cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) is a public government-funded, higher education, technology school located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Institut Teknologi Bandung are the one of most popular university in Indonesia, together with Gadjah Mada University and University of Indonesia. The symbol of Institut Teknologi Bandung is Ganesha, a Hindu god representing wisdom.

Other websites
 Homepage of Institut Teknologi Bandung

References

Technical colleges and universities in Asia
Indonesia
Superconductor

A superconductor is a substance that conducts electricity without resistance when it becomes colder than a "critical temperature."  At this temperature, electrons can move freely through the material. Superconductors are different from ordinary conductors, such as copper.  Ordinary conductors lose their resistance (get more conductive) slowly as they get colder. In contrast, superconductors lose their resistance all at once. This is an example of a phase transition. High magnetic fields destroy superconductivity and restore the normal conducting state. Some examples of superconductors are the metals mercury and lead, ceramics and organic carbon nanotubes.

Normally, a magnet moving by a conductor produces currents in the conductor by electromagnetic induction. But a superconductor actually pushes out magnetic fields entirely by inducing surface currents. Instead of letting the magnetic field pass through, the superconductor acts like a magnet pointing the opposite way, which repels the real magnet. This is called the Meissner effect, and it can be demonstrated by levitating a superconductor over magnets or vice versa.

Explanation 
Physicists explain superconductivity by describing what happens when temperatures get cold. The thermal energy in a solid or liquid shakes the atoms so they randomly vibrate, but this gets less as the temperature drops.  Electrons  carry the same negative electric charge which makes them repel each other. At higher temperatures each electron behaves as if it were a free particle. There is also however a very weak attraction between electrons when they are in a solid or liquid.   At rather large distances (  many hundreds of nanometers apart) and low temperatures (near absolute zero),  the attractive effect and lack of thermal energy allows pairs of electrons to hang together. This is called a cooper pair and it is a quasiparticle , that is it acts as if it were a new kind of particle in its own right even though it is made up of two fundamental electrons.  Many overlapping cooper pairs can exist in the same nanometer sized space.  Since paired electrons constitute a boson the motions of all of the cooper pairs within a single superconductor  synchronise  and they function as if they are a single entity.   Small disturbances such as scattering of electrons are forbidden in this state and it moves as one showing no resistance to its motion. It is hence now a superconductor.

History of superconductors

Applications 
 Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)
 Particle accelerators
 Small particle accelerators in health
 Levitating trains
 Nuclear fusion
 MRI Scanner
Ect.

References

Electronics
Magnetism
Julian McMahon

Julian McMahon (born 27 July 1968, in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian actor and former model. His father, Sir William McMahon was Prime Minister of Australia from 1971–1972. McMahon is best known for playing Cole Turner on the television series Charmed, Doctor Doom in the 2005-2007 Fantastic Four movie series and Christian Troy on the series Nip/Tuck.

Other websites 

1968 births
Living people
Australian television actors
Charmed
Actors from Sydney
Australian models
Australian movie actors
Coffs Harbour

Coffs Harbour is a city on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia.  It is 540 km north of Sydney and 440 km south of Brisbane. Coffs Harbour is famous for its bananas  and is also an important diving spot. It also has a campus of the Southern Cross University. It is the home of the Big Banana, a tourist attraction and amusement park.

References

Other websites

Cities in New South Wales
Trial

A trial is where two people or two groups of people argue in a court.

Civil trial 
In a civil trial, there is a plaintiff and a defendant. The plaintiff tries to prove that he or she has a reason why the defendant needs to give him or her money.

Criminal trial 
In a criminal trial, there is a prosecutor and a defendant. The prosecutor works for the government and tries to prove that the defendant committed a crime. It often takes a long time to get a trial scheduled as the courts can be very busy. In the United States, Federal court can take up to 10 months to get a court date.

Judge 
The judge controls the courtroom. He or she decides who speaks when, and they decide what evidence and arguments can be used. Sometimes, a jury is brought in to determine whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. If there is no jury, the judge or judges decide whether the defendant is proven guilty or not. If the defendant is proven guilty of the crime, the judge will decide the punishment, which is also called the "sentence". If the crime is serious, the defendant may go to prison or, in some countries, be executed. For smaller crimes, there is often a fine—money that must be paid, in addition to having a criminal record.

Differences in each country
Trials are different in places where the laws are different. Different countries, cities and states all have different laws that change how trials happen. Trials in some places are very short. In some places, however, important trials can take as long as a few years while the two sides gather information and put together their arguments.
Belinda Peregrín

Belinda Peregrin Schüll born (August 15, 1989 or 1992)A, is a Mexican singer and actress. She is often called just Belinda. Her first album, Belinda (2003), was very popular and sold over 1.1 million copies worldwide. Her second album Utopía (2006) gave her two Latin Grammy Award nominations.

She has also been in many movies, such as the Disney Channel Original Movie The Cheetah Girls 2 (2006). She was also in the telenovela Camaleones (2009) and the TV series Mujeres asesinas 3 (2010). After this, she released her third album Carpe Diem (2010), which had a hit single "Egoísta". Her fourth album Catarsis (2013) went straight to number one in Mexico.

References

A  According to Belinda's official websites, she was born in 1992. However, multiple sources mark "1989" as her birth year. 

1988 births
Living people
Actors from Madrid
Child actors
Child singers
Latin singers
Mexican singers
Musicians from Madrid
Spanish singers
Ngo Dinh Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem or Ngô Đình Diệm ( or ; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam.

Unlike most people in Vietnam, he was a Catholic. After he kept favoring people of his religion, he was overthrown and killed on 2 November 1963 by the South Việtnamese army during the Buddhist crisis. The army then set up a military dictatorship.

References

Other websites 

 JFK and the Diệm Coup - Provided by the National Security Archive.
 Diệm Biography  From Spartacus Educational
 Photos of Diệm's family 

1901 births
1963 deaths
Assassinated people
Deaths by firearm
People of the Vietnam War
Presidents (government)
Roman Catholics
Vietnamese politicians
Kaiser

Kaiser was title used for the Emperor of Germany from the creation of unified Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. The Holy Roman Emperor was also called "Kaiser". The word "Kaiser" is the German way to say Caesar, the name the ancient Romans used for their Roman Emperor, just as "Tsar" is the Russian way to say it.
Dwarf (mythology)

A dwarf is a short, humanlike creature from Norse and Germanic mythologies. They have been used in many fairy tales, fantasy, fiction and role-playing games.

In some stories, dwarfs are mean, living under bridges, and having a bad reputation for stealing treasure.  One example is the Norwegian Troll.  It is an ugly and foolish creature who tells lies.  It causes problems everywhere it goes.  That is how the Internet troll got its name.  In Robert Louis Stevenson's story, "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," Edward Hyde is described as "a dwarf."

On the other hand, J. R. R. Tolkien's hobbits and the munchkins in The Wizard of Oz are likeable, honest, good and smart.

Related pages 
 Dvergr
 Goblin

References

Other websites 
Pictures from the "25cm dwarf", discovered in Iran. 
Orange Alternative Website 
Dwarves and Pygmies of ancient Egypt 

Mythology
Festival

A festival is a gathering of people to celebrate something. It can also refer to a one day or more when people in a country have a holiday so that they can celebrate something.  Festivals may be religious or national. They also may be events which feature different cultural programs such as music, dancing, poetry, movies, etc.

Related pages
Halloween
Christmas
Thanksgiving
New Year
Easter
Pentecost
Eid festival
Divali
Yom Kippur
Guy Fawkes Night
Han dynasty

The Han dynasty came to power in 202 B.C. They followed the philosophies of Confucianism and legalism. This was called 'the Han synthesis'.

Under this dynasty, China made progress in arts and science. The empire also became larger and larger. China started trading with a number of other countries. They started the Silk Road. Merchants used the Silk Road to reach China. During this dynasty Buddhism was introduced in China. Today, the dominant ethnic group of China calls themselves the Han Chinese since this was the dynasty where many of the norms of Chinese culture found a firm foundation in the culture, including Confucianism and Traditional Chinese characters. The first emperor of the han dynasty is Liu Bang, known in Chinese as Emperor Gaozu of Han.

The Han dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. The new emperor maintained a legalist ideology just like the Qin dynasty but also had ideas of Confucianism to have a centralized system showing benevolence. After eighty years, Emperor Wu of Han launched a period of military expansion.  The Han armies controlled many territories, including Silk Road in Mongolia and Xinjiang.  The Silk Road  helped make a political, economic, military, and culture center, but it was very expensive to manage and further expansion was cut off.  Several factors contributed to the fall of the Han dynasty, including uprisings of desperate and hungry people, the spread of attacks by nomadic groups, and official corruption.

Most of the people of China are Han Chinese.  The name comes from the Han Dynasty.

Literature 
Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman 1992. China: a new history. 2nd enlarged edition 2006. Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Other websites 

 Han Dynasty by Minnesota State University 
 Han Dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts

Chinese dynasties
3rd-century BC establishments
3rd-century disestablishments
Zhou Dynasty

The Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BCE. The kings of this dynasty made the empire a lot bigger. For the first time in the history of China, many people began moving to far away places inside the empire. The Zhou rulers moved the capital from Henan to a place near present-day Xi'an, near the Yellow River. The Zhou Dynasty also brought the theory of the Mandate of Heaven. This theory said that the fact that rulers were in charge proved that the gods wanted them to be in charge. Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers after the Zhou continued to believe this theory.

Mature Chinese philosophy developed during the Zhou Dynasty. The greatest Chinese philosophers were Kong Fuzi (Latin: Confucius), founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Daoism. Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought from the Zhou Dynasty were Mozi (Latin: Micius), founder of Mohism, Mengzi (Latin: Mencius), a famous Confucian who expanded upon Kong Fuzi's legacy, Shang Yang and Han Feizi, responsible for the development of ancient Chinese Legalism (the core philosophy of the Qin Dynasty), and Xunzi.

References

Other websites

Chinese dynasties
Tony Iommi

Frank Anthony "Tony" Iommi (born 19 February 1948, in Birmingham, England) is a British guitarist and songwriter. He is most famous for starting the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He is the only person who has stayed a member of the band since it began in 1968. He lost two finger tips in a work accident, and made two fake finger tips from a plastic bottle. This helped give Black Sabbath their heavy sound.

In 2003, Iommi was listed at number 86 in Rolling Stone Magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" issue.

Along with Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, Iommi is oft considered one of the greatest riff writers of all time.  Iommi used several riffs in Black Sabbath's songs.

He was born to an Italian immigrant family and has dual Italian British citizenship. 

In 2006 Tony Iommi was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Notes 

Iommi, Tony
1948 births
Living people
Rebellion

A rebellion is when people refuse to obey orders and fight against authority. Those who do this are "rebels". They may be citizens of a country who try to take over the government by force because they do not trust the current system. Some rebels in history were slaves who fought back against their masters or against slavery in general. Leader of slave rebellions include Spartacus and Nat Turner.

An example would be the Zhou dynasty in China who made the rulers of other Chinese states that they captured live with their own families in the Zhou capital, Anyang. However, they failed to stop rebellion this way because it brought together groups of lords who might rebel under their control. The Zhou dynasty declined because other lords that were ruling parts of China rebelled.

Rebellion is a usual method of secession. 

Rebellion
Battle

A battle is a fight between two or more groups where each group is trying to defeat (beat) the others.  Battles are most often fought during wars.  A small battle fought by only a small part of the armies is called a skirmish.  Series of battles are called military campaigns.  The ground on which a battle is fought is called a battlefield.

Battles can very important, for example the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, which was a draw in military terms, and the 1798 Battle of the Nile which the French lost, changed the history of  Europe and the world.

Famous battles

Land battles
Battle of Hastings — 1066
Battle of Kosovo — 1389
Battle of Waterloo — 1815
Battle of Gettysburg — 1863
Battle of Verdun — 1916
Battle of the Bulge — 1944

Naval battles
Battle of Trafalgar — 1805
Battle of Midway — 1942

References
1936 Summer Olympics

The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, were held in Berlin, Germany. 

The games were thought to be successful. The costs of the games was mostly paid for by the German government.

Participating nations 
A total of 49 nations sent athletes to compete at the Berlin games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Olympic football tournament 1936 (Austria)
 Jesse Owens

References

Other websites

 Berlin 1936 at Olympic.org

1936 Summer Olympics
Bathurst, New South Wales

Bathurst is a city in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is about 200km west of Sydney. Bathurst has a campus of Charles Sturt University and a cathedral.

References 

Cities in New South Wales
List of Pacific typhoon seasons

The following is a list of Pacific typhoon seasons. Unlike Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons, they run for the whole year, starting on January 1 and ending on December 31. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the western half of the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator.

1900s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959

1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979

1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Related articles
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

Pacific typhoon seasons
Pacific typhoon seasons
Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century. 

At its peak the empire was one of the largest in both Islamic and African history. The Songhai people were the ruling elite in the empire. Gao was the capital of the empire. Other important cities in the empire were Timbuktu and Djenné, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively. Trade flourished in those towns. 

Initially, the empire was ruled by the Sonni dynasty (c. 1464–1493), but it was later replaced by the Askiya dynasty (1493–1591).

Former empires
Former monarchies of Africa
SeaMonkey

SeaMonkey is a free and open source Internet application suite, which uses the Gecko rendering engine.  It works on many operating systems.  It is very useful, and includes an e-mail client, a calendar, a HTML editor, an IRC client, and a web browser. It is made by the SeaMonkey Council, formerly by Mozilla Foundation.

History 
On March 10, 2005 the Mozilla Foundation said that they will not develop the Mozilla Application suite, including the Netscape web browser, because Firefox and Thunderbird were more popular. The SeaMonkey Council renamed the project SeaMonkey and continued its development. The newest version of its main release version is 2.46.

Features 
The web browser of SeaMonkey contains a lot of features used in new web browsers like tabbed browsing, pop-up blocking, e-mail, newsgroups, web editing software, spell checking, and an address book.

Optionally included in the SeaMonkey suite is an IRC chat application.

Related pages
List of IRC clients

Other websites 
 Seamokey project site
 SeaMonkey Wiki
 SeaMonkey Download

IRC clients
Web browsers
Mozilla
Punch and Judy

Punch and Judy is a very popular puppet show which children in Britain love to watch.  It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported.  The characters are all glove puppets.  The story is told by a man who calls himself “The Professor”.  He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.

Characters
Punch wears a jester's motley.  He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!". He speaks in a funny way called a swazzle.  There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages.  The simple kind of humour used is called “slapstick”.

History
The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte.  This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories (“stock characters”).  The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called  Punchinello in English. Punch's wife was originally "Joan".

May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.
 
The British show developed into "Punch and Judy".   In other countries the stories developed differently.  In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called Jan Klaassen and Judy is Katrijn; in Denmark Mester Jackel; in Italy Pulcinella (with Teresina as the female part); in Russia Petruschka; in Romania Vasilache ; and in France Polichinelle.

In 1827, The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy became the first published Punch and Judy script. In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

References

Comedy

Traditions
Puppets
Boomerang (TV channel)

Boomerang is the name of the 2nd television networkowned by Cartoon Network. Boomerang was one of the two actual spin-offs of Cartoon Network and Adult Swim showing classic animated cartoons and animated television series from the Hanna-Barbera archives. Cartoon Network showing CN originals and modern cartoons, and Adult Swim showing adult-animates cartoons and adult live action for teens and adults.

Formerly a segment of programming within the Cartoon Network, the channel was launched at the end of the 20th century and introduced to satellite in April 1, 2000. When it launched back on April 1, 2000 there were bumpers telling you what was coming up next. The current Boomerang coming up next, idents, promos, blocks, and bumpers were used from (April 1, 2000-present)

Programming 
 Ben 10 (2010 – present)
 Courage the Cowardly Dog (2009 – 2016)
 Dexter's Laboratory (2006 – present)
 The Flintstones (April 1, 2000 – present)
 Felix The Cat (TV Series, 2001 ; 2002)
 Garfield and Friends (2006 - present)
 The Garfield Show (2013 - present)
Looney Tunes (2000 – 2001 ; 2002)
 Peanuts (April 1, 2000 – present)
 The Powerpuff Girls (1998;  2008 – present)
 Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (April 1, 2000 – present)
 The Smurfs (April 1, 2000 – present)
 Tom and Jerry (April 1, 2000 – present)
 The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (shown on Tom and Jerry)
 Tom and Jerry Tales (2006;)
 Wacky Races (April 1, 2000– present)
   Camp Lazlo (2013-present)
Snorks (April 1, 2000-present)
Jonny Quest (April 1, 2000-present)
Cartoon Cartoons (Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo, What a Cartoon!, and 2 Stupid Dogs) (2009-present)
Popeye, Kenny the Shark, Fantastic Max, Fantastic Four, Thundercats (1985), Teen Titans, Krypto the Superdog (2000-present)
Blocks : Boomerang-A-Long (2000-present)
Boomerang Theater (2000-present)
Wedgies (2008-present)
Boomerang Zoo (2000-present)
Infomercials (2000-present)
Boomerloyalty (2008-present)
Boomeraction (2000-present)

Other websites 
Official website 
BoomerangTV.co.uk - Official UK website
BoomerangTV.de - Official DE website

Cartoon Network
American television networks
2000 establishments in the United States
Boomerang

A boomerang is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower. In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.

History
Most people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting. But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20,000 (twenty thousand) years old. This kind of boomerang does not return to the thrower, but it can fly longer distances and more stably than other things which can be thrown. These days (returning) boomerangs are usually used for recreation.

Technical aspects
Most of the boomerangs do not have the classical "L"-shape. The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly. However, some boomerangs do not return because their wings do not have the right profile. Most of the boomerangs are made for right-handed use. Left-handed people have to use other boomerangs that are mirror-inverted, or have to throw with their right hand.

Throwing instructions
A boomerang is not thrown like a frisbee. It has to be thrown almost vertically, with an inclination of about 10–20 degrees and with a lot of rotation (spin). When facing the wind, throw with an angle of 30–45 degrees to the right (left-handed: to the left) of the wind. Be sure to choose a field that is big enough. Watch out for passers-by, and do not throw when people are standing in the range of the boomerang. See also the link provided in the section below.

Clubs
There are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world. These clubs organise workshops and tournaments. The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America. A few years ago, the International Federation of Boomerang Associations (IFBA) was founded to help to spread knowledge about boomerangs.

Other websites
Illustrated throwing instructions 
International Federation of Boomerang Associations
United States Boomerang Association
British Boomerang Society

Tools
Weapons
Indigenous Australian culture
Cell (disambiguation)

A cell can mean:

 The cell, the basic structure of a biological organism
 A room in a prison or jail where people are kept.
 Cell (novel), a novel by Stephen King.
 Battery
 Mobile phone
Prophecy

A prophecy is a claim of what the future will be like, which is not based on any ordinary source of information. In some ways, prophecies are similar to religion. Not all people believe in prophecy. People that do think they come from God or a god. They are often hard to understand and need interpretation. Very often, they concern one very specific event. People who make prophecies are called prophets. In Ancient Greece, people who made prophecies were called oracles, most notably the Oracle of Delphi. Since then, people like Nostradamus have made prophecies.

To prophesy is to make a prophecy. The two words are spelled differently and pronounced differently. "Prophesy" is a verb, and "prophecy" is a noun.

Prophecy in religion

Judeo-Christian Religion 
There are many prophecies in the Bible. Some of these warn of punishments to come.  There are two kinds of Bible prophecies.  Some are conditional, that is, they include the possibility that the punishment can be avoided based on the hearers changing their ways. An example of this is found in the Book of Daniel.  Other prophecies are unconditional.  That means that the event will happen no matter what the hearers do to avoid it. There are also Bible prophecies that tell of future blessings.  Blessings are good things that happen because of God's mercy and forgiveness. Some prophecies contain both punishment and blessings.  Jesus made prophecies like this, warning people to believe in Him and live right, to get the blessing instead of the punishment. While some of the prophecies in the bible about future events are hard to understand, the moral warnings from Jesus are not hard to understand.  For this reason, some preachers, like Moses, Jesus and other religious leaders who tell people to live a good life are called prophets by their followers even though they may not tell about future events.

Theology
Ornithomimus

Ornithomimus was a lightly built fast-running North American feathered dinosaur. 

Ornithomimus had three toes on each foot, long arms and  neck, but a small head. It also had claws on each hand and foot. It had no teeth and weak jaws, which might mean it was omnivorous.

Ornithomimus edmonticus was the largest species, 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150 kg. It walked on two legs and looked slightly like an ostrich, except for its long tail. 

There has been trouble with naming. Some speciments are put in other genera, like Dromiceiomimus and Struthiomimus.

Feathers 
In 1995, 2008 and 2009, three O. edmontonicus specimens with evidence of feathers were found. Two adults had quill knobs on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of bird-like feather shafts. A juvenile had impressions of long fluffy feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck. 

The feather imprints were found in sandstone, previously thought to not be able to support such impressions.

References

Other websites 
 Ornithomimus in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia  at Dino Russ' Lair

Coelurosaurs
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Book of Job

The Book of Job () is the 18th book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. It is one of the books in the class of poetry.

Beginning 
The Bible says "In the land of Uz" there lived a man whose name was Job. He feared God and shunned evil. Job had seven sons and three daughters, and he owned seven-thousand sheep, three-thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants. He was the greatest man among all the people of the East." 
"When a period of feasting had run its course, Job would send and have them purified. Early in the morning he would sacrifice a burnt offering for each of them, thinking, "Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. This was Job's regular custom."
The Bible also says that Job was a pious, rich, loyal and a man who loved God.

Satan meets God 
One day Satan and the Angels of God went to God. God tells Satan about his servant Job and how good he is. Satan says that the only reason he is like that is because God was good to him and gave him sons and daughters and many animals. Satan asks if he can test Job and God lets him. God tells Satan not to kill Job.

First test 
The first test Satan did was to take away all of Job's animals, killing the servants that were with the animals, and killing all of Job's sons and daughters while they were eating together. Even though Satan did these things to Job, Job did not curse God like Satan wanted Job to do.

Satan meets God again 
Satan and the Angels went to meet God again. Like before, God talked about how good his servant Job is. Satan says that Job will curse God if he makes Job sick, which he did. This is the last meeting with Satan, the Angels.

Second test 
Satan afflicted sores all over Job's body. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Job told her that if he said that, that would be foolish. Even though Job lost everything he had and suffered from painful sores all over his body, he did not sin against God by cursing him. Satan had failed in trying to make him sin. This is the final time Satan is mentioned in the Book of Job.

Job's friends  
When Job's friends heard about the things that happened to him they went to comfort him. Most of the book tells of Job and his friends talking. The names of his friends are Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. Towards the end of the book, Job's friends start to think that Job is not good because a lot of bad things are happening to him. Job keeps on saying that he is good but he starts to wonder if God really is good.

Job and God 
After God speaks to Job and his three friends, God asks Job where he was when He created the earth and filled it with amazing things (meaning that it is not possible for man to understand God's ways). God gets very angry at Job's friends for thinking that Job was not a good man and for saying things about God they did not know about, and Job prays for his friends: God answers his prayer. God blesses Job because he did not curse Him. God gives him more than he had before.

Other websites 
Book of Job in the King James Version
Book of Job in the New International Version
Book of Job at Scriptures.lds.org

Old Testament books
Abide with Me

"Abide with Me" is a religious song or hymn. It was written by Henry Lyte in 1847, and is typically associated with funerals and solemn events of remembrance. The song is sung at the start of the FA Cup finals.

Lyrics 
Abide with me; fast falls the eventide;
The darkness deepens; Lord with me abide.
When other helpers fail and comforts flee,
Help of the helpless, O abide with me.

Swift to its close ebbs out life’s little day;
Earth’s joys grow dim; its glories pass away;
Change and decay in all around I see;
O Thou who changest not, abide with me.

Not a brief glance I beg, a passing word;
But as Thou dwell’st with Thy disciples, Lord,
Familiar, condescending, patient, free.
Come not to sojourn, but abide with me.

Come not in terrors, as the King of kings,
But kind and good, with healing in Thy wings,
Tears for all woes, a heart for every plea—
Come, Friend of sinners, and thus bide with me.

Thou on my head in early youth didst smile;
And, though rebellious and perverse meanwhile,
Thou hast not left me, oft as I left Thee,
On to the close, O Lord, abide with me.

I need Thy presence every passing hour.
What but Thy grace can foil the tempter’s power?
Who, like Thyself, my guide and stay can be?
Through cloud and sunshine, Lord, abide with me.

I fear no foe, with Thee at hand to bless;
Ills have no weight, and tears no bitterness.
Where is death’s sting? Where, grave, thy victory?
I triumph still, if Thou abide with me.

Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes;
Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies.
Heaven’s morning breaks, and earth’s vain shadows flee;
In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me.

Other websites 
The Cyber Hymnal™  (lyrics, MIDI, sheet music, pictures & history)

19th-century songs
Christian hymns
Studio

A studio is a place where an artist can work. Studios can be used for many things, such as photography, broadcasting, painting, making movies, television shows, cartoons, or music.

Movie studio
A movie studio is where movies are made and produced. It can be indoors, outdoors, or both.

Television studio
A television studio is where video production takes place. It usually contains cameras, microphones, speakers, and spotlights. It is similar to a movie studio.

Recording studio
A recording studio is used for recording music, speech, or other kinds of sound. They are typically divided into three areas: an "isolation room" that has soundproofing for playing instruments and to prevent echo, a "live room" for general recording, and a "control room" to store the recording equipment that DJ's use.

Art
Buildings and structures
Vicious

The word vicious has several meanings:
It is the adjective of , meaning full of vice
Sid Vicious, a musician.
Vicious, a character in the Cowboy Bebop Anime
Valkyrie

The Valkyries (Old Norse: Valkyrjur, singular valkyrja - “choosers of the slain”) are a host of female figures in Norse mythology; they are a group of warrior maidens in service to the chief god Odin.

Profile
Alternatively the Valkyries are servants to Freya.  She negotiated with One Eye that her shield maidens would sort the honourable dead on the battlefield. Freya had first choice of half the slain to come to Sessrumnir, the other half were to be delivered to One Eye at Valhall. 

Freya had  Fierce and respected warriors, they are responsible for choosing who live and die in battle, singling out those worthy of paradise. In the aftermath of battle, the Valkyries carry those whom they have chosen off to Valhalla, an enormous and majestic hall that lies in Asgard. Once there, these eïnherjar, as they are now called, are shared between Odin and Freyja, with half of them going to Valhalla and the other to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. In Valhalla, the eïnherjar feast and make revelry, as they are served and cared for by the Valkyries themselves. 

The old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode giant wolves, and that they had black wings which correspond to ravens; these two creatures both scavenge corpses on the battlefield symbolizing death and destruction. With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a  Romantic description of a beautiful woman.

Operas
Richard Wagner composed some operas, featuring Valkyries (German: Walküren, singular: Walküre). These operas are Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. They feature a story of a valkyrie Brünnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried.  The music for the opening of Act Three of Die Walküre is very famous.  It is called the Ride of the Valkyries.

Related pages

Nibelungenlied
Der Ring des Nibelungen

Norse mythology
Zosterops

Zosterops is a type of bird. There are many different species of Zosterops around the world.

Passeriformes
Dimorphodon

Dimorphodon was a prehistoric flying pterosaur from the early Jurassic period. It had a big head, a small brain, a tall beak, and two types of teeth. Variation in teeth is rare in pterosaurs. 

Like Rhamphorhynchus, Dimorphodon is only found in Jurassic strata. It was the first pterosaur found in England, by Mary Anning, in 1828.

Pterosaurs
Ovum

An ovum (Latin: "egg", plural: ova) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell, or gamete. Both animals and land plants (embryophytes) produce ova.

Mammals

Humans

Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries. At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called oogenesis. 

When the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mothers placenta.

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.

Other mammals 
The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during the 'heat' part of their estrous cycle when eggs are released from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.

Plants 
In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.

In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.

Gallery

Related pages
 Cleidoic egg
 Egg (biology)
 Fertilisation
 Pollination
 Sperm
 Zygote

References

Other websites 
 The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database  Describing the genes involved in making eggs

Biological reproduction
Female reproductive system
Hel (goddess)

Hel is a goddess of Norse mythology. Her father is Loki, and her mother is Angrboða, a giantess. Her siblings are Jörmungandr and Fenrir. Her task is to reign over the realm of the dead, also called Hel or Neifelheim, where the dead peacefully go to in the afterlife to wait until Ragnarok, the end of the gods and Asgard. The people who go there are those who did not die in battle, but instead died a peaceful death. She watches over those who die, but are not chosen by the Valkyries to go to Valhalla or chosen by Freyja to enter her household.  

Hel is half dead and half alive due to complications of her father and her mother. Half of her face is beautiful, like that of her father, while the other half is ugly and difficult to look at like her mother. From the waist up the skin is pink, alive and healthy. Below the waist is dead and rotting. This is the personification of the belief that death can be a good thing or a tragedy. Hel's underworld is not the Christian hell of eternal punishment for all, but a world of rewards or punishment for each as earned in life.

Norse gods and goddesses
Afterlife
Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the north by Russia.  The Persian name for the region is Qafqâz.  Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands.  

The Caucasus Mountains are commonly known as a line between Asia and Europe, and the lands in Caucasia are different considered to be in one or both continents.  The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus.  The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) which, in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, is generally considered the highest point in Europe.

List of countries

Sovereign states
 Georgia
  Armenia
 Azerbaijan

Disputed territories
 Abkhazia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
 South Ossetia - claimed but not controlled by Georgia
 Artsakh - claimed but not controlled by Azerbaijan

Autonomous republics of the Russian Federation 
 Dagestan
 Chechnya  
  Kabardino-Balkaria
 North Ossetia-Alania

Myths and Legends 
The Biblical Mount Ararat where Noah's Ark landed is known as the landmark of the ancient Armenian realm. The peak of Ararat is seasonally capped with snow. In Greek mythology, the Caucasus or Kaukasos was one of the pillars supporting the world. Prometheus was chained there by Zeus. The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and said it was a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger.

Related pages
Transcontinental nation
Indo-European languages
Languages of the Caucasus
Russian-Circassian War

References 
Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam By Nicholas Griffin
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell
The Caucasus By Ivan Golovin

Other websites 
 BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance, September 8 2005
United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus 
United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus 
 Information about the history

 
Ottoman Empire
Alfred Pampalon

Alfred Pampalon (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions.

His character and early life 
He was known to be a modest, prayerful person, and was thought of as honest and pure by his classmates.

Religion in his life 
Pampalon was devoted to Mary; before going to a Redemptorists' monastery, he went to a statue of Mary and asked her to pray for the monks to let him join. The Monastery allowed him to join despite his poor health, because they saw his strong desire to become a Redemptorists father. While training to become a Roman Catholic priest his fellow students asked him how he managed to study philosophy so well, and he replied he imagined Mary was asking him the questions. He would make his head touch the floor and pray to her daily, and while dying he would pray to her throughout the day.

Later years and death 
At the age of 26, Pampalon found out that he had tuberculosis. During this time he stayed devoted to God, moving back to Quebec to be a priest there. While dying from tuberculosis he gave communion, baptized people, and heard confessions. Before his death he was in constant pain, and would spend his days in prayer. The night before he priest died, he said in a soft voice "O death..., O holy death..., come..., do come! O divine Savior..., my hope is in your merits... I am happy... to suffer for you! I want to go to Heaven... to see you and Mary," After this he got up and sang the Magnificat in a loud voice. He has become known as the "Hail Mary Saint" because of this.

Other websites 
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Biography at Christian Answers to your Questions 
 Biography at Catholic 
 Novena to the Servant of God Father Alfred Pampalon

1867 births
1896 deaths
Roman Catholics
People from Quebec
Armenian oblast

Armenian oblast (1828-1840 AD) was an oblast (province) around eastern Armenia. It was created by the Russians when they took over Eastern Armenia, a large number of Armenians moved back from Persia to Armenia and about 35000 Muslims (Azeris, Kurds and Lezgins) and various nomadic tribes left the area.

History of Armenia
1828 establishments
1840 disestablishments
St. Hripsime

St. Hripsime is a church in Ejmiadzin, Armenia. It was built in 618. It is one of the oldest churches in Armenia. St. Hripsime is also known for its fine Armenian architecture. This style of architecture was used again when they built many churches in Armenia.

Churches in Armenia
618 establishments
Establishments in Armenia
Carol Vorderman

Carol Jean Vorderman (born 24 December 1960) is a British television presenter. She was born in Bedford and raised in Prestatyn, North Wales. Her father was Dutch; her mother is Welsh. She studied engineering at Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge. She is best known for having picked the letters and numbers for the Channel 4 game show Countdown. She is a regular panellist on ITV1 talk show Loose Women. She was a contestant in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2004. In 2013 she presented a series about cooking on ITV called Food Glorious Food. She has written books about detox diets.

References

Other websites

British television presenters
British television talk show hosts
Channel 4 presenters
ITV presenters
People from Bedford
Strictly Come Dancing participants
1960 births
Living people
Automobiles of the 1920s

Automobiles have changed considerably since 1893 due to the more efficient ways for new cars to be developed and designed. The car industry was thriving in the 1920s. There were many new types of cars. In the beginning of the 1920s many of the soldiers returning from World War I bought automobiles. People started to see that having a car would make traveling much easier. Soon almost every American family had a car. Ford was the big car maker but other companies were also big at the time. Ford cars, such as the Ford Model T, were popular because they were cheap  and very reliable. When new Ford models came out people would always get the newer version. They also had a car especially made for big obese people. There was trouble getting big people in the car Ford made, so he had to think outside of the box. He then came up with "The Big One". Which is not out today because of it's poor sales but to Ford and some people, it was genius.

The automobiles industry in Europe and the United States expanded greatly during the 1920s. There were many changes in the industry and new types of cars. Having a car allowed families and individuals to travel more easily. Famous cars of the 1920s included:

1922–1939 Austin 7 – the Austin Seven was one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.
1922–1931 Lancia Lambda – very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque-type body and independent front suspension.
1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 – the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.
1925–1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS – an early example of modern styling:  bodywork began to enclose the full width and length of a car.
1927–1931 Ford Model A (1927–1931) – after keeping the Model T in production for too long, Ford broke with the past and restarted its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era. The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production (GAZ A).
1930 Cadillac V-16 – developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-powered Cadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.

 1929 The Hobnocker - A very fast vehicle with agile movement for such a small compact vehicle.