cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Puritanism

The Puritans were a group of English-speaking Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritans thought that the English Reformation had not gone far enough. They also did not agree with some of the things the Church of England did.

King Henry VIII separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 and established the Protestant Church of England.  This Church remained until 1553. Queen Mary returned the Church to Roman Catholicism until 1558 when Elizabeth I of England became Queen.  Since she was a Protestant many people were happy, but thought that the Church had not changed enough and was still too much like Catholicism.

A Puritan was any person who tried to become purer through worship and doctrine. The Puritans' way of life and set of beliefs were called Puritanism.  The most important parts of Puritanism were piety (obeying religious rules), dressing simply, and living a modest life.

The Puritans believed some of the same things as Calvinists and Scottish Presbyterians. All of these groups were devoted to the Bible and to being morally pure.

One of the Puritans' most important beliefs was that every person needed to understand the Bible in his own way. (This belief is shared among most Protestants.) Puritans tried to live by the Bible's teachings in every way. They tried to be morally pure in even the smallest ways. They also tried to be spiritually pure in every way. They thought that man existed for the glory of God. They believed that man's most important job in life was to do God's will (what God wanted). By doing God's will, man would be rewarded with happiness in the future.

Because they did not agree with the way the Church of England did things, the Puritans made reforms, or changes, in their own churches and societies. Some of the Reformed churches in Europe made similar changes. The Puritans made preaching very important. They used as little ritual and decoration as possible. Very often, sermons talked about Hell. One famous sermon is "Sinners in the hands of an angry god", by Jonathan Edwards, an important Puritan preacher. The sermon talks about God being angry with people for sinful behavior, and throwing them into the fires of Hell as a punishment.

Many Puritan groups emigrated to New England so that they could start their own societies there and practice Puritanism the way they wanted. Puritan beliefs and writings became very important in New England. One important work was Puritan John Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress".

Separatists
Those who left the Church of England altogether were known as Separatists. Many of the Plymouth Colony Pilgrims who established the first successful colony in New England were separatists.
 Some of these churches were later called Congregationalists.

References

Other websites
 John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress
  A Puritan's Mind , some writings of the Puritans and their admirers
 Puritan sermons 
 Extensive Large collection of Puritan resources
Devario

Devario is a genus of fish. It is a relative of the aquarium fish Danio. Generally, they are larger than Danio, and have deeper bodies than Danio species. They have vertical or horizontal stripes. In size, they range from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in).

They are native to the freshwater rivers and streams of southeast Asia. Many species are brightly coloured, and are available as aquarium fish. They are active swimmers, and do best in a long tank.

Other websites 
Fishbase

Ray-finned fish
Freshwater fish
Aquarium fish
Da Nhay Beach

Da Nhay Beach is a beach on the shore of South China Sea. Da Nhay in Vietnamese means the rocks that jump. The beach was called this because of the geographical appearance of it; it has thousands rock reaching the sea and surrounding small fine sand beaches.

Location 
It is about 40 km north of Đồng Hới city, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam.

Other websites
 Introduction of Da Nhay Beach on Official website of Vietnam Tourism Authority 

Quang Binh Province
Beaches of Asia
Nhat Le Beach

Nhat Le Beach is a beach in Đồng Hới city, the capital of Quảng Bình Province.

Appearance 
The sand there is fine and white with clean water. The beach is located on the mouth of Nhật Lệ River emptying into South China Sea. There is a four-star resort at the opposite bank of the river and another under construction. 

Quang Binh Province
Beaches of Asia
Nhật Lệ River

The Nhật Lệ River is a river in Đồng Hới City, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam.

Appearance 
The Nhat Le River is 152 km long and splits up into other rivers such as the Kien Giang River, which is 58 km in length, and the Long Dai River, which it is 77 km long.

Other websites 
Rivers in Quang Binh Province on Official Website of Quang Binh government 

Rivers of Vietnam
Quang Binh Province
Varanasi

Varanasi (Sanskrit: वाराणसी Vārāṇasī,Telugu: వారణాసి, [ʋaːɾaːɳəsiː), also commonly known as Banaras and Kashi, is a city on the banks of the river Ganga (Ganges) in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Hindus, Buddhists and Jains think it is holy. It is one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world along with Damascus.

Notable people 
Rani Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi from 1842 to 6/18/1858, an Indian queen and charismatic female strategist, was born here, named Manikarnika. On 10 May 1857, she led the Hindu revolt, also known as India's First War of Independence, against the British navy. She died on 6/17/1858 or 6/18/1858 at age 29.

References 
 Singh, Rana P. B. Varanasi as Heritage City (India) on the scale the UNESCO World Heritage List: From Contestation to Conservation. Swedish South Asian Studies Network.

Other websites 
 District Varanasi Official Website - Official website of Varanasi District and City
 Why Did Aurangeb Demolish Kashi Vishawnath ? 

Varanasi district
Cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh
Dependent territory

A dependent territory is a territory that is not fully independent or sovereign. They belong to a sovereign state, and are dependent on that state to some degree. There are varying degrees and forms of such a dependence. They are commonly distinguished from subnational entities in that they are not considered to be part of the state. A subnational entity typically represents a division of the country proper, while a dependent territory is a legally separate territory that enjoys a greater degree of autonomy.

As an example, Greenland is a dependent territory of Denmark, and Saint Helena is a dependent territory of the United Kingdom.

Most of these dependent territories were originally colonies, which often had no autonomy.

Lists of dependent territories 
This list includes all territories that have not been legally incorporated into their governing state, including several territories that are not on the list of non-self-governing territories of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Dependency claims without general international recognition, including all claims in Antarctica, are listed in italics.

New Zealand

Summary: New Zealand has one dependent territory (Tokelau) and a territorial claim in Antarctica, as well as two self-governing associated states.

Norway

Summary: Norway has 1 dependent territory and 2 dependency claims.

United Kingdom

Summary: the United Kingdom has 13 Overseas Territories (10 autonomous, 1 restricted to military personnel, 1 uninhabited, 1 group of Sovereign Base Areas), 3 Crown dependencies (autonomous), and 1 dependency claim.

United States

Summary: the United States has 11 dependent territories and 2 dependency claims. The uninhabited Palmyra Atoll is administered similarly to some of these territories, but unlike the others is a fully incorporated part of the United States.

References

Notes
Pidgin

A pidgin is a simplified language. Pidgins usually develop because two groups of people need to talk to each other but do not speak the same language. Pidgins are not usually as complicated as many other languages.

Not all simple or "broken" forms of language are pidgins. Pidgins have rules which a person must learn to speak the pidgin well.

Countries that use pidgin languages as their official languages include Papua New Guinea, Jamaica and some other Caribbean and Central American countries.

References

Notes

Languages
Eiterfeld

Eiterfeld is a village in Germany in the east of Hesse. It can be found 25 km north of the town of Fulda and 15 km south of the town of Bad Hersfeld.

Tourism

The most importand building is Burg Fürsteneck, a castle from the Middle Ages. It is preserved and restored competely.

References

Other websites

 Official site 
 Akademie Burg Fürsteneck 

Villages in Hesse
Fulda (district)
SOCKS

SOCKS is an Internet protocol that allows one client computer to connect to another computer via a third computer (SOCKS server). SOCKS is an abbreviation for "SOCKetS".

When a direct connection between two computers (clients) is not possible for some services (e.g. HTTP, FTP, or chat protocols like MSN and AOL), a user can use these services via a so-called SOCKS server (routing).

Example: Bill wants to chat with Jane. Bill has a bad service provider who limits internet access. Bill's computer then connects to the SOCKS server, which is able to "chat" with Jane's computer without restrictions.

An HTTP proxy works similar to a SOCKS server, but is limited on routing HTTP traffic only.

References 

Internet
Computer protocols
Squid cache

Squid cache, or simply Squid, is a type of proxy server. They have many different uses, including making web servers faster. It is mostly used in HTTP and FTP protocols, but it has some support for some other types of protocols, like SSL, TLS, and HTTPS. It has been made over several years by people in the University of California in San Diego. It was made to be run on Linux-type computers, but with the use of Cygwin, it can also run completely on Windows computers. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License.

Other websites 
 Official project homepage

Web server software
Free software
Corsican language

Corsican ( or Lingua Corsa) is a Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica (France), together with French, which is the official language. Similar languages are also spoken on the nearby island of Sardinia (Italy), in the city of Sassari and the istorical region of Gallura. Corsican is similar to the dialects of Central Italy, particularly in Tuscany. Corsican is spoken by almost 35% of people in Corsica.

According to its UNESCO classification, the Corsican language is now in danger of becoming extinct. The language is separated into two dialects, "Northern Corsican", spoken in the Bastia and Corte areas, and "Southern Corsican", spoken around Sartene and Porto-Vecchio. The dialect of Ajaccio has been described as in transition. The dialects spoken at Calvi and Bonifacio are like the Genoa dialect, also known as Ligurian.

In the Sardinian region of Gallura, including the town of Tempio Pausania, and on the island of La Maddalena "Gallurese" is spoken. The Corsican language is very important for the Corsican culture, because it is really rich in proverbs.

Alphabet

References

Other websites 

 Wikiquote: Corsican proverbs

Languages of France
Romance languages
Corsica
PMMP

PMMP is a Finnish pop rock band. The band has two singers: Paula Vesala and Mira Luoti and three musicians Mikko Virta, Juho Vehmanen and Heikki Kytölä. The band writes their own songs with Jori Sjöroos. PMMP became popular in Finland in 2003, with the song Rusketusraidat. Their biggest hit is a song called Oo siellä jossain mun.

In November 2007, PMMP released their fourth album Puuhevonen which has songs for children.

The members of PMMP 
Paula Vesala, December 10, 1981
Mira Luoti, February 28, 1978
Mikko Virta, March 22, 1982
Juho Vehmanen, March 31, 1981
Heikki Kytölä, October 14, 1981

Discography

Albums 
Kuulkaas enot! (#6) 2003
Kovemmat kädet (#2) 2005
Kovemmat kädet (Kumipainos) 2005
Leskiäidin tyttäret (#1) 2006
Puuhevonen (-) 2007
Veden varaan (2009)
Rakkaudesta (2012)
Matkalaulu (2013)

Singles 
Rusketusraidat (#1) 2003
Niina (promo only) 2003
Joutsenet (#8) 2003
Päiväkoti (#13) 2005
Oo siellä jossain mun (promo only) 2005
Matkalaulu (promo only) 2005
Pikkuveli (promo only) 2005
Henkilökohtaisesti 2006
Tässä elämä on (radio only) 2006
Joku raja (#1) 2007
Kesäkaverit 2007
Täti Monika 2007
Atsipoppaa	2008
Viimeinen valitusvirsi 2009
Lautturi 2009
Pariterapiaa 2009
Lapsuus loppui 2009
Heliumpallo 2012
Rakkaalleni 2012
Tytöt 2012
Pahvinaamari 2012
Valloittamaton 2013

Music Videos 
Rusketusraidat 2003
Joutsenet 2003
Päiväkoti 2005
Matkalaulu 2005
Pikkuveli 2005
Henkilökohtaisesti 2006
Tässä elämä on 2006
Joku raja 2006

Other websites
Official homepage
Fans Colombia

Finnish musical groups
Rock bands
Musical groups from Helsinki
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Finland
Louis III of France

Louis III of France (born 863–865, died 5 August 882), king of Western Francia, was the second son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde.  He and his brother Carloman, both became king together and ruled together after his father's death in 879.

Louis won an important battle against the Viking pirates at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu, in 881.  He died in August 882 at Saint Denis after falling from his horse.  Because he had no children, his brother Carloman became the sole king.

860s births
882 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Carloman II of France

Carloman II of France (c. 866 – 12 December 884), king of Western Francia, was the youngest son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde. He and his brother Louis III of France shared the kingship when their father died in 879. Carloman became sole king in 882 when his brother died.

Carloman had problems with Viking raiders during his reign. He died while hunting on December 12, 884.

866 births
884 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
Eldest

Eldest is the second book in the Inheritance Cycle by Christopher Paolini. It comes after Eragon and was first published in hardcover on August 23, 2005. The paperback came out in September of 2006.

Story
In this book Eragon, with his dragon Saphira visits the elf city Ellesmera to complete his training. He is accompanied by a dwarf Orik and the elf, Arya. Here he finds out that the mysterious Mourning Sage had been another rider named Oromis, and his dragon Glaedr. Oromis is an Elf and is very old so he cannot fight Galbatorix but he can teach Eragon and Saphira. Eragon now has his own disability; his back pains him very much when ever he fights or exerts himself. During his stay, in a celebration of the elves the dragons grant Eragon with a gift, he is transformed, gaining the physical features of an elf. His back is also healed. He becomes much faster, stronger and his lessons become easier. His training is disrupted by news that the Varden are being attacked by a huge army sent by Galbatorix. Eragon goes to their aid and helps them in battle and has an encounter with another dragon rider and his red dragon. The Rider turns out to be Murtagh. Galbatorix had captured him after the battle in Farthen Dur and when a dragon hatched for him, Galbatorix made them swear oaths in the Ancient Language (so they cannot break them) that they would only serve him. They are bound by their oath to try and capture Eragon and Saphira. Eragon loses but Murtagh leaves him because he has "tried", telling him that Galbatorix will make sure Murtagh's oaths are stronger next time. He takes Za'roc from Eragon, because it was Morzan's sword. He also tells Eragon they are brothers and that Eragon is also the son of Morzan.

References 

2005 books
Inheritance Cycle
Charles the Fat

Charles the Fat (13 June 839 – 13 January 888) was the King of Alemannia from 876, King of Italy from 879, Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles III) from 881, King of East Francia from 882, and King of West Francia from 884. He lost control of East Francia, Lotharingia, and possibly Italy in 887. He died a few weeks later in January 888.  

839 births
888 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
Holy Roman Emperors
Odo of France

Odo of France (c. 857 – January 1, 898) was a king of the Franks (888 - 898). He was a son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and is sometimes called duke of France and also as count of Paris. His family is known as the Robertians. Odo made Paris his capital and that was important to making the start of modern France.

References 

850s births
898 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
839



Births 
 Charles the Fat of France is born.
820

820 (DCCCXX) was .

Events

Births

Deaths 
 Religious philosopher Adi Shankara dies.
843

The year 843 (DCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
The Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire into three parts.
860



Events

Births 
Odo of France, king of the Franks (888-898).
898

Year 898 (DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January – Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.

Deaths 
 Odo of France, king of the Franks.
Philadelphia City Hall

The Philadelphia City Hall is a city hall  in Philadelphia, United States.  It is 167 meters (548 feet) tall and has 9 floors.  It was built in 1901.

Philadelphia City Hall was the tallest building in the world from 1901 to 1908.  Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was Philadelphia City Hall.  The Singer Building became the tallest seven year later.

Photo gallery

Other websites 

 City of Philadelphia City Hall official site
 Site with a lot of information and pictures 
 Emporis.com - Philadelphia City Hall
 SkyscraperPage.com - Philadelphia City Hall

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1901 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
Virtual Magic Kingdom

Virtual Magic Kingdom was an online game community run by Disney. It was made to be an online version of the Magic Kingdom in Disney World which is in Florida. The game opened in 2005 and closed in 2008.

Online games
Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun (843) happened two generations after Charlemagne and divided his empire into three parts. When Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious died in 840, his oldest son Lothair I said that he ruled his younger brothers and their lands. But his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald won the Battle of Fontenay (841).

Division of the empire 
Each of the brothers already had one kingdom - Lothair in Italy, Louis the German in Bavaria, and Charles the Bald in Aquitaine. 

 Lothair got the central part of the empire - what later became the Low Countries, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence, and Italy.

 Louis the German received East Francia. Louis became of all lands to the east of the Rhine river and to the north and east of Italy. This area became the Medieval Holy Roman Empire and parts of it later became modern Germany.

Charles the Bald received West Francia, which later became modern France.

History of Germany
History of France
Verdun
843
Jousting

Jousting was a sport for rich people in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.  It was fought by knights on horses using different weapons such as lances, battle axes, daggers, and swords.  The knights wore armor and fought in tournaments.

Sports involving animals
Knights
European martial arts
Quảng Bình Province

Quảng Bình () is a province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam.

The province has the World Heritage Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. The province is the place of birth of several famous Vietnamese persons, including general Vo Nguyen Giap, the family of former South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem, poet Han Mac Tu, and writer Bao Ninh. During the Vietnam War, this province was severely devastated by bombing by U.S. B-52s.

Gallery

References

Provinces of Vietnam
GI (military)

GI or G.I. is a term used to describe a member of the United States armed forces or an item of their equipment. The term is often thought to be an initialism of "Government Issue" but the origin of the term is in fact galvanized iron after the letters "GI" that were used for equipment such as metal trash cans made from it in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.

References 

Military of the United States
Hồ Ngọc Hà

Hồ Ngọc Hà (born 25 November, 1984) is a Vietnamese singer, model and actress. She became famous when she won 1st prize of super model contest of Vietnam in 2003 and 2004, then she turned to act as singer.

Biography 
Hồ Ngọc Hà was born in Đồng Hới city, Quảng Bình province to a banking family. Her grandfather was of French descent. She studied piano at Military College of Arts . She is now living in Ho Chi Minh City.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1984 births
Living people
Vietnamese people
Quang Binh Province
Singers
Max Wolf

Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer. He was born in Heidelberg, Germany. He discovered the first Trojan asteroid 588 Achilles.

1863 births
1932 deaths
German astronomers
People from Heidelberg
Steeping

Steeping may mean:
Soaking in liquid until saturated with a soluble , as in, for example, the steeping of tea and coffee.  In the case of herbal tea, it is referred to as , and may also be called .
Soaking to remove an ingredient; Example: salt from smoked ham or salted cod.

One example is the steeping of corn, part of the milling process. As described by the US Corn Refiners Association, harvested kernels of corn are cleaned and then steeped in water at a temperature of 50 degrees for 30 to 40 hours. In the process their moisture content rises from 15% to 45% and their volume more than doubles. The gluten bonds in the corn are weakened and starch is released. 

The corn is then ground to break free the germ and other components, and the water used (steepwater), which has absorbed various nutrients, is recycled for use in animal feeds.

References

Cooking methods
Gluten

Gluten /gloot-en/ is a composite of the proteins gliadin and glutenin. These proteins are found in the endosperms of some grass-like grains such as wheat, rye and barley. Gliadin and glutenin make up about 80% of the protein contained in wheat seed. As they are insoluble in water, they can be got by washing away the starch in the grain. Worldwide, gluten is an important source of food protein, both in foods prepared directly from grains with gluten in them, and as an additive to foods that are low in protein.

Gluten and Celiac Disease
Some people are very sensitive to glutens in their food.  When they eat foods which contain gluten, these people may experience stomach cramps, bloating, gas and diarrhoea and rashes. This sensitivity is called coeliac disease (in North America, it is usually spelled "celiac disease").

Further reading

Other websites 
 Gluten Free FAQ 

nutrition
Octal

The octal numeral system is a base 8 numeral system. It uses the numerals 0 through 7. The system is similar to binary (base 2) and hexadecimal (base 16). Octal numerals are written using the letter o before the numeral, for example, o04 or o1242. Octal numbers are also sometimes written with a small 8 to the lower right, as in 12428.

At one time, the octal system was used mainly for work with computers. It provided an easier way to work with binary numbers. As computers changed from using 24-bit systems to 32- and 64-bit systems, hexadecimal replaced octal for most uses. Certain groups, for example, Native Americans using the Yuki language in California and the Pamean languages in Mexico, also use an octal numbering system. They do this because when they count, they use the spaces between their fingers instead of counting the actual fingers.

Octal and binary
The octal numeral system uses a "three-bit" binary coding. Each digit in an octal numeral is the same as three digits in a binary numeral. The grouping of the binary digits is done from right to left. The first three binary digits from the right are grouped into the last part of the octal numeral, then the next three digits form the next to the last part of the numeral.

Octal and decimal
In the decimal system (base 10), each digit in octal is equal to that digit multiplied by the exponent of 8 that is equal to its location minus one.

Example: o3425 to decimal

Octal and hexadecimal
Octal is similar to hexadecimal because they are both easily converted to binary. Where octal is equal to three-digit binary, hexadecimal is equal to four-digit binary. Where octal numerals start with the letter "o", hexadecimal numerals end with the letter "h". The easiest way to convert from one to the other is to convert to binary and then to the other system.

Related pages
 Binary numeral system
 Hexadecimal numeral system
 Decimal numeral system

References

Other websites 
 Online Converter  for Decimal/Octal Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)

Numbering systems
Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae is a family of flowering plants, variously called the madder, bedstraw, or coffee family. There are about 600 genera and more than 10,000 species in Rubiaceae. 

There are three subfamilies: Rubioideae, Cinchonoideae and Ixoroideae.

References and other websites 

 Rubiaceae , Henriquezaceae , Dialypetalanthaceae  Theligonaceae  and Naucleaceae  in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.  http://delta-intkey.com 
 MOBOT Rubiaceae

Plant families
 
Gentianales
Gentianales

Gentianales are an order of flowering plants.
Under the APG definition some well-known members of Gentianales are coffee, gardenias, and frangipani.

References 
 Struwe, L., V. A. Albert, and B. Bremer. 1994. Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. Cladistics 10: 175–205.
 Backlund, Maria, Bengt Oxelman, and Birgitta Bremer. 2000.   Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae American Journal of Botany 87:1029-1043.
Danish Centre of Urban History

The Danish Centre of Urban History (in Danish, Dansk Center for Byhistorie) is a research and communication center for the history of Danish cities. The centre was founded in 2001 by The Institute of History and Area Studies at Aarhus University and The Old Town, National Open Air Museum of Urban History and Culture.

Books 
The Centre has two book series called "Danish Urban Studies" and "Writings on Danish Urban History". These series have books and articles about Danish urban history from medieval ages until today. The centre provides Danish urban history to a wider audience on the internet through a website called The Digital City Gate. This site gives access to databases and presentations of Danish urban history. It mainly focuses on the period from 1600 to 1900.

Other websites
Danish center of urban history

Denmark
2001 establishments in Europe
21st-century establishments in Denmark
Gardenia

Gardenia is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Gardenia can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania.

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after Dr Alexander Garden (1730-1791), Scottish-born American naturalist.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three or four, 5–50 cm long and 3–25 cm broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, white or pale yellow. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer and many species are strongly scented.

Cultivation and uses

Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in some species.

Gardenias have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Because they originated in warm humid tropical areas, they demand high humidity.

Gallery

Other websites
Growing Gardenias

Rubiaceae
Flowers
Frangipani

Plumeria (common name Frangipani) is a small genus of 7-8 species that grow in tropical and subtropical Americas. The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. P. rubra (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), that grows in Mexico, Central America,  and Venezuela, produces flowers ranging from white, yellow to pink. From Mexico and Central America, Plumeria has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially Hawaii, where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is native there.

Plant 
Plumeria is related to the Oleander, Nerium Oleander, and both possess poisonous, milky sap, rather similar to that of Euphorbia.

Plumeria obtusa Gallery

Other websites 

 Frangipani, Plumeria, Lonely Hearts Posts and New Books to Read!  - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Plumeria.
 Portuguese Flora Brasiliensis: Plumeria
  Dok Champa Muang Lao: Plumeria Flowers, fleurs des frangipaniers, fleurs du Laos. Présentation de toutes les méthodes de multiplications : par bouture, semis, greffe ou encore marcottage. 
  plumeria's in nederland kweken 
 Bali Plumeria 
 Photos of White Frangipani (Plumeria Alba)

Gentianales
Religious conversion

Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity, or a change from one religious identity to another. "Conversion" can take place not only from one religion to another, but also between different denominations, within the same faith, when this involves a felt change of spiritual identity rather than other reasons such as convenience.

Related pages 
Freedom of religion

References 
 Barrett, D. V. The New Believers—A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (2001) UK, Cassell & Co 
 Cooper, Richard S. "The Assessment and Collection of Kharaj Tax in Medieval Egypt" (Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 96, No. 3. (Jul. – Sep., 1976), pp. 365–382.
 Barker, Eileen The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? (1984)

Other websites 

 "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights," by Natan Lerner, Ph.D. (legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism)
 How Does One Convert to Judaism?
 All Roads Lead to Rome Catholic conversion experience  at The Truth about the Catholic Church
 Choosing Judaism: Resource Center for Prospective Converts
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
 Online Book on conversion to Hinduism 
 Podcast about Mormon conversion experience 
 Islam converts change face of Europe
Min Nan

Min or Miin (Minnan in Mandarin Chinese), more commonly referred to as Hokkien, Taiwanese, Holo, or Hoklo, is a group of languages that is spoken in southern China. It is spoken in the southern part of Fujian. It is also spoken in Taiwan, Singapore, Guangdong, and Hainan. The name of the language comes from the Min River that is in Fujian.

Chinese language
Gladwyn Jebb

Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn, GCMG, GCVO, CB, known as Gladwyn Jebb (25 April 1900 – 24 October 1996), was a prominent British civil servant, diplomat and politician as well as the first Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Acting UN Secretary-General
After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945. He was appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.

Ambassador
Returning to London, Jebb was Deputy to the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin at the Conference of Foreign Ministers before serving as the Foreign Office's United Nations Adviser (1946-47). He represented the United Kingdom at the Brussels Treaty Permanent Commission with personal rank of Ambassador. He became the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations from 1950-1954 and to Paris from 1954-1960.

Political career
In 1960 Jebb was made a hereditary peer and as Baron Gladwyn became involved in politics as a member of the Liberal Party. He was Deputy Leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords 1965-1988 and spokesman on foreign affairs and defence. An supporter of the European Union, he served as a Member of the European Parliament 1973-1976 where he was also the Vice-President of the Parliament's Political Committee. He tried to be elected to the European Parliament in 1979.

When asked why he had joined the Liberal party in the early 1960s, he replied that the Liberals were a party without a general and that he was a general without a party. Like many Liberals, he passionately believed that education was the key to social reform.

Death
He died in 1996, and is buried at St. Andrew's, Bramfield in the county of Suffolk.

Lady Gladwyn
Jebb's wife, Cynthia, Lady Gladwyn, was a noted diarist of their times in Paris and a hostess of Liberal and London politics. She was the great-grand daughter of Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

Honours
 Commander of the CMG 1942
 KCMG in 1949
 GCMG, 1954
 GCVO, 1957
 Companion of the Bath, 1947
 Grand Croix de la Légion d'Honneur, 1957

Publications and papers
Publications by Baron Gladwyn include:
 Is Tension Necessary?, 1959
 Peaceful Co-existence, 1962
 The European Idea, 1966
 Half-way to 1984, 1967
 De Gaulle's Europe, or, Why the General says No, 1969
 Europe after de Gaulle, 1970
 The Memoirs of Lord Gladwyn, 1972

Other websites
 Cambridge Archives Centre - Gladwyn Papers

1900 births
1996 deaths
Companions of the Bath
English politicians
Former MEPs
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
MEPs for the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Barons
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom
Nuclear force

Nuclear force is the force between nucleons. It is the force that pulls protons and neutrons into atoms. It is very hard to break the bond, or tie, between protons and neutrons in an atom, because nuclear force holds them together. When the bond is broken, this is called nuclear fission.

Nuclear physics

yi:שטארקע נוקלעארע קראפט
Shota Rustaveli

Shota Rustaveli was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature. He is the author of The Knight in the Panther's Skin ("Vepkhistqaosani" in Georgian), the Georgian national epic poem. Little is known about life of the poet. He was a courtier of queen Tamara.

His work 

"The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (the actual name is Vepkhistkaosani, which means The wearer of Tiger's Skin) has been translated into many languages. It was first printed in 1712, in Tbilisi (capital of Georgia). It consists of 1576 four line stanzas with monorhyme. That means all lines rhyme to each other. The lines are made up of sixteen syllables.

References

Bibliography 
 Georgian Literature by A. G. Baramidze, D. M. Gamezardashvili, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu 2001, .

Other websites 

 The Man in the Panther's Skin: full text of M. Wardrop's English translation.
 Shota Rustaveli. "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (Fragments in English). 

Medieval literature
Poets
1172 births
1216 deaths
Writers from Georgia (country)
Supreme Commander

Supreme Commander is a real-time strategy computer game. It was made by Chris Taylor and his game company, Gas Powered Games. Many people think of the game as a spiritual successor to a game Taylor made in 1997, called Total Annihilation. The game was first talked about in the August 2005 issue of PC Gamer magazine. It was released on February 16, 2007 in Europe and February 20, 2007 in North America. Supreme Commander has an expansion pack called ''Forged Alliance.

References 

Real-time strategy video games
Forcalquier

Forcalquier is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the southeastern part of France.

Communes in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Subprefectures in France
Sirenia (band)

Sirenia is a gothic metal band from Stavanger, Norway, founded in early 2001. Sirenia play a mix of gothic metal, symphonic metal, extreme metal and death metal sounds. The vocals are two male, one hard voice, from death metal, and a clean male singer. The female voice is used in moments with melody or chorus. The band uses melodic instrumentals, synthesizers, and distorted guitars with female vocals, and a choir, and violins, for the male voices. Lyrics spoke about human existence, emotion, and mental states.

The band has changed tree female voices, first Fabienne Gondamin for the recording of At Sixes and Sevens, then Henriette Bordvik with whom the band recorded two albums ("An Elixir For Existence" and plus one EP "Sirenian Shores", and thenMonika Pedersen for recording Nine Destinies and a Downfall in 2007.

The lyrics, are written by Morten Veland.

Discography

Albums
 At Sixes and Sevens (2002)
 An Elixir for Existence (2004)
 Sirenian Shores (EP) (2004)
 Nine Destinies and a Downfall (2007)
 The 13th Floor (2009)

Singles
 My Mind's Eye
 The Other Side
 The Path To Decay
 Euphoria (song)
 The End of It All

Members

Current members
 Morten Veland - Programming, Growling, Clean Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Keyboards
 Jonathan A. Perez - drums
 Bjørnar Landa - Guitar
 Ailyn - Female Vocals

Old members
 Henriette Bordvik - Female Vocals (2002-2005)
 Kristian Gundersen - Clean Vocals, Guitar (2001-2004)
 Monika Pedersen - Female Vocals (2006-2007)

Session members
 Fabienne Gondamin - Female Vocals (2001)
 Jan Kenneth Barkved - Clean Vocals
 Pete Johansen - Violin
 Hans Henrik Varland - Keyboards
 Anne Verdot - Violin
 Roland Navratil - drums

Other websites
 Sirenia - official website
 Nuclear Blast - official website
 Official MySpace

Gothic metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Stavanger
José Saramago

José de Sousa Saramago, (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; born November 16, 1922; died June 18, 2010) was a Portuguese writer, playwright and journalist.

Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998. He lived on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain.

Biography 
Saramago was born into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in the province of Ribatejo some hundred kilometers north-east of Lisbon.

Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947. Since 1988, Saramago has been married to the Spanish journalist Pilar del Río, who is the official translator of his books into Spanish.

José Saramago was in his mid-fifties before he had international success; his novel Baltasar and Blimunda brought him an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.

Saramago was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party from 1969, until his death  as well as an atheist and self-described pessimist. His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.

Themes 

Saramago uses for his works fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel, The Stone Raft, the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel, Blindness, an entire country is stricken with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.

Bibliography

References

Bibliography 
 Baptista Bastos, José Saramago : Aproximação a um retrato, Dom Quixote, 1996
 T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, Entre a história e aficção : Uma saga de portugueses, Dom Quixote, 1989
 Maria da Conceição Madruga, A paixão segundo José Saramago : a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão, Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
 Horácio Costa, José Saramago : O Período Formativo, Ed. Caminho, 1998
 Helena I. Kaufman, Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução, Madison, 1991
 O. Lopes, Os sinais e os sentidos : Literatura portuguesa do século XX, Lisboa, 1986
 Carlos Reis, Diálogos com José Saramago, Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
 M. Maria Seixo, O essencial sobre José Saramago, Imprensa Nacional, 1987
 "Saramago, José (1922-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 Sep. 2007

Other websites 
 The Unexpected Fantasist, a portrait of José Saramago, written by Fernanda Eberstadt and published August 26, 2007 in The New York Times Magazine
 Introduction and video of Saramago from "Heroes de los dos bandos" -spanish civil war-
 Interviews with Saramago in video
 José Saramago from Pegasos 
 Translation of interview with Saramago in El País - 12-Nov-2005

1922 births
2010 deaths
Portuguese writers
Upasni Maharaj

Upasni Maharaj (May 15, 1870 – December 24, 1941) was a Hindu guru who lived in a small village called Sakori in Maharashtra, India. Upasni had been a yogi and after coming to the famous Indian saint Sai Baba of Shirdi, and staying in his care for three years, he is said to have become a sadguru. Upasni is most famous as the guru of Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba. There are still disciples of Upasni Maharaj today who live in Sakori and take care of his temple there. 

The principal teachings of Upasni Maharaj were:
Don't trouble others
Become useful to others, even if it costs you suffering.
Always remain content and in the state of Be as it may.

References 

Hindu gurus
1870 births
1941 deaths
Crucified Barbara

Crucified Barbara are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.

The currents members on the band are:
 Mia Coldheart – Vocals, Guitar
 Klara Force – Guitar
 Ida Evileye – Bass
 Nicki Wicked – Drums

Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock music.

History 
Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed  in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'.  It was released on December 8, 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist.  The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.

Old members 
 Joey Nine - vocals (1998 - 2003)

Discography

Albums 
 2005 - In Distortion We Trust

Singles 
 2005 - Losing The Game
 2005 - Rock'n'Roll Bachelor
 2006 - Play Me Hard

In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentine's Day Massacre".

Tours 
In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.

Other websites
 CrucifiedBarbara.Com 
 Crucified Barbara on MySpace

Swedish heavy metal bands
Glam metal bands
Hard rock bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1998
John Mayer

John Clayton Mayer (surname pronunciation: ) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, Room for Squares and Heavier Things, were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland". In 2005 he started a band called The John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan. In 2008 a live cover he did of Michael Jackson's Beat It with Fall Out Boy was released.
His sixth album, Paradise Valley, was released in August 2013.

References

Other websites 

 Official John Mayer site
 Official John Mayer Trio site 
 Mayer's MySpace page
 Mayer's blog at Honeyee.com 
 Mayer's photoblog at StunningNikon.com 

1977 births
Living people
American blues musicians
American rock guitarists
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Connecticut
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
American bloggers
Burg Fürsteneck

Burg Fürsteneck is a castle in the middle of Germany between the towns of Fulda and Bad Hersfeld. It belongs to the commune of Eiterfeld. The castle at an altitude of 406 meters on a small plateau.

History
Burg Fürsteneck belonged to the monastery of Fulda. It was first mentioned in 1309, but it might have been built one or two hundred years before. Since 1802 it became the property of the German state of Hesse. The castle Burg Fürsteneck is preserved completely in a good condition.

Akademie Burg Fürsteneck
Since 1952 Burg Fürsteneck has been an academy for vocational and cultural education. It was rebuilt by the architect Otto Bartning. Each year about 4,000 participants take part in one of more than 175 courses, with 15.000 overnight stays.

Literature
 August Straub: Burgen und Schlösser im Hessenland., Melsungen
 August Weber: Die Geschichte des Kreises Hünfeld. Fulda 1960
 Rudolf Christl et al.: 1150-Jahre Dorf und Markt Eiterfeld. Amt und Gericht Fürsteneck. 845 – 1995. Eiterfeld 1995

Other websites
 Homepage of Burg Fürsteneck 
 European Nyckelharpa training in castle Burg Fürsteneck
 International Days of the Nyckelharpa 
 Vocational course for medieval music  

Burg Fursteneck
Castles in Germany
Margate

Margate is a town in Thanet, Kent, Southeast England.

Port cities and towns of England
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Thanet
Towns in Kent
882



Births 
 February 8 – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, leader of Egypt, started the Ikhshidid dynasty (d. 946)

Deaths 
 January 20 – King Louis the Younger of Saxony
 August 5 – King Louis III of France of Western Francia.
 December 16 – Pope John VIII
876



Events 
Charles the Fat (Holy Roman Emperor), becomes Duke of Swabia

Births 
Henry I the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler) first King of the Germans
919



Events 
Henry I the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler) (876 – 936) becomes King of the Germans.
Robert I of France

Robert I (15 August 860 – 15 June 923), king of West Francia (922 – 923), was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and the brother of Odo of France.  Robert I was at the Siege of Paris in 885.  Robert had the title of Dux Francorum.  He did not call himself king of West Francia when his brother died in 898.  Instead he served the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple and defended northern Francia from the attacks of the Norsemen.

866 births
923 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Rudolph of France

Rudolph (also Radulf, Ralph, or Raoul) (c. 890 – 15 January 936) was the Duke of Burgundy between 921 and 923.  He was King of France from July 13, 923 until his death. He married Emma of France, daughter of Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. The nobles elected him King of France after his father-in-law died.

890 births
936 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Louis IV of France

Louis IV (920 – September 10, 954), was king of France from 936 to 954. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty and was son of Charles III and Eadgifu of England.

920 births
954 deaths

Kings and Queens of France