cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
The Vagina Monologues

The Vagina Monologues is a monologue play written by Eve Ensler. The production has been staged in many countries. Ensler originally starred in the play by herself, but she was later replaced by three celebrity monologists. A television version featuring Ensler was shown on cable TV channel HBO. Much of the profits made from the production went to women's anti-violence charities.

References

Other websites
The Vagina Monologues at Random House
V-Day official site
Official UK Page 
The Vagina Monologues at HBO.com

Plays
Women
Amur leopard

The Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is a leopard subspecies. It is sometimes called the far eastern leopard.

The leopard lives in the Primorye region of southeastern Russia and in the Jilin Province of northeast China. It is critically endangered (IUCN). Only 14–20 adults and 5–6 cubs were counted in 2007. Only 19–26 Amur leopards live in the wild.

The Amur leopards are endangered because they have been hunted for their fur. Also because their food sources are running out due to them being hunted for their fur. Amur leopards can be recognized from the patterns in their fur. They weigh about . They live in temperate, broadleaf and mixed forests. The Amur Leopard almost extinct by human hunting. It's called human hunting since the humans tear down the forest so no tree and bushes so the leopard cannot hide. At that time, they hunt them and sell to get money.

The number of Amur cats is decreasing due to the human activity, invasion of domestic cats, and infectious disease. Because these cats play a huge role and the ecosystem cannot afford to lose such species, researchers found a way to regenerate the endangered animal. This can be done from culture cell with somatic cloning technique. 

They breed in spring and early summer. Most of them are in captive breeding programs. They give birth to one to four cubs. Inbreeding is common in the wild. Their diet consists of roe deer, sika deer, badgers and hares.

References 

Panthera
Critically endangered species
Der Freischütz

Der Freischütz is an opera in three acts by Carl Maria von Weber with a libretto by Friedrich Kind. It premiered on 18 June 1821 at the Schauspielhaus Berlin. The title is usually translated as The Marksman, or The Freeshooter.

The opera is the first important German Romantic opera, especially in its national identity and stark emotionality.
The plot is based on the German folk legend of the Freischütz and many of its tunes were inspired by German folk music.  Its unearthly portrayal of the supernatural in the famous Wolf's Glen scene has been described as "the most expressive rendering of the gruesome that is to be found in a musical score".

Notes 

Operas
Compositions by Carl Maria von Weber
Jeremy Renner

Jeremy Renner (born January 7, 1971) is an American actor, singer and film producer. He is famous for his role in the movie The Avengers. In the Avengers he plays Hawkeye, a.k.a. Clint Barton. Jeremy Lee Renner is an American actor. He appeared largely in independent films, such as Dahmer and Neo Ned. Renner appeared in supporting roles in bigger films, such as S.W.A.T. and 28 Weeks Later.

Other websites

 

1971 births
Living people
American stage actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Stanislaus County, California
Elles Bougent

Elles Bougent is a French voluntary association created in 2005 in order to attract high school girls and young students women to careers in transportation engineering (aerospace, car, rail).

Governance 
The association was created in 2005 by Marie-Sophie Pawlak.

Members 
The association consists of natural persons (high school girls and women students in science and technology, women engineers or technicians in operation) and artificial person (companies, universities).

Business & Federations

Higher education

Institutional 
 Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry
 Minister of Social Affairs

Other websites

References 

Transport in France
2005 establishments in France
The Avengers (movie)

The Avengers is a 2012 American superhero action movie based on Marvel Comics characters. It was distributed under Disney and premiered on April 11, 2012. The movie was written and directed by Joss Whedon. It stars Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Tom Hiddleston, and Samuel L. Jackson, with Stellan Skarsgård, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Paul Bettany in supporting roles. It was positively welcomed from audiences, fans, and film critics alike.

Release Dates

Other websites 

2012 science fiction movies
2010s action movies
Movies based on comic book characters
American action movies
American science fiction movies
Avengers movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies directed by Joss Whedon
Screenplays by Joss Whedon
American superhero movies
2010s superhero movies
Jōhei

, also romanized as Shōhei, was a  after Enchō and before Tengyō.  This period started in April 931 and ended in May 938.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Jōhei era
 3 September 931 (Jōhei 1, 19th day of the 7th month): The former-Emperor Uda died at the age of 65.
 932 (Jōhei 2, 8th month): Fujiwara no Sadakata died at the age of 65.
 933 (Jōhei 3, 8th month): Fujiwara no Nakahira is named Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 933 (Jōhei 3, 12th month): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in Owari province. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.
 935 (Jōhei 5): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (kompon chūdō) on Mt. Hiei burned down.
 7 September 936 (Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month): Fujiwara Tadahira was named Prime Ministger (daijō-daijin). Fujiwara Nakahira was named Minister of the Left (sadaijin), and Fujiwara Tsunesuke was named udaijin.
 937 (Jōhei 7, 12th month): The former-Emperor Yōzei celebrated his 70th birthday.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
931 establishments
10th-century establishments in Japan
938 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
930s disestablishments in Asia
Geraldine Page

Geraldine Page (22 November 1924 – 13 June 1987) was an American theater and movie actress. She was nominated for eight Academy Awards during her career. Page was born around Kirksville, Missouri.

1924 births
1987 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American stage actors
American movie actors
DePaul University alumni
Actors from Missouri
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Joanne

Joanne is a female based name. It was popular as recently as around 1975 in Northern Ireland and United Kingdom. In Hebrew, Joanne means God is Gracious. There are many celebrities who have the name, like Joanne Dru, Joanne Missingham, Joanne Woodward and Joanne Whalley.

Given names
Gethsemane

Gethsemane is a garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives. It is most famous for being the place where Jesus and his disciples are said to have prayed the night before Jesus' crucifixion.

Related pages
Judas Iscariot

Bible
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Religion in Israel
Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan)

The Ildegizids, Eldiguzids (, ) or Ildenizids, also known as Atabegs of Azerbaijan ( Atabakan-e Āzarbayjan, ) A historical state that ruled Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq, Iran and Jibali in 1136-1225.  The foundation of the dynasty is connected with Shamsaddin Eldaniz of Kipchak origin.  Thus, Eldaniz, who took Arran as an iqta by Sultan Masud, soon spread his power throughout Azerbaijan.  After his son Arslanshah also ruled in 1160, Eldaniz effectively seized power in the Seljuk sultanate of Iraq.  During the reign of Shamsaddin Eldaniz, the lands of the Azerbaijani ancestors covered the lands of Arran, Azerbaijan, Shirvan, Cibal, Hamadan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Rey, Mosul, Kirman, Persia, Khuzistan, Akhlat, Erzurum and Maragha.ere a Turkic dynasty of Kipchak origin.  They controlled most of northwestern Persia, eastern Transcaucasia, including Arran, most of Azerbaijan, and Djibal. At their biggest, the land they had was about most of north-western and upper-central modern Iran, most of the regions of modern Azerbaijan and smaller portions in modern Armenia, Turkey and Iraq. 

The strengthening of the dynasty is connected with the period of Mohammad Jahan Pahlava.  After the death of Sultan Arslanshah in 1175, Jahan Pahlavan, who brought his 7-year-old son Togrul III to power, declared himself his ancestor and, like Shamsaddin Eldaniz, took de facto power. Atabey Jahan Pahlavan suppressed revolts against the central government and established friendly relations with the ruling dynasties in the neighborhood.  Since the period of Jahan Pahlava was a period of stability, cultural spheres developed in the lands under the rule of the Eldenizs.  During the reign of the mentioned Atabey, the capital of the Eldenizs was moved from Nakhchivan to Hamadan. 

Atabeg means "father lord" in Turkic languages.  It was the title given to the Turkic officers of Seljuq dynasty. Atabegs were not only vice-regents, but also de-facto rulers.

List of Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan) 
 Shams al-Din Ildeniz or Eldigüz (ca.1135 or 1136-1174 or 1175)
 Mohammed Jahan Pahlavan (1174 or 1175–1186)
 Qizil Arslan (1186–1191)
 Abu Bakr (1191–1210)
 Uzbek (1210–1225)

References 

Medieval Azerbaijan
History of Iran
Azerbaijani dynasties
Royal dynasties
Serafin R. Cuevas

Serafin R. Cuevas (25 June 1928 – 9 February 2014) was a Filipino lawyer and a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines appointed during the government of Ferdinand Marcos.

Early life and education
Serafin R. Cuevas was born on 25 June 1928 in Bacoor Cavite.
He went to Las Piñas Elementary School in his elementary education and to the University of Manila in his secondary education. He obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of the Philippines in 1952 and passed the Bar examination the same year.

Career
He started his career as a professorial lecturer at the College of Law of the University of the Philippines and at the Institute of Law of the Far Eastern University. Afterwards, he became an Assistant Fiscal of the City of Manila and then as Judge to the Court of First Instance.

Before his appoinment as an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court of the Philippines on May 31, 1984, he was Associate Justice to the Intermediate Appellate Court.

Death
Justice Cuevas died on February 9, 2014 from liver cancer.  He was 85.

References

Filipino politicians
Deaths from liver cancer
1928 births
2014 deaths
Constitution of Azerbaijan

The Constitution of Azerbaijan was started on 12 November 1995 by popular referendum. It was changed on 24 August 2002. It is the "highest legal force" in Azerbaijan.

Preamble
The Preamble to the Constitution says, in order to "provide prosperity and welfare of the whole society and each individual", that the following objectives be declared:
protection of national sovereignty and territorial integrity
a constitutional democracy
make a civil society
a secular state based upon the rule of law
a "worthy life level" for citizens and "just" economic and social order
observance of "universal human values", peace and international cooperation

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutionalism
Constitutional economics

References

Other websites

 The Constitution of Azerbaijan at the Presidential website 

Azerbaijan
Politics of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat

The Manat is the national money used in Azerbaijan. It is divided into 100 qəpik. The word manat comes from the Russian word "moneta" which means coin. Manat was also the name of the Soviet ruble in both the Azerbaijani and Turkmen languages.

The Azerbaijani manat symbol, , is not easily typed on computers, so "m" or "man." can be used instead.
Azerbaijani manat is also written as AZN. In Azerbaijan people can only use manats. Azebaijani manats are more valuable than the United States dollar and almost as valuable as the Euro.

Related pages
 Qəpik
 Azerbaijan 
 Economy of Azerbaijan
 Agriculture in Azerbaijan

Other websites

 Der Standard article on the redenomination 
 Azerbaijan International. Azerbaijan's New Manats: Design and Transition to a New Currency
 Catalog of Azeri coins and banknotes
    

Economy of Azerbaijan
Currency of Asia
Currency of Europe
Left- and right-hand traffic

The driving side of a road is the side where vehicles must drive. Each country says whether vehicles will drive on the right-hand or left-hand side of the road. This is sometimes called the rule of the road. This basic rule makes traffic move more easily.  It also lowers the risk of head-on collisions. Today about 66.1% of the world's people live in countries that drive on the right-hand side; 33.9% live in countries that  drive on the left-hand side.   

The side driven on is usually the inverse of the side on which a vehicle's steering wheel and instrument panel are located. That is, right-hand drive (RHD) vehicles are normal when driving on the left-hand side of the road, and left-hand drive (LHD) vehicles are used when driving on the right-hand side of the road.    

Most countries that drive on the left-hand side are former British colonies. However, some other countries still chose the left-hand side of the road. These countries include: Japan, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Mozambique, Suriname, East Timor, and Indonesia. Today, only four European countries drive on the left-hand, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus, all of which are islands. There are several countries where their territories that exist outside the mainland drive on a different side from the mainland. One well-known example is that all of China drives on the right-hand except for its Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau, which drive on the left-hand.  

Historically, before the creation of the automobile, people mostly rode on the left-hand side, since most people were right-handed and would whip their horses with their left hands. Warriors in battle could also use their right hand to hold and control their weapon. However, during the 1700s, many farmers began to pull their vehicles using teams of horses rather than just one. This was so that the driver could easily whip all the horses and so that the driver could see how close their wheels were to colliding to another wagon. In 1794, France passed the first right-hand driving laws, and this law would spread with Napolean's conquests. The territories and regions of the former Austro-Hungarian and Portuguese Empires refused to change the direction of driving at first, but most eventually chose to drive on the right-side. Only Mozambique, East Timor, and Macau (all former Portuguese colonies) still drive on the left-side. Canada, Myanmar, Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory, and a few countries in West Africa like Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and the Gambia all switched to driving on the right hand side of the road.

References

Road transport
Traffic
Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles

In France, the Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles (RNCP) has been created by article L. 335-6 of the Code de l'éducation (Education Code).

The répertoire national des certifications professionnelles has for purpose to make available to individuals and businesses constantly update information on educational degrees and certificates on the lists established by the commissions paritaires nationales de l'emploi des branches professionnelles (national commissions). It helps to facilitate access to employment, human resources management and mobility.

Certifications stored in the directory are recognized throughout the country.

Under the authority of the Minister for Vocational Training, the Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle establishes and updates the répertoire national des certifications professionnelles. It ensures the renewal and adaptation of diplomas.

Degrees are classified in the répertoire national des certifications professionnelles by field of activity and level. For this criterion, until the adoption of the new classification referred to in article 8 of decree of 26 April 2002 referred to above, diplomas are classified according to the nomenclature des niveaux de formation (levels of training) approved by decision of the permanent group of vocational training and social advancement.

References

Other websites 
Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles Official website 

Education in France
2002 establishments in France
Agnieszka Radwańska

Agnieszka Roma Radwańska (born 6 March 1989 in Kraków) is a former Polish tennis player.

In 2007, Radwańska became the first Polish player to win a WTA singles title. In 2012 she lost the final of the Wimbledon Championships to Serena Williams. She won WTA Finals in Singapour in 2015.

References

Other websites

  
 
 
 
 

1989 births
Living people
Female tennis players
People from Kraków
Polish sportspeople
Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan

Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan follow the recommended format for its telephone numbering plan.

A caller from outside Azerbaijan would dial the international access number, usually 00. They then dial the country code which is 994 for Azerbaijan.  Then they dial the two-digit area code, and then the seven-digit local number. 

For a local call one simply dials the local number.

Area codes in Azerbaijan
On 1 August 2011, Azerbaijan reorganized its national numbering plan for area codes. Only the area codes of Baku, Sumqayit, and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (area codes 12, 18 and 36) stayed the same as before. The following tables list both the old and new area codes.

Baku

Sumqayit

Baku region

Shirvan region

Ganja region

Quba region

Shaki region

Lankaran region

Shusha region

Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

References 

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
United Nations Human Rights Council

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is in the United Nations System. The UNHRC took the place of the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights (CHR).  It was established by the United Nations General Assembly. 

The General Assembly made the UNHRC on 15 March 2006.  This was to replace the previous CHR.  People did not like the CHR because they allowed countries with poor human rights records to be members.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon and former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson have not liked that the council acts for politics instead of human rights. Several people have said the council focuses too much on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The United States did not take part in the Council when George W. Bush was president.  They changed when Barack Obama became President.

On 18 June 2007, the UNHRC made a plan for future work. They will assess the human rights in all 192 UN Member States. They will also allow people and organizations to bring complaints about human rights violations to the attention of the Council.

Presidents
 Mr. Luis Alfonso de Alba (Mexico) 19 June 2006 to 18 June 2007.
 Mr. Doru Romulus Costea (Romania) 19 June 2007 to 18 June 2008.
 Mr. Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi (Nigeria) 19 June 2008 to 18 June 2009.
 Mr. Alex Van Meeuwen (Belgium) 19 June 2009 to 18 June 2010.
 Mr. Sihasak Phuangketkeow (Thailand) 19 June 2010 to 18 June 2011.
Laura Dupuy Lasserre (Uruguay)19 June 2011 to current.

References

United Nations
Human rights
2006 establishments
Georgian people

The Georgians are a Caucasian ethnic group that come from Georgia. Large Georgian communities are also present throughout Russia, European Union, United States, and South America.

The majority of Georgians are Eastern Orthodox Christian.  They mostly go by the national autocephalous Georgian Orthodox Church, which started in the 4th century. There are also Georgian Catholic and Muslim communities in Tbilisi and Adjara.  Located in Caucasus at the edge of Europe, the Georgian people have tried to keep their Christian identity.  There is a lot of pressure from the neighboring Muslim empires.

The Georgian language is the official language of the country.

References

Ethnic groups in Europe
Georgia (country)
Atropates

Atropates (c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III and then Alexander III of Macedon.  He made an independent kingdom.  A dynasty was named after him. Diodorus Siculus calls him 'Atrapes'. Quintus Curtius wrongly names him 'Arsaces'.

Biography
At the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor (satrap) of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates was in charge of the Achaemenid troops of Media.

When Darius lost he went to the Median capital of Ecbatana. Atropates helped him. Darius tried to get a new army but could not.  He left Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander first chose Oxydates as satrap of Media.  In 328-327 BCE Alexander did not trust in Oxydates' loyalty.  Atropates was made satrap again. In 325-324, Atropates gave Baryaxes (a rebel of the area) to Alexander. Alexander thought highly of Atropates.

Alexander died on June 10, 323 BCE. Atropates' new son-in-law Perdiccas was named regent of Alexander's half-brother Philip III. After the "Partition of Babylon" in 323 BCE, Media was divided into two parts. The greater portion in the south-east was governed by Peithon, a general of Perdiccas. The smaller portion in the north west was given to Atropates. At some point, Atropates made his part of Media an independent kingdom. His son-in-law Perdiccas was murdered by Peithon in the summer of 320 BCE.

Legacy
The dynasty Atropates made would rule the kingdom for several centuries. They became vassals of the Seleucids, then as vassals of the Arsacids.

The area of Atropates' kingdom was known to the Greeks as "Media Atropatene" after Atropates.  Then as simply "Atropatene". The Arsacids called it 'Aturpatakan' in Parthian, as did also the Sassanids. Eventually Middle Iranian 'Aturpatakan' became 'Azerbaijan'.  This is where the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iranian province of Azerbaijan get their name.

References

Ancient history of Azerbaijan
History of Azerbaijan
History of Iran
Achaemenid Empire
4th-century BC births
4th-century BC deaths
Kings and queens
370 BC


Year 370 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Greece 
 The Spartans under King Agesilaus II invade Arcadia. After asking the Athenians for help, Arcadia turns to the Thebans. Epaminondas of Thebes comes with an army, finds the Spartan have left and follows them.
 With the support of Thebes, the Arcadian capital city of Megalopolis is completed.
 The tagus of Thessaly, Jason of Pherae, dies.

By topic

Art 
 The sculptor Praxiteles begins his active career in Athens (approximate date).

Mathematics 
 Eudoxus of Cnidus develops the method of exhaustion for mathematically determining the area under a curve.

Births 

 Marcus Valerius Corvus, Roman hero
 Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, a native of Eressos in Lesbos, the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school (d. c. 285 BC)

Deaths 

 Agesipolis II, Agiad king of Sparta
 Democritus of Abdera, Greek philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 460 BC)
 Hippocrates of Cos, Greek physician (b. c. 460 BC)
 Jason of Pherae, ruler of Thessaly

370s BC
285 BC


Year 285 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Egypt 
 June 26 – Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter quits ruling. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus.  He was co-regent for three years.
 A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed.  It is a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.

Seleucid Empire 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes is left by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.

Deaths 

 Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author (b. c. 350 BC)

280s BC
350 BC


Year 350 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Persian Empire 
 Sidon, the centre of the revolt against Persia, asks for help from its sister city of Tyre and from Egypt but gets very little.
 Idrieus, the second son of Hecatomnus, succeeds to the throne of Caria on the death of Artemisia II, the widow of his elder brother Mausolus. Shortly after he becomes ruler, at the request of the Persian king, Artaxerxes III, Idrieus equips a fleet of 40 triremes and an army of 8,000 mercenary troops and despatches them against Cyprus, under the command of the Athenian general Phocion.

Greece 
 Alexander I becomes king of Epirus after his brother-in-law Philip II of Macedon dethrones Alexander's cousin Arymbas.
 Philip II has Abdera in Thrace sacked.

Roman Republic 
 The Gauls, once more threatening Rome, are beaten by an army of Rome and its allies.

America 
 The Maya civilization in Mesoamerica begins (approximate date).

By topic

Science 
 Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logical reasoning in Organon.
 Plato proposes a geocentric model of the universe with the stars rotating on a fixed celestial sphere.

Art 
 Praxiteles makes the Aphrodite of Knidos (approximate date). A composite of two similar Roman copies after the original marble is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Pio Clementino, Gabinetto delle Maschere in Rome.
 The building of the Mausoleum in Halikarnassos (modern Bodrum in Turkey) is completed (approximate date). It is the grave of the Persian satrap and Carian ruler Mausolos and is built under the direction of his wife Artemisia. The mausoleum, which is said to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is today partly kept at the British Museum in London.
 The Corinthian capital is made in the tholos at Epidaurus. It is now kept at the Archaeological Museum in Epidaurus, Greece (approximate date).

Births 

 Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and polygraph (d. c. 285 BC)
 Cassander, king of Macedonia and founder of Antipatrid dynasty (approximate date) (d. c. 297 BC)
 Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date) (d. c. 275 BC)

Deaths 

 Artemisia, Queen of Caria and sister and wife of King Mausolus of Caria

350s BC
275 BC


Year 275 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Egypt 
 The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.

Roman Republic 
 When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself greatly outnumbered by the Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, gets a peace with Pyrrhus.  Then Pyrrhus decides to end his battles in Italy and return to Epirus.

Sicily 
 After Pyrrhus leaves Sicily, the Syracusan army and the city's citizens make Hiero II as the commander of their troops.

Greece 
 Antiochus's alliance with Antigonus II is made stronger by Antigonus' marriage to Phila, Antiochus' half sister.

Births 

 Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Roman dictator, politician and soldier (approximate date) (d. 203 BC)

Deaths 

 Shen Dao, Chinese philosopher from Zhao who also served at the Jixia academy in Qi. He is known for his blend of Legalism and Taoism (approximate date) (b. c. 350 BC)

270s BC
203 BC


Year 203 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Carthage 
 The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginians camp and destroys it. He defeats the army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, both escape.
 The Roman general, Gaius Laelius, and Rome's Numidian ally, Masinissa, follow Syphax towards Cirta, the Numidian capital. Syphax is captured and later dies in the Italian town of Alba Fucens.
 Masinissa becomes king of both the Massyli and the Massaesyli tribes in Numidia.  He remains a loyal ally to the Romans.
 Hasdrubal Gisco gets the Carthaginians to form a new army and to send for Hannibal to return home from Italy. Hannibal finally leaves Italy and returns to Carthage.
 The Carthaginian general, Mago Barca, is defeated and wounded by the Romans in a battle in Cisalpine Gaul. He dies of his wounds on the return voyage to Carthage.
 An agreement between Carthage and Rome is made. The Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. But Hannibal gets the army ready for battle.

Deaths 

 Mago Barca, Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War against Rome who has accompanied his brother Hannibal on the invasion of Italy (b. 243 BC)
 Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Roman general and statesman (b. c. 275 BC)
 Syphax, Numidian king allied with the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War against Rome

200s BC
220 BC


Year 220 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Greece 
 Together with fellow Illyrian, Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Roman protection and leads a piratical squadron into Greek waters. They unsuccessfully attack Pylos, an Achaean town on the Messenian coast, in the Peloponnesus of Greece.
 Scerdilaidas and the Aetolians invade Achaea. With the help of Cynaethan traitors, they attack, take and burn Cynaetha, a town in the north of Arcadia.
 Rome strikes again against the Illyrian pirates starting the Second Illyrian War.
 Demetrius seeks refuge with Philip V of Macedon, who is very resentful of the Roman interference. Rome occupies Demetrius' chief fortresses, Pharos and Dimillos.
 Aratus of Sicyon goes against Aetolian aggression by getting help from the Hellenic League now under the leadership of Philip V of Macedon. In the Social War, the Hellenic League of Greek states is made in Corinth. 
 The Gortynians occupy Matala, on the island of Crete.

Seleucid Empire 
 With Molon in most of the Seleucid kingdom and taking the title of king, Antiochus III stops a fight to conquer southern Syria from Egypt. Antiochus III instead marches against Molon, defeating and killing him and his brother Alexander on the far bank of the Tigris. Antiochus goes on conquer Atropatene, the north-western part of Media.
 Meanwhile, the birth of a son to Antiochus III and Laodice leads Hermeias to think about getting rid of the king.  This is to rule under the name of the infant son.  Antiochus finds the plan and has Hermeias killed.

Anatolia 
 Antiochus III's commander in Anatolia, Achaeus, got back all the districts from Attalus of Pergamum. Hermeias said Antiochus III wanted to revolt. Achaeus takes the title of king and rules over the Anatolian parts of the Seleucid kingdom.

Egypt 
 Arsinoe III marries her brother, King Ptolemy IV of Egypt.

Roman Republic 
 During his censorship, the Roman political leader, Gaius Flaminius, builds the Circus Flaminius on the Campus Martius.  He also builds the Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini).

China 
 Qin Shi Huang begins a system of tree-lined roads to connect all parts of China.  He begins to join regional walls to form the beginnings of the Great Wall (Wan li chang cheng).

By topic

Art 
 A bronze statue called Gallic Chieftain killing his wife and himself is made (approximate date). A Roman copy after the original statue is today kept at Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome.
 A bronze statue called Dying Gallic trumpeter is made (possibly by Epigonos) (230-220 BC). A marble Roman copy after the original statue is today kept at Museo Capitolino in Rome.

Deaths 

 Conon of Samos, Greek mathematician and astronomer whose work on conic sections (curves of the intersections of a right circular cone with a plane) serves as the basis for the fourth book of the Conics of Apollonius of Perga (b. c. 280 BC)
 Molon, general of the Seleucid king Antiochus III who has rebelled against his rule
 Hermeias, the favourite and chief minister of the Seleucid king Seleucus III and, for a short time, chief minister to Antiochus III
230 BC


Year 230 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Asia Minor 
 The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus defeats his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city. To mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.

Greece 
 King Agron of Illyria dies. Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife Triteuta, succeeds his father as king.  The kingdom is really ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta (Tefta).  She removes the Greeks from the Illyrian coast.  She then puts Illyrian pirate ships into the Ionian Sea, against the Roman shipping. She keeps her husband's way of attacking cities on the west coast of Greece.

Roman Republic 
 With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, ships are sent by Rome to Illyria. The Roman ambassador lucius Coruncanius and the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea. Then Romans take the island of Corcyra.

Egypt 
 The Temple of Horus is built by King Ptolemy III.

China 
 The state of Han is conquered by the state of Qin.

India 
 King Kubera rules Bhattiprolu in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

Deaths 

 Ad Herbal, admiral of the Carthaginian fleet who has battled for domination of the Mediterranean Sea for Carthage in the First Punic War against Rome
 Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 310 BC)

230s BC
310 BC


Year 310 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Seleucid Empire 
 Antigonus tells Nicanor, one of his generals, to attack Babylonia from the east and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes to attack it from the west. Nicanor gets a large force but it is surprised and defeated by Seleucus at the river Tigris.  Similarly, Demetrius Poliorcetes does not succeed.

Asia Minor 
 Ptolemy attacks Cilicia.
 The cities of Antigonia Troas (later known as Alexandria Troas) and Antigoneia (later known as Nicaea) are formed by Antigonus I Monophthalmus.

Sicily 
 The tyrant of Syracuse Agathocles escapes from the siege of the city by the Carthaginians.  He takes the war back to their land.

Roman Republic 
 Rome has more trouble from the Etruscans.  They are persuaded by the Samnites to stop their alliance with the Romans. In the Battle of Lake Vadimo, the Romans under Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeat the Etruscans.

Illyria 
 The Autariatae disappear due to Celtic migrations.

Births 

 Aristarchus of Samos, Greek astronomer and mathematician (approximate date) (d. c. 230 BC)
 Xun Zi, Chinese philosopher (approximate date)

Deaths 

 Pytheas, Greek merchant, geographer and explorer from the Greek colony Massilia (today Marseille) (b. c. 380 BC)

310s BC
380 BC


Year 380 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Persian empire 
Persia makes the Athenians remove their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been helping the Egyptian Pharaohs keep their independence from the Persian Empire.

Egypt 
 The Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies.  He is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but he is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year.  This ends the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt.

Greece 
 Cleombrotus I succeeds his brother Agesipolis I as king of Sparta.

By topic

Art 
 What some historians call the Rich style in Greece comes to an end.

Births 

 King Darius III of Persia (d. 330 BC) (approximate date)
 Pytheas, Greek explorer, who will explore northwestern Europe, including the British Isles (d. c. 310 BC) (approximate date)

Deaths 

 Agesipolis I, king of Sparta
 Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (b. 435 BC)
 Hakor, king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt
 Nefaarud II, son of Hakor and last king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty

380s BC
The Avengers (TV programme)

The Avengers is a spy-fi television series of the 1960s. The show was aired from 7 January 1961 to 21 May 1969. The main characters of this show included Doctor David Keel, his partner John Steed. The female characters were Emma Peel (Diana Rigg) and Cathy Gale (played by Honor Blackman). The show began airing in the United Kingdom.

In the U.S., though, it was not aired until 10pm or afterward. This was due to violence and adult themes.

There were novels, radio programs and movies involving this series. Uma Thurman played Emma Peel in the movie of 1998.

British television series
1961 establishments in Europe
1969 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1969 television series endings
1960s establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
Falling Down

Falling Down is a 1993 American crime drama movie directed by Joel Schumacher. It stars Michael Douglas as divorced defense engineer who was laid off the previous month. Foster has a mental breakdown and walks out of his car whilst in a traffic jam. He crosses Los Angeles, California on foot to go to his daughter's birthday party. He uses violence against many people he encounters. He is pursued by LAPD detective Prendergast, played by Robert Duvall.

Other websites 

1993 crime movies
1993 drama movies

1990s crime drama movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s drama thriller movies
1990s satirical movies
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American satirical movies
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Midlife crisis movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in Los Angeles
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Joel Schumacher
Karabakh horse

The Karabakh horse , also known as Karabakh, is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse. It is named after the geographic area where the horse was first developed, Karabakh in the Southern Caucasus.  It is an area that is  part of Azerbaijan. The highland part is currently under occupation by Armenia. The breed is noted for its good temper and speed. For example, in 2004 a Karabakh horse named Kishmish from the Agdam stud in Azerbaijan set a speed record by running 1000 metres in 1 minute 9 seconds, and 1600 metres in 1 minute, 52 seconds.

The breed is thought to be a cross-breeding of Akhal-Teke, Persian, Kabarda, Turkoman, and Arabian horse. Right now, the Karabakh is bred mainly in Azerbaijan's Shaki area. Currently the breed numbers are below 1,000.  It is threatened with extinction.

Breed characteristics
The breed is hardy, strong, tough, and sure-footed.

The horse is not large.  It is 14-15 hands high or 145–150 cm. They have small, clean-cut heads, a straight profile with broad foreheads, and nostrils that can dilate. The neck is set high, average in length, muscular and elegant. They have compact bodies with well defined and developed muscles.  The shoulders are often quite upright. The horses have a deep chest, a sloping croup, and long, fine, but very strong legs, although the joints are small. The horses are narrow, not very deep through the girth, due to the Akhal-Teke influence.

Their skin is thin and soft with shiny hair. The main colors of the breed are chestnut and bay, with characteristic golden tint of the breed. They can also be gray. Rarely they can be Palomino or Buckskin.  White markings are allowed.

They are fast and agile. The Karabakh horse is said to have a good endurance and loyalty to master.

In popular culture 
The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan.  It is the official symbol of the Agdam and Shaki regions. This horse is very important in Azerbaijan culture. They appear in literature and are on items such as postage stamps.

References

Horse breeds
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Alim Qasimov

Alim Qasimov (born 1957) is an Azerbaijani musician.  He is one of the foremost mugam singers in Azerbaijan. He was awarded the International Music Council-UNESCO Music Prize in 1999.  It is one of the highest international honors for music. His music is characterised by his vocal improvisation.  It is a move away from the traditional style of mugham. Qasimov has recorded nine albums, three of which are mugham albums with his daughter, Ferghana Qasimova.

Influence and legacy 
In 21 November 2009, he was included in a 500 most influential Muslims of world book. The Icelandic singer Björk complimented Qasimov, by naming him as her "favourite singer alive today". In 2010, Alim Qasimov was nominated for the United States National Public Radio's "50 great voices in recorded history" award.

Discography

Albums
Classical Mugham (3 January 1996)
The Art of Mugham: Azerbaidjan (Live) (1 December 1997)
The Mugham of Azerbaidjan (1 October 1999)
Love's Deep Ocean (11 October 1999) with Ferghana Qasimova
The Legendary Art of Mugham (15 October 1997) with Alim Qasimov Ensemble
Central Asian Series, Vol. 6: Spiritual Music of Azerbaijan (25 September 2007) with Ferghana Qasimova
"Intimate dialogue" - Live at Morgenland Festival Osnabrück 2009 with Ferghana Qasimova

Singles

References

1957 births
Living people
Azerbaijani musicians
Singers
Folk dance

A folk dance is a dance that has some or all of the following:
They are dances at social functions by people with little or no professional training.  They are often to traditional music or music based on traditional music.
They are not made for public performance or the stage.  Traditional folkdances may be later arranged and set for stage performances.
The way they are done is strongly about inherited tradition rather than making changes.  Although like all folk traditions they do change over time.
New dancers often learn informally by watching others and/or getting help from others.

Even though some people argue with it, folk dancing can be dancing for with no governing body or dancing for which there are no competitive or professional performances.

Europe

Types of European folk dance include: 
Polonez (Polish),
clogging,
English country dance,
international folk dance,
Irish dance,
Maypole dance,
Morris dance,
Turkish dance,
Welsh Morris Dance,
Nordic polska dance,
Ball de bastons,
square dance, and
sword dance.
Sword dances include Longsword dances and rapier dancing. Some choreographed dances such as contra dance, Scottish country dance, and modern Western square dance, are called folk dances, though this is not true in the strictest sense. Country dance overlaps with contemporary folk dance and ballroom dance. Most country dances and ballroom dances are from folk dances, with small changes over the years.

Middle East & South Asia

 Attan - The national dance of Afghanistan
 Azerbaijani dances
 Kurdish dance
 Assyrian folk dance
 Georgian Folk Dances 
 Bhangra a Punjabi harvest dance and music style that has become popular worldwide.
 Ghoomar a traditional Bhil tribe women's folk dance of Rajasthan, India.
 Ghumura Dance: War Dance from Kingdom of Kalahandi, Orissa, India
 Kalbelia is one of the most sensuous dance forms of Rajasthan, performed by the kalbelia tribe.
 Israeli folk dance

Latin America
 Baile Folklorico (Mexico and Central America)
  
Folklore
Dance types
Celebrations

Celebrations are a chocolate collection made by Mars, Incorporated.  They were started in 1997. They are miniature versions of Mars-produced chocolate bars. With the tagline "Share the joy", Celebrations were the first mixed box of chocolates to bring together confectionery which had been already released in one box or tin. This was different than having new, especially-created candy. Celebrations are most popular around holidays, such as Christmas, Halloween and Easter.

Contents
They are miniature versions of the following Mars chocolates:
 Mars
 Bounty
 Snickers
 Dove / Galaxy
 Dove Caramel / Galaxy Caramel
 Twix
 Maltesers Teaser
 Milky Way

The selection sold in the United Kingdom also previously had:

 Galaxy Truffle
 Topic

Twix replaced Galaxy Truffle in 2011.

References 

Candy
Chokha



History and revival of chokha 
It has been in wide use among Caucasians from the 9th century until 1920s. Nowadays, chokha is no longer in use but continues to still be worn for ceremonial and festive occasions.

Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili made high-ranking Georgian officials working abroad to wear the national costume at official meetings. So, in the very center of Europe, in the 21st century, among the elegant ladies and gentlemen classic suits, you will find men in their Chokhas, and daggers around the waist.

Types of chokha 

There are Four types of Chokha worn among the Georgians:
Kartl-Kakheti chokha (Kartli and Kakheti are eastern Georgian provinces)
Khevsur Chokha (mainly in Mtskheta-mtianeti province of Georgia)
Adjarian chokha (mainly found in western Georgia provinces such as Adjara and Guria and also used to be used in Lazona that is now part of republic of Turkey)
General Caucasian chokha which is like a Kartl-Kakheti chokha but is little longer

In Georgia, the Black chokha was reserved to the "Order of Chokhosani". They represent the elite society of the citizens. These were people with special dedications such as: Great generals, heroes or some of the famous poets and the people who had done some big service to the country. Not even all of Lords were allowed in "Chokhosani Orden" and those who did proudly represented this rank in their clothing.

Chokha is sewn of thick fabric and is tight on the waist and wide on the bottom. In some parts of the Caucasus there are also female chokhas.

Generally, the chokha outfit includes a khanjali (the sword), the akhalukhi also know as the arkhalig (a shirt worn underneath the chokha), the gazyrs (the bullets), and the bashlyk (a hood, separate from the robe) or  papakha (a tall fur hat).

References 

Clothing
Georgia (country)
Caucasus
Maiden Tower (Baku)

The Maiden Tower, also called Giz Galasi, is in the Old City, Baku in Azerbaijan.  It is an ancient tower that shows the presence of Zoroastrians, Sassanians, Arabs, Persians, Shirvanis, Ottomans, and Russians. It was built in the 12th century as part of the walled city of Baku. It is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The tower is one of the most noted landmarks and Azerbaijan's most distinctive national emblems.  It is on the Manat and other official letter heads.

The Maiden Tower now has a museum.

References

Towers in Asia
Buildings and structures in Baku
12th-century establishments
Azerbaijani culture
World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan
Museums in Baku
Archaeological sites in Azerbaijan
Palace of the Shirvanshahs

The Palace of the Shirvanshahs is the biggest monument of the Shirvan-Absheron branch of Azerbaijan architecture.  It is in the Inner City of Baku. There is the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum, a portal in the east - Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of the bath-house.

The palace is shown on the front of the Azerbaijani 10,000 manat banknote of 1994-2006. It is also on the new 10 manat banknote.

References

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Baku
15th century
Azerbaijani culture
World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan
Museums in Baku
Archaeological sites in Azerbaijan
Hand (unit)

The hand is a unit of measurement of length. It is now used only to measure the height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. This unit started in ancient Egypt and was originally based on the distance across a human hand. Today it is equal to four inches or 10.16 centimeters. It may be abbreviated to "h" or the plural "hh".

References

Horses
Units of length
Imperial units
Diwan (poetry)

Diwan is a collection of poems. These poems were often written and collected in the royal courts of various sultanates.  They were very well known for their ability to inspire.

Poetry
Persian literature