cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class 112

The Class 112 DMUs used the standard Cravens body used for Class 105s but had a single Rolls-Royce engine of 238 hp per car, and they were all formed into 'power twins'- two car sets with both vehicles powered.

There were two batches built, the first 50 vehicles (25 sets) had standard mechanical transmission via a gearbox and were allocated the Class 112. The second batch of 50 cars (25 sets) had hydraulic transmission, and became Class 113s.

The cars were built for services in the LMR Central Division and in the Liverpool - St Helens area, where the gradients in the Lancashire & Yorkshire area required more power. Both types also spent some time working from Cricklewood.

The gross weight of a set with all seats occupied was approximately 70 tons, giving 6.8 hp per ton. Empty, it was 8.1 hp/ton, which compared favourably with 5.7 hp/ton that the Cravens power/trailer had.

112
Red giant

A red giant is a  giant star that has the mass of about one-half to ten times the mass of our Sun. Red giants get their name because they appear to be colored red and they are very large. Many red giants could fit thousands and thousands of suns like ours inside of them. Aldebaran, Arcturus, Betelgeuse and Mira are red giants. 

Right now, our Sun is a main-sequence star, not a red giant. However, five billion years from now, scientists believe our sun will become a red giant. It will be about 200 times bigger in diameter than it is now. It will become so big it will swallow up Mercury, Venus and possibly the Earth.

How a star becomes a red giant 

All new stars change hydrogen to helium through nuclear fusion. This makes a lot of energy (e.g. light and heat). In a normal star, like our Sun and all other main-sequence stars, this change happens at the very center of the star. Sooner or later, almost all of the hydrogen at the center has changed to helium. This causes the nuclear reaction to stop. The center will start to get smaller due to the star's gravity. This makes the layer just outside the center get hotter. This layer still has hydrogen. This hydrogen will fuse to make helium.

With this new source of power, the outer layers of the star will get much, much bigger. The star will get brighter, sometimes as much as ten thousand times as bright as when it was on the main sequence.  Since the outside of the star is bigger, the energy will be spread over a much larger area. Because of this, the temperature of the surface will go down and the color will change to red or orange.

The red giant phase is temporary.  It is shorter than the billions of years a star spends on the main sequence.  Soon (in only hundreds of millions of years) red giants will start to fuse helium to make other elements like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.  Some of their outer layers will blow away, leaving interstellar gas and dust circling the star.  In time, most red giants will become white dwarfs.  Very large red giants become neutron stars or black holes.

Related pages
 Stellar evolution
 Main sequence
 White dwarf
 Red dwarf

References
Hypergiant

A hypergiant (luminosity class 0) is a star with an enormous mass and luminosity, It shows  signs of a very high rate of mass loss.  The exact definition is not yet settled.

Hypergiants are the largest stars in the universe, usually larger than supergiants. The hypergiant with the largest known diameter is Stephenson 2-18, which is about 2,150 times wider than the Sun. 

Another large hypergiant is NML Cygni, about 1,650 times wider than the Sun. It is one of the extreme luminous supergiant stars. A pulsating red hypergiant named UY Scuti is probably larger, with a radius of about 1,700 times the sun.

Hypergiants are very hard to find and they have a short lifespan because of their size. While the Sun has a lifespan of around 10 billion years, hypergiants will only exist for a few million years.

Spectrum 

There are two special groups: luminous blue variables (LBV), and yellow hypergiants. Both of these types are very rare, with only a few examples in the Milky Way galaxy. Their rareness is probably because each type passes through this stage quite rapidly.

Stability 

As luminosity of stars increases greatly with mass, the luminosity of hypergiants often lies very close to the Eddington limit. This is the luminosity at which the force of the star's gravity equals the radiation pressure outward. 

This means that the radiative flux passing through the photosphere of a hypergiant may be nearly strong enough to lift away the photosphere. Above the Eddington limit, the star would generate so much radiation that parts of its outer layers would be thrown off in massive outbursts. This would effectively restrict the star from shining at higher luminosities for longer periods.

A good candidate for hosting a continuum-driven wind is Eta Carinae, one of the most massive stars ever observed. Its mass is about 130 solar masses and its luminosity four million times that of the Sun. Eta Carinae may occasionally exceed the Eddington limit. The last time might have been outbursts observed in 1840–1860. These reached mass loss rates much higher than stellar winds would normally allow.

Another theory to explain the massive outbursts of Eta Carinae is the idea of a deeply situated hydrodynamic explosion, blasting off parts of the star’s outer layers. The idea is that the star, even at luminosities below the Eddington limit, would have insufficient heat convection in the inner layers, resulting in a density inversion potentially leading to a massive explosion. The theory has, however, not been explored very much, and it is uncertain whether this really can happen.

References
Shiver (Coldplay song)

"Shiver" is a single released by rock band Coldplay. "Shiver" was released off the album Parachutes in March 2000. A re-release was released a year later in February 2001.

Format
The format of the single by Coldplay is a CD. It plays as an Extended Play (or EP).

Coldplay songs
2000 songs
Don't Panic (song)

"Don't Panic" is a single by British rock band Coldplay.

The single was recorded in 1996. Coldplay released the single off the hit studio album called Parachutes which was released on July 10, 2000.

Coldplay songs
2000 songs
In My Place

"In My Place" was released August 2002. The single was released off the hit album A Rush of Blood to the Head" released by rock band Coldplay in 2002. "In My Place" was well received by critics. The song was praised for its music and the deep meaning of its words. "In My Place" won Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 45th Grammy Awards. The music video was nominated for two MuchMusic Video Awards in 2003 in the categories of Best international video–group and People's Choice: Favorite international group. It begins with one crash of a cymbal. After that, there are two bars of 4/4 drumming, then a sad three-note guitar line, and Chris Martin's singing.

References 

Coldplay songs
2002 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
List of video games featuring Mario

Over the years, Mario has become a famous video game character. He stars in many video games and even has his own series of video games and its spinoff series, the Donkey Kong, Yoshi, and Wario series. The following course of video games Mario has appeared in over the years is listed below:

Home consoles

Nintendo Entertainment System

Super Nintendo Entertainment System

Nintendo 64

GameCube

Wii

Wii U

Handheld consoles

Game Boy

Game Boy Color

Game Boy Advance

Nintendo DS

Nintendo 3DS

Digital Platforms

Nintendo e-Shop

WiiWare

DSiWare

Video game lists
Târgovişte

Târgovişte is a city in the Dâmboviţa County of Romania.  About 89,000 people lived in Târgovişte as of the year 2003.

Twin cities 
  Kazanlak, Bulgaria
  Targovishte, Bulgaria
  Trakai, Lithuania
  Orvault, France
   Miami, United States
  Corbetta, Italy
  Santarem, Portugal
  Vellinge, Sweden
  Castellon de la Plana, Spain

Cities in Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Antonio Machado

Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz, known as Antonio Machado (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939), was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98.

Major publications
 Soledades (1903)
 Soledades, Galerías y Otros poemas (1907)
 Campos de Castilla (1912)
 Poesías completas (1917)
 Nuevas canciones (1924)
 Poesías completas (1936, 4th edition)
 Juan de Mairena (1936)

1875 births
1939 deaths
Spanish writers
Garcilaso de la Vega

Garcilaso de la Vega (Toledo, c. 1501– Le Muy, Nice, France, October 14, 1536), was a Spanish soldier and poet. The prototypical "Renaissance man", he was the most influential (though not the first or the only) poet to introduce Italian Renaissance verse forms, poetic techniques and themes to Spain. His exact birth date is unknown, but estimations by scholars put his year of birth between 1498 and 1503.

1501 births
1536 deaths
Spanish writers
People from Toledo, Spain
Nepenthes

The Nepenthes, often known as Tropical Pitcher Plants or Monkey Cups, are a genus of carnivorous plants in the  family of the Nepenthaceae consisting of about 120 species (this number is fast increasing, with one to two new species being described each year). Many hybrids exist, both natural and created by humans. These plants come from  South China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar and the Seychelles ; southward to Australia and New Caledonia ; and northward to India and Sri Lanka . Many are plants from hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are from high in the mountains where nights are cold.  Nepenthes are often categorized as being lowland or highland varieties, depending on how high they live above sea level.  Lowland varieties usually require high temperature and humidity levels.  Highland varieties usually require warm days but cold and humid nights. The name Nepenthes was first published in 1737 in Carolus Linnaeus's Hortus Cliffortianus.

Nepenthes traps contain a fluid of the plant's own production, which may be watery or syrupy and is used to drown prey. The trapping efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when significantly diluted by water, as inevitably happens in wet conditions. Many species of Nepenthes produce two different forms of pitchers. Near the base of the plant are the large lower traps, which usually sit on the ground, while the upper pitchers may be smaller, coloured differently, and have different shapes and features than the lower pitchers. 

The lower part of the trap contains glands which take nutrients from captured insects.

One of the earliest pictures of Nepenthes appears in Leonard Plukenet's Almagestum Botanicum of 1696. The plant, called Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium, is without doubt a N. distillatoria.

Related pages
 List of Nepenthes natural hybrids

References

Other websites

 Botanical Society of America: Nepenthes - the Monkey Cups 
 The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Nepenthes

Caryophyllales
Pomaia

Pomaia is a little village (it: frazione), near the city of (it: comune) Santa Luce, in the Province of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. The village is a very important point for Buddhism in Italy. In Pomaia, one of biggest Tibetan monasteries, called the "Lama Zong Khapa Institute", can be seen.

Economy
Pomaia has an economy based on agriculture and tourism.

Tourism
On April in Pomaia there is a Sagra, a local festival about broad beans, followed by a lot of people and many tourists. Many tourists come in Pomaia, for to see the Buddhist manifestations in the Buddhist Monastery of Pomaia.

Other websites
 Website of Lama Zong Khapa Institute 

Towns in Tuscany
Morellino di Scansano

Morellino di Scansano DOCG is an Italian red wine made in the hills of the village of Scansano (province of Grosseto), in the Maremma, which includes a part of the coast of southern Tuscany. Morellino is the local name for the Sangiovese grape varietal.

The wine, which gained the DOC status in 1978, and upgraded to DOCG status from the 2007 vintage, is made from of 85% Sangiovese (which is also the base of the tuscan wines: Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano). The remaining 0–15% of any non aromatic black grape varieties included in a list made and periodically updated by the local authorities.

Other websites
 Consorzio di Tutela del Morellino di Scansano 

Italian wines
Tuscany
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano (in English lit. Noble Wine of Montepulciano) is a red wine with Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status produced in the vineyards in the town of Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy.  The wine is made for the main part from the Sangiovese grape varietal (minimum 70%), blended with Canaiolo Nero (10%–20%)  and small add of other local varieties such as Mammolo.  The wine is aged in oak barrels for 2 years; three years if it is a riserva. The wine should not be confused with Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, a red wine made from the Montepulciano grape in the Abruzzo region of east-central Italy.

Wines made in Montepulciano 
The industry in the wine-producing town of Montepulciano produces a number of different wines:
 Novello (produced not only in this region)
 Rosso di Montepulciano (Red of Montepulciano)
 Nobile di Montepulciano (Noble of Montepulciano)
 Nobile di Montepulciano Riserva (Noble of Montepulciano Riserva)

Some wineries, in addition to wines, also produce Grappa. By Italian law, the same company cannot be both a certified winery and a certified distillery, therefore, the Grappa is produced in cooperation, but, is usually sold by the winery and bears the winery name on its label.

