cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
M. K. Alagiri

Muthuvel Karunanidhi Alagiri commonly known as M. K. Alagiri, is an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu. He was the former Cabinet Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers from 13 June 2009 – 20 March 2013.

Birth
Alagiri was born on 30 January 1951. He was the second son of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi. He was born to M. Karunanidhi and his second wife Dayalu Ammal. Azhagiri after his marriage on 10 December 1972, settled in Madurai. His wife is Kanthi Azhagiri.

Controversies (quarrel and fights)
M. Karunanidhi always wanted his son M. K. Stalin to be his successor as the leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. Alagiri didn't hold any post in DMK party. But he had the command in Madurai region. Alagiri was the important person who made DMK win in 2008 by-elections. After these victories, he was appointed as the organizing secretary of DMK in southern Tamil Nadu districts. Following this Alagiri was given the ticket for Madurai Lok Sabha Constituency in 2009 general election. He won it and became a Cabinet Minister.

There were lots of publicly held fights between the supporters of Stalin and Alagiri. This reached its peak when the Dinakaran daily's office were bombed by Alagiri supporters.Dinakaran is a part of the Sun TV group owned by Kalanidhi Maran (son of Murasoli Maran), the grand-nephew of Karunanidhi. This was because the daily published the result of a opinion polls. The poll was about people's wish of who will become the next leader of DMK. The results said that 70% of the people support Stalin while only 2% support Alagiri. In this attack case, 3 were dead .

He was removed from the DMK party as member and as Secretary of South Zone on 24 January 2014.

References

Tamil Nadu politicians
1951 births
Living people
Dinakaran

Dinakaran is a Tamil daily newspaper distributed in India. It was founded by K. P. Kandasamy in 1977. It is currently owned by the Sun Network group. Dinakaran is the second largest distributed Tamil daily in India after Dina Thanthi.It is printed in 12 cities across India. These cities are Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Nagercoil, Pondicherry, Salem, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli and Vellore.

Attack case
Dinakaran published the result of a opinion polls. The poll was about people's wish of who will become the next leader of DMK. The results said that 70% of the people support Stalin while only 2% support Alagiri. Dinakaran daily's office were bombed by Alagiri supporters. In this attack case, 3 were dead . This led to the resignation of Central Minister Dayanidhi Maran, brother of Kalanidhi Maran from the Union Cabinet.

Reference

Tamil Nadu
Dina Thanthi

Dina Thanthi (known as Daily Thanthi in English) is a Tamil daily newspaper. It was founded by S. P. Adithanar in Madurai in 1942. Dina Thanthi is the first largest distributed Tamil daily newspaper in India. It is also the ninth largest daily newspaper in India by distribution.It is printed in 16 cities across India. These are:Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Pondicherry, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Nagercoil, Salem, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Tirupur and Vellore. It also prints an international edition in Dubai, United Arab Emirates for the Middle East market.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 E-Paper Website 
 Dina Thanthi Newspaper History

Tamil Nadu
Tamil language
Newspapers published in India
1942 establishments
Chinese mystery snail

The Chinese mystery snail (Bellamya chinensis) is a is a large freshwater snail. It is known for its scarce shell and edible antenna, it is very unusual. It also eats dung and was discovered in 1324 A.D. It can grow up to 5.1 cm long.

References 

Gastropods
Younian dialect

Younian language or Younian dialect ( yōunian) is a kind of Pinghua dialects. It is used in some villages of Red Yao in Longsheng County, Guilin, and Guangxi. There were more than 10,000 native speakers in 1997.

Chinese language
Brad Williamson (ice hockey)

Brad Williamson (born July 4, 1977) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman.

Awards and honors

References

Other websites

1977 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
ECHL players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
United States Hockey League players
Loretta Sanchez

Loretta Sanchez (born January 7, 1960) is an American politician. She is from California. Sanchez served in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2017.

Early life 
Loretta Sanchez was born in California. Her parents were immigrants from Mexico. She grew up in Anaheim, California. In Anaheim, she went to a public school. She was a very good student. As a child, people were mean to Sanchez because she was Hispanic. This made Sanchez very sad. Later, she went to college at Chapman University in Orange County, California.

She and her husband were part of the Republican Party. Sanchez did not like how immigrants, women, and people who are gay were being treated. She left the Republican Party and joined the Democratic Party. Her sister, Linda Sanchez is also a U.S. Representative from California.

Her change 
Sanchez helped schools that needed money and helped fight for human rights. She was elected twice to be in the U.S. Congress. She helped many people who were poor and disrespected to be treated equally.

First election 
She competed with Bob Dornan for a spot in the U.S. House of Representatives. She disagreed with him about the rights of gay people and rights of gun owners. Sanchez beat him by fewer than 1,000 votes. Dornan said that she cheated. She won the election because people wanted her to be an American representative in the U.S. Congress. Sanchez spoke only about simple problems when she was running for a spot in the U.S. House of Representatives. For example, she talked about education and jobs. She did not talk about more complex problems such as immigration.

Senate run 
Sanchez ran for the United States Senate in 2016. Sanchez lost in the November election to California Attorney General Kamala Harris.

References 

"Loretta Sanchez." Notable Hispanic American Women, Gale, 1998. Biography In Context, Accessed 3 May 2018.

1960 births
Politicians from California
Living people
Ignazio Cassis

Ignazio Cassis (born 13 April 1961) is a Swiss physician and politician. He is the current President of the Swiss Confederation since 2022. He is a member of the FDP.The Liberals and was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 20 September 2017. He has served since 1 November 2017 as head of the Department of Foreign Affairs. He was born in Sessa, Switzerland.

Cassis took office on 1 November 2017 as head of the Department of Foreign Affairs, succeeding Didier Burkhalter.

References

Other websites 

 
 Biography of Ignazio Cassis on the website of the Swiss Parliament .
 Profile of Ignazio Cassis with election results on the website of the Swiss Federal Council.

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1961 births
Physicians
Presidents of the Swiss Confederation
Current national leaders
Living people
Ticino
Computer-aided design

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer software to help create, change, analyse or optimize designs. It is meant to help the designer create better quality, more precise, and neater designs. It also helps improve communication of the design by creating documentation for it as well as a database for manufacturing. CAD is used in many places such as architecture and product design.

Designing using CAD can take longer than the traditional way of drawing on paper and costs more because of the software. Also, people often need to be trained to understand CAD.

Advantages and disadvantages

Types
 3D Wire-frame modeling
 Parametric modeling
 Direct or explicit modeling

Examples where CAD is used 
Architecture
 Product design
 Shop/building design

Related pages 

 Computer-aided manufacture (CAM)
 CAD/CAM

References

Computer science
Design
Kitzbühel

Kitzbühel is a small medieval town in Tyrol, Austria. It is the administrative center of the Kitzbühel district (Bezirk). As of 2018, 8,272 people live there.

It is in the Kitzbühel Alps along the river Kitzbüheler Ache and about 100 km (62 mi) east of the state capital Innsbruck.

Kitzbühel is a ski resort of international renown and its ski season lasts from mid October to early May. During winter and early spring it is frequented primarily by upper-class clientele from Austria and from abroad.

Other websites 

Tourist office Kitzbühel
Kitzbühel Gigapixel Panorama (20.000 Megapixel)
Kitzbühel Ski Slopes Photo Gallery 
Bergbahn Kitzbühel - mountain railway
Museum Kitzbühel - Alfons Walde

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Ski areas and resorts in Austria
Dii Consentes

The Dii Consentes (Latin: "[the] council of the divine") was the principal group of deities within Ancient Roman religion, equivalent to the Twelve Olympians. As listed by the poet Ennius in the late 3rd Century BC, they consisted of: 

 Jupiter, Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Apollo, Diana, Venus, Mars, Vulcan, Mercury, and Neptune.

References

Roman gods and goddesses
Candy Lightner

Candace Lynne "Candy" Lightner (born May 30, 1946) is the founding president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD).

On May 3, 1980, Lightner’s 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a hit-and-run drunk driver at Sunset and New York Avenues in Fair Oaks, California. The sentence given to the repeat offender of driving while intoxicated (DWI) outraged Lightner who then organized Mothers Against Drunk Drivers.

She served as president of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee from October 1994 to March 1995.

References 

1946 births
Living people
American activists
People from California
Michiko Nishiura Weglyn

Michiko Nishiura Weglyn (November 29, 1926 – April 25, 1999) was a Japanese-American activist and clothing designer, whose goal was to raise awareness about concentration camps during World War II. After United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark lied and said that the concentration camps did not exist in the US, Weglyn made it her goal to tell people the truth about the concentration camps.

Early Life 
Weglyn was born on November 29, 1926, on her family’s farm in Stockton, California. She was one of two sisters and had a loving mother and father, Tomojiro and Misao Weglyn. Before going to school in the mornings, Weglyn fed the chickens and the horses to prove to her father she was just as useful as a boy. In 1926, boys were often considered more important than girls.

Concentration Camp 
Weglyn was put in a concentration camp, in Gila River, Arizona. This camp was for Japanese Americans during World War II. Many Americans believed that Japanese people were helping Japan, perhaps planning another attack after Pearl Harbor. Later in her life, Weglyn heard the attorney general, Ramsey Clark, deny that America ever had concentration camps. He said that the concentration camps that had affected Weglyn's life never happened. Of course, this was a lie, and Weglyn was telling the truth about her past experiences. Weglyn later decided to write a book called, Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps, to share the horror and torture that she experienced. She wrote to raise awareness. This is why she is considered an activist, who helped inspire others to share their stories.

Life as a Designer 
Weglyn was one of the first Japanese-American female designer known internationally. Throughout her career she made beautiful pieces of clothing to fit actors/actresses needs. She was known as a designer who could hide the actors/actresses flaws.

References 

1926 births
1999 deaths
Activists
American activists
People from Stockton, California
Sandra Cisneros

Sandra Cisneros (December 20, 1954- ) is an author from Chicago, Illinois. She is famous for her book "The House on Mango Street." It has sold six million copies and been translated into over 20 languages. Middle and high schoolers read her books in school for education uses. The House on Mango Street is a series of vignettes. A vignette is a series of stories or a brief description of something. The girl in the novel goes through childhood to adulthood changes. Sandra studied at Loyola University of Chicago and the University of Iowa. Her books are about issues between other races, classes, and genders.

Family 
Sandra is the second child of Alfredo Cisneros de Moral and Elvira Cordero Anguiano. They had seven children together, one girl and the rest were boys. There was one daughter but she died as a baby after giving birth. Sandra's father wants his family of boys. During her childhood, there was sexism so her father which is pushing her over the limits. Since her father Alfredo Cisneros de Moral moved the family between Mexico City and Chicago, Sandra was shy during her childhood.  She doesn't make close friends for pretty long. Her mother, Elvira Cordero Anguiano, was a strong female who wanted Sandra to achieve her goal.

Awards 

 American Book Award - 1985
 Lannan Literary Award for Fiction - 1991
 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Fiction - 1993
 MacArthur Fellowship Award - 1995
 Texas Medal of Arts - 2003
 National Medal of Arts - 2016 (Presented by Barack Obama)

References 

1954 births
Living people
Writers from Chicago
Gertrude Caroline Ederle

Gertrude Caroline Ederle (October 23, 1905 – November 30, 2003) was the first woman to swim the English Channel.

Early life 
Ederle’s birthdate was October 23, 1905. Her family came from Germany to New York. Her mother taught her to swim. Ederle decided she wanted to be a swimmer.

English Channel 
Ederle had the world's quickest time for women in swimming. She swam across the English Channel, which is 21 miles long. She swam in a record time of 14 hours and 39 minutes. It was a world record for 35 years. She was the 6th person to swim across the English Channel and the first woman to do so.

Olympics 
Ederle was a swimmer in the Olympics. She won one gold medal and two bronze medals in the 1924 summer Olympics.

Support for Women's swimming 
Ederle believed that women could be talented swimmers. She helped the Women’s Swimming Association. She was also famous for her bravery by being the first woman to swim the English Channel.

References 

1905 births
American swimmers
American activists
2003 deaths
Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins

Sarah Winnemucca (born 1844) was a protester for Native American rights during the 1800s. Winnemucca was part of the Paiute group in Nevada. Winnemucca wrote an autobiography, Life Among the Paiutes: their Wrongs and their Claims. Her autobiography is about her fight to stop the government from treating the Native Americans unfairly. Winnemucca opened two schools for Indian children.

Early Life 
Winnemucca was born in 1844 near Humboldt Sink, Nevada. She was the fourth child in her family. Her father was named Chief Winnemucca and her mother was named Tuboitonie. At birth, she was named Thocmetony.  This word means shell flower. Then she changed her name to Sarah. During her life, her group was kept on a reservation.

Education 
The most education she had was three weeks at a Californian Catholic School.

Achievements 
Winnemucca first talked about how the American government took over the Native American land. She became famous by speaking about the government’s unfair treatment of the Native American people. Winnemucca also met with Rutherford B. Hayes, an American President. She talked in many cities about how the Paiutes were being treated badly. She wrote an autobiography that was the first autobiography written by a Native American woman. Overall, Winnemucca is known for her support of peace between the American government and the Native Americans. She died on October 16th, 1891.

References 

1891 deaths
American activists
Native American people
Emmabuntüs

Emmabuntüs is a Linux distribution derived from Ubuntu/Debian and designed to facilitate the repacking of computers donated to humanitarian organizations like the Emmaüs Communities.

The name Emmabuntüs is a portmanteau of Emmaüs and Ubuntu.

Features 
Emmabuntüs can be installed, in its entirety, without an Internet connection as all of the required packages are included within the disk image. The disk image includes packages for multiple languages and also optional non-free codecs that the user can choose whether to install or not.

Emmabuntüs was developed to function correctly on 10 years old computers, which were previously running Windows XP or more up-to-date Windows versions, and equipped with a minimum of 1 Gigabyte of RAM for  the 32 bits versions. This allows associations like YovoTogo & JUMP Lab'Orione to recycle computers in order to equip high schools in Togo, or the Emmabuntüs collective to equip kindergarten and elementary schools in the Paris area.

Desktop environment 
The desktop environment is Xfce with Cairo-Dock. LXDE is also included and can be optionally installed.

Applications 
Multiple applications are installed that perform the same task in order to provide a choice for each user that uses the system.
Emmanuntüs also includes educational software like Gcompris, TuxPaint, TuxMath, TuxType, Scratch, etc. It also contains Kiwix, an off-line Wikipedia reader allowing Emmabuntüs to become an self-contained (without Internet access) Free Culture Server, including Wikis like Vikidia, or books in the ePub format.

Related pages 
 GNU/Linux
 Debian
 Xfce
 List of Linux distributions

References

Other websites 

 http://www.emmabuntus.org/ - Emmabuntüs Homepage
 

Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
X86-64 Linux distributions
Live CD
Agildo Ribeiro

Agildo Ribiero (April 24, 1932 – April 28, 2018) was a Brazilian actor. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He was known for his role in the 1959 movie Three Loves in Rio.

Ribeiro died in Rio de Janeiro on April 28, 2018 of heart failure at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Brazilian movie actors
People from Rio de Janeiro
Derek Keys

Derek Lyle Keys (30 August 1931 – 29 April 2018) was a South African politician. He served as Minister of Finance from 1992 to September 1994, in the cabinets of F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela.

Keys died on 29 April 2018 at the age of 86.

References

1931 births
2018 deaths
South African politicians
South African businesspeople
Pik Botha

Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha, DMS (27 April 1932 – 12 October 2018) was a South African politician. He served as the country's foreign minister in the last years of the apartheid era.

Botha was nicknamed 'Pik' (short for pikkewyn, Afrikaans for 'penguin') because of a perceived likeness to a penguin in his stance, accentuated when he wore a suit.

In 2000, Botha declared his support for Presidents Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki.

Botha died on 12 October 2018 at his home in Pretoria at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 South African History Online 
 South African Who's Who 

1932 births
2018 deaths
South African politicians
Rose Laurens

Rose Laurens, previously billed as Rose Merryl (born Rose Podwojny; 4 March 1953 – 30 April 2018), was a French pop singer-songwriter. She was known for her songs "Africa" and the French concept album of Les Misérables, a song later adapted into English as "I Dreamed a Dream".

Laurens died on 30 April 2018 of a long-illness at the age of 65.

References

Other websites
 Official site 

1953 births
2018 deaths
French pop singers
French songwriters
Writers from Paris
Santa Clarita Diet

Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror-comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco. It was created for the streaming service Netflix. It stars Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant. The series premiered on February 3, 2017 with the first season. It has received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the cast and premise, but criticizing the number of graphic scenes. The second season was announced on March 29, 2017 and premiered on March 23, 2018. The series was cancelled on March 29, 2019 after the third season.

Joel and Sheila Hammond are real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California. The couple face a series of harsh events when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh after eating clams.  With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila, they have to deal with neighbors, cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.

References

Other websites
 
 

American horror television series
American comedy television series
Television series set in Los Angeles County, California
2010s American television series debuts
2010s American television series endings
Netflix original shows
English-language television programs
Henderson waves

Henderson Waves () is a pedestrian bridge in Singapore. The bridge is in the shape of a wave.

Bridges
Buildings and structures in Singapore
Aileen Hernandez

Aileen Clark Hernandez (May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017) was an African-American who fought for the rights of women and people with less rights. During her life, she was the president of the National Organization for Women and also worked in government for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Early life 
Hernandez's parents were Charles and Ethel Clark. They moved from Jamaica to the United States. Hernandez grew up in Brooklyn, New York City with her two brothers. Ethel Clark was a worker in a clothing factory. Charles Clark was a worker for an art supply store. All of the children in the Clark family learned to do work around the house such as sewing and cooking.

Education 
Hernandez went to Bay Ridge High School. She was a successful student and almost at the top of her class. Later, she went to Howard University, in Washington, D.C. She was educated at other universities, such as University of Oslo, New York University, and the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1959, she received a master's degree from University of California at Los Angeles.

Career 
Her first job was with the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union. She also worked with Alan Cranston and at the Fair Employment Practice Commission. Later, she was the first female on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Hernandez started working with businesses to help them hire more women and people with less rights in 1966. She was vice president of the National Organization for Women in 1967 and became president in 1971.

Death 
Hernandez died from complications related to dementia at the age of 90.

Honors and awards 
 Woman of the Year, Community Relations Conference of Southern California; 1961
 Howard University Distinguished Postgraduate Achievement in Labor and Public Service; 1968
 Ten Most Distinguished Women in the San Francisco Bay Area (The San Francisco Examiner); 1969
 Honoree of the National Urban Coalition for Distinguished Service to Urban Communities; 1985
 Regents Scholar in Residence, University of California, Santa Barbara
 Silver Spur Award (San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association); 1995
 Eleanor Roosevelt Award (Democratic Women’s Forum in California); 1996

References 

 "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." Contemporary Black Biography, vol. 13, Gale, 1996. Biography in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.
 "Aileen Hernandez." UXL Biographies, UXL, 2011. Student Resources in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.
 "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." DISCovering U.S. History, Gale, 1997. Student Resources in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.
 Sandomir, Richard. "Aileen Hernandez, Ex-NOW President and Feminist Trailblazer, Dies at 90." New York Times, Mar. 1, 2017, p. A28(L). Student Resources in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.

1926 births
2017 deaths
African-American people
American feminists
American civil rights activists
California State University
People from Brooklyn
Deaths from dementia
Jody Williams

Jody Williams (October 9th 1950 - ) is a peace activist and humanitarian. She focused mainly on removing landmines from the world. Williams was born October 09, 1950 in Vermont, USA. Williams helped start the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL).

Inspiration 
Many things made her become a peace activist. One of these things was her brother. Her brother was deaf and schizophrenic. He was disliked for his disabilities.

In college, Williams didn't know what she wanted to study. After she graduated, she worked as a teacher in the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Washington D.C. Williams does not like landmines. She does not want innocent people to be hurt by the landmines. Some people would accidentally step on the landmines and be killed.

Work With Celebrities 
Williams worked with celebrities to help teach people about the danger of landmines. She even worked with was Diana, Princess of Wales. Some celebrities didn't like this activism. One celebrity that didn't like Williams’ activism was Bill Clinton, a former US president. Clinton made this clear when he did not call her when she got the Nobel Peace Prize.

Achievements 
Williams won the Nobel Peace Prize. She was given the Nobel Peace Prize because of her work on getting rid of landmines. The Nobel Peace Prize was given to her in October, a day after her birthday. Williams said that it was challenging for her to get support on this project. The government didn't want to give landmines up because they were cheap and worked well. Williams won the argument and had landmines were made illegal.

Williams worked for many organizations. She worked with Nicaragua-Honduras Education Project, the Medical Aid for El Salvador, Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, and Medico International.

Williams wrote Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy, and Human Security and My Name is Jody Williams: A Vermont Girl's Winding Path to the Nobel Peace Prize. Williams also helped make the Nobel Women's Initiative. The Nobel Women’s Initiative is an organization that is made up of female Nobel Peace Prize winners. They work all over the world and tell people about female equality.

References 

1950 births
Living people
Activists
American activists
Irene Natividad

Irene Natividad works on helping women around the world.

Early life 
Natividad was born in 1948 in the Philippines. In Natividad’s early life, she and her family spent a lot of time moving. She traveled to Japan, Iran, Greece, and India and learned many languages, including Spanish, French, Tagalong, Farsi, Italian and Greek. By traveling, she saw how women were treated all over. Her mother never had a job because she was not allowed to work. Her mother told her to become a great student so she could get a job, unlike her.

Education 
Natividad went to many different schools as a child. The schools were all around the world. Her high school was in Greece. She went to Long Island University after high school. Then she went to Columbia University. She was given two degrees there. The degrees were for Philosophy and American Literature. Natividad also went to Marymount College

Career 
Natividad led the National Women's Political Caucus. She often writes and talks about her opinion on many topics. In 1992 she became leader of the Global Forum for Women. The Global Forum for Women comes up with ideas to try and help issues with women. She joined other people to start Project Vote Smart. They try to get more votes for education. She became the chair of the Women’s Votes ‘96.

Awards 
Asian American Quarterly (1994): “Power Brokers: The 25 Most Influential People in Asian America”

Campaigns and Elections Magazine (1993) “Seventy-four Women Who Are Changing American Politics"

The National Conference for College Women Student Leaders (1989) “Women of Distinction Award”

Ladies’ Home Journal (1989) “100 Most Powerful Women in America”

Women’s Funding Coalition (1987) “Innovator for Women$hare Award”

Americans by Choice (1986) “Honored Americans Award”

Women’s Congressional Caucus  (1985) “Women Making History Award

Personal life 
Natividad now lives in Washington DC. She is married to Andres Cortese. They have one son. His name is Carlo Natividad-Cortese.

References 

1948 births
Living people
Activists
American activists
Nikki Giovanni

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni, Jr. (born June 7, 1943), is an American poet, writer, commentator, activist, and educator. She was one of the world's most well-known African-American poets. She was born in Knoxville, Tennessee.

Career 
Giovanni was part of the Black Arts Movement. Her early writings supported human rights and fought against violence. Giovanni wrote to protest the unfair lives of black people. She also writes about family, love, and children. Some of her writing is also for children. Jazz music and her family's stories helped her writing.

Achievements 
Giovanni wrote Gemini, which was given the National Book Award.

References 

1943 births
African American writers
American activists
Educators from Tennessee
American poets
Writers from Ohio
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
Writers from Tennessee
Living people
Educators from Ohio
Miriam Makeba

Zenzi Miriam Makeba (March 4, 1932 - November 9, 2008) was a South African singer, and she was against racial segregation.

Early life 
Makeba was born in a town near Johannesburg, South Africa on March 4, 1932. Her town was segregated. Makeba started to sing in her school/church choir. She found comfort in singing and music.

Middle Life 
Makeba started singing professionally in 1950. She first sang with her cousin's group. They were called the Cuban Brothers. She was also in two other groups called the Manhattan Brothers and the Skylarks. Makeba was in movies and musicals as well. She was in the musical King Kong in 1959, the movie Come Back, Africa, and she recorded music with Harry Belafonte.

Come Back, Africa criticized segregation in South Africa. They banned her from South Africa. Harry Belafonte helped Makeba come to the United States of America. They became friends and made an album together. The album was called “An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba.” They won a Grammy award in 1966 for that album.

Late Life 
Makeba married a jazz trumpet player named Hugh Masekela in 1964. Makeba divorced him in 1966. She then married Stokely Carmichael in 1968. He was a Civil Rights leader. She divorced him in 1978. Makeba came back to South Africa in 1990. The government started removing laws that made South Africa segregated. Makeba then died on November 9th 2008.

References 

1932 births
2008 deaths
American activists
South African entertainers
Fannie Lou Hamer

Fannie Lou Hamer (October 16, 1917- March 14, 1977) fought for equal rights. She fought for black people’s rights. She is known for speaking for the African American group at an important national all-white meeting.  Hamer was also a church singer.

Home Life 
Hamer grew up in Mississippi, USA. Out of twenty children, Hamer was the youngest in her family. At one time, their family was able to get a small amount of a land and a tractor. A white family was very upset that Hamer’s family had this. The white family killed their cattle. After this event, The Hamer family was even poorer than before. Later Hamer said in an interview, “Things got so tough I began to wish I was white.”She also said that her mother got angry at her for saying that and her mother said “Don't ever, ever say that. You respect yourself as a little black child. And as you grow older, respect yourself as a black woman. Then one day, other people will respect you.”Hamer told herself that she would “Do something for the black man of the South if it would cost her life.”Later in Hamer’s life, she married Perry “Pap” Hamer. She adopted 4 children since she could not have any of her own.

Political Life 
Hamer was angry and hoped to change the separated system.  This hope led her to become a politician.  During her political life, she was most well known for her work in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.  While doing this job, Hamer fought for equality in voting. Hamer received the attention of the country for her position in the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.  This helped black people to be elected to national offices in Mississippi.  Henry Kirksey, a black representative in national offices, said "If Fannie Lou Hamer had had the same opportunities that Martin Luther King had, then we would have had a female Martin Luther King."

References 

1917 births
1977 deaths
Activists
American activists
Ella Baker

Ella Josephine Baker (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist. She worked alongside some of the most famous civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King Jr. She also mentored many emerging activists, such as Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Rosa Parks, and Bob Moses. Baker has been ranked as  "One of the most important African American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the Civil Rights Movement," known for her critiques not only of racism within American culture, but also the sexism and classism within the Civil Rights Movement.

Organizations 
Baker worked with many civil rights organizations. Some of these organizations were the NAACP, Martin Luther King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. 

Baker knew that some Black American protesters lost their jobs. Their White American bosses fired them. So she co-founded “In Friendship.” “In Friendship” raised money and collected  clothing to send to people who were fired. Baker was the Executive Secretary.

References 

1903 births
1986 deaths
American civil rights activists
American human rights activists
African-American people
Amina al-Said

Amina al-Said (January 20, 1914 - August 13, 1995) was an Egyptian feminist, journalist, and editor.

In 1931, she was one of the first three women to graduate from Fu’ad University. She advocated for women's rights in Egypt. She started the first Arabic magazine for women in 1934, the Hawaa-Eve. She also helped start the Pan-Arab Feminist Union. Al-Said was the first Egyptian journalist to be paid by a major publisher.

She received the First State Recognition Award, First Order of the Republic, Universal Star, and National Arts Award. She was also one of the first women's rights activists to be supported by her government.

References 

1914 births
1995 deaths
American activists
Fred Quimby

Frederick Clinton "Fred" Quimby (July 31, 1886 – September 16, 1965) was an American cartoon producer. He was best known as producing Tom and Jerry cartoons, for which he won seven Academy Awards.

He was the movie sales executive in charge of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio, which included Tex Avery, as well as William Hanna and Joseph Barbera (creators of Tom and Jerry).

References

Other websites
 
 The Tom and Jerry Story
 The Creators – The Magic Behind The Cartoon

1886 births
1965 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
American animators
American movie producers
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Professor's Cube

The Professor's Cube is a mechanical puzzle, a 5×5×5 version of the Rubik's Cube.  It has qualities in common with both the original 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and the 4×4×4 Rubik's Revenge, and knowing how to solve either can help when working on the 5×5×5 cube.

Related pages
Pocket Cube
Rubik's Cube
Rubik's Revenge
Eric Yarrow

Sir Eric Grant Yarrow, 3rd Baronet, MBE, DL, FRSE (23 April 1920 – 22 September 2018) was a British businessman. He was born in Surrey, England.

After serving during World War II, he worked at Yarrow Shipbuilders, in 1946, later becoming President of Yarrow plc until 1987, and was Chairman of Clydesdale Bank from 1985 to 1991.

Yarrow was appointed a Vice-President of RINA in 1972 as well as serving as Prime Warden of the Shipwrights' Company (1970–71), among other charitable activities.

Yarrow was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for military service in 1946.

Yarrow died on 22 September 2018 at the age of 98.

References

Other websites
 Burke's Peerage and Baronetage
 Who's Who
 Profile: Eric Yarrow Frost's Scottish Who's Who

1920 births
2018 deaths
British businesspeople
British military personnel of World War II
People from Surrey
Anita Ellis

Anita Ellis (née Kert; April 12, 1920 – October 28, 2015) is a Canadian-born American singer, actress and pilot. She was born in Montreal, Quebec. Ellis became a naturalized United States citizen in 1950. In 1941, she joined WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio, as a singer. Ellis dubbed the singing voices of such actresses as Rita Hayworth (notably in Gilda, 1946), Vera-Ellen and Jeanne Crain.

Ellis retired in 1987 and moved to Manhattan. She suffers from Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites
 
 Film Reference biography 

1920 births
2015 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian radio actors
Canadian singers
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American aviators
People with Alzheimer's disease
Actors from Montreal
Actors from Manhattan
Singers from New York City
Lydia Wideman

Lydia Wideman (later Wideman-Lehtonen; 17 May 1920 – 13 April 2019) was a Finnish Olympic cross-country skier gold medalist. She was born in Vilppula, Finland. She was the first female Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing. In 1952 she competed in thirteen 10 km races and won all of them, including the 1952 Winter Olympics, national championships and Lahti Ski Games.

In February 2018, following the death of Durward Knowles, she became the oldest living Olympic champion. Wideman died on 13 April 2019, aged 98.

References

1920 births
2019 deaths
Finnish Olympians
Olympic gold medalists
Skiers
Durward Knowles

Sir Durward Randolph Knowles (2 November 1917 – 24 February 2018) was a Bahamian sailor and Olympic champion. He won the gold medal in the Star class at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, together with Cecil Cooke. He won the bronze medal in the same class at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

From 2016 to 2018, he was the oldest living Olympic champion. He turned 100 in November 2017 and died on 24 February 2018 of kidney failure.

References

1917 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Olympic gold medalists
Olympic bronze medalists
Centenarians
Bahamian people
Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse

Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse (January 2, 1918 – December 13, 2019) was a German type designer, calligrapher and book-binder. She was the 1991 winner of the Frederic W. Goudy Award. She also designed several fonts.

Life
She was born in Schwerin, Germany. In her early years, she worked with Rudolf Koch and Edward Johnston.

From 1946 to 1954, Von Hesse taught lettering at the Städelschule in Frankfurt. She was hired by the Stempel foundry in Frankfurt to design typefaces, and went on to a successful career as a typographer with Stempel.

In 2001, she was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Friends of Calligraphy. She turned 100 in January 2018.

From 1951 until his death in 2015, she was married to Hermann Zapf. They had one son Christian, who died in 2012. She lived in Darmstadt, Germany. She died on December 13, 2019 at the age of 101.

Created designs
Alcuin (URW Hamburg)
Ariadne (Stempel)
Carmina (Bitstream)
Christiana (Berthold)
Columbine (URW Hamburg)
Diotima (Stempel)
 Hesse-Antiqua (2018, Monotype, with Ferdinand Ulrich)
Nofret (Berthold)
Shakespeare (Hallmark)
Smaragd (Stempel)

References

Other websites
MyFonts: Gudrun Zapf von Hesse
Font Designer – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse
Personal Designer Portrait – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse 
Typophile: Gudrun Zapf von Hesse 

1918 births
2019 deaths
German centenarians
Designers
German educators
Writers from Frankfurt
Laban movement analysis

Laban movement analysis (LMA) describes human movement. It is based on the original work of Rudolf Laban, and many others helped to develop it. Its main and original purpose was to be a dance notation. Before film and video were developed, there was no way to record dance moves so that later dancers could use those moves. The transmission of dance from one generation to the next depended on older expert dancers teaching young dancers.

The problem was especially notable in modern dance, where the vocabulary of classical dance figures was expanded with almost no limits. Towards the end of his life, Laban extended his ideas into the movements workers made during physical work.

LMA draws from many fields including anatomy, kinesiology and psychology. It is used by dancers, actors, gymnasts and many other groups. However, it is fair to say that it is now largely replaced by video recordings. Also, it is not the only kind of dance notation, and not the only way human movement can be written down as a record for later generations. And, it was not the first such system. For example, in the 1680s Pierre Beauchamp had a dance notation system for baroque dance, and in 1887/8 Eadweard Muybridge started to use film to record human and animal movement. It is film and video which has transformed our understanding of motion, rather than dance notation. But in its field the Laban notation was notable.

Dance which has been reliably recorded on notation and perhaps backed up by video recording, can be and has been used to copyright choreography.

References 

Dance
Notation
Kirsty Sword Gusmão

Kirsty Sword Gusmão was the first lady of East Timor from 2000 to 2015. Gusmão wanted kids to be able to learn. Gusmão started the Alola Foundation.  The Alola Foundation helps girls, their families and helps poor people. She helped free East Timor from Indonesia. Gusmão was a spy for twenty years.

Early life 
Gusmão was born in Melbourne, Australia, in 1966. She went to Melbourne University and studied education.

East Timor 

Gusmão first traveled to the East Timor part of Indonesia in 1991. She was finding information for a movie on the area and was the interpreter for the movie maker. She became a teacher in Jakarta, Indonesia. She worked there from 1992-1996. She was worried about human rights in East Timor. While she fought for human rights she met the East Timor independence leader, Xanana Gusmão. He was in prison. She met him through going to his jail cell. She married him in 2000.

She moved back to Melbourne, Australia , for cancer treatment in 2012. In 2015, Sword Gusmão and Gusmão announced their separation.

References

1966 births
Living people
Activists
East Timorese people
Australian people
Wendy Wasserstein

Wendy Wasserstein (October 18, 1950 – January 30, 2006) was an American playwright. She was an Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University. She received the Tony Award for Best Play and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1989 for her play The Heidi Chronicles.

Her plays, which explore topics ranging from feminism to family to ethnicity to pop culture, include The Sisters Rosensweig, Isn't It Romantic, An American Daughter, Old Money, and her last work which opened in 2005, Third.

Wasserstein was hospitalized with lymphoma in December 2005 and died on January 30, 2006, aged 55.

References 

1950 births
2006 deaths
American feminists
American playwrights
Cancer deaths in New York
Deaths from lymphoma
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from Brooklyn
Yale University alumni
Educators from New York City
Gloria Molina

Gloria Molina is a politician and an activist for Latino rights.

Early Life 
Gloria Molina was born on May 31, 1948 in Los Angeles, California. Her mother and father moved to the United States from Mexico. She went to school in Pico Rivera, California as a child, and she also went to East Los Angeles College. When she was 19, she made most of the money for her family. She stopped school at California State University in Los Angeles.

Achievements 
Molina was a part of and started many groups that supported LatinX rights. She became a member of the California government in 1982. In 1987, she became the first woman Los Angeles government member. She heard the people of Los Angeles to make the city better. In 1991, Molina became a Supervisor for Los Angeles. While Supervisor, she fought to stop AIDS. She became the co-chair of Bill Clinton’s presidential campaign.

References 

1948 births
Living people
American activists
Politicians from Los Angeles
Anjali Gopalan

Anjali Gopalan (born September 1, 1957) is a gay rights activist in India. She specifically focuses on HIV/AIDS. She forced the Indian government to pay attention to people with HIV/AIDS. The Indian government had to give more money to help people with HIV/AIDS. The government also made a law that doctors have to give good medical care to people with this disease.

Gopalan was born in India. Her father was in the army, so they moved around a lot. She went to school in India and the United States. She went to Lady Shri Ram College. She studied politics, journalism, and international development.

Gopalan worked as a journalist in India. She moved to New York City. She became a social worker and saw how HIV/AIDS affected people. She returned to India to take care of her parents. She then began to inform her community about HIV/AIDS in India.

References 

"Anjali Gopalan." Newsmakers, vol. 1, Gale, 2013. Biography In Context, Accessed 3 May 2018.

1957 births
Living people
Indian activists
Winona LaDuke

Winona LaDuke (born August 18, 1959) is an environmentalist, economist and writer who supports Native American rights. In addition, LaDuke believes in not damaging nature. For this cause, she started the White Earth Land Recovery Project. She currently lives on the White Earth Reservation. LaDuke studied at Harvard and MIT. She was included in TIME magazine’s 1994, “50 for the Future.”  She was included because of her actions to protect Native Americans’ land from dangerous chemicals.

References 

1959 births
Living people
American activists
Native American people
Elaine H. Kim

Elaine H. Kim  (February 26, 1972) teaches Asian American Studies and she fights for Asian American rights.  She co-founded the non-profit organization Asian Women United (AWU).

Kim first suffered disrespect because of her race in the second grade. She has made videos and has written in newspapers. She attended University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Kim went back to Seoul, South Korea to teach, but came back to University of California, Berkeley.

She teaches Asian American studies, and she fought for Asian American people around the San Francisco Bay Area and in Berkeley.

Awards
 Asian Pacific American Heritage Lifetime Achievement Award (City and County of San Francisco), 2012
 Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for Asian American Studies, 2011
 Association for Asian American Studies Book Award in Cultural Studies, 2005
 Hall of Outstanding Women at California, 1995
 Fulbright Fellowship, 1987-1988

References 

1942 births
Living people
Academics
Activists
American activists