cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
376


Year 376 (CCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Gothic War: Emperor Valens lets the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people cross the Danube from Thrace.  They can live in Lower Moesia if they provide soldiers to the legions.  
 The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, ask for help from the Roman Empire. They are refused. 
 The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube.  They go south towards the region near Marcianople (Bulgaria).
 Lupicinus, Comes (Count) of Thrace, tries to bring the Visigoths back under control. He invites Fritigern and the Gothic leaders to a banquet.  During the feast Lupicinus tries to kill the Gothics. Fritigern escapes.  
 Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths.  His force (5,000 men) is defeated. The Goths get Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey). 
 Winter – Fritigern tries to siege Adrianople.

China 
 Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Jiān of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made "Marquess of Guiyi". 
 China is divided between the Former Qin in the north and the Eastern Jin in the south.

Births 
 Cyril of Alexandria, patrairch and theologian (d. 444)

Deaths 
 Ermanaric, king of the Gothic Greuthungi
 Theodosius the Elder, Roman general
 Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (b. 320)
 Yuan Hong, historian and politician of the Jin Dynasty (b. 328)

370s
294


Year 294 (CCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Galerius, Roman Caesar in the Balkan, fights the Goths, Marcomanni, Sarmatians, and Carpi.
 Emperor Diocletian goes with the young Constantine I the Great to Egypt. He besieges Alexandria.  They take down "emperor" Achilleus.

Asia 
 Tuoba Luguan succeeds his nepnew Tuoba Fu as chieftain of the Tuoba clan.

Births 
 Sima Bao, prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 320)

Deaths 
 Tuoba Fu, chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba clan

290s
334


Year 334 (CCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Flavius Dalmatius stops a revolt in Cyprus led by Calocaerus. Calocaerus is brought to Tarsus (Cilicia) and killed.
 The Goths protect the Danube against the Vandals.
 Emperor Constantine the Great again starts gladiatorial combat.

China 
 The barbarian king Che Hou rules in China. His sons try to kill him.  They are caught and killed.

Births 
 Huiyuan, Chinese Buddhist teacher and founder of the Donglin Temple (d. 416)
 Sabbas the Goth, Christian reader and saint (d. 372)
 Virius Nicomachus Flavianus, Roman historian and politician (d. 394)

Deaths 
 Calocaerus, Roman usurper
 Empress Dowager Cheng
 Li Ban, emperor of Chang Han (b. 288)
 Li Xiong, first emperor of Cheng Han (b. 274)
 Shi Hong, emperor of the Chinese Jie state (b. 313)
 Tao Kan, general of the Jin Dynasty (b. 259)
 Wei Huacun, founder of the Shangqing sect of Daoism (b. 252)

References 

330s
333


Year 333 (CCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Flavius Dalmatius and Domitius Zenofilus become consuls.
 Calocaerus goes against Constantine I and calls himself Emperor.
 December 25 – Constantine I gives his youngest son Constans the rank of Caesar at Constantinople.

China 
 Shi Hong succeeds his father Shi Le as Emperor of the Later Zhao Empire, in the Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms.

Births 
 Saint Monica, Algerian Christian saint and mother of Augustine of Hippo (approximate date)

Deaths 
 Empress Liu
 Murong Hui, Xianbei chief and Duke Xiang of Liaodong (b. 269) 
 Shi Le, founder and emperor of the Chinese Jie state (b. 274)

330s
231


231 (CCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Alexander Severus fights against the Persians.

Asia 
 Zhuge Liang starts the fourth of his Northern Expeditions against the state of Cao Wei.

By topic

Religion 
 Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is sent away to Caesarea.

Births 
 Cao Fang, Emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (d. 274)
 Sun Chen, regent of the Kingdom of Wu (d. 258)

Deaths 
 Cao Zhen, general of Kingdom of Wei (b. 185)
 Hua Xin, adviser of Kingdom of Wei (b. 157)
 Li Hui, minister of Kingdom of Shu
 Zhang He, military leader under Cao Cao (b. 167)

230s
226


Year 226 (CCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Asia 
 June 29 – Cao Pi dies.  His son Cao Rui becomes emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.
 King Ardashir I defeats Artabanus IV.  He is crowned "King of Kings" of the Persian Empire. This begins the 400 year-reign of the Sassanid Empire.
 The Empire of Parthia falls.

Births 
 Wang Bi, Chinese philosopher (d. 249)
 Lu Kang, son of Lu Xun (b. 274)

Deaths 
 June 29 – Cao Pi, Emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (China) (b. 187)
 Shi Xie, ruler of Jiaozhi (b. 137)
 Shi Hui, son of Shi Xie
 Shi Zhi,  eldest son of Shi Xie
 Artabanus IV, last ruler of the Parthian Empire
266


Year 266 (CCLXVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 King Odaenathus of Palmyra invades Persia.  He takes the capital Ctesiphon. He gives himself with the title "king of kings".

Ireland 
 The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt ends (approximate date).

Births 
 Wang Dun, general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 324)

Deaths 

260s
277


Year 277 (CCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Probus travels with his army west across the Sea of Marmara (Turkey).  He defeats the Goths along the lower Danube.
 Probus enters Rome to get his title of Emperor approved by the Senate.

Asia 
 Tuoba Xilu succeeds his father Tuoba Liwei as chieftain of the Tuoba clan.

Births 
 Sima Ai, prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 304)
 Zhang Mao, ruler of Former Liang (d. 324)

Deaths 
 Tuoba Liwei, chieftain of the Tuoba clan (China)

270s
349


Year 349 (CCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Asia 
 Emperor Shi Zun dies. His son Shi Jian succeeds him as emperor of the Jie state. 
 The Mou-jong (proto-Mongols) take control of North China.

Births 
 John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)

Deaths 
 Empress Liu, wife of emperor Shi Hu (b. 318)
 Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao (b. 295)
 Shi Shi, emperor and brother of Shi Zun (b. 339)
 Shi Zun, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao
 Wei Shuo, calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty (b. 272)
 Empress Zhang, wife of emperor Shi Zun
 Empress Zheng Yingtao, mother of emperor Shi Zun

340s
291


Year 291 (CCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Diocletian signs peace treaties with the kingdoms of Aksum and Nubia.

China 
 War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan a civil war starts among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty.

Births 
 Li Xiu, female general during the Jin Dynasty
 Saint Agnes, Christian martyress (d. c. 304)
 Saint Hilarion, anchorite and saint (d. 371)  
 Saint Philomena, Christian martyress (d. c. 304)

Deaths 
 Sima Liang, regent during the rule of Sima Yan  
 Sima Wei, prince during the Jin Dynasty (b. 271)
 Wei Guan, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 220)
 Wen Yang, general of the Kingdom of Wei  (b. 238)
 Yang Jun, official during the rule of Sima Yan 

290s
254


Year 254 (CCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 

 Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus and Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus become Roman Consuls.

By topic

Religion 
 May 12 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I as the 23rd pope.

Births

Deaths 
 Li Feng
 Xiahou Xuan, minister of Wei and son of Xiahou Shang (b. 209)
271


Year 271 (CCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Aurelian pushes the Vandals back from Pannonia.
 January
 Battle of Placentia: The Alamanni invade Italy.  They take the city of Piacenza. 
 Battle of Fano: The Alamanni move toward Rome. Aurelian defeats the Germanic tribes on the Metauro River. 
 Battle of Pavia: The Roman army chase after the Alamanni in Lombardy. 
 Felicissimus leads an uprising against Aurelian. He is defeated and killed on the Caelian Hill. 
 Aurelian begins to build a new defensive wall to protect Rome.

Europe 
 Victorinus, Emperor of the Gallic Empire, is killed by Attitianus. Domitianus is Emperor for a few days before being replaced by Tetricus I.

Syria 
 Zenobia makes herself to be Empress.  She breaks all relations with the Roman Empire. 
 Zenobia gives her son Vaballathus the title of Augustus.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 King Shapur I builds the Academy of Gundishapur (Iran).
 A magnetic compass is first used in China.

Births 
 Sima Wei, prince during the Jin Dynasty (d. 291)

Deaths 
 Ding Feng, general of the Kingdom of Wu
 Domitianus, Emperor of the Gallic Empire
 Felicissimus, Roman financial minister (rationalis)
 Liu Shan, last Emperor of the Kingdom of Shu (b. 207)
 Pei Xiu, minister and cartographer of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 224)
 Sima Wang, general of the Jin Dynasty (b. 205)
 Victorinus, Emperor of the Gallic Empire

270s
283


Year 283 (CCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Carus travels through Thrace and Asia Minor. He invades Syria and Mesopotamia. 
 Carus gets the title of Persicus Maximus.  
 Carus dies.  During a violent dust storm he is killed by a stroke of lightning.
 Marcus Aurelius Carinus succeeds his father Carus.  
 December – Numerian is made Emperor by his soldiers.

By topic

Religion 
 December 17 – Pope Caius succeeds Pope Eutychian as the 28th pope.

Births 
 Eusebius of Vercelli, bishop and saint (approximate date)
 Ge Hong, Chinese taoist and government official (d. 343)

Deaths 
 December 7 – Pope Eutychian
 Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (b. 224)
 Shan Tao, Chinese taoist (b. 205) 

280s
270


Year 270 (CCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Claudius II Gothicus dies.  He is succeeded by his brother Quintillus.
 Quintillus commits suicide.  He is succeeded by Lucius Domitius Aurelianus.
 Aurelianus pushes the Goths back across the Danube and recovers Roman land.
 The Romans leave Utrecht because the Germanic tribes keep fighting.
 Crisis of the Third Century: An economic crisis starts in the Roman empire.

By topic

Technology 
 The Chinese invent gunpowder. At first, it appears to be used only for fireworks.

Births 
 November 20 – Maximinus II, Roman Emperor
 Nicholas of Myra (Santa Claus) (d. 343)
 Rabbah bar Nahmani, Babylonian 'amora
 Saint Spyridon, bishop of Trimythous (d. 348)

Deaths 
 St. Valentine (executed by Claudius II) (Possible year)
 Claudius II, Roman Emperor (b. 213)
 Quintillus, Roman emperor
 Plotinus, father of Neo-Platonism (b. c. 205) (approximate date)
 Jingu of Japan, possibly legendary empress of Japan
 Luo Xian, general of the Kingdom of Shu 
 Qiao Zhou, minister of the Kingdom of Shu (b. 201)

270
264


Year 264 (CCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Asia 
 Jiang Wei tries to restore the Kingdom of Shu.  He wants Zhong Hui to have a rebellion against Sima Zhao, ruler of Cao Wei. 
 Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu.

Births

Deaths 
 Deng Ai, general of the Cao Wei
 Deng Zhong, general of Wei, son of famed general Deng Ai (b. 230)
 Jiang Wei, general of Shu Han, grand commander and strategist, and foster son of Zhuge Liang (b. 202)
 Liao Hua, general of Shu
 Sima Zhao, general of Wei, son of Sima Yi (b. 211) 
 Sun Xiu, Emperor of Eastern Wu (b. 235)
 Zhang Bu, general of Wu
 Zhang Yi, general of Shu
 Zhong Hui, general of Wei (b. 225)

260s
150


Year 150 (CL) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Europe 
 The Roman town Forum Hadriani gets the title of "the town of the Cananefates".  The town is allowed to have markets. 
 The Germans of the east move south, into the Carpathians and Black Sea area.
 The Albani appear in the Roman province of Macedon.

Asia 
 First and only year of Heping of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

Americas 
 The Middle Culture period of Mayan civilization ends (approximate date).
 The Great Pyramid of the Sun is built in Teotihuacan.  It is the tallest pre-Columbian building in the Americas.

By topic

Religion 
 Marcion of Sinope makes his bible canon.  It has versions of the Gospel of Luke and ten Pauline letters (approximate date).

Arts and sciences 
 The earliest atlas (Ptolemy's Geography) is made (approximate date).
 Completion of Ptolemy's monumental work Almagest. The geocentric cosmology is followed for 1,400 years.
 Antoninus Liberalis writes a work on mythology (approximate date).
 Paper, made in China, arrives in Transoxiana.

Births 
 Monoimus, Arab gnostic (approximate date)
 Nagarjuna, founder of Mahayana "Great Vehicle" (approximate date)
 Zhang Zhongjing, Chinese physician (d. 219)
 Yufuluo (d. 196)

Deaths 
 Aśvaghoṣa, Indian poet (approximate date)
 Empress Liang Na, wife of Emperor Shun of Han (b. 116)
165


Year 165 (CLXV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia.  They take Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians ask for peace.
 A pandemic known as the Antonine Plague breaks out in Rome.
 Dura-Europos is taken by the Romans.
 The Romans make a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates.
 Avidius Cassius takes Nisibis.  He conquers the north of Mesopotamia. 
 Marcus Aurelius creates four legal districts in Italy.

By topic

Religion 
 The philosopher Justin of Nablus is executed in Rome as a Christian. 
 Discourse to the Greek (Oratio ad Graecos), by the Syrian Tatian, is the first treatise on the evils of paganism in Christian literature.

Births 
 Macrinus, Roman emperor (approximate date)

Deaths 
 Justin Martyr, early apologist for Christianity
 Claudius Ptolemaeus, Greek astronomer (approximate date)
 Empress Deng Mengnu, wife of Emperor Huan of Han
 Elpinice (daughter of Herodes Atticus)
Google Play

Google Play is a platform by Google. It is a online store for music, books, movies and a few million Android applications. Google formed it in March 2012 by merging four different stores:

 Android Market, the oldest, was started in October 2008
 Google Music
 Google Books
 Google Movies.

Google Play also sold Google hardware devices, until 2015 when Google started a new Google Store for that.

References

Play
Ragged Island

Ragged Island is a small island and district in the southern Bahamas. The island was badly damaged by Hurricane Donna.  In 2000 there were just 72 people.

References

Islands of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas
The Open Door Tour

The Open Door Tour is the second worldwide tour by American alternative metal band Evanescence. Supporting the bands' second album, The Open Door, the tour began October 5, 2006, in Toronto, Canada and lasted for a little over a year. During the tour, the band performed at several popular music festivals, including Download and PinkPop festivals and Z100's Jingle Ball. The setlist included songs from The Open Door and the bands debut album, Fallen.

Background

For the first leg of the tour, the band toured locations in North America in October and traveled to Europe in November to play a number of shows before returning to the U.S. in December to perform in large arenas. The band later continued this leg of the tour in January 2007 in Montreal, Canada, playing in locations in Canada before heading to Japan and Australia.

The second leg of the tour began on March 16, kicking off in Fresno, California. The tour ran through the U.S., South America, South Africa and Europe, closing their European tour with a sell-out concert at the Amphi in Ra'anana, Israel, on June 26, 2007. On May 4, 2007, guitarist John LeCompt was fired and drummer Rocky Grey quit. They were replaced by Troy McLawhorn and Will Hunt from the band Dark New Day.

Evanescence later co-headlined The Family Values Tour alongside Korn from July 27 until September 2, 2007. Afterwards, the band left on their Winter tour on October 23, playing shows in the U.S. and Mexico, before concluding the album's tour on December 8, 2007 in Kingston, Rhode Island. It was initially stated that McLawhorn and Hunt would tour with Evanescence till the end of the Family Values Tour in September, but continued to play with the band through The Open Door tour.

Opening Acts

First Leg
 Revelation Theory (United States, Europe)
 Stone Sour (Canada)
 The Black Maria (Canada)
 Shihad (Australia)

Second Leg
 Chevelle (United States)
 Finger Eleven (United States)

Third Leg
 Sick Puppies
 Julien-K
 Shiny Toy Guns (Special Appearance)

Setlists
{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = First Leg
| content =North America
"Sweet Sacrifice"
"Weight of the World"
"The Only One"
"Going Under"
"Whisper"
"Lithium"
"Good Enough"
"Haunted"
"Imaginary"
"Call Me When You're Sober"
"Bring Me to Life"
"Lacrymosa"
Encore
"My Immortal"
"All That I'm Living For"

Europe
Sweet Sacrifice 
Weight of the World 
Going Under 
The Only One 
Haunted 
Whisper 
Lithium 
Good Enough 
Call Me When You're Sober 
Imaginary 
Bring Me to Life
Lacrymosa 
Encore
My Immortal
All That I'm Living For 
}}

Evanescence
Concert tours

en:The Open Door#Tour
Chelsea (name)

The name Chelsea is a given name used for females. It is pronounced CHELL-see. There are many famous people named Chelsea, including Chelsea Clinton (the daughter of former President Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton). The name was used most in 1992, when it was at #15 in the United States on the USA Social Security Administration baby naming chart.

The name might come from the Old English language and mean "chalk landing place".

People named Chelsea
 Chelsea Brown, actress
 Chelsea Brummet, actress
 Chelsea Field, actress
 Chelsea Handler, comedian
 Chelsee Healey, actress
 Chelsea Hobbs, actress
 Chelsea Kane, actress and singer
 Chelsea Newton, basketball player
 Chelsea Noble, actress
 Chelsea Quealey, jazz trumpeter

Places
 Chelsea, Victoria, Australia
 Chelsea, Nova Scotia, Canada
 Chelsea, Quebec, Canada
 Chelsea, London, United Kingdom

Given names
Stairlift

A stairlift or stair lift is a special type of chair. The user sits in the chair and it moves him or her up the stairs. Stairlifts are often used by people who are handicapped or cannot walk up the stairs.

Stairlifts travel on rails that are bolted to the staircase, not the wall. Most stairlifts have a battery-powered motor. The battery allows the user to ride the lift even if the power goes out.

Types of stairlifts 
Straight Rail Stair Lifts - A straight rail stair lift is the most common type of stair lift on the market because it’s designed for the types of stairs most common in homes. With a straight rail stair lift, the rail is attached to the treads of the stairs by legs and are spaced approximately a foot apart.

Curved Rail Stair Lifts - Curved rail stair lift mapped to the unique curvature of a staircase as a result, the planning and installation process can be a bit more expensive since it requires more unique customisation and a potentially longer rail.

Platform Stair Lifts - Wheelchair or platform stair lifts take the standard seat-style stair lift but add enough room for a wheelchair to be carried up stairs. These stair lifts can necessitate more power than traditional curved or straight rail stair lifts as well, and are therefore most common in commercial buildings, hospitals, or assisted living facilities and nursing homes.

References

Elevators
Teatro Regio (Turin)

The Teatro Regio ('Royal Theatre') is a well-known opera house and opera company in Turin, Italy.

Operas had been performed in various buildings in Turin during the 17th century but it was not until 1713 that a proper opera house was planned.  It was not built and finished until 1740.  It was a beautiful opera house with 1,500 seats and with 139 boxes.

In 1792 it was closed and became a warehouse.  With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theatre was renamed the Teatro Nazionale and finally, after Napoleon became emperor, renamed again as the Teatro Imperiale.   When Napoleon's lost power in 1814 it got its original name back: the Regio.

Other theatres were built and gave seasons of opera in Turin. Among them was the restored Teatro Carignano in 1824. It was taken over by the municipality in 1932 and, after the destruction by fire of the Teatro Regio in 1936, the Carignano was the main opera house in the city until the Regio reopened in 1973.

The Regio was rebuilt in 1905 but the theatre closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919.  Until February 1936, seasons of opera were presented until fire then destroyed everything except the front of the building. It remained closed for thirty-seven years.  Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898, during which time several production of works of Wagner were given their first Italian performances.

The opera house was rebuilt an opened in 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi's I Vespri Siciliani directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano.

The new house, which uses the original frontage, seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes. An acoustic shell was added to improve its sound.  Many operas are performed there, including modern operas.

References
Lynn, Karyl Charna, Italian Opera Houses and Festivals, Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2005.  
Plantamura, Carol, The Opera Lover's Guide to Europe, New York: Citadel Press, 1996.

Other websites
Teatro Regio Torino website (both English and Italian)

Opera houses in Italy
Buildings and structures in Italy
Turin
1740 establishments
18th-century establishments in Italy
1740s establishments in Europe
Ahsa

Ahsa may mean:
 Al-Ahsa (disambiguation), the Saudi Arabian oasis region (also spelled al-Hasa and Hassa)
 the American Horse Shows Association
 the American Hunters and Shooters Association
 , the Gothic letter a, see Gothic alphabet, Ansuz rune
Al-Ahsa (disambiguation)

Al-Ahsa (or Al-Hasa) may refer to:
 Al-Ahsa or Al-Hasa - an oasis region in eastern Saudi Arabia
 Al-Ahsa Governorate - the administrative unit that includes the Al-Ahsa oasis
 Al-Bahrain (historical region), which includes most of Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province
 Al-Ahsa Eyalet, a subdivision of the Ottoman Empire

 Ahsa
Al-Hasa

Al-Ahsa, sometimes Al-Hasa, El Hasa, or Hadjar is a traditional oasis region in eastern Saudi Arabia. The oasis is about 60 km inland from the Persian Gulf.

Al-Ahsa is part of the region known historically as Al-Bahrayn.  It includes the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula down to the borders of Oman.  It also includes the island of Awal (modern-day Bahrain).
	
Al-Hasa has one of the largest numbers of Shia Muslims in mostly Sunni Saudi Arabia.

With an area of around , Al-Ahsa Oasis is the largest oasis in the world. There are more than 2.5 million palm trees including date palms in the oasis, which is fed from a huge underground aquifer and irrigated by the flow of more than 280 artesian springs, which allows agriculture all year round in a region that is otherwise sand desert.

Main cities and villages 
 Al Hofuf: capital city and has lots of traditional markets.
 Al Mubarraz: large city with many big markets.
 Al-Omran: has more than 15 villages and well known for the many farms.
 Shaybah: oil town in the Empty Quarter.
 More than 50 Villages.

References 

History of the Middle East
Geography of Saudi Arabia
Qatif

Qatif or Al-Qatif is a governorate and urban area in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. It goes from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south. It is from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. 

Qatif is one of the oldest towns in the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula. Its history goes back to 3500 BC. Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishers. Now most of Qatifi's people are working in oil, industry, public services, education and health care sectors.

References

Saudi Arabia
House of Khalifa

The Al Khalifa family is the ruling royal family of Bahrain. The Al Khalifa are Sunni Islam.  They belong to the Anizah tribe that came from Najd to Kuwait in the early 18th century. They are also from the Utub tribe. The current head of the family is Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. He became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and made himself King of Bahrain in 2002.

As of 2010, about half of the cabinet ministers of Bahrain are from the Al Khalifa royal family. The country's Prime Minister, Khalifah bin Salman al-Khalifah, is also from the Al Khalifa family and is the uncle of the current King.

List of monarchs of Bahrain of the Al Khalifa family

In public office
Public offices in Bahrain that Al Khalifa family members have:

Other notable members
 Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, crown prince and chief of the Bahrain Defence Force.
 Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, prime minister of Bahrain (11 November 2020 -Present ), 
 Shaikh Rashid bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, prominent Bahraini artist and patron of the arts.
 Mohammed bin Salman Al Khalifa, brother of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (Hakim, 1961–1971; Emir, 1971–1999) and Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa (prime minister since 1971).
 Mai Al Khalifa, culture minister.

References

Bahrain
Royal dynasties
Islamic Consultative Assembly

The National Consultative Assembly of Iran, also called The Iranian Parliament or People's House, is the national legislative body of Iran. The Parliament has 290 representatives.  There were 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election.  The election took place on 2 March 2012. The new parliament will be opened on 27 May 2012.

History

The first national assembly 

The first national assembly, the "Majlis", was formed in 1906, after the 1905-1906 revolution.  The Majlis wrote a constitution for the Persian empire. 
The first Majlis had 156 delegates.  Tehran had 60 of the 156 seats. Major provinces like Azerbaijan had 12 delegates. Smaller provinces like Gilan and Tavala had 6 delegates each.

War 

In 1941, Britain and Russia invaded Persia to put the Germans out. This happened during the 13th Majlis.  Mohamed Reza Shah was the constitutional monarch from 1941-1953. From 1953 until the revolution of 1979, Shah was the absolute ruler. Elections for the 14th Majlis were in 1943. In 1950, a special assembly met to create a new upper house, or senate, with half of the members appointed by Shah.  The assembly also gave Shah the power to dissolve the national assembly.  The 21st Majlis was elected in September 1963.

The 1979 revolution 

After the revolution, Iran changed the name of the parliament from the National Assembly to the Islamic Assembly.

Elections after the revolution 
Dates of elections: 

 1st Majlis 1979-83
 2nd Majlis 1983-87
 3rd Majlis 1987-91
 4th majlis 1991-96
 5th Majlis 1996-00
 6th Majlis 2000-04

References

Iran
Iran
1906 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Iran
Charles Belgrave

Charles Dalrymple Belgrave (1894–1969) was a British citizen.  He was an advisor to the rulers of Bahrain from 1926 until 1957.  He first was under Shaikh Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa.  The he was under Shaikh Salman ibn Hamad Al-Khalifa.

During the war he was with the Imperial Camel Corps.  He spent two years in Siwa Oasis. He got better at his Arabic at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London.  He came to Bahrain in March 1926.  He stayed there until 1957.

The biggest long-term benefit to the country has said to be the making of schools for girls by his wife Marjorie Belgrave.

References
 Personal Diary of Charles Belgrave (1926–1957)
 
 Historic photos of Charles Belgrave

1894 births
1969 deaths
Bahraini people
British Army officers
Abdul Amir al-Jamri

Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri (1937-December 18, 2006) was the 'spiritual leader' of Bahrain's Twelver Shi'a population and the 1990s Intifada. He is the father of Mansoor Al-Jamri, editor-in-chief of the Al Wasat daily newspaper.

Biography 
Al-Jamri was born in the village of Bani Jamra, Bahrain, in 1937.  In 1962 he went to school at the Najaf Religious Institute in Iraq. In 1973 al-Jamri became a member of Bahrain's parliament, the National Assembly of Bahrain.

Beginning in 1977, al-Jamri was a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain. In 1992, al-Jamri joined with Islamists, liberals and leftists to ask the ruler of Bahrain to make a new parliament.  In 1994, he asked again.

On April 1, 1995, al-Jamri was placed under house arrest for two weeks.  He then went to jail. He was let go on September 25, 1995. On January 21, 1996 he went to jail again. On July 7, 1999 al-Jamri was given 10 years imprisonment and fined $15 million.  He was let go a day later and placed under house arrest until January 23, 2001.  Less than one month later he called on the people to support the reforms of the King of Bahrain, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah.  

In June 2002, al-Jamri suffered a stroke.  He died at home on December 18, 2006.

1937 births
2006 deaths
Muslims
Bahraini people
Religious leaders
Sheikh

Sheikh —  also spelled Sheik or Shaikh or Shekh — is an honorific in the Arabic language. It means "elder" and often means "leader and/or governor". It is commonly used for the front man of a tribe. He can be an Islamic scholar who got this title after graduating from a basic Islamic school. Sheikha is the female term. These are uncommon in the Arabic world. A sheikh who is wise is called ḥakīm and can rule.

The word is also generally used for a man over forty or fifty years of age.

Surname
In Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, "Sheikh" is a common surname among Muslims.  It generally means there is Arab ancestry.

References

Titles
Arabic words and phrases
Abdulhadi al-Khawaja

Abdulhadi Abdulla Hubail Alkhawaja is a Bahraini-Danish human rights activists. He is now in prison in Bahrain after the Bahraini uprising.
He is former president and co-founder of the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights (BCHR).  This is a nonprofit non-governmental group which works to promote human rights in Bahrain.

On 9 April 2011, Alkhawaja was arrested.  Alkhawaja was given life imprisonment on 22 June 2011. On 8 February 2012, he started a hunger strike until "freedom or death".

References

1962 births
Living people
Bahraini people
Danish people
Human rights activists
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Hasan Mushaima

Hasan Mushaima is an opposition leader in Bahrain.  He is the secretary-general of the Haq Movement. He wants more democratic rights in Bahrain. He was a starting member of Al Wefaq.  He was in the 1994 uprising in Bahrain.

The Bahraini government arrested Mushaima many times.

In 2010 Mushaima traveled to Great Britain to be treated for lung cancer.

Mushaima said he was going to return to Bahrain during the protests in February 2011.  He was kept in Lebanon. Mushaima finally did return to Bahrain on Saturday, February 26, 2011.

On 22 June 2011, Mushaima was given life imprisonment by a military court for "attempting to overthrow the monarchy".

References

Front Line: Ongoing harassment of Bahraini human rights defenders
 Clashes erupt after two opposition figures are held in Bahrain 

Bahraini people
Living people
1948 births
Activists
Governorate

A governorate is an administrative division of a country. It is headed by a governor. English-speaking nations call regions who have governors either states, provinces, or colonies.

Arab countries
The word governorate is widely used in Arab countries.

Governorates of Bahrain
Governorates of Egypt
Governorates of Iraq (official translation, sometimes also translated as province)
Governorates of Jordan
Governorates of Kuwait
Governorates of Lebanon
Governorates of Oman
Governorates of Palestine
Governorates of Saudi Arabia
Governorates of Syria
Governorates of Tunisia (wilayah)
Governorates of Yemen

Political subdivisions
Governorates of Jordan

Jordan is divided into 12 governorates. In 1994, four new governorates were created: Jerash, Ajloun, Madaba and Aqaba.

The governorates of Jordan are in one of three regions: the North Region, Central Region and the South Region. The regions are mainly distributed by the distance between the cities.

List

North Region

Related pages
 List of cities in Jordan

References

Other websites 
 Jordan Governorates: Empowering the Regions
Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority

The Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip were divided into three areas and 16 governorates.  They are under the Palestinian National Authority.

West Bank

Gaza Strip

References

Politics of Palestine
Political subdivisions
Geography of Palestine
Governorates of Saudi Arabia

Governorates are the second level of regional administration within Saudi Arabia.  Each of Saudi Arabia's 13 emirates is divided into governorates.  Governorates are then divided into sub-governorates. Governorates in Saudi Arabia can be either "Category A" or "Category B", depending on how many people live there. The number of Governorates in Saudi Arabia is 118. 119 if you include the special municipality of Al-Udayd.

list of the governorates 

Saudi Arabia
Capital Governorate, Bahrain

The Capital Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the municipalities of Al Manamah, Ras Roman and Jidd Haffs. 

Governorates of Bahrain
Central Governorate

The Central Governorate was one of the five governorates of Bahrain until 23 September 2014. It includes parts of the former municipalities of Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Madinat 'Isa, Sitrah and A'ali.

Governorates of Bahrain
Northern Governorate

The Northern Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the former municipalities of Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah al Shamaliyah, Jidd Haffs and Madinat Hamad.

References
 Northern Governorate website

Governorates of Bahrain
Southern Governorate

The Southern Governorate  is the largest of the five governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of Bahrain's old municipalities - Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, and Juzur Hawar (the Hawar Islands). It has the least number of people of the regions on Bahrain.  It is the least economically productive.

Governorates of Bahrain
Arabian Gulf

Arabian Gulf may be:
Persian Gulf, a body of water sometimes controversially called the Arabian Gulf or The Gulf by some Arab countries 
Red Sea, in geographical works from ancient times to the 19th century
Khalij el-Arab, near Alexandria, Egypt, translates to English as the "Arab Gulf", or "The Arabs' Gulf"

Groups
 Arabian Gulf Rugby Football Union
 Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain
 Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf
 National Democratic Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf

Distinguish
Not to be confused with:
The Arabian Sea, to the west of India
Mountain of Smoke

The Mountain of Smoke is a hill in the Southern Governorate of Bahrain. At  above mean sea level, it is the country's highest point. 

The Mountain of Smoke is named because of the haze which often surrounds it on humid days. A number of caves are around the mountain.

References 

Bahrain
Hills
Territorial waters

Territorial waters, or a territorial sea is a belt of coastal waters that go at most  from the edge of a coastal state.  The territorial sea is land of the state.  Ships are let to sail on it. Ownership also extends to the airspace over and seabed below.

The term "territorial waters" is also sometimes used to mean any area of water a state has jurisdiction.  This includes  internal waters, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and potentially the continental shelf.

Contiguous zone
The contiguous zone is a band of water that goes from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to  from the baseline.

Law of the sea
Tanker

Tanker may be:

Transportation 
 Tanker (ship), a ship to carry bulk liquids
 Chemical tanker, a type of tanker to transport chemicals in bulk
 Oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker
 LNG carrier, a ship for transporting liquefied natural gas
 Tank car, a railroad freight car for carrying bulk liquids
 Tank truck, a heavy road vehicle for carrying bulk liquids
 Water tender, a firefighting vehicle used to carry large amounts of water to a fire
 Tanker (aircraft), an aircraft for in-flight refuelling
 Tanker 910, a specific aircraft used to drop water or retardant on fires in California

Other 
 André Tanker (1941–2003), Trinidadian musician and composer
 Tanker (album), a 1988 album by Bailter Space
Refinery

A refinery is a production place that breaks down certain materials and makes raw material into products of value.

Types of refineries

Different types of refineries are as follows:

 oil refinery, which changes crude oil into high-octane motor fuel (gasoline/petrol), diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), jet aircraft fuel, kerosene, heating fuel oils, lubricating oils, asphalt and petroleum coke;
 sugar refinery, which changes sugar cane and sugar beets into crystallized sugar and sugar syrups;
 natural gas processing plant, which purifies and changes raw natural gas into residential, commercial and industrial fuel gas, and also recovers natural gas liquids (NGL) such as ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes;
 salt refinery, which cleans common salt (NaCl), made by the solar evaporation of sea water, followed by washing and re-crystallization;
 metal refineries refining metals such as alumina, copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, uranium, zinc, magnesium and cobalt;
 vegetable oil refinery

Chemical processes
Master of Business Administration

Master of Business Administration (often shortened to MBA) is a postgraduate academic degree. People who study for an MBA already have a degree in another field of study and study management. Very often, a master's degree is required, but sometimes bachelor's degree-holders with work experience are also accepted. Unlike other areas of study, MBA courses are often targeted at people who work, and can be done in a part-time fashion, including distance learning. MBA programs usually take two years, full-time. The main target group for MBAs are engineers, lawyers, doctors of medicine, and other with a background form the humanities. The idea of the MBA is to give those people qualifications in management positions.

The MBA is a terminal degree and a professional degree.

References 

Academic degrees
Australian Greens

The Australian Greens is a green political party in Australia founded in 1992. They are the third-biggest political party in Australia, based on how many votes they got in the 2019 federal election. The leader of the party right now is Adam Bandt. Nine members of the Senate and one member of the House of Representatives are a part of the Greens.

Bob Brown lead the party in federal parliament from 2005 to 2012. In 2010 Adam Bandt was elected to the seat of Melbourne and became one of several crossbenchers providing support to the Gillard Labor minority government.

The Greens also discuss other issues than the environment, such as equality, human rights, peace and non-violence.

 
1992 establishments in Australia
Green political parties
Grande école

Grandes écoles are specialized universities in France. Each grande école only teaches a very limited number of subjects. Unlike the other universities in France, the grandes écoles can pick the students they admit. These students have to follow special courses and tests before they are admitted. The grandes écoles award degrees that correspond to a master's degree; they do not award bachelor's degrees. There is no exhaustive list, but in general, there are the following types of grandes écoles, along with some of the representative schools in each category:
Sciences: École normale supérieure
Engineering: École polytechnique, École centrale Paris, Mines ParisTech, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
Aviation: École nationale de l'aviation civile, Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
Politics and public administration: Institut d'études politiques de Paris, École nationale d'administration
Business: École des hautes études commerciales de Paris, Emlyon Business School
Military: École Navale, École de l'Air
Veterinary:, such as the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort
Archival science: École nationale des chartes

Education in France
Kerrang! Awards

The Kerrang! Awards are the United Kingdom's annual music awards run by the music magazine Kerrang!. Since they began in 1993, the Kerrang! Awards have become one of Britain's biggest and most advertised music awards.

Primary winners of each year 
 1999: Stereophonics (2 awards)
 2000: Slipknot (3 awards)
 2001: Papa Roach (2 awards)
 2003: The Darkness (2 awards)
 2004: The Darkness (2 awards)
 2005: Green Day and My Chemical Romance (2 awards)
 2006: Lostprophets (2 awards)
 2007: Enter Shikari and Machine Head (2 awards)
 2008: 30 Seconds to Mars (2 awards)
 2009: Slipknot (2 awards)
 2010: Bullet for My Valentine (2 awards)
 2011: 30 Seconds to Mars (2 awards)

Other websites  
Official site 

Music awards
Beginnings

Beginnings is a 1969 rock album by English band Slade, under their earlier name Ambrose Slade. It was the band's first studio album, which failed to chart. In America, the album was titled Ballzy and featured new artwork.

The album featured the instrumental single "Genesis".

Track listing

Other websites 
 Beginnings at Discogs

1969 albums
Debut albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Play It Loud

Play It Loud is a 1970 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's second studio album, released before their fame and therefore failing to chart. In Canada, the album was released in 1973 where it charted at #40.

The album featured the two singles "Shape of Things to Come" and "Know Who You Are" which did not chart.

Track listing

Band members 
 Noddy Holder – guitar, vocals
 Jim Lea – bass, keyboards, violin, vocals
 Dave Hill – guitar, vocals
 Don Powell – drums

References

Other webcites 
 Play It Loud at Discogs

1970 albums
Rock albums
Slayed?

Slayed? is a 1972 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's third studio album, released as the first since their rise to fame. A successful album, it went to number one in the UK.

The album featured the two singles "Mama Weer All Crazee Now" and "Gudbuy T'Jane".

Track listing

Other websites
 Slayed? on AllMusic
 Slayed? at Discogs.com

1972 albums
Slade albums
Hard rock albums
Glam rock albums
Sladest

Sladest is a 1973 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's first UK compilation, mixing all the band's hit singles with some songs from before the band's fame. A successful album, it went to number one in the UK.

Track listing

Other webcites 
 Sladest on AllMusic
 Sladest on Discogs

1973 albums
Slade albums
Glam rock albums
Old New Borrowed and Blue

Old New Borrowed and Blue is a 1974 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's fourth studio album. In America, the album was titled Stomp Your Hands, Clap Your Feet. A successful album, it went to number one in the UK.

The album featured the singles "My Friend Stan" and "Everyday".

Track listing

Other websites 
 Old New Borrowed and Blue on AllMusic
 Old New Borrowed And Blue on Discogs

1974 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Slade Alive!

{{Infobox album| 
| name = Slade Alive!
| type = live
| artist = Slade
| cover = 
| released = 24 March 1972
| recorded = 19 October -21 October 1971, London
| genre = Hard rock, protopunk
| length = 38:59
| label = Polydor (UK/US)
| producer = Chas Chandler
| prev_title = Coz I Luv You(1972)
!(1972)
| next_title = Slayed?(1972)
}}Slade Alive!''''' is a 1972 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's first live album. A successful album, it went to number two in the UK.

Track listing

Other webcites 
 Slade Alive! at Discogs
 Slade Alive! at AllMusic

1972 albums
Hard rock albums
Slade albums
Slade in Flame (album)

Slade in Flame is a 1974 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's fifth studio album. The album was a soundtrack to the band's own 1975 film Slade in Flame. A successful album, it went to number six in the UK.

The album featured the singles "Far Far Away" and "How Does It Feel?".

Track listing

There were "Bangin' Man" instead of "Summer Song (Wishing You Were Here)" and "Thanks For The Memories" instead of "Heaven Knows" on US version.

Other webcites 
 Slade in Flame on AllMusic
 Slade in Flame on Discogs

1974 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Nobody's Fools

Nobody's Fools is a 1976 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's sixth studio album. A year before, the band had moved to America to try and gain success in the country, causing the band to lose popularity in the UK and Europe. The album showed the band's declining popularity by peaking at #14 in the UK.

The album featured the singles "In For A Penny", "Let's Call It Quits" and "Nobody's Fool".

Track listing

Other webcites 
 Nobody's Fools on Discogs

1976 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Whatever Happened to Slade

Whatever Happened to Slade is a 1977 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's seventh studio album. After the band had tried to find success in America, the band were no longer popular in the UK or Europe. The album failed to chart in the UK, due to the new interest in Punk music.

The album featured the single "Gypsy Roadhog".

Track listing
 "Be" (Holder/Lea)
 "Lightning Never Strikes Twice" (Holder/Lea)
 "Gypsy Roadhog" (Holder/Lea) UK #48
 "Dogs Of Vengeance" (Holder/Lea)
 "When Fantasy Calls" (Holder/Lea)
 "One Eyed Jacks With Moustaches" (Holder/Lea)
 "Big Apple Blues" (Holder/Lea)
 "Dead Men Tell No Tales" (Holder/Lea)
 "She's Got The Lot" (Holder/Lea)
 "It Ain't Love But It Ain't Bad" (Holder/Lea)
 "The Soul, The Roll and The Motion" (Holder/Lea)

1977 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
Return to Base

Return to Base is a 1979 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's eighth studio album. Continuing the band's period of low popularity, the band were no longer able to get hit singles or albums. The album was released to failure, where it failed to chart.

The album featured the singles "Ginny, Ginny" and "Sign of the Times".

Track listing
"Wheels Ain't Coming Down" (Holder/Lea) - 3:40
"Hold on to Your Hats" (Holder/Lea) - 2:32
"Chakeeta" (Holder/Lea) - 2:26
"Don't Waste Your Time (Back Seat Star)" (Holder/Lea) - 3:28
"Sign of the Times" (Holder/Lea) - 3:57
"I'm a Rocker" (Chuck Berry) - 2:46
"Nut Bolts and Screws" (Holder/Lea) - 2:30
"My Baby's Got It" (Holder/Lea) - 2:34
"I'm Mad" (Holder/Lea) - 2:46
"Lemme Love into Ya" (Holder/Lea) - 3:38
"Ginny, Ginny" (Holder/Lea) - 3:38

1979 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums
We'll Bring the House Down

We'll Bring the House Down is a 1981 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's ninth studio album. After the band's period of low popularity, the band played at the 1980 Reading Festival, after Ozzy Osbourne cancelled his appearance at the last minute. The band's performance gave them popularity again and the album peaked at #25 in the UK, becoming their comeback album. The album used some songs from their previous album Return to Base from 1979.

The album featured the singles "We'll Bring the House Down" and "Wheels ain't Coming Down".

Track listing
"We'll Bring The House Down" (Holder/Lea) UK #10
"Night Starvation" (Holder/Lea)
"Wheels Ain't Coming Down" (Holder/Lea) UK #60
"Hold On To Your Hats" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"When I'm Dancin' I Ain't Fightin'" (Holder/Lea)
"Dizzy Mama" (Holder/Lea)
"Nut Bolts and Screws" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"My Baby's Got It" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"Lemme Love Into Ya" (Holder/Lea) (*)
"I'm A Rocker" (Chuck Berry)

1981 albums
Slade albums
Rock albums