cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Lake Sevan

Lake Sevan (Armenian: Սևանա լիճ, romanized: Sevana lich) is a large lake in Armenia. It is the largest body of water in both Armenia and the Caucasus region. Sevan is one of the largest freshwater high-altitude (alpine) lakes in Eurasia. The lake is in Gegharkunik Province. It is  above sea level. The surface area of the basin of lake is about . It cover  about one sixth of  Armenia's total area. The lake itself is . It has a volume is . Sevan  is fed by 28 rivers and streams. Only 10% of the  water that enters the lake  is drained by the Hrazdan River. The remaining 90% evaporates.

The lake is the source of about 90% of the fish and 80% of the crayfish caughtof Armenia. Sevan very important to the economy and culture of the area. The only large island (now a peninsula) is home to a medieval monastery.

Sevan was used for irrigation of the Ararat plain and creating hydroelectric power during the Soviet period. This causes the level of water to decreaseby around . Its volume was reduced by more than 40%. Later two tunnels were built to move water from highland rivers. This stopped the decrease and its level began rising. Before people begane changing the lake's ecosystem, the lake was at an altitude of 1,916 m (6,286 ft) above sea level, 95 m (312 ft) deep, covered an area of 1,416 km2 (547 sq mi) (5% of Armenia's entire area), and had a volume of 58.5 km3 (14.0 cu mi).

History 
Sevan was one of the three great lakes of the historical Safavid Empire, These there lakes were called the Seas of Armenia. Sevan is the only one within the modern day Republic of Armenia. Lake Van and Lake Urmia are the other two great "seas" of historic Armenia. They  are located in Turkey and Iran. Lake Sevan is considered the "jewel" of Armenia. It is "recognized as a national treasure" in the country. The 2001 Law on Lake Sevan defines the lake as "a strategic ecosystem valuable for its environmental, economical, social, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, medical, climatic, recreational, and spiritual value."

In 1673, Chardin wrote of the "extraordinary sweetness of the Water", the "small Island in the middle of it; where stands a Monastery built about 600 years ago, of which the Prior is an Archbishop", and "nine sorts of fish which are there taken; the fairest trouts and carps which are eaten at Erivan being caught in this Lake".

Naturalist and traveler Friedrich Parrot, best known for climbing Mount Ararat in 1829, wrote that, It is important for the Armenian economy: being the main source of irrigation water, Sevan provides low-cost electricity, fish, recreation, and tourism.

Geography of Armenia
Lakes of Asia
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was near the Mediterranean Sea in what is today southern Turkey. The country was independent from around 1078 to 1375.

Crusades 
The Armenians were the most important of the Crusaders' allies, from the local troops recruited in the Crusader States. Many Armenian mercenaries became available in the early 12th century.

Thoros II was a powerful Armenian prince who offered the transfer of 30,000 Armenian warriors with their families to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The king and barons were interested.

Related pages
 Kingdom of Armenia
 Ancient Armenia

References

Other websites 
 History of Armenia
 Armenian History, chapter 6: Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia 

History of Armenia
1198 establishments
1375 disestablishments
1190s establishments in Asia
14th-century disestablishments in Asia
1190s establishments in Europe
Disestablishments in Europe
Lisa Loeb

Lisa Anne Loeb (born March 11, 1968 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American singer. She sings the song Stay (I Missed You).

1968 births
Living people
Singers from Maryland
American rock guitarists
American folk musicians
Musicians from Maryland
People from Bethesda, Maryland
Mountain Time Zone

The Mountain Time Zone subtracts seven hours from UTC during standard time (UTC−7) and six hours during daylight saving time (UTC−6).

This time zone is called Mountain Standard Time (MST) during standard time (Winter). It is called Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called Mountain Time (MT).

The zone is one hour ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. The largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. The Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the largest metro area in the zone.

Places that are in Mountain Time Zone

Canada
In Canada, this time zone includes all of Alberta, the Northwest Territories (except for Tungsten), the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, part of southeastern and northeastern British Columbia, and the area of Saskatchewan around the city of Lloydminster.

United States
In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of New Mexico, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Montana. It also includes parts of Idaho, Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, and Nevada.

Mexico
These states are part of the Mountain Time Zone: Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora.

Mountain Daylight Time
Daylight saving time occurs from early April to late October. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 6 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−6). Most of the locations in Mountain Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Sonora and all of Arizona that is not in the Navajo Nation. These places stay on standard time all year.

Other websites
 Accurate time for the Mountain Time Zone 

Time zones
Alex Lifeson

Alex Lifeson, OC (born Aleksandar Živojinović; August 27, 1953) is a Canadian musician. He is best known as the guitarist and co-founder for the Canadian rock band Rush. Lifeson has been a member of the band since 1968.

In Rush, Lifeson plays electric and acoustic guitars. He also plays other instruments including: mandola, mandolin and bouzouki.

Along with his music career, Lifeson is part owner of a Toronto restaurant called "The Orbit Room." He is also a licensed airplane pilot.

1953 births
Canadian guitarists
Living people
People from British Columbia
Musicians from Toronto
XHTML

XHTML stands for eXtensible HyperText Markup Language. It is markup used to design websites and webpages.

XHTML is much more strict than ordinary HTML, and is based on both XML and HTML. Due to the lax nature of HTML, different web browsers can sometimes display websites incorrectly since there is more than one way to interpret poorly written HTML. The strict and formal nature of XHTML, once fully adopted will allow for web browsers to display the same page correctly between them. Proper XHTML is also easier to read for humans.

For example, the below code shows one of the differences between HTML and XHTML:

Incorrect, HTML version:
<br>

Correct, XHTML version:
<br />

The line break tag in HTML does not have a closing tag, you just type it once and it creates a line break. In XHTML the rule is that tags that do not have an closing tag must close themselves within the initial tag. These tags are called "empty tags." Another empty tag is <hr /> which inserts a "horizontal rule" or dividing line.

JavaScript Differences 
In XHTML, using innerHTML is not "allowed". 
XHTML also should not be used together with the JavaScript document.write command.

Related pages
 HTML

Computer file formats
Suspension bridge

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been made since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Some simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge.  

Suspended from two high locations over a river or canyon, simple suspension bridges follow a shallow downward arc and are not suited for modern roads and railroads.  

The design of the modern suspended-deck suspension bridge was developed in the early 19th century. It can cross a longer span than other kinds of bridges. 

The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge is the world's longest suspension bridge.

References

Other websites 

 Sructurae, Suspension Bridges
 Bridgemeister, Suspension Bridges
Sangria (colour)

Sangria is a dark slightly purplish red.  It is the colour of Sangría wine.  It is named after this wine.  Sangria can also be called a burnt red.

Shades of violet
Shades of red
Coulomb

The coulomb (sometimes written C) is the SI unit of electric charge. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

A coulomb is a quantity of electric charge. The movement of electric charge is called current in an electric circuit. For example, a flashlight bulb that has a current of one ampere will pass one coulomb of charge every second. So in ten seconds, ten coulombs have passed through the light bulb.

In an electric wire the charge that moves is in a particle called the electron. Each electron has a very small electric charge of negative one elementary charge. The elementary charge is the smallest electric charge found in a stable particle. A coulomb is equal to 6,241,509,629,152,650,000 elementary charges. The coulomb was named in honor of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb who worked on understanding electric charge in the late 1700s.

Technical Definition:

1 coulomb is the amount of electric charge carried by a current of 1 ampere flowing for 1 second. 

SI units
Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler (pronounced Oiler) (April 15, 1707 – September 7, 1783) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. He spent most of his adult life in Russia and Germany.

Euler made important discoveries in calculus and topology. He also created many of the words used in math today. He introduced the notation we use to write mathematical functions. He is also known for his works in mechanics, optics, fluid mechanics, astronomy and music theory.

Euler is considered to be the most important mathematician of the 18th century, one of the greatest mathematicians of all time and one of the most prolific writing mathematicians. His collected works fill around 80 volumes. The famous mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace advised, "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all.”

Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc bill and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also celebrated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.

Early years 

Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church. His mother was Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters, Anna-Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Euler started school back in Basel, where he lived with his grandmother. At the age of thirteen he went to the University of Basel. In 1723, he received his Master of Philosophy. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's extraordinary talent for mathematics.

Related pages 

 Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory
 Euler–Mascheroni constant
 Euler characteristic
 Euler diagram
 Euler's homogeneous function theorem
 Euler's identity
 Euler's number
 Euler's polyhedron formula
 Euler's totient function
 Euler's totient theorem
 Eulerian path

References 

1707 births
1783 deaths
Number theorists
Swiss mathematicians
Music theorists
Theoretical physicists
Scientists from Basel
Burgundy (colour)

Burgundy is a deep shade of red.  It is named after Burgundy wine.  This wine is named after the Burgundy region of France.

Meaning of burgundy
 Burgundy is a popular colour in both men's and women's fashion, for furniture and for linens.

 In cosmetology, a brighter shade of burgundy called "vivid burgundy" is used for dyeing hair. 

 Passports of the European Union member states are burgundy.

 Venezuela's athletes traditionally wear burgundy uniforms in international competitions. 
Because of this people give them the nickname "Red Wine".

 The colour burgundy is also the colour of Blackpool F.C.'s third team kit. This was chosen by Latvian owner Valeri Belekon, who wanted a kit which looked like the colour on the flag of Latvia.

Tones of burgundy colour comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
Pigment

A pigment is something that is added to something else to give it color. Natural pigments can come from just about anything. Pigments can be made from animals, plants, rocks and minerals or even the ground itself, for example clay plus salts. Pigments can also be created by people.

An example of a pigment is ultramarine. It is a powder found in nature. It adds a blue color to paints and dyes.

The first synthetic dye was aniline. Aniline is an organic chemical compound produced in two stages from benzene. It gives a mauve color which was much used for dyeing clothes in the 19th century. It was invented in 1856 by  William Henry Perkin. Apparently, it gave a brilliant fuchsia color when first applied, but fades rapidly to mauve.

References 

 
Materials
Chemical synthesis
Anarchy in the U.K.

"Anarchy in the U.K." is a punk rock song by the Sex Pistols.  It was first released as a single in 1975.  In 1976, it was released as part of the album Never Mind the Bollocks Here's the Sex Pistols. The song's lyrics espouse a nihilistic and violent concept of anarchy. It has been covered by various other bands, including Megadeth.

This song was in the video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock.

Megadeth cover

"Anarchy in the U.K." was covered by American heavy metal band Megadeth for their third album So Far, So Good... So What!, released in 1994.

Megadeth's version has altered lyrics. Dave Mustaine explained that he could not understand Johnny Rotten's singing, so he made up the parts he could not understand (in a notable example, the line "another council tenancy" is changed to "and other cunt-like tendencies"). In addition, the country is changed to "USA", though the title is kept unchanged. The song's music video is a montage of live footage of the band, cartoon political figures, which were designed and caricatured by Genndy Tartakovsky, Craig McCracken, Paul Rudish and Rob Renzetti and animated by Fil-Cartoons, various stock footages, and of a man being forced to watch (much like Alex's therapy in A Clockwork Orange). Steve Jones played the second solo.

Mustaine now refuses to play the song live due to lyrics referring to the Anti-Christ, and he believes he's "better for it".

Track listing versions
United States 7"
 "Anarchy in the U.K."
 "Liar"

United Kingdom 12"
 "Anarchy in the U.K."
 "Liar"
 "502"

Germany 12"
 "Anarchy in the U.K."
 "Good Mourning/Black Friday" (live)
 "Devil's Island" (live)

Megadeth's chart positions

References 

1976 songs
Sex Pistols
1994 songs
Megadeth
Cobalt blue

Cobalt blue is a cool blue colour.  People used to make it using cobalt salts.  Cobalt blue is used widely by artists.  Many pieces of glassware have this colour--glassware that does have this colour is called cobalt glass. 

The first written use of cobalt blue as a colour name in English was in 1777.

Meaning of cobalt blue
 John Varley suggested cobalt blue as a good substitution for ultramarine blue for painting skies.
 Maxfield Parrish, famous partly for the intensity of his skyscapes, used cobalt blue, and cobalt blue is sometimes called Parrish blue as a result.
 Cobalt blue was the primary blue pigment used in Chinese blue and white porcelain for centuries, beginning in the late 8th or early 9th century.

Tones of cobalt blue colour comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
1180



Events 
 April 13 – Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter
 November 18 – Philip II becomes King of France
 During the third year of the Jisho era of Japan, a devastating whirlwind damages Kyoto.
 Emperor Antoku, reign of 81st emperor of Japan starts (1180-1185)
 Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon
 Artois is annexed by France
 Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between Taira and Minamoto clans
 Frederick Barbarossa removes Henry the Lion from the Duchy of Saxony, and created the Duchies of Westphalia and Styria
 Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine emperor
 The Wittelsbach family takes control of Bavaria
 Kilij Arslan II allies with Saladin after the death of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus
 Alexander Neckam becomes a lecturer in Paris, and writes De Natura Rerum, an early mention of chess (approximate date)
 Estimation: Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fes in the Almohad Empire.
 Last major volcanic eruption of Sunset Crater, in Arizona

Births 
 August 6 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (died 1239)
 Berenguela of Castile, queen of Alfonso IX of Castile (died 1246)
 Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (died 1230)

Deaths 
 September 18 – King Louis VII of France (born 1120)
 September 24 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1118)
 October 25 – John of Salisbury, French bishop
 Al-Mustadi, Caliph
 William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber
 Abraham ben David, philosopher (martyred)
 Roman of Kiev
 Yaroslav II of Kiev
 Prince Mochihito, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan
 Minamoto no Yorimasa, Japanese warlord (born 1106)

References
Azure (color)

Azure is a color that looks like the color of the sky on a bright, clear day.  It is a pure chroma on the RGB color wheel halfway between blue and cyan. The complementary color of azure is orange.

Meaning of azure

 Azure is one of the national colors of Italy on its Coat of Arms.  Nations which use tones of Azure in their flags include Argentina, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Palau, San Marino, Somalia, Sweden, and Ukraine.  The European Union uses a vivid tone of azure called royal blue (the web color royal blue) as the background color for its flag.

 The flag of the United Nations is a tone of azure called "United Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue" (shown below).  It is also the color of the helmets worn by the United Nations peacekeeping forces.

 In Poetry, azure is often used to represent or refer to the sky or Heaven.  Azure is  often used in France to describe the Mediterranean Sea.

Where the name comes from
The word azure comes from the Persian لاژورد lazhward.  Lazhward was the name of a place.  This place was famous for a kind of deep blue stone.  Now we call this stone "lapis lazuli".  This means "stone of Lazhward".

The word came to Old French by the twelfth century.  The French used this word to talk about the colors of coats of arms.  From the French the word came to the English.  The first recorded use of azure as a color name in English was in 1374.

Heraldry

In heraldry, the word azure simply means "blue". Azure is said to represent Jupiter and sapphires.

It belongs to the class of tinctures called "colors". In engraving, it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either az. or b. as an abbreviation.

In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or "sky blue". Neither azure nor bleu celeste is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade.

Tones of azure color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Tarsier

The tarsiers are prosimian (non-monkey) primates. They got their name from the long bones in their feet. They are now placed together with the simians (monkeys).

They live in trees, and  are entirely nocturnal. Tarsiers are the only primates which are wholly carnivorous. They mainly eat insects, but some are also known to eat birds and snakes. Tarsiers can catch prey like birds even if they are in motion as the tarsiers jump from tree to tree to catch their prey.

Senses 
Tarsiers have incredibly good hearing.

They have large eyes. Each is about 16 mm wide.They are very sensitive to touch, and weigh as much as their entire brain. Unlike many nocturnal animals, tarsiers lack a light-reflecting area (tapetum lucidum) of the eye. They also have a fovea,  which is also not usual in nocturnal animals.

Brain difference 
The tarsier's brain is different from other primates in one respect. The sequence of cell layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus getting information from both eyes is different from the set-up in lemurs, lorises, and monkeys. "This apparent difference distinguishes tarsiers from all other primates, and reinforces the view that they arose in an early, independent line of primate evolution".

Reproduction 
Pregnancy takes about six months, which is a long time for such a small animal. Tarsiers give birth to single offspring.

History 
They were once widespread, but now tarsiers live only on islands in south-east Asia. Fossils are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and some disputed fossils from Africa. Living tarsiers are on several southeast Asian islands, including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra.

They also have the longest continuous fossil record of any primate. The fossil record shows that their teeth have not changed much, except in size, in the past 45 million years. That means what they eat, and probably their lifestyle, has not changed much, either.

Mass media 
Tarsiers are said to be the inspiration for the famous movie character Yoda of Star Wars due to their small size but excellent hunting skills.

Conservation status 
One tarsier species, Dian's tarsier (Tarsius dentatus), is listed by on the IUCN Red List as being "lower risk – conservation dependent". Horsfield's tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus) is listed as "lower risk – least concern". The spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) is categorized as "lower risk, not threatened". The pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus) was thought to be extinct until a family were found in 2008. The two males and single female (a fourth escaped) were captured using nets, and were radio collared to track their movements. Other tarsier species are listed as "data deficient".

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Primate Info Net - Primate factsheets & more: Tarsius sp.
 Video of a tarsier eating a cricket
 A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine islands
 The Philippine tarsier

Primates
Theoretical computer science

Theoretical Computer Science is domain of Computer Science that looks at the notion of information and about how information can be processed. It also looks at the way models are built in computer science. Common divisions of theoretical computer sciences include:
Automata theory: An automaton is an abstraction of a machine, which changes its internal state according to some rules. Automata theory also looks at the kinds of problems that can be solved by such automata.
Computability theory and Computational complexity theory look at the question if a problem can be solved by a given automaton, and how well a given solution is, compared to others.
Formal languages are the way to communicate with a given automaton. Most of the time, the question is whether the automaton will accept a word of a formal language, that is, when the word is fed into the automaton, the automaton will end up in an exit state. Semantics are used to talk about the grammars of such languages, and how they are constructed.
Information theory talks about the notion of information. Originally it was developed for signal processing. It is concerned with how a message needs to be changed, so that it can be transmitted over a  channel, an how to undo the changes at the other end, so that the original message can be recovered. These processes are known as encoding and decoding. Information theory also talks about how much self-information there is in a message. This is the theoretical basis for data compression, cryptography and digital signatures. Error detection and correction is about detecting if errors have occurred when the message was transmitted. In some cases, it may be possible to recover the original message even if errors have occurred, or part of the message has been lost.

Other domains, such as Logic and Statistics used as well, but in most cases, they are not the primary focus of theoretical computer science.
Pedestrian

A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot, whether walking or running.  In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case historically.

History
The main way humans get around is by walking.  The first humans walked out of Africa about 60,000 years ago. We walked across India to reach Australia. We walked across Asia to reach the Americas.  We walked from the fertile crescent area to reach Europe.

Nowadays, roads often have a designated footpath attached especially for pedestrian traffic, called the sidewalk in American English and the pavement in British English. There are also footpaths not associated with a road which are used only by pedestrians, especially ramblers, hikers or hill-walkers and there are roads not associated with a footpath. These footpaths, in mountains or forests, are called trails. 

 
Efforts are underway by pedestrian advocacy groups to make it easy to be a pedestrian in new developments, especially to counteract newer developments where 20 to 30 percent do not include sidewalks. Some activists advocate large auto-free zones where pedestrians only or pedestrians and some non-motorised vehicles are allowed.

Related pages
Walking

Other websites 

 Early Pedestrians in North America
 US Pedestrian Advocacy Groups 
 UK Pedestrian Advocacy Group
 Transportation Alternatives: Pedestrian Advocacy
 America Walks
 Street quality promotion by street parties
 Pedestrian InRoads – US Pedestrian advocacy group 
 Perils For Pedestrians on YouTube
 Walkable Communities
Donald Appleyard's Livable Streets study 
 Ultramarathons 

Land transport
Patti Deutsch

Patricia Deutsch Ross (born Elaine Patricia Deutsch; December 16, 1943 – July 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for appearing the television game show  Match Game in the 1970s.  She was also known for doing voices in animated movies. Deutsch was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Deutsch died in Los Angeles, California from cancer on July 26, 2017 at the age of 73.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 Capitol Critters - Trixie
 The Emperor's New School - Mata the Lunch Lady
 The Smurfs - Additional Voices
 Time Squad - Amelia Earheart

Film Roles
 Happily N'Ever After - Additional Voices
 Jetsons: The Movie - Lucy 2
 Kronk's New Groove - Waitress
 Monsters, Inc. - Additional Voices
 Tarzan - Tantor's Mother
 The Emperor's New Groove - Waitress
 The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire - Rainbow Face #2

References

Other websites 
 

1943 births
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
American television actors
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Body double

A body double is a person who works in the movie or television production industry. Body doubles are models that act in scenes that actors or actresses do not want to do. For example, body doubles sometimes act in love scenes or scenes of nudity, where a person's body is shown. 

Body doubles are usually models that have developed very good bodies by exercising and by eating well. Actors whose characters must appear nude or otherwise show more skin, often have flaws and imperfections such as may come with age or being overweight and it can be expensive to digitally edit these out. Often, movies or television shows that use body doubles do not admit that a body double model was used. 

In the popular American movie Pretty Woman, a fashion and parts model named Donna Scoggins posed for the infamous movie poster in thigh-high boots, while another body double, Shelley Michelle, filmed nude scenes that actress Julia Roberts did not want to do.

Related concepts
Another job in the movie and television production industry where people do actions that the actors or actresses do not want to do is the job of stuntman. A stuntman is a person who does dangerous actions in movies, for example, jumping, falling, getting in a car accident, or pretending to fight with knives.

What distinguishes a "stunt person" from a "stunt double" is the particular character they portray. If the character in question is a main character and/or central to the plot and uniquely identifiable, the stuntman is then typically referred to as a "stunt double" in the credits.

References

Entertainment occupations
Performing arts
Intergenerational conflict

An intergenerational conflict is either a conflict situation between teenagers and adults or a more abstract conflict between two generations, which often involves prejudices against another generation.

Furthermore, intergenerational conflict describes cultural, social or economic discrepancies between generations. These can be caused by value shift or conflict of interest between younger and older generations. An example are changes to an intergenerational contract that may be necessary to reflect a change in demographics.

For examples of intergenerational conflict, Dreaming in Cuban, by Cristina Garcia is a good novel to take a look at.

Sociology

en:Intergenerationality#Conflict
Intergenerational contract

An intergenerational contract is an agreement between different generations. It assumes that future generations will honor the contract and provide a service to a generation that has done the same service for an older generation.

The most common use of the term is in social security and refers to the consensus  to provide pensions for the retired generations through payments made by the working generations.

The use of the word contract is not entirely accurate as the next generation enters the agreement without consent.

Society
Inca rope bridge

Inca rope bridges were simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges to provide access for the Inca Empire. Bridges of this type were suitable for use since the Inca people did not use wheeled transport - traffic was limited to pedestrians and livestock. These bridges were an important part on the Inca road system and are an excellent example of Inca innovation in engineering. They were frequently used by runners delivering messages throughout the Incan empire.

Other websites 
The Last Inca Suspension Bridge: A Photo Album (various images of amazing Inca Bridges and pathways, old and new.)
Boston University, Inca Bridge to the past This bridge was also in use of crossing when they were at war.

References

 Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory, 1992, Virginia: Time-Life Books.

Finch, Ric, 2002, Keshwa Chaca: Straw Bridge of the Incas:  Ithaca, N.Y., South American Explorer, n. 69, fall/winter 2002, p. 6-13.  Copies of this issue may still be available for purchase from the South American Explorer.

Gade, D.W., 1972, Bridge types in the central Andes:  Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 62 (1), p. 94-109.    [Shows the bridge at Huinchiri and predicts the art of building it will be lost within another generation;   fortunately, this prediction has proven untrue, and ethnic/adventure tourism may help save this bridge for posterity.]

Malaga Miglio, Patricia, and Gutierrez, Alberto, (pub. date unknown), Qishwachaca:  Rumbos (magazine published in Peru), p. 30-34.

McIntyre, Loren, 1973, The Lost Empire of the Incas:  National Geographic Magazine, v. 144, n. 6, p. 729-787.

McIntyre, Loren, 1975, The Incredible Incas and Their Timeless Land: Washington D.C., National Geographic Society, 199 p.

Roca Basadre, David and Coaguila, Jorge, eds., 2001, Cañon delApurimac, La Ruta Sagrada del Dios Hablador:  Lima, Empresa Editora ElComercio, S.A., 78 p.

Secrets of Lost Empires:  Inca, 1995, NOVA program, available on video.

Squier, Ephraim George, 1877, Peru:  Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas:   New York, Harper Bros., 577 p.

 Von Hagen, Victor, 1955, Highway of the Sun:  New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 120 p.

 Chmielinski, Piotr, 1987, Kayaking the Amazon:  National Geographic Magazine, v. 171, n. 4, p. 460 - 473.

Suspension bridges
Inca civilization
Ropework
Ewok

Ewoks are a fictional race of small, bear-like creatures from George Lucas' Star Wars universe. They first appeared in the film Return of the Jedi. 

They live on the forests on the moon of the Planet Endor. They often wear the skins or skulls of animals they have hunted. The most famous Ewok is Wicket W. Warwik, a brave Ewok who destroyed an entire Imperial shield projector. The Ewoks were also well known for their victory against the Empire in the "Battle of Endor".

Fictional characters introduced in 1983
Star Wars species
Fictional races
Inca road system

The Inca road system (El Camino Inca) of Peru was the most extensive among the many roads and trails that were constructed in pre-Columbian South America. 

It went across the Andes mountains and reached heights of over 5,000 m (16,500 feet) above sea level. The Inca road system covered approximately 22,500 kilometres (14,000 mi) and provided access to over three million km² of territory.

Because the Incas did not make use of the wheel for transportation, and did not have horses until the arrival of the Spanish in Peru in the 16th century, the trails were used almost exclusively by people walking, sometimes accompanied by pack animals, usually the llama.

The trails were used by the Inca people as a means of relaying messages, carried via knotted-cord quipu and by memory; and for transporting goods. Messages could be carried by runners covering as much as 240 km (150 mi) per day, working in relay fashion much like the Pony Express of the 1860s in North America.

There were approximately 2,000 inns, or tambos, placed at even intervals along the trails. The inns provided food, shelter and military supplies to the tens of thousands who traveled the roads.

Main routes 

The most important Inca road was the Camino Real, as it is known in Spanish, with a length of 5,200 km (3,230 mi). It began in Quito, Ecuador, passed through Cusco, and ended in what is now Tucumán, Argentina. The Camino Real went across the mountain ranges of the Andes, with peak altitudes of more than 5,000 m. El Camino de la Costa, the coastal trail, with a length of 4,000 km (2,420 mi), ran parallel to the sea and was linked with the Camino Real by many smaller routes.

Inca trail to Machu Picchu 

By far the most popular of the Inca trails for trekking is the Capaq Nan trail, which leads from the village of Ollantaytambo to Machu Picchu, the so-called "Lost City of the Incas". There are many well-preserved ruins along the way, and hundreds of thousands of tourists from around the world make the three- or four-day trek each year, accompanied by guides.

The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is actually three routes, which all meet up near Inti-Pata, the 'Sun Gate' and entrance to Machu Picchu. The three trails are known as the Mollepata, Classic and One Day trails, with Mollepata being the longest of the three. Passing through the Andes mountain range and sections of the Amazon rainforest, the Trail passes several well-preserved Inca ruins and settlements before ending at the Sun Gate on Machu Picchu mountain. The two longer routes require an ascent to beyond 12,000 ft (3,660 m) above sea level, which can result in altitude sickness.

Further reading 
 Inca: Lords of Gold and Glory. Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1992.
 Andean World: Indigenous History: Culture and Consciousness by Kenneth Adrien.

Other websites 
 Inca trail map 
 Inca trail tour 
 Interactive Map Interactive Map
 Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Interactive Map
 Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Information 

Inca_civilization
Columbia Pictures

Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American company that produces movies and at one time, television shows. It is now one of the "Big Five" American movie studios and the oldest, busiest and most well-known member of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, which is owned by the Japanese company Sony. Sony Pictures also includes smaller studios like TriStar Pictures, Screen Gems, and Sony Pictures Animation. The studio buildings are located at the Sony Pictures Studios lot in Culver City, California.

History
Formed in 1918 as CBC Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and their partner Joe Brandt, the studio started out very small. It eventually adopted the "Columbia" name in 1924 and became better known and successful under president Harry Cohn and film director Frank Capra making Western movies, comedy movies, and short films. After Harry Cohn died, the studio went under hard times in the 1960s and 1970s before being bought by the Coca-Cola Company in 1982. It created a side project with CBS and HBO that became TriStar Pictures and started making more successful films again such as the Ghostbusters movies and The Karate Kid.

Coca-Cola spun off Columbia into its own company again in 1987, which at that point had fully bought TriStar and other companies such as Merv Griffin's company, which was known for making Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!. In 1989, Sony Corporation decided to buy Columbia Pictures Entertainment, which included both Columbia and TriStar. Under Sony, Columbia moved into the former MGM studios after years of sharing space with Warner Bros. Columbia and TriStar continued making their own movies and TV shows before combining under the Sony name in 1999.

Movies Columbia Pictures has made 

Columbia is known for making movies such as Ghostbusters, The Karate Kid, Men in Black, Stuart Little, 21 Jump Street, Zombieland, Bad Boys, and several movies about The Three Stooges and Spider-Man. It has also helped make a few James Bond movies with MGM.

TV studio 
At one point, one of the only ways that Columbia was still making money in the 1960s and 70s was through its TV department, which was originally the first version of Screen Gems and later renamed Columbia Pictures Television. TV shows that Columbia made through Screen Gems/CPT included I Dream of Jeannie, Days of Our Lives and Walker, Texas Ranger. The TV department was eventually renamed "Columbia TriStar Television" and is now known as Sony Pictures Television, and the "Columbia" name is now only tied to movies.

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Official Sony Pictures website
 Sony Pictures Movies 
 SonyPictures.net

Movie studios
Sony
Coca-Cola
Companies based in California
Jason

Jason was a hero in Greek mythology. He was born in Thessaly, northern Greece. Jason was the captain of the ship called the Argos. The men who helped to sail the boat were called the Argonauts. The word Argonaut comes from the name of the boat: Argo and the word ending -naut meaning "sailor".  

Jason and the Argonauts went to find the Golden Fleece. His father was Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcus. Jason fell in love with the daughter of the Golden Fleece's owner. Her name was Medea. Medea helped Jason get the Golden Fleece from her father. Jason and Medea killed the owner of the Golden Fleece and returned to Jason's city, Iolcus. Medea then killed Jason's half-brother Pelias so Jason could be in charge. When she was found out, Jason and Medea went to live in the Greek city of Corinth. Jason then married the princess of Corinth so they could stay. The story of Jason, the Argonauts, and the Golden Fleece is told in two modern movies: Hercules starring Steve Reeves, and Jason and the Argonauts starring Todd Armstrong.

References

People in Greek mythology
Color code

A color code is a system for displaying information by using different colors.  Color codes are often difficult or impossible for blind and color blind people to understand.

Examples of color codes:
Bottled gases
Electrical wiring
Electronic color code
Web colors for HTML color codes
25-pair color code
Fire extinguishers
Hanky code
Jumper cables
Traffic lights
Navigation lights, sea marks and characteristic lights
Ribbon colors see: :Category:Ribbon symbolism
U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Advisory System
Utility color codes

The Color Code is also the title of a book (References, Joseph et al., 2002) combined with a nutritional practice by the same name in another book publication (Heber, 2001). The Color Code combines food science, medical knowledge and nutritional practices to encourage consumer intake of colourful plant foods for achieving optimal health.

References
 Heber D. What Color Is Your Diet? The 7 Colors of Health, ReganBooks, HarperCollins, 2001,  
 Joseph JA, Nadeau DA, Underwood A. The Color Code: A Revolutionary Eating Plan for Optimum Health, Hyperion, 2002, 

Color
Encodings
Complementary color

Complementary colors are pairs of opposite colors.  What is meant by opposite can be different between color science, and art and the printing process.

Color science 

In color science "complementary colors" are colors opposite to each other on the color wheel.  Primary colors and secondary colors are typically paired in this way:

red and cyan ( red   cyan ) (where cyan is the mixture of green and blue)
green and magenta ( green   magenta ) (where magenta is the mixture of red and blue)
blue and yellow ( blue   yellow ) (where yellow is the mixture of red and green)

Afterimages
If a person stares at a single color for about a minute then looks at a white surface, an afterimage of the complementary color will appear. This is because of eye fatigue. For example, if the person stares at a red color, the photoreceptors (cells in the eye which catch colored light) for red light in the retina (the back part of the eye) become fatigued.  When photoreceptors are fatigued they are less able to send information to the brain. If the person then looks at white light, all photoreceptors will send information.  Because the photoreceptors for red light are fatigued, the information they send will not be as strong as the information about the colors other than red and the illusion of seeing the complementary color is created.

Art and design 

Because of the limited range of colors that was available throughout most of the history of art, many artists still use a traditional set of complementary pairs, including:

 red and green
 blue and orange
 yellow and purple

The complement of each primary color (red, blue, or yellow) is roughly the color made by mixing the other two in a subtractive system (red + blue = purple; blue + yellow = green; red + yellow = orange). When two complements are mixed they produce a gray or brown.

The use of complementary colors is an important aspect of art and graphic design. This also extends to other fields such as contrasting colors in logos and retail display. When placed next to each other, complements make each other appear brighter. On an artistic color wheel, complementary colors are placed opposite one another.  Although these artistic complements may not be precise complements under the scientific definition, most artistic color wheels are laid out roughly like the HSV color wheel discussed above.

References

Color
Decriminalization

Decriminalization is making something legal that was illegal.

For example, alcohol was illegal in USA during the 1920s. However, people felt strongly against it, and made it legal again.

Law
Battledress

Battledress is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to 'display' dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. It may be either monochrome (often a shade of green or brown) or in military camouflage colours.

References
DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material by Hardy Blechman and Alex Newman, DPM Ltd. (2004) 

Khaki: Uniforms of the CEF by Clive M. Law (Service Publications, 1998).
Dressed to Kill: Canadian Army Uniforms in World War Two by Michael Dorosh (Service Publications, 2001).

Other websites 
www.canadiansoldiers.com: extensive discussion of Canadian Army uniforms, insignia, and traditions from 1900-2000

War
SketchUp

SketchUp is a 3D modelling program made for architects, engineers, and moviemakers. It is easier to use than most programs used for three dimensional drawings.  SketchUp was created by the company @Last Software and released in August 2000. In 2006, @Last Software was bought by Google. They released SketchUp6 in January 2007. SketchUp6 can use add-ons that let things build with the program be made into files that can be used with Google Earth. In 2012, SketchUp was bought by Trimble Navigation.

Other websites 
SketchUp official website
SketchUp Wiki The SketchUp Wiki

Software
Islamism

Islamism is a group of ideologies that say that Islamic nations should be run by sharia (Islamic laws). Generally, it is the idea that Islam should guide both society and politics, as well as people's personal lives. Important people who have inspired Islamist movements include Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Malcolm X, Ayatollah Khomeini, Sayyid Qutb, Muhammad Iqbal.

References

Islam
Poitiers

Poitiers is a city in France, the prefecture of the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. The town is picturesque; and its streets are interesting for their remains of ancient architecture, especially of the Romanesque period, and the memories of great historical events.

The city itself is very old. It already existed as a Gaulish fort in the time when Julius Caesar came to Gaul. It was the capital of the Pictones tribe.

Geography 
Poitiers is in the centre of the Vienne department, between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain rivers. The old town is on the slopes and the summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.

Poitiers is at about  from Bordeaux,  from Paris,  from Limoges and  from Nantes.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Poitiers is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Poitiers, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population 
The inhabitants of Poitiers are known, in French, as Pictaviens (women: Pictaviennes).

With a population of 87,435, Poitiers has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Poitiers

Poitiers forms, with seven other communes, the urban area of Poitiers with a population of 128,111 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Poitiers, formed by 97 communes, with a population of 257,233 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Poitiers is the prefecture of the Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Poitiers and the administrative centre () of five canton:
 Poitiers-1, with 23,086 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-2, with 25,371 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-3, with 26,843 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-4, with 20,756 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-5, with 22,170 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Grand Poitiers ().

Sister cities 
Poitiers is twinned with:
  Northampton, UK
  Marburg, Germany
  Lafayette, USA
  Coimbra, Portugal
  Yaroslavl, Russia
  Moundou, Chad
  Iaşi, Romania

Notable people
This is a list of people of interest who were born or resided in Poitiers:
René Descartes studied law at the University of Poitiers
Michel Foucault, French philosopher
Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French author
Brian Joubert, French ice skating champion

Gallery

Related pages 
 Arrondissement of Poitiers
 Communes of the Vienne department

References

Other websites 

 City council website (in French)
 Visiting Poitiers (in English)
 Tourisme Poitiers (official site, in French)
 Tourism Poitiers  (official site, in English).

 
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
Valence, Drôme

Valence is a city in the south of France, along the Rhône river. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Drôme department in France.

Sister cities
Valence is twinned with:
  Asti, Italy, since 1966
  Biberach an der Riss, Germany, since 1967
  Clacton-on-Sea, United Kingdom, since 1969
  Ijevan, Armenia, since 1996
  Gedera, Israel, since 1997

Communes in Drôme
Departmental capitals in France