cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Frisian people

The Frisians are a group of people of northwestern Europe, living in an area known as Frisia. They are mainly in the Dutch areas of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia. They are said to be a tall, big-boned and light-haired people with a rich history and folklore.

History

In Roman times
The Frisians were able to make an agreement with the Romans at the River Rhine in 28 CE. Sixteen years later they defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood. The Frisii were known and respected by the Romans and were written about by several writers. Tacitus wrote about the Germanic peoples in 69 CE, describing the habits of the Germanic people, as well as listing a lot of Frisian groups by name. Of the many groups he listed, the Frisians are the only ones that have kept their old name.

The Frisians probably used boats. The North Sea from Britain to Eastern Denmark, was called Mare Frisia at that time. Small groups of Frisians settled the lands around them and their homes have been found in England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and  The Netherlands.

Their land followed the edge of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine river up to that of the Ems.  The Ems was the eastern edge of their land according to Ptolemy's Geographica.

In the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons went through Frisian territory to invade Great Britain.  A lot of Frisians moved with them.  The Frisians who stayed in Europe moved into the lands where the Anglo-Saxons used to live.

Famous Frisians
Frisian language
Wijerd Jelckama
M.C. Escher
Mata Hari
Pier Gerlofs Donia
Doutzen Kroes

Related pages
Frisia

References

Other websites 
The Frisian Meeting Place

Germanic peoples

 
Lower Saxony
Schleswig-Holstein
Alba Iulia

Alba Iulia (Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg/Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former ) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania.  It has a population of 66,369 people. It is found on the Mureş River. In the center of the city there is Alba Carolina citadel built in three historical periods: Roman, Medieval and Habsburg.

Sister cities 
 Arnsberg, Germany
 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
 Aeghio, Greece
 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
 Sliven, Bulgaria
 Düzce, Turkey
 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy

County capitals of Romania
Transylvania
Domesday Book

The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of much of England, and parts of Wales, completed in 1086, done for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.  

The Domesday Book (also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was a record of all taxable land in England, together with such information as would indicate its worth. 

As the scribes went round England, they were protected by William's armed men. Each group was led by a Royal Commissioner, who took a list of standard questions. A 'jury' of local nobility and citizens answered the questions. All answers were written down in Latin.

Information was collected from the start of 1086, and working up into the complete volume started later that year. William died in 1087 before the writing-up work was completed.

William the Conqueror wished to know the details of the land he had conquered, England. He let his knights and barons have big areas of land, and wanted rent money from them. The Domesday Book was a record of every farm, village and house so that he knew how much rent he should get. Only some small villages in the countryside are not in the book. Major cities like London and Winchester are also not in the Domesday Book, perhaps because of their size, or because (not owning land), the people could not be taxed. 

The Domesday book gave the names of King William's friends and even listed the number of pigs on a piece of land. But it was not like a modern census. It did not give the names of all the people. It listed the heads of each household, but left out Londoners, monks, nuns, and anyone living in castles. In effect, it listed only people he could get rent from, and who might supply men to fight in his army.

Volumes
The Domesday Book is two volumes. One of the books was called Great Domesday, and the other was called Little Domesday. The draft of the second volume, Little Domesday, was never worked up, but no doubt was used for tax collection just the same.

Name
The Domesday book got its name because its lists were so complete that it reminded people of the Last Judgment (which people also call Doomsday, or Domesday) in Christianity, when lists of what people have done go before God for people to be judged.

References

Other websites 
 Domesday Book, from The National Archives (UK). Searchable text and page scans (complete).
 Focus on Domesday , from Learning Curve . Annotated sample page.
 Domesday Book, an article from History Magazine.
 www.domesdaybook.co.uk 

Books
History of the British Isles
Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne

Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne  DSO & Bar PC (29 March 1880-6 November 1944) was a British politician. Guinness was born in Dublin, Ireland. 

From 1907 to 1931 he was Conservative MP for Bury St Edmunds, and saw service in World War I at Passchendaele, earning a medal and bar (second award).

He was killed in 1944 in Cairo, Egypt by the Jewish terrorist group Lehi. His assassination was said to be a message to the British government against British imperialism. Guinness was selected because he was believed to be anti Jewish and made statements supporting sending all Jews in Europe to the African island of Madagascar.

1880 births
1944 deaths
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Dublin
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, also called the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (known by the scientific community), was a great underwater earthquake. It happened at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004. 

The epicenter of the earthquake was off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. At first, the earthquake was measured as a 9.0 on the Richter scale. It was the longest ever recorded ocean earthquake. It lasted between 500 (8.3 minutes) and 600 (10 minutes) seconds. It was so powerful that it caused the entire Earth to vibrate. It started other earthquakes as far away as Iceland.

The Asian tsunami 
The large movement of earth under the water caused a very large and powerful tsunami. The tsunami was called the Asian tsunami, or the Boxing Day tsunami in Australia, Canada, England, and South Africa because it happened on the 26th of December 2004 (Boxing Day). It spread all over the Indian Ocean. The tsunami caused heavy damage to countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It also devastated the eastern coast of India, such as the states of Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

Waves as high as 30m (100ft) killed many people and damaged or destroyed a lot of buildings and other property. Over 225,000 people died or were not found after the tsunami. The wave did damage in East Africa as far away as South Africa (8000km/ 5000mi) where as many as 8 people died because of high water caused by the wave. Because of how much damage was caused and the number of people the earthquake affected, over $7 billion (USD) was donated to help rebuild the areas damaged.

Other websites

News collections 
 BBC News - In-Depth Report: Tsunami Disaster
 Channel News Asia - One Year On, Memorial & Updates to the Asian Tsunami Disaster
 CNN - Tsunami, One Year After 
 Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster
 New York Times
 Sydney Morning Herald - Waves of Devastation

Photos and video 
 Yahoo! Slideshows — Asian Tsunami Disaster
 Satellite images of tsunami-affected areas (National University of Singapore)
 Tsunamis.com - 2004 Asian Tsunami Pictures
 After the Tsunami Danish writer and photographer Thorsten Overgaard's documentary on the relief work after the December 26, 2004 tsunami.

References

Indian Ocean earthquake
Earthquakes in the 2000s
2000s in Indonesia
Earthquake, 2004
Tsunamis
Earthquakes in Asia
December events
Lindisfarne

Lindisfarne (often called Holy Island), is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. It is connected to the mainland of Northumberland by a causeway and is cut off twice a day by tides – something well described by Sir Walter Scott:

For with the flow and ebb, its style
Varies from continent to isle;
Dry shod o'er sands, twice every day,
The pilgrims to the shrine find way;
Twice every day the waves efface
Of staves and sandalled feet the trace.

According to the 2001 census it had a usual population of 162.

Nature reserve
Large parts of the island, and all of the adjacent inter-tidal area, are protected as Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations. 
Grey seals are frequent visitors to the rocky bays at high tide.

Lindisfarne Priory

The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded by Irish-born Saint Aidan. He was brought from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria around AD 635 by King Oswald of Northumbria. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island.

Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later Abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne.

In the early 700s the famous illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels (an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) was made, probably at Lindisfarne.

Later, a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon translation to the Latin text. This made (late 10th century) the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels.

History 
In 793 a Viking raid on Lindisfarne scared many people throughout the Christian West. The year 793 is often called the beginning of the age of Viking raids. A very famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reads:

"In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria. There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th of the same year, the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne."

Eventually the monks fled the island. They took with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at Durham Cathedral. The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its dissolution in 1536 under Henry VIII. It is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.

Lindisfarne also has the small castle, based on a Tudor fort and open to visitors.

J.M.W. Turner, Thomas Girtin and Charles Rennie Mackintosh all painted on Holy Island.

Other websites 
The island's own web site
Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2006 
Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2007 
Photographs and Description

Castles in England
History of England
Islands of England
Tidal islands
Peter Lorre

Peter Lorre (born was Ladislav (László) Löwenstein, June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian-American actor.

Biography
Lorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in Rózsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia. He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Zürich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie about a serial killer who kills children called M. Lorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934 - 13 March 1945, divorced); Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945 - 1950, divorced) and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953 - 23 March 1964, his death). He had his only child with Brenning, a daughter named Catharine (1953-1985).

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called The Man Who Knew Too Much. Lorre only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.

In the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA). Hollywood is a town where many movies are made. Lorre acted in many movies, playing foreign characters. Lorre played the role of Joel Cairo in the movie The Maltese Falcon (1941) and played the role of "Ugarte" in the movie Casablanca (1942). Lorre played the character of Dr. Einstein in the movie Arsenic and Old Lace (1944).

Related pages
 Film noir

Other websites 
 
 The Peter Lorre Library of Sound
 The Peter Lorre Companion

1904 births
1964 deaths
American movie actors
Deaths from stroke
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian movie actors
Jewish American actors
Ruda Śląska

Ruda Śląska is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 147 000 inhabitants and 77 km².

Cities in Poland
Rybnik

Rybnik is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 141,000 people live there. The city is about 148 km². The mayor of the city is Piotr Kuczera.

References 

Cities in Poland
Tychy

Tychy is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 132 000 inhabitants and 81 km².

Cities in Poland
Dąbrowa Górnicza

Dąbrowa Górnicza is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. Around 131,000 people live here.

Cities in Poland
Płock

Płock is a city in Eastern Poland in the Masovia Voivodship. About 128,000 people live there and it is 88 km² big.

Cities in Poland
Chorzów

Chorzów is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 115,000 inhabitants and an area of 33 km².

Cities in Poland
Wałbrzych

Wałbrzych (pronounce:  ['vawbʒix], German: Waldenburg) is a town in southwestern Poland in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. About 126 000 people live there and the area is 84 km². The city belonged to Germany until 1945. The original German population was expelled after WW II.

Cities in Poland
Hegemony

Hegemony (pronounced with a soft or hard 'g') is the power of one group over other groups. Hegemony is mostly used to refer to relationships between different nations (or countries). This might be direct dominance, such as through military might, but may be indirect dominance, such as when a nation can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage.

Hegemony often describes the relationship of a great power to nearby less powerful countries.  The term is Greek, and was first used about the influence of a great city over the cities which were allied to it.  Examples are the  Peloponnesian League of Sparta (6th to 4th centuries BC); the short-lived Delian League of Classical Athens.  The later League of Corinth was headed not by a state, but by Philip II of Macedon.  Such a hegemon is a king or ruler with personal power.

A hegemonic relationship is usually described as less than an empire, but more than a regional power. This means a hegemon may not actually take control of other nations, but has the power to greatly influence what they do.  On the other hand, a global hegemon is more powerful than, say, Iran is in the Middle East.

References

Other websites 
Stuart Hainsworth, "Gramsci's hegemony theory and the ideological role of the mass media"
Mike Dorsher, Ph.D., "Hegemony Online: The Quiet Convergence of Power, Culture and Computers" 
Hegemonic Pundit, a neo-con blog
Hegemony and the hidden persuaders - the power of un-common sense

Politics
James Callaghan

Leonard James "Jim" Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff,  (; 27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005) was a British Labour politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1976 to 1979.

Born in the 1910s, Callaghan was an old-style socialist, lacking any higher education, and served as Member of Parliament (MP) for a Cardiff constituency. He is the only person to have held all three leading UK Cabinet positions (Chancellor, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary), prior to their premiership. He was never expected to reach the premiership, having taken a back seat to the younger and more charismatic Harold Wilson for many years. However, when Wilson unexpectedly announced his retirement in 1976, Callaghan was the most experienced candidate to replace him. His time as prime minister was one of more open government but the electorate was dissatisfied with his relaxed response to high inflation and more industrial unrest, and replaced Labour with a Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher.

Callaghan resigned as Leader of the Labour Party shortly afterwards, but remained an MP for some years before being sent to the House of Lords as Baron Callaghan of Cardiff.

References

Other websites

1912 births
2005 deaths
British military personnel of World War II
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Deaths from pneumonia
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Infectious disease deaths in England
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the House of Lords
People from Portsmouth
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy officers
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
Trade unionists
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
United Kingdom Life Peers
Fulgencio Batista

Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940. He was a farm worker from eastern Cuba, and moved to Havana where he became a stenographer and a sergeant in the Army. He became a leader of a group of sergeants who wanted better pay, and ended up commanding the Army.

Batista was President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944. In 1940 he won the election. He then became the country's leader from 1952 to 1959. In 1952 he did a coup. His authoritarian government during this time caused opposition despite his attempt to placate critics with a 'show' election in 1954 were he ran without opposition. The opposition included the entire coalition that had overthrown President Gerardo Machado. Fidel Castro's guerrilla movement overthrew Batista. This is known as the Cuban Revolution. Batista fled Cuba on January 1, 1959 and went to the Dominican Republic before moving on to Portugal, and finally to Spain where he died of a heart attack in 1973.

References

1901 births
1973 deaths
Anti-Communists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Colonels
Cuban military people
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Andalusia
Former dictators
Presidents of Cuba
World War II political leaders
Sock puppet

A Sock puppet is a simple type of hand puppet made with an adult sock. Most sock puppets have some fabric or plastic facial features added to the sock, such as eyes or a mouth. Some sock puppets may also have accessories such as a hat or clothing. Sock puppets are operated by putting a person's hand inside the sock.

Uses of sock puppets
Sock puppets are often used for entertaining people, especially children. People often present them on special stages that show sock puppets without showing the puppeteers (the people who use sock puppets) themselves.

Well-known sock puppets

In Canada, Ed the Sock is a sock puppet who has appeared on Canadian television shows since 1987. Ed the Sock appears in a weekly Toronto television series called Ed's Night Party!. In the 1950s, comedian Soupy Sales made two sock puppets famous; 'White Fang' and 'Black Tooth'. Ventriloquist and puppeteer Shari Lewis delighted children with her lovable sock puppets 'Lamb Chop', 'Charlie Horse' and 'Hush Puppy'. They appeared on TV and in person for over four decades. 1950s TV sock puppets 'Kukla' and 'Ollie' appeared with a real person, Fran, who appeared in front of the stage in the long-running program Kukla, Fran and Ollie.

References

Puppets
Smoke

Smoke is a cloud of very small, solid particles that is made when something is burned with a flame, such as wood or paper.

Smoke can be bad because if it goes into the lungs of a person, it can hurt their lungs or even kill them (for example, in a house fire). Most people think that they are always able to see smoke, but people cannot see some types of smoke: they are invisible.

Smoke from tobacco 
When people smoke tobacco in cigars or cigarettes, they are burning the tobacco and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoke can hurt the mouth, throat, and lungs. It can cause mouth, throat, or lung cancer. It can also cause emphysema and bronchitis (trouble breathing). They continue doing it because the smoke also has a nicotine.

Smoke from factories 
Factories and power plants produce large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere which pollutes the air. Eventually the toxic chemicals in smoke fall to the ground, and then they pollute the soil and the water. When the air, soil and water are polluted with toxic chemicals, the chemicals also get absorbed by plants and animals (including humans).

Smoke from dry ice 
When Dry ice is put into water, the dry ice boils and makes fog. This is not real smoke but movie makers and other show people do this to simulate smoke.

Related pages
 Pollution

Waste
1984 Summer Olympics

The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, United States from July 28 to August 12.

1984 Summer Olympics
1932 Summer Olympics

The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as Games of the X Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, United States.

U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the games. Despite this snub, the games were thought to be a success because the LA Olympics did not end up in debt.

Los Angeles was the first to provide an athletes' "village".

Participating nations
A total of 37 nations sent athletes to compete at the Los Angeles games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 Los Angeles 1932 at Olympic.org

Olympics
1932 in the United States
Summer Olympic 1932
Summer Olympic 1932
20th century in Los Angeles, California
1992 Summer Olympics

The 1992 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were celebrated in Barcelona, Spain from 25 July to 9 August.
1988 Summer Olympics

The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were held in Seoul, South Korea from September 17 to October 2.

Olympics
 
Sport in South Korea
Charles Aznavour

Charles Aznavour (22 May 1924 – 1 October 2018) was an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries.

Career
He appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German).

He has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006. Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavouryan in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavouryan & Knar Baghdasaryan. His parents introduced him to the world of theatre at an early age. He dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name "Aznavour".

His big break came when the singer Edith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the USA. Aznavours voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound.

Death
On 1 October 2018 it was announced that Aznavour had died at his home in the village of Mouriès in the south of France at the age of 94. An autopsy report said Aznavour died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by pulmonary edema.

Film 
1989: Charles Aznavour Armenia 1989 Armenfilm ( Gyumri, Leninakan,Nostradamus, General Andranik, Sumgayit, Karabagh)
movie director Levon Mkrtchyan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEd5L1i6gg

References

Other websites 
 
 Official site 
 Original discography, catalogue and discussion group  

1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary edema
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
French movie actors
Armenian diaspora
French singers
French songwriters
Rockabilly

Rockabilly is an early type of rock and roll music which developed in the 1950s in the United States. Rockabilly was very popular amongst teenagers. Many parents of teenagers did not like rockabilly music, because rockabilly music had lyrics which talked about rebelling against rules, sex and drinking alcohol. Rockabilly musicians often wear slicked-back hair, jeans, and leather jackets.

Rockabilly music
Rockabilly music has musical styles from blues music and country music. It uses the acoustic guitar, the electric guitar, the double bass, drums, and singing. Some Rockabilly songs also use the piano or the harmonica. Rockabilly music usually has a strong rhythm from the double bass being played in a "slap" style. Rockabilly singers often use a wide range, with high notes and many shouts like “go man go” and "yeah!"

Rockabilly musicians
One of the earliest musicians who played rockabilly music was Elvis Presley. Another famous rockabilly musician was Carl Perkins, who wrote the popular song Blue Suede Shoes. Jerry Lee Lewis was a piano player who sang. Jerry Lee Lewis was known for his crazy behavior on stage, which audiences liked. Lewis would play the piano with his feet, elbows and butt.

Gene Vincent was a rockabilly musician who wore black leather and sang songs about sex and getting into trouble. Vincent's most popular song is “Be-Bop-A-Lula”. Eddie Cochran wrote songs about teen life, and had hit songs like “Summertime Blues” and “C’mon Everybody.”

Rockabilly revival
Rockabilly became popular again in the 1980s, when bands such as the Stray Cats became popular. In the 1990s and 2000s, there are still many bands playing rockabilly music or music influenced by rockabilly, such as Tiger Army.

Sources

Rock music
Blu-ray Disc

Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD.  Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing high-definition (HD) movies.  In the past, there were other standards for such movies, such as the HD DVD format.  Blu-ray won what is called the format war. 

A dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. This is over five times the capacity of a DVD, and over 70 times more than a CD or VCD.

The disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, and released in 2006.  The format was developed for recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.

Older optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM used a red laser to read and write data.  The new format used a blue-violet laser instead.  This is where the name is from.

Related pages 
 DVD
 HD DVD
 Compact disc (CD)

Other websites 

 Blu-ray Disc Association 
 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ by Hugh Bennett
 Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD 

Optical discs
Video Discs
Stray Cats

The Stray Cats were a Rockabilly band from the United States. They had several hit songs in the 1980s. The Stray Cats played a style of pop music called Rockabilly, which mixes 1950s-style rock and roll, blues music, and country music together. The Stray Cats' music is like the 1950s Rockabilly songs by Elvis Presley and Carl Perkins. Three of the bands' hit songs were "Runaway Boys," "Rock This Town," and "Stray Cat Strut."

The Stray Cats band was formed in 1979 by Brian Setzer, with two of his school friends Leon Drucker (who used the stage name "Lee Rocker") and James McDonnell (who used the stage name "Slim Jim Phantom"). These young men lived in Massapequa, New York.

The Stray Cats wore blue jeans and leather jackets, and had their hair slicked back. The Stray Cats had a singer who played electric guitar, a double bass player, and a drummer.

Albums 
 Stray Cats (1981)
 Gonna Ball (1981)
 Built For Speed (1982)
 Rant N' Rave With The Stray Cats (1983)
 Rock Therapy (1986)
 Blast Off! (1989)
 Let's Go Faster! (1990)
 Choo Choo Hot Fish (1992)
 Original Cool (1993)
 Stray Cats: The Definite Greatest Hits (2000)
 Stray Cats: Rumble In Brixton(2004)
 40 (2019)

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from New York
National Security Advisor (United States)

The National Security Advisor, officially known as the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, serves as the top advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. This person serves on the National Security Council within the President's Executive Office.

The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President, and does not have to be approved by the United States Senate. The current National Security Advisor is Jake Sullivan.

List of National Security Advisors

<small>

References

United States National Security Advisors
Chola dynasty

The Chola dynasty (சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. 
Karikala Chola was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while Rajaraja Chola, Rajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.

The Cholas were at the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Ganges River in Bangladesh.

History of India
History of Bangladesh
Royal dynasties
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
13th-century disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in India
Laubach

Laubach is a town in the district of Giessen, in Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a “Luftkurort," which means “fresh air resort.” Laubach is a small town. It has a population of about 10,000 people. It is 23 km east of the city of Giessen. Surrounding Laubach are the small towns of Hungen, Grünberg, Schotten and Lich.

The Laubach woods are part of the foothills of the Vogelsberg (Bird Mountain). Laubach is an area of interest to tourists because it has many historic and colorful half-timbered (fachwerk) buildings,. The main attraction is the castle. The castle was built in the thirteenth century. It belongs to the Count Solms-Laubach family. One of the largest private libraries in Europe is inside the castle. The castle library has more than 120,000 books and manuscripts. In the Johann Gutenberg Museum in Mainz is an original Gutenberg Bible which came from the castle library. The castle grounds include a large park. There is a lake for swans in the park. The park is open to the public without charge.

Other buildings of interest
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Laubach used to be named St. Maria. The oldest part of the church was built in the twelfth century. The church was renovated in the eighteenth century. Inside the church is a baroque organ.

The main street of Laubach is Friedrichstrasse. On this street is the former district courthouse , and the city hall, and the Heimat Museum.

The Heimat Museum  is the local history museum. It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach. The building was moved to its present location in 1832. For many years it was a school. Now it is a museum. In the museum is a permanent exhibit honoring Friedrich Kellner.

Laubach people

 Sophie von Solms-Laubach (1594-1651)
 Philipp Erasmus Reich (1717-1787), bookseller and publisher
 Felix Klipstein (1880-1941), artist
Klipstein grew up in Laubach and Belgium. He studied art in France and Spain. In 1909 he returned to Laubach with his wife, the writer Edith Blass.
 Georg Friedrich Solms-Laubach (1899 - 1969)
 Friedel Münch, head of Münch Motorcycle Works
 Friedrich Kellner, (1885 - 1970)
Kellner was the chief justice inspector in Laubach during WWII. He wrote a secret diary about the misdeeds of the Nazis. He became deputy mayor and first town councilman of Laubach. He was also chairman of the Laubach Social Democratics SPD. A Canadian documentary about Kellner was filmed on location in Laubach.

Laubach in the Media

Literature 
 Helmut Nachtigall: Die Fachwerkhäuser Alt-Laubachs. Laubach 1975

Film 
 "My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner," CCI Entertainment, Toronto, Canada

References

Giessen (district)
Alexander Litvinenko

Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (30 August  or 4 December  1962 – 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service. Later he was a dissident and writer who was later poisoned and killed in 2006.

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia was responsible for Litvinenko's poisoning.

Background
Litvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but later released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.

While he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.

On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died in London three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet.

How the poison works 
Unlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits only alpha particles. These do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or human skin. Thus they are invisible to normal radiation detectors. Hospitals only have equipment to detect gamma rays. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation, and can cause radiation sickness.

An alpha-emitting substance can cause damage only if taken in (as food or drink) or inhaled (breathed in). It acts on living cells like a short-range weapon.p327 Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment only hours before his death.

Related pages
 Boris Berezovsky

References 

1962 births
2006 deaths
Colonels
People murdered in London
Russian murder victims
Russian writers
Unsolved murders in the United Kingdom
Monument

A monument is a statue, building, or something else made to remember a person or important event.  They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the look of a city or place.

Other websites 
 Website of Monuments and Sculptures in UK
Wikinews

Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The news articles are written by users working together with each other. Old articles are archived, and protected so that people cannot change it anymore, except if an edit request is given. Every article has a talk page where people can talk about the news in the article. The news are then peer reviewed by an administrator to see if the page is ready to be published.

Wikinews is under the license of Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, which is different from the license that the other Wikimedia projects are under.

Sources

Other websites 
 Wikinews: Multilingual Portal

Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2004
1980 Summer Olympics

The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were held in Moscow, Soviet Union from July 19 to August 3.

Number of Medals for Each Country 

These are the top 10 best countries in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
500s



Events 
Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the battle of Vouille in 507, decisively forcing the Visigoths into Spain, and securing supremacy over Gaul
506 – Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo.
506 – Dara in Syria is fortified by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I as a frontier against Persia.

500s
480s



Events
481 – Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482)
481 – Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo.
488 – Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths.
488 – Kavadh I succeeds Balash in Persia.
Jenna Jameson

Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli on April 9, 1974) is a former American porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.

In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale. The book was at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list for six weeks.

Born a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.

On January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Las Vegas, Nevada
Actors from Montana
American adult models
American autobiographers
American crime victims
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American pornographic actors
American Roman Catholics
Bisexual Christians
Bisexual Jews
Businesspeople from Las Vegas, Nevada
Businesspeople from Montana
Converts to Judaism
Former Christians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish models
Jewish sex industry people
Models from Nevada
Writers from Montana
Writers from Nevada
Journalism

Journalism is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine. 

There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

References
Vaihingen

Vaihingen an der Enz is a town in southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. About 30,000 people live there.

History
Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 a.d.. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.

People
 Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829), Professor of Philosophy
Born in Vaihingen May 9, 1751. Published his "Introduction to the doctrine of spirituality" ("Einleitung in die Seelenlehre") in Stuttgart, 1786
 Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759-1825), Viennese theater director
 Karl Gerok (1815-1890), Bishop
 Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) Chief Justice Inspector, Diarist
Born in Vaihingen February 1, 1885. Kellner lived in Laubach, Hessen, during WWII. He recorded the misdeeds of the Nazis in a secret diary. His 10-volume diary was exhibited at the George Bush Presidential Library in 2005. A Canadian documentary, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, was made in 2006.

References

Other websites

 Internet website for Vaihingen
 Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
 Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
Cultural assimilation

Cultural assimilation, or absorption (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot." In essence, cultural Assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal. 
 
From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as a painful or coercive.

Other websites
Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated

Cultural assimilation
New wave music

New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.

New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop. 

In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was lyrically complex, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.

When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is Whip It by Devo.

Notable artists
Blondie
Boomtown Rats
Elvis Costello
Devo
Ian Dury and the Blockheads
Joe Jackson
Lene Lovich
The Cars
The Police
The Pretenders
Talking Heads
They Might Be Giants
Squeeze
XTC

New wave
Rock music
Punk rock
Electronic music
Twiggy

Dame Leslie Lawson DBE (born Leslie Hornby 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as Twiggy. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .

As an actress, she starred in The Boy Friend, and had featured roles in The Blues Brothers and Young Charlie Chaplin. She recently appeared as herself, on America's Next Top Model, as one of the judges.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television personalities
Models from London
Singers from London
Special effect

Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.

Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up. 

Science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background. 

Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction movies from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.

Movie production
Television
Arts
Technology
Revolutions of 1848 in the German states

The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.

These revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.

The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.

But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

Related pages  
 European Revolutions of 1848

Other websites 
 1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION 
 German Revolution of 1848/49 
 The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
 Constitution of the German Empire ("Constitution of Paulskirche") of 28th March 1849, in full text

1848 in Europe
1849
1840s in Germany
19th century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
Revolutions
Philadelphia Eagles

The Philadelphia Eagles are an American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933.  They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season.  They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers. Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999-2009. He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010. Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback. Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, but Nick Foles guided the win in 2018.

The Eagles were named after the Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S.. The city of Philadelphia played a large part in the early history of the United States.

Other websites 
Official Philadelphia Eagles website

1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania