cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Stephen King

Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American writer from Maine. He wrote scary horror novels. His books and stories have sold more than 300 million copies. He has written more than fifty novels, two hundred short stories, and nine collections of short fiction.

Works

King's first novel, Carrie, was published in 1974. Many of his stories have been made into movies or television programs. The movies and programs include The Shining, The Shawshank Redemption, The Green Mile, Misery, Pet Sematary, It (the miniseries) and the 2017 movie It. 

King has written some of his books under the name "Richard Bachman". He collaborated with Peter Straub on others.

King's highest rated books (as rated by readers) include Carrie, The Shining, The Stand, Misery, It, Cujo,  The Dark Tower, Under the Dome and Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.

Life 
Stephen King was born in Portland, Maine. His mother's name is Nelie Ruth and his father's name is Donald Edwin King.

King and his wife Tabitha own three different houses. One house is in Bangor, Maine, one is in Lovell, Maine and one is in Sarasota, Florida. Stephen and Tabitha have three children and three grandchildren.

References

Other websites
StephenKing.com, Stephen King's official website

1947 births
Living people
Actors from Maine
American movie actors
People from Portland, Maine
Writers from Maine
People from Bangor, Maine
 
O. Henry Award winners
Baby

A baby is a human younger than about 1 or 2 years old.

Other terms can be used to describe the baby's stage of development. These terms do not follow clear rules and are used differently by different people, and in different regions.  For example, infant may be used until the baby can walk, while some use "infant" until the baby is one year old. From birth until 3 months of age, a baby can be called a newborn.  Depending on how many weeks gestation at birth, newborns may be called premature, post-mature, or full term. The word infant comes from Latin: infans means "unable to speak". 

At birth, many parts of the newborn's skull are not yet converted to bone, leaving "soft spots". Later in the child's life, these bones join together naturally. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion. During labour and birth, the infant's skull changes shape as it goes through the birth canal. Sometimes this causes the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal in a short time. 

Some religions have ceremonies that occur after a new baby is born, such as Baptism, which involves partly or fully covering the baby in water.

After learning to walk, babies are often called toddlers, usually between one and three years of age.

Sometimes, a woman's baby may die before or during its birth. Babies which have died in this way are called stillborn babies, or miscarried babies.

References

Other websites
  Baby Pictures  Newborns, Infants and Toddlers 
 Kids Height/Weight Calculator  by Parenting Nation
 Baby Foods Guide Benefits of Organic Baby Food
 Baby Stroller by Stroller List

 
Basic English 850 words
Viacom

Viacom (short for Video & Audio Communications) was an American entertainment company. It started in 1970 as Viacom International, the syndication division of CBS TV (which they once owned). In 2005, Viacom split into two companies: the original company was renamed CBS Corporation, and a new company keeping the Viacom name was created. They own Paramount Pictures, MTV, Nickelodeon, Nick Jr., and others. They formerly owned the movie rental giant Blockbuster Entertainment.

In 2019, Viacom and CBS were merged together. This created ViacomCBS, a combination of the two companies. The merger was finished on December 4, 2019. They have also launched a streaming service called CBS All Access, which includes their library of movies and TV shows, along with original content.

References

Entertainment companies
Uniform Resource Locator

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is another name for a web address. URLs are made of letters, numbers and other symbols in a standard form. People use them on computers, to make the computer fetch and show some specific resource (usually a web page) from another computer (web server) on the Internet. They do this by typing the URL into a web browser, or more often clicking a link, for example one on a web page that they are already seeing.

URLs consist of several parts:
 A protocol. Very often, this is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Some separation characters: ://
 The other computer's name or address. It is very common for names to start with www. (which stands for World Wide Web), but the entire name is up to that computer's administrator.

In some cases, the URL may also contain
 The path to a document or script.
 In the case of a script, additional parameters after a question mark (?)
 Username and password needed to access a certain page
 Some text after a pound sign (#), naming a spot to skip ahead to.

The URL of this page is https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Locator
 https is the protocol
 simple.wikipedia.org is the web site
 /w/index.php is a script. That script gets parameters, title=Uniform_Resource_Locator

A shorter form, called a ("relative") URL, is used when a computer could correctly fill in the full ("absolute") URL from context. For example, of /wiki/URL only works for a link on Wikipedia to this page on Wikipedia. Absolute URLs can be shared outside of computers, even with little or no explanation.

URLs is URI. URI is Uniform Resource Identifier. URL vs URI  is basically same. So, you don't need to confuse in it.

Extensions 
These are at the end of the domain name which has a period mark before it. At first there were six main extensions:
 .com - Commercial use
 .net - network / Internet service provider use
 .org - Organizational use
 .edu - Educational use (Schools and universities)
 .mil - Military use
 .gov - Governmental use

Today, there are many other URL extensions. These are usually either a top level domain or interest grouping. Each country has its own top level domain, for example, .ca for Canada, .us for the United States of America or .co.uk for the United Kingdom. Many countries have a government-only extension, for example the United States uses .gov or .fed.us, .gc.ca for Canada and .gov.uk for the United Kingdom. Interest group domains would include .tv (television), .pro (professionals) and .xxx (pornography). These are not used as often as the original extensions.

References

Internet
Firefighter

Firefighters are people whose job is to extinguish fires and rescue people. Besides fighting fires, firefighters rescue people and animals from vehicle accidents, collapsed buildings, hazardous atmospheres, entrapment, disabled elevators and many other types of emergencies. Firefighters also typically respond to HazMat incidents as well.  Firefighting is a job which requires bravery, strength, quick thinking, level-headediness, and a wide range of skills.

Firefighters are based at and respond from a building called a fire station (also known as a firehouse or fire hall). When a call comes in and their help is needed, they drive a vehicle called a fire engine or fire truck, which is also referred to as a fire apparatus, to the incident scene. These vehicles are appropriately equipped for the emergencies they respond to and typically can pump water and foam to put out fires. Fire engines also carry ladders, cutting tools and lots of different types of rescue equipment. Most carry first aid kits to help people who are injured or hurt. Another type of common fire apparatus, known as a “ladder truck”, is fitted with some variation of an articulating and telescoping ladder assembly which can be strategically positioned to give firefighters another means of access to an incident scene, as well as another means of egress for distressed victims or firefighters.  

Firefighters wear heavy clothing to protect them from the heat when they are fighting a fire. This is called bunker gear or turnout gear. They wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and mask to protect themselves from breathing in smoke and super hot air and gasses.

Fire departments
Depending on the country, the agency firefighters work for is called a fire department, fire service, fire and rescue service or fire brigade. Fire departments are usually government agencies that are funded by taxes and look after a local area. Some sites employ their own firefighters, such as airports and some factories.

Some fire departments employ firefighters who work full-time and wait at the fire station to be called out. They have to work both in the daytime and at night, though they can usually have a rest if they have nothing to do at night. Villages and small towns usually have part-time firefighters who have other jobs outside of the fire service. These firefighters will drive from their home or workplace to the fire station when their help is needed. They may be volunteers, or they may be paid for doing this (known as retained firefighters in the UK).

In some places such as large US cities, it is common for the fire department to run the emergency medical services. In those departments, such as the New York City Fire Department, most of the fire department's calls are medical emergencies rather than fires. Although these are usually dealt with by full-time paramedics, many firefighters are trained in first aid and they may assist in medical emergencies, even bringing the fire engine to the scene.

Occupations
Firefighting
Lesotho

Lesotho is a small country in southern Africa, it is an enclave of South Africa. Its population is about 1,800,000.
The capital of Lesotho is called Maseru.

Lesotho has the highest suicide rate in Africa.

Geography 
Lesotho has no coast on the sea nor on a lake. This type of country is called landlocked, meaning it is surrounded by land. All of Lesotho's trade must either be flown in by aeroplane, or brought in by land. Lesotho's position is unusual: it is completely surrounded by South Africa and has no borders with any other country. This type of country is called an enclave. Lesotho is one of the only three enclaved countries in the world (the other two are San Marino and the Vatican City). This makes Lesotho's relationship with South Africa very important to them both.

Lesotho has many mountains and is one of the most mountainous countries in the world. All of Lesotho is at least 1,400 m above sea level. People sometimes travel there to ski in winter. The many mountains in Lesotho mean that it rains there a lot. Lesotho uses some of its water to generate electricity and sells some of the water to South Africa.

History 
Lesotho became a country in 1818, but it was then called Basutoland. A man called Moshoeshoe brought several of the groups of people in the area together and formed a new country with him as its king. This new country came under attack from its enemies and in 1868 Moshoeshoe asked Queen Victoria of Great Britain for help. Great Britain said it would help if Lesotho became part of the British Empire.

Lesotho eventually gained its independence on 4 October 1966. Now it is a member of the British Commonwealth. King Letsie III is the ruler of Lesotho.

Cities

Related pages
Lesotho at the Olympics
Lesotho national football team
List of rivers of Lesotho

References

 
States and territories established in the 1960s
1966 establishments
Current monarchies
Least developed countries
1960s establishments in Africa
D.C. United

D.C. United is a Major League Soccer league soccer (or football) team that plays in Washington, D.C. in the United States.  Its nickname is "the Black-and-Red".

League title 
 Major League Soccer : 4
 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004

League position

References

American soccer teams
Major League Soccer teams
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Wendy Carlos

Wendy Carlos (born Walter Carlos, November 14, 1939) is an American composer and musician. She was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. She is known as one of the first people to use electric instruments to make music. In 1968, she released her music album "Switched on Bach". This album used many new electric instruments including the Moog Synthesizer. It won three Grammy Awards. She also did the music for movies. These include A Clockwork Orange, The Shining, and Tron. In 1972, Carlos had a medical operation to change her body from male to female.

References

Other websites 

20th-century American composers
American movie score composers
Electronic musicians
LGBT musicians
Grammy Award winners
American LGBT people
Transgender and transsexual people
Musicians from Rhode Island
Women composers
1939 births
Living people
People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
21st-century American composers
Boolean algebra

In mathematics, Boolean algebra is an algebra for binary digits (where 0 means false and 1 means true). It is equipped with three operators: conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR) and negation (NOT). It uses normal math symbols, but it does not work in the same way. It is named for George Boole, who invented it in the middle 19th century. Boolean algebra did not get much attention except from mathematicians until the 20th century when engineers began using it for logic gates.

NOT gate 

The NOT operator is written with a bar over numbers or letters like this:

It means that the output is not the input.

AND gate 

The AND operator is written as  like this:

The output is true if and only if one and the other input is true.

OR gate 

The OR operator is written as  like this:

If one or the other input is true, then the output to be true (and false otherwise).

XOR gate 

XOR basically means "exclusive or", meaning one input or the other must be true, but not both. It is also sometimes called NOR, which means the same thing.

The XOR operator is written as  like this:

In other words, the XOR operator returns true precisely when one or the other input is true—but not both.

Identities 

Different gates can be put together in different orders:

 is the same as an AND then a NOT. This is called a NAND gate.

It is not the same as a NOT then an AND: 

which is called XOR identity table

, if
.

or if =TRUE, TRUE.,

De Morgan's laws 
Augustus De Morgan discovered that it is possible to preserve the truth values of Boolean expressions by changing a  sign to a  sign, while making or breaking a bar. That is:

These findings are commonly known as De Morgan's laws.

Related pages
 Boolean data type
 Boolean satisfiability problem
 Fuzzy logic
 Propositional logic

References

Other websites
 Boolean algebra on All About Circuits
 Boolean algebra Citizendium

 
Electronics
Aramaic language

Aramaic is a Semitic language. It has been written for 3100 years and has been spoken for longer than that.

It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages. The Semitic languages include Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages.

Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.

Words are written with the 22 characters of the Aramaic alphabet, which was widely adopted for other languages and is an ancestor to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.

History 
Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.

In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey. As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe. Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China.

In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.

Dialects  

Aramaic is not one language without any changes. Because many different people over many centuries spoke and wrote it, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages.

The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group. The division between them is around the River Euphrates.

The dialects are divided also by time. Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn. Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion. Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.

References

Other websites 
 Aramaic Q&As: The "Family Tree" of Aramaic dialects
 Introduction to Aramaic, an alphabet

Semitic languages
Population density

The population density of a country or city or other place is a number showing how crowded that place is. It is got by dividing the population by the area. For example, France has a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.

A number of factors affect population density. For example, the climate. Greenland has a very low population density because people cannot live on its large glacier (ice sheet) or survive in such frigid temperatures.

Many cities are near rivers, because the first settlers wanted somewhere close to water to start a society. Areas around rivers often have a high population density.

The population density of New York City is 10,292 persons per square kilometre. Other places, such as large countries, can have very low population densities. The population density of Canada is only 3.8 persons per square kilometre because it is such a big country.

The country with the highest population density in the world is Monaco, with 16,620 persons per square kilometre. The country with the lowest is Greenland, which has only 0.03 persons per square kilometre.

Related pages
Population growth
Overpopulation

References

Social sciences
population
Joey

Joey has the following meanings:
 Joey is a common nickname for Joseph, Joe, Joanne, Joan, or Jo. 
 A joey (marsupial) is a baby kangaroo, or a baby of other marsupials (animals that are like kangaroos).
 Joey is a television sitcom (a comedy set in a situation) starring Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from Friends.
Greyhound

A Greyhound is a dog breed that is skinny, has long legs, and runs faster than any other breed of dog. It is one of the oldest breeds of dogs. For centuries, people have raced them in some parts of the world. Greyhound racing is a bit like horse racing in many ways. In recent years, many Greyhounds have been mistreated or killed especially after they get too old to race, but many animal rights rescue groups try to stop that and to help them be adopted by people to keep as pets.

Dog breeds
Grand unification theory

Grand unification theory or GUT is a model that tries to describe the universe. It says that three forces -  electromagnetic, weak and  strong forces - were once combined into a single force. These are three of the fundamental four forces of nature, which are responsible for all of the pushes and pulls in the universe. If gravity is also combined with these forces, then the GUT will become the proposed Theory of Everything.

GUT was given by DR. Abdul salam of Pakistan

Because GUT models have more dimensions than currently known, there has not been a single GUT. Particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider have been built to test these GUTs indirectly, as it is too complex to observe effects on particles without them.

GUT was first proposed by researchers from CERN in the 1970s. The discovery of the Higgs Boson and other such recent discoveries will get scientists closer to knowing which GUT is correct, and ultimately know the Theory of Everything. This theory was given by Pakistani scientist Abdus Salam, who shared the Noble Prize with Weinberg and Glashow for it in 1979.

physics
Prejudice

Prejudice means preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.  The word comes from the Latin "pre" (before) and "judge".  People may prejudge any question, but the word is often used for an opinion about a person or group of people.  English understanding of the Latin has changed in past centuries.  In old English the word "prejudice" denotes the use of "good judgment" before an event, e.g., "I decided (showed prejudice) not to run with the bulls because I could have been hurt. 

The word "prejudice" is often used when people dislike another group of people that are different from them. They may decide they do not like them because of their skin color (this is "racial prejudice"), religion (religious prejudice) or nationality. Such prejudices can lead to discrimination, hatred or even war.

Judges in a court of law should not be prejudiced when deciding whether someone is guilty. They should have an "open mind" so that they can make a fair decision (this is also known as not having a bias; most judges in a court of law have sworn to be unbiased when deciding a penalty). For example, if that person is the judge's friend then the judge would be prejudiced because he (or she) would not want his (or her) friend to get into trouble. In many other situations it is important not to be prejudiced, such as serving as an adjudicator in a competition or a juror in a trial.

Modern people sometimes use "prejudice" to mean "bigotry."  This leaves them with two words for one thing, and none for the other.

Related pages 
 Bigotry
 Discrimination 
 Bias
 Stereotype

Discrimination
Botswana

Botswana (officially called the Republic of Botswana) is a country in southern Africa. The capital of Botswana is Gaborone.

History 
The first people in Botswana's territory were the Khoe and San people. Botswana was first formed as the Bechuanaland Protectorate by the British Empire in 1885.

Geography 

The countries that border Botswana are Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Namibia. It is also possible to travel from Botswana directly into Zambia by crossing the Zambezi River by ferry.

Botswana is landlocked. All of Botswana's trade must be brought in over land or by airplane.

The two most important geographical features in Botswana are the Okavango Delta and the Kalahari Desert.

Divisions
Botswana is divided into 10 districts:
Southern District
South-East District
Kweneng District
Kgatleng District
Central District 
North-East District
Ngamiland District
Kgalagadi District 
Chobe District
Ghanzi District

Culture 
People from Botswana are called Batswana. The population of Botswana is about 2.2 million.  This is only 2.7 persons per km², a small number for a country of this size. This is because most of the country is desert and very dry.

Botswana has two official languages: Setswana and English. Setswana is the national language (also called Tswana).

Governance 
Botswana is a democracy. The people vote for their political leaders. Those leaders vote for the president. In 2008 Ian Khama became the fourth president of Botswana.  

President Khama won elections in 2009 and 2014. The current President of Botswana is Dr. Eric K. Mokgweetsi who took over from Dr. Ian Khama Seretse Khama in 2018.

Economy 
The economy of Botswana has been growing very fast since it became an independent country in 1966. The people of Botswana have had the world's fastest growth in standard of living since that time.

Botswana's economy comes mostly from mining. This includes diamonds, metals (including copper) and minerals (including salt). Botswana is the highest producer of diamonds by value in the world. In 1999, Botswana produced over 30 million carats (6,000 kg) of diamonds from the three Debswana mines. That is about 25% of worldwide production.

Tourism is also important to the country. Many people come to Botswana each year to see its wildlife.

The currency of Botswana is called the pula (which means rain). It is made up of 100 thebe (which means shield). In 2017, one US dollar was about 10.32 pulas.

In popular culture

The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency books by Alexander McCall Smith are set in Botswana.  The HBO television series based on the books was filmed in Botswana.

Gallery

Related pages
Botswana at the Olympics
Botswana national football team
List of rivers of Botswana

References

Other websites
 
 
 Botswana Newspapers

 
English-speaking countries
1966 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
Ferry

Ferry is a boat or ship that is used to take people, vehicles or goods across large bodies of water, such as seas, lakes and rivers. 

In many places around the world, ferries are very important for public transport. Some of these places can only be reached by ferry, because they have no roads or railways with bridge or tunnels that join them to nearby places, nor do they have any locations at which to land airplanes, whether it is an airport or only an airfield.

Sometimes the trip in a ferry is free and sometimes it must be paid for. Many ferries also carry cars, some even have own rail tracks, allowing the ferry to carry trains on board.

The word 'ferry' can also mean 'to take someone or something by ferry'.

The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster, in which 193 people died near Zeebrugge in 1987, was one of the worst ferry accidents of recent times. It was caused by a crew member forgetting to close the bow doors of the ferry.

Other websites

References 

Public transport
Watercraft
The Gambia

The Gambia is officially called the Republic of the Gambia. This country is also known as Gambia. It is a country in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa.

Banjul is the capital city. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.

Geography 
The geography of Gambia is unusual. It is a long, thin country. Except for its coastline it is completely surrounded by the country of Senegal. The River Gambia flows from Senegal through its centre and into the Atlantic Ocean.

Climate
The Gambia has a tropical climate. A hot and rainy season normally lasts from June until November.

Politics and government
The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965. It was ruled by Dawda Jawara and his People's Progressive Party (PPP) from 1965 to 1994. There was a military take-over in 1994. In 1996, Yahya Jammeh became President. Then in 2016, Adama Barrow was elected.

Administrative divisions
The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas. They are:
 Banjul
 Kanifing
 Brikama
 Mansa Konko
 Kerewan
 Kuntaur
 Janjanbureh
 Basse

As of 2013, these are then divided into 43 districts.

Culture 
The population of The Gambia is about 1.7 million. People from The Gambia are called Gambians. A number of people from different cultures and backgrounds live in The Gambia. Some of the largest groups are called Mandinka, Fula, Wolof and Jolo, in that order.

English is the official language, but people speak other languages as well.

Most Gambians follow the religion of Islam.

The American writer Alex Haley, who wrote the book Roots, found that his family came from The Gambia in the 1760s.

References

Other websites 
 Gambia information

 
English-speaking countries
Former British colonies
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
Londonderry

Derry  is the second largest city in Northern Ireland (after Belfast) and the fourth largest city on the island of Ireland (after Dublin, Belfast and Cork. The population is about 100,000. The city was founded in 542. It has old city walls which are still complete. The city is in County Londonderry, near the border with the Republic of Ireland's County Donegal.

History
The city was originally called Doire (pronounced duhruh) which is an Irish word for a group of oak trees. In English, this word became "Derry". After the Ulster Plantations, the London Companies gave money for the building of the Port and Walls in Derry.

In 1984 the city council changed the name of the local government area back to its original title of Derry but the city's official name is still Londonderry.

People from the Republic of Ireland call the city Derry. Many people (mostly Catholics/republicans) from Northern Ireland also call it Derry. Many people from Northern Ireland who want Northern Ireland to stay in the UK call the city Londonderry.

References 

542 establishments
6th-century establishments in Europe
Cities in Northern Ireland
Establishments in Northern Ireland
County towns in Northern Ireland
Federal Reserve

The Federal Reserve (sometimes called "The Fed") is a large central bank in Washington, D.C. that was founded in 1913. It lends money to other, smaller banks. The Federal Reserve Board is a group of financial leaders who work for the Federal Reserve and decide how much to charge these banks for borrowing money (this charge is called an "interest rate"). The Federal Reserve interest rate is decided by the Federal Reserve Board after studying the condition of the US economy. 

When the economy is growing too fast, the Federal Reserve makes borrowing more expensive by increasing the interest rate, which means people and companies spend less, which discourages inflation. When economic growth slows, the interest rate is decreased so that borrowing will increase and there will be growth.

1913 establishments in the United States
Banks of the United States
1910s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Terry Jacks

Terry Jacks (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian musician. He was born and raised in Winnipeg. He now works as an environmental activist.

Jacks is most famous for his song "Seasons in the Sun". The song was ranked number one in multiple countries in 1974. It is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.

Studio albums
 Seasons in the Sun (1974)
 Y' Don't Fight the Sea (1975)
 Pulse (1983)
 Just Like That (1987)
 Starfish on the Beach (2015)

References

1944 births
Living people
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Environmentalists
Musicians from Winnipeg
Sark

Sark is one of the Channel Islands. Around 600 people live on Sark. Sark also has its own language called "Sercquiais." Only 400 people speak it. No cars are allowed on Sark, anyone on the island that want to go somewhere must either walk, go on a bicycle, or go by horse and cart. It became a democracy in 2008.

Islands of the Channel Islands
Robert Crumb

Robert Crumb (born August 30, 1943) is a famous American cartoonist and musician. He founded the underground comics movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. He is most famous for the album cover for Big Brother and the Holding Company's Cheap Thrills, the catchphrase "Keep on Truckin'" and Fritz the Cat, which was made into a movie without his approval. He also collects 78 rpm phonograph records and plays the mandolin. He was the subject of an award-winning documentary movie made in 1994 called Crumb.

American animators
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Writers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American cartoonists
1943 births
Living people
Renée Zellweger

Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress, producer and voice artist. She won two Academy Awards for her role in the movie Cold Mountain and as Judy Garland in Judy. She has acted in many movies, including Jerry Maguire, Bridget Jones's Diary, Chicago and Cinderella Man.

Early life
Zellweger was born in Katy, Texas. Her father, Emil Erich Zellweger, is from a small town in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and is a mechanical and electrical engineer who worked in the oil refining business. Her mother, Kjellfrid Irene (née Andreassen), a native of Norway, is of Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and possible Sami, ancestry. Kjellfrid grew up in Kirkenes and Ekkerøy, and is a nurse and midwife who moved to the United States to work as a governess for a Norwegian family in Texas. Zellweger has described herself as being raised in a family of "lazy Catholics and Episcopalians". 
Zellweger took acting classes because she wanted to make certain she graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a literature degree.

Acting career
Zellweger appeared in many television shows, for example A Taste for Killing and Shake, Rattle and Rock. Her first part in a movie was in Dazed and Confused followed by Ben Stiller’s Reality Bites.

Movies
 Cinderella Man (2005)
 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)
 Shark Tale (2004)
 Cold Mountain (2003)
 Down with Love (2003)
 Chicago (2002)
 White Oleander (2002)
 Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
 Nurse Betty (2000)
 Me, Myself and Irene (2000)
 The Bachelor (1999)
 One True Thing (1998)
 Jerry Maguire (1996)
 Empire Records (1995)
 Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994)

Awards 

 Academy Awards
 Best Supporting Actress: Cold Mountain (2004)

 Golden Globe Awards
 Best Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Cold Mountain (2004)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Chicago (2003)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Nurse Betty (2001)

References

Other websites
 

1969 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Texas
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People from Katy, Texas
Meryl Streep

Meryl Streep (born Mary Louise Streep; June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies, including Falling in Love, The Bridges of Madison County, and The House of Spirits. She was born in New Jersey. Streep is considered one of the best actresses of her time. She has won three Academy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-one in total. President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts.

Early life
Streep was born in Summit, New Jersey. Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915–2001), was a commercial artist and an art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910–2003), was a pharmaceutical executive. She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Her patrilineal ancestry traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streep, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of  Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry. Some of Streep's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and were descended from 17th century immigrants from England. Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state. One of Streep's maternal great-grandmothers, Grace Strain, was from Creeslough, County Donegal, Ireland.

Personal life
Streep is married to Don Gummer since September 30, 1978. They have four children, son Henry Wolf Gummer (born November 13, 1979) and daughters Mary Willa Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991).

References

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1949 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American stage actors
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Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners 
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Wetzlar

Wetzlar is a city at the river Lahn in Hesse in Germany. The number of people in the city is about 53,000.
Wetzlar is near Frankfurt.

Wetzlar is famous for the historic Oldtown and for Goethe.

The camera maker Leica is there.

Wetzlar has a connection to the Autobahn 45 with three junctions.

Wetzlar is twinned with:
 Avignon, France
 Colchester, United Kingdom
 Siena, Italy
 Schladming, Austria
 Ilmenau, Thuringia
 Berlin-Neukölln, Berlin
 Písek, Czech Republic

References

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1803 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhol, Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was one of the most famous American artists of the latter half of the 20th century. Many people think that Warhol is the "bellwether of the art market". 

Warhol was born Andrew Warhola, Jr. in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928. He graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology before moving to New York City. His first big break was in August 1949 when he was asked to illustrate an article in Glamour Magazine. He dropped the 'a' from the end of his name when the credits read "Drawings by Andrew Warhol". Warhol was also famous for painting Campbells' and Watties' soup cans. He painted about 300 different paintings. . He originally worked as a commercial artist. He designed things like advertisements and window displays for stores. He soon became famous as an artist in the Pop Art movement, in which everyday objects and media images were used. One of his most famous paintings is his colourful portrait of American movie star, Marilyn Monroe. After she died he was deeply moved, and wanted to create some sort of memorial.

In 1968, Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanas. He was known for his The Factory studio in New York City where most of his work was created.

In 1987, Warhol was in a hospital in New York City after an operation on his gallbladder. He died in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia, aged 58. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water poisoning.

References

Other websites

 Andy Warhol Print at Adam's Auctioneers
 Warhol Foundation in New York City
 Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh
 Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection
 Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol 
 The work of Andy Warhol spoken about by David Cronenberg on UbuWeb
 
 Warhol in Paris—slideshow by The First Post
 Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985
 Andy Warhol: A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS

 
American artists
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People from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1928 births
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Romulus and Remus

Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.

Birth and youth 
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. A woodpecker fed them. The brothers were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them.

The founding of Rome 
Once they were grown, Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. However, the twins had an argument about where to start Rome. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill. They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods. Each brother stood on his respective hill. Remus saw six birds fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve. However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first. Nonetheless, Romulus started to build a wall around his city. Then, Remus jumped over the wall as an insult to his brother. Angered, Romulus killed Remus. He regretted it, and took Remus to Amulius's palace, and buried him there.

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Roman mythology
Twin people
Confucianism

Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), who was an important Chinese philosopher. Confucianism has a complete system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, and has had a large influence on the history of Chinese civilization.  Some people think Confucianism should be called a religion but others do not agree.

Confucianism was made to stop the fall of Chinese society. After the Zhou Dynasty fell, people cared only for themselves and did not have any respect for others. Confucianism became a social order for China, teaching that social relationships are the most important. People slowly started to believe in it, because they wanted to have peace, but they had to care for themselves too. As a result, Confucianism brought the people love, harmony, and respect for one another.

Confucianism was started in Ch'u-fu, Confucius's birthplace.  Today, Confucianism has spread around the world, but it is still more important in China.

The teachings of Confucius focus largely on the respect of one's parents, elders, and ancestors. He also taught that humans 'can never stop learning'; meaning that knowledge is infinite, therefore we will always learn, never stopping. For example, he once asked a seven-year-old child to be his teacher, because the child knew something that he did not.

Confucianism Beliefs and Teachings 
Confucianism teaches 5 virtues.

 Ren (Jen), that refers to altruism and humanity.
 Yi, that refers to righteousness.
 Li, that refers to good conduct.
 Zhi, that refers to knowledge.
 Xin, which means loyalty.

Chinese culture that exists today has its roots in Confucianism. Confucius believed that families are the building blocks of a society, which is why he laid emphasis on Filial Piety, which is known as xiào (孝) in Chinese. Filial Piety means loyalty towards ones family. A Filial son is expected to take care of his parents and go to any extent to make their wishes come true.

The book, Analects, describes the teachings of Confucius and was written by his disciples.

Related pages
 Ogyū Sorai

References

 
History of China
Religion in China
Transformers (toy line)

Transformers are robots that turn into other things.  Usually they turn into vehicles, like cars or jets.

Transformers started in 1984 as a toy line, but then an animated series and a comic book were made. In 1986 a movie came out. In 2002 a new series and story line called Transformers Armada came out. this was followed by two more shows, Energon and Cybertron.

Transformers is about different things sometimes.  Usually it is about the heroic Autobots fighting the evil Decepticons.  The Autobots are usually led by Optimus Prime.  The Decepticons are led by Megatron.

Transformer universe
The Dynasty of Primes were the first seven Primes in Cybertronian history. They were on a quest to harvest Energon using the Star Harvester. In some documents of history, they were loosely known as "The Thirteen".

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Animated television series
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Virginia

Virginia is a state in the United States. Its capital is Richmond and its largest city is Virginia Beach.  The official name of Virginia is the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Geography 
Virginia is bordered (touching) by West Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia (across the Potomac River) to the north, by Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south, and by Kentucky and West Virginia to the west.

History 
Native Americans were the first people to settle in Virginia.

Virginia became a state in 1788 after the American Revolution. Before it became a state of the United States, Virginia was one of the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain. Virginia was founded (started) in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.

The state of West Virginia was part of Virginia until the American Civil War.  Virginia then left (seceded from) the United States and joined the Confederate States of America.  The western counties of Virginia seceded from Virginia to form a new state which was loyal to the Union.  After the end of the Civil War, Virginia became part of the United States again in 1870, but the counties that had left to start West Virginia did not join Virginia again.

Virginia is the state where eight United States presidents were born. This is more than any other state.

The first African-American slaves were sent to Virginia.

Economy 
Virginia has many industries like local and national government, military, farming, technology and business. Many Virginians work for the government because it is next to Washington, D.C.. The Central Intelligence Agency, Department of Defense, as well as the National Science Foundation are in Northern Virginia.  Farming is the main industry in the state, making 334,000 jobs. Tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and hay are grown in Virginia. Technology is a fast growing industry. Virginia is 4th in technology workers after California, Texas, and New York.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Virginia
 List of counties in Virginia

References

Other websites 

 Virginia at Citizendium

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Vermont

Vermont is a state in the United States. Its capital is the city of Montpelier, and its largest city is Burlington.

The states that border Vermont are Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.

Vermont was home to the Abenaki and Iroquois Native American groups until France took control of the area when it was building colonies. Great Britain gained control after winning the French and Indian War. It is known for being one of only four states to be an independent nation before joining the United States. It was not a part of the 13 colonies and instead joined as the 14th state. Vermont became a state in 1791. It is world-renowned for its maple syrup industry, and many tourists go to see brilliant colors the trees become in the fall months. The tourism industry has become quite successful, with many tourists coming every year.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Vermont
 List of counties in Vermont

References

 
1791 establishments in the United States