cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Deir ez-Zor

Deir ez-Zor , also spelled Dayr al-Zawr, Der Ezzor, Deir Azzor, and other variants (; , , , Ter Zor), is the 7th largest city in Syria and the largest in the eastern part of Syria. It is the capital of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. There were 211,857 people in 2004.  It is on the shores of Euphrates River.  

The city is famous for the Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge across the Euphrates. It was completed in 1927.  The Deir ez-Zor Museum keeps thousands of items collected from nearby archeological sites in Northern Mesopotamia. Main campuses of Al-Furat University and Al-Jazeera University are also there.

References

Cities in Syria
Tartus

Tartus ( / ALA-LC: Ṭarṭūs; also known as Tartous) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of Syria. It is the second largest port city in Syria (after Latakia), with 115,769 inhabitants (2004 census).  It is on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

References

Cities in Syria
Sirte

Sirte (also spelled Sirt, Surt, Sert or  Syrte, pronounced  ; ; from ) is a city in Libya.  It is on the south coast of the Gulf of Sidra.

The city was the final major stronghold of Gaddafi loyalists in the Libyan civil war.

Muammar al-Gaddafi, former leader of Libya, was born there. Gaddafi was killed there by rebel forces on 20 October 2011.

References

Cities in Libya
Benghazi

Benghazi is a city and district in Libya. It is the second largest city in the country with 670,797 people (2006). It is also the capital of the Cyrenaica region.  It was the former provisional capital of the National Transitional Council.  It is on the Mediterranean Sea.

The oldest university in Libya is the University of Libya in the city.  Libyan International Medical University is the first accredited private medical university.

Two of Libya's most-successful football clubs are in the city. They are Al-Ahly Benghazi and Al-Nasr.  The two teams have won the Libyan Premier League five times.

References

Other websites
Misrata

Misrata  ( , Libyan Arabic: ), also known as Misurata or Misratah, is a city in northwestern Libya.  It is in the Misrata District.

With a population of 281,000, Misrata is the third largest city in Libya, after Tripoli and Benghazi. 

Misrata University is in the city.

Football clubs 
 Asswehly S.C. (founded 1944)
 Alhiyad Sports Club (founded 1965)

People from Misrata 
 Daniel Bogdanović
 Ramadan al-Swehli

References

Other websites 

Cities in Libya
Ne-Yo

Shaffer Chimere Smith (born on October 18, 1979 in Camden, Arkansas), better known as Ne-Yo, is a Grammy Award-winning American singer who sings R&B. In 2004 he wrote "Let Me Love You" for Mario. It was number one in the Billboard Hot 100 for nine weeks. After this, Def Jam Recordings signed him. His debut album, In My Own Words, was released during 2006. Other albums then followed. In 2009, Billboard ranked him as the 57th Artist of the 2000s decade.

He is known for songs like "So Sick", "When You're Mad", "Closer", "Miss Independent", "Let's Go" and "Give Me Everything".  The first and last song both reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.

Albums 

 In My Own Words (2006)
 Because of You (2007)
 Year of the Gentleman (2008)
 Libra Scale (2010)
 R.E.D. (2012)
 Non-Fiction (2013)

Grammy Awards

References

1979 births
American R&B musicians
African-American singers
Musicians from Arkansas
Living people
Sage Stallone

Sage Stallone (May 5, 1976 -  July 13, 2012) was an American movie actor. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He began acting in 1990 and was also a movie producer. He died in Studio City, Los Angeles of a heart attack caused by atherosclerosis. He was the elder son of Sylvester Stallone.

Other websites 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
1976 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from atherosclerosis
Yuri Shevchuk

Yuri Shevchuk (), born 16 May 1957, is a Soviet and Russian singer/songwriter. He is the leader of rock band DDT, which he founded in 1980. 

Shevchuk was born in Magadan region and raised in Ufa. Now he lives in St. Petersburg, Russia. 

He is known as one of the greatest song-writers in modern Russia. 

Shevchuk is very critical of the Vladimir Putin's government.

References

Other websites
 Official website of DDT

1957 births
Living people
Russian musicians
DDT (band)

DDT (or ДДТ in Cyrillic) is a popular Russian rock band founded in 1980. The leader is Yuri Shevchuk. It is one of the most successful and famous Russian musical groups.

History
The band was formed in 1980.

Although they never considered themselves political activists, Shevchuk always addresses the problems of his country. DDT always worked as a "non-conformist" group, producing albums and giving concerts throughout the world.

In 1988 DDT made their first visit to the U.S., their concert in Los Angeles was covered by MTV.

In 1992 DDT released the album Spring the Actress. This album contained famous hits, especially "Shto takoe osen'" (What is Autumn), "Dozd'" (Rain) and "Rodina" (Motherland).

In May 1998, the band presented the new album World number zero which contained influences from industrial music and a wide use of computer technologies.

In 2011, DDT released the album Otherwise.

References

Other websites
Official site

Russian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1980
1980s establishments in the Soviet Union
Mark Teixeira

Mark Charles Teixeira (born  April 11, 1980) plays American Major League Baseball. He has played first and third bases and the outfield. He was born in Annapolis, Maryland.  He played college ball for Georgia Tech. In 2001 he won the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year. He has played professsional ball with the Texas Rangers, the Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and the New York Yankees. Teixeira is of Portuguese-American descent. He, his wife, and their three children live in Greenwich, Connecticut. He likes hunting, fishing, golfing, and reading. He is a Christian and likes Broadway musicals.

