cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Terminal illness

Terminal illness is a term used to describe an illness which cannot be cured and will almost definitely end in the death of the patient. The term is mostly used for progressive diseases such as cancer or advanced heart disease.  Someone who has a terminal illness may be described as a terminal patient or as being terminally ill. Usually a patient is called "terminally ill" when they are not expected to live more than 6 months.  Medical conditions such as AIDS are not called terminal illnesses because the patient may live for many years before eventually dying of the illness.

Very often, terminally ill patients are given palliative care to give them a better quality of life. Sometimes, they go to a hospice to be looked after.

Related pages
 Assisted suicide

Diseases
Death
Now (magazine)

NOW is a free weekly newspaper/magazine published in Toronto, Canada. It has been online since 1993, first at now.com and then it was changed to nowtoronto.com in 2000.

Other websites
NOW Magazine Everything Toronto.
NXNE Music festival.
NOW: The Musical Movie trailer

Magazines of Canada
Newspapers published in Canada
Ralph Downes

Ralph William Downes CBE KSG (born Derby, 16 August 1904; died London, 24 December 1993) was an English organist and organ designer.

He was assistant organist at Southwark Cathedral from 1923 until 1925. Then he continued his education at Keble College, Oxford. He was music director and organist of the new chapel at Princeton University between 1928 and 1935.<ref name="ODM"> During his time in America he learned a lot about organ building and listened to musicians playing baroque music.<ref name="Grove">

He soon became famous for his recitals and radio broadcasts in which he played music using historical performance styles.  He gave first performances of pieces by composers such as Darius Milhaud, Paul Hindemith and Arnold Schoenberg. Benjamin Britten invited him every year to perform at the Aldeburgh Festival.

In 1948, he was asked to design an organ for the new Royal Festival Hall.  When the organ was first played in 1954 not everyone agreed that it was good, but soon it was realised that it was an excellent instrument for playing music from the Baroque and Classical music periods and it had a big influence on the way that other organs were built. 

Downes was Professor of Organ at the Royal College of Music from 1954 to 1975 and was the best known British organ teacher of his day.  His students included Gillian Weir and Trevor Pinnock.  He made many recordings and wrote a book about organ design.

He was given the honour of CBE in 1969.  He died in London in 1993.<ref name="ODM"> There was no organ music at his funeral.  Instead, he had asked for Gregorian chant to be sung.

References

1904 births
1993 deaths
English organists
People from Derby
Symmetry (biology)

Symmetry in biology is about the overall shape of the body and its parts. The body plans of most multicellular organisms have some form of symmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry or spherical symmetry. A few have no symmetry, and are asymmetric. 

In nature and biology, symmetry is approximate. For example, plant leaves, which are more or less symmetrical, will rarely match up exactly when folded in half.

Types of symmetry 
There are three basic forms:

Radial symmetry: The organism looks like a pie. This pie can be cut up into roughly identical pieces.
Bilateral symmetry: There is an axis; on both sides of the axis the organism looks roughly the same.
Spherical symmetry: If the organism is cut through its center, the resulting parts look the same.

In nature and biology, symmetry is approximate. For example, plant leaves, while considered symmetric, will rarely match up exactly when folded in half.

Gallery

Other websites
Evolutionary theories of asymmetrization of organisms, brain and body S. Geodakyan.

Animal anatomy
Developmental biology
William Morris

William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896) was an English architect, furniture and fabric designer, artist, writer, and socialist. He was born in Walthamstow in East London.

Morris was educated at Marlborough and Exeter College, Oxford. In 1856, he became an  to Gothic revival architect G. E. Street. That year he founded the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine. In 1861, Morris founded a design firm in partnership with the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. This had a great impact on the decoration of churches and houses in the early 20th century. Morris's major contribution was as a designer of repeating patterns for wallpapers and textiles. This was mainly based on a close observation of nature. He was also a major contributor to the resurgence of traditional textile arts and methods of production.

Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts throughout his life, among others Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs (1876). His best-known works include The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems (1858), The Earthly Paradise (1868–1870), A Dream of John Ball (1888) and the utopia News form Nowhere (1890). His poetry was strongly influenced by Geoffrey Chaucer's work. This influence can be seen in the use of rhyme royal.

William Morris designed his own furniture. He was frustrated, because he could not find any furniture he liked, so he decided, he wanted to design his own furniture, but it was mostly wallpaper designs.

Morris was an important person in the emergence of socialism in Great Britain. He founded the Socialist League in 1884. However, he broke with the movement over goals and methods by the end of that decade. He devoted much of the rest of his life to the Kelmscott Press, which he founded in 1891. The 1896 Kelmscott edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer is considered a masterpiece of book design.

Notes

Other websites

 William Morris, The Earthly Paradise. 
 Works by William Morris at Project Gutenberg. 

1834 births
1896 deaths
English architects
English writers
English poets
Designers
Socialists
Textile artists
Cliveden

Cliveden is the name of a large house in Buckinghamshire near London, England. There have been three houses on this site. The first house was built in 1666 and burnt to the ground in a fire in 1795. A new house was built but this one also burnt down in a fire in 1849. The house which can be seen today was made in 1851 by Sir Charles Barry, an architect.

Cliveden means "valley among cliffs".

Cliveden House sits in a large garden and woodland, (375 acres). The garden contains many statues and fountains made from stone as well as areas of flowers. Cliveden is very close to the River Thames.

Many famous and important people have lived at Cliveden. Some of these are:
The second Duke of Buckingham
Frederick, Prince of Wales
Nancy Astor, the first woman to be a Member of Parliament in the UK in 1919.

The house is now used as a hotel.

References

Crathorne, James, Cliveden: the place and the people. London, 1995.

Buckinghamshire
Hotels
Josef Krips

Josef Krips (born Vienna, 8 April 1902; died Geneva, 13 October 1974) was an Austrian conductor and violinist.

Krips was born into a Jewish family. He became a pupil of Eusebius Mandyczewski and Felix Weingartner. From 1921 to 1924, he was Weingartner's assistant at the Vienna Volksoper where he worked as repetiteur and chorus master.  Afterwards he became conductor of several orchestras, including the orchestra in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1933.  In 1933 he returned to Vienna as conductor of the Volksoper. He also became a professor at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1935. He often conducted at the Salzburg Festival between 1935 and 1938.

In 1938, when the Nazi's took power in Austria, (the Anschluss), Krips had to leave the country because he was Jewish and Roman Catholic.  He worked in Belgrade until Yugoslavia also became involved in World War II.  For the rest of the war he worked in a food factory.

In 1945 he went back to Austria, where he was one of the few conductors who were allowed to work, because he had not worked under the Nazi regime.  He was the first person after the war to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival where he conducted Mozart's opera Don Giovanni.

From 1950 to 1954 Krips was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. Afterwards he conducted the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and the San Francisco Symphony (from 1963 to 1970). He gave his first performance at Covent Garden in 1963 and appeared at the Metropolitan Opera in 1966.  From then on he often conducted there.  In 1970, he became conductor of the Deutsche Oper in Berlin.  Between 1970 and 1973, he was the principal conductor of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.

Krips died in Geneva, Switzerland in 1974.

His brother Henry was also a musician.  He emigrated to Australia where he conducted the orchestra in Adelaide.  Then he returned to London where he often conducted Viennese light music.

References
The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; 

1902 births
1974 deaths
Austrian conductors
Musicians from Vienna
Répétiteur

A Répétiteur is a musician who helps opera singers to learn their parts for an opera.

The word Répétiteur is a French word which comes from the verb "répéter" meaning: "to repeat". The meaning here is "to rehearse", because when a musician rehearses (practises) he will go over the music many times until he has learned it really well. The German word is Korrepetitor.

A répétiteur will be a very skilled musician. He will be an excellent pianist who can play music on the piano which is normally played by an orchestra. He will often be able to help the singer to get to know the music by singing another part that is going on at the same time. He will be able to help the singer with technical problems with their voice, and also with pronunciation and musical interpretation.

Some répétiteurs may go on to become famous conductors, e.g. Josef Krips,  Howard Goodall, and Georg Solti.
 
In ballet, a répétiteur teaches the steps and interpretation of the roles to some or all of the company performing a dance.

Opera terminology
Ballet terminology
Hamilton Harty

Sir Hamilton Harty (born Hillsborough, Co. Down, Ireland, 4 December 1879; died Brighton, 19 February 1941) was an Irish composer, conductor and accompanist.  He is particularly remembered for his work in Manchester with the orchestra called The Hallé.

Life and work

Harty was born in Northern Ireland, the fourth of ten children.  His father was a church organist.  He learned to play the viola, piano, and organ.  When he was twelve he was organist at Magheracoll Church, County Antrim.  He also had organist jobs at Belfast and Dublin.  In 1900 he went to London where he was soon known as a composer and an excellent piano accompanist.  In 1904 he married the singer Agnes Nicholls.  For her he wrote a piece for soprano and orchestra called Ode to a Nightingale.

He soon became known as a conductor, conducting the London Symphony Orchestra and, from 1920, The Hallé, which he made into one of the best orchestras in England.
He conducted works by many composers, some of whom were little known at the time: they included Bax, Sibelius, Berlioz, Moeran, Walton and Richard Strauss.  He gave the first performance in England of Mahler’s Ninth Symphony.

Harty was knighted in 1925.  He resigned from The Hallé in 1933 after there had been a lot of arguments.  After that he mainly conducted in London, as well as in United States and Australia.

Harty composed many pieces during his early years, including An Irish Symphony, a tone poem With the Wild Geese, a Violin Concerto, and Ode to a Nightingale.

Harty was ill for the last five years of his life.  He had a brain tumour.  He was looked after by his secretary Olive Baguley, because he had separated from his wife.  He died in Hove near Brighton.

References

 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1879 births
1941 deaths
Irish composers
Romantic composers
20th-century composers
Knights Bachelor
Albert Coates

Albert Coates (born Saint Petersburg, 23 April 1882; died Cape Town, 11 December 1953) was an Anglo-Russian conductor and composer.

Life and work
Coates was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the youngest of seven sons of an English father and a Russian mother. 

He studied at the conservatory in Leipzig, where his greatest teacher was Arthur Nikisch.  He worked at the opera house in Dresden, and became conductor at Saint Petersburg's Mariinsky Theatre. After the Russian Revolution and World War I he just managed to escape from Russia in April 1919.

He first appeared at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1914 conducting Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.  He was a man with a lot of energy, and he introduced the audiences to a lot of music they had not heard, especially by Russian composers such as Alexander Scriabin, but also English music by Ralph Vaughan Williams, Arnold Bax and Gustav Holst, whose suite The Planets he gave the first complete London public performance.

In the 1920s and early 1930s he often worked with the London Symphony Orchestra.  He made gramophone recordings in the very early days of the gramophone.  These include Scriabin's Poème de l'Extase and many bits from Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and (in 1925) the complete Symphony No. 9 of Beethoven. He was the conductor for the first recording of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3, with Vladimir Horowitz as soloist. 

In 1925 he gave the first stage performance outside Russia of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya.

He composed several works including operas and a symphonic poem The Eagle, dedicated to the memory of his former teacher Artur Nikisch, which was performed in Leeds in 1925.  In 1946 he settled in Milnerton, Cape Town, South Africa, where he died in 1953.

Albert Coates was no relation to Eric Coates, the English composer of light music, nor to the tenor John Coates.

1882 births
1953 deaths
English composers
Creed (band)

Creed was a rock band from Florida. The members of this band were vocalist Scott Stapp, guitar player Mark Tremonti, drum player Scott Phillips, and bass guitar player Brian Marshall.

History

My Own Prison (1997-1998) 

Creed released an album in 1997, called My Own Prison. It sold over 1 million copies.

Human Clay (1999-2000) 

In 1999, they released the album Human Clay. Popular songs from that album were Higher and With Arms Wide Open.

Weathered,  controversial concert and hiatus (2001-2003) 

They released another album in 2001, called Weathered. The song My Sacrifice from the album was the most successful. The December 29, 2002 concert at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois is the reason the band went on a hiatus then broke up the first time back in 2004.

first break-up, Alter Bridge, reunion, Full Circle and second break-up (2004-2012) 

In 2004, they split up. Tremonti, Phillips and Marshall helped start a new band called Alter Bridge. Creed got back together in 2009. The released a new album called Full Circle. They split up again in 2012.

Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Creed has won one award out of three nominations. 

American Music Awards
The American Music Awards is an annual music awards ceremony in the United States. Creed has received four American Music Award from six nominations.

MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards are presented annually by MTV. They honor accomplishments in the music video medium. Creed has received two nominations.

Discography
Studio albums
 My Own Prison (1997)
 Human Clay (1999)
 Weathered (2001)
 Full Circle (2009)

References

1994 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
1990s establishments in Florida
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2012 disestablishments in the United States
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups from Florida
People from Tallahassee, Florida
Post-grunge bands
American Music Awards
.sg

.sg is the country top level domain for Singapore (ccTLD). It started in 1988. It is  managed by the Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC). It is only for residents of Singapore. However, there are some second-level domains that have more rules when registering.

Second-level domains 
 .com.sg - For commercial use.
 .net.sg - Network providers.
 .org.sg - Registered organisations of Singapore.
 .gov.sg - Government agencies.
 .edu.sg - Schools and education institutions.
 .per.sg - For personal use only.
 .idn.sg - For domain names with Chinese and Indian words in them.

Other websites 
 IANA .sg whois information
 Singapore Network Information Centre

References 

Top-level domains
Singapore
.va

.va is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the State of the Vatican City.

References 

1995 establishments
Top-level domains
Vatican City
.ws

.ws is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Samoa. It is administered by SamoaNIC, for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Samoa.

References

 .ws domain registration
 IANA .ws whois information

Samoa
Zango

Zango (used to be 180solutions) was a controversial software company founded in 1999. It went out of business after a British company called blinkx bought it. It was controversial for installing adware, or a type of software that displayed ads without your permission, on your computer.

Advertising
Malware
Tropical Storm Alma

Tropical Storm Alma was a tropical cyclone in the 2008 Pacific hurricane season. It formed off the coast of Costa Rica on May 29. At first, it was forecast to be a weak storm, However, it quickly gained strength. It then hit land on Nicaragua. 

Alma was the first tropical storm to ever hit the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. Lots of rain from the storm caused flooding, and eleven people were killed in the area. The remains later became Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic.

Related pages
 Lists of tropical cyclone names

References

2008 Pacific hurricane season
East Pacific tropical storms
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes
History of Costa Rica
2000s in Nicaragua
2008 in North America
Herne Hill railway station

Herne Hill railway station is a train station in Herne Hill, a location in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London, England. Its location is . 

Transport for London has thought of making the Victoria line go to Herne Hill to give faster turnaround at the southern end of the line. The extension is not a high thing for TfL as it has a weaker business case than other projects.

Services

The station is looked after by Southeastern train operating company. The off-peak service pattern  is:

 Two trains per hour (tph) to Luton around Elephant & Castle 
 2 tph to St Albans around Elephant & Castle
 4 tph to London Victoria around Brixton  
 4 tph to Orpington around Beckenham Junction 
 2 tph to Sutton around Wimbledon
 2 tph to Sutton around Mitcham Eastfields

On Sunday, northbound Sutton Loop trains change between stopping at Blackfriars and Luton. Late-night Sutton loop services (21:57 onwards) run to Bedford from Monday-Saturday and finish at Blackfriars on Sunday.

First Capital Connect and Southeastern jointly have extra peak trains from Herne Hill to Beford (morning and evening peaks), Beckenham Junction Kent House, Rochester and Swanley (evening peak only).

Buses

Herne Hill has buses by London bus which routes are 3, 37 (24 hours), 68, 196, 201, 322, 468, N3 and N68. The nearest London Underground station is Brixton.

References 

Railway stations in London
Sparkling wine

Sparkling wine is the name for a number of wines which have a lot of carbon dioxide in them. This will make the wine fizzy. The carbon dioxide may be the result of the fermentation process, or it may have been added later. One of the best-known examples is probably Champagne, but there are many other such wines. In Spain such wines are called Cava, in Italy Asti or Spumante and in German Sekt. In French the terms "Mousseux" or "Crémant" are used for such wines, as well, especially for those which are not produced in the Champagne. Crémant d'Alsace, Blanquette de Limoux and Clairette de Die are  examples of sparkling wines made in France outside the Champagne region. 

Most sparkling wines are made from white wine or rosé.

Wine
Crémant d'Alsace

Crémant d'Alsace is a protected designation of origin for sparkling wines made in Alsace, France. 

A big part of the wine production in Alsace is used to make Crémant d'Alsace. About 18% of the region's vineyards used for this purpose. 223 942 hectoliter of Crémant d'Alsace, about 30 million bottles, were produced in 2006.

Crémant d'Alsace has been produced in Alsace since about 1900.  Julien Dopff successfully tried to make wines using the "champagne method" then.

References

Other websites
The Official Alsace wines home page

French wines
Alsace
1900 establishments in France
Clairette de Die

Clairette de Die is a kind of sweet white sparkling wine made from the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains (75% minimum) and Clairette (25% maximum) grape varieties. It is produced in the Drôme department of France, in a part of the Rhône valley near the town of Die (pronounced "Dee"). The vineyards are some of the highest in France, between 400 and 700 metres above sea level. The region has a very long history of wine-growing, going back to Roman times.

The wine is bottle fermented. The muscat grapes which ripen first are kept separate from the clairette grapes. The grape juice is kept a low temperature, about 7°C, which means the fermentation will be slow and takes time. After filtering, but leaving some yeast the juice is blended in the bottle. It must be fermented in the bottle for at least another four months. The wine is then filtered again and put into new bottles for sale.

References

French wines
Interchange

An interchange is a meeting of two or more things. They usually perform some kind of exchange (trade), and possibly go on their ways again. Interchange is usually used for roads and information, but can be used for other things.

In transport:
 Interchange (road), a collection of ramps, exits, and entrances between two or more highways
 Interchange (freight rail), the transfer of freight cars between railroad companies
 Interchange station, a railway station where two or more routes meet and allow passengers to change trains
 Transport interchange or transport hub, a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles
Shinkichi Kikuchi

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Toshimi Kikuchi is also a former footballer.

Biography
Kikuchi was born in Tono on April 12, 1967. After graduating from Tono High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yomiuri (later Verdy Kawasaki, Tokyo Verdy) in 1986. The club won league champions 3 times, JSL Cup 1 time and Emperor's Cup 2 times. In Asia, the club also won 1987 Asian Club Championship. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. The club won the league champions in 1993 and 1994. The club also won 1992, 1993, 1994 J.League Cup and 1996 Emperor's Cup. He was a central player in golden era in the clubs history. In 1999, he lost opportunity to play behind Kenji Honnami. In 2000, Kikuchi moved to Kawasaki Frontale on loan. In 2001, he returned to Tokyo Verdy and retired with his rival Honnami end of the 2001 season.

On September 27, 1994, Kikuchi debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. In October, he played all matches at 1994 Asian Games. He was also selected Japan for 1995 King Fahd Cup. But he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Shigetatsu Matsunaga. He played 7 games for Japan until 1995.

Statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="6"|Yomiuri||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||22||0||5||0||0||0||27||0
|-
|1987/88||10||0||4||0||1||0||15||0
|-
|1988/89||9||0||3||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1989/90||8||0||0||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|1990/91||22||0||2||0||2||0||26||0
|-
|1991/92||6||0||0||0||5||0||11||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="8"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="8"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||5||0||9||0||14||0
|-
|1993||28||0||3||0||8||0||39||0
|-
|1994||39||0||2||0||2||0||43||0
|-
|1995||36||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|-
|1996||30||0||5||0||15||0||50||0
|-
|1997||11||0||2||0||6||0||19||0
|-
|1998||33||0||2||0||4||0||39||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2000||Kawasaki Frontale||J1 League||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J1 League||16||0||3||0||2||0||21||0
276||0||39||0||58||0||373||0
276||0||39||0||58||0||373||0
|}

|-
|1994||5||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

References

Other websites

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Iwate Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Tokyo Verdy players
Kawasaki Frontale players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
Blanquette de Limoux

Blanquette de Limoux is the name given to a number of sparkling wines from the Languedoc, in France.

Sparkling Wine 
Blanquette de Limoux is probably the oldest known sparkling wine in France. 

According to a text at a local abbey, Livy praised the wines from Limoux, which were not sparkling wines at the time.

Benedictine Monks 
Benedictine monks of the abbey of Saint Hilaire found out how to make sparkling wine from white wine.

Dom Pérignon 
Dom Pérignon brought back the method of making sparkling wines to his abbey in Champagne, at the end of the 16th century. 

He started to experiment with it in the vineyards of the abbey.

French wines
List of Premier League clubs

This is a list of clubs who have played in the English Premier League at any time since 1992 to the current season. English Premier League teams playing in the 2021-22 Premier League season are in bold. Founding members of the Premier League are shown in italics. A total of 50 teams have played in the Premier League (Bournemouth, Brighton and Huddesfield are missing from the table).

Notes

References 

Lists about England
Debby Ryan

Deborah Ann "Debby" Ryan (born May 13, 1993, in Huntsville, Alabama) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter. She is best known for her role in The Suite Life on Deck.

Career 
Debby Ryan is known as Bailey Pickett on The Suite Life on Deck. She has an older brother Chris Ryan who has an alternative rock band. She loves to hang with friends and says, she could not be happier. She is a singer, her main music genres are alternative rock, country music. She was set to perform on a tour in the summer of 2009, but was cancelled due to schedule conflicts. She is set to star as Kimberly in What If. And is Abby Jenson on 16 Wishes.

Ryan is also known for her role in "Longshots". She is a singer, as shown above, and she was scheduled to release her new single, "Adios" on the Terrific Teen Tour, but the tour had been cancelled. She said it would be her "big break" in her singing career, and she has many fans out there who support her through everything.

She stars in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Radio Rebel" as Tara the Radio Rebel. This movie has only just aired in the UK but has aired in the US for a long time. She also stars in the Disney Channel show, Jessie. Ryan plays as a nanny named Jessie.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

 

Debby Ryan at the Internet Movie Database

1993 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Singers from Huntsville, Alabama
American guitarists
Disney actors
Disney singers
Writers from Huntsville, Alabama
Musicians from Huntsville, Alabama
Actors from Huntsville, Alabama
Albert Goldfield

The Albert Goldfield is an area of 1300 square kilometres (500 square miles) where gold was discovered in the outback of New South Wales in 1880. Gold was found at Mount Browne, which is  south west of Tibooburra. There were other finds at Good Friday, Easter Monday, Nuggerty, Pioneer Reef and Warratta Creek.

This is a very hot and dry area of Australia. Because of the shortage of water, towns were started at Milparinka and Tibooburra where there was water available. Towns at Albert and Mount Browne did not last for long because of the lack of water. By 1881 there were more than 2000 people living on the gold diggings or in the towns. Geologist William Henry John Slee was appointed resident Goldfield Warden.  The miners had to either take their dirt to one of the towns to use water to pan for the gold, or use a method called dry blowing. Dry blowing means breaking the dirt into fine particles and letting the wind blow away the dirt leaving the heavier gold behind. Life on the goldfields was hard, water was scarce, fresh fruit and vegetables were not available, and basics like flour were very expensive. Disease, including dysentery and typhoid were common.

By 1893 the gold rush had ended and most people had left the goldfields.

References

Other websites
 Mount Browne 

Geography of New South Wales
19th century in Australia
Edward Bawden

Edward Bawden, , RA (10 March 1903 – 21 November 1989) was a British painter and an artist who drew pictures and graphics. He was also famous for his prints, book covers, posters, and metal garden furniture. During an interview, Edward Gorey said that Bawden was one of his trusted artists, making the fact interesting that not many people knew or know about this fine artist well.

1903 births
1989 deaths
Cross-City Line

The Cross-City Line is a suburban railway line in the West Midlands region of England. It runs from Redditch, Worcestershire, its southern terminus, to Lichfield, Staffordshire, its northern terminus. It goes through Birmingham New Street. It services on the line are currently operated by London Midland.

Rail transport in England
West Midlands (region)
Book cover

A book cover is any protective covering used to bind together the pages of a book. The covering may be of paper, or hard paper boards, or even plastic. The boards may be covered with paper, cloth or leather. They may be laminated, with a plastic layer onto paper.

There is a distinction between hardbacks and softbacks, which are usually sold at different prices. Hardbacks may be covered with a dust jacket designed to attract readers. Softbacks are almost always designed to attract sales in bookshop displays.

The evolution of printing methods has made the production of books very much cheaper than was the case with early printed works. As a result, books are bought and read in great numbers. They compete against each other in the marketplace. The function of book design is partly to help the reader, but even more to persuade the reader to buy the book.

References 

Books
Lawn mower

A lawn mower (or lawnmower) is a machine that uses blades to cut a lawn. There are different types of lawn mowers. The smallest are pushed by a human, they are good for small lawns and gardens. Ride-on mowers are good for larger lawns. The largest are pulled behind a tractor, they are made for grass at places like golf courses and parks. Always wear safety equipment while working with these machines.

A lawn mower functions by spinning either a thin blade, or a small piece of cable, to cause lacerations on the stems of grass & other plants. Severing the plant and reducing the height of the plant to a more pleasing appearance. 

Cutting tools
Gardening tools
Agricultural machinery
Golf course

A golf course is where the game of golf is usually played. It is made up of a series of 'holes', each consisting of certain key areas. A teeing ground is used to start playing the hole. A Fairway is the area between the tee and the green, where the grass is kept short for ball play. The green (or putting green) is a closely mowed area of grass surrounding the hole. It has a flagstick so the golfer can see the hole at longer distances. The hole itself has a diameter of 4¼ inches (108mm). Other areas of a golf course are called hazards. These include sand hazards and water hazards. Hazards are designed to make the game more challenging.

A standard round of golf consists of playing eighteen holes. Many golf courses are designed with eighteen holes.  Some, however, only have nine holes, and the course is played twice per round.

References 

Golf
Tom Eckersley

Tom Eckersley (30 September 1914, Lancashire – 4 August 1997) was an English poster artist and teacher of design.

Other websites
Online exhibit from Eckersley's archival collection 
Brief biography with design examples
Visual database of Eckerlsey work commissioned by Transport for London 
'Take your gas mask everywhere' poster image 

1914 births
1997 deaths
English artists
People from Lancashire
Leaf blower

A leaf blower is a gardening tool uses air to move yard debris like leaves. Some leaf blowers can also suck leaves through a vacuum, and shred (break into small pieces) them into a bag.

Gardening tools
Hose

A hose is a tube made to take fluids  or gasses from one place to another. Hoses are also called tube or pipes. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical.

Gardening tools
Watering can

A watering can is a container that is used to water plants by hand.

containers
Gardening tools
Irrigation sprinkler

Sprinkler irrigation is a way of artificially watering plants. A sprinkler irrigation system is a pressurized system, which means it needs water under pressure to work. There are many different types of irrigation sprinklers. Some are used in home gardens, and some are used on farms.

Permanent systems
A permanent sprinker system is made of a pump to take water and create pressure, and a network of pipes leading to the sprinkler heads. Usually the sprinkler head is on a small pipe that comes out of the ground.

References

Gardening tools
Skagit River

The Skagit River is a river in Canada and the United States. It flows about  from British Columbia to the state of Washington, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean north of Seattle. The river begins by flowing south. It then enters North Cascades National Park, where it is dammed by Ross Dam, which forms Ross Lake, a reservoir.

Geography 
The river then leaves the lake and flows into Diablo Lake, also a reservoir. It then keeps flowing southwest through a deep river canyon, known as the Skagit Gorge. It then meets its largest tributary, the Sauk River, and then turns west. The Sauk is about 45 miles long, flowing northwest.

After turing west, the Skagit parallels the North Cascades Highway, leaving the national park. It meets another tributary, the Baker River, from the north. The Baker flows south about 30 miles and is dammed twice, in Baker Lake and Lake Shannon. The river then flows out to the sea near Mount Vernon, Washington. The total extent of the basin is 1,505 square miles (3,900 square kilometers).

References 

Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
North Cascades National Park

North Cascades National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Washington. It was established on 2 October 1968. The park covers 634,000 acres of the Cascade Range (specifically the North Cascades).

Geography
The Park is split in half by the Skagit River, which flows south then southwest through the park. Another primary watercourse of the park is the Baker River which flows into the Skagit and the Stehekin River (which flows into Lake Chelan in the southeast).

North Cascades National Park features the rugged mountain peaks of the North Cascades Range. This is the most expansive glacial system in the mainland United States. The Park also has the headwaters of numerous waterways, and vast forests with the highest degree of flora biodiversity of any US national park.

History
The region was first settled by Paleo-Indian Native Americans. By the time white explorers arrived it was inhabited by Skagit tribes.

National parks in the United States
Washington (U.S. state)
1968 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Washington (state)
Green River

The Green River is a river in the states of Wyoming and Utah, in the United States. It is the largest tributary of the Colorado River, at about 730 miles (1,175 km) long. Its headwaters are in the west part of Wyoming, in a subrange of the Rocky Mountains known as the Wind River Range. From there, it flows south, then turns east for a short while, then flows south, west, and south into the Reservoir, formed by Fontenelle Dam, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which is formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam. 

After it exits the dam, it flows east around the Uinta Mountains, and enters the desert-like Colorado Plateau. Here, it flows in a series of deep and spectacular canyons. It meets both of its largest tributaries, the White River and the Yampa River, from the east. In Canyonlands National Monument, it meets the Colorado. Shortly after the two rivers meet, they flow into Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam.

Related pages 
Green River Formation

Rivers of Utah
Mono Lake

Mono Lake is a saline lake on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, in the U.S. state of California. It is endorheic, meaning that it does not connect with the sea. It is fed by streams flowing off the east side of the mountain range, including Rush Creek, Lee Vining Creek and Mill Creek. Lee Vining Creek has its headwaters near Tioga Pass, near Yosemite National Park. 

The lake covers 69 square miles (180 square kilometers) and is about  long. It is a very ancient lake, and is thought to have formed 760,000 years ago. In the 20th century, the city of Los Angeles began to take water from the streams feeding Mono Lake. This caused the lake to fall, exposing unique tufa formations.

Lakes of the United States
Bodies of water of California
Mono County, California
Thelyphonida

Thelyphonida is an order of arachnids commonly known as vinegarroons.

They give out a vinegar-like mist (containing mostly acetic acid). The Vinegarroon is not venomous and is not a true scorpion. It is related to spiders, true scorpions, and ticks. They are also known as whip scorpions because they look like true scorpions and because of their whip like tails.

Arachnids
Mount Shasta

Mount Shasta is a dormant volcano in northern California in the United States.

The volcano is part of the Cascade Range. It has a smaller peak abutting it, Shastina, and seven glaciers. The mountain stands alone in a large expanse of flatter land, rising 9,822 feet above the surrounding terrain. The Sacramento River flows south near the west edge of the mountain. The town of Mount Shasta and Shasta Lake Reservoir, formed by Shasta Dam, are all named for Mount Shasta. This stratovolcano is expected to erupt again someday.

References

Volcanoes of the United States
Mountains of California
Siskiyou County, California
Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (, 18 October 1130 – 23 April 1200) was a Confucian scholar during the Song Dynasty. Zhu Xi was one of the three most important Confucian philosophers. He organized the classic works of Confucianism and contributed to the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism.He was from Fujian province in China.

Life 
Zhu Xi was born Wu Yuan, North East Jiangxi province. His father died when he was at the age of thirteen. He continued his studies until he passed the test for a government job. He taught for many years in the Wuyi Mountains and he is also remembered for the time he spent teaching at the Yuelu Academy in Changsha and at his retreat near the White Deer Grotto in Lushan. In his life his ideas were not generally accepted and he was fired from quite a lot of official positions. After his death nearly 1000 people were at his funeral and his tablet was put in a Confucian temple.

The Four Books 
During the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be unorthodox. Rather than focusing on the Book of Changes like other Neo-Confucians, he chose to emphasize the Four Books: the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects of Confucius, and the Mencius as the core curriculum (thing to learn) for aspiring scholar officials. For all these classics he wrote extensive commentaries (big reviews) that were not widely recognized in his time; however, they later became accepted as their standard commentaries. The Four Books served as the basis of civil service examinations all the way down to 1905.

Knowledge and action 
According to Zhu Xi, knowledge and action were indivisible components of truly intelligent activity. Although he did distinguish (tell apart) between the priority of knowing, since intelligent action requires forethought (thought before), and the importance of action, as it produces a discernible effect, Zhu Xi said "Knowledge and action always require each other. It is like a person who cannot walk without legs although he has eyes, and who cannot see without eyes although he has legs. With respect to order, knowledge comes first, and with respect to importance, action is more important."

References 
        

Chinese scholars
Chinese philosophers
1130 births
1200 deaths
Plym Valley Railway

The Plym Valley Railway is part of the closed South Devon and Tavistock Railway near Plymouth. It is a branch line of the Great Western Railway in Devon.

Heritage railways in England
Swanage Railway

The Swanage Railway is a six-mile (10 km) long heritage railway in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England.  The railway follows the route of the Purbeck branch line between Norden railway station, Corfe Castle railway station, Harman's Cross railway station, Herston Halt railway station and  Swanage. The line was  re−connected to the mainline at Wareham, Dorset along a stretch of the branch line. This had previously only remained open to freight traffic until 2005. Trains operate on the Swanage Railway between Swanage and Norden Park & Ride every weekend and Bank Holiday from mid-February to the end of the year. From April to October, they operate all seven days in the week; with Santa Special services in December. The link between the Swanage Railway and the main line at Wareham has been used used for materials deliveries, special excursions. The line has now reopened to its first through traffic from London with occasional special services.

References 

Heritage railways in England
Mangapps Railway Museum

The Mangapps Railway Museum (previously Mangapps Farm Railway Museum) is a heritage railway located near Burnham-on-Crouch in Essex. The 3/4 mile stretch of standard gauge track and museum are owned and operated by the Jolly family. They are assisted by a dedicated staff of volunteers.  It was never part of the national rail network. 

Heritage railways in England
West Somerset Railway

The West Somerset Railway (WSR) is a heritage railway. It runs along the edge of the Quantock Hills in Somerset, England, between Bishops Lydeard and Watchet. The line then turns inland to Washford. It then returns to the coast for the run to Minehead. The Exmoor National Park is nearby.

Heritage railways in England
Vale of Glamorgan Railway

The Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company are a Welsh railway preservation society originally called the Butetown Historic Railway Society.

In 1979, the Butetown Historic Railway Society was formed at Bute Road Station in the docklands are of Cardiff. The aim was to restore the then derelict Taff Vale Railway station, and establish a steam hauled passenger service to Cardiff Queen Street station. By 1994, a short section of track existed, and the steam locomotive Sir Gomer hauled short passenger trains.

By 1997, the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was in charge of the redevelopment of Butetown, and dismissed the idea of a rejuvenated steam railway as part of their plans.

Even prior to 1997 the railway started negotiations with the Vale of Glamorgan Council and moved in during 1998 to its new base at Barry Island Railway. It renamed it self the Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company and were based there till early 2009 operating heritage services both steam and diesel over an expanding network of lines.

Following the December 2007 decision by landlords, the Vale of Glamorgan Council to terminate the £65,000 funding of the Barry Island Railway, the society maintain a service. However less than six months after withdrawing financial support, the council with out warning decided to put the railway site out to tender under a long term lease.  There were three bids submitted with the sucsefull bidder being the commercial company Cambrian Transport who have been the councils railway adviser and contractor since the Barry Railway Project started.

The other bidder NEWCO was submitted by Graham Lee owner of the LH Plant, Hunselt Engine Company, Statfold Barn Railway and Mike Thomson owner of Arrowvale who make black boxes for the rail industry.  NEWCO had spoken to the VGR in advance and agree a method of working together.  Had this bid been successfully the VGR would have continued operating at Barry.

The Railway has recently sold assets following the break down of talks with Cambrian Transport which an has been forced to leave Barry. It is now the intention for the railway to relocate to the Bridgend Valleys Railway, with some stock also going to the Dean Forest Railway and further a field.

The Railway is now working with the Bridgend Valleys Railway to develop the 4.5 miles of line in place north of Bridgend.

References

Rail transport in Wales
Northampton & Lamport Railway

The Northampton & Lamport Railway is a standard gauge heritage railway in Northamptonshire, England. It is based at Pitsford and Brampton station, near the villages of Pitsford and Chapel Brampton. This is roughly  north of Northampton.

Heritage railways in England
Ecclesbourne Valley Railway

The Ecclesbourne Valley Railway is a heritage railway in Derbyshire. Its operations are based at Wirksworth station. It is currently planned to extend the railway along the former Midland Railway branch line which joined the main-line at Duffield. 

When complete it will be one of the few Heritage Railways that operates a whole branch line in its original form and entire length.

The line is operated by diesel locomotives, which haul former multiple unit trailer cars and also uses heritage diesel multiple units.

History

Origin
The "Wirksworth Branch" was the product of early nineteenth century railway rivalry. Since 1835 Wirksworth's citizens had been promoting the idea for a branch line from the North Midland Railway (later the Midland Railway) at Duffield. The Midland was initially uninterested, but then realised that the branch could be extended to Rowsley. This was difficult, but the branch could avoid the section from Ambergate, on its Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway, which was shared with its rival the London and North Western Railway.

References 

Train operating companies
Derbyshire
Heritage railways in England
1867 establishments in England
Crossrail 2

The Chelsea-Hackney (or "Chelney") line is a safeguarded route for an underground railway running from south-west London to north-east London. As of 2008, the plan is being developed by Cross London Rail Links Ltd. who are the developers of Crossrail. It is therefore sometimes known as Crossrail 2.

References 

Rail transport in London
River Lee

The River Lee or River Lea is a river in England. It begins in Leagrave Park , Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills. It flows generally southeast, east, and then south to London where it meets the River Thames . The last section is known as Bow Creek.
A section of the river runs through Hertford castle and shares a valley with the river Beane at Hartham common. Morgans School, in Hertford, have named one of their houses after the river Lea.

References 

Rivers of England