cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
The Emperor's New Clothes

"The Emperor's New Clothes" is a story by Hans Christian Andersen. The tale was first published on 7 April 1837 with "The Little Mermaid" in the third and final installment of Andersen's Fairy Tales Told for Children. It was published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C. A. Reitzel. The story is based on one from the Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio|Libro de los ejemplos (or El Conde Lucanor, 1335) by Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena (1282–1348). This book was a medieval Spanish collection of fifty-one cautionary tales with various sources such as Aesop and other classical writers and Persian folktales. Andersen did not know the Spanish original, but read the tale in a German translation titled "So ist der Lauf der Welt". In the source tale, a king is hoodwinked by weavers who claim to make a suit of clothes invisible to any man not the son of his presumed father. Andersen altered the source tale to direct the focus on courtly pride and intellectual vanity rather than adulterous paternity.

Andersen's manuscript was at the printer’s when he suddenly changed the original climax of the tale from the emperor’s subjects admiring his invisible clothes to that of the child's cry.  Andersen’s decision to change the ending may have occurred after he read the manuscript tale to a child, or had its source in a childhood incident similar to that in the tale.  In 1872, he recalled standing in a crowd with his mother waiting to see King Frederick VI.  When the king made his appearance, Andersen cried out, "Oh, he’s nothing but a human being!"  His mother tried to silence him by crying, "Have you gone mad, child?". Whatever the reason, Andersen thought the change would prove more satirical.

The story tells of an Emperor who cares for nothing but new clothes. He hires two swindlers who promise him the finest suit of clothes. It will be made from a fabric invisible to anyone who is unfit for his position or "hopelessly stupid". The Emperor's ministers cannot see the clothing, but pretend that they can for fear of appearing unfit for their positions. The Emperor does the same. Finally the swindlers report that the suit is finished. They pretend to dress Emperor. He marches in procession before his subjects. The townsfolk play along with the pretense. Then a child in the crowd cries out that the Emperor is wearing nothing at all. The cry is taken up by others. The Emperor cringes, but holds his head high and continues the procession.

Notes

References
 
 Frank, Diane Crone (Ed. and transl.); Frank, Jeffrey (Ed. and transl.) (2005). The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen: A New Translation from the Danish. Durham and London: Duke University Press. .

Other websites

 "Keiserens nye Klæder" . Original Danish text
 "Keiserens nye Klæder" . Manuscript from the Odense City Museum
 "The Emperor's New Clothes". English translation by Jean Hersholt
  "The Emperor's New Clothes". Audio rendition by Sir Michael Redgrave

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Plural ignorance

Plural ignorance or pluralistic ignorance is a term which gives a name to  a situation where a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but at the same time, they assume incorrectly that most others accept it. The term describes a context in which "no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes." 

A context of plural ignorance can be caused by the structure of the underlying social network.

A situation of plural ignorance develops when each individual decision-maker in a group of decision-makers does not have the necessary information to solve a problem.

History
The term pluralistic ignorance was coined by Daniel Katz and Floyd H. Allport in 1931.  

Plural ignorance may partially explain why people are more likely to intervene in an emergency situation when alone than when other persons are present. If people monitor the reactions of others in such a situation, they may conclude from the inaction of others that other people think that it is not necessary to act.

Related pages
 The Emperor's New Clothes
 False consensus
 Intensity of preference

References

Psychology
Millionaire Hot Seat

Millionaire Hot Seat is an Australian television game show. It is a spin-off of the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. It first aired on 20 April 2009. It is hosted by Eddie McGuire.

Gameplay
Six players compete for a prize of $1,000,000. Players are asked multiple choice questions with four possible answers. Each question has a time limit. The time limit is 15 seconds for the first five questions, 30 seconds for the next five questions, and 45 seconds for the last five. Players have one "pass" that they can use. If a player uses a pass, the question goes to the next player in line. That player can not use their pass on the question. If a player answers a question incorrectly, they are removed from the game, go home with nothing, and the top prize is lowered. If a player does not give an answer in the time limit, it is considered a pass. If they can not pass, they are removed from the game.

If the first player answers the first five questions correctly, they win a $1,000 bonus.

The game ends when all of the players are removed from the game or the last question is answered. If the question is answered correctly, the player wins the amount of money the question is worth. If it is answered incorrectly, the player goes home with nothing. If the 5th question was answered correctly, they leave with $1,000.

Other websites
Official website 

2009 television series debuts
2000s television series
Television game shows
Australian television
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Bathroom cabinet

A bathroom cabinet (or medicine cabinet) is a cabinet in a bathroom. Most of the time it is located above bathroom sink. The main role of bathroom cabinet is to be place to keep drugs, hygienic equipment and toiletries like toothbrush and perfumes. Having a bathroom cabinet saves a space (it is located above sink which usually is unused space), helps to organize belongings in case of broken pipe or other kind of flooding in the bathroom.

References

Furniture
Michel Aflaq

Michel Aflaq (‎, , 9 January 1910 – 23 June 1989) was a Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist. He is considered to be the principal founder of Ba'athism.

1910 births
1989 deaths
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Nationalists
People from Damascus
Philosophers
Sociologists
Syrian Christians
Syrian politicians
Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (also spelled Ba'th or Baath, "resurrection" or "renaissance";  Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki), also called the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement, is a Ba'athist political party headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq. It is one of two parties which formed in 1966 after split of the original Ba'ath Party. They ruled Iraq between 1968 and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Political parties in Asia
1966 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Iraq
Ba'athism

Ba'athism is an Arab political ideology. It combines socialism, nationalism, and Pan-Arabism. A Ba'athist society seeks enlightenment, renaissance of Arab culture, values and society

Nationalism
Socialism
Arab world
Denton Cooley

Denton Arthur Cooley (August 22, 1920 – November 18, 2016) was an American heart surgeon. He was known for doing the first implantation of a complete artificial heart. Cooley was also the founder and surgeon in-chief of The Texas Heart Institute, chief of Cardiovascular Surgery at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, consultant in Cardiovascular Surgery at Texas Children's Hospital, and a clinical professor of Surgery at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston.

He studied zoology in the University of Texas and graduated in 1941. He began his medical education at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. He completed his medical degree and his surgical training at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, where he also completed his internship. At Johns Hopkins, he worked with Dr. Alfred Blalock and helped with the first Blue Baby procedure to treat a child's congenital heart defect.

In 1946, Cooley served as chief of surgical services at the station hospital in Linz, Austria for the Army Medical Corps. He was discharged (released) in 1948 with the rank of captain. Then, he returned to Johns Hopkins to remain as an instructor in surgery. In 1950, he went to London to work with Lord Russell Brock.

Cooley died at his home in Houston on November 18, 2016, aged 96.

References 

2016 deaths
People from Houston, Texas
1920 births
American physicians
Pizzicato Polka

The Pizzicato Polka is a piece of orchestral music by Johann Strauss II. Strauss composed it with his brother Josef in 1869 for a trip to Imperial Russia. It was published in 1870. The polka was written for string orchestra and glockenspiel. It was hugely popular, especially in Italy, where it was included on every program Strauss played there. The piece consists of four melodies and the work is arranged in ternary form (A-B-A). The piece is scored for plucked strings.

References
 

Compositions by Johann Strauss II
Emeritus

Emeritus is a title given to a professor, bishop or other person with an important office. The title says that these people, while still holding their title, no longer practice their function. Usually, this is done because of old age. Usually the emeritus is put after the official title of the person, as in Professor emeritus.

In the time of the Roman Empire, it was used for soldiers, to say that they no longer needed to serve in the army. That way, a Bishop emeritus no longer needs to take part in the celebration of the mass, but he is still able to perform confirmations or to ordain priests. 

Titles
Mumford & Sons

Mumford & Sons are an English folk rock band from London. 

The band was formed in 2007 by band members Marcus Mumford, Ben Lovett, Winston Marshall and Ted Dwane. Lead vocalist Marcus Mumford organised the band and their performances and was one of the most visible members of the band because of this the band decided to use the name Mumford & Sons.

They released their debut studio album Sigh No More on 2 October 2009. They later released their second studio album Babel on 21 September 2012. Babel won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards. They were also a part of the documentary Big Easy Express which won a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video.

Band members 
Current
Marcus Mumford - lead vocals, guitar, drums, mandolin (2007–present)
Ben Lovett - vocals, keyboards, accordion, drums, electric guitar (2007–present)
Winston Marshall - vocals, banjo, dobro, electric guitar (2007–present)
Ted Dwane - vocals, double bass, bass guitar, drums, guitar (2007–present)

Discography

Albums
Sigh No More (2009)
Babel (2012)

References

Other websites 
Official website

2000s British music groups
2007 establishments in England
2010s British music groups
Musical groups from London
Bluegrass bands
Folk music groups
Indie bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 2007
Kings Island

Kings Island is a  amusement park located  northeast of Cincinnati in Mason, Ohio, United States. The park is owned and operated by the Cedar Fair company. It operates from late April to Labor Day. The park features 47 rides total and has 14 roller coasters including Vortex, The Bat, Mystic Timbers, Banshee, Diamondback, and other attractions. The park opened to the public on April 29, 1972.  Great Wolf Lodge nearby, is next to the amusement park.

The newest ride at Kings Island is Kings Mills Antique Autos.
Theme parks in the United States
Buildings and structures in Ohio
1972 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Ohio
Symphony No. 94 "Surprise" (Haydn)

The Symphony No. 94 in G major ("Surprise") is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. It was first performed in London on 23 March 1792 under Haydn's direction. It is nicknamed the "Surprise Symphony". It is sometimes called the "Kettledrum­stroke Symphony". The symphony's nickname is derived from the sudden loud chord played by the entire orchestra in the second movement. This movement is a set of variations on a sweet, gentle theme. The chord was Haydn's afterthought; it does not appear in the manuscript. One theory suggests Haydn inserted this loud chord saying, "That will make the ladies jump!". Another theory suggests he inserted it to wake up the music lovers who had dozed off after their dinners and drinks. Another theory suggests he inserted it to make the symphony memorable in light of the competition he faced from a series of London concerts directed by Ignatz Pleyel.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. pp. 574–575. 

Haydn No 94
Compositions by Joseph Haydn
MedlinePlus

MedlinePlus is a free website that gives free consumer health information for patients, families, and health care providers. The site has information from the United States National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), other U.S. government agencies, and health-related organizations.  The U.S. National Library of Medicine produces and maintains the site.  MedlinePlus includes a companion site in Spanish, which offers similar content for the Spanish-speaking community.  It also offers a mobile site in both English and Spanish optimized for display on mobile devices.  Over 150 million people from around the world use MedlinePlus each year.  

MedlinePlus contains:
 Health topics and a medical encyclopedia from A.D.A.M., Inc. covering hundreds of diseases, conditions, and wellness issues.
 Drug information for both generic and brand-name prescription and over-the-counter medications.
 Herbal and dietary supplement information.
 A medical dictionary.
 Health news articles from Reuters Health Information and HealthDay, plus press releases from major medical organizations.
 Directories of physicians, dentists, hospitals, clinics, and other health care providers.
 Videos of surgical procedures and anatomy videos.
 Interactive health tutorials that use animations and sound to explain conditions and procedures.
 MedlinePlus Connect, a service linking patients or providers in electronic health record (EHR) systems to related MedlinePlus information on conditions or medications.
 A mobile site  to provide authoritative health information for the growing audience of mobile internet users.

References

Science websites
Medicine
Medical Subject Headings

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a way to keep track of for the purpose of journal articles and books in the life sciences; it can also serve as a thesaurus that makes searching easier. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed article database and by NLM's catalog of book holdings.

MeSH was introduced in 1963. The yearly printed version was discontinued in 2007 and MeSH is now available online only. It can be browsed and downloaded free of charge through PubMed. Originally in English, MeSH has been translated into numerous other languages and allows retrieval of documents from different languages.

References

Medicine
Diseases Database

The Diseases Database is a database on a free website that gives information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. The database is run by Medical Object Oriented Software Enterprises Ltd, a small company based in London, UK.

The site's stated aim is "education, background reading and general interest" with an intended audience "physicians, other clinical healthcare workers and students of these professions". The editor of the site is stated as Malcolm H Duncan, a UK qualified medical doctor.

Organization
The Diseases Database is based around a collection of concepts related to human medicine. These concepts include diseases, drugs, symptoms, physical signs and abnormal laboratory results. These are referred to as 'items'.
There are around 8,000 items within the database.

References

Databases
Science websites
Medical manuals
EMedicine

eMedicine is an online research tool for clinical studies. It was founded in 1996 by two medical doctors, Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely. The website is searchable by keyword. It has about 6,800 articles, each of which is associated with one of 62 clinical subspecialty textbooks. Pediatrics, for example, consists of 14 subspecialty textbooks (endocrinology, genetics, cardiology, pulmonology, etc.).  For example, 750 articles are the textbook on emergency medicine.  Each article is authored by board-certified specialists in the subspecialty to which the article belongs. The article's authors are identified with their current jobs.  Each article is updated yearly and the date is published on the article.

History
It was sold to WebMD in January 2006.

The site is free to use, requiring only registration.  More than 10,000 contributors from several countries participated in the creation of the articles. It is operated as an e-book, the articles can be downloaded into a palm top device.

It was originally conceived in 1996 as an emergency medicine textbook but its content has expanded a lot since then to include allergy and immunology, cardiology, clinical procedures, critical care, dermatology, emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology. genomic medicine, hematology, infectious diseases, nephrology, neurology, obstetrics/gynecology, oncology, pathology, perioperative care, physical medicine and rehabilitation, psychiatry, pulmonology, radiology, rheumatology, and sports medicine. Surgical subspecialties include neurosurgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, (ENT) and facial plastic surgery, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, transplantation, Trauma, urology, and vascular surgery.

References

Other websites
 eMedicine website

Databases
Medical manuals
Science websites
ICD-10 Chapter X: Diseases of the respiratory system

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a list of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases. Each item is given a code by the World Health Organization (WHO).

References

Respiratory system
Reference works
Nanna (Norse deity)

In Norse mythology, Nanna is the goddess of joy and peace. She is a wife of Baldur.

Nanna is also the Norse goddess of the Moon. She dies of a broken heart after Baldur is killed because of Loki convincing Höðr to kill him. 

Norse gods and goddesses
Bristle

A bristle is a stiff hair or feather. Also used are synthetic materials such as nylon in items such as brooms and sweepers. Bristles are often used to make brushes for cleaning uses: common examples are the toothbrush and toilet brush. The bristle brush is a common household cleaning tool, often used to remove dirt or grease from pots and pans.

Hair
La Reyne le veult

"La Reyne le veult" ("The Queen wills it") or "Le Roy le veult" ("The King wills it") is a Norman French line used in the Parliament of the United Kingdom to show that a public or private bill has received Royal Assent from the Monarch.

History 
The practice of giving Royal Assent came from William the Conqueror to show that the King intended for something to be made law. Norman French came to be used as the normal language of the educated classes and of the law, though Latin continued to be used with it. The work of the Parliament of England was conducted entirely in French until the latter part of Edward III's reign (1327–1377) and English was only rarely used before the reign of Henry VI (1422–61, 1470–71). Royal Assent was sometimes given in English, though more often in French. The practice of recording Parliamentary statutes in French or Latin stopped by 1488 and statutes have been published in English ever since.

During the period of the the Protectorate, when the Lord Protector (Oliver Cromwell and later his son Richard) governed the country, assent was given in English. The old practice of giving assent in Norman French was resumed following the Restoration in 1660 and has continued ever since. There has only been one attempt to remove it, when the House of Lords passed a bill in 1706 "for abolishing the use of the French tongue in all proceedings in Parliament and courts of justice." The bill failed to pass the House of Commons. Although the use of French in courts was later abolished in 1731, Parliament's practice was not affected.

Usage 
The line is used to show that the Monarch has granted their Royal Assent to a bill in order to make it become law. It is used by the Clerk of the Parliaments in the House of Lords. It is only used after the Lord Chancellor with the Lords Commissioners, has read out the Letters patent for the bill. The Clerk of the Crown then reads out the short title of the bill and the Clerk of the Parliament responds by saying the line 19 times towards the House of Commons at the bar of the House. The line is also written on the paper of the bill to show that the Monarch granted Royal Assent to the bill.

The line has been used wrongly on other bills, same as the wrong line has also been used for government bills. There are a few occasions where this has happened, most notably on the Act of Supremacy 1558 where "Soit fait comme il est désiré", the line used for personal bills, was used instead of "La Reyne le veult".

If the Royal Assent is refused, the line "La Reyne / Le Roy s'avisera" would be used, though in practice no British monarch since Queen Anne has not given royal assent since a dispute over militia in Scotland in 1707.

Sources 

Government of the United Kingdom
George Herriman

George Joseph Herriman (August 22, 1880 – April 25, 1944) was an American cartoonist. He is best known for his comic strip Krazy Kat (1913–1944).

References

McDonnell, Patrick; O'Connell, Karen; Havenon, Georgia Riley de (1986). Krazy Kat: The Comic Art of George Herriman. Harry N. Abrams. .

1880 births
1944 deaths
American cartoonists
American comics artists
Sam Champion

Samuel James "Sam" Champion (born August 13, 1961) is the weather anchor of ABC's Good Morning America and weather editor of ABC News. Champion was born in Paducah, Kentucky. He has a B.A. in broadcast journalism from Eastern Kentucky University. He worked on Good Morning America as a weatherman, making reportedly $1.5 million per year. On April 7, 2012, he debuted as host of Sea Rescue, an educational and informational television program that focuses on the rescue, rehabilitation, and release of animals back into the wild. 

Champion is active in many charitable organizations in the New York City area including the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, March of Dimes, and "Stopping AIDS Together". He co-hosted the New York City Project's 2002 "Courage Awards". On 20 February 2013 The Wall Street Journal reported that a former Mets teammate of baseball player Mike Piazza's said in 2000 that Piazza and Champion were involved in a homosexual relationship. Piazza denied this in 2002. Champion and his longtime partner Rubem Robierb were married on December 21, 2012. 

Champion left Good Morning America in December 2013, and later moved to The Weather Channel hosting AMHQ from March 2014 until October 2015.

References

1961 births
American television personalities
LGBT broadcasters
American LGBT people
Living people
Opera House, Royal Tunbridge Wells

The Opera House is a former opera house and current pub in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. It is also a Grade II listed building.

Sources

Opera houses
Kent
Buildings and structures in England
Grade II listed buildings
Pubs
River Medway

The River Medway is a river which flows for  from the High Weald in Sussex, through Kent to the point where it enters the Thames Estuary. The river becoms tidal after Allington Lock.

Tributaries

The major tributaries of the medway are:

 River Eden
 River Bourne, known as the River Shode and River Busty
 River Teise, major sub tributary River Bewl.
 River Beult
 Loose Stream
 River Len

Navigation

Until 1746 the river was impassable above Maidstone. The Environment Agency is the navigation authority.

References

Rivers of England
The Incredible Hulk (roller coaster)

The Incredible Hulk is a steel launched roller coaster. It is at Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida. It is themed and named after Hulk, a popular comic book superhero character. It has a launched tube known as the Gamma Tube that the roller coaster launches from. The ride was manfactured by Bolliger & Mabillard and has 7 inversions. It was the only Bolliger & Mabillard launched roller coaster in the world until Thunderbird opened.

Inversions 

The Incredible Hulk has the following inversions:
Zero G Roll
Cobra roll
2 Loops
Corkscrew

Other websites

Roller coasters in the United States
Orlando, Florida
Steel roller coasters
Hulk (Marvel Comics)
Roller coasters by name
Launched roller coasters
Church of King Charles the Martyr, Royal Tunbridge Wells

The Church of King Charles the Martyr is a Church of England parish church in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. It is a Grade I listed building.

Sources

Churches in England
Kent
Listed buildings
EADS Harfang

The EADS Harfang is an unmanned aerial vehicle developed for service in the French Air Force.

Development
The project was inspired by the IAI Heron, an Israeli drone aircraft shown at the 1999 Paris Air Show. It was built by EADS, the European Aeronautics and Space company now part of Airbus.

Name
Its name comes from Harfang des neiges, the French name for the snowy owl, a raptor (bird of prey).

Specifications 
The Harfang is a twin-boom aircraft, propelled by a rear-mounted engine. Avionics include GPS. It has no weapon on board.

Service

Users 
 
 Armée de l'Air.
 Escadron de Drones 1/33 "Adour".

Use 
In May 2011, it was used for observation of the G8 meeting in Deauville. 
In January 2013, France used this plane for reconnaissance against Islamist terrorists who occupy the north of Mali.

References 

French military aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Jimmy Roberts (singer)

Jimmy Roberts (April 6, 1923 - February 6, 1999) was an American singer. He performed on The Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 to 1982. He sang several songs during his years on The Lawrence Welk Show.

Roberts was originally from Kentucky. He was married from 1985 until he died. He had four children. He died in 1999 in Clearwater, Florida.

1924 births
1999 deaths
Singers from Kentucky
John Ruskin

John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era. He was also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He was hugely influential in the last half of the 19th century, up to the First World War. 

Ruskin wrote on a wide range of subjects. These included geology, architecture, myths, ornithology, literature, education, botany, and political economy. In all his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.

Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of Modern Painters (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner. He argued that the principal role of the artist is "truth to nature". From the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. 

In 1869, Ruskin became the first Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Oxford, where he established the Ruskin School of Drawing. He founded the Guild of St George, an organisation that still exists.

References

Other websites
Ruskin at Victorian web

1819 births
1900 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Art critics
British critics
Writers from London
Apatite

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals with high concentrations of OH−, F−, Cl− or ions, respectively, in the crystal.

Apatite is characteristic of biological systems. It is one of a few minerals produced and used by biological micro-environmental systems. It hardness defines 5 on the Mohs scale. Hydroxyapatite is the main component of tooth enamel and bone mineral.

Much bone material is in a relatively rare form of apatite. In this form most of the OH groups are absent, and there are many carbonate and acid phosphate substitutions.

Fluorapatite (or fluoroapatite) is more resistant to acid attack than is hydroxyapatite. In the mid-20th century it was discovered that communities whose water supply naturally contained fluorine had lower rates of dental caries.  Fluoridated water allows exchange in the teeth of fluoride ions for hydroxyl groups in apatite. Similarly, toothpaste often includes a source of fluoride anions (e.g. sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate).

References 

Minerals
Diana Serra Cary

Diana Serra Cary (born Peggy-Jean Montgomery; October 29, 1918 – February 24, 2020), known as Baby Peggy, was an American silent movie actress, author, and historian. Cary was one of the last surviving actors from the silent movie area. She retired in 1938. She then wrote books about her career.

Cary was born on October 26, 1918 in Merced, California. She studied at Lawlor Professional School and at Fairfax High School. She was raised in San Diego, California. 

Cary was married to Gordon Ayres from 1938 until they divorced in 1948. Then she was married to Bob Cary from 1954 until his death in 2001. She has one son, Mark Cary.  

Cary died on February 24, 2020 in Gustine, California at the age of 101.

References

Other websites

 
 
An interview with Baby Peggy
Baby Peggy at Virtual History

1918 births
2020 deaths
American centenarians
American silent movie actors
American child actors
American historians
Actors from San Diego, California
Writers from San Diego, California
Marie Osborne

Marie Osborne Yeats (born Helen Alice Myres; November 5, 1911 – November 11, 2010), was an American actress, credited as Baby Marie between 1914 and 1919.

Osborne was born on November 5, 1911 in Denver, Colorado. She was raised in Long Beach, California. Osborne was married to Frank J. Dempsey from 1931 until they divorced in 1936. They had one daughter, Joan. Then she was married to Murray F. Yates from 1945 until his death in 1975. Osborne died on November 11, 2010 in her home in San Clemente, California from natural causes, aged 99.

References

Other websites

NitrateVille Obituary
Baby Marie Osborne 1999 profile 
Literature on Baby Marie Osborne
2005 biography of Baby Marie Osborne
Marie Osborne Yeats at Find A Grave

1911 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American silent movie actors
American child actors
Actors from Denver, Colorado
Actors from Long Beach, California
Jean Darling

Jean Darling (August 23, 1922 – September 4, 2015) was an American silent movie actress, singer, and writer. She was been in many movies when she was a child. She was one of the last surviving actors from the silent movie area. 

Darling was born on August 23, 1922 in Santa Monica, California. She was married to Reuben Bowen from 1954 until his death in 1980. They have a son, Roy Bowen. Darling lived in Dublin, Ireland where she writes many books about her career. She died on September 4, 2015 at her son's house in Rodgau, Germany at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

Her Website

1922 births
2015 deaths
American silent movie actors
American child actors
Singers from California
Writers from California
Actors from Santa Monica, California
Lupita Tovar

Lupita Tovar (July 27, 1910 – November 12, 2016) was a Mexican-American silent movie actress. She was known for her role in the 1931 Spanish version of Dracula.

Personal life
Tovar was born on July 27, 1910 in Matías Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico. She began acting and was raised in Mexico City, Mexico. Tovar was married to Paul Kohner from 1932 until his death in 1988. They had a daughter, Susan Kohner.

Death
Tovar died on November 12, 2016 at her home in Los Angeles, California of heart disease, aged 106.

References

Other websites

 

1910 births
2016 deaths
Mexican movie actors
American centenarians
American silent movie actors
American movie actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Mexico City
People from Oaxaca
Carla Laemmle

Rebecca Isabelle "Carla" Laemmle (October 20, 1909 – June 12, 2014) was an American silent movie actress. She was one of the last surviving and oldest actors from the silent movie area. Her best known roles was in Dracula (1931). She retired in 2012 at the age of 103. She was the niece of Carl Laemmle.

Laemmle was born on October 20, 1909 in Chicago, Illinois. She was of German Jewish ancestry.

Laemmle died from natural causes on June 12, 2014 in Los Angeles, California, aged 104.

References

Other websites
 

1909 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American centenarians
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from natural causes
Jewish American actors
Dear John (movie)

Dear John is a 2010 American war drama movie set in Charleston, South Carolina. It stars Channing Tatum and Amanda Seyfried. The movie is about a soldier who falls in love with a college student called Savannah Lynn Curtis.

It is based on the novel of the same name.

2010 drama movies
2010s war movies
American drama movies
American war movies
Autism in fiction
Charleston, South Carolina
English-language movies
Movies based on the September 11 attacks
Movies about autism
Theodore Taylor

Theodore Taylor (June 23, 1921 – October 26, 2006) was an American author and singer. He wrote more than 50 books, but is mostly known for his Edgar Award-winning book The Weirdo and The Cay.

Taylor was born on June 23, 1921 in Statesville, North Carolina. He was never married and had no children. Taylor died on October 26, 2006 in his home in Laguna Beach, California from a heart attack, aged 85.

References

Other websites
Theodore Taylor's website
Stewart, Jocelyn. (2006, October 28). "Theodore Taylor, 85; wrote 'The Cay' and other novels for the young." The Los Angeles Times

1921 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
African American writers
Writers from North Carolina
Singers from North Carolina
Kunani

Kunani () is a city in Kohdasht County, Lorestan, Iran. There were 3,746 people living here in 2006.

References

Cities in Iran
Lorestan Province
Dazed and Confused

Dazed and Confused is a 1993 American comedy movie. It is about the lives of teenagers during their last days of high school in May 1976 in Austin, Texas. Milla Jovovich plays Michelle. Parker Posey plays Darla Marks. This movie was released on September 24, 1993 in the United States. It made only $7.9 million, though reviews were extremely positive thanks to its cult status.

1993 comedy movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s high school movies
1990s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American high school movies
American teen comedy movies
Austin, Texas
Coming-of-age comedy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies about suburbia
Movies set in Texas
Movies set in the 1970s
American independent movies
Inverted roller coaster

Inverted Coaster (sometimes known as Inverts by Coaster enthusiasts) is a roller coaster designed by Bolliger and Mabillard and was first conceived in 1992. Unlike the other coaster which above the track, This coaster sits you by the bottom of the track. making a flying sensation.

Development 
The inverted coaster was coined by the Swiss roller coaster designers Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) In 1991/92. The first installation of the Inverts came at Six Flags Great America in 1992. Batman: The Ride opened to much fanfare and was "cloned" many times at other parks. The inverted coaster quickly became an favorite with custom designs installed nearly every year. The tallest and fastest inverted coaster is Wicked Twister at Cedar Point at 215 feet (66 m) tall and reaching speeds up to 72 miles per hour. Although, it was not built by B&M. The longest inverted coaster is Banshee at Kings Island which travels along 4,124 feet of track. 

Other roller coaster manufacturers followed in the footsteps of Bolliger & Mabillard and began working on their own inverted coaster designs, including Vekoma, Intamin (Which was the builders of Wicker Twister in 2002) and other smaller companies. Intamin has few designs classified as inverted coasters, although they do install inverted coaster trains on some of their launched designs. Vekoma

In recent years, Vekoma has become the first manufacturer to install a family-friendly inverted roller coaster.

The inversions usually include vertical loops, zero gravity rolls, Immelmann loops, cobra rolls, and corkscrews.

Installations 
189 inverted roller coasters have been installed at various theme parks, some of which have been relocated. The following list is not exhaustive and only shows the most notable installations.

Gallery

References 

Roller coasters
Will.i.am

William James Adams Jr. (born March 15, 1975), known professionally as will.i.am (pronounced ‘Will-I-am’), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, DJ, record producer, voice actor, and philanthropist, best known as a founding and lead member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas.

As a solo artist, will.i.am has released four solo albums, beginning with Lost Change, released in 2001 through Atlantic Records. His second solo outing, Must B 21, was released on September 23, 2003. The track "Go!" was regularly used as the theme for the NBA Live 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 seasons. The third album, Songs About Girls, was released on September 25, 2007. He released his fourth studio album, #willpower, in 2013.

As a music producer, will.i.am has produced with other artists including Cheryl, Michael Jackson, Justin Bieber, Kesha, Britney Spears, Miley Cyrus, David Guetta, U2, Rihanna, Lady Gaga, Usher, Justin Timberlake, A. R. Rahman, Nicki Minaj, 2NE1, and Baby Kaely. In collaborations and with the Black Eyed Peas, he has a total of 41 top-40 entries on the UK Singles Chart since 1998, and has sold 9.4 million singles in the UK.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

Living people
1975 births
American movie actors
American rappers
Rap musicians from California
Grammy Award winners
Rachel Portman

Rachel Mary Berkeley Portman, OBE (born 11 December 1960) is a British composer, best known for composing music for films. She was the first woman to win the Academy Award for Best Original Score

Movie Music

 Privileged (1982)
 Reflections (1984)
 Last Day of Summer (1984)
 Four Days in July (1985)
 Sharma and Beyond (1986)
 Good as Gold (1986)
 A Little Princess (1986)
 1914 All Out (1987)
 The Short and Curlies (1987)
 The Falklands War: The Untold Story (1987)
 90 Degrees South (1987)
 The Storyteller (1988) TV Series
 Loving Hazel (1988)
 Sometime in August (1988)
 The Woman in Black (1989)
 Young Charlie Chaplin (1989)
 Monster Maker (1989)
 Living with Dinosaurs (1989)
 Precious Bane (1989) (TV)
 Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1990)
 Shoot to Kill (1990)
 Life Is Sweet (1990)
 The Storyteller: Greek Myths (1990)
 The Widowmaker (1990)
 Where Angels Fear to Tread (1991)
 Antonia and Jane (1991)
 Flea Bites (1991) (TV)
 Used People (1992)
 Mr. Wakefield's Crusade (1992) (TV)
 Rebecca's Daughters (1992)
 The Cloning of Joanna May (1992)
 Friends (1993)
 The Joy Luck Club (1993)
 Benny & Joon (1993)
 Ethan Frome (1993)
 Great Moments in Aviation (1993)
 The Road to Wellville (1994)
 Only You (1994)
 Sirens (1994)
 War of the Buttons (1994)
 To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (1995)

 Palookaville (1995)
 Smoke (1995)
 A Pyromaniac's Love Story (1995)
 Marvin's Room (1996)
 Emma (1996) (Won the Academy Award for Best Musical or Comedy Score)
 The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996)
 Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
 Addicted to Love (1997)
 Beloved (1998)
 Home Fries (1998)
 The Cider House Rules (1999)
 Ratcatcher (1999)
 The Other Sister (1999)
 Chocolat (2000)
 The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000)
 The Closer You Get :) (2000)
 The Emperor's New Clothes (2001)
 Nicholas Nickleby (2002)
 The Truth About Charlie (2002)
 Hart's War (2002)
 Mona Lisa Smile (2003)
 The Human Stain (2003)
 The Manchurian Candidate (2004)
 Lard (2004)
 Oliver Twist (2005)
 Define Normal (2005)
 Because of Winn-Dixie (2005)
 Infamous (2006)
 The Lake House (2006)
 H2Hope: The Water Diviner's Tale (Musical, BBC Prom 57) (2007)
 Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008)
 The Duchess (2008)
 Grey Gardens (2009)
 Never Let Me Go (2010)
 Snow Flower and the Secret Fan (2010)
 I Don't Know How She Does It (2011; rejected score)
 One Day (2011)
 Bel Ami (2011; shared scoring credit with Lakshman Joseph De Saram)
 The Vow (2012; some of the film also scored by Michael Brook)
 Private Peaceful (2012)
 Still Life (2013)
 Untitled Diablo Cody Project (sometimes called Lamb of God) (2013)

References

1960 births
Living people
English composers
Academy Award winners
Salmon P. Chase

Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist who was U.S. Senator from Ohio and the 23rd Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States. He was one of the most famous Republicans of his time.

Chase was born on January 13, 1808 in Cornish, New Hampshire. He was raised in Windsor, Vermont and Worthington, Ohio. He studied at Cincinnati College and in Dartmouth College. Chase was married to Katherine Garmiss from 1834 until they divorced. Then he was married to Eliza Ann Smith from 1839 until they divorced. Then he was married to Sarah Dunlop from 1846 until his death in 1873. He had six daughters. Chase died on May 7, 1873 in New York City, New York from an illness, aged 65.

References

Other websites

The Life of Salmon P. Chase, Attorney General of Fugitive Slaves.
 The Salmon P. Chase papers, including correspondence and a myriad of biographical materials spanning the years 1820-1884, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Salmon P. Chase
Eulogy on Chief-Justice Chase, delivered by William M. Evarts, 1874
Booknotes interview with John Niven on Salmon P. Chase: A Biography, May 28, 1995. 

1808 births
1873 deaths
Chief Justices of the United States
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Governors of Ohio
United States senators from Ohio
Politicians from New Hampshire
Politicians from Vermont
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from Ohio
Lawyers from Vermont
Lawyers from New Hampshire
America's Next Top Model (season 20)

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 20 (also known as America's Next Top Model: Guys & Girls) is the twentieth season of America's Next Top Model. It is the fourteenth season to be shown on The CW. The season started in summer 2013. Tyra Banks, Kelly Cutrone, Bryanboy, and Rob Evans returned as judges on the show. Like in the previous cycle, the public votes on contestants.

It is the first season of America's Next Top Model to include more than fourteen contestants. It is also the first to have male contestants in the competition. Male contestants has happened previously in Spain's Supermodelo 2008 and Bosnia and Herzegovina's OBN Star Model.

Prizes
The prizes for this cycle are:

 A modeling contract with NEXT Model Management
 A spread in Nylon magazine.
 A US$100,000 ad campaign with Guess

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Episode Summary

Episode 1 & 2

casting episode

Episode 3
First Call-Out: Marvin Cortes
Bottom Three: Mike Scocozza, Bianca Alexa & Chris Schellenger
Eliminated: Bianca Alexa & Chris Schellenger

Episode 4
First Call-Out: Mike Scocozza
Bottom Two: Don Benjamin & Chlea Ramirez
Eliminated: Chlea Ramirez

Episode 5
First Call-Out: Jourdan Miller
Bottom Two: Mike Scocozza & Jeremy Rohmer
Eliminated: Mike Scocozza

Episode 6
First Call-Out: Cory Wade Hindorff
Bottom Two: Jiana Davis & Alexandra Agro
Eliminated: Alexandra Agro

Episode 7
First Call-Out: Jourdan Miller
Bottom Three: Kanani Andaluz, Phil Sullivan & Jeremy Rohmer
Eliminated: Kanani Andaluz & Jeremy Rohmer

Episode 8
First Call-Out: Jourdan Miller
Bottom Two: Phil Sullivan & Jiana Davis
Eliminated: Jiana Davis

Episode 9
First Call-Out: Chris Hernandez
Bottom Two: Marvin Cortes & Phil Sullivan
Eliminated: Phil Sullivan
Returned: Alexandra Agro

Episode 10
recap episode

Episode 11
Returned: Jeremy Rohmer
First Call-Out: Nina Burns
Bottom Two: Alexandra Agro & Chris Hernandez
Eliminated: Alexandra Agro

Episode 12
First Call-Out: Nina Burns
Bottom Two: Don Benjamin & Marvin Cortes
Eliminated: Don Benjamin

Episode 13
First Call-Out: Jourdan Miller
Bottom Three: Nina Burns, Jeremy Rohmer & Chris Hernandez
Eliminated: Nina Burns & Jeremy Rohmer

Episode 14
First Call-Out: Jourdan Miller
Bottom Three: Cory Wade Hindorff, Chris Hernandez & Renee Bhagwandeen
Eliminated: Chris Hernandez & Renee Bhagwandeen

Episode 16
Eliminated Outside of Judging panel: Cory Wade Hindorff
Final Two: Jourdan Miller & Marvin Cortes
America's Next Top Model: Jourdan Miller

References

America's Next Top Model
Conserved sequence

Conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences which occur in DNA, and cause sequences in RNA, proteins and carbohydrates.

These sequences occur across species. This shows that the sequences has been maintained in evolution despite speciation. The further back up the phylogenetic tree a particular conserved sequence occurs, the more highly conserved it is. Since sequence information is normally transmitted from parents to progeny by genes, a conserved sequence implies that there is a conserved gene.

Conservation of a sequence happens when mutations in a highly conserved region lead to non-viable life forms, that is, a form which is eliminated through natural selection. In other words, the product of the gene is vital to life, and its function is destroyed by almost all changes (mutations) to the sequence.

Conserved nucleic acid sequences 
The basic theory, widely agreed, is that highly conserved DNA sequences must have functional value, though the role for many of these highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences is not known. One recent study that eliminated four highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences in mice yielded viable mice with no significant phenotypic differences; the authors described their findings as "unexpected". So there is clearly something here which is not understood.

Many regions of the DNA, including highly conserved DNA sequences, consist of repeated sequence elements. If only one of a set of a repeated sequences was removed, and the repetitions were not needed, then no difference would be seen in the mice. The paper did not report whether the eliminated sequences were repeated sequences.

Conserved protein sequences and structures
Highly conserved proteins are often required for cells to work or divide.  Conservation of protein sequences is shown by the presence of identical amino acid residues at analogous parts of proteins.  Conservation of protein structures is indicated by the presence of functionally equivalent, though not necessarily identical, amino acid residues and structures between analogous parts of proteins.

Shown below is an amino acid sequence alignment between two human zinc finger proteins. Conserved amino acid sequences are marked by strings of  on the third line of the sequence alignment. As can be seen from this alignment, these two proteins contain a number of conserved amino acid sequences (represented by identical letters aligned between the two sequences).

Comparative genomics 
The research field which studies the evolution and function of multigene families is called comparative genomics.

References 

Genetics