cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Existence quantifier

In mathematics and logic, the existence quantifier is a quantifier used to state that a proposition is true for at least one element in the universe of discourse. The existence quantifier is commonly written as  (a mirrored E), and is read as "there exists". An example involving an existence quantifier is the statement "some natural number is equal to 3+5", which can be written as . 

In general, a statement of the form  is true if there is an x in the universe of discourse satisfying the predicate , and is false otherwise. An existence quantifier is different from a universal quantifier, which is used to state that a proposition is true for all elements in the universe of discourse.

Related pages 

 Predicate logic

References 

Logic
Universe of discourse

In mathematics, the universe of discourse or domain of discourse is a set of all elements to which a function applies. A variable can take any of the values in its universe of discourse. 

The term is also used informally. 
"In every discourse, whether of the mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined. The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself. But more usually we confine ourselves to a less spacious field. Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilized men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation. Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed the universe of discourse. Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse".

References 

Mathematics
Communication
The Banger Sisters

The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy drama movie. The movie is about two middle-aged women who were groupies when they were young. Goldie Hawn plays Suzette. Susan Sarandon plays Vinnie.

This movie was released in September of 2002. It made quite a bit of money at the box office.

2002 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Female buddy movies

Movies set in Arizona
Movies set in Los Angeles
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
Maid in Manhattan

Maid in Manhattan is a 2002 romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a hotel maid and a politician who fall in love with each other. Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa. Ralph Fiennes plays Christopher. Natasha Richardson plays Caroline.

This movie got negative reviews from critics. It made lots of money anyway. This movie was released in December 2002.

2002 comedy-drama movies
2002 romance movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2000s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Manhattan in fiction
Movies set in New York City
Jean-Yves Leroux

Jean-Yves Leroux (born June 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a career total of 220 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Chicago Blackhawks.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Leroux played 4 seasons with the Beauport Harfangs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Before he played with the Blackhawks, he played a seasons with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL). During his time with the Blackhawks, he recorded an overall total of 16 goals, 22 assists, 38 points, 146 penalty minutes. On October 01, 2001, the Blackhawks sent Leroux down to their AHL-affiliate Norfolk Admirals. Leroux left the NHL after the 2000–01 NHL season.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2010.

References

Other websites 

1976 births
American Hockey League players
Beauport Harfangs players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Maspalomas Dunes

The Maspalomas Dunes are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve. They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Canary Islands
Timanfaya National Park

Timanfaya National Park () is a Spanish national park in the southwestern part of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. It covers parts of the municipalities Tinajo and Yaiza. The area is . The parkland is entirely made up of volcanic soil.

Timanfaya National Park is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Volcanic activity
The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736.

References

Other websites 
 Parque Nacional de Timanfaya

1974 establishments
1970s establishments in Spain
León Cathedral

Santa María de León Cathedral, also called The House of Light or the Pulchra Leonina is in the city of León in north-western Spain. It is the third Roman Catholic cathedral to be built on the site of what was originally a Roman bath. The first cathedral was built by King Ordoño II of León. It was probably built in the Mozarabic style but was damaged in the 990s. The second cathedral was consecrated in 1073. It was built in the Romanesque style of architecture. The present Gothic style cathedral was started in 1255. It was completed about 50 years later. The cathedral has some of the finest examples of stained glass windows in all of Europe.

References

Other websites 
 InFocus: León Cathedral (León, Spain) at HitchHikers Handbook
Official Site of León Cathedral
Webcam of León Cathedral 

Cathedrals in Spain
Las Médulas

Las Médulas (As Médulas or As Meduas in Galician language) is a historical site  near the town of Ponferrada, Spain. It used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire. In order to remove the gold, the Romans washed away an entire mountain. From the 2nd to the 4th century AD the Romans used slaves to mine about 900 tons of gold. It left a series of rock pinnacles, gullies, caves and tunnels. Las Médulas is listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites.

References

Further reading 

Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169-85
Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G., Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972): 59-74.
Domergue, C. and Hérail, G., Conditions de gisement et exploitation antique à Las Médulas (León, Espagne) in L'or dans l'antiquité: de la mine à l'objet, B. Cauuet, ed., Aquitania Supplement, 9 (Bordeaux 1999): 93-116.
Journeys Through European Landscapes/Voyages dans les Paysages Européens. COST-ESF, Ponferrada: 101-104.

Other websites 
Webpage of Fundación Las Médulas, with itineraries, virtual visit and practical information 
UNESCO official website
Photo gallery and explanation of the explotaition system  
"Las Médulas, the Roman El Dorado".   and  Article by the Leonese writer Julio Llamazares.
Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines 
Social Structure and Territory-Landscape Archaeology research group 

 Action COST A27: Understanding pre-industrial rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS) European research project, a platform for scientific dissemination of Las Médulas 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
Roman Walls of Lugo

The Roman Walls of Lugo (Spanish, Galician: Muralla Romana de Lugo) were constructed in the 3rd century AD. The walls were created as late Roman Empire fortifications. They are still largely intact today. They stretch over  around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain). Located on a hilltop the walls have a wide ditch directly in front of them. The walls average about  in height and are up to  thick. At the front of the wall there are a series of semicircular towers up to  in diameter. The walls are constructed of schist from the local area. The walls have been declared a World Heritage site.

Images

References 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
La Seu Vella, Lleida

The La Seu Vella (also called Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella; Catalan and Spanish: Catedral de Santa Maria de la Seu Vella, ) is the Roman catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Lleida. It is in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, on top of Lleida hill.

Sources
 Consorci Del Turó De La Seu Vella De Lleida - Official website

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Catalonia
Reichssicherheitshauptamt

The RSHA, or Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office or Reich Security Main Office or Reich Security Head Office) was an organization headed by Heinrich Himmler. This was in his dual capacities as Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and Reichsführer-SS. The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany.

References 

 
1930s in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
Cathedral of Murcia

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia (), commonly called the Cathedral of Murcia, is a church in Murcia, Spain. It is the only cathedral in use in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena in Spain.

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Murcia
Roman Theatre

The Roman Theatre is an ancient Roman theatre in Cartagena, Spain. The theatre was built between 5 BC and 1 BC.

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
Region of Murcia
1st-century BC establishments
Jaén Cathedral

The Assumption of the Virgin Cathedral is a Spanish Renaissance cathedral located in Santa María Square in Jaén, Spain. It is across from the Town Hall and the Episcopal Palace (Archbishop's palace). The Santa María Square is one of the historical sites in Jaén. The cathedral stands on the same ground that was once occupied by an early mosque. 

Construction of the cathedral began in 1249. It was built on the ruins of an early Spanish mosque. It was damaged and rebuilt on numerous occasions during the following two centuries. In the sixteenth century Andrés de Vandelvira built the biggest part of the Cathedral. It was consecrated in 1724.

The more representative architectural element is its façade. It was designed by Eufrasio López de Rojas. It was sculpted by Pedro Roldán. It houses the Veil of Veronica. In 1545 the young Francisco Guerrero was the maestro de capilla.

Jaén Cathedral is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other books

Other websites
 JAÉN CATHEDRAL 

Cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
1724 establishments
18th-century establishments in Spain
1720s establishments in Europe
Tim Salmon

Timothy James Salmon (born August 24, 1968), is a former Major League Baseball player. He played for the California Angels from 1992 to 2004 and again, with the renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 2006. He won the World Series with the Angels in 2002. He hit 299 home runs in his career.

Living people
1968 births
California Angels players
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players
Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington

Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington (6 June 1919 – 9 July 2018) was a British Conservative politician.

He served as British Defence Secretary between 1970 and 1974, Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as the sixth Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He was the last surviving member of the Cabinets of both Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home.

Carington died on 9 July 2018, aged 99.

References

Other websites
Announcement of his taking the oath under his new title at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 17 November 1999
 Lord Carrington's views on the EU from the Daily Telegraph 
Thatcher's First Cabinet

1919 births
2018 deaths
Civil servants
Secretaries General of NATO
Politicians from Buckinghamshire
Sergio Balanzino

Sergio Silvio Balanzino (born 20 June 1934, died 25 February 2018) was an Italian diplomat. Balanzino was born in Bologna, Italy.

He served as the Italian ambassador to Canada from May 1990 to January 1994. He then became the Deputy Secretary General of NATO before briefly becoming acting Secretary General twice. Firstly by replacing Manfred Wörner on August 13, 1994 after the latter resigned in the last stages of cancer. He was then replaced by Willy Claes on October 17, 1994 who resigned on alleged corruption charges on October 20, 1995. 

Balanzino, who had gone back to being Deputy, again took over the reins until he was replaced on December 5, 1995 by Javier Solana. He died in Rome in February 2018.

References

1934 births
Living people
Secretaries General of NATO
Italian politicians
People from Bologna
Ambassadors to Canada
Heat transfer

Heat transfer is the way the heat moves from one physical system (or body) to another. Heat transfer requires a difference in temperature. Heat moves from the hotter body (higher temperature) to the colder one (lower temperature). The bodies in question may be in a solid state, a liquid state or a gaseous state. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.

References 

Thermodynamics
Heat transfer
Martin Walser

Martin Walser (born 24 March 1927) is a German writer. He became famous for talking about the troubles for anti-heroes he had in his novels and stories. In 1998 he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in Frankfurt. Walser was born in Wasserburg am Bodensee, on Lake Constance.

References

Other websites

 
 
Audio clip from the novel "Ein liebender Mann" (2008), read out on Literaturport.de by Martin Walser himself (in German) 
Audio clip from the novel "Angstblüte" (2006) on Literaturport.de (in German) 

1927 births
Living people
German writers
Hans Magnus Enzensberger

Hans Magnus Enzensberger (born 11 November 1929) is a German author, poet, translator and editor. He has also written under the pseudonym Andreas Thalmayr. He was born in Kaufbeuren, Bavaria. He moved to Nuremberg in 1931. Enzensberger has a sarcastic, ironic tone in many of his poems.

References

Other websites
 In conversation with Charles Simic  December 11, 2002
 The radical loser: English translation of an article originally appearing in Der Spiegel on November 7, 2005.
 Enzensberger at PEN American Center  Participated in the 2006 PEN World Voices Conference in NYC
 Poesieautomat  (Poetry-Machine) realized by Christian Bauer, 2006
 Griffin Poetry Prize Lifetime Recognition Award profile (including audio and video of tribute and acceptance speech)
 Interview: A life in writing Talking with Enzensberger at The Guardian; appeared online May 15, 2010

1929 births
Living people
German poets
People from Nuremberg
Writers from Bavaria
Ōfunato, Iwate

is a city in southeastern Iwate, Japan.

The city of Ōfunato was originally part of the ancient Mutsu Province. It has been settled since the Jōmon period. The modern village of Ōfunato was made within Kesen District, Iwate on April 1, 1889. In 1896, the Meiji-Sanriku earthquake caused a 25-meter tsunami that killed 27,000 people in Sanriku. Ōfunato was promoted officially promoted to town status on April 1, 1932. In 1933, a 8.4 magnitude earthquake stuck the town and caused a 28-meter tsunami that killed 1522 people. On April 1, 1952, the town of Sakari, and villages of Akasaki, Takkon, Massaki, Ikawa and Hikoroichi all merged with Ōfunato to form the city. On November 15, 2001, the town of Sanriku (from Kesen District) also merged into Ōfunato.

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Ōfunato was very badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The wave that hit the city was estimated to have reached 23.6 meters in height.

It was listed that 3,498 out of 15,138 houses in the town were destroyed by the tsunami and 305 people were confirmed dead. At least six of Ōfunato's 58 designated evacuation sites were flooded by the tsunami.

References

Other websites

 Official website  

Settlements in Iwate Prefecture
El Escorial, Madrid

El Escorial is a municipality in the administrative district of Madrid. It is located  northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Its population in 2013 was 15,197.

References 

Municipalities in the Community of Madrid
Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija

Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija is a joint UNESCO World Heritage site in Almadén, Spain, and Idrija, Slovenia. The property includes two mercury mining sites. In Almadén mercury has been extracted since antiquity, while in Idrija it was first found in 1490 AD. The Almadén site includes buildings relating to its mining history. These include Retamar Castle, religious buildings and traditional houses. The site in Idrija notably features mercury storage and infrastructure. It also includes miners’ living quarters, and a miners’ theatre. The sites shows how trade in mercury generated important exchanges between Europe and America over the centuries. The two sites represent the two largest mercury mines in the world and were working mines until recent times.

References 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
Bardenas Reales

The Bardenas Reales is a semi-desert natural region, or badlands. It is about  and is located in southeast Navarre (Spain). The soils are made up of clay, chalk and sandstone. They have been eroded by water and wind. This has created a number of shapes, canyons, plateaus, tabular structures and isolated hills, called seamounts. Bardenas lacks urban areas and vegetation is scarce.

Location
The Bardenas is in the southeast of Navarra, bordering Aragon. It is located in the middle of the depression of the Ebro valley at the foot of the mountains of the Yugo and the Zaragoza region of Cinco Villas. It is  from north to south and  east-west and at an altitude ranging between . Its area is . Limited to sixteen municipalities, of which thirteen are in Navarre and three in the province of Zaragoza.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 The landscape of Bardenas Reales
 Las Bardenas Reales 
 Las Bardenas Reales 

Geography of Spain
Ryan VandenBussche

Ryan VandenBussche (born February 28, 1973) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 9 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was known for his pugilistic skills.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, VandenBussche played 2 seasons with the Cornwall Royals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).

He was drafted with the 173rd overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He spent most of his first seasons between the OHL and the American Hockey League (AHL) with the St. John's Maple Leafs, Springfield Indians, and Binghamton Rangers.

On August 22, 1995, he signed a contract with the New York Rangers after he became an unrestricted free agent. After he spent two seasons in the AHL with the Rangers AHL-affiliate team, the Binghamton Rangers, VandenBussche made his NHL debut on December 13, 1996 in a 3-0 win against the Buffalo Sabres.

After 27 games with the Rangers over 2 seasons, the Rangers traded VandenBussche to the Chicago Blackhawks for Ryan Risidore on March 24, 1998. With the Blackhawks, VandenBussche played 263 games over 7 years with them.

On July 12, 2004, he signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins as an unrestricted free agent.
 
He only played 20 games with the Penguins before he was signed for a try-out by Jokerit of the SM-liiga on September 25, 2006.

He signed with the New Mexico Scorpions of the Central Hockey League (CHL) as a player/coach on November 5, 2006. On January 17, 2007, he announced that he was retiring from playing professional hockey because of medical reasons.

During his career, VandenBussche was mainly known as an enforcer. He is known for ending the career of Nick Kypreos during a fight in a pre-season game in September 1997.

After retiring, he decided to sell real estate with his wife Lisa, and under the direction of his father Ron, in Norfolk County.

On July 3, 2006, VandenBussche was charged with three counts of assaulting police and one count of uttering a death threat after a fight at a bar in Turkey Point. He was later cleared of the charges.

References

Other websites 

1973 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Ontario Hockey League players
Inverse-square law

In physics, an inverse-square law is a physical law that states that the farther away an object is from an effect, or a physical quantity causing an effect, the less change can be observed in the object.

The following are examples of when this law applies:
Gravitation
Electrostatics
Light and other electromagnetic radiation
Acoustics

If the object is seen farther away then that means the object has higher radiation. Kepler discovered 2849NgC in the year 1. The formula he developed is p=1/d
Laws of physics
Sant Feliu de Llobregat Cathedral

Sant Feliu de Llobregat Cathedral or the Cathedral of Saint Lawrence (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat.

Cathedrals in Spain
Catalonia
Bilbao Cathedral

Santiago Cathedral (; ) is a Catholic cathedral in the city of Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. It was originally built as a Gothic church in the late 14th century. After a fire in the 1500s it was rebuilt. It was officially given the status of a cathedral in 1950.

References

Other websites 
 Information about Santiago cathedral
 Photography of Bilbao cathedral (facade and interior), Flickr

Bilbao
Cathedrals in Spain
Horned owl

Bubo is a genus of large owls. It includes the eagle-owls (Old World) and the horned owls (the Americas). This genus contains about one or two dozen species of typical owls (family Strigidae) and is found in many parts of the world. Some of the largest living Strigiformes are in Bubo. Traditionally, only owls with ear-tufts were included here, but that is no longer the case.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b sequence data supports the decision to put the snowy owl, an eagle-owl adapted to Arctic conditions, into Bubo.

The fish-owls in the genus Ketupa, and the Scotopelia fishing owls, are also closely related. They might be moved into Bubus, but that would make the genus rather large. As it is some of these owls, like  Verreaux's eagle-owl, are not studied enough. More research is needed.

References
Prince of Asturias

Prince of Asturias (, ) is the traditional title given to the heir to the Spanish throne. John I of Castile first gave the title to his oldest son, prince Henry (Henry III of Castile) in 1388. The title lapsed in 1931 when the monarchy was overthrown. Military dictator Francisco Franco appointed Juan Carlos de Borbón as his "successor with the title of King". But he gave him the new title of "Prince of Spain" instead of Prince of Asturias. In 1977 the title was given to Felipe VI of Spain, who was the eldest son and then heir apparent of King Juan Carlos I.

Legacy 
In preservation of the legacy of the family and its heirs, they've established The Princess of Asturias Foundation. It is a non-profit organization assembled the Princess of Asturias Awards, which presents academic ceremony each year in Oviedo, the capital of the Principality of Asturias. The foundation celebrates and promotes excellence in the cultural, scientific, and humanistic values.

