cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Entity-relationship model

In software engineering, an Entity-relationship model is a conceptual model of data. Very often, the term is shortened to ER model. ER models are used to create relational databases. They show how the different parts of a data model interact with each other.

Peter Chen proposed to use this modelling approach in an article he wrote in 1976. Chen was not the first to have this idea. After the publication of the article, the idea was modified as well.

ER modelling

In an ER model, there are three different types of objects:
 An entity exists in the real world; for example: an employee called Smith, or a project with number 1234.
 A relationship shows how two entities relate to each other
 Both entities and relationships can have attributes. Anything that is useful to know about an entity or a relationship is an attribute. 
Since the database must be able to find an entity or a relationship, it must be able to identify it with a set of attributes that is unique. This set of attributes is usually called primary key.
After all the relations have been mapped, they are usually also revised to include cardinalities; a cardinality specifies the number of entities related in a relationship. This information is needed when the database is created. Depending on cardinality and the level of database normalisation, it may be necessary to introduce additional entities and relationships.

Creating a database
When everything has been described, it is easy to create a relational database, as follows:
 Every type of entity can directly be mapped to a relation ("database table")
 Every type of attribute can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)
 Attributes can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)

Limitations
An ER model describes the relations between entities. It is adapted to represent relational data. Data that cannot easily be put into this form should not be modelled with an ER model. ER is aimed at designing a database from scratch; using it to describe and change a database that already exists may be more difficult to do.

Even where it is suitable in principle, ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity.
One reason for this is that there are many tools that allow diagramming and that have other design support directly on relational database management systems.
These tools can extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases, and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams.

In a survey, Brodie and Liu could not find a single instance of entity-relationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies.  Badia and Lemire blame this lack of use on the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits, such as lack of support for data integration.

References

Database modeling
Andrew Wiles

Sir Andrew John Wiles, KBE, FRS (born Cambridge, 11 April 1953) is an Abel Prize-winning British mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University. He specializes in number theory. He is most famous for proving Fermat's Last Theorem. He is a foreign member of the United States National Academy of Sciences since 1996.

The proof of Fermat's Last Theorem 
In the summer of 1986, Wiles decided to prove the theorem. Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet had done successful research in the last few years. Wiles realised that he could prove a limited form of the modularity theorem. So, he decided to solve this problem. This was done somewhat secretly. In 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. In August 1993, however, it turned out that the proof contained a gap. Wiles tried to fill in this gap. But the error he made was a very basic one. Wiles got the crucial idea for avoiding, rather than closing this gap. This came to him on 19 September 1994. Together with his former student Richard Taylor, he published a second paper. This avoided the error and thus completed the proof. Both papers were published in 1995 in a special volume of the Annals of Mathematics.

Recognition by the media
Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem was scrutinized by mathematical experts. Wiles was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon that focused on Fermat's Last Theorem. This was renamed "The Proof". It was made an episode of the Public Broadcasting Service's science television series Nova.

References

Abel Prize winners
English mathematicians
1953 births
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society
British number theorists
Richard Taylor (mathematician)

Richard Lawrence Taylor (born 19 May 1962) is a British mathematician. He works in number theory. He was a former research student of Andrew Wiles. He returned to Princeton to help Wiles complete the proof of Fermat's last theorem.

Taylor received the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences. This for his work on the Langlands program. He did this work with Robert Langlands.

Career
Taylor received his B.A. from Clare College, Cambridge. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1988. From 1995 to 1996 he held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at Oxford University. He was also a Fellow of New College, Oxford. Currently, he is the Herchel Smith Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University.

He received the Whitehead Prize in 1990, the Fermat Prize and the Ostrowski Prize in 2001. He also got the Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 2002, and the Shaw Prize for Mathematics in 2007. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995.

Work

There are two papers which have the complete proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. One of them was written by Taylor with Andrew Wiles.

In his later work, Taylor (along with Michael Harris) proved the local Langlands conjectures. A simpler proof was suggested almost at the same time by Guy Henniart.

Later, together with Christophe Breuil, Brian Conrad, and Fred Diamond, he completed proving the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, by performing very difficult computations. 

Recently, Taylor, following the ideas of Michael Harris, developed on his work with Laurent Clozel, Michael Harris, and Nick Shepherd-Barron. He has announced that he proved the Sato–Tate conjecture, for elliptic curves with non-integral j-invariant. This partial proof of the Sato–Tate conjecture uses a theorem of Wiles.

Personal life
Taylor is married to Christine Taylor . She is a mathematical biologist. They have two children: Jeremy and Chloe.  He is also the son of  British physicist, John C. Taylor.

References

Living people
1962 births
Fellows of the Royal Society
British number theorists
Yi Bok-nam

Yi Bok-nam ( Hanja: ; born June 28 1555 in Gangneung - died August 16 1597 Namwon, Lee Bok-nam) was an army general and politician of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was one of Korea's generals in the Imjin War.

References 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=888269 
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A9999_1_0009571&curSetPos=0&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B  
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=1045

1555 births
1597 deaths
Generals
Korean military people
Korean politicians
Algebraic equation

In mathematics, an algebraic equation, also called polynomial equation over a given field is an equation of the form

where P and Q are polynomials over that field, and have one (univariate) or more than one (multivariate) variables. For example:

is an algebraic equation over the rational numbers.

Two equations are called equivalent if they have the same set of solutions. This means that all solutions of the second equation must also be solutions of the first one and vice versa. The equation  is equivalent with . So the study of algebraic equations is equivalent to the study of polynomials.

If an algebraic equation is over the rationals, it can always be converted to an equivalent one, where all the coefficients are integers. For example, in the equation given above, we multiply by 42 = 2·3·7 and group the terms in the first member. The equation is converted to

The solutions of an equation are the values of the variables for which the equation is true. But for algebraic equations there are also called roots. When solving an equation, we need to say in which set the solutions are allowed. For example, for an equation over the rationals, one can find solutions in the integers.  Then, the equation is a diophantine equation. One may also look for solutions in the field of complex numbers. One can also look for solutions in real numbers.

Ancient mathematicians wanted the solutions of univariate equations (that is, equations with one variable) in the form of radical expressions, like  for the positive solution of . The ancient Egyptians knew how to solve equations of degree 2 (that is equations in which the highest power of the variable is 2) in this manner. During the Renaissance, Gerolamo Cardano solved the equation of degree 3 and Lodovico Ferrari solved the equation of degree 4. Finally Niels Henrik Abel proved in 1824 that the equation of degree 5 and the equations of higher degree cannot always be solved by using radicals. Galois theory, named after Évariste Galois, were introduced to give criteria deciding if an equation is solvable using radicals.

References

Equations
Algebraic solution

An algebraic solution is an algebraic expression which is the solution of an algebraic equation in terms of the coefficients of the variables. It is found only by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and the extraction of roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.).

The most well-known example is the solution of the general quadratic equation.

(where a ≠ 0).

There is a more complicated solution for the general cubic equation and quartic equation.  The Abel-Ruffini theorem states that the general quintic equation does not have an algebraic solution. This means that the general polynomial equation of degree n, for n ≥ 5, cannot be solved by using algebra. However, under certain conditions, we can get algebraic solutions; for example, the equation  can be solved as

References

Algebra
Sylvie Faucheux

Sylvie Faucheux (born 29 May 1960 in the 20th arrondissement of Paris) is a French professor and politician. She specialized in the fields of economy of the natural environment and sustainable development. She was President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from 2002 till the 12 April 2012.

Faucheux graduated from the Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University which she founded in 1995. She managed the Center for economics and ethics environment and sustainable development, which, in 2002, became a joint research unit between UVSQ and the Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) (Institute of Development Research).

Faucheux is a politician as well as an educator. She was a SP candidate at the parliamentary elections for the first district of Yvelines in June 2007.

In December 2002, she was named President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. She was president until 12 April 2012, when Jean-Luc Vayssière was made president. She is the current head of Université du grand ouest parisien. Faucheux is a member of the Board of Research and Higher Education in France. She has been a member since 2002. She is responsible for the working group on sustainable development.

Sylvie Faucheux is Chevalier of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (14 July 2004 promotion), Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite (14 November 2005 Decret), Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and owner of the Marianne d'Or 2009 for her actions in favor of the sustainable development.

References

Further reading 
 Sylvie Faucheux, Jean-François Noël, Économie des ressources naturelles et de l'environnement, Armand Colin, 1999, 320 p. ()
 Sylvie Faucheux, H. Joumni, Économie des changements climatiques, La découverte - slf, 2005, 128 p. ()
 Sylvie Faucheux, Catherine Moulin, T.I.C. et développement durable, De Boeck, 2010 ()
 Who’s Who in France 2011, 2010 ()
 Who’s Who in France 2012, 2011 ()

Living people
1960 births
French politicians
French educators
Presidents of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Derivative (finance)

In finance, a derivative is a special type of contract. In it, the two parties agree to sell (or to buy) certain goods, at a given price, on a given date. Derivatives can be used in two ways. The first is called speculation: One party hopes that the market price differs from the price agreed upon in the contract, so that they can make the difference between the two. The second is called hedging: One party wants to make sure that the market price doesn't go in a direction that would hurt their profits, so they make sure that the price is agreed upon a long time before the transaction takes place. For a seller, hedging means that they can be certain to receive the agreed upon price, and for the buyer hedging means that they can be certain not to pay more than the agreed upon price. From a moral point of view, speculation is considered a negative activity.

One of the oldest derivatives is rice futures, which have been traded on the Dojima Rice Exchange since the eighteenth century.

Derivatives can take many forms but some of the most common types are Futures, Contracts for Difference and Options. They can also be structured on a range of different assets including Forex, Equities, Commodities and interest rates.

References

Finance
Mickey

"Mickey" is a song by US singer Toni Basil. It was a top 5 hit when it was released in 1982. It is was covered in 1999 by Lolly, who also had a top 5 hit with the song. The top 10 2005 hit by Gwen Stefani - "Hollaback Girl" and 2012 top 40 hit by Madonna ft Nicki Minaj & MIA - "Give Me All Your Luvin'" also had musical influences from this song, Toni Basil's version was released by Radialchoice and Lolly's version was released by Polydor.

Contrary to popular belief, the song does ''not'' refer to Mickey Mouse

1982 songs
Hollaback Girl

"Hollaback Girl" is the third single off American singer Gwen Stefani's first solo studio album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. The song was released on March 15, 2005.

Background and writing
While writing the song, Stefani and Pharrell Williams discussed about writing a song on her intentions for pursuing a solo career. Stefani then said that the album was missing an "attitude song", and she remembered a negative comment that musician Courtney Love had said about her in an interview with magazine Seventeen. 
"Being famous is just like being in high school. But I'm not interested in being the cheerleader. I'm not interested in being Gwen Stefani. She's the cheerleader, and I'm out in the smoker shed."

Stefani then responded to Love's comment in the March 2005 issue of the NME:
"Y'know someone one time called me a cheerleader, negatively, and I've never been a cheerleader. So I was, like, "OK, fuck you. You want me to be a cheerleader? Well, I will be one then. And I'll rule the whole world, just you watch me."

On the Billboard charts, "Hollaback Girl" was able to peak at #1 on Hot 100, #1 on the Pop 100, #8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #15 on the Hot Dance Club Play, and #18 on the Adult Pop Songs charts. In 2006, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the categories of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Record of the Year.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

References

Other websites
"Hollaback Girl" on YouTube

2004 songs
2005 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Jeff Daniels

Jeffrey Warren Daniels (born February 19, 1955) is an American actor. He was born in Athens, Georgia. He grew up in Chelsea, Michigan.

Daniels starred in Something Wild, Terms of Endearment, Arachnophobia and Dumb and Dumber. He won an Emmy Award in 2013.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 

Emmy Award winning actors
Saturn Award winners
1955 births
Living people
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Actors from Michigan
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Joe Pesci

Joseph Frank "Joe" Pesci (born February 9, 1943) is an American character actor. He was born in Newark, New Jersey and is of Italian descent. He was raised in Belleville, New Jersey.

Awards 

 Best Newcomer to Film British Academy Award, New York Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actor, National Society of Film Critics Best Supporting Actor, National Board of Review Best Supporting Actor, for Raging Bull, 1980

 Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor, National Board of Review Best Supporting Actor, for Goodfellas, 1990

 Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture (Leading Role) American Comedy Award, for My Cousin Vinny, 1992

Filmography

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Actors from Newark, New Jersey
1943 births
Living people
Naoto Ōshima

is a Japanese video game designer. At one time, he worked for Sega. Ōshima designed and created the characters for Sonic the Hedgehog and Dr. Eggman. Yuji Naka and Hirokazu Yasuhara are often given credit for his work on the Sonic series because of their close association with the Sonic name. Ōshima became well known at Sega's Sonic Team for creating characters and playing an important part in the development of games like Phantasy Star, Sonic CD, Nights into Dreams..., and Sonic Adventure.

After he left Sonic Team, he created his own game company called Artoon. Since then, he left from the position of president in the company and was replaced by Yutaka Sugano. From there he went on to work on games like Pinobee and Blinx: The Time Sweeper, and in 2004, the sequel to Blinx, Blinx 2: Masters of Time & Space. In 2010, Artoon was turned into AQ Interactive. In 2010, he and other main members of Artoon left to create Arzest. He was given a "Special Thanks in the game Sonic Generations.

References

Japanese video game designers
1964 births
Living people
Sega people
Dennis Franz

Dennis Franz (born October 1944) is an American television and movie actor. His movies include Die Hard 2. He has starred in many television series, including NYPD Blue.

American television actors
American movie actors
1944 births
Living people
List of cities in New York (state)

This is a list of cities in the American state of New York:

New York, List of
Rafinha

Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza (born 7 September 1985) more commonly known as Rafinha is Brazilian footballer. He plays for Flamengo in the Bundesliga.

Career

Rafinha was born in Londrina, Brazil on 7 September, 1985. At the age of 7, he joined his local futsal team, Gremio Londrinense. In 2001, when he was 16, he moved to Coritiba. He also joined the Brazilian under-20 national football team. He was then signed by FC Schalke 04 on a four-year contact for what is widely believed to be a transfer fee of €5 million

In August of 2010, Rafinha signed with Genoa. One year later, he signed with Bayern Munich on a three-year contract for €5.5 million. He has made 31 appearances for Bayern Munich up-to-date.

International career

Rafinha has been called up to the senior Brazil squad once and has made a combined total of 16 appearances in the Under-20 and Under-23 sides.

References

Other websites
 

Living people
1985 births
Brazilian footballers
Second moment of area

The moment of force (also called the first moment of force) about any point is the product of the force and perpendicular distance between them. If this first moment is again multiplied by the perpendicular distance between them, the product so obtained is called the second moment of force or moment of moment of the force. If instead of force, the area of the figure or mass of the body is considered, it is called the second moment of area or second moment of mass. They are also termed broadly as moments of inerta.

There is no physical significance for moment of inertia. It is just a mathematical expression usually denoted by

Related pages
Polar moment of inertia

Engineering
Physical quantity
Geometry
Jean-Luc Vayssière

Jean-Luc Vayssière, born in 1956, is a French professor, specializing in genetics and cell biology. He was President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from the 12th of April 2012 until April 2016.

Jean is also a graduate from the Paris Diderot University in molecular biology, he started his career as assistant at the Collège de France in the year 1990. In 1994, he became lecturer at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. In 2001, he was appointed as the head of training at the École pratique des hautes études before entering in 2006 as teacher at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Alongside his teaching activities, he is a researcher at the Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology, responsible of the "stress and cell death" team.
The 12th of April 2012, he is elected President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, succeeding Sylvie Faucheux. He is replaced by Dider Guillemot in May 2016.

References 

Living people
1956 births
French educators
French chemists
French geneticists
Presidents of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Denying the correlative

Denying the correlative is a mistake in logic where a person tries to create a third possibility where there are only two. It is based on the concept of correlative conjunctions, pairs of statements where one statement must be true and the other must be false. For example 1. Ginger is a cat. 2. Ginger is not a cat. If a person claims that Ginger is something else than a cat or not a cat, then he is making a logically impossible claim, and denying the correlative. It is the opposite of the false dilemma, which tries to reduce options to only two. Another is if a person were asked if he killed someone and said, "I fought with him". That does not answer the question.

References

Logical fallacies
William Smith O'Brien

William Smith O'Brien (; 17 October 1803 – 18 June 1864) was an Irish politician. At one point he was a member of the British Parliament. Later on he was a nationalist and leader of the Young Ireland movement and led a rebellion against British rule in the 1840s during the Potato Famine. He was convicted of treason, a felony, and could have been executed, but he was exiled to Van Diemen's Land instead. In 1856, he was pardoned and allowed to return.

References

1803 births
1864 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British Anglicans
Former members of the British House of Commons
Irish politicians
People from County Clare
Political activists
Prisoners sentenced to death
False dilemma

False dilemma, also called the either-or fallacy, us vs. them fallacy, black-or-white fallacy, false dichotomy, or the fallacy of false choice, is a mistake in logic that allows only two possibilities when more than two exist.

For example, there is "either-or fallacy" in saying that an apple must be green or red.  The premise is that the apple is either one color or another; but this beginning is a mistake because some apples—not most—are other colors.  In other words, most apples are red or green, but some are also yellow.

A "fallacy of false choice" may hide a deliberate attempt to eliminate agreement on an issue. Eldridge Cleaver used this tactic when he said: "You're either part of the solution or part of the problem."

A false dilemma may also be used for comedic effect.  Stephen Colbert used this tactic when he asked guests on The Colbert Report: "George Bush... great president or the greatest president?"

Related pages
 Fuzzy logic
 Denying the correlative
 Apples and oranges
 Falsifiability
 Ipse dixit

References

Further reading
  entry in The Fallacy Files

Logical fallacies
Countess Dracula

Countess Dracula is a 1971 Hammer horror movie. It is based on Countess Elisabeth Bathory-Nadasdy and her alleged crimes in late 16th and early 17th century Hungary. In it she kills young women to look young again by bathing in their blood. Countess Nadasdy is played by Ingrid Pitt in the movie. Other characters include her lover and henchman Captain Dobi, Captain Imre Toth a soldier for her late husband who she tries to seduce by pretending to be her daughter, and Fabio, her court historian who begins to suspect her and Dobi.

Pitt became a kind of cult icon for her role in this movie.

References

Other websites
 

1971 horror movies
1970s serial killer movies
Biographical movies
British horror movies
English-language movies
Hungarian movies
Movies about abduction
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in Europe
John Mitchel

John Mitchel (; 3 November 1815 – 20 March 1875) was an Irish nationalist leader who helped lead a rebellion against British rule in the island in 1848. He was born in Camnish, near Dungiven, County Londonderry. His Jail Journal is one of the most famous works in Irish nationalism.

1815 births
1875 deaths
Northern Ireland people
Activists
Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is fixing environmental problems through the use of plants.
A type of this is phytomining, which is a method of extraction. Some plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. They concentrate these compounds as a result of this. The plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds.

Conservation
Sustainable technologies
Wanderlust

Wanderlust is a 2012 American comedy movie starring Paul Rudd and Jennifer Aniston. It is about a Manhattan couple who move to a commune in Georgia. It was released in early 2012.

Other websites 

2012 comedy movies
Adultery in movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Movies set in New York City
Indian Navy

The Indian Navy is the naval part of the Indian Armed Forces.

In 2010, the Indian Navy had 58,350 personnel, around 170 ships and 180 aircraft. It is the world's fourth largest navy in terms of personnel.

Aircraft carriers 

Currently, the Indian Navy has one aircraft carrier. Two more are being built and will enter service by 2012 and 2015.

The carrier that the Indian Navy currently uses is called INS Viraat. INS Viraat was bought by India from the United Kingdom in 1986.

References 

Navies
Military of India
Sukhoi Su-30MKI

The Sukhoi Su-30MKI(NATO reporting name: Flanker-H) is a fighter plane made by Sukhoi and HAL for the Indian Air Force. It is a version of the Su-30. It first flew in 2000 and entered service in 2002. It is one of the heaviest fighters in the world and can fly very far.

The Indian Air Force plans to have 272 of these planes by 2020. They will form the backbone of Indian Air Force from then.

It is considered a 4++ generation fighter plane and has similar features to the Sukhoi Su-35.

References 

Indian military aircraft
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is an aerospace company of India. Its headquarters are in Bangalore. It is one of Asia's major aerospace companies.

It is managed by the Ministry of Defence of the Indian Government. It builds and modifies military and civil aircraft. In addition, it is also involved in maintaining airports.

Aircraft companies
Companies of India
Military of India
Bangalore
200 BC


Year 200 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Seleucid Empire 
 Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.

 Greece 
 Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria.
 The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica. 
 The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.
 The Roman consul, Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, asks Attalus I and his fleet to meet up with the Roman fleet off the Greek Aegean coast and they conduct a naval campaign against Philip V, harassing Macedonian possessions in and along the Aegean.

 Roman Republic 
 Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul in the Battle of Cremona.
 The bacchanalia are wild and mystic festivals of the Roman god Bacchus which are introduced into Rome from lower Italy by way of Etruria (approximate date).

 Bactria 
 Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom dies and is succeeded by his son Demetrius I of Bactria (approximate date).

 South America 
 The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date).
 The Early Horizon period in the Andes comes to an end as the Chavin culture vanishes and is succeeded by the Nazca culture (approximate date).

 China 
 The construction of the Wei-Yang Palace in the Han Dynasty capital (Chang'an) begins.
 The Hsiung-nu appear on the western borders of China.
 The Han emperor Gaozu is defeated by the Xiongnu in the Battle of Baideng.
 The Great Wall of China was completed.

 By topic 
 Art 
 Alexander the Great, head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made. It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
 Lost-wax casting is known in China and Mesopotamia (approximate date).
 Roman artists begin trying to produce the illusion of thin slabs of colored marble covering the walls, which are set off by actual architectural moldings and columns, in private houses. These attempts last for 120 years.

 Astronomy 
 The first good measurement of the distance between Earth and the Sun is made by Eratosthenes (approximate date). By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km. The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 ± 30 metres.

In fiction 
 This year is used as the fourth time world (Amazon Jungle) in the video game The Lost Vikings II.
 The Tribunal in Marianne Curley's Guardians of Time Trilogy is set up near Athens.

Births 

 Jia Yi, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 169 BC)

Deaths 

 Euthydemus I, King of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom from 223 BC (approximate date)

200s BC
101 BC


Year 101 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Roman Republic 
 The Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Campi Raudii (or Battle of Vercellae).
 Libya 
 Ptolemy Apion inherits the kingdom of Cyrenaica.

Deaths 

 Cleopatra III of Egypt assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander I (b. 161 BC)
 Boiorix, king of the Cimbri tribe, killed at the Battle of Vercellae.

100s BC
Amado Boudou

Amado Boudou (born November 19, 1963) is an Argentine businessman.  He was the 35th Vice President of Argentina from December 2011 through December 2015. Before he was Minister of the Economy from 2009 to 2011. 

In 2012 he was accused of influence peddling and money laundering. He was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison, and banned for life from holding public office.

References

1963 births
Living people
Vice Presidents of Argentina
Russian Air Force

The Russian Air Force is the air wing of the Russian Military. It is the world's second largest air force after the United States Air Force. It is also the only air force other than the United States Air Force who use modern strategic bombers. The Russian Navy also has its own Naval Aviation force.

History 
During the Cold War, the Soviet Air Force (and Air Defense Force) were as big as the United States Air Force. However, after the collapse of Soviet Union, the Russian Air Force was made much smaller because Russia did not have enough money to keep everything. However, spending on the Russian Air Force increased in the early 21st century.

Military of Russia
Air forces
Ricardo Lorenzetti

Ricardo Luis Lorenzetti (born 19 September 1955) is a member of the Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina. He was elected President of the high court by his peers on November 7, 2006.

Lorenzetti was born in Rafaela, Santa Fe Province.  He is the son of a primary school teacher and a travelling salesman.  He went to school at the National University of the Littoral.  He became a lawyer in 1978.

References

1955 births
Living people
Argentine people
Argentine judges
Alessandro Manzoni

Alessandro Manzoni (Milan 7 March 1785 – Milan 22 May 1873) was an Italian writer and poet. His most famous book is The Betrothed, a novel that is a symbol of the Risorgimento, both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern Italian language.

Partial Bibliography
 Inni sacri (Sacred Hymnes, 1815)
 Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica (Observations about catholic moral, 1819)
 Il conte di Carmagnola (1819)
 Il cinque maggio (The fifth of May, 1821)
 Adelchi (1822)
 I promessi sposi (The Betrothed, 1827)
 La colonna infame (Infamous column, 1842)

Italian writers
Italian poets
Italian playwrights
Italian Roman Catholics
1785 births
1873 deaths
Football in Argentina

Football (or soccer in the U.S) is the most popular sport in Argentina. According to FIFA there are 2,658,811 players total; with 3,377 clubs and 37,161 officials. It is played from childhood into old age. 90% of Argentines say they have a favorite Argentine football club.

Football started in Argentina at the end of the 19th century.  It was started by the British immigrants in Buenos Aires. The first Argentine league began in 1891.  This makes it the third oldest league (after Great Britain and the Netherlands). The Argentine Football Association (AFA) was formed in 1893. It is the eighth oldest in the world.

The Argentine national team has won the football World Cup. They won in 1978 and 1986.  They were runner-up in 1930 and 1990. They have also won the top continental tournament, the Copa América, fourteen times. The Argentina Olympic football team has won two Gold Medals. At club level, Argentine teams have won the most Intercontinental Cups (9) and the most Copa Libertadores (22).

Women's football has a national league since 1991.  It is named the Campeonato de Fútbol Feminino. The female national representative qualified for the World Cup for the first time in 2007.

In futsal, Argentina were FIFUSA/AMF Futsal World Cup champions in 1994. They also compete in the FIFA code of futsal, where they finished third in the 2004 FIFA Futsal World Cup. The team also won the FIFA Futsal Copa América in 2003. Argentina was world champion in futsal for the visually impaired in 1998.

Argentina also compete in the beach football World Cup.  Their best finish was third in 2001.

References
Pato

Pato is a game played on horseback.  It adds ideas from polo and basketball. It is the national sport of Argentina.

 is Spanish for "duck".  The early games used a live duck inside a basket instead of a ball. Pato has been written about since 1610. The playing field would often go between neighboring ranches. The first team to reach its own ranch house with the duck was the winner.

Pato was banned several times during its history.  This was due to the violence—not only to the duck; many gauchos were trampled underfoot.  Some lost their lives in knife fights started in the heat of the game. In 1796, a Catholic priest said that pato players who died this way should not get Christian burial. Laws saying people could not play pato were common in the 19th century.

During the 1930s, pato had rules added by ranch owner Alberto del Castillo Posse.  He made a set of rules based on modern polo. President Juan Perón made pato Argentina's national game in 1953.

Gameplay

In modern pato, two four-member teams ride on horses.  They try to get a ball which has six handles.  They score by throwing the ball through a ring that is vertical. The rings have a 100 cm (3.3 ft) diameter.  They are on 240 cm (7.9 ft) high poles. A closed net, going up for 140 cm (4.6 ft), holds the ball after goals are scored.

The winner is the team with most goals scored after the time is done.  Game time is six 8-minute "periods".

The field is: length 180 to 220 m (196.9 to 240.6 yd), width 80 to 90 m (87 to 98 yd). The ball is made of leather, with an inflated rubber chamber and six leather handles. Its diameter is 40 cm (15.7 in) handle-to-handle.  The weight is 1050 to 1250 g (2.3 to 2.8 lbs).

The player that has control of the  (i.e. holds the ball by a handle) must ride with his right arm outstretched.  He offers the pato so rival players have a chance of tugging the pato and stealing it. Not holding his arm out while riding with the pato is an offense called  (refusal).

During the tug itself, or , both players must stand on the stirrups and not sit on the saddle. The hand not tugging must hold the reins. The tug is usually the most exciting part of the game.

Pato is similar to the game of horseball played in France, Portugal, and other countries.

References

Sport in Argentina
Equestrian sports
Argentine National Congress

The Congress of the Argentine Nation is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina. It has two parts.  There is a 72-seat Senate and a 257-seat Chamber of Deputies.

The Congress building is in Buenos Aires.

The Congress is in charge of setting taxes and customs.  These must be the same across the country. It rules the Central Bank of Argentina, manages internal and external debt payment, and the value of national currency (currently the Argentine peso).

References
New Plymouth

New Plymouth is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is named after Plymouth, Devon, England. This district includes New Plymouth City and a few smaller towns. The district has 1.7 percent of the country's people.

New Plymouth Airport is the 11th busiest airport in New Zealand, with regular flights to Wellington, Auckland and Christchurch.

History 
In 1828, Richard Barrett set up a trading post at Ngamotu after he arrived on the ship Adventure. Barrett dealt with the local Māori and bought land from them.

The British tried to occupy the area during the early 1840s. But when they arrived, they found an area with few Māori - remaining survivors of a number of inter-tribal wars. At first, land was easily bought but then as time went on, it became more difficult and Europeans wanted more and more of Maori farmland, as Maoris were returning to the area and did not want to sell the land. War finally started in 1860 and lasted for nearly 10 years, resulting in land confiscations by the British government.

Geography
The area is known for its dairy farms and its location. It is very close to both sea and mountain, with Mount Taranaki just south of the city. The volcanic cone of Mt Taranaki gives a view of the coastline. Taranaki, which is 2518 metres high, is one of the most climbed mountains in New Zealand. It is one of the places in New Zealand that attracts the most rainfall and the mountain has created a unique environment perfect for plants, alpine herb fields, and native and tropical forest. This attracts many bird species that can be observed in the National Park and surrounding areas.

Cities in New Zealand
1841 establishments
1840s establishments in New Zealand
Argentine Senate

The Argentine Senate is the upper house of the Argentine National Congress. It has 72 senators.  There are three for each province and three for Buenos Aires. There used to be 2 senators from each province.  That was changed in 1994.

Senators are elected by direct election on a provincial basis.  The party with the most votes is given two of the province's senate seats. The second-place party gets the third seat. Currently one-third of the members are elected every two years to a six-year term. In other words, one-third of the provinces hold senate elections every two years.

Requirements

According to Section 55 of the Argentine Constitution, candidates for the Argentine Senate must 
 be at least 30 years old
 have been a citizen of Argentina for six years
 be native to the province of his office, or have been a resident of that province for two years.

Authorities
Current leadership positions include:

References 

Senate
National upper houses
Argentine Chamber of Deputies

The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of  the Argentine National Congress. This Chamber is the only one to levy taxes; to draft troops; and to call the President, cabinet ministers, and members of the Supreme Court before the Senate.  There are 257 seats.  One-half of the members are elected every two years.

Members must be at least twenty-five years old.  They must have been a resident of the province they represent for at least four years.

Each province has one deputy per 161,000 people.  Then each province gets 3 more deputies.  The minimum number of deputies is five.

References

Argentine National Congress
National lower houses
Liberty X

Liberty X are a British vocal pop-R&B group. The band was formed in London in 2001 from contestants in the first series of Popstars. The band split in 2007. They reformed in 2012.

The quintet's members are: Michelle Heaton (born 1980), Tony Lundon (born 1979), Kevin Simm (born 1980), Jessica Taylor (born 1980) and Kelli Young (born 1981).

2001 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English R&B bands
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups from London
May Revolution

The May Revolution happened from May 18 to 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires.  Buenos Aires was the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.  It was a Spanish colony that included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. The result was the removal of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the forming of a local government now called the "Primera Junta". In Argentina this is now celebrated as "May Week" ().

The May Revolution was a direct reaction to Spain's Peninsular War of the previous two years. In 1808, King Ferdinand VII of Spain abdicated in favor of Napoleon.  Napoleon gave the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. 

The May Revolution began the Argentine War of Independence.  No formal declaration of independence was made.  The Primera Junta continued to govern in the name of the deposed king, Ferdinand VII. The Argentine Declaration of Independence was made at the Congress of Tucumán on July 9, 1816.

1810
19th century rebellions
Buenos Aires
19th century in Argentina
19th century in Spain
Revolutions
Argentine Declaration of Independence

What today is commonly called the Independence of Argentina was made on July 9, 1816.  It was done by the Congress of Tucumán. In reality, the congressmen that were together in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America.  This is still today one of the legal names of the Argentine Republic. The Federal League Provinces, were at war with the United Provinces.  They were not allowed into the Congress. Many provinces from Upper Peru were at the Congress.

Independence began with the 1810 May Revolution.

Signatories of the declaration
Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Deputy for San Juan, President
Mariano Boedo, Deputy for Salta, Vice-president 
José Mariano Serrano, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia), Secretary 
Juan José Paso, Deputy for Buenos Aires, Secretary
Dr. Antonio Sáenz, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
Dr. José Darragueira, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
Friar Cayetano José Rodríguez, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
Dr. Pedro Medrano, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
Dr. Manuel Antonio Acevedo, Deputy for Catamarca 
Dr. José Ignacio de Gorriti, Deputy for Salta 
Dr. José Andrés Pacheco de Melo, Deputy for Chibchas (present-day Bolivia)
Dr. Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Deputy for Jujuy
Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Deputy for Córdoba 
Tomás Godoy Cruz, Deputy for Mendoza 
Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz, Deputy for Tucumán
Dr. Esteban Agustín Gazcón, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
Pedro Francisco de Uriarte, Deputy for Santiago del Estero 
Pedro León Gallo, Deputy for Santiago del Estero 
Pedro Ignacio Rivera, Deputy for Mizque (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. Mariano Sánchez de Loria, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. José Severo Malabia, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Deputy for La Rioja
Lic. Gerónimo Salguero de Cabrera y Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba 
Dr. José Colombres, Deputy for Catamarca 
Dr. José Ignacio Thames, Deputy for  Tucumán
Friar Justo de Santa María de Oro, Deputy for San Juan 
José Antonio Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba 
Dr. Juan Agustín Maza, Deputy for Mendoza 
Tomás Manuel de Anchorena, Deputy for Buenos Aires

Recognition of independence
 Kingdom of Hawaii: 1818
 Portugal: 1821
 Brazil, United States of America: 1822
 United Kingdom: December 15, 1823
 France: 1830
 Denmark: 1841
 United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway: 1847
 Spain: April 29, 1857

References

 9 de Julio de 1816: Declaración de la Independencia  
Act of Independence - Spanish Wikisource 
Machine translations of the full text at College of Humanities and Social Sciences - North Carolina State University

1816
Declarations of independence
19th century in Argentina
Politics of Argentina
Constitution of Argentina

The constitution of Argentina is one of the main sources of existing law in Argentina.  Its first version was written in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in Santa Fe.  The basis was taken in part from the United States Constitution. It was then changed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957.  The present version is the text of 1994.

 
The first government was made after the May Revolution.  Many revolutionary leaders, led by Mariano Moreno, wanted to declare independence immediately.  There were problems between the two main parties.  Finally the federal constitution was made on May 1, 1853.

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutionalism
Constitutional economics

References
 Official translation to English
  from the Argentine Chamber of Deputies page. 
 Reforms to the original 1853 Constitution  

Government of Argentina
Argentina
1853
Argentine peso

The peso is the money of Argentina.  It has also been called the peso convertible. It is divided into 100 centavos. The number is written with a $  sign and then the number.

In 2011, four pesos were equal to one United States dollar.  In October 2014, eight pesos are equal to one United States dollar.

References

Other websites
 Banknotes of Argentina

Currency of South America
Economy of Argentina
1826 establishments
19th-century establishments in Argentina
1820s establishments in South America
Gul Mohamad Zhowandai

Gul Mohamad Zhowandai (1905-1988) was born in Kabul, Afghanistan. He was a poet and writer. He wrote novels in Persian. His published works include:

Ferroz — short stories (Kabul, Afghanistan)
Ahrezo ah ye per ahshoob — short stories (Kabul, Afghanistan: Islla Publications)
Kachkol — novel (Kabul, Afghanistan)
Collection of Poems (Kabul, Afghanistan: Islla, Anis)

References
Modern Fiction In Afghanistan (Taraneh Publication)
An Encyclopedia of Persian Literature in Afghanistan Vol. 3 (Tehran, 1999)
Mahseerin Sukhanwar (Kabul, Afghanistan)

Other websites
Zhowandai.com 

1905 births
1988 deaths
Afghan writers
Poets
People from Kabul
CEGEP

CEGEP is an acronym for , which means "College of general and vocational education". It is the name for public colleges in Quebec, Canada. It was created in 1967 after the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s, when the provincial government took over the management of health care and education.

Other websites
List of Cégep schools
Fédération des cégeps

 
1967 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Canada
Zwonowice

Zwonowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lyski, within Rybnik County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is west of the regional capital Katowice.

Pastors
 Antoni Gasz (1942-1950)
 Oswald Niedziela (1950-1954)
 Jerzy Stefani, pastor of Lyski in the years 1954-1956 led ministry in Zwonowice
 Antoni Kraus (1956-1962)
 Kazimierz Wyciślik (1962-1978)
 Antoni Pieczka (1978-1995)
 Roman Gołąb (1995-present)

Villages in Poland