cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Barbara Bennett

Barbara Bennett (1940s–2000) was an American sideshow attraction. Her stage name was "World's Smallest Mother". Her bones were disfigured. In the 1970s, she attended a sideshow, and decided that she wanted to be an attraction. She joined the Hall & Christ show with her similarly afflicted daughter and her husband Ed. Audiences accused her of being a male attraction in drag, Peter Moore, who suffered the same sort of disfigurements. She worked the Hall & Christ show for eight years, then bought it. After four years, she retired. She went on to have three more children. She died on Christmas Day of 2000.

References
 Hartzman, Marc. 2006. American Sideshow. Penguin. pp. 119–120. (pbk. edition). 

1940s births
2000 deaths
American sideshow attractions
Sideshow

A sideshow is an amusement or entertainment usually associated with circus and carnival midways. Such a show displays curiosities of all sorts such as bearded ladies, midgets, giants, snake charmers, two-headed babies saved in formaldehyde, six-legged calves, and more.

Related pages
 Freaks, a 1930s movie about sideshow performers

References

Circuses
Robert Ford

Robert Newton "Bob" Ford (January 31, 1862 – June 8, 1892) was an American outlaw. He is best known for shooting his gang leader Jesse James in the back of the head and killing him. Ford shot James because Missouri governor Thomas T. Crittenden placed a $10,000 bounty on James.

Death
On June 8, 1892, while Ford was drinking in his tent saloon, Edward Capehart O'Kelley entered with a shotgun. O'Kelley said "Hello, Bob." and when Ford turned around O'Kelley fired both barrels which killed Ford instantly. "The man who shot Jesse James" was inscribed on his grave marker.

References

Other websites 
Robert Ford's Legends of America profile

1862 births
1892 deaths

American murderers
American murder victims
People from Missouri
Tony Soprano

Anthony John "Tony" Soprano is an Italian-American fictional character on The Sopranos. He is a troubled crime boss struggling to balance his family life and career in the Mafia. Soprano is also a crime boss for many criminal organizations. He was played by James Gandolfini. Soprano was born in Newark, New Jersey. Gandolfini's performance as Soprano made him famous. Entertainment Weekly listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time.

References

Fictional American people
Fictional criminals
Fictional people with antisocial personality disorder
New Jersey
Television characters
Westwood, New Jersey

Westwood (nicknamed "The Hub of the Pascack Valley") is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Westwood was officially incorporated as a borough on May 8, 1894. Actors James Gandolfini and Robert Sean Leonard. are from Westwood.

References

Other websites

 Borough of Westwood official website
 Westwood Regional School District 
 Data for the Westwood Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics
 Westwood Chamber of Commerce website
 Westwood NJ HandyGuide 
 Westwood Heritage Society 
 Westwood United Methodist Church 

Settlements in New Jersey
Staten Island Mall

The Staten Island Mall is an indoor shopping mall located in Staten Island, New York. It is the largest shopping center on Staten Island. It is the only indoor shopping mall in the borough. It opened in 1973.

The mall has 200 stores with around 3,000 people working in those stores. Stores include JCPenney, Sears, and Macy's. Many bus routes go to the mall area. This makes it the second-largest area in the borough for public transportation after the St. George ferry terminal.

References

Other websites
 Staten Island Mall website

Buildings and structures in New York City
Malls
Mall
1973 establishments in New York (state)
Staten Island Zoo

The Staten Island Zoo is a zoo in Staten Island, New York. It has over 443 animals of over 206 species. It opened on June 10, 1936. At the time of its opening, it was considered the first "educational zoo" in the United States.

The zoo is known for its large collection of rattlesnakes. The zoo's collection is one of the largest rattlesnake collections in North America. It is the home of Staten Island Chuck, a groundhog who is New York City's official Groundhog Day forecaster.

References

Other websites
Staten Island Zoo website

1936 establishments in the United States
Buildings and structures in New York City
Zoos in the United States
Zoo
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Bobby Bland

Robert Calvin "Bobby" Bland (January 27, 1930 – June 23, 2013), also known as Bobby "Blue" Bland, was an American singer of blues and soul. He was an original member of the Beale Streeters, and was sometimes referred to as the "Lion of the Blues". Along with such artists as Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, and Junior Parker, Bland developed a sound that mixed gospel with the blues and R&B.

Bland was an African-American who was born on January 27, 1930 in Rosemark, Tennessee. He was raised in Memphis, Tennessee. Bland died on June 23, 2013 in Germantown, Tennessee from an illness. He was 83 years old. After his death, his son told news media that Bland had recently discovered that musician James Cotton was his half-brother.

