cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
2022 FIFA World Cup

The 2022 FIFA World Cup will be the 22nd FIFA World Cup. It will be hosted in Qatar from 21 November to 18 December 2022. It will be the first World Cup to be held in the Arab world, and the second to be held completely in Asia. The previous champions are France.

There have been suspicions on whether Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. An investigation that was done by FIFA reported that Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. This investigation was criticized by Michael J. Garcia.

Bidding

Qualification 

FIFA's six continental confederations have their own qualifying tournaments. All 211 associations are able to enter qualification. Qatar, qualified automatically because they are the hosts. Qatar still plays in the first two rounds of AFC qualification because it is also qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. The previous World Cup champions France will participate in qualification as normal. North Korea withdrew from qualification due to safety concerns of the COVID-19 pandemic and all the matches they played were cancelled. Saint Lucia, American Samoa and Samoa also withdrew from the qualifiers.

The amount of available World Cup slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich. The committee decided that the slots would be the same as 2018.
 CAF (Africa): 5
 AFC (Asia): 4 or 5 (not including Qatar, the hosts)
 UEFA (Europe): 13
 CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3 or 4
 OFC (Oceania): 0 or 1
 CONMEBOL (South America): 4 or 5
 Hosts: 1

Qualified teams

Venues 

Al Khor
Al Bayt Stadium
Al Rayyan
Ahmed bin Ali Stadium
Education City Stadium
Khalifa International Stadium
Al Wakrah
Al Janoub Stadium
Doha
Al Thumama Stadium
Stadium 974
Lusail
Lusail Iconic Stadium

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Bracket

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third-place match

Final

Sponsorship

Broadcasters

Notes

References 

2022 FIFA World Cup
Football in Qatar
Elze

Elze is a town in district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is next to the river Leine, approximately 15 km (9.3 miles) west of Hildesheim. Elze is also one oldest city in the area, and its name comes from Latin : aula caesaris

Notable people 
 Justus Gesenius (1601-1673), Lutheran theologian
 Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger (1857-1923), mathematician
 Philipp Furtwängler, (1800-1867), organ builder, 
 Philipp Furtwängler, (1869-1940), mathematician (number theorist)
 Günter Halm, (born 1922), bearer of the  Knight's Cross and Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Twin town 
 Écouché, France since 1972

References
FC Spartak Moscow

FC Spartak Moscow (Russian: Футбольный клуб Спартак Москва) is a Russian football club from Moscow. The club is the most successful in Russia, winning 9 or 19 of the Russian Premier League championships. The team used to be part of the Spartak Moscow sports society, but left and declared to be an independent organization. Their biggest rival is PFC CSKA Moscow. Spartak won their last championship at 2017.

Titles 

Russian football clubs
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
Ramenskoye

Ramenskoye is a city in Moscow Oblast, and was home to the football club Saturn Moscow Oblast. About 82,074 people lived there as of 2002.

Cities in Russia
Kreayshawn

Natassia Gail Zolot (born September 24, 1989 in San Francisco, California), known by her stage name, Kreayshawn, is an American rapper, editor and music video director. She has directed videos for rapper Lil B and is also a member of the group White Girl Mob. She is known for the song "Gucci Gucci" which gained three million YouTube views in just three weeks. She is currently signed to Columbia Records. She is set to direct the music video for "The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie" which is the first song by Red Hot Chili Peppers on their album, I'm with You. She is nominated for "Best New Artist" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.

Discography

Albums 
Kreayshawn has released 2 albums:

References

Other websites
 Kreayshawn's Tumblr

1989 births
Living people
Rap musicians from California
Musicians from San Francisco
Rostislav Olesz

Rostislav Olesz (born October 10, 1985 in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey left winger and center. He currently plays for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA).

He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 7th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Florida Panthers for 6 seasons. He was traded by the Florida Panthers to the Chicago Blackhawks for defenceman Brian Campbell on June 24, 2011.

He played 6 games with the Blackhawks and played a season with their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. On July 5, 2013, Olesz signed a 1-year deal with the New Jersey Devils. On November 21, 2013, he signed a contract with SC Bern of the NLA.

References

Other websites 
 

American Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
1985 births
Jamal Mayers

Jamal Mayers (born October 24, 1974 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a total of 15 seasons in the NHL. He currently works as an analyst for the NHL Network.

He was drafted with the 89th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Blues during 1998-99 NHL season. He went on to play 10 seasons with the St. Louis Blues before he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 3rd round pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He played 2 seasons with the Maple Leafs before being traded to the Calgary Flames along with Matt Stajan, Niklas Hagman and Ian White in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and prospect Keith Aulie. At the end of the 2009-10 he signed a one-year contract with the San Jose Sharks.

He was not resigned by the Sharks for the 2011–2012 season and he signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on July 1, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from the National Hockey League.

References

Other websites 
 

American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
1974 births
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
27 Club

The 27 club is the name given to a group of musicians who died at age 27.  The members or number of members of this group is not fixed.

Musicians often included in the 27 Club

References

Musicians
Ophiotaurus

In Greek mythology, the Ophiotaurus was a creature that was part bull and part serpent. Ovid's poem, Fasti (3.793 ff) is the only work where it is mentioned. There, it is said that when the creature's entrails were burnt, the person to do so could defeat the gods.

The Ophiotaurus appears in the third book in the "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" series, The Titan's Curse. Percy Jackson first thinks it is a female and names it "Bessie". It reappears in Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian.

References
 Theoi Project - Tauros Ophis (Ophiotauros)

Greek legendary creatures
From First to Last

From First to Last (formerly named First Too Last) is an American post-hardcore band from Los Angeles, originally from Georgia and Florida.

History 
The band formed in 1999 under the name First too Last. In 2004, 15-year-old Sonny Moore joined the band. The first album, Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Bodycount, was released on June 29, 2004. Heroine, the band's second album, was recorded in 2005 with Limp Bizkit guitarist Was Borland on the bass. Heroine was released on March 21, 2006. Moore left the band in early 2007 and guitarist Matt Good took over the lead vocals. In 2008, the band released their third album, named From First to Last, with Interscope Records.

Guitarist–screamer Travis Richter left the band in 2009, becoming lead vocalist in the metalcore band The Human Abstract in 2010. In March 16, 2010, the band released their fourth album, Throne to the Wolves, with guitarist Blake Steiner and label Rise.

The band was disbanded on July 29, 2010, but was brought back together in November 2013, with Sonny Moore returning

Discography 
 Albums/EPs
 Aesthetic (EP, 2003) - Four Leaf Records
 Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Body Count (2004) - Epitaph Records
 Heroine (2006) - Epitaph Records
 From First to Last (2008) - Interscope Records
 Throne to the Wolves (2010) - Rise Records

Videography 
 Such a Tragedy (2003)
 Ride the Wings of Pestilence (2004)
 Note to Self (2005)
 The Latest Plague (2006)
 Shame Shame (2006)
 Worlds Away (2008)

Members 
 Current members
 Matt Good - Lead vocals/screams (since 2007), lead guitar, keyboards (since 1999)
 Blake Steiner - Rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2009)
 Matt Manning - Screamed vocals, bass (since 2007)
 Derek Bloom - Drums (since 2002)

 Former members
 Sonny Moore - Lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (2004-2007)
 Phillip Reardon - Lead vocals/screams, keyboards (2002-2003)
 Travis Richter - Screamed vocals, rhythm guitar (since 2002), lead vocals (2002)
 Scott Oord - Bass, backing vocals (1999-2002)
 Joey Antillion - Bass (2002-2003)
 Jon Weisberg - Screamed vocals, bass (2004-2005)
 Parker Nelms - Drums (1999-2000)
 Steve Pullman - Drums, keyboard (2000-2002)
 Greg Taylor - Drums (2002)
 Chris Lent - Synthesizers, percussion (2008)

 Touring members
 Rick Patterson – Rhythm guitar (2003–2004)
 Alicia Simmons - Bass (2005)
 Wes Borland – Bass (2005–2006)
 Matt Fleischman – Bass (2006-2007)

Websites 
  FFTL Official Websites
  MySpace Site
  PureVolume Site
  Facebook Site

American punk bands
Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Musical groups from Florida
Falling in Reverse

Falling in Reverse is a post-hardcore band formed in 2008 at Las Vegas, Nevada by Ronnie Radke, the former lead singer of Escape the Fate.

History
The band formed in December 2008, by Ronnie Radke with the aid of Nason Schoeffler , under the name From Behind These Walls. This name was changed in August of 2009 due to copyright problems. In 2009, Radke released the demos Listen Up, The Worst Time, and The Departure, which in fact were not recorded by the band, but rather Radke himself alone in 2002.

In December 12, 2010, Ronnie Radke was released from prison. Several months after his release, Radke and the rest of the band began to record their album. The album was quickly finished by February of 2011. 

Falling In Reverse released two singles to promote their album. The first single, Raised by Wolves, was released July 7, 2011. The Drug in Me Is You was released shortly after on July 27. The full-length album was released July 26, 2011, named The Drug in Me Is You, with Epitaph Records.

The band participated in the 'Warped Tour 2011', from August 10 to August 14.

Discography 
 Albums
 The Drug in Me Is You (2011)
 Fashionably Late (2013)

 Singles
 Raised by Wolves (Juny 7, 2011)
 The Drug in Me Is You (July 27, 2011)

Members 
 Current members
 Ronnie Radke - lead/screamed vocals, acoustic guitar (2008-present) 
 Jacky Vincent - lead guitar (2008-present)
 Derek Jones - rhythm guitar, screamed/backing vocals (2010-present) 
 Ryan Seaman - drums, screamed/backing vocals (2011-present) 
 Ron Ficarro - bass, backing vocals (2012-present) (Former I Am Ghost bassist)

 Former members
 Mika Horiuchi - bass, backing vocals (2011-2012) 
 Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals (2008-2011) 
 Scott Gee - drums (2010-2011)
 Nick Rich - drums, backing vocals (2008-2009)

Other websites 

  Official Website
   MySpace Site
   Facebook Site

References 

American punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
Musical groups from Nevada
2008 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Park City, Utah

Park City is a city in Utah in the United States.  It was settled by Mormons in the 1840s and 1850s.  There was a lot of mining there in the 1860s.  Today, it is a ski resort.  It has a population of 7,731 and is at an elevation of 7,000 feet.  It is where the Sundance Film Festival takes place.  Some of the events of the 2002 Winter Olympics were held in or near Park City.

 
Ski areas and resorts
19th-century establishments in Utah
Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau

Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau (1 December 1873 – 8 March 1919) was a French painter from Angers. He was born in Angers in 1873, and died there in 1919. He is associated with the Fauvist movement.

1873 births
1919 deaths
French painters
Alesana

Alesana (pronounced Alice-Anna) is a emo band formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, in the year 2004.

History 
In June 2005, the band released the first EP, Try This with Your Eyes Closed, with Tragic Hero Records. On June 6, 2006, Alesana released the first album, On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax, this album was reissued on Fearless Records in 2008, next to the first EP. In 2007, the band released the video to the song Ambrosia.

On June 3, 2008, with Fearless, the band released the album Where Myth Fades to Legend. The third studio album, The Emptiness, was released January 26, 2010. The fourth album, A Place Where The Sun Is Silent will released October 19, 2011, with Epitaph Records.

Members 
Current members
 Dennis Lee - screamed vocals (since 2004)
 Shawn Milke - lead vocals/screams, rhythm guitar, piano/keyboards (since 2004)
 Patrick Thompson - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
 Alex Torres - lead guitar (since 2010)
 Shane Crump – bass, screamed vocals (2007–2008; since 2008)
 Jeremy Bryan - drums, backing vocals (since 2005)

Former members
 Adam Ferguson – rhythm guitar, screamed vocals (2005-2008; 2010)
 Jake Campbell – lead guitar (2008–2010), bass (2008)
 Steven Tomany – bass (2004–2007)
 Will Anderson – drums (2005)
 Daniel Magnuson – drums (2004–2005)

Discography 
 Albums/EPs
 Try This with Your Eyes Closed (EP, 2005)
 On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax (2006)
 Where Myth Fades to Legend (2008)
 The Emptiness (2010)
 A Place Where The Sun Is Silent (2011)

Videography 
 Ambrosia (2007) - directed by Jeremy Jackson
 Seduction (2008) - directed by Scott Hansen
 The Thespian (2010) - directed by Stephen Penta

Other websites 
 Official Website

American punk bands
Emo bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from North Carolina
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in North Carolina
Amateur Athletic Union

The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) is a sports organization in the United States.  It was founded in 1888.  It holds meets in many sports for amateur athletes (athletes who do not get paid) of all ages.  These sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, and track.  A long time ago, when most athletes were amateurs, winning an AAU title meant that you were one of the best in your sport.  In the United States, AAU meets used to also be trials for the Olympic Games.  Since 1978, the AAU has lost most of its power.  This is due to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 and the fact that many good athletes are no longer amateurs.  It is currently based in Lake Buena Vista, Florida at Disney's Wide World of Sports.

Sports organizations of the United States
1888 establishments in the United States
1999 UEFA Cup Final

The 1999 UEFA Cup Final was a football game that took place in Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, on 12 May 1999 between Parma A.C. (Italy) and Olympique de Marseille (France). Parma A.C. won 3-0. So Parma A.C. won their second UEFA Cup title and fourth European trophy, having previously won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup.

Semi-finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 

Parma A.C. defeated Atlético Madrid in the semi-finals with a 5-2 win. Olympique de Marseille defeated Bologna in the semi-finals with a 1-1 draw, but Marseille won with the penalty shootout.

Finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 

Parma A.C. defeated Olympique de Marseille with a 3-0 win, with goals by Crespo, Vanoli, and Chiesa, most of the goals in the first half.

1999 in association football

20th century in Moscow
Football in Russia
UEFA
1990s in Russia
List of islands of Germany

This is a list of islands of Germany.

Largest islands

Islands in the Baltic Sea
 Fehmarn
 Poel
 Walfisch island
 Langenwerder
 Hiddensee
 Rügen
 Dänholm
 Vilm
 Greifswalder Oie
 Ruden
 Ummanz
 Usedom

Islands in the North Sea
 Helgoland 
 East Frisian Islands (in the Wadden Sea)
 Borkum
 Buise (former island, disappeared)
 Lütje Hörn
 Kachelotplate
 Memmert
 Juist
 Norderney
 Baltrum
 Langeoog
 Spiekeroog
 Wangerooge
 Mellum
 Neuwerk
 Scharhörn
 North Frisian Islands
 Sylt
 Föhr
 Amrum
 Pellworm
 Nordstrand (former island, now peninsula)
 Halligen (also part of North Frisian Islands)
 Langeneß
 Norderoog
 Süderoog
 Nordstrandischmoor
 Oland (German island)
 Südfall
 Gröde-Appelland
 Hooge
 Hallig Habel
 Hamburger Hallig

Islands in the Elbe River
 Lühesand

Islands in the Weser River
 Harriersand

Islands in the Lake Constance
 Mainau Island
 Reichenau Island
 Lindau

Other websites 

Islands - Germany Tourism (EN)

Germany

Islands
Video High Density

Video High Density (VHD) was a videodisc format which was marketed predominantly in Japan by JVC. There was also an audio-only variant, Audio High Density (AHD).

Technology

VHD discs are 25 cm (9 5/6 inches) in diameter, and store up to 60 minutes of video per side. Each disc is stored in a plastic case, similar to a CED's case, so that the user could not touch the disc itself. The entire case was put into the player, which would take out the disc, and then the now empty case could be taken back out. After one side has finished playing, the disc would have to be taken out, flipped, and put back in to continue playing.

Similar to the RCA's CED, the signal on the VHD is recorded by varying capacitance on the disc. However, unlike the CED, the VHD does not contain any groves and the needle is made of diamond instead of titanium. Instead of having grooves, the needle is kept on track electronically so the needle does not have to actually touch the disc therefore resulting in less wear on the disc and on the needle. In one rotation of the disc, 2 frames of picture and audio were read.

VHD was designed to be very interactive and was used in some video game systems as well as in car engine diagnostic tools.

History

The VHD was first demonstrated in 1978, and after many advertisements in National Geographic magazines, It was eventually released in Japan and in the USA in 1983. However, by this time both Laserdisc and CED were already not selling well compared to the VHS and Betamax VCR systems. As a result of this, JVC did not let the VHD be sold in North America, but made it available to the general public in Japan and commercially in the UK and the US.

During the time the VHD was made, it was mostly used for karaoke systems, anime video games, and interactive training systems. In the UK, the VHD was used for training, demonstration, and fault diagnostics.

In Japan, a 3D version of the VHD utilizes double speed discs and special glasses.

VHDs Today
The VHD was not very successful as a consumer product, but it sold well for commercial purposes. In Japan, the CED is still somewhat popular and the discs and players are both still collected.

Other websites
Video of a VHD player with its cover off

Video Discs
Rügen

Rügen (lat. Rugia) is the biggest island in Germany. There are several cities on the island. These include : Putbus, Garz, Binz, Bergen auf Rügen, Sassnizt, Glowe, Trent, Schaprode and Göhren. The island has a 77,000 population (according to the 2006 census). The island is about 926 square kilometers (or 357 square miles). The island is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Rügen is also one of the most famous places to go in Germany for vacation.

Geography 
Rügen is in the northeast part of Germany in the Baltic Sea. The main landmass, Muttland, is surrounded my many peninsulas. There are also two national parks located on the island : Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and Jasmund National Park.

Biosphere reserves
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Islands of Germany
McLafferty rearrangement

The McLafferty rearrangement is an organic reaction seen in mass spectrometry. A mass spectrometer breaks apart the molecule being studied.  The molecule breaks apart in consistent ways that chemists can predict. Most of the time, a carbon-carbon bond breaks and the atoms do not jump across the break between the fragments. The McLafferty rearrangement is an example of a hydrogen atom jumping to the other fragment as a part of the process of the bond breaking.  It happens in an organic molecule containing a keto-group.

The reaction 
The American chemist Fred McLafferty was the first to describe the reaction in 1959.

The keto-group undergoes β-cleavage, with the gain of the γ-hydrogen atom. This rearrangement may take place by a radical or ionic mechanism.

Related pages
α-cleavage

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Fred McLafferty Faculty Webpage at Cornell University

Mass spectrometry
Rearrangement reactions
Maska za maskou

Maska za maskou (The Mask Behind the Mask) is the last studio album by the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was released in December 2009.

Tracklist
 TV idylka
 Marie, vstávej
 Maska
 Cizí vlasy
 Non stop Opera
 Pojď
 Je večer mlha padá
 Smrt
 Pod křížem zůstaly ženy
 Magorův šém
 Jednou nohou/Vůl hvězda ranní
 Přes práh hvězd...
 Tygr v Praze

Musicians
The Plastic People of the Universe
Vratislav Brabenec – saxophones, vocals
Josef Janíček – keyboards, accordion, vocals
Josef Karafiát – guitars, vocals
Jiří Kabeš – viola, vocals
Eva Turnová – bass guitar, vocals
Ludvík Kandl – drums
Jaroslav Kvasnička – drums
Quests
Josef Klíč – cello
Agon Orchestra

References

Other websites
Information

2009 albums
The Plastic People of the Universe
Xiaotingia

Xiaotingia is an extinct genus of Archaeopteryx-like theropod dinosaur from early Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China.

The Chinese team claims the fossils dated to 155 million years ago (mya), whereas the Solnhofen limestone where Archaeopteyx was found is 144 mya in age. The  new fossil Xiaotingia cannot be dated so accurately, as they were originally been purchased from a dealer. Prof Xu first saw the specimen at the Shandong Tianyu Museum. The other question to be asked of all early dinobirds is: could they fly? 

A cladistic analysis by Xu and his team showed that Xiaotingia formed a clade with Archaeopteryx, the Dromaeosauridae and the Troodontidae. This clade excludes other birds. They therefore (re)defined the concepts of Deinonychosauria and Avialae so Archaeopteryx and Xiaotingia belonged to the Deinonychosauria and Archaeopteryx no longer was an avian (bird). This led to popular reports that "Archaeopteryx is no longer a bird". 

However, the team explicitly allowed for a traditional Aves with Archaeopteryx as a specifier. Such a clade would in their opinion include the Deinonychosauria.

References 

Jurassic dinosaurs
Coelurosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
John Zorn

John Zorn (born September 2, 1953 in New York City, New York, United states) is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. He is collaborated with Lou Reed, Weird Little Boy, Laurie Anderson and others.

References

American composers
Musicians from New York City
1953 births
Living people
Collegium Musicum

Collegium Musicum is a Slovak art rock band formed by Marián Varga in Czechoslovakia in late 1969. The band is reformed in 2008 and still plays.

Discography
 1970 Collegium Musicum
 1970 EP Hommage à J.S.Bach/Ulica plná plášťov do dažďa
 1971 Konvergencie
 1973 Live
 1975 Marián Varga & Collegium Musicum
 1977 Continuo
 1979 On a Ona
 1981 Divergencie
 1989 Všetko je inak
 1997 Collegium Musicum '97

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Rock bands
Bratislava
1969 establishments in Europe
Double bond

A double bond in chemistry is when two chemical elements are joined together in a chemical bond and share four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond is between two carbon atoms, and can be found in alkenes. There are many types of double bonds, such as in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is shown as two parallel lines (=) between the two joined atoms. When this formula is printed, the equals sign is used.

Double bonds are stronger than single bonds and double bonds are also shorter. The bond order is two. Double bonds are also electron-rich, which makes them more reactive.

The two pairs of electrons involved in the bond do not behave in exactly the same way. One pair of electrons forms a stronger sigma bond, noted by σ and drawn as a straight line between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. While the other pair form a pi bond, π, drawn as two cloud-like areas where the electrons exist, as orbitals.

References
Magny-Cours

Magny-Cours is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.

It is best known as the home of the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, a famous Auto racing circuit. It formerly hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix. A campus of the Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports is also located on the city.

Related pages
Communes of the Nièvre department

References
 INSEE commune file

Other websites
 Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours

Communes in Nièvre
I Wanna Go

"I Wanna Go" is a 2011 song by Britney Spears. The song is the third single from her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale. The song was released on June 13, 2011. It was an instant success, reaching the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 a day after debuting. This resulted in a flash mob in Times Square. Spears also shut down Times Square for an unexpected performance.

The song has currently been downloaded over 1.8 million times in the US as of 2016.

Music video 
The video premiered on June 22, 2011, and was directed by Chris Marrs Piliero.  Spears is asked questions by paparazzi in a press conference and grows tired of them, eventually saying, "Fuck you" to all but one of them.  She then goes for a joyride with actor Guillermo Diaz, known for his role in the television series Weeds.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2011 songs
Britney Spears songs
Fiat Ducato

The Fiat Ducato is a series of vans and minibuses made by Fiat. There have been three generations since 1981. It is built in cooperation with Citroën and Peugeot.

First generation (1981–1993) 
The first generation Fiat Ducato came out in July 1981.

In 1986, Alfa Romeo, Peugeot, Citroën, Fiat, Talbot and Zastava all made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Alfa Romeo AR6, Peugeot J5, Citroën C25, Fiat Talento, Talbot Express and Zastava Ducato.

Between 1985 and 1990, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille and different headlamps.

Second generation (1993–2006) 
The second generation Fiat Ducato came out in 1993,

In 1993, Citroen and Peugeot made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay and the Peugeot Boxer.

In February 2002, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.

Third generation (2006–present) 
The third generation Fiat Ducato came out in 2006.

In 2006, Citroen, Peugeot and Ram Trucks made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay, Peugeot Boxer and Ram ProMaster

In 2014, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.

Other websites

Front wheel drive vehicles
Vans
Buses
Jim Henson's Muppet Babies

Muppet Babies is an American children's animated series produced by The Jim Henson Company and Nick Jr. Productions, Kermit The Frog Productions and Marvel Productions which ran on Nickelodeon from 1984-1991, winning the Outstanding Animated Series Emmy for four consecutive years. The concept of presenting familiar Muppet characters as babies was introduced in a sequence of The Muppets Take Manhattan. The movie featured puppet versions of Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Gonzo, Fozzie Bear, Scooter, and Rowlf as babies (the puppet versions later returned one more time, for a home movie sequence in A Muppet Family Christmas).

Voice cast
 Greg Berg: Baby Fozzie, Baby Scooter
 Dave Coulier (1986–1991): Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, and Camilla (occasionally)
 Katie Leigh: Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell
 Howie Mandel (1984–1985): Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen
 Laurie O'Brien: Baby Piggy
 Russi Taylor: Gonzo the Great, Robin and Camilla (occasionally) and Aunt Fanny
 Frank Welker: Baby Kermit, Baby Skeeter (1986–1990), Baby Beaker, Camilla and The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard
 Barbara Billingsley: Nanny

1984 American television series debuts
1991 television series endings
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
American children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
Emmy Award winning programs
Television spin-offs
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Cyclohexene

A cyclohexene is a six-sided (hexagonal) shaped hydrocarbon ring made when carbon atoms join with hydrogen atoms. It is flammable, toxic, and colourless liquid which does not dissolve in water. It will, however, dissolve in alcohol.

References

Organic chemistry
Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a process that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. 
You can use it to find out the mass of particles, and to find the basic chemicals in a sample or molecule. It can also tell you the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.

There are 5 main steps a mass spectrometer takes:
 Vaporization: The substance has to be injected into the ionizing tube, where it is turned into a gas if it is not already one. This is done by heating up the substance so much that it vaporizes, which allows the substance to move along the mass spectrometer.
 Ionization: The sample is then hit with electrons by an electron-gun, changing the sample so it only has positively-charged ions. This is so the samples are attracted to the magnetic fields, allowing the mass spectrometer to work.
 Acceleration: The positively-charged ions are then accelerated through an electric field of negatively charged plates which the ions are attracted to, to allow them to be tested in the next stages.
 Separation: As the ions are moved along a magnetic field, the atoms with a higher mass-to-charge ratio will not be affected as much by the magnetic field, while those with a lower mass-to-charge ratio will be affected more. Most atoms only have a single charge, so with those, the angle of the heavier atoms won't change much, while the angle of the lighter atoms will change a lot. This is because they have more mass compared to their single charge.
 Detection: There is a detector at the end of the mass spectrometer. When an ion hits the detector, a single electric current is produced at that location, which is then multiplied many times so a computer can notice it. The current produced is always proportional to the amount of ions of that specific type hitting the location. Molecules and atoms of the same type will always hit a specific location of their own.
Using the information which the method can collect, you can find the mass-to-charge ratio of the particles, and the relative abundance (how many atoms of each type were in the sample you put in).

The first mass spectroscope was invented by the British physicist J. J. Thomson in 1912. His student Francis Aston developed the mass spectroscope for practical use. They are now widely used for agriculture, brewing, food processing, geology, petroleum exploration, medical drugs measurements and space exploration. They are often used with a chromatography system which helps prepare the sample for mass spectrometry.

References

Other websites 
 Mass Spectrometry by Paul Andersen on Youtube
 Mass Spectrometry MS by the Royal Society of Chemistry on Youtube
Ashleigh Ball

Ashleigh Ball (born March 31, 1983 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian voice actress and singer who is best known for voicing "Applejack" and "Rainbow Dash" in the television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and the character "Allura" in the television show Voltron Force. Ball is also the lead singer of the Vancouver-based indie pop/acoustic band Hey Ocean!.

She was the subject in the documentary Brony: the Movie, which followed her through her first interactions with the Brony community at BronyCon 2012.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Ashleigh Ball at Behind The Voice Actors

1984 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian singers
Canadian voice actors
Musicians from Vancouver
Ivan Kral

Ivan Kral (born Ivan Král; May 12, 1948 in Prague, Czechoslovakia – February 2, 2020) was a Czech-American guitarist, bass guitarist and songwriter. He has worked with Patti Smith and Iggy Pop. His songs were recorded by lots of bands and singers, including U2 and David Bowie.

References

Other websites
 official website 

1948 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Czech writers
American singer-songwriters
American jazz musicians
American pop musicians
American punk musicians
American rock guitarists
American jazz singers
American pop singers
American punk singers
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Prague
Tornado warning

A tornado warning is an alert that means that a tornado or funnel cloud has been spotted around the area, and that people should take cover. When tornadoes have been spotted, the tornado sirens make sound in that place, letting people know that they have been seen.

Tornado warnings are higher than the warning of a Tornado watch, but there is an even higher level, which is a tornado emergency.

Tornadoes
Tornado watch

A tornado watch is a warning that means that weather conditions are right for tornadoes to form. So people should be careful.

A tornado watch must not be confused with a tornado warning. It does not mean that a tornado has been seen; it just means that you should be careful because the weather is perfect for a tornado.

Tornadoes
Dust devil

Dust devils are twirling masses of air that form in the desert and send sand spinning. The height of a dust devil can range from a few meters tall to more than  tall. They are usually harmless, but occasionally they can cause some damage to both people and property.

Formation 
A dust devil forms when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low-pressure air above it. If conditions are just right, then the air may begin to rotate. As the air rapidly rises, the hot air is stretched vertically and because of angular momentum, the spinning gets much more intense. Because the hot air cools when it rises, it eventually goes down to the base and expands horizontally, while more hot air shoots up the column to replace the lost air. The air that is displaced falls to the ground around the dust devil, creating a balancing force. Thus, a dust devil is formed.

Certain conditions help the formation of dust devils: 

1. Flat barren, desert terrain: Flat terrain and hot conditions help the hot air "fuel" being always available. The dust and sand helps the dust devil be seen.

2. Clear skies or lightly cloudy conditions: The surface needs a lot of solar energy to heat the air.

3. Light or no wind, and cool temperature in the atmosphere: Without a cool atmosphere and hot surface, the dust devil with never form. Wind will not keep the dust devil stable.

A dust devil "dies" when it eventually sucks in cool air from the surface. Cool air destroys the dust devil because it quickly discourages the rising of air through the column. This usually happens when the dust devil becomes weak, or moves across a new terrain were the surface temperatures are cooler.

Similarly, when hot air rises rapidly in water bodies and if conditions are just right they are known as water sprout.

Martian dust devils 

Dust devils occur on the planet of Mars as well. They can be ten times higher than ones on Earth, and fifty times as wide. They can pose a threat to technology placed on Mars.

However, not all dust devils are damaging. Mission members keeping an eye on the Mars Spirit rover reported that on March 12, 2005, a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the solar panels of that robot. Power levels dramatically increased, and much more scientific work was able to be done.

Related pages
 Steam Devil
 Storm
 Tornado
 Waterspout

References 

Weather
Tornadoes
Samaritan Pentateuch

The Samaritan Pentateuch or Samaritan Torah is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127 BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See .)

Special importance is attached to the Abisha Scroll, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun. But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.

References

Theology
Judaism
John Jacob Astor

John Jacob Astor (July 17, 1763 – March 29, 1848), born Johann Jakob Astor, was a German-American businessman.  He was born in Germany and moved to London and then to New York City in 1784.  He started a business trading furs.  By 1800, he had made half a million dollars trading furs.  His company was called The Pacific Fur Trading Company. In the early 1800s, his company was trading furs in Oregon.  His fur traders found the pass through which the Oregon Trail passes.  He made even more money in New York real estate.  When he died in 1848, he was worth over $50 million.  Today, his fortune would be over $150 billion.  The city of Astoria, Oregon was named for him.  So was the neighborhood Astoria, Queens and Astor Place in Manhattan.

References

Businesspeople from New York
People from New York City
1763 births
1848 deaths
Pi bond

In chemistry, a pi bond (π bond) is a covalent chemical bonds where the orbital path of one electron crosses (overlaps) with the path of another. The electrons have a lobe shaped figure of eight path (see picture). There are two areas of overlap as the paths overlap on both lobes. Only one of the orbital's nodal planes passes through both of the involved nuclei. 

The Greek letter π in their name refers to p orbitals. The orbital symmetry of the pi bond looks the same as the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals usually have this sort of bonding. D orbitals are also assumed to use pi bonding but this is not necessarily what happens in reality. The idea of bonding d orbitals fits in with the theory of hypervalence.

Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds. Quantum mechanics says this is because the orbital paths are parallel so there is much less overlap between the p-orbitals. 

Pi bonds happen when two atomic orbitals are in contact through two areas of overlap.  Pi-bonds are more spread out bonds than the sigma bonds. Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes called pi electrons. Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond. The rotation destroys the parallel paths of the two p orbitals.

Multiple bonds 
Atoms that are joined by a double bond have one sigma bond and one pi bond. If they are joined by a triple bond they have  one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond, but the combination of pi and sigma bond is stronger than either bond by itself. The extra strength of a multiple bond versus a single (sigma bond) is shown in many ways. The most obvious is a contraction in bond lengths. For example in organic chemistry, carbon-carbon bond lengths are in ethane (154 pm), in ethylene (134 pm) and in acetylene (120 pm). More bonds make the total bond shorter and stronger.
Electronic configuration is based on S,P,D,and f -Block.
S has 2 electrons
P has 6 electrons
D has 10 electrons
F has 14 electrons

Special cases
Pi bonds do not necessarily join a pair of atoms that are also sigma-bonded.

In certain metal complexes, pi interactions between a metal atom and alkyne and alkene pi antibonding orbitals form pi-bonds.

In some cases of multiple bonds between two atoms, there is no sigma bond at all, only pi bonds. Examples include diiron hexacarbonyl (Fe2(CO)6), dicarbon (C2) and the borane B2H2. In these compounds the central bond has only pi bonding. In order to get the most orbital overlap the bond distances are much shorter than expected.

References 

Chemical bonding
Being and Time

Being and Time (, 1927) is a book that was written by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is his best known book and is said to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. It has greatly influenced 20th-century philosophy, particularly existentialism, hermeneutics and deconstruction.

References

1927 works
1920s books
Supertec

Supertec was a Formula One engine supplier in 1999 and 2000. Supertec supplied engines that were designed by Renault F1. They took engines built by Mecachrome from the 1998 season, and updated them for 1999 and 2000. Supertec then put their name on the engines.

Complete Formula One World Championship results 
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References 

Formula One engine manufacturers
Chesil Beach

Chesil Beach, sometimes called Chesil Bank, in Dorset, southern England is one of three major shingle structures in Britain. Its name is derived from the Old English ceosel or cisel, meaning "gravel" or "shingle". 

It is a kind of offshore barrier which has joined the mainland with Portland Bill. The lagoon between the chesil and the mainland is called The Fleet or The Fleet Lagoon.

The shingle beach is 18 miles long (29km), 220 yards wide  (200m) and 50 feet high (15m). The beach and the Fleet are part of the Jurassic Coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the location for a book, On Chesil Beach by Ian McEwan.

At the eastern end of the beach at the village of Chiswell, against the cliffs of the Isle of Portland, the beach curves round sharply to form Chesil Cove. This part of the beach protects the low-lying village from flooding. Westwards the shingle forms a straight line along the coast, enclosing the Fleet, a shallow tidal lagoon. The lagoon is 9½ feet (3m) at its deepest.p99

The beach provides shelter from the prevailing winds (from the west) and waves for the town of Weymouth and the village of Chiswell, which would otherwise probably not exist

Varying with the Bank's unbroken increase in height, to , above mean high water, the size of the flint and chert shingle varies from pea-sized at the north-west end (by West Bay) to orange-sized at the south-east end (by Portland). It is said that smugglers who landed on the beach in the middle of the night could judge "exactly where they were" by the size of the shingle.

References 

Beaches of Europe
Dorset
Geography of England
Polina Sidikhina

Polina Eugenyevna Sidikhina (; born on October 26, 1988) is a Russian stage and movie actress.

Biography 
Polina Eugenyevna Sidikhina was born on October 26, 1988 in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, USSR (now Moscow, Russia) to actors Eugeny Sidikhin (b.1964) and Tatyana Borkovskaya (b.1965). She has two younger sisters, Aglaya Sidikhina (b.1998) and Anfisa Sidikhina (b.2007).

Graduated from Saint Petersburg State Theatre Arts Academy in 2010.

Play in theatres and movies since 2001.

References

Other websites 
 
 Полина Сидихина на сайте КиноПоиск 
 Полина Сидихина на сайте КиноТеатр 

1988 births
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Russian actors
Living people
Happy Valley Shanghai

Happy Valley Shanghai () is an amusement park in Songjiang, Shanghai,  People's Republic of China. The park is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) from downtown Shanghai. It covers an area of 863,500 square meters (213 acres). Happy Valley contains seven big areas, each with different themed zones, including Sunshine Beach, Happy Times, Typhoon Bay, Gold Mine Town, Ant Kingdom, Shanghai Beach and Shangri-la Woods. There are more than 100 rides in the park.

The park was opened on August 16, 2009. In the beginning of the park's operation, many people didn't like it because of long waiting times and being dangerous. Most of the rides were broken, the lines were too long, and many people were hurt not only from riding the rides, but from walking around the park. Three people were hurt when a big sign board fell on top of them.

The park currently has six roller coasters. Five of them were opened when the park began its operation while the mine train coaster opened in October 2009.

Rides

Roller coasters
Diving Coaster (绝顶雄风)
LeLe'e Chariot (蚁兵战车)
Mega-Lite (蓝月飞车)
Mine Train Coaster (矿山历险)
Spinning Coaster (疯狂精灵)	
Wooden Coaster - Fireball (谷木游龙)

References 

Theme parks in Asia
Shanghai
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in China
Nani

Luís Carlos Almeida da Cunha "Nani" (born 17 November 1986) is a Portuguese footballer currently playing for Manchester United and the Portugal national team.

1986 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Radiator

A radiator is a device used to move heat from one location to another location. Some radiators are used to cool things, such as a car engine. Some radiators are used to heat 
things, such as a house.

Cooling 

Most cars use a radiator to cool the engine. To produce power, engines must burn a fuel. This creates a lot of heat. If the heat is not removed, the engine will overheat and stop running. The radiator is connected to the engine with hoses.

A liquid flows into the engine. Heat is moved from the engine to the liquid. The heat moves because of Newton's Law of Cooling. This law says that heat will move from something hot to something cooler.

The liquid then moved into the radiator. The radiator has many small tubes for the liquid to flow through. Air moves around to the tubes to cool them. This cools the liquid. The liquid then return to the engine. This is a closed loop.

Indoor heating 

Many houses are located in areas that get cold. Heat needs to be added to the house so the people are comfortable. A radiator is placed in a room to add heat to the room. The heat is created by a furnace. A heating radiator works just like a cooling radiator. The heat from the furnace moves to the radiator. The room is cooler than the radiator. The heat moves from the radiator into the room to warm the room.

Auto parts
Home appliances