cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Swatis

The Swatis () are a Pashtun tribe inhabiting the Hazara region in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) of Pakistan. They are mostly found in the districts of Mansehra and Batagram, and to some extent in Kohistan as well. A number of Swatis are also settled in the Kashmir region.

Most of the Swatis in Hazara speak Hindko but some also speak Pashto.

Origins and history
Swatis are Pashtuns tribe from  Afghanistan and migrated to the Swat valley in the early 13th century, around the time of Mohammad Ghori. The Swatis defeated the local Buddhists and Hindus of Swat District and established their own rule. The Swatis ruled in Swat for four centuries.

Later on, the Yusufzai tribe, who had recently migrated to Peshawar and Bajaur after their expulsion from Kabul by Governor Ulugh Beg Mirza in the 16th century, were welcomed by Swatis in the region. However, the Yusufzai pushed them out of Swat and took the area over themselves. Therefore, many Swatis crossed over into Hazara region and settled in their present homeland.

Clans and subtribes
The Swatis are divided into three subtribes: Gabari, Mitrawi, and Mamaili, while Lughmani are part of Gabari clan. 
Gabari are settled in Kaghan valley, Balakot, Garhi Habibullah, Mansehra, Dhodial, Shinkiari,Baffa, Batagram, Thakot and Konsh Valley. Mitrawi, and Mamaili are settled in Bherkund, Agror, Tikri Valley and Deshan of District Batagram.The Allai area is inhabited by all the three subtribes. The Lughmanis are found in Baffa.

Notable Swatis
 Akund Saad-ud-din.
 Wajih uz Zaman Khan a tribal and political leader of Oghi.and                                                                        .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        *Tariq Khan Swati (EX minister)
Babar Saleem Swati (jahangiri)
Ayaz khan Advocate                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         *Haji Nisar KHAN Swati LATE (Nisar Park Mansehra)
Khadi Khan lughmani Baffa
Azam Khan Swati 
Awais Lughmani (Shohal Mazullah) Nakot
Late Muhammad Nawaz Khan ( Battal)
Haji Raiz khan swati (Bela Akber Khan )
Mudassar Sultan Khan (Patseri Shohal Mazullah,Balakot)

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Erin Crocker

Erin Crocker (born March 23, 1981) is a former race car driver. She first raced in the World of Outlaws, and won five races, earning her the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame Outstanding Newcomer Award. In 2004, Crocker became a driver for Ford Motor Company's driver development program. In 2005, she joined Evernham Motorsports, and raced in the ARCA/REMAX Series, before joining NASCAR. At Dover International Speedway, Crocker cracked a rib, and had to sit out some races. In 2006, Crocker drove full time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. One year later, Crocker became involved in a group of lawsuits between Ray Evernham and Jeremy Mayfield, who blamed the team's trouble on Evernham's relationship with a female driver. Crocker later told ESPN that her relationship with Evernham has hurt her racing career. Crocker and Evernham later married. In 2007, Crocker left Evernham Motorsports, and raced in two races for Morgan-Dollar Motorsports, before being replaced by A. J. Allmendinger and Scott Speed. She later became a broadcaster for SPEED.

Sources

NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
American racecar drivers
1981 births
Living people
Alexander Ross (disambiguation)

Alexander Ross may be:

 Alexander Ross (writer) (c. 1590–1654), vicar; Scottish author of Medicus Medicatus
 Alexander Ross (civil servant) (1800–1889), British civil servant in India
 Alexander Milton Ross (1832–1897), Canadian abolitionist
 Alexander Ross (fur trader) (1783–1856), Canadian fur trader
 Alexander McKenzie Ross (1805–1862), British engineer
 Alexander Ross (engineer) (1845–1923), Scottish railway engineer
 Alexander Peter Ross (1833–?), Canadian politician
 Alexander Ross (politician) (1829–1900), Canadian politician
 Alexander Ross (rower), New Zealand rower
 Alexander Henry Ross (1829–1888), British barrister and Conservative politician
 Alexander Charles Ross (1847–1921), business executive and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
 Alexander Charles Ross (1847–1921), Canadian politician
 Alexander Coffman Ross, author of the 1840 campaign song "Tippecanoe and Tyler too"
Alexander Ross (writer)

Alexander Ross (c. 1590–1654) was a Scottish writer.  He wrote many books.  One of his most important works was complete translation of the Qur'an into English.

He was vicar of St. Mary's Church, Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight from 1634 to his death.

Other websites
The Alcoran of Mahomet (first edition 1946, London, printed, Anno Dom.), first edition online

References

1590s births
1654 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Scottish writers
Quran
Abdul Rehman Siddiqui

Abdul Rehman Siddiqui (died 1953) was a politician from Bengal but living mostly in Delhi, British India. He was a staunch supporter of the All India Muslim League and in March 1940, was one of the 25 special delegates on the Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League that drafted the famous Lahore Resolution.

1953 deaths
Leaders of All India Muslim League
People of British India
Year of birth missing
Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish writer, essayist, historian and social reformer.  He lived most of his later life in London, England, and is sometimes also called the 'Sage of Chelsea' after the neighbourhood where he lived there.

Scottish writers
1795 births
1881 deaths
Karakul (hat)

The karakul (also spelt qaraqul at times) is a type of hat made from the wool or fur of the karakul/qaraqul sheep. It is typically worn by men in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Jinnah cap is a type of Karakul that is named after the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who popularized it. 

Pakistani culture
Headgear
Van Johnson

Van Johnson (Charles Van Dell Johnson, August 25, 1916 – December 12, 2008) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, singer, and dancer who is known for his roles in 30 Seconds over Tokyo, A Guy Named Joe and in The Caine Mutiny.

Johnson was born on August 25, 1916 in Newport, Rhode Island. He was married to Eve Lynn Abbott Wynn from 1947 until they divorced in 1968. He has 1 child with Wynn and two step-children. Johnson died on December 12, 2008 from natural causes in his Nyack, New York home, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1916 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American pianists
American dancers
Singers from Rhode Island
Musicians from Rhode Island
Actors from Rhode Island
People from Newport, Rhode Island
Kamila Shamsie

Kamila Shamsie (born 1973) is a Pakistani novelist who writes in the English language. She was brought up in Karachi, Pakistan, and attended the Karachi Grammar School.

She has a BA degree in Creative Writing from Hamilton College, and an MFA from the MFA Program for Poets and Writers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.

Books
 Burnt Shadows (novel) - 1999
 In The City By The Sea (novel)
 Kartography (novel)
 Salt and Saffron (novel)
 Broken Verses (novel)
 Offence: The Muslim Case

References

1973 births
Living people
Pakistani writers
Novelists
People from Karachi
BBC 100 Women
Fazli Husain

Mian Sir Fazli Husain, KCSI (1877-1936), was a Punjabi politician of British India. He was one of the co-founders of the Unionist Party (Punjab).

1877 births
1936 deaths
Indian politicians
People of British India
St. Luke's Church, Abbottabad

St. Luke's Church, Abbottabad is an Anglican church dedicated to St. Luke, now under the jurisdiction of the Peshawar Diocese of the Church of Pakistan. It was originally founded in the town of Abbottabad, British India,  in 1864.

History
The work on the construction of St Luke's commenced in 1854-55, with initial delays due to slow fund-raising and then a brief interruption due to the Indian War of Independence (or Indian Mutiny) and it was completed and then consecrated by the Bishop of Calcutta in October 1864. Its jurisdiction covered most of the Hazara region including Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra and the Galyat hill tracts. The Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad, which was already existing, was also attached to it.

After 1947
From June 1947 to April 1948, as a result of the Partition disturbances at the time of the Independence of India and Pakistan, St Luke's was shut down. Regular services only resumed in 1951. In 1970, the Church of Pakistan was established via a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists and Lutherans.  Thereafter, St Luke's was formally placed under its new Peshawar Diocese. Since then, full-time clerics have been appointed here to minister to the local congregation.

Buildings and structures in Abbottabad
Anglican churches
1864 establishments
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Mohammed Hanif

Mohammed Hanif (born November 1964) is a Pakistani writer and novelist in English, who is best known for his award-winning novel, A Case of Exploding Mangos (2008).

References

1964 births
Living people
Pakistani people
Pakistani writers
Sonia Gandhi

Sonia Gandhi (b. December 9, 1946 is an Indian politician. She is the president of the Indian National Congress. She is the widow of the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. She is the chairperson of the national advisory council. In 1998, she was elected president of the Indian National Congress. 

Gandhi was born Sonia Maino in Ovassanjo, Italy.

References

Living people
1946 births
Indian National Congress politicians
Church of Pakistan

The Church of Pakistan is a united church in Pakistan, which is part of the Anglican Communion and also a member church of the World Methodist Council. It was established in 1970 with a union of Anglicans, Scottish Presbyterians (Church of Scotland), United Methodists, and Lutherans.

Dioceses
The Church is divided into eight administrative and organisational units, called dioceses. Each diocese has a number of parishes within its jurisdiction. Each diocese is presided over by a bishop, who sits at the diocesan head office, usually located in the district capital.

Religion in Pakistan
Anglicanism
St. John's Church (Jhelum)

St. John's Church,  is an Anglican church in Jhelum. It is now under the Church of Pakistan, in Jhelum cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan. It is by the bank of the Jhelum River. It was built in 1860 during the British Raj. It is a landmark of the city. 

Buildings and structures in Pakistan
Anglican churches
1860 establishments in Asia
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Andrés Segovia

Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), was a virtuoso Spanish classical guitarist from Linares, Jaén, Andalucia, Spain. He was always known as Andrés Segovia. 

He was one of the best known and most influential classical guitar personalities of the 20th century. He had a big influence on later guitarists, because of his performances and recordings, and his masterclasses. Important guitar works were dedicated to him by composers such as Federico Moreno Torroba.

Segovia led the development of the Spanish guitar as an instrument for classical art music. As well as works dedicated to him by modern composers, he also transcribed classical works originally written for other instruments. He is remembered for his expressive performances: his wide palette of tone, and his distinctive (often instantly recognizable) musical personality in tone, phrasing and style. 

Segovia was especially fond of the compositions of the Brazilian musician Villa-Lobos. In the 1920s, Segovia met Villa-Lobos and commissioned a guitar study: the composer responded with a set of twelve, each taking a tiny detail or figure from Brazilian chorões (itinerant street musicians). 

Two films were made of his life and work. They are available on DVD called Andrés Segovia  in Portrait. His final RCA LP record (ARL1-1602), Reveries, was recorded in Madrid in June 1977.
In 1984, Segovia was the subject of a thirteen part series broadcast on National Public Radio, USA, entitled Segovia! The series was recorded on location in Spain, France, and the United States.

References 

Guitarists
1893 births
1987 deaths
Spanish musicians
Faiz Ahmad Faiz

Faiz Ahmad Faiz  ( 13 February 1911 – 20 November 1984) NI, was an influential left-wing Urdu poet and intellectual from Pakistan. A notable member of the Progressive Writers' Movement (PWM), Faiz was an avowed Marxist and was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize awarded by the Soviet Union in 1962. Despite being repeatedly accused of atheism by the political and military establishment, Faiz's poetry, very popular amongst the masses,  suggested his complicated relationship with religion in general and Islam in particular.

Related pages
 List of notable Lahoris

References

1911 births
1984 deaths
Pakistani writers
Urdu poets
Muslims
St Philip's Church (Hyderabad)

St Philip's Church is a Protestant (Anglican) church in Hyderabad, Sindh, in Pakistan. The church is administered by the Diocese of Hyderabad of the Church of Pakistan.

Hyderabad District
Anglican churches
Buildings and structures in Pakistan
Churches in Pakistan
Sial

Sial can be the upper layer of the Earth's crust
Felsic

Sial can also be:

Places
 Sial, Kapurthala, Punjab State, India
 Sial, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 Sial Sharif, a small village in Pakistan

Other uses
 Sial (tribe), a people of Pakistan
 Kshatriya siyal khajuriya odisha, a people in India
Gérard Férey

Gérard Férey (14 July 1941 – 19 August 2017) was a French chemist. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, teacher at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. He is specialized in the physical chemistry of solids and materials.

In September 2010, he received the CNRS Gold medal, the highest French scientific distinctions.

Biography 
Gerard Férey was a lecturer at the University of Maine.  In 1968, he founded the Department of Chemistry at Le Mans. He obtains his doctoral at the Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University in 1977.

He was a teacher at the University of Maine from 1981 to 1996 and the at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines since that date. From 1988 to 1992 he was deputy director of the Department of Chemistry at the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences the 18th of November 2003.

Awards 
 CNRS Gold medal (2010)
 Chevalier of the Legion of Honour
 Officier Ordre des Palmes Académiques
 Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite

References

French chemists
1941 births
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
2017 deaths
Karl Mannheim

Karl Mannheim (27 March 1893 - 9 January 1947), or Károly Mannheim in original writing of his name, was a Hungarian-German sociologist and social scientist.  He was influential in the first half of the 20th century.  He is one of the founding fathers of classicial sociology as well as a founder of the sociology of knowledge.

Life
Mannheim was born in Budapest. He studied there as well as in Berlin, Paris and Heidelberg. In Budapest, at the University of Budapest, he earned a doctorate in philosophy. In 1914 he attended lectures by Georg Simmel. During the brief period of the Hungarian Soviet in 1919 he taught in a teacher-training school thanks to the patronage and his friend and mentor György Lukács.

Legacy
Mannheim's book Ideologie und Utopie (1929) was the most widely debated book by a living sociologist in Germany during the Weimar Republic; the English version Ideology and Utopia (1936) has been a standard in American-style international academic sociology, carried by the interest it aroused in the U.S.A. The German and English versions of the book are quite different.  This has led to reappraisals of Mannheim started by new texual discoveries and republications. Mannheim's sociological theorizing has been the subject of many book-length studies, evidence of an international interest in his principal themes. Mannheim was not an author of any work he himself considered a finished book, but rather of some fifty major essays and treatises.  Most of these were later published in book form.

References

1893 births
1947 deaths
Sociologists
Hungarian people
German philosophers
Neon Indian

Neon Indian is a music group from Denton, Texas. 

The band's first album was Psychic Chasms.  It had many favorable reviews.  It was named Best New Music and 14th best album of 2009 by Pitchfork Media. The Rolling Stone magazine called Neon Indian one of the hottest new bands of 2010.

On February 11, 2010, Neon Indian was on national television for the first time.  They played on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.

Discography

Albums

Singles 
2009: "Deadbeat Summer"  (2009 Top 20 Underground/Indie Pop Charts)"
2010: "6669 (I Don't Know If You Know)" (Indie/Underground radio airplay - January 2010)
2010: "Sleep Paralysist" **  (March 2010)
2011: "Fall Out" (July–August 2011)
2011: "Polish Girl" (August 2011)
2012: "Hex Girlfriend" (March 2012)
** (This single was written and recorded with Chris Taylor from Grizzly Bear for Mountain Dew's Green Label Sound Series)

References

American new wave bands
Denton, Texas
Pipe bomb

A Pipe bomb is a kind of explosive bomb.  It is made from a pipe filled with an explosive material.

In many countries making or having a pipe bomb is a serious crime.

Notable incidents
 On 4 May 1886 a pipe bomb was thrown during a rally at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It reached a police line and exploded, killing policeman Mathias J. Degan.
 On 20 October 1930 William Kogut, an inmate on San Quentin's death row, tore up decks of playing cards.  He used them to make a pipe bomb, which he used to kill himself.
 On 27 July 1996 Eric Rudolph used a pipe bomb in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It killed two people and injured 111.
 On 25 July 1997, during the July 1997 riots in Northern Ireland, a well-known loyalist was found dead in Belfast. He is thought to have died in a premature pipe bomb explosion at an arms dump.
 On 5 June 1999 a Protestant civilian was killed when a pipe bomb was thrown through the window of her house in Portadown, Northern Ireland. She was married to a Catholic man. Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) members were blamed, although the group said they were not responsible.
 On 20 April 1999 Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold used pipe bombs during the Columbine High School massacre.
 On 11 November 2001 an Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion during a riot in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
 On 3 January 2002 another UDA member died in a premature pipe bomb explosion in Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
 On 10 August 2006 four pipe bombs were found in and around the city of Salem, Oregon, United States. Some suspected a "serial pipe bomber" was at fault. A man was later arrested and charged.
 On 11 December 2010 a suicide bomber used one out of six pipe bombs close to a major shopping district in Stockholm, Sweden.  It killed the man and no one else. The incident is known as the 2010 Stockholm bombings.
 In January 2011 a potentially deadly pipe bomb was found along the route of a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial march in Spokane, Washington. The bomb was stopped and no one died.

References

Explosives
Treasure Coast

Treasure Coast is a region in the US state of Florida. It is found on the state's Atlantic coast. The name "Treasure Coast" refers to the Spanish Treasure Fleet lost in a 1715 hurricane.

Geography of Florida
Metropolitan areas of the United States
Juggalo

A Juggalo is someone who listens to Psychopathic Records and or likes Insane Clown Posse. They usually drink a drink called Faygo.

The name started at a 1994 concert by Insane Clown Posse.  In the song "The Juggla", Violent J called the audience "Juggalos".  It became popular.  They wrote the songs "What Is a Juggalo?" and "Down with The Clown" for their 1997 album The Great Milenko.

The Gathering of the Juggalos is a yearly festival put on by Psychopathic Records.  It has performances by the entire label as well as many well-known musical groups and underground artists. It was started by Robert Bruce, Insane Clown Posse, and their label in 2000.

References

Fandom
Insane Clown Posse
Ole Miss Rebels

The Ole Miss Rebels are the sports team for the University of Mississippi.  They were first named the "Mississippi Flood".  They were renamed the Rebels in 1936.

The school's colors are cardinal red and navy blue.  This is meant to be the same as the school colors of Harvard and Yale.

Ole Miss' major athletic rivals are with the Mississippi State Bulldogs (MSU), the LSU Tigers, and the Arkansas Razorbacks.

References

Mississippi
Sports in the United States
Canada goose

The Canada goose (Branta canadensis) is a wild goose with a black head and neck, white patches on the face, and a brownish-gray body. Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America, it is occasionally found in northern Europe, and has been introduced to other temperate regions. There are a number of subspecies.

Birds of North America
Birds of Europe
Anatidae
Stan Wawrinka

Stanislas "Stan" Wawrinka (born 28 March 1985 in Lausanne) is a Swiss professional tennis player. He is also a German citizen because his father is from Germany, though of Czech ancestry. His career-high singles ranking is Number 3 in the world. He reached this rank in January 2014. He considers clay his best surface and his serve and volley his best shot. He won the gold medal for Switzerland in the men's doubles event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Roger Federer. They beat the Swedish team Simon Aspelin/Thomas Johansson in the final. They also won the 2008 Swiss Team of the Year Award.

Wawrinka has won three Grand Slam singles events: the Australian Open in 2014, the French Open in 2015, and the US Open in 2016.

Other websites 
 ATP Profile
 Davis Cup Profile
 ITF Profile

1985 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
German people
Male tennis players
Olympic gold medalists
Swiss Olympic medalists
Swiss tennis players
US Open (tennis) champions
People from Lausanne
Aboriginal title

Aboriginal title is a common law doctrine that the  rights of indigenous peoples to own their traditional land persist after sovereignty has been taken by colonial settlers. When granted, it is usually inalienable, meaning it can not be sold, traded or given away. The title may be held by individuals or groups of people, and is inherited indefinitely (without end) by those people's descendants. What proof is required for aboriginal title to be recognised depends on the country's laws that govern the doctrine. It usually must include some evidence of historical inhabitance (living on the land for a long time, usually since before colonial settlement).

The majority of court cases granting aboriginal title have been in Australia,  Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United States. Aboriginal title is also referred to as indigenous title, native title and customary title. It is related to the subject of indigenous rights.

References

Law
Indigenous Australian politics
Colonialism
Indigenous land rights
Christianity in Pakistan

Christianity is the largest minority religion  in Pakistan. The total number of Christians in Pakistan was about 2,800,000 in 2008, or 1.6% of the population.  Most Christians in Pakistan are descended from recent converts from Hinduism during British Indian rule in the 19th and early 20th century.

Both Roman Catholics and Protestants (mostly belonging to the Church of Pakistan) are found here. There is an interdenominational 'Pakistan Christian Congress', that helps to smooth out relations between various sects and to take up any issues of mutual concern.

References

Religion in Pakistan
Pakistan
Umuwa, South Australia

Umuwa is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is the administrative centre for the local government of the APY. Umuwa is about  north-west of Marla and  south west of Alice Springs. There are about 80 people living at Umuwa.

Umuwa was established in 1991. Mail arrives in Umuwa once per week by air mail. Supplies arrive by truck every week. Unlike larger settlements on the APY lands, Umuwa does not have a general store. There was a solar power station built near the town in 2003, but it stopped working in 2011 and will be dismantled. As with most APY settlements, Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service television are available. There is also a health clinic and a police station.

References

Other websites
PY Media : Umuwa 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1991 establishments in Australia
Natina Reed

Natina Reed (October 28, 1979 – October 27, 2012) was an American R&B singer and actress. She was part of R&B girl group Blaque. She was also known for starring in 2000 movie Bring It On. Reed was killed on October 27, 2012, one day before her 33rd birthday. She was involved in an accident as she was crossing a street in Atlanta, Georgia.

Media

Album appearances

Filmography

TV

Video cameo appearances

References

Other websites

T.I. Album & Movie Release Party 

Actors from New York City
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B musicians
Road accident deaths
Singers from New York City
1979 births
2012 deaths
Amata, South Australia

Amaṯa is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is in the north of the APY, between Umuwa and Nyapari. It is at the base of the Musgrave Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. Amaṯa was established under the name of Musgrave Park in 1961. The community was set up to take the pressure off the growth of nearby Pukatja (then known as Ernabella). The goal was to use it to teach the Aborigines in how to work in the livestock industry. A school was opened 7 years later, in 1968.

About 319 people lived at Amaṯa in the 2006 census. It appears to have a growing population, which is not the usual pattern for Aboriginal communities in Australia. From 180 residents in 1981, it has grown steadily past 350 in the 1990s, to 536 in 1996.

Amaṯa is made up of about 60 houses. There is a school, a general store and a health clinic. Supplies are delivered once per week and mail is delivered twice per week. Water comes from bores and is stored in tanks. The school was renovated by the state government from 2003–2005. A swimming pool was opened in June 2007. Amaṯa also has a community centre, a community church, and an airstrip.

There is a police station at Amaṯa, but they are not always there; state police are based in Marla and run patrols to the area. Some night patrols by residents have been done in the past to help policing of the community. In the absence of police, the community is served by 2 community constables. Tony Abbott suggested in 2007 there should be police at Amaṯa permanently. In response, the state government said it would spend A$7.5 million at Amaṯa and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and prison cells. It would also provide housing for police officers.

The sale of local artwork is important to the economy of the Amaṯa community. Tjala Arts, founded in 1999, displayed the works of seven Amaṯa artists in Canberra in 2006. In the 2007 State Budget, the South Australian Government announced $350,000 for a new arts centre in Amaṯa.

References

Other websites 
Profile at PY Media 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1961 establishments in Australia
Pukatja, South Australia

Pukatja is an Aboriginal community in the  Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Pukatja is in the eastern Musgrave Ranges, west of the Stuart Highway, about  south of the Northern Territory border. The town sits at an elevation of 676 metres above sea level. There were 332 people living at Pukatja in the 2006 census. This was an increase from 226 in the 2001 census, but a decrease from 470 in the 1991 census.

The town was established as a Presbyterian mission in 1938, with the name Ernabella. Families gradually came in from traditional nomadic life in the desert to live at the mission. The church gave control over the Ernabella Mission to a local community council on 1 January 1974.

Mail is delivered twice a week by a small plane from Alice Springs. The community store sells food and clothes. The garage has basic parts and diesel fuel. The local clinic has three registered nurses and the doctor is based here, but often away visiting other communities in the APY. The community church belongs to the Uniting Church. There is a basic police station at Pukatja, and is not permanently manned. In July 2007, the state police described the station as "dirty" and not well equipped. In response, the state government said that it would spend A$7.5 million at Pukatja and nearby Amata for new police stations, court facilities, prisoner cells and housing for police officers.

In the 2001 census, Pukatja was second only to nearby Mimili in having the lowest per-person income in South Australia ($174). Most important to the community's income is the local artists' co-operative, Ernabella Arts Inc. Established in 1948, Ernabella Arts is one of the longest continually running aboriginal arts centres in Australia. During the 1950s and 1960s, art and craft using local wool was the typical artistic form made by the Ernabella artists. Batik was introduced after several Ernabella artists travelled to Indonesia in the 1970s. Ernabella artists are now well known for their batik work and printmaking. A large collection of Ernabella art can be seen at the National Museum of Australia.

References

Other websites
Ernabella School
Ernabella Arts
Profile  from PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
1938 establishments
Pitjantjatjara
Anaerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration which does not use oxygen. Elements other than oxygen are used for electron transport. Common replacements for oxygen are nitrates, iron, manganese, sulfates, sulfur, fumaric acid and carbon dioxide. Escherichia coli uses nitrates and fumaric acid for respiration.

For the electron transport chain to work, there must be a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain. This allows electrons to pass through the chain. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen.  Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and so it is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes, other less-oxidizing substances such as sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), sulphur (S) are used.  These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2, so less energy is released per oxidized molecule.  Anaerobic respiration is therefore less efficient than aerobic respiration except, of course, when oxygen is scarce.

If oxygen is not used at all, the process is called fermentation. Examples of organisms using fermentation are lactic acid bacteria, and yeast. Yeast is a fungi, not bacteria.

The equation for anaerobic respiration is:
glucose -> lactic acid (C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3)

References 

Cellular respiration

he:נשימה תאית
Mimili, South Australia

Mimili is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located in the Everard Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. According to the local Aṉangu, the place has always been called Mimili. The current settlement was built around a cattle station called Everard Park, which was built by White farmers in the 1920s. The station's land was given back to the local Aborigines by the South Australian government in 1972.

There were 283 people living at Mimili in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly Aṉangu people who speak either Pitjantjatjara or Yankunytjatjara as their first language. The 2001 census data showed that Mimili had the lowest average weekly income per person (AU$172 compared with the South Australian average of AU$345). However, it also had one of the state's highest proportions of residents under the age of 15 (32.6%); and the state's highest ratio of single-parent families (36.0% compared with a statewide average of 15.6%).

Mimili has an airstrip, and a small health facility. There is also a general store and a craft facility where art is made and displayed. A diesel generator supplies electricity to the community. Water is stored in tanks and comes from two bores. A police station was built in 2011, and state police are stationed there permanently. The local school has about 60 children. Attendance at the school benefited from the construction of a swimming pool, opened in October 2006.

References

Other websites
Mimili Anangu School
Profile  at PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1920s establishments in Australia
Indulkana

Indulkana (also known as Iwantja) is an Aboriginal community in South Australia. It is on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It is about  west of the Stuart Highway and  south of Alice Springs. The town was established in 1968.

There were 315 people living at Indulkana in the 2006 census. Most of the people belong to the Yankunytjatjara nation. The 2001 census showed that Indulkana had South Australia's highest proportion residents under the age of 15 (35.0%). 

Indulkana has a local community store that also supplies diesel fuel. There is an unsealed airstrip located close to the town. There is also a school, established in 1971. Indulkana does not have a permanent police presence, though it has a police station. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area. In the absence of police, the town is served by two constables from the community. The town also has a local artists' co-operative, Iwantja Arts. It has a gallery for sale of art work from across the APY.

References

Other websites
Profile at PY Media

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
1968 establishments in Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Morgan's canon

Morgan's canon is a rule relating to animal behaviour, which states that it should be explained as simply as possible. It is named after British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan. His idea was that people should only consider behaviour as, for example, rational, purposive or affectionate, if there is no other explanation possible.

"In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development".

Morgan saw that much insight and apparent problem-solving behaviour could be described using trial and error learning. A famous example is the skilful way in which Morgan's terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily taken by someone seeing the final behaviour as an insightful act. Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it.

Morgan's Canon is a forerunner of behaviourism.

Related pages 
Behaviorism
Occam's Razor

References

Ethology
Kaltjiti

Kaltjiti (also previously known as Fregon) is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located about  south of the Musgrave Ranges and is  from the Stuart Highway. The town sits on Officer Creek, which flows from Mount Woodroffe. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall. There are about 350 people living at Kaltjiti.

The first recording by white Australians of a community at Kaltjiti was by explorer Ernest Giles. He wrote that he found 200 male Aborigines there in September 1873, during his second trip into the South Australian desert. The meeting was violent, as Giles and his travellers interrupted a sacred ceremony. The first European settlement near Kaltjiti was set up in 1934. It was established by a dogger (dingo hunter), who was given the rights to the nearby bore (called Shirley Well) by the government as a reward for all the dingos he had killed. By the late 1950s, Aboriginal families were camped at Shirley Well permanently. In 1960, the station at Ernabella was expanded to include Shirley Well.

A outstation, called Fregon, was built with government help by 1961, as a base for Aboriginal stockmen and their families. It was built  south of Shirley Well on Officer Creek. The aim of the settlement was to provide training in working with livestock and for the families to have access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through  Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own airstrip. It began with a school, a small health clinic, a workshop, a small store and houses for the staff.

Mail is delivered to Kaltjiti twice a week. Supplies are delivered every two weeks. Water is provided from four bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area.

References

Other websites
Profile  at PY Media
Fregon Anangu School
Kaltjiti Arts 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
1934 establishments
Rupert Brooke

Rupert Chawner Brooke (3 August 1887 – 23 April 1915) was an English poet. He is known for his war sonnets written during the First World War. His best known work is "The Soldier" . Irish poet W. B. Yeats described him as "the handsomest young man in England".

References

English poets
Writers from Warwickshire
Deaths from sepsis
1887 births
1915 deaths
Watarru, South Australia

Watarru is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Watarru is at the base of Mount Lindsay, about  south-west of Alice Springs. It is surrounded by the Great Victoria Desert, and is one of the most remote settlements in Australia. It can be accessed by road from the Stuart Highway over roughly  dirt road. 

The nearest neighbouring settlement is Pipalyatjara, about  to the northeast. There were 56 people living at Watarru in the 2001 census, with 82.1% of those being Indigenous Australians. The village was established as a small family outstation, and began to grow during the 1990s.

The community owns and manages the Watarru Indigenous Protected Area, which surrounds the town for more than .

References

Other websites
Watarru School Website 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Pipalyatjara, South Australia

Pipalyatjara is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is about  south-west of Alice Springs and about  from the place where the borders of South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory meet (known as the Surveyor-General's Corner). The settlement is surrounded by the Tomkinson Ranges. It was previously known as Mount Davies by most Australians, after the highest local peak. The settlement of Kalka is about  away by road.

There were 123 people living at Pipalyatjara in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly indigenous people who speak Pitjantjatjara as their first language.

There is a small airstrip at Pipalyatjara. Mail is delivered once per week by air. There is also a small health facility staffed by nurses; a doctor visits from Kaltjiti. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Water comes from two bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. There is a school in Pipalyatjara, which also serves nearby Kalka.

References

Other websites
Description  from PY Media
Pipalyatjara School Website 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Kalka, South Australia

Kalka is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is  by road from Pipalyatjara, at the base of the Tomkinson Ranges. There were 114 people living at Kalka in 2006.

Kalka was originally planned as a service centre for surrounding outstations, but by the early 1990s it had developed into a small permanent community. The town has basic facilities. A truck brings food and supplies to the community every two weeks. There is no school or health clinic at Kalka; both of these services are supplied at nearby Pipalyatjara. There is an unsealed airstrip near to the town.

References

Other websites
Description at PY Media 
Description at DAARE 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Yunyarinyi, South Australia

Yunyarinyi is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is about  south of the border with the Northern Territory, and  south of Alice Springs. It is 40 km from the larger community of Pukatja, where most of the services are located.

Yunyarinyi started as a cattle station called Kenmore Park. It officially became an indigenous community when the land rights were granted in 1981. Today, Yunyarinyi has a school, a community centre with a shared kitchen, a community office and a local garage (repair shop). The number of people living at Yunyarinyi is about 40 to 45; many of them are children.

References

Other websites
Kenmore Park Anangu School

Indigenous Australian communities
Towns in South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Roland Guillon

Roland Guillon (born 1942) is a French sociologist, known for his work in the areas of employment and capital. He is also known for his innovative approach to jazz.

He is a research engineer at the centre of economics and ethics of environment and development of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. As a specialist in employment and training, he performed several missions in West Africa.

References

Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
French sociologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Spanish Benevolent Society

The Spanish Benevolent Society (also known as Centro Español-La Nacional) is a private social club in New York City founded in 1868 to serve the Spanish-American community in Manhattan. It is located at 239 West 14th Street and is in the heart of the now disappeared Little Spain.

History
Many prominent Spanish artists, expatriates, immigrants, and personalities have lived at the society as resident artists during the more than 150 years of its existence, like Picasso, Dalí, Buñuel, or Federico García Lorca. In 2010 Spanish American filmmaker and writer Artur Balder, who lived in the building as resident artist for more than one year, created the documentary Little Spain, displaying for first time the untold history of this society. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century.

References

Other websites
 Spanish Benevolent Society - La Nacional 

1868 establishments in the United States
Organizations in New York City
1860s establishments in New York (state)
Little Spain

Little Spain was a Spanish American neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan during 20th century.

History

"Little Spain" was 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. A very different slice of Chelsea existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain". The Church of Our Lady of Guadelupe (No. 299) was founded in 1902, when Spaniards started to settle in the area. Although the Spanish business have given way to such nightclubs as Nell's and Oh Johnny on the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, the Spanish food and gift emporium known as Casa Moneo has been at 210 West 14th since 1929. In 2010 the documentary Little Spain, directed and written by Artur Balder, was filmed in New York City. The documentary pulled together for first time an archive that reveals the untold history of the Spanish-American presence in Manhattan. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century.

Other important commerces and Spanish business of Little Spain were restaurants like La Bilbaína, Trocadero Valencia, Bar Coruña, Little Spain Bar, Café Madrid, Mesón Flamenco, or El Faro Restaurant, established 1927, and still today open at 823 Greenwich St. The Iberia was a famous Spanish dress shop. 

The heart of the Spanish American community in that area were the two landmarks the Spanish Benevolent Society and the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, founded at the turn of the 19th century, being the first parish in Manhattan with mass in Latin and Spanish.

Virginia Admiral and her son, Robert Mario De Niro Jr., moved to a top floor studio at the 219 West 14th Street, owned by the Galician entrepreneur José García. According with the investigations, Robert De Niro was living during the 50s at the heart of Little Spain after the divorce of his parents.

References

Other websites 
 IMDb.
 The Herald Tribune. 
 El País.
 LA VANGUARDIA.
 El Mundo.
 Antena 3 TV, Weekend News.
 Official Web Presence of the Spanish Benevolent Society.

Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City
Usa-jinjū

, also known as , is a Japanese Shinto shrine in the city of Usa in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

History
The shrine was founded in the Wadō era (708-714). 

A Buddhist temple called Miroku-ji was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple (jingū-ji) ever. The shrine-temple complex, called , lasted until 1868.

Usa first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of Empress Shōtoku.

Usa jingū was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the old Buzen Province.  It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Oita and Fukuoka Prefectures.

From 1871 through 1946, Usa was officially listed among the first rank of government supported shrines.

Branch shrines
Usa is today the center of over 40,000 branch Hachiman shrines.  In Shinto belief, the many Hachiman shrines have extended the reach of the kami at Usa.

References

Other websites

 Shrine image, 180° panorama 

Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Japan