cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Fred Stoller

Frederick "Fred" Stoller (born March 19, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist and writer. He is best known for recurring role on Everyone Loves Raymond. He has been in many movies  such as the Open Season franchise and Austin Powers in Goldmember. Stoller has been very active as a guest star on many  Television series. He has been on Wizards of Waverly Place, Hannah Montana, Dharma & Greg, Seinfeld, and Scrubs as well as many others. He wrote two episodes of Seinfeld.

Other websites
 Official Website
 

1958 births
Actors from Chicago
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American television writers
Comedians from Chicago
Living people
Writers from Chicago
Ryūkyū Domain

was a domain of Japan in the area of Okinawa Prefecture at the Pacific edge of the East China Sea.

History

In 1609, Japanese forces invaded the Ryūkyū Kingdom.  After this, the Ryukyuan kings were forced to pay annual tribute to the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Province.

After the Meiji Restoration, the kingdom was replaced by the Ryūkyū Domain which existed from 1872 through 1879.

In 1879, Okinawa Prefecture was established.

Shrines and Temples
Naminoue Shrine was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the Ryukyu Islands.  In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto.  It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or  which includes five sanctuaries.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Okinawa Prefecture
Tane Province

was an island province of Japan in the area of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. The history of the province started in 674 and ended in 824.

History
Kofun burial mounds are found on Tanegashima. Two very old Shinto shrines on Yakushima suggest that these islands were the southern border of the Yamato state.

Annals of the Nara period regard Tane-no-kuni as the name for all the Ryukyu Islands, including Tanegashima and Yakushima.

Timeline
 674 {Temmu 2): Ambassadors of Tane no kuni were received in the Japanese court.
 
 702 (Taihō 2):  The Shoku Nihongi records,  "Satsuma and Tane broke the relation and disobey to the king's order. So (the government) sent an army, conquered them, counted the population, and placed the officials."

 824 (Tenchō 1): Tane was made part of Ōsumi Province.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kagoshima Prefecture
Michelle Murdocca

Michelle Murdocca is an American actress, producer, voice artist, and comedienne. She is the voice of Maria in the Open Season series.  She produced the 2012 movie series Hotel Transylvania.

References

Other websites

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
Combination lock

A combination lock is a lock that is opened with a set of secret numbers instead of a key. Mechanical combination locks usually have a dial that is rotated to three different numbers (four numbers on some safe locks) to open the lock. Electronic combination locks usually have a keypad where the combination can be entered like a telephone number.

Mechanical combination lock 
The mechanical combination lock usually has three discs inside. The last disc is connected directly to the dial, and a notch on this disc rotates the second disc. A notch on the second disc in turn rotates the first disc. The lock is usually opened by rotating the dial clockwise to the first number, counterclockwise past the first number and to the second number, and clockwise to the third number (some locks use the reverse directions, and most safe locks require a return to 0 after entering the combination). This type of lock is popular on safes and padlocks. It is available for entry doors, but is not popular due to the amount of time required to enter the combination. The combination is usually set at the factory and can not be changed easily (if at all).

Electronic keypad lock 
The electronic combination lock uses a keypad that looks similar to a telephone keypad. The combination is entered one number at a time, like a telephone number. When the number is entered, a motor opens the lock. This type of lock is popular on safes and doors, but is almost never seen on padlocks. These locks require batteries or another source of electricity. There is sometimes a key backup in case the batteries die or the electronics fail. Most safe locks do not have a key backup, as a key backup can be picked. Most electronic locks allow the user to set the combination.

Advantages 
Combination locks can not be picked (as long as there is no key backup), and the user does not have to carry a key. There is little chance of getting locked out as long as the user is good at remembering the combination.

Disadvantages 
Mechanical combination locks can be difficult to use for people who have never used one before. The most common mistakes are forgetting to pass the first number when dialing the second number, and rotating the dial backwards. In an electronic combination lock, the batteries can die, preventing the lock from opening until the batteries are replaced. With most combination locks, it is possible for a thief to obtain the combination by watching a legitimate user entering it. On an electronic combination lock, a thief can sometimes guess the combination based on the amount of wear on the buttons. An example of worn buttons can be seen in the photo on the right. More-modern keypad locks require the user to press one or two other buttons indicated by LEDs after the combination is entered. This causes the other buttons that are not part of the combination to wear down as well, preventing a thief from determining which numbers are part of the combination based on wear marks.

Locks

de:Schloss (Technik)#Zahlenschloss
Jeff Cardoni

Jeffrey E. "Jeff" Cardoni (born January 1970) is an American composer. He can play many different instruments. He studied classical piano before playing drums and guitar in many bands. He was in the rock band Alien Crime Syndicate for a short time. After graduating James M. Coughlin High School, Cardoni studied engineering at Pennsylvania State University between 1988 and 1991.

He is best known for his work on television projects such as CSI: Miami, The Defenders, The League, and movie scores, such as Just Friends, Firehouse Dog, Miss March, Open Season 3 and Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay. Cardoni performed the music for Open Season 3.

Early life
Cardoni was born in January 1970.

Discography

Film scores
Firehouse Dog
Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay
Just Friends
Miss March
Open Season 3

Awards and nominations
He has won many awards from the American Society of Composers, Artists and Publishers (ASCAP) for his musical scores on television.

References

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
American composers
Diedrich Bader

Karl Diedrich Bader (born December 24, 1966), better known as Diedrich Bader, is an American actor and voice actor.

Many know him for his roles as the self-defense instructor Rex from Napoleon Dynamite, Oswald Harvey from The Drew Carey Show, Charlie Davies from Outsourced  and his voice portrayal of Batman on Batman: The Brave and the Bold.  Bader is also well remembered in his voice roles as the android Zeta in the Batman Beyond spinoff, The Zeta Project, Warp Darkmatter in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, the Fiskerton Phantom in The Secret Saturdays, and his recurring role as Hoss Delgado in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy.

References

1966 births
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Actors from Virginia
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from Virginia
People from Alexandria, Virginia
Iwaki Province (718)

was an old province in the area that is today Fukushima Prefecture and Miyagi Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  The history of the province started in 718 and ended between 722 and 724.

History
Iwaki Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

Related pages
 Iwaki Province (1868)
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukushima Prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture
710s establishments in Japan
720s disestablishments in Japan
718 establishments
Iwaki Province (1868)

was an old province of Japan in the area that is today Fukushima Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1869.

History
During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Date clan were daimyo in the area.

Related pages
 Iwaki Province (718)
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukushima Prefecture
1868 establishments in Japan
1860s disestablishments in Japan
1869 disestablishments
United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal

The United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal was a major political scandal in the United Kingdom. It was caused by leaked expense claims made by members of the United Kingdom Parliament over several years. The Daily Telegraph leaked the claims in 2009. The claims showed that MPs had misused the expenses system to gain money. This made the British public very angry. The scandal made lots of MPs leave or be sacked, and it made them apologise and pay money back. Some people were prosecuted and put in prison.

Political scandals
Politics of the United Kingdom
2009 in the United Kingdom
Kevin Michael Richardson

Kevin Michael Richardson  (born October 25, 1964) is an American actor, producer, writer, and voice artist.

Filmography

Television movies

Television

Personal life 
Richardson married his wife Monica in May 2006. They have two children.

References

Other websites

 
 

1964 births
Living people
Actors who played the Joker
American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Writers from New York City
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Gordon Tootoosis

Gordon Tootoosis (born October 25, 1941 – July 5, 2011) was a Canadian actor, voice artist, and comedian. He was of Cree and Stoney descent. Tootoosis was a descendant of Yellow Mud Blanket, brother of the famous Cree leader Pitikwahanapiwiyin. In Open Season (2006), he voiced Sheriff Gordy. He played the same role in Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run (2006). In July 2011, he died in the hospital from pneumonia, aged 69.

References

1941 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Canadian comedians
Canadian movie actors
Canadian voice actors
First Nations people
Craig Owens

Craigery Michael "Craig" Owens (b. August 26, 1984) is an American musician from Davison, Michigan. He is best known as the former lead vocalist of Chiodos. He has had many side projects such as Cinematic Sunrise, and the supergroup Isles & Glaciers. He is currently lead vocalist for the supergroup Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows.

Biography
On July 20, 2008, Owens tried to kill himself by overdosing a drug called Xanax. Owens said he had been suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. Owens also said he did not suffer any permanent damage from the incident.

On December 15, 2008, a new side project was announced and was to be called Isles & Glaciers. It would include Owens, Jonny Craig (from Dance Gavin Dance and Emarosa), Vic Fuentes, Nick Martin, Matt Goddard (from Chiodos), Brian Southall, and Mike Fuentes. Owens is also often featured as a guest vocalist. Florida post-hardcore band, Broadway, had Craig Owens and Jonny Craig as guest vocalists on their debut album Kingdoms, which was released July 7, 2009. Owens was also featured in the song "The Road to Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions" for the band In Fear and Faith.

