cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
All-Russian Society of Philatelists

All-Russian Society of Philatelists was a national philatelic organisation in Soviet Russia established in 1923. Later on, it was subsequently renamed and reorganised into the All-Union Society of Philatelists and the All-Union Society of Collectors.

History 
The idea of a new countrywide philatelic society was supported by the Russian Bureau of Philately at the RSFSR National Commissariat of Post and Telegraphs in 1922. On 15 March 1923, the charter of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists was approved. On 6 April 1923 its first meeting took place in Moscow. The society's branches worked in Yerevan, Tiflis, Tashkent, Ashgabat, Baku, and other cities. In 1924–1925, the First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition was held. The All-Russian Society of Philatelists published the Soviet Philatelist journal (1922–1932). It existed till the late 1930s.

Related pages 
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelic Association
 Soviet Philatelist

Notes

References

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites 
 

Philately of the Soviet Union
1923 establishments in the Soviet Union
Non-profit organizations
1930s disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Aix-les-Bains

Aix-les-Bains is a commune in the Savoie department. It is a well-known spa town.

Spa towns in France
Communes in Savoie
First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition

The First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition was held in Moscow in 1924–1925. Its full name was the First All-Union Philatelic, Scripophilic and Numismatic Exhibition. This was because it combined the objects of philately, scripophily (collecting stock and bond certificates), and numismatics (of coins, money).

The exhibition was organised from 15 December 1924 to 15 February 1925. This was done by the Presidium of the All-Union Philatelic Association and Board of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists. The combined exhibition was meant to prepare formation of the All-Union Society of Collectors. The society was to be under the direction of Feodor Chuchin, the  Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelic Association
 Soviet Philatelist

References

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites 
 

Philately of the Soviet Union
1924 establishments
Events
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
1925 disestablishments
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union
WOW air

WOW air was a budget airline from Iceland.

History
WOW air began in November 2011. Its first flight was on 1 June 2012. The airline flew 11 airplanes from the Airbus A320 family to destinations in Europe, North America and the Middle East.

Wow air stopped operations on 28 March 2019. All flights were cancelled and thousands of stranded passengers were told to book with other airliners.

References

2011 establishments in Europe
2010s disestablishments in Europe
2019 disestablishments
Low-cost airlines
Transport in Iceland
Establishments in Iceland
Defunct airlines of Europe
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

Dzhokhar Anzorovich "Jahar" Tsarnaev (Cyrillic: Джоха́р Анзо́рович Царна́ев ; born July 22, 1993) and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev planted bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many 264 others. On May 15, 2015, a Boston U.S. federal court jury verdict resulted in a death-sentence verdict for Tsarnaev for his crimes.

Early life
He and his family immigrated to the United States as refugees in 2002. Tsarnaev was a student at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He had become a naturalized U.S. citizen on  September 11, 2012.

Capture
During the bombings, on April 19, there was a shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers. MBTA police officer was critically injured in the course of Tsarnaev's escape in the SUV Tsarnaev was injured but escaped. On the evening of April 19, the heavily wounded Tsarnaev was found unarmed hiding in a boat on a trailer in Watertown just outside the police perimeter. He was arrested and taken to a hospital. It was later reported that he was persuaded to surrender when the FBI negotiators mentioned a public plea from his former wrestling coach.

Tsarnaev was charged on April 22 with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and with destruction of property resulting in death.

Conviction
He was convicted on April 8, 2015, and was sentenced to death on May 15, 2015. Tsarnaev allegedly later said during questioning that they next intended to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City. Tsarnaev reportedly also said to authorities that he and his brother were radicalized, at least in part, by watching Anwar al-Awlaki lectures.

Notes

References

Other websites
Tsarnaev Family (Wall Street Journal)

1993 births
Living people
American murderers
American Muslims
American terrorists
Kyrgyzstani people
Muslim terrorists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Tamerlan Tsarnaev

Tamerlan Anzorovich Tsarnaev (Тамерла́н Анзо́рович Царна́ев ; October 21, 1986 – April 19, 2013) and his brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev planted bombs at the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. The bombings killed three people and reportedly injured as many as 264 others.

Death
Shortly after the Federal Bureau of Investigation declared them suspects in the bombings and released images of them, the Tsarnaev brothers killed an MIT police officer, carjacked an SUV. They soon engaged in a shootout with the police in the Boston suburb of Watertown. 

According to the police, during the shootout Tamerlan was captured, but died partly as a result of his brother driving over him. He was 26 years old.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Tsarnaev Family (Wall Street Journal)
 

1986 births
2013 deaths
American murderers
American Muslims
American terrorists
Kyrgyzstani people
Muslim terrorists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily

Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily was established in Moscow in 1922 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) for matters concerned with philately and bonds. An old Bolshevik Feodor Chuchin headed this organisation.

History 
To help finance the Central Famine Relief Committee (POMGOL), VTsIK decided to sell abroad postage stamps of Imperial Russia and the newly formed governments of the Civil War period. The idea was to obtain hard currency for them. Feodor Chuchin was named in 1921 the POMGOL commissioner for matters pertaining to stamp donations.

In March 1922, the Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily was set up. Chuchin was appointed to supervise its activities in Soviet Russia and abroad. The sale of stamps and paper money was profitable:

The Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily  existed till 1926 and was superseded by the Soviet Philatelic Association.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Philatelic International
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelic Association
 Soviet Philatelist

Notes

References

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites 
 

Philately of the Soviet Union
Government agencies
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
Spy (2015 movie)

Spy is a 2015 American action comedy spy movie directed by Paul Feig. This movie is about a CIA analyst, Susan Cooper. She goes undercover in the world of a deadly arms dealer to prevent a global disaster. Melissa McCarthy plays Susan Cooper. Allison Janney plays Elaine Crocker.

The movie was released on June 5, 2015 in the United States.

Release dates

References

Other websites
  

2015 comedy movies
2010s action comedy movies
2010s spy movies
American spy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ben Falcone
Spy comedy movies
Movies set in Rome
Michelle (song)

"Michelle" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was first released on the band's 1965 album Rubber Soul. It was mainly written by Paul McCartney, with some parts written by John Lennon. It is a love ballad and some of the words are in French.

Personnel 
According to Walter Everett:

Paul McCartney – lead vocal, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, bass guitar
John Lennon – backing vocal, classical guitar
George Harrison – backing vocal, acoustic guitar, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums

Notes

References

Sources

 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1965 songs
1960s ballads
Grammy Award winning songs
Pop ballads
Pat Hitchcock

Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell (7 July 1928 – 9 August 2021) was an English actress and producer. She appeared in small roles in some of her fathers well known works most notable as Carolina in Psycho (1960). Her father was legendary director Alfred Hitchcock.

Hitchcock died on 9 August 2021 in Thousand Oaks, California at the age of 93.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2021 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Vera Miles

Vera Miles (born August 23, 1929) is an American actress. She worked closely with Alfred Hitchcock. She is known for her role as Lila Crane in the classic masterpiece Psycho, and in the sequel Psycho II. Her other popular movie include The Wrong Man, The Searchers, Follow Me Boys! and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.

Other websites

1929 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Oklahoma
Wood County, Texas

Wood County is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2010, 41,964 people lived there.  The county seat is Quitman.  The county was named for George T. Wood, governor of Texas from 1847 to 1849.

References

Texas counties
Veneridae

Veneridae is a family of clams, with over 500 described species, in twelve subfamilies. They are commonly called Venus clams. They are bivalve molluscs.  Many are edible and used as seafood. Venus clams occur in all seas of the world. Most live near the shore, preferably in areas with sandy bottoms.

Bivalves
Hinge teeth

Hinge teeth are part of the inner surface of the shell of a bivalve mollusc. Bivalves by definition have two valves (parts of the shell). They are joined together by a strong and flexible ligament on the hinge line at the dorsal (top) edge of the shell.

In life, the shell needs to be able to open slightly to allow the foot and siphons to protrude, and then close again, without the valves moving out of alignment with one another. To make this possible, the two valves usually have hinge teeth (the "dentition"). Like the ligament, the hinge teeth are along the hinge line of the shell.

In most families, the two valves of the shell are almost perfectly symmetrical with one another along the hinge line, though the placement and shape of the teeth may differ slightly in the left valve and right valve so the two valves fit together properly.

Each group of bivalves tends to have distinctive hinge teeth. Because of this, examining the arrangement of the hinge teeth in a bivalve shell is often essential for identification and classification.

Brachiopods 
The other great shelled phylum, the brachiopods, also has a group with hinge teeth. In the traditional classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves. In the Inarticulata the two parts of the shell are held together only by muscles.87–93

References 

Molluscs
Brachiopods
Green economy

The green economy is defined as an economy that results in reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognising global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a just transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive."

Definition
Karl Burkart defines a green economy as based on six main sectors:
 Renewable energy i.e., Sustainable energy such as Solar energy and Wind energy.
 Green buildings i.e., Eco-friendly constructions and practices. 
 Sustainable transport i.e., Electric vehicle, Hybrid vehicle
 Water management i.e., Water coservation and recycling.
 Waste management i.e.,  Reusing the waste and improving Carbon footprint. For example, sustainable fashion.
 Land management i.e., Sustainable development of land in terms of farming, forestation, housing etc.

The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as “an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development”.

In 2012, the ICC published the Green Economy Roadmap. It states that a shift towards a green economy requires the following:
 Open and competitive markets
 Metrics, accounting, and reporting
 Finance and investment
 Awareness
 Life cycle approach
 Resource efficiency and decoupling
 Employment
 Education and skills
 Governance and partnership
 Integrated policy and decision-making

Criticisms 

A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green Economy'. The research organisation ETC Group argues that the corporate emphasis on a biobased economy "will spur even greater convergence of corporate power and unleash the most massive resource grab in more than 500 years." Venezuelan professor Edgardo Lander says that the UNEP's report, Towards a Green Economy, while well-intentioned "ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to (regulate and restrict)... is seriously limited by the political and financial power of the corporations." Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for UNCTAD also says that the focus on Green Economy and "green growth" in particular, "based on an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of climate change". He added it "may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can
bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions.

References

Further reading 
 College Graduates Will Clean Up in the Green Economy, Huffington Post
 Building a Green Economy, The New York Times

Other websites
 

Green politics
Natural resources
Sustainable development
Chevrolet Spark

Chevrolet Spark is a city car sold by General Motors. It was first introduced in 1998 as Daewoo Matiz. In 2002 it was redesigned for a second generation. It began to be exported and sold under various names including Chevrolet Joy and Pontiac Matiz. In 2007 the third generation was introduced. It was only sold as Chevrolet and Daewoo. GM plans to stop making the Spark and replace it with a brand new vehicle called the Opel Karl. GM will still use the Spark name in U.S., Korean and Australian markets. Ever since its first generation the Spark is only offered as a 5-door hatchback.

References 

Spark
Holden
Héricourt (Haute-Saône)

Héricourt is a commune located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.

Communes in Haute-Saône
Gray (Haute-Saône)

Gray is a commune located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.

History 
It was, since the Middle Ages, an important river port, an important trading center in Franche-Comté.

Gray is believed to have got its name from an old landed estate in its area owned by a family with Gallo-Roman origins having the name "Gradus", cognate with the Celtic "Grady" meaning "illustrious" or "noble".

Geography 
Gray is situated on the banks of the river Saône. It is the last major town in Haute-Saône before the Saône flows into Côte-d'Or.

References 

Communes in Haute-Saône
Dodge Charger

The Dodge Charger is an American car. They are marketed through the Dodge division of Chrysler. Several different vehicles built on at least three different chassis have had the Charger name.

History 
Notable years in Charger history are:

1966 through 1968 
The Dodge Charger first premiered with the 1966 models. Dodge added a fastback roof on their Coronet (B-body). Inside there were four bucket seats with a full length console. Engines included the 318 cid (cubic inch displacement), the 361 cid, 383 cid and a 426 Hemi. Transmissions included a three-speed manual, four-speed manual and Torqueflite automatic. In 1968 the Charger was restyled to improve sales. But as the muscle car era was nearly over, sales went down.

1975 through 1978 
Dodge introduced the Charger SE in 1975. It was a clone of the Chrysler Cordoba. Like the Cordoba it was a luxury car. The base engine was the 360 cid. The 318 cid and the 400 cid engines were optional. A new  new Charger Daytona model was available with larger tires. It had no resemblance to the NASCAR Daytona Charger. In 1975 Dodge chargers won 14 NASCAR Grand National races. But they did it in 1974 Chargers. The 1975 Chargers were just too heavy. In 1978 Chrysler was facing financial troubles. Lee Iacocca turned Chrysler around and by 1983 the company was making money again.

2006 to 2014 
The Dodge Charger was re-introduced in 2006. The new Charger is a four-door sedan. It rides on the new rear-wheel drive LX platform sharing similarities with the Chrysler 300. In 2011 the next generation was launched. The styling of the 2011 was like the late 1960s muscle car Chargers. The Pentastar 3.6 liter V6 was the base engine. The 292 hp V6 engine got 21 mpg city and 31 mpg on the highway using an 8-speed automatic transmission. The combination could move the Charger from 0-60 mph in 6.6 seconds. It was available in rear-wheel drive or  all-wheel drive.

References 

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Sayaka Osakabe

Sayaka Osakabe (; born 1978) is a Japanese magazine editor and women's rights activist.  She went to court because of Japan's Equal Opportunities law.  The government decided that discrimination against women because of pregnancy is illegal. In 2015, the U.S State Department gave Osakabe the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 
Sayaka Osakabe was born in Japan in 1978. She had a job as a magazine editor. She became pregnant, so she asked her boss for shorter work hours.  Osakabe's boss wanted her to quit her job. Osakabe was pregnant twice and she lost the baby twice.  Then Osakabe asked for a leave of absence so she could leave her job to become pregnant, then return to the job.  Her boss refused.  Osakabe quit her job, but she took her case to a labor tribunal.  In June, 2014, Osakabe won her case.

Work 
Osakabe started a support group called Matahara Net.  The word comes from the English words "maternity and harassment".   The word "matahara" is now a legal term.

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
1978 births
Living people
Japanese activists
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
Arbana Xharra

Arbana Xharra is a journalist from Kosovo. In 2015 she won the International Women of Courage Award from the US State Department.

Work 

Arbana Xharra became a journalist in 2001. She worked for Koha Ditore, Kosovo's first independent newspaper, in 2006 and 2007. She wrote for Balkan Insight and is now editor-in-chief of Zëri.

Xharra writes about many public issues. In 2006 she investigated government expense reports and problems with financial management.  In 2007, she wrote about inflation and food shortages.  In 2010 she wrote a report about the finances of the state-run Telecom of Kosovo.   

In 2012, Xharra had legal problems.  She wrote a report about government corruption and about politicians' connections with local business.  The court decided that Xharra acted correctly. They said she followed the Code of Ethics for print media of Kosovo.

In 2012, Xharra investigated the increase of religious activity in the former Yugoslavia. She wrote about religious extremism and its effect on society. When she investigated Islamic extremists in Kosovo, she found connections with terrorist organizations. Xharra's report helped the government with the problem.  After the report, she received death threats.

Awards 

Xharra won the UNDP Prize three times--in 2006, 2007, and 2008--for her articles on corruption in Kosovo. In 2012 she won a Balkan Fellowship for Journalistic Excellence and studied the changing attitudes towards Islam in Kosovo. In 2013 she won the Rexhai Surroi Award from the KOHA Group for an article on extremism.  She also won the Stirring Up Debate Award from INPO Ferizaj  for starting public discussion on religious extremism. In 2015 she won the US Secretary of State's International Women of Courage Award.

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Journalists
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Kosovan people
Life Ball

The Life Ball is a charity event, held each year in Vienna. It is an event to help raise funds to combat HIV. It is one of the biggest such events in the world. Gery Keszler and Torgom Petrosian started the foundation in 1993. Torgom Petrosian, a doctor who was affected, has since died of AIDS. 

Many people notable from public life take part in the opening ceremony. The event is known for its extravagant style.  

1993 establishments in Europe
Charity events
HIV/AIDS
Vienna
1990s establishments in Austria
Garo Yepremian

Garabed Sarkis "Garo" Yepremian (June 2, 1944 – May 15, 2015) was an American football placekicker. He played in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions, Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1966 to 1981.

Yepremian was born in Larnaca, southern Cyprus to Armenian parents. He died from brain cancer on May 15, 2015 in Media, Pennsylvania, aged 70.

References

Other websites
 

1944 births
2015 deaths
American football placekickers
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from brain cancer
Detroit Lions players
Miami Dolphins players
New Orleans Saints players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport

Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport (also called Keflavik Airport) is the largest and busiest airport in Iceland. It is the country's main hub for international flights. The airport is  west of the Icelandic capital, Reykjavík. The airport has three runways. Most international flights to or from Iceland pass through this airport.

The main airlines at Keflavík are Icelandair and WOW Air. Both make the airport their main hub. The airport handles almost all international flights. Most domestic flights are flown from Reykjavík Airport. It is only  from Reykjavík. Keflavík Airport is operated by Isavia, a government enterprise.

History

US Military 
Until World War II Iceland had very little contact with the United States. Because of the strategic importance of Iceland to the war in Europe The US and Iceland signed a treaty in June 1941. The Americans built military bases on land provided by Iceland. Construction on the airport began on 2 July 1942. It was occupied by US troops on 24 March 1943 and named Meeks field. After the war the US wanted to keep their bases but the Icelandic government said no. Ownership of Keflavik airport was returned to Iceland while the American military turned over their facilities to an American company to run for them. When Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, they sided firmly with the Americans in the Cold War. In 1951 a new treaty was signed and the American military returned to Iceland. During the cold war the Icelandic bases were used for surveillance in the North Atlantic. In the 1990s, with the end of the cold war, the US scaled back its operations in Iceland. In 2006 it closed down its base at Keflavik.

Keflavik 
During the 1950s two airlines served Iceland. Loftleidir Icelandic flew between Luxembourg and New York stopping in Iceland. The other carrier was Flugfelag Islands. They flew to Europe from Reykjavik. Sometime after the start of the jet age both moved to Keflavik. The two companies later joined together as “Icelandair”. In April 1987, the airport got the "Leifur Eiriksson International Air Terminal". It was remodeled and extended in 2001. When the US military left in 2006, the government owned company ISAVIA took over control. The company operates all airports and navigational aids in Iceland.

Leifur Eiríksson terminal 
According to an article in USA Today, Leifur Eiriksson Air Terminal was ranked second best in the world. According to Frommers.com "Iceland's cozy, little international airport looks like it arrived in a flat pack from Ikea". The airport has beautiful views of the rugged Islandic landscape. The Leifur Eiríksson Terminal is well lit, clean and easy to navigate for travelers. It is open 24 hours a day. The tax-free and duty-free shops are available both for arriving and departing passengers.

References

Other websites 
 For children at Keflavík

1943 establishments in Europe
Airports in Europe
Transport in Iceland
1940s establishments in Iceland
Pontiac G6

Pontiac G6 was a mid-sized automobile sold by the Pontiac division of General Motors. It was available as a coupe, sedan or convertible. The G6 was introduced in 2005 to replace the Grand Am. The last model year for the G6 was 2010. It was unchanged from the 2009 model. General Motors declared bankruptcy in 2009 and Pontiac division was discontinued. The 2010 G6 was the very last U.S. built Pontiac.

References 

Pontiac automobiles
Iceland Express

Iceland Express was a low-cost airline from Iceland. It began in 2002. Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport used to be their main hub. WOW Air bought the airline in 2012.

References

2002 establishments in Europe
2012 disestablishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Transport in Iceland
Establishments in Iceland
Braniff International Airways

Braniff International Airways was an American airline. The company started in 1928. The first flight was between Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma on 20 June 1928. Called the Paul R. Braniff Inc. Airline, it set up service between Oklahoma City and Tulsa three days a week. During World War II it lost half it's fleet to government service. After the war, Braniff began flying to South America. It served Brazil, Argentina, Columbia and Peru. Braniff became the first all-jet airline in 1960. After the airline deregulation of 1978, Braniff found the air fare competition cut into profits. The recession had caused fewer passengers. Braniff found itself with too many air routes. With rising interest rates and fuel prices, the company debt became a major problem. Braniff declared bankruptcy in 1982. Its last flight was on May 12, 1982.

Gallery

References

Airlines of North America
1928 establishments in the United States
1982 disestablishments in the United States
Archimedean solid

In geometry, an Archimedean solid is a convex shape which is composed of polygons. It is a polyhedron, with the following properties:
 Each face is made of a regular polygon
 All the corners of the shape look the same
 The shape is neither a platonic solid, nor a prism, nor an antiprism.
Depending on the way there are counted, there are thirteen or fifteen such shapes.  Of two of these shapes, there are two versions, which cannot be made congruent using rotation. The Archimedean solids are named after the Ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, who probably discovered them in the 3rd century BC. The writings of Archimedes have been lost, but  Pappus of Alexandria summarized them in the 4th century. During the Renaissance, artists and mathematicians valued pure forms and rediscovered all of these forms.  Johannes Kepler probably completed this search around 1620.

Constructing an Archimedean solid takes at least two different polygons.

Properties 
 Archimedean solids are made of regular polygons, therefore all edges have the same length.
 All Archimedean solids can be produced from Platonic solids, by "cutting the edges" of the platonic solid.
 The type of polygons meting at a corner ("vertex") characterizes both the archimedean and platonic solid

Relationship with Platonic solids 

Platonic solids can be turned into Archimedean solids by following a series of rules for their construction.

Listing of Archimedean solids 
The following is a listing of all Archimedean solids

References 

 
Archimedes
Gigablast

Gigablast is a small web search engine based in New Mexico. It was started by Matt Wells in 2000 and was part of Infoseek.

In July 2013, the website's source code was released under the Apache License.

References

Other websites 
 
 Source code

Websites
Soviet Philatelic Association

Soviet Philatelic Association (SFA) was a business run by the Soviet Union authorities in the field of philately.

History 
Two early philatelic public entities existed in the Soviet Union. These were All-Russian Society of Philatelists (created in 1922) and Philatelic International (or Filintern organised in 1924). In July 1924, an "All-Union Philatelic Association of Socialist Soviet Republics" was formed. It was called the "State Philatelic Organization". This association was entrusted to Feodor Chuchin. He also supervised another state body, Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. The All-Union Philatelic Association ceased to exist soon after. It lacked a published decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and RSFSR Sovnarkom.

On 25 October 1926, a new association was established in Moscow by VTsIK and Sovnarkom decree. It replaced the Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. SFA sold Soviet stamps to foreign dealers, Soviet philatelists, and schoolboys. These latter glued their stamps into school notebooks because of a lack of stamp albums.

The SFA organ was the journal Sovetskii Filatelist (Soviet Philatelist).

In 1938, the Soviet Philatelic Association was replaced with the Chief Philatelic Bureau.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelist

Notes

References

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites 
 

Philately of the Soviet Union
Government agencies
1926 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
1938 disestablishments
1930s disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Hexacorallia

Hexacorallia is a large subclass of Anthozoa in the aquatic phylum Cnidaria.

It has about 4,300 species, all polyps, generally with 6-fold symmetry. It includes all the stony corals, most of which are colonial and reef-forming. It also contains the sea anemones, tube anemones, and zoanthids, in six living orders. 

The Hexacorallia are distinguished from the other subclass of Anthozoa, the Octocorallia, because they have six or less axes of symmetry in their body structure and only single rows of tentacles. They are formed of individual soft polyps which in some species live in colonies and secrete a calcite skeleton. As with all Cnidarians, these organisms have a complex life cycle including a mobile planktonic phase  and a later sessile phase. 

Hexacorallia also include the extinct orders of the rugose corals and tabulate corals. They built the coral reefs of the Palaeozoic era. In fact, there are a total of eight extinct orders of the Hexacorallia, which shows it has always been an important group of marine organisms.

References 

Cnidarians
Antiprism

In geometry an antiprism is a polyhedron. It is made of two copies of a regular polygon. These polygons are connected using an alternating band of triangles. To connect an n-sided polygon, 2n triangles are needed. Antiprisms are similar to prisms, but prisms use parallelograms for the bands at the side.

A right antiprism uses a right angle to connect the base polygons to the band of triangles. A uniform antiprism uses equilateral triangles as base surfaces. 

Polyhedra
Chinx

Lionel Pickens (December 4, 1983 – May 17, 2015), better known by his stage name Chinx (formerly Chinx Drugz), was an American rapper from Queens, New York. He was a member of French Montana's Coke Boys group and record label. Other members are Cheeze, Flip, and Lil Durk. He was best known for his raps on the Coke Boys mixtapes and the Cocaine Riot mixtape series. He died from a fatal gunshot wound after a drive-by shooting in Jamaica, Queens on May 17, 2015.

On how he got started rapping, Chinx said: "I started rapping at the table in junior high school for fun with the homies and then by 9th grade is when I started taking music seriously. At that point is when I started investing my street money into my studio time and trying to find my sound."

Death 
On May 17, 2015, New York police officers (NYPD) went, after a 911 call, to Briarwood, Queens at about 4:00 a.m. There, they found Chinx and another victim in a car at Queens Boulevard and 84th Drive. Chinx was rushed to Jamaica Medical Center in Jamaica, Queens with gunshot wounds. There he was pronounced dead, at age 31.

Discography

Studio albums
 Welcome To JFK (TBR)

Extended plays
 I'll Take It from Here (2013)

References

1983 births
2015 deaths
African American musicians
Rap musicians from New York
Murdered African-American people
Murdered musicians
Murders by firearm in the United States
Musicians from Queens
Singers from New York City
Philatelic International

Philatelic International (Filintern) was an international philatelic society of collector-workers in the 1920s to 1940s.

History 
The creation of the Filintern was set up at a conference in Moscow in 22 to 30 June 1924. Its formation was greeted by all branches of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists and at the same time by the Soviet Esperantists. At the conference opening, Feodor Chuchin, Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily, declared:

A program for the Filintern's central organ was developed that included:
 "propaganda of the international union of philatelist-workers of all nations for the struggle against organised philatelist-dealers",
 "wide popularisation of ideological philately",
 "introducing Esperanto into philately and thus the establishment of lively communication between philatelists around the world."

Filintern facilitates the goals of philatelists, scripophilists and Esperantists. Within Filintern, they could:
 collect stamps and paper money,
 publish philatelic bulletins, journals and catalogues,
 most importantly, conduct foreign exchange.

Using philately, scripophily and Esperanto, the Soviet authorities also hoped for promoting communist propaganda among the foreign proletariat.

The Philatelic International's organ was the journal . Its Editor was a prominent Russian philatelist L. K. Eichfuss. The first issue of the journal appeared in January 1925.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelic Association
 Soviet Philatelist

Notes

References

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites 
 

Philately
Esperanto
Philately of the Soviet Union
1924 establishments
International organizations
Cultural organizations
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
1940s disestablishments
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Chinchorro mummies

The Chinchorro mummies are mummified remains of people from the South American Chinchorro culture, found in what is now northern Chile and southern Peru.  They are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains.  The oldest are 7,000 years old. The mummies continued to be made until about 1800 B.C.

They were first studied by the Andean archaeologist Max Uhle in 1914.  Today, over 280 mummies have been found.  About 120 of them are kept at the University of Tarapaca museum.  Recently, scientist saw that some of the mummies are melting.  This is because the increased humidity due to climate change has let microbes attack the skin. 

Shell mounds and bone chemistry suggest that 90% of the diet of these people was seafood.

Techniques 

Uhle categorized the types of mummification he saw into three categories: simple treatment, complex treatment, and mud-coated mummies. Since then, other archaeologists refined his classification and now mostly use the following classification of Chinchorro mummification: natural, black, red, mud-coated and bandage mummies. The two most common techniques used in Chinchorro mummification were the black mummies and the red mummies.

References

Other websites
 Chinchorro Archaeological site in Chile
"Making the Dead Beautiful: Mummies as Art" Archaeology Magazine
Chinchorro and other mummies
Cultura Chinchorro  Momias Chinchorro

References

Burials
Roger Mudd

Roger Harrison Mudd (February 9, 1928 – March 9, 2021) was an American broadcast journalist. He worked as the primary anchor for The History Channel. 

Mudd was the weekend and weekday substitute anchor for the CBS Evening News, the co-anchor of the weekday NBC Nightly News, and the host of the NBC-TV Meet the Press, and American Almanac TV programs. 

Mudd was the winner of the Peabody Award, the Joan Shorenstein Award for Distinguished Washington Reporting, and five Emmy Awards.

Mudd died on March 9, 2021 in McLean, Virginia from problems caused by kidney failure, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 Official Web Site
Booknotes interview with Mudd on Great Minds of History, June 6, 1999. 
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Mudd, about The Place To Be: Washington, CBS, and the Glory Days of Television News, March 30 and April 6, 2008

Emmy Award winners
1928 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American television news anchors
American journalists
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Harry Martin (judge)

Harry Corpening Martin (January 13, 1920 – May 3, 2015) was an American judge. He served as the Associate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, serving from 1982 to 1992. He was born in Lenoir, North Carolina.

Marin died on May 3, 2015 in Asheville, North Carolina, aged 95.

References

1920 births
2015 deaths
American judges
Politicians from North Carolina
People from Asheville, North Carolina
Moshe Levinger

Moshe Levinger () (born 1935 in Jerusalem - May 16, 2015 in Hebron) was an Israeli Religious Zionist and an Orthodox Rabbi. 

From 1967 to 2015, he was a leading figure in the movement to settle Jews in the territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. He was especially known for leading Jewish settlement in Hebron in 1968 and for being one of the principals of the now defunct settler movement Gush Emunim founded in 1974.

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Israeli activists
Israeli rabbis
Jewish activists
People from Jerusalem
Yeung Kwong

Yeung Kwong, GBM (1926 – 16 May 2015) was a Hong Kong Communist trade unionist and activist. He was leader of the Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots against the British rule in Hong Kong.

Yeung died at a hospital in Yan Tin, Hong King from heart failure, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Activists from Hong Kong
Communists
Rosemarie DeWitt

Rosemarie DeWitt (born October 26, 1971) is an American actress. She played Emily Lehman in the Fox television series Standoff. She played Amy Bowen in the 2015 remake movie Poltergeist. 

She was born in Flushing, Queens, New York. DeWitt married Ron Livingston in 2009. They have two children.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Queens
1971 births
Living people
Poltergeist (2015 movie)

Poltergeist is a 2015 American horror, fantasy and thriller movie. It is a remake of Steven Spielberg's 1982 movie with the same name.  This new version is produced by Sam Raimi. It stars Sam Rockwell, Rosemarie DeWitt, Jared Harris, and Jane Adams.

The movie was released on May 22, 2015 in North America. It will be screened in 3D.

Plot
This movie is about a family whose suburban home has an invasion of angry spirits. These frightening ghosts attack the family who live in a quiet wealthy neighborhood. They kidnap the youngest daughter. The family has to make a plan to rescue her.

Marketing 
The first trailer for the new movie was released on February 5, 2015. A Slate Magazine writer said that the trailer made the movie look too much like the first one. James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly said that the trailer "retains and amplifies several elements from the original". He also gave praise that "the modernizing doesn’t result in, say, the family’s daughter being kidnapped by ghosts in Snapchat". Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting said that "while every fiber of my being wants to reject it, [the film] actually looks pretty insane", and praised the trailer's last scene. A Polygon writer said that the trailer looked similar to the first movie, but that it "looks great, as a horror movie".

Reception
Poltergeist has not received good reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the movie got only a 34%, with 77 reviews. The audience rating was 34% who say they liked it. On Metacritic, the movie has a score of 47 out of 100, given by 25 critics. This means it has lower than average reviews. Roger Ebert said "Nothing about 'Poltergeist' feels fresh or new". He gave it one and a half stars. Ebert also said "See it in 2D if you choose to see it at all."

References

Other websites
 

2015 horror movies
2010s movie remakes
American horror movies
American movie remakes
Supernatural horror movies
English-language movies
Haunted house movies
Get Hard

Get Hard is an American comedy movie. Alison Brie plays Alissa. Kevin Hart plays Darnell.

Cast
 Will Ferrell as James King
 Kevin Hart as Darnell Lewis
 Alison Brie as Alissa Barrow
 Edwina Findley as Rita Lewis 
 Craig T. Nelson as Martin Barrow
 T.I. as Russell
 Ariana Neal as Makayla Lewis
 Greg Germann as Peter Penny 
 Paul Ben-Victor as Gayle  
 Dan Bakkedahl as Leo
 Erick Chavarria as Cecelio 
 Jon Eyez as Big Mike 
 Nito Larioza as Jaoa 
 Ron Funches as Jojo
 John Mayer as himself
 Jimmy Fallon as himself

Production
On December 7, 2012, it was announced that Warner Bros. was in talks to acquire the Get Hard comedy movie script. On September 17, 2013, Etan Cohen was set to direct. On February 24, 2014, Warner Bros. set the release date for 27 March 2015.

Release
The movie was released on 27 March 2015 in the United States.

Reception
It got negative reviews by movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie 29%. Metacritic rates the movie 34 out of 100, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews".

Box office
Get Hard made over $105 million overall.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

2015 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Woman in Gold (movie)

Woman in Gold is a 2015 British drama movie. The movie is based on the true story of Maria Altmann, who now lives in Los Angeles. 

Altmann fought the government of Austria for almost ten years to get back Gustav Klimt's iconic painting of her aunt, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I. Altmann took her legal battle to the Supreme Court of the United States. It ruled in her favor in Republic of Austria v. Altmann (2004).

The movie was screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.

Cast
 Helen Mirren as Maria Altmann
 Tatiana Maslany as young Maria Altmann
 Ryan Reynolds as Randol (Randy) Schoenberg
 Daniel Brühl as Hubertus Czernin
 Katie Holmes as Pam Schoenberg
 Max Irons as Fredrick "Fritz" Altmann
 Charles Dance as Sherman
 Elizabeth McGovern Florence-Marie Cooper
 Jonathan Pryce as William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS)
 Moritz Bleibtreu as Gustav Klimt
 Antje Traue as Adele Bloch-Bauer
 Frances Fisher, Mrs. Schoenberg, Randol's mother
 Tom Schilling as Heinrich
 Anthony Howell as Junior Official
 Allan Corduner as Gustav
 Henry Goodman as Ferdinand
 Olivia Silhavy as Elisabeth Gehrer
 Justus von Dohnányi as Toman, representative of the Belvedere Gallery
 Richard Reid as the Court Reporter
 Ludger Pistor as Wran
 Joseph Mydell as Judge Clarence
 Stephen Greif as Bergen

Production
On May 15, 2014, Tatiana Maslany was cast in a principal role as the younger version of Helen Mirren's character, appearing in the WWII flashbacks. On May 29, Katie Holmes also joined the cast. Elizabeth McGovern, Charles Dance and Max Irons also joined. On July 9, 2014, Frances Fisher joined to play the mother of Ryan Reynolds' character.

Reception
This movie was released in April 2015. It got mixed reviews. It grossed over $35 million in the box office. Rotten Tomatoes rates the movie 52%. Metacritic gives the movie a 51% rating That means "mixed or average" reviews. The Roger Ebert website, RogerEbert.com, gave the movie two and a half stars. Rex Reed of New York Observer called Woman in Gold "an extraordinary love story turned into an exemplary motion picture about one German Jew".

References

Other websites
 Adele's Wish—the documentary film that details Maria Altmann's struggle to recover her family's Klimt paintings 
 
 
 
 

2010s biographical movies
2015 drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
The Longest Ride

The Longest Ride is a 2015 romantic-drama movie. It is about Luke Collins, a bull rider who is seriously injured one night while riding. One year later, he meets Sophia. Lolita Davidovich plays Linda Collins. Gloria Reuben plays Adrienne.

Cast
 Scott Eastwood as Luke Collins
 Britt Robertson as Sophia Danko
 Alan Alda as Ira Levinson
 Jack Huston as young Ira
 Oona Chaplin as Ruth
 Melissa Benoist as Marcia
 Lolita Davidovich as Linda Collins
 Barry Ratcliffe as the Auctioneer
 Gloria Reuben as Adrienne Francis
 Brett Edwards as Jared Midelton
 Hunter Burke as David Stein
 Alina Lia as Brooke

Production
In April 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures set a movie adaptation to be released on April 10, 2015.

Filming
Principal photography began on June 16, 2014 in Wilmington and Winston-Salem, North Carolina. On July 28, filming began in Jacksonville.

Release
The movie was released on April 10, 2015.

Reception
Critics gave negative reviews to the movie. Rotten Tomatoes has given a rating of 29% to The Longest Ride. RogerEbert.com gave the movie one and a half stars in its reviews. Variety magazine gave mixed reviews for this movie. Metacritic rates the movie 29%, meaning "generally unfavorable" reviews.

Box office
It took in more than $51 million. The movie is rated PG-13.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2015 romance movies
2015 drama movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies