cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Odisha

Odisha,  formerly Orissa, is a state in Eastern India, with an area of , and population of almost 42 million. Oriya or Odia is the most widely spoken language in the state and is used on an official basis alongside English. Chilika lake which is located in Odisha is the largest migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent.  Odisha is the 8th largest Indian State and the 11th most populous. The capital city is Bhubaneswar, and other major cities in the state are Cuttack, Sambalpur, and Rourkela. Odisha is bordered by the states of West Bengal to the north east, Jharkhand to the north west, Chhattisgarh to the west, Andhra Pradesh to the south, and has a 482km coastline along the Bay of Bengal.

Modern-day Odisha falls under the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga in the 3rd Century BCE, and the state is still sometimes referred to as Kalinga. Odisha is also known as Utkal, and is mentioned in the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, under this name. The Orissa province was founded on the 1st April 1936, and the anniversary of this is celebrated as Utkal Dibas throughout the state. The state was created on the basis of the Odia language, encompassing the native speakers of the language.

Popular tourist destinations in Odisha include the Konark Sun Temple, the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, the Puri Jagannath Temple, and Chilika Lake. Odisha has a rich culture, the Odissi classical dance form originates from the state and Odia cuisine is well-renowned for its seafood dishes and desserts. Odisha has successfully hosted several sports events as Asian Junior Women's Rugby Tournament, the 22nd Asian Athletics Championship, and the Men's Hockey World Cup in 2018.

Odisha is mostly inhabited by the Odia people, with Hinduism being the major religion in the state and Christian and Muslim minorities. There is a large tribal population in Odisha, referred to as the adivasi people, they are the indigenous people and speak various tribal languages and follow traditional religions, although many have converted to Christianity. Jainism and Buddhism also have important histories in the state.

Biju Patnaik International Airport (BBI) is Odisha's only airport, and the state is well-connected by railways, and national highways. The current Chief Minister of the state is Naveen Patnaik.

Provincial symbols

References
Punjab, India

Punjab (, ) is a state in the northern Republic of India. About 24 million people live there. Its national capital city is Chandigarh. The city is a separate territory, because it is also used be the capital of Haryana. The state is in the Punjab region. It covers an area of 19,445 mi² or 50,362 km². It is bigger than Slovakia but smaller than Costa Rica. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone. The state of Punjab has 22 districts. It is mainly known as the land of god/gurus, Punjab's culture is very rich and the dwellers of Punjab respect their culture . The half population of Punjab depends on agriculture, that's why its known as food-provider (anna-datta-  in Punjabi). In Punjab people of all religions live with integrity and love .

Etymology

The word Doab is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words Doab (two) and āb (water), and thus the (land of) two rivers. The two rivers are the Beas and Sutlej. Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. the Doaba. The name is also sometimes spelled as Duoab or Douaab or Doaab.
It originally contained 5 rivers before partition, British influence and the influence of the Indian government, so therefore its name came from the Punjabi word for five (Panj/Punj) and the word for river/water (ab).

History

All of India was once ruled by the British Empire. The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus, Sikhs and the Muslims of India always argued. So it was decided to divide the country into two parts—one part for Muslims and one part for Hindus and Sikhs. In 1947 Punjab (British India),  which was a province of India, was divided into West Punjab and East Punjab (which the state is home to the active independence movement of Khalistan by the Sikh nationalists). East Punjab went to the Republic of modern India, and West Punjab went to Islamic Pakistan.

Provincial symbols of East Punjab

References
Rajasthan

Rajasthan (Sindhi:راجستان) (Awadhi:राजस्थान) or the former : Rajputana is a state in northwestern India. It is the largest state of India in terms of land area; 132,150 mi² or 342,269 km². It is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany. In traditional India geography it falls under the North Indian zone. The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state. The capital of the state is city of Jaipur.

Before Indian independence the area of Rajasthan was known as Rajputana; it consisted of many states of varying sizes ruled by Rajput princes.

Provincial symbols of Rajasthan
Tripura

Tripura () ()  is a state in Northeast India. It covers an area of .It is the 3rd smallest state of India. It is bigger than Lebanon but smaller than Kosovo. The capital city is Agartala.

Political history 
It is a Disputed Territory claimed as Chittagonian Plains by Bangladesh. Bangladesh says that as Tripura was an Independent Kingdom and never part of British India, the Republic of India had no right to annex the country after the death of its last King.

Provincial symbols of Tripura

References

Tripura
Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand (2000-2006: Uttaranchal); (Sanskrit:उत्तरखन्द्), is a state in northern India. The state had 8,479,562 people as of the 2001 census. It covers an area of . It is bigger than Bosnia and Herzegovina, but smaller than Croatia, although the border with China is still disputed. The land contains high mountains. In traditional Indian geography, it falls within the North Indian zone.

Provincial symbols of Uttarakhand
West Bengal

West Bengal () is a state in India. It is in the eastern part of the country. West Bengal is the fourth most populous state in India. It is also the seventh most populous sub-national entity in the world. West Bengal is the sixth largest contributor to India's GDP. 

Both West Bengal and Bangladesh are parts of historical and geographic region of Bengal. Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal. In 2001, 80,221,171 people lived in West Bengal. With an area of , it is bigger than Serbia but smaller than Jordan. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.

West Bengal has a tropical climate, so it is very hot and humid in summer and cool in winter. The people who live here are called Bengalis. Bengalis also live in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a country to the east of West Bengal

History
All of India was once ruled by the British Empire. The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus and the Muslims of India always argued. So it was decided to divide the country into two parts—one part for Muslims and the other part for Hindus. In 1947 Bengal, which was a province of India, was divided into West Bengal and East Bengal,which is now called Bangladesh. West Bengal went to India, and East Bengal went to Pakistan and was called East Pakistan. In 1971, Bangladesh became independent, as a result of the Bangladesh Liberation War. 

Famous people from West Bengal include:
Swami Vivekananda
Rabindranath Tagore
Satyendranath Bose
Surendranath Banerjee 
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vidyasagar
Shibdas Bhaburi
Khudiram Bose
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
Dr. Kadambini Ganguly
Kishore Kumar 
Satyajit Ray
Ritwik Ghatak
Pradeep Kumar Banerjee
Victor Banerjee
Kishore Kumar Ganguly
Biswajit Chatterjee
Bappi Lahiri
Michael Madhusudhan Dutta
Rahul Dev Burman
Sourav Ganguly
Pranab Mukherjee
Uttam Kumar
Suchitra Sen
Sushmita Sen
Shreya Ghosal
Arijit Singh
Mithun chakravarti

Provincial symbols of Bengal (west)

References
Szczecin

Szczecin () is a large city in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2005, 411,119 people live there. The city is on the river Odra (), near the border to Germany. It is one of the largest sea ports on the Baltic. It is the historical capital of the German province of Pomerania. Szczecin has got one of the biggest harbours on the Baltic Sea.

Szczecin borders with Police, a district town at the Oder River.

Sister cities

References

Cities in Poland
Metropolitan area

A metropolitan area is a city and its surrounding suburbs.  The word "metropolitan" comes from two Greek language words meaning "mother" and "city". A metropolitan area may be much larger than its inner city, and its suburbs may be smaller towns and villages which are now connected to the larger city as it has grown. The biggest such metropolitan area is that of Tokyo. 8.5 million people live in Tokyo itself, 36.5 million live in the metropolitan area.

A metropolitan area is a large urban area.  The inner city may look little different from the surrounding area of buildings and lights. The entire built-up area is the metropolitan area.  The inner city may be near the middle, or to one side.  Some urban areas have more than one inner city.    

Some places, such as in Australia, have metropolitan government. The entire metropolitan area is included as a part of the city, and the population of the suburban area is considered to be part of the city's population.   

Sydney,  for example, has a population of approx. 4.5 million people, which includes the population of the suburbs, although there are some places which are part of the Greater Sydney Area, whose population does not count toward the population of Sydney.

References

 
Political subdivisions
Gujarati language

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken in Gujarat, India and also in neighbouring Pakistan.  There are millions of Gujaratis who speak it as their first language. Gujarati is the 20th most common language in the United States of America.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of India
Kaveri River

Kaveri is a river in south India. It flows from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu.

Rivers of Tamil Nadu
Dialect

A dialect is a form of a language spoken by a group of people. People who live in the same place may share a dialect; this is called a "regiolect". People who are similar in some other way, such as social class, may share a dialect. 

There is no absolute difference between a dialect and a language. British English and American English are different standard dialects of English. They differ slightly in spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary. However, they are "mutually intelligible", which means people who speak either variety understand the other.

Deciding if something is a language or a dialect is sometimes a political decision as a way to make minority groups assimilate or become part of a nation's larger culture.  The linguist Max Weinreich once joked that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy."

Examples 
Japanese and the Okinawan language are related, as they are Japonic languages, but they are not mutually intelligible. When Japan took over Okinawa during the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Okinawan language a dialect of Japanese. This was used to forbid Okinawans from speaking Okinawan and to force them to Japanese.

Catalan and Galician used to be considered as dialects of Spanish but are now recognized as languages. They are about as near to Portuguese and to Occitan, respectively, as they are to Spanish.

Hindi and Urdu are called different languages today, but they used to be the same language, Hindustani. After Pakistan became separate from India, Hindustani became called Urdu in Pakistan and Hindi in India. However, speakers of both can understand each other if they are using everyday speech. The two languages use different writing systems, but writing systems are not an accurate way to decide if languages are related.

English is definitely a language, but it once was Anglo-Saxon, a dialect of Old Saxon.

Chinese is called a language, but has hundreds of dialects, such as Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, and Hokkien. Many of them are not mutually intelligible.

In past times, travel was difficult and so dialects developed in quite small regions. In Britain, there were dialects in the different parts of the country, and traces can stiill be heard today. The Romance languages were dialects of Latin that separated in that way.

Differences in dialects can be:

 words: people in England to church, but in Scotland, people go to kirk.
Pronunciation: the r of creatures is silent in most of England but is pronounced by most of the United States.
grammar: instead of I dived, a few people say I dove.
In India, there are scores of dialects of Hindi language like Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Chhattisgarhi, Magadhi, Haryanvi and others. Moreover,people whose native language is Hindi, may or maynot treat it as their mother tongue.

Animal dialects 
With certain kinds of birds, people have noticed that their singing is different in different geographical areas. They have called these variations dialects. Similar observations have been done with Orcas. 

Language
Thanjavur

Thanjavur is a town in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of earlier Chola Kingdom. It is called the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu. Cauvery river flows through Thanjavur.

Settlements in Tamil Nadu
Thanjavur district
Oman

Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a foolish country 

in the southwestern part of Asia, on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea to the south and east, and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast. The capital is Muscat.

The country is a monarchy, ruled by a Sultan, and the people are called Omanis. Right now, the sultan is Haitham bin Tariq Al Said. For a long time, the British have supported the sultans of Oman. In the 1960s and 1970s, some Omanis started a revolution to overthrow the sultan and end oppression, but the sultan defeated them with the help of Great Britain.

Divisions
Since 28 October 2011, Oman is divided into Eleven Governorates (Muhafazah):
Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate
Ad Dhahirah North Governorate
Al Batinah North Governorate
Al Batinah South Governorate
Al Buraimi Governorate
Al Wusta Governorate
Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate
Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate
Dhofar Governorate
Muscat (Masqat) Governorate
Musandam Governorate
Below the governorates, Oman is divided into provinces.

Climate
Oman has a hot climate and very little rainfall. Annual rainfall in Muscat averages , falling mostly in January. Dhofar is subject to the southwest monsoon, and rainfall up to  has been recorded in the rainy season from late June to October. While the mountain areas receive more rainfall, some parts of the coast, particularly near the island of Masirah, sometimes receive no rain at all within the course of a year. The climate generally is very hot, with temperatures reaching around  (peak) in the hot season, from May to September.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Oman
 Oman at the Olympics
 Oman national football team

References

 
Current monarchies
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Ibadi kingdoms
Ibadism
Refugee

In 1951, the United Nations (UN) law called Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, said a refugee was a person who is forced to leave their country due to natural disasters or war and conflict

owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country.

In 1967 the Conventions’ 1967 protocol and by regional conventions in Africa and Latin America to include persons who had fled war and violence in their country. A person who is seeking to be recognized as a refugee is an asylum seeker. In the United States a recognized asylum seeker is known as an asylee.

A refugee is a person who has to leave his or her country. This can be because of different reasons:

 It is no longer safe to stay, there might be a natural disaster such as flood or famine, war, or civil unrest
 There might be persecutions going on.
 The person is unable to sustain himself or herself economically.
 The person might have been expelled
 The person might have to leave for religious reasons

References

Other page
Political asylum

 
Forced migration
Copperbelt

Copperbelt is a province in the northern part of Zambia. It is named after the copper reserves. It has an area of 31,328 km2. It occupies the upper portion of the Kafue river basin on the central plateau of southern Africa, 900 to 1,500 m above sea level.

It is one of the Zambia's ten provinces and the hub of the country.

Sources

Provinces of Zambia
Levy Mwanawasa

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (September 3, 1948 – August 19, 2008) was a Zambian politician. He was the President of Zambia from January 2002 to his death.

References 

1948 births
2008 deaths
Presidents of Zambia
Vice-Presidents of Zambia
Cherokee

The Cherokee (ah-ni-yv-wi-ya in Cherokee language) are Native Americans who at the time of European contact in the 16th century lived in the area  that is now called the eastern and southeastern United States before most were forcefully moved to the Ozark hills. They were one of the tribes referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes.

Cherokee people did not live in tepees. They lived in houses made from wood. In the 19th century, a man named Sequoyah introduced a form of writing the Cherokee language. For this, he was awarded a medal.

The Cherokee tribe had two chiefs, a red and white chief. When the tribe was at war, the red chief would lead, and when there was peace within the tribe, the white chief would lead. Chief John Ross was the leader of the Cherokee tribe from 1818 until 1867. He lived in Georgia before being forced to move to the place now called Oklahoma. 

There are three Cherokee tribes recognized by the U.S. government:
 Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma.
 United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma.
 Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina.

References
Soup

A soup is a kind of food. People make soups by boiling things in water. Then they put the things they boiled into a bowl and eat them. Vegetables are in most soups.  You can also put meat in soups. Soups that are thicker than normal, with more meat or vegetables, are stews.  The liquid in soup is broth.

Traditionally, soups are classified into two main groups: clear soups and thick soups. The traditional French types of clear soups are bouillon and consommé. Thick soups are classified by the type of thickening agent used. Purées are vegetable soups thickened with starch. Bisques are made from puréed shellfish or vegetables thickened with cream. Cream soups may be thickened with béchamel sauce; and veloutés are thickened with eggs, butter, and cream. Other ingredients commonly used to thicken soups and broths include egg, rice, lentils, flour, and grains. Many popular soups also include carrots and potatoes.

Related pages 
 List of soups

Basic English 850 words
Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh (Punjabi:منموہن سنگھ/ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ;Hindi:मनमोहन सिंह; born 26 September 1932) was the 13th Prime Minister of India. A famous economist, he is the Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term, and the first Sikh to hold the office.

Singh was born on 26 September 1932 in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikh family. He studied at Panjab University, Chandigarh, at St John's College, Cambridge, and at Nuffield College, Oxford. Singh has been married to Gursharan Kaur since 1958.

References

Other websites

 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh official website
 Profile & Curriculum Vitae
 List of current Union Ministers

Indian economists
Prime Ministers of India
1932 births
Indian National Congress politicians
Living people
Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician. She was Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977. She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was also Prime Minister of India. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, later became Prime Minister of India. She married Feroze Gandhi, who was not related to the civil rights leader, Mahatma Gandhi.

Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India. Gandhi was assassinated in 1984 at the age of 66. In 1938, Indira joined the Indian National Congress Party. After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, Indira Gandhi served as prime minister until India held the next election. She won that election in 1967 and became one of the first women elected to lead a democracy.

Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister of India twice. She served the first time between 1966 and 1977 and the second time between 1980 and 1984. She also studied at the University of Oxford.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Indira Gandhi 
 Indira's timeline
 Indira's Milestone

1917 births
1984 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Indian National Congress politicians
Assassinated people
Government ministers
Indian Hindus
Indian murder victims
Murders by firearm
People murdered in India
Prime Ministers of India
Women politicians
Nintendo 64

The Nintendo 64 (commonly abbreviated N64) was the third home video game console released by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan in June 1996 and was meant to compete against the Sony PlayStation and the Sega Saturn.  The Nintendo 64 was Nintendo's first console made for 3D graphics. It uses plastic cartridges instead of CDs or disks, making load times faster. Because of this, the games cost more to make. The controller for the Nintendo 64 was shaped like an "M" and had 10 buttons and a joystick. Sony used the N64 joystick design to make their DualShock PlayStation controller. Out of the box, the Nintendo 64 had 4 MB of RAM, and it could be upgraded to 8 MB with the expansion pak.

Because making games for the Nintendo 64 was more expensive than making games for the PlayStation, many video game companies chose develop for the Playstation instead. Nintendo also did not like games that had a lot of blood or violence in them. Companies who made these kinds of games made them for the PlayStation instead. However, some game makers did make some violent games for the Nintendo 64, such as Rare's first-person shooter Perfect Dark. Nintendo lost its lead over Sega and Sony because of these two things. Production for the system ceased in Japan in 2002 and in 2003 worldwide.

Reception 
In 2015, IGN named the Nintendo 64 the ninth-greatest video game console of all time.

Sales 
5.54 million Nintendo 64 units were sold in Japan, 20.63 million in the Americas, and 6.75 million in other regions, a total of 32.93 million units.

Most notable games
Donkey Kong 64
GoldenEye 007
Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards
Mario Kart 64
Pokémon Stadium
Star Fox 64
Super Mario 64
Super Smash Bros.
The Legend of Zelda: Majora's MaskThe Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of TimeThe New TetrisDiddy Kong RacingWave Race 64Banjo KazooieBanjo TooieF-Zero X''

References

Nintendo video game consoles
Krakatoa

Krakatoa (Indonesian name: Krakatau) is an active volcano in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. There are many different ways the name has been spelled. The volcano has erupted repeatedly in known history. The best known of these events occurred in late August 1883.

On 22 December 2018 the central cone collapsed and caused a tsunami in the Sunda Strait. More than 400 people were killed.

The 1883 eruption 
The 1883 eruption ejected more than six cubic miles (25 cubic kilometers) of rock, ash, and pumice,  and made the loudest sound ever recorded by human beings. The sound was heard as far away as Perth in Australia (3,500 km; 2,200 miles), and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (4,800 km; 3,000 miles). Many thousands of people were killed and injured by the eruption, mostly in the tsunami (giant wave) which followed the explosion.

The pressure wave from the final explosion was recorded on barographs around the world, which continued to register it up to 5 days after the explosion. The recordings show that the shock wave from the final explosion reverberated around the globe seven times.

The eruption destroyed two-thirds of what was then the island of Krakatoa. New eruptions at the volcano since 1927 have built a new island, called Anak Krakatau (child of Krakatoa).

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Dormant volcano
 Extinct volcano

References

Other websites 
 Cascades Volcano Observatory Krakatoa page
 More information, including map showing location of Krakatoa in Indonesia 

Volcanoes of Indonesia
Islands of Indonesia
Premature ejaculation

Premature ejaculation (also known as PE) is a condition affecting many men. It is when during sexual intercourse (sex) the male cannot stop himself from ejaculating after starting sex.  The usual time from starting sex until ejaculation is about 4 to 8 minutes.

Treatment exercises 
The condition is usually curable, or at least treatable with exercises. (There are more exercises than these, however, these are the most common.)

Stimulation treatment 
One exercise is to create an erection and begin to lose it, then stimulate it again. This exercise is best done alone at first and then with a partner. Thrusting should not be used with a partner until very near the end of treatment. This treatment may take several weeks to fully cure the problem if it is used properly.

Muscular treatment 
Another treatment involves using the muscle which stops urine. To locate the muscle, simply begin urinating and stop quickly before emptying the bladder. Doing that will demonstrate how to use the muscle. Then whenever convenient use the muscle. You do not need to be urinating to use the muscle and it is suggested you are not. After a few weeks of both these treatments, the PE will become more like traditional ejaculation and after about one and a half to two and a half months, it should be absolutely normal.

Notes

Human sexuality
West Bank

The West Bank is a piece of land in the Middle East. It touches the Dead Sea and the River Jordan. The landscape is mostly hills or desert. The weather in the summer is hot and dry. It is cooler and rainy in the winter.
Right now, the area is under the control of Israel. Some Israelis and other nations disagree on whose it really is.
Since 1990 there are talks between the Israeli government and the Palestinians about what will happen in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the future. Most people on the West Bank are Palestinians but there are also many Jewish settlers in settlements. There has been some controversy about these settlements.

The State of Palestine claims the West Bank with East Jerusalem included.

The West Bank is called Judea and Samaria Area by the Israeli government.

Related pages 
 Human rights in West Bank
 LGBT rights in West Bank

Other websites

IMEMC
Jerusalem Post
Jan Hus

Jan Hus, or John Huss (c.1370 - 6 July 1415) was born in Husinec, Bohemia (now Czech Republic). He was a Bohemian religious thinker and reformer. He started a religious movement that was strongly influenced by the beliefs of British scholar, John Wycliffe.

Hus studied at the University of Prague. In about 1400, he became a Catholic priest, and was soon accepted a position of preaching in Czech, the language spoken in Bohemia. While preaching, he studied Wycliffe’s writings, and came to like them, especially because of how authentic and real they were.

In 1403, Hus asked the church to undo the ban on Wycliffe's writings, and translated them into Czech. The church, led by archbishop Zbynek Zajíc, had different beliefs. In 1410, Zajíc ordered that Hus’ writings be burned and Hus and his followers, the Hussites be forced out of the church. Hus was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415, in Konstanz, Germany.

When Hus was killed his followers revolted and fought against the Catholics until they were defeated in 1431.

Hus' teachings 
The (Catholic) Church is made of all those meant to be saved (ecclesia est universitas praedestinatorum). It is not made of the hierarchy of priests.
Christ is the head of the Church, not the Pope. It is therefore not necessary to obey the pope to be saved.

Many of his teachings were later taken up by Martin Luther.

References 

1369 births
1415 deaths
Christian religious leaders
Czech people
Konstanz
Christianity of the Middle Ages
People executed by burning
Christian ministers
Roman Catholics
Konstanz

Konstanz (English often Constance) is a university town with a population of around 80,000, on the shore of Lake Constance in the south-west corner of Germany, bordering Switzerland. The history of the city goes back to Ancient Rome. In the 15th century, the Council of Constance was held there. This ended the Western Schism. Jan Hus was burned as a heretic at the council.

References

Other websites

 
Konstanz (district)
Panther

Panther can mean

 a black panther or white panther, which is a name for a leopard or jaguar with black or white fur.

 any animal which belongs to the genus Panthera (e.g. lion) or the subfamily Pantherinae.

 in different regions different felines are also called panther: the leopard in Asia and Africa, the jaguar in South America, and the puma in North America (especially the ones that live in Florida, USA).

All these animals belong to the Felidae family.
AOL

AOL Inc. (previously America Online) is a U.S.-based online service provider and Internet service provider. It has been in business since 1985. Important services in the early years were online chat and online games. Most connections were dial-up. In 2001 AOL bought Time Warner. In 2009 after a spin-off from Time Warner they changed their name to AOL Inc. It was announced in May 2015 that Verizon Communications purchased AOL.

AOL Instant Messenger was a service which allowed users to communicate with any user currently online. AIM had millions of users worldwide. There were also other computer programs that could be used to talk with your AIM account, for example Trillian, Pidgin, Digsby, and AIM+. AIM was shut down on December 15, 2017.

Other AOL products are AOL Spyware Protection, AOL Safety and Security Center, ICQ, AOl Computer Check-Up, AOL Explorer, AOL TopSpeed, AOL Dialer, AOL One-Click Fixes and AOL Openride.

References

Other websites
 AOL US and headquarters
 AOL in other countries 

Internet service providers
1985 establishments in the United States
Mailman

A mailman or mail carrier or postman is a person who brings people their postal mail. Normally he works for the post office of the respective country. Of course, there are also women doing this job. They are called mailwomen. For a layman, this occupation is called "letter carriers". 

Fictional mailmen are traditionally shown as acting afraid of dogs, even to the point of shock.

Related pages 

 Despatch rider
 Persian couriers

Occupations
Postal service
Theorem

A theorem is a proven idea in mathematics. Theorems are proved using logic and other theorems that have already been proved. A minor theorem that one must prove to prove a major theorem is called a lemma. Theorems are made of two parts: hypotheses and conclusions. 

Theorems use deduction, in contrast to theories which are empirical.

Some theorems are trivial, since they directly follow from the propositions. Other theorems are called "deep", because their proof is long and difficult. Sometimes, such proofs involve other areas of mathematics or show connections between different areas. A theorem might be simple to state and yet be deep. An excellent example is Fermat's Last Theorem, and there are many other examples of simple yet deep theorems in number theory and combinatorics (among other areas). 

There are other theorems for which a proof is known, but cannot be easily written down. Among the best examples are the four color theorem and the Kepler conjecture. Both of these theorems are only known to be true by reducing them to a computational search which is then verified by a computer program. At first, many mathematicians did not accept this form of proof, but it has become more widely accepted over the years. The mathematician Doron Zeilberger has even gone so far as to claim that these are possibly the only nontrivial results that mathematicians have ever proved. Many mathematical theorems can be reduced to simpler computations, including polynomial identities, trigonometric identities and hypergeometric identities.

Related pages 

 Proposition

References

Books
 
 
 

Mathematical theorems
Border

The border between two regions is a line, where one region is next to the other. If the regions are countries, the border can only be crossed at certain points. To cross the border, a passport or a visa might be necessary; such as the Wagah border between Pakistan and the Republic of India.

Political geography
Cretaceous

The Cretaceous period is the ninth and longest period in the Phanerozoic eon, lasting 80 million years from 145 to 65 million years ago (mya). It followed the Jurassic period, and is the third and last period of the Mesozoic era. After it came the Cainozoic era. 

Though famous for its land fauna, the Cretaceous sea level rose much higher than today. North America was partly covered by an epicontinental inland sea, and half of Britain was under water.
In the Upper Cretaceous, chalk, a type of limestone, was laid down in warm shallow seas. Chalk is 95% to 99% made up of coccoliths, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plates which tiny single-celled algae (coccolithophorids) produce.
At its end came the famous meteorite strike which, with the volcanic flood basalts spewed out in the Deccan Plateau (India), ended so many of the dominant life-forms: see K/T extinction event.

The Cretaceous period has just two very long epochs:
 Upper Cretaceous 100.5 million years ago (mya) to 65 mya
 Lower Cretaceous 145.5 mya to 100.5 mya.

The Lower Cretaceous at ~45 million years, is the longest epoch in the Phanerozoic eon.

References
Maldives

The Maldives are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean. They are southwest of India. They are made up of the Maldive and Suadive archipelagos, with over 1,200 islands. These islands are a part of 26 atolls. And they are divided to 20 administrative atolls. People live on about 200 of the islands. It has more than 1126 coral reefs. It is the flattest country in the world. The highest point in the Maldives is only  high above the level of the sea.

Malé is the capital, with a population of 150,000 people. Its official religion is Islam.

Climate

The Maldives has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification, which is affected by the large landmass of South Asia to the north. Because the Maldives has the lowest elevation of any country in the world, the temperature is constantly hot and often humid. The presence of this landmass causes differential heating of land and water. These factors set off a rush of moisture-rich air from the Indian Ocean over South Asia, resulting in the southwest monsoon. Two seasons dominate Maldives' weather: the dry season associated with the winter northeastern monsoon and the rainy season which brings strong winds and storms.

The shift from the dry northeast monsoon to the moist southwest monsoon occurs during April and May. During this period, the southwest winds contribute to the formation of the southwest monsoon, which reaches Maldives in the beginning of June and lasts until the end of August. However, the weather patterns of Maldives do not always conform to the monsoon patterns of South Asia. The annual rainfall averages  in the north and  in the south.

The monsoonal influence is greater in the north of the Maldives than in the south, more influenced by the equatorial currents.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Malé was 39.6 °C (103.3 °F) on 1 January 2000 and the lowest was 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) on 20 March 1989 and 21 January 2017.

References

Other websites 

Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Prime Minister of Australia

The prime minister of Australia is the head of the executive branch of the government of Australia. The prime minister leads the cabinet of Australia and is the highest ranking minister of the Crown in the federal parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch, who is advised by the governor-general.

The current prime minister of Australia, since August 2018, is Scott Morrison.

Prime ministerial power and roles
 The prime minister can choose his or her own ministers;
 Can choose election dates;
 Represents the country;
 Spokesperson for the government, both domestically and internationally;
 Advisor to the Governor-General;
 Create bills in parliament

List of prime ministers

Former prime ministers

As of , there are six living former Australian prime ministers.

References

Other websites
 Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archive of Australia
 Biographies of Australia's Prime Ministers  / National Museum of Australia
 Official website of the Prime Minister of Australia

 
Australia
Australia-related lists
1190s



Events and trends 

 1192 – Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
 May 27, 1199 Friday – John Lackland (1167–1216) became King of England upon the death of his older brother Richard the Lion Hearted. His coronation took place in Westminster Abbey. Lackland was so called, because his inheritance of the Angevin Empire did not have land for him; he was the youngest son of Henry II, so this event could not happen..
Manama

Manama is the capital city of Bahrain. It is also the largest city in Bahrain, having almost 150.000 residents.

History 
Manama has been a city since at least the 1300s, when it was mentioned in Islamic books. It was owned by Portugal from 1521 to 1602, by Persia from 1602 to 1783, and by the Al-Khalifa family for a long time after that. In 1971, Manama became the capital city of Bahrain.

Areas of Manama 
The city is divided into a few parts: 
 The Diplomatic Area has most of the banks and government offices. This area is very important, because most of Bahrain's economy is connected to banks. 
 Gudabiya is the oldest area of the city, and it has the building where the parliament meets. 
 Hoora is where most visitors go. There are many parties in the clubs here at night.

Capital cities in Asia
Settlements in Bahrain
0s

The 0s only had nine years which started in 1 AD and ended in 9 AD.

Significant people 
Those people had significant influence on things in this decade.
 Erato, Artaxiad Dynasty Queen of Armenia, r. 8–5 BC, 2 BC–2 AD, 6–11
 Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC–2 AD
 Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
 Tigranes V, Artaxiad Dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
 Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC–5 AD
 Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 6–9
 Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China, r. 9–23
 Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC–17 AD
 Arminius, German war chief
 Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC–9 AD
 Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
 Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC–10 AD
 Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC–20 AD
 Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC–7 AD, 13–50
 Ma'nu IV, King of Osroene, r. 7–13
 Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC–4 AD
 Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC–4 AD
 Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6
 Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12
 Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia
 Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor, r. 27 BC–14 AD
 Gaius Caesar, Roman general
 Livy, Roman historian
 Ovid, Roman poet
 Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
 Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC–9 AD
 Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC–20 AD
 Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor
 Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC–4 AD
 Namhae, King of Silla, r. 4–24

References
Quentin Tarantino

Quentin Jerome Tarantino (born May 27, 1963) is an American filmmaker. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Tarantino is an independent movie maker. He wrote, directed, and acted in Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs and Kill Bill among others. His movies have become famous for violence and humor. He won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay in 1994 for Pulp Fiction and 2012 for Django Unchained.

Movies 
 Reservoir Dogs (1992)
 Pulp Fiction (1994)
 Jackie Brown (1997)
 Kill Bill, Vol. 1 & 2 (2003)
 Death Proof (2007)
 Inglourious Basterds (2009)
 Django Unchained (2012)
 The Hateful Eight (2015)
 Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)

References

Other websites 

Actors from Tennessee
American movie actors
American movie directors
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
1963 births
Living people
Budget

Budget is the money to be spent on a project, or by a person or organization in a time period. It usually lists the various things that are to be done, and how much to spend on each. For example, a construction budget may list the various kinds of material and labor and the money to spend on each. A budget may also list estimated revenues. When spending is less than revenues, it is a surplus budget. When spending is more than revenues, it is a deficit budget. When they are the same, it's a balanced budget.

An organization's budget is usually for a fiscal year.

Related pages
 Political economy

References 

Economics
Accounting
Erode

Erode is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the capital of the Erode district. About 500,000 people live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric. Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State. 

Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments. The Handloom and Powerloom product such as Cotton Saree,  Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here.

Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills. Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability was in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development

Cities in Tamil Nadu
Erode district
Skill

A skill or technique is  a learned ability to do something. 
It could be playing a musical instrument or playing a kind of sport or even doing something simple like using a corkscrew.  Someone who is trying to do something but not succeeding may be using the wrong technique.  Skill does not always have to be something physical: it may refer to the way a person approaches a problem.

Examples of skills are:
Being able to handle a bow or a gun
Being able to speak any language
Reading and writing
Being able to operate computer any how

Skills
Hamas

Hamas (, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, , literally "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist terrorist group. It was started in 1987 during the First Intifada by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organization in Egypt. In the 2006 Palestinian election, Hamas got 74 of 132 seats in parliament and controls the Gaza Strip. The group wants to build a Palestinian state based on Sharia law in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. It also advocates holy war against Jews and Christians, and wants Muslims to unify against them. Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel.

Name 
Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement".

Violence 
Hamas is known for its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which plans and carries out attacks on Israel. Because of its policy of suicide bombings and rocket attacks on civilians in Israel, the United States, European Union and other countries call it a terrorist organisation. The country of Jordan has made the group illegal. However, many of the international press, including the English-language edition of the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz, refer to Hamas members by the more neutral term "militants."

Popularity 
In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian parliament. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO. Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and reached statehood, and was thought to be corrupt.

Running Gaza 
Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there is much poverty. Such efforts have increased its support. In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank. However, Hamas has stolen large amounts of aid money and gotten Gaza in many wars.

Hamas is also associated in some way with Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine headed by Ahmed Jibril.

References 

Arab–Israeli conflict
Gaza Strip
National liberation movements
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
Political parties in Asia
Politics of Palestine
Sunni organizations
1987 establishments in Asia
Islamic terrorism
Suicide attack

A suicide attack is an attack where the attacker (either one person or a group of people) plans on killing people and/or destroying property while also dying in the process. In a suicide attack, the attacker dies as a result of the attack, for example in an explosion or a crash.

Nowadays, suicide attacks are often done with a vehicle or an explosive material such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or sometimes both (i.e. a car filled with explosives). If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed as soon as their attack is complete (when their vehicle crashes or their bomb detonates).

Suicide attacks are often done in a crowded place so that as many people as possible are killed. They are common in the Middle East and South Asia. Most attacks on Israel, carried out by Hamas or other Palestinian terrorist groups are suicide bombings.

Suicide attacks
NBC

NBC, whose letters stand for National Broadcasting Company, is an American television network that started in 1926 as a radio company. NBC started airing Its first television programs in 1944. NBC is owned by Comcast, and was previously owned by General Electric and Universal Studios. NBC owns the cable news channels CNBC and MSNBC.

It is nicknamed "The Peacock Network" because of the animal in its logo.

The network is famous for its three-note chimes, and NBC Sunday Night Football, which is the most watched TV series after American Idol. Some famous NBC shows are Saturday Night Live, The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Law and Order, 30 Rock, Frasier, ER, Cheers, Will and Grace, Meet the Press, and Today.

NBC Television Shows
This is Us

Good Morning Miss Bliss

City Guys

Stations

WTHR Indianapolis, Indiana

WNBC New York City, New York

KNBC Los Angeles, California

References

Other websites

 Official site

NBC
1926 establishments in the United States
American television networks
Companies based in New York City
Media in the United States