References

Other websites
 Bobby Bland discography
 Bobby Bland  at Wenig-Lamonica Associates
 Bobby Blue Bland at AuthenticBlues.com  

1930 births
2013 deaths
African American musicians
American blues musicians
American soul musicians
Deaths from natural causes
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
American soul singers
Vanesa Capo Perez

Vanesa Capo Perez (born October 3, 1982 in Balearic Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she has cerebral palsy and is an S6 type swimmer.  She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the 4 x 50 meter Relay 20pts race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1982 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S6
Tania Cerda Meseguer

Tania Cerda Meseguer (born September 30, 1977 in Badalona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability: she is an S9 type swimmer.  She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 4 x 100 meter Relay 34 Points race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1982 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
1996 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S9
Sportspeople from Catalonia
Richard Riley

Richard Wilson Riley (born January 2, 1933) is an American politician. He was United States Secretary of Education under President Bill Clinton. He was the 111th Governor of South Carolina. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Riley was born on January 2, 1933 in Greenville, South Carolina. He studied at Furman University and at the University of South Carolina. Riley is currently married to Ann Yarborough. They had four children.

Other websites
SCIway Biography of Richard Wilson Riley
NGA Biography of Richard Wilson Riley 
 U.S. Department of Education Bio
 The Political Graveyard
 CNN AllPolitics – Players – Richard Riley
 Nelson, Mullins, Riley, and Scarborough Biography 
 Richard W. Riley College of Education and Leadership
 The Riley Institute 
 Furman University

1933 births
Living people
Lawyers from South Carolina
American Methodists
Governors of South Carolina
People from Greenville, South Carolina
United States Secretaries of Education
US Democratic Party politicians
Pablo Cimadevila Alvarez

Pablo Cimadevila Alvarez (born December 12, 1978 in Pontevedra) is a swimmer from Spain.  Back in 1982 when Pablo was only four-years-old, he faced a severe car accident. Due to which he becomes paraplegic. Later, Cimadevila took swimming classes and decided to pursue a career as a swimmer. He is an S6 type swimmer.  

Cimadevila won his first Bronze Medal in Men's 200meter freestyle back in 1991. Similarly, in 1998 he won a Gold Medal in Men's 4x50 m freestyle relay. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 200 meter individual medley.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4×50 meter medley relay 20 pts race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 200 meter individual medley  race and third in the 4×50 m medley 20 points race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.

In 2014 Pablo established a jewelry company named Cimadevila Designs. He has a jewelry brand named Kamikaze Jewels.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1978 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S6
Galician people
People from Pontevedra
Jesús Collado Alarcon

Jesus Collado Alarcon (born September 13, 1979 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability; he is an S9 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 100 meter butterfly race. He finished third in the 100 meter backstroke race and in the 200 meter individual medley SM9 race.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 100 meter butterfly race. He finished third in the 100 meter backstroke race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 400 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1979 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S9
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Pablo Corral Embade

Pablo Corral Embade (born January 25, 1972 in A Coruña) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1972 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
People from A Coruña
Fresh Kills Landfill

The Fresh Kills Landfill was a landfill located in Staten Island, New York City. It was opened in 1947 as a temporary landfill. The area used to be a swamp. It became New York City's main landfill in the second half of the 20th century. At one time, it was the largest man-made structure in the world. It was closed in 2001.

At the height of its service in the 1960s, the contents of 20 barges, each having 650 tons of garbage, were added to the landfill every day. By 2001, the landfill was larger than the Statue of Liberty.

After the September 11 attacks, the landfill was used to sort one third of the debris from the World Trade Center site. Around two million tons of debris from the site was taken to the landfill for sorting.

The site of the landfill will become the Freshkills Park. Construction on the park began in 2008. It will be larger than Central Park. Construction on the park will last 30 years.

References

Other websites
 Freshkills Park Blog
 Staten Island Landfill: Fresh Kills 

1947 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States

Staten Island
1940s establishments in New York (state)
Rupert's Land

Rupert's Land is a historical territory. Most of it is in Canada today, but some is in the United States. Originally, the Hudson’s Bay Company owned it. It is named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine.  who was the first head of the company. Charles II of England issued the lease, which gave the company a monoply over all fur trading along the rivers of the territory. In 1821, the company united with the North West Company from Montreal. North-Western Territory was added to the sphere of influence of the company. In 1869, the company sold its rights to both territories to the Canadian Dominion, which was the predecessor of modern-day Canada. In 1870, the Manitoba Act created the Canadian province Manitoba. Rupert's land was split: Parts of it were added to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. In 1818, the border between Canada and the US was defined along the 49th latitude.  This means that part  of Rupert's land today make up the states Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana and South Dakota. In addition, Rupert's land is an ecclesiastical province of the Anglican Church of Canada. It is also the name of an Anglican diocese in Manitoba.

Historical territories of Canada
Carcharhinus

Carcharhinus is one of the 12 genera of the requiem shark family, Carcharhinidae.

Like all members of the family, they have round eyes, and the pectoral fins are completely behind the five gill slits. Most species are viviparous: the young are born fully developed.

Species 
There are currently 34 known species of the Carcharhinus genus: 
 Blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus
 Silvertip shark, Carcharhinus albimarginatus
 Bignose shark, Carcharhinus altimus
 Graceful shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides
 Grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
 Pigeye shark, Carcharhinus amboinensis
 Borneo shark, Carcharhinus borneensis
 Copper shark, Carcharhinus brachyurus
 Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna
 Pacific smalltail shark, Carcharhinus cerdale
 Nervous shark, Carcharhinus cautus
 Coates' shark, Carcharhinus coatesi
 Whitecheek shark, Carcharhinus dussumieri
 Silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis
 Creek whaler, Carcharhinus fitzroyensis
 Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis
 Pondicherry shark, Carcharhinus hemiodon
 Finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon
 Smooth tooth blacktip shark, Carcharhinus leiodon
 Bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas
 Blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus
 Oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus
 Hardnose shark, Carcharhinus macloti
 Carcharhinus macrops
 Blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus
 Dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus
 Caribbean reef shark, Carcharhinus perezii
 Sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus
 Smalltail shark, Carcharhinus porosus
 Blackspot shark, Carcharhinus sealei
 Night shark, Carcharhinus signatus
 Spot-tail shark, Carcharhinus sorrah
 Australian blacktip shark, Carcharhinus tilstoni
 Carcharhinus tjutjot

References 

Sharks
Kawasaki T-4

The Kawasaki T-4 is a Japanese military training plane built in all-metal. It is used only by the Japanese Air Force, and in particulary by the Blue Impulse aerobatic team. The Kawasaki T-4 is a twin-turbojets two seats aircraft.

Military aircraft
Military of Japan
Melissa Rauch

Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress and comedian. She works mainly on television. She plays Bernadette in the television sitcom The Big Bang Theory. Rauch was born in Marlboro Township, New Jersey.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
1980 births
Living people
Holomorphic function

In mathematics a holomorphic function is a function that is defined on the complex numbers, and that can be differentiated everywhere where it is defined. Differentiating the function again leads to a function defined on the complex numbers. In older literature, these functions are sometimes called regular. 

Holomorphic functions show a number of properties function defined on real numbers do not have.

Functions and mappings
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (which is known as SNAP) is a food assistance program in the United States. It supplies food for no-income or low-income people. Hot foods are not included. The program was originally called Food Stamp Program. It was renamed in 2008 through farm bills. The term EBT is often used.

During fiscal year 2012, close to $75 billion for assistance in food was distributed. As of September 2012, almost 48 million people received benefits. The average amount was less than $135 per month. Some states get more food assistance than other states.

Food and drink
United States Department of Agriculture
Ilyushin Il-14

Ilyushin Il-14 (Ильюшин Ил-14; NATO reporting name: Crate) was a Soviet twin-engine cargo aircraft for small and medium-haul airline routes and a military transport, produced by Ilyushin.

Soviet & Russian aircraft
Civil aircraft
Antonov An-2

The Antonov An-2 is a Sovie airliner & cargo aircraft. It was designed and built after World War II. It is a biplane. It can carry between nine and eleven passengers. NATO calls it Colt. It was built under licence in China as Y-5. It is a single-engine aircraft.

Variants 
 Antonov An-3 

Soviet & Russian aircraft
Civil aircraft
Military aircraft
Robin DR400

The Robin DR400 is a French light aircraft. It is made of wood and metal. It is used for training and sport. It is designed and built by Avions Robin in Côte-d'Or. 

Civil aircraft
Aviation in France
The Juvenile Miscellany

The Juvenile Miscellany was a 19th-century American bimonthly children's magazine published in Boston, Massachusetts between 1826 and 1836.  It was founded by Lydia Maria Child. Publishers varied over the years, but the original publisher was John Putnam. Sarah Josepha Hale edited the magazine as a monthly between September 1834 and April 1836.

