cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Square metre

The  square meter is the SI-derived unit of area. It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one metre.  The square metre is derived from the SI base unit of the metre, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of  of a second.

Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units.  For example, a kilometre is one thousand times the length of a metre, but a square kilometre is one million times the area of a square metre.

A "square metre" is not the same thing as a "metre square"  - although it is true that exactly 1 square metre is exactly 1 meter square. But that only works for the numbers 1 and 0; no others.

For example, a square that is 2 metres long and 2 metres wide has 4 square metres of area.

But a square that is 4 metres squared would have 4 metres on each side. This means it would have 16 square metres of area.

That is,  is 4 meters squared, whereas  is 4 square meters.

SI prefixes applied to the square metre 
The square metre may be used with all SI prefixes used with the metre.

Conversions

A square metre is equal to:
 0.000 001 square kilometre (km²)
 10,000 square centimetres (cm²)
 0.000 1 hectares (ha)
 0.01 ares (a)
 1 centiare (ca)
 0.000 247 105 381 acres
 1.195 990 square yards
 10.763 911 square feet
 1,550.003 1 square inches

Related pages

Notes

Other websites 
BIPM (SI maintenance agency)  (home page)
BIPM brochure (SI reference)

Units of area
Quid pro quo

"Quid pro quo" is a Latin phrase. It means roughly "this for that." In other words, the phrase describes the context when something is given in return for something else.

The phrase means the same thing as the English saying "a tit for a tat", or trading something for something else. It can also mean the same thing as "an eye for an eye".

Lawyers sometimes use this saying to mean "an even trade".

Quid pro quo means reciprocity

Related pages 
Golden Rule

References

Latin words and phrases
Eau de Cologne

Cologne or Eau de Cologne is a toiletry, a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany. Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils. Cologne may be used by men or women.

Composition
In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine.

History  
Eau de Cologne is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8). He named his fragrance Eau de Cologne, in honour of his new hometown. 

The Original Eau de Cologne composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet). His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of Eau de Cologne prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of Eau de Cologne and even Farina. 

Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711", have the name in common but smell different. In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), opened a perfumery business at Paris that developed into Roger & Gallet, that owns the rights to Eau de Cologne extra vielle in contrast to the Original Eau de Cologne from Cologne.

Eau de Cologne, or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.

Perfumery
The Flock (movie)

The Flock is a 2007 movie directed by Andrew Lau, the co-director of the Infernal Affairs trilogy. The movie, which was his first English-language movie, stars Richard Gere and Claire Danes.

2007 movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Fast Food Nation (movie)

Fast Food Nation is a 2006 American/British movie directed by Richard Linklater. It is based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal.

The movie is about the fast food industry. Schlosser's book criticized the fast food industry. He finds out where types of fast food are made, where they come from, and why people eat it.

Related pages
 List of 2006 movies

2006 movies
American movies
British movies
Mexican movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Fast food
Movies directed by Richard Linklater
Going the Distance (2004 movie)

Going the Distance is a 2004 Canadian movie. It was directed by Mark Griffiths. It is set across Canada. Its tagline was "They came. They saw. They came." The film was released in Canada as Going the Distance, but in the USA, it was called National Lampoon's Going the Distance. The Canadian DVD release has its original release title.

Other websites

2004 comedy movies
2000s road movies
2000s teen comedy movies
Canadian comedy movies
English-language movies
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)

Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American television sitcom. It is based on the Archie comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on ABC from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on The WB Television Network from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.

Other websites 

1996 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s teen television series
ABC network shows
American teen comedy television series
College television series
High school television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
WB network shows
English-language television programs
Vera Wang

Vera Wang (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer. She was born and raised in New York City. Her parents were Chinese. She is based in New York and is known for her wedding gown collection, among other specialties.

Career 
After her graduation in 1971, Wang began working for Vogue Magazine. In 1972, she was promoted as the senior fashion editor. She left Vogue in 1987, to join Ralph Lauren as the design director for accessories.

Wang established her own label "Vera Wang" in 1990, in New York.

References 

1949 births
Living people
American fashion designers
Total Request Live

Total Request Live (known from 1998 to 2008 as TRL) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests.

TRL played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online. The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day. As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day. The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years. Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded.

On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be over and it was later replaced by another show. A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m.

Until 2010, a local version of TRL was still running in Italy on MTV.

History

The beginning of TRL
The beginning of TRL traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce MTV Live from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York. MTV Live featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates. Music videos were not a major part of the program. At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers.

At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called Total Request, hosted by Carson Daly. Total Request was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set.

By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge MTV Live and Total Request into a new show called Total Request Live. The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998.

The end of TRL
On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be shut down. The last regular weekday episode aired on November 13, 2008. The episode showed the process of the set being torn down.

A three-hour special that was aired on November 16, 2008 marked the end of the show. The final show included several musical performances.

On June 25, 2014, MTV announced that it will bring back TRL for one day on July 2, 2014 with American singer Ariana Grande.

References

1998 American television series debuts
Music television series
2008 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Breakaway (song)

"Breakaway" is a 2004 song written by Avril Lavigne, Bridget Benenate and Matthew Gerrard and produced by John Shanks. It was recorded by pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement by Disney Records. It was also included on Clarkson's second album, Breakaway and was released as the album's first single.

References

2004 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Pareto efficiency

Multi-criteria optimization, or multiobjective optimization is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called Pareto efficiency, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies. 

In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient. 

If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its Pareto Frontier or Production Possibility Frontier, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called resources or factors of production). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.

Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.

Welfare economics
Proper motion

Proper motion is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move relative to each other when seen from Earth. 

The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it). 

Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree.

Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.

References 

Astronomical phenomena
Reddit

Reddit is a website where people share links to articles, media and other things on the web. The website is organized into "subreddits", communities within the Reddit community to discuss certain topics or to look at specific content. The posted links can be voted on, and the links with most votes are displayed on the front page of the website. Reddit was founded in 2005 by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, and is also available in other languages. People in the Reddit community call themselves "redditors". Some examples of subreddits are /r/Pics, /r/Aww, /r/FakeHistory, /r/WritingPrompts, /r/Showerthoughts, /r/todayilearned. Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like educational, funny, cute pictures of animals, intellectual nonsense, internet memes, and more.

Reddit has occasionally been the topic of controversy due to the presence of subreddits devoted to explicit or controversial material, including subreddits r/Creepshots and r/jailbait.

Site overview
Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content that can be discussed like a forum.

Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users.

Users and moderators
Reddit users are called "redditors." Moderators are called "mods".

Subreddits
Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits".

References

Other websites

Websites established in 2005
Bryde's whale

Bryde's whale is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5 m (41 ft) to 14 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male. 

Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, Balaenoptera brydei. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. Balaenoptera edeni and Balaenoptera omurai are two other species in the group. 

There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis, and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. Bryde's whale is unique in having three long ridges on its head that go from between the eyes towards the blowhole. All other rorquals have just one. The Bryde's whales skin varies from black to dark grey.

The whale was named after Johan Bryde, who built South Africa's first factory to process whales. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, B. brydei and B. edeni may be sister species.

References

Baleen whales
Catherine of Portugal

Catherine of Portugal (born in Lisbon, Portugal November 26, 1436; died June 17, 1463), also known as the Infanta Catarina, was the daughter of King Edward of Portugal. She lived most of her life and died in the Convent of Saint Claire.

Relatives 

1436 births
1463 deaths
Portuguese royalty
Alto Paraíso de Goiás

Alto Paraíso de Goiás (usually just Alto Paraíso) is a small town and a municipality in Goiás state, Brazil.

Cities in Goiás
Nap (textile)

Nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on cloth. Velvet in one of these clothes with nap.  Nap can also mean a felt cloth.

In the 14th century, the word described the roughness of woven cloth before it was cut.

Piled nap
In the 15th century, the term nap refers to a pile given to the cloth. The word pile means the raised fibers that are there on purpose.  They were put there, instead of vy producing the cloth. The nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric.  The can then be cut or left on the cloth. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by weaving a second yarn through woven cloth, making a nap or pile.

References 

Cloth
Art exhibition

An art exhibition is a place where works of art are shown to the public. The word exhibition comes from Latin exhibere, which means to show. This can be in a museum or an exhibition hall. The exhibition can be temporary, or permanent (like a section of a museum). Some exhibitions show works of art of the same artist, others show works of art on a common theme.

Art
Tournament

A tournament is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament.

The word tournament is now defined in two ways:

 One or more competitions held at a single place and held over a short period of time. Some game clubs help prepare members for such tournaments. Chess clubs, for example, often use ranking systems, chess clocks, and rules like those used in chess tournaments.
 A competition with many matches, each with a small group of competitors. The tournament winner is based on the combined results of these individual matches. These are common in sports and games where each match can only have a small number of competitors, often  two, as in most team sports, racket sports, combat sports, many card games and board games, and competitive debating. Such tournaments allow large numbers to compete against each other, even though there are only two teams or players in a single match.

These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.

Sports competitions
Transhumanism

Transhumanism is a cultural movement that thinks that humans could benefit from technology (mostly the biological type) that improves the condition of life. It seeks to find a solution to aging, disease, and natural death by making use of such technology.

References

Other websites 

 What is Transhumanism?

Philosophical movements and positions
Kirk Hammett

Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist for the band Metallica. He also sings in the background (backing vocals) during most of their songs. Joe Satriani was Hammett's guitar instructor. Before joining Metallica, he was the founding member of another band called Exodus. He left Exodus when the other musicians in Metallica asked him join them.

1962 births
Living people
Metallica
Kim Yoon-ok

Kim Yoon-ok, also called Kim Yun-ok, (, born 26 March 1947) is the wife of Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea .

Her family runs a construction company in Daegu. She and her husband Lee Myung-bak met at the College of Health Education at Ewha Womans University.

On December 19, 1970, after graduation from the University, Kim was engaged to Lee Myung-bak against her family's will.  Lee was then director of the Hyundai Engineering Corporation. They have 1 son and 3 daughters together. Kim Yoon-ok enjoys cooking.

1947 births
First Ladies of South Korea
Living people
Pandora's box

In Greek mythology, Pandora's box was a large jar (πιθος Pithos) carried by Pandora. It contained the evils to be let loose on mankind. When the box was empty, hope remained. The actual evils are not specified by Hesiod.

Where the word box is from 
The word in the original text is Pithos, which usually refers to a large container; used to store wine or other things. Such containers were also used for funerals. In the case of Pandora, this jar may have been made of clay for use as storage as in the usual sense, or, instead, of bronze metal as an unbreakable prison.

The mistranslation of Pithos as "box" is usually attributed to the 16th century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasums is thought to have made the error when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's Pithos refers to a storage jar for oil or grain. Erasmus, however, translated pithos into the Latin word pyxis, meaning "box". The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since. This error was further backed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting Pandora.

References

Bibliography 
 Neils, Jenifer, The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod’s Elpis, in "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives", eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin: University of Texas Press), 2005, pp. 37–45.

Greek mythology
Longshore drift

Longshore drift is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach. 

The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

 The waves carry the rock material up the beach at an angle. (waves move at an angle)
 The backwash carries the material directly down (gravity) into the sea or it stays there.
 This process goes again.

There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.

Wave physics
Environmental issues
Erosion
Alfred Jodl

Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl (10 May 1890 in Würzburg – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German military commander, was the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II. At the Nuremberg trials he was tried, sentenced to death and hanged as a war criminal.

1890 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
German generals of World War II
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
People executed by hanging
People from Würzburg
Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll

Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll (17 January 1801 – 16 January 1856), an illegitimate daughter of William IV and Dorothy Jordan, married William Hay on 4 December, 1820, at the age of 19. Hay was born with the name Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence.

She married her husband at St George's, Hanover Square, an Anglican church in Westminister.

She is shown in a Fitzclarence portrait in House of Dun, and she kept a stone thrown at her father William IV and the gloves he wore on opening his first Parliament as keepsakes.

She died on 16 January 1856 in Edinburgh, Scotland, aged 54.

Children and Relatives
With her husband she had four children:
 Lady Adelaide Harriet Augusta Hay (18 October 1821 – 22 October 1867)
 William Harry Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll (3 May 1823 – 3 December 1891), married Eliza Amelia Gore on 20 September 1848
 Lady Agnes Georgiana Elizabeth Hay (12 May 1829 – 18 December 1869). She married James Duff on 16 March 1846. Their son, Alexander Duff, married Princess Louise, who was the daughter of Edward VII.
 Lady Alice Mary Emily Hay (7 July 1835 – 7 June 1881) married Charles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (1824–1882; known also as Count d'Albanie) nephew of fraud John Sobieski Stuart.

She is also the grandmother of Princess Louise's husband, the Duke of Fife.

David Cameron is related to Elizabeth Hay through William IV, which makes him the fifth cousin, twice removed to the Queen.

References

1801 births
1856 deaths
British royalty
Earls and countesses
Robert Blyth

Robert Roberts Taylor Blyth (2 June 1900 – 1956) was a Scottish professional football player from the 1920s.

Blyth was born in Muirkirk, Scotland.  His father was a soccer player for Portsmouth, who later became the manager from 1901 to 1904.

Blyth played in eight Portsmouth games in the 1921-1922 season.

1956 births
Scottish footballers
Bredbury

Bredbury is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, in Greater Manchester, England. Bredbury is found   southeast of the city of Manchester, and  east-northeast of Stockport.  At the 2001 census it had a population of  15,126 people living there.

References

Towns in Greater Manchester
FeedDemon

FeedDemon is a free proprietary software for Windows that reads RSS feeds. The inventor of FeedDemon is Nick Bradbury, the inventor of other software. This software is owned by NewsGator Technologies since May 2005. This software can work with Bloglines and NewsGator Online.

Other websites
 Official Website

Software
Roaring Twenties

The phrase Roaring Twenties describes the 1920s, a time in North America when art, society, and culture were rapidly changing. The term 'Roaring' applies here, as art, society and culture were rapidly improving and therefore 'Roaring'. Prohibition was in place and so North America was a very 'wise' and 'clean-cut' place to be.

Economy
The North American economy during the 1920s was doing very well because World War I had just ended. Many new products were being made for the consumer. Products were being produced on a huge scale throughout North America, one example of these products is the 'Model T Ford', a car that was seen in every state of the USA.

Culture 
The culture of the Roaring Twenties was very different from before. Women's roles were changed. Liberal young women, called flappers, wore short skirts, cut their hair short, and listened to a new form of music called jazz. Women had gotten the right to vote. Writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway were called the Lost Generation because they moved out of the United States after the war. African-American art and culture also grew a lot during the Harlem Renaissance.

Problems of the Roaring Twenties
Even though North America was doing very well in terms of prosperity, a lot of problems still arose. One of the main problems in North America during the 1920s was Organized Crime. Gangs of foreign immigrants were importing illegal alcohol, tobacco, firearms etc. One of the most famous gangsters of this time was Al Capone.

1920s in the United States
Ginseng

Ginseng refers to species within Panax, a genus of species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, in the family Araliaceae. They grow in the Northern Hemisphere in eastern Asia (mostly northern China, Korea, and eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates; Panax vietnamensis, discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng found.

Asterids
Herbs
Malacañang Palace

Malacañang Palace is the official home for the President of the Philippines. It is in the San Miguel district of Manila, the Philippines.

Manila
Buildings and structures in the Philippines
Topological space

A topological space is a space studied in topology, the mathematics of the structure of shapes. Roughly, it is a set of things (called points) along with a way to know which things are close together.

More precisely, a topological space has a certain kind of set, called open sets. Open sets are important because they allow one to talk about points near another point, called a neighbourhood of the point. A neighbourhood of a point is simply an open set containing that point. If one did not have the concept of open sets, one cannot define neighbourhoods in a good way. If one tries to define a neighbourhood of a point as any set containing that point, it might just include that point and that point only, not any points near it, or points far away.
We also have the concept of closed sets, which are complements of open sets. That is, all of the points not belonging to a certain open sets forms a closed set.