Other websites
 Official site of the Consorzio del Vino Nobile
 Official site of the local Wine Route Organization - Strada del Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

Italian wines
Tuscany
Brunello di Montalcino

Brunello di Montalcino is a red Italian wine. It is made in the vineyards surrounding the town of Montalcino about  southwest of Florence, Tuscany, Italy. Brunello, roughly translated  as "nice dark one" in the local dialect, is the unofficial name of the clone of Sangiovese (also known as Sangiovese Grosso) grown in the Montalcino region. In 1980, the Brunello di Montalcino was awarded the first Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) designation and today is one of the Italy's best-known and most expensive wines.

References

Other websites 
 Map highlighting the Montalcino region 
 Above 90 Montalcino wine tour 

Italian wines
Borodin Quartet

The Borodin Quartet is a string quartet that was founded in 1945 in what was then the Soviet Union. The four players have not always been the same people: there have been some changes to the group, but it is one of the world's longest lasting string quartets. In 2005 they celebrated their 60th anniversary. Until he retired in 2007 the cellist Valentin Berlinsky had almost always been the cellist of the quartet.

When they started they were known as the Moscow Philharmonic Quartet. In 1955 the quartet changed its name to Borodin Quartet, named after the composer Alexander Borodin who composed two famous string quartets.

They often got invitations to play in the West, but the Soviet communist government would not allow them to travel out of their country. The quartet had to accept the concerts that their government allowed them to do. They played at the funerals of the dictator Stalin and the composer Sergei Prokofiev which were on the same day (both men died on 5 March 1953. However, they were not paid anything for either event.

The quartet knew the composer Dmitri Shostakovich very well. They performed his quartets, and Shostakovich often listened to them practising and discussed with them the way he wanted them to be played. The quartet often played piano quintets with the pianist Sviatoslav Richter.

When they started in 1945 their cellist was Mstislav Rostropovich. Rudolf Barshai was their viola player. Very soon afterwards Rostropovich found he had too many other engagements, so he got Valentin Berlinsky to be their cellist. The four men who then formed the quartet signed an oath in their own blood that they would be faithful and stay together as a group. They stayed together for 20 years. Then Rostislav Dubinsky, the first violinist, defected to the West and the second violinist, Jaroslav Alexandrov, retired because of bad health. With two new players, the quartet spend two years practising together before they performed again in public.

When Communism collapsed and the Soviet Union broke up, the quartet still continued to be very famous. They travelled abroad a lot, performing in places such as London. 

They have made many recordings including all Shostakovich's string quartets and all Beethoven quartets.

Other websites
 The Borodin Quartet Official Website

String quartets
Pienza

Pienza, a town  (it: commune) in the province of Siena, in the Val d'Orcia in Tuscany (central Italy), between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, is the "touchstone of Renaissance urbanism."

In 1996, UNESCO put the town his list as a World Heritage Site, and in 2004 the all valley, the Val d'Orcia, was put on the list of UNESCO's World Cultural Landscapes.

History 
Pienza was rebuilt from a village called Corsignano, which was the birthplace (1405) of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Italian: Enea Silvio Piccolomini), a Renaissance humanist born into an exiled Sienese family, who later became Pope Pius II.  Once he became Pope, Piccolomini had the entire village rebuilt as an ideal Renaissance town.  Intended as a retreat from Rome, it represents the first application of humanist urban planning concepts.The rebuilding was done by Florentine architect Bernardo Gambarelli (known as Bernardo Rossellino).

Important Places and Monuments in Pienza

Palazzo Piccolomini 
The piazza is made by four buildings. The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, is on the west side.

The Duomo 
The Duomo (Cathedral), which dominates the center of the piazza, has a façade that is one of the earliest designed in the Renaissance manner. Artworks in the Duomo include five altar paintings from the Sienese School. The Baptistry, dedicated as usual to San Giovanni.

Palazzo Borgia 
The Palazzo Borgia, on the third side of the piazza, was built as the palace to house the bishops who would travel to Pienza to attend the Pope. Inside the palace there is the Diocesan Museum, and the Museo della Cattedrale.  The collection includes a lot of religious artifacts. Paintings include a 7th-century painting of Christ on the Cross (La Croce), 14th century works by Pietro Lorenzetti (Madonna with Child) and Bartolo di Fredi (Madonna della Misericordia).  There are also important works from the 14th and 15th centuries, including a Madonna attributed to Luca Signorelli.

Palazzo Comunale 
Across from the church is the town hall. Since Corsigniano was originally a village without a town governance, before the transformations there was no town hall. But when Corsigniano was given the status of an official city, a Palazzo Comunale was required. A third floor was added in 1599. The Palazzo Comunale was probably also designed by Rossellino.

Other buildings 
 Ammannati Palace
 The Gonzaga Palace
 The Palazzo del Cardinale Atrebatense
 The Pieve of Corsignano, in the neighbourhood, is one of the most important Romanesque monuments of the area.

Related pages
 Province of Siena

References

Notes

Other websites
 Piazza Pio II 
 Hometown Pope Makes Good (Pope Pius II and Pienza) by Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 24 August 2006)

Towns in Tuscany
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Interactive whiteboard

An interactive whiteboard is a large, interactive screen that connects a computer and a projector. The projector projects the computer's desktop onto the screen of the interactive whiteboard. The user can control the computer by using a special pen, finger or another tool to touch the screen of the interactive whiteboard. Normally, interactive whiteboards are fixed on walls. However, there are some mobile interactive whiteboards. Interactive whiteboards are used in many different places such as in classrooms, in work groups and in training rooms for professional coaching. Interactive whiteboards are the modern version of the traditional whiteboards used in schools.

Operation 
The interactive whiteboard must be connected to an PC before you can use the whiteboard. Most whiteboards are connected to the computer's Serial port or to a USB port. Some newer systems can use a wireless connection to the computer.
	
The summary of use the interactive whiteboard includes three words: controlling, translation and presentation.

 Controlling the PC means, that you can use the projection field like the desktop of the PC and the pen or the finger is the computer mouse.
 Most of the whiteboards translate the hand writing notes on the board in standard computer text. And so you can see your text clearly and save it as a file.
 Another use for interactive whiteboards is, that you can start presentations easily. You can start and control your presentation, although you stand in the front of the whiteboard and you are not depending on a keyboard.

Using interactive whiteboards 
Teachers: 
 They can write onto the board and save it as a document for use in the other lessons . You can also send the whole lesson or the documents via e-mail to pupils who were absent.
 Interactive whiteboard makes it easy to demonsate how to use new software
 Videos can be shown

For students:
 Fixing and changing ideas of a brainstorming easily is an resource which students can use to reach a success faster. When student can use modern technology they are more interested in learning.

Projection Systems 

Front-projection:
In this system the projector is placed in front of the whiteboard. Either the projector is fixed on the whiteboard or it hangs on the ceiling.

Pros

Compared to the rear projection this system is much cheaper

Cons

The teacher or the student must stand in front of the whiteboard and sometimes their body will cast a shadow.

Rear-projection:
In the rear-projection system the projector is placed behind the whiteboard.

Pros

The teacher does not cast a shadow and does not look into the projector light while speaking to the students.

Cons

This system is very expensive.

Display technology
Data input
Sue (dinosaur)

"Sue" is the nickname given to FMNH PR 2081, one of the largest, most complete and best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex fossil ever found. 

Sue was discovered in the summer of 1990 by Sue Hendrickson, a paleontologist, and was named after her. She contacted the Black Hills Institute, whose staff retrieved and prepared the bones.

First, ownership disputes were settled in court. There was a long dispute between the owners of the land, the Sioux tribe, the  United States Department of the Interior, and the Black Hills Institute, whose staff had done the work.

The fossil