cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892

F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892 is a football club which plays in Vercelli, Italy.

Name 
 1892-1910 S.G. Pro Vercelli
 1910-2010 U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio
 2010-present F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892

League title 
 Italian Football Championship : 7
 1908, 1909, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1920/21, 1921/22
 Serie D: 2
 1983/84, 1993/94

League position

Former position 
 1929/30 : Serie A - 9th
 1930/31 : Serie A - 10th
 1931/32 : Serie A - 13th
 1932/33 : Serie A - 12th
 1933/34 : Serie A - 7th
 1934/35 : Serie A - 16th

Italian football clubs
1892 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Italy
Casale F.B.C.

A.S. Casale Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.

Name 
 1909-1972 F.B.C. 1909 Monferrato Casale
 1972-1979 Junior Casale A.C.
 1979-present A.S. Casale Calcio

League title 
 Italian Football Championship : 1
 1913/14

League position

Former position 
 1930/31 : Serie A - 16th
 1931/32 : Serie A - 12th
 1932/33 : Serie A - 16th
 1933/34 : Serie A - 18th

Italian football clubs
U.S.D. Novese

U.S.D. Novese is a football club which plays in Italy.

League title 
Italian Football Championship : 1
1921/22

League position 

Italian football clubs
1919 establishments in Italy
Bologna F.C. 1909

Bologna F.C. 1909 is an Italian professional football club from Bologna, Italy. It currently plays in Serie A. The club's home stadium is Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, which has a capacity of 38,000.

League title 
 Italian Football Championship / Serie A : 7
 1924/25, 1928/29, 1935/36, 1936/37, 1938/39, 1940/41, 1963/64

League position

Former position 

Italian football clubs
1909 establishments in Italy
British Rail Class D2/10

British Rail Class D2/10 was a locomotive type commissioned by British Rail. It was a diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL). The NBL/MAN engines were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland under licence from the German company MAN.

D2/10
NBL locomotives
B locomotives
Torino F.C.

Torino F.C. 1906 is a football club which plays in Italy.

Name 
1906-1936 F.B.C. Torino
1936-1970 A.C. Torino
1970-2005 Torino Calcio
2005-present Torino F.C. 1906

League title 
Italian Football Championship / Serie A : 7
1927/28, 1942/43, 1945/46, 1946/47, 1947/48, 1948/49, 1975/76
Serie B : 3
1959/60, 1989/90, 2000/01

League position

Former position

Italian football clubs
Turin
British Rail Class D2/11

In 1958 Brush Traction Ltd and Beyer Peacock co-operated to produce five prototype diesel-electric shunting locomotives of 0-4-0 wheel arrangement. They were intended to demonstrate a new generation of diesel shunters for industrial and mainline use. Two were loaned to British Railways for trials, and one was subsequently purchased by BR. However no large scale orders resulted from these demonstrators.

D2/11
Brush Traction locomotives
B locomotives
British Rail Class D2/12

British Rail Class D2/12 was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Hudswell Clarke with a Gardner engine.  The mechanical transmission, using a scoop control fluid coupling and four-speed Power-flow SSS (synchro-self-shifting) gearbox, was a Hudswell Clarke speciality.

References

D2 12
C locomotives
British Rail Class D3/1

British Rail Class D3/1 was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company.  The NBL/MAN engines were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland under licence from the German company MAN.

D003.01
NBL locomotives
B locomotives
True Cross

The True Cross is the name given to parts which are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified.

Empress Helena (c.250–c.330 AD) was the mother of Constantine, the first Christian Emperor of Rome. Christianity was legalised through the Roman Empire in 312. According to the early writers, like Socrates Scolaticus,  Helena travelled to the Holy Land, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. She is said to have discovered the resting place  of the three crosses used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves - Dismas and Gestas - who were executed with him. Through a miracle it was revealed which of the three was the True Cross.

Many churches have fragmentary remains which are by tradition alleged to be those of the True Cross. Their authenticity is not accepted  by all those of the Christian faith. Many Christians question the accuracy of the reports surrounding the discovery of the True Cross.  The acceptance and belief of that part of the tradition that pertains to the Early Christian Church is generally restricted to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The Medieval legends where it came from are not the same in Catholic and Orthodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a saint, as does also the Anglican Communion.

Some Christians believe that wood from the true cross has miraculous healing powers. During the Middle Ages people made pilgrimages to churches and shrines where pieces of the cross were kept, and touched the wood in the hope of being cured of a sickness or infirmity.

