cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Weather front

A weather front is a boundary in between two masses of air of different densities, and is the main cause of significant weather. In surface weather analyses, fronts are depicted using various colored lines and symbols.  The air masses separated by a front usually differ in temperature and humidity.

Cold fronts may feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines.  Warm fronts are usually preceded by layered precipitation and fog.  The weather usually quickly clears after a front passes.  Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness, although there is usually a wind shift.

Meteorology
Subtropical ridge

The subtropical ridge is a large belt of high pressure around 30ºN in the Northern Hemisphere and 30ºS in the Southern Hemisphere. It is characterized by mostly calm winds. Air flows out from its center toward the upper and lower latitudes of each hemisphere, creating both the trade winds and the westerlies.

Other websites
Webster's Online Dictionary 
Physical Geography - The Global Environment 
Winds and the Global Circulation System

Meteorology
Tropical cyclones
Vorticity

Vorticity is a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics. It can be related to the amount of "circulation" or "rotation" (or more strictly, the local angular rate of rotation) in a fluid.

The average vorticity in a small region of fluid flow is equal to the circulation  around the boundary of the small region, divided by the area A of the small region.

Notionally, the vorticity at a point in a fluid is the limit as the area of the small region of fluid approaches zero at the point:

Mathematically, the vorticity at a point is a vector and is defined as the curl of the velocity:

One of the base assumptions of the potential flow assumption is that the vorticity  is zero almost everywhere, except in a boundary layer or a stream-surface immediately bounding a boundary layer.

Because a vortex is a region of concentrated vorticity, the non-zero vorticity in these specific regions can be modelled with vortices.

Further reading
 Batchelor, G. K., (1967, reprinted 2000) An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge Univ. Press
 Ohkitani, K., "Elementary Account Of Vorticity And Related Equations". Cambridge University Press. January 30, 2005. 
 Chorin,  Alexandre J., "Vorticity and Turbulence". Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol 103, Springer-Verlag. March 1, 1994.  
 Majda, Andrew J., Andrea L. Bertozzi, "Vorticity and Incompressible Flow". Cambridge University Press; 2002. 
 Tritton, D. J., "Physical Fluid Dynamics". Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1977. 
 Arfken, G., "Mathematical Methods for Physicists", 3rd ed. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. 1985.

Other websites
 Weisstein, Eric W., "Vorticity". Scienceworld.wolfram.com.
 Doswell III, Charles A.,  "A Primer on Vorticity for Application in Supercells and Tornadoes". Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, Norman, Oklahoma. 
 Cramer, M. S., "Navier-Stokes Equations -- Vorticity Transport Theorems: Introduction". Foundations of Fluid Mechanics.
 Parker, Douglas, "ENVI 2210 - Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics, 9: Vorticity ". School of the Environment, University of Leeds. September 2001. 
 Graham, James R.,  "Astronomy 202: Astrophysical Gas Dynamics". Astronomy Department, UC, Berkeley. 
 "The vorticity equation: incompressible and barotropic fluids ". 
 "Interpretation of the vorticity equation ". 
 "Kelvin's vorticity theorem for incompressible or barotropic flow ". 
 "Spherepack 3.1". (includes a collection of FORTRAN vorticity program) 
 "Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) Real-Time Model Predictions". (Potential vorticity analysis)

Fluid mechanics
Barbuda

Barbuda is an island in the eastern Caribbean, and forms part of the state of Antigua and Barbuda. It has a population of about 1,500, most of whom live in the town of Codrington.

Barbuda is located north of Antigua, in the middle of the Leeward Islands. To the south are the islands of Montserrat and Guadaloupe, and to the north and west are Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Barts, and St. Martin.

Caribbean islands
Geography of Antigua and Barbuda
Émile Durkheim

David Émile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist. He is known for his contributions to sociology and anthropology. He is considered as one of the founding fathers of sociology. He thought that sociology should be scientific.

Life
Durkheim was born in the eastern French province of Lorraine. He studied at École Normale Supérieure. He made contributions on topics such as education, crime, religion, suicide, and many other topics related to sociology.

Durkheim died in Paris, aged 59.

Other websites 
 Biography of Émile Durkheim

References 

1858 births
1917 deaths
19th-century French philosophers
20th-century French philosophers
Agnostics
European anthropologists
French atheists
French socialists
French sociologists
Jewish atheists
Jewish French academics
Jewish French scientists
Jewish French writers
Jewish philosophers
People from Grand Est
Popcorn

Popcorn is a snack food made by heating certain kinds of corn. There is a small amount of water inside the seeds, which causes them to explode. When the seed shell breaks a sharp noise is made. The name "pop" is because of this noise. After it pops it is white and fluffy.

Salt and melted butter is often added to popcorn. Sometimes caramel and other flavours are melted and mixed into the popcorn.

Popcorn is a popular food to eat at the cinema.

Kernel choking 
Many accidents of choking on popcorn kernels were reported. This is because the popcorn kernel does go into the airway and throat, and gets stuck. Many people want other people to take kernels out of the popcorn for children.

Pre-popped and home popped
Popcorn that is already popped when you buy it is usually tastier and puffyer than just buying popcorn kernals and popping them with a microwave

References 

Who Invented Microwave Popcorn?
How was Popcorn Discovered? The History of Popcorn
Who Invented the First Commercial Popcorn Machine?
https://www.nasimahealth.com/carbs-in-popcorn/ 
Snack foods
Douglas SBD Dauntless

The SBD Dauntless (SBD means Scout Bomber Douglas) was a dive bomber made by Douglas Aircraft Company (now Boeing) during World War II. It first flew in 1940 and was introduced the same year. It was made from the Northrop BT. The Dauntless's first bombing in the war happened on December 10, 1941. The target was a Japanese submarine.

In the War, the Dauntless was used to take off aircraft carriers and attack enemy ships and submarines.
The SBD-5 (5th version) could go 255 miles per hour (410 kilometers per hour), and it had a Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone air-cooled radial piston engine with 1,200 horsepower. It had two 12.7 mm and two 7.62 mm machine guns and it could carry one bomb or torpedo. It weighed around 6,404 pounds (2,905 kilograms) to 10,699 pounds (4,853 kilograms). It could fly for 1,115 miles (1,795 kilometers) without running out of fuel. It could go as high as 25,525 feet (7,780 meters) above the ground.
 
The Dauntless was retired in the late 1940s.

References 

United States Navy aircraft
SBD
United States Marine Corps aircraft
French military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
John Bardeen

John Bardeen (23 May 1908 – 30 January 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to win two Nobel Prizes in Physics.

Early life
Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin. His father, Charles Bardeen was a Professor at the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin. He completed his bachelor's degree and master's degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He completed his PhD in Physics at Princeton University in 1936.

Works
Bardeen worked with William Shockley and Walter Brattain to invent the transistor on 23 December 1947. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1956.

Later, Bardeen worked with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer. They created the BCS theory of superconductivity, named after them. For this work they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1972.

Bardeen was a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1951 to 1991.

References 
 Hoddeson, Lillian and Vicki Daitch. 2002. True Genius: the life and science of John Bardeen. National Academy Press.

Other websites 
 Biography from PBS

1908 births
1991 deaths
American engineers
American Nobel Prize winners
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Scientists from Wisconsin
American theoretical physicists
Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance, sometimes called scouting, is the act of exploring to gain military information. Often referred to as recce (UK, Canada and Australia, ) or recon (U.S., ), the associated formal verb is reconnoitre (British spelling) or reconnoiter (American spelling). In informal English, both recce and recon are often also used as a verb. The term is sometimes used in non military contexts.

Reconnaissance-in-force 

Often, units sent out for reconnaissance are armed only for self-defense. They rely on stealth to gather information. Others are well-enough armed to also deny information to the enemy by fighting and or destroying their reconnaissance parties.

Reconnaissance-in-force (RIF) is a method of probing an enemy's position. An attack, even with a small force, may get a strong reaction by the enemy. Hopefully that reveals the enemy's strength, deployment, and other tactical information. The RIF commander can fall back with the information or expand the conflict into a full engagement. Other methods consist of hit-and-run tactics using moving very fast. In some cases light-armored vehicles are used for added fire superiority, as the need arises.

Military
Cape Verde-type hurricane

A Cape Verde-type hurricane is an Atlantic hurricane that develops near the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the strongest storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before coming across land.

Tropical cyclones
Windward Islands

The Windward Islands are the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. They are south of the Leeward Islands.

The Antillean Windward Islands from north to south are:
Dominica
Martinique (an overseas department of France)
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent
Grenadines
Grenada

Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago are not part of the Windward Islands.

Caribbean islands
Birth certificate

A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The certificate itself usually includes some or all of the following information:

Birth name
Date and time of birth
Sex of the child
Place and/or location of birth
Names of the parents of the child
Occupations of parents of the child
Birth weight and length
Name of informant registering the birth
Date of registration of birth
A birth registration number or file number

Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In the United States, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, or a hospital administrator to prepare the official birth certificate.

The birth certificate itself is not proof of a person's identity, but only a record stating that a birth occurred at the time, date, and place stated on the certificate.
To prove one's identity, a person may need a photo ID, generally issued to an adult.

Related pages
Vital record
Passport

Other websites 

U.S. Standard Birth Certificate
Florida Short Form (Computer Certification) Birth Certificate Sample 
Florida Long Form (Photocopy) Birth Certificate Sample 
U.S. Birth Certificates: Long Form vs. Short Form

Identification documents
Vital record

Vital records are records of life events. They include birth certificates, marriage licenses, and death certificates.  In some jurisdictions, vital records may also include records of civil unions or domestic partnerships.  In modern times these would be state-held records, though prior to civil registration these were often church-held records.

Other websites
Where to Write for Vital Records in the US - National Center for Health Statistics

Documents
Tzitzernavank Monastery

Tzitzernavank Monastery (, Swallows Monastery) is an Armenian monastery in the region of Kashatagh (under control of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic). The monastery dates from the fourth to sixth centuries and recognized as a native Armenian example of an “oriental” architectural type.

The church of St. Gregory was reopened after a restoration in 1999-2000.

Other websites 
Tzitzernavank, The Armenian Studies Program, Csufresno.edu 
Dzidzernavank , Adriano Alpago Novello, ARCHITETTURA ARMENA - Catalogo della MOSTRA DI ARCHITETTURA ARMENA tenuta a Bergamo, presso il Palazzo della Ragione, 1975 - Torino
Photoes of Tzitzernavank at RAA official site

References 

Monasteries
Armenian Apostolic Churches
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Hérens (district)

Hérens is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:
 Ayent
 Evolène
 Hérémence
 Les Agettes
 Mase
 Nax
 Saint-Martin
 Vernamiège 
 Vex

Districts of Valais
Leuk (district)

The district of Leuk in the canton of Valais contains the following municipalities:

1The municipalities of Guttet and Feschel were combined on October 1, 2000

Districts of Valais
Martigny (district)

Martigny is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

 Bovernier 
 Charrat 
 Fully 
 Isérables 
 Leytron 
 Martigny 
 Martigny-Combe 
 Riddes 
 Saillon 
 Saxon 
 Trient

Districts of Valais
Mariner 10

Mariner 10 was a robotic NASA space probe. It was launched on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It passed Mercury three times and photographed much of it. Mariner 10 is no longer working today but is still orbiting the Sun. It was launched about two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 10 was the first space probe sent to Mercury.

References 

Mariner program
Venus (planet)

de:Mariner#Mariner 10
Fender

Fender is a well known company that produces guitars and basses. These are sold all over the world. The founder is Leo Fender. Fender makes the Stratocaster and Telecaster guitars; and the Precision and Jazz basses.

American music companies
Musical instrument companies
Myra

Myra is an ancient town in Lycia. The small town of Kale (Demre) is situated near it today. It is in Antalya Province of Turkey.  It was located  on the river Myros (Demre Çay), in the fertile alluvial plain between Alaca Dağ, the Massikytos range and the Aegean Sea.

Nicholas of Myra (also known as Saint Nicholas) did many things there.

Ancient history
Metis (moon)

Metis or , is Jupiter's closest moon.

Metis was found in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the Voyager 1 probe.  Its designation was .  In 1983 it was named after the mythological Metis, a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).

Metis is not a sphere and measures 60×40×34 km across. The composition and mass of Metis are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³), its mass can be estimated as ~7×1016 kg. Amalthea's density implies that moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10-15%, and Adrastea may be similar.

The surface of Metis is very cratered. It is dark and appears to be reddish in color.

Orbit
Metis is the closest moon to Jupiter. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000 km.  It has a very small orbital eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.7

Exploration
The images taken by Voyager 1 showed Metis only as a dot, and very little was known about Metis until the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft. Galileo took pictures of almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition.

Other websites
Metis Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Jupiter's moons
Goblin Valley State Park, Utah

The Goblin Valley State Park is a State park in the southern Utah.

Goblins
The valley, which is only about  across and  long, is full of thousands of mushroom-shaped pinnacles. These pinnacles are each a few meters high. Because of their height and shape, people referred to them as goblins. They are made of large orange-brown boulders of hard rock on top of weaker sandy layers. The sandy layers have eroded more quickly causing their shape. The "Goblins" are well hidden from the nearby road. The land to the east is flat and empty. It is near a long narrow ridge with eroded layers of grey and red-brown rocks. The far side of this empty land gives the best views of the landscape. The Goblins look as if they join with the cliffs. This gives giving the look of a strange skeletal structure with skull-like rocks and bony ridges.

The park
There are several trails passing through the park. These trails are not easy to notice and people can walk almost anywhere.

Wilderness
The land west of Goblin Valley State Park is part of the San Rafael Swell. It is similar to much of south Utah. The land is far away from most things and beautiful. It is crossed only by a few dirt tracks. 4WD vehicles are very useful here. There are many slot canyons in this area. Some of these, for example Little Wild Horse Canyon, may be explored easily.

Utah
State parks in the United States
European Article Number

The European Article Number (often shortened to EAN) is a standard to encode product numbers. The EAN is a special case of a Global Trade Item Number. The EAN is made of either 8 or 13 digits (EAN-8, and EAN-13). In many cases, the EAN allows to uniquely identify the item. Most of the time, the EAN is printed on the packaging of a product. Special scanners are able to decode these numbers. They then look up the product-specific data (such as the price) and print it on the bill, for exampe.

Note that the EAN is often encoded using a barcode (such as the ones in the example), but this does not have to be thecase. There are other machine-readable codes which can also be used.

EAN-13/GTIN-13 
The standard EAN has 13 digits. The EAN is composed of different sections:

 Country-specific part: 3 digits
 Company part
 Article number: 3-5 digits
 Checksum digit

EAN-8/GTIN-8 
The normal length of an EAN is 13 digits. There is also a shorter version called EAN-8, for small packages, where the full 13-digit number would take too much space on the package. The EAN-8 consists of:

 Country-specific part: 2-3 digits
 Article number: 4-5 digits
 Checksum digit

There are special organisations which give out both EAN-8 and EAN-13 numbers. Since EAN-8 numbers with a starting digit 2 are free use, many retailers (such as Aldi) use them for their own products. As an example, Aldi uses EAN-8 codes starting with 290 or 221; 290 and 221 are the country-specific parts "for internal use".

Everyday life
Barcodes
Carrefour, Haiti

Carrefour is a poor district in the Ouest Department of Port-au-Prince, Haïti. Its population is 408,000. The neighborhood is very poor and ill-serviced however as of recently, small-scale construction has gone on in the area along with street renovations. A slum called Feuilles of Carrefour is notorious for the illegal execution of eleven young men that took place there in 1999.

Carrefour
Mochi (food)

Mochi is a type of Japanese confectionary made from pounded pasty rice and molded into shape. Mochi normally has a filling inside, such as ice cream, azuki (red bean) paste, and others. In Japan, mochi is often eaten in New Year's Day in one of two dishes: ozoni (お雑煮) or osiruko (おしるこ).

Mochitsuki(餅つき）

Mochitsuki is a traditional mochi-making ceremony in Japan. It requires two people. One person pounds steamed rice into the dough with a traditional mortar (臼:usu）and a mallet（杵:kine). The other person turns over rice each time it is pounded. They have to keep rhythm to make mochi well. These days, normal families rarely do classic mochitsuki, but it is still popular at community events or with children's groups.

Mochi dishes
 Yaki mochi (grilled mochi)
 Kusa mochi (mochi produced by mixing mugwort into glutinous rice and pounding the mixture )
 Kinako mochi (mochi with powdered soybeans )
 Ozoni (soup dish which contains mochi and other ingredients)
 Oshiruko (mochi in a sweet soup which is obtained by boiling red beans )

Choking hazard
Mochi can be dangerous food for old people because it is difficult to bite off and is sticky.
Many old people choke to death while eating mochi every year.
Japanese know mochi is dangerous traditional food, so the accident is one's own responsibility.

References

Other websites
 http://janmstore.com/mochitsuki.html/

Rice
Léogâne

Léogâne is the name of both a coastal city and a district in Ouest Department, Haiti. The city of Léogâne is around . The arrondissement of Léogâne contains three communes: Petit-Goâve, Grand-Goâve, and the city of Léogâne. It is the closest town to the earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January 2010.

The port town is about  West of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. Léogâne is the birthplace of the Taíno queen Anacaona (the town was originally called  the Amerindian name Yaguana and the city's name is a corruption of that) and of Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité, the wife of the Haitian revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758).

References

Cities in Haiti
Atlantic Beach, Florida

Atlantic Beach is a city in Duval County, Florida,  United States. When the majority of communities in Duval County consolidated with Jacksonville, Florida in 1968, Atlantic Beach, along with Jacksonville Beach, Neptune Beach, Ponte Vedra Beach and Baldwin, Florida, remained quasi-independent. Like the other towns, it maintains its own municipal government but its residents vote in the Jacksonville mayoral election and have representation on the Jacksonville city council. The population was 13,368 at the 2000 census. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2005, the city had a population of 13,436.

References

Other websites
 City of Atlantic Beach
 City of Jacksonville

Cities in Florida
1926 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Florida
Pity

Pity means feeling for others, particularly feelings of sadness or sorrow. In a positive sense it means "sympathy" and "empathy". More commonly Pity is a negative judgement of others and their situation. An example of pity is how most people feel about the homeless. Pity and compassion are closely related words but have subtle differences. The difference is that compassion usually involves some commitment to help. Pity does not usually require any personal involvement. Sometimes pity can also have feelings of contempt and dislike that go with it. In a positive sense, and especially as practiced in many religions, it can involve feelings the person does not deserve what has happened to him or her. In this case the person feeling pity feels sorry it happened.

Related pages 
Empathy
Compassion

References 

Emotions
First ascent

In climbing, the first climb to reach the top of a mountain is called first ascent. 
The risks for the climbers are often very high, because the way to the top is not known. That is why first ascents are often carefully recorded as part of the history of a mountain and usually mentioned in books about that mountain. 

Some use the words "last ascent" as a joke for a way that was no pleasure and no one wants to do it like the first climbers.

Other websites 
 Alpinist Magazine Peter Mortimer's First Ascent. Issue - 17

Rock climbing
Eastern European Time

Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in some European, North African, and Middle Eastern countries. Most of them also use Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) as a summer daylight saving time.

Where it is used

Two countries uses Eastern European Time all the year: 
 Libya
 Egypt

The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time during the winter only:
 Bulgaria, since 1894
 Cyprus, (Northern Cyprus abolished daylight saving and has switched to Moscow Time all year long in September 2016, but returned to EET in October 2017)
 Estonia, in years 1921-40 and since 1989
 Finland, since 1921
 Greece, since 1916
 Israel, since 1948
 Jordan
 Latvia, in years 1926-40 and since 1989
 Lebanon
 Lithuania, in 1920 and since 1989
 Moldova, in years 1924-40 and since 1991
 Palestinian territories
 Romania, since 1931
 Syria
 Ukraine, in years 1924-30 and since 1990

Moscow used EET between 1922-30 and 1991-92. In Poland this time was used between 1918-22.
Turkey, used EET between 1910-2016 except for the years 1978-85 and has switched to Moscow Time all year long.

In time of World War II MET (CET) was used in eastern countries, occupied by Germany.

Major metropolitan areas 
Athens, Greece
Beirut, Lebanon
Brasov, Romania
Bucharest, Romania
Cluj Napoca, Romania
Chişinău, Moldova
Damascus, Syria
Helsinki, Finland
Jerusalem, Israel
Kyiv, Ukraine
Lviv, Ukraine
Minsk, Belarus
Nicosia, Cyprus
Riga, Latvia
Sofia, Bulgaria
Tallinn, Estonia
Tel Aviv, Israel
Thessaloniki, Greece
Timişoara, Romania
Vilnius, Lithuania

Time zones
Tom Clancy

Thomas Leo "Tom" Clancy Jr. (April 12, 1947 - October 1, 2013) was an American writer and screenwriter. His books are thrillers about politics, spys and the military. Most of his books include many technical details about their subjects. Seventeen of his novels were best-sellers, with over 100 million copies in print. His stories take place during and after the Cold War. He owned with some other people a Major League Baseball team. Clancy also produced popular video games.

Early life 
Thomas Leo Clancy Jr. was born on April 12, 1947, in Maryland. He finished school 1965. After school he studied English Literature at Loyola College in Baltimore and finished that in 1968. He said he studied English because he was not smart enough to do physics.

Personal life
Clancy married his first wife, Wanda, in the 1970s. They have four children together and separated in 1998.

In 1993, Clancy bought with some other people the Baltimore Orioles (Baseball team) from Eli Jacobs.

In 1999, Clancy, at age 52, married the 32-year-old writer Alexandra Marie Llewellyn, on June 26. Llewellyn is a distant relative of Colin Powell.

Political views 
Clancy is known to have been politically conservative, and gave over $200,000 to Republican Party politicians.

Death 
Clancy died October 1, 2013, after a brief illness at Johns Hopkins Hospital, near his Baltimore home. No cause of death was released. Clancy is survived by his wife, Alexandra; their daughter, Alexis; and four children from a previous marriage to Wanda King: Michelle Bandy, Christine Blocksidge, Kathleen Clancy and Thomas Clancy III. His cause of death was later confirmed to be heart failure.

Bibliography 
From the books The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, and The Sum of All Fears films were made, that many people wanted to see. The first NetForce book was filmed for television.

The website IMDB says that Tom Clancy's novel Without Remorse is to be made into a movie in 2008. No other details are available (27 June 2007).

Several books that are written by other writers have Tom Clancy's name on them, because the books are written in the same way and have the same stories as his own. These are:
 Tom Clancy's Op-Center
 Tom Clancy's Power Plays
 Tom Clancy's Net Force
 Tom Clancy's Net Force Explorers
 Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell

Only two books of Clancy are not with Jack Ryan and/or John Clark.

References

Other websites 

 Transcript of interview with Deborah Norville on the War in Iraq - April 2004
 Detailed Tom Clancy Book Reviews
 Tom Clancy FAQ
 Internet Book Database of Fiction bibliography 
 1984, 1986 interviews of Tom Clancy  by Don Swaim at Wired for Books

Literary reviews and criticism 
 "Something for the Boys" by Christopher Hitchens, The New York Review of Books, November 14, 1996. A review of Clancy's Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit.

1947 births
2013 deaths
American screenwriters
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Republicans (United States)
Writers from Baltimore
Mount Thor

Mount Thor is a mountain on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is the steepest mountain on Earth. It has a straight drop at 1,250 m (4,100 feet), with an average angle of 150 degrees.

References

Mountains of Canada
Nunavut
Waluigi

Waluigi is a character in Nintendo's series of Mario video games. He is the villain version of Luigi in the same way that Wario is the evil version of Mario. Waluigi is a very long, thin, tall man, who wears purple. However, Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, and Yoshi are all friends.

Characteristics
Waluigi is very tall and thin. He wears black overalls with a purple shirt, and has brown, pointed shoes. He has upside-down Ls (Γs) on hat, gloves and mustache which is a Greek letter Gamma, and is the evil counterpart to Luigi.

He was made as a partner for Wario by the company Camelot in Mario Tennis and other Mario spinoff games and has no real story behind him. He is in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as an Assist Trophy. Waluigi is known to be smarter than Wario, but acts sillier.

Appearances

Reception
Waluigi was ranked in the tenth slot on GameDaily's top 10 Nintendo characters that deserve their own games. They also listed him as one of the top 25 video-game anti-heroes, saying that it was too bad that he has never had the spotlight.

However, he also ranked number one on the Top 10 Worst Mario Characters list from Game Daily, which said, "for every likable character there's one that continues to annoy us even years after we're done with the game they came from". Waluigi has been criticised by others as well. Cracked.com said that he was a lazy excuse to add a new villain to the spin-off games and even called him an "abomination".

References

Other websites
Waluigi on Giant Bomb

Fictional characters introduced in 2000
Mario series characters
Alexander von Humboldt

Alexander von Humboldt  (Berlin, 14 September 1769 – Berlin, 6 May 1859) was a Prussian naturalist and explorer. Humboldt's work on botanical geography was very important in the field of biogeography.

Life 
Humboldt was born in Berlin. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt, was a major in the Prussian Army. He married Maria Elizabeth von Colomb in 1766. The couple had two sons, the younger was Alexander. Alexander's elder brother was the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt. 

In his childhood Humboldt already liked to collect plants, shells, and insects. Humboldt's father died very early (in 1779). From that time on his mother took care of his education.

Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled to Latin America and was the first scientist who wrote about it. He was one of the first who said that South America and Africa was once one continent. 

Late in his life he attempted to bring together different fields of science in his work Kosmos.

Honors and namesakes: Many places and species are named for him, as is the Humboldt Current.

Relevant pages 
List of science books#19th century

Other websites 
 The website of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation 
 
 Works by Alexander von Humboldt at Internet Archive
 "Lives of the Brothers Humboldt" an extensive biography available from the Million Book Project:
 Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie: biography of Humboldt at Wikisource

 Online version of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New World 
 "Alexander von Humboldt", from In our time, a 45 minutes BBC Radio 4 program.

References 

1769 births
1859 deaths

People from Berlin
Explorers
European geographers
Naturalists
Nike, Inc.

Nike, Incorporated is a company formed in the United States. It is based near Beaverton, Oregon. 

Nike is the world’s biggest brand of sports shoes, clothes and equipment.

Nike has approximately 62,600 employees worldwide as of 2015.

Their net income is $2.7 billion and their revenue is $27.8 billion.

Early history
The company was founded on 25 January 1964. Nike was named Blue Ribbon Sports at first ( it changed to Nike in 1971). The original founders of Nike are Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight. The company is named after Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

Nike today
Nike sells its products under its own name as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, and Team Starter. Nike also owns the brands Bauer, Cole Haan, Hurley International, and Converse. Nike, Incorporated also funds certain sports events such as the FIFA World Cup 2014.

References

Other websites
 Nike corporate website

1964 establishments in the United States
American clothing companies

Companies based in Oregon
Vestfold

Vestfold is a former county in Norway. It bordered Buskerud and Telemark. The county administration was in the city of Tønsberg. Vestfold was west of the Oslo Fjord. The river Numedalslågen runs through the area. Many islands are at the coast. Vestfold is mostly lowland areas. It is among the best agricultural areas of Norway.

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Telemark to the current county of Vestfold og Telemark.

Vestfold used to be a headquarters for whaling fleets. The economy of the coastal towns of Vestfold now is centered around fishing and shipbuilding. Some lumbering is done away from the coast. The district also has some of the best farmland in Norway.

Municipalities 

Vestfold County has a total of 14 municipalities:
Andebu
Hof
Holmestrand
Horten
Lardal
Larvik
Nøtterøy
Re
Sande
Sandefjord
Stokke
Svelvik
Tjøme
Tønsberg

Former counties of Norway
Buskerud

Buskerud is a former county of Norway. Its main city was Drammen.

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Akershus and Østfold to the current county of Viken.

Former counties of Norway
Telemark

Telemark is a former counties in Norway. Skien is the main city in Telemark.

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Vestfold to the current county of Vestfold of Telemark.

Former counties of Norway
Akershus

Akershus is a former county in Norway. It was bordered by Hedmark, Oppland, Buskerud, Oslo and Østfold; the area has a short border with Sweden. Akershus was the second largest county in population after Oslo. It has more than half a million people living in it. The county was named after Akershus Fortress. The county administration was in Oslo, which was not part of the county.

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Buskerud and Østfold to the current county of Viken.

Geography 

Most of the county is in the districts Follo and Romerike. There are also the two smaller districts of Asker and Bærum which are west of Oslo. This happened when the municipality of Aker (surrounding Oslo) was moved from Akershus county to Oslo in 1948.

Akershus includes some of the lake Mjøsa and some of the river Glomma. Because it includes many suburbs of Oslo, notably Bærum, Akershus has a large number of people living in a small area. The main national railway lines into Oslo run through Akershus with many stations such as Asker, Ullensaker, Ski and Lillestrøm.

The county includes the historical place Eidsvoll, 48 km north of Oslo. This is where the National assembly voted the Norwegian constitution in 1814. South of Eidsvoll is the international airport of Oslo Airport at Gardermoen. The home of the crown prince is in Asker.

Buildings 
The county has a major international airport, the Oslo Airport. It also has two university hospitals, Akershus University Hospital and Sunnaas Hospital.

History 
Akershus became a fief in the 16th century. At that time it included the current counties of Hedmark, Oppland, Buskerud and Oslo. It also included municipalities of Askim, Eidsberg and Trøgstad in the county of Østfold. In 1685 Buskerud was separated from Akershus. In 1768 Hedmark and Oppland were also separated from Akershus. In 1842 Christiania (Oslo) was made separate as well. In 1948 Aker was transferred to the county of Oslo.

Origin 
The county is named after Akershus Fortress. The fortress was built in 1299. Its name means "the (fortified) house of (the district) Aker".

Municipalities 

 Asker
 Aurskog-Høland
 Bærum
 Eidsvoll
 Enebakk
 Fet
 Frogn
 Gjerdrum
 Hurdal
 Lørenskog
 Nannestad
 Nes
 Nesodden
 Nittedal
 Oppegård
 Rælingen
 Skedsmo
 Ski
 Sørum
 Ullensaker
 Vestby
 Ås

Other websites 
 Akershus county website 

Former counties of Norway
West Highland White Terrier

The West Highland White Terrier or Westie is originally a Scottish dog. 

The Westie was first used for hunting foxes and otters. The breed is well known for high stamina, courage and agility. Westies have a double white coat which protects them from attacks and cold weather. They have dark black eyes.

They are small dogs and are lively, playful and alert. They are loyal to their owner, but can be stubborn at times. They are known to kill small animals, such as moles, squirrels, chipmunks and birds. They like to be outdoors.

Terriers
Soldier (song)

"Soldier" is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Rich Harrison, Sean Garrett, T.I., and Lil Wayne for Destiny's Child's fourth studio album, Destiny Fulfilled (2004). It was produced by Knowles and Harrison and released as the album's second single in fall 2004. The song reached number 3 in Australia and the United States. It became the group's tenth and final consecutive top 10 hit in the US. It peaked in the top 10 in New Zealand, the UK, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, Finland, Italy, Greece and Switzerland. The song also was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration category. It won the Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Single by a Group, Band or Duo.

Credits and personnel 
 Lead vocals - Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams
 Vocal production - Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland
 Recorded by Jim Caruna at Sony Music Studios, NYC
 Additional vocals recorded by Tom Tapley, Fabian Marasciullo
 Audio mixing - Dexter Simmons
 Additional pro tools editing - Rommel Nino Villanueva
 Mastered by Tom Coyn

Official versions
 "Soldier Part II" (feat Rohff)
 "Soldier" (Remix) (feat Stack Bundles, Lil' Wayne & T.I)
 "Soldier" (DJ Noodles Remix) (feat. T.I. & Trazz)
 "Soldier" (JS Nu Soul Remix)
 "Soldier" (Kardinal Beats Remix)
 "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Nu Anthem Remix)
 "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Soul Remix)
 "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Nu Beat Remix)
 "Soldier" (Danny Howell & Dick Trevor's Kinkyfunk Remix) (feat. T.I.)
 "Soldier" (Grizz Blackmarket Remix) (feat. T.I. & Lil' Wayne)
 "Soldier" (MGM Antiloop Confusion Mix)
 "Soldier" (Bizarre Remix)
 "Soldier" (Remix) (feat. B.G.)
 "Soldier" (Remix) (feat. Bizarre of D-12)
 "Soldier" (Gogh's In House Mix)
 "Soldier" (Soldja Boy Crank Mix) (performed by Beyoncé Live on her 2007 Tour)

Destiny's Child songs
2004 songs
Abrasion

In dermatology, an abrasion is a damage to the skin that affects only the surface, generally not deeper than the epidermis. But it can give mild bleeding. Mild abrasions, also known as 'grazes' do not scar, but deep abrasions may lead to the development of scarring tissue.

Abrasion injuries occur rather often when exposed skin comes into moving contact with a rough surface causing trauma to the upper layers of the epidermis.

Such injuries, where caused by abrasive contact with textiles or carpet, are sometimes referred to as 'rug burn' or 'carpet burn'.

Related pages
 Wound

Medical signs
Wear (erosion)

In materials science, wear is the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another solid. The study of the processes of wear is part of the discipline of tribology.
There are four principal wear processes:

Adhesive wear
Abrasive wear
Corrosive wear
Surface fatigue

Explanation 

The definition of wear does not include loss of dimension from plastic deformation, although wear can happen without loss of material. Also this definition does not include impact wear where there is no sliding motion or cavitation  (also corrosion) where counterbody is  a fluid..

Wear, along with other aging processes such as fatigue, creep, and fracture toughness, causes progressive degradation of materials with time leading to failure of material at an advanced age. Under normal circumstances, the property changes during usage normally occur in three different stages as follows:-
•	Primary or early stage or run-in period, where rate of changes can be high. 
•	Secondary or mid-age process where a steady rate of aging process is                                                      maintained. The useful or working life is at this stage.
•	Tertiary or old-age stage, where rapid rate of aging leads to early failure.

With increasing severity of environmental conditions, such as, higher temperatures, strain rates, stress and sliding velocities, the secondary stage is shortened and the primary stage tends to merge with the tertiary stage, thus drastically reducing the working life. Surface engineering processes are used to minimize wear and extend working life of material.

Adhesive wear
Adhesive wear is also known as scoring, galling, or seizing. It happens when two solid surfaces slide over one another under pressure.

Abrasive wear
This happens when material is removed by contact with hard particles. The particles either may be present at the surface of a second material or may exist as loose particles between two surfaces. 
Abrasive wear can be measured as loss of mass by the Taber Abrasion Test according to ISO 9352 or ASTM D 1044.

Corrosive wear

Often referred to simply as “corrosion”, corrosive wear is deterioration of useful properties in a material due to reactions with its environment.

Surface fatigue

Surface fatigue is a process by which the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue.

References 

R.Chattopadhyay; Surface Wear- Analysis, Treatment, and Prevention, ASM-International, OH, USA, 2001, ..
R.Chattopadhyay, Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes Kluwer Academic Publishers, MA, USA (now Springer, NY), 2004, , E-.

Materials science
Compacted oxide layer glaze

Compacted oxide layer glaze describes the often shiny, wear-protective layer of oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic) are slid against each other at high temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The layer forms on either or both the surfaces in contact and can protect against wear.

References 
 I.A. Inman. 2003. Compacted oxide layer formation under conditions of limited debris retention at the wear interface during high temperature sliding wear of superalloys. Ph.D. dissertation, Northumbria University.  (preview)

Related pages 
 Wear (erosion)

Materials
Wound

In medicine, a wound is a type of physical injury where in the skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a bruise (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically means a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin. A mortal wound is one that  leads directly to the death of the victim.

Healing 
To heal a wound, the body undertakes a series of actions collectively known as the wound healing process.

Related pages
Injury

References

Other websites 

WOUNDS, online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care and related research.
Ostomy Wound Management, online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care, ostomy care, incontinence care and nutrition
Journal of Burns and Wounds , online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care and related research

Medical emergencies
Chick Corea

Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea (June 12, 1941 – February 9, 2021) was a famous American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer.

He was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts and learned to play drums and piano with his father.  His career began in 1962 and he moved to New York City where he went to music schools and played with famous jazz musisicans such as Stan Getz, Sarah Vaughan and Miles Davis.  In 1972 he started his own jazz band called Return to Forever, where he played electric piano.  In the 1980s he formed one band called the Acoustic Band and one called the Electric Band.  He also had small trios and bigger bands. One of his recents bands was called "Spanish Heart Band" and had 8 members.

All together he made around 80 records and won 23 Grammy Awards.  Some of his best known jazz compositions were called "Spain", "500 Miles High", "Fiesta", "Armando's Rhumba" and "Windows".

Corea died from cancer at his home in the Tampa Bay Area of Florida on February 9, 2021, at age 79.

References

American composers
American pianists
American jazz musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Massachusetts
1941 births
2021 deaths
Cancer deaths in Florida
Monthey (district)

Monthey is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

 Champéry
 Collombey-Muraz 
 Monthey
 Port-Valais 
 Saint-Gingolph 
 Troistorrents
 Val-d'Illiez 
 Vionnaz 
 Vouvry

Districts of Valais
Raron (district)

Raron was a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

 Ausserberg
 Betten
 Bister 
 Bitsch 
 Blatten 
 Bürchen 
 Eischoll 
 Ferden 
 Filet
 Grengiols 
 Hohtenn 
 Kippel 
 Martisberg 
 Mörel 
 Niedergesteln 
 Raron 
 Riederalp 
 Steg 
 Unterbäch 
 Wiler

Former districts of Switzerland
Districts of Valais
Street children

Children that are homeless, and that have to look for themselves are called street children. They may have run away, or they may have no relatives who look after them.   

Looking at it more closely, there are two different concepts:  

 Children on the street: They spend most of the day on the street, because they have to work. They sleep at home.  
 Street children in the proper sense: The center of the lives of these children is on the street. They also sleep there (because they have nowhere else to go).   
According to the European Federation for Street Children, they are an extremely vulnerable group living in very difficult conditions. The human rights of many of these children are often violated: They are exposed to violence or sexual exploitation and abuse. They may be addicted to drugs.

Article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) says that the state recognises the right of every child to a standard of living that is adequate for the development of the child. 

“State parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social 

development.” Homelessness denies each one of those rights. According to an Inter-NGO Program on street children and youth, a street child is “any girl or boy who has not reached adulthood, for whom the street (in the widest sense of the word, including unoccupied dwellings, wasteland, etc.) has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, directed, and supervised by responsible adults.”

Children who have no home but the streets, and no family support. They move from place to place, living in shelters and abandoned buildings.
‘Child on the street': children who visit their families regularly and might even return every night to sleep at home, but spends most days and some nights on the street because of poverty, overcrowding, child sexual abuse or physical abuse at home.
Part of a street family: these children live on sidewalks or city squares with the rest of their families. They may be displaced due to poverty, wars, or natural disasters. The families often live a nomadic life, carrying their possessions with them. Children in this case often work on the streets with other members of their families.
In institutionalized care: children in this situation come from a situation of homelessness and are at risk of returning to a life on the street or facing at the child labour or child prostitution.

References

Human issues
Children
Saint-Maurice (district)

Saint-Maurice is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

 Collonges 
 Dorénaz
 Evionnaz
 Finhaut
 Massongex
 Mex
 Salvan
 Saint-Maurice 
 Vernayaz
 Vérossaz

Districts of Valais