cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
George C. Williams

George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He was best known for his critique of group selection, though later in life he recognized that it did sometimes occur. The work of Williams in this area, with W.D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and others, led to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution.

In 1999 Williams shared the Crafoord Prize, with Maynard Smith and Ernst Mayr, for developing the concept of evolutionary biology.

Academic work
Williams' 1957 paper Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence was influential in 20th century evolutionary biology. It contains three important ideas. In this paper Williams proposed that senescence should be  generally synchronized by natural selection.
"if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other. In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system." 

This paper also contains the first outline of the idea that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females, although Williams does not explicitly mention grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grandparenting. By helping grandchildren survive, grandparents promote the survival of an average of one-quarter (1/4) of their own genome.p100

In his first book, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Williams advocated a "ground rule  or perhaps doctrine would be a better term  ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it. This contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book The Selfish Gene.

Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex, and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine.

Books 
 Williams G.C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C., ed. 1971. Group selection. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.
 Williams G.C. 1975. Sex and evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
 Williams G.C. 1992. Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Nesse R.M. and G.C. Williams. 1994. Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine. Times Books, New York.
 Williams G.C. 1996. Plan and purpose in nature. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (published in the U.S. in 1997 as The Pony Fish’s glow and other clues to plan and purpose in nature. Basic Books, New York).

References 

1926 births
American evolutionary biologists
2010 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson

Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson (2 February 1882 – 20 May 1906) was an Icelandic poet.

Sigurðsson was a new New Romantic-style writer. He was born in Reykjavík. He studied at the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík until 1903.

In November 1905, Sigurðsson fell ill and was hospitalized. He died on 20 May 1906, aged 24, in Reykjavík.

References

1882 births
1906 deaths
Johann Gunnar Sigurdsson
Johann Gunnar Sigurdsson
Poets
Violetta Ferrari

Violetta Ferrari (25 April 1930 – 23 January 2014) was a Hungarian actress.

Ferrari was born in Hódmezővásárhely. She began working in 1950. She appeared mostly in stage performances. She left show business in 1983.

Ferrari died on 23 January 2014, aged 85, in Budapest.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2014 deaths
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian stage actors
Hungarian television actors
Tor Milde

Tor Milde (14 January 1953 – 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian music journalist and writer. He was a judge on the music competition Idol in 2005 and 2006.

Milde was born in Oslo. He started working in journalism in 1984. He was best known as a music journalist and critic for Verdens Gang (VG).

Milde died after a short illness on the morning of 15 January 2014, aged 61, at the Ullevål University Hospital in his hometown of Oslo. He was survived by his two sons and his girlfriend, Irja Anthi.

References

Other websites

1953 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Music critics
Norwegian journalists
Writers from Oslo
Menachem Zilberman

Menachem Zilberman (6 October 1946 – 13 January 2014) was an Israeli actor, comedian and songwriter.

Zilberman was born in Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel). He started working in 1965. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Zilberman died from a heart attack on 13 January 2014, aged 67, in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He had lived there since 2000. He was survived by his three children.

References

Other websites

1946 births
2014 deaths
Comedians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Israeli movie actors
Israeli television actors
Jewish Israeli actors
Songwriters
Mogens E. Pedersen

Mogens Emil Pedersen (9 May 1928 – 5 January 2014) was a Danish journalist and writer.

Pedersen started working in 1949. He was best known as an editor for Se og Hør.

Pedersen died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Gentofte Municipality.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Danish journalists
Danish writers
Battle of Lewes

The Battle of Lewes was an important battle in the history of England.  It was fought near the town of Lewes, in Sussex,    England. The battle took place on 14 May 1264. It was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.

Background 

The two armies that met in the battle were led by King Henry III of England and a rebel leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Henry III's son, Prince Edward, fought on his side. The battle came about because many of the leading noblemen of England were unhappy with the way King Henry was ruling the country.  They wanted more involvement in the government. The Barons voted to hold a Parliament regularly so that they could discuss subjects such as taxation.  King Henry would not agree to this, and so both sides started to raise armies. When the two sides met at Lewes two days before, Simon de Montfort tried to arrange a truce with the king. King Henry refused and so both sides got ready to fight a battle.

