cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Geometer moth

Geometer moths are a large family of  moths in the Lepidoptera. Over 23,000 species have been described. Most of them are nocturnal: only a few are active during the day. 

The imagos (adults) have wingspans between  and . Their caterpillars move in a special way, they seem to "measure the earth". For this reason, the caterpillars are sometimes called inchworms. 

A well-known species is the peppered moth (Biston betularia).  Many species are classified as pests.

Adults

Many geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible. They look a bit like butterflies, but in most respects they are typical moths. Most fly at night. They have a frenulum to link the wings, and the antennae of the males are often feathered. They blend into the background  with camouflage. In some species, females have reduced wings.

Caterpillars 

Most caterpillars have four pairs of feet in their central section but geometer moth caterpillars only have two. This means that they are unable to move like the other caterpillars. They use the front pair of feet to hold on to a support, and then they pull the rest of their body up close. Next, they use the pairs of feet in the back part of their body to hold on, and push the front part forward. This means they are often in a position which looks like the Greek letter Omega, as can be seen in the photo.

Sources 
Scoble M.J. ed. 1999: Geometrid moths of the world: a catalogue. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-06304-8

References
Key derivation function

In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) makes a long secret key (which is called a "hash") from a secret phrase, like a password. The output of a key derivation function will look common to another result made from a random phrase. They are also used to re-use secret keys in a specific format, like using a shared secret key from the Diffie–Hellman key exchange for sending secrets in AES.

Use 
Key derivation functions are important in security. They allow a smaller "secret phrase" to be expanded into a larger key (of a fixed length decided by the KDF's digest size). This makes trying to find the original "secret phrase" more difficult. The length of the key makes it more difficult to discover the phrase or the hidden secret by trial and error (i.e. through brute-forcing), by making it difficult for a computer to guess. Sometimes, a small piece of random data (called a "salt") is added to the secret phrase before it is used with a KDF to make it more difficult guess the original "secret phrase" with a list of known "hashes".

It makes checking passwords safer without using the real password. Instead of keeping the real password, a "hash" of the key is kept and when checking the password, the "hash" of the real password is checked with the input. Some software put a limit on the length of a password and is sometimes used to make larger secret phrases smaller. KDFs are also made in a way so that, it takes a computer some effort to make the "hash". This makes making a list of potential combinations difficult.

Commonly used KDFs 

 SHA-2
 PBKDF2
 Scrypt
 Bcrypt
 Argon2
 Chacha20

References 

Cryptography
Addieville, Illinois

Addieville is a village in Washington County, Illinois, in the United States. Its population was estimated to be 241 in 2018.

References

Villages in Illinois
Addison, Illinois

Addison is a village in the Chicago metropolitan area, in DuPage County, Illinois in the United States. It had a 2018 estimated population of 36,724.

References

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in DuPage County, Illinois
Yah (Egyptian god)

Yah was an Egyptian moon god. He had powers similar to those of Khonsu.

For more information, see List of Egyptian gods and goddesses

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Paddy

Paddy () are Belgian-French animated series from 1988. It has 26 episodes.

The main character is a boy named Paddy, who lives with his sister Melodie on his grandparents' farm. Paddy experiences a variety of weird adventures with the animals around him, such as the talking raven Loewie, who constantly makes funny jokes. He also often has trouble with a neighboring boy, Fred. Only Paddy can evoke a mysterious blue man, Onyx, who has magical abilities and solves problems for Paddy.

References 

Animated television series
Mondo Media

Mondo Media is an American company that produces animation targeted at young adults.

References

1998 establishments in the United States
American animation studios
Companies based in San Francisco
Piedmontese language

The Piedmontese language is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in Piedmont. The Council of Europe officially recognised it as a minority language in the 1980s. It is classified as an endangered language. In 2019, there were between 700,000 and 2 million speakers.

History
Piedmontese has been in use since the 12th century. There are poems and literature, starting from the 16th century. In the 15th or 16th century, local authorities switched to the Italian language, which is based on the dialects of Tuscany. When the Italian state was founded in 1861, Italian was chosen as a national language. With urbanization, and mass media, Piedmontese was a loser again, Italian was more popular, and could reach more people.

Languages of Europe
Romance languages
Piedmont
Browns, Illinois

Browns is a village of Illinois in the United States.

Villages in Illinois
Inverness, Illinois

Inverness is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States.

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Ford Heights, Illinois

Ford Heights (formerly East Chicago Heights) is a village of Illinois in the United States.

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Stickney, Illinois

Stickney is a village of Illinois in the United States.

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Riverside, Illinois

Riverside is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States.

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
London Stadium

London Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in the Stratford, London. It was the main stadium for the London 2012 Olympic Games. It used to be called Olympic Stadium and the Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

On 22 March 2013, West Ham United secured a 99-year lease on the Olympic Stadium, with it planned to be used as the football club's home ground from the 2016-17 season. In September 2015, the British Government rejected holding an inquiry into the arrangement that was pressed for by rival clubs who argued West Ham United were being given an unfair advantage.

On 8 May 2018, Major League Baseball announced a two-year deal to host a series of baseball games at the London Stadium in 2019 and 2020. The Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees (a major rivalry in the American League) played a two-game series at the stadium from 29 to 30 June 2019, branded as the 2019 MLB London Series.

The London Stadium has occasionally held concerts since the end of the Olympics in 2012.

References 

2012 establishments in Europe
2010s establishments in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in London
Major League Baseball venues
Northern goshawk

The northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis) is a medium-large raptor in the family Accipitridae. 

There are other species in this genus, but this bird is spoken of as the goshawk because it has a wide range over most of Europe, Eurasia and North America. Probably only the golden eagle has a wider range.

The goshawk is a "true hawk", and its scientific name in Latin is Accipiter, which means "hawk". 

In the Middle Ages only the nobility were permitted to fly goshawks for falconry.

It is mainly a resident bird, but those from colder regions migrate south for the winter. In North America, migratory goshawks are often seen migrating south along mountain ridge tops at nearly any time of the fall, depending on latitude.

References 

Accipitriformes
Lake Aluma, Oklahoma

Lake Aluma is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.

Towns in Oklahoma
Milburn, Oklahoma

Milburn is a town in Johnston County in the state of Oklahoma in the United States. It is along the Blue River. There were 317 people living there at the 2010 census.

References 

Towns in Oklahoma
Russellville, Illinois

Russellville is a village in Illinois in the United States.

Villages in Illinois
COX-2 inhibitors

COX-2 inhibitors are a special type of analgesic. Cyclooxygenase (commonly abbreviated as COX) is an enzyme that has an important role in starting an inflammation and pain.  There are many different types of COX; the most common are known as COX-1 and COX-2. NSAIDs work by blocking COX. The problem with blocking all COX is that COX-1 is also used to regulate kidney function. Blocking COX-1 runs the risk of bleeding of the stomach, and reduction of the kidney function. COX-2 inhibitors only block COX-2, and do not have an effect on COX-1..  Clinical studies have shown that they increase the risk of a heart attack, and of a stroke.  Several COX-2 inhibitors have been taken off the market, because of these side-effects. 

Other than as an analgesic, COX-2 inhibitors have also been used in the treatment of cancer, and of some neurological conditions, such as depression, and schizophrenia.

Because of the severe side-effects, COX-2 inhibitors are usually only available with a prescription.
Drugs
Cornelia Cole Fairbanks

Cornelia "Nellie" Cole Fairbanks was the wife of Charles W. Fairbanks from 1874, who served as the 26th Vice President of the United States of America from 1905 to 1909 during United States President Theodore Roosevelt's term. During her husband's tenure she held the unofficial position at the time as Second Lady of the United States. She was born on January 14th, 1852, in Marysville, Ohio. 

She died on October 24th, 1913, in Indianapolis, Indiana. She was buried at the Crowne Hill Funeral Home and Cemetery in Indianapolis. She had five children. Her children were Adelaide, Robert, Richard, Frederick, and Warren. She studied at Ohio Wesleyan University and Ohio Wesleyan Female College once it merged with Ohio Wesleyan University in 1877 in Delaware, Ohio.

References 

1852 births
1913 deaths
People from Ohio
Second Ladies of the United States
Mehmed V

Mehmed V Reşâd was the 35th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He reigned from 27 April 1909 to 3 July 1918. He was born in Istanbul in 1844 and died in 1918 at the age of 73.

1844 births
1918 deaths
People from Istanbul
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Economic surplus

An economic surplus is when you have more of something in the economy than people demand. There are two types:  

Consumers' surplus is the gain by consumers who can buy a product for less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay.

Producers' surplus is the amount got by producers who sell at a market price higher than the least  they would be willing to sell for.

References 

Microeconomics
Welfare economics
Mino Caprio

Mino Caprio born as Guglielmo Caprio (Rome, November 1955) is an Italian actor and voice actor.

He is the Italian voice of Peter Griffin from the cartoon Family Guy.

Italian voice actors
Italian actors
1955 births
People from Rome
Living people
Davide Garbolino

Davide Garbolino (1968) is an italian voice actor.

He voiced many young characters in fiction as Ash Ketchum from Pokémon and Nobita Nobi from Doraemon.
Italian voice actors
1968 births
Simone D'Andrea

Simone D'Andrea (Milano,1973) is an Italian voice actor.

He is the italian voice of James  from Pokémon. 

He is married with the voice actress Cristiana Rossi.
 
1973 births
People from Milan
Italian voice actors
Cristiana Rossi

Cristiana Rossi (1973) is an Italian voice actress.

She is the wife of the voice actor Simone D'Andrea.

1973 births
Italian voice actors
Living people
Gianluca Iacono

Gianluca Iacono (Turin,1970) is an Italian voice actor and speaker.

He is better know for his role as Vegeta from Dragon Ball.
 
People from Turin
1970 births
Italian voice actors
Dragon Ball
Alessandra Karpoff

Alessandra Karpoff (Milan,1963) is an Italian voice actress.

She is better known for her roles in Italian dubs of various anime as Misty from Pokémon.

1963 births
People from Milan
Italian voice actors
Living people
Franco Zucca

Franco Zucca (Trieste,1952) is an Italian voice actor.
 
1952 births
People from Trieste
Italian voice actors
Pietro Ubaldi (voice actor)

Pietro Ubaldi (Milan,1955) is an Italian voice actor and singer. 

He is the italian voice of Patrick Star from Spongebob, Doraemon from Doraemon and Reinhardt from Overwatch.
 

1955 births
People from Milan
Italian voice actors
Italian singers
Tex Willer

Tex Willer is a fiction character from the comic Tex . 

He is a fictional Texas Ranger.

He is one of the most famous italian comic characters.

Fictional characters
Sergio Bonelli characters
Martin Mystère

Martin Mystère is a fiction character from The Martin Mystère comics,where is the main character.

Martin is a fictional detective from New York  born on 26th june 1942,his job is to investigate weird cases,usually accompanied with the caveman Java .  
He is one of the most known italian comic characters.

Martin appared also in the animated series Martin Mystery,where is a student.
Fict
1942 births
Gino the Chicken

Gino the Chicken (Gino il Polo in italian) is an Italian Television Series. Originally was a internet meme,only later it become a television series.

Characters 
 Gino :a chicken singer
 Gina,her hen girlfriend
 White Rabbit
 Dolly
 Chief Colby
 RayMundo
Italian animated television series
Animated television series
VIP my Brother Superman

VIP: My Brother Superman (Italian: VIP, mio fratello superuomo) is a 1968 Italian animated film directed by Bruno Bozzetto. It is a parody of superheroes and enjoyed a good commercial and critical success. In 2008 it was produced a spin-off TV-series in 3D animation, PsicoVip.

Cast
Oreste Lionello as Mini VIP
Fiorella Betti as Lisa  
Micaela Esdra as Nervustrella
Corrado Gaipa as the Colonel
Pino Locchi as Schultz  
Lydia Simoneschi as Happy Betty

1968 movies
Italian movies
PsicoVip

PsicoVip is an italian 3D animated cartoon from 2008. 

It's based on 1968 movie VIP my Brother Superman.
Italian animated television series
Il mondo di Stefi

Il Mondo di Stefi (Stefi's World) is an Italian animated series produced by Rai Fiction and The Animation Band and directed by Alessandro Belli. It premiered on Rai 3 on 19 April 2008 and was added to Rai Gulp in March 2009 and RaiSat Smash Girls in May 2009. It is based on the Stefi comics by Grazia Nidasio.

Characters 
 Stefi (voiced by Patrizia Salerno)
 Valentina (voiced by Maia Orienti)
 Cesare (voiced by Alberto Caneva)
 Ezio Maria (voiced by Fabrizio Mazzotta)
 Papa' (voiced by Nino D'Agata)
 Mamma (voiced by Greta Bonetti)
Italian animated television series
Prisočka

Prisočka  (Присочка) is populated place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Kotor Varoš Municipality.

The administrative area of Prisočka  includes a dozene villages; the larger is Palivuk.
A village in Prisočka: Zuhrići (at the hill)

Population

Related pages
Šiprage

References

Other websites 
 (-{Fallingrain}-)
 Prisocka Map — Satellite Images of Prisocka (Maplandia)

Villages in Europe
Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of Starla episodes

This is a list of episodes of Starla which currently airs on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block since October 7, 2019. The series is directed by Onat Diaz, Darnel Joy R. Villaflor, and Jerome Chavez Pobocan.

Series overview
<onlyinclude>{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Season
! scope="col" style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2"| Episodes
! scope="col" style="padding:0 90px;" colspan="2"| Original airing
|-
! scope="col" | From
! scope="col" | Until
|-
| scope="row" style="background:#0000A0; color:#100; text-align:center;"|
| 1
| 
| 
| 
|-
|}

Episodes

Season 1 (2019)

Lists of television series episodes
Robert Edmond Grant

Robert Edmond Grant MD FRCPEd FRS FRSE FZS FGS (11 November 1793 – 23 August 1874) was a British anatomist and zoologist.

1793 births
1874 deaths
British anatomists
British zoologists
Mad scientist

A mad scientist is a fictional character who is a genius, but who wants to find out and do what no one else ever has and often what he should not. The character Victor Frankenstein is said to be the first mad scientist.

They often work with fictional technology, they either fail to recognise the dangers of their actions or don't care about the consequences, and some attempt to play God.

Mad scientists are often shown as evil (evil genius) or insane. Some may be neutral or good, even if their actions are dangerous and irresponsible, which can make them mad scientists.

Fictional characters
Scientists
Victor Frankenstein

Victor Frankenstein is a fictional character in the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley.
He creates a monster by putting together dead parts and then bringing it to life, but later gives up on it. The Monster comes back and asks for a wife. Victor creates a female monster but then destroys her instead of bringing her to life. The Monster gets revenge by killing everyone Victor Frankenstein ever cared about.  Victor wants revenge on the Monster but dies of pneumonia before he can get it.

Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters
Fictional European people
Bushwhacker

Bushwhacking was a kind of guerrilla warfare. It happened a lot during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War and other wars in which there were big areas of disagreeable land and few governmental resources to control them. This was very common in rural areas during the Civil War where there were disagreements between those who liked the Union and Confederacy in the war. The perpetrators of the attacks were called bushwhackers. The term "bushwhacking" is still in use today to describe ambushes done with the goal of attrition.

Related pages 
 Ambush
 Border Ruffian
 Jayhawker
 William Quantrill

References

American Civil War
Gungnir

Gungnir is the mighty spear of the major Norse mythology god, Odin, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi and is said to never miss its target.

Norse mythology
Mythological weapons
Memories (Maroon 5 song)

"Memories" is a song by American pop rock band Maroon 5. It was released on September 20, 2019.  The song is about loss and remembering people who have died.  It uses the chord progression of Pachelbel's "Canon" but in B major instead of D major.

On the October 7, 2019, episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, frontman Adam Levine revealed that he was inspired to write the song after his close friend and Maroon 5's manager, Jordan Feldstein, died in 2017.  Feldstein was also the older brother of actor Jonah Hill.

Charts

References

2019 songs
Maroon 5 songs
Spencer Breslin

Spencer Breslin (born May 18, 1992) is an American actor and musician. He is the older brother of actress Abigail Breslin.

Beginning at the age of three, Breslin acted in over 50 commercials. He is best known for his roles in the feature films Disney's The Kid (co-starring at the age of eight with Bruce Willis), The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause and The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (as Curtis the Elf), Return to Neverland, The Cat in the Hat, Raising Helen, The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, The Shaggy Dog, Harold, The Happening, and Perfect Sisters. His television credits include Teamo Supremo, Stephen King's Storm of the Century, and Law & Order. Movies in which he has acted have taken in a worldwide box office of over $1.3 billion.
William Kaelin Jr.

William "Bill" G. Kaelin Jr. (born November 23, 1957) is an American professor of medicine at Harvard University and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. His laboratory studies tumor suppressor proteins.

Kaelin Jr. won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019 with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza.

References

1957 births
Living people
Educators from New York City
Scientists from New York City
Harvard University faculty
Peter J. Ratcliffe

Sir Peter John Ratcliffe, FRS, FMedSci (born 14 May 1954) is a British physician and scientist. He is trained as a nephrologist. He was a practicing clinician at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford and Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine and head of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford from 2004 to 2016. 

In 2016 he became Clinical Research Director at the Francis Crick Institute, retaining a position at Oxford as member of the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research and Director of the Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford.

Ratcliffe was born in Morecambe, Lancashire. 

Ratcliffe is best known for his work on cellular reactions to hypoxia, for which he shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza.

References

1954 births
Living people
British physicians
British scientists
People from Lancashire
Hypoxia (medical)

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a part of the body is lacking oxygen supply at the tissue level. 

Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body.

References

Other page
Anoxia

Diseases
Gregg L. Semenza

Gregg Leonard Semenza (born July 1, 1956) is an American professor of pediatrics, radiation oncology, biological chemistry, medicine, and oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is the director of the vascular program at the Institute for Cell Engineering. He is a 2016 recipient of the Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. He is known for his discovery of HIF-1, which allows cancer cells to adapt to oxygen-poor environments. Semenza was born in New York City.

Semenza received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  for "discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" with William Kaelin Jr. and Peter J. Ratcliffe.

References

1956 births
Living people
American physicians
American chemists
Scientists from New York City
Cain Hope Felder

Cain Hope Felder (June 9, 1943 - October 1, 2019) was an American biblical scholar. He was professor of New Testament language and literature and editor of The Journal of Religious Thought at the Howard University School of Divinity. 

He also was chair of the Doctor of Philosophy program and immediate past chair of the Doctor of Ministry program. He had been on Howard's faculty from 1981 until his retirement in 2016. 

Felder died on October 1, 2019 at his Mobile, Alabama at the age of 76.

References

1943 births
Living people
Educators from South Carolina
American theologians
Writers from South Carolina
Stephen J. Lukasik

Stephen Joseph "Steve" Lukasik (March 19, 1931 – October 3, 2019) was an American physicist. He worked in multiple high-level defense and scientific related jobs for advancing the technologies for national defense. He was the second longest serving Director of DARPA - the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. 

He was also the first Chief Scientist of the Federal Communications Commission where he created its Office of Science and Technology and which facilitated the commercial deployment of new technology that included spread spectrum technology. He was born in Staten Island, New York.

Lukasik died on October 3, 2019 in Fairfax, Virginia of respiratory failure at the age of 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Virginia
American physicists
Researchers
Scientists from New York City
Bill McKnight

William Hunter McKnight,  (July 12, 1940 – October 4, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 1993, and also was the Treaty Commissioner for the Province of Saskatchewan from 2007 through 2012. McKnight was born in Elrose, Saskatchewan. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.

McKnight died in Saskatoon on October 4, 2019 at the age of 79.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
Canadian politicians
Canadian businesspeople
People from Saskatoon
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Pepe Oneto

José Manuel Oneto Revuelta (14 March 1942 – 7 October 2019), better known as Pepe Oneto,  was a Spanish journalist and writer. He was one of the greatest journalists during the Spanish transition to democracy. He was born in San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain. In 1974 he joined the staff of the magazine Cambio 16, becoming its director in 1976. In 1986 he joined the Zeta Group, going on to run the magazine Tiempo, until 1996.

He was also Director of Informational at Antena 3 Televisión between 1996 and 1998. In 2000, and again in 2016, he was appointed member of the Board of Directors of Telemadrid.

Oneto died on 7 October 2019 at a hospital in San Sebastián, Spain at the age of 77 from sepsis caused by peritonitis.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from peritonitis
Spanish writers
Spanish journalists
Dennis Day (Mouseketeer)

Dennis W. Day (July 12, 1942 —  July 17, 2018) was an American actor, singer, dancer and theater director. He was best known as one of the original cast members of The Mickey Mouse Club. After ending his career as a child actor, he went on to work as a theater director before relocating to Oregon in the 1980s.

Day disappeared in July 2018 and was found dead several months later at his home in Phoenix, Oregon.  A roommate was charged with his death in 2019.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2018 deaths
American crime victims
American dancers
American movie actors
American child actors
American television actors
Disney people
Gay men
LGBT directors
LGBT actors
LGBT dancers
People from Ashland, Oregon
Actors from Las Vegas, Nevada
Actors from Oregon
Phoenix, Oregon

Phoenix is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The population was 4,538 at the 2010 census. Phoenix is a part of the Medford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Cities in Oregon
Jackson County, Oregon

Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the population was 203,206. The county seat is Medford. The county is named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States.

References

Oregon counties
Andy Buckley

Andrew P. Buckley Jr.  (born February 13, 1965) is an American actor, screenwriter, and stockbroker. He is best known for his role as David Wallace on the American comedy series The Office from 2006 to 2013.

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Actors from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
First battle of Panipat

Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. In this babur used the Rumi (Ottoman) device of lashing a large number of carts to form a defending wall with breastwork in between to rest guns (Tughlama system of welfare). His artillery was led by Ustad Ali and Mustafa. It marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gun powder firearms and field artillery.

The Mughal forces of Babur, the Timurid ruler of Kabulistan, defeated the much larger ruling army of Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of Delhi. The battle was fought on 21 April near the small village of Panipat, in the present day Indian state of Haryana, an area that has been the site of a number of decisive battles for the control of Northern India since the twelfth century.

The use of guns by troops of Babur helped them claim victory in the battle. The Lodi troops were lagging in terms of artillery skills and the sound emitted by canons frightened the war elephants of Lodi.

References 

1526
Battles involving India
Delhi Sultanate
History of India
Mughal Empire
Luke

Luke may refer to:

People
Luke (name), a masculine given name and a surname (including a list of people and characters with the name)
Luke, a stage name for the American rapper Luther Campbell
Luke the Evangelist, the companion of Paul, often called Saint Luke or Luke of Antioch

Biblical passages
Gospel of Luke, a Christian Gospel
Luke–Acts, the composite work of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testamen

Music
Luke (album), by Steve Lukather
Luke (French band)
 "LUKE", a song by Susumu Hirasawa from Glory Wars
Luke Records, a record label

Organizations 
Accademia di San Luca, (the "Academy of Saint Luke"), founded in 1577 as an association of artists in Rome 
Guild of Saint Luke, a medieval artists' guild named after Saint Luke

Places
 Luke (Čajniče), a village in the municipality of Čajniče, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Luke (Hadžići), a village in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Luke (Ivanjica), a village in the municipality of Ivanjica, Serbia
Luke (Pale), a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Luke, Estonia, village in Nõo Parish, Tartu County, Estonia
Luke Manor
Luke, Macedonia, a village in Kriva Palanka
Luke, Maryland, a town in the United States
 Luke, an oldentime English overname of the Dutch placename Luik, now known as Liege, Belgium; also, an English word for goods such as velvet and iron from Luik
 Luke Air Force Base, Glendale, Arizona, United States
Luke Field, Ford Island, Hawaii, United States, name of the Army Air Force airfield from 1919 to c. 1939
Luke railway station, Luke, Manitoba, Canada

Other uses
 Luke, a 1970s British boutique run by Gordon Luke Clarke
Baron Luke, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Electronic Frontier Foundation

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit based in San Francisco, United States. It was started in July 1990 by John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow and Mitch Kapor to promote Internet freedoms.

The EFF sponsors legal defense, defends individuals and new technology from unfair legal threats. It also monitors proposals that may weaken internet freedoms and liberties. It also monitors for possible weakening of fair use.

Activities

Early Cases 
One of the first high profile cases of the EFF was Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service. In early 1990, Steve Jackson Games was under a massive search and seizure operation. Copies of the game GURPS Cyberpunk was considered as proof by mistake. Emails were also modified and were a new technology at the time. It was not considered to be protected by the right to personal privacy at the time.

Bernstein v. United States was the second large case of the EFF. Programmer Daniel J. Bernstein had sued the US Government for permission to release his cryptographic software against limits put by the government.

DES Cracker 
During the mid-1990s, the United States Government did not allow for international use of any cryptographic product unless the ciphertext could be decrypted by a third-party with a promise that the government could not read messages protected by the Data Encryption Standard (DES) even after it was shown as weak and broken. The EFF had made a piece of hardware called the EFF DES Cracker that could crack a message within 24 hours.

The plans and source code were made public.

Software 
The EFF has made software and browser add-ons like Switzerland, HTTPS Everywhere, and Privacy Badger.

References 

1990 establishments in California
American activists
Civil rights organizations
Human rights organizations in the United States
International organizations
Non-profit organizations of California
Photocopier

A photocopier (also called copier or copy machine) is a machine that copies words or pictures from one paper to another.

To be sure that your photocopier is protected and the data does not pass to third parties, you should use Office software, which is gaining popularity and simplifies your usual actions.

Machines
Jim Peebles

Phillip James Edwin Peebles  (born April 25, 1935) is a Canadian-American physicist and theoretical cosmologist. He is currently the Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus of Science at Princeton University. 

Peebles was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019 for his theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology. In November 2019, Peebles noted, in his award presentation, that he does not support the Big Bang Theory, due to the lack of concrete supporting evidence, and stated, "It's very unfortunate that one thinks of the beginning whereas in fact, we have no good theory of such a thing as the beginning."

References

1935 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian physicists
American physicists
People from Winnipeg
Princeton University faculty
Michel Mayor

Michel Gustave Édouard Mayor (born 12 January 1942) is a Swiss astrophysicist. He was professor emeritus at the University of Geneva's Department of Astronomy. He retired in 2007, but works as a researcher at the Observatory of Geneva. He is co-winner of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics, the 2010 Viktor Ambartsumian International Prize, and the winner of the 2015 Kyoto Prize.

Together with Didier Queloz in 1995 he discovered 51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet orbiting a sun-like star, 51 Pegasi. Because of this, Mayor and Queloz won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star".

References

Wolf Prize winners
1942 births
Living people
Astronomers
Swiss physicists
Didier Queloz

Didier Patrick Queloz (born February 23, 1966) is a Swiss astronomer. He is a professor at the University of Geneva and the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Trinity. He shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics with Michel Mayor and Jim Peebles.

References

Other websites 
 "SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)", query for Didier Queloz. Includes 200 abstracts with Queloz listed as an author or co-author a/o February 23, 2017.

Wolf Prize winners
1966 births
Living people
Astronomers
Scientists from Geneva
E. D. Hirsch

E. D. Hirsch is Eric Donald Hirsch Jr. (; born March 22, 1928. He is an American educator and academic literary critic. He is professor emeritus of education and humanities at the University of Virginia. 

In the 1960s Hirsch's Validity in Interpretation made an important work to contemporary literary theory and he was called "the founder of contemporary intentionalism". 

In popular culture Hirsch is best known for his work on cultural literacy, and is the founder and chairman of the Core Knowledge Foundation. 
 
He is a long-term critic of American schools, and promotes ideas for improving the education of children. His The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them (1996) was hated by the liberal left. It also managed to annoy the right wing because it attacked the local control of schools. in 2016 he published  Why Knowledge Matters: Rescuing our Children from Failed Educational Theories. This outlined three major problems with education in the United States. These are, according to him, the emphasis on teaching skills, such as critical thinking skills, rather than knowledge, individualism rather than communal learning, and developmentalism, that is, teaching children what is "appropriate" for their age.

Beginning in 1990s, Hirsch began publishing books in the Core Knowledge Grader Series which the Foundation describes as "an engaging, illustrated guide to the essential knowledge outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence". This series of books was received well by parents educating children at home, and it has been adopted by many school systems.
 
Sol Stern, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute who has written extensively on education reform, wrote in 2013 that Hirsch was "the most important education reformer of the past half-century."

References

1928 births
Living people
Jewish American academics
American literary critics
Educators from Memphis, Tennessee
Writers from Memphis, Tennessee
Education
Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro

Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro (10 January 1924 – 8 October 2019) was a Spanish scuba diver, underwater cameraman and photographer. He was the designer of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) and also was the tester of scuba diving gear for the Nemrod trade mark. He was born in Barcelona.

He wrote five books describing his underwater experiences: La llamada de las profundidades, Mis amigos los peces, ¡Fondo!, Tierras y profundidades and Mi aventura submarina.

Admetlla i Lázaro died on 8 October 2019 in Barcelona at the age of 95.

References

Writers from Barcelona
Photographers
Inventors
1924 births
2019 deaths
Municipalities of Spain

The municipalities of Spain (, , , , , ; sing. municipio) are towns or cities that have a ruling governor or mayor. If you have one of those your town or city is a municipality in Spain.

Related pages 
 List of municipalities in Spain
Vlasta Chramostová

Vlasta Chramostová (17 November 1926 – 6 October 2019) was a Czech movie actress. She appeared in 35 movies from 1950 until her death. She starred in the 1950 movie The Trap which was entered into the 1951 Cannes Film Festival. She was born in Brno.

Other movie roles include: The Secret of Blood (1953), The Cassandra Cat (1963), The Cremator (1969), Sekal Has to Die (1998) and Leaving (2011).

Chramostová died in Brno on 6 October 2019 at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2019 deaths
Czech movie actors
Czech stage actors
People from Brno
Masaichi Kaneda

was a Japanese professional baseball pitcher. He was one of the best-known pitchers in Japanese baseball history, and was the only Japanese pitcher to have won 400 games. He was added in the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988. Kaneda was born in Heiwa, Aichi.

Kaneda died on October 6, 2019 in Tokyo of sepsis at the age of 86.

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Japanese baseball players
Martin Lauer

Karl Martin Lauer (2 January 1937 – 6 October 2019) was a West German sprinter. He won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Cologne, Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Lauer died on 6 October 2019 at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1937 births
2019 deaths
German Olympic gold medalists
People from Cologne
Karen Pendleton

Karen Anita Pendleton (August 1, 1946 – October 6, 2019) was an American child television actress. She was the original Mickey Mouse Club Mouseketeer on ABC television from 1955 to 1959. She was one of only nine Mouseketeers who were on the show during its entire original run. Pendleton was born in Glendale, California.

Pendleton died in Fresno, California on October 6, 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
Karen Pendleton  at Original MMC Show 

1946 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
American child actors
American television actors
Actors from Glendale, California
David Petel

David Petel (, 6 September 1921 – 6 October 2019) was an Iraqi-born Israeli politician. He was a member of the Knesset for Mapai from 1959 until 1969. He was born in Basra, Iraq. He was a member of the Alignment after the Mapai party ended. Petel died in Ramat Gan on 6 October 2019 at the age of 98.

References

1921 births
2019 deaths
Former Members of Knesset
Iraqi Jews
Jewish Israeli politicians
Mapai politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Estimator

In statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a given amount based on observed data: thus the rule (the estimator), the amount that is being measured (the estimand) and its result (the estimate) are different.

An estimator of a parameter  is often written as . If the expected value of the estimator is equal to the parameter, then the estimator is called unbiased. Otherwise, it is called biased.

Related pages 

 Efficiency (statistics)

References

Other websites
Fundamentals on Estimation Theory  

Statistics
Economics
Statistical parameter

A statistical parameter or population parameter is an amount put into the probability distribution of a statistic or a random variable. It can be thought of as a numbered amount of a trait of a statistical population or a statistical model.

A statistical parameter is different from its estimator in that the parameter is a fixed amount, while the value of an estimator changes according to some probability distribution. The notations  (for the parameter) and  (for the estimator) are often used to clarify this distinction.

Related pages
Parameter

References

Statistics
Economics
Efficiency (statistics)

In the comparison of statistical procedures, efficiency is a measure of an estimator's quality. This would be about the estimator of an experimental design, or of a hypothesis testing procedure.  Basically, a more efficient estimator, experiment, or test needs fewer observations than a less efficient one to get a given performance.

References

Statistics
Method of moments (statistics)

In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters.

Method
Suppose that the problem is to estimate  unknown parameters  describing the distribution  of the random variable . Suppose the first  moments of the true distribution (the "population moments") can be expressed as functions of the  s:

 

Suppose a sample of size  is drawn, and it leads to the values . For , let 
 
be the j-th sample moment, an estimate of . The method of moments estimator for   denoted by  is defined as the solution (if there is one) to the equations:

Reasons to use it
The method of moments is simple and gets consistent estimators (under very weak assumptions). However, these estimators are often biased.

References

Statistics
IPhone 11

The iPhone 11 is a smartphone sold by Apple Inc.  It replaced the iPhone X that was released in 2018.  The iPhone 11 has two rear camera lenses but still has a 6.1-inch screen, like the X.  It is available in purple, white, yellow, green, black, and PRODUCT(RED) finishes, with 64 GB, 128 GB, and 256 GB storage options.  The starting price is US $699. It is the least expensive 2019 iPhone model, when compared to the iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max.

References

Notes

IPhone
Mobile phones released in 2019
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
FightAIDS@home

The FightAIDS@Home project uses the technique of distributed computing to find a way to eradicate the HIV.

FightAIDS@Home has been running since 2002 and joined World Community Grid on 21 November 2005.

The project uses the World Community Grid distributed computing platform that uses the well-known Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing distributed computing platform.

Other websites
 FightAIDS@Home 
 World Community Grid

Computing
Charities
Research organizations
2002 establishments
Andy Etchebarren

Andrew Auguste "Andy" Etchebarren (June 20, 1943 – October 5, 2019) was an American professional baseball player and minor league manager. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB) for a total of 15 seasons for the Baltimore Orioles (1962 and 1965–75), California Angels (1975–77) and Milwaukee Brewers (1978).

Etchebarren died on October 5, 2019 in Santee, California at the age of 76.

References

1943 births
2019 deaths
Milwaukee Brewers players
Baltimore Orioles players
California Angels players
Sportspeople from California
Santee, California

Santee is a suburban city in San Diego County, California, with a population of 53,413 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Marcello Giordani

Marcello Giordani (born Marcello Guagliardo; 25 January 1963 – 5 October 2019) was an Italian operatic tenor. 

He sang leading roles of the Italian and French repertoire in opera houses throughout Europe and the United States. He worked with the New York Metropolitan Opera, where he sang in over 240 performances from the time of his debut there in 1993. He founded the Marcello Giordani Foundation to help young opera singers.

Giordani died on 5 October 2019 in Augusta, Sicily from a heart attack at the age 56.

References

1963 births
2019 deaths
People from Sicily
Italian singers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Ella Vogelaar

Catharina Pieternella "Ella" Vogelaar (23 December 1949 – 7 October 2019) was a Dutch politician. She was a member of the Labour Party (PvdA) and trade union leader. Vogelaar was born in Steenbergen, Netherlands. She was the Minister for Housing,  Communities and Integration from February 2007 through November 2008.

Vogelaar killed herself on 7 October 2019 in Utrecht at the age of 69.

References

1949 births
2019 deaths
Dutch trade unionists
Dutch women politicians
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Politicians from North Brabant
Politicians who committed suicide
Black, Illinois

Black is an unincorporated community in Edwards County, Illinois, in the United States.

Unincorporated communities in Illinois
Adair, Illinois

Adair is an unincorporated census-designated place in McDonough County, Illinois, in the United States. It had a population of 210 in 2010.

References

Census-designated places in Illinois
Adams Corner, Illinois

Adams Corner is an unincorporated community in Wabash County, Illinois.

References

Unincorporated communities in Illinois
PlayStation 5

PlayStation 5 (also known by the abbreviated name PS5) is the fifth home video game console made by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released at the end of 2020. Most games from the PlayStation 4 work with it. There are two versions of the console, one with a Blu-ray optical disc drive that costs $500. The second version costs $400 and does not have the disc drive. On the version with no disc drive, games can only be bought and downloaded from the PlayStation Store.

10.1 million PlayStation 5 consoles were sold (Thursday, January 27, 2022).

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
John B. Goodenough

John Bannister Goodenough (born 25 July 1922) is an American professor and solid-state physicist. He is currently a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at The University of Texas at Austin. He is known for his development of the lithium-ion battery. which is used on handheld electronic devices. 

In 2014, he received the Charles Stark Draper Prize for his contributions to the lithium-ion battery. In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, This made him the oldest person to receive a Nobel prize. He also made other fundamental contributions in the field of magnetism.

References

1922 births
Living people
American chemists
American inventors
Scientists from Massachusetts
M. Stanley Whittingham

M. Stanley Whittingham (born 22 December 1941) is an English-American chemist.  He is currently a professor of chemistry and director of both the Institute for Materials Research and the Materials Science and Engineering program at Binghamton University, part of the State University of New York. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019.

References

1941 births
Living people
English chemists
American chemists
People from Nottingham
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Akira Yoshino

is a Japanese chemist. He is a professor of Meijo University. He is the inventor of lithium-ion battery (LIB) often used in cellular phones and notebook computers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019.

References

1948 births
Living people
Japanese chemists
Kyoto University alumni
Cession

The act of cession is the transfer of property to another entity (person, country, etc.).  In international law, it commonly refers to land transferred by a treaty. It is different from annexation, where property is taken by force. Cession is voluntary or is supposed to be.

Retrocession

Retrocession is to return something (e.g., land) that was ceded.

Related pages
 Border dispute

International law
Spring River (Missouri)

The Spring River is a river in southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma. It is

References

Other websites

 Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

Rivers of Missouri
Rivers of Kansas
Rivers of Oklahoma