cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Nasal consonant

A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to come out through the nose, while the air is not allowed to pass through the mouth because something (like the tongue or the lips) is stopping it. Examples of nasal consonants in English are  and , in words such as nose and mouth.

Definition 
Nearly all nasal consonants are nasal stops (or nasal continuants), where air comes out through the nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked by the lips or tongue. 

Most nasals are voiced, and, in fact, the nasal sounds  and  are among the most common sounds used in languages of the world. Voiceless nasals are used in a few languages, such as Burmese and Welsh. 

In terms of acoustics, nasal stops are sonorants, meaning that they do not significantly stop the flow of air (as it can  come out the nose). However, nasals are also stops in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked completely. So nasal consonants sound both like sonorants and like obstruents.

Acoustically, nasal stops have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000 Hz.

Examples of languages containing nasal consonants:

The voiced retroflex nasal is [ɳ] is a common sound in Indic languages.

The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages, such as: Spanish ñ; or French and Italian gn; or Catalan, Hungarian and Luganda ny; or Czech and Slovak ň; or Polish ń; or Occitan and Portuguese nh; or Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin nj.

English, German and Cantonese have ,   and . Tamil has its own different letters for the sounds , , , ,  and  (ம,ந,ன,ண,ஞ,ங).

Catalan, Occitan, Spanish, and Italian have , ,  as phonemes, and  and  as allophones. (In several American dialects of Spanish, there is no palatal nasal but only a palatalized nasal, , as in English canyon. In Brazilian Portuguese nh is frequently pronounced as a nasalized [ j ], that is, as a nasal glide. This vowel also exists in Guaraní.)

The term 'nasal stop' will often be abbreviated to just "nasal". However, there are also nasal fricatives, nasal flaps, nasal glides, and nasal vowels, as in French, Portuguese, Catalan (dialectal feature), Yoruba, Gbe, Polish, and Ljubljana Slovene. In the IPA, nasal vowels are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel. : French sang .

A few languages use voiceless nasal consonants. Some of these are Icelandic, Burmese, Jalapa Mazatec, Kildin Sami, Welsh, and Central Alaskan Yup'ik.

References

 Ferguson (1963) 'Assumptions about nasals', in Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Language, pp 50–60.
 Saout, J. le (1973) 'Languages sans consonnes nasales', Annales de l Université d'Abidjan, H, 6, 1, 179–205.
 Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo overview', in Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.) The Niger–Congo Languages, 3–45.

Consonants
Term (mathematics)

A term is an operand or an operator in a mathematical expression.

Definition
In an equation, the terms are all the numbers/variables (like  or ) and all the operators (like  or ). Terms can be grouped in brackets (often parentheses) in an overall expression. For example, in

3, , 4, , , 5 and  are seven separate terms.

A series is often represented as a sequence of terms (often a sum).

Related pages
 Operands
Operator
Formula
Equation
Inequality

References

Sources 

Mathematics
Arithmetics
Algebra
Number theory
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)

Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (1475 ? - 1526) is usually reputed as the founder of Nicaragua, and in fact he founded two important Nicaraguan cities, Granada and León.

References

1470s births
1526 deaths
Nicaraguan people
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)

Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (died 1517) was a Spanish conquistador, known to history mainly for the ill-fated expedition he led in 1517, in the course of which the first European accounts of the Yucatán Peninsula were compiled.

English-language references
 ; online English edition

Other websites 
 Discovery of Yucatán , on the Mexican web site redescolar. 
 Discovery of Yucatán , on México desconocido. 

1517 deaths
History of Mesoamerica
Spanish explorers
Year of birth unknown
International Direct Dialing

International Direct Dialing (IDD) is an international telephone call dialed by the caller rather than going via an operator. Since late in the twentieth century, most international calls are direct dialed.

International calls are made by dialing the international call prefix for the country one is in, followed by the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, then the phone number within that country. When phone numbers are published for use abroad, they include the country calling code, but replace the international call prefix with "+" to signify that the caller should use the prefix appropriate for their country.

References

Telecommunications
Direct-broadcast satellite

Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) is a term used to refer to satellite television signals intended for home use.

Television technology
Rage

Rage is an emotion. It is an outward expression of great anger. In Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions he showed that many emotions are shown the same way in many different societies. The expressions of these emotions is largely genetic, and inherited. Rage can be confused with Anger and have similar causes but Rage is more severe.

Emotions
Wii U

The Wii U ( ) is a video game console that was released by Nintendo on November 18, 2012, and is the successor of the Wii. The video game machine, or console, was first shown in Nintendo's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 on June 7, 2011, and was released for sale on November 18, 2012 in North America; November 30, 2012 in Europe and Australia; and December 8, 2012 in Japan. The system has been described as a part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.

The Wii U is Nintendo's sixth home video game console and their first to use 1080p high-definition graphics. The Wii U has a new controller with a touchscreen, which allows the player to continue playing a game by showing the game even when the television is off. Wii games work on the Wii U, and Wii U games can be played with Wii controllers and extras, such as the Wii Remote, Wii MotionPlus, Wii Balance Board, and the Classic Controller. It also has a controller shaped like the Xbox 360 controller, the Wii U Pro Controller. Nintendo GameCube games and controllers will not work on the Wii U without the adapter used for Super Smash Bros for Wii U. However, it only works for that game. Like on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS, players can create Miis. The best-selling games for the system included Mario Kart 8, New Super Mario Bros. U, and Nintendo Land. The Wii U received positive reviews but did not sell well at all. It has to deal with confusion if the Gamepad was a Wii accessory.

The Wii U sold 13.56 million units, which makes it the second lowest-selling Nintendo console, behind the Virtual Boy.

Hardware
The main controller that was used by the Wii U was the Wii U Gamepad. The controller had a screen that was  large. People can use the gamepad in many different ways. For example, people can play games on a television like a normal controller, or play on the gamepad without needing the television to be on.

Related pages
Wii
Nintendo

References

Nintendo video game consoles
Bioorganic chemistry

Bioorganic chemistry is a science that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. Bioorganic chemistry expands organic chemistry towards biology. This differs from biochemistry, which studies biological processes using chemistry. When investigating enzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry.

Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry. 

Bioorganic chemistry is that branch of life science, which deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods.

References

Biochemistry
Isodesmic reaction

An isodesmic reaction is a chemical reaction where the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product. This type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermochemistry.

An example of an isodesmic reaction is 

CH3- + CH3X → CH4 + CH2X- (1)
       
X = F, Cl, Br, I 

Equation 1 describes the deprotonation of a methyl halide by a methyl anion. The energy change associated with this exothermic reaction can be calculated using a computer. The energy change increases going from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and iodine. This shows that the CH2I- anion is the most stable and least basic of all the halides. Each of these reactions are isodesmic. The energy change in each example also depends on the difference in bond energy of the C-X bond in the base and conjugate acid. In other cases, the difference may be due to steric strain (the blocking of atoms by other atoms). The steric strain is small in fluorine (which is a small diameter atom) but large in iodine (in favor of the anion). So, the energy change grows between each example halide despite the fact that C-F bonds are stronger than C-I bonds.

The related term homodesmotic reaction also takes into account orbital hybridization. Homodesmotic reactions also have the same number of carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds. An example of a homodesmotic reaction is:
c-(CH2)3 + 3 CH3-CH3 →  3 CH3CH2CH3

Other websites 
 Gold Book IUPAC definition

References

Further reading
 

Computational chemistry
Spit

A spit is a depositional landform found off coasts. Spits connect to the beach, and extend into the sea. A spit forms because the sand on the beach is moved by the waves along the shore, and the sand collects at the end to form a spit. The process of the waves moving the sand along the shore is known as longshore drift.

Landforms
Sawfish

The sawfish are a family of rays which have a long body, like a shark. One feature that separates a sawfish from other rays is its long, saw-like snout. On either side of this rostrum are little teeth like a saw. 

Sawfish have a mouth, nostrils, and gill slits under their body, just like a ray. Also, their pectoral fins are enlarged, like those of a ray. Also like rays, when they settle on the bottom, they take in water through two spiracles just behing the eyes. This gets water to the gills without sand.

Several species can grow to about .

Rostrum 
The sawfish's most distinctive feature is the saw-like rostrum. The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores. These allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of prey hiding under the ocean floor. The rostrum serves as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans. 

If a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish springs from the bottom and slashes at it with its saw. This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it. Sawfish also defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators such as sharks and intruding divers. The 'teeth' protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified tooth-like structures called denticles.

References 

Rays
Eagle ray

Eagle rays are cartilaginous fish in the ray family Myliobatidae. They are mostly large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.

Eagle rays feed on molluscs and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth, while devil rays and manta rays filter plankton from the water. 

They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined diamond-shaped bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from  to  in length.

The tail looks like a whip and may be as long as the body. It is armed with a sting. Eagle rays live close to the coast in depths of 1 to 30 metres and in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m. The eagle ray is commonly seen cruising along sandy beaches in very shallow waters.

Classification 
In Nelson's Fishes of the World, the eagle rays are a subfamily, and are joined by the manta rays and the eagle rays. As Nelson sees it, there are seven genera in the family, in three subfamilies. In our classification, the three groups are families in the suborder Myliobatoidei.

References 

Rays
Glasgow Prestwick Airport

Glasgow Prestwick Airport   is the second airport serving Glasgow. It also serves the Greater Glasgow area. It is  northeast of the town of Prestwick in South Ayrshire. It is 32 miles from the city centre of Glasgow.

Prestwick is Scotland's largest airport by size. However, Edinburgh Airport, Glasgow International and Aberdeen Airport all handle more passengers. The year with the most passengers passing through Prestwick was 2007. Since 2007, a lot less passengers pass through Prestwick. 1.3 million passengers passed through the airport in 2011. This was 22% reduction from 2010.

Douglas Fowler McIntyre and the Duke of Hamilton owned the airport at first. These people were the first to fly a plane to the top of Mount Everest in 1933. During and after World War II it was a Royal Air Force base. In 1952 it was made a United States Air Force base.

The airport was made bigger in the early 1960s: the runway was made longer and a new terminal building was made. The new, bigger airport opened in 1964. Today, Glasgow Prestwick is mostly used by Ryanair.

On 8 March 2012, Infratil, the company which owns Prestwick, said that they had placed the airport up for sale. The Chief Executive Marco Bogoievski said that he does not regret selling the airport.

The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm uses part of the airport. It has 3 Sea King helicopters there for search and rescue. They cover Ben Nevis, the Lakes, Northern Ireland and 200 NM (370 km; 230 mi) past the Irish coast. This force is often called 'HMS Gannet'. 15 officers, 11 ratings, 28 civil servants and 50 civilian staff work at the base.

References 

Airports in Scotland
Shamarpa

Shamarpa or more formally Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche is Tibetan Buddhis teacher. Together with Karmapa he is the second lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Shamarpa is regarded as manifestation of Amitabha Buddha. He also is the second lama who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist teachers. 
The first Shamar Rinpoche Khedrup Drakpa Senge (1284–1349) was the principal disciple of the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorje.

Present Shamarpa
The present (14th) Shamarpa is Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952.  At age four he was recognized by his uncle the 16th Karmapa.

Tibetan Buddhism
Naropa

Nāropā (956–1041) was an Indian Buddhist teacher. He was the disciple of Tilopa and also brother and pupil of Niguma. Naropa was the main teacher of Marpa, the founder of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Biography
Naropa was born a high status Brahmin and from an early age showed strong,  highly intelligent mind. At the age of 28 Naropa entered the famous Buddhist University at Nalanda where he studied both Sutra and Tantra. He had the reputation of a great scholar and debater. Later Naropa became studend of Tilopa and spent twelve years with him. While studying and meditating with his teacher Naropa met and overcame twelve minor and twelve major hardships. Eventually he reached full realization and become teacher of Marpa.

Buddhism
Iodine deficiency

Iodine deficiency is when there is not enough iodine in the body.  Iodine is an essential trace element. The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine. In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet. This causes iodine deficiency which gives rise to
goiter (so-called endemic goiter), as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
The Lancet has said, "According to WHO, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age. ... Thus iodine deficiency, as the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation, is an important public-health problem."  Iodine deficiency causes diseases of the oral and salivary glands.

In these areas,small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or potassium iodate is added. This helps preventing iodine deficiency. This product is known as iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foods. This includes flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency. Seafood is also a well known source of iodine. Thus, iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine.

References

Other websites 
 International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders 
 Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000?
 

Nutrition
Health problems
John Haymes Newton

John Newton (born ) is an American actor.  He is best known for his work on the television series Superboy and Melrose Place.

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from North Carolina
William Griffiths (VC)

William Griffiths VC (1841–22 January 1879) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross.

1841 births
1879 deaths
Victoria Cross winners
Irish people
Trachea

The trachea, or windpipe, is the bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and is an important part of the vertebrate respiratory system. In mammals, the trachea begins at the lower part of the larynx and continues to the lungs, where it branches into the right and left bronchi. Inflammation of the trachea can lead to other conditions, such as tracheitis, which is the inflammation of the linings of the trachea.

Invertebrate trachea 

The invertebrate trachea refers to the open respiratory system of terrestrial arthropods. It consists of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that take metabolic gases to and from tissues.  The distribution of spiracles varies, but in general each segment of the body has only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it.

The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and diffuse water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gas may be moved actively or by passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph.
This is one of the factors that may limit their size.

A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices. In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill, or function as normal, via a plastron. Despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).

References 

Animal anatomy
Pete Smith (baseball, born 1966)

Peter John Smith (born February 27, 1966 in Abington, Massachusetts) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1st round (21st overall pick) in the amateur draft of 1984. Smith was signed on June 14, 1984 to play Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. He batted and threw right-handed during his baseball career.

Career
The Philadelphia Phillies traded Smith to the Atlanta Braves, along with Ozzie Virgil, Jr., for Steve Bedrosian and Milt Thompson. Smith made his major league debut on September 8, 1987 with the Atlanta Braves at age 21. In 1988, Smith pitched 3 shutouts, the season after his rookie year. The Atlanta Braves hoped Smith would turn into an ace pitcher as John Smoltz and Tom Glavine were becoming. But in 1989, Smith's earned run average (ERA) was at 4.75 at the end of the season, higher than his ERA in 1988 when it was at 3.69. He played the 1987-1993 seasons with the Atlanta Braves before being traded to the New York Mets for Dave Gallagher. With the New York Mets, Smith only played the 1994 season before being granted free agency on October 25 of that year. On December 1, 1994, Smith was signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. He played with the Cincinnati Reds for only half of the 1995 season before being traded to the Florida Marlins on July 1, 1995 as a free agent. On December 23, 1995, Smith signed as a free agent with the San Diego Padres playing one season with them.

On June 9, 1998, Smith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles organization for minor leaguer, Eric Estes. He played his final game on September 24, 1998. He earned a career ERA of 4.55, striking out 640 batters. Smith also pitched 4 shutouts throughout his major league career.

References

Other websites 
 Baseball Reference
 Baseball Almanac
 Baseball prospectus statistics
 Sportsillustrated statistics
 Baseball Reference (Minor league) statistics through minor league career

1966 births
American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
New York Mets players
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Pete L. Smith

Peter Luke Smith (born March 19, 1940) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1962 to 1963 for the Boston Red Sox.

American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
1940 births
Living people
Urban Dictionary

Urban Dictionary is a website which is a dictionary of slang words. The website was created in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University freshman, Aaron Peckham. The website was listed as #29 in Time's list of 50 best websites of 2008. The website has been featured on Tosh.0's "words of the week". As of January 2011, Urban Dictionary has a alexa rating of 688.

References

Other websites 
 Urban Dictionary

1999 establishments in California
American websites
Electric ray

The electric rays are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral fins. They are the order Torpediniformes. 

They can produce an electric discharge, ranging from as little as 8 volts up to 220 volts depending on species. There are 69 species in four subfamilies.

These rays have battery-like electric organs on both sides of their heads, which can make a powerful electric shock. They use this shock to stun their prey and for their own self defense.

Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least  depth. They are sluggish and slow moving, propelling themselves along with their tails, rather than using their disc-shaped bodies, as other rays do. They feed on invertebrates and small fish. They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.

Classification 
The electric rays are regarded as monophyletic, though in detail the group has been classified in several ways. This is one way the order can be classified.
Family Narcinidae (numbfishes)
Subfamily Narcininae
Subfamily Narkinae (sleeper rays)
Family Torpedinidae (torpedo electric rays)
Subfamily Hypninae (coffin rays)
Subfamily Torpedininae

The word torpedo comes from a genus of electric rays in the sub-family Torpedininae, namely Torpedo, which in turn comes from the Latin "torpere" (to be stiff or numb).

Related pages
 Electric fish

References 

Rays
Cartilaginous fish
Krispy Kreme

Krispy Kreme is the name of an international chain of doughnut shops that was made by Vernon Rudolph in 1937. The real parent company of Krispy Kreme is Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.

While selling all types of doughnuts, Krispy Kreme's signature is a glazed doughnut that is traditionally served warm.

Loblaws supermarkets and Petro-Canada gas stations in Canada have Krispy Kreme. In the United Kingdom Tesco supermarkets, Tesco Extra and Moto service stations carry Krispy Kreme products.

Puerto Rico 
On May 6, 2008, the first Krispy Kreme shop in Puerto Rico opened, followed by two additional places in 2010 and one location in 2011.

Texas 
In 2002, Krispy Kreme opened a restaurant-style shop in the Amarillo area in Texas.

Canada 
The 18 stores that opened in Canada were reduced to four. Two of them are in Quebec while the other two stores are in Mississauga, Ontario and Delta, British Columbia. A small seasonal shop was recently opened in Wasaga Beach, Ontario. The Wasaga Beach receives its doughnuts from the Mississauga shop every morning. Another small store recently opened on November 3, 2010 in Toronto at Bathurst and Harbord Streets in the city's Harbord Village neighborhood.  This store got shipments from the Mississauga store. Krispy Kreme's Canadian assets were put up for sale in 2005 seven weeks after the U.S.-based doughnut company had the firm that owns the stores in Canada placed under bankruptcy protection.

Japan 
In Japan, over 27 shops of Krispy Kreme doughnuts opened around the country.

References 

1937 establishments in the United States
American food companies
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
1930s establishments in North Carolina
Companies based in North Carolina
Infinite (Eminem album)

Infinite is the debut studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on November 12, 1996. It was produced by Jeff & Mark Bass, Denaun Porter, DJ Head, Eminem and DJ Rec. The album was given 2.5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

Track listing

References

1996 albums
Debut albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
The Slim Shady LP

The Slim Shady LP is the second studio album and the major-label debut by American rapper, Eminem. It was released on February 23, 1999 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Mark & Jeff Bass, and Mel-Man. The album got critical and commercial success. It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 charts. The first single from the album is "My Name Is". It earned Eminem a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was included in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The three songs "If I Had", "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" (originally titled "Just the Two of Us"), and "Just Don't Give A Fuck" originated from Slim Shady EP.

Track listing 

Notes
 signifies a co-producer.
 signifies a pre-production.
On the clean version of the album, "Bitch", "Cum on Everybody", "Just Don't Give a Fuck", and "Still Don't Give a Fuck" are respectively retitled "Zoe", "Come on Everybody", "Just Don't Give", and "Still Don't Give".
Some online platforms (such as Myspace) include an alternate clean version of the album which completely removes the song "Guilty Conscience".

References

1999 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
Gampopa

Gampopa Sonam Rinchen (1079–1153) is Tibetan Buddhist teacher - lama, holder of the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. 
He was the most important (or son like) student of Milarepa.  

In his young years Gampopa was a physician in Dagpo region of S. Tibet. Before studying under Milarepa, Gampopa had studied the Kadampa tradition, which belongs to gradual Mahayana path. He searched for, and eventually met Milarepa, and attained realization of ultimate reality under his guidance. 
Four of his disciples  founded the four "major" Kagyu schools:
 Barom Kagyu founded by Barompa Darma Wangchug
 Phagdru Kagyu founded by Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
 Karma Kagyu, also known as the Kamtsang Kagyu School, founded by Düsum Khyenpa the 1st Karmapa
 Tsalpa Kagyu founded by Zhang Yudragpa Tsondru Drag

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
1079 births
1153 deaths
The Marshall Mathers LP

The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper, Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP was released on May 23, 2000 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Mel-Man, Bass Brothers, Eminem and The 45 King. The Marshall Mathers LP 2, the sequel to The Marshall Mathers LP, was released on November 5, 2013.

Songs

Reception
It was widely praised by music and hip-hop critics, and is considered one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. The album was given 5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic/

References

2000 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
Trill consonant

A trill consonant is a consonant that is made by vibrating an articulator, or hitting it many times against something else. For example, the <rr> in the Spanish word "perro" is an alveolar trill, where the tongue is hit many times against the alveolar ridge, or the place just behind the teeth. This vibration is caused by a flow of air.

There are three trill consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet. These are:

 - alveolar trill
 - bilabial trill, where the lips are trilled.
 - uvular trill, where the uvula is trilled.

Consonants
The Eminem Show

The Eminem Show is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. It was released on May 26, 2002 and was produced by Eminem, Jeff Bass, Dr. Dre, and Mr. Porter. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. On March 7, 2011, the album was certified ten-times-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over ten million copies.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies a co-producer.
 signifies an additional producer.
Early clean versions of the album replace "Drips" with 4 seconds of silence. Later clean versions feature an edited version of the song.
Another censored version of the album did not allow the words "goddamn", "prick", "bastard", "piss", "bitch", "ass", "shit" and "fuck" to be left uncensored.
"Curtain Close (skit)" is performed by Ken Kaniff, who Eminem portrays at the end of the album before continuing on with the persona on Relapse in 2009, as displayed in the album booklet.

References

2002 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
Alternative hip hop albums
Encore (album)

Encore is the fifth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. Encore was released on November 12, 2004 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo and Mark Batson. The album was given 3 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. It was nominated for Best Rap Album, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the song "Encore" and Best Rap Solo Performance for "Mockingbird" at the 48th Grammy Awards.

Songs

References

2004 albums
Eminem albums
Relapse (album)

Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. Relapse was released on May 15, 2009. It was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Dawaun Parker, Mark Batson, Trevor Lawrence, Doc Ish, Boi-1da. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

Songs

References

2009 albums
Eminem albums
Demersal

Demersal animals live on or near the bottom of the sea or lakes. The term is usually applied to fish. 

They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.
 
Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column. Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 percent.

References 

Fish
Ecology
S&M Airlines

S&M Airlines is the second studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. S&M Airlines was released on September 5, 1989. The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz. The last track on the album is a cover of the Fleetwood Mac song, "Go On Your Way".

Songs

References

1989 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Ribbed

Ribbed is the third studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. Ribbed was released on March 26, 1991. The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz. Ribbed was also the last album produced for the band by Brett Gurewitz.

Songs

References

1991 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Selena Etc.

Selena Etc. is American singer Selena's clothing store chain. She began designing and manufacturing in 1993 and opened two boutiques. The two stores were in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio. Both had beauty salons. Hispanic Business reported that the singer earned over $5,000,000 dollars from these boutiques. One was going to open in Monterrey, Mexico in 1995 but did not because of her death. In 2009, Chris Perez, widower of Selena, had to close the stores due to the recession of 2007.

Other websites
official website

References 
1993 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Selena
Through the Years/A Traves de los Años

{{Infobox album

| name = Through the Years / A Traves de los Años
| type = Greatest Hits
| artist = Selena
| released = April 3, 2007 (U.S.)
| recorded = 1994
| genre = Tejano/Latin pop
| length = 43:00
| label = EMI
| producer = A.B. Quintanilla
| prev_title = Dos Historias(2006)
ños(2007)
| next_title = La Leyenda(2010)
|}}Through the Years/A Traves de los Años''''' is a album by American singer Selena. The album contained an unreleased song called "Feelings". The song was recorded when Selena was only 7 years old.

The album peaked at number 28 on the Top Latin Albums Chart and was certified Gold by the RIAA.

Track listing
 Feelings (unreleased)
 Como Te Quiero Yo A Ti
 Tu Solamente Tu
 Tu No Sabes
 Que
 Sukiyaki
 Amame, Quiereme
 Yo Te Amo
 Ya Ves
 Yo Te Sigo Queriendo
 Amame
 No Debes Jugar
 La Llamada
 Fotos Y Recuerdos
 Ya No
 Dreaming of You
 Puede Ser

Selena albums
2007 albums
Spanish-language albums
Wet 'n Wild

Wet 'n Wild is a chain of waterparks including Wet 'n Wild Orlando and Wet 'n Wild Hawaii. Orlando's Wet 'n Wild is across the street from Universal Studios Orlando. Wet 'n Wild is owned by Universal Parks in Orlando.

Other websites
 Wet 'n Wild website

References

Theme parks in the United States
Alice Paul

Alice Stokes Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American suffragist and activist. Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage. Her work resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Lucy Burns was part of the National American Woman  Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and she had been treated badly as Alice Paul was but she went to save the women rights by suffering. Lucy Burns met Alice Paul in the police station in London when both were arrested because they were protesting Parliament

Paul was the original author of a proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution in 1923. The ERA would not get to the Senate for a vote until 1972. That year, it was approved by the Senate and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. Approval by 38 states was required to ratify the amendment. Not enough states — only 35 — voted in favor before the deadline. However, people still work to have the states pass the ERA passed by Congress in the 1970s. Other people are working to add a new equality amendment to the US Constitution. Also, almost half of the U.S. states have adopted the ERA into their state constitutions. Alice paul was treated badly but she  stood up for the women rights.

References

Adams, Katherine H. and Michael L. Keene. Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign.  University of Illinois Press, 2007.  
Walton, Mary. A Woman's Crusade: Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot.  Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

Other websites
 (Westfield Friends Burial Ground, Cinnaminson, New Jersey)
The Alice Paul Institute
Alice Paul  at Lakewood Public Library:  Women In History 
The Sewall-Belmont House & Museum—Home of the historic National Woman's Party 
Biographical sketch  at the University of Pennsylvania

1885 births
1977 deaths
Quakers
Civil disobedience
White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean

{{Infobox Album
| name = White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean 
| type = studio
| artist = NOFX
| cover = 
| released = November 5, 1992
| recorded = August 1992
| genre = Punk rock, skate punk, ska punk
| length = 28:37
| language = English
| label = Epitaph
| producer = Donnell Cameron, NOFX
| Reviews     = * Allmusic  
| prev_title = Maximum Rocknroll(1992)
, Two Heebs and a Bean(1992)
| next_title = Punk in Drublic(1994)
}}White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean' is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean was released on November 5, 1992. The producer of the album was Donnell Cameron, NOFX. The original album title was going to be White Trash, Two Kikes, and a Spic'' but guitar player Eric Melvin changed it after feeling guilty. It is also the first album with guitar player El Hefe.

Songs

References

1992 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Punk in Drublic

Punk in Drublic is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. Punk in Drublic was released on July 19, 1994. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. It is NOFX's most successful album and peaked at #12 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart.

Songs

References

1994 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Canton of Lucerne

Lucerne (German: Luzern, Swiss German: Lozärn, French: Lucerne, Italian: Lucerna, Romansh: Lucerna) is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the centre of Switzerland. As of 31 December 2018, the canton has 409,557 people lived there. The capital is Lucerne.

Districts 
The Canton of Lucerne has six districts:
 Entlebuch
 Hochdorf
 Lucerne-Land
 Lucerne-Stadt
 Sursee
 Willisau

Municipalities 
The Canton of Lucerne has 82 municipalities ():

References

Other websites 

 Official Site 
 Public Records Office / State Archive 
 Official Statistics
 Geoportal  GIS
Basel-Landschaft

The Canton of Basel-Landschaft is a canton of Switzerland. The capital is Liestal.

Districts 
There are five districts:
 Arlesheim with capital Arlesheim
 Laufen with capital Laufen
 Liestal with capital Liestal
 Sissach with capital Sissach
 Waldenburg with capital Waldenburg

Municipalities 
There are 86 municipalities:

References

Other websites 

  
 Official statistics
Basel-Stadt

Basel-Stadt is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The capital is Basel. It is the smallest canton by area.

Municipalities 
There are three municipalities:

References

Other websites 

 
 Official statistics
Canton of Neuchâtel

Neuchâtel is a French-speaking canton in western Switzerland. As of 2018, 176,850 people lived there. The capital is Neuchâtel.

Geography 
To the northeast it borders the canton of Bern, to the northwest France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté). Lake Neuchâtel lies southeast of the canton, while the canton of Vaud is southwest of the canton of Neuchâtel. The canton lies in the central area of the Jura Mountains.

Other websites 

 Official website
Official statistics
PlayStation Vita

The  is a handheld game console made by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the replacement model to the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan on December 17, 2011. It was released in Europe, North America, South America and Singapore on February 22, 2012. It was released in Australia on February 23, 2012.

It competed with the Nintendo 3DS. It is part of the eighth generation of gaming.

It was discontinued on Amazon on October 12, 2017.

Notes

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
La Salle University

La Salle University is a private, co-educational, Roman Catholic university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The university has about 7,554 students. It was founded in 1863. The current president of the university is Bro. Michael McGinniss.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Explorers. They have 23 varsity teams and they compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference.

Other websites
La Salle University's Official website
La Salle Explorers' Official athletics website

Atlantic 10 Conference
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1863 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Pennsylvania
George Washington University

The George Washington University is a private, coeducational university in Washington, D.C.. The university has about 24,531 students. It was founded on February 9, 1821. The current president of the university is Steven Knapp.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Colonials. They have 22 varsity teams and they compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference.

Other websites
George Washington University's Official website
George Washington Colonials' Official athletics website

Atlantic 10 Conference
Colleges and universities in the District of Columbia
1821 establishments in the United States
Monoculture

Monoculture is growing a single crop in a large area.  Farmers decide what is the best crop, and grow only that. This is very common in modern agriculture, as it simplifies the farm and allows relatively few people to harvest large amounts.  Monocultures have problems, however: Pests and diseases that attack only one kind of plant can spread more easily when they only find that kind.  Each kind of plant also needs particular nutrients from the soil.  Fertilizers are used to supply that nutrient.  Farmers who don't understand farming may ruin their farm.

One example of a monoculture is the cavendish banana.

Agriculture
Gran Turismo 2

Gran Turismo 2 is the second racing game in the Gran Turismo series. Game is developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Computer Entertainment in 1999 for PlayStation. The game has over 500 cars  and over 20 tracks.

References

1999 video games
Gran Turismo series
Wii Party

Wii Party is a party video game for the Nintendo Wii games console. It was released in Japan on July 8, 2010, in North America on October 3, 2010, and in Europe on October 8, 2010. It takes elements from the Mario Party series, which is another video game series that is made by Nintendo. It has over 80 minigames, like Spin-Off, and House Party.

Minigames 
Board Game Island
In the beginning the players play a minigame to set an order. The winner gets a normal dice plus a gold dice ,the 2nd place 
gets a silver dice, the 3rd place is playing with the bronze dice and the last one does not get anything, they use a normal dice only.  The gold dice has the numbers 1 - 6, the silver dice has the numbers 1 - 3, the bronze dice has the numbers 1 - 2 while the normal dice has the numbers 1 - 6. After the minigame, the winner starts first. Then it is the turn of the second place. Place 3 plays as third one and the loser as last one. The objective of the game is to reach the mountaintop first. On the way to the goal, there are many happening spaces which makes it harder or easier to win. After each player rolled the dice(s) a minigame appears. 

Globe Trot
The players go on a journey around the world. But in contrast to the other game the player has to take card to move. He can go 
1,2 or 3 spaces. Each player gets 10 coins in the beginning, an Easter egg from the Mario Party series.The object is to reach special points on the globe (as example: Buy a fan in Japan or eat a Hamburger in the USA.)The visiting of a point costs 10 coins. With any visiting the player collects photos. The player who has the most at the end wins. 

Bingo
A game that makes always fun while playing. As a parody to the famous gambling Bingo. Each player chooses a card with Mii's faces on it. Then the game begins. A huge bingo machine drops balls in every round. The balls show Mii's faces. If a player has 3 faces in a row a voice calls 'Bingo!' and the player wins. So called Minigame balls make the players play a minigame. The winner can choose which face we wants to choose.

Mii of a kind
The players swap their Miis against Miis in the middle. The player who has two rows with 3 same Miis in it wins. It is a parody of the card game Thirty-one. 

Spin Off
Players spin a wheel and get medals. Players play many minigames to earn medals. The player who has the most amount of medals wins. The maximum amount of medals that can be in the bank is 99999.

References

Wii games
2010 video games
Party video games
UEFA Women's Championship

The UEFA Women's Championship is the women's version of the UEFA European Football Championship. Germany has had the most titles so far (eight titles). The first champion of the tournament was Sweden
The tournament was founded in 1984. The current champions are Germany. Three of the tournaments have been part of the European Competition for Representative Women's Teams and all the rest have been UEFA Women's Championship.

Past Results

References

Football competitions in Europe
UEFA
Separatist movements of Pakistan

Pakistan was established in 1947 as a state for Muslims of colonial India. The driving force behind the movement for Pakistan was the educated Muslim in the Muslim minority states of United Province and Bombay Presidency, those of the Muslim majority areas such as Punjab region, Sindh or Bengal, parts of which eventually formed Pakistan were less enthusiastic and joined the cause of Pakistan in the last years before independence and partition. Its formation was based on the basis of Islamic nationalism. However, due to rampant corruption within the ranks of the government and bureaucracy, economic inequality between the country's two wings caused mainly by a lack of representative government and the government's indifference to the efforts of fierce ethno-nationalistic politicians like Mujeeb-ur-Rehman, colonial East Bengal (Eastern Pakistan) Civil war of and Partition of Pakistan the Bhola cyclone and the 1970 elections were the major factors, resulting in the formation of a new linguistic state of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

Other parties, tribes and states
Balochistan
 Rebel organization: Balochistan Republican Party (BRP)

Politics of Pakistan
National liberation movements
Buddhism in Bangladesh

Buddhism is the third largest religion in Bangladesh with about 0.7% of population adhering to Theravada Buddhism. Most of the practitioners are from the south-eastern district of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts.

References

Bangladeshi culture
Buddhism
Soweto

Soweto is a part of Johannesburg, South Africa. The name used to stand for Southwestern townships. The vast majority of its residents are black. Soweto is known by Soweto Uprising occurred in 1976.

Johannesburg
Synagogue of Besançon

The synagogue of Besançon () is a synagogue in the French city of Besançon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It was built in the center of the city between 1869 and 1871 by Pierre Manotte, and has a Moroccan style. 

This Jewish shrine replaced an old flad that held everyone in Besançon, about 600 persons in the 1860s. The new building just can hold about 200 persons. All rites are Sephardi.

Related pages
 Besançon
 Jewish cemetery of Besançon

Synagogues
Buildings and structures in France
Judaism in France
Besançon
Eurovision Song Contest 2012

The 57 Annual Eurovision Song Contest was held in Baku, Azerbaijan in May of 2012. It was held in Azerbaijan since they won in 2011 with their singers Ell & Nikki with their song "Running Scared" in Düsseldorf, Germany. 
Forty-two countries announced their participation in this year's contest which less than the 2011 edition when that year, forty-three countries participated in the contest. This year's contest, saw the return of Montenegro after not being part in the Eurovision Song Contest since 2009 and the withdrawal of Armenia and Poland.

Sweden and its representative Loreen, won the contest with the song "Euphoria" with 372 points; ahead Russia, Serbia, the host of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, Azerbaijan and Albania.

Final

References

2012 in music
2012
Baku
21st century in Azerbaijan