cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Serval

The serval (Leptailurus serval) is a medium-sized wild cat which lives in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only species in its genus.

Description 
The serval has the longest legs of all cats, relative to its size. Not only can it run fast, but it is an amazing jumper: two to three metres from a standing start.

Its length as an adult is about 32 inches (body) and 16 inches (tail). It weighs about four pounds. There are a number of subspecies, and its geographical range is from the Cape of South Africa to Algeria, wherever the circumstances are right for it.

It is lightly built, with very large ears and long legs. The back of the ears is black with a big white spot, and the tip of the tail is black. These signs serve as signals to other servals, including kittens.

Habitat 
The serval needs access to water, and dense grassland. Reed beds, scrub or high grass are typical habitats. It is territorial.

Hunting and diet 

The serval is nocturnal, and hunts mostly at night. The serval is  an opportunistic predator whose diet includes rodents, hares, hyraxes, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and frogs.

As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the serval's long legs help it achieve a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), and has large ears with acute hearing. Its long legs and neck allow the serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. Servals have been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey, and to leap 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10 ft) into the air to grab birds in flight. Using its spectacular jumping ability, the serval leaps into the air and bats the bird with its front paws. When the bird is on the ground, it bites its neck, killing it.

Like most cats, the serval is a solitary animal. It travels as much as  each night in search of food. The female defends home ranges of , depending on local prey availability. The male defends larger territories of , and marks its territory by spraying urine onto bushes.

References 

Felines
Mammals of Africa
0.999...

0.999... (also written as 0., and read as "0 point 9 repeating") is one of the ways the number 1 (one) can be written. Even though it is written like this, no matter how many nines there are before the ellipsis, it is still equal in value to 1.

About 
0.999... is a repeating decimal, which means the digit "9" is repeated forever. It is different from 0.999, which only has three 9s.

0.999... can also be written as
,
 or
.

It is hard for many people to understand why 0.999... is the same as 1. There are many proofs that show why they are the same number, but many of these proofs are very complex.

Examples 
One simple way of showing that 0.999... and 1 are the same thing is to divide them both by the number 3. When 0.999... is divided by 3, the answer is 0.333..., which is the same as  (the fraction one third).

When 1 is divided by 3, the answer is . Since the answers are the same, that means that 0.999... and 1 are the same. Another way of thinking about it is if  = 0.333... and  = 0.666..., then  = 0.999... therefore, as  = 1, 0.999... must also equal 1. There are many other ways of showing this.

Another way of proving that 0.999... = 1 is by accepting the simple fact that if two numbers are different, there must be at least one number between them. For example, a number between 1 and 2 is 1.5, and a number between 0.9 and 1 is 0.95. Since 0.999... has an infinite number of 9s, there cannot be another number after the "last" 9, meaning there is no number between 0.999... and 1. Therefore, they are equal.

One more common proof is such:

In popular culture 
As the Internet developed, arguments about 0.999... are often on newsgroups and message boards. Even newsgroups and message boards that do not have much to do with math argue about this. In the newsgroup sci.math, arguing about 0.999... is a "popular sport". It is also one of the questions in its FAQ.

Related pages 
 Limit (mathematics)

References

Other websites 
 Why does 0.9999... = 1 ?
 Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals 
 A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999... = 1

Mathematics
Ophthalmosauridae

Ophthalmosauridae were a family of Ichthyosaurs which lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous period.

Within Ophthalmosauridae there are two lineages, one including Aegirosaurus and Ophthalmosaurus, and the other including Brachypterygius, Caypullisaurus and Platypterygius.

Only three genera survived the end-Jurassic extinction event: Caypullisaurus, Maiaspondylus, and Platypterygius. They did, however, have a worldwide distribution. The last to survive was Platypterygius. This genus became extinct about 30 million years before the end of the Upper Cretaceous period. It happened when there was a deep ocean anoxic event, which wiped out all the animals below pelagic waters. Ichthyosaurs, being reptiles, came to the surface to breath, but the extinction event removed their prey species.

References

Ichthyosaurs
Anoxic event

An anoxic event (AE) is an event in which parts of the ocean have become low in oxygen (O2) below the surface levels, or when all the oxygen has gone. They may be called oceanic anoxic events or deep ocean anoxic events.

Major anoxic events have happened, though not for millions of years. The geological record of organic-rich sediment (black shales) shows that they happened in the past. However, only "in rare, extreme cases, [did] euxinia lead to biotic crises. [The] hypothesis  [is] best supported by evidence from the end-Permian mass extinction".

Anoxic events may have caused mass extinctions. These mass extinctions were so characteristic that they have been used by geologists as markers in biostratigraphic dating. Typically, oceanic anoxic events last for under half a million years, before a full recovery.

There are several places on earth today that show the features of anoxic events on a localized level. 'Dead zones' exist off the East Coast of the United States in the Chesapeake Bay, in the Scandinavian strait Kattegat, the Black Sea, in the northern Adriatic and off the coast of Louisiana.

Events which may have caused anoxic events 
It is not known why anoxic events may have happened. Some ideas include:

Global warm climate leading to a huge growth of biomass.
High rainfall sweeping organic material down into the oceans.
Deep water circulation between poles and the equator stopping.
Oceanic oxygen being used up, and not being replaced fast enough.
Poisonous hydrogen sulphide collecting in the oceans.
Oceans becoming hostile to most forms of life

All of these events may have caused mass extinction in the seas, changing ways in which all animals which feed on sea creatures.

Historic examples

Jurassic 	
Toarcian event 183 million years ago (mya)

Lower Cretaceous 
Aptian: mid-Aptian extinction event, 116/7 mya.

Upper Cretaceous 
Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event: black shale deposition in ocean basins. 91.5 (±8.6) mya.

Cainozoic 	
Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 55.8 mya.

References 

Extinction events
Ecology
Oceanography
Metriacanthosaurus

Metriacanthosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in Europe during the Middle Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. Its name means "Moderate-spined lizard", because its back vertebrae are taller than other meat-eating dinosaurs such as Allosaurus, but shorter than those of other meat-eating dinosaurs, such as Acrocanthosaurus. Like most theropods, Metriacanthosaurus was a meat-eater. It had three fingers on each hand. Each finger ended in a sharp, hook-like claw that was used to grab prey before giving the killing bite with its jaws. It probably preyed on the large, long-necked sauropods, such as Pelorosaurus, that lived in the same time and place as it. It was originally classified as a megalosaurid, but recent studies show that it belongs to its own family, the Metriacanthosauridae

In popular culture
In Jurassic Park, one of the vials of dinosaur DNA that Dennis Nedry steals is labeled Metriacanthosaurus.

Carnosaurs
Acrocanthosaurus

Acrocanthosaurus was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Lower Cretaceous period. Its name means "high-spined lizard". This refers to the spines on its vertebrae which formed a sail or hump when the animal was alive.

Its classification is uncertain. It was originally classified as a spinosaur, because the spines on its back looked like those of Spinosaurus. However, Acrocanthosaurus is now classified as a carnosaur. Most paleontologists believe that it was a carcharodontosaurid.

Acrocanthosaurus was 39 feet long, almost as large as Tyrannosaurus rex, and weighed about 6 or 7 short tons. It was the largest theropod in North America before the evolution of the tyrannosaurs.

Long, low ridges start at the nasal bones. They run along each side of the snout from the nostril back to the eye, and they continued onto the lacrimal bones. This is a characteristic feature of all allosaurids.

There is a famous trackway in Paluxy, Texas, which shows tracks of what might be an Acrocanthosaurus and its prey. While interesting and plausible, this hypothesis is difficult to prove and there are other explanations.

In popular culture 
Acrocanthosaurus was featured in an episode of the television documentary Monsters Resurrected. It was depicted as the top predator in early Cretaceous North America. A juvenile was scared away from its kill by a pack of Deinonychus, and was forced to hunt more difficult prey, such as a Sauropelta.

References 

Carnosaurs
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Flood basalt

A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

Flood basalts have covered areas as large as a continent in prehistory, creating great plateaus and mountain ranges.  Flood basalts have erupted at various times throughout Earth history. They are clear evidence that the Earth has periods of higher activity rather than being in a uniform steady state.

One explanation for flood basalts is that they are caused by the combination of continental rifting and its associated melting. Then a mantle plume produces vast quantities of a basaltic magma. These have a low viscosity, which is why they 'flood' rather than form taller volcanoes.

Flood basalts start at between 100 and 400 km depth, in the asthenosphere. To get a partial melting as large as that of the traps, expelling huge quantities of lava, it is necessary to have a large heat input. Such melting can take place near a hotspot, resulting in a mixture of magma from the depths of the hotspot with superficial magma produced by a mantle plume.

Lava plateaux 
A lava plateau is a flat, wide surface (plateau) that is formed when lava comes out of the ground and spreads out very quickly. The layers of lava can build up over time to form a lava plateau. Here are the general properties of lava plateaux:

 They are very large areas of basaltic lava with a layered structure.
 Lava makes the plateau bigger, and higher, with each eruption.
 They tend to be flat.
 Mid-ocean ridge eruptions make large plains on the sea floor.
 The lava of these plateaux are thin and runny.
These plateaux may take millions of years to form.
Overtime a number of fissure eruptions in the same area can build up a high plateau.

Examples 
The Emeishan Traps in southwestern China, around Sichuan province, the Deccan Traps of central India, the Siberian Traps, and the Columbia River Plateau of western North America are four large regions covered by prehistoric flood basalts. The two largest flood basalt events in historic time have been at Eldgjá and Lakagigar, both in Iceland. The largest and best-preserved continental flood basalt terrain on Earth is part of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province in Canada. The maria on the Moon are additional, even more extensive, flood basalts.  Flood basalts on the ocean floor produce oceanic plateaus.

The surface covered by one eruption can vary from around 200,000 km² (Karoo) to 1,500,000 km² (Siberian Traps).  The thickness can vary from 2000 metres (Deccan Traps) to 12,000 m (Lake Superior). These are smaller than the original volumes due to erosion.

Another example of a lava plateau is the Giant's Causeway, in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. This is was originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau.

References 

Volcanology
Plateaus
Monterrey

Monterrey is a city in northern Mexico.  It is the capital of the state Nuevo León.  It is the third largest city in Mexico. It has 2,056,538 people.

 
Capital cities in Mexico
Siberian Traps

The Siberian Traps form a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in the Russian region of Siberia. 

The large eruptions which formed the traps were one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth history. They continued for a million years and spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 251 to 250 million years ago. It was the same time as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. The eruption of the Siberian Traps is a possible cause of this "Great Dying".

The term "traps" is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trappa, or sometimes trapp), referring to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region, which is typical of flood basalts.

Geographical extent 
Vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large expanse of primaeval Siberia in a flood basalt event. Today the area covered is about 2 million km² – roughly equal to western Europe in land area – and estimates of the original coverage are as high as 7 million km². The original volume of lava is estimated to range from 1 to 4 million km³.

Origin
The source of the Siberian Traps basalt was, probably, a mantle plume at the base of the crust which erupted through the Siberian craton (the oldest part of the Siberian continental plate). Helium isotope analysis from the basalts indicates a plume origin. The scientific debate continues. There is a minority controversial theory which argues that the traps were caused by a large asteroid impact.

The Great Dying 

This massive eruptive event spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 250 million years ago, and is widely cited as a cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction event.  This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed 90% of species living at the time. Life on land took 30 million years to recover from the environmental disruptions caused by the eruption of the Siberian Traps.

Siberian Traps and nickel 
The Siberian Traps are considered to have erupted through numerous vents over a period of a million years or more, probably east and south of Norilsk in Siberia. The giant Norilsk nickel-copper-palladium deposit formed within the magma flows in the main Siberian Traps. The presence of extensive tuff and pyroclastic deposits suggests that a number of large explosive eruptions occurred during or before the eruptions of basaltic lavas. The presence of silicic volcanic rocks such as rhyolite is also indicative of explosive eruptions.

Related pages 
Flood basalt
Deccan Traps

Other websites 
The Siberian Traps 
The Siberian Traps, by Richard Cowen
The Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province
Toxic Gases Caused World's Worst Extinction

References 

Extinction events
Flood basalts
Volcanic landforms
Volcanoes of Asia
Mountains of Russia
Siberia
College of Marin

The College of Marin is a community college in Marin County, California, U.S.. It has one campus in Kentfield and another in Novato.

Colleges and universities in California
1926 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in California
Tellurium(II) chloride

Tellurium(II) chloride, also known as tellurium dichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl2. It contains tellurium in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
Tellurium(II) chloride is a black solid. It absorbs water. It can be oxidized to tellurium(IV) chloride. It reacts with water.

Related pages
Tellurium(II) bromide
Tellurium(IV) bromide

Tellurium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Tellurous acid

Tellurous acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2TeO3. It contains hydrogen and tellurite ions. It can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with water. It is not made as easily as telluric acid.

It is a weak oxidizing agent and a weak reducing agent. It easily turns back into tellurium dioxide and water. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make tellurites.

Related pages
Telluric acid
Sodium tellurite
Acids
Tellurium compounds
Tellurium(IV) chloride

Tellurium(IV) chloride, also known as tellurium tetrachloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
Tellurium(IV) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It melts easily to a red liquid. It evaporates easily. It reacts with water to make tellurium dioxide and hydrochloric acid. It is toxic and corrosive.

Preparation
Tellurium(IV) chloride is made by reacting tellurium powder and chlorine.

Uses
It is used in making organic compounds.

Related pages
Selenium(IV) chloride
Tellurium(II) chloride

Tellurium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Kim Clijsters

Kim Clijsters (; born 8 June 1983)is a Belgian retired tennis player. She used to be ranked as the World No. 1. On 22 August 2011 she was ranked third in the world.

References 

1983 births
Living people
Belgian sportspeople
Female tennis players
World No. 1 tennis players
Asheville, North Carolina

Asheville is the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina. It is located where the Swannanoa River and the French Broad River meet. The population of Asheville was counted in 2000 as 74,543 and 83,393 in 2010. Asheville is the largest city in the North Carolina mountains.

County seats in North Carolina
June Cleaver

June Cleaver is a literary reference meaning "the perfect stay-at-home mom" referring to the mother in the U.S. television show Leave it to Beaver which was released from 1957 to 1963. Women writers viewing the show sometimes had difficulty living up to or agreeing with such a feminine mystique.  June Cleaver is often referred to in remarks justifying a messy home such as “June Cleaver made having a spotless house look so effortless . . .” The character was played by actress Barbara Billingsley, a lifelong resident of Los Angeles county, California, U.S.A.

References 

Slang
Television characters
Jack Tweed

Jack’ Tweed (born 9 June 1987) is a British television personality.

Tweed started his career as Jade Goody's partner. He became widely known in 2007 after being on Celebrity Big Brother UK. He caused controversy when he called housemate Shilpa Shetty a "cunt" and "Paki" and said that she should remove objects from the toilet with her teeth. After Celebrity Big Brother, Goody miscarried his child in 2007. He married her on 22 February 2009 and she died of cervical cancer a month later. He appeared in 2010 ITV2 programme The Only Way Is Essex. In 2010, he had a relationship with Chanelle Hayes.

Tweed has had several legal issues. These include an 18-month prison sentence in September 2008 for assault occasioning actual bodily harm for attacking a 16-year-old boy with a golf club in December 2006. In March 2009, he was found guilty of common assault for attacking a taxi driver in May 2008. He was tried for the rape of a 19-year-old woman in April 2010, but found not guilty. In January 2011 he punched a man, for which he was convicted of common assault in August 2011.

References 

1987 births
Living people
British people convicted of assault
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Criminals from London
People acquitted of rape
People from the London Borough of Waltham Forest
Television personalities from London
Quadrilateral

In Euclidean plane geometry, a quadrilateral is a polygon with four edges (or sides) and four vertices (or corners). Sometimes, the term quadrangle is used (similar to the term "triangle"), while other times, the term tetragon is used (similar to pentagon, 5-sided polygon, and hexagon, 6-sided polygon). A quadrilateral with vertices , , ,  is sometimes written as .

The origin of the word quadrilateral is the two Latin words quadri, a variant of four, and latus, meaning "side".

Quadrilaterals can be either complex, also called crossed (self-intersecting), or simple (not self-intersecting). Simple quadrilaterals are either convex or concave.

All the sides of a quadrilateral are straight, and the interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°.

This is a special case of the n-gon interior angle sum formula: (n − 2) × 180°.

All non-self-crossing quadrilaterals tile the plane, by repeated rotation around the midpoints of their edges.

There are 6 special kinds of quadrilaterals; square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, kite, and trapezoid. Technically, squares, rectangles, and rhombuses are types of parallelograms.

Related pages 

 Cube
 Cuboid

References 

4
Yangchuanosaurus

Yangchuanosaurus was a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China. It was a fairly typical carnosaur, with a large head, sharp, serrated teeth, and relatively short arms (though not as short as those of Tyrannosaurus). It was the largest predator in its part of the world. Yangchuanosaurus probably preyed on sauropods, such as Mamenchisaurus, or stegosaurs, such as Tuojiangosaurus.

There are two species. Y. zigongensis is from the Middle Jurassic, and Y. shangyouensis is from the Upper Jurassic. Specimens were collected from the Dashanpu Dinosaur Quarry of Zigong, Sichuan.

The Middle Jurassic Y. zigongensis is known from four incomplete specimens. There are two specimens of the Upper Jurassic Y. shangyouensis, which were at first put into separate species. Later analysis showed they were probably different ages or variations of the same species.

The first skull is 82 cm (2.7 ft) long, and its total body length about 8 m (26 ft). The other specimen was even larger. It had a skull length of 1.11 m (3.6 ft). It may have been up to 10.8 m (35.4 ft) long, and weighed as much as 3.4 metric tons (3.7 short tons). There was a bony knob on its nose and multiple hornlets and ridges, similar to Ceratosaurus. It had a massive tail that was about half its length.

References 

Carnosaurs
Jurassic dinosaurs
Pelorosaurus

Pelorosaurus conybeari is the name given to a few sauropod dinosaur bones from the Lower Cretaceous period, about 138–112 million years ago. 

Bones of Pelorosaurus have been found in England and Portugal. It was a Brachiosaur, with front legs that were longer than its hind legs. 

The name has been challenged, and has been the subject of long-lasting dispute. Some palaeontologists prefer the name Cetiosaurus brevis.

The taxonomic status of Pelorosaurus is as a result very problematic. Technically, Cetiosaurus brevis is its type species. The position of Pelorosaurus is further undermined by the fact that several researchers hold that the genus is a nomen dubium ('doubtful name').

Pelorosaurus was one of the first dinosaurs described, and the naming procedures were not so well-developed at the time. Its life-style is assumed to be similar to other brachiosaurs, eating from the higher branches of tall conifer trees.

References 

Brachiosaurs
Pope Leo X

Pope Leo X (; 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 218th Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521.

Early life
Giovanni de Medici was born in Florence.  He was the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent.

He studied theology and canon law at Pisa from 1489 to 1491.

Priest 
Six days after his election as pope in 1513, Medici was ordained as a priest.

Bishop 
Two days after his ordination and eight days after his election as pope in 1513, Medici was made a bishop.

Cardinal
At the age of 13, Pope Innocent VIII named Medici cardinal in 1489.

Pope
Cardinal Medici was elected pope on 9 March 1513. On the 15 March he was ordained priest, and he was consecrated as bishop on March 17. He was crowned Pope on 19 March at the age of 37.

Pope Leo was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Leo was a patron of Michelangelo and Raphael.

Related pages 
 List of popes
List of popes from the Medici family

References

Other websites

 

  "Leo X", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo X
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici

Italian popes
People from Florence
House of Medici
1475 births
1521 deaths
Crumpet

A crumpet is a kind of flat, small round bread that is raised by yeast. They are about the same size as an English muffin. They are made in crumpet rings that are four inches wide and usually one inch deep. Crumpets are usually baked on a griddle and served toasted. A well-baked crumpet has a brown bottom and a spongey top that has many tiny holes. Crumpets are toasted whole, while English muffins are split and then toasted. After the baking, crumpets are spread with butter or cream and jam.

Definition 

The word of crumpet may come from the Middle English word crompid (cake), or curled (cake). Or it may come from the past participle of the Middle English verb crumpen, which means to curl up. It could also have come from crumb, crump, or crooked, all Old English. Crumpet is also used as British slang for a particularly sexually attractive woman. It Australian slang, it is part of the expression: "not worth a crumpet", meaning that somebody or something is useless.

History 

The first recipe for crumpets was long ago, referred to frequently as the "crompid cake" by many. The Oxford English Dictionary traced the history back to 1382.

The Oxford Companion to Food also says that the earliest published recipe for crumpets was by Elizabeth Raffald, in 1769. There, the "crompid cake" is mentioned as well with buckwheat griddle cakes so it is believed that there is a connection between crumpets and the buckwheat pancake.

Elizabeth Raffald mentions it in her book of The Experienced English Housekeeper. Her recipe is very similar to the modern crumpet recipe, especially in the baking, buttering, and serving.

References 

Breads
Edam cheese

Edam is a type of Dutch cheese. It is named after the town that it comes from, Edam in the Netherlands. Edam cheese is pale yellow. It is often sold in round pieces, covered in red paraffin wax. Edam that is sold in the Netherlands (and not exported) does not usually have wax on it.

References

Dutch cheeses
Edam-Volendam
The Night Angel Trilogy

The Night Angel Trilogy is a series of fantasy novels written by Brent Weeks. The first book in the series, The Way of Shadows, was published in October 2008, and the third book, Beyond the Shadows, was published in December 2008.

Books
 The Way of Shadows
 Shadow's Edge
 Beyond the Shadows

References

Fantasy books
Series of books
Taylor Chorney

Taylor Chorney (born April 27, 1987) is a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Edmonton Oilers and St. Louis Blues.

He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 36th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He previously played at the University of North Dakota. He also was on Team USA at the 2006 World Junior Championships. Chorney represented the USA again in the 2007 World Juniors, where he was team captain. He made his NHL debut on April 10, 2009 against the Calgary Flames. He recorded his first NHL point in his first game of the 2009-10 season, by assisting one of Zack Stortini's two goals on October 12, 2009 on the road against the Nashville Predators.

His father, Marc, played 210 games in the NHL for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Los Angeles Kings.

On July 1, 2014, Chorney signed one-year, two-way contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins.

References

Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Discovery Channel

The Discovery Channel is a cable television channel about science, history, and nature. It has programs such as Man vs. Wild, A Haunting, The Last Day of the Dinosaurs, MythBusters, and Dirty Jobs.

American television channels
Cable television
Charonosaurus

Charonosaurus was a genus of hadrosaur that lived at the very end of the Upper Cretaceous, about 65 million years ago. Its remains were found in China. 

The partial skull resembles that of Parasaurolophus from North America. This does not suggest a Bering land bridge existed during the Cretaceous period, since at that time North America was far away from Eastern Asia. Instead, it is likely that this group of hadrosaurs all had a similar long, backward-projecting hollow crest. It may have been used for trumpeting their calls. In other words, their skull shape was a basal feature.

Charonosaurus was a very large lambeosaurine hadrosaur (estimated around 13 m (42.5 ft) long), known from a partial skull found in Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China. Adult and juvenile hadrosaur remains were found in the same area. They give information on the rest of the skeleton; the femur length was up to 1.35 m. (4.5 ft).

In popular culture
Charonosaurus was featured in the Discovery Channel television documentary The Last Day of the Dinosaurs, where it was the prey of Troodon.

References 

Hadrosauridae
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Tellurium(IV) iodide

Tellurium(IV) iodide, also known as tellurium tetraiodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeI4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains iodide ions.

Properties
Tellurium(IV) iodide is a black solid. It breaks down when heated to tellurium(II) iodide and iodine. It is a weak reducing agent. It conducts electricity when melted.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium with iodine or by reacting tellurium with iodomethane, CH3I.

Related pages
Tellurium(IV) bromide
Tellurium(IV) chloride
Tellurium(IV) fluoride

Tellurium compounds
Iodine compounds
Tellurium(IV) fluoride

Tellurium(IV) fluoride, also known as tellurium tetrafluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeF4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
Tellurium(IV) fluoride is a white solid. It reacts with water to make tellurium dioxide and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with many metals when heated.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sulfur tetrafluoride. It can also be made by reacting cold fluorine with tellurium. Another way is reacting selenium tetrafluoride with warm tellurium dioxide. Fluorine can also react with tellurium(II) chloride or tellurium(II) bromide to make tellurium(IV) fluoride.

Related pages
Tellurium(VI) fluoride
Tellurium(IV) chloride

Tellurium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Tellurium(IV) oxide

Tellurium(IV) oxide, also known as tellurium dioxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO2. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
Tellurium(IV) oxide can be yellow or white. The white form is the manmade form. The yellow form is natural, also known as tellurite. The manmade form is most common in chemical reactions. At high pressure, the manmade white form turns into the yellow form. It melts at a high temperature to make a red liquid.

Tellurium(IV) oxide does not dissolve in water. It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid. It can react with many strong acids and powerful oxidizing agents. It can also react with strong bases. It makes one's breath smell like garlic when it is eaten.

Preparation
Tellurium(IV) oxide is made by burning tellurium in air.

Uses
It is used in devices that can convert light into sound. It can make glass with special properties.

Safety
It can cause birth defects. It also makes bad breath.

Related pages
Tellurium(IV) chloride
Tellurium(VI) oxide

Tellurium compounds
Tellurium(VI) fluoride

Tellurium(VI) fluoride, also known as tellurium hexafluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeF6. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. It is the oldest known tellurium fluoride.

Properties
Tellurium(VI) fluoride is a colorless gas. It condenses to a white solid when made cold. It has a very bad smell. It is very toxic. It is similar to selenium hexafluoride, even though it is less volatile (not as easily evaporated). It reacts with water to make telluric acid and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with tellurium under  to make tellurium tetrafluoride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting hot fluorine with tellurium. Cold fluorine gas makes tellurium tetrafluoride. It can also be made by reacting fluorine with tellurium trioxide. Another way to make it is reacting selenium tetrafluoride and tellurium dioxide to make tellurium tetrafluoride, which is heated above  to make tellurium hexafluoride and tellurium.

Related pages
Tellurium(IV) fluoride
Tellurium(IV) chloride

Tellurium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Avram Glazer

Avram Glazer (born October 19, 1960 in Rochester, New York) is the joint-chairman of Manchester United Football Club with his brother Joel.

Glazer lives in New Orleans with his wife and their two children. He is a son of Malcolm Glazer.

References

1960 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives
Businesspeople from New York
Avram
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish billionaires
Jewish businesspeople
People from Rochester, New York
Sportspeople from New York
Telluric acid

Telluric acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is H6TeO6. It contains hydrogen and tellurate ions. It contains the TeO66- form of the tellurate ion.

Telluric acid is a weak acid. It reacts with strong bases to make tellurates. It is a powerful oxidizing agents. It can be dehydrated to make tellurium trioxide. The metatelluric acid, H2TeO4, does not exist. 

Telluric acid can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with chromium trioxide or hydrogen peroxide. 

It is used to make other tellurates such as sodium tellurate.

Related pages
Tellurous acid
Sodium tellurite

Sources

Acids
Tellurium compounds
Electrical resistivity

Electrical resistivity is a concept in electrical engineering. It is a measure of how much a material stops the flow of electric current through it. Most metals have very low electrical resistivity.

More precisely, "the resistivity of a material of conductor is the resistance of its unit area of cross section and per unit of its length" The International System of Units uses the ohm metre for measuring how much electrical resistivity there is. Electrical resistivity is the inverse of electrical conductivity. This term is more used for semiconductors and insulators.

The resistivity of a substance is equal to the resistance of a rod of that substance which is 1 metre long and 1 square metre in cross-section.  This can be a 1 cubic Metre cube. So we can also say that the resistivity of a substance is equal to he resistance between the opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the substance. The resistivity of a substance does not depend on its length or thickness. It depends on the nature of the substance and temperature.

Electricity
Manzanar

Manzanar was the name of a Japanese American internment camp in California.  It was near Lone Pine, California, in the desert near Death Valley.  Thousands of people were kept there; most of them were Japanese people from Los Angeles.  The camp opened in 1942 and was closed in 1945.  Today, the camp is a National Historic Site.

References

Other websites

20th century in California
World War II
Concentration camps
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
California Historical Landmarks
Philip Gunawardena

Don Philip Rupasinghe Gunawardena (11 January 1901 – 26 March 1972) was a Sri Lankan politician. He introduced Trotskyism to Sri Lanka. He studied in the United States and picked up liberal ideas there.

References

1901 births
1972 deaths
Indian independence movement
Communists
Activists
Sri Lankan politicians
Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas

"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" is an extremely popular Christmas song that is played every holiday season. The words were written by Ralph Blane and the music by Hugh Martin in 1943. The song was first introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 movie, Meet Me In St. Louis. A modified version was introduced by Frank Sinatra who felt the original was too sad for his 1957 album, A Jolly Christmas. It has also been recorded by many other performers including Christina Aguilera, Demi Lovato, Sam Smith and the Pretenders. In 2007 ASCAP listed the song at number three in the 25 most played holiday songs.

References

1940s songs
Christmas music
Pop songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Hurricane Diane

Hurricane Diane was really devastating to the East Coast of the US during 1955. The storm caused severe destruction and an unusually severe death toll. Diane was among several hurricanes which bashed the East Coast during 1955, the others being Connie and Ione. The name Diane was later retired.

Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in the United States
1955 in the United States
Martha Stewart

Martha Stewart (born Martha Helen Kostyra, August 3, 1941) is an American entrepreneur, author, and media personality. Stewart is famous for the Martha Stewart Living TV show and magazine. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Polish-American parents.

In 2004, Stewart was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to investigators about a stock sale. She served five months in a West Virginia prison. She was on ABC but moved to another channel. In May 2018, President Donald Trump said he was thinking about pardoning Stewart for her charges.

References

1941 births
Living people
American fraudsters
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Television personalities from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
American bloggers
Paul Edwards (composer)

Paul Christison Edwards (born ) is an English  organist and composer of music for the Anglican Church.

Biography
Paul Edwards spent his childhood in the village of Turvey in Bedfordshire.  He liked church music, especially the sound of the big organ in the church at Turvey.  He became a chorister at St Paul’s Cathedral for four and a half years and then spent the same amount of time as lay clerk at Peterborough Cathedral.  He has been organist and choir master at several churches in Bedfordshire, including All Saints, Turvey and St. Paul's Church, Bedford.  He works as a teacher, piano accompanist and choral singer.

Edwards has made a series of recordings of interesting old organs of North Bedfordshire.  He has transcribed and edited ten volumes of 18th century English Organ Music.  The list of all his compositions has 450 opus numbers.  They include about 150 hymn tunes and a large number of anthems.  Many of these works have been published in collections including Hymns for Today’s Church, Psalms for Today and Carols for Today.  His carol No Small Wonder, written in 1983 was published in Carols for Today in 1986 and was recorded on LP by Canterbury Cathedral  Choir.  It was sung at the famous Nine Lessons and Carols service broadcast on the BBC Television by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge in 2000.  His music has been recorded on several CDs.

Edwards finds inspiration for his compositions in the English countryside, especially that of Norfolk   He also enjoys driving and photographing busses and coaches.

References

Other websites

 

English composers
English organists
Living people
1955 births
Lay clerk

A lay clerk, also known as a lay vicar, is a term used in the United Kingdom to describe a male singer who sings in a cathedral choir or a choir belonging to a college of one of the large traditional universities.  A lay clerk is usually paid for the job.  When he is called "lay vicar" the term "vicar" comes from the Latin word "vice" (meaning "deputy").  A lay vicar is not in holy orders (he is not a priest).  Today there are a few female lay clerks, e.g. in Dublin.

The term "layman" was used in the Middle Ages for a chorister who sings some of the music that was too difficult for the priests to sing.  Today many of the lay clerks in places such as Oxford or Cambridge combine their work as layclerk with studying at University.  It is similar to a scholarship for studying.

Singers
Christian religious occupations
Brit milah

Brit milah is the Jewish ritual circumcision ceremony performed on eight-day-old male babies. The foreskin is cut off from the end of the penis. The operation is carried out by a person called a mohel, a ritual circumciser, who has been trained and qualified for this task.This ceremony is important for many Jewish people as it is a symbol of the covenant that God made with Abraham. Abraham is a patriach.

References

Judaism
Lithium nitrate

Lithium nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiNO3. It contains lithium and nitrate ions.

Properties
Lithium nitrate is a colorless solid. It makes a red flame when heated. It is an oxidizing agent. It breaks down when heated into lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen.

Preparation
This metal can be made by reacting lithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, or lithium carbonate with nitric acid.

Uses
Lithium nitrate is used in fireworks to make a red color. It is also used in flares.

Related pages
Lithium nitride

Lithium compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Lithium peroxide

Lithium peroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2O2. It contains lithium and peroxide ions.

Properties
Lithium peroxide is a white solid. It gives off oxygen when heated. It is an oxidizing agent.

Preparation
Lithium peroxide is made by reacting lithium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide and removing the water.

Uses
It is used to absorb carbon dioxide on spaceships. It also releases oxygen when it absorbs carbon dioxide.

Safety
Lithium peroxide reacts violently with water to make oxygen. It also is an oxidizing agent and can catch things on fire. It is corrosive because it is basic.

References

Lithium compounds
Adam McKay

Adam McKay (born April 17, 1968) is an American actor, director, writer and comedian. Born in Pennsylvania, he directed and wrote several movies and won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in The Big Short.

Living people
1968 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American movie directors
Comedians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Earth Hour

Earth Hour is an event organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It is held on the last Saturday of March every year. The WWF asks people to shut off their lights and appliances for one hour. They want to raise awareness for climate change. It was started in 2007.

Other websites

International environmental organizations
Climate change
Energy conservation
2007 establishments
March events
Police action

Police action is a term for the use of military forces without declaring war. Many military actions are called police actions. People do not declare war commonly any more.

Military
Martin Evans

Sir Martin John Evans (born 1 January 1941, Stroud, Gloucestershire) is a British geneticist.

His first success was with Matthew Kaufman. In 1981 they were the first to grow embryonic mice stem cells in a laboratory.

Evans, Oliver Smithies and Mario Capecchi discovered a technique in genetic engineering. It is known as homologous recombination of transgenic DNA. This is important because it is the most reliable method of changing animal genomes.

The three put this to use in two more inventions: gene targeting and knockout mice, and were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007.

References

1941 births
Living people
English biologists
Knights Bachelor
English geneticists
People from Gloucestershire
British Nobel Prize winners
Ahmed Al Safi

Ahmed Al Safi (, born 1971) is an Iraqi sculptor and painter.

References

Other websites
AlSafiArt
Saatchi Gallery
Baghdad Journal - Artnet.com

1971 births
Living people
Sculptors
Painters
Maria Stuarda

Maria Stuarda is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Giuseppe Bardari, after Friedrich Schiller's play Maria Stuarda. It was first performed in Naples, on October 19,1835, under the name of Buondelmont due to censorship problems, and in its original version in Milan, on December 30, 1835. One of Donizetti's finest work, it is notable for the confrontation scene between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth I of England, which in real life never took place. it was heartbreaking. the sopranolater became famous and well loved.

Principle roles and voice types

 Maria Stuarda - soprano

Sources
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

Compositions by Gaetano Donizetti
Operas
Sopranos
Roberto Devereux

Roberto Devereux is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, after François Ancelot's Elisabeth d'Angleterre, it was first performed in Naples, on October 29, 1837. It is a powerful and sweeping work and is sometimes considered one of the most "verdian" of Donizetti's operas. After almost a century of neglect, it was revived in Naples by soprano Leyla Gencer in 1964, and has since then been regularly performed, notably by sopranos Montserrat Caballé and Beverly Sills. The plot is about the love between Queen Elizabeth I of England and her favorite Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.

Principal roles
 Elisabetta I - soprano
 Roberto Devereux - tenor
 Sara, Duchess of Nottingham - mezzo-soprano
 Duke of Nottingham - baritone

Sources
 The Complete Dictionnary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Operas
Compositions by Gaetano Donizetti
Georgia Dome

The Georgia Dome was a domed stadium in Atlanta that opened in 1992 and was torn down in 2017. It was the largest domed building in the world until 1999.

The Dome took up 9.19 acres of land and cost $214 million to build. It was supported by the State of Georgia, after which the stadium was named. It was not far from the CNN Center, Georgia World Congress Center and Philips Arena.

Many different sporting events took place in the dome, mostly football and basketball. It was home to the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League until it was replaced by the nearby Mercedes-Benz Stadium for the 2017 season.

Other websites
Official website

National Football League venues
Football stadiums in the United States
Sports buildings in Atlanta, Georgia
Atlanta Falcons
2017 disestablishments in the United States
1992 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
New Coke

New Coke was a type of Coca-Cola that was sold from 1985 to 2002. Its flavor was sweeter than normal Coke. It was later sold as Coke II. It is a product of the Coca-Cola Company. 

Coca-Cola
Rock of Ages Corporation

Rock of Ages Corporation is a company in Vermont.  It mines granite, which it sells largely for use in memorials, though it also makes smaller products.

It was started in 1885, and has its headquarters in Graniteville, Vermont, which is close to Barre.

There are around 230 people who work for the company.  Rock of Ages had a profit of about $800,000 in 2008.

In October 2010, another mining company, Swenson Granite Company, said it would buy Rock of Ages for $39 million.

Rock of Ages runs the largest granite quarry in the world.  It is about  deep, and covers about 50 acres.

References

Mining companies
Companies based in Vermont
1885 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Vermont