea, which has more than 92 species, subspecies and varieties. Other well-known genera of the Proteaceae are the Leucospermum with the brightly coloured "pincushion" flowers, Leucadendron with yellow or red-brown foliage and Serruria, of which the Serruria Florida or "Blushing Bride" with its pale pink flowers is widely used in bridal bouquets. Plants in the subfamily Grevilleoideae occur mainly in Australia. The Protea (Protea cynaroides) is the national flower of South Africa.

The variety in plant size, habit, flower size and colour of the genus Protea was the reason it was named after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape at will. The flower bud of Protea cynaroides looks remarkably like the globe artichoke vegetable with the Latin name of Cynara scolymus and this led the botanist Linnaeus to give it the species name cynaroides.

Growth 
The protea can grow only after a fire. As a simple explanation, it is because the head of this national flower has seeds inside, which can stay tightly sealed in a hard shell for almost 20 years. The shell does not open until it becomes scorched and the fire is all over. The light, fluffy seeds are then blown to the ground by the wind, where they all begin to grow again.

References

Proteaceae
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville

Louis-Antoine de Bougainville was an admiral and navigator from France. In 1766 he was sent by his government to make a trip around the world, called circumnavigation, which took from 1766 to 1769. He rediscovered (found again) the Solomon Islands in 1768 (the largest island is named for him). He also collected plants and made a trustworthy chart of some parts of the center of the Pacific Ocean. Bougainville saw a part of the Great Barier Reef, but could not find Australia.

References

Other websites 

Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham (Virtual exhibition)
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville: Eighteenth Century French Sailor, Soldier, Statesman, Mathematician and leader of a Voyage around the world 

1729 births
1811 deaths
Admirals
French military people
People from Paris
Gerardus Mercator

Gerardus Mercator, also called Gerhard Kremer, and born Gérard de Crémère (1512 – 1594), was a Flemish geographer and  mathematician from Belgium. He explored Flanders and made globes about the earth and the sky. He became one of the best mapmakers of the 16th century.  The Mercator projection that has his name is a flat map projection of the features of the surface of the earth that can be seen and made only mathematically. It was found to be excellent for navigating on oceans and is still used today. In 1585 he began a great atlas that was later finished by his son. His last years he used for studying theology.

Mercator was born in Rupelmonde and died in Duisburg.

Other websites 
 Turn the pages of the British Library's Mercator Atlas of Europe (c.1570)
 Mercator's Atlas
 

1512 births
1594 deaths
Belgian mathematicians
Flemish people
European geographers
People from East Flanders
Almond cake

Almond cake is a cake, made of butter, sugar, almond essence, eggs, ground almonds, and flour, with whole almonds for decoration.

Variations
Some types of almond cake are:
Golden Lemon Almond Cake
Walnut Almond Cake
Coconut Almond Cake
Semolina Almond Cake

References

Cakes
Countries of the United Kingdom

The number of countries that make up the United Kingdom is often the subject of debate. In decreasing order of area they are:

England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland

The United Nations and UK government says that the United Kingdom is officially made up of 2 countries (England and Scotland), one principality (Wales) and one province (Northern Ireland).  However, Wales has not formally been a principality since the 16th century with the Laws in Wales Acts. In 2011 the International Organization for Standards officially granted Wales the status of country to clear ambiguity and avoid further confusion, thus the first statement may be corrected to 3 countries and 1 province.

References
Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide is a polymer of a few different simple sugars. Oligosacchardides are carbohydrates. When they are hydrolized, oligosaccharides give 3 to 10 monosaccharides.

Oligosacharides are formed when 3 to 10 monosaccharide units combine with each other by the loss of water molecules, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic linkage. Conversely hydrolysis of an oligosaccharide in water in the presence of an acid or enzyme yields 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides which consist of two monosaccharides units are called as disaccharide. Oligosaccharides containing 3 monosaccharides are called trisaccharides.

Carbohydrates
Think tank

A think tank is a special organization which helps other organizations and groups with problems they do not know how to solve. They do this by providing data or knowledge, and by discussing the options in detail. They get their information by doing research, and by collecting ideas  and data from a wide range of sources.

Origins 
The first think tank was the British Royal United Services Institute (1831), though of course the term "think tank" is much later, post World War II. Non-government institutions in the United States started early in the 20th century. The Arthur D. Little consultancy, incorporated in 1909, pioneered the idea of contracted professional services. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was founded in 1910. The Institute for Government Research, which later merged into the Brookings Institution, was formed in 1916. Other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the Hoover Institution (1919), and Chatham House in London (1920). The Great Depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the National Planning Association (1934) and the Committee for Economic Development (1943).

The cold war era 
Think tanks of the modern kind started after the Second World War, in the cold war era. The RAND Corporation was started in 1946 inside the Douglas Aircraft Company, and was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. The name was taken from R&D (research and development), though in fact it did no development. The RAND used the same operations research (O.R.) methods which scientists had developed during the war. This was the application of knowledge, scientific methods and thinking to solve the new problems posed by the war. After the war, the RAND used very similar techniques, mostly based on the hard sciences like maths, physics and economics. It was and still is funded mainly by the American government.

The cold war period raised the question of how the American government might handle nuclear weapons in bargaining and negotiating with the Soviet Union. This was the speciality of Herman Kahn, a RAND staff member who set up his own think tank in 1961, called the Hudson Institute. His publications on how to think about these issues, and those of Thomas Schelling, were landmarks in the post-war history of negotiating strategy.

Modern period 
More recently, think tanks have specialised into particular areas of interest, such as foreign policy. Many have become advocates for political interests, doing research which can be used by public relations and lobbying groups.

References

Relating pages 
Lobbying
Lady Gaga discography



Albums

Studio albums

Extended plays

Soundtracks

Singles

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

References

Discography
Discographies
Solar calendar

A solar calendar shows the earth's position compared to the sun. There are tropical solar calendars, sidereal solar calendars, non-solar calendars (like lunar - moon - calendars), and lunisolar calendars.

Other websites 
Jewish Calendar
Correspondence between Hebrew and Islamic calendars, months and holidays (pdf)

Calendars
Astronomy
Major League Baseball on FOX

Fox Major League Baseball (shortened as Fox MLB and MLB on FS1) is FOX Sports's broadcast of Major League Baseball. It began on June 1, 1996 and continue through at least 2021.

Early Years: 1996-2000 
Major League Baseball made a deal with FOX and NBC on November 7, 1995. FOX televised regular season games (about 16 weekly telecasts normally beginning on Memorial Day weekend) on Saturday afternoons, selected Division Series games, and alternated the All-Star Game, League Championship Series and the World Series with NBC each year. To better state this, FOX aired the All-Star Game aired American League Championship Series in odd-numbered years while airing the National League Championship Series and World Series in even-numbered years.

Exclusivity: 2001-2006 
In September 2000, Major League Baseball and FOX signed a 6-year contract to air Saturday baseball, the All-Star Game, selected Division Series games, and exclusive coverage of the League Championship Series and the World Series.

New Contract: 2007-2021 
Rumors about the end of Major League Baseball on FOX were laid to rest on July 11, 2006 when the network announced they would still air the World Series through the 2013 season. It was announced on October 17, 2006 that FOX would retain the All-Star Game and World Series, except they would air the regular season beginning with the first Saturday of the regular season, and postseason coverage beyond the World Series was limited to one League Championship Series a year, alternating one for the other with TBS each year, airing the other LCS.

Major League Baseball
Fox Broadcasting Company
National League Championship Series

In Major League Baseball, the National League Championship Series (NLCS), played in October, is a playoff round that decides the winner of the National League pennant. The winner of the series moves on to play the winner of the American League Championship Series in baseball's championship, the World Series.

History

In 1969, the LCS began play as the leagues were expanded to two divisions.  Initially, it was a best-of-five series.  In 1985, it became best-of-seven.  Since 1995, the two winners from the National League Division Series advance to the NLCS.

National League
2004 American League Championship Series

The 2004 American League Championship Series (ALCS) was a best-of-seven playoff series in the 2004 Major League Baseball season. It featured the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox. The Red Sox beat the Yankees in seven games.  It was a rematch of the 2003 ALCS.

The Yankees won the first three games of the series.  The Red Sox then won the next four to win the series.  This was the first time a team won a best-of-seven playoff series after losing the first three games.

The Red Sox would go on to win the World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals in four games.  It was the Red Sox's first World Series title since 1918.

American League
New York Yankees
Boston Red Sox
2004 in sports
2004 in New York (state)
2000s in New York City
2000s in Boston, Massachusetts
Verizon

Verizon Communications Inc. (), is a telephone, internet service provider, and television company in the United States. It also owns a mobile phone company, Verizon Wireless. Verizon was created in 2000 by merging GTE and Bell Atlantic. These companies had already absorbed other companies, some of them more than a hundred years old. The biggest ones were formerly owned by AT&T.

In 2015, Verizon bought the Internet company AOL, and the next year it bought Yahoo!. Both of these purchases were for about US$4.4 billion. Today, both AOL and Yahoo! are part of a subsidiary created by Verizon called Oath Inc.

Verizon is one of the few publicly-traded companies to have a stock on both the NYSE and the NASDAQ. Its NYSE listing has been one of the 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004.

References

Telecommunications
American internet service providers
American telephone companies
American television providers
Companies based in New York City
1983 establishments in the United States
Devil's food cake

Devil's food cake is an old fashioned chocolate cake made of chocolate or cocoa and baking powder. It is moist, soft, rich, and very good for keeping. It is a light-textured chocolate layer-type cake with a deep reddish brown color. The cake gets this bright red color from the large amount of red food dye used in the preparation. Devil's food cake is usually thought of in terms of dark chocolate, but originally it was red. Today cooks, using modern processed cocoa, sometimes add a touch of red food coloring to bring back the authentic color.

Devil's food cakes can be stored in the refrigerator for about 3 days.

Variations
The Devil's Food Cake may also be called a Red velvet cake.

References

Cakes
Partridge

The partridge is a medium sized bird. They are known as game birds because they are hunted and eaten by humans. They are in the Pheasant family (Phasianidae).

Partridges are in the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The line "...and a Partridge in a pear tree" is sung.

Color and shape 

Most partridges are brown, gray and white. They are camouflaged and difficult to see. They have short legs and short bills. Partridges are smaller than Pheasants but they are bigger than Quails.

Partridges can not fly very well and they do not migrate. This means they always stay in the same area all year round.

Habitat 

Partridges live in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. They live in places such as moors, grassland and farmland. They feed mostly on seeds, and nest on the ground. This means their nests are not very safe from predators such as foxes. Partridges use their camouflage to make it difficult for predators to see them and their nests.

Galliformes
Bromsgrove

Bromsgrove is a town in the north of Worcestershire. The town is about  north-east of Worcester and  south-west of Birmingham. 29,237 people lived there in 2001.

Geography 
The layer of rock underneath Bromsgrove is mainly sandstone.  The soil is very good for growing vegetables. The altitude of the town is  above sea level.

Climate 
The climate in Bromsgrove is like most of the United Kingdom. It is an "oceanic climate." This means it is cool in summer and not very cold in winter. It can rain at any time of the year.

Transport 

The main A38 road goes through Bromsgrove. The M5 motorway passes by the west side of the town. The M42 motorway starts at the north of the town.

Bromsgrove train station is in the south of the town. The station is at the bottom of the "Lickey Incline".  The Lickey Incline is the steepest hill for trains in Britain. An extra locomotive has to help push heavy freight trains up the hill. There are many passenger trains to Birmingham, Worcester and Hereford. There is a plan to build a new, better train station in Bromsgrove. The new station will cost about £10 million to £12 million.

There is also a bus station in the town centre. Buses travel from the bus station to many places in Worcestershire and the West Midlands.

References

Towns in Worcestershire
Diploglossus

Diploglossus is a genus of lizards in the family Anguidae.  It has nineteen described species. They are found in North and South America.

References

Anguids
Laguna

Laguna City is a little city of south of the Brazil, in Santa Catarina State.  This city have more than 50000 people.  It was the capital of the short-lived Juliana Republic in 1839.  The city is known for having dolphins

Some popular beaches of this city:
Mar Grosso beach
Iró beach
Gravatá beach
Gi beach.

Cities in Santa Catarina
Takalik Abaj

Tak'alik A'baj'  is an ancient ruin in Guatemala; it used to be called Abaj Takalik. It is one of several Mesoamerican sites that have Olmec and Maya features. The site was inhabited the during the Preclassic and Classic periods, from the 9th century BC through to at least the 10th century AD. It was an important place for trade. It traded with Kaminaljuyu and Chocolá. It is one of the largest sites with carved monuments on the Pacific coast. Olmec-style sculptures include a possible colossal head, rock carvings and others. The site has one of the biggest collections of Olmec-style sculpture outside of the Gulf of Mexico.

Takalik Abaj shows the first signs of Maya culture that happened by about 400 BC. The site includes a Maya royal tomb and examples of Maya writing that are among the first from the Maya region. Studies continue at the site; the monumental buildings and long tradition of sculpture in a variety of styles suggest the site was important.

Finds from the site indicate contact with the distant city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico. They imply that Takalik Abaj was conquered by it or its allies. Takalik Abaj was linked to long-distance Maya trade routes that let the city take part in a trade network that included the Guatemalan highlands and the Pacific coastal plain from Mexico to El Salvador.

Takalik Abaj was a large city with the main buildings in four main groups spread across nine terraces. While some of these were natural, others were man-made, needing a lot of work and materials. The site had a clever water drainage system and many stone sculptures.

Notes

References

Other websites

Takalik Abaj at The Guatemala Times online . Information and news in English, some by investigating archaeologists.
Site description and gallery 

History of Mesoamerica
Maya civilization
Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Currys

Currys is a British electrical retailer operating in the UK and Ireland.

In 2009, some Curry stores in the UK were combined with the PCWorld name

References

Other websites
Currys (UK) 
Currys (IRL)
Moneysavingexpert Forum re: Currys Customer Service

Shops
Alfonso García Robles

Alfonso García Robles (20 March 1911 – 2 September 1991) was a Mexican diplomat and politician. 
García Robles received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, together with Sweden's Alva Myrdal. García Robles was  the driving force behind the Treaty of Tlatelolco. This treaty established a nuclear-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean.

1911 births
1991 deaths
Diplomats
Mexican Nobel  Prize winners
Mexican politicians
People from Michoacán
Ouangolodougou, Ivory Coast

Ouangolodougou, Côte d'Ivoire is a small town in the northern part of Ivory Coast, a country in western Africa. It is located in the Ferkessédougou Department. Ouangolodougou is near the border of Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso.

Cities in Ivory Coast