cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Qala e Naw

Qala i Naw (قلعه نو) is a town in Qala i Naw District and the capital of Badghis Province, of north-west Afghanistan. Its population is estimated 9,000 in 2006. 

It has a small airport, Qala i Naw Airport.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Tōkaidō (road)

The   was a major road in ancient Japan.  It was one of five main roads during the Edo period.  The route connected Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and Kyoto along the sea coast of eastern Honshū.

Traveling the Tōkaidō

There were fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

The typical method of travel was by foot.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Tōkaidō (region)

References

Further reading

 Traganeou, Jilly. 2004.  The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Other websites

Walk the Tōkaidō
 PBS, Travel Tōkaidō
 Hiroshige, The Fifty Three Stations of the Tokaido Road
 Kuniyoshi, The Fifty Three Stations of the Tokaido Represented as Cats

Roads in Japan
Japanese culture
Tōkaidō (region)

The  is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

History
Tōkaidō was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system.  It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the Gokishichido became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including Tōkaidō, remained cultural markers.

The ancient Tōkaidō road was improved and widened in 1604.

It is a geographic region which has 15 ancient provinces, including 

Awa Province 
Hitachi Province
Iga Province
Ise Province
Izu Province
Kai Province
Kazusa Province
Mikawa Province
Musashi Province
Owari Province
Sagami Province
Shima Province
Shimōsa Province
Suruga Province
Tōtōmi Province

The lands of five prefectures are in the region of Tōkaidō: Chiba, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama and Tokyo.

Today, Route 1 is a major national highway that mirrors the route of the old Tōkaidō except in the Tōkyō-Yokohama section.

Route 15 follows the route of the old Tōkaidō between Tōkyō and Yokohama

Related pages
 Kantō region
 Comparison of regions of Japan
 Yotsuya kaidan

References

Geography of Japan
Japanese culture
Romantic poetry

Romantic Poetry was one branch of the Romantic movement. The first generation of Romantic poets (1798) were primarily Coleridge, William Blake and Wordsworth. The second generation was at its culmination in the 1820s, with poets such as Shelley, Byron and Keats. The movement showed an interest in the Gothic, Medieval art, and nature. The ballad form was re-introduced, and the poems often took their form from fairy tales and folk songs. Poets were enjoying writing for themselves rather than senior nobility, and later they were the source of inspiration for the Pre-Raphaelite painters.

Poetry
UTC+04:30

UTC+04:30 is the time used for:

As standard time (all year round)
Afghanistan

As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
Iran

UTC offsets

es:Huso horario#UTC+04:30, D†
Baghlan Province

Baghlan (Persian/Pashto: بغلان Baġlān) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is Puli Khumri.  The name comes from a major town in the province, Baghlan.

Demographics
Hazaras, Pashtuns, Tajiks and Uzbeks are living in this Province.

Economy

Agriculture
Baghlan's primary crops (as of 1974) were cotton and sugar beets.  The area also produced grapes, pistachios, and pommegranates.  The primary livestock are Karakul sheep.

Other products
The province also produces silk. Coal is mined in the Karkar Valley.

Districts
The districts of Baghlan are:

Politics

Governors 
The current Governor of Baghlan is Mohammad Akbar Barakzai, appointed 2009.

Related pages 
 Baghlan

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Puli Khumri

Puli Khumri (or  Pul-i-Kumri) () is a city in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Baghlan Province and has a population of 60,000 (2002 official estimate).

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Antonietta Di Martino

Antonietta Di Martino (born 1 June 1978) is an Italian high jumper. She was born in Cava de'Tirreni.

Piuza won the silver medal at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships. She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Other websites
 
 

1978 births
Living people
2008 Summer Olympics
High jumpers
Italian athletes
Italian Olympians
People from Campania
Bamyan Province

Bamyan Province () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the centre of the country. Its capital city is also called Bamyan. Most of the people are Hazaras, with fewer Tajiks, and Pashtuns. Bamyan is the largest province in the Hazarajat region of Afghanistan. About 450.000 people lived in Bamyan province in 2020. The province mainly became known for the Buddhas of Bamiyan, which were destroyed under Taliban rule, in 2001. In the past, the province was strategically important because of the Silk Road which passes through it. The Silk Road linked Asian countries such as India and China, with Persia,  the Mediterranean and Europe. Buddhism used to be common, and there were many Buddha statues, and monasteries.

Politics

Governors
The former governor of the province is Habiba Sarabi.  She is Afghanistan's first and, so far, only female governor.

Districts

Economy

Agriculture

Bamiyan is famous for its potatoes.

Education
Bamyan Province has the only university, Bamiyan University in the area.

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Hakucho

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Hakucho was sent into orbit on February 21, 1979.  It reentered the atmosphere and melted on April 15, 1985.   

This was Japan's first x-ray astronomy satellite.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hakucho (CORSA-b) mission profile 
 NASA, Hakucho (CORSA-b) satellite

Japanese space program
Satellites
Languages of Afghanistan

Dari and Pashto are the official languages of Afghanistan, but other important regional languages include Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and possibly a few other.

References 

Languages of Afghanistan
Bamyan

Bamyan (), also spelled Bamiyan and Bamian, is the capital city of Bamyan Province, Afghanistan. It has about 61,863 people. It is the largest town in the Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan.  It is 240 kilometres north-west of Kabul, the national capital.

Education
Bamyan has the region's only university, Bamiyan University.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Daykundi Province

Daykundi (Persian: دایکندی) also spelled Daikondi, Dāykondī or Daikundi or "Daykundi, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  Day Kundi's capital is Nili.  It is about 310 kilometres from Kabul.  It is in the Hazarajat region.

Economy
Daykundi province grows almonds.

Governance
On 15 April 2011, Mr. Qurban Ali Oruzgani became Governor of Daikundi province.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Lauren Ambrose

Lauren Ambrose (born February 20 1978) is an American motion picture and stage actress. She is best known for acting in the series Six Feet Under. She also acted in many motion pictures and other television programs.

References

1978 births
Living people
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
Nili, Afghanistan

Nili () is the capital city of Daykundi Province, Afghanistan.  It is located in Nili District.  The town is at 2,022 m altitude.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Farah Province

Farah (Pashto/Persian: فراه) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Farah. Farah is large with few people living in it.  It is the fourth largest province in Afghanistan.  It is on the Iranian border. Most of the people are Pashtun.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Tenma

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Tenma was sent into orbit on February 20, 1983.   

This was Japan's second x-ray astronomy satellite.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tenma (ASTRO-B) mission profile 
 NASA, Tenma (astro B) satellite

Japanese space program
Satellites
Farah, Afghanistan

Farah (Pashto/Persian: فراه) is a city in western Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Farah Province.  There are about 109,409 people living here.  It is at 650 m altitude.  It is on the Farah River.

Economy and transportation
The city is a major trading and farming center in the area.  There is an airport with a paved runway.

Cities in Afghanistan
Faryab Province

Fāryāb () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. The capital is Maymana. Most of the people are Uzbek.

Politics
The Governor of the province is Abdul Haq Shafaq.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Alain Lefebvre

Alain Lefebvre (born 1 April 1947) is a French journalist. Graduate from the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university), he founded the ephemeral Magazine hebdo while managing the groupe Media and L'Histoire magazine.

Lefebvre is also interested in advertising in collaboration with journalist Christian Blachas, also host of the show Culture-Pub.

Works 
 Alain Lefebvre, Dominique Méda, Faut-il brûler le modèle français ?, Éditions du Seuil, 2006, 156 p. ()

References 

Living people
1947 births
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French journalists
Sakigake

is the name of the a Japanese space probe which was sent on an interplanetary mission.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was launched on January 7, 1985.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sakigake (MS-T5) mission profile 
 NASA, Sakigake 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Southern

Southern is the adjective form of south. It may refer to:

Education
 Southern University, a university in the U.S. state of Louisiana
 Southern Adventist University, Collegedale, Tennessee, United States
 Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
 Southern High School, various schools

Organisations
 Southern Railway (disambiguation), various railways
 Southern Airways, a defunct airline
 Southern Air, an airline based in Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.
 Southern Company, a U.S. electricity corporation
 Southern Records, an independent record label
 Southern Television, a now defunct UK television company
 Southern (train operating company), current train operator for some services in Southern England.

Surname
 Caleb Southern, American music producer
 Edwin Southern, molecular biologist
 Eileen Southern, American musicologist
 Jeri Southern, American jazz pianist and singer
 Keith Southern, English association football player for Blackpool F.C.
 Richard Southern (1903–1989), British theatre designer 
 R. W. Southern (1912–2001), British medieval historian 
 Sarah Southern, British businesswoman and former Conservative Party official
 Steve Southern, Australian professional rugby player
 Terry Southern, American writer

Sports
 Southern 500, a NASCAR car race
 Southern 500 (1950-2004), a former NASCAR race
 Southern Conference, a Division I college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
 Southern Jaguars, the athletic program of the main campus of Southern University
 Southern League, various sports leagues

Geographic locations 
 Southern Hemisphere
 Southern Ocean, the waters surrounding Antarctica
 Southern United States
 Southern (country subdivision)

Surnames
Maymana

Maymana, Meymaneh or Maimana (Persian: میمنه) is the capital of Faryab Province, northern Afghanistan.  It is near the Turkmenistan border. It is about 400 km northwest of the Afghan capital Kabul.

Cities in Afghanistan
Ghōr Province

Ghōr (, (), also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in central Afghanistan, towards the northwest. The capital of Ghor is Chaghcharan.

About 635,302 people live in Ghor Province.

Districts

Politics

Governors
The current governor of Ghor is Sayyed Mohammad Eqbal Munib.

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Chaghcharan

Chaghcharan () also known as Firouzkoh () is a town and the capital of Ghor Province in central Afghanistan. It is located on the southern side of the Hari River.

There are about 15,000 people, mostly Persian speaking. Chaghcharan Airport is about 1 mile to the northeast of the town.

Related pages 
 Chaghcharan District
 Ghor Province

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Paula Zahn

Paula Ann Zahn (born February 24, 1956 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American journalist and news anchor. She worked for the news divisions on Columbia Broadcasting System(CBS)-Television and American Broadcasting Company(ABC)-Television, and on the cable television news channels Fox News Network and Cable News Network (CNN). On Fox News Channel she hosted The Edge with Paula Zahn. On CNN she hosted Paula Zahn Now and People in the News, a show jointly produced by CNN and People, a magazine.

References

American journalists
Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
1956 births
Living people
Herat Province

Herat (Persian/Pashto: هرات) is one the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the south-western region of the country. The main city and capital is named Herat. 

The region of Herat used to be part of Greater Khorasan.  It was ruled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanates, Timurids, and Saffavids.  In the early-18th century it became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty followed by the Durrani Empire.

Demographics
There are about 1,762,157 people living in Herat Province.

Population by districts
There are 16 districts within the province. These are listed in the table below.

Sport
Football (soccer) is the popular sport in Herat Province.  Cricket is also getting popular.

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Fred Flintstone

Fred Flintstone is the main protagonist of The Flintstones franchise. He is an everyday caveman and caring father.  He was invented by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera.

Catchphrase
His iconic phrase is "Yabba-dabba-doo". Alan Reed came up with it.

Portrayals
Alan Reed, Henry Corden, James Arnold Taylor and Jeff Bergman have voiced him in various media. John Goodman played him in the 1994 movie.

Animated characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
The Flintstones
Hanna-Barbera characters
Cookie Monster

Cookie Monster is a Muppet that appears in Sesame Street. He is a blue monster that is known for eating lots of food, especially cookies. He is also known for some of his famous eating phrases. His favorite food is cookies, as his name implies. He especially enjoys chocolate chip cookies. Throughout the years of his presence, he has gained increasing awareness of children's food habits. In 2007, Cookie Monster had told his philosophy (way of thinking) that "Cookies are a sometimes food."

References

Sesame Street characters
Muppets
Modest Tchaikovsky

Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky (13 May 1850 – 15 January 1916) was a Russian dramatist, opera librettist and translator. Like his famous composer brother Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, he was a homosexual. In 1876, Modest tutored a deaf-mute boy and eventually helped him to talk, write, and read. Modest wrote three plays and the libretti for several operas, including his brother's The Queen of Spades and Iolanta. He translated Shakespeare's Sonnets, and wrote his brother's biography. He died in Moscow in 1916.

References

1850 births
1916 deaths
Russian people
Playwrights
Russian LGBT people
Gay men
Antonietta Dell'Era

Antonietta Dell'Era (16 February 1861 Milan  22 June 1945 Berlin) was an Italian prima ballerina in Berlin, best remembered for creating the Sugar Plum Fairy in The Nutcracker (1892). Her first performance was sold out, and she received good reviews. Modest Tchaikovsky described her as "pudgy and unattractive".

Dancers
Italian people
1861 births
1945 deaths
Jowzjan Province

Jowzjān or Jōzjān or Jawzjan () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the northern area of the country.  The capital is Sheberghan.

Demographics 
There are around 485,300 people in the province.

Politics
Jowzjan's current governor is Mohammed Aleem Sayee.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Sheberghan

Sheberghān or Shaburghān (), also spelled Shebirghan and Shibarghan, is the capital city of the Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan.

Sheberghan is on the Safid River banks, about  west of Mazari Sharif.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Kabul Province

Kābul (, ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in eastern Afghanistan, The capital of the province is Kabul City, which is also the country's capital. There are about 3.5 million people living in the province as of 2009.

Districts

Sports 
Kabul is the center of annual buzkashi and football tournaments.

Related pages 
 Kabul

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Suisei

is the name of a Japanese  spacecraft.  This was Japan's first interplanetary mission.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The unmanned space probe was sent into space on August 18, 1985.  It was designed to study Halley's Comet when it passed through the inner solar system in 1986.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Suisei (Planet-A) mission profile 
 NASA, Suisei mission 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Kandahar Province

Kandahar or Qandahar () () is one of the largest of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is located in southern Afghanistan, between Helmand, Oruzgan and Zabul provinces. Its capital is the city of Kandahar. There are about 913,000 people who live in the province.

Districts
The following is a list of the districts of Kandahar Province:

References
Ginga (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 5, 1987.

References

Other websites 
 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ginga (Astro-C) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Temuco Catholic University

The Temuco Catholic University () is a Chilean university in Temuco. This university is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.

Other websites 
 Official website of the University 

Colleges and universities in Chile
1991 establishments in South America
1990s establishments in Chile
Kapisa Province

Kapisa (Pashto/Persian: کاپيسا) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north-east of the country. The capital is Mahmud-i-Raqi. There are about 364,900 people living in the province.

Kapisa province is 80 km north east of Kabul.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Mahmud-i-Raqi

Mahmud Raqi (also: Mahmud-i-Raqi, Mahmood-e Raqi) is a city in Afghanistan. It is the capital of Kapisa Province.  It is the center of Mahmud Raqi District in Afghanistan.

Cities in Afghanistan
Khost Province

Khost () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Khost province used to be part of Paktia Province in the past. Its capital is Khost City.

The current Governor of the Province is Abdul Jabbar Naeemi.

There are 638,849 living in the Province.  They are mostly Pashtun.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Khost

Khost () is a city in eastern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Khost Province. There are about 160,000 people in the city.  Khost is located about 150 kilometers south of Kabul.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Kunar Province

Kunar () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan  It is in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital is Asadabad.  About 413,008 people live in the province.  Most of them are Pashtuns.

Districts
The districts in Kunar Province as of March 2004 are:

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Asadabad, Afghanistan

Asadabad or Asad Abad ( - Asadābād) is the capital city of Kunar Province in Afghanistan. It is in the eastern part of the country next to Pakistan. There are a lot of mountains around Asadabad.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Kunduz Province

Kunduz or Qunduz (, ) is one of the provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in northern Afghanistan. There are about 820,000 people who live in the Province.

The Kunduz River valley is the main feature of the Kunduz Province.

Districts

Related pages 
 Kunduz

References
Kunduz

Kunduz (; ) also known as Kundûz, Qonduz, Qondûz, Konduz, Kondûz, Kondoz, or Qhunduz is a city in northern Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Kunduz Province. It is linked by highways with Mazari Sharif to the west, Kabul to the south and Tajikistan's border to the north. There are about 250,000 living in the city.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Kunduz Province
Laghman Province

Laghman (Persian/) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the eastern part of Afghanistan.  The capital is Mehtar Lam.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Mehtar Lam

Mihtarlam (), also spelled Mehtar Lam, is a town in Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Laghman Province.  It is the only large urban settlement in the province.  The town is in the valley formed by the Alishing and Alingar rivers.  It is 47 km northwest of the city of Jalalabad.

Cities in Afghanistan
Logar Province

Logar (, ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the eastern part of the country.  Most of the peoople are Pashtun.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Pul-i-Alam

Pul-i-Alam (Persian/Pashto: پل علم) is the capital of Logar Province, Afghanistan.  About 30,000 people live in the city. They are mostly Pashtuns and Tajiks.

There were major car bombings in 2020 and 2021.

Cities in Afghanistan
Nangarhar Province

Nangarhar ( ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the east of the country. Jalalabad is the capital.  There are 1,383,900 people in the province.

Districts

Nangarhar province is divided into 22 districts, these are:

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Annette Funicello

Annette Joanne Funicello (October 22, 1942 – April 8, 2013) was an American singer, movie and television series actress. Funicello was one of the most popular "Mouseketeers" on the Mickey Mouse Club in the 1950s.  

She was born in Utica, New York to Italian American parents and moved to Southern California when she was four. She went public with her multiple sclerosis in 1992. She died from the disease on April 8, 2013.

References

1942 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
People with multiple sclerosis
Actors from California
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American television actors
Singers from California
Singers from New York
People from Utica, New York
Nimruz Province

Nimruz (Balochi/Pashto/Persian:  نیمروز  ) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the southwest of the country on the borders of Iran and Pakistan. There are about 170,00 people in the Province. A lot of the Provice is covered by the desert area of Dashti Margo.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Zaranj

Zaranj or Zarang ( ) is the capital of Nimruz Province in south-western Afghanistan.  There are about 49,851 people in the city. It is next to Milak, Iran. It is linked by highways with Lashkar Gah to the east, Farah to the north and Zabol in Iran to the west. 

Cities in Afghanistan
Nuristan Province

Nuristān (Persian:نورستان), also spelled Nurestān or Nooristan, is a region in Afghanistan.  It is in the south of the Hindu Kush valleys. The capital is Parun.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Parun

Parun (پارون) is a small town in Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Nuristan Province.

Cities in Afghanistan
Urozgan Province

Urōzgān (), also spelled Uruzgan, Oruzgan, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. Its capital is Tarinkot. Most of the province is mountains.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Tarinkot

Tarinkot or Tarin Kowt () is the capital of Orūzgān Province in southern Afghanistan.  It is a town of about 10,000 people. Its population is mostly of Pashtun ethnic origin, including a sizable number of Tarins, whose ancestors were the original founders and settlers here some 500 years ago.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Yohkoh

, is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. 

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on August 30, 1991.  Its mission was to study the sun.

On September 12, 2005 the spacecraft burned up during reentry.

References

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Yohkoh (Solar-A) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Satellites
Gardēz

Gardēz (, Persian: گردیز) is the capital of the Paktiā province of Afghanistan. There are about 70,000 people who live in the Province. Most of the people are Pashtun.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance

Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance is a diagnostic method in epidemiology. It has been used in the Soviet Japanese campaign in WWII immediately behind the first echelon of tanks and mechanized vehicles of advancing Soviet army should they encounter any particular contagious disease as withdrawing enemy forces had poisoned many wells and water sources.
The use of sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance or similar practices in the armed forces is mentioned elsewhere. The Polish contingents serving under the UN auspices focused their tasks among others on … sanitary-epidemiological reconnaissance … 
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance is a collection and transfer of all data available on sanitary and epidemiological situation of the area of possible deployment and action of armed forces, the same data for the neighbouring and enemy armed forces. The aim for the reconnaissance is to clear up the reasons of the specific disease origin- sources of the infection in extreme situations, including local wars and armed conflicts, the ways of the infection transfer and all factors promoting to the infestation. It should result in revealing of the patients and persons, suspected to the specific disease, their isolation and hospitalization. Mobile equipped group for sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance includes: epidemiologist, specialist on infections, assistant of epidemiologist (bacteriologist- lab assistant), medical orderly (if necessary, the group will include zoologist or parasitologist). After the armed forces have become stationary during wartime and emergency of peace time the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance turns into sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of vital and communal activity of the armed forces.

In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons  and Their Destruction in Geneva 
the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as means for monitoring of infections and parasitic agents and for practical implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005). The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases, the treat of alleged use of biological weapons. The sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance will be important in assessing the sanitary-epidemiological situation, organizing and conducting preventive activities, indicating and identifying pathogenic biological agents, suppressing hotbeds of infectious diseases, providing advisory and practical assistance to local health authorities.

Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance (inspection) or a similar practice and specific indication in the hotbed  should be performed immediately after the receiving of the information about bio-terrorism attack.

References

Epidemiology
War
Fortune-telling

Fortune-telling is the practice of predicting information about a person's life. It is in principle identical with the practice of divination. The difference is that divination is the term used for predictions considered part of a religious ritual, invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune-telling implies a less serious or informal setting.

Other websites

Divination
Superstitions
Magic (paranormal)
Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus

"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" is the reply The New York Sun editor Francis Pharcellus Church gave eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon (1889–1971) in his September 21, 1897 editorial after she wrote the newspaper asking "Is There a Santa Claus?" Virginia had first asked the question of her father, Dr. Philip O'Hanlon, who suggested she write The Sun. He assured her that "If you see it in The Sun, it's so." The editorial is one of the most reprinted editorials in the world.

Notes 

Christmas
1897
American literature
Dan Rather

Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr. (born October 31, 1931 in Wharton, Texas) is an American journalist and reporter. He worked with the CBS network until 2006. Controversy over documents Rather reported on that he claimed indicated President George W. Bush avoided military service during Vietnam caused him to leave CBS Evening News in 2005, his last broadcast on that program was March 9, 2005 and the whole network altogether two years later. He is now reporting for HDNet.

Awards
He has received many Emmy Awards, several Peabody Awards, and various honorary degrees from universities.

References

1931 births
Living people
American television news anchors
Journalists from Texas
American war correspondents
Peabody Award winners
Television personalities from Texas
Emmy Award winners
Lycée Edgar-Poe

The Lycée Edgar-Poe  is a private secondary school in Paris. It is named after the American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849).

Its motto is  ('"The interest for the student develops the student's interest"). Its director is Mrs Evelyne Clinet.

History 

The Lycée Edgar-Poe was created in 1965 under the name Cours Edgar-Poe and has been recognized by the French State the 26th of February 1980.

Famous alumni
 Olivier Caudron (born in 1955), singer.
 François Ravard (born in 1957), French record and film producer.

References

Other websites
  

Schools in France
1965 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Paris
1960s establishments in France
Bias (textile)

The bias of a piece of woven fabric is at 45 degrees to its warp and weft threads.  Every piece of woven fabric has two biases, at right angles to each other. Fabrics which are not woven, such as felt, do not have a bias.

When cut on the bias, woven fabric is more elastic as well as more fluid in movement, compared to the on-grain direction. This helps many types of garment, such as skirts, dresses and neckties.

The "bias-cut" is a technique used by tailors and dress-makers for cutting cloth. The greater stretch in the bias (diagonal) direction of the fabric, helps it accentuate body lines and curves and drape softly. For example, a full-skirted dress cut on the bias will hang more gracefully or a narrow dress will cling to the figure. 

Bias-cut garments were prominent in haute couture clothes designed by Madeleine Vionnet in the 1920s. It is still used often in both haute couture and high street clothing. In the Middle Ages, before the development of knitting, hose leggings were cut on the bias in order to make them fit better.

References 

Woven fabrics
Shōtai

was a  after Kanpyō and before Engi.  This period started in April 898 and ended in July 901.  During this time, the reigning emperor was .

Events of the Shōtai era
 7 December, 899 (Shōtai 2, 1st day of the 11th month): At winter solstice, all the great officials of the empire presented themselves in the Imperial court.
 6 February 900 (Shōtai 3, 3rd day of the 1st month):  The emperor went to visit his father in the place former-Emperor Uda had chosen to live after abdication.
 900 (Shōtai 3, 10th month): The former-Emperor Uda traveled to   in what is now Wakayama Prefecture.  He visited the temples on the slopes of the mountain.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
898 establishments
9th-century establishments in Japan
901 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
Seve Ballesteros

Severiano Ballesteros Sota (9 April 1957 - 7 May 2011) was a Spanish golfer.

Ballesteros won The Open Championship in 1979, 1984 and 1988. He won the Masters Tournament in 1980 and 1983. He was ranked number one golfer in the world for parts of the 1980s.  

He was born in Pedrena, Cantabria and died there, of brain cancer.

Other websites 
Official website

Cancer deaths in Spain
Deaths from brain cancer
Golfers
People from Cantabria
Spanish sportspeople
1957 births
2011 deaths
Katsuō-ji

, also known as Katsuo-dera, is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Minō, which is in the mountains of northern Osaka Prefecture.

Katsuō-ji is one in a grouping of Buddhist temples which are pilgrimage sites in the Kansai region.

History
The temple site was first named Miroku-ji in 765.

The name "Katsuō-ji" was given by the Emperor Seiwa.

In 1184, the temple was destroyed by fire, but it was re-built.

Daruma
Daruma dolls are often returned to the temple and left somewhere on the grounds.

References

Other websites

Katsuō-ji website 

Buddhist temples in Japan
760s establishments in Japan
765 establishments
Paktika Province

Paktika () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the south-east of the country. Most of the people are Pashtun. Its capital is Sharana.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Sharana, Afghanistan

Sharana (), or Sharan (), is the capital of Paktika Province, Afghanistan. There are about 2,200 people who live in the town.

References
 

Cities in Afghanistan
Alexander Glazunov

Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (10 August 186521 March 1936) was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor. He was the director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory between 1905 and 1928. He left the Soviet Union in 1928 and did not return. Glazunov successfully reconciled nationalism and cosmopolitanism in Russian music. 

1865 births
1936 deaths
Russian people
Russian composers
Paul Oswald Ahnert

Paul Oswald Ahnert (November 22, 1897 - February 27, 1989) was a German astronomer. He worked at the Sonneberg Observatory. He made an annual astronomical calendar called the "Kalender für Sternfreunde", which translates as the calendar for star friends. He included items in space which could easily be seen by amateur astronomers using small telescopes, or even just by eyesight. The calendar was first published in 1948 and was one of the few books from the German Democratic Republic which was highly regarded by people in other countries. After Ahnert's death the calendar continued to be published by astrophysicist Rainer Luthardt. An asteroid, 3181 Ahnert, was named after him.

References

1897 births
1989 deaths
German astronomers
Jason Dolley

Jason Scott Dolley (born July 5, 1991) is an American actor who was in Hatching Pete and Good Luck Charlie.

References

Other websites

1991 births
Living people
American television actors
Panjshir Province

Panjshir (, meaning "Five Lions", also spelled as Panjsher) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Panjshir province is known for not being taken by the Soviets during their occupation in the 1980s. There has not been as much violence here as the rest of the country.

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Bazarak, Panjshir

Bazarak () is a town in the Panjshir Valley, in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Panjshir Province. It has six villages: Khanez, Jangalak, Malaspa, Parandeh, Rahmankhil. The tomb of Ahmad Shah Massoud, known as the "Lion of Panjshir", is in Bazarak.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Parwan Province

Parwān (Persian/Pashto: پروان), also spelled Parvān, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. There are about 560,000 people. The capital is Charikar. 

In 329 BC, Alexander the Great formed the settlement of Parwan. It was conquered by the Arabs in 792.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Charikar

Charikar () is a city in northern Afghanistan. It is the capital of Parwan Province. The city is on the road 69 km from Kabul.  Charikar is known for its pottery and high-quality grapes.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Treaty of Rawalpindi

The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, also known as the Treaty of Rawalpindi, was a treaty which brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India as per Article 5 of the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919. Thus, Afghanistan as an independent country agreed to recognise Durand Line as international border between the two countries.

Related pages
Durand Line

References

History of Afghanistan
Rawalpindi
1919 in the United Kingdom
1921 in the United Kingdom
Demography of Afghanistan

Afghanistan has around 29.8 million people as of the year 2011.  About 2.7 million Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan and Iran.

The country is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual.  Most of Afghanistan's people are of the Iranic peoples. The Pashtun is the largest group followed by Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch and others.

Dari (Persian) and Pashto are both the official languages of the country.

Islam is the religion of more than 99% of Afghanistan.

Related pages 
 Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

References 

Demographics of Afghanistan
Samangan Province

Samangan () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. About 313,211 people live in the Province, as of 2006. The capital is Samangan.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Samangan

Samangan (previous: Eukratidia; then Aybak or Aibak) is the capital of Samangan Province in the northern part of Afghanistan. It was a major Buddhist centre during the 4th and 5th centuries.

The town is on the banks of the Khulm River valley below the Hindu Kush Mountains.

Many Uzbek people live in the town.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Sar-e Pol Province

Sar-e Pol, also spelled Sari Pul (), is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country.  The capital is the city of Sar-e Pol. Dari (Persian) is the main language. About 442,261 people live in the Province. There are many mountains, especially in the south part.

Districts
The province is divided into 7 Districts.

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Sar-e Pol city

Sar-e Pol or Sari Pul () is the capital city of the province of Sar-e Pol in northern Afghanistan.  It is in Sari Pul District. About 115,463 people live in the city.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
To each according to his contribution

According to the principle of 'To each according to his contribution', during the transition of a society from capitalism to socialism and then to communism, individuals should be rewarded for the amount they contribute to society. Economists such as David Ricardo (1772-1823) had this idea. Ricardo founded a movement that is known as Ricardian socialism today. Many people in the labour movement had this idea too. Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) and Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) expressed such ideas towards Leon Trotsky. Despite this, Vladimir Lenin was the first person to say that this element is fundamental to Marxist theory.

According to Libertarian socialist thinkers, such as American anarchist Benjamin Tucker, socialism is a system in which the laborer receives the full product of his labor. This eliminates exploitation and unearned income accrued to the capitalist.

The term To each according to his contribution simply means that each worker in a socialist society receives "wages" and benefits according to the quantity and value of the labor that he or she contributed. That way, highly productive workers will receive more wages and benefits than workers of average productivity, and substantially more than workers of low productivity. What is more, the more difficult the job is, the more one is rewarded for the labor contributed. Difficulty can result from factors such as greater training requirement, job intensity or safety hazards. According to Trotsky, the idea is to promote productivity. This is done by creating incentives to work harder, longer, and more productively. In the end, the principle comes from capitalism, but will vanish, according to Marx, as work becomes more automated and enjoyable, and as goods become available in greater quantities.

In capitalism, the means of production are owned by a few people; these people are also known as the bourgeoisie. These people do not produce, but they live off the work others do for them. Socialism can fix this issue, because with socialism, the means of production are owned by all people, they are a common good.

Related pages
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need
He who does not work, neither shall he eat

References

Socialism
Takhar Province

Takhār () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital is Taloqan. Its salt mines are one of Afghanistan's major mineral resources.

Districts

References

Provinces of Afghanistan
Taloqan

Tāloqān (, also Tāleqān or Tāluqān) is the capital of Takhar Province, in northern Afghanistan. It is in the Taluqan District. About 196,400 people live in the city.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Maidan Wardak Province

Maidan Wardak Province (also spelled Maidan Wardag, or Maidan Vardak,  , ) is one of thirty four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the central east part of Afghanistan. About 540,100 people live in the province. The capital is Maidan Shar.

Districts

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Maidan Shar

Maidan Shar ( - Maidān Šhār; ; also Maydan, Meydan, Maidan) is the capital of Wardak Province, Afghanistan. About 35,008 people live in the town as of 2003.

On 21 January 2019, over 100 people were killed in a terrorist attack.

Economy
Most of the people in Maidan Shar do agriculture, livestock, gardening and trade. Many of the people are poor.

Education
By the end of 2008, there were a total of 14 schools with about 9268 students. There were about 275 teachers teaching in these schools.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Zabul Province

Zabul () is a historic province in southern Afghanistan. Qalat is the capital. About 275,100 people live in the province. The major ethnic group is Pashtun.

Districts 
Zabul is surrounded by Paktika and Ghzani provinces in the east, Urozgan province in the north, Kandahar province in west and south west, and Balochistan state of Pakistan in south. 

Around 800,000 people live in Zabul with majority of them in Shahjoi, Arghandab and Kalat city.

Almond, grapes, apricots, wheat, and vigitables are the main agricultural products of Zabul, where around 80% people are farmers.

the current governor of Zabul province is Mr. Bissmillah Afghanmal son of Haji Mauladad Momand, borne in Kandahar in 1976.

Transportation 

In 2006, the province's first airstrip was opened near Qalat.  It was for the Afghan National Army.  The airstrip is not paved.

References 

Provinces of Afghanistan
Qalat, Zabul Province

Qalat () is a town in southern Afghanistan.  It is the capital of Zabul Province. It is linked by a highway with Kandahar to the west and Ghazni to the east. In 2006, Zabul's first airstrip was built near Qalat.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Afghan afghani

The afghani is the type of money used in Afghanistan.  100 pul make 1 afghani.  Pul coins are not used any longer.  In 2005, coins with a value of 1, 2 and 5 Afghani were made.

References

Afghanistan
Currency of Asia
Pamir languages

The Pamir languages are a group of the Eastern Iranian languages. Many people in the Pamir Mountains, mostly along the Panj River speak the language. This includes the Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province of eastern Tajikistan. Smaller communities can be found in areas of Pakistan. The only other living member of the Southeastern Iranian languages is Pashto.

Languages of Pakistan
Iranian languages
Languages of Tajikistan
Languages of Afghanistan
Durrës

Durrës is the second largest city of Albania.  It is on the central Albanian coast, about  west of the capital Tirana. It is one of the most ancient and economically important cities of Albania. Durrës is at one of the narrower points of the Adriatic Sea.  It is opposite the Italian ports of Bari ( away) and Brindisi ( away). Durrës is home to Albania's main port, the Port of Durrës.  The Aleksandër Moisiu University is here. The town has about 115,550 people. Durrës was the national capital from 7 March 1914 until 11 February 1920 .

Climate
Durrës has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool winters. The average of water temperature in Durrës is from  in February to  in August. The summer in Durrës starts from May to middle of October .

References

Cities in Albania
Settlements in Albania

This is a list of municipalities () of Albania.  They are sorted by county and by district.

List of municipalities 

Albania
Albania
Elbasan

Elbasan is a city in central Albania. It is on the Shkumbin River in the District of Elbasan and the County of Elbasan.  It is one of the largest cities in Albania.  There are about 79,810 people.

References

Cities in Albania
Vlorë

Vlorë is a city in Albania. It is the second largest port city of Albania. There are 79,948 people who live here. It is on the Adriatic Sea, almost surrounded by mountains.

Vlorë is where the Albanian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on November 28, 1912. The city was for a short time the capital of Albania.

Vlora is one of the oldest cities of Albania. It was formed by Ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC.

The University of Vlora is the second largest in Albania.

References

Cities in Albania
Districts of Albania

Albania is divided into 36 districts. Districts are grouped into counties or prefectures, of which there are 12. The districts are:

1. Berat
2. Bulqizë
3. Delvinë
4. Devoll
5. Dibër
6. Durrës
7. Elbasan
8. Fier
9. Gjirokastër
10. Gramsh
11. Has
12. Kavajë
13. Kolonjë
14. Korçë
15. Krujë
16. Kuçovë
17. Kukës
18. Kurbin

19. Lezhë
20. Librazhd
21. Lushnjë
22. Malësi e Madhe
23. Mallakastër
24. Mat
25. Mirditë
26. Peqin
27. Përmet
28. Pogradec
29. Pukë
30. Sarandë
31. Shkodër
32. Skrapar
33. Tepelenë
34. Tirana
35. Tropojë
36. Vlorë
Flag of Albania

The flag of Albania () is a red flag, with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the centre.

Albania
Albania
Coat of arms of Albania

The coat of arms of Albania is similar to the flag of Albania.  It is based on the seal of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg.  The picture above the head of the two-headed eagle is the helmet of Skanderbeg.  The helmet also has billy goats' horns.

Albania
Albania
Bamir Topi

Bamir Myrteza Topi (born 24 April 1957 in Tirana) is an Albanian diplomat and politician. He served as President of Albania from 2007 to 2012.

References 

1957 births
Living people
European diplomats
People from Tirana
Presidents of Albania
Veterinarians
Sali Berisha

Sali Berisha (born 15 October 1944) is an Albanian politician.  He was the Prime Minister from 2005 to 2013. He was the President of Albania from 1992 to 1997.

References

1944 births
Living people
Presidents of Albania
Prime Ministers of Albania