cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Denmark at the 1972 Summer Paralympics

Denmark sent a delegation to compete at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg, West Germany. They sent ten athletes, eight male and two female.

Disability classifications
Athletes at the Paralympics in 1972 were all afflicted by spinal cord injuries and required the use of a wheelchair. This is different from later Paralympics that include events for participants that fit into any of five different disability categories; amputation, either congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing.

References 

1972 Summer Paralympics
Sport in Denmark
Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen

Ernst Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (Gotha, 21 August 1681 – Hildburghausen, 9 March 1724), was a duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. He was the oldest son of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck.

When he was younger, he served in the Netherlands army. He was wounded in the Spanish Succession War at Höchstädt. In 1715, after the death of his father, he left the Army and governed the duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

Like many German princes, He wanted his duchy to have the splendor of the court of the King Louis XIV of France. This caused him to be ruined financially.

Because he always needed money,  he raised taxes and sold towns. He sold the county of Cuylenburg which was the dowry of his wife. The county was sold in 1720. He did not sell it to pay any money he owed to others. It was sold so that a garden and a channel could be built in his palace. In 1723 the Schalkau was sold to the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. At the time, Schalkau had city privileges, and the right to hold a market. What was sold was an administrative division, much like a county, only smaller, which included Schalkau. The sale without the agreement of his wife was illegal. This led to a war with Saxe-Meiningen. At the end of the war, all of the county was ruined.

Because of his very bad taxes, in 1717 an open revolt took place in the duchy.

Family
Ernst Frederick married Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach in Erbach on 4 February 1704. They had fourteen children:
 Ernst Ludwig Hollandinus (b. Hildburghausen, 24 November 1704 – d. Hildburghausen, 26 November 1704)
 Sophie Amalie Elisabeth (b. Hildburghausen, 5 October 1705 – d. Hildburghausen, 28 February 1708)
 Ernst Ludwig (b. Hildburghausen, 6 February 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 17 April 1707)
 Ernst Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (b. Hildburghausen, 17 December 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 13 August 1745)
 Frederick August (b. Hildburghausen, 8 May 1709 – d. Hildburghausen, 1710)
 Ludwig Frederick (b. Hildburghausen, 11 September 1710 – d. Nimwegen, 10 June 1759), married on 4 May 1749 to Christine Luise von Holstein-Plön. This marriage was childless.
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 2 August 1711)
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 24 August 1712)
 Elisabeth Albertine (b. Hildburghausen, 3 August 1713 – d. Neustrelitz, 29 June 1761), married on 5 May 1735 to Karl Ludwig Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Herr of Mirow.
 Emanuel Frederick Karl (b. Hildburghausen, 26 March 1715 – d. Hildburghausen, 29 June 1718)
 Elisabeth Sophie (b. Hildburghausen, 13 September 1717 – d. Hildburghausen, 14 October 1717)
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 17 March 1719)
 Georg Frederick Wilhelm (b. Hildburghausen, 15 July 1720 – d. Hildburghausen, 10 April 1721)
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 15 December 1721)

1681 births
1724 deaths
House of Wettin
Dukes and duchesses
Espadrille

Espadrilles are flat casual shoes or high heel sandals usually consisting of canvas or cotton fabric uppers and flexible sole made of jute, a natural fiber with vulcanized rubber underneath. These are worn primarily by women, although men wear the shoes also. These shoes are usually manufactured in Bangladesh and Spain. The soles of an espadrille are usually flat or platform wedge shape. These shoes are usually closed toed and closed backed, although some are open. Espadrilles can be easily slipped on the foot.

Classic espadrilles

Closed toe canvas upper with flat wedge sole made of jute braids are the most popular casual espadrilles known as Classic or Cotheeka Basic espadrilles in the world. Different colored cotton or jute canvas uppers are used for this style of espadrille that made it very popular among the women as well as men. Striped canvas uppers are also used for these shoes.

Fashion espadrilles
High wedge jute sole with uppers of different materials like fabrics, leather etc. are used to make Fashion espadrilles which are also very popular among the women. Super models put on these style of espadrilles at fashion shows. These espadrilles are also known as Party espadrilles. Almost all the designer brands of Europe and North America design these styles of espadrilles.
 

Footwear
ReachOut Healthcare America

ReachOut Healthcare America (RHA) is an American company that manages dental clinics. Its headquarters are in Phoenix, Arizona. Under the name "Big Smiles," it coordinates dentist vans that go to American schools and do dental checkups and dental work on poor children. In 2011 the dentists that do business with the company went to 8,700 schools and screened and/or worked on 488,000 children.

History
Michael Howell and Daniel Goldsmith started the ReachOut company in 1997. At first the company coordinated dental checkups and dental work for people in nursing homes in Michigan. The company began coordinating services to schools. It later began doing coordination for schools, foster programs, group homes, homeless shelters, and mental health facilities by late 2003.

In October 2011 a Camp Verde, Arizona boy who had dental work done by a dentist linked with ReachOut complained of pain. His mother, Stacey Gagnon, said that the dentist did dental work on the boy without asking the parents if it was okay. Darren and Stacey Gagnon, the parents of the boy, sued the dentist and the Reachout company. In November 2011, Dan Brown, then the superintendent of the Camp Verde Unified School District, signed a letter saying that ReachOut cannot go to the district's schools anymore.

At one time ReachOut had dentists go to schools in the Clark County School District, the biggest school district in the state of Nevada. In December 2011 the district stopped working with ReachOut.

Ken Tucker, a reporter for the newspaper Arizona Republic, said said that some parents at the schools said that ReachOut dentists did dental work without telling the parents. He said that the main reason was that ReachOut did not give good care after the dental work was done because the dentists only came to the school two times per year. A mobile dentist who worked with ReachOut, Derryl Brian, said that the dentists under ReachOut had, since 2006, done screenings and work on 80,000 children. Brian said that a lot of people liked what they did.

Several school districts in Arizona, as of August 2012, still work with ReachOut. ReachOut gave care for over 2,000 students of the Peoria Unified School District in Greater Phoenix. ReachOut gave care to twenty Peoria USD schools that have lots of poor children. The ReachOut website has leters from a school nurse in Tucson, Arizona and an elementary school principal of the Deer Valley Unified School District in Greater Phoenix which say good things about ReachOut.

Related pages
 All Smiles Dental Centers
 Small Smiles Dental Centers

Sources

Other websites
ReachOut Healthcare America 
 Big Smiles Dental (Alternate link) - operated by ReachOut
 Reach Out Healthcare America ." Moriarty Leyendecker (law company that is suing ReachOut)
 Collins, Katie. "Big Smiles dentists visits Thomson Primary School." Brush News-Tribune. April 17, 2012.

Companies based in Arizona
Dentistry
Phoenix, Arizona
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Arizona
Health care companies of the United States
Hinglaj Shakti Peeth

Hinglaj Shakti Peeth is a place of worship and pilgrimage of Hindu religion. It is in Surendranagar District, in Kadasar village, Rajkot, Gujarat.

It is also known by the names  Hingdaj,  Bhavani and Hingraj Mata

History
To stop the divine dance (Tandava) of Lord Shiva after the death of Dakshayani, Lord Vishnu scattered Shiva's remains over many places on the Indian subcontinent. It is said that the head fell at Hingula or Hinglaj. Because of this, this place is considered the most important of the 51 Shakti Peeths. At each of the Peeths, Bhairava (a manifestation of Shiva) accompanies the relics. The Bhairava at Hinglaj is called Bhimalochana. It is in Koteshwar, Kutch. The Sanskrit texts mention the part as 'Brahmadreya' or vital essence.

Shri Hingdaj Mata brought from Pakistan (Balochistan) to Kadasar village. Kadasar is in Rajkot, Gujarat.

Historically, this area is called Saurashtra. It is the worship place for Mata Hingdaj. One day, Harsidhhi Mata and Vikram Raja came to Hingdaj ‘Shakti Peeth’.

Kuldevi
Hinglaj is worshiped as Kuldevi by many Kshatriya, Bhavsar, Barot and Rao of India.

Temples
Hinglaj Mata Temple also known as Hingdaj Mata, Hingraj Mata Temple in India.
Hinglaj Mata Temple in Mahesana (hinglajpura), Gujarat.
Shri Hinglaj Mata Temple at Rajula, Gujarat(MAHUVA RAJULA ROAD).
Hinglaj Mata Temple at Rajasthan, India.
Hinglaj Mata Temple at Pakistan (Balochistan)
Hinglaj Mata Temple at Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh
Hinglaj Mata Mandir (Bhuti)Takhatgarh, Rajasthan
Hinglaj Mata Mandir at Mumbai.
Shree Hinglaj Mata (Hingula Mata) Temple at Talcher, Orissa, Puri
Hingdaj Mataji temple at Bapunagar, Ahmedabad.
Hinglaj mataji Temple at Ambada, India.

References

Hindu temples
Gujarat
Edo-Tokyo Museum

The  is a museum of the history of Tokyo during he Edo period.  It was established in 1993. 

The permanent exhibition includes a replica of the Nihonbashi and  scale models of the city.

The museum was designed by Kiyonori Kikutake.

The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum is a branch of the Edo-Tokyo Museum.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Edo-Tokyo Museum website

Museums in Tokyo
1993 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Japan
Self-organization

Self-organization is a process where some form of order  arises out of a random system. The process is spontaneous: it happens on its own. It is not directed or controlled by any agent inside or outside the system.

Self-organization occurs in a variety of physical, chemical, biological, social and cognitive systems. A common example is crystallization. An example from biological chemistry is the lipid bilayer, which is the basis of the cell membrane, and so is of great importance.

Many self-organising things have properties which are "emergent". What this means is that one can't predict what will happen, usually because the possibilities are too many to study. Some examples:
Protein folding: after RNA translation, proteins fold themselves up into their working shape. For every protein there are one or two shapes which are stable, but it is almost impossible to predict the folding from the sequence of amino acids.
Liberal economic theory argues that free market economies create a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve". Friedrich Hayek. This is the concept of the "invisible hand" (Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations). By acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than is possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of the whole society.

References

Related pages 
Autopoiesis

Systems theory
Biology
Okayama Prefectural Museum

is a museum in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.  The museum is in the city of Okayama.

The collection includes important historical objects from the local area.

References

Other websites

 http://www.pref.okayama.jp/kyoiku/kenhaku/English.htm 

Museums in Japan
Okayama Prefecture
French Indochina

French Indochina is a region that consists of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. It became part of the French colonial empire in the late 19th century. The Japanese Empire conquered it in the Second World War, and other wars went on for decades. 

Asia
Tara (Ireland)

Tara is a village in eastern Ireland. It is northwest of Dublin. It used to be known for its kings.

Villages in Ireland
Kyushu Ceramic Museum

The  is a  museum in Arita, which is a town in Saga Prefecture, Japan. It is one of Japan's many museums which are supported by a prefecture. 

The museum features objects which were made in Arita in the Edo period.

References

Other websites
Kyushu Ceramics Museum website 

Art museums in Japan
Saga Prefecture
Ceramics
Arita, Saga

is a Japanese town in Saga on the island of Kyushu.

The town is best known for making porcelain and other ceramics.

Geography
Arita is in the western part of Saga Prefecture.  It is on the border with Nagasaki Prefecture.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Kyushu Ceramic Museum

References

Other websites

 Arita town website 

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Saga Prefecture
Asteria

In Greek mythology, Asteria (Ancient Greek: Ἀστερία - "of the stars" or "[the] starry one") was the Titan goddess of falling stars and nocturnal divination, such as astrology. Asteria was apart of the second generation of Titans, the daughter of Koios and Phoebe, and sister of Leto. She is the wife of the Titan Perses, by whom she is the mother of Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft. When Zeus began to lust for her, Asteria escaped his advances by leaping into the sea and becoming the floating island Delos, upon which her sister Leto eventually gave birth to the twins Apollo and Artemis. As such, she is often labelled "Delos" on Athenian vase-painting.

References 

Titans
Venusia

Venusia is a small town in Basilicata, southern Italy.

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Basilicata
Peer Gynt

Peer Gynt is a dramatic poem by Henrik Ibsen, written in 1867. Ibsen based this work on Norse fairy tales written by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen.  Asbjørnsen had written these stories about 1848-1850. Ibsen wrote the poem to analyse and criticize the romantic nationalist movement that was present in Norway during that time. 

Originally, Peer Gynt was a poem, but Ibsen later adapted it to be a stage play. Edvard Grieg composed the original music for the stage. The first performance was on 24 February 1876, in Christiania, modern-day Oslo. The musical score for the play is made of 26 pieces. In 1888 and 1891, Grieg took eight pieces, and comined them into two suites, of four pieces each. These are known as the Peer Gynt Suites today, and are widely known.

Many movies were made about the subject, the first in 1915.

Poems
Plays
Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum

is a museum in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. It is one of many museums supported by prefectures in Japan. The museum is in the Nagaoyama Park in the city of Katsuyama.

Because of a number of dinosaur fossils found here, the whole city of Katsuyama was called “Dinosaur Valley Fukui Katsuyama Geopark” in 2008.

Guide tours are held here during warm seasons. It is said to be one of the Three Greatest Dinosaur Museums with The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Canada and The Zigong Dinosaur Museum in China.

As of 2020, more than 11 milion people visited the museum in total.

History
The museum was opened in 2000, close to a real dinosaur remains site. It was built in Katsuyama because a lot of fossils have been found there since 1989. Famous fossils such as Fukuiraptor and Fukuisaurus are also showed in this museum.

The building was designed by Kisho Kurokawa.

The building was made in a dome shape.

The cost of the construction was about 14 billion Japanese Yen. 

In 2014, a dinosaur building was opened outside, in which people can experience digging fossil as they look at the remains.

Exhibits 
The exhibition is divided into 5 zones: "Dino Street", "World of Dinosaurs", "Science of the Earth", "History of Life", and "Dino Lab". 44 skeletons of dinosaurs including 10 original fossils are displayed in the "World of Dinosaurs" zone. 

The “Science of the Earth” zone shows the earth from two points of view--“Water and the Earth” and “Fire and the Earth”. People can see how active the Earth is by observing its sediments, rocks, and minerals. 

The “History of Life” zone shows the origin of life and vertebrates, and how they have evolved for 4.6 billion years. Organisms on the Earth have evolved through a repeated cycle of evolution and extinction. As living organisms and environment influenced each other, the present Earth environment was formed. You can read the story of life as told by these fossils.

References

Other websites
 Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum website
 Dinosaur Valley Fukui Katsuyama Geopark website
 Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum on Japan National Tourism Organization website

Museums in Japan
Dinosaurs
2000 establishments in Japan
Fukui Prefecture
Jake LaMotta

Giacobbe "Jake" LaMotta (July 10, 1922 – 19 September 2017), nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" and "The Raging Bull," was an American retired professional boxer and former World Middleweight Champion. He was played by Robert De Niro in the 1980 movie Raging Bull.

LaMotta was an Italian-American. He was born on July 10, 1921 in The Bronx, New York City. He has been married six times. He has four daughters.

LaMotta died on September 19, 2017 at a retirement home in Aventura, Florida from complications of pneumonia at 95 years old.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Florida
People with Alzheimer's disease
American boxers
Sportspeople from New York City
People from the Bronx
Joey King

Joey Lynn King (born on July 30, 1999) is an American teen movie, television, voice actress, singer and model, who is perhaps best known for her most prominent roles as Ramona Quimby in Ramona and Beezus. King also appeared in The Dark Knight Rises, Oz the Great and Powerful, Family Weekend, White House Down, and in The Conjuring. She has won a Young Artist Award. Her entire showbiz and entertainment career officially began in 2002. She had also begun by appearing in several commercial ads at such a young age of 4.

King was born on July 30, 1999 in Los Angeles, California. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. King has also stated that she is "part Jewish and part Christian, but she's more and mostly Jewish".

References

Other Websites

1999 births
Living people
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Models from Los Angeles
Rick Baker

Richard A. "Rick" Baker (born December 8, 1950) is an American special makeup effects artist known for his creature effect makeup. He has won seven Academy Awards.

Baker was born in Binghamton, New York on December 8, 1950. He studied at the Academy of Art University.

References

Other websites

Academy Award winning make-up artists
1950 births
Living people
Make-up artists
People from Binghamton, New York
Academy Award winners
Katsuyama, Fukui

is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
 Fukui Prefecture
 Eiheiji
 Fukui
 Ōno
 Sakai
 Ishikawa Prefecture
 Hakusan
 Kaga
 Komatsu

Population
From the Japanese census data,

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Fukui Prefecture
Vin Diesel

Vin Diesel (born Mark Sinclair Vincent; July 18, 1967) is an American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in the movies The Fast and the Furious series, The Chronicles of Riddick trilogy, the voice of Groot in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and in XXX.

Diesel was born in Alameda County, California. He studied at Hunter College. He is partners with Paloma Jimenez. His father is African-American and his mother is of English, German, Irish and Scottish descent.

References

Other websites
 

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Alameda County, California
Actors from New York City
African American actors
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Juno Temple

Juno Violet Temple (born 21 July 1989) is an English movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in Atonement, Dirty Girl, St Trinian's, Killer Joe and in The Dark Knight Rises.

Temple was born on 21 July 1989 in London, England to Amanda Pirie and to Julien Temple. She studied at Enmore Primary School, Bedales School, and at King's College.

References

Other websites

1989 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Child actors
Actors from London
Sylvia Kristel

Sylvia Maria Kristel (28 September 1952  18 October 2012) was a Dutch erotic actress who acted in many movies. She was most notable for her role in the Emmanuelle movies from the 1970s through to the early 1990s.

The most successful film in her career was Private Lessons (1981). She played the housekeeper who initiates a 15-year-old to the wonders of sex. The film grossed over $50,000,000 worldwide.

Kristel was born on 28 September 1952 in Utrecht, Netherlands. She died on the afternoon of 18 October 2012 in Amsterdam, Netherlands from oesophageal and lung cancer, aged 60. She is survived by her son.

In September 2006, Kristel's autobiography Nue (Nude) was published in France. It was translated into English as Undressing Emmanuelle: a memoir, by Fourth Estate, 2007. . She told of her turbulent personal life blighted by addictions to drugs and alcohol. Her quest for a father figure led to some destructive relationships with older men. The book received some positive reviews.

References

Other websites 

1952 births
2012 deaths
Cancer deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Deaths from lung cancer
Dutch movie actors
Dutch stage actors
Dutch television actors
Dutch voice actors
People from Utrecht (city)
Paul Berg

Paul Berg (born June 30, 1926) is an American biochemist (a person who studies chemistry in living things).  He was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. The award recognized their contributions to basic research on nucleic acids.  

Berg received his undergraduate education at Penn State University, where he majored in biochemistry.  He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952.  

After 1959 Berg worked at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.  There he taught biochemistry from 1959 until 2000. He served as director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine from 1985 until 2000.  He is now professor emeritus at Stanford University.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Berg was given with the National Medal of Science in 1983 and the National Library of Medicine Medal in 1986.

Berg is famous for his pioneering work involving recombinant DNA, the process of inserting DNA from another species into a molecule, leading to the development of modern genetic engineering.  After developing the technique, Berg used it for his studies of viral genomes.

References 

1926 births
Living people
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
American molecular biologists
Stanford University faculty
Educators from New York City
List of countries where Tamil is an official language

The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Tamil is an official or language of government.

Sovereign Countries

Dependent entities where Tamil is an official language

Recognized as minority language

Partially recognized and unrecognized territories

Former territories resp. dependent entities where Tamil was an official language

Countries where Tamil is used and has cultural impact but not official

References

Other websites 
 tamilNet.com
 tamilfunda.com
 tamilsiragugal.com

Tamil language
Tamil
Tamil Eelam

Tamil Eelam is a proposed state for Tamils in Sri Lanka. It was one of the reasons for the Sri Lankan Civil War. The main leader was Velupillai Prabhakaran, the leader of the Tamil Tigers.

Tamils number just over 11 percent of the Sri Lankan population. They live mostly in the coastal regions of north, east and west Sri Lanka. The dominant Sinhalese people are just under 75% of the population.

Related pages
 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Other websites
Articles about Tamil Eelam at Times of India 

National liberation movements
Tamils
Sri Lankan Civil War
Politics of Sri Lanka
Thomas Cech

Thomas Robert Cech (born December 8, 1947 in Chicago) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman. They discovered that RNA was a catalyst. Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA, which showed that life could have started as RNA.

Career 
Cech also studied telomeres, and his lab discovered an enzyme, TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), which helps to restore telomeres after they are shortened during cell division. 

As president of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, he promoted science education, and he teaches an undergraduate chemistry course at the University of Colorado.

Research
Cech's main research area is transcription in the nucleus of cells. He studies how the genetic code of DNA is transcribed into RNA. In the 1970s, Cech discovered that an unprocessed RNA molecule could splice itself. 

In 1982, Cech became the first to show that RNA molecules are not restricted to being passive carriers of genetic information  they can have catalytic functions and can take part in cellular reactions. RNA-processing reactions and protein synthesis on ribosomes are catalysed by RNA. RNA enzymes are known as ribozymes and are now used for gene technology. They also cut and destroy invading viral RNAs.

References

Other websites

 Tom Cech iBioMagazine talk: "Discovering Ribozymes"
 Chemical and Engineering News
 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989: Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989: Illustrated Presentation
 Nobel autobiography

1947 births
Living people
American academics
American molecular biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Chicago
Educators from Chicago
Reverse transcriptase

A reverse transcriptase is an enzyme which works 'backwards' from RNA to DNA. Normal transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA; reverse transcription is the reverse of this. It is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA. It also synthesizes a second strand of DNA complementary to the reverse-transcribed single-stranded cDNA. 

Well studied reverse transcriptases include:
 HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ()
 M-MLV reverse transcriptase from the Moloney murine leukemia virus
 AMV reverse transcriptase from the avian myeloblastosis virus
 Telomerase reverse transcriptase that maintains the telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes

History 
Reverse transcriptase was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in a cancer virus. It was independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from two RNA tumour viruses. For their achievements, they shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Renato Dulbecco).

The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first because it contradicted the central dogma of molecular biology. This states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins. However, in 1970 when Howard Temin and David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription, the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted.

Out of this work has come the idea that the first genomes were made of RNA genes. The RNA genes surviving today might be all that remain of this early condition. Reverse transcriptase might be the remnant of a stage when DNA genes were made by copying RNA genes. This theory is relevant to the earliest stages of evolution. Reverse transcription is also used by various semi-independent elements called transposons.

References 

Enzymes
Stephen Turnbull

Stephen Richard Turnbull (born 6 February 1948) is a British academic, historian and writer. He is a specialist in Far Eastern military history.  He is best known for his writing about the samurai of Japan.

Early life
Turnbull earned a degree at Cambridge University. 

Further studies led to his earning an MA in Theology and an MA in Military History.  He was awarded a PhD from the University of Leeds.

Career
Turnbull is a lecturer in Far Eastern Religions at Leeds.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frédéric, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 100+ works in 400+ publications in 15 languages and 15,000+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Samurai armies, 1550–1615, 1979
 The Mongols, 1980
 The Book of the Samurai, 1982
 The Book of the Medieval Knight, 1985
 Samurai Warriors, 1987
 Samurai Warlords: The Book of the Daimyō, 1989
 Ninja: The True Story of Japan's Secret Warrior Cult, 1991
 The Samurai: A Military History, 1996
 Samurai Warfare, 1997
 The Samurai Sourcebook, 1998
 Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades, 2000
 Ashigaru 1467–1649: Weapons, Armour, Tactics, 2001
 The Knight Triumphant: The High Middle Ages, 1314–1485, 2001
 Samurai Heraldry, 2002
 Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War, 1592–1598, 2002
 War in Japan: 1467–1615, 2002
 Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400, 2003
 Japanese castles, 1540–1640, 2003
 Japanese Warrior Monks AD 949–1603, 2003
 Kawanakajima 1553–1564: Samurai Power Struggle, 2003
 Ninja AD 1460–1650, 2003
 Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights, 2003
 The Walls of Constantinople: AD 324–1453, 2004
 Warriors of Medieval Japan, 2005
 Samurai Commanders,  2005
 Samurai: the world of the warrior, 2006
 The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War, 2008

Honors
 British Association for Japanese Studies, Cannon Prize.

References

Other websites
  Turnbull, Stephen R. at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

British historians
Japanologists
1948 births
Living people
Renato Dulbecco

Renato Dulbecco (February 22, 1914 – February 19, 2012) was an Italian-born American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncogenes. Oncogenes are genes in viruses that cause cancer when they infect animal cells. 

The prize was shared with Howard Temin and David Baltimore.
Dulbecco studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi. His fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini also moved to the U.S. with him and won Nobel prizes. He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II, but later joined the resistance.

References

1914 births
2012 deaths
Scientists from California
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
People from Turin
Virologists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Italian biologists
WorldCat

WorldCat is an online catalog stystem which lists the combined collections of 70,000+ libraries in 170 countries.  

WorldCat was built by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), which is a global cooperative of libraries.  WorldCat is maintained by the group of libraries.

History
In the 1970s, OCLC grew from a regional computer system for 54 Ohio colleges into an international network. 

In 1979, the first Canadian and the first international library joined OCLC.

Timeline
On August 26, 1971, the OCLC Online Union Catalog, now called WorldCat, went online. 

 1975 -- Library and Archives Canada begins adding records

 1978 -- Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the Netherlands) begins to participate

 1985 -- British Library begins adding UKMARC records

 1987 -- National Library of Scotland begins adding 

 1987 -- National Library of Wales begins contributing 

 1987 -- National Central Library, Taiwan begins adding 

 1991 -- Six staff members from the National Library of China help OCLC to add a computerized catalog of Chinese books

 1991 -- National Library of Turkey becomes an OCLC member

 1992 -- The National Library of Australia begins contributing 

 1992 -- National and University Library of Iceland begins adding 

 1995 -- National Library of the Czech Republic begins contributing 

 1997 -- National Library of New Zealand begins contributing

 1998 -- National Library of Ireland begins adding

 1999 -- National Diet Library of Japan begins adding records for Western-language materials 

 1999 -- National Library of Lithuania begins contributing 

 1999 -- National Library of South Africa begins adding 

 2002 -- Singapore National Union Catalog is added 

 2003 -- Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library), the Library of Congress and OCLC agree to develop a Virtual International Authority File

 2003 -- Chilean Directorate of Libraries, Archives, and Museums (DIBAM) of the National Library begin contributing

 2004 -- Bibliothèque nationale de France begins contributing

 2005 -- National Library of Finland begins adding

 2005 -- Iraqi National Library and Archive begins adding 

 2006 -- Deutsche Nationalbibliothek adds 4 million new records 

 2006 -- Dutch Union Catalog is added

 2007 -- National Library of Mexico begins adding

 2007 -- Swiss National Library adds

 2007 -- Kungliga biblioteket (National Library of Sweden) adds

 2008 -- National Library Service, Barbados adds

 2008 -- National Library of Israel adds 

 2008 -- National Library of Spain adds

 2008 -- Royal Library of Denmark and Danish Bibliographic Centre add

 2009 -- National and University Library of Slovenia begins adding 

 2010 -- National Library of Serbia begins adding

 2012 -- National Library of Norway begins adding

References

More reading

Other websites 
 WorldCat website
 WorldCat Identities
   What is OCLC?

1971 establishments
Websites
Buddha Dhatu Jadi

The Buddha Dhatu Jadi (; also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is a Buddhist temple. It is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Skandha or Dhatu means material remains of a holy person. In this temple, the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple with the second largest Buddha statue in Bangladesh.

The Bandaban Golden Temple belongs to the Theravada Buddhism order, which is practiced by the Chittagonian tribal people, a dominant ethnic group of Bandarban. It was built in 2000 in Arakanese architecture, an adoption of South East Asia style.

Gallery

References

Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Buddhist temples
Somapura Mahavihara

Somapura Mahavihara (Sanskrit;  Shompur Môhabihar) in Paharpur, Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh is among the best known Buddhist viharas in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in the country. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.

Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Buddhist buildings
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Islam in the Maldives

Islam is the state religion of Maldives, and adherence to it is legally required of citizens by a revision of the constitution in 2008: Article 9, Section D states that a non-Muslim may not become a citizen of the Maldives.

Maldives
Maldives
Islam in Lebanon

Islam in Lebanon is divided between four Muslim sects; Shias, Sunnis, Alawites, and Ismailis including the Druze. 
Muslims (including Druze) account for 59% of the total population of Lebanon, where 39% are Christians. Shiites - about 27%  of the total population of Lebanon - live mostly in the northern area of the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and southern areas of Beirut. About 26% of the Lebanese population is Sunni, concentrated largely in coastal cities like west Beirut, Tripoli and Sidon.  The Druze account for 5% of the population.

References

Lebanon
Lebanon
State of Judea

The State of Judea (, ) is a proposed halachic state in the West Bank. The idea was put forward by Israeli Jewish settlers.

Judaism in Israel
Politics of Israel
Politics of Palestine
Arab–Israeli conflict
West Bank
Ludovico Ariosto

Ludovico Ariosto (Reggio Emilia, 8 September 1474 – Ferrara 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic Orlando Furioso (1516). The poem is a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato. It tells about the adventures of Charlemagne, Orlando, and the Franks as they fight the Saracens with diversions into many side plots. Ariosto composed the poem in the ottava rima rhyme scheme and introduced narrative commentary throughout the work.

Ariosto spent the greater part of his life at Ferrara including many years in the service of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este and then of Duke Alfonso I. His poem Orlando Furioso is designed to exalt the Este family; in its final form it was first published in 1532. It is the greatest of the Italian romantic epics. Ariosto also wrote lyric poetry in Italian and Latin, some satires and four comedies.

Minor works
 La Tragedia di Tisbe (1493) 
 La Cassaria (1508) 
 I Suppositi (1509) 
 Il Negromante (1520) 
 La Lena (1528) 
 Studenti (1518)

References 

1474 births
1533 deaths
Italian poets
Javier Bardem

Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem (born 1 March 1969) is a Spanish movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in Skyfall, No Country for Old Men, Biutiful, Vicky Cristina Barcelona, Before Night Falls, Jamón, jamón and in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. He has won an Golden Globe Award, an BAFTA Award, and an Academy Award. In 2021, he played Desi Arnaz in Being the Ricardos.

Bardem was born on 1 March 1969 in Las Palmas of the Canary Islands. His parents were Pilar Bardem and José Carlos Encinas Doussinague. He has been married to Penélope Cruz since 2010. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
Spanish voice actors
Spanish stage actors
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Actors who played Bond villains
Defense of Marriage Act

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is a United States federal law which was signed by the then-President Bill Clinton on September 21, 1996. The law defines that marriage can only be between one man and one woman in regard to federal or inter state recognition purposes in the United States. Under this law, no U.S. State or political subdivision is required to recognize same-sex marriage from outside States. However, the Obama Administration, in 2011, announced that Section 3 was declared unconstitutional and would no longer defend it in courts. The Section 3 part of DOMA has been marked as not constitutional by eight federal courts as of 2012. Currently, 16 states and the District of Columbia perform same sex marriage, although that could change in upcoming years. On June 26, 2013, Section 3 of the act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States.

References

Other page 
Same-sex marriage in the United States

Marriage
LGBT rights
LGBT in the United States
United States federal legislation
1996 in the United States
1990s in law
Blake Lively

Blake Ellender Lively (née Brown; born August 25, 1987) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and model who is known for her television role as Serena van der Woodsen in Gossip Girl. She is also known for her roles in Accepted, The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, The Private Lives of Pippa Lee, The Town, Green Lantern, The Age of Adaline, and Savages.

Lively was born on August 25, 1987 in Tarzana, California. She studied at Beverly Hills High School. She married Ryan Reynolds in September 2012.

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Queen Heonae

Queen Heonae(; 962-1029) was a queen of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. She was also a politician. She was the second wife of the 5th king, Gyungjong. She was also mother of the 7th king, Mokjong, and the elder sister of the 6th king, Seongjong. Heonae ruled as Regent from 997 to 999 during the early years of her son King Mokjong's reign.

Other websites 
 Queen Heonae:Navercast 
 남성우월 시각이 만든 ‘음탕한 천추태후’ 중앙일보 2009.02.20 
 헌애·헌정 자매의 싸움… 고려 王씨 왕조가 김씨 왕조가 될 뻔 조선일보 2009.09.19 

964 births
1029 deaths
Korean politicians
Murder victims
Autobiographers
Kings and Queens consort
Korean monarchs
Transfection

Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing DNA or RNA into cells. The word is formed from
transformation and infection. 
The term is used for:
Transformation of bacterial cells with viral nucleic acids
Transformation of animals cells in tissue culture with purified DNA. The DNA is added to the cells' genome.
Transformation of cells or embryos with single or double-stranded RNA. This causes the building of particular proteins, or the silencing of particular genes. 
Gene therapy using a modified virus as a vector.

Transfection can result in unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells. Transfection with RNA molecules produces changes which cannot be permanently transmitted down a line of cells.

DNA constructs 
A DNA construct is an artificially constructed bit of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. It may include a DNA insert, which contains the gene sequence coding for a protein of interest.

The DNA insert is the heart of the molecular biology vector. This is a general term for a vehicle used to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Transfection of animal cells usually involves opening temporary pores (holes) in the cell membrane, to allow the cells to take up the vector.

References 

Cell biology
Genetics
Stanford R. Ovshinsky

Stanford Robert Ovshinsky (November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American inventor and scientist. He had well over 400 patents over fifty years. Most of these were in the areas of energy and information.  Many of his inventions have had many uses. Among the most important are: 
An environmentally friendly nickel-metal hydride battery. These are used in laptop computers, digital cameras, cell phones, and electric and hybrid cars
solar energy laminates and panels
Flat screen liquid crystal displays
Rewritable CD and DVD discs
Hydrogen fuel cells
Nonvolatile phase-change memory.

References 

Scientists from Akron, Ohio
American inventors
1922 births
2012 deaths
Wilhelm Wulff

Wilhelm Theodor H. Wulff (27 March 1892 – 9 June 1979) was a German-Austrian astrologer and writer. He is best known for the 1973 book Zodiac and Swastika. The book tells about his time as an astrologer in Nazi Germany near the end of World War II. He was Heinrich Himmler's astrologer.

References

1892 births
1979 deaths
Astrologers
Austrian people of World War II
Austrian writers
German esotericists
German people of World War II
German writers
Peter Mark Richman

Peter Mark Richman (born Marvin Jack Richman, April 16, 1927 – January 14, 2021) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who was known for his roles in productions like Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear, Friendly Persuasion, Agent for H.A.R.M and Dark Intruder. He also provided his voice in cartoons such as Spider-Man: The Animated Series. His career began in 1949.

Richman was born on April 16, 1927 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Yetta Dora Peck and to Benjamin Richman. Richman studied at the Actors Studio. He married to Helen Richman in 1953. They had five children. Richman died of natural causes on January 14, 2021 at his Los Angeles home, aged 93.

References

Other websites 
 
 Peter Mark Richman Official Site

1927 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from natural causes in the United States
Jewish American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jada Pinkett Smith

Jada Koren Pinkett Smith (born September 18, 1971) is an American movie, television, voice actress, movie produer and director, singer-songwriter, writers, and businesswoman. She is known for her roles as Carla Purty in The Nutty Professor and as Gloria the Hippo in Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, and in Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted. Jada was also entangled with August Alsina in 2016. She won an Image Award in 2010.

Smith was born on September 18, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland. She studied at the Baltimore School for the Arts and at North Carolina School for the Arts. Smith was married to Will Smith since 1997. They have three children.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American singer-songwriters
Actors from Baltimore
Singers from Baltimore
Writers from Baltimore
John Carradine

John Carradine (Richmond Reed Carradine; February 5, 1906 – November 27, 1988) was an American movie, television, voice, stage, and radio actor who is known for his roles in House of Dracula, House of Frankenstein, The Grapes Wrath, Stagecoach, Billy the Kid vs. Dracula, and in House of the Long Shadows. He has won an Daytime Emmy Award.

Carradine was born on February 5, 1906 in New York City, New York. Carradine was married to Ardanelle McCool from 1935 until they divorced in 1944. Then he was married to Sonia Sorel from 1944 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Doris Rich from 1957 until her death in 1971. Then he was last married to Emily Cisneros from 1975 until his death in 1988. He has five children, Bruce (his McCool's son whom he adopted), David, Christopher, Keith and Robert.

Carradine died on November 27, 1988 in Milan, Italy from multiple organ failure, aged 82.

References

Other websites

1906 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Emmy Award winning actors