cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368 or 1369) was a Moroccan explorer. He is known for the account of his journeys called the Rihla ("Voyage"). He travelled for nearly 30 years and covered most of the Islamic world. He also explored West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. This distance was more than Marco Polo travelled; about . Ibn Battuta was considered the greatest traveller of the medieval period.
Battuta also made  maps that were used by cartographers. He also met Mohammad bin tughlaq and write a book called the travels of bin battutta
Ibn Battuta was born on February 24, 1304 in Tangier. His family consisted of judges and scholars of Islamic law. At age 21, Ibn Battuta started his long exploration when he went on the Hajj. This is a year-long pilgrimage that brings Muslims closer to God. Ibn Battuta first went across North Africa (Maghreb), to the great port Alexandria in 1326. Ibn spent 30 years visiting every Muslim country of his day. He recorded details about the social and political life he saw on his journeys. He gave information all about Muhammad Bin Tuglaq.

Ibn Battuta met a Syrian Arab Damascene girl who was a slave of a black African governor in Mali. Ibn Battuta engaged in a conversation with her in Arabic.
 The black man was a scholar of Islam and his name was Farba Sulayman. He was openly violating the rule in Islam against enslaving Arabs.

Christians became part of harems as slaves in the Balkans and Asia Minor when the Turks invaded. Muslim qadis owned Christian slave girls. Greek girls who were pretty were forced into prostitution after being enslaved to Turks who too al their earnings in the 14th century according to Ibn Battuta.

Notes

1360s deaths
1304 births
Explorers
Moroccan people
Oldboy

Oldboy is a 2003 movie by Park chan-wook. This movie is based on the 1997 Japanese comic book. It is a mystery action movie about the contest of Oh Dae-su who was confined in private jail for 15 years (even he does not know why he was caged) and Lee woo-jin who confined Oh because of revenge. This movie deals especially and in detail with human hatred and revenge, and uses nice visual techniques to deal with sensational material.

The movie was nominated for many international movie festivals. It won 31 awards including Best Director at the Cannes Film Festival in 2004.

References

2003 movies
Korean-language movies
Cheese on toast

Cheese on toast is a type of food sometimes called grilled cheese. It is often eaten as a light snack. It is popular because it is easy to make quickly, and uses few ingredients. It is made by grilling cheese on toast.

Cheese on toast is often made with cheddar cheese. Other items (such as grilled tomatoes and butter) may be added to the dish.

Ingredients 
Bread
Cheese
Toast

Related pages 
Sandwich
Cheese
Butter
Bread
Toast

References 

Cheese dishes
Deoksugung

Deoksugung, also known as Gyeongun-gung, Deoksugung Palace, or Deoksu Palace, (Deoksugung ; 덕수궁, 德壽宮), is one of the five grand palaces of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

When the Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592, King Seonjo escaped from Hanyang (present-day Seoul) and fled to Uiju. When the war finished, he returned to Seoul.
But there was no place for him to stay, because all of the palaces (such as Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, Changgyeong Palace) had burned down during the war.

So, he lived in this place, which was originally the home of Prince Wolsandaegun who was King Seongjong's elder brother.

King Gwanghaegun who succeeded King Seonjo renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace (Gyeongungung ; 경운궁).
The palace became a secondary royal residence after the king moved to Changdeok Palace.
Queen Dowager Inmok was confined to the palace, and it was renamed West Palace(Seogung ; 서궁).
After he was overthrown by King Injo, it was returned to itsoriginal owners.

After two years, King Gojong returned to power and he chose to live in this palace.
He renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace again.
An electrical system and fencing were installed at the palace, and the name of the palace was changed to Deoksugung Palace: meaning the palace of virtuous longevity.
He remained at the palace even after he had relinquished the throne to his son, Emperor Yunghui (or Emperor Sunjong ; 융희제, 순종)

From 1910 until 1945, when Korea was under the colonial rule of Japan, the palaces's buildings were destroyed and made into a public park.

Buildings and structures in South Korea
Palaces
Infinite Challenge

Infinite Challenge is a famous Korean TV show. Its Korean name is Muhan Dojeon. It started in 2005 as Mu(mo)han Dojeon and titled Muhan Dojeon in 2006. 

There are seven people on the show now; Yoo Jae-suk, the MC, Park Myeong-su always seated second, Jeong Jun-ha whose nickname is 'eating god' because he eats a lot and fast, Roh Hong-cheol who can speak quickly and has swindler character, Jeong Hyeong-don who is called "MiJon gae-oh" that means remarkable in everywhere, HaHa who is called "little baby", Jun Jin was a member for about 2 years and went military service. Instead of him, Gil who is singer of South Korea's Hip-hop group Leessang appears in this show.  

This show is the first real variety show in Korea. The seven members of the team try new challenges for each episode. For example, they held an end of year concert to raise money for unfortunate neighbors, made a drama, met and played games with world famous stars like Thierry Henry and Paris Hilton. These were all produced by Kim Tae-ho, the producer of Infinite Challenge. He wants to keep the program new and exciting so he has recently tried to add a new member of the team.

Reality television series
South Korean television series
2005 television series debuts
2005 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Bean Pole International

Bean Pole International is the name of a South Korean clothes brand. It was started by Cheil-Mogic, one of the Samsung Company group, in 1989.

The brand name "Bean Pole" signifies happiness and hope, by symbolizing a man riding a bicycle in the novel Daddy Long-Legs. The picture of a man riding a bicycle is the logo of Bean Pole. In addition, it also signifies the tradition of the Boston Ivy League universities.

In the 21st century Bean Pole became a nationally famous brand in South Korea. It has six sub-brands including Bean Pole, Bean Pole Ladies, and Bean Pole Golf. They have become an international company selling clothes to China, the United States and Europe. They hired Gwyneth Paltrow and Daniel Henny to appear in advertising to promote the brand name.

Companies of South Korea
Clothing companies
1989 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
Nakseongdae

Nakseongdae is a park located in Gwanak, Seoul. It is the birthplace of the famous Goryeo-Era general, Gang Gam-chan (강감찬, 姜邯贊 ; 948-1031). Legend says that when Gang Gam-chan was born, a star fell from Heaven.  Because of this, his birthplace was named "Site of the Falling Star" (Nakseongdae).

The people of the Goryeo Kingdom (918-1392) built a three-story pagoda at the house of Gang Gam-chan's birth to praise him for his great deeds.  He is famous for defeating 400,000 invading Khitan soldiers. Damaged parts of this pagoda were rebuilt by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 1964, and the pagoda was named Seoul Tangible Cultural Property No. 4 in 1972. Two years later, a shrine was built for Gang Gam-chan. The pagoda, which was originally located at 218 Bongcheon-dong, was moved to be with the shrine.

Related pages 
 Nakseongdae Station
 Nakseongdae Park

Buildings and structures in Seoul
Hwaseong Fortress

Hwaseong Fortress () is the wall that surrounds the centre of Suwon.  Suwon is the capital city of Gyeonggi-do, a province in South Korea. The fortress was built by Jeongjo, the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty.

The wall is about 6 km long and it has four gates.

Jeongjo wanted to show loyalty to his family.  He wanted to protect his father's burial place.  He wanted to strengthen his power and protect the southern area of Suwon.  He also wanted to reduce conflict between different political parties.

Construction started near Mount Paldalsan in January 1794. Construction was finished in September 1796.  Chae Jae-gong supervised the building process. Chae Jae-gong was a former minister in the government and the magistrate of Yeongjungchubu County.  Engineers made new tools to help build the fortress.  The Geojunggi was one of these new tools.  It is a traditional Korean crane. They also made potter's wheels were created.  They were used to move and put together large stones for the wall.

After the original fortress was finished in 1801, a construction archive called the Hwaseong Seongyeokuigwe was published.  This archive recorded what the fortress was like when it was first built.  This helped construction workers know how to rebuild the fortress after it was damaged, so it would look like the original wall.

The fortress was partly damaged twice.  First, it was damaged when Japan controlled Korea in the early 20th century.  The fortress was also damaged during the Korean War.  Today, most of its original features have been restored.  

The fortress is on both flat and hilly lands.  This is uncommon in neighbouring China and Japan.

The fortress is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

Buildings and structures in South Korea
Fortification
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
Yi Sang-jae

Yi Sang-jae (, 26 October 1850 – 29 March 1927; also written as Lee Sang-jae) was a religious leader and independence fighter at the end of the Korean Empire.

He was born in Jongji-ri, Hansan-myeon, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. His real name is Gey-ho. He was the president of the Independence Association and published the first Korean private newspaper, Independence Newspaper. When Korea was a colony of Japan, he was active in the movement to establish the Korean Private University. Also, he was the first president of Singanhoe, one of the biggest independence groups in Korea.

References

Other websites
Yi Sang-jae on Open Library
Profile on the Encyclopaedia of Korean Culture

1850 births
1927 deaths
History of Korea
Religious leaders
Korean people
YB

YB, formed in 1994, is a Korean rock band. They have made seven studio albums, three live albums, digital single albums, and DVDs.  They sold more than 2 million albums and held more than one hundred live concerts in a year. The members are:
 Dee (Yoon Do-Hyun), singer
 Taehee (Park Tae-hee), bass
 Jin (Kim Jin-won), drums 
 Baby J (Heo Jun), guitar. 

YB use traditional Korean musical instruments including the gayageum, a stringed instrument, and the daegeum, an instrument like the clarinet, in their recordings.

World Cup 2002
At the 2002 World Cup, YB played songs such as ‘Oh, Pil Seung Korea (Oh, Victory to Korea)’ to millions of fans. South Korea's entry into the semi finals meant that YB's music was heard all over Korea. They won the best music award from Korea’s three main broadcast stations KBS, MBC and SBS. They were given the first WPMA (World Peace Music Award) in 2003 for helping with human rights issues in Korea.

European tour
YB went on tour in Europe in 2005, the first Korean rock music group to do so. They have released a single in the UK.

References

South Korean musical groups
Rock bands
1990s establishments in South Korea
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Asia
Brown Eyed Soul (band)

Brown Eyed Soul is a Korean musical singing group. The 4 men in the band are Naul, Jung-Yeop, Sung-Hun, & Young-Jun. Their genre is soul pop and R&B. Brown Eyed Soul made their debut in 2003 with their 1st album Soul Free. Their 2nd album, The Wind, The Sea, The Rain was released in 2007. They took four years to release their 2nd album. Although 4 years was a long time, they still had many fans. Their 2nd album sold about 100,000 copies. It helped them win the R&B award at the 5th Korean Music awards in 2008.
 
Brown Eyed Soul have not appeared on television which is very unusual in Korea where most groups appear regularly. Brown Eyed Soul`s popularity is not their looks or their dancing, but their music.

Albums
 Soul Free, 2003. 09. 17
 The Wind, The Sea, The Rain,  2007. 11. 02
 Brown Eyed Soul Christmas Concert Live 2007, 2008. 12. 04
 BROWNEYED SOUL, 2010. 11. 25

South Korean musical groups
K-pop music groups
R&B bands
2003 establishments in South Korea
Tteokguk

Tteokguk is a traditional food of Korea. It is eaten on January 1 to celebrate Seollal, the Korean New Year.

Tteokguk is a soup made from tteok ( a sweet Korean rice cake), sliced cooked eggs, ground meat, mandu, leek, and onion.

References

Other websites 
 Migi's Kitchen with a recipe for tteokguk 

Korean food
Soups
Samsung

Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate). Samsung is a large worldwide company based in Seoul. Samsung means "three stars" in Korean.

Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities and retail. Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s; these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lee's death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group and Hansol Group. Since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics; in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income.

Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics (the world's 2nd largest information technology company measured by 2015 revenues, and 5th in market value), Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's 2nd largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues), and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 13th and 36th largest construction companies). Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th largest life insurance company), Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort, the oldest theme park in South Korea) and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 15th largest advertising agency measured by 2012 revenues).

Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture and has been a major driving force behind the "Miracle on the Han River". Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea's total exports. Samsung's revenue was equal to 17% of South Korea's $1,082 billion GDP.

Samsung has many different businesses. It makes mobile phones, cameras and other electronics. 'Samsung Electronics' who sell Samsung Galaxy products.  Samsung is the best known South Korean brand in the world.

Samsung also is the sponsor of several sports teams, such as the Chelsea Football Club.

In December 2018 the company announced a launch of new 5G smartphone, which took place in 2019.

Name
According to Samsung's founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung () is "tri-star" or "two stars". The word "two" represents something "big, numerous and powerful".

History of logos (gallery)

Other websites

References

 
Companies of South Korea
1938 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in South Korea
Ko Young-Min

Ko Young-min (born February 8, 1984 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional baseball player of the South Korean baseball club Doosan Bears. He graduated from Seung-Nam High School.  His height is 182.0 cm. and his weight is 76.0 kg. 

His position is second baseman. He is a member of the national team. He has fast legs and a great catching ability. His nickname is Koget. He is a second fielder. Koget is a compound word made up of his family name and an animation gadget.  His experiences as a member of the national team are in the Beijing Olympic Games and the second WBC. He won the golden glove prize in  2007. He also won the Korea professional baseball at second baseman prize. He got the best point prize in  2007 for the Samsung PAVV professional baseball team.

Career stats

Bold = led KBO

References

1984 births
Living people
South Korean baseball players
Insadong

Insa-dong (인사동, 仁寺洞) is a neighborhood (also called a dong) of Jongro District, Seoul, South Korea. The main street is Insadong-gil, which is connected to many alleys that lead deeper into the district. 

Insa-dong is a popular tourist spot in Seoul. It is mainly one long street, and is known for its many art galleries, restaurants, and shops that sell traditional Korean items and art. There is also plenty of street food and sometimes there are public performances of dancing or a traditional display of criminals. Winding side streets are home to a variety of traditional restaurants.

Seoul
Subdivisions of South Korea
Mexican peso

The $Mexican Peso (sign: $; code: MXN) is the currency, or money, of . The symbol used for the peso is "$", which is the same as for the US dollars it got its symbol from the Spanish-Mexican currency. It is one of the most traded currencies in the world. The current ISO 4217 code for the peso is MXN; before its value was changed in 1993, the code MXP was used. The peso is made up of 100 centavos, represented by "¢". The name comes from the Spanish words pesos oro (gold weights) or pesos plata (silver weights). The meaning of peso in English is weight.

Currency of North America
Economy of Mexico
Olive ridley sea turtle

The olive ridley sea turtle, (Lepidochelys olivacea), also called the Pacific ridley, is one of the smallest species of sea turtle. It is named for the olive-green color of its heart-shaped shell. It is one of seven marine turtle species living today.

Sources

Reptiles of Australia
Turtles
System requirements

System requirements refer to a checklist of minimum necessary items for a computer to have. These items would be requirements in order for an operating system to work, such as Windows XP. If the system did not have these things, the computer or operating system might crash or cause problems. If it exceeds minimum expectations, you could check the recommended system requirements, and see if it also meets those. If it does not, it is not bad. But if it does meet the recommended requirements, that is very good to know.

Software
Computer science
George Clooney

George Timothy Clooney (born May 6, 1961) is an American actor, filmmaker and humanitarian. He is the son of Nick and nephew of singer Rosemary. After leaving college, He starred in the series ER and several other series. He later starred in movies, including Ocean's Eleven, Syriana, Batman and Robin, Good Night, and Good Luck and Up in the Air. He is a political advocate for human rights issues, include Save Darfur. Many of his movies contain references to current politics.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Actors from Kentucky
Actors who played Batman
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Extras
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Writers from Kentucky
Canon EOS

The Canon EOS (Electro-Optical System) is an autofocus 35 mm film and digital SLR camera system that was introduced in 1987 with the Canon EOS 650 and is still in production as Canon's current dSLR system.  The acronym EOS was chosen for Eos in Greek mythology, and is often pronounced as a word (i.e., EE-oss), although some spell out the letters, reading it as an initialism. Both pronunciations are acceptable as there is no official pronunciation.

It competes primarily with the Nikon F series and its successors, as well as autofocus SLR systems from Olympus Corporation, Pentax, Sony/Minolta, and Panasonic/Leica. In most countries, EOS cameras have the largest market share of SLR cameras.

References

Cameras
Itaewon

Itaewon is a neighborhood in Yongsan-gu, Seoul. It is an international neighborhood. Travellers and expatriate residents come here for  shopping, restaurants, and nightlife. 

About 22,000 people live there, but between 4000-5000 reportedly visit the commercial district daily. Many US military personnel from the nearby Yongsan Garrison come here. Itaewon has restaurants serving food from many parts of the world, including India, Thailand, and Mexico. Those foods are not common in Korea.

Seoul
Subdivisions of South Korea
J. M. G. Le Clézio

Jean Marie Gustave Le Clézio (born April 13, 1940 in Nice) is a French novelist. He won a Nobel Prize in Literature.

References 

1941 births
Living people
French essayists
French Nobel Prize winners
French novelists
People from Nice
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Sejong the Great

Sejong the Great (May 6, 1397 – May 18 1450) was the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty. He is one of only two Korean kings called "great" (the other is Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo). He picked out young scholars and tried to fix the prejudice of classes by helping intelligent but low-class prodigies. In 1442, he had Jang Young-Sil, a scientist in Joseon, invent the 'Chuk-Oo-Gi (測雨器)'. This was a kind of tool to help measure the rain and how much it fell. Also, he expanded the territory of Joseon.  

One of the best works and the biggest reason why Sejong was called great was because he created the Hoon min jung um (訓民正音). It is called in modern days as 'Han-gul (한글)'. Because of the creation of  the Hoon min jung um, Joseon (now Korea) now got its own alphabet, and many people, most of whom have never learned how to read Hanja (Chinese characters used for Korean) could learn how to read and write much more easily than before.

Early life 

Sejong was the third son of King Taejong. When he was twelve, he became grand prince and married Shim On of Cheongsong. When he was young, he was very good at studying. His father liked him more than his other brothers.

His older brothers, Yangnyeong and Hyoryeong, thought they were not fit to be king and that it was their duty to make Sejong the king, even though he was younger than them. So they acted rudely and badly in front of the court and were soon . Yangnyeong became a traveler who wandered in the mountains, and Hyoryeong became a Buddhist monk. This later became a heartfelt and traditional legend in South Korea.

Related pages
 HunminjungEum
 Cheukuki
 Yeonsangun of Joseon

1397 births
1450 deaths
Kings of Joseon
Karl Böhm

Karl Böhm (born Graz, 28 August 1894; died Salzburg, 14 August 1981) was an Austrian conductor. He was one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, especially famous for his conducting of the music of Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

Life 
Böhm was born in Graz, Austria. He wanted to be a musician, but his father said that he should study law first, because musicians did not make much money, and if he was not successful as a musician he could then always have a job in law. So he studied law at the university of Graz, and got a doctorate on this subject. He also studied music privately in Graz, and then in Vienna with Eusebius Mandyczewski and Guido Adler. Although he learned to play the piano and to compose, he just wanted to be a conductor. He started his career by helping singers at the Graz Opera to learn their roles. Böhm became very interested in the operas of Wagner and Mozart and learned a lot from great conductors like Carl Muck and Bruno Walter who invited him to the Bavarian State Opera in 1921. In 1927 he became Generalmusikdirektor (music director) at Darmstadt. He often conducted modern operas, including Berg’s Wozzeck. In 1931 he moved to Hamburg. In 1933 he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic, both in opera and concert performances. He became conductor at the opera house in Dresden when Fritz Busch lost that job because he said he did not like the Nazis. Böhm worked there for nine years. He became a great friend of the composer Richard Strauss and conducted the first performances of two of his operas there: Die schweigsame Frau and Daphne. In 1943 got the very important job of conductor at the Vienna State Opera eventually becoming music director. He also conducted the German seasons at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires from 1950 to 1953.

In his later years Böhm spent his time as guest conductor. He was invited to conduct many of the leading world orchestras. He often performed at Salzburg, Bayreuth, Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Milan, Paris and New York.
In 1957, he made his first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, conducting Don Giovanni. He was very popular there and conducted many operas, especially those by Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss.

Late in life, he was a regular guest conductor with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was given the title of LSO President for the rest of his life.

During his last years his sight was not very good. He died in Salzburg in 1981. His son was actor Karl Boehm.

His reputation 

Böhm was praised for his clear, energetic conducting. He did not have exaggerated mannerisms but got his orchestras to play with a warm, romantic sound which was never sentimental. Besides his favourite Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss he conducted many works by Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Bruckner, Brahms and Berg.

He was given many honours, including first Austrian Generalmusikdirektor. On his 80th birthday a big party was held, at which Herbert von Karajan gave him a clock.

Bibliography 
 New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;

References 

1894 births
1981 deaths
Austrian conductors
Grammy Award winners
People from Graz
Leipzig Gewandhaus

The Gewandhaus is a world famous concert hall in Leipzig, Germany. Today's building is the third hall to have this name. It is the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra.

The name "Gewandhaus" means a building where cloth is traded. Originally merchants used to sell their cloth there. 

The first Gewandhaus was built in 1781 by the architect Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe. The second opened in 1884, and was destroyed in the fire-bombings of World War II between 1943 and 1944. The third Gewandhaus, which stands now, was opened on 8 October 1981. It is known for its fine acoustics.

Buildings and structures in Saxony
Concert halls
Leipzig
Rebab

The rebab is a musical instrument from the Middle East. It is a very old instrument, and is probably the origin of the medieval rebec. It is a string instrument and is played by bowing or plucking the strings. It has a body made out of a solid piece of wood, with straight sides and a round back. The belly of the rebab is made of skin. The pegs used to tune the strings are like those on a violin, and are pushed into holes on the side of the peg box. The peg box is made from a separate piece of wood.

References

String instruments
Early musical instruments
Sackbut

The sackbut is a brass musical instrument from the Renaissance. By the 1750s, it was developing into the modern trombone. It has narrower tubing, does not have a water key, a slide lock or a tuning slide that are found on trombones. It is played by buzzing the lips into a mouthpiece. The length of the instrument could be changed by the use of a sliding tube which meant it could play a full chromatic range of notes. The earliest instruments come from the 1500's. The sackbut was popular because it could be played loudly or softly, and it could also be played in tune. They were made in a range of sizes, a descant (rarely used), alto, tenor and bass. They were often played to accompany a church choir.

References 

Trombones
Early musical instruments
PowerBook

The PowerBook was a type of laptop computer built by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1991 to 2006. The PowerBook was changed many times in the time that it was made. Many times, the laptop was the first to have features that would later become common in other laptops. The PowerBook line was made for professional people. It got many awards. Examples are the 2001 Industrial Design Excellence Awards "Gold" status, and Engadget's 2005 "Laptop of the Year".

Before the PowerBook, Apple made the Macintosh Portable. At that time, third-party laptops that ran Macintosh software were also available, such as the Outbound Laptop. In 1999, Apple started making the cheaper iBook model. The PowerBook and iBook lines were discontinued (Apple stopped making them) and replaced by the MacBook family in 2006.

Apple hardware
Laptops
IBook

The iBook was a line of laptop computers sold by Apple Inc. between 1999 and 2006. Apple designed these computer for the consumer and education markets, so they had lower specifications and prices than the PowerBook, Apple's higher-end line of laptop computers. 

Apple replaced the iBook line with the MacBook in May 2006 while Apple changed to using Intel processors. 

Apple hardware
Laptops
Scrapbook

A scrapbook is a book where people can keep pictures, newspapers articles, recipes, letters and similar things. It is often used to keep memorable things or a collection of things. It is also often used in the hobby of scrapbooking. Scrapbooking is the use of a scrapbook as a hobby rather than a more practical use such as keeping collections of recipes used in daily cooking. It is a way to preserve pictures and memories in a book that can last throughout a person's whole life.  Scrapbooking is becoming more popular. The hobby interest has created a business phenomenon with many companies selling various tools, paper and equipment to make the craft easier and more enjoyable.
Scrapbooking, also known as 'cropping,' is an art that creates family heirlooms.  Each page of a scrapbook become a family treasure, especially when the author writes in his/her own handwriting about the pictures.

Stationery
Hobbies
Agios Nikolaos

Agios Nikolaos is a town on Crete island. It is a coastal town in the northeast of Crete. It is near the main airport of Crete, "Nikos Kazatzakis". There are also ships which connect Agios Nikolaos with Piraeus and Dodekanisa islands.

Cities in Greece
Crete
Rethymno

Rethymno is the third biggest city of Crete island. It is in the north of Crete between Heraclion and Chania, the other big cities of Crete. Rethymno has 54,900 people. Rethymno has a big port and a beautiful old town and Castle. Today in Rethymno there is a university for literature studies.

References

Cities in Greece
Chios (city)

Chios (Greek: Χίος) is a Greek city and it is a capital of Chios island and Chios prefecture. It is one of the largest city from the cities of Greek islands. Its population is 32.000 residents. The town of Chios is located opposite the coasts of Turkey very close to region of ancient Erythrea. Chios connects with the port of Piraeus as well as other ports. The city is served by the Chios Island National Airport.

cities in Greece
Ron Clark

Ron Clark is an American teacher who has worked with disadvantaged students in rural North Carolina and Harlem, New York City. He is known for his books and multiple teaching awards. Clark's latest project is the Ron Clark Academy, a private non-profit school in Atlanta, Georgia where students follow a unique curriculum. The school also gives students opportunities for international travel and offers training workshops for teachers to learn more about Clark's teaching methods. Clark made a set of rules called the esential55 that he use to teach his students.

Living people
People from New York City
1972 births
Rhodes (city)

Rhodes is the capital of Rhodes island and Dodekanisa prefecture. It is a big city and very touristic mainly during summer period. Its population is at about 50.000 inhabitants but in the summer its population increases a lot. It is located in the north of Rhodes island. It has a big port where big cruise ships come all the time. Rhodes is very beautiful city with many sights. The most interesting sight is the big castle which it is built at the crusade period by Ioannites Knights. In the antiquity on the port of Rhodes there was the gigantic statue of the Sun God which was named Colossus of Rhodes. The statue was destroyed because of a powerful earthquake in the Roman period.

cities in Greece
Daniel Harding

Daniel Harding (born Oxford, 31 August 1975) is a British conductor.

Harding studied trumpet at Chetham's School of Music in Manchester.  When he was 13 he became a  member of the National Youth Orchestra.  When he was 17, Harding got together a group of musicians to perform Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg.   He sent a tape of the performance to the conductor Simon Rattle in Birmingham.  Rattle was very impressed and invited Harding to be assistant conductor to him at the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra for a year, from 1993-1994.   Harding then went to the University of Cambridge, but after his first year at university, he was invited by Claudio Abbado to be his assistant with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

Harding has been conductor of the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra (1997-2000), the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen (1999-2003) and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra (since 2003).   He conducted the 2005 opening night at La Scala, Milan in Idomeneo, after Ricardo Muti had resigned. 

In 2004, Harding was made guest conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra from 2006.  He became the Principal Conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra as of 2007.

Harding is married and has two children. His wife plays the viola.  He is a fan of the football club Manchester United.

Other websites
Daniel Harding official website 

1975 births
Living people
British conductors
Mytilene

Mitilene is a capital of lesbos island. Lesbos is the third biggest island in Greece. It is a beautiful city with important history. It is located in the east of Lesbos island. Mytilene has 36.196 inhabitants. In the past, Mytilene was a rich town and this seems from the rich houses in the city. Also, it has got a big port which connect Mytilene with Piraeus and other ports. 

Cities in Greece
Zakynthos (city)

Zakynthos is the capital of Zakynthos island. Zakynthos is one of the Ionian Islands. Zakynthos city is located in the north-west of island. Its population according to 2001 census is 16.457 inhabitants. It is a coastal city and it has got a port which connect Zakynthos with Peloponnese. Zakynthos is a beautiful town. The most beautiful district of city is the district Bochali. 

Cities in Greece
Mitsuko Uchida

(born Atami, Japan,  December 20, 1948) is a Japanese pianist who lives in London.

Life
Mitsuko Uchida was born in Atami, a seaside town near Tokyo, Japan.  When she was 12 her father became the Japanese ambassador to Austria, so the family moved to Vienna.  She studied at the Vienna Academy of Music.  Her teachers were Richard Hauser, and later Wilhelm Kempff and Stefan Askenase.  She gave her first recital when she was 14 in the Vienna Musikverein. After five years, her father went back to Japan, but she stayed in Vienna.    

In 1969 she won the first prize in the Beethoven Competition in Vienna and in 1970 the second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition. Then, in 1975, she won second prize in the Leeds Piano Competition.  

Her career has been very successful.  She played all the Mozart Piano Concertos with the Cleveland Orchestra.  She is well known for her playing of the works of Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Debussy and Schoenberg. Her recordings include all of Mozart's piano sonatas and concertos, and won many awards for her recordings.

Uchida now lives in London.

Uchida was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

References

Other websites
Mitsuko Uchida

Japanese pianists
1948 births
Living people
Ekaltadeta

The Ekaltadeta was a giant, meat-eating rat-kangaroo from Australia. This long-extinct marsupial (pouched mammal) lived from the late Oligocene (roughly 25 million years ago) until about 50 thousands years ago. Fossils have been found in northern Australia, at the Riversleigh site (in Queensland).

Marsupials of Australia
Fossils
Aad de Mos

Aad de Mos (born 27 March 1947) is a former Dutch football manager.

References 

1947 births
Living people
Dutch football managers
Eredivisie managers
Sportspeople from The Hague
Britain's Got Talent

Britain's Got Talent is a British television show on ITV and part of the Got Talent series. The programme is presented by Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly (colloquially known as Ant & Dec).

There is one series each year; the most recent being the thirteenth series. The four judges of the current series are: Simon Cowell, Alesha Dixon, Amanda Holden and David Walliams.

The winner of the programme performs in front of the Queen at The Royal Variety Show and receives a cash prize of £250,000.

Judges and presenters
The show started in 2007 with the original line-up Ant & Dec hosting and Simon Cowell, Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan as judges. The same format was kept until the end of Series 4, when Piers Morgan announced his departure from the show. In series 5, David Hasselhoff and Michael Macintyre joined the panel, but they both only stayed for one series. In 2012, they were replaced by David Walliams and Alesha Dixon. The current panel is made up of Simon Cowell, Amanda Holden, Alesha Dixon and David Walliams. Stephen Mulhern had been presenting the spin-off show Britain's Got More Talent from series 1 to Series 13, In March 2020, It was announced that Britain's Got More Talent was going to be axed. The show has also featured different guest judges (judges who were not permanent and most likely filled in for an ill or late judge). In 2020, a judge from Dancing on Ice Ashley Banjo replaced Simon Cowell after he had a long injury because Cowell break the part of his back after a electric bike fall.

Series overview

References

2007 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
ITV reality television programmes
Reality television competitions
English-language television programs
Television series created by Simon Cowell
Syco

Syco Entertainment, often known as simply Syco, was a British entertainment company.  It was started in 2002 by X Factor and Britain's Got Talent judge, Simon Cowell. It is no longer in operation.

There are offices in London and Los Angeles

Syco TV

Syco Television mostly works in the UK and U.S.  As of 2011, it produces around 200 hours of primetime television for FOX, NBC, ITV1 and ITV2 networks. Its key programs are The X Factor and Got Talent.

Syco Music 

Syco Music is home to a dozen artists. Syco is the only company to sign winners and finalists of The X Factor and Got Talent. Since 2004, the label has had 22 UK #1 singles.

Current artists
 Leona Lewis (joint U.S. deal with RCA Records)
 Olly Murs (joint UK deal with Epic Records)
 Rebecca Ferguson (joint UK deal with RCA and joint U.S. deals with Epic and Columbia Records)
 One Direction (joint U.S deal with Columbia Records)
 Cher Lloyd (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
 Susan Boyle (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records)
 Jackie Evancho (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records)
 Labrinth
 Il Divo
 Andrew Johnston
 Melanie Amaro (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
 Chris Rene (joint U.S. deal with Epic Records)
 Jonathan and Charlotte
 Molly Rainford
 Ryan O'Shaughnessy (joint UK deal with RCA Records)
 Rachel Crow (joint U.S. deal with Columbia Records in association with Nickelodeon)
 Little Mix
 Loveable Rogues

Previous artists
 Gareth Gates (2002–2006, dropped/left to expand)
 Steve Brookstein (2004–2005, dropped)
 Bianca Ryan (2006–2008, dropped)
 Angelis (2006–2007, disbanded)
 Leon Jackson (2007–2009, dropped)
 Same Difference (2007–2009, dropped)
 Rhydian (2007–2010, left)
 Paul Potts (2007–2010, left)
 Escala (2008–2010, left to join Sony BMG)
 Shayne Ward (2005–2011, dropped)
 Joe McElderry (2009–2011, left to join Decca)
 Westlife (1998–2011, left)
 Alexandra Burke (2009–2012, left and joined RCA Records)
 Ronan Parke (2011–2012, dropped)
 Jai McDowall (2011–2012, dropped)
 Matt Cardle (2011–2012, left and joined So WHAT! Recordings)

References

Other websites
 Syco TV at IMDb

British record labels
Neil Diamond

Neil Leslie Diamond (born 24 January, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He wrote songs for Sonny and Cher, the Ronettes, Jay and the Americans and the Monkees. He began singing his own songs in 1966. From 1966 to 1968 he had written 14 hit songs and sold more than 12 million records. For a while he was the most highly paid performer in the world.

His first recording was "Solitary Man" in 1966. He recorded the album Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show which included the song "Sweet Caroline". This song reached number 3 on the US charts and sold more than a million copies.

Diamond is Jewish.

In January 2018, Diamond was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

References

Country musicians from New York
American folk musicians
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
People with Parkinson's disease
Singer-songwriters from New York
Folk singers
Jewish American musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
1945 births
Living people
Got Talent series

The Got Talent franchise is a British TV format owned by Simon Cowell's SYCO.  It has many popular shows such as Britain's Got Talent and America's Got Talent.

Reality television competitions
Television series created by Simon Cowell
István Kertész

István Kertész (born Budapest, Hungary, 28 August 1929; died near Tel Aviv, Israel, 16 April 1973) was a world-famous  Hungarian Jewish conductor.

Early life
Kertész was born in Budapest.  His family were Jewish.  His father was director at a leather factory.  When his father died of appendicitis in 1938, his mother had to go out to work to earn money.  It was not easy at the time for women in Hungary to find work, but she was successful.  István started to learn the violin when he was six, and after a few years he started learning the piano as well.

When the Nazis invaded  Hungary during World War II his family had to hide.  Most of them were found and taken to Auschwitz where they died.  In spite of the terrible situation István’s mother encouraged him to keep practising music.  After the war he graduated from school and went to the Royal Academy of Music (now the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest, where he studied violin, piano, and composition.   Zoltán Kodály was one of his teachers.  He soon became interested in conducting, and learned a lot from Bruno Walter, and Otto Klemperer, then the director of the Budapest Opera.

Career
From 1953 to 1955, István Kertész conducted at Györ, and the Budapest Opera orchestra.  After the 1956 uprising in Hungary he and his family left their country and went to Germany.  He settled there and took German nationality.

Kertész became conductor at Augsburg (1958-1963) and then at Cologne.  He first appeared in Britain in 1960 with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and then with the London Symphony Orchestra.  He first conducted in America in 1961, touring with the Hamburg RSO.  He conducted at Covent Garden in 1965, and then took over from Pierre Monteux as conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Kertész had a very large repertoire and conducted nearly all of the world’s great orchestras.   He conducted many operas, and was especially fond of the music of Bartok, Henze, Stravinsky and Britten.  He gave the first Vienna performance of Britten’s War Requiem and the first performance in Germany of his opera Billy Budd.  He made many recordings.

On 16 April 1973, while on a concert tour, István Kertész drowned while swimming off the coast of Israel near Tel Aviv.  He was survived by his wife, three children, mother and sister.

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

Other websites
Istvan Kertesz Biography  at Decca Records

1929 births
1973 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Entertainers from Budapest
German conductors
Hungarian conductors
PGA Tour

The PGA Tour is a professional golf association.  The association is in charge of the professional golf tours in the United States.  Its three tours are the PGA Tour, the Champions Tour, and the Web.com Tour.

Golf
Sports organizations of the United States
Phil Mickelson

Phil Mickelson (born June 16, 1970) is an American golfer. He plays on the PGA Tour. He has 39 PGA Tour wins. He has won The Masters three times. The most recent time was in 2010. Mickelson has the nickname "Lefty" because he swings with his left hand.

He won the 2021 PGA Championship, becoming the oldest winner in golf history at aged 50.

Early life
He was born in San Diego, California. His father Phil Mickelson Sr. was an airline pilot and former naval aviator. and Mary Mickelson. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona.

References

American golfers
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
1970 births
Living people
Fall of Constantinople

The fall of Constantinople was when the Ottoman Empire took over Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53-day siege started on 6 April 1453.

This event marks the end of the Byzantine Empire, and so it was the end of the Roman Empire, which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years. Previous Sultans had taken most of the Empire in previous centuries. Some places, like the Morea Despotate and Empire of Trebizond were not defeated by the Ottomans until several years later.

The fall of Constantinople had important results, because the Ottoman Turks at last had control of the Balkans. Nothing could stop them from further Muslim conquests in Europe, which went on until after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. After the fall of Constantinople and the Byzantine empire, many refugees escaped to Western Europe and helped create humanism. In particular, the arrival in Italy of Greek scholars is said to have helped the Renaissance.

References 

History of Turkey
1453
List of libertarian parties

Many countries have libertarian political parties. Although these parties may call themselves "libertarian," their way of thinking may differ from one another and not all of them can be described as really libertarian. Some of these parties prefer to be called "liberal" rather than "libertarian."

By country

Australia
 Liberal Democratic Party
 Libertarian Party

Belgium
 Flemish List and Democrats (classical liberalism)
 List Dedecker (classical liberalism)

Brazil
 Libertarians

Canada
 British Columbia Libertarian Party
 Freedom Party of Canada (Objectivism)
 Freedom Party of Manitoba
 Freedom Party of Ontario (Objectivism)
 Libertarian Party of Canada
 Ontario Libertarian Party

Costa Rica
 Movimiento Libertario (classical liberalism) (Possible shifting to liberalism)

Czech Republic
 Freedom Union–Democratic Union
 Liberal Reform Party

Denmark
 Liberalisterne (classical liberalism)

Estonia
 Estonian Reform Party (classical liberalism)

France
 Liberal Alternative (Alternative Libérale) (classical liberalism)

Germany
 Free Democratic Party (classical liberalism)

Greece
 Liberal Alliance (classical liberalism)

Hong Kong
 Liberal Party (libertarian in many aspects)

Iceland
 Independence Party

Ireland
Progressive Democrats

Italy
 Italian Radicals (left-libertarian)
 Liberal Reformers

Netherlands
 Libertarian Party (Libertarische Partij)

New Zealand
 ACT New Zealand
 Libertarianz (Neo-Objectivism)

Norway
 Liberal People's Party
 Progress Party

Poland
 Real Politics Union (Unia Polityki Realnej)
 KORWiN

Russia
 Russian Libertarian Movement (Rossiyskoye Libertarianskoye Dvizhenie (RLD))

Serbia
 Liberal Democratic Party

Slovakia
 Civic Conservative Party

Sweden
 Libertarian Party

Switzerland
 Free Democratic Party of Switzerland

Turkey
 Freedom and Solidarity Party

Venezuela
 Civil Resistance (classical liberalism)

United Kingdom
 Libertarian Party
 United Kingdom Independence Party (slight libertarianism)

United States
 Jefferson Republican Party (Paleolibertarianism)
 Libertarian Party (largest libertarian-leaning party in the U.S.)
 Populist Party of America (Populist in name only)
 Personal Choice Party
 Boston Tea Party

Footnotes