Examples 
List of some people who held the title:
 Henry III of Castile
 King Luis I
 King Fernando VI
 Alfonso XII of Spain
 Felipe VI of Spain

References
Palacio de Villena (Cadalso de los Vidrios)

The Palace of Villena () is a palace in Cadalso de los Vidrios, Spain.  It was built by Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo.

The building and the gardens are listed as a Spanish Property of Cultural Interest.
The building is listed as a monument. It has been protected since 1931. The gardens are listed as a jardín histórico (historic garden). They have been protected since the 1970s.

References 

Villena
Community of Madrid
James Arnold Taylor

James Arnold Taylor (born July 22, 1969) is an American actor and voice actor. He has voiced Obi-Wan Kenobi, Plo Koon and other Star Wars characters. He voices Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars: Rebels. He also voices Johnny Test and Fred Flintstone.

References

1969 births
American voice actors
Living people
Shaker Heights, Ohio

Shaker Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the city population was 28,448.

References

Other websites

City website
Ludlow Community Association website

Cities in Ohio
Chardon, Ohio

Chardon is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Geauga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,148 at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites

 City of Chardon
 Chardon Local Schools
 Chardon Fire Department 

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
2014 Ebola virus cases in the United States

On September 30, 2014, the first case of Ebola virus disease was diagnosed in the United States. It came from a 42-year-old Liberian national, Thomas Eric Duncan. Even before Duncan's diagnosis, three Americans had been medically evacuated from Africa and treated in the United States for Ebola virus disease. This was during the current Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. Two were treated at Emory University Hospital's isolation unit and one at Nebraska Medical Center.

About Thomas Eric Duncan
Duncan, who came from Liberia, had been visiting family in Dallas, Texas. He was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas. By October 4, his condition had deteriorated from "serious but stable" to "critical". On October 4, Duncan started receiving the experimental drug brincidofovir, but remained in critical condition. On October 8, Duncan died of Ebola virus disease.

References

Other websites
What gear to wear for protection from Ebola infection
 Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever — CDC.gov
 U.C. Santa Cruz Ebola genome browser

Ebola virus
Diseases caused by viruses
Jeen van den Berg

Jeen van den Berg (8 January 1928 - 8 October 2014) was a Dutch speed skater. He was known as the winner of the Elfstedentocht of 1954. He rode the race a record seven times. His first time was in 1947. His final race was in 1997. van den Berg was born in De Veenhoop, Netherlands.

On 3 February 1954, van den Berg finished the race in a record 7 hours and 35 minutes, a record bettered by Evert van Benthem only 31 years later. He came third in the infamous 1963 race. In 1973 he became the first Dutch marathon skate champion.

van den Berg died in Heerenveen, Netherlands, aged 86.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Speed skaters
Sportspeople from Friesland
Mike Waugh

Michael L. "Mike" Waugh (December 17, 1955 – October 8, 2014) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Waugh was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 28th District from 1998 until 2014. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1993 through 1998.

Waugh left his job on January 13, 2014, after he learned he had pancreatic cancer. He died on October 8, 2014 of cancer.

References

1955 births
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Politicians from Pennsylvania
US Republican Party politicians
Living people
Feridun Buğeker

Feridun İsmail Buğeker (5 April 1933 – 6 October 2014) was a Turkish football forward who played for Turkey in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Fenerbahçe S.K. between 1950–55 and 1961-63. He was born in Istanbul, Turkey.

Buğeker died in Istanbul, Turkey, aged 81.

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
Turkish footballers
People from Istanbul
Cigar (horse)

Cigar (April 18, 1990 – October 7, 2014) was an American thoroughbred racehorse. In 1995 and 1996, Cigar won 16 races in a row. He was the first American racehorse racing against top-class competition to do that since Citation in 1948 and 1950. 

When Cigar retired, he had made more money than any other American Thoroughbred racehorse. He is now in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

Cigar died from spinal surgery complications in Lexington, Kentucky, aged 24.

References

Other websites

1990 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Thoroughbred racehorses
Doñana National Park

Doñana National Park is a natural reserve in southern Spain. It is in Andalusia, in the provinces of Huelva and Seville. It is in Las Marismas, where the Guadalquivir River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The park covers . Of that area,  are protected. The park has marshes, shallow streams, and sand dunes.  It was named as a nature reserve in 1969. The World Wildlife Fund and the Spanish government bought a section of marshes to protect it. The eco-system has been in danger from draining the marshes, using river water to irrigate land along the coast, and making tourist facilities bigger. The park is named after Doña Ana de Silva y Mendoza, the wife of Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia.

Doñana National Park was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

National parks in Spain
Andalusia
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
1969 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Spain
Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll

The Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll is a Benedictine monastery in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia, Spain. It was built in the Romanesque style. Much of the church was rebuilt in the 19th century. The sculptured portico is a noted work of Romanesque art.

The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

 

Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Catalonia
Monasteries
San Juan de la Peña

The monastery of San Juan de la Peña is a religious complex in the town of Santa Cruz de la Serós. It is to the southwest of Jaca, in the province of Huesca, Spain. It was one of the most important monasteries in Aragon in the Middle Ages. Its two-level church is partly carved in the stone of the large cliff that is over the foundation. San Juan de la Peña means "Saint John of the Cliff".

The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

San Juan de la Peña at monasteriosanjuan.com
Info sheet

Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Aragon
Almería Cathedral

The Cathedral of Almería (), in full the Cathedral of the Incarnation of Almería (), is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Almería, Andalusia. It is the seat of the Diocese of Almería.

The cathedral was built in Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles from 1524 to 1562. Its last bell was built in 1805.

References

Cathedrals in Spain
Andalusia
1560s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Spain
1562 establishments
Cartagena Cathedral

The Cathedral of Cartagena (also called Cathedral of Santa María la Vieja)  was a cathedral of the Diocese of Cartagena. It was in the old town of Cartagena.  It has been in ruins since 1939, when it was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War.

Cathedrals in Spain
Region of Murcia
Ruins
Alcalá de Henares Cathedral

The Alcalá de Henares Cathedral (also called as Cathedral of St Justus and St Pastor in Alcalá de Henares) () is a Catholic cathedral in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1904.

References

Other websites 

 Catedral de los Santos Niños Justo y Pastor en Alcalá de Henares 
 Fotografías 

Cathedrals in Spain
Community of Madrid
1904 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Spain
Mérida Cathedral

The Mérida Cathedral in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, is one of the oldest cathedrals in the Americas.

History
The cathedral was built on the site of Mayan ruins Tiho.

References

Other websites 

 Descripción del monumento 
  

Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Mexico
Yucatán (state)
Astorga Cathedral

The Cathedral of Astorga () is a Roman Catholic church in Astorga, Spain. It was declared a national monument in 1931. Bishop of this cathedral is Camilo Lorenzo Iglesias (Bishop of Astorga).

Other websites 

Official website 
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Astorga Cathedral (no. 70)

Cathedrals in Spain
Castile and León
1471 establishments
15th-century establishments in Spain
1470s establishments in Europe
San Sebastián Cathedral

The San Sebastián Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of the Good Shepherd)̠ (, ) is a cathedral in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain. It is the seat of the suffragan Diocese of San Sebastián and under to the Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela.

Gallery

Notes

Bibliography

Other websites 

 Descriptive form on Donostiasansebastian.com

Cathedrals in Spain
Basque Country
1897 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Spain
Jerez de la Frontera Cathedral

The Cathedral of San Salvador is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Asidonia-Jerez  in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, southern Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931. It was elevated to the rank of cathedral in 1980.

Style 
Built in the 17th century, it is a mix of Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassicist style.

References

Other websites 

 Official site

Cathedrals in Spain
Jerez de la Frontera
17th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain
Cádiz Cathedral

Cádiz Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church  in Cádiz, southern Spain, and the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. It was built between 1722 and 1838. The cathedral was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931.

Images

References

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Cadiz
Ceuta Cathedral

The Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption () is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Spanish city of Ceuta located in a small exclave on the north coast of Africa.

The cathedral is a 15th-century structure, built on the site of a sixth-century Christian church. The cathedral contains works of art dating from the 17th century to the present day.

References

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Ceuta
Las Palmas Cathedral

The Cathedral of Santa Ana (Holy Cathedral-Basilica of Canary or Cathedral of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) is a cathedral in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. It is the seat of the Diocese of the Canaries in the Roman Catholic Church. It is in the Vegueta neighborhood, next to the Plaza Mayor of Santa Ana. The feast of the cathedral's dedication is celebrated annually on November 26. It is one of two cathedrals in the Canary Islands, near the La Laguna Cathedral in Tenerife.

Other websites 

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Cathedrals in Spain
La Laguna Cathedral

The Cathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna or Catedral de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios (Santa Iglesia Catedral de San Cristóbal de La Laguna in Spanish) is a Catholic cathedral in Tenerife, Spain. It started construction in 1904 and was completed in 1915. It is dedicated to the Virgin of Los Remedios (patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna). This is one of the most important cathedrals in the Canary Islands.

Images

References 

Cathedrals in Spain
Canary Islands
1915 establishments
1910s establishments in Spain
Tarragona Cathedral

The Cathedral of Tarragona is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Tarragona, Spain. The site was previously occupied by a Roman temple of Jupiter. Later it was a Visigothic cathedral, then a Moorish mosque. It was declared a national monument in 1905. During the Spanish Civil War the cathedral was vandalized and in 1939 a reconciliation rite was celebrated.

References

Other websites 

Panoramic view  
Diocesan Museum  

Cathedrals in Spain
Catalonia
Solsona Cathedral

The Cathedral of Solsona is a cathedral in Solsona, Catalonia, Spain. The apse, in Roman style, probably dates from the twelfth century.

References

 Monestirs de Catalunya. Catedral de Solsona

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Catalonia
12th-century establishments in Spain
Vic Cathedral

Vic Cathedral (, ), officially the Cathedral of St. Peter the Apostle (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Vic, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Diocese of Vic.

It has a mix of Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassic styles.

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Catalonia
Neanderthal 1

Neanderthal 1 is the name of the first fossil found that was clearly identified as a Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis). Sometimes this fossil is also called Feldhofer 1, but that name is less common.

It is not the first fossil found of a Neanderthal, but before this find, the importance of the fossils was unclear. The fossil is part of a skull, with a fragment of the left temporal bone, part of the right scapula (shoulder blade), the right clavicle, both humeri (bones in the upper arm), one radius (a bone in the forearm), both ulnae (another bone in the forearm), five ribs, an almost complete half pelvis, and both femurs.

Studies done in 1999 included a radiocarbon dating of the bones: The bones were fouund to be about 39.900 ± 620 years old. This means this Neanderthal was from one of the last Neanderthal populations in Europe. In the 1990s and 2000s, bones from two other Neanderhals were found nearby, they are called Neanderthal 2 and Neanderthal 3 respectively. Neanderthal 2 has the same age, but a lighter build. Neanderthal 3 was probably a teenager.

Neanderthal 1 was male. At the time of death, he was between 40 and 42 years old.

References

Hominins
Gall–Peters projection

The Gall–Peters projection is an equal-area map projection. It cannot be used to navigate with. It is a map style that has areas near the equator appear to be smaller than they are. Those areas closer to the poles appear larger. It was named after James Gall and Arno Peters. A controversy came up in the late 20th century about the political implications of map design. Maps based on this projection are promoted by UNESCO. They are also widely used by British schools.

References 

Map projections
Gullan Bornemark

Elin Gunhild "Gullan" Bornemark (born Bohlin; 28 November 1927 in Härnösand, Sweden) is a Swedish musician, lyricist and composer. Between 1951 and 2007, she was also active as a music teacher.

Famous songs
Herr Gårman
Lillebror (1964)
Min ponny
Sudda sudda
Är du vaken Lars?
Skojiga valpen (also known as "Valpen min")

References 

1927 births
Living people
20th-century composers
21st-century composers
Lyricists
Swedish musicians
Teachers
Mad Money

Mad Money is a 2008 criminal-comedy thriller movie. Diane Keaton plays Bridget. Katie Holmes plays Jackie. Queen Latifah plays Nina.

The movie received mixed to negative reviews from the critics. It was released on January 18, 2008.

2008 comedy movies
2008 crime movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
2008 thriller movies
American criminal comedy movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Female buddy movies
Kansas City, Missouri
Movies set in Missouri
Sigüenza Cathedral

The Cathedral of Sigüenza () is a cathedral in Guadalajara, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931. It is built in Romanesque and Gothic style.
The cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara.

References

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Castile-La Mancha
Co-cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor

The Co-cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor () is a co-cathedral  in Guadalajara, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1941.

References

Other websites

Cathedrals in Spain
Castile-La Mancha
Felix Körling

John Felix August Körling, born 17 December 1864, in Kristdala, Sweden, dead 8 January 1937 in Halmstad, Sweden, was a Swedish composer, church musician and music teacher. He was the brother of Sven Körling and son of August Körling. Felix Körling also wrote children's songs.

References 

1864 births
1937 deaths
Swedish musicians
Olle Widestrand

John Olof "Olle" Widestrand, born 9 July 1932, dead 25 March 2018, was a Swedish parish-musician, teacher and composer. He is represented in Den svenska psalmboken 1986 with two works (number 61 and 90) and several other hymnals with one hymn. He has written several children's songs and published songbooks and educational materials for schools. He lived in the town of Jönköping until his death.

Hymns
 Blott i det öppna (1986 number 90), lyrics by Britt G. Hallqvist set to music 1974 by Olle Widestrand and re-wirtten by himself 1980
 Det är advent = Ett litet barn av Davids hus in several hymnals
 Lågorna är många (1986 number 61), set to music in 1974, lyrics by Anders Frostenson.

References 

1932 births
2018 deaths
Swedish musicians
Composers
Britt G. Hallqvist

Britt Gerda Hallqvist, born Nyman 14 February 1914 in Umeå, Sweden, dead 20 March 1997 in Lund, Sweden was a Swedish hymnwriter, poet and translator. Her grandfather was medical professor Salomon Eberhard Henschen and she was also the cousin of neurology professor David H. Ingvar and his sister Cilla Ingvar.

References 

1932 births
1997 deaths
Swedish writers
Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares

The Archbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares (Spanish: Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares) is a palace located in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It was listed as a Spanish Property of Cultural Interest in 1931.

References 

Palaces in Spain
Community of Madrid
Elizabeth Ann Seton

Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton (August 28, 1774 – January 4, 1821) was the first native-born citizen of the United States to be made a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. She was canonized on September 14, 1975. 

Seton started the first Catholic school in the country. This school was at Emmitsburg, Maryland. She also founded the first American congregation of religious sisters. It is called the Sisters of Charity.

Life

Elizabeth Ann Bayley was born on August 28, 1774. She was the second child of Dr. Richard Bayley and Catherine Charlton of New York City. They were Protestants. 

On January 25, 1794, at age 19, Elizabeth married William Magee Seton, aged 25. He was a wealthy businessman. They had five children. William Seton brought the first Stradivarius violin to America.

Seton's husband died in Italy on December 27, 1803. Seton learned about Roman Catholicism in Italy. After she came back to the United States, she joined the Catholic Church. She was received on March 14, 1805 by the Rev. Matthew O'Brien, pastor of St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, New York.

In 1809, Seton moved to Emmitsburg, Maryland. A year later she started the Saint Joseph's Academy and Free School. That school was dedicated to the education of Catholic girls.

On July 31, Elizabeth established a religious community in Emmitsburg. This community took care of poor children. This was the first congregation of religious sisters to be founded in the United States. Its school was the first free Catholic school in America. This was the start of the Catholic parochial school system in the United States.

Seton spent the rest of her life developing her religious community. She died of tuberculosis on January 4, 1821. She was 46. Her remains are in the National Shrine of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

References

People from New York City
Christian saints
1774 births
1821 deaths
Magnus Uggla

Per Allan Magnus Claësson Uggla (pronounced ; born June 18, 1954 in Stockholm) is a Swedish artist, composer, actor, and occasional radio host. He is known for songs with satirical lyrics. Breaking through in the 1970s, in 2006, he released his 13th studio album.

References

Other websites

Official Magnus Uggla website

1954 births
Living people
Singers from Stockholm
Musicians from Stockholm
Writers from Stockholm
Carl Bertil Agnestig

Carl Bertil Agnestig, originally Andersson, born 7 March 1924 in Järvsö Parish, Sweden, is a Swedish music teacher and composer.

He is known for music-instruction books and has written several songs, one of the more well-known is Adventstid. He's represented in Den svenska psalmboken 1986 with two works, (nr 214 b and 443).

References

1924 births
Living people
Composers
Swedish musicians
Methods of Mayhem

Methods of Mayhem is an American heavy metal band formed in 1999.

Discography
Studio albums
 Methods of Mayhem (1999)
 A Public Disservice Announcement (2010)

1999 establishments in California
2000 disestablishments in the United States
American heavy metal bands
20th-century disestablishments in California
2009 establishments in California
Iva Withers

Pearl Iva Edith Withers (July 7, 1917 – October 7, 2014) was a Canadian-born American actress and singer. She was best known as a replacement player who had long runs in some of Rodgers and Hammerstein's biggest musical theatre hits. 

She also appeared in Carousel, South Pacific and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Withers was born in Rivers, Manitoba, Canada.

Withers died in Englewood, New Jersey at age 97 on October 7, 2014 at the Lillian Booth Actors Home.

References

Other websites
 

1917 births
2014 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian stage actors
American stage actors
Actors from Manitoba