cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Michael Jeffery

Major-General Philip Michael Jeffery (12 December 1937 – 18 December 2020) was the 24th Governor-General of Australia from 11 August 2003 until 5 September 2008. He was appointed by John Howard. Before this he was Governor of Western Australia. He quit the army in 1993 when he became Governor.

Biography 
Jeffery was born in 1937 in Wiluna, Western Australia, and he was educated at Cannington, East Victoria Park State Schools, and Kent Street High School. When he was 16 years old, he left Perth to go to the Royal Military College, which was Duntroon. After he graduated there in 1958, he went to Malaya in 1962 for a special service with the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment. In 1965, he was seconded to go to the British SASR (Special Air Service Regiment) for a tour in Borneo. Then he returned to Australia as the leader of the SASR in Perth. From 1966 to 1969, he worked in Papua New Guinea with the 1st Battalion. He married Marlena Kerr, who lived in Sydney during this work. After that, in 1972, he was chosen to go to the British Army Staff College at Camberley. Then he was chosen as the person to help with the 2nd Battalion in Wewak PNG. In 1976, he became the commander of the SASR and was appointed as the member of the order in Australia. He was also chosen to attend the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1985.

From 1986, he became the commander of the Army's 1st Division. In June 1988, he even became the Officer of the Order of Australia for his services to the Army, and in 1989, he became the Assistant Chief of the General Staff.

In January 1990 he became the Chief of the General Staff, and he was responsible for the Army. Later in 1991 he became appointed as the Assistant Chief of the General Staff for Material, which also included taking care of the Army equipment and building projects. On the first of November 1993, he was sworn in as the 27th governor of Western Australia, and he also became a Companion of the Order of Australia, until 2000. General Jeffery's interests were about young people, education, environment, and national security. Also, the Queen made him the Prior for Australia, and a Knight of Justice of the Order.

He and his wife Marlena had seven grandchildren, three sons, and a daughter. His hobbies were listening to music, reading, golf, and fishing.

Jeffrey died on 18 December 2020, six days after his 83rd birthday.

References 

1937 births
2020 deaths
Australian Governors-General
Governors of Western Australia
Order of Australia
People from Western Australia
Australian military people
Viceroys in Australia
Frank Forde

Francis Michael Forde (18 July 1890 – 28 January 1983) was the 15th Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister for only a week after John Curtin died. He lost a leadership contest to Ben Chifley. He was prime minister for only eight days, less than any other Prime Minister from Australia. He also lived longer than any other Prime Minister, until Gough Whitlam, who passed Forde's age on January 21, 2009. He died at 92 years old.

Forde was from the Australian Labor Party. He was the Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin government (1929–1931). When Scullin retired in 1935, Forde tried to become the leader of the Labor Party, but he lost by one vote to John Curtin. When Labor won the 1941 elections and Curtin became Prime Minister, Forde was made Minister for the Army. On 5 July 1945 Curtin died; because he was Deputy Leader, Forde was then made Prime Minister until the Labor Party chose a new leader. At the leadership election on 13 July, Ben Chifley was voted leader, and Forde was made Deputy Leader again.

References

1890 births
1983 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Queensland
Australian Labor Party politicians
Government ministers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
High Court of Australia

The High Court of Australia is the most powerful court in Australia. It was created in 1903 and is located in the capital city of Canberra.  It currently has seven judges who are called "Justices". It mainly hears appeals by people who are not happy with the decision of another court.

Government of Australia
Australia
1903 establishments in Australia
Biosphere

The biosphere includes everything living on Earth it is also known as ecosphere. Currently the biosphere has a biomass (or amount of living things) at around 1900 gigatonnes of carbon. It is not certain exactly how thick the biosphere is, though scientists predict that it is around 12,500 meters. The biosphere extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere, including birds and insects.

In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, and potentially ones on other planets or moons.

Origin of the term 
The word "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875. Which he defined as a place on Earth's surface where life dwells.

Earth's biosphere 
The earliest known evidence of life in Earth includes biogenic graphite dated as far as 3.7 Billion years old. Life is scattered all throughout the surface of the Earth, from the polar ice caps to the equator, exhibits a life of some kind.

Extent of biological life 
Almost all parts of the planet contains a life of some kind. Recent advances in microbiology concluded that microbes can live deep beneath the Earth's surface.

References

Other Page 
Biosphere reserve - Project by UNESCO

Ecology
Alto flute

The alto flute is a flute that plays a fourth (half an octave) lower than the regular flute.  It is longer than the regular flute.  Sometimes alto flutes have a bent part at the top end.

The alto flute is a transposing instrument.  This makes it easy for someone who plays the flute to play on the alto flute.  The fingering for the note C on the flute will give a G on the alto flute.

The alto flute is not very often used, and only in very large orchestras.  Maurice Ravel wrote a beautiful tune for alto flute in Daphnis et Chloé.  Igor Stravinsky used one in The Rite of Spring.  In The Planets by Gustav Holst there is a passage with three flutes and alto flute playing 4 part harmony.

