cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Oregon Territory

The Oregon Territory is the name that was applied first to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain (but normally referred to as the Oregon Country). In 1846 the two countries agreed to split this territory. The organized U.S. territory formed from the southern part was also called "Oregon Territory" when it existed, between 1848 and 1859. 

The Territory of Oregon was organized on August 14, 1848, by an act of Congress out of the U.S. portion of the Oregon Country below the 49th parallel north. It originally included all of the present-day states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, as well as Montana west of the Continental Divide, and Wyoming west of the Continental Divide and north of the 42nd parallel north—the northern border of the Mexican Cession.

The first territorial capital was in Oregon City. The capital was later moved to Salem in 1851.

In 1853, the portion of the territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the river was organized into the Washington Territory.

On February 14, 1859, the territory entered the Union as the U.S. state of Oregon within its current boundaries. The remaining eastern portion of the territory (the portions in present-day southern Idaho and western Wyoming) was added to the Washington Territory.

In 1861 and then 1863, portions to the east were organized into the Nebraska Territory and Idaho Territory (respectively.)

References

19th century in the United States
History of Oregon
History of Idaho
History of Washington (U.S. state)
History of Montana
19th century in Wyoming
Former territories of the United States
Oregon Trail
Continental divide

A continental divide is a line of raised terrain that creates a border between two watersheds. Water falling on one side of the line travels to one ocean, and water on the other side travels to another, perhaps on the other side of the continent. 

Because the exact border between bodies of water is usually not very easy to see, the continental divide is not always clear. The International Hydrographic Organization's publication Limits of Oceans and Seas describes the exact boundaries of oceans, but it is not recognized around the world. A complication is that some rivers empty into deserts or inland seas, and so do not end up in the ocean.

Landforms
Terrain

Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface (aka "up and down" dimension.) When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. Topography has recently become an additional synonym, though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place.

Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lie of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation (height of the land,) slope (angle of the elevation,) and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns

Physical geography
First Baptist Church of Hammond

The First Baptist Church of Hammond (or FBCHammond) is a fundamental Independent Baptist church in Hammond, Indiana.  It is the largest church in the state of Indiana and one of the largest churches in the United States. It was founded in 1887. It was under Jack Hyles' leadership from 1959-2001 that it became a megachurch, one of the first in the United States, with a steady weekly attendance of around 20,000. It also operates Hyles-Anderson College and two K-12 schools, named City Baptist Schools (for children of the bus route of the church) and Hammond Baptist Schools (for children of the members of the church). Jack Schaap, Hyles' son-in-law, succeeded as pastor after Hyles' death for 11 years until he was fired in 2012 for having sex with a 16 year old girl.

History
 

First Baptist Church was founded in November 1887 by Allen Hill of Jennings County, Indiana. Its first meeting was on 14 November 1887 with 12 members on the 28th.  However, it originally met in the Morton House Hotel which stood on what is currently the 100 block of Willow Court. Allen Hill's was their pastor for around 4 months.  

By April 1888, B.P. Hewitt became the church's permanent pastor and Allen Hill went on to start several other churches. Needing more room, Hewitt moved the church's meeting place to the Hohman Opera House at the corner of State and Hohman streets. In 1889, the church erected its own structure for $2,358 when Marcus Towle, Hammond's first mayor and a member of FBC, donated land on Sibley Street to the church.

On January 3, 1901, Pastor E.T. Carter proposed a new building, and the first service was held on 14 April 1901. On 27 November of that same year, Pastor Carter announced his resignation for a job at the Central Baptist Orphanage in Michigan.

Church leaders

Dr. Jack Schaap
Dr. Jack Schaap (born October 1, 1957), was the Pastor of the First Baptist Church of Hammond, Indiana until July of 2012. Following the death of the former pastor Dr. Jack Hyles, he became the pastor of the largest church in Indiana, and with their average weekly attendance of more than 20,000, it has become one of the largest churches in America.  Schaap was fired for having a sexual relationship with a 16 year old girl.  This affair happened in multiple states and is being investigated by local and national authorities.

He was also the chancellor of Hyles-Anderson College. On June 1, 1979, he married Mrs. Cindy Schaap. Dr. and Mrs. Schaap have been married for 28 years and now have two children, Jaclynn and Kenny.

Dr. Jack Hyles 

Jack Frasure Hyles (September 25, 1926 – February 6, 2001) was a leading person in the Independent Baptist movement. He was pastor of the church from 1959 until his death in 2001.

References

Other websites 
Jack Schaap Website
Church Website 

Baptist churches
Churches in the United States
Buildings and structures in Indiana
1887 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Indiana
Yves Chauvin

Yves Chauvin (10 October 1930 – 28 January 2015) was a French chemist, born in Menen, Belgium. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005. He was the honorary research director at the Institut français du pétrole and a member of the French Academy of Science.  Chauvin received his degree from the Lyon's School of Chemistry, Physics and Electronics in 1954.

He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for his work from the early 1970s on olefin metathesis. Chauvin was embarrassed to receive his award and at first did not want to accept it . In the end, he accepted the award from the King of Sweden and gave a big speech .

Publications 
 A. Martinato, Y. Chauvin, G. Lefebvre, Kinetic aspects of the "period of adjustment" during polymerization (of propylene) with titanium trichloride-triethylaluminium, Compt. Rend. 1964, 258(17), 4271-4273.
 M. Uchino, Y. Chauvin, G. Lefebvre, Dimerization of propylene by nickel complexes, Compt. Rend. C 1967,  265(2), 103-106.
 J. L. Herisson, Y. Chauvin, Catalysis of olefin transformations by tungsten complexes. II. Telomerization of cyclic olefins in the presence of acyclic olefins, Makromol. Chem. 1971, 141, 161-176.  (Dieser Artikel wird aufgrund eines typographischen Fehlers in der Orginalpublikation gelegentlich mit 1970 als Jahr der Veröffentlichung zitiert.)
 Y. Chauvin, B. Gilbert, I. Guibard, Catalytic dimerization of alkenes by nickel complexes in organochloroaluminate molten salts, Chem. Comm. 1990, 23, 1715-1716.
 L. Magna, G. P. Niccolai, Y. Chauvin, J.-M. Basset, The importance of imidazolium substituents in the use of imidazolium based room temperature ionic liquids as solvents for palladium catalyzed telomerization of butadiene with methanol, Organometallics 2003, 22(22), 4418 – 4425.

Other websites 
 Details about his Nobel Prize
 General information about the Nobel Prize 2005 
 Yves Chauvin's U.S. Patents
 Information relating to recent work in the CNRS CPE-Lyon laboratory 
 Yves Chauvin Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2005 

1930 births
2015 deaths
French chemists
French Nobel Prize winners
People from West Flanders
Robert Grubbs

Robert Howard Grubbs (February 27, 1942 – December 19, 2021) was an American chemist. He won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005.

Personal life 
In his Nobel Prize autobiography  he says, "In some places, my birthplace is listed as Calvert City, Kentucky and in others Possum Trot (both in Marshall County). I was actually born between the two, so either one really is correct." He spent his early childhood in Marshall County and attended public school at McKinley Elementary, Franklin Junior High and Paducah Tilghman High School in Paducah, Kentucky. Grubbs studied chemistry at the University of Florida where he was awarded a B.S. and an M.S.. He worked with Merle Battiste in Florida University, and Columbia University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1968. He was taught by Ronald Breslow in Columbia. 

He next spent a year with James Collman at Stanford University. He was then made part of the faculty at Michigan State University. In 1978 he moved to California Institute of Technology where he still works as the Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry. 

His main interest is for organometallic chemistry and organic chemistry. These interests are for catalysts, such as Grubbs' catalyst for olefin metathesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization and norbornene. He also produced some important work on "living polymerization".

Grubbs died from a heart attack while receiving lymphoma treatment at a hospital in Duarte, California on December 19, 2021, at age 79.

Awards 
 Alfred P. Sloan Fellow (1974-76)
 Camille and  Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award (1975-78)
 Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship  (1975)
 ACS Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry (2000)
 ACS Herman F. Mark Polymer  Chemistry Award (2000)
 ACS Herbert C. Brown Award for Creative Research in  Synthetic Methods (2001)
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2005)
 He was made part of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1989 and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1994.

Grubbs received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin, for his work in the field of olefin metathesis.

References

Other websites 
 Web page at Caltech 
 Chemistry laureates 2005 site
 Autobiography at Nobel Chemistry Laureates site
 Biography @ University of Missouri-St. Louis 
 Thomson prediction Nobel prize 2005
 Robert H Grubbs U.S. Patents
 Materia Inc. The Company that sells and developes the technology.

1942 births
2021 deaths
American academics
American autobiographers
American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Scientists from Kentucky
University of Florida alumni
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in California
Educators from Kentucky
CD

CD can mean:

Compact disc, a way to store music and computer data
Certificate of deposit, a way of saving money at a bank
Conduct disorder, a mental disorder
CD means 400 in Roman numerals.
cd is a Unix command.
CBS Corporation

CBS Corporation was an American mass media corporation focused on broadcasting, publishing, and television production. Until 2005, the company was known as Viacom. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS.

In 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom were merged together. This created ViacomCBS, a combination of the two companies. The merger was finished on December 4, 2019.

Notes

References
Console manufacturer

A console manufacturer is a company that makes and sells video game consoles. It is a multimillion-dollar industry.

Video game companies
History of computer and video games

Video games were introduced as an entertainment medium in 1971, becoming the start for a big entertainment industry in the late 1970s/early 1980s in the United States, Japan, and Europe. After a bad industry collapse in 1983 and a rebirth two years later, the video game industry has experienced large growth for over twenty years. Now, it is a $10 billion industry and it earns almost as much money as the motion picture industry.
Nowadays, we have companies such as Xbox, PlayStation, and Nintendo that are very popular in most countries.

Video games
Jimboomba, Queensland

Jimboomba is a town in south east Queensland, Australia. About 1,400 people live there. It is 21 kilometers north of Beaudesert on the Mount Lindsay Highway. The word Jimboomba is an Indigenous Australian word which means "Loud thunder, little rain."

History
Jimboomba was first settled by Europens in 1845, when Thomas Dowse started to graze cattle and sheep in the area. In 1880, the first hotel, the Norfolk Hotel, opened for business, with several more hotels opened in the next few years as the railway from Beaudesert reached the town. The railway station became a loading spot for the local saw mill. The first school was opened in 1890 in the Presbyterian Church hall.

References 

Towns in Queensland
Charles, Prince of Wales

Charles, Prince of Wales KG KT GCB OM PC (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948), is next inline to the British throne. He has held the titles of Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester since 1958. Currently, he is the heir apparent to be king of the United Kingdom. He is the oldest heir apparent ever, and has been heir apparent for the longest ever.

Prince Charles was born at Buckingham Palace in London, He is the first son of Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip Duke of Edinburgh who was born to Greek and Danish royal families, He is grand son of George VI of the United Kingdom and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, He was baptised at Buckingham Palace.

He was married to his first wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, from 1981 until they divorced in 1996, causing some controversy with respect to the royal line of succession. They had two sons, Prince William and Prince Harry. Charles has been married to his second wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, since 2005.

On 25 March 2020, Charles tested positive for COVID-19.

References

Notes

Other websites
 Official website of HRH The Prince of Wales
 Official Duchy of Cornwall Cottages website
 Official website of 'The Prince's Trust' 

English Dukes
Knights of the Garter
Order of Merit
Royalty from London
Princes and Princesses of Wales
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Scottish nobility
1948 births
Living people
Elizabeth II
Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (or Methanal) is a chemical compound.

It is a colorless gas with a strong smell. Like other aldehydes, it is flammable and toxic.
 
It is the simplest aldehyde. Its main application is as a disinfectant. It is a biocide, this means it can kill most bacteria and fungi. It is also used to make dyes, to make textiles, wrinkle-free preservatives, explosives, and certain polymers. About 23 million tonnes (50 billion pounds) of formaldehyde was made worldwide in 2005. On May 21, 2002, a worker in a explosive making factory dropped a lighter and the flame immediately spread to the formaldehyde, which in turn caused to fire to blaze abnormally. This caused 17 known deaths and 39 known injuries. These days, the chemical is used less frequently.

References 

Organic compounds
Tulu language

Tulu is a language spoken in south India, mainly in the states of Karnataka and Kerala. In Karnataka it is spoken mainly in the district of Dakshina Kannada. In Kerala it is spoken in the Kasargod district. The area where Tulu is spoken is sometimes called Tulunadu.

Dialects 
There are various dialects. The most important are: 
 Brahmin dialect: Spoken by Tulu Brahmins. 
 Jain dialect: Spoken by the Jains in the northern part of Tulu Nadu.
 Common dialect: Spoken by the majority of people of Tulu Nadu; the dialect of commerce, entertainment and art.
 Tribal dialect: Spoken by tribal people; closely resembles the Common dialect.
bunt

References 

Dravidian languages
SMart

SMart is a long running children’s art show. The presenters show how to create pictures from items easily found around the house.

The show has a number of spin offs, because it is so popular. Some of these are

 SMart on the Road
 SMarteenies
 SMart Africa

BBC Television programmes
English-language television programs
Hot Space

Hot Space is an album by English rock band Queen, released in 1982.

Track listing
Staying Power
Dancer
Back Chat
Body Language
Action This Day
Put Out the Fire
Life Is Real
Calling All Girls
Las Palabras de Amor
Cool Cat
Under Pressure

References

Queen albums
1982 albums
Rock albums
The Works (Queen album)

The Works is a 1984 pop/rock album by English band Queen. It was the band's eleventh studio album.

Track listing

References

Queen albums
1984 albums
Rock albums
A Kind of Magic

A Kind of Magic is a 1986 album by English rock band Queen. It was the band's twelfth studio album, and is based on the soundtrack to the movie Highlander.

Track listing 
One Vision
A Kind Of Magic
One Year Of Love
Pain Is So Close to Pleasure
Friends Will Be Friends
Who Wants to Live Forever
Gimme the Prize
Don't Lose Your Head
Princes Of The Universe

References

Queen albums
1986 albums
Rock albums
The Miracle (album)

The Miracle is a 1989 album by English rock band Queen. It was the band's thirteenth studio album.

Track listing
Party
Khashoggi's Ship
The Miracle
I Want It All
The Invisible Man
Breakthru
Rain Must Fall
Scandal
My Baby Does Me
Was It All Worth It
Hang On In There
Chinese Torture
The Invisible Man (12" Version)

Queen albums
1989 albums
Innuendo (album)

Innuendo is a 1991 album by English rock band Queen. It is the band's fourteenth studio album and the last to be composed entirely of new material. It is also their final studio album to be released while lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive.

Track listing
Innuendo
I'm Going Slightly Mad
Headlong
I Can't Live With You
Don't Try So Hard
Ride the Wild Wind
All God's People
These Are the Days of Our Lives
Delilah
The Hitman
Bijou
The Show Must Go On

References

Queen albums
1991 albums
Made in Heaven

Made in Heaven is Queen's fifteenth studio album, released in November 1995. After Freddie Mercury's death in 1991, the remaining band members John Deacon, Roger Taylor and Brian May worked with vocals that Mercury had previously recorded, along with newly recorded lyrics by the remaining band members. Made In Heaven was the last studio album performed by all four original band members.

Track listing 

"It's a Beautiful Day"
"Made in Heaven"
"Let Me Live "
"Mother Love"
"My Life Has Been Saved"
"I Was Born to Love You"
"Heaven for Everyone"
"Too Much Love Will Kill You"
"You Don't Fool Me"
"A Winter's Tale"
"It's a Beautiful Day (Reprise)"
"Yeah"
"Track 13"

References

Queen albums
1995 albums
Edguy

Edguy is a metal band from Fulda, Germany. Their style of metal is power metal. They formed in 1992. The members right now are: Tobias Sammet (vocals), Jens Ludwig (guitar), Dirk Sauer (guitar), Tobias Exxel (bass), Felix Bohnke (drums).

Discography

Demos
Evil Minded (1994)
Children of Steel (1994)

Studio albums 
 Savage Poetry (1995)
 Kingdom of Madness (1997)
 Vain Glory Opera (1998)
 Theater of Salvation (1999)
 The Savage Poetry (2000) (re-recorded Savage Poetry)
 Mandrake (2001)
 Hellfire Club (2004)
 Rocket Ride (2006)
 Tinnitus Sanctus (2008)
 Age of the Joker (2011)
 Space Police: Defenders of the Crown (2014)

Live albums
Burning Down the Opera (2003)
Fucking with Fire - Live (2009)

Singles 
 "La Marche Des Gendarmes" (Enhanced Cardsleeve, 2001)
 "Painting on the Wall" (2001)
 "Lavatory Love Machine"  (2004)

EPs 
 King of Fools (2004)
 Superheroes (2005)

Compilation albums
Hall of Flames (2004)
The Singles (2008)
Monuments (2017)

Videos
"All the Clowns" (2001)
"King of Fools" (2004)
"Lavatory Love Machine" (2004)
"Superheroes" (2005)
"Ministry of Saints" (2008)
"Robin Hood" (2011)
"Love Tyger" (2014)

DVDs
"Superheroes DVD" (2005)
"Fucking With Fire - Live" (2009)
"Monuments" (2017)

Power metal bands
Hard rock bands
German heavy metal bands
Turbonegro

Turbonegro is a punk band from Oslo, Norway. They formed in 1989. They call their style deathpunk, which is a mixture of punk and hard rock. The members are: Hank von Hell (vocals), Happy-Tom (bass), Euroboy (guitar), Pål Pot Pamparius (guitar, keyboard), Tomas Dahl (drums)
Friends of the band are Bam Margera.

Punk bands
Hard rock bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Cheek

Cheeks (also called the buccal cavity) are the area of the face under the eyes and between the nose and the ears.

It is fleshy in humans and mammals, the skin being held up by the chin and the jaws, and making the wall of the human mouth, touching the cheekbone below the eye.

In animals, markings on the cheek area (i.e. stripes/spots), often are features between species or individuals.

Face
Simony

Simony means that one pays for an office or a position in the hierarchy of Christian church. It is an offense against canon law. Simony became widespread in the Catholic Church in the 9th and 10th centuries. The name comes from Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles 8:18-24. Simon Magus offers the disciples of Jesus, Peter and John, payment so that anyone he would place his hands on would receive the power of the Holy Spirit. This is the origin of the term simony. but it also extends to other forms of trafficking for money in "spiritual things".<ref>Smith, W. (1880). A dictionary of Christian antiquities: being a continuation of the 'Dictionary of the Bible. J.B. Burr. "Simony".</ref>

 Catholic Church 
In the Middle Ages there were problems with simony and accusations of simony, especially during the Investiture Controversy. Rulers wanted to employ the educated and centrally organized clergy in their administrations.

 References 

 Bibliography 
 Lord Mackay of Clashfern (ed.) (2002) Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th ed. Vol.14, "Ecclesiastical Law", 832 'Penalties and disability on simony'
 — 1359''' 'Simony' (see also current updates)
 Weber, N. A. (1913) "Simony", Catholic Encyclopaedia''

Types of crime
Flesh

Flesh is the soft part of the body between the skin and the bones. It is sometimes compared to bones, in the saying flesh and bone. If it is to be eaten, it is normally called meat instead.

Body parts

fr:Chair
Locomotive

A locomotive is the part of a train that makes the train move. Normally, it is the first part of the train, and has an engine.

Types of locomotives

Diesel locomotive

A diesel locomotive is a powered by a diesel engine. The diesel engine may drive the locomotive's wheels directly via a gearbox, shaft or chain (called mechanical transmission); by generating electricity which is in turn used to power the wheels (called diesel-electric); or by using a hydraulic transmission system (diesel-hydraulic). Diesel locomotives are extremely popular worldwide, due to their ease of use and reliability. They can be more powerful than steam locomotives and do not need an expensive power grid like electric locomotives.

Steam locomotive 

A steam locomotive uses wood, coal or oil (but mostly coal) as fuel to heat water in a boiler, which turns into steam which pushes pistons to power the train. Steam locomotives were invented in the early 19th century. They are not widely used any more due to their operational costs, especially the fuel costs; steam locomotives are now mostly only used on tourist railroads.

Electric locomotive

An electric locomotive runs on electricity as the name suggests. Electric locomotives cost the least to buy and operate. However, the railway electrification system is very expensive, so only tracks used by many trains per day are usually electrified. Thus, electrics are only the second next used type, behind diesel locomotives.
The Man Who Knew Too Much

The Man Who Knew Too Much is a 1934 suspense movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and released by the Gaumont British company. It was one of the most successful and critically acclaimed movies of Hitchcock's British period.

Hitchcock remade the movie in 1956 for Paramount Pictures, the only one of his movies that he ever remade. The two movies are however very different in tone, in setting, and in many plot details.

1934 movies
1930s thriller movies
British thriller movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies composed by Bernard Herrmann
English-language movies
Regent

A regent is a position of government in a country where there is a monarchy (like a king or queen). They're an "acting monarch", and does the job of a monarch where the real monarch is either too young, sick or cannot do what he is meant to for some other reason. 

They may also be voted in if there are no monarchs in line to the throne, for instance, if the current monarch does not have any relatives when they die.

Related pages
Regency era
Honshū

is the biggest island of Japan. 

Honshū is also Japan's main island. It is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Seto Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. It is the seventh biggest island, and is the island with the second highest number of people in the world after Java.

History
In March 2011, the east coast of Honshu was struck by a huge earthquake and a following tsunami.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Most Haunted Live!

Most Haunted Live is a British paranormal television program based on investigating possible paranormal activity.  It is shown on the satellite and cable channels Living, Living2 and Virgin 1 (Formerly Ftn), mainly for the UK market. It is the Live version of Most Haunted which is going into its 10th series on February 19, 2008. It is made by Antix Productions, and is led by Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie.

Production
The team's latest series leads them to travel to Italy, Turin. Investigating possible paranormal 'hotspots' for 24 hours witihn the city.

Episodes (Satan's City)

Team (Satan's City)
Investigators 

Presenters

Related pages
List of Most Haunted episodes
Most Haunted

References

Other websites
 The Official Most Haunted Live Homepage 
 The Official Most Haunted Homepage
 Antix Productions  - Production company for Most Haunted
 The Official Site and Forum for Karl Beattie 
 The Official Fansite and Forum for David Wells 
 Most Haunted blog Offers an alternative view on Most Haunted

British reality television series
English-language television programs
Gerolamo Cardano

Gerolamo Cardano or Girolamo Cardano (English Jerome Cardan, Latin Hieronymus Cardanus; September 24, 1501 - September 21, 1576) was a celebrated Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, and astrologer.

As he was an illegitimate child, he could not enter the college of physicians. Despite this he was a relatively successful physician. The first description of Typhoid fever is attributed to him. 

Today he is mainly known as a mathematician. He made some discoveries in algebra. He proposed ways to solve cubic and quartic equations. Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia told him about the solution of one particular cubic equation, . This caused a long fight. His student Lodovico Ferrari solved the quartic equations. Cardano also speaks about imaginary numbers in the same book, Ars Magna.

Cardano was often short of money, and gambled compulsively. A book of his, Liber de ludo aleae (Book on Games of Chance in the English), contains the first systematic treatment of probability, as well as a section on cheating. He wrote it c. 1564, but it was first published posthumously, in 1663.

He invented various things, including the  and the . He also believed that perpetual motion was impossible, except for stars.

1501 births
1576 deaths
Astrologers
Italian esotericists
Italian mathematicians
Italian physicians
Violent crime

Violent crime means a crime where the offenders use violence upon the victim.  Different countries have different definitions of violent crime.  Common examples of violent crime include homicide, abduction, robbery etc.

Types of crime
Violence
Roentgenium

Roentgenium (, ) is a chemical element. It is a transition metal. Its symbol is Rg, and its atomic number is 111.

The element is named in honor of a German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen.

So far, it has not been found in nature. There seem to be 7 isotopes. All of them are radioactive. They have a half life of between 1.6 milliseconds and 26 seconds. Because of the Inert pair effect, it could have a color similar to that of gold.

Transition metals
Michigan International Speedway

The Michigan International Speedway (or MIS) is a two-mile (3.22 km) long racetrack. It contains more than 1,400 acres, near Brooklyn, Michigan. The track is used mostly for NASCAR events. It is sometimes known as the "sister track" of Texas World Speedway. Construction for the track began on September 28, 1967, and opened October 13, 1968 with budget of around $4–6 million.

Michigan is now one of the fastest tracks in NASCAR due to its wide, sweeping corners and long straightaways. It normal speeds of more than 190 mph, but corner entry speeds easily pass 200 mph (~320 Km/h).

Other websites 
 Official website
 NASCAR

References 

NASCAR tracks
1968 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Michigan
IndyCar Series tracks
International health

International health means two different, but related, things. It means care of people who travel from one country to another, and knowledge of diseases foreign to the traveler. It also means people from one country trying to improve health in another.

Groups 
There are different kinds of groups that are involved in international health. They engage in international health for different reasons and with different ethics and rules.

Governments of rich, "developed" countries are often interested in the health of other countries. They are especially interested in the health of neighbor countries. The reasons for this are many: if they have extra resources, they may want to share them with their neighbors; but also they may want to stop spread of diseases from their neighbor country across the border. For example, the United States is a richer country than Mexico and has little problem with measles (in children) or rabies (in mammals) in the interior, but along the border with Mexico these diseases are more common.

The Western Hemisphere's countries have formed PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, to deal with these kinds of problems  in an organized way. PAHO knows that people and goods flow across borders in both directions, and a problem in one country will soon be a problem in its partner countries. PAHO is an example of an international organization.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are associations organized outside of the government by volunteers and others, and which serve a particular interest. Often, NGOs interested in health perform important functions in international health, both in direct care and in development.

References 

Health
Travel
Salam

Salam (, ), sometimes spelled salaam, is an Arabic word that literally means "peace", but is also used as a general greeting, above all in Arabian countries and by the Muslim countries around the world in general. 

As-salamu ʿalaykum () is a greeting in Arabic that means "peace be upon you". The greeting is a standard salutation among Muslims, whether socially or within worship and other contexts.  The typical response to the greeting is wa-ʿalaykumu as-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ; "and upon you be peace"). The full version of the greeting is as-salamu ʿalaykum wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh (, "peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings"), with the full response being wa-ʿalaykum as-salam wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh (). It is also preferred to use the greeting when arriving and also while leaving. It was reported that Abu Hurairah said "When one of you joins a gathering, let him say 'Peace'. When he wants to get up and leave, let him say 'Peace'. The former is not more important than the latter" (Hasan hadith reported in Jāmiʿ at-Tirmidhi). 
 According to hadith, Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) was asked who should begin the greeting and he said, "The one who is riding should greet the one who is walking and the one who is walking should greet the one who is sitting and the smaller group should greet the larger group" (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 6234; Muslim, 2160).
 It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: "But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from God blessed and good" (An-Nur24:61).
 Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S., As'kum (in Malaysia), or AsA is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of ṣallá l-Lāhi ʿalayhi wa s-salām.
In addition, As-Salam is one of the 99 Names of God.

Islam
Arabic words and phrases
Tekken (series)

Tekken is a fighting video game series made by Namco (now Bandai Namco Games).

Games 
 Tekken - Arcade/PlayStation
 Tekken 2 - Arcade/PlayStation
 Tekken 3 - Arcade/PlayStation
 Tekken Tag Tournament - Arcade/PlayStation 2
 Tekken Advance - GameBoy Advance
 Tekken Card Challenge - WonderSwan
 Tekken 4 - Arcade/PlayStation 2
 Death By Degrees - PlayStation 2
 Tekken 5 - Arcade/PlayStation2
 Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection - Arcade/PlayStation Portable/PlayStation 3
 Tekken 6 - Arcade/PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/PlayStation Portable
 Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion - Arcade
 Tekken Hybrid - PlayStation 3
 Tekken Tag Tournament 2 - PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/Wii U
 Tekken Revolution - PlayStation 3
 Tekken 7 - Arcade/PlayStation 4/Xbox One/Microsoft Windows
 Tekken 8 - Arcade/PlayStation 5/PlayStation 4/Xbox Series X/S/Xbox One/Microsoft Windows

Movies 
 Tekken: The Motion Picture
 Tekken (2010)
 Tekken: Blood Vengeance
 Tekken 2: Kazuya's Revenge

Others 
 Urban Reign
 Death by Degress
 Capcom X Namco
 Project X Zone
 Project X Zone 2
 Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2

Characters
 Kazuya Mishima
 Marshall Law
 Paul Phoenix
 Jin Kazama
 Jun Kazama
 Michelle Chang
 King
 Jack
 Combot
 Mokujin
 Kuma and Panda
 Ling Xiaoyu
 Anna Williams

Tekken
Video game series
Tekken 3

Tekken 3 is a 1998 fighting video game made by Namco.

Characters

Returning Characters 
 Paul Phoenix
 Nina Williams
 Yoshimitsu
 Lei Wulong
 Anna Williams (unlockable)
 Heihachi Mishima (unlockable)

New Characters 

 King
 Jin Kazama
 Ling Xiaoyu
 Hwoarang
 Eddy Gordo
 Forrest Law
 Kuma (unlockable)
 Panda (unlockable)

 Julia Chang (unlockable)
 Bryan Fury (unlockable)
 Gun Jack (unlockable)
 Mokujin (unlockable)
 Ogre (unlockable)
 True Ogre (unlockable)
 Tiger Jackson (unlockable, extra costume for Eddy Gordo)
 King (succesor to the first King)
|}

Bonus Characters (PlayStation version)
 Gon (unlockable)
 Doctor Boskonovitch (unlockable)

Tekken
1998 video games
Tekken Tag Tournament

Tekken Tag Tournament is an update to Tekken 3. It has most of the characters from the past games. It was released for PlayStation 2 in 2000.

Story 
The game does not have a story, but it is considered non-canonical.

Characters
Marshall Law, the Jack robot from the original Tekken game, King, Kuma, Doctor Boskonovitch and Gon, (the manga character who appeared in the PlayStation version of Tekken 3) were excluded as characters in Tekken Tag Tournament. However, Doctor Boskonovitch makes a cameo in the Tekken Bowling minigame.

Returning characters 

|width=28% valign=top|
Heihachi Mishima
Paul Phoenix
Yoshimitsu
Nina Williams
Michelle Chang
Armor King
Ganryu
Anna Williams
Lei Wulong
Jun Kazama
Baek Doo San
Eddy Gordo
King
|width=28% valign=top|
Hwoarang
Ling Xiaoyu
Jin Kazama
Bryan Fury
Forrest Law
Julia Chang
Gun Jack
Kunimitsu (unlockable)
Bruce Irvin (unlockable)
Jack-2 (unlockable)
Lee Chaolan (unlockable)
Wang Jinrei (unlockable)
|width=44% valign=top|
Roger (unlockable)
Alex (unlockable)
Kuma (unlockable)
Panda (unlockable)
Kazuya Mishima (unlockable)
Ogre (unlockable)
True Ogre (unlockable)
Prototype Jack (unlockable)
Mokujin (unlockable)
Devil (unlockable)
Angel (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Devil)
Tiger Jackson (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Eddy Gordo)
|}

New characters 
Tetsujin (unlockable)
Unknown (unlockable)

Trivia 
 If the player chooses Kazuya and Devil on the same Tag Team, Kazuya will transform into Devil (and vice-versa) instead of them tagging.
 If Unknown and Devil are on the same team and Unknown is using Kazuya's moves, instead of tagging out, she will transform into Devil.

Tekken
2000 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Sola scriptura

Sola scriptura (Latin for "by scripture alone") means "The Bible only". Protestants believe that they should only read the Bible to find out what God wants. They do this instead of listening to the Pope or the Roman Catholic Church.

Sola scriptura was a principle of the Protestant Reformation of the reformer Martin Luther and is a principle of Protestants today (see Five solas).

Related pages
Quranism, the Islamic equivalent
Sola fide
Muwahhidism, the concept of returning the Islamic faith back to its original foundations
Ijtihad, the Islamic concept of interpretation of religion and law not limited by tradition

Other websites
Many articles on Sola scriptura from a Protestant perspective
Many articles on Sola scriptura  from a Catholic perspective
"A Critique of the Evangelical Doctrine of Sola Scriptura", an excerpt from The Shape of Sola Scriptura (2001) by Keith Mathison (himself a Calvinistic evangelical)
A written debate on Sola scriptura between Douglas Jones and Gerald Matatics from Antithesis Magazine
A formal written debate on Sola scriptura  between Julie Staples and Apolonio Latar
A Catholic rebuttal to Sola scriptura 
An Orthodox Christian rebuttal to Sola scriptura

Protestant theology
Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization. Its activities include research and advocacy on human rights. The headquarters of the organization is in New York City.

Focus of the organization 
 Arms trafficking
 Land mines
 Abortion rights
 Freedom of religion
 Gay rights and rights of transgender according to the Yogyakarta Principles
 Rights of AIDS patients
 Safety of civilians in war; opposes use of cluster bombs
 Child labor
 Child soldiers
 Child prostitution
 Street children
 Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
 Torture
 Extrajudicial killings and abductions
 Legal cases against human rights abusers
 Trafficking in women and girls
 Abolition of capital punishment worldwide

Other websites 
 Official Website

Organizations in New York City
International organizations
Human rights organizations in the United States
Arms trafficking

Arms trafficking or gun-running is smuggling of weapons and ammunition. Arms trafficking happens everywhere but it is a very big problem in places with violent political conflict or civil war. International organizations for human rights, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are looking into fixing this problem.

Types of crime
Sola fide

Sola fide means "Faith only". Most protestants believe that people must trust Jesus. They have to trust that Jesus brings people back into relationship with God. Christians believe that sin creates a gap between people and God, and Jesus, who was perfect, died, taking the punishment for sin in place of people, bridging the gap. This is called salvation because Jesus 'saves' people from a life and afterlife without God. The idea of sola fide means that trust in Jesus is the only way to get salvation and finally get into heaven after death.

This belief in faith as the only way to be saved was a principle of the Protestant Reformation of the reformer of the Catholic Church Martin Luther and is a principle of Protestants today (see Five solas). Some groups like the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians believe Jesus died to bridge the gap between God and people, but they must also try to be good people in order to get salvation. Protestants also believe that Christians need to do what is right, but their salvation only depends on their faith.

Related pages
Sola scriptura

Protestant theology
Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu, S.J. and S.I. or SJ, SI ) is a Roman Catholic Church religious order whose members are called Jesuits, Soldiers of Christ, and Foot soldiers of the Pope, because the founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a priest.

Jesuits are the largest male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church with 19,216 members (13,491 priests, 3,049 scholastic students, 1,810 brothers and 866 novices).

The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of the Madonna Della Strada.  It is led by a Superior General, currently Arturo Sosa.

The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome.

Within the Catholic Church, there has been a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the Vatican.  This is due to questioning of official Church teaching and papal directives, such as those on abortion, birth control, women deacons, homosexuality, and liberation theology.
However, as of 2013, the current Pope, Pope Francis, is a Jesuit himself.

References

Other websites

Jesuit documents 
 The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599 
 The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591-1610

Jesuit websites 
 The Jesuit Portal - Jesuit Worldwide Homepage

Africa
 Jesuits in South Africa

Asia-Oceania
 Jesuits in the Philippines

Europe
 Jesuits in Britain

North America
 Jesuits in Canada
 United States Jesuit Conference

South America
Jesuits in Chile

Media 
 The BBC Radio 4 In Our Time programme on 18 January 2007 was devoted to the early history and educational role of the Jesuits; the programme's website offers a free podcast and 'listen again' service In Our Time website
 Pray-as-you-go: latest initiative by the British Jesuits, providing daily prayer in MP3 format for use "on the go"
 Documentary by the Society of Jesus Province of Chicago (Windows Media Player)
Rosenhan experiment

The Rosenhan experiment is a test in psychiatry. It wants to see how good a psychiatric diagnosis really is. The first person to do the test was David Rosenhan. The test is named after him. It was first conducted in 1972. Rosenhan published the results in the journal Science under the title "On being sane in insane places."

The test is made of two parts. In the first part, psychiatrically sane people said they heard hallucinations, to get admitted to a psychiatric ward. This was done to test how the psychiatric hospitals would react. The second part was the reverse. Rosahan told the hospitals, he would send fake patients. But he did not send any fake patients. 

The results of the study were very controversial. When Rosenhan sent the people, the hospitals was unable to detect them. On the other hand, when he told them he had sent some patients, but really did not, the hospitals recognised a large number of fake patients.  The study said that it was impossible to tell a difference between the sane and the insane.

References

Psychiatry
Experiments
Chassiers

Chassiers is a town and commune in the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 850 people as of the year 1999.

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Châteaubourg, Ardèche

Châteaubourg is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.  The commune has a population of about 200 people as of the year 1999.

Communes in Ardèche
Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux

Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Population

References

Communes in Ardèche
Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Latin:Ordo Praedicatorum, OP) is a Roman Catholic religious order. Its members follow the rules Saint Dominic gave them in the 13th century. After the 15th century they are commonly known as Dominicans.

Roman Catholic religious orders
Dominican

Dominican might mean:

Something related to the Dominican Republic
Dominican people (Dominican Republic)
Dominican Spanish, the version of the Spanish language spoken in the Dominican Republic
Something realted to the country of Dominica
Dominican Order, a Roman Catholic religious order
M-Train

M>Train was a train operator of half of Melbourne's suburban railway network. It stopped operations at 3:00am 18 April 2004, with Connex Melbourne then taking over all rail operations. M>Train and M>Tram's slogan was Moving Melbourne. M>Train operated the Craigieburn, Cranbourne, Frankston, Pakenham, Sandringham, Sydenham, Upfield, Werribee, Williamstown lines, and maintained the 3 underground city loop stations. Their network was more than 268 kilometers long, and owned 125 trains, with 62 new trains on order when M>Train stopped operations.

History
Bayside Trains (later known as M>Train) were awarded a 15-year contract to run half of Melbourne's railway network on 31 October, 1999, by the Victorian State Government. On October 1, 2001, Bayside Trains renamed themselves to M>Train, along with Swanston Trams renaming themselves to M>Tram .

References

Australian transport companies
Public transport in Melbourne
2004 disestablishments
Diploma

A diploma is a certificate you receive when you have studied a subject with good results. For many jobs a diploma is needed, because it proves that you are good at the subject you studied. A diploma is usually a basic degree that is lower than a Bachelor's degree.

Academia
Qualifications
Authorized King James Version

The Authorized King James Version is a translation of the Bible into the English language.  This version of the Bible is also called the Authorized Version (AV) or as the King James Version (KJV) in the United States.

The name "King James" comes from King James I of England, who told the Church of England to begin working on it in 1604. The first book was published in 1611.

Although it is one of the oldest English translations of the Bible, it is still one of the most widely read versions today. A 2014 survey in the United States found that 55% people who read the Bible were using the King James Version. The next most widely-read version was the New International Version at 19%, while other versions were used by less than 10%.

Source

Other websites 
 Online Searchable King James Dictionary
 King James Version  -Gutenberg Project

Bible versions
1611
17th-century works
809 Lundia

809 Lundia is a small, binary, V-type asteroid orbiting in the Flora family in the Main Belt. It is named after Lund Observatory, Sweden.

The V-type spectrum says that it is not genetically related to the Flora family, but rather is probably a piece (actually two pieces) blown off the surface of nearby 4 Vesta by a big impact in the past. Its orbit is too far from Vesta for it to actually be a member of the Vesta family It is not clear how it came at an orbit so far from Vesta, but other examples of V-type asteroids fairly far from their parent body are known. A mechanism of interplay between the Yarkovsky effect and nonlinear secular resonances (mainly involving Jupiter and Saturn) has been suggested.

Binary 
A moon, designated S/2005 (809) 1, was seen based on lightcurve sightings in 2005. In fact, the size of the two bodies appear to be close in size, because during mutual occultations the brightness drops by a similar amount independently of which body is hidden. Assuming an albedo similar to 4 Vesta (around 0.4), suggests that the bodies are about 7 km across. It takes 15.4 hours to orbit each other, which says that the binary is very close — the separation being of the order of 10–20 km, if normal asteroid albedo and density values are assumed.

References

Other websites 
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets
 Johnston Archive entry for 809 Lundia
 Lightcurve showing signature of the binary 

Asteroids