cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Lifeline Theatre

Lifeline Theatre started in Chicago, Illinois, United States, in 1983. Five Northwestern University graduates started the theater group. They moved to Rogers Park—a converted Commonwealth Edison substation— in 1986. This includes a 99-seat theater, rehearsal and office space, a scene shop, and costume, prop, and scenery storage.

Awards

Chicago/Illinois awards 
Since 1986, Lifeline members have received 48 Joseph Jefferson Awards.

National awards 
Member Meryl Friedman won the 1999 Distinguished Play Award in the Elementary Category from the American Alliance of Theatre and Education for her adaptation of Journey of the Sparrows, produced at Lifeline in 1996. 

The American Alliance for Theater and Education awarded Lifeline the 2003 Sara Spencer Artistic Achievement Award for sustained and successful achievement in the field of theater for young audiences.

Production History 
Lifeline Theatre's work includes MainStage productions:
 Pride and Prejudice
 The Overcoat
 The Left Hand of Darkness
 The Talisman Ring
 Jane Eyre
 Cat's Cradle
 Around the World in 80 Days
 The Killer Angels
 A Room with a View
 The Island of Dr. Moreau
 The Mark of Zorro
 Treasure Island
 Neverwhere
 The Moonstone
 Watership Down
 The Count of Monte Cristo

Family MainStage productions have included: 
 A Wrinkle in Time
 Lizard Music
 The Snarkout Boys and the Avocado of Death
 The Phantom Tollbooth
 Journey of the Sparrows
 The Silver Chair
 Johnny Tremain

In 1986 Lifeline started its KidSeries program. Productions have included:
 Mr. Popper's Penguins
 Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel
 Bunnicula
 James and the Giant Peach
 The Story of Ferdinand
 Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle
 My Father's Dragon
 Click Clack Moo: Cows That Type
 The Stinky Cheese Man
 Duck for President
 The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs!
 The Velveteen Rabbit
 The Last of the Dragons
 Arnie the Doughnut.

Players 
Lifeline Theatre's members are: Patrick Blashill, Christina Calvit, Victoria DeIorio, Alan Donahue, Kevin D. Gawley, Peter Greenberg, James E. Grote, Chris Hainsworth, John Hildreth, Paul S. Holmquist, Elise Kauzlaric, Robert Kauzlaric, Frances Limoncelli, Katie McLean Hainsworth, Dorothy Milne (Artistic Director), Shole Milos, Sandy Snyder Pietz, Suzanne Plunkett, Phil Timberlake, Jennifer Tyler, Christopher M. Walsh, and Elizabeth Powell Wislar. Emeritus members include: Eric Lane Barnes, Meryl Friedman, Rebecca Hamlin, James Sie, and Steve Totland.

References

Other websites
Lifeline Theatre official website

Chicago, Illinois
Theater
Amédée Grab

Amédée Antoine-Marie Grab (3 February 1930 – 19 May 2019) was a Swiss Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1954. He served as titular bishop of Canæ and auxiliary bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg from 1987 to 1995. He then served as bishop of the diocese from 1995 to 1998. He then served as the bishop of Chur from 1995 to 2007. Grab was born in Zürich.

Grab died on 19 May 2019, at the age of 89.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
People from Zürich
Roman Catholic bishops
2018–19 Bundesliga

The 2018–19 Fußball-Bundesliga was the 56th season of the Bundesliga, Germany's top football league. The season started on 24 August 2018 and ended on 18 May 2019. The defending champions were Bayern Munich. The champion was not decided until the last matchday, making this the first time since 2009 when this happened. FC Bayern Munich won the tournament the 7th time in a row, with a 2-point lead.

Teams

League table 

Below is the table for the 2018–19 Fußball-Bundesliga season. Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, RB Leipzig and Bayer 04 Leverkusen directly qualified for the UEFA Champions League, while Hannover 96 and 1. FC Nuremberg were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga.

Bundesliga seasons
List of colleges and universities in Japan

This is an alphabetical  list of colleges and universities in Japan.

D
 Daigaku-ryō
 Dokkyo University

H
 Hiroshima University
 Hitotsubashi University

J
 Juntendo University

K
 Kanda University of International Studies
 Keio University
 Keisen University
 Kyoto University

N
 Nagoya University
 Nagoya University of Foreign Studies
 Nihon University
 Nishogakusha University

O
 Oberlin University
 Osaka University

S
 Showa Women's University

T
 Tokyo Medical and Dental University
 University of Tokyo

U
 University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo

W
 Waseda University

Related pages
 List of national universities in Japan

References

Lists of colleges and universities
Japan-related lists
Gulliver's Travels

Gulliver's Travels is a book written in 1726 by Jonathan Swift. It is a satire about human nature—how humans act—and was very popular. It is about a man named Gulliver who goes to a place with very tiny people that are less than 6 inches tall.

The book was an immediate success. John Gay said that "It is universally read, from the cabinet council to the nursery".

After many scientists have tried to calculate the approximate height of Gulliver, the closest result has come from Townsville, Australia with an approximate height of Gulliver 14.79647688 metres tall. 

Novels
Cedar Fair

Cedar Fair L.P., also called the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company is a company that runs amusement parks in the United States and Canada.  The company is headquartered inside their main park Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio.

History 
Cedar Point opened as a picnic area in 1870. The park went through a few owners during its early years. The park then wanted to build a new amusement park in Cambridge Township but the plans never went through. Three years later the park bought another park named Vallyfair. The name Cedar Fair comes from the names Cedar Point and Vallyfair. Cedar Fair was created in 1983.

References

Companies based in Ohio
American entertainment companies
1983 establishments in the United States
Miguel Montes Busto

Miguel Ángel Montes Busto (28 February 1940 – 20 May 2019) was a Spanish football player and manager.

Montes Busto was born in Oviedo, Asturias. He played as a forward. He spent twelve seasons in the Segunda División between 1959 and 1971. He played for Real Gijón, Las Palmas and Real Oviedo. After retiring from playing, he managed Segunda División side Palencia, many Segunda División B clubs and Sporting de Gijón in La Liga.

Montes Busto died on 20 May 2019 in Gijón, Asturias, at the age of 79.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
People from Oviedo
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
Blair

Blair may be a given name or surname.

Blair may also refer to:

Colleges
 Blair College, now Everest College a for-profit college in Colorado Springs, Colorado

Movies
 The Blair Witch Project, a 1999 American independent supernatural horror movie.

Places
 Blair Drummond, a small rural community near Stirling in Scotland
 Division of Blair, an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland
 Port Blair, capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

People 
 Blair Atcheynum
 Betsy Blair
 Bill Blair
 Cherie Blair
 DeJuan Blair
 Francis Preston Blair
 Linda Blair
 Patricia Blair
 Selma Blair
 Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 Zach Blair
Dude Perfect

Dude Perfect is a sports entertainment conglomerate company on YouTube. It is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, USA. It is made of Coby Cotton, Cory Cotton, Cody Jones, Garrett Hilbert, and Tyler Toney. All of them went to Texas A&M university.

References 

Internet celebrities
Gurla Mandhata

Gurla Mandhata is a  mountain in the Himalayas range, in Tibet. It is the 34th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were Katsutoshi Hirabayashi and twelve other members of his expedition, in 1985.

References

Tibet
Mountains of China
Chris Bowen

Christopher Eyles Guy Bowen (born 17 January 1973) is an Australian politician. He is the current Shadow Treasurer of Australia since October 2013. Bowen is a senior Labor Right figure. He was the Interim Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition in 2013 after Labor lost the federal election. 

Bowen worked for the Rudd and Gillard Governments as Minister for Financial Services, Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, and Treasurer. 

After the Labor's loss in the 2019 federal election, Bowen announced his candidacy in the leadership election to replace Opposition Leader Bill Shorten on 21 May. He withdrew from the race the next day due to lack of support.

References

1973 births
Living people
Government ministers of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Peter Slipper

Peter Neil Slipper (born 14 February 1950) is an Australian politician. He was in the House of Representatives from 1984 to 1987 and from 1993 to 2013, representing the Division of Fisher in Queensland. 

He was Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2011 to 2012.

References

Other websites
Slipper's biographical information on the Parliament of Australia website
Slipper's first speech to Parliament (28 February 1985) on the Parliament of Australia website

 Prime Minister's Speech on No Confidence Motion

1950 births
Living people
Speakers of the Australian House of Representatives
Politicians from Queensland
Saturn I

Saturn I (also known as Cluster's Last Stand) was the name of the kind of rockets used by NASA in the Apollo program. Although German engineer and scientist Wernher von Braun intended it as the launch vehicle for crewed Apollo flights. NASA used the original Saturn I ten times and more often used a bigger version, the Saturn IB.

Related pages 
 Apollo program
 NASA
 Saturn V

References 

Apollo program
Rockets
Aarti

Aarti also spelled arti, arati, arathi, aarthi (In Devanagari:  ) is a Hindu religious ritual. Worshippers offer light to the gods or goddess and sing praise to them.

References 

Religious behavior and experience
Music
Hinduism
Indian culture
List of WWE United States Champions

The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in the American promotion WWE on the Raw brand.

Title history

Names

Reigns
As of May 17, 2021.

Combined reigns 

As of May 17, 2021.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Official WWE United States Championship Title History
 NWA/WCW United States Heavyweight Championship Title History at Wrestling-Titles.com (1975–2001)
 WWE United States Championship Title History at Wrestling-Titles.com (2001 – present)

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
Saser Kangri

Saser Kangri is a massif (a group of mountains)  in the Karakoram range, in India. It is a group of six named mountains.  The tallest is Saser Kangri I at  . It is the 35th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top of Saser Kangri I were Dawa Norbu, Da Tenzing, Nima Tenzin, and Thondup, in 1973.

The second highest mountain in the massif is Saser Kangri II East. It is  tall and is the 49th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were Mark Richey, Steve Swenson, and Freddie Wilkinson, in 2011.

The other four mountains in the massif are: 
 (1) Saser Kangri II West ()
 (2) Saser Kangri III ()
 (3) Saser Kangri IV ()
 (4) Plateau Peak ().

References

Karakoram
Mountains of India
Jammu and Kashmir
Sandy D'Alemberte

Talbot "Sandy" D'Alemberte (June 1, 1933 – May 20, 2019) was an American lawyer, professor, politician and educational administrator. He served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1966 to 1972. He was the president of the American Bar Association between 1992 and 1992, and Florida State University from 1993 to 2004. He was also the first chairman of the Florida Constitution Revision Commission, serving from 1977 to 1978. He was born in Tallahassee, Florida.

D'Alemberte died on May 20, 2019 in Tallahassee. He was 85.

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
Educators from Florida
Lawyers from Florida
People from Tallahassee, Florida
Politicians from Florida
Yuriy Bohutsky

Yuriy Petrovich Bohutsky (; 24 September 1952 – 14 May 2019) was a Ukrainian politician. He was the Minister of Culture three times, serving for four months in 1999, from 2001 to 2005 and finally from 2006 to 2007. He was born in Mykolaivka, Velyka Lepetykha Raion, Kherson Oblast.

On 14 May 2019, Bohutsky died of problems caused by surgery which left him in a coma. He was 66.

References

1952 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Ukrainian politicians
John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh

John Edward Michael Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh (26 November 1937 – 20 May 2019) was a British politician. He was a member of the Conservative Party. He was a Member of Parliament for Croydon Central between 1974 and 1992. He held a number of political roles in the Thatcher Cabinet. He served as Economic Secretary to the Treasury (1983), Financial Secretary to the Treasury (1983–1986), Secretary of State for Transport (1986–1987), Secretary of State for Health and Social Services (1987–1988) and Secretary of State for Social Security (1988–1989). He was born in Kentish Town, London.

Moore died on 20 May 2019, at the age of 81.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Margaret Thatcher
Politicians from London
Stockbrokers
Ronnie Virgets

Ronald Edward Virgets (April 4, 1942 – May 20, 2019) was an American writer, commentator and journalist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he worked and is best known. He worked as a feature reporter for TV stations WDSU and WWL-TV. He also wrote for The Times-Picayune, Gambit, New Orleans Magazine and had many books published. He won a regional Emmy Award for a 1992 story on the city of New Orleans. Virgets served as host of Crescent City, a radio program broadcast in New Orleans on National Public Radio's WWNO.

Virgets died on May 20, 2019 in Destrehan, Louisiana. He was 77.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
American columnists
American journalists
Emmy Award winners
Writers from New Orleans, Louisiana
Kochavi Shemesh

Kochavi Shemesh (‎; 10 January 1944 – 13 May 2019) was an Iraqi-born Israeli lawyer and leftist activist. He was one of the leaders of the Israeli Black Panthers protest movement. He served as editor of the movement's main publication Ha'panter Ha'shachor (, meaning "The Black Panther"). He also helped form the political party Hadash. The party formed as a merger between the Black Panthers, the Israeli Communist Party and other leftist organisations. He was born in Baghdad and grew up in Jerusalem.

Shemesh died on 13 May 2019, at the age of 75.

References

1944 births
2019 deaths
Communists
Iraqi Jews
Israeli activists
Israeli Jews
Israeli lawyers
Jewish activists
Jewish lawyers
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Baghdad
Political activists
Julio César Trujillo

Julio César Trujillo Vásquez (25 March 1931 – 19 May 2019) was an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician. He was born in Ibarra, Ecuador. He was a member of the National Congress from 1979 to 1984. From 2018 until his death, he was President of the Council of Citizen Participation and Social Control.

Trujillo died on 19 May 2019 from problems caused by a cerebral hemorrhage in Quito at the age of 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Ecuadorian politicians
Ecuadorian lawyers
Geneviève Waïte

Geneviève Waïte (February 13, 1948 – May 18, 2019) was a South African actress, singer and model. She was known for her roles as the lead character in Joanna (1978) and as The Girl in Move (1970).

Waïte died on May 18, 2019 at the age of 71.

References

Other websites
 

1948 births
2019 deaths
South African actors
Singers
South African models
People from Cape Town
Charles Kittel

Charles Kittel (July 18, 1916 – May 15, 2019) was an American physicist. He was a Professor at University of California, Berkeley from 1951 and was Professor Emeritus from 1978 until his death. He was born in New York City. Kittel was known for his works about RKKY interaction and for his Introduction to Solid State Physics textbook.

Kittel died on May 15, 2019 at the age of 102.

References

1916 births
2019 deaths
American physicists
American centenarians
Scientists from New York City
Writers from New York City
Geneviève Raugel

Geneviève Raugel (27 May 1951 – 10 May 2019) was a French mathematician. She worked in the field of numerical analysis and dynamical systems. Raugel worked for Centre national de la recherche scientifique, University of Rennes 1, École Polytechnique and at University of Paris-Sud.

In the mid-1980s, she started working on the dynamics of evolution equations, in particular on global attractors, perturbations, and Navier-Stokes equations on thin domains, where she was recognized a world-expert.

Raugel died on 10 May 2019 at the age of 68.

References

Other websites

Related pages
 Timeline of women in mathematics

1951 births
2019 deaths
French mathematicians
Ma'ruf Amin

Ma'ruf Amin (born 11 March 1943) is an Indonesian politician and Islamic cleric. He is the chairman of the Ulema Council of Indonesia. On 21 May 2019, Ma'ruf was elected Vice President of Indonesia.

On 9 August 2018, President Joko Widodo announced that Ma'ruf would be his running mate in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election.

References

1943 births
Living people
Vice-Presidents of Indonesia
Queensland lungfish

The Queensland lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), also known as the Australian lungfish, Burnett salmon and barramunda, is one of the surviving species of lungfish. It is native only to the Mary and Burnett River systems of the Australian state of Queensland. The species has been introduced elsewhere and is also found in many other parts of Queensland's south-east. Although it is not a threatened species, the Queensland lungfish are protected.

Fossils of Queensland lungfish from up to 380 million years ago have been discovered. The species lives in slow-flowing rivers and still water (including reservoirs). They are commonly found to be about  in length and weigh , but can get up to  in length and weigh .

References

Other websites

 Native Fish Australia page

Fish of Australia
Freshwater fish
Lobe-finned fish
Queensland
Dumont d'Urville Station

The Dumont d'Urville Station () is a French scientific station in Antarctica. It is on Île des Pétrels, archipelago of Pointe-Géologie in Adélie Land. It is named after explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville. His expedition landed on Débarquement Rock in the Dumoulin Islands at the northeast end of the archipelago on January 21, 1840. The station is run by the "French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor".

History

The first French Antarctic research station was at Port Martin,  east of D'Urville. It was destroyed by fire on January 23, 1952. In 1952, a small base called Base Marret, was built on Île des Pétrels to study a rookery of emperor penguins. When the Port Martin station was destroyed, Base Marret was used in the winter of 1952/1953. A new main base, Dumont D'Urville station, was built on the same island and opened on January 12, 1956. This became the centre for French scientific research during the Antarctic International Geophysical Year 1957/1958. It has remained in active use ever since.

The station allows between 30 and 40 people to come ashore at one time.  Ice and strong katabatic winds often prevent landings, either by boat or by helicopter. The station can accommodate about 30 people in winter and 120 during the summer. The icebreaker ship L'Astrolabe carries supplies and people to the station from the port of Hobart, Tasmania. It does five trips between November and March.

The Academy Award-winning documentary movie La Marche de l'empereur, in English March of the Penguins, was filmed in the region around this base.

1956 establishments
Establishments in Antarctica
Antarctica
Buildings and structures in France
Leland Stanford

Amasa Leland Stanford (March 9, 1824June 21, 1893) was an American tycoon, industrialist, politician. He was also the founder of Stanford University along with his wife, Jane Stanford. He came to California with his brothers in 1852 and they were successful in selling tools and mining equipment. 

Leland joined with three other Sacramento merchants to form a group who called themselves “The Associates.” It was these men—Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, and, as President, himself. They bonded together as a team to build the first Transcontinental Railway. His role with them drove his politics, and his success in politics for what he was trying to do for Sacramento and California was very much driven by his position as the head of Southern Pacific Railroad.

Stanford was a white supremacist. In 1859, he wrote:I am in favor of free white American citizens. I prefer free white citizens to any other race. I prefer the white man to the negro as an inhabitant to our country.He spent one two-year term as Governor of California after his election in 1861. He later spent eight years as a United States Senator.

References

1824 births
1893 deaths
Governors of California
People from Palo Alto, California
Aker (deity)

Aker (also known as Akeru) is the ancient Egyptian god of Earth and the horizon. He guarded the eastern and western borders of the netherworld. He protected Ra, the sun god, when he entered the netherworld at sunset and when he returned to the world of the living at sunrise and bore the sun on his back through the underworld. 

He welcomed the deceased pharaoh Apep (Apophis) and was rumored to have the ability to neutralize a snake bite.

References

Other websites
Aker, at Ancient Egypt on line

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

The Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch facility of Kennedy Space Center of Florida, United States. The site was originally made for the Apollo program. Later, it was modified for the Space Shuttle program. , only Pad 39A is in use to launch SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. Pad 39B is modifying for NASA's Space Launch System. The Pad 39C was added in 2015 for small rocket launches, although it is not in use.

Related pages 
 Kennedy Space Center
 NASA

NASA
Buildings and structures in Florida
James Fitz-Allen Mitchell

Sir James Fitz-Allen Mitchell  (15 May 1931 – 23 November 2021) 
was the former Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

He was the second Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the founder of the New Democratic Party (NDP). 

He also was Premier of the then colony of Saint Vincent from 1972 to 1974, and as Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from 1984 to 2000.

References

1931 births
2021 deaths
Prime Ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Diplomats
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Tang Fei

Tang Fei (; born 15 March 1932) is a retired ROC Air Force general and politician. He was the Premier of the Republic of China between May 20 and October 6, 2000 under the Chen Shui-bian government. He worked for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), even though he was a member of the Kuomintang (KMT).

References

1932 births
Living people
Generals
Premiers of the Republic of China on Taiwan
Jeffrey A. Rosen

Jeffrey Adam Rosen (born April 2, 1958) is an American lawyer. Rosen was the Acting United States Attorney General from December 23, 2020 to January 20, 2021. He was the 38th United States Deputy Attorney General from May 22, 2019 until he became acting Attorney General. He was the 21st United States Deputy Secretary of Transportation from May 18, 2017 to May 21, 2019. He was a senior partner at the law firm Kirkland & Ellis.

On February 19, 2019, President Donald Trump announced his plans to nominate Rosen for United States Deputy Attorney General replacing Rod Rosenstein. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on May 16.

On December 14, 2020, it was announced that Rosen would become acting Attorney General on December 23, when William Barr's resignation takes effect.

References

1958 births
Living people
Lawyers from Boston
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
US Republican Party politicians
United States Deputy Attorneys General
List of countries and dependencies by population density

This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by human population density, and measured by the number of human inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile. The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. The list also includes but does not rank unrecognized but de facto independent countries. The figures in the following table are based on areas including inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Data are estimates for July 2005, taken from the United Nations World Prospects Report (2004 revision), unless stated differently.

Main table
The names of dependent territories are shown in italics. Area figures provided here have been obtained from the main articles of the respective countries and territories.

Density of the most populous countries
This list consists of the top 100 most populous countries (see also List of countries and dependencies by population).

Notes

References

Population density
Demography
Eduard Punset

Eduard Punset i Casals (9 November 1936 – 22 May 2019) was a Spanish politician, lawyer, economist and science popularise. He was a member of Adolfo Suárez's Union of the Democratic Centre. He served as a member of the Congress of Deputies from 1982 to 1983. He was later a member of the European Parliament between 1987 and 1994. He also wrote for the BBC and The Economist. He was born in Barcelona, Catalonia.

Punset was diagnosed with lung cancer in November 2007 but recovered. He died on 22 May 2019 of lung cancer in Barcelona. He was 82.

References

Other websites

 

1936 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Spain
Spanish economists
Spanish lawyers
Politicians from Barcelona
Writers from Barcelona
Ali Mohammad Mahar

Sardar Ali Mohammad Khan Mahar (‎; 12 January 1967 – 21 May 2019) was a Pakistani politician. He served as the 25th Chief Minister of Sindh from 2002 to 2004. He was also a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from 2002 to 2007.  Until his death in 2019, he was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since 2008, and was Federal Minister for Narcotics Control since 2018.

Mahar died on 21 May 2019 of heart failure, at the age of 52.

References

2019 deaths
1967 births
Deaths from heart failure
Pakistani politicians
Referential transparency

Referential transparency is a feature of parts of computer programs. A part of a program is called "referentially transparent" if it can be replaced with the value it gives back without changing the program's behavior. A referentially transparent function must be pure—it must always give the same output if it takes the same input, and it must not have any side effects—parts of the program that perform an action other than giving a value back. The opposite of referential transparency is referential opacity.

In mathematics, all functions are referentially transparent, because a mathematical function can only take values in and spit a value out. In programming, this is not always true—a function might also find out what day of the year it is, or print a message to the screen. Because of this difference, some people use other names for functions in programming, like procedures.

Referential transparency lets programmers and compilers to think of code as a rewrite system—something that takes an expression and replaces it with something else. This can help with several tasks, such as:

 Proving that the program or code is correct—that it does exactly what it's supposed to, no matter what.
 Making an algorithm more simple.
 Making it easier to change the code while still being sure that it does what it's supposed to.
 Making the code run faster or in a way that uses up less memory.

There are several ways of doing the last task—the most well-known are memoization (saving answers after the first time), common subexpression elimination (figuring out if it is worth it to combine two parts of the code that are the same) , lazy evaluation (not finding the answer until the code really needs it), and parallelization (working on multiple problems at the same time).

References 

Computer programming
Walter Harris (author)

Walter Harris (15 October 1925 – 9 May 2019) was a British author and broadcaster. He wrote ten books and had many poetry volumes published. His first book was Clovis (1970), and his last was Godhead (2014). He worked for the BBC and interviewed Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett and Jonathan Miller on the opening night of Beyond the Fringe, as well as Danny Kaye, John Wayne and W. Somerset Maugham. Recordings of his interviews and broadcasts are held at the BBC Sound Archive and the British Library.

Harris died on 9 May 2019, at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2019 deaths
BBC newsreaders and journalists‎
British journalists
British novelists
British poets
Nan Winton

Nancy Wigginton (1925 – 11 May 2019), better known as Nan Winton, was a British broadcaster. She is best known for being the first female newsreader on BBC television. After her first news broadcaster on 20 June 1960, she worked for ITV. She was also a regular panellist on the radio panel game Treble Chance.

Winton was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire. She was married to actor Charles Stapley from 1948 to 1962. The couple had two children. On 11 May 2019, Winton died from congestive heart failure and hypertension after having a fall at her home in Dorchester, Dorset. She was 93.

References

1925 births
2019 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from hypertension
BBC newsreaders and journalists
English journalists
English television presenters
People from Portsmouth
Jean Beaudin

Jean Beaudin (6 February 1939 – 18 May 2019) was a Canadian movie director and screenwriter. He directed 20 movies, including French-language movies J.A. Martin Photographer (1977), The Alley Cat (1985), Being at Home with Claude (1992) and The Collector (2002). He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Beaudin's partner of more than 20 years was actress Domini Blythe (1947–2010).

Beaudin died on 18 May 2019, at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

1939 births
2019 deaths
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Writers from Montreal
Jonathan Miller

Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller  (21 July 1934 – 27 November 2019) was a British theatre and opera director, actor, author, television presenter and medical doctor. He was born in St John's Wood, London. He first became well-known in the early 1960s in the comedy revue Beyond the Fringe with Peter Cook, Dudley Moore and Alan Bennett.

Miller started directing operas in the 1970s. His best-known production was probably his 1982 "Mafia"-styled Rigoletto set in the 1950s. He was an associate director at the National Theatre and later ran the Old Vic Theatre. He was a writer and presenter of many BBC documentaries.

Miller was married to Rachel Collet from 1956 until his death. The couple had three children.

Miller died at his home in Camden, London of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on 27 November 2019. He was 85.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in London
Actors from London
Alumni of University College London
BBC television presenters
British Jews
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British atheists
British television presenters
Jewish atheists
Knights Bachelor
British theatre directors
Tony Award winners
Writers from London
Side effect (computer science)

A part of a program with a side effect performs a noticeable action other than giving back a value. Examples include showing a picture on a computer screen, or checking what year it is. Code with side effects can be harder to understand without any context, and the order of instructions more important for code with side effects. 

In functional programming, programmers try to avoid side effects when they can, so it is easier to prove that a program will always do what it is supposed to. In some functional languages, like Standard ML, Scheme, or Scala, side effects are not restricted, but programmers still try to use them less. In Haskell, actions with side effects must be stated explicitly—this makes it easier to tell what code does or does not have them.

References 

Computer science
Mars Climate Orbiter

The Mars Climate Orbiter was a space probe. It was launched by NASA on 11 December 1998 to study the Martian climate and Martian atmosphere. However, on 23 September 1999, communication with the spacecraft was lost, when the spacecraft was about to enter orbit. Because the computer software was working with non-SI units instead of the SI units. The spacecraft entered Mars on an orbit that brought it too close to the planet. However, what happened with the probe is still unknown, either it was destroyed in the atmosphere or entered in an orbit around the Sun after leaving the Martian atmosphere.

Related pages 
 Mars

References 

NASA spacecraft
Glauco Sansovini

Glauco Sansovini (20 May 1938 – 21 May 2019) was a Sammarinese politician. He served as one of the Captains Regent of San Marino together with Marco Conti from 1 April 2010 to 1 October 2010. He was born in Rocca San Casciano, Italy.

Sansovini died on 21 May 2019 in Borgo Maggiore, a day after his 81st birthday.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
Captains Regent of San Marino
Neville Lederle

Neville Lederle (25 September 1938 – 17 May 2019) was a South African racing driver. He raced in two Formula One World Championship Grand Prix. His two F1 appearances were in the  and  South African Grand Prix. He scored a single F1 championship point. He was born in Theunissen, Orange Free State.

Lederle died at his home in Knysna on 17 May 2019, at the age of 80.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
Formula One drivers
South African sportspeople
Scala (Programming language)

Scala is a general-purpose programming language—a language that is designed for solving all kinds of problems, not just a specific one.

It provides support for functional programming, and is statically typed. It is designed to fix some problems with Java, and to be concise—to be able to express a lot with only a little bit of code.

Scala code is supposed to be compiled into Java bytecode, so Scala code can be run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Scala has language interoperability with Java—Scala code can be used in Java programs, and the other way around.

References 

Programming languages
William Wyatt Bibb

William Wyatt Bibb (2 October 1781 – 10 July 1820) was a United States Senator from Georgia. He was the first Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama. Bibb County, Alabama, and Bibb County, Georgia, are named for him.

He was a member of the Democratic-Republican political party. Bibb served as governor of the Alabama Territory from August 1817 to December 1819, and as the first elected governor of the state of Alabama from December 1819 to his death on July 10, 1820.

1781 births
1820 deaths
Governors of Alabama
United States senators from Georgia
United States representatives from Georgia
Democratic Republican party (US) politicians
Politicians from Virginia
Accidental deaths in the United States
Shispare

Shispare is a  mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is the 38th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were H. Bleicher, L. Cichy, M. Grochowski, J. Holnicki-Szulc, A. Mlynarczyk, H. Oberhofer, and J. Poreba, in 1974.

References

Mountains of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Karakoram
Piet Blauw

Pieter Marinus "Piet" Blauw (30 September 1937 – 16 May 2019) was a Dutch politician and farmer. He was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He became a member of the House of Representatives in 1981, serving until 1998. He born in Alkmaar, North Holland.

Blauw died on 16 May 2019 in Veendam, Groningen. He was 81.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
People from Alkmaar
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from North Holland
TEC-9

The Intratec TEC-9, also called a TEC-DC9, KG-99, or AB-10, is a blowback-operated semi-automatic pistol.

References

Pistols
Artemis program

The Artemis program is an international human space-flight program.  The goal is to return humans to the Moon by the year 2025. It will involve the first woman and thirteenth man to land on the moon. It is led by the United States and planned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It will be the first lunar landing since Apollo 17 in 1972, the final lunar mission of the Apollo program. The Artemis program began in December 2017. It was created by bringing together many programs that had been started since 2009 by the United States as it tries to return to the moon. As a result of Artemis, the United States hopes that there will always be humans on the moon. One day the program might take humans to Mars and other places in the Solar System. As well as NASA, the Artemis program work is done by companies and other international organisations like European Space Agency.

Related pages 
 NASA
 Orion (spacecraft)
 Space Launch System

References

Other websites 

 Moon to Mars portal at NASA
 Monthly report by the Exploration Systems Development (ESD)

Artemis program
2010s in the United States
Khwe language

Khwe (also rendered Kxoe, Khoe;  or ) is a dialect continuum of the Khoe family of Namibia, Angola, Botswana, South Africa, and parts of Zambia, with some 8,000 speakers.

References

Languages of South Africa
Namibia
Angola
Botswana
Zambia
Information commissioner

An information commissioner is a government-appointed person who controls a country's laws regarding data. In the United Kingdom these are laws such as the Data Protection Act.

Government occupations
Value (computer science)

A value is a piece of information that can be used by a program. A group of values is sometimes called a type.

Resources 

Computer science
Manual labour

Manual labor is labor done "by hand". This means that it is physical work done by people. Examples of labor that is not manual include work done by machines, work done by animals, or work that is more focused on thinking, planning, or giving information to other people. While manual labor is often done with the hands, it does not always have to be—crushing grapes by walking on them is also an example of manual labor.

References

Employment
Artemis 1

Artemis 1 (previously known as Exploration Mission-1 and before that Space Launch System-1) is the uncrewed first planned flight of the Space Launch System and the second flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Orion website at NASA.gov
 Space Launch System website at NASA.gov
 
 

Artemis program
Orion program
New Mexico Territory

The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed (with varying boundaries) from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912, when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of New Mexico, making it the longest-lived organized incorporated territory of the United States, lasting approximately 62 years.

References 

David L. Caffey, Chasing the Santa Fe Ring: Power and Privilege in Territorial New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2014.

1850 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Mexico Territory
1910s disestablishments in the United States
1912 disestablishments
Former territories of the United States
History of Arizona
History of Colorado
History of Nevada
History of New Mexico
Kongur Tagh

Kongur Tagh is a  mountain in the Pamir range, in China. It is also known as Kongkoerh. It is the 37th highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were Peter Boardman, Chris Bonington, Alan Rouse, and loe Tasker, in 1981.

References

Xinjiang
Mountains of China
Muztagh Ata

Muztagh Ata is a  mountain in the Kunlun range, in China. It is also known as Muztagata. The name means "Father of Ice Mountain". It is the 43rd highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were three members of Chinese and Soviet expedition, in 1956.

References

Xinjiang
Mountains of China
Kongur Tiube

Kongur Tiube is a  mountain in the Pamir range, in China. It is also known as Jiubie. It is the 47th highest mountain in the world. Some consider it to be a sub-peak of Kongur Tagh instead of an independent mountain.

References

Xinjiang
Mountains of China
Carlton, Nottinghamshire

Carlton is a suburb to the east of the city of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England.

Notable people
Richard Beckinsale, actor and father of actresses Samantha Beckinsale and Kate Beckinsale, was born in Carlton in 1947.

Settlements in Nottinghamshire
Nottingham
Clifton, Nottinghamshire

Clifton is a former village and historic manor, which now forms part of the south western suburbs of the city of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England, United Kingdom.

Notable people
 Jake Bugg, musician
 Karl Collins, actor
 Samantha Morton, actress
 Jayne Torvill, ice skater, Olympic gold medalist
 Viv Anderson, footballer
 Darren Huckerby, footballer
 Jermaine Jenas, footballer, pundit
 Alan Higgott, football manager extraordinaire

Settlements in Nottinghamshire
Nottingham
Doug Wilson (rugby union)

Douglas Dawson Wilson (30 January 1931 – 18 May 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He was born in Whanganui, North Island. Wilson played for the provisional teams Canterbury and Wellington. He played for the New Zealand national rugby union team. He played 14 matches, including two internationals, and scored five tries and one drop goal.

Wilson died at Kowhainui Hospital in Whanganui on 18 May 2019. He was 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
New Zealand rugby union players
Sportspeople from North Island
Judith Kerr

Judith Kerr, OBE (surname pronounced   ; 14 June 1923 – 22 May 2019) was a German-born British writer and illustrator. She was known for her Mog series and The Tiger Who Came to Tea. She also wrote novels for young adults such as When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit, which gave a child's-eye view of the Second World War.

Kerr was born in Berlin, but moved to the United Kingdom before the Nazis rose to power because Kerr's father, openly a Nazi critic, was scared for his family's safety. Kerr later became a naturalized British subject.

Kerr died on 22 May 2019 from a short-illness at her home in Barnes, London at the age of 95.

References

1923 births
2019 deaths
German novelists
German children's writers
British novelists
British illustrators
British children's writers
Writers from London
Writers from Berlin
Dumiso Dabengwa

Dumiso Dabengwa (December 6, 1939– 23 May 2019) was a Zimbabwean politician. He was the head of Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) intelligence during the Rhodesian Bush War. He was Minister of Home Affairs from 1992 to 2000. He was a candidate of ZAPU for President of Zimbabwe during the 2013 general election.

Dabengwa died on 23 May 2019 in Harare from liver disease at the age of 79.

References

1939 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from liver disease
Generals
Zimbabwe politicians
Mette Frederiksen

Mette Frederiksen (born 19 November 1977) is a Danish Social Democrat politician. Frederiksen has been the 27th Prime Minister of Denmark since 27 June 2019. She has been a member of the Folketing since 2001. She worked in Helle Thorning-Schmidt's government as Minister of Employment from 2011 to 2014, and as Minister of Justice from 2014 to 2015. 

On 28 June 2015, Frederiksen replaced Thorning-Schmidt as leader of the Social Democrats.

After the 2019 general election, her party won 49 out of 179 seats in the Folketing. She has been commissioned by Queen Margrethe II to lead the negotiations to form a new government. Frederiksen became the youngest Prime Minister in Danish history, at the age of 41 on 27 June 2019.

References

1977 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Prime Ministers of Denmark
Rolf Huisgen

Rolf Huisgen (13 June 1920 – 26 March 2020) was a German chemist.

In 1947, he was named professor at the University of Tübingen in 1949. He returned to the University of Munich in 1952 where he remained dedicated to research long after attaining emeritus status in 1988.

His best known work was related to the 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction, also known as the Huisgen cycloaddition or Huisgen reaction. He is an important person in post-war chemistry departments in Germany and Austria, due to the large number of his "habilitants" becoming professors.

His daughter, mathematician Birge Huisgen-Zimmermann was born in 1946.

Huisgen died on 26 March 2020 at the age of 99.

References

1920 births
2020 deaths
German chemists
People from Rhineland-Palatinate
Beaton Tulk

Beaton Tulk (May 22, 1944 – May 23, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was the seventh  Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador from 2000 to 2001. He was born in Ladle Cove, Newfoundland. He was a member of the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1979 to 1989 and again from 1993 to 2002 as a Liberal.

On December 16, 2002, Tulk was appointed by the federal government of Jean Chrétien to the Canadian Transportation Agency.

In 2018, Flanker Press released his autobiography, A Man of My Word.

Tulk died of prostate cancer, one day after his 75th birthday on May 23, 2019 at his home in Musgravetown, Newfoundland and Labrador.

References

1944 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador
Nanni Balestrini

Nanni Balestrini (2 July 1935 – 19 May 2019) was an Italian experimental poet, author and visual artist. He was active in the Neoavanguardia movement. His works were written in Italian and were sometimes translated to English. He published many poetry collections and novels. He is well-known for his novels Vogliamo tutto (1971) and Gli invisibili (1987), among others. He was born in Milan.

References

Other websites
 

1935 births
2019 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Rome
Italian artists
Italian poets
People from Milan
AMC Theatres

AMC Theatres (referred to as simply AMC is a multi-nation owned movie theater chain based in Leawood, Kansas. It was founded in 1920. It has the largest share of American theater market, ahead of the Cineworld and Cinemark theater chains.

AMC took over Odeon Cinemas, Carmike Cinemas and UCI Cinemas in 2016. At that point, it became the largest movie theater chain in the world and the United States. It has over 2,200 screens and 244 theatres in Europe. It owns over 8,200 screens and 661 theatres in the United States.

R-rated movie policy 
AMC Theatres has an R-rated policy. No person under age 17 can see an R-rated movie without having parents or a guardian 21 or older with them. Those who are 17 or older though look under age 25 must carry a photo ID and date of birth before being allowed to see R-rated movies. Children under age 6 are not allowed to see R-rated movies after 6 pm.

References

Movie industry
Bobby Joe Long

Robert Joseph Long (October 14, 1953 – May 23, 2019), also known as Bobby Joe Long, was an American serial killer and rapist. He abducted, sexually assaulted and murdered at least 10 women in the Tampa Bay Area in Florida during an eight-month period in 1984. For the murder of one of victims, Michelle Sims, he was sentenced to death. According to the Florida Department of Corrections, Long had one five-year sentence, four 99-year sentences, 28 life sentences and one death sentence. He was born in Kenova, West Virginia.

Long was executed by lethal injection on May 23, 2019 at Florida State Prison in Raiford, Florida.

References

1953 births
2019 deaths
American kidnappers
American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to death
American rapists
American robbers
American serial killers
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Executed American serial killers
People executed by lethal injection
People from West Virginia
Hosei Norota

was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the People's New Party. He served in the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). He was the Director-General of the national Defense Agency from 1998 to 1999. From 1995 to 1996, he served as the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Tomiichi Murayama's cabinet. He was born in Noshiro, Akita.

Norota died of bladder cancer on 23 May 2019 in Tokyo. He was 89.

References

1929 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Japanese politicians
People from Akita Prefecture