cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Melville Fuller

Melville Weston Fuller (February 11, 1833 – July 4, 1910) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician. He was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910. He was nominated by Grover Cleveland.

Fuller died in Sorrento, Maine from a heart attack, aged 77.

References

Other websites

Ariens, Michael, Melville Fuller. 
Supreme Court Historical Society:
Melville Weston Fuller, 1888-1910 .
The Fuller Court 1888-1910 .
Oyez Project Melville W. Fuller Biography, U.S. Supreme Court media.
Orth, John V.  Answers.com Melville Fuller.
Reed, Lawrence W. (March 10, 2006), Melville W. Fuller: A Model Chief Justice Mackinac Center for Public Policy.

1833 births
1910 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Chief Justices of the United States
Politicians from Maine
Lawyers from Maine
Edward Douglass White

Edward Douglass White, Jr. (November 3, 1845 – May 19, 1921) was an American politician and jurist. He was a United States senator, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and the ninth Chief Justice of the United States.

References

Other websites

Ariens, Michael, Edward Douglass White. 
Bust of Edward Douglass White, Oyez. official Supreme Court media.
The E. D. White Historic Site, including the original plantation home, operated by the Louisiana State Museum
Edward Douglas White biography,  Supreme Court Historical Society.
Edward Douglas White, official Supreme Court media, Oyez.
The White Court, 1910-1921, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society .
Edward Douglass White memorial at Find a Grave.

1845 births
1921 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Chief Justices of the United States
United States senators from Louisiana
Lawyers from Louisiana
Harlan Fiske Stone

Harlan Fiske Stone (October 11, 1872 – April 22, 1946) was an American lawyer and jurist. He served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. 

As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1925. 

In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, serving until his death in 1946 – one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice. Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. 

His most famous quotes was: "Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."

References

Other websites

 Ariens, Michael, Harlan Fiske Stone. 
 Fox, John, Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Harlan Fiske Stone Public Broadcasting Service.
 Harlan Fiske Stone,  Supreme Court Historical Society
 Nash, A. E. Kier, Harlan Fiske Stone, answers.com
 The Stone Court, 1941–1945, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society 
 Stone Family Papers, Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst, MA 
 Cover photograph Time Magazine

1872 births
1946 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Chief Justices of the United States
United States Attorneys General
Politicians from New Hampshire
Lawyers from New Hampshire
Fred M. Vinson

Frederick "Fred" Moore Vinson (January 22, 1890 – September 8, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician who served in all three branches of the United States.

In the legislative branch, he was an elected member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisa, Kentucky, for twelve years. In the executive branch, he was the Secretary of Treasury under President Harry S. Truman. In the judicial branch, he was the 13th Chief Justice of the United States, appointed by President Truman.

As of 2014, he is the last Chief Justice to have been nominated by a president from the Democratic Party.

References

Other websites
Biography , at the U.S. Treasury Office of the Curator.
Truman Presents Supreme Court Chief Justice Vinson With Historic Gavel, 1948 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Chief Justice Vinson dies of Heart Attack, New York Times, September 8, 1953.
Find a Grave, Frederick M. Vinson.
Obituary, NY Times, September 9, 1953, Vinson Excelled In Federal Posts.
Oyez Project, Fred M. Vinson, United States Supreme Court.
Supreme Court Historical Society, The Vinson Court. 

1890 births
1953 deaths
American Methodists
American military personnel of World War I
Chief Justices of the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
United States representatives from Kentucky
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Lawyers from Kentucky
Hull House

The Hull House was a settlement in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. It was constructed in 1856, but was named Hull House in 1889. It was built to help many European immigrants coming to the United States. It is a landmark in Chicago and in the United States. The house became a museum owned by the University of Illinois at Chicago.

1889 establishments in the United States
Museums in Chicago
Landmarks in Chicago
19th century in Chicago
1880s establishments in Illinois
Pulau Ayu

Pulau Ayu is a very small Indonesian island in West Papua province. The two main towns on the island are called Imbik Kuan and Ayu. Because there is a big reef around the island, only small boats can go there.

World War Two
During World War Two, the island was occupied by Japan.

Other websites 

 Pulau Ayu Information
 Detailed Maps

Islands of Indonesia
Ellen Gates Starr

Ellen Gates Starr   (March 19, 1859, near Laona, Illinois – February 10, 1940, in Suffern, New York) was an American social reformer and activist. Along with Jane Addams, in 1889, she and Addams found the Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. Starr was a lesbian. She was a member of the Women's Trade Union League and helped organize striking garment workers in 1896, 1910, and 1915. She worked with many other reformers such as Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul.

Starr died on February 10, 1940 from heart failure, aged 80.

References

Other websites

1859 births
1940 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American activists
LGBT people from Chicago
Lesbians
Businesspeople from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Ich bin ein Berliner

Ich bin ein Berliner (English: I am a Berliner) was a speech by John F. Kennedy. He made the speech on June 26, 1963 in West Berlin. This is thought to be one of Kennedy's most famous speeches. He made the speech to gain support for the Cold War and to mark the anniversary of the Berlin Wall's construction. Kennedy said:

Kennedy wrote on his paper "ish bin ein Bearleener" to help him say it better.

Related pages
 Tear down this wall! (Ronald Reagan speech)

References

Other websites

Text, audio, video of address
About.com article
JFK Letter On Success of Trip to Europe 1963 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Text: Kennedy's Berlin speech text

1963
Speeches
Berlin Wall
John F. Kennedy
20th century in Germany
1963 in the United States
We begin bombing in five minutes

On August 11, 1984, United States President Ronald Reagan was getting ready to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio. He was running for re-election at the time. He was testing the microphone before he started to talk, then Reagan made this joke to the radio workers:

My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever.  We begin bombing in five minutes.

The joke was based on the start of that day's speech:

My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they've too long been denied — the freedom to meet in public high schools during nonschool hours, just as other student groups are allowed to do.

Many Americans and Soviets were scared about a nuclear attack. Reagan said it was a joke. Though this was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address, the Soviets were offended. They started making fun of Reagan.

References

1984 in the United States
1980s in the Soviet Union
Speeches by Ronald Reagan
Otep

Otep (also written as OTEP or OT3P) is an American nu metal band. The band was started in 2000 in Los Angeles by Otep Shamaya.

History
After a few shows Otep were signed to Capitol Records. On June 18, 2002 Otep's first album Sevas Tra was released. House of Secrets was released July 27, 2004. On October 30, 2007 Otep's third album The Ascension was released. Otep's fourth album Smash the Control Machine was released on August 18, 2009. Atavist was released on 26 April 2011. On November 6, 2012, Otep released their first live album, Sounds Like Armageddon. The band's sixth studio album Hydra was released on January 22, 2013. In an interview Otep said that it is the band's last album.

References

2000 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Nu metal bands
Flipping

Flipping is a term used in economics. It is used mainly in the United States to describe buying something and quickly reselling (or "flipping") it for profit. It can apply to any asset but is often applied to real estate and initial public offerings (IPOs).

Real estate 

Real estate is bought and sold every day. The seller arranges for a realtor to advertise and sell their property. The realtor charges between 4 and 7 percent of the selling price as a commission. The sale is conducted between the owner of the property or house, and the buyer who wants to purchase it. 

Flipping is used by real estate investors to describe someone purchasing a property then selling it quickly for a profit. Usually the investor will pay for improvements to make the property more attractive. The investor must have the money to buy the house and pay for the improvements. Realtors neither buy the house or resell it (although a realtor can also be a flipper). They simply broker the sale.

Flipping involves a good deal of risk for investors. They must know the value of a property and not pay too much. They have to be careful not to invest too much in improvements. Very often run-down properties or foreclosures are sold at auctions. The buyer may not be able to inspect the property before buying it. This can lead to additional costs to fix problems that could not be seen. A property needs to sell quickly or there is no quick return on their money. 

There are also many risks for buyers of flipped homes.

IPOs 

Initial public offerings are when a private company sells shares of stock to the public for the first time (called going public). Flipping is buying stocks and selling within the first 2 to 3 days after the company went public. The hope is the price will go up rapidly. Underwriters want investors want to hold onto stocks. They may blacklist investors who flip too many stocks even though it is legal.

Other forms    

In the United Kingdom the term is used to describe Members of Parliament switching their 'second home' between several houses. This was to maximize their taxpayer funded allowances.

References

Other websites 

 Tax consequences of flipping real estate
 Can you flip a house for profit in this market?

Economics
Real estate
Chokwe Lumumba

Chokwe Lumumba (born Edwin Finley Taliaferro; August 2, 1947 – February 25, 2014) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi. Lumumba was born in Detroit, Michigan as Edwin Finley Taliaferro, a name he referred to as his "slave name".

Lumumba died on February 25, 2014 at the St. Dominic Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi. He was aged 66. The cause of death was not made clear, though Jackson City Council president Charles Tillman, who was sworn in as acting mayor, said he had a meeting with Lumumba the previous day and that he had a cold. City Councilman Quentin Whitwell told reporters that Lumumba died of heart failure.

References

Other websites 
 Election website 
 

1947 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Politicians from Detroit, Michigan
American mayors
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Detroit
African American lawyers
African American politicians
Lawyers from Mississippi
Fasciculation

A fasciculation, or "muscle twitch", is a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation. At times it may be visible under the skin. Deeper areas can be detected by EMG testing. A fasciculation can happen in any skeletal muscle in the body. Fasciculations can occur in normal healthy people. One uncommon reason for them is due to a lower motor neuron lesion that may be caused by any of several diseases. One example would be Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

References

Other websites 
What is a Fasciculation? About.com

Symptoms
Muscular system
Doug Jarrett

Douglas William "Doug" Jarrett (April 22, 1944 – February 10, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a Defense in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. He also did work on behalf of the Chicago Blackhawk Alumni Association.

He was born in London, Ontario. In 2011, he was inducted into the London (Ontario) Sports Hall of Fame.

He died from lung cancer on February 10, 2014 in Fort Erie, Ontario. He was aged 69. He was diagnosed with the disease ten days before his death.

