cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Methyl iodide

Methyl iodide is a chemical compound. It is made of methyl and iodide ions. Its chemical formula is CH3I.

Properties
It is a liquid that evaporates easily. When it is exposed to light, it turns purple because of iodine. This can be stopped by keeping it with copper. It breaks down when heated to make carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen iodide.

Preparation
It is made by reacting iodine, red phosphorus, and methanol all at the same time. Phosphorus(III) iodide is formed during the reaction. Another way to make it is to react methanol with potassium iodide and some sulfuric acid.

Uses
It is used to add methyl to some organic compounds. It can also be used as a pesticide. It is used to make dimethylmercury and other chemicals.

Safety
It causes nausea and dizziness when breathed. It can cause burns when put on skin.

Related pages
Methane
Ethanol
Potassium iodide

References

Iodine compounds
Phosphorus(III) iodide

Phosphorus(III) iodide, also known as phosphorus triiodide, is a chemical compound. It is made of phosphorus and iodide ions. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is PI3.

Properties
It is a red solid. It is very unstable and a powerful reducing agent. It reacts violently with water. The reaction with water makes phosphorous acid and hydrogen iodide. It is used in making chemicals. Some think that it is too unstable to be stored, but it can be stored and can be bought.

Preparation
Phosphorus(III) iodide is made by reacting iodine with white phosphorus dissolved in carbon disulfide. It is dissolved in carbon disulfide because it does not dissolve in water. It can also be made by reacting phosphorus(III) chloride with hydrogen iodide or some other iodide.

Uses
It reacts with alcohols such as methanol to make "alkyl iodides" such as methyl iodide. Many times phosphorus(III) iodide is made in the reaction. The alkyl iodides are used in many chemical reactions.

Related pages
Phosphorus(III) oxide
Phosphorus compounds
Potassium iodide

Phosphorus compounds
Iodine compounds
Carbon disulfide

Carbon disulfide, also known as carbon bisulfide, is a chemical compound. It consists of carbon and sulfide ions. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and sulfur in its -2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CS2.

Properties
It is similar to carbon dioxide, although much more reactive. Sulfide is a much more powerful reducing agent than oxide. It burns very easily and catches fire at 90°C. It smells sweet but is often contaminated other chemicals that smell bad.

Preparation
It used to be made by reacting carbon and sulfur at a very high temperature. Now it is made by "burning" methane in sulfur (instead of oxygen). It is much harder to burn methane in sulfur. The waste product (carbon disulfide) is also much more reactive than carbon dioxide, the normal waste product.

Uses
It is used to make carbon tetrachloride. It is also used in making organic chemicals. It is used to dissolve things like phosphorus and iodine and to kill insects.

Safety
Carbon disulfide is very flammable and is also toxic in large amounts when breathed in.

Related pages
Iron sulfide

Organic compounds
Sulfur compounds
Gilded Age

The Gilded Age is a time in the in history of the USA. It lasted from the end of the American Civil War, and up to the late 19th century. It corresponds to the latter part of the British Victorian era. 

The name Gilded Age was first used by writer Mark Twain in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873).  The time saw rapid progress in technology and railroad expansions and industrialization.  Immigrants came in the millions.  The intense political partisanship of the day included disputes over currency, tariffs, political corruption and patronage, railroads and business trusts.

References

Other websites
Gilded Age Timeline

19th century in the United States
Chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence (or Chemoluminescence) is a kind of luminescence. It is a process of making light from a chemical reaction. Chemiluminescence in biological systems is called bioluminescence. 

The light made in chemiluminiscence is not directly related to heat. A simple two step example of a reaction of A, and B, that produces; C, D, and light.
[A] + [B] → [C*] + [D]
[C*] → [C] + Light 
C* is an excited state of C. 

This reaction is simpler than most chemiluminesence reactions. The excited state happens when electrons are pushed into a  higher orbit by the energy of a chemical  reaction. The excited state is less stable than the ground state. The electrons in the excited state fall to the ground state (lower energy), emitting light. 

The amount of measurable light made is called radiant intensity: ICL (photons emitted per second).

Analytical applications
The device needed to measure the light made is simple. It needs something to hold the sample, and a photomultiplier tube. There are three ways for this to be used in chemical measurements. 
sometimes the product wanted makes light when it reacts with another compound, 
in another type the amount of light made drops when the wanted product is added, 
sometimes the wanted product when added to a chemiluminescence reaction makes more light(a catalytic reaction).

Analysis of gases 
The method measures small amounts of atmospheric pollutants. A common method measures the amount of nitrogen monoxide by reacting it with ozone. The light made has a wavelength range of 600 to 2800 nm.

Analysis of liquids 
Luminol is the most well known type of compound used for chemiluminescence in liquids.

Analysis of cell organelles 
Ca2+(calcium) inside of different parts of cells like the mitochondria can make light when it reacts with a protein from jellyfish named aequorin. Nitric oxide(NO) is in cells and is a way for cells to talk to each other, this can be measured with the compound luminol.

Other examples
An example of chemiluminescence molecules in nature is firefly luciferin.
The process is used to make glowsticks.

References

Daniel C. Harris. In Quantitative Chemical Analysis Seventh Edition: 2007 by W.H. Freeman and Company.
Douglas A. Skoog, James F. Holler, Stanley R. Crouch. In Principles of Instrumental Analysis Sixth Edition:2005 by Thomson, Brooks, Cole.

Chemical reactions
Light sources
Demonic possession

Demonic possession is a term used to describe a situation when a demon (a devil) controls a human being.  In many cultures and religions people often used to believe that a devil could enter the body of a person and control them.  They often thought this was happening when a person seemed to be mad, or when they had a fit, or when they fainted.

Related pages
 Demon
 Demonology
 Umbrella (song), a song that has been claimed to be about demonic possession.

Possession, Demonic
Occult
Christian terminology
PAS Hamedan F.C.

PAS Hamedan Football Club () is an Iranian football club based in Hamedan, Iran.

First-team squad

References

Iranian football clubs
2007 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Iran
Malavan F.C.

Malavan Bandar Anzali Football Club () is an Iranian football club based in Bandar-e Anzali, Iran.

Honors
Hazfi Cup
Winners (3): 1976, 1986, 1990
Runner Up (3): 1987, 1988, 1991

Azadegan League
Runner Up (1): 2003

Vahdat Cup (International Tournament hosted by Iran)
Third Place (1): 1981

Regional Construction Cup (International Tournament hosted by Pakistan)
Runner Up (1): 1973

Best non-Tehrani Iranian Football Team: 4: 1973, 1976, 1977, 1989

Iran's representative in Asian Club Championship
(1): 1987

References

Iranian football clubs
1969 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Iran
Carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride, also known as carbon tet or Freon 10, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and chloride ions.

Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It smells like ether. It evaporates quite quickly. It can dissolve fats and oils as well as other stuff such as iodine. It doesn't burn, but it does make phosgene when heated to a high temperature.

Preparation
It is made by reacting methane with chlorine. This reaction is similar to the burning of methane (reaction of methane with oxygen). Hydrogen chloride is a byproduct (left over substance). It used to be made by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine. This reaction would produce sulfur(I) chloride.

Uses
The uses of carbon tetrachloride have diminished lately because it is known to be damage people's health. People think it might damage the ozone layer. Today, it is rarely used for anything.

Previously, was used in fire extinguishers. It was also used to make freon, used in dry cleaning and as a refrigerant.

Safety
Carbon tetrachloride is very poisonous to the liver, the kidneys and the nervous system; it might also cause cancer.

References

Related pages
Carbon dioxide
Bromide
Fluoride

Chlorine compounds
Greenhouse gases
Freon

Freon is a word for certain chemical compounds, often used as refrigerants. Thomas Midgley, Jr. invented using Freon as a refrigerant.  "Freon" is a registered trademark of DuPont. Freon was first used to describe chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, but it is now used to describe many other kinds of chemicals used as refrigerant. Refrigerants may contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine and sometimes bromine. For example, Freon 10 is carbon tetrachloride. Many kinds of freon are not toxic to animals. They also are cheap and work well. However, most refrigerants can reduce the amount of ozone from the upper atmosphere. Reducing ozone lets more ultraviolet light to come through. Too much ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer and cataracts, and can kill off plankton in the oceans. 

The chlorine part of CFC refrigerants can reduce ozone. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) can also damage ozone. Newer Hydrofulorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants do not have chlorine in them and do not reduce ozone in the atmosphere. Most refrigerants also increase global warming because they are powerful greenhouse gasses. These refrigerants increase global warming thousands of times more than carbon dioxide (CO2).

Related pages
Methyl
Methane
Organic chemistry

Chemicals
Refrigerant

A refrigerant is a chemical substance that is found in an air conditioner, a refrigerator, and in other refrigeration equipment. Refrigerants are chosen for the ease of converting them from liquid to vapor or vice versa, depending on their temperature and pressure. Most refrigerants in their liquid state will evaporate very fast if at atmospheric pressure. 

In refrigeration equipment, a refrigerant vapor is compressed by a compressor. Compression makes it hot. It enters a condenser, where it condenses into a liquid.  The refrigerant then passes through a part called a metering device, or an expansion device (there are several types of this part) where the pressure is reduced to a point where the liquid begins to boil. At this point, the refrigerant is very cold and it enters an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the air passing over it. By the time the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, it is all a vapor again, and it goes back to the compressor where the cycle begins again. This is called the refrigeration cycle. This is one example of the use of a refrigerant, as in a residential air conditioning system.

Related pages
Freon, an old class of refrigerants

Chemicals
2010 Canterbury earthquake

The 2010 Canterbury earthquake was a powerful 7.1 magnitude earthquake, which struck the South Island of New Zealand at 4:35 am September 4, 2010 local time (16:35 3 September UTC). 
It was centred 40 km west of Christchurch, near the town of Darfield, at a depth of 10 km. Strong aftershocks were reported, including ones of magnitude 5.3. 
The main quake was felt widely across the South Island, and in the North Island as far north as New Plymouth.

It caused a lot of damage and cut off power and water supply, mainly in the city of Christchurch. Two people were seriously injured. The quake caused damage to historic buildings in Lyttelton, near Christchurch, including a church and parts of a hotel.  Businesses in the city centre were closed the day of the quake. The total cost of damages may be as high as NZ$2 billion.

A state of emergency was declared by Civil Defence for Christchurch and the Selwyn District.

Geological background
New Zealand sits on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. In the South Island, these plates mainly slide past each other horizontally, producing earthquakes along fault lines such as the Alpine fault. The 2010 earthquake was centred about 80–90 km to the southeast of the plate boundary through the island, probably on one of a network of smaller faults linked to the main faults that mark the plate boundary itself.

References

2010s in New Zealand
Earthquakes in New Zealand
2010 earthquakes
September 2010 events
William Langland

William Langland (c. 1332 – c. 1386) was an English poet. He wrote a long and complicated poem called Piers Plowman. The poem is an allegory about the struggle to lead a virtuous Christian life when the institution of the Church is often corrupt.

We do not know for sure that this poem was written by Langland. The strongest evidence we have is one manuscript which says that the poem was written by 'Willielmi de Langlond', son of 'Stacy de Rokayle, who died in Shipton-under-Wichwood, a tenant of the Lord Spenser in the county of Oxfordshire'. Other manuscripts also name the author as 'Robert or William langland', or 'Wilhelmus W.' (probably an abbreviation for 'William of Wichwood', since Wychwood is the village he probably came from). Another piece of evidence is within the poem itself. At one stage the narrator says: 'I have lyved in londe...my name is longe wille'. Scholars agree that this is a code for the poet's name: Longe-Land, and Wille meaning Will, short for William. This may seem unlikely, but this method of hiding the poet's name within a poem was used in Roman times, and was quite common in late-medieval literature.

1330s births
1380s deaths
English poets
Alexandra David-Néel

Alexandra David-Néel (full name Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David) born in Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne on 24 October 1868, and died in Digne-les-Bains, on 8 September 1969. She was a Belgian-French explorer.

Career

1898 Pour la vie
1911 Le modernisme bouddhiste et le bouddhisme du Bouddha
1927 Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa (1927, My Journey to Lhasa)
1929 Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (1929, Magic and Mystery in Tibet)
1930 Initiations Lamaïques (Initiations and Initiates in Tibet)
1931 La vie Surhumaine de Guésar de Ling le Héros Thibétain (The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling)
1933 Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes
1935 Le lama au cinq sagesses
1938 Magie d'amour et magic noire; Scènes du Tibet inconnu (Tibetan Tale of Love and Magic)
1939 Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Its Methods
1940 Sous des nuées d'orage; Recit de voyage
1949 Au coeur des Himalayas; Le Nepal
1951 Ashtavakra Gita; Discours sur le Vedanta Advaita
1951 Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibétains (The Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects)
1951 L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain
1952 Textes tibétains inédits
1953 Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle
1954 La puissance de néant, by Lama Yongden (The Power of Nothingness)
Grammaire de la langue tibetaine parlée
1958 Avadhuta Gita
1958 La connaissance transcendente
1961 Immortalite et reincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, au Tibet, dans l'Inde
L'Inde où j'ai vecu; Avant et après l'independence
1964 Quarante siècles d'expansion chinoise
1970 En Chine: L'amour universe! et l'individualisme integral: les maitres Mo Tse et Yang Tchou
1972 Le sortilège du mystère; Faits étranges et gens bizarre rencontrés au long de mes routes d'orient et d'occident
1975 Vivre au Tibet; Cuisine, traditions et images
1975 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 11 août 1904 - 27 decembre 1917. Vol. 1. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
1976 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 - 31 decembre 1940. Vol. 2. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
1979 Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Neel
1981 Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects
1986 La lampe de sagesse

Books

The Secret Lives of Alexandra David-Neel - A Biography of the Explorer of Tibet and Its Forbidden Practices, Barbara and Michael Foster. ; American edition under the title Forbidden Journey -  The Life of Alexandra David-Neel, . This book is based on extensive interviews with David Neel's secretary at Digne and reading her letters to her husband, now published as "Journal de voyage: lettres a son mari."
Alexandra David-Neel, Ruth Middleton, Boston, Shambhala, 1989. .
 Norwick, Braham. (1976). "Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures in Tibet: Fact or Fiction?". The Tibet Journal. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4. Autumn 1976, pp. 70–74.

Other websites
Official web site
A Mystic in Tibet - Alexandra David-Neel
Alexandra David Neel in Upasika (spanish)

1868 births
1969 deaths
Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford

Christ Church Cathedral is the cathedral of the diocese of Oxford, which includes the City of Oxford and the surrounding countryside as far north as Banbury. It is also, uniquely, the chapel of Christ Church, the largest college of the University of Oxford.

History
The cathedral was originally the church of St Frideswide's Priory. 
In 1522, the priory was surrendered to Cardinal Wolsey, who chose it as the site for his proposed college. However, in 1529 it was taken over by King Henry VIII. Work stopped, but in June 1532 the college was refounded by the King. In 1546, Henry VIII transferred to it from Osney Abbey to the see of Oxford. The cathedral has the name of Ecclesia Christi Cathedralis Oxoniensis, given to it by King Henry VIII's foundation charter.

Architecture 
The nave, choir, central tower, and transepts (as far as the roofs) are late Norman, and were probably erected during the lifetime of Canutus, the second prior, in the 12th century. As a whole the cathedral contains examples of the various styles from late Norman to Perpendicular.

Not the smallest 
Once this was the smallest cathedral in England. But according to their website, this has changed:
"It is true that at one time Christ Church Oxford would have been the smallest Cathedral in England... However, with the creation this century of new cathedrals which had previously been parish churches, Christ Church lost its distinction of being the smallest Cathedral in the country.

1546 Christ Church Oxford (present size - 16,413 sq ft)
1905 Birmingham Cathedral: 13,720 sq ft
1914 Chelmsford Cathedral: 11,270 sq ft
1927 Derby Cathedral: 10,950 sq ft
Newport Cathedral in Wales, is smaller still. A Cathedral since 1949, with an area of about 7,850 sq ft, it has a total seating capacity of only 600!

At present Christ Church is probably the fifth smallest English Cathedral after Derby, Chelmsford, Birmingham and Leicester".

Miscellany 
Cathedral (or Christ Church) Time is traditionally five minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time. This dates back to the days before the railways when each region of the country kept to its own local time. Hence what is now called Cathedral Time is a survival of old Oxford Time.

References

Other websites

Christ Church Cathedral website
Christ Church Cathedral Choir website
Oxford Cathedral information
A history of the choristers of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford 
Sacred destinations photo gallery

Anglican Cathedrals
Cathedrals in England
Oxfordshire
Tattva

Tattva is a Sanskrit word that means 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth'. According to many Indian schools of philosophy, a tattva is an element or aspect of reality conceived as an aspect of deity.

References

Books
 Prasad, Ram (1997). Nature's Finer Forces: The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas. Kessinger. 
 Ramacharaka Yogi (1997). Science of Breath. Kessinger. 
 Singh, Jaideva (1979). Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
 Tattvakosha - An Encyclopedia on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.
 Swami Satyananda Saraswati. Tattva Jnana. Devi Mandir. .

Other websites
 Uses of 'tattva' in Puranic and Gaudiya Vaishnava literature .
 Articles  on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.

Hinduism
Sanskrit
Reality
Cyma Zarghami

Cyma Zarghami is an Iranian-American cable television executive and the current president of the TV channel Nickelodeon and the MTV Networks' Kids & Family Group.

References

Other websites
Cyma Zarghami corporate bio on Nick.com

1960s births
Living people
Nickelodeon
Coccyx

The coccyx is a set of bones that are fused together (joined up). It is found at the base of the vertebral column. This collection of bones is often called the tailbone. At birth, these bones are separate. These bones do not contain cartilage between them.

Bones
Småland

Småland is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden.

Småland borders the provinces Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small lands. The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages. The highest summit in Småland is Tomtabacken with its 377 m.

Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren comes from Småland, and many of her stories are also set there. Famous Swedish expresseions are "Mörkaste Småland" ("Darkest Småland") and "För allt smör i Småland" ("For All Butter in Småland").

Other websites

Provinces of Sweden
Åryd, Växjö municipality

Åryd is a locality in Växjö Municipality in Kronoberg County in Sweden. In 2010, 684 people lived there. Swedish singer and Melodifestivalen 1995 contestant Jessica G. Pilnäs was born in Åryd.

References 

Settlements in Kronoberg County
Typhoon Kompasu (2010)

Typhoon Kompasu was noticed on August 28, the United States Air Force base in Okinawa, Japan, began preparing for what was then Tropical Storm 08W. Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness (TCCOR) level three was issued the following morning. By August 30, forecasts showed that a strengthening storm would strike the area, possibly bringing winds in excess of . Following this, the TCCOR level was increased to two. For the first time in over three years, TCCOR level one was declared on August 31. Military personnel and residents across the island were urged to complete their preparations and remain indoors for the duration of the typhoon. During the storm's passage on August 31, the highest warning level, TCCOR One-E (emergency) was declared. Following Kompasu's passage, the emergency warning was changed to recovery as conditions improved.

Throughout Okinawa, Kompasu brought strong winds and heavy rains, leaving an estimated 32,000 residences without power. The highest rainfall total was measured in Motobu at . Winds in excess of  felled a 300-year-old tree. The  Sion Pine Tree was the last of its kind on the island and was once the symbol of the northern Okinawa Region. The Okuma Recreation Facility sustained substantial damage and was closed to the public for at least a week. According to United States Air Force captain Adam Vaccarezza, concrete towers fell during the storm. Although Kompasu was a strong typhoon when it passed over Okinawa, no loss of life took place; however, five people were injured. Some homes sustained roof damage across the region, prompting a few evacuations. Additionally, Kompasu resulted in the cancellation of 432 flights to and from the island chain, stranding 57,126 people.

References

2010 disasters in Asia
2010 in weather
2010s in Japan
2010s in North Korea
2010s in South Korea
August events
Disasters in Japan

Natural disasters in Asia
September 2010 events
Yu Myung-hwan

Yu Myung-hwan (born April 8, 1946) is a South Korean diplomat, he was  Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from February 2008 to September.4 2010. His resigntation was caused when his daughter was givent a job in his department . He has previously held posts including Ambassador to Israel, Japan and the Philippines. Yu is a graduate of Seoul National University.

References

Other websites

Biography at Ministry of Foreign Affairs 

1946 births
Living people
South Korean politicians
Kosovo national football team

Kosovo national football team is the national football team of Kosovo.

European national football teams
Kosovo
Greenland national football team

Greenland national football team is the national football team of Greenland.

Greenland
National football teams
Gibraltar national football team

Gibraltar national football team is the national football team of Gibraltar. The team joined UEFA in May of 2013 and played their first match against Slovakia on 19 November 2013. They were also accepted into FIFA on 13 May 2016. So far, they have not qualified for any major tournament.

