cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Maria Theresia of Austria

Maria Theresia of Austria (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female head of the Habsburg Dynasty. She was the Holy Roman Empress, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchess of Austria. 

During her rule she changed the royal palace outside Vienna (the Austrian capital) to look much like Versailles. Vienna itself became an important center for the arts, especially music. Maria Theresia added support to her absolute power by tightening her hold on the government. She also improved conditions for the peasants. She is generally known to history as the Empress Maria Theresia.

Biography 

Maria Theresia was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717. Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law prohibition.   

Maria Theresia married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine for love. They had sixteen children who are named here:
 Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1737–1740)
 Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738–1789)
 Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (1740–1741)
 Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741–1790)
 Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess of Teschen (1742–1798)
 Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)
 Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745–1761)
 Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1746–1804)
 Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792)
 Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (stillborn 1748)
 Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria (1750–1762)
 Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1751–1767)
 Queen Maria Carolina of Austria of Naples and Sicily (1752–1814)
 Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755–1793)
 Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria (1756–1801)

Maria Theresia died in Vienna, Austria, on 29 November 1780.

References 

1717 births
1780 deaths
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Holy Roman Empresses consort
Habsburg Dynasty
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Lorraine
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg
Aristocracy

Aristocracy is a kind of government that puts power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. In Ancient Greek, the word aristocracy means the rule of the best, but it has come to be linked with rule by Nobility.

There are different kinds of aristocracy with different ways the government is set up.  In history, most aristocracies are hereditary.  Members of the ruling group have passed on power to their eldest surviving Child. In most cases, this was their  son.  Daughters were often exclude from this. Aristocracy can be combined with other kinds of government. There were small groups of people that run a country. The people were called aristocrats and often had titles such as duke, duchess, baron and baroness.

Some good examples of this are the Spartiates in Sparta, the eupatridae in Athens, the patricians or Optimates in Rome to name a few

Various forms of government

Consistent with aristocracy 
 monarchy - (inherited rule by a single individual) The monarch and his or her relatives are usually the aristocracy. Also, the monarch has the power to make anyone he or she chooses part of the ruling group. Sometimes the current monarch is replaced by another aristocrat and their family.
 autocracy - (all power in one person) Aristocracies in an autocratic society tend to be very small, usually only the autocrat's family or close friends.
 plutocracy - (rule by the wealthy) The aristocracy is usually made up of the richest people. Sometimes it is not enough just to be rich, you must also be from a special family or ethnic group.
 oligarchy - (rule by the few)  All aristocracies are also oligarchies.

Not aristocracies 
 Meritocracy - (rule by those who most deserve to rule) The rulers are people who have special credentials or those who went to a particular school or passed a special examination. It is possible to lose your place in the ruling group because someone with better skills replaced you.
 Technocracy- rule by experts
 Democracy - (rule by the people) There are usually not official groups of aristocrats in a democracy. However, rich and famous people sometimes informally form a group of people who get special treatment.

References 

Social groups
Forms of government
Poseidon

Poseidon () is the god of the sea, earthquakes, storms and horses in ancient Greek religion and myth. He was one of the Twelve Olympians. His parents were Kronos and Rhea. He was the older brother of Zeus yet not by much.

Poseidon was generally regarded as an ill-tempered being. His mood was a reflection of the state of his realm. He was thought to conjure up violent storms at sea when angered. While he was married to the goddess Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, like his brother Zeus, Poseidon had a number of affairs with other goddesses and mortal woman, siring such heroes as Theseus and Bellerophon. Lord of the waters, Poseidon was both patron and protector of both sailors and seafarers, who would pray to him for safe passage across the sea. Poseidon was often regarded as the “Father of Horses,” as they were thought to be his creations. He was additionally the chief deity and patron of the city of Corinth, whereupon the Isthmian Games were held every other four years in his honor. Otherwise known as the Earth-Shaker (), Poseidon was thought to be the cause of such disasters, striking the Earth with his trident (a three-pronged spear) whenever he was particularly enraged. The god's symbol was his trident and the bull, horse and dolphin were his sacred animals. The god Neptune is his Roman equivalent. Neptune was a more war-like figure. Some have theorized this god is in fact Owen's hair coming from the popular belief that it summoned a storm.

Related pages

 Neptune (god) – Roman version of Poseidon
Percy Jackson – Fictional Child of Poseidon

Twelve Olympians
Message (computer science)

In computer science, a message is a bit of data, which is sent by a sender, to a recipient. This is usually done by copying the data around. In an event-driven model, the recipient will then act in a certain way to the message.

Computer science
Handball

(For the different sport of the same name played with two, three or four players, see.)

Handball (also known as team handball, field handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport similar to football (soccer). Two teams of 7 players each (six players and a goalkeeper) pass and bounce a ball using the hands, trying to throw it into the goal of the other team. Games are an hour of playing time, divided into 30-minute halves, with 15 minutes break at halftime. The size of the court is a little bigger than a basketball court, 40 meters by 20 meters, which is the same court as indoor soccer. It has a six-meter line which no one but the goalie is allowed to have possession of the ball and touching the ground. If this happens, a foul is called and the player committing the foul gets ejected, (sitting out of the game for two minutes, five minutes, or the rest of the game). There are seven players total on a handball team, six players and a goalie. Most historians agree that handball predates soccer, (football) but that is not for certain

References
"Team handball." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012
Twelve Olympians

The Twelve Olympians are the most important gods of Greek mythology, who lived atop Mount Olympus. Seventeen gods have been said to have been Olympians, but there were never more than twelve at the same time. 

Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered to be Olympians. Hestia, Dionysus, and Hades are the gods who have sometimes been Olympians. Thus, it is theorized that Hestia gave up her place to Dionysus because she wanted to live amongst humans however no records of this actually exist

The Olympians became the most important gods when Zeus and his brothers and sisters won a war against the Titans. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades are all brothers and sisters. All the other gods are Zeus's children and have different mothers.

Gods who are Olympians 
 Zeus is the most important god. He is the ruler of Mount Olympus and is the god of the weather. "If you were to chain the heavens and attempt to drag me down, with the power of you all, you could not. If I were to attempt to drag you down, it would be an easy matter."
 Poseidon is the god of the oceans. He is the next most important god to Zeus along with Hades.
 Hera is Zeus' wife. She is the goddess of marriage.
 Ares is the god of war and violence.
 Artemis is the goddess of hunting and animals.
 Hephaestus is the god of fire and forging.
 Apollo is the god of light, dance, music, medicine, archery, and poems.
 Hermes is the messenger of the gods. He is also the god of travelers, thieves and shepherds.
 Hestia is the goddess of the home and family.
 Demeter is the goddess of the earth, wheat, flowers and plants.
 Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty.
 Athena is the goddess of wisdom, the arts, industry, justice and skill.

References
Imperialism

Imperialism is a policy (way of governing) in which large or powerful countries seek to extend their authority beyond their own borders. The policy of imperialism aims at the creation of an empire.  

Imperialist countries take control of other countries.  They may use military force to do this. However, they may also avoid using military force.  They may simply establish economic and/or political control over the other country. 

Imperialist policies of countries or kingdoms have goals of taking over more land to create bigger empires. 

The ruler of an empire gains natural resources such as agricultural and mining products.  Human resources are also gained. Conquered peoples may be forced into slavery or into low-wage work. They may also be called into military service on behalf of the empire.  Trade markets are also gained. The people under an imperial government may be forced to buy products from that government or from that government's industries.  

Thus, a policy of imperialism can vastly enrich the imperialist country. This benefit can extend over a long period of time.

Imperialism has been practiced throughout recorded history. However, there is one historical period that is specifically known as the Age of Imperialism. This period extends from the early 18th century to the mid-20th century. 

During the Age of Imperialism, modern and industrialized countries competed for control of pre-industrial parts of the world. In pre-industrial areas, natural and human resources were widely and cheaply available.  The imperialist countries that acquired the largest empires during the Age of Imperialism are The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.

Some writers use the term "imperialism" informally.  They use the term to mean any type of domination of one country over another part of the world. Domination especially happened in Asia and Africa.

Other websites 
 Imperialism Quotations
 State, Imperialism and Capitalism by Joseph Schumpeter
 Economic Imperialism by A.J.P.Taylor 
 Imperialism Entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia (Bartleby)
 The Nation-State, Core and Periphery: A Brief sketch of Imperialism in the 20th century.
Cossacks

Cossacks () (from Cuman cosac, meaning "free man") was a group of people in the southern land of Ukraine and Russia. They are famous for their sense of being free. They are also well known for their military skill, mostly the way they ride horses

The name Cossack means "free man". The term was first used in the year 1395. The most well known Cossacks are the Ukrainian Cossacks from Zaporizhzhia and the Russian Cossacks (kazaks) from Don, Terek, Kuban and Ural areas. They started after the Mongols attacked Kievan Rus. Eventually Russian Cossacks guarded land for the Russian government. Cossacks were in the Russian army in some wars throughout the 1800s and 1900s. In the Russian Civil War most fought against the Red Army but some were "Red Cossacks". In Soviet times, the Cossacks' life was subject to a lot of Bolshevik attacks and Cossack lands survived several famines.  Cossack armies fought on both sides in the Second World War. In Russia today, Cossacks are ethnic descendants or are in the Cossack army and often both.

References 

Ukrainian people
Ukraine
Rhodesian Ridgeback

Rhodesian Ridgeback is a breed of dog. 

It has a red-brown coat of fur on its body and a line of hair down its back which is different from the rest of hair on its body. They are sometimes called The African Lion Dog, because they were used by hunters in Africa to find and confuse lions while the hunter shot the lion.

References

Other websites 
 Rhodesian Ridgeback and other dog breeds
 Rhodesian Ridgeback Startpage.

Dog breeds
Glove

A glove is a piece of clothing that covers a hand. There are many different kinds of gloves. Gloves are made of many different fabrics and materials, and gloves are used in many ways.

Gloves worn for protection 
People wear thick gloves, usually made of wool or fabric, to keep their hands warm in cold weather. They wear thin gloves (usually made of rubber or plastic) to keep their hands clean. People also wear thin gloves made of rubber or plastic to keep things they touch clean. Some workers wear gloves made of heavy rubber to protect their hands from chemicals. A mitten is a glove which has a separate place for the thumb, but the other four fingers are together. There are also mittens, which are very similar to gloves. Gloves and mittens are usually used to protect people from cold, and chemicals. People use latex gloves during Earth day to clean up.

Gloves worn for fashion 
There are also gloves that are worn for fashion, because they look good. These type of gloves are made from leather, fur, or different fabrics.

Gloves worn in sport 
Gloves are worn in sports, the most common reason being for extra grip for the competitors hands. Like in golf, baseball and goalkeepers in soccer.

Mittens 
The word is used for certain kinds of usually knitted gloves. Some don't have separate finger pieces, and are made for children. Others have separate finger pieces without tips, so the wearer can use his fingers for delicate work, and keep his hands warm at the same time.

Other websites 

 Glove Size Measurement & Chart
Alsatian language

Alsatian (, ) is a Germanic language. It is spoken in Alsace (eastern part of France).

References

German dialects
Languages of Europe
Alsace
Ionia

Ionia was a region in the west of Asia Minor in Ancient Greek times. It was in what is now Turkey. It was the birthplace of the Hellenic civilization. The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus, caused the migration of Ionic Greeks across the Aegean sea to Anatolia about 1000-900 BCE. The original Greek settlements in the region were numerous and small, but by the 8th century BCE they had consolidated themselves into 12 major cities—Phocaea, Erythrae, Clazomenae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, and Miletus on the mainland, with the islands Chios and Samos.By the end of the 7th century the Ionian cities had achieved great prosperity through their trading enterprises, their colonization efforts, and their manufacture of ceramics, textiles, and metalware. After World War One it was granted to Greece from Turkey in the Treaty of Sèvres, along with most of the islands in the Aegean sea, Thrace, and Turkey's most important city, Istanbul. The Turkish army drove the Greeks out soon after, killing many Greek people. They did not challenge the Greeks on the Aegean Islands, though.

Ancient Greece
Harmonic

A harmonic of a wave is the part of a signal's frequency that is a whole multiple (an integer) of the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. If f is the fundamental frequency (that is, 1f), then the harmonics have frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f..., and so on. The second harmonic (2f) has a frequency twice that of the fundamental frequency, the third harmonic three times, and so on. This concept applies to wave motions of any form of energy, but is perhaps most often related to acoustics.

Frequencies that lie between one harmonic and another harmonic are called interharmonics. For example, 1⅓f is an interharmonic between the fundamental frequency (or first harmonic) and the second harmonic. Interharmonics is a term invented, or at least standardised, by the international electronics industry about 1999, particularly for use in electrical energy. However, interharmonic frequencies also occur naturally in other radiant energies, for example music or any type of sound.

Related pages 
Harmonics (music)
Harmonic series (mathematics)
Harmonics (electrical power)
Sine wave

Wave physics
Towel

A towel is a form of cloth or paper used for drying things. There are many types of towels, such as a beach towel and a washcloth, a small towel used for cleaning dishes and bodies. Towels have many different uses, such as drying yourself after a shower, or wiping a table clean.

For the body, fabric terry towels are mainly used, consisting mainly of cotton fibers due to their high absorbency (reaching up to 300%).

Fabric towels belong to the group of piece textiles. Textile towels often have a sewn loop with which they can be hung on wall furniture hooks for use (previously it was recommended to sew a loop at both ends so that the towel wears out more evenly). In addition to hooks, towels can also be placed in a state thrown over a barbell, and thanks to this straightened suspension, they dry faster. Fabric towels can have finishes such as lace, embroidery, appliques and others.

Disposable towels can be made both in piece form and in a roll, both from paper and non-woven material.

Materials
Edmonton Oilers

The Edmonton Oilers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They joined the NHL in 1979, after seven years in the World Hockey Association. They were named the "Oilers" because Edmonton, Alberta is the center of Canada's petroleum industry.

The Oilers have won the Stanley Cup five times, in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990.  They also won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1984, 1986, and 1987.  They lost the 1983 Stanley Cup final to the New York Islanders and the 2006 Stanley Cup Final to the Carolina Hurricanes.

Wayne Gretzky won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP) eight times on the Oilers.  He also won the Art Ross Trophy seven times on Edmonton, the goal-scoring title (now known as the Richard Trophy) five times, and the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs twice.  Gretzky set many NHL records on the Oilers, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season.

The Oilers have had many other great players:  Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1990 and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1984; Paul Coffey won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1985 and 1986; Grant Fuhr won the Vezina Trophy as best goaltender in 1988; Jari Kurri led the NHL in goals in 1986; Bill Ranford won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1990; and Connor McDavid won the Hart Trophy in 2017. Glenn Anderson and Curtis Joseph are among their other top players.

2009–10 Season

References

Other websites
Official website

1972 establishments in Canada
Edmonton Oilers
World Hockey Association teams
Los Angeles Kings

The Los Angeles Kings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).

History
The team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.

The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.

Players
Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy.

References

Other websites
Official website

1967 establishments in California
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Los Angeles Kings
St. Louis Blues

The St. Louis Blues are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship once in 2019, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.

Origin 
The name Blues is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled St. Louis Blues.

History

First years 
In their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.

Later years 

The 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990s. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century. On  June 12, 2019, the Blues won their first after defeating the Boston Bruins in game seven of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Missouri
Fraction

In common usage a fraction is any part of a unit.

Fraction may also mean:
Fraction (mathematics), a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field
Fraction (chemistry), a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation
Fraction (religion), the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion
Fraction (politics), a parliamentary party
Fraction (comic), a short-lived comic about the theft of a powersuit
Mortar and pestle

A mortar and pestle are two tools used with each other to mill (grind) and mix substances.

The Mortar is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground.  Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths.  The Pestle is a stick used for pounding and grinding. 

Mortars and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs.

Related pages 
 Glass rod
 Vortex mixer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle

Tools 
Laboratory equipment
Dog Day Afternoon

Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American crime drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson and based on an article from Life magazine. The movie stars Al Pacino, John Cazale, Chris Sarandon and Charles Durning. The story is about bank robbery in New York City.

Cast
The Life article described Wojtowicz as "a dark, thin fellow with the broken-faced good looks of an Al Pacino or Dustin Hoffman". Hoffman was offered the role when Pacino briefly quit. An 18-year-old actor was originally to be cast in the role of Sal to match the age of the actual Salvatore. The table below shows the main cast of Dog Day Afternoon.

Historical accuracy

The movie was based on the story of John Wojtowicz.  It keeps the basic facts of what happened, according to the Life article "The Boys in the Bank". According to the article, Wojtowicz, along with Sal Naturile, held up a Chase Manhattan Bank branch in Brooklyn, New York on August 22, 1972.

After being arrested, Wojtowicz was convicted in court and sentenced to twenty years in prison.  He served six years.

Wojtowicz wrote a letter to The New York Times in 1975.  He said the movie was not completely true. He said the way his ex-wife was shown was not accurate.  He also said there was not a talk with his mother. He did say Al Pacino and Chris Sarandon's portrayals of him and his boyfriend Ernest Aron were good. Also, Sal was 18 years old, but is played by a 39-year-old.

Wojtowicz died of cancer in January 2006.

Awards
Dog Day Afternoon won the Academy Award for Writing – Original Screenplay (Frank Pierson) and was nominated for other Oscars:
 Best Picture (Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand)
 Best Director (Sidney Lumet)
 Best Actor in a Leading Role (Al Pacino)
 Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Chris Sarandon)
 Best Film Editing (Dede Allen)
The movie was also nominated for the following seven Golden Globes, winning none:
 Best Motion Picture – Drama
 Best Director – Motion Picture (Sidney Lumet)
 Best Motion Picture Actor – Drama (Al Pacino)
 Best Screenplay – Motion Picture (Frank Pierson)
 Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Charles Durning)
 Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (John Cazale)
 Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture – Male (Chris Sarandon)

The movie won other awards, including an NBR Award for Best Supporting Actor (Charles Durning) and a Writers Guild Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen (Frank Pierson) as well as the British Academy Award for Best Actor (Al Pacino). It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

In 2009, it was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

References

Other websites 

1975 drama movies
1970s comedy-drama movies
1970s crime drama movies
1970s LGBT movies
American comedy-drama movies
American crime drama movies
American heist movies
American LGBT movies
Black comedy movies
English-language movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
LGBT crime movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies directed by Sidney Lumet
Movies set in Brooklyn
Transgender in movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Warner Bros. movies
Spokane, Washington

Spokane (Pronounced: ) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington. Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, about 20 miles (30 km) from Idaho. Spokane is 92 miles (148 km) south of Canada.

Spokane is the second largest city in Washington, while Seattle is the largest. Spokane's nickname is the "Lilac City" because of how many of those flowers grow in the area.

The population of the city in 2019 was 222,081 and the population of the metro area of Spokane is 573,493.

History 
Spokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the Spokane Falls. In 1889 a fire burned down the downtown area of Spokane. In 1892 the railroad came to Spokane, and this made it easier for people to get into and out of the city.
In 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair. This brought a lot of people and business into Spokane.

Spokane River 

The Spokane River flows through the city. In downtown Spokane, there is a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls. The first buildings in Spokane were built near the falls.

The Spokane River has many dams that make energy for the people of Spokane.

Climate 
In the Summer, Spokane is hot and dry. Spokane has cold and snowy Winters. Spring and Fall are very short.

Temperatures over  or less than  do not usually happen in Spokane. However, the hottest temperature in Spokane was , and the coldest was .

References

 
County seats in Washington
1871 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
M16 rifle

The M16 is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15. Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries. First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, it is currently the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces. The rifle is being used by over 80 nations.

The M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 550 meters, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute. The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire. The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire. The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire. The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.

There is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called Diemaco C-7. The Diemaco C-7 rifles have maple leaves on the left side.

Related pages 
 AR-15

References 
 Rose, Alexander. American Rifle-A Biography. 2008; Bantam Dell Publishing. .

Assault rifles
5.56 mm firearms
Rifles of the Cold War
Sid Vicious

Sid Vicious (10 May 1957 – 2 February 1979) was an English punk musician. His real name was John Simon Ritchie and he was born in Lewisham, London. He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly. His bad behaviour was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.

On 22 October 1978, his American girlfriend Nancy Spungen (19581978) was stabbed to death with a knife in New York City. It is not clear if Vicious killed her. He was charged with murder, and released on bail. Before he was due to go to court, he died of an accidental overdose of heroin in New York City.

A movie was made about the lives of Vicious and Spungen. The name of this movie is "Sid and Nancy." Gary Oldman plays Vicious.

1957 births
1979 deaths
Bassists
British punk musicians
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
English rock musicians
Musicians from London
Sex Pistols
Joseph Strutt

Joseph Strutt was an English engraver in 1749. He put patterns into objects (like words into stone) and collected things from the past. He died in 1802.

1749 births
1802 deaths
English artists
People from Essex
Tricia Nixon Cox

Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.

Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971.

She tutored inner-city children.

Other websites

1946 births
Living people
Children of Presidents of the United States
People from Whittier, California
Głuchołazy

Głuchołazy (Bad Ziegenhals) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.

Other websites
Official town webpage
Glucholazy Unofficial Website 

Towns in Poland
Columbia River

The Columbia River is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long. It is the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume. The Columbia has the greatest discharge (flow) of any North American river entering the Pacific.

Its largest tributary is the Snake River, which flows west from the state of Idaho. The lower part of the Columbia forms the border between the states Washington and Oregon. The Columbia drains 254,000 square miles (657,857 km2) of land, beginning in the Canadian Rockies and flowing west through the Cascade Range, to where it empties into the Pacific Ocean.

There are 14 dams on the Columbia River. Three are in Canada, and the other 11 are in the United States. The dams generate hydroelectricity and provide flood control and water for farms. There are also dams on the Snake River and many other tributaries. These dams have, along with their benefits, caused salmon populations in the river to go down.

Major tributaries 

Rivers of Canada
Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
Geography of British Columbia
Rivers of Oregon
1597



Events 
 17 January – A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i.e., cricket) as early as 1550.
 January 24 – Battle of Turnhout.  Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas in the Netherlands
 February 5 – In Nagasaki, Japan, 26 people were martyred. They practiced Catholicism and were taken captive after all forms of Christianity were outlawed the previous year.
 The first opera is considered to have been written.
 Bali discovered by the Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman
 Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.
 Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia
 First edition of Francis Bacon's Essays published.
Martyr

A martyr is originally a witness and now means a person who died or was killed because of their faith, for example Saint Stephen. It is often used for people who died for any belief or idea, especially in politics.

Related pages 
Self-denial
Self-immolation

Theology
Death
Whittier, California

Whittier is a city in Los Angeles County, California, USA.  It is near Pico Rivera, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra and La Mirada.  It is one of the oldest cities in the Los Angeles Area.  Early settlers included Manuel Nieto and Pio Pico.  In the 1880s, the land that is now Whittier was bought by Quakers, who named the city after John Greenleaf Whittier, a Quaker poet.  These Quakers started Whittier College.  In the early 1900s, Whittier was mostly orange groves, but became a suburb of Los Angeles after World War II. In 1987, a large earthquake hit the city, destroying many buildings and leading to a wave of civic activism.  This activism helped save many old buildings, including the Bank of America Building, the Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, and the Hoover Hotel.

The 2010 United States Census reported that Whittier had a population of 85,331.

Whittier's largest employers are Whittier College, Presbyterian Hospital, and Whittwood Mall.  There has been talk of new development on the site of Nelles School for Boys and in Uptown.  Besides Whittier College, Whittier has a community college, Rio Hondo College, five public high schools (Whittier, California, Pioneer, Santa Fe, and La Serna High), and several elementary and middle schools.

Many famous people have lived in Whittier, including Richard Nixon, who attended Whittier High and was a lawyer in the Bank of America Building.

References
List of French institutions

This is a list of French institutions.

Executive power
President of the French Republic
Government of France
Ministers of France

Legislative power
French Congress of Parliament
French National Assembly
French Senate

Judicial power
Constitutional Council of France
Council of magistrature

Politics of France
French institutions
Mother (video game)

Mother (マザー Mazā) was a video game sold only in Japan for the Family Computer (FC). They planned to sell the game in the USA, but Nintendo of America chose not to release it. This is because when they finished making it into English, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was already being sold. The game was released on the Wii U Virtual Console in the USA in 2015.

Character list    
 Ninten (ニンテン Ninten) (Also known as "Ken" (ケン Ken) in the MOTHER novel)   
 Ana (アナ Ana)   
 Loid (ロイド Roido)   
 Teddy (テディ Tedi)   
 Queen Mary (クイーン・マリー Kuīn Marī)   
 Mama   
 Papa   
 Minnie   
 Mimmie
 Mr Saturn
 Giygas

Other websites   
 EarthBound IPM    
 Starmen.net: Earthbound Zero  
 Mother Party (Mother-jp.net): Mother  (Japanese)

1989 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Mother series
Mother 1 + 2

Mother 1 + 2 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance which includes Mother and Mother 2 (EarthBound US). Much of the music is different than the console games (Mother 2 is mostly the same, but Mother was changed a lot to make it similar to the United States one that was not sold).

Other websites 
 Official Mother 1 + 2 website (Japan)
 Mother Party (Japanese)
 Mother 1 + 2 Starmen.Net
 Mother2.net
 EarthBound IPM 

Game Boy Advance games
2003 video games
Mother series

en:EarthBound (series)#Mother 1 + 2
Mother 3

Mother 3 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, made by Brownie Brown and HAL Laboratory. It was released on April 20, 2006 and it is the third game in the Mother video game series, called EarthBound outside of Japan. 

The game was kept secret until it appeared in June of 2003 during a Mother 1 + 2 commercial in Japan. Once it appeared, the game stayed near the top of Famitsu's Most Wanted Games list.

Development
Mother 3 was first going to be made for the Nintendo 64 and then later for the Nintendo 64DD. It was going to be called Earthbound 64. It was canceled after the developers were having problems making the 3D graphics work. It was moved to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006. It uses much stuff from EarthBound 64, including the characters Lucas, Claus, Flint, and Boney, as well as the villain of the game.

Storyline
Mother 3 takes place on Nowhere Islands. The Nowhere Islands are a large amount of islands in the middle of the ocean. They contain one volcano, two mountains, a castle, and one small village called Tazmily. The story takes place when Lucas, his brother Claus, and his mother Hinawa take a vacation to his grandpa's house. During the vacation, Lucas and Claus play with a race of peaceful T-Rex like creatures called Dragos. After a long day of playing, they head home, not after Hinawa sending a message to Flint, her husband, that they are heading back. 

Meanwhile, the forest near Tazmily is lit on fire mysteriously.

Characters

Lucas is the main protagonist, son of his mother Hinawa and father Flint. Lucas is known to be gentle. He is yellow haired with a stripe of yellow and red on his shirt.

References

Other websites

Official sites
 Official site (Japanese)
 1101.com (Shigesato Itoi's website): Mother 3 (Japanese) 
SpaceWorld 1999: Mother 3 (Japanese)

Press coverage
 IGN: Mother 3 
 GameSpy: Mother 3 
 GameStats: Mother 3

Fansites
 Starmen.net, the biggest EarthBound/Mother fansite.

2006 video games
Cancelled video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Mother series
Cardcaptor Sakura

Cardcaptor Sakura is a manga series from Japan. It is also an anime series. Cardcaptor Sakura is sometimes abbreviated as CCS.

Cardcaptor Sakura was created in 1996 by a team of artists named CLAMP. CLAMP has created many other series, but Cardcaptor Sakura is one of the most popular. The manga was first published in Nakayoshi from 1996 to 2000. The story is about Sakura Kinomoto, a middle school student who accidentally frees a deck of magical cards from a book hidden in her father's study. The book's guard, Keroberos, gives Sakura the task to find and capture the troublemaking cards. The series focuses on themes of love and family, Sakura and her friends, and their different relationships.

The anime aired on Japanese television from 1998 to 2000, changing parts of the manga's story and introducing new characters, and has two films as well. The English version of the anime was licensed by Nelvana, renamed Cardcaptors, and the story was changed a lot to suit an American audience.

Story
Ten-year old Sakura Kinomoto is an athletic girl in middle school. She finds a strange book, named the Clow Book, in her father's study. She finds the Clow Cards inside. She learns the cards are magical, accidentally setting them free when she calls the name of the Windy Card. The book's guardian, Kero, gives Sakura the task of finding and capturing the cards, using the Clow Wand to seal them in their card forms. Sakura is helped by her best friend Tomoyo Daidouji, who designs Sakura's battle costumes and records her adventures on a video camera. Sakura meets Syaoran Li, a boy of her age and a relative of the Clow Cards' creator Clow Reed. Syaoran wants to capture the cards himself, becoming Sakura's rival, though they later become friends. The two capture all of the cards between them, but have to face the second guardian of the Clow Cards, Yue, to decide who will become the new master of the cards. Yue is revealed to be the true form of Yukito Tsukishiro, the friend of Sakura's older brother Toya. Sakura defeats Yue and becomes the new owner of the Clow Cards.

Eriol Hiiragizawa, a student from England, arrives in Sakura's town and begins causing magical troubles around town. Sakura learns she has to transform the cards into Sakura Cards to continue using their magic or they would become normal cards. Eriol is revealed to be a reborn Clow Reed, and after tasking Sakura with one last challenge, all of the cards are successfully transformed. Syaoran, who fell in love with Sakura, confesses to her, who comes to love him in return. Syaoran returns home to Hong Kong but returns two years later to be with Sakura.

Characters
The characters' Japanese names are followed by their English names.

Media
Cardcaptor Sakura is shown in many countries around the world. CCS is popular, because it is very cute. There are many posters and many toys about CCS.

Anime series based on manga
1173



Events 
 Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury
 August 9th – Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa
 Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh.
 Conversion to Christianity of Peter Waldo and the subsequent founding of the Waldensians.
 End of Qiandao era and start of Chunxi era of the Chinese emperor Xiaozong
 End of reign of Polish ruler Boleslaus IV of Poland and start of reign of Casimir II of Poland
 Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband Henry II of England in the Revolt of 1173-1174
 First recorded use of algebraic chess notation
List of kings of Carthage

Until 308 BC, Carthage was ruled, at least officially, by Monarchs.

Monarchs of Carthage, 814 BC-308 BC
Dido 814-c.760 BC -queen
unknown
Hanno I c.580-c.556 BC
Malchus c.556-c.550 BC
Magonids
Mago I c.550-c.530 BC
Hasdrubal I c.530-c.510 BC
Hamilcar I c.510-480 BC
Hanno II 480-440 BC
Himilco I (in Sicily) 460-410 BC
Hannibal I 440-406 BC
Himilco II 406-396 BC
Mago II 396-375 BC
Mago III 375-344 
Hanno III 344-340
Hannonian
Hanno the Great 340-337 BC
Gisco 337-330 BC
Hamilcar II 330-309 BC
Bomilcar 309-308 BC

In 480 BC, following Hamilcar I's death, the King lost most of his power to an aristocratic Council of Elders.  In 308 BC, Bomilcar attempted a coup (rebellion) to restore the monarch to full power, but failed, which led to Carthage becoming in name as well as in fact a republic.

Ancient Rome
Carthage
Carthage
Lists of heads of state
Wilhelm Busch

Wilhelm Busch (born April 15, 1832 in Wiedensahl, near Hannover; died January 9, 1908 in Mechtshausen) was a German painter and poet who is known for his satirical picture stories.
After studying first mechanical engineering and then art in Düsseldorf, Antwerp, and Munich he started drawing caricatures.

Wilhelm Busch also wrote a number of poems in a style similar to his picture stories. Besides that he produced more than 1,000 oil paintings that were not sold until after his death in 1908.

Works 
(with the year of publication)
 1859 Die kleinen Honigdiebe 
 1864 Bilderpossen
 1865 Max and Moritz
 1866 Schnaken und Schnurren
 1867 Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe
 1868 Schnaken und Schnurren, part II
 1869 Schnurrdiburr oder die Bienen Braun
 1870  Saint Antonius of Padua
 1872 Schnaken und Schnurren, part III
 1872 Die fromme Helene
 1872 Bilder zur Jobsiade
 1872 Pater Filuzius
 1873 Der Geburtstag oder die Partikularisten
 1874 Dideldum!
 1874 Critique of the Heart (orig. Kritik des Herzens)
 1875 Adventures of a Bachelor (orig. Abenteuer eines Junggesellen)
 1876 Herr und Frau Knopp
 1877 Julchen
 1878 Die Haarbeutel
 1879 Fipps der Affe
 1881 Stippstörchen für Äuglein und Öhrchen
 1881 Der Fuchs. Die Drachen. - Zwei lustige Sachen
 1882 Plisch und Plum
 1883 Balduin Bählamm, der verhinderte Dichter
 1884 Maler Klecksel
 1891 Eduards Traum
 1893 Von mir über mich (autobiography)
 1895 Der Schmetterling
 1904 Zu guter Letzt
 1908 Hernach
 1909 Schein und Sein
 1910 Ut ôler Welt (legends)

Related pages
Düsseldorf school of painting
List of German painters

References

Other websites 

 Collection of known works (Gutenberg Project Germany)
 
 Biography and works (in German)

1832 births
1908 deaths

German poets
German painters
Autobiographers
Marklohe

Marklohe is a municipality in  Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an amt in the district of Nienburg (Weser) in Lower Saxony. Marklohe has about 4000 habitants.

References
Ribose

Ribose is a five-carbon sugar. It is found in RNA (ribonucleic acid).

D-Ribose is taken as a herbal supplement. Victims of fibromyalgia often report reduced pain and increased energy with little or no side effects.

Chemical compounds
Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose is the sugar component of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of ribonucleic acid or RNA.

Chemical compounds
1236

Year 1236 (MCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January 14 – Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
 May 6 – Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albans Abbey dies. His chronicle is continued by Matthew Paris.
 September 22 – Lithuanians and Semigallians beat Livonian Brothers of the Sword in Battle of Siauliai
 Volga Bulgaria is conquered by Mongol khan Batu.
 Córdoba was retaken for Christianity as part of the Reconquista in 1236, and became a centre of activity against the remaining Islamic population.
 Accession of Razia al-Din to the Sultanate of Delhi.

Deaths 
 Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti,a Sufi Saint.
 Iltutmish
1238

980987151238

Events 
 Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Russia.
 In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada.
 Mongols seize Moscow, at that time a small town.
 Peterborough Cathedral is consecrated.
 The Khmers are expelled from Luang Phrabang in Laos.
 The Sukhothai kingdom is founded in Thailand.
 The seat of the patriarchate of Aquileia is transferred to Udine.
 Simon de Montfort marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III of England.
 The Battle of Örlygsstaðir takes place – it is the largest armed conflict in the history of Iceland
Profession

A profession is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often study for years to do their job. Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law. These were called "learned professions". In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer are often called "learned". 

Sometimes "profession" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs. Someone who works in a profession is called a professional. Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid.