cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
The Tracey Ullman Show

The Tracey Ullman Show was a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and former pop singer Tracey Ullman. It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series (after Married... with Children), and ran until May 26, 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers, featuring Emmy Award-winning choreography by Paula Abdul. It also produced the hugely successful spin-off, The Simpsons.

Other websites 
 
 TV.com Entry 
 Watch Simpsons shorts
 The Dr. N!Godatu web page 
 The Tracey Ullman Show Episode Guide

1987 American television series debuts
1980s American television series
American comedy television series
Fox television series
The Simpsons
English-language television programs
Joaquín Sorolla

Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida (February 27, 1863 – August 10, 1923), was a Spanish painter, born in Valencia.  He excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes, and large works of social and historical themes. His most typical works are skillful pictures of the people and landscape under the Spanish sun.

References

Other websites 

 

1863 births
1923 deaths
Spanish painters
People from Valencia
Laienspiegel

The work commonly referred to as Laienspiegel is a book of law. It was published in Mainz, in 1509. Its full title is Laijen Spiegel. von rechtmässigen ordnungen in Burgerlichen vnd peinlichen regimenten. mit allegation[en] vn[d] bewerungen auß geschribnen rechten vnnd gesatzen. This can be roughly translated as A layman's guide, of the correct order of civil and criminal regiments, with illustrations of written rights and laws.. It was written by Ulrich Tengler, and published by Sebastian Brant. There was a second edition in 1511. The work was very important, there were 14 editions of it in the 16th century.

The work is divided in three parts. It contains private law, criminal law, and law of the public institutions. The publication is much like the Klagspiegel of 1436. Other similar works are the Malleus Maleficarum of the 13th century, and the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis.

Other websites
 Completely digitised edition of the Work (Univ. Heidelberg) (German)

1509
Law
Non-fiction books
History of Germany
Mainz
Francisco Herrera the Younger

Francisco Herrera the Younger (Sevilla, 1622 - Madrid, 1685), was a Spanish Baroque painter and architect.

1622 births
1685 deaths
Spanish painters
Spanish architects
Francisco Herrera the Elder

Francisco Herrera (1576-1656) was a distinguished Spanish painter, born at Seville. He was the founder of the Seville school.

1576 births
1656 deaths
Spanish painters
Lancelet

The lancelets, or Cephalochordata, are a group of primitive chordates which were formerly called Amphioxus. It includes Pikaia.

Lancelets are the modern survivors of an ancient chordate lineage, with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period. The lancelets are usually said to be the sister group of the craniates. They are a small group of about 30 species in two genera.

Lancelets are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas. In Asia, they are harvested commercially as food for humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they give indications about the origin of vertebrates.

Relationships 
Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although lancelets split from vertebrates more than 520 million years ago, their genomes hold clues about evolution, particularly how vertebrates have employed old genes for new functions. They are regarded as similar to the archetypal vertebrate form.

The genome of the Florida lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae) has been sequenced. "Most authors regard amphioxus as the closest relative of the Vertebrata on the basis of 10–15 [morphological] features that are not seen in tunicates".

References 

Chordates
Regional internet registry

A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization which is responsible for registering Internet numbers in a special part of the world.

There are 5 active RIRs in the world:

 American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)  for North America
 RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)  for Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia 
 Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC)  for Asia and the Pacific region
 Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry (LACNIC)  for Latin America and the Caribbean region
 African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC)  for Africa

References 

Internet
Neue Zürcher Zeitung

The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (often shortened to NZZ) is a Swiss daily newspaper. It is based in Zürich. It is one of the oldest newspapers that is still published today. It was first published (as Zürcher Zeitung) on January 12, 1780. Politically, the paper holds liberal values. Other newspapers which are still published, and have a similar age, are the Wiener Zeitung (published since 1703) and the Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung (published since 1705).

Other websites
Webpage of the Newspaper (mostly German, some content is also available in English.

Swiss newspapers
Zürich
KOffice

KOffice is a free office suite for the K Desktop Environment (KDE). All its components have been released under free software/open source licenses. The latest version of KOffice is 1.6.3, which was released on June 7, 2007. 

KOffice is primarily designed for Unix operating systems, but in the future there will likely be a Microsoft Windows and native Mac OS X version of all the applications.

KOffice applications uses OpenDocument as their native file format when possible.

The suite is released separately from KDE and can be downloaded at the KOffice homepage.

KOffice components 
KOffice includes the following components:

KOffice includes import filters for some file formats provided by competitors.

Other websites 
KOffice website
Senna (herb)

Senna candolleana or Golden Senna associates with Lithrea and Porlieria chilensis in Central Chile Matorral or forms pure stands.,.
Traditionally Senna, a genus including 250 species, was classified as Cassia. Near 200 species appear in South America, fourteen of them in Chile .

Uses
This evergreen shrub, 5 to 6 feet tall (1.5-1.8 m), 6 feet wide (1.8 m); dark green leaves is suitable as ornamental.

Other websites
http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/12954.shtml

References 

 
Fabaceae
Donkey vote

A donkey vote is when someone puts numbers on an election ballot paper in the same order that the candidates are listed. For example, if a ballot paper had J. Smith on the top line, M. Doe on the middle line and N. Citizen on the bottom line, and the voter put a 1 beside J. Smith, a 2 beside M. Doe and a 3 beside N. Citizen, that would be called a donkey vote. Donkey votes are counted in election results because a person could have wanted to vote in that way, the votes are formal, a number is placed in all boxes.

Related pages 
 Preferential voting

Voting systems
Mariano Fortuny (painter)

Marià José María Bernardo Fortuny y Carbó (June 11, 1838 - November 21, 1874), was a Spanish painter. His brief career encompass both the Romantic fascination with orientalist themes, but also moved towards a prescient loosening brush-stroke and color.

Early life 
He was born at Reus, a town near Taragon in the province of Catalonia in Spain. His father died when he was an infant, his mother by age 12, thus Mariano was raised by his grandfather, a cabinetmaker, raised him. His grandfather taught him to make wax figurines. At the age of 9, at a public competition in his town a local patron, Domingo Soberano, encouraged further study.

Education 
At the age of 14 years he moved to Barcelona with his grandfather. A sculptor, Domingo Talarn, secured him a pension of to allow him to attend the Academy of Barcelona. There he studied for four years under Claudio Lorenzale, and in March of 1857 he gained a scholarship that entitled him to two years of studies in Rome starting in 1858. There he studied drawing and grand manner styles.

In 1859, he was called by the Spanish government to depict the campaigns of the Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish-Moroccan War. The expedition lasted for only about six months, and he returned to Spain in the summer of 1860.

References 
 
 
 

1838 births
1874 deaths

Spanish painters
People from Catalonia
Albany, Western Australia

Albany is a city on the south coast of Western Australia. In 2006, there were 25,196 people living in Albany. The city centre is in between two hills, Mount Melville and Mount Clarence.

Early history
Albany is built on King George Sound, named by Captain Vancouver in 1791. Major Edmund Lockyer started the first settlement here on 21 January 1827. The Governor of Western Australia, James Stirling, named the city Albany in 1832 after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, the second son of King George III.

References

Cities in Western Australia
Kalgoorlie

Kalgoorlie is a city in Western Australia. It is 600 kilometres east of Perth. It is the largest urban centre in the Goldfield-Esperance region, with an population of 30,000. It was founded in the 1890s in response to the gold rush at the time. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification).

Cities in Western Australia
1890s establishments in Australia
Joondalup

Joondalup is a suburb and regional city in Perth, Western Australia. It was established in the 1980s. In 2001, the suburb had a population of 6,927. The suburb was named after Lake Joondalup which is located on the eastern side of the suburb. In relation to the other establishments in Perth, Joondalup is a relatively new settlement, as it was undeveloped until the 1960s.

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Mandurah, Western Australia

Mandurah is a city south of Perth, Western Australia. It has a population of 65,000. It is the fastest-growing regional city in Australia. Mandurah connected with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007 strengthening the transport connection with Perth. The foreshore of the city is home to many marine animals.

Cities in Western Australia
Bunbury, Western Australia

Bunbury is the third largest city in Western Australia, behind Perth and Mandurah, with a population of 54,967. It is 175 kilometres south of the Perth CBD. It was founded in 1836. Bunbury is connected to Perth via transport by the Transwa Australind passenger train.

Cities in Western Australia
Rockingham, Western Australia

Rockingham is a coastal suburb in the city of Perth, Western Australia. It in 2006 it had a population of 13,000.
It was made a town in 1897.

Rockingham was connected with Perth by the Mandurah railway line in 2007.

References

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Esperance, Western Australia

Esperance is a town in Western Australia.  Around 16,400 people live in Esperance. Started in 1896, Esperance is found near the south-east coast of the state. It is halfway between Albany, Western Australia and the South Australian border. Esperance's main industries are tourism, fishing and agriculture.

Cities in Western Australia
Mandurah railway line, Perth

The Mandurah railway line is a suburban railway line in Perth, Australia. It was opened around Christmas in 2007. The line is a major transport route in Perth, connecting with the four other main Transperth railway lines: Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle and Armadale.

Australian railways
Transperth

Transperth is the brand of the public transport system in Perth, Western Australia. Transperth was launched in 1986. It supplies public bus, train and ferry services.

Train services run on five lines that spread over the Perth metropolitan area. The lines are named Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle, Armadale, and Mandurah. The Mandurah was opened late in 2007. All trains are operated using electricity. A new line to the Perth Airport via the Bayswater railway station is being constructed which is expected to be completed in mid-2021.

Bus services run throughout the metropolitan area. A circular bus route is the CircleRoute
which links major shopping centres, universities and railway stations.

Ferry services operate across the Swan River between the Perth CBD and South Perth. The ferry is popular for people to go to the zoo located in South Perth.

Passengers can take rides by buying cash tickets or using the ticket system known as SmartRider.

Australian railways
Joondalup railway line, Perth

The Joondalup line is a major public transport railway line in Perth, Western Australia. It runs through Perth's northern suburbs. The line was established in 1992 where is extended north to Joondalup. In 1993, it was extended to Currambine and farther extended in 2004 to Clarkson. A new station was completed in 2005 at Greenwood. The line will be later connected with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007, allowing passengers to ride in the same train to Mandurah without changing at Perth station to transfer between trains.

Australian railways
Armadale railway line, Perth

The Armadale railway line is a major public transport route in Perth. It runs through the metropolitan area's south-eastern suburbs, connecting between Perth and Armadale. A spur line connects the Armadale after Cannington to Thornlie.

Australian railways
Silverchair

Silverchair was a rock band from Newcastle, Australia. The band's members were Daniel Johns, Chris Joannou and Ben Gillies, and were only around 12 and 13 when they founded the band. Silverchair is the only artist to score five number-one albums in the Australian Charts. Their studio albums are Frogstomp, Freak Show, Neon Ballroom, Diorama and Young Modern. The band has released many singles, their number-one singles being "Tomorrow", "Freak" and "Straight Lines".

References 

1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian rock bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups from New South Wales
Post-grunge bands
1992 establishments in Australia
2010s disestablishments in Australia
Avet Terterian

Avet Terterian (1929 - 1994) was a leading Armenian composer, awarded by Konrad Adenauer prize.
He composed eight (completed) symphonies, an opera and several chamber works.

Several of his symphonies are recorded (the date 1973 in the Musicweb review of the Melodiya recording of symphony 3 is probably a typographical error, since the publisher's listing also gives 1975 for the first performance of that work).

Yekaterinburg's annual music festival is named after him.

Other websites
Avet Terterian (from the Soviet Composers Web page) 
Description of Symphonies 3 and 6, Review of Melodiya CD

1929 births
1994 deaths

Armenian composers
20th-century composers
Armenian diaspora
Bob Denard

"Colonel" Robert "Bob" Denard (April 7, 1929 in Bordeaux - October 14, 2007), also known as Gilbert Bourgeaud and Saïd Mustapha Mahdjoub, was a French mercenary. He was one of the most famous mercenaries after World War II. 

During his time in the French Navy Denard fought in Indochina and in Algeria, and spent some time in jail. He subsequently served as a policeman in French Morocco. Afterwards he became a mercenary and fought in African countries like Congo, Angola, Rhodesia, Gabon and especially in the Comoros.

He converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism, from Judaism to Islam, and from Islam to Roman Catholicism.

He was married seven times and was the father of eight children. He practiced polygamy after his conversion to Islam.

Denard had Alzheimer's disease at the time of his death.

1929 births
2007 deaths
Anti-Communists
Converts to Islam
Converts to Judaism
French military people
French prisoners
French Roman Catholics
Jewish military people
People from Bordeaux
Police officers
Eutheria

Eutheria is the taxonomical name for the main group of living mammals.

This taxon contains the placental mammals, of which humans are one species.

Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are now found on all continents and in all oceans.

The terms 'Eutheria and 'Placental' do not mean quite the same thing. A few early eutherians in the Lower Cretaceous were not placentals. Eomaia is the earliest example.

All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eutherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.

Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which (like the earliest eutherians) are not placental.

Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development.

The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct Eomaia scansoria from the Lower Cretaceous in China.

Relevant pages 
Mammal for classification.
Theria
Marsupial
Monotreme

Notes and references

Mammals
Tito Beltrán

Tito Ernesto Beltrán (born July 1 1965) is a Chilean tenor. Tito Beltrán was born in Punta Arenas, Chile. Beltrán left Chile in 1986 to study in Sweden where he lived until he moved back to Chile in the early 2010s. He has performed at many opera houses around the world. He also performs at different scenes and TV-shows in Sweden. Since February 2007 he has been performing at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm. This is where he sings in the operas La Traviata and Tosca.

In October 2008, Beltrán was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for rape and sexual abuse. He got conditional liberty in February 2010.

Other websites 
 Tito Beltran Opera Singer  Official site
 Tito Beltran - Nessun Dorma  BBC Review

Tenors
Opera singers
1965 births
Living people
Chilean singers
Cetartiodactyla

Cetartiodactyla is the taxonomical superorder which includes whales (and dolphins) and even-toed ungulates.  The name was created by merging the name for the two orders, Cetacea and Artiodactyla, into a single word. 

