cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Hoobastank

Hoobastank is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Hoobastank has four members; the current band members are Doug Robb, Dan Estrin, Chris Hesse and Jesse Charland.

Band members 

Current
Doug Robb – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1995–present)
Dan Estrin – lead guitar (1995–present)
Chris Hesse – drums (1995–present)
Jesse Charland – bass (2009–present)

Former
Jeremy Wasser – saxophone (1995–2000)
Derek Kwan – saxophone (1997–1999)
Markku Lappalainen – bass (1995–2005)
Josh Moreau – bass (2006–2008)
David Amezcua – bass (2008)

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Hoobastank has released 4 studio albums:

Albums
Hoobastank (2001)
The Reason (2003)
Every Man for Himself (2006)
For(N)ever (2009)

Other websites 
Official website

1994 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Post-grunge bands
Sensory receptor

A sensory receptor, or sense organ, is the part which responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. It is the input to the sensory system. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor fires off a nerve fibre which goes to the central nervous system.

In order to detect changes in the environment organisms need receptors. Organisms have various receptors, ranging from simple light or touch sensitive cells to complex nervous systems. 

Receptors are generally specialised for the detection of a specific type of stimulus. 
 Mechanoreceptor: Respond to mechanical stress or strain such as those found in the hair cells of the cochlea.
 Thermoreceptor: Respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both. The skin of most animals contains these receptors. 
 Photoreceptor: Respond to changes in light. Examples include those found in the retina. 
 Chemoreceptor: Detect certain chemical stimuli in the environment, such as those found in the nose and on the tongue. 
 Magnetoreceptor: Allows an organism to sense direction, altitude or location by detecting a magnetic field.

References 

Sensory system
Parietal lobe

The parietal lobe is a part of the brain positioned above  the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe.  

The parietal lobe brings together information from different senses, particularly spatial sense and navigation. For example, it uses input about touch, balance and the visual system.  This enables the parietal cortex to map seen objects in relation to the body (into 'body coordinate positions'). This makes it possible for a person to reach out and handle objects.

The name derives from the overlying parietal bone, which is named from the Latin pariet-, = 'wall'.

References

Anatomy of the brain
Frontal lobe

The frontal lobe is an area in the brain of humans and other mammals, at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. It is in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobes. 

The frontal lobes takes action based on sensory information (sight, sound, touch) from the three rear areas of the cerebrum. The action is moderated by the influence of the pre-frontal cortex. The system is a delicate balance between the need to satisfy urges from the most ancient parts of the brain, such as hunger, self-defence and sex, with the need to act in a way which is socially acceptable. 

The precentral gyrus, forming the back of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex. This controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.

Evolution
For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was comparatively larger in humans than in other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the main reason why human cognition is different from that of the other primates. 

However, this view has been challenged by later research. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to find the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all living ape species and several monkey species. The human frontal cortex is not relatively larger than the cortex in the other great apes, but it is relatively larger than the frontal cortex in the lesser apes and the monkeys.

References 

Anatomy of the brain
Temporal lobe

The temporal lobe is a region of the cerebral cortex that is under the Sylvian fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.

The temporal lobe is involved in auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also important for the processing of semantics (meaning) in both speech and vision. The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory.

An area in the Sylvian fissure is the first place where auditory signals from the cochlea reach the cerebral cortex. This part of the cortex (primary auditory cortex) is involved in hearing. Other areas of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular seems to be specialized. Wernicke's area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes, plays a key role (with Broca's area, which is in the frontal lobe). The functions of the left temporal lobe extends to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions.  

The underside of the temporal lobes do high-level visual processing of faces and scenes. Front parts of this area are involved in object perception and recognition.

Deep inside the medial temporal lobes lie the hippocampus, which is essential for memory function – particularly the transfer from short to long term memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour.

References 

Anatomy of the brain

ru:Кора больших полушарий#Височная доля
The Little Drummer Boy

"The Little Drummer Boy" is a very popular Christmas carol. It was recorded in 1955 by the Trapp Family Singers. It was made more popular three years later by the Harry Simeone Chorale. This song has been covered by others, including Johnny Mathis, Johnny Cash, Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney throughout the years.

Christmas music
Ex nihilo

Creatio ex nihilo is an idea found in certain faiths. It means that a creator god created the world, "from nothing", without any conditions.  It is the opposite of creatio ex materia.

Christian theology
Philosophy
Creation myths
Christian terminology
Cochlea

The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, making 2.5 turns around its axis.
A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea.

The name is from the Greek κοχλίας kokhlias ("snail, screw"), from κόχλος kokhlos ("spiral shell"). This is in reference to its coiled shape: the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions.

References 

Hearing

nl:Oor#Binnenoor
Limit (roller coaster)

Limit is an inverted roller coaster at Heide-Park Soltau, Germany. It is a standard Suspended Looping Coaster built by Dutch roller coaster builder Vekoma and opened in 1999. Limit has 5 inversions, has a length of 689 meter, a maximum speed of 80 kilometers per hour. One round takes 1 minute and 36 seconds.

Limit has 2 trains with each 10 cars. 1 car can hold 2 riders, which gives a total of 20 riders per train. The maximum capacity is 1040 riders per hour.

References 

Buildings and structures in Lower Saxony
Roller coasters by name
Roller coasters in Germany
Steel roller coasters
Survivor Series (2011)

Survivor Series (2011) is the 12th Pay-Per-View (PPV) of 2011. It is also the 25th edition of Survivor Series. This PPV will take place on November 20, 2011 at the Madison Square Garden in New York City, it is the third time that the Madison Square Garden hosts this Pay-Per-View after the 1996 and 2002 edition of Survivor Series. So far, four matches have been announced by the WWE for the event.

Background

Survivor Series will feature professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines that develop on WWE's television programs. Wrestlers portray villains or heroes as they follow a series of events that build tension and culminate into a wrestling match or series of matches.

Matches

References

Other websites 
Official Survivor Series website

2011 in American television
2011 in professional wrestling
Sports in New York City
Survivor Series
2011 in New York (state)
2010s in New York City
November events
Super Size Me

Super Size Me is a 2003 American documentary movie directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock. It is about an experiment where Spurlock ate nothing but food from McDonald's for thirty days. He ate at McDonald's three times a day, eating an average of 5,000 kcal per day. This experiment lasted from February 1 to March 2, 2003. This experiment was bad for his own physical and psychological health. 

During the experiment, Spurlock gained 24½ lbs., had a 13% body mass increase, his cholesterol level went to 230, and he had mood swings, sexual dysfunction, and had fat accumulation in his liver. After the experiment, he recovered with a vegan diet his then-future wife prepared for him (she is a gourmet vegan cook).

This experiment was conducted because of the obesity epidemic in the United States, and because of a case in which two teenage girls sued McDonald's who claimed they became obese as a result of eating food from McDonald's.

Spurlock also uses this movie to criticize McDonald's and the fast food industry, ranging from the sale of unhealthy food to corporate marketing and to the personal profit of these organizations.

American documentary movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Brussels Airport

Brussels Airport (IATA BRU) is the national airport of Belgium. It is the biggest airport in Belgium. It has more than 17 billion travelers each year. It is 18 km from Brussels, the capital of Belgium.

The airport is used by a lot of airlines such as Brussels Airlines, Thomas Cook Airlines and Jetairfly.

On 22 March 2016, two bombs exploded at the airport.

Terminals 
The airport has two terminals. (A terminal is a building where passengers wait to get on planes.) One terminal is used for flights to the Schengen Area. The second terminal is used for flights to countries out of the Schengen Area.

1940 establishments in Europe

Airports in Belgium
Brussels
Flemish Brabant
Ray Kroc

Raymond Albert Kroc (October 5, 1902 – January 14, 1984) was an American entrepreneur. He was best known for turning the McDonald's restaurant chain into a franchise company.

Kroc's life while franchising McDonald's was made into a movie called The Founder with Michael Keaton playing Kroc.

References

1902 births
1984 deaths
Businesspeople from Illinois
Chief executives
Deaths from heart failure
McDonald's
People from Oak Park, Illinois
Non-Newtonian fluid

A non-Newtonian fluid is a thixotropic fluid which changes its viscosity when the forces on it change.

Other flow properties may also be affected. Most commonly viscosity of such fluids is not independent of the shear rate or the shear rate history. Examples of such fluids are blood, quicksand and certain components of cement. Many lubricants, ketchup, and oobleck. Also certain forms of dough and pudding also have this property. 

The other kind of fluids that do not show this behavior is called Newtonian fluids.

It is very simple to make a non-Newtonian fluid at home. All one needs is water and cornstarch. Mix these two ingredients together at a rate of one part cornstarch and one and a half parts water. That makes a non-Newtonian fluid called oobleck.

Related pages 
Mudslide
Avalanche

 Fluid mechanics
Newtonian fluid

A Newtonian fluid is a fluid, where the ratio between shear stress changes linearly in proportion to the stress it is exposed to. This proportion is known as viscosity. Note that the inverse is not true; there are fluids with constant viscosity, that are Non-Newtonian fluids: one example is the Boger fluid.

Fluid mechanics
Airblue

Airblue Limited (styled as airblue) is a private airline. Its head office is in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's second largest airline (after Pakistan International Airlines). It has over 20% of Pakistan's market.

Airblue operates scheduled flights operating 30 daily services, linking four domestic destinations and international services to Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Muscat and Manchester. It carried 1.4 million passengers on domestic flights in the 2006–2007 season. Its main hub is Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan.

The airline started its operations on June 2004. It had 3 leased Airbus A320-200 airplanes serving three daily domestic flights. In 2007, the company started flights to Manchester via a fuel stop at Trabzon in Turkey. This route is the longest route operated by an A320 family airplanes in the world. It is also the longest scheduled route operated by an Airbus narrow-body airplanes.

Other websites
 Airblue- official company website

Airlines of Asia
2004 establishments in Asia
Transport in Pakistan
Islamabad
Superstition

A superstition is a belief that has no logical explanation or scientific evidence. There are many superstitions believed in around the world. Many people believe superstitions to be complete nonsense while others live their lives according to superstitions such as avoiding black cats, looking for four leaf clovers and avoiding mirrors.

Related pages

 Apotropaism, a ritual to turn away evil
 Amulet, a charm against bad luck

Superstitions
Magic (paranormal)
MC Ren

Lorenzo Jerald Patterson (born June 16, 1969) is an American rapper. He is best known by his stage name MC Ren. MC Ren was a member of the gangsta rap group N.W.A.

Childhood and early life
Like all N.W.A members (except Ice Cube) he was born and raised in Compton, California.

Rapping career 
He joined N.W.A after completing his senior year of high school. He was with N.W.A on all their studio and EP releases. Problems over money caused N.W.A to end. MC Ren and all the other members of N.W.A went solo. 

Using Eazy E's record label, Ruthless Records, Ren released his first album Shock of Tha Hour in 1993.

Albums 
 Shock Of Tha Hour (1993)
 The Villain In Black (1996)
 Ruthless For Life (1998)
 Reincarnated (2009)

Other websites
 Official website
 
 

Rap musicians from California
Singers from California
1969 births
Living people
People from Compton, California
Captain & Tennille

Captain and Tennille were an United States pop music group. The group was a husband and wife duo. The members were Daryl "Captain" Dragon and Toni Tennille. They are based out of California. The duo is best known for the song "Love will Keep Us Together". They have many other notable hit records.

Albums 
 Love Will Keep Us Together (1975)
 Song of Joy (1976)
 Come In from the Rain (1977)
 Dream (1978)
 Make Your Move (1979)
 Keeping Our Love Warm (1980)
 More Than Dancing (1982)
 The Secret of Christmas (2007)

American pop music groups
Musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1974
1974 establishments in California
Hurricane Ernesto

Hurricane Ernesto was a very damaging hurricane during the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm moved across Haiti and Dominican Republic as a minor hurricane. Then, the storm moved over Florida while a tropical storm. It later struck North Carolina, when the storm was almost a hurricane. It killed eleven people. The total damage from Ernesto was $500 million (2006 USD).

Hurricanes
2006 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricanes in the United States
2006 in the United States
2000s in Haiti
2000s in the Dominican Republic
2000s in Florida
2000s in North Carolina
Burl Ives

Burl Icle Ivanhoe Ives (June 14, 1909 - April 14, 1995) was an American actor and folk singer. He was born in Hunt City, Illinois. He acted on stage and in many movies. He was a folk music singer. He died from mouth cancer in Anacortes, Washington.

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Writers from Illinois
Autobiographers
Deaths from cancer
American folk musicians
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Illinois
1909 births
1995 deaths
Country musicians from Illinois
UPC Tirol Liga

The UPC Tirol Liga (also called Tiroler Landesliga or Tiroler Liga) is the highest class in Tyrolian football; it is the 4th division in Austrian man football league system. The champion is qualified for the Regionalliga West, the last to teams are relegated in the Landesliga West or Ost. The league is named after the main sponsor, an Austrian telecommunication provider.

2010/11 season
Champion SV Hall
Relegation:SK Jenbach; SK Hippach
Scorers:
Wolfgang Spanring SC Kundl 30 goals 
Marco Hesina SV Hall 23 goals
Stefan Klausner  SV Matrei 21 goals

References

Football leagues
Football in Austria
Thixotropy

Thixotropy is the property of certain gels or fluids that are viscous (thick) under normal conditions, but flow (become thin, less viscous) when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.

In more technical language:
some Non-Newtonian fluids show a change in viscosity; the longer the fluid undergoes shear stress, the lower its viscosity.  A thixotropic fluid is a fluid which takes a finite time to attain equilibrium viscosity when introduced to a step change in shear rate. Many gels and colloids are thixotropic materials, exhibiting a stable form at rest but becoming fluid when agitated. 

Some fluids are anti-thixotropic: constant shear stress for a time causes an increase in viscosity or even solidification. Constant shear stress can be applied by shaking or mixing. They are much less common.

Natural examples
It is a common experience walking on sand that in places it liquifies as one walks on it. This is a thixotropic response to pressure. In extremes, a quicksand may be danger to man and animals.

Some clays are thixotropic, and their behaviour is of great importance in structural and geotechnical engineering. Landslides, such as those common in the cliffs around Lyme Regis, Dorset and in the Aberfan disaster in Wales are evidence of this. Similarly, a lahar is a mass of earth liquefied by a volcanic event, which rapidly solidifies once coming to rest. 

Drilling muds used in geotechnical applications can be thixotropic. Honey from honey bees may also exhibit this property under certain conditions.(Heather honey). 

Another example of a thixotropic fluid is the synovial fluid found in joints between some bones.

Some clay deposits found in the process of exploring caves exhibit thixotropism: an initially solid-seeming mudbank will turn soupy and yield up moisture when dug into or otherwise disturbed. These clays were deposited in the past by low-velocity streams which tend to deposit fine-grained sediment.

These properties are often used in commercial products which are applied to surfaces, such as paint or toothpaste. With paint, the fluidity vanishes quickly and the surface sets permanently as water (or oil) evaporates.

References 

Physics
Mechanics
Super Mario 3D Land

Super Mario 3D Land is a 2011 game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS. It was released on November 3, 2011 in Japan, November 13, 2011 in America, November 18 in Europe, and November 24 in Australia. In it, you can become Tanooki Mario, Boomerang Mario and you can also get the old power-ups (Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, Super Star). A sequel, titled Super Mario 3D World, was released for the Wii U in November 2013.

Reviews

The game got praise from many critics. It was rated 9.5 out of 10 by IGN, and 94% by Official Nintendo Magazine, but GameSpot gave the game a lower score of 8/10. Overall, the game received a 90/100 on Metacritic.

References

Other websites
http://ie.faqs.ign.com/objects/099/099437.html
Super Mario 3D Land Review - IGN 

2011 video games
Mario platform games
Nintendo 3DS games
3D platform games
Mario video games
Nintendo video games
Platform games
Video games developed in Japan
Coke (fuel)

Coke is a fuel used mainly in blast furnaces to reduce iron oxide to produce iron. It contains carbon, and is similar to coal. It is made from coal by cooking out things that are not carbon. Coke is a product of destructive distillation of coal. This is done in an airless furnace or oven (kiln) at temperatures as high as  but usually around . This baking drives off volatile parts of the coal, such as water, gas, and tar.

Coke is an almost pure form of carbon. The calorific value (heat energy produced when a fuel is burnt) of coke is about 56,000 kilojoules/kilogram.

Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.  The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces iron oxide (hematite) to the iron product.

Although coke is more expensive than coal, it can be used in households as a clean fuel, relatively free of smoke and impurities. At the present day its use in domestic heating has been less than oil or gas, but in the 20th century it was often used in kitchen stoves.

References 

Fuel

it:Carbone#Coke
Pope Urban V

Pope Urban V (; 1310 – December 19, 1370), born Guillaume Grimoard, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 201st Pope from 1362 until his death in 1370.

He was the sixth of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life
Grimoard was born in Grizac in the Languedoc region of France.

Benedictine
He became a Benedictine monk; and he was ordained at Chirac.  

Grimoard became the abbot of Saint-Victor in Marseille.

Cardinal
He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals. Some of these were Pope Urban IV and Pope Urban VI.

Pope 
Grimoard was elected pope on September 28, 1362; and he chose to be called Pope Urban.  

Pope Urban was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In 1367, the pope traveled from Avignon to Rome. He returned to Avignon in where he died in 1370.

After his death 
In 1870, Urban V  was beatified by Pope Pius IX.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,   Pope Urban V
 GCatholic,  Pope Urban V

1310 births
1370 deaths
Beatified people
Benedictines
French popes

People from Occitanie
Squad automatic weapon

A squad automatic weapon (SAW, also known as section automatic weapon or light support weapon) is a weapon used to give infantry squads or sections automatic firepower that can easily be moved around. Weapons used for this are selective fire rifles. They usually have a bipod and a heavier barrel so that they can be used as light machine guns. SAWs usually fire the same cartridge as the assault rifles or battle rifles used by other people in the squad/section. This makes logistics easier because only one type of ammunition needs to be given to a unit. SAWs are light enough to be used by one man. However, heavy machine guns such as the Browning M2 are more powerful but need a crew to be as effective as they can be.

Overview
Many SAWs (such as the RPK and L86) are just assault rifles or battle rifles that have been changed. They may be able to carry more ammunition and will almost always have a bipod. In the case of some assault rifles, such as the H&K G36 or Steyr AUG, the SAW is simply the usual rifle with a few parts changed. However, the Austrian Army, who uses the most Steyr AUGs, doesn't use the HBAR (heavy barrel) version of the assault rifle. Instead, they use the MG 74, which is a gun which was made from the design of the German WW2-machine gun MG 42. One of the first weapons designed for this role was the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. Even though it could not carry many bullets in its magazine, it was still better than the usual infantry rifle.

Examples

Assault rifles 
HK 13E
QBB-95
RPK
INSAS LMG

Battle rifles 
FN FALO 50.41
HK 11E
M1941 Johnson machine gun
Model 45A
M1946 Sieg automatic rifle

Related pages
 Light machine gun
 Heavy machine gun
 General-purpose machine gun

Other websites 

Light machine guns
Coordinate system

A coordinate system is a system of numbers used to uniquely determine the position of a point. For two-dimensional systems, the numbers (scalars) are in ordered pairs. More dimensions call for more numbers.

Related pages
 Analytic geometry
 Cartesian coordinate system
 Celestial coordinate system
 Polar coordinate system
 Spherical coordinate system

Coordinate systems
Mathematics
Bonnie Bedelia

Bonnie Bedelia Culkin, better known as Bonnie Bedelia (born March 25, 1948 in New York City), is an American actress. She is best known for starring as Holly Gennero in the first two Die Hard movies. She has acted in other movies as well. She is the aunt of Home Alone actor Macaulay Culkin.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1948 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Impetigo

Impetigo is a very contagious bacterial skin infection. It is most common in pre-school children. People who play close-contact sports like rugby and American football are also at risk. Impetigo is not very common in adults. Impetigo can also be called school sores.

References 

Skin
Protopunk

Protopunk is a term used to describe the precursors of punk rock.  Many of the artists whose sound helped pave the way for punk came from the 1960s and early 1970s.  Some have been cited by early punk musicians as influential.  These artists came from many different musical backgrounds.

Bands
Below is a list of notable bands who influenced early punk rock.
Peru
 Los Saicos
United States
 The Velvet Underground
 MC5
 The Stooges
 The Modern Lovers
 The Sonics
 New York Dolls
 Lou Reed
 Television
 Death
 Captain Beefheart
 Patti Smith
 Richard Hell
 Rocket from the Tombs
 Love
Germany
 Neu!
Britain
 David Bowie
 The Kinks
 The Who
 Roxy Music
 Doctors of Madness
 Hawkwind

References

Rock music
Punk rock
Jennifer Jason Leigh

Jennifer Jason Leigh (born February 5, 1962) is an American movie and stage actress. She is best known for her roles in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Single White Female, Last Exit to Brooklyn, Georgia, Kill Your Darlings, Short Cuts and The Hateful Eight.  She has had many roles in which she portrays vulnerable, abused and damaged women in her movies.

For the movie Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle, Leigh got a Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress and a National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress.

Leigh was born in Hollywood, California.

References

1962 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Hollywood

3. Jennifer Jason Leigh. Height Net Worth. Retrieved Dic 3, 2020.
Locative case

The locative (abbreviated LOC) is a grammatical case. It indicates the location (place, place where) of something. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions ""in", "on", "at" and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and separative case.

Grammar
Exxon Valdez oil spill

The Exxon Valdez oil spill was a shipping accident that happened off the coast of the United States on March 24, 1989. An oil tanker, the Exxon Valdez, hit a reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. At the time of the disaster, the ship carried 53,094,510 U.S. gallons (44,210,430 imp gal/200,984,600 L) of crude oil. The accident caused a massive oil spill: 10.8 million U.S. gallons (9.0 million imp gal/41 million L) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. It was one of the worst man-made environmental disasters in the history of the United States.

The ship had left the shipping lanes because of icebergs. The ship never returned to the shipping lane and hit Bligh Reef at around 12:04 AM. Later, people looked at the causes, and found that the people on board were badly trained and overworked. What made things worse was the fact that the government was not prepared to handle a disaster with such large consequences for the environment. This disaster badly damaged the ecosystems of the area. An estimated 21,300 fish died after being poisoned by the crude oil. The birds that ate the fish got sick.

Some of the methods tried to clean up the oil were: burning, mechanical cleaning, and chemical dispersants.

References 

1989 disasters
1989 in the United States
20th century in Alaska
Transport disasters in the United States
Pope Urban VI

Pope Urban VI (; c. 1318 – October 15, 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 203rd Pope from 1378 to 1389.

Early life
Prignano was born in Naples.

Bishop
In 1364, Prignano was made the Archbishop of Acerenza by Pope Urban V.

Pope Gregory XI made Prignano Archbishop of Bari in 1377.

Cardinal
He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals.  One of these was Pope Urban V.

Pope
Prignano was elected pope on April 8, 1378; and he chose to be called Pope Urban VI.

Western schism
A period called the "Western Schism" began on 20 September 20, 1378 when Robert of Geneva (also known as Clement VII) was chosen pope by 13 French cardinals.  Clement VII is now considered to have been an antipope. 

A large part of Germany, Flanders, Italy (with exception of Naples), England and Ireland recognized Urban VI as the pope; but many in Western Europe supported the papacy of Clement VII.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Urban VI
 GCatholic,  Pope Urban VI

Italian popes
1310s births
1389 deaths
People from Naples
Webster (TV series)

Webster was an American television sitcom which began in September 1983 and aired until March 1989 (the show aired to 1987 on ABC, and in syndication for the rest of its run). It was about an orphaned African American boy by the name of Webster who had lost his parents and was then adopted by a white family. The show Webster was set in Chicago.

1980s television series
American sitcoms
ABC network shows
First run syndicated television programs
Television series set in Chicago, Illinois
English-language television programs
Rocca Petru

Rocca Petru (28 September 1887 – 7 June 1966) was a poet and writer from Corsica, who wanted his island free from France. At first, he supported the Corsica becoming a part of Italy, but then promoted the autonomy of Corsica after World War II.

Life
Rocca, called Petru in Corsican, was a gifted writer since young age. He contributed in Corsica to the magazine A Tramuntana. During World War I, he wrote about the war and was decorated with the French Legion of Honor.

From May 1920, Rocca worked with the literary magazine A Muvra. During the first half of the 20th century, this was the most important Corsican publication in Italian. In 1922 he created the "Partitu Corsu d'Azione", following the model of the Italian Partito Sardo d'Azione of Sardinia that had autonomism ideals.

After that, in the late 1920s, he created the "Partito autonomista di Corsica" with the support of Domenico Parlotti and Dr. Croce, director of the Archivi di Stato della Corsica.

During the late 1930s Rocca, slowly changed his political opinions from wanting autonomy for Corsica to supporting the union of Corsica with Italy. He supported the ideals of Petru Giovacchini, an irredentist leader who created the main pro-Italian political organization in Corsica: the "Gruppi d’Azione Irredentista Corsa".

In 1938, the French government punished him for his approach to the Italian Risorgimento ideals. They took away his French Legion of Honor medal. A Muvra started in 1939 to write articles against the Jews (responsible in Rocca's opinion for the French "occupation" of Corsica) and was quickly closed.

During World War II, Rocca supported Benito Mussolini's ideals about the union of Corsica to the Kingdom of Italy. When Italian troops occupied the island in 1942, Rocca was proposed to be "Governor" of a Corsica united to Italy. After the Italian defeat in September 1943, he was harassed by the French authorities.

As a consequence of this in 1946 he was sentenced to 15 years of jail and sent to French Guiana. When released, he quickly recreated his original "Partito autonomista di Corsica".

In 1953, Rocca created an academy for the defense of the Corsican language. He demanded from France the recognition of the Corsican people and language and the creation of the University of Corte. Rocca was, until his death in 1966, a strong supporter of Corsican nationalism.

Works
 Les corses devant l'anthropologie, 1913
 Pruverbii, massime è detti corsi, 1921
 A pignatta, cumedia di Plautu, 1924
 Storia populare di Corsica, 1930
 Una Vittoria Autonomista. L'Assemblea di i "Stati Generali di Corsica, 1934
 Quaderni di u Cursismu, 1935
 Parlà d'Aghjacciu, puesii, 1955
 Tempi è tempi, 1963

Related pages
 Corsica
 World War II

References

French poets
1966 deaths
1887 births
People from Corsica
Pope Urban VII

Pope Urban VII (; 4 August 1521 – 27 September 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 229th Pope. He ruled for thirteen days in September 1590, and died before his consecration, from malaria. This makes him the shortest reigning Pope in the history of the Catholic Church.

Early life
Castagna was of Genoese origin, although born in Rome.

Priest
Castagna was ordained priest 30 March 30, 1553.

Bishop
Pope Julius III appointed him Archbishop of Rossano on March 1, 1553.

Cardinal
In 1584, Pope Gregory XIII made Castagna Cardinal of S. Marcello.

Pope 
Cardinal Castagna was elected pope on 15 September 1590. He chose the name Urban, which in Latin signifies "kind".  

Pope Urban died from Malaria on September 27, 1590.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Urban VII
 GCatholic,  Pope Urban VII
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Castagna

Italian popes
People from Rome
1521 births
1590 deaths
Eden Sher

Eden Sher is an actress who is on the television show, The Middle. She began acting at the age of eight. She was born on December 26, 1991 in Los Angeles, California.

Other websites 

American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1991 births
Living people
Hal Bruno

Harold Robinson Bruno, Jr. (1928-2011) was an American political commentator and journalist.

He graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1950. He worked on its college newspaper with Robert Novak and Gene Shalit. He served as an intelligence officer in the United States Army during the Korean War. Bruno received a Fulbright fellowship to study in India.

In 1959, Bruno covered the Cuban revolution from Havana.  He joined Newsweek magazine in 1960. He joined ABC News in 1978. In 1992, Bruno was political director of ABC News when he moderated a televised debate between the three candidates for Vice President: Al Gore, Dan Quayle, and James Stockdale.

After retiring from ABC News in 1999, Bruno became chairman of the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation until 2008.  He died of atrial arrhythmia.

References

1928 births
2011 deaths
American journalists
American political commentators
American military personnel of the Korean War
Writers from Chicago
Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia
Atticus Shaffer

Atticus Shaffer (born June 19, 1998) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Matty Newton in the 2009 supernatural horror-thriller movie The Unborn and Brick Heck  on the television series, The Middle. He was born in Santa Clarita, California.

Other websites 

American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
1998 births
Living people
Gunning Bedford, Jr.

Gunning Bedford, Jr. (1747 – March 30, 1812) was an American lawyer and politician. He was from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1785. He helped the rights of small states. Bedford was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  

1747 births
1812 deaths
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
FC Lustenau 07

FC Lustenau 07 is an football club from Lustenau, Vorarlberg in Austria. They play in the Vorarlbergliga, the highest level in Vorarlberg. The club is the oldest football club in Vorarlberg.

History
The roots of the club laid in the Turnverein Lustenau. Many of the young members of the club played football. After discussions the football section left the club and formed on 20 September 1907 at the Gasthof zur Sonne the FC Lustenau. Many of the clubs in Vorarlberg were founded with the help of players of FC Lustenau(for example FC Dornbirn 1913 and the second club from Lustenau SC Austria Lustenau ). 

During the First World War there was no football in Vorarlberg. But after the war many new clubs were found. So the FC Lustenau was interested in forming a football association, which was formed in 1920.

The most important player of FC Lustenau before the Second World War was Ernst Künz.He played in the 1936 Olympic football team of Austria. The team won the silver medal.

During the Second World war there was again no football in Vorarlberg. But 1945 the team started again under the name FC Rapid Lustenau. In 1947 they got their old name FC Lustenau 07 back. In 2000 the club was promoted to the Austrian First League. 2004 they were relegated. In the 2005/06 season they won the Regionalliga West with 27 wins, 3 draws and 0 lost (104:22 goals). Till the 2012-13 season they played in the Austrian First League. Due to financial problems the club played the next season in Vorarlberg 2. Landesklasse  (Level 7). Till the 2019-20 season they reached the Vorarlbergliga (Level 4) the highest level in Vorarlberg football.

Current squad 
as on December 17th, 2021

Goalkeepers
Gerd Küng
Klaus Mendes
Noah Küng
Defenders
Markus König
Luca Hollenstein	
Lukas Thurnher		
Maximilian König		
Alex Asiu	
Moritz Beck	
Noel-Joshua König		
Simon Häfele	
Alin Mutu	
Midfielders
Okan Öner	
Mikail Can	
Ajdin Celes	
Luis Bösch	
Elias Jonach	
Moritz Hollenstein	
Mark Vogel		
Vincent Scheffknecht	
Simon Grabherr	
Jakob Bösch	
Harun Erbek	
Kemal Duran		
Markus Blank	
Forwards
Johannes Giselbrecht	
Igor Marjanovic	
Linus Hämmerle

Honors
 Austrian Amateur Championship runner-up: 1929, 1937
 Vorarlberg Champions: 1918, 1921–27, 1929, 1931–36, 1939
 Vorarlberg Cup: 1925, 1927, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1946 (als SC Rapid Lustenau), 1994, 2000, 2001, 2021
 Bodensee-Champion: 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913
 Champion Arlbergliga: 1958, 1959
 Champion Vorarlbergliga: 1995
 Champion Regionalliga West: 2000, 2001, 2006

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vorarlberg
A. J. Foyt

Anthony Joseph Foyt, Jr. (born January 16, 1935) is an American racecar driver. He was a four-time Indianapolis 500 winner.  He also won at the Daytona 500.

Early life
Foyt was born in Houston, Texas.  He attended Pershing and Hamilton middle schools and Lamar, San Jacinto and St. Thomas Catholic high schools, but he dropped out to become a mechanic.

References

Other websites 

Official team owner website

NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Houston, Texas
1935 births
Living people
Estée Lauder

Estée Lauder, (July 1, 1908 - April 24, 2004), was an American businesswoman. She was the co-founder of the cosmetics company named after her, Estée Lauder. In 1998, she was be the only woman on TIME magazine's list of the 20 most influential business geniuses of the 20th century. Lauder died on April 24, 2004 at age 95.

Businesspeople from New York City
1908 births
2004 deaths
Evans Blue

Evans Blue is a Canadian alternative rock band from Toronto, Ontario. Evans Blue has five members in the band; the current band members are Dan Chandler, Parker Lauzon, Vlad Tanaskovic, Joe Pitter and Mike McClure.

Band members 

Current
Dan Chandler - vocals (2009–present)
Parker Lauzon - rhythm guitar (2005–present)
Vlad Tanaskovic - lead guitar (2005–present)
Joe Pitter - bass (2005–present)
Mike McClure - drums (2011–present)

Former
Darryl Brown - drums (2005–2006)
Danny D - drums (2006)
Kevin Matisyn - vocals (2005–2008)
Howard Davis - drums (2007–2011)

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Evans Blue has released 3 Studio albums:

Albums
The Melody and the Energetic Nature of Volume (2006)
The Pursuit Begins When This Portrayal of Life Ends (2007)
Evans Blue (2009)
Graveyard of Empires  (2012)

References

Other websites 
Official website

Alternative rock bands
Canadian hard rock bands
Canadian rock bands
Canadian heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 2005
2005 establishments in Canada
In the Realm of the Senses

In the Realm of the Senses is a romantic movie which was released during 1976 in certain countries, 1977 in others. The movie is a fictional tale of sexually explicit adult behavior in 1930s Japan. This motion picture caused extremely huge controversy when it was released. Certain countries wouldn't even show the movie. Moreover, it was not available for home video until around 1990. It was originally rated X, though the rating was later converted into NC-17 in 1991.

Cast
 Eiko Matsuda as Sada Abe
 Tatsuya Fuji as Kichizo Ishida
 Aoi Nakajima as Toku
 Yasuko Matsui as Tagawa Inn manager
 Meika Seri as Matsuko
 Kanae Kobayashi as Old geisha Kikuryû
 Taiji Tonoyama as Old beggar
 Kyôji Kokonoe as Teacher Ômiya
 Naomi Shiraishi as Geisha Yaeji
 Komikichi Hori as Mitsuwa Geisha

1976 movies
1970s erotic movies
Japanese movies
French romance movies
Movies directed by Nagisa Oshima
Obscenity
Independent movies
Colloid

A colloid is a mixture of one substance spread out evenly inside another substance. They can be in two different phases or states of matter. 

One substance is the dispersion medium, such as water or gas. The other is the dispersed medium, sometimes called the 'internal phase'. This is usually tiny solid particles. Otherwise, if the dispersion medium is a gas, then the internal phase can be either tiny particles or tiny droplets of a liquid.

Definition: A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter between about 5 and 200 nanometers.

Examples: 
Milk is an emulsion, which is a colloid in which both parties are liquids.
Shaving cream and whipped cream are colloids of gas inside a liquid.
Gels, such as agar, jelly or even opals, are colloids of liquids inside solids.
Styrofoam and pumice are gases inside solids.
The red colour of cranberry glass is caused by the reflection of light off gold particles in the glass. The glass is a colloid of solid particles inside the solid glass.
Mud is usually considered a suspension because the dirt will settle, but it may be a partial colloid, particularly with very fine-grained clay.
Fog is a complex mixture in which air has both water droplets and solid particles. It may be colloidal in parts.

References 

Physics
Materials
Physical chemistry
Five Finger Death Punch

Five Finger Death Punch is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California. Five Finger Death Punch has five members in the band; the current band members are Zoltan Bathory, Jason Hook, Chris Kael, Ivan Moody and Jeremy Spencer.

Band members 

Current
Zoltan Bathory – guitars (since 2005)
Jason Hook – guitars, backing vocals (since 2009)
Chris Kael – bass, backing vocals (since 2011)
Ivan Moody – vocals (since 2006)
Jeremy Spencer – drums (since 2005)

Former
Caleb Bingham – guitars (2006)
Darrell Roberts – guitars, backing vocals (2006–2009)
Matt Snell – bass, backing vocals (2006–2010)

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Five Finger Death Punch has released 4 Studio albums:

Albums
The Way of the Fist (2007)
War Is the Answer (2009)
American Capitalist (2011)
The Wrong Side Of Heaven And The Righteous Side Of Hell Vol. 1 (2013)
The Wrong Side Of Heaven And The Righteous Side Of Hell Vol. 2 (2013)
"Got Your Six" (2015)
F8(2020)

References

Other websites 
Official website

American heavy metal bands
Nu metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Hard rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Sol (colloid)

A sol is a colloidal suspension of very small solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. They can be quite stable; examples include blood, pigmented ink, and paint.

Sols can change into viscosity quickly if they are thixotropic. Examples include quicksands and paint, both of which become more fluid under pressure.

Materials
One Direction

One Direction, also referred to as 1D are an English and Irish boy band. It began with Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson. They finished third on the seventh series of The X Factor. They each auditioned for The X Factor separately. Simon Cowell put them together in 2010 because he thought they were too good to lose.

Songs 
"What Makes You Beautiful" was One Direction's first single. After being signed to Syco Music, the group recorded their first album Up All Night. Hits on the album include "One Thing" and "Gotta Be You." It was third in the charts. They have been very successful since. They tour to places around the world such as Europe, Australia, Asia, and the Americas.

The group released a second album in November 2012, called Take Me Home. It includes the singles "Little Things", "Live While We're Young" and "Kiss You". The group released their third album, Midnight Memories, in late November 2013. It includes the singles "Story of My Life", "Best Song Ever", "Midnight Memories", and "You & I" Their fourth album, Four, was released in November 2014. This album includes the singles "Steal My Girl" and "Night Changes". Their fifth album, Made in the A.M., was released in November 2015. It includes the singles "Drag Me Down", "Perfect" and "History".

On 29 August 2013, their movie This Is Us was released.

In April 2014, One Direction started their stadium world tour titled "Where We Are." 5 Seconds of Summer opened for them during the tour.

On 25 March 2015, Zayn Malik left the band.

In January 2016, the band said they would be taking a temporary break. It was expected to last around 18 months, but due to the members pursuing solo careers, they will be reuniting later than promised.

Awards and recognition 
One Direction have won 7 Brit awards, 7 American Music Awards and 28 Teen Choice Awards. The band also has a lot of award nominations.

Members 
Zayn Malik left the band on 25 March 2015. The group decided not to replace him, but continued as a four piece band.

Current

 Niall Horan
 Liam Payne
 Louis Tomlinson
 Harry Styles

Former 
 Zayn Malik (2010-2015)

References 

2010 establishments in England
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
British boy bands
British pop music groups
 
The X Factor contestants
Musical groups established in 2010
Musical groups from London
Musical quintets
Musical quartets