cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1995 Chicago heat wave

The 1995 Chicago heat wave was a major heat wave. It led to over 600 heat-related deaths in Chicago. Most of the heat wave victims were old or poor people. They did not have enough money for air conditioning and would not open their windows. The people also didn't sleep outside for fear of crime. The heat also affected Milwaukee and St. Louis.

The temperatures were very hot. There were near-record highs as well. The hottest weather was between Wednesday, July 12 and Sunday, July 16. The highest temperature was  at Chicago's Midway International Airport. The heat index reached  at the Chicago O'Hare Airport.

Statistics 
Chicago's daily low and high temperatures in 1995:
 July 11: 
 July 12: 
 July 13: 
 July 14: 
 July 15: 
 July 16: 
 July 17:

References

1995 in the United States
1990s in Illinois
20th century in Chicago
Severe weather
Natural disasters in the United States
Bob Burns (drummer)

Robert Louis "Bob" Burns Jr. (November 24, 1950 – April 3, 2015) was an American drummer. He was in the original line-up of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Burns was born in Jacksonville, Florida.

Burns died in a single car crash after hitting a mailbox and tree on a sharp curve in Bartow County, Georgia, late at night after a performance on April 3, 2015. He was 64 years old.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
American rock drummers
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Road accident deaths in the United States
Dave Ulliott

David A. Ulliott (4 April 1954 – 6 April 2015), known by the nickname Devilfish, was an English professional gambler and poker player. Ulliott was a minor figure in the Hull underworld, but went on to become a World Series of Poker bracelet-winner, and a mainstay of televised poker. 

At the poker table, he is known for wearing orange sunglasses, a sharp suit (or leather jacket) and gold knuckleduster rings reading "Devil" and "Fish", which he made himself.

He lived in Kingston upon Hull, not far from where he grew up. Ulliott died on 6 April 2015 from colon cancer.

References

Other websites
Official site
How Ulliott got his Devil Fish Nickname
Hendon Mob forum post by Ulliott about Poker Europa review of Swimming With The Devilfish
Dave Ulliot Hendon Mob tournament results
PokerListings.com profile

1954 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
People from Kingston upon Hull
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Romualdas Ozolas

Romualdas Ozolas (January 31, 1939 – April 6, 2015) was a Lithuanian politician, activist, writer and educator. He was a member of the Lithuanian branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1973 to 1990. He was also a member of the Lithuanian independence movement, the Sąjūdis Initiative Group from 1988 to 1990. 

In 1988 he founded the nationalist Vilnija organization. He joined the Lithuanian Centre Union political party in 1993 and became its chairman. In 1996, he was elected to the Seimas and served until 2000.

References

1939 births
2015 deaths
Lithuanian politicians
Communists
Activists
Lithuanian writers
Lithuanian educators
Jeralean Talley

Jeralean Talley (née Kurtz; May 23, 1899 – June 17, 2015) was an American supercentenarian who was, at the age of 116 years, 25 days, the verified world's oldest living person.

She was previously thought to be the oldest living American, from the death of Elsie Thompson on March 21, 2013 until Gertrude Weaver was verified to be older in July 2014. Upon Weaver's death on April 6, 2015, Talley became the world's oldest living person evidence of their age.

References

1899 births
2015 deaths
African-American supercentenarians
People from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Michigan
Kermit, Texas

Kermit is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Winkler County. About 5,690 people lived there in 2010.  After Theodore Roosevelt came to the city, it was named for his son Kermit Roosevelt.  On July 16, 1926, after discovery of oil in the Hendrick oil field near Kermit, the city grew quickly.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Division of Bourke

The Division of Bourke was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1949. It was named for Sir Richard Bourke, who was Governor of New South Wales at the time of the founding of Melbourne. It was based in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, including Brunswick and Coburg. The National Library of Australia holds a map showing the boundaries of Bourke in 1912.

Members

Frank Anstey was Minister for Health and Minister for Repatriation in the Scullin government.

References

Victoria, Australia
Bourke
1901 establishments in Australia
1949 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Australia
Marionberry

Marionberry is a cultivar of blackberry. The cultivar is also known as marion blackberry. It was developed by a joint venture of Oregon State University, and currently accounts for over half of the blackberry cultivars sold in Oregon.

Rubus
John McMartin

John McMartin (November 18, 1929 – July 6, 2016) was an American actor of stage, movie and television. He was known All the President's Men (1976), As the World Turns (1956) and Kinsey (2004). 

McMartin was born in Warsaw, Indiana and raised in Minnesota. He died of cancer on July 6, 2016 in New York City, aged 86.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Indiana
Actors from Minnesota
Giovanni Berlinguer

Giovanni Berlinguer (), Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI, (9 July 1924 – 6 April 2015) was an Italian politician and Professor of Social Medicine. He was born in Sassari, Sardinia, the son of Mario Berlinguer.

He ran for the secretarship of the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 2001, being defeated by Piero Fassino 61.8% to 34.1%. From 2004 to 2009 he was a Member of the European Parliament representing the DS and sits with the Party of European Socialists group.

He died in Rome at the age of 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Civil servants
Former MEPs
Italian academics
MEPs for Italy
Winkler County, Texas

Winkler County is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2010, 7,110 people lived there.  The county seat is Kermit.  It is named for Clinton M. Winkler, a Colonel in the Confederate Army.  Music maker Roy Orbison completed High School in Winkler County.

History 
Winkler County was created in 1887 and set up in 1910.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 841 square miles.

Places

Cities 
 Kermit (county seat)
 Wink

Texas counties
Richard Henyekane

Richard Henyekane (28 September 1983 – 7 April 2015) was a South African football player for Premier Soccer League club Free State Stars on loan from Mamelodi Sundowns.

On 4 March 2012, his team set a remarkable record in the Nedbank Cup when they beat Powerlines FC by 24 goals to nil, with Henyekane scoring five of the goals.

Henyekane made nine official appearances for the South Africa national team. He died in a car accident on 7 April 2015.

References

1983 births
2015 deaths
South African footballers
Jean Germain (politician)

Jean Germain (11 September 1947 - 7 April 2015) was a French socialist politician. Germain was the president of l'Université de Tours from 1988 to 1993.
In 1995 Germain was elected mayor of Tours since 1995, and president of the agglomeration community of Tours, Tour(s) Plus. 

Germanin committed suicide by shooting himself in the head in Tours, France, aged 67.

References

1947 births
2015 deaths
French mayors
People from Centre-Val de Loire
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Suicides by firearm
Fresh Horses (album)

Fresh Horses is the sixth studio album by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on November 21, 1995. Fresh Horses peaked at #2 on the Billboard 200 chart, and #1 on the Top Country Albums chart.

The album had a worldwide radio ban until it was available to buy. Only the two singles issued ("She's Every Woman" and "The Fever") were allowed to be played before this date, the latter of which was a new country-rock version of an old Aerosmith song. Through 2006, approximately 7 million copies have been sold in the U.S.

Background

Brooks commented on the album saying:

"Everyone was expecting this album to be pop. Everyone said we were leaving (country). For the first time ever, I was involved (in writing) in eight of the 10 cuts, so it's a huge reflection of myself. It's the things I enjoy singing about. I got to sing about the band on the road, I got to sing about cowboys, and more importantly, the women who put up with those cowboys.Track listing
"The Old Stuff" (Bryan Kennedy, Dan Roberts, Garth Brooks) – 4:12
"Cowboys and Angels" (Kent Blazy, Kim Williams, Brooks) – 3:16
"The Fever" (Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Roberts, Kennedy) – 2:40
"That Ol' Wind" (Leigh Reynolds, Brooks) – 5:22
"Rollin'" (Harley Allen, Reynolds, Brooks) – 4:07
"The Change" (Tony Arata, Wayne Tester) – 4:06
"The Beaches of Cheyenne" (Roberts, Kennedy, Brooks) – 4:13
"It's Midnight Cinderella" (Williams, Blazy, Brooks) – 2:23
"She's Every Woman" (Victoria Shaw, Brooks) – 2:53
”Ireland" (Stephanie Davis, Jenny Yates, Brooks) – 5:01

“The Limited Series” (1998) of the album inserted a cover of  Bob Dylan’s “To Make You Feel My Love” between tracks 7 and 8.

Chart performanceFresh Horses peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard 200, and peaked #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his sixth #1 Country album. In November 2006, Fresh Horses''''' was certified 7 x Platinum by the RIAA.

Album

Sales and Certifications

Singles

Other charted songs

Chart Successions

Personnel
Garth Brooks - lead vocals

Additional musicians
Susan Ashton - backing vocals
Sam Bacco - percussion
Bruce Bouton - steel guitar
Mark Casstevens - acoustic guitar
Mike Chapman - bass guitar
Ed Foote - hurdy-gurdy
Rob Hajacos - fiddle
Gordon Kennedy - electric guitar
Chris Leuzinger - electric guitar
Jimmy Mattingly - fiddle
Bobby Wood - piano, organ, keyboards
Leigh Reynolds - acoustic guitar
Milton Sledge - drums, percussion
Trisha Yearwood - backing vocals

References

1995 albums
Garth Brooks albums
Albany, Texas

Albany is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Shackelford County. About 2,032 people lived there in 2010.  The city was named for Albany, Georgia. The Cook oilfields were discovered in 1926. They became a large part of the local economy. Ranching is the main occupation, raising sheep and cattle. The town slogan is "Albany, the Home of the Hereford."

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Shackelford County, Texas

Shackelford County is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2010, 3,378 people lived there.  The county seat is Albany.  The county was named for Jack Shackelford who had been a medical man, and then was a soldier who lead men in the Texas Revolution.

Texas counties
Crystal City, Texas

Crystal City is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Zavala County. About 7,446 people lived there in 2013.  The "San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad" stopped in Crystal City.

Crystal City was home to a large internment camp in World War II. It was the largest internment camp for Germans and those of German descent in the US. Almost all the children and many of the wives interned here were American citizens. Most were held here for four years.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Imprisonment and detention
World War II
Fredric Brandt

Fredric Sheldon Brandt (June 26, 1949 – April 5, 2015) was an American physician, researcher, lecturer, author, and radio host. He was known for using the first botulinum toxin ("botox") and fillers. Brandt was also known for his role in the FDA approval of numerous fillers and botulinum toxins for cosmetic use in the United States. 

Brandt committed suicide by hanging himself on April 5, 2015 in his home in Coconut Grove, Florida, aged 65. His publicist reported that he had been suffering from depression.

References

Other websites
 Dr. Brandt Skincare

1949 births
2015 deaths
Suicides by hanging in the United States
American physicians
American radio personalities
Scientists from Newark, New Jersey
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Scientists from Miami, Florida
Writers from Miami, Florida
Educators from Newark, New Jersey
Educators from Miami, Florida
Kardam, Prince of Turnovo

Kardam, Prince of Turnovo, Duke of Saxony (2 December 1962 – 7 April 2015), was the eldest son of Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria and his wife Doña Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela.  

Kardam was born after the unseating of the Bulgarian monarchy. He was sometimes styled as if her were a crown prince. He was known also as Kardam of Bulgaria and Kardam of Turnovo, the latter being the title of the heir apparent of the Bulgarian throne.

Prince Kardam suffered severe injuries in a road accident in 2008, and did not recover. He died of a lung infection in hospital in Madrid on 7 April 2015, aged 52.

References

1962 births
2015 deaths
Bulgarian people
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in Madrid
Infectious disease deaths in Spain
People from Madrid
Princes and princesses
Road accident deaths in Spain
Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

Simeon Borisov Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Tsar Simeon II or King Simeon II of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Симеон Борисов Сакскобургготски) (born 16 June 1937) is an important political and royal figure in Bulgaria. During his reign as the Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946 he was a minor, the monarchical leader. He also served as the 48th Prime Minister of Bulgaria.

Other websites

 King Simeon II
 The first website about Simeon II of Bulgaria focuses on his pre-1995 history
Financial Times July 2001 Biography
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's address, 10 February 2005  concerning amending the constitution to bring it in line with EU requirements
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's statement, 5 July 2002  concerning Bulgaria's candidacy for NATO membership: "The role of the international community should be gradually transformed from crisis response to integration. Palliative measures intended to mitigate yet another crisis cannot bring stability and prosperity. The best solution is the region's integration into the European and Euroatlantic institutions."

1937 births
Living people
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Kings and queens
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Ralph Bakshi

Ralph Bakshi (born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action movies. His best known movies include Fritz the Cat (1972), Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop  (1981) and Fire and Ice (1983).

References

Other websites

Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success a profile at AgentPalmer.com
Radio interview with actor Ron Thompson from Ralph Bakshi's American Pop
American Pop – Q&A video with actor Ron Thompson at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, California

1938 births
Living people
American painters
Jewish American entertainers
Jewish American writers
Jewish screenwriters
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
People from Haifa
Screenwriters from New York City
Shortest Path Bridging

Shortest Path Bridging also known as IEEE 802.1aq is a computer protocol used to simplify the creation and configuration of networks, supports faster restore times, increased bandwidth, redundancy, and security.

Related pages
 Border Gateway Protocol
 Intermediate System to Intermediate System

References 

Internet protocols
Duke Lemur Center

The Duke Lemur Center is an  sanctuary for several species of lemurs and lorises. It is at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. The center is the largest sanctuary for these animals in the world. There are about 10 different species at the center. The center does not harm the animals while researching them. The Duke Lemur Center is open to the public. Tours are by appointment only.

On November 10, 2014, Jovian (best known for mainly portraying Zoboomafoo in the series of the same name) died at his home in the center of renal failure at age 20. It is currently unknown when his funeral was.

References

Other websites

 The official homepage of the Duke Lemur Center

Research organizations in the United States
Durham County, North Carolina
Kay Lenz

Kay Lenz (born March 4, 1953) is an American actress and former child performer. She has worked mainly in television. She has received two Emmy Awards. She played Jane in American Graffiti. She also played Maggie Zombro in Reasonable Doubts. 

She was born in Los Angeles, California.

References

American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1953 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Marmoset

The marmosets are a group of New World monkeys.
There are 22 marmoset species in four genera. All are in the biological family Callitrichidae. The term marmoset is also used in reference to the Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii, which is closely related.

Most marmosets are about  long. Compared to other monkeys, they have some primitive features. They have claws rather than nails, they lack wisdom teeth, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive. Their body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4 °C (7 °F) in a day.  Marmosets are native to South America and have been found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru. They have also been spotted in Central America.

Marmosets have germline chimerism. This is not known to occur in nature in any primates except this family.

Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit and leaves.  They have long lower incisors, which allow them to chew holes in tree trunks and branches to harvest the gum inside; some species are specialised feeders on gum.

Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15. There are one or two breeding females, an unrelated male, offspring and other family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and include monogamy, polygyny and occasionally polyandry.

References
Old Calendarists

Old Calendarists is the name of traditionalist Eastern Orthodox churches which have splintered from their church due to their church adopting the revised Julian calendar.

Eastern Orthodox Church
Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)

In 1889, the Old Catholic Church seceded from the Roman Catholic Church, mainly because Old Catholics do not accept the dogma that the pope is infallible. All of the Old Catholic Churches united in what is called the Union of Utrecht, in 1889. 

1889
19th century in the Netherlands
Christianity in the Netherlands
Old Catholicism
Utrecht (city)
Ray Charles (musician, born 1918)

Charles Raymond Offenberg (September 13, 1918 – April 6, 2015), better known as Ray Charles, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, conductor, and vocal arranger. He was best known as the organizer and leader of the Ray Charles Singers (who were featured on Perry Como's television series, radio shows, and records for 35 years).

On April 6, 2015, Charles died in Beverly Hills, California of natural causes at the age of 96.

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
American singer-songwriters
American conductors
Writers from Chicago
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
Jayakanthan

Jayakanthan (; 24 April 1934 – 8 April 2015) was a Tamil writer, essayist, journalist, pamphleteer, filmmaker and critic.  He was a recipient of both Jnanpith and Sahitya Akademi awards.

Jayakanthan died on 8 April 2015 in Chennai after a long-illness, at the age of 80.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Indian critics
Indian journalists
People from Chennai
Conversion therapy

Conversion therapy is treatment to change a person from homosexual to heterosexual. Such treatments have been criticized for being a form of pseudoscience. Conversion therapy has been controversial in some countries, including the United States.

The American Psychiatric Association has criticized the treatments. They say the treatments are unreliable.

The highest-profile contemporary supporters for conversion therapy are Christian fundamentalists and other religious organizations. This therapy has been ridiculed by critics as "pray the gay away".

Use of the therapy on minors is not allowed in New Jersey, California and Washington D.C..

References

LGBT
Pseudoscience
Controversies
Homophobia
Jovian

Jovian (1994 – November 10, 2014) was a Coquerel's sifaka lemur, best known for mainly portraying Zoboomafoo in the series of the same name. On November 10, 2014, Jovian died at his home in the Duke Lemur Center of renal failure at age 20.

Jovian was born in the spring of 1994 at the Duke Lemur Center to parents Nigel and Flavia.

References 

1994 births
2014 deaths
Individual animals
Lemuriformes
Deaths from renal failure
National Primate Research Center

The National Primate Research Centers is a network of 8 research programs in the United States. It is funded by the National Institutes of Health to conduct biomedical research on primates. Each center is connected to a university or other host institution.

References

Research organizations in the United States
Biomedical Primate Research Centre

The Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC) is Europe's largest primate research center. It is a scientific research institute that performs research that contributes to the identification and development of new medicines against deadly diseases. The center is located in Rijswijk, (Zuid-Holland).

BPRC employs about 110 people.

Other websites
 The official homepage of the Biomedical Primate Research Center

References

Research organizations in Europe
Màrius Serra

Màrius Serra i Roig (May 1, 1963, Barcelona, Catalonia) is a Spanish writer. He is also a journalist. He has won several writing prizes. He is a graduate in English philology studies. In 2006 he won the most important prize in Catalonia for writing his novel Farsa (Catalan for Farce): the Ramon Llull Prize. He was also a presenter on a television show about books (named Alexandria) in Canal 33 in Catalonia. Màrius is a writer on Avui newspaper (Catalonia). Serra is also on a radio program of Radio Nacional de España.

Works

Short Stories
1987 Linia (Line)
1988 Amnèsia (Amnesia)
1991 Tres és massa (Three it is too much)
1993 Contagi (Infection)
1998 La Vida normal (The normal life)

Novels
1990 L’home del sac (The bag man)
1996 Mon oncle (My uncle)
1999 Ablanatanalba
2003 Monocle
2006 Farsa (Farce)
2008 Quiet
2013 Plans de futur (Future plans)

Essays
2004 De com s'escriu una novel·la
2007 Enviar i Rebre

Criticism and literary studies
2004 de com s’escriu una novel·la (How to write a novel)

References

Other websites

Spanish writers
Living people
1963 births
Smail Prevljak

Smail Prevljak (born 16 February 1995) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a forward for KAS Eupen in the  Belgian First League.

Club career
As a young player, he played for FK Igman Konjic and RB Leipzig. He was part of the RB Leipzig team that won promotion to the Under 19 Bundesliga for the 2014–15 season. He was signed on a two-year contract by RB Leipzig on 1 July 2014. He made his debut on 2 August 2014, in a 0–0 draw against VfR Aalen.

On 1 September 2014, he went on loan to FC Liefering. He made his full-match debut in a 5–2 lost against SC Austria Lustenau on 26 September 2014.  He scored his first goal for the club, in a 4–1 win against FC Wacker Innsbruck on 3 October 2014. Despite an injury, he was the leading scorer of FC Liefering (12 goals in the season as of April 2014)

On 9 November 2014 he made his debut for the first team of Salzburg. He came on in minute 62 in the league match against SCR Altach. After loans to SV Mattersburg and KAS Eupen he left Salzburg in 2020 and joined KAS Eupen in the Belgian First League.

He holds a Bosnian passport and played for Bosnia U21 and the national team.

Honours
   Austrian Champion: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020
   Austrian Cup: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019

References

1995 births
Living people
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Players of FC Liefering
Jirair Sefilian

Jirair Sefilian (Ժիրայր Սեֆիլյան; born 10 July 1967) is an Armenian military commander and political activist. He is one of the leaders of Armenian opposition and the head of Founding Parliament opposition group. Since April 8, 2015 he is under arrest and recognized as a political prisoner.

Biography
In 1990 Sefilian arrived in Armenia and participated in the Karabakh War. Sefilian became the commander of the Shushi special military commando, playing a significant role during the Battle of Shusha. Sefilian was awarded with the First Degree Order of the Combat Cross.

Other websites
Biography

1967 births
Armenian military people
Activists
Prisoners
People from Beirut
Living people
Nina Companeez

Nina Companeez (born 26 August 1937 – 9 April 2015) was a French screenwriter and film director. She was known for her movies The Horseman on the Roof, Adorable menteuse, and The Diary of an Innocent Boy.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2015 deaths
French movie directors
French screenwriters
Geoffrey Lewis

Geoffrey Bond Lewis (July 31, 1935 – April 7, 2015) was an American character actor. Lewis was known for his movie roles alongside Robert Redford and Clint Eastwood.

Personal life
Lewis was born in San Diego, California. He was married to Glenis Batley from 1973 until they divorced in 1975, Then he was married to Paula Hochhallter until his death in 2015. One of his daughters is actress-singer Juliette Lewis.

Career
Lewis worked many times with actor-director Clint Eastwood in several movies. They were Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, Pink Cadillac, Any Which Way You Can, Bronco Billy, Every Which Way but Loose, Thunderbolt and Lightfoot and High Plains Drifter. He is also part of the musical story-telling group Celestial Navigations.

Death
On April 7, 2015, Lewis died of natural causes in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California home, aged 79.

References

Other websites

Official Website for Celestial Navigations

1935 births
2015 deaths
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from natural causes
Georg Simon Ohm

Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 - 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. During part of the time in his life, Ohm worked as a school teacher.  Some of his research focused on the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment he had created himself, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law.

In 1881, after his death, the  SI unit for electrical resistance was named Ohm in his honour. The uppercase Greek letter Omega (Ω) is used for the unit.

1789 births
1854 deaths
German physicists
Ground meat

Ground meat (also known as minced meat ) is meat that is finely chopped by a meat grinder or a chopping knife.

References

Meat
Ground beef

Ground beef is a ground meat made of beef. it is used in many recipes including hamburgers and cottage pie.

References

Beef
Peter Walsh (Australian politician)

Peter Alexander Walsh (11 March 1935 – 10 April 2015) was an Australian  senator and Labor politician from 1974 to 1993. e was elected to the Australian Senate in 1974, and served as Minister for Resources and Energy from 1983 to 1984 and Finance Minister from 1984 to 1990.  He was noted for his pro-free market views.

Walsh died at a hospital in Perth after a short illness on 10 April 2015, aged 80.

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Australian politicians
Civil servants
Richie Benaud

Richard "Richie" Benaud OBE (; 6 October 1930 – 10 April 2015) was an Australian cricketer. After his retirement from international cricket in 1964, he became a well-known commentator on the game.

Early life
Benaud was born in Penrith, New South Wales. His parents were of French descent. He was raised in Sydney. Benaud studied at Parramatta High School.

Career
Benaud was a Test cricket all-rounder. Along with fellow bowling all-rounder Alan Davidson, he helped Australia to be at the top of world cricket in the late 1950s and early 1960s after a slump in the early 1950s. In 1958 he became Australia's Test captain until his retirement in 1964.

Illness and death
In November 2014, Benaud announced that he was diagnosed with skin cancer, aged 84. He died in his sleep on 10 April 2015 in Sydney. Prime Minister of Australia Tony Abbott offered a state funeral for Benaud, but his family rejected the offer.

Books
 The Way of Cricket (1961)
 A Tale of Two Tests (1962)
 Spin Me a Spinner (1963)
 The New Champions (1966)
 Willow Patterns (1969)
 Test Cricket (1982)
 World Series Cup Cricket 1981–82 (1982)
 The Hottest Summer (1983)
 The Ashes 1982–83 (1983)
 Benaud on reflection (1984)
 The Appeal of Cricket (1995)
 Anything But (1998)
 My Spin on Cricket (2005)
 Over But Not Out (2010)

References

Other websites

HowSTAT! statistical profile on Richie Benaud

1930 births
2015 deaths
Australian cricketers
Cancer deaths in Sydney
Deaths from skin cancer
Australian sports commentators
Sportspeople from Sydney
Writers from Sydney
Yū Aoi

is a Japanese actress and model. Aoi was best known for her roles in films All About Lily Chou-Chou (2001), Hana and Alice (2004), Honey & Clover (2006), Hula Girls (2006), Rainbow Song (2006), Welcome to the Quiet Room (2007), Vampire (2011) and Rurouni Kenshin (2012).

She has won many awards for her performances on screen, including the Japan Academy Prize and Kinema Junpo Awards for best supporting actress in 2007 for Hula Girls and Rookie of the Year for continued performances in the field of Films in Media and Fine Arts by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan in 2009.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1985 births
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Japanese voice actors
Living people
Actors from Fukuoka Prefecture
Radiography

Radiography is the name for the use of X-rays to see what is happening to parts of the body. It is an imaging technique which uses electromagnetic radiation other than light, usually X-rays. 

To create the image, a beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray machine and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object, which is dependent on the density and composition of that object. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either photographic film or a digital detector). The detector gives a superimposed 2D representation of the object's internal structures.

Tomography 
Tomography is a more advanced way of using X-rays. In tomography, the machine blurs out structures not in the focal plane. This gives a series of pictures, like a set of slices through the body. It is called CT scanning, or computer tomography. The computer builds a 3-D picture for the expert to look at.

Radiography has many medical and industrial uses.

Machines
Physics
The Place Beyond the Pines

The Place Beyond the Pines is a 2012 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Derek Cianfrance and it was produced by Lynette Howell, Sidney Kimmel, Alex Orlovsky, and Jamie Patricof.

The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Kevin Jagernauth of Indiewire gave a positive review and said that it was a "ambitious epic that is cut from some of the same thematic tissue as Cianfrance's previous film, but expands the scope into a wondrously widescreen tale of fathers, sons and the legacy of sins that are passed down through the generations".

Cast 
 Ryan Gosling as Luke Glanton
 Bradley Cooper as Avery Cross
 Eva Mendes as Romina Gutierrez
 Ray Liotta as Peter Deluca
 Ben Mendelsohn as Robin Van Der Zee
 Rose Byrne as Jennifer Cross
 Mahershala Ali as Kofi
 Bruce Greenwood as Bill Killcullen
 Dane DeHaan as Jason Cankam
 Emory Cohen as A. J. Cross
 Harris Yulin as Al Cross
 Robert Clohessy as Chief Weirzbowski
 Olga Merediz as Malena

References

Other websites 

2012 crime movies
2012 drama movies
2010s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in New York
Movies set in the 1990s
Subsidiary alliance

Subsidiary alliance is a system developed by the East India Company by Lord Wellesley. It solved the problem of ruling a nation which is under the rule of a king. 

Some of the rules of the subsidiary alliance were:
 An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces in his  territory and also agreed to pay for their maintenance.

 Such a ruler would not form an alliance with any other power, nor would he declare war against any power without the permission of the British.
 The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the British, and if he were already doing so, he would dismiss them.
 In case of a conflict with any other state, the British would decide what to do, and he would accept their solution.
 The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the power in India.
 In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to protect the state from external dangers and internal disorders.
 If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments required by the alliance, then part of their territory was to be taken away as a penalty.
Under this doctrine, Indian rulers under British protection surrendered the control of their foreign affairs to the British. Most disbanded their native armies, instead maintaining British troops within their states to protect them from attack. As British power grew, in most parts of India this became increasingly unlikely. The system also allowed the British to maintain their army at the expense of local rulers.

British Empire
History of India
De La Trémoille family

The House of La Trémoille is an old French family which takes its name from a village (now La Trimouille) in western France. They are related to the Princely Family of Ligne. The family has been known since the middle of the 11th century, and since the 14th century its members have been important in French history.

The main line were known as the Viscounts of Thouars (they were made dukes in 1563),  who also used the title Prince of Talmont as well as Prince of Tarente. Men in the family also used the title of Dukes of La Trémoille but more often than not Duke of Thouars  was used.

Dukes of Thouars

The heir to the title was usually called the Prince of Talmont. 

 1541-1577: Louis de la Trémoille married Jeanne de Montmorency.
 1577-1604: Claude de la Trémoille married Charlotte Brabantine of Orange.
 1604-1668: Henri de La Trémoille married Marie de La Tour d'Auvergne.
 1668-1672: Henri Charles de La Trémoille married Amélie de Hesse-Cassel.
 1674-1709: Charles Belgique Hollande de La Trémoille married Madeleine de Créquy.
 1709-1719: Charles Louis Bretagne de La Trémoille married Marie Madeleine Motier de La Fayette.
 1719-1741: Charles Armand René de La Trémoille married Marie Hortense de La Tour d'Auvergne.
 1741-1792: Jean Bretagne Charles de La Trémoille married Marie Geneviève de Durfort then Marie Maximiliane zu Salm-Kyrburg.
 1792-1839: Charles Bretagne Marie de La Trémoille married Louise Emmanuelle de Châtillon then Valentine Eugénie Joséphine Walsh de Serrant.
 1839-1911: Louis Charles de La Trémoille. married Marguerite Tanneguy de Duchâtel.
 1911-1921: Louis Charles Marie de La Trémoille  married Helene Marie Leonie Pillet-Will.
 1921-1933: Louis Jean Marie de La Trémoille son of the above but died without children.

French nobility
Jin Youzhi

Jin Youzhi (17 August 1918 – 10 April 2015), also known as Aisin Gioro Puren, was the fourth and youngest son of Zaifeng. He was the last surviving sibling of Puyi, the final ruler of the Qing Dynasty and last Emperor of China.

Youzhi was born in the Prince Chun Mansion in Shichahai, Beijing.

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
People from Beijing
Alexander Dalgarno

Alexander Dalgarno FRS (January 5, 1928 – April 9, 2015) was a British physicist. He was a Phillips Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University. He worked in theoretical chemistry, scattering theory, atmospheric physics & chemistry and astrophysics. He was known as the "father of molecular astrophysics".

References

Other websites

 Interview with Alexander Dalgarno
 A volume honouring Alexander Dalgarno
 His International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science page
 Autobiographical article in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

1928 births
2015 deaths
British educators
Scientists from London
Harvard University faculty
Judith Malina

Judith Malina (June 4, 1926 – April 10, 2015) was a German-born American theater and movie actress, writer, and director. 

Malina was born in Kiel and moved to New York City at age three.

She co-founded The Living Theatre. She was active during the 1960s and 1970s. She was known for her roles as Sonny's mother in Dog Day Afternoon, Rose in Awakenings and as Paulie Gualtieri's mother in The Sopranos.

Malina died of lung disease at her home in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 88.

References

Other websites

The Living Theatre official site

1926 births
2015 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American theatre directors
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in New Jersey
German movie actors
Movie directors from New York City
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Schleswig-Holstein
Writers from New York City
German theatre directors
Ray Graves

Samuel Ray Graves (December 31, 1918 – April 10, 2015) was an American college and professional football player and college football coach.  

Graves was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He studied at the University of Tennessee, where he played college football.  Graves was best known as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team of the University of Florida. He served twenty years as the athletic director of the university.

Graves died in Clearwater, Florida, aged 96.

References

Other websites
Photos of Ray Graves from the University of Florida Digital Collections
Oral History Interview with Ray Graves by the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program

1918 births
2015 deaths
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Tennessee
Sportspeople from Florida
John Papit

John Michael Papit (July 25, 1928 – April 6, 2015) was an American football halfback in the National Football League. He played for the Washington Redskins and the Green Bay Packers.  He played college football at the University of Virginia and was drafted in the seventh round of the 1951 NFL Draft.

Other websites
Just Sports Stats

1928 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Washington Redskins players
Green Bay Packers players
Sportspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jim Mutscheller

Jim 'Bucky' Mutscheller (March 31, 1930 – April 10, 2015) was an American football player. He played tight end for nine seasons for the Baltimore Colts. He was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.

Mutscheller played football, basketball, and baseball at Beaver Falls High School, and three seasons of varsity football at Notre Dame under coach Frank Leahy from 1949 to 1951, including on the 1949 national championship team. 

Mutscheller played both defensive end and offense for the Fighting Irish, and served as team captain his senior year.

Mutscheller died of kidney failure in Towson, Maryland, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 Klingaman, Mike. "Catching Up With...Former Colt Jim Mutscheller," The Toy Department (The Baltimore Sun sports blog), Tuesday, September 15, 2009.
 Gallery of Jim Mutscheller football cards

1930 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Michael Kiessou

Anacle Michael Ghounam Kiessou, better known by his stage name Michael Kiessou is a Cameroonian singer-songwriter and entertainer. He became popular with his song Bennam. The song was on his debut EP, Partage, released on April 2, 2014.

Discography

EPs 
Partage (2014)

Singles 
Demoiselle (2012)
Abele (2013)

Bennam (2014)

Tourner les reins (2014)

Wopalilo(Sagat Sagat) feat C-Prime  (2015)

Collaborations
Zeng Zeng - Jemmy Sev (2015)
KDT - HMG feat Dynastie le tigre, Yvich (2015) (TBD)

Awards and nominations 

Canal 2'Or Act 10 ( Canal 2 International Awards )

|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2015
| rowspan="2"|Michael Kiessou
| Best music revelation
| 
|-
| Best video (tourner les reins)
| 
|-

Greenlight Awards

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| Michael Kiessou
| Best Male artist
| 
|-

KR Awards

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| Michael Kiessou
| Honor Jury Award
| 
|-

References

Other websites 

 
 

Living people
1986 births
Singer-songwriters
Pop singers
Prosimian

Prosimians are a group of proto-primates. It includes all living and extinct strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorises, and adapiforms), as well as the haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms.  

They have characteristics that are more "primitive" (ancestral or plesiomorphic) than those of simians (monkeys, apes, and humans). 

Prosimians are a paraphyletic group and not a clade (a group of an ancestor and all its descendants). Tarsiers share a more recent common ancestor with all simians than with the strepsirrhines. Consequently, the term "prosimian" is no longer an official term in taxonomy. It is still used to compare their behaviour with that of other primates.

Prosimians are the only primates native to Madagascar, but are also found throughout Africa and in Asia.

References 

Notes

Primates
Adapiformes

Adapiformes are an extinct group of early primates. Adapiformes radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass, reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They lived from the Eocene to the Miocene epochs.  Some adapiformes looked similar to living lemurs.

Adapiformes are known from the fossil record only, and it is unclear whether they form a monophyletic or paraphyletic group. When assumed to be a clade, they are usually grouped under the "wet-nosed" taxon Strepsirrhini, which would make them more closely related to the lemurs and less so to the "dry-nosed" Haplorhini taxon that includes monkeys and apes.

In 2009, Franzen and colleagues put the newly described genus Darwinius as a stem "missing link" between Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Later work on the Darwinius fossil by Erik Seiffert and colleagues rejected this "missing link" idea. They classify Darwinius and other adapiformes as Strepsirrhini.

Fossil record 
The fossil record of the Adapiformes is quite considerable. The fossils are first found in the earliest Eocene, 55 million years ago (mya). They lived in four continents (North America, Africa, Europe and Asia). The Eocene was a period when the Earth was much warmer than today, with very extensive tropical forests, far more so than today. The widespread remains mean a much earlier origin, and molecular clock dates suggest that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before they appear in the fossil record.

References 

Primates
Joan Carreras i Goicoechea

Joan Carreras i Goicoechea (born in Barcelona, 1962) is a Catalan journalist, screenwriter, and writer.  He is a professor in the Faculty of Communication at Blanquerna. He teaches digital journalism. He worked for ten years at the broadcasting company Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals. He was the director of Canal 33. He was also the manager of the program Info-K. At television channel 324.cat he tried out new formats and digital narratives. He has also worked for many newspapers, such as Avui, Diari de Barcelona and El Temps. In 2014, he received the Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la for his novel L'àguila negra (The black eagle).

Works

Story collections 
 1990 — Les oques van descalces (Quaderns Crema)
 1993 — La bassa del gripau (Quaderns Crema)

Novels 
 1998 — La gran nevada (Empúries)
 2003 — Qui va matar el Floquet de Neu (Empúries)
 2009 — L'home d'origami (Amsterdam)
 2012 — Carretera secundària (Proa)
 2013 — Cafè Barcelona (Proa)
 2015 — L'àguila negra

Awards and honours  
 2012 - Premis Literaris de Cadaqués - Carles Rahola de periodisme. Postals de la nostàlgia des de Cadaqués
 2014 - Premi Ciutat de Barcelona of Catalan literature for his book Cafè Barcelona
 2014 - Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la by his book L'àguila negra

Notes

Other websites

 

Writers from Barcelona
Living people
Emili Rosales i Castellà

Emili Rosales i Castellà is a Catalan writer and editor. He began in the field of poetry, but quickly changed to writing novels. After publishing three books in four years, he dedicated five years to publish the fifth. The effort was rewarded when La ciutat invisible won the Sant Jordi award. It received good reviews. The novel has been translated to Spanish.

Rosales has also worked as a translator. He has been a literature professor. Occasionally he publishes book reviews in the press. He is the editorial director of Grup 62 (a publishing house) and Destino.

His works have been translated to German, English, Spanish, French, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian and Chinese.

Work

Poetry
 1989 — Ciutats i mar
 1991 — Els dies i tu

Novels
 1995 — La casa de la platja
 1997 — Els amos del món
 1999 — Mentre Barcelona dorm
 2005 — La ciutat invisible

Awards
 2004 — Sant Jordi for La ciutat invisible

References

Spanish novelists
Spanish poets
John de Lancie

John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr. (born March 20, 1948) is an American actor, director, producer, writer, educator, sailor, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his role of Q in Star Trek: The Next Generation ((1987–present)) and as the voice of Discord in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (2010–2019). He is also known for his quite deep, resonant voice. De Lancie performed in Days of Our Lives (1982–1986; 1989–1990) as Eugene Bradford.

De Lancie was featured in several roles on television series, including Frank Simmons in Stargate SG-1 (2001–2002) and Donald Margolis in Breaking Bad (2009–2010). He is noted for his public support of bronies of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom.

Early life
De Lancie was born John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1948 to John and Andrea de Lancie.

Career
De Lancie attended Kent State University and the Juilliard School. He has appeared in several television series. These include L.A. Law, Days of Our Lives, Star Trek: The Next Generation, The Practice, and Picket Fences. He has also appeared in Stargate SG-1, Breaking Bad, and Torchwood: Miracle Day.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 

1948 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Sebastià Alzamora i Martín

Sebastià Alzamora i Martín (born in Mallorca, 6 March 1972) is a writer and literary critic.

Biography
Alzamora studied from Balearic Islands University with a degree in Catalan philology. He gained popularity after releasing a book of poetry called Rafel (1994).  Rafel won the Premi Salvador Espriu. He is also the author of Apoteosi del Cercle (1997), Mula Morta (2001), and El Benestar (2003).

As a narrator, he has published L'extinció (1999), Sara i Jeremies (2002), La Pell i la Princesa (2005), Nit de L'ànima (2007), Miracle a Llucmajor (2010), and Dos Amics de Vint Anys (2013). He wrote an essay about Gabriel Janer Manila called L'escriptura del Foc (1998). He also helped create Imparables, Una antologia (2004), and published Dogmàtica Imparable (2005) with Héctor Bofill and Manuel Forcano. Since December 2007, he has been director of the magazine Cultura.

Awards
 1994: Premi Salvador Espriu for Rafel
 1996: Premi Bartomeu Rosselló-Pòrcel of Premis 31 de desembre of Obra Cultural Balear.
 1999: Premi Documenta de narrativa
 2002: Premi Ciutat de Palma for Sara i Jeremies
 2003: Premi Jocs Florals de Barcelona for El Benestar
 2005: Premi Josep Pla de narrativa for La pell i la princesa
 2008: Premi Carles Riba de poesia for La part visible
 2011: Premi Sant Jordi, for Crim de sang

References

Living people
Logic block

A logic block, sometimes called configurable logic block is a component of an FPGA. Each logic block can be configured to hold a number of logic gates, which are interconnected.

Electronic circuits