cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Strength training

Strength training is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the physical strength and endurance. There are many different methods of strength training, the most common being the weight/gravity training and the training with the help of resistive equipment.

When properly performed, strength training can provide significant functional benefits and improvement in overall health and well-being, including increased bone, muscle, tendon and ligament strength, improved joint function, reduced potential for injury, increased bone density, a temporary increase in metabolism, improved cardiac function.

Training commonly uses the technique of progressively increasing the force output of the muscle through incremental increases of weight, elastic tension or other resistance, and uses a variety of exercises and types of training equipment to target specific muscle groups. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity.

Strength training differs from bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting, and strongman, which are sports rather than forms of exercise, although training for them totally depends on strength training. Many other sports use strength training as a part of their training regimen, notably football, lacrosse, basketball, hockey and track and field.

Some samples
Some samples of strength training exercises in a gym are presented in the picture gallery below.

Basic principles 
The basic principles of strength training involve a number of repetitions (reps), sets, tempo, exercises and force to cause desired changes in strength, endurance, size or shape by overloading of a group of muscles. Specific combination of reps, sets, exercises, resistance and force depend on the purpose of the individual performing the exercise: sets with fewer reps can be performed using more force, but have a reduced impact on endurance.

Related pages
 Calisthenics
 Exercise
 Flexibility training
 Healthy lifestyle
 Jogging
 Mixed martial arts
 Physical fitness
 Training
 Weight training

References

Fitness
Naohiko Minobe

is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Matsushita Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||7||0||||||0||0||7||0
|-
|1990/91||21||1||||||0||0||21||1
|-
|1991/92||18||1||||||3||0||21||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||2||1||2||1
|-
|1993||13||2||0||0||4||0||17||2
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|Football League||29||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|1995||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
101||4||3||0||9||1||113||5
101||4||3||0||9||1||113||5
|}

Other websites
 Naohiko Minobe official site 

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Shiga Prefecture
Hitoshi Nakata

Hitoshi Nakata (born 17 January 1962) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Fujita and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals.

References
Tokushima Vortis

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Karin Gayer

Karin Gayer (born 1969 in Mödling near Vienna) is an Austrian writer. She published poetry and fiction.

Life
Karin Gayer was born in May 1969 in Mödling and lives today in Vienna. She began to study psychology but ended her studies before the end because she “could not find what she was looking for″. Then she worked in several social professions. Karin Gayer began to write literature at school. In the beginning she only published in Austrian literary magazines, for example in Zenit and Wienzeile. Her first book made was printed in 2002 by the publisher Arovell Verlag.

Books
 Flechtwerk, poetry and small prose, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2002, 
 Vorgänge im Labyrinth, poetry and prose (anthology, with 3 co-authors), Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2004, 
 Nachtfieber, novel, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2009,

Notes

Other websites
 
 Arovell Verlag, Gosau (Upper Austria)
 Website of the writer

Austrian writers
1969 births
Living people
Franzobel

Franzobel is the pseudonym of the Austrian writer Stefan Griebl. He was born on March 1, 1967 in Vöcklabruck. He now lives in Vienna.

Books 
 Der Wimmerldrucker. Ein Lexikaroman. Eigenverlag, 1990.
 Thesaurus. Ein Gleiches. Gedichte. Eigenverlag, 1992.
 Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Prosa. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
 Überin. Die Gosche. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
 Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - Eine Durchführung & Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. Klagenfurt: Edition Selene, 1993.
 Die Musenpresse. Aus einem Roman von Margarete Lanner. Mit mehreren Bildnachweisen. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1994.
 Elle und Speiche. Modelle der Liebe. Gedichte und Prosa. Wien: Das Fröhliche Wohnzimmer, 1994.
 Ranken. Prosa. Ill.: Carla Degenhardt. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1994.
 Hundshirn. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Linz: Blattwerk, 1995.
 Die Krautflut. Erzählung. Nachw.: Thomas Eder. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1995.
 Schinkensünden. Ein Katalog. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1996.
 Unter Binsen. [Mit Christian Steinbacher] Graz: edition gegensätze, 1996.
 Linz. Eine Obsession. München, Berlin: Janus Press, 1996.
 Der Trottelkongreß. Commedia dell'pape. Ein minimalistischer Heimatroman. Klagenfurt, Wien: Ritter, 1998.
 m. T. [mit Klangwerkstatt Berlin]. Siegendorf: NN-Fabrik, 1998.
 Böselkraut und Ferdinand. Ein Bestseller von Karol Alois. Wien: Zsolnay, 1998.
 Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. & Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - eine Durchführung. Wien: Edition Selene, 1998.
 Met ana oanders schwoarzn Tintn. Dulli-Dialektgedichte. Weitra: Bibliothek der Provinz, 1999. (In Anspielung auf H. C. Artmann)
 Scala Santa oder Josefine Wurznbachers Höhepunkt. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2000.
 Best of. Die Highlights. o. O: Edition Aramo, 2001.
 Shooting Star. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 2001 (aufgrund rechtlicher Auseinandersetzungen vom Markt genommen)
 Mayerling . Die österreichische Tragödie. Stück. Materialien. Collagen. Wien: Passagen, 2002.
 Lusthaus oder Die Schule der Gemeinheit. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2002.
 Mundial. Gebete an den Fußballgott. Graz, Wien: Droschl, 2002.
 Austrian Psycho oder Der Rabiat Hödlmoser. Ein Trashroman in memoriam Franz Fuchs. Bibliothek der Provinz, 2002.
 Luna Park. Vergnügungsgedichte. Wien: Zsolnay 2003.
 Das Fest der Steine oder Die Wunderkammer der Extentrik. Wien: Zsolnay 2005.

Plays 
 1996 Das Beuschelgeflecht
 1998 Paradies
 1998 Nathans Dackel oder Die Geradebiegung der Ring-Parabel. Eine Lessingvollstreckung
 1997 Kafka. Eine Komödie
 1998 Bibapoh
 1999 Phettberg. Eine Hermes-Tragödie
 1999 Der Ficus spricht. Minidrama für A, B, einen Volkssänger, ein Blumenmädchen und einen Gummibaum
 1999 Volksoper
 2000 Olympia. Eine Kärntner Zauberposse samt Striptease 2003 Black Jack 2004 Flugangst 2008 Der Impressario von Schmierna''

Other websites 

 Franzobel's homepage
 Franzobel: New German dramatic art. Goethe-Instituts Website

1967 births
Austrian writers
Austrian poets
Living people
Intonation (linguistics)

In linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words. (Compare tone.) Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.

All languages use pitch semantically, that is, as intonation, for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use pitch to distinguish words in addition to intonation. 

Rising intonation means the pitch of the voice increases over time; falling intonation means that the pitch decreases with time. A dipping intonation falls and then rises, whereas a peaking intonation rises and then falls.

The classic example of intonation is the question-statement distinction.
For example, northeastern American English, like very many languages (Hirst & DiCristo, eds. 1998), has a rising intonation for echo or declarative questions (He found it on the street?), and a falling intonation for wh- questions (Where did he find it?) and statements (He found it on the street.). Yes or no questions (Did he find it on the street?) often have a rising end, but not always. Some languages like Chikasaw and kalaallisut have the opposite pattern: rising for statements and falling with questions.

Dialects of British and Irish English vary substantially, with rises on many statements in urban Belfast, and falls on most questions in urban Leeds.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, "global" rising and falling intonation are marked with a diagonal arrow rising left-to-right  and falling left-to-right , respectively. These may be written as part of a syllable, or separated with a space when they have a broader scope:

He found it on the street?

Here the rising pitch on street indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it. 

Yes, he found it on the street.

How did you ever escape?

Here, as is common with wh- questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling intonation at the end of the question.

References

Linguistics
Heinz Gerstinger

Heinz Gerstinger (born October 13, 1919 in Vienna; died April 28, 2016 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer, playwright and historian.

Life 
Heinz Gerstinger studied history and dramatics at the University of Vienna. He has worked for the universities of Graz and Vienna, as well as for theaters in Graz, Augsburg and Vienna. As he published in literary magazines and newspapers, he worked for the Austrian radio and television. Heinz Gerstinger was a member of the Austrian P.E.N. and the writers' association Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband.

Works

Movie 
 As an actor: Bernhard Wicki (director): Das falsche Gewicht following the book by Joseph Roth

Literature 
 Calderón, Velber Hannover, Friedrich 1967
 Spanische Komödie - Lope de Vega und seine Zeitgenossen, Friedrich Velber Verlag, Hannover 1968
 Theater und Religion heute, 1972
 Der Dramatiker Anton Wildgans, 1981
 Österreich, holdes Märchen und böser Traum - August Strindbergs Ehe mit Frida Uhl, Herold, Vienna 1981
 Der Dramatiker Hans Krendlesberger, Wagner, Innsbruck 1981
 Wien von gestern - ein literarischer Streifzug durch die Kaiserstadt, Edition Wien, Vienna 1991, 
 Frau Venus reitet... - Die phantastische Geschichte des Ulrich von Lichtenstein, 1995
 Ausflugsziel Burgen - 30 Burgen rund um Wien, Pichler, Vienna 1998, 
 Altwiener literarische Salons - Wiener Salonkultur vom Rokoko bis zur Neoromantik (1777-1907), Akademische Verlagsanstalt Salzburg 2002, 
 Der heilige Dämon - Pope Gregory VII,  Faksimile Verlag, Graz/Salzburg,

Notes

Other websites 

Critical review on Ausflugsziel Burgen , in German

1919 births
2016 deaths
Austrian historians
Austrian playwrights
Writers from Vienna
Ingrid Reichel

Ingrid Reichel (born 1961 in St. Pölten, Lower Austria) is an Austrian artist, painter, essayist, and a reviewer of arts and literature.

Biography
Ingrid Reichel has grown up in Kabul, Afghanistan and between 1967 and 1981 in Paris, France. Then she moved to St. Pölten, the capital of Lower Austria, where she still lives with her family. She had her first art exhibitions in 1991. Her works address sociopolitical topics. Ingrid Reichel is very active in the cultural life of St. Pölten and introduces children to arts and literature. Since 2005 she writes critical reviews, essays and portraits of artists. She is a directing member of the Literary Society St. Pölten (Literarische Gesellschaft) and writes also for its literary magazine etcetera.

Exhibitions
 1998: Cycle Nackte Gedanken, Prehistoric Museum/Castle of Traismauer and Gallery Kleiner Bischofshof in Vienna
 1999: Reflections, group exhibitions
 2000: Cycle ZOOM, ORF Landesstudio Niederösterreich (TV of Lower Austria), St. Pölten
 2000: IM_PULS, Dentist Congress, Melk
 2001: Cycle TABU, Communal Museum of St. Pölten
 2002: Cycle Geh.ende, Gallery fein.sinn, St. Pölten
 2003: Cycle isen formunge, Haus Kremayr, Museum Ybbsitz
 2005: zart beseitigt, poster series, exposition stock.WERK, St. Pölten, and Library of Lower Austria
 2007: high.matt.ade, Aktionsradius, Vienna
 2008: Zwischen Sein & Schein, 30 Meter Sonnenschein, façade of the Communal Museum of St. Pölten

Other websites
Homepage of the artist, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Literary magazine etcetera, St. Pölten, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Eva Riebler interviews Ingrid Reichel (in German), retrieved on 2009-09-14
Artistic project Zwischen Sein & Schein in the communal museum of St. Pölten, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Critical review on the drama Her mit den Prinzen und weg mit dem Speck, Landestheater of Lower Austria, retrieved on 2009-09-14

1961 births
Living people
Austrian painters
Austrian writers
Essayists
People from Lower Austria
Absurdism

Absurdism is a type of philosophy. People who support and argue for absurdism are known as 'absurdists'. Absurdists think that the human condition is essentially absurd because humans are always looking for meaning, but are completely unable to find meaning because no such meaning exists. In philosophy, this is called ‘the Absurd’. In this case absurd means that it is not possible to be done by humans.

Absurdists, most notably Albert Camus, believe that when human beings realize this fundamental absurdity they have different reactions. One reaction is suicide, but this is not generally considered to be a viable solution by Absurdists; suicide is in and of itself the most absurd action possible. Another reaction is to believe in something higher (Camus gave religion as an example of this, although he went on to criticize its merit as a solution to fundamental absurdity) when they see that there is no meaning they can find in the universe (which is what absurdism says is the basic state of human experience). The final reaction is to accept the absurd, and also to keep trying to overcome it. Camus believed that a human being could become happy by finding meaning in their relationship with the absurdity of their existence.

Perhaps the most notable absurdist philosopher is Albert Camus. Søren Kierkegaard's ideas contributed to the development of Absurdist philosophy, although he was himself an existentialist.

References

Related pages
Nihilism

Philosophical movements and positions
Elpídio Silva

Elpídio Silva (born 19 July 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for AEK Larnaca.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||||

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||12||8
|-
|1998||10||2

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Braga||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||32||16
|-
|1999/00||25||5
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Boavista||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||21||10
|-
|2001/02||27||8
|-
|2002/03||30||10
|-
|2003/04||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||27||5
|-
|2004/05||Vitória SC||Portuguese Liga||23||7
|-
|2005/06||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||1||0

|-
|2005/06||Derby County||League Championship||0||0

|-
|2006||Corinthians Alagoano||||||

|-
|2006||Suwon Samsung Bluewings||K-League||11||1
||
22||10
186||61
0||0
11||1
219||72

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Takahiro Shimada

Takahiro Shimada (born 9 February 1965) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Gamba Osaka.

Club career statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Matsushita Electric||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||21||0||||||1||0||22||0
|-
|1991/92||19||1||||||3||0||22||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||12||0||0||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1994||16||2||0||0||3||1||19||3
|-
|1995||38||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|1996||10||1||4||0||11||0||25||1
|-
|1997||15||0||1||0||6||0||22||0
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
|}

References

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
People from Osaka
Ryuji Ishizue

Ryuji Ishizue (born 22 July 1964) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1991/92||6||0||||||0||0||6||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||5||0||5||0
|-
|1993||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1994||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|Football League||23||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|1996||30||0||3||0||0||0||33||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||28||0||2||0||5||0||35||0
|-
|1998||13||0||2||0||4||0||19||0
107||0||11||0||16||0||134||0
107||0||11||0||16||0||134||0
|}

References
Vissel Kobe 

1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Shuichi Mase

Shuichi Mase (born 22 October 1973) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for North American, Central American, and Croatian clubs. He is currently a football coach and interpreter.

References
Fagiano Okayama

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Mie Prefecture
Amar Osim

Amar Osim (born 18 July 1967) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina former football player. He is the manager of Željezničar Sarajevo. He is one of the most successful Bosnian-Herzegovinian football managers.

References

1967 births
Living people
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
People from Sarajevo
Be Good to Me

"Be Good to Me" is a song on Ashley Tisdale's first album, Headstrong. "Be Good to Me" was the first song released off the album. It was released in the United States on December 25, 2006 and in South America in January 2007. The album version has rap vocals by David Jassy.

2006 songs
Emperor Kameyama

(9 July 1249 – 4 October 1305), was the 90th emperor of Japan, in the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 1259 and ended in 1274.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was .  The posthumous name of Kameyama comes from the place name of the emperor's tomb, in a section of Kyoto.

He was the seventh son of Emperor Go-Saga and the younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

Kameyama was the father of 36 children, including the son and heir who became Emperor Go-Uda.

Events of Kameyama's life
 1258 (Shōka 2): Kameyama's son, Prince Tsunehito was named Crown Prince and heir at age nine.
 1259 (Shōgen 1, 11th month): In the 14th year of Go-Fukakusa's reign, he abdicated.  Go-Fukakusa's younger brother got the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Kameyama accepted the monarch's role, duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 1268 (Bun'ei 5): Kameyama did not answer a letter from Kublai Khan which demanded tribute.  Khan, the leader of China, saw this non-response as rude and not respectful.
 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 1st month): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, he abdicated.
 19 November 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Yuan China (Kublai Khan) sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.   This was the "Battle of Bun'ei" or the 1st Mongol Invasion.  The same day, a storm sank many of the ships with the main part of the invading army. The invaders ran away to Korea.  During the short fight, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.
 1281 (Kōan 4): This is called the "Battle of Kōan" or the 2nd Mongol Invasion. A typhoon broke up the invading fleet; and this act of 'divine wind' was called kamekaze.
 1291 (Shōō 4): Kameyama helped to found the Buddhist temple Nanzen-ji in Kyōto.

 1305 (Kagen 3): Kameyama died.

After his death
The Imperial Household Agency say the mausoleum (misasagi) of Kameyama is in Kyoto.  The emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine there.

Eras of reign
The years of Kameyama's reign cover more than one era name.
 Bun'ō, 1260-1261
 Kōchō, 1261-1264
 Bun'ei, 1264-1275

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Kameyama

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1249 births
1305 deaths
National Diet Library

The  is the only national library in Japan. It was established in 1948.

The purpose of the library is to assist members of the . The library is similar in purpose and scope to the U.S. Library of Congress.

The National Diet Library has two main facilities. One is in Tokyo and the other is in Kyoto. There are also several branch libraries in Japan.

Related pages 
 National Archives of Japan

References

Other websites 

 NDL Japanese website
 NDL English website
 NDL Digital Archive Portal (English)
 Kansai-kan of the NDL (English)
 Digital Library from the Meiji Era (English summary only) 
 Digital Library from the Meiji Era (Japanese)
 Rare Books Image Database (Japanese) 
 NDL image viewer .
 NDL-OPAC Japanese Index 
 NDL-OPAC English Index 
 Database of National Diet Minutes (Japanese)
 Database of Imperial Diet Minutes (Japanese)
 NDL Interlibrary Loan Application Procedures 
 NDL Photoreproduction Service 
 NDL Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures

National libraries in Asia
Buildings and structures in Japan
1948 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in Japan
Gang

A gang is a group of people who do things together. The word "gang" comes from the Old English gan, which means "to go". It is also related to Old Norse gangr "a group of men". In modern times the word gang is often used to refer to a group of people who commit crimes together. Members of criminal gangs may be called gangsters.

There are several reasons why people join gangs. Lots of people who join gangs are young people. One reason that people join gangs is a chance to make money through doing things like selling illegal drugs or stealing. Another reason, especially for younger people, is a chance to have a place where they belong. A third reason is boredom.

African Americans and Hispanics constitute the majority of gang members.

Gang identification 
Gang members often use graffiti to tell other gangs that an area is part of their "territory" and that other gangs should stay away. Graffiti is also used to send other messages. Members of a gang often dress similarly or have the same tattoos.

Gang violence 

Gang violence refers to illegal acts of violence performed by gangs. The violence may be against innocent people, property, or other gangs. Gang violence is extremely prevalent across the world in cities like Moscow, Detroit, Chicago and Los Angeles. Nearly every major city has seen gang violence at some point in its history.

Related pages 
Mara Salvatrucha

References
Folk metal

Folk metal is a type of heavy metal music that started in Europe in the 1990s. This music is a mixture of heavy metal and traditional folk music. Folk instruments are used a lot and sometimes traditional singing styles are also used.

The earliest example of folk metal was the English band Skyclad. Their first album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth was made in 1990. In 1994 and 1995 more folk metal bands appeared in Europe and Israel. Some of these early bands were the Irish band Cruachan, the Israeli band Orphaned Land, and the German band Subway to Sally. Each band started to develop their own kind of folk metal. These styles became Celtic metal, Oriental metal and Medieval metal.

In the 1990s, folk metal was not well known and there were not many folk metal bands. In the early 2000s, folk metal became a lot more popular. It was especially popular in Finland. Some bands in Finland were Ensiferum, Turisas, Korpiklaani, Finntroll and Moonsorrow.

Different bands play folk metal music in different ways. A lot of different instruments are also used. Many bands have six or more members so they can play many different instruments at the same time. A few bands also use keyboards to make the sound of folk instruments. Lyrics in folk metal are normally about nature, fantasy, mythology and history.

Heavy metal subgenres
Ensiferum

Ensiferum is a folk metal band from Helsinki, Finland. The name comes from the Latin word ensĭfĕrum which means "sword bearer". (someone who carries a sword) The members of the band call their music "heroic folk metal." Ensiferum has made four albums, one EP, one compilation, three singles, and three demo albums.

Musical style
Ensiferum's music has harsh vocals. They are normally mixed with clean vocals for choruses and bridges. The band often plays Metal and folk tunes on lead guitar or keyboard with heavier traditional heavy metal sounds such as gallop rhythm. It is common for them to use acoustic guitar at the start of songs. Their lyrics often deal with fantastical, or historic stories. These stories usually have heroic themes.

Albums
 Ensiferum  (2001)
 Iron  (2004)
 Victory Songs  (2007)
 From Afar  (2009)
 Unsung Heroes  (2012)
 One Man Army  (2015)
 Two Paths  (2017)
 Thalassic (2020)

References

Finnish heavy metal bands
Folk metal bands
Musical groups from Helsinki
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Shōgen

was a  after Shōka and before Bun'ō.  This period started in March 1259 and ended in April 1260.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Shōgen era
 1259 (Shōgen 1, 11th month): In the 14th year of Go-Fukakusa's reign (後深草天皇14年), the emperor resigned; and his younger brother became the emperor
 1260 (Shōgen 2): Nichiren wrote Rissho Ankoku Ron ("On Securing the Peace of the Land through the Propagation of True Buddhism").

Related pages 
 Kamakura period
 Jōgen (Kamakura period), 1207-1211 – Shōgen is an alternative pronunciation

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Shōgen
1259
1260
1250s in Japan
1260s in Japan
Kenichiro Tokura

Kenichiro Tokura (born 31 May 1971) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="3"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||11||0||0||0||3||0||14||0
|-
|1995||21||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|-
|1996||7||0||0||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1997||Kawasaki Frontale||Football League||20||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|1998||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|1999||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||10||0||0||0||1||0||11||0
|-
|1999||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||2||0||2||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2001||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 1||15||0||0||0||2||0||17||0
91||0||3||0||6||0||80||0
91||0||3||0||6||0||80||0
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Gahkuch

Gahkuch is the capital city of the Ghizar District in Pakistan. It is at 36°10′N, 73°45′E.

Cities in Pakistan
Sicilian defence

The Sicilian defence, usually called just the Sicilian, is a chess opening, which starts with these moves: 
1. e4 c5
In competitive chess, it is by far the most frequently played reply to the King's Pawn opening (1.e4).

Open variations 1e4 c5 2Nf3 followed by 3d4. A typical line is
1.e4 c5
2.Nf3 d6
3.d4 cxd4
4.Nxd4 Nf6
5.Nc3
Now Black decides where to put his KB: on e7 or g7; his QN will probably go to c6.

Closed variations 1e4 c5 2Nc3 not followed by d4. A typical line is
1.e4 c5
2.Nc3 Nc6
3.f4 d6
4.Nf3 g6
5.Bb5 Bg7
6.d3

Instead of 3.f4, a slower game with 3.g3 followed by Bg2 and d3 could be chosen by White.

ECO code B20–B99. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
King's Gambit

The King's Gambit is a chess opening which starts with these moves:
1.e4 e5
2.f4 and now
2...exf4 is the King's Gambit accepted, and 3.Nf3 the most common move.
2...any other move by Black is the King's Gambit declined. 2...d5 is most usual.

The opening is called a gambit because White sacrifices a pawn. In exchange for the pawn, White gets better development and opens up lines that can be used to attack/checkmate the black king. It was more popular in the 1800s, when many Black players did not know good ways to play against it.

ECO code C30–C39. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
Celtic Sea

The Celtic Sea (; ; ; ) is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland. To the east of it are the Saint George's Channel, the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, and Brittany. The southern and western boundaries are based on the continental shelf.

Other websites 
 Coccoliths in the Celtic Sea : a bloom of phytoplankton in the Celtic Sea, visible from outer space in an MISR image, 4 June 2001

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of Europe
Réti opening

The Réti opening (or just "the Réti") is a hypermodern chess opening. It starts with 1.Nf3. It was originally devised for sequences like
1.Nf3 d5
2.c4 d4
3.b5

Now 2.g3 is as usual as 2.c4 in this opening. The opening can change into many others as pieces develop. This is called transposition.

ECO code is A04–A08. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
Barbed wire

Barbed wire (also called barb wire) is a kind of wire that is used to make cheap fences. It has sharp metal points (barbs),  which make climbing over it painful.

The first patent in the United States for barbed wire was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor. Joseph Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions.

It was first used for controlling cattle and later in trench warfare.

References

Security
Ranching
War
Balanced budget amendment

A balanced budget amendment is a rule in the United States Constitution that requires the government's yearly budget to spend no more than it earns, so the government does not have to borrow money.

Some proposals of the balanced budget amendment allow the government to borrow money (spending more than it earns) during a time of emergency such as war, or if most people in Congress agree it is necessary.

United States Constitution
Syncope

Syncope is the medical term for fainting or blacking out. It is a sudden loss of consciousness, usually for a short time. It is mostly because there is not enough oxygen in the brain. It can be for other reasons. 

Fainting is quite common. It usually happens in two age ranges: the teenage years, and during older age. The chance of a person fainting at least once in a lifetime is about 40 to 50 percent. Syncope causes 1 to 3 percent of all attendances to emergency departments and 1 to 6 percent of all hospital admissions.

References 

Symptoms
English opening

The English opening, usually just called the English, is a chess opening for players with the white pieces. It has become the third most popular opening move, after 1.e4 and 1.d4. The opening was developed by the English master Howard Staunton, and played in his match against Saint-Amant.p124

 1. c4
As a first move this may transpose back to a QP opening: 1.c4 Nf6 2.d4. That would not be an English opening. The English is a system of development, flexible but including some or all of these moves:
 QN to c3 
 KB fianchettoed on g2
 KN to f3 or e2
 0-0
 QP to d3
 R to b1 followed by b2-b4-b5

 Variation 1.
1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6 3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 0-0 5.d3 d6 6.Nf3 e5 7.0-0 Nc6 8.Rb1 a5 9.a3 h6 10.b4 axb4 11.axb4 Be6 12.b5 This sequence shows the system fully in operation. White operates in the centre and Q-side; Black operates more on the K-side.

 Variation 2.
1.c4 e5 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.d3 This has the character of a Sicilian defence reversed.

 Variation 3. 
1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 d5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.e5 Here 5...d4, 5...Ne4 and 5...Nfd7 are most often played. This is a quite different line, where the two sides clash early in the centre. Since White does not have to play 3.e4, he could avoid this line.

Each of these lines has its own distinct character, and needs to be learnt by the player.

References 

Chess openings
Sebastián Pardo

Sebastián Pardo (born 1 January 1982) is a former Chilean football player. He has played for the Chilean national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Universidad Chile||rowspan="4"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|2000||14||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||14||2

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||18||3
|-
|2003/04||15||2
|-
|2004/05||6||0
|-
|2005/06||21||5
|-
|2006/07||10||0
|-
|2007/08||Excelsior||Eredivisie||18||1

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Universidad Chile||rowspan="2"|Primera División||7||1
|-
|2009||8||0
57||3
87||11
144||14
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
People from Quillota
Goran Rubil

Goran Rubil (born 9 March 1981) is a Croatian football player. He plays for Hajduk Split.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Nantes Atlantique||rowspan="3"|Division 1||2||0
|-
|2000/01||1||0
|-
|2001/02||2||0
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||5||0
|-
|2003/04||Stade Lavallois Mayenne||Ligue 2||8||1
|-
|2004/05||Nantes Atlantique||Ligue 1||1||0

|-
|2005||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||11||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Rijeka||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||4||0
|-
|2006/07||10||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Hajduk Split||rowspan="4"|Prva HNL||9||0
|-
|2007/08||27||3
|-
|2008/09||15||1
|-
|2009/10||||
19||1
11||0
65||5
95||6
|}

References
Hajduk Split

1981 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Carlos Alberto Dias

Carlos Alberto Costa Dias (born 5 May 1967) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988||rowspan="2"|Coritiba||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||3
|-
|1989||8||4
|-
|1990||rowspan="3"|Botafogo||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||0
|-
|1991||13||1
|-
|1992||23||4
|-
|1993||Vasco da Gama||Série A||0||0
|-
|1993||Grêmio||Série A||4||2
|-
|1994||Paraná||Série A||15||5

|-
|1995||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||32||17

|-
|1996||Paraná||Série A||8||1

|-
|1997||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||10||3

|-
|1998||Coritiba||Série A||3||0
|-
|1999||Paraná||Série A||10||0
113||20
42||20
155||40
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Brasília
Claiton Fontoura dos Santos

Claiton Fontoura dos Santos (born 25 January 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Atlético Paranaense.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||Bahia||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|1999||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2000||Vitória||Série A||20||2||||||||||20||2
|-
|2001||Bahia||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|2001/02||Servette||Nationalliga A||15||1||||||||||15||1

|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|2003||41||0||||||||||41||0
|-
|2004||Santos||Série A||9||1||||||||||9||1

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||3||2||0||4||0||19||3
|-
|2005||31||4||1||0||6||0||38||4

|-
|2006||Botafogo||Série A||31||3||||||||||31||3
|-
|2007||Flamengo||Série A||5||1||||||||||5||1
|-
|2007||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||22||2||||||||||22||2

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||30||2||1||0||6||0||37||2
|-
|2009||J. League 2||23||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||4

|-
|2009||Clube Atlético Paranaense||Série A||||||||||||||||
189||11||||||||||189||11
15||1||||||||||15||1
97||13||4||0||16||0||117||13
301||25||4||0||16||0||321||25

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Porto Alegre
Reinaldo Vicente Simão