The battle 

The king's army was nearly twice as big as the rebel army. The battle began when the Baronial forces attacked the king's foragers. When the fighting started, it looked as though the king's army would win easily. Prince Edward, who was only 25, was headstrong and made one big mistake.  Edward was in charge of the cavalry, who did well in the battle but then chased some of the rebels who were running away. By the time they came back to the battlefield, the rebels had managed to win the battle. With Edward off chasing foot soldiers, Henry was forced to attack using his two remaining divisions. Henry led one, the other was led by his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Henry's division fought until driven back by the Baronial reserve forces. Cornwall's division did not do well from the start. Cornwall fled the field and hid in a windmill but was quickly captured by the barons. As a result of the battle, King Henry III was forced to sign a document called the Mise of Lewes. This gave the rebel barons what they wanted. A year later the barons were defeated at the Battle of Evesham.

References

Additional reading

Other websites 
 Battle of Lewes, The Battlefields Trust

1264
English Barons
Lewes
Lewes
13th century in England
May events
Persecution of Muslims

Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution of Muslims (persecution based on their religion). This can mean any form of participating in discrimination against Muslims. This includes using violence against them or putting them in prison. Muslims were persecuted during the crusades. There was also persecution during the Mongol invasion and in the Iberian Peninsula when they were subject to the Inquisitions. Modern persecution of Muslims exists in many countries such as Myanmar, Central African Republic and Serbia. 

Islam is a major religion and like other major religions they have suffered violent persecution.

Related pages
 Religious persecution
 Anti-Shi'ism

References 

Islam
Religious violence
Discrimination
Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of Africa that is south of the Sahara. It includes of all the countries of Africa that are fully or partly located south of the Sahara desert (except Sudan). It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.

References 

Regions of Africa
Horner

Horner is an English surname. It comes from the Anglo-Saxon language. It is from the Middle English word for people who made or blew horns.

People named Horner:
Henry Horner (1879–1940), a Governor of Illinois
James Horner (1953–2015), American composer of movie scores

References
Photodiode

A photodiode is a light sensitive semiconductor.  It is a type of photodetector capable of changing (or converting) light into either current or voltage, depending upon its connections.  It is a diode and wired with reverse biasing so that when in the dark, only a small amount of current, known as dark current, will flow.  When in the light, a current known as photocurrent flows through the diode. 

Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as its surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes and phototransistors look the same physically but have different functions.

It is based on a reversed bias circuit.

References

Electronics
Physics
Eduardo Coutinho

Eduardo Coutinho (May 11, 1933 - February 2, 2014) was a Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, and actor.

He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian movie, ABC do amor. It was made near the beginning of his career. The movie was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

He died on February 2, 2014 in a suspected murder in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.

References

Other websites
 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Murder victims
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian movie directors
Brazilian movie producers
Brazilian screenwriters
People from São Paulo
Madalyn Murray O'Hair

Madalyn Murray O'Hair (April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American atheist activist. She was the founder of the American Atheists and its president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine. Many people criticized her and called her "the most hated woman in America".   

In 1995 she was kidnapped, murdered and dismembered along with her son Jon Murray and granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair, by the former American Atheist office manager David Roland Waters.

References

Other websites
 Biography of O'Hair at About.com
 Biography of O'Hair  at Rotten.com
 1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair  – MP3 file
 
 Madalyn Murray O'Hair at NNDB
 Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com
 Meeting Satan Herself: An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair: 14 September 1977
 The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine

1919 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from asphyxiation
American murder victims
American activists
American atheists
People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Division of Brisbane

The Division of Brisbane is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named after the city of Brisbane.

At first, the Division of Brisbane included the northern part of the City of Brisbane, but boundary changes cut it back to the inner suburban area. 

It includes Alderley, Ascot, Ashgrove, Bowen Hills, Brisbane City, Clayfield, Enoggera, Ferny Grove, Fortitude Valley, Gaythorne, Grange, Hamilton, Hendra, Herston, Kelvin Grove,  Keperra, Milton, Mitchelton, New Farm, Newmarket, Newstead, Red Hill, Spring Hill, Upper Kedron, Wilston, Windsor, parts of Bardon, Everton Park, Paddington and Stafford.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Brisbane (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1901 establishments in Australia
Division of Dawson

The Division of Dawson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Anderson Dawson, the first Labor Premier of Queensland and leader of the first parliamentary socialist government in the world. It is on the North Queensland coast, and includes the towns of Ayr, Bowen, Mackay, Proserpine and parts of Townsville.

Members

Rex Patterson won the seat at a by-election for Dawson in 1966 following the death of George Shaw. Patterson became Minister for Northern Development, and later Minister for Agriculture in the Whitlam Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Dawson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1949 establishments in Australia
Leon de Wolff

Leon de Wolff (26 September 1948 – 3 January 2014) was a Dutch journalist and media consultant and researcher.

Born in Rotterdam, South Holland, he began his career in 1972 and developed a method to classify journalistic products and improve. He also advised editors and publishers of newspapers and magazines in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Leon de Wolff died from multiple system atrophy (MSA) on 3 January 2014, aged 65, in Lochem, Gelderland.

References

1948 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from multiple system atrophy
Disease-related deaths in the Netherlands
Dutch journalists
Writers from Rotterdam
Pye Engström

Pye Ester Agneta Engström (née Nanneson; born 8 June 1928) is a Swedish sculptor. She was born in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden. Engström studied at the Konstfack (1945–48), Royal Institute of Art (1945–48) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1948–53). She has been married to writer Clas Engström since 1951.

References

1928 births
Living people
Sculptors
Swedish artists
Sigrid Kahle

Sigrid Ida Matilda Kahle (née Nyberg; 18 September 1928 – 31 December 2013) was a French-born Swedish journalist and writer.

Born in Paris, France, she studied humanities at Uppsala University and Harvard University. At the University of Bonn she studied Arabic. Kahle married German diplomat John H. Kahle in 1951, and stayed together until his death in 2003.

Sigrid Kahle died after a short illness on 31 December 2013, aged 85, in Uppsala, Sweden.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
People from Paris
People from Uppsala
Swedish journalists
Bedrock

In stratigraphy, bedrock is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.

The top of the bedrock is known as the rockhead and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Loose material on top (known as drift) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

A 'solid' geologic map of an area will usually show the rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.

References 

Geology
Ice Train (wrestler)

Harold Fitzgerald Hogue, Sr. (born November 13, 1967 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1990 to 2001. He competed in WCW under the ring names Ice Train and M.I. Smooth.

Hogue retired from professional wrestling in 2001 soon after the WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

Championships
Catch Wrestling Association
Catch Cup (1995)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #221 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993.

References

Other websites
Ice Train's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

1967 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Luis Raúl

Luis Raúl Martínez (March 6, 1962 – February 2, 2014), better known by his stage name Luis Raúl, was a Puerto Rican actor, comedian, and host.

Born in Ponce, he started working in 1983. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Raúl died from bilateral pneumonia on February 2, 2014, aged 51, in San Juan. He arrived at hospital on January 13 and his condition worsened two weeks later.

References

Other websites

1962 births
2014 deaths
Puerto Rican actors
Comedians
Television presenters
Deaths from pneumonia
Glacier (wrestler)

Raymond M. Lloyd (born May 13, 1964 in Brunswick, Georgia) is an American professional wrestler, martial artist and actor. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) during the late 1990s. He competed in WCW under the ring name Glacier. He currently wrestles on the independent circuit.

Outside of professional wrestling, Lloyd has appeared in movies and television series. The first movie he appeared in was a low budget movie called Blood Bath, in 2002. In 2007, Lloyd guest starred in an episode of Burn Notice.

Championships
AWA World-1 South
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Georgia All-Star Wrestling
GASW Tag Team Championship (one time, last) (with R.D. Swain)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
GCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with R.D. Swain)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jason Sugarman)
Peach State Wrestling
PSW United States Tag Team Championship (two times, first) (with R.D. Swain)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #146 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 1997.
Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling
TCW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
TCW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Jorge Estrada (one), Big Ron Studd (one))
United States Wrestling Alliance
USWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jesse Neal)
World Karate Association
Southeastern Super Heavyweight Full Contact Karate Champion

References

Other websites
Glacier's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

1964 births
Living people
American movie actors
American professional wrestlers
American voice actors
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Stuntmen
Highways in Puerto Rico

The system of highways in Puerto Rico is made up of about  of roads. It is managed by Puerto Rico's Department of Transportation and Public Works.

The roads in Puerto Rico are divided into four types:
 Primary roads
 Urban primary roads
 Secondary (or inter-municipal) roads
 Tertiary (or local) roads
A highway may contain several types of roads, but the highway will continue to have the same route number. Primary roads have numbers 1 to 99. Secondary roads are numbered 100 to 299. Municipal (tertiary) roads are numbered 300 to 9999.

Interstates

There are three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico. Together, they total . As with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Hawaii, these routes do not connect to the rest of the United States' Interstate Highway System. However, they still get money from the U.S. government.

These Interstate Highways run along tollways and roads that are not grade-separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road. There are no signs for these Interstate Highways. They are signed as Puerto Rico routes.

Puerto Rico's interstate routes are not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3. These are other major highways in Puerto Rico. 

The three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico are:
Interstate PRI-1 goes from San Juan southwest to Ponce on the shortest route. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 52 and Puerto Rico Highway 18. It is  long.
Interstate PRI-2 goes from San Juan to Ponce along the coast of western Puerto Rico. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 22 and Puerto Rico Highway 2. It is  long.
Interstate PRI-3 goes from San Juan southeast to Ceiba. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 53. It is  long.

References

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Police car

A police car is a motor vehicle used by police. It is used to assist with their duties in patrolling and responding to incidents. Typical uses of a police car include transportation for officers to reach the scene of an incident quickly. Police cars are also used to transport suspects, or to patrol an area. Some police cars are adapted for certain functions such as traffic control, to transport police dogs or bomb disposal.

Police cars usually marked to identify them. There are two reasons for this: firstly, so that other drivers know to get out of the way of a police car that is rushing to a crime scene, and secondly so that the car can be a deterrent to crime. Police cars also have sirens and flashing lights which are also used when they rush to a crime scene. However, some police cars are unmarked, so that police can carry out work without being noticed.

History 

In the United Kingdom in the early 1900s, police vehicles were first used to chase speeding motorists. This had very poor results until police schools were opened to teach officers how to use their vehicles properly. In 1910 the first police car in the US was used in Akron, Ohio. By 1920 police cars were in wide use in the US. It was noticed that patrol cars allowed police to respond faster. It also allowed an officer to cover a wider area. By the 1960s most major cities had shifted away from foot patrols altogether in favor of police cars. But studies proved a mix of foot officers and police vehicles worked best.

Chases 

Police cars are used for chases ("pursuits") against suspects. The crime the suspect is believed to have committed may have been anything from a traffic violation to a major felony. Suspects often attempt to lose law enforcement by driving away, sometimes at high speed. From 1990 to 2005, 136 people were killed in the US in high speed pursuits by police. Despite controversy as to whether high speed chases are necessary police continue to work on the problem using technology and new techniques. One technique is the 'take out'. A take out is a technique used to cause the fleeing vehicle to lose control and be turned sideways by the police vehicle.

When rushing to a crime scene, police officers can drive their cars through red lights and break the speed limit and other traffic laws. They must still be careful when doing this, however.

Other names 

Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. They may also be informally known as a cop car, a 'Black and white', a 'Cherry top', a 'gumball machine', a 'jam sandwich' or 'panda car'. Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.

Notes

References 

Land vehicles
Police
Vehicles
Freedom of Information Act (United States)

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), , is a federal law. It allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The law defines agency records subject to disclosure. It outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the law. It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his doubts, on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year.

References 

Government
United States law
YM (magazine)

YM (or Your Magazine) was an American magazine for teenaged girls. It originally began being published in the 1930s. It was published for 72 years. It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being Seventeen.

It began as two separate magazines: Compact and Calling All Girls. Compact was aimed at older teenagers. It was first published in 1932. Calling All Girls was intended for younger girls. It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in Parents' Magazine produced a positive interest from readers. It was the first magazine for girls. Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories. It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month. This was because it was popular. By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue. The average reader was aged 13. The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.

During the 1960s, the two titles (Compact and Calling All Girls) merged into Young Miss. The title changed again to Young & Modern in the 1980s. It was changed one final time in 2000 to YM. This was said to stand for Your Magazine.

YM stopped being published in 2004. Subscriptions were replaced with Teen Vogue.

References 

Monthly magazines
American children's magazines
American teen magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
1932 establishments in the United States
2004 disestablishments in the United States
Bantustan

A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term Bantustan comes from Bantu (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and -stan (meaning "land" in Persian).

The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because:

The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land.
The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa.
Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked. This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa.

The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.

List of Bantustans

Bantustans in South Africa

 Transkei (declared independent on 26 October 1976)
 Bophuthatswana (declared independent on 6 December 1977)
 Venda (declared independent on 13 September 1979)
 Ciskei (declared independent on 4 December 1981)
 Gazankulu
 Lebowa
 QwaQwa
 KaNgwane
 KwaNdebele
 KwaZulu

Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised.
Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei  (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy.

Bantustans in South West Africa

Bushmanland
Damaraland
East Caprivi (self-rule 1976)
Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
Kaokoland
Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
Namaland
Ovamboland (self-rule 1973)
Rehoboth
Tswanaland

Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.

20th century in South Africa
1994 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in South Africa
1990s disestablishments in Africa
Coloured

In South African, Namibian, Zambian, Botswanan, and Zimbabwean context, the term Coloured (Kleurlinge in Afrikaans) is used to refer to people of mixed European and Khoisan or Bantu ancestry.

They form the majority of the Northern Cape and Western Cape populations. Most Coloured speak Afrikaans as their first language, although there are some native English speakers. The majority of Coloureds living in Cape Town are able to speak both languages.

Because of South Africa's history of racial discrimination, many feel that the term coloured is derogatory. The official term is "Coloured people", but many Coloureds prefer to call themselves "Black", "Khoisan", or just "South African".

Apartheid
During apartheid, people were classified into four groups: White, Black, Coloured, and Asian. The Cape Malays, who are of Asian descent, were not classified as Asians, but as Coloureds.

Although they were discriminated upon by the government, many Coloureds and Asians got to enjoy certain rights during the apartheid era. For example, they did not have to carry around a passbook, had limited political representation, and were considered citizens of South Africa.

References

South Africa
Race
Sami Gayle

Sami Gayle (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress. She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series Blue Bloods.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Florida
1996 births
Living people
Endless Love (2014 movie)

Endless Love is an American romantic drama movie. It was released February 2014 in the United States and the United Kingdom. The movie is about a charismatic boy and wealthy girl. Her parents want them separated. This movie was rated PG-13 in the United States, for language, sexual content and brief nudity.

It is a remake of the movie of the same name from 1981. They are both based on the novel of the same name.

Other websites 

2014 drama movies
2014 romance movies
2010s coming-of-age movies
2010s romantic drama movies
2010s teen drama movies
2010s teen romance movies
American coming-of-age movies
American movie remakes
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Tension headache

A tension headache is a common form of headache. Tension headaches affect the head, eyes and nearby areas of the body. They are very common with adults. Females are twice as likely as males to have them.

Tension headaches may be caused by:

stress
irregular or changing meal times
too much caffeine
depression or anxiety

References

Head (body part)
Pain
Crowbar (wrestler)

Christopher "Chris" Ford (born March 4, 1974 in Rutherford, New Jersey) is an American professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1999 to 2001 uner the ring name Crowbar. He has also competed in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He currently wrestles on the independent circuit under the ring names Crowbar and Devon Storm.

Championships
Century Wrestling Alliance
CWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
East Coast Pro Wrestling
ECPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
ECPW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Ace Darling (one) and Timothy Plazma (one))
East Coast Wrestling Association
ECWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
Eternity Wrestling Association
EWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
Independent Superstars of Professional Wrestling
ISPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
International Fighting Network
IFN Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
MEWF Mid-Atlantic Championship (one time)
MEWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mark Schrader)
NWA 2000
NWA 2000 Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA New Jersey
NWA New Jersey Hardcore Championship (one time)
NWA New Jersey State Heavyweight Championship (one time)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (New Jersey version) (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (New Jersey version) (one time)
NWA New York
NWA New York Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA New York Television Championship (one time)
New Jack City Wrestling
NJCW Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Richmond Championship Wrestling
RCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
World Championship Wrestling
WCW Cruiserweight Championship (one time)1
WCW Hardcore Championship (one time)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with David Flair)
World Wrestling All-Stars
WWA Hardcore Championship (one time)

1During his reign, he held the championship with Daffney.

References

Other websites
Crowbar's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

1974 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from New Jersey
People from Rutherford, New Jersey
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
About Last Night (1986 movie)

About Last Night is a 1986 American romance-comedy-drama movie. Two people begin a relationship from a one-night stand after meeting in a Chicago bar. Demi Moore plays Debbie. Rob Lowe plays Danny. Megan Mullally plays Pat.

This movie was released on July 2, 1986. It got very good reviews. A remake was released in 2014.

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1986 romance movies
1986 comedy-drama movies
1980s romantic comedy movies
1980s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on plays
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies directed by Edward Zwick
About Last Night (2014 movie)

About Last Night is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie. It is a remake of the 1986 movie of the same name. It is about romantic encounters in Los Angeles. Paula Patton is in the cast.

The original movie was set in Chicago. This one is set in Los Angeles and has an all-black cast The remake was released in mid February of 2014. It was rated R. The original romance movie was also rated R.

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2014 comedy movies
2014 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
American movie remakes
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Sabotage

Sabotage is a 2014 action and crime thriller movie. It is about DEA officials busting safe houses of drug lords. An assassin begins to target them later on. Arnold Schwarzenegger plays John. Terrence Howard plays Sugar.

The movie was released on March 28, 2014.

2010s thriller movies
2010s action movies
2014 movies
Natasha Henstridge

Natasha Henstridge (born August 15, 1974) is a Canadian model turned actress. She played Lisa Rayborn in You Lucky Dog. She also played Dawn in The Secret Circle, a TV series.

Henstridge was born in Newfoundland. She was raised in Fort McMurray, Alberta.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Alberta
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
People from Newfoundland and Labrador
Emma Rigby

Emma Catherine Rigby (born 26 September 1989) is an English actress. She played Hannah Ashworth in the series Hollyoaks. She played Gemma Roscoe in Prisoners' Wives.

Emma Rigby was born in St Helens, Merseyside, England.

References

1989 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
Entertainers from Merseyside
Dancing Crazy

"Dancing Crazy" is a popular single sung by singer Miranda Cosgrove. The song is about being involved in parties and having a lovely time. Avril Lavigne was the co-writer of this song.

The music critics didn't accept "Dancing Crazy". It was, however, moderately strong in certain music charts. It was released in December 2010.

2010 songs
Pop songs
Mass murder

The term mass murder refers to when a murder of four people or more happens by the same person or group at the same time. Usually the murders happen at the same time or over a relatively short period of time. The FBI defines mass murder as the killing of many people without any cooling-off period. By comparison a serial killer has a cooling-off period between murders. Murder can be done by a person, a gang, a terrorist group, a government or police. Mass murderers commit their crime for many reasons. Examples of why they do it include: politics/religion/ethnicity, sadism, being bullied, mental disorders and inceldom. In many cases, the killer commits suicide or is killed by police.

The University of Texas massacre in August 1966, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the September 11 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre, the 2012 Aurora shooting and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting are some examples of mass murders that have happened in the United States.

The United Kingdom's mass murders include the Denmark Place fire in London in 1980, the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, Berkshire in 1987 and the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. Australia's mass murders include the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. France's include the November 2015 Paris attacks. Turkey's include the 2015 Ankara bombings.

References

Mass murder
Sexual violence

Sexual violence a sexual act or attempt to get sex by force, violence, unwelcome harassment or advances. It has risks of causing sexually transmitted conditions and mental troubles. Sexual violence happens mostly to females. Males can also be victims.

References

Sexual abuse
Violence
Speed badminton

Speed Badminton (or "Speedminton") is a form of badminton played without a net. It is faster than ordinary badminton. It combines rules from different sports like badminton, squash and tennis. Today, Speedminton is played all around the world. There are about 3,000 registered players that compete internationally and about 2 million players around the world.

There is no net in between players. There is also no firm rules about where it is played. It can be played on tennis courts, streets, beaches, fields or gyms. The court is two squares of 5.50–metre (18 ft) length. They are fixed opposite to each other at a distance of 12.8 m (42 ft).

There are tournaments all over the world. Tournaments are organized into a growing number of clubs. In some countries, associations are already established, for example the German Speed Badminton Association (DSBV) and the Swiss Speed Badminton (SSB). On August 25, 2011 the international Speed Badminton Organization (ISBO) was founded in Berlin.

Badminton
System file

A system file is an important file which an operating system needs to be able to work properly. System files are found mainly in computers and device drivers. They can contain important information. They can contain information which enables a computer to start. They can also contain information which tells the computer how to run properly as you use it. Deleting a system file can damage a computer or make it unusable. System files in a Windows operating system are found in the System32 folder, the most important folder on the computer's hard drive. Most system files cannot be edited or deleted as they are always in use by the system.

Computing
Marquinhos

Marquinhos (real name Marcos Aoás Corrêa, born 14 May 1994 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a defender for Paris Saint-Germain F.C. in France.

The Guardian newspaper think that he is one of the 10 best young football players in the world.

He was bought by his current club from A.S. Roma for €32 million in 2013.

References

1994 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from São Paulo
Daily Star

The Daily Star is a tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It was first published on 2 November 1978. In 2011, it made 706,757 copies every day. It is quite similar to The Sun. It tries to be cheaper so more people buy it than The Sun. Although other newspapers have their favourite political party, the Daily Star does not. However, it was against Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2009. To attract women and teenage girls the Daily Star  has a horoscope column.

References

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Kill la Kill

is an anime series written by Kazuki Nakashima and directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi. It is produced by Trigger. The anime began airing on October 3, 2013 and ended on March 27, 2014. There is also a manga that is illustrated by Ryō Akizuki. On September 3, 2014, an original video animation episode will be released along with the ninth volume.

Plot
The series follows Ryuko Matoi, a student at a high school in Tokyo Bay set in post-apocalyptic Japan called Honnouji Academy. The academy is run by the student council which wear special uniforms called Goku Uniforms. The uniforms give them superhuman abilities and they use them to rule over the rest of the students and staff of the academy. Ryuko Matoi owns one-half of a scissor-shaped longsword and transferred to the academy to look for the owner of the other half of the scissor blade, the person that killed her father. When she attempts to interrogate the leader of the student council Satsuki Kiryuin about the killer, she is defeated. After her defeat, she finds a sentient sailor uniform which she names Senketsu. Ryuko is able to use Senketsu's powers to fight Satsuki and her henchmen, the Elite Four.

References

Other websites
Official website 
Official website 

Manga
Anime
2013 television series debuts
2013 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in Japan
2013 anime television series
Dinu Cocea

Constantin "Dinu" Cocea (22 September 1929 – 26 December 2013) was a Romanian actor, screenwriter, and award winning director.

He was born in Periș, Ilfov County, Romania. Cocea graduated from Gheorghe Lazăr National College before he began his acting career in 1958. However, he made his mark as a director and screenwriter, most notably directing Haiducii lui Șaptecai. In 2010 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Excellence at the Iasi International Film Festival.

Dinu Cocea died from heart failure on 26 December 2013, aged 84, in Paris, France, where he had lived since 1986. He was survived by his daughter, Oana.

Filmography
Film directed by Dinu Cocea:
 The Outlaws (1966)
 Outlaws Revenge (1968)
 Kidnapping virgins (1968)
 Week Fools (1971)
 Haiducii lui Şaptecai (1971)
 Dowry Lady Ralu (1972)
 Paratroopers (1972)
 Oak extreme emergency (1973)
 Do not stop fan (1976)
 The chain mishandling (1976)
 The court Reserves (1976)
 Ecaterina (1978)
 Iancu Jianu zapciul / Iancu Jian, zapciul (1980)
 Iancu Jianu outlaw (1981)

References

Other websites

1929 births
2013 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in Paris
Romanian movie directors
Romanian movie actors
Romanian movie producers
Romanian stage actors
Romanian screenwriters
Jan Skopeček

Jan Skopeček (19 September 1925 – 27 July 2020) was a Czech actor and playwright.

Early life and career 
He was born in Litoměřice, Czechoslovakia. Skopeček began his acting career in 1949, appearing in a number of plays. He was married to actress Věra Tichánková. The two remained together until Tichánková's death in January 2014.

He died on 27 July 2020 in Prague, aged 94.

References

1925 births
2020 deaths
Czech actors
Playwrights
Richard Bull

Richard Bull (June 26, 1924 – February 3, 2014) was an American movie, stage, and television actor.

He is best known for his role as Nels Oleson on the NBC TV series Little House on the Prairie which aired from 1974 to 1983 and "Doc" on Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea.

Bull died on the morning of February 3, 2014 at the Motion Picture Television Fund campus in Calabasas, California from pneumonia. He was 89 years old.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Chicago
Bill Sinkin

William R. "Bill" Sinkin (May 19, 1913 – February 3, 2014) was an American community activist for equality, international cooperation and alternative energy in San Antonio, Texas. He created the company Solar San Antonio.

Sinkin died on February 3, 2014 from natural causes in San Antonio, Texas, aged 100.

References

Other websites
Interviews with William "Bill" Sinkin, June 30 1995, January 17, 2005, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collections, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.

1913 births
2014 deaths
American activists
American centenarians
Businesspeople from Texas
Chief executives
Deaths from natural causes
People from San Antonio, Texas
Wu Ma

Wu Ma (real name: ) (22 September 1942 – 4 February 2014) was a Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer and writer. 

Wu Ma's career began in 1963. He made over 180 appearances to his name (plus 38 directorial credits within a twenty-five year period). Wu Ma is mostly known for appearing in many movies about the history of Hong Kong Cinema. He is best known as the Taoist ghosthunter in A Chinese Ghost Story.

Wu Ma died on 4 February 2014 in Hong Kong from lung cancer, aged 71.

References

Other websites
A short biography and filmography 
A detailed biography - bottom of page

A Chinese Ghost Story - commentary by Bey Logan
Interview in Chinese

1942 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese voice actors
Chinese screenwriters
Chinese movie directors
Chinese movie producers
Actors from Hong Kong
Jack Steinberger

Hans Jakob "Jack" Steinberger (25 May 1921 – 12 December 2020) was a German-born American physicist of Jewish descent. He co-discovered the muon neutrino, along with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz. He was given the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics. Steinberger now lives in Switzerland.

He studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago.

Steinberger was an atheist, and a member of the International Academy of Humanism.

Steinberger died on 12 December 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland at the age of 99.

References

Books
Steinberger, J.,  W. K. H. Panofsky & J. Steller.  "Evidence for the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (April 1950).
Panofsky, W. K. H., J. Steinberger & J. Steller.   "Further Results on the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 1, 1950).
Steinberger, J.   "Experimental Survey of Strange Particle Decays", Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1964).

Other websites
Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Autobiography (at the Nobel Prize web site) 
official web site for the Nobel Prize in Physics 
CERN web site for Jack Steinberger 

1921 births
2020 deaths
American atheists
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
German Jews
Humanists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish atheists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Bavaria
Refugees from Nazism
University of Chicago alumni
German Nobel Prize winners