cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Turkmenistan at the Olympics

Turkmenistan has been in 4 Summer Olympics.  The first time was in 1996. They have never been in the Winter Olympics. Turkmen athletes were with the Soviet Union and the Unified Team. No one representing Turkmenistan has won an Olympic medal.  They are the only ex-Soviet republic country not to win a medal.

Turkmenistan's capital, Ashgabat, has an Olympic Stadium even though they have not hosted the Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee of Turkmenistan was formed in 1990.  It was recognized by the IOC in 1993.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Turkmenistan profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates at the Olympics

United Arab Emirates have been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The United Arab Emirates National Olympic Committee was formed in 1979.  They were recognized by the IOC in 1980.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  United Arab Emirates profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in the United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan at the Olympics

Uzbekistan was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994.  They have been in every Games since then.

Before 1994 Uzbek athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.  They were part of the Unified Team in 1992.

Uzbek athletes have won 20 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, mostly in wrestling and boxing.  The nation has also won a single medal at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Uzbekistan was formed in 1992.  The International Olympic Committee gave recognition in 1993.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

  Uzbekistan profile at London2012.com
 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Uzbekistan
Vietnam at the Olympics

Vietnam was first in the Olympic Games in 1952 as State of Vietnam.  After the Partition of Vietnam only the Republic of Vietnam competed from 1956 to 1972. They became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam beginning in1980. They have never been in the Winter Olympics.

The Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976  and recognized by the IOC in 1979.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Vietnam profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Vietnam
Yemen at the Olympics

Yemen has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. Before 1990, North Yemen and South Yemen competed separately. North Yemen was in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Games.  South Yemen was at the 1988 Summer Games only. Yemen has never won an Olympic medal.

The Yemen Olympic Committee was formed in 1971  and recognized by the IOC in 1981.

Olympic table

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Yemen profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Yemen
South Yemen at the 1988 Summer Olympics

South Yemen was theYemen Democratic Republic at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea.  It was the only time the nation was at the Olympic Games.  After unification with North Yemen, the nation returned as Yemen at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Yemen profile at London2012.com
Official Olympic Reports 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Yemen
Cook Islands at the Olympics

The Cook Islands was in the Olympic Games for the first time at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea.

The Cook Islands Sports and National Olympic Committee was formed in 1986.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Cook Islands profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Cook Islands
Fiji at the Olympics

Fiji was at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea.  The Fiji Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee was formed in 1949 and recognized by the IOC in 1955.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Fiji is FIJ.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Fiji profile at London2012.com
Official Olympic Reports 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Fiji
Guam at the Olympics

Guam was in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea.  The Guam National Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognized by the IOC in 1986.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Guam profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Guam
Kiribati at the Olympics

The island nation of Kiribati was first in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games.  Weightlifter Meamea Thomas and sprinters Kakianako Nariki and Kaitinano Mwemweata represented the country.

The country's name was notably mispronounced by officials in all three languages -French, English and Greek- during the opening ceremony in 2004.

References

Other websites
 "Kiribati's Olympic adventure", Andrew Fraser, BBC, August 3, 2004
 IOC page

Nations at the Olympics
Kiribati
Hurricane Carmen

Hurricane Carmen was the strongest hurricane of 1974. The storm went across the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and then cut across Louisiana. The hurricane peaked at Category 4 strength during her life.

Hurricanes in the United States
1974 in the United States
20th century in Puerto Rico
1970s in Mexico
20th century in Louisiana
Hurricanes in Mexico
Federated States of Micronesia at the Olympics

The Federated States of Micronesia have been in the Summer Olympic Games three times.  They have never won a medal.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

Other websites 
 Federated States of Micronesia profile at London2012.com
 Micronesia at SportsReference.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Nauru at the Olympics

The Pacific island nation Nauru (NRU) was at the Summer Olympic Games first in the 1996 games in Atlanta. The country was then in Sydney in 2000, in Athens in 2004, and in Beijing in 2008.

The nation is known for its weightlifting tradition.  All seven athletes have been weightlifters. Nauru is the smallest nation (by population) in the 202 member International Olympic Committee.

Other websites
Nauru . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com

References

Nations at the Olympics
Tong Dizhou

Tong Dizhou () (28 May 1902 – 30 March 1979) was a Chinese embryologist remembered for his work in cloning. He was the former vice president of Chinese Academy of Science

Biography
Born in Yinxian, Zhejiang province, Tong graduated from Fudan University in 1924 with a degree in psychology. He received a PhD in 1930 from Free University Brussels (ULB).  

In 1963, Tong put DNA of a male carp into the egg of a female carp and became the first person to successfully clone a fish. He is regarded as "the father of China's clone".

Tong was also an academician at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the first director of its Institute of Oceanology from its beginning in 1950 until 1978.

Related pages
List of Chinese scientists

References

Chinese scientists
Developmental biologists
1902 births
1979 deaths
Zhejiang
Palau at the Olympics

Palau at the Olympics is a history which includes 4 games in 4 countries and 13+ athletes.  Since 1997, Palau (PLW) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

History
The Palau National Olympic Committee was formed in 1997.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1998.  

Palau's team first competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

Medalists

Summer games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
Palau National Olympic Committee website
  Palau profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Palau
Papua New Guinea at the Olympics

Papua New Guinea began competing at the Olympic Games in 1976. Their athletes have been in every Summer Olympic Games since, but not the 1980 Summer Olympics. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  They have not won any medals. The National Olympic Committee for Papua New Guinea was formed in 1973. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1974.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Papua New Guinea profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Papua New Guinea
Riebeckite

Riebeckite is a silicate mineral. It is found in nature as both a fibrous form and a solid form. The fibrous form, called blue asbestos or crocidolite asbestos, is one of the six types of asbestos. It is considered by many experts to be the most dangerous type of asbestos. It can cause cancer and asbestosis. It was formerly used in Kent brand cigarettes as a filter material. It is rare in construction compared to white asbestos, but it is sometimes found in caulking, cement, wallboard, rope, and numerous other products. Due to its hazards, blue asbestos is no longer mined commercially.

Related pages
List of minerals

Sources

Other websites

Asbestos
Samoa at the Olympics

Samoa was first at the Olympic Games in 1984.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no athlete competing for Samoa has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Samoa was formed in 1983 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
  Samoa profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Samoa
Solomon Islands at the Olympics

The Solomon Islands was first at the Olympic Games in 1984.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no athlete for the Solomon Islands has won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for the Solomon Islands was formed in 1983 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Solomon Islands  profile at London2012.com
 

Nations at the Olympics
Solomon Islands
The Right Honourable

The Right Honourable (sometimes written as The Rt Hon., The Rt Hon or The Rt. Hon.) is a prefix which shows honour. It is given to certain people, for example some MP's, in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Anglophone Caribbean and other places which are members of the Commonwealth. It is sometimes given in other places, as well. Examples of this are The Right Honourable David Cameron PC MP, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, The Right Honourable Stephen Harper PC MP, former Prime Minister of Canada, and The Right Honourable John Key MP, former Prime Minister of New Zealand. 

In the present-day United Kingdom, the term is given to members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. In effect, these are present or past members of Parliament who have served as cabinet ministers in a government.

Styles (manners of address)
Kyōroku

was a  after Daiei and before Tenbun.  This period started in August 1528 and ended July 1532. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kyōroku era

 1528 (Kyōroku 1): Fire damaged Yakushi-ji in Nara.
 1528 (Kyōroku 1): Konoe Tanye became Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 1529 (Kyōroku 2): Neo-Confucian scholar Wang Yangming died.
 1530 (Kyōroku 3, 7th month): Kiyusho Hisatsune died at the age of 63.  He had held the office of Chancellor (kampaku).
 1531 (Kyōroku 4): The Kamakura shogunate office of Governor (shugo) was ended.
 1532 (Kyōroku 5): Followers of the Ikko sect were driven out of Kyoto; and they settled in Osaka.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Waterfowl hunting

Waterfowl hunting (also called wildfowling or waterfowl shooting in Britain) is the act of hunting ducks, geese, or other waterfowl for food and sport. In many western countries, waterfowl hunting is illegal, and duck hunting is mostly an outdoor sporting activity. 

Many types of ducks and geese share the same habitat, have overlapping or same hunting seasons, and are hunted the same. Thus it is possible to hunt different species of waterfowl in the same trip. Waterfowl can be hunted in crop fields where they eat, or, more often, on or near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, sloughs, or oceanic coastlines.

Reference

Leisure
Ambrosia

In Greek Mythology, Ambrosia is the food of the gods or demigods. It gives them immortality. 

Greek mythology
National Assembly of Azerbaijan

The National Assembly (), is the legislature of the government in Azerbaijan. It is in the capital Baku. The unicameral National Assembly has 125 members who are directly elected in general elections by the people for a five-year term and can be re-elected without any limit.

The members cannot be put on trial or put in prison during their term.

Previously 100 members were elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies and 25 members were elected by proportional representation. However during the latest election, all 125 members were elected from single-member constituencies.

The National Assembly of Azerbaijan was the first secular republican parliament in the Muslim world.

The National Assembly is headed by the Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan assisted by the First Deputy Speaker and two deputy speakers. Ogtay Asadov is the current speaker of the National Assembly, Ziyafet Asgarov is the First Deputy Speaker and, Bahar Muradova and Valeh Alasgarov are deputy speakers.

