cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bruce Smeaton

Bruce Smeaton (born  5 March 1938) is a composer, well known for writing music for Australian movies and television. He has written music for movies, short films, television, documentaries and advertisements.  

He was born in Brighton, Victoria and currently lives in Binalong, New South Wales.

He has written music for movies including Picnic at Hanging Rock, Seven Little Australians, The Cars That Ate Paris and The Devil's Playground.

His music has been published by Southern Cross Records and 1M1 Records labels.

List of works

Documentaries
Bush, Books and Breedens (1973)
My Brother Wartovo (1973)
Kangaroo Island (1974)
Pozieres (2000)

Movies
Libido (1973)
The Cars That Ate Paris (1974)
Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975)
The Great Macarthy (1975)
The Devils Playground (1976)
The Trespassers (1976)
Eliza Fraser also called The Adventures of Eliza Fraser (1976)
Summerfield (1977)
The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1978)
Circle of Iron also called The Silent Flute (1978)
The Last of the Knucklemen (1979)
Grendel Grendel Grendel (1980)
...Maybe This Time (1980)
Double Deal (1981)
Monkey Grip (1982)
Squizzy Taylor (1982)
Barbarosa (1982)
Undercover (1983)
Iceman (1984)
The Naked Country (1984)
Departure (1985)
Plenty (1985)
Eleni (1985)
Contagion (1987)
Roxanne (1987)
Evil Angels also called A Cry in the Dark (1988)
Wendy Cracked a Walnut also called Almost (1989)
The Missing (1999)

Short films
The Clown and the Mindreader (no date)

Television
Seven Little Australians (1973, miniseries)
Ben Hall (1975, TV series)
Tandarra (1976, miniseries)
Patrol Boat (1979, TV series)
The Timeless Land (1980, miniseries)
A Town Like Alice (1981, miniseries)
1915 (1982, miniseries)
Five Mile Creek (1983, TV series)
The Coral Island (1983, miniseries)
Eureka Stockade (1984, miniseries)
Boy in the Bush (1984, miniseries)
A Thousand Skies (1986, miniseries)
Jackson's Crew (1986, pilot)
Tusitala (1986, miniseries)
The Alien Years (1988, movie)
Act of Betrayal (1988, movie)
Naked Under Capricorn (1989, movie)
The Private War of Lucinda Smith (1990, dramatised documentary)
The Last of the Ryans (1997, movie)

References

1938 births
Living people
Australian composers
People from Melbourne
Movie score composers
Boohbah

Boohbah is a show that is created by Ragdoll Productions and premiered in 2003. It is designed to the 3-6 age group.

There are two of main character on Boohbah:

The Boohbah who 2 colorful atom of energy and live in a glowing white ball of light called the Boohball

One of the common future in Boohbah the Boohball The Boohball a glowing white ball the place the Boohbah live It travel from country to country when it called by children the Boohball a recharging bud where the Boohbah recharge energy The energy created by the laughter of the children when playing with the Boohbah the Boohball the Storypeople...

2000s British television series
2000s animated television series
2003 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
English-language television programs
Ryan Jones

Ryan Jones (b. 13 March 1981 in Newport is a Welsh international rugby player. He plays for Wales and plays his club rugby for Ospreys. The Ospreys play in the Liberty Stadium.

References 
Information

Welsh rugby union players
1981 births
Living people
Jim Magilton

Jim Magilton (born 6 May 1969 in Belfast) is a former association football manager.  He used to play football and is the former manager of Ipswich Town F.C.

1969 births
Living people
David Sheepshanks

David Sheepshanks is the former chairman of the English association football club Ipswich Town F.C.. He has since been replaced by Marcus Evans

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English businesspeople
Morecambe

Morecambe is a town in the county Lancashire. It is in the North of England. It has a football team in league 2 of the football league. It is a seaside holiday area. It is famous for its food from the sea and Mr Blobby. It is in the City of Lancaster district. 

Towns in Lancashire
Hof (district)

Hof () is a rural district in Upper Franconia in north Bavaria, Germany. However the district does not include the city of Hof, which is an urban district itself.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites

Official website (German)

 
Districts of Bavaria
Home on the Range

"Home on the Range" is a classic western folk song. It is sometimes called the "unofficial anthem" of the American West. The lyrics were first written by Dr. Brewster M. Higley of Smith County, Kansas. He wrote them in a poem called "My Western Home" in 1872. In 1947, it became the state song of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 western songs of all time.

History

In 1871, Higley moved from Indiana to Smith County, Kansas. He did this because of the Homestead Act. He lived in a small cabin near West Beaver Creek. He was inspired by his new environment that he decided to create a poem to praise the prairie. The lyrics to "Home on the Range" were first published as a poem in the Smith County Pioneer in 1872 under the title "My Western Home". That home is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Home on the Range Cabin.

The music was later added by Daniel E. Kelley (1808–1905), a carpenter and friend of Higley. The song was eventually used by ranchers, cowboys, and other western settlers. It spread across the United States in different forms. The song has gone by a few different names, the most common being "Home on the Range" and "Western Home". It was officially chosen as the state song of Kansas on June 30, 1947. It is often thought of as the unofficial anthem of the American West.

The most popular version of the song was the version recorded by Bing Crosby on September 27, 1933, with Lennie Hayton and his orchestra for Brunswick Records. It appeared in the various charts of that time.

"Home on the Range" became popular in the 1930s. In fact, former president Franklin Delano Roosevelt said "Home on the Range" was his favorite song.

Lyrics

References

Other websites
  
 
 (for additional history) 
 Brewster Higley Ohio Historical Marker
 Home on the Range Cabin, cabin near Athol, Kansas where the song Home on the Range was written.
 The sheet music
 free-scores.com

United States state songs
19th-century American songs
Symbols of Kansas
Regnitzlosau

Regnitzlosau is a municipality in Upper Franconia in Hof in Bavaria in Germany, bordered with the Czech Republic. Regnitzlosau was established in 1234 by three members of the nobility: Cunradus de Lasan, Arnoldus de Lasan and Ciban de Lasan.

References

Other websites
Official website (in German)
Protestant Church of Regnitzlosau (in German)

Hof (district)
A.Z. Alkmaar

AZ (Alkmaar Zaanstreek) or AZ Alkmaar  is an football club from Alkmaar and the Zaanstreek, the Netherlands.

It was a merger of two clubs: Alkmaar '54 and FC Zaanstreek. in 1967.

League position

Former position 

Dutch football clubs
Alkmaar
1967 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in the Netherlands
Football League play-offs

The Football League play-offs are a series of football (soccer) matches to decide who is promoted in the English football leagues.

Football (soccer) terminology
Cone cell

Cone cells or simply cones are special photoreceptor cells in the retina. They react to light and work best in relatively bright light. 

Cone cells are less sensitive to light than rod cells. Rod cells are more sensitive, but cannot tell colors apart. Human eyes usually have three different types of cone cells. That allows the brain to tell colors apart. Their reaction to stimuli is faster than that of the rod cells. For this reason, they can perceive finer details, and more rapid changes in images.  

The three kinds of human cones have different photopsins. Each photopsin has a different response curve to light, and so responds to color in different ways. This gives trichromatic vision. Being color blind means a lack of one or two types of cone cells.

In a publication done in 1935, Osterberg thinks that there are about 6 million cone cells in a human eye.

References

Eye anatomy
Joni Mitchell

Roberta Joan Anderson (born November 7, 1943 in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada), better known as Joni Mitchell, is a Canadian songwriter, musician and artist. Her usual musical instrument is a guitar. Her songs include "Big Yellow Taxi", "Woodstock" (about the 1969 Woodstock Festival), "Free Man In Paris", "Help Me" and "Both Sides Now". Her name Mitchell comes from her first marriage (to Chuck Mitchell).

She first began singing folk music while she attended art school, to earn spending money. In time, her songs and style got her noticed, and she became a professional musician. She signed a recording contract, and her first album appeared in 1968. "Both Sides Now" also boosted the musical career of Judy Collins, another folksinger, whose cover version became a popular hit. She also performs in the contralto range.

Mitchell had romantic relationships with Stephen Stills and David Crosby, both of the band Crosby, Stills & Nash. She also did artwork for one of their album covers. She was scheduled to appear at the Woodstock Festival, as CSN was (joined by Neil Young), but she had to cancel. Her song "Woodstock" still became a hit for CSN, and summed up for many people the meaning of the festival.

During the 1970s, Mitchell changed from folk music to jazz, and she lost some of her fans. Many other people enjoyed her later music, though, including an album she made with Charles Mingus, a legendary jazz musician. The album was Mingus's last project before his death.

Not all of Mitchell's records have been hits, and she resisted compiling a "best-ofs" or "greatest hits" album for many years, feeling that if she did so, her career would be "over". She did finally release a pair of recordings, Hits (which contained her biggest hit records) and Misses (which included some of her favorite songs, that were not hits). She continues to perform, and to paint pictures. Her paintings are displayed in galleries around the world.

Before she became famous, Mitchell gave up a newborn daughter for adoption in Canada. During the 1990s, the two got back in contact, and now have a good relationship.

Though she first became famous during the 1960s, Mitchell does not  that era. She reminds listeners of the negative parts of it, and encourages them to make the present better.

In March 2015, Mitchell was found unconscious in her Los Angeles home. She regained consciousness in an ambulance on her way to hospital, but was taken to intensive care for tests.She had a brain aneurysm. She was diagnosed with a throat tumor later the next day.

Discography
Studio albums
 Song to a Seagull (1968)
 Clouds (1969)
 Ladies to the Canyon (1970)
 Blue (1971)
 For the Roses (1972)
 Court and Spark (1974)
 The Hissing of Summer Lawns (1975)
 Hejira (1976)
 Don Juan's Reckless Daughter (1977)
 Mingus (1979)
 Wild Things Run Fast (1982)
 Dog Eat Dog (1985)
 Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm (1988)
 Night Ride Home (1991)
 Turbulent Indigo (1994)
 Taming the Tiger (1998)
 Shine (2007)

References

 
1943 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Alberta
Ocean current

An ocean current is a continuous movement of ocean water from one place to another. Ocean currents are created by wind, water temperature, salt content, and the gravity of the moon. The current's direction and speed depend on the shoreline and the ocean floor. They can flow for thousands of miles and are found in all the major oceans of the world. One major example of an ocean current is the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean. 
Ocean currents can be found on the water surface and deeper down. 
Currents on the surface often depend on wind. They travel clockwise in the northern hemisphere. They travel counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. They are found up to  below the surface of the ocean.
Deeper currents depend on water pressure, temperature, and salt content.

Major ocean currents of the world

Arctic Ocean 
East Greenland Current
Norwegian Current
Beaufort Gyre (water or ice flow)
Transpolar Drift (water or ice flow)

Atlantic Ocean
Agulhas Current
Angola Current
Antilles Current
Azores Current
Baffin Island Current
Benguela current
Brazil Current
Canary Current
Cape Horn Current
Caribbean Current
East Greenland Current
East Iceland Current
Falkland Current
Florida Current
Guiana Current
Guinea Current
Gulf Stream
Irminger Current
Labrador Current
Lomonosov current (a deep current)
Loop Current
North Atlantic Current
North Atlantic Drift
North Brazil Current
North Equatorial Current
North Equatorial Counter Current
Norwegian Current
Portugal Current
Slope/Shelf Edge Current
Slope Jet Current
South Atlantic Current
South Equatorial Current
Spitsbergen Current
Subtropical Counter Current
West Greenland Current
West Wind Drift

Pacific Ocean 
Alaska Current
Aleutian Current
California Current
Cromwell current (a deep current)
East Australian Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Humboldt Current (or Peru Current)
Kamchatka Current
Kuroshio Current (or Japan Current, Kuro Siwo)
Mindanao Current
North Equatorial Current
North Pacific Current (or North Pacific Drift)
Oyashio Current (or Oya Siwo)
South Equatorial Current
West Wind Drift

Indian Ocean 
Agulhas Current
East Madagascar Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Indonesian Through-flow
Leeuwin Current
Madagascar Current
Mozambique Current
Somali Current
South Australian Counter Current
South Equatorial Current
Southwest and Northeast Monsoon Drift (or Indian Monsoon Current)
West Australian Current
West Wind Drift

Southern Ocean 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Weddell Gyre
Tasman Outflow

Notes
Immortal game

The Immortal Game was a chess game played on 21 June 1851 by Adolf Anderssen  and Lionel Kieseritzky. The number of pieces Anderssen gave up in order to win have made it one of the most well known chess games of all time. Anderssen gave up both rooks and a bishop, then his queen, checkmating his opponent with the remaining bishop and two knights.

Chess
Mount Redoubt

Mount Redoubt, also called Redoubt Volcano, is a volcano in the U.S. state of Alaska. It rises  above sea level and  above the valleys around it. It is about  from the city of .

On March 22, 2009, Mount Redoubt erupted, sending ash high in the air and covering the mountains around with. No people live near Mount Redoubt, but the ash spread into towns and cities and the airport of Anchorage was closed shortly. Other years when it erupted include 1902, 1922, 1966, and 1989.

Images 

Geography of Alaska
Volcanoes of the United States
Allan Hunter (footballer)

Allan Hunter (born 30 June 1946 in Northern Ireland) is a former Northern Irish football player.

He was a defender. He also spent most of his career at Ipswich Town. He made over 350 appearances in eleven years.

References 
All-time Ipswich Town players

1946 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Ray Crawford (footballer)

Raymond Crawford (born 13 July 1936 in Portsmouth) is a former English association footballer.

References 
 
 

1936 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Portsmouth
Ted Phillips

Edward John "Ted" Phillips (21 August 1933 – 9 January 2018) was an English retired footballer.

Phillips died on 9 January 2018 from dementia at the age of 84.

Notes

References 
 
 

1933 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from dementia
English footballers
Sportspeople from Suffolk
Mick Mills

Michael 'Mick' Denis Mills (born 4 January 1949) is an English footballer turned manager.

References 
 
 

1949 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Surrey
Kieron Dyer

Kieron Dyer (born 29 December 1978) is an English football player. He plays for West Ham United.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Ipswich Town||rowspan="3"|First Division||15||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|1997/98||43||4||2||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||52||5
|-
|1998/99||39||7||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||45||7
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Newcastle United||rowspan="8"|Premier League||30||3||6||1||0||0||3||0||39||4
|-
|2000/01||26||5||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2001/02||18||3||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||3
|-
|2002/03||35||2||0||0||1||2||12||2||48||6
|-
|2003/04||25||1||2||2||0||0||7||0||34||3
|-
|2004/05||23||4||3||0||1||0||7||2||34||6
|-
|2005/06||11||0||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2006/07||22||5||2||1||2||0||4||1||30||7
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|West Ham United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||2||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008/09||7||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
296||34||24||5||21||4||33||5||374||48
296||34||24||5||21||4||33||5||374||48
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
!Total||33||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
People from Ipswich
Sportspeople from Suffolk
Premier League players
Matteo Sereni

Matteo Sereni (born February 11 1975) is an Italian association footballer.  He is a goalkeeper and he currently plays for Torino F.C. in Serie A.

References 
 
 

1975 births
Living people
Italian association football goalkeepers
River Orwell

The River Orwell is a river that flows through Suffolk in England.

Rivers of England
Suffolk
Bank of America Plaza (Atlanta)

Bank of America Plaza is a skyscraper in Atlanta, United States.  It is  tall and has 55 floors.  It was built in 1992. It is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites

 Official Website - Bank of America Plaza 
 Emporis.com - Bank of America Plaza
 SkycraperPage.com – Bank of America Plaza

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Atlanta, Georgia
1992 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)

U.S. Bank Tower is a skyscraper in Los Angeles, California, United States.  It is 310 meters (1018 feet) tall and has 73 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.  It is one of the tallest building in the United States that is west of the Mississippi River. It is also the second tallest building in Los Angeles and California, after the Wiltshire Grand Center.

At first it was named Library Tower, but in 1993 it became U.S. Bank Tower.

Sources

Other websites

 Official Website - U.S. Bank Tower
 Emporis.com - US Bank Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – US Bank Tower

Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Skyscrapers in the United States
1989 establishments in California
JPMorgan Chase Tower

JPMorgan Chase Tower is a skyscraper in Houston, United States. It is 305 meters (1002 feet) tall and has 75 floors. It was built in 1982 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Sources

Other websites 
 Official Website - JPMorgan Chase Tower
 Emporis.com - JPMorgan Chase Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – JPMorgan Chase Tower

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Karl Muck

Karl Muck, (his first name is sometimes spelt Carl, his surname rhymes with “book”) (born Darmstadt,  22 October 1859; died Stuttgart,  4 March 1940) was a German conductor.  He was one of the greatest conductors of his day, especially famous for his conducting of operas by Richard Wagner.

Early life 
Karl Muck’s father was a Bavarian politician and amateur musician.  After his school years he studied music at the Conservatory in Würzburg.  He also studied classical philology at the University of Heidelberg.  In 1877 he continued his music studies in Leipzig, learning the piano with Carl Reinecke.  His first public performance was in 1880, the year in which he graduated with a doctorate, playing the piano in the Piano Concerto by Xaver Scharwenka at the Leipzig Gewandhaus.

Career 
Soon he spent all his time conducting operas.  He conducted in Zürich, Salzburg, Brno and Graz, and got a conductor’s job in Prague and later in Berlin.  He conducted the operas of Wagner’s Ring Cycle with great success as well as many performances of Parsifal. In 1912 he became the conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and from 1922 until he retired in 1933 he conducted the Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra.

Muck was one of the first conductors to be internationally famous for travelling about conducting orchestras in many parts of the world.  He was a strict conductor who thought it was very important that the players should do exactly what the composer asks for in the score.

He was imprisoned in the United States during World War I, because of his support for Germany and because he refused to conduct the Star Spangled Banner.  After the war he was sent away and not allowed to return to America.  After his death a square in Hamburg was named after him, although in 1997 it was renamed “Johannes Brahms Square” because Muck had praised Adolf Hitler.

References
 

1859 births
1940 deaths
German conductors
People from Darmstadt
Torture in the United States

Torture in the United States includes cases of torture reported in the United States and outside the USA by U.S. government workers.

Torture and the War on Terror 

The United States and other countries involved in the War on Terror have used torture to get information from suspected terrorists. Some of the most well known cases of torture involving the U.S. are the Abu Ghraib scandal and Guantanamo Bay.

Abu Ghraib Prison 
Starting in 2004 there were reports of abuse of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The New Yorker newspaper had an article in May 2004 about the abuse and the article had pictures that were taken by soldiers involved. According to an investigation by the Department of Defense called the Taguba Report, the military had been looking into the abuse since 2003. In the end nine soldiers were discharged from the military and sent to prison.

Guantanamo Bay 
Human rights organisations like Amnesty International have said CIA agents used waterboarding and other  ways to get information out of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. Because of the abuse President Barack Obama ordered the base to be closed down.

References 

Torture
Itumbiara

Itumbiara is a Brazilian city of the state of Goiás. It has 95.265 inhabitants and an area of 2.461 km². It was founded in 1909 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Goiás.

Born in Itumbiara
Below is a list of famous people born in Itumbiara.
 Dante Amaral
 Zé Roberto

Other websites 

 Itumbiara's Official Home Page (in Portuguese)

Cities in Goiás
1909 establishments in Brazil
Legal tender

Legal tender is fiat money, or currency (bank notes and coins). It has value because a government creates it and backs it, and people using it have faith in its value. Fiat money such as US dollars can be used as an exchange for goods and services.

The point is that other kinds of money have been used. Legal tender differs from commodity money and representative money. Commodity money is based on a "good", often a precious metal such as gold or silver, which is desired or has other uses. Representative money is a claim on the commodity rather than the actual good. In that case, the gold stays in a bank, and its ownership changes from time to time as the money is used. Why might a good be used at all? One reason is that governments cannot just make it. It is said that this stops inflation because, with fiat money, governments can just print more.

Some economists argue that an economy can only grow if it can produce more capital goods and not more money in the form of credit. This means that good economies must produce things rather than borrow money to buy things produced in other countries.

Alan Greenspan was an early critic of fiat money arguing that "Deficit spending is simply a scheme for the confiscation of wealth". He thought the value of money should be backed by gold. Richard Nixon ended gold backing for the United States dollar in 1971. Other countries also changed to Fiat currency.

References

Currency
Anal retentive

The words anal-retentive (or  anally retentive, anal retentive), often shortened to "anal", are used in everyday language to describe a person with so much attention to detail that the obsession becomes annoying to other people. The idea was thought up by Sigmund Freud

Origins

In the psychology ideas of Freud, the anal stage is said to follow the oral stage of development in babies and young kids. This is usually when they are learning  toilet training.  Freud made a theory which said that children who experience troubles during this time may develop "anal" personality traits, as well as a general interest in collecting and keeping things.

Other views

Although Freud's theories have been influential, research suggests patterns of parental attitudes has a major effect on how a baby will grow up.

References

Psychology
Hudson Valley

The Hudson Valley is a valley of the Hudson River. It runs from about Westchester County to Albany.

The Hudson River valley runs in a north-south direction across eastern New York State.  There are many rock types in the valley.  This includes Triassic sandstones and redbeds in the south, and the Palisades Sill.  Older Precambrian gneiss is in the north (and east).  

In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a fjord. This fjord was cut during previous ice ages. To the west are the very long Appalachian highlands. Near Tappan Zee Bridge, the west side of the river has high cliffs. They are about 400–800 feet high.

Most of the Hudson Valley is part of the Appalachian Mountains. The northern part of the Hudson Valley is part of the Great Lakes area.

During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier. The glacier went down as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River. The drained water is called Lake Iroquois. Lake Ontario is the remnant of that lake.

References

Geography of New York
Valleys of the United States
Sargassum

Sargassum is a genus of generally planktonic (free-floating) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales. The Atlantic Ocean's Sargasso Sea gets its name from the large amount of several species of Sargassum that grow there.

References

Algae
Adjacent

Adjacent is an adjective meaning next to.

In geometry, two sides that meet to create an angle are said to be adjacent.

In trigonometry the adjacent side of a right triangle is the side next to the angle in question.

Geometry
Tributary state

A tributary state is a state that  is subordinate to a more powerful neighbour. It was a form of subordination in pre-modern times.

The tributary sent a regular token of submission to the superior power. This was a tribute, a substantial gift of wealth, such as the gold, produce, or slaves. The tribute might best be seen as the payment of protection money. But there were other ways to show submission as well.

For modern forms of state subordination, see puppet state, satellite state and client state.

States
Politics
Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa

The Asociación de Profesores y Monitores en Llingua Llïonesa or APMLL (Leonese Language Teachers and Monitor Association) is an associaction of teachers and monitors that teach Leonese language. 

They teach Leonese language in 16 schools in the city of Llión, (Spain), and in courses for adult people in the provinces of Llión, Zamora and Salamanca (Spain). Also they develop some activities for promoting Leonese language between the population, as the Leonese language Day, in all the provinces of the Kingdom of León.

Related pages

 Leonese language
 Leonese language writers

Other websites 
 Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa 
 Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu
 Asociación berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
 Top Level Domain for Leonese Language

References

Leonese language associations
Separately managed account

A Separately Managed Account or SMA is a type of financial investment account popular with some individual investors.  SMAs are offered by financial consultants and brokerage firms, and managed by independent "money managers." A money manager is simply a business that manages stock and other securities portfolios or baskets of investments for an investor.  SMAs have varying fee structures.  Common characteristics of SMA programs are: they provide open investment choices; have multiple managers; and, offer a customized investment portfolio created for a client's specific needs.  By customizing the portfolio, investors can limit the investment risk with various strategies, such as using stock options, according to the Wall Street Journal.

History 
SMAs were first introduced in the US in the 1970s by the former investment firm EF Hutton    Since that time, SMAs have grown in popularity, are offered in the US, UK, Australia and other countries.  For some investors, Separately Managed Accounts are rivals to mutual funds and other types of investments.

Performance 

While there is no long-term research that compares SMAs’ performance to that of mutual funds or other investment categories, the available research does show them as a strong competitor.

Morningstar Inc., a fund research firm, released research that showed that SMAs beat mutual funds in 2008.  Morningstar said that SMAs outperformed mutual funds in 25 of 36 stock and bond market categories that year.  In addition, Morningstar said that from 2006 to 2008, SMAs surpassed mutual funds in 22 of 26 categories.  

The Wall Street Journal reported that Separately Managed Accounts may beat popular mutual funds because SMAs “…tend to have smaller amounts of assets than popular mutual funds, allowing them to trade more nimbly."    
  

Unlike mutual funds, SMAs permit the investor to tailor their basket of stocks and bonds which can limit the investment risk.  Registered Rep, an investment trade magazine, said that SMAs also can provide 
tax advantages that may not be available with mutual funds and other investments.  

The Wall Street Journal recognized top SMA performers including PTI Securities & Futures LP’s “Protected Index Program” and  Robinson Value Management Ltd’s “Market Opportunity Composite Strategy.”   
  

Pensions & Investments, a US investment trade magazine, reported on several of the highest performing SMAs for 2008.

Financial experts point out that past performance of any investment is not a predictor of future performance.  So, investors should talk with a licensed financial adviser and carefully review all information available before making any investment decision.  In addition, before making an investment, investors should check with the appropriate licensing and regulatory authorities to ensure that the firm(s) offering SMAs is (are) properly licensed and in good standing.

References

Finance
Dzhe

Jeh (Џ, џ) is a letter of Vuk Karadžić's Cyrillic alphabet, used in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian to present a Voice for need to tell  (like the J in English "jump", but harder).

Related pages
Dž (Latin alphabet)
Ц, ц - Tse (Cyrillic)
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo

"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is a sentence that uses correct grammar. It is often used as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create confusing, hard-to-understand sentences.

It has been talked about since 1967, when the sentence was used by Dmitri Borgmann in his book Beyond Language.  Later, in 1972, the sentence was used by William J. Rapaport. Rapaport is a professor at the University at Buffalo in Buffalo, New York.

The sentence does not have punctuation. It uses three different meanings of the word "buffalo". They are:
 Noun adjunct (a noun used as an adjective): the city of Buffalo, New York.
 noun: the animal called buffalo in the plural form. They are also known as bison.
 verb: the word "buffalo", which means to confuse or intimidate (to scare somebody).

It can be broken down to "Buffaloa buffalon Buffaloa buffalon buffalov buffalov Buffaloa buffalon", where "a" is adjective, "n" is noun, and "v" is verb. It means, "Bison from Buffalo, which other bison from Buffalo confuse, confuse the bison from Buffalo."

 The first two words, "Buffalo buffalo," mean bison from Buffalo in the same way that "Florida man" means a man from Florida.
 The next three words, "Buffalo buffalo buffalo," mean "which other bison from Buffalo confuse." We don't need the word which in the original sentence, just like how "a man which the woman loved" means the same thing as "a man the woman loved."
 The last three words, "buffalo Buffalo buffalo," mean "confuse the bison from Buffalo."

Other words can be used to make sentences like this one. These include police, fish, and people. For example, "Fish fish fish fish fish". Other times, similar words that are spelled differently can be used: "Foul fowl foul fowl foul foul foul fowl".

Why it is confusing to read
The sentence is very confusing because:

Most people do not use the word "buffalo" as a verb.
The plural form of the noun "buffalo" can be "buffaloes" or "buffalo". In this sentence, the second form is used, which is spelled the same way as the verb.
There is no punctuation.
Having no words such as that or which makes the sentence harder to follow.
The only distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters is the use of capital B whenever Buffalo is used as a noun or an adjective. Lowercase b is used as a verb.
By saying the word over and over again, it is confusing to read, as most words can't be used like the buffalo sentence.

References

Language
Grammar
Buffalo, New York
Goat's milk cheese

Goat's milk cheese is cheese made from milk that came from a goat. It has a different color, structure, and taste than that of regular cheese. It is usually white and breaks apart quickly. Because it breaks apart quickly it is usually stored in plastic containers with water.

Goat's milk cheese is more common in countries where it is difficult to keep cows.

References

Cheeses
Webcomic

A webcomic is a comic that can be viewed on the Internet. Most webcomics are made viewable either as a page or a strip at a time. Some do this on a regular schedule, often one strip each day, or one strip on each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

Sources
Mekong River

The Mekong River is a river in the south-east of Asia. It flows through many countries: China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and finally Vietnam. The Mekong begins in the Lasagongma Spring which is in the plateaus of Tibet, disputed part of China, and flows about  south-east to the South China Sea. Its watershed covers 307,000 square miles (797,000 square kilometers).  Its name comes from the Thai language's Mae Num, or literally, "Mother Water".

The Mekong is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world, with hundreds of types of fish, as well as river dolphins, crocodiles, and otters. Fishing is a very important activity on the river. However, the Mekong River is also used extensively for navigation.

Dams
The river has dams:
Guoduo Dam
Miaowei
 Gongguoqiao
 Xiaowan 
Manwan
Dachaoshan
 Nuozhadu 
 Jinghong

Dams that are being built in China, are:
Gushui
Wunonglong 
Huangdeng
 Dahuaqiao

Dams that are being built in Laos, are:
 Xayaburi
 Don Sahong

Dams that are planned (as of 2017), include:
Pak Beng Dam (planned finished in 2022)
Latsua (planned finished in 2023)
Sanakham (planned finished in 2024)

Related pages
 Salween River

References

Other websites 

Government, corporate, environment and technical
 Mekong River Commission
 Thailand National Mekong Committee 
 Vietnam National Mekong Committee
 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library

Travel, culture and history
 NYTimes: The Mysterious Mekong Starts to Reveal Itself
 First raft and kayak descents of the Mekong in China, 1994 - 2004 

Rivers of China
Rivers of Thailand
Rivers of Myanmar
Rivers of Laos
Rivers of Vietnam
Rivers of Cambodia
Nasrid

The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri () was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Nasrid dynasty came to power after the defeat of the Almohad dynasty in 1212 at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three different emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII of Granada surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace built under their rule.

List of Nasrid Sultans of Granada 
 Muhammed I ibn Nasr (1238-1272)
 Muhammed II al-Faqih (1273-1302)
 Muhammed III (1302-1309)
 Nasr (1309-1314)
 Ismail I (1314-1325)
 Muhammed IV (1325-1333)
 Yusuf I (1333-1354)
 Muhammed V (1354-1359, 1362-1391)
 Ismail II (1359-1360)
 Muhammed VI (1360-1362)
 Yusuf II (1391-1392)
 Muhammed VII (1392-1408)
 Yusuf III (1408-1417)
 Muhammed VIII (1417-1419, 1427-1429)
 Muhammed IX (1419-1427, 1430-1431, 1432-1445, 1448-1453)
 Yusuf IV (1431-1432)
 Yusuf V (1445-1446, 1462)
 Muhammed X (1446-1448)
 Muhammed XI (1453-1454)
 Said (1454-1464)
 Abu l-Hasan Ali, known as Muley Hacén (1464-1482, 1483-1485)
 Abu 'abd Allah Muhammed XII, known as Boabdil (1482-1483, 1486-1492)
 Abū `Abd Allāh Muhammed XIII, known as El Zagal (1485-1486)

Genealogical chart

Related pages
 Al-Andalus
 Alhambra

References 
 William Montgomery Watt: A History of Islamic Spain, Edinburgh University Press, 1965

Other websites 
 Genealogy of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 
 Genealogy of the muslim dynasties in Spain  

History of Islam
History of Spain
Royal dynasties
Almoravid dynasty

The Almoravids were a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that ruled over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the 11th century.

Under this dynasty the Moorish empire included present-day Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gibraltar, Tlemcen (in Algeria) and a great part of what is now Senegal and Mali in the south, and Spain and Portugal to the north in Europe. At its greatest extent, the empire stretched 3,000 kilometres north to south (an all-time latitude spanner until Spanish America).

Rulers 
 Abdallah ibn Yasin (1040-1059)
 Yusuf ibn Tashfin (1061–1106)
 Ali ibn Yusuf (1106–42)
 Tashfin ibn Ali (1142–46)
 Ibrahim ibn Tashfin (1146)
 Ishaq ibn Ali (1146–1147)

Related pages
 History of Islam
 History of Spain

References 

 General History of Africa, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, Ed. M. Elfasi, Ch. 13 I.Hrbek and J.Devisse, The Almoravids (pp. 336–366), UNESCO, 1988

Other websites 
 Historical maps of Almoravid Dynasty Maps to be combined and compared
 Almoravids Dynasty Berber dynasty

Former empires
Former countries in Europe
Royal dynasties
1040 establishments
12th-century disestablishments in Africa
12th-century disestablishments in Europe
11th-century establishments in Africa
11th-century establishments in Europe
1147 disestablishments
Yugoslavia national football team

Yugoslavia national football team is the national football team of Yugoslavia.

References

European national football teams
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia national football team

The Czechoslovakia national football team was the national football team of Czechoslovakia.

References

European national football teams
Czechoslovakia
Vuk Karadžić

Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Serbian alphabet: Вук Стефановић Караџић; November 7, 1787 – February 7, 1864) was a Serbian language mistakes fixer and pioneer. He first made Serbian language as the Serbian that people talk today. Vuk had largely changed Serbian language of that time, he collected folk songs from Serbian villagers and he was the author of the first Serbian dictionary. Vuk Karadžić is the most notable person of Serbian literature of the 19th century.

Sources 

1787 births
1864 deaths
Serbian scientists
Linguists
Stephen Fry

Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is a British actor, comedian, journalist, writer, and television personality. He presents the television programme QI. He used to work a lot with Hugh Laurie.

Fry was born in Hampstead, London and grew up in Norfolk. His maternal grandparents were Hungarian Jews. He is a Jewish atheist and is openly gay. He has been diagnosed with cyclothymia, a mild form of bipolar disorder. From 1995 to 2010, Fry had a relationship with Daniel Cohen. In January 2015, Fry married his partner, Elliot Spencer.

In February 2018, Fry announced via a video that he had an operation to treat prostate cancer and have 11 lymph nodes removed and was recovering from the surgery. He described the cancer as aggressive and said that early intervention had saved his life.

References

Other websites 

1957 births
Living people
Actors from London
Actors from Norfolk
Cancer survivors
Comedians from London
English atheists
English autobiographers
English journalists
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English playwrights
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
English voice actors
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
LGBT directors
LGBT journalists
LGBT playwrights
LGBT screenwriters
People from Hampstead
Movie directors from London
People with bipolar disorder
People with cancer
Screenwriters from London
Television personalities from London
Television personalities from Norfolk
Writers from London
Writers from Norfolk
Deposition

Deposition might refer to:

 Deposition (law)
 Deposition (politics)

Science
 Deposition (chemistry), molecules settling out of a solution
 Deposition (geology), material such as sediment being added to a landform
 Deposition (phase transition), the process by which a gas is transformed into a solid
 Deposition (aerosol physics), a process where aerosol particles set down onto surfaces
Soviet Union national football team

Soviet Union national football team was the national football team of Soviet Union. The team was left after the Soviet Union breakup in 1991. The team is now replaced by the Russia national football team.

References

European national football teams
Soviet Union
East Germany national football team

East Germany national football team was the national football team of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) from 1952 to 1990. The East Germany team is now the Germany team.

Record

FIFA World Cup 

East Germany only qualified for one World Cup, and they only made it to round 2.

 1950 - Did not enter
 1954 - Did not enter
 1958 to 1970 - Did not qualify
 1974 - Round 2
 1978 to 1990 - Did not qualify

European Championship 

East Germany never qualified for a UEFA European Football Championship tournament.

 1960 to 1988 - Did not qualify
 1992 - Left to qualification round

References 

Football in Germany
European national football teams
Sport in East Germany
Almohad

The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic  al-Muwahhidun, i.e., "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a Berber, Muslim dynasty that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Libya, together with Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).

History 

Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, a Berber from the Masmuda tribe, defeated the ruling Almoravids and became ruler over all northern Africa as far as Libya. He became Emir of Marrakech in 1149 and conquered Al-Andalus, Moorish Iberia. In 1170 the Almohads transferred their capital to Seville. But by 1212 Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile, Aragón, Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The Almohads lost nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia soon after. The great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville fell into Christian possession in the first half of the 13th century. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa for some time, but they lost a lot of their territory. The last representative of the line, Idris II, had only Marrakech left. There he was murdered by a slave in 1269.

Muwahhadi (Almohad) Caliphs,1121–1269 
 

 Ibn Tumart 1121-1130
 Abd al-Mu'min 1130–1163
 Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163–1184
 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur 1184–1199
 Muhammad an-Nasir 1199–1213
 Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 1213–1224
 Abd al-Wahid I 1224
 Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
 Yahya 1227–1235
 Idris I 1227–1232
 Abdul-Wahid II 1232–1242
 Ali 1242–1248
 Umar 1248–1266
 Idris II 1266–1269

Culture 
Sufi writers.
 Sidi Abu Madyan Choaïb ben al-Houssein al-Ansari (1126-1198)
 Ali ibn Harzihim (m.1164)
 Abi Mohammed Salih (1153-1234)
 Abu Abdallah ibn Harzihim (m.1235)
 Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili (1197-1258)
 Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi (b. 1185) historian and writer
 Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi (1204-1285)

Related pages
 History of Islam
 History of Spain
 Nasrid
 Reconquista

References 

 History of the Almonades, Reinhart Dozy, (second edition, 1881)
 Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala, Marcel D. Popa, Horia C. Matei, (Bucharest, Editura Politica 1988)

Other websites 
 Historical maps of Almohad Dynasty Maps to be combined and compared
 Almohads Dynasty Berber dynasty

Former countries in Europe
History of Africa
Almohad dynasty
Former empires
1121 establishments
1269 disestablishments
12th-century establishments in Europe
12th-century establishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in Africa
Halloumi

Halloumi also known as Hellim is a white cheese made out of goat's milk. It is not a hard or a soft cheese, and can be fried to a crispy coating. Halloumi cheese originated in the island of Cyprus.

References

Cheeses
Middle Eastern foods
Du Fu

Du Fu (; 712-770 AD) was a Chinese realistic poet. He was also called Zi Mei. Du Fu is often regarded, along with Li Bai and Wang Wei, as one of the three greatest poets in China's literary history. He has been called Poet-Historian and the Poet-Sage by Chinese critics. Today we know about 1,400 of his poems. His poetry describes human suffering that he had witnessed throughout his life. It also reflected on the troubled times during the Tang Dynasty. In 755 he was forced to flee his home and was separated from his family for a year.

Footnotes

References 
 Chou, Eva Shan; (1995). Reconsidering Tu Fu: Literary Greatness and Cultural Context. Cambridge University Press. .
 Hung, William; (1952). Tu Fu: China's Greatest Poet. Harvard University Press. .

712 births
770 deaths
Chinese poets
Base (mathematics)

In mathematics, a base or radix is the number of different digits or combination of digits and letters that a system of counting uses to represent numbers. For example, the most common base used today is the decimal system. Because "dec" means 10, it uses the 10 digits from 0 to 9. Most people think that we most often use base 10 because we have 10 fingers.

A base is usually a whole number bigger than 1, although non-integer bases are also mathematically possible. The base of a number may be written next to the number: for instance,  means 23 in base 8 (which is equal to 19 in base 10).

In computers
Different bases are often used in computers. Binary (base 2) is used because at the most simple level, computers can only deal with 0s and 1s. Hexadecimal (base 16) is used because of how computers group binary digits together. Every four binary digits turn into one hexadecimal digit when changing between them. Because there are more than 10 digits in hexadecimal, the six digits after 9 are shown as A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Measurement 
The oldest systems of counting used base one.  Making marks on a wall, using one mark for each item counted is an example of unary counting. Some old systems of measurement use the duodecimal radix (base twelve). This is shown in English, as there are words such as dozen (12) and gross (144 = 12×12), and lengths such as feet (12 inches). Angle measurement often uses a system adapted from the Babylonian numerals with base 60.

Writing bases 
When typing a base, the small number indicating the base is usually in base ten. This is because if the radix were written in its own base, it would always be "10," so there would be no way of knowing what base it was supposed to be in.

Numbers in different bases
Here are some examples of how some numbers are written in different bases, compared to decimals:

Mathematics