cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Administrator of the Northern Territory

The Administrator of the Northern Territory is the person selected by the Governor-General of Australia to act as the governor of the Northern Territory of Australia. The selection of Administrator is made by the Governor-General-in-Council, that is, the Governor-General acting on the advice of the Australian government, not the advice of the Government of the Northern Territory.

The Northern Territory became self-governing on 1 July 1978. Now the Governor-General-in Council accepts a recommendation from the Northern Territory Government. Unlike an Australian State Governor, the Administrator does not represent the Queen in the Territory. They represent the Governor-General who is the Queen's representative in the Commonwealth. The Administrator's role is to govern the Territory under the law which gave it self-government. The Administrator's constitutional role is almost the same as a State Governor and can be considered the Queen's indirect representative in the Territory.

The office of the Deputy of the Administrator was created in 1997.

The present Administrator is Sally Thomas, AM.

South Australia (1846 to 1912) 
The Northern Territory was part of South Australia from 1846 to 1912. The administrator was known as the Government Resident.

Commonwealth of Australia (1912 to present) 

The Australian government took over control of the Northern Territory in 1912.

Administrator (1912 to 1919)

Director (1919 to 1921)

Administrator (1921 to 1927)

Government Resident (1927 to 1931) 

There was an experiment having an extra Government Resident (Central Australia) in Alice Springs based at The Residency. Alice Springs was known as Stuart Town from 1888 to 1933.

Administrator (1931 to present)

Deputy of the Administrator (1997 to present) 

The office of the Deputy of the Administrator was established in 1997.

References

Other websites 
 Government House, Northern Territory, Office of the Administrator – official site 

Northern
Spring bud

Spring bud is the color that used to be called spring green before the X11 web color spring green was formulated in 1987 when the X11 colors were first invented.  This color is now called spring bud to avoid confusion with the web color.

The color spring bud is also called soft spring green or spring green (traditional).

The first written use of spring green as a color name in English (meaning the color that is now called spring bud) was in 1766.

Meaning of spring bud
 The color spring bud is representative of and brings to mind the young buds of growing vegetation in early spring, and thus it is associated with new life.

Tones of spring bud color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
List of rivers of Slovakia

This is a list of the major rivers that flow through Slovakia and their lengths.

List by letter
Bebrava: 47.2 km

Belá: 36.3 km
Biela Orava: 37 km
Blava: 47.5 km
Blh: 52.5 km
Bodrog: 123 km (out of which 15 km in Slovakia)
Bodva: 48.4 km
Bystrica (several water flows bear this name)
Chlmec: 36.1 km
Chvojnica: 31.5 km
Cirocha: 50.6 km
Čierna voda (Malý Dunaj): 105.5 km
Čierna voda (Uh): 41 km
Danube/Dunaj: 2850 km (out of which 172 km in Slovakia)
Dudváh: 97 km
Dunajec: 251 km
Duša: 41.1 km
Gidra: 40.5 km
Gortva: 33 km
Handlovka: 32 km
Hnilec: 88.9 km
Hornád: 193 km (out of which 19 km state border Slovakia-Hungary)
Hron: 298 km
Ida: 56.6 km
Ipeľ: 232.5 km (out of which 140 km state border Slovakia - Hungary)
Krivánsky potok: 35.4 km
Krtíš: 36.5 km
Krupá
Krupinica: 65.4 km
Kysuca: 66.3 km
Laborec: 135 km
Latorica: 188 km
Little Danube/Malý Dunaj: 128 km
Malina: 47.2 km
Morava: 328.9 km (out of which 114 km state borders Slovakia-Czech Republic and Slovakia-Austria)
Muráň: 48.8 km
Myjava: 79 km
Nitra: 197 km
Nitrica: 51.4 km
Okna: 37.3 km
Olšava: 49.9 km
Oľka: 39.2 km
Ondava: 146.5 km
Ondavka: 31 km
Orava: 60.3 km
Paríž: 41.5 km
Perec: 53.5 km
Poprad: 169 km (out of which 107 km in Slovakia and 31,1 km state border  Slovakia - Poland)
Radošinka: 31.9 km
Rajčanka: 47.5 km
Revúca: 33.1 km
Rimava: 88 km
Rimavica: 32.5 km
Rudava: 45 km
Sekčov: 44.3 km
Sikenica: 46.2 km
Slaná (Hungarian: Sajó): 229.4 km (out of which 110 km in Slovakia)
Slatina: 55.2 km
Štiavnica: 55 km
Štítnik: 32.8 km
Stoličný potok: 38.9 km
Suchá: 35.1 km
Svinka: 50.8 km
Tisa: 996 km (5.2 km state border Slovakia-Hungary)
Tisovník: 41 km
Topľa: 129.8 km
Torysa: 122.9 km
Trnávka (Dudváh): 43 km
Trnávka (Ondava): 37.1 km
Tuhársky potok: 31.9 km
Turiec (Váh): 66.3 km
Turiec (Sajó/Slaná): 50.2 km 
Turňa: 32 km 
Udava: 38.3 km
Uzh/Uh: 127 km (out of which 21.3 km in Slovakia)
Váh: 403 km
Žitava: 99.3 km

Slovakia
Slovakia
List of rivers of Slovenia

This is a  list of rivers of Slovenia. This list is arranged by where the river drains.

Draining into the Mediterranean Sea
Soča River
Nadiža River
Jamjak Creek
Lerada Creek
White Creek (Bela)
Vipava River
Vrtojbica Creek
Lijak Creek
Branica Creek
Mlac Creek
Raša Creek
Košivec Creek
Skrivšek Creek
Jovšček Creek
Hubelj River
White Creek (Bela)
Idrijca River
Bača River
Knežica Creek 
Prošček Creek 
Bad Creek (Huda grapa)
Runža Creek
Trebuščica River
Hotenja Creek
Daberšček Creek
Poličanka Creek
Beech Creek (Bukovska grapa)
Cerknica River
Cerenščica Creek
Zaganjalčnica Creek
Otuška Creek
Luknjica Creek
Ugly Creek (Grda grapa)
Kanomljica Creek
Ljubevščica Creek
Gadiča Creek
Tolminka River
Zadlaščica Creek
Hotevlje Creek
Volarja Creek
White Creek (Beli potok)
Kokošnjak Creek
Ročica Creek
Korito Creek
Idrija Creek
Castle Creek (Trnovo ob Soči) (Potok za gradom)
Kozjak Creek
Globoščak Creek
Učja River
Boka Creek
Koritnica River
Prešnik Creek (Prešnikov graben)
Predelica Creek
Kaludrica Creek
Ilovec Creek
Lepenjica Creek
Vrsnik Creek
Laventnik Creek
Reka River
Rižana River
Dragonja River

Draining into the Black Sea
Sava River
Kolpa River
Lahinja River
Čabranka River
Sotla River
Krka River
Radulja River
Temenica River
Mirna River
Savinja River
Voglajna River
Hudinja River
Ložnica River
Bolska River
Paka River
Dreta River
Ljubljanica River
Besnica Creek
Šivnik River
Gobovšček River
Hrušica Creek (Hruševski potok)
Mejaš River
Gradaščica River
Glinščica Creek
Pržanec Creek
Šujica Creek
Horjulščica River
Hruševnik Creek
Belca Creek
Šujica Creek
Prosca Creek
Little Creek (Mala voda)
Božna River
Big Božna Creek (Velika Božna)
Little Božna Creek (Mala Božna)
Ižica Creek
Iška Creek
Bistra Creek
Kamniška Bistrica River
Pšata River
Nevljica River
Sora River
Poljanščica River
Sovpat Creek
Brebovščica Creek
Dršak Creek
Selščica River
Jablenovica Creek
Drbovnik Creek
Selnica Creek
Studeno Creek (Studenska grapa)
Lower Smoleva Creek (Prednja Smoleva)
Plenšak Creek
Upper Smoleva Creek  (Zadnja Smoleva)
Davča Creek
Pruhavca Creek
Pometpoh Creek
Black Creek (Črni potok)
Štajnpoh Creek
Upper Sora Creek (Zadnja Sora)
Kokra River
Tržiška Bistrica River
Sava Bohinjka River
Sava Dolinjka River
Drava River
Pesnica River
Dravinja River
Oplotniščica River
Polskava River
Fram Creek (Framski potok)
Meža River
Mislinja River
Selčnica Creek
Globoščica Creek
Lakužnica Creek
Mura River
Ledava River
Krka River
Ščavnica River

List by letter

Slovenia
Slovenia
Septicemic plague

Septicemic (or septicaemic) plague is a deadly blood infection. It is one of the three main forms of plague (the other two being the bubonic and penumonic). It is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

Septicemic plague can cause the blood to form small clots through the body. Without treatment it is almost always fatal. The death rate in medieval times was 99-100 percent. Septicemic plague is the rarest of the three plagues that struck Europe in 1348, the other forms are bubonic and pneumonic plague. This disease is caused mainly by the bite of an infected rodent or insect. In rare cases it can also enter the body through an opening in the skin or by cough from another infected human. In septicemic plague the bacteria grow quickly in the blood, causing severe sepsis. The endotoxins cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This is tiny clots of blood throughout the body which stops the blood getting to some areas. This causes the cells in the area to die. DIC uses up the bodies ability to make blood clot, so that it can no longer control bleeding. This means there is bleeding into the skin and other organs, which can cause red and/or black patchy rash and  coughing up or vomiting of blood (hemoptysis/haemoptysis). There are bumps on the skin that look somewhat like insect bites. These bumps are usually red, and sometimes white in the center. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the death rate to between 4 and 15 percent. People that get this disease must receive treatment in at most 24 hours or they will die. In some cases, people may even die on the same day they get the disease.

Symptoms

Abdominal pain
Bleeding due to blood clotting problems
Diarrhoea
Fever
Low blood pressure
Nausea
Organ failure
Vomiting

Note: Septicemic plague may cause death before any symptoms occur

Septicemic plague in Medieval times

The septicemic plague was the least common of the three plagues that occurred from 1348 to 1350. Like the others, the septicemic plague spread from the East through trade routes on the Black Sea and down to the Mediterranean Sea. Major port cities such as Venice and Florence were hit the hardest. The three plagues that are part of the Black Death were a major factor in the Peasant's Revolt of 1381.

Related pages
Septicemia
Meningococcemia
Bubonic Plague
Pneumonic plague
Black death

References

Other websites
Google Health - Plague
HowStuffWorks - "Septicemic Plague"

Plague

de:Pest#Pestsepsis
Titian

Tiziano Vecellio (sometimes his last name is given as Vecelli, born around 1490, in Pieve di Cadore near Belluno,  died 27 August 1576 in Venice) was an Italian painter. His name in English is Titian. He was one of the leading painters of the 16th century Venetian school; he is also seen as one of the principal artists of High Renaissance painting of the 16th century. When he was alive, he was often called Da Cadore, after his place of birth.

When he was active, the Republic of Venice had a Golden Age, and was well-off economically. Aged nine, Titian went to Venice. The brothers Gentile and Giovanni Bellini taught him how to paint. In 1513, he opened his own shop, and developed into a successful painter, known all over Europe. In 1533, Charles V made him a nobleman. He also obtained a job as a painter at the court of Charles V.  In 1545, Pope Paul III invited him to come to Rome, in 1548 and 1550, Titian accompanied Charles V and his son, Philip II to the Diet of Augsburg. When Titian died of the Plague in the year 1576, he was an old man. He was also one of the most famous painters of Venetian history.

Titian was very productive: in total, he painted 676 works. He did portraits, landscapes, as well as themes from mythology and religious works. All his works are very colorful. This special use of color influenced other painters of the same period a great deal. His works influenced painters such as Peter Paul Rubens, Antoine Watteau and Eugène Delacroix.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

1490s births
1576 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Giorgione

Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco ( born 1477 or 1478, died 1510) was a Venetian painter. He is commonly known as Giorgione. He died a little over 30, probably of the plague. Today, only about six paintings can be clearly attributed to him. This makes him one of the most mysterious painters of his time. Together with Titian he was one of the most influential painters of his period. He was one of the first Venitian Painters to use Oil Paints for a medium.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

1470s births
1510 deaths

15th-century Italian painters
Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani

Nitin yadav bojha (21-08-2002 –) is a indian politician and socialist

Biography 
Hamza studied Aerospace engineer  from École nationale de l'aviation civile (the French civil aviation university ; promotion 1963) and economist graduate from ENSAE ParisTech (promotion 1973), Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani holds boarder positions in the Moroccan public administration.

He is known as a writer. His work is focused on his hometown, Essaouira, which he often calls with its former name Mogador.

His first book, "Une cité sous les alizés" ("a city under the trade winds"), is an historical study of Mogador-Essaouira from prehistory to the World War II. Then he turned to fiction, but retaining a strong historical basis.

In "Si Mogador m'était contée" ("if Mogador could talk"), the old narrator, Lalla Aïcha, revives twenty stories from the ignored past of the city. "Le Soldat qui venait de Mogador" ("The soldier who came from Mogador") tells the story of the trip to Mecca of Si Taieb El Ech Chiadmi Maskali, since 1912.
"Le Fils du Soleil" ("Son of the Sun") is an historical novel which tells the amazing story of Mustapha Zemmouri, better known under the name Estevanico, Moroccan from Azemmour region, slave kidnapped by a Spanish man to America and became one of the first discoverers of Arizona and New Mexico.

Bibliography 
 Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Une cité sous les alizés : Mogador des origines à 1939, Éditions La Porte, 1997, 356 p. ()
 Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Le Fils du soleil : l'Odyssée d'Estevanico de Azemor, Éditions La Porte, 2006, 316 p. ()
 « Le Soldat qui venait de Mogador » (Ed. La Porte).
 « Si Mogador était contée » (Ed. Eddif).
 « Kaddour Benghabrit : Un Maghrébin hors du commun » (Ed. Marsam).

References 

1940 births
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
Economists
Moroccan writers
Living people
People from Rabat
Ivan Vsevolozhsky

Ivan Alexandrovich Vsevolozhsky (; 1835–1909) was a Russian diplomat, theatre director, librettist, and designer. He served as Director of the Imperial Theatres for Saint Petersburg from 1886 to 1899. He commissioned Tchaikovsky to compose the ballets The Sleeping Beauty (1890) and The Nutcracker (1892). He wrote the libretti for both ballets with Marius Petipa. Vsevolozhsky designed costumes and scenery for 25 operas and ballets. In 1899, he was appointed Director of the Hermitage Museum. He remained in this post until his death in 1909.

Notes 

Russian people
1835 births
1909 deaths
Russian theatre directors
Russian diplomats
Costume designers
Librettists
Troy McClure

Troy McClure is a character in The Simpsons voiced by Phil Hartman. He first appeared in the episode "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment". McClure is a washed-up actor, usually shown doing low-level work, such as hosting infomercials and educational movies. He appears as the central character in "A Fish Called Selma", in which he marries Selma Bouvier to protect his career from failing and quash rumors about his personal life. McClure also 'hosts' two episodes named "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular" and "The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase".

McClure was based on B movie actors Troy Donahue and Doug McClure as well as Hartman himself. Following Hartman's murder on May 28, 1998, the character no longer appeared on the show, making his final appearance in the tenth season in "Bart the Mother". McClure is often cited as one of the series' most popular characters; in 2006 IGN ranked him first on their list of the "Top 25 Simpsons Peripheral Characters".

References

Other websites
"The Stellar Acting Career of Troy McClure" at The Simpsons Archive

The Simpsons characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1991
de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#Troy McClure
Anton Graff

Anton Graff (18 November 1736 – 22 June 1813) was a Swiss Female painter, of the period called Classicism.  He mostly did portrait-painting, and was among the most important painters of his time.

1736 births
1813 deaths
Swiss painters
Carolyn Mary Kleefeld

Carolyn Mary Kleefeld is an American artist and poet.
She has had numerous exhibitions and gallery and museum awards between 1981 and today in the major cities of the United States.
Since 1981, Ms. Kleefeld has created several paintings and drawings, ranging from romantic figurative to abstract.

Life
Kleefeld was born in Catford, England, and moved to Southern California when she was a child. She currently lives in a cliffside house in Big Sur, California.

Career
Kleefeld attended UCLA from 1974 to 1978, studying art and psychology.

Climates of the Mind, her first book, a collection of poetry and philosophical aphorisms, was published in 1979.
In 2008, Soul Seeds: Revelations & Drawings, a collection of Kleefeld’s aphorisms and drawings, was published by Cross-Cultural Communications in New York.

Kleefeld is an Honorary Member of IMMAGINE&POESIA, the artistic literary movement founded in Turin, Italy, with the patronage of Aeronwy Thomas (Dylan Thomas's daughter).

References

Other websites
 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American poets
American artists
Writers from California
List of rivers of South Africa

This is a list of rivers of South Africa.

List

Gallery

References
  Dep. of Water Affairs; Republic of South Africa

South Africa
South Africa
Geography of South Africa
List of rivers of South Sudan

This is a list of streams and rivers in South Sudan.  They are arranged by where the river drains.  There is a  list by letter at the end of this article.

Flowing into the Mediterranean 
Nile (Egypt, Sudan)
White Nile
Adar River
Machar Marshes, into which flow
Yabus River
Daga River
Khor Machar
Sobat River
Baro River
Jikawo  River
Pibor River
Akobo River
Agwei River
Abara River
Kongkong River
Kangen River
Lotilla River
Veveno River
Bahr el Zeraf
Bahr el Ghazal
Kiir River (Bahr al-Arab)
Lol River
Sopo River
Kuru River
Pongo River
Jur River
Sue River
Waw Nahr
Numatinna River
Lau River
Gel River
Aswa River (Achwa)

Flowing into marshes
Koss River
Kidepo River
Medikiret River

Flowing into endorheic basins

Lake Turkana
Kibish River

List by letter
 Abara River
 Achwa
 Adar River
 Agwei River
 Akobo River
 Bahr el Ghazal River
 Bahr el Zeraf
 Baro River
 Daga River
Jikawo River
 Jur River
 Kangen River
 Kibish River
 Kidepo River
 Kiir River
 Kongkong River
 Koss River
 Kuru River
 Lol River
 Lotilla River
 Medikiret River
 Pibor River
 Pongo River
 Sobat River
 Sopo River
 Veveno River
 Wau River
 White Nile
 Yabus River

Other websites
Southern Sudan Topography 
Topographical map of Eastern Equatoria 
Topographical map of Jonglei 

South Sudan
South Sudan
South Sudan
List of rivers of Spain

This is a list of rivers that are at least partially in Spain. The rivers are grouped by sea or ocean. The rivers flowing into the sea are sorted along the coast. Rivers flowing into other rivers are listed by the rivers they flow into. Rivers that have their mouths in Portugal are given in italics.

The list begins in Catalonia at the French border and moves clockwise around the Iberian Peninsula.

Mediterranean Sea

Catalonia

el Ripoll
la Muga
el Fluvià
el Ter
la Tordera
el Besòs
el Congost
el Llobregat
l'Anoia
el Cardener
la Gavarresa
el Foix
el Gaià
el  Francolí
la Sénia

Ebro

el Ebro
Cidacos
Ega
Aragón
Aragón Subordán
Arga
Candanchú
Jalón
Jiloca
Piedra
Gállego
Aguas limpias
Caldarés
Escarra
Lana Mayor
Aurín
Guarga
Seco
Asabón
Sotón
Guadalope
Bergantes
Segre
Cinca
Ara
Arazas
Ésera
Lanata
Noguera Ribagorzana
Noguera Pallaresa
Queiles

Levante (Valencian Community and Region of Murcia)

Mijares
Turia
Júcar
Cabriel
Albaida
Huécar
Valdemembra
Magro
Serpis
Rambla de las Ovejas
Vinalopó
Segura
Mundo
Mula
Guadalentín
Alhárabe

Andalucian Mediterranean
Guadalfeo
Trevélez
Poqueira
Guadalhorce
Guadalmedina
Guadiaro
Guadalevín

Atlantic Ocean

Costa de la Luz

Guadalete
Majaceite
San Pedro
Guadalquivir
Guadiana Menor
Guadalbullón
Genil
Darro
Corbones
Guadaíra
Guadiamar
Rio Tinto
Odiel
Guadiana
Guadalupe
Záncara
Jabalón
Záncara
Matachel
Chanza

Portuguese Atlantic

Tajo
Alagón
Jarama
Lozoya
Manzanares
Henares
Guadarrama
Alberche
Cofio
Perales
Tiétar
Duero
Adaja
Tormes
Tamega
Pisuerga
Carrión
Odra
Esla
Cea
Órbigo
Trabancos
Valderaduey
Huebra
Águeda

Spanish Atlantic

Minho
Avia
Sil
Tambre
Ulla
Sar
Lérez
Anllóns
Eo
Nalón
Narcea
Navia
Sella
 Dobra
Deva
Cares
Saja
Gándara
Pas
Pisueña
Nervión
Cadagua
Ibaizabal
Mundaka
Oria
Leitzaran
Urola
Urumea
Bidasoa

France
The Garonne, a tributary of the Gironde estuary in Val d'Aran is the only river in Spain that drains North of the Pyrenees into the Atlantic.

Other websites 
 Rivers of Spain  in INE (Spain)

Spain
Spain
List of rivers of Sri Lanka

The following is a list of rivers in Sri Lanka. Rivers shorter than  are not included in this list.

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
List of rivers of Sudan

This is a list of streams and rivers in Sudan.  They are arranged by where the river drains.  There is list by letter at the end of this article.

Flowing into the Mediterranean 
Nile
Atbarah River
Mareb River (or Gash River) (only reaches the Atbarah in times of flood)
Tekezé River (or Setit)
Angereb River (or Greater Angereb River)
Blue Nile
Rahad River
Dinder River
White Nile
Adar River (South Sudan)
Yabus River
Bahr el Ghazal
Bahr al-Arab
Adda River
Umbelasha River

Flowing into the Red Sea 
 Barka River

Flowing into endorheic basins

Libyan Desert
Wadi Howar (remnant of the Yellow Nile, an ancient tributary of the Nile)

Lake Kundi
Ibrah River

List by letter

A to M 
Adda River, Sudan - Angereb River - Atbarah River

Bahr al-Arab - Barka River

Dinder River

Geni River

Ibrah River

Mareb River (Gash River)

N to Z
Nile River

Rahad River

Tekezé River - Tiwal River

Umbelasha River

Wadi Howar - White Nile

Yabus River

Related pages
List of rivers of South Sudan

References

Sudan
Sudan
Sudan
Birmingham Town Hall

Birmingham Town Hall is a Grade I listed building for concerts and meetings in Victoria Square, Birmingham 1, England.  It was built as a home for the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival which had started in 1784 in order to raise money for a hospital.

Between 2002 and 2008, it was refurbished into a concert hall and is now used for many different kinds of performances such as organ recitals, rock, pop and classical concerts and events such as graduation ceremonies for Aston University.  It has a famous pipe organ which has 90 stops.

Birmingham
Concert halls in England
Chloë Moretz

Chloë Grace Moretz (born February 10, 1997) in Atlanta, Georgia is an American model and actress. She lived until 2002 in Cartersville, Georgia, when she moved to New York City. Moretz has four older brothers: Trevor, Brandon,  Colin, and Ethan. Her father, McCoy Moretz, is a plastic surgeon. Her mother, Teri Duke Moretz, is a nurse. Her acting career began in 2004. She has performed in many movies and television programs. These include Desperate Housewives, 30 Rock, Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Kick-Ass and Dark Shadows. Moretz got worldwide recognition for Kick-Ass as the character Mindy Macready (Hit-Girl). In 2013 Moretz played Carrie White in Carrie. She was the main character in a movie for the first time.

Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Music videos

Video games

References

Other websites

1997 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Actors from New York City
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Hex editor

A Hex editor is a piece of software that allows one to edit binary data on a computer. The name comes from the fact that such data is usually represented as hexadecimal numbers.

References

Software
List of rivers of Suriname

This is a list of rivers in Suriname. This list is arranged by where the river drains.  Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

Atlantic Ocean

Marowijne River
Tapanahony River
Paloemeu River
Gonini River
Lawa River
Litani River
Oelemari River
Suriname River
Commewijne River
Cottica River
Brokopondo Reservoir
Gran Rio
Saramacca River
Coppename River
Nickerie River
Corantijn River
Kabalebo River
Lucie River
Sipaliwini River
Kutari River
Coeroeni River

References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
List of rivers of Syria

This is a list of rivers of Syria. Tributaries are listed under the river into which they flow.

Flowing into the Mediterranean 
 Orontes
 Afrin River
 Karasu
 Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali, or Northern Great River 
 Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi, or Southern Great River (On the border between Syria and Lebanon)

Flowing into the Persian Gulf by the Shatt al-Arab
 Tigris (On the border between Syria and Iraq)
 Euphrates
 Khabur
 Wadi Radd
 Wadi Khnezir
 Wadi Jarrah
 Jaghjagh River
 Wadi Khanzir
 Wadi Avedji
 Balikh
 Wadi al-Kheder
 Wadi Qaramogh
 Sajur River

Flowing into basins

Aleppo basin 
 Quweiq

Ghouta oasis 
 Barada

Al-Hijanah Lake 
 Awaj

Dead Sea 
 Jordan River
 Yarmouk (On the border between Syria and Jordan)
 Banias River

Syria
Syria
List of rivers of Tanzania

This is a list of rivers in Tanzania.  They are arranged by where the rivers flows. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name. 

A list by letters is given at the bottom of the article.

East Coast
Umba River basin

Sigi River basin

Pangani River basin
Kolungazao River
Saunyi River
Luengera River
Mkomazi River
Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir
Kikuletwa River
Sanya River
Weruweru River
Kikafu River
Usa River
Themi River
Ngarenaro River
Jipe Ruvu River
Deho River
Rau River
Lake Jipe
River Lumi, Tanzania

Msangasi River basin

Migasi River basin

Wami River basin
Lukigura River
Kiseru River
Mkundi River
Tani River
Mkata River
Mkondoa River
Miyombo River

Ruvu River basin
Mkombezi River
Mbiki River
Musa River
Ngereugere River
Mgeta River

Rufiji River basin
Lungonya River
Great Ruaha River
Lukosi River
Mbungu River
Kizigo River
Njombe River
Little Ruaha River
Kimbi River
Mbarali River
Luwegu River
Ulanga River (Kilombero)
Kihansi
Luhombero River
Msolwa River
Ruipa River
Mnyera River
Ruhudji River

Matandu River basin

Mavuji River basin

Mbwemkuru River basin

Lukuledi River basin

Ruvuma River basin
Lukwika River
Muhuwezi River
Msinejewe River
Lukumbule River
Msangesi River
Njuga River

Nile basin

Lake Victoria
Mori River
Mara River
Ruwana River
Simiyu River
Isanga River
Kagera River

Congo Basin

Lake Tanganyika
Malagarasi River
Rufugu River
Luegele River
Luega River
Msenguse River
Ifume River
Luamfi River
Loasi River
Kalambo River

Endorheic basins

Lake Rukwa basin
Kavuu River
Rungwa River
Zira River
Songwe River
Momba River
Saisi River

Lake Natron basin

Lake Manyara basin

Lake Eyasi basin
Sibiti River

Bubu River basin

List by letter

G 

Great Ruaha River

K 

Kagera River - Kalambo River

M 

Malagarasi River - Manonga River - Mara River

R 

Rufiji River - Rurubu River - Ruvuma River - Ruvyironza River

S 

Semu River - Sibiti River

U 

Umba River (Tanzania)

W 

Wami River - Wembere River

Geography of Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
List of rivers of Togo

This is a list of streams and rivers in Togo. Togo's longest river is the Mono River.

M
 Mo River
 Mono River

O
 Oti River

References

Togo
Togo
Togo
List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago

This is a list of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

Trinidad

North Coast (Caribbean Sea) 
 Yarra River
 Marianne River
 Shark River

East Coast (Atlantic Ocean) 
 Maturita River
 North Oropouche River
 Quare River
 Cunapo River
 Nariva River
 Navet River
 Ortoire River
 Poole River

South Coast (Atlantic Ocean) 
 Moruga River
 Pilote River
 Jack River

West Coast (Gulf of Paria)

 Chaguaramas River
 Diego Martin River
 Maraval River
 Caroni River 
 Santa Cruz River
 Maracas River
 San Juan River
 St. Joseph River
 Tunapuna River
 Tacarigua River (Caura River) 
 Arouca River
 Oropuna River
 Mausica River
 Arima River
 Talparo River
 Tumpuna River
 Guanapo River
 El Mamo River
 Aripo River
 Cumuto River
 Guayamare River
 Cunupia River
 Caparo River
 Honda River
 Couva River
 Guaracara River 
 Tarouba River
 Cipero River
 South Oropouche River 
 Guapo River

Tobago

North Coast (Caribbean Sea)
 Courland River
 Coffee River
 Castara River
 Bloody Bay River

South Coast (Atlantic Ocean)
 Cook's River
 Bacolet River
 Sandy River
 Hillsborough West River
 Hillsborough East River
 Goldsborough River
 Richmond River (Great Dog River)
 Belle River
 Roxborough River
 Queens River
 Kings Bay River

References
 GEOnet Names Server 
Trinidad tourist map
Tobago tourist map
Trinidad and Tobago Water Resources 

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
List of rivers of Turkey

This is a list of the rivers of Turkey.

Flow into the Black Sea

Europe

Mutludere  (also known as Rezovo) flows from Turkey into Bulgaria.  112 km.
Veleka flows into Bulgaria and then into the Black Sea.  147 km (25 km in Turkey)

Anatolia

Kızılırmak 'Red River' is the longest river in Turkey, also known as the Halys River.  1,350 km
Delice River - tributary
Devrez River - tributary
Gök River - tributary (also known as Gökırmak and in Classical times, Amnias)
Sakarya River is the third longest river in Turkey, also known as Sangarius.  824 km
Seydisuyu
Porsuk Çayı
Ankara River
Yeşilırmak  'Green River' (Classical Iris).  418 km
Çekerek River (Classical Scylax) is a tributary
Kelkit River (Classical Lycus (one of several))  is a tributary
Yağlıdere
Kılıçlar River
Tohumluk River
Üçköprü is not actually a river but the point where the Kılıçlar and Tohumluk meet
Aksu Deresi in Giresun Province
Batlama River in Giresun
Bartın River (Classical Parthenius)
Çoruh River (Classical Acampsis)
Gelevara Deresi
Kara Dere (Classical Hyssus or Hyssos)
Machakhlistskal(i)
Terme River (Classical Thermōdōn)
Yenice or Filyos River

Flow into the Marmara Sea
Biga Çayı, the classical Granicus
Mustafakemalpaşi Çayı, the classical Ryhndacus
Simav Çayı or Susurluk Çayı, the classical Makestos

Flow into the Aegean Sea

Europe

Meriç (Maritsa or Evros) is in the European section of Turkey and has its source in Bulgaria.  It is 480 km long.
Tunca is a 350 km tributary in Bulgaria
Ergene is a tributary inside of Turkey.

Anatolia

Bakırçay (Classical Caicus or Astraeus)
Büyük Menderes River (Classical Maeander or Meander). 548 km
Lycus (river of Phrygia)
Cadmus (river)
Cayster River or Küçük Menderes.  114 km
Gediz River (Classical Hermus). 401 km
Pactolus (also known as Sart Çayı)
Karamenderes River (Classical Scamander)

Flow into the Mediterranean Sea

Aksu (Classical Kestros)
Manavgat River
Dim River 
Köprüçay River (Classical Eurymedon)
Göksu. 260 km
Limonlu Çayı (also known as Lamos (Cilicia))
Müftü River
Tarsus River (also called Berdan; Classical Cydnus)
Seyhan River (Classical Sarus)
Zamantı River
Ceyhan River (Classical Pyramus or Leucosyrus). 509 km
Payas River
Deli Çay River
Asi River (Classical Orontes)
Afrin River
Karasu

Flow into the Persian Gulf

Euphrates
Khabur River
Jaghjagh River
Balikh River
Sajur River
Karasu
Murat River
Tigris
Great Zab  (in Turkish Büyükzap Suyu)
Khabur (Tigris)
Botan River (Uluçay)
Batman River
Hezir River

Flow into the Caspian Sea

Kura River
Aras River
Arpaçay River  (also known as Akhurian) is a tributary of the Aras.  It arises in Armenia and forms part of the border between Armenia and Turkey before joining the Aras.

Ancient

Aegospotami
Asopus
Çapraz Çayı / Susurluk Çayı (ancient Macestus)
Hyllus (river)
Lycus (river of Bithynia)
Lycus (river of Cilicia)
Lycus (river of Lydia)
River Meles
Mezetli Su (anc. Liparis)
Pinarus River

Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
List of rivers of Turkmenistan

This is a list of rivers of Turkmenistan.  They are arranged by where the river flows.

Caspian Sea 
 Atrek River
 Sumbar (Sari-su)
 Uzboy (extinct) - a former distributary of the Amu Darya

Karakum Desert 
Tejen River (Harirud)
Morghab River - now flows into the Qaraqum Canal
Kushk River
Kashkan River

Aral Sea basin
 Amu Darya

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan
Geography of Turkmenistan
List of rivers of Uganda

This is a list of streams and rivers in Uganda

A 

Achwa River

K 

Kabi River - Kagera River - Katonga River - Kazinga Channel - Kidepo River

L 

Lamia River - Lugogo River

M 

Mayanja River

N 

Nile River - Nkusi River

O 

Okot River - Ora River

P 

Pager River

S 

 Semliki River - Suam River - Sezibwa River

V 

Victoria Nile

W 

White Nile

Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
List of rivers of Ukraine

This is a list of the major rivers that flow through Ukraine. Ukraine, a country on the continent of Europe, has many rivers. The most notable rivers of Ukraine include the: Danube, Dnieper, and the Dniester.

List of major rivers in Ukraine
Note: The following rivers are listed from west to east. Rivers listed in bold are either major rivers, or near or about 1,000 km. long.
 San River (433 km; 16,861 km2; Vistula tributary)
 Uzh River (127 km; 2750 km2; Laborec tributary)

 Western Buh (772 km; 39,420 km2)
 Poltva River

 Danube (2,888 km; 817,000 km2)
 Prut River (953 km; 27,500 km2)
 Cheremosh River (167 km; 2,560 km2)
 Latoritsia (188 km; 3,130 km2; Bodrog tributary)

 Dniester (1,362 km; 72,100 km2)
 Stryi (231 km; 3,055 km2)
 Zbruch (247 km; 3,300 km2)
 Tysmenytsia
 Seret
 Bystrytsia (183 km; 	2,375 km2)

 Southern Bug (806 km; 63,700 km2)
 Inhul (300 km)
 Vovk

 Molochna (197 km; 3,450 km2)

 Dnipro (2,290 km; 516,300 km2)
 Inhulets (549 km; 14,870 km2)
 Bazavluk
 Bilozerka
 Konka (146 km; 2 580 km2)
 Samara (320 km; 22,600 km2)
 Byk
 Vorskla (464 km; 14,700 km2)
 Psel (717 km; 22,800 km2)
 Sula (365 km; 19,600 km2)
 Romen (111 km; 1,645 km2)
 Supiy
 Tiasmyn (164 km; 4,570 km2)
 Ros' (346 km; 12,575 km2)
 Trubizh (113 km; 4,700 km2)
 Stuhna (68 km)

 Desna (1,130 km; 88,900 km2)
 Oster (199 km; 2,950 km2)
 Seim (748 km; 27,500 km2)
 Sudost (208 km; 5,850 km2)
 Irpin (162 km;)
 Teteriv (365 km; 15,100 km2)

 Prypiat (710 km)
 Horyn River (659 km; 22,700 km2)
 Sluch (451 km; 13,800 km2)
 Uzh (256 km; 8,080 km2)
 Styr (494 km; 13,100 km2)

 Mius (258 km; 1190 km2)
 Kalmius (209 km; 5,070 km2)
 Kalchik River

 Alma (83 km)
 Salhir (204 km; 3,750 km2)
 Chorna
 Uchan-su

 Seversky Donets (1,053 km; 98,900 km2; Don tributary'')
 Udy River
 Lopan River
 Kharkiv River

List by letter

A-I 

Alma • Bazavluk • Bilozerka • Bug River • Byk • Bystrytsia • Cheremosh • Chorna • Danube • Desna • Dnieper • Dniester • Horyn • Inhul • Inhulets • Irpin

K-R 

Kalchik • Kalmius • Kharkiv • Konka • Latoritsia • Lybid • Mius • Molochna • Oster • Poltva • Prut • Psel • Romen • Ros'

S 

Salhir • Samara • San • Seret • Seversky Donets • Seym • Sluch • Snov • Southern Bug • Stryi • Stuhna • Styr • Sudost • Sula • Supiy

T-Z 

Teteriv • Tiasmyn • Trubizh • Tysmenytsia • Uchan-su • Uzh (Ukraine, Slovakia) • Uzh River (Northern Ukraine) • Vorskla • Vovk  • Zolota Lypa • Zbruch

Other websites
 Rivers of Ukraine suitable for Rafting 

Ukraine
Ukraine
List of rivers of the United Kingdom

For details of rivers of the United Kingdom, see

 List of rivers of England
 List of rivers of Northern Ireland
 List of rivers of Scotland
 List of rivers of Wales

Geography of the United Kingdom
List of main rivers of Wales

This is a list of the main rivers of Wales.

In Wales, flowing into the Liverpool Bay
From Hoylake to Garth Pier, Bangor, Gwynedd

Dee catchment
 River Dee, Wales (Afon Dyfrdwy)

Clwyd catchment
 River Clwyd (Afon Clwyd)

Conwy catchment
 River Conwy (Afon Conwy)

Aber catchment
 Afon Aber

Ogwen catchment
 Afon Ogwen

Cegin catchment
 River Cegin (Afon Cegin)

Adda catchment
 River Adda (Afon Adda)

Isle of Anglesey
Anticlockwise from Menai Bridge / Porthaethwy

Crigyll catchment
 Afon Crigyll

Ffraw catchment
 Afon Ffraw

Cefni catchment
 Afon Cefni (River Cefni)

Braint (i) catchment
 Afon Braint (River Braint, Dwyran)

Braint (ii) catchment
 Afon Braint (LlanfairPG)

Note "Afon Menai", known as the "Menai Strait" in English, is not technically a river, despite its Welsh name..

In Wales, flowing into the Irish Sea
From Bangor Pier to St. Govan's Head

Seiont catchment
 Afon Seiont (River Seiont) (known as Afon Rhythallt above Pont-Rhythallt)

Gwyrfai catchment
 Afon Gwyrfai

Soch catchment
 Afon Soch

Rhyd-hir catchment etc
 Afon Rhyd-hir
 Afon Erch
 Afon Wen

Dwyfor catchment
 Afon Dwyfor

Glaslyn catchment
 Afon Glaslyn

Artro catchment
 Afon Artro

Ysgethin catchment
 Afon Ysgethin

Mawddach catchment
 Afon Mawddach

Dysynni catchment
 Afon Dysynni (R)

Dyfi catchment
 Afon Dyfi (River Dovey)

Clarach catchment
 Afon Clarach (formed at the confluence of Afon Stewi and Nant Silo)

Rheidol catchment
 River Rheidol (Afon Rheidol)

Ystwyth catchment
 River Ystwyth (Afon Ystwyth)

Wyre catchment
 Afon Wyre

Cledan catchment
 Afon Cledan

Arth catchment
 River Arth

Aeron catchment
 Afon Aeron

Teifi catchment
 River Teifi (Afon Teifi)

Nyfer catchment etc
 Afon Nyfer

Cleddau catchment
 Daugleddau (estuary is Daugleddyf or Milford Haven downstream)

In Wales, flowing into the Bristol Channel
From St. Govan's Head to M48 Bridge

Tâf catchment
 Afon Tâf

Tywi catchment
 River Tywi (Afon Tywi)

Gwendraeth catchment
 River Gwendraeth

Lliedi catchment
 River Lliedi (Afon Lliedi)

Loughor catchment
 River Loughor (Afon Llwchwr)

Clyne catchment
 Clyne River

Tawe catchment
 River Tawe

Neath catchment
 River Neath

Afan catchment
 River Afan

Kenfig catchment
 River Kenfig (Afon Cynffig)

Ogmore catchment
 River Ogmore (Afon Ogwr)

Col-huw catchment
 Afon Col-huw

Thaw catchment
 River Thaw

Cadoxton catchment
 Cadoxton River

Taff catchment
 River Taff (Afon Tâf)

Rhymney catchment
 Rhymney River (Afon Rhymni)

Usk catchment
 River Usk (Afon Wysg)

Wye catchment
 River Wye (Afon Gwy)

Severn catchment
With the exception of a small part of the Rea Brook, all tributaries of the Severn downstream of the confluence of the Severn and the Vyrnwy are wholly in England. For details see List of rivers of England.
 River Severn (Afon Hafren), Bristol Channel (Mor Hafren)

References

Wales

Rivers
List of rivers of Uruguay

This is a list of rivers in Uruguay.  Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name. All rivers in Uruguay drain to the Atlantic Ocean. 

 Río de la Plata
 Uruguay River
 San Salvador River
 Río Negro
 Arroyo Grande
 Yí River
 Porongos River
 Chamangá River
 Tacuarembó River
 Caraguatá River
 Queguay Grande River
 Queguay Chico River
 Daymán River
 Arapey Grande River
 Arapey Chico River
 Cuareim River
 San Juan River
 Rosario River
 Santa Lucía River
 San José River
 Santa Lucía Chico
 Lagoa Mirim
 San Luis River
 Arroyo de la India Muerta
 Cebollatí River
 Olimar Grande River
 Olimar Chico River
 Tacuarí Tiver
 Yaguarón River

References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
 GEOnet Names Server 

Uruguay

Uruguay
List of rivers of Vietnam

This is a list of streams and rivers in Vietnam.
Bach Dang River
Bassac River
Ben Hai River
Black River (Vietnam)
Bo River
Ca River
Cam River (Vietnam)
Cau River
Cau Lau River
Chu River
Dong Nai River
Gianh River
Han River
Kien Giang River
Kinh Thầy River
Ky Cung River
Long Dai River
Luc Nam River
Luoc River
Sekong River
Ma River
Mekong River
Nhat Le River
Perfume River (Hương Giang)
Red River (Asia)
Saigon River
Sepon River
Son River
Srepok River
Thach Han River
Thai Binh River
Thuong River
Tien River
Tra Bong River
Tra Khuc River
Van Uc River
Ve River
Yen River

By province

An Giang Province
Bình Di River
Châu Đốc River
Hậu River
Kênh Thoại Hà River
Vàm Nao River
Kênh Vĩnh Tế River

Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province
Dinh River (Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu)
Ray River
Thị Vải River

Bac Giang Province
Chũ River
Cầu River
Lục Nam River
Thương River

Bac Kan Province
Bắc Giang River
Cầu River
Phó Đáy River

Bac Ninh Province
Cà Lồ River
Cầu River
Thái Bình River
Đuống River

Ben Tre Province
Ba Lai River
Bến Tre River
Cổ Chiên River
Hàm Luông River
Mỹ Tho River

Binh Dinh Province
Hà Thanh River
La Tinh River
Côn River

Binh Duong Province
Bé River
Đồng Nai River

Binh Phuoc Province
Bé River
Đồng Nai River

Binh Thuan Province
Cà Ty River
La Ngà River
Phan River

Ca Mau Province
Cửa Lớn River
Bồ Đề River
Trẹm River
Ông Đốc River

Can Tho
Hậu River

Cao Bang Province
Bằng River
Gâm River
Nho Quế River
Quây Sơn River

Da Nang
Cu Đê River
Hàn River
Túy Loan River
Yên River (Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng)

Dak Lak Province
Cái River
Hinh River    
Krông Ana River
Krông Nô River
Krông H’Năng River
Serepôk River

Dak Nong Province
Krông Nô River
Đồng Nai River

Dien Bien Province
Mã River
Đà River

Dong Nai Province
Bé River
Đồng Nai River
La Ngà River
Ray River
Saigon River
Thị Vải River

Gia Lai Province
Côn River
Sê San River
Đà Rằng River

Ha Giang Province
Gâm River

Hanoi 
 Đáy River
 Golden Buffalo River
 Lừ River
 Nhuệ River
 Thunder River
 Tô Lịch River

Ho Chi Minh City
Bến Nghé River
Đồng Nai River
Đồng Tranh River
Lòng Tàu River
Nhà Bè River
Ngã Bảy River
Soài Rạp River
Cần Giuộc River
Saigon River
Sông Vàm Sát River

Lang Son Province
Chũ River
Lục Nam River
Thương River

Quang Nam Province
Yên River (Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng)

Quang Ngai Province
Tra Khuc River

Tuyen Quang Province
Gâm River

Vietnam
Vietnam
List of rivers of Zambia

This is a list of streams and rivers in Zambia

C 

Chambeshi River - Congo River - Cuando River

K 

Kabompo River - Kafue River - Kalambo River - Kalungwishi River

L 

Luanginga River - Luangwa River - Luapula River - Luena River, Western Zambia - Lukasashi River - Lunga River (Zambia) - Lungwebungu River - Lunsemfwa River

M 

Mbereshi River - Mulungushi River

Z 
Zambezi

Zambia
Zambia
Geography of Zambia
Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi

Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi (November 16, 1894 – July 27, 1972) was an Austrian politician and philosopher, who was the founder of the first movement for the United States of Europe.

He was a well known for works the founder of the Paneuropean Union and his wrote book Pan-Europa.

Works 
 Adel (1922)
 Pan-Europa (1923)
 Practical Idealism (1925)
 Kampf um Paneuropa (3 Volumes, 1925–28)
 The Totalitarian State Against Man (1939)
 Europe Must Unite (1939)
 Die Europäische Nation (1953) 
 Weltmacht Europa (1971)

References

Other websites 
 
 Paneuropean Union

1894 births
1972 deaths
20th-century philosophers
Austrian politicians
List of rivers of Zimbabwe

This is a list of streams and rivers in Zimbabwe.

B 

Bubye River

G 

Gway River

I 

Inkankezi River - Insiza River - Inyankuni River

K 

Kwekwe River

L 

Limpopo River - Luenha River

M 

Manyame River - Mazowe River - Mtshabezi River - Mtshelele River - Mucheke River - Munyati River - Mupfure River - Mushawe - Mwenezi River - Mwewe River - Mzingwane River

N 

Ncema River

P 

Panhane River - Pungwe River

R 

Runde River

S 

Save River (Africa) - Sebakwe River - Sengwa River - Shangani River - Shashe River - Siwaze River

T 

Thuli River

U 

Umchabezi River

Z 
Zambezi River

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Geography of Zimbabwe
Flag of Afghanistan

The flag of Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Persian: امارت اسلامی افغانستان, Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي امارت) started to be used on 1997-2001 than 2021. The flag has a white background. This flag was used from 1997-2001 until the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan collapse, now the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is back and the flag is now being used in 2021. The middle includes the shahada with black text.

Afghanistan has had more changes of its national flag during the 20th century than any other country in the world. It has had 20 different flags since the first flag in 1747. In only 4 years (1926–1930), Afghanistan had 7 flag changes - many of these flags were used as the nation's flags for only a few months.

Historical flags

References 

Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghan National Anthem

The Afghan National Anthem, known in Pashto as "Millî Surûd" (ملي سرود, pron. [mɪlˈliː suˈɾuːd̪] "mil-LEE soo-ROOD"; meaning 'National Anthem') or "Millî Tarâna" (ملي تـﺮانه) is the title of the national anthem of Afghanistan which was adopted (started) in May 2006.

Babrak Wassa composed the song and Abdul Bari Jahani wrote the lyrics (words).

Although it's written in the Constitution that the lyrics should be in Pashto, people have argued that in order to make ethnic and religious issues less of a problem in the country, this anthem should have no lyrics (like Intermeco and Evropa).

Lyrics

Pashto lyrics

Dari lyrics (unofficial)
این کشور افغانستان است
این عزت هر افغان است
خانهٔ صلح، خانهٔ شمشیر
هر فرزندش قهرمان است

این کشور خانهٔ همه است
از بلوچ، از ازبک
از پشتون و هزارها
از ترکمن و تاجک

هم عرب و گوجر است
پامیری‌ها، نورستانی ها
براهوی است و قزلباش است
هم آیماق و پشه‌ای ها

این کشور همیشه تابان خواهد بود
مثل آفتاب در آسمان کبود
در سینهٔ آسیا
هم مثل قلب جاویدان

نام حق است ما را رهبر
میگویم الله اکبر
میگویم الله اکبر
میگویم الله اکبر

English translation
This land is Afghanistan,
It is the pride of every Afghan.
The land of peace, the land of the sword,
Each of its sons is brave.

This is the country of every tribe,
The land of Balochs and Uzbeks;
Of Pashtuns and Hazaras;
Of Turkmens and Tajiks.

With them, there are Arabs and Gurjars,
Pamiris, Nuristanis,
Brahuis, and Qizalbash;
also Aimaqs and Pashais.

This land will shine forever,
Like the sun in the blue sky.
It is the heart of Asia,
It will beat forever.

We will follow the one God:
We all say, "Allahu Akbar!"
We all say, "Allahu Akbar!"
We all say, "Allahu Akbar!"

Trivia
It mentions the Takbir ("Allahu Akbar!") three times.
Its lyrics mention 14 ethnic groups in two stanzas—the most out of any national anthem.

References

Other websites
 Afghanistan: Milli Surood - Audio of the national anthem of Afghanistan, with information and lyrics
 The Office of the President of Afghanistan

Afghan society and culture
National anthems
President of Afghanistan

The President of Afghanistan was the head of state of Afghanistan.  Afghanistan has only been a republic between 1973 and 1992 and from 2001 onwards. Before 1973, it was a monarchy that was governed by a variety of kings, emirs or shahs. There was a civil war from 1992 to 2001.

After the 2021 Taliban offensive and the near seizure of the capital, incumbent President Ashraf Ghani fled Afghanistan to Tajikistan on 15 August 2021. After Ghani fled the country, the Taliban occupied the Presidential Palace. The office was abolished on 6th September 2021.

Powers
The constitution of Afghanistan gave the president wide powers over military and legislative affairs.  There was a weak national parliament.

List

References

Other websites
Presidency of Afghanistan - The official website of the Office of the President of Afghanistan.
Vice President of Afghanistan

The Vice President of Afghanistan is the second highest political position in Afghanistan. Vice Presidents are elected on the same ticket as the President. A Presidential candidate nominates two candidates for Vice President before the election.

Other websites
Vice Presidents of Afghanistan 
 Vice Presidents in 2004
Muhammad Qasim Fahim

Field Marshal Muhammad Qasim Fahim (9 October 1957 – 9 March 2014; ) also known as "Marshal Fahim Khan") was an Afghan military commander, and politician. He was the Vice President of Afghanistan from November 2009 until his death in March 2014. He was the Defense Minister of the Afghan Transitional Administration, beginning in 2002. He also served as Vice President of Afghanistan from June 2002 to December 2004. Marshal Fahim was a member of Afghanistan's  Tajik ethnic group.

References

1957 births
2014 deaths
Asian military people
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Tajik people
Vice Presidents of Afghanistan
Karim Khalili

Abdul Karim Khalili (born 1950) is a former Vice President of Afghanistan. He was in office from 2004 to 2014, under Hamid Karzai. Khalili was first Vice President in 2002.  He was elected as running mate of Hamid Karzai in 2004. Since 1989 he has been one of the main leaders of the Hezbe Wahdat political party of Hazara people.

Khalili was born in Wardak Province and attended a religious school. He participated actively in the Afghan resistance during Soviet Invasion. He also served as Minister of Finance of Afghanistan during the Mujahideen government in the early 1990s.

References 

Vice Presidents of Afghanistan
Living people
1950 births
Hazara politicians
Hazara people
Chief Justice of Afghanistan

The Chief Justice of Afghanistan is the head of the Afghan Supreme Court. The incumbent chief justice is Abdul Salam Azimi.

List of chief justices, 2001-present
Faisal Ahmad Shinwari (2001–2006), was member of the Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan
Abdul Salam Azimi (2006–present), a former professor at the University of Arizona in the United States

List of chief justices before 2001
Abdul Salam (under Taliban rule)
Abdul Karim Shadan (pre-Taliban)

References

Politics of Afghanistan
Afgh