cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco

Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco is the  sequel to the 1993 movie Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey.

Plot
The owners of Shadow the Golden Retriever, Sassy the Himalayan cat (Sally Field), and Chance the American Bulldog (Michael J. Fox) decide to take a trip to Canada. At the San Francisco International Airport, the animals run away after Chance gets free from his carrier. After getting away from airport police, the animals are in San Francisco, with home on the other side of the Golden Gate bridge.

As they are trying to get home, Chance falls in love with a street Kuvasz named Delilah (Carla Gugino) who's never had a human family. He thinks humans are bad since he was left alone by his owners, and at first does not agree to help Shadow, Sassy, and Chance because they are "pets". After they return home, a sad Chance is soon together with Delilah. The family accepts her as their newest pet.

Cast
 Robert Hays - Bob Seaver
 Kim Griest - Laura Seaver
 Kevin Chevalia - Jamie Seaver
 Veronica Lauren - Hope Seaver
 Benj Thall - Peter Seaver

Voice cast
 Ralph Waite - Shadow
 Michael J. Fox - Chance
 Sally Field - Sassy
 Michael Bell - Stokey
 Tisha Campbell - Sledge
 Adam Goldberg - Pete
 Carla Gugino - Delilah
 Tommy Lasorda - Lucky Lasorda
 Tress MacNeille - French Poodle
 Ross Malinger - Spike
 Al Michaels - Sparky Michaels
 Jon Polito - Ashcan
 Sinbad - Riley
 Stephen Tobolowsky - Bando
 Bob Uecker - Trixie Uecker

Other websites
 

Disney movies
1996 movies
American family movies
Movies about animals
Movies set in California
Poolsbrook

Poolsbrook is a town in northeast Derbyshire, England.

Towns in Derbyshire
Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a United States government agency that protects and promotes public health, by regulating food safety, tobacco, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, vaccines, and cosmetics. The FDA enforces federal laws along with other agencies, such as the DEA. The agency was made in 1906, and is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

The head of the FDA is proposed by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate. He reports to the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.

History 
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Clean Food and Drug Administration Act of 1906, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its main advocate.

Responsibility for screening food and drug products for "tampering" or "mislabelling" has been assigned to the USDA Chemical Bureau. In 1927, the regulatory powers of the Bureau of Chemistry were reorganized under the new agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, the FDA.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed into law the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act on June 24, 1938. In 1962, the Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics Act was passed and it became a global change in the FDA regulatory body.

One of the most important laws in creating the modern American pharmaceutical market was the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Reinstatement Act 1984, better known as the Hatch-Waxman Act after its main sponsors.

Structure 
Subordinate FDA Agencies:

 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research;
Center for Devices and Radiological Health;
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research;
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition;
Center for Tobacco Products;
Center for Veterinary Medicine;
National Center for Toxicological Research;
Office of Criminal Investigations;
Office of Regulatory Affairs.

Activity 
The FDA is responsible for maintaining public health through  

 regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, food additives, drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and veterinary drugs;  
 monitoring accordance to legislation in the field of maintaining the quality of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. 

The FDA also controls some laws.

References

Other websites
FDA Home Page
Critics — 143 Sudden Deaths Did Not Stop Approval // LATimes, 2000-12-20 
Critics — Statement of Larry D. Sasich, Pharm. D, M.P.H. And Sidney M. Wolfe, MD of Public Citizen’s Health Research Group on the Withdrawal of the Calcium Channel Blocker Mibefradil (Posicor) From the Market. (1998). Public Citizen, 1,2.

United States government agencies
Homalocephale

Homalocephale was a thick-skulled, plant-eating dinosaur. Its flat head housed a very thick skull, a tiny brain, and large eyes. The skull consisted of porous, non-rigid bone interlaced with blood vessels.

Homalocephale grew to be about 5 feet long (1.5 m) and weighed about 95 pounds (43 kg). Homalocephale probably had a good sense of smell. It had bumpy knobs on its snout and along the rear of its skull. It had leaf-shaped teeth, short forelimbs and a stiff tail. 

Pachycephalosauria
Pachyrhinosaurus

Pachyrhinosaurus was a large, plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony, spiked neck frill, four short legs, and a short tail. Pachyrhinosaurus was a short-frilled ceratopsian dinosaur that was 18 to 23 feet (5.5 to 7 m) long. Pachyrhinosaurus had many small horns on the middle of its frill. 

Ceratopsids
Rubinkowo

Rubinkowo is a district of Toruń.

Other websites 
Rubinkowo in Toruń

Toruń
Motorola DynaTAC

Motorola DynaTAC - first mobile telephone from 1973 year, company Motorola.