Open sets must follow certain rules so that they match our ideas of nearness. The union of any number of open sets must be open, and the union of a finite number of closed sets must be closed. (The second rule only works for a finite number of closed sets. That is because in many cases a set containing a single point is closed. Any set is made of points. If the second rule applied to an infinite number of closed sets, then every set would be closed.) As a special case, the set containing every point is both open and closed. The set containing no points is also both open and closed.

A set of points can have many different definitions of what an open set is. One can think of only certain sets as open, or more sets as open. One might even consider every set to be open. The same set with different definitions of open sets form different topological spaces.

Topology
Gisele Bündchen

Gisele Caroline Bündchen (born July 20, 1980) is a Brazilian model. She also occasionally acts in movies. According to Forbes, Bündchen is the best paid supermodel in the world and the sixteenth richest woman in the entertainment world. Bündchen earned $33 million in 2007 and $35 million in 2008 alone. Bündchen's fortune is estimated to be about $150 million. She is also listed on Guinness Book of World Records as the world's richest supermodel. Bündchen has been the face of more than 20 brands internationally and has appeared on more magazine covers than any other model.

Personal life 

Gisele Caroline Bündchen was born in Brazil to a family of German origin. Her mother, Vânia Nonnenmacher, was a bank clerk and her father, Valdir Bündchen, was a university teacher and writer. Bündchen is one of the six daughters of Vânia Nonnenmacher and Valdir Bündchen. Her sisters are: Raquel, Graziela, her twin Patrícia, Gabriela and Rafaela. 

Bündchen married Tom Brady on February 26, 2009. Bündchen has two children with him, Benjamin Rein Brady (born 2009) and Vivian Lake Brady (born 2012).

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 

Brazilian models
Brazilian movie actors
Twin people
1980 births
Living people
Rio Grande do Sul
Sonic Unleashed

Sonic Unleashed is a 2008 adventure video game, which was released for Wii, PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Xbox 360.

Sonic can turn into a giant werehog with amazing power at nightfall. But in day, race though many tracks fight Eggman and his robots, and save the day once again, like in other Sonic the Hedgehog video games.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Sonic the Hedgehog games
2008 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
Tarnów

Tarnów is a city in the southeastern part of Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. About 114,000 people live in Tarnów. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east-west connection from Lwów to Kraków.

Cities in Poland
Province of León

León is a province in the northwest of Spain. About 500,000 people live there. Its capital city is León. Leonese language is the language of the province.

Related pages
 Kingdom of León

Kingdom of León
Provinces of Spain
Castile and León
Bermudo III

Bermudo III was the King of León in the Middle Ages.

Related pages
 Kingdom of León

Kings and queens
Kingdom of León
Ponferrada

Ponferrada is a town and municipality of the Región of El Bierzo (province of León, Castilla y León, in Spain.  About 66,000 people were living here as of 2005.

Other websites 
Official Town Website

Municipalities in Castile and León
Settlements in León
Regional Municipality of York

For the town that joined with Toronto in 1998, see York, Ontario.

The Regional Municipality of York, also called York Region, is a regional municipality in south-central Ontario, Canada, between Lake Simcoe and Toronto. It replaced the old York County in 1971. In 2006, nearly 893,000 people were living in the Regional Municipality of York.   It is the fastest growing region in Canada and it is expected to grow to more than 1.5 million people by 2031. The whole region is part of the Greater Toronto Area and is part of the Golden Horseshoe. The capital of the region is in Newmarket.

Geography
York Region covers 1,776 square kilometres from Lake Simcoe in the north to the city of Toronto in the south.  The eastern border is shared with Durham Region. To the west is Peel Region, and Simcoe County is to the northwest.

Towns and cities in York Region include:
Town of Aurora
Town of East Gwillimbury
Town of Georgina
Township of King
City of Markham
Town of Newmarket
Town of Richmond Hill
City of Vaughan
Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville

There is also one First Nation (Native Canadians) with an Indian reserve, where the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation live.

York Region includes farmlands, wetlands and small kettle lakes, the Oak Ridges Moraine and over 2,070 hectares of regional forest, as well as built-up areas of its towns.

Notes

Other websites
York Region Official site
Yorkregion.com online news
York Regional Police
Map of York Region 

Settlements in Ontario
List of Pokémon

This is a complete list of Pokémon, fictional creatures from the Pokémon series. This list covers over 800 Pokémon species.

