cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
FC Dallas

FC Dallas is an American soccer team. They play in Major League Soccer (MLS) in Frisco, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, Texas. The team is a founding member of the MLS. Before 2005, they were known as the Dallas Burn. The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group, which also owns the National Football League team Kansas City Chiefs.

Players and staff

Roster

Out on loan

Team management

Head coaches

Record

Year-by-year

Year-by-year stats 

Note: MLS did not allow ties prior to the 2000 season as games were decided by shootout when tied at full-time.

MLS Scoring Champion/Golden Boot 

The following players have won the MLS Scoring Champion or the Golden Boot.

Top goalscorers

International competition 

 1998 CONCACAF Cup Winners' Cup
 Group stage v.  Necaxa – 1–4
 Group stage v.  Cruz Azul – 1–2

 2004 La Manga Cup
 Group stage v.  Odd Grenland – 1–2
 Group stage v.  Dynamo Kyiv – 2–2
 Semi-finals v.  Stabæk – 2–1
 Fifth place match v.  Bodø/Glimt – 1–3

 2007 North American SuperLiga
 Group stage v.  Guadalajara – 1–1
 Group stage v.  Pachuca – 1–1
 Group stage v.  Los Angeles Galaxy – 5–6

 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League
 Preliminary Round v.  Alianza – 1–0
 Preliminary Round v.  Alianza – 1–0
 Group stage v.  UNAM – 1–0
 Group stage v.  Toronto FC – 1–0
 Group stage v.  Tauro F.C. – 1–1
 Group stage v.  UNAM – 0–2
 Group stage v.  Tauro F.C. – 3–5
 Group stage v.  Toronto FC – 0–3

 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League
 Group stage v.  Real Estelí – 2–1
 Group stage v.  Real Estelí – 1–1
 Group stage v.  Suchitepéquez – 0–0
 Group stage v.  Suchitepéquez – 5–2
 Quarter-finals v.  Árabe Unido – 4–0
 Quarter-finals v.  Árabe Unido – 1–2
 Semi-finals v.  Pachuca – 2–1
 Semi-finals v.  Pachuca – 1–3

 2018 CONCACAF Champions League
 Round of 16 v.  Tauro F.C. – 0–1
 Round of 16 v.  Tauro F.C. – 3–2

Stadium

Cotton Bowl; Dallas, Texas (1996–2002, 2004–2005)
Dragon Stadium; Southlake, Texas (2003)
Toyota Stadium; Frisco, Texas (2005–present; known as Pizza Hut Park through the 2011 season and FC Dallas Stadium in the 2012 season and most of the 2013 season)

From 1996–2002 the team played in the 92,100-capacity Cotton Bowl in Dallas. To save money the club played its 2003 home games at Dragon Stadium, a high school stadium in Southlake, a Fort Worth suburb. The club lost money in the high school stadium because Texas law does not allow the sale of alcohol on a public high school campus. The team moved back to the Cotton Bowl for the 2004 season. In August 2005, the club moved into Pizza Hut Park, a soccer stadium in the northern suburb of Frisco. The contract that allowed Pizza Hut to put its name on the stadium ended in January 2012, and the stadium was renamed FC Dallas Stadium. In September 2013, a new sponsorship contract was signed with Toyota, and the stadium was renamed Toyota Stadium. Following renovations to the south end of Toyota Stadium, the relocated National Soccer Hall of Fame opened at the stadium in October 2018.

References

Other websites
Official Homepage

American soccer teams
Sports in Dallas, Texas
Major League Soccer teams
1996 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Texas
Houston Dynamo

The Houston Dynamo are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Houston, Texas.  In late 2005, the San Jose Earthquakes moved to the city because of financial problems in San Jose, California.

The Dynamo opened a new stadium, which opened as BBVA Compass Stadium and is now known as BBVA Stadium, in downtown Houston in May 2012, after playing their first seven games of the season on the road.

League title
Major League Soccer : 2
2006, 2007

League position

References

American soccer teams
Sports in Houston, Texas
Major League Soccer teams
2005 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Texas
Toronto FC

Toronto Football Club, usually known as Toronto FC, is a soccer club based in Toronto, Ontario. They have played in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS) since the 2007 season. They were the first Canadian soccer team to join MLS. They play their home games at BMO Field in Downtown Toronto. The team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment.

History 
Toronto FC has won the Canadian Championship five times, most recently in 2016. They also made it to the 2016 MLS Cup but lost to Seattle Sounders 4-5 in penalties. They were also semi-finalists of the 2011-2012 CONCACAF Champions League.

References

Sport in Toronto
Canadian soccer teams
Major League Soccer teams
2005 establishments in Canada
President of Germany

The President of Germany (German: Bundespräsident, literally: federal president) is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. His functions are mostly supervising and representative, because of the negative experiences with the office of its predecessor the Reich President (Reichskanzler).

The president is elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung.

List of presidents 
 Theodor Heuss (FDP), 1949 – 1959
 Heinrich Lübke (CDU), 1959 – 1969
 Gustav Heinemann (SPD), 1969 – 1974
 Walter Scheel (FDP), 1974 – 1979
 Karl Carstens (CDU), 1979 – 1984
 Richard von Weizsäcker (CDU), 1984 – 1994
 Roman Herzog (CDU), 1994 – 1999
 Johannes Rau (SPD), 1999 – 2004
 Horst Köhler (CDU), 2004 – 2010
 Christian Wulff (CDU), 2010 – 2012
 Joachim Gauck (Independent), 2012 – 2017
 Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD), since 2017

References 

Politics of Germany
Lists of national presidents
Germany-related lists
Miami Fusion F.C.

The Miami Fusion were an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1998 to 2001. They played in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

American soccer teams
Sports in Miami, Florida
1998 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Tampa Bay Mutiny

Tampa Bay Mutiny was an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1996 to 2001.  They played in Tampa, Florida. Their stadium was the Raymond James Stadium.

The Mutiny went out of business after the 2001 season, after having low attendance and finishing in last place.

American soccer teams
Sports in Tampa, Florida
1996 establishments in Florida
2001 disestablishments in the United States
The Gillette Company

Global Gillette (formerly The Gillette Company) is an American company famous for making shaving products. It has been merged recently into Procter & Gamble's operations.

References 

1900s establishments in Massachusetts
1901 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Boston, Massachusetts
Abkhazia

Abkhazia  is an unrecognised country in the caucuses. 

The country fought a war with Georgia for its independence in 1991, the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict. Since its declaration of independence from Georgia in 1991, it has been ruled by the partly-recognized Republic of Abkhazia.

Georgia believes Abkhazia is part of its territory and has listed the province, in its official subdivisions, as an autonomous republic On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory".

The Republic of Abkhazia, with Sukhumi as its capital, is a client state of Russia. It is formally recognised by Russia and by  Nicaragua, and the de facto independent republics of South Ossetia and Transnistria. The European Union, OSCE, and NATO recognise Abkhazia as an integral part of the territory of Georgia.

The secessionist movement of the Abkhaz minority led to the Georgian–Abkhaz conflict. The War in Abkhazia resulted in a Georgian military defeat and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. 

There was a 1994 ceasefire agreement. There is a UN-monitored and Russian-dominated CIS peacekeeping operation. The sovereignty dispute has not been resolved. The dispute is a source of conflict between Georgia and Russia.

Related pages 
 Gagra
 Pitsunda
 Sukhumi

References

Other websites
inline

 
Caucasus
Autonomous republics of Georgia (country)
Heinrich Schütz

Heinrich Schütz (born Köstritz, Saxony, 8 October 1585; died Dresden, Germany, 6 November 1672) was the greatest German composer of his time.  As a young man he travelled to Italy to learn the art of composition from the great Italian composers.  He had lessons from Giovanni Gabrieli.  When Gabrieli died in 1612 Schütz returned to Germany.  He visited Italy a second time in 1628 to learn from the music of Claudio Monteverdi.  He also visited Copenhagen.  For much of his life he was a court composer at the Electoral Chapel in Dresden.  Most of his work consists of choral works especially motets and madrigals.  He was very good at writing counterpoint and his music has some very striking effects.  His  Christmas Oratorio  is particularly famous.

German composers
Baroque composers
1585 births
1672 deaths
Domenico Scarlatti

Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (born Naples, Italy, on 26 October 1685; died Madrid, Spain, on 23 July 1757) was an Italian composer and harpsichordist. He was the son of the famous composer Alessandro Scarlatti. Part of his life he spent in Venice and Rome. His father Alessandro was a famous composer who wrote many operas. Domenico became famous for his sonatas for harpsichord. He wrote over 550 of them. They are mostly quite short pieces in one movement, most written in an early Classical style, which influenced many future Classical composers. He had some unusual effects in his music such as the crossing of hands as they leap wildly from one end of the keyboard to another. He also liked crunchy chords which sound like the strumming of Spanish guitars. He gave harpsichord lessons to the Infanta Maria Barbara at the Royal Court in Lisbon in Portugal. When she married she took Scarlatti, her harpsichord teacher, with her to Madrid in Spain where he spent the rest of his life.

Scarlatti, Domenico
Scarlatti, Domenico
1685 births
1757 deaths
People from Naples
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach

Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (born Weimar 22 November 1710–Berlin 1 July 1784) was a famous German composer and organist.

He was the son of Johann Sebastian Bach, who taught him to play the harpsichord and organ. Johann Sebastian wrote some pieces and put them in a book called Notebook for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. Although they are in order of increasing difficulty, it is not known if these were used to teach him to play, or how to write music. The book does contain two allemandes and four preludes written by Wilhelm Friedemann. He also learned to play the violin.

Wilhelm Friedemann was an excellent organist, and took over teaching some of his father's students. In 1733 he was appointed as the organist at the Dresden Sophienkirche (St. Sophia's Church). While living in Dresden he continued to write music including harpsichord concertos, sinfonias, trio sonatas, harpsichord sonatas, and other smaller works for keyboard. He published his first music in 1745.

In 1746 became organist of the Liebfrauenkirche at Halle. This was an important position and he was paid twice as much as he had earned at Dresden. He was expected to provide music for feast days, and so he began to compose cantatas which could be reused each year. He still visited his father, and often used parts of his music. After his father's death in 1750, Wilhelm Friedemann inherited as lot of his father's music, and tried to make people think they were his compositions. He was in trouble with the church when he went to Leipzig to sort out his father's estate. They felt that he was away for too long and was not fulfilling his proper duties.

In 1764, after arguing with a lot of people, he left the job in Halle, remaining unemployed and living a life of poverty until his death.

He had a lot of talent which he did not use. He was a very good improviser, but was careless when playing music by other composers, including his father's.

References

1710 births
1784 deaths
Wilhelm Friedemann
Classical era composers
German composers
German organists
People from Weimar
Indiana Jones

Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr. is a fictional American professor, archaeologist, and adventurer.

He originally appeared in a series of movies produced by George Lucas and directed by Steven Spielberg in the 1980s, in which he was played by actor Harrison Ford.

Indiana Jones is noted for his trademark bullwhip, his fedora hat, and his great fear of snakes.

Indiana Jones is also the general name given to the series as a whole, which has four movies, a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media.

Movies
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) 
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Indiana Jones (1992)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).

Video games
Raiders of the Lost Ark - (Atari 2600)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom arcade - (Atari System 1)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game - (C64, NES, Amiga, Macintosh, PC)
Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures - (SNES)
Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis: The Graphic Adventure - (PC, Amiga, Macintosh)
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - (PC, Nintendo 64, Nintendo Game Boy Color)
Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb - (PC, PlayStation 2, Microsoft Xbox)
Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings - (Wii, Nintendo DS, PSP, PlayStation 2)
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - (PC, Nintendo 64, Gameboy Color)
Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures - (PC, Macintosh)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles - (NES)
LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Macintosh)
LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventures Continues (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii)
Indiana Jones Adventure World - (Facebook)

Other websites 

Official Indiana Jones site

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1981
Movie characters
Fantasy

Fantasy is a genre of fiction (make believe) that shows some form of magic, or supernatural elements.

Often fantasy also means that the story happens in a fictional place, a world different from our own (e.g. Middle-earth or Narnia). Although the word fantasy is most often applied to low-tech worlds, it also can depict high tech worlds, overlapping with science fiction (science fantasy). Or it is used for historical fiction, if it is magical in some way.

Related pages

Fairy tale
Folklore

Other websites
EDGE Science Fiction and Fantasy Publishing
Materialism

Materialism is the philosophical belief that the world is made of material, and that there are no other types of entity (things). Everything is composed of material. Things that are not made of material, such as consciousness, are the result of actions by material. In other words, matter is the only real substance. Physicalism is a related term.

Especially, a materialist does not believe in supernatural entities. Many of history's materialists thinkers have found the idea of a spirit either meaningless or not scientifically proven. By definition, these thinkers are therefore also atheists, though not all atheists are materialists, and there have even been some historically important Materialist thinkers who believe in a Pantheist idea of God (such as Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Engels).

Modern philosophical materialists extend the definition to include other basic entities proven by science, such as energy, forces, and the curvature of space. Matter and energy are known to be interchangeable, and much else, such as gravity, is caused by matter. However, the concept of matter is itself not entirely clear. 

Other types of philosophy share some of the aims of materialism. Examples would include reductionism, logical positivism and empiricism.

The origin of materialism is in a type of Ancient Greek philosophy. Thales, Epicurus, and Lucretius are early materialist philosophers. The idea also appeared in other ancient cultures.

References 

Philosophical movements and positions
Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus (), officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; , KKTC), is a de facto state in the northern half of the island of Cyprus. It is internationally recognised as part of the Republic of Cyprus and only Turkey recognises it as a separate state. Three hundred thousand Muslim Turkish Cypriots live in its 3,335 km². Turkey is the only country which recognizes the territory as an independent republic despite the international sanctions and embargos in place.

Cyprus was conquered and became part of the Ottoman Empire from 1570–1914. Many Ottoman Turks became settlers. As the Ottoman Empire sided against the British empire in World War I, the British annexed Cyprus. In 1923, by the Treaty of Lausanne Turkey gave up the island to the British Empire which in 1925 converted it to a crown colony. The British administered it from 1878 until 1960. Cypriot Turk males are circumcised, because Sunni Islam is the main religion.

In 1974, in response to a growing conflict with Greece, the Turkish army invaded and occupied Cyprus. Many settlers from mainland Turkey came from Turkey into the northern part of the island. The move drew international condemnation and Northern Cyprus remains unrecognized by the United Nations.

Since 1974, the United Nations has established a ceasefire line between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots. The ''Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus'' was formed in 1983 and Rauf Denktash became the first president. Negotiations for a unified island have been held several times without success. 

Northern Cyprus, despite its international pariah status, stands out amongst other "frozen conflict" zones as having a relatively stable and democratic form of government with high levels of political freedom and civic engagement in the political process.

References

Other websites 
 Zypern Times
 Nordzypern Almanac
 North Cyprus Information Map  - A directory and information source for Northern Cyprus. Company information including location maps. General and specific questions for residences and tourists
 
 Government of the TRNC
David Beckham

David Beckham (born 2 May 1975) is a retired English association football player. He is currently the owner of MLS team Inter Miami CF.

In June 2003, Queen Elizabeth II gave Beckham an OBE. In January 2005, Beckham became a UNICEF ambassador. Since his move from Manchester United F.C. to Real Madrid in 2003, he has been the highest paid footballer in the world.

Early life 
Beckham was born at Whipps Cross University Hospital in London, England. He was the son of Ted and Sandra Georgina West. He grew up in the Manchester football youth system along with Ryan Giggs, Nicky Butt, Phil Neville, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes who all turned out to be famous footballers.

Career

Manchester United  
From 1992 through 2003, he played for Manchester United in the Premier League.

Real Madrid 
After leaving Manchester United, he signed a four-year contract with Real Madrid which ended in June 2007.

LA Galaxy 
From 2007 to 2012, he played for LA Galaxy in the United States. He was loaned out to AC Milan of Italy for the 2008-09 and the 2009-10 seasons before joining the Galaxy again.

PSG 
He played for Paris Saint-Germain in Ligue 1 until the end of the 2012/13 season. After the season ended, he retired.

England 
He played for England for 13 years, from 1996 until 2009. He was dropped from the England team after giving up his England captaincy, but regained his place in the England squad when Fabio Capello became the England manager in 2008.

Personal life  
Beckham's wife is singer Victoria Beckham. Some people call her Posh Spice because she was a member of the Spice Girls. The couple have three sons: Brooklyn Joseph Beckham (born 4 March 1999 in London), Romeo James Beckham (born 1 September 2002 in London), and Cruz David Beckham (born 20 February 2005 in Madrid, Spain), and a daughter Harper Beckham (born 2 July 2011). She is also the youngest member of the Beckham family.

Club career statistics

International career statistics 

|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||9||0
|-
|1998||8||1
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||10||0
|-
|2001||10||5
|-
|2002||9||3
|-
|2003||9||4
|-
|2004||12||2
|-
|2005||9||1
|-
|2006||8||1
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
!Total||115||17
|}

References 

1975 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
English footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
People from Leytonstone
Sportspeople from London
UEFA Euro 2000 players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
Premier League players
Sonata

A sonata is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying.  The word comes from the Italian “sonare” which means “to sound”.

A composer could call any solo instrumental piece “sonata” if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements.  A sonatina is a simple and short sonata.

History
The term "sonata" was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.

In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements.  There were two types: “sonata da camera” (“room sonata” i.e. “chamber sonata”) which were for playing in people’s homes, and “sonata da chiesa” (“church sonata”) which were for being played in churches.  The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment.  There would also be a cello playing the bass line.  The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.

At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord.  These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).

By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements.  They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end.  If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement.  The first movement would be in sonata form.  The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven

Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.

In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.

Related pages
piano sonata
Sonata form

 
Classical music
Musical forms
Ian McKellen

Sir Ian Murray McKellen  (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He has had a Tony Award and two Oscar nominations.

Life
McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire. In 1939, he moved to Wigan. In 1951, he moved to Bolton.

His work has spanned genres from serious Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction movies.

In a television movie role in 1970 titled Edward II, he and his co-star, James Laurenson kissed in British television's first gay kiss.

Best known for his roles as Gandalf in the 2001-2003 Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, as Sir Leigh Teabing in The Da Vinci Code, and as Magneto in the X-Men series of movies.

He is openly gay and is a prominent activist for the rights of LGBT people. He said that the reason why he took the role in the X-Men movies was because of his sexuality. He said: "Mutants are like gays. They’re cast out by society for no good reason".

He was made a CBE in 1979 and knighted in 1990 for his outstanding work and contributions to the theatre. In 2008 he was made a Companion of Honour.

McKellen said in 2012 that he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006.

McKellen once signed an autograph to a fan stating "Fuck off, I’m gay." The person given the autograph was politician Michael Howard.

Movies
Apt Pupil (1998)
Gods and Monsters (1998)
X-Men (2000)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
X2: X-Men United (2003)
Emile, (2005)
Asylum, (2005)
The Magic Roundabout, as Zebedee (2005) (movie known as "Dougal" in the United States)
Flushed Away, (2006)
The Da Vinci Code, (as Sir Leigh Teabing) (2006)
X-Men: The Last Stand (2006)
The Good Liar (2019)
Cats (2019)

References

Other websites 

The papers of Sir Ian McKellen, actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department.
 
 
 Biography of Sir Ian McKellen, CH, CBE, Debrett's

1939 births
Living people
Actors from Greater Manchester
Actors from Lancashire
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of Honour
Drama Desk Award winners
English activists
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Gay men
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Knights Bachelor
LGBT actors
LGBT rights activists
People from Bolton
People with cancer
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Wigan
Gandalf

Gandalf is a Middle-earth wizard from the books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Fictional biography
Gandalf the Grey wanted Bilbo Baggins to let him go an adventure with him and the Company of Thorin Oakenshield to take back Erebor from Smaug. Decades later, he would help Bilbo's nephew Frodo bring the One Ring back to the fires of Mount Doom.

Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012-2014)
In the Peter Jackson movie adaptations of both books, Gandalf was played by Ian McKellen. In The Hobbit movies, which were written as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings movies, he figures out that the Necromancer happens to be Sauron.

Reception
His notable quote "You shall not pass" is known for fantasy and literary fans.

Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Fictional characters with immortality
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters
Luigi Boccherini

Luigi Boccherini (born in Lucca, 19 February 1743; died Madrid, 28 May 1805) is an Italian cellist and composer. As a boy he showed great talent and was sent to Rome to study music. When he returned to Lucca he entered the theatre orchestra and the town band. He travelled a lot, visiting France, Spain, and Germany. In Berlin he was offered the job of chamber composer to the King of Prussia. He took the job, but had to promise only to work for the king, and no one else. When the king died he found himself without a job, so he went back to Madrid. There he found work at times, but a lot of the time he was very poor.

Boccherini is famous for his chamber music. He wrote more than 100 quintets for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos. He also wrote 4 cello concertos.

Boccherini is sometimes nicknamed "Haydn’s wife" because his music sounds similar to that of Haydn. They may have known one another, but we cannot be sure.

1743 births
1805 deaths
Cellists
Classical era composers
Italian composers
People from Lucca
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

[[File:Connecticut Yankee frontispiece by Beard.jpg|thumb|300px|An illustration of the Connecticut Yankees 1st edition.]]A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court''''' is a novel. It was written by Mark Twain. It was published in 1889. It is one of the first stories about time travel.

Story 
Hank Morgan is an American from late 19th-century Connecticut. He travels back in time to King Arthur's Camelot. He has a lot of knowledge of science and technology. He becomes very powerful. People call him "The Boss". He tries to improve medieval society according to the morals and technologies of his time. In the end, Merlin puts Hank in a magic sleep. Hank wakes in his own time.

Books by Mark Twain
1889 books
American novels
English-language novels
Juno (mythology)

Juno (), in Roman mythology, is the wife of Jupiter and the queen of the gods. She was later identified with the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. She was called Juno Regina ("Queen"). She was the patron goddess of Rome and a protector of the state. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was part of the Capitoline triad of gods.

Juno, Roman goddess and Hera, Greek goddess, are the same person just believed to be different.

References 

Roman gods and goddesses
Excalibur

Excalibur is a legendary sword, in the mythology of Great Britain. It was owned by King Arthur. The sword and its name have become very widespread in popular culture, and are used in fiction and films. Excalibur is a symbol of divine kingship and great power.

History of the sword
The sword was obtained by the king with the advice of his wizard-adviser Merlin. But it was considered that there existed two Excalibur swords. The first was the one Merlin put into the stone and said that the throne will be taken by the one who will take the sword out of the stone. Young Arthur was the one to do it. The second Excalibur was the one to which Merlin took the King. The sword was located at a magical lake where the Lady of the Lake gave it to Arthur. The Excalibur was made by an Avalonian elf. Later the sword was stolen by his sister and it was the time when the scabbard (sword coverage) was lost. In the battle of Camlann, Arthur was hurt, and he told Bedwyr (Griflet) to return the Excalibur to the lake.
  
One of the earliest names of King Arthur's sword was Caladfwlch. It is a Welsh word that comes from Calad-Bolg (Hard Lightning). Later it was changed to Caliburn by Geoffrey of Monmouth. And today we know it as Excalibur, due to French.

The legend of Excalibur is similar to the Irish hero, Cú Chulainn, who had a sword named Caladbolg; or to Norse Legend of Sigurd. All these swords were made by an elf. Sometimes he is named Wayland (Saxon myth); and Gofannon (Celtic myth).

Clarent is one of King Arthur's two mythic swords. The first is Excalibur, the sword of war, and the second Clarent, the sword of peace.  The Clarent sword is less known because it was used for peaceful acts, whereas the Excalibur was well known because it was used to defend Camelot. But by the legend the Clarent Sword play a very important role. It was stolen by the traitor Mordred, who later used it against Arthur and cut him to death.

In some versions of the story of Excalibur, it is said that the sword was forged in dragon fire, though it is not commonly told of.

"No government should be based on old hags handing out swords!!"-Sir Galahad, Monty Python's, Spamalot

Other websites 
 Medieval European Armor 

Arthurian legend
Mythological swords
Georg Philipp Telemann

Georg Philipp Telemann (March 14, 1681  in Magdeburg - June 25, 1767 in Hamburg) was a German baroque composer. He wrote over 601 pieces of music, many of which were published. As publishing cost much money at that time, this was quite unusual. He mostly taught himself musically and knew how to play 10(gay)instruments. During his life people thought he was one of the greatest composers. He also wrote lots of church music, most of which is not common today.

Reference 

1681 births
1767 deaths
Baroque composers
German composers
Multi-instrumentalists
People from Magdeburg
Giovanni da Palestrina

Giovanni da Palestrina (born Palestrina, (c.1525 – February 2, 1594 in Rome) was a very important Italian composer of church music of his time.  He lived in the period called the Renaissance.  Most of his music was choral (written for choirs).  It is very polyphonic.  This means that the different voices (sopranos, altos, tenors or basses) are often singing different words and different parts of the tune at the same time.  Many composers since have studied the way that Palestrina wrote, because this is an excellent way to learn to write contrapuntal music.

Palestrina took his name from the town where he was born.  We are not sure of the exact date of his birth.  Any records of his birth were destroyed when the town burned in 1577.  He was probably a choirboy in Palestrina.  When he was grown up he got a job as organist and choir director at the Roman basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.  He was not earning much money, but he married a lady who came from a very rich family, so he was comfortably off.  Pope Julius III heard about how good this young composer was.  He asked him to come and meet him.  He was given the job of master of the Capella Juliana, the choir that sang at the services in St Peter’s, Rome.  This was the top job in Italy and he was only 26.   Of course, Palestrina composed a mass in the pope’s honour.

Palestrina composed 93 masses (these are musical settings of the words of the communion service).  He also wrote motets and madrigals.  Palestrina and Lassus were the two greatest composers of the late Renaissance.

Italian composers
Renaissance composers
1525 births
1594 deaths
The Prince and the Pauper

[[Image:The Prince and the Pauper 1881 p20.jpg|thumb|200px|Tom Canty meets Prince Edward. An illustration in The Prince and the Paupers 1st edition.]]The Prince and the Pauper''''' is a book by Mark Twain. It was published in 1882. The story has been adapted to stage, television, and movies.

Story
The story takes place in England, in the year 1547 when the King has a glorious and much rejoiced birth of the son he awaited, Edward the fourth, after many sisters (Mary and Elizabeth)and still births. By chance, Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymor, and Tom Canty, a pauper (poor boy), find out that they look exactly the same, like identical twins. After they put on each other's clothes for fun, the prince is thrown out of the palace, while people think that Tom is the prince. Now both Edward and Tom have to live in a world where they are treated different and which they do not understand. 

Tom lives the life of a prince. On the streets of London, Edward is saved by the nobleman Miles Hendon. Edward travels with Miles around England. There Edward sees and has to live with the poverty and cruel treatment in the life of the poor people. 

Then King Henry VIII dies. People prepare to make Tom the next King. At the crowning ceremony, Edward arrives and says that he is the real Prince. In the end, Tom and Edward can clear everything up. Edward becomes King of England. Tom Canty becomes "The King's Ward", a position in which he can live comfortably for the rest of his life. Miles Hendon is made an Earl. King Edward's rule is very good to the common and poor people, because he has lived that way for a while and knows how hard it is. But Edward dies when he is still very young.

Related pages

Books by Mark Twain
1882 books
Children's books
English-language novels
American novels
Billy Boyd

Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968, in Glasgow) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing Peregrin Took in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001–2003) and Barrett Bonden in  Peter Weir's movie Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003).

Talents 
As well as being an actor, he can sing, and play the guitar, bass, and drums. He wrote and sang a song in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
He worked as a book-binder for 6 years before becoming an actor. One of the books he bound was The Lord of the Rings.

He lives in a house in Lesmahagow with his girlfriend, Alison McKinnon. On 26 April 2006, he and McKinnon had their first child: Jack William Boyd.

Filmography
Stone of Destiny (2008)Ecstasy (2007) as WoodsyThe Flying Scotsman (2006) as MalkySave Angel Hope (2006) as VinceMidsummer Dream (2005) voice of PuckOn a Clear Day (2005) as DannyInstant Credit (2004) as FrankieSeed of Chucky (2004) as the voice of GlenThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) as Peregrin TookMaster and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) as Barrett BondenThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) as Peregrin TookSniper 470 (2002)  as the SniperThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) as Peregrin TookJulie and the Cadillacs (1999) as Jimmy CampbellUrban Ghost Story (1998) as the loan sharkThe Soldier's Leap'' (1998) as the postman

Other websites 

1968 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish stage actors
John Rhys-Davies

John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944, in Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, Wales) is a British actor. Although he has played in many movies, Rhys-Davies is probably best known for his characters in two blockbuster movie series: Sallah in the Indiana Jones movies and the dwarf Gimli in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

Selected filmography
 The Game of Their Lives (2005)
 The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
 The Medallion (2003)
 The Jungle Book 2 (2003) (voice)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
 Sabretooth  (2002)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
 Cats Don't Dance  (1997) (voice)
 Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996) (voice)
 Glory Daze  (1996)
 The Great White Hype  (1996)
 Sliders (1995-1997)
 Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness   (1994)
 The High Crusade  (1994)
 Indiana Jones (1992)
 The Lost World (1992)
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
 The Living Daylights (1987)
 King Solomon's Mines  (1985)
 Sahara  (1983)
 Victor/Victoria (1982)
 Ivanhoe (1982)
 Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
 I, Claudius (1976)

Other websites 

1944 births
Living people
Welsh Christians
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors
Sean Bean

Sean Bean (born as Shaun Mark Bean on 17 April 1959) is an English actor. As an actor, he adopted the Irish/Scottish spelling "Sean" of his first name. He was born in Handsworth, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire.

Movies

Film

Television

References

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
Actors who played Bond villains
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Entertainers from Sheffield
2006 FIFA World Cup

The 2006 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Germany from June 9 to July 9, 2006. 32 teams took part from many countries. Italy won the trophy after beating France in the final on penalties. Germany got third place at home.

Participants

Africa 
 			(ANG) • Squad
 		(CIV) • Squad
 			(GHA) • Squad
 			(TOG) • Squad
 		(TUN) • Squad

Asia 
 		(AUS) • Squad
 			(IRN) • Squad
 			(JPN) • Squad
 		(KOR) • Squad
 		(KSA) • Squad

Europe 
 		(CRO) • Squad
 		(CZE) • Squad
 		(ENG) • Squad
 			(FRA) • Squad
 		(GER) • Squad
 			(ITA) • Squad
 		(NED) • Squad
 			(POL) • Squad
 		(POR) • Squad
 	(SCG) • Squad
 			(ESP) • Squad
 			(SWE) • Squad
 		(SUI) • Squad
 		(UKR) • Squad

North and Central America 
 		(CRC) • Squad
 			(MEX) • Squad
 	(TRI) • Squad
 		(USA) • Squad

South America 
 		(ARG) • Squad
 			(BRA) • Squad
 		(ECU) • Squad
 		(PAR) • Squad

Group stage

Group A 

Schedule

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

References 

|-
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FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA
2006 in Europe
2000s in Germany
Football in Germany
June events
July 2006 events
Sport in Berlin
Sport in Munich
History of Berlin
History of Munich
Viola

A viola ( ) is a musical instrument which is similar to the violin and cello.  The viola sounds lower than a violin, but higher than a cello.  It has four strings, called the C, G, D, and A strings. The highest string is the A.  The viola is played with a bow in the right hand.  Playing with the bow is called arco.  Sometimes the strings may be plucked (pizzicato).

When people see the viola, sometimes they think it is a violin.  This is because the viola is only a little larger than a violin, and like the violin, the viola is held on the player's left shoulder.  It is also because the sound of the viola is only five notes lower than the sound of the violin. The biggest difference between the viola and the violin is the different sound. The viola's lowest string is the "C" string and its highest string is the "A" string. So, to see whether a violin-like instrument is a violin or viola, one will need to pluck the thinnest string. The violin's lowest string is the "G" string and its highest string is the "E" string.  Even though the viola and violin can play many of the same notes, they each have a special sound quality.  Sometimes people describe the viola's sound as more "dark", "earthy", or "mellow" than the violin's sound.

The person that makes and repairs violas is called a luthier.The Viola is also known as the Cinderella of the orchestra, due to it being unfairly neglected when it comes to popularity to the public and choice of famous classical music. Lionel Tertis and William Primrose were the two famous violist that helped the viola gain popularity and right to be a solo instrument.

People who write music often use the viola for harmony notes. It is one of the main instruments in a string quartet, along with two violins and a cello. The viola is found in chamber ensembles of string instruments only, and also in full symphony orchestras where strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion instruments play together. The viola can also be a solo instrument, but is mostly used in an orchestra. The viola comes in many sizes. The sizes are measured in inches, such as a 14-inch viola. The size of the viola is measured from the bottom to the neck of it (its body's length).

String instruments
String

Generally, string is a thin piece of rope or twine which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects. String can be made from a variety of fibres.

String may also mean:

In science, computers or mathematics:
 String (computer science), a sequence of symbols or digits in computer programming
 String (physics), one of the main objects of study in string theory 
 strings (Unix), a Unix programme for finding character strings in binary files
 String literal, the notation for representing a string value within the text of a computer program
 A string of nucleotides is called DNA or RNA
 A string of amino acids is called a peptide or protein
 String theory, a popular grand unified theory

In music:
 String instrument, a musical instrument that produces sound through vibrating strings
 Strings (music), flexible material that provides vibrations in string instruments
 Strings (Pakistani pop band), a pop band from Pakistan
 String (Thai pop), a genre of Thai pop music
 "Strings", the nickname of Robert Dahlqvist, guitarist of Swedish rock and roll band The Hellacopters

Other meanings:
 Twine, another name for string
 G-string, a type of underclothing that parts the buttocks without covering them 
 Strings (film), a 2004 movie directed by Anders Rønnow Klarlund
 String figures, designs formed by weaving string around one's fingers
 A character controlled by Marik in the Yu-Gi-Oh! series
Windsor, Berkshire

Windsor is a town in Berkshire, England. It is near the River Thames. The Queen has a castle in Windsor called Windsor Castle.

Windsor, Berkshire
Windsor Castle

Windsor Castle is a castle in Windsor, Berkshire, England. It is the largest inhabited castle in the world. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom lives there for part of the year. The castle was built in the 11th century by William the Conqueror as a motte-and-bailey castle for the protection of England; it has been expanded and rebuilt many times. It was a military headquarters during the English Civil War. In 1992, there was a fire at the castle.

Windsor Castle is near the River Thames.

Castles in England
Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Windsor, Berkshire
11th-century establishments in Europe
Peugeot 206

The Peugeot 206 is a car made by the French company Peugeot from 1998 to 2013 in Europe with production ongoing in some markets.  The car came in 3 or 5-door hatchback models with a hard-top convertible version added in 2000 and an estate version added in 2002, in 2006 it was replaced by the 207 but the 206 stayed as a budget model, in 2009 a heavily facelifted version called the 206+ arrived although this wasn't sold in the UK.

Engines 
 1.1 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.4 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 16V 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.6 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.6 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 GTI 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.0 RC 130 kW (177 hp)
 1.4 HDi 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.6 HDi 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.9 D 51 kW (69 hp)
 2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp)

206
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Tesco

Tesco is a multinational retailer owned by Tesco PLC from the United Kingdom. It was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 who opened the first Tesco grocery store in 1931 near London, England. His business grew very quickly and there were 100 Tesco stores by 1939. At first, Tesco only sold food in its stores, but in the 1990s it began to sell other things like mobile phones, DVDs and videos, clothing, and books. It now also operates petrol stations, banks, and is an Internet service provider in the UK since 2012.

There are different brands of Tesco stores, which are all different sizes. They go from small convenience stores to large hypermarkets. With more than 3,000 stores in the UK alone, it is one of the biggest retailers in the country. Tesco's website was also one of the first to let people buy things from the Internet. 

The company that owns Tesco is called Tesco plc (public limited company) and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has opened stores in other countries within Europe and Asia. Countries with Tesco stores include Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia, and Thailand. Today, Tesco is the third-largest retailer in the world when measured by profit and the fifth-largest by revenue.

Other website

 
 Corporate website
Tesco Payslipview

Supermarkets of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Shops
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
Fiat Ulysse

The Fiat Ulysse was a large car with seven seats made by Fiat in three generations between 1994, 2002 and 2022. It is the only Eurovan in the PSA/Fiat joint vesture to have retained the same name in the second generation. The Fia

at Ulysee name will return in 2022 as an all electric Eurovan.

First generation (1994−2002)

Engines 
 1.8 73 kW (99 hp)
 2.0 89 kW (121 hp)
 2.0 16V 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.0 Turbo 108 kW (147 hp)
 1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.1 TD 80 kW (109 hp)

Second generation (2002−2010)

Engines 
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
 3.0 V6 152 kW (207 hp)
 2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.2 JTD 94 kW (128 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

Ulysse
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Front wheel drive vehicles
Peugeot 107

The Peugeot 107 is a car made by the French company Peugeot in the Czech Republic since 2005. It has four seats and either two or four doors. The car is related to the Toyota Aygo and the Citroën C1. It was facelifted in early 2009 and again in early 2012. It was replaced in 2014 with the 108.

Engines 
 1.0 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.4 HDi 40 kW (54 hp)

107
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles