cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
International Nuclear Event Scale

The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) is a system introduced by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It was introduced  to allow people to communicate how serious a nuclear accident is. Other people are then able to react faster  to take protection measures. For each level, there is a list of criteria (things) that must be there, for the accident to be of that level. 

There are 7 levels on the INES scale:

   7Major accident(maximum credible accident)
   6Serious accident
   5Accident with off-site risk
   4Accident without off-site risk
   3Serious incident
   2Incident
   1Anomaly
   0Deviation, no safety relevance

Details

Level 7 is the highest level. Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. The health of many people is put in danger. There are big effects on the environment. Examples: Fukushima nuclear disaster - 2011, Chernobyl disaster (former Soviet Union) - 1986.

Level 6 Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. Several governments may need to take the full set of countermeasures to protect their population. Example: Mayak (former Soviet Union)- 1957.

Level 5 Accidents of this type do release some radiation. Some groups of people which are at risk may need special countermeasures.  Examples: Windscale fire (United Kingdom) - 1957, Three Mile Island accident (United States) - 1979.

The Levels 5-7 are related to severe damage of the reactor core and the radiological barriers. 

Level 4 is related to significant damage of the reactor core / radiological barriers and/or a fatal exposure of a worker (or more), but the off-site impact is minor, resulting in public exposure of the order of the prescribed limits. Examples: Windscale (United Kingdom) - 1973, Saint-Laurent (France) - 1980, Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 1983.

Level 3 is characterized by very small off-site impact, although related to severe spread of contamination on-site / acute health effects to a worker (or more). It is a "near accident" event, when no safety layers are remaining. Example: Vandellos (Spain) - 1989, THORP plant Sellafield (United Kingdom) - 2005.

Level 2 is an incident with no off-site impact, related to significant spread of contamination on-site / overexposure of a worker.

Level 1 is an anomaly beyond the authorized operating regime.

Level 0 is a "below-scale event" of no safety significance.

There are also events of no safety relevance, characterized as "out of scale".

Other websites 
International Nuclear Event Scale , IAEA
International Nuclear Event Scale, User's Manual , IAEA, 2001

Nuclear accidents
Hafnarfjörður

Hafnarfjörður is a city found on the western coast of Iceland.  It is about 10 kilometres south of Reykjavík.  It is the third biggest city in Iceland..  Around 25,400 people were living in Hafnarfjörður as of 2008.

Other websites 
Town website page on the 'hidden people' 

Cities in Iceland
Municipalities of Iceland
Level (disambiguation)

Level might refer to;

Level (tool), a tool used to see if a surface is flat
Level (concept), a certain ''degree of knowledge or skill
Level (video game), a place the player must get through without losing to advance to the next one
Silver Spring, Maryland

Silver Spring is a community in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is a suburb of Washington, DC. It is the fourth biggest place in Maryland by population. Its estimated population in 2013 was 76,716. Francis Preston Blair founded Silver Spring in 1840.

Media 
Silver Spring Stations
TLC
Discovery Channel

References

Cities in Maryland
Montgomery County, Maryland
1840 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
Parent

Parents are the mother and father or caretaker of their offspring. 

In humans, a parent is the mother or the father figure of a child. They are either biologically or legally related to the person. When parents separate and choose who takes care of a child it is called custody. Parents who fail in their duty may be guilty of child abuse.

Related pages
 Family
 Father
 Mother
 Child
 Grandparent
 Infant attachment

Family
Lee Hsien Loong

Lee Hsien Loong (b. 10 February 1952) is the current Prime Minister of Singapore. His father is Lee Kuan Yew, first Prime Minister of Singapore.

Lee Hsien Loong was born in Kandang Kerbau Hospital (presently known as KK Women's and Children's Hospital). He is the first child of Lee Kuan Yew and Kwa Geok Choo.

In August 2004, Goh Chok Tong stepped down as Prime Minister, while Lee Hsien Loong took over the position. He then became the General Secretary of People's Action Party (PAP).

Background and education

His grandmother (father's side), Chua Jim Neo is a Hokkien Nyonya. His mother's ancestors are from Tong'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
Studied at Nanyang Primary School, Catholic High School and National Junior College.

Military life

In 1971, Lee joined the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Lee was promoted to very high rank quickly in the Singapore Army. In July 1983, he became the youngest Brigadier General in Singapore. He left SAF in 1984.

Early political life

In the 1980s, Lee Kuan Yew said he will step down as Prime Minister in 1984. Lee Hsien Loong was considered in the list of new leaders in PAP.

In 1984, at 32, He was elected an MP. His father immediately assigned him as a Minister of State for some ministries.

In 1987, he joined in the Cabinet as the Minister for Trade and Industry and Second Minister for Defence.

Salary

From 2008 to 2012, Lee's salary is S$3.87 million every year. He had a salary increase of 25%, it was originally S$3,091,200.

In January 2012, his salary was reduced to S$2.2 million due to the public then complaining about his unfair salary.  But, he is still the prime minister with the highest salary in the world.

Personal life

Wong Ming Yang, Lee's first wife is a Malaysian-born doctor who was married in 1978. He has two children - Li Xiuqi and Li Yipeng. Three weeks after giving birth to Lee's first son, Li Yipeng, an albino, she died of heart attack on 28 October 1982, at 31 years old.
While married to Ho Ching once again, a civil servant who went on to become CEO of Temasek Holdings in 1985, Lee Hsien Loong has another two more sons - Li Hongyi and Li Haoyi.
Ho Ching's first son, Li Hongyi, won the Lee Kuan Yew Award for Math & Science in 2006. Also in 2006, he became an officer of SAF.
Lee Hsien Loong has been diagnosed with lymphoma in 1992, and subsequently prostate cancer in February 2018.

Notes

1952 births
Living people
People's Action Party (Singapore) politicians
Prime Ministers of Singapore
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Adam and Eve

Adam and Eve are the parents of all humans in the Abrahamic religions. In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, as well as the Qu'ran and the Aqdas, they are the first two people made by God. The Bible says that the Devil entered into the Garden of Eden as a serpent and tempted Eve. The Tempter convinced Eve to go against God's command. Satan told her that God knew that Eve would become self-aware and have the same knowledge as God had if she ate from the fruit of the tree. When Adam and Eve sinned, they were cast out of the Garden of Eden and cursed with pain, death, and sickness. When Adam and Eve were cast out, so was the one who tempted them, Satan. He was cast to the ground and sentenced to always having to wriggle on the ground like a snake.

Adam
The second chapter of Genesis says that God made Adam from the dust of the ground. Then, God breathed life into him. God made a garden, called the Garden of Eden, for him to live in and take care of. Adam named the animals that God made. God did not provide clothing for Adam or Eve until they disobeyed him. He gave them tunics made out of animal fur when he banished them from Eden. Adam is "The Chosen One".

Eve
God knew that the animals were not good enough friends for Adam, who needed a partner like him. So God took a rib from Adam and used it to make Eve (meaning "mother of all living"). Adam did not give her this name until God banished them from Eden when he provided clothing for them out of animal fur after they disobeyed him.

The fall and punishment
Chapter three of Genesis says that Adam and Eve had everything they needed in the garden. There was only one thing that God told them that they should not do: eat from the Tree of Knowledge; only from the Tree of Life. A serpent said them that God does not want you both to be as intelligent as he is so this forced Eve to disobey God's orders . And they ate the Forbidden fruit. So they were forced to leave Eden. Not only that but God said that women will have pain in childbirth, and that men need to work hard to grow food, and would return at death to the soil from where he once came.

References

Old Testament people
Ramadan

Ramadan (sometimes spelled Ramadhan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims  fast or do not eat or drink during the daytime.

Overview
The date for the start of Ramadan is slightly different each year, depending on the position of the moon.  Once Ramadan starts, Muslims should not eat or drink between dawn and sunset. This usually continues for thirty days, but sometimes twenty-nine days.

Fasting is supposed to teach Muslims about patience and ibadah (faith).  It is a time for Muslims to think about how the poor and homeless suffer without lots of food, it helps Muslims to be more obedient, and less greedy.  During Ramadan, Muslims ask to be forgiven for their sins, and they pray for help in stopping them from doing bad things.
Muslims believe Ramadan is the month in which the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad.  

Not everyone has to fast in Ramadan.  Children do not have to fast.  They should start when they reach the age of puberty, so long as they are healthy.  People who are travelling long distances do not have to fast. Pregnant women do not have to if they think it might harm their unborn baby.  Sometimes sportsmen do not observe the fast, although there are disagreements about this.  For example, the Olympic Games in 2012 fell in the middle of the holy month.  This made it very difficult for the sportsmen who could not eat or drink during daytime.

When the sun goes down and it gets dark the Muslim people will start eating again (this is called "breaking the fast").  This meal is known as Iftar.  There are often big meals enjoyed together by lots of Muslims.
.  Sometimes markets open after Iftar and stay open during the night. Ramadan is also the month when the "Quran" was sent down into Earth by an Angel called "Jibrill" ("Gabriel").

References

Other websites 
 Ramadan 2016  - Islamic calendar makkah

Arabic words and phrases
Islamic calendar
Tenzing Norgay

Tenzing Norgay (May 29, 1914 – May 9, 1986) was a Sherpa climber. During his life he had several wives, as it is part of Sherpa lifestyle. Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary were the first people to reach the top of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953. Norgay was born in Kharta Valley, Nepal. He died aged 71 in Darjeeling, India.

Early Life 
There are different views about his early life. The account that he gave in his first autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and brought up in Khumbu in Nepal. However more recent research has led to the claim that he was born a Tibetan in Kharta valley, Tibet, but his family were left destitute when their yaks were killed by disease, and he was sold as a bonded servant to a Sherpa family in Thamey in Nepal. Khumbu lies near Mount Everest, which the Tibetans and Sherpas call Chomolungma which in Tibetan means Mother Goddess of the Earth.
His exact date of birth is not known, but he knew it was in late May by the weather and the crops. After his ascent of Everest on 29 May, he decided to celebrate his birthday on that day thereafter.

He was originally called "Namgyal Wangdi", but as a child his name was changed on the advice of the head lama and founder of the famous Rongbuk Monastery, Ngawang Tenzin Norbu. Tenzing Norgay translates as "wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion." His father, a yak herder, was Ghang La Mingma (d. 1949) and his mother was Dokmo Kinzom (who lived to see him climb Everest); he was the 11th of 13 children, most of whom died young.

He ran away from home twice in his teens, first to Kathmandu and later Darjeeling, and, at age 19, eventually settled in the Sherpa community in Too Song Bhusti in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.

One of his autobiographies is Tiger of the snows: The Autobiography of Tenzing of Everest, written in 1955.

Journeys 
Tenzing Norgay has been on several attempts to reach the top of Mount Everest. Two of the attempts were stopped by bad weather which caused them to turn around. One of failed attempts was in 1935 with Eric Shipton. Eventually, after 6 failure attempts, Norgay finally reached the top of Mount Everest in 1953 along with Sir Edmund Hillary. They came back down from the top of the mountain on May 29, 1953 .

After Mount Everest 
Tenzing later became director of field training for the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling. In 1978 he started Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a company providing trekking adventures in the Himalaya.

As of 2003 the company was run by his son Jamling Tenzing Norgay, who himself reached the summit of Everest in 1996.

He was honored with the prestigious Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour, in 1959.

The Government of India instituted the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards in his honour, awarded annually.

Death 
Tenzing Norgay died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 9 May 1986.

1914 births
1986 deaths
Autobiographers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in India
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Nepalese people
Sherpa
Mountain climbers
Sherpa

The Sherpa are an ethnic group in Nepal, who live in the higher parts of the Himalayas. They often help guide people through the mountains. They also sometimes live on the trail of Mt. Everest. A well known Sherpa is Tenzing Norgay, who helped Edmund Hillary climb to the top of Mt. Everest.

 
Mountain climbers
Carolina Panthers

The Carolina Panthers are an American Football team in the National Football League or the NFL. The Panthers play at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. They played their first game in 1995. Their current quarterback is Teddy Bridgewater. The team has gone to the playoffs 7 times and to the Super Bowl twice. The most recent appearance was in the 2015 NFL season. 

 
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in North Carolina
Selgovae

The Selgovae were a Brythonic tribe in Scotland, who lived in what is now the Borders. Their capital was on the North Eildon hill, near the current town of Melrose. This was a large hillfort covering an area of about 40 acres. It is believed that there were about 2500 people living in the fort. The Selgovae left the fort in 79 AD when the Roman army invaded the area. There are other Selgovae hillforts at Caidemuir Hill (near Peebles), Dreva Craig (near Broughton), Rubers Law (near Hawick), Whiteside Hill (near Romannobridge), Abory Hill (near Abington), Cow Castle (near Coulter), Quothquan Law (near Thankerton), Bodsberry Hill (near Crawford) and at Crawford. At Tamshiell Rigg there is evidence of a walled settlement. The Roman forts at Birrens, Netherby and Bewcastle were all built in Selgovae lands, north of Hadrian's Wall.

In the second century, the Selgovae are said to be one of the four kingdoms of ancient Scotland. By the end of the fourth century, the area had been taken over by Coel Hen and his kingdom of North Britain.

References

Scottish people
History of the British Isles
Harrison Ford

Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American movie actor and producer. He is famous for his roles as Han Solo in the original Star Wars movie series and the title character of the Indiana Jones movie series. He won an Saturn Award in 1981 and an Bambie Award in 1997. He has recently starred in Cowboys and Aliens and in 42.

Early life
Harrison Ford was born on July 13, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.. His family has Irish, German, Russian and Jewish ancestry. He studied at Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois and at Ripon College in Wisconsin.

Career
Before he became successful as an actor, he worked as a carpenter during the 1970s. He is one of the most successful actors in the world. During his early years, he used the name 'Harrison J. Ford'''  to stop the confusion between him and silent movie actor Harrison Ford. His movies have made a worldwide profit of US$5.65 billion. He is most known for his roles as Han Solo from Star Wars and as Indiana Jones in all four Indiana Jones movies. Since then he formed a career relationship with both Steven Spielberg and George Lucas.

Personal life
Ford was married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until they divorced in 1979. Then he was married to Melissa Mathison from 1983 until they divorced in 2004. Then he was married to Calista Flockhart since 2010. He has two sons, Benjamin and Willard with Marquardt and a son, Malcolm and a daughter, Georgia with Mathison. Ford now lives in Los Angeles, California.

 Movies 
 1973 American Graffiti 1974 The Conversation 1977 Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope 1979 Apocalypse Now 1980 Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1982 Blade Runner 1983 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1985 Witness 1986 The Mosquito Coast 1988 Frantic 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1990 Presumed Innocent 1991 Regarding Henry 1992 Patriot Games 1992 Indiana Jones 1993 The Fugitive 1997 Air Force One 1998 Six Days Seven Nights 2002 K-19: The Widowmaker 2003 Hollywood Homicide 2006 Firewall 2008 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2011 Cowboys and Aliens 2013 42 2013 Anchorman: The Legend Continues 2014 The Expendables 3 2015 Star Wars Episode VII 2017 Blade Runner 2049''

References

Other websites 

 

Interviews
 
 
 
 
 
 

1942 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Carpenters
Democrats (United States)
Movie producers from Chicago
Saturn Award winners
Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages were a period in European history. They lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. They were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. These were called the “Middle” Ages because they came between ancient history and modern history. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Medieval Age.

The early Middle Ages has also been called “the Dark Ages” because past scholars wrongly believed that there was very little culture, good literature, or art, or progress during this period.

The fall of Rome

The Early Middle Ages started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

In ancient history, the Western Roman Empire ruled much of Europe.  Eventually, that empire started to weaken.  In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths.  Rome survived, but had been weakened greatly.  In 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked  by Odoacer, he was able to take the city for himself.  He made himself the king of Italy.  This ended the Western Roman Empire.  Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.

Life in the Early Middle Ages

As the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.  Before, the empire’s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts.  Now these communication systems were no longer working.  This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.

For many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe.  Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.

The Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages.  Most Europeans were Christian at this time.

References 
Middle Ages
KGB

KGB  is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee. It was the main internal security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. It was formed in 1954 as a successor of earlier agencies, the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB. 

During the Cold War, the KGB suppressed "ideological subversion". This meant suppressing unorthodox political and religious ideas, and the people who held those ideas. It was Soviet policy for the KGB (and the secret services of the satellite states) to monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible counter-revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc.

The KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face", in 1968 Czechoslovakia. A record of some of its doings is contained in the Mitrokin Archive.

Different stages 
From 13 March 1954 to 6 November 1991, KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.

In March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agencythe MVD.  In December of that year, Beria and six associates were executed and the MVD split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers. 

On 5 July 1978 the KGB was renamed as the "KGB of the Soviet Union", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat.  The KGB ended when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources to help the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairmanand mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On 6 November 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although Russia's new national security organisation, the Russian Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti (FSB), works in the same things that the Soviet KGB did.

Belarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the national security organization is still called "KGB". Belarus is where Felix Dzerzhinsky started a group called the Cheka, which was an organization in the Soviet Union before the MVD or the KGB was started.

Notes

Other websites 
 KGB Info from FAS.org
 Chebrikov, Viktor M., et al., eds. Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti. (1977) 
 Committee for State Security -Citizendium

Soviet Union
Intelligence agencies
1954 establishments
1950s establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Federal Security Service

The FSB (ФСБ) is an organisation in Russia that takes care of security of the country. It is the organisation that came after the KGB, relating to internal affairs inside the country.  It is usually simply called the FSB in English-language sources. 

Its main responsibilities are within the country. It does counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance. It also investigates some other types of serious crimes. Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB. The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov.

Notes

Other websites 
 Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, official homepage in Russian
 Poison pins, rocks and fake logs: the secret arsenal of a long, silent war by Jeremy Page, The Times, March 02, 2006

Russia
National security
Intelligence agencies
Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Polish astronomer. People know Copernicus for his ideas about the sun and the earth. His main idea was that our world is heliocentric (helios = sun). His theory was that the sun is in the middle of the solar system, and the planets go around it. This was published in his book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year that he died.

Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, a mainly German-speaking state that was ruled by the Polish king since 1466. He was the son of the merchant Niklas Koppernigk and his wife Barbara Koppernigk (born Barbara Watzenrode). His native language was German. He was taught first in Cracow and then in Italy, where he graduated as a lawyer of the church. He also studied medicine to serve his fellow clerics. Copernicus spent most of his life working and researching in Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia, where he died in 1543.

Copernicus was one of the great polymaths of his age. He was a priest, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, jurist, physician, classical scholar, governor, administrator, diplomat, economist and soldier. During all these jobs, he treated astronomy as a hobby. However, his doctrine of heliocentrism that the sun, rather than the earth, is at the center of the solar system, is one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. It was the beginning of modern astronomy.

Related pages
Copernicium

Other websites 

Primary sources

 

General
 Portraits of Copernicus: Portrait ; Nicolaus Copernicus 
 Copernicus and Astrology  — Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers.
 Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus
 'Body of Copernicus' identified — BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull

About De Revolutionibus
 The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus
 De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition — Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
 The text of the De Revolutionibus

Legacy
 Chasing Copernicus: The book nobody read — was one of the greatest scientific works really ignored? All things considered. NPR
 Copernicus and his Revolutions — A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
 Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition

Notes

References 

1473 births
1543 deaths
Astronomers
Projection (mathematics)

A projection in geometry is something like a shadow, that an object casts onto another object. When a three-dimensional sphere is projected onto a plane, its projection will either be a circle or an ellipse.

In higher mathematics, projections are changes of one thing into something else. They may also be applications of functions.

Mathematics
Lightning

For the NHL team, see Tampa Bay Lightning
For the World War II fighter, see P-38 Lightning

Lightning is a very powerful electrical discharge made during a thunderstorm. The electric current makes the air very hot.  The suddenly heated air expands very quickly, which causes thunder.  Sometimes lightning happens between clouds.  Sometimes (in the rain) lighting goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year. About 50 to 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second. Lightning has hit the Empire State Building as many as 500 times a year.

When lightning strikes, the surface rubs electrons from the lightning, and a spark of electricity shoots from the lightning to the surface. In a thunderstorm, the lower cloud has as many as 100 million volts of electricity. This electricity is given out either within the cloud, to the ground, to another cloud, or into the air. Lightning has been known to travel from the ground upwards to the cloud. In 1993, scientists discovered lightning bolts that shot upward from the top of a cumulonimbus cloud.

People can make and study lightning with a Tesla coil or a Van de Graaff Generator.

Franklin experiment 
Benjamin Franklin experimented with electricity and was interested in lightning. He discovered many things about lightning. In 1772, he was the first to show that a thunderstorm lets out electricity. In his book he suggested an experiment to test it. Joseph Priestley said that Franklin flew a kite to prove the presence of electricity in the storm, using a dry silk string to protect himself from the electricity in the wet hemp kitestring.

Related pages 
 Ball lightning
Helicopter-triggered lightning strikes

References

Other websites 

 Central Florida's "Lightning Stalker" photography 
 How Lightning Works at HowStuffWorks
 Positive lightning photography from Florida

Weather
Electricity
Roseau

Roseau is the capital city of the Caribbean island of Dominica. It is home to more than fourteen thousand people.

National capitals in North America
Geography of Dominica

Roseau (Dominican Creole: Wozo) is the capital and largest city of Dominica, with a population of 14,725 as of 2011.[1] It is a small and compact urban settlement, in the Saint George parish and surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, the Roseau River and Morne Bruce. Built on the site of the ancient Island Carib village of Sairi, it is the oldest and most important urban settlement on the island of Dominica.

It is on the west (leeward) coast of Dominica and has a combination of modern and colonial French architecture.

Roseau is Dominica's most important port for foreign trade. Some exports include bananas, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges, and cocoa. The service sector is also a large part of the local economy. There are several private institutions registered in Dominica, like Ross University, Ballsbridge University, international university for graduate studies, All Saints University, New World University, Western Orthodox University.

There is a prominent diocese called Roman Catholic Diocese of Roseau.
Mark Antony

For the American singer, please see Marc Anthony.

Mark Antony (Latin: Marcus Antonius, 14 January circa 82 BC – 1 August 30 BC), was a Roman patrician from an upper-class family. He became a general and politician. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator.

Enemy of the state, and the second triumvirate

After Caesar's assassination, Antony, left as sole Consul, surrounded himself with a bodyguard of Caesar's veterans. He forced the senate to transfer to him the province of Cisalpine Gaul, at the time administered by Brutus, one of the conspirators. Brutus refused to surrender the province and Antony set out to attack him in the beginning of 43 BC, besieging him at Mutina. 

Encouraged by Cicero, the Senate denounced Antony. In January 43 they granted Octavian imperium (commanding power), and sent him to relieve the siege. In April 43, Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. 

News came that Brutus and Cassius were assembling an army in order to march on Rome. Antony, Octavian and Lepidus joined as allies, in November 43 BC, to stop Caesar's assassins. The trio were the Second Triumvirate. Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC. After the battle, a new arrangement was made: while Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went on to govern the east of the Republic. Lepidus went to govern Hispania (Spain) and the province of Africa. The triumvirate's enemies were subjected to proscription, including Mark Antony's archenemy Cicero, who was killed on 7 December 43 BC.

Egypt 
Antony followed in Caesar's footsteps by going to Egypt and becoming Cleopatra's lover. They had three children together. His absence from Rome allowed the intelligent Octavian to build up support. 

The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC, and disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. He committed suicide, as did his lover, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC.

William Shakespeare wrote a play "Antony and Cleopatra" based on this historical event.

References 

Antony, Mark
83 BC births
30 BC deaths
Crossword

A crossword, or crossword puzzle, is a popular type of puzzle that uses words. They are usually found in newspapers, magazines, and in books which contain a collection of them. They can also be played over the Internet and using mobile apps.

The first crossword puzzle was created by Arthur Wynne, a journalist from Liverpool. It first appeared in the December 21, 1913 issue of the New York World. Today, there are many newspapers and magazines that are known for their crossword puzzles, such as the New York Times.  A different crossword is typically printed every day or in every issue, and the answer (or solution) is either found somewhere else or often is not seen until the next day or issue.

How to play
A traditional crossword is made up of black and white squares, called a grid. All the white squares appear in horizontal rows or vertical columns, but are not always separated with black squares. Another way to say this is that every white square must have at least one other white square touching it on any side. The kind of crossword that appears in newspapers and magazines, such as the one in the image, often has lots of white squares beside each other.

The goal of solving the puzzle is to write different words, letter-by-letter, in the white squares. Next to the grid is a list of clues. The answer to each clue is a word or sometimes a phrase. The place in the grid where the answer to each clue should go is shown by a number and the direction in which the answer appears, for example, "1 Across" or "15 Down". Many computer programs have been created to find the answers to these clues.

There are many types of crosswords. Straight (or Quick) crosswords are usually made up of simple definitions - which means that other words are used to describe the answer. Some crosswords, called cryptic crosswords, use riddles and word play and are usually more difficult than straight crosswords.

Example
Here is a small example of a (British-style) straight crossword:

Across
1.  Sheep sound (3)
3.  Neither liquid nor gas (5)
5.  Humour (3)

Down
1.  Road passenger transport (3)
2.  Permit (5)
4.  Short for "Dorothy" (3)

The solution (answer) to this crossword is:

Related pages
Word games
Puzzles
Sudoku

Other websites 

The Crossword Centre
Daily crossword puzzles, Online crossword help and Crossword solutions
FindTheWord.info Online crossword help

Puzzles
Bob Geldof

Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof,  (; born 5 October 1951) is an Irish singer, songwriter, and political activist. He was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin. Geldof is a member of the band the Boomtown Rats. He also helped to organise the Live Aid and Live 8 events, and to form the Band Aid charity group. He also served as an actor for the Pink Floyd film The Wall, a musical about the album titled the same.

Geldof was married to Paula Yates from 1986 until they divorced in 1996. They had three daughters together, Fifi Trixibelle (born 1983), Peaches (1989-2014) and Little Pixie (born 1990). In 1996, Yates had a daughter called Tiger by her partner Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997. Yates died in 2000. Geldof adopted their daughter. He lives in Battersea, London with Tiger and his partner Jeanne Marine.

He has an honorary knighthood. Because he is not a British citizen, he should never be called "Sir". He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and 2008.

References

Other websites 

Brit Award winners
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
Musicians from Dublin
Political activists
1951 births
Living people
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Bullseye (1981 British game show)

Bullseye is a British television game show. It is hosted by Jim Bowen. In Bullseye, people play darts and answer questions to win money. The person who wins the most money has a chance to win Bully's special prize. It ran from 1981-1995 on ITV and there was another series in 2006 on Challenge, hosted by Dave Spikey. The series ran on ATN in Great Transmanitain from 1987-1996, hosted by Robert Shukoff.

Other websites 

1981 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
Darts
English-language television programs
Coronation Street

Coronation Street (commonly known as Corrie) is the longest-running television soap opera in the United Kingdom. It is one of the two most popular soap operas in the UK, the other being EastEnders (since 1985). It has won many awards. It is set in Weatherfield, a fictional town based on inner-city Salford. It is currently filmed in Salford Quays, It used to be filmed at Granada Studios in Manchester from 1960 to 2014. William Roache has played Ken Barlow in it since the very first episode in 1960 by Tony Warren. He has acted in the show for longer than anyone else. Eileen Derbyshire, who played Emily Bishop, started in 1961 and departed in 2016 and returned for one appearance in 2019. Rita Sullivan played by Barbara Knox first appeared in one episode in 1964 and returned in 1972 and has continued as a regular cast member ever since. Gail Platt played by Helen Worth, who was at first meant to be a very small character, has appeared continuously since 1974. There are six half-hour episodes a week: two on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. There have been more than 5000 characters in the show's history.

The soap opera is shown in many countries around the world. In the UK it is on ITV, the third television channel.

Compare The Market was the show's sponsor from 2012 until 2020. Since 2021, Argos has been the show's sponsor.

The video of the 1984 Queen single "I Want to Break Free" parodies the show's characters.

Characters

References

Other websites 

1960 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960 television series debuts‏‎
1960s British television series
1960s drama television series
1970s British television series
1970s drama television series
1980s British drama television series
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2010s British drama television series
British soap operas
ITV television programmes
Television series set in Manchester
Greater Manchester
Coronation Street
English-language television programs
Flatfish

Flatfish are a type of fish. There are several different kinds of flatfish. Some of them are fished commercially, like flounder, sole, turbot, plaice, and halibut.

All flatfish are rather flat, and have rays. They swim sideways. Some can hide on the ocean floor, waiting for prey. They have a capacity for dynamic camouflage, which is under nervous control, and can change in 'real time'.

The Order Pleuronectiformes is in the infraclass Teleostei. But it is best to look upon it as a group of fish which are adapted to the same habitat. They share those features which suit their life-style. They have both eyes on one side of the head: the upper side. This is their main adaptation to living on the seabed (benthos). Other distinguishing features are the protrusible eyes: they can stick the eyes up a bit to see round.

Evolution 

The flatfish life-style or 'habit' evolved several times independently, and so the group is polyphyletic. Their young are perfectly symmetrical, but the head is remodelled during a metamorphosis. One eye moves to the other side, close to the other eye. Some species have both eyes on the left (turbot), some on the right (halibut, sole); all living and most fossil flatfish to date show an 'eyed' side and a 'blind' side.

Charles Darwin predicted a gradual migration of the eye in evolution, mirroring the metamorphosis of the living forms. A recent examination of two fossil species from the Eocene shows "the assembly of the flatfish bodyplan occurred in a gradual, stepwise fashion". The intermediate stages survived for quite a long time: over two geological stages. They are found in sites together with flatfish with the full cranial asymmetry. That shows the intermediate stages were at no particular disadvantage. Eventually, the more complete forms did survive. The evolution of flatfish falls squarely within the evolutionary synthesis.

Amphistium is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish which has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil. In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetrical head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top-center of the head. Paleontologists concluded that "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution by natural selection.

References 

 
Edible fish
Mimicry
Trey

Trey could mean:

People

 Trey Anastasio, an American guitarist, composer and singer
 Trey Azagthoth, a guitarist for death metal band Morbid Angel
 Trey Gunn, a member of the band King Crimson
 Trey Junkin, a former American football player
 Trey Parker, creator of South Park
 Trey Spruance, an American musician
 Trey Teague, an American football player
 Trey Wingo, an American sportscaster

Other
 Trey of Triforia, a character in Power Rangers: Zeo
 Trey, Vaud, a commune in Vaud, Switzerland
 Standard Anglo-American playing cards of rank three, as in "the trey of hearts"
Pluto (Disney)

Pluto is a fictional dog that belongs to Mickey Mouse. He is a golden-yellow mutt with a green collar. He was introduced in the 1930s and got his name from the planet Pluto which had recently been discovered.

Pluto taught many kids lessons such as sharing, not to have jealousy, and many others.  Pluto was very energetic. Pluto was created by Walt Disney.

Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Fictional dogs
Mickey Mouse universe characters
Even number

An even number is an integer that can be divided by two and remain an integer or has no remainder.

An integer that is not an even number is an odd number. If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a non-integer.

Since even numbers are integers, negative numbers can be even.

Related pages

 Odd number

Mathematics
Røldalsvatnet

Røldalsvatnet is a lake in Odda, Hordaland, Norway. The length around it is 20.64 km, its area is 6.99 km² and it is 380 meters above sea level.

Lakes of Europe
Geography of Norway
Technorati

Technorati was a search engine for weblogs.  As of August 2006, Technorati indexed over 55 million sites. 

Technorati was founded by Dave Sifry and its headquarters was in San Francisco, California, USA.

Other websites
Technorati

Websites
San Francisco
The Goonies

The Goonies is a 1985 American movie about of a group of children living in a part of Astoria, Oregon called The "Goon Docks", who go on a search for a pirate's treasure, to save their neighborhood from being bought and destroyed, to enlarge the (fictional) Astoria Country Club and golf course. The movie was produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Richard Donner. It stars Sean Astin, Josh Brolin, Corey Feldman, Jonathan Ke Huy Quan, Martha Plimpton, Anne Ramsey, Robert Davi, Joe Pantoliano and Lupe Ontiveros.

Cast 

 Sean Astin as Michael "Mikey" Walsh, the asthmatic leader of the Goonies
 Josh Brolin as Brandon "Brand" Walsh, a high-school athlete and Mikey's older brother and minder
 Jeff Cohen as Lawrence "Chunk" Cohen, a clumsy, obese member of the Goonies and habitual fabulist
 Corey Feldman as Clark "Mouth" Devereaux, a Goonie nicknamed for his cheeky tongue
 Jonathan Ke Huy Quan as Richard "Data" Wang, a James Bond fanatic and amateur gadgeteer Goonie
 Kerri Green as Andrea Theresa "Andy" Carmichael, a high-school cheerleader and Brand's love interest
 Martha Plimpton as Stephanie "Stef" Steinbrenner, Andy's best friend
 John Matuszak as Lotney "Sloth" Fratelli, the deformed and abused, but child-hearted son of the Fratelli family who Chunk befriends
 Anne Ramsey as Mama Fratelli, an Italian-born crime matriarch
 Robert Davi as Jake Fratelli, Mama Fratelli's son and a counterfeiter
 Joe Pantoliano as Francis Fratelli, Mama Fratelli's son
 Mary Ellen Trainor as Irene Walsh, Mikey and Brand's fussy mother
 Keith Walker as Irving Walsh, Mikey and Brand's father and a curator at the local history museum
 Lupe Ontiveros as Rosalita, the Walsh family's Mexican housekeeper
 Steve Antin as Troy Perkins, the spoiled son of the Astoria Country Club's millionaire owner
 Curt Hanson as Mr. Perkins, Troy's millionaire father
 Michael Paul Chan as Mr. Wang, Data's father
 Charles McDaniel as Mr. Cohen, Chunk's father
 Paul Tuerpe as the Sheriff
 George Robotham as Prison Guard

Director Richard Donner makes a cameo appearance as a sheriff's deputy. The movie's cinematographer, Nick McLean, also has a cameo as Mouth's father. The part of the dead FBI agent was played by stuntman Ted Grossman.

References

Other websites 

1985 movies
1980s adventure movies
1980s family movies
American adventure movies
American family movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Oregon
Movies directed by Richard Donner
Press Your Luck

Press Your Luck was an American game show that aired from 1983 to 1986 and later in reruns, and was hosted by Peter Tomarken.  The three contestants on each show would earn spins by answering questions that they could later use on The Big Board.  On the board, they could earn thousands of dollars in cash and prizes, but had to beware of the Whammy, a cartoon demon who stole players' money and prizes.  If a Whammy was hit, the contestant lost all earnings up to that point.  Four Whammies took a player out of the game.  The winner returned on the next show.

The show came back on the air in 2002 on Game Show Network as Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck.  It featured a new "Big Bank" feature, which gave the player a chance to earn all the money and prizes lost to the Whammy. It was hosted by Todd Newton and ran until 2003.

The original version of Press Your Luck was called Second Chance, which aired on television in 1977.  Instead of the Whammy, players had to face a cartoon "Devil." It was hosted by Jim Peck, but did not last very long.

Other websites
  (1983–86) (US)
  (1987–88) (Australia)

Television game shows
English-language television programs