References

Living people
1980 births
American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
New York Yankees players
People from Annapolis, Maryland
Sportspeople from Maryland
Texas Rangers players
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players
Crotalus oreganus

Crotalus oreganus (commonly known as the western rattlesnake) is a species of venomous Pit viper. There are currently six subspecies recognized, not including the nominate subspecies.

Description
The Western Rattlesnake is a large species of the Crotalus.They can reach to the size of 100 centimeters (39 in) in length, but the longest ever found was the size of 162.6 centimeters (64 in). They are usually dark brown, dark gray, or olive brown in color, covered with dark blotches and uneven white edges.

Feeding
The Western Rattlesnake eats mainly rodents like the mouse, the rat, and the squirrel, but it also eats rabbits and small birds.

Common Names
Some of the Western Rattlesnakes names included the "Northern Pacific Rattlesnake", the "Black Diamond Rattlesnake", the "Arizona Diamond Rattlesnake", the "California Rattlesnake", the "Hallowell's Rattlesnake",and the "Oregon Rattlesnake".

Where they live
The Western Rattlesnake is found in North America, from southwestern Canada, western U.S.A, and northern Mexico.In Canada it is found in southern British Columbia. In the U.S.A it is found in Washington, Oregon, western and southern Idaho, California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. In northern Mexico it is found in western Baja California.

Subspecies
 Grand Canyon Rattlesnake, C. o. abyssus
 Coronado Island Rattlesnake, C. o. caliginis
 Arizona Black Rattlesnake, C. o. cerberus
 Midget Faded Rattlesnake, C. o. concolor
 Southern Pacific Rattlesnake, C. o. helleri
 Great Basin Rattlesnake, C. o. lutosus

References

Other websites

 

Vipers
Bharata Natyam

Bharata Natyam or bharatanatyam, is an Indian classical dance.

Both male and female dancers perform this dance. The classical Indian story-dance can be used to express a complex range of emotions which respond to the actions of the male heroes.

This classical Indian dance attracts interest and study in India and other parts of the world, including China Europe and North America.

History
Bharata Natyam comes from the state of Tamil Nadu. 

The dance’s origins are recorded in Tamil literary texts of the sixth century BC. It was revived in the late 18th century and again in the early 20th century.

Etymology & History 

(The etymology in #1 below for "Bharata" is spurious.  It only makes sense with the English spelling/pronunciation of "Bha", "Ra", and "Ta", which would be "Bhā-rā-tā.  The actual pronunciation is Bhə-rə-tə which does not make for a good story).

The name was invented in the twentieth century by the great dancer Rukmini Devi and others.  It is supposed to indicate that this style was the original style described in a book on Natya by the sage Bharata, i.e. "Bharata's Dance".  The text describes poses but in the absence of illustration, the exact poses had to be re-imagined -- the quality of this re-imagination is a tribute to the intellectual and aesthetic abilities of Rukmini Devi and her teachers, but there is no other link between Bharatanatyam now and the dances described in ancient Tamil texts.

The re-imagined dance form was largely based on Sadir-attam, the dances performed by temple devavdasis, whose status had fallen over many centuries and under British non-comprehension of its cultural roots.  Sadir-attam itself was the name given to the dance during its eighteenth century revival under the sponsorship of Raja Serfoji of Tanjore.

The knowledge of the ancient dance was maintained by the caste of devadasis, but as an oral and terpsichorean tradition, without writing.  As such, documentation of the historic relationship between those dances and contemporary Bharatanatyam is scant.

References

Other websites
  Indo-American Arts Council 
 Johns Hopkins,  Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam – Classical Dances of South India 

Dance in India
Tamil culture
Mount Whymper (Edward)

Mount Whymper, 2.844 m, is a mountain on the Canadian Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. It is in the Vermilion Pass area, Kootenay National Park.

The mountain is named for its first conqueror, the English alpinist, explorer, writer and engraver Edward Whymper.

In 1901, Whymper and his four guides (Joseph Bossoney, Christian Kaufmann, Christian Klucker, and James Pollinger) first climbed Mount Whymper. It was renamed to honour him. Before the mountain was named Mount Lefroy. Whymper was exploring the area sponsored by Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to promote the Canadian Rocky Mountains and the railway in his conferences.

There is another Mount Whymper in British Columbia, on Vancouver Island.  It is named for Edward's brother Frederick Whymper.

References

Mountains of British Columbia
Mount Whymper (Frederick)

Mount Whymper is a mountain on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.  It is the highest point in Canada south of the 49th parallel.  It is between the headwaters of the Chemainus River and the South Nanaimo River.  This is  north of Honeymoon Bay.

History
The mountain was named in 1864 for Frederick Whymper. He went with Robert Brown on the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition

There is another Mount Whymper in British Columbia.  It is named for Frederick's brother Edward Whymper.

References

Mountains of British Columbia
Stanley Peak (Ball Range)

Stanley Peak is a 3,155 m high mountain (10,335 ft) located in the Ball Range, at the northeastern section of Kootenay National Park, in Canadian Rocky Mountains (British Columbia / Canada).  

The mountain was named in 1901 by its first climber, the English explorer Edward Whymper, after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, the sixth Governor-General of Canada. There are sources that date the namimg in 1912 after Stanley H. Mitchell, Secretary-Treasurer of Alpine Club of Canada.

The peak is visible from the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 93. Stanley Glacier on the northeast face of the peak can be seen up close by following a hiking trail into a hanging valley between the peak and a southern outlier of Storm Mountain.

Stanley Peak can be ascended from a scrambling route by late summer but involves much route-finding among the many ledges and gullies on the north face. Climbing routes (UIAA III) travel the north and northeast faces.

Other BC peaks 
There are another two peaks in British Columbia called Stanley Peak. One is 2,935 m high, located at the Squamish-Lillooet regional district (), 24 km north-west from Keyhole Falls and 62 km west from Gold Bridge,. 

The other is 2,030 m high, in the Stikine region () (90 km north-west from Skagway, Alaska).

References

Mountains of British Columbia
Geography of British Columbia
Park Yeong-hyo

Park Yung-hyo or Bak Young-hyo (; 1861 – 21 September 1939) was a politician and independence activist during the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was one of the organizers of the Gapsin coup in 1884. His nickname was Chungo (;), Hyunhyungeosa (;). His real name was Muryang (;). His Japanese name was Yamajaki Eiharu ().

Yeong-hyo was the designer of the national flag of Korea (Taegukki; ;) in 1882. Park was married to Princess Yeonghye. She was the illegitimate daughter of king Chuljong of Joseon, the 25th king of the Joseon dynasty.

Related pages
 Kim Ok-gyun
 Yun Chi-ho

References

Other websites

 Park Yeong-hyo  
 Park Yeong-hyo 
 Park Yeong-hyo:Korean historical person information  
 Park Young-hyo:navercast 

1861 births
1939 deaths
Korean activists
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Keith Thomas

Keith Thomas (born in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American record producer and songwriter. He has won several Grammy Awards for songs he wrote. He currently lives in Nashville, Tennessee.

Credits

Other websites 
 http://www.keiththomas.com/
 http://www.levosia.com/

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American record producers
American songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Atlanta, Georgia
Writers from Atlanta, Georgia
Promotional recording

Not to be confused with Single (music)
A promotional recording (or promo), is an audio or video recording that is released for free. They are released to promote a song that will be released through an album. Promos are sent to broadcasters, such as music radios, television stations, tastemakers, DJs, and music journalists. Recording labels perform this for their artist(s) to achieve airplay, positive reviews, and other exposure for fame. 

Promos are often released in plain packaging. This means that a artwork or text may not appear on the cover. Most promos are marked with "Licensed for promotional use only. Sale is prohibited." In some cases, promos may ask the owner to return the promo back to the record label. However, it is not against the law to sell promotional recordings. There has been recalls of promos, but this is rare and not forced by recording labels.

Because promos are released in smaller quantities than CD singles, they are sometimes considered a collectors item. They are never released in record stores. Promotional recordings, in terms of airplay, can chart on the US Hot 100 Airplay and not the Billboard Hot 100 chart. This is because, the promotional recordings are not released physically.

Music industry
Sinai Peninsula

The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Sīnā), is a triangular peninsula in Egypt. It is about  in area. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south. It is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia. This is because the Sinai is known as a land bridge between the two continents of Africa and Asia. There are approximately 500,000 people living there. Egyptians refer to it as the "Land of Fayrouz", based on the Ancient Egyptian "Dumafkat".

There have been several battles in the region. The Sinai has been under the rule by Egyptian governments, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, and the modern Egyptian republic. It was also controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and the United Kingdom from 1882 to 1956. Israel invaded and took over Sinai during the 1956 Suez Crisis (known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression) and during the 1967 Six Day War. On October 6, 1973, Egypt began the October War to allow the Sinai to be a free nation.

In 1982, after the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979, Israel left Sinai. Since Israel's departure, the region became a tourist destination. This was because of its natural setting, their coral reefs, and biblical history. Mount Sinai is a sacred place in Abrahamic religion.

Other websites 

 Guide to Sinai, covering background information on history, flora, fauna, desert, bedouin, safaris and geology of Sinai
 Sinai Local Magazine
 Sinai in ancient Egypt
 Broadcasting videos from Sinai 
 Images of the Sinai Desert

Books 
 Gardner, Ann "At Home in South Sinai" Nomadic Peoples 2000. Vol. 4,Iss. 2; pp. 48–67. Detailed account of Bedouin women
 
 
 

Peninsulas
Geography of Egypt
Gauss's law

Gauss's law (or Gauss's flux theorem) is a law of physics. The law is about the relationship between  electric charge and the resulting electric field. In words, Gauss's law states that:

The net electric flux through any closed surface is equal to  times the net electric charge enclosed within that closed surface.

The law was created by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1835. However, it was not published until 1867. It is one of the four Maxwell's equations on classical electrodynamics. The other three are Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law of induction, and Ampère's circuital law.

References

Other websites 
 MIT Video Lecture Series (30 x 50 minute lectures)- Electricity and Magnetism  Taught by Professor Walter Lewin.
section on Gauss's law in an online textbook
MISN-0-132 Gauss's Law for Spherical Symmetry  (PDF file) by Peter Signell for Project PHYSNET.
MISN-0-133 Gauss's Law Applied to Cylindrical and Planar Charge Distributions  (PDF file) by Peter Signell for Project PHYSNET.

Electromagnetism
Laws of physics
Wushu (sport)

Wushu is a sport that is originated from traditional Chinese martial arts. It was created in China after 1949. It was created to nationalize the practice of traditional Chinese martial arts. Most of the competitions had influences of martial arts. This was created by government committees. Wushu has become an international sport through the International Wushu Federation (IWUF). The IWUF holds the World Wushu Championships every two years. The first World Championships were held in 1991 in Beijing.

Competitive wushu is made up of two disciplines:  taolu (套路; forms) and sanda (散打; sparring). Taolu involves martial arts routines. These are judged and given points according to specific rules on quality and difficulty of movements. The movements could be stances, kicks, punches, balances, jumps, sweeps and throws. Competitive forms have time limits that can range from 1 minute, 20 seconds to over five minutes. Modern wushu competitors practice jumping techniques such as 540 and 720 and even 900 degree jumps and kicks.

Sanda (sometimes called sanshou or Lei tai) is a modern fighting method and sport. It was influenced by traditional Chinese boxing, Chinese wrestling and Chinese grappling. Sanda has all the combat features of wushu. Sanda is similar to kickboxing or Muay Thai, but it involves more grappling techniques. Sanda competitions are often held alongside taolu competitions.

References

Books 
 Mastering WUSHU  by Jiang Bangjun and Emilio Alpanseque, .
 Fundamentals of High Performance Wushu: Taolu Jumps and Spins  by Raymond Wu, .
 Kung Fu Elements , Liang, Shou-Yu and Wu, Wen-Ching,

Other websites 

 International Wushu Federation – Official Website
 The Web's Most Comprehensive Wushu Site Covering the Beijing Wushu Team, US Wushu and Wushu in the Olympics. Contains pictures, videos, animation, articles and competition results and resources.
 FM – Wushu  – A list of Techniques and free animated tutorials for Contemporary Wushu Techniques
 What is Wushu  – Contains information about the history of wushu
 http://www.nardis.com/~twchan/liang.html –  Info about the history of wushu

Martial art techniques
Sport in China
World peace

World peace is an idea of freedom, peace, and happiness among everyone. World peace is an idea of a world without violence, where nations try to work with each other. World peace could mean equal human rights, technology, free education for everyone, engineering, availability of medicine, diplomats and/or an end to all forms of fighting.

A report in May 2011 on the Global Peace Index, found that if the world had been 25% more peaceful in the previous year, the global economy would have had an additional $2 trillion. This amount would have covered 2% of the GDP per year required  to avoid the worst effects of global warming, cover all costs to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, cancel the public debt held by Greece, Ireland and Portugal, and cover the one-time rebuilding costs for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

Many religions believe in world peace. The League of Nations and the United Nations were created to make world peace. Many theorists, however, believe that humans were born to be violent and preventing it would not be possible because it is nature. Others have said that criminals do not believe in peace and will continue to commit crimes.

References

Other websites 

 .
 .
 .
 

Peace
Political philosophy
Libertarianism
Pyramid of the Sun

The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest pyramid in the ancient city of Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán is about  north of the modern-day  Mexico City. The Aztecs named the building Pyramid of the Sun, when they entered the abandoned city of Teotihuacán. The original name of the building is unknown.

Description 
The pyramid has a base length of about , and its current height is .  This makes it the second largest pyramid in pre-Columbian America, after the Great Pyramid of Cholula. Inside Teotihuacán, the pyramid is located between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, on what is called the Avenue of the Dead. It is near a mountain called Cerro Gordo. The pyramid is part of large complex, which is in the middle of the city.

Construction 

The pyramid was constructed in two phases. After completion of the first phase, about 100 AD, the pyramid had reached almost its current height. The second phase consisted in adding an altar and a big statue at the top. Neither the altar nor the statue survive. 

Originally, the pyramid was covered with plates made of calcite, which showed images of animals, such as jaguars, but these plates did not survive. 

The pyramid probably served as a temple to one of the deities of Teotihuacán; but the name of the deity, and the nature of the cult are unknown today. 

Graves of children have been found in the pyramid. It is believed that the children were sacrificed to consecrate the building.

Pyramids
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Mexico (state)
Buildings and structures in Mexico
Gérard Philipe

Gérard Philipe (4 December 1922 – 25 November 1959) was a French actor who appeared in 34 movies between 1944 and 1959.

Career 
Gérard Philipe was born in Cannes, France. He had Czech ancestry from his maternal grandmother. When Philipe was a teenager, he took acting lessons. He done this before going to Paris to study at the Conservatoire of Dramatic Art. When Philipe was 19, he made his stage debut at a theater in Nice. The following year, he performed in the Albert Camus play, Caligula.

Philipe made his movie debut in Les Petites du Quai aux Fleurs (1943). After a few other minor roles, he became famous in his performance in Claude Autant-Lara's Devil in the Flesh (1947). Philipe was popular among women because of his looks. He was also liked by his friends. 

In 1951, Philipe married Nicole Fourcade (1917-1990). She was an actress and writer. They had two children. Fourcade was given the name Anne Philipe. She had also wrote about Philipe in two books. The first called Souvenirs (1960) and a second biography titled Le Temps d'un soupir (No Longer Than a Sign, 1963).

Philipe was recognized worldwide for his talent. At the time of his death, he was at his peak in his career. Philipe died of liver cancer while working on a movie project in Paris. It was several days before his 37th birthday. He was buried in the village cemetery in Ramatuelle, Var near the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1995, the celebrate 100 years of the cinema, the French government issued a series of limited edition coins. One of which included a 100 franc coin with Philipe's picture. In France, Philipe is known as an important person in that country. In 1986, he was given a postage stamp with his picture on it. There is also a movie festival named after him. There are also a number of school's in France that were named after Philipe. In Germany, he is less respected as an actor. However, a cultural center is named after him in Berlin.

Selected works
Film
Les Petites du Quai aux Fleurs (1944)
L'Idiot (1946)
Devil in the Flesh (1947)
La chartreuse de Parme (1948)
Une si jolie petite plage (1949)
La Ronde  (1950)
Juliette ou La clef des songes (1951)
Fanfan la Tulipe  (1952)
The Seven Deadly Sins (1952)
Les Belles de nuit (1952)
It Happened in the Park (1953)
Si Versailles m'était conté (1953)
Les Orgueilleux (1953)
The Red and the Black (1954)
Monsieur Ripois (1954)
Les Grandes Manœuvres (1955)
Si Paris nous était conté (1956)
Montparnasse 19 (1957)
Le Joueur (1958)
La Vie à deux (1958)
Les Liaisons dangereuses (1959)
La fièvre monte à El Pao (1959)

Voice
Le Petite Prince (1954)

References

Books

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Gérard Philipe at filmsdefrance.com
 Gérard Philipe at Film Reference
 Gérard Philipe A fan-maintained website
 

1922 births
1959 deaths
Actors from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Cancer deaths in France
People from Cannes
Deaths from liver cancer
French movie actors
Turnip

The turnip or white turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable. It is found in temperate climates worldwide. Smaller kinds of turnip are grown for human food. Larger ones are grown to feed livestock.

In the north of England and Scotland, the name turnip, or neeps, are given to the larger turnips such as the yellow rutabagas. They are called swedes father south.

Other websites 

 Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
 Alternative Field Crop Manual: Turnip
  Nutritional Facts

Root vegetables
Carotid artery

The carotid artery is one of the major arteries of the human body. It helps blood flow to and from a human's heart. 
In human anatomy, the left and right common carotid arterie are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood.

Blood vessels
List of people executed for homosexuality

Many people have been killed for being a homosexual. Killings of homosexuals are only practice in the Middle East and North Africa, where homosexuals are believed to be the reason for famines and other disastrous events. In other parts of the world, homosexuals can be charged to life in prison to a warning from local police. In some countries, homosexuals are given the right to be who they are and are protected by law.

List 
 John Atherton (1598-1640), Bishop of Waterford and Lismore
 Jacopo Bonfadio (c1508-1550), Italian humanist and historian
 Francesco Calcagno (1528-1550), Venician Franciscan friar.
 Giovanni di Giovanni (1350-1365), 15 year old Italian boy charged with being "a public and notorious passive sodomite"
 Lisbetha Olsdotter (died 1679), Swedish cross-dresser and early female soldier (disguised as a man).
 Dominique Phinot (c1510-c1556), French composer of the Renaissance

References

Executed for homosexuality
1,112 and Counting

1,112 and Counting is an essay that was written by novelist and playwright Larry Kramer in 1983. It was published in the New York Native. The newspaper is a gay daily newspaper for the LGBT community. It was believed to be one of the first major essays to be written about the AIDS crisis. The essay begins with the HIV death toll at the time. Many homosexuals did not like the essay. This was because the essay blamed them for the wide spread of the disease. Many others did not like it because Kramer was accused of being a 'self-hating gay man'. This was because of his novel Faggots which gave negative views on casual and anonymous sex.

The essay helped influence much of queer writing. It also helped Kramer's reputation as an gay rights advocate.

References

Other websites 
 The full text of "1,112 and Counting"

Essays
Adam and Steve

"Adam and Steve" is a phrase that was created from a conservative Christian slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve". It was created to summarize Judeo-Christian bible-based arguments against homosexual practices or homosexuality. The slogan also expresses that heterosexuality is the natural way of life for humanity. 

The phrase appeared on a protest sign as early as 1977. It was mentioned in a New York Times report about a November 19 rally in Houston, Texas that year. In 1979, Jerry Falwell helped the phrase to become popular. This happened after a press conference he held for Christianity Today. Many LGBT people have made movies and plays based on the phrase. Paul Rudnick wrote the play The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told, which has a gay couple named Adam and Steve. In 2005, a gay movie was released with the title Adam & Steve.

References

Books
 Katha Pollitt, Adam and Steve — Together at Last, The Nation, 15 December 2003.

LGBT
Usher (album)

Usher is the debut album by American singer Usher. It was released on August 30, 1994 on LaFace Records.

History 
The album reached number 167 on the Billboard 200 chart. It was given positive reviews from music critics.

Track listing

Sample credits
"Think of You" is a sample of "Tidal Wave" recorded by Ronnie Laws.

References

Other websites 
 
 Usher at Discogs

1994 albums
Usher albums
My Way

My Way is the second studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by LaFace Records on September 16, 1997. The album had three singles "Nice & Slow", "My Way" and "You Make Me Wanna...".

History 
The album debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 66,000 copies the first week. It also debuted at number four on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It reached number one for three weeks. My Way was then certified 6x Platinum for shipping 6,000,000 copies in the United States. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award. It also became his "breakthrough album". Many music critics gave positive reviews for the album.

Track listing

Sample credits
 "Come Back" has a sample of "Funky" by the Ultramagnetic MCs.
 "One Day You'll Be Mine" has a sample of "Footsteps in the Dark" by The Isley Brothers.

References

Other websites 
 mtv.com page on My Way

1997 albums
Usher albums
8701

8701 is the third studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by Arista Records on August 7, 2001.

History 
Recording the album took place in 2000 and 2001. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 210,000 copies the first week. In 18 weeks it sold 1,940,000 copies.

It has sold 4,700,000 copies in the United States. The album has sold over 8,000,000 copies worldwide. It was certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA. It reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Canadian Albums Chart. In Australia, it was certified 2x Platinum and Platinum by the BPI.

The album was given positive reviews from music critics. Many liked Usher's "matured voice" and the instruments Usher used to record the songs.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for 8701 from Allmusic.

 David Ashton – Assistant engineer
 Producer, Instrumentation – Bryan-Michael Cox
 Brian Garten – Engineer
 Kevin Guarnieri – Engineer, Assistant Engineer
 Performer – Puff Daddy
 David Rideau – Engineer
 Usher – Vocals

Charts

Chart positions

Certifications

Decade-end charts

Release history

References 

2001 albums
Usher albums
Raymond v. Raymond

Raymond v. Raymond is the sixth studio album by American singer Usher. It was released on March 26, 2010. Recording the album happened between 2008 and 2010. It was produced by Jermaine Dupri, The Runners, Ester Dean, Polow da Don, RedOne, Jim Jonsin, Danja, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, Bangladesh, and Tricky Stewart.

The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 329,000 copies the first week. It sold over 1,000,000 copies in the United States. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA. This means that the album shipped 1,000,000 copies in the United States. Raymond v. Raymond released five singles. These include the hit single "Hey Daddy (Daddy's Home)", "Lil Freak", "There Goes My Baby", "OMG", and "More".

After the album was released, it was given mixed reviews from music critics. Many music critics did not like the lyrics and the themes of the songs. Others liked it. The album won several awards. It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. Usher went on his OMG Tour in 2011 to promote the album worldwide.

Track listing

Personnel 
Credits for Raymond v. Raymond from Allmusic.

 Kory Aaron – assistant
 Marcella Araica – engineer
 Alex Barajas – assistant
 Tom Coyne – mastering
 Ian Cross – engineer, mixing, vocal engineer
 Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine – engineer
 Dylan "3-D" Dresdow – mixing
 Jermaine Dupri – mixing
 Joe Gallagher – assistant
 Conor Gilligan – assistant
 Matty Green – assistant
 Blake Harden – assistant
 Kemal Harris – stylist
 Patrick Hewlett – assistant
 Gordon Hogan – assistant
 Sam Holland – assistant
 John Horesco IV – engineer
 Bob Horn – mixing
 Jaycen Joshua – mixing
 Damien Lewis – assistant
 Giancarlo Lino – assistant
 Erik Madrid – assistant
 Michael Makowski – assistant
 Anthony Mandler – photography
 Rob Marks – engineer
 Frank Romano – guitar

 Matt Marrin – engineer, mixing
 Manny Marroquin – mixing
 Thurston McCrea – assistant
 Andrew Mezzi – assistant
 Brandon Middleton – assistant
 Vernon Mungo – engineer
 Brandon Parks – assistant
 Nicole Patterson – make-up
 Jonetta Patton – artist development
 Karl Peterson – assistant
 Mark Pitts – executive producer, A&R
 Shawn Porter – groomer
 Usher Raymond – executive producer
 Rob Skipworth – engineer
 Tim Sonnefeld – mixing
 Brian Stanley – mixing
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 Jay Stevenson – engineer
 Phil Tan – mixing
 Matt Taylor – art direction, design
 Miles Walker – engineer
 Jason Wilkie – assistant
 will.i.am – engineer
 Tre Williams – engineer
 James Wisner – engineer
 Lauren Evans - background vocals

Charts

Chart positions

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Other websites 
 
 Raymond v. Raymond at Discogs
 Raymond v. Raymond at Metacritic

2010 albums
Usher albums
Sharon Tate

Sharon Marie Tate (January 23, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American actress. She was married to movie director Roman Polanski.

Personal life
Tate was born in Dallas, Texas on January 23, 1943. She was the daughter of a career army officer. So, her family had to move through various parts of the United States and Europe. As a child, her parents placed her in a beauty contest and she won.

Movies
Tate made her movie debut in Eye of the Devil in 1965. The movie producer, Martin Ransohoff, made a ten-minute documentary promoting her, called All Eyes on Sharon Tate.

Tate met Polanski while acting in his movie, The Fearless Vampire Killers. That movie was a comedy mocking Hammer Horror movies. Polanski married her in 1968. She was also in the comedy Don't Make Waves in 1967. In 1967, she was also in the movie Valley of the Dolls. In 1969, she was in the spy comedy The Wrecking Crew. Her last movie was an Italian slapstick comedy called 12+1.

Death
In 1969, Tate was stabbed to death as a result of orders given by cult leader Charles Manson. The acts (four people were murdered) were done by the members of Manson's group, known as The Family.

Related pages 
 Tate murders

References

1943 births
1969 deaths
Actors from Dallas, Texas
American movie actors
American murder victims
Extras
Murdered actors
Murders by blade weapons
People murdered in California
Nastassja Kinski

Nastassja Kinski (born January 24, 1961)is a German-born American movie actress who has been in more than 60 movies. She is the daughter of German actor Klaus Kinski. Her movie debut was in The Wrong Move in 1975 at the age of 13. She starred in 1976 in To the Devil a Daughter. She was also in a television episode of Tatort called Reifezeugnis in 1976. That show was about a teenage girl in love with her teacher. She was then in Boarding School in 1976. She was also in Così come sei, also called Stay as You Are in 1978. She won a Golden Globe Award for her role in Tess.  The most recent movie she was in was Inland Empire (2006).

Personal life
At one point she dated Polish movie director Roman Polanski, who she met on the set of Tess.  She had a son with actor Vincent Spano. In the mid-1980s, Kinski met Egyptian movie maker Ibrahim Moussa. They married on September 10, 1984. They had two children. The marriage ended in 1992. From 1992 until 1995, Kinski lived with musician Quincy Jones. In 1993, their daughter was born.

References

Other websites

 Kinski's French language website 
 

1959 births
Living people
German movie actors
Live (album)

Live is a live album by American singer Usher. It was recorded on October 15 and 16, 1998 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was released on March 23, 1999 on LaFace Records. The album was released in audio-only and video versions. It was released because Usher's last album My Way was released in 1997. Live was filling the gap between his albums.

Live was given mixed to negative reviews. Many critics did not like the "poor live sound" of Usher's voice. Live reached number 73 on the Billboard 200. It also reached number 30 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On the Top Music Videos chart, Live reached number 3. The album has sold over 200,000 copies in the United States. Both the audio ans video versions were gold by the RIAA. This means that 500,000 copies of the album were shipped in the United States.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Chart positions

Certifications

References

1999 albums
Usher albums
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Can U Get wit It

"Can U Get wit It" is a song by American singer Usher. It was the lead single from his debut album Usher (1994). It reached at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number 91 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was produced by Jodeci's DeVante Swing.

Track listings
US Vinyl, 12"
 Can U Get Wit It [Extended Edit] 6:58
 Can U Get Wit It [Album Version] 4:56
 Can U Get Wit It [Instrumental - Album Version] 4:58
 Can U Get Wit It [TV track] 5:00

UK Vinyl, 12", Promo
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Radio Edit] 4:15
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Alternate Radio Edit] 4:14
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Gangsta Lean Edit] 5:49
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Extended Edit]  6:58

Charts

1994 songs
Usher songs
Think of You

"Think of You" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released as the second single from his debut album Usher (1994). Usher co-wrote the song along with Donell Jones and Faith Evans. It is a sample of jazz singer Ronnie Law's song "Tidal Wave".

The song did better than the single "Can U Get wit It". It reached number seven on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It also reached number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Think of You" also got to number 70 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video features Taral Hicks, who Usher is singing to.

Track listing
US Vinyl, 12"
Think Of You [So So Def Extended Mix] 5:10
Think Of You [Album Instrumental] 3:48
Think Of You [Album Mix] 3:48
Think Of You [Bad Boy Remix] 4:16)
Think Of You [Bad Boy Instrumental] 4:16
Think Of You [So So Def Acapella] 3:38

UK CD single
"Think of You" [Album Version]
"Think of You" [So So Def Remix]
"Think of You" [So So Def Extended Mix]
"Think of You" [Album Instrumental]
"Think of You" [Bad Boy Remix]

Charts

1995 songs
Usher songs
Complex plane

In algebra and calculus, the complex plane is used to help visualize complex numbers. The vertical line is called the imaginary axis, and the horizontal line is called the real axis. Any complex number can be written as a+bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is the principal square root of -1. In the complex plane, you go a spaces on the real axis, and b spaces on the imaginary axis. The complex plane can also be expressed in the form of polar coordinates, where the size of the line is equal to the square root of a squared plus b squared, and the direction is an angle.

The complex plane can be used to draw the graphs of some functions, called complex functions, that can be used to study all kinds of things, like cars, airplanes, atoms and electricity.

Complex conjugates 

Every complex number z=a+bi has a complex conjugate. It is written as  and is equal to a-bi. The complex number and its conjugate can be represented on the complex plane—as mirror opposites about the real axis.

Related pages 

 Riemann sphere

References 

Algebra
The Many Ways

"The Many Ways" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released as the last single from his debut album Usher (1994).

The song did not do so well on the music charts. It reached at number 42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. It did not chart on the Hot 100.

Track listing
US Single
1. Many Ways [Album Version]
2. Many Ways [Radio Version]
3. Many Ways [Album Instrumental]

Charts

1995 songs
Usher songs
You Make Me Wanna...

"You Make Me Wanna..." is a song by American singer Usher. It was released by LaFace Records and Arista Records on August 5, 1997. It became the lead single from Usher's second album My Way (1997). The song was written by Usher and Jermaine Dupri and Manuel Seal. Dupri and Seal produced the song. The song is written in the key of E major. It is an R&B, soul, and pop ballad song. The song's instruments are the acoustic guitar, hi-hat, and bells. 

The song is about a relationship between Usher, his girlfriend, and her best friend, who Usher really likes. Usher uses a pick-up line "You make me wanna leave the one I'm wish and start a new relationship with you". The line is the song's hook. The song was given positive reviews. It won a Billboard Music Award, a Soul Train Music Award, a WQHT Hip Hop Award, and a nomination for a Grammy Award.

"You Make Me Wanna..." reached several music charts. It was number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Hot R&B Singles chart. It also reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, Pop Songs, Canadian Singles Chart, Dutch Top 40, and the ARIA Singles Chart. The music video was directed by Bille Woodruff. It shows Usher dancing in several colored rooms and backgrounds. It also uses an effect which created several clones of Usher.

Track listings

Maxi single
 "You Make Me Wanna..." - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (JD remix) - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil' Jon's Eastside Remix) - 4:26
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Timbaland Remix) - 3:58
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental) - 3:17
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil Jon's Eastside remix instrumental) - 3:57

CD single
 "You Make Me Wanna..."
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam Classic Garage Mix)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam Classic Garage instrumental)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam UVM Dub Mix)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental Dub Mix)

12-inch vinyl
 "You Make Me Wanna..." - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (JD's Remix) - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil' Jon's Eastside Remix) - 3:58
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Timbaland's Remix) - 4:26
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (a cappella) - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental) -3:17

Certifications

References

1997 songs
Usher songs
Nice & Slow

"Nice & Slow" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released as the second single from his second album My Way (1997). It became his first number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. Because of this, "Nice & Slow" was not a success in that country since his single "You Make Me Wanna..." reached number one.

It also became the last single from Usher's My Way album. It was written by Brian & Brandon Casey of Jagged Edge, Manuel Seal, Jermaine Dupri, and Usher. The music video for the song featured Kimora Lee Simmons.

Track listings
UK CD: 1

 "Nice & Slow"
 "Nice & Slow" (CD-Rom Video Element)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." / "Just Like Me" / "My Way" (Snippets)

US CD:2
 "Nice & Slow" (Album Version)
 "Nice & Slow" (Album Instrumental)

UK CD: 2

 "Nice & Slow" (Radio Version)
 "Nice & Slow" (Live Version)
 "Nice & Slow" (B-Rock's Basement Mix)
 "Nice & Slow" (Suli & Stef's Club Class Mix - UK Mix)

Charts

End of decade charts

References

1997 songs
Usher songs
My Way (Usher song)

"My Way" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from the album of the name name in 1998. It features Jermaine Dupri as backing vocalist. The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song did not reach number one because of Brandy Norwood and Monica's single "The Boy Is Mine". It spent 13 weeks at number two. Because "Nice & Slow" was not successful in the UK, "My Way" was not released as a single there.

Track listing
US Vinyl, 12"
 My Way [Remix W/J.D.] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
 My Way [Remix Instrumental] 3:37
 My Way [Remix Acappella] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
 My Way [Album Version] 3:38
 My Way [Instrumental] 3:36
 My Way [Acapella]

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References

1998 songs
Usher songs
Bedtime (song)

"Bedtime" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album My Way (1997) in 1998. It became the fourth and last single to be released from that album. "Bedtime" was released as a promotional recording. It reached number 66 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

Track listing
"Bed Time" [Album Version] - 4:45
"Bed Time" [Live Version] - 7:06

Charts

References 

1998 songs
Usher songs
Pop Ya Collar

"Pop Ya Collar" is a song by American singer Usher. It became a lead single from 8701 (2001). The song was leaked on the Internet as part of All About U, an unreleased album by Usher.

The song reached number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was more successful in the United Kingdom where it reached number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song was about an upturned collar. It then became a popular culture "buzzword" at the time.

The catchphrase (or slang) helped the song to be released by other artists. These include "Pop Yo Collar" by MC Hammer (2000) and "Poppin' My Collar" by Three 6 Mafia (2006). However, the word originally came from the Bay Area artist E-40. Hammer's version (featuring Wee Wee) helped make "The Phat Daddy Pop", "In Pop Nito", "River Pop", "Deliver The Pop" and "Pop'n It Up" dance moves.

Track listing
UK CD

 "Pop Ya Collar" [Radio Version] 3:34
 "Pop Ya Collar" [GForce Jazz Step Vocal Mix] 6:16
 "My Way" [Remix With JD]

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References 

2001 songs
Usher songs
U Remind Me

"U Remind Me" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from the album 8701 (2001). The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It reached the top five in the United Kingdom and Australia.

The song talks about a man who meets a woman. He really likes her, however, he does not want a relationship with her. This is because she looks just like an ex-girlfriend who he had a bad breakup with. The music video features Chilli from TLC. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2002. This became Usher's first Grammy win.

Track listings

Cassette and US and Europe CD
"U Remind Me" (radio edit)
"U Remind Me" (instrumental)
"I Don't Know" (featuring P Diddy)
"TTP"

UK CD
 "U Remind Me"
 "I Don't Know" (featuring P. Diddy)
 "TTP"
 "U Remind Me" (music video)

12" Vinyl
A-side
"U Remind Me" (Illicit Club Mix)
"U Remind Me" (Illicit Acappella)
B-side
"U Remind Me" (Pete & Vincent's Club Mix)
"U Remind Me" (Pete & Vincent's Dub Mix)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References 

2001 songs
Usher songs