cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Brachylophosaurus

Brachylophosaurus was a mid-sized herbivorous dinosaur, a member of the hadrosaur family. It is known from several skeletons and bonebed material from the Judith River Formation of Montana (U.S.) and the Oldman Formation of Alberta province in Canada. They lived about 76.5 million years ago.

Description
This animal had a bony crest, a flat, paddle-like plate over the top of the skull.  Some individuals had crests that covered nearly the entire skull roof, while others had shorter, narrower crests.  Other notable features are the unusually long forelimbs and the beak of the upper jaw being wider than other contemporary hadrosaurs.

Teeth 
Otherwise, Brachylophosaurus was a typical hadrosaur. It reached an adult length of 9 meters (30 ft). Like other hadrosaurs, Brachylophosaurus had cheeks to keep food in the mouth while it chewed with its hundreds of close-fitting teeth. These teeth could be used to chew efficiently, a feature rare among reptiles, but common among ornithischia like Brachylophosaurus.

Tumours 
In 2003, evidence of tumors, including metastatic cancer, was discovered in fossilized Brachylophosaurus skeletons. Rothschild and co-workers tested dinosaur vertebrae for tumors using computerized tomography and fluoroscope screening. Several other hadrosaurs, including Edmontosaurus, Gilmoreosaurus, and Bactrosaurus, also tested positive. Although more than 10,000 fossils were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to Brachylophosaurus and closely related genera. The reason for this is not known.

Complete dinosaur fossils 
In 1994, amateur paleontologist Nate Murphy discovered an immaculate, complete and uncrushed brachylophosaur skeleton which he nicknamed "Elvis". More impressive finds lay ahead for Murphy and his team from the Judith River Dinosaur Institute. In 2000, "Leonardo", a fully articulated and partially mummified skeleton of a young adult brachylophosaur, was discovered. It is considered one of the most spectacular dinosaur finds ever, and was included in the Guinness Book of World Records. They subsequently excavated "Roberta", an almost complete slender skeleton, and "Peanut", a partially preserved juvenile with some skin impressions.

References 

Cerapods
Ellen Wilkinson

Ellen Cicely Wilkinson (8 October 1891 – 6 February 1947) was an English politician. She was a Labour Member of Parliament for Middlesbrough and later Jarrow. Wilkinson was one of the first females in Britain to become a Member of the British Parliament. She was one of the founding members for the Communist Party around 1920. Ellen was born in Ardwick, Manchester. She committed suicide with an overdose of barbiturates. Wilkinson died in St Mary's Hospital, London at age fifty-five.

Drug-related suicides
English politicians
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
People from Manchester
Politicians from Lancashire
Suicides in the United Kingdom
1891 births
1947 deaths
Leaving Las Vegas

Leaving Las Vegas is a 1995 American romantic drama movie. It is about a depressed alcoholic screenwriter, Ben Sanderson, who moves to Las Vegas where he meets a prostitute, Sera, whom he moves in with. Elizabeth Shue and Nicolas Cage are part of the cast. The movie was released October 27, 1995 in limited release and nationwide in the United States in 1996. The movie received positive reviews. It was successful in the box office.

Other websites 

1995 movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies set in Las Vegas
Works about alcoholism
American independent movies
Koi... Mil Gaya

Koi... Mil Gaya (English: I have found someone) is an Indian science fiction movie released in 2003. The main characters in the film are played by Hrithik Roshan, Rekha, Preity Zinta and Rajat Bedi. The movie was directed and produced by Rakesh Roshan, the father of Hrithik Roshan. It is about a mentally retarded person who sees an alien in a forest which he thought would change his life forever. The movie was a superhit and became the most successful movie of 2003. It is regarded as one of India's first science fiction movies. Additionally, the film was a turning point in Hrithik Roshan's career after some of his previous films flopped. It has two sequels, which are Krrish (2006) and Krrish 3 (2013). In 2004, a Indian animated action television show based on the film was produced by Tilak Shetty, Munjal Shroff, and Graphiti Multimedia Nickelodeon and it was called J Bole Toh Jadoo and it is based on the alien in this film, who is named Jadoo.

References 

Indian movies
2000s science fiction movies
2003 movies
Movies about autism
Movies directed by Rakesh Roshan
Easter Monday

Easter Monday is the day after Easter Sunday. It is a holiday in many Christian countries. In 2013 it falls on April 1, in 2014 it will fall on April 21 and in 2015 it will fall on April 6.

Reference
Half term dates

Christian holidays
Easter
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (which is also called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) is a condition which affects people ages 16 and under. The problem consists of excess swelling around joints in the knees, ankles, wrists, hands and feet. Symptoms consists of lethargy, strong pain and reduced physical activity. There is also stiffness in the morning which may improve later on during the day. Juvenile arthritis is an autoimmune disease. More boys than girls are affected and treatment includes pain-killers, physiotherapy and in extreme cases gold injections. It is not usually considered life-threatening but in 1976 a girl of 5 years was prescribed with steroids at Great Ormond Street Hospital to lessen her acute arthritic pain and died at home on 30th December after a swift attack of encephalitis. Her Death Certificate gives the cause of death as 'Still's Disease' a form of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 

Autoimmune diseases
Children
Diseases and disorders of joints
Juan Mora Fernández

Juan Mora Fernández (1784 San José - 1854) was Costa Rica's first elected head of state in 1825. He was considered a liberal and moved the capital from Cartago to San José. He is remembered for bringing in land reform. He followed a progressive course.