History
The magazine was founded in 1826 by Lydia Maria Child. She supervised its bimonthly publication between September 1826 and August 1834. Child's interest in abolitionism and the publication in 1833 of her antislavery book, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans, led to Child being socially shunned. Subscriptions to the magazine dropped off. Child left her editorial position. 

Child wrote in the magazine to child readers when leaving the magazine in 1834: "After conducting the Miscellany for eight years, I am now compelled to bid a reluctant and most affectionate farewell to my little readers. May God bless you, my young friends, and impress deeply upon your hearts the conviction that all true excellence and happiness consists in living for others, not for yourselves. ... I intend hereafter to write other books for your amusement and instruction; and I part from you with less pain, because I hope that God will enable me to be a medium of use to you, in some other form than the Miscellany."

Content  
The magazine's content emphasized middle class Protestant values. It featured poems, stories, puzzles, and informative articles. The magazine was didactic. It provided amusement and imparted moral lessons while avoiding the piety so common in children's literature of the period. 

The magazine was ground-breaking. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature writes, "The calm security of the lives of the children in the stories, the affection they receive, and their childishness were something new in American writing." 

The writers who contributed to its pages included Eliza Leslie, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Hannah Flagg Gould, Sarah Josepha Hale, Caroline Howard Gilman, and Anna Maria Wells.  Child herself contributed  as "Aunt Maria".

Response
The magazine was hugely popular. Within four months of its debut, the magazine had 850 subscribers. While stories stressed the Protestant ethic, they were never boring. Caroline Healy Dall wrote in the Unitarian Review in 1883:"No child who read the Juvenile Miscellany ... will ever forget the excitement that the appearance of each number caused. ... The children sat on the stone steps of their house doors all the way up and down Chestnut Street in Boston, waiting for the carrier. He used to cross the street, going from door to door in a zigzag fashion; and the fortunate possessor of the first copy found a crowd of little ones hanging over her shoulder from the steps above. ... How forlorn we were if the carrier was late!"

Notes

References
 

19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston, Massachusetts
Defunct magazines of the United States
Papaoutai

Papaoutai is a song by Stromae, a singer from Belgium. It was released digitally in Belgium on May 13th, 2013, peaking to number 2 in Belgium and number 15 in France.

Music Video
The video was released on June 6th on Youtube, with a length of three minutes and fifty three seconds.

Charts

Weekly Charts

References

2013 songs
PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch

PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch was a three-hour block of children's cartoons on the television channel PBS. The block was usually shown on Saturday or Sunday mornings. It began showing on 30 September 2000. It was last aired on 4 September 2004.

Programs
Timothy Goes to School
Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse
Seven Little Monsters
George Shrinks
Peep and the Big Wide World
Mama Mriabelle's Home Movies
The Zula Patrol
Reading Rainbow
Storytime
Bob the Builder
Thomas & Friends
Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks
Animalia
The Big Comfy Couch
Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Handy Manny
Bewitched
The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn
New Adventures of Superman
Pixie and Dixie Mr. Jinks
Yogi Bear
Top Cat
Atom Ant
Scooby-Doo

PBS Kids shows
Peugeot J7

The Peugeot J7 is a van designed and built in France between 1965 and 1980. Some were built as ambulances, light fire-trucks, police vans, minibuses, or recreational vehicles.

Front wheel drive vehicles
Paris-Saint-Lazare railway station

The Paris-Saint-Lazare railway station is a railway station in Paris. It is in the eighth arrondissement of Paris. It was built between 1842 and 1853. It serves the major city of Normandy, and the western suburbs and northwest of Paris.

It is served by metro lines 3, 9, 12, 13, and 14. 

Buildings and structures in Paris
Railway stations in Europe
Le Tréport

Le Tréport is a commune of Seine-Maritime near Dieppe. Situated on the coast of the Channel, it marks the border with Picardie. It's an important fishing harbor. Pebble beaches of Le Tréport are famous. It was the theatre of a famous battle of World War II, the Operation Jubilee.

Communes in Seine-Maritime
Exchange rate

Exchange rate, also known as the foreign exchange rate, is how much one currency is worth compared to a different one. It is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. Exchanges rates can change for many different reasons, for example the inflation rate of a country. For much of the 20th century the Bretton Woods system fixed exchange rates.

Currency
Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple

Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple is a temple dedicated to the deity Vasantha Vallabharaya (the Hindu god Vishnu). It is in Vasantapura in Bangalore. It dates back to the Chola period.

References 

Hindu temples
Bangalore
Temples in India
Labrador duck

The Labrador duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius) is an extinct duck that lived in North America.

