cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Yeardley Smith

Martha Maria Yeardley Smith (born July 3, 1964) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, comedian and writer. She is known for being the voice of Lisa Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons.

Television

Video games

Other websites

The Daily Targum's interview with Yeardley Smith in 1997  (from The Simpsons Archive)
Simpsons Illustrated's interview with Yeardley Smith in 1992  (from The Simpsons Archive)
Yeardley Smith's interview in Newsweek, discussing her one-woman show More and her struggles with bulimia
Yeardley Smith at Voice Chasers 

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winners
The Simpsons
1964 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
Actors from Washington, D.C.
Denise Richards

Denise Lee Richards (born February 17, 1971) is an American actress and former fashion model. She came to fame in the late 1990s, after many movies that showed her beauty, including Starship Troopers, Wild Things and The World Is Not Enough.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 DealMemo.com interview  (May 23, 2002)
 Cinema Confidential interview (February 2, 2001)
 Official website 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
Models from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
Actresses who played Bond girls
Ashley Judd

Ashley Judd (born Ashley Tyler Ciminella on April 19, 1968) is an American actress. She is famous for her roles in a series of late 1990s and early 2000s thriller movies, including Kiss the Girls, Double Jeopardy and High Crimes.

References

Other websites 

"YouthAids Ambassador Ashley Judd launches U.S.-funded Newstart Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre (VCT) for HIV/AIDS in Cape Town" , Diplomatic Mission of the United States of America, January 31, 2005.
"This is What a Feminist Looks Like" 
Marie Claire Interview on Feminism and Choice 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
1968 births
Living people
Barbara Stanwyck

Barbara Stanwyck (July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress of movie, stage, and television.

In 1999, the American Film Institute named her among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.

She was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award.

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 Time article 
 Photographs of Barbara Stanwyck

Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1907 births
1990 deaths
Brooke Shields

Brooke Christa Camille Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and supermodel. She has been named one of People's most beautiful people in the world three times. Shields started being a model when she was 11 months old. Ford Models started their children's division for Shields.

Career 
She first acted in Alice, Sweet Alice, a 1976 slasher film. Her next film was Pretty Baby. In it she played a child prostitute called Violet. She was 12 when it was released and was naked in the film. Some people said this was child pornography and Shields got a lot of attention from this. In February 1980 she was the youngest model ever to be on the cover of Vogue (magazine). She was 14. Later that year she was in adverts for Calvin Klein jeans. In 1981, she starred in The Blue Lagoon.

In 1985 a book Shields wrote about her life, "On Your Own" was published.

In 1987 Shields got a degree from Princeton University in French literature.

From 1996 to 2000, Shields was the main character in the sitcom Suddenly Susan.

Personal life
On April 19, 1997, Shields married Andre Agassi. She later married Chris Henchy with whom she has two daughters.

Relationship with Michael Jackson
On July 7, 2009 Shields gave a speech at Michael Jackson's memorial service. Jackson and Shields met when she was 13. They became friends instantly. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Shields said, “There were times when he would ask me to marry him, and I would say, ‘You have me for the rest of your life, you don’t need to marry me, I’m going to go on and do my own life and have my own marriage and my own kids, and you’ll always have me’.”

In his 1993 interview with Oprah, Jackson said that he was dating Shields. However, in the 2009 Rolling Stone interview Shields said the last time she saw Jackson was 1990.

References

Other websites
 Brooke Shields' fansite 
 
 
 "Regarding Ardy": an online short film with Brooke Shields 
 The "Runaway Bunny" violin concerto, by Glen Roven and narrated by Brooke Shields 

Actors from New York City
American child actors
Models from New York City
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1965 births
Living people
Fujita scale

The Fujita scale is a scale used for rating tornado strength, based on the damage tornadoes cause on human-built buildings and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists (and engineers) after a ground and/or aerial damage inspection; also including analysis of available sources such as eyewitness accounts and damage images and/or videos. It was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale in the United States in February 2007. 

Other F0 Rated Tornadoes:
Waterspout

Notes

References 

Tornadoes
Ticino (river)

The Ticino river is a river that originates in the Alps, near Nufenen. It then flows through the Swiss canton of Ticino and northern Italy. It flows into the Po River, near Pavia. It is 270 km long. It gave its name to the canton. In Switzerland, it is dammed to make electricity. In Italy, it is mainly used for irrigation. The river flows through Lago Maggiore.

Rivers of Switzerland
Rivers of Italy
Po (river)

The Po (Latin: Padus, , ancient "Eridanus") is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. It has a drainage area of 71,000 km² and is the longest river in Italy. 

It goes through many important Italian towns, including Turin (Torino) and (indirectly) Milan (Milano), in Lombardy. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called navigli, which Leonardo da Vinci helped design. Near the end of its course, it creates a wide delta (with hundreds of small channels and five main ones, called Po di Maestra, Po della Pila, Po delle Tolle, Po di Gnocca and Po di Goro) at the southern part of which is Comacchio, an area famous for eels. The Po valley corresponds to the Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided in Cispadane Gaul (South of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (North of the Po).

The vast valley around the Po is called Pianura Padana and is so efficiently connected by the river that the whole valley became the main industrial area of the country.  This river is subject to the authority of a special authority, the Magistrato delle Acque.

Roman poets sometimes referred to the Po river as Eridanus, which also has other meanings.

The main products of the farms around the river are cereals.

In 2005, water from the Po was found to contain "staggering" amounts of benzoylecgonine, which is excreted by cocaine users in urine.  Based on these figures, cocaine consumption was estimated to be about 4 kg daily, or 27 doses per day per thousand young adults in areas that feed into the river—a number nearly three times higher than previous estimates.

Drying up
On May 4, 2007 The river dried up in spots completely. Italy declared a state of emergency in the northern and central regions. The Alps had reduced snowfall the previous winter. It was the Alps's warmest winter in 1300 years. Experts said this could have been part of global warming.  There was some discussion about filling the river up by diverting water flows from large lakes and reservoirs in the Alps.

The Po showed the effects of drought again in 2017.  By then, experts were even surer it was part of global warming, then called climate change.

Tributaries
Tributaries include (R from the right side, L from the left, looking downstream):
 Pellice (L)
 Varaita (R)
 Maira (R)
 Dora Riparia (L)
 Stura di Lanzo (L)
 Orco (L)
 Dora Baltea (L)
 Sesia (L)
 Tanaro (R)
 Scrivia (R)
 Agogna (L)
 Ticino (L)
 Lambro (L)
 Trebbia (R)
 Nure (R)
 Adda (L)
 Arda (R)
 Taro (R)
 Parma (R)
 Enza (R)
 Oglio (L)
 Mincio (L)
 Secchia (R)
 Panaro (R)

References

Saltini Antonio, Dove l'uomo separò la terra dalle acque. Storia delle bonifiche in Emilia Romagna, Diabasis, Reggio Emilia 2004

Rivers of Italy
Oaxaca

Oaxaca is a state in Mexico. The capital is Oaxaca de Juárez. Oaxaca is next to Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz, and Chiapas. About 3.5 million people live there. The Zapotec and the Mixtec people live in the state.  There are more speakers of indigenous languages in this state than in any other state of Mexico. This Mexican state is known for it's diverse culture and it's native people.

References

Other websites 

 Official site of the Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca  
 Official site of the State Government 
Oaxaca Times
Mexican and Central American Archaeological Projects  - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.

 
States of Mexico
Oaxaca de Juárez

Oaxaca de Juárez is the capital city of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is called La'a in the Zapotec language. Ñuu Nunduva is its name in the Mixtec language. Since 1872, when Benito Juárez died there, the city is called de Juárez, in his honour. Currently, 258,000 people live in the city.

Capital cities in Mexico
Settlements in Oaxaca
1530s establishments in Mexico
1532 establishments
Armadillo

A armadillo is in the Cingulata, an order of New World placental mammals. The living ones have a leathery armored shell. The word armadillo is Spanish for "little armored one".

There are about 10 living genera and about 20 species of armadillo. Their average length is about 75 centimeters (30 in), including the tail. The giant armadillo grows up to 100 cm (39 in) and weigh 30 kg (66lbs). All species live in the Americas. Most of the 20 species are found in open areas, such as grasslands, but some also live in forests.

Armadillos species are mostly found in South and Central America, especially around Paraguay. Many species are endangered.

Embryology 
The nine-banded armadillo has an unusual reproductive system, in which genetically identical quadruplets are born in each litter.

Because they are always genetically identical clones, the group of four young is a good subject for scientific, behavioural or medical tests. They provide the same biological and genetic makeup, and then get different treatment. This is the only regular case of 'polyembryony' in the class Mammalia, where one fertilised egg splits into four embryos. It only happens in the genus Dasypus, and not in all armadillos. Other animals which have this reproductive method are parasitoid wasps, certain flatworms and various aquatic invertebrates.

Classification 
Order CINGULATA
 †Family Pampatheriidae: giant armadillos
 †Family Glyptodontidae: glyptodonts
 Family Dasypodidae: armadillos
 Subfamily Dasypodinae
 Subfamily Tolypeutinae
† indicates extinct taxon

References 

Xenarthrans
Mammals of South America
Niacin

Niacin is a vitamin. It is also known by the name nicotinic acid. It is Vitamin B3. It can be dissolved in water.  It plays a very important role in the metabolism of living cells. 

Other functions of niacin include removing toxic chemicals from the body, and helping with the production of steroid hormones made by the adrenal gland. These hormones include sex hormones and stress-related ones.

History 
Niacin was first discovered from the oxidation of nicotine to form nicotinic acid. When the properties of nicotinic acid were discovered, it was thought prudent to choose a name to dissociate it from nicotine, in order to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contain nicotine. The resulting name 'niacin' was made from nicotinic acid + vitamin. 

Niacin is also referred to as Vitamin B3 because it was the third of the B vitamins to be discovered. It has historically been referred to as "vitamin PP". That name was derived from the term "pellagra-preventing factor", because the disease pellagra is due to a deficiency of niacin in the diet.

How much Niacin is needed 
The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2–12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. 

Severe deficiency of niacin in the diet causes the disease pellagra. A mild deficiency will slow down the metabolism, causing decreased tolerance to cold. 

Dietary niacin deficiency tends to occur only in areas where people eat corn (maize), the only grain low in niacin, as a staple food, and that do not use lime during meal/flour production.  Alkali lime releases the tryptophan from the corn in a process called nixtamalization so that it can be absorbed in the intestine, and converted to niacin.

Foods containing Niacin

References 

B vitamins
Octagon

An octagon or 8-gon is a shape with 8 sides and 8 corners.

Regular octagon 
All sides of a regular octagon are the same length. Each corner is 135°. All corners added together equal 1080°.

Area 
The amount of space a regular octagon takes up is

a is the length of one of its sides.

Another way to write it is

Gallery

Related pages
 Different types of polygons
 Hexagon
 Pentagon
 Square or quadrilateral
 Triangle

8
Registration

Registration is a method of officially recording something. Usually something is registered to claim more rights, or to protect ownership, or because the law says it must be registered to be used legally.

A register was a large book. It was used like a diary to record business dealings or other events.

Reasons for registration 
Births, deaths, and marriages are registered to prove the date the event happened. In the United Kingdom these records are kept by the local registrar, who is in charge of the Register office.

Motor vehicles are registered to prove who owns the vehicle and to identify them. Those that not registered cannot be driven on roads. Aircraft not registered cannot be flown. Proof that a vehicle is registered is the vehicle registration plate. Vehicles must also be registered before they can be insured in case of an accident or theft.

Books might be registered to show the date when copyright protection starts. Usually this is done by sending a copy of the book to a special national library.
  
People who stay in a hotel register their names and addresses when they arrive. The hotel can work out how much the people must pay for their stay. The local police may also keep a copy of these names to help fight crime.

Related pages 
 Registered nurse
 Registered user
 Voter registration

Documents
Law
Eschweiler

Eschweiler is a German town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is next to the river Inde, near the German-Belgian-Dutch frontier, and about 15 km east of Aachen and  west of Cologne. It has about 55,000 inhabitants. Its area has about .

In Eschweiler, there are many castles. Eschweiler is a big carnival town. There are also many sport places. These include two public swimming pools, a golf place and an artificial lake. A well-known school in Eschweiler is the Bischöfliche Liebfrauenschule with its over 100 years of tradition. 

Eschweiler is on the railway line from Aachen to Cologne. The Eschweiler Central railway station was opened in 1841. Next to Eschweiler, there is a village called Bergrath.  In 2010, a new shopping center with a MediaMarkt-store opened next to the motorway.

References

Aachen Rural District
Tropical Storm Arlene (2005)

Tropical Storm Arlene was the first named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Arlene was a large storm that formed early in the year. It had maximum wind speeds of 70 mph (110 km/h). It also caused one death and created $11.8 million (2005 USD) in damage.

The storm formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved north. It came close to western Cuba on June 10 before entering the Gulf of Mexico. Arlene strengthened just below hurricane strength before making landfall on western Florida. The storm quickly weakened while moving inland, and later became an extratropical remnant on June 13.

Naming
When Tropical Storm Arlene formed on June 8, it was the ninth time that the name has been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. This meant Arlene kept its position as the most commonly used name for Atlantic storms. But because the storm did not cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
 List of hurricanes in Florida

Other websites

 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
 The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's (HPC) archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Arlene

2005 in Alabama
Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in the United States
2005 in Cuba
2005 in Florida
June 2005 events
Sirenia

For information about the Gothic metal band, see Sirenia (band)

Sirenia is an order of herbivorous mammals. In this order are the dugong and three species of manatee.

Taxonomy 
 Order Sirenia
 Family Dugongidae
 Dugong, Dugong dugon
 †Steller's sea cow, Hydrodamlis gigas
 Family Trichechidae
 West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus
 African manatee, Trichechus senegalensis
 Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis

References

Other websites
Keihan Main Line

The Keihan Main Line (京阪本線, -honsen?) is a railway line of Keihan Electric Railway. The line starts from Sanjo Station in Kyoto, and ends at Yodoyabashi Station in Osaka, and travels a distance of about 51 km. The line is not "the Main Line" but "the Keihan Main Line". Trains go direct to the Oto Line.

Stations
 ●: stop, ↓: pass
 ▲: K-Limited Express trains bound for Yodoyabashi stop at Hirakata-shi in the morning. Express trains pass through Hirakata-koen and Moriguchi-shi from the first train until 8:00 a.m. (JST) and at midnight, and Express trains for Demachiyanagi stop at Yodo. Some express trains stop at Yodo during horse racing events. Sub express trains pass through Moriguchishi from the first train until 8:00 a.m. (JST).
 Local trains (普通) stop at all stations.

Japanese railways
Sanjo Station (Kyoto)

is the main Keihan Electric Railway station in Kyoto.  It connects with Sanjo Keihan Station on the Kyoto Subway Tozai Line.  It was opened for service on October 27, 1915, and has been in service ever since. Sanjo Station is in the Higashiyama Ward, in Kyoto City. The station offers quick access to the Gion district and the main shopping district on Sanjo-dori.

Lines
Keihan Electric Railway
Keihan Main Line
Ōtō Line
Kyoto Municipal Subway
Tozai Line (Sanjo Keihan Station)

Platforms
Limited Express trains and K-Limited Express trains arrive at and depart from Tracks (Platforms) 1 and 3.
 for Demachiyanagi
 for Demachiyanagi
 for Chūshojima, Uji, Hirakata-shi, and Yodoyabashi
 for Chūshojima, Uji, Hirakata-shi, and Yodoyabashi

Neighboring stations
Keihan Electric Railway
Oto Line
K-Limited Express and Limited Express
Demachiyanagi Station - Sanjo Station
Express, Sub Express, and Local
Marutamachi Station - Sanjo Station
Keihan Main Line
K-Limited Express, Limited Express, Express, Sub Express, and Local
Sanjo Station - Shijo Station

Sanjō Keihan Station
Sanjō Keihan Station (, Sanjō Keihan Eki) is a subway station on Kyoto's Tozai Line. It intersects with the Keihan Electric Railway's Keihan Main Line. It is connected to the adjacent Keihan Sanjō Station. The station is underneath Sanjō-dori, just east of the Kamo River and Kyoto's Kawaramachi shopping district.

References

Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture
Tony Parker

William Anthony "Tony" Parker (born ) is a  retired French basketball player that played for the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA. He was drafted by them in 2001. 

Parker retired from the French national team after the 2016 Rio Olympics.

Early Life 
Parker was born in Bruges, Belgium, and raised in France. His father, Tony Parker Sr., was also a professional basketball player.

Other websites
Official website 

1982 births
Living people
Basketball players
French sportspeople
People from Bruges
San Antonio Spurs players
Kawaramachi Station

Kawaramachi Station (河原町駅, Kawaramachi eki?) is the terminal station of the Hankyu Kyoto Line of Hankyu Railway in Kyoto, Japan. The Kawaramachi and Shijo streets cross over the underground station.  Keihan Shijo Station is beyond the Kamo River.

The area around the station is one of the commercial centers of Kyoto. The real estate around the station is the most valuable in Kyoto.

The station is attached underground to department stores such as Takashimaya, which has a food market on its basement floor.  The station also connects underground to Karasuma Station.

The station opened on June 17, 1963. Before the opening of Kawaramachi Station and Karasuma Station, the Hankyu Kyoto Line ended at Ōmiya Station.

Stations of the Hankyu Kyoto Line
Umeda – 
Jūsō –
Minamikata –
Sōzenji –
Awaji –
Kami-Shinjō –
Aikawa –
Shōjaku –
Minami-Ibaraki –
Ibaraki-shi –
Sōjiji –
Tonda –
Takatsuki-shi –
Kammaki –
Minase –
Ōyamazaki –
Nagaoka-Tenjin –
Nishi-Mukō –
Higashi-Mukō –
Rakusaiguchi –
Katsura –
Nishi-Kyōgoku –
Saiin –
Ōmiya -
Karasuma -
Kawaramachi Station

Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture
Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)

"Girlfriend" is a song by Avril Lavigne. It was the lead single from her third album, The Best Damn Thing (2007). It was produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. "Girlfriend" became Lavigne's biggest hit in the United States, where it reached number one on the U.S. Hot 100, in Australia, where it topped the chart, and in the United Kingdom, where it reached number two. A remix version featuring rapper Lil' Mama was released in June 2007.

"Girlfriend" was the subject of a lawsuit filed by songwriters for The Rubinoos, who alleged that the writers of the song copied The Rubinoos' single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend". Only one line, not even of the same tune was: "Hey, hey, you, you! I want to be your girlfriend!" Note it was "I want to" not "I wanna".

The music video became the second most viewed video of all time on YouTube, currently having over 100,000,000 views. In the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, it is nominated for the category Monster Single of the Year.

References 

2007 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
Pop songs
Songs about infidelity
M×0

M×0 (エム×ゼロ, Emu x Zero) is a Japanese comedy manga series by Japanese author Yasuhiro Kanō (author of Pretty Face). It is about a school that teaches students how to do magic and the crazy adventures of a normal boy who was admitted to the school under special circumstances. It was first serialized in Weekly Shonen Jump on May 1, 2006, published by Shueisha. The first volume of the series was released in Japan on November 2, 2006.

Currently, four volumes have been released:
Volume 1, November 2, 2006
Volume 2, March 2, 2007
Volume 3, May 2, 2007
Volume 4, July 4, 2007

References

Manga
Chip Douglas

Douglas Farthing Hatlelid, better known as Chip Douglas (b. 27 August 1942), is an American musician and songwriter. He became a producer when he worked with The Monkees on their music. He also worked with The Turtles, first as bass guitarist and arranger, then later as producer.

References

Other websites 

American guitarists
American pop musicians
American folk musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from Hawaii
1942 births
Living people
Divine grace

In Christianity Divine Grace means a favour of God for humankind. God favours every person, without looking at what they did or how much they are worth. This grace of God to humans may happen in the gifts that God gives him, such as creation or salvation.

Types of Grace

Common Grace
Common grace refers to blessings which God gives to everyone.  Jesus said that God "sends the rain upon the just and the unjust.  This idea is found in Greek philosophy.  Plato spoke of God's "gifts".  The Reformers listed many ways in which God gives undeserved gifts to mankind. These include life itself, food and earthly pleasures. God also restrains evil so that people will not destroy themselves in wars and conflict.

Prevenient Grace
Prevenient grace (or enabling grace) is a Christian teaching in Arminian theology. It appeared earlier in Catholic and early Anabaptist teaching. It is divine grace that goes before human decision. In other words, God will start showing special love to a person at a certain time of his life.

Prevenient grace is taught by Christians who are influenced by the theology of Jacob Arminius or John Wesley. Wesleyan Arminians believe God helps people to accept the gift of salvation.

Saving Grace
This refers to the good things that God gives to those who believe in Jesus.  The gifts include forgiveness of sin, eternal life, and the power to live a good and holy life.

In Popular Culture

"Grace" is a common girl's name in many countries.

"Amazing Grace" is a song that became very popular.  It is played at funerals, sometimes on a bagpipe. This song was written by John Newton who was an evil slave trader.  His life was changed when he became a Christian.  He later worked to stop the practice of slavery. His story is told in a 2006 movie.

References 

Christian theology
Client

In net jargon (words people use about the Internet) a client is a computer used by a user to connect to a network and make requests to servers.  For example, a web browser is a client software.

Internet
DMOZ

The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz, is an online directory that lists good web sites based on their subject. Web sites are listed in categories on this project. Each category is linked to relevant categories; the categories have a tree-like structure too.

Other websites
dmoz website 

Internet
Web directory

A Web directory is a website. It is like a directory, or a phone book. It lists other websites, that are put into different categories.

Related pages
Open Directory Project

internet
File sharing

File sharing is the practice of making files available for other users to download over the Internet and smaller networks. Usually file sharing follows the peer-to-peer (P2P) model, where the files are stored on personal computers of the users. In this model, most people who are sharing files are also downloading files that other users share.

Related pages
 File hosting service
 Video sharing

 
Computer science
Internet
Ammonium sulfide

Ammonium sulfide, also known as the "stink bomb" is made up of a solution of ammonium sulfide in water, sealed inside a glass ampoule (a small bottle-like container used to store a liquid securely). When the ampoule is broken, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases are released from the solution. These chemicals have a very strong and unpleasant smell.

Ammonium sulfide is a very toxic chemical. It is also explosive and highly flammable. It is added to cigarettes.

References

Sulfur compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Metre per second

Metre per second is an SI unit of measurement of both speed and velocity. It is defined by the distance in metres divided by the time in seconds. Its abbreviation is m/s or m·s-1. In astronomy, the unit is sometimes used in kilometres per second (equivalent to 1000 metres per second).

Conversions 
1 metre per second is equivalent to:
 ≈ 3.2808 feet per second (approximately)
 ≈ 2.2369 miles per hour (approximately)
 = 3.6 km·h−1 (exactly)

1 foot per second = 0.3048 m·s−1 (exactly)

1 mile per hour ≈ 0.4470 m·s−1 (approximately)

1 km·h-1 ≈ 0.2778 m·s−1 (approximately)

1 kilometre per second is equivalent to:
 ≈ 0.6213 miles per second (approximately)
 ≈ 2,237 miles per hour (approximately)

Velocity
Units of measurement
SI units
Hydroxide

Hydroxide in chemistry is a name given to the diatomic anion OH−, made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Most chemical compounds that contain hydroxides are bases.

An Arrhenius base is a substance that when dissolved in an aqueous solution, it produces hydroxide ions. Therefore, hydroxide ions are heavily involved in acid-base reactions.

Many useful chemical reactions or processes involve hydroxide or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in industry as a strong base, potassium hydroxide is used in agriculture, and iron hydroxide minerals such as goethite and limonite have been used as iron ore. The aluminium ore bauxite is made mainly out of aluminium hydroxides.

Most inorganic hydroxide salts do not dissolve in water.

Uses of hydroxides 
Many useful chemicals and chemical processes involve hydroxides or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in factories as an alkali, potassium hydroxide is used in farming, and iron hydroxide has been used as low grade brown iron ore.

Examples of hydroxides
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)

Chemistry
Cyclone

In meteorology, a cyclone refers to any low pressure area with winds spiralling inwards. Cyclones rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclone is the general term for a variety of low pressure system types, such as tropical cyclones, extra tropical cyclones and tornadoes.

The largest of the low-pressure systems are the extratropical cyclones and the cold-core polar cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale which in meteorology is a horizontal length of 1000 km or more. The Warm-core cyclones are the tropical cyclones, mesocyclones, and the polar lows that lie within the smaller mesoscale. The Subtropical cyclones are intermediate in size. Cyclones have also been on other planets outside of the Earth, such as Mars and Neptune. For example the Great Red Spot of Jupiter and the Great Black Spot of Neptune.

Cyclones are also referred to as hurricanes and typhoons. They consist of the eye, eyewall and rainbands.

The process of cyclone formation and intensification is described as Cyclogenesis. The formation of Extratropical cyclones comes as waves in large regions of enhanced midlatitude temperature contrasts which are called baroclinic zones. These zones contract to form weather fronts as the circulation of the cyclone closes and gets more intense. Later in their life cycle, cyclones form what is called an occluded front. The cyclone's track is then guided over the course of an 2 to 6 day life cycle by its steering flow of the polar or subtropical jetstream. Cyclones destroy many things when they come into contact with land such as crops, buildings, trees, etc.

Other websites 
 

Natural events
Severe weather
Eye (cyclone)

The eye is an area of calm weather in the center of strong tropical cyclones. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye. It is usually circular and ranges between 30 and 65 km (20 to 40 mi) in diameter, though smaller and larger eyes can occur. 

In case of a cyclone it is the place where all the winds coming inside in a spiral motion converge. In an anticyclone it is the part from where all winds move out from.

The region surrounding the eye is the eyewall, where the worst weather is seen in a cyclone. These have strong winds, lots of rain and lots of cloud. There are also outer bands, which surround the cyclone, which forms the greatest part of the storm. These have winds so strong they can even form other tornadoes.

Tropical cyclones
Glasgow Coma Scale

Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS is a scale that is used to measure the consciousness of a person. It was invented in 1974 by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett, professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow.

GCS is used in evaluation of patients, especially in ICUs. This scale consists of three tests, which are described below. A score is given for each test, and the GCS score is calculated by adding the scores given to each test. The maximum score is 15, which means the patient is fully conscious. The minimum score is 3, and is usually seen in patients with brain death or those in deep coma.

Elements of the scale

The scale comprises three tests: eye, verbal (talking) and motor (movement) responses.

Best eye response (E)
There are 4 grades for this test:
 No eye opening
 Eye opening in response to pain (for example when his sternum is pressed firmly).
 Eye opening to speech (that is, when he is called).
 Eyes opening by himself (normally).

Best verbal response (V)
There are 5 grades for this test:
 No verbal response (not talking at all).
 Meaking meaningless sounds (that is, moaning but no words).
 Inappropriate words (like random speech, without being able to communicate correctly).
 Confused. (The patient responds to questions but there is some confusion).
 Oriented. (Patient responds appropriately to questions such as the patient’s name and age, where they are and why, the year, month, etc.).

Best motor response (M)
There are 6 grades for this test:
 No motor response (no movement at all).
 Extension in response to pain (decerebrate response: adduction, internal rotation of shoulder, pronation of forearm).
 Flexion in response to pain (decorticate response).
 Withdrawing from pain (pulling part of body away when pinched).
 Localizing to pain. (Purposeful movements towards the painful location).
 Obeys commands. (The patient does simple things he is asked to do).

References
 Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974,2:81-84. PMID 4136544.

Psychiatry
Medicine
House of Habsburg

Habsburg was a family of dukes, kings, and monarchs.  They were very important in European history.  They first ruled parts of Switzerland in the 13th century.  They ruled Austria, later Austria-Hungary for more than 600 years, and also sometimes owned Spain and the Netherlands.  They ruled the Holy Roman Empire from about 1280 to 1806.  They also ruled the Kingdom of Sardinia until the middle 19th century. 

A Treaty was made in Vienna in 1515 between the king of Poland and duke of Lithuania from the Jagiellon dynasty and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Austria from the Habsburg family. It said that if the kings of Bohemia and Hungary, (Jagiellons), were to die without male heirs the Duke of Austria would take over their territory.

End of the House 
The House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century. The senior branch ended when Charles II of Spain died in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. The mental and physical handicaps of Charles II were probably caused by inbreeding between relatives in the royal houses of continental Europe. Marriages of close relatives occurred for five generations before him. He was the son of Philip IV, who married his sister's daughter.

The remaining branch went extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and completely in 1780 with the death of his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine. The new successor house styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), although it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg.

The last empress was Zita of Bourbon-Parma. She died in Switzerland in 1989. She had ruled with her husband, Charles I of Austria, from 1916 to 1918.

References
Rhodesia

Rhodesia (, ), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was a republic in Southern Africa during the Cold War. It was the region that is now called Zimbabwe. The country replaced the British colony of Southern Rhodesia.

Nomenclature 
The official name of the country under British law was "Southern Rhodesia", but the government in Salisbury used the name "Rhodesia" instead. This situation dated back to October 1964, when the colony of Northern Rhodesia changed its name to Zambia following independence,  so the colonial government felt that "Southern" Rhodesia should no longer be used because there was no "Northern" Rhodesia. However, Britain believed that only their government could change the colony's name and not the colony itself.

History

Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) 
The British government adopted a policy called no independence before majority rule, which dictated that colonies with a certain amount of white settlers would not become independent until they adopted a policy of majority rule. This had conflicted with the beliefs of the white minority Rhodesian Front, lead by Ian Smith, which believed that Rhodesia should become an independent country anyway. This continued until relations between the colony and the British government broke down in 1965.

On 11 November 1965, Smith's government issued a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom. Many countries condemned the UDI and the United Nations Security Council placed sanctions on Rhodesia.

Rhodesia sought international recognition as a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as "Queen of Rhodesia", but later severed it links to the British Crown by becoming a republic on 2 March 1970.

The Bush War 

As early as 1960, many African nationalists began to challenge Rhodesia's minority rule policies. In 1964, tensions boiled over and the Rhodesian Bush War began. On one side, the minority rule government, led by Ian Smith, hoped to keep the whites in power. On the other side, the ZANU-PF, led by Robert Mugabe, fought for majority rule. After about 15 years of fighting, the Lancaster House Agreement was signed which allowed majority rule. This led to Zimbabwe's independence.

References

States and territories established in the 1960s
History of Zimbabwe
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
1980 disestablishments
1960s in Africa
1970s in Africa
Westminster

Westminster is the central part of the City of Westminster, in London. It is on the north side of the River Thames. It contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey.
 
Westminster is the official seat of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

References
Ostara

Ostara is one of the eight festivals held by Wiccans every year. It is normally held at the time of the vernal equinox; that is, around 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere and 21 September in the Southern Hemisphere. At Ostara Wiccans celebrate the return of Spring.

Religious festivals
Megalosaurus

Megalosaurus was a large meat-eating theropod dinosaur of the Middle Jurassic of Europe. It was found in 1824, and was the earliest dinosaur named. In 1827, Gideon Mantell included Megalosaurus in his geological survey of southeastern England. He gave the species its name, Megalosaurus bucklandii. 

Because a complete skeleton of it has never been found, much is still unclear about its build. The first naturalists who investigated Megalosaurus thought it was a gigantic lizard of twenty metres length. In 1842 Richard Owen concluded that it was no longer than nine metres, standing on upright legs as a quadruped. 

Later it was realised that all theropods were bipedal. Today is known that the early proto-dinosaurs in the late Middle Triassic were also bipedal. Certainly Eoraptor, from 231.4 million years ago, was bipedal. That means the dinosaurs were bipedal from the start (primatively bipedal). Only the heavier sauropods and armoured dinosaurs became quadrupedal, standing on all four legs.

References 

Megalosauridae
Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound, the oxide of silicon. Its chemical symbol is SiO2. It is known for its hardness since the 16th century. It is an important compound used in most types of glass and other hard substances such as concrete, porcelain and stoneware. It is made up of 2 oxygen atoms and 1 silicon atom.

Silicon dioxide exists in nature in a number of forms, including flint, quartz and opal. If it is breathed in as dust, it can cause silicosis and cancer, as the dust is trapped in the lungs. Besides the dangers of inhaling it in dust form, it is harmless.

Chemical compounds
Oxides
Metallic hydrogen

Metallic hydrogen is an alkali metal made from hydrogen gas. This is formed when the hydrogen gas is under compression and results with the gas changing phase. It is an example of degenerate matter. The matter has a crystal structure of proton atoms, with spacing that is extremely small, smaller than a Bohr radius (which is 52.918 x 10-12 m). The electrons in the molecular orbital are unbounded and they behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. Metallic hydrogen is unusual as the element itself is not an alkali metal, but a diatomic gas.

Metallic hydrogen is known to exist in the cores of Jupiter and Saturn.
Jupiter has the most metallic hydrogen.

References 
Alkali metals
Giovanni Domenico Cassini

Giovanni Domenico Cassini, also known as Jean-Dominique Cassini, (June 8, 1625 – September 14, 1712) was an Italian-French astronomer, engineer and astrologer. Cassini was born in Perinaldo in the Republic of Genoa (part of Italy).

Discoveries 
Cassini, along with Robert Hooke discovered the Great Red Spot on Jupiter in around 1665. He also discovered the four of Saturn's moons, as well as the Cassini Division in Saturn's rings.

1625 births
1712 deaths
Astrologers
French astronomers
French engineers
French esotericists
Italian astronomers
Italian esotericists
Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens () (April 14, 1629–July 8, 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician and astronomer, born in The Hague. He was noted for his arguments that light was in the form of waves. He discovered Saturn's largest moon Titan in 1655. He also did detailed studies on Saturn's rings, and in 1656, he discovered that they are made up of rocks. He also studies optics and pendulum clock.

1629 births
1695 deaths
Dutch astronomers
Dutch mathematicians
Dutch inventors
People from The Hague
Dutch theoretical physicists
Hyperion (moon)

Hyperion is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered on September 16, 1848 by William Cranch Bond, George Phillips Bond and William Lassell. It is irregular in shape, and has a sponge-like appearance. It is the second largest irregular (i.e. not spherical) moon in the Solar System, the largest being Proteus. Its rotation is chaotic, meaning its axis of rotation wobbles, unlike how the Earth and the Moon rotate, or any other moon in the Solar System.

Saturn's moons
Iapetus (moon)

Iapetus is a large moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1671. 

Iapetus is unusual: one side is very bright and the other side is very dark. This is because one half of the moon is covered in ice and the other side is coated in black, dusty  carbon deposits. When Cassini observed the moon, he could only see the moon on one side of Saturn. He concluded that the moon is darker on side than the other, and it was confirmed by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Iapetus also has an equatorial ridge discovered by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on 31 December 2004. Iapetus has a slow rotation rate, taking 79 Earth days for a rotation. Another observation that has puzzled scientists is how it was a mountain range across its equator, giving it the shape of a walnut.

References

Saturn's moons
Nadezhda Mandelstam

Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam, born as Nadezhda Yakovlevna Hazin, (31 October 1899 in Saratov - 9 December 1980 in Moscow) was a Russian writer and the wife of poet Osip Mandelstam.

She grew up in Kiev, after she studied art.

She married Osip Mandelstam in 1921, and lived in Ukraine, Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Georgia. Osip wrote a poem about the Russian leader, called Stalin Epigram.  It angered the Russian government, and in 1934 he was arrested, and ordered to live in Cherdyn, Perm region and later to Voronezh.  The government of Russia often used internal exile (sending people to live in small towns hundreds of miles from the big cities) instead of sending people to prison. Nadezhda went into exile with Osip.

Osip Mandelstam was released but arrested again in 1938. Before the government could decide where to send him he died in a camp near Vladivostok.

After this Nadezhda Mandelstam never lived in the same place for long, and she often changed jobs. She did this to hide from the NKVD (Russian Secret Police). When she was living in Kalinin the police came to arrest her her, but she had moved to a new house the day before.

She decided to spend her life collecting and publishing all of her husband's poems, and most of the poems she learned by heart (memorised).

After Stalin died Nadezhda Mandelstam published he book and was allowed to return to Moscow in 1958.

In 1979 she gave her archives (letters, books and photographs) to Princeton University in the United States of America. Nadezhda Mandelstam died in 1980 in Moscow, aged 81.

Books by Nadezhda Mandelstam 
 Hope against Hope ()
 Hope Abandoned ()

1899 births
1980 deaths
Russian Jews
Russian writers

Soviet Jews
Soviet writers
Writers from Kiev
Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American businessman. He ran U.S. Steel, a major steel making corporation. When he retired, he was one of the richest men in America. He used his large amounts of money to fund charities. These charities gave money to universities. He had a hall built for himself (called Carnegie Hall), and he also built public libraries (called Carnegie Libraries).

Andrew Carnegie was very charitable in the will he created through the State of New York. In his will, he gave monetary gifts to several funds, institutions, societies, and to Pittsburgh University. He also gave gifts to his employees and family. Carnegie had given away nearly $350, 000, 000 on charities, pensions, schools, libraries, and museums. Carnegie had given all of that amount of money because after a disaster happened outside his company people thought he was a bad person. He thought by giving away all that money people would think he was good.

He died on August 11, 1919.

References

http://www.biography.com/people/andrew-carnegie-9238756

1835 births
1919 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from New York City
People from Dunfermline
Massachusetts Republicans