References

Christian religious objects
Jesus Christ
British Rail Class 403

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 5BEL to the 5-car all-Pullman electric multiple units built to work the prestigious Brighton Belle trains between London Victoria and Brighton. These units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS Class 403. Between 1933 and 1935 the units were designated 5PUL (the 'PUL' code was then used for the 6PUL units).

5BEL
403
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
British Rail Class 405

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation Sub to the wide variety of electric multiple units that were used on inner-suburban workings in the South London area. Originally these units were formed as three-car units, but in the 1940s, all surviving units were increased to four cars by the addition of an 'Augmentation' trailer. New four-car units were also built at this time, and these survived in passenger use until late 1983, by which time British Rail had allocated to them TOPS Class 405.

4SUB
405
British Rail Class 411

The British Rail Class 411 (or 4 Cep) electrical multiple units were built at Eastleigh works from 1956-63 for the newly electrified main lines in Kent. These units were based on the earlier Southern Railway 4Cor design, built in 1937.

411
British Rail Class 413

The British Rail Class 413 (or 4Cap) units were formed in 1982 by permanently coupling two Class 414 2Hap units together. The cabs in the centre of the unit were decommissioned, thus reducing the weight of the units.

413
Logical disk

A logical disk is a concept from computing. Logical disks provide a certain amount of space to store data. Unlike real (called physical) hard disks that can be touched, logical disks can take this storage space from different locations.

Common locations where this can be taken from:
A disk partition on a hard disk
A logical volume from a logical volume manager
A combination of hard drives (as in a RAID system, which contains the physical disks)
A storage area network
The main memory of a computer (this can be used for temporary files, which can be deleted when the system shuts down)

The disk is described as logical because it does not actually exist as a single physical entity in its own right.

Why do we need them?

When IBM first released the magnetic disk drive in the 1956 (IBM 305) a single drive would be directly attached to the using system, with each disk managed as a single entity. As the development of drives continued, it became apparent that reliability was a problem and systems using RAID technology evolved. This means that more than one physical disks are RAID-ed together to produce a single logical disk. 

In a modern home PC environment, disk drives now provide hundreds of gigabytes of storage capacity which can be impractical to use as a single entity. Therefore most systems have their drives partitioned into multiple logical drives.

In most modern business IT environments, some form of a Storage area network will exist. Here, many storage devices are connected to many host server devices in a network. A single RAID array may provide some capacity to one server, and some capacity to another. Therefore logical disks are used to partition the available capacity and provide the amount of storage needed by each host from a common pool of logical disks.

Computing
British Rail Class 418

British Rail Class 418 (or 2Sap) was a class of electrical multiple unit commissioned by British Railways Southern Region. in England.  The units were formed in the 1970s by simply declassifying the first class accommodation in selected 2Hap units.  They were employed on inner suburban routes such as the Hounslow Loop.

418
Robert Green

Robert Green (born 18 January 1980) is an English football goalkeeper. He plays for Chelsea F.C.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="8"|Norwich City||rowspan="6"|First Division||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1999/00||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2000/01||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2001/02||44||0||2||0||1||0||47||0
|-
|2002/03||46||0||3||0||1||0||50||0
|-
|2003/04||46||0||1||0||1||0||48||0
|-
|2004/05||Premier League||38||0||1||0||2||0||41||0
|-
|2005/06||League Championship||42||0||1||0||2||0||45||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||26||0||0||0||1||0||27||0
|-
|2007/08||38||0||2||0||1||0||41||0
|-
|2008/09||38||0||4||0||1||0||43||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
328||0||14||0||10||0||352||0
328||0||14||0||10||0||352||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||3||0
|-
!Total||11||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
2010 FIFA World Cup players
English association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Surrey
West Ham United F.C. players
Premier League players
British Rail Class 419

The British Rail Class 419 Motor Luggage Vans (or MLV) were built from 1951-61 by BR at Eastleigh Works.

419
Non-passenger multiple units
British Rail Class 421

The British Rail Class 421 (or 4Cig) electrical multiple units were built at BR York Works from 1964-1972.  Units were built in two batches, and were initially introduced on services on the Brighton Main Line. Later units were introduced on services to Portsmouth. These units replaced older Southern Railway-designed units, such as the 5Bel "Brighton Belle" units, and 4Cor units. These trains were known commonly as "slam-doors".

421
British Rail Class 423

The British Rail Class 423 (or 4Vep) electrical multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1967 to 1974, although the MBSOs and TSOs of the first 20, 7701-7720, were constructed at Derby Works. They feature manually opening doors next to every seating row. They were mostly found working outer suburban services in South London, and rural services in Kent and Sussex, up to 2005 when they were finally replaced by Electrostar and Desiro units.

423
Always (Sum 41 song)

"Always" is a single by Sum 41, released on their greatest-hits  album 8 Years of Blood, Sake and Tears: The Best of Sum 41. It is the only new song on the record, recorded especially for this release, and was released as a radio single on December 9, 2008.   
Although the album was released on November 26, 2008, the song was released to the public for free listening on the Universal Japan website on November 11, 2008.

Overview
"Always" is not a typical Sum 41 song. It switches tempos back and forth during the whole song, from an acoustic slow intro to an up-tempo verse and chorus, up until a quiet piano break, again into an up-tempo chorus, and back to a totally stripped acoustic slow break from the whole tempo of the song. The song features a prominent use of piano and acoustic guitar, and has a much heavier sound than the one present on the band's last album Underclass Hero.   
    
Like the band's last effort, Underclass Hero, the song was totally produced, mixed and engineered by lead singer Deryck Whibley himself.

Sum 41 songs
2008 songs
British Rail Class 438

The British Rail 4-TC multiple units were unpowered fixed formation 4 carriage set (fitted with driving cabs at each end) converted by BR at York Works from locomotive-hauled Mark 1 carriages in 1966-1967 and 1974. The units built on experience gained from the prototype 6TC unit. They were initially classified as Class 442 and numbered in the 300 and 400 series. This was later changed to Class 491, under which they spent the majority of their working lives. Shortly before withdrawal they were reclassified Class 438 and the units were renumbered to 8001-8034.

438
British Rail Class 442

The British Rail Class 442 Wessex Electric (or 5WES) electrical multiple units, were introduced in 1988 on the South Western Main Line from London Waterloo to Southampton Central, Bournemouth, Poole and Weymouth. Twenty-four of these 5-car units were built between 1988 and 1989 by BREL at their Derby works. Their introduction coincided with the completion of electrification from Bournemouth to Weymouth. The entire fleet was operated by South West Trains up until February 2007, when the Class 442 services were replaced.

442
442
British Rail Class 444

The British Rail Class 444 (or 5Des) "Desiro" electrical multiple units were built by Siemens AG from 2003-04. Forty-five of these units were built for express services for South West Trains. The "Desiro" family also includes units of Classes 350, 360 and 450.

444
Ukrainians

Ukrainians are a group of East Slavic people from Ukraine. Ukrainians speak the Ukrainian language. Also widespread is the Russian language (mostly in the south and east).

The Ukrainians - one of the largest European nations totaling about 44 million. The majority of Ukrainians, about 37 million, living in Ukraine. The largest Ukrainian community abroad Ukraine is in Russia. About 3 million Russian citizens consider themselves to be Ukrainians. About 2 million Ukrainians live in North America (890,000 in the United States and 1 million in Canada). Many Ukrainians live in countries such as Brazil (880,000), Kazakhstan (500,000), Moldova (450,000), Argentina (305,000), Poland (300,000), Belarus (250,000) and Slovakia (200,000). Also, Ukrainian diaspora exist in Germany, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Romania and Latvia.

Related pages
Ukrainian Americans
Ukrainian diaspora in the United Kingdom

References

Slavic peoples
Lipovans

Lipovans or Lippovans (, , ) are the Old Believers, mostly of Russian ethnic origin, who settled in the delta of the Danube River in Tulcea county in the Dobrogea region of eastern Romania and in the southwestern part of Odessa Oblast (in Budjak) as well as in Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine as well as in two villages in North-Eastern Bulgaria. According to the 2002 Romanian census there are a total of 35,791 Lipovans in Romania, of whom 21,623 still live in Dobrogea.

Romanian people
Bulgaria
Ukraine
British Rail Class 447

Class 447 was the designation given to the Electric multiple unit trains that would have run the shuttle services (branded the Battersea Bullet) between London Victoria and the entertainment complex planned for the site of the former Battersea Power Station. Three units were planned, each of four cars, and since the trains would have been privately owned by the operator of the entertainment complex, British Rail allocated carriage numbers 99469-99481 (from the private owner carriage series) for the individual vehicles.

447
Canon (company)

is a Japanese company that makes imaging and optical products. These include cameras, film, image scanners and computer printers. The company was started in 1937.

History 
Canon began as the Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory. In 1934, the first Japanese 35mm focal plane-shutter camera prototype was made. It was called the "Kwanon". In the next few years, Canon became very important in creating new camera products and making them better.

Today, Canon creates everything from digital cameras and camcorders to laser printers and film.

Name origins 
The name Canon came from the company's first 35 mm camera. It was named "Kwanon" after the Buddhist goddess of mercy.

Locations 
Canon is now an international company. Canon has buildings in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the South Seas.

References 

Technology companies of Japan
Photography
1937 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Japan
British Rail Class 450

This article concerns the electric multiple unit used by South Western Railway. For the diesel multiple unit used by Northern Ireland Railways see NIR Class 450

The British Rail Class 450 third rail DC EMU (or 4Des) began service during 2003. They are a part of the Siemens Desiro modular train family and are more popularly known as the 'Blue Desiro'. In standing with requirements of all new rolling stock for the South East region, provision has been made for future conversion to 25 kV AC overhead supply or dual voltage, although at present no trains have been fitted with a pantograph. Used for outer suburban services, the Class 450 is fitted with Standard and First accommodation. The unit has a maximum speed of .

450
Stephen III of Moldavia

Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III ( 1433 - July 2, 1504), also known as Stephen the Great (; Ştefan cel Mare şi Sfânt, "Stephen the Great and Holy" in more modern versions) was Prince of Moldavia between 1457 and 1504 and the most prominent representative of the House of Muşat.

1430 births
1504 deaths
Romanian leaders
British Rail Class 455

The British Rail Class 455 is a type of electric multiple unit drawing power from a 750 V DC third rail. Built by BREL at York works in the early and mid-1980s, they were initially categorised as Class 510 as the successor to the Class 508. They are used on suburban services in South London, by South West Trains and Southern.

455
455
Serbs

Serbs (Serbian: Срби, Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and in Croatia, in Krajina region.

References

Slavic peoples
Slovaks

The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic people that mainly live in Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.

References

Slavic peoples
British Rail Class 456

The British Rail Class 456 electrical multiple units were passenger trains that were built by BREL at York Works from 1990-91. 24 two-car units were built as direct replacements for the elderly Class 416 2EPB units which operated on the Central Division of the Southern Region of British Rail. Units were delivered into traffic painted in Network SouthEast blue, red and white livery. These will be replaced by the new Bombardier Class 701 in 2021.

456
456
Czechs

Czechs (, , archaic  ) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe. Most live in the Czech Republic. Small amounts of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, U.S., Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries. They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak and Upper Sorbian language.

References 

Notes

Slavic peoples
Ctenophore

The phylum Ctenophora, the comb jellies, is a phylum of marine invertebrates. They are part of the plankton, and there are also pelagic species. The phylum includes the sea gooseberry (Pleurobrachia pileus) and Venus' girdle (Cestum veneris).

The phylum was grouped with Cnidaria (jellyfish) in the former Coelenterata phylum. Ctenophores are the most basal known type of animals.  

Even though they look like jellyfish, they are zoologically not related to them. They lack the characteristic nematocysts (stinging cells), but have colloblasts, sticky cells that snare small victims. They have eight rows of cilia which look like the teeth of a comb, hence Ctenophore = comb-bearer. Ctenophores have connective tissues and a nervous
system. There are about 150 described species of ctenophora spread throughout the world's oceans, from shallow estuarine waters to the deep sea. 

Although there are a few benthic species, most are gelatinous zooplankton and form a considerable proportion of the entire planktonic biomass worldwide. A few species, such as the sea gooseberry, native to the North Sea, have reached such high populations that they clog fishermen's nets, while of other species only a few examples are known. The fragile makeup of ctenophores makes research into their way of life extremely difficult. For this reason their lifespan is not known, but ctenophores begin to reproduce at an early age.

Colour and light 
Many planktonic ctenophores produce a rainbow effect, which is not caused by bioluminescence but by diffraction, the scattering of light, as the cilia on the combs beat. Most species are also bioluminescent, but the light is usually blue or green and can only been seen in darkness. However some groups appear incapable of bioluminescence.

References 

Ctenophores
Minor phyla
Croats

Croats () are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 5 million Croats living in the southern Central Europe region, along the east bank of the Adriatic Sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world. Large Croat communities exist in a number of countries, including Chile, the United States, Argentina, Australia, Germany, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their unique culture, which comes from their location on the edge of the Western world which subjected them to various non European influences. The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.

Related pages 
 Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina

References 

Slavic peoples
Poles

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Poles  Polacy
| image = Matejko Christianization of Poland.jpg
| caption = The Baptism of Poland. Detail from Jan Matejko's Christianisation of Poland AD 966.
| popplace = 38,000,000
| region1 = 
| pop1 = 10,600,000
| ref1 = 
| region2 = 
| pop2 = 3,000,000
| ref2 = 
| region3 = 
| pop3 = 2,850,000
| ref3 = 
| region4 = 
| pop4 = 1,250,000 (ancestry, passport eligible); 202,300 (citizenship)
| ref4 = 
| region5 = 
| pop5 = 1,010,705
| ref5 = 
| region6 = 
| pop6 = 1,000,000
| ref6 = 

| region7 = 
| pop7 = 911,000
| ref7 = British Office for National Statistics
| region8 = 
| pop8 = 500,000
| ref8 = 
| region9 = 
| pop9 = 295,000
| ref9 = 
| region10 = 
| pop10 = 273,000
| ref10 = 
| region11 = 
| pop11 = 216,056
| ref11 = 
| region12 = 
| pop12 = 164,000
| ref12 = 
| region13 = 
| pop13 = 144,130
| ref13 = 
| region14 = 
| pop14 = 122,515
| ref14 = 
| region15 = 
| pop15 = 120,000
| ref15 = 
| region16 = 
| pop16 = 109,018
| ref16 = 
| region17 = 
| pop17 = 75,323
| ref17 = 
| region18 = 
| pop18 = 70,600
| ref18 = 
| region19 = 
| pop19 = 70,606
| ref19 = 
| region20 = 
| pop20 = 69,898
| ref20 = 
| region21 = 
| pop21 = 60,000
| ref21 = 
| region23 = 
| pop23 = 44,783
| ref23 = 
| region24 = 
| pop24 = 37,876
| ref24 = 
| region25 = 
| pop25 = 34,057
| ref25 = 
| region26 = 
| pop26 = 30,000
| ref26 = 
| region27 = 
| pop27 = 20,305
| ref27 = 
| region28 = 
| pop28 = 16,748
| ref28 = 
| region29 = 
| pop29 = 14,500
| ref29 = 
| region30 = 
| pop30 = 14,145
| region31 = 
| pop31 = 10,540
| ref31 = 
| region32 = 
| pop32 = 9,000
| ref32 = 
| region33 = 
| pop33 = 7,000
| ref33 = 
| languages = PolishKashubianSilesian
| rels = Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholicism
| related = Other West Slavs: Silesians, Kashubs, Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians, Sorbs, Hanoverian Wends(†), Obotrites(†), Veleti(†)
| region34 = 
| pop34 = 5,730
| ref34 = 
| region35 = 
| pop35 = 4,174
| ref35 = 
| region36 = 
| pop36 = 3,671
| ref36 = 
| region37 = 
| pop37 = 3,084
| ref37 = 
| region38 = 
| pop38 = 3,000
| ref38 = 
| region39 = 
| pop39 = 2,166
| ref39 = 
| region40 = 
| pop40 = 1,747
| ref40 = 

| native_name_lang = pl
| population = 
}}
The Polish people, or Poles (, singular Polak'') are a Slavic nation and ethnic group native to Poland, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe, living mainly in Poland. Their religion is mainly Roman Catholic. They use modified Latin alphabet.

There are about 60 million Poles in the world. Besides Poland, many live in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Ukraine and elsewhere.

The most famous Poles are Pope John Paul II, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Nicolaus Copernicus and Lech Wałęsa.

Polish names often end with "-ski", "-ska", "-cki" or "-cka".

The most popular Polish surnames are Nowak and Kowalski.

References 

Slavic peoples
Histories (Herodotus)

The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Written about 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, The Histories tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC.

References

History books
Classical Greek literature
Thracians

The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes who spoke the Thracian language - a rare branch of the Indo-European language family. Those peoples lived in Thrace: the eastern, central and southern part of the Balkan peninsula, and the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe.

References

History of Europe
Indo-European
Ethnic groups in Europe
British Rail Class 458

The South West Trains Class 458 (or 4JOP) electrical multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1998 and 2000. These units are part of Alstom's Juniper family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 460.

458
British Rail Class 460

The British Rail Class 460 (or 8Gat) electrical multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1999 and 2001. These units were part of Alstom's "Juniper" family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 458.

All have since been converted to Class 458/5 units (other than four surplus driving vehicles used as spares donors) for operation by South Western Railway.

460
Domitian

Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus, 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death in AD 96.

