Munshi Premchand

Munshi Premchand (Hindi: प्रेमचंद, Urdu: پریمچںد‎), whose original name was Dhanpat Rai Srivastava, He was born on 31 July 1880 and he died on 8 October 1936. He was a writer of modern Hindi and Urdu literature.

Biography
Munshi Premchand (, ), whose original name was Dhanpat Rai Srivastava , was born on 31 July 1880, in village Lamahi near Varanasi, where his father was a clerk in the post office. Premchand's parents died young - his mother when he was seven and his father while he was fourteen and still a student. Premchand was left responsible for his stepmother and step-siblings. 

Early in life, Premchand faced immense poverty. He earned five rupees a month tutoring a lawyer's child. He was married at the early age of fifteen but that marriage failed, later he married again, to Shivrani Devi, a balavidhava (child widow), and had several children. She supported him through life struggles. 

Premchand passed his  exam with great effort in 1898, and in 1899 he took up school-teaching job, with a monthly salary of eighteen rupees. In 1919 he passed his B.A. with English, Persian and History. Later, Premchand worked as the deputy sub-inspector of schools.

Premchand lived a life of financial struggle. Once he took a loan of two-and-a-half rupees to buy some clothes. He had to struggle for three years to pay it back.

When asked why he does not write anything about himself, he answered: "What greatness do I have that I have to tell anyone about? I live just like millions of people in this country; I am ordinary. My life is also ordinary. I am a poor school teacher suffering family travails. During my whole lifetime, I have been grinding away with the hope that I could become free of my sufferings. But I have not been able to free myself from suffering. What is so special about this life that needs to be told to anybody?". 

During his last years,he became terribly ill. The money his wife used to give for his treatment was used in running his press "The Saraswati". He was also writing a book "Mangalsutra" which would never be completed. All this had serious impact on his health leading to his early death on 8th October 1936, at the age of 56.

Writing style
The main characteristic of Premchand's writings is his interesting story-telling and use of simple language. His novels describe the problems of the rural peasant classes. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritized Hindi (as was the common practice among Hindi writers), and also Spanish language.

Literary works
Premchand has written about 300 short stories, several novels as well as many essays and letters. He has also written some plays. He also did some translations. Many of Premchand's stories have been translated into English and Russian.

Godaan (The gift of a cow), his last novel, is considered the finest Hindi novel of all times. The hero, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. Hori gets a cow but pays with his life for it. After his death, the village priests demand a cow from his widow to bring his soul to peace.

In Kafan (Shroud), a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife, but spends it on food and drink.

Famous stories

Panch Parameshvar (Five Almighty)
Idgah (ईदगाह اِیدگاہ) (The gift on Eid)
Nashaa (नशा نشا) (Addiction)
Shatranj Ke Khiladiلاڈی) (The chess players)
Poos ki raat (पूस की रात پُوس کی رات) (Winter's Night)
Atmaram (आत्माराम آتمارام)
Boodhi Kaki (बूढी काकी بُوڈھی کاکی) (The Old Aunty)
Bade Bhaisahab (बडे भाईसाब بڈے بھائیساب) (The elder gentleman)
Bade Ghar Ki Beti (बडे घर की बेटी بڈے گھر کی بیٹی) (The daughter of a wealthy house)
Kafan (कफ़न کفن) (Shroud)
Dikri Ke Rupai (दिक्रि के रुपै دِکرِ کے رُپے)
Udhar Ki Ghadi (उधार की घडी اُدھار کی گھڈی) (The credited watch)
Panch Phool (पाँच फूल) (The five flowers)
Prem Purnima (प्रेम पूर्णिमा) (the Full moon of Love)
Ram Katha (राम कथा) (The story of Lord Ram)
 Pariksha(Examination)
Gora (गोरा) (Fair-skinned)

Novels
Gaban (गबन) (Speed)
Sevasadan (the Workplace)
Godaan (गोदान)
Karmabhoomi (कर्मभूमि)(the Land of Work)
Kaayakalp (कायाकल्प)
Manorma (मनोरमा)(Beautiful)
Mangalsutra (मंगलसूत्र) (wedding necklace) 
Nirmala (निर्मला)
Pratigya (प्रतिज्ञा) (Pledge)
Premashram (प्रेमाश्रम)(the Temple of Love)
Rangbhoomi (रंगभूमि) (the Land of Colours)
Vardaan (वरदान) (Blessing)
Mera Khoon (मेरा खून) (My Blood)

Plays
Karbala
 Prem Ki Vedi

Films based on Premchand's work
Satyajit Ray filmed two of Premchand's works – Sadgati and Shatranj Ke Khiladi. Sadgati (Salvation) is a short story about poor Dukhi, who gets exhausted to death while he hews wood for more or less nothing. Shatranj ke Khiladi (The Chess Players) tells the story of chess players who are so concentrated on a game that they forget their responsibilities in the midst of a crisis.

Films and TV serials
 Sadgati (1981) (TV)
 Shatranj Ke Khilari (1977)
 Godhuli (1977)
 Oka Oori Katha (1977)
 Gaban (1966)
 Godaan (1963)
 Seva Sadan (1938) (based on the novel Bazaar-e-Husn)
 Mazdoor (1934)
 Nirmala (TV Series, 1980s)

References

Other websites

 Biography
 Another brief biography
 Translations of two stories by Premchand
 Collection of Munshi Premchand's stories and novels 
 Complete collection of his literature and some of it available for reading online 
 Website in making about works of Premchand

1880 births
1936 deaths
Indian writers