Reinaldo Vicente Simão (born 23 October 1968) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||23||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||3
|-
|1996||15||4||2||0||15||1||32||5
|-
|1997||12||3||0||0||5||0||17||3
50||10||2||0||20||1||72||11
50||10||2||0||20||1||72||11
|}

References

1968 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Ovidiu Burcă

Ovidiu Burcă (born 16 March 1980) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Energie Cottbus.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||Emelec||Serie A||6||0

|-
|2000||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||4||0
|-
|2000||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||16||1

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||6||0
|-
|2001/02||19||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="3"|Divizia A||12||0
|-
|2003/04||21||0
|-
|2004/05||13||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Naţional Bucureşti||Divizia A||22||1
|-
|2006/07||Liga I||17||1

|-
|2007/08||Energie Cottbus||Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2008||Beijing Guoan||Super League||15||1
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Energie Cottbus||Bundesliga||7||0
|-
|2009/10||2. Bundesliga||||
6||0
20||1
110||2
7||0
15||1
158||4
|}

References
Energie Cottbus 

1980 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Jussiê Ferreira Vieira

Jussiê Ferreira Vieira (born 19 September 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Girondins Bordeaux.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||8||1
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||1||0

|-
|2003||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||17||5

|-
|2004||Cruzeiro||Série A||41||12

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Lens||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||12||1
|-
|2005/06||35||6
|-
|2006/07||21||6
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||16||2
|-
|2007/08||22||4
|-
|2008/09||20||2
|-
|2009/10||||
58||13
17||5
126||21
201||39
|}

References
Girondins Bordeaux 

1983 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Oh Jang-Eun

Oh Jang-Eun (born 24 July 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2003||4||0||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2004||7||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Daegu||rowspan="2"|K-League||16||3||1||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||24||4
|-
|2006||24||6||2||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||34||6
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Ulsan Hyundai||rowspan="4"|K-League||17||0||3||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2008||24||2||3||1||9||0||colspan="2"|-||36||3
|-
|2009||22||4||0||0||4||0||4||2||30||6
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
13||0||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
103||15||9||3||35||0||4||2||151||20
116||15||10||3||43||0||4||2||173||20
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
Caíco

Caíco (born 15 May 1974) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||13||1||0||0||11||3||24||4
13||1||0||0||11||3||24||4
13||1||0||0||11||3||24||4
|}

1974 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Porto Alegre
Argélico Fuchs

Argélico Fuchs, previously Argélico Fucks, (born 14 September 1974) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||4||0
|-
|1994||22||2
|-
|1995||16||1

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||0
|-
|1997||18||0

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||21||2
|-
|1999||0||0

|-
|1999/00||Porto||Portuguese Liga||5||1

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Benfica||rowspan="4"|Portuguese Liga||22||2
|-
|2002/03||28||2
|-
|2003/04||19||1
|-
|2004/05||19||1

|-
|2004/05||Racing Santander||La Liga||2||0

|-
|2005||Cruzeiro||Série A||10||0
|-
|2006||Ulbra||Série C||0||0

|-
|2007||Hangzhou Greentown||Super League||22||1
73||5
32||0
93||7
2||0
22||1
222||13
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Henrique Arlindo Etges

Henrique Arlindo Etges (born 15 March 1966) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||20||0||0||0||3||0||23||0
20||0||0||0||3||0||23||0
20||0||0||0||3||0||23||0
|}

References

1966 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Moacir Rodrigues Santos

Moacir Rodrigues Santos (born 21 March 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil's national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988||rowspan="5"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="5"|Série A||11||0
|-
|1989||14||0
|-
|1990||10||1
|-
|1991||17||3
|-
|1992||12||1
|-
|1993||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||0||0

|-
|1993/94||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||11||1

|-
|1994||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||0||0

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Sevilla||rowspan="2"|La Liga||17||1
|-
|1995/96||13||1

|-
|1996||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||16||3
|-
|1997||Portuguesa Desportos||Série A||21||0

|-
|1998||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||26||0
101||8
41||3
26||0
168||11
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1990||3||0
|-
|1991||2||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Emerson Orlando de Melo

Emerson Orlando de Melo (born 2 March 1973) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0
7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0
7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Claudio Ubeda

Claudio Ubeda (born 17 September 1969) used to be an Argentinian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="4"|Rosario Central||rowspan="4"|Primera División||19||0
|-
|1991/92||0||0
|-
|1992/93||36||0
|-
|1993/94||22||1

|-
|1994/95||Querétaro||Liga Ascenso||||

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="9"|Racing||rowspan="9"|Primera División||22||0
|-
|1996/97||32||1
|-
|1997/98||26||1
|-
|1998/99||35||4
|-
|1999/00||35||1
|-
|2000/01||37||0
|-
|2001/02||36||0
|-
|2002/03||35||1
|-
|2003/04||17||1

|-
|2004||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||25||3

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Racing||rowspan="2"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|2005/06||11||1
367||11
||
25||3
392||14

1969 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Christoffer Andersson

Christoffer Andersson (born 22 October 1978) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Helsingborg.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Nybro||||15||0
|-
|1996||||21||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="7"|Helsingborg||rowspan="7"|Allsvenskan||1||0
|-
|1998||23||1
|-
|1999||25||0
|-
|2000||24||1
|-
|2001||23||2
|-
|2002||26||5
|-
|2003||26||2

|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Lillestrøm||rowspan="3"|Tippeligaen||26||2
|-
|2005||26||1
|-
|2006||11||0

|-
|2006/07||Hannover||Bundesliga||7||0

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Helsingborg||rowspan="4"|Allsvenskan||15||2
|-
|2008||28||9
|-
|2009||28||5
|-
|2010||||
255||27
63||3
7||0
325||30
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
!Total||24||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
Shōan

was a  after Einin and before Kengen.  The period started in April 1299 and ended in November 1302. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Shōan era
 1301 (Shōan 3, 1st month): In the 5th year of Go-Fushimi's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the throne passed to a cousin who would become known as Emperor Go-Nijō.
 1301 (Shōan 3): Hōjō Sadatoki gave up his position as  for the shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.  He became a Buddhist monk.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1299
1300s in Japan
Kengen

, also known as Kangen or Ken'ei, was a  after Shōan and before Kagen.  This period started in November 1302 and ended in August 1303. During this time, the emperor  was .

Events of the Kengen era
 1302 (Kengen 1):  The central structure of Shin-Yakushi-ji Buddhist temple complex was repaired during the Kengen Era.  It is one of the oldest wooden buildings in Japan.  It still has some of its original woodwork from its 8th century construction.
 1302 (Kengen 1, 6th month):  Emperor Go-Nijō made a formal visit to the retirement home of his grandfather, the former Emperor Kameyama.  Late the same night, Kameyama sent a poem to his grandson in the Imperial palace. Emperor Go-Nijō responded with a poem:

English translation
When I raised my eyes
unable to bear the thought
of saying goodbye,
the moon had hidden its light
in the realm above the clouds.

Romaji transliteration
shitawaruru
nagori ni taezu
tsuki o mireba
kumo no ue ni zo
kage wa narinuru

Beyond numbering
will be the occasions
when we two will meet
for you are surely destined
to live a thousand years.

kimi wa yoshi
chitose no yawai
tameotereba
aimin koto no
kazu mo shirarezu

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1302
1303
1300s in Japan
Jimmy Connors

James Scott "Jimmy" Connors (born September 2, 1952, in East St. Louis, Illinois, also known as "Jimbo") is an American retired tennis player. He was the World No. 1 tennis player. He won the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. He was coached by Pancho Segura.

References

1952 births
American male tennis players
Australian Open champions
Living people
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
Sportspeople from Illinois
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Kagen

was a  after Kengen and before Tokuji.  This period started in August 1303 and ended in December 1306. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kagen era
 1304 (Kagen 2, 16th day of the 7th month):  Former Emperor Go-Fukakusa died.
 1305 (Kagen 3, 15th day of the 9th month):  Former Emperor Kameyama died.
 1305 (Kagen 3): Ashikaga Takauji was born.  He would grow to become the founder and first shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library,  "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1303
1304
1305
1306
1300s in Japan
Westport, Connecticut

Westport is a town in South Western Connecticut, United States.

Towns in Connecticut
Wofford College

Wofford College is a liberal arts college in Spartanburg, South Carolina and currently has about 1,500 students. Wofford's motto is "Intaminatis fulget honoribus" which means in English ("She shines with untarnished honor"). Wofford's mascot is the terrier and their colors are old gold and black.

Websites 
Wofford College

Colleges and universities in South Carolina
Tokuji

was a  after Kagen and before Enkyō.  This period started in December 1306 and ended in October 1308. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Tokuji era 
 10 September 1308 (Tokuji 3, 8th month): In the 8th year of Go-Nijo's reign, the emperor died at age 24; and the throne passed to his cousin, who would come to be known as Emperor Hanazono.
 1308 (Tokuji 3, 10th month): The nengō was changed to Enkyō to mark the start of the reign of Emperor Hanazono.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library,  "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1306
1307
1308
1300s in Japan
Enkyō (Kamakura period)

, also known as Enkei or Enkyū, was a  after Tokuji and before Ōchō.  This period started in October 1308 and ended in April 1311.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Enkyō means "Becoming Prolonged" because of the tail of the great comet which was seen in the night sky of 1308.

Events of the Enkyō era 
Retired former-Emperor Fushimi administered the court up through the time he took the tonsure as a Buddhist monk, which happened after this nengō ended.
 1308 (Enkyō 1): After the death of Emperor Go-Nijō, the throne passed to a cousin who would come to be known as Emperor Hanazono.  The new emperor was 12 years old.
 1310 (Enkyō 3, 11th month):  Hōjō Sadafusa died; and Hōjō Tokiatsu was named to take his place as Kyoto representative of the military government in Kamakura.

An early version of The Tale of the Heike (Heike monogatori) has been traced to a draft written during this era.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period
 Enkyō (Edo period), 1744-1748

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Enkyō (Kamakura period)
1308 establishments
14th-century establishments in Japan
1311 disestablishments
14th-century disestablishments in Japan