Fire salamander

The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is a species of salamander which can be found in Europe. It is black and has different kinds of yellow spots or stripes. Some salamanders are mostly black while others are mostly yellow. Shades of red and orange may sometimes appear. They either mix with the yellow, or replace it completely. This depends on the subspecies. Fire salamanders can have a very long life. In the German natural history museum of Alexander Koenig a salamander lived more than 50 years.

Where they live and what they eat 
Fire salamanders live in forests in the hilly parts of southern and central Europe. They prefer deciduous forests. They like to hide in the fallen leaves or mossy tree trunks. They need clean small brooks (small rivers) in their habitat. This is for the development of the larvae. Both on land and in the water, Fire salamanders are hard to notice. 
They spend much of the time hidden beneath stones, wood or other objects.

Fire salamanders are active in the evening and the night, but on rainy days they may be active in daytime as well. Their diet consists of insects, spiders, earthworms and slugs. Sometimes, they will eat small vertebrates—for example, newts and young frogs. Small prey will be caught within the range of the vomerine teeth or by the posterior half of the tongue, which sticks to the prey.

How they reproduce 
Males and females look pretty similar except during the breeding season, when the most conspicuous difference is a swollen gland around the male's vent. This gland produces the spermatophore, which carries a sperm packet at its tip. The courtship happens on land. After the male becomes aware of a potential mate, he confronts her and blocks her path. The male deposits his spermatophore on the ground. Reproduction occurs by means of this spermatophore, which will be taken up by the female. Their gills develop lungs. Neotenic fire salamanders have not been observed.

How they defend themselves against being eaten 

Salamanders may actively defend themselves once they are grasped by a predator. Besides various antipredator postures, S. salamandra adults are able to make strong poisons. These usually act on the nerves of the predator. They are called neurotoxins. One such poison is the alkaloid Samandarin. When the salamander senses danger, it can secrete this through its skin. This alkaloid causes strong muscle convulsions and high-blood pressure combined with hyperventilation in all vertebrates. The poison glands of the Fire salamander are concentrated in certain areas of the body, especially around the head and the dorsal skin surface. The colored portions of the animals skin usually coincide with these glands. Most of these secretions might be effective against bacterial and fungal infections of the epidermis, but some secretions could also be dangerous to human life.

Where they occur 

Fire salamanders are found in most of southern and central Europe. They are most commonly found at altitudes between 400 and 1000 m, only rarely below (in Northern Germany sporadically down to 25 m). However, in the Balkans or in Spain they are commonly found in higher altitudes as well.

Common names 
Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
 England – Fire salamander, Spotted salamander
 France – Salamandre tachetée
 Germany – Feuersalamander
 Portugal – Salamandra de fogo
 Spain – Salamandra común
 Italy – Salamandra pezzata
 Netherlands – Vuursalamander
 Norway – Ildsalamander
 Slovenia – Navadni močerad
 Croatia – Pjegavi daždevnjak
 Poland – Salamandra plamista

Subspecies 
Several subspecies of the Fire salamander are recognized. Most notable are the subspecies fastuosa and bernadezi. These two are the only viviparous subspecies – the others are ovoviviparous.

 S. s. alfredschmidti
 S. s. almanzoris – Spotted Fire salamander
 S. s. bejarae (or hispanica)
 S. s. bernardezi
 S. s. beschkovi
 S. s. crespoi
 S. s. fastuosa (or bonalli) – Yellow Striped Fire salamander
 S. s. gallaica – Portuguese Fire salamander
 S. s. gigliolii

 S. s. morenica
 S. s. salamandra - Spotted Fire salamander, Nominate supspecies

 S. s. terrestris – Barred Fire salamander
 S. s. werneri

Some former subspecies are today recognized as species due to genetic reasons.
 S. algira Bedriaga, 1883 - African Fire salamander
 S. corsica Savi, 1838 - Corsican Fire salamander
 S. infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 - Near-Eastern Fire salamander
 S. longirostris Joger & Steinfartz, 1994 - South Iberian Fire salamander

Images

References 

  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

Other websites 
 Amphibian Species of the World
 Caudata.org entry for Salamandra 
 Caudatamedia

Salamandridae