Biography 
Domitian was the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, This included the reigns of Domitian's father Vespasian (69–79), his elder brother Titus (79–81), and that of Domitian himself.

When Titus died (he was struck down by a fatal illness in 81), the next day Domitian was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard. This started a reign which lasted fifteen years – longer than any man who ruled since Tiberius.

As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage. He expanded the border defenses of the empire, and started a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.

Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Scotland, and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to win a decisive victory against king Decebalus.

Domitian's rule was totalitarian. He saw himself as the new Augustus, as an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new age. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality. By nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate.

Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. The same day, he was succeeded by his advisor Nerva. After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories showing Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.

Modern history has rejected these views. Now we see Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political program provided the foundation of the peaceful second century.

References 

51 births
96 deaths
Roman Emperors
British Rail Class 465

The British Rail Class 465 "Networker" electric multiple units were built by Metro Cammell and BREL between 1991 and 1993, and by ABB Rail between 1993 and 1994. They were brought into service from 1991 onwards. They are mostly used on suburban routes serving the South East of England, now operated by Southeastern.

Gallery 

465
465
British Rail Class 466

The Class 466 750V DC third rail electric multiple unit (EMU) is a suburban EMU, which operates with Class 465 EMUs in southeast London and Kent on the Southeastern network. It is a member of the Networker family of trains.

466
466
London Underground 1992 Stock

The 1992 Tube Stock is the type of train used on the Central line and Waterloo & City line of the London Underground. The trains were built by BREL (later Adtranz and now Bombardier Transportation). They were built after three 1986 tube stock prototype trains were tested to find out what the public wanted on the new trains.

References 

482
London Underground electric multiple units
Carol I of Romania

Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th, 1839 - ), German prince, was elected Domnitor (Prince) of Romania on  April 20th, 1866, following the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza.

Relatives

References

Other website

 Online edition of Carol's 1899 book Reminiscences of the King of Roumania

1839 births
1914 deaths
Romanian leaders
German nobility
Roman Catholics
British Rail Class 483

The British Rail Class 483 electrical multiple units were originally built by Metro-Cammell as 1938 tube stock units for London Underground. They were extensively refurbished between 1989 and 1992 by Eastleigh Works, for use on services on the Isle of Wight's Island Line. This was despite having already worked for nearly fifty years on the London Underground. The units replaced the even older  and life-expired Class 485 and Class 486 units, which were introduced in 1967, but were originally built as 'Standard' stock units for the London Electric Railway in 1923.

Other websites

 Official website of the operator of Class 483 EMUs 

483
Pechenegs

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (, ,  or ,  /in Hungarian diplomas) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family. 

Eurasian nomads
Uzès

Uzès is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.

Communes in Gard
First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire (Old Bulgarian: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, ts'rstvo bl'garskoe) was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta and which disintegrated in AD 1185 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire.

References

Former empires
History of Bulgaria
632 establishments
12th-century disestablishments in Europe
Establishments in Europe
1185 disestablishments
Basarab I of Wallachia

Basarab I (c. 1310/1319–1352) was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352.  He is sometimes referred to as Întemeietorul ("The Founder"), given his role in the creation of the state, together with his position as common ancestor of rulers in the Basarab dynasty.

Romanian leaders
1310s births
1352 deaths
Dragoş

Dragoş (Drágfi of Béltek) was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353). He left Maramureş by orders from the Hungarian King Louis I, in order to establish a defense line against the Golden Horde. He was succeeded by his son, Sas (Szász or Sas of Béltek) (ruled 1354-1358).

Moldova
Romanian people
High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages was the part of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1299). Before the High Middle Ages came the Early Middle Ages (from the 5th century to approximately AD 1000). After the High Middle Ages came the Late Middle Ages (about AD 1300–1500).

References 

Middle Ages
Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary (short form:  Hungary), which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1919 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe.

History of Austria
1918 disestablishments in Europe
10th-century establishments in Europe
1919 establishments in Europe
1946 disestablishments in Europe
1000 establishments
Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)

The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state. It was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711. It was a part of the Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire from 1711 to 1867.

References

Former countries in Europe
British Rail Classes 485 and 486

The British Rail Class 485 (or 4Vec) and British Rail Class 486 (or 3Tis) electrical multiple units were originally built for the London Electric Railway from 1923-31 as their 'Standard' tube stock. They were purchased by British Rail in 1967 and transported to the Isle of Wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified Ryde to Shanklin line. At the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the London Underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.

486
Suzerainty

Suzerainty (American accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country X has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country Y. This more powerful country Y is called the suzerain and can usually control the foreign relations of X (how X interacts with other countries).

It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.

A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. Vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.

Some examples 
The term suzerainty originally described the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions including:

 Moldova
 Principality of Serbia
 Wallachia

China historically had suzerainty over Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.

Related pages 
 tributary state

Citations 

International law
International relations
British Rail Class 489

The British Rail Class 489 (or GLV) is a type of electrical multiple unit, specially converted for use on Gatwick Express trains, from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.

489
Non-passenger multiple units
Second-class citizen

A second-class citizen is a person who is discriminated by their country, even though they are a citizen or legal resident.

Second-class citizenry is usually seen as a violation of human rights. African-Americans who lived in the United States during segregation, Indian natives during British rule in India, and black Africans who lived in South Africa under apartheid, were often described in this way. Other groups of people that have been or still are being treated as second class citizens are the Dalit of India, and Arab Christians.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics
 Makoto Sakurai

Social groups
Human rights abuses
Discrimination
Rights
Alexander Joan Cuza

Alexander Joan Cuza (a common English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first Domnitor of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.

References

1820 births
1873 deaths

Romanian leaders
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

The House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and the German Empire. The state which the cadet branch ruled was the County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (), which later became a principality (Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen).

States of the German Confederation
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the Holy Roman Empire
House of Hohenzollern
Former states in Germany
1576 establishments
16th-century establishments in Germany
1570s establishments in Europe
1850 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Germany
1850s disestablishments in Europe
British Rail Class 506

The British Rail Class 506 was a 3 carriage electric multiple unit (EMU) built for local services between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield on the Woodhead Line. The 8 units were introduced in 1954. They had air-operated sliding doors. The EMUs had a single diamond-shaped pantograph, mounted over the driver's cab and adjacent guard's compartment at the outer end of one of the driving carriages (unlike other British EMUs, where the pantograph is mounted over one of the middle carriages).

506
British Rail Class 507

British Rail Class 507 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the third variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). The 507s were the first variant to be 750V DC third rail only. They have worked on the Merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

Related pages

Class 508
Merseyrail

507
507
British Rail Class 508

The British Rail Class 508 electric multiple units ("EMUs") were built by BREL at York works in 1979-80. They were the fourth variety of BR's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508). They have mostly worked on the Merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

Related pages

British Rail Class 507
Merseyrail

508
508
Iași

Iaşi is a city in the northeastern part of Romania.  It is the second largest city in Romania as of the year 2007. Iaşi used to be the capital of Moldavia.

History 

Alexandru Lăpuşneanu changed the capital of Moldavia from Suceava to Iaşi in 1564.  One of the first churches to be built in Moldavia was built by the Greek adventurer Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid.

The Tatars burned the city down in 1513.  The Ottoman Empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the Imperial Russian army did so again in 1686. The plague spread throughout the city in 1734.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 was stopped when the Peace of Iaşi happened.  Alexander Ypsilanti and the Filiki Eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.

Iaşi was the capital of Moldavia from 1568 to 1859.  When World War I happened, Iaşi became the capital of Romania.  This happened when the Central Powers took Bucharest on 6 December 1916.  Bucharest became the capital again when Imperial Germany was defeated.

Geography 
Iaşi can be found on the Bahlui River, which is a tributary of the Jijia.  Forests and uplands are very common.  These woods and hills include the monasteries of Cetăţuia, Frumoasa, and Galata.  People have thought that Iaşi was built on seven hills (Cetăţuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Şorogari, Repedea and Breazu in Romanian).

Population 
The population of Iaşi has changed a bit over the years:

 1859:  50,000
 1900:  78,000 
 1930: 102,872
 1948:  96,075
 1966: 161,023
 1977: 265,002
 1992: 344,425 
 2002: 320,888 
 2004: 317,812 (Since July 4, 2004, the second-biggest city)
 2006: 306,000 (the third-biggest city)
 2007 (July 1st): 315,214 (second biggest city)

Sister cities 
The following are the sister cities of Iaşi:

  Chişinău, Moldova.
  Assiut, Egypt.
  Atlanta, United States.
  Filacciano, Italy.
  Forano, Italy.
  Ilioupoli, Greece.
   Isfahan, Iran.
  Jericho, Palestine.
  Ramleh, Israel.
  Kozani, Greece.
  Monterrey, Mexico.
  Morlupo, Italy.
  Nazzano, Italy.
  Padua, Italy.
  Peristeri, Greece.
  Poitiers, France.
  Rhodes, Greece.
  Quebec City, Canada.
  Sant'Oreste, Italy.
  Torrita Tiberina, Italy.
  Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
  Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
  Xi'an, China.

References

Other websites 

 Iasi City Hall website
  Official site of the Iaşi police inspectorate
 Events in Iaşi 
 Iasi Map 

Municipalities of Romania
County capitals of Romania
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empire's goal of recovering territorial losses that it had suffered because of the Crimean War.

Related pages
 Constantinople Conference

History of Bulgaria
History of Romania
Wars involving Russia
1877
1878
1870s in Europe
19th century in Asia
Ottoman Empire
Kingdom of Romania

The Kingdom of Romania (or 'Romania' after 1969) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the First (in 1866), and respectively, the Second Constitution of Roumania. Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania.

From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. Socialist republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy.

References

History of Romania
House of Hohenzollern
1881 establishments in Europe
1947 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Europe
Treaty of Trianon

The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty formed in 1920 by the Allies and Hungary.  

Hungary lost World War I and so the treaty made two thirds of its land and one third of its population go to neighbouring countries like Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The partition of Hungary irredentism since many of the lost lands wanted to stay in Hungary. Also, the treaty forced Hungary to pay reparations and to limit the size of the its army.

References 

1920 in Europe
20th century in Austria
1920s in Ukraine
Trianon
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 by the winning Allies and the new Republic of Austria on the other. Austria lost large amounts of territory to the Allies after it lost World War I.

Like the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the treaty contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and so the United States did not ratify either of them.

1919 in Europe
20th century in Austria
1919 in France
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
September events
Treaty of Paris (1920)

The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.

References

1920 in Europe
20th century in Romania
Paris 1920
Bessarabia

Bessarabia is the word for the area in Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine. It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west. 

During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire. It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century. The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944. Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.

Other websites 

Divided regions
Moldova
Geography of Romania
Geography of Ukraine
Bukovina

Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine.  It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.

Areas of Romania
Geography of Ukraine
TOPS

Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system.  It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.

British Rail
Rail technologies
British Rail BEMU

The Battery Electric Multiple Unit was an experimental two-car Multiple unit, built at the same time and in the same style as the prototype Derby Lightweight Diesel multiple units.

BEMU
Dobruja

Dobruja is an area between Bulgaria and Romania.  It can be found between the Danube and the Black Sea.  

The Romanian part of Dobruja, Dobrogea, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea.  The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, Dobrudzha, is made up of the regions of Dobrich and Silistra.

This historical region however, sees today, little but significant nationalistic conflict, for who, out of the coastal Balkan countries should control the western coastal lying areas of the Black Sea. 

The areas of interest are seen to varying amounts of tourism amongst the Black Sea and its huge saline content, which brings in a leveled amount of income in the tourism sectors of the Dobruja region, i.e. Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. 

In Dobruja live a Muslim minority since Ottoman Empire times, this are Turkish people, Crimean Tatars and Turkish speaking Xoraxane Roma. Many of them left Romania and settled in Turkey. 

They was also once settlemants of the Dobruja-Germans from 1840 until 1940, when they went back to Germany. 

History of Romania
Geography of Bulgaria
LNER electric units

In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) ordered a fleet of articulated electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger trains for use on the Tyneside Electric lines, which linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields.  The order also included some single-unit motor parcel vans and motor luggage vans. 

LNER
Golaniad

Golaniad was a protest in Bucharest, Romania. It started in April 1990.

1990 in Europe
20th century in Romania
Bucharest
Protests in the 20th century
LYR electric units

The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams.

Liverpool

Liverpool to Southport
The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904. Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current.

Liverpool Overhead Railway
Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth & Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station. Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree. From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland. In 1906 the L&YR electrified the line to Aintree.

Liverpool to Ormskirk
Electrification to Ormskirk was completed in 1913.

Manchester

Bury to Holcombe Brook
From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook. The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export.
The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines. In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line.

Manchester to Bury
After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line. The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail.  Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works. The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,

LYR
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region. It existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland.

It had its own empire. One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.

Predecessor 
  Livonian Confederation

Successor 
  Courland Governorate

Courland
1560s establishments in Europe
1795 disestablishments
1562 establishments
1790s disestablishments in Europe
Communes of the Calvados department

There are 706 communes in the Calvados département in France.

 
Calvados
Carol II of Romania

Carol II of Romania (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940.

1893 births
1953 deaths
Romanian leaders
Kings and queens