cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Onion

Onions are vegetables. They are plants in the genus Allium. When people talk about onions, they usually mean garden onions. Most species of onions have bulbs that people can eat. They have a strong flavour and a very distinctive smell. 

Onions have been grown for a very long time. They were probably first grown in Ancient Egypt, together with leek and garlic, but maybe earlier. Now, most of the world's cultures eat onions.

Cultivation 
Farmers and gardeners can grow onions from seeds or from bulbs. If they plant seeds, they must later pull out most of the young plants so the rest can grow better. This is called 'thinning.' A different way to plant onions is to plant young bulbs. This is faster, but the onions that grow this way are weaker than the onions that started as seeds.

In food 
Onions can be eaten in different ways: 
 Fried sliced or chopped onions are often served on hot dogs.
Onion rings are sliced, the slices dipped in batter, and deep-fried so the batter is crisp and onion is cooked soft.
 Pickled onions are eaten as a relish with chips or with salad. 
 Raw onions: 
 Sliced (cut into flat layers) for hamburgers and sandwiches
 Chopped or minced fine in salads or as garnish on cooked foods
 Cooked in soups, stews and curries
Roasted whole alongside roasted meat

Why onions make eyes water 
When you cut an onion, you open some cells of the onion. Then, some chemicals react. When one chemical floats through the air and reaches your eyes, they sting.
There are ways to keep the chemical away. You can:　
Cut the onion under water
Keep the onion in the fridge, and cut when it is cold
Leave the root end on until last
Use a sharper knife
Have a fan blowing away from you on the onion
Wear goggles, like for swimming or skiing

Gallery 

Root vegetables
Allium
Logitech

Logitech (sometimes shortened to Logi) is a Swiss company that makes electronics. They are best known for making peripheral equipment for computers, including webcams, keyboards and computer mice.

History 
Logitech was founded in Apples, Switzerland, in 1981 by graduates of Stanford University Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta, and former Olivetti engineer Giacomo Marini.

In 2001, Logitech acquired Labtec for $150 million to expand its range of computer peripherals.

In 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest Labs' Freespace motion control technology to produce the MX Air Mouse, which allows a user to use natural gestures to control a PC.

In December 2009, Logitech acquired video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize Communications.

In July 2011, Logitech acquired the mobile visual communications provider Mirial.

In January 2013, Bracken Darrell became Logitech's chief executive officer; then-CEO Guerrino De Luca continued as Logitech's chairman of the board.

In January 2016, Logitech spun off the video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize.

In April 2016, Logitech agreed to pay  penalty related to accusations that it and some former executives improperly inflated the company's results for its 2011 fiscal year to meet guidance and other accounting violations. 

On 12 April 2016, Logitech  announced that they had agreed to acquire Jaybird, a leader in wireless audio wearables for sports and active lifestyles, for , with an additional earnout of up to  based on achievement of growth targets.

On 15 September 2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for .

On 26 September 2019, Logitech acquired Streamlabs, producer of software and tools for live-streaming, for approximately $89 million.

On 29 July 2021, Logitech, in collaboration with choreographer JaQuel Knight,  introduced its #Creators4BIPOC initiative under the Logitech For Creators brand. It allows social media creators, particularly BIPOC influencers, to copyright and monetize their online creations by making it possible for choreographers who amplify attention to hits by major artists in the entertainment business to secure copyright of their choreography using Labanotation and earn royalties from it.

Mice 
The first mice were made in Switzerland. Now Logitech makes its items all over the world. Selling computer mice made Logitech a big company. In 2008, Logitech made its billionth mouse.

Product lines 
As well as webcams, keyboards and mice, Logitech also makes other products such as:
 Loudspeakers
 Gamepads
 Phone accessories
 Special TV remotes
Headphones
Programmable remote controls

Logitech has also made two computer games: Jelly Jumper and Jelly Battle.

References

Other websites 
 Logitech
 Mouse maker reveals how niche players succeed , Swissinfo, 20.4.2006

Technology companies of Europe
Companies of Switzerland
Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.  The term is commonly shortened to phage.
Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Like viruses that infect eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi)  there are many different phage structures and functions.

The top of phages is made up of a dice-like shape which has 20 sides and 30 edges. Inside it contains the genetic information, which is its DNA. This dice-like shape often sits on a tail that has leg-like fibres.

Phages are typically made of an outer protein hull that has genetic material inside it.  The genetic material may be single-stranded (ssRNA or ssDNA), or double-stranded (dsRNA or dsDNA). It may be between 5,000 to 500,000 base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.

Phage genomes may code for as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages have a life cycle that begins when the phage attaches to the bacterium. Then they inject their genome into the bacterium. The genome uses the parts of the bacterium to replicate inside it. When there are many phages inside the bacterium, they put enzymes in the bacterium that weaken the outer cell wall so they can burst through it to infect new bacterias.

Phages are everywhere there are bacteria, such as soils or the intestines of animals. They are very common in sea water: up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages.

They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. However, it was not until the first phage was observed under an electron microscope by Helmut Ruska in 1939 that its true nature was established. 

They are a possible therapy against antibiotic resistant strains of many bacteria.  On the other hand, some phages complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. They shelter the bacteria from drugs and so prolong the infection.

References 

Viruses
Parasites
Licensed to Ill

"Licensed to Ill" is the first album of the Beastie Boys, released on November 1986.

Tracklist 

Rhymin' & Stealin'  – (4:08)
The New Style – (4:36) 
She's Crafty – (3:35)
Posse in Effect – (2:27)
Slow Ride – (2:56) 
Girls – (3:14) 
(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party) – (3:28) 
No Sleep Till Brooklyn – (4:07) 
Paul Revere – (3:41) 
Hold It Now, Hit It – (3:26) 
Brass Monkey - (2:37)
Slow and Low – (3:38) 
Time to Get Ill – (3:37)

Members 

Mike D - Voice 
Adam Horovitz - Voice 
Adam Yauch - Voice 
Rick Rubin - Sampling
Kerry King - Electric guitar

1986 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
Fructose

Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods. It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two are glucose and galactose. Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose. Processed foods also contain fructose due to how sweet it is.

References

Other websites 
 Fructose
 Fructose 
 Carbohydrate metabolism
 Fructose Information Center

Carbohydrates
Sweeteners
Peer pressure

Peer pressure is being influenced by the peer group members. It often happens to children during puberty. The group defines some social values. For somebody to stay "cool" in that group, they feel as if they have to act like other people in that group. Social pressure (and wanting to be accepted or in favour inside the group) leads people to do things they would not do otherwise. For example, it can influence a person to smoke cigarettes or  marijuana, to drink alcohol, commit crimes, and/or many other things that they might regret. Through adolescents are seen adults from external physical point of view, they lack proper mental maturity. Similarly, they look physically matured and do not intend to be in children's group but adults also do not value them as adults. Therefore, they create peer group of their own age to enjoy themselves. They have strong faith and belief on the friends of the same groups. Because of the changes they experience, the new desires, aspirations and interests are developed. They become sensitive and sentimental.

When parents and society do not consider and address their needs, aspirations and desires, they feel dominated and leave home to pass most of their time with their friends on peer groups. Sometimes they cannot get proper counselling and guidelines in these stages. Consequently, sometimes, they can fall prey to many bad habits. There are many positives and negatives by peer pressure. 

Peer pressure is commonly thought of in a negative light, but in reality, it's not always a bad thing. Sometimes peer pressure is used to positively influence people. Learning about acceptable group norms can be a positive part of learning how to live with and socialize with other people.  

Positive peer pressure, in which people are influenced to do nice things like give to charity, is usually a good thing.

References 

Psychology
Great power

A great power is a nation or state that is able to influence other states in most of the world. That is possible because it has great economic, political and military strength. It is not as powerful as a superpower or hyperpower.

Its opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere. They also have soft, cultural power, and often economic investment in less developed countries. There is no definite list, but five great powers are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and seven are in the G7.

Great powers 
The world's great powers as of the early 21st century are at least:

China
Germany
Japan
Russia
United States

Potential great powers
India

Older great powers
United Kingdom
France

Related pages
 Superpower
 Hyperpower

References

Politics
Bite

A bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal.  Animals may bite things in self-defence.  Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.

Bites can cause many medical problems, such as:
 Tearing or scratching the tissue
 Haemorrhaging if major blood vessels are pierced
 Infection by bacteria or pathogens, such as rabies
 Introduction of venom by venomous animals such as some snakes
 Introduction of things that may irritate the person by causing inflammation or itching

Treatment 
Bite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water.  The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage.  Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.

Animal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it.  If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies.  Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes.  If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably is not infected.  In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.

Snake bites 
Many of the world's snakes are not considered dangerous to humans, but even a bite from a "safe" snake may injure the victim if the wound is not treated properly, and large snakes such as constrictors are capable of causing a lot of damage with their bites.

Spider bites 
The black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults.  Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney. Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region.

Health
Basic English 850 words
Northern Europe

Northern Europe is the northern part of  the  European continent. Most people see the following states as part of it:
 The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Åland, the Faroe Islands and occasionally Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.
 Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (but see also Western Europe)
 The Baltic states, i.e. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania 
 Areas bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, e.g. north-western Russia, northern Poland (most often referred to as Eastern Europe), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and northern Germany.

Europe, the planet's 6th largest continent, includes 47 countries and assorted dependencies, islands and territories. 

Before the 19th century, the term 'Nordic' or 'Northern' was commonly used to mean Northern Europe in a sense that included the Nordic countries, European Russia, the Baltic countries (at that time Livonia and Courland) and Greenland.

In earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and Austria. In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.

In a European Union context, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany, the UK, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are often seen as belonging to a Northern group.

References 

Regions of Europe
Western Europe

Western Europe is a geographic region of Europe. This term does not have a precise definition. Its use has changed over time. During the middle ages, the European parts of the Western World included those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. During the Cold War, Western Europe was a geographic and socio-political concept. It meant the democratic European countries of the First World, which are also vaguely defined. It was and still is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of economics, politics, and religion.  At its widest medieval definition, it includes the following 32 countries:

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)
 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)
 (Was eastern/Communist during the cold war)

 Had the Largest Empire in the world
  The Smallest Country in the world

Many of these countries were members of the Western European Union. Many, such as Norway, are also in Northern Europe or in Central Europe or Southern Europe.

Today, the term Western Europe has to do with geography and with economics. The concept is commonly associated with liberal democracy, socialism and also with the European Union, though that also has some countries of Eastern Europe.

Most of the countries in the region share Western culture, and many have economic, and political ties with countries in North and South America and Oceania.

In addition, Scandinavia (in Northern Europe) is commonly associated with social democracy and remains fairly neutral throughout international disputes. The Iberian Peninsula, the most western part of Europe is similarly closely linked to the Americas.

It is a monotonous area with long and irregular coastlines.

References

Regions of Europe
Furnace

A Furnace is a device used for heating. The word has different meanings, though:
 In American English, it is the name for a heating system in the house. British English usually calls such systems boiler, heater or kiln.
 There are industrial furnaces; these provide the heat so some process can take place. An example of such a furnace would be the use in metallurgic processing. Blast furnaces for example make iron.

Home appliances
Heat
Southern Europe

Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. The official definition of Southern Europe includes Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and all northern Mediterranean countries of the European continent are considered part of Southern Europe.

Geographical definition 
Geographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.
The Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.

Geopolitical definition of the United Nations 

For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions.  Corsica for example is part of France, thus not part of Southern Europe, but Italian Tyrol belongs to Southern Europe as it is part of Italy..

Climatical definition 
The climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.

Linguistic and cultural definition 
Countries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Italy and Spain. 
Greece, Malta and Anatolia are often associated with them.

List of countries 

Although there is no precise definition, the following territories are commonly thought to be parts of Southern Europe:

 Iberian Peninsula
 Portugal
 Azores
 Madeira
 Spain
 Balearic Islands
 Canary Islands
 Ceuta
 Melilla
 Andorra
 Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
 Italian Peninsula and Western Mediterranean islands
 Italy
 Sicily
 Sardinia
Corsica (France)
 Vatican City
 San Marino
 Monaco
Malta
Croatia
 Balkans and Aegean islands
 Cyprus
 Greece
 Ionian Islands
Aegean Islands
Crete
 Albania
Serbia
North Macedonia
Romania
Kosovo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Turkey 

Regions of Europe
List of pterosaurs

This is a list of pterosaurs.

A 
Aetodactylus
Angustinaripterus
Anhanguera
Anurognathus
Arambourgiania
Araripedactylus
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Austriadactylus
Avgodectes
Azhdarcho

B 
Bakonydraco
Batrachognathus
Beipiaopterus
Bennettazhia
Bogolubovia
Boreopterus
Brasileodactylus

C 
Cacibupteryx
Campylognathoides
Caulkicephalus
Caviramus
Cearadactylus
Chaoyangopterus
Coloborhynchus
Comodactylus
Criorhynchus
Ctenochasma
Cycnorhamphus

D 
Darwinopterus
Dendrorhynchoides
Dermodactylus
Dimorphodon
Diopocephalus
Domeykodactylus
Dorygnathus
Dsungaripterus

E 
Eoazhdarcho
Eopteranodon
Eosipterus
Eudimorphodon

F 
Feilongus

G 
Germanodactylus
Gnathosaurus
Gallodactylus

H 
Haopterus
Harpactognathus
Hatzegopteryx
Herbstosaurus
Huanhepterus
Huaxiapterus

I 
Istiodactylus

J 
Jeholopterus
Jidapterus

K 
Kepodactylus

L 
Laopteryx
Liaoxipterus
Lonchodectes
Lonchognathosaurus
Longchengpterus
Ludodactylus

M 
Mesadactylus
Montanazhdarcho

N 
Nesodactylus
Noripterus
Normannognathus
Nurhachius
Nyctosaurus

O 
Ornithocheirus
Ornithostoma

P 
Parapsicephalus
Peteinosaurus
Phosphatodraco
Plataleorhynchus
Preondactylus
Pteranodon
Pterodactylus
Pterodaustro
Pterorhynchus
Puntanipterus

Q 
Quetzalcoatlus

R 
Rhamphinion
Rhamphocephalus
Rhamphorhynchus

S 
Santanadactylus
Scaphognathus
Sinopterus
Siroccopteryx
Sordes

T 
Tapejara
Tendaguripterus
Thalassodromeus
Tropeognathus
Tupandactylus
Tupuxuara

U 
Unwindia

V 
Volgadraco

W 
Wukongopteryx

X 
Xericeps

Y 
Yikianopteryx

Z 

Zhejiangopterus

Lists of Dinosaurs
My Opera Community

The My Opera Community is a virtual community, which provides help and social networking services for people who use the Opera browser.

History 
The My Opera Community started in August 2001 and will be shut down after February 2014. It currently has over 16,000,000 members, who are from all over the world.

Sources

Other websites 
The My Opera Community Website

Opera ASA
2001 establishments
2014 disestablishments
Papyrus

Papyrus is a kind of paper that was used in Ancient Egypt for writing. It was first made as far back as the 3rd millennium BC. It was made from a kind of reed called Cyperus papyrus. This plant was originally grown in marshy areas around the Nile river. The plant had a variety of uses. The Egyptians also used the papyrus plants to make boats, mattresses, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. Specially cultivated papyrus, grown on plantations, was used to make the writing material. They were first used in Ancient Egypt, but they were later used throughout the Mediterranean region.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Ancient Egypt
Writing media
Paper
Raisin

Raisins are dried grapes. They have a lot of sugar.

Other websites 
 Cooking.com: Raisins 
 Natural Benefits and Curative Properties 
 The World's Healthiest Foods: Raisins 
 A close-up photo of a raisin 

Fruits
Vitaceae
Taste bud

Taste buds are small 'bumps' on the tongue. They are the sense organs which detect the taste of things that go into the mouth. They are involved in detecting the five (known) elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami.

Other websites 
 Beyond the Tongue Map
 Taste Perception: Cracking the Code 
 Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds from National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, July 22, 2005

Sensory system

fr:Langue (anatomie)#Papilles gustatives
Nectar

Nectar, in botany, is a liquid made by the flowers of plants. It is sweet because it has sugar in it. Plants make nectar to attract pollinating animals. It is made in glands called nectaries. The nectaries are usually at the bottom of the perianth of the flower. This means the animal trying to get the nectar has to touch the parts of the plant that are used for reproduction. By doing this, the animal getting the nectar helps the plants reproduce.

Some plants make nectar outside the flower. These plants do it to attract predatory insects. These insects will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects found near the plant.

Nectar is economically important because it is where the sugar for honey comes from. It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adults of many predatory insects, as well as hummingbirds, eat nectar. Some plants give off very rich scents, such as the Rocky Mountain Columbine

Flowers
Interview

An interview is a conversation where somebody is trying to get information from another person. The person asking questions is the interviewer and the person answering questions is the interviewee.  

In companies, interviews are generally conducted to test the interviewee, check their knowledge, examine their skills, behavior and attitude, and many other aspects that are required to fulfill organizational needs. Employers interview people trying to get a job to find out if they are a good person for the job. Researchers use an interview to ask people to find how they feel or what they know about something. Since the middle 19th century, interviews have often been used in journalism to get information for stories on news shows or in newspapers.  

Police interview witnesses to a crime to find out what happened. Military intelligence agents interview prisoners to learn about enemy plans and capabilities. These interviews are often called interrogation.

References 

Communication
Television genres
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

Saint Henry II (972 – 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty. 

 

972 births
1024 deaths

Holy Roman Emperors
Christian saints
Ottonian dynasty
German Roman Catholics
Internet protocol suite

When computers connect and transmit data between each other on the Internet, they follow a set of rules to do so. These rules are universal; all computers throughout the Internet must follow them. Otherwise, the Internet would not function as computers would not be able to transmit data in a meaningful and useful way. These rules are called protocols. There are many different protocols, each for different purposes, and they all together are called the Internet protocol suite. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which ensure data is delivered at the right place, and without errors, and is what computers use when they access servers (computers that have the data that is accessed on the Internet) on the World Wide Web, as well as for email, and the like. Other protocols include the Network Time Protocol, which ensures clock synchronisation in computers, and there are many others.

The TCP/IP model and other related protocols are maintained by the  Internet Engineering Task Force, whose parent organisation is the Internet Society, and which also cooperates closely with other standards bodies such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISO/IEC.

Other websites 

 Internet History – Pages on Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and TCP/IP (reviewed by Cerf and Kahn).
  – Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
  A TCP/IP Tutorial – from the Internet Engineering Task Force (January 1991)
 TCP/IP FAQ
 The TCP/IP Guide – A comprehensive look at the protocols and the procedures/processes involved
 A Study of the ARPANET TCP/IP Digest
 TCP/IP Sequence Diagrams
 Daryl's TCP/IP Primer – Intro to TCP/IP LAN administration, conversational style
 Introduction to TCP/IP
 A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication, Cerf & Kahn, IEEE Trans on Comms, Vol Com-22, No 5 May 1974

Internet
Computer protocols
Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

Conrad II (c. 990 – June 4, 1039) was the son of Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace. He was elected king in 1024 and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on March 26, 1027, the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty.

During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had become strong enough that it no longer depended on contracts between king and dukes alone.

990 births
1039 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Copernicium

Copernicium (formerly Ununbium) is a chemical element in the Periodic Table. It is also named eka-mercury. It has the symbol Cn. It has the atomic number 112. It is a transuranium element.

The element is named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Using periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal. It is likely to be more volatile than mercury.

History 
Copernicium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Copernicium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.

The element was made in 2000 and 2004 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.

In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method. They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of copernicium.

In February 2010 IUPAC officially approved the name copernicium and symbol Cn.

References

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Copernicium
 Apsidium - Copernicium
 Indication for a gaseous element 112 
 Element 112 is Named Copernicium 

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Otto I the Great

Otto I the Great (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor. He won a big war against the Magyars and later conquered northern Italy.

912 births
973 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Ottonian dynasty
Edward III of England

Edward III (13 November 1312–21 June 1377) was a King of England. He ruled for 50 years. 

He made England the strongest military power during his reign. 

Edward was crowned when he was fourteen years old, after his father was forced to abdicate. After his victory against the Scots, he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337, and so started the Hundred Years' War. The war went very well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the Treaty of Brétigny, by which he gained a lot of territory. When he became older, he was much less active, mostly a result of his bad health. He died of a stroke in 1377, aged 64.

Edward also established the Order of the Garter, and developed legislature and government. However, during his reign there was the Black Death. 

Edward and his wife, Philippa of Hainault, had many children and, as they traveled, the children were generally known by where they were born (though the oldest son, Edward "of Woodstock," became known to later generations as Edward, the Black Prince). Prince Edward died before his father Edward III, and his older son, Edward "of Angouleme," had died a child, so younger son Richard "of Bordeaux" succeeded Edward III as Richard II of England before being deposed by his cousin Henry IV of England, whose father, John "of Gaunt", had married the heiress of Lancaster. His family, the House of Lancaster, fought the Wars of the Roses with the House of York descended from the daughter of Edward III's son Lionel "of Antwerp" (who was older than John) over who was the rightful king. 

In his own time and for centuries after Edward III was praised a lot, but by Whig historians he was seen as an irresponsible adventurer. This view has turned, and modern historians see what a good king he was.

Other websites 

The Medieval Sourcebook) has some good sources relating to the reign of Edward III:
 The Ordinance of Labourers, 1349
 The Statute of Laborers, 1351
 Thomas Walsingham’s account of the Good Parliament of 1376.
 Man of War: Edward III, King of England at myarmoury.com

1312 births
1377 deaths
House of Plantagenet
14th century in England
Harold Wilson

James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. He was an MP from 1945-1983. He won more elections than any other 20th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (in 1964, 1966, February and October 1974) — but only once with a clear majority (1966). 

Wilson resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party in 1976. He died of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in 1995.

Other websites 
 Wilson, Harold Chronology World History Database 

1916 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Cancer deaths in London
Congregationalists
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English Protestants
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the House of Lords
People from Huddersfield
Politicians from Yorkshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
United Kingdom Life Peers
Dissident

A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure. There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes.

Politics
Sociology
Jehoahaz of Judah

Jehoahaz was a king of Judah. His birth name was Shallum. He is thought to be an evil king. Jehoahaz began his rule at age 23 in 609 BC when his father, King Josiah was killed by the king of Egypt, Necho. He only ruled for 3 months in Jerusalem before the Egyptian king took him to Egypt and put another of Josiah's sons on the throne as the new King of Judah. Jehoahaz died in Egypt.

Kings of ancient Judah
Kings of ancient Israel
Toaster

A toaster is a machine that cooks bread. The bread is put into the toaster and after a few minutes it pops up, toasted. The pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919.

Other websites 
How Toasters Work (Howstuffworks.com)

Cooking appliances
Incidental music

Incidental music is music which has been written for a play.  It is not like opera where there is usually music all the way through.  Incidental music will be used between scenes or for particularly important moments in the play or for songs sung by the actors.  It is called “incidental” because the music is not as important as the play.

Incidental music was used as long ago as the time of Ancient Greece.  It was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the plays of Shakespeare whose characters often sing songs.  At this time incidental music was used more often for comedies than for tragedies.  Tragedies were about important people who were busy ruling their country and having wars.  In the plays they spoke in verse and were too noble to sing.  People thought that comedies were more suitable for including music.  The songs were often sung by actors playing the parts of shepherds, nymphs or clowns.

In later centuries music was used for all types of serious drama.  Sometimes large orchestras were used.  Many famous composers wrote music to be played by an orchestra during plays.  A famous example is the incidental music for Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night's Dream” composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1842.  Other composers worked with living poets such as Goethe and Schiller.  Beethoven wrote music for Goethe’s play Egmont.  This music is very closely linked to what happens in the story: the overture describes the harshness of the Spanish oppression of the Netherlands which is what the play is about.  Schubert’s famous Rosamunde overture comes from a play called Die Zauberharfe (The Magic Harp).  Schumann’s music for Manfred is different: it was never intended to be performed with the play, it was just inspired by Schumann’s imagination.  Many other composers wrote incidental music, e.g. Sibelius (for Maeterlinck’s play Pelléas et Mélisande) and Grieg (for Ibsen’s play Peer Gynt).

In all these examples the music is now usually heard at concerts, not as part of the original play.  Most of them have overtures (music played before the play starts) and these overtures are often performed separately, very often at the start of concerts.

Incidental music was not used so much during the 20th century although the plays of Brecht, which are often about political propaganda, needed a new kind of popular music.  Brecht worked with composers like Weill and Eisler who understood the kind of message that he wanted in his plays.  Their music for Brecht’s plays is similar to cabaret music.

Nowadays electronic music is often used in plays.
Musical forms
Kayak

A kayak is a small boat that is driven by manpower.  It typically has a covered deck, and a cockpit covered by a spraydeck.  It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle by a sitting paddler.  The kayak was used by the native Ainu, Inuit,  Aleut and Eskimo hunters in sub-Arctic regions of northeastern Asia, North America and Greenland.  Modern kayaks come in a wide variety of designs and materials for specialized purposes.

Kayaks typically are built for one, two or occasionally three paddlers who sit facing forward in one or more cockpits below the deck of the boat.  The spray skirt or similar waterproof garment attaches securely to the edges of the cockpit, so that no water from waves or spray may enter the boat. Therefore, in most styles the boat can roll upright again without it filling with water or ejecting the paddler.

Kayaks differ distinctly in design and history from canoes, which are craft propelled by single-bladed paddles by a kneeling paddler, although some modern canoes may be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from a kayak.  Kayaks are often called canoes in Great Britain and Ireland.

Other websites 
USA Canoe and Kayak The National Governing Body of Kayaking in the USA
WaveTalk.com  A collection of articles about traditional and modern kayak design, ergonomics and biomechanics of kayaking and various kayak applications.
Kayak design A series of articles about kayak and paddle design.
The Kayaking Journal
Qajaq USA, A non-profit committed to promoting Greenland style kayaking
British Canoe Union The National Governing Body of Kayaking in the UK
Wikipaddle  - kayak and canoe wiki - focus is on places to paddle.
KayakWiki  - A wiki focused primarily on kayak techniques and construction
International Human Powered Vehicle Association website - information on peddle kayaks

Boats
Water sports
Paddle

A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either for propulsion in a boat or for mixing liquids.

Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass or metal rod (the shaft) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the blade) on the other end.  Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, and usually no handles.

Related pages 
 Oar

Tools
Mahdi

The Mahdi or Mehdi ('the rightly-guided one') is Islam's messiah or savior. It is said that he and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yaum al-Qiyamah (Day of the Resurrection). 

In particular, the Sudanese tribal leader Muhammed Ahmed proclaimed himself as the Mahdi, appointed by Allah to free his country. He defeated the forces of the Khedive of Egypt and the British, only to die suddenly six months later.

Other websites 
 Who are Mahdavis? 
 The Promised Mehdi
 Syed Mohammad AlMahdi AlMow'ood 

Islam
Propulsion tools

Propulsion is the use of force to make movement.

For ground propulsion the first instrument was the wheel.

For water propulsion pole, paddle, oar and sail have been used.  Nowadays the most common types are underwater propellers.  Sails are still common, and historically represented the most important form of early propulsion for large ships. 

For air propulsion, the most common types are propeller and jet engine.  Others have been used experimentally.

Propulsion tools
Drama

Drama is a type of literature. A drama can be in the form of a novel, television show, movie, play or dance. Although drama is a Greek word meaning "action", most dramas focus more on the relationships between people than on the actions. Dramas usually have a serious feel to them. Drama is considered the opposite of comedy, but drama and comedy can be used at the same time. Drama is full of sensational action, dialogue, incidents etc.  

Shakespeare influenced the theatre industry by showing what could be done with plot and language.
Genres
Entertainment
Mast

The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical pole which supports the sails. Larger ships have several masts, with the size depending on the style of ship.

Until the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk. As ship sizes increased, taller masts were constructed by lashing up to three spars together.

Other websites 
http://www.bluewatersailing.com/shipclass.php 
http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/virtual/rigging/sails.htm 
http://tallships.sailtraining.org/sailrigs.htm
http://boatdesign.net/articles/mast-materials/
Glossary of Nautical terms, sailing and boat parts

Ship building
Juan Manuel Fangio

Juan Manuel Fangio (June 24, 1911 - July 17, 1995) was a race car driver. He won the Formula One drivers' championship five times, in the years 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957.

1911 births
1995 deaths
Argentine sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Cayenne pepper

The cayenne pepper is a type of chili pepper.  It is very hot and is used as a spice. Cayenne pepper is the basis for the hot sauce known as Tabasco, as well as being an ingredient in many other commercially made hot sauces, such as Frank's Red Hot and Cholula. It can also be used in a dried powder form.

References

Other websites
 The Chilli King - Advice on growing and cooking with chillies
 PepperCenter.com Your Complete Chili Pepper Community
 Cayenne Pepper

Capsicum
Spices
Edward II of England

Edward II (April 25, 1284–1327) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was removed from the throne in January 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility, in favour of low-born favorites, led to political trouble and eventually to his removal from the throne. He is most remembered for a story about his alleged murder, which was linked to his reliance on the corrupt family of Hugh le Despenser, which has been seen by some as evidence of his homosexuality.

1284 births
1327 deaths
House of Plantagenet
1300s in England
1310s
1320s
Tampa Bay Rays

The Tampa Bay Rays are a Major League Baseball team that plays in St. Petersburg, Florida. They play in the American League East division. From 1998 until November 2007, They were known as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In 2008, the team changed their name to the "Rays". Their home stadium is Tropicana Field located in St, Petersburg.

History 

The Rays played their first game on March 31, 1998 against the Detroit Tigers (as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays), which they lost 11-6. They were one of the least successful teams in the Major Leagues until 2008, when they finished in first place in the American League East and had one of the best records in baseball.  They made it to the World Series but were beaten by Philadelphia in five games. Evan Longoria brought the team's first AL Rookie of the Year award to the team on November 10, 2008.  The Rays returned to the World Series in 2020 but lost again, this time to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games.

On November 8, 2007, the team changed its name to Tampa Bay Rays. The "Devil Ray" mascot was a type of stingray. While this is still a mascot of theirs, the new "Rays" name is said to represent the sunshine in Florida.

Rivalries
The Rays have rivalries with two teams. The Boston Red Sox is one due to the 2008 American League Championship Series, the other is the Florida Marlins due their in-state location. When the Rays and Marlins meet during inter-league play (when the American League (Rays) and National League (Marlins) play each other) it is known as the "Citrus Series".

Season records

References

Other websites 

Tampa Bay Rays Official Home Page
Shorts

Shorts are a short length trousers or pants that reach only to the upper part of the legs or more, but do not cover the entire leg. They are worn by both men and women.  Shorts are worn either as outer garment or as underwear. They are called "shorts" because they are a shortened version of trousers (as they are called in British English, or pants in American English) which cover the entire leg.

Why people wear shorts:
 Fashion  appearance, attractiveness
 Practical  cool, light weight, allows for ease of movement; sportswear
 Uniform  decided by the organisation the wearer belongs to

Types

There are many types of shorts:

 Boxer shorts: Shorts mainly used as male underwear. Some years ago, this term also related to a basic style male short.
 Track shorts: Shorts that reach only the upper thigh and are intended to give maximum freedom of movement in sports activities.
 Walking shorts: Shorts with a long pant length reaching to the knees. They are intended for casual wear in warm weather.  
 Cut-offs: Homemade shorts made by cutting the legs off trousers
 Hotpants: Commonly known as "short shorts" and are mostly worn by women. These are short, tight shorts. They are usually made out of cotton, nylon, or some other common material.  
 "Bun huggers": Short, tight, athletic shorts also known as "racing briefs". They are usually made from spandex and/or nylon. These shorts are commonly used for some adult athletic events such as volleyball.
 "Skorts": Shorts that have a piece of fabric in front so that from the front it looks like a skirt. It is a portmanteau of "skirt" and "shorts".
 "Zip-off shorts": A pair of long pants that zip off at the knee. They allow the wearer to change from pants to shorts as the weather changes.
 Board shorts: A combination of shorts and a bathing suit worn by men. They have recently gained in popularity. 
 Three quarter pants: A name used to refer to other types of shorts such as Shants or Shankles.
 "Capris": Shorts that reach below the knee.
 Baggies: Loose fitting shorts which reach the knees. 
 Cycling shorts: Special shorts designed for athletic use, originally in cycling.
 Bermuda shorts: A knee-length shorts commonly worn in Bermuda as business attire, or largely any style less than formal.
 Cargo shorts: Typically khaki shorts with cargo pockets, similar to cargo pants, except they are around knee-length.
 Boyshorts: Similar to boxer briefs, but for females.
 Jorts: Jean shorts using denim fabric.
 Lederhosen: Traditional German leather shorts.
Swimsuit

A swimsuit, bathing suit (sometimes shortened to bathers), or swimming costume (sometimes shortened to cozzie) is clothing designed to be worn for swimming.
 
Swimming trunks are a pair of shorts or briefs worn for swimming or bathing.

In New Zealand English and some areas of Australian English, swimsuits are usually called togs. This term is less common in other parts of the Commonwealth where it can also refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting and range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet.

Lists

Womens' swimsuits

Mens' swimsuits

Other websites

Swimwear Glossary

Swimwear
Woodham Walter

Woodham Walter is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 583 people living in Woodham Walter.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Pangram

Pangrams are sentences that have one or more of every letter in an alphabet. They are used to show every letter in a font, or to test a keyboard or typewriter.

The most common example in English is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

Language
Great Northern Diver

The great Northern diver or common loon is a bird. It belongs to the diver family of birds. Adult birds are between 70 and 90 cm in length, and have wingspans of 1.20 metres to 1.50 metres. 

The Great Northern Loon breeds in North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland. This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.

This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater.  It catches its prey underwater, diving as deep as 200 feet (60 m). Freshwater diets include pike, perch,  sunfish, trout, and bass; salt-water diets consist oinclude rock fish, flounder, sea trout, and herring.

The female lays 1 to 3 eggs on a hollowed-out mound of dirt and vegetation very close to water. Both parents build the nest, sit on the egg or eggs, and feed the young.

References

Birds of Kashmir
Birds of North America