Habitat 
The Labrador duck lived along the sandy coasts and bays of New Jersey and New England. Audubon's son reported seeing a nest belonging to the species. Some believe that it may have laid its eggs on the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was a rare bird before European settlement, and the increase in humans probably finished it off.

Extinction 
The duck became extinct after settlers became common along the eastern coast of North America. The reasons are not clear. The duck was eaten, although its flesh tasted bad. its eggs were probably harvested. It depended considerably on shellfish, which humans may have eaten in large quantities.

Sources 
 Cokinos, Christopher 2000. Hope is the thing with feathers. New York: Putnam, pp. 281–304. 
 Forbush, Edward Howe 1912. A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, pp. 411–416.
 Fuller, Errol 2001. ''Extinct birds. Comstock Publishing, pp. 85–87. 

Anatidae
Tahiti rail

The Tahiti rail (Gallirallus pacificus), also known as the  Tahiti red-billed rail, or Pacific red-billed rail, is an extinct species of rail. It once lived on Tahiti. The second voyage of James Cook in 1773 got one. It was described by Johann Reinhold Forster and painted by his son, Georg. The Tahitian name was ebōnā or ōmnā.

Name 
 
Due to confusion about the name, the name Rallus ecaudatus was commonly used in the mid-late 20th century to refer to this bird. This is, however, in error, as the name is a subspecies of the buff-banded rail. Today it is known as Gallirallus philippensis ecaudatus. Also, at least once, the Tahitian bird has been referred to by the scientific name of the Samoan wood rail, Gallinula pacifica, in a major scientific work.

Extinction 
Not much is known about the bird's extinction. One idea is that the bird might have been prey to other species. The bird's habitat had active volcanos.

Sources 
  Database entry of the bird includes justification for why this species is extinct.
 Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1879): [Description of Gallirallus pacificus]. In: Systema Naturae (13th edition) 1, part 2: 717.

Flightless birds
Extinct species
Gruiformes
Frank Kelso

Frank Benton Kelso II (July 11, 1933 – June 23, 2013) was an admiral of the United States Navy. He served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) in the early 1990s. 

Kelso was born on July 11, 1933 in Fayetteville, Tennessee. He studied at University of the South. Kelso was married Landess McCown until his death in 2013. They had four children. Kelso died on June 23, 2013 in Fayetteville, Tennessee from a fall, aged 79.

References

1933 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Military people from Tennessee
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a sexual condition that is characterized by the lack of sexual fantasy and desire for sexual activity. For this to be judged as a disorder, the condition has to cause strong distress or interpersonal troubles, and should not be better accounted for by another mental disorder or drugs. The condition was first discovered around the late 1960s or early 1970s. The subtypes include women or men earlier having sexual interests for their partner, though that interest has since cooled down or faded away. In some cases, sexual partners, female or male, may have never had sexual desire to begin with. The condition may be triggered through other health problems.

Human sexuality
Disorders
Percival

Sir Percival was one of King Arthur's knights and a member of the Round Table. He proved himself to be one of Arthur's most loyal knights. Percival is most commonly known for retrieving Excalibur from a clan of mischievous faery creatures, whose only distinguishing characteristics were their brightly colored headwear and small stature. This eventually led to the present day Anglo-Saxon folklore of garden gnomes.

Percival is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous medieval and modern stories of the Grail quest. Percival first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished Percivale or Conte del Graal (c. 1190). The incomplete story prompted a series of "continuations," in the third of which (c. 1230), by an author named Manessier, Percival achieves the Grail. (An analogue to Chrétien's tale is found in the thirteenth-century Welsh romance Peredur.)

In popular culture
The main character in the book Ready Player One has a virtual avatar named after Percival, but with a different spelling (Parzival).

Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Fictional knights
Roger Johansson

Roger Johansson (born April 17, 1967, in Ljungby, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey defenceman that played a total of 4 seasons in the NHL.

Johansson started his playing career with the Färjestads BK of the Swedish Hockey League. He played 3 seasons with them and signed with the Calgary Flames of the NHL. He played 2 seasons with the Flames and went back to the SEL to join the Leksands IF for 1 season. After the season ended, Johansson rejoined the Flames. After his season with the Flames was over, he rejoined Leksands IF again for 1 season. He played 38 games with them and then signed with the Chicago Blackhawks after the 1994–95 NHL lockout was over and played 11 games with them before once again returning to the SEL to play with Leksands IF. He played 6 seasons with Farjestads BK Karlstad and was forced to retire because of an injury.

He also played with the Sweden men's national ice hockey team at the 1994 Winter Olympics when they won the gold medal.

Other websites

Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Swedish ice hockey players
1967 births
Living people
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls

Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls (sometimes, Oliver Optic's Magazine) was a 19th-century American weekly children's magazine. It was edited by boys' book writer, William Taylor Adams. Adams used the pen name "Oliver Optic". At its demise in December 1875, it was being published monthly. It became the most popular children's monthly in the United States.

The magazine was published in Boston, Massachusetts by Lee & Shepard. Publication began in January 1867. It had a nine year run, folding in December 1875. A 16-page single copy cost 6 cents; a yearly subscription was $2.50. Issues were reprinted in 1872 as Our Boys and Girls Mirror.  

Contents included puzzles, rebuses, exercises in declamation with illustrations of appropriate gestures, dialogues, etc. Adams' serial story, Our Starry Flag, brought forth at least 100 letters from the magazine's readers. Adams felt compelled to write another story featuring the same characters  in order not to "disappoint his young friends". The magazine was hugely popular.

References

19th-century American children's magazines
Weekly magazines
Monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston, Massachusetts
Defunct magazines of the United States
Outerbridge Crossing

The Outerbridge Crossing, also known as the Outerbridge, is a cantilever bridge that connects Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell and built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Goethals Bridge to Elizabeth, New Jersey opened. It was named after Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge, the first chairman of the Port of New York Authority. The bridge is of one of three bridges for cars that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Goethals Bridge and the Bayonne Bridge to Bayonne, New Jersey.

References

Bridges in New York City
Cantilever bridges
Staten Island
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
Goethals Bridge

The Goethals Bridge is a cantilever bridge that connects Elizabeth, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell, who also designed the Outerbridge Crossing, and built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Outerbridge Crossing opened. It was named after George Washington Goethals, who looked over the construction of the Panama Canal and was the first consulting engineer of the Port Authority.

The bridge of one of three bridges that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Outerbridge Crossing and the Bayonne Bridge in Bayonne, New Jersey.

The bridge was replaced in 2018 with a pair of cable stayed bridges and the old bridge was demolished soon after. The new bridge currently has pedestrian and bicycle access, which the old one lacked.

References

Bridges in New York City
Cantilever bridges
Staten Island
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
2017 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in New York (state)
2017 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in New York (state)
Robert Merry's Museum

Robert Merry's Museum was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was founded in 1841 by Samuel Griswold Goodrich in Boston, Massachusetts. The original Boston publisher was Bradbury & Soden. The monthly began publication as a 12.5 cent, 32 page magazine in February 1841. The number of pages had grown to 48 by November 1872, at which time the magazine was absorbed by The Youthful Companion.

The magazine was edited in the beginning by Goodrich. A number of editors followed him. Children's writer Louisa May Alcott edited between 1867 and 1869. She edited under her own name though other editors of the magazine used fictional names like "Aunt Sue", "Uncle Miles", "Hiram Hatchet", etc. Goodrich edited under "Robert Merry" and "Peter Parley".

References

19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston, Massachusetts
Defunct magazines of the United States
Gyula Horn

Gyula Horn (5 July 1932 – 19 June 2013) was a Hungarian socialist politician who was Prime Minister of Hungary from 15 July 1994 until 6 July 1998.

Horn was born in Budapest. He played a major role in the demolishing of the Iron Curtain (Berlin Wall) in the German Democratic Republic in 1989.

In 1990, Horn won the Charlemagne Prize.

Horn died in Budapest on 19 June 2013 from frontotemporal dementia, at the age of 80.

References

1932 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from frontotemporal dementia
Politicians from Budapest
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Socialists
Emilio Colombo

Emilio Colombo (11 April 1920 – 24 June 2013) was an Italian politician who was Prime Minister of Italy from 1970 to 1972. In 2003 he was appointed to be an Italian senator-for-life, a seat which he held until his death. In the first five years as senator, he was an independent. During the 16th term of the Senate in 2008-2013, he opted to join the parliamentary group UDC-independence.

Colombo was born on 11 April 1920 in Potenza, Basilicata, Italy. In November 2003, he admitted to have used cocaine (for "therapeutic purposes") over a 12- to 18-month period, and to be a homosexual. Colombo died on 24 June 2013 from natural causes in Rome, Italy, aged 93.

References

1920 births
2013 deaths
Basilicata
Deaths from natural causes
Gay men
Italian LGBT people
LGBT politicians
Prime Ministers of Italy
The Little Pilgrim

The Little Pilgrim was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between October 1853 and December 1868 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Leander K. Lippincott. It was edited by his wife, Sara Jane Lippincott, under the pen name, "Grace Greenwood". 

The Little Pilgrim was intended to replace the discontinued children's  magazine, Friend of Youth. F. O. C. Darley drew the picture of the boy pilgrim on the cover. In January 1857, the page size was reduced to about a third of its original height because "it was found that our paper was too long to fit on the book-shelves". The number of pages increased from 8 to 12 with the height reduction. The Little Pilgrim was absorbed by The Little Corporal in 1869.

References

Defunct magazines of the United States
19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1853 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Pennsylvania
1860s disestablishments in the United States
19th-century disestablishments in Pennsylvania
1868 disestablishments
I Am Legend (novel)

I Am Legend is a 1954 horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson. It helped the development of the zombie genre and in popularizing the idea of a worldwide apocalypse due to disease. 

The novel was a success. It was adapted to a movie as The Last Man on Earth in 1964, as The Omega Man in 1971, and as I Am Legend in 2007. It also came with a direct-to-video 2007 production capitalizing on that movie, I Am Omega. The novel was also the inspiration behind the 1968 movie Night of the Living Dead.

1954 books
Horror novels
20th-century American novels
Science fiction books
Tod Browning

Tod Browning (born Charles Albert Browning, Jr.; July 12, 1880 – October 6, 1962) was an American motion picture actor, director and screenwriter. Browning's career spanned the silent and talkie eras. Best known as the director of Dracula (1931), the cult classic Freaks (1932), and classic silent movies with Lon Chaney. Browning directed many movies in a wide range of genres.

References

Other websites

Tod Browning bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center

Tod Browning at Virtual History

1880 births
1962 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
William Hathaway

William Dodd Hathaway (February 21, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an American Democratic Party politician from Maine.

Early life
Hathaway was born on February 21, 1924 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University and at Harvard Law School.

Career
A Maine Democratic Party, in 1964 he was elected to the U.S. House, and he served from 1965 until 1973. This was a time of resurgence for Democrats in Maine, at that time a traditionally Maine Republican Party state. This same period saw the growth of the political careers of Edmund S. Muskie and Kenneth M. Curtis.

In 1972 Hathaway was the successful Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat held by Margaret Chase Smith.  In 1973, Hathaway was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. (The other two were Thomas Eagleton and Gaylord Nelson.) Hathaway served from 1973 to 1979.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, losing to William Cohen.

Personal life
Hathaway resided in the Washington, D.C. area after leaving the Senate. In 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to the Federal Maritime Commission, and he served as Chairman from 1993 to 1996.

Death
Hathaway died on June 24, 2013 in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 89.

References

1924 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Massachusetts
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Edmund Muskie

Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie (28 March 191426 March 1996) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine to a Polish family.

He was the Governor of Maine serving from 1955 to 1959, and a United States Senator from 1959 to 1980. He served as United States Secretary of State from 1980 to 1981 under the Carter administration. President Jimmy Carter gave Muskie the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981.

Muskie died in Washington, D.C. from congestive heart failure. He was 81 years old.

Early life
Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine on 28 March 1914. His father, Stephen Marciszewski (mar-chih-SHEF-ski) immigrated to the United States in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie.

Education
Muskie graduated from Bates College in 1936. He graduated from Cornell University Law School in 1939. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He served in the Atlantic and Asiatic-Pacific Theaters from 1942 to 1945.

Career
Muskie was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 1968 presidential election. Muskie later ran for President in the 1972 presidential election. After announcing that Muskie had lost, Muskie chocked with anger and began to cry. Afterwards, Muskie refused the fact that he cried at simply said that "melted snow flakes" in eyes and not tears. Muskie later said the reason he cried was that because newspapers insulted his wife.

Muskie held the highest office (Secretary of State) by a Polish American in U.S. history. If Muskie won the Presidential election in 1972, Muskie would have been the first Polish-American President of the United States.

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan appointed Muskie to serve in the Tower Commission to investigate the Iran-Contra affair.

Personal life
He was married to Jane Gray from 1940 until his death in 1996. He died of congestive heart failure. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

References

Other websites

The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation
Edmund Muskie at Findagrave

1914 births
1996 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Governors of Maine
1972 United States presidential candidates
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from Maine
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Lewiston, Maine

Lewiston is a city in Androscoggin County in Maine, and the second-largest city in the state. The population was 36,592 at the 2010 census. 

It is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area and the Lewiston-Auburn Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area. 

As of 2006 census estimates has a combined population of 107,702. It is also part of the extended Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area, which has a combined population 621,219 as of 2006 estimates.

Other websites

 City of Lewiston, Maine
 Lewiston Public Library
 Lewiston Sun-Journal Online
 L/A Arts
 Lewiston, Maine detailed profile
  The Public Theatre
Bijou Theater

The Bijou Theater is a gay adult theater and sex club in Chicago, Illinois. It was established in 1970, and is the oldest such theater and club in the United States of America.  It is located at 1349 N. Wells St. in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood. 

In January 1970, the Bijou opened on the first floor of a four story Victorian. The first movie shown was Richard Nixon's Checkers speech, named after Nixon's dog Checkers. The movie that followed was a gay porn movie.

In 1980, the Bijou expanded to the second floor, where a sexual playground was established. On this floor are booths, glory holes, a dungeon with slings, and a Saint Andrew's cross. The same year, the back yard was overhauled for summer frolicking. The Bijou was opened 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In 1984, the Bijou expanded to the third floor.

References

1970 establishments in the United States
Landmarks in Chicago
LGBT in the United States
Theatres in Chicago
1970s establishments in Illinois
BC Place

BC Place is a sports stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on June 19, 1983, and is the current home to the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer.

History
The stadium was originally built for the Expo 86 which was held in Vancouver. Until May 4, 2010, the stadium was the world's largest air-supported domed stadium. It was deflated and replaced with a retractable roof. The Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League played in the arena from 1983 to 1984. There have been 8 Grey Cup championship games held in BC Place in 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2005, and 2011. The Vancouver Nighthawks of the World Basketball League played in the stadium for their 1988 season. 

The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympic Winter Games and the opening ceremonies of the X Paralympic Winter Games. The stadium is set to host the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final game.

References

Other websites
Official website

Soccer stadiums in Canada
Vancouver
1983 establishments in Canada
Anxiety disorder

The term anxiety disorder  is a term for a number of psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be classified into two very broad groups:

Disorders that are marked by extreme worry about the past, present or future.
Disorders that are marked by fear of a given object or situation. 

Anxiety conditions include phobia, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other anxiety disorders include agoraphobia and panic disorder. Stress from life events, including past abuse, being intimidated or health worries, can trigger anxiety problems for many people. Symptoms include headache, spasms in the muscle, trembling, fatigue and exhaustion. There are various manners for treating anxiety disorders. These include medication and therapy. There is some recent research.

References 

Anxiety disorders
Steve Dubinsky

Steven Dubinsky (born July 9, 1970 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a total of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Nashville Predators, and St. Louis Blues

Career
Before he played in the NHL, Dubinsky played 4 seasons at Clarkson University.

He was drafted 226th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. From 1993 to 1998, Dubinsky would play for both the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League and the Chicago Blackhawks. He was traded to the Calgary Flames and played 2 seasons with them. He rejoined the Blackhawks in the 2000-01 NHL season and played 2 seasons with them before being traded by the Blackhawks to the Nashville Predators. He played 1 season with the Predators and signed with the St. Louis Blues. He only played half of the season with the Blues because of a head injury. He would retire from playing professional hockey the next season.

Personal life
Dubinsky is Jewish. He has 3 sons and his middle son plays for the Junior Blackhawks.

References

Other websites 

1970 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Jews
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Jewish sportspeople
Nashville Predators players
People from Montreal
St. Louis Blues players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Chicken fingers

Chicken fingers (also known as chicken tenders, chicken tendies or chicken strips) are chicken meat dipped in breading and then deep-fried, grilled or baked. In the Northeastern United States or the Midwest, chicken strips are often made by way of egg batter and have smooth texture. Elsewhere, however, chicken strips may lack egg batter and the texture can be rather coarse. Chicken strips are provided to customers in certain restaurants, including the KFC, McDonald's and Wendy's fast food networks.

American food
Chicken as food
Fast food
Maclyn McCarty

Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911 – January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.

McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of  bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.

McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.

The work 
The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.

Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.

References 

1911 births
2005 deaths
American academics
American geneticists
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from heart failure
Scientists from Indiana
Wolf Prize winners
Educators from Indiana
People from South Bend, Indiana
Propene

Propene is an organic compound. The substance is also known as propylene and has the formula C3H6. It is the second-simplest alkene. Since it is only made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, it is a hydrocarbon. At room temperature and normal pressure it is a gas.

Uses
Propene is produced from fossil fuels, and from coal. Propene is the second most important product used in the petrochemical industry, after ethene. About two thirds are used to produce polypropylene. Propene and benzene are converted to acetone and phenol via the cumene process. Propene is also used to produce isopropanol (propan-2-ol), acrylonitrile, propylene oxide (epoxypropane) and epichlorohydrin.

References

3