cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Hash table

A hash table is a type of tool for storing information. In computer science, these tools for keeping track of information, or data, are called data structures.
A hash table is a data structure that uses a hash function to keep track of where data is put. 
Each piece of information to be stored has a name, which is called a key. For example, a key might be a person's name. Each name is matched up to one piece of data called a value, like the person's telephone number. 

The data is kept in another data structure called an array, which is like many boxes, or buckets, in a column to hold data. Each box has a number starting from 0 and counting up. 

The idea behind a hash table is to figure out which box to put data by using only its name. This means, no matter how many boxes are filled up, you can always find information quickly if you have its name. The hash table uses a hash function to figure out which number to put data in from its name. The hash function reads a name and gives back a number. 

A good Hash Table will always find information at the same speed, no matter how much data is put in. A lot of Hash Tables also let the user put key/value pairs (a name and its data) in and take them out at the same speed.

Because of this, Hash Tables can often find information faster than other tools, such as search trees or other table lookup structure. As a result, they are used in many kinds of computer software. They are used most for associative arrays, databases, caches, and sets.

References

Data structures
Andy Griffith

Andy Samuel Griffith (June 1, 1926  – July 3, 2012) was an American stage, movie, and television actor. He also produced and directed. He was a singer and a writer. He starred in the 1957 movie A Face in the Crowd. He also starred in the 1958 movie No Time for Sergeants. His television series are The Andy Griffith Show and Matlock.

Early life
Griffith was born on June 1, 1926 in Mount Airy, North Carolina, the only child of Carl Lee Griffith and his wife, Geneva (née Nunn). He studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was the father of two children. He was married three times.

Lawsuit
Griffith once sued a man named William Fenrick after Fenrick legally changed his name to Andy Griffith because Fenrick ran for town sheriff. The use of his name angered Griffith, but soon afterwards the lawsuit was dropped. Fenrick lost the election.

Health and death
In 1986, Griffith suffered from Guillain–Barré syndrome and could not walk for 7 months. Griffith received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 9, 2005. Griffith died on July 3, 2012 of a heart attack in Manteo, North Carolina, aged 86.

Movies 
 A Face in the Crowd (1957)
 No Time for Sergeants (1958)
 Onionhead (1958)
 The Second Time Around (1961)
 Angel in My Pocket (1969)
 Hearts of the West (1975)
 Rustlers' Rhapsody (1985)
 Gramps (1995)
 Spy Hard (1996)
 Daddy and Them (2001)
 The Very First Noel (2006) (voice)
 Waitress (2007)
 Christmas Is Here Again (2007) (voice)
 Play the Game (2008)

Television 
 Make Room For Daddy (1960; Andy and Opie Taylor were first introduced in season seven)
 The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1968)
 The Headmaster (1970–1971)
 The New Andy Griffith Show (1971; cancelled after 13 episodes)
 The Strangers In 7A (1972)
 Go Ask Alice (1973)
 Pray for the Wildcats (1974)
 Winter Kill (1974)
 Savages (1974)
 Adams of Eagle Lake (1975; cancelled after two episodes)
 Street Killing (1976)
 Six Characters in Search of an Author (1976)
 Frosty's Winter Wonderland (1976) (voice)
 Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977)
 The Girl in the Empty Grave (1977)
 Deadly Game (1977)
 Centennial (1978; miniseries)
 Salvage 1 (1979; cancelled after 20 episodes)
 From Here to Eternity (1979; miniseries)
 Roots: The Next Generations (1979; miniseries)
 The Yeagers (1980; cancelled after two episodes)
 Murder in Texas (1981)
 For Lovers Only (1982)
 Murder in Coweta County (1983)
 The Demon Murder Case (1983)
 Fatal Vision (1984) (miniseries)
 Crime of Innocence (1985)
 Return to Mayberry (1986)
 Matlock (1986–1995)
 Under the Influence (1986)
 The Gift of Love (1994)
 Gramps (1995)
 Scattering Dad (1998)
 A Holiday Romance (1999)

References

Other websites

 Inventory of the Andy Griffith Papers, 1949–1997, in the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 
 
 
 Andy Griffith Discography, at MTV
 

American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in North Carolina
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Democrats (United States)
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1926 births
2012 deaths
S.F.W.

S.F.W. is a 1994 American thriller film based on Andrew Wellman's novel. It stars Reese Witherspoon, Stephen Dorff and Amber Benson.

Other websites 

1994 comedy movies
1994 thriller movies
American comedy movies
American thriller movies
Movies based on books
Damage (1992 movie)

Damage is a 1992 British-French erotic drama movie. It was directed by Louis Malle. It is based on the novel Damage by Josephine Hart. It stars Jeremy Irons and Juliette Binoche. Damage was originally rated NC-17, though it was edited to have an R rating. It is about a middle-aged, married politician who has an affair with his son's girlfriend.

Miranda Richardson was nominated for an Academy Award and won a BAFTA in the category of Best Supporting Actress.

References

Other websites
 

1992 romance movies
1992 drama movies
1990s romantic drama movies
Adultery in movies
British romantic drama movies
English-language movies
French drama movies
French romance movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Louis Malle
Movies set in London
1992 independent movies
Human microbiome

The human microbiome (or human microbiota) is the collection of microorganisms which live on us. They live on the skin, in the saliva and mouth, in the eyes, and in the gut and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. They include bacteria, archaea, fungi and single-celled eukaryotes ('protozoa'). Everyone carries around far more of these microbes than the number of human cells in the body. The human body has about 100 trillion cells, and carries about ten times as many microorganisms in the intestines alone.

The microbiome is "the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space". The term was originally coined by Joshua Lederberg. He thought the microorganisms living in the human body in health and disease were important. Many scientific articles distinguish "microbiome" and "microbiota" to describe either the collective genomes of the microorganisms that live in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively.  However, by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous. 

Some of these organisms are useful for humans. However, most have no known effect. They are just symbionts: they live with us. Those which are expected to be present are members of the normal flora. Under normal circumstances they do not cause disease, but may even help our health. Studies in 2009 asked whether our health is damaged if we reduce this biota. This is certainly the case with gut flora.
 
Although "flora" refers to plants rather than bacteria, the term 'gut flora' is widely used and familiar to biologists. 'Biota' refers to the total collection of organisms in an ecosystem. The term 'microbiota' is best for bacteria and other microorganisms, but no doubt 'flora' will often be used. 

The microbes being discussed are generally non-pathogenic (do not cause disease unless they grow abnormally); they exist in harmony and symbiotically with their hosts.

Researchers have learned that much of the population of microbes found in the human body are not bacteria but a very old class of single-celled organisms called archaea. They include methanogens which produce methane and may cause flatulence.

Related pages 
Enterotype

References 

Prokaryotes
Microbiology
Health
Humans
Genetics
Medicine
Salafi

A Salafi is a Muslim who thinks Islam should be practiced the way the first few generations of Muslims did. The term is also used to talk about certain teachings of Sunni Islam that are based on "conservative" ideals. Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) was an Islamic scholar who thought that the values of Islam were compatible with a modern lifestyle. He is often labeled as a Salafi. Another scholar, Ibn Taimiya (1263-1328) is often seen as the father of modern radicalised Islamism. He said that the teachings of Islam were not compatible with certain modern interpretations, such as Sufism. Fundamentalist Islamic people, especially in the West, are often identified as Salafi.

Related pages 
 Wahhabi

Islamic denominations
Hard Boiled

Hard Boiled is a 1992 action crime thriller movie from Hong Kong. John Woo is the thriller's director. The movie stars Chow Yun-fat as Inspector "Tequila" Yuen, Tony Leung Chiu-Wai as Tony, an undercover cop, and Anthony Wong as Johnny Wong, a leader of criminal triads. Hard Boiled received mixed to positive reviews from the critics.

Woo liked Clint Eastwood's and Steve McQueen's characters from their films Dirty Harry and Bullitt.  He wanted to make his own Hong Kong-style Dirty Harry police detective film.

Hard Boiled took 123 days to shoot.

Hard Boiled was released on April 16, 1992 in Hong Kong. The film grossed HK$19,711,048, which was not as strong as Woo's previous action films A Better Tomorrow or The Killer. At the 12th Hong Kong Film Awards, David Wu and John Woo won the award for "Best Film Editing". Tony Leung was nominated for "Best Supporting Male Actor", but lost the award to Liu Kai-Chi in Cageman. The North American premiere of Hard Boiled was in September 1992 at the Toronto International Film Festival. At the premiere the audience response was very positive with people stomping their feet and yelling at the screen. This reception surprised producer Terence Chang who did not expect such a positive reaction. Hard Boiled received wide release in the United Kingdom on October 8, 1993.

References

Other websites 

 

1992 action movies
1990s crime thriller movies
Chinese movies
Movies directed by John Woo
Independent movies
2010–11 Bundesliga

The 2010-11 Fußball-Bundesliga was the 48th season of the Fußball-Bundesliga, Germany's top football league. The season started on August 21, 2010 and ended on May 14, 2011. The defending champions were FC Bayern Munich. The Bundesliga also changed its logo this season.

Teams 

 Bayer 04 Leverkusen
 FC Bayern Munich
 Borussia Dortmund
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
 Eintracht Frankfurt
 SC Freiburg
 Hamburger SV
 Hannover 96
 TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
 1. FC Kaiserslautern
 1. FC Köln
 1. FSV Mainz 05
 1. FC Nuremberg
 FC Schalke 04
 FC St. Pauli
 VfB Stuttgart
 SV Werder Bremen
 VfL Wolfsburg

League table 

Below are the top 5, and the lowest 5 teams in the 2010/11 season. As you can see, Borussia Dortmund, Bayer Leverkusen, Bayern Munich, Hannover 96 and FSV Mainz 05 all did well in the league and were allowed to play in either the UEFA Champions League, or the UEFA Europa League.

Also, Borussia Mönchengladbach went to the relegation play-off, and Eintracht Frankfurt and FC St. Pauli were relegated. Schalke 04 were allowed to play in the UEFA Europa League play-off round. Schalke 04 made it all the way to the Quarter-Finals in the 2011-12 UEFA Europa League.

Relegation play-off 

Borussia Mönchengladbach won the relegation play-off match against VfL Bochum and stayed in the Fußball-Bundesliga for the 2011/12 season.

Statistics

Top goalscorers 
Source: bundesliga.de

28 goals
  Mario Gómez

22 goals
  Papiss Cissé

17 goals
  Milivoje Novakovič

16 goals
  Lucas Barrios
  Theofanis Gekas
  Srđan Lakić

15 goals
  André Schürrle

Related pages
 Bundesliga

Bundesliga seasons
2010 in association football
2011 in association football
2010 in Europe
2011 in Germany
List of extinct volcanoes

List of extinct volcanoes includes volcanoes which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again.  A volcano which has not erupted in the past 10,000 years is often listed as extinct.

The extinct volcano no longer has a lava supply.  An extinct volcano is no longer near an active geologic hot spot, if it ever was.

Volcanologists sometimes can't tell whether a volcano is extinct or dormant.  A caldera that has not produced an eruption in tens of thousands of years is likely to be considered inactive. Dormant volcanos may still erupt, whereas extinct ones cannot or still may have one percent chance.

There are many examples of extinct volcanoes. 
 Ben Nevis, the tallest mountain in the United Kingdom.
 Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the northern Pacific Ocean
 Huascarán in Peru
 Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea
 Mount Buninyong in Victoria Australia
Tamu Massif in the Northwest Pacific Ocean
 Waw an-Namus in Lybia
 Edinburgh Castle in Scotland is located on a dolerite plug, the remnant of a volcano that went extinct many millions of years ago.

Related pages
 List of volcanoes
 List of active volcanoes

References

Lists of volcanoes
Hatchet

A Hatchet is a special axe that can be used with one hand. It can be used as a tool, for example to cut wood, or as a weapon. Hatchets have been in use since the Mesolithic. The use of hatchets is typical for the Neolithic.Hatchets are often carried by hikers because they can be used to chop woob or kindling for  a fire. In shape a hatchet looks like a tohmahawk but they are often a bit smaller and have thicker blades. 

Cutting tools
tools
Outnumbered

Outnumbered is a British sitcom shown on BBC One. It began on 28 August 2007 and is partly improvised. It is about the Brockmans, a middle-class family of five who live in a house in suburban south London. Hugh Dennis plays the father, Pete, who is a history teacher. Claire Skinner plays the mother, Sue, who is a part-time personal assistant. Tyger Drew-Honey plays the elder son, Jake, whose main interest is teenage girls. Daniel Roche plays the younger son, Ben, who has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ramona Marquez plays the daughter, Karen, who is intelligent and asks a lot of questions.

Awards
Outnumbered was nominated for the 2008 "Broadcast Award" for "Best Comedy Programme". It lost the award to The Thick of It.

The show was given the "British Comedy Guide Editors' Award" in The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2007 and the "Best Returning British TV Sitcom" in The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2008, beating Peep Show by six votes.

In 2009, it won the Royal Television Society Award for "Scripted Comedy", and two Broadcasting Press Guild Awards in the same year: "Best Comedy/Entertainment" and the "Writer's Award". Outnumbered also won 3 awards at the 2009 British Comedy Awards: Best Sitcom, Best British Comedy and Best Female Newcomer for Ramona Marquez.

At the National Television Awards in 2011, Outnumbered was nominated for Best Comedy but lost out to Benidorm. It was nominated again the following year and won.

References

Other websites 
Official website

2007 British television series debuts
2014 television series endings
2000s British sitcoms
2010s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Television series about marriage
Television series about siblings
Television series about suburbia
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
Lindisfarne Gospels

The Lindisfarne Gospels is an Illuminated manuscript book of the gospels. It was made at a monastery off the coast of Northumberland at Lindisfarne, about 700 AD.

The manuscript is now on display in the British Library. It is one of the finest works in the style which is called insular art. This combines Mediterranean, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic elements. At this time, Britain and Ireland shared a style which was different from that of the rest of Europe.

The Lindisfarne Gospels are thought to be by Eadfrith, a monk who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698 and died in 721. The Gospels are richly illustrated, and were originally in a fine leather binding covered with jewels and metals. During the Viking raids on Lindisfarne, this cover was lost, and a replacement was made in 1852. The text is written in a hand known as 'insular script'.

In the 10th century an Old English translation of the Gospels was written word-for-word between the lines of the Latin text. It was done by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street. This is the oldest translation of the Gospels into English that we have. The Gospels may have been taken from Durham Cathedral during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, ordered by Henry VIII. In the 18th century the book was given to the British Museum. From there it went to the British Library when this was split off from the British Museum.

References 

Bibles
Manuscripts
Northumberland
List of World Heritage Sites in Iran

There are twenty-four World Heritage Sites in Iran  as of 2019,

World Heritage Sites

 Site; named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation
 Location; at city, regional, or provincial level and geocoordinates
 Criteria; as defined by the World Heritage Committee
 Area; in hectares and acres. If available, the size of the buffer zone has been noted as well. A lack of value implies that no data has been published by UNESCO
 Year; during which the site was inscribed to the World Heritage List
 Description; brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable

References

Iran (Islamic Republic of) - UNESCO
 UNESCO world heritage-sites-iran 

Iran
world heritage
List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States

This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Arab countries. Some of these countries are geographically in Asia and some in Africa.

List
The list below has an image of the site or part of the site; the name; the location; the nominating state party; the criteria met by the site, including if it is a cultural, natural or mixed; the area in hectares and acres; the year the site was added; and a description of the site. 

'''

References

Arab States
Asia-related lists
Africa-related lists
Europe-related lists
List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea

As of April 2012, ten sites have been added on the World Heritage List. Nine are cultural sites and one is a natural site. Fourteen more sites have been proposed for adding and are on the tentative list.

World Heritage Sites

References

Other websites
  UNESCO World Heritage Sites - Republic of Korea

Korea, South
South Korea-related lists
Dormant volcano

Dormant volcanos are the volcanoes that are quiet, but might possibly erupt again. If a volcano that has been silent for years erupts again, it is called a "dormant volcano".  Vesuvius of Italy is a prime example.  After many years of dormancy, it re-emerged in 1931.  Then it is dormant again. For example, Krakatoa in Indonesia, Aconcagua in Chile, and Mount Fuji in Japan are dormant volcanoes.

Difficult to classify
It is difficult to distinguish active and inactive volcanos.  

For example, some scientists have described Mount Fuji as dormant or inactive.   That volcano has been dormant since its last eruption in 1707,  but is also classified as active.  The Geological Survey of Japan lists Mount Fuji as among the active volcanoes on the island of Honshu.

Mis-labelled as dormant or extinct
Some volcanoes may remain dormant for a long time; and an eruption is a surprise.  

Before 79 AD, Vesuvius was considered dormant.

Before 1991, the Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines was labelled as dormant.

Before 1995, the Soufriere Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat was dormant.

Before 1980, Mt. St. Helens in the United States was dormant.

Select list
There are many examples of volcanoes which are considered dormant.

 Mauna Kea in Hawaii, the United States
 Mount Edziza in Canada  
 Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania 
 Western Victorian Volcanic Plains in Australia
 Trou aux Cerf in Mauritius
Mount Hood in Oregon, the United States

Related pages
 List of volcanoes
 List of active volcanoes
 List of extinct volcanoes

References

Volcanoes
Cher Lloyd

Cher Lloyd (born 28 July 1993) is an English singer, songwriter and rapper. She has several hit songs, including Want U Back. Lloyd became famous when she finished fourth in the seventh series of The X Factor.

Lloyd's first single "Swagger Jagger" was released in June 2011. Even though the song received mixed reviews, the single entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the Irish Singles Chart. Her second single "With Ur Love" was released on 31 October 2011. It features Mike Posner, and reached number four in the UK, and number five in Ireland. Her first album Sticks and Stones peaked at number four in the UK Albums Chart and at number seven on the Irish Albums Chart. Sticks and Stones was released on 4 November 2011, in Europe, and produced three singles, "Swagger Jagger", "With Ur Love" featuring Mike Posner, and "Want U Back" featuring Astro, respectively. A re-release for North America was released on 2 October 2013, producing three singles as well. The singles released were "Want U Back", "Oath" featuring Becky G, and "With Ur Love". Lloyd released her second album, Sorry I'm Late on 27 May 2014. Sorry I'm Late only produced two singles - "I Wish" featuring T.I. and "Sirens". Lloyd was signed to Universal Music Group in early 2015, and is currently working on her third studio album. She married Craig Monk at a private ceremony on 18 November 2014.

References

1993 births
English R&B singers
English pop musicians
British rap musicians
English singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Worcestershire
Roma people
Guy Pearce

Guy Edward Pearce (born 5 October 1967) is an Australian actor and musician. He was born in Ely, Cambridgeshire to a New Zealander father and English mother. He moved to Geelong, Victoria, Australia, when he was three. His television roles include Mike Young in Neighbours from 1986-1989 and Mildred Pierce, for which he won an Emmy Award. His movie roles include: Ed Exley in L.A. Confidential and Leonard Shelby in Memento.

Personal life
He has been married to Kate Mestitz, a psychologist, since March 1997. He is a long-standing supporter of the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League. Pearce does not believe in God but believes "we're all connected."

Filmography

References

Other websites 

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Cambridgeshire
Actors from Victoria (Australia)
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Geelong
British Academy Film Awards

The British Academy Film Awards are an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is the British equivalent of the Oscars. As of 2008, it happens in the Royal Opera House, in London. Before, it was at the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square. The 65th British Academy Film Awards took place on 12 February 2012.

History
BAFTA was formed in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. In 1958, the Academy merged with The Guild of Television Producers and Directors to form The Society of Film and Television.  This became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.

BAFTA is supported by a membership of around 6,000 people from the movie, television and video game industries. 

The Academy's awards are look like a theatrical mask.  They were designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe in 1955.

Annual ceremony

The ceremony used to take place in April or May.  Starting in 2002 it takes place in February in order to be before the Oscars. The awards are mostly open to all nationalities. There is an award for "Outstanding British Film" and "Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Producer or Director". The Short Film and Short Animation awards are also only for UK movies.

The Awards ceremony is broadcast on British television, usually the day after it has taken place. It is mostly broadcast on BBC One.

British Academy Awards of Merit
Movies
BAFTA Award for Best Film (since 1948)
BAFTA Award for Best British Film (since 1948)
BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film (since 1948)
BAFTA Award for Best Short Film (since 1980)
BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006)
BAFTA Award for Best Documentary (1948-1989, 2012)

Crew

Retired awards
BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay (awarded 1969-1983)
BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay (awarded 1955-1968)

British Academy Special Awards
BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award (since 1971)
Orange Rising Star Award (since 2006)

References

 
Movie awards
List of active volcanoes

List of active  volcanoes includes volcanoes which are erupting, or have erupted in modern times. Many volcanos have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand years, but are not erupting at this moment. Some scientists consider a volcano active if it has erupted in the holocene (historic times) period.

Most volcanoes live many thousands of years and erupt many times.   However, most do not erupt even once in a human lifespan. Signs of unrest such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions are signs that a volcano is active. An example of an active volcano is Mount St. Helens in the United States (US).

There are more than 1,500 volcanoes that could be active today. An estimated 500 million people live near active volcanoes.

Planet Venus has more volcanoes than Earth. Some may be active.

Select list 

There are active volcanoes in every part of the world. There are about 1,500 active volcanoes, many in the region of the Pacific Ocean.

The Pacific "Ring of Fire" is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where there are 400+ volcanoes.

Other regions 

Other regions of active volcanoes include the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and other places.
 Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
 Erta Ale
 Fuego, Guatemala
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands in Antarctica
 Kilauea, Hawaii
 Lakagigar in Iceland
 La Palma in the Canary Islands
 Loihi, Hawaii
 Mount Erebus in Antarctica
 Mount Etna in Italy
 Soufrière Hills on the Caribbean island of Montserrat
 Stromboli in Italy
 Teide in Spain (Canary Islands)
 Vesuvius in Italy
 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

Related pages 
 List of volcanoes
 Dormant volcano
 List of extinct volcanoes
 Geyser

References 

Active
Hollywood Boulevard

Hollywood Boulevard is a street in Hollywood, California. The street starts at Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest to Vermont Avenue. There it turns out and runs due west to Laurel Canyon Boulevard.

Other websites 

Los Angeles
Roads in California
University of Siena

The University of Siena (, UNISI) is in Siena, Italy. It was created in 1240. It is one of the oldest European universities and the 4th oldest in Italy. As of 2011, the university had about 17,290 students.

References

Other websites
University of Padua Website 
Museums of the University

Colleges and universities in Italy
1240 establishments
Sienna
1240s establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Italy
Haplodiploidy

Haplodiploidy is a sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

Haplodiploidy determines the sex in all members of the insect order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), and the Thysanoptera ('thrips').p408 The system also occurs sporadically in some spider mites, coleopterans (bark beetles) and rotifers.

In this system, sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female, and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This means that the males have half the number of chromosomes that a female has, and are haploid.

The haplodiploid sex-determination system has a number of peculiarities. Most importantly, the relatedness between the sisterhood of worker bees in a hive or nest is 0.75. This means the workers are significantly more closely related than siblings in other sex determination systems. It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved.p465 Whether haplodiploidy did in fact pave the way for the evolution of eusociality is still a matter of debate.

The thing to remember is that in normal sexual reproduction, the father has two sets of chromosomes, and crossing over takes place between the chromatids of each pair during the meiosis which produces the sperm. Therefore, the sperms are not identical, because in each chromosome of a pair there will be different alleles at many of the loci. But when the father is haploid all the sperm will be identical (except for a small number where gene mutations have taken place in the germline). So, as long as all the female queen mates only with one male, all the female offspring will inherit the male's chromosome 100% intact. In fact in Hymenoptera, the males almost all produce enough sperm to last the female for a whole lifetime.

Another feature of the haplodiploidy system is that lethal and deleterious alleles will be removed from the population rapidly because they will automatically be expressed in the males.

References 

Chromosomes
Biological reproduction
Hymenoptera
Vladimir Zhirinovsky

Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky (Russian: Влади́мир Во́льфович Жирино́вский), born 25 April 1946 as Vladimir Volfovich Eidelstein, is a Russian politician, lawyer and a colonel in the Soviet Army and later the Russian Army. He is the founder and Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR). He is a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. He is partly of Jewish descent (his father was Jewish).

Zhironovsky is extremely racist and sexist.

References

1946 births
Living people
Colonels
Russian lawyers
Russian military people
Russian politicians
Soviet military people
Brown sugar

Brown sugar is a type of table sugar. It is made by mixing white sugar with molasses, a sugar byproduct. Brown sugar can either be light or dark depending on how much molasses is in it. Brown sugar can harden after a while out of the package.

References

Sweeteners
Carbohydrates
Infotainment

Infotainment (information and entertainment) is a type of media and therefore a type of communication. This media is designed to inform the media's recipient with information but at the same time to entertain him. It is often used to novels to explain scientific things like the greenhouse effect easily and mixed with entertainment.

Entertainment
Media
Incisivosaurus

Incisivosaurus ("incisor lizard") is a genus of small, probably herbivorous theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of what is now the People's Republic of China. 

The first specimen is a skull that was collected from the lowermost levels (the fluvial Lujiatun beds) of the Yixian Formation. The beds were laid down 125 million years ago (mya) in the Sihetun area, near Beipiao City, in western Liaoning Province. 

The most significant, and highly unusual, characteristic of this dinosaur is its apparent adaptation to an herbivorous or omnivorous lifestyle. Its name refers to its rodent-like front teeth, which show wear patterns commonly found in plant-eating dinosaurs.

Description
The initial description of Incisivosaurus showed that the skull, about 10 cm in length (4 inches), had the most complete dentition known for any oviraptorosaur. Their cladistic analysis indicated that Incisivosaurus lies at the base of the oviraptorosaurs, making it more basal than Caudipteryx and Oviraptor. The distinguishing skeletal features of Incisivosaurus, include a long snout that made up about half the total length of the skull, a slender lower jaw with a long fenestra (opening), and its distinctive, large, flattened front teeth. In addition to these unique features, Incisivosaurus shared many traits with more typical oviraptorosaurs, so it is classified in that group. 

Several features, including its numerous teeth (most advanced oviraptorids were toothless), show that it was a primitive member of the group. Several features of the skull are similar to the therizinosaurs, another theropod group that was probably herbivorous.

In 2009 the holotype skull was scanned and analyzed in three dimensions. The results indicated that Incisivosaurus had fewer bird-like air spaces in the skull bones than later oviraptorosaurs did. It also found that Incisivosaurus had reduced olfactory lobes and expanded optic lobes, like ornithomimids. These features of oviraptorosaurs were similar to those of birds.  

Incisivosaurus is assumed to have been feathered like most other maniraptoran theropods. Its total body length has been estimated at just under 1 meter (3 ft.). It is possible that Incisivosaurus is the same species as Protarchaeopteryx, though more fossil specimens are needed before the two can be directly compared.

References 

Oviraptorosauria
Fossils
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of Asia
The Wicker Man (2006 movie)

The Wicker Man is a 2006 American horror movie. It is a remake of 1973 British movie of the same name and is also based on Ritual. It is set on an island in Washington. It was written and directed by Neil LaBute. It was produced by Nicolas Cage and Avi Lerner. It stars Cage, Ellen Burstyn, Kate Beahan, Frances Conroy, Molly Parker, Leelee Sobieski and Diane Delano.

Critics did not like the movie.

Other websites 

2006 horror movies
2006 mystery movies
American horror movies
American movie remakes
American mystery movies
Canadian horror movies
English-language movies
German horror movies
Mexican movies
Movies about murderers
Movies about police officers
Movies based on books
Movies set in Washington (U.S. state)
Movies directed by Neil LaBute
Dystopian movies
Jason Bateman

Jason Kent Bateman (born January 14, 1969) is an American actor, director and producer. He is known for his role on the television series Arrested Development. His older sister is Justine of Family Ties fame. Jason recently received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on July 26, 2017.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 
 

1966 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York
People from Rye, New York
Andrew DeClercq

Andrew Donald DeClercq (born February 1, 1973) is a former American basketball player.  He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for ten seasons.   He played for the Golden State Warriors, Boston Celtics, Cleveland Cavaliers and Orlando Magic. DeClercq played college basketball for the University of Florida.

While in the NBA he averaged 4.8 points and 4.2 rebounds per game.

References

Other websites 
 NBA.com: Andrew DeClercq Bio

1973 births
Living people
Boston Celtics players
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Table of World Heritage Sites by country

The Table of World Heritage Sites is evolving as more sites are added to a growing list.

History
There are a total of 936 sites.  These include  properties in 153 states. 

As of March 2012, 189 states have ratified the World Heritage Convention.

The worldwide sites have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States, Asia-Pacific, Europe & North America, and Latin America & the Caribbean.

Table of World Heritage Sites

Related pages
World Heritage Site

List of World Heritage Sites in Asia
List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States
List of World Heritage Sites in Europe

Notes

References

Other websites 

UNESCO World Heritage website
Walter McCarty

Walter Lee McCarty (born February 1, 1974 in Evansville, Indiana) is an American former basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association.  He played for the New York Knicks, Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns, and the Los Angeles Clippers.

McCarty played college basketball at the University of Kentucky.

In June 2010, McCarty was named as an assistant coach for the Indiana Pacers. In 2011 McCarty was let go by the Pacers.

References

1974 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Boston Celtics players
Los Angeles Clippers players
New York Knicks players
Phoenix Suns players
People from Evansville, Indiana
Sportspeople from Indiana
American basketball players
Brandon Bass

Brandon Bass (born April 30, 1985) is an American basketball player of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is with the Boston Celtics.  He played for LSU in college.  He is a 6'8", 250 lb power forward.

On July 26, 2007, Bass agreed to play for the Dallas Mavericks. He signed through the 2008-09 season with a $1.59 million contract.

On July 10, 2009, Bass signed a contract with the Orlando Magic. He was traded to the Boston Celtics in December 2011 for Glen Davis and Von Wafer.  In July 2016, Brandon Bass agreed one-year deal with the Los Angeles Clippers.

In August 2017, signed a one-year, $2 million deal with the Liaoning Leopards.

References

1985 births
Living people
Boston Celtics players
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
EA Sports NASCAR series

The EA Sports NASCAR series were a series of video games published by EA Sports.

Games

Video game series
Sports video games
The Glass House (2012 TV series)

The Glass House is an American reality television series in which people who signed up get to tell the people what to do. Fourteen contestants will live in the house and compete for $250,000. The premiere was on June 18, 2012.

On May 4, 2012, broadcasting company CBS told ABC not to air The Glass House.  This was because CBS thought it was the same as their reality television series Big Brother.  Nineteen people who used to work on Big Brother are working on The Glass House. On May 10, 2012, CBS started a lawsuit against ABC.

References

2012 American television series debuts
American reality television series
ABC network shows
English-language television programs
Alexander III of Russia

Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov (Alexander III, 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894), was Tsar of the Russian Empire from 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 until his death on 1 November [O.S. 20 October] 1894.  He reversed some of the liberal laws made by his father, Alexander II and promoted the Russian language.  Unlike many Tsars, he kept Russia out of wars.  Alexander III had six children. His son Nicholas II of Russia became the next and last Tsar. 

Emperors and empresses
Russian royalty
1845 births
1894 deaths
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Hole in one

A hole-in-one in golf is when a player hits the ball from the tee and into the hole in one shot. It is most possible on a par-3 hole. Some people have done it on shorter par-4 holes. Nearly all par 4 and par 5 holes are too long for golfers to reach in a single shot. Getting the ball in the hole in two shots is called an albatross.

Golf
Sports words
Chatham, Virginia

Chatham is a town in the US state of Virginia. At the 2000 census, 1,338 people lived there. It is in the Danville, Virginia metropolitan statistical area.

History
Chatham has the oldest continually used building in Pittsylvania County. The building was an 18th-century tavern. It is now a house used by Chatham Hall faculty.

Chatham is the county seat for Pittsylvania County. It became the county seat in 1777.  There is a large U.S. Department of Agriculture office to help farmers in the area. There is also a small office of the U.S. Forestry Service.  The State of Virginia built a new prison where there used to be a work-release camp. This caused improvements in fire and water services to support the increased population.

There were no battles in Chatham during the American Civil War. On Confederate Memorial Day each year, the Daughters of the Confederacy puts flowers at the statue of a Confederate soldier.  There is a walking tour of the downtown historic district.  There are several bed and breakfast places on Main Street in historic Greek Revival homes.

Schools

Schools in Chatham include:
Chatham High School
Hargrave Military Academy
Chatham Hall, an all-female boarding high school

Gallery

References

Towns in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
1777 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Mount Unzen

is a Japanese volcano  near the city of Shimabara in Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Unzen is an active volcano.

History
Unzen has erupted many times.

Timeline
 May 21, 1792 (Kansei 4, 1st day of the 4th month): Earthquake centered at Unzen caused tsunami which hit Higo Province

 June 3, 1991 (Heisei 3): The volcano erupted violently, killing 43 scientists and journalists.

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Dormant volcano
 Extinct volcano

References

Other websites

Volcanoes of Japan
65th British Academy Film Awards

The 65th British Academy Film Awards, more commonly called the BAFTAs, were held on 12 February 2012 at the Royal Opera House in London. Stephen Fry, who hosted from 2001 to 2006, returned to host the awards ceremony. The Artist won seven awards, out of its twelve nominations, including Best Director and Best Film. Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy was named Best British Film.

Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.

BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award
Martin Scorsese

Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema
John Hurt

References

BAFTA Awards
2011 movies
BAFTA Award for Best Film

This page lists the winners and nominees for the BAFTA Award for Best Film, BAFTA Award for Best Film not in the English Language and Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movies, television, children's movies and television, and interactive media. Since 1948, selected movies have been awarded with the BAFTA award for Best Film at an annual ceremony.

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

References
 

BAFTA Awards
BAFTA Award for Best Short Film

This page lists the winners and nominees for the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movies, television, children's movies and television, and interactive media. Since 1960, selected movies have been awarded with the BAFTA award for Best Short Film at an annual ceremony.

In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners. Those not in bold are the nominees. The years are when the movies were released, not the year of the ceremony.

2000s

1990s

1980s

1970s

Best Short Film
The Nutcracker pas de deux

The Nutcracker pas de deux is a dance for the Sugar Plum Fairy and Prince Coqueluche in the ballet The Nutcracker. The ballet was first presented on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. The music was written by Tchaikovsky and the dance was designed by Lev Ivanov. The Sugar Plum Fairy was first danced by Antonietta Dell'Era and the Prince by Pavel Gerdt. The pas is sometimes danced outside the ballet and is sometimes danced in ballet competitions.

The pas de deux is structured in four sections (or movements): first, an Andante maestoso; second, a  Tarantella for the male dancer; third a dance for the ballerina called the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"; and fourth and finally a quick, energetic movement for both dancers.

Marius Petipa, Ballet Master at the Mariinsky Theatre, wanted music "colossal in effect" for the opening Andante maestoso movement. The music is made up of descending (falling) scales for cellos. A second, contrasting section is written for oboe and bass clarinet. The music ends with a great climax for trombones. The musical theme of the Andante maestoso is similar to Tchaikovsky's death themes in the Fifth and Sixth symphonies.

The Andante maestoso movement used a device on the stage called a reika. This was a small platform or wagon set in a track. It was operated under the stage. In The Nutcracker, the Sugar Plum Fairy stepped upon a scarf that Prince Coqueluche had placed on the reika. The Prince pulled the scarf and, as the reika was moved from one side of the stage to the other, it seemed that the Sugar Plum Fairy was lighter than air.

Notes

Reading list 
 
 

Ballets by Marius Petipa
Ballets by Lev Ivanov
Ballets first performed by the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film

This is a list of the winners and nominees of the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, children's film and television, and interactive media.

Winners and nominees

BAFTA Awards
BAFTA Award for Best Documentary

This page lists the winners for the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary, formerly known as the Robert Flaherty Award, for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movie, television, children's movie and television, and interactive media. There was a documentary award between 1948 and 1990. In 2012, the Academy re-introduced this category.

Award winners
† - means Academy Award winner

References

Other websites
 BAFTA official site

BAFTA Awards
Men Behind the Sun

Men Behind the Sun (, literally meaning "Black Sun: 731") is a 1988 war-based horror movie. When it was released, the movie was rated III under the Hong Kong rating system (similar to the United States MPAA rating NC-17). The movie is about World War II with graphic materials. It was banned in some countries.

In Australia, it was refused classification. It was later rerated R18 on appeal.

In the United States, the movie was released without a rating.

1980s thriller movies
1988 movies
1980s war movies
Chinese movies
Mandarin-language movies
Obscenity controversies
Independent movies
Timbers Army

Timbers Army is a group of hardcore supporters of the Portland Timbers, a Major League Soccer franchise in Portland, Oregon. 

Artists, writers, doctors, vintners, tattoo artists, soccer moms, and more all support the Portland Timbers on match days. Traveling support is significant and it is estimated that 1,500 members of the Timbers Army would make the trip north for the Timbers v. Sounders Cascadia Cup match in October 2012.

In addition to game-day operations, Timbers Army contributes significantly to charitable causes both in Portland and well as around the world. In 2011 alone, members of Timbers Army donated more than $40,000 to its charitable endeavors as well as spending countless hours volunteering with Friends of Trees, Habitat for Humanity and the Oregon Food Bank. Recently, the Timbers Army committed to raising another $40,000 to put toward the completion of Harper's Playground. 

The organizational arm of the Timbers Army, the 107 Independent Supporters Trust, has a paid membership of 2,300. However, as it has always been said: if you want to be Timbers Army, you already are. 

The main identifier of a member of the Timbers Army is the green and white bar scarf which says "Timbers Army" on one side and "No Pity" on the other. The most recent version of the scarf also includes a rose (in tribute to Portland's identity as the City of Roses) superimposed over crossed axes as well as the number 107, the section of Jeld-Wen Field where the Army began.

Other websites
Timbers Army website
HarpersPlayground.org

Soccer in the United States
Portland, Oregon
Serum

Serum may refer to:

Biology 
serum (blood), plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed
Antiserum, blood serum with specific antibodies for passive immunity
Serous fluid, any clear bodily fluid
Any drug derived from an animal's blood or serous fluid
Truth serum, a general term for a drug that is likely to make people tell truth or give information
A word for lotion in the cosmetics market

People 
Gary Serum (born 1956), retired Major League Baseball pitcher