cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
34th G8 summit

The 34th G8 summit was a meeting in 2008 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.

This meeting of the Group of Eight (G8) was the 34th meeting in a series which began in 1976.  The G8 and the summit are part of a "consultative process and not an international organization".

The meeting took place in Japan at  on the northern island of Hokkaidō.  The international group of leaders met from July 7–9, 2008.

Core participants
The participants were the "core members" of the group:

Invited leaders 
A small others were invited to join some of the discussions.

G8+5

The G8 plus the five other nations were known as G8+5.
  Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President.
  China Hu Jintao, President.
  India Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister.
  Mexico Felipe Calderón, President.
  South Africa Thabo Mbeki, President.

Other leaders
  Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President.
  Australia  Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister.
  Ethiopia Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister.
  Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor, President.
  Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President.
  Nigeria Umaru Yar'Adua, President.
  Senegal Abdoulaye Wade, President.
  South Korea Lee Myung-bak, President.
  Tanzania Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, President.

Heads of international organizations
Leaders of some organizations were invited to be part of some of the discussions.

 African Union Jean Ping, AU Commission Chairman Jakaya Kikwete, AU Chairman.
  Commonwealth of Independent States Sergei Lebedev, Executive Secretary
  International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General
 International Energy Agency Nobuo Tanaka, Executive Director
  United Nations Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General.
  UNESCO Koichiro Matsuura, Director General
 World Bank Robert Zoellick, President.
  World Health Organization Margaret Chan, Director-General
 World Trade Organization  Pascal Lamy, Director-General

Related pages 
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

References

Other websites 

  Hokkaido Toyako Summit 
 University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
 Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context 

34
2008 in Asia
2000s in Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Carol Banawa

Carol Banawa (born March 4, 1981) is a Filipino singer. Her album Carol had a hit and was certified gold. Her three other albums, Carol: Repackaged, Transition, and Follow Your Heart was certified platinum. Her album, My Music, My Life was released in 2010, under Black Bird Records. She was also a part of Star Magic Batch 4 alumni.

In 2011, she won in ASAP Pop Viewers Choice 2011 for "POP MOVIE THEMESONG" after singing the official theme song of the Filipino movie Till My Heartaches End.

She is currently signed to ASAP Records.

Discography

Studio albums

References

Other websites 

1981 births
Living people
Filipino singers
26th G8 summit

The 26th G8 Summit  was a meeting in 2000 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.  

This meeting of the Group of Eight (G8) was the 26th meeting in a series which began in 1976.  The G8 and the summit are part of a "consultative process and not an international organization". 

The meeting took place in Japan at Naha on the sothern island of Okinawa.  The international group of leaders were together from July 21-23, 2000.

Core participants
The participants were the "core members" of the group:

Agenda
Global health first appeared as an international agenda issue at this meeting.

Related pages
 G8

References

Other websites 

 Okinawa Summit 2000 
 Kyushu-Okinawa Summit 2000 documents, photos
 University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
 Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context 

26
2000 in Asia
2000s in Japan
Throw Momma from the Train

Throw Momma from the Train is a 1987 American black comedy movie. It was inspired by Strangers on a Train, which also plays a role in the movie. The movie's title comes from "Mama From the Train," written by Irving Gordon and sung by Patti Page.

It stars Danny DeVito (who also directed), Tom Hanks, Anne Ramsey, Kim Greist, Rob Reiner, Branford Marsalis, and Kate Mulgrew, with a cameo appearance from Oprah Winfrey. The movie received mixed to positive reviews, but it was a commercial success. Anne Ramsey was singled out for praise for her portrayal of Mrs. Lift; she got an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Cast
 Danny DeVito as Owen Lift, the main character. He is a student at Larry's college, as well as also being his friend. Throughout the movie, he tries to kill his mother in many different ways, but in the end, he decides not to kill her after all.
 Tom Hanks as Larry Donner. He is Owen's best friend.
 Anne Ramsey as Mrs. Lift, also known as Momma. She is the antagonist of the movie.
 Kim Greist as Beth, Larry's new girlfriend.
 Kate Mulgrew as Margaret Donner, Larry's ex-wife. Larry hates her with a passion and wishes her dead, and Owen tries to kill her by pushing her overboard, but it is later revealed that she was rescued is marrying someone else.
 Branford Marsalis as Lester
 Rob Reiner as Joel, Larry's agent
 Bruce Kirby as Detective DeBenedetto
 Oprah Winfrey as Herself
 Farley Granger as Guy Haines (archive footage)
 Robert Walker as Bruno Anthony (archive footage)

Other websites
 
1987 comedy movies
1987 crime movies
1980s black comedy movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about educators
Movies about writers
Movies set in Hawaii
American independent movies
Movies directed by Danny DeVito
Anne Ramsey

Anne Ramsey (March 27, 1929 – August 11, 1988) was an American stage, television, and movie actress. She is probably most famous for her roles as Mama Fratelli in The Goonies and Momma in Throw Momma from the Train.

Death
Her somewhat slurred speech was caused in part from having had some of her tongue and her jaw removed during surgery for esophageal cancer in 1984. In 1988, her cancer came back, and she died in August at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1929 births
1988 deaths
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Actors from Nebraska
Golden Sun (series)

Golden Sun () is a fantasy handheld role-playing video game series. It was developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo. The three games in the series are Golden Sun, Golden Sun: the Lost Age and Golden Sun: Dark Dawn. They were released in North American in 2001, 2003 and 2010.

The series' is based on Alchemy. In the first game, young Adept (means who can control Alchemy) Isaac and his friends travel to stop Alchemy from returning to the world. But in the second book, players' task is let the Alchemy return the world. 30 years later, the first two games character's children start a new adventure.

Golden Sun and Golden Sun: the Lost Age are both in IGN's Readers Choice Top 100 games.

References 

Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo DS games
19th G7 summit

The 19th G7 summit was a meeting in 1993 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The international group of leaders were together in Japan from July 7-9, 1993. The meetings were held at the State Guesthouse (Akasaka Palace) in Tokyo.

History
The Tokyo summit of the Group of Seven (G7) was the 19th meeting in a series which began in 1976.

Two previous G7 summit was hosted by Japan at Tokyo (1979 and 1986).

The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

Core participants
The participants were the "core members" of the group:

This was the first international summit for Prime Minister Campbell and for President Clinton.

Overview
The G7 leaders agreed to work on common strategies for global economic growth; and they discussed
 Strengthening the UN
 Regional problems
 Strengthening efforts related to nuclear nonproliferation

The group of leaders called for an "international agreement" to "protect forests." There is little evidence of follow-up.

Related pages
 G8
 List of G8 summits

References

Other websites

 University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
 Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context 

19
1993
20th century in Tokyo
1990s in Japan
12th G7 summit

The 12th G7 Summit was a meeting in 1986 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The international group of leaders were together in Japan from May 4-6, 1986. The meetings were held at the State Guesthouse (Akasaka Palace) in Tokyo.

History 
The Tokyo summit of the Group of Seven (G7) was the 12th meeting in a series which began in 1976.

A Previous G7 summit was hosted by Japan at Tokyo in 1979)

The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

Core participants 
The participants were the "core members" of the group:

Overview 
The G7 leaders agreed to work together to improve policy coordination. There was a decision to establish a meeting of finance ministers.

Related pages 
 G8
 List of G8 summits

References

Other websites 

 University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
 Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context 

12
1986 in Asia
20th century in Tokyo
1980s in Japan
5th G7 summit

The 5th G7 summit  was a meeting in 1979 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The international group of leaders were together in Japan June 28-29. The meetings were held at the State Guesthouse (Akasaka Palace) in Tokyo.

History
The Tokyo summit of the Group of Seven (G7) was the 5th meeting in a series which began in 1976.  

This was the first G7 summit in Japan

The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process.  The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

Participants
The participants were the "core members" of the group:

Overview
The G7 leaders agreed to cooperate in the area of energy for developing countries.

Related pages
 G8
 List of G8 summits

References

Other websites

 University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
 Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context 

05
1979
20th century in Tokyo
1970s in Japan
The Marvelettes

The Marvelettes was an American singing group that were active from 1960 to 1972. Members of the group were Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson, Wanda Rogers, Anne Bogan, Georgeanna Tillman, Wyanetta Cowart and Georgia Dobbins. They are probably best known for their #1 hit, "Please Mr. Postman". They were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004 and were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2007.

The group has received several honors, including the Vocal Group Hall of Fame and the Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. In 2005, two of the group's most successful recordings, "Please Mr. Postman" and "Don't Mess with Bill" earned million-selling Gold singles from the RIAA. In 2012, the Marvelettes were nominated for 2013 induction to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.

Other notable recordings were "Playboy", "Beechwood 4-5789", "Danger! Heartbreak Dead Ahead", "The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game", "When You're Young and in Love".

Discography 
The Marvelettes released 12 albums:

References

Other websites 
The Marvelettes Vocal Group Hall of Fame profile 

1960s establishments in Michigan
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1970 disestablishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American girl groups
American pop music groups
American R&B bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1970
Musical groups established in 1960
Musical groups from Michigan
Soul bands
20th-century disestablishments in Michigan
John Ramsay, 1st Lord Bothwell

John Ramsay, 1st Lord Bothwell (born about 1464, died 1513) was a Scottish lord. In Parliament on 24 February 1484, James III of Scotland gave him the barony (title) of Bothwell. He forfeited the title on 8 October 1488 and became Sir John Ramsay of Trarinzeane.

1460s births
1513 deaths
Scottish nobility
Phoebe Tonkin

Phoebe Jane Elizabeth Tonkin (born 12 July 1989 in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian actress. She is best known for portraying Cleo Sertori in H2O: Just Add Water and Fiona Maxwell in Tomorrow, When the War Began. As of 2011, she portrays Faye Chamberlain in The Secret Circle. She was nominated 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards Best Lead Actress in Television Drama for H2O: Just Add Water.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

Australian television actors
Australian movie actors
1989 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
High school football

American football is one of many sports often played in high schools. Games are not extremely high tech.

American football
AFC North

The AFC North is a division in the AFC conference of the National Football League. Teams in the division are the Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Ravens, Cincinnati Bengals, and the Cleveland Browns. Pittsburgh has won the Super Bowl six times, the most of any team in the league. Baltimore has won it twice. Cincinnati and Cleveland have never been Super Bowl champions. The Steelers own all three of the other teams.

National Football League
Tony Siragusa

Tony "Goose" Siragusa (born May 14, 1967 in Kenilworth, New Jersey) is an American football field analyst and former player. He covers the National Football League for Fox Sports. Siragusa played college football for the University of Pittsburgh. 

Siragusa also had a professional career as a defensive tackle. He made the Indianapolis Colts roster as an undrafted free agent in 1990. He signed with the Baltimore Ravens in 1997. In 2000, Siragusa was part of a great Baltimore defense that won Super Bowl XXXV. Siragusa retired after the 2001 NFL season.

"Goose" has been known for his "fun and loose" personality.

Siragusa is married and has children.

References

1967 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Sportspeople from New Jersey
American journalists
Indianapolis Colts players
Baltimore Ravens players
Iburi Province

, also called Ifuri, was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Iburi Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Iburi Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Iburi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Iburi and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Ali Eisner

Ali Eisner (born 13 May 1973) is a puppeteer, writer, musician and composer on/for children's television. She can currently be seen on Kids' CBC as "Mamma Yamma" (a fry cook who lives in Kensington Market), on TVO Kids as "Jay" the Blue Jay, and as "Banjo" on PBS's The Let's Go Show.

Other websites
 

Canadian entertainers
Canadian musicians
Living people
1973 births
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement

The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (or ACTA) is an international treaty that wants to make it easier to fight product piracy to protect intellectual property. This includes fighting counterfeits and copyright infringement, and imposing stricter regulations on generic drugs. ACTA is based on an earlier agreement called TRIPS.

Japan is the only country that has ratified this. European Union also has signed it but many people in Europe is against the Agreement because it can violate human rights especially the freedom of expression and privacy.

Intellectual property law
Treaties
Earnest Byner

Earnest Alexander Byner (born September 15, 1962) is an American football coach and former running back. He is famous for one well known mistake while playing with the Cleveland Browns. While playing against the Denver Broncos in a 1986 playoff game, Byner fumbled at the Denver one yard line, which led to a Broncos victory. The play was called "The Fumble." Byner immediately became an assistant coach after his playing days were over.

References

1962 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
American football running backs
Cleveland Browns players
Washington Redskins players
Baltimore Ravens players
National Football League coaches
Generic drug

A generic drug is a drug that uses the same active ingredients than another drug, which is already on the market. This second drug often uses a brand name. The German company Bayer developed an analgesic based on acetylsalicylic acid in the late 19th century. It marketed the drug as Aspirin. The drug is no longer under copyright, and anyone can produce a drug with the same active substances, but they may not call that drug Aspirin, because that is a trade name. Very often, such drugs are marketed with the name of the main active substance, and the name of the company producing the drug. In most cases generic drugs are cheaper to buy than the branded alternatives.

Drugs
Super Bowl XXV

Super Bowl XXV was the 25th Super Bowl played. It was between the New York Giants and Buffalo Bills. New York beat Buffalo 20-19. Scott Norwood's last second field goal to win for the Bills went wide right. This started a four-game super Bowl-losing streak for the Bills. The game was played at Tampa Stadium.

025
1991 National Football League season
1991 in the United States
1990s in Florida
New York Giants
Buffalo Bills
History of Tampa, Florida
Electrical conduit

Conduit is a tube that electrical wires are run through. Conduit protects the wire from damage. The most common type of conduit is called electrical metallic tubing (EMT). Conduit is common in commercial and industrial installations, and in garages and unfinished basements in homes. General wiring in homes is usually done with NM cable (commonly referred to by the trade name Romex), not conduit. Conduit is usually made of metal, but it can also be made of plastic.

Electrical wiring
Víctor Casadesús

Víctor Manuel Casadesús Castaño, usually just called Víctor (born 28 February 1985 in Palma, Majorca, Balearic Islands), is a Spanish footballer. He plays for RCD Mallorca as a forward.

International career
Víctor played for Spain at the 2004 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship. He scored for Spain in the 2–2 semifinal draw (which they won in a penalty shootout) over Ukraine. He eventually got into the U-21s.

Honours
Spain U19
UEFA U-19 Championship: 2004

References

Other websites
Mallorca official profile 

Spanish footballers
1985 births
Living people
GPGPU

GPGPU refers to using a Graphics Processing Unit to perform tasks normally done by a central processing unit.

GPUs are stronger than CPUs of the same price, but are normally restricted to tasks involving graphics, like playing videos and rendering graphics in video games.

Computer graphics
Lee Unkrich

Lee Unkrich (born August 8, 1967) is an American director, editor, and screenwriter. He was the director of Toy Story 3 (2010). He also helped direct other Pixar movies. These include Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc. and Finding Nemo.  Unkrich was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

Filmography

Feature Films

Television
Prison Stories: Women on the Inside (1991) (TV) (production assistant)
Silk Stalkings (1991) (TV Series) (assistant editor, editor, director)
Renegade (1993) (TV series) (assistant editor)
Betrayed by Love (1994) (TV) (assistant editor)
Separated by Murder (1995) (TV) (editor)

Short Films and Television Specials

References

Other websites

American movie directors
American screenwriters
Movie directors from Ohio
Pixar
writers from Cleveland, Ohio
1967 births
Living people
In the Bleachers

In the Bleachers is a comic that comments on, and lampoons, sports. It was created in 1985 by cartoonist Steve Moore. It is syndicated internationally by Universal Press Syndicate.

Other websites
 Official web site
 http://mag.awn.com/index.php?article_no=3023 

Comic strips
Former Provinces of Hokkaidō

The Former Provinces of Hokkaido were created by the Meiji period government of Japan in 1869.  They lasted only until the creation of prefectures.

History
In 1869, the island of Hokkaidō was organized into 11 provinces.    

Other than the Hokkaido provinces, the majority of Japan's former provinces were converted into prefectures by the Meiji government between 1870 and 1876.

The Hokkaidō provinces were dissolved in 1882.  In that year, they were replaced with Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.  

In 1886, Hakodate, Sapporo and Nemuro prefectures were abolished.  The reform replaced with another entity called the .  

In 1947, Hokkaido Prefecture was established.  The old provincial boundaries are mirrored in the island's subprefectures.

List of provinces
Although the 19th century provinces of Hokkaidō lasted for only a short time, the subdivisions of the land of the island are very much like those which still exist.

Chishima
 was in the area of the islands of Kunashiri and Etorofu and the Kuril Islands.

Hidaka
 was in the area of Hidaka Subprefecture

Iburi
 was in the area of Iburi Subprefecture.

Ishikari
 was in the area of Ishikari Subprefecture.

Kitami
 was in the area of Sōya Subprefecture and Abashiri Subprefecture.

Kushiro
 was in the area of Kushiro Subprefecture and part of Abashiri Subprefecture.

Nemuro
 was in the area of the mainland portion of Nemuro Subprefecture.

Oshima
 was in the area of the southern part of Oshima Subprefecture and Hiyama Subprefecture.

Shiribeshi
 was in the area of the southern part of Shiribeshi Subprefecture,

Teshio
 was in the area of Rumoi Subprefecture and the northern half of Kamikawa Subprefecture.

Tokachi
 was in the area of  Tokachi Subprefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan

References

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Mike McGlone

Michael "Mike" McGlone (born 10 August 1972) is an American actor, singer, songwriter, and comedian. He is best known as the GEICO insurance spokesperson.

References

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
actors from New York
Puss in Boots

"Puss in Boots" is a fairy tale. It was written/recorded by Charles Perrault. The story is the classic "animal as helper" tale. It is about a cat who uses tricks and lies to gain power, money, and a princess in marriage for his lowborn master.  The story first appeared in a handwritten manuscript in 1695 with four other tales by Perrault. It was published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The book was a great success.  

A tale from Gianfrancesco Straparola's Le piacevoli notti () (1550-55) and another from Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1634) are similar to "Puss in Boots". Straparola's story was published in France in 1560. It may have influenced Perrault.  Pentamerone was not published in France during Perrault's lifetime. It is not likely he knew Basile's tale.

Story 
A miller dies.  He leaves a cat to his youngest son. The cat requests a pair of boots. He tells the boy he will make his fortune. The cat makes friends with the king by bringing him wild game in the name of his master. One day, the king rescues the boy from drowning. He dresses him in clothes from his own wardrobe. The king's daughter falls in love with the handsome boy at once. The cat takes possession of a castle for his master by killing an ogre. The boy marries the king's daughter.

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 21, 110-12.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 409.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
Golden Sun

Golden Sun is a Game Boy Advance handheld role-playing video game. It was developed by Camelot and published in 2001 by Nintendo. It's the first of the Golden Sun series. In Japan, it's named Ōgon no Taiyō Hirakareshi Fūin (, meaning Golden Sun: The Broken Seal). In 2003, the second of the series named Golden Sun: the Lost Age was released. The game's "Djinn" setting is unusual.

The game's story take place on a magic world named "Weyard". It's an alchemy world, and alchemy can be controlled by adepts. Long long ago, Alchemy was sealed, but one day some young adepts let it return to Weyard. To keep world safety, they have to travel to let alchemy be sealed again.

IGN's Craig Harris said Golden Sun "is the best game in all 2D-based Japanese RPG".

References 

Game Boy Advance games
2001 video games
Golden Sun video game series
Stories or Tales of Past Times

Stories or Tales from Past Times () is a collection of eight fairy tales by Charles Perrault. It was published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin. The collection is also known as Mother Goose's Tales (). The eight tales are "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Bluebeard", "Puss in Boots", "Diamonds and Toads", "Cinderella", "Rickey with the Tuft", and "Hop o' My Thumb".  Later editions included three verse tales by Perrault: "Griselda", "The Silly Wishes", and "Donkeyskin". The stories have been translated into many languages. They have been published around the world.

References 
 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit (Eds.) 1974. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver: Alan Swallow. pp. 7–29.
 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. ix-xliv.
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 21–4.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 236–8.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
17th-century books
Collections of fairy tales
Bluebeard

"Bluebeard" () is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 titled Contes de ma mère l'oye (). The deluxe volume was intended for Mademoiselle, the 19-year-old niece of Louis XIV. It included four other tales by Perrault. "Bluebeard" was first published anonymously in January 1697 in Paris by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The tale is about a cruel man who murders his wives so that he will inherit their wealth. He puts their corpses in a secret room opened only by a magic key.

Jacque Barchilon believes the tale is original with Perrault because there are no close antecedants. The taboo of the forbidden room is found in eastern literature, and Barchilon writes that the tale has an "Oriental character". He points out that the French associated beards with Turkish fashions, and early illustrations depict Bluebeard wearing a turban-like headdress.

Medieval murderer of children Gilles de Rais may have been the inspiration for the character of Bluebeard. De Rais was a Marshal of France and Joan of Arc's military companion. His victims (mostly young boys) were said to number 140. The Breton king Comorre the Cursed (c.500 AD) is another candidate. Tales similar to "Bluebeard" include "The Fitcher's Bird" by the Brothers Grimm and the English tale "Mr. Fox".

Story 
A rich man has a blue beard which frightens young women. He has been married several times but no one knows what has happened to his wives. He woos two young sisters in the neighborhood but neither are inclined to consider marriage. He treats them to a lavish time in his country house. The younger sister decides to marry him. Shortly after the wedding (and before he travels to a far land on business), Bluebeard gives his wife the keys to his house. One key opens a door to a distant room. He forbids her to enter this room. He leaves and his wife opens the door to the forbidden room. Here she finds Bluebeard's former wives, all dead and lying on a floor covered with blood. She drops the key. It is magic and becomes stained with blood that cannot be washed away. Bluebeard returns. He discovers the blood-stained key and knows his wife has disobeyed his order. He tells her she will take her place among the dead. He grants her a few minutes to pray. She calls her sister Anne and asks her to go to the top of the tower to see if her brothers are on the road. After several tense moments, Anne reports seeing the men approaching. Bluebeard raises a cutlass to decapitate his wife. Her brothers burst into the room. They kill Bluebeard. Their sister is safe.

References 

 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit. 1960. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver: Alan Swallow. 
 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 103–5.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
All That Heaven Allows

All That Heaven Allows is a 1955 romantic drama movie. It stars Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson. Douglas Sirk directed. It is based on a story by Edna L. Lee and Harry Lee. The movie was produced by Ross Hunter, and released by Universal Pictures. It was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story 
Cary Scott is a rich widow. Her social life is dull. It centers on her two adult children, her country club friends, and a couple of men with romantic hopes. She falls in love with young landscape designer Ron Kirby. He is her social inferior. He proposes and she says yes. Her children and friends disapprove. Because of this, Cary ends the relationship with Ron. Cary returns to her lonely life. She sees other women getting engaged and living lives of happiness. She finds the courage to defy social norms and commits to loving Ron.

Criticism 
Bosley Crowther did not like the movie. He wrote, "The script was obviously written to bring [Wyman] and Mr. Hudson, who made a popular twosome in the Magnificent Obsession, together again. Solid and sensible drama plainly had to give way to outright emotional bulldozing and a paving of easy clichés."

References 

American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
1950s romantic drama movies
1955 drama movies
Universal Pictures movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Women's movies
Imitation of Life (1959 movie)

Imitation of Life is a 1959 American romantic drama movie. It stars Lana Turner, John Gavin, Juanita Moore, Susan Kohner, and Sandra Dee. Douglas Sirk directed. The movie is based on a book by Fannie Hurst. It was produced by Ross Hunter and released by Universal Pictures. The movie tells the story of two women and their daughters over the years.

Other websites 

1959 drama movies
1950s romance movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Universal Pictures movies
Women's movies
Madame X (1966 movie)

Madame X is a movie from 1966 starring Lana Turner, Constance Bennett, John Forsythe, Ricardo Montalbán, Burgess Meredith, and Keir Dullea. It was directed by David Lowell Rich and produced by Ross Hunter.

Plot 
Holly Parker marries a rich and ambitious politician named Clayton Anderson (Forsythe). He is often travelling. Holly steps out now and then with Phil (Montalbán). She breaks the relationship off, but Phil refuses to be dismissed. He dies while arguing with her.

Holly's mother-in-law (Bennett) realizes the scandal will destroy her son's political goals. She tells Holly to disappear forever by staging a fake drowning.  She does so, and flees to Europe.

The years pass. Holly drinks heavily and pals around with Dan (Meredith). They return to America. Holly discovers Dan plans to blackmail her husband. She kills him. She refuses to reveal her identity to the police, and signs a confession with the letter "X".

The court assigns her an attorney who happens to be her son Clayton Jr. (Dullea). The trial is nerve wracking for Holly. Weary and ill, she dies in jail without revealing that she is her attorney's mother.

Other websites

American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
1966 romance movies
1966 drama movies
1960s romantic drama movies
Movies directed by David Lowell Rich
Louis Vuitton

Louis Vuitton is a French fashion house formed in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. It sells shoes, watches, jewellery, accessories, sunglasses and books.  It sells its products in boutiques. The products are still made by hand. In 1867, the company participated in the universal exhibition in Paris. To protect the duplication of his look, he changed the Trianon design to a beige and brown in 1876. The company opened its first store in London, England on Oxford Street. In 1959 he created purses, bags and wallets. In 1977, the company had an annual income of 70 million francs.

References

French fashion houses
1854 establishments in Europe
1850s establishments in France
Shapley 1

Shapley 1 (also known as Sp 1 or PLN 329+2.1) is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Norma. The nebula was discovered by the astronomer Harlow Shapley in 1936 and it is about 1,000 lightyears away from Earth.

References

Nebulae
Pus

Pus is a fluid that is created as a result of certain inflammations in vertebrates. In vertebrates, white blood cells fight the inflammation. Neutrophils destroy the agents that cause the infection, for example bacteria, macrophages engulf and neutralise these agents. Pus is made of dead neutrophils and macrophages, mostly. In most cases, pus is the result of bacterial infection, but it can also result from other conditions, such as psoriasis.

Immunology
Leptin

Leptin is a hormone made by cells in fat tissue that reduces hunger. That helps the energy balance in the body. 

Leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone".  Both hormones act on receptors in the  hypothalamus. They adjust appetite to get energy homeostasis.  

In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin comes up. This leads to a feeling of hunger, despite high energy stores.

Although regulation of fat stores is the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes. These additional functions are still being studied.

Leptin was recently discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey M. Friedman and colleagues at Rockefeller University. Its discovery is important in the study of obesity which has become a problem in western society. The importance of leptin was discovered through experiments done on mice in a laboratory. Scientists found that mice who had more leptin in their bodies were thinner and didn't need to eat as much. Leptin levels can be increased by reducing stress and having quality or restful sleep.

References 

Hormones
Pollyanna (1960 movie)

Pollyanna (1960) is a Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars child actress Hayley Mills and Jane Wyman. The movie is based on the 1913 children's novel Pollyanna by Eleanor Porter. David Swift wrote the screenplay and directed the movie. Pollyanna is the first of six movies Mills made for Disney. She won an Academy Juvenile Award for her performance as Pollyanna.

Story 
Pollyanna is an orphan. She arrives in the town of Harrington to live with her rich Aunt Polly. The girl is a happy youngster who believes in the goodness of life. She makes many friends. Aunt Polly controls the town because she is the richest citizen. The people of Harrington want an old orphanage rebuilt. Aunt Polly opposes the idea. The people defy Aunt Polly and plan a bazaar to raise funds for a new building. Aunt Polly is furious. She forbids Pollyanna to participate. On the evening of the bazaar however, Pollyanna slips away and has a wonderful time. She returns home. She tries to avoid her Aunt by climbing a tree outside her bedroom window. She falls and injures her legs. Her cheerful spirits sink, making recovery doubtful. The people of Harrington learn of Pollyanna's accident. They visit her and assure her that she is loved. Pollyanna's spirits return to their usual cheerfulness. She leaves for Baltimore with Aunt Polly to have an operation on her legs.

American drama movies
English-language movies
1960 romance movies
Academy Award winning movies
American family movies
Disney movies
Movies based on books
1960 drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Buena Vista International movies
Movie remakes
Movies set in the 1910s
1960s romantic drama movies
Tropaeolum

Tropaeolum is a genus of roughly 80 species of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants and the only genus in the family Tropaeolaceae. The genus Tropaeolum is native in Central America and South America. The roots of the specie T. polyphyllum from Chile can survive underground when air temperatures drop as low as -15°C (5°F).

Flowers
Medicinal plants
Brassicales
Yun Hyu

Yun Hyu (Korean:윤휴, 尹鑴, October 14, 1617–May 20, 1680) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and soldier during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His other names were Baegho (백호, 白湖) and Haheon (하헌, 夏軒). His Chinese style names were Du'goe (두괴, 斗魁) and Huijung (희중, 希仲). He was a middle-ranking member of the North Man party.

work book 
 Baikhojunseo(백호전서, 白湖全書)
 Baikhodokseogi(백호독서기, 白湖讀書記)
 Juryeseol(주례설, 周禮說)
 Hongbeomseol(홍범설, 洪範說)
 Jungyongdaehakhoosul(중용대학후설, 中庸大學後說)
 Jungyongseol(중용설, 中庸說)
 Bailhojip(백호집, 白湖集)

Related pages
 Silhak
 Heo Mok
 Heo Jeok
 Song Siyeol
 Yun Seondo
 Song Jungil

Other websites 

 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=15008 
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A1617_1_0008791&curSetPos=0&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=P 

1610 births
1680 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Murder victims
Human settlement

Human Settlement refers to the action of people coming together to live in an area.  Settlement is a general term used in archaeology, geography, history and other subjects for a place where people live (either permanently or temporarily). When they come from far away it is sometimes called a colony. The term may include hamlets, suburbs, towns and cities. Nomadic people do not settle. 

Population
Microtia

Microtia meaning 'small ear' is a deformation of the outer ear. Over 90% of the time, only one ear is affected, but both ears can be affected. More boys are affected than girls. The right ear is more affected than the left. One in 1000 people have microtia. It can affect hearing. There are four grades of microtia:
Grade I: A slightly small ear with identifiable structures and a small but present external ear canal 
Grade II: A partial or hemi-ear with a closed off ("stenotic") external ear canal producing a conductive hearing loss 
Grade III: Absence of the external ear with a small peanut vestige structure and an absence of the external ear canal and ear drum 
Grade IV: Absence of the total ear {"anotia")
Grade III is most common, and can be corrected by surgery.

Growth disorders
Ishikari Province

was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Ishikari Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Ishikari Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Ishikari Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Ishikari and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Kitami Province

was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Sōya Subprefecture and Abashiri Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Kitami Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Kitami Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Kitami and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Kushiro Province

was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Kushiro Subprefecture and part of Abashiri Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Kushiro Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Kushiro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Kushiro and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Nemuro Province

was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Nemuro Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Nemuro Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Nemuro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Nemuro and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Queen Letizia of Spain

Queen Letizia of Spain (Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano, born 15 September 1972), is the wife of Felipe VI of Spain, former Prince of Asturias, the heir apparent to the Spanish throne. Before her marriage to the prince, she worked as a journalist for several mass media companies. These included the Austrian newspaper La Nueva España, ABC and EFE. She also presented the news on television. In 2000, she received the Larra Prize for her work as the best journalist under 30 years of age. 

In 1998, she married Alfonso Guerrero. The next year they divorced. Later she met the Prince Felipe at a dinner party. They married on May 22, 2004. Their daughter Leonor was born in October 2005. She is the second in the line of succession for the Spanish Crown. Sofía, her second daughter, was born in April 2007. 

Since her second wedding, she has had the title of Princess of Asturias. She accompanies her husband on official travel wherever she can. She very much likes fashion. People and the press are always noticing what she wearing.

Following the abdication of her father-in-law in June 2014, her husband succeeded to the Spanish throne as Felipe VI with Letizia as his queen.

Titles and styles 

 15 September 1972 – 6/7 August 1998: Miss Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
 6/7 August 1998 – 1999: Mrs. Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano de Guerrero
 1999 – 22 May 2004: Ms. Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
 22 May 2004 – 18 June 2014: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias
 19 June 2014 – present: Her Majesty The Queen

1972 births
Living people
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Gianfrancesco Straparola

Giovanni Francesco "Gianfrancesco" Straparola, also known as Zoan or Zuan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio (c. 1480 – c. 1557) was a writer from Caravaggio, Italy. His principal work is Le piacevoli notti, a collection of 75 stories. Modelled on Decamerone, it has participants of a 13-night party in the island of Murano, near Venice, tell each other stories that vary from the bawdy to the fantastic.

Among the tales are:
 The Pig King
 Costantino Fortunato, the oldest known variant of "Puss in Boots"
 Ancilotto, King of Provino, the oldest known variant of "The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird"
 Biancabella and the Snake
 Maestro Lattantio and His Apprentice Dionigi
 Guerrino and the Savage Man, the oldest known variant of "Iron John"
 Fortunio, the earliest European appearance of a story about killing or injuring someone while attempting to shoo away a fly
 Costanza / Costanzo

References

Other websites 
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Facetious Nights of Straparola , an English translation of many tales

1480s births
1550s deaths
Italian writers
Oshima Province

was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Oshima Subprefecture and Hiyama Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Oshima Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Oshima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Oshima and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture