cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Porcupine

A porcupine is a rodent with a coat of sharp spines, or quills, that defend them from predators. The porcupine is the third biggest rodent, after the capybara, and beaver, and are not to be confused with hedgehogs. Most porcupines are about 60–90 cm long, with a 20–25 cm long tail. Weighing between 12-35 pounds (5–16 kg), they are rounded, large and slow. Porcupines come in various shades of brown, grey, and the unusual white. The name "porcupine" comes from Middle French porc d'épine "thorny pork", hence the nickname "quill pig" for the animal. The correct term for a baby porcupine is a porcupette. A porcupette has soft quills made of hardened hair. This protects the mother from injury as she gives birth.

The animal's quills or spines take on many forms, depending on the type, but all are hairs coated with thick plates of keratin, and they are in the skin musculature. Old World porcupines (Hystricidae) have quills in clusters, whereas in New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) single quills are mixed with bristles, underfur, and hair.

Porcupine quills are as sharp as needles, can be removed very easily, and will stay stuck in an attacker. Unlike needles, however, the quills of New World porcupines have small, backwards-facing barbs on the tip that catch on the skin making them hard and painful to pull out. Quills are about 75 mm long and 2 mm wide. If a quill becomes put in the tissues of an attacker, the barbs act to pull the quill farther into the tissues with the normal muscle movements of the attacker, moving up to many millimeters in a day. Animals who try to eat porcupines have been known to die because of quill penetration and infection. Quills can still penetrate animals and humans even after death. The ancient belief that porcupines can throw their quills at an enemy has long been proved to be incorrect.

Porcupines can live in a wide range of places in tropical and mild parts of Asia, Italy, Africa, and North and South America. Porcupines live in forests, deserts and grasslands. Some live in trees, others stay on the ground.

Porcupines in search of salt sometimes live in human places, eating plywood cured with sodium nitrate, certain paints, and tool handles, footwear, clothes and other items that have been coated in salty sweat. Porcupines like going near roads in areas where rock salt is used to melt ice and snow, and are known to gnaw on vehicle tires or wiring coated in road salt. Salt licks placed nearby can stop porcupine damage.

Natural sources of salt used by porcupines include different salt-rich plants (such as yellow water lily and aquatic liverwort), fresh animal bones, outer tree bark and mud in salt-rich soils.

References 

Rodents
The Silvia Night Show

The Silvia Night Show is a 2007 Icelandic television series following the controversial fictional character Silvia Night. It is the English version that was made to promote her participation in the Eurovision Song Contest.

The show followed Silvia Night during her appearance in Eurovision Song Contest 2006, and her tantrums after she realised she did not qualify for the final.

Silvia also received a lot of attention from media when she, on the premiere day of her own television program, protested against it on the streets of Reykjavík saying that "the show is total junk". The show will be available on DVD sometime soon.

The Silvia Night Show started airing in Sweden on the channel TV400 on October 10, 2007.

Other websites 

The Silvia Night Show (episodes online)  - at Skjárinn

2007 television series debuts
Jakten på Billie Jo

was a Swedish reality program. It was first broadcast on August 4, 2000. It was broadcast by the station TV4. The program followed three American actresses who auditioned for the role as "Billie Jo" in the Swedish soap opera Nya tider.

The winner was Alexandra Sapot. The winner was chosen by Swedish viewers' televotes and the production company Jarowskij.

Contestants 

Tanya Gingerich  is an actress from Tarrytown, New York. She also played parts in series like Hamlet and Shame No More. 
Melissa Hanson is an actress born in Honolulu,Hawaii. She also played parts in series like Grace Under Fire and Who shot Patakango?.
Hope Harris is an American actress from Virginia. She also played roles in series like The Sullivan sisters,Come On, Get Happy: The Partridge Family Story and Angel in Training.
Alexandra Sapot is an actress and executive assistant on series like Entourage, and Now and Again.

Other websites

About the contestants

About the show 

Alex  blev Billie Jo (Alex Sapot won the role as Billie Jo, Aftonbladet article, in Swedish)

2000 television series debuts
Reality television series
Sri Maha Bodhi

The Sri Maha Bodhi is a Sacred Fig tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. The site where it's on, Sacred City of Anuradhapura, is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 

It is said to be a tree grown from a sapling from the famous Bodhi tree where the first Buddha became enlightened. It brought down by Mihindu (Mahinda) and Sanghamitta. It was planted in 288 BC. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date. 

It was planted on a high terrace about  above the ground. It is surrounded by railings to protect it. It is one of the most sacred objects of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka, and respected by Buddhists all over the world. 

Its wall was built during the reign of King Kirthi Sri Rajasingha, to protect it from wild elephants which might have attacked the tree.

History

In the 3rd century BC, the Buddha's fig tree was brought to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta, daughter of Emperor Asoka and founder of an order of Buddhist nuns, in Sri Lanka.

In 280 BC, Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi was planted in the Mahamevnāwa Park in Anuradhapura by King Devanampiya Tissa.

Related pages
 Bodhi tree

References

Other websites
Living Heritage - Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi 

Buddhism
World Heritage Sites
Dolores Hope

Dolores Hope (May 27, 1909 – September 19, 2011) was an American singer. She was the widow of Bob Hope.

Early life
Hope was born Dolores DeFina on May 27, 1909. She was of Italian and Irish ancestry. She was born and raised in New York City. She began her career in the 1930s.

Marriage to Bob
In 1933, she met Bob Hope the first time in a Manhattan nightclub. They married in 1934. The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda and Kelly.

She and her husband entertained U.S. troops from the 1940s until the 1990s. Dolores Hope did this job over the time of a half century until the 1990s. In 1990, she was the only female entertainer who was allowed to go to Saudi Arabia.

Awards
She was often awarded for her work, for example with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and seven honorary Doctorates. A street was named after Dolores Hope in the Bronx.

Later life
She was with her husband as he turned 100. Shortly after, and 69 years after their marriage, Bob Hope died in summer of 2003 at age 100. On May 27, 2009, Dolores Hope celebrated her 100th birthday. She died on September 19, 2011.

Other websites
 
 Dolores Hope biography 
 Anthony J. Hope, Bob Hope's Son, dies at 63

American centenarians
American musicians
Singers from New York City
1909 births
2011 deaths
Miranda

Miranda (late latin Miranda meaning to be admired at  or "watchtower", "vantage point"). Miranda is also a family name and a female given name. It may also refer to:

People 
Miranda Hart (born 1972), British actress and comedienne
Miranda Krestovnikoff (born 1973), British television presenter
Miranda Richardson (born 1958), British actress

Literature 
Miranda (Shakespeare),  the daughter of Duke Prospero in William Shakespeare's The Tempest
Miranda (novel), a novel by Antoni Lange written in 1924
Miranda Cornielle, a character in the webcomic User Friendly
Miranda Priestly, a character in the novel and movie The Devil Wears Prada

Geography 
Australia
Miranda, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
Brazil
Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, a town in the Mato Grosso do Sul state of Brazil named for sitting on a river of the same name
Colombia
Miranda, Cauca, a town in Cauca province
Italy
Miranda, Italy, a city in the province of Isernia
New Zealand
 Miranda, New Zealand, historical fort and small village in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, best known as the location of the Miranda Shorebird Centre
Portugal
Miranda do Corvo, town and municipality
Miranda do Douro, a municipality
Terra de Miranda, the historical name of a mesa in northeastern Portugal
Spain
Belmonte de Miranda, also called Miranda in Asturian language, a municipality in Asturias
Miranda de Arga, town and municipality in northern Spain
Miranda de Ebro, an industrial city in the Burgos province of Spain
Venezuela
Miranda (state), one of the twenty-three states of Venezuela
United States
Miranda, California, a census-designated place in Humboldt County, California

In biology 
 The scientific name for the yellow garden spider is Miranda aurantia
 Miranda herba another name for the pitcher plant Nepenthes distillatoria

Other uses 
Miranda (moon), a moon of Uranus
Miranda (programming language), a functional programming language
Miranda IM, an open source multiprotocol instant messaging application for Microsoft Windows
Miranda Camera Company, a former Japanese camera manufacturer which ceased operations in 1976
Miranda House, a residential college for women, forming part of Delhi University, India
 Miranda Do Douro language, see Mirandese language spoken in parts of Portugal
 Miranda railway station in Sydney, Australia
 A character from British science fiction television series Doctor Who
 Miranda (TV series), British television series
Miranda (state)

Estado Miranda is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Los Teques.

Miranda State covers a total surface area of 7,950 km². It is the second largest state in population after Zulia Venezuela, approximately 3,028,965 (2011).

Administrative divisions

Municipalities and municipal seats

Miranda state is sub-divided into 21 municipalities,. given below with their areas, populations and administrative seats:

Other important towns

Geography

Hidrography

Rivers

El principal río del estado es el río Tuy. Nace a 2.100 m de altitud y recorre de 250 km.  Otros ris del estado son: Guaire, Grande, Curiepe, Capaya, Guapo, Chupaquire, Panapo, Uchire, Chuspa and Aricagua.

Lagoons

In the state there are various gaps: Laguna de Tacarigua, Merecuere, Agua salud, El Conflicto y el Rosario.

National parks

 El Ávila National Park.
 Guatopo National Park.
 Laguna de Tacarigua National Park.
 Macarao National Park.

Natural monuments
 Cueva Alfredo Jahn.
 Pico Codazzi.
 Cuevas del Indio Park.

Other sites of interest

 Acuario Agustín Codazzi.
 Birongo.
 El Pueblo El Jarillo.
 Higuerote.
 Playa de Carenero.
 Playa de Chirimena.
 Playas de Barlovento.
 Playas de Buche y Los Totumos.
 Puerto Francés.
 Tren El Encanto.

References

Other websites

 Gobernación del Estado Miranda
 Instituto Autónomo de Bibliotecas e Información del Estado Miranda 
 Estación Meteorológica de los altos mirandinos 
 Information about the region of the Tuy Valley 
 Notices about the region of Barlovento at Barloventoardiente.com 
 Guatire.net
 Guarenas.com

States of Venezuela
Miranda (novel)

Miranda is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange  and his most famous book today. It is said that Miranda is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia. 
The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.

Explanation of the novel's title
The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Miranda also has been influenced by work such as: Men Like Gods by Herbert George Wells; The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella; Lenore by Edgar Allan Poe,;Genezis z Ducha by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.

Plot summary
The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book think the most important things are anarchy, freedom, peace, and free love. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own parte-parole) falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.

Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.

References

1924 works
Novels
1920s books
Capybara

Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a semi-aquatic rodent of South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about two feet tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent. 

Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about a meter, or 3 feet, long, and its shoulder is about 60 centimeters, or about two feet, high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur.  When they are old their fur is thin, their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes and ears and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming.

Lifestyle 
Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America.   In the morning, evening, and at night they eat grass, mostly on land. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water.   They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath under water for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favourite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.   

Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups have even had 100 capybaras.  They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.

Conservation and contact with humans 
Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept pets in the United States, but not in some places. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.

References 

Rodents
Mammals of South America
Martha Jefferson

Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, born Martha Wayles (October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782) was the only wife of her second husband, Thomas Jefferson.  

She was a widow at her second wedding, as her first husband had died young.  When her second husband, Jefferson, was Governor of Virginia, she served as First Lady of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
   
The Jeffersons had six children together, but only two daughters survived to adulthood, and only one past the age of 25. Weakened by childbirth, Martha Jefferson died several months after the birth of her last child, twenty years before her husband became the third President of the United States.  At her wishes, he never married again.

Other websites
 Colonial Williamsburg: Interview of Martha Jefferson, YouTube
 Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , Monticello: For accurate, up-to-date information written and moderated by historians at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
 Martha Jefferson at Find-A-Grave
 "Martha Jefferson", First Lady Biography

1748 births
1782 deaths
Thomas Jefferson
People from Virginia
Great Awakening

The Great Awakenings were a few periods of religious revival in United States history. The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.  

There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:

The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s)
The Second Great Awakening (1800s - 1830s)
The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s)
The Fourth Great Awakening (1960s - 1970s)

History of the United States
Lycopene

Lycopene is the pigment of tomato. Its chemical formula is (6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)- 
2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31- Octamethyldotriaconta- 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,18,20,22,24,26,30- tridecaene. C40H56.

Ketchup contains the highest concentrations of bioavailable lycopene.

Chemicals
Housefly

Housefly is the common fly often found in houses. The Latin name for the housefly is Musca domestica. This species is always found near humans. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches. Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they also carry disease-causing organisms. Flies are not only an irritant to farm workers but may be a public health concern. Houseflies are pests and can carry diseases.

Each female fly can lay about 9,000 eggs in its life, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are laid on or near meat, often dead animals. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed on dead and decaying organic material, such as garbage, carrion or faeces. They are pale-whitish, and have no legs. Their life cycle is from 14 hours to 36 hours. 

At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry, cool place and turn into pupae. These are coloured reddish-brown and about 8 mm long. From the pupae emerge adult flies. The whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis. 

Adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild. After they come out from the pupae, the flies do not grow. Small flies of the same species did not get enough food when they were larvae.The function of an adult fly is to reproduce.

References 

Flies
Chemical engineering

Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with chemistry that came to existence in the early 20th century. Before this time, chemical plants were designed by chemists, who were trained to work on a small scale only. Chemical engineering combines the jobs of a chemist and that of industrial engineer. This makes factories more efficient and chemicals much cheaper. Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics. There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.

Some new topics in chemical engineering include:
 environmental sanitation at factories (making certain that nature is not hurt by the factories); 
 developing types of energy other than those from gas or oil;
 biomedical engineering.

Notes 

Branches of chemistry
Engineering disciplines
House of Windsor

The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and each of the other Commonwealth realms.  The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line of the House of Wettin, while the newer part is a branch of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg line of the House of Oldenburg.

Descendants of Victoria
Queen Victoria married Prince Albert, son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.  Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha with the house name of Wettin.  Victoria's son Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house.  But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German.  A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers.  People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken.  Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany. On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions. Prince Louis Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten.  The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle. 

When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

Descendants of Elizabeth II
In April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II said that her descendants will keep name and House of Windsor, the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg through their father, born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, a line of the House of Oldenburg.

On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor but that their personal surname is "Mountbatten-Windsor".  Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.

List of monarchs in the House of Windsor
King George V of the United Kingdom (died 1936)
King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (died 1972)
King George VI of the United Kingdom (died 1952)
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (1952-)

The next in line for the throne is Prince Charles; if so he may be known as King Charles III.

Related pages
 British Royal Family
 Windsor, Berkshire

Further reading
Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). The Royal House of Windsor. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
Roberts, Andrew. The House of Windsor. University of California Press, 2000.

Other websites
 Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
 House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
 Royal Family of Great Britain  including the Houses of Hanover, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor.
Jocelyne Saab

Jocelyne Saab (30 April 1948 – 7 January 2019) was a journalist and movie director from Beirut, Lebanon.

Saab died on 7 January 2019 from endometrial cancer in Paris, aged 70.

Movies
 1975: Portrait d'un mercenaire français
 1975: Lebanon in a Whirlwind
 1976: Les Enfants de la guerre
 1976: Sud-Liban - Histoire d'un village
 1976: Pour quelques vies
 1976: Beyrouth, jamais plus
 1978: Égypte, la cite des morts
 1979: Lettre de Beyrouth
 1985: Adolescente, sucre d'amour
 1995: Kanya Ya Ma Kan, Beyrouth
 2005: Dunia

Awards 
 Nomination for Grand Prix des Amériques 2005.
 Nomination for the Grand Jury Prize of the Sundance Film Festival 2006

References

Other websites 

1948 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from endometrial cancer
Cancer deaths in France
Journalists
Movie directors
People from Beirut
Ulva

Ulva or the Isle of Ulva (Gaelic: Ulbha) is an island in the Inner Hebrides in Scotland. Around 16 people live there. At the beginning of the 19th century, 600 people lived there. Lachlan Macquarie who is sometimes known as the "Father of Australia", came from here.

Argyll and Bute
Inner and Outer Hebrides
Sugar Ray Robinson

Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr., May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer. He won the welterweight and middleweight world championships. Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.

Early life 
Robinson was born in Ailey, Georgia. He moved to Harlem, New York City when he was 12.

Career 
He had no losses as an amateur boxer. He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946. He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951. He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. He retired later that year. He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955. He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch. Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.

Death 
Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s. He died of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease at the age of 67 in Culver City, California in 1989.

Other websites 
 Boxing record 
 The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson 

1921 births
1989 deaths
African-American boxers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from New York City
Randolph Turpin

Randolph Adolphus ('Randy') Turpin (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951.

Turpin was born in Leamington Spa to a white British mother and black Guyanan father. He became a professional boxer in 1946. In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship. Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.

Robinson and Turpin had a rematch in September 1951 where Robinson regained the title by a tenth-round knockout. 

He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s. He lived in Leamington Spa with his wife and four daughters. On 17 May 1966 in Leamington Spa he shot one of his daughters (who survived), then shot himself dead.

References

Other websites
Boxing record 
Tribute website 

1928 births
1966 deaths
Black British sportspeople
British boxers
British criminals
Criminals who committed suicide
Sportspeople from Warwickshire
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm
Suicides in the United Kingdom
Maple

Maple (Latin name Acer ) is a genus of trees or shrubs. Sometimes they are put into a family of their own, the Aceraceae. At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae. To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification. There are between 100 and 200 species of maples. Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America. 

The word Acer comes from a Latin word meaning "sharp". It was given because of the characteristic sharp points on the maple leaves. The first person to talk about the genus that way was French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700. The type species of the genus is Acer pseudoplatanus (the sycamore maple).

Seed dispersal  
The maple's distinctive fruit are called samaras, and known by many children as "helicopters" by the way they spin as they fall. Inside the fruit are found their seeds, which are in pairs. Each one is enclosed in a "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. One tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time. Some seeds can remain in the soil for several years before germinating.

What are maples used for? 
Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities. Some species resist the cold rather well. Sugar maples are grown to make maple syrup. Some maples are grown for timber (wood that is used for furniture).

Symbolism 
The flag of Canada shows a maple leaf.

References 

Trees
Sapindaceae
Tilde Fröling

Tilde Maria Henny Märta Fröling (born May 15, 1980) is a Swedish television personality, actress and singer. She is the daughter of actress Ewa Fröling.  Fröling was born in Stockholm, Sweden.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
Swedish actors
Swedish singers
Swedish television presenters
Reality television participants
Marie Picasso

Marie Picasso (born 24 April 1979) is a Swedish reality show star, model and singer who rose to fame in 2002 when she was a housemate on Big Brother. She later got a job as a game show host on TV4 leading two different game shows. In 2007 she entered Idol 2007 where she is currently in the top 10 of the Swedish version of Pop Idol. Picasso won Pop idol on 7 December 2007 in Globen Arena in Stockholm with 51,3% of the votes and she won over the first runner up Amanda Jenssen. Her debut single is called "This Moment".

Source 
From Big Brother to Idol 2007

Other websites

1979 births
Big Brother contestants
Living people
Reality show winners
Swedish models
Swedish singers
Eulipotyphla

The Eulipotyphla is an order of mammals. It was formed from those insectivorous mammals which are monophyletic, a single clade. The old order Insectivora is now abandoned because it was polyphyletic. The new order Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic.

The term insectivorous (insect eating) can still be used to describe lifestyle. It explains the food habits of this and some other groups of mammals.

Lifestyles
Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life make up the main food of most members of the group. Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of North America, for example, feed also upon fish. The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.

Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit. They spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they dig for themselves. The eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them: vestigial organs. On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.

Classification
 ORDER Eulipotyphla (old 'Insectivora')
 Family Erinaceidae
 Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
 Subfamily Hylomyinae: moonrats and gymnures
 Family Soricidae (true shrews)
 Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
 Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
 Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
 Family Talpidae
 Subfamily Desmaninae: desmans
 Subfamily Talpinae: moles
 Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew moles
 Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
 Family Nesophontidae: extinct West Indian shrews

Discards
The following groups are now placed in other orders:

 Order Afrosoricida 
 Suborder Chrysochloridea
 Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
 Suborder Tenrecomorpha
 Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
 Order Macroscelidea
 Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
 Order Scandentia
 Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
 Order Dermoptera
 Family Cynocephalidae (colugos)

References

Notes
Bad Kissingen

Bad Kissingen is a city in Bavaria, in the country of Germany. About 21,000 people live there.

History 
It was first mentioned in 801 CE. It is a "spa town", a place where people go to rest and relax. The well that is the source of the spa was first mentioned in 823 CE.

Well-known people 
 Jack Steinberger (born 1921), American physicist and Nobel Prize winner

References

Other websites 

Spa towns in Germany
Bad Kissingen (district)
Hostel

A hostel is a place that rents beds to travelers. They are cheaper than hotels and offer less privacy and a community experience.

References 

Accommodations
Travel
Reuters

Reuters is a British news group and money company that is was started in 1851. The group is in London and is owned by Thompson Reuters.

Media in the United Kingdom
Associated Press

The Associated Press (also called the AP and AP Wire) is an American non-profit news media company. It is based in New York City. The AP is a non-profit cooperative owned by the newspapers, radio and Television stations who share its news stories. Most articles are written by staff members belonging to the Newspaper Guild Union, a part of the AFL-CIO. Many news organizations that are not members pay a fee to use the stories. The AP has more than 250 local news offices in more than 100 countries. 

In 2013 the United States Department of Justice announced it had secretly obtained records of telephone calls by AP a few months before the United States presidential election, 2012. Associated Press CEO Gary Pruitt called the DOJ action: a 'massive and unprecedented intrusion' of Freedom of the Press rights, according to Fox News. Eric Holder, the United States Attorney General, claimed that he was not involved.

See
AP official website

Media in the United States
Companies based in New York City
Manhattan
BBC News (TV channel)

BBC News is a free news channel, broadcast by BBC. It began on 9th November 1997 as BBC News 24 until it was rebranded to its current name on 21st April 2008. The BBC's website, bbc.co.uk, also features a section called BBC News. This section contains news articles and videos of broadcasts from the news channel.

Other websites 

BBC News at TV ARK 
The BBC News Styleguide 

1997 establishments in the United Kingdom
News
News
Saxe-Jena

The Duchy of Saxe-Jena was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.

Part of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar was given to Bernhard, the fourth son of Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1672. The second duke had no male heirs to inherit the title, so the territory was taken back by Saxe-Weimar when the second duke died in 1690. .

Dukes of Saxe-Jena 
 Bernhard (1672 – 1678)
 Johann Wilhelm (1678 – 1690)
Reincorporated into Saxe-Weimar

States of the Holy Roman Empire
Thuringia
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach () was created in 1809 when the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were formally joined into one state. The two duchies had shared the same ruler since 1741, which is when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out. It became a Grand Duchy in 1815.

In 1877, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach officially became the Grand Duchy of Saxony (), but this name was not often used. The Grand Duchy was abolished in 1918 with the other German monarchies, and the state joined others to form the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic.

The Grand Dukes full title was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meißen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt and Tautenburg.

Rulers of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1809 – 1815 
 Carl August, 1809 – 15; Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach from 1758

Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1815 – 1918 
 Carl August, 1815 – 28
 Carl Friedrich, 1828 – 53
 Carl Alexander, 1853 – 1901
 Wilhelm Ernst, 1901 – 18

Heads of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1918 – present 
 Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst, 1918 – 23
 Hereditary Grand Duke Carl August, 1923 – 88
 Prince Michael, 1988 – present

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

References

Other websites 
 

1809 establishments
1918 disestablishments in Germany
House of Wettin
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the German Empire
States of the Holy Roman Empire
States of the North German Confederation
States of the Weimar Republic
Thuringia
Weimar
1800s establishments in Germany
Alligatoridae

Alligators and Caimans make up the second largest family of the crocodilians, Alligatoridae. There are 4 genera and about 7 known species of Alligatorids. Alligatorids range in size depending on species. The Chinese alligator (Aligator sinensis) is usually about  while the American Alligator (A. mississippiensis) is usually . The largest American alligator was  long. The Black Caiman of the Amazon can reach as much as .

Alligatorids live in the southern United States, Central America, northern South America and near the Yangzee river in China.

Alligators vs crocodiles
There are several differences between alligators and crocodiles. Alligators have shorter and wider snouts. They prefer fresh water to saltwater. Crocodiles have a gland that removes much of the salt. Alligators do not have this gland. In alligators, the fourth tooth of their lower jaw fits into a pit in the upper jaw. In crocodilians this tooth fits into a groove on the outside of the jaw. Alligators are also less aggressive than crocodilids. Usually only the largest of the species are a threat to humans.

Species 
 ORDER Crocodilia
 Family Alligatoridae
 Genus Leidyosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Deinosuchus (extinct)
 Subfamily Alligatorinae
 Genus Albertochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Chrysochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Hassiacosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Navahosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Ceratosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Allognathosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Hispanochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Arambourgia (extinct)
 Genus Procaimanoidea (extinct)
 Genus Wannaganosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Alligator
 Alligator prenasalis (extinct)
 Alligator mcgrewi (extinct)
 Alligator olseni (extinct)
 Chinese Alligator, Alligator sinensis 
 Alligator mefferdi (extinct)
 American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
 Subfamily Caimaninae
 Genus Necrosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Eocaiman (extinct)
 Genus Paleosuchus
 Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus 
 Smooth-fronted Caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus
 Genus Purussaurus (extinct)
 Genus Mourasuchus (extinct)
 Genus Orthogenysuchus (extinct)
 Genus Caiman
 Yacare Caiman, Caiman yacare 
 Spectacled Caiman, Caiman crocodilus 
 Rio Apaporis Caiman, C. c. apaporiensis 
 Brown Caiman, C. c. fuscus
 Caiman lutescans (extinct)
 Caiman sorontans (extinct) - Not reported in the literature, probably a nomen nudum
 Broad-snouted Caiman, Caiman latirostris 
 Genus Melanosuchus
 Melanosuchus fisheri (extinct)
 Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger

References

Crocodilia
Gaza

Gaza (, transliterated Ġazzah; , transliterated: Azzah) is the largest city inside the Gaza Strip and in the Palestinian territories. The city has a population of about 400,000. It is often named "Gaza City" to distinguish it from the larger Gaza Strip.

References

Cities in Palestine
Gaza Strip
Princess Nikki

Princess Nikki is a British reality television show that stars former Big Brother 7 UK house mate Nikki Grahame. It ran on Wednesday nights between 10:00 - 10:30pm on the digital and satellite television channel E4 from 6 September 2006, for a total runtime of 30 minutes. The show was devised by Endemol, the company that also devised Big Brother. It was narrated by the presenter and comedian, Alex Zane.

The format saw Grahame attempt several jobs on each show, which included various unpleasant tasks such as rubbish collecting, deep sea fishing, and waste management. The show's premise was to see whether or not she would perform the tasks given to her and keep her job for a day, or whether she would quit or be sacked due to her infamous tantrums. The concept of the show was taken from one of the tasks Nikki undertook while in the Big Brother house. During the task, she was assigned as Big Brother's personal assistant and had to carry out various duties, which often resulted in Nikki throwing a tantrum and refusing to comply.

The theme music for the programme has been adapted from the 1982 hit single "Hey Mickey!" by Toni Basil, with the lyrics "Hey Nikki!" used as a replacement.

Contrary to rumors, no second season is planned. Creative director Philip Edgar-Jones confirmed the series is finished in an interview with Brother's Bar.

2006 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British television series
Channel 4 reality television programmes
James Van Der Beek

James William Van Der Beek, Jr. (born March 8, 1977) is an American television and movie actor. He was born in Cheshire, Connecticut. He is best known for his role as Dawson Leery in Dawson's Creek.

Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
American television actors
Dawson's Creek

Dawson's Creek is an American primetime television drama which aired from January 20, 1998, to May 14, 2003, on The WB Television Network. The lead production company was Sony Pictures Television. Reruns of the show are currently seen in the US in syndication on TBS and on The N. with Katie Holmes in one of the leading roles. It is set in Massachusetts.

Other websites 

1998 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s teen television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s teen television series
American teen drama television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
General Hospital

General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is the longest-running ABC Daytime American soap opera broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company television network. It is also the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood (having been taped at the Prospect Avenue ABC Television Center West and Sunset-Gower Studios).

Set in the fictional city of Port Charles, New York, General Hospital debuted on April 1, 1963, the same day that rival network NBC launched its own medical daytime drama, The Doctors. The show originally aired for a half-hour until the network expanded it to the unusual length of 45 minutes in 1976, and then to a full hour in 1978. The serial was created by soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley, a husband-and-wife team.

General Hospital is credited for starting several trends in the soap opera genre in the 1980s, most notably that of the fast-paced action-adventure plotlines that were remarkably different from the more traditional domestic and social issues that had been the sole focus of most soap operas during the previous decades. In 2003, when GH was celebrating its 40th anniversary, TV Guide named it "The Greatest Soap Opera Of All Time." In addition, GH was also named as one of TIME Magazine's "Top 100 Television Shows of All Time."

Cast

Current cast members

Recurring cast

Upcoming cast changes

Debuting and returning

References 

1960s American television series
1963 television series debuts
1960s drama television series
1970s American television series
1970s drama television series
1970s American workplace television series
1980s American drama television series
1980s American workplace television series
1980s soap operas
1980s workplace drama television series
1990s American drama television series
1990s American workplace television series
1990s soap operas
1990s workplace drama television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2000s soap operas
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s American workplace television series
2010s soap operas
2010s workplace drama television series
ABC network shows
American medical television series
American soap operas
American workplace drama television series
Television series set in New York
English-language television programs
Popstars

Popstars is a reality show where a number of people audition of a spot in a new popgroup. The concept has been sold to most parts of the world.
Also solo artists has been searched for in this show, Girls Aloud are one of the most famous groups coming out from the reality show also Nicole Scherzinger from Pussycat Dolls audition for a spot on Edens Crush on American Popstars.

Reality television series
Nicole Scherzinger

Nicole Elikolani Valiente Prescovia Scherzinger (born June 29, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, television personality, and philanthrophist.

Early life 
Her father is of Filipino ancestry. Her mother is of Hawaiian and Russian ancestry. Her Catholic parents separated when she was a baby. At age six, she moved to Louisville, Kentucky. She took her German American stepfather's surname when he adopted her.

Personal life 
Since 2006, Scherzinger has had an on-off relationship with Lewis Hamilton. She has had bulimia nervosa.

Career 
Scherzinger was one of the group members in Edens Crush after winning a spot from the reality show Popstars. Scherzinger was later a member of the Pussycat Dolls. On November 16, 2007, she released her first solo album, Killer Love. She was a judge on The Sing-Off in 2009 and 2010. She was a judge on The X Factor in the United States in 2011. She has been a judge on The X Factor in the United Kingdom since 2012.

will.i.am is the executive producer of her second album.

Discography

Solo singles

As featured performer

Album appearances

References 

1978 births
Living people
American adoptees
Pussycat Dolls
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Writers from Hawaii
Musicians from Hawaii
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
American pianists
People from Honolulu
Singers from Hawaii
Singers from Louisville, Kentucky
Television personalities from Kentucky
Girls Aloud

Girls Aloud was a British girl group created by an ITV television show named Popstars: The Rivals in 2002. The group's members were Cheryl Cole (née Tweedy), Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh. Girls Aloud have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the 2000s, with a record-breaking twenty consecutive Top 10 singles (including four number ones), six platinum albums (including two number ones) and record sales of more than 4.3 million in the UK.  They have also been nominated for five BRIT Awards, winning Best Single in 2009 for The Promise. The Guinness Book of World Records list them as "the most successful reality TV group of all time".  In March 2013, the group announced that they were splitting up.

Albums 
 Sound of the Underground (2003)
 What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004)
 Chemistry (2005)
 Tangled Up (2007)
 Out of Control (2008)

Compilations 
 The Sound of Girls Aloud (2006)
 Ten (2012)

Singles 
 Sound of the Underground (2002)
 No Good Advice (2003)
 Life Got Cold (2003)
 Jump (2003)
 The Show (2004)
 Love Machine (2004)
 I'll Stand By You (2004)
 Wake Me Up (2005)
 Long Hot Summer (2005)
 Biology (2005)
 See The Day (2005)
 Whole Lotta History (2006)
 Something Kinda Ooooh (2006)
 I Think We're Alone Now (2006)
 Sexy! No No No... (2007)
 Call The Shots (2007)
 Can't Speak French (2008)
 The Promise (2008)
 The Loving Kind (2009)
 Untouchable (2009)
 Something New (2012)
 Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me (2012)

References

Other websites
Official website 

2002 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British girl groups
British pop music groups
 
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups from London 
Musical quintets
Wulfila Bible

The Wulfila Bible (or Gothic Bible) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language. It was done by a Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century. It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament. The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible. Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write. This was impractical, though. For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet. The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.

Many copies of parts of the text still exist today. Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century. The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language. It is very important for research.

Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible 
þ is pronounced like the English th in the.

atta unsar þu ïn himina
weihnai namo þein
qimai þiudi nassus þeins
wairþai wilja þeins
swe ïn himina jah ana airþai
hlaif unsarana þana sin teinan gif uns himma daga
jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijai ma
swaswe jah weis afletam þai skulam unsaraim
jah ni brig gais uns ïn fraistubnjai
ak lau sei uns af þamma ubilin
unte þeina ïst þiudangardi
jah mahs jah wulþus ïn aiwins
amen

Other websites 
 Full text of the Wulfilabible 
 Smaller gothic fragments

Bible versions