Gallery

Telephone

DynaTAC. The world's first commercial portable cellular phone, the Motorola DynaTAC phone, receives approval from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. The 28-ounce handheld phone becomes available to consumers in 1984. Also that year, after many years of development, the company's first DynaTAC cellular system begins commercial operation. Over 15 years, Motorola has devoted $100 million to the development of its cellular program
Kaszczorek

Kaszczorek is a district of Toruń.

Other websites 
(pl)

Toruń
Joseph Banks

Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet GCB PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. Banks was President of the Royal Society 1778–1820; baronet 1781; Privy Counsellor 1797. His collections were given to the British Museum.

Banks took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage  from 1768 to 1771. He inherited a large fortune, and was able to hire his own team to help collect, package and transport his finds. Banks discovered and collected Eucalyptus, Acacia, Mimosa, and Banksia. About 80 species of plants are named after Banks.

Education 
Banks was educated at Harrow School, Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

Exploration

Newfoundland and Labrador 
In 1766 Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year he accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador to study their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Endeavour voyage 
Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour, 1768–1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks joined the ship with a staff of eight: Daniel Solander and H.D. Spöring, naturalists; Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson, artists; James Roberts and Peter Briscoe, tenants from Revesby; Thomas Richmond and George Dorlton (Dollin), negro servants. Only four of this party survived the voyage, Banks himself, Solander and the two Revesby men.

This voyage went first to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, Bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America.

The voyage then went to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the purpose of the mission), to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after damage on the Great Barrier Reef.

While they were in Australia Banks, Solander and Spöring made the first collection of Australian plants, describing many that were new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium, finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990.
Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous.

Banks in popular culture
There are many things in Australia named after Banks. These include the Division of Banks, a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The species Banksia is named after him.

References 

1743 births
1820 deaths
English naturalists
English botanists
English explorers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Baronets
Church of Christ with the Elijah Message

The Church of Christ with the Elijah Message is a Mormon religious movement. In addition to the Book of Mormon, the group bases itself on 117 messages received by resurrected John the Baptist.

Main differences to other Mormon movements
They call the book of Mormon "The Record of the Nephites" and only accept the first edition of 1830
They call themselves "Christians", and not "Saints"
The movement sees itself as led by Christ. Worldly affairs are led by a college of elders, and not a president
There are no "spititual marriages" that last for eternity
There are no baptisms of the dead
They reject the idea that god develops to become a higher being
The Church of Christ with Elijah Message accepts all the messages as given by John the Baptist to Otto Fetting and W.A Draves unlike the other movements.It believes that the Gospel is complete by the three books namely;The Record of the Nephites,The word of the Lord brought to mankind by an Angel and the Bible(Klng James version)

Mormonism
Petticoat

A petticoat is a woman's undergarment, shaped like a skirt or skirt+bodice. Think of it as a skirt underneath a regular skirt. The purpose is possibly insulation, and certainly to make the skirt fly out in an attractive way. 

Petticoats which are starched, with ruffles, or made with stiff fabric, can support a wider skirt. The ultimate in this trend is the crinoline, which is a petticoat structure which includes hoops of whalebone. Crinolines are not worn today, but petticoats are sometimes worn with ballgowns.

Petticoats in the 20th century 
For most of the first half of the 20th century, with a few exceptions, petticoats were out of fashion. Certainly multiple petticoats were not needed for the narrow skirts and dresses which were fashionable. Some evening gowns needed petticoats, but they were finished off by WWII wartime rationing and shortages.

Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted New Look of 1947. Tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, especially with teenage girls. Typically, at least three single petticoats were worn, until manufacturers began making double and triple layer petticoats. A narrow slip was usually worn under the petticoats, especially the crinoline type, because they tended to be 'scratchy'.

Dior continued this theme with his A-Line collection of Spring 1955, which featured  the "most wanted silhouette in Paris". This was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his Trapeze Line of Spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s.

References 

Underwear
Paul the Octopus

Paul the Octopus (said to be hatched January 2008 at Oberhausen, Germany– 26 October 2010) was an octopus living in a tank at a Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany. Paul became famous around the world for correctly "choosing" the winner of Germany's seven matches at the 2010 World Cup, as well as the final.

During the divinations, Paul was shown two boxes with a mussel inside them, for food. Each box had, on the outside, a flag of a football team. Paul would eat the mussel from the box with the flag of the winning team. He did this correctly in four of Germany's six Euro 2008 matches, and in all seven of their matches in the 2010 World Cup. He correctly chose a win for Spain against the Netherlands in the World Cup final. His predictions were 100% (8/8) right for the 2010 World Cup and 86% (12/14) correct overall. Paul was retired after the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Career 

It was at first said that Paul's career as an oracle began during the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. In the lead-up to Germany's international football matches, Paul (or a similar octopus) was presented with two clear plastic boxes, each containing food: a mussel or an oyster. Each container was marked with the flag of a team, one the flag of Germany, and the other the flag of Germany's opponent. The box which Paul opened first (and ate the contents of) was judged to be the predicted winner of the game.

Some people had doubt about the octopus' abilities.

Under the thought that Paul had the same chances of choosing the winner or the loser of a match, and not considering the chance of a draw, he had a 1/2 chance of rightly choosing any single game and a 1/256 chance of rightly choosing eight in a row.

On October 26 2010, Paul died of natural causes after being inactive for the last few days.

References 

Cephalopods
Individual animals
FIFA World Cup
Oberhausen
St. Xavier High School (Cincinnati)

Saint Xavier High School ( ), or simply St. X, is a private, all-boys high school near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The school is one of four all-boys Catholic high schools in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, but it is run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) instead of the archdiocese. St. Xavier has 1,535 students, making it the largest private high school in Ohio and one of the 100 largest high schools in that state.

St. Xavier is the oldest high school in the Cincinnati area and one of the oldest in the nation, even older than many universities. It started as the Athenaeum, which opened in 1831 in downtown Cincinnati. From 1869 to 1934, the high school was part of St. Xavier College, which is now called Xavier University. In 1960, the high school moved to its current location on a  campus.

The "Bombers" football team and "Aquabombers" swimming and diving team are ranked nationally and often compete at state championships. The graduates of St. Xavier include many professional athletes, three Olympians, state and national politicians, and well-known authors and actors.

Famous people from St. Xavier

Graduates
Arts and literature:
John Diehl (1968) – actor
Joey Kern (1995) – movie actor
David Quammen (1966) – writer about science

Politics:
Jim Bunning (1949) – Republican in the U.S. Senate representing Kentucky; also a baseball player in the Hall of Fame
John J. Gilligan (1939) – Democratic governor of Ohio; father of Kathleen Sebelius, the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary
Charles H. Keating Jr. (1941) – lawyer and banker who was convicted of fraud as one of the "Keating Five" in the 1989 Savings and Loan scandal
William J. Keating (1945) – businessman and Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio
Bill Kraus (1965) – activist for gay rights and for people with AIDS
Brad Wenstrup (1976) – Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio

Sports:
Jayme Cramer (2001) – swimmer who won the bronze medal at the 2003 Pan American Games and the silver medal at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships
Joe Hudepohl (1992) – swimmer who won the gold medal at the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games
Pat Todd (1998) – rower in the semifinals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics

Others
St. Xavier gave an honorary degree to Nick Clooney, a television news reporter, game show host, and politician who would have graduated in 1952.

In 1985, Urban Meyer worked as a football coach at St. Xavier. Later, he was the head football coach at the University of Utah, Bowling Green State University, and the University of Florida.

Sources

Books

Related pages
Elder High School
La Salle High School
Moeller High School

Other websites

St. Xavier High School

The St. Xavier Blueprint  – the school newspaper

Cincinnati, Ohio
Schools in Ohio
1831 establishments in Ohio
Gianni Versace

Gianni Versace (Reggio Calabria, 2 December 1946 – Miami Beach, Florida, 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace S.p.A., an international fashion house.

The fashion house also produces accessories, fragrances, makeup and home furnishings as well as clothes. Versaci also designed costumes for the theatre and movies, and was a friend of Elton John, Sting, and Princess Diana among many others.

Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. Versace was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina, at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.

Death and legacy

Versace was shot dead on 15 July 1997, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion, as he returned from a morning walk on Ocean Drive. It was his custom to take a stroll to a coffee shop that received international periodicals, to read the Italian-language newspapers. He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, who used the same gun to commit suicide on a boat several days later. Cunanan previously killed real estate developer Lee Miglin in Chicago. Versace's body was cremated and his ashes returned to the family's estate near Cernobbio, Italy.

In September 1997, it was announced Versace's brother, Santo Versace, and Jorge Saud would serve as the new CEOs of Gianni Versace S.P.A. Versace's sister, Donatella, became the new head of design.

In his will, Gianni Versace left 50 percent of his fashion empire to his niece Allegra Versace, daughter of Donatella. Allegra inherited this stake, worth around half a billion dollars, when she turned 18 in 2004. Her younger brother, Daniel, inherited Versace's rare artwork collection.

References

Other websites 
 Official Versace website.

1946 births
1997 deaths
Gay men
Italian businesspeople
Italian fashion designers
Italian LGBT people
Italian murder victims
LGBT fashion designers
Murders by firearm in Florida
People from Calabria
Cumilla District

Cumilla District  is a district in the eastern region of Bangladesh, near the Tripura Division. Today it is a part of the Chittagong Division.

Cities under Cumilla district include:

Feni Thana
Noakhali Thana
Lakshimpur Thana
Chandpur Thana
Brahmanbaria Thana
Comilla Thana
Laksam

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Mymensingh District

Mymensingh District is a district in the northern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Mymensingh Division.

Mymensingh Thana
Tangail Thana
Jamalpur Thana
Sherpur Thana
Netrokona Thana
Kishoreganj Thana

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Jessore District

Jessore District is a district of Bangladesh.

Kushtia Thana
Meherpur Thana
Chaudanga Thana
Jhinaidaha Thana
Magura Thana
Narail Thana

Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Khulna District

The Khulna District () is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Khulna Division.

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Bogra District

Bogra District ( Bogura) is a district of Bangladesh. It is an industrial city.

Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Dinajpur District

Dinajpur District is a district of Bangladesh.

Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Rajshahi District

Rajshahi District is a district of Bangladesh.

Jaipurhat Thana
Naogaon Thana
Nawabganj Thana
Rajshahi Thana
Nator Thana
Bogra Thana
Sirajganj Thana
Pabna Thana

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts of Bangladesh
Rangpur District

Rangpur District is a district of Bangladesh.

Panchagarh Thana
Thakurgaon Thana
Nilfamari Thana
Dinajpur Thana
Lalmonirhat Thana
Rangpur Thana
Kurigram Thana
Gaibandha Thana

Districts of Bangladesh
Sylhet District

Sylhet District is a district of Bangladesh. It is one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division.

Most people living in the district follow Islam as a religion. More than 80% of people are Muslim. Hinduism is the second largest religion in this country.

References

Districts of Bangladesh
Gravity assist

A gravitational slingshot, gravity assist maneuver or swing-by is the use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft, typically in order to save fuel, time, and expense. Gravity assistance can be used to speed up, slow down and/or change the path of a spacecraft.  The "assist" is provided by the motion of the gravitating body as it pulls on the spacecraft. The Soviet Union used it first for the Luna 3 probe that photographed the far side of the Moon. The later Pioneer program used gravity assist in several missions.

References

Physics
Heliosphere

The heliosphere is a bubble in space "blown" into the interstellar medium (the hydrogen and helium gas that fill the galaxy) by the solar wind. Although electrically neutral atoms from interstellar volume can pass through this bubble, almost all of the material in the heliosphere comes from the Sun itself. 

For the first ten billion kilometres of its radius, the solar wind travels at over a million kilometres per hour. As it begins to drop out with the interstellar medium, it slows down before finally stopping altogether. The point where the solar wind slows down is the termination shock; the point where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance is called the heliopause; the point where the interstellar medium, travelling in the opposite direction, slows down as it collides with the heliosphere is the bow shock.

Solar wind

The solar wind is made of particles, charged(ionized) atoms from the solar corona, and fields, in particular magnetic fields. As the Sun rotates once in about 27 days, the magnetic field transported by the solar wind gets wrapped into a spiral. Differences in the Sun's magnetic field are carried outward by the solar wind and can produce magnetic storms in the Earth's magnetosphere.

In March 2005, measurements by the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) have shown that the heliosphere, the solar wind-filled volume which prevents the solar system from becoming embedded in the local (ambient) interstellar medium, is not axisymmetrical, but is distorted, very likely under the effect of the local galactic magnetic field.

References and further reading

 The Heliosphere (Cosmicopia) 
 The Heliosphere, MIT Space Plasma Group
 Voyager Interstellar Mission Objectives
 
 UI's Don Gurnett Says Voyager 1 Is Approaching Edge Of Solar System  December 8, 2003 Univ. of Iowa Press release
 

Sun
Pakistani nationalism

Pakistani nationalism refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical and religious expression of patriotism by people of Pakistan, of pride in the History of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan, identity and Cultural heritage of Pakistan, and visions for its future.

Most of modern-day Pakistani nationalism is centered around a common Indo-Iranic identity and heritage of 99% of the population. Kashmiris, Sindhis, Balochis, Punjabis, Pashtuns and other minorities are mainly of Indo-Iranic stock. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious influences that help mould the national consciousness. Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the Pakistan Movement, and strongly continue to influence the Politics of Pakistan.

From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the independence of Pakistan, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the Muslim League can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a unique and singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements.

Other websites

Pakistani culture
Nationalism
Blest Pair of Sirens

Blest Pair of Sirens is a short work for choir and orchestra by Hubert Parry.  It was composed in 1887.  It is a setting of an ode called At a solemn Musick by John Milton.

Blest Pair of Sirens was first performed by the Bach Choir conducted by Charles Villiers Stanford.  At first Stanford wanted to perform another work by Parry: The Glories of Our Blood and State.  However, the performance was going to be part of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebrations.  The words of The Glories of Our Blood and State were about Death coming to kings and queens, so it was not thought to be appropriate, and so Stanford asked Parry to write a new work for the occasion.  George Grove suggested Milton’s Ode at a Solemn Music would be a good poem for Parry to set.

The first performance of Blest Pair of Sirens at St James’s Hall took place on 17 May 1887.  It is very well written for choir with music that excellently fits Milton’s powerful words.  The choir divides into eight parts.  The words are about man’s desire to join the heavenly music of the spheres.

"Blest Pair of Sirens" was sung by the choirs of Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal at the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011.  It was performed during the signing of the register.

References

Compositions by Hubert Parry
Choral compositions
Albany, Oregon

Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the eleventh largest city in the state as of 2007 and is the county seat of Linn county.  Albany is in the Willamette Valley  where the Calapooia River and the Willamette River meet. Farming and manufacturing are both important in the city. Settlers started the community in 1848, as of the 2000 census, the city population was 40,852 with 91.68% of the population being White. The population has since increased to an estimated population of 49,165 as of 2009.

Albany has a home rule charter and is a Council-Manager city. The City Manager administers the day-to-day operations and affairs of the city for the Council and is the head of the city. The city provides the population with access to over 30 parks and trails along with running the senior center and many cultural events such as River Rhythms and Mondays at Monteith. In addition to farming and manufacturing, important industries in the city  include retail sales and health care. Recently, the city has fixed up the downtown shopping area with help from The Central Albany Revitalization Area (CARA) to make it a more important part of the economy.

References

Other websites

City of Albany (official website)
Albany Chamber of Commerce
Albany Visitors Association
City-Data entry for Albany
Linn County Roots entry for Albany
Oregon Blue Book entry for Albany

Cities in Oregon
County seats in Oregon
Kutchi people

The Kutchi people (Gujarati: કચ્છી, ) live in the Rann of Kutch region of the northwestern Indian state of Gujarat, and in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Ethnic groups in Sindh
Uruk

Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia. It was east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the Euphrates River. It was in what is now Iraq.

Uruk gives its name to the Uruk period, the early Chalcolithic to early Bronze Age period in Mesopotamia, about 4000 to 3100 BC. This was followed by the period of Sumer proper. It played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC.

At its height c 2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50,000–80,000 residents living in 6 km2 of walled area. It was the largest city in the world at the time. 

According to the chronology in the Sumerian king list, the semi-mythical king Gilgamesh ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC.
The city lost its prime importance around 2000 BC, after the struggle of Babylonia with Elam. It remained inhabited throughout the Seleucid and Parthian periods until it was finally abandoned during the Sassanid period, just before the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia.

The site of Uruk was discovered in 1849. The name of lower Mesopotamia, al-ʿIrāq, is thought to be derived from the name Uruk.

References 

Mesopotamia
History of Iraq
Tennis elbow

Tennis elbow or archer's elbow is a condition where the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender. It is often associated with playing tennis, golf or other kinds of sport that use a racquet.

The following can cause the condition:
Only using part of the elbow; this can happen with mouse/keyboard users (called Repetitive strain injury), or with certain forms of mountain climbing.
Keeping the body in a bad tenure/positioning
Wrong technique in sports that use clubs or racquets (such as tennis or  golf)

Treatment
There are few specific means of treatment, but certain general forms may help:
Physical therapy
Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen or aspirin
Using heat or cold
Using a brace or strap to reduce the strain on the elbow

Tennis
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (often shortened to NSAIDs) are drugs that have analgesic or fever-reducing properties, but that are not based on steroids. Higher doses of such drugs can also be used to fight inflammation. Such drugs are special as they are not narcotic, that is they don't induce sleep. Well-known examples of such drugs are aspirin, diclofenac and ibuprofen.

Analgesics
Night of Champions (2010)

Night of Champions (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), that took place on September 19, 2010 at the Allstate Arena in Chicago, Illinois. It was the fourth yearly event with the "Night of Champions" name. Similar to the last three events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company was defended at the event. It is also the first Night of Champions event to feature a non-title match.

Results

 The lumberjills were: Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Eve Torres, Gail Kim, Jillian Hall, Kelly Kelly, Layla, Maryse, Natalya, Nikki Bella, Rosa Mendes and Tamina.

Tag Team Turmoil match

Elimination Six-pack challenge

References

Other websites
Official Night of Champions website

2010 in professional wrestling
WWE Night of Champions
Sports in Chicago, Illinois
2010 in Illinois
September 2010 events
Diclofenac

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal ant-inflammatory drug. It can be used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It is often used to treat bruises and strain injuiries. Research experiments conducted in 2013, showed that Diclofenac increased the risk of heart attacks and stroke.

References 

Analgesics
Nippur

Nippur, or Enlil ('lord wind'), is modern Nuffar in Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god, Enlil, ruler of the cosmos (universe), and subject to An alone.

Nippur was always part of a larger empire. Its control was crucial, as it gave overall 'kingship' to monarchs from other city-states. It was a sacred city, important because it had the famous shrine of Enlil.

Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the Semitic rulers of Akkad, and their rulers, like Sargon, left gifts at this sanctuary. Another ruler, Naram-Suen, rebuilt the temple and the city walls; in the debris of this ancient site his remains were found. This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by an occupation during the third dynasty of Ur, and the constructions of Ur-Nammu, the great builder of temples, are on top of those of Naram.

Kassite and later history 
Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Nippur was restored once more to its former splendour.

After the middle of the 12th century BC follows a long period of neglect, but after with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, the city revives. Under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m.

After that Nippur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress. Huge walls were built at the edges of the ancient terrace, and the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the Parthian period, about AD 250.

Under the rule of the Sassanids Nippur fell into decay, and the ancient sanctuary became only a little village of mud huts huddled about the ancient ziggurat. The city was the seat of a Christian diocese as late as the 8th century AD.

Archaeology 
Nippur was situated on both sides of the Shatt-en-Nil canal, one of the earliest courses of the Euphrates. It lies between the present bed of that river and the Tigris, almost 160 km southeast of Baghdad. It is divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs Bint el-Amiror ('prince's daughter').

Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851.
Full scale digging was begun by an expedition from the University of Pennsylvania. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900. Nippur was also excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990.

References 

Archaeological sites in Iraq
Mesopotamia
Bhirdana

Bhirdana is a village in the Fatehabad district in the Indian state of Haryana. In 2003, archaeologists found the remains of an ancient town which belonged to the Indus Valley civilization. They found a well, part of a defensive town wall, pottery, bricks, and beads made from semi-precious stones. These are said to be about 5,000 years old. Archaeologists were looking for evidence of the Saraswati River, which has disappeared under farmlands. For many years people believed the river was a myth. It is now known that the village of Bhirdana was built on the banks of the river.

References

Villages in India
Settlements in Haryana
Vassily Ivanchuk

Vassily Ivanchuk, born 18 March 1969, is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.

Chucky, as he is affectionately known, has been a leading player in the world since 1988, at times reaching the second spot on the FIDE list, but has never won the World Chess Championship. Ivanchuk has often had erratic results. Since 2007 his world ranking has ranged from twelfth to second, before dropping to 30th in July 2009.

He was the 2007–2008 World Blitz Chess champion.
He won Amber blindfold and rapid chess championship in 1992 and 2010.

Character 

Chucky has been described by Viswanathan Anand as the most eccentric player in the chess world. Anand gave his view on Ivanchuk like this:

"He's someone who is very intelligent ... but you never know which mood he is going to be in. Some days he will treat you like his long-lost brother. The next day he ignores you completely. 

The players have a word for him. They say he lives on 'Planet Ivanchuk'. (Laughs) ... I have seen him totally drunk and singing Ukrainian poetry and then the next day I have seen him give an impressive talk.

For a while he was trying to learn Turkish. Don’t ask me why ... Every day is a surprise with him". 

When he plays, Ivanchuk rarely looks at the board. Instead he stares at the ceiling and at the walls with a blank stare (although this is not uncommon with top players who calculate without looking at the board). His playing style is unpredictable and highly original, making him a threat to any chess player, although it sometimes also leads to quick losses.

After a string of unsuccessful games culminated in his elimination at the early stages of the 2009 Chess World Cup, Ivanchuk announced, in a highly emotional interview, his retirement from professional chess. However, he soon recanted this decision.

References 

1969 births
Living people
Ukrainian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Dmitry Jakovenko

Dmitry Jakovenko (born 29 June 1983) is a Russian chess grandmaster. 

On the July 2009 FIDE rating list, Jakovenko had a rating of 2760, but he has slipped a bit since then. He shared first in the Russian Championship 2006, losing the playoff against Evgeny Alekseev.

1983 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Vladimir Malakhov

Vladimir Malakhov (born 27 November 1980) is a chess grandmaster from Russia.

He was a member of the gold medal-winning Russian team at the 2009 World Team Chess Championship in Bursa.

Malakhov is qualified as a nuclear physicist, and he used to be an amateur chess player. Now he's a professional chess player who works part-time as a nuclear physicist.

References 

1980 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
David Guetta

Pierre David Guetta (; born 7 November 1967) is a French music producer, singer and DJ of Jewish descent. He originally was a DJ at nightclubs during the 1980s and 1990s. He later co-founded Gum Productions and published his first album, Just a Little More Love, in 2001. Later, he published Guetta Blaster (2004) and Pop Life (2007). His 2009 dance-pop album One Love included the hit singles "When Love Takes Over" (featuring Kelly Rowland), "Gettin' Over You" (featuring Chris Willis, Fergie & LMFAO) and "Sexy Bitch" (featuring Akon). The latter became a top five hit in the US and all three reached number 1 in the UK. He has worked with many pop and hip-hop artists including Akon, Chris Willis, Kelly Rowland, Lil' Wayne, Kelis, Madonna, Kid Cudi, Estelle, Fergie, Amy Palmer, K'naan, will.i.am, LMFAO, Dane Bowers, Flo Rida, Shakira, Julie Mcknight and apl.de.ap.

References

1967 births
Living people
DJs
French businesspeople
French pop singers
Grammy Award winners
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish French musicians
Musicians from Paris
Record producers
Kevin Durant

Kevin Wayne Durant (born September 29, 1988 in Washington, D.C., United States) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the NBA. A 6'9" small forward/shooting guard who is also capable of playing power forward, Durant was the consensus 2007 National College Player of the Year and the 2006–2007 Big 12 Player of the Year. After his freshman season at the University of Texas, Durant opted to enter the 2007 NBA Draft, where he was selected second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics. He scored 18 points in his first game. There he went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award after his debut season. In 2007, Durant signed an endorsement contract with Nike.

On July 4, 2016, he signed with the Golden State Warriors. He played with the Oklahoma City Thunder from 2007-2016. He signed with the Brooklyn Nets in July 2019.

In March 2020, Durant, including three other Nets' players, tested positive for COVID-19. He was cured of the virus by April.

References

1988 births
African-American basketball players
Living people
Seattle SuperSonics players
Oklahoma City Thunder players
Golden State Warriors players
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Brooklyn Nets players
American basketball players
Manganese(III) oxide

Manganese(III) oxide is a chemical compound. It has manganese in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Mn2O3. It is a brown or black solid. It is made by heating manganese(IV) oxide to a temperature lower than . It is made in an alkaline cell when it dies.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(II) chloride
Manganese(VII) oxide

Manganese compounds
Oxides
Manganese(III) fluoride

Manganese(III) fluoride, also known as manganese trifluoride, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnF3. It is a purple-pink powder. It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It is an oxidizing agent. It is made by heating manganese(II) fluoride with fluorine. These are in a solution of hydrofluoric acid. It decomposes to manganese(II) fluoride when heated.

It can form hydrofluoric acid when dissolved in water, so it can be dangerous. It should not be stored in glass.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese fluoride
Manganese(VII) oxide

Manganese compounds
Fluorine compounds
Manganese(II) fluoride

Manganese(II) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF2. It is made by reacting manganese(II) carbonate or manganese(II) oxide with hydrofluoric acid. It is used to make other manganese fluorides. It is also used in lasers. It is much less reactive than the other manganese fluorides.

Related pages
Manganese(II) chloride
Manganese(II) sulfate
Manganese(IV) oxide

Sources

Manganese compounds
Fluorine compounds
Manganese(IV) fluoride

Manganese(IV) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF4. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +4 oxidation state. It is a light blue-green solid. It is very reactive. It can form very reactive fluorine gas easily. It can be made by reacting fluorine or strong oxidizing agents containing fluorine with several manganese compounds. It was used to make fluorine without using electrolysis. It is much more reactive than manganese(IV) oxide.

Related pages
Manganese(III) oxide
Manganese(III) fluoride
Manganese(VII) oxide

Manganese compounds
Fluorine compounds
Res Gestae Divi Augusti

The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Latin: “Deeds of the divine Augustus”) is a funerary inscription detailing the life and achievements of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus.  The original inscription, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars which were placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum.  Various copies of the text were found throughout the Roman Empire, the most notable being a nearly full copy, written in both Greek and Latin, found preserved on a temple dedicated to Augustus in Ankara, Turkey.  Most historians have concluded that Augustus wrote several versions during his life and kept updating them until the final version which is usually dated to the same year as Augustus' death in 14 AD. 

As a source, the Res Gestae is not fully accurate. Whilst not lying, he doesn't mention some things that he did like the proscriptions of his enemies.  He refers to his rival Marc Antony as 'a faction'.  The inscription says much about the money he spent on the people, Rome and the empire.  It also says frequently that he has "restored the republic" and only gains his titles because of the universal support from the people and, most importantly, the Senate.

Sections 
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti is grouped into four sections:

 Political career (jobs held)

 Gifts to the People

 Military achievements

 Political summary

Other websites 
 http://classics.mit.edu/Augustus/deeds.html

History books
Autobiographies
Potassium fluoride

Potassium fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KF. It contains potassium and fluoride ions.

Properties
Potassium fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It rarely occurs in the ground. It dissolves easily in water. It can react with glass. Hydrofluoric acid is more effective at reacting with glass, though. It has to be stored in plastic or platinum containers.

Preparation
Potassium fluoride is made by reacting potassium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid. This reaction can make potassium bifluoride. Potassium bifluoride is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and potassium fluoride.

Uses
It is used because of its fluoride ion. It can be used to add fluoride ions to some chemical compounds.

Safety
Potassium fluoride is somewhat toxic. It is corrosive to glass. It can burn when spilled on skin.

Related pages
Sodium fluoride
Potassium chloride

Potassium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Goy

Goy is a word used in the Jewish Bible for “Nation”. In the Roman times, it also began to mean “non-Jew”. 
It is used for referring to non-Jewish groups of people. If it is used for multiple groups or nations, the plural word Goyim is used instead.

Words
Sodium permanganate

Sodium permanganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaMnO4. It contains sodium and permanganate ions.

Properties
It is a purple-black crystalline solid. It can dissolve in water to make a bright pink solution. It dissolves in water more than potassium permanganate. It is more expensive than potassium permanganate. It also absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It cannot be made in the way that potassium permanganate is made because sodium manganate is not made. It can be made by reacting pure manganese(IV) oxide with sodium hypochlorite. It can also be made by reacting potassium permanganate with certain sodium compounds.

Uses
It can be used to make circuit boards.

Safety
Permanganates are toxic. They are also strong oxidizing agents and should be kept away from things that can burn.

Related pages
Manganate
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(VII) oxide

Sodium compounds
Manganese compounds
Manganate

Manganate normally means the MnO42- ion. It is a bright green ion. It is made during the making of permanganates. It is a weak reducing agent and moderate oxidizing agent. They are similar to the sulfate (SO42-) and chromate (CrO42-) ions. Potassium manganate is an example.

Related pages
Manganese compounds
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains

The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (also called the Battle of Châlons-sur-Marne or Battle of Châlons) was a battle in 451 AD. It took place in Châlons-sur-Marne, in northeast Gaul (nowadays France).  Roman legions commanded by Flavius Aetius allied with Visigoth soldiers led by Theodoric I, to defeat the armies of Attila the Hun. 

Attila's armies consisted mainly of horsemen. The battle ended as a stalemate - and thus a victory for the West, the Huns having suffered too many losses to continue their attack. The battle of the Catalaunian Plains crushed Attila's dreams of invading the Roman empire, and ultimately was the end of his empire in Europe. But the battle also weakened the already fragile Western Roman Empire, which collapsed 25 years later, in 476.

Catalaunian Plains
451
History of France
Greek fire

Invented by Byzantines, Greek fire was a fearsome weapon. It had the ability to keep burning while on water. As such, it was often used in naval battles. The creation of it was a closely guarded secret and has now been lost. It was very similar to modern napalm, though it was weaker. Byzantine ships attached it to their fronts as a medival sort of flamethrower. After several accidents of the fire burning its own ship, it was no longer used.

The term "Greek fire" is normally used in English. However, most other languages use other terms such as "sea fire" (Greek: πῦρ θαλάσσιον), "Roman fire" (πῦρ ῥωμαϊκόν), "war fire" (πολεμικὸν πῦρ), "liquid fire" (ὑγρὸν πῦρ), or "processed fire" (πῦρ σκευαστόν).

Incendiary weapons
Siphonophore

The Siphonophores are an order of cnidarian invertebrates in the class Hydrozoa. The Portuguese man o' war is an example. 

A siphonophore is not a single animal. It is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. All the zooids in a colony are genetically identical. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids. 

Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid is not self-sufficient. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

So close do the zooids fit together that the colony looks like a single individual. It was a triumph of 19th century biology to discover the real nature of the siphonophores.

References 

Cnidarians