cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Real tennis

Real tennis is the original racket sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis, or tennis, developed. It is also known as jeu de paume in France and as "court tennis" in some parts of United States.

Real tennis is still played at a small number of active courts in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and France.  The sport is supported and governed by 
organizations around the world.

References
 Lord Aberdare (2001). The J.T. Faber Book of Tennis and Rackets. London: Quiller Press. .
 Heiner Gillmeister (1997). Tennis: A Cultural History. London: Leicester University Press. .
 Roman Krznaric (2006). The First Beautiful Game: Stories of Obsession in Real Tennis. Oxford: Ronaldson Publications. .
 Kathryn McNicoll (2006) "Real Tennis". UK: Shire Publications.  (Album 437).
 Julian Marshall (1878). The Annals of Tennis. Facsimile reprinted 1973 by Racquet Sports Information & Services, Inc.: Baltimore.

Other websites
 Real Tennis Online, financially supported and officially endorsed by the governing bodies of real tennis in Australia, France, the UK and the USA

Tennis
Jeu de paume

Jeu de paume was originally a French game similar to lawn tennis, but played without racquets. The players hit the ball with their hands as in volleyball.  Jeu de paume literally means: game of palm (of the hand).  After some time gloves replaced bare hands.  But even when bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game, the name did not change.  It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis), and later "real tennis" after lawn tennis became more popular than the parent game.

Some important buildings in France are known by the name jeu de paume, in general because they are near to tennis courts or to sites on which courts once stood. Several works of art also bear this name, including the famous serment du jeu de paume ('the Tennis Court Oath') in the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the formal announcement of the French revolution made in the Royal Tennis Court there on 20 June, 1789.

Sports that developed from jeu de paume 

 American handball
 Basque pelota
 Fistball
 Frisian handball
 Gaelic handball
 Longue paume
 Pallone
 Valencian pilota
 Volleyball
 Court tennis
 Tennis

Other websites

 Historical Picture: A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace 
 Oratory Real Tennis Club
 Société Sportive du Jeu de Paume et de Racquets 

Handball
Sport in France
Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal castle in Versailles, France.

In French, it is often called the Château de Versailles. When the castle was built, Versailles was a country village, but it is now a suburb of Paris.

From 1682, when King Louis XIV moved from Paris and lived in this palace, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in 1789, the Court of Versailles was the centre of power in the Ancien Régime. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of absolute monarchy.
When Louis XIV became scared of the French population, he kept the rich ones in this palace, so they wouldn't get mad. This helped but since there weren't many toiletts, they left their dump behind the curtains.

Related pages 
 Clock Cabinet
 Fountain of Apollo
 Fountain of Latona
 Hall of Mirrors (Versailles)
 Hameau de la reine
 Hercules Room
 Latona Fountain
 Madame du Barry's apartment
 Petit Théâtre de la Reine
 Queen's apartment at Versailles

Further reading
 Thompson, Ian. The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ).
 Reviewed  by Peter Parker in the Telegraph , October 1, 2006.
 Reviewed  by John Adamson in the Telegraph , 2006.

Other websites

Official Site 
The Hall of Mirrors Restoration   
Pictures of : "Les Grandes Eaux Nocturnes"  
Palace of Versailles photos
Visiting information Palace of Versailles 

 
Former royal residences
Château

A  (plural ) is a manor house or castle of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry.

The term comes from French-speaking regions and is used most often for buildings in these regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified château (that is, a castle) is called a château fort. But the word is not used in the same way as  "castle" is in English, and most châteaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Château de Versailles is so called because it was in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles.The Château de Montsoreau is the first Renaissance château to have been built in France, in the world famous Loire Valley. The Château de Montsoreau is also the only one to have been built in the Loire riverbed.

Other websites
Photos of Loire Châteaux
Château de l'Isle-Marie
Roquetaillade castle
Château de Ravignan 
Château de Montreuil-Bellay
Château de Fontainebleau  
Château de Bellocq Bearn (in french)
Château Saint-Aubin 
Château of Gaston Phoebus at Morlanne in Bearn 

Houses
Château (disambiguation)

Château may refer to:

Terms
 château (French for castle; plural châteaux) - a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of gentry, usually French, with or without fortifications
 château fort - used in French and occasionally in English, where there is need of a distinction between a large post-medieval residence (château) and a medieval fortified residence (château fort).

Companies
Le Château - a clothing retailer
Chateau - a Canadian importer of dollar discount store electronics and accessories

Hotels
Château Frontenac, Quebec City, Quebec
Château Montebello, Montebello, Quebec,
Château Champlain, Montreal, Quebec
Chateau Lake Louise, Lake Louise, Alberta
Château Laurier, Ottawa, Ontario
Positron

A positron (also called an antielectron) is the antimatter version of an electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron. However, it has a positive electric charge, whereas an electron has a negative charge. Like all antimatter, when it meets its so-called counterpartner, each are annihilated and turned into energy. The electron and positron disappear, and the total mass decreases. There is no name for this type of energy, as it is neither mechanical, radiation, chemical, electrical, nuclear, nor thermal. Although the energy does emit light photons when annihilated, it is converted from some form of energy that has not been named.

A positron also very rarely makes a structure called positronium. Positronium is like an atom in many ways, but is very unstable, and usually quickly annihilates.

Other websites 
 What is Antimatter? What is a Positron?  (from the Frequently Asked Questions :: Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies)
 Positron information search at SLAC 
 Positron Annihilation as a method of experimental physics used in materials research.
 Original Publication by Anderson (DOI Link)

Elementary particles
Antimatter
Basque pelota

Pelota in Spanish, pilota in Basque and Catalan, or pelote in French (from Latin pila) is a name for several court sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, or a wooden bat (pala), against a wall (frontón in Spanish, frontoi in Basque, frontó in Catalan) or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. Their roots can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures, but in Europe they all come from real tennis (see Jeu de paume). Today, Basque Pelota is widely played in several countries: in Spain and France, specially in the Basque Country and its neighbour areas.

Other modalities 

 Gaelic handball
 Valencian pilota
 Valencian frontó

Other websites 

 International Federation of Basque Pelota
 http://www.manista.com/
 "The History of Basque Pelota in the Americas"  by Carmelo Urza
 Pelota vasca in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia, with sections on the game and history.
1959's film Thunder in the Sun in IMDb

Sports
Pump-jet

A pump-jet or water jet is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal pump and nozzle.

Pump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications, usually related to requirements for high-speed.

Other websites 
 Personal Watercraft Industry Association
 American Watercraft Association 
 U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety

Engineering
Propulsor

A propulsor is a mechanical device that gives propulsion. The pump-jet is an example.

Engineering
Valencian language

Valencian (valencià) is the historical, traditional, and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain) for the language spoken in this region, also known as Catalan (català) in the Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Aragon and the Balearic Islands; in the country of Andorra; in the southern French region of the Roussillon; and in the Italian city of Alghero on the island of Sardinia.

In linguistics "Valencian" is also used to identify this distinctive variant spoken in central and southern Valencia which has gained its own currency within the Catalan domain.

Language or dialect? 
The official authorities, which are the government of the Valencian Community and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, accept Valencian as a dialect of Catalan.  The Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana and several associations disbelieve this opinion . They believe Valencian is a language in its own. They also accuse the official authorities of mixing Valencian with Catalan. This is done by approaching the Valencian ortography and grammar to the Catalan one.

References

Romance languages
Valencia (autonomous community)
Valencian pilota

Pilota Valenciana or Valencian pilota (pilota means ball in Valencian) is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known, but seems to be related to the French Jeu de paume.

Rules vary from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only some minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played).

The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similarly to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net. 
A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be impacted by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.

History 

Valencian pilota origins are not known with certainty, but it's commonly supposed to be a variant from the middle-aged Jeu de paume, as many other European handball sports (Basque laxoa, French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.

Jeu de paume is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many tripots (courtfields), it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the Valencian pilota sport that, in the 16th century Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his Dialogues and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

Other websites 
 Valencian pilota federation
 News about Valencian pilota 
 News and shop about Valencian pilota 
 Online one-on-one Escala i corda game, videos and 3D views of a ''trinquet 
 Personal site of Pedro, a Valencian pilotari 
 II Handball World Meeting 
 History of the Pilota, PDF

Videos
Youtube: 7 videos featuring the 1993 Escala i Corda Individual final match, Genovés I vs. Sarasol I
Pilota valenciana: Joc i tradició. 15 minutes documentary

Handball
Sport in Spain
Trapezoid

A trapezoid (in North America) or trapezium (in Britain and elsewhere) is a quadrilateral, which is defined as a shape with four sides, which has one set of parallel sides. In North America, the term  "trapezium" is used for what is elsewhere called an irregular quadrilateral.

Calculating area
To calculate the area of a trapezoid, you must add the two parallel sides together, divide that by 2, then times that by its height.

Other websites 
 "Trapezoid" on MathWorld
 Trapezoid definition   Area of a trapezoid   Median of a trapezoid With interactive animations
 Trapezoid (North America) at elsy.at: Animated course (construction, circumference, area)

Polygons
Frisian handball

Frisian handball (Dutch: kaatsen, Frisian: Keatsen) is a traditional Frisian sport, related to American handball and fives, that is most commonly practiced by people from the northern province of Fryslân, or Friesland. It is believed to be one of the oldest ballgames. The score is similar to tennis. The first team that scores six games, wins the match. It is played by the ethnic group of the Frisians.

In parts of Belgium, a similar game is played, there called Jeu de Pelote. This game is played by teams of 5 players on a trapezium shaped field, mostly on marketplaces.

Other websites 

 Belgian Federation 
 KNKB Dutch Federation
 Walon amateur Federation 
 Franeker's Permanent Comity
 Ath Handball Museum
 1956, Balle Pelote final match, Braine-Gosseli
 Video: Chris Wassenaar

Handball
Frisian culture
Gaelic football

Gaelic Football (Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach or Caid ), commonly referred to as "football", or "Gaelic", is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. It, along with Hurling, is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland.

Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end.  The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with your hand and getting it through the goals.  The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.

Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, soloing (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.

Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.

Playing field 

The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-12s and under 10s.

Duration 

All Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes).

Teams 

Teams consist of fifteen players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward) plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which five may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a different coloured jersey.

The ball 
The game is played with a round leather football, similar to a soccer ball, but heavier, and with horizontal stitching rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels often used on soccer balls, and similar to a standard volleyball.

Other websites 
 Rules
 Official GAA website
 An Fear Rua - The GAA Unplugged!  -GAA site with news, views, fun and chat...
 Unofficial GAA Messageboard

References 

Football
Sport in Ireland
Caid (sport)

Caid was the name given to several ancient and traditional Irish football games. "Caid" is now used by some people for modern Gaelic football.

The word caid originally meant the ball which was used. It was made out of animal skin, with a natural bladder inside.

Some people believe that caid has influenced the modern sport of Gaelic football the rules of which were officially published in 1887.

The first recorded mention of football in Ireland was in 1308, when John McCrocan, a spectator at a football game was charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard. Football games are mentioned in the Statute of Galway, 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery, but banned "hokie" – the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves, as well as other sports.  
Caid was especially popular in rural areas.

There is some evidence that caid was taken around the world by the Irish diaspora, and that it may have influenced the development of Australian rules football, although this is controversial.

By the late 19th century, caid, like many aspects of native Irish culture, was in steep decline.

Sport in Ireland
Longue paume

Longue paume is an outdoor version of jeu de paume and therefore an ancestor of modern lawn tennis.  Hundreds of years ago it was quite popular, particularly in France.  It was part of the Paris 1900 Summer Olympics, but not all think that the medals that were awarded  for longue paume at that Olympics have full value.  Today, the sport is played regionally in Picardie.  The governing body of the sport is the Fédération Française de Longue Paume with its headquarter in Amiens.

Other websites
 Connaissez-vous la Longue Paume? 
 Ligue de Picardie de Longue Paume

Handball

it:Pallacorda#Longue paume
Palla

For the article of ancient Roman clothing, see Palla (garment).
Palla, Italian language for ball, is the name of various traditional ball games of Italy. In Italian they also call pallacanestro for basketball, pallavolo for volleyball, pallamano for handball and pallanuoto for water polo.

Games

Palla eh!
Palla eh! is an old Tuscan ball game from Maremma towns between Siena and Grosseto.  It has this name because players call out eh! before serving.

Small hand-made balls contain a lead pellet wrapped in rubber and wool with a leather cover. The game is played by facing teams who strike, not catch, the ball with either a bare or gloved hand: every team include 3, 4 or 5 athletes. Courts are marked out with painted lines on town streets, but there is no net, and players can move between sides.  Adjacent buildings, objects, and sometimes spectators, are considered "in play."  Play does stop for oncoming automobiles.  Similar to real tennis, a second bounce can result in a "chase" rather than an outright point, marked in chalk where the ball stops rolling. In one version of palla, scoring is identical to that of tennis: 15-30-40-game.

Palla 21
In a variant called palla 21 scoring is 7-14-21 or game. In this form they use a rubber or plastic ball of 35-40 grams. Firstly a palla 21 tournament was played in Chicago during 2007 with Italian national team.

Palla elastica
Palla elastica is a team game: every team include 5 athletes who catch a rubber ball,  similar to tennis ball, with either a bare hand. The team which wins 11 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Registered players of official championships dispute their matches in a kind of stadium, 75 metres long with lateral wall, named sferisterio or sferodromo in Italian language.

Pallamuro
Pallamuro is Italian name of American handball.

Palla prigioniera
Palla prigioniera is Italian name of prisoner ball.

Pallacorda
Pallacorda or palla della corda is the Italian name of ancient form of real tennis where a cord of rope was strung across the street and players used hands, racket or tamburello alias tambourine in English language. Pisa, Prato, Rome, Siena, and various Tuscan towns still have streets named via Pallacorda or via Della Corda.

Pallamaglio
Pallamaglio is an other ancient game called pall mall in English language and his modern form named skittles is played in England, Germany, Austria and Switzerland currently.

Pallina
Pallina means small ball and it is a team game: every team include 4, 5 or 6 athletes who catch a rubber ball, of almost 50 grams, with either a bare hand.

Related pages
 Pallone
 Tamburello

References

 Morgan, Roger (1989). "European Derivatives of Tennis" in The Royal Game, L. St J. Butler & P. J. Wordie, ed.  Stirling: Falkland Palace Real Tennis Club.  or .
 McNicoll, Kathryn (2005). Real Tennis, pp. 21–22.  Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications. .
 Whitman, Malcolm D. (1932). Tennis: Origins and Mysteries, p. 85.  Mineola, NY: Dover Publications (2004 reprint). .

Sport in Italy
Troposphere

Troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth’s Atmosphere. It extents up to 20 kilometers above the earth’s surface. It contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols. This layer is rich in oxygen. The temperature drops from an average around 62°F (17°C) to -60°F (-51°C) at the troposphere. 

The transitional area between the troposphere and stratosphere is called the tropopause. The troposphere is made up of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, neon, krypton, argon, helium, and hydrogen. The air in the troposphere is warmest closest to the earth and colder at higher elevations. Most of the dust particles in the earth's atmosphere are found in the troposphere

Other websites 
 Troposphere Citizendium

Layers of Earth's atmosphere
Rapid deepening

Rapid deepening is a condition that happens when the minimum sea-level atmospheric pressure of a tropical cyclone goes down at lot very quickly. The National Weather Service describes rapid deepening as a decrease of 42 millibars in less than 24 hours.  However, this phrase is usually applied to most storms that are quickly becoming stronger.

References

Meteorology
Tropical cyclones
Doppler radar

Doppler radar uses the Doppler effect to measure the speed (radial velocity) of targets. Radial velocity is how fast the target is coming towards, or going away from, the radar. The Doppler effect will shift the received frequency up or down, based on the radial velocity of a target in the beam. This gives a direct and highly accurate measurement of target velocity, but only the radial velocity. Doppler radar by itself doesn't measure the azimuthal velocity (how fast it is going in other directions). 

Doppler radars may be Coherent Pulsed, Continuous Wave, or Frequency Modulated.

References 

Technology
Atlantic hurricane

An Atlantic hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, usually in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer or autumn, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (64 knots, 33 m/s, 119 km/h).  When applied to hurricanes, "Atlantic" generally refers to the entire "Atlantic basin", which includes the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and gives out reports, watches and warnings about tropical weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms form each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 every season. Hurricane Wilma of 2005 was the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in history.

References

Other websites

Tropical Cyclone Forecasters' Reference Guide
NHC Tropical Cyclone Climatology 
Monthly Mean Sea Surface Temperatures
Hurricane Preparation Guide

Atlantic Ocean
 Atlantic
Buras-Triumph, Louisiana

Buras-Triumph is an unincorporated community in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.
The population was 3,358 at the 2000 census. On the peninsula, Buras is higher, with Triumph southeast of Buras.

Buras-Triumph has become famous as the location where, on August 29, 2005, at 6:10 AM CDT, the eye of Hurricane Katrina made its strongest landfall. However, the storm surge and high winds began on the previous day, August 28, 2005. During those 2 days, the area was destroyed as a result.

References

Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Dry Tortugas

The Dry Tortugas are a small group of islands. They are at the end of the Florida Keys, United States. They are about  west of Key West, and  west of the Marquesas Keys, at , the closest islands. Still farther west is the Tortugas Bank, which is now underwater. The islands were discovered in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. They are an unincorporated area of Monroe County, Florida and belong to the Lower Keys Census County Division. With their surrounding waters they make up the Dry Tortugas National Park.

Other websites
 Topographic and Floristic Change of the Dry Tortugas Keys, with description and areas of keys 
 Dry Tortugas National Park by Park Vision  A Photographic Guide to the Park.
 Dry Tortugas Satellite View Google Maps
 History and Ecology of Mangroves in the Dry Tortugas

Florida Keys
National parks in the United States
Biosphere reserves
Aventura, Florida

Aventura is a city found in the northeastern part of Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city name is from the Spanish word for "adventure," and was named "Aventura" because that was the name of the original group of condominium developments in the area. The name predates the well known mall (Aventura Mall) built near the condominium developments. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2006, the city had a population of 30,027.

References

Cities in Florida
Florida Keys

The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. They begin at the southeastern tip of the Florida peninsula, about 15 miles south of Miami, and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas.  The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the west, and defining one edge of Florida Bay.  At the nearest point, the southern tip of Key West is just 98 miles (157 km) from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, in the subtropics. The climate of the Keys however, is defined as tropical according to Köppen climate classification.  More than 95 percent of the land area is in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, primarily in the city of Islandia, Florida. The total land area is 355.6 km² (137.3 sq mi). As of the 2000 census the population was 79,535, with an average density of 223.66/km² (579.27/sq mi), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the entire population of the Keys.

The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, which consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas.

Upper keys 
Key Biscayne 
Key Largo 
Rattlesnake Key 

Middle keys
Islamorada 
Tavernier 
Plantation Key 
Matecumbe Key 
Craig Key 
Fiesta Key 
Long Key 
Conch Key 
Duck Key 
Grassy Key 
Deer Key 
Vaca Key 
Marathon 
Boot Key 

Lower keys
Bahia Honda 
West Summer land Key 
Ohio Key 
No Name Key 
Big Pine Key 
Torch Key 
Ramrod Key 
Summerland Key 
Cudjoe Key 
Sugarloaf Key 
Saddlebunch Keys 
Big Coppitt Key 
Boca Chica 
Key West

Other websites

A Gazetteer of the Florida Keys
City of Key West
Historical photographs of the Florida Keys 
History of the Conch Republic 
National Park Service: Dry Tortugas
NOAA Marine Sanctuary 
Crane Point Museum & Nature Center

Media
The Reporter newspaper
The Keynoter newspaper
The Key West Citizen

Islands of Florida
Climatology

Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.

References

Other websites 
 Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
 Climate Prediction Center
 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.
 KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
 Climatology as a Profession Amer. Inst. of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century

Climate
Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger

Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger is a 2001 single from the album Discovery by Daft Punk.

Kanye West's 2007 song Stronger from the album Graduation uses a sample from Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger.

2001 songs
Fiona Apple

Fiona Apple McAfee Maggart, or Fiona Apple (born September 13, 1977) is an American musician. Her song Criminal, which was on her first album, Tidal, won a Grammy Award in 1998 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.
Since then Apple has released three studio albums.

Early life
Apple was born in New York City to singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart. She started psychotherapy when she was 11. When she was 12 she was raped outside the apartment she lived in. She had obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Career
In 1994 Apple gave demo tape containing the songs "Never Is a Promise", "Not One of Those Times", and "He Takes a Taxi" to her friend, who was the babysitter of music publicist Kathryn Schenker. Schenker passed the tape on to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Slater signed Apple to the label. In 1996 Apple's first album Tidal was released. Apple won the MTV Video Music Award for "Best New Artist" for her song "Sleep to Dream" in 1997. Apple famously said that "the world is bullshit" in her acceptance speech.

In 1999 Apple's second album When the Pawn... was released.

Apple sang with Johnny Cash on a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water" on Cash's 2002 album American IV: The Man Comes Around.

Apple's third album Extraordinary Machine was released in 2005. Apple was on the cover of NYLON magazine.

In 2012 Apple's fourth album The Idler Wheel... was released.

A cover of "I'm in the Middle of a Riddle" that Apple made with her sister Maude Maggart was released on February 4 on Sweetheart, a Valentine's album only sold at Starbucks.

Personal life
Apple is vegan. In October 2013 she asked a fan to leave her concert in Portland, Oregon after they shouted "Get healthy!" at her.

Discography

Albums

Charting singles

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 MTV Fiona Apple page

1977 births
Living people
American pianists
Singer-songwriters from New York
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from New York City
Pastor

A pastor is what a leader is called in some Christian Churches. The word pastor is Latin for "shepherd".

Other websites 
 New Advent. The Catholic Encyclopedia's entry on the term pastor.
 Gunpoint Pentecostal Church. A Pentecostal view on the term pastor.
 Pastors' Families and Personal Lives   A collection of resources about keeping a pastor's personal life vibrant.
 Pastor's Role . A collection of articles about the role of a pastor in a church.
 Pastoral Administration . Articles about a pastor's role as administrator of a church.

Christian religious occupations
Egyptology

Egyptology is the study of Ancient Egypt. It falls under both history and archaeology. Someone who studies or works in this field is called an Egyptologist.

Egypt
Archaeology
Ancient Egypt
Lichfield

Lichfield is a small city in Staffordshire, England.

The first part of the name comes from a nearby Roman-British village called Letocetum. It was captured by the Mercians some time before 669, when it was called Licidfelth. Between 786 and 803, the Christian archbishop in England was here, instead of Canterbury.

References

Towns in Staffordshire
Cities in England
Civil parishes in Staffordshire
New France

New France was a colony settled by France in North America. The regions in New France included Quebec, Acadia, and the Louisiana Territory. Quebec City was its capital. The French settled there after finding Quebec and in doing so created New France. The colony was most valuable for its fur trade. France lost the colony during the French and Indian War and it became part of British North America, except the western part of the Louisiana Territory which France had ceded in 1762 to the Spanish Empire. In 1800 Spain returned that territory to Napoleon, who sold it to the United States in 1803.

Historical territories of Canada
1534 establishments
1760s disestablishments
1530s establishments in North America
Establishments in Canada
16th-century establishments in France
El Llano, Elías Piña

El Llano (The Plain) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,193: 2,161 men and 2,032 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
El Llano became a municipality by the law 687 of 2 July 1974. Before that date, it was part of Comendador.

Geography
El Llano has an area of . It is to the east of Comendador, next to the San Juan province.

Administrative division
The municipality of El Llano has only one municipal district; this is:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crop is rice.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1974 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Hondo Valle, Elías Piña

Hondo Valle (in English, Deep Valley) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province. It is in the northern Sierra de Neiba mountain range.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 7,194: 3,782 men and 3,412 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Hondo Valle was elevated to the category of municipality by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Before that date, it was a municipal district of Comendador.

Geography
Hondo Valle is in a small valley on the Sierra de Neiba mountain range, at an elevation of 890 m. It is at  to the south of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the municipality of Juan Santiago to the east, the Independencia province to the south and Haiti to the west.

Climate
Hondo Valle has a tropical wet and dry/savanna (Köppen climate classification : Aw).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .

Hondo Valle is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Hondo Valle has only one municipal district; this is:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1978 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Juan Santiago, Elías Piña

Juan Santiago is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,360: 2,394 men and 1,966 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Juan Santiago became a municipal district of Comendador by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Then, in 2005, it became a municipality of the Elías Piña province.

Geography
Juan Santiago has an area of . The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the Independencia province to the south and the municipality of Hondo Valle to the west.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2005 establishments in North America
21st-century establishments in the Dominican Republic
Río Limpio, Elías Piña

Río Limpio (in English, Clean River) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Río Limpio became a municipal district of Pedro Santana by the law 36 of 15 November 1992.

Geography
Río Limpio has an area of . It is on the right side of the Vallecito river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.

The town is to the west of the Loma Nalga de Maco mountain,  high (), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Pedro Santana to the south and Haiti to the west.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crops are coffee and rice.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1992 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Sabana Cruz, Elías Piña

Sabana Cruz (in English, "Savanna [of the] Cross") is a Dominican municipal district of Bánica in the Elías Piña Province. It has a total area of 66.0 km².

Sabana Cruz is on the southwest of the municipality of Bánica, on the border with Haiti.

Population 
In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Cruz was of 2,081 persons. The population density was 31.5 persons/km².

Economy 
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
Sabana Larga, Elías Piña

Sabana Larga (in English, "Long Savanna") is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province near the border with Haiti.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,056: 1,127 men and 929 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Sabana Larga was made a municipal district of Comendador by the law 18 of 20 January 2004; a municipal district is a part of a municipality that has its own government.

Geography
Sabana Larga is to the northeast of the city of Comendador, on the northern side of the Macasías river, the main left tributary of the Artibonite river.

Economy
The main economic activity of Sabana Larga is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2004 establishments
21st-century establishments in the Dominican Republic
Destiny Fulfilled

Destiny Fulfilled is the fourth studio album by the American R&B trio Destiny's Child. The album features the top five singles "Lose My Breath" and "Soldier" along with the top twenty single "Cater 2 U" and top thirty single "Girl".

Destiny Fulfilled debuted too early at number-nineteen on the Billboard 200 selling 61,000 copies a week before its official release. During its first official week of sales the album sold over 497,000 (558,000) copies and went to number two on the pop charts behind Eminem's Encore and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart (for two weeks). The album sold over 337,000 copies in its second week (number four), 164,000 in its third (number nine) and 214,000 in its fourth (number seven). Destiny Fulfilled was made Triple platinum by the RIAA after only eight weeks on the chart in January, 2005. It spent nine weeks in the top ten and fifty weeks on the Billboard 200 and has sold 2.7 million copies in the US says Nielsen SoundScan. The album has sold 6 million copies worldwide, to date.

Track listing 
Lose My Breath
Soldier (featuring T.I. & Lil Wayne)
Cater 2 U
T-shirt
Is She The Reason
Girl
Bad Habit
If
Free
Through With Love
Love
Game Over
Why You Actin

Bonus tracks

Wal-Mart/Sam's Club limited edition 2CD Tracks 
"My Man" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"2 Step" – 3:25
"What's It Gonna Be" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"Survivor" (Extended Remix featuring Da Brat) – 4:24
"Independent Women Part 2" – 3:45

Other 
"Game Over" (Int.) – 4:03
"Why You Acting" (Int.) – 4:28
"Got's My Own" (Japan) – 3:58

Destiny's Child albums
Kanal 5

Kanal 5 is a Swedish television channel.

Source 
Kanal 5 homepage

Television channels in Europe
Decadence

Decadence (pronounced: DEK-a-dence) means a state in which people are behaving in a way that is regarded by some people as being morally bad.  The adjective is 'decadent'.  It has nothing to do with the word decade (10 years).

Where the word came from
“Decadence” comes from the Latin words “de” (from) and “cadere” (to fall).  Thus it means to fall from a higher state of being.

Decadence and society
Decadence is usually a state in a society which used to be good but has become bad. Many people have started to behave in a way that others think is shocking and society does not function as well as it did before.  Of course, not everyone will agree what is “good” or “bad”, but some societies, such as Sodom and Gomorrah, are thought to have been decadent.

Decadence and the arts

The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often called the fin de siècle (end of century). It is an example of a supposed decadent society in literature and art. 

In France there were several writers who were happy to be called “decadent”.  They included Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. In France, the symbolist artists such as Gustave Moreau regarded themselves as "decadent". In England decadent artists included the author Oscar Wilde and visual artists such as Aubrey Beardsley. The "decadents" advocated living a "decadent lifestyle", which means a lifestyle based on seeking  the maximum possible amount of aesthetic pleasure. 

In the early 1970s, glam rock musicians such as David Bowie called themselves "decadent". David Bowie's 1973 album Diamond Dogs is about the theme of decadence.  Glam rock musicians and fans of glam rock music signaled that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes. The popular 1976 film Rocky Horror Picture Show was a humorous depiction of "decadence". 

People of the goth subculture, which began in the early 1980s among fans of the band Bauhaus, generally regard themselves as being "decadent".  One way they may symbolize themselves as being decadent is by wearing fishnet stockings.

Colors that symbolize decadence
The color lavender is usually used to symbolize decadence.  Both of the books in the "further reading" list below are colored different tones of lavender.  In the 1890s, the color mauve was used to symbolize decadence--the 1890s were called the mauve decade.

Further reading
 Decadence: the strange life of an epithet By Richard Gilman--New York: 1979--Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 Dreamers of decadence: the symbolist painters of the 1890s By Philippe Julian 1971

Culture
Ethics
Literature
Painting
Pop music
Giro Manoyan

Giro (Kiro) Manoyan () is an Armenian politician, one of the leaders of ARF Dashnaktsutiun and the head of Armenian Cause Office.

Manoyan attended and finished Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. In the 1980s he was the Executive Director of the Armenian National Committee of Canada. From 1989 to 1999, he edited the Horizon Weekly Armenian newspaper. Since 2000, he is the Director of the International Secretariat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bureau in Yerevan.

References

Other websites
An interview with Kiro Manoyan

Armenian politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Castleton, Derbyshire

Castleton is a small village in the Derbyshire Peak District national park, in England. It is built on a limestone part of the national park and nearly all the buildings are built of limestone. It has extremely good access as it is near some main cities.

The main attractions in Castleton include Mam Tor, a tall mountain made out of shale. Burbage Moor is a lovely walking spot. It has some climbing spots and has a valley in a valley. Winnats Pass is a path way in between two cliffs. It is very spectacular walking through it. There are big limestone caves near Castleton. They have stalagmites stalactites. 

Blue John is a type of rock which is found near Castleton. Water can be seen flowing out of the ground. This is water which has soaked into the limestone.

Castleton has the nickname "Gem of the Pee*”

Other websites 
Derbyshire Guide
Pigot's 1835 Directory 
Minerals, Mines and Quarries 

Villages in Derbyshire
Los Angeles Lakers

The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play their home games in the Crypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, California, which they share with the Los Angeles Clippers, their sister team the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers were originally known as Minneapolis Lakers. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 17 NBA championships, tied with the Boston Celtics for the most in NBA history.

Many famous players played on the Los Angeles Lakers' team, including:
 Wilt Chamberlain
 George Mikan
 Jerry West
 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
 Magic Johnson
 Michael Cooper
 Elgin Baylor
 Gail Goodrich
 Jamaal Wilkes
 Bob McAdoo
 James Worthy
 Shaquille O'Neal
 Kobe Bryant
 Pau Gasol
 Derek Fisher
 Lamar Odom
 Andrew Bynum
 Luke Walton
 LeBron James
 Anthony Davis
 Trevor Ariza
 Metta Sandiford-Artest

The Lakers have won 17 NBA championships, including 5 in Minneapolis (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) and 12 in Los Angeles (1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2009, 2010, 2020).

Three of the Lakers' rivals are the Boston Celtics, Portland Trail Blazers, and the Sacramento Kings.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Los Angeles
1947 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in Minnesota
Asterix

Asterix () is a French comic book. It was created by René Goscinny (words) and Albert Uderzo (pictures). Goscinny died in 1977 and Uderzo continued to draw and write the series by himself until his death in 2020. The title character Asterix is a Gaul, a member of a Celtic tribe that lived in France, in the year of 50 B.C.E. Asterix lives in a small village in northwest Gaul (Ancient France) during the time of Julius Caesar in 50 BC. Unlike the rest of Gaul, this village has not been taken over by the Romans, because the people in the village drink a magic potion brewed by their druid Getafix. Asterix has many adventures with his friend, Obelix, a Menhir delivery man. The stories have been adapted into movies and video games; there is even an amusement park. There is also a couple of cartoons made after this popular comic, and both the comic and the cartoon can be made into so that the characters speak French.

Comic books
Hurdy gurdy

A hurdy gurdy is a stringed musical instrument played by a rosin-covered wheel. It dates back to the Middle Ages. 
The hurdy gurdy can create three types of sounds. The melody is played on melody strings by pressing keys on the side of the instrument. These press tangents against the strings. Hurdy gurdies can also have drone strings, which play one note continuously. Many hurdy gurdies also have a buzzing bridge. Turning the wheel faster causes this to make a rhythmic buzzing sound.

Bands that feature hurdy gurdies 
 Omnia
 Valravn
 Faun
 Kelten Zonder Grenzen
 The Mediaeval Baebes

String instruments
List of magicians

This is a list of magicians, illusionists, escape artists, and other practitioners of stage magic.

Magicians are listed by the most common name used in performance. Magicians' real names, if different, follow in parentheses.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

W

Z

References 
 Randi, James. Conjuring. (1992) 

Lists of entertainers