cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria (born Alexandrina Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901. She was born to a German princess and an English prince. She became Queen of the United Kingdom Great Britain at the age of 18 after her uncle King William IV died. She inherited the throne because her father's three elder brothers died without leaving any legitimate children.

She was taught by her governess, Louise Lehzen, and Reverend George Davys. She learned to speak and read German and French well. Queen Victoria enjoyed dancing, drawing, horse riding and singing. She had lessons as a child from the famous opera singer Luigi LaBlache. She liked to paint and could play the piano. She kept a regular diary throughout her life. 

Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert, in 1840. He supported science, trade and art in Britain. Victoria and Albert had nine children. They believed that a good family life and Christianity were very important. In general, English people followed their example. 

The Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace opened in 1851. It happened partly because of Albert's hard work. The exhibition showed the success of British people in Victorian times.

In 1861, Prince Albert died and Victoria stayed away from public life. 

Britain became more powerful in the following years, and in 1877, Victoria got the title 'Empress of India'. Victoria was very interested in India, but she never went there to the subcontinent. Her son went there instead. 

In 1897, Victoria celebrated 60 years of being monarch. This surpassed her grandfather King George III. She was queen for 63 years, seven months longer than any other king or queen of Britain. People called her the 'grandmother of Europe' because many of Victoria's children became kings, princes and princesses of other countries. 

After she died from a brain haemorrhage, her son  Edward VII became King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 till his death 6 May 1910.

Children

Ancestors

References

Other websites 

 Queen Victoria Citizendium

1819 births
1901 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
English Anglicans
House of Hanover
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Indian monarchs
Royalty from London
Daniel Handler

Daniel Handler  (born February 28, 1970) is the real name of Lemony Snicket, author of the popular A Series of Unfortunate Events books. He graduated from Lowell High School and from Wesleyan University in 1992. He is a native of San Francisco and went to the San Francisco Boys Chorus.  He calls himself the fake name of Lemony Snicket in the books, as well as in Lemony's autobiography. The autobiography is listed as fiction. After several years of writing the books, Daniel let the public know that he was behind the name of Lemony Snicket.

He is married to Lisa Brown and had their first child, Otto, in October of 2003. He finished 13 books to complete the Series of Unfortunate Events.

It is also believed by some people that his wife, author and illustrator Lisa Brown could possibly be the "Beatrice" that Handler writes his books for.

References

1970 births
Living people
Writers from San Francisco
House music

House music is a type of electronic dance music. It began during the early 1980s from disco and the black American soul music tradition.  It takes its name from the Warehouse, a Chicago club where DJs first played their records to a large audience.   The original "House" sound is characterized by "four on the floor" beats at 120-130 BPM, forward-driven bass lines, an emphasis on the second and fourth beats of each measure, handclaps, and cymbals.  Over the years, house has created many types of house music. These include:

 Acid house (with its "trippy" melodic lines, usually generated on a Roland 303 synthesizer)
 Ambient house (with an ambient, atmospheric sound)
 Bassline house (with an prominent warpy low bass sound)
 Deep house (with a greater emphasis on "soul" and atmospheric background sounds)
 Electro house (with a fuzzy, electronic and dirty bassline and heavy usage of synthesizers, similar to electropop)
 Euro house (with a sound similar to Eurodance)
 Balearic house (originating in the Balearic islands of Spain)
 French house (originating in France)
 Italo house (originating in Italy)
 Speed garage (featuring choppy basslines, reggae-style vocals and often "broken" beats)
 Progressive house (usually faster than traditional house, with many volume and phase changes and a "progression" of different background sounds)
 Disco house (even greater emphasis on the bassline, and the return of many disco-like additions such as violin sections)
 Hip house (House music with rapped lyrics)
 Tech house (techno sounds featured over a house-derived beat, with melodic progression often less emphasized)
 Latin house (incorporating elements of traditional Latin American music)
 Tribal house (greater emphasis on drumlines; melodies may be present, but with less traditional "progression")
 Witch house (with a dark, paranormal and witchcraft-themed sound)

Electronic dance music
Alkali

In chemistry, an alkali is an aqueous (from water) solution with a pH value of more than 7.
The word 'Alkali' comes from the Arabic 'qali' meaning 'from the ashes' since ashes mixed with water used as cleaning products (such as soaps) are made of alkali materials  

An alkali is where a base is dissolved in water. Often it is the salt of an Alkali metal
An alkali is the opposite to an acid and can be neutralised (brought down to pH 7) by adding acid.

Characteristics 
 It feels soapy 
 It is corrosive (it can burn your skin away)
 The higher the number is over 7 on the pH scale the stronger the alkali is.
 Highly soluble (can be dissolved) in water
 They have a bitter taste
 Turns red litmus paper blue
 Can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions
 Is blue or purple on universal indicator

Strength 
Like acids, alkalis can be weak or strong, depending on the nature and the concentration of the ionic salt composing it. The strength of an alkali can be found using universal indicator. Also like acids, the strength of an alkali is rated using the pH scale.

For example, soap and toothpaste contain weak alkalis, while cleaning products often contain strong ones.

Examples of common Alkalis 
 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
 Potassium hydroxide, KOH
 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
 Aqueous ammonia, NH3 (aq)

Uses of common Alkalis 
 Sodium hydroxide is used to make paper, detergents and soap.
 Potassium hydroxide is used by farmers to make acidic soil more alkaline so that plants will grow better in it, and is also used as the electrolyte in alkaline, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries.
 Calcium hydroxide is used to neutralize acidic soil.
 Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleansing agent.

Oxides and Hydroxides 
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are two types of base. When neutralised (an acid is added) they produce a salt and water. The type of salt produced depends on the acid and base.

Related pages
 Base
 Acid

Other websites 
 Small article on Alkaline chemicals
 A distributor of Alkali Metals
 A revision site directed towards GSCE students 
 In depth article on Alkalis - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 Alkali cleaning materials
 Small in depth article on Alkali Metals

Chemistry

it:Alcalinità
The White Stripes

The White Stripes were an American rock band from Detroit, Michigan. There were two people in the band: 
 Jack White (vocals, guitar)
 Meg White (drums)

The garage rock duo were known for their trademark red, white, and black colors and clothing, their frequent use of the number three, and their peppermint motif.

Their debut album was titled The White Stripes. It was released in 1999. Their second album was De Stijl. It was released in 2000. They became very famous in 2001 when they released their third album White Blood Cells. Their fourth album, Elephant, won a Grammy Award. It was released in 2003. Their fifth album, released in 2005, was titled Get Behind Me Satan. Their most recent album, Icky Thump, was released in June 2007.

Jack and Meg White were married when they started the band, but have since divorced. Jack has remarried and has two children, Scarlett and Henry Lee.

After a long break, the White Stripes officially announced the end of the band on February 2, 2011.

Discography 
 The White Stripes (1999)
 De Stijl (2000)
 White Blood Cells (2001)
 Elephant (2003)
 Get Behind Me Satan (2005)
 Icky Thump (2007)

1990s establishments in Michigan
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
American rock bands
Blues bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Detroit, Michigan
Millennium Dome

The Millennium Dome is a large dome-shaped building in Greenwich in South East London, UK (now known as The O2). It was built in 1900/2000 to celebrate the beginning of the third millennium. The name was officially changed to The O2 when Telefónica O2 Europe plc  bought the naming rights from the devehutz Entertainment Group.

From 31 December 1999 until 31 December 2000 the Dome and some surrounding buildings were the home of the Millennium Exhibition which was meant to show the best of Britain to the world. The most successful part of the Exhibition was the stage show that was held two or three times each day in the middle of the dome. The show had dozens of dancers and acrobats, music by Peter Gabriel, and a tower that rose out of the dome's floor.

The rest of the Exhibition was not as successful as the Dome's owners had hoped. About 6 and a half million people visited the Exhibition, which was only half the number its owners hoped for.

The dome was sold to US Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) and reopened in July 2007 as the O2, an entertainment complex including a 22,000 seat concert and sports venue, cinema, music club and exhibition spaces. Among the first artists to perform there were Bon Jovi and Prince. The Rolling Stones performed there in August 2007, Led Zeppelin played a reunion show there in December 2007, and the Spice Girls took residence in the arena from December 2007 to January 2008.

In 2012, as part of the Summer Olympics in London, the building was renamed the "North Greenwich Arena" and was used to host gymnastics and basketball.

A walkway across the top of the dome's structure has been opened, allowing visitors to cross the roof at a height of 60m. The O2 Roofwalk tourist attraction is now partially  powered by solar energy.

References 

Buildings and structures in London
Outlook.com

Outlook.com is a free online email, address book and calendar. It is owned by Microsoft. It was started in 1996 as Hotmail. Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith created it. In 1997, Microsoft bought Hotmail for about $400 million. They renamed it twice, to MSN Hotmail and Windows Live Hotmail. In 2013, Hotmail became Outlook.com.

Each user that signs up for a Hotmail account will get 5GB worth of storage space and 25GB of space on Windows Live SkyDrive (now OneDrive). Business and organizations can also get Hotmail for their own domain name.

References

Other websites 
 

Microsoft websites
E-mail
1995 establishments in California
Train (disambiguation)

Train can mean more than one thing:

A train is a series of cars on a railway, not to compare with the shoo shoo train, a 'train' in this context is simply the series of cabines, with that it goes without mentioning again, metros are not shoo shoo trains, they simply consist of series of cabines but they arent trains. They are metros. 

To train is to teach how to do something, or to practice doing something.  Not only human beings but also animals can be trained.

Train (band), an American pop rock band.
Caretaker

Caretaker can also refer to a caregiver.
A caretaker is someone who has the job of looking after a building. For example, the building could be a school or shop.

Related pages
Cleaner

Occupations
Samuel Beckett

Samuel Barclay Beckett (; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was a writer of books, plays, and poetry. He also translated other famous works of literature. He was given the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969.

His most best-known play is Waiting For Godot. It has often been acted on stage and has been on TV.

Beckett was stabbed in Paris in 1938. He died of emphysema in the city in 1989. 

Many writers of plays (playwrights) and others think he is one of the most important writers of the 20th century. There have been many books written about him.

His books are often about people going through hard times, and seeing life as both sad, dark but also funny.

References 

1906 births
1989 deaths
Crime victims
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in France
Irish novelists
Irish poets
Irish theatre directors
Irish playwrights
Writers from Dublin
Irish Nobel Prize winners
British

A British person or object comes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) and Northern Ireland. It is sometimes used by the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands (near France). It can also be used for some overseas places like Gibraltar (near Spain) or the Falkland Islands (near South America).

The term "British" is often used to describe something unique to the UK, for example British people, 'the British way of life' or 'the British weather'.

A British person can also be called a Briton. A unique symbol of the "British" is the Union Jack flag which is recognised globally as a symbol of the United Kingdom. The flag is made up of a combination of the flags of the countries that are part of the United Kingdom.

The British Isles are Great Britain, Ireland, and some smaller islands. The British Isles include the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Although being British is a collective identity, the countries of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales have separate identities and flags which make them unique.

References

United Kingdom
Think Quest

ThinkQuest was an educational website. It was used by students of schools in the United States and other countries. It was run by the Oracle Education Foundation.

As of July 1, 2013, ThinkQuest was discontinued.

References

Other websites 
ThinkQuest library archive

Websites
John Cleese

John Marwood Cleese (born 27 October 1939) is an English actor, and writer. He was born in Weston-super-Mare, England. He graduated from Downing College, Cambridge. Cleese has a degree in law. He was a member of the comedy team, Monty Python. He starred in the television sitcom, Fawlty Towers that he co-wrote with his first wife, Connie Booth, who played the role of Polly Sherman on the show. He plays the role of Q in some of the James Bond movies.

References

Other websites 

1939 births
Living people
Actors from Somerset
Actors who played Q
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English comedians
English movie actors
English movie producers
English radio actors
English screenwriters
English stage actors
English television actors
English television personalities
English television producers
English television writers
English voice actors
Monty Python
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Somerset
Arthur Conan Doyle

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British doctor and author. He is well known because he wrote short stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes. He also wrote science fiction and historical stories. 

He became an  agnostic by the time he left school. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1876 to 1881. He wrote short stories in his spare time. In 1882, he started working as a doctor in Southsea. He carried on writing short stories while he waited for patients. His first Sherlock Holmes story that was published was A Study in Scarlet.

Doyle's great gifts as a writer were story-telling and character. He created really memorable characters. Holmes' gift for deduction has been copied many times in fiction. The character was probably based on a doctor called Joseph Bell. Holmes himself and Watson were balanced by the evil genius Moriarty, one of the great villains in fiction.

After A Study in Scarlet came The Sign of the Four, The Valley of Fear and The Hound of the Baskervilles. The other Holmes stories were published in the Strand Magazine. They were later collected together in five volumes, starting with The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.

Conan Doyle also wrote The Lost World, published in 1912. In it, Professor Challenger and his companions travel to find a large plateau in South America where dinosaurs still live.  

Doyle's wife Louisa died in 1906. After the death of his son Kingsley just before the end of the First World War, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law and his two nephews shortly after the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave. He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.

References

Other websites 
 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate
 The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

1859 births
1930 deaths
Scottish writers
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
 
Former Roman Catholics
Muslims

Muslims are people who have professed belief in Islam. As believers, they worship the One God and revere Prophet Muhammad as the last messenger of God. Additionally, they also believe in all the prophets which preceded Prophet Muhammad and the holy books which they brought, such as the Psalms, Torah, and the Gospel. A fundamental article of faith in Islam is belief in the Day of Judgement, when all humanity will be recompensed for their deeds in this world. Muslims believe in angels, as well as in predestination. Muslim Men are cirucmcised.

Muslims around the World 
After Prophet Muhammad, the very first Muslims were people from his own circle of family and friends as well as the poor and needy in Mecca more than 1400 years ago. During the life of Muhammad, this small band of followers grew by tens of thousands. As centuries passed, Muslims have only grown in number. Today, Muslims account for about one quarter of the entire world population.

There are between 1.2 and 1.6 billion Muslims across the world. Most of the Muslims are concentrated in Muslim-majority countries, such as Azerbaijan and Albania in Europe, Mali and Tunisia in Africa, Saudi Arabia and Jordan in the Middle East, Pakistan and Bangladesh in southeast Asia, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in central Asia, and Indonesia and Malaysia in Asia Pacific. At the same time, a growing Muslim diaspora has taken root in many areas as well, such as China, Australia, Europe, America and Canada, Latin America, and parts of western, central, and southern Africa. It is estimated that there are around 7 million Muslims in the United States.

The common belief that most Muslims are Arabs is a misconception. In fact, the majority of Muslims in the world are non-Arabs.

Islam and Muslims 
As in other religious bodies, there are practicing and non-practicing Muslims, liberal and conservative Muslims, tolerant and extremist Muslims. However, their individual actions should not be used to scrutinize or label Islam.

In fact, it must be mentioned here that the media stereotype of Muslims is far from reality. The vast majority of the Muslims in the world are indeed peace-loving human beings with many of them striving hard to live up to the great ideals of Islam.

Reference

Other websites

Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah – University of Chicago
 Islamophobia Today Newspaper – An Islamophobia news clearing house
 Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, Understanding and Countering Islamophobia
WikiSaurus:Muslim
 
 

 
 
Quranic words and phrases
Religious identity
Jalisco

Jalisco is a state of Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is Guadalajara. It is next to the Pacific Ocean and the states of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Michoacán. It also has half of the Chapala Lake.

 

 

 
States of Mexico
Ferrari

Ferrari S.p.A.  is an Italian automobile company that makes fast luxurious automobile. They are made in Italy and are very expensive. They usually cost $150,000 - $1,500,000.

Ferraris first car was the Ferrari 125 S 

Ferrari has a rich racing history and is a well known premium automobile brand. The fastest street Ferrari is the F50 GT1, which can go over 370 kph (about 222 mph).
The most powerful Ferrari is the FXX, which has about 800 horsepower. The FXX is a lighter, improved version of the F60 Enzo; it is Ferrari's most exclusive model. It is basically a race car that you can buy from Ferrari. The automobile is so extreme (completely flat tires, low ride height, and no roadcar safety features such as Airbags) that it cannot be driven on roads legally. Ferrari will keep it for you at their Factory in Maranello in Italy. You can go to Italy and drive it on their private race track, or have it transported to another race track around the world, the same as if you were driving for a racing team. Thirty have been built and all but two were sold to customers for $2,500,000 each. Ferrari gave one to seven-time Formula 1 World Champion Michael Schumacer, who had driven for Ferrari for ten years when he retired in 2006, having brought Ferrari much success. Ferrari made his FXX different by painting it black. The other twenty-nine are either red or white, with stripes painted in the other colour.

Other websites
Official website

 
Italian automobile companies
Fiat

Fiat (UK: /ˈfiːət, -æt/, US: /-ɑːt/, Italian: [ˈfiːat]; originally FIAT, Italian: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is a car company in Italy. It was founded in Turin in 1899. It also made some planes between 1920s and 1970s. Some of their cars by year: Fiat is currently owned by Stellantis.

History 
On 11 July 1899, Gianni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.

Cars

Models by year

Years 1950s - 1980s 

 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 130
 131
 132
 133
 500
 600
 850
 1100
 1300
 1400
 1800
 Dino
 Multipla
 Ritmo
 X1/9

Years 1980s - 2000 

 Argenta
 Barchetta
 Fiat Bravo/Brava
 Cinquecento
 Coupé
 Croma
 Duna
 Marea
 Panda
 Punto 
 Regata
 Tempra
 Tipo
 Uno

Now 

 Albea
 Bravo (Nuova) (new)
 Croma (Nuova) (new)
 Fiorino
 Punto
 Grande Punto
 Idea
 Multipla
 Palio
 Panda (Nuova) (new)
 Scudo
 Sedici
 Seicento
 Siena 
 Stilo
 Ulysse
 500 (Nuova) (new)
 500 (Pop) - 500 1.2 Pop, 500 Twinair Pop
 Doblò

Aircraft

From 1920 to 1945  
 Fiat CR.42 Falco.
 Fiat G.50.

From 1945 to 2000 
 Fiat G.91.

References

1899 establishments in Europe

Italian automobile companies
Turin
1890s establishments in Italy
Uncle John's Bathroom Reader

Uncle John's Bathroom Readers is the name of a series of books aimed at people who like to read while using the restroom. The books are full of trivia.

The books were first published in 1988.

Books

 Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Second Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fourth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fifth Bathroom Reader (Forms - along with 6 and 7 - Uncle John's Legendary Lost Bathrom Reader)
 Uncle John's Sixth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Seventh Bathroom Reader
 The Best of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ultimate Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Giant 10th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Great Big Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Absolutely Absorbing Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's All-Purpose Extra-Strength Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Supremely Satisying Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ahh-Inspiring Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Slightly Irregular Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fast-Acting Long-Lasting Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Curiously Compelling Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unsinkable Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Endlessly Engrossing Bathroom Reader

Kid's Bathroom Readers

Uncle John's Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Electrifying Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Top Secret Bathroom Reader for Kids Only

Other books 

There are several other books in the series, aside from the "Classics" and the "For Kids Only." Over 3 million of the books have been sold in total.

Common columns

"Court Transquips"
"Famous for 15 Minutes"
"Strange Lawsuits"
"Urban Legends"

Series of books
Non-fiction books
Catalonia

Catalonia (; ; ) is a Spanish autonomous community. It is south of the eastern Pyrenees, and has a northern border with France. Catalonia is made up of four provinces: Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona () and Lleida (). It has a population of over 7 million people. Catalonia has three official languages: Catalan, Spanish and Occitan. The last is spoken in a small region of northern Catalonia that borders France and is  known in Occitan as Val d'Aran.

The capital of Catalonia is the Barcelona, the home of the Olympic Games in 1992. and is on the Mediterranean Coast. Between Costa del Garraf and Costa del Maresme, Barcelona very popular in summer for tourists, foreign or national.

The Catalan people have autonomy within Spain and so they have their own local government and their own police and some control over their own community. In September 2005, the Catalan Parliament decided to call Catalonia a 'nation' in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which was approved in 2006. According to the Spanish Constitution, Spain is a group of historical nationalities and regions, but that declaration has no judicial status since it appears in only the preamble to the constitution.

Catalonia is one of Southern Europe's most prosperous regions, mostly because industrialization, especially in the textile industry, began in it earlier and took place faster than in other Spanish territories. The region is also greener than Southern Spain as it gets more rain, and it has different kinds of crops agrown. Catalonia, especially the northern part, is much less hot than the rest of Spain.

On 27 October 2017, Catalonia declared independence from Spain after a vote in Parliament, but that has not been recognised by the international community.

References

Notes
Civil engineering

Civil engineering is the term for the work of designing and building infrastructure. It usually means large structures, like bridges, dams, buildings, and tunnels. It also covers complicated networks such as water, irrigation and sewerage networks. It also covers the construction of houses and homes. Civil engineers can be involved in all stages in the life of infrastructure, from planning and construction to maintenance and demolition.  Civil engineering often overlaps with architecture.

Civil engineering has many different areas or disciplines.  Some important areas are geotechnical, structures, environmental, construction management, hydrology, transportation, and materials. It is important for civil engineers to have an understanding of all these disciplines as projects often involve many of them at the same time.

Civil engineers are responsible for lots of the things that are required for a society to function properly. Safe water supplies, sewage treatment, roads, railways and buildings are all part of civil engineering.

To work in civil engineering requires training. Construction workers will train at a center and 'on the job' (training while doing the job), sometimes with apprenticeship. 

To be a professional in civil engineering requires study at a university or college. Civil engineers often study subjects like structures, materials, physics and calculus.

The profession of civil engineering is represented by professional bodies in various countries. In the UK the Institution of Civil Engineers promotes civil engineering as a discipline and supports engineers throughout their careers. The American Society of Civil Engineers performs a similar task in the USA. 

Professional engineers often choose to become Chartered Engineers. Chartership shows employers and clients that they are both qualified and experienced in their jobs. Civil engineers usually have to write a big essay and take an interview with a panel of experienced engineers to gain chartership.

Related pages 
 Geotechnical engineering
Military engineering
 National Academy of Engineering
 Structural engineering

Other websites 
 List of Civil Engineering Words

References 

Technology by type
construction
Civil engineering
Student

A student is a person who goes to school and is learning something. Students can be children, teenagers, or adults who are going to school, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college or university. A younger student is often called a pupil. Usually, students will learn from a teacher or a lecturer if at university. They also do much reading. A student can also be a person studying for a specific profession.

Subjects
Students in school learn subjects. There are many subjects in school like:
Math
Science
Social Studies
Writing
Reading
Language

Related pages 
 Education
 Study

Learning
People
Suburb

A suburb is an area of a town or city, a little away from Downtown, where there are fewer big buildings and mainly houses, schools and shops. Such places are called suburban areas or suburban districts. Sometimes, the suburbs cover a very large area. The suburbs are part of the metropolitan area and may be legally part of the main city.

Since the Industrial revolution, urbanization has spread very quickly and far. Transport in the form of trams, buses, trains and cars allows commuting from distant homes to work in the inner city. This led to the growth of suburbs as residential areas. Housing commonly includes Detached houses and semi-detached houses and flats. Houses are built farther apart than in the inner city and there is often space for gardens and parks.

As cities grow outwards, they begin to take over the surrounding countryside. Authorities have created Green belts on the undeveloped land around a city to prevent urban sprawl and to prevent the towns and cities merging into one. They also encourage development within the town, and protect the countryside. The need for new houses, particularly large detached and semi-detached houses in pleasant surroundings, means that some areas of green belt land have been built on and others are threatened. That's because it is cheaper to build on empty land than to redevelop brownfield sites in older parts of the town or city.  

Cities
Skyscraper

A skyscraper is a very tall high-rise building, usually more than 152 metres (500 feet) in height.  Most skyscrapers are built in urban areas such as cities, and they are very common in the central business district (also called downtown) areas of many large cities including New York City, Chicago, London, Paris, Sydney, Beijing, Berlin, Toronto, Moscow, Hong Kong and Tokyo.

History 
Originally, the word skyscraper meant a tall sail on a sailing ship. Over time, the word's meaning has changed, and today it means a tall building. Until the nineteenth century, buildings taller than six stories tall were not common. Tall buildings made of weak materials would fall down. In addition, people did not like walking up many steps and running water could only be brought up to fifty feet (15m) high.

Better technology helped make skyscrapers more common. Stronger building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete were developed, so stronger buildings could be made. Water pumps brought water up to heights above fifty feet.

The first building to be considered a skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois in the United States, and was designed by William LeBaron Jenney. The building, ten stories high, was built from 1884 to 1885. It was destroyed in 1931 because they wanted to build another building in its previous place.

In the same year the Home Insurance Building was destroyed, one of the oldest and most famous skyscrapers, the Empire State Building, opened in New York City. Later in the 20th century, people started building skyscrapers in cities that did not have many tall buildings in the past. In 1973, the then-called Sears Tower in Chicago was finished and became the world's tallest building until the late 1990s. It took the record from the World Trade Center in New York City, which opened in 1970 but was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Many taller buildings have been built since then, including Taipei 101 in Taipei. This building was the world's tallest from 2004 until 2008, when the Burj Khalifa in Dubai opened. Burj Khalifa is at this time the tallest building and man-made structure ever made, but the Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, which is still being built, will be even taller.

Related pages
List of tallest structures in the world
List of tallest buildings in Australia
List of tallest buildings in Thailand
List of tallest buildings in the United States
Integer

In mathematics, integers are the natural numbers and their negatives. Integers can also be shown on a number line as follows:

In particular, zero is also an integer, but it is not positive nor negative. "Integer" is another word for "whole". An integer is a rational number with no "fraction", or part. An integer is a decimal number with all zeros after the decimal separator. For example, the integer 17 is the same as the decimal 17.0 or 17.0000.

An integer has a next smaller number and a next larger number. There is no smallest integer, just as there is no largest integer. Each integer is either larger than, equal to, or smaller than any other integer. Consecutive integers are integers that come after each other (as in ).

The sum of integers is an integer. The difference between integers is an integer. The product of integers is an integer (for example, (12 + 2345 x  (67 - 8) ) x 9 is an integer). An integer divided by an integer is sometimes not an integer (as in the case of 123 / 45).

 or  is the name of the set of integers, and  the set of positive integers. (, +, 0) is an abelian group.

The number of integers is infinite. The cardinal number of  is . The ordinal number of  is .

To sum up, an integer is a whole number that has no decimals.

In programming                                                                                                                             

In some programming languages, like C, there are types called "int" or "integer."

Notes                                                                                                                                                                          

Number theory
 
Mathematics
Hollywood

Hollywood is a district in Los Angeles, California. It is very famous around the world as a place where movies and television series are made. It has many different attractions such as the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Universal Studios and the famous Hollywood Sign. Many tourists come to Hollywood to see all of these things. Because of the importance of Hollywood in the movie industry of the United States, the whole industry is often called "Hollywood", even though not all movies are made in Hollywood. This use of the word "Hollywood" is called metonymy.

Many historic Hollywood theatres are used as venues and concert stages to premiere major theatrical releases and host the Academy Awards. It is a popular destination for nightlife and tourism and home to the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Hollywood Walk of Fame was created in 1958 and the first star was placed in 1960. It is a sidewalk along the Hollywood Boulevard and the USA. There are more than 2000 five-points stars on the walk featuring the names of artists working in the entertainment industry.

The first movie to be made entirely in Hollywood was the 17-minute short In Old California. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. It was released in 1910.

On the mountain overlooking Hollywood, there is a sign that is made of very big letters, spelling out its name. It´s called the "Hollywood sign". The huge Hollywood sign was built in 1923.

Related pages
 Bollywood

Other websites

Hollywoodland - George Reeves Biopic Movie

 
 Hollywood Photos 

Movie industry
Neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Luanda

Luanda is the capital and the largest city of Angola. Its former name was Loanda. It is a main seaport of the country on the Atlantic Ocean. In 1995, about 3 million people lived there.

It is a center of manufacturing, but very destroyed because of a long civil war.

It was founded by Portuguese in 1575 as São Paulo de Luanda and has been the administrative center of Angola since 1627 (except for 1640–1648). When Angola got independence in 1975, it became the capital of Angola.

References

Cities in Angola
Capital cities in Africa
1575 establishments
Establishments in Angola
Establishments in Portugal
1820



Events 
 Venus de Milo discovered.
 Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Deaths 
George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)
Daniel Boone (b. 1734)

Books 
 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. by Washington Irving
Cannibalism

Cannibalism is where a person eats the flesh of another person. It is also called anthropophagy. Anthropologists are not sure how widespread it was, but it did happen in some societies. It also occurs in non-human animals.

The word 'cannibalism' comes from the Island Carib people of the Lesser Antilles. They got a long-standing reputation as cannibals when their legends were recorded in the 17th century. Some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends.

Cannibalism was widespread in the past among humans in many parts of the world, continuing into the 19th century in some isolated South Pacific cultures, and to the present day in parts of tropical Africa. Cannibalism was certainly practiced in New Guinea and in parts of the Solomon Islands, and flesh markets existed in some parts of Melanesia. Fiji was once known as the 'Cannibal Isles'. Cannibalism has been well documented around the world, from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo Basin to the Māori in New Zealand.

References

Other websites 
 The cannibalism paradigm: assessing contact period ethnohistorical discourse, by James Q. Jacobs.  A critical, academic review of Mesoamerican cannibalism claims.
 BBC article about German cannibalism case
 Harry J. Brown, 'Hans Staden among the Tupinambas.'
 Lyrics and English translation of Mein Teil, the Rammstein song about the Meiwes incident
Frida Kahlo

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón  (6 July 1907 – 13 July 1954), usually known as Frida Kahlo, was a Mexican painter. She was known for her surreal and very personal works. She was married to Diego Rivera, also a well-known painter.

She was born in Coyoacán, Mexico. She had polio that left her disabled when she was 6 years old and some people think that she may have had spina bifida (a birth defect affecting the development of part of the spine) as well. She studied medicine and was going to become a doctor. Because of a traffic accident at age 18 which badly injured her, she had periods of severe pain for the rest of her life. After this accident, Kahlo no longer continued her medical studies but took up painting. She used ideas about things that had happened to her. Her paintings are often shocking in the way they show pain and the harsh lives of women, especially her feelings about not being able to have children. Fifty-five of her 143 paintings are of herself. She was also influenced by native Mexican culture, shown in bright colors, with a mixture of realism and symbolism. Her paintings attracted the attention of the artist Diego Rivera, whom she later married. She was openly bisexual and was a communist. She died of a pulmonary embolism caused by bronchopneumonia in Coyoacán.    

Kahlo's work is sometimes called "surrealist", and although she organized art shows several times with European surrealists, she herself did not like that label. Her attention to female themes, and the honesty in her painting them, made her something of a feminist cult figure in the last decades of the 20th century. Some of her work is seen at the Frida Kahlo Museum, found in her birthplace and home in suburban Mexico City.

Related pages
 List of Mexican painters

References 

1907 births
1954 deaths
Bisexual people
Communists
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Mexico
LGBT artists
Mexican painters
People with disabilities
1932



Events 
 Italy: the architect Giuseppe Terragni begins in Como the construction of the Casa del Fascio, completed in 1936, a masterpiece of Italian Rationalism.
 London: the financer Amedeo Natoli publish the book Some of the most important features of the economic and financial situation in 1932, completed in 1932, a masterpiece of global Finance market.

Births 
 January 19 – Richard Lester
 February 8 – John Williams
 February 12 – Johnny Cash (d. 2003)
 February 22 – Ted Kennedy (d. 2009)
 March 2 – Gun Hägglund, Swedish television star
 March 4 – Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist (d. 2007)
   March 4   – Frank Wells, American businessman, president of the Walt Disney Company (d. 1994)
 April 27 – Casey Kasem, American radio show host, voice actor (d. 2014)
 July 2 – Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's fast food chain (d. 2002)
 August 2 – Peter O'Toole (d. 2013)
 September 25 – Adolfo Suárez (d. 2014)
 September 29 - Robert Benton
 October 20 – William Christopher
 November 13 – Richard Mulligan
 November 29 – Jacques Chirac (d. 2019)
 December 14 – Charlie Rich

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Charles Scott Sherrington,  (1857 –  1952) and Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889 — 1977).

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Graham Chapman

Graham Chapman (8 January 1941 – 4 October 1989) was a British actor, comedian and writer. He was most famous as a member of Monty Python. He was openly gay and was in a long-term relationship with writer David Sherlock. Chapman was born in Leicester. He studied medicine at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He died of oropharyngeal cancer in Maidstone, Kent.

References

1941 births
1989 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from oropharyngeal cancer
Disease-related deaths in Kent
English comedians
English movie actors
English physicians
English screenwriters
English television actors
English television writers
Entertainers from Leicestershire
Gay men
Monty Python
People from Leicester
Writers from Leicestershire
Michael Palin

Sir Michael Edward Palin KCMG CBE (born 5 May 1943) is an English actor, comedian and author.

Palin was born in Broomhill, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He studied modern history at Brasenose College, Oxford. 

He became famous as a member of Monty Python in the 1970s. Afterwards he had his own television series, Ripping Yarns, and also appeared in many movies, such as A Fish Called Wanda. Over the last 20 years, he has become very well known as a television travel broadcaster ("Around The World in 80 Days", etc.).

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
Alumni of the University of Oxford
BAFTA Award winners
British television writers
Comedians from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English voice actors
Entertainers from Sheffield
Monty Python
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Writers from Yorkshire
Terry Jones

Terence Graham Parry Jones (1 February 1942 – 21 January 2020) was a Welsh actor, writer, comedian, screenwriter, film director and historian. He was a member of Monty Python.

Jones was born on 1 February 1942 in Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire, Wales. He was married to Alison Telfer, and later to Anna Söderström.

In September 2016 it was announced that Jones had been diagnosed with primary progressive aphasia, a rare form of dementia that impairs the ability to speak and communicate, and that he was no longer able to give interviews. On 21 January 2020, Jones died from problems caused by the disease, at his home in North London, aged 77.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2020 deaths
British historians
British screenwriters
Deaths from primary progressive aphasia
Monty Python
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
New York (state)

New York, officially the State of New York, is a state of the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies, which were the first thirteen states to make up the US. New York is in the northeastern United States, bordered by Lake Ontario and Canada on the north, Lake Erie and Canada on the west, Pennsylvania on the west and south, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut on the east, and New Jersey on the south in the eastern parts of the state. 

New York was originally New Netherland, started by the Dutch Empire in the early 17th century.  Late in the century, it surrendered to an English fleet during the Anglo-Dutch Wars and became part of the British Empire. About half the Dutch colony was given to neighboring English colonies. The Battle of Long Island, Battle of Saratoga, and other important battles of the American Revolution were fought in New York and it joined the new United States. The slave trade brought many black people into the state, where they were forced to work for white colonists.

The United States Census Bureau says that, as of 2005, New York had the fourth most people (population) in the United States, after California, Texas, and Florida. New York's estimated population is 19,297,729.

Cities
The biggest city in New York is also called New York, located in the south-eastern part of the state and built on the Hudson River; it is by far the biggest city in the U.S.. Part of New York City is on Long Island, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, and another part of it is on Staten Island, which is to the southwest of Manhattan, the central business district. Most people living in New York state live in the New York metropolitan area, one of the world's biggest metropolitan areas, which also includes part of eastern New Jersey.

The larger part of New York, north and northwest of the metropolitan area, is called "Upstate New York". Cities in this part of New York include Buffalo, the state's second largest city, Rochester, Syracuse, and the state capital of Albany. These places became cities because of the Erie Canal. Between 1788 and 1797, the Legislature moved the state capital around between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and New York City. Albany became the permanent capital from 1797.

Related pages
 List of counties in New York
 List of places in New York

References

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Rolling Stone

Rolling Stone is an American popular culture magazine. It mainly features articles about music, as well as sports, movies, and celebrities. It also features movie and album reviews, "greatest of all time" lists, and political editorials and commentary. 

It was founded in 1967 in San Francisco, California.

Some of the magazine's famous staffers include Hunter S. Thompson, Peter Travers, Ralph Steadman, PJ O'Rourke, Cameron Crowe (whose experience for the magazine lead him to create the movie, Almost Famous), and Annie Leibowitz.

References 

1967 establishments in the United States
American magazines
Music magazines