cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ninette de Valois

Dame Ninette de Valois OM CH DBE FRAD FISTD (6 June 1898 – 8 March 2001) was an Irish-born British dancer, teacher, choreographer and director of classical ballet.

Most notably, she danced professionally with Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, reaching the rank of soloist. After Diaghilev's death she established what became The Royal Ballet. This became one of the foremost ballet companies of the 20th century and one of the leading ballet companies in the world today. She also established the Birmingham Royal Ballet and the Royal Ballet School. She is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of ballet and as the 'godmother' of English ballet.

Career 
Before de Valois there had been no permanent ballet company in London, though there were a few quality dance schools which offered shows from time to time. The company which became the Royal Ballet started as the Vic-Wells Ballet, founded by de Valois in 1931. It had Anton Dolin as its Guest dancer. In 1933 the company was joined by Alicia Markova, who was appointed prima ballerina. At this point de Valois retired as a stage performer, and continued as Director. Her reputation was now made as an organiser and teacher. She was also a choreographer, with a number of ballets to her credit. Her ballet Checkmate is still danced today.

'Madame', as she was called by everyone, attracted great talents to the company. She engaged Frederick Ashton as Principal Choreographer and Constant Lambert as Musical Director, in 1935. Tamara Karsavina was a dance advisor. Eventually the company included many of the most famous ballet dancers in the world, including Margot Fonteyn, Svetlana Beriosova, and, most sensationally, Rudolf Nureyev.

As a manager, she had a fearsome reputation. She would stand for no misbehaviour, or for anything which stood in the way of the dance. One younger dancer said:
"She could be absolutely terrifying and I count it as one of the blessings of my life that I never saw that side of her... The dragon manner was business. Outside of that she was the most witty, delightful, intelligent and informed of companions".

The Vic-Wells was given a Royal Charter in 1956, and became the Royal Ballet. Madame was its first Director. She retired from the Royal Ballet in 1963, but was a big influence for years. She was appointed a Companion of Honour, and awarded the Order of Merit. Madame died at the age of 102 in 2001.

References 

1898 births
2001 deaths
Ballerinas
British centenarians
Choreographers
British dancers
Calibre

A calibre (or caliber in American English) is the diameter of the barrel of a gun. For example, a rifle with a diameter of 0.22 inch is a .22 cal. Guns that have a particular calibre are designed to fit and use bullets of the same calibre.

Types of callibre
Callibre is measured in inches, not millimetres. Common callibres include:

References

Ammunition
Sandro Rosell

Alexandre Rosell i Feli or Sandro Rosell (born March 6, 1964 in Barcelona) is the current chairman of FC Barcelona. He was the vice-president from 2003 to 2005.

1964 births
Living people
Spanish sportspeople
Bitterness

Bitter, one of the five basic tastes.

Common bitter foods and beverages are coffee, pure chocolate, beer,  citrus peel and escarole. Quinine is also known for its bitter taste and is found in tonic water.

Related pages
 Gustatory system
 Saltiness, the taste of salt
 Sweet (taste), the taste of sugar
 Sourness, the taste of lemon

Sensory system

en:Taste#Bitterness
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was a comet. It broke apart and crashed into Jupiter, in July 1994. The event was special because people could see, for the first time, how objects in the Solar System, outside Earth, collided. It caused a large amount of coverage in the media. The comet was carefully watched by astronomers worldwide. The crash gave new information about Jupiter. It also showed up its role in reducing space debris in the inner Solar System. The name came out of the discovers' last names.

Discovery of this comet 

The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy on March 24, 1993. It was found in a picture taken by the  Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory, in California. When it was discovered, it was orbiting Jupiter. It was the first comet seen to be orbiting a planet. Scientists think that it had been orbiting the planet for 20 - 30 years before its discovery.

Crash 

Calculations showed that its unusual broken up form was due to a previous closer approach to Jupiter in July 1992. At that time, the orbit of Shoemaker-Levy 9 passed within Jupiter's Roche limit. Jupiter's tidal forces had acted to pull the comet apart. The comet was later observed as a series of pieces up to  in diameter. These fragments collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22, 1994. The pieces were moving at a speed of approximately 60 km/s. The impact scars were more easily seen than the Great Red Spot and they stayed for many months.

References

Comets
Impact events
International League

The International League (IL) is a minor league baseball league based in the Eastern United States. Like the Pacific Coast League and the Mexican League, the International League plays at the Triple-A level. It was so-named because it had teams in both the United States, Canada, and Cuba. However, all of the league's teams are now based in the U.S.

Other websites
The International League's official website
The International League's symbol

Baseball leagues
Cigerxwîn

Cigerxwîn or Cegerxwîn (born Sheikhmous Hasan; 1903 – October 22, 1984) was a Kurdish polymath, and nationalist.

1903 births
1984 deaths
Kurdish people
Division by two

In mathematics, division by two is when a number is divided by two. Some cultures, like the ancient Egyptians, thought this was a different operation than division. Some mathematicians up until the 16th century (1500-1599) thought this too. Today division by two is handled specially in modern computer programming.

Division by two is also called halving, mediation, and dimidiation.

Binary 

In a binary number system, there are only two digits: 0 and 1. All other numbers are represented with those two digits. For example, "one" is 1, "two" is 10, "three" is 11, "four" is 100, and so on. Most of the time people use a number system with ten digits (the numbers 0 through 9.) This is called the decimal number system.

Division by two in binary is very easy. It is done by dropping the last digit on the right of the number. This is called a "bit shift operation." For example, if we performed a bit shift operation on the binary number 100, we'd get 10. Since binary 100 is decimal 4, and binary 10 is decimal 2, this makes sense.

Another example is performing a bit shift operation on 1101. This would leave us with 110, but we dropped a 1 from the end, not a zero. This also makes sense because 1101 in binary is 13 in decimal. If we divide 13 by 2, we get 6 with a remainder of 1 (we have 1 left over.)

Computers 

Computers use the binary number system to store information. Information is broken up into tiny pieces called bits. Each bit is either a 0 or a 1. Because of this, the fastest and easiest way for a computer to do division is by a bit shift operations -- division by two. Replacing regular division with bit shifts is a way to do program optimization. (Program optimization is trying to make a program faster and more efficient.)

In computer programming, the symbol >> is sometimes used to show a bit shift operation. In Java, we can ask the computer to do the problem  by writing 19 >> 2. This is the same as writing 19/2. Both of these versions will give us the answer 9. There is a problem when trying to do something a problem like . In Java, if we write -3/2, the computer will tell us the answer is -1. But if we try to do -3 >> 2, the computer will say the answer is -2. This will happen every time we try to do a bit shift operation with one negative number. The reason for this is complicated, and has to do with the way negative binary numbers are saved by the computer.

Even though it is fastest for computers to do division using bit shift operations, most computer code does not do it this way. This is because programmers want their programs to be portable and readable. Portable means that a program can be run on many different kinds of computers and operating systems. Readable means that the source code is easy to read and understand. Most of the time, the compiler (a program that changes source code into 0's and 1's that the computer can understand) will change the division into bit shifts automatically.

References 

Arithmetics
Mahmud Bayazidi

Mahmud Bayazidi (Kurdish: Mehmûdê Bazîdî), 1797–1859, was a Kurdish philosopher and polymath  from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire. Bayazid is now Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı Province, Turkey.

1797 births
1859 deaths
Kurdish people
John Goodman

John Stephen Goodman (born June 20, 1952) is an American actor. He was best known for being on Roseanne, for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 1993.

He married Annabeth Herzog in 1989. They have a daughter.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from St. Louis, Missouri
People from Springfield, Missouri
People's Choice Award winners
Imprinting (ethology)

Imprinting is a term used in ethology and psychology to describe a special type of automatic learning.

It usually occurs early in life, during a critical period. That is why the textbooks call it phase-sensitive learning. It is learning which happens at a particular age or a particular life stage. The animal fixes on a particular signal (sound or sight), which is said to be 'imprinted' onto the subject. The process of imprinting is caused by an inherited instinct.

The best-known form of imprinting is the imprinting of the newly-hatched (or born) on one or both parent. Its function is to keep the young near their parent(s) during the early learning period. It is most obvious in birds, such as ducks and geese, after the fledglings have left the nest. They imprint on their parents and then follow them around, often in a long line, on land and on water.

It was first reported in domestic chickens, by the 19th-century amateur biologist Douglas Spalding. It was rediscovered by the early ethologist Oskar Heinroth, and studied extensively and popularised by his disciple Konrad Lorenz, and by Niko Tinbergen.

Lorenz showed how incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what a 'critical period' of 13–16 hours after hatching. For example, the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself (to be more specific, on his wading boots). He is often shown in photographs being followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him.

In child development, the term is used to refer to the process by which a baby learns who its mother and father are. The process is recognised as beginning in the womb, when the unborn baby starts to recognise its parents' voices.

The filial imprinting of birds was a primary technique used to create the movie Winged Migration (Le Peuple Migrateur), which contains footage of migratory birds in flight. The birds imprinted on handlers, who wore yellow jackets and honked horns constantly. The birds were then trained to fly along with a variety of aircraft, usually ultralights.

References 

Learning
Ethology

sk:Reflex#Podmienený reflex
De Dion-Bouton

De Dion-Bouton is a French motor car company that began making cars in 1882. The company was started by Count Albert De Dion, Georges Bouton and Charles Trepardoux. Their first cars were steam powered and they made their first petrol internal combustion engine car in 1895.

A four-wheeled De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux "La Marquise", a steam-powered car, said to be the oldest car in the world that still going, sold in 2007. The car had belonged to Count Albert De Dion. Built in 1884, it has a top speed of 35 miles per hour.

References

Automobile companies of France
1882 establishments in France
Vienna Secession

The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who left the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus due to its  conservatism. This movement included painters, sculptors, and architects. The first president of the Secession was Gustav Klimt, and Rudolf von Alt was made honorary president.

It was founded on  3 April 1897 by artists Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, and others. Although the architect Otto Wagner is one of the most important members he was not a founding member. The first exhibition was held in 1898. In 1898, the group's exhibition house was built near Karlsplatz. It was designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich, the exhibition building soon became known simply as "the Secession" (die Sezession). Their work was also published in a magazin called "Ver sacrum".

1903 Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser founded the Wiener Werkstätten, a union of artists who wanted to reform  the applied arts (arts and crafts). 1905 Klimt and other artists left the group due to different opinions about art.
 Other Secession artists
 Julius Exter
 Richard Gerstl
Max Fabiani
Oskar Kokoschka
 Jože Plečnik
 Carl Moll
 Koloman Moser
 Egon Schiele
 Malva Schalek
 Othmar Schimkowitz
Joseph Maria Olbrich

Other websites 
Homepage Secession

Arts
Art movements
Vienna
1897
19th century in Austria
1890s in Europe
Curtin University

Curtin University (formerly known as Curtin University of Technology) is the largest university in Australia. Its main campus is in Bentley, Western Australia.

History
Curtin University was first called the Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT), which opened in 1966. But the name was changed to the Curtin University of Technology. In 2010, 'of Technology' was dropped and it is now known just as Curtin University.

In 2005, both Curtin and Murdoch University considered merging together, but this was later cancelled.

Facilities
Curtin is split into four faculties, the Centre for Aboriginal studies, Curtin Business school, Humanities, and Science and Engineering.

Transport
Curtin has its own bus port, which has many routes run through it, including services from Canning Bridge railway station.

References

Other websites

 

Colleges and universities in Australia
1966 establishments in Oceania
1960s establishments in Australia
Midnight

The time period "00:00 - 00:01" is midnight. On computer clocks, the day changes to the next day the minute(s) after midnight.

Midnight is the opposite of solar noon, which is when the Sun is highest in the sky.

Start and end of day 
In the world, midnight is the start of one day and the end of the last day. It's the dividing point between two days.

In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers usually show 12 a.m. right at midnight. However, people have to remember that any time is actually an instant. The "a.m." shown on clock displays means the 12-hour period after the instant of midnight. So when a clock says "12:00 a.m.", midnight has already passed and a new day has started. In other words, 11:59 p.m. shows until midnight; at the instant of midnight, it changes to 12:00. At the same time, the p.m. changes to a.m., but a.m. does not mean the instant of midnight which separates p.m. and a.m.

At 24-hour system 
Midnight is also 0 o'clock but
0 o'clock in 24-hour system

23:59 24:00 00:00

Parts of a day
Rottnest Island

Rottnest Island (also known as Rotto or just Rottnest) is 18 kilometres from the mainland of Western Australia. It is called Wadjemup by the Noongar tribe, which means land across the water. Rottnest is a popular tourist attaction.

History
Aboriginal people originally occupied Rottnest around 30,000  years ago. The island was originally connected to the mainland, but it eventually became separated with the Indian Ocean, and so it became an island. As Aboriginal people did not have boats, the island had no one living on it until the Europeans arrived.  Dutch sailor Willem de Vlamingh named the island Rattenest, meaning Rat's nest. The 'rats' he was referring to was actually a Quokka, a native animal on the island. 

After the Swan River Colony was established in 1830, Robert Thomson settled on the island with his family. He made a living selling salt, which is naturally found on the island. Before refrigeration, salt was very important, as it kept food fresh.

The island became a prison for Aboriginals, during the periods of 1838-1849 and 1855-1931. Around 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys were imprisoned for crimes such as spearing livestock, burning the bush and digging vegetables.

Rottnest Island was also used during World War I and II.

Animals

Rottnest is home to the Quokka, and is one of the few places in the world where they live.

Tourism

Rottnest Island is now a very popular tourist destination, due to its beaches, wildlife and natural environment. Nearly 500,000 people visit the island each year, mostly by ferry but others by aircraft (Rottnest has its own airport). The island is looked after by the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA). A fee is charged when people enter the island, which goes to help maintain it.
Motor vehicles are prohibited on the island, except for use by the RIA, Police or other emergency services. Additionally, only certain individuals are allowed to permanently live on the island.

References

Other websites
 Rottnest Island Website

Islands of Australia
Geography of Western Australia
Southern Professional Hockey League

The Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) is a low-level professional ice hockey league based in Charlotte, North Carolina, with teams located in the southeastern United States.

Other websites 

Ice hockey leagues in the United States
2004 establishments in North Carolina
Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey

The Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey(North American Hockey League) (LNAH) was founded in 2004 and is a low-level professional league based in the Canadian province of Quebec.

References

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Federal Hockey League

The Federal Hockey League (FHL) is a professional ice hockey league with teams in the Northeastern United States and Ontario.

Ice hockey leagues in the United States
Canadian Junior Hockey League

The Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL), an association of Canadian Junior A ice hockey leagues and teams, formed in November 1993, emerging from the Canada West Association of Junior 'A' Hockey.

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Alberta Junior Hockey League

The Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL) is an Alberta-based Junior A hockey league that belongs to the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL).

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Sport in Alberta
British Columbia Hockey League

The British Columbia Hockey League is a Junior "A" ice hockey league from British Columbia under Hockey Canada, a subsection of the Canadian Junior Hockey League.

Member teams

Other websites
Official website

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Central Canada Hockey League

The Central Canada Hockey League (CCHL) is a Canadian Junior "A" ice hockey league operating in eastern Ontario, Canada.

References

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League

The Ligue de Hockey Junior AAA Quebec or Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League is a Hockey Quebec Junior "AAA" ice hockey league. It is a member of Hockey Canada and the Canadian Junior Hockey League.

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Czech Extraliga

The Czech Extraliga () is the highest-level ice hockey league in the Czech Republic. As of 2009, it is ranked by the IIHF as the third strongest league in Europe.

Name 
The name of the league is leased a general sponsor and changes frequently.
 In 1999-2000 season – Staropramen Extraliga
 In 2001-2002 season – Český Telecom Extraliga
 From 2003 to 2006 – Tipsport Extraliga
 From 2007 to 2010 – O2 Extraliga
 From 2010 – Tipsport Extraliga

2010-11 teams
Note: The names of most teams are leased to general sponsors and change frequently.

Champions

Year By Year
 1994 HC Olomouc
 1995 HC Dadák Vsetín
 1996 HC Petra Vsetín
 1997 HC Petra Vsetín
 1998 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
 1999 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
 2000 HC Sparta Praha
 2001 HC Vsetín
 2002 HC Sparta Praha
 2003 HC Slavia Praha
 2004 HC Hamé Zlín
 2005 HC Moeller Pardubice
 2006 HC Sparta Praha
 2007 HC Sparta Praha
 2008 HC Slavia Praha
 2009 HC Energie Karlovy Vary
 2010 HC Pardubice
 2011 HC Oceláři Třinec
 2012 HC ČSOB Pojišťovna Pardubice
 2013 HC Škoda Plzeň
 2014 PSG Zlín
 2015 HC Verva Litvínov
 2016 Bílí Tygři Liberec
 2017 HC Kometa Brno
 2018 HC Kometa Brno

References

Other websites

 Hokej.cz
 Hokej iDNES.cz

Ice hockey in the Czech Republic
Ice hockey leagues
Deutsche Eishockey Liga

The Deutsche Eishockey Liga (German Ice Hockey League, shortname DEL) is a German professional ice hockey league, which currently has the highest number of American and Canadian players outside of North America.

Current teams
There are currently 14 teams playing in the DEL.

Ice hockey leagues
Kontinental Hockey League

The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) () is an international professional ice hockey league in Eurasia founded in 2008.

Teams in 2014–15

References

Ice hockey leagues
2008 establishments
Apple strudel

Apple strudel () is a traditional Austrian dessert. It is also known in most of the countries which formed the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

History
The recipe came over the Ottoman Empire to Austria. A sweet related to strudel is baklava. Strudel was named for the first time in 1696. It gained popularity after Empress Maria Theresia had it served to her.

Pastry
Strudel is made of a thin, elastic pastry. The filling contains sliced apples,  sugar, cinnamon, raisins, and bread crumbs. Preparing the strudel dough is a difficult process, so you can also buy strudel pastry. Apple strudel can also be made with puff pastry. Traditionally, the strudel is served warm with whipped cream or vanilla ice cream. Also, vanilla sauce is popular in many countries.

References

Desserts
Austrian food
Ostreoida

The order Ostreoida includes the oysters and other families of bivalves such as Pectinidae (mostly scallops).

2010 taxonomy
In 2010, a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published by Bieler, Carter & Coan, revising the classification of the Bivalvia, including the order Ostreoida.

Order Ostreoida
(Oysters)
Superfamily: Ostreoidea
Family: Gryphaeidae
Family: Ostreidae

Suborder: Pectinoida

(Scallop shells and allies)
Superfamily: Anomoiidea
Superfamily: Plicatuloidea
Superfamily: Dimyoidea
Superfamily: Pectinoidea
Family: Entoliidae
Family: Pectinidae
Family: Propeamussiidae
Family: Spondylidae

Suborder: Limoida

(File shells and allies)
Superfamily: Limoidea

Suborder: Mytiloida

(Saltwater mussels)
Superfamily: Mytiloidea

Suborder: Pterioida

(Winged oysters and allies)
Superfamily: Pinnoidea
Superfamily: Pteroidea

References

Other websites

 European checklist of marine species, for Molluscs 
 Man and Molluscs Bivalve page

Bivalves
Pectinina

Pectinina is a suborder in the Bivalve order Ostreoida. It contains the superfamilies Pectinoidea and Anomioidea.

Bivalves
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque

Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840) was a nineteenth-century polymath. He contributed to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.

Rafinesque was eccentric. People often say he was an "erratic genius". He was an autodidact. He was  successful in many things. He was good as a zoologist, botanist, writer and polyglot. He wrote prolifically on such diverse topics as anthropology, biology, geology, and linguistics. Today, scholars say that he was far ahead of his time in many of these fields.

References

French botanists
French zoologists
French writers
1783 births
1840 deaths
Linguists
Ostreidae

Ostreidae are the true oysters. The family includes most species eaten under the name oyster. Pearl oysters are not true oysters because they belong to a different order, the Pterioida.

Like scallops, true oysters have a central adductor muscle. This causes a scar in the middle of the shell. It is the point of attachment. The shell is often irregular because oysters attach to substrates.

Bivalves

be:Вустрыцы
Lens (anatomy)

The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex  structure in the eye. With the cornea it helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens changes shape. This changes the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances. This adjustment of the lens is called accommodation. It is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera when it focuses its lenses. The lens is flatter on the inside.

The lens is also called the aquula (Latin, a little stream, dim. of aqua, water) or crystalline lens. In humans, the refractive power of the lens in its natural environment is approximately 18 dioptres. This is about one-third of the eye's total power.

Related pages
Melatonin
Visual perception
 Cataract

Eye anatomy
Pecten (bivalve)

Pecten is a genus of large scallops or saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae.
This is the type genus of the family. Pecten have lived since the Triassic Era and swim by flopping their shells.

The name "Pecten" is the Latin word for a comb or rake.

Shell petroleum company has used its logo with a shell since 1904.

Species
Species in the genus Pecten include:
 Pecten maximus - the great scallop, which species may also include Pecten jacobaeus
 Pecten novaezealandiae - New Zealand scallop
 Pecten sulcicostatus Sowerby II, 1842 - South African scallop
 Pecten yessoensis - Japanese (sea) scallop

References

Other websites 

Bivalves
Byssus

Byssus is a silky filament by which certain molluscs attach to hard surfaces. It also means a rare fabric. It is also called sea silk, and is its fibre source.

Bivalves
Lake Ülemiste

Lake Ülemiste () a lake in Estonia. It is the largest of the lakes near Tallinn, the capital city. Tallinn takes its drinking water from this lake. The lake gets its water mostly from the small Kurna stream and the larger Pirita River (through the Vaskjala-Ülemiste canal).

There is a legend about this lake. The legend says that the "Old Man of Lake Ülemiste" () lives in the lake. When anyone meets him, he always asks: "Is Tallinn ready yet?". If the other person answers "Yes, the city is ready.", then the old man will send the lake waters out to cover the city of Tallinn. In this way, if anyone meets this old man, they should answer: "No, the city is not ready. There is a lot of work to do still." In this way the city can be saved.

Other websites

Ulemiste
Geography of Estonia
Sachertorte

Sachertorte  (Sacher cake) is a  chocolate cake with a chocolate icing and a apricot jam filling. It is a typical sweet from Vienna. It is named after Franz Sacher, who invented the recipe.

History
The first cake was made by Franz Sacher in 1832 when Klemens Fürst Metternich ordered the kitchen to create a new sweet for his evening guests. The chef was ill so Sacher, who was apprentice in his second year, invented the first Sachertorte. After this the cake was nearly forgotten. Sacher worked in Budapest and Presburg and opened in 1848 a  high-class delicatessen and winery in Vienna. His son Eduard Sacher, who learned in the  Demel bakery which supplyed the court, brought the recipe in the form we know today. First the cake was sold by Demel, but after Eduard bought the Hotel Sacher also there.

In the 20th century there was a legal battle between the Sacher and the Demel about selling the "Original Sacher Torte". In 1963 the both parties agree, that the Hotel Sacher is allowed to use the name "Original Sacher Torte". The Demel could now sell a "Eduard Sacher Torte".

The Sachertorte consists of a chocolate sponge cake with a thin layer of apricot jam in the middle and dark chocolate icing on the top and sides. The main difference between the cake from the Hotel Sacher and from the Demel bakery is that the Original Sacher Torte has a layer of apricot jam under the icing and in the middle of the cake. The cake from Demel has only jam under the icing.

Most of the time the cake is served with whipped cream without sugar.

Other websites

Homepage Hotel Sacher-Die Sacher Torte(German)
 "Sachertorte" - A recipe by Delia Smith 
 BBC News|Happy Birthday, cake
 Is Sachertorte the Ultimate Devotion? 

Cakes
Dishes named after people
Austrian food
Salzburger Nockerl

Salzburger Nockerl is a sweet dessert from Salzburg, Austria.

The dessert is made of egg yolk, flour, sugar, salt, vanilla, and milk mixed into a thin dough. It is always freshly prepared. It is served warm with powdered sugar on it.  The powdered sugar is said to represent the snow-covered peaks of the Gaisberg, Moenchsberg and Nonnberg.

In the operetta "Saison in Salzburg" (Season in Salzburg) by Fred Raymond, the dessert is praised in a song as "“Suess wie die Liebe und zart wie ein Kuss” (meaning Sweet as love and tender as a kiss in German). A legend says that they were invented by Salome Alt, the concubine of Salzburg′s Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau in the early 17th century.

Other websites
Spiegel Online:Nichts als heiße Luft (Nothing but hot air) 

Austrian food
Desserts
Egg dishes
Kurt Schuschnigg

Kurt Alois Josef Johann Schuschnigg (1897–1977, until 1919, Edler von Schuschnigg) was the 15th Chancellor of Austria. He was in office between the assassination of his predecessor, Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, and the annexation of Austria in 1938. The time of Dollfuss' and Schuschnigg's reign is known as Austrofascism today. He survived the war as a prisoner. After the war, he took US citizenship, and became a professor for  state law in the United States. In 1968, he returned to Austria, where he died in 1977. 

Schuschnigg studied law in Freiburg im Breisgau and Innsbruck. The nazi Otto Planetta killed Dollfuss, in 1934, in an event that is known as July putsch today. During the war, the NSDAP saw Planetta as a hero. Schuschnigg became the next Chancellor, and at age 36, is the youngest person to become chanellor to this date. 

Schuschnigg was a conservative and an Austrian nationalist. He also supported the idea of Austria as a catholic nation. During his time in office, he was opposed to the idea of Austria becoming a part of Germany. Adolf Hitler began to make show aggression towards Austria in the later 1930s. Schuschnigg planned a referendum on the issue, and this was strongly opposed by the Nazis. In his last major speech, he gave an emotional appeal to Austrian independence and nationalism, finishing with the line "Red White Red, until we're dead!" (referring to the colors of the Austrian flag). Schuschnigg was forced to step down on 11th March 1938, and to hand power to Dr. Arthur Seyß-Inquart. One day later, Austria was annexed to Germany. 

Schuschnigg was arrested by the Gestapo soon after this. He was sent to the infamous Dachau Concentration Camp, where he spent most of the war. After Dachau was liberated by allied armed forces he moved to the United States. He wrote books on his political career and worked in academia in the US. In 1968 he retired from being a professor and retired to Austria, where he died of natural causes in 1977. 

1897 births
1977 deaths
American academics
American political scientists
Austrian people of World War II
Chancellors of Austria
Government ministers of Austria
Holocaust survivors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Valeria Kozlova

Valeria Sergeyevna Kozlova (; born on January 22, 1988) is a Russian singer, composer, songwriter, drummer and actress. She was a member of the music group Ranetki from 2005 until 2008.

She was in a relationship with Ranetki's producer Sergei Milnichenko (b.1966) from 2005 until 2008.

Other websites 
 
 

1988 births
Living people
Russian singers
Russian composers
Russian actors
Diario Frontera

Diario Frontera is a Venezuelan regional newspaper, headquartered in Ejido, in the state of Mérida. Founded in 1978, its slogan is "El diario del occidente del país" (The Daily of the occident of the country).

Features 
The newspaper is distributed as standard colored format. It contains regional, national, and international news. It has two supplements, issued every Sunday: Aquí entre Nos magazine, and a supplement for children, Chipilín. It has special editions for occasions like Feria del Sol and Día del Trabajador.

History 
Diario Frontera was founded by José Benedicto Monsalve, along with the writer Rafael Ángel Gallegos, who was the first director, on 12 August 1978. At the beginning, it was printed in black and white using a rotary owned by Diario Critica.

In the eighties, Diario Frontera became a generalist newspaper, printed in black and white, and with 20 pages. Since 1989, it has printed a page or a section dedicated to the University of the Andes, due to the great number of students and the importance of the University in the life of the city.

In June 2005, it printed an inquiry about a student of the university killed by the police. Diario wrote that the student had been hit by the policemen, but also revealed his belonging to an armed political group. The headquarter of the newspaper was attacked by groups of students; it was the beginning of riots that then spread all over the city. The pleas of Reporters Without Borders remained unheard.

In 2008, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary, Diario has revamped graphics (logo, typeface).

Directors 
 Rafael Ángel Gallegos
 Alcides Monsalve

References

Related pages
 List of Venezuelan newspapers
 Mérida, Venezuela

Other websites
 Diario Frontera website 

1978 establishments
Newspapers in South America
Mérida (state)
Charles Doolittle Walcott

Charles Doolittle Walcott (March 31, 1850 – February 9, 1927) was an American geologist and invertebrate paleontologist. He became known for his discovery in 1909 of well-preserved fossils in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada.

Walcott became Director of the U.S. Geological Survey 1894–1907, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1907–1927. He discovered a number of important fossil sites. At the Walcott Quarry, the lowest (earliest) of the Burgess Shale deposits, Walcott collected 65,000 specimens between 1910 and 1924. The site dates to the Middle Cambrian, and is in the Canadian Rockies.

The Walcott-Rust quarry is near Russia, New York. This site has produced some of the best preserved trilobites ever found, including enrolled specimens with soft body parts.

References 

 

1850 births
1927 deaths
American paleontologists
American geologists
Scientists from New York
Mérida (state)

Estado Mérida () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Mérida. Mérida State covers a total surface area of 11,300 km² and, in 2007, had an estimated population of 843,800.

Municipalities and municipal seats

Geography

Hydrography

Rivers
Hydrography is divided into two basins of the Orinoco River (Atlantic) and Lake Maracaibo (Caribbean Sea): In the Orinoco River basin major rivers are: Santo Domingo, Canaguá, Escagüey, Ticopoto, Bumbúm and Carapo; in the In the Lake Maracaibo basin major rivers are: Chama, Motatán, Mucujepe, Capaz, Torondoy, Mocotíes and Nuestra Señora.

Lagons
 
In the state there are a lot of gaps between them are: La Mucuy, Los Patos, Negra, Mucubaji, Santo Cristo, El Arco, Los Anteojos, Suero, Encierro, La Sangre, El Gallo, Don Pedro, Laguna Grande, campanario, La Honda, La Negra, Fría y La Carbonera. Other gaps: Laguna Brava, Los Lirios and Urao

National parks
 
 Sierra Nevada National Park
 Paramo Batallon – La Negra National Park
 Sierra de la Culata National Park
 Tapo-Caparo National Park

Natural monuments
 Chorrera de La González
 Laguna de Urao
 Meseta la Galera

Other sites of interest
 

 Aguas termales de Chiguara.
 Aguas termales de Jají.
 Aguas termales de Tabay.
 Aguas termales Valle de la Quebrada de las Tapias.
 El Velo de la Novia.
 Parque Natural Cascada De La India Carú
 Parque Natural Cascada El Guayabal
 Laguna de Mucubají o Laguna Grande.
 Laguna Negra.
 Kiubofibo "Inside my mind".
 Collado del Cóndor (Pico El Águila).
 Pico El Gavilán.
 Pico Espejo.
 Pico Mucuñuque.
 Aguas termales de Santa Apolonia
 Balneario de Palmarito

Climate and Vegetation

The climate is cold but in the relatively small area of Mérida state, there are usually several dramatic climatic changes that occur daily. The climate in Mérida city is between 19 °C and 20 °C, temperatures between 5 °C and 9 °C  at El Bolivar Peak, or below zero  when it snows and 28 °C in the El Vigía area. Its rains almost every late afternoon in January–February that is the coldest months an August–September and in August and September it often rains at night. The vegetation is exuberant and there are many lakes and rivers, a great number of which are well stocked with trout, one of the delicacies of Mérida. The most important river in the state is the "Chama" because a large part of the water resources of Venezuela originates in the Mérida mountains. The state tree is the "Bucare" and the state flower is the "Frailejón" and in the "Coloradito" is found the tree at the highest altitude in the world. In this mountains habitat the "Oso Frontino" bear and the majestic Condor flies through the skies of the páramos and in the lagoons there are many trout.

References

Other websites 

 Government of Mérida State 

1864 establishments
 
Establishments in Venezuela
19th-century establishments in South America
States of Venezuela
Microsoft Agent

Microsoft Agent is the technology created by Microsoft which uses animated characters Text to speech engines, and Speech recognition software to improve interaction with computer users. It comes pre-installed with Windows 2000 through to Windows Vista but not on Windows 7.

Technology
Microsoft Agent characters are stored in files of the .ACS file format, and can be stored in a number of compressed .ACF files for better World Wide Web distribution. Microsoft Office 97 and Microsoft Bob Actor characters are stored in files of the .ACT format.

The speech engine itself is driven by the Microsoft Speech API (SAPI), version 4 and above. Microsoft SAPI provides a control panel for easily installing and switching between various available Text to Speech and Speech to Text engines, as well as voice training and scoring systems to improve the quality and accuracy of both engines.

Microsoft provides four agent characters for free, which can be downloaded from the Microsoft Agent website. These are called Peedy, Merlin, Genie, and Robby. Some characters also shipped with Microsoft Office up to version 2003 as the Office Assistants and with Windows XP as search assistants. New Agent characters can also be created using Microsoft's development tools, including the Agent Character Editor. Agents can be embedded in software with Visual Basic for Applications and in web pages with VBScript, and automated tools for the purpose of simplifying this exist. However, web page agents are only compatible with Internet Explorer, since alternative browsers like Opera or Mozilla Firefox do not support ActiveX. Additionally, users of Windows Me,  Windows 2000, Windows XP, and above or owners of Microsoft Office 2000 and up are the only ones who have Agent software pre-loaded on their computers; others have to download the software and install it manually.

References

Microsoft
Gideon Welles

Gideon Welles (July 1, 1802 – February 11, 1878) was the United States Secretary of the Navy during the presidencies of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.  He served from March 7, 1861 until March 4, 1869. He was from Glastonbury, Connecticut.

References

United States Secretaries of the Navy
1802 births
1878 deaths
Politicians from Connecticut
American abolitionists
American journalists
Lawyers from Connecticut
American literature
Members of the Cabinet of the United States
Keble College, Oxford

Keble College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its main buildings are on Parks Road, opposite the University Museum and the University Parks.  Keble is one of the larger colleges, with 435 undergraduates and 245 graduate students. The head of the college is the Warden (currently Sir Jonathan Phillips) and senior academic members are Fellows.

Keble was founded in 1870, having been built as a monument to John Keble, a leading member of the Oxford Movement. As originally constituted it was for men only and the fellows were mostly bachelors resident in the college. In the period after the second World War the trends were towards scientific courses (the major area devoted to science east of the University Museum influenced this) and eventually co-education for men and women from 1979 onwards.

It remains distinctive for its once-controversial neo-gothic red-brick buildings designed by William Butterfield. During the 20th century the college has been extended several times by new buildings.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1870 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in England
New York Clipper

The New York Clipper, also known as The Clipper, was a weekly entertainment newspaper published in New York City from 1853 to 1924. It covered topics such as dance, music, the outdoors, and sports.

Other websites
 
The New York clipper annual

Newspapers in New York City
1853 establishments in the United States
1924 disestablishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
1920s disestablishments in New York (state)
Baltimore Orioles (19th century)

The Baltimore Orioles were a 19th-century American Association and National League. They formed in 1882 and went defunct 1899. The team, which featured numerous future Hall of Famers, finished in first place three consecutive years (1894–1896) and won the Temple Cup championship in 1896 and 1897.

Major League Baseball teams
Sports in Baltimore
1882 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
1899 disestablishments
1890s disestablishments in the United States
Sayabec

Sayabec is a small town called "municipality" in Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1894. 1,877 people live there. Sayabec is in the Matapedia Valley close to the Matapedia Lake.

Settlements in Quebec
1894 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
Arrows

This article is about the Formula One racing team. For other uses of the term arrow, see Arrow.

Arrows Grand Prix International was a Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002. The team was also known as Footwork.

Origins
The Arrows Grand Prix International team was founded in 1977, by Italian financier (someone who handles lots of money) Franco Ambrosio, Alan Rees, Jackie Oliver, Dave Wass and Tony Southgate when Rees, Oliver, Wass and Southgate left the Shadow team. They named the team after the first letter of each person's last name in order, spelling out AROWS. The name was then changed to the correct spelling of Arrows.

History

Arrows Grand Prix International
The team earned their first podium at the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix, with future Williams driver Riccardo Patrese earning second. The rest of the season consisted of him earning points occasionally. Arrows fielded Patrese until 1981. In 1984 the team used BMW M12 turbo engines, and later Megatron turbos, and results improved as the turbo era moved along, going at its peak in 1988 when the team finished fifth in the constructors' championship. In between 1984 and 1988 the team had gotten two podium positions. Eventually when turbo engines were banned from the regulations, making them illegal to run in a race, Arrows' performance dropped, despite a third place podium finish at the 1989 USA Grand Prix in Phoenix.

Footwork Arrows
The team was renamed Footwork in 1991 until being changed back to Arrows after the 1996 season. Arrows' performance dropped with the usage of the Porsche engines. Footwork eventually changed to Mugen Honda engines. The team also ran Ford and Hart engines as well.

Tom Walkenshaw's Arrows
In 1997, Tom Walkenshaw bought a part of Arrows, and hired 1996 Drivers' Champion Damon Hill and Pedro Diniz. Diniz was very rich and helped pay for Hill's salary, placing Diniz as the role of a pay driver. Hill nearly won the Hungarian Grand Prix but a component failure meant that Hill had slowed down and fell to second place, where Hill would finish. In the next few years Walkenshaw would buy out what Jackie Oliver had owned.

As the seasons went on Arrows started to go in debt. In 2002 at times the two drivers, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Enrique Bernoldi deliberately failed to qualify for a couple of races in an attempt to save some money. The team could not finish the season and went into liquidation and folded at the end of the season. However, Phoenix Finance purchased the team's assets and tried to enter in the 2003 season but was not allowed. 

Formula One
François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French politician who was the President of the French Republic from 21 May 1981 until 17 May 1995. He was born in Jarnac in the Charente department. He was a member of the Socialist Party. Before being elected president, he had held several positions in the French Cabinet. As President of France, he was also one of the Co-Princes of Andorra. Jacques Chirac was President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra after him. Mitterrand died of prostate cancer in Paris. He was laid to rest in his birthplace Jarnac.

From 1959 to 1981, Mitterrand was also mayor of Château-Chinon (Ville), a municipality in the Nièvre department.

References

1916 births
1996 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from prostate cancer
French lawyers
French mayors
Presidents of France
Princes of Andorra
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Afonso IV of Portugal

Afonso IV (; 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357), called the Brave (), was the seventh king of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death. He was the only son that King Denis of Portugal had with his wife Elizabeth of Aragon. Afonso married Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359) in 1309, daughter of Sancho IV, King of Castile and María de Molina, and had four sons and three daughters by her. He also had another daughter.

Notes

Kings and Queens of Portugal
1291 births
1357 deaths
Coniston Water

Coniston Water (usually called just Coniston) is a lake in Cumbria. It is the third largest lake in the Lake District. It is  long and  wide. The lake has an elevation of 143 feet (44 m) above sea level. It drains to the sea via the River Crake.

Waterspeed record 

In the 20th century Coniston was the scene of many attempts to break the world water speed record. On August 19, 1939 Sir Malcolm Campbell set the record at 141.74 miles per hour (228.108 km/h) in Bluebird K4. Between 1956 and 1959 Sir Malcolm's son Donald Campbell set four successive records on the lake in Bluebird K7, a hydroplane.

In 1966 Donald Campbell decided that he needed to get over 300 miles per hour (483 km/h) to keep the record. On January 4, 1967 he achieved a top speed of over 320 miles per hour (515 km/h) in Bluebird K7 on the return leg of a record-breaking attempt. He then lost control of Bluebird, which somersaulted and crashed, sinking rapidly. Campbell was killed instantly on impact. The attempt could not be counted as a record-breaking run because the second leg was not completed.

Lady in the Lake 
In recent times, Coniston Water has become known for a controversial murder case. Mrs Carol Park was dubbed the "Lady in the Lake" after the Raymond Chandler novel of the same name.

References 

Lakes of the United Kingdom
Cumbria
Geography of England