cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Sweet potato

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a plant that is a member of the morning glory family, grown for its sweet, edible, tuberous roots. Sweet potatoes contain a lot of fiber and beta-carotene. They are eaten around the world.

Naming
The sweet potato is not closely related to the common potato, but they both share the same name origin. The first Europeans to taste sweet potatoes were members of Christopher Columbus's expedition in 1492. There were local names for different cultivars for the sweet potato. However, the part of the name that remained was the indigenous Taino name of the potato, batata. The Spanish combined the word batata with the Quechua word for potato, papa, to create the word patata for the common potato.

In Argentina, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic the sweet potato is called batata. In Mexico, Peru, Chile, Central America, and the Philippines, the sweet potato is known as camote (kamote) in the Philippines).

In Peru, the Quechua name for a type of sweet potato is kumar. This is very similar to the Polynesian name kumara. This interesting naming pattern has led some scholars to suspect that the Polynesians were related to native South Americans.

In New Zealand, the most common cultivar is the red (which is actually colored purple) cultivar called kumara. Kumara is very popular as a roasted food, often served with sour cream and sweet chili sauce. Occasionally, shops in Australia will label New Zealand purple cultivars as "purple sweet potato" to make it appear different from other cultivars. About 95% of Australia's production of sweet potatoes is the orange cultivar named 'Beauregard', originally from North America, known simply as "sweet potato".

History
In Peru, the use of sweet potatoes dates to 8000 BC.

Sweet potatoes were introduced a food crop in Japan in 1735 and in Korea in 1764.

References

Solanales
Root vegetables
Georgie Henley

Georgina"Georgie" Helen  Henley (born 9 July 1995) is an English child actress. She is known for playing Lucy Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia movie series.

Career
Henley's first acting job was playing Lucy Pevensie in the 2005 movie The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, based on the C.S. Lewis novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Henley has won the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth Female in a Lead or Supporting Role and the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film — Young Actress Age Ten or Younger in 2006.

Henley played Lucy Pevensie again in the 2008 sequel to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian and the 2010 sequel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.

Since The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe came out, Henley has been in the stage play Babes in the Wood at her local theatre group, which ran from 27 January to 4 February 2006. She also played the young Jane Eyre in the 2006 BBC TV show version of Jane Eyre.

Personal life
Henley was born on 9 July 1995, to Helen and Mike Henley, and has two older sisters, Rachael and Laura. Rachael played the older version of Lucy Pevensie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Henley now lives in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, and attends Bradford Grammar School, where she is a member of the Ilkley Upstagers' Theatre Group

Henley is a supporter of SOS Children's Villages, an international orphan charity that gives homes and mothers to orphaned and abandoned children.

Filmography

Awards
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
2006: Best Young Actress (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
2006: Most Promising Performer (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Empire Awards
2006: Best Newcomer (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Nickelodeon UK Kids Choice Awards
2008: Kids Choice Film Actress (for The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian) — Won
Online Film Critics Society Awards
2006: Best Breakthrough Performance (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Nominated
Phoenix Film Critics Awards
2006: Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role — Female (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Won
Young Artist Awards
2006: Best Performance in a Feature Film — Young Actress Age Ten or Younger (for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe) — Won

References

Other websites

1995 births
Living people
Zama, Kanagawa

Zama is a city in Kanagawa, Japan. Camp Zama is a large United States military base that is in the city.

Sister cities 
  Smyrna, Tennessee

Other websites 

 Official website 

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
Smyrna, Tennessee

Smyrna is a town of Rutherford County in the state of Tennessee in the United States. About 26,600 people were living in Smyrna as of 2000.

References

Other websites
Official Smyrna site

Towns in Tennessee
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel

Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel is the sequel to the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks. It is a live-action/CGI movie. It was first set to be shown in theaters on March 19, 2010, but the date was changed to December 23, 2009. The movie introduces the Chipettes. The movie stars Zachary Levi, David Cross, and Jason Lee and the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler, Jesse McCartney, Amy Poehler, Anna Faris, and Christina Applegate. The movie is being filmed at Woodrow Wilson Classical High School in Long Beach, CA.

Plot
In the sequel, Dave makes Alvin, Simon and Theodore go to school, saying that it is "good for them." He does not know that the Chipmunks feel like "Chipmunks Out of Water" because of all the (human) children around. Meanwhile, Ian (after the Chipmunks dealt him a serious blow) is freed from jail and searches the world for animals who can sing and dance. He finds the Chipettes and cannot wait to make them famous and get back at the Chipmunks.

In 2009, Betty Thomas signed on to direct.

Cast
 Zachary Levi as Toby Seville
 David Cross as Ian Hawke
 Jason Lee as Dave Seville
 Justin Long as Alvin Seville
 Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville
 Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville
 Amy Poehler Eleanor Miller
 Anna Faris as Jeanette Miller
 Christina Applegate as Brittany Miller
 Wendie Malick as Dr. Rubin
 Anjelah Johnson as Julie Ortega
 Kathryn Joosten as Aunt Jackie Seville
 Kevin G. Schmidt as Ryan Edwards
 Chris Warren Jr. as Xander
 Bridgit Mendler as Becca Kingston

Related pages
Alvin and the Chipmunks
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked
Alvin and the Chipmunks 4: The Road Chip

References

2009 movies
Family movies
Animated movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alvin and the Chipmunks movies
Adamsville, Tennessee

Adamsville is a town of Hardin and McNairy counties in the state of Tennessee, in the United States. Nearly 2,000 people were living in Adamsville as of 2000.

References

Other websites
Adamsville Information/Discussion Website
Adamsville Website

Towns in Tennessee
Hollow Rock, Tennessee

Hollow Rock is a town of Carroll County in the state of Tennessee in the United States. Almost 1,000 people were living in Hollow Rock as of 2000.

References 

Towns in Tennessee
Mount Carmel, Tennessee

Mount Carmel is a town of Hawkins County in the state of Tennessee in the United States. About 5,500 people were living in Mount Carmel as of 2005. It is a part of the area known as the "Tri-Cities".

Mount Carmel once got national attention in the mid-2000s because of a CBS News story about the town's geography which is only on one side of the main road through the area. Since then, the city has bought property on the other side of the road and has built a cemetery.

References 

Towns in Tennessee
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs launched by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to solve the problems caused by the Great Depression. The New Deal is often split into two smaller New Deals: the First New Deal and the Second New Deal. During the First Hundred Days of Roosevelt's presidency, Roosevelt and his administration proposed many plans to fix the economy.

Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1930: 11.6%
Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1937: 22.6%
Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1945: 35.5%
Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1999: 13.9%

CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps
WPA: Works Progress Administration
FDR: Franklin Delano Roosevelt
AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority
HOLC: Home Owners Loan Corporation
FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Administration
PWA: Public Works Administration
CWA: Civil Works Administration
NRA: National Recovery Administration

References
Cashew

The cashew is a tropical tree in the flowering plant. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts (see below) and cashew apples.

Cashew nut 

Cashew nuts are a popular snack and food source. Cashews, unlike other oily tree nuts, contain starch to about 10% of their weight. This makes them more effective than other nuts in thickening water-based dishes such as soups, meat stews, and some Indian milk-based desserts. Many southeast Asian and south Asian cuisines use cashews for this unusual characteristic, rather than other nuts.

Cashews can also be used to make cashew butter.

Because the shell of the cashew nut is toxic, it is removed before it is sold to consumers.

References 

Trees
Sapindales
Edible nuts and seeds
Ultra Beatdown

Ultra Beatdown is the fourth studio album by DragonForce, released on August 20, 2008 in Japan and on August 26, 2008 worldwide. It is the last album to feature ZP Theart on vocals before leaving the band.

Track listing

Personnel

Band members 
ZP Theart – Vocals
Herman Li – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing, engineering
Sam Totman – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing
Vadim Pruzhanov – Keyboards, piano, theremin, Kaoss Pad, backing vocals
Dave Mackintosh – Drums, backing vocals
Frédéric Leclercq – Bass, backing vocals, additional guitars

Guest musicians 
Clive Nolan – backing vocals, additional keyboard

References 

Power metal
DragonForce
2008 albums
Operation Ground and Pound

"Operation Ground and Pound" is the fourth track of British power metal band DragonForce's third album, Inhuman Rampage. The track was the second music video to be released by the band. For the video, the song was shortened to 5 minutes.

References

Power metal
2006 songs
DragonForce
Heroes of Our Time

"Heroes of Our Time" is the first track and first single from British power metal band DragonForce's fourth studio album, Ultra Beatdown. It was also the first video from the new album, but the song was shortened to about 5 minutes for the video.

Power metal
DragonForce
2008 songs
The Last Journey Home

"The Last Journey Home" is the fifth track and second single from DragonForce's fourth studio album, Ultra Beatdown. The song was also made into a video, but was shortened to about 5 minutes for it.

Power metal
DragonForce
2008 songs
Joacim Cans

Joacim Cans (born 19 February 1970 in Mora, Sweden) is a Swedish singer. He is the lead singer of HammerFall, a Swedish power metal band.

Songs

Solo albums 
"Beyond the Gates" (2004)

Past bands 
Highlander (Lost Horizon)
Warlord (U.S.)

Current bands 
HammerFall
Cans

1970 births
Living people
HammerFall
Swedish singers
Oscar Dronjak

Oscar Fredrick Dronjak (born January 20 1972) is the rhythm guitarist of the power metal band HammerFall. Prior to the success of HammerFall, he also played in the death metal bands Ceremonial Oath and Crystal Age.

1972 births
Living people
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
HammerFall
People from Gothenburg
Pontus Norgren

Pontus Norgren (b. 22 April 1968) is a Swedish guitarist. He is the current guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall and the former guitarist of The Poodles. 

1968 births
Living people
Power metal
HammerFall
Swedish musicians
Heavy metal guitarists
Fredrik Larsson

Fredrik Larsson is the bassist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.

1974 births
Living people
Bassists
HammerFall
Anders Johansson

Anders Johansson (born 25 May 1962 in Gothenburg) is a Swedish musician. He is the son of Jan Johansson, jazz pianist, and brother of keyboardist Jens Johansson. He is the current drummer for the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.

1962 births
Living people
Drummers
HammerFall
Swedish musicians
People from Gothenburg

pt:Anders Johansson
Johan Larsson

Johan Larsson (b. 8 December 1974) is a Swedish guitarist. He was the first bassist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. Johan was also the first bassist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall, but quit before the band recorded a studio album.

Album appearances
 Lunar Strain (1994)
 Subterranean (1995, EP)
 The Jester Race (1996)
 Black-Ash Inheritance (1997, EP)
 Whoracle (1997)

1974 births
Living people
Bassists
HammerFall
Swedish musicians
Heavy metal guitarists
People from Gothenburg
Niklas Sundin

Niklas Sundin, (born August 13 1974 in Sweden), is the guitarist of Dark Tranquillity and Laethora, and was guitarist for the band HammerFall.

Lyricists
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
1974 births
Living people
HammerFall
People from Gothenburg
Jesper Strömblad

Jesper Strömblad (born on November 28, 1972) is the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. He also started the band HammerFall.

1972 births
Living people
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
HammerFall
People from Gothenburg
Mikael Stanne

Mikael Stanne (b. May 28, 1974) is a Swedish singer. He is the singer for the Swedish melodic death metal band, Dark Tranquillity. He was the first vocalist of HammerFall.

Swedish singers
Heavy metal musicians
HammerFall
1974 births
Living people
Glenn Ljungström

Glenn Ljungström was the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames with Jesper Strömblad. He was a member of In Flames from 1993 until 1997, when he quit to find another job. Glenn was also a guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1995 until 1997.

Album appearances

In Flames 
 Lunar Strain (1994)
 Subterranean (1995, EP)
 The Jester Race (1996)
 Black-Ash Inheritance (1997, EP)
 Whoracle (1997)

HammerFall 
 Glory to the Brave (1997)

Dimension Zero 
 Penetrations from the Lost World (1997, EP)
 Silent Night Fever (2001)
 This Is Hell (2003)
 He Who Shall Not Bleed (2008)

1974 births
Living people
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
People from Gothenburg
Magnus Rosén

Klas Magnus Rosén is a Swedish musician, born 1963 in Gothenburg, and was the bassist of Swedish band HammerFall.

Magnus Rosén started to play the bass when he was 15 years old. When he had played bass for three years he went on his first tour with the band Kung Sune. After the tour he moved to Los Angeles. He became a member in the Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall in 1997. 

Bassists
Heavy metal guitarists
Swedish musicians
HammerFall
1963 births
Living people
People from Gothenburg
Stefan Elmgren

Stefan Elmgren (born 1974) was the guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1997 to 2008. Before becoming a member of HammerFall, he was the guitarist in the band Highlander.

In 2007, Elmgren left Hammerfall to focus on his career as a pilot.

References

Swedish musicians
Heavy metal guitarists
1974 births
Living people
HammerFall
Glory to the Brave

Glory to the Brave was the first album from the Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The cover art was painted by Andreas Marshall.

Track listing

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - Lead Vocals & Background Harmonies
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Fredrik Larsson - Bass Guitar & Backing Vocals
 Glenn Ljungström - Guitars
 Jesper Strömblad - Drums (credited, but does not play on this album)
 Patrik Rafling - Drums

HammerFall
Power metal
1997 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Legacy of Kings

Legacy of Kings is the second album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released September 28, 1998.

Track listing 
 "Heeding the Call"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:30
 "Legacy of Kings"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:13
 "Let the Hammer Fall"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:16
 "Dreamland"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 5:42
 "Remember Yesterday"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 5:04
 "At the End of the Rainbow"  (Albrecht/Mück/Dronjak/Cans) - 4:05
 "Back to Back" (Pretty Maids cover) - 3:39
 "Stronger Than All"  (Dronjak) - 4:29
 "Warriors of Faith" (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:45
 "The Fallen One" (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:23

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitar, backing vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Lead Guitar
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Patrik Räfling - drums

Power metal
HammerFall
1998 albums
Renegade (HammerFall album)

Renegade is HammerFall's third album, the first with drummer Anders Johansson. It was released on October 9, 2000.

 "Templars of Steel"  (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:26
 "Keep the Flame Burning"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:41
 "Renegade"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:23
 "Living in Victory"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:44
 "Always Will Be"  (Dronjak) - 4:51
 "The Way of the Warrior"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:08
 "Destined for Glory" (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:11
 "The Champion"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:58
 "Raise the Hammer"  (Dronjak/Elmgren) - 3:24
 "A Legend Reborn"  (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:10
 "Head Over Heels" (Accept cover - Feat. Udo Dirkschneider) - 4:30

"Head Over Heels" was released as bonus track on digipack and Brazilian versions of "Renegade"

Personnel
Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
Magnus Rosén - Bass Guitar
Anders Johansson - Drums
Jamie Simmons, Paul Simmons, John Alexander - Additional backing vocals on "Destined For Glory"

Power metal
HammerFall
2000 albums
Crimson Thunder

Crimson Thunder was the fourth album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released on October 28, 2002.

Track listing
 "Riders of the Storm"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:34
 "Hearts on Fire"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:51
 "On the Edge of Honour"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:49
 "Crimson Thunder"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:05
 "Lore of the Arcane"  (Dronjak) – 1:27
 "Trailblazers"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:39
 "Dreams Come True"  (Dronjak) – 4:02
 "Angel of Mercy"  (David C. T Chastain) – 5:38
 "The Unforgiving Blade"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:40
 "In Memoriam"  (Elmgren) – 4:21
 "Hero's Return"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:23

Bonus tracks

 "Rising Force" (Yngwie Malmsteen Cover) (European and Brazilian Bonus Track) – 4:30
 "Detroit Rock City" (KISS Cover) (American Bonus Track) – 3:56
 "Crazy Nights" (Loudness Cover) (Japanese Bonus Track) – 3:42

Personnel
 Joacim Cans          -       Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak        -       Lead & Rhythm Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren       -       Lead, Rhythm & Acoustic Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén         -       Bass guitar
 Anders Johansson     -       Drums & Percussion

Power metal
HammerFall
2002 albums
One Crimson Night

One Crimson Night is a two-disc live album and DVD by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The album was recorded during a concert at Lisebergshallen, Sweden. The DVD with the live video was released on June 29, 2004.

Track listing

DVD
"Lore of the Arcane"
"Riders of the Storm"
"Heeding the Call"
"Stone Cold"
"Hero's Return"
"Legacy of Kings"
"Bass Solo: Magnus Rosén"
"At the End of the Rainbow"
"The Way of the Warrior"
"The Unforgiving Blade"
"Glory to the Brave"
"Guitar Solo: Stefan Elmgren"
"Let the Hammer Fall"
"Renegade"
"Steel Meets Steel"
"Crimson Thunder"
"Templars of Steel"
"Gold Album Award"
"Hearts On Fire"
"HammerFall"

Disc one
"Lore of the Arcane"
"Riders of the Storm" 
"Heeding The Call"
"Stone Cold"
"Hero's Return"
"Legacy of Kings"
"Bass Solo: Magnus Rosén"
"At the End of the Rainbow"
"The Way of the Warrior"
"The Unforgiving Blade"
"Glory to the Brave"
"Guitar Solo: Stefan Elmgren"
"Let the Hammer Fall"

Disc two
"Renegade"
"Steel Meets Steel"
"Crimson Thunder"
"Templars of Steel"
"Hearts On Fire"
"HammerFall"
"The Dragon Lies Bleeding" (Bonus Track)
"Stronger Than All" (Bonus Track)
"A Legend Reborn" (Bonus Track)

Personnel

 Joacim Cans        -       Lead Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak      -       Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren     -       Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén       -       Bass Guitar
 Anders Johansson   -       Drums

HammerFall
Power metal
2003 albums
Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken

Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken is an album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It was released on March 4, 2005.

Track listing 
 "Secrets"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 6:06
 "Blood Bound"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:49
 "Fury of the Wild"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:44
 "Hammer of Justice"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:37
 "Never, Ever"  (Dronjak) – 4:05
 "Born to Rule"  (Dronjak/Cans/Elmgren) – 4:08
 "The Templar Flame"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:41
 "Imperial"  (Dronjak) – 2:29
 "Take the Black"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:46
 "Knights of the 21st Century"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 12:19
 "The Metal Age" (Live) - 4:55

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans      -      Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak    -      Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren   -      Guitars
 Magnus Rosén     -      Bass Guitar
 Anders Johansson -      Drums
 Conrad "Cronos" Lant - Additional vocals on "Knights of the 21st Century"

Power metal
HammerFall
2005 albums
Threshold (album)

Threshold was Swedish power metal band HammerFall's fifth album.

Track listing 
 "Threshold" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:43
 "The Fire Burns Forever" (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:20
 "Rebel Inside" (Dronjak) – 5:32
 "Natural High" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:13
 "Dark Wings, Dark Words" (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:01
 "Howlin' with the 'Pac" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:04
 "Shadow Empire" (Dronjak/Cans/Elmgren) – 5:13
 "Carved in Stone" (Dronjak/Cans) – 6:10
 "Reign of the Hammer" (Elmgren) – 2:48
 "Genocide" (Dronjak/Cans/Elmgren) – 4:41
 "Titan" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:24

Personnel 

 Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Anders Johansson - Drums

References

Power metal
HammerFall
2006 albums
Steel Meets Steel – Ten Years of Glory

{{Infobox Album
| name = Steel Meets Steel: Ten Years of Glory
| type = compilation
| artist = HammerFall
| cover =
| released = October 23, 2007
| recorded = 1997 - 2007
| genre = Power metal
| length =
| label = Nuclear Blast Records
| producer =
|  Reviews     =

| prev_title = Threshold (HammerFall album)(2006)
– Ten Years of Glory(2007)
| next_title = Masterpieces (2008) |}}Steel Meets Steel: Ten Years of Glory''''' was a compilation album from Swedish power metal group HammerFall.

Track listing

CD 1 
 "The Abyss" - (02:05)
 "Last Man Standing" - (04:20)
 "HammerFall v2.0.07" - (04:46) (appears as v1.07 on the iTunes digital version)
 "The Dragon Lies Bleeding" - (04:22)
 "Steel Meets Steel" - (04:02)
 "Glory to the Brave" - (07:20)
 "Heeding the Call" - (04:29)
 "At the End of the Rainbow" - (04:04)
 "Legacy of Kings" - (04:11)
 "Let the Hammer Fall (Live)" - (05:51)
 "Templars of Steel" - (05:24)
 "Renegade" - (04:21)
 "Always Will Be" - (04:29)
 "Keep the Flame Burning" - (04:39)
 "Riders of the Storm" - (04:34)

CD 2 
 "Hearts on Fire" - (03:51)
 "Crimson Thunder" - (05:05)
 "Hero's Return" - (05:22)
 "Blood Bound" - (03:49)
 "Secrets" - (06:06)
 "Fury of the Wild" - (04:44)
 "Never, Ever" - (04:05)
 "Threshold" - (04:45)
 "Natural High" - (04:15)
 "Dark Wings, Dark Words" - (05:02)
 "The Fire Burns Forever" - (03:22)
 "Restless Soul" - (5:28)
 "The Metal Age (Live)" - (04:27)
 "Stone Cold (Live)" - (04:35)
 "HammerFall v2.0.07" (MPEG video - Rough mix version)

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans – Vocals (All tracks)
 Oscar Dronjak – Guitar, backing vocals (All tracks)
 Stefan Elmgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Disc 1 tracks 1-3, 7-15; Disc 2 all tracks)
 Fredrik Larsson – Bass, backing vocals (Disc 1 tracks 1-6; Disc 2 tracks 12,15)
 Anders Johansson – Drums (Disc 1 tracks 1-3, 10-15; Disc 2 all tracks)
 Jesper Strömblad – Drums (Disc 1 tracks 4-6)
 Glenn Ljungström – Guitar (Disc 1 tracks 4-6)
 Patrik Räfling – Drums (Disc 1 tracks 7-9)
 Magnus Rosén – Bass (Disc 1 tracks 7-15; Disc 2 tracks 1-11, 13-14)

References 

Power metal
HammerFall
2007 albums
Compilation albums
Heavy metal albums
Masterpieces (album)

Masterpieces is the second complilation album by the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.

Track listing 
 "Child of the Damned" (Tsamis) (Warlord cover) – 3:42
 "Ravenlord" (Spengler) (Stormwitch cover) – 3:31
 "Eternal Dark" (Lovell/Jaarsveld/Vreugdenhil/Manen/Bakker) (Picture cover) – 3:07
 "Back to Back" (Hammer/Owen/Atkins) (Pretty Maids cover) - 3:39
 "I Want Out" (Hansen) (Helloween cover) – 4:36
 "Man on the Silver Mountain" (Blackmore/Dio) (Rainbow cover) –5:55
 "Head Over Heels" (Accept/Deaffy) – (Accept cover) – 4:35
 "Run With the Devil" (Wahlquist) (Heavy Load cover) – 5:13
 "We're Gonna Make It" (Snyder) (Twisted Sister cover) – 3:33
 "Breaking the Law" (Downing/Tipton/Halford) (Judas Priest cover) - 2:48  
 "Angel of Mercy" (Chastain) (Chastain cover) – 5:38  
 "Rising Force" (Malmsteen/Turner) (Yngwie J. Malmsteen cover) – 4:31
 "Detroit Rock City" (Stanley/Ezrin) – (Kiss cover) – 3:53
 "Crazy Nights" (Takasaki/Niihara) – (Loudness cover) – 3:38
 "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" (Holmstrand/Jansson/Dahl) – (Roger Pontare cover) - 3:09 
 "Flight of the Warrior" (Reale/Van Stavern/Moore) – (Riot cover)* - 4:22
 "Youth Gone Wild" (Bolan/Sabo) – (Skid Row cover)* - 3:20
 "Aphasia" (Norum) – (Europe cover)* - 2:35

Credits 

 Joacim Cans – Vocals (All tracks except track 5 and 10)
 Oscar Dronjak – Guitar, backing vocals (All tracks)
 Pontus Norgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Tracks 16-18)
 Fredrik Larsson – Bass, backing vocals (Tracks 1, 15-18)
 Anders Johansson – Drums (Tracks 7-18)
 Jesper Strömblad – Drums (Tracks 1)
 Glenn Ljungström – Guitar (Tracks 1)
 Patrik Räfling – Drums (Tracks 1-5)
 Magnus Rosén – Bass (Tracks 2-14)
 Stefan Elmgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Tracks 2-15)

HammerFall
Power metal
2008 albums
No Sacrifice, No Victory

No Sacrifice, No Victory is the seventh studio album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It  was released February 20, 2009. This is the first album featuring the band's new lead guitarist Pontus Norgren.

Track listing 
 "Any Means Necessary" - 3:37 (Joacim Cans / Oscar Dronjak)
 "Life Is Now" - 4:45 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Punish and Enslave" - 3:59 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Legion" - 5:38 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Between Two Worlds" - 5:30 (Dronjak)
 "Hallowed Be My Name" - 3:58 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Something for the Ages" - 5:06 (Pontus Norgren)  
 "No Sacrifice, No Victory" - 3:34 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Bring the Hammer Down" - 3:43 (Cans / Stefan Elmgren)
 "One of a Kind" - 6:16 (Cans / Dronjak / Jesper Strömblad)
 "My Sharona" (The Knack cover) - 3:57 (Doug Fieger / Berton Averre)

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - Lead and backing vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Rhythm, Lead Guitars and backing vocals
 Pontus Norgren - Rhythm, Lead Guitars and backing vocals
 Fredrik Larsson - Bass and backing vocals
 Anders Johansson - Drums

References

2009 albums
HammerFall
Power metal
Glory to the Brave (song)

"Glory to be Brave" is a song by Swedish power metal band HammerFall, released as a single on October 20, 1997.

Track listing 

 "Glory to the Brave (Radio Edit)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:02
 "Ravenlord (Stormwich Cover)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:30
 "Metal Age (Live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:12
 "Glory to the Brave (Live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 7:17

Personnel 

 Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Patrik Räfling - Drums

Power metal
HammerFall songs
1997 songs
Heeding the Call

"Heeding the Call" is a song by HammerFall, released as their second single on August 3, 1998.

Track listing 
 "Heeding the Call" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:24
 "Eternal Dark" (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:08
 "The Metal Age (live)" (Dronjak) – 4:28
 "Steel Meets Steel (live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:34
 "Stone Cold (live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 7:02

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Patrik Räfling - Drums

Power metal
HammerFall songs
1998 songs
Hearts on Fire (HammerFall song)

"Hearts on Fire" is a 2002 song by Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall. It was the only single released from their fourth album, Crimson Thunder.

Track listing
 "Hearts on Fire" (video clip)
 "The Making Of 'Hearts On Fire'"
 "Heeding the Call" (live)
 "A Legend Reborn" (video clip)
 "Always Will Be" (video clip)
 "Renegade" (video clip)

Personnel 
Joacim Cans - Lead and Backing Vocals
Oscar Dronjak - Guitar and Backing Vocals
Stefan Elmgren - Lead Guitar
Magnus Rosén - Bass
Anders Johansson - Drums

Power metal
HammerFall songs
2002 songs
Pe (Cyrillic)

Peh (П, п) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [p]. Its italic lowercase form is п.

It comes from the Greek letter pi and stands for the Roman letter P.

Related pages
 П, п - Pi (Greek)
 P, p (Roman)
 Р, р - Er (Cyrillic)
 N, n (Roman)
Cryonics

Cryonics (from Greek kryos, which means 'cold') is the process of vitrifying a human (or animal) about  after a doctor says they are dead. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life.

Cold people like this are not awake at all as they have no brain activity. The law also says they are dead. Their body and its brain are made more like glass than ice because ice would harm their cells more. To do this, their blood is replaced with chemicals called cryoprotectants, which act like anti-freeze (stops to freeze).

Companies 
There are five big cryonics companies:
 Alcor, Arizona, USA
 Cryonics Institute (CI), Michigan, USA
 American Cryonics Society (ACS), California, USA
 KrioRus, Russia
Tomorrow Biostasis, Germany

References

Other websites 
 Why Cryonics Makes Sense - Wait But Why
 Afterlife Insurance - Is Cryonics Really That Crazy | Answers With Joe

Medicine
Schwarzenberg, Saxony

Schwarzenberg (German pronunciation: [ʃvaɐ̯t͡sənbɛɐ̯k]) is a town in the rural district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. The town was built in the 12th century. It is located about 15 km southeast of Aue, and 35 km southwest of Chemnitz.

References

Other websites

Erzgebirgskreis Rural District
Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

There are 201 communes in the Haute-Vienne département, in France.

Haute-Vienne
Kipling, Saskatchewan

Kipling is a town in the southeastern part of Saskatchewan in Canada.

One red paperclip
On 12 July 2006, Kyle MacDonald traded with the town of Kipling after he traded many times starting with one red paperclip.

Other websites
 Official website
 One Red Paperclip Website

Settlements in Saskatchewan
Balsam Lake, Wisconsin

Balsam Lake is a village of Polk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  It is the county seat of Polk County.  About 950 people were living in Balsam Lake as of 2000.

References

Other websites
Balsam Lake Wisconsin - Official Website 

Villages in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Polk County, Wisconsin
Balsam Lake (town), Wisconsin

Balsam Lake is a town of Polk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  The village of Balsam Lake is found inside of the town.  Almost 1,400 people were living in the town of Balsam Lake as of 2000.

Towns in Wisconsin
Polk County, Wisconsin
Friendship, Wisconsin

Friendship is a village of Adams County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  Nearly 700 people were living in Friendship as of 2000.

References

Villages in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Adams County, Wisconsin
Friendship (town), Wisconsin

Friendship is a town of Fond du Lac County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. About 2,400 people were living in the town of Friendship as of 2000.

Towns in Wisconsin
Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Iron Ridge, Wisconsin

Iron Ridge is a village of Dodge County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. Almost 1,000 people were living in Iron Ridge as of 2000.

References

Villages in Wisconsin
Dodge County, Wisconsin
Lime Ridge, Wisconsin

Lime Ridge is a village of Sauk County in the state of Wisconsin in the  United States.  About 170 people were living in Lime Ridge as of 2000.

References

Villages in Wisconsin
Sauk County, Wisconsin
Bellevue, Washington

Bellevue is a city of King County in the state of Washington, in the United States.  It is found across Lake Washington from Seattle. Bellevue is the headquarters of Microsoft.

References 

Cities in Washington (U.S. state)
San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca

San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca is a city in the north-west of Argentina.

It is the capital city of the Catamarca Province. In 2010, 159,139 people lived there.

Cities in Argentina
Capitals of Argentine provinces
Ceremonial Oath

Ceremonial Oath was a Swedish death metal band who started making music in 1989 when they called themselves "Desecrator" and stopped in 1995.In their six years, they released two demos, one EP, and two full-length albums.

Members

Final line-up
 Anders Fridén – vocals (1993 – 1995)
 Anders Iwers – guitar (1989 – 1995)
 Mikael Andersson – guitar (1993 – 1995)
 Thomas Johansson – bass (1993 – 1995)
 Markus Nordberg – drums (1989 – 1995)

Former members
 Jesper Strömblad – bass (1989 – 1993)
 Oscar Dronjak – vocals, guitar (1989 – 1993)

Session members
 Tomas Lindberg – vocals on three songs from Carpet (1995)

Discography
 Promo 1991 (Demo, 1991)
 Lost Name of God (EP, Corpse Grinder Records, 1992)
 The Book of Truth (CD, Modern Primitive Records, 1993)
 Carpet (CD, Black Sun Records, 1995)

Under the name Desecrator
 Wake The Dead (Demo)
 Black Sermons (Demo)

References

Death metal bands
Melodic death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1989
1995 disestablishments in Sweden
1989 establishments in Sweden
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
The Poodles

The Poodles is a glam metal/heavy metal band from Sweden.

Discography

Albums
 Metal Will Stand Tall (2006)
 Sweet Trade (2007)

Singles
 "Night of Passion" (2006)
 "Metal Will Stand Tall" feat. Tess Merkel (2006)
 "Song for You" (2006)
 "Seven Seas" feat. Peter Stormare (2007)
 "Streets of Fire" (2007)
 "Line of Fire" feat. E-Type (2008)
 "Raise the Banner" (2008) Swedish official song for the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008
 "One Out of Ten" (2009)

Other websites
 Official web
 German The Poodles Fanpage

Swedish heavy metal bands
Nuclear Blast

Nuclear Blast is a record label. It was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Germany. At first, it released hardcore punk records. After a while, they started releasing albums by melodic death metal, grindcore, power metal and black metal bands. Their most successful artists include Blind Guardian, Soilwork, In Flames, Meshuggah, Therion, Dimmu Borgir, Nile, Death, HammerFall, Sonata Arctica, Epica, Wintersun, and Nightwish.

Related pages
Nuclear Blast
Nuclear energy
Nuclear disasters
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear physics
Nuclear power
Nuclear power plant
Nuclear reaction
Nuclear reactor
Nuclear weapon

Record labels
Nuclear explosion

A nuclear explosion is energy being released from a very fast nuclear reaction. It can be caused by nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both.

Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with mushroom clouds, although mushroom clouds can occur as a result of large chemical explosions. It is also possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. Nuclear explosions produce radiation and radioactive debris.

The nuclear weapon was first detonated in combat on 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second and last use of a nuclear weapon in combat occurred three days later when United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people while more died over time due the nuclear radiation. 

Power plant accidents such as those at Chernobyl and Fukushima were caused by steam and hydrogen explosions, not nuclear explosions. The fuel in a nuclear power plant is not enriched enough to create a nuclear explosion.

Other websites
Videos and other media on nuclear explosion
Images of nuclear explosion

Nuclear weapons
Nuclear energy
St. Mirren F.C.

Saint Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley, Renfrewshire. St. Mirren play in the Scottish Premiership, having been promoted from the Championship in 2017-18. They are managed by Jim Goodwin.

Current squad

Club officials 
Boardroom
 Chairman: Stewart Gilmour
 Vice-Chairman: George Campbell
 Directors: Bryan McAusland, Gordon Scott, Ken McGeoch
 Director/Secretary: Allan Marshall

Coaching and Medical Staff
 Manager:Danny Lennon 
 Assistant Manager: Iain Jenkins
 First Team Coach: Stuart Balmer
 Head Of Youth Development: David Longwell
 Goalkeeping Coach: Paul Mathers
 Club Doctor: Dr Gerry Canning
 Club Physiotherapist: Elmer Boothroyd
 Sports Scientist: Frank Nutall

References 

Scottish Premier League clubs
1877 establishments in Scotland
Dheeran Chinnamalai

Dheeran Chinnamalai ( born as Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar [Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar Refers Payiran Kulam] or Theerthagiri Gounder on April 17, 1756) was a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who rose up in revolt against the British East India Company in the Kongu Nadu, Southern India. He was born in Melapalayam, near Erode in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

He was one of the main leaders in the Polygar Wars and commanded a vast army, notably during the Second Polygar War that took place in 1801–1802. A thousand-strong army under him took French Military training in modern warfare alongside Tipu's Mysore forces to fight against the British East India company. They helped Tipu Sultan in his war against the British and were instrumental in victories at Chitheswaram, Mazahavalli and Srirangapatna.

References
Theeran Chinnamanlai Gounder by Pulavar S. Rasu, Samba Publications, 152 Peters Road, Chennai, India 600 086, 1996.
Knogu Nattu Lion Singham Theeran Chinnamalai by Kavignar Magudam Manickam, Sakunthla Publications, Rangoli Graphics, 329 E.V.N.Road, Erode, TH, India 638 009, year 2001.

1756 births
1805 deaths
Indian revolutionaries
Tamil activists
Kings and queens
Indian monarchs
Tamil people
Verdict

A verdict is a term in law. It is the formal finding of a fact by a jury of a court. In a criminal court, the accused may be found guilty or not guilty.

Examples 
In Scotland, the acquittal is one of two types: "not guilty" and "not proven".

Trials

de:Verdict
Gosport, Indiana

Gosport is a town of Wayne Township in Owen County, of the state Indiana in the United States. About 700 people were living in Gosport as of 2000.

References 

Towns in Indiana
Winona Ryder

Winona Laura Horowitz (born October 29, 1971), better known under her professional name Winona Ryder, is an American actress. She started her career in 1986. She first appeared in the movie Lucas in 1986. Her first big role came in 1988 with Beetlejuice as Lydia Deetz, a Gothic teenager.

Ryder had other big roles in Edward Scissorhands (1990), Heathers (1989), Dracula (1992) and Girl, Interrupted (1999). She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in The Age of Innocence (1993), and for Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as "Jo" in Little Women in 1995. She did not win either of the awards. In 2000, Ryder received a star on the Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Minnesota
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
World Poverty and Human Rights

World Poverty and Human Rights is a 2002 book by Thomas Pogge. In the book, Pogge says that the poorest 46 percent of people have 1.2 percent of global income, and 826 million of them do not have enough to eat. One-third of all human deaths are from poverty-related causes: 18 million annually, including 12 million children under five.

At the other end of the spectrum, the 15 percent of people in the developed countries have 80 percent of global income. Pogge says that shifting 1 or 2 percent of our share toward poverty eradication seems morally compelling. Yet most of the rich people believe that they have no such responsibility.

References

Non-fiction books
Poverty
Human rights
2002 books
Psittacinae

The Psittacinae is a subfamily in the parrot family. It contains the true parrots, parakeets and macaws, but not the lories, lorikeets and cockatoos.

True parrots
Te (Cyrillic)

Teh (Т, т) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [t]. The lowercase's т italic looks like an т.

It comes from the Greek letter tau and stands for the Roman letter T.

Related pages
 Τ, τ - Tau (Greek)
 T, t (Roman)
U (Cyrillic)

Oo (У, у) is the eighteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like
It comes from the Greek letter upsilon and stands for the Roman letter U.

Related pages
 Υ, υ - Upsilon (Greek)
 U, u (Roman)
 Y, y (Roman)
Lucas (movie)

Lucas is a 1986 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Seltzer, It was released on March 28, 1986. The movie was a geared toward a teen audience. This movie ranked number 16 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies .

Plot summary
The main character of the movie Lucas is a shy and quiet, fourteen year old nerd, who is in love with a girl. This leads to heartbreak when his older friend and the girl fall in love.

Other websites 
 

1986 romance movies
1986 comedy-drama movies
1980s romantic comedy movies
1980s romantic drama movies
1980s sports movies
1980s teen comedy movies
1980s teen drama movies
1980s teen romance movies
20th Century Fox movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American sports movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Illinois
Sports comedy movies
Sports drama movies
Orto botanico di Pisa

The Orto botanico di Pisa, also known as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pisa, is a botanical garden, and the University of Pisa takes care of it. The garden is at via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa, Italy. It is open weekday mornings and it does not cost money to see it.

The garden was started in 1544 under Cosimo I de' Medici as the first university botanical garden in Europe, and it was put under the care of the famous botanist Luca Ghini of Imola. In 1563 the garden was moved from its original place near a river (now the Medicean Arsenal) to one near the convent of Santa Marta. In 1591 the garden was again moved to a third place, where it still is. From these early times, the garden has contained a gallery of natural objects (now Pisa's Museo di Storia Naturale), a library (now part of the university library), and portraits of its directors throughout the centuries. It also includes one of the earliest iron-framed hothouses built in Italy.

Today there are different sections in the garden containing the botanical school, gardens, ponds, greenhouses, and various buildings. Major collections include herb gardens and arboreta, as well as the old botany institute, built 1591–1595, with a facade ornamented with sea-shells.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens in Italy
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 

 University of Pisa website for the Orto botanico di Pisa 

Buildings and structures in Italy
Botanical gardens in Europe
Pisa
Seismology

Seismology is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist. 

It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets. 

Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers.

Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground.

Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese.  

Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.

They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.

Related pages
Earth science

Geology
Godparent

A godparent is an adult who sponsors a child during a formal religious ceremony or rite. Many religions have godparents or other adults who do something almost the same. These religions include Christianity & Judaism. Usually a godparent must be a member of the religion of the child. The role of a god parent is to also give the god child a gift, small or big, money, toys, etc. Mainly on Sundays.

Originally a godparent was someone who agreed to help raise the child and help them to become a good member of the religion. They may also have taken over as parent to the child if both its real parents died. Today, the role of godparent is not often a formal one, and has no real responsibility to the child. A female child of a godparent is a goddaughter. A male child of a godparent is a godson.

Christian worship and liturgy
Judaism
Nystagmus

Nystagmus, often called "dancing eyes", is an eye condition which causes uncontrolled, rapid, jerky, movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, but sometimes up and down or in a circular motion. Most people with nystagmus have poor vision. It causes problems in education, employment and many social situations. Nystagmus cannot be fixed by spectacles or contact lenses, although many people with nystagmus wear glasses or contact lenses to correct other eye problems.

Causes of Nystagmus
There are two types of Nystagmus. The first is Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) which some people have at birth. The second type is known as acquired nystagmus which has a number of causes including:
 Alcohol
 Drugs, especially sedatives
 Head injury
 Inner ear problems like labyrinthitis or Meniere's disease
 Thiamine deficiency
 Vitamin B12 deficiency
 Diseases that can affect the brain's control of the eyes such as a tumor, or multiple sclerosis.

Features of nystagmus 
People with nystagmus do not normally see the world as moving, but they do occasionally. 
They have poor distance vision, but most have good close vision. 
Nystagmus is not painful.
Between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 2000 people have nystagmus.
Nystagmus can be hereditary, but it can also be a result of something else.
Most people with nystagmus can see well enough to drive an automobile
Nystagmus does not get worse with age.

Treatments and research 
There are currently no cures for nystagmus, but UK Nystagmus Network supports and encourages medical and other research into this complex condition. Research is ongoing with a number of universities leading the way.

References

Other websites 
http://www.nystagmus.co.uk nystagms.co.uk
http://www.nystagmusnet.org nystagmusnet.org

Diseases and disorders of the eye