Record

FIFA World Cup

UEFA European Football Championship

References 

European national football teams
Gibraltar
The Vicar of Dibley

The Vicar of Dibley is a British sitcom that was shown on BBC One between 1994 and 2007. It starred Dawn French as Geraldine Granger, the new female vicar of Dibley, Oxfordshire.

Other websites 

1994 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
1990s British sitcoms
2000s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Oxfordshire
English-language television programs
Alphaville

Alphaville is a German synthpop group which gained popularity in the 1980s. The founding members were Marian Gold (real name Hartwig Schierbaum, born 26 May 1954 in Herford), Bernhard Lloyd (real name Bernhard Gößling, born 6 June 1960 in Enger, North Rhine-Westphalia), and Frank Mertens (real name Frank Sorgatz, born 26 October 1961 in Enger, North Rhine-Westphalia). 

The band was at first named Forever Young before changing to Alphaville. They are best known for their two biggest hits, "Big in Japan" and "Forever Young".

New wave bands
Electronic music bands
German pop music groups
Münster
Emerald Coast

The Emerald Coast is an area in the US state of Florida on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, roughly bounded by Pensacola, Florida on the west and Port St. Joe, Florida on the east.

Geography of Florida
List of people from Florida

This List of people from Florida includes notable people who were born, raised or lived in the state of Florida for a significant part of their lives.

Explorers, pioneers, scientists and military

Government and politics

Movies and television

Literature

Music

Science and technology

Sports

Other

References

Florida
Florida-related lists
Iberian Cup

The Iberian Cup was a football game between the champions teams of Spain and Portugal.

Finals 

Football competitions in Europe
Chula Vista, California

Chula Vista (; , due to its scenic location between the San Diego Bay and coastal mountain foothills) is the second largest city in the San Diego metropolitan area as well as the 7th largest city in Southern California.

Zones and Developments

Zones West of the 805

 Northwest
 West
 Southwest
 North Central
 Downtown CV
 Middle South
 South Central
 South
 Otay
 East
 Middle East

Developments/Areas East of the 805

 Sweetwater Canyon
 Terra Nova
 Telegraph Canyon
 Far East
 Sunbow
 Rancho Del Rey
 Otay Ranch
 Bonita Canyon
 College Estates
 Eastlake
 San Miguel Ranch
 Rolling Hills Ranch

Economy

According to the City's 2008 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Transportation

Local area freeways

Local area freeways in within the city of Chula Vista include
 Interstate 5
 Interstate 805
 State Route 54
 State Route 125

Arterial streets

East-West arterials
"C" Street
"E" Street-Bonita Rd(East of Flower Street)
"H/East H Street(East of Hilltop)-Proctor Vly Road(East of Mount Miguel)
"J/East J Street(East of Hilltop)
"L"/East L Street(East of Hilltop)-Telegraph Cyn Rd-Otay Lakes Rd
Naples/E.Naples(East of Hilltop)
Palomar/E. Palomar(East of Hilltop)
Orange/E. Orange(East of Hilltop)-Olympic(East of 805 Freeway)
Main/Auto Park Way(East of 805 Freeway)

North-South arterials
Broadway(Also known as "South Bay Strip")
Fourth/N. Fourth Ave(North of "C" Street)
Third
Hilltop
Crest-Oleander(South of T.C. Road)
Medical Center Dr-Brandywine(South of E.Palomar)
Paseo Del Rey
Paseo Ranchero-Heritage(South of T.C. Road)
Otay Lakes/La Media(South of T.C. Road)
Eastlake Dr-Eastlake Pkwy(At Miller)
Hunte Pkwy

Public Transport

Bayfront E Street Station
H Station
Palomar Station

MTS buses

701=H Station-Palomar Station:Via H,Hilltop,and Palomar
703=H Station-Town Center Mall(Sundays Only)
704=Bayfront,E Station-Palomar Station:Via E Street,Fourth,East Naples,and Medical Center
705=Bayfront,E Station-Plaza Bonita&SWC:Via E Street,Bonita Rd, and Otay Lakes
707=SWC-Town Center Mall:Via East H & Eastlake Parkway
708=E Street Trolley-Nature Center
709=H Station-Town Center Mall:Via H/East H,Otay Lakes,East Palomar
712=Palomar Station-SWC:Via Palomar/East Palomar,La Media/Otay Lakes
932=Iris Ave Station-8th St Ntl City:Via South Bay Strip,E and F Streets
929=Iris Ave Station-Downtown SD:Via Third,Fourth,and E Street
Denotes CV Transit Routs
Denotes San Diego MTS routes

Government

Sister cities

  Cebu City, Philippines
  Odawara, Japan
  Tijuana, Mexico

References

Other websites

 Chula Vista Public Library website
 Official City of Chula Vista website
 Chula Vista Schools Location and Phone Directory

Cities in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious () is an English word, with 34 letters, that was in the song with the same title in the Disney musical movie Mary Poppins. The song was written by the Sherman Brothers, and sung by Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke. It also appears in the stage show version of Mary Poppins.

The writers of the Oxford English Dictionary think that the word  "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" was first used in the 1940s. The word is a compound word, and said by Richard Lederer in his book Crazy English to be made up of these words: super- "above", cali- "beauty", fragilistic- "delicate", expiali- "to atone", and -docious "educable", with all of these parts combined meaning "Atoning for educability through delicate beauty." According to the movie, in which the word became widely used, the word is "something to say when you have nothing to say". However, a lot of people think the word means "extraordinarily good" or "wonderful" because all mentions of the word in the movie can be thought of as good.

References

Other websites
 Video of the song from the original film on YouTube

Linguistics
Long words
Nogales, Arizona

Nogales is a city in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States. The population was 20,837 at the 2010 census. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 20,833.  The city is the county seat of Santa Cruz County.

Population

Famous people

Thomas Aranda, Jr.
Bob Baffert 
Andrew Leo Bettwy 
Louis Arana Serratrice
José Canchola
Movita Castaneda 
Gil Heredia 
John Frederick (Jack) Hannah 
Elena Mix Johnson 
Emilia Arana 
Christine McIntyre 
Charles Mingus 
Carlos Luis Nogales-Gonzales 
Alberto Alvaro Ríos 
Roger Smith 
Verita Bouvaire-Thompson 
J. (James) David Lowell 
J.P.S. (Joseph Paul Summers) Brown 
Jack (John Woolf) O'Conner

References

Other websites

 Nogales-Santa Cruz County Chamber of Commerce
 Official government website 
 Nogales Unified School District
 Nogales International Newspaper
 Photo gallery of past mayors of Nogales, Arizona 
 Nogales Community Profile

Cities in Arizona
County seats in Arizona
Mount Olivet Cemetery (Chicago)

Mount Olivet Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery in Chicago, Illinois. The cemetery is at 2755 West 111th St.

There are over 142,200 people buried at the cemetery. The cemetery is 93 acres in size.  It became one of the first major area cemeteries to become full before more land was purchased on its east side.

Mount Olivet was the first burial place of Al Capone, who was put between the graves of his father and brother.  A few years after his mother's death, the remains of all three men were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

Famous burials
James M. Bell, Sgt. during Battle of Little Big Horn
Al Capone, gangster (remains moved)
Thomas A. Doyle, U.S. Congressman
Lawrence E. McGann, U.S. Congressman
M. Alfred Michaelson, U.S. Congressman
P. H. Moynihan, U.S. Congressman
Catherine O'Leary, owner of cow who allegedly started Great Chicago Fire

Related pages

Cemeteries in Chicago:
 Graceland Cemetery
 Oak Woods Cemetery
 Rosehill Cemetery
 Westlawn Cemetery

Other websites
Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago
Mount Olivet Cemetery 

Cemeteries in Chicago
Dominici

Dominici is a progressive metal band that started in 2005 by former Dream Theater vocalist, Charlie Dominici. Their only published works are the three albums that make up the O3 Trilogy.

Dominici also opened for three Dream Theater concerts, during Dream Theater's "Chaos in Motion Tour."

Band members
 Charlie Dominici - vocals
 Brian Maillard - guitars
 Americo Rigoldi - keyboards
 Riccardo eRIK Atzeni - electric bass
 Yan Maillard - drums

Other websites
Official website

American heavy metal bands
Progressive rock bands
Musical groups from New York City
Pinball

Pinball is a type of arcade game. In pinball, the player tries to score points by manipulating one or more metal balls on a playfield inside a glass-covered case called a pinball machine. The main objective of the game is to score as many points as the player can. Other objectives are to play as long as possible (by earning extra balls and keeping the ball in play as long as possible) and to earn free games (known as replays).

From the 1940s through the 1970s pinball was banned in many American cities because it was thought to be a game of chance and therefore was considered gambling. The ban stopped in New York City in 1976, when Roger Sharpe, a player renowned for his talent, played so well in front of the City Council that he convinced them that pinball was indeed a game of skill, not just of luck.

References

Other websites 
 Internet Pinball Database
 Clips from Pinball Basics DVD
 #pinball on AfterNET (IRC channel all about Pinball)

Arcade games
Henge

A henge is a Neolithic earthwork.  Henges are typical of the British Isles (for example Stonehenge), but there are a few similar structures in continental Europe.

Henges have a ring bank and ditch. They are not thought to be primarily defensive, because their ditch is inside the wall or rampart. For defence, it would seem better to have the ditch outside the bank. That way, attackers would need to climb up further. Their function is thought to be mainly ceremonial. This is discussed often in relation to Stonehenge.

Henges are divided into three types:
 Henge (≥20 m). There is usually little evidence of occupation in a henge, although they may contain ritual structures such as stone circles, timber circles and standing stones. Examples of henges are at 
Avebury, in Wiltshire, which contains the largest stone circle in Britain, 
The Great Circle at Stanton Drew in Somerset, which contains the second largest stone circle in Britain. 
The Ring of Brodgar in Orkney, which contains the third largest stone circle in Britain. 
Notes: example of henges without other significant internal monuments are the three henges of Thornborough Henges in Yorkshire. Stonehenge is not a typical henge because the ditch is outside the main earthwork bank.
 Mini henge (<20 m). Like an ordinary henge, except the central flat area is less than 20 m in diameter. An example is the Neolithic site at Dorchester on Thames.
 Henge enclosure (>300 m). A Neolithic ring earthwork with the ditch inside the bank, with the central flat area having abundant evidence of occupation and being more than 300 metres in diameter. Some true henges are as large as this (e.g., Avebury), but lack evidence of domestic occupation. Examples of henge enclosures are Durrington Walls in Wiltshire, and Mount Pleasant Henge in Dorset.

Source 
Malone, Caroline. 2005. Neolithic Britain and Ireland. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Buildings and structures in Europe
Archaeological sites
Mike Douglas

Mike Douglas, born Michael Delaney Dowd, Jr. (August 11, 1920 – August 11, 2006) was an American entertainer.

Early life and career
Douglas was born in Chicago, Illinois, and began singing as a choirboy. He was singing on a Lake Michigan dinner cruise ship when he was a teenager. After being in the United States Navy for a short time, he moved to Los Angeles. He was on the Ginny Simms radio show. Then, he became a singer in the big band of Kay Kyser. 

In 1950, he was the singing voice of Prince Charming in Walt Disney's Cinderella.

In the 1950s Douglas, who was living in Burbank, California, tried to keep his singing job going. He did not change to rock and roll, which shortened his chances of being a singer as big band music was becoming less popular. In the hardest years, he and his wife got by "flipping" their Los Angeles homes.

Talk show
He next showed up in 1961 in Cleveland, where a Chicago friend hired him for $400 a week as an afternoon television host at WKYC-TV. The Mike Douglas Show quickly got popular and had national broadcasting in August 1963.

Many famous people were on the show. For example, Truman Capote, The Rolling Stones,Herman's Hermits and Kiss were on the show. The show helped show entertainers for the first time, like Barbra Streisand and Aretha Franklin. After the move to Philadelphia, Douglas tried to sing again, but it did not work work well.

By 1967, The Mike Douglas Show had 6,000,000 viewers each day, mostly women. It earned $10.5 million from advertisers. Douglas was paid more than $500,000. In 1967, the program got the first Emmy Award for Individual Achievement in Daytime Television from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Most weeks, Douglas would be joined by a co-host, like John Lennon & Yoko Ono, and Anne Baxter. The show went off the air in 1980.

Death
He came down with prostate cancer in 1990, but after surgery he was cancer-free. Douglas died in August 11, 2006, on his 86th birthday from complications of dehydration.

His wife Genevieve, daughters Kelly and twins Michele and Christine lived after him.

References

1920 births
2006 deaths
Television talk show hosts
Television personalities from Chicago
Muckrakers

Muckrakers was a term for the group of people who wrote books and newspaper articles in the United States around 1900.  Most of their books were about showing how bad things were in "Gilded Age" in America.  Some things they wrote about were the power of big business, unclean practices in factories, and the condition of poor people. The books the Muckrakers wrote led to changes in America during the Progressive Era, such as the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the breakup of the Standard Oil company.

The following people were among the Muckrakers:

 Upton Sinclair, who wrote The Jungle, a book about meat-packing factories in Chicago
 Jacob Riis, who took photographs of poor people's living conditions in New York City
 Ida Tarbell, who wrote books about John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil
 Lincoln Steffens, who wrote The Shame of the Cities, about corruption in local governments

American journalists
Renata Tebaldi

Renata Tebaldi (February 1, 1922 - December 19, 2004) is an Italian operatic soprano and one of the leading lyric-dramatic sopranos of the postwar period. She possessed a voice of great beauty and considerable power which she used with unfailing musicianship and style.

Life and career

Born in Pesaro, Italy, she studied first at the Parma Conservatory with Branducci and Campogaliani, and at the Pesaro Conservatory with Carmen Melis and Giuseppe Pais. She made her debut in Rovigno in 1944, as Elena in Mefistofele.

She was chosen by conductor Arturo Toscanini to sing at the reopening of La Scala in Milan in 1946, where she sang until 1954. She also appeared at all the major opera houses of Italy. 

She then began singing abroad and made her debut at the Royal Opera House in 1950, at the Paris Opéra in 1951, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1955, where she was to sing regularly until 1973. She also appeared in San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, etc.

She was particularly admired in operas like Verdi's La forza del destino, Aida, Otello, Puccini's Manon Lescaut, La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, Ponchielli's La Gioconda, Boito's Mefistofele, Giordano's Andrea Chénier, Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur, Catalini's La Wally.

Renata Tebaldi retired from the stage in 1977. She died at her home in San Marino, at the age of 82.  

The so-called rivalry between Tebaldi and soprano Maria Callas was mostly fueled by admirers of these two singers and by the press.

Reference

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Other websites 
 Broadcast auditions (2)“RENATA TEBALDI” (cycle “From collection of the rare recordings” by Maxim Malkov – in Russian).

1922 births
2004 deaths
Sopranos
Italian opera singers
Lincoln Heights Jail

Lincoln Heights Jail was a jail building in Lincoln Heights. It closed in 1954. It is said to be haunted. The jail is sometimes used as a movie set. It was used to make  parts of the music video for "Telephone" by Lady Gaga.

References

Related pages
Alcatraz Island
Al Capone

Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
1954 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in California
Br'er Rabbit

Br'er Rabbit (also spelled Bre'r Rabbit or Brer Rabbit or Bruh Rabbit, with the title "Br'er" ) is an important character in the Uncle Remus stories in the Southern United States. He is a tricky character, and usually wins or escapes because he is clever, not because he is strong.

Br'er Rabbit came from both African and Cherokee cultures. Disney later used the character for their The Song of the South.

In a Cherokee story, "the fox and the wolf throw the trickster rabbit into a thicket from which the rabbit quickly escapes." There was a "melding (mixing) of the Cherokee rabbit-trickster ... into the culture of African slaves." "In fact, most of the Br'er Rabbit stories originated in (came from) Cherokee myths."

References

Other websites 

 Brer-Rabbit.com 
 Brer Rabbit Stories at AmericanFolklore.net

Fictional hares and rabbits
Madison County, Florida

Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on December 26, 1827. As of 2000, 18,733 people lived there. Its county seat is Madison.

Florida counties
1827 establishments in Florida Territory
Flag of Sweden

The flag of Sweden is a yellow cross on a blue background. It was adopted on June 22, 1906. 

Sweden
Sweden
Hisingen

Hisingen is an island on the west coast of Sweden. It has an area of . It is Sweden's fourth biggest island, but its most populated island. It is north of Gothenburg. Göteborg City Airport is there.

References

Other websites

Islands of Sweden
Göteborg City Airport

Gothenburg City Airport or Göteborg City Airport  is an airport on Hisingen above Gothenburg, Sweden. It was opened in 1940. It is the eighth biggest airport in Sweden, after Luleå Airport.

Sources

Airports in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Gothenburg
Nebraska Cornhuskers football

The Nebraska Cornhuskers are the athletic football team of The University of Nebraska and they play in the Big 12 Conference. They will play in the Big Ten Conference at the beginning of the 2011-2012 season. The current head coach of Cornhuskers is Bo Pelini and he is in his 3rd year with them. The Cornhuskers play at Memorial Stadium, Lincoln which seats about 81,067. The Cornhuskers have won 24 bowl games. The Cornhuskers have two retired jersey numbers #60 for Tom Novak and #64 for Bob Brown.

Other websites
 Nebraska Cornhuskers athletics site

College football
Over-the-counter drug

Over-the-counter drugs (OTC) are drugs that do not need a prescription to be bought. When they are properly used, these drugs do not put the health of the patient in danger. Many OTC drug ingredients which were prescription drugs are now considered safe enough for use without a prescription. In many countries, there are special government agencies that regulate OTC drugs, such as the Food and Drug Administration and the Drug Enforcement Administration in the United States. Certain drugs are classified as over-the counter drugs, but may only be given by a pharmacist. This is often the case with emergency contraception medicine. It may also be the case that a small packet of a certain  drug is available over the counter, but that larger packets require a prescription.

Related pages
Pharmacy

Drugs
Fabian Washington

Fabian Washington (born June 9, 1983 in Bradenton, Florida) is an American football cornerback. He last played for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Washington was drafted out of the University of Nebraska by the Baltimore Ravens with the 23rd pick in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft.

Other websites
Fabian Washington at nfl.com

1982 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
Oakland Raiders players
American football cornerbacks
Sportspeople from Florida
Heart of Neolithic Orkney

Heart of Neolithic Orkney refers to a group of Neolithic monuments found on Mainland, one of the islands of Orkney, Scotland. The name was adopted by UNESCO when it proclaimed these sites as a World Heritage Site in 1999.

There are five sites on Mainland:
 Skara Brae – a cluster of ten houses making up Northern Europe’s best-preserved Neolithic village.
 Ring of Brodgar – a stone circle 104 metres in diameter, originally composed of 60 stones set within a circular ditch up to 3 metres deep and 10 metres wide, forming a henge monument. It has been estimated that the structure took 80,000 man-hours to construct.
 Standing stones of Stenness – the four remaining megaliths of a henge, the largest of which is 6 metres (19 ft) high.
 Ness of Brodgar is an archaeological site between the Ring of Brodgar and the Stones of Stenness that has provided evidence of housing, decorated stone slabs, a massive stone wall with foundations, and a large building described as a Neolithic 'cathedral'.
 Maeshowe – a unique chambered cairn and passage grave, aligned so that its central chamber is illuminated on the winter solstice. It was looted by Vikings who left one of the largest collection of runic inscriptions in the world.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References 

Prehistoric buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Scotland
Archaeological sites in Scotland
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Orkney
Neolithic
Acrostic

An acrostic is a poem or other form of writing. In an acrostic, the first letter, syllable, or word of every line, paragraph, or other feature spells out a word or a message. It can be used to remember things. For example, Edgar Allan Poe wrote an acrostic poem in English:

Elizabeth it is in vain you say
"Love not" — thou sayest it in so sweet a way:
In vain those words from thee or L.E.L.
Zantippe's talents had enforced so well:
Ah! if that language from thy heart arise,
Breath it less gently forth — and veil thine eyes.
Endymion, recollect, when Luna tried
To cure his love — was cured of all beside —
His follie — pride — and passion — for he died.

The first letters of each line (E, L, I, Z, A, B, E, T, H) spell out Elizabeth.

References 
 

Literary terms
Stan Baluik

Stanley Baluik (born October 5, 1935 in Port Arthur, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre and professional golfer.

In hockey, Baluik played from 1954 to 1964 in the Ontario Hockey Association, Quebec Hockey League, Western Hockey League, American Hockey League, and National Hockey League. He won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award as Rookie of the Year while playing with the Providence Reds of the AHL in 1959-60. He played in 7 games for the Boston Bruins in the NHL during the 1959-60 season.

In golf, Baluik turned professional in 1955 and was club pro at the Fort William Country Club in Fort William, Ontario during the hockey off-season. In 1963, he accepted a position at the Kirkbrae Country Club in Lincoln, Rhode Island where he continues to work. He won several amateur and professional tournaments in Canada and New England, including the 1965 Vermont Open and the 1971 Rhode Island Open.

References

Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame profile

1935 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Golfers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players