cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Harrisonburg, Virginia

Harrisonburg is a city in Rockingham County, Virginia. It had 48,914 people at the 2010 census.

Harrisonburg is the county seat of Rockingham County. Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University and Eastern Mennonite University.

References

Other websites 
 Harrisonburg Tourism
 City of Harrisonburg
 Harrisonburg-Rockingham Chamber of Commerce
 Harrisonburg City Public Schools
 Daily News Record (Newspaper)
 WHSV - TV 3
 Rocktown Weekly (Alternative Newspaper owned by the DNR) 
 Virginia Quilt Museum

Cities in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
1730s establishments in Virginia
1737 establishments
Hereditary monarchy

A hereditary monarchy is a type of government where a monarch (usually a king or queen) becomes the monarch because he or she is related to the last monarch. It is the most common sort of monarchy, and is the form used by almost all of the world's monarchies today.

Types of Hereditary monarchy

Hereditary monarchy 
In a hereditary monarchy, all the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member of the family to another. The hereditary system can be more stable, and can command loyalty, but at other times has seen great bloodshed over the question of succession.

When the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or quits the throne (abdicates), the crown is generally passed to one of his or her children, often to the oldest. When that child dies, the crown will be then passed to his or her child, or, if he or she has no child, to a sister, brother, niece, nephew, cousin, or some other relative. Hereditary monarchies most usually arrange the succession by a law that creates an order of succession. This way, it is known beforehand who will be the next monarch.

Nowadays, the order of succession in hereditary monarchies is often based on the idea of primogeniture (oldest born), but there have been other methods that were much more common in the past.

Succession 
In the past, there were differences in systems of succession, often depending on whether only men can succeed, or whether both men and women could succeed.

Agnatic succession 
Agnatic succession means women are not allowed to succeed, or pass the succession from their fathers to their children. Agnates are relatives who have a common ancestor in an unbroken male line, from father to father.

Cognatic succession 
Cognatic succession means both men and women can succeed. Women usually are only allowed succeed if there is no male in the family. For example, in the United Kingdom, Princess Anne comes after her younger brothers (and her nephews and nieces) in the line of succession. 

In the 1970s, Sweden changed from agnatic succession to "fully-cognatic" succession. This means the line of succession is based on age, not sex. This meant that when Princess Victoria of Sweden was born, she could never become queen, and when her younger brother was born he became crown prince (heir to the throne) -- but then the law changed, and Victoria became crown princess.

Elective monarchy 
An elective monarchy can sometimes seem to be a hereditary monarch. For example, only members of one family may be allowed to be elected; or before the monarch dies, they might have his chosen heir (son, daughter, brother, sister, or other relative) elected.

In Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy, but for many hundreds of years, only the head of the Habsburg family was elected. In 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor abolished the empire and instead became the Emperor of Austria-Hungary, a hereditary monarch.

The only true example of an elective monarchy today is Malaysia, where a ruling Sultan of a Malaysian state, is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a term of five years.

References

Monarchy
River Mersey

The River Mersey is a river in north west England. It is 70 miles (112 km) long, it stretches from Stockport, Greater Manchester, and ends at Liverpool Bay, Merseyside. For centuries, it formed part of the ancient county divide between Lancashire and Cheshire.

Course 
The Mersey is formed from three tributaries: the River Etherow, the River Goyt and the River Tame. The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester. However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt; for example the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first-named stream."

Environment 
Water quality in the River Mersey has been severely affected by industrialisation.

But Salmon are now found in the river. They can be viewed on the Salmon Steps at Woolston between the months of September and November.

In popular culture 
The river is now internationally famous thanks to the music of the 1960s known as Merseybeat and its strong association with Liverpool, which produced songs such as Ferry Cross the Mersey.

Also, Paul McCartney's 2007 song That Was Me, from his album Memory Almost Full mentions merseybeating with the band.

Other websites 
Liverpool Pictorial
 Mersey map - aisliverpool.org.uk  
 River Mersey Information  (PDF)

Rivers of England
Acid rock

Acid rock is a form of rock music, focusing mainly on hallucinations and drugs.  It is related to psychedelic rock. It is mostly an off-beat style. It uses vivid imagery, and sometimes strange sound/musical effects (like backward recorded music).

History 
"Acid rock" was popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. But it is not very popular today.

Name
Acid Rock got its name from the mixture of music and the drug LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), which most people call "acid". "Acid rock" is usually recorded when the musician was high on LSD. Often the lyrics are about hallucinations.

Acid rock tracks and singles

1966 
Psychotic Reaction (Count Five)
Tomorrow Never Knows (The Beatles)
 Rain (The Beatles)

1967 
White Rabbit (Jefferson Airplane)
Spare Chaynge (Jefferson Airplane)
Purple Haze (Jimi Hendrix)
Third Stone From The Sun (Jimi Hendrix)
Light My Fire (The Doors)
Baby You're a Rich Man (The Beatles)
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (The Beatles)
I Am the Walrus (The Beatles)
Interstellar Overdrive (Pink Floyd)
Flaming (Pink Floyd)

1968 
That's It for the Other One (Grateful Dead)
Voodoo Child (Slight Return) (Jimi Hendrix)
In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (Iron Butterfly)
EXP (The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
If 6 Was 9 (Jimi Hendrix)
Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun (Pink Floyd)
Careful With That Axe, Eugene (Pink Floyd)
Pictures of Matchstick Men (Status Quo)

1969 
Dazed and Confused (Led Zeppelin)
Acid Queen (The Who)
White Room (Cream)
Hot Smoke and Sasafrass (Bubble Puppy)

1970 
Mommy, What's a Funkadelic? (Funkadelic)

Other websites

Rock music
Fender Stratocaster

The Fender Stratocaster, also called a Strat, is a type of solidbody electric guitar. The Stratocaster was designed by Leo Fender, Freddie Tavares, and George Fullerton in 1954, and is made by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The Stratocaster has been used by many famous guitarists, such as David Gilmour, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Buddy Guy, Buddy Holly, and Jeff Beck.

The Stratocaster has been copied as well. A guitar may look the same as a Stratocaster, but if it is not produced by Fender or Squier it is called a strat copy. 

Fender Stratocaster copies are mostly very cheap and low quality, but some guitar builders make high quality clones of the Stratocaster. Fender makes Stratocasters made in the United States of America, which are largely thought to be the highest quality. However they also make Stratocasters which are made in Japan, but only sell them to the Japanese. Many people view these guitars comparable and even superior to the American made Fenders.

Stratocasters are also made in Korea and sold as special editions. The cheapest Fenders are made in Mexico, but despite their price, these Stratocasters are very good quality guitars compared to the copies which are usually made in China. Squier makes Stratocasters in China and Indonesia.

Fender Strats made in Japan and Korea are sometimes equal to their American Standard cousin. Limited editions like the Pro Tone series and some early (1982-1986) Japanese models fetch prices from $400 – $800 depending on condition.  Korean Strats that have the Fender decal are the desirable ones over the Korean models with Squier on the headstock where Fender should be.  There are also American Made Squiers that can be of good quality.  Korean Pro Tones are the cream of the Korean Crop.

Guitars
Merseyside

Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1,365,900. Taking its name from the River Mersey, the title "Merseyside" came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974.

Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey estuary: the Wirral is on the west side of the estuary upon the Wirral Peninsula; the rest of the county is on the east side. The northern part of Merseyside borders onto Lancashire to the north, Greater Manchester to the east, both parts border Cheshire to the south.

Local government

Metropolitan boroughs
Merseyside contains the metropolitan boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St Helens and the Wirral.

Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Merseyside at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Settlements
Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey estuary, the Wirral is on the west side of the estuary, upon the Wirral Peninsula and the rest of the county is on the east side of the estuary.

The two parts are linked by two road tunnels, a railway tunnel, and the famous Mersey Ferry. Other districts that are part of the urban area (but not part of Merseyside) are Ellesmere Port and Neston and Halton. The designation "Greater Merseyside" has been adopted for the area that includes Merseyside and Halton, the term "Liverpool City-Region" is less well-defined. Most of the region was once served by the now scraped MTL Trust Holdings Ltd transport company.

Places of interest
 Anfield
 St Helens' World of Glass

References

Other websites
 Mersey Wiki
 Merseytravel website
 Merseyside Police Authority website 
 Merseyside Fire and Rescue website
 Merseyside.com local guide, A-Z, street index
 Merseyside Today - regional guide
 Mersey Reporter History - Merseyside History

 
Ceremonial counties of England
1974 establishments in England
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral

Wirral is a metropolitan borough in Merseyside, North West England, which occupies the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula, more commonly known as Wirral.

Wirral Metropolitan Borough has a population of about 311,235 (2004 estimate) in an area of 60 square miles (155 km2). It faces Liverpool over the River Mersey to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and the River Dee to the west. To the south it borders the borough of Ellesmere Port and Neston, in Cheshire.

Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Wirral at current basic prices published (pp.240–253) by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

 includes hunting and forestry

 includes energy and construction

 includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

 Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

In September 2006 a large scale development called Wirral Waters was unveiled by the company Peel Holdings, that if constructed as outlined may see the creation of up to 27,000 jobs.

Other websites
 Wirral Council home page 
 Vision of Britain 
 The Wirral Wide Web 

English boroughs
Merseyside
Erin Sanders

Erin Zariah Sanders (born January 19, 1991 in Santa Monica, California) is an American actress. She is best known for the Nickelodeon television series Zoey 101.

American television actors
Actors from Santa Monica, California
1991 births
Living people
Metropolitan borough

A metropolitan borough (or metropolitan district) is a type of local government district in England and covers urban areas within metropolitan counties.

Current metropolitan boroughs (post 1974) 
The current metropolitan boroughs were created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as subdivisions of the new metropolitan counties which were created to cover the six largest urban areas in England outside Greater London

The new authorities were actually defined by law as metropolitan districts, however all of them have borough status or city status. The new metropolitan boroughs replaced the county boroughs, municipal boroughs and urban and rural districts which existed before. The districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million.

In 1986 the old metropolitan county councils were abolished by the Local Government Act 1985 and most of their functions were given to the boroughs, so they are to a large extent unitary authorities.  Some of the functions of the abolished county councils were taken over by joint bodies such as Passenger Transport Authorities, and joint fire, police and waste disposal authorities.

The 36 current metropolitan boroughs are:

Local government in England
Carly Patterson

Carly Rae Patterson (born February 4, 1988 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) was an American gymnast. She was the 2004 Olympic All-Around Champion. After the Olympics, she started working as a singer.  She lives in Allen, Texas.

References

1988 births
Living people
American gymnasts
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Act of Parliament

An Act of Parliament or Act is law made by the parliament (see legislation).

Bills 
An Act of Parliament normally starts as a proposed law known as a Bill. The Bill will then be introduced into the Parliament (House of Commons, House of Representatives, House of Lords or the Senate) for debate and possible approval and enactment.

Bills that contain provisions significantly relating to taxation or public expenditure are introduced into the House of Commons in the UK; in Canada and Ireland, this is the law.

In the United Kingdom, Law Commission bills and consolidation bills start in the House of Lords.

In some countries, such as Spain and Portugal, a Bill has different names depending on whether it comes from the government (e.g. "Project") or from the Parliament (e.g. "Proposition" or Private Member's Bill).

An Act may be introduced to parliament also by means of a private bill.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics

Other websites 
 All Acts of Parliament (since 1988) and Statutory Instruments are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms from the Office of Public Sector Information ( OPSI).
 Parliamentary Stages of a Government Bill (pdf) from the House of Commons Information Office.
 Acts of Parliament (since 1267) revised to date are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms from the Department of Constitution Affairs ( SLD).

Law
Legislation

Legislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body. The term may refer to a single law, or the collective body of enacted law, while "statute" is also used to refer to a single law. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, which is typically also known as "legislation" while it remains under active consideration.

Under the Westminster system, an item of legislation is known as an Act of Parliament.

Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament), or by the executive, then it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended. 
Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as legislators, the judicial branch of government may have the formal power to interpret legislation.

Other means of law-making 

The act of making legislation is sometimes known as legislating. Under the doctrine of separation of powers, the law-making function is primarily the responsibility of the legislature. However, there are situations where legislation is enacted by other means (most commonly when constitutional law is enacted). These other forms of law-making include referenda and constitutional conventions. The term "legislation" is sometimes used to describe these situations, but other times, the term is used to distinguish acts of the legislature from these other lawmaking forms.

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutional economics
Democracy
Legal rights

Law
Bill (proposed law)

A bill is a proposed new law introduced within a legislature that has not been adopted. Once a bill has become law, it is thereafter an act; but in popular usage the two terms are often treated as if they meant the same.

Types of bills 

Bills can be divided into:
 public bills, which apply to the general population
 private bills, which only apply to a single person or to a select group of people. If a private bill is punitive in nature, it is called a bill of attainder.
 hybrid bills, which combine elements of both public and private bills. Note that the concept of hybrid bills is not widely recognised outside the United Kingdom (in particular, it is expressly not recognised in Canada).
 local bills, which affect only a certain locality, and are often proposed by local government to the legislature

Other websites

Hong Kong 
 Bills Committees of the Legislative Council

New Zealand 
 List of current bills

United Kingdom 
 BBC Parliament Guide:
 Making new law
 Types of bill
 Bill procedure
 First reading
 Second reading
 Commons committee stage
 Lords committee stage
 Report stage
 Third reading
 Passage through the other House
 Royal assent
 Delegated legislation

United States 
 How a law is made . From the North Carolina General Assembly
 How a bill becomes a law - related information.
 Currently hot issue regarding the Net Neutrality bills become the law .

Law
List of popes by length of reign

The List of popes by length of reign is parsed using two organizing standards—identifying the longest reigns and the shortest ones.

Popes
The term pope is the name several churches give to their highest spiritual leader. In English, the term usually means the head of the Catholic Church. The most accurate information about the popes is published every year by the Holy See in the Annuario Pontificio.

Popes with the longest reigns

After Peter, who was the first Bishop of Rome and the first pope, the list of the 10 longest-reigning popes includes:
    Saint Peter (30–64 or 67): 34 or 37 years.
 Bl. Pius IX (1846–1878): 31 years, 7 months and 23 days (11,560 days).
 St. John Paul II (1978–2005): 26 years, 5 months and 18 days (9,665 days).
 Leo XIII (1878–1903): 25 years, 5 months and 1 day (9,281 days).
 Pius VI (1775–1799): 24 years, 6 months and 15 days (8,962 days). 
 Adrian I (772–795): 23 years, 10 months and 25 days (8,729 days).
 Pius VII (1800–1823): 23 years, 5 months and 7 days (8,560 days).
 Alexander III (1159–1181): 21 years, 11 months and 24 days (8,029 days).
 St. Sylvester I (314–335): 21 years, 11 months and 1 day (8,005 days).
 St. Leo I (440–461): 21 years, 1 month, and 13 days. (7,713 days).
 Urban VIII (1623–1644): 20 years, 11 months and 24 days (7,664 days).

Popes with the shortest reigns
The list of the 11 shortest-reigning popes includes:
 Urban VII (September 15–September 27, 1590): reigned for 13 calendar days, died before consecration.
 Boniface VI (April, 896): reigned for 16 calendar days
 Celestine IV (October 25–November 10, 1241): reigned for 17 calendar days, died before consecration.
 Theodore II (December, 897): reigned for 20 calendar days 
 Sisinnius (January 15–February 4, 708): reigned for 21 calendar days
 Marcellus II (April 9–May 1, 1555): reigned for 22 calendar days 
 Damasus II (July 17–August 9, 1048): reigned for 24 calendar days
 Pius III (September 22–October 18, 1503): reigned for 27 calendar days.
 Leo XI (April 1–April 27, 1605): reigned for 27 calendar days
 Benedict V (May 22–June 23, 964): reigned for 33 calendar days.
 John Paul I (August 26–September 28, 1978): reigned for 33 calendar days.

References and notes 

Lists of popes
Webkinz

Webkinz are stuffed animals. They were first sold by the Ganz company in 2005. The toys are similar to other small plush toys. Each toy comes with a special code that lets the person who owns it use the "Webkinz World" website. On the website, users can "adopt" an online version of the pet to play with.

The toys have been advertised in a way that is similar to Ty Beanie Babies. After some time, certain types of the toy are "retired" or no longer sold. This makes the toys more valuable after they are retired and people can sell them for more money. Usually,  retired Webkinz are sold at the $20 - $100 range. (USD) Webkinz have been very popular. Ganz says more than 2 million toys have been sold to retailers. They also say there are 1 million users of the Webkinz website. More than $1 million (USD) in toys were sold in the United States in 2006. 

When a person buys a Webkinz at a store, they get a code that allows them to use the website for one year. After that time, the person can still use the account, but there are some things that they can't do on there anymore. To be able to do everything, they must buy another Webkinz toy. Online, users can play with their pets in many ways. For example they can feed them, exercise them, or play games. When they play games, they earn "KinzCash", the money that is used on the site to buy things for their pets. 
 Now, Ganz has made the Ganz E-store, where you can buy Webkinz codes and items with just a credit card and a click. They also made tinier versions called Lil' Kinz plush toys.

Other websites
 Webkinz official website
 Teddy Bear, Version 2.0 - Washington Post article

toys
websites
List of popes

The list of popes begins with St. Peter and continues through the present day.  The pope is the head of the Catholic Church.

Peter was called the Bishop of Rome.  All others who became Bishop of Rome were also recognized as popes.

Chronological list of popes 
The list sometimes says interregnum. This is Latin for "between reigns". It means there was no Pope; as in a Pope had passed away, and his successor hadn't yet been elected.

From 30 to 249

From 250 to 499

From 500 to 749

From 750 to 999

From 1000 to 1249

From 1254 to 1492

From 1503 to 1740

From 1758 to 2005

From 2005

Related pages
 Papal name

References

Further reading
 John N.D. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Oxford University Press, 1986.
 AA.VV., Enciclopedia dei Papi, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.
 Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, I Papi. Venti secoli di storia, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002.

Other websites 
 Catholic Encyclopedia
 Giga-Catholic Information
 Popes & Anti-Popes 

 
Lists of heads of state
Towradgi

Towradgi is a small suburb, north of Wollongong. It is on the coast and close to beaches.

Attractions  
It has a school, soccer fields, a lawn-bowling field, and many other attractions. It has a few restaurants/dining places.

Sources

Other websites

Towradgi Surf Life Saving Club, NSW Australia 
Towradgi Beach Hotel 
Towradgi Community Web Portal 

Settlements in New South Wales
ACID

ACID is a concept used with Databases. It is an abbreviation. It stands for
Atomicity - something is either done completely, or not done at all. The state of doing it is not visible outside the database.
Consistency - The database is in a legal state at all times. When a transaction occurs, it can not break the rules. These rules are about integrity, what is allowed and what is not allowed in certain locations of the database.
Isolation - There can be more than one transaction occurring at the same time. A certain transaction will not see changes made by other transactions.
Durability - When a transaction is done, it will be committed. After it is committed, it can no longer be undone.

Database modeling
Database transaction

With databases, a transaction is a point where there is interaction with the database. Maybe, something is asked from the database. Sometimes the data in the database may also be changed. A database transaction is generally atomic. That means, it is either done completely, or it is not done. The state of it being done is not visible. If it is not done completely, any changes it made will be undone. This is known as rollback.

Most of the time, transactions are needed to guarantee the ACID principle of databases.

Transaction
Aargau

(, , , ; anglicized Argovia) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It is near the lower course of the river Aare, which is why the canton is called Aargau (meaning Aare district). The cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Solothurn and Bern lie to the west. Lucerne is to the south Zug and Zürich are to the east. To the north is Germany. 
About 580.000 people live in the canton. Its capital is Aarau.

Districts 
Aargau is divided into 11 districts:

 Aarau with capital Aarau.
 Baden with capital Baden.
 Bremgarten with capital Bremgarten.
 Brugg with capital Brugg.
 Kulm with capital Unterkulm.
 Laufenburg with capital Laufenburg, Switzerland.
 Lenzburg with capital Lenzburg.
 Muri with capital Muri.
 Rheinfelden with capital Rheinfelden.
 Zofingen with capital Zofingen.
 Zurzach with capital Zurzach.

Other websites 

 

 Company Formation Aargau
List of municipalities of the Netherlands

The Netherlands has 344 municipalities in 12 provinces in Europe and 3 special municipalities (public bodies) in the Caribbean, the Caribbean Netherlands. Together 347 municipalities since (April) 2022.

Special municipalities in the Caribbean

Municipalities by province

Municipalities by alphabetical order

Related pages 
 Provinces of the Netherlands

Other websites 
 Dutch municipalities

 
Netherlands
Flevoland

Flevoland is one of the provinces of the Netherlands. Lelystad is its capital, but Almere is its biggest city. About 428,000 people are living in Flevoland (2021).

Location of the municipalities of Flevoland.

Other websites
North Brabant

North Brabant (Dutch: 'Noord-Brabant') is a  province of the Netherlands. It is in the south of the country. It is bordered by Belgium in the south, the Meuse River (Maas) in the north, Limburg in the east and Zeeland in the west.  See Google maps. Its capital is 's-Hertogenbosch. The largest city is Eindhoven. About 2,574,000 people are living in North Brabant (2021).

Other websites
Local Government Act 1985

The Local Government Act 1985 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.  Its main effect was to abolish the county councils of the metropolitan counties that had been set up in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, along with the Greater London Council that had been established in 1965.

The main provision, section 1 stated that "the Greater London Council; and the metropolitan county councils" shall not exist anymore.

It came into effect on 1 April 1986. The metropolitan boroughs and London boroughs got some of the powers of the former institutions, but others went to central government. At the time of the Act, one third of the population of England were living in Greater London and the metropolitan counties.

The act established a system of joint-boards to take over some of the functions of the abolished councils in the metropolitan counties and in Greater London. The joint-boards had councillors appointed by the boroughs. 

The Act was passed by Margaret Thatcher's government after a series of disputes between the councils and the central government.

References

1985 in the United Kingdom
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1980s in London
Greater London Council

The Greater London Council (GLC) was the local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area.

Creation
The Labour Party had controlled the LCC from 1934 and by the 1950s the Conservative Government considered that elections were becoming one-sided, since the London County Council (LCC) covered only the inner (generally Labour-voting) districts. The government sought to create a new body covering all of London.

Abolition

Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Tory government.  He deliberately antagonised Mrs. Thatcher through a series of actions (including posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of, and endorsing a statue of Nelson Mandela whilst Thatcher regarded the future South African president as a terrorist.

By 1983, Thatcher was determined to crush both Livingstone and the GLC, and the Cabinet agreed "in principle" to abolish the GLC and give its functions to the boroughs. 

The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986.

Replacement

After its abolition, London was left as the only major city in the world without a central administrative body. Most of the powers of the GLC were given to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs - see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.

It was argued by many people that this situation was chaotic and un-coordinated and a new London-wide body was needed to co-ordinate the whole city. 

Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bring back London-wide government. In 1999 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin.  

The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, it consisted of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly.  The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago".

References

Local government in London
1965 establishments in England
1986 disestablishments
1980s disestablishments in England
Greater London Authority

The Greater London Authority (GLA) controls the 1579 km² (610 sq. miles) of Greater London, England, covering the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. The GLA members are the Mayor and the 25 people the London Assembly. The current Mayor of London is Sadiq Khan.

Purpose 

The GLA was created to improve the coordination between the London boroughs, and the Mayor of London's role is to give London a single person to represent it. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic transport body (Transport for London) and economic development body (the London Development Agency). 

One of the primary purposes of the London Assembly is to hold the Mayor of London to account. The Assembly must also accept or amend(change) the Mayor's budget on an annual basis(every year).

The GLA is different from the Corporation of the City of London with its largely ceremonial Lord Mayor. Corporation controls only the square mile of the City, London's chief financial centre. The GLA governs a much wider area 

The GLA is at City Hall, a new building on the south bank of the River Thames, next to Tower Bridge.

Related pages
 Scotland Yard
 Lord Mayor of London

References

Other websites 
The GLA's website
About the GLA - Website detailing the powers of the GLA
Greater London Authority Review, 2005-06 - House of Commons Library Standard Note
Wikisource - Referendum Results
Citymayors.com profile page on GLA history
MayorWatch.co.uk Independent guide to London Government

Local government in London
Mayor of London

The Mayor of London is an elected politician in London. The role, created in 2000, was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom. The Mayor of London is also referred to as the London Mayor, a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000.

The first elected Mayor of London is Ken Livingstone, who was re-elected in 2004. Boris Johnson was elected mayor in 2008. Johnson announced that he will not run for re-election in 2016. Sadiq Khan was elected mayor in 2016.

Role
The Mayor is responsible for budgeting and strategic planning of some governmental functions across the whole of the London region. The plans of the mayor are looked at by the London Assembly and actioned by the Greater London Authority. Responsibilities include transport, the police, fire and emergency services, cultural strategy and economic development.

Salary

The mayor of London's salary is one that ranks along that of a government cabinet minister's. The current salary is £137,579 per year.

List of mayors of London 
This provides a list of people who have held the office of Mayor of London,

Other websites
 Mayor of London website
 Mayor of London's Cultural Strategy Group
 Page about the process of nomination 
 Page about Ken Livingstone's relationship with Labour

References
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (RRHOF), sometimes simply referred to as the Rock Hall, is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, which has information on the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry, mostly in the area of rock music.

First artists 
The first group of musicians, added on January 23, 1986, were Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley.

Other websites
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - official site
Future Rock Hall – lists eligible artists
Images and architectural information
How do you get into the Rock Hall of Fame?
2007 Induction Concert and Ceremony Video Archived on Spinner.com 

Rock music
Museums in the United States
Cleveland, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Ohio
Deal or No Deal

Deal or No Deal is a game show in more than 40 countries on the world created by John de Mol. It began in the Netherlands in 2000.

Format
Deal or No Deal involves a contestant, a host/presenter, a banker, and a number of briefcases (or boxes), with each having a different (and initially unknown) value. Each game starts with the contestant selecting one of the cases–this first case's value is not known until the game ends.    During the rest of the game, the contestant opens the rest of the cases, one at a time, revealing its value.  Each time after a specified number of cases are opened, the banker offers the contestant a certain amount of money to end the game.  If the contestant takes an offer, the game ends, otherwise the contestant ends up with the money from the first case.

Since the range of possible values for cases is known at the start of each game, how much the banker offers at any given point changes based on what cases have been eliminated.  To promote suspense and lengthen games, the banker's offer usually strays from the expected value dictated by probability theory, particularly early in the game.  However it is not uncommon for the bank's offer to exceed the player's expected value very late in the game.

Worldwide, the largest amount offer (in terms of exchange rates) was €1,495,000 (equal to $1,737,250) on the original Miljoenenjacht, on November 13, 2005 (which was accepted, the contestant's case only had €1,000). Only a few people have ever won the top prize on any version of the show.

Countries
All of these were found on the official website.
 Albania
 Algeria
 Argentina
 Armenia
 Australia
 Austria
 Brazil
 Belgium
 Bulgaria
 Chile
 Colombia
 Costa Rica
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Estonia
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Hungary
 India
 Italy
 Japan
 Mexico
 Middle East
 Netherlands
 Nicaragua
 Norway
 Panama
 Peru
 Philippines
 Poland
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 Singapore
 Slovenia
 South Africa
 South Korea
 Spain
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 Thailand
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 United States/Canada
 Vietnam

References

2000 television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
Television game shows
Lightning Hopkins

Samuel John "Lightnin'" Hopkins (March 15, 1912 - January 30, 1982) was a country blues guitar player and singer. He was  from Houston, Texas.

Albums
1959 - Lightnin' Hopkins
1959 - Lightnin' and the Blues
1960 - Last Night Blues (Bluesville)
1960 - Lightnin'  (Bluesville)
1962 - Walkin' This Road By Myself (Bluesville)
1962 - Lightnin' and Co. (Bluesville)
1962 - Lightnin' Strikes (Vee Jay)
1963 - Blues in My Bottle (Bluesville)
1963 - Smokes Like Lightnin'  (Bluesville)
1963 - Goin' Away (Bluesville)
1964 - Down Home Blues (Bluesville)
1965 - Hootin' the Blues (Bluesville)
1965 - Lightnin' Strikes (Tradition)
1965 - The Roots of Lightnin' Hopkins
1966 - Soul Blues (Bluesville)
1967 - My Life in the Blues (Bluesville)
1967 - Original Folk Blues (Kent)
1967 - Lightnin'! (Arhoolie)
1968 - Freeform Patterns (International Artists)
1991 - Swathmore Concert Live, 1964
1995 - Po' Lightning
1999 - The Very Best of Lightnin' Hopkins

Other websites
 Blues Foundation Hall of Fame Induction, 1980 

American guitarists
Singers from Houston, Texas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Musicians from Houston, Texas
1912 births
1982 deaths
Lord Mayor of London

The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of London is the Mayor of the City of London and head of the Corporation of London. The Lord Mayor of London is not the same person as the Mayor of London; The Lord Mayor is an officer only of the City of London. The Mayor of London governs the much larger area of Greater London.

The Lord Mayor is elected each year at the end of September or the beginning of October, and takes office in November. On the day after taking office, the Lord Mayor's Show is held. The Lord Mayor's role is mostly ceremonial and social, not political, although he does promote London's business credentials abroad. The Lord Mayor of London is also the chancellor of the City University of London.

The Lord Mayor for 2017-2018 is Charles Bowman.

Titles and honours 

Of the 66 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors (or, in Scotland, Lord Provosts). The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable; the same privilege extends only to the Lord Mayors of Bristol, York, Cardiff and Belfast, and to the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The style, however, is used when referring to the office and not to the person; "The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor of London" would be correct, while "The Rt Hon John Smith" would be incorrect.

A woman who holds the office is also known as a Lord Mayor. A male Lord Mayor's wife is known as a Lady Mayoress. In speech, a Lord Mayor is referred to as "My Lord Mayor", and a Lady Mayoress as "My Lady Mayoress".

It was once use for Lord Mayors to be created knights when they took office and baronets when they retired. The custom was applied inconsistently from the sixteenth until the nineteenth centuries; creations became more regular from 1889 onwards. From 1964 onwards, the regular creation of hereditary dignities such as baronetcies stopped, but Lord Mayors continued to be granted knighthoods (usually of the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire) until 1993. Since 1993, Lord Mayors have not received any automatic honours upon appointment.

Other functions

The Lord Mayor is also
 Chief Magistrate of the City of London
 Admiral of the Port of London
 Chancellor of City University
 President of the City of London Reserve Forces and Cadets Association
 Trustee of St Paul's Cathedral
 Ambassador for the London Olympics Team 2012 
 de facto Lord Lieutenant for the city, as he also presides over Her Majesty's Commission of Lieutenancy for the City of London
 A link with the Livery Companies of London

Related pages
 Mayor of London

Notes

Other websites

 Lord Mayor official page
Little Richard

Richard Wayne Penniman (December 5, 1932 – May 9, 2020), known by his stage name Little Richard, was an American recording artist, songwriter, and musician. He was one of the early creators of rock and roll music in the 1950s.

Career
In 1951 Little Richard began his music career by making gospel and jazz influenced rhythm and blues. He did not sell many records until 1955 when he added a loud drum beat and loud Gospel-style singing and boogie-woogie piano playing. This new music would come to be known as of rock and roll.  Little Richard influenced many rock and roll musicians who started after him.

In 1957, when he was at his most popular point, Little Richard quit rock and roll music. He went to Bible college and became a church preacher. He then went on to play only Gospel music for many years. He returned to playing rock and roll when he was older, and also continued playing Gospel music.

In 1986, Little Richard was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was one of the first seven people to be added to the museum.

Death
Little Richard died of bone cancer on May 9, 2020 at his brother's home in Tullahoma, Tennessee at the age of 87. He is survived by his brother, sister and his adopted son Danny.

Singles

References

Other websites

Hear Little Richard on the Pop Chronicles

African American musicians
American Christians
American pianists
American R&B musicians
American R&B singers
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Bisexual Christians
Gospel musicians
LGBT African Americans
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from Tennessee
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musicians from Tennessee
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from Tennessee
People from Macon, Georgia
People from Lynchburg, Tennessee
Deaths from bone cancer
1932 births
2020 deaths
Monterey Pop Festival

The Monterey International Pop Music Festival took place from June 16 to June 18, 1967. Over 200,000 people went, and it is often seen as the beginning of the "rock era", replacing the earlier term "rock and roll". The festival was a cultural inspiration for future events. Many of the performers (like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin) became major celebrities through their appearances, while older acts (like The Beach Boys, who were scheduled to appear but cancelled) were seen as obsolete.

People who played

Friday, June 16

The Association
The Paupers
Lou Rawls
Beverly
Johnny Rivers
The Animals
Simon and Garfunkel

Saturday, June 17
Canned Heat
Big Brother & The Holding Company
Country Joe and The Fish
Al Kooper
The Butterfield Blues Band
Quicksilver Messenger Service
Steve Miller Band
The Electric Flag
Moby Grape 
Hugh Masekela
The Byrds
Laura Nyro
Jefferson Airplane
Booker T and The MG's
Otis Redding

Sunday, June 18

Ravi Shankar
The Blues Project
Big Brother & The Holding Company
The Group With No Name
Buffalo Springfield
Scott McKenzie
The Who
The Grateful Dead
Jimi Hendrix
The Mamas & the Papas

Other websites
The Official Blog for the Monterey Pop Festival Foundation 
Monterey Pop Festival Art Director Tom Wilkes 

Pop music
Music festivals in the United States
1967 in music
Music in California
1967 in California
I Have a Dream

"I Have a Dream" is the name of a speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave on August 28,1963 while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.. In his speech, he spoke of his wish for the future. His wish was that people of different races could live together peacefully in the United States. The speech was given to over 200,000 supporters. He spoke of the discrimination that the black men have faced even though they were to be treated as equals after the great Abraham Lincoln signed the momentous decree; the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech is very famous. Many have called it "the best speech given in the 20th century".

References

Other websites 
 "I Have a Dream" Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com
 "Free At Last"
 SouthCoastToday.com: A read on a 4th, 5th and 6th graders' take on Martin
A Simple English Video about the "I Have a Dream" Speech

1963 in the United States
Martin Luther King Jr.
Speeches
1960s in Washington, D.C.
August events
Secret Intelligence Service

The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the United Kingdom's intelligence agency which collects intelligence about foreign countries. It is a branch of the Foreign Service, and reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee.

The service was formed in 1909 as the Secret Service Bureau, but its existence was not officially acknowledged until 1994. 

The service works with the Security Service (MI5), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DIS). SIS deal with the United Kingdom's espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom.

The headquarters are at Vauxhall Cross in London in a purpose-built building. In John le Carré novels it is called The River House.

The National Audit Office (NAO) put the final cost at £135.05 million for site purchase and the basic building, or £152.6 million including the service's special requirements.

Related pages
 Central Intelligence Agency
 Special Air Service

References

Other websites 
 SIS web site

Military of the United Kingdom
Intelligence agencies
Government agencies of the United Kingdom
Banksia

Banksia is a genus of plants common to Australia, they were named after Joseph Banks. The Banksia are noted for their unique flowering.

It is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. As Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants, they  are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". They can vary from woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes: (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.

They produce plenty of nectar,and are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Also, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries.

Banksia plants are threatened by land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered.

Further reading 
 .

References

Other websites
 The Banksia Page of ASGAP
 Banksia Study Group of ASGAP

Proteaceae
Gollum

Gollum is a Hobbit from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He is a minor antagonist of The Hobbit and a secondary antagonist of The Lord of the Rings.

Fictional biography
Sméagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.

Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)
In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.

Other media
Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.

Reception
His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.

Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters