cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
London Passenger Transport Board

The London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was the organisation responsible for public transport in London, England, United Kingdom, and its environs from 1933 to 1948. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organisation was London Transport.

London bus route historic numbering
Historically, bus routes run by London Transport were grouped by the type of service that they provided.

The 1924 London Traffic Act imposed a numbering scheme known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Chief Constable A.E. Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who made it. Changing and short lines used letter suffixes. The numbers were grouped also by the company that operated the route.

The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Passenger Transport Board was formed:

References

Other websites
 The Railway Archive - London Passenger Transport Act, 1933 (25 MB)

Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Intermodal transport authorities
1933 establishments
1948 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
County of London

The County of London was a county of England from 1889 to 1965, corresponding to the area today known as Inner London. It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of the Local Government Act 1888.

Other websites
County of London boundary map 

Local government in London
1889 establishments in England
1965 disestablishments in England
19th century in London
20th century in London
Brockley

Brockley is an area and electoral ward of the London Borough of Lewisham in England. It is about  south east of Charing Cross, it is covered by the London postcode district SE4.

Areas of London
London Borough of Lewisham
Downham

Downham is a district occupying much of the boundary between the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Bromley; it is the name of an electoral ward covering much of the area on the Lewisham side. Downham was named in honour of Lord Downham, who was chairman of the London County Council between 1919-20.

Areas of London
Archway, London

Archway is an area of north London in the London Borough of Islington. 

London Borough of Islington
Areas of London
Howie Morenz

Howard William Morenz (June 21, 1902 – March 8, 1937) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played centre for three National Hockey League (NHL) teams: the Montreal Canadiens (in two stints), the Chicago Black Hawks, and the New York Rangers. Before joining the NHL, Morenz was a very good player in the junior Ontario Hockey Association, where his team played for the Memorial Cup, the championship for junior ice hockey in Canada. In the NHL, he was one of the best players in the league and set several league scoring records. A strong skater, Morenz was called the "Stratford Streak" and "Mitchell Meteor" because he was very fast.

Considered one of the first stars of the NHL, Morenz played 14 seasons in the league. He was a member of a team that won the Stanley Cup three times, all of them being the Canadiens. During his NHL career he was in the top 10 leading scorers ten times. For seven seasons in a row Morenz led the Canadiens in both goals scored and points. Three times in he was named the most valuable player of the league, and he led the league once in goals scored and twice in points scored. He was named to the NHL All-Star Team three times.

Morenz died from problems with a broken leg, an injury he suffered in a game. After his death, the Canadiens stopped using his jersey number, the first time the team had done so for any player. When the Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Morenz was one of the first 12 people to be added. In 1950, the Canadian Press named him the best ice hockey player of the first half of the 20th century.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

All statistics are taken from NHL.com.

Awards

NHL

Notes

Other websites

1902 births
1937 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Stanley Cup champions
Norbury

Norbury is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, on the border with the London Borough of Lambeth and the London Borough of Merton. It shares the postcode London SW16 with nearby Streatham. Norbury is  south of Charing Cross.

London Borough of Croydon
Areas of London
Waterloo station

Waterloo station, also known as 'London Waterloo', is a major railway terminus in London. It is owned and operated by Network Rail. It is near the South Bank in the London Borough of Lambeth, and in Travelcard Zone 1.

References

Other websites 

Station information for Waterloo from Network Rail
Waterloo photo gallery on Flickr
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

Waterloo Station Central Telephone Enquiry Bureau (CTEB) History
 http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/3164

Railway stations in London
London Travelcard zone 1
Bakerloo line stations
Northern line stations
Jubilee line stations
Highbury

Highbury is an area in the London Borough of Islington.

London Borough of Islington
Areas of London
Leyton

Leyton is an area of East London and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest,  northeast of Charing Cross. It borders Walthamstow and Leytonstone; Stratford in Newham; and  Homerton and Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney. 

There is a professional football team based in Leyton called Leyton Orient F.C.

Other websites

Areas of London
London Borough of Waltham Forest
Tooting

Tooting is a suburb in the London Borough of Wandsworth in south London. It is  south south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

References 

Tooting
Atomic radius

The atomic radius of an element is the distance between the nucleus and the edge of the electron cloud. 

The atomic radius is rather hard to define, because it is impossible to know where all of the electrons are at a given time. 

In the periodic table of the elements, the atomic radius tends to increase as you move down a group because the number of electrons is greater, and so the radius of the circle of electrons in the element is bigger. As you move to the right across a period, the atomic radius tends to decrease due to the shielding effect.

Nuclear physics
Dale Davis

Dale Davis (born March 25, 1969) is a retired NBA basketball player who played the positions of center and power forward. When he played in the NBA, he played with the Indiana Pacers, the Portland Trail Blazers, the Golden State Warriors, and the Detroit Pistons. He played college basketball at Clemson University.

1969 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Detroit Pistons players
Golden State Warriors players
Indiana Pacers players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Underpinning

In construction, underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other structure. Underpinning may be needed for a many of reasons: 

The original foundation is not strong or stable enough.
The usage of the building has changed.
The type of soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or were misjudged during planning.
The construction of nearby structures causes the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.
It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the current structure's foundation than to build a new one.

Construction
Epistasis

Epistasis is the interaction between genes at different loci. It was a term invented by William Bateson in 1909.

When Gregor Mendel did his experiments on the sweet pea, he chose seven traits, such as round vs wrinkled peas, and tall vs short plants. He found the plants had pairs of 'factors' (genes) which controlled their appearance (phenotype). However, one pair of factors never affected the other pairs. But with epistasis, the action of one gene does affect another gene, even one on a different chromosome. 

Use of the term has varied somewhat. Its original meaning was quite narrow: for instance, a gene for no wings in Drosophila will obviously mask genes for any other aspect of the wings. In general, however, epistasis denotes any departure from independence of the effects of different genetic loci.

References 

Classical genetics
Holborn tramway station

Holborn tramway station (not to be confused with Holborn tube station) was a tram stop underneath Kingsway in central London. It was part of the Kingsway tramway subway route. When the station opened opened it was named Great Queen Street.

Services from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services rom Highbury station to Tower Bridge and from Highbury station to Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed just after 12.30am on 6 April 1952. Much of the station remains in the disused tunnel but there is no public access.

Other websites
 Holborn Tram Station in 1933
Underground-History.co.uk  Includes illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003

Trams in London
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Cell differentiation

Cellular differentiation is how a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. It is part of developmental biology. Different tissues have different kinds of organelles inside the cells. 

Differentiation occurs many times during the development of a multicellular organism. The organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation is also a common process in adults: adult stem cells divide to make fully-differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.

Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to changes in gene expression. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. It does involve switching off many genes not needed in a particular tissue. Thus, cells in different tissues may have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants.  A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques.

References 

Genetics
Cell biology
Developmental biology
Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis (meaning the "beginning of shape"), is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape. 

It is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation. 

The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism. Morphogenetic responses may be induced in organisms by hormones, by substances produced by other organisms, or by mechanical stresses induced by spatial patterning of the cells. Morphogenesis can take place in an embyro, a mature organism, in cell culture or inside tumor cell masses.

Developmental biology
Cell biology
Plant anatomy
Gastrulation

Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos. In it the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration.

Gastrulation varies in different phyla. It is followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers.

The gastrula is the double-walled stage of the embryo. During gastrulation, some of the cells of the blastula migrate inwards to make an inner layer, the endoderm. In some animals another cell layer forms, the mesoderm, between the endoderm and the ectoderm.

Germ layers 
Among animals, sponges show the simplest organization, having a single germ layer. Cnidaria and ctenophores show an increase in complexity, having two germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm. All higher animals (from flatworms to humans) possess a mesoderm as well as ectoderm and endoderm.

Development of germ layers 
The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These layers later develop into certain bodily systems.

 The ectoderm develops into the skin, nails, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and anal canal; the lens of the eye, the retina and the nervous system.  
 The endoderm develops into the inner linings of the digestive tract, as well as the linings of the respiratory passages. It also forms many glands, such as the liver and pancreas.  
 The mesoderm forms the somites, the notochord, and the mesenchyme, which give rise to the muscles, circulatory and excretory systems of the body. This key innovation evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and led to the evolution of nearly all large, complex animals. The formation of a mesoderm led to the development of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.

Related pages
Cellular differentiation

References 

Developmental biology
Wat Phra-sri Rattana Mahathat

Wat Phra-sri Rattana Mahathat or Wat Yai is the most important monastery of Phitsanulok. It was built in the reign of Phra Maha Thamma Racha I in 1357 BCE. In the temple, there is a Buddha image called Phra Buddha Chinnaraj. The pearl inlaid wooden doors of the temple were built by King Borommakot in 1756 as tribute to Phra Buddha Chinnaraj. Behind the temple, there is a large pagoda  high with a staircase leading up to the niche containing the Buddha relics. In front of the pagoda, there is Phra Attharos, a standing Buddha image.

Buddhist temples in Thailand
Jikji

Jikji is the oldest extant movable metal type book in the world.

Jikji is the short title of a Korean book whose full title can be translated as Anthology of the Great Priests' Zen Teachings. It is a Buddhist document, and was printed during Korea's Goryeo era in 1377.

Jikji is a book about Zen Buddhism published in Heungdeok temple. It was written by the Buddhist monk Baegun who died three years before this edition was printed. Baegun was the chief priest of the Anguk and Shingwang temples in Haeju. 

Jikji was published 78 years before Johannes Gutenberg's "42-Line Bible". Jikji consists of two volumes. Only the second volume is extant. This volume is held in the National Library of France. UNESCO confirmed Jikji as the world's oldest metalloid type book in September 2001, and includes it in the Memory of the World program.

References

Buddhist texts
Korea
14th-century books
Bibliothèque nationale de France

The Bibliothèque nationale de France is the National Library of France in Paris.

History
The National Library of France was founded at the Louvre by Charles V in 1368. It grew under Louis XIV and opened to the public in 1692. 

Following a series of regime changes in France, it became the Imperial National Library and in 1868 it moved to new buildings on the Rue de Richelieu. In 1896, the library was the largest collection of books in the world.

In 1988, President François Mitterrand agreed to build a new modern library. It now contains more than twenty million volumes.

Manuscripts 
The library has 5,000 Greek manuscripts and the Jikji (the oldest printed document with movable type).

References

 Riding, Alan.  "France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google," New York Times. April 11, 2005.

Buildings and structures in Paris
National libraries in Europe
Paulista Avenue

Paulista Avenue (in Portuguese: Avenida Paulista) is the most important avenue and one of the main financial centers of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Related pages
 São Paulo
 Downtown São Paulo

São Paulo
Didcot

Didcot is a town in Oxfordshire about  south of Oxford. Until 1974 it was part of Berkshire.

History and economy

During the Roman Empire the Romans dug a ditch that runs north through what is now known as the Ladygrove area north of the town near Long Wittenham.

Didcot first appears in historical records in the 13th century as Dudcotte, Berkshire.  Parts of the original village still exist in the Lydalls Road area and part of All Saints' Church dates back to the 11th century.

Railways
The Great Western Railway, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, reached Didcot in 1839. In 1844 the Didcot railway station was opened. The original station burnt down in the later part of 19th century. 

Didcot is junction of the routes to London, Bristol and Oxford. It was formerly a junction for Southampton via the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway but that closed in the 1960s. 
The traffic to Southampton meant that the town had strategic importance to military logistics, in particular during the First World War campaign on the Western Front and the Second World War preparations for D-Day.

Power stations

The Didcot Power Stations (which are next to each other, and actually in Sutton Courtenay) supply electricity to the National Grid. The power station has also proved a popular man-made object for local photographers. One power station was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. The other is still operating in 2018.

Further reading

Other websites

Didcot Twinning Association
Didcot Railway Centre
Didcot.com community website
Didcot First  
Didcot Town FC
Future Didcot
Cornerstone arts centre
The Didcot Herald 
 Didcot Choral Society 

South Oxfordshire
Towns in Oxfordshire
13th-century establishments in England
Horsepower

Horsepower is a unit of power that is approximately how much work one horse can do. It is equal to 746 watts.  The idea of horsepower was originated by James Watt, who invented the steam engine. Because people used horses to pull carts, it was an amount of energy that could be understood by most people at that time.  A human can only maintain about , but an engine can maintain much higher than that. Small motors can create  while a jet engine can create more than .

Imperial units
Units of power
Mason Raymond

Mason Evan Raymond (born September 17, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was drafted 51st overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On June 28, 2014, Raymond was signed as a free agent by the Calgary Flames to a three-year, $9.5 million contract.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1985 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Canucks players
Pavol Demitra

Pavol Demitra (November 29, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Slovak professional ice hockey centre who last played for the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He first played in the NHL in 1993, having previously played with the Ottawa Senators, who selected him in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Kings and Minnesota Wild. Before he joined the NHL, Demitra played in Slovakia, as well as the American Hockey League (AHL) and International Hockey League (IHL), minor professional leagues in North America. In Demitra's NHL career spanning 16 years, he has achieved the 300-goal mark and won the Lady Byng Trophy for sportsmanship in 2000. On September 7, 2011, at 4:02 PM local time, Demitra died when a Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, that was carrying the entire hockey team of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl crashed near Yaroslavl, Russia. The plane was on its way to Minsk, Belarus, to start the 2011-12 KHL season.

References

Other websites

1974 births
2011 deaths
Aviation deaths
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Los Angeles Kings players
Minnesota Wild players
Ottawa Senators players
Slovak ice hockey players
St. Louis Blues players
Vancouver Canucks players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ice hockey centres
Kevin Bieksa

Kevin Francesco Bieksa (born June 16, 1981 in Grimsby, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). After playing junior hockey in Ontario, Bieksa was awarded a scholarship to Bowling Green University, where he spent four years. While at university, Bieksa was selected by the Canucks in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, and joined their minor league partner, the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL), after graduating. After spending time with the Moose, he joined the Canucks. A physical defenceman, Bieksa has increased his scoring totals in each of the full seasons he has played in the NHL.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

Other websites
 

1981 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Vancouver Canucks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
American Hockey League players
1992 United States presidential election

The 1992 United States presidential election happened on November 3, 1992. Bill Clinton, the Democratic candidate and Governor of Arkansas, won the election. He defeated the incumbent president, George H. W. Bush, who was a Republican, and Ross Perot, an independent candidate. 

Clinton got 370 electoral votes, Bush got 168, and Perot got 0. A person running for president needs to get 270 to win.

George H.W. Bush may have lost the election for several reasons.  He broke his promise of "Read my lips: no new taxes" by increasing taxes during his term.  Some of his most well-known accomplishments during his presidency came from his foreign policy, and because of the Cold War and Gulf War being over, foreign policy became a smaller issue, as the economy became a bigger issue, since the economy was bad.  

Prior to 2020, this was the last election where a candidate won the presidency without winning Florida.

Candidates

Republican Party
Republican candidates
George H. W. Bush, President of the United States from Texas
Pat Buchanan, conservative columnist from Virginia
David Duke, state representative from Louisiana
Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota and perennial candidate

Candidates gallery

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates
Bill Clinton, Governor of Arkansas
Jerry Brown, former Governor of California
Paul Tsongas, former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
Bob Kerrey, U.S. Senator from Nebraska
Tom Harkin, U.S. Senator from Iowa
Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia
Eugene McCarthy, former U.S. Senator from Minnesota
Larry Agran, former Mayor of Irvine, California

Candidates gallery

Other websites
1992 popular vote by counties
1992 popular vote by state
1992 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)

References

Presidential election
1992 elections
1992
Meliaceae

Meliaceae is a family of dicotyledonous plants in order Sapindales, most of which have spirally pinnate leaves. 

The family includes about 50 genera and 550 species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north.

Meliaceae
South Jakarta

South Jakarta () is a city in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the second largest administrative city in Jakarta after East Jakarta. 

South Jakarta is divided into five subdistricts: Kebayoran Baru, Kebayoran Lama, Pesanggrahan, Setiabudi, Cilandak, Pasar Minggu, and Jagakarsa.

Other websites
Official site.

Jakarta
Alexandre Bolduc

Alexandre Bolduc (born June 26, 1985 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who currently plays for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Bolduc was selected by the St. Louis Blues with the 127th pick in the 2004 NHL Draft but never played for them. He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks. He signed a contract with the Coyotes on July 2, 2011.

References

1985 births
American Hockey League players
Arizona Coyotes players
Canadian ice hockey centres
ECHL players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
People from Montreal
Phoenix Coyotes players
Rouyn-Noranda Huskies players
Shawinigan Cataractes players
Vancouver Canucks players
Manitoba Moose

The Manitoba Moose are a professional ice hockey team that play in the American Hockey League (AHL). They play in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, at the MTS Centre. They are the farm team of the Winnipeg Jets.

The team originally played as the Manitoba Moose from 1996 until 2011. They were relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and became the St. John's IceCaps, which is the AHL farm team of the Winnipeg Jets. The team played in St. John's for four seasons.

In May 2015, it was announced that the team would be returning to Winnipeg and would be once again be called the Manitoba Moose.

References

Other websites
Manitoba Moose Official Site
The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (AHL)
The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (IHL)
Manitoba Moose on CJOB

1996 establishments in Canada
2011 disestablishments in Canada
2015 establishments in North America
American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Canada
Sport in Manitoba
2010s establishments in Canada
Stickleback

Sticklebacks are fish of the Gasterosteidae family. FishBase currently recognises sixteen species in the family, grouped in five genera. Several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision. 

An unusual features of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. They are related to pipefish and seahorses. Stickleback species are found in fresh water environments in Europe, Asia and North America. They feed on small crustaceans and fish larvae.

Sticklebacks have strong separated spines in the dorsal fin. All species show similar mating behaviour, with co-operation between the sexes, and protection of the eggs. The males construct a nest from vegetation held together by secretions from their kidneys. The males then attract females to the nest. The females lay their eggs inside, where the males fertilise them. The males then guards the eggs until they hatch.

References 

 
 

Teleosts
J.B.S. Haldane

John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (3 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), known as Jack (but who used 'J.B.S.' in his printed works), was a British geneticist and evolutionary biologist who emigrated to India towards the end of his life. He was one of the founders (along with Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright) of population genetics.

Jack Haldane was a communist, atheist and a writer of popular science books, and articles for the Daily Worker. His major professional work was his contribution of mathematical papers on the theory of evolution, which assisted the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Career 
Between 1919 and 1922 he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford University, then moved to Cambridge University, where he accepted a Readership in Biochemistry at Trinity College and taught there until 1932. During his nine years at Cambridge, Haldane worked on enzymes and genetics, particularly the mathematical side of genetics. Haldane wrote many popular essays on science that were eventually collected and published in 1927 in a volume entitled Possible Worlds.

He then accepted a position as Professor of Genetics and moved to University College London where he spent most of his academic career. Four years later he became the first Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London.
 
Haldane's move to India, initially to the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) was influenced by a number of factors. Officially he stated that his chief political reason was in response to the Suez Crisis. He wrote: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law." 

His interest in India was also because of his interest in biological research, belief that the warm climate would do him good and that India offered him freedom and shared socialist dreams. At the ISI, he headed the biometry unit and spent time researching a range of topics and guiding other researchers around him.

References 

 Haldane J.B.S. 1932. The causes of evolution.

1892 births
1964 deaths
English biologists
English geneticists
Lost Generation

The "Lost Generation" is a term used to describe a number of  American writers and artists who went to live in Europe after the First World War. People associated with the Lost Generation include Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sherwood Anderson and John Steinbeck.

The term has also been used more recently to describe those unable to find work after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.

Origin of the term

The writer and poet Gertrude Stein is often considered to have come up with the term She supposedly heard her  French garage owner speak of his unskilled young workers as "une generation perdue" (a generation lost). Ernest Hemingway then used the term in the introduction to his novel The Sun Also Rises.

The term is generally used for the period from the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Great Depression.

Meaning

After the First World War, members of the Lost Generation decided that they did not want to live a normal life in America. They went to Europe, often Paris. Away from America, the Lost Generation often  drank heavily, had affairs and tried to find meaning in life. The Lost Generation produced some of the finest writing of all time, and arguably created a new style of writing.

Notes

Great Depression
W.D. Hamilton

William Donald Hamilton FRS (1 August 1936 – 7 March 2000) was an English evolutionary biologist whom Richard Dawkins praised as one of the greatest evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.

Hamilton became famous through his theoretical work on kin selection and altruism. He explained its genetic basis, and this was a key part of the  gene-centered view of evolution. In doing this, he became one of the forerunners of sociobiology, as popularized by E.O. Wilson. Hamilton was certainly a big influence on Dawkins. He also published important work on sex ratios and the evolution of sex. From 1984 to his death in 2000, he was the Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University. He died of malaria contracted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Hamilton's equation 
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if rxb is greater than c:

where:
  is the reproductive cost to the altruist,
  is the reproductive benefit to the recipient of the altruistic behavior, and
  is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".

Collected papers 
Hamilton started to publish his collected papers starting in 1996, with short essays giving each paper context. He died after the preparation of the second volume, so the commentaries for the third volume came from his coauthors.

References 

1936 births
2000 deaths
English mathematicians
English geneticists
English evolutionary biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
John Maynard Smith

John Maynard Smith, FRS (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he then took a second degree in genetics under the well-known biologist J.B.S. Haldane. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorized on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.

Awards 
He won most of the awards available to scientists:

Fellow, Royal Society (1977)
Darwin Medal (1986)
Frink Medal (1990)
Balzan Prize (1991)
Linnean Medal (1995)
Royal Medal (1997)
Crafoord Prize (1999)
Copley Medal (1999)
Kyoto Prize (2001)
Darwin-Wallace Award (2008).  This was at the time awarded every 50 years by the Linnean Society of London. Maynard Smith was one of thirteen co-recipients.

Maynard Smith has an Erdős number of four.

Books 
 Maynard Smith J. 1958. The theory of evolution. London, Penguin Books. 
 1993 edn 
 Maynard Smith J. 1968. Mathematical ideas in biology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
 Maynard Smith J. 1972. On evolution. Edinburgh University Press. 
 Maynard Smith J. 1974. Models in ecology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
 Maynard Smith J. 1978. The evolution of sex. Cambridge University Press. 
 Maynard Smith J. (ed) 1981. Evolution now. London, Macmillan. 
 Maynard Smith J. 1982. Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press. 
 Maynard Smith J. 1986. The problems of biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
 Maynard Smith J. 1988. Did Darwin get it right?: essays on games, sex and evolution. London, Chapman & Hall. 
 Maynard Smith J. 1989. Evolutionary genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
 Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1997. The major transitions in evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. 
 Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1999. The origins of life: from the birth of life to the origin of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
 Maynard Smith J. and Harper D. 2003. Animal signals. Oxford University Press.

References 

1920 births
2004 deaths
English biologists
English geneticists
British zoologists
English science writers
Kawasaki Station

Kawasaki Station (川崎駅,かわさきえき) is a railway station of JR East,  in Kawasaki, Japan.

Adjacent stations
JR East
Tōkaidō Line
Rapid Acty, Local
Shinagawa - Kawasaki - Yokohama
Keihin-Tōhoku Line
 Rapid, Local
Kamata - Kawasaki - Tsurumi
Nambu Line
Kawasaki - Shitte

Other websites

Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture
Mudvayne

Mudvayne is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Peoria, Illinois in 1996. They play for the record label Epic Records.

History

Beginnings (1996–98) 
In 1996, the band was formed with it's original line-up. In 1997, the band released their very first EP, Kill, I Oughta. In 1998, the band got signed under Epic Records.

L.D. 50 (1999–2001) 
In 1999, the band started working on their debut album, which was released on August 22, 2000. The album peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 85 on the Billboard 200. The band participated in the Tattoo to Earth tour, along with many other bands. This album contains the singles Dig and Death Blooms.

The End of All Things to Come (2002–03) 
In January 2002, the band was starting to work on their second album. It was released on November 19, 2002. It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2003. Also in 2003, the band had participated in the Summer Sanitarium Tour. This album contains the singles Not Falling and World So Cold.

Lost and Found (2004–06) 
The album was worked on all throughout 2004, it was set to be released in November 2004, with its first single (Determined) set to be released in September of that year, but was pushed back due to production issues, it was eventually released on April 12, 2005. The album sold 100, 000 copies at the week of it's release. It debuted at No. 2 and was certified Gold by the RIAA later that same year. This album contains the singles Determined (which was nominated at the 2006 Grammy Awards), Happy?, Forget to Remember and Fall into Sleep.

By the People, for the People, The New Game, self-titled album and Break-up (2007–10) 
On November 27, 2007, Mudvayne released their compilation album. Also in 2007, they have been working on a new album, which was released on November 18, 2008. It was initially set for a late 2007 release but production was temporarily put on hold in mid 2007, before resuming in early 2008. The album debuted at No. 15 on the Billboard 200. It sold 48, 000 copies at the week of it's release. This album contains the singles Do What You Do, A New Game and Scarlet Letters. 

In 2008, right after the release of their fourth album, they started to work on their final album, which was their self titled album. It was released on December 21, 2009. The album debuted at No. 54 on the Billboard 200 and sold around 34, 000 copies at the week of it's release. By the next week, sales dropped drastically. This album contains the single Scream with Me.

1996 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
1990s establishments in Illinois
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2010 disestablishments in the United States
Alternative metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Illinois
Alastair Campbell

Alastair John Campbell (born 25 May 1957) was the Director of Communications and Strategy for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Tony Blair) between 1997 and 2003.

He used to work for the Daily Mirror as their politics reporter, and was an alcoholic. Then he had a breakdown, gave up drinking, and started working for Tony Blair in 1994. He was seen as one of the main spin doctors in the Labour Party. He eventually resigned over the 45 minute claim in the dossier prepared over the Iraq War, after the Hutton report had come out and Dr. David Kelly was dead.

He currently works as a broadcaster, journalist and spokesman for Leukaemia Research. He is said to be re-joining the Labour campaign team for the 2010 election. He is an atheist.

References 

1957 births
Living people
British atheists
British journalists
British politicians
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse was a children's television series on Playhouse Disney and Disney Channel. It was produced by Disney.
It showed Mickey Mouse and his playmates in their journeys in different places as they learned on the way.
They took help with 3, 4 or 5 items called Mouskatools given by a Mickey Head looking Toodles.

Other websites

References 

2006 American television series debuts
Television series by Disney
Children's television series
Indies

The Indies is a word used for places in South and Southeast Asia, including Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and also Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines, East Timor, Malaysia and Indonesia. Sometimes this area has been called the East Indies, in contrast to the West Indies.

Asia
Alex Burrows

Alexandre Ménard-Burrows (born April 11, 1981) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey winger with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Ottawa Senators. He is known for his ascension to the NHL from being an undrafted player in the ECHL.

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 

1981 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Vancouver Canucks players
American Hockey League players
Winger (ice hockey)

Winger, in hockey, is a forward position of a player who is on either side of the centre forward, often along the playing area. They usually work by going beside the centre. At first, the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink. Now, there are different types of wingers in the game: they either are mainly goal scorers, or help stop the other team from scoring.

This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes. Players to the left of the centre are called "left wingers," and players on the right are called "right wingers."

Ice hockey positions
Slovakia men's national ice hockey team

The Slovak men's national ice hockey team is one of the best national ice hockey teams in the world.  As of 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the world governing body of ice hockey, ranks them as the eighth best national team. The team is operated by the Slovak Ice Hockey Federation under general manager Peter Bondra, and head coach Ján Filc. In the last six years, Slovakia has won three medals at the World Championships, including a gold medal in 2002. Slovakia has a total of 12,375 hockey players (0.23% of the population).

History
The Slovak national team was created after Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. For years, the Czechs kept control over how the Czechoslovakian national team was run, and limited how many Slovak players were on the team. When the country became two, the Czech Republic team was allowed to compete at the highest pool (A), and the IIHF ruled that because fewer players of the former Czechoslovak team were Slovaks, Slovakia have to start international play in pool C, the lowest group. However, Slovakia's play in the lower pools won it promotion to pool A by 1996.

Olympic record

 1994 - Finished in 6th place
 1998 - Finished in 10th place
 2002 - Finished in 13th place
 2006 - Finished in 5th place (see roster)
 2010 - Finished in 4th place

World Cup record
1996 - Did not qualify
2004 - Lost in quarter-finals

World Championship record

1994 - Finished in 21st place (winner of the "Pool C")
1995 - Finished in 13th place (winner of the "Pool B")
1996 - Finished in 10th place
1997 - Finished in 9th place
1998 - Finished in 7th place
1999 - Finished in 7th place
2000 - Won silver medal 
2001 - Finished in 7th place
2002 - Won gold medal
2003 - Won bronze medal 
2004 - Finished in 4th place
2005 - Finished in 5th place
2006 - Finished in 8th place
2007 - Finished in 6th place
2008 - Finished in 13th place
2009 - Finished in 10th place

World Championship 2009 Roster

2002 Gold Medallists

Goalies:
Ján Lašák,
Rastislav Staňa,
Miroslav Šimonovič.

Defensemen: 
Jerguš Bača,
Ladislav Čierny,
Radoslav Hecl,
Richard Lintner,
Dušan Milo,
Peter Smrek,
Martin Štrbák,
Ľubomír Višňovský.

Forwards:
Ľuboš Bartečko,
Peter Bondra,
Michal Handzuš,
Miroslav Hlinka,
Ladislav Nagy,
Vladimír Országh,
Žigmund Pálffy,
Rastislav Pavlikovský,
Róbert Petrovický,
Peter Pucher,
Radovan Somík,
Jozef Stümpel,
Miroslav Šatan,
Róbert Tomík,
Marek Uram.

References
  - from the National Hockey League
   - from Sports Illustrated
  - from International Ice Hockey Federation

Ice hockey in Europe
National ice hockey teams
Sport in Slovakia
Yucca brevifolia

Yucca brevifolia is a plant species in the genus Yucca and in the family Agavaceae. Its common names are Joshua tree and Yucca palm and Tree yucca and Palm tree yucca. They grow in the desert and do not have growth rings. The lack of grow rings makes it hard to tell the trees age.

Agavaceae
1910–11 NHA season

The 1910–11 NHA season was the second season of the former National Hockey Association. Five teams played 16 games each, starting on December 31, 1910 and ending on March 10, 1911. The Ottawa Hockey Club won the league championship and took over the Stanley Cup from the Montreal Wanderers.

Regular season

Final standings

Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Results

† Protested by Renfrew.

‡ Replay of protested game.

Goalkeeper Averages

Leading scorers

References

Further readings 
 
 
 
 .

National Hockey Association
Tim Thomas

Timothy Thomas, Jr. (born April 15, 1974), called The Tank, is a former American professional ice hockey goaltender under contract with the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was raised in Flint, Michigan and played college hockey for the University of Vermont for four years from 1993–1997, during which, he was selected 217th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played for several years in the minor leagues and Europe before becoming the Boston Bruins' starting goaltender. He, along with Manny Fernandez, is the current holder of the William M. Jennings Trophy. Thomas is a two-time NHL All-Star, and was the winner of the 2009 Vezina Trophy as the league's best goaltender. The Bruins suspended Thomas for not reporting to training camp and he was traded to the Islanders for a conditional 2nd round pick in either 2014 or 2015.

References

Other websites 

1974 births
American ice hockey players
Boston Bruins players
Dallas Stars players
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Quebec Nordiques

The Quebec Nordiques (, pronounced  in Quebec French,  in Canadian English, meaning "Northmen" or "Northerners") were a professional ice hockey team from Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The Nordiques played in the World Hockey Association (1972–1979) and the National Hockey League (1979–1995). The team moved to Denver, Colorado in 1995 and changed their name to the Colorado Avalanche.

As the value of the Canadian dollar was failing, the Quebec Nordiques were compelled to sell their team. With the salaries of players rising and the arena in need of repairs, the ownership of the Nordiques was sold to a group of investors in Denver, Colorado. To make matters worse, during their first season in Colorado, the former Nordiques, now Colorado Avalanche, won the Stanley Cup.

1972 establishments in Canada
1990s disestablishments in Canada
1995 disestablishments
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Sport in Quebec City
World Hockey Association teams
1967 NHL expansion

The National Hockey League (NHL) went through an expansion for the 1967–68 NHL season. It added six new teams, which already had six teams in it. This marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942. It was the end of the Original Six era in the NHL, which had happened since 1942.

The expansion process began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division. 

Before the expansion, there were six teams:
Boston Bruins
Chicago Black Hawks
Detroit Red Wings
Montreal Canadiens
New York Rangers
Toronto Maple Leafs

The six teams added in 1967 were:
California Seals
Los Angeles Kings
Minnesota North Stars
Philadelphia Flyers
Pittsburgh Penguins
St. Louis Blues

National Hockey League
NHL Expansion
St. Louis Blues
1967 in North America
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy

The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, originally known as the Lady Byng Trophy, is given each year to the National Hockey League "player adjudged to have exhibited the best type of sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with a high standard of playing ability". The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy has been awarded 84 times to 50 different players since it was first awarded in 1925. The voting is done at the end of the season by the members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.

Winners

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Chris Andersen

Christopher Claus Andersen (born July 7, 1978) is an American former basketball player. Andersen was born in Long Beach, California, grew up in Iola, Texas, and played one year at Blinn College. He was nicknamed "Birdman" by Junior Harrington, another former NBA player, for having wing tattoos on his inner biceps. He received a two-year ban from the NBA in 2006 for violating the league's drug policy, but was reinstated on March 4, 2008. During his 17-year, career, he played for the Denver Nuggets, New Orleans Hornets, Miami Heat, Memphis Grizzlies, and Cleveland Cavaliers and won a championship with the Heat in 2013. He also played for the Chinese Basketball Association. He now plays in the Big3 League.

References

Other websites
 

1978 births
Basketball players from California
Living people
Denver Nuggets players
New Orleans Hornets players
Miami Heat players
Memphis Grizzlies players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
People from Long Beach, California
Asclepias curassavica

Asclepias curassavica (also known as the scarlet milkweed, Mexican butterfly weed, or bloodflower) is a species of milkweed plant.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to Central America and South America.  It is now naturalized around the world.  It gets flowers from spring to fall.

References

Other websites

Asclepias curassavica at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias curassavica at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Asclepias curassavica at FLORIDATA

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