cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Arrondissement of Nantua

The arrondissement of Nantua is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Nantua.

History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Nantua was part of that original department.

Geography
It is found in the northern half of the department with an area of . It has 84,640 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Nantua is bordered to the north by the Jura department, to the northeast by the arrondissement of Gex, to the east by the Haute-Savoie department, to the south by the arrondissement of Belley and to the west by the  arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Nantua,  there are only 2 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement:   Nantua (18 communes) and Oyonnax (2 communes). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 commune in the arrondissement of Belley, 2 in the arrondissement of Gex and 11 in the arrondissement of Nantua; the canton of Hauteville-Lompnes has 29 communes in Belley and 12 in Nantua; and the canton of Pont-d'Ain has 4 communes in the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse and 20 in Nantua.

Communes
The arrondissement of Nantua has 65 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Apremont (01011)
 Arbent (01014)
 Béard-Géovreissiat (01170)
 Bellegarde-sur-Valserine (01033)
 Belleydoux (01035)
 Bellignat (01031)
 Billiat (01044)
 Bolozon (01051)
 Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme (01056)
 Brénod (01060)
 Brion (01063)
 Ceignes (01067)
 Cerdon (01068)
 Challes-la-Montagne (01077)
 Champfromier (01081)
 Chanay (01082)
 Charix (01087)
 Châtillon-en-Michaille (01091)
 Chevillard (01101)
 Condamine (01112)
 Confort (01114)
 Dortan (01148)
 Échallon (01152)
 Géovreisset (01171)
 Giron (01174)
 Groissiat (01181)
 Injoux-Génissiat (01189)
 Izenave (01191)
 Izernore (01192)
 Jujurieux (01199)
 Labalme (01200)
 Lancrans (01205)
 Lantenay (01206)
 Leyssard (01214)
 Lhôpital (01215)
 Maillat (01228)
 Martignat (01237)
 Matafelon-Granges (01240)
 Mérignat (01242)
 Montanges (01257)
 Montréal-la-Cluse (01265)
 Nantua (01269)
 Neuville-sur-Ain (01273)
 Les Neyrolles (01274)
 Nurieux-Volognat (01267)
 Outriaz (01282)
 Oyonnax (01283)
 Peyriat (01293)
 Plagne (01298)
 Le Poizat-Lalleyriat (01204)
 Poncin (01303)
 Pont-d'Ain (01304)
 Port (01307)
 Priay (01314)
 Saint-Alban (01331)
 Saint-Germain-de-Joux (01357)
 Saint-Jean-le-Vieux (01363)
 Saint-Martin-du-Frêne (01373)
 Samognat (01392)
 Serrières-sur-Ain (01404)
 Sonthonnax-la-Montagne (01410)
 Surjoux (01413)
 Varambon (01430)
 Vieu-d'Izenave (01441)
 Villes (01448)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Nantua
Del Latta

Delbert Leroy "Del" Latta (March 5, 1920 – May 12, 2016) was an American politician. He served as member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 through 1989. He was a Republican. He was born in Weston, Ohio.

Latta died in Bowling Green, Ohio on May 12, 2016, aged 96.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2016 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Claw of Archimedes

The Claw of Archimedes (also known as the "Iron Hand") was an ancient weapon. It was designed by Archimedes to defend the seaward part of Syracuse's city wall against amphibious assault. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook. Apparently it was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water to capsize or suddenly drop it.

References 

War
Ancient history
Archimedes
Bowling Green, Ohio

Bowling Green is a city in and the county seat of Wood County, Ohio, United States.  The population was 30,028 at the 2010 census. It is near Toledo, Ohio. Bowling Green is the home of Bowling Green State University.

References

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
Yukio Ninagawa

was a Japanese theatre director. He was known for his Japanese language productions of Shakespeare plays and Greek tragedies. He has directed Hamlet differently eight times. He also directed Titus Andronicus, Coriolanus and Macbeth. He was also a movie director. He directed the 2003 movie Ao no Honō.

Ninagawa died of pneumonia at a hospital in Tokyo on May 12, 2016, aged 80.

References

Other websites 
 
 Ninagawa Studio website
 Yukio Ninagawa official website  

1935 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Japanese movie directors
Muhammad Abdul Wahhab

Haji Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (, Ḥājī Muḥammad ‘Abdul-Wahhāb; (January 1, 1923 – November 18, 2018) was a Muslim preacher of Islam and the Ameer of Tablighi Jamaat in Pakistan. He played an important role in the Tablighi Jamaat movement.

Biography 
Wahhab was born in Delhi, India. He studied at Islamia College in Lahore. 

In October 2013 it was reported that Haji Abdul Wahhab was suggested to head a Loya Jirga in preparation for peace talks with the Pakistani Taliban.

Wahhab died from complications of dengue fever on November 18, 2018 at the age of 95.

References

1923 births
Deaths from infectious disease
Muslims
Yusuf al-Qaradawi

Yusuf al-Qaradawi (; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; born 9 September 1926) is an Egyptian-born Qatari Islamic theologian. He spent most of his life in Doha, Qatar. He is the chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.

He is best known for his programme, al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh ("Sharia and Life"), broadcast on Al Jazeera, which has an audience of 60 million worldwide. He is also well known for IslamOnline, a popular website he helped found in 1997 and for which he now serves as chief religious scholar.

References

Other websites

  
 onislam.net
 
 Al-Qaradawi's books translated into English and French 
 Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Global Mufti al-Qaradawi, Webversion 12-2010
 "Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of a leading Islamist cleric", Ana Belén Soage, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 12/1 (March 2008), pp. 51–65.
 "Sheikh Yūsuf al-Qaradawi: A Moderate Voice from the Muslim World?", Ana Belén Soage, '[Religion Compass'', 4 (September 2010), pp. 563–575.
 Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Minorities: Learned Intolerance, Qantara.de
 Daily Assembly 14 September 2005, Mayor of London about Qardawi and Pope John XXIII, pp. 12–13, Greater London Authority

1926 births
Living people
Egyptian Muslims
Qatari people
Theologians
Catalogue of the Archbishops of Gniezno

Catalogue of the Archbishops of Gniezno is a Polish manuscript.

References  

Art
Hal Riney

Hal Patrick Riney (17 July 1932 – 24 March 2008) was an American advertising executive. He was born in Seattle, Washington. He was the founder of Publicis & Hal Riney. Riney was named #30 on the Advertising Age 100 people of the 20th century. He was added into the Advertising Hall of Fame in 2001. He was mostly known as for narrating Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election ads "Morning in America" and "Bear in the Woods".

Personal life 
Riney died at age 75 on 24 March 2008 from cancer at his home in San Francisco, California, aged 75.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Businesspeople from Seattle, Washington
Bear in the woods

A television commercial known for its opening line "There is a bear in the woods" was created for the 1984 U.S. presidential re-election campaign of Ronald Reagan.  

The commercial shows a grizzly bear wandering through a forest. The narrator of the ad, Hal Riney, talks about how the bear could be dangerous and that it would be smart to be prepared for that possibility. In the final scene a man appears and the bear takes a step back. The ad ends with a picture of Reagan and the tagline: "President Reagan: Prepared for Peace". 

The bear could have either signified with the massive inflation the United States was facing, Democratic challenger Walter Mondale or the growing tensions of the Soviet Union and the Cold War.

Reagan was elected in a massive landslide in the 1984 elections winning 49 of the 50 states.

Related pages
 "Morning in America"

References

Ronald Reagan
Political slogans
Arrondissement of Gex

The arrondissement of Gex is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Gex. It corresponds approximately to the historical region of the Pays de Gex.

History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Gex was not part of that original department; the arrondissement was created in 1815. In 1926, the arrondissement was eliminated but in 1933 it became again an arrondissement of the Ain department.

Geography
It is found in the northeastern part of the department with an area of , the smallest arrondissement of the department. It has 89,200 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Gex is bordered to the north and northwest by the Jura department, to the northeast and east by Switzerland, to the southeast by the Haute-Savoie department and to the southwest by the  arrondissement of Nantua.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Gex,  there are 3 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement:   Gex (7 communes), Saint-Genis-Pouilly (4 communes) and Thoiry (16 communes). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 commune in the arrondissement of Belley, 2 in Gex and 11 in the arrondissement of Nantua.

Communes
The arrondissement of Gex has 27 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

Cessy (01071)
Challex (01078)
Chevry (01103)
Chézery-Forens (01104)
Collonges (01109)
Crozet (01135)
Divonne-les-Bains (01143)
Échenevex (01153)
Farges (01158)
Ferney-Voltaire (01160)
Gex (01173)
Grilly (01180)
Léaz (01209)
Lélex (01210)
Mijoux (01247)
Ornex (01281)
Péron (01288)
Pougny (01308)
Prévessin-Moëns (01313)
Saint-Genis-Pouilly (01354)
Saint-Jean-de-Gonville (01360)
Sauverny (01397)
Ségny (01399)
Sergy (01401)
Thoiry (01419)
Versonnex (01435)
Vesancy (01436)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Gex
Oscar Malapitan

Oscar Malapitan (born June 14, 1955) is a Filipino politician. He is the mayor of Caloocan City since June 30, 2013. He helped to make Caloocan the most competitive city in the Philippines.

1955 births
Filipino politicians
Mayors
Living people
Jemaa el-Fnaa

Jemaa el-Fnaa (Arabic: ساحة جامع الفناء  saaHat jamaaʻ al-fanâʼ, also Jamaa el Fna, Djema el-Fna or Djemaa el-Fnaa) is a famous square in Old city of Marrakesh, Morocco.

2011 bombings 
On April 28, 2011 an explosion originated at the cafe "Aragana" in the square. 17 people were killed while 25 were wounded in the blast. According to local media reports, one source of the blast was a gas pipe.

Gallery

Panorama

Other websites 

 The Time Machine | Photography portfolio about Jamaa El-Fna 
 BBC news about preserving intangible patrimony
 A Night at Jamaa El-Fna - article in English with many high-quality pictures
 Torture to the beat of Jamaa al Fna drums 

Buildings and structures in Morocco
Marrakesh
Town squares
Differential (mechanical device)

A differential is a mechanical device made up of several gears. It is used in almost all mechanized four-wheel vehicles. It is used to transmit the power from the driveshaft to the drive wheels. Its main function is to allow the drive wheels to turn at different rpms allowing the wheels to go around corners while still receiving power from the engine.

Different types 
 An open differential (OD) is the most common type. It is also the least expensive. An open differential allows the vehicle to go around corners without dragging the outside wheel. However, power is transferred to the wheel with the least amount of traction (grip on the road). If that wheel is on ice or other slippery surfaces, the vehicle will not move forward and the wheel with the power will simply spin. In vehicles with two-wheel drive, if they have an open differential in effect they have only a single drive wheel. In four-wheel drive vehicles using open differentials (usually standard from the factory), only one wheel on each axle powers the vehicle. Advantages include seldom breaking an axle, less tire wear, and they are free as most new vehicles come with open differentials.
 A limited slip differential (LSD) overcomes this problem. Using a series of clutches (called a clutch pack), the LSD allows limited wheel slippage while maintaining power to both drive wheels. LSDs are popular in race cars, as there are oftentimes when they are coming out of turns and need to accelerate without losing power to one drive wheel.
 A locking differential (locker) is able to lock the two drive wheels on an axle together. The advantage is that both wheels have power at all times. The disadvantage is that turning is much more difficult since both wheels must turn at the same rpms. So most lockers must be disengaged when making sharp turns. Lockers can also present the driver with some dangerous situations. For example, when traversing a slope (going crossways) if one drive wheel loses traction both lose traction and the vehicle may slide sideways down the slope. Drivers are often warned not to traverse a slope if the surface is loose or slippery. Lockers may be switched on or off mechanically, electronically (e-locker) or using compressed air (air locker). Lockers are desirable on off-road vehicles but are usually not useful on streets and highways.
 A spool is an open differential in which the axles have been mechanically fastened together. This does not allow either wheel to go faster or slower around corners. It is cheap and adds little or no weight to the vehicle, but is usually limited to off-road competitions and trail driving. They are not desirable for driving on the street as they will "chirp" the tires when going around corners.
Torsen- same end effect as limited slip but doesn't use clutches or have the hesitation to do it

References

Other websites 
 How a Differential Works and Types of Differentials, YouTube
 How an air-locker works, YouTube
 Around The Corner - How Differential Steering Works (1937)

Auto parts
Obstacle course

An obstacle course is a series of obstacles a person, vehicle or team must navigate. This is usually while being timed. Obstacle courses can include running, climbing, jumping, crawling, swimming, and balanceing with the aim of testing speed and endurance. Sometimes a course involves mental tests. In an off-road obstacle course, the driver is presented with a variety of different terrain to get over, around or through.

Types of courses

Military
The military/Army obstacle course is used (mostly in recruit training). The purpose is to familiarize recruits with the kind of military tactics they will use in combat. It is also for physical fitness, building teamwork, and evaluating problem solving skills. Typical courses involve obstacles the participants must climb over, crawl under, balance, hang, jump, etc. Puddles of muddy water, ropes, nets, and "no touch" restrictions are often used to make the course more difficult.

Off-road 

Off-road obstacle courses may be set up with a variety of different challenging situations. More common obstacles are hills, rockcrawling gates, log crawls, and mud pits. Some include underground tunnels, balance beams and water slides. Others are for the purposes of teaching high-speed driving on unimproved roads. Features include different kinds of turns, changes in elevation, navigating high speed straightaways and maneuvering vehicles through tight S-turns (so called because from above they resemble a letter "s").

References

Other websites 
 Commando Training Centre Royal Marines assault course, YouTube
 Jeff Daniel's Jeep Show Offroad Obstacle Course, YouTube

Training
Entertainment
Furcula

The furcula ("little fork" in Latin) is commonly called the wishbone. It is a forked bone in birds and
some extinct dinosaurs.

It is a strut between a bird's shoulders, and connects to each of the bird's scapulae (shoulder blades). A strut is a structure which resists compression (pushing together) along its length.

It is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles (shoulder blades). In birds, its main function is to strengthen the thoracic skeleton to withstand the forces of flight.

X-ray films of starlings in flight have shown that the furcula expands when the wings are pulled downward, and snaps back as they are raised. Acting like a spring, the furcula stores some of the energy generated by contraction of the breast muscles. Then it releases the energy during the upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body.

Surprisingly, the furcula is not essential for flying, and there are a number of birds which can fly well, but have a reduced furcula, or none at all.

Several groups of theropod dinosaurs had furculae.

References 

Birds
Bones
Wilfredo León

Wilfredo León Venero  (born 31 July 1993) is a Cuban volleyball player with Polish citizenship (since July 14, 2015), a member of Cuba men's national volleyball team in 2007–2012 and Russian club Zenit Kazan, silver medalist of the World Championship 2010, NORCECA Champion (2009, 2011), Cuban Champion (2009, 2010, 2011), Russian Champion (2015, 2016).

Other websites
 Highlights  (movie)
 FIVB profile

1993 births
Living people
Cuban volleyball players
Polish volleyball players
Sportsmen
Bartosz Kurek

Bartosz Kamil Kurek (born 29 August 1988) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland men's national volleyball team and Japanese club JT Thunders Hiroshima, a participant of the 2012 Summer Olympics, 2009 European Champion, a gold medalist of the 2012 World League, a silver medalist of the 2011 World Cup, a bronze medalist of the 2011 World League, 2011 European Championship and 2015 World Cup, three-time Polish Champion (2009, 2010, 2011) and Italian Champion (2014).

Other websites
 Highlights  (movie)
 FIVB Profile
 PlusLiga player profile

1988 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Polish Olympians
Polish volleyball players
Sportsmen
Frans Jeppsson Wall

Frans Jeppsson Wall (born 19 December 1998), more commonly known as Frans, is a Swedish singer and songwriter. He won Melodifestivalen 2016 and will represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden with the song "If I Were Sorry". He is of both English and Nigerian descent.

References

1998 births
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Swedish singers
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest 2016

The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 was the 61st edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Stockholm, Sweden in May 2016. Forty two countries participated, and Australia participated for the second time. The winner was Jamala with the song 1944 representing Ukraine.

People around the world watched the contest on television, and people in the participating countries could vote on their telephones for their favourite song. Each country added up their votes, and gave 1-8, 10 and 12 points to their favourite countries.

References

2016 in Europe
2016
2010s in Stockholm
May 2016 events
Arrondissements of the Ain department

There are 4 arrondissements in the Ain department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 4 arrondissements of Ain are:

History
Since its creation, the Ain department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the Ain department with nine districts: Pont-de-Vaux, Bourg, Nantua, Gex, Belley, Saint-Rambert, Montluel, Trévoux and Châtillon-les-Dombes.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bourg, Belley, Nantua and Trévoux.
 1815 : creation of the arrondissement Gex.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated.
 1965 : Gex is again an arrondissement of the department.

References

Ain
Mustafa Badreddine

Mustafa Badreddine, (‎; 6 April 1961 – c. 12 May 2016), also known as Mustafa Badr Al Din, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mustafa Youssef Badreddine, Sami Issa and Elias Fouad Saab, was a Lebanese military leader. He was a member of Hezbollah. He both the cousin and brother-in-law of late Imad Mugniyah. He was nicknamed Dhu al-Fiqar.

Badreddine escaped from the prison in 1990 during the invasion of Kuwait or the Iraqis released the imprisoned Badreddine and the others.

On 12 May 2016, it was said that Badreddine had been killed by an explosion causes by an airstrike near the Damascus International Airport. The cause and timing of which is unclear.

References

1961 births
2016 deaths
Deaths by airstrike
Lebanese military people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanese terrorists
Muslim terrorists
Rodrigo Espíndola

Rodrigo Federico Espíndola (29 July 1989 – 13 May 2016) was an Argentine professional footballer. He played for Chacarita Juniors, Racing Club and most notably Nueva Chicago. He played as a defender. He was born in Monte Grande, Argentina. He began his career in 2009.

Espíndola died on 13 May 2016 after being shot during a robbery in Monte Grande, Argentina, aged 26.

References

1989 births
2016 deaths
Deaths by firearm
Murder victims
Argentine footballers
Jean François de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles

Jean François de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles 28 August 1658 - 23 June 1692) was a French nobleman and was known by his title of "Marquis of Noailles" (marquis de Noailles)  He was a member of the influential House of Noailles. He was also a "Maréchal de camp"

Children

Noailles married Marguerite Thérèse Rouillé in 1687 and had two daughters. 

Louise Antoinette de Noailles (25 February 1688 - 21 August 1690) died in infancy.  
Anne Catherine de Noailles (28 September 1694 - 7 November 1716) married Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu but had no children.

1658 births
1692 deaths
House of Noailles
École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne

École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ENSTA Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science & PhD
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)
 Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA Bretagne. It is in Brest.

Most of the 900 graduate engineer students at ENSTA Bretagne live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSTA Bretagne relate to the following topics:
 Boat Design
 Vehicles Design
 Mechanical Design
 Renewable energy
 Hydrography ; oceanography
 Pyrotechnics ; propulsion
 Embedded systems
 Engineering and organizational management

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in France
1971 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in France
Madeleine Carroll

Edith Madeleine Carroll (26 February 1906 – 2 October 1987) was an English and American actress. At the peak of her success, she (at that time) was the highest paid actress in the world. She earned just over $250,000 in 1938. She acted in movies and radio. She starred in several Alfred Hitchcock thrillers including The 39 Steps (1935) and Secret Agent. She also played Gail in Honeymoon in Bali (1939).

Carroll was born in West Bromwich, England. She died from pancreatic cancer at age 81 in Marbella, Spain.

References

English radio actors
English movie actors
Deaths from cancer
1906 births
1987 deaths
Gertrude Lawrence

Gertrude Lawrence (4 July 1898 – 6 September 1952) was an English actress, singer, dancer and musical theater performer. She appeared on stage in Broadway, New York City and West End, London.

Lawrence was in the children's play Where the Rainbow Ends. She also acted in The King and I. She won a Tony Award for that performance. In 1928–29 she starred in the stage play Treasure Girl.

Her best-known American movie role was in The Glass Menagerie. She played Amanda Wingfield, who had a southern American accent.

On 16 August 1952, Lawrence fainted backstage. The doctors said she was suffering from hepatitis.

Lawrence was born in London, England. She died from abdominal and liver cancer in New York City at age 54.

References

English stage actors
English movie actors
Actors from London
Deaths from liver cancer
1898 births
1952 deaths
Roll cage

A roll cage is a specially designed protective frame built in (or sometimes around) the passenger compartment of a vehicle. Generally made of welded steel tubing, a roll cage is a safety feature in the event of a rollover or crash. Roll cages are used mainly in auto racing and off-road sports such as rockcrawling. The roll cage also stiffens and adds strength to the vehicle which improves handling. When the cage is constructed on the outside of a vehicle it is usually called an "exo-cage".

Designs 

There are many different roll cage designs depending on the application. Different racing organizations have differing requirements and regulations for roll cages. A roll bar is a single bar behind the driver that provides some protection.  Due to the lack of a protective top, some modern convertibles use a strong windshield frame which acts as a roll bar. Also, a roll hoop may be placed behind both front headrests.

A newer form of rollover protection, pioneered on the Mercedes-Benz R129 in 1989, are hidden roll hoops.  When sensors detect the vehicle is about to roll over, the roll hoops quickly extend and lock in place.  Cars that have this kind of "deployable rollover protection" system include the Peugeot 307 CC, Volvo C70, Mercedes-Benz SL 500, and Jaguar XK.

Roll bars are also used historically on row crop tractors, and roll cages are common as part of the cab on modern tractors.

Construction 
A roll cage is not just steel tubing welded together. It must be designed to hold the weight of the vehicle should it roll over or land upside down. A basic roll bar usually has 4 points of contact with the vehicle chassis. A typical roll cage may be an 8-point or more design. In many cases a roll cage designed for a particular car or truck may be purchased from a professional roll cage manufacturer. Kits are available which are easier to transport and must be welded together inside the vehicle.

References

Other websites 
 Roll Cage Installation, YouTube
 Designing a Roll Cage, YouTube

Safety
Auto racing
Grand County, Utah

Grand County is a county located in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,225. Its county seat and largest city is Moab. The county was named for the Colorado River, which at the time of statehood was known as the Grand River. It is west from the Colorado state line.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.3%) is water. The Green River forms the western boundary and Colorado lies on the eastern boundary.  The Colorado River flows through the southeast corner.  Deserts, cliffs and plateaus make up the scenery, with few settlements apart from the city of Moab, a Colorado River oasis. Arches National Park lies in the southern part of the county, just north of Moab. Also, the northernmost extension of Canyonlands National Park lies in the southwest corner of the county.

Adjacent counties
 Uintah County (north)
 Garfield County, Colorado (northeast)
 Mesa County, Colorado (east)
 San Juan County (south)
 Emery County (west)
 Carbon County (northwest)

National protected areas
 Arches National Park
 Canyonlands National Park (part)
 Manti-La Sal National Forest (part)
 McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area (part)

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,485 people, 3,434 households, and 2,170 families residing in the county.  The population density was 2 people per square mile (1/km²).  There were 4,062 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (0/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 92.65% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 3.85% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.66% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races.  5.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,434 households out of which 29.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them. In addition, 48.60% were married couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.80% were non-families. 29.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the county, the population was spread out with 26.90% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 27.90% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.50% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,387, and the median income for a family was $39,095. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $21,769 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,356.  About 10.90% of families and 14.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.20% of those under age 18 and 8.40% of those age 65 or over.

References 

Utah counties
19th-century establishments in Utah
1890 establishments in the United States
Fab Morvan

Fabrice "Fab" Morvan (born 14 May 1966) is a French singer-songwriter, dancer and model. He was half of pop duo Milli Vanilli, with Rob Pilatus. The duo sold multi-platinum albums around the world. But in the early 1990s, he and Pilatus were involved in one of the largest scandals in the history of pop music. It was revealed that neither he nor Pilatus really sang on any of Milli Vanilli's music whatsoever.

After the scandal, the duo got themselves back together as Rob & Fab, though with limited success. Morvan had a solo comeback in the 2000s, with his album Love Revolution.

Morvan was born in Paris, France.

References

1966 births
Living people
French models
French pop singers
Musicians from Paris
Easter Jeep Safari

The Easter Jeep Safari is an annual event hosted by the Red Rock 4-Wheelers off-road club. Four-wheelers come from all parts of the United States and other countries to challenge the rough terrain of the backcountry in the Moab, Utah area. While the title does say it is a festival of Jeeps, there are no restrictions on vehicle make or models used. However, all vehicles are expected to have high ground clearance Four-wheel drive vehicles with two-speed transfer cases. No ATV's or UTV's are allowed. The Easter Weekend safari lasts for nine days, going through Easter Sunday.

Expeditions
When going 4-wheeling, people can either go alone, or join up in a group. Groups usually meet up early in the day, at a certain location in the city. First waivers are signed and collected, then the drivers are given instruction and told to comply with any and all Bureau of Land Management regulations (i.e. stay on the trail, avoid walking on protected soil, etc.). Groups will then head out to the trails for the day. Once a group arrives at a trail, they will partially deflate ("air down") their tires to get better traction on sand or slick rock. Once the air down is completed they will begin through the trail and depending on the trail and the number of stops, it can take anywhere from a few hours to all day.

Many groups do radio introductions, over the CB radio, where a person (often the driver) will introduce his/her self and any passengers in the car. They may also tell if they have driven the trail before, or if it's their first time. When a group approaches a really difficult obstacle, a few will get out and act as a spotter to ensure everyone makes it up or down safely.

Groups will usually stop around noon or 1:00 P.M. for a lunch break. Drivers and passengers usually chat, take pictures, or do some work on their Jeep/4X4 vehicle. Once lunch is completed they will take off again.

Trails

Trails rank from easy to difficult (1 through 5). The classification system is the same used in skiing: Circle is Easy, Square is Moderate, and Diamond is Hard.  Many trails have several obstacles to get through.  Some of the most famous are Kenny's Climb, and White Knuckle Hill. Many involve rockcrawling.

Usage 
The Event is often attended by media representatives who cover outdoor and recreation events including representatives from Jeep. The Moab variant of the Jeep Wrangler
is named after Moab, UT.

Danger
Some trails, specifically the higher difficulty ones can be dangerous for inexperienced drivers, especially if they try to go alone. A basic rule for driving off-road is to never travel alone. Traveling in groups of two or more vehicles makes it more certain at least one vehicle can get back for help. Those who do venture out into the backcountry alone should have good communications (two-way radio, mobile phone or satellite device). Inexperienced groups are advised to bring a spotter along on the more difficult trails to avoid injuries and rollovers.

References

Other websites 
 Red Rock 4-Wheelers

Events in the United States
Christy O'Connor Snr

Christy O'Connor (21 December 1924 – 14 May 2016) was an Irish professional golfer. He was one of the leading golfers on the British and Irish circuit from the mid-1950s. He was born in Galway, Ireland. O'Connor won over 20 important British and Irish tournaments and finished in the top 10 in the Open Championship 10 times. 

In team events he played in 10 successive Ryder Cup matches and played in 15 Canada Cup/World Cup matches for Ireland, winning the Canada Cup in 1958 in partnership with Harry Bradshaw. His nephew was golfer Christy O'Connor Jnr who died in January 2016.

O'Connor Snr died at the age of 91 in a hospital in Dublin, on 14 May 2016.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Golfers
Sportspeople from the Republic of Ireland
Darwyn Cooke

Darwyn Cooke (November 16, 1962 – May 14, 2016) was a Canadian comic book writer, artist, cartoonist and animator. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He was known for his work on the comic books Catwoman, DC: The New Frontier, The Spirit and Richard Stark's Parker: The Hunter. 

Cooke died at his home in Florida after suffering from lung cancer on May 14, 2016, aged 53.

References

1962 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Florida
Comics artists
Animators
Cartoonists
Writers from Toronto
Unknown Worlds Entertainment

Unknown Worlds Entertainment is an independent game development company. It is based in San Francisco, California. The company wants to "unite the world through play". They are best known for Natural Selection.

History 
Unknown Worlds was created in 2001. They started development of a free mod Natural Selection.

They decided to create the second game Natural Selection 2. They soon after officially created Unknown Worlds Entertainment. To help raise money for Natural Selection 2, they created Zen of Sudoku in November 2006. Soon after, a small group of investors backed the project after a meeting at GDC in San Francisco.

In October 2006, Max McGuire became the first employee. He became the Technical Director. A year later, they released Decoda, a commercial debugger. The studio later switched from the Source Engine to their own engine, which was named "Evolution". It was later changed to "Spark" because "Evolution" was already being used.

In June 2008, Cory Strader was hired as an art director. In May 2009, Unknown Worlds started to accept pre-orders for the game. Natural Selection 2 was released on October 31, 2012.

On December 17, 2013, they announced Subnautica. Charlie Cleveland was the game director and lead gameplay. Hugh Jeremy was the producer. They decided to switch to the Unity game engine. It was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014. It is planned for Xbox One. It was released in August 2016.

In October 2021, South Korean video game developer Krafton announced that it would acquire Unknown Worlds and continue to operate as an independent game studio.

Games 
 Natural Selection (2002)
 Zen of Sudoku (2006)
 Natural Selection 2 (2012)
 Subnautica (2016)
 Future Perfect (TBA)

Awards 
Natural Selection
 2002 : Best Newcomer - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2002 : Mod of the Year - 'Game of the Year' Awards, Gamespy
 2003 : Most Improved Mods - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2003 : Mods You Should Never Leave Home Without - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2003 : Best Overall Mods - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2004 : Best Level Design - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2005 : Players' Choice #10 - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2006 : Honourable Mention - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
Natural Selection 2
 2012 : Best Indie Game - PC Gamer’s Best of E3 Awards
 2012 : Best Indie Game - Gamespy's Best of E3 Awards
 2012 : Best PC Multiplayer Game (People's Choice) - IGN Best of 2012 Awards

References

American video game companies
Companies based in San Francisco
Lasse Mårtenson

Lars Anders Fredrik "Lasse" Mårtenson (24 September 1934 – 14 May 2016) was a Finnish singer, composer, actor and theater conductor. He was born in Helsinki. He performed at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1964 with the song "Laiskotellen" ("Idling").

Mårtenson died of a cerebral haemorrhage, aged 81.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Finnish singers
Finnish composers
Conductors
Actors from Helsinki
Monomial

In mathematics, a monomial is a polynomial which has only one term. A monomial cannot have a variable for a denominator. 

Algebra
Saruê

Saruê is a mammal animal, of the Opossum family, existing in northeastern Brazil.

References

Mammals of South America
Cho Bong-am

Cho Bong-am (, 25 September 1898 – 31 July 1959) was a South Korean independence activist and politician. He was the first Agriculture Minister of South Korea, 1948 - 1949.

Other websites 
 KBS 인물현대사 제32회 '진보,사형당하다-조봉암' 
 KBS 역사스페셜 -반세기만의 무죄판결 - 조봉암 죽음의 진실!-
 경작자에 땅 돌려준 사회구조 변혁 - 위클리 경향 824호

1898 births
1959 deaths
South Korean politicians
Communist politicians
Anti-Communists
Murder victims
Autobiographers
People from Incheon
Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Nouvelle-Aquitaine () is one of the administrative regions of France. Its capital is Bordeaux.

It is in the southwest of France formed in 2014 by three old regions: Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes was the temporary name for the region.

Geography

The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is the largest region of France with an area of . It is in southwestern France and borders to the northwest with the Pays de la Loire region, to the north with the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the east with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, to the southwest with the Occitanie region and to the south with Spain.

The Nouvelle-Aquitaine has about  of coast along the Atlantic Ocean.

The distances from Bordeaux, the capital of the region, to other cities are:

 Paris, the national capital, ;
 Toulouse, ;
 Marseille, ;
 Lyon, ;
 Montpellier, ;
 Nice, .

Rivers
The only main drainage basin in the region is the Atlantic basin; some of the rivers in region, from south to north, are:
 Adour - .
 Garonne - .
 Dordogne - ; it joins the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary.
 Charente - .
 Sèvre Niortaise - .

Mountains
The territory of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed mostly by large plains and low plateaus ( high). In the northern part of the region, the highest point is Mont Bessou with an elevation of , in the Massif Central. In the southern part of the region, there are higher mountains in the Pyrenees.

The Pic Palas (), at , is the highest mountain of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is in the Pyrenees mountain range of southern Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

The highest point of the different departments in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region are:

Departments
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed by 12 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region had, in 2014, a population of 5,879,144, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The main cities with more than 30,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Aquitaine
 Limousin
 Poitou-Charentes
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Regional Council website  
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France
Grand Est

Grand Est (; Alsatian: Grossa Oschta; Moselle Franconian/; Rhine Franconian: Groß Oschte;  ; ) is an administrative region in northeastern France. It was made from  three former administrative regions, Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, on 1 January 2016 under the short-lived name of Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL or ALCA) because of territorial reform which had been passed by the French law in 2014. The region sits along three water basins (Seine, Meuse and Rhine), spanning an area of , the 5th largest in France, and includes two mountain ranges (Vosges and Ardennes). It shares borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and Switzerland, and stands partly within the European Megalopolis.  The administrative capital and largest city, by far, is Strasbourg. The East of France has a interesting culture, being situated at a between the Latin and Germanic worlds which is shown in the variety of languages spoken there (Alsatian, Champenois, Lorraine Franconian etc.). Most of today's Grand Est region was thought to be "Eastern" as early as the 8th century, when it owned the southern part of the Francian territory of Austrasia. The city of Reims , would later play a ceremonial role in French history as the traditional site of the coronation of the kings of France. The Champagne fairs played an important part in the economy of medieval Europe as well. Alsace and Lorraine did well in the influence of the Holy Roman Empire for most of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The region is home to traditions (the celebration of Saint Nicholas Day, Christmas markets, or traditions involving the Easter hare in Alsace and Lorraine). Alsace-Moselle has to follow local law for historical reasons. With a long industrial history as well and its agriculture and tourism (arts, cuisine, sightseeing etc.), the East of France has one of the largest economic production levels in the country.

Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine was the old name for the region.

References

 
2016 establishments in France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (Franco-Provençal: Ôvèrgne-Rôno-Ârpes; ) is an administrative region of France that was created on 1 January 2016 from the former French regions Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes. It is in the central and eastern parts of southern France.

Its capital is the city of Lyon.

Geography
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region is the third largest region of Metropolitan France, after Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie, with an area of . It borders five French administrative regions: Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val de Loire to the northwest, Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west, Occitanie to the southwest and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast. It also borders two countries: Italy to the east and Switzerland to the northeast.

The region has the Massif Central to the east and the Alps to the east, with the valley of the Rhône river between them. Half of the Ain department is occupied by the Jura Mountains.

The extreme points for the region are in the communes:
 North : Château-sur-Allier, Allier ()
 East : Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoie ()
 South : Ferrassières, Drôme ()
 West : Siran, Cantal ()

Its capital, Lyon, is at  to the southwest of Paris, the national capital, at  to the northwest of Marseille and at  to the west of Bordeaux.

The distances from the different departmental capitals to Lyon, the regional capital, are:

 Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) - 
 Moulins (Allier) - 
 Privas (Ardèche) - 
 Aurillac (Cantal) - 
 Valence (Drôme) - 
 Grenoble (Isère) - 
 Saint-Étienne (Loire) - 
 Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) - 
 Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) - 
 Chambéry (Savoie) - 
 Annecy (Haute-Savoie) -

Rivers
There are two main drainage basin in the region; some rivers in those basins are:

 Atlantic basin
 Loire
 Allier

 Mediterranean basin
 Rhône
 Saône

Mountains
The Mont Blanc (), at , is the highest mountain of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France, Italy and of Western Europe.

The highest points in the different departments of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region are:

Departments
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region is formed by 13 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region had a population, in 2014, of 7,820,966, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Rhône with 1,801,885 inhabitants.

The main cities in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Auvergne
 Rhône-Alpes
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Official website of the region 
 Prefecture of the region 

 
2016 establishments in France
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (meaning Burgundy–Free County) is one of the administrative regions of France. It is in eastern France and was formed in 2016 from two old regions: Bourgogne and Franche-Comté.

Its capital is Besançon.

Geography

The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is the sixth largest region of France with an area of . It is in northeastern France and borders to the north with the Grand Est region, to the west with Île-de-France and Centre-Val de Loire regions, to the south with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and to the east with Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud, Neuchâtel and Jura).

The distances from Besançon, the capital of the region, to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital, ;
 Bordeaux, ;
 Toulouse, ;
 Marseille, ;
 Lyon, ;
 Montpellier, ;
 Nice, .

Rivers
The main rivers in the region are the Saône and its tributary the Doubs. The Loire river flows through the southwest of the region, at Nevers. The Seine river starts in the Côte-d'Or department.

Mountains
There are three main mountain ranges in the region:
 The Vosges Mountains are in the northeast of the region and its highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté is Ballon de Servance,  high.
 The Jura Mountains are along the eastern limits; here is Crêt Pela, the highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté with .
 The Morvan mountains are in the centre of the western part; it highest point is Haut-Folin,  high.

The Crêt Pela (), at , is the highest mountain of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is in the Jura mountain range.

The highest point of the different departments in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region are:

Departments
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is formed by 8 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region had, in 2014, a population of 2,820,623, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Saône-et-Loire with 555,788 inhabitants.

After the Territoire de Belfort, the smallest department in the region, Doubs is the department with highest population density (102 inhabitants/km2). The density in the other departments is lower.

Gallery

Related pages
 Burgundy
 Franche-Comté
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Regional Council website 
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France