cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Lower Austria

Lower Austria (German: Niederösterreich, East Central Austro-Bavarian: Niedaestareich) is a state of Austria. It is in the northeast of the country. It is the biggest state by area, the second biggest by population, and also the historical core of Austria.

Nearly 1.7 million people are living in Lower Austria on an area of about 19,000 km².

Sankt Pölten has been the capital since 1986, before this was Vienna. Sankt Pölten is also the biggest city of the state, followed by Wiener Neustadt.

It borders to the following other states of Austria: in the west to Upper Austria, in the south to Styria, and in the southeast to Burgenland. The city/state of Vienna lies in the middle of Lower Austria.

It has also borders with other countries: in the north the Czech Republic and in the east Slovakia.

The Danube River flows through Lower Austria, dividing the state in a northern part (the regions of Waldviertel and Weinviertel) and a southern part (the regions of Mostviertel and Industrieviertel). These regions are divided into 21 districts and contain 573 towns.

The northern part has many hills. Those in the Waldviertel belong to the ridge of Manhartsberg (part of the Bohemian Massif), and those in the Weinviertel are spurs of the Carpathian Mountains.<br/ >
The southern part is more mountainous with spurs of the Alps, like the Styrian-Lower Austrian Limestone Alps and the Vienna Woods (Wienerwald). Highest summit is the Schneeberg at 2,076 m.

Lower Austria is very rural, 42% is agricultural and 40% is wooded. Winegrowing can especially be found in the areas/regions of Wachau, Weinviertel and Thermenregion.

About 80% of the population is Roman Catholic.

Politics 
Seats taken in the Lower Austrian Parliament (56) since the elections of 2013:
 ÖVP - 30 
 SPÖ - 13
 Team Stronach - 5
 FPÖ - 4
 GRÜNE - 4

Lower Austria is governed by a coalition of ÖVP and SPÖ. Governor has been Johanna Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP) since April 2017.
Tsonga language

Tsonga is a language of Bantu origin spoken primarily in South Africa and Mozambique. It is also known as Changana or Xangana.

Text example 

The Lord's Prayer written in Tsonga:

Tata wa hina la nge matilweni,
vito ra wena a ri hlawuleke;
a ku te ku fuma ka wena;
ku rhandza ka wena a ku endliwe misaveni,
tanihi loko ku endliwa tilweni.
U hi nyika namuntlha vuswa bya hina bya siku rin'wana ni rin'wana;
u hi rivalela swidyoho swa hina,
tanihi loko na hina hi rivalela lava hi dyohelaka;
u nga hi yisi emiringweni,
kambe u hi ponisa eka Lowo biha,
Amen.

References

Bantu languages
Languages of South Africa
Werner Faymann

Werner Faymann (born 4 May 1960 in Vienna) is an Austrian politician. He belongs to the Social Democratic Party of Austria.

He was transport, innovation and technology minister from 2007 to 2008.

His party won the elections of the National Assembly in 2008. As a result he was the Federal Chancellor of Austria from 2008 to 2016. He was succeeded by Christian Kern.

References

Other websites
Homepage of the Austrian Chancellor

1960 births
Living people
Chancellors of Austria
Government ministers of Austria
Politicians from Vienna
Nicola Sturgeon

Nicola Sturgeon (born 19 July 1970 in Irvine, Scotland) is a Scottish politician. On 20 November 2014, she became the 5th First Minister of Scotland. She became the leader of the Scottish National Party on 14 November 2014. She was previously the Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing, and Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP). She is a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Govan.

Nicola Sturgeon studied at the University of Glasgow and attempted to become a Member of Parliament at the 1992 and 1997 General Elections. In 1999, she became an MSP representing the Glasgow region. She became the Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party in 2004 and because Alex Salmond was still an MP, she was the SNP's leader in the Scottish Parliament until the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. At the 2007 election, Nicola Sturgeon became the MSP for Glasgow Govan and her party formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister.

On 20 November 2014, Nicola Sturgeon became First Minister of Scotland, succeeding Alex Salmond, who had resigned after defeat in the Scottish independence referendum. She is the first woman to hold this position.

Sturgeon lives in Glasgow, with her husband Peter Murrell.

Other websites
Nicola Sturgeon's page at the Scottish Parliament Website
Biography of Nicola Sturgeon on SNP website

1970 births
Living people
First Ministers of Scotland
BBC 100 Women
Social Democratic and Labour Party

The Social Democratic and Labour Party or SDLP is a centre-left political party in Northern Ireland. Its policies promote social democracy and the idea that Northern Ireland should leave the United Kingdom and join with the Republic of Ireland. Its leader is Colum Eastwood and currently it has none of the Northern Ireland seats in the UK parliament, however it has 12 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly making it the 3rd largest party in the assembly .

The party rejected violence during the Troubles and was the most successful nationalist party during the 1980's and 1990's.

Sources

1970 establishments in Europe
Socialist International
Social democratic parties
Political parties in Northern Ireland
The Final Frontier

The Final Frontier is an album by Iron Maiden.  It was announced on 4 March 2010, along a concert tour.

It was recorded in The Bahamas and produced by Kevin Shirley. The album began being sold on 17 August 2010.

It sold very well, being the most popular album in 21 countries when it went on sale, as well as being one of the top five most popular albums in eight other countries.

Musicians
 Bruce Dickinson - vocals
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain - percussion
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Adrian Smith - guitar

Track listing

References

2010 albums
Iron Maiden albums
Windows Narrator

Windows Narrator is a tool for the visually impaired. The user has four options to customize their  experience.

Purpose

The tool reads text, message boxes, and mimics user typing. The voice, pitch, and speed can all be tailored to the user's preferences.

Other tools

Microsoft Windows Speech Recognition

Related pages
 Narrator
 Microsoft Windows Speech Recognition

References

Other websites
 Windows Official Site

Microsoft Windows software
Sunny (Korean singer)

Sunny (born Susan Soonkyu Lee on May 15, 1989) is an American singer based in South Korean. She is also a radio DJ, music show host, and member of the Korean girl group Girls' Generation.

South Korean singers
Singers from California
1989 births
Living people
People from Orange, California
Tiffany Young

Stephanie Young Hwang (Korean name: Hwang Mi-young; Hangul: 황미영; Hanja: 黃美英; born August 1, 1989) is an American singer and dancer. She is known by her Stage name Tiffany or Tiffany Young. She was born in California, but moved to South Korea at the age of fifteen to start a music career. She became a member of the girl group Girls' Generation.

On August 15th, 2016, she was heavily criticized by Korean social media because she posted a Confederate Japanese flag on the Korean Liberation Day.

References

Other websites

 
  by S.M. Entertainment

South Korean singers
Singers from California
1989 births
Living people
K-pop singers
Kim Hyo-yeon

Kim Hyo-yeon (born September 22, 1989), better known by her stage name Hyoyeon, is a South Korean recording artist and entertainer. She is a member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation.

South Korean singers
1989 births
Living people
Kwon Yu-ri

Kwon Yu-ri (born December 5, 1989) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress, model, and dancer. She is also known by her stage name Yuri.

South Korean singers
South Korean models
1989 births
Living people
Choi Soo-young

Choi Soo-young (; Hanja: ; Japanese: チェ・スヨン also known as Sooyoung Choi or Summer Choi; born February 10, 1990) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress and TV presenter. She is a former member of the Korean-Japanese duo group Route θ and a current member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. Sooyoung is the only Asian woman in Complex's Hottest '90s Babies.

References 

Living people
1990 births
People from Seoul
South Korean actors
South Korean singer-songwriters
Pop singers
South Korean models
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
Im Yoon-ah

Im Yoon-ah (born May 30, 1990), commonly known as YoonA (윤아/潤娥), is a South Korean singer and actress.

South Korean singers
South Korean actors
1990 births
Living people
Seohyun

Seo Ju-hyun (born June 28, 1991 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer and actress. She is known by her Stage name Seohyun. She was a member of the girl group Girls' Generation but later become a solo artist. She sings K-pop, R&B and soul. She is also a dancer and actress.

Notes and references 

South Korean singers
1991 births
Living people
Year 10,000 problem

The Year 10,000 problem (also known as the Y10K problem, Y10K Bug, and Y10K) is an error machines and computers will encounter when the need to express five digits for a year.

Cultural practicing

Some people practice the art of cutting the last two digits of a decade. For example, the "1970's" becomes just the "70's".
However, this becomes a problem, because to keep order, one will now need to take the last three digits, rather than two.

Computer Errors due to this 
This is also a problem because the "000's" might be confused with the standard digits "00's", representing a new century. Also, the year can overflow with certain computer programs. For example: in Microsoft Excel, 12/31/9999 is considered a valid date, but 1/1/10000 is invalid and will raise errors. The date "ten thousand" is unable to be supported, producing a large negative instead.

Efforts

So far, the Long Now Foundation is able to preempt the Y10K by adding a "0" in front of the date. So the current year of , will look like 0. However, it would still be affected by the "Y100K" problem.

Database Errors 
In MySQL  databases, the values of some datatypes are limited to the scope of only 31-12-9999 which causes some problems as the computer would not be able to compile the data in the SQL. Many other SQL software can also be affected by this error.

Related pages 
 Year 2000 problem
 Programming bug
 Integer overflow

References

Other websites 
 Official Long Now Site

Computing
Araucaria

Araucaria is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 species in the genus, with a scattered distribution. They are found in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.

The present populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and shrubland, in exposed sites. These tall trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic era. 

Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, due to the island's long isolation and stability.

Description 
Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30–80 m. The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow and shaped like a lance, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.

Fossil record 

The whole group was common in the Jurassic period. The living Araucaria araucana is often called the monkey-puzzle tree, The whole family Araucariaceae is often called that name by palaeo-botanists. The leaves (pictured here) have an average lifespan of 24 years, and cover most of the tree except for the older branches.

References 

Conifers
Living fossils
Fossil plants
9500

9500 is a year in the 10th millennium.

Events

 Simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.

Years
Agathis

Agathis is a genus of evergreen, coniferous trees, the kauri. They grow mainly in the southern hemisphere, including southeast Asia, areas of the western Pacific, and Australasia.

Agathis is a relatively small genus, with only 21 known species. As a conifer, it bears its seeds in conifer cones. Mature Agathis can become quite large, reaching 130 feet (about 40 m) in height and 10 feet (about 3 m) in diameter.

The genus is part of the ancient Araucariaceae family of conifers, a group once widespread during the Jurassic period, but now largely restricted to the southern hemisphere.

Description 
Mature kauri trees have large trunks, forming a bole with little or no branching below the crown. In contrast, young trees are normally conical in shape, forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they mature.

Uses 
In the logging industry it is generally referred to as commercial grade mahogany. Timber from the Agathis has several uses, including cabinet making, boat building, musical instruments, and in years past, artificial limbs. It also produces a wide variety of resins.

References 

Conifers
Safe mode

Safe mode is a mode of startup in computers that allows the user to detect and fix errors. Many things do not run on safe mode. The reason is to see whether any of the recently added or updated device drivers were causing the problem.

When safe mode is used, a computer will only start with the minimum number of system files needed for it to work properly. This is to make it easier to find a problem that may be causing a computer to work incorrectly. The screen resolution is also smaller and there is no sound or internet connection in safe mode. This is because these features are not necessary for the computer to work properly.

Computers
Dryptosaurus

Dryptosaurus ("tearing lizard") was a theropod dinosaur of the Tyrannosauroidea type. It was found in Upper Cretaceous strata of Eastern North America. It was formerly known as Laelaps.

It was given its name because it had 8-inch (21-cm) long finger claws. Fossils have been found in New Jersey. It is known only from a partial skeleton.

References 

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Theropods
Kagawa Prefecture

is a prefecture  in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Takamatsu.

History 
Kagawa was formerly known as Sanuki Province.

Drought is common in Kagawa history.  For example, in 1973 the region was called "the Takamatsu desert".

Geography 
Kagawa is in the northeast part of Shikoku.  The prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture in the southwest. Tokushima Prefecture is in the south. Kagawa has a coastline with many small islands on the Seto Inland Sea across from Okayama Prefecture.

The prefecture built 17 dams between 1947 and 1974.

Cities

Towns 

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Tamura jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

 http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/foreigner.shtml ; http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/
Shizuoka Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Shizuoka.

History 
Shizuoka prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi Province, Suruga Province and Izu Province provinces.

Timeline
 1586 – Construction begins at Sumpu Castle
 1617 – Tōshōgū Shrine
 1949 – Founding of University of Shizuoka

Geography
Shizuoka is on the east coast of Honshu facing the Pacific Ocean. The prefecture is bordered on the west by Aichi Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture.  The northern borders of Shuzuoka are shared with Yamanashi Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture.

Mount Fuji is on the northern border of Shizuoka.

Suruga Bay is its main coastal feature.  The Izu Peninsula forms the eastern side of the bay.

Throughout history, every 100 to 150 years, an earthquake of disastrous proportions called the Tokai Earthquake has hit Shizuoka.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Oguni jinja, Kotonomamahachimangū, Sengen jinja and Mishima taisha were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Suruga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Júbilo Iwata
 Shimizu S-Pulse

Notes

Other websites 

 Official Shizuoka Prefecture website
Gion Festival

The Gion Festival or Gion Matsuri is a festival held every year in Kyoto in July. The festival is held at Yasaka shrine.

Other websites 

Festivals in Asia
Japanese culture
Kyoto
Aomori Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Aomori.

History 
Until the Meiji Restoration, the lands of Aomori prefecture were part of Mutsu Province.

Geography 
Aomori Prefecture is the northernmost prefecture on Honshū.  The prefecture faces Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait. It shares its southern border with Akita Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture.

Cities
There are ten cities in Aomori Prefecture:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
 Towada-Hachimantai National Park

Shrines and Temples
Tsutsukowake jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

Aomori Prefecture website ;
Ibaraki Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is Mito.

History
In 1871, Ibaraki Prefecture was created from Hitachi Province.

Geography

Ibaraki Prefecture is the northeastern part of Kantō. It is between Tochigi Prefecture and the Pacific Ocean. Fukushima Prefecture is its neighbor to the north and Chiba Prefecture is to the south. Saitama Prefecture is to the southwest. There are many mountains in the northern part of the prefecture. The rest of the prefecture is a flat plain with many lakes.

Cities
There are thirty-two cities in Ibaraki Prefecture:

Towns and villages

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 15% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Kashima jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Kashima Antlers
 Mito Hollyhock

References
Tammar wallaby

The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) is a small species of wallaby from Australia. They were the first macropods to be seen by Europeans. Francisco Pelsaert, captain of the Batavia, saw them when the ship was wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands in 1629. He said they looked like hopping cats. There are three sub-species of tammar wallaby:
M. e. eugenii from mainland South Australia. 
M. e. derbianus from Western Australia.
M. e. decres, the darma or dama wallaby, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

The name tammar comes from the word tamma, meaning sheoak. The wallaby lives under sheoak plants.

Tammar wallabies became extinct on mainland South Australia in the 1930's.  Extinction has been caused by habitat destruction, hunting, and foxes.  In 1998 a small population of South Australian wallabies was found living on Kawau Island near Auckland, in New Zealand. This group had been established by former South Australian governor, Sir George Grey in 1862 as part of his own private zoo. In New Zealand these wallabies were seen as a pest, and scientists have been studying ways to get rid of them. 85 wallabies were taken back to South Australia. After extensive fox controls at Innes National Park, 10 wallabies were released in November 2004. Another 36 were released in June 2005. These first releases were tracked with radio collars. Another group has been put into a captive breeding program at Monarto Zoo.

Tammar wallabies live in thick scrub during the day and come out into grassland to feed at night. They eat mainly grass and herbs. In dry areas they have been known to survive by drinking seawater. They range over an area of about .

They are about  in height, with a dark grey brown fur. They have reddish colour on their arms and sides, with pale grey fur on their bellies. They may also have a feint white line on their cheeks.

The wallabies have a very unusual breeding pattern. The fertilized eggs remain dormant inside the mother until the summer solstice when foetal development restarts. This is called "embryonic diapause". All the young are born on the same day about 31 days later, at the end of January or the beginning of February.

The tammar wallaby is the marsupial chosen for the genome sequencing project. Scientists are studying the milk from the wallaby as they think it might contain a new and powerful antibiotic.

References

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Antonine Wall

The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification built across northern Great Britain by the Roman Empire in the middle 2nd century. The Roman emperor Antoninus Pius built the wall to control barbarians: the ancient Britons to the north of the wall, in Caledonia. The wall is now in Scotland, and runs between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in the modern Scottish Lowlands. When the Romans built the wall, it was the northern border of the Roman Empire.

The Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Lollius Urbicus, built the wall for the emperor between 139 and 142. The wall was about  long. Its foundations were made of stone and was between  and  wide. The wall itself was made of turf. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was  away from the wall. The ditch was at least  deep and was nearly  wide in places. The Romans used the wall until after 158. The last Romans went away from the wall in around 163. After that, the wall fell into ruins slowly.

The Antonine Wall is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Frontiers of the Roman Empire. It shares this listing with Hadrian's Wall in England and the German fortifications known as the Limes Germanicus. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are less visible than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south.

Construction began in AD 142 at the order of emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about twelve years to complete. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus Pius to send the empire's troops farther north. The wall was protected by sixteen forts with a number of small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the barbarians in a number of decorative slabs, twenty of which still survive.

Despite this good start, the wall was abandoned after only twenty years. The garrisons were sent back to Hadrian's Wall. In 208 the emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs. This has led to the wall being referred to as the Severan Wall. However, this occupation ended only a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Committee. Most of the wall is private property.

References 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Rome
History of the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Defensive walls
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland

The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland is a liberal and non-sectarian political party in Northern Ireland. It is neutral on the issue of whether Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom. The party currently has 8 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Its current leader is Naomi Long

The party was founded in 1970 and gained its first elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 UK General Election. It is close to the British Liberal Democrats.

Liberal parties
Liberal Democrats (UK)
Political parties in Northern Ireland
1970 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
Paddy Ashdown

Jeremy John Durham "Paddy" Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon  (27 February 1941 – 22 December 2018) was a British politician and international diplomat. He served as leader of the Liberal Democrats from July 1988 to August 1999.

Biography 
Paddy Ashdown was born in New Delhi, British India, but was brought up in Northern Ireland and his Irish accent brought him the nickname "Paddy". He served in the Royal Marines from 1959 to 1972 and saw fighting in Borneo, Hong Kong and Northern Ireland. At the 1983 general election, Ashdown became the Liberal Party's Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Yeovil.

In 1988, when the Liberal Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democrats, Ashdown was elected the leader of the new party and led the party through the 1992 and 1997 general elections. He resigned in 1999, and was given both a knighthood and a seat in the House of Lords. In the House of Lords, he was given the title Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon. From 2002 to 2006 he served as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

His reputation was damaged slightly in 1992, when it was revealed that he had a five-month extra-marital affair with his secretary, and many British newspapers exposed this in great detail. The Sun newspaper ran a famous headline which played on Ashdown's name, calling him "Paddy Pants-Down".

Ashdown was diagnosed with "serious" bladder cancer in October 2018. He died two months later on 22 December 2018 from the disease in Norton-sub-Hamdon, Somerset, at the age of 77.

References

Other websites
 
 

1941 births
2018 deaths
British military people
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from bladder cancer

Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
Liberal Party MPs (UK)
Members of the House of Lords
Northern Ireland politicians
People from New Delhi
People of British India
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
United Kingdom Life Peers
Jim Murphy

James Francis 'Jim' Murphy (born August 23, 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of East Renfrewshire.

He was first made a Member of Parliament at the 1997 General Election for the Eastwood constituency. He has been the East Renfrewshire MP from 2005 onwards. He held two cabinet posts: Minister of State for Europe (June 2007-October 2008) and Secretary of State for Scotland (October 2008-May 2010). He was made the shadow Secretary of State for Defence in October 2010. He became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in 2013. He resigned from this job in November 2014 because he wanted to be the leader of the Scottish Labour Party.

On 13 December 2014 he became the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Because he was an MP in the UK Parliament, the deputy leader of the Scottish Labour Party represented him in the Scottish Parliament. The deputy leader was Kezia Dugdale.

After the Scottish Labour Party's defeat in the 2015 general election (with Murphy himself losing his seat), Murphy resigned as party leader.

References

Other websites
Jim Murphy's website 
Page at parliament.co.uk

1967 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Politicians from Glasgow
Ermine Street

Ermine Street is the name of one of the main Roman roads in Britain. It ran from London (Londinium) to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) and York (Eboracum). The original Roman name for the road is not known. 

Ermine Street is also called the Old North Road from London to where it joins the A1 near Godmanchester.

The alternative route (in blue) was built to allow transport in all weather. The direct route crosses the River Humber, a tidal estuary of the rivers Trent and Ouse. In bad weather crossing would have been impossible. The Humber is too wide for the Romans to have built a bridge, therefore some kind of ferry must have been used.

Roman roads in Britain
Islamic Azad University

Islamic Azad University (, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a private university system based in Iran. The university was founded in 1982. It is the world's third largest university. 1.5 million students study there. The university has over 100 branches across Iran and also in other countries such as the emirate of Dubai and the United Kingdom. Over the years, the university has become richer. It is estimated to be worth between $20 and $25 billion.

References

Colleges and universities in Asia
Iran
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Iran
Sadiq Khan

Sadiq Aman Khan (born 8 October 1970) is a British politician. He is the Mayor of London since 8 May 2016. He was the Shadow Justice Secretary in Ed Miliband's and Jeremy Corbyn's shadow cabinet. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Tooting.

Khan was born at St George’s Hospital in Tooting, London, to Pakistani immigrants. He grew up in Earlsfield, London.

Khan worked as a human rights solicitor until the 2005 General Election when he was elected as an MP. He became the Minister of State for Transport from June 2009 to May 2010 and when Ed Miliband became leader of the Labour Party, he was made the Shadow Justice Secretary.

Khan was chosen to be the Labour Party candidate in the 2016 London mayoral election. On 6 May 2016, Khan was elected to the office of mayor by winning 57% of the vote. He became the first Muslim to be elected mayor of a British capital city. He became mayor on 8 May.

References

1970 births
Living people
British feminists
British lawyers
British Muslims
British socialists
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Mayors of London
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from the London Borough of Wandsworth
Politicians from London
Vince Cable

Sir John Vincent "Vince" Cable (born 9 May 1943 in York, England) is a British politician. He was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2017 to 2019. Cable was the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He is the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Twickenham.

Early life
Vince Cable studied economics at university and became an economic advisor to the Kenyan government in 1966.

Early career
He was an advisor to the British government and to the Commonwealth Secretary-General in the 1970s and 1980s. He served as Chief Economist for the oil company Shell from 1995 to 1997. In the 1970s, Cable was active in the Labour Party and became a Glasgow councillor. However, in 1982, he joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which would go on to form the Liberal Democrats and he unsuccessfully contested seats in the elections of 1983, 1987 and 1992 until being elected as the MP for the London constituency of Twickenham in the 1997 general election.

Before the leadership
He was the main economics spokesperson for the Liberal Democrats from 2003 to 2010 and became the Liberal Democrats' Deputy Leader in 2006. In May 2010, a coalition government was formed between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats and Vince Cable was made the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. He has promised a 'very radical overhaul' of the state pensions system. He resigned from his position as Deputy Leader in May 2010.

Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2017-2019)
After Tim Farron resigned, Cable said he would stand for leader. No other MP decided to stand against him and Cable became leader on 20 July 2017. 

Cable announced in September 2018 that he would resign as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in May 2019. He later changed his retirement date to whenever "Brexit is resolved or stopped". On 24 May 2019, Cable said he would step down as party leader on 23 July. He was replaced by Deputy Jo Swinson on 22 July 2019.

Personal life
Cable was a contestant in the BBC's Christmas 2010 Strictly Come Dancing contest. He did not win. Cable was the second politician to appear on the show, after Ann Widdecombe.

References

1943 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Former Liberal Democrats MPs (UK)
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
People from York
Politicians from Yorkshire
Strictly Come Dancing participants
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2017–2019
Fosse Way

Fosse Way was one of the main Roman roads in Britain. Its route was unusual, because despite its length it went nowhere near London. It went directly from the south-west coast to the midland east coast. It linked Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) in South West England to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) in the East Midlands. The road went via Ilchester (Lindinis), Bath (Aquae Sulis), Cirencester (Corinium) and Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum).

It joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at Venonis (High Cross) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln.

The word Fosse is derived from the Latin fossa, meaning ditch. For the first few decades after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron Age Britain. It is possible that the road began as a defensive ditch that was later filled in and converted into a road, or possibly a defensive ditch ran alongside the road for at least some of its length.

It is remarkable for its extremely direct route. From Lincoln to Ilchester in Somerset is a distance of 182 miles. The road is never more than six miles from a straight line.

Place names with words like -cester or -chester are derived from the Latin castra, meaning 'military camp'. 'Street' is derived from the Latin strata, meaning a paved road.

Fosse Way still exists. In places it is a major road, in others a country path. The A46 between Lincoln and Leicester is on the Fosse Way. From Bath to Ilchester the A37 follows the Fosse, and from Ilchester to Exeter the A30/A303 roads follow the Fosse for the most part.

The Roman road is, quite simply, the shortest route possible.

Roman roads in Britain
Ann Widdecombe

Ann Noreen Widdecombe MEP (born 4 October 1947 in Bath, Somerset, England) is a British former politician. She was the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Maidstone and The Weald from 1987 to 2010.

Early life
Widdecombe is the daughter of a Ministry of Defence civil servant James Murray Widdecombe and Rita N Plummer. She attended the Royal Navy School in Singapore, and a convent school in Bath. She then read Latin at Birmingham University and later attended Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). She worked for Unilever (1973–75).  She was then an administrator at the University of London (1975–87) before entering Parliament.

Career
She was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. From 1995 to 1997, she was the Minister of State for Prisons. Ann Widdecombe served in William Hague's shadow cabinet from 1997 to 2001.  Widdecombe retired from politics at the 2010 general election.

Throughout her political career, Widdecombe was socially conservative and converted from the Church of England to Catholic Church in 1992 after the Church of England voted to allow female priests.

She is a committed animal lover. She is one of the few Conservative MPs to have consistently voted for the ban on fox hunting.

Widdecombe was a contestant in the 2010 series of Strictly Come Dancing. In 2002 she took part in a Louis Theroux television documentary. It showed her life, both in and out of politics. She was cast as herself in an episode of the science-fiction drama Doctor Who.

On 23 April 2012, Widdecombe presented an hour-long documentary for BBC Radio 5 Live. It was Drunk Again: Ann Widdecombe Investigates, looking at how the British attitude to getting drunk has changed over the last few years.

Bibliography

Fiction

 2000: The Clematis Tree. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2002: An Act of Treachery. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2005: Father Figure. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2005: An Act of Peace. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson

Non-fiction
 1999: Inspired and Outspoken: the collected speeches of Ann Widdecombe; edited by John Simmons, with a biographical preface by Nick Kochan. London: Politico's Publishing 
 2000: Kochan, Nicholas Ann Widdecombe: right from the beginning. London: Politico's Publishing

References

Other websites 

1947 births
Living people
English novelists
English Roman Catholics
English television presenters
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Bath, Somerset
Politicians from Somerset
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Television personalities from Somerset
Women politicians
Writers from Somerset
Ian Paisley

Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside (6 April 1926 – 12 September 2014) was a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. He founded the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in 1971 and was its leader until May 2008. 

He was born in Armagh and grew up in Ballymena. He founded the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster in 1951 and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Antrim from 1970 to 2010. He was the First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008 at the head of an all-party government.

He called himself the Reverend Doctor Ian Paisley.

Paisley died in Belfast on 12 September 2014, aged 88. At the time of his death, Paisley suffered from cardiomyopathy.

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
British Protestants
Christian ministers
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
Former members of the British House of Commons for Northern Irish constituencies
Former MEPs
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom
Members of the House of Lords
MEPs for the United Kingdom
Northern Ireland Assembly, Former Members
Northern Irish Christians
Presbyterians
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Armageddon

Armageddon ( Harmagedōn, , Har Megiddo, , ) is the place where the great war of the end of day will start.

Christians that believe that Jesus Christ will someday come back to earth, translated the sentences of the Messiah and the Lamb of God, are the symbolism of Jesus, that will return to the earth to fight the Antichrist (or the Beast) in the battle of Armageddon. After that war Satan (or the Antichrist) will be thrown to the bottomless pit, or Abyss for a 1,000 years, known as the Millennium Age. After Satan will be out of the pit, he will gather one man called Gog and Magog (In the texts he is named God and Magog but also named Gog kind of Magog, in Jewish texts, the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people, and God will kill him and his army. In Christianity, Gog and Magog are two separate people that are Evil.) from the Four corners of the Earth. They will trap the Holy Ones (means Christians) in the Beloved City, (means Jerusalem). Then Fire will come from God and from the Heavens, and it will destroy Gog and Magog and will trap the Devil in Gehenna (Gehinom, Valley of Hinom, a place near Jerusalem, lake of fire and brimstone, also known as Hell).

The word Armageddon appears only once in the Greek New Testament. This word comes from the Hebrew Har Megiddo (), which means - Mountain of Megiddo. In Israel there is a small city, that is in the Azrieli Vally, called Megiddo. The Mountain of Megiddo is a small mountain which had a big Roman fort.

Related pages
Rapture
Apocalypse
Second Coming
Eschatology
World War III

Christian eschatology
Bromine monochloride

Bromine monochloride, also known as bromine(I) chloride, bromochloride, or bromine chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrCl. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state and chloride ions.

Properties
It is a red-brown gas. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used in analytical chemistry to see how much mercury is in something. It can be used to kill bacteria and mold in industrial places. It is highly toxic.

Related pages
Bromine trifluoride

Bromine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Bromine dioxide

Bromine dioxide, also known as bromine(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrO2. It contains bromine in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
It is a yellow or yellow-orange solid. It is very unstable. It turns into bromine and oxygen easily. It is similar to chlorine dioxide. It reacts with a base to make bromide and bromate.

Preparation
It is made when an electric current is passed through a mixture of cold bromine and oxygen gases. It also can be made by reacting bromine in an organic solvent with ozone.

Related pages
Bromine monochloride

Bromine compounds
Oxides
Calcium bromate

Calcium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(BrO3)2. It contains calcium and bromate ions.

Properties
Calcium bromate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water easily. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to calcium chloride.

Preparation
It is made by oxidation (by electrolysis) of calcium bromide solution. It can also be made by dissolving bromine in hot calcium hydroxide solution. This also makes calcium bromide.

Uses
It is added to flour to make it better in some areas.

Related pages
Sodium bromate
Potassium bromate

Calcium compounds
Bromine compounds
Sodium bromate

Sodium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBrO3, which means that one molecule of it contains one atom of sodium and one ion of bromate.

Properties
Sodium bromate is a colorless solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
Sodium bromate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with bromic acid. It can also be made by electrolysis of a sodium bromide solution. It may be made by dissolving bromine in hot sodium hydroxide solution. This also makes sodium bromide.

Uses
It is used to dye hair. It is also used to dye other things. It can be used to dissolve gold.

Related pages
Potassium bromate
Calcium bromate

Sodium compounds
Bromine compounds
Potassium bromate

Potassium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KBrO3. It contains potassium and bromate ions.

Properties
Potassium bromate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It might be a carcinogen.

Preparation
It can be made by dissolving bromine in hot potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by electrolysis of potassium bromide solution.

Uses
Potassium bromate is used to make wheat flour better. Some places have banned it from being added to flour because it might be a carcinogen. Normally when the bread is baked the potassium bromate is broken down. If there is too much, then some might be left over in the bread, which is bad.

Related pages
Sodium bromate
Calcium bromate

Potassium compounds
Bromine compounds
San Luigi dei Francesi

San Luigi dei Francesi is a French church in Rome. It was build by Giacomo della Porta who completed it in 1859. The church is found near the Roman Pantheon, Piazza Navona and the French Cultural Center. The main attraction are some Caravaggio paintings; The Calling of Saint Matthew, The Inspiration of Saint Matthew, and the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew.

The outside facade was also done by Giacomo della Porta as a decorative piece apart from the actual church. It shows French heroes and saints like Charlemagne and Saint Louis.

The church is also a burial site for Pauline de Beaumont, Frédéric Bastiat, and Cardinal François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis.

Churches in Rome
1859 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Italy
Bromic acid

Bromic acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO3. It contains hydrogen and bromate ions.

Properties
Bromic acid cannot be found pure. It can be found in a solution though. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to chloric acid.

Preparation
Bromic acid is made by adding a strong acid to a bromate such as sodium bromate.

Uses
Bromic acid can be used to make bromates, although it is not normally used.

Related pages
Bromous acid
Perbromic acid
Hypobromous acid

Acids
Bromine compounds
Bromine pentafluoride

Bromine pentafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF5. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Bromine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make bromic acid and hydrofluoric acid.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting hot bromine with fluorine. This makes some bromine trifluoride. Potassium bromide can be reacted with fluorine. This makes bromine pentafluoride and potassium fluoride.

Uses
It is used to look at the isotopes of oxygen. It can add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It can be used as an oxidizing agent in rockets. It can be used as poison as well.

Safety
Bromine pentafluoride is very corrosive. Just a little kills most animals. It can ignite powdered metals.

Related pages
Bromine monochloride

Bromine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Bromine trifluoride

Bromine trifluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF3. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow liquid. It absorbs water. It reacts when it is placed in water. It can be dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. It conducts electricity. It can dissolve other fluorides.

Preparation
It is made by reacting cold fluorine with bromine. Hot fluorine makes bromine pentafluoride.

Uses
It is used to make uranium hexafluoride for uranium making. This makes the uranium able to explode in an atomic bomb.

Related pages
Bromine monochloride
Bromine dioxide

Bromine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Kingsmeadow

Kingsmeadow is an association football stadium in Kingston upon Thames, London. It has been used since 1989. There are four parts to it. It could hold 4,720 people as of 2009. It has a grass surface.

Football stadiums in London
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s establishments in England