cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Melina Perez

Melina Nava Pérez (born March 9, 1979; ring name Melina) is an American professional wrestler and manager. She is best known for working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where she wrestled on its Raw and SmackDown brands. She was released from her contract with the WWE on August 5, 2011.

Early life 
Pérez began her career as a model. In 2000, she decided to become a professional wrestler and began training. Pérez's pro-wrestling debut was in 2002 on a tour of the independent wrestling scene. She joined a number of California-based promotions such as the Empire Wrestling Federation (EWF).

World Wrestling Entertainment 
Pérez began working in World Wrestling Entertainment's "farm territory" Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in March 2004 when she was kayfabe brought her in as a way to taunt her ex-boyfriend John Hennigan. Melina, however, aligned herself with Hennigan, who later changed his ring name to Johnny Nitro. Soon after, Nitro began teaming with Joey Matthews, later known as Joey Mercury. On November 10, the trio, now known as MNM, won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship.

2005 
MNM made their debut in WWE on the April 14, 2005 edition of SmackDown! by interrupting the first ever Carlito's Cabana interview segment. Rey Mysterio, one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions, was a guest. Melina insulted Mysterio and had Mercury and Nitro attack him. This led to MNM's first match the next week on SmackDown! for the tag team title. MNM won the match against Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero, giving them their first WWE Tag Team Title reign.

While managing the Tag Team Champions, Melina started wrestling against the other WWE Divas. She had her first match on June 30 against Michelle McCool.  Her first pay-per-view match – a Bra and Panties match – was at The Great American Bash against Torrie Wilson. Melina won both matches.

2007 
On January 29, 2007, Melina became the number 1 contender for the WWE Women's Championship. On February 5 Melina lost a title match against Mickie James. On February 19, Melina won the Women's Championship from James.  On April 24 at a show in Paris, France, Melina lost the Women's Championship in a Triple Threat match to James when James pinned Victoria. In a rematch on the same night, she pinned James to regain the title and become a two-time WWE Women's Champion.

On May 7 Melina was defeated in a tag team match when she was pinned by Candice Michelle. Melina lost to Candice in several tag team matches, as well as in non-title bouts over the next few weeks. At Vengeance, Melina lost the Women's Championship to Candice, and failed to wim the title back at The Great American Bash.

References

Other websites
Official website
Melina's WWE Alumni profile

1979 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Amy Dumas

Amy Christine Dumas (born April 14, 1975)
better known by her ring name Lita, is an American former World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) wrestler and valet. While working with WWE from 2000 to 2006, she became one of the most popular female wrestlers in the company's history.

Career
After working for a short time on the independent circuit and in Extreme Championship Wrestling, Dumas began working with the World Wrestling Federation in 1999. Originally, she was paired with Essa Rios. She became more well know when she teamed up with Matt and Jeff Hardy as Team Xtreme. During her career, she won the WWE Women's Championship four times.

Dumas had an off-screen relationship with Matt Hardy. It ended in 2005 after her affair with Adam Copeland. WWE used the problems between them as part of a story during 2005 and 2006. The affair was part of the reason Hardy was fired in 2005, but he was rehired later in the year. As a result of her personal life, Dumas' character Lita began to be "booed" for the first time by the fans during this time.

After she stopped wrestling in 2006, she became the lead singer of punk rock band The Luchagors. The band released their self-titled CD, The Luchagors on September 11, 2007. She will be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2014.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 

1975 births
American punk musicians
American professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Singers from Florida
Sportspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Sportspeople from Florida
WWE Hall of Fame
Mafic

Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron. The term is a portmanteau, made up from "magnesium" and "ferric". 

Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have a specific gravity greater than 3. Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite and other micas, augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars. Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro.

In terms of chemistry, mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks. The term roughly corresponds to the older basic rock class.

Mafic lava, before cooling, has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content. Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava, so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic lava eruptions. Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes, like Hawaii.

Related pages
List of minerals
Granite

Rocks
Specific gravity

Specific Gravity (SG) is a special case of relative density.

It is defined as the ratio of the density of a given substance, to the density of water (H2O). Substances with a specific gravity greater than 1 are heavier than water, and those with a specific gravity of less than 1 are lighter than water.

SG is by definition dimensionless and therefore not dependent on the system of units used (e.g. slugsft−3 or kgm−3), assuming that the units are consistent. Based on the SG-value of a given substance, the density of that substance can be calculated.

Related pages
 Buoyancy
 Fluid mechanics
 Relative density

References

 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Wiley, B.R. Munson, D.F. Young & T.H. Okishi
 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Fourth Edition, Wiley, SI Version, R.W. Fox & A.T. McDonald
 Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, International Edition, Y.A. Cengel & M.A. Boles

Physics
Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing carved into it. There are 3 types of writing on the Rosetta stone; Greek, Egyptian, and another form of Egyptian writing. French soldiers found it in Egypt in 1799. It helped people get a better understanding of the Ancient Egyptian writing system called hieroglyphics. Its discovery led to the translation of Ancient Egyptian writing.The stone is named after the city where it was found, Rosetta (also called Rashid). The stone is now in the British Museum in London.

It had three pieces of writing on it that said the same thing in two different languages. Two pieces of writing were written in Ancient Egyptian, but in two different scripts: Demotic and hieroglyphics. The third writing was written in Ancient Greek.

The historians could already read the Greek. Using this knowledge they were able to work out how to read the Egyptian scripts.

The complete Greek text, in English, is about 1600–1700  words in length. The text is a royal decree from the Hellenistic period about the taxes of temple priests. It gives them back the tax privileges they had earlier. Some scholars believe that several copies of the Rosetta Stone might exist, as this proclamation must have been made at many temples.

The discovery of the stone 
The soldiers who discovered the stone were part of Napoleon Bonaparte's 1798 campaign in Egypt. It was given to the British as part of the surrender arrangements when French forces were caught in Alexandria by the Battle of the Nile and a larger force of British and Ottoman troops. The surrender and treaty is called the Capitulation of Alexandria. Under the treaty, the French had to hand over their archaeological discoveries to the British, and that included the Rosetta Stone.

The discovered part of the stone is 114.4 centimeters (45 in) high at its tallest point, 72.3 centimeters (28.5 in) wide, and 27.9 centimeters (11 in) thick.

Part of the text 
These are some of the translated words on the stone:

References

Other websites 
 A Rosetta Stone website
 Rosetta Stone -Citizendium

Ancient Egypt
British Museum
Curtain

A curtain is a piece of cloth used to block light, water, or cold air from entering a place (some curtains are better at blocking than others because of the type of fabric used). Curtains are hung around showers to keep water off the floor around the shower.  Curtains are also hung around windows to keep light from coming in. A curtain is raised and lowered during a play or other theatrical production. Curtains can come in many different colors and different types of fabric. It is also originally a French word.

Curtains can also be made from air.

Cloth
Criminal record

A criminal record is a list of crimes that a person has done in the past. These records are kept by different law enforcement agencies.
People can get a criminal record by things like speeding, robbery, breaking and entering and murdering. Getting a criminal record can stop people from getting certain jobs and going overseas.

Criminal justice
Visitor

A visitor is a person who does not permanently live in a place. If someone says "I am a visitor here", that means that they do not live in that place all the time.

Related pages
Hospitality

Social sciences
Espresso

Espresso is a type of Italian coffee that is concentrated. In order to make espresso, coffee beans are powdered and hot water is added under high pressure. This is done using an espresso machine or a macchinetta. Usually, espresso is made using 7 grams of coffee beans. This gives espresso a very strong flavor. Because espresso is so strong, it is usually mixed with other coffee drinks in small amounts.

Drinks that use espresso 
There are many drinks that use espresso, such as latte, cappuccino, caffe mocha and caffe macchiato.

Alternative spelling 
It is sometimes spelled expresso, with an X. There is some debate as to whether this is an acceptable spelling.

Related pages
 Coffee

Coffee
Italian food
Damson

A damson is a kind of plum. Like the plum, it comes from the Rosaceae family. Originally, the fruit comes from the Mediterranean. Damsons are thought to be members of the 'European Plum' family, which also includes greengage, mirabelle, quetsche, and Italian prune plums. The damson is generally less sweet than other kinds of plum and is used in jams, jellies, and liqueurs.

Plums
Half-time

Half-time is the name of a break in the middle of a sports game. This break gives players a chance to rest. It also gives watchers of the game time to stretch, eat, or go to the bathroom without missing the game. During half-time, there is usually a show on the field of play. It may include a marching band or something like it. This is called a half-time show. There is a half-time show in the Super Bowl. Half time is usually 15 minutes, but in the Super Bowl it is usually about 30 minutes to give time for advertisements and performances. In Football, teams usually switch sides at the beginning of the next half.

Sports with half-time 
American football 
Field hockey
Lacrosse
Football (soccer)
Field hockey
Rugby football
Basketball
Netball

Sports words
Fluid mechanics

Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids and gases.)

Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms.

The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece, when Archimedes made a beginning on fluid statics. However, fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex. Sometimes it can best be solved by numerical analysis, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems.

Relationship to continuum mechanics 
Fluid mechanics is a subdiscipline of continuum mechanics, as illustrated in the following table.

Related pages
 Applied mechanics
Hydraulics

References

Further reading 
 White, Frank M. (2003). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill. 
 Cramer, Mark. "The Gallery of Fluid Mechanics"

Other websites 
 CFDWiki—the Computational Fluid Dynamics reference wiki.
Fluid statics

Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the science of fluids at rest, and is a sub-field within fluid mechanics. The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject. It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium. The use of fluid to do work is called hydraulics, and the science of fluids in motion is fluid dynamics. Hydrostatic pressure is pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel.

Related pages
 Fluid dynamics
 Fluid mechanics
 Hydraulics

Fluid mechanics
Meroë

Meroë (Meroitic: Medewi or Bedewi) is the name of an ancient city. What remains of the city is on the east bank of the Nile  about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan. It lies about 200 km north-east of Khartoum.
There are a few villages nearby. They are called  Bagrawiyah.

Meroë was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries. The Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë gave its name to the "Island of Meroë", which was the modern region of Butana, a region bounded by the Nile (from the Atbarah River to Khartoum), the Atbarah, Ethiopia, and the Blue Nile.  The city of Meroë was on the edge of Butana and there were two other Meroitic cities in Butana, Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa.  

The site of the city of Meroë is marked by over two hundred pyramids in three groups. Of many of these pyramids, there are only ruins left.

History of Africa
Cities in Sudan
Laxative

A laxative is a food or drug taken to make bowel movements easier, or to treat constipation. Sometimes taking powerful or lots of laxatives can cause diarrhea or a flatulence.  

Laxatives work by helping your intestines digest undigested food, and do not make you lose weight. Despite this, some people with eating disorders take laxatives in an attempt to lose weight.

References

Drugs
Digestive system
Jebel Barkal

Jebel Barkal, also called Gebel Barkal, is a small mountain in Sudan. It is about 400 kilometers (248.6 miles) north of a city called Khartoum.  This mountain is about  high and has a flat top.

Mountains of Africa
Sudan
Dassault Mirage III

The Mirage III is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation. If first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1961. It used a triangle wing (called a delta wing). It had 2 cannons and some missiles. Because it was an interceptor, an airplane made to shoot down enemy airplanes at high speed, it could go Mach 2.2. It was used by Israel in the Six-Day War.

French military aircraft
Mirage 3
Herbaceous plant

A herbaceous plant is a plant that does not have much wood and its stems are green and soft. These plants grow fast and produce flowers and many seeds in a short period of time.

In Botany, the word for a herbaceous plant is herb (from Latin herba, "grass") but it is common to use the word herb only for plants that are used in perfumes, medicines and for cooking, even if they are not herbaceous plants.

Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials but most are annuals and die at the end of their growing season (the time when they produce flowers, fruits and seeds), leaving their seeds on the soil; those seeds will produce new plants with good weather. Wheat and pea are annual herbaceous plants.

Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants will live for two or more years but the stems that are in the air will die every year; the underground stems will form the new aerial stems (stems that are above the ground). Underground roots and stems can resist more the bad weather (winter or a very dry season) than leaves and stems that are above the ground. Bulbs are biennal and peonies are perennial herbaceous plants

Most herbaceous plants are small and their stems are not thick because they do not have much wood but there are some cases of big herbaceous plants. Bananas and papaya (a tropical fruit) are herbaceous plants but they look like trees; papaya has a thick stem but without much wood.

Herbaceous plants are the first plants with flower that come to live in barren lands (lands without plant life) because they are small and produce many seeds. They are also found in places where the weather conditions are not good for most plants; they can use the little rain that falls in deserts, and they can get enough heat to grow where the soil is covered with snow and ice most of the year, like in very high mountains.

References 

Types of plants
Trophy

A trophy is an object given to someone because of an accomplishment. These are often given out through sporting events.  

A trophy can be in the shape of a cup, a bowl, a plaque, a mug (these usually painted or engraved with something), a human shape (like the Emmy Award), or a spaceship (like the Hugo Award for science-fiction).  

Trophies can also be an animal head. These are often taken as trophies by hunters.

History

In ancient times people would take heads or other body parts of enemies they had killed in a battle to show how good a warrior they were.
Many years ago (in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome) the winners did not get any trophy, only a wreath (a wreath is made of flowers and looks like a crown). The winner also got olive oil in a container that was similar to today trophies. In local games, the winners got different trophies, such as a vase or a silver cup.
In ancient Rome, the tradition of getting trophy was slowly forgotten and money were given instead.
Trophies were introduced back in the world on large scale in last century. Football, rugby and baseball trophies were introduced.
Today trophies are mostly made from plastic and are easily accessible to public thanks to low price.
Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid. It lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. A. afarensis was similar to slightly later Australopithecus africanus. It had a slender build.

A. afarensis may be more closely related to the genus Homo than A. africanus. Homo includes the modern human species, Homo sapiens.

The most famous fossil is the partial skeleton named Lucy (3.2 million years old) found by Donald Johanson and colleagues, who, in celebration of their find, repeatedly played the Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.

References 

Australopithecines
Nakalipithecus

Nakalipithecus nakayamai is a fossil ape species. It was a discovery of a 10-million-year-old jawbone with teeth, in a volcanic mud in Nakali, Kenya. N. nakayamai is thought to have lived around 9.9 million to 9.8 million years ago. More teeth were found in the same place; eleven of them are thought to belong to this specimen.

Other websites 
New ancient ape species discovered
Jawbone sheds light on divergence of humans and apes

Fossils
Hominids
Defoliant

Defoliants are a type of chemical that destroys plants like trees, bushes and grass .

A very common defoliant is Agent Orange used by the US Airforce in the Vietnam War to destroy cover of the enemy. It killed the rainforest and caused birth defects as well as other illnesses among Vietnamese and US soldiers

References

Poisons
Chemical compounds
Phoenix lights

The Phoenix Lights (sometimes called the "Lights over Phoenix") were a light phenomenon that occurred on March 13 1997 over Arizona and Nevada, in the United States. Some claim that they were UFOs. The governor of Arizona also said he thought they could be UFOs. The thing was V-shaped with 5 lights at the bottom of it in V-formation.

1990s in Arizona
1997 in the United States
March events
909

Year 909 (CMIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

Events 
 The Maya leave their biggest towns and cities.

Births 
 Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury

References
Eumetazoa

Eumetazoa is a clade which includes all major animal phyla except sponges, and a few other groups of animals, such as the Placozoa. The Eumetazoa have true tissues, neurons, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.

Subgroups 
 Radiata
 Bilateria

References 

 Borchiellini C. et al.  2001.  Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 (1): 171-179.
 Peterson, Kevin J. et al. 2005. Tempo & mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, & molecular clocks.  Paleobiology 31(2, Supplement): 36-55.

Groups of phyla
Bilateria

The Bilateria are animals which are bilaterally symmetrical. They have front and a back end, an upside and downside, and a left and right side. Most animals are bilateral.

Main subgroups 
 Deuterostomia
 Echinodermata (20,000 species, 7000 living) 
 Chordata. mostly Vertebrata  (63,000 species)
 Hemichordata
 Protostomia
 Ecdysozoa (6 to 20 million species) 
Nematoda (20,000 species known +many more)
Arthropoda (one to 10 million species)
 Lophotrochozoa 
Annelida (17,000 species)
Platyhelminthes (20,000+ species)
Mollusca (85,000+ species)
Brachiopoda (5,000 fossil species)
Rhombozoa
 Platyzoa
 Minor phyla (like Chaetognatha)
Numbers are approximate; extinct species numbers cannot be known for most phyla.

Related pages 
List of animal phyla

References 

Groups of phyla
Lyre

A lyre (pronounce to rhyme with "fire") is an instrument which is like a mixture between a harp and a guitar. It is held in one hand and the strings are strummed using the other hand.  Lyres were among the first string instruments to be invented.

Plucked string instruments
Early musical instruments
Oceanic crust

The oceanic crust is the part of Earth's lithosphere that is under the ocean basins.

Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima which is named for its magnesium silicate minerals. It is thinner than continental crust, and is about 7-10 kilometers thick, however it is more dense, having a mean density of about 3.3 g/cm3.

Oceanic crust generally does not last longer than 200 million years. In the rock cycle, it is continuously created at oceanic ridges. At these ridges, hot magma rises into the crust and cools, pushing the crust apart at the ridge. The continuous formation of new oceanic crust pushes the older crust away from the mid-ocean ridge. As it moves away from the ridge, the crust becomes cooler and denser, while the sediment may build on top of it.

Related pages
Continental crust

References

Sources
Marshak, Stephen. (2005) Earth: Portrait of a Planet (41-87)

Other websites 
Testing the Sea-Floor Spreading Hypothesis 

Geology
Continental crust

The continental crust is the layer of granitic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.

It consists mostly of feldspar and other sialic rocks. It is less dense than the material of the Earth's mantle, which consists of mafic rock. Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km versus the average oceanic thickness of around 7–10 km. About 40% of the Earth's surface lies on-top of continental crust.

The continental crust is separated from the oceanic crust by the continental margin.

Related pages 
 Oceanic crust

References 
 Butler, Rob, Making new continents  Accessed 01/29/2006
 Saal, A.L., Rudnick R.L., Ravizza G.E. & Hart S.R., 1998. Re-Os isotope evdence for the composition, formation and age of the lower crust. Nature, 39317, 1998.
 Taylor and McLennan, 1995, Model of growth of continental crust through time in John Victor Walther, 2005, Essentials Of Geochemistry, Jones & Bartlett, 
 von Huene, R. and D.W. Scholl, 1991. "Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust." Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 279-316.

Other websites
Average composition of Continental Crust
Crust 5.1

Geology
List of cities in the United Kingdom

This is a List of cities in the United Kingdom. This list includes all places with city status.

References

United Kingdom
United Kingdom-related lists
United Kingdom
Shift work

Shift work is a working practice which is designed to use all 24 hours of a day, and not only the standard working day hours.

A day for example can be divided into three eight-hour shifts. An employee only works one of the shifts in each day. The "first shift" is in the morning, the "second shift" is in the afternoon and evening and the "third shift" is overnight.

The "second shift", also known as the swing shift in some places, is the work shift which takes place in the afternoon and evening. It usually extends from 4 PM (16:00) to midnight, or from 3 PM (15:00) to 11 PM (23:00).

The "third shift", the night shift, is usually from 11 PM (23:00) or 12-midnight (00:00) to 07:00 or 08:00 in the morning.

Health effects 

The World Health Organization (WHO) claimed in December 2007 that shift work might cause cancer but currently there is no evidence to support the claim

A study by Knutsson et al. in 1986 showed that labors who work shift work in a production floor (papermill as per the research) for more than 15 years, are 3 times more likely to develop ischaemic heart diseases.

References 

Employment
Étang Saumâtre

Étang Saumâtre (in English, brackish pond) is the largest lake of Haiti. It is the second largest lake of Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo. It is also known as Lake Azuei. It is known as Lago del Fondo in the Dominican Republic. Its Taíno name was Yainagua.

The lake is on the arid part of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac. It is  east of Port-au-Prince in the Ouest Department. Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the Dominican city of Jimaní is at less than 1 km from the southeast end of the lake.

The salt-water lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of . Its maximum width is . The total area is .

The water of the lake is dark blue. Its salinity is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water. Very few small rivers flow into the lake.

Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes including tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.

References 

Lakes of North America
Geography of Haiti
Grumman F6F Hellcat

The F6F Hellcat was a United States Navy fighter aircraft made by Grumman during World War II. I t first flew in 1942 and was introduced in 1943.  It was supposed to be a little bit better than the F4F Wildcat, but became a big improvement.  It was more powerful and could turn better.  It was made to fight the Japanese A6M Zero. It was able to take off of aircraft carriers. It was also used by the navy as a "night fighter", which means that a radar was put on it so it could fly at night. During the war, it had the most aces fly it. It was retired in 1954.

References

Notes

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
British military aircraft
French military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
F6F
Grumman F4F Wildcat

The F4F Wildcat was a fighter aircraft made by Grumman. It first flew in 1937, and was introduced in 1940. It was used in the Pacific during the early years of World War II. It could take off from aircraft carriers. During the war, it mainly fought the A6M Zero. Because the Wildcat was not beating the Zero, a new airplane was made called the F6F Hellcat. The Wildcat continued to fight in places where the Hellcat was too big, and was retired in 1945.

References

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
British military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
F4F
Mitsubishi A6M Zero

The Mitsubishi A6M Zero, often called just the A6M Zero or simply the Zero was a long range carrier ship-based fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The aircraft was built by Mitsubishi, making its first flight in 1939, and entering naval service in 1940. 

It was the primary fighter used by Japan during the war. It was the primary enemy of US Naval aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat, Vought F4U Corsair, and later the Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was specifically designed to combat the Zero. The A6M Zero was the best fighter at the beginning of the Pacific war. However, late in the war, new American fighters were able to defeat it.

Related pages 
 F4F Wildcat
 F6F Hellcat

References

Other websites 

Military of Japan
World War II Japanese aircraft
Mitsubishi
CONCACAF Champions League

The CONCACAF Champions League (originally called the CONCACAF Champions' Cup) is a football competition between the best club teams in North and Central America and the Caribbean. The teams are selected by the Central American and Caribbean Association of Football (the CONCACAF) because of their good performances in matches.

Records and statistics (all time)

Winners 
Shows teams which won at least two titles.

Top-ten countries 

Football competitions
Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football

The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football often referred to as just CONCACAF, is the organization that controls North, Central, and Caribbean football.

Related pages
 CONCACAF Gold Cup
 CONCACAF Champions' Cup

Other websites 
 CONCACAF homepage

Football organizations
Mali Federation

The Mali Federation was a country in the west of Africa. Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (Mali's name was French Sudan at that time). It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France. However, it became independent on June 20 1960.

The Federation's prime minister was Modibo Keïta, and the government was in Dakar. The Federation ended a short time after independence because Senegal left on August 20 1960 because they had a disagreement about politics.

History of Mali
History of Senegal
Former countries in Africa
1959 establishments
1960 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in Africa
Value Added Tax

Value Added Tax (often called by its initial letters "VAT" or “V.A.T.”) is the English name of a tax that is added to things sold in the European Union. It is like a sales tax that is charged in some US States.

The tax is paid every time goods are sold.
 The maker charges the wholesaler VAT and pays the tax to the government
 The wholesaler charges the shop VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the maker
 The shop charges the customer VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the wholesaler.

The tax can be complicated to work out, because every business or person has to charge the tax, and have an invoice to show they have paid some tax. The only person who pays the full amount of tax is the customer of the shop.

The government also charges VAT on some services. This is because some companies do not make a thing which can be used (goods) instead they do something to help a customer (that is, provide a service).

For example, a garage-owner might sell a spare part for a customer’s car. The garage-owner charges VAT because spare parts are “goods”. If the garage-owner helps the customer by fitting the spare parts into the car, the garage-owner would charge extra for his time, and would also charge VAT on the amount he charged for the service of fitting the parts.

VAT is not added to all products. Children's books and clothes do not have VAT.

Taxation
Saxe-Coburg

Saxe-Coburg () was a country in today's Bavaria, Germany. It was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach after the Division of Erfurt in 1572. In 1596 Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was split, Johann Casimir got Saxe-Coburg and Johann Ernst got Saxe-Eisenach. When Casimir died in 1633, his brother Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach both countries until he died in 1638. Saxe-Coburg was then given to other Ernestine duchies.

It became again a duchy in 1681. From 1699, when Albrecht of Saxe-Coburg died without sons until 1735 it shared a ruler with the Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld. In 1735 the two duchies were merged as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

References 

 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Royal Family 

1596 establishments
1590s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Germany
1633 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Germany 
1681 establishments
1680s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Germany
1699 disestablishments
House of Wettin
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Deuterostome

Deuterostomes are a nephrozoan superphylum of bilaterian animals, a taxon above the level of phylum. It is not part of the usual system of classification.

They are bilateral animals, and are contrasted with the protostomes. Deuterostomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.

Classification 
These are the living phyla of deuterostomes:
Chordata (vertebrates and their kin)
Echinodermata (starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.)
Hemichordata (acorn worms and possibly graptolites)
This is an extinct deuterostome clade:
Saccorhytida

Groups of phyla
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach

Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies.  It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638.  It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

Creation 
The duchy was created by the Division of Erfurt in 1572 when Coburg and Eisenach were split from the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar for Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, the sons of Johann Friedrich II, the Middle.

Rulers 
The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586.  This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy.  Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country. Johann Casimir  kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach. Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.

Division 
Johann Ernst also had no children, so the Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach line died out, out the territory was divided between the other Ernestine line.

House of Wettin
Dennis Rader

Dennis Lynn Rader (born March 9, 1945 ) is an American serial killer. He murdered 10 people near Wichita, Kansas between 1974 and 1991.  He was known as the BTK killer (or the BTK strangler).  BTK stands for Bind, Torture, Kill.  He was named this because that was what he did to the people he killed. Letters were written soon after the killings and sent to police and to local news outlets. They talked about the crimes. The letters had information which only the killer and police knew about the crimes. The letters stopped being sent for a long time. In 2004, they started being sent again. This led to him being located in 2005 and found guilty of the murders. Rader was sentenced to at least 175 years imprisonment.

References

1945 births
Living people
American prisoners
American serial killers
People from Kansas
Tom and Jerry Kids

Tom and Jerry Kids Show is a 1990 television series by Hanna-Barbera Studios. This follows Tom and Jerry as kids in their cat-and-mouse games. The show also contains segments featuring Droopy and his son Dripple (who would later star in their own short-lived spin-off, "Droopy, Master Detective"), Spike & Tyke (from the original Tom & Jerry) and Blast-Off Buzzard (from "The CB Bears"). The original run lasted until 1994 when the show was canceled. In certain countries, the Tom & Jerry Kids shorts have aired separately on Boomerang until 2014.

Cast

Principal Cast
 Charlie Adler - Dripple Dog
 William Callaway - Slowpoke Antonio
 Brian Cummings - Clyde
 Pat Fraley - Kyle the Cat
 Teresa Ganzel - Miss Vavoom
 Dick Gautier - Spike
 Phil Hartman - Calaboose Cal
 Don Messick - Droopy Dog
 Frank Welker - Tom (the cat), Jerry (the mouse, Season 1-2), Wildmouse, McWolf
 Patric Zimmerman - Tyke

Additional Voices 

 Brandon Adams
 Joe Alaskey
 Patricia Alice Albrecht
 Lewis Arquette
 Rene Auberjonois
 Michael Bell
 Gregg Berger
 Susan Blu
 Sorrell Booke
 Charlie Brill
 Nicole Brown
 Scott Bullock
 Arthur Burghardt
 Greg Burson
 Hamilton Camp
 Nancy Cartwright
 Marsha Clark
 Selette Cole
 Townsend Coleman
 Danny Cooksey
 Bud Cort
 Jesse Corti
 Peter Cullen
 Brian Cummings - Clyde
 Jim Cummings
 Tim Curry
 Jennifer Darling
 Mari Devon
 Nancy Dussault
 Maggie Egan
 June Foray
 Brad Garrett
 Kathy Garver
 Joan Gerber
 Barry Gordon
 Archie Hahn
 Pamela Hayden
 George Hearn
 Dana Hill
 Jerry Houser
 Tony Jay
 Arte Johnson
 Vicki Juditz
 Zale Kessler
 Kip King
 Paul Kreppel
 Maurice LaMarche
 David Lander
 Allan Lurie
 Sherry Lynn
 Tress MacNeille
 Kenneth Mars
 Chuck McCann
 Edie McClurg
 Diane Michelle
 Brian Mitchell
 Alan Oppenheimer
 Bibi Osterwald
 Gary Owens
 Patricia Parris
 Rob Paulsen
 Pat Pinney
 Henry Polic II
 Tony Pope
 Hal Rayle
 Clive Revill
 Bob Ridgely
 Kimmy Robertson
 Stuart Robinson
 Roger Rose
 Neil Ross
 Ronnie Schell
 Susan Silo
 Hal Smith
 Kath Soucie
 Sally Struthers
 Barbara Stuart
 Marcelo Tubert
 Janet Waldo
 B.J. Ward
 Jimmy Weldon
 Jane Wiedlin
 Lee Wilkof
 April Winchell
 JoAnne Worley

Jill Talley as Jerry (Season 3-4)

Danish Voice Cast

Additional Voices
 Lars Thiesgaard
 Peter Røschke - 1996 -

International Broadcast

References

1990 television series debuts
Children's television series
Animated television series
Cartoon Network series
Spacetoon shows
English-language television programs
Tom and Jerry
Hannelore Kohl

Johanna Klara Eleonore "Hannelore" Kohl (née Renner; 7 March 1933 – 5 July 2001) was the wife of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (died 2017). She met him for the first time in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.

She was born in Berlin as Eleonore Johanna Renner, and later, she changed her first name to "Hannelore". When her husband was chancellor she set up the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung (that is the Hannelore Kohl Charity) and the Kuratorium ZNS, a foundation to help find a cure for illnesses of the central nervous system.

In 1945, when she was 12, she was raped by Red Army soldiers.

On 5 July 2001, Mrs Kohl was found dead in her home in Ludwigshafen. She had apparently committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. She was said to have suffered from photo allergy (sunlight burns the skin).

However, journalist Andrew Gimson, writing in The Spectator questioned official version of events, and so did the German newsmagazine, Stern and the BBC.

Kohl is known for her collection of German-style cooking recipes, Kulinarische Reise durch Deutsche Länder (Culinary Journey through German Regions), published in 1996.

References

Other websites
 Hannelore Kohl's Gravesite

1933 births
2001 deaths
Drug-related suicides
German writers
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Berlin
Suicides in Germany
Writers who committed suicide
Walter Scheel

Walter Scheel (8 July 1919 – 24 August 2016) was a German politician (FDP).

Biography 
Scheel was born in Solingen.
During World War II, he became a member of the Nazi Party and served in the Luftwaffe, the last years of the war as a Radar operator on a Me 110 night fighter.

He was federal minister of economic cooperation and development (1961–1966), but he persuaded the FDP to leave Ludwig Erhard's coalition government in late 1966. This forced elections in Germany, and Kurt Georg Kiesinger became chancellor.

In 1969 his party formed a new coalition with the Social Democrats. He became Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor. With Willy Brandt his foreign policy meant the Federal Republic of Germany promised not to try and get back the parts of Germany given to Poland and the USSR. The treaty with Poland actually defined the western border of Poland, not the border between Poland and Germany. It is the same thing, but meant Poland could sign a treaty with West Germany that described the border of East Germany.

When Brandt resigned on 7 May 1974, Scheel, was acting chancellor, for about a week, until Helmut Schmidt was elected Chancellor.

A few weeks later, Scheel was elected Federal President of West Germany, a post he held from July 1974 until June 1979.

Like most ex German presidents, Scheel retired from political life term ended. He sometimes appeared on political talk shows or events. At the funeral of the murdered businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer in October 1977, Scheel gave a speech entitled shame.

Death
Scheel died on 24 August 2016 following a long illness. Having lived to  he holds the record as the longest-lived German head of state, either imperial or elected.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Nazis
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Solingen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Norman Mailer

Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American writer and journalist. He was born in Long Branch, New Jersey and raised in Brooklyn, New York City.

Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer writes creative nonfiction, sometimes called New Journalism, but which covers the essay to the nonfiction novel. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once on his journalism career. In 1955, Mailer, along with Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published The Village Voice, which was shown to the Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from The National Book Foundation.

Mailer died of renal failure in New York City.

Other websites

 The Norman Mailer Society
 Norman Mailer at Books and Writers 
 Norman Mailer on American Masters (PBS Broadcast)
 Norman Mailer's writing on the Huffington Post
 Norman Mailer New York Review of Books author profile and archive includes list of reviews, letters, and essays from over 40 years, along with a bibliography

1923 births
2007 deaths
American novelists
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Journalists from New Jersey
Journalists from New York
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New Jersey
Movie producers from New York
Pulitzer Prize winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New York
Kelly Osbourne

Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne (born 27 October 1984, in London) is an English singer and actress. She is the daughter of the singer Ozzy Osbourne.

Osborne is one of the co-presenters in the E! programme Fashion Police. She also presents a programme on BBC Radio 1 called The Surgery on Sunday evening. Her duet song with her father, singer Ozzy Osbourne, "Changes", received much praise.

Other websites 
The Official Kelly Osbourne Website 
Kelly Osbourne at bbc.co.uk

1984 births
Living people
English singers
English movie actors
English television actors
Participants in American reality television series
Marie-Antoine Carême

Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême (8 June 1784 – 12 January 1833), was a French chef and author. 

He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as haute cuisine, the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs", because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.

Biography
Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous pâtissier (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.

Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.

Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.

Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts that were important for diplomats. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.

Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year’s worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as chef de cuisine to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Czar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.

He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.

Influence
Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.

Carême's is said to have started service à la russe (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of service à la française (serving all dishes at once)

Major works

References
 Carême's career. 
 
 Paul Metzner, Crescendo of the Virtuoso (UC Press,1998.)

Notes

Other websites
 NPR: Antonin Careme: The First Celebrity Chef - All Things Considered, May 25, 2004 - Biography Highlights Career of a 19th-Century Culinary Star

1784 births
1833 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French chefs
Writers from Paris
X Window System

The X Window System is a set of protocols and programs. It is also known as X11, or simply X. It can manage windows, and other components of a graphical user interface on a bitmap display. This way of doing graphics is most common in Unix-like operating systems.

X provides the basic components to build GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse or a keyboard. X does not say what the user interface should look like different client programs handle this. Different X11-based environments have radically different designs. X is not a part of the operating system; instead, it is built as an additional program on top of the operating system.

Unlike previous display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on a display near the computer. X has network transparency: the machine where an application program (the client application) runs need not be the user's local machine (the display server).

X was developed at MIT in 1984. The current protocol version, X11, appeared in September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, version 11 release 7.7 (6 June 2012), available as free software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.

References 

Software