cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Umkhonto we Sizwe

Umkhonto we Sizwe (), was a South African guerilla movement created in 1961 by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and other people from the African National Congress. It was created when the government started killing and hurting people who protested against apartheid. Mandela first wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government created laws to prevent that. Mandela then decided that if black people did not use violence, they would never regain their rights. They carried out many attacks, including bombings. The most deadly of these was the Church Street bombing in Pretoria.

Umkhonto we Sizwe stopped being active in 1990 before the end of apartheid, in 1991.

References

1961 establishments in Africa
20th century in South Africa
20th century rebellions
Nelson Mandela
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Rebellions in Africa
Terrorism
Heikki Kovalainen

Heikki Johannes Kovalainen (born October 19, 1981 in Suomussalmi, Finland) is a Finnish Formula One racing driver who spent the 2008 and 2009 seasons with British-based team Vodafone McLaren Mercedes. In 2010, he joined the new Lotus team.

Racing record

Career summary

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References 

1981 births
Living people
Finnish racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
Luca Badoer

Luca Badoer (born 25 January 1971) is an Italian Formula One driver. He was born in Montebelluna. He has raced for the Scuderia Italia, Minardi, Forti Corse and most recently, Ferrari teams. In addition to his racing duties, Badoer has been active as one of the test and reserve drivers for Ferrari since 1997 and in 2009 stood in for Ferrari's regular race driver Felipe Massa at the European Grand Prix and the Belgian Grand Prix, after the Brazilian was injured during qualifying for the Hungarian Grand Prix and his original replacement, Michael Schumacher, pulled out due to injury.

1971 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Veneto
Nick Heidfeld

Nick Lars Heidfeld (born May 10, 1977 in Mönchengladbach, West Germany) is a German racing driver In 2010 he was the test and reserve driver for the Mercedes GP Formula One team. In August, Mercedes released Heidfeld from his contract to allow him to do tyre testing. He will test the new Pirelli tyre that will be used in the  season. He previously raced in Formula One from  to . 

In September, Heidfeld was signed by Sauber to replace Pedro de la Rosa. Heidfeld drove for Sauber from  to , and  to .

In 2011, Renault selected Heidfeld to replace the injured Robert Kubica.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

References

Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
People from Mönchengladbach
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Romain Grosjean

Romain Grosjean (born April 17, 1986 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Formula One racing driver, who holds dual nationality from France and Switzerland, but competes under a French racing licence. He was the 2007 Formula Three Euroseries drivers' champion and the inaugural GP2 Asia Series champion.

References

1986 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Geneva
Jarno Trulli

Jarno Trulli  (born 13 July 1974 in Pescara, Abruzzo) is an Italian Formula One auto racing driver. He has been a regular in Formula One since 1997, driving for Minardi, Prost, Jordan, Renault and Toyota. He won the  Monaco Grand Prix for Renault, his only Grand Prix victory to date. He is known for being a qualification expert. After Toyota pulled out of the sport, following the 2009 season, he joined the new Lotus Racing team in 2010.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

Pre-F1 career 
1996: 1st German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel)
1995: 4th in German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel), 1st in Italian Go-kart class 100 FA, 1st in World Go-kart class 125FC, Senna Memorial World Cup winner
1994: Senna Memorial World Cup winner, 1st in North American class 100SA, 1st in European class 100SA
1993: 2nd in World Go-kart Champion class 100 SA, 1st in Grand prix of Japan Class 100 FSA
1992: 2nd in World Go-kart class 125 FC
1991: 1st in World Go-kart class 100 FK
1990: 1st in Grand Prix of Hong Kong Class 100 FA
1988–1990: Three times 1st in Italian National 100 Class
1983–1995: Karting

1974 births
Living people
Abruzzo
Italian racecar drivers
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
Timo Glock

Timo Glock (born 18 March 1982 in Nurburg) is a German motor racing driver. At the  Canadian Grand Prix, Glock replaced Giorgio Pantano at Jordan. Glock joined the small group of drivers who have scored a World Championship point in their first Formula One race. As of , he driving is for Marussia F1. He has failed to score a point with the team since its creation in 2010

Racing record

Career summary

 Season in progress.
 As Glock was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Formula Three Series results
(key)

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points were awarded at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix as less than 75% of the race distance was completed.

American Open-Wheel 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Champ Car

Other websites 

 Timo Glock Official website 

1982 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Hesse
Kamui Kobayashi

Kamui Kobayashi (born 13 September 1986 in Amagasaki, Hyogo Japan) is a Japanese racing driver. He has competed in the GP2 Series, won the GP2 Asia Series, and drove in the FIA Formula One World Championship with the Toyota Formula One team in 2009. He is currently driving for Sauber.

Kobayashi was born in Amagasaki, near Kobe.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References

1986 births
Living people
Japanese racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture
Mark Webber

Mark Alan Webber (born 27 August 1976 in Queanbeyan, New South Wales) is an Australian Formula One driver. At the  German Grand Prix, he became the first Australian to win a race since Alan Jones in .

He currently drives for the Red Bull Racing Formula One team.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap; small number denotes finishing position)

 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed by the winner.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

1976 births
Living people
Australian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Bartje

Bartje Bartels is the main character in a series of Dutch books written by Anne de Vries at the beginning of the 20th century.  The stories are about a boy who grows up in a poor family in the countryside in Drenthe in the north-east of the Netherlands.

The author Anne de Vries is male.  The name “Anne”, although usually a girl's name, can also be used as a boy’s name in Dutch, especially in the north where Frisian is spoken.  It is pronounced “Oa-ne”.

Bartje (pronounce: “BAR-che”) is a boy whose father is a poor farmer.  His parents expect him to become a farmer like his father, but Bartje has other ideas.  Bartje starts work as an apprentice, but then his mother dies and he has to look after his younger brothers and sisters.

Famous quotation
The most famous quotation from the Bartje books come in the story in which the family are sitting down to a meal.  They are going to eat brown beans.  Bartje hates brown beans and pulls his empty plate away when his mother wants to give him some.  He refuses to say grace (to say a prayer to thank God for the food they are about to eat) and he says: Ik bid nie veur bruune boon'n  (in modern Dutch: Ik bid niet voor bruine bonen, meaning: I don’t pray for brown beans).  His parents are shocked and he gets into big trouble.

Television series

Bartje has become a much-loved symbol for the province of Drenthe.  The stories were made into a television series which was shown in 1972 and repeated in 2004.  The film had Dutch subtitles because the actors were speaking in Drenthe dialect.  

There is a statue to Bartje in the town of Assen.  Unfortunately it has been vandalized several times.

Children's books
Dutch culture
Characters in written fiction
Dutch television programmes
Drenthe
Lancaster, Lancashire

Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, England. It is on the River Lune. As of the 2001 census, it had 45,952 people. The larger City of Lancaster local government district is named after Lancaster.

Lancaster Castle is well known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612.

Location
Lancaster is the most northerly city in Lancashire, three miles from Morecambe Bay. The city is on the River Lune, the Lancaster Canal, and the West Coast Main Line. It is close to the M6 motorway.

Education
Lancaster has two universities. These are Lancaster University and The University of Cumbria.

Towns in Lancashire
County towns in England
Decatur, Wisconsin

Decatur is a town in Green County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  1,688 people were living in Decatur as of the 2000 census.  Decatur has an area of 34.4 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Green County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
Strepsirrhini

The Strepsirrhini clade is one of the two suborders of primates, with 114 species. They are defined by their wet noses, although the Greek name means having a curved or bent nose. Madagascar's only primates (apart from humans) are strepsirrhines, although others can be found in southeast Asia.
Their eyes have a reflective layer to improve their night vision, and their eye sockets have a ring of bone around the eye. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own vitamin C, whereas haplorhine primates (and ourselves) must get it from their diets.

The suborder contains the lemurs and lorises. The modern types probably evolved from the Adapiforms, an extinct group.

The origin of the earliest primates, from which both the strepsirrhines and haplorhines (simians and tarsiers) evolved, is a mystery.  Both their place of origin and the group from which they evolved are uncertain.

Although the fossil record of their initial radiation across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics—where primates most likely evolved—is very poor, particularly around the time that primates and other eutherian mammals were first appearing.

So, geneticists and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lines and when they diverged. Using this molecular clock, it seems that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first primates appear in the fossil record.p22

Classification 
 Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
 Infraorder Lemuriformes
 Superfamily Lemuroidea
 Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf and mouse lemurs (32 species)
 Family Daubentoniidae: Aye-aye (1 species)
 Family Lemuridae: lemurs (22 species)
 Family Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs (26 species)
 Family Indriidae: woolly lemurs and allies (19 species)
 Superfamily Lorisoidea
 Family Lorisidae: lorises, pottos and allies (9 species)
 Family Galagidae: galagos (19 species)

References 

Primates
Haplorhini

The haplorhines, the "dry-nosed" primates (the Greek name means "simple-nosed"), are members of the Haplorhini clade: the prosimian tarsiers and all of the true simians. The simians are the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans) and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys).

Classification
Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
Infraorder Tarsiiformes
Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins
Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris
Family Atelidae: howler, spider and woolly monkeys
Parvorder Catarrhini
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea: Old World monkeys
Family Cercopithecidae
Superfamily Hominoidea: apes
Family Hylobatidae: lesser apes (gibbons)
Family Hominidae: great (large) apes including humans

Primates
Tisza

The Tisza is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It starts in Ukraine, with the White Tisza in the Chornohora and Black Tisza in the Gorgany range, and flows partially along the Romanian border.  It then enters Hungary at Tiszabecs and passes through  Hungary touching the border with Slovakia.  It then into the Danube in central Vojvodina in Serbia.  The Tisza drains an area of about 157,186 km².

Names for the river in the countries it flows through are:
;
 (Tysa);
;
 ();
 (Tisa).

Tributaries 

Čik (near Bačko Petrovo Selo)
Jegrička (near Žabalj)
Begej (near Titel)
Mureş (in Szeged)
Arieş (near Gura Arieşului)
Târnava (near Teiuş)
Târnava Mare (in Blaj)
Târnava Mică (in Blaj)
Körös (near Csongrád)
Crişul Repede River (near Gyoma)
Barcău (in Szeghalom)
Crişul Alb (near Gyula)
Crişul Negru (near Gyula)
Zagyva (in Szolnok)
Sajó (in Tiszaújváros)
Hornád (near Miskolc) 
Bodrog (in Tokaj)
Ondava (near Cejkov)
Latorica (near Cejkov)
Laborec (near Oborin)
Uzh (near Pavlovce nad Uhom)
Cirocha (in Humenné)
Stara
Vicha
Kerepets
Crasna (in Vásárosnamény)
Someş (near Vásárosnamény)
Someşul Mic (in Dej)
Someşul Cald (in Gilău)
Someşul Rece (in Gilău)
Someşul Mare (in Dej)
Şieu (in Beclean)
Bistriţa (near Bistriţa)
Tur
 Batár 
Şugătag
Baia
Şaroş
Săpânţa
Valea Hotarului
Bicu
Sarasău
Valea Iepei
Iza
Mara
Vişeu

Sources 
 Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti
 Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971

Other websites 

 About Tisza
 The Living Tisza (Hungarian)

Tributaries of the Danube
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Free love

Free love is when people are free to have sexual relations with anyone without getting married. This has been used as early as in the 19th century. It is a social movement that rejects marriage as a form of social and financial bondage (slavery)..

References 

Human sexuality
Sociology
Marriage
Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)

Breakaway is the second album by American singer Kelly Clarkson; it was released on November 30, 2004.

The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 for selling 250,000 copies. It has sold over 6 million copies in the United States and has been certified six times Platinum by the RIAA. Breakaway received two awards at the 2006 Grammy Awards including "Best Pop Vocal Album" and "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance" for the single "Since U Been Gone".

Five singles were released from the album, "Since U Been Gone", "Behind These Hazel Eyes", "Because of You", "Walk Away", and "Breakaway".

References 

2004 songs
Kelly Clarkson albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Rainbow Serpent

A Rainbow Serpent is an animal in the Dreamtime which many of the indigenous people of Australia,  the "Aborigines", believe created the mountains, rivers and lakes. The Rainbow Serpent stories are found all across Australia, and especially in Arnhem Land, in the north of Australia. The serpent is known by different names, such as Almudj and Ngalyod, in different Aboriginal languages. The Rainbow Serpent lives in waterholes and controls the supply of water.

Aboriginal artists have painted the Rainbow Serpent on cave walls or on pieces of bark. The earliest cave paintings found are about 8,000 years old. In special ceremonies, they sometimes honour the Rainbow Serpent by painting their handprints on the magic snake.  Scientists believe the Rainbow Serpent stories began at the end of the last ice age. The rising sea levels would have forced a lot of people to move inland. The Rainbow Serpent became a symbol of both creation and destruction, and of unity and peace. This makes the Rainbow Serpent a symbol of the world's oldest continuing religion.

History
In the Dreamtime, the Rainbow Serpent helped the world along with rain. At the beginning of time, the Rainbow Serpent awoke from its sleep and pushed through the Earth's crust. As it travelled over the empty land, it left behind deep tracks. The Rainbow Serpent called to the frogs to come out from beneath the earth. It tickled the frogs' bellies, and when they laughed, water poured out from their open mouths. The water filled the Rainbow Serpent's deep tracks, making rivers and lakes.
Slowly, grass began to grow. Then all kind of creatures in Australia - birds, lizards, snakes, kangaroos, koalas, and dingoes - woke up and took their places on the earth.

References

Australian mythology
Indigenous Australian culture
List of rivers of Connecticut

This is the List of rivers in Connecticut (U.S. state), sorted by drainage basin.

All of Connecticut's rivers flow into Long Island Sound. From there, the waters mix into the Atlantic Ocean.

Pawcatuck River
Green Fall River
Shunock River
Wood River
Mystic River
Whitford Brook
Poquonock River
Thames River
Shetucket River
Little River (Shetucket River)
Natchaug River
Fenton River
Mt. Hope River
Still River (Natchaug River)
Quinebaug River
Blackwell Brook
Fivemile River (Quinebaug River)
French River
Little River (Quinebaug River)
Moosup River
Pachaug River
Willimantic River
Hop River
Skungamaug River
Tenmile River (Willimantic River)
Yantic River
Niantic River
Fourmile River (Connecticut)
Threemile River (Connecticut)
Black Hall River
Connecticut River
Deep River (Connecticut River)
Eightmile River (Connecticut River)
Falls River (Connecticut River)
Moodus River
Salmon River
Blackledge River
Jeremy River
Farmington River
East Branch Farmington River
Nepaug River
Pequabu River
Pequabuck River
Poland River 
West Branch Farmington River
Still River (Farmington River)
Mad River (Still River)
Hockanum River
Tankerhoosen River
Mattabesett River
Coginchaug River
Park River (also known as Hog River and Little River)
Podunk River
Scantic River
Watchaug River
Patchogue River
Menunketesuck River
Indian River (Clinton)
Hammonasset River
Neck River
East River (Connecticut)
West River (Guilford)
Branford River
Farm River (Connecticut)
Quinnipiac River
Eightmile River (Quinnipiac River)
Muddy River (Connecticut)
Tenmile River (Quinnipiac River)
Mill River
West River
Sargent River
Cove River (Connecticut)
Oyster River (Connecticut)
Indian River (Milford)
Wepawaug River
Housatonic River
Blackberry River
Whiting River
Halfway River
Farmill River
Hollenbeck River
Konkapot River
Naugatuck River
Mad River (Naugatuck River)
Ten Mile River, Housatonic
Pomperaug River
Nonewaug River
Weekeepeemee River
Pootatuck River
Shepaug River
Bantam River
Marshepaug River
Still River
West Aspetuck River
East Aspetuck River
Pequonnock River
Mill River (Southport)
Saugatuck River
Aspetuck River
Little River (Saugatuck River)
West Branch Saugatuck River
Norwalk River
Silvermine River
Fivemile River (Connecticut)
Noroton River
Rippowam River
Mill River (Rippowam River)
Mianus River
Byram River
Hudson River (New York)
Croton River (New York)
Titicus River

References

Connecticut
Zakynthos

Zakynthos (or Zante) is a Greek island. It is the third largest island in the Ionian Sea. It is in the south Ionian Sea, west of the Peloponnese. Zakynthos' total population amounts to 41,472 inhabitants. The largest town of Zakynthos is Zakynthos city. Zakynthos is mostly flat island, with an area of 410 square kilometres.To the north of the island, there are low mountains and hills.

Sights and tourism

Zakynthos is a very touristic island. Most tourists who visit the island come from Western Europe, mainly Italy and England. The most popular part of island is the southern part. The island has many beautiful beaches, the most famous including the Navagio (shipwreck) and the beach of Laganas. The Mediterranean turtle lives in and around Zakynthos. It is also called careta careta. This species is very rare and it is a threatened species.

References

Islands of Greece
Paros

Paros is a Greek island which belongs in Cyclades group. It is the third largest island in the Cyclades. Its area is 195 square meter and its population is 12,853. The island has got a scheme almost circular. The most largest towns in Paros is Paroikia (or Paros city) and Naoussa.

Sights-Architecture
The island is very touristic. Every summer many thousands tourists came to Paros. The most of them came from European countries. The island has got beautiful beaches and very beautiful villages. The main feature of the villages of Paros is its important architecture. The houses of the villages has got cubic scheme with intense white colour. The windows and the doors has got an intense colour, usually azure or blue.

References

Other websites 
The website of Paros 

Islands of Greece
Shawnee Park

Shawnee Park is a park in Louisville, Kentucky.  It was created by Frederick Law Olmsted, who made 18 of the city's 123 public parks. Along with the rest of the city's Olmsted-designed park system, Shawnee Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

History
Shawnee Park was first planned in 1890 to be one of the free flagship parks in Louisville's new park system. All three were found on the geographic edges of the city. In Shawnee's case, it was the western edge bordering the Ohio River. The land at the time was still mostly used for truck farms, but it was clear residential development was imminent even without the park. Shawnee was the slowest of the parks to create, as much of the land was already owned by investors who thought they could increase the sale price by holding out.

The city had to force owners to sell the properties to obtain the land for the park, and won the case in 1895. In 1896, the city started to create access to the park, another area in which Shawnee was behind the other two parks. River Park Drive was laid out in 1899, but the Broadway entrance remained unfinished until 1914.

The Olmsted firm advised the city not to build a golf course at Shawnee Park due to the "grave danger to visitors in the park and especially the children" but demand was such that the course was built anyway in 1927.

All three parks had the intended effect of spurring residential development near them. The interest was so great that developers found themselves promoting the parks rather than their own developments, as the highest prices would exist for the park perceived to be best. Dozens of subdivisions were built near Shawnee Park, and the neighborhood itself came to be called Shawnee.

Shawnee Park allowed access only to whites from 1924 to 1954, although park officials and police had a de facto policy of not allowing blacks access to the park for some years prior to that. The only park blacks were allowed access to was nearby Chickasaw Park, which many people entered by traveling through Shawnee.

Features

Great Lawn

Although now overshadowed by the Louisville Waterfront Park, Shawnee boasts an expansive Great Lawn which is very useful for formal gatherings.  The Great Lawn, the principal feature of the park, is enclosed by plantings and a circular drive that is lined with trees.

Riverwalk Trail
Louisville's Riverwalk Trail, which passes through Shawnee Park, extends across Louisville's waterfront, which is an extensive, mostly flat pedestrian pathway. The one-way distance between the Belvedere and Shawnee Park is 6.2 miles.

References

Other websites
Metro Parks page 
Satellite image of Shawnee Park

Louisville, Kentucky
Parks in the United States
National Register of Historic Places
Iraklis Thessaloniki FC

Iraklis is a Greek football club which is based in Thessaloniki. It is founded in 1908 and it is the most oldest club of Thessaloniki. Iraklis is the third most successful club of Thessaloniki after PAOK and Aris. It has won a Greek cup in 1976. He always plays in the highest professional football league of Greece unless one year. The name of club is the name of ancient Greek hero Hercules, which in Greek is said Iraklis. Its colour is the blue and white.

Other websites
Iraklis Thessaloniki FC - Official website

Greek football clubs
Thessaloniki
1908 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Greece
Active Worlds

Active Worlds (AW) is a 3D virtual reality platform. The "Active Worlds Browser" runs on Windows. Users assign themselves a user name, log into the Active Worlds virtual world universe, and explore 3D virtual worlds and environments that other users have created.  Users can chat with one another or build structures and areas from a selection of objects. AW allows users to own worlds and universes, and develop 3D content.

Related pages
Second Life
IMVU

Software
Jim Clark

Jim (or Jimmy) Clark OBE (4 March 1936 – 7 April 1968) was a British Formula One racing driver from Scotland.

He was the dominant driver of his era, winning two World Championships, in 1963 and 1965. At the time of his death, he had won more Grand Prix races (25) and achieved more Grand Prix pole positions (33) than any other driver. He also competed in the Indianapolis 500 five times, and won it once, in 1965.

In 2009, The Times placed Clark at the top of a list of the greatest Formula One drivers.

Clark crashed off the Hockenheimring, Baden-Wuerttemberg, West Germany during a race and died of his injuries on the way to hospital.

References

1936 births
1968 deaths
Deaths in sport
Formula One drivers
Scottish racecar drivers
Emerson Fittipaldi

Emerson Fittipaldi (born December 12, 1946 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a highly successful Brazilian automobile racing driver. He has won championships in both Formula One, and CART. Fittipaldi won the Indianapolis 500 twice.

Early life
Emerson Fittipaldi was born in São Paulo, Brazil. He is the younger son of prominent Italian-Brazilian motorsports journalist and radio commentator Wilson Fittipaldi Sr and his wife Józefa "Juzy" Wojciechowska, an immigrant from Saint Petersburg, Russia and of Polish and Russian descent.

References

1946 births
Living people
Brazilian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
People from São Paulo
Niki Lauda

Andreas Nikolaus "Niki" Lauda (22 February 1949 – 20 May 2019) was an Austrian Formula One driver. He was a three-time F1 World Drivers' Champion, winning in ,  and . He was also an aviator, entrepreneur and writer. He has founded and run two airlines and was manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years. In February 2018, Toto Wolff & Niki Lauda signed Mercedes deal until 2020.

Lauda died after a period of ill health on 20 May 2019 in Zürich. He was 70.

Niki lauda raced in the 1973 F1 season as a member of the British raceing motors team.in 1974 he signed with the prestigious pransing horse scuderia Ferrari team and gathered his first career F1 victory  ( as well as an additional win),finishing the season in forth place. The 1975 raceing season is one of the most storid in F1 history. Through nine races, Lauda had 5 victorys and more then twice as many points in the championship standings as his closest competitor. Lauda tried to get the other drivers to agree to boycott of the 10th race of the season, of the German Grand Prix or which is called ( the Nürburging but Lauda lost the FIA said to go ahead and race which happened on the second lap of the German Grand Prix Lauda crashed and his car went on fire

First Race:1971 Austrian F1 GP
Last Race: 1985 Austrian F1 GP 
First Win: 1974 Spanish F1 GP
Last Win: 1995 Dutch F1 GP

References

1949 births
2019 deaths
Austrian businesspeople
Austrian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Vienna
Antonio Ascari

Antonio Ascari (15 September 1888 – 26 July 1925) was an Italian Grand Prix motor racing champion.

References

Other websites

 

1888 births
1925 deaths
Italian racecar drivers
Road accident deaths
Louis Chiron

Louis Alexandre Chiron (born 3 August 1899  in Monte Carlo, Monaco – died there on 22 June 1979) was a Grand Prix driver.

1899 births
1979 deaths
Formula One drivers
Monte Carlo
Monegasque people
Pietro Perugino

Pietro Perugino (1446–1524) was a leading Italian painter of the Umbrian school. He developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. He was born as Pietro Vannucci in Città della Pieve. Perugino also was one of Raphael's teachers.

Related pages

 Italian Renaissance art
 List of Italian painters

1446 births
1524 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Mike Hawthorn

John Michael Hawthorn (10 April 1929 – 22 January 1959) was a racing driver, born in Mexborough, Yorkshire, England, and educated at Ardingly College, West Sussex.

References

1929 births
1959 deaths
Formula One drivers
Road accident deaths
White-tailed starfrontlet

The white-tailed starfrontlet (Coeligena phalerata) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Colombia. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

References
 BirdLife International 2004.  Coeligena phalerata.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Hummingbirds
Venezuelan Sylph

The Venezuelan sylph (Aglaiocercus berlepschi) is a species of hummingbird.  It is restricted to a small area of north-eastern Venezuela and is classed as an endangered species by BirdLife International. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the Long-tailed Sylph (A. kingi).

The male is 22 centimeters in length with the elongated outer tail-feathers accounting for 14-15 centimeters. Its color is mostly  green. The throat is blue and the outer tail-feathers are violet, becoming blue towards the tips. The female is 9.5-11 centimeters long. The tail is shorter than that of the male but still fairly long and slightly forked. Females have a blue crown and white throat, breast and belly.

The Long-tailed Sylph is almost the same in color but does not overlap in range. Males of the subspecies caudatus have a mostly blue tail and no blue throat patch, while males of the subspecies margarethae have green tips to the tail-feathers. Females have a rufous breast and belly.

References
 (2007) Species factsheet: Aglaiocercus berlepschi.  Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/9/2007.
 (1978) A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela, Princeton University Press.

Other websites

BirdLife Species Factsheet.
Photograph of a Venezuelan Sylph

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Thankful (Kelly Clarkson album)

Thankful is the first album by American singer Kelly Clarkson, released in the United States by RCA Records on April 15, 2003. She originally had the release set for fall 2002 but got pushed back due to her busy schedule. "A Moment Like This" was the first single from the album to be released, followed by "Miss Independent", "Low", and "The Trouble with Love Is".

Thankful contained two cover tracks, "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" by Aretha Franklin and "Just Missed the Train" by Danielle Brisebois. Thankful has sold 2.73 million copies in the United States and was certified platinum in Canada for selling over 100,000 copies.

Track listing

References 

2003 albums
Kelly Clarkson albums
Serdar Tasci

Serdar Taşçı (born 24 April 1987) is a German footballer.

Career 
Serdar Taşçı played for SC Altbach and the Stuttgarter Kickers until he came to the youth teams of VfB Stuttgart in 1999. In 2005 he played his first matches for the second senior team, and on 20 August 2006 he had his first Bundesliga match. He won the German Championship with Stuttgart in the 2006-07 Bundesliga season. 

As a child of a Turkish family, he had also the chance to play for the Turkish national football team, but went to the German team instead. On 20 August 2008 he played his first international match against Belgium.

International career statistics 

|-
|2008||4||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||3||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

Other websites 
 Website of Serdar Taşçı 
 Serdar Taşçı on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1987 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Christian Träsch

Christian Träsch (born 1 September 1987 in Ingolstadt, Bavaria) is a German footballer.

Career 
Träsch came to the youth teams of TSV 1860 Munich in 2003. He played for their second senior team in the Regionalliga in 2006 and 2007. In 2007 he came to the second team of VfB Stuttgart, and on 3 February 2008 he played his first match in Stuttgart's Bundesliga team. 

Träsch joined the German national football team for a trip to Asia in 2009 and played his first international match against the United Arab Emirates on 2 June 2009.

Other websites 
 Christian Träsch's website  (in German)
 Christian Träsch on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1987 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Christian Gentner

Christian Gentner (born 14 August 1985 in Nürtingen, Baden-Württemberg) is a German footballer.

Career 
Gentner won the German Under-19 Championship with VfB Stuttgart in 2003. For the 2004-05 season he came to Stuttgart's second senior team. On 20 February 2005 he played his first Bundesliga match for Stuttgart. In the 2006-07 Bundesliga season they won the German Championship.

In summer 2007 he came to VfL Wolfsburg where he won his second German Championship in 2009. He came back to Stuttgart after the 2009-10 season. 

In 2009 Gentner joined the Germany national football team for a trip to Asia and played his first international match against China PR national team on 29 May 2009.

Other websites 
 Christian Gentner on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1985 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Vector subspace

A vector subspace is a vector space that is a subset of another vector space. This means that all the properties of a vector space are satisfied.
Let W be a non empty subset of a vector space V, then, W is a vector subspace if and only if the next 3 conditions are satisfied:
 additive identity – the element 0 is an element of W: 0 ∈ W
 closed under addition – if x and y are elements of W, then x + y is also in W: x, y ∈ W implies x + y ∈ W
 closed under scalar multiplication – if c is an element of a field K and x is in W, then cx is in W: c ∈ K and x ∈ W implies cx ∈ W.
If  and  are subspaces of a vector space , then the sum and the direct sum of  and , denoted respectively by  and , are subspaces as well.

Related pages 

 Parallel projection

References 

Linear algebra

ru:Векторное пространство#Подпространство
Apocalypse

An apocalypse  is a revelation: seeing something which has been hidden. It comes from the Greek word, Apokálypsis, which means "lifting of the veil", or finding out something secret. Often this secret is discovered in a dream or a vision.

In religion, the word describes Armageddon or the end of the world. This might have come from the words, apokalupsis eschaton, meaning all the secrets will be discovered "at the end of the æon, or age". In Christianity The Apocalypse of John is the Book of Revelation, the last book of the Bible. It describes the end of the world, and the second coming of Jesus Christ.

Christian eschatology
Words
Peter Gabriel

Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer and songwriter. He became famous as the singer and flute player in the progressive rock group Genesis. After leaving Genesis, Gabriel went on to a successful solo career. More recently he has spent his time on producing and promoting world music and pioneering digital distribution methods for music. He has also been involved in various humanitarian efforts. Gabriel was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2009. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010 with the group Genesis and again as a solo artist in 2014.

Discography
 From Genesis to Revelation (1969) - with Genesis
 Trespass (1970) - with Genesis
 Nursery Cryme (1971) - with Genesis
 Foxtrot (1972) - with Genesis
 Selling England by the Pound (1973) - with Genesis
 The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974) - with Genesis
 Peter Gabriel (Car) (1977)
 Peter Gabriel (Scratch) (1978)
 Peter Gabriel (Melt) (1980)
 Peter Gabriel (Security) (1982)
 Birdy (1985)
 So (1986)
 Passion (1989)
 Us (1992)
 OVO (2000)
 Long Walk Home (2002)
 Up (2002)
 Scratch My Back (2010)
 New Blood (2011)
 I/O (TBD)

References

1950 births
Living people
English musicians
Genesis (band)
Mykonos

Mykonos is a very touristic Greek island. It belongs to Cyclades. It is in the north of Cyclades, near Syros and Tinos islands. The area of the island is 85 square kilometres. 9,320 people live there. Most of them work in the tourist industry. The island is famous mainly for its nightlife. Also, the island has many beautiful beaches, with yellow sand. Along the beaches there are bars and cafes, so the entertainment continues during day. The island has two main settlements. Chora, the capital of the island, is in the west and Ano Mera, the second settlement is in the center.

Sights

Mykonos' houses have got the distinguished  Cycladic architecture. The houses have a cubic scheme, with wooden windows, and doors, painted usually with intense colours. The alleys are painted with lime, so they have a bright white colour. Mykonos is very close to the islet Delos. Delos was very important in antiquity. It was the center of Delian League, the leaders of which were ancient Athenians. In Delos there was an important sanctuary for Apollon, one of twelve Greek gods. Delos today is a very important archaeological site and the visitors go there from Mykonos. Mykonos has many old traditional windmills, which are everywhere on the island

References

Other websites
 Official website of the Municipality of Mykonos
 Mykonos Travel Guide

Islands of Greece
Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician known for creating the vaccine for smallpox.

Vaccination 
Vaccination was a concept that was known before Jenner.

In 1765, Dr John Fewster published a paper in the London Medical Society entitled "Cow pox and its ability to prevent smallpox", but he did not pursue the subject further.

After 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine in humans against smallpox. For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity with cowpox in his wife and two children during a smallpox epidemic in 1774. Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success, but after Jenner's work some 20 years later the procedure became widely understood at last.

It was a common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox. Jenner thought that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) protected them from smallpox. He may already have heard of Benjamin Jesty's success.

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis on an eight-year-old boy, the son of his gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of a milkmaid. Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some uneasiness, but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected the boy with a mild form of smallpox and he showed no sign of infection. Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 more subjects.

"Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle".

References 

1749 births
1823 deaths
English physicians
Vaccinologists
Mansfield Park (novel)

Mansfield Park is the third novel by iconic English author Jane Austen. Published in 1814, it was the most successful during her lifetime.

Plot

Mansfield Park is about a poor young girl named Fanny Price.

Born in Portsmouth, Fanny's mother has two sisters, one of whom has married Sir Thomas Bertram of Mansfield Park miles away and the other lives in a cottage on the grounds of Mansfield.  This other sister, in an attempt to show off her own sense of self-importance and charity, offers to take one of her poor sister's children off her hands, and persuades Sir Thomas that Fanny could be her assistant in helping with the daily running of Mansfield and so should live there too.

At Mansfield Park, Fanny grows up with her cousins Tom, Maria, Julia and Edmund Bertram. Only Edmund is kind to her. As they grow up, Edmund's kindness to Fanny makes her fall in love with him.

However, when Fanny's uncle goes away for business, Mary Crawford and her brother Henry come to the neighborhood. Henry flirts with the Misses Bertram, making them fall in love with him, even though Maria is already engaged to a Mr. Rushworth. Mary and Edmund fall in love with each other, much to Fanny's surprise and sadness, but Mary wants Edmund to become rich and not be a clergyman. They put on a play called Lovers Vows that Fanny does not think Sir Thomas would like, so she does not join in. Just as they are trying to make her act, Sir Thomas returns home.

Henry Crawford goes away, and Maria, angry and proud, quickly marries Mr. Rushworth, even though she does not love him. Henry Crawford falls really in love with Fanny, and proposes to her, but she says no. Sir Thomas gives Fanny the ultimatum of marry Mr Crawford or go back to her parents.  Choosing to see her family again she is unhappy to see how coarse and vulgar they are.

While she is there, she finds out in a newspaper that Maria has run away with Henry Crawford. Fanny is very shocked and unhappy. Edmund comes to ask Fanny to come back to Mansfield to nurse a sick Tom. He tells Fanny that he was shocked that Mary Crawford only thought Maria and Henry were silly for being found out, and that the act of adultery was not bad. He expresses he has finally realised he has always loved Fanny, and they marry.

Other websites

Mansfield Park Free audio book at LibriVox
Mansfield Park Complete text with audio and language translations.
Mansfield Park free ebook in PDF, PDB and LIT formats
Selected quotes from Mansfield Park 
Mansfield Park Map 
Mansfield Park study guide, themes, quotes, literary devices, & teacher guide

1810s books
Books by Jane Austen
English novels
Aristarchus (crater)

Aristarchus is a large impact crater on the Moon's surface. It is 40 kilometers large in diameter and can be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The crater was named after the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos.

Surface features of the Moon
Impact craters
Barossa Valley

The Barossa Valley is in South Australia. It is found about  north-east of Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. The Barossa Valley is famous for making wine and because of this it often has many tourists. The three main towns in the region are Nuriootpa, Tanunda and Angaston.

History 
The Barossa Valley was named in 1837 by a surveyor called Colonel William Light. It was meant to be named Barrosa, named after the town in Spain, but a mistake was made and it ended up being spelt Barossa.

The first place to be settled was Bethany in 1842 by people from both England and Germany. Most of the people to first arrive were from Germany and because of this the Barossa Valley has lots of German heritage. Soon after Bethany was established other towns were made. the next group of town to be created were: Angaston, Krondorf, Ebenezer, Penrice, Light Pass and Langmeil.

The year after the first town was made, churches stared being built. These were all Christian churches and most were Lutheran. The Christian lifestyle is still around the Barossa Valley today with lots of churches still around, although many are not Lutheran.

People 
There are about 20 000 people who live in the Barossa Valley. Most of these people live in Tanunda, Nuriootpa, Angaston, Williamstown and Lyndoch, each having more than 1000 people. A few smaller towns such as Moculta and Springton are in the Barossa Valley too and all the town are a part of the Barossa Local Government which is more commonly called the Barossa Council.

Most people in the area still call themselves Lutherans. This has caused many towns to have two or more Lutheran churches. For example, Tanunda has four, Nuriootpa has two and Angaston has two. Each town with more than 1000 people, not including Williamstown, has a Lutheran Primary School and Tanunda has a Lutheran Secondary School.

The number of people in all of the biggest towns is listed below.

Wine 
The Barossa Valley is called ‘Australia's most famous wine region’ by lots of people. There are about 150 wineries in the Barossa Valley. Some of the wineries are very famous both in Australia and overseas. The famous wineries include: Wolf Blass, Penfolds, Yalumba and Peter Lehmann Wines. The two secondary schools in the area both have wineries. Nuriootpa High School owns a winery called Barossa Class Wines (more commonly known as Nurrihannam Wines) and Faith Lutheran School owns a winery called Mengler View Wines.

Vintage Festival 
Every two years this festival is held in the Barossa Valley to celebrate the vintage. Vintage is the time between grapes been picked and then turned into wine. The vintage festival lasts for 9 days and on each day many events take place.

The most popular of all the events is the parade. This is where different companies and groups gather a few volunteers who parade from the main street in Nuriootpa through to the main street in Tanunda. Many groups choose to give out free gifts, such as lollies and stickers.

References

Other websites 
 Barossa Vintage Festival Site

Rivers of South Australia
Valleys
Wine regions of Australia