Cetartiodactyla is used because it is thought that whales evolved from the artiodactyls.  Because of this, their closest living land relative may be the hippopotamus. 

Mammals
Leonardo

Leonardo is a male given name. Many people have this name. The name is Germanic in origin. It means "Strong as a lion."

People with the name Leonardo include:

Leonardo Araújo, Brazilian football player (b. 1969)
Leonardo Augusto Vieira Moreira, Brazilian football player (b. 1986)
Leonardo Cimino, American actor
Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian Renaissance painter, scientist, mathemetician, inventor and sculptor.
Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor
Leonardo Fibonacci, Italian mathemetician. Better known as Fibonacci. Also known as Leonardo Pisano and Leonardo of Pisa. 
Leonardo Ponzio, Argentine footballer 
Leonardo Santiago, Brazilian footballer (b. 1983). Commonly just referred to just as Leonardo.

Given names
Voivodeship

A voivodeship, also spelled voivodship, voivodina or vojvodina (Romanian: voievodat, Polish: województwo, Serbian: vojvodina (војводина), vojvodstvo (војводство) or vojvodovina (војводовина), Hungarian: vajdaság, Lithuanian: vaivadija, Latin Palatinatus in Poland), is a geographical administrative division dating to medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a voivod (voivode, wojewoda). The voivod (literal translation: "the one who leads the warriors", is the same as to Dux Exercituum / Herzog) was originally the military commander next to the ruler.

History of Ukraine
History of Poland
President of the Republic of Poland

The President of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the president of Poland. The president directly elected by the people to serve a term of five years. He can be reelected only once. His rights and responsibilities are determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.

In agreement with the current Constitution, the President of the Republic of Poland is the head of state, the supreme representative of Poland and the guarantor of the continuity of government and is prevented from holding office for more than two consecutive terms. This means that the President heads the executive authority, is appointed to represent Polish interests on the international arena, ensures the observance of the Constitution, and is responsible for the security of the state. The President calls elections to the Sejm and the Polish Senate. He has a right to dissolve the parliament when it fails to form a Council of Ministers or pass the budget act. He can (with the Senate's consent) call a national referendum in matters important for the state, requiring the decision of all the citizens.

Living former Presidents
There are three living former Polish Presidents:

References

 

id:Presiden Polandia
Tadeusz Kościuszko

Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (; 4 February 1746 – 15 October 1817) was a Polish national hero, general and a leader of the Kościuszko Uprising (which bears his name) against the Russian Empire. Tadeusz was born in February 1746 in Mereczowszczyzna, Polesie. (courrently located in Belarus) He fought in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army on the side of Washington. Because of his service he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General in 1783, and became a legitimate citizen of the United States that same year. He died in Solothurn, Switzerland on October 15, 1817 due to a stroke.

1746 births
1817 deaths
American generals
American revolutionaries
Generals
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish military people
Wes Archer

Wesley "Wes" Archer (born November 26, 1961) is a television animation director. He was one of the original three animators (along with David Silverman and Bill Kopp) on The Simpsons' Tracey Ullman shorts and subsequently directed a number of Simpsons episodes before becoming supervising director at King of the Hill for many years. Archer's college animation movie, "Jac Mac and Rad Boy, Go!" has long been a cult classic after receiving repeated airplay on USA Network's Night Flight in the 1980s. He studied at the movie Graphics/Experimental Animation Program at CalArts.

Other websites 
 
 About Was Archer 

American animators
1961 births
Living people
David Silverman

David Silverman (born 15 March 1957 in New York City, New York) is an animator and writer. He is best known for directing many episodes of the animated television series The Simpsons, where he would go on to be the supervising director of animation for several years, as well as animating on all of the original Simpsons Tracey Ullman shorts.

Other websites
 David Silverman 2007 Video interview with InterviewingHollywood.com 
 
 An interview with David Silverman 
 APB Speaker page info 
 The Simpsons Archive interview 
 Video interview, Treehouse Of Horror XVII 

American movie directors
The Simpsons
American animators
American screenwriters
writers from New York City

1957 births
Living people
Bill Kopp

Bill Kopp (born April 17, 1962 in Rockford, Illinois) is an American animator and voice actor. He performed the "Whammy" on the 1980s game show Press Your Luck and the title character on Nelvana's Eek! The Cat. He was an animator for The Simpsons' shorts on the Tracey Ullman Show, but left after the first season. He created The Schnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show and Mad Jack the Pirate. He studied animation at the California Institute of the Arts.

Other websites

American animators
American voice actors
1962 births
Living people
People from Rockford, Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Klasky Csupo

Klasky-Csupo, Inc. (pronounced "Class-key Chew-po", although commonly mistaken as "Class-key Ka-zoo-po") is a multimedia entertainment production company. It was founded in 1981 by the artist/producer Arlene Klasky and the animator Gábor Csupó in Los Angeles, California, United States.

Movies
 The Rugrats Movie - Friday, October 1, 1999
 Rugrats in Paris: The Movie - Friday, June 19, 1998
The Wild Thornberrys Movie - Friday, December 20, 2002
Rugrats Go Wild - Friday, June 13, 2003

References

Other websites
The Klasky Csupo Home Page
K-C's Cooltoons Home Page
Global Tantrum (K-C Mature Animation)
Nickelodeon Wiki article

American animation studios
Companies based in Los Angeles
Bergkamen

Bergkamen is a town in the district of Unna, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is near the river Lippe, approx. 15 km north-east of Dortmund and 15 km south-west of Hamm.

Bergkamen, a German town in the East part of the Ruhrgebiet and south of the Münsterland, was founded in 1966 by the merging of at first five smaller communities.

Twin towns
  Hettstedt, since 1990
  Taşucu, since 1994
  Gennevilliers, since 1995
  Wieliczka, since 1995

References

Other websites 
 Official Website of the city of Bergkamen
 Website of the mayor of Bergkamen

Unna Rural District
Renewable energy commercialisation in Australia

Australia's renewable energy industries cover many energy sources and stages of commercialisation. Renewable energy technologies make up about 6 per cent of Australia's total energy  supply and some 8 per cent of Australia's electricity supply, with hydro-electricity by far the largest single contributor.  
 
Government policies have opened up more opportunities for "new" renewable energies such as wind power, photovoltaics, and solar thermal technologies. The use of these technologies helps to reduce greenhouse gases.  

At the end of 2006, Australia had 817 MW of installed wind power capacity, mainly in South Australia.  Initiatives are also being taken with solar power, ethanol fuel and geothermal energy. 

Surveys show that there is much public support for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Australia.

References

Renewable energy
Economy of Australia
Renewable energy commercialization in the United States

The current status of renewable energy commercialization in the United States varies considerably between different renewable energy technologies, with some being commercialized at the present time.

Wind power is a growing industry in the United States.  Latest American Wind Energy Association figures show that installed U.S. wind power capacity now exceeds 11,600 MW which is enough to serve three million average households. Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development, followed by California. 

Several solar thermal power stations, including the new 64 MW Nevada Solar One, have also been built.  The largest of these solar thermal power stations is the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert with a total generating capacity of 354 MW, making the system the largest solar plant of any kind in the world. The largest solar photovoltaic plant in the U.S. is the 4.6 MW Springerville Generating Station, located near Tucson, Arizona.   

In terms of renewable fuels for transportation, most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol fuel, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends.

Solar Energy Industries Association and GTM Research found that the amount of new solar electric capacity increased in 2012 by 76 percent from 2011, raising the United States’ market share of the world’s installations above 10 percent, up from roughly 5 to 7 percent in the last seven years.

References

Energy in the United States
Renewable energy
Low kick

Low kick is a leg technique used in certain boxes pieds-poings (Burmese boxing, kickboxing and Thai boxing Muay Thai) and certain martial arts. It consists in striking a blow with shinbone or a kick in the lower limb of the opponent (thigh or leg). According to the official rules concerning sport, it can be carried to the outer and to the inner part of the lower limb. 

In fights in full contact (so-called K.O. system), these kicks are allowed in order to make an opponent not stable, indeed to have an advantage. 

In the matter of hits in the legs, several kicks exist: circular or roundhouse kick, semicircular kick, balanced kicks (stick kick, crescent kick, axe kick...), kicks along the straight line (front kick and side kick), hooked-type kicks (hook kick), kicks that go down (hammer kick), etc. 

In American or Japanese kickboxing, this type of kick can be only circular or semicircular according to the official rules. 

Martial art techniques
Smith (metalwork)

A smith, or metalsmith, is a person who makes things from metal.

Metal smiths were very important before industrialisation because they made metal tools for farming (especially the plough) and weapons for fighting in wars. Because of the importance of smiths, the name of their craft ('Smith') turned into a surname.

Etymology of smith 
The word smith means "to hit" or "to strike". Originally, smiths made things from metal by using a hammer.

As an English suffix, -smith at the end of a word means a craftsmen.  For example, a "locksmith" makes locks.

Types of smiths
Types of smiths include: 

 an arrowsmith forges arrow heads;
 a blacksmith works with iron and steel;
 a bladesmith forges knives, swords and other blades;
 a coppersmith, or brownsmith, works with copper;
 a fendersmith makes and repairs the metal fender before fireplaces, protecting rugs and furniture in mansions and fine estates, and often looks after the fires as well;
 a goldsmith works with gold;
 a gunsmith works with guns;
 a locksmith works with locks;
 a pewtersmith works with pewter;
 a silversmith, or brightsmith, works with silver;
 a tinsmith, or tinner, works with light metal (such as tinware) and can refer to someone who deals in tinware;
 a swordsmith is a bladesmith who forges only swords;
 a whitesmith works with white metal (tin) and can refer to someone who polishes or finishes the metal rather than forging it.

Artisans and craftpersons 

The ancient traditional tool of the smith is a forge or smithy, which is a fire which allows compressed air (through a bellows) to heat the inside of the forge until it is hot enough for metal to become more malleable so that it can be hammered into the shape that is required.  Smith or smithy refers to the hammering onto the metal using an anvil to support the work.  Anvils come in many sizes and shapes. 

The term, metalsmith, often refers to artisans and craftpersons who practice their craft in many different metals, including gold, copper and silver. Jewelers often refer to their craft as metalsmithing, and many universities offer degree programs in metalsmithing, jewelry and blacksmithing as part of their fine arts programs.

A tinker is a metalsmith who mends kettles, pots and pans.  They were often poor, itinerant workers (walking from place to place looking for jobs).

Machinists 

Machinists are metalsmiths who produce high-precision parts and tools. The most advanced of these tools, CNC machines, are computer controlled and largely automated.

Occupations
Allegory

An allegory is a term for a figure of speech.  It is a story or picture with a hidden meaning. The characters in allegories are symbols which represent particular ideas.  The story has a figurative meaning, not just a literal one.

Allegory is an example of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be a story in language. It may be something to look at, such as a painting or sculpture.

An allegory is like a long metaphor.  People have to use their imagination to understand what it is trying to say.  A  fable or parable is a short allegory with one basic idea (a moral).

Sometimes people say that stories have meanings which the author, in fact, did not intend. For instance, many people have suggested that The Lord of the Rings was an allegory for the World Wars, but, in fact, it was written well before the outbreak of World War II, and J.R.R. Tolkien said that it was not an allegory.  In this way people sometimes change the author’s ideas.  Sometimes they do it for their own political reasons.

Examples
Allegory has been a favourite form in the literature of nearly every nation. It is often used as a way of criticizing things or people where it would not be possible to do so directly.

In classical literature Plato and Ovid wrote allegories. Dante Alighieri wrote allegories in The Divine Comedy. In the Middle Ages Everyman was a morality play. John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim's Progress tells the story of a man trying to lead a Christian life. Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels, which tells about the strange customs of (made-up) faraway countries, but he was really criticizing things about his own country, the United Kingdom. Animal Farm by George Orwell is another example of an allegory, this time of the Soviet Union during Josef Stalin's era and the Russian Revolution. Some of the characters can be directly linked to figures during that time.

Songs may also include allegories. "Waist Deep In The Big Muddy" tells a story of American soldiers in the 1800s, ordered by their commander to march into the Mississippi River, which they could never cross on foot. In truth, it told the story of soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War in the 1960s, and being expected to do the white guy's bidding.

Allegories still continue to be popular today. Pictures, movies and plays can be allegories. William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies also has allegorical meaning. Star Trek used a great deal of allegory, to look at social conditions and moral values in the present, while telling stories based in the future. Alien races were often a reflection of Earth's own races and countries.

Allegorical artworks include Sandro Botticelli's La Primavera (Allegory of Spring) and Jan Vermeer's The Allegory of Painting.

Related pages
 Trope

References

Genres
Literary terms
Newport Pagnell

Newport Pagnell is a town in England. It is in the borough of Milton Keynes.

History 
The town was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Neuport, which is an Old English word meaning New Market Town. At that time it was fairly new, having been founded by Norman invaders. The suffix "Pagnell" came later, when the manor passed into the hands of the Pagnell (Paynel) family.

At one time Newport Pagnell was one of the largest towns in the County of Buckinghamshire but today the new town of Milton Keynes has made it much less important. 

Tickford Bridge, over the River Ouze, was built in 1810. It is the only iron bridge in Britain that still carries main road traffic. This is the oldest iron bridge in the world that is still in constant use. There is a plaque near the footbridge on the side that gives details of its history and construction. A large set of sluice gates used to control downstream flooding of the River Great Ouse is near the bridge.

Since 1954, Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell has been the home of the Aston Martin site, where all Aston Martin cars were built, until the recent opening of the new Ford Motor Company luxury division plant for Aston Martin built at Gaydon, Warwickshire.

The modern civil parish of Newport Pagnell stops at the M1, but the ecclesiastical parish extends to include Broughton and Caldecote. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

Other websites 

 The unofficial town website with historical pictures, pictures of the town carnival and a message board for locals and ex pats to keep in touch

Towns in Buckinghamshire
The Need for Speed

The Need for Speed is a racing video game made by Electronic Arts. It is the 1st game in the Need for Speed series. It was released on the 3DO, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.

1994 video games
Need for Speed games
PlayStation games
Sports video games
Sega Saturn games
Louis de Broglie

Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, (7th) Duke of Broglie, (August 15, 1892 in Dieppe – March 19, 1987 in Louveciennes) was a French physicist. He discovered that electrons are similar to both particles and waves. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929. 

1892 births
1987 deaths
Dukes and duchesses of France
French academics
French Nobel Prize winners
People from Normandy
French theoretical physicists
Las Galeras, Samaná

Las Galeras is a Dominican Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province. It is on the east coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the Rincón Bay that is found between Cabrón and Samaná capes.

Las Galeras, in English The Galleys (a galley was a war ship where prisoners and slaves were used to move the ship), because two galleys stayed here during the 16th Century.

Population
In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 6,929: 3,800 men and 3,129 women. The urban population was only 13.41% of the total population.

Economy
The most important economic activities of the province are agriculture, fishing and tourism.

The region is famous for its beautiful beaches with palms. There is a beach at the seafront of Las Galeras itself, as well as a white sand beach, "La Playita" ("The Small Beach") within walking distance from the town. It is possible to take a boat to visit "Playa Rincón" ("Rincón Beach"), another beautiful beach in the region.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
The Beyoncé Experience: Live

The Beyoncé Experience: Live is a live DVD by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles to be released in the US on November 20, 2007. It was filmed in Staples Center, Los Angeles, California which was shot on September 2, 2007 during her worldwide tour The Beyoncé Experience. It also includes guest appearances from Jay-Z on "Upgrade U" and former Destiny's Child mates Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland on "Survivor."

 Intro (The Beyoncé Experience Fanfare)
 Crazy in Love (Crazy Mix)
 Freakum Dress
 Green Light
 Baby Boy (Reggae Medley)
 Beautiful Liar
 Naughty Girl
 Me, Myself and I
 Dangerously In Love (He Loves Me Mix)
 Flaws and All
 DC Medley (Cops and Robbers Intro)
 Independent Women Part I
 No No No Part 2
 Bootylicious
 Bug A Boo (H-town Screwed Down Mix)
 Bills, Bills, Bills
 Cater 2 U
 Say My Name
 Jumpin' Jumpin'
 Soldier (Soldier Boy Crank Mix)
 Survivor (Destiny's Child Reunion)
 Speechless
 Ring the Alarm Intro Skit (Jailhouse Confessions)
 Ring the Alarm
 Suga mama
 Upgrade U (feat. Jay-Z)
 '03 Bonnie & Clyde (Beyoncé's Prince Mix)
 Check on It (Special Tour Ver.)
 Déjà vu
 Get Me Bodied
 Welcome to Hollywood
 Deena/DreamGirls
 Listen
 Irreplaceable
 Beyoncé B'Day Surprise

References 

2007 albums
Beyoncé albums
Induno Olona

Induno Olona is a city in northern Italy, in the Lombardy region, near Varese. It has 10,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Lombardy
Swordfish

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are large fish with a long, flat bill.  They are a popular sport fish.  Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, and lose all teeth and scales by adulthood.

The International Game Fish Association's all-tackle angling record for a swordfish was a 1,182 lb (535.15 kg) specimen taken off Chile in 1953.

They are the sole member of their family Xiphiidae.

Features 
The swordfish is named after its sharp bill, resembling a sword (Latin gladius), which together with its streamlined physique (smooth body) allows it to cut through the water with great ease and agility. Swordfish are fast predators of other fish.

The "sword" is not used to spear, but may be used to slash at its prey to injure the prey animal, to make for an easier catch.  Mainly, the swordfish relies on its slow speed and agility in the water to catch its enemy. It is undoubtedly among the slowest fish.

As food 

Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking.  Since swordfish are large animals, meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled.  The color of the flesh varies by diet, with fish caught on the east coast of North America often being rosier.

However, many sources including the United States Food and Drug Administration warn about potential toxicity (how poisonous it is) from high levels of methylmercury in swordfish.

References 

 Michael Hopkin (2005): Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision. Nature, 10 January 2005
 Fritsches, Kerstin A., Brill, Richard W., and Warrant, Eric J. (2005): Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes .  Current Biology 15, 55−58 
 FDA Consumer:Mercury In Fish:Cause For Concern?

Other websites 

 http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Swordfish/Swordfish.html 
 More info on FDA Mercury Advice from Oceana
 http://www.fenton.com/pages/3_ourwork/4_casestudies/environment/swordfish.htm 
 http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_SwordfishReport.pdf

Edible fish
Perciformes
Carreño de Miranda

Juan Carreño de Miranda (25 March 1614 – 3 October 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period.

Born in Avilés in Asturias, he was the son of a painter with the same name, Juan Carreño de Miranda. His family moved to Madrid in 1623, and he trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as apprentice of Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Roman. He came to the notice of Velazquez for his work in the cloister of doña María de Aragón y en la iglesia del Rosario, he was asked to help paint in the Royal Palace of Madrid with frescoes on mythological fables. He was named "Painter of the King" in 1669. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar palace, now the Royal Palace of Madrid. In 1671 he was appointed court painter to the queen (pintor de cámara) and began to paint primarily portraits. In 1671, upon the death of Sebastian de Herrera, he was named chamber painter. He refused to be knighted in the order of Santiago, saying "Painting needs no honors, it can give them to the whole world". He is mainly remembered as a painter of portraits. His main pupilswere Mateo Cerezo, Cabezalero, Donoso, Ledesma y Sotomayor. He died in Madrid.

1614 births
1685 deaths
Spanish painters
Late Old Japanese

Late Old Japanese (中古日本語) is an old form of the Japanese language. It was used in the time known as the Heian Period, between 794 and 1185. The form of Japanese that was used before that is called Old Japanese.

Old Japanese was the first form of the Japanese language. The script (the way it was written) came from the Chinese script. This was all based on characters which were like little pictures (called kanji today, e.g. 中古日本語). During the Late Old period two new scripts were invented: Hiragana and Katakana. These were much simpler and described the sound of the syllables. It made reading and writing much easier. Famous books were written during this period such as The Tale of Genji, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, The Tales of Ise and many others.

Many changes took place to the way the language was pronounced during this period. Consonants that had been spoken through the nose became voiced, some long vowels were added, some consonants slid into one another. The syllables became simpler: instead of 88 there were only 66. Instead of two types of -i, -e, and –o there were only one. Some verbs ended in a consonant, others in a vowel. The changes in grammar included different ways that adjectives could be declined.

Related pages
 Old Japanese

Japanese language
Old Japanese

Old Japanese (上代日本語, Jōdai nihongo) is the oldest known form of the Japanese language.

It is difficult to give a precise date when Old Japanese started.  The date when the Old Japanese period is said to have finished is 794.  It was the start of the Heian period. 

The Japanese writing system came from the Chinese.  Wooden tablets have been found with writing on.  The oldest extended piece of writing we know of dates from 712. This is the start of the Nara period (710-794).

The earliest texts found in Japan are written in classical Chinese. However, some of them show the influences of Japanese grammar (e.g. word order). Sometimes bits of Chinese characters are used to make the sound of the small Japanese words called “particles”. This helps us to make some guesses about how it used to be pronounced.

Many changes in the Japanese language took place over the centuries. The spoken form of Japanese changed much more quickly than the written form.

Related pages
 Late Old Japanese

References

Notes

Japanese language
Tynwald

Tynwald (), or more formally, the High Court of Tynwald () or Tynwald Court, is claimed to be the oldest parliament in continuous existence in the world, dating back over 1000 years.

Overview 
It rules the Isle of Man, and while the island is a Crown dependency, this ancient form of government enjoys a large amount of political power.  

Tynwald is separated into 2 houses (this is called a "Bicameral" parliament, meaning it has 2 chambers) - the House of Keys, which is elected by the people of the Isle of Man, and the Legislative Council, which is not directly elected - instead, other members of the Legislative Council elect members of the House of Keys (MHK's) to sit on it.

Both houses of Tynwald sit at the same time on Tynwald day, at the site of the original parliament - Tynwald Hill - in St. John's, a small village near Peel, and once a month at Parliament House in the Island's capital, Douglas.   The rest of the time, they sit separately at Parliament House, with the House of Keys making most of the laws, and the Legislative Council doing most of the work of changing and revising them. 

Queen Elizabeth II  is acknowledged as the Lord of Mann.

Tynwald can trace its descent from the Viking and Norse that first colonized the Isle of Man.

Isle of Man
Parliaments
Devolved legislatures in the United Kingdom
Possum

The possum is an Australasian marsupial which was later introduced to China and New Zealand. There are about 69 species alive today.

Possums are members of the Phalangeriformes. This is a suborder of the Diprotodonts, a large order which includes the kangaroos and its relatives.

Possums are native to Australia and are protected there.  Possums spend the first four months of their lives in their mother's pouch. By the time they are six months old, the young possums live outside the pouch.

They are nocturnal and at least partly arboreal. Some of the smaller species are gliders. They have sharp claws and a keen sense of smell. They eat the leaves of trees, insects, berries and bird's eggs.

The first possums were brought to New Zealand in 1837 from Australia. In New Zealand, possums have no natural enemies, so possum numbers increased quickly. It is thought of as a pest in New Zealand.
The possum has done a lot of damage to the native plants, animals and birds.

References

Other websites 

Kiwi Conservation Club 

Diprotodonts
Marsupials of Australia
1130

This page lists things that happened in the year 1130.

Events 
 December 25 – Roger II becomes the first king of Sicily

Deaths 
 November 11 – Teresa of Leon, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon (b. 1080)

1130