cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tim Burton

Timothy Walter "Tim" Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and artist.

Early life 
Burton was born in Burbank, California on August 25, 1958. His father is of Dutch, English, French, German, and Scottish descent and His mother is of Croatian, German, Norwegian, and Swedish descent. He began as an animator for Walt Disney Pictures, but soon moved on making his own kinds of movies and projects.

Career
He has an individual style; the movies that he makes are creative and often based on events that would not happen in real life. For example, the main character in "Edward Scissorhands" is a young man who has scissors instead of hands. His movies attract an audience usually that fits his unique tastes.

Personal life 
Burton has bipolar disorder. He lives in Belsize Park, London, next door to his former partner Helena Bonham Carter. Burton and Carter split in December 2014. The houses have a door connecting them. The couple have a son and daughter together.

Selected Filmography
 Pee-Wee's Big Adventure
 Beetlejuice
 Batman
 Batman Returns
 Edward Scissorhands
 Mars Attacks!
 The Nightmare Before Christmas
 Planet of the Apes
 Big Fish
 Sleepy Hollow
 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
 Corpse Bride
 Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
 Alice in Wonderland
 Dark Shadows
 Frankenweenie
 Big Eyes
 Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children
 Dumbo

References

Other websites 
 

1958 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television directors
American television producers
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Burbank, California
People with bipolar disorder
Screenwriters from California
Writers from Los Angeles County, California
Submarine

A submarine (or Sub) is a vessel that goes underwater. Most large submarines are war vessels. Some small ones are used for scientific or business purposes. These are often called "submersibles" and cannot go far or stay long away from base. Some people buy their own to explore under the sea. A submarine is actually a boat, not a ship.

History 
Early submarines were often powered by hand. This is because boat engines had not been invented yet. They were almost always made for war. Submarines would try to sink enemy ships by crude methods. These included drilling screws into their wooden hulls. Some tried to blow up a ship. This often destroyed the submarine, too. At the end of the 19th century, the Whitehead torpedo and electrical systems allowed much better submarines.

These better submarines were much used during the First and Second World Wars. Many of these better submarines were created by Germany, called U-boats. The submarines were powered by a diesel-electric system. A diesel motor would be used to turn a generator. The generator would charge a large battery while the submarine was on the surface. The power in the battery was then used by the submarine when it went underwater. These submarines were dangerous to enemies. They were hard to see while underwater but it was easy to attack them when they surfaced to recharge.  Many modern boats still use this diesel-electric propulsion system.

The First Battle of the Atlantic was the first major battle that was mainly fought between submarines and their enemies. As in later wars, the main jobs of submarines were to enforce a blockade and to sink enemy warships. They usually attacked freighters at night, shooting with their deck guns and then hiding under the water. Sometimes they used their torpedoes, which they could fire while underwater, especially against larger ships and warships. During World War II The US Navy lost around 52 submarines due to combat and non-combat causes. 

After World War II better sonar helped the enemies of submarines to find and destroy them. New subs were more streamlined and had no deck guns because water dragging against the guns made noise underwater and slowed the subs.

Modern submarines 
Most large modern military submarines are powered by nuclear reactors. These submarines often have a system which can get air from the seawater. These two things allow them to stay underwater for long periods of time. Their most important uses are attacking ships or launching missiles. These include cruise missiles and nuclear missiles. There are two main kinds of subs. Attack submarines are small and fast. They attack other subs and surface ships with torpedos. Missile subs are larger and slower. They are built to shoot missiles at far-away targets on land.

Warships
Lebanon

Lebanon is a country in the Middle East, located in Western Asia, on the Mediterranean Sea. It has a border with Israel to the south, and Syria to the east and north. Lebanon has been independent since 1943. Its capital city is Beirut.

Lebanon has two chains of mountains. It is often called the ruby of the Middle East. It has a coastline stretching all the way up. The area of Lebanon is 10,452 square kilometers.

The Cedar tree is the national symbol of Lebanon; because many of them grow in the Lebanon Mountains.

Population of Lebanon 
Around 5.2 million people live in Lebanon. 

Around 14 million Lebanese people live outside Lebanon.

The people of Lebanon 
About 61% of Lebanese people are Muslim and 34% are Christian. 

Lebanese people mostly speak Arabic; but French, English, and Armenian are also common languages.

Governorates and districts
Lebanon is divided into six governorates.  These are divided into 25 districts. The districts are also divided into several municipalities. The governorates and their districts are listed below:

 Beirut Governorate
 The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut
 Nabatieh Governorate (Jabal Amel)
 Bint Jbeil
 Hasbaya
 Marjeyoun
 Nabatieh
 Beqaa Governorate
 Baalbek
 Hermel
 Rashaya
 Western Beqaa (al-Beqaa al-Gharbi)
 Zahle
 North Governorate (al-Shamal)
 Akkar
 Batroun
 Bsharri
 Koura
 Miniyeh-Danniyeh
 Tripoli
 Zgharta
 Mount Lebanon Governorate (Jabal Lubnan)
 Aley
 Baabda
 Byblos (Jbeil)
 Chouf
 Keserwan
 Matn
 South Governorate (al-Janoub)
 Jezzine
 Sidon (Saida)
 Tyre (Sur)

Related pages
Lebanese Civil War
2020 Beirut explosion
List of rivers of Lebanon
Lebanon at the Olympics
Lebanon national football team

References 

 
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1943 establishments

Beirut
Population
Alan Alda

Alan Alda (real name: Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo) (born January 28, 1936) is an American actor. His mother was of Irish ancestry; his father was of Italian ancestry.

He directed, wrote and starred in many movies. He is probably most famous for his role as "Hawkeye" Pierce, the central character on the comedy/drama TV series M*A*S*H, as well as writing and directing several episodes of the show, and later becoming one of its producers. Alan also hosted Scientific American Frontiers on PBS from 1993 to 2005.

His father, Robert Alda, was an actor, and his mother, Joan, was once crowned Miss New York. Alan has been married to Arlene Weiss since 1957 and they have three daughters and a son.

In 2015, Alda was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. That same year, he starred in Steven Spielberg's Bridge of Spies. In 2019, he starred as lawyer Bert Spitz in Marriage Story.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Bio on Scientific American Frontiers
 Comprehensive bio 
 InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Alan Alda  (TV Interview)
 Archive of American Television interview
 Military Service
 Interview with Alda  on NPR's Fresh Air (September 21, 2005)
 Alan Alda's Charity Work
 Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
 Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned (Chapter 1) 

1936 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning directors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Sally Kellerman

Sally Clare Kellerman (June 2, 1937 – February 24, 2022) was an American movie actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. Her acting performances include the pilot for the original Star Trek television series, and the movies MASH (1970) and Back to School (1986). For her role in MASH, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Kellerman, who had dementia, died on February 24, 2022 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure at the age of 84.

References

Other websites 

1936 births
2022 deaths
Actors from Long Beach, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from heart failure
Baghdad

Baghdad (, transliterated Baghdād) is the capital city and largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in Southwest Asia after Tehran. It is the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It has 5,772,000 people (2003). Baghdad is on the Tigris River at 33°20′N 44°26′E. The city was once the center of Dar al-Islam, Muslim civilization.
Baghdad used to be one of the largest learning centers in the world, during the post classical era.

References

 
762 establishments
8th-century establishments in Iraq
760s establishments in Asia
C (programming language)

The C programming language is a computer programming language that was developed to do system programming for the operating system UNIX and is an imperative programming language.  C was developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It is a procedural language, which means that people can write their programs as a series of step-by-step instructions. C is a compiled language.

Because the ideas behind C are kept close to the design of the computer, the compiler (program builder) can generate machine code/native code for the computer.  Programs built in machine code are very fast. This makes C a good language for writing operating systems. Many operating systems, including Linux and UNIX, are programmed using this language. The language itself has very few keywords, and most things are done using libraries, which are collections of code for them to be reused.

C standards 
There are three successive standards for the C programming language ANSI C, ISO C and Standard C which are published by the American National Standards Institute(ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization(ISO).

C is available for many different types of computers. This is why C is called a "portable" language. A program that is written in C and that respects certain limitations can be compiled for many different platforms.

The syntax of C has also influenced many other programming languages, such as C++, C#, and Java, and many more programming languages we use nowadays.

Example code
Here is an example of a program written in C. When built and run it will show "Hello world!", followed by a new line on the computer screen.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    printf("Hello world!\n");
    return 0;
}

 #include <stdio.h> gets the standard input/output tools ready for the program to use. This allows text to be displayed (output). 
 int main() is called the main function, and it is where the first code starts being run in a C program.
 printf("Hello world!\n"); is what displays text, in this case "Hello world!" with a new line (\n) at the end.
 return 0; tells the computer that the program finished and did not run into problems.h

Related pages
 C dynamic memory allocation
 C++
 C Sharp (programming language)
 Objective-C

Other websites
 Introduction to C programming
 Coding Programmer Page / C Library Reference and Examples (English)
 C (programming language) -Citizendium

 C programming language basic programs

Programming languages
Court

For the court as the seat of a royal person see royal court.
For the court as a space inside a building, see courtyard.
A court, in law, is a part of the government in which people come together to decide how to apply the country's laws to a specific situation, especially when there is an argument over how to apply the law. Some disagreements a court may decide are whether a person is guilty of a crime, who is the legal owner of property, or who the children of two divorced parents should live with. A court is usually in a special building called a courthouse.

Most countries have multiple courts to deal with different issues.  For example, civil courts deal with private disputes between people or organizations, while criminal courts deal with people who have been accused of crimes.

Appellate courts 
An appellate court is one that can change a decision made by a lower court.  This is called court hierarchy.  The decision made by a low court can be appealed to a higher one, asking the higher court to change the decision.  Higher courts usually have more experienced judges in charge.  The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in that country.

Constitutional courts 
Some countries have a constitutional court. These courts decide if a law is in agreement with the constitution of the country.

Punishments 
Courts usually set the punishments for breaking the law. Common punishments include paying fines and spending time in prison. In some countries, courts have the power to sentence people to death (the death penalty).
Immunity (medical)

Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself from 'foreign bodies'. This means rejecting infections, clearing up dust which gets in the lungs, and killing cancer cells. 

Immunity is of two types. Innate immunity protects the host against infection, but has no 'memory', and so gives no long-term immunity.

The second type is adaptive immunity, which does have a kind of 'memory'. It does give long-term protection against specific pathogens.

All animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity.

People can be immunised from some diseases by having a vaccination 
(injection of some dead or weakened virus, or bacteria that causes the disease). By doing so, the body learns how the virus/bacteria harms the body, and will react more quickly to fight the virus/bacteria when it comes in contact with the virus/bacteria again. When your body has defended itself against the virus/bacteria it will trap the certain virus/bacteria in a "net" so when the virus/bacteria comes back it will be easier to trap those viruses/bacteria as well.

History of immunology

Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease.

The earliest known mention of immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time.

In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom.

This and other observations of acquired immunity was later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory.

It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.

Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments, in the study of humoral immunity (antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells and dendritic cells).

Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Mechnikov.

References 

Immunology
Map

A map is an image of an area, usually of the Earth or part of the Earth. A map is different from an aerial photograph because it includes interpretation. Many maps are called "charts" such as star charts and nautical charts. Before the late 20th century almost all maps were on paper. Today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. However, paper maps are still used.

The word "map" can also be used to talk about a chart or drawing that shows relationships between ideas, people, events, or anything else you can think about. This is why web developers call a list of web pages on a web site a site map.

People who make maps are cartographers.

Many maps today are made using GIS computer systems. These are database systems that are organized by location instead of named records. 

If a map is on a piece of paper or a computer screen, it has to be projected.  This is because the Earth is round and paper and screens are flat.  There are a lot of ways that use mathematics to make map projections.  The only kind of map of the Earth that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere.  This is called a globe.

Basic English 850 words
Cartography
Survival skills
Tools
Noah

Noah (meaning rest or comfort) is a man in the Abrahamic religions. He was the son of Lamech, and the father of sons, Shem, Ham, Canaan, and Japheth. Noah and his ark is in the Book of Genesis, which also describes Noah as the 'first man to plant a vineyard' (chapter 9). Several other parts of the Bible mention him, as does the Quran.

The Ark 

As described in the Book of Genesis, Noah and his family kept believing in God in a time when most people were not, like his son Canaan and his wife Naamah. Knowing this was true, God told Noah he was going to flood the world, so he could drown out evil. He told Noah to build a boat called an ark. Noah was to put himself, his family (except his son and his wife because they refused to come aboard the ark), and two (a male and a female) of every kind of animal on it. People laughed at Noah, but they were killed by the flood with his son and his wife. Noah and family stayed on the ark until they reached land. To find land Noah sent out a dove, which returned with an olive branch. After the flood, God made a rainbow as a promise to say that he would never destroy the Earth by flood again. When they were able to walk on dry land, the animals were released and they were able to repopulate the earth.

References

Old Testament people
1452



Events 
 March – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor becomes the last to be crowned in Rome.
 Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers Corvo Island in the Azores.
 18 June – Pope Nicholas V issues the bull Dum Diversas, legitimising the colonial slave trade.
 October – English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight.
 A major eruption of the South Pacific volcano Kuwae in Vanuatu has a subsequent global cooling effect (the eruption released more sulfate than any other event in the past 700 years).
 Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle.
 Murder of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas by James II of Scotland at Stirling Castle.
 Revolt of Ghent: Forces of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, clash multiple times with rebel militia from Ghent in the region around Ghent.

Births 
 February 6 – Joana, Crown Princess of Portugal (d. 1490)
 March 10 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1516)
 April 15 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and inventor (d. 1519)
 April 19 – King Frederick IV of Naples (d. 1504)
 July 10 – King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
 July 27 – Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1508)
 September 21 – Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer and ruler of Florence (d. 1498)
 October 2 – King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
 December 10 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (d. 1531)

Deaths 
 February 10 
 Svitrigaila, Grand Prince of Lithuania
 Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz, Prince of Black Ruthenia
 May 26 – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury
 December 12 – Guillaume Huin d'Estaing, Catholic cardinal
 date unknown
 Nicholas Close, English bishop
 Gemistus Pletho, philosopher
 William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide

Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide is a children's TV show on Nickelodeon.

From "A middle middle school full of bullies, insane teachers and gross school lunches" comes Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, a show on Nickelodeon. The show stars Devon Werkheiser as Ned Bigby (that everyone hates), a 12-15-year-old student at James K. Polk Middle School. Every episode is a group of tips to surviving a school based activity. The show is part of Nick's Sunday lineup. It first aired on September 12, 2004.

The show is very successful, it has had a promising start. The show also stars Daniel Curtis Lee and Lindsey Shaw as Simon "Cookie" Cook and Jennifer "Moze/Mose" Mosley/Mozely.

It also comes on Family Channel.

Nickelodeon television series
English-language television programs
2004 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
Newspaper

A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events and news.  Usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local city, state or country.  Newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by subscription.  One also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand.  Recycling of paper is common.  It may be converted to new paper, for example. 

Newspapers usually have many topics.  They usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and weather news.  Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comicss and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes.  Many have opinion sections.  These sections print the opinions of people who work for the newspaper.  The opinions, which are usually on stories in the news, are called editorials.  Opinion sections usually also print short letters from people who read the newspaper.

Related pages 
 Media studies

Other websites 
 Newspapers from List of Newspapers - Online Newspapers Directory

 
Printing
Reference works
Public domain

Public domain is a phrase that describes something that belongs to all people in general: the public. The public domain contains works (such as books, films, or paintings) that are not under copyright protection.

The opposite of "public domain" is copyrighted material, which is owned either by the creator of the work or their estate.  The term public domain is only used to describe things that can be copyrighted, such as photographs, drawings, written articles, books or plays, or similar works of art.  As a general rule, all intellectual property works, after enough time has gone by, will become part of public domain. Examples include the works of Leonardo da Vinci, William Shakespeare and Ludwig van Beethoven, and the books of Isaac Newton.

A work can enter the public domain in many ways.
The copyright expires, many years (usually 50 or 70 years) after its creator dies.
The work's creator may legally give up all claims to the material.
The creator forgets to renew the work's copyright (for works before 1963).
The work may have been created by agencies of certain governments, in which case it was in the public domain from the time of its creation.
The work is made by an animal.
The copyright notice is missing an owner, year or copyright symbol (for works before 1989).

In some cases, if a work enters the public domain after copyright expiration, anyone using the work may still be required to note who created the work.  Even if some works are in the public domain due to not being copyrighted, there may be still non-copyright usage restrictions. For examples, even though the design of national currencies may be ineligible, or be unsuitable, for copyright, counterfeiting them for fraud is widely a very serious crime. Another example are logos and images that only have text or simple shapes. These logos aren't copyrighted in the United States, but they are often protected by trademarks.

Intellectual property law
Child

A child (the plural is children) is someone who is not an adult or teenager yet, or an age who has not reached puberty, which usually happens in adolescence. Sometimes, teenagers (between puberty and legal adulthood) are also called children. A baby that is not yet born is often called a child, too. A person can be called his or her parent's child, no matter how old he or she is. Some synonyms for the word 'child' are kid, toddler, bairn, youngster, boy or girl, lad or lass, and youth. 

In rich countries, children go to school. Small children may go to nursery school, preschool or kindergarten. Playing with small toys and using their imaginations are important for child development. But often in a developing country, children sometimes work in factories or in the fields with their parents or guardians.

When two people get married and one (or both) of them have children with someone else before this marriage, that child is called a step child by the child's non-birth parent. If both people had children, the children of each parent are step brothers or step sisters of each other. A child whose parents die is an orphan. Orphans with no parent may be raised by grandparents or other relatives. Otherwise they may go to live in an orphanage. They may be adopted by another adult or couple wanting a child. They will then be able to grow up in a new family.

Related pages
 Adolescent
 Brother
 Parent
 Sibling
 Sister

 
Basic English 850 words
Cannes

Cannes () is a commune and the prefecture of Alpes-Maritimes.

It is most famous for the Cannes Film Festival, which takes place every summer.  Many famous people come to the movie festival from around the world to promote their movies and to see other peoples' movies too.
Photos, videos, paintings of Cannes and Cannes film festival 
Life in Cannes has always been glamorous 
a tiny fishing village once existed were Cannes States today

(french/english and more)
cannes population is 70,400
Composer

A composer is someone who writes (composes) music. Some composers work by writing music down on paper; this is called 'written notation'. Classical music writers work this way. Writers for TV and movie music also usually write this way, so that an orchestra or other players can read the music and play it.

Some musicians are very good at improvisation. This means that they think up (invent) the music as they play it. Some church organists are good at improvising. During a service they may need to play some organ music to fill in the gaps while people are collecting money or taking communion. Jazz musicians are usually excellent at improvising. Improvisation is not written down, so each time it is different.

Popular and rock or soul music writers are often not able to read and write music down. Many pop and rock composers compose their songs on a guitar or piano. Cole Porter and Irving Berlin usually composed at the piano.

Many songs are written by two or more people. It is common for two people to work together to write songs. Sometimes, one person writes the music and one writes the words (the lyrics). Some songs such as folk songs were composed many years ago and no one knows who wrote them.

Related pages
 Composition (music)
Factor

A factor can be:

 a number in mathematics;
 a chemical in science.
 a character in the game Dungeons & Dragons.
Ball

Ball could mean:

 Ball (dance), a formal dance occasion
 Something in the shape of a sphere
 A round object which is used in sports and games. Examples are:
 Baseball (ball)
 Cricket ball
 Slang term for testicles

Basic English 850 words
Ferrocement

Ferrocement is both a method and a material used in building or sculpting with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material. It is often called the thin shell. Thin shell ferrocement offers strength and economy and can be used in many ways including: building homes, creating sculptures, or building boats and ships.

Related pages 
 Reinforced concrete

Other websites 
 FerroBoats.com
 Ferrocement.com (multi-lingual)
 Ferrocement Educational Network
 Water Storage book by Art Ludwig, includes Ferrocement Tanks & Excel Water Tank Calculator
 Water Tank Design  Water Tank Design information

Construction
Camera lens

A camera lens is the part of a camera that directs light to the film or, in a digital camera, to a computer chip that can sense the light. Many cheap lenses are plastic but better ones are made from glass. The lens makes an image by focusing the light.

The majority of cameras only have one lens that users cannot change or take out. This is called a fixed lens design. More expensive cameras usually have lenses that come off, so anyone can take out one lens and put in another. A lens may be simple, or may actually be made of several lenses.

Photographers can use different lenses (objectives) to make different kinds of pictures. For example, a telephoto lens can take a picture of something far away. A  wide-angle lens is the opposite. A zoom lens is more versatile; it can do both. There are many kinds of lenses.

The study of lenses and how they work is called optics.

Lenses for large sheet film cameras are especially difficult to design. Cameras and their lenses have been made since the 19th century. Some from before World War II, are still usable today. Computers now let engineers make better lenses, though, because they can calculate the way that light goes through the lens and find the best design for each task.

Camera lenses
Boy

A boy is a young male human, either a child or teenager.  Little boys still have the body of a child.  It is not until they reach puberty (adolescence) that their bodies start to mature and they become a man.
The word “boy” was used a long time ago in Anglo-Saxon English. The opposite of a boy is a girl.

Culture
The way boys are brought up will be vary a lot between different cultures.   Boys are supposed to be tougher than girls.  It is their job to do work which is physically hard, including fighting in the army when they are grown up.  However, people’s attitudes are changing and nowadays many girls like to do the same things as boys. In Western cultures boys traditionally wear trousers (pants) while girls wear dresses or skirts.    However, many girls also wear trousers these days, like boys, especially when dressed informally.  Boys often have shorter hair than girls, although this can vary a lot according to quickly changing fashions.

Traditionally boys like rough games (such as soccer or rugby) and enjoy playing with mechanical things such as toy cars and trains.  People today have long discussions about whether this is because they are born like that, or because that is the way society expects them to behave.

The traditional colour for a boy is blue.  For girls it is pink.  When a baby is born in a hospital it usually gets a blue or pink tag on its wrist or ankle, according to whether it is a boy or a girl.

Names
Some names are boys’ names, others are girls’ names. There are some names which can be for boys and girls (although they may be spelt differently, e.g. “Lesley” for a boy and “Leslie” for a girl).

In some countries such as Britain an “old boy” means a grown up who used to be a pupil at a particular school (e.g. “He is an old boy of Cransbury High School”).   The expression can also be used in a very informal, friendly way, e.g. “Nice to see you, old boy!”.

Gallery

Related pages

Man
Boyfriend

Basic English 850 words
Humans
Childhood
Company clerk

Responsible for performing clerical and administrative duties in an office setting. Assists executive assistants and secretaries by sorting mail, filing, answering phones, greeting clients, scheduling meetings, and restocking supplies.

Occupations
Afrikaner people

Afrikaners are white South Africans who speak Afrikaans as mother tongue and follow the Afrikaans culture. Most of them have Dutch, German, French Huguenot, ancestors. Also known as Boere, Voortrekkers and Burgers, although under slightly different contexts. In South Africa there are about 3 million white people with Afrikaans as mother tongue, that can be assumed to be Afrikaners if they chose to follow the Afrikaans culture.

South African people
Invention

An invention is a new thing that someone has made. The computer was an invention when it was first made. We say when it was "invented". New things that are made or created are called inventions. Cars and plastics are inventions that everyone knows. Inventions are made by inventors. Many inventions are patented.

Ideas are also called inventions. Writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them.

Inventing 
Over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves. Because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written. The quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space. However, not all people believe that this is true. They think that too much of something can lead to an invention.
Many inventions are just a variation of something that already exists.

Other websites 

 List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Important Inventions (on the WIPO web site)

Basic English 850 words
Genocide

Genocide is the crime of killing many people who are all part of one ethnic or religious group, or some sort of similar group, and trying to destroy that group. Genocide is done usually by a group, such as a government, or military group, not by one person or a small number of people. Usually, the motivation for genocide is based on political reason.

The word genocide was made up by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jew, in 1944, from the words "genos" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "occidere", to kill). It was first used to the Nazi Holocaust, when many groups, including Jews and others, were killed.

Ustashe of Croatia are another example of genocidial horror. About a million of Serbs were killed in WWII in Ustashe concentration camps. Another example of genocide was when about a million of the Tutsi group of people of Rwanda were killed along with Hutus who were against the genocide in 1994.

In 1933 Lemkin made a speech to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as a crime against international law. The purpose of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based mostly on the experience of Assyrians massacred in Iraq on 11 August 1933. The event in Iraq reminded him of earlier similar events of the Armenian Genocide during World War I.

Today, any genocide is prohibited by the Genocide Convention and actor or inciter of genocide is judged by the International Criminal Court.

Examples
Today most people see the following events as genocide. Note that the events listed are just examples.
Herero and Namaqua Genocide
Armenian Genocide
Holocaust
Nanking Massacre
Cambodian Genocide
Rwandan Genocide
Darfur conflict
Srebrenica massacre

References 

 
Ethnicity
Sentence

A sentence is a set of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax. For example:"Ali is walking".

A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: She walks. A subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.

Phrases and clauses 
A phrase or clause is part of a sentence.p773–777 

This is an example of a sentence:
The dog is happy.
In this sentence, 'The dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb.

This is an example of a phrase:
The happy dog

There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence.

A clause is a sentence within a sentence. Example:
They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter. This sentence has two co-ordinate (~equal) clauses, linked by 'and'.p220 and indranil das

Types of sentence

 A simple sentence has only one clause, and one independent variable. The cat is sleeping.
 A compound sentence has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined together with conjunctions, punctuation, or both. The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.
 A complex sentence has one clause with a relative clause. The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy.
 A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad.

Sentences have different purposes:
 A declarative sentence, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a full stop . (The dog is happy.)
 An interrogative sentence, or question, asks something. It ends with a question mark ? (Are you happy?)
 An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an exclamation mark ! (That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!)
 An imperative sentence, or command, tells someone to do something. (Give the dog a bone.)

Basic English sentences 
Here are some sentences written in Basic English:

The sky is blue.

Today is Monday.

Tomorrow is Tuesday.

The baby is smiling.

Sheila is reading a book.

This is the road to take.

Read a book about the history of America.

There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden.

The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me.

They are playing in the grounds.

Related pages
Phrase
Punctuation
Word

References 

 

TYpes of sentences worksheet
1351



Events 
 May 1 – Zürich became a part of Switzerland.
Cartoonist

A cartoonist is a person who draws cartoons. Cartoons can be pictures on a printed page (also called comics or comic strips) or moving pictures on film (also called animation). Both kinds of cartoons can be found on the internet. Examples of some famous cartoonists are:

Walt Disney (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck)
Terry Gilliam (Monty Python)
Tex Avery (Looney Tunes, Droopy)
Chuck Jones (Looney Tunes, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Tom and Jerry)
Don Martin (MAD Magazine)
Bil Keane (Family Circus)
Jim Davis (Garfield, U.S. Acres)
Matt Groening (Life in Hell, The Simpsons, Futurama)
Robert Crumb (Fritz the Cat, Keep on Truckin')
Al Capp (Lil' Abner)
Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry, Scooby Doo)
Max and Dave Fleschier (Koko The Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye)
Gary Larson (Far Side)
Mike Judge (Beavis and Butthead, King of the Hill)
Chester Gould (Dick Tracy)
Jay Ward (Rocky and Bullwinkle, George of the Jungle)
Don Bluth (American Tail, The Land Before Time)
Bill Watterson (Calvin and Hobbes)
Ub Iwerks (Mickey Mouse)
Garry Trudeau (Doonsbury)
Aaron McGruder (The Boondocks)
Stan Lee (Marvel Comics)
Charles Schulz (Peanuts)
Sergio Aragonés (MAD Magazine, Groo the Wanderer)
Dave Berg (MAD Magazine)
John Kricfalusi (The Ren and Stimpy Show, Ripping Friends)
Mort Walker (Beetle Bailey)
Scott Adams (Dilbert)
Carl Barks (Scrooge McDuck)
Peyo (The Smurfs)
Bob Clampett (Looney Tunes, Beany and Cecil)
Bob Kane (Batman, Coragous Cat and Minute Mouse, Cool McCool)
Todd McFarlane (Spawn)
Seth McFarlane (Family Guy, American Dad)
Charles Addams (The Addams Family, The New Yorker)
Friz Freling (Looney Tunes)

Other websites 
Don Markstein's Toonopedia
David Ogden Stiers

David Allen Ogden Stiers (October 31, 1942 – March 3, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist. He was most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III in M*A*S*H. He also provided the voices in several Disney animated movies. This included playing Cogsworth in Beauty and the Beast, John Radcliffe in Pocahontas, and Jumba Jookiba in the Lilo & Stitch franchise.

He also played the voice of Escher in the Myst V (End of Ages) video game.

Early life
Stiers was born in Peoria, Illinois on October 31, 1942. He attended Urbana High School at the same time as Roger Ebert. He went to Eugene, Oregon, where he graduated from North Eugene High School and attended the University of Oregon.

Personal life
Stiers was openly gay. He was a Democrat.

Death
On March 3, 2018, Stiers died at his home in Newport, Oregon of bladder cancer-related complications at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 The Stiers Place Website  - David Ogden Stiers Fansite
 

1942 births
2018 deaths
Actors from Illinois
Actors from Oregon
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television directors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from bladder cancer
Democrats (United States)
Disease-related deaths in Oregon
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Illinois
People from Peoria, Illinois
Comedians from Oregon
McLean Stevenson

McLean Stevenson (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, M*A*S*H. He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.

Stevenson was born in Normal, Illinois.

His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed Adlai  Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times.

Stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 68. Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played Henry Blake in the 1970 movie version of M*A*S*H, died the day after Stevenson did.

Other websites 

1929 births
1996 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American television presenters
Actors from Illinois
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Normal, Illinois
Wife

A wife is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the bride.

In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. In old times there were no limitations in some countries. In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).

There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example,
a queen is a wife of a king. 

A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.

Related pages
 Marriage
 Husband
 Homemaker
 Divorce

Family
Catherine Parr

Catherine Parr (alternatively Katherine or Kateryn)  (c.1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and of Ireland (1543–47). She was the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII.  She married him on 12 July 1543, and outlived him by one year.  She was also the most-married English queen, with four husbands. She was also the first woman to be queen of both England and Ireland.

Catherine had a close relationship with Henry's three children. She personally helped teach school for Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom became English monarchs. She helped get the Third Succession Act in 1543 passed. This placed Mary I and Elizabeth I, back into the line of succession to the British throne.

Henry died on 28 January 1547. Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, the Baron of Sudeley. 

Catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, Mary Seymour. She was named after Catherine's stepdaughter Mary – on 30 August 1548. She died only six days later, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis). This was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions. 

Many years later, in 1782, the coffin of Queen Catherine was found in the ruins of the Sudeley Castle chapel.

References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 

1512 births
1548 deaths
English Anglicans
English Roman Catholics
Former Roman Catholics
Kings and Queens consort of England
Royalty from London
Simon & Garfunkel

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo. They were two childhood friends, who found fame in the 1960s. Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.

Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock).

Albums 
 Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.
 Sounds of Silence
 Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
 Bookends
 Bridge Over Troubled Water
 Greatest Hits
 The Concert in Central Park

Sources

Musical groups from New York City
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Madagascar

Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the east coast of Africa. Twenty-two million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo. It is the world's fourth largest island.

The official languages are Malagasy and French.

Geologists think that about two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a big supercontinent called Pangaea, that included what is now the continent of Africa, but it broke off. Madagascar would later break off of the Indian subcontinent.

Environment 

Madagascar is home to many species that were not known about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not even exist elsewhere in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar. In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world. However, many of the species in Madagascar are in danger because many of the forests have been cut down. A big reason that forests have been cut down is so that land can be used to grow crops such as coffee, which is one of the most important crops that is grown in Madagascar.

Economy 
Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism.

Provinces 

In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions.  It used to be divided into 6 provinces.

 ｡^‿^｡

History 
People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years.

France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent from France, which meant it became its own country, on 26 June, 1960. On March 17, 2009, President Marc Ravalomanana quit because of pressure from the military. Andry Raejolina became the next president.

Related pages
List of rivers of Madagascar
Madagascar at the Olympics
Madagascar national football team

References

Other websites
Photos of Madagascar  

 
 
Gondwana
Least developed countries
1960 establishments in Africa
Board game

A board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces.  

Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards.  There are many board games with a long history in some cultures.  Examples of these games are  chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years.  Among these games are Scrabble and Monopoly. 

Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.

Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.

References

Other websites

Information about thousands of different board games