Because of his land reforms, an elite class of powerful coffee barons was created. The barons eventually overthrew one of his later successors.

Presidents of Costa Rica
1783 births
1833 deaths
People from San José, Costa Rica
Ketogenic diet

A ketogenic diet is a diet in which most of the calories come from fat (70-75%). A moderate amount of calories come from protein (20-25%). Only a small number of the calories come from carbohydrates (5%). 

The diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates for energy. Normally, the carbohydrates you eat are turned into glucose in the body, which is used for energy around the body and in the brain. But, if you don't eat enough carbohydrates, your body has a back-up system of burning fat instead.  The liver can use stored fat and the fat you eat for energy. Stored fat is broken into two parts, fatty acids, and ketone bodies. Ketone bodies power the brain instead of glucose. This state of having a lot of ketone bodies in your blood is called "Ketosis." The liver can also make or release its own glucose through two processes(gluconeogenesis and glycogenolosis) as glucose is still needed for normal body function.

Overview 
The keto diet is any diet that elicits ketosis. To achieve ketosis Keto we need to limit carbohydrates and use fat for fuel, to produce ketones. The regular ketogenic diet has two to four times more fat by weight than protein, and very little carbohydrates every day. This means not eating foods that are made from starch or sugar. High-carbohydrate foods are foods like fruits, bread, pasta, grains, cookies, and ice cream. Also, you have to increase your intake of fatty foods, like oils(usually from olives, avocados, or coconuts), butter, and fatty meats. It's also important to not eat too much protein. You should only eat just enough protein so you don't lose muscles. Too much protein reduces the ketone bodies in your blood and blocks fat burning.

History 
The ketogenic diet was originally created to treat people with epilepsy. Until other medicines became available, this was a good option for managing the condition.

Now, due to the other treatments available, and how restrictive the diet is, the ketogenic diet is usually prescribed when other options do not work for the patient.

Treatment in epilespy 
The ketogenic diet can lower the amount of seizures. Most children who respond do so within two weeks, though experts recommend a trial of at least three months before assuming it has been ineffective. Children with refractory epilepsy are more likely to benefit from the ketogenic diet than from trying another anticonvulsant drug. Adolescents and adults may also benefit from the diet, though this diet is hard to follow. Questions still remain on why this diet works.

The ketogenic diet can also have some side effects, especially if not done properly, such as gastrointestinal problems.

References

Nutrition
Insulin glargine

Insulin glargine (also known as Lantus) is a diabetic insulin medicine of long-lasting origin that is used to control high blood sugar. The medication is used during the evening or night hours by people having Type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults or, rarely, in Type 2 diabetes. The medication is used with other insulins, including mealtime insulin.

Biochemistry
Insulin lispro

Insulin lispro, better known as Humalog, is a quick-acting diabetic insulin taken before meals. People having Type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or rarely, Type 2 diabetes) use the medication. It was first approved in 1996.

References 

Diabetes mellitus
Biochemistry
Dysthymia

Dysthymia (also called dysthymic disorder or neurotic depression) is a type of mental illness called a mood disorder.  People with dysthymia have depression that is mild to moderate and lasts for years.

Dysthymia is a chronic (long-lasting) condition. A person must have symptoms for at least two years to qualify for a diagnosis of dysthymia.

The symptoms of dysthymia and major depressive disorder are similar. Both disorders can have serious effects on the body, mind, and emotions.  Physical symptoms can include changes in appetite, low energy, feeling tired, and trouble sleeping. Mental symptoms include difficulty making decisions or concentrating. Emotionally, people with either disorder often feel hopeless and have low self-esteem.  However, even though both disorders have similar symptoms, these symptoms are usually less severe with dysthymia.

Like with major depressive disorder, people with dysthymia may think about suicide or try to kill themselves. Dysthymia does not involve mania, hypomania (mild forms of mania), or mixed episodes (where a person has symptoms of both depression and mania).

Sometimes, people with dysthymia have "double depression."  This happens when a person with dysthymia has episodes of major depression (where their depression gets much worse) on top of their existing dysthymia.

Dysthymia usually affects adults, though it can affect teenagers. People who are diagnosed early (before age 22) usually have more severe relapses (where they return to being dysthymic after having been healthy), and are more likely to have other mental illnesses along with their dysthymia.

Mood disorders
Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a condition with chronic pain. The exact causes are not known. However, symptoms are not totally restricted to the pain. There are also sleep disturbances, joint stiffness and severe fatigue. The problem sometimes exists along with depression, stress and anxiety. Fibromyalgia affects mostly women, though men can also be affected. Adults are usually the victims, although children may also be affected.

Pain
symptoms-
widespread pain,if you have fibromyalgia,one of the main symptoms is most likely to be widespread pain...
Extreme sensitivity...
Stiffness...
fatigue...
poor sleep quality...
congnitive prombles [''fibro-fog]
A Single Man

A Single Man is a 2009 American drama movie. It is set in Los Angeles, California on November 30, 1962 and stars Colin Firth as a depressed, English, gay, professor thinking about committing suicide. Julianne Moore plays his best friend. This movie got very positive reviews by the critics.

Other websites 

2009 drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
LGBT drama movies
Mental disorders in fiction
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1960s
University of Costa Rica

The University of Costa Rica () is a public university in the Republic of Costa Rica, in Central America.  Its main campus is Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio. It is located in San Pedro Montes de Oca, in the province of San José.  It is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious university in Costa Rica. It is also the most important research university in Central America. About 39,000 students attend UCR each year.

The University of Costa Rica is currently in the top 500 best universities worldwide, ranking at #287 world-wide, and at #11 Latin America-wise.

References

Costa Rica
Colleges and universities in North America
1940 establishments
20th-century establishments in Costa Rica
The Boat Race

The Boat Race is a rowing race that happens every year in London. It is a race between the boat clubs of Cambridge University and Oxford University. The crews are made up of students. These two universities have a strong tradition in rowing and a strong rivalry between them.

The course is 4 miles long, along the River Thames. The first boat race was in 1829, and it is usually held on the last Sunday of March or the first Sunday of April. During the World Wars, the Boat Race did not happen. It is a very important sporting event in the United Kingdom. Millions of people watch it on television. In 2009, more than 250,000 people watched it along the river.

As of 2013, Cambridge has won the race 81 times and Oxford 77.

2021 Boat Race 
The 166th Boat Race will take place on the  River Great Ouse on Sunday 4 April. It will start at  Ely in Cambridgeshire. The reason is that Hammersmith Bridge on the Thames is unsafe, and the coronavirus dangers are greater in London.

References 

1829 establishments in Europe
Rowing
1820s establishments in England
Lake Maurice

Carle Thulka, also known as Lake Maurice, is a salt lake in South Australia. It is the largest of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. When it is full, the lake covers an area of around . It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The smaller Lake Dey Dey is to the north. Since 1985, Lake Maurice is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is near the western shore of the lake.

The exposed surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Lake Maurice is very dry. Two wells have been drilled to the southeast and northwest of Lake Maurice, to search for uranium and other minerals. Both wells yield very low levels of groundwater. The water contains high levels of salt. It has also been found to contain radium and sediments from the Cambrian era.

History
The lake is named after the explorer Richard Maurice. Maurice went on at least eight expeditions to the Great Victoria Desert between 1897 and 1903. He was not the first European to pass through this region: Ernest Giles and his team had explored the area almost 20 years before. Giles saw the lake in 1875, but he did not give it a name. He described the area as barren, and wrote that he and his team found no game between Lake Maurice and the Western Australian border. Maurice, in his own expeditions, recorded information and collected specimens on the plants, animals and geology of the area. In 1904, a mining surveyor named Frank George led a prospecting expedition through this region. He used Maurice's camels and equipment and travelled northwest of Lake Dey Dey and across the border to the salt lakes in Western Australia. George named Lake Maurice, and he reported that the area was not likely to contain anything suitable for mining.

The area around Lake Maurice was affected by the nuclear-weapon tests done during the 1950s. Dozens of Aboriginal families were removed from their ancestral lands and settled in towns far to the north (Ernabella), south (Yalata and Ooldea) and west (Cundeelee and Warburton). In the late 1940s, a single officer, Walter MacDougall, was sent to warn people in the area of the coming tests. The fallout from the hydrogen bombs was expected to harm or kill anyone within range. Officially, all were forced to leave their lands and were not allowed within 200 km of ground zero. Given that only one officer and an assistant were assigned to warn the people who lived across this huge area, many of the people were never informed, nor did they leave the area. Planes dropped information leaflets across the area, but the natives could not read the leaflets and were wary or afraid of the aircraft.

References

Other websites
Topographic map (1942)

Lakes of South Australia
Serpentine Lakes

The Serpentine Lakes is a chain of salt lakes in the Great Victoria Desert of Australia. It runs for almost  along the border between South Australia and Western Australia. When full, the lakes cover an area of . Most of it is located in the Mamungari Conservation Park. The Anne Beadell Highway crosses the northernmost arm of the lake.

The Serpentine Lakes are considered an important wetlands area. They form part of a major palaeo-drainage system, an ancient and inactive drainage system from the Palaeozoic era. The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt and sand, and is covered with a salty crust. The sediment is mostly quartz arenite. The lakes form the main channel of the palaeo-drainage system. Other channels are covered by dunes and are not well defined.

Tektites high in magnesium have been found in these lakes.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Geography of Western Australia
Lake Dey Dey

Lake Dey Dey is a salt lake in South Australia. It is one of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The larger Lake Maurice is to the south. Since 1985, Lake Dey Dey is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is located nearby to the southwest.