The alto flute must not be confused with a bass flute which is even bigger and lower and very unusual indeed.

Other websites

Flutes
Creditor

A creditor is a person who loans money to another person. The person who gets the loan is called the borrower. Creditors are sometimes called moneylenders. Creditors expect the borrower to pay the money back at a later time. The creditor usually gets extra money from the borrower. This extra money is called interest.

Economics
Anno Domini

Anno Domini (Medieval Latin : "in the year of the Lord"), shortened as AD or A.D., is used to refer to the years after the birth of Jesus. AD is also a shortening for Christian Era. Similarly, Before Christ, shortened as BC or B.C., is used in the English language to refer to all years before the start of the time period Anno Domini.  In past centuries, AD came before the year but comes after a century or millennium.  For example, a person would write AD 2014 but 21st century AD or 3rd millennium AD.  There is no zero year in this system.  This means that the year A.D. 1 follows the year 1 B.C.

Some people mistakenly interpret “A.D.” as standing for “after death.”  The abbreviation “A.D.” was originally placed before the year number (e.g. A.D. 145); then “B.C.” often placed after the year number (e.g. 145 B.C.).  Nowadays it is more usual to put both abbreviations after the numbers (e.g. 145 AD; e.g. 145 BC).

This dating system was meant to signal the year of Christ's birth, but modern scholars have decided Jesus was actually born a few years earlier.

Pre History  term
The system for working out the years was invented by Dionysius Exiguus in about AD 525. He fixed the point Anno Domini, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. He used it to identify the several Easters in his Easter table. He did not use it to date any historical event. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year — he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior [Flavius Probus]", which he also stated was 525 years "since the incarnation [conception] of our Lord Jesus Christ". How he arrived at that number is unknown. He invented a new system of numbering years to replace the Diocletian years that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.

The Anno Domini calendar era became dominant in Western Europe only after it was used by the Venerable Bede to date the events in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731. The French emperor Charlemagne made it popular in mainland Europe. Some parts of Europe did not use the Anno Domini system until the 15th century. For example, Portugal used a different system called the Spanish era until 1422.

References

Time
Chronology
Haze

Haze is reduction in visibility due to dust or other particles in the air. It is often a problem in air quality with smoke covering the sky. The particles may also make it hard to breathe. Some people fall sick as well due to the polluted air.

Haze

ca:Broma (temps)
Neighbours

Neighbours is an Australian soap opera. The show started in March 1985 on the Seven Network, but they cancelled it the same year. Rival network Network Ten decided to start making and broadcasting the show, and have done that since 1986. It was produced by Reg Watson. The show started with low ratings, and Network Ten did their best to get more people to watch. They got new characters, two of them were played by Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan. These two characters became a couple known as "Scott and Charlene", and by the time they married in 1987, ratings were much higher.

The show is about the lives of people that live in a fictional street called Ramsay Street. Ramsay Street is in a fictional suburb, Erinsborough, in the real-life city Melbourne.

List of actors/characters who appear on the show

Other websites 

1985 television series debuts
1980s soap operas
1990s soap operas
2000s Australian television series
2000s soap operas
2010s soap operas
Melbourne
English-language television programs
Shawn Lane

Shawn Lane (March 21, 1963 – September 26, 2003) was an American musician. He was a solo guitarist.

At the age of 4, he began taking vocal lessons, cello lessons and piano lessons. By age ten, he picked up a guitar and found out he was better with a guitar than his other instruments. He joined a band at the age of fifteen and played in bars and clubs.

A few years later he started playing shows again. He began to tour with his own band, playing guitar and keyboard. In February 2003, Lane accomplished one of his life long dreams and toured over India with his band. When they left India, they were called "true rock heroes" by the people. In September 2003, when getting ready to make an album with the Swedish bassist Jonas Hellborg and drummer Ginger Baker, Lane had bad breathing problems. He was told by doctors that he would have to remain on medical oxygen for the rest of his life. On Friday, September 23, 2003, he died.

Other websites 
Official site
Official discography
Fan forum 

1963 births
2003 deaths
Lane, Shawn
Lane, Shawn
Deaths from lung disease
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Warner Bros. Records artists
Twin Dragons

Twin Dragons (1992) (also known as Brother vs. Brother and When Dragons Collide)

Identical brothers, separated at birth, end up as a criminal and a U.S. pianist, then cross paths years later in Hong Kong.

Cast 
Jackie Chan
Maggie Cheung
Nina Li Chi
Anthony Chan
Philip Chan
Sylvia Chang
James Wong
Lai Ying Chow
Kirk Wong
Ringo Lam Ling-tung
John Woo
Tsui Hark
Director(s): Tsui Hark, Ringo Lam Ling-tung, Ringo Lam
Producer(s): Ng Sze Yuen, Teddy Robin Kwan.
Language: Cantonese (Dubbed in English in North America)

Other websites 

 

1992 action movies
Martial arts movies
1992 movies
Chinese movies
Hong Kong movies
Cantonese-language movies
Small solar system body

A small solar system body (SSSB) is a term defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union to describe solar system objects which are not planets or dwarf planets:

All other objects orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" ... These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies.

Therefore, it refers to these objects that can be further grouped based on their orbit or what they are made of:
 all known minor planets that are not dwarf planets, i.e.:
 the classical asteroids (except the largest one, 1 Ceres);
 the Centaurs and Neptune Trojans;
 the smaller Trans-Neptunian Objects (except dwarf planets such as Pluto and Eris);
 all comets;
 It is not yet clear whether there will be a lower bound on the group of small solar system bodies, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids.

Some of the larger "small solar system bodies" may be reclassified in future as dwarf planets, pending further examination to determine whether or not they are in hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly-round shape).

References

Minor planets
Solar System
Frankenstein

Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley. It is about a creature produced by a strange scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was nineteen. It was published when she was twenty-one. The first edition was published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the second edition, published in France in 1823.

Shelley had travelled in the region of Geneva, Switzerland, where much of the story takes place. Ideas about occultism were topics of conversation among her travelling companions, especially her future husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and his doctor John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by the result. She then wrote Frankenstein.

Since publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" is often used to refer to the monster itself. This usage is sometimes considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard the monster sense of "Frankenstein" as well-established and an acceptable usage. In the novel, the monster however is called "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it". Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster refers to himself as "the Adam of your labors", and elsewhere as someone who "would have" been "your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel."

Plot 

Victor Frankenstein is a scientist who wants to create life itself. He stitches together parts from the dead bodies of criminals executed at the gallows. He brings his creation to life during an electrical storm. The monster scares Frankenstein. He runs away.  The monster spends years looking for a place in the world.  Mostly, other humans are afraid of it.  After years alone, it decides to go back to Frankenstein to ask him to make another monster to be its wife.  Frankenstein chases the monster to the Arctic, and dies pursuing the creature. The monster vanishes into the fog.

Related pages 
Frankenstein's monster

References

1818 books
English novels
Horror novels
English-language novels
Science fiction books
Advance Australia Fair

Advance Australia Fair is the official national anthem of Australia. 

Peter Dodds McCormick (–1916) wrote the music and the words for the song. It was first performed in 1878, but it only became Australia's official anthem in 1984.

Between 1878 and 1984, the song was used inside of Australia as a patriotic song. For a time the song announced the news from the Australian Broadcasting Commission. When Australia became a Federation in 1901, the song was sung by a choir of 10,000 people.

In 1977 there was a vote for the national anthem between four songs during the 1977 Australian referendum. The other three songs were:
 God Save the Queen, which was then the official national anthem
 Waltzing Matilda, often regarded as the unofficial anthem
 Song of Australia.
Advance Australia Fair received 43.29% of the vote, defeating the three alternatives: Waltzing Matilda (28.28%), Song of Australia (9.65%), and the existing national anthem God Save the Queen (18.78%). However, it was not until 1984 that the national anthem was changed to reflect the popular vote.

Other songs and marches have been influenced by Advance Australia Fair, such as the Australian Vice-Regal salute.

Lyrics

Sound file

References

National anthems
Australia
2006 Winter Olympics

The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006. This was the second time Italy hosted the Olympic Winter Games. The first time was the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo. Italy also had the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

The President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, opened the ceremony.  Stefania Belmondo was the torch-bearer.

1,548 men and 960 women were in the Olympics. There were 84 events.   The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was "Passion lives here".

Medals won by each nation

Venues

Olympic areas
Olympic events were mainly held in Turin. Other events such as skiing and snowboarding had to be held in mountain areas.

Turin
Many venues were located in the Olympic District in central Turin, including:
 Oval Lingotto – Speed skating
 Torino Esposizioni – Ice hockey
 Palasport Olimpico – Ice hockey (final)
 Stadio Olimpico – Opening and closing ceremonies
 Palavela – Figure skating, short-track speed skating
 Olympic Village

Other locations
 Bardonecchia – Snowboarding
 Cesana Pariol – Bobsleigh, Luge, Skeleton
 Cesana San Sicario  – Biathlon
 Pinerolo – Curling
 Pragelato – Nordic combined (ski jumping), Ski jumping
 Pragelato Plan – Cross-country skiing, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing)
 San Sicario Fraiteve – Alpine skiing (women's combined (downhill), downhill, and super-g)
 Sauze d'Oulx – Freestyle skiing
 Sestriere Borgata – Alpine skiing (men's combined (downhill), downhill, super-g)
 Sestriere Colle – Alpine skiing (combined (slalom), giant slalom, slalom)

Olympic villages
 Bardonecchia
 Sestriere
 Turin

References

 
2006 in sports
2000s in Italy
2006 in Europe
1665

The year 1665 was a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 March 4 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.

Births
 February 6 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (d. 1714)
1764



Births 
 March 13 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1845)
 September 25 – Fletcher Christian, leader of the Mutiny on the Bounty (d. 1793)

Deaths 
 April 15 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (born 1721)
 November 20 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian mathematician (born 1690)
1629

The year 1629 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 February 11 – The Pilgrims leave England for North America to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Births
 March 9 – Czar Alexis I of Russia (d. 1676)
 April 14 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch scientist (d. 1695)
1692



Events 
 January–June 
 March 1 – The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft.
 June 8 – During a famine in Mexico City, an angry mob torches the Viceroy's palace and ignites the archives; most of the documents and some paintings are saved by royal geographer Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.
 June 10 – Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged for witchcraft. 

 July–December 
 September 8 – An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England.
 September 14 – Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
 Salem witch trials:
 September 19 – Giles Corey is pressed to death, in an attempt to coerce a confession from him of witchcraft.   By the end of September, 14 women and 5 men have been hanged.
 September 22 – The last of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials are hanged; the remainder of those convicted are all eventually released.
 October 21 – In Barbados, a slave revolt is crushed.

Births

 June 28 – Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart, Princess of England, Scotland, and Ireland
 August 18 – Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Prime Minister of France (d. 1740)
 October 25 – Elisabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain (d. 1766)

Deaths
 July 19 – Rebecca Nurse, accused Massachusetts witch (b. 1621)

References
1702

The year 1702 was a common year which started on Sunday.

Events
 March 8 – King William III of England dies. His sister-in-law, Anne, becomes queen.
date unknown
Delaware becomes a separate colony.
1640

The year 1640 was a leap year which started on a Sunday.

Events
 The first university in Finland, the Academy of Åbo, is founded in Turku.
1633

The year 1633 was a common year which started on a Saturday.

Events
 June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots, at St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh.
1635

The year 1635 was a common year which start on Monday.

Events
 February 22 – The Académie française in Paris is founded as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.
 July 31 – The Royal Mail service is made available to the public by King Charles I of England.
 August 25 – The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.

Date unknown
 Dominica is claimed by France.
1575

The year 1575 was a common year starting on Saturday.

Events
 February 13 – Henry III of France is crowned at Reims.
1760

The year 1760 was a leap year which started on Tuesday.

Events
 March 20 – The Great Fire of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings.
 October 25 – King George II of Great Britain dies; his grandson George III becomes king.
1670

The year 1670 was a common year which started on Wednesday.

Events
 April 29 – Pope Clement X succeeds Pope Clement IX as the 239th pope.
 July 18 – Spain recognises Jamaica and the Cayman Islands as English possessions by the Treaty of Madrid.
1678

The year 1678 was a common year which started on Saturday.

Events
 January 27 – The first fire engine company in what will become the United States goes into service.
 February 18 – John Bunyan publishes his Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress in London.
1722

1722 is a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Dutch admiral Jakob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island.
1662

The year 1662 was a common year which started on Sunday.

Events
 The Dodo bird goes extinct.
1663

The year 1663 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the subantarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Dutch explorer Barent Barentszoon Lam.
1669

The year 1669 is a common year which started on Tuesday.

Events
 March 11 – Mount Etna erupts, destroying the town of Nicolosi and killing 20,000 people.
 July – The Hanseatic League, 400 years after it was formed, holds its last official meeting in Lübeck.

Date unknown
 Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand.
 Antonio Stradivari makes his first violin.

Deaths
 December 9 – Pope Clement IX (b. 1600)
1523

The year 1523 was a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing its full independence from Denmark, ending of the Kalmar Union.
1506

The year 1506 was a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.

Births
 April 7 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit saint (d. 1552)
1693

The year 1693 was a common year which started on a Thursday.

Events
 January 11 – 1693 Sicily earthquake: Mount Etna erupts, causing a devastating earthquake that affects parts of Sicily and Malta.
 February 8 – The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is granted a Royal charter from King William III and Queen Mary II of England.

Religion
 Some members of the Anabaptist movement in Switzerland splits from the group to start the Amish.

Births
 February 7 – Empress Anna I of Russia (d. 1740)
 March 7 – Pope Clement XIII (d. 1769)
 March 24 – John Harrison, English clockmaker (d. 1776)
Dracula

Dracula is a horror novel written by the Irish writer Bram Stoker. Bram Stoker published the novel in England in 1897. The character 'Dracula' may have been based in part on Sir Henry Irving (who was an actor and friend of Bram Stoker) and on Vlad III the Impaler (a Romanian king). The story is about a vampire called Dracula, who wants to take over England. The novel happens in 1893.

Plot
A young solicitor (a type of lawyer) Jonathan Harker goes to the country Transylvania to sell a house in England to a nobleman named Dracula. After living in the castle for a week, he realizes that Dracula is a vampire that wants to take over England. Dracula traps Harker in his castle with three other vampire women (who are called his brides) and goes to England, by hiding on a ship and killing the crew. When he gets to England, he bites a young woman called Lucy Westenra and turns her into a vampire. Lucy is then killed by Abraham van Helsing (a vampire hunter) and the other characters in the book. Then Dracula bites Jonathan's wife Mina. Because of this, the other characters try to defeat Dracula, by chasing him back to Transylvania and stabbing him in the heart with a wooden stake.

Most famous adaptations of Dracula 
 1922,  (Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror). First adaptation of the novel. Directed by F. W. Murnau. Max Schreck has the role of Count Orlok. The movie director could not get permission to use the actual story from Stoker's widow, who ordered many copies of the movie to be destroyed after its release.
 1931, Dracula. Horror, directed by Tod Browning and starring Béla Lugosi as Dracula.
 1958, Horror of Dracula. Horror, stars Christopher Lee as Count Dracula.
 1979, Dracula. Horror, stars Frank Langella as Dracula.
 1979, Love at First Bite. Comedy, stars George Hamilton as Count Vladimir Dracula.
 1992, Bram Stoker's Dracula. Horror, directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Gary Oldman as Dracula.
 Dracula: Dead and Loving it. Comedy, directed by Mel Brooks and starring Leslie Nielsen as Count Dracula.
 Van Helsing is a 2004 movie that has Hugh Jackman as the title character (Gabriel Van Helsing) and Richard Boxburgh as Count Vladislaus Dracula.
2014, Dracula Untold, directed by Gary Shore

Online texts
 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/45839
 Bram Stoker Online Full text and PDF versions of this novel.

1897 books
Irish novels
Horror novels
Vampire novels
1570

The year 1570 was a common year starting on Sunday.

Events
 February 8 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurs in Concepción, Chile.
 February 25 – Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis.
 July 14 – Pope Pius V issues Quo Primum, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.
1530



Births 
 Filippo Azzaiolo (d. 1569), Italian composer

Deaths
 29 November – Thomas Wolsey (born between 1471 and 1476), English statesman and archbishop
1534



Events
 Jaques Cartier explored Quebec and Montreal.

Births 
 Joan Waste (d. 1 August 1556), English woman burned to death because she would not stop being a Protestant
 10 February – Song Ik-phil (d. 8 August 1599), Korean politician
 23 June – Oda Nobunaga (d. 21 June 1582), Japanese daimyo
 1 July – Frederick II of Denmark (d. 4 April 1588), King of Denmark-Norway
 24 September – Guru Ram Das (d. 1 September 1581), fourth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism

Deaths
 26 May – Pope Clement VII (born 26 May 1478), 220th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
1708

The year 1708 was a leap year which started on Sunday.

Events
 July 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Allied forces commanded by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated the French at the Battle of Oudenarde.
 August 18 – War of the Spanish Succession: The British capture Minorca, Spain.
1656

The year 1656 was a leap year which started on Saturday.

Events
 December – The pendulum clock is invented by Christian Huygens.
1586

The year 1586 was a common year which started on Wednesday.

Events
 Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician, demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
1576

The year 1576 was a leap year which started on Sunday.

Events
 August 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage, enters the bay now named after him.
1477



Events
The University of Tübingen was founded in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Births 
 January 25 – Anne of Brittany (d. January 9, 1514), Duchess of Brittany
United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services. It was a part of the United States Army until September 18, 1947. The USAF is the largest and most of technologically advanced air force in the world.  It has thousands of aircraft in service including bombers, fighter aircraft, transports and other kinds, and hundreds of Intercontinental ballistic missiles.  Hundreds of thousands of men and women are on active duty in the Air Force and others are in the Reserves and the United States National Guard.

Officer Ranks

Warrant officers
The Air Force warrant officer ranks, while authorized by law, are not used.

Enlisted airmen

References

Other websites
Find a grave memorial of a World War II "WASP" {Women Air Service pilot}

 
Military aviation
1320s



Events 
 In North America, after arriving in different areas in Mexico, the Aztec settle in a swampy area near Lake Texcoco, and found the city of Tenochtitlan.
20s

Note: Sometimes the '20s is used as shorthand for the 1920s, the 1820s, or other such decades in various centuries

Significant people 
Tiberius, Roman Emperor (14–37).
20s
1465



Births 
 Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (d. 1524), Spanish soldier, conquered and governed Cuba for Spain
1545



Births 
 Lady Mary Grey (d. 20 April 1578), sister of Lady Jane Grey
 8 July – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (d. 24 July 1568), son of King Philip II of Spain

Deaths
 18 October – John Taverner (b. about 1490), English composer and organist
1300s



Events and trends 
 1308 – Avignon Papacy established, which splits and weakens the Roman Catholic Church
1964 Summer Olympics

The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, were held in Tokyo, Japan from October 10 1964, through October 24 1964.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan

Other websites

1964 Summer Olympics
1330s



Events and trends 
 The poet Petrarch coins the pejorative term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the western Roman Empire in 410 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.
1350s



Events and trends 
 The Ottoman Turks enter Europe
 The Hanseatic League begins to meet
1360s



Events and trends 
 William Langland writes Piers Plowman
1370s



Events and trends 
 Mamai was a powerful military commander of the Golden Horde, who resided in the western part of this nomadic state, which is now the Southern Ukrainian Steppes and the Crimean Peninsula. He split apart from Khans of the Golden Horde, trying to establish his own state.
 The Krashovani settled in the Banat, fleeing the Ottoman offensive in Serbia.
1390s



Events and trends 
1392
Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General Yi Seonggye led a coup d'état, overthrowing the kingdom of Goryeo and founding the kingdom of Joseon
End of the reign of Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
1394 Expulsion of Jews from France

1395 End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family

1397
 Richard Whittington aka Dick Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London
 John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset
1398
Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed
Construction of the Stecknitz Canal as one of the oldest artificial waterways of the world
Timur arrived on the bank of the Indus River, and proceeded to sack Delhi
1399 Henry IV becomes King of England
Captain Underpants

Captain Underpants is a popular series of children's books by Dav Pilkey. Most of the books take place in Piqua, Ohio.

Characters

Main 
George Beard - A 9 3/4-year-old black-scind boy with a flat top. He wears a tie.
Harold Hutchins - A next-door-neighbor and frend of George. He is 10 years old and has a bad hare cut.
Mr. Benny Krupp - Mr. Krupp is the mean school principal of George and Harold.
Captain Underpants - The alter-ego of Principal Krupp. He one day got superpowers.
Melvin Sneedly - George and Harold's smart nemesis. He wears glasses and a bow tie.
Ms. Ribble - The fourth grade teacher of George and Harold.
Sulu And Crackers - George and Harolds pets.
Yestreday Gorge and Harold  Dobles of the 2 boys of the same name.

Recureing (Apering more then once) 
Harold's sister
Henry Hutchins - Harold's grandfather
Jane Beard - George Beard's great-grandmother
Ingrid Ashley and Larry Zarrow - The local TV reporters for Eyewitness News (Channel 4).

Villains

Dr. Diaper - An evil scientist who wears a diaper.
The Talking Toilets- Toilets that can oley shout "YUM, YUM, EAT 'EM UP!"and eat people, created when George and Harold wrote it in a comic book, and fed it to a machine that makes living 3D copys of 2D drawings created by Melvin Sneedley.
The Turbo-Toilet 2000- The leader of the talking toilets. He apeard on his own in book 11.
Jennifer - An evil alien.
Zorx and Klax - Jennifer's Frends. They tried to help him take over Earth.
Professor Poopypants- A mad scientist from New Swissland that forced everyone to change their name to what the Name Change-o-Chart 2000 says. He later changed his name to Tippy Tinkletrousers.
Wedgie Woman - Ms. Ribble after hypnosis from George and Harold.
Evil George and Evil Harold - George and Harold's evil twins from the alternate dimension. They first met when a horrible accident with the time machine occurred.
Captain Blunderpants - Captain Underpants' evil twin from the alternate dimension.
Nise Mr. Krupp - The Nise Counterpart of Mr. Krupp from the alternate dimension.

Plot 
The plots of Captain Underpants books 6 - 12 add up into one big plot.

Forms

Books 
Thare are 12 Books, The First one is known as The Adventers Of Captain Underpants, The next one being calld Captain Underpants And The Atacck Of The Tlking Tloits.

Spin-ofs 
Captain Underpants Has 3 spin-ofs, 2 of them having seres. Below Shows some of them.

 Super Diper Baby
 Dog Man

Flim 
All of the Captain Underpants Flims are made by DreamWorks Animation.

Movie 
(See Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie)

TV Show 
Thare is A 2018 TV show named Captain Underpants The Epic Tales. It ran all the way into 2020.

It had 3 secons and 3 speals.
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Children's books
1070s



Events 

 1071 Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army.
 1072 Normans conquer Palermo in Sicily 
 1073 Japan changes emperors
 1078 Romanesque church begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
Bow

Bow can mean:

(Rhyming with "no":)
 Bow (weapon), "bows and arrows"
 Bow (music), the bow used to play musical instruments
 A type of knot which has two large loops.  It is used to tie simple things such as apron strings, shoelaces, or ribbons on wrapped-up presents or for decoration in girls' hair.

(Rhyming with "now":)
 Bow (ship), the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat
 a gesture, see Bowing

People
 Clara Bow, an actress
Billie Jean King

Billie Jean King (born Billie Jean Moffitt on November 22, 1943 in Long Beach, California) is an American retired tennis player. She is considered one of the greatest female tennis players. She won many championships during her career, which started in 1959 and ended in 1983. She was known for speaking against sexism in sports and society. She started the Women's Tennis Association, World TeamTennis, and the Women's Sports Foundation. Her most famous match was in 1973. It was called "The Battle of the Sexes" and was with Bobby Riggs, who had been a champion in the 1930s and 1940s. She loved playing tennis but had to stop after an injury.

Her brother is baseball player Randy Moffitt.

Billie Jean King grew up poor. It was hard for her parents to support her. Her father was an engineer for a fire department. Her mother was a housekeeper. Her father had two jobs. Her mother sold Tupperware to pay for King’s tennis competitions. King’s family could not pay to join their local tennis club. Therefore, King learned at public tennis courts. 

King was interested in fighting for the rights of women in tennis. When she was seventeen years old, King played doubles in Wimbledon. She and her partner, Karen Hantze, won the match. They became the youngest women players to win that match at Wimbledon. Even though she won this competition, she didn't want to focus on tennis completely yet. 

King joined a community college and married Larry King. Later, she played tennis again and spoke against sexism. She is famous for winning a competition called the Battle of the Sexes against Bobby Riggs in 1973. This was one of the first tennis matches when a man played against a woman. Winning this match really helped her speak about sexism. She used tennis and the Battle of the Sexes to prove that women are as good at sports as men. She was important in tennis and helped the voice of women.

Personal life
King is lesbian.

References 

1943 births
American female tennis players
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
Lesbians
Lesbian feminists
LGBT people from California
LGBT sportspeople
Living people
People from Long Beach, California
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
Time People of the Year
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Fabio Cannavaro

Fabio Cannavaro (born 13 September 1973) is an Italian retired football player. He was the captain of Italy's winning FIFA World Cup squad in 2006. He is considered on of the best defenders in history.

Cannavaro had originally played several famous football club in Italy, such as Napoli, Parma, Internazionale Milano and Juventus. He won several champions of Italian Serie A in the past, and a UEFA Cup in 1999. In 2006, he turned to Spain to join the Spanish giant Real Madrid, as a defender of the team.

Cannavaro is a famous defender who represent Italy national team for over 100 times, joining three times of FIFA World Cup. In 2006 he led the national team to win the champion of World Cup, and then won the World Footballer of 2006. As few defenders can be very popular, some people comment that Cannavaro has excellent talent, just like German legend Franz Beckenbauer.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Napoli||rowspan="3"|Serie A||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1993/94||27||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|1994/95||29||1||4||0||3||0||36||1
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="7"|Parma||rowspan="7"|Serie A||29||1||1||0||6||0||36||1
|-
|1996/97||27||0||1||0||2||0||30||0
|-
|1997/98||31||0||6||0||7||0||44||0
|-
|1998/99||30||1||7||0||8||0||45||1
|-
|1999/00||31||2||3||0||9||1||43||3
|-
|2000/01||33||0||7||0||6||0||46||0
|-
|2001/02||31||0||5||0||9||0||45||1
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||28||0||0||0||12||1||40||1
|-
|2003/04||22||2||3||0||9||0||34||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||38||2||0||0||9||1||47||3
|-
|2005/06||36||4||3||0||9||0||48||4

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Real Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||32||0||1||0||6||0||39||0
|-
|2007/08||33||0||1||0||6||0||40||0
|-
|2008/09||29||0||1||0||7||0||37||0

|-
|2009/10||Juventus||Serie A||||||||||||||||
394||13||43||0||89||3||526||16
94||0||3||0||19||0||116||0
488||13||46||0||108||3||642||16
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||12||0
|-
|1998||11||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||14||0
|-
|2001||9||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||6||1
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||15||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||8||1
|-
|2009||10||0
|-
|2010||5||0
|-
!Total||136||2
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players 
Italian footballers
People from Naples
Toontown Online

Disney's Toontown Online, also called as Toontown Online or Toontown, was an online video game created by The Walt Disney Company. The game was an MMORPG, where a lot of people play at one time. It was released in 2003, and closed in 2013.

Players live life as a toon in Toontown. Players can make a duck, bear, mouse, rabbit, dog, cat, horse, pig, or monkey.

Game's purpose
Players try to live life as a toon, play games on the Trolley and make new friends. But it's not all paradise. Evil robots called "Cogs" have taken over, and "gags" (cartoon fun) are used to defeat them. There is not a purpose that players have to go by. A player can choose to be the top racer or to have the most "laff points". Many people like it because of this. Some users even dare to become "ubers", toons with better gags but poor laff.

References

Other websites 
Disney
Work vs. Play: The Story Behind Disney's Toontown Online, community member Comrade's journalism blog 

Disney video games
Online games
Exaggeration

Exaggeration  is a term for a figure of speech.  It means the describing of something and making it more than it really is.  The verb is to exaggerate.

An example of exaggeration would be: “I was walking along when suddenly this enormous dog walked along.  It was as big as an elephant”.  The dog may have been big, but it was certainly not as big as that. Another example of exaggeration would be: “I caught a fish as big as my house.”

Overstatement is another word that means almost the same thing.  The opposite of overstatement is understatement. 

A  hyperbole (IPA:[haı'pɝ.bə.li]) is a type of exaggeration that is used in literature.  It is a figure of speech.  The opposite of hyperbole is hypobole, which is an understatement.

People exaggerate things because they have strong feelings about something.  People may exaggerate to make people listen to what they say.  They may do it to emphasize something.  They may also exaggerate just to sound funny:
”I’ve heard that a million times”
”You’ve got a head the size of a pin”.
 "I just ran a million miles"
People may understate because they are being modest:
“Thank you, yes, I suppose I may have helped a little” (in a situation where the person actually helped a lot).

In modern slang, the word “hype” is sometimes used about something that is getting more publicity than it really deserves.  The word hype comes from the word “hyperbole”.

Related pages

 Irony
 Metaphor
 Simile
 Grammar
 Trope

References

Figures of speech
Oracle bone

Oracle Bones were bones that the Chinese would carve or scratch their questions on. Then the priests would burn the oracle bone until it would crack. Then the priest read these cracks to the Chinese people for their answer. The Chinese people believed their answer to be from the gods. This was also known as the first stages of Chinese writing. These were very important to the Chinese.

History of China
Ancient history
Book of Mormon

The Book of Mormon is a book that Latter Day Saints believe is the word of God along with the Bible.

The original English version of the Book of Mormon was published in March 1830 by a man named Joseph Smith, Jr. who claimed to be a prophet like the ones in the Old Testament.

Joseph Smith said that he translated the book into English from gold plates given to him by an angel. The book claims that the language it was first written in was made from "the learning of the Jews and the language of the Egyptians."

The story contained in the Book of Mormon is a shortened version written by a man named Mormon of the record of two groups of people called the Nephites and the Lamanites. Their ancestors left Jerusalem with their father Lehi about 600 years before the birth of Christ, sailed across a very big ocean, and settled in the New World. It gives an account of their families, cities, wars, systems of government, spiritual experiences and religious beliefs among other things. The main purpose of the Book of Mormon is to teach about Jesus Christ.

It also contains the Book of Ether (a very old book discovered by the Nephites) which told the story of another people (called the Jaredites) who had lived in some of the same areas shortly after the time of the Tower of Babel, but died out because of wars.

Usually, Book of Mormon stories show the Nephites as the more righteous, industrious and peaceful people and the Lamanites as wicked, lazy and warlike. Wars happen all the time between the two groups. But, near the end of the book, the Nephites become more wicked than the Lamanites, and all the Nephites die in their last war, except for one named Moroni who was directed by God to bury the Book of Mormon in a hill so that Joseph Smith Jr. could find it.

The central theme of the book revolves around Jesus Christ visiting the people described, performing miracles and showing them the right way to live.

Other websites 
Book of Mormon at Scriptures.lds.org
 Book of Mormon Online

Mormonism
Religious texts
1830s books
Demilitarized zone

A demilitarized zone is an area of land that has no military forces in it. This is usually to stop armies from fighting.

The most famous demilitarized zone is the Korean Demilitarized Zone on the land between North Korea and South Korea. No one can go into the Demilitarized Zone, so the wildlife is well preserved. There are thousands of soldiers and weapons on each side of the Demilitarized Zone, including to this day a massive American presence.

The Rhineland was also demilitarized from the end of World War I until 1936, when Adolf Hitler remilitarized it.

Military
Frankston North

Frankston North is a town near Frankston and Carrum Downs in Victoria, Australia.  The town is sometimes called "The Pines".

Towns in Victoria (Australia)
Recursion

Recursion is a word from mathematics and computer science. It is used to define a thing, such as a function or a set. A recursive definition uses the thing it is defining as part of the definition.

Description 
Usually, a recursive function refers to itself in some cases (or inputs), but not in every case. A function that referred to itself in every case would never terminate.

When a function refers to itself, it often uses a smaller input than the input it was given. In this way, it can solve a problem by first solving a simpler version of the problem.

Example 
An example of a recursive function  is:

If  then return .
If  then return .
This function computes the factorial of a natural number. It works because  and .

The definition has two cases: a recursive case for , and a case for  that is not recursive. The case that is not recursive is called a "base case".

Uses 

Recursion can be used to write computer programs. A program that uses recursion may be easier to write and understand than a program that does the same thing without recursion.

Recursion is used in mathematics to prove theorems. This method is called induction.

The idea of recursion can be seen in art and language. For example:
 A fractal image contains smaller versions of itself.
 In the rules of grammar, a sentence can be part of another sentence.

Computer science
BBC Radio 2

BBC Radio 2 is a radio station which is heard across the United Kingdom It started in 1967.

Radio 2 plays music from a period lasting over 40 year. For example, it plays classic pop songs, rock, jazz and folk.

References

Other websites
 
 , from BBC iPlayer.

1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
2