References

Other websites
 

1944 births
2014 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Chicago Blackhawks players
Deaths from lung cancer
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
People from London, Ontario
Cephalaspis

Cephalaspis (meaning 'head shield') is a genus of armoured fish in the early Devonian about 400 million years ago (mya).
It was one of the jawless fishes, or ostracoderms, which were common at the time. 

They were discovered in the first half of the 19th century in the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Louis Agassiz named it in 1835. He had been to Scotland, and seen Hugh Miller's collection. Miller described his collecting later, in a popular work on the rocks and fossils of the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland. Agassoz' single species has now been split into more species, some of which have been moved into a different genus.

Lifestyle 
Cephalaspis was a medium-sized fish that lived in freshwater streams and estuaries of the early Devonian. Some of the fossils are well-preserved, and so we know quite a bit about its anatomy. Its armour was on the dorsal side, and its mouth on the ventral side. Therefore, it is likely that it was a bottom-feeder, nosing about in the mud of a river. It had a typical vertebrate type of brain, with front, middle and rear regions, and nerves to and from sense organs and  muscles in the head region.

Its pineal opening between its eyes was probably a light-sensitive organ. On its skull are three areas which obviously had a special function. Many modern fish which live in muddy rivers use both pressure-sensitive lateral lines, and also electrical fields to sense movement. Cephalaspis had no lateral lines, but the three fields on its skull were no doubt sensory, for sensing pressure change or electrical fields.

The animal had semi-circular canals to sense balance (one of the functions of our own semi-circular canals). They were capable of sustained swimming, and short rapid bursts. Almost all the fossils are found in strata laid down in freshwater conditions, so the various species live in rivers, streams connected with lakes and estuaries.

Sansom decided that Cephalaspis was the sister-taxon of cornuate osteostracans, which have defined corners on the head-shields.

References 

Agnatha
Franny Beecher

Francis "Franny" Beecher (September 29, 1921 – February 24, 2014), also known as Frank Beecher, was an American country, jazz, and rock musician. He was the lead guitarist for Bill Haley & His Comets from 1954 to 1962. He was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania.

Beecher died from natural causes on February 24, 2014 at a nursing home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was aged 92.

References

Other websites

 

1921 births
2014 deaths
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Country musicians from Pennsylvania
American jazz musicians
American rock guitarists
Deaths from natural causes
Tomaž Pengov

Tomaž Pengov (1949 – 10 February 2014) was a Slovenian singer-songwriter, musician and poet. He played a 12-stringed acoustic guitar and lute. He was born in Ljubljana, then part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He studied comparative literature at University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Arts.

Pengov died after a short illness on 10 February 2014 in his hometown of Ljubljana. He was aged 64.

References

Other websites
 

1949 births
2014 deaths
People from Ljubljana
Composers
Singer-songwriters
Guitarists
Lutenists
Poets
Slovenian people
TMNT (movie)

TMNT is a computer-animated fantasy action movie. It was made in the United States and released in 2007. It is part of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TMNT) series. The movie is the fourth in the original TMNT movie series. It was the first Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movie made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). It was also the first movie in the series in 14 years.

TMNT was written and directed by Kevin Munroe. It features the voices of Nolan North, James Arnold Taylor, Mikey Kelley, Mitchell Whitfield, Chris Evans, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Kevin Smith, Patrick Stewart, Zhang Ziyi and Laurence Fishburne (who is the narrator). The animation was created by Imagi Animation Studios. It was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was the last movie that producer Mako Iwamatsu made before his death. It was also produced by Peter Laird, one of the two men who created the Turtles.

The story begins with the four Turtles (Raphael, Leonardo, Donatello, and Michelangelo) having grown apart after their final defeat of the Shredder. Strange things begin happening in New York City as ancient creatures threaten the world. The Turtles must reunite to save it.

TMNT premiered in cinemas on March 23, 2007. It was successful, making US$95 million around the world. It received both good and bad reviews from movie critics.

2007 movies
2007 animated movies
2007 computer-animated movies
Warner Bros. movies
American animated movies
American action movies
Animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles movies
Martial arts movies
Sulkava

Sulkava is a municipality in the Southern Savonia region of Finland. It had almost 3,000 living there in January 2014. The municipality is best known for the annual long distance rowing contest, Sulkavan Suursoudut, around Partalansaari ("Partala Island"). It is just as famous for the large party following the rowing event. The municipalities near it are Juva, Puumala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti and Savonlinna.

References

Other websites 

 The official Sulkava page

Municipalities of Southern Savonia
Rowing
Ruokolahti

Ruokolahti () is a municipality in South Karelia, Finland. It had almost 5,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Imatra, Lappeenranta, Parikkala, Puumala, Rautjärvi, Savonlinna, Sulkava and Taipalsaari.

Sights 
Nearby is the Kummakivi rock. It is a large rock balanced on top of another.

Distances 
 Imatra – 17 km
 Lappeenranta – 53 km
 Savonlinna – 104 km
 Mikkeli – 119 km
 Kouvola – 141 km
 Helsinki – 274 km

References

Other websites 

 The official Ruokolahti page

Municipalities of South Karelia
Pope Pontian

Pope Pontian (Pontianus) (Pope from 230-235 d. 235 C.E.), was the eighteenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  
Pontian served as pope mostly during the reign of Roman Emperor Severus, generally considered a peaceful period for Christians, but died during the reign of Maximinus Thrax.  Maximinus Thrax did not tolerate Christians and pursued them violently.  He arrested Pontian and Hippolytus and sent them to the mines in Sardinia where they died soon after.  Pontian's body was returned to Rome a short time later and they were buried in the catacombs of Callistus on the Appian Way.  Catacombs were underground chambers where many Christians lived, died and were buried.

Pontian is known for his condemnation of Origen a theologian of the time, and forbade his teachings.  Pontian is considered a martyr and a saint of the Catholic Church.  His feast day is celebrated on August 13 along with a fellow martyr Hippolytus.

References 

Popes
Loimaa

Loimaa is a town (countryside city) in Southwest Finland. As of January 31. 2014, about 16,700 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Huittinen, Humppila, Koski Tl, Marttila, Oripää, Punkalaidun, Pöytyä, Somero, Säkylä and Ypäjä.

Distances

 Helsinki 150 km
 Turku 65 km
 Tampere 100 km
 Hämeenlinna 106 km
 Pori 112 km

Distances to smaller municipalities are lot smaller.

Other websites

 Official city site

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Southwest Finland
Anthony Blake (bishop)

Anthony Blake ( 1704 – 1787) was an Irish clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise from 1756 to 1758 and Archbishop of Armagh from 1758 to 1787.

Blake was the youngest of two sons of Andrew Blake of Kilvine. His family were from County Mayo. They were one of the Tribes of Galway.

He returned to Ireland from France about 1731. He attended the schools Saint-Omer and Louvain. He was made priest in the archdiocese of Tuam. He held the positions of dean of the chapter and vicar general to the archbishop. From 1741 to 1756 he served as Warden of Galway. His most nobable action was to build a new parish chapel in the town's middle street. This chapel stood until 1833.

References

 Dictionary of Irish Biography, pp. 579–80, Cambridge, 2010.

1704 births
1787 deaths
People from the Republic of Ireland
Roman Catholic archbishops
Pope Anterus

Pope Anterus (November 21, 235-January 3, 236 C.E.) was the nineteenth Pope, (the official title is the Bishop of Rome) of the Catholic Church.

He served less than two months and died a natural death.  He was buried in the cemetery of Callistus on the Appian Way.

He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated of January.

References 

Popes
Fair Labor Standards Act

The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (abbreviated as FLSA; also referred to as the Wages and Hours Bill) is a federal statute of the United States.

The Act 

The FLSA introduced a maximum 44-hour workweek (reduced to a 40-hour workweek by 1940). It established a national minimum wage (of 25¢ per hour). It guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs. The FLSA also prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The FLSA created a Wage and Hour Division in the Department of Labor. The statute applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by a business engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from these requirements.

The FLSA was originally written in 1932 by Senator Hugo Black. He was later appointed to the Supreme Court in 1937. However, Black's proposal to require employers to adopt a thirty-hour workweek met stiff resistance.  In 1938 a revised version of Black's proposal was passed that adopted an eight-hour day and a forty-hour workweek. It allowed workers to earn wages for an extra four hours of overtime as well. According to the act, workers must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be one-and-a-half times regular pay. Children under eighteen cannot do certain dangerous jobs. Also children under the age of sixteen cannot work during school hours. There were 700,000 workers affected by the FLSA. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called it the most important piece of New Deal legislation passed since the Social Security Act of 1935.

Related pages 

 Equal Pay Act of 1963
 United States Department of Labor
 United States Women's Bureau

References

Other websites 

 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage 
 The Fair Labor Standards Act Of 1938, As Amended

United States federal legislation
20th century in law
1938 in North America
1930s in the United States
Wage Stabilization Board

The Wage Stabilization Board (WSB) was an independent agency of the United States government. Its function was to make wage control policy recommendations. The WSB would then implement such wage controls as were approved. There were two agencies with the same name.  The first, the National Wage Stabilization Board, was the successor to the National War Labor Board. It existed from January 1, 1946, to February 24, 1947.  The second, the Wage Stabilization Board, was a part of the Office of Defense Mobilization. It existed from September 9, 1950, to February 6, 1953.

The Korean War broke out on June 25, 1950. There was an initial surge of inflation in the American economy. But soon Truman's war mobilization effort began to achieve some success in stabilizing the economy.

References

Other websites 

 Executive Order 9672 - Establishing the National Wage Stabilization Board 

United States federal legislation
1946 establishments in the United States
1947 disestablishments in the United States
1950 establishments in the United States
1950s disestablishments in the United States
Al Greene

Altar Alfonse "Al" Greene (November 9, 1954 – February 18, 2014) was an American baseball outfielder. He played in the Major League Baseball (MLB) for Detroit Tigers during 1979. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Greene died on February 18, 2014 in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan. He was aged 59.

References

Other websites
 

1954 births
2014 deaths
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
African-American basketball players
Detroit Tigers players
Gordon Nutt

Gordon Nutt (8 November 1932 – 26 February 2014) was an English professional footballer who was a winger. Nutt was active in England, Wales, the Netherlands, and Australia. He made over 150 career appearances. He played for Coventry City F.C. from 1951 to 1954.

Nutt was born in Birmingham. He died on 26 February 2014, in Tasmania, Australia, at the age of 81.

References

1932 births
2014 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from Birmingham
Al Feldstein

Albert B. Feldstein (October 24, 1925 – April 29, 2014) was an American writer, editor, and artist. He is best known for his work at EC Comics. He worked from 1956 to 1985 as the editor of the satirical magazine Mad.  After retiring from Mad, Feldstein worked on American paintings of Western wildlife.

Feldstein died on April 29, 2014 at his home near Livingston, Montana. No cause of death was released.

References

Other websites
 
 Dr. Gangrene: Interview with Al Feldstein (April 3, 2009)
 Who's Who of American Comic Books: 1928-1999
 Horror Writers Association: Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement Award
 Mark Feldstein 
 "How I Was Stalked by George Carlin" by Mark Feldstein 

1925 births
2014 deaths
American comics artists
American editors
American painters
Writers from New York City
Will Eisner

William Erwin "Will" Eisner (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist. His comic strip The Spirit was one of the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips. Eisner is thought to be one of the most famous cartoonist. He has an award named after him, the Will Eisner Award for the best in comics.

Eisner died in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from heart surgery complications. He was 87 years old.

References

Other websites

 "Interview with Jerry Iger" , Cubic Zirconia Reader, 1985. WebCitation archive
 Eisner, William at the Social Security Death Index via Familsearch.org. Retrieved on February 25, 2013.
 Archive of Heintjes, Tom. , AdventureStrips.com, n.d..
 Fitzgerald, Paul E. "Every Picture Tells A Story: His Pen and Wit Sharper Than Ever, Graphic Novelist Will Eisner Takes On Religious Intolerance", The Washington Post, June 3, 2004. WebCitation archive.
 Robinson, Tasha. "Interview: Will Eisner" , The A.V. Club / The Onion, September 27, 2000. WebCitation archive.

1922 births
2000 deaths
American cartoonists
Deaths from surgical complications
Writers from New York City
American comics artists
American Jews
American military personnel of World War II
Joe Shuster

Joseph Shuster (July 10, 1914 – July 30, 1992) was a Canadian-American cartoonist. Shuster along with Jerry Siegel created Superman. It proved one of the most popular and influential comic book hero in comic book history.

Shuster died of a heart failure and hypertension in Los Angeles, California, aged 78.

Creating Superman 
Schuster and Siegel created a bald telepathic villain, willing world domination, as the protagonist of the short story The Reign of Superman, published in Siegel's 1933 science fiction Science Fiction № 3. The character was not successful, and Siegel found a more familiar hero. Schuster modeled the character on Douglas Fairbanks, and his alter ego in glasses, Clark Kent, a combination of Harold Lloyd and Schuster himself, and the name "Clark Kent" comes from the stars of the films Clark Gable and Kent Taylor. Lois Lane was modeled after Joanna Carter, who was Joe's friend before she became Siegel's wife.

Then Siegel and Schuster began a six-year search for a publisher. They called the project The Superman and brought it to Consolidated Book Publishing, which published a 48-page black-and-white comic book called "Detective Dan: Secret Operative" № 48, but after that this cooperation finished. Schuster took this to heart and burned every page of the story, only the cover was saved. Siegel and Schuster compared this character to Slam Bradley, an adventurer the couple created for Detective Comics № 1 (March, 1937). In 1938, editor Vin Sullivan chose it as a cover feature for National Action Comics №1 (June, 1938). The following year, Siegel and Schuster initiated a series of Superman comics.

Then Siegel and Schuster sold the company's rights to $130 and a contract to supply to the publisher of Action Comics.

Siegel and Schuster's status as children of Jewish immigrants is also believed to have an influence on their work. Timothy Aaron Pevey claimed that they had created "a figure whose desire was to fit into American culture as an American," which Pevey felt was an important aspect of the American personality.

When Superman first appeared, Clark Kent's Superman alter ego worked for the Daily Star, named Schuster after the Toronto Daily Star, his former employer in Toronto. Schuster said that he modeled the urban landscape of Superman's hometown of Metropolis from his old hometown. When the comic strip became international, the company was finally renamed the Daily Planet.

References

Other websites

Comic Art & Graffix Gallery – Artist Biography
Additional, Aug 13, 2008.

1914 births
1992 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American comics artists
American cartoonists
Writers from Ontario
People from Toronto
Ukrainian Americans
Bülend Ulusu

Saim Bülend Ulusu (24 April 1923 – 23 December 2015) was a Turkish admiral. He was Prime Minister of Turkey serving from September 21, 1980 through December 13, 1983. He was succeeded by future Turkish president Turgut Özal.

References

1923 births
2015 deaths
Admirals
People from Istanbul
Prime Ministers of Turkey
Turkish military people
Adnan Pachachi

Adnan al-Pachachi or Adnan Muzahim Ameen al-Pachachi () (May 14, 1923 – November 17, 2019) was an Iraqi politician and diplomat. Pachachi was Iraq's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1959 to 1965 and Foreign Minister of Iraq from 1965 to 1967 during the Six-Day War with Israel.

Pachachi died in Abu Dhabi on November 17, 2019 at the age of 96.

References

Other websites

 PACHACHI, Adnan International Who's Who. accessed September 1, 2006.

1923 births
2019 deaths
Asian diplomats
Government ministers
Prime Ministers of Iraq
People from Baghdad
Ninian Stephen

Sir Ninian Martin Stephen, (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an Australian jurist, civil servant, and politician. He served as the 20th Governor-General of Australia and as a Justice in the High Court of Australia.

Stephen died in Melbourne on 29 October 2017, aged 94.

References

Other websites
 Supreme Court of Victoria Website
 The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre website 

1923 births
2017 deaths
Australian Governors-General
Australian judges
Civil servants
People from Oxfordshire
Jamshid Amouzegar

Jamshid Amouzegar  (25 June 1923 – 27 September 2016) was an Iranian economist, artist and politician. He was the prime minister of Iran from 7 August 1977 to 27 August 1978 when he resigned. Before that, he served as the minister of interior and minister of finance in the cabinet of Amir-Abbas Hoveida. He was the leader of Rastakhiz Party during his tenure as prime minister.

Amouzegar was born on 25 June 1923 in Tehran, Iran. He graduated  from Tehran University with degrees in law and engineering. Then he attended Cornell University and received a PhD. He died on 27 September 2016 in Rockville, Maryland, aged 93.

References

Other websites

 'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), Iran in the Past Three Centuries (Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh - ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volume 2 (Paktāb Publishing - انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). .
 Qajar (Kadjar) Orders and Decorations

1923 births
2016 deaths
People from Tehran
Prime Ministers of Iran
Seán Treacy

Seán Treacy (22 September 1923 – 23 March 2018) was a former Irish politician. He was the Ceann Comhairle (chairman) of Dáil Éireann from 1973 to 1977 and from 1987 to 1997.

He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1981 to 1984, replacing Eileen Desmond who resigned as an MEP when she was appointed Minister for Health and Social Welfare.

Treacy died on 23 March 2018 in Clonmel, Ireland at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
European Parliament profile

1923 births
2018 deaths
Former members of Dáil Éireann
Former MEPs
MEPs for Ireland
Khamtai Siphandone

General Khamtai Siphandon (; born 8 February 1924) is a Laotian politician. He was President of Laos from 24 February 1998, until 8 June 2006, when he was officially replaced by Choummaly Sayasone. He also served as Prime Minister of Laos from 15 August 1991 to 24 February 1998.

References

1924 births
Living people
Asian military people
Communist politicians
Generals
Presidents of Laos
Prime Ministers of Laos
Gayville, South Dakota

Gayville is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Yankton County, and 407 people lived there at the 2010 census. Gayville became a town in 1892.

References

Towns in South Dakota
1892 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in South Dakota
Mission Hill, South Dakota

Mission Hill is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Yankton County, and 177 people lived there at the 2010 census. Mission Hill became a town in 1913.

References

Towns in South Dakota
1913 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in South Dakota
Inge Keller

Inge Keller (15 December 1923 – 6 February 2017) was a German actress. Her career on stage and on movies has for seventy years. She was one of the most well-known performers in the former German Democratic Republic. Keller was known for her roles in The Last Year, Aimée & Jaguar, Council of the Gods, Lola and Billy the Kid, Karla, The Fiancé, and in Woman Doctors.

Keller was born on 15 December 1923 in Berlin, Germany. Keller died in a Berlin nursing home on 6 February 2017, aged 93.

References

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1923 births
2017 deaths
German movie actors
German stage actors
People from Berlin
Colony of Natal

The Colony of Natal was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. It was formed on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the independent 1839 Boer Republic of Natalia. In the 1860s many workers from British India came to live in Natal. On 31 May 1910, it unified with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa. It now forms the larger province of KwaZulu-Natal of the Republic of South Africa.

References 

1843 establishments

1910s disestablishments in South Africa
19th-century establishments in South Africa
1840s establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1910s disestablishments in Europe
1840s establishments in Africa
Carlos Humberto Romero

General Carlos Humberto Romero Mena (February 29, 1924 – February 27, 2017) was a Salvadoran politician and military personnel. He served as President of El Salvador, elected on February 20, 1977 in a fraudulent election and inaugurated on July 1, 1977. Romero held power until October 1979 when he was forced-out of office with a reformist coup d'état by dissident, politically conservative and moderate military officers and civilians.

Romero died in San Salvador on February 27, 2017 at the age of 92.

References

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1924 births
2017 deaths
Presidents of El Salvador
Tomiichi Murayama

is a retired Japanese politician. He served as the 81st Prime Minister of Japan from 30 June 1994 to 11 January 1996. 

He was the head of the Social Democratic Party of Japan (until 1996, the Japan Socialist Party) and the first socialist prime minister in nearly fifty years. He is most remembered today for his speech "On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end," in which he said sorry for what his country of Japan did over World War II.

Murayama was born on Ōita, Japan in 3 March 1924. He studied at Meiji University.

References

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1924 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Ōita Prefecture
Noboru Takeshita

was a Japanese politician. He was the 74th Prime Minister of Japan from 6 November 1987 to 3 June 1989.

Takeshita died on 19 June 2000 in Tokyo, Japan from respiratory failure, aged 76.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Shimane Prefecture
Waseda University alumni
Volin, South Dakota

Volin is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Yankton County, and 161 people lived there at the 2010 census. Volin became a town in 1901.

References

Towns in South Dakota
1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in South Dakota
Sōsuke Uno

was a Japanese politician. He was the 75th Prime Minister of Japan from 3 June 1989 to 10 August 1989.

Uno's main action as prime minister was to increase consumption tax, which caused an uproar among many voters and led to the Japan Socialist Party's victory in the Tokyo metropolitan legislative election of 1989. Uno's government was also hurt his actions. It was also effected from the Recruit Scandal of 1988. Uno assumed office on 3 June 1989. He would soon resign two months later because of a sex scandal accusation.

Uno died on 19 May 1998 in Moriyama, Shiga, Japan from pneumonia, aged 75.

Other websites

West, Mark D. 2006: Secrets, Sex, and Spectacle: The Rules of Scandal in Japan and the United States. 368 p.  Chicago University Press 

1922 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Shiga Prefecture
Toshiki Kaifu

was a Japanese politician. He was the 76th and 77th Prime Minister of Japan from 1989 to 1991.

Kaifu died on 9 January 2022, a week after his 91st birthday at a Tokyo hospital from pneumonia. Norio Kaifu and Makoto Kobayashi are his brothers.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2022 deaths
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Aichi Prefecture
Deaths from pneumonia
Morihiro Hosokawa

is a Japanese politician. He was the 79th Prime Minister of Japan from 9 August 1993 to 28 April 1994. He became known as the first non-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) government leader of Japan since 1955. He ran as a candidate for Governor of Tokyo as an independent supported by the Democratic Party of Japan in February 2014.

References

Other websites
 Policy speech to the 127th Session of the National Diet 23 August 1993
 Policy speech to the 128th Session of the National Diet 21 September 1993
 Policy speech to the 129th Session of the National Diet 4 March 1994

1938 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Japan
Politicians from Tokyo
Tsutomu Hata

was a Japanese politician. He was the 80th Prime Minister of Japan for 9 weeks in 1994. He was a member of the lower house representing Nagano 3rd district. He was elected 14 times, retiring in 2012.

Hata died on 28 August 2017 in Tokyo at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 Sanger, David E. "Man in the News; Cautious Leader in Japan: Tsutomu Hata." The New York Times. April 23, 1994.
 

1935 births
2017 deaths
Prime Ministers of Japan
Politicians from Tokyo
Deputy Prime Ministers of Japan
Ryutaro Hashimoto

was a Japanese politician. He was the 82nd and 83rd Prime Minister of Japan from 11 January 1996 to 30 July 1998. He was the leader of one of the largest factions within the ruling LDP.  

Hashimoto died on 1 July 2006 in Tokyo, Japan from complication after abdominal surgery, aged 68.

References

Other websites

  Reuters. (July 1, 2006). Former Japan PM Hashimoto dies at 68. In Chinadaily.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.
  Water Voices from Around The World. (October 17, 2007). Hashimoto's letter addressed To People of the World.
 Junichiro Koizumi. August 8, 2006. Memorial Address at the Joint Memorial Service by the Cabinet and Liberal Democratic Party for the Late Ryutaro Hashimoto.  Retrieved on February 9, 2007.

1937 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Okayama Prefecture
Deputy Prime Ministers of Japan
Keio University alumni
Keizō Obuchi

was a Japanese politician. He served in the House of Representatives for twelve terms. He became the 84th Prime Minister of Japan from 30 July 1998 to 5 April 2000. His political career ended when he suffered a serious stroke and slipped into a coma.

Obuchi died on 14 May 2000 at the age of 62 in Tokyo from complications of a stroke.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Prime Ministers of Japan
People from Gunma Prefecture
Abderrahmane Youssoufi

Abderrahmane Youssoufi (  (); ; 8 March 1924 – 29 May 2020) is a Moroccan politician and human rights activist. He was the Prime Minister of Morocco from 1998 to 2002. He was a human rights lawyer.

Youssoufi died of lung cancer on 29 May 2020 at a Casablanca hospital, aged 96.

References

1924 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Prime Ministers of Morocco
Lawyers
Human rights activists
Kenneth Kaunda

Kenneth David Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021), also known as KK, was a Zambian politician and teacher. He first served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He was also Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from September 1970 to September 1973.

Kaunda died on 17 June 2021 at a hospital in Lusaka, Zambia from pneumonia at the age of 97.

References

More readings
"Kaunda, Kenneth."Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. URL:http://search.eb.com/eb/article-3849 Accessed 19 May 2006.
Fergus Macpherson, Kenneth Kaunda: The Times and the Man (1974)
Richard Hall, The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South (1969)
David C. Mulford, Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 1957–1964 (1967)
At Ipenburg, 'All Good Men.' The Development of Lubwa Mission, Chinsali, Zambia, 1905–1967 (1992)

Other websites

1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia
 Kaunda on the non-aligned movement
Kaunda on Mugabe

1924 births
2021 deaths
Presidents of Zambia
Teachers
Deaths from pneumonia
Dawda Jawara

Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, GCMG (May 16, 1924 – August 27, 2019) was an Gambian politician. He was the first leader of the Gambia, serving first as Prime Minister from 1962 to 1970. Then, he served as President from 1970 to 1994.

Jawara died on August 27, 2019 in Bakau, The Gambia at the age of 95.

References

Other websites

More stories of ex-Gambian president's legacy 

1924 births
2019 deaths
Muslims
Presidents of the Gambia
Prime ministers
Jaime Lusinchi

Jaime Ramón Lusinchi (27 May 1924 – 21 May 2014) was a politician of Venezuela. He was the President of Venezuela from 1984 to 1989.

Early life
Lusinchi was born in Clarines, Anzoátegui, on 27 May 1924. He studied at Central University of Venezuela.

Career
He became president in 1984. When he was president, Venezuela was through an economic crisis, growth of the external debt, populist policies, currency depreciation, inflation and corruption that exacerbated the crisis of the political system established in 1958.

Accused of corruption after leaving office, Lusinchi was popular during his presidency, and was succeeded by a member of his party, Carlos Andrés Pérez.

Personal life
Lusinchi divorced his first wife Gladys Castillo. He then married Blanca Ibanez. He lived in Caracas, Venezuela.

Death
Lusinchi died in Caracas, Venezuela from respiratory failure, aged 89.

References

Other websites

  Jaime Lusinchi  — Official biography.
  Jaime Lusinchi  — Venezuelatuya.com
  Extended bio by CIDOB Foundation
  Efemérides Venezolanas - Jaime Lusinchi 

1924 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Venezuela
Presidents of Venezuela
György Lázár

György Lázár (15 September 1924 – 2 October 2014) was a former Hungarian Communist politician. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1975 to 1987. He retired in 1988.

Lázár died on 2 October 2014 in Budapest, Hungary, aged 90. His death was announced on 30 October 2014.

References

Other websites

 Bölöny, József – Hubai, László: Magyarország kormányai 1848–2004 [Cabinets of Hungary 1848–2004], Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2004 (5th edition).
 Ezenanapon: Lázár György 
 Hungarian History, glossary, 1968–1990  

1924 births
2014 deaths
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Communists
Alphons Egli

Alphons Egli (8 October 1924 – 5 August 2016) was a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1983–1986).

He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 8 December 1982 and handed over office on 31 December 1986. He had connections to the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. He was also President of the Confederation in 1986.

Egli was a citizen of Entlebuch and Lucerne.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2016 deaths
Presidents of the Swiss Confederation
People from Lucerne
Lubomír Štrougal

Lubomír Štrougal (born October 19, 1924 in Veselí nad Lužnicí) is a former Czech politician. He was a communist. He served as Prime minister of Czechoslovakia from 28 January 1970 to 12 October 1988.

Other websites

 Štrougal’s biography on the website of the Czech Government 

1924 births
Living people
Communists
Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia
Eino Uusitalo

Eino Uusitalo (born 1 December 1924, in Soini) is a Finnish politician from the Centre Party. Uusitalo studied to be an agronomist. He was a member of the parliament from 1955 to 1983 from the list of Centre Party. He was also Deputy Prime Minister.

Uusitalo is remembered mostly because of his proposition to declare 19 September as a second independence day of Finland. That date is the day of Moscow Armistice 1944. Uusitalo was fighting in the Continuation War 1942-1944 in Metsäpirtti, Karelian Isthmus.

References

1924 births
Living people
Finnish politicians
Prime ministers
Ball-peen hammer

A ball-peen (also spelled pein) hammer, also known as a machinist's hammer, is a type of peening hammer used in metalworking. 

It is classified from a cross-peen hammer, point-peen hammer, or chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical head. Though the process of peening has become rarer in metal fabrication, the ball-peen hammer remains useful for many tasks, such as striking punches and chisels.
it is a very useful tool that has many purposes in the hammer industry

References

Tools
Eino Leino

Eino Leino (6 July 1878 – 10 January 1926) was a Finnish poet and journalist. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of Finnish poetry. 

His poems combine modern and Finnish folk elements. The style of much of his work is like the Kalevala and folk songs. He was known for writing about love, sadness, and about nature.

References

Other websites

1878 births
1926 deaths
Finnish people
Poets
Journalists
Mário Soares

Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE (; 7 December 1924 – 7 January 2017) was a Portuguese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985. He was President of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.

Other websites

 Fundação Mário Soares
 Soares' official site for the Portuguese elections of 2006 

1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Prime Ministers of Portugal
Presidents of Portugal
Portuguese lawyers
Portuguese educators
Historians
Atheists
People from Lisbon