Speakers of the National Assembly (Supreme Soviet to 1991, National Council 1991–1992) of Azerbaijan

Elmira Gafarova February 5, 1991–March 5, 1992.
Yagub Mammadov March 5, 1992–May 18, 1992
Isa Gambar May 18, 1992–June 13, 1993
Heydar Aliyev June 24, 1993–November 5, 1993
Rasul Guliyev November 1993–November 24, 1995
Rasul Guliyev November 24, 1995–September 11, 1996
Murtuz Alasgarov October 16, 1996–November 24, 2000
Murtuz Alasgarov November 24, 2000–2005
Ogtay Asadov - December 2, 2005–November 29, 2010
Ogtay Asadov - November 29, 2010–March 10,2020
Sahiba Gafarova-March 10,2020–today

Parliamentary Committees
The National Assembly has 11 parliamentary committees (groups formed by the members of parliament): 
Legal Policies and State Structuring Committee
Defense and Security Committee
Economimic Policies Committee
Committee on Natural Resources, Energy and Ecology
Committee on Agrarian Policies
Social Policies Committee
Committee on Regional Issues
Committee on Science and Education
Committee on Cultural Issues
International and Interparliamentary Relations Committee
Human Rights Committee

The parliament publishes its own newspaper Azərbaycan qəzeti (Azerbaijan newspaper) which is sold around the country.

Related pages
 List of political parties in Azerbaijan
 President of Azerbaijan
 Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

Other websites
National Assembly of Azerbaijan Website

References

Azerbaijan
Government of Azerbaijan
Sikhye

Sikhye (also spelled shikhye or shikeh) is a Korean traditional rice beverage which is fermented for some periods. It is usually served as a dessert with its sweet taste. The main ingredients of Sikhye is liquids, cooked rices. When we drink Sikhye, we can see that there are some residue of cooked rice. Sikhye is also called 'Dansul' and 'Gamju.' Both of these names mean "sweet wine." These days, Sikhye is also served in cans at Korean markets so that it can be easily enjoyed by people. The Vilac company is the most famous company which produce Sikhye in South Korea.

Recipe 
Sikhye is made by malt water and cooked rice, etc. The malt water soak in boiled rice until grains of rice appear on the surface. And the liquid is poured out, drained, and boiled with sugar and ginger. After this, it is cooled down and kept in the jar.

Regional Variations 
There are some regional variations of Sikhye. These include 'Andong Sikhye' and other varieties of Sikhye like 'Jinju sikhye,' 'Gangwon-do sikhye,' and 'Gyeongsang-do sikhye.' Andong Sikhye is a little bit different from the ordinary style of Sikhye. It uses radishes, carrots, and powdered red pepper to make it somewhat hot. And then, it is fermented for several days. The important thing is the crunchy texture of the radishes. It should be kept through the long fermentation process of Sikhye. Sikhye with a soft texture of the radish is regarded as an inferior product. Andong Sikhye is good for digesting because it has lactobacillus in it.

Effects 
Sikhye has a lot of effects. First, it helps the function of digestion. Sikhye is one of the fermented foods which can help internal organs' movement and this movement of internal organs helps a digestion. Second, Sikhye contains a lot of fibers and these fibers work in body to accelerate a digestion as the main element. Third, it is helpful for chronic constipation and prevention of colorectal cancer and arteriosclerosis. Moreover, Sikhye is good for relieveing hangover. Lastly, According to Sasang typology in Oriental culture, Sikhye helps people who have cold constitution to be warmer.

Related pages 
 Korean cuisine

References 
http://www.hansik.org/en/story/storyView.do?notationId=247

Drinks
Korean food
Play therapy

Play therapy is a kind of therapy counseling with playing activities which makes children overcome their psychological difficulties by themselves and helps them to achieve optimum level of development. Young children are usually hard to express their emotion, needs, and thoughts by language, but it can be possible through their play activities. So, play can be children's language to show their state. Also, they can release stress, and have self-confidence by playing freely what they want and getting good words from therapists.

For therapists, they should know about human development including child development. Also, they need to know to apply different kinds of playing activities for children. But, the most important thing is to have good relationship with the children. 

There are many kinds of play therapy. There are psychoanalytic play therapy, children-based play therapy, filial play therapy, cognitive behavioral play therapy, developmental play therapy, Adlerian play therapy, sand play, and group play therapy. Those kinds of play therapy can be used successfully for the children between 4 and 6 years old.
Psychology
Tropical Storm Claudette (1979)

Tropical Storm Claudette was a very destructive tropical storm in late July 1979. The storm cut across Puerto Rico, killing one. She then struck eastern Texas and left behind incredible flooding that caused almost $400 million in damage. Claudette was the first of three destructive tropical cyclones in 1979 Atlantic season.

1979 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricanes in the United States
July events
1979 in the United States
20th century in Puerto Rico
20th century in the Dominican Republic
20th centuy in Haiti
1970s in Cuba
1970s in Texas
20th century in Louisiana
20th century in Missouri
20th century in Kentucky
1970s in Virginia
Tropical Storm Hermine (2010)

Tropical Storm Hermine (also known as Tropical Depression 11-E in the eastern Pacific) was an unusual basin crossing tropical cyclone. The storm struck near Salina Cruz, Mexico before weakening into a low pressure system. It moved north, became Tropical Storm Hermine, intensified and then struck northeastern Mexico. Hermine continued north into Texas and Oklahoma, where it then fizzled out. From Guatemala to Oklahoma, the cyclone killed over 100 people and caused $740 million in damage, 240 million in the United States. Despite the devastation, the name Hermine wasn't retired.

Tropical cyclones in North America
2010 in weather
2010 in Mexico
2010 in the United States
2010s in Texas
2010s in Oklahoma
Vox (musical equipment)

Vox is a Japanese owned company that makes musical equipment. They are known for their guitar amplifiers, organs, bass guitars and electric guitars. The company was first created in Kent, England. It was sold to the Japanese company Korg in 1992.

Musical instrument companies
Companies of Japan
Cast member

A cast member is:
 An actor who performs in a theatrical production, movie, or television program. These actors as a group are called the cast.
 Anyone who works at any of the Disney theme parks. These include the Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California  and the Walt Disney World Resort. The use of this term comes from Walt Disney's use of theatrical terms when referring to park operations.
Anyone who works at Chuck E. Cheese's, inspired by the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts term.

Television
Most television series have a "regular cast" or "main cast". These are the actors who are regularly on the show each week. They are commonly called just "regulars" or "main characters". Programs will often need other actors to play smaller roles in the series. These are called "guest stars". A guest star may only be used for a single episode or they may be used for more than one. This often happens if the character's story goes on for more than one episode. Often, a character will be used for many episodes, but over a long period of time not for episodes shown one after the other. These are called "recurring characters" and are characters that are not "regulars", they are not part of the main cast, but are used many times during the series.

Etymology
The word cast comes from the Old English word ' casten ' or ' kasta '(c.1230). The Old English means to throw in, to consider, plot, imagine, and design. This led to its meaning when referring to a "group of actors in a play" (c.1631).

References

Performing arts
Online shopping

Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary service, over the Internet. It is a form of electronic commerce. An online shop, eshop, e-store, Internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping center. The process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. When a business buys from another business, it is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping.

In 1991 the Worldwide Web opened for commercial use.  In 1994 other advances took place, such as online banking and the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut.   During that same year, Netscape introduced Secure Sockets Layer encryption of data transferred online, which has become essential for secure online shopping.  Also, in 1994, the German company Intershop introduced its first online shopping system.  In 1995, Amazon launched its online shopping site, and in 1996, eBay appeared.

Description
A good online store is a website that is easy to navigate and browse for possible purchases.  It has a product catalog that customers can use to browse the search criteria (usually a type, price, material, age, etc.), and information about the products, the sellers, and the service center. Online stores may also discuss business conditions and a Complaints Procedure.

If a shopper finds a product to purchase, clicking "send" will add the item to the shopping cart. The shopping cart collects all items to be purchased. Once a shopper is satisfied with their selections, the shopper makes a binding order and payment using a credit card or other financial arrangement. Therefore, implementing usability testing is highly important for an online store to avoid the reduce of overall performances of the online store 

In the twenty first century, online shopping has become very popular, especially with the lifestyles of business people who are always busy and are looking for a convenient way to shop.

References

Shops
Internet
Substrate (chemistry)

In chemistry, a substrate is the chemical species being observed, which reacts with a reagent. What this word means depends on its context. In particular, in biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts.

References

Chemical reactions
Ovipositor

An ovipositor is the long hollow tube on the rear of female insects (and some other animals). Through this tube they lay eggs. The ovipositor is formed by the union of three pairs of rear appendages.  

In many species it is a piercing organ which allows the insect to put its eggs into a specific place. In some species of wasp, the female drills through tree bark with her ovipositor and lays eggs in the bodies of grubs eating under the bark. 
However, in many hymenoptera the ovipositor is used as a sting, and the female does not use it for egg-laying.

insects
Animal anatomy
Chrudim

Chrudim is a district town in the Pardubice region of the Czech Republic.

Geography
Chrudim lies in the center of Eastern Bohemia is located 11 km south from Pardubice and 110 km east from Prague. Nearby, 3 km distant, is Slatiňany known for its horse breeding.

History
Archeological research shows the first people lived in the area in the later stone age (500-3500 BC). Slavs came in the 7th century AD. The first written record about Chrudim comes from 1055 AD and makes it officially one of the oldest settlements in eastern Bohemia. In the 13th century Chrudim was established and fortified as a town by the king Přemysl Otakar II.

Main sights
Church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary is the dominant building on the main Josef Ressel Square. Its building was started maybe in the 13th century.
Old Town Hall was built in the 15th century. It is one of the oldest buildings in the city and is on the northern side of the main square.
Mydlář House in Břetislavova street was built in the 16th century. It now contains the Puppet Museum.
Prague Column of Christ’s Transfiguration from 1732 is in the center of the main Jossef Ressel Square.

Famous people
Viktorin Kornel ze Všehrd (cca 1460 - 1520), humanist, writer, lawyer, Dean of Charles University at Prague.
Jan Mydlář (1572 - 1664), famous executioner.
Jan Nepomuk Štěpánek (1783 – 1844), actor, theatre director of ancestor nowadays National Theatre in Prague.
Josef Ressel (1793 - 1857), inventor of the ship propeller. A school and Josef Ressel Square in Chrudim are named after him. His statue is in front of the District Museum.
Petr Průcha (1982 - ), hockey player for New York Rangers, SKA Saint Petersburg.
Dušan Salfický (1972 - ), hockey goaltender.

Culture
Chrudim has one of the biggest urban conservation areas, over 52 hectares. It contains the historical center of the city. Chrudim is known for its culture, with many famous actors, musicians and other people. You can find several important museums there. Museum of Puppets in the Mydlář House has one of the biggest collections of puppets in the world. In Chrudim Regional Museum is Kabinet ex libris, where you can admire a huge collection of books. The recently rebuilt museum of baroque statues has nearby gardens.
Main organized actions:
Athens of East Bohemia is a festival of classical music in late April.
Puppet festival in Chrudim is a festival of puppet acting at the beginning of summer.
Salavators pilgrimage are attractions held in august.

Sport
FK Era-Pack Chrudim is a famous seven times champion in futsal.
HC Chrudim, former 1st league hockey club.
MFK Chrudim, former 2nd league football club.

Twin cities
 Ede — Netherlands
 Svidník — Slovakia
 Oleśnica — Poland
 Cherkasy - Ukraine

References

Other websites
History of town Chrudim 
Municipal website 
Chrudim - virtual show

Towns in the Czech Republic
Tenbun

, also known as Tembun or Temmon, was a  after Kyōroku and before Kōji.  This period started in July 1532 and ended in October 1555. During this time, the emperor was . or

Events of the Tenbun era

 1536 (Tenbun 5, 26th day of the 2nd month): Go-Nara was formally established as emperor.

 1542 (Tenbun 11, 25th day of the 8th month): Imagawa Yoshimoto of Suruga Province lost battle with army of Oda Nobuhide.

 1543 (Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month):  Portuguese ship landed at Tanegashima bringing the first gun into Japan.

 1543 (Tenbun 13, 7th month): Flooding in Kyoto and nearby areas.

 1546 (Tenbun 15, 20th day of the 12th month):  Ashikaga Yoshiteru became 13th Shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate.

 1547 (Tenbun 11): Joseon and "Treaty of Tenbun" limited trade to Korean port of Pusan.

 15 August 1549 (Tenbun 18, 22nd day of the 7th month):  Jesuit Catholic priest Francis Xavier arrived in Japan

 1551 (Tenbun 20): The first mechanical clock was brought to Japan by Xavier; and he gave it to Ouichi Yoshitaka.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Nuremberg Zoo

Nuremberg Zoo () is a zoo in the southeast of Nuremberg, Germany. The zoo covers . It has about 300 species of animals and is one of the largest European zoos.

Other websites 
 Map of the zoo
 Projekt Delphinlagune
 Polar bear baby Flocke 

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Nuremberg
Zoos in Germany
Kim Wilson

Kim Wilson (born January 6, 1951 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American blues singer and harp player. He is best known as the harp player and singer of The Fabulous Thunderbirds.

Career
He started with the blues in the late 1960s whenhe was a senior at High school. Wilson was tutored by people like Muddy Waters, Jimmie Rogers, Eddie Taylor, Albert Collins, George "Harmonica" Smith, Luther Tucker and Pee Wee Crayton. He was influenced by harmonica players like Little Walter, James Cotton, Big Walter Horton, Slim Harpo and Lazy Lester. 1974 he went to Austin, Texas where he and the guitarist Jimmie Vaughan formed The Fabulous Thunderbirds. They became the house band at the blues club, Antone's. There they were the backing band of almost every blues act which came to Austin. In the 1980s they had two hits with "Tuff Enuff" and "Wrap It Up."

In the early 1990s he started a solo career but still played with the Thunderbirds. He is doing more than 200 concerts in a year playing in blues clubs and at Festivals around the world.

Discography

Solo
 1993  Tigerman  Antone's
 1994  That's Life  Discovery
  1997  Will the Circle Be Unbroken  Black Magic
 1997  My Blues  Blue Collar Records
 2001  Smokin' Joint  M.C. Records
 2003  Lookin' for Trouble  Mc

With The Fabulous Thunderbirds 
 1979  The Fabulous Thunderbirds  Chrysalis Records
 1980  What's the Word  Benchmark
 1981  Butt Rockin'''  Benchmark
 1982  T-Bird Rhythm  Benchmark
 1986  Tuff Enuff  Epic Associated
 1987  Hot Number  Epic Associated
 1989  Powerful Stuff  Epic Associated
 1991  Walk That Walk, Talk That Talk  Epic Associated
 1995  Roll of the Dice  Private Music
 1996  Different Tacos  Country Town
 1997  High Water  Windham Hill Records
 2001  Live  CMC International
 2005  Painted On  Tone-Cool/Artemis
 2011  Girls Go Wild''

References

1951 births
Blues harp players
American blues singers
American blues musicians
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Living people
Letters to Juliet

Letters to Juliet is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It stars Amanda Seyfried, Chris Egan, Vanessa Redgrave, Gael García Bernal, and Franco Nero. This was the final movie directed by Gary Winick before he died of brain cancer. The movie was released in North America and other countries on May 14, 2010. This movie was inspired by the 2006 non-fiction book, Letters to Juliet, by Lise Friedman and Ceil Friedman.

Synopsis
When Sophie (Amanda Seyfried), a young American, travels to Verona, Italy — the romantic city where Romeo first met Juliet — she meets a group of volunteers who respond to letters written to Juliet. Sophie finds and answers a letter that has been lost for 50 years, and is stunned when its author Claire (Vanessa Redgrave) arrives in Italy with her handsome but overprotective grandson (Christopher Egan) to find the fiance she left decades before.

Enchanted by Claire's quest, Sophie joins them on an adventure through the beautiful hills of Tuscany searching for Claire's long lost Lorenzo. The journey will change their lives forever, as they discover it's never too late to find true love.

Soundtrack Lists 
 "You Got Me" – Colbie Caillat
 "Chianti Country"
 "Verona" – Andy Georges
 "Un Giorno Così" – 883
 "Per Avere Te" – Franco Morselli
 "Quando, Quando, Quando" – Laura Jane (as Lisa Jane) and Chris Mann
 "Variations On A Theme By Mozart" – from The Magic Flute, Opus 9
 "Sospesa" – Malika Ayane and Pacifico
 "Per Dimenticare" – Zero Assoluto
 "Sono Bugiarda (I'm A liar)" – Caterina Caselli
 "Guarda Che Luna" – Fred Buscaglione
 "Love Story" – Taylor Swift
 "What If" – Colbie Caillat

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

2010 romance movies
2010 comedy-drama movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Italian-language movies
Movies about vacationing
Movies set in Italy
Multilingual movies
Verona
John Whitney Hall

John Whitney Hall (September 13, 1916 – October 21, 1997), was an American academic, historian, editor and professor at Yale University.

Early years
Hall was born in Kyoto in 1916. He lived in Japan until he was a teenager. According to his wife, "Being brought up in Japan and by missionaries, he was a very straight-arrow kind of person. There is this kind of missionary feeling, that you must make something of this [life], not just throw it away." 

At Amherst College, he was awarded a degree in 1939. He returned to Japan an instructor in English at Doshisha University in Kyoto until 1941. 

Hall earned his Ph.D. in East Asian languages and literatures from Harvard University in 1950. At Harvard, he became one of the first graduate students to study under Edwin O. Reischauer.

Career
In 1948, Hall began teaching at the University of Michigan.

His earliest book was Tanuma Okitsugu, 1718-1787.  Among other interests, his research focused on the Kamakura period in the history of Japan.

He taught at Yale University until he retired in 1983. Yale's John W. Hall Lecture Series in Japanese Studies was established in his memory.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about John Whitney Hall, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 90+ works in 200+ publications in 8 languages and 10,000+ library holdings

 Japanese History; a Guide to Japanese Reference and Research Materials (1954)
 Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788, Forerunner of Modern Japan (1955)
 Government and Local Power in Japan, 500 to 1700; a Study Based on Bizen Province (1960)
 Japanese History: New Dimensions of Approach and Understanding (1961)
 Twelve Doors to Japan (1965) with Richard K. Beardsley
 Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan (1968) with Marius Jansen
 Japan, from Prehistory to Modern Times (1970)
 Japan in the Muromachi Age  (1977) with Toyoda Takeshi
 The Cambridge history of Japan  (1988-  )

Honors
 Order of the Sacred Treasure
 Japan Foundation Award, 1976

Since 1994, the Association for Asian Studies (AAS) has awarded the John Whitney Hall Book Prize for an English language book published on Japan or Korea.

References

Other websites
 John Whitney, 1916-  at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

1916 births
1997 deaths
Japanologists
Harvard University alumni
American historians
Editors
Battles of Napoleon

Battles of Napoleon is a 1988 computer wargame by Chuck Kroegel and David Landrey released by Strategic Simulations, Inc.. It was released for the Apple II, Commodore 64 and DOS. Computer Gaming World gave it a glowing review, calling it "the game that can keep you satisfied, even addicted, for many years to come." The magazine later awarded it as "Wargame of the Year".

References

1988 video games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Kōji (Muromachi period)

was a  after Tenbun and before Eiroku.   This period started in October 1555 and ended in February 1558.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kōji era

 1555 (Kōji 1, 1st month): A border war between daimyos of Aki Province and Suō Province.

 1555 (Kōji 1, 11th month):  Mōri Motonari won the , also known as the "Battle of Miyajima"

 1555 (Kōji 1): Battle of Kawanakajima.

 1556 (Kōji 2): The Ōmori silver mine controlled by the Mori clan.

 27 September 1557 (Kōji 3, 5th day of the 9th month): Emperor Go-Nara died at age 62.

Related pages
 Muromachi period
 Kōji (Heian period)

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Velvet Revolution

Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametová revoluce, Slovak: nežná revolúcia) is a name for political changes in Czechoslovakia between November 17 and December 29, 1989. It ended with the fall of the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and start of the democratization process. The name Velvet was chosen for its softness.

After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia ended the Prague Spring in August 1968, censorship began again and the Communist Party expelled a lot of its members. This event during the 1970s is known as Normalization. Despite these events, the economic situation in Czechoslovakia was better than in other countries of Eastern Bloc (for example in Poland or Hungary).

Revolution 
The Velvet Revolution started at an official event for 50th anniversary of the closing of Czechoslovakian universities on November 17, 1939 by the Nazis in Prague. This event continued after its official end and was violently ended by state police on the street "Národní třída". In following days people organized meetings for protest against the actions of state police. 750-800 thousand people were at one of the biggest protests on November 25.

On November 19, the Civic Forum, the political movement which led the dialogue with the communist government, was created in The Drama Club in Prague. The same day, the movement "Public Against Violence" was created in Bratislava.

On November 27 a general strike took place. On this day there was a protest at Wenceslas Square with 300,000 people. Its main slogan was "Konec vlády jedné strany" - End of one-part government.

Václav Havel was named as president of Czechoslovakia on December 29, 1989. He was the first non-communist president of Czechoslovakia since 1948.

References

Other websites 

 Velvet Revolution on totalita.cz Detailed day-to-day history with key documents quoted (in Czech language only).
 In the footsteps of November 17 - Czech.cz 

Czechoslovakia
Democracy movements
Gemology

Gemology or gemmology is the science of dealing with natural and artificial gems and gemstones. It is considered a geoscience and a branch of mineralogy. Some jewelers are trained gemologists and are qualified to identify and evaluate gems.

References

Gemstones
subfields of geology
Didcot power stations

Didcot Power Station refers to a combined coal and oil power plant (Didcot A Power Station) and a natural-gas power plant (Didcot B Power Station) that supply the National Grid. They are right next to one another in the civil parish of Sutton Courtenay, next to the town of Didcot in Oxfordshire (formerly in Berkshire), in the UK. The combined power stations feature a chimney which is one of the taller structures in the United Kingdom, and six hyperbolic cooling towers, which can be seen from much of the surrounding area. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and three cooling towers have been demolished.

Didcot 'A' 

This was the first power station here. It is the biggest one with the big cooling towers (that make the cooling water cooler and make lots of steam) that are in two groups. One group is northwest, the other group is southeast. The power station can make up to 2000 megawatts (2000 million watts - an 'average' lightbulb uses only 50 or 60 watts) at any one time. Didcot 'A' mainly burns coal, but can also burn oil, or in some cases gas. This power station can use some biomass such as wood. The fuel (coal, oil and so on) is first ground up in big mills if it is solid (similar to old flour windmills, but powered by electric motors) to give it a large surface area, and is then blown into a large boiler with lots of air. Here it is burnt to make very high pressure steam, which is used to turn a large steam turbine. This turbine is connected to a generator, which makes the electricity that is then sent out on the National Grid. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. There are now (2018) only three of the large cooling towers left.

Didcot 'B' 

This is the second power station in Didcot and is run only on gas. It can put out almost 1500 megawatts and uses gas turbines (like in an airplane) and steam turbines (like in the old power station) together to be more efficient. This is called combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT). It has smaller cooling towers that can't be seen as easily, but that make a more obvious cloud that appears to come from the ground. Didcot B is still operating in 2018.

References

1968 establishments in England
Power plants
South Oxfordshire
Eiroku

was a  after Kōji and before Genki.  This period started in February 1558 and ended in April 1570. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Eiroku era 

 1560 (Eiroku 3, 1st month): Ōgimachi was formally established as emperor.

 12 June 1560 (Eiroku 3, 19th day of the 5th month):  at the Battle of Okehazama, the forces of Imagawa Yoshimoto were defeated by Oda Nobunaga.

 1564 (Eiroku 7): Nobunaga took control of , also known as Gifu Castle.

 1567 (Eiroku 10): Todai-ji burned in battle led by Matsunaga Hisahide.

 1568 (Eiroku 11): Oda Nobunaga gives land in Heian-kyō for building a Christian church  which was first called Eiroku-ji then called Namban-ji.

 1568 (Eiroku 11, 2nd month): Ashikaga Yoshihide became shogun.

 1568 (Eiroku 11, 9th month): Shogun Yoshihide died from disease.

 1569 (Eiroku 12): First Christian church opened in Nagasaki.

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Samgyetang

Samgyetang is Korean ginseng chicken soup. It’s a food commonly eaten during the summer, especially on the three days called ‘bok day’s.

Samgyetang is made of a whole young chicken stuffed with sticky rice, ginseng, jujube, garlic, and ginger. The chicken is “closed” shut and cooked in a soup. The richness of the broth depends on the style of the cook, as is the added  ingredients that may be added. Some Samgyetang broths are cooked for hours. This broth is added to the chicken cooking separately to create a very rich soup. Other broths are lighter and clear.

Samgyetang is usually served with salt and pepper, which is put in a small separate dish to dip the meat. Some people like to add the seasoning directly into the soup. It is usually served with kkakdugi (radish kimchi) and some restaurants will offer regular kimchi as well.

Korean food
Soups
Sesame oil

Sesame oil is a vegetable oil made from the sesame plant. It is used a lot in Asian cooking.

History 

The English term sesame traces back to the Arabic simsim, Coptic semsem, and early Egyptian semsent. Semsent was listed in the Ebers Papyrus, a 65-feet-long scroll listing ancient herbs and spices discovered by the famous German Egyptologist, Ebers. The earliest recorded use of a spice - sesame seed - comes from an Assyrian myth which claims that the gods drank sesame wine the night before they created the earth. Sesamum indicum, (indicum meaning "from India") is native to the East Indies. Usage dates back to 3000 B.C.  the  African slaves brought sesame seeds, which they called benné seeds, to America, where they became a popular ingredient in southern dishes. Through the ages, the seeds have been a source of food and oil. Sesame seed oil is still the main source of fat used in cooking in the Near East and Far East.

Buying & keeping 

Good sesame oil has a strong smell when it is opened. The color should be bright brown or gold. It should be kept at . If it is too cold, the oil would be solid and lose its smell. Sesame oil can go bad if it is exposed to air and sunlight. Therefore it is better kept on a shelf or a sideboard. A dark brown bottle is better than a plain one, because the brown one can protect the oil from the sunlight better. The bottle should be closed tightly to keep air out.

Many things affect the price. Oil content is the most important. Usually a bottle of sesame oil has 40~55%. The more oil content it has, the higher price it has. Another element is country of origin. Also if you buy it made from a factory it would cost less than oil made in a country house by a farmer.

References

Other websites
How to make sesame oil at ehow.com

Condiments
Cooking oils
Gristmill

A gristmill (usually flour mill in British English) grinds grain into flour. Grist can refer to both the grain that has been separated from its chaff and to the ground grain.

Most old ones are watermills.
They typically have a waterwheel and from 1 to 3 stones for grinding, although some have more. Water pours on to the wheel causing it to spin. This movement causes an axle inside to turn. The axle is connected to a gear which causes the grinding stones to spin. At the top, there is a chute filled with grain. The grain slowly falls through into the grinding stones.

There are different ways to transmit power from the waterwheel to the stones. The simplest method is known as a single-geared drive. Only one set of gears is used to drive a single stone. This arrangement was used since vertical waterwheels were used in gristmills and was still used until the 19th century.

Another method was known as spur-wheel drive. This method used a set of bevelled gears that would drive a horizontal 'spur-wheel', a large gearwheel that would then drive up to 3 or 4 millstones.

Another arrangement was known as a layshaft drive. The waterwheel would drive a horizontal 'layshaft' with gears mounted on it. Each gear would drive one set of stones.

Grains
Technology

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