List 

*These pre-evolved Pokémon were introduced in generations following introduction of the species they evolve into (and after the 2nd, which introduced breeding). The pre-evolutions will only hatch from eggs produced under special conditions. All other eggs will hatch directly into the next stage of evolution.
†Marked as  for at least one game entry. These Pokémon cannot be encountered and caught in the course of normal gameplay, and does not affect the completion of Pokédex. They are officially only made available via promotional events, or transferred from a previous version or spin-off titles under certain conditions. Lugia and Ho-Oh are special cases in that are Mythical only in Game Boy Advance (GBA) versions but legendary in other versions, where they can be obtained by normal gameplay.
‡In Pokémon Black and White, Zorua and Zoroark cannot be encountered and caught in the course of normal gameplay without trading or obtaining them from promotional distributions. However, Zorua and Zoroark are not Mythical Pokémon, because they are required to complete the Pokédex in Pokémon Black and White''.

References

Other websites 
Official Pokédex
Pokémon species on Bulbapedia
National PokéDex on Bulbapedia

Entertainment-related lists
When You're Gone

"When You're Gone" is a song performed by the Canadian singer Avril Lavigne for her 2007 album The Best Damn Thing.

References 

Avril Lavigne songs
2007 songs
Hot (song)

"Hot" is a song by Avril Lavigne produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald, and is the third single from Lavigne's third album, The Best Damn Thing.

2007 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
Korean Wikipedia

{{Infobox website
| name =  Korean Wikipedia''
| screenshot = Ko-Wikipedia-Main Page 20150603.png
| collapsible = yes
| caption =
| logo = Wikipedia-logo-v2-ko.svg
| url = ko.wikipedia.org
| commercial = No
| type = Internet encyclopedia project
| language = Korean
| owner = Wikimedia Foundation
| author = Korean wiki community
}}

The Korean Wikipedia''' is the Korean-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in October 2002, and as of June 2020 15, has over 500,000 articles.

It is the 27th largest edition.

References

Other websites 
 Korean Wikipedia main page.

Wikipedias
He Wasn't

"He Wasn't" is the fourth single from Avril Lavigne's second album Under My Skin.

Track listing

Australia
(82876690742; Released April 8, 2005)
 "He Wasn't" (Album version)
 "He Wasn't" (Live full band performance)
 "He Wasn't" (Live and acoustic)
 "He Wasn't" (Music video)

UK
 "He Wasn't" (Album version)
 "He Wasn't" (Live version)
 "He Wasn't" (Music video)
 Plus exclusive video diary and other stuff.

French single
 "He Wasn't" (Album version)
 "He Wasn't" (Live version)

UK promo / AU promo
 He Wasn't (Album version)

Chart positions

Awards

Other websites

"He Wasn't" music video
Avril Lavigne's Official Site

Avril Lavigne songs
2004 songs
Donkey Kong 64

Donkey Kong 64 (also called DK 64), is a platform video game made by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game system. It was first out on November 24, 1999 in North America. Donkey Kong 64 is one of the first games for the Nintendo 64 to use the Expansion Pak.

Gameplay 
The gameplay of Donkey Kong 64 is about getting different types of items. Some of those items include coins, bananas, weapons, and keys. These items are needed in order to move on to new levels and fighting bosses.

Donkey Kong 64 can be played on multiplayer for up to 4 players at a time. The multiplayer mode has three arenas, and five characters to pick from the single player mode.

Reception 
Donkey Kong 64 got good scores from reviewers, which had a 88% average on GameRankings.

References 

Platform games
1999 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Donkey Kong
Tesla coil

A Tesla coil is an electrical machine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is a radio-frequency oscillator and resonant transformer that generates high voltage electricity at low currents. One use is to make lightning bolts. Most are used nowadays to entertain. "Singing Tesla coils" have also been made that can create music. 
 It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

Transformers (electrical)
Froot Loops

Froot Loops is a many colored, fruit flavored breakfast cereal made by the cereal maker Kellogg's. It is sold worldwide. When it was first made in 1963, the cereal had red, orange, and yellow loops. In the 1990s, blue, green, and purple loops were added to the cereal. The cereal's mascot is a Toucan called Toucan Sam.

Other websites 
Froot loops website

Breakfast cereals
Toronto Sun

The Toronto Sun is an English language daily tabloid newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is often seen as a working person's newspaper.

As of the end of 2007, the Sun sold 180,000 newspapers during Monday to Saturday and about 310,000 papers on Sunday.

Related pages
 The Sun (United Kingdom) - The original UK version

References

Other websites
 
 Article on the Sun  - includes rough circulation info

Newspapers published in Canada
Lymph node

A Lymph node () is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and remove foreign (not of the body) objects from the body. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells. They are important for the correct use of the immune system.

Where They Are Found 

In the human body, the most likely place where lymph nodes can be felt are the neck, underarms, and groin area.

References 

Lymphatic system
Tim Horton

Miles Gilbert "Tim" Horton (January 12, 1930 – February 21, 1974) was a Canadian professional hockey defenceman from Cochrane, Ontario. He played 24 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs, the New York Rangers, the Pittsburgh Penguins, and Buffalo Sabres. He was also a businessman and the co-founder of Tim Hortons, now Canada's largest restaurant chain. He died in an car crash at St. Catharines, Ontario in 1974 at the age of 44.

Doughnut shops 

In 1964, Horton opened his first Tim Hortons shop in Hamilton, Ontario.

As well as over 2700 shops in Canada, Buffalo, New York has over 80 Tim Hortons Doughnut Shops, and they can be found in Detroit, Michigan; Columbus, Ohio; and other American cities, mainly in the Northeast and the Great Lakes region. There are now over 400 shops in the United States.

Death 
Early on the morning of February 21, 1974, Horton was driving on the Queen Elizabeth Way from Toronto to his home in Buffalo after the Buffalo Sabres had played in Toronto the night before, in his sports car. He lost control and hit a concrete culvert. The crash turned the vehicle over and Horton, who was not wearing a seat belt, was thrown out of the car. Horton was dead on arrival at the local hospital. A police officer following Horton said that he had been going over 160 km/h (100 mph).

Tim Horton is buried in York Cemetery Toronto..

Career statistics

Awards and achievements
 1961-62 – Stanley Cup
 1962-63 – Stanley Cup Champion
 1963-64 – Stanley Cup Champion
 1966-67 – Stanley Cup Champion
 1977 – Inducted (posthumously) into the Hockey Hall of Fame
 1996 – Number 2 retired  by the Buffalo Sabres
 1998 – Ranked number 43 The Hockey News list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 2004 – Ranked number 59 The Greatest Canadian by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2016 – Number 7 retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs

References

Other websites 
 
 The Canadian Encyclopedia: Tim Horton 
 Biography at Tim Hortons corporate site 

Accidental deaths in Canada
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Road accident deaths
Sportspeople from Ontario
1930 births
1974 deaths
Ontario Hockey League players
Jetstar Airways

Jetstar Airways is a low-cost airline. It was established by Qantas to counter the expansion of Virgin Blue in Australia. It flies to many domestic and international destinations. Its main airport is Melbourne Airport.

Sister companies 
  Jetstar Asia (Singapore)
 Jetstar Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
 Jetstar Japan (Japan)
 Jetstar Pacific Airlines (in Vietnam)

History  
In 2003 Qantas bought the bankrupt Impulse Airlines, and established Jetstar as a low-cost domestic subsidiary. In February 2004 Jetstar Airways start selling tickets to passengers for her flights.
On 1 December, 2005 she started flying to 1st international airport in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Other websites 

  Jetstar Airways

Low-cost airlines
Airlines of Australia
2000s establishments in Australia
2004 establishments
Airlines of Oceania
Companies of Australia
Transport in Melbourne
Fire extinguisher

A Fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire, and may stop it from burning. Depending on the size, some fire extinguishers can be carried around and operated by hand. There are different kinds of fire extinguishers. Different kinds of fire can be controlled by different substances. There are color codes, the color tells what kinds of fires the fire extinguisher is useful for:

There are also different sizes of fire extinguishers. Bigger fire extinguishers can be used for a longer time. Hand-held fire extinguishers vary between 0.5 and 14 kg. A 2 kg extinguisher works for about two to four seconds, the 12 kg model for about eighteen seconds. There are also bigger fire extinguishers, mounted on a cart or a vehicle. These are used to fight fires at airports, for example.

To be useful, fire extinguishers need to be checked at regular intervals. Usually, there are laws about this duration, concerning fire extinguishers in public buildings. 

Firefighting
Minke whale

The minke whale (also known as the lesser rorqual) is the smallest of the baleen whales that lives in many places in the world. It is the smallest rorqual whale (the large baleen whales). A large one is about 30 feet long and weighs 10 tons. They are black or gray with white on their belly and a white "armband" across their flippers. It is the only baleen whale that is still hunted for money. The Minke whale can swim quite fast.

There are two types of Minke whale.  They are:
 Common minke whale or northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and
Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)

Description

The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale. Only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Males measure an average of  and females  in length. Both sexes typically weigh 4 - 5 t (3.9–4.9 long tons; 4.4–5.5 short tons) as adults.  The maximum weight may be as much as 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short tons). They become adults after 6 to 8 years.

The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) have a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Most of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale comes to the surface to breathe.

Minke whales usually live for 30–50 years.  In some cases they may live for up to 60 years.

The gestation time for minke whales is 10 months.  Calves measure  at birth.  The newborns nurse for five to possibly 10 months. Breeding is mostly done during the summer months. Calving is thought to happen every two years.

References

Baleen whales

en:Minke whale
University of Durham

The University of Durham is a university in the City of Durham in the north of England.  It was founded in 1832.  It is one of the oldest universities in the United Kingdom. It is "long established as the leading alternative to Oxford and Cambridge".

References

Other websites

 University of Durham

1832 establishments
1830s establishments in England
Durham, University of
Durham
Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that helps them or hurts the group who is against them. It is named after Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814).

Example 
If we have Group A and Group B both trying to win in a district. Group A has 40 votes and Group B has 50. In another district Group A knows Group B will win for sure. Group A changes the voting district so that 11 votes are moved to the other district. Now they will win 40 votes to 39.

Politics
Suffrage

Suffrage is the right to vote. Most countries allow citizens to vote once they are legally an adult. In the past not all people were allowed to vote. In general, most countries today do not stop people of a different race or sex from voting. 

Suffrage can also apply to states themselves. Article V. of the U. S. Constitution does not allow any amendment to take away the States' equal suffrage in the Senate.

Suffrage can also mean the right to be a public official. Some people call the right to run for office candidate eligibility.  Full suffrage means both the right to vote and the right to seek office.

Related pages 
Voting age

Voting
Democratic rights
Oda Nobunaga

(June 23, 1534 – June 21, 1582) was a Japanese daimyo. He was born in Owari Province. Akechi Mitsuhide killed him at a temple named Honno-ji. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a follower of Nobunaga.

1534 births
1582 deaths
Daimyo
People from Aichi Prefecture
Windows Product Activation

Windows Product Activation is a service built into all versions of Windows from Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above to stop people downloading pirated copies. The user has 30 days to activate Windows and after 30 days, the computer will not run properly until it is activated.

Activation Process 
When Windows is first installed, there will be a little icon on the screen with a message asking for Windows to be activated.

Then an activation wizard will appear and the user has 2 options on activating Windows. Activation could be done on the Internet, or on the telephone. The quickest way to activate is by the Internet, but if that fails, then the user would need to call Microsoft for the activation ID. The activation ID would be read by the representative and then the user would type in the key on the activation Wizard screen.

Microsoft operating systems

de:Microsoft Windows XP#Produktaktivierung
SliTaz

SliTaz GNU/Linux is a software project started by Christophe Lincoln in 2006. It is one of the smallest desktop  Linux distributions available  It can be loaded entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive.

History 

SliTaz 1.0 was released on March 22, 2008. SliTaz shares many common goals with Damn Small Linux, but is smaller and based on the more recent Linux 2.6 kernel.

Issues

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 SliTaz GNU/Linux official website

Linux distributions