cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Raja

A Raja ( (rājā), also spelled Rajah) is a monarch, or princely ruler of the Kshatriya varna.

The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as it is found in the Rigveda. It can also be used as a name for non-royal Indians.
In Pakistan, Raja is still used by many Muslim Rajput clans as  titles. Raja is also used as a name by Hindus and Sikhs.

Rajas in the Malay world 
 The ruler of the state of Perlis, Malaysia is titled the Raja of Perlis. Most of the other state rulers are titled Sultans. But the Raja has equal status with the other rulers and is one of the electors who designate one of their number as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong every five years.

Related pages
 Maharaja
 Kshatriya
 Rajput
 Shah

Notes

Other websites 
 Indian Princely States, the most comprehensive, specialised site on (princely) (e)states in British India
 RoyalArk (more elaborate, on a smaller number of dynasties)- here India
 WorldStatesmen- Indian princely states, here K-Z

Heads of state
Titles
History of Pakistan
History of India
Rajah (disambiguation)

Rajah may refer to:

 Rajah, an other spelling of Raja, meaning an Indian monarch
 Rajah (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
 Rajah (dog), famed New Zealand German Shepherd police dog

People
 Indranee Rajah, a Deputy Speaker of Singapore's Parliament
 Rajah Humabon, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
 Rajah Lakandula, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
 Rajah Muthiah Chettiar, Tamil banker, educationist, philanthropist, and politician
 Rajah Sulayman, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century

Places
 Ayer Rajah, an area in the Queenstown Planning Area in the southwest part of Singapore
 Rajah Buayan, a municipality in the Philippines
 Rajah Buayan, Maguindanao, a municipality in the Philippines

Things
 Ayer Rajah Expressway, a Singapore expressway
 Culex rajah, a type of mosquito
 Nepenthes rajah, a carnivorous pitcher plant species native to Malaysia
 Rajah Broadcasting Network, a Philippine media network
 Rajah Motors, former automobile manufacturer in India
 Rajah Scops Owl, a type of owl
 Rajah Solaiman Movement, a terrorist organization
 Rajah Spiny Rat, a species of rodent
 The Rajah, a 1919 movie starring Harold Lloyd
 
 HMS Rajah (D10), an escort aircraft carrier
 Toxorhynchites rajah, a type of mosquito

Related pages
 Rajput
Pushim

PUSHIM is a Japanese reggae singer. Her real name is Paku Pushin. She was born in Osaka on November 16, 1975, and started to sing in 1995. She released her first single in 1999. She has strong and deep voice. Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.

Career
She began performing in the Kansai reggae scene in 1995. In 1998, she did back-up vocals for the Refugee Camp's "It's Too Late", a Carroll King cover. After signing with Sony Music Japan, she recorded and released her first single called "Brand New Day" on June 19, 1999. It receive a lot of critical acclaim. In September of 1999, she released a second single called "Strong Woman". It was also a success and she sold many copies. The following spring, her debut album "Say Greetings" was released. Her latest album is "Sing A Song... Lighter!". It was released in 2006, with Luciano appearing on one track.

Extended plays

Studio Albums

OTher websites
PUSHIM's official homepage
Sony Music Online Japan PUSHIM's page on her label's website

1975 births
Living people
Japanese singers
Reggae musicians
People from Osaka
Headset

A headset is a headphone with a microphone. People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone. A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone. A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic. Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily. Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.

New type of Headset 
Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no wire between the computer and the headset.  It works by radio waves.  A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size.  This can be used for soundproofing.

History 
The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version could not be sold to people. The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.

How headsets work? 
Headset is made up of two parts. They are input part and output part. From input part, headset receive sound signal. And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.

Audio technology
Endoscopy

Endoscopy means to look inside. This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an endoscope.

An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body. This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body. Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.

The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube. It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is going on. If necessary, various actions can be taken.

Parts 
An endoscope has at least some of these parts:
a rigid or flexible tube.
a light, which is usually outside the body and delivered by an optical fibre system.
a lens system which takes the image from the objective lens to the viewer. This can be done by a relay lens system in the case of rigid endoscopes or a bundle of fiberoptics in the case of a fibrescope.
an eyepiece. Modern instruments may be videoscopes, with no eyepiece. In these a camera transmits image to a screen. This has the advantage that the image can be seen by all in the operating theatre. 
an additional channel to carry medical instruments or manipulators.

Uses 
Endoscopy can involve 
 The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract):
 esophagus, stomach and duodenum 
 small intestine
 colon 
 Bile duct
 The respiratory tract
 The nose 
 The lower respiratory tract (bronchoscopy)
 The urinary tract 
 The female reproductive system
 The cervix 
 The uterus 
 The Fallopian tubes 
 Normally closed body cavities (through a small incision):
 The abdominal or pelvic cavity 
 The interior of a joint
 Organs of the chest 
 During pregnancy
 The amnion 
 The foetus 
 Plastic Surgery
 Panendoscopy (or triple endoscopy)
 Combines larynx, esophagogus, and bronchoscopy
 Non-medical uses for endoscopy
 The planning and architectural community have found the endoscope useful for pre-visualization of scale models of proposed buildings and cities 
 Internal inspection of complex technical systems 
 Endoscopes are also a tool helpful in the examination of improvised explosive devices by bomb disposal personnel.
 The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses endoscopes for conducting surveillance in tight spaces.

Medical tests
Standard-definition television

Standard-Definition Television is a kind of television system that provides lower resolution than HDTV and higher resolution than analog TV does. 
The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or litle bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'. Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie. It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals.

Broadcasting 

According to an NTSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways.
First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 720x480.
Second, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 704x480 
Lastly, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 640x480.
The first one has best quality, second one is next, and the last one is the worst.
The screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second. These are similar level with DVD.
As mentioned at the 'Definition' tab, it has a better resolution than analog TV system, and has lower resolution than HDTV.
Because it is a kind of digital broadcasting system, it can broadcast not only analog TV programs but also HDTV program (Of course there exists a difference in resolution).

Merit 

SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV. But SDTV is more vivid than
analog TV because it has less noise. And it has better sound. The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions. For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on. This functions are 
impossible at analog TV. Compared to HDTV, it has lower resolution. But in fact, HDTV programs are not spread widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV.

Comparison 

Generally, there are three types of TV. They are analog TV, SDTV and HDTV.Price : AnalogTV < SDTV < HDTVQuality : AnalogTV ≒ SDTV < HDTVAnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and HDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.

Digital definition resolution 

Television technology
Thermocouple

A thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.

How do thermocouples work? 
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire. 

Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.

Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold.

It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.

Use of thermocouple 
Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.

Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.

Some kinds of thermocouple 
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.

Measuring tools
Temperature
Thermometers
Control engineering

Control engineering is the engineering field that focuses on mathematical modeling of dynamical systems, and uses control theory to create controllers that cause the systems to behave in some desired manner. Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic, and computer engineering.  As engineering continues to develop, control engineering is often wanted.

In most cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems. For example, in an automobile with sail control, the machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system, which then adjusts the motor's spin power on the fly. Recently, control systems are also used in nanotechnology. In chemical engineering, control engineering is known as process control. Many advancements in science, finance, and even human action, can be attributed to control engineering. 

Many control systems rely on feedback. However, there are also control systems that work without feedback. Such a system is known as an open-loop control. An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, relies only on the model and the input signal fed to the system.  An example of open-loop control can be found in washing machines, which work by running pre-programmed cycles but, most importantly, do not rely on any measurements of the speed of the barrel or water volume to adjust the machine on the fly.

Engineering disciplines
DKNY

DKNY (Donna Karan New York) is the label of fashion designer Donna Karan.

American clothing companies
1989 establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in New York City
Lanett, Alabama

Lanett is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,897. Lanett is located in eastern Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Montgomery. One of the major industries is cotton milling. The city's name is derived from Lanier and Bennett, founders of the West Point Pepperell Co.

Cities in Alabama
La Fayette, Alabama

LaFayette is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States.  It is 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia. It is the county seat of Chambers County. In 1900, 1,629 people lived here, and in 1910, 1,632 people lived here. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 3,234.

Education
The Chambers County School District provides public education for LaFayette. Within the city limits are two high schools (Lafayette High School and the Chambers County Career Technical School), one middle school (JP Powell Middle School), and one elementary school (Eastside Elementary School).

Chambers Academy (grades pre-K through 12) is a private school in LaFayette.

Notable residents
 James Thomas "Cotton Tom" Heflin, member of the United States House of Representatives and original sponsor of Mothers Day legislation
 Johnson J. Hooper, author and humorist
Joe Louis, Heavyweight boxing champion
Hoyt L. Sherman, art professor and principle mentor to pop artist Roy Lichtenstein

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Leeds, Alabama

Leeds is a city in Jefferson, St. Clair, and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2000 census, 10,455 people lived there.

Famous natives
 Charles Barkley, Basketball Hall of Famer

References

Cities in Alabama
Charles Barkley

Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" for his aggressive and outspoken behavior, and "The Round Mound of Rebound" for his unusual build and talent as a player, Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) most dominating power forwards.

For a power forward, Barkley had an extremely versatile offensive game. He was not considered a great player at the defensive end. He is referred to as Chuck Barkley by many of his friends.

Barkley had many nicknames over the course of his college and pro career, making him one of the basketball players, and persons, with the most nicknames. Some of the other nicknames include "The Chuckster" and "The Chuck Wagon". Barkley is regarded as one of the best rebounders in the history of the game.

Many people view him as the greatest player who did not win an NBA championship during his career, although others argue for players such as Karl Malone, John Stockton and Patrick Ewing. Often considered the best power forward in the league (NBA), people did not agree with his totalitarian views. He is an analyst on the television show Inside the NBA. The program features host Ernie Johnson with analysts Kenny Smith and Shaquille O'Neal.

Other websites

 Charles Barkley: NBA.com Profile
 Charles Barkley: NBA.com historical playerfile
 Charles Barkley: NBA.com Historical Biography
 Charles Barkley: Hall of Fame Profile 
 

1963 births
African-American basketball players
Living people
Houston Rockets players
Philadelphia 76ers players
Phoenix Suns players
Sportspeople from Alabama
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Space Jam characters
William C. Oates

William Calvin Oates (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 – September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. He became a brigadier general in 1898, and also fought in the Spanish–American War.

In between he was a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1870 to 1872, a member of the United States House of Representatives for Alabama from 1881 to 1894, and Governor of Alabama from 1894 to 1896. 

William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama. He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville. Oates died in Montgomery, Alabama, and was buried there in Oakwood Cemetery.

Sources
 William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy,  The Neale Publishing Company, 1905.
 Glenn W. LaFantasie, Gettysburg Requiem: The Life of William C. Oates, Oxford University Press, 2005.

1833 births
1910 deaths
American generals
Lawyers from Alabama
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
Governors of Alabama
Military personnel of the American Civil War
United States representatives from Alabama
US Democratic Party politicians
Walter Jones (American football)

Walter Junior Jones (born January 19, 1974) is an American football offensive tackle for the Seattle Seahawks team in the National Football League. He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade. Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team. On April 29, 2010, He announced on his Twitter account that he was retiring.

References

Other websites
Walter Jones on Twitter

African American players of American football
American football defensive tackles
Seattle Seahawks players
Sportspeople from Alabama
1974 births
Living people
George T. Anderson

George Thomas Anderson (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.

After the war he worked as a policeman and a tax collector. He is buried in the Edgemont Cemetery, Anniston, Alabama.

References

1824 births
1901 deaths

Confederate Army generals
William Clark Falkner

William Clark Falkner (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi.  He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner.

Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi.  He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.

Other websites
Biography at Mississippi Writers Project, source of most of this article
Information from University of Michigan 

1825 births
1889 deaths
American poets
American military people
Writers from Tennessee
Writers from Mississippi
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Businesspeople from Mississippi
People from Pontotoc, Mississippi
Islamic terrorism

Islamic terrorism is a kind of terrorism. The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motivation. 

Some Islamic scholars say that it is wrong to kill innocent people. Some Islamic terrorist groups are Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. However, there are hundreds of such groups and many more terrorist attacks attributed to them. However, it is stated in the Qur'an that "You must not go too far; Allah loves not those who do.""You must resist them until the persecution is done away, and prayers are only to Allah; if they cease fighting, you must not invade anyone but the unrighteous."

Related pages
Osama bin Laden
September 11 attacks

References
Daniel Weisiger Adams

Daniel Weisiger Adams (May 1, 1821 – June 13, 1872) was a noted lawyer and a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

Sources
 
Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1963.

1821 births
1872 deaths
Confederate Army generals
Lynchburg, Virginia

Lynchburg is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River.  Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" and "The Hill City". It is sometimes called "A City Unto Itself" because of the city's historical avoidance of State and Federal entanglements.

At the 2010 census, 75,568 people lived in Lynchburg.

References 

Cities in Virginia
Electronic engineering

Electronic engineering is an engineering discipline that investigates the use of electricity and magnetism.  Electronic engineers are concerned with such processes as; the use of radio waves, the design of electronic circuits, the design of computer systems, and the development of control systems such as aircraft autopilots and other embedded systems.

The term electronic engineering started to emerge increasingly in the late 1950s.  Before World War II, electronic engineering was most commonly known as a 'radio engineering'.  At that time, studying radio engineering at a university was part of a physics degree.  Later, as other electronic devices were developed, the field broadened to include radar, television, audio systems, Hi-Fi and later computers and microprocessors.  In the mid to late 1950s, the term radio engineering gradually gave way to the name 'electronic engineering', which then became a stand-alone university degree subject.

Engineers must study the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to understand systems and make them better.  Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided technologies when designing electronics systems.  Some electronic engineers work in robotics.  

Electronics
George Armstrong Custer

George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876)  was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war. Custer graduated last in his class and served at the First Battle of Bull Run as a staff officer for Major General George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac's 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Early in the Gettysburg Campaign, Custer's association with cavalry commander Major General Alfred Pleasonton earned him a brevet promotion from First Lieutenant to Brigadier General of United States Volunteers at the age of 23.

Other websites 

 Custer Battlefield Museum
 Little Bighorn History Alliance
 Custerwest.org:Site For Traditional Scholarship
 Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Big Horn, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

References 

American Civil War generals
People from Ohio
1839 births
1876 deaths
Irvine, North Ayrshire

Irvine (Gaelic: Irbhinn) is a coastal new town in North Ayrshire, Scotland.

History
Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century Military Capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the Capital of Cunninghame. 

The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennell. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots, was briefly involved in the town's history. Some say she stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. To this day there is still an annual festival, called Marymass, held in the town.

People
Irvine is the birthplace of the present Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon and the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. Its twin town is Saint-Amand-les-Eaux in northern France just outside Lille.

Towns in North Ayrshire
North Ayrshire

North Ayrshire (Gaelic: Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath, ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the north east, and East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire to the East and South respectively.

The area was created in 1996 as a successor to the district of Cunninghame which covered exactly the same boundaries. The mainland portion of the council area has historically been part of a greater County of Ayr, however it also contains the islands of Arran, Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae in the lower Firth of Clyde. All the islands were previously in the County of Bute.

Towns and villages

Mainland 
 Ardrossan
 Barrmill
 Benslie
 Bourtreehill
 Beith
 Chapeltoun
 Cunninghamhead
 Dalry
 Dreghorn
 Fairlie
 Fergushill
 Gateside, North Ayrshire
 Girdle Toll
 Hessilhead
 Irvine
 Kilbirnie 
 Kilwinning
 Largs
 Perceton
 Portencross
 Saltcoats
 Seamill 
 Skelmorlie
 Springside 
 Stevenston
 West Kilbride

Arran 
 Brodick
 Blackwaterfoot
 Lamlash
 Lochranza

The Cumbraes 
 Millport

Education

Secondary Schools In North Ayrshire 
 Ardrossan Academy, Ardrossan
 St Andrew's Academy, Saltcoats (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
 Kilwinning Academy, Kilwinning
 St Michael's Academy, Kilwinning (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
 Greenwood Academy, Irvine
 Irvine Royal Academy, Irvine
 Auchenharvie Academy, Stevenston
 Largs Academy, Largs
 St Matthew's Academy, Saltcoats
 Garnock Academy

Places of Interest 
 Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park
 Eglinton Country Park, Irvine
 Eglinton Tournament Bridge

Other websites 
 Ardrossan Academy website

 
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
Charles Kennedy

Charles Peter Kennedy (25 November 1959 – 1 June 2015) was a British politician.

From 9 August 1999 until 7 January 2006, he was the leader of the Liberal Democrats, the third largest political party in the United Kingdom.

In the 1983 General Election he stood for the Ross, Cromarty & Skye constituency, then held by the Conservative MP and Minister, Hamish Gray. In a shock result, Kennedy was elected (for the SDP): at 23, he became the youngest MP in the House of Commons. Ambitious and popular, he quickly emerged as a potential party leader. In 1994, by which time the SDP and the Liberal Party had merged, he became President of the Liberal Democrats - a position he held for four years. In 1999, on the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected party leader.

He took the party through two General Elections. However, he faced criticism for his laid-back leadership style, and there was considerable speculation regarding his alcohol consumption. From December 2005, some within the party were questioning his leadership and calling for a leadership election. On 5 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that ITN would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. Kennedy decided to pre-empt the broadcast and admit his drinking problem openly. He called a leadership election at the same time, stating that he intended to stand. The admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing within the parliamentary party. As support for him amongst this key group ebbed away, Kennedy resigned as leader on 7 January, saying that he would not be standing in the leadership election. Deputy leader Sir Menzies Campbell took over as interim leader and was elected as leader on 2 March 2006.

Kennedy was born in Inverness, Scotland. He was married to Sarah Gurling from 2002 until they divorced in 2010 and has a son.

Kennedy died on 1 June 2015 at his home in Fort William from haemorrhage due to his alcoholism, aged 55.

References

1959 births
2015 deaths
British Roman Catholics
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United Kingdom
Deaths from hemorrhage
Disease-related deaths in Scotland
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
People from Inverness
Scottish Christians
Scottish journalists
Social Democratic Party MPs (UK)
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
East Ayrshire

East Ayrshire () is one of 32 council area of Scotland. It borders North Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, South Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the county of Ayrshire.

The area was formed in 1996, from the former Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Cumnock and Doon Valley districts.

Main Towns 
Kilmarnock is the largest town. Other towns are New Cumnock and Cumnock.

HQ 
The HQ for East Ayrshire Council is on London Road Kilmarnock

Twin towns (Kilmarnock) 
 Alès, France.
 Herstal, Belgium.
 Kulmbach, Germany.
 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
 Sukhumi, Georgia.

Towns and villages

Places of interest
Loch Doon
Scottish Industrial Railway Centre
Sorn Castle
Stair House
Dean Castle

Education

Secondary Education 
Auchinleck Academy 
Kilmarnock Academy 
Grange Academy 
Loudoun Academy 
Cumnock Academy 
James Hamilton Academy
Doon Academy
St Josephs Academy
Stewarton Academy

Other websites 
East Ayrshire Council
East Ayrshire Forums - Tenants Portal (not associated with East Ayrshire Council)

Scottish Council Areas
Ayrshire
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

Digital multimedia broadcasting, or DMB, is a technology that allows to send digital signals to mobile devices, such as mobile phones. This makes it possible to listen to radio or watch television on such devices.

This technology was developed to replace earthly analog radio broadcasting. But, the technology can include more data in limited electric waves. It can transmit not only sound data that original object, but also DVD level movie data.

DMB is based on Eureka 147 DAB standard which is the European standard, and similar competing technologies is the mobile TV standard, DVB-H. The earthly DMB is decided to the ETSI standard (TS 102 427 and TS 102 428). Now, Republic of Korea can exercise for source of the DMB technology, the satellite DMB broadcast first began in Japan than in the Republic of Korea. In the March 13, 2004, TU Media playing a leading role in business and satellite DMB insert the world's first satellite for with Japan's partner, MBCo DMB 'hanbyeol'. However, In Republic of Korea, selection process for operators was long and put off service, the MBCo in Japan became first DMB country to start the full service all 40 of the channel from 19 October 2004.

DMB in Republic of Korea 
Now, the digital multimedia broadcasting is divided by transmitting and receiving method the earthly DMB and satellite DMB, earthly DMB is provided free of charge like current earthly radio broadcasting and the satellite DMB broadcast is provided in the form of the monthly fee. In the Republic of Korea, TU media obtain permission for satellite DMB broadcasting and is broadcasting.

DMB can be received, when attach DMB receiver to the vehicle, or buy mobile phone has the ability to receive DMB, personal portable receiver or receiver which type of output to the monitor when connect personal computer. But there was a problem that the satellite DMB and earthly DMB is not compatible with each other, so user should purchased each terminal separately. However, the Samsung throw open the door to watch satellite DMB and earthly DMB one of the terminals by come out with SPH-B4100. But TU Media side,the satellite DMB service provider rejected the plan, the possibility of the activation of these two-way receiving terminal is currently unclear.

Compareing with terrestrial digital television and digital satellite broadcasting, terrestrial digital television is clear screen even though you are on the high-speed vehicles, but it is limited with range, and lack of channels is disadvantages.

Telecommunications
Retrovirus

A retrovirus is any virus which copies itself as part of the cell's DNA by reverse transcribing its RNA.  Since the cell cannot proofread the step in which RNA is converted back to DNA, errors often go unnoticed.  This changes the exact sequence of a retrovirus' RNA frequently.  This makes it harder for retroviruses to be attacked by drugs.

HIV is a retrovirus, which makes it very difficult to overcome using drugs.

Related pages
RNA virus
Virology

Other websites 
 Retrovirology Scientific journal
 Retroviruses at rcn.com 

Viruses
Hurricane Gilbert

Hurricane Gilbert was a very powerful tropical cyclone which caused much damage to the Caribbean, Mexico and parts of South Texas in the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season. Before Hurricane Wilma in 2005, Hurricane Gilbert was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic in terms of Barometric pressure.

This hurricane was similar to Hurricane Beulah and Hurricane Allen, but Hurricane Gilbert was unique in many ways. Gilbert killed 341 people and left $5.5 billion in damage.

Similar storms to Hurricane Gilbert
In addition to Beulah and Allen, Hurricanes Charlie (1951), Emily during 2005 and Dean in 2007 had tracks similar to Hurricane Gilbert. Emily and Dean were Category 5 hurricanes.

Retirement 

Because Gilbert left a powerful impact, the name Gilbert was retired. The name "Gordon" was used in 1994, 2000, and 2006.

Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in Mexico
Deadly storms
1988 in the United States
Hurricanes in the United States
20th century in Venezuela
20th centuy in Haiti
20th century in the Dominican Republic
20th century in Jamaica
1980s in Mexico
1980s in Texas
1980s in South America
Hurricanes in Jamaica
Aberdour

Aberdour is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is between Dalgety Bay and Burntisland.

Towns in Fife
Kirkcaldy

Kirkcaldy is a large town in Fife, Scotland. It is on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, almost opposite Edinburgh.

Towns in Fife
Rosyth

Rosyth is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is between Inverkeithing and Dunfermline.

Naval Dockyard
Rosyth is most famous for its naval dockyard. Superfast Ferries services between Rosyth and Zeebrugge (Belgium) ended in September, 2008, however they will be operated by another operator, Norfolkline, with services starting around May 2009.

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Towns in Fife
Faro, Portugal

Faro is the capital city of Algarve, Portugal. The city has a population of 58,305 people.

Cities in Portugal
Municipalities of Portugal
Homogeneity

Homogeneity is a word that means being similar. It is often applied to mixtures.  Mixtures that are homogeneous are those where it is not possible to tell the components they are made of by looking at them. The mixture will also look the same everywhere. Pure substances are homogeneous.

Physics
Rhea (bird)

The rheas are flightless birds of the genus Rhea, native to South America. They are ratites, which means they are large flightless birds with no keel to their breastbone or sternum.

Description 
The greater or American rhea (also called the 'Nandu') is a large, flightless bird from forests of South America. This ratite is the largest bird in the Americas. It is a fast runner; and when it runs, its neck is almost horizontal to the ground. Rheas congregate in flocks of 20 to 30 birds. The lesser or Darwin's rhea, Rhea pennata, is mostly found in the southern part of South America.

Diet 
Rheas eat mostly plants, fruits, seeds, and nuts, but also will also eat insects and other small animals (like lizards).

Reproduction 
The female rhea lays 12-30 yellow-cream eggs in a clutch. The male digs the nest (a simple scrape in the ground), incubates the eggs (for 6 weeks), and raises the chicks. Rheas are mature at 2 years of age.

Evolution 
It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

However, modern genetic analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites are monophyletic.

References 

Ratites
Flightless birds
Struthioniformes
Edward Porter Alexander

Edward Porter Alexander (May 26, 1835 – April 28, 1910) was an engineer, an officer in the U.S. Army, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and later a railroad executive, planter, and author.

Other websites
Inventory of the Edward Porter Alexander Papers, 1852-1910, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
Photographs of Alexander 

1835 births
1910 deaths
Confederate Army generals
Washington, Georgia

Washington (originally called Heard's Fort) is a city in Wilkes County, Georgia, United States. The population was 4,295 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Wilkes County.

References

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Bill Henson

Bill Henson (born 7 October 1955) is an Australian art photographer. Bill Henson's works provoked a controversy; at one of his exhibitions, police found images of nude teenagers. Police first wanted to charge Henson for child pornography, but then did not. Instead, the exhibition was rated "parental guidance". This means that people under 16 should be accompanied by their parents.

References

Other websites

Photographers
People from Melbourne
1955 births
Living people
Artists from Victoria (Australia)
Kempen, Germany

Kempen is a town in Germany. It is about 30 km northwest of Düsseldorf, and 20 km east of Venlo. It was once a center of textile making, silk, cotton, and linen.
Kempen can also refer to a different town that used to be part of Germany but in 1920 was given to Poland and now has a Polish name.

References

Other websites
Stud poker

Stud poker is a variation of poker where players are typically dealt a total of five or seven cards, with the best five card poker hand winning (in situations where more than one player has the same poker hand, like a flush or straight, the winning hand is determined by whichever players has the highest one).

Stud poker has neither community cards nor blinds. Instead, each player at the table must ante first, and then is dealt two cards face down (hole cards) and one card face up. In typical stud games, the player with the lowest card showing must pay the ‘bring in,’ an amount relative to the limits, which starts off the action.

The bring in is typically a fraction of the limits, (for example, the bring in for a $1/2 stud game may be $.25), with play then continuing clockwise around the table, where players have the choice of folding, calling the bring in, or making the bet ‘complete’ (in our example, completing the bet to $1).  Once a bring in has been completed, it can be raised by a subsequent player, doubling the amount to twice the completed bet.

Each player remaining in the hand is then dealt another card face up, with the betting beginning with the player showing the highest two cards and proceeding clockwise around the table.  Again, players can fold, call, or raise the bet.  In a five card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then two cards face up, with the fifth card being dealt facedown.  In a seven card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then four cards face up, with the seventh card being dealt facedown.

Betting takes place between each dealt card and generally becomes a higher amount after the fourth card dealt.  
Each round of betting is typically referred to by the number of cards a player has in front of them.  After the initial deal, players are considered to be betting on ‘third street’, represented by having three cards in front of them.  After the fourth card is dealt, players would then be on ‘fourth street’, and so on.  Stud poker is generally played as a limit game.

General variations

 Five Card stud
 Seven card stud

References
 Stud Poker Variations
 Seven Card Stud Rules

Poker
Gundagai, New South Wales

Gundagai is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is a small town, but authors often write about Gundagai. It is seen to be the typical Australian country town. It is built on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River. It is near the Muniong and Yambla Mountain ranges. Gundagai is 390 km south-west of Sydney. Gundagai is part of the  Gundagai Shire Council Local Government Area.  In 2006 there were 1,998 people living in Gundagai.

The bushranger, Captain Moonlight, is buried in the Gundagai Cemetery.

References 

Towns in New South Wales
Weddings Parties Anything

Weddings Parties Anything (sometimes called WPA and Weddoes) were an Australian folk rock band. They started in 1984 in Melbourne, Victoria. The band stopped playing together in 1998. They took their name from The Clash song "Revolution Rock". Music expert Billy Pinnell said their first album Scorn of the Women was the best first Australian rock album since Skyhooks' album Living in the '70s.

Discography

Albums

 Scorn of the Women - WEA (1987) #52 AUS
 Roaring Days - WEA (1988) #46 AUS
 The Big Don't Argue - WEA (1989) #63 AUS
 No Show Without Punch - (Utility Records - UK release) (1990)
 The Weddings Play Sports (and Falcons) - Virgin Records (1990) #95 AUS
 Difficult Loves - rooArt (1992) #26 AUS
 King Tide - rooArt (1993)
 Donkey Serenade - WPA/Oz (1995)
 River'esque/Garage Sale - Mushroom Records (1997)
 Trophy Night: The Best Of Weddings Parties Anything / Benched - Mushroom Records (1998)
 They Were Better Live - Mushroom Records (1999)

Singles/EPs 
Weddings Parties Anything (EP) Suffering Tram (1985) - 1,000 copies
"Sergeant Small"(live)/"Go! Move! Shift!"(live) Suffering Tram (1986) - 600 copies
"Away, Away"/"Bourgeois Blues" WEA (1987) #92 AUS
"Hungry Years"/"The Swans Return" WEA (1987)
"Shotgun Wedding"/"Australia Goodnight"/"The Bells of Rhymney" WEA (1987)
 "Goat Dancing on the Tables" (EP) WEA (1988)
"Say The Word"/"Bright Lights Tonight" WEA (1988)
"Tilting At Windmills"/" Misfits" (Kinks cover) WEA (1988)
"Darlin' Please" (1989) 
"Streets Of Forbes"/"Missing In Action" WEA (1989)
"The Wind And The Rain"/"Marie Provost" WEA (1989)
"Reckless"/"The Great North West" Virgin (1990)
"Father's Day" (1991) #35 AUS
"Monday's Experts" (1992)
"Step In, Step Out"/"Shores of Americay"/"Wrapped Up and Blue"/"Over in the West" rooArt (1992) #60 AUS
"The Rain In My Heart"/"Chewin' On Her Fingernails"/"Everybody Moves"/"All Over Bar the Shouting"/"Everywhere I Go" rooArt(1993)
"Island Of Humour"/Bring 'em Home" rooArt (1994)
"Luckiest Man"/"Lights Of Devonport"/"Reason To Believe"/"Sweet Thames Flow Softly" Mushroom Records (1996)
"Don't Need Much" (1997)
"Anthem"/"Traffic Goes By" Mushroom Records (1998)

DVD/Video
Live in Richmond/Christmas at the Central Club VHS - An 18 song live recording at the Central Club in Melbourne, 1993. The video also contains interviews with members of the band in between songs.
Into Time On VHS - 20 song recording of the band playing at the Metropolis Nightclub in Perth on Friday, October 16, 1998.
Siren VHS - Live recording of the band's last official performance at the Belvoir Amphitheatre in Perth, in January 1999.
Long Time Between Drinks DVD/CD - Recorded live at the Queenscliff Music Festival, November 2006. Extras include Music Videos & Roaring Days film. Released in December 2007.

References

Australian rock bands
Folk music groups
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Australia
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Australia
Mink

Minks are small, short-legged members of the Mustelid family. The mink is an aggressive mammal that is adapted to a semi-aquatic life. Mink live in swamps, rivers, marshes, lakes and streams in North America, Europe, and the far west of Asia. Mink have a life span of about 8 to 10 years. The common name 'mink' includes animals in two different genera on two different continents.

Diet
Minks are carnivores (meat-eaters). They eat small mammals (like mice, rats and muskrats), frogs, crayfish, fish, insects, eggs, and ducks.

Predators
Owls, wolves, coyotes, and bobcats prey on the mink.

Reproduction
The breeding season is April to May. It takes 45 to 52 days after mating for birth to take place. A mink litter normally has 6 to 10 cubs (kittens).

Mustelids
MTV Unplugged in New York

MTV Unplugged in New York is a live album by the American rock band Nirvana. It was recorded on November 18, 1993 as a part of the MTV Unplugged television series, which many artists and bands perform on with acoustic instruments instead of electric ones. It was released on November 1, 1994, six months after the band had broken up because of the death of Kurt Cobain, who was the lead singer and guitarist.

It was unusual compared to other artists on the MTV Unplugged series, because Nirvana played mostly their less-famous songs and cover versions of other artists' songs. Most artists on the program played mainly their hits.

Four singles were released from the album. This was unusual because it was a live album. The singles were "About a Girl", "The Man Who Sold the World", "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", and "Lake of Fire". All of these except for "About a Girl" were covers.

List of songs
"About a Girl"
"Come as You Are"
"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (The Vaselines cover)
"The Man Who Sold the World" (David Bowie cover)
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"Dumb"
"Polly"
"On a Plain"
"Something in the Way"
"Plateau" (Meat Puppets cover)
"Oh Me" (Meat Puppets cover)
"Lake of Fire" (Meat Puppets cover)
"All Apologies"
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" (traditional; Lead Belly version cover)

References

Nirvana albums
1993 albums
MTV Unplugged albums
List of Roman emperors

This is a list of the Roman emperors:

Many of them were murdered by relatives, enemies, friends, and soldiers.

Julio–Claudian dynasty

Year of the Four Emperors

Flavian dynasty

Nerva-Antonine dynasty

Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty

Crisis of the Third Century

The Dominate: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

Valentinianic dynasty

Theodosian dynasty

Western Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium

Note there were also numerous usurpers ("fake" emperors) including:
 Domitianus II (usurper)

Lists of monarchs
Salicaceae

Salicaceae is a family of flowering plants. Each plant has either staminate or pistillate catkins. The flowers have no petals or sepals. Each has a small scale-like bract below it. These developing catkins on willows form the well-known "pussy-willow" branches.

Except for two species of Populas (Cottonwood), all the members of Salicaceae in the Bay Area are of the genera Salix (Willows).

Malpighiales
Plant families