References

Other websites

Official Website 

American rock musicians
Musicians from Michigan
1984 births
Living people
People with bipolar disorder
Canada lynx

The Canada lynx is a species of lynx which lives on the taiga. It is about twice the size of a domestic cat, and eats mice, ground squirrels, and lemming. and young deer. The lynx's favorite food is the snowshoe hare, which makes up 60% to 97% of its diet. This wild animal is not endangered (except in the southern 48 states of the US). It is of "least concern" (IUCN). Humans hunt them for their beautiful, thick fur. 

It has tufts on its ears whose function is probably social signalling.

References

Felines
Mammals of North America
Douglas J. Mink

Douglas J. Mink is an American software developer and a data archivist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He was part of the team that discovered the rings around the planet Uranus.

Mink was born in Elgin, Illinois in 1951. He graduated from Dundee Community High School in 1969. Mink earned an S.B. degree (1973) and an S.M. degree (1974) in Planetary Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Elgin, Illinois
Harvard University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Felicity Kendal

Felicity Ann Kendal CBE (born 25 September 1946) is a British actress. She was born in Olton, Warwickshire. She is best known for her role in sitcom The Good Life. She was a contestant in the 2010 series of Strictly Come Dancing.

Awards
1976 – Most Promising Newcomer - Variety Club
1979 – Best Actress - Variety Club
1980 – Clarence Derwent Award
1981 - Rear of the Year 
1984 – Woman of the Year - Best Actress - Variety Club
1989 – Best Actress - Evening Standard Theatre Awards

Publication
White Cargo (memoirs) - 1998

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Warwickshire
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Determinism

In philosophy, determinism is the thesis that there are conditions that make future events happen the way they happen. Today, the term is mostly used in natural philosophy: there are natural laws and causality that govern certain aspects of nature. Some of those laws are not probabilistic, they apply all the time. The opposite position to this idea is called indeterminism. If there are really conditions that cause future events to be uniquely determined in advance, this will cause problems supporting the idea that there is free will.  Other ideas that need the thesis of determinism are called fatalism and predestination.

Famous people who supported the idea
Alfred Jules Ayer (1910–1989)
Georg Büchner (1813–1837)
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
Paul Thiry d'Holbach (1723–1789)
David Hume (1711–1776)
William James (1842–1910)
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)
John Locke (1632–1704)
Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980)
Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1751)
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
Max Planck (1858–1947)
Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677)

Related pages
Deterministic algorithm
Deterministic chaos
Deterministic system

Causality
U.S. National Geodetic Survey

National Geodetic Survey, formerly called the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (U.S.C.G.S.), is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system. It measures the land and then draws maps. It also measures magnetic fields and tides. Congress started it in 1807 to draw maps of the coasts. It helps transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and many science and engineering uses. Since 1970, it has been part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), of the United States Department of Commerce.

References

Other websites

National Geodetic Survey website
early history of the Coast Survey 
NOAA Office of Coast Survey
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Annual Reports, years 1837–1965
Timeline  at Arlington National Cemetery website
Explanation of survey monuments
1858 map: Preliminary chart of entrance to Brazos River hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
1853 map: Preliminary chart of San Luis Pass, Texas hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
1854 map: Preliminary survey of the entrance to the Rio Grande, Texas hosted by the Portal to Texas History.

United States government agencies
Geodesy
1807 establishments in the United States
Battle of Arras (1917)

The Battle of Arras was a battle of the First World War. The battle was a British attack on the German defences near the French city of Arras on the Western Front. The battle started on 9 April 1917. The British Empire troops went quite far forward but they did not achieve a breakthrough. For the amount of ground gained, the British also lost many soldiers. The battle ended on 16 May 1917 and there was a stalemate.

Arras
1917 in the United Kingdom
1910s in Germany
1910s in France
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving New Zealand
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Amish friendship bread

Amish friendship bread is a type of bread or cake made from a sourdough starter that is often shared in a manner similar to a chain letter.  The starter is a replacement for baking yeast. It can be used to make many kinds of yeast-based breads, shared with friends, or frozen for future use.  The sweet, cake-like Amish cinnamon bread is a common bread that is made from this starter. It is a simple, stirred quickbread. It includes a large amount of sugar and vegetable oil, with a mild cinnamon flavor.  It has characteristics of both pound cake and coffee cake. The flavor of the finished product can be changed by not using cinnamon.

A common recipe using this starter uses one cup (240 ml) of it to make bread. A second cup is saved to start a new cycle. The remaining two cups are given to friends.  The process of sharing the starter makes it somewhat like a chain letter.  One cup of starter makes one standard loaf of bread.

It can also be called German friendship cake, or "Herman" the German friendship cake.

The starter mix can be made from a recipe of flour, water and yeast. One cup of the mixture is then passed to other people who get instructions on how to keep it alive, usually just saying to give it more ingredients as time passes.

References

Sweet breads
Shimotsuke Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Tochigi Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called  or . 

The ancient capital city of the province was near Tochigi.

Tokugawa Ieyasu's tomb and shrine is at Nikkō, in Shimotsuke.

History

In the Nara period, Shimotsuke was part of Keno Province.  This was changed in the reforms of the Taihō Code in 701.

Parts of Shimotsuke were held by a several daimyo during the Sengoku period.

Timeline
 1150 (Kyūan 6, 12th month): Minamoto-no Yoshikane, the head of the Ashikaga clan, was established in Shimotsuke Province.

 1627 (Kan'ei 4): Inaba Masanari took control of Mōka Domain in Shimotsuke.

 1672 (Kanbun 12): Itakura Shigenori was given the fief of Kasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke.

 1725 (Kyōhō 10): A cadet branch of the Ōkubo clan was established in Karasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke, where they stayed until the Meiji Restoration.
 
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Shimotsuke Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Futarasan jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Shimotsuke.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tochigi Prefecture
Keno Province

, also known as Kenu, was a very old province of Japan before the Nara period. Keno was in the area of Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture.

History
Kōzuke Province and Shimotsuke Province were known as Keno before the reforms of the Taihō Code in the early 8th century.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Gunma Prefecture
Tochigi Prefecture
Suwa Province

is an old province in the area of Nagano Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  The history of the province started in 721 and ended in 731.

History
Suwa Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

According to Shoku Nihongi, Suwa only lasted for ten years after it was established in 721.

Gallery

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Nagano Prefecture
Ugo Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Akita Prefecture on the island of Honshū. and some parts of Yamagata Prefecture.  Along with Uzen Province, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History

During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Satake clan were daimyo in the area. 
 
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Ugo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Akita Prefecture
Yamagata Prefecture
Uzen Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Yamagata Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Ugo Province, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History

During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Uesugi clan were daimyo in the area. 

Copper coins were minted in the province in 1861-1863 (Bunkyu 1-3).

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Unzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Notes

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Yamagata Prefecture
Rikuchū Province

was an old province in the area of Iwate and Akita prefectures on the island of Honshū.  Along with Rikuzen Province and Mutsu Province, it was sometimes called . The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Rikuchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Gallery

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Sanriku

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Akita Prefecture
Iwate Prefecture
Sanriku

is a region of Japan.  It is on the northeastern side of the island of Honshu.  Sanriku combines the area of Aomori, Iwate and parts of Miyagi Prefecture. It was sometimes called .

Sanriku has an irregular coastline with 36 small bays.  Each bay focuses impact power of ocean waves.  This was shown by the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

History
In 1869, the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa were divided. 

Mutsu was split into new five provinces: Rikuōku, Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwashiro and Iwaki.  The first three of these collectively known as the "Three Riku", or Sanriku. 

The new provinces were abolished in July 1871; however, the regional name is still in use as the Sanriku Coast from Aomori to the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi.

Notes

Geography of Japan
Zork I

Zork: The Great Underground Empire - Part I, also known as Zork I, is an interactive fiction video game written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson and published by Infocom in 1980. It was the first game in the popular Zork trilogy and was released for a wide range of computer systems, followed by Zork II and Zork III. It was Infocom's first game, and sold more than 400,000 copies.

Plot
The player steps into the role of an "adventurer". The game begins near a white house in a small, self-contained area. Although the player is not given any instructions, the house is point of interest.

When the player enters the house through a window, it yields a number of interesting objects: an ancient brass lantern, an empty trophy case, an intricately engraved sword, etc. Beneath a rug a trap door leads down into a dark cellar. But what appears the cellar is actually one of several entrances to an underground area—the Great Underground Empire. The player soon encounters dangerous creatures, including deadly grues, an axe-wielding troll, a giant cyclops and a nimble-fingered thief. 

The goal of Zork I is to collect the Twenty Treasures of Zork and place them in the trophy case. Finding the treasures requires solving a variety of puzzles such as the navigation of two difficult mazes and some precise controls at Flood Control Dam #3. 

Placing all of the treasures into the trophy case scores the player 350 points and grants the rank of "Master Adventurer." An ancient map with further instructions then appears in the trophy case. These instructions provide access to a stone barrow. The entrance to the barrow is the end of Zork I and the beginning of Zork II.

It is possible to score all 350 points in 223 moves (and win the game completely in 228 moves) by exploiting a bug.

Notes

Other websites 
 View Zork 1 packaging  and Play Zork 1  online at the Gallery of Zork.
 Play Zork I: The Great Underground Empire online at iFiction.org
 Infocom-if.org's entry for Zork I
 
 Zork I Technical Info and Screenshot
 Zork I information and overview 
 The Infocom Bugs List entry for Zork I
 Zork 1 Walkthroughs

Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Infocom
MSX games
NEC PC-9801 games
PlayStation games
Sega Saturn games
Zork
Zork II

Zork II: The Wizard of Frobozz is an interactive fiction video game published by Infocom in 1981. It was written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson. It was the second game in the popular Zork trilogy. It begins where Zork I left off and leads into Zork III. It is Infocom's second game.

Plot
The player starts in the Barrow from Zork I armed only with the brass lantern and the elvish sword.  The purpose of the game is not initially clear.

The Wizard of Frobozz is soon introduced.  The wizard was once a good sorceror, but when his powers began to go away he was exiled by Lord Dimwit Flathead. Now bordering on insanity, the wizard is a force to be reckoned with. Your goal, as you venture into the wizard's area, is to avoid his tricks and learn to control his magic.

Like its predecessor, Zork II is essentially a treasure hunt.  Unlike the previous game, the ten treasures are tied together by a crude plot.  Finding the treasures does not end the game, and finding all the treasures is not needed to finish the game. Instead, the adventurer must figure out a way to use the treasures in order to reach the game's finale.

Other websites 
 View Zork II packaging  and Play Zork II  online at the Gallery of Zork.

Zork II information and overview 
Scans of the Zork II package, documentation and feelies
Infocom-if.org's entry for Zork II
The Infocom Bugs List entry for Zork II
The Dot Eaters page  featuring a history of the Zork games and Infocom
 Play Zork II online at iFiction.org

Infocom
1981 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
MSX games
Zork
Ramin Djawadi

Ramin Djawadi (born July 19, 1974) is a German-Iranian composer of orchestral music for movies and television. He was born in Duisburg, Germany to an Iranian father and German mother. Djawadi may be best known for his Grammy-nominated, guitar-driven score for Iron Man and for the TV series Prison Break, Game of Thrones and Person of Interest.

Biography
After graduating summa cum laude from Berklee College of Music in 1998, Djawadi got the attention of Hans Zimmer. Zimmer recruited him to Remote Control Productions.  Djawadi moved to Los Angeles and worked as an assistant to Klaus Badelt. He wrote additional music on The Time Machine, Basic, The Recruit and the blockbuster Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He then worked with Zimmer on the score for Thunderbirds, Something's Gotta Give (movieething's Gotta Give and Batman Begins.

Djawadi then went out on his own with Blade: Trinity, collaborating with The RZA for director David Goyer. This was the beginning of his relationship with Goyer for both movies and television. Djawadi wrote the score for Goyer's horror thriller The Unborn, which was produced by Michael Bay. he also worked with Goyer on the television series FlashForward. This earned him his second Emmy nomination. Djawadi also composed the Emmy-nominated theme music for Prison Break and the theme for the related show Breakout Kings. Djawadi's score for the movie Mr. Brooks earned him a World Soundtrack Awards “Discovery of the Year” nomination.  His other scores include Deception, starring Hugh Jackman and Ewan McGregor, and Robert Towne's Ask the Dust.

Djawadi scored the first Sony Animation project, Open Season as well as the sequel Open Season 2.  Other animation scores include The Chubbchubbs Save Xmas. Djawadi's work in these movies got him noticed by the filmmakers of the Belgium-based NWave. They created one of the first animated movies in 3D, Fly Me to the Moon.  Djawadi finished Warner Brothers' Clash of the Titans in 2010.  Djawadi also scored the soundtrack for the 2010 video game Medal of Honor and HBO's fantasy drama Game of Thrones.

He is currently composing the music for the new J.J. Abrams TV series, Person of Interest.

His usual orchestrators are Stephen Coleman and Tony Blondal

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
20th-century German composers
Iranian people
Movie score composers
People from Duisburg
21st-century German composers
Feminazi

Feminazi is a word used to criticize the feminist movement or its members. The name was created by American talk-show hosts Bob Black and Rush Limbaugh. Black wrote an essay in 1983 called "Feminism as Fascism".

Related pages
 Nazism
 Marxism
 Sexism
 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

References

Other websites 

 Online dictionary 

Political philosophy
Feminism
Pejoratives
Jessica-Jane Clement

Jessica-Jane Clement (born 24 February 1985) is a British glamour model, actress and television presenter. She was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. She is best known for her role in The Real Hustle on BBC Three. She was a contestant in the 2011 series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.

Other websites 

Official website

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English models
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
People from Sheffield
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Charlotte Church

Charlotte Church (born Charlotte Maria Reed, 21 February 1986) is a Welsh singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter. She changed her surname when she was adopted by her stepfather. She sings classical music and pop music.  She hosted a Channel 4 chat show titled The Charlotte Church Show. She has two children by rugby player Gavin Henson.

By 2007, she had sold more than ten million records worldwide including over five million in the United States. In 2010 she was reported to be worth as much as £11m (though one 2003 report quoted her worth at £25m). Church released her first album in five years, titled Back to Scratch, on 17 October 2010. Church has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

Discography
Studio albums
 Voice of an Angel (1998)
 Charlotte Church (1999)
 Dream a Dream (2000)
 Enchantment (2001)

References

Other websites 

Official website 

1986 births
Living people
British adoptees
British television talk show hosts
Classical musicians
Musicians from Cardiff
Welsh movie actors
Welsh pop singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
Welsh television actors
Bako Sahakyan

Bako Sahakyan (, sometimes transcribed as Bako Sahakian or Saakian, born August 30, 1960) is the fourth president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He replaced Arkadi Ghukasyan, who held the presidential post for two five-year terms.

Biography
Sahakyan was born in Stepanakert, NKAO, Azerbaijan SSR in 1960. After serving in the Soviet army, he worked for nine years in a Stepanakert factory. In 1990, he joined the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, of which he became a deputy commander. In 1999, he was named interior minister of Nagorno-Karabakh. He also led the Nagorno-Karabakh security service from 2001 to June 2007.

Bako Sahakyan is married and has two children.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic
High turnout in Nagorno-Karabakh

1960 births
Living people
Caucasus
Presidents (government)
Arkadi Ghukasyan

Arkadi Ghukasyan () was the third President of the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He was elected as the President on September 8, 1997 and re-elected in 2002, until his term ended on July 19, 2007 and was succeeded by Bako Sahakyan.

Born in Stepanakert, in the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Republic of the Azerbaijan SSR on June 22, 1957, he graduated in 1979 from Yerevan State University with a degree in linguistics. He started his working career as a correspondent for "Soviet Karabagh" newspaper, becoming its Deputy Editor-in-Chief in 1981.

In 1991 Ghukasyan was elected to the first Parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. 

Ghukasyan has been a member of Nagorno-Karabagk's Security Council since 1993. On July 23, 1993 he became the first Foreign Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

He survived an assassination attempt in 2000.

References

Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh

Other websites
 Official website (in Russian and Armenian)

1957 births
Living people
Caucasus
Presidents (government)
Nina Dobrev

Nina Dobrev (born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress. She is best known for playing the role of Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on the dramatic television series, The Vampire Diaries.

Biography 
Nina Dobrev was born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria to Bulgarian parents. her father is a computer scientist, and her mother is an artist. Her family moved to Canada when she was two years old. She was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Was 20 years old when she started her first show

References

Other websites

 

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
People from Sofia
1989 births
Living people
Canadian voice actors
Pharmaceutical chemistry

Pharmaceutical chemistry  or medicinal chemistry is a discipline of chemistry and pharmacology. Medicinal chemistry is interested in finding out about the chemical properties drugs have, and about the synthesis and production of drugs. In general, medicinal chemistry is seen as a specialization of organic chemistry.

Constantin Zwenger (1814-1885) was the person who founded the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. 

Branches of chemistry
Relativism

Relativism is the idea that points of view have no absolute truth or validity. They only have relative, subjective value according to viewpoint and circumstances.

Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:
 "That's true for you but not for me."
 "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
 "You can't judge other cultures by the standards of your own."

There are many forms of relativism.
The term often refers to truth relativism, which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism).

As moral relativism, moral principles apply only in a limited context. In context, principles and ethics do hold; out of context they do not.

There are similar ideas in nihilism, scepticism and amoralism.

Various applications 
People who agreed with the idea of relativism include Paul Feyerabend, Isaiah Berlin and Richard Rorty. 

The Roman Catholic Church, especially under John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, has identified relativism as one of the most significant problems for faith and morals today.

The Church and some philosophers define relativism as the denial of absolute truth. They say that without absolute truth, there can be no moral values. If there are no moral values, there might not be sin, and God may not exist. In their view, relativism constitutes a denial of the capacity of the human mind and reason to arrive at truth. Truth, according to Catholic theologians and philosophers (following Aristotle and Plato) consists of adequatio rei et intellectus, the correspondence of the mind and reality. Another way of putting it states that the mind has the same form as reality. This means when the form of the computer in front of someone (the type, color, shape, capacity, etc.) is also the form that is in their mind, then what they know is true because their mind corresponds to objective reality.

The denial of an absolute reference, of an axis mundi, denies God, who equates to Absolute Truth, according to these Christian philosophers. They link relativism to secularism, an obstruction of religion in human life.

Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) was the first known Pope to use the word relativism in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). Leo XIII condemned Freemasonry and claimed that its philosophical and political system was largely based on relativism.

References

Philosophical movements and positions
Federica De Bortoli

Federica De Bortoli (born November 9, 1976 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

De Bortoli provides the voice of the character Bella Swan in the Italian language version of the Twilight movie series.

She works at LaBibi.it, Dubbing Brothers, Sefit - CDC, and other dubbing studios in Italy.

Voice work
 Suki in Avatar: The Last Airbender
 Nene Romanova in Bubblegum Crisis
 Roberta Tubbs in The Cleveland Show
 Tails in Sonic X
 Padmé Amidala in Star Wars: Clone Wars
 Diana in Pokémon 4Ever

Other websites

Behind the Voice Actors

Living people
Italian voice actors
1976 births
Cheese analogue

Cheese analogues are substitutes of cheese that are made to imitate the taste and the look of real cheese. Such substitutes replace the dairy milk by other plant-based ingredients. The fat in the milk is replaced by other kinds of fat of animal or plant origin. Sometimes the proteins found in milk are also replaced by proteins from other sources. Cheese analogues are usually used because of health reasons, for example lactose intolerance. They are also used as a personal choice (e.g. veganism, or for religious reasons). In most cases, Cheese analogue is kosher. 

Cheese analogue cost less to make than real cheese. By carefully choosing the ingredients in the analogue, other characteristics such as the melting temperature and the taste can be changed. Flavour enhancers can be added to make the product taste similar to  Parmesan, feta or Camembert cheese, for example. Food coloring is used to match the color of a cheese product. Real cheese undergoes a ripening process, cheese analogues do not have this: Usually, vegetable oil is heated, and mixed with a premade powder and water. Flavour enhancers are added. After cooling, the product is ready for packaging. 

In Europe, cheese analogue is used for gastronomy and in bakeries; In the United States, it is marketed as a replacement for real cheese. The arguments used cater to people who do not want to use real cheese for personal reasons, or that cannot use it for health reasons. 

Foods
Perla Liberatori

Perla Liberatori (born November 10, 1981 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

Liberatori is well known for providing the voice of both Stella and Chatta in the fantasy animated series Winx Club.She also voices Celia Hills in the Italian language version Inazuma Eleven anime series. 

She is married to voice actor Gianluca Crisafi. Liberatori is also well known for dubbing over many actresses.

Voice work

Anime and animation
 Stella, Chatta, and Zing in Winx Club
 Bubbles in The Powerpuff Girls
 Bubbles in The Powerpuff Girls Movie
 Bubbles in Powerpuff Girls Z
 Sarah in Ed, Edd n Eddy and Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show
 Melody (speaking voice) in The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea
 Andrina in The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning
 Senior Witch in Kiki's Delivery Service
 Sophie Casterwill in Huntik: Secrets & Seekers
 Jinx (1st voice) in Teen Titans
 Yumi Yoshimura in Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi
 Iridessa in Tinker Bell
 Iridessa in Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure
 Celia Hills in Inazuma Eleven
 Milly Thompson in Trigun
 Ferro in Gunslinger Girl
 Karin Hanazono in Kamichama Karin
 Kaname Chidori in Full Metal Panic! and Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu
 Courtney Martin in Glenn Martin, DDS
 Yuki Nagato in The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya
 Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in Pretty Cure
 Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart
 Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart: The Movie
 Mindy in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
 Morgan le Fay in Ah! My Goddess: The Movie

Live action shows and movies
 Lizzie McGuire in Lizzie McGuire and The Lizzie McGuire Movie
 Olivia Kendall (2nd voice) in The Cosby Show
 Griet in Girl with a Pearl Earring
 Charisse Dolittle in Dr. Dolittle
 Molly Pruitt in Home Alone 3
 Lindsay Gardner in The O.C.
 Paris Geller (2nd voice) and Janet Billing in Gilmore Girls

References

Other websites

Child actors
Living people
Italian voice actors
1981 births
Rikuzen Province

is an old province of Japan in the area of Miyagi Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Rikuchū and Mutsu Provinces, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History

in 1868, Rikuaen was separated from Mutsu.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Rikuzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Sanriku

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Iwate Prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture
Danger

Danger (also risk or peril) is the possibility of something bad happening. A situation in which there is a risk of something bad happening, is called dangerous, risky or perilous.

People often take risks, or do things that might hurt them. An example of this is crossing the road without looking carefully. There is a risk that you might get hit by a car.  

Anything that involves a risk of injury or to health can be described as dangerous. Smoking is dangerous to health.  Being around some animals is dangerous because they might attack humans.

Measuring danger 
There are a few different ways that danger can be quantified - put into numbers.

Probability 
probability measures how dangerous something is.  It uses a math equation to find the risk that a certain event might happen.  In epidemiology, risk is defined as the number of events that did happen, divided by the number of events that could have happened. For example, if the risk of babies dying after birth in a population is reported as 1/1000, it means that out of every 1000 babies born, 1 is likely to die.

Risk and prevalence 
Prevalence is the number of people in a population that have a certain disease.

Risk is the number of new cases of disease, divided by the number of people who could get the disease.  For example, during an outbreak of the flu, risk would be the number of people who get the flu, divided by the number of people who were exposed to the flu virus.

Risk assessment 
A risk assessment is a list of things that could go wrong. In many Western countries, when teachers take children on an outing, they may have to fill in a risk assessment form which lists the possible dangers and says what they should do to stop bad things from happening (e.g. accidents or children getting lost).

Related pages 

Adventure
Threat

Epidemiology
Safety
Cadet

A cadet is someone who is training to become an officer in the military, often a person who is a junior trainee. The term comes from the term "cadet" for younger sons of a noble family.

Military ranks
Lime (material)

Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate.

These materials are used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, concrete, and mortar), and as chemical feedstocks, among other uses.  The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, primarily limestone and chalk, are composed primarily of calcium carbonate.    "Burning" (calcination) converts them into the highly caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide), and, through the addition of water, into the less caustic, but still strongly alkaline slaked lime (calcium hydroxide).

In general writing when the term is used in an agricultural context it probably refers to  Agricultural lime.  Otherwise it most commonly means slaked lime, as the more dangerous form is usually described more specifically as quicklime or burnt lime.

Minerals
Building materials
Permineralization

Permineralization is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms. 

Minerals in water fill the spaces inside organic tissue. The process gives a record of soft tissue as well as hard tissues. Fossils with permineralization are useful in studying internal structures, especially of plants.

Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals. Crystals begin to form in the porous cell walls. This process continues on the inner surface of the walls until the central cavity of the cell, the lumen, is completely filled. The cell walls themselves remain intact surrounding the crystals. Permineralization is different from petrification in that the organic material is only filled with minerals and not completely replaced. Permineralization can occur in several ways:

Types

Silicification 
Silicification is the most common type of permineralization.

Carbonate mineralization 

Carbonate mineralization occurs as coal balls. Coal balls are fossilizations of plants and their tissues, usually made when there is seawater or acidic peat.  This type of fossilization gives information about plant life in the Upper Carboniferous (325 to 280 million years ago).

Pyritization 
Organisms are pyritized when they are in marine sediments saturated with iron sulfides.

References

Fossils
Paleontology