cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Royal New Zealand Navy

The Royal New Zealand Navy is the navy of New Zealand. It is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. As of 2012 the Navy includes twelve ships. Five Naval helicopters are operated by the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The Navy was formed during World War II in 1942. Prior to that the Royal Navy had protected New Zealand.

History
WIP

Organisation
The Navy's fleet is grouped into four groups (also called forces).
 Naval Combat Force: The Navy's fighting ships (frigates).
 Naval Patrol Force: The Navy's patrol boats.
 Logistics Support Force: The Navy's support ships (e.g. tankers).
 Littoral Warfare Support Group: The Navy's coastal forces.
Air support uses the SH-2G Seasprite helicopter. They are operated by both the Navy and Air Force. They are part of No. 6 Squadron RNZAF. The helicopters mainly serve on HMNZS Canterbury, the frigates and the Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).

Current Role
 Defence: "to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest."
 International Participation: Supporting peace-keeping and other missions around the globe.
 Civilian Support: Helping Government agencies such as customs.

Bases
The Navy has one base in Auckland Harbour called the Devonport Naval Base. It is named after the naval base in Plymouth, Britain. The base includes harbour facilities for the whole fleet. It also includes a dry-dock, once the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and the Navy's school.

Personnel
On 1 July 2007 the RNZN had a total of 2,034 Regular Force personnel, 237 Naval Reserve personnel and 378 civilian employees, totalling 2,699. Around 1800 of that total are based at the Devonport Naval base in Auckland.

On 1 January 2011 the RNZN consisted of 2,135 Regular Force personnel, 332 Naval Reserve personnel and 375 civilian staff.

Vessels
This is not a complete list of all Royal Navy vessels. It is a simplified version of only the major units for simplicity.

Anzac Class Frigate
HMNZS Te Kaha (F77) is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1997. Her name means strength in Maori. She has served in the Persian Gulf and Solomon Islands.

HMNZS Te Mana (F111) is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1999. Her name means authority in Maori. She is regularly sent to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman on patrol.

Canterbury Class MRV
HMNZS Canterbury (L421) is the navy's flagship. She entered service in 2007. She is named after one of the big cities in New Zealand, Canterbury. The last HMNZS Canterbury was a famous ship in the Navy. She can do a variety of roles to support the Navy and Army. She has responded to all of the major disasters in Australia and New Zealand since her commissioning.

References

New Zealand
New Zealand
1942 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Androidland

Androidland is the first Android retail store, opened by the company Telstra on Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia, in December 2011. Two more Androidland stores opened in India in 2013.

Related pages
 Google Nexus
 Galaxy Nexus

References

Other websites
Official Telstra Press Release
News of about the store at the Official Google Australia Blog
Images of the store

Google
Android (operating system)
2011 establishments in Australia
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania

Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (also known as King Leka I; 5 April 193930 November 2011), was the only son of King Zog I of Albania. Leka was also called King Leka of Albania, but he was never the ruler of the country.

He was born in Tirana in 1939. Two days later, the family was forced to leave Albania after Italy invaded the country. When his father died in exile in 1961, Leka was crowned king in a hotel in Paris. He returned to Albania in 1993, but was not allowed to stay in the country. He made a second visit in 1997. The country held a vote to decide whether they wanted to go back to a monarchy or stay as a republic. The country voted for a republic, but Leka said the vote had been changed. His supporters created demonstrations against the government. Several people were killed in the demonstrations. Leka again had to leave Albania. 

In 2002, he made an agreement with the government and came back to Tirana.

Death
He died on 30 November 2011 in Mother Teresa Hospital, Tirana from heart and lung illnesss. He was buried next to his wife’s and mother’s grave at the public Sharra cemetery in a Tirana suburb. Later he was buried in the royal mausoleum.

Ancestors

Other sources

 Dedet, Joséphine "Géraldine, reine des Albanais". Paris: Belfond, 2016, published at the occasion of Prince Leka's wedding in Tirana, on October 8, 2016 (Leka being Geraldine's grand-son) ; former editions: Criterion, 1997  and Belfond, 2012, . Biography enriched by the Queen's testimony, by her personal archives and by a huge correspondence with the author, who has benefited of many unpublished sources.
 Dedet, Joséphine, Géraldine, Egy Magyar No Albania Tronjan, Budapest : Europa, 2015, , best-seller in Hungary, translation of Géraldine, reine des Albanais".
 Najbor, Patrice. "Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale" (5 volumes) - JePublie - Paris - 2008
 Rees, Neil. A Royal Exile – King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 ()

1939 births
2011 deaths
Albanian people
Princes and princesses
People from Tirana
Prime Minister of Thailand

The Prime Minister of Thailand (; ) is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The office was created after the Revolution of 1932. This was when the country became a constitutional monarchy. The current prime minister is Prayut Chan-o-cha.

Other websites
 Official Website, website for the Royal Thai Government
 History of Thai Prime Ministers , a detailed list of Prime Ministers
Toulouse Tech

Toulouse Tech, also known as the Toulouse Institute of Technology is one of the collegiate universities in France. It was created in 2007. It gathers 16 of the best French schools, covering engineering science, management, architecture and veterinary, aiming to be of comparable status to the most famous universities of technology around the world.

Colleges and institutes

 École nationale de l'aviation civile
 École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole
 École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes
 École nationale de la météorologie
 École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse
 École nationale supérieure en génie des technologies industrielles
 École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
 École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse
 École d'ingénieurs de Purpan
 Toulouse Business School
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse
 École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications
 École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques
 Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
 Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace

Facts and Figures
From the official website:

850 teachers-researchers
14,000 students
22 millions of euros in research

References

Further reading 
 Toulouse Tech

Engineering schools
Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
2007 establishments in France
Queen's Gambit Declined

The Queen's Gambit Declined is a chess opening which starts with 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6. It is an old opening, and one of the most important. It is often used in top-class play. In this opening, called QGD for short, the struggle for the centre is the strategy of both players. Unlike the Queen's Gambit Accepted, Black keeps his pawn on d5 protected. A simple example:

1.d4 d5
2.c4 e6
3.Nc3 Nf6 
4.Bg5 Be7 
5.e3 0-0
6.Nf3 c6
7.cxd5 exd5
8.Bd3 Nbd7 (Black could play 8...Ne4 here)
9.0-0 h6
10.Bh4

Here White has more space, and Black has to decide how to develop his pieces. It is easier to play the white pieces in this kind of position. However, overall, black players do as well with this defence as with most others. Best for Black in this position is 10...Ne4 or 10...Re8.

Chess openings
Connie Talbot

Connie Victoria Elizabeth Talbot (born 20 November 2000) is an English singer. She became famous after competing in Britain's Got Talent. She lost at the finals.

In Britain's Got Talent, she sang Over the Rainbow. This led her to the semi-finals. She then competed in but was defeated at the finals. She currently attends a primary school.

After her success, Talbot began posting Youtube videos since 2008. Most of them were videos of her singing. Some gained over 10 million views.

Discography
Talbot released three albums, with the first one released in 2007, and the second and third ones in 2008 and 2009.

References

Other websites
 Connie Talbot's website

2000 births
Living people
Child singers
English pop singers
West Midlands (county)
Slovene language

Slovene (or Slovenian) is a language. It is the official language of Slovenia.

Experts estimate that 2.5 million people can understand and speak Slovene. It is a Slavic language, written for more than 1000 years. The earliest written records are the Freising manuscripts.

In 2004, it became an official language of the European Union (there are 24 official languages in total). The standard Slovene alphabet has 25 letters. The letters come from the Latin alphabet. Slovene words are usually pronounced how they are spelled.

Examples : 
   is the word for zero. 
  is the word for one.

References

Languages of Europe
Slavic languages
Slovenia
Carinthia (state)
Styria
Evgeny Tomashevsky

Evgeny Tomashevsky, born 1 July 1987 in Saratov, is a Russian chess grandmaster. In 2001 he won the U18 Russian championship in Rybinsk with 9/10 and in 2004 he became second in the U18 World Youth Chess Championship. In 2007 he became second in the Aeroflot Open.

In 2009 Tomashevsky won the 10th European Individual Chess Championship after tie-breaks. The decisive match against Vladimir Malakhov went into armageddon, where Malakhov blundered a rook in a winning position. 

He was a member of the gold-medal-winning Russian team at the World Team Chess Championship 2009 in Bursa. In 2011, he tied for 1st-3rd with Nikita Vitiugov and Le Quang Liem in the Aeroflot Open.

Tomashevsky's style of play is described as being mostly positional.

References

Other websites 
 Final standings of the WYCC2004
 Interview with the European Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky ChessBase.com
 Interview with the European Chess Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky  Chessdom

1987 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools

The International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools (IAAPS) is an association of pilot training organizations created in 1995. IAAPS is recognized by national and international aviation authorities. IAAPS is part of the rulemaking group of the European Aviation Safety Agency. (EASA)

History
In 1990,  the so-called "Cyprus Agreement"  caused the European Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) to be established.

In 1995, the European Association of Airline Pilot Schools (EAAPS) was established.

The EAAPS was active in the pan-European project to define and standardize the depth and scope of flight training within the JAA.  One of the results was the "Joint Aviation Requirement Flight Crew Licensing code" (JAR-FCL).

In 2009, the EAAPS became a worldwide association. The name or the organization was changed changed to IAAPS.

Mission
As a global pilot shortage grows, IAAPS members work together to maintain and improve the quality standards of pilot training. Aviation training improves air safety standards.

IAAPS is recognized by the EASA as the representative of the training industry. IAAPS activities include 
 EASA Advisory Board (EAB)
 Safety Standards Consultative Committee (SSCC)
 Subject Expert Team (SET)
 Theoretical Knowledge Steering Group (TKStG)
 Human Factor Steering Group (HFStG)

IAAPS helped to develop "learning objectives" for aircraft and helicopters. These were published by the JAA and then by EASA.

Members 
The membership is comprised of aviation training organizations.  Each member organization is certified nationally.  The international membership is expanding.

Austria
 AeronautX Luftfahrtschule, Hoersching

Belgium
   Ben-Air Flight Academy (BAFA), Antwerp
 Sabena Flight Academy (SFA), Steenokkerzeel

Croatia
  Croatia Aviation Training Center, Lucko

Finland
  Finnish Aviation Academy, Pori

France
 Airbus Training, Blagnac
   École de Pilotage Amaury de la Grange , Merville
 École nationale de l'aviation civile (ÉNAC), Muret
   ESMA Aviation Academy, Mauguio
 Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz, Rungis

Germany
 Haeusl 'air, Fürth
  IKON Gmbh , Erlangen
 Lufthansa Flight Training, Bremmen
  Verband Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule (VDV), Essen

Morocco
 École National des Pilotes de Ligne (ENPL), Benslimane

Netherlands
   Dutch Flight Academy  (DFA), Eelde
  EPST, Utrecht
   KLM Flight Academy, Paterswolde
   Nationale Luchtvaart School CAE- NLS, Hoofddorp
   Stella Aviation Academy, Teuge

Spain
   Asociación de Escuelas de Formación Aeronáutica (AEFA), Madrid
 Flight Training Europe Ltd (FTE), Cadiz

Sweden
  European Flight Training Academy (EFTA), Bromma
  Scandinavian aviation academy, Vasteras

Switzerland
  Swiss Aviation Training Ltd , Zurich

Turkey
  ER-AH Aviation Commerce Ltd Co. , Antalya
   Istanbul DUHA Aviation Flight School, Istanbul

United Kingdom
  Atlantic Flight Training Ltd , Coventry
  Bristol Flying Centre, Bristol
  Cabair College of Air Training, Bedford
  London Metropolitan University , London
 Oxford Aviation Academy  (OAA), Oxford

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Aviation
Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies

The Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies (ISSAT) is the French name for the Institute of Space, its applications and technologies. Supported by French Ministry of Education, the organisation was created in 1995 to develop aerospace activities in Toulouse. It also helps promote the distribution of aerospace expertise in France and Europe.

The ISSAT has 13 members:
 Aerospace Valley
 Centre national d'études spatiales
 EADS Astrium
 École nationale de l'aviation civile
 École nationale supérieure des techniques industrielles et des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
 Institut aéronautique et spatial
 Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse
 Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
 Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
 Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
 Magellium
 Météo-France
 Université Paul Sabatier

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Education in France
Aerospace engineering
Aviation in France
Occitanie
Super Bowl XXXVIII

Super Bowl XXXVIII was the thirty-eighth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Carolina Panthers from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 32-29. The performers at the halftime show were Spirit of Houston, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, OutKast, P. Diddy, Kid Rock, and Nelly. The halftime show created controversy when Janet Jackson's breast was shown by Justin Timberlake to everyone who was watching the show.

References 

038
Carolina Panthers
New England Patriots
2004 in sports
2000s in Houston, Texas
2004 in the United States
Super Bowl XXXIX

Super Bowl XXXIX was the thirty-ninth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Philadelphia Eagles from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 24-21. Paul McCartney performed in the halftime show.

039
New England Patriots
2005 in sports
2005 in Florida
Rhythmite

A rhythmite is layers of sediment or sedimentary rock laid down in a repeated pattern. This pattern may be varves, which are an annual pattern, or shorter or longer-term rhymites. Tides in some places have left rhythmites.

Longer-term rhythmites 
Rhythmites can show long-term prehistoric events, such as periodic floods, sea level changes, glaciation changes, earth's orbital variations, and other periodic climate changes.

Many rock formations show repeating patterns of strata. For example, clay layers may alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers.

Deposits on land show patterns for similar reasons. A low-lying area will be a lake or a swamp during hot, wet periods, and maybe a desert or a mudflat during dry periods. Erosion takes place during the dry periods, and deposition takes place during the wet periods.

However, temperature and sea-level changes are not the only causes of rhythmites. In volcanic areas a pattern of deposition in lakes may be regularly interrupted by eruptions of volcanic ash, so that in the record of the rocks shales and mudstone alternates with tuff.

References 

Stratigraphy
Varve

A varve is a pattern in sediment which is made by annual processes (deposits which vary during the year). Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events in stratigraphy. They form only in fresh or brackish water. Varves are important in palynology, and can be fossilized as rhythmites.

The classic varve archetype is a light/dark-coloured couplet deposited in a glacial lake. The light layer is usually silt and fine sand deposited when spring meltwater brings sediment into the lake. 

During winter, when meltwater and its sediment is reduced and the lake surface freezes, fine clay-size sediment is deposited forming a dark-coloured layer.

Varve formation needs the absence of bioturbation (lake bottom disturbed by animals). Therefore, varves usually form under anoxic conditions.

Geology
Punta Gorda, Belize

Punta Gorda (called P. G. by the locals) is a city in the southern part of Belize.  It is the capital of the district (state) of Toledo.  About 6,400 people live there.  Punta Gorda has a tiny airport.  Every Saturday, people come to Punta Gorda from all over Toledo District to buy and sell items in an open-air market.

Punta Gorda is a seaport and fishing town on the Caribbean Sea. It was a small fishing village before being settled by a number of Garifuna who came from Honduras in 1823. The town is about fifteen feet above sea level.

Well-known people from Punta Gorda include paranda musician Paul Nabor and Belize's 'Queen of Brukdown', Leela Vernon.

Cities in Central America
Settlements in Belize
1700s establishments in North America
Establishments in Belize
Noto Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Etchū and Kaga provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Nanao.

History

Noto Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Noto Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Keta jinja was the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Noto.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Ishikawa Prefecture
Sado Province

was an island province of Japan until 1871 when it became a part of Niigata Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called  or .

History

Sado Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In 1221, Emperor Juntoku was sent into exile on Sado Island.  The former emperor is sometimes identified as  because his last years were spent at Sado.  Juntoku remained at Sado until his death in 1242.  

In the Edo period, Gold was discovered and mined.  The Sado mines were added to the tentative World Heritage List in 2010.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Sado Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Sado is an island in the Sea of Japan.  It was off the coast of Echigo Province.

Shrines and Temples
Watatsu-jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Sado.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Niigata Prefecture
Louise I. Shelley

Louise I. Shelley is a professor at George Mason University in Virginia. She is also founder and director of the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC).

She graduated from Cornell University cum laude in Penology and Russian literature in 1972. While there, she co-founded the Risley Residential College. She served on the Cornell Board of Trustees.  She got a M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in  Criminology in 1973.  In 1973/74, she held a Columbia University, International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) Fellowship used to study in the Sociology Department, Law School and the Russian Institute. In 1977, Shelley earned a Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.

She joined the American University as an Assistant Professor in 1977. She became a full professor in 1986. In 2007, she moved to George Mason University.  Shelley has studied at Moscow State University as a Fulbright-Hayes Fellow.

She studied the prison system of Russia and other nations. She studies how criminals make their money hard to trace (money laundering).

Books
 Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking edited with Shiro Okubo New York and London, Routledge, 2011.
 Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
 Organised Crime and Corruption in Georgia edited with Erik R. Scott and Anthony Latta, London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
 Human Traffic and Transnational Crime: Eurasian and American Perspectives edited with Sally Stoecker Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
 Izucheniye organizovannoy prestupnosti: rossiisko-amerikanskii dialog, edited with Ninel Kuznetsova and Yu. G. Kozlov, Moscow: Olimp, 1997.
 Policing Soviet Society: The Evolution of State Control, London: Routledge, 1996.
 Social Changes, Crime and the Police, edited with Jozsef Vigh Reading: Harwood Press, 1995.
 Crime and Control in Comparative Perspective, edited with H.G. Heiland and H. Katoh. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1992.
 Crime and Development (edited special issue), International Annals of Criminology, 1986, Vol. 24, Nos. 1 and 2.
 Lawyers in Soviet Work Life, Law, Crime and Deviance Series, Rutgers University Press, 1984.
 Crime and Modernization, The Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization on Crime, Southern Illinois University Press, first printing, March 1981, second printing, March 1982. Translated into Chinese, published Bejing: Public Publishing House, 1987.
 Readings in Comparative Criminology, Southern Illinois University Press, 1981 (edited Collection).
 History Without Jews'', B'nai B'rith, 1977.

Other websites
Official webpage 
Bio at quarterly journal dispatches 

American sociologists
Writers from Virginia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Wakasa Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was also known as  or .  

The province had borders with Echizen, Ōmi, Tamba, Tango, and Yamashiro Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Obama.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Wakasa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Wakasahiko jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Wakasa.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukui Prefecture
Bob Anderson

Robert James Gilbert Anderson (September 15, 1922–January 1, 2012) was an English athlete who represented Great Britain in the fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He choreographed the sword fights for many movies including Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

He was born in Hampshire on September 15, 1922, and during World War II he was a member of the British Royal Marines. He used his sword fighting skills in many movies starting with The Master of Ballantrae, based on the book by Robert Louis Stevenson. During the filming he accidentally stabbed Errol Flynn in the leg. Anderson was the person dressed as Darth Vader in the sword fights in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. He also arranged the sword fights in all three of the Lord of the Rings movies. Other movie credits included the James Bond movies, From Russia With Love and Die Another Day, The Princess Bride, The Three Musketeers (1993 movie), The Mask of Zorro, and The Legend of Zorro.

References

1922 births
2012 deaths
English sportspeople
English movie actors
1952 Summer Olympics
Geli Raubal

Geli Raubal (June 4, 1908–September 18, 1931), sometimes known as Angela Raubal was Adolf Hitler's half-niece. She was born in Linz, Austria-Hungary. She shot herself dead in Hitler's apartment in Munich, Weimar Republic. She is buried in Zentralfriedhof, Vienna, Austria.

Family 
Father: Leo Raubal
Mother: Angela Raubal (Hitler's half-sister)
Boyfriend: Emil Maurice (Hitler's chauffeur)
Boyfriend: Adolf Hitler (rumored)

Sources
http://www.nndb.com/people/144/000087880/

1908 births
1931 deaths
Austrian people
Hitler family
People from Linz
Suicides by firearm in Germany
Tamara Toumanova

Tamara Toumanova ( March 2, 1919 – May 29, 1996) was an American ballerina and actress of Georgian descent. Toumanova is notable for ballet, and she also acted in several movies.

Tournova became an American citizen in 1943. She married her second husband, Casey Robinson, a Hollywood script writer and producer, in 1944.

Life 
Shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, Toumanova's mother, Eugenia Toumanova, left Georgia, Russia looking for her first husband, Konstantin Zakharov. She was pregnant at the time. She gave birth to Toumanova in Siberia. It has been verified that Toumanova is of Georgian ancestry.

Toumanova's parents became separated during the revolution. Toumanova was 18 months old before her parents were found each other. The family went from Russia to Shanghai, China. They lived there for a year. They then moved to Cairo. After living in refugee camps, the family moved to Paris. There was a large Russian émigré community there.

After moving to Paris, Toumanova was given piano lessons and studied ballet with Olga Preobrajenska. Toumanova said she was her "first and only permanent teacher" and an "immortal friend". She made her debut at the Paris Opera at the age of ten in the children's ballet L'Éventail de Jeanne. George Balanchine saw her in ballet class and hired her for de Basil's Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo as one of the three "baby ballerinas".

References

Other websites
 Australia Dancing — Lutte eternelle 
 Tamara Toumanova

Russian ballerinas
Actors from Georgia (country)
American dancers
1919 births
1996 deaths
Faizal Yusof

Faizal Yusof (1979 - 1 January 2011) was a Malaysian actor. He acted in the popular television series Tiramisu and Manjalara. He died from heart failure, and was buried in the Batu Mudu Muslim Cemetery in Kuala Lumpur.

References

1978 births
2011 deaths
Malaysian actors
Television actors
Valery Rozhdestvensky

Valery Ilyich Rozhdestvensky (February 13, 1939–August 31, 2011) was a USSR cosmonaut.

Rozhdestvensky was born in Leningrad and studied engineering at the Higher Military Engineering School of the Soviet Navy in Pushkin. From 1961 to 1965 he was commander of a deep sea diving unit in the Baltic Sea War Fleet. 

He was chosen to be a cosmonaut on October 23, 1965 and flew as Flight Engineer on Soyuz 23 in 1976. After his space flight he continued to work with the space program at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. He retired on June 24, 1986 and worked with Metropolis Industries.

References

1939 births
2011 deaths
Cosmonauts
Russian engineers
Soviet people
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Awa Province (Tokushima)

was an old province of Japan in the area of Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was sometimes called .  

Awa had borders with Tosa, Sanuki, and Iyo Provinces.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Awa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Ōasahiko jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Awa.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tokushima Prefecture
Teapot Rock

Teapot Rock is a rock formation in Natrona County, Wyoming. A nearby oil field is named after the rock. The oil field was the focus of a bribery scandal during the administration of Warren G. Harding, the Teapot Dome scandal. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

The eroded sandstone formation is  tall and is about  in circumference.  It is a few hundred yards east of Wyoming Highway 259, about  north of Casper, Wyoming in the Powder River Basin near Teapot Creek. 

The outline of the rock once resembled a teapot and gave its name to several man-made and natural features, including a geologic structural uplift known as the Teapot Dome, and an oil field about  east.

In 1915, U.S. Navy was converting its ships to oil-fired boilers. The Navy bought the Teapot Dome Oil Field. It was called "Naval Petroleum Reserve Number Three" as part of a program to ensure that the  Navy would have sufficient fuel reserves in an emergency. It was one of several related fields in the area, the largest of which was the Salt Creek Oil Field. By comparison with the Salt Creek Field's  peak production of  of 1923, the Teapot Dome field had about 64 wells, with few producing more than 150 barrels per day (24 m3/d).

References

Other websites
Photographs of Teapot Rock  at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Teapot Rock  at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office
http://wiki.wyomingplaces.org/w/page/12716496/Teapot-Rock 

National Register of Historic Places
Geography of Wyoming
Landforms of the United States
Ghost Adventures

Ghost Adventures is a weekly American paranormal television series that started on October 17, 2008 on the Travel Channel. Produced by MY-Tupelo Entertainment, the program follows and stars ghost hunters Zak Bagans, Nick Groff, and Aaron Goodwin, as they investigate locations that are reported to be haunted. Hosted and narrated by Bagans, the show airs new episodes on Fridays at 9 p.m. Eastern Time on the Travel Channel. Nick Groff of the Ghost Adventures crew confirmed there will be a sixth season that will premier in 2012.

References

Other websites 

 of Ghost Adventures
 of Ghost Adventures Live
 of the Ghost Adventures Crew (GAC)
The Paranormal Society (officially authorized online content provider)

Travel Channel shows
American reality television series
2008 American television series debuts
Occult
Paranormal television

Paranormal television is a genre of popular reality television programming. It is about real investigations of paranormal phenomena, instead of fictional representations found in such shows as The Ghosts of Motley Hall and Ghostbusters, or cartoon/children's series such as Scooby Doo and Rentaghost.

Television genres
Pseudoscience
Occult
Skepticism
Awaji Province

was a Japanese island province in the Seto Inland Sea near Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.   It was sometimes called  .  

Awaji Island is between Honshū and the island of Shikoku. Awaji means literally "Road to Awa". It was the route for traveling to Awa Province from the central part of Japan.

History

In 764, Emperor Junnin was sent into exile on Awaji.  He died on the island in 765.  The former emperor was known as Awaji no Haitei.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Awaji Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Izanagi jingu was the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Awaji.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hyōgo Prefecture
Iyo Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. The province was sometimes called .  

Iyo had borders  with Awa, Sanuki, and Tosa Provinces. 

The ancient capital city of the province was near modern Imabari.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iyo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Ōyamazumi jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Iyo.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Ehime Prefecture
Much Ado About Nothing

Much Ado about Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare. It is set in Messina, Sicily (which is in Italy) and is a comedy/love story about two pairs of lovers, Hero and Claudio and Benedick and Beatrice. This story is one of William Shakespeare's more popular plays. 

The villain in this story is called Don John and he convinces Claudio that Hero is cheating on him and then he refuses to marry her whilst Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their true love for each other.  In the end the Constable accidentally sorts everything out and everyone celebrates both marriages.

Don John (the villain) can't bear anyone else to be happy.  He is an illegitimate child meaning his upbringing has been rocky and he is insecure, leading to his selfish behaviour getting the better of him throughout the play.  

Plays by William Shakespeare
Kii Province

, or , was an old province of Japan in the area of Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū. 

Kii had borders with Ise, Izumi, Kawachi, Shima, and Yamato Provinces.

History

During the Edo period, the Kii branch of the Tokugawa clan held the castle at Wakayama.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Kii Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Hinokuma-Kunikakasu jinjū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kii.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Mie Prefecture
Wakayama Prefecture
Justus Liebig

Justus Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry. 

Liebig was one of the greatest chemistry teachers of all time. 
At 21 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen, recommended by Alexander von Humboldt. There he established the world's first major school of chemistry. He invented the chemical laboratory, and used it for teaching. He founded and edited the Annalen der Chemie, the leading German-language journal of chemistry.

Liebig invented new methods for the analysis of organic materials. He showed that, to grow, plants need (as well as water and sunlight) carbon dioxide, minerals and nitrogen compounds. He discovered that nitrogen was an essential plant nutrient, and invented the first nitrogen-based fertiliser. His Law of the Minimum stated that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the shortest supply. He described the effect of individual nutrients on crops. 

Where others thought that organic chemicals were entirely separate fron inorganic ones, Liebig thought diffferently:
"...the production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to the organism. It must be viewed as not only probable but as certain that we shall produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin (aspirin), and morphine will be artificially produced". Liebig's textbooks were the standard for many years.

In 1835 he invented a process of silvering that greatly improved the quality of mirrors.

Liebig also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef cube.

Liebig's work was closely followed in Britain, and he was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1840. His own country made him a Baron in 1845.

Related pages
List of science books#19th century

1803 births
1873 deaths
German academics
German chemists
People from Darmstadt
Awa Province (Chiba)

was an old province of Japan in the area of Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It is also known as  or . 

The province was on the tip of the Boso Peninsula (房総半島).

History

Awa Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Awa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Awa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Awa.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Chiba Prefecture
Spaceflight

Spaceflight is when an object (or spacecraft) made by man flies into outer space. A spaceflight can occur with or without humans on board. 

The Russian Soyuz program, the American Space Shuttle and the International Space Station are examples of manned missions. (Manned means the spacecraft has humans on board.) On the other hand, examples of unmanned flights are space probes which fly into deeper space, and satellites which travel around and orbit the Earth or other planets. (Unmanned means the spacecraft does not have any people on board.) Space probes and satellites are both machines that work either by radio control from Earth or are fully automatic.

Spaceflight is used for space exploration such as manned missions to the Earth's moon or unmanned missions to other planets in the solar system. Spaceflight can also be used for tourism and satellite telecommunications. A spaceflight begins with a rocket launch, which provides enough energy to get out of Earth's atmosphere and to orbit the Earth. Once the rocket is in space, the activity of the rocket is watched and studied by scientists back on Earth. Some rockets may remain in space forever, some break apart when they re-enter Earth's atmosphere. Some spacecraft are made to land on other planets, and most manned spacecraft are made to land back on Earth, most of the time using a parachute to land safely. 
   
On October 3, 1942, a German V-2 missile crossed the Kármán line ( above the Earth) on October 3, 1942. This was the first spaceflight. The first man-made satellite to travel around Earth was the Russian Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. 

Some examples of manned spacecraft are Soyuz, Starship, Starliner, Gemini, Apollo, Crew Dragon, Mercury (It is both the name of a spacecraft and a planet), the Space Shuttle, and Orion. 

Unmanned spacecraft include communications satellites, space telescopes, space probes and planet rovers.
Sanuki Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Awa and Iyo Provinces.

History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Sanuki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography 
Sanuki faced the Seto Inland Sea.

Shrines and Temples
Tamura jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Sanuki.

Gallery

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kagawa Prefecture
Tosa Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku.  It was sometimes called  .

The province had borders with Iyo and Awa Provinces.
 
The ancient capital city of the province was near modern Nankoku.

History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tosa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Tosa faced the Pacific Ocean.

Shrines and Temples

Tosa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tosa.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kōchi Prefecture
555 timer IC

The NE555 is a common IC (or integrated circuit) introduced in 1972. It is used in timers. It is popular among hobbyists and can be found in many electronics stores that sell bare components, such as RadioShack.

Electronic components
Electronic circuits
VGA connector

A VGA connector is a type of computer plug. It is used to send analog video signal to an output device like a television screen or a computer monitor. Most VGA connectors have 15 pins; 3 rows of 5 pins. Some of them are a bit different, and have 18 pins; 3 rows of 6 pins.

21st century equipment more often uses digital plugs, mainly by High-Definition Multimedia Interface.

Electrical connectors
Computer hardware

ar:منظومة عرض مرئي
it:Video Graphics Array#Connettore VGA
Microbial cyst

A microbial cyst is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, usually a bacterium or a protist or rarely an invertebrate animal, that helps the organism to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. It can be thought of as a state of suspended animation in which the metabolic processes of the cell are slowed down and the cell ceases all activities like feeding and locomotion. Encystment also helps the microbe to spread easily, from one host to another or to a better environment. When the encysted microbe reaches an environment good for its growth and survival, the cyst wall breaks down by a process known as excystation.

Unfavorable environmental conditions  trigger the making of a cyst. These include the lack of nutrients or oxygen, extreme temperatures, lack of moisture and presence of toxic chemicals, which are not good for the growth of the microbe.

Composition of the cyst wall
Different organisms have cyst walls made of different things. The cyst walls of bacteria are formed by the thickening of the normal cell wall with added peptidoglycan layers. The walls of protozoan cysts are made of chitin, a type of glycoprotein. Nematode cyst walls are made of chitin reinforced by collagen.

References

Microbiology
Content delivery

Content delivery describes the delivery of media content such as audio, video, computer software and video games over a delivery medium such as broadcasting or the Internet.

Content delivery has two parts:
 Delivery of finished content for online distribution, with its accompanying metadata
 Delivery of the end product to the consumer

Specialist networks known as content delivery networks have distribute digital content on the Internet. Alternative technologies for content delivery include peer-to-peer file sharing technologies. Content can only be delivered if it exists. If it does not exist, several techniques and methods can be used for content creation or content regeneration. Alternatively, content delivery platforms create and syndicate content remotely, acting like hosted content management systems.

Media

en:Content delivery
Kitano Tenman-gū

, also called Kitano Tenjin-jinja and Kitano Temmangū, is a Shinto shrine in Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan.

History
The shrine was built in 947, to appease the angry spirit of Sugawara no Michizane.  He had been wrongly sent into exile.

The shrine became the object of Imperial patronage during the early Heian period.  

The current buildings date from the early 17th century.

Timeline
 965 (Kōhō 2): Emperor Murakami ordered that Imperial messengers be sent to report important events to the guardian kami of Japan. These messenger, called heihaku, were initially presented to 16 shrines; 
 986 (Kanna 2):  Michizane was given the posthumous title of Tenjin (Heavenly Deity)
 991 (Shōryaku 2): Emperor Ichijō added three more shrines to Murakami's list — including Kitano.
 1444 (Bun'an 1, 4th month): Kitano Tenman-gū and much of western Kyoto was destroyed by fire.

From 1871 through 1946, the Kitano Tenman-gū was officially designated one of the , meaning that it stood in the second rank of government supported shrines.

References

Other websites 

 Kitano Tenman-gū Official web page  (In English)
 Kyoto Shimbun: Open-Air Tea Ceremony...  (in English)

History of Japan
10th-century establishments in Japan
Shinto shrines
947 establishments
Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson

Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson (1931-1982) was an American heavyweight boxer. He fought from 1951 until 1961. He had a total of 44 fights. His statistics were 34 wins (16 by knockout), 9 losses and 1 draw. In February 1956, he was rated behind Bob Baker for the heavyweight championship title.He fought Floyd Patterson in June 1956 to see who would be the heavyweight champion after Rocky Marciano retired and gave up the title. Jackson lost a very close controversial 12 round split decision. He fought Patterson again in July 1957, when Patterson was the champion. Patterson beat him at the end of 10 rounds when the referee ended the match.

Other websites
Photo 1 of Bob Baker vs Hurricane Jackson close fight
Photo 2 of Bob Baker vs Hurricane Jackson close fight
Story on Hurricane Jackson 

American boxers
1931 births
1982 deaths
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Pentium F00F bug

The Pentium F00F bug is a hardware bug (design flaw) found in most original Pentium computer processors (but not in Pentium II, III, or 4). The bug allows a malicious program running as an unprivileged (non-root) user to crash the computer by running the instructions (in hexadecimal) F00FC7C8. In assembly language, this represents "lock cmpxchg8b eax". If the system has crashed because of this bug, the only way to fix it is to reboot the computer, usually by unplugging it and plugging it back in. It does no permanent damage to the computer, but it may cause data loss. The bug was discovered in November 1997. Many operating systems made since 1997 have protection against this bug.

References

Computers
Locker

A locker is a small compartment that is used to store things such as books, coats, etc. They are commonly found in schools. They are usually locked with a padlock or a built-in lock. Usually there is an array of lockers. Each user has his/her own key (or combination) and can not open other people's lockers. There is sometimes a master key used only by the manager which can open all of the lockers. The typical maximum padlock shackle thickness is 5/16 inch (8 mm), and the typical door thickness is 0.8 mm. High-security lockers typically have a 10 mm or more maximum shackle thickness and a 1.2 mm door thickness.

Containers
Locks
Skeleton key

A skeleton key (also master key or pass key) is a key that can open all of the locks in a set. 

For example, in an office building, each employee would have a key that only opens his/her office, and the manager or owner would have a key that opens all of the offices in that building. 

More complicated setups are also possible. For example, if there are cleaners in the office building, and each cleaner only cleans one floor, the cleaner for a each floor could have a sub-master key that opens only the offices on that floor, while each employee still has a key that opens only his/her office and the manager still has a key that opens all of the doors. The exterior doors might also be configured so that they can be opened by any employee key, cleaner key, or the manager's master key. The more complicated the setup, the more important it is to use locks that have a large number of key possibilities. Disc-detainer locks are especially suitable for master keying due to their large number of key possibilities.

Locks