cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Srinivasa Ramanujan

Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar (December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920) was an Indian mathematician. He is considered to be one of the most talented mathematicians in recent history. His father's name was K.Srinivasa iyengar and mother's name was Komalatammal. On 1st October 1892 Ramanujan was enrolled at local school. He did not like school so he tried to avoid attending. He had no formal training in mathematics. However, he has made a large contribution to number theory, infinite series and continued fractions.

He was mentored by G. H. Hardy in the early 1910s. After getting his degree at Cambridge, Ramanujan did his own work. He compiled over 3500 identities and equations in his life. Some of the identities were found in his “lost notebook”. When the notebook was discovered, mathematicians proved almost all of Ramanujan's work. His discoveries have led to many advancements in mathematics. His formulae are now being used in crystallography and string theory.

In 2011, Ramanujan's birthday was made "National Mathematics Day" by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

Related pages
 List of Indian scientists
 Taxicab number 
 Triangular number

References

Other websites
 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Srinivasa-Ramanujan

1887 births
1920 deaths
Indian mathematicians
Number theorists
North South MRT line

The North South MRT line is the first Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line in Singapore to be built. It is 45 km long with 26 stations, and it is being operated by SMRT Trains. It would usually take one hour to travel from one end of the MRT line to the other. This line is coloured red on the MRT Rail map.

This line joins the Central area of Singapore to the Northern and Southern areas of Singapore. To transfer to the East West MRT line, a commuter can transfer at Jurong East, Raffles Place or City Hall. Transferring to the North East MRT Line is done at Dhoby Ghaut with a linkway. Bishan MRT Station, Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station and Marina Bay MRT Station can transfer a commuter to the Circle MRT Line. Transfer to the Downtown line is provided at Newton MRT Station.

History

Main route
The first section of the north south line opened on 7 November 1987 between Toa Payoh and Yio Chu Kang. Afterwards, the section to Outram Park (now on the East West MRT line) opened. Following that, the rest of the line opened stage by stage.

Woodlands Extension
The Woodlands Extension was planned to close the gap between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang. It consists of 6 stations, and opened on 10 February 1996.

Marina South Pier extension (NSLe)
A 1-kilometre extension of the line to Marina South Pier MRT Station was opened in 2014.

Timeline of stations opened
 7 November 1987: Yio Chu Kang – Toa Payoh 
 12 December 1987: Toa Payoh – Raffles Place
 20 December 1988: Yio Chu Kang – Yishun
 4 November 1989: Raffles Place – Marina Bay
 10 March 1990: Jurong East – Choa Chu Kang 
 10 February 1996: Yishun – Choa Chu Kang
 23 November 2014: Marina Bay – Marina South Pier
 2 November 2019: Canberra

Major Incidents

2011

2015

2017
On 7 October, services on the line was stopped between Ang Mo Kio and Marina South Pier around 6pm, after the tunnels between Bishan and Braddell flooded following heavy rain, and a fire was seen near Raffles Place. Services between Newton and Marina South Pier was resumed at around 9.30pm but the section between Newton and Ang Mo Kio remained closed overnight. It opened at 2pm the following day after staff and the SCDF worked overnight to clear the water from the tunnel. SMRT reported that a faulty water pump was the cause of the flooding. This was the worst train incident in SMRT's history.

Stations

References

1987 establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
Shrek the Third

Shrek the Third (also known as Shrek 3) is a 2007  animated movie and is the third movie in the Shrek movie series.

It was directed by Chris Miller and Raman Hui and stars Mike Myers as Shrek, Cameron Diaz as Fiona, Eddie Murphy as the donkey, Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots, Julie Andrews as Fiona's mother, John Cleese as Fiona's father, Rupert Everett as Prince Charming, Eric Idle as Merlin and Justin Timberlake as Arthur. It is about Shrek trying to get a new king for far far away because the other King died. Like the first two movies, this movie is parody of fairy tales.

Release Dates

Related pages
Shrek
Shrek 2
Shrek Forever After

References

2007 movies
2007 animated movies
2007 computer-animated movies
Shrek
Arthurian movies
American comedy movies
Sequel movies
American animated movies
Movies composed by Harry Gregson-Williams
Pregnancy movies
Paramount movies
SMRT Trains

SMRT Trains Limited () is a rail operator in Singapore and a wholly owned subsidiary of SMRT Corporation. It was first known as Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) when the company was founded in 6 August 1987. It was renamed Singapore MRT Limited before becoming its current name, SMRT Trains in 2004.

Other websites
 Official website

MRT Singapore
Symphony X

Symphony X are an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey.

Founded in 1994 by guitarist Michael Romeo, their albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite have given the band considerable attention within the progressive metal community.

Line-up

Current members 
 Russell Allen − vocals (1995–present)
 Michael Romeo − guitar (1994–present)
 Michael Pinnella − keyboards (1994–present)
 Michael Lepond − bass guitar (2000–present)
 Jason Rullo − drums (1994–1998, 2000–present)

Former members 
 Rod Tyler − vocals (1994)
 Thomas Miller − bass guitar (1994−2000)
 Thomas Walling − drums (1998−2000)

Discography

References

Other websites 

 Symphony X's official website
 Symphony X's official MySpace page
 Official French website 

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Progressive metal bands
Testament (band)

Testament is an American thrash metal band from Berkeley, California, formed in 1983. They are often credited as one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene. In the  years since its inception, Testament has had numerous lineup changes, and guitarist Eric Peterson has been the only constant member, although the band currently features three original members.

Discography

Studio albums

References

Other websites

 

1983 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Atlantic Records artists
Musicians from Berkeley, California
Death metal bands
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups from California
Speed metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Demonic (album)

Demonic is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Testament. It was released in 1997. The lyrics deal with occult themes more like their 1980s efforts instead of the political topics covered on more recent releases.

Musically, Testament takes a slower, almost death metal oriented approach with grinding guitar riffs and Chuck Billy's vocal work consisting primarily of death growls.

This album also marked the first time, as Testament, that the band used the old Legacy pentagram graphic.

Track listing
 "Demonic Refusal" – 5:21
 "The Burning Times" – 5:15
 "Together as One" – 4:17
 "Jun-Jun" – 3:43
 "John Doe" – 3:11
 "Murky Waters" – 3:00
 "Hatred's Rise" – 3:15
 "Distorted Lives" – 3:36
 "New Eyes of Old" – 3:00
 "Ten Thousand Thrones" – 4:37
 "Nostrovia" – 1:32
 "Rapid Fire" (Judas Priest cover) (2008 reissue bonus track) - 3:42

Credits
 Chuck Billy: Vocals
 Eric Peterson: Guitar
 Derrick Ramirez: Bass
 Gene Hoglan: Drums
 Glen Alvelais: Lead guitar on track 9
 Dave McKean: Album cover artwork

Bonus Track: Rapid Fire
 Greg Christian: Bass
 James Murphy: Lead guitar
 Chris Kontos: Drums

1997 albums
Rainbow (band)

Rainbow (also known as Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow or Blackmore's Rainbow) were an English hard rock band, controlled by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore from 1975 to 1984 and 1994 to 1997. It was originally established with former Elf members, though over the years Rainbow went through many line-up changes with no two studio albums featuring the same line-up. In addition to lead singers Ronnie James Dio, Graham Bonnet, Joe Lynn Turner and Doogie White, the project consisted of numerous backing musicians. The band started out combining mystical lyric themes with neo-classical metal, but went in a more streamlined commercial style following Dio's departure from the group.

Rainbow was ranked #90 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock.

Band members
Core member
Ritchie Blackmore – guitar (1975–1984, 1994–1997)
Other members
Ronnie James Dio – lead vocals (1975–1978)
Craig Gruber – bass (1975)
Micky Lee Soule – keyboards (1975)
Gary Driscoll – drums (1975)
Jimmy Bain – bass (1975–1977)
Tony Carey – keyboards (1975–1977)
Cozy Powell – drums (1975–1980)
Mark Clarke – bass (1977)
Bob Daisley – bass, backing vocals (1977–1978)
David Stone – keyboards (1977–1978)
Jack Green – bass (1978–1979)
Graham Bonnet – lead vocals (1979–1980)

Roger Glover – bass, backing vocals (1979–1984)
Don Airey – keyboards, backing vocals (1979–1981)
Joe Lynn Turner – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1980–1984)
Bobby Rondinelli – drums (1980–1983)
David Rosenthal – keyboards (1981–1984)
Chuck Burgi – drums (1983–1984, 1995–1997)
Doogie White – lead vocals (1994–1997)
Greg Smith – bass, backing vocals (1994–1997)
Paul Morris – keyboards (1994–1997)
John O'Reilly – drums (1994–1995)
John Micelli – drums (1997)

Discography

Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow (1975)
Rising (1976)
On Stage (1977)
Long Live Rock 'n' Roll (1978)
Down to Earth (1979)
Difficult to Cure (1981)
Straight Between the Eyes (1982)
Bent Out of Shape (1983)
Finyl Vinyl (1986)
Stranger in Us All (1995)

References

Other websites

The Rainbow Fanclan Legacy

1980s music groups
1990s music groups
New Taiwan dollar

The New Taiwan dollar () (currency code TWD and common abbreviation NT$), or simply Taiwan dollar, is the official currency of Taiwan. It was used since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar. It was first printed by the Bank of Taiwan, it has been printed by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000.

Currency of Asia
Economy of Taiwan
Crown of thorns

The crown of thorns (also known as  Christ plant, or Christ thorn, called Corona de Cristo in Latin America) is a woody, succulent species of Euphorbia native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821. It is suspected that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus.

Euphorbiaceae
Joseph Romm

Joseph J. Romm (born June 27, 1960) is an American physicist, writer and environmentalist. He has an interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. He is also interested in energy security through energy efficiency and green energy technologies.

Romm's 2006 book was Hell and High Water: Global Warming — the Solution and the Politics — and What We Should Do.

In December 2008, Romm was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  In March 2009, Rolling Stone magazine named Romm as one of "100 People Who Are Changing America".  In September 2009, Time magazine named him one of its "Heroes of the Environment".

Related pages
Amory Lovins
Christopher Flavin
Energy conservation
Peak oil
Renewable energy commercialization

References

Scientists from New York
American physicists
Writers from New York
Green thinkers
1960 births
Living people
American bloggers
Spiritual (music)

Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are the songs which were sung by the black slaves in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.  The words to many Negro spirituals have Christian themes.  This is because Black slaves in the United States turned to religion, as a way to cope with the pain of slavery. Negro spirituals combine traditional West African musical style with the style of Christian hymns from Europe.

Related pages
Gospel music

African-American history
Christian music
Songs
Folk music
Slavery
Stamford, Lincolnshire

Stamford is a town and civil parish in Southern Lincolnshire, a county in England. It is on the River Welland and is located in the borough of South Kesteven. The town centre is 92 miles (148 km) north of London, the capital city.

The town is located very close to the borders with Cambridgeshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire. The town is in Lincolnshire, but has a Peterborough post code, a city in Cambridgeshire.

It is a very old town. Many 17th and 18th-century buildings and old timber-framed buildings still stand in the town. It also has five medieval churches.

There are over 600 listed buildings in the town and surrounding area.

The Sunday Times rated the town the best place to live in a survey in 2013.

Gallery

Towns in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
University of Concepción

The University of Concepción is a university in Concepción, Chile. It is the oldest university in the south of Chile.

History 
This university was founded by Enrique Molina Garmendia in 1919.

Other websites 
 University of Concepción Official website

Concepción
Concepción
1919 establishments
1910s establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Chile
Jotunheimen

Jotunheimen is a large mountain range in Norway. It is named after Jötunheimr. Its highest peak, Galdhøpiggen (2469 metres) is the highest mountain in Scandinavia.

Mountain ranges
Mountains of Norway
Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception

The Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception is a university located in Concepción, Chile. It is one of the universities in the south of Chile.

History 
This university was created and founded on 1991 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción.

Other websites 
 Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception official website

Concepción
Concepción
1991 establishments in South America
1990s establishments in Chile
R2-D2

R2-D2 (phonetically spelled Artoo-Detoo, and called "R2" for short), is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe. An astromech droid, R2-D2 is a major character throughout all seven Star Wars films. Along with his droid companion C-3PO, he joins or supports Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker, and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga. R2-D2 was played by Kenny Baker.

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars characters
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters

de:Figuren aus Star Wars#R2-D2
Illinois Senate

The Illinois Senate is the upper chamber in the Illinois General Assembly, the legislative branch of the government of the state of Illinois. Created in 1818 by the constitution of the first state, the Illinois senate is comprised 59 senators elected from individual legislative districts determined by population. According to Illinois' 1970 constitution, senators are divided into three groups, each group having a two-year term at a different part of the decade between censuses, with the rest of the decade being taken up by two four-year terms. Depending on the election year, roughly one-third, two-thirds, or all Senate seats may be contested. In contrast, the Illinois House of Representatives is made up of 118 members with its entire membership elected to two-year terms. House districts are formed by dividing each Senate district in half.

By party

References

Senate
State upper houses in the United States
Star anise

Star anise (Illicium verum) is a spice plant which tastes like anise. The star shaped fruits are harvested before they start getting ripe.

Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is not edible because it is "highly toxic"; instead, it may be burned as incense in Japan.

Use as medicine 
Star anise has been used in a tea, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals for digestion.

Star anise is grown in four places in China and harvested between March and May. It is also found in the south of New South Wales.

Flowering plants
Spices
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche

Thubten Zopa Rinpoche (born 1946) is a lama from Nepal. He took his monks vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas. Lama Zopa is the co-founder, with Lama Yeshe, of Kopan Monastery and the FPMT. Since the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe, Lama Zopa has served as the FPMT's spiritual director. Zopa's books are published by Wisdom Publications. Free books and a vast online collection of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. There is an extensive biography of him in the book 'The Lawudo Lama' , by Jamyang Wangmo.

Related pages
Dalai Lama
Tibetan Buddhism

References

Other websites
 Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive
 FPMT

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
Nepalese people
1946 births
Living people
Simon Cziommer

Simon Cziommer (born 6 November 1980 in Nordhorn) is a German footballer. He plays for the Dutch club Vitesse.

Career
He started his career in his local football club FC Schüttdorf 09. Soon he went to the Netherlands   where he played for Twente Enschede, AZ Alkmaar, and FC Utrecht. 2003- 2006 he played for Schalke 04 in the German Bundesliga. Since 2009 he plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He also played for the German U20-team.

Honours
Champions League player with Schalke 04
Austrian Champion with Red Bull Salzburg 2010

Other websites

Players profile Official Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg(German)
Players profile Austrian Soccer Board(German)

1980 births
Living people
German footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Sportspeople from Lower Saxony
Kopan Monastery

Kopan Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Boudhanath, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal. It belongs to the FPMT, an international network of Gelugpa dharma centers, and once served as its headquarters.

The monastery was established by the FPMT founders, Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who bought the property from Nepal's royal astrologer in 1969. Its name comes from the name of the hill on which it was built. 

Kopan has become famous for teaching Buddhism to visiting Western foreigners. The first of what would become annual month-long (November-December) meditation courses was held in 1971. These courses generally combine traditional Lam Rim teachings with informal discussion, several periods of guided meditation, and a vegetarian diet.

Tibetan Buddhism
Buddhist buildings
Las Condes

Las Condes is a commune and city in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. At the 2002 census, 249,893 people lived there.

References

Other websites 
Municipality of Las Condes 

Cities in Chile
Volkswagen Crafter

The Volkswagen Crafter is a series of vans and buses which is a rebadged Mercedes Sprinter. It replaced the Volkswagen LT in 2006. In 2016, a new Crafter was unveiled but now it's Volkswagen's own van and no longer a rebadged Sprinter.

Engines 
 2.5 TDI 65 kW (88 hp)
 2.5 TDI 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.5 TDI 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.5 TDI 120 kW (163 hp)

Vans
Buses
Crafter
Red Bull Brasil

Red Bull Brasil, also known as RB Brasil, is a Brazilian association football club from Campinas, São Paulo. The club was founded in 2007 by initiative of energy drink-maker Red Bull GmbH. Red Bull Brasil plays in the top tier of Campeonato Paulista, the São Paulo state league. In 2017, Red Bull Brasil makes their second appearance in the fourth tier of Campeonato Brasileiro (the first was in 2015).

Head coaches
 Paulo Sérgio   (2008)
 Ricardo Pinto   (2008–2009)
 José Luis Fernandes (2009)
 Jair Picerni (2009)
 Márcio Fernandes: (2010–2011)
 Luciano Dias(2011–)

Current team

Season's results
2008: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
2009: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
Champion
2010: Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (III)
Champion
2011: Campeonato Paulista Série A2 (II)

Related pages
New York Red Bulls
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg
RB Leipzig

References

Other websites
Official Homepage Red Bull Brasil

Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
2007 establishments
2000s establishments in Brazil
Eomaia

Eomaia ('dawn mother') is an early fossil eutherian mammal. It is exceptionally well-preserved for a 125 million-year-old specimen.

It was discovered in rocks of the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China. These strata date to the Lower Cretaceous about 125 million years ago (mya).

The fossil is  in length and virtually complete. It weighed between . Although the fossil's skull is squashed flat, its teeth, tiny foot bones, cartilages and even its fur are visible.

Eomaia is a eutherian. The eutherians are the placental mammals plus some extinct mammals which had not developed a placenta.

What distinguishes the Eutheria from metatherians, a group that includes modern marsupials, are various features of the feet, jaws and teeth.

However Eomaia is not a true placental mammal as it lacks some features that are specific to placentals.
Eomaia has:
variations in the shin and ankles.
an ancestral eutherian dental formula.
a wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis, which allows the birth of large, well-developed offspring. Marsupials have and non-placental eutherians had a narrower opening that allows only small, immature offspring to pass through.
Eomaia has epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis. These are not found in any placental mammal, but are found in all other mammals, even in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals. Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion. This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals, whose abdomens need to expand.

Its discoverers sampled 268 characters from all major Mesozoic mammal clades and principal eutherian families of the Cretaceous period. As a result, they claimed Eomaia is at the root of the eutherian "family tree" with a few other fossils.

The Eomaia fossil shows clear traces of hair. However this is not the earliest clear evidence of hair in the mammalian lineage, as fossils of the docodont Castorocauda, discovered in rocks dated to about 164 mya, also have traces of fur.

Related pages 
 Juramaia
 Sinodelphys

References

Other websites 
 New Scientist article on original find.
 Nat. Geo. article

Mammals
Fossils
Cretaceous
China
East West MRT line

The East West MRT line was the 2nd Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. The line is currently 49.2 km long with 35 stations. It is the longest MRT line in Singapore and it is operated by SMRT Corporation. It takes about 1 hour to travel from end to end and this line is coloured green on MRT system maps.

The MRT line joins central Singapore to the western and eastern parts of the island, with another branch to Changi Airport from Tanah Merah. Transferring to the North South line is done at Jurong East, City Hall and Raffles Place stations while transfer to the North East Line at Outram Park station is possible using a linkway. For Circle Line at Paya Lebar station and Buona Vista using an underpass and linkway. The Downtown Line will interchange with the East West Line at the Bugis, Tampines and Expo MRT stations.

Stations

Changi Airport Extension

Other websites 
 LTA - Expanding The Rail Network: LTA To Build Boon Lay MRT Extension 
 Urbanrail.net - Singapore

1987 establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
Red Bull Arena (Leipzig)

The Red Bull Arena is a football stadium in Leipzig, Germany. It is the homeground of RB Leipzig.

History
The Zentralstadion was built between 1954 and 1956. 100,000 visitors could enter the stadium. It was used for the sport festivals of the GDR, GDR football team matches, and other sports. The largest number of visitors was during a football match between SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt and FC Kaiserslautern when 110,000 people entered.

It was renovated between 2000 and 2004. The renovation reduced the number of visitors that can enter the stadium. The first match in the new stadium was FC Sachsen Leipzig – Borussia Dortmund (Amateure) in front of 28,000 visitors. Now it is only used for football matches and concerts.

In 2010, Red Bull bought the right to name the stadium for 30 years. It is now called "Red Bull Arena" and became the homeground of RB Leipzig, which is owned by Red Bull.

2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006
The stadium was venue for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006.

Confederation Cup 2005
Australia-Tunesia 44,337 visitors
Brazil - Greece 42,507 visitors

World Cup 2006

Other websites

 erlebnis-stadion.de: History and renovation (German)
 wm-2006-leipzig.de: Pictures
 zentralstadion-le.de: Pictures

Buildings and structures in Saxony
Football stadiums in Germany
Leipzig
Sport in Saxony
1956 establishments
Stolen base

In baseball, a stolen base is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate.  In baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as SB. It is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.

If the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called defensive indifference (also called fielder's indifference).  No stolen base is credited to the runner in this case.  Defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run.  MLB Rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.

Strategy

A player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing. The scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the Major League Baseball rule book.

If a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can. A player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light". Players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.

References

Other websites
Baseball-Almanac.com list of All-Time Career stolen bases leaders

Baseball statistics
Baseball rules
Pasadena Star-News

The Pasadena Star-News is the local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California. The Star-News is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, since 1996. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the San Gabriel Valley Tribune and the Whittier Daily News. 

Ridder Newspapers bought the Star-News in 1956; Bernard J. Ridder took over as Publisher. Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974. The paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by William Dean Singleton; the Thomson Corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later. Thomson sold the Star-News to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

The Pasadena Star-News was first published in 1884. The paper was in a building at the corner of Colorado Blvd. and Oakland Avenue for years.  This building is now being used by Technique at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts and 24 Hour Fitness.

The newspaper also published the Rose Magazine.

References

Other websites
Pasadena Star-News website

Newspapers in California
Pasadena, California
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in California
4319 Jackierobinson

4319 Jackierobinson (1981 ER14) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on March 1, 1981 by Schelte J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory. It was found during the U.K. Schmidt-Caltech Asteroid Survey. It was named after Jackie Robinson, the first African-American major league baseball player of the modern era.

Other websites 
 JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 4319 Jackierobinson

Asteroids
Baseball-Reference.com

Baseball-Reference.com is a website that lists statistics for every player in Major League Baseball history. The site is often used by large media companies and baseball broadcasters as a source of information.

History
The website came online in April 2000.  It had originally been published in February 2000 as part of the website for the Big Bad Baseball Annual. It was first built as a web version of the Lahman Baseball Database. Now it uses variety of data sources. It has year-by-year team pages, a baseball encyclopedia (the Bullpen, powered by MediaWiki software, using the GFDL), box scores and game logs from every MLB game back to 1954 and minor league player stats back to 1900. The Oracle of Baseball can link any two players by common teammates. The Oracle of Baseball is based on the Oracle of Bacon website.

Developer Sean Forman was a math professor at Saint Joseph's University before working for this project full-time.

In February 2009, Fantasy Sports Ventures bought part of Sports Reference, the parent company of Baseball-Reference, for a "low seven-figure sum". In reporting this purchase, journalist Eric Fisher wrote:The Sports Reference sites combine to generate more than 1 million unique users per month, according to internal analytics. Company president and former college math professor Sean Forman has become something of a folk hero to baseball fans for the massive depth of data stretching to the 19th century and for the ease of navigation within Baseball-Reference.com.

References

Other websites
Baseball-Reference.com
"The man behind the numbers: Former math professor creates statistics uber-site,"  Sports Illustrated (February 6, 2007)

Major League Baseball
Baseball statistics
Websites established in the 2000s
Ryan Miller

Ryan Miller (born July 17, 1980) is an American ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver Canucks, and St. Louis Blues.

On July 1, 2014, Miller signed a three-year, $18 million contract with the Vancouver Canucks.

Career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

International

Awards and achievements

College
CCHA First All-Star Team (2001, 2002)
NCAA West First All-American Team (2001, 2002)
CCHA Player of the Year (2001, 2002)
Hobey Baker Memorial Award (Top U.S. Collegiate Player) (2001)
C-Bone Classic Champion (2001)
CCHA Second All-Star Team (2000)

AHL
AHL First All-Star Team (2005)
Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award (Outstanding Goaltender – AHL) (2005)

NHL
Starter for the Eastern Conference in NHL All-Star Game (2007)
NHL Foundation Player Award (2010)
Vezina Trophy for top goaltender (2010)
NHL First All-Star Team (2010)

International
MVP of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
Best Goaltender of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
All-star selection of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Ryan Miller – Sabres.com 
 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Buffalo Sabres players
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
St. Louis Blues players
Vancouver Canucks players
Vezina Trophy winners
American ice hockey goaltenders
Oreo

The Oreo is a cookie sandwich or cream biscuit. It is made by the Nabisco division of Mondelēz International. The cookie has a sweet, white filling of "creme" or "cream". The creme is in between two circle-shaped chocolate or golden cookie pieces.

Oreos come in many different flavours like chocolate, vanilla, red velvet, caramel coconut, chocolate marshmallow and many more.

The origin of the name "Oreo" is not known, but there are many ideas for why they are called that. It may have been named after a plant genus called Oreodaphne, but it could be named after the French word or (which means gold in English) and it could be named after the Greek word  (), which means 'nice' or 'attractive'.

References

Cookies
1939–40 NHL season

The 1939–40 NHL season was the 23rd season for the National Hockey League.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
Note: All dates in 1940

Playoff bracket

Quarter-finals and Semi-finals
Series A: Boston Bruins vs. New York Rangers

Rangers win best of seven series 4 games to 2

Series B: Chicago Black Hawks vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0

Series C: New York Americans vs. Detroit Red Wings

Detroit wins best of three series 2 games to 1

Series D: Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0

Stanley Cup Final

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. New York Rangers

New York wins best of seven series 4 games to 2

Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Playoff leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References

Hockey Database
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Stats - quanthockey.com
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Goaltender Stats
NHL.com

1939
1940
1930s in North America
1940s in North America
North East MRT line

The North East MRT Line (NEL) is the third Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. The line is 20 km long with 16 stations and operated by SBS Transit. Travelling from one end of this line to the other end takes about half an hour. This line is coloured purple in the rail map.

The line joins central Singapore to the north-eastern part of the island. Transfer to the North South Line is done at Dhoby Ghaut station, East West Line at Outram Park station, Circle Line at Serangoon and Dhoby Ghaut and Downtown MRT Line at Chinatown and Little India stations.

This line is the first MRT line in Singapore to be completely underground (running in a tunnel all the way between HarbourFront and Punggol). It is also the first (and so far, the only) line where trains get their power from overhead wires above the track, instead of a third rail beside the track.

All the trains on the North East Line are automated (computer-controlled) and do not have an operator driving the train at the front. It is one of the world's first rapid transit lines that does not need drivers and is one of three such lines in the MRT network today. The others are the Circle Line and the Downtown Line.

Stations

The Land Transport Authority has announced that it will extend the North East Line from its current northern terminal at Punggol to a new station called Punggol Coast. Construction will begin in 2018, and it is expected to open in 2023.

References

Other websites
North East Line (SBS Transit)
North East Line (Land Transport Authority) 
Railway Technology on the NEL

2003 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
List of Singapore MRT stations

The following lists all rail stations of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system in Singapore, with underground stations listed in italics. There are 151 stations in operation. Many more are in various stages of planning and construction (as shown in the latest system map).

MRT stations

Related pages
 List of Singapore LRT stations

Notes
 A  Opening date of interchange platform adjacent to, within, or below the existing station.
 B  Station will be built when the area undergoes development.
 C  Original location of station and lines leading to station were shifted due to the Nicoll Highway collapse.
 D  Station completed, but opening delayed until the area populates.

References

Other websites
 Train System Map

Rail transport lists
At bat

In baseball, an at bat (AB) or time at bat is used for certain statistics.  These statistics include batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage. It is a more narrow definition of a plate appearance. A batter starts with an at bat every time he faces a pitcher; however, the batter gets "no time at bat" in the following cases:
 He receives a base on balls (BB).
 He is hit by a pitch (HBP).
 He hits a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice hit (also known as sacrifice bunt).
 He is awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.
 The inning ends while he is still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example). In this case, the batter will come to bat again in the next inning, though he now has no balls or strikes on him.
 He is replaced by another hitter before his at bat is completed (unless he is replaced with two strikes and his replacement strikes out).

Section 10.02.a.1 of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as:
"Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (1) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (2) is awarded first base on four called balls; (3) is hit by a pitched ball; or (4) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction..."

Examples
An at bat is counted when:
The batter reaches first base on a hit
The batter reaches first base on an error
The batter is called out for any reason other than as part of a sacrifice
There is a fielder's choice

References

Baseball statistics
Cal Ripken, Jr.

Calvin Edwin "Cal" Ripken, Jr. (born August 24, 1960), nicknamed "Iron Man", is a former Major League Baseball shortstop and third baseman. He played his whole 21-year baseball career for the Baltimore Orioles (1981–2001).

Ripken is perhaps best known for breaking New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig's record for consecutive games played.  The record had been called too hard to break. He beat the 56-year-old record when he played in his 2,131st straight game on September 6, 1995 between the Orioles and the California Angels in front of a sold-out crowd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Ripken hit a home run in the game the night before that tied Gehrig's record and another home run in his 2,131st game. Fans later voted this game as Major League Baseball's "Most Memorable Moment" in MLB history. Ripken played in an 501 more straight games over the next three years.  His streak ended at 2,632 games when he removed his name from the lineup for the final Orioles home game of the 1998 season.  His record 2,632 straight games lasted over seventeen seasons, from May 30, 1982 to September 20, 1998.

A 19-time All-Star and member of the 3000 hit club, Ripken is considered one of the best shortstops and third basemen to ever play the game. At 6' 4" (1.93 m), 225 lbs. (102.27 kg), he led the way for taller, larger shortstops to be successful in that position.  When voted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007, he was a first ballot inductee with the third highest voting percentage (98.53%) in Hall of Fame history, behind Tom Seaver (98.84%) and Nolan Ryan (98.79%).

He is a best-selling author and the President and CEO of Ripken Baseball, Inc. The company's goal is to grow the love of baseball from a more grassroots level.  Established in 2001, Ripken Baseball represents Cal and his brother Bill's business and philanthropy dealings and focuses on several subsidiaries: Ripken Management and Design, Youth Camps and Clinics, Cal Ripken, Sr. foundation, Ripken Professional Baseball, with three minor-league teams—the Aberdeen IronBirds (affiliated with the Orioles); the Augusta GreenJackets (affiliated with the San Francisco Giants); and the Charlotte Stone Crabs (affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays)—and Ironclad Authentics.

References

American baseball players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Baltimore Orioles players
Sportspeople from Maryland
1960 births
Living people
Battle of Finnburg

The Battle of Finnburg was a battle between the Frisians and the Danes.  It was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the Finnesburg Fragment and Beowulf. These may describe a real or a completelymythical event.

Story
According to the Finnesburg Fragment, the Danish prince Hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the Finnburg.  Finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law Finn, king of the Frisians. There a fight started between the Frisians and the Danes.  A battle took place that lasted for three days. The verses of the story that were found (which is thought to be a small part of the original work) do not explain why the fight started, nor do they give the outcome of the battle.

In a passage of Beowulf, a bard sings a song about the ending of the battle, here named Freswael. This is the same story as in the Finnesburg Fragment.  While in less detail, the Beowulf episode is complete. Here it is seen that the Frisians won the battle. The Danish prince Hnaef and Finn's son died in the battle. After the fighting, the parties make peace, and the new Danish leader Hingest (who some have identified as Hengest) is allowed to leave with the surviving Danes.

References

Sources
Finnesburg Fragment
Beowulf

Finnburg
5th century
Moose River Plains Wild Forest

The Moose River Plains Wild Forest is a  forest in Adirondack Park, which is in the Hamilton and Herkimer counties in the U.S. state of New York. It is designated a Wild Forest by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Rivers and lakes

Geography of New York
Forests
Caspar Wessel

Caspar Wessel (June 8, 1745 – March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.

He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of candidatus juris, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.

As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, Om directionens analytiske betegning, (On the Analytical Representation of Direction) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.

One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's Om directionens analytiske betegning was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.

His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "On the analytic representation of direction" (ed. J. Lützen et al.).

Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.

References

Danish scientists
Norwegian people
Norwegian mathematicians
1745 births
1818 deaths
Global Handwashing Day

Global Handwashing Day is a campaign to encourage people around the world to wash their hands with soap.  It takes place on October 15 of each year.  The campaign's goal is to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a key way to prevent diseases with hygiene. 

The holiday was made at the annual World Water Week 2008, which was held in Stockholm from August 17 to 23.  Out of this week came the Public Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW). The Global Handwashing Day took place for the first time on October 15, 2008, the date appointed by United Nations General Assembly to go along with the year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation.

The theme for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year was Focus on School Children. The members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than seventy countries.

References

Other websites
 Official site for Global Handwashing Day
 World Bank Sanitation Program
 UNICEF

Hygiene
500 home run club

In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 500 home run club is a term given to the group of batters who have hit 500 or more regular-season home runs in their careers. On August 11, 1929, Babe Ruth became the first member of the club. Ruth ended his career with 714 home runs.  This record stood from 1935 until Hank Aaron broke it in 1974. Aaron's ending career total, 755, stayed the record until Barry Bonds set the current mark of 762 during the 2007 season. Albert Pujols is the most recent to reach 500 home runs; he hit his 500th home run on April 22, 2014. Twenty-six players are members of the 500 home run club.

Of these 26 players, 14 were right-handed batters, 10 were left-handed, and 2 were switch hitters (meaning they could bat from either side of the plate). The San Francisco Giants are the only franchise to have four players reach 500 home runs while on their roster: Mel Ott while the team was in New York, Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and most recently Bonds. Four 500 home run club members—Aaron, Mays, Eddie Murray, and Rafael Palmeiro—are also members of the 3,000 hit club. Sheffield's 500th home run was his first career home run with the New York Mets, the first time that a player's 500th home run was also his first with his franchise. Alex Rodriguez, at 32 years and 8 days, was the youngest player to hit 500.  Ted Williams, at 41 years and 291 days, was the oldest.

Being a member of the 500 home run club is sometimes described as a guarantee of entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame.  Some believe the milestone has become less meaningful in recent years. Four club members who are now eligible for election to the Hall of Fame—Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Mark McGwire and Palmeiro—have not been elected. Eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or be dead for at least six months. Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members; 10 players joined the club from 1999 to 2009. Also, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs. Some believe that by not electing McGwire to the Hall, the voters were starting a "guideline" on how they would treat players from the "Steroid Era". Since then, Bonds and Sosa have also failed to earn election. Most recently, Palmeiro became the first club member to be dropped from the Hall of Fame ballot, failing to earn enough votes (5% of votes cast) in the 2014 election to stay on the ballot.

Key

Members
Statistics up to date as of June 8, 2014

Footnotes
Although MLB.com's 500 Home Run Club page lists Mathews at 511 home runs, his listings on both MLB.com and Baseball-Reference show 512.

References
General

Specific

Baseball statistics
Whittier Daily News

The Whittier Daily News is the local daily newspaper for Whittier, California. The Daily News is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the San Gabriel Valley Tribune and the Pasadena Star-News. 

Thomson Newspapers purchased the newspaper in 1982. Thomson sold the Daily News to William Dean Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

Other websites
Official website
Mobile website 

Newspapers in California
Whittier, California
San Gabriel Valley Tribune

The San Gabriel Valley Tribune is the daily newspaper in West Covina, California.  It serves the San Gabriel Valley. The Tribune is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the Pasadena Star-News and the Whittier Daily News. 

The newspaper chain Brush-Moore bought the Tribune in 1960.  Thomson Newspapers purchased Brush-Moore in 1967. Thomson sold the Tribune to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

References

Other websites
Official website

Newspapers in California
Companies based in Los Angeles