cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans

Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier (29 May 1627 – 5 April 1693) known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the eldest daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, and his first wife Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (duchess in her own right). She inherited her title from her mother and was given to her first cousin the Duke of Orléans  in 1695 by order of Louis XIV when it was clear that Anne Marie Louise would not have children. She was known as Mademoiselle for most of her life. She was the wealthiest woman of her time.

Biography

Her mother died giving birth to her. Her mother was the Duchess of Montpensier in her own right and the title was inherited by Anne Marie Louise. She was one of the greatest heiresses in history. She died unmarried and childless, leaving her vast fortune to her cousin, Philippe of France. After a string of proposals from various members of European royalty, including Charles II of England, Afonso VI of Portugal and Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy, she eventually fell in love with Antoine Nompar de Caumont, Duke of Lauzun and scandalised the court when she asked Louis XIV for permission to marry him, as such a union was viewed as a mésalliance. She is best remembered for her role in the Fronde, bringing the famous opera composer Jean Baptiste Lully to the king's court, and her Mémoires. She carried out various improvements to the Château of Eu, Château of Saint-Fargeau and Château of Choisy, her personal properties.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and Styles

  29 May 1627 – 4 June 1693 Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle.
  4 June 1627 – 5 April 1693 Her Royal Highness, Mademoiselle, the Duchess of Montpensier.

Other websites 

1627 births
1693 deaths
House of Orléans
People from Paris
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Smallpox survivors
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Canine distemper

Canine distemper is a viral disease that affects animals in the families Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Procyonidae and some Felidae (though not domestic cats: feline distemper or panleukopenia is a different virus exclusive to cats). It is most commonly associated with domestic animals such as dogs and ferrets, although it can infect wild animals as well. It is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family paramyxovirus, and thus a close relative of measles and rinderpest. Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease of dogs.

Animal diseases
Diseases caused by viruses
Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo

Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo is a comic published in Weekly Shonen-Jump. It is a serial comic that started in 1976. "Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari-kouenmae hashutsujo" is called "Kochikame" for short. This comic is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest running serial comic. This comic been made into animated cartoons, drama and movies.

Author
The author is Osamu Akimoto. He was born 11 December 1952, in Tokyo. He got a "Young-Jump Prize" in 1976, then debuted with his short story, and started serial publication on September 1976. He had never been withheld from publication. His masterpieces are "Mr.Clice", "Tokyo-Hukagawa Sandaime" and so on.

Main Characters

Kankichi Ryotsu
The hero of this comic. He is a policeman of Shin-Katsushika police station. One of his hobbies is moneymaking. He is the best tough guy in this comic.
Height:161cm  
Weight:71kg  
Birthday: 3 March  
Blood type:B

Keiichi Nakagawa
He is a policeman of Shin-Katsushika police station. In addition, the son of "Nakagawa financial combine". He is very handsome, tall and versatility policeman. He knows nothing of the world.
Height:185cm  
Weight:65kg  
Birthday:24 December  
Blood type:O

Reiko Akimoto
She is a policewoman of  Shin-Katsushika police station. In addition, the daughter of "Akimoto trading company". She has a beautiful face but she is a masculine woman. She appeared from 100th story.
Height:177cm  
Weight:46kg  
Birthday: 7 July
Blood type:O

Daijirou Ohara
He is a policeman of Shin-Katsushika police station. The boss of Kameari-kouenmae hashutsujo. He is tender toward everyone but strict with working.
Height:162cm  
Weight:65kg  
Birthday: He changes his birthday for his own convenience.
Blood type:A

References
 "Cho-Kochikame" September,2006
 Jump Comics "Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari-kouenmae hashutsujo" vol.001~200

Other websites
 http://www.j-kochikame.com/ Official Site (Japanese)
Comics
Japanese culture
Inō Tadataka

, also romanized as "Inou",  was born in Kujyukuri, Chiba. His real name was Jinbo Sanjiro. He was a Japanese surveyor and mapmaker. He was the first person who made an accurate map of Japan. He started his travel through Japan in 1800. He walked together with his group about 44,000 km to create a map of Japan. When he died in 1818, Takahashi Kageyasu took over and finished the map in 1821.

History
He was born in Kujukuri, Chiba. When he was 18 years old, he was adopted by the Inou family in Sawara. The Inou family was in a difficult situation because they did not earn much money. However, he ran the family business and it succeeded. When he was 50 years old, he went to Edo to study astronomy because he was interested in it.

Making a map
In 1800, when he was 55 years old, he went to Hokkaido and started to make a map. After three years, he finished making a map of East Japan. Before making a map, the government opposed him making it but it was very accurate. Therefore, the government ordered him to make a map of West Japan. In 1815, he completed it.

Commemoration
After his death, some monuments and commemoration were built. For example, Ino Tadataka Anniversary Park in Kujukuri is one of the famous commemorations. In 1995, the Japanese government made a commemorative 80 Yen postage stamp.

References

1745 births
1818 deaths
People from Chiba Prefecture
Cartographers
Knesset

The Knesset ( - lit. HaKnesset; meaning the gathering or assembly; ) is the legislative branch of the government of Israel. It makes laws, elects the president and prime minister, supervises the work of the government, and has the power to remove the President and the State Comptroller from office and to call new elections. The Knesset has de jure authority to make and change any laws without being overturned. It can pass any law by a simple majority. There are 120 members in the Knesset.

The Knesset is in Givat Ram, a western central neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

Current Knesset is the 24th Knesset, elected on March 23, 2021 and sworn in on April 6, 2021.

Related pages 
 Knesset elections results
 2021 Israeli legislative election

References 
 Knesset Website

 
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Government buildings in Israel
National legislatures
100th Window

100th Window is the fourth studio album from the Bristol-based trip-hop group Massive Attack. Of the band's original core people, the album only features Robert Del Naja. Andrew Vowles left shortly after the release of Mezzanine, and Grant Marshall did not want to be in the making of the record.

Released in February 2003, 100th Window was written and produced by Del Naja and Neil Davidge, and features vocals from Horace Andy and Sinéad O'Connor, as well as one appearance by Damon Albarn. It is the first album by the band that made no use of samples, and contains none of the jazz or jazz fusion stylings of the Blue Lines or Protection recordings, but is less dark than Mezzanine. The album could have been released earlier, but Del Naja was arrested a few months earlier before it was released under suspicion of child pornography offences. However, he was cleared.

References 

Massive Attack albums
2003 albums
Trip hop albums
Santiago

Santiago could mean:

Places
In Argentina:
Santiago del Estero Province
Santiago del Estero, capital of the province

In Brazil:
Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul

In Cape Verde:
Santiago, Cape Verde

In Chile:
Santiago, Chile, the capital
Santiago (commune)
Santiago Province, Chile
Santiago Metropolitan Region

In Colombia:
Santiago, Norte de Santander
Santiago, Putumayo
Santiago de Cali

In Costa Rica:
Santiago de Palmares, Palmares Canton
Santiago de Paraíso, Paraíso Canton
Santiago de Puriscal
Santiago de San Rafael, San Rafael Canton
Santiago de San Ramón, San Ramón Canton

In Cuba:
Santiago de Cuba Province
Santiago de Cuba, capital of the province

In Dominican Republic:
Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)
Santiago de los Caballeros, capital of the province

In Ecuador:
Santiago de Guayaquil
Santiago Island (Galápagos)

In Jamaica:
Santiago, a Spanish possession that later became Jamaica

In Mexico:
Santiago de Querétaro
Santiago, Nuevo León
Santiago, Baja California Sur
Santiago River (Mexico), a river of eastern Mexico

In Panama:
Santiago de Veraguas, Veraguas

In Paraguay:
Santiago, Paraguay, a town and district in Misiones Department

In Peru:
Santiago de Surco, a district of Lima
Santiago de Chuco, Santiago de Chuco District, a province of the La Libertad region
Santiago River (Peru), a tributary of the Marañón River

In the Philippines:
Santiago, Agusan del Norte
Santiago, Ilocos Sur
Santiago City, Isabela province

In Portugal:
Santiago (Lisbon), a parish in the municipality of Lisbon
Santiago (Tavira), a parish in the municipality of Tavira
Santiago do Cacém, a parish and a municipality in the Setúbal
Santiago de Piães, a parish in the municipality of Cinfães
Vale de Santiago, a parish in the municipality of Odemira

In Spain:
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
Santiago (Valdés), a parish in the municipality of Valdés
Santiago (Sariego), a parish in the municipality of Sariego
Santiago (comarca), a comarca in the province of A Coruña
Santiago del Teide, Canary Islands

In the United States:
 Santiago Peak, a mountain in Orange County, California
 Santiago High School, Garden Grove, California
 Santiago Township, Sherburne County, Minnesota
 Santiago, Pennsylvania
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the common set of accounting principles, standards and procedure that company use to make their financial statement. They can also be known simply as Accounting Standards.

Other websites 
 

Money
Accounting
Larry Brown (ice hockey)

Larry Wayne Brown (born April 14, 1947 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. His career included playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, Philadelphia Flyers and Los Angeles Kings.

Awards
MJHL Second All-Star Team (1967)

Other websites

1947 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Rangers players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Aluminium arsenide

Aluminium arsenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlAs. It has aluminium and arsenide ions in it.

Properties and preparation
Aluminium arsenide is an orange solid. It is toxic because it has arsenic in it. It is a semiconductor. It reacts with acids to make arsine. It is made by reacting aluminium and arsenic.

Related pages
Aluminium antimonide
Zinc arsenide
Arsenite

Sources

Aluminium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Matt Calvert

Matt Calvert (born December 24, 1989 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Drafted in the 5th Round (127th overall) by the Columbus Blue Jackets during the 2008 NHL Entry Draft he currently plays with the Colorado Avalanche. He also played for the Springfield Falcons of the AHL and the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the only player in WHL history to score three short-handed goals in one period in the playoffs.

Awards and honours
 WHL East Second All-Star Team (2010)
 Memorial Cup All-Star Team (2010)

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1989 births
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Colorado Avalanche players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Jimmy Creighton

James Albert "Jimmy" Creighton (November 18, 1905 — May 29, 1990) was a Canadian ice hockey player and politician from Brandon, Manitoba.

Creighton played eleven games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Falcons in 1931, scoring one goal and receiving one minor penalty.  He was traded to the New York Americans in December 1931, but never played for the team.  He later worked in the International Hockey League and the Can-Am Leagues.  Creighton became a professional hockey referee after retiring as a player, and later worked as a general insurance salesman.

He served as an alderman in Brandon in 1946, 1948 and 1949, and was mayor of the city from 1952 to 1955 and from 1958 to 1961.

Creighton won the Liberal-Progressive nomination for Brandon City in the 1953 provincial election, defeating W.A. Wood and J.C. MacDonald at a contested meeting.  He lost to Progressive Conservative candidate Reginald Lissaman in the general election, receiving 3,063 votes (40.13%) on the first count and losing on the second.  Provincial elections in Manitoba were conducted by the single transferable ballot in this period.

Later in the same year, Creighton ran for the Canadian House of Commons in the 1953 federal election as a Liberal candidate in Brandon—Souris.  He received 8,456 votes, and finished second to Progressive Conservative Walter Dinsdale.  He ran for the Manitoba legislature a second time in the 1962, and lost to Lissaman again.

He suffered from Parkinson's Disease in his later years, and was eventually confined to a nursing home prior to his death in 1990.

Other websites
LostHockey.com obituaries 

1905 births
1990 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Canadian mayors
Canadian politicians
Detroit Falcons players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Bill Fairbairn

William John "Bulldog" Fairbairn (born January 7, 1947 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers, Minnesota North Stars and St. Louis Blues.

Awards and achievements
MJHL Second All-Star Team (1967)
CHL Second All-Star Team (1969)
Inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 2007
"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

Other websites

1947 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
New York Rangers players
St. Louis Blues players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Arsenide

Arsenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is As3-. Most arsenides have arsenic in its -3 oxidation state. Ionic arsenides are very basic and are strong reducing agents. Most arsenides are more metallic, like zinc arsenide. Arsenides react with acids to make arsine gas.

Related pages
Nitride
Phosphide
Antimonide

Arsenic compounds
Arsine

Arsine, also known as arsenic hydride or hydrogen arsenide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsH3. It has hydrogen and arsenide ions in it. The hydrogen is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsine is a colorless gas. It is a reducing agent. It has a weak garlic odor. It easily burns to make arsenic trioxide in excess air or arsenic in small amounts of air. It breaks down to arsenic and hydrogen when heated. It can dissolve in water. It is heavier than air. Arsine reacts violently with oxidizing agents, such as the halogens.

Preparation
Arsine is made by reacting any arsenic(III) compound with any hydride. It can also be made by reacting any arsenide with an acid. It was first made by reacting zinc, hydrochloric acid, and arsenic trioxide.

Uses
Arsine is used to make semiconductors like gallium arsenide. It was looked at as a chemical weapon. It is almost odorless (it kills before one smells it), heavy (spreads along the ground), and colorless. It was unstable though, easily igniting.

Safety
Arsine is extremely toxic. 0.00005% (0.5 ppm) can poison people; 0.025% (250 ppm) quickly kills people.

Related pages
Stibine
Bismuthine
Phosphine
Zinc arsenide

Arsenic compounds
Gallium arsenide

Gallium arsenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is GaAs. It has gallium and arsenide ions in it. The gallium is in the +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Gallium arsenide is a gray solid. It makes crystals in a cube shape. It reacts slowly with water and quickly with acids to make arsine. It oxidizes in air.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trichloride or arsenic with gallium.

Uses
Gallium arsenide is mainly used as a semiconductor. It has several things better about it than silicon. The semiconductors made are faster and higher power. LED's using gallium arsenide are efficient. Silicon, though is cheaper. Silicon dioxide is a good insulator; gallium arsenide does not make a good insulator like silicon does. Silicon semiconductors also take less power than gallium arsenide ones.

Related pages
Aluminium arsenide
Gallium(III) oxide

Arsenic compounds
Zinc arsenide

Zinc arsenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Zn3As2. It has zinc and arsenide ions.

Zinc arsenide is a gray solid. It reacts with acids to make arsine gas. It is toxic like all arsenic compounds. It is made by heating arsenic with zinc.

Related pages
Aluminium arsenide
Antimonide

Zinc compounds
Arsenic compounds
Arsenic tribromide

Arsenic tribromide, also known as arsenic(III) bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsBr3. It has arsenic and bromide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic tribromide is a white or pale yellow solid. It is highly toxic. It reacts with water to make arsenic trioxide and hydrobromic acid. It melts at a low temperature.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic and bromine.

Related pages
Arsenic trichloride
Antimony tribromide
Bismuth tribromide

Arsenic compounds
Bromine compounds
Arsenic trichloride

Arsenic trichloride, also known as arsenic(III) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsCl3. It has three arsenic-chlorine bonds in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trichloride is a colorless or yellowish liquid. It melts at -16°C and boils at 130.2°C. It reacts with water, similar to phosphorus trichloride, to make arsenous acid and hydrochloric acid. It makes fumes in moist air. It is highly toxic.

Preparation
Arsenic trichloride is made by reacting arsenic with chlorine or by reacting arsenic trioxide with hydrochloric acid or sulfur monochloride.

Uses
It is used to make other arsenic compounds. It is also used to make organo-arsenic compounds.

Related pages
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic trisulfide
Nitrogen trichloride
Bismuth trichloride

Arsenic compounds
Chlorine compounds
Arsenic trifluoride

Arsenic trifluoride, also known as arsenic(III) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsF3. It has arsenic and fluoride ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trifluoride is a colorless liquid. It melts at -8.5°C and boils at 60.4°C. It is highly toxic. It reacts with water to make arsenous acid and hydrofluoric acid, both very dangerous acids.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trioxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting excess arsenic with fluorine.

Uses
It is used to change nonmetal chlorides to fluorides.

Related pages
Antimony trifluoride
Bismuth trifluoride
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenide

Arsenic compounds
Fluorine compounds
Arsenic triiodide

Arsenic triiodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsI3. It has arsenic and iodide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic triiodide is an orange-red solid. It easily sublimes. It dissolves in water and reacts very slowly to make arsenious acid and hydroiodic acid. The solution is very acidic. It breaks down when heated to make arsenic trioxide, arsenic metal, and iodine. It is a weak reducing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium or potassium iodide with arsenic trichloride.

Uses
As "Donovan's solution" it was said to treat many diseases which it did not treat.

Related pages
Arsenic trichloride
Bismuth triiodide
Antimony triiodide

Arsenic compounds
Iodine compounds
Arsenic trioxide

Arsenic trioxide, also known as white arsenic, arsenic(III) oxide, or arsenious oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O3. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make an acidic solution of arsenious acid. It dissolves easily in bases to make arsenites. It reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to make arsenic trichloride. It reacts with very strong oxidizing agents to make arsenic pentoxide. It reacts with reducing agents to make arsenic or arsine. It sublimes much easier than metal oxides, making it easy to separate by heating the mixture.

Occurrence and preparation
Arsenic trioxide is rarely found as a mineral. It is normally made from orpiment or realgar, arsenic sulfide minerals. About 50,000 tons of arsenic trioxide are made each year. Arsenic trioxide is made by burning arsenic in air, reacting arsenic with concentrated sulfuric acid, or the roasting of arsenic sulfide ores.

Uses
It is used to make elemental arsenic. It was used as a pigment (in Paris green) and as a wood preservative but was banned in many countries because it is so toxic. Arsenic trioxide is used to fight cancer.

Safety
Arsenic trioxide is highly toxic when eaten. It also can be toxic if on the skin for long amounts of time. It affects the digestive system when eaten. Workers exposed to arsenic trioxide fumes in their job can be poisoned as well.

Related pages
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic pentafluoride
Bismuth trioxide
Antimony trioxide

Arsenic compounds
Oxides
Arsenic trisulfide

Arsenic trisulfide, also known as orpiment or arsenic(III) sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2S3. It has arsenic and sulfide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trisulfide is a yellow solid. It is a semiconductor. It has a glass (amorphous) form and a crystalline form. It burns in air to make sulfur dioxide and arsenic trioxide, which makes a highly toxic smoke. Arsenic trisulfide can oxidize on the surface to make a highly toxic layer of arsenic trioxide as well. Arsenic trisulfide is not toxic unless it oxidizes. It does not react with acids.

Occurrence
Arsenic trisulfide is found as the mineral orpiment.

Preparation
Arsenic trisulfide is made when an arsenic compound like arsenic trichloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It is also made when arsenic and sulfur are heated together.

Uses
It was looked at for treating cancer. It was used by the Egyptians as a pigment and cosmetic. It is used in glass.

References

Related pages
Arsenic tribromide
Antimony sulfide
Bismuth trisulfide

Arsenic compounds
Sulfur compounds
Arsenous acid

Arsenous acid, also known as arsenious acid, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is As(OH)3. It has arsenic and hydroxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenous acid is a colorless solution. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make arsenite salts. It is highly toxic. It cannot be made in a crystalline form because it turns into arsenic trioxide and water again. It is similar to phosphorous acid, although it is not a strong reducing agent.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving arsenic trioxide or arsenic trichloride in water.

Related pages
Arsenic acid
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic trisulfide
Nitrous acid

Acids
Arsenic compounds
Arsenite

Arsenite is an ion. Its chemical formula can be either AsO33- or AsO2-. It has arsenic in its +3 oxidation state. All arsenites are highly toxic. Sodium arsenite is an example. Arsenites are salts of arsenous acid.

Sometimes arsenite means arsenic trioxide, especially in groundwater chemistry (chemistry dealing with the properties of water in the ground)

Related pages
Arsenate
Arsenide
Phosphite
Nitrite

Arsenic compounds
Paris green

Paris green, which has the chemical name copper(II) acetoarsenite, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(C2H3O2)2 · 3 Cu(AsO2)2. It has copper, acetate, and arsenite ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Paris green is a blue-green solid. It is extremely toxic. It has a very bright blue-green color. It darkens in air.

Preparation
It is made by reacting copper(II) acetate with arsenic trioxide and water.

Uses
Paris green was first used to kill rats in sewers in Paris. This is where it got its name from. It was used as an insecticide. It was dropped from airplanes to stop malaria in Italy. It was used as a bright green pigment. It was painted on ships to prevent barnacles from growing. In many places, Paris green is banned because it is so toxic. It is only used in a very few places.

Safety
Paris green is extremely toxic. It used to be common and so was a common poison.

Related pages
 Copper sulfate
 Lead arsenate

Copper compounds
Arsenic compounds
Potassium arsenite

Potassium arsenite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KAsO2. It has potassium and arsenite ions in it.

Properties
It is a solid. It is highly toxic.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trioxide with potassium hydroxide.

Uses
It was used as a "medicine", but it is carcinogenic and toxic so it is not used anymore. It is banned for use as a pesticide in the United Kingdom.

Related pages
Sodium arsenite
Lead arsenate
Zinc arsenide

Potassium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Sodium arsenite

Sodium arsenite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaAsO2. It has sodium and arsenite ions in it.

Properties
Sodium arsenite is a colorless solid. It is highly toxic and carcinogenic.

Preparation
Sodium arsenite is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with arsenic trioxide.

Related pages
Lead arsenate
Aluminium arsenide
Sodium phosphite

Sodium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Arsenic pentafluoride

Arsenic pentafluoride, also known as arsenic(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsF5. It has five arsenic-fluorine bonds in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic pentafluoride is a colorless gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is highly toxic. It makes an ionic bond with sulfur tetrafluoride. Its melting point is -79.8°C and its boiling point is -52.8°C.

Preparation
Arsenic pentafluoride is made by reacting arsenic trifluoride with fluorine or by reacting arsenic with a large amount of fluorine.

Related pages
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic pentoxide
Antimony pentafluoride
Bismuth pentafluoride

Arsenic compounds
Fluorine compounds
Arsenic pentoxide

Arsenic pentoxide, also known as arsenic(V) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O5. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state. More common is arsen in its oxidation state +3 as As2O3 (arsenic trioxide or arsenic(III) oxide). The LD50 for arsenic pentoxide is 8mg/kg for rats. When the substance becomes wet, it turns into arsenic acid, which corrodes metals.

Properties
Arsenic pentoxide is a white, odourless solid. It dissolves easily in water to make arsenic acid. It is highly toxic, as are almost all arsenic compounds. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine. As2O5 breaks down to arsenic trioxide and oxygen when heated to about 300°C. 

It reacts with bases to make arsenates. The energy for the reaction is taken from the heating.

Preparation
Arsenic pentoxide cannot be produced by burning arsen. That only results in As2O3. To produce arsenic pentoxid, arsenic acid will be dehydrated. This is done with phosphorus(V) oxide.

The arsenic pentoxide drops out as white powder.

Uses
Arsenic pentoxide is used to make pesticides and insecticides. It is also used in glass industry.

Related pages
Arsenic pentafluoride
Arsenous acid
Phosphorus pentoxide
Antimony pentoxide

References 

Arsenic compounds
Oxides
Arsenate

Arsenate is an ion. Its chemical formula is AsO43-. It has arsenic in its +5 oxidation state. 

Arsenates are salts of arsenic acid. They are oxidizing agents. Sometimes, not all of the protons are taken away from the arsenic acid and then hydrogen arsenate salts are formed. Their chemical formulas are HAsO42- or H2AsO4-. 

Arsenate can replace phosphate in the cells but it does not work like a phosphate does. The cell dies, and that is why arsenates are toxic. Some bacteria can use arsenate instead of phosphate, though. They are called arsenic bacteria.

Occurrence
Arsenates occur naturally in a variety of minerals. Those minerals may contain hydrated or anhydrous arsenates. Unlike phosphates, arsenates are not lost from a mineral during weathering. Examples of arsenate-containing minerals include adamite, alarsite, annabergite, erythrite and legrandite.

Arsenic compounds
Arsenic acid

Arsenic acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H3AsO4. It has hydrogen and arsenate ions in it.

Properties
Arsenic acid is a colorless solid. It absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to phosphoric acid. It can be deprotonated three times, making various arsenates. Arsenic acid reacts with iodide to make iodine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting moist arsenic with ozone or by reacting arsenic trioxide with concentrated nitric acid. It can also be made by dissolving arsenic pentoxide in water.

Uses
Arsenic acid is used in the making of some dyes and organic arsenic compounds. It is also used as a preservative for wood and a biocide (something that kills all living things).

Related pages
Arsenous acid
Arsenic trichloride
Arsine

Arsenic compounds
Acids
Breccia

Breccia is a type of rock formed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. The matrix may be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments. 

Rocks formed by sticking together pieces of previous rocks (clasts) are called clastic rocks. There are two types of clastic rock: conglomerates and breccias. What divides these two categories is the amount of rounding. The particles that make up conglomerates are well rounded, whereas in breccias they are angular.

Origins 
A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia and hydrothermal breccia.

The basic sequence is as follows. Sediment is laid down in the sea, and is gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. After a long period of time something violent happens to the rock, breaking it up into many jagged pieces. Later the pieces are cemented together by another deposition, forming a new sedimentary rock. This is a breccia. On examination, the rock is seen to include fragments of the original rock.

Ornament 
Brecciated marble can have a marvellous appearance. The Pantheon in Rome is full of the most wonderful marble, many of which are breccias. It includes two gigantic columns of pavonazzetto, a breccia coming from Phrygia (in modern Turkey). Pavonazzetto obtains its name from its extremely colourful appearance, which is reminiscent of a peacock's feathers (pavone is "peacock" in Italian).

References 

Sedimentary rocks

it:Rocce sedimentarie clastiche#Brecce
ja:礫岩#角礫岩
Lead arsenate

Lead arsenate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbHAsO4. It has lead, hydrogen, and arsenate (HAsO42-) ions in it. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Lead arsenate is a white solid. It is highly toxic because of the lead and the arsenic in it. It does not dissolve in water.

Preparation
It was made by reacting lead nitrate with arsenic acid.

Uses
It was the most used insecticide that had arsenic in it. It was used against the potato beetle and the gypsy moth. It replaced the even more toxic Paris Green. It was later used to kill certain moths, mosquitoes, and pests of cranberries. It was found that it stayed inside fruits even after washing off, so it was replaced with DDT. It was completely banned in 1988.

Related pages
Lead chloride
Potassium arsenate
Sodium arsenite

Lead compounds
Arsenic compounds
Potassium arsenate

Potassium arsenate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be K3AsO4, K2HAsO4, or KH2AsO4. It has potassium and arsenate ions in it.

Properties
Potassium arsenate is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It is carcinogenic and highly toxic.

Preparation and uses
Potassium arsenate is made by reacting amounts of potassium hydroxide with arsenic acid. The amount of potassium hydroxide can be changed to make the different chemical formulas. Potassium arsenate was once used for medicine but is too toxic to be used now.

Related pages
Potassium arsenite
Lead arsenate
Potassium phosphate

Potassium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Clastic rock

Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing rock.

Although, in principle, almost any rock made of eroded former rock is clastic (such as sandstone or mudstone), in practice the term is used for clasts of at least gravel size upwards. That means clasts are at least visible to the naked eye, and may be huge.

There are two types of clastic rock, by shape. conglomerates have rounded clasts, and breccias have jagged clasts.

In a clastic rock, the clasts are often of a different make-up from the ground rock or matrix.

References 

Sedimentary rocks

he:סלע משקע#סלעים קלאסטיים
Conglomerate (geology)



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A conglomerate is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together. 

Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts. Both conglomerates and breccias have clasts larger than sand (>2 mm).

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Philip, Duke of Parma

Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV.

Infante of Spain

Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.

Duke of Parma

His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.

As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.

Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.

Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.

Marriage

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.

Issue

Isabella of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) married Maria Amalia of Austria and had issue.
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) married her cousin, the Charles IV of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

15 March 1720  18 October 1748 His Royal Highness The Infante Don Felipe of Spain.
18 October 1748  18 July 1765 His Royal Highness The Duke of Parma, Infante of Spain.

Other websites

Bourbons of Parma
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
Spanish infantes and infantas
1720 births
1765 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Heligoland (album)

Heligoland is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name. It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010  (US and Canada on 9 February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, 100th Window. It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.

Personnel
The record has the singing of Horace Andy plus invited vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV On The Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval And The Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.

The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the Blue Lines co-producer, Jonny Dollar.

References

Massive Attack albums
2010 albums
Trip hop albums
Jacques Cousteau

Jacques-Yves Cousteau known as Jacques Cousteau (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".

Life

Early life 
Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École Navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.

In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

Death
On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. Despite rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

Honors
During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these awards:
 Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur
 Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite
 Croix de guerre 1939–1945
 Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime
 Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia.
 National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961
 BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award - a lifetime achievement award for his movies

Related pages
List of ecologists

References

Other websites

Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction
French biologists
French movie directors
French movie producers
French writers
Members of the Académie française
Oceanographers
Ecologists
Order of Australia
People from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
French photographers
Television directors
Television producers
1910 births
1997 deaths
Orpiment

Orpiment is a mineral. Its chemical formula is As2S3. It is an orange to yellow mineral. It has a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 3.46. It melts at 300°C and oxidizes to arsenic trioxide at higher temperatures. It is toxic because it gets a layer of arsenic trioxide on it by oxidation in the air.

Orpiment was used as a pigment because it was one of the only yellow pigments that they could find. It is used to remove hair from hides. 

Minerals
Realgar

Realgar is a mineral. Its chemical formula is As4S4. It is a soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2) red mineral. It is an ore of arsenic. It changes into a yellow powder when exposed to light. This yellow powder is called pararealgar. It melts at 320°C and burns with a blue flame, making arsenic and sulfur fumes. It was used to make a white color in fireworks before powdered metals were used. It is still used in some crackling firecrackers. It was used as a red pigment and an item of trade. It is used as a medicine in China. Its uses are similar to orpiment, a similar mineral.

Minerals
PepsiCo

PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase. PepsiCo manufactures, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc.

References

American food companies
Companies based in New York
1965 establishments in the United States
Drink companies
Creative destruction

Creative destruction (German: schöpferische Zerstörung) is a term that came from Marxism. It talks about how wealth is gathered and lost under capitalism. The term was first used in Werner Sombart's  Krieg und Kapitalismus ("War and Capitalism", 1913) These ideas were first discussed in books The Communist Manifesto (1848), in Grundrisse (1857) "Volume IV" of Das Kapital (1863).

Origin and meaning 

Creative destruction is supposed to describe a theory of how the destruction of economic order leads to capitalistic economic ideals. A German Marxist sociologist (Sombart) is credited for using it first in his 1913 book Krieg und Kapitalismus, which means "War and Capitalism" in English. The works and publications of Marxists such as Karl Marx himself, and Friedrich Engels, a socialist scientist, discuss the ideas of creative destruction.

In and after the 1950s, the term became associated with Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter is credited for making the theory popular. However, his idea of creative destruction was quite different from Marx's original theory. The term gained popularity within neoliberal or free-market economics where it is used to described processes such as downsizing. The original Marxist usage has, however, been maintained in the work of influential social scientists such as David Harvey, Marshall Berman, and Manuel Castells.

Marxism
Capitalism
Economics
Bill Nye

William Sanford Nye (born November 27, 1955), often known as Bill Nye the Science Guy, is an American engineer, scientist and educator.  He is most known for hosting the TV show Bill Nye the Science Guy. Nye is also the CEO of The Planetary Society. Nye was born in Washington, D.C. and went to school at Cornell University. Early in his life, Nye worked as an engineer for Boeing in Seattle. He also was a member of the Seattle comedy troupe Almost Live!.  He hosted Bill Nye the Science Guy from 1993 to 1997.  Since then, he has hosted several TV shows and specials concerned with science and the environment.  He also designed the sundial on the Mars Rover.  Nye currently lives in the San Fernando Valley.

References 

1955 births
Living people
American engineers
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Cornell University alumni
The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola Company is a publicly-traded company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock symbol is KO. It is on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and makes up a large portion of the holdings of Berkshire Hathaway.

Soft drinks
The company is most known for making the drink Coca-Cola, the most drank soft drink in the world. It also makes other soft drinks, including:

 Barq's
 Diet Coke
 Coca-Cola Cherry (Cherry Coke)
 Fanta
 Sprite
 Tab
 Mr. Pibb
 Mello Yellow
 Vault

Business
The company offers 500 different brands and sells more than a billion drinks each day. Most of this is sold in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan and the UK.

Besides soft drinks, the company also makes Minute Maid and Odwalla fruit juices, Powerade, and Dasani bottled water. At one time, the company owned Columbia Pictures, but they are now owned by Sony and also Rockstar energy drink now owned by PepsiCo.

Sources

1892 establishments in the United States
Drink companies
Companies based in Atlanta, Georgia
Coca-Cola
19th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Aerosol

An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples are smoke, oceanic haze, air pollution, smog and CS gas. When they say aerosol most people mean an aerosol spray can or the spray it makes. 

To differentiate suspensions from true solutions, the term sol evolved—originally meant to cover dispersions of tiny (sub-microscopic) particles in a liquid. With studies of dispersions in air, the term aerosol evolved and now embraces both liquid droplets, solid particles, and combinations of these.

Physical chemistry
Pollution