cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Stratovolcano

A stratovolcano is a tall, conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes have a steep slope and explosive eruptions every now and then.

References

Volcanoes
StG 44

The StG 44 (Sturmgewehr 44; Assault Rifle 44), known as the world's first assault rifle. Is a gun produced in Nazi Germany during the World War II, replacing the MP-40. Hitler first did not approve of this new class of weapons, so it was called MP-43 and MP-44, meaning Machine Pistol in English. The first service on the Eastern Front was successful, so more were manufactured.

References 

Assault rifles
8 mm firearms
World War II
Weapons
Peter Soulsby

Sir Peter Alfred Soulsby (born 27 December 1948) is the elected Mayor of Leicester.

1948 births
Living people
British mayors
Picabo Street

Picabo Street (born April 3, 1971) in Idaho. She is a retired alpine ski racer who won gold medals at 1998 Winter Olympics and downhill at the 1996 World Championships. She also won silver medals at 1994 Winter Olympics and won World Cup downhill titles in 1995 and 1996, making her the first American woman to do so.

References

Sportspeople from Idaho
American Olympic gold medalists
American skiers
1971 births
Living people
Garageland

Garageland is a song by English punk rock band The Clash, featured on their first album, The Clash.

Writing
Upon The Clash's appearance at the Sex Pistols 'Screen on the Green' concert, NME critic Charles Shaar Murray said:

"The Clash are the kind of garage band who should be returned to the garage immediately, preferably with the engine running, which would undoubtedly be more of a loss to their friends and families than to either rock or roll."

The Clash responded immediately by writing the song 'Garageland'.  The opening verses are: "Back in the garage with my bullshit detector / Carbon monoxide makes sure it's effective", followed by the chorus: "We're a garage band / We come from garageland", and concluding with "Back in the garage".

Yet, only two years later, Murray was describing the band as "the greatest rock band in the world" in the same paper.

References

Punk rock
1977 songs
Pope Pius X

Pope Pius X (; , 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914), born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 258th Pope from 1903 to 1914.   He is a saint of the Catholic Church, well known as being strongly against members of the Catholic Church trying to make it follow modern ideas, a movement called modernism.

Early life
Giuseppe Sarto was born in 1835 in Riese in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.  He studied at the University of Padua.

Priest
Sarto was ordained as a priest on 18 September 1858.

Bishop
In 1884, Pope Leo XIII made Sarto the Bishop of Mantua.

Cardinal
In 1893, Pope Leo XIII made Sarto a cardinal and the Patriarch of Venice.

Pope
On 20 4 August 1903, Cardinal Sarto was elected pope; and he chose to be called Pius X.

Saint
In 1951, he was beatified, which is a step in the process of naming a saint of the Catholic Church.

In 1954, he was canonized as a saint.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius X
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Sarto
 Museo San Pio X
Fondazione Giuseppe Sarto 

1835 births
1914 deaths
Italian popes
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Dancing Queen

"Dancing Queen" is a 1975 song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as a single in autumn 1976, but recorded in 1975. The song reached #1 in 13 countries. It's commonly known as one of many successful songs in the 1970s. It is a signature song for ABBA.

Pop songs
ABBA songs
1975 songs
Arlen Specter

Arlen Specter (born February 12, 1930 – October 14, 2012) was an US Senator from Pennsylvania.  He had 30 years in the Senate. He changed to the Democratic Party in 2009.

He ran for the Republican nomination for President in 1996.

Specter was born on February 12, 1930 in Wichita, Kansas. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania.  He was with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School. He was married to Joan Specter. They had two children.

Specter died on October 14, 2012 from non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 82.

References

United States senators from Pennsylvania
1930 births
2012 deaths
1996 United States presidential candidates
Politicians from Wichita, Kansas
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
US Democratic Party politicians
Rexall Place

The Rexall Place is a sports arena in Edmonton, Alberta. The arena opened on November 10, 1974, and is the current home to the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and the Edmonton Rush of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The arena was originally known as Northlands Coliseum from 1974 to 1995, Edmonton Coliseum from 1995 to 1998 and the Skyreach Centre from 1998 to 2003. Rexall medicine company currently has naming rights for the arena. The arena has hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1978 as well as WWE's Backlash pay-per-view in 2004.

The 2015–16 season is the last for the Oilers at Rexall Place. In 2014, construction started on a new arena for the Oilers in downtown Edmonton. The new arena, to be known as Rogers Place, will  open for the 2016–17 season.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Edmonton
Indoor arenas
Sports buildings in Canada
1974 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in Canada
Robert Fliess

Robert Fliess (1895-1970) was a psychoanalyst. His father was Wilhelm Fliess, who worked with Sigmund Freud. Robert Fliess wote several books, including Erogeneity and Libido.

Psychoanalysts
1895 births
1970 deaths
Carthage College

Carthage College is a Lutheran college in Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States.

Colleges and universities in Wisconsin
Manly Hall

Manly Palmer Hall (March 18, 1901 – August 29, 1990) was a Canadian-born author, lecturer, astrologer and mystic. He wrote many books, including The Lost Keys of Freemasonry and The Secret Teachings of All Ages. Hall started the Philosophical Research Society in Los Angeles in 1934.

1901 births
1990 deaths
Canadian writers
Occultists
Pope Adrian IV

Adrian IV (; c. 1100 – 1 September 1159), born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.

Breakspear was an English priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 170th Pope. He is the only Englishman ever to have been Pope.

Life 
Breakspear was born near St. Albans in Hertfordshire in England. His father was Robert, who later became a monk at St Albans Abbey. Nicholas himself, however, was not yet to attend the monastery.  He was told by the Abbot to 'wait to go on with his schooling so that he might be considered more suitable' (Abbey chronicles). He did not wait and went instead to Paris.  He finally became a canon regular of the cloister of St. Rufus monastery near Arles. He rose to be Prior and soon was unanimously elected Abbot. This election has been traditionally dated to 1137. Evidence from the Abbey's chronicles suggests it was about 1145.

In 1146, Breakspear was made Bishop of Albano. Pope Eugene III raised Breakspear to the rank of Cardinal in the same year, 1146.

From 1152 to 1154, Cardinal Breakspear was the papal legate to Scandinavia.

Pope 
Cardinal Breakspear was elected pope on 3 December 1154. He chose the name Adrian IV. He at once tried to bring down Arnold of Brescia, the leader of the anti-papal faction in Rome. Disorder in the city led to the murder of a cardinal. Adrian, shortly before Palm Sunday 1155, took the step of putting Rome under interdict. The Senate (City Council of Rome) then exiled Arnold.

Pope Adrian was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

A proposed alliance with the Eastern Byzantine Empire came to nothing. Adrian signed a Papal Bull (official letter) urging King Henry II of England to invade Ireland and bring the Celtic Christian church into the Roman system.

A dispute with Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor was happening when Adrian died.  He was said to have died from choking on a fly in his wine.  It was probably of quinsy.

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Breakspear 

12th-century births
1159 deaths
English priests
English Roman Catholics
People from Hertfordshire
Popes
Respiratory care

Respiratory care is a type of medicine that works with pulmonology to make people better who are suffering from lung problems.  People working in respiratory care are called Respiratory Therapists.  Respiratory Therapists help in every part of lung health.  Respiratory Therapists are not all over the world, but are mostly in Canada, United States and Mexico.  In other countries people involved in Respiratory Care are registered nurses and physical therapists.

Health care
Pulmonology
Jim Jeffords

James Merrill "Jim" Jeffords (May 11, 1934 – August 18, 2014) was an American politician. He was a United States Senator from Vermont. He was senator from January 3, 1989 through January 3, 2007. Before being senator, Jeffords was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Vermont.

He was elected as a Republican. In 2001 he left the party to become a Independent. That gave control of the Senate to the Democratic Party.

Jeffords died on August 18, 2014 from Alzheimer's disease at Knollwood, a military retirement facility in Washington, D.C.. He had lived there for eight years. He was 80 years old.

References

Other websites

NNDB
The Political Graveyard
govtrack.us

1934 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Congregationalists
Yale University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Attorneys general
State legislators of the United States
United States senators from Vermont
United States representatives from Vermont
US Republican Party politicians
Independent politicians in the United States
Ground state

Ground state is the lowest level of energy in a particle, atom or molecule. If energy is added from outside, then the level of energy is increased, and the ground state is changed. Changing ground state is the process of excitement of electrons to higher levels. Any other state is called an "excited state." In ground state, an atom is stable, and does not give out electromagnetic radiation. When an electron drops down from an excited state to the ground state, electromagnetic radiation is released.

References

Physics

de:Stationärer Zustand
Winter Wonderland

"Winter Wonderland" is a winter oriented song often played during the Christmas holiday season. The song was created around 1934 via Felix Bernard and Richard B. Smith. The lyrics for Winter Wonderland talk about Parson Brown in the first bridge and a circus clown later in the song. This winter based song has been recorded by over 150 musicians, including though not limited to The Andrews Sisters, Amy Grant, Anne Murray and Johnny Mathis throughout the years.

Christmas music
Pope Pius VIII

Pope Pius VIII (; 20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 254th Pope from 1829 and 1830.

Early life
He was born in Cingoli near Ancona.

Bishop
In 1800, Pius VII named Castiglioni to be Bishop of Montalto.

Cardinal
Pius VII made Castiglioni a cardinal in 1816. Cardinal Catiglioni was made Bishop of Frascati in 1822.

Pope
Cardinal Castiglioni was elected Pope 1829; and his reign lasted only 20 months.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Pius VIII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Castiglioni

1761 births
1830 deaths
Italian popes
Deaths from myocardial infarction
O Holy Night

"O Holy Night" is a Christmas oriented song. It was created to celebrate the renovation of the church organ in the town of Roquemaure, France. Placide Cappeau, a French wine merchant and poet, wrote a poem in 1843. He called it Minuit, chrétiens ("Midnight, Christians"). The poem reflects the birth of Jesus and tells about the redemption of mankind. The music was made by Adolphe Adam around 1847. Notable singers of the song include, although are not limited to, Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and others.

Christmas music
Ray Conniff

Joseph Raymond Conniff, better known as Ray Conniff, was an American bandleader. He worked with many musicians, including Rosemary Clooney and Johnny Mathis. He created the Ray Conniff Singers (representing twelve women and thirteen men) around 1959; the group lasted until mid 1970s. Conniff was born November 6, 1916 and died October 12, 2002.

American musical entertainers
Bandleaders
1916 births
2002 deaths
RMS Lusitania

The RMS Lusitania was a British cruise-liner.  The ship is best known for being sunk by Germany. 

Many believe the Lusitania was carrying ammunition to British troops when it was torpedoed by a German U-Boat early during World War I. 

There were 128 Americans on board.  They were killed when the ship sank. At first President Woodrow Wilson only asked the German government to apologize and compensate the families of the victims. 

Two years later, this and other events led to the United States joining World War I on the Allied side.

References

Other websites

 The Home Port of RMS Lusitania – Lusitania.net
 RMSLusitania.info
 RMS Lusitania on the wrecksite
 British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry 

Cruise ships
World War I
Here Comes Santa Claus

"Here Comes Santa Claus" is an American Christmas song recorded by Gene Autry. It was recorded in 1947 and 1953 on Columbia Records, both through Autry. Elvis Presley covered this song during 1957. Other musicians who recorded Here Comes Santa Claus include Doris Day, The Andrews Sisters and the Ray Conniff Singers.

References 

Christmas music
Elvis Presley songs
Gene Autry

Orvon Grover Autry (September 29, 1907 – October 2, 1998), better known as Gene Autry was an American movie actor and a singer. He was born in Tioga, Texas. He was also owner of a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles. His is best known for the song "Back in the Saddle Again" but he also performed many Christmas songs.

Autry died of lymphoma in Studio City, Los Angeles, California.

Related pages 
List of country musicians from Texas

Other websites 
 

National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
Actors from Texas
Country musicians from Texas
American movie actors
American movie producers
American radio personalities
Singer-songwriters from Texas
American television actors
American television producers
Deaths from lymphoma
1907 births
1998 deaths
Frosty the Snowman

"Frosty the Snowman", written and recorded in 1950, is a Christmas oriented song which was first performed by Gene Autry. The song is about a snowman that comes alive after a hat gets placed on his head by some children with whom he shares playful adventures before he has to hurry on his way. The children become sad as Frosty leaves, though Frosty tells them he will return. Some versions of the song say Christmas Day in the final lines. Other singers, including Nat King Cole, Beach Boys, Ella Fitzgerald, Ronettes and The Jackson 5, have performed their versions of the song throughout the years.

Christmas music
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a collection of diseases which make breathing gradually more difficult. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It's characterized by daily cough and mucus (sputum) production.

Symptoms of COPD include difficulty breathing and cough, in particular coughing up lots of phlegm. It is usually caused by smoking cigarettes, and around half of people who smoke for their whole lives will develop COPD. In the developing world, COPD often occurs in people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated homes.

At the beginning of the disease, the difficulty breathing is only noticeable when exercising, but over many years it gradually becomes worse, until there is difficulty breathing even when sitting or lying down. It can also lead to infections of the lung, which may be serious enough to cause death. 

The most important step in treating COPD is to stop smoking. Exercise and medications can also help. The most commonly used medications are called bronchodilators, which help to open up the airways and allow more air into the lungs.

3% of all disability is related to COPD. People can die from COPD. The World Health Organization predicts that COPD will become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. It is thought that more people will die from it in the future.

Types of COPD 
 Emphysema
 Chronic bronchitis
 Bronchiectasis

References

Pulmonology
Inhaler

An inhaler is a device for taking medications that are breathed in.

Inhalers are also called "puffers" by some people, and used for all sorts of respiratory problems including asthmatic disorders.

Medicine
Hans Eysenck

Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) was an acclaimed German psychiatrist. He was a behaviorist and a leading opponent of Freudianism. He wrote many books, including attacking Freud called Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire in 1985. He also wrote Causes and Cures of Criminality.

References

1919 births
1997 deaths
German psychiatrists
Crown of Ireland Act 1542

The Crown of Ireland Act 1542 (33 Henry 8 c.1) was an act passed by the Irish Parliament during the reign of Henry VIII, King of England and Lord of Ireland that elevated the island from a lordship to the status of a kingdom.

References

History of Ireland
1542
1540s in Europe
Dita von Teese

Dita von Teese (born Heather Renée Sweet on September 28, 1972) is an American performer of burlesque, actress, model, singer.

Von Teese was married to rock musician Marilyn Manson from 2005 to 2007. She has no children.

Other websites 

1972 births
Living people
Actors from Michigan
American adult models
American erotic dancers
American pornographic actors
American television actors
Models from Michigan
Singers from Michigan
Khedive

Khedive is a ruler. The word means the same as viceroy. It is an official who runs a country, colony, province, or city, as the representative of the monarch of the territory. 

Khedive was the title of Egyptian rulers from 1867 to 1914. It was given to the Turkish ruler of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan, and removed by the British Empire when the Ottomans joined Germany in World War I. 

The title was first used by Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian officer who seized power in Egypt as Wali (Governor). He ruled under the nominal overlordship of the Turks. His family was not recognized by the Sultan until the reign of his grandson Ismail Pasha. The last Khedive of Egypt was Abbas II. The dynasty of Muhammed Ali continued to rule Egypt, though under British 'guidance'. This ended with the Egyptian revolution of 1952. The last member of the family who ruled was King Farouk I.

History of Egypt
Viceroys
1867 establishments
19th-century establishments in Egypt
1914 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Africa
Rockefeller Republican

Rockefeller Republican is a phrase that describes a kind of politician in the United States. Rockefeller Republicans are moderate or liberal Republicans. They are often from the northeastern part of the country. The term comes from former Vice President and Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller.

United States Republican Party
Prescott Bush

Prescott Bush (1895-1972) was a Republican member of the US Senate from Connecticut. He was the father of American President George H. W. Bush and the grandfather of President George W. Bush and Governor of Florida and presidential candidate Jeb Bush. He also worked with Brown Brothers Harriman. He went to Yale University and was a member of Skull and Bones and the Yale Glee Club. He was treasurer for Planned Parenthood.

1895 births
1972 deaths
Bush family
Deaths from lung cancer
United States senators from Connecticut
Politicians from Massachusetts
Politicians from Ohio
People from Milton, Massachusetts
George H. W. Bush
Irish Parliament

The Irish Parliament () was a legislature created in 1297 to represent the Anglo-Irish in the English monarch's Lordship of Ireland. Like the Parliament of England, it had its own Houses of Commons and House of Lords. When King Henry VIII of England elevated Ireland to a kingdom in 1541 through an act of the Irish Parliament, he invited the Gaelic Irish to sit in the England Parliament for the first time. However, later English monarchs' penal laws prevented Roman Catholics from entering Parliament. So, the native Irish after this were virtually unrepresented since they were almost all Catholic.

The Irish Parliament's power was restricted by "Poynings law". Poynings Law was a bill sponsored by English Lord Deputy of Ireland Sir Edward Poynings in 1494. In 1782, the bill was repealed and the kingdom of Ireland had brief period of legislative autonomy. But in 1800 it passed a law called the Act of Union to abolish itself and the kingdom of Ireland, and incorporate Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After that, the island was represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom in the Palace of Westminster.

Further reading
 E.M. Johnston-Liik 2002. The History of the Irish Parliament 1692-1800: Commons, Constituencies and Statutes Ulster Historical Foundation. 

History of Ireland
Parliaments
1297 establishments
1800 disestablishments
1290s establishments in Europe
Carlow

Carlow is a town in the Republic of Ireland. It was the capital of the English-controlled Lordship of Ireland from 1361 to 1374.

County towns in Ireland
Lamborghini Reventón

The Lamborghini Reventón is a supercar. Lamborghini built it in 2007. The Reventón is based on the Murciélago. The styling of the Reventón was based on the F-22 Raptor. Only 20 Reventóns were built.

History 
Lamborghini first showed the Reventón to the publics at the 12,908 Frankfurt Auto Show. Like many others Lamborghinis, the Reventón was named after a fighting bull. The Reventón was based on the Lamborghini Murciélago, and used the same engine as the Murciélago LP640.

Engine and transmission 
The Reventón uses the same  Lamborghini V12 engine as the Murciélago LP640. The Reventón’s engine is also paired to the same six-speed automated manual transmission as the Murciélago LP640. The Reventón, like the Murciélago, sends its power to all four wheels through an all-wheel drive system.

Performance 
The Reventón’s engine makes  at 8,000 rpm. It also makes  of torque at 6,000 rpm. The Reventón can accelerate from from 0- in 3.4 seconds. It can also reach a top speed of .

Reventón Roadster 
Lamborghini first showed the Reventón Roadster at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The Roadster was a convertible version of the Reventón. Lamborghini built 15 Reventón Roadsters.

The Reventón Roadster used the engine from the Murciélago LP 670–4 SV. This engine had 30 more horsepower than the standard Reventón.

The Reventón Roadster has a lower top speed than the Reventón. The Roadster’s top speed is . The Roadster’s 0- time is 3.45 seconds, which is the same as the standard Reventón.

References
Church of Ireland

The Church of Ireland () is the Anglican church in Ireland. It is an independent member of the Anglican communion. During the kingdom of Ireland it was the state religion. It continued to be during the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, when it became part of the Church of England. It was disestablished and separated from the Church of England in 1871 by the British Parliament.

The seat of the Church of Ireland is at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh. Today the Church has roughly 390,000 members throughout Ireland, which makes it the second largest religious community in Ireland (after the Catholic Church) and the third largest in Northern Ireland (after the Catholic Church and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland).

References

Anglicanism
Ireland
Michael O'Dwyer

Michael Francis O'Dwyer, KCIE, (April 1864 – 13 March 1940) was a British colonial administrator. He was an Irish Roman Catholic. He was Lieutenant Governor of Punjab during the Amritsar Massacre committed by General Dyer and was controversial for his defense of Dyer.

British people
Punjab
1864 births
1940 deaths
Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is a treaty of the United Nations for the rights of all migrant workers. It also protects their families. It was adopted in 18 December 1990. It went into force in 2003.

This Convention is made as a series of the international human rights law and at the "Preamble" of the Convention, they recall the conventions of the International Labour Organization about migrant workers and unfree labour. The aid of the Convention is to protect the rights of migrant workers who have not the nationality of the staying country, thus who can often be under the worse working condition or even the victims of human trafficking. 

But as of December 2019, only 55 countries have ratified, that is admitted formally the Convention. Most of those countries are in North Africa and South America. No migrant-receiving State in Western Europe or North America has ratified the Convention. Other important receiving countries, such as Australia, Arab states of the Persian Gulf, India and South Africa have not ratified the Convention either.

But this Convention is recalled by the Preamble of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Related pages
Immigration
Migrant worker
International Labour Organization
International human rights law

Other websites 
Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers (full text)

Migration laws
Human rights
Pope Benedict XI

Pope Benedict XI (; 1240–7 July 1304), born Nicholas Boccasini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 195th Pope from 1303 to 1304.

Early life
Boccasini was born in Treviso.

Dominican monk
In 1254, Boccasini became a Dominican friar at the age of 14. He rose in the ranks of the Order; and was elected General or Master of the Order of Preachers in 1296.

Cardinal
Pope Boniface VIII raised Boccasini to the rank of cardinal.  In 1298, he was named Cardinal of Santa Sabina.

In 1300, Cardinal Boccasini was named Bishop of Ostia and Velletri.

In 1302, he was the diplomatic representative of Boniface VIII in Hungary.

Pope
Cardinal Boccasini was elected pope on October 22, 1303; and he chose to be called Benedict XI. He was pope for only eight months.

Benedict was a supporter of the Ultamontane policies of Pope Boniface VIII.

In a conciliatory gesture, Benedict released the King of France from excommunication.

Pope Benedict died suddenly at Perugiain July 1304.

Beatification
Benedict XI was beatified in 1773.

Select works
Benedict XI was the author of a volume of sermons and commentaries on the Gospel of Matthew, on the Psalms, the Book of Job, and John's Apocalypse.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
 "St. Benedict XI., Pope and Confessor", Butler's Lives of the Saints''
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Boccasini

1240 births
1304 deaths
Italian popes
Bell Centre

The Bell Centre () is a sports arena in Montreal, Quebec. The arena opened on March 16, 1996, and is the current home to the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was originally known as Molson Centre () from 1996 to 2002. Bell Canada currently has naming rights for the arena. The arena has also held several WWE events, which includes the Survivor Series in 1997, where the infamous Montreal Screwjob between Bret Hart, Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels took place, as well as other pay-per-views including No Way Out in 2003 and Breaking Point.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1996 establishments in Canada
Indoor arenas
Montreal Canadiens
Music venues
Sports buildings in Canada
Santa Claus Is Coming to Town

"Santa Claus is Coming to Town" is a Christmas themed song. It was first written and recorded in 1934. The song was adapted to a television special around 1970. It has been recorded by multiple singers, including though not limited to Bruce Springsteen, Chicago, Dolly Parton, The Jackson 5, The Crystals, Mariah Carey and Beach Boys since it was introduced.

Christmas music
America's Most Wanted

America's Most Wanted is an American television program about wanted criminals that airs on Lifetime. The program is about catching people wanted for catching serious crimes. It aired on Fox from its debut until Fox canceled it on June 18, 2011. Six months later, Lifetime brought the show back.  The creator and host is John Walsh.

On May 2, 2008, the program's website said it made its 1,000th capture.

American reality television series
Law enforcement in the United States
English-language television programs
Waunfawr

Waunfawr is a village in the small town of Aberystwyth in Wales. It has a big secondary school called Penglais Comprehensive School, a community hall and a park. It also has an old people's home, two shops and a chippy. There are many houses in Waunfawr.

Villages in Wales
Decompression chamber

A decompression chamber is a large container that divers can enter after they have surfaced to help their bodies return to normal atmospheric pressure. It is also called a "recompression chamber" or "hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber".

When a diver returns to the surface too quickly, he can suffer from decompression sickness (also know as "the bends".) To prevent this divers would stop at various points as they returned toward the surface to allow their bodies to adjust to the pressure change.  If a driver uses a chamber, the diver will adjust in the chamber rather than stop at various depths underwater. This eliminates many of the risks of long decompressions underwater, in cold or dangerous conditions.

Diving
Herbal

A herbal is a collection of plant descriptions: Very often, it also lists the properties of each plant, or its use, for example for medicine or alchemy. A herebal can also classify the plants it describes. One of the oldest known herbals is the Vienna Dioscurides dating from the 6th century. Physicians and Apothecaries were the main users of such books. Herbals were also important for the study of botany. Hieronymus Bock descrived the plants of southwestern Germany, in his 16th century herbal; he was the first to mention certain morphological features.

Related pages
Herbarium or Herbar - a collection of plant specimens

Books
Herbs
Lindsay Wagner

Lindsay Wagner (b. June 22, 1949 near Los Angeles) is an Emmy Award winning television and movie actress. She is best known as the main character in the television series The Bionic Woman. She has done many other programs and movies since then.

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winning actors
Willard Boyle

Willard Sterling Boyle, CC (August 19, 1924– May 7, 2011) was a Canadian physicist and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device.  On October 6, 2009, he won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor".

Life
Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, he was the son of a medical doctor and moved to Quebec with his father and mother Beatrice when he was three. He was home schooled by his mother until age fourteen, when he attended Montreal's Lower Canada College to complete his secondary education. Boyle attended McGill University, but his education was interrupted in 1943, when he joined the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. He was loaned to the Britain's Royal Navy, where he was learning how to land Spitfires on aircraft carriers as the war ended. He gained a Bachelor of Science (1947), Master of Science (1948) and PhD (1950) from McGill University.

Career
After receiving his doctorate, Boyle spent one year at Canada's Radiation Laboratory and two years teaching physics at the Royal Military College of Canada. In 1953 Boyle joined Bell Labs a part of Bellcomm, where he invented the first continuously operating ruby laser with Don Nelson in 1962. He also helped invent a semiconductor injection laser. He became director of Space Science and Exploratory Studies at the Bell Labs in 1962. They provided support for the Apollo space program and helped to select Moon landing sites. He returned to Bell Labs in 1964, working on the development of integrated circuits. 

In 1969, Boyle and George E. Smith invented the charge-coupled device (CCD). Before CCDs were used in cameras, all cameras used chemicals to capture photographic images. CCDs made electronic photography possible. Boyle and Smith jointly received the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1973, the 1974 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, the 2006 Charles Stark Draper Prize, and the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the CCD. NASA used the CCD to send clear pictures to Earth back from space. CCD is also used in many digital cameras today. Smith said of their invention: "After making the first couple of imaging devices, we knew for certain that chemistry photography was dead."

Boyle was Executive Director of Research for Bell Labs from 1975 until his retirement in 1979. In retirement, he split his time between Halifax and Wallace, Nova Scotia where he helped launch an art gallery with his wife Betty, a landscape artist. He married Betty in 1947, and has four children, 10 grandchildren and one great-grandchild.  He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2010. Boyle died in Wallace from kidney disease.

References

Other websites

Nobel Prize information
Obituary 

Canadian Nobel Prize winners
People from Nova Scotia
Canadian physicists
1924 births
2011 deaths
Baku Metro

Baku Metro (), is an electrified metro railway system which is a part of the public transportation system of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. It was opened on 6 November 1967.

At that time, Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Baku Metro has the features found in most other ex-Soviet metro systems. These include very deep metro stations, and detailed decorations that blend traditional Azerbaijani national designs with Soviet ideology. The metro system has three lines and has 38.1 kilometers of double railway tracks with 26 stations, all of which is underground. It is run by the Bakı Metropoliteni. In 2015, it carried 222.0 million passengers, which means an average ridership of approximately 608,200 passengers each day.

Expansion plans 
At present, there are several projects, only two of which are under construction. In 2011, the Chief Executive of the Baku Metro, Taghi Ahmadov, announced plans to construct 70 new stations by 2040. These will serve the new bus complex as well as Heydar Aliyev International Airport.

Network

Lines

Timeline

Renaming of stations

Related pages
 List of Baku metro stations
 Rapid transit

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Baku Metro Track Map 
 Urbanrail - Baku Metro
 Information 
 More information 
 Baku Public Transportation

 
Rapid transit systems
Rail transport in Azerbaijan
1967 establishments
Buildings and structures in Baku
20th-century establishments in Azerbaijan
Dennis Ritchie

Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941October 12, 2011), was an American computer scientist who "helped shape the digital era."  He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the UNIX operating system.  Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton in 1999.  Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007.  He was the 'R' in K&R C.

References

Other websites

Dennis Ritchie's home page at Bell Labs 
Biography 
Bibliography 
 Williamson, Marcus, "Obituary: Dennis Ritchie: Computer software pioneer", The Independent (UK), Monday, 17 October 2011
 "Obituary"The Economist (UK), 20 October 2011
Transcript of an interview with Dennis Ritchie – Interview by Michael S. Mahoney
Interview with Dennis M. Ritchie – By Manuel Benet (published in LinuxFocus.org in July 1999)
"The C Family of Languages: Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, and James Gosling" -  article in Java Report, 5(7), July 2000 and C++ Report, 12(7), July/August 2000
- "The Guru" - article in Linux Magazine, June 2001 
Unix.se DMR interview published February 7. 2003
 Ritchie and Thompson Receive National Medal of Technology from President Clinton 
The future according to Dennis Ritchie – LinuxWorld.com 12/4/00
The Limbo Programming Language by Dennis M. Ritchie
Dennis Ritchie's video interview June 2011
 
 

Turing Award winners
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York
Harvard University alumni
1941 births
2011 deaths
Mayim Bialik

Mayim Bialik (born December 12, 1975 in San Diego) is an American actress and neuroscientist. She also wrote a controversial book about raising kids. Her most notable television series are NBC's Blossom and CBS' The Big Bang Theory. In Blossom, Bialik played a teenage girl living with her father. In The Big Bang Theory, she plays Amy Farrah Fowler. Bialik has also acted in a number of movies, including Beaches in 1988. many voices of TV shows include, The Powerpuff Girls in Season 9, Recess, Johnny Bravo, Nutri Ventures, Jonny Quest, Star Vs. The Forces of Evil, Lloyd In Space, etc.  In 2021, she was a guest host on Jeopardy! after the death of Alex Trebek.  After Mike Richards resigned as host, Bialik is splitting hosting duties with Ken Jennings for the remainder of the 2021-22 season.

Personal life
Bialik is Jewish. She married Michael Stone on August 31, 2003. The couple have two sons, and divorced in May 2013.

Education
Bialik obtained a PhD in neuroscience from UCLA.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 

1975 births
Living people
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American feminists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Jewish American scientists
American neuroscientists
Scientists from San Diego, California
Writers from California
Blossom (TV series)

Blossom was an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 1991 to May 1995. The main stars were Mayim Bialik and Joey Lawrence. Bialik played Blossom Russo, a teenage girl living with her father and two brothers after her mother left to pursue her own career.

References 

1990s television series
1990 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
American sitcoms
American teen television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Mia Farrow

Mia Farrow (born Maria de Lourdes Villiers Farrow; February 9, 1945) is an American singer, actress and humanitarian worker. She has won many awards, including a Golden Globe. She has been in almost 50 movies. Farrow is also known for her extensive humanitarian work. Time magazine named Farrow one of the most influential people in the world. She gained further recognition for her subsequent short-lived marriage to Frank Sinatra. She later married André Previn after she became pregnant with his child. She has dated Woody Allen.

Career
Farrow's first main role in a movie was as Rosemary Woodhouse in Rosemary's Baby and starred in the television series Peyton Place. It was released in 1968. She won several awards for it. She became the first American actress to join the Royal Shakespeare Company. In the 1980s and early 1990s Farrow acted in nearly all of the movies released by her boyfriend Woody Allen. She last acted in the 2011 movie Dark Horse.

Personal life
Farrow married singer Frank Sinatra on July 19, 1966. He divorced Farrow in 1969. 

In 1980 Farrow started dating Woody Allen. In 1992 Farrow found naked pictures of her adopted daughter Soon-Yi Previn in Allen's house. Farrow and Allen broke up after this.

Children
She has thirteen living children and nine grandchildren. Two of her daughters have died. Farrow has seven adopted children.

In 2014, Dylan Farrow wrote an open letter in the New York Times, saying that her adoptive father Woody Allen had sexually abused her when she was a child. Allen wrote a response in which he quoted Moses Farrow, “My mother drummed it into me to hate my father for tearing apart the family and sexually molesting my sister."

References

Actors from Los Angeles
American human rights activists
American movie actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Singers from Los Angeles
1945 births
Living people
Frank Sinatra
So What (Pink song)

"So What" is a 2008 song performed by American pop rock singer Pink. The single was the first off her fifth album Funhouse and became her first solo #1 hit in the United States.

2008 songs
Pink songs
Cheetos

Cheetos are an extremely popular snack food consisted of cheese curls made through Frito-Lay. The product has been sold using different mascots.

Snack foods
Frito-Lay

Frito-Lay North America is an American company connected under PepsiCo, Inc. The company creates potato chips, corn chips and other snack foods. It was founded around 1965. Its headquarters is in Plano, TX.

References 

1961 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
American food companies
Companies based in Texas
Plano, Texas
Abbas II

Abbas II (14 July 1874 – 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (1892-1914). He was largely a puppet of the United Kingdom The British removed him from power because of his support for the Sultan of Turkey in the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Turkey was an ally of Germany fighting Great Britain.

1874 births
1944 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian politicians
Belgian Congo

Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in central Africa. It was formed in 1908. The government of Belgium took over the previously separate kingdom of Belgium's monarch Léopold II; the Congo Free State. Today it is called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It existed between Léopold II's formal transfer of his personal control to Belgium on 15 November 1908, and Congolese independence on 30 June 1960.

References

Other websites
Belgian Congo article in Encyclopædia Britannica 1922 extension.
Oasis Kodila Tedika and Francklin Kyayima Muteba. Sources of growth in Democratic Republic of the Congo before independence. A cointegration analysis. Revue congolaise d’économie / Congo Economic Review. Document de Travail / Working Paper. WP02/10 — July 2006. 

1908 establishments
1960 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in Africa
1900s establishments in Africa
20th century in Belgium
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 20th century

de:Geschichte der Demokratischen Republik Kongo#Belgisch-Kongo
Roger Casement

Sir Roger Casement (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish nationalist and British diplomat. He served as British consul in Boma, the capital of the Congo Free State and reported human rights abuses there. He helped a campaign against King Léopold II of Belgium's rule in the Congo Free State which lead him to relinquish his African kingdom to the Belgian Parliament in 1908. He was an Irish revolutionary. After participating in the 1916 rising, he was executed for treason by hanging by the British.

His role in the rising was in the importation of guns, he was arrested in Tralee, County Kerry. 

At his trial he was outed as gay, this was discovered through his diary.

1864 births
1916 deaths
British politicians
Criminals
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Irish politicians
People executed by hanging
Brenda Blethyn

Brenda Blethyn (born 20 February 1946) is a British actress. She has starred in movies, television and theatre. She has been nominated for Academy Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Emmy Awards. She has won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award. Notable movies she has starred in include Secrets & Lies (1996).

Filmography

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Kent
BAFTA Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Ramsgate
Saving Grace (movie)

Saving Grace is a 2000 British comedy movie set in Cornwall. Brenda Blethyn stars in the movie. It premiered at Sundance Film Festival. Critical reaction to this movie was positive. The movie received favorable notice for an independent British comedy; it was nominated for awards.

Other websites 

2000 movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
British criminal comedy movies
Cornwall
English-language movies
Lukas Katnik

Lukas Katnik (born 31 July 1989) is an Austrian footballer. He plays for FC Pasching in Austrias Regionalliga Mitte as striker.

Career
He started playing football in the local clubs FC Mäder and FC Köblach in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. 2006 he went to FC Lustenau where he made his professional debut in 2007. In 2010, he went to FC Dornbirn where he scored 10 goals in the first part of the season. In January 2011, he went on to Red Bull Juniors but went at once to USK Anif on loan. In 2011/2012 he came back to the Juniors and is mostly part of the starting team in the Regionalliga West, which is the 3rd division in Austrian football.

After a cooperation with FC Pasching Katnik, he was transferred to this club on loan.

References

 Players profile Transfermarkt.at

Austrian footballers
1989 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Pope Benedict IX

Pope Benedict IX (; c. 1012–1056), born Teofilatto or Theophylactus of Tusculum, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 146th Pope from 1032 to 1045.  He is listed as the 148th Pope in 1045.  Also, he was the 151st Pope in 1047-1048.

Early life
Teofilatto was born in Rome c. 1012. He was the son of Alberic III of the noble Tusculum family.

He was the nephew of both Pope Benedict VIII and Pope John XIX.

Cardinal
John XIX raised Teofilatto to the rank of a cardinal; but the date is unknown.

Pope
In 1032, Alberic III used his money and influence to make his son the pope. This was called simony.  Pope Benedict chose his name in honor of his uncle, Benedict VIII.

Benedict is usually recognized as having had three terms or reigns as pope

First term
Benedict's first period as pope lasted from 1032 to 1044 when a revolt in Rome forced Benedict out of the city; and an antipope was elected with the name of Sylvester III.

Second term
Benedict's second period as pope lasted from his return six months later to 1045 when he sold his title to John Gratianus, who was then made pope with the name of Gregory VI.  Benedict abdicated or resigned.

In 1046, there were three men with the title of pope.  The problem was solved by electing a new pope with the name of Pope Clement II, who died a short time later.

Third term
When the death of Clement II in 1047, Benedict IX tried to claim the papacy again, but was driven out of Rome by German troops.  The timely election of Pope Damasus II became unimportant when he died 23 days later.

After 1048, Benedict's importance faded; and Pope Leo IX was elected in 1049.

After his death
Benedict IX was buried in the Abbey of Grottaferrata c. 1056.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Tusculum family
 List of ages of popes
 Abdication

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Teofillato

Italian popes
1012 births
1056 deaths