The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Lake Dey Dey is very dry. Groundwater contains high levels of salt.

The lake is culturally important to the Maralinga Tjarutja people. Both Dey Dey and Lake Maurice have  (Dreaming stories) associated with them, and some parts of Dey Dey are restricted so that only men who have been initiated have access. The major  associated with Lake Dey Dey relates to , an ancestral spirit represented by the eastern grey kangaroo.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Bess Armstrong

Elizabeth Key "Bess" Armstrong (December 11, 1953 ), is an American actress. She got her start in acting on stage. Armstrong has done most of her acting on television but has been in some movies. She starred in the 1986 movie Nothing in Common with Tom Hanks and Jackie Gleason.

Armstrong was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

References

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from Baltimore
1953 births
Living people
Samuel Witwer

Samuel Stewart "Sam" Witwer (born October 20, 1977) is an American actor and musician. He has appeared in individual episodes of many television shows as well as minor recurring characters in shows including Battlestar Galactica.

Filmography

Movies  
 Gamer (2009)
 Pathology (2008)
 The Mist (2007)

Television 
 2001: ER - Tommy (1 episode)
 2001–03: JAG - Beasley (3 episodes)
 2002: Dark Angel - Marrow (1 episode)
 2004: Cold Case - James Creighton (1 episode)
 2004-05: Battlestar Galactica - Lt. Crashdown (11 episodes)
 2006: Dexter - Neil Perry (3 episodes) 
 2007: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Muscular Man
 2007-08: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation - Officer Casella (3 episodes)
 2008-09: Smallville - Davis Bloome
 2010: The Walking Dead - Zombie soldier inside the tank
 2011-present: Being Human - Aidan McCollin
 2011-2013: Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Darth Maul

Video games 
 2008: Star Wars: The Force Unleashed - Galen Marek, Darth Sidious
 2010: Star Wars: The Forde Unleashed II - Galen Marek, Darth Sidious

References 

 
 
1977 births 
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
American voice actors
Highgate

Highgate is a wealthy suburban area in north London. It is partly in the London Borough of Camden, partly in the London Borough of Islington and partly in the London Borough of Haringey.

Areas of London
London Borough of Camden
London Borough of Haringey
London Borough of Islington
Finchley

Finchley is a suburban area of the London Borough of Barnet in north London.

Areas of London
London Borough of Barnet
King's Royal Hussars

The King's Royal Hussars are a cavalry regiment in the British Army.

British Army
Pope Pius I

Pope Pius I (; died 154) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 10th Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome from 140 until his death in 154.

Early life
Pius was born at Aquileia, in Northern Italy.

Pope
Pius became pope in 140.  

He was the first sole Bishop of Rome during his reign.  Previously, the Bishop of Rome was a council of Bishops with the Pope being the head of the council.  His feast day is celebrated on July 11.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 
  "Pius," Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence

1st-century births
2nd-century deaths
Italian popes
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica

The National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica, or INEC) is the government institution in charge of censuses and official surveys in the country. The main office is located in San José.

History 
INEC was first called Oficina Central de Estadística in 1861. Later, in 1951, it was called Dirección General de Estadística y Censos, until 1998, when INEC was its legal name. INEC ran its first census in 1864, and the last one was the 10th population and the 6th dwellings census, held in June 2011.

Censuses in Costa Rica 
 1864. First Population Census.
 1883. Second Population Census.
 1892. Third Population Census.
 1927. Fourth Population Census.
 1950. Fifth Population Census.
 1963. Sixth Population Census.
 1973. Seventh Population Census. Available at CCP.
 1984. Eighth Population Census. Available at CCP.
 2000. Ninth Population Census. Available at CCP.
 2011. Tenth Population Census.

Other websites 
INEC website (in spanish only)
Central American Population Center website (in spanish only). Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP), organization in charge of demographic studies, has information about the census that can be accessed online.

Costa Rica
Government agencies
1861 establishments
19th-century establishments in Costa Rica
1860s establishments in North America
Liberia, Costa Rica

Liberia is the capital and largest city of Guanacaste province in Costa Rica. The city is  northwest of the national capital, San José. Liberia is often called "la ciudad blanca" (the white city) by its residents because of the white gravel once used to make the city’s roads and the whitewashed colonial houses that once made up a large part of the city.

Climate

References

Guanacaste Province
Cities in Costa Rica
1836 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Costa Rica
Nicoya

Nicoya is a town in Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province. It is one of the most important tourist zones. It serves as a transport hub to Guanacaste's beaches and national parks. The town is also the capital of the cantón of the same name (Nicoya Canton).

The town was built in an old colonial style. It was built in the Cordillera Volcánica de Guanacaste. Agriculture and cattle are the town's main economic activity.

In early 2006, a group of researchers led by adventure writer Dan Buettner and supported by National Geographic Magazine, the National Institute for Aging, and Alliance Healthcare, designated Nicoya as a Blue Zone. This designation is granted to global regions that are characterized by the longest life expectancies.  Among the ideal Nicoyan lifestyle characteristics cited by the research were the water’s high calcium content, intense daily physical activity, year-long fruit consumption, and close inter-generational relationships.

While the town elected 61 year old Lorenzo Rosales Vargas as mayor on December 3, 2006 he was only able to serve for about a year before quitting due to health reasons. Since May 5, 2008 Eduardo Gutiérrez Rosales has been holding the office instead as Nicoya's first supply mayor. They are both members of the National Liberation Party (PLN).

References

Cities in Costa Rica
Guanacaste Province
1520s establishments in North America
Establishments in Costa Rica
Lens (optics)

A lens is a clear (transparent) object (like glass, plastic or even a drop of water) that changes the way things look by bending the light that goes through it. They may make things appear larger, smaller, or upside-down. Some places lenses are used include spectacles (eyeglasses), contact lenses, cameras, projectors, microscopes, telescopes, magnifying glasses, etc. Each eye also has a lens. 

They work by refraction, or the bending of light.

Lenses have three main shapes. Each different shape changes the image (making it bigger or smaller). The three types are:
 Convex: the center part is thicker
 Concave: the center part is thinner
 Planar: flat

The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length:
P = 1/focal length.

History 

The word "lens" comes from the Latin word for "lentil," because the earliest convex lenses in common use were shaped like the bean.

The oldest written record of lenses is in the ancient Greek play by Aristophanes called "Clouds", where lenses were used with sunlight to make fire.

Galileo Galilei is commonly believed to have used lenses to make the first known refracting telescope. However, he merely adapted and improved a design he learned from Dutch lensmakers such as Hans Lippershey. He was probably the first to use telescopes to make accurate astronomical observations, though.

Related pages
 Camera lens
 Focal length

Optics
Khuiratta

Khuiratta (Urdu:تحصیل خیراتا) is a town of the Kotli District in Azad Kashmir. In has been the headquarters of the district subdivision since 2010.

References

Tehsils of Azad Kashmir
Lauren Alaina

Lauren Alaina Kristine Suddeth (born November 8, 1994) is an American country singer. She placed second on the 10th season of American Idol. Her album Wildflower was released in 2011. She is from Rossville, Georgia.

Discography
Singles
"Doin' Fine" (2017)

References

Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
1994 births
Living people
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American Idol contestants
Banjo-Tooie

Banjo-Tooie is a platformer video game for the Nintendo 64 game console released in 2000. It was made by Rare and published by Nintendo. It is the sequel to Banjo-Kazooie.

The main characters are a bear named Banjo and an orange bird named Kazooie. The game takes place two years after Banjo-Kazooie. It follows Banjo and Kazooie as they try to stop the evil witch Gruntilda Winkybunion and her sisters, Mingella and Blobbelda, from bringing back Gruntilda's body to its original form.

The game was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service on April 29, 2009.

2000 video games
3D platform games
Nintendo 64 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Stockton-on-Tees

Stockton-on-Tees is a medium-sized town in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham.

Towns in County Durham
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
Cashback reward program

When payment is made with credit card, sellers pay small percentage of the transaction to their bank or merchant. Many credit card companies, especially those in the United Kingdom and United States, share the commission with the owner of card by giving him money bonus, points that can be exchanged for prizes and discounts once some level of purchases is reached. A monetary benefit is known as cashback, sometimes pronounced as two separate words in the United States - (cash back). Usual cashback amount is between 0.5% and 2% of buyers net spending (purchases minus refunds and tax) as a yearly bonus, which is either added to the credit card account or paid by cheque, cash or wire to the participant.

Recently, major card issuers have increased cashback amount to 5% for purchases especially in grocery stores and petrol stations.

In most cases bonuses like cashback are offered to customers that pay off their credit debt on time every month.

An outgrowth of credit card issuers’ general rewards programs, cash-back programs date to 1986, when the Discover card was launched nationally, introducing the concept. Since then, they have become ever present, and nearly every major card issuer now offers the feature on at least one of its products.

References

Money
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia

Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (March 10, 1900 – June 9, 1970) was the president of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944.

Early life
Calderón was born on 10 March 1900 in San José. In his youth, Calderón studied in Costa Rica, France and Belgium, where he married Yvonne Clays Spoelders, who was later the first female diplomat of Costa Rica. After finishing his studies, Calderón became a practicing surgeon, which he would remain for most of his early career.

Presidents of Costa Rica
1900 births
1970 deaths
People from San José, Costa Rica
Karen Black

Karen Black (July 1, 1939 – August 8, 2013) was an American actress, screenwriter, singer and songwriter. She has acted in many movies. These include The Great Gatsby, Airport 1975 and Easy Rider. Black has won 2 Golden Globe Awards for "Best Performance by an Actress In A Supporting Role in a Motion Picture".

Early life
She was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. She was the daughter of Elsie Mary (née Reif), a writer of several prize-winning children's novels, and Norman Arthur Ziegler. Her paternal grandfather was Arthur Charles Ziegler, a classical musician and first violinist for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Her sister is actress Gail Brown. Black was of German, Czech and Norwegian ancestry.

Personal life
Black was married four times. She had two children.

Death
Black died on August 8, 2013 in Santa Monica, California from ampullary cancer, aged 74.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Stuck! movie site 
 Podcast interview March 2007 
 Karen Black - The Terror Trap

People from Park Ridge, Illinois
Actors from Chicago
American composers
American movie actors
Screenwriters from Illinois
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie producers from Chicago
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Singers from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
1939 births
2013 deaths
Pit Corder

Pit Corder (6 October 1918 - 27 January 1990) was a professor of linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. His important work was studying errors that language learners make. This is called error analysis. He was the first chairman of the British Association for Applied Linguistics, 1967-70.

Early life 
Pit Corder was born at 4 Bootham Terrace, York, into a Quaker family. His full name was Stephen Pit Corder. His father, Philip Corder (b. 1885), was a schoolteacher from an English family, and his mother, Johanna Adriana van der Mersch (b. 1887), was Dutch. Pit studied at Bootham School, a Quaker boarding school near York. His father was a master at the school. Corder studied modern languages at Merton College, Oxford University, from 1936 to 1939.

After Oxford, Corder began teaching at Great Ayton Friends' School. Then, during World War II, he was in the Friends' Ambulance Unit in Finland and Egypt. He did not have to be a soldier because he was a conscientious objector. In 1946 Corder married Nancy Proctor (b. 1916), his second cousin. They had two sons and a daughter.

Academic career 
After the war, Corder worked for the British Council in Austria, Turkey, Jamaica and Colombia. During this time he taught classes, worked on syllabus design, and prepared new language-teaching materials. In 1957 Corder joined the school of applied linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. However, he still worked for the British Council at the same time. The British Council needed specialists in applied linguistics because it was expanding language teaching programs around the world. Corder studied for the diploma in applied linguistics to help the Council. He taught at Edinburgh University for over twenty years until he retired in 1983.

References 

1918 births
1990 deaths
Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
British linguists
Tracy D. Terrell

Tracy Dale Terrell (June 23, 1943 – December 2, 1991) was an American professor, linguist and education theorist who wrote The Natural Approach along with Stephen Krashen. The Natural Approach is a way of teaching language, or methodology. In this methodology, learners should be exposed to a lot of language. The approach also says that lowering effective or emotional barriers to learning is important.

Career
Tracy D. Terrell graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a PhD in linguistics. He became an important American Hispanist and theoretical linguist. He taught at the University of California, Irvine from 1970 until 1985. Then, he took a job in the linguistics department at the at the University of California, San Diego.  He retired in 1989, and finally died of AIDS in 1991.  Along with Stephen Krashen, he developed the “Natural Approach” to second language learning. This was a popular way of teaching second languages. He was also well known and respected for his work in Hispanic linguistics. Dr. Terrell was fluent in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch.

Some books
The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom, Hayward, CA : Alemany Press, 1983.
Dos Mundos, Spanish language textbook, McGraw-Hill
Deux Mondes, French language textbook, McGraw-Hill
Kontakte, German language textbook, McGraw-HillBravo, Spanish language textbook, Glencoe (McGraw-Hill)

Journal articles
Terrell, T. D. (1980). A Natural Approach to the Teaching of Verb Forms and Function in Spanish. Foreign Language Annals, 13(2), 129-136.Krashen, S. D., Terrell, T. D., Ehrman, M. E., & Herzog, M. (1984). A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills. Foreign Language Annals, 17(4), 261-275.
''Terrell, T. D. (1977). A Natural Approach to Second Language Acquisition and Learning1. The Modern Language Journal, 61(7), 325-337.

Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
American linguists
1991 deaths
Merrill Swain

Merrill Swain is a professor emerita of second-language education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. She developed the output hypothesis. This idea about second-language acquisition says that learners cannot become very good at the grammar of a language only by taking in language and trying to understand it. They must also speak to learn. Swain also worked with Michael Canale on communicative competence. Swain was the president of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1998.  She received her PhD at the University of California.

Related pages 
List of women linguists

References

Other websites 
 Merrill Swain at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education

Living people
Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
Canadian academics
Linguists
Magnetar

A magnetar is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field.

It is known as the largest and the most powerful type of magnet existing in the Universe.  It has the most powerful magnetic field at 1015 gauss.  The theory regarding these objects was proposed by Robert Duncan and Christopher Thompson in 1992, but the first recorded gamma ray burst thought to have been from a magnetar had been detected on March 5, 1979.  Magnetars were previously named as Anomalous X-ray Pulsars (AXPs). 

Types of stars
Ravindra Prabhat

Ravindra Prabhat (born April 5, 1969) is a Hindi-language poet, scholar, journalist, novelist and short story writer from India. He has been an administrator, editor, researcher, and screenplay writer. He writes for a major daily newspaper as a historian. He has received several awards.

Bibliography

Books
Fiction
Taki Bacha Rahe Loktantra(2011)  (Hindi)
Prem Na Hat Bikay (2012)  (Hindi)
Dharati Pakad Nirdaliya (2013)  (Hindi)

Non-fiction
Contemporary Nepali Literature (critical writings,essays and interviews,1995)
History of Hindi Blogging (2011)  (Hindi)
Contributor to Hindi Blogging: Expression of new revolution (2011) 

Documentaries
Naya Bihan (Screen Play Writer, 1992) television documentary film on Women's Education under the UNESCO related plan of Unit of Sitamarhi District in "Bihar Education Project".

Poetry collections
Ham Safar (1991) (his first poetry collection) 
Mat Rona Ramjani Chacha (1999)
Smriti Shesh (2002)

Magazines
Urvija 1992 to 1995. Published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
 Fagunahat, 1990 to 1992a yearly magazine published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
Samvad, 1993, editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Basant Arya.
Sahityanjali, 1994. editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Madhvendra Verma.
Hamari Vani 2010, a Hindi e-journal. he was consulting editor for the year 2010.
Parikalpna Blogotsav, 2012 - . He is chief editor of this Internet web journal.
Vatvriksh, May 2011 to May 2013. A Hindi magazine published in Lucknow. He is chief editor.
Parikalpana Samay, June 2013 - A monthly Hindi magazine published in Lucknow. He is chief editor.

Adaptations of Prabhat's works
Dr. Siyaram written a Book on Prabhat's works-
Ravindra Prabhat Ki Parikalpana aur Blog alochana karm(2017)  (Hindi)

Notes 

1969 births
Indian poets
Indian journalists
Living people
Negligent homicide

Negligent homicide is the crime of killing a person unintentionally through negligence. For example, someone might write a text message while driving a car, instead of paying attention to the road. If that makes them hit and kill someone, that is negligent homicide.

It is a lesser crime than murder or manslaughter and the sentences are lower.

References

Types of crime
Crime of passion

The term crime of passion refers to a criminal act in which the perpetrator commits a crime against someone else due to strong impulse (for example, grief or heartbreak) rather than in the premeditated fashion. For example, the wife may take her revenge on a person with whom a husband may have had an affair, or vice versa. This is known by the term temporary insanity in the United States. 

Crime
Chancellor (education)

A chancellor is a leader of a university or a college. This title is mainly used in the Commonwealth nations. In other countries, such as the United States, it is more common to call him/her the university president.

The chancellor is often just a ceremonial figure. This means he or she does not make many decisions inside the University. He/She is just a person who is chosen to represent the University at official events and with other organizations. In this case, the Chancellor might not even live close to the University or take part in meetings there. For example, at the University of Cambridge the chancellor is a person who has done something important in his life, and is in some way connected to the University. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the Chancellor at Cambridge for 36 years.

Vice-chancellor 
The vice-chancellor of a university is instead the chief executive. He/She is the one that makes all the decisions, goes at regular meetings and has the day-to-day duties to do. The vice-chancellor is often very closely linked to the University: for example, he/she might be a fellow there, who decides to take on additional responsibilities. The vice-chancellor might also represent the university at important events if the chancellor is not available.

References 

Titles
Colleges and universities
Barbara Acklin

Barbara Acklin (February 28, 1943 - November 27, 1998) was an American soul singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the 1960s and 1970s. She had several hit singles, including "Love Makes a Woman". She was born in Oakland, California and raised in Chicago. Acklin later moved to Omaha, Nebraska. She died there from pneumonia when she was 55.

African American musicians
Singer-songwriters from Chicago
1943 births
1998 deaths
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Oakland, California
Writers from Oakland, California
Lola Albright

Lola Albright (July 20, 1924 – March 23, 2017) was an American actress. She has been in many movies. She was a fashion model before her acting career. Albright was born and raised in Akron, Ohio.

Albright died at her home in Toluca Lake, California on March 23, 2017, aged 92.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Ohio
1924 births
2017 deaths
Models from Ohio
Martha Byrne

Mary Martha Byrne (December 23, 1969) is an American television actress. She appears mostly in soap operas. She played Lily in As the World Turns. She played Andrea in General Hospital. She was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey.

References

People from Ridgewood, New Jersey
American television actors
Actors from New Jersey
1969 births
Living people
Georges Appert

Georges Appert (1850 – 1934) was a French historian, writer and Japan studies expert.  He was a professor of law at the University of Tokyo.

Career
Appert was a government advisor in Japan from 1879 to 1889.

Select works
In an overview of writings by and about Appert, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 26 works in 43 publications in 5 languages and 132 library holdings. Some of the works are:

  Ancien Japon, 1888
 Du terme en droit romain et en droit français, 1876
 Dictionnaire des termes de droit, d'économie politique et d'administration, 1885
 日本立法資料全集 (Japanese legislation Complete Works). 別卷 337, 佛國相續法講義 , 2005
 Un code de la féodalité Japonaise au XIIIe siècle, 1900
 経済学講義 (Economics lecture), 1883

Related pages
 Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

References

1850 births
1934 deaths
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Japanologists
French writers
Rosanne Cash

Rosanne Cash (born May 24, 1955 ) is an American singer, songwriter and author. She originally did country music, but then expanded to pop, folk and rock music. Cash has had many hit songs during her singing career. She is the daughter of Johnny Cash. Rosanne Cash was born in Memphis, Tennessee.  She moved to Nashville in 1981, and New York City almost nine years later.

References

American singer-songwriters
singers from Memphis, Tennessee
1955 births
Living people
Semiotics of culture

Semiotics of culture is a field of semiotics which explains the phenomena of culture as created by sign processes (semiosis) used in communication.

Semiotics of culture was established by Juri Lotman (University of Tartu) and his colleagues in Moscow and elsewhere.

Semiotics
Culture
Linguistics

es:Semiótica cultural
Carrie Brownstein

Carrie Rachel Brownstein (September 27, 1974 ) is an American singer, guitarist and actor. She sings with the band Wild Flag. Brownstein plays indie and alternative rock music. Since 2011, she has acted on the sketch comedy television series Portlandia.

Brownstein was born in Seattle, Washington.  She grew up in Redmond, Washington and lives in Portland, Oregon. In 2010, she stated that she is bisexual.

References

Actors from Seattle, Washington
American guitarists
American LGBT people
American television actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT musicians
Singers from Seattle, Washington
1974 births
Living people
American bloggers
Laura Pausini

Laura Pausini,  (; born 16 May 1974) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter. She sings both in Italian and Spanish, but also in Portuguese, English, French, Catalan and Latin.

Discography

 Laura Pausini (1993)
 Laura (1994)
 Le cose che vivi / Las cosas que vives (1996)
 La mia risposta / Mi respuesta (1998)
 Tra te e il mare / Entre tú y mil mares (2000)
 The Best of Laura Pausini - E ritorno da Te / Lo mejor de Laura Pausini - Volveré Junto a Ti (2001)
 From the Inside (2002)
 Resta in ascolto / Escucha (2004)
 Live in Paris 05 (2015)
 Io canto / Yo canto (2006)
 San Siro 2007 (2007)
 Primavera in anticipo / Primavera anticipada (2008)
 Laura Live World Tour 09 / Laura Live Gira Mundial 09 (2009)
 Inedito / Inédito (2011)
 20 - The Greatest Hits / 20 - Grandes Éxitos (2013)
 Simili / Similares (2015)
 Laura Xmas / Laura Navidad (2016)

References

Other websites
 
 

1974 births
Living people
Italian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Emilia-Romagna
Pop singers
Latin Grammy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Atlantic Records artists
Jane Henson

Jane Henson (Jane Ann Nebel; June 16, 1934 – April 2, 2013) was an American puppeteer and the widow of puppeteer Jim Henson.

Henson was born on June 16, 1934 in St. Albans, Queens, New York City. She studied at the University of Maryland, College Park. Henson was married to Jim Henson from 1959 until they separated in 1986. They had 5 children. Henson died on April 2, 2013 in her home in Greenwich, Connecticut from cancer, aged 78.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Muppets
People from New York City
American puppeteers
Maria Redaelli

Maria Granoli (Maria Redaelli; 3 April 1899 – 2 April 2013) was an Italian supercentenarian. At the time of her death, just one day shy of her 114th birthday, she was the oldest living person in Italy, the oldest living person in Europe, and the 4th oldest living person in the world.

Redaelli was born on 3 April 1899 in Inzago (Province of Milan), Lombardy, Italy. She was married to Gaspare Granoli until his death. They had two children; one died. Redaelli died on 2 April 2013 (just one day away from her 114th birthday) in her home in Filanda, Lombardy, Italy from natural causes, aged 113. After that, Emma Morano become the oldest living person in Italy and Europe.

References

1899 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Italian centenarians
People from Milan
Supercentenarians
Hotel for Dogs (movie)

Hotel for Dogs is a 2009 American children's comedy movie. It is based on the 1971 Lois Duncan book of the same name. The movie was directed by Thor Freudenthal and adapted by Jeff Lowell and Mark McCorkle.

Cast
 Emma Roberts as Andi
 Jake T. Austin as Bruce
 Johnny Simmons as Dave
 Don Cheadle as Bernie
 Robinne Lee as Carol
 Cesar Yedra as Clarence
 Troy Gentile as Mark
 Kyla Pratt as Heather
 Lisa Kudrow as Lois
 Kevin Dillon as Carl

Other websites
 

2000s family movies
2009 comedy movies
Movies based on books
2009 movies
English-language movies
Tomkinson Ranges

The Tomkinson Ranges is a mountain range in the northwest corner of South Australia. The range consists of sandstone hills, surrounded by spinifex grasslands. Several rock holes are located in and around the hills.

The mountains were named after politician Samuel Tomkinson (1851–1900). The explorer William Gosse named them when he passed through the region in the early 1870s. Ernest Giles and his team reached the ranges shortly after, and set up a base here from which to explore the Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts. Numerous prospecting expeditions were made through the region until the 1930s.

Together with the Mann Ranges, the Tomkinson Ranges are an important part of the Pitjantjatjara homeland. The communities of Kalka and Pipalyatjara are located at the base of the mountains.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of South Australia