cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Corfe Castle

Corfe Castle is a small village and ruined castle dating back to the 11th century. It is in a gap in the Purbeck Hills, five miles south of Wareham, in Dorset, England. 

The oldest surviving structure on the castle site dates to the 11th century, although there are good reasons to suppose that there was a stronghold there before the Norman Conquest. Edward the Martyr was killed at the site on March 18, 978.

The castle was besieged in the English Civil War. After it was captured it was partly demolished (slighted).

References

Other websites 

Corfe Castle Website
Corfe Castle information at the National Trust
Sources on Corfe Castle

Castles in England
Château-d'Œx

Château-d'Œx is a commune in Vaud canton Switzerland. The other members of its canton have birds in their flags.

References

Municipalities of Vaud
John Major

Sir John Major  (born 29 March 1943) is a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997. He served as a member of the Cabinet under Margaret Thatcher as Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1987–1989), Foreign Secretary (1989) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1989–1990).

Early life and career 
Major was born at St Helier Hospital and Queen Mary's Hospital for Children in St Helier, London, in England and left school at the age of 16. He became a Conservative councillor in 1968. At the 1979 general election, Major was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdonshire (Huntingdon after 1983).

Prime Minister
After holding several cabinet positions, Major was elected to replace Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister and party leader. On taking office, he saw British action in the Gulf War (1991) and his party's narrow re-election in the 1992 general election. 

After this, the Conservatives under Major became unpopular because of the "Black Wednesday" stock market crash in late 1992 and how they became divided over the issue of European Union. Beaten at the 1997 general election, Major stood down as Prime Minister for Tony Blair of the Labour Party, and was replaced as Conservative leader by William Hague. He stood down as an MP at the 2001 general election.

Personal life
Major married Norma Johnson (now (Dame) Norma Major ) on 3 October 1970. She was a teacher, and a member of the Young Conservatives. They became engaged after only ten days. They have two children; a son, James, and a daughter, Elizabeth. They have a holiday home on the coast of north Norfolk, near Weybourne.

He is a keen follower of cricket, motor racing, and also a supporter of Chelsea Football Club.

Major has so far declined a life peerage on standing down from Parliament.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

1943 births
Living people
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Companions of Honour
English Anglicans
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
People from Surrey
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
Spencer Perceval

Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 – 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. He is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated.

Perceval was the seventh son of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont by his second wife. His father, a close friend of Frederick, Prince of Wales and King George III, had served in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. 

Perceval was Prime Minister when William Wilberforce passed his Bill (law) ending the slave trade. 

The Orders in Council against trade which Perceval had written in 1807 became unpopular. In the winter of 1811 the Luddite riots started. They were also a cause of the War of 1812 with the United States of America. Perceval was forced to have an inquiry by the House of Commons. 

On 11 May 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry. In the lobby of the House of Commons he was shot through the heart by John Bellingham. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later. 

Bellingham had a grievance, but it was not political. Bellingham petitioned the United Kingdom government for compensation over his imprisonment in Russia. This had been caused by his employer, but Bellingham blamed the British government for not getting him compensation.

Perceval was an Anglican and considered Anglicanism to be essential to the security of the state. He opposed Catholic emancipation. He is buried at St Luke's Church in Charlton, south-east London.

References 

1762 births
1812 deaths
Assassinated people
Attorneys general
British conservatives
Chancellors of the Exchequer
English Anglicans
English murder victims
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Murders by firearm in England
People murdered in London
Politicians from London
Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who created the binomial nomenclature. In this system, every kind of animal and plant is given a name consisting of two Latin words, for its genus and species. This became used by biologists all over the world, so he is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". He was a good linguist, and famous in his time. He was made a noble by the Swedish king.

Biography

Early life 
Carl was born in Sweden. He was going to be a priest, but did not do well enough in school for that. Instead, Carl studied at a college for botany because he liked it.  He studied in Lund and tried to improve the garden there.  He later went to another college..

Travels and research 
In 1735, Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands for three years.  There, he earned his degree in medicine. He also published his book on plant classification.  His book was called Systema Naturæ. His book explained how to classify living things by putting them into groups.  Some of these groups are bigger than others.

Later he moved to Stockholm and practiced as a doctor. In 1739, Linnaeus married Sara Morea in Stockholm. Throughout the 1740s he conducted many field trips to places in Sweden to name plants and animals. When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his classification, so it would work for plants, animals, and minerals.

The Swedish king Adolf Fredrik made Linnaeus a noble in 1757, and Linnaeus took the last name von Linné, later often signing just Carl Linné.

Last years 
After he was made a noble, he continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he talked with many different people. Linnaeus was upset by weak health, and he had gout and tooth aches. A stroke in 1774 weakened him, and two years later he had another, losing the use of his right side. He died on January 1778 and was buried in Uppsala cathedral.

Mankind 

Linnaeus classified man as among the primates, which was already well understood by anthropologists like Blumenbach and natural historians like Buffon. It attracted the criticism of the Swedish church. The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala accused him of "impiety".

Linnaeus recognised four races in the human species. These were European whites, American reds (Native Americans), Asian browns, and African blacks. Blumenbach's classification was similar, with the addition of a Mongolian (= Chinese) or yellow race. Thus recognition of man's position as a primate and the existence of races was  quite widespread before the theory of evolution was formulated.

Related pages 
List of biologists

Notes and references

Sources 
 Sörlin & Fagerstedt, Linné och hans lärjungar, 2004.
 J.L.P.M.Krol, Linneaus' verblijf op de Hartekamp In: Het landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede. Heemstede, 1982.

1707 births
1778 deaths
Taxonomy
Swedish physicians
Naturalists
Swedish biologists
Botanists
Deaths from stroke
Botanist

A botanist is a scientist who studies plants, including flowering plants, and plant-like things such as moss and seaweed. Botany is a scientific study of plants along with their growth, structure, evolution, and uses.  

Botanists may specialize in certain areas of botany. Some important areas of study include: 
 Plant taxonomy
 Plant ecology
 Chemical biology 
 Photosynthesis, the process that turns carbon dioxide from the air into food using sunlight
 Apoptosis, what makes a cell "decide" to die. This study area has been important for cancer research.

 
Science occupations
Member of parliament

A member of parliament (usually shortened to MP) is a person in the United Kingdom or in Canada who represents the people of an area (called a "constituency") in the House of Commons. They are voted for by the people in a general election. The Prime Minister chooses when to hold a general election, but must have an election at least once every five years. MPs are usually members of a group called a political party. 

In the UK, the main political parties are:
 Conservative party
 Labour Party
 Liberal Democrats
 Scottish National Party
 Green Party

In Canada, the main political parties are:
 Liberal Party
 Conservative Party
 New Democratic Party (NDP)
 Bloc Québécois (BQ)
 Green Party

Members of provincial legislatures in Canada are sometimes referred to as member of provincial parliament (MPP) and other times member of legislative assembly (MLA).

British politicians
Parliaments
Chromatic

A chromatic scale is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones).  To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc.).  A chromatic scale can start on any note.

Meaning of the word “chromatic”

The word “chromatic” comes from the Greek word “chromos” meaning “color”.  Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write “Chromatic Fantasias”.  These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic.  In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size.  Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth.  This made chromatic scales very interesting and “colourful” which is why they were called “chromatic”.

Chromatic harmony

Chromatic harmony means harmony (chords) which use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature).  Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony it was the 19th century composers who used it more and more.  Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas.  The chord at the beginning of his opera Tristan and Isolde is so famous that it is known as the Tristan chord.  It is very chromatic.  The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.

Related pages
Scale (music)
Tonality
Serialism

Music theory
Coffin

A coffin (also known as a casket) is a box used to store dead bodies, either for burial or after cremation. Coffins used after cremation are what is known as an urn, where the ashes of the person are stored. 

The word comes ultimately from Greek kophinos, a basket. In English, the word was not used in a funeral sense until the 1500s. 

Any box used to bury the dead in is a coffin. 

The main distinction between a coffin and a casket is the shape. A casket regularly has 6 – 8 sides while coffins have a rectangular shape.

Material and design 
Many coffins are made out of materials such as wood, steel (which would have been used in Ancient Egyptian sarcophaguses), and many others. These types of coffins, for example wooden ones can have a rectangular or any other design, whereas a steel or any other metal used in making coffins (or sarcophaguses) could have the exact same but include religious marking added to make it look more appealing.

Other websites 
 Museum of Funeral Customs
 BBC Business News 2001-12-28: Bamboo Coffins "Coffin-maker resurrects tradition"
 Plans For Building A Halloween Coffin
 Difference between a casket and a coffin

Death customs
Agent Orange

Agent Orange is a very powerful herbicide that was used in the Vietnam War. It is a defoliant that destroys forests. It was used by the United States military so their enemies had no place to hide.

Problems
The problem with Agent Orange is that when it is released, some dioxins are also generated. Dioxins stay a long time in the environment. They are very toxic, and cause genetic modifications and cancer.

Other websites 
Operation Ranch Hand: Herbicides In Southeast Asia  History of Operation Ranch Hand
 Air Force Health Study  Study of Operation Ranch Hand veterans
 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 Institute of Medicine analysis of research on dioxin
 Vietnam war orange agent  Collection photos of victim caused by orange agent in Vietnam war and information about the orange agent, disease, effect and symtom

Human issues
War
Chemical compounds
Sergio Leone

Sergio Leone (3 January 1929 – 30 April 1989) was an Italian movie director. He is well known for his Spaghetti Western films; particularly his Dollars trilogy (also known as The Man with No Name trilogy) starring American actor, Clint Eastwood.

Leone was born in Rome and died there of a heart attack.

Movies directed 
 The Last Days of Pompeii (1959) aka Ultimi giorni di Pompei (Italy)
 Il Colosso di Rodi (1961) aka The Colossus of Rhodes (USA)
 A Fistful of Dollars (1964) aka Per un pugno di dollari (Italy)
 For a Few Dollars More (1965) aka Per qualche dollaro in piu (Italy)
 The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) aka Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo (Italy)
 Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) aka C'era una volta il West (Italy)
 A Fistful of Dynamite (1971) aka Giù la testa (Italy)
 My Name Is Nobody (1973) aka Il mio nome è Nessuno (Italy) aka Lonesome Gun (USA)
 Un genio, due compari, un pollo (1975) aka A Genius, Two Friends, and an Idiot (USA)
 Once Upon a Time in America (1984) aka C'era una volta in America (Italy)

Other websites 

1929 births
1989 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian movie directors
Italian movie producers
Italian screenwriters
Samuel Alito

Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. (; born April 1, 1950) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31, 2006.

Background
Alito was born to Italian American parents. He served in the U.S. Army reserves from 1972 to 1980, as Assistant United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey 1977-1981, as Assistant to U.S. Solicitor General 1981-1985, as Deputy Assistant Attorney General, 1987-1990, and from 1990 on as a member the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit before his 2006 nomination to the Supreme Court. Alito holds an originalist view of the law. The vote by the U.S. Senate to confirm Alito to the Supreme Court judge was the second narrowest in recent U.S. History to that point (58-42), the only narrower one being the 52-48 vote to confirm Clarence Thomas. Alito is from Trenton, New Jersey.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Trenton, New Jersey
American Roman Catholics
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
US Republican Party politicians
William Wrigley, Jr.

William Wrigley Jr. (September 30, 1861 – January 26, 1932) was an American businessman. He was the founder of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. His company makes Wrigley brand chewing gum.

Wrigley, Willian 02
1861 births
1932 deaths
Dan Marino

Daniel Constantine Marino, Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a Hall of Fame quarterback who played for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League. Many think of him as one of the greatest quarterbacks ever.

Marino started his career playing for University of Pittsburgh as a quarterback. Marino finished his career with the university having thrown 74 touchdown passes. In 2002 he was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He had a long and successful career as a quarterback for the Miami Dolphins, breaking many passing records but never leading his team to win the NFL Super Bowl.

References

1961 births
Living people
Miami Dolphins players
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Liu-bo

Liu-bo is an Italian martial art. It started in Sicily.

History
In Sicily, the art of paranza, moving the stick by hand in order to attack or in order to defend oneself, was being taught to sons by their fathers for centuries. Many people who took care of sheep were masters of it. They often were asked to fight in order to decide problems of honor. Recently, rules have been created and it was made a sport. This sport has become well-known and has been made official by the National Educational Sport Center (CSEN).

The stick
The stick is made from the wood of olive, rowan,  or bitter orange tree. It is used as a base for a number of actions. It is held in one or both hands.

Other websites 
 http://www.liu-bo.it/ 
 http://bastone-siciliano.com/

European martial arts
924



Events 
 King Athelstan succeeds to the throne of Mercia

Deaths 
 July 17 – Edward the Elder of England
 Ælfweard of Wessex, son of Edward the Elder
Coral

Corals are formed by small animals, the polyps of the phylum Cnidaria.

Characteristics

The corals are marine, either on continental shelves or round oceanic islands. They live in colonies.

All the polyps in a colony are zooids: they are all clones, genetically identical. Inside the colony they breed by asexual reproduction. They also reproduce sexually. Colonies of the same species release gametes together, over one, two or three nights around a full moon.

Each coral animal is like a small bag. The opening on top is the mouth. Tentacles (little arms) around the mouth carry stinging nematocysts, which paralyse the small animals eaten by the coral polyps.

Coral usually grows in tropical oceans. A few corals grow in cold water, like the oceans around the British Isles and Norway.

Symbiosis 
Most corals get energy and nutrients from symbiosis with photosynthetic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae. Such corals need sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water, typically at depths less than 60 metres (200 ft).

Many corals (and some other cnidaria) live with zooxanthellae of the genus Symbiodinium, which are dinoflagellates. Usually, each polyp harbours one species of algae. By photosynthesis, these provide energy for the coral, and help calcification.

The algae benefit from a safe place to live and consume the polyp's carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste. Due to the strain the algae can put on the polyp, the coral often ejects the algae. Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching, because the algae contribute to coral's brown coloration. Ejection increases the polyp's chance of surviving short-term stress—they can regain algae, possibly of a different species, at a later time. If the stressful conditions persist, the polyp eventually dies.

Coral reefs 
A coral reef is a place where many corals grow. The reef makes good places for many other animals, such as fish, crabs, clams, and sponges.

Each coral animal secretes calcium carbonate around itself. This makes the solid structure of the colony. When the animal dies, new polyps live on top of the older structure. The rock they make is also called coral.

They are called coral skeletons. Each different kind of coral colony builds a different kind of skeleton, so that colonies can be shaped like a brain, a mushroom, a cabbage, or many other things. With all these corals gathered together building skeletons around themselves, large coral formations are made. Together, all the coral formations in one place make up a coral reef.

Coral can also be used as jewellery.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
Coral Reefs and Hard Grounds information  from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 
 Coral Reefs of the Tropics : facts, photos and movies from The Nature Conservancy
 Australian Coral Records Research Group 

Cnidarians
Sweyn I of Denmark

Sweyn I, or Sweyn Forkbeard, (17 April 963 - 3 February 1014)  was King of Denmark from about 985-3 February 1014 and King of England from 25 December 1013-3 February 1014. 

Sweyn's father was Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark.  Sweyn invaded England many times between 990 and 1013, when his army took control of London on Christmas day. Sweyn briefly became King of England until he died 40 days later on 3 February 1014 after being hurt in a fall from his horse.

References 

960 births
1014 deaths

Kings and Queens of Denmark
Dollars trilogy

The Dollars trilogy, also known as The Man with No Name trilogy, refers to the three Spaghetti Westerns starring Clint Eastwood and directed by Sergio Leone:
 A Fistful of Dollars (1964)
 For a Few Dollars More (1965)
 The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)

Western movies
Series of movies
Blue Line International

Blue Line International  is an international maritime company. They deal in the transportation of passengers and vehicles between Croatia and Italy.
 
Blue Line International was started in 1993. Its first passenger ship Kraljica mira sailed towards Italy carrying humanitarian aid and refugees. Kraljica mira was sailing at that time under the flag of SEM Maritime Company (SMC). In 1997, the passenger ship Split 1700 joined the same company. In 2003, Blue Line International replaced SMC.

The passenger ship Ancona, the largest ship in the Adriatic Sea was bought in 2003. It has been sailing together with the passenger ship Split 1700 for several years on Blue Line's regular route. They maintain the seasonal lines between Ancona and Hvar and between Ancona and Vis.

Other websites 
 Blue Line International web page

Transport companies of Italy
Water transport
Companies of Croatia
Establishments in Croatia
1990s establishments in Italy
1993 establishments in Europe
McIntosh (apple)

The McIntosh is a type of apple. It is red and green like a Gala apple only brighter in color. Tart and crisp, it snaps when bitten into.

Apples
Mozilla Thunderbird

Mozilla Thunderbird is a free cross-platform e-mail client developed by the Mozilla Foundation.

References 

Software
E-mail
Mozilla
Sauropsid

Sauropsids are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing "reptiles" and birds and their fossil ancestors. They are one of the two groups which evolved from egg-laying amniotes in the first part of the Carboniferous period.

The synapsids are the other group which evolved from amniotes. They gave rise, eventually, to the mammals.

Living sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.

Origin of tetrapods
More or less, the evolution of tetrapods has taken this course:
Sarcopterygii
Coelacanthimorpha (Coelacanths)
Dipnoi (lungfish)
Tetrapodomorpha (fishapods)
The earlies tetrapods lived in water. Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.

Nine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments.

Romer's gap
Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This, noted in 1950, is Romer's gap. Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as Pederpes, right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still obscures the details of the tetrapod transition.

Sometime, in the later Devonian or earliest Carboniferous, the fishapods became mainly land-based. One group of them kept their link to the water, and always laid their eggs in water. They became the amphibians. The others evolved a way of laying eggs on land. They were the amniotes, whose key innovation was the cleidoic egg.

Sometime in the middle or lower Carboniferous, the amniotes split into two lines. One line lead to the reptiles of all kinds, and we call that the Sauropsida. The other line led eventually to the mammals, and we call that the Synapsida. It is not right to say "mammals evolved from reptiles" because both groups derived from early amniotes. In any event, modern reptiles are vastly different from modern mammals. Both groups have evolved for over 300 million years from the early amniotes.

Tetrapods
Land-dwelling tetrapods
Amphibians > amniota and present-day amphibians
Amniota
Sauropsida > present-day reptiles and birds
Synapsida > present-day mammals

References
Abstract algebra

Abstract algebra is a part of math which studies algebraic structures. These include:
 groups
 rings 
 fields 
 Matrix
 vector spaces 
 algebras
 Boolean algebra
It is normal to build a theory on one kind of structure, like group theory or category theory. 

The purpose of the theory of each concept is to organize the precise definition of the concept, examples of it, its substructures, the ways to relate different examples of the concept algebraically (these are called morphisms in some cases), and the concept's applications, both inside its own theory and outside in other areas of mathematics.

During history, different fields of mathematics have used algebras. Algebras are about finding or specifying rules on how to calculate with certain mathematical formulas and expressions. Another algebra (which is not abstract) is elementary algebra, for example.

Examples 
 Solving equations with many variables. This leads to matrices, determinants and linear algebra.
 Finding formulas for polynomial equations. This led to the discovery of groups, as an expression of symmetry. 
 Quadratic and higher-degree equations and Diophantine equations - especially when Fermat's last theorem was proved led to the definition of rings, and ideals.

Sources
 Allenby, R. B. J. T. (1991), Rings, Fields and Groups, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-340-54440-2
 Artin, Michael (1991), Algebra, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-89871-510-1
 Burris, Stanley N.; Sankappanavar, H. P. (1999) [1981], A Course in Universal Algebra
 Gilbert, Jimmie; Gilbert, Linda (2005), Elements of Modern Algebra, Thomson Brooks/Cole, ISBN 978-0-534-40264-8
 Lang, Serge (2002), Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 211 (Revised third ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4, MR 1878556
 Sethuraman, B. A. (1996), Rings, Fields, Vector Spaces, and Group Theory: An Introduction to Abstract Algebra via Geometric Constructibility, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-94848-5
 Whitehead, C. (2002), Guide to Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.), Houndmills: Palgrave, ISBN 978-0-333-79447-0
W. Keith Nicholson (2012) Introduction to Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 978-1-118-13535-8 .
 John R. Durbin (1992) Modern Algebra : an introduction, John Wiley & Sons

Algebra
Trotskyism

Trotskyism is the form of communism that is based on the ideas of Leon Trotsky. Trotsky described himself as an "orthodox Marxist". This is a different way of seeing the ideas of Karl Marx than the way other communists like Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin saw them. The biggest difference is in Trotsky's idea that there needs to be an international "permanent revolution". A permanent revolution is the idea that proletarian revolution needed to spread in countries worldwide, even where capitalism was not as advanced as only the proletarian revolution could carry out the tasks of the unfinished bourgeois revolutions in these countries. This is different to the Stalinist idea of trying to preserve a single nation's revolution from within. Trotsky also supported a less authoritarian government and more democracy.

The largest Trotskyist organizations today are the  Reunified Fourth International, International Socialist Tendency, the International Communist League, and the  Committee for a Workers' International. 

Communism
Marxism
A Fistful of Dollars

A Fistful of Dollars (1964) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the first movie in the Dollars trilogy and was the first Spaghetti Western to be released in the United States. The second movie in the Dollars Trilogy is For a Few Dollars More; the third is The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.

References

Other websites 

Fistful-of-Leone.com
The Spaghetti Western Database

1960s western movies
1964 movies
Italian movies
Spanish movies
German movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
For a Few Dollars More

For a Few Dollars More (1965) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the second movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is A Fistful of Dollars; the third is The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.

Other websites 

The Spaghetti Western Database

1960s western movies
1965 movies
Italian-language movies
Italian movies
Spanish movies
German movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the third and final movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is A Fistful of Dollars; the second is For a Few Dollars More.

This movie and Once Upon a Time in the West are considered to be the greatest western movies ever.

Other websites 

 
 Official Site
 www.spaghetti-western.net The Spaghetti Western Database
 Dvdreview.com Review 

1966 movies
1960s western movies
Italian movies
Spanish movies
German movies
American western movies
Italian-language movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Sergio Leone
Ennio Morricone

Ennio Morricone (November 10, 1928 – July 6, 2020) was an Italian classical composer famous for making movie scores. He composed the scores for more than 500 movies and television programs. He is well known for composing the scores to Western movies, particularly Spaghetti Westerns. 

In 2007 he received the Honorary Academy Award for his many great movie scores. In his career, the composer sold over 50 million records worldwide. In 2016, he won an Academy Award for his work on The Hateful Eight.

Morricone was born in Rome. He died at a hospital in Rome on July 6, 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 91.

References 

Academy Award winning composers
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
1928 births
2020 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Movie score composers
Italian composers
Italian conductors
Italian musicians
Writers from Rome
Roh Moo-hyun

Roh Moo-Hyun (1 September 1946 – 23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician. He was the President of South Korea. He was born in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. He took office on February 25, 2003. He is seen as one of the most popular presidents of South Korea.

After retirement from Cheongwadae, he was residing in Bongha Maeul, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do until death. He committed suicide on May 23, 2009, by jumping off a cliff after being accused of taking bribes.

Notes

Other websites 
 Official homepage of Roh Moo-hyun (Korean)
 Democratic Party (in Korean) 
 Nosamo: Roh Moo-hyun's fan club (in Korean)
 "Profile: Roh Moo-hyun", BBC News, May 14, 2004.

1946 births
2009 deaths

Presidents of South Korea
People who committed suicide
Yun Poson

Yun Bo-seon (Korea:윤보선, August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962. nickname was Haewi(해위). newphew of Yun Chi-ho.

He was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930. He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor. In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee. A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry. Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies. He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.

After Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960. He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime.  After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time. After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure. He died in 1990.

Book 
 《Autobiography, Road of thorns the national salvation (구국의 가시밭길)》(1967)
 《Select the days of lonely(외로운 선택의 나날들)》(1991)

Prize 
 Sharon Big-Merit(무궁화 대훈장)
 In-Cheon Cultural Award

Related pages
 Yun Chi-ho
 Chang Myon
 Jang Jun-Ha
 Yun Chi-Young

References

Other websites 
Cheongwadae profile 

Presidents of South Korea
1897 births
1990 deaths
Mayors of Seoul
Anti-Communists
Sum 41

Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.

In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is All Killer, No Filler. The album had the single "Fat Lip" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", also did well.

They often perform more than 300 times in a single year. That is why they are known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.

Line-ups

Discography
Studio albums
All Killer No Filler (2001)
Does This Look Infected? (2002)
Chuck (2004)
Underclass Hero (2007)
Screaming Bloody Murder (2011)

References

Other websites
Official Site @ Island Records

A Sum 41 fan community 

 
Canadian punk bands
Canadian rock bands
Pop punk bands
2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Canada
Lord

A Lord (Laird in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: Lord of Mann, the ruler of the Isle of Man. The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship. Lords as a group are a peerage. 

The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "loaf" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected"). So a lord or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf". A mesne lord was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an overlord. This higher lord was sometimes the king.

In a religious context, The Lord means God, mainly by the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Islam, and Christianity).

References 

Royalty and nobility
Religious terminology
Musical mode

Modes in music are a kind of scale.

The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: major and minor, which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes. Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.

Each mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or “half tones”) (see semitone).
 The Western major scale (e.g. the C major scale C D E F G A B C) starts on its KEY NOTE and goes up using the following pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.
 The Western natural minor scale (e.g. the A natural minor scale A B C D E F G A) does the same, but it has a different pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.

The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only. The most common modern modes are:
 Ionian (C D E F G A B C)
 Dorian (D E F G A B C D)
 Phrygian (E F G A B C D E)
 Lydian (F G A B C D E F)
 Mixolydian (G A B C D E F G)
 Aeolian (A B C D E F G A)
 Locrian (B C D E F G A B)

It will be seen that
 The Ionian mode is the major scale.
 The Dorian is a natural minor scale with a major sixth.
 The Phrygian is a natural minor scale with a minor second.
 The Lydian is a major scale with a augmented fourth.
 The Mixolydian is a major scale with a minor seventh.
 The Aeolian is the natural minor scale.
 The Locrian sounds rather strange, and was hardly ever used in Medieval music. It is a minor scale with a minor second and a diminished fifth.

Each mode also has a version called “hypo—“.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the “keynote”.

The names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.

In the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.

Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often modal. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.

Music theory
Western Asia

Western Asia (or Southwest Asia) is the part of Asia that includes the Middle East.

Territories 

Southwest Asia in most uses includes:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

In addition, it is sometimes widened to include: 
    
 All of Egypt
 All of Algeria
 All of Libya
 All of Mauritania
 All of Morocco
 All of Tunisia
 All of Western Sahara

Other websites
Stanford's Map of Western Asia is an old map from 1885
Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre is a novel written by Charlotte Brontë. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.

Background 

Around this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out. She was even more worried about her father's blindness. On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson. Wilson performed the operation on 25 August. The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter. Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons. The operation had taken about 15 minutes. Charlotte wrote, "Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible". "Depressed and weary (tired)", Charlotte began writing Jane Eyre.

Charlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes. She wrote the first copy in pencil. When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.

Plot 

Jane Eyre is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is horrified when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman. She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife. When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies. Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them. There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins. She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him. She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no. However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her duty to marry him when she hears Mr. Rochester crying, "Jane! Jane!" She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him. His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it. Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded. Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.

Famous sentence 
The novel begins the last chapter with one of the most famous lines in English literature:

"Reader, I married him".

The active voice was revolutionary for its time.

Other books by Charlotte Brontë
Villette
Shirley

References 

1847 books
English novels
English-language novels
Gifhorn

Gifhorn is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

It has about 43,000 inhabitants. They have 3 star hotels.

References

Other websites
Conjoined twins

'Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins. They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid. She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville. They became famous in the movie Freaks and lived long lives, eventually getting married.

Health
Mike D

Michael Diamond, better known as Mike D (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.

Diamond co-founded the band "The Young Aborigines" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married to Tamra Davis.

1965 births
Living people
Musicians from New York City
Rap musicians from New York
American drummers
American Jews
Singers from New York City
Brigantes

The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria.

Nearby tribes
The tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.

Related tribes
There was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the Brigantii of the eastern Alps.

Other websites 
 Brigantes Nation
 Brigantes at Roman-Britain.co.uk
 Brigantes  at Romans in Britain

References 

History of the United Kingdom
Celtic peoples
Kinship

Kinship is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories.  The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

Kinship 
Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history.  Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for “economic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs” (J.Hendry, 1999).

History 
The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family’.

Types 
There are two main types of kinship.

Consanguinity means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people.  For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married.  It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will.  Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.

Affinity means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.

Descent 
There are two types of descent involved in kinship.  Patrilineal are the relations that come from the father’s blood line.  Matrilineal are the relations that come from the mother’s blood line.

Examples of kinship
 parent (father or mother)
 child (son or daughter)
 sibling (brother or sister)
 grandparent (grandfather or grandmother)
 grandchild (grandson or granddaughter)
 uncle or aunt
 nibling (nephew or niece)
 cousin
 ancestor
 descendant

References 
 C. Delaney. (2004). ‘Relatives and Relations’: Investigating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. p.192.
 J. Hendry. (1999). ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage’: An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London Palgrave.
 L. Rival. (1998). ‘Androgenous Parents and Guest Children’: The Huaorani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.4: p.619-642.

Social sciences
Thierry Henry

Thierry Henry (born 17 August 1977 in Les Ulis, Essonne, France) is a French football player. He is now retired but used to play at New York Red Bulls and was previously a part of the France national team. He is considered one of the world's best players.

Henry started his career at small clubs in France. He had played for the Italian team, Juventus. In 2001, he joined Arsenal of England, where he became one of the best players in the English Premier League. After three years with FC Barcelona he went to the USA to play for the New York Red Bulls in the Major League Soccer. He has been named the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year three times and the French Player of the Year four times since 2001.

On the France national team, Henry has scored 5 goals in World Cup competitions. Only one French player, Michel Platini, has scored more goals than Henry.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="5"|Monaco||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||3
|-
|1995/96||18||3||3||0||1||0||22||45
|-
|1996/97||36||9||3||0||9||1||48||10
|-
|1997/98||30||4||5||0||9||7||44||11
|-
|1998/99||13||1||1||0||5||0||19||1

|-
|1998/99||Juventus||Serie A||16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Arsenal||rowspan="8"|Premier League||31||17||5||1||12||8||48||26
|-
|2000/01||35||17||4||1||14||4||53||22  
|-
|2001/02||33||24||5||1||11||7||49||32 
|-
|2002/03||37||24||6||1||12||7||55||32       
|-
|2003/04||37||30||4||4||10||5||51||39          
|-
|2004/05||32||25||2||0||8||5||42||30
|-
|2005/06||32||27||2||1||10||5||44||33
|-
|2006/07||17||27||3||11||7||1||27||12

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||30||33||7||4||10||3||47||19
|-
|2008/09||29||19||1||1||12||6||42||26
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
105||20||12||0||24||8||141||28
16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3
254||174||31||10||84||42||369||226
59||31||8||5||22||9||89||45
434||365||56||18||130||59||621||305
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||10||3
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||14||5
|-
|2001||7||3
|-
|2002||10||3
|-
|2003||14||11
|-
|2004||13||32
|-
|2005||6||33
|-
|2006||16||8
|-
|2007||6||5
|-
|2008||11||4
|-
|2009||9||3
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||117||112
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
French footballers
People from Ile-de-France
Relationship

Relationship may mean:

 Interpersonal relationship
 Kinship
 intimate relationship, including relationships based on romantic love

 Mathematical relationship, including:
 Inverse relationship
 Direct relationship
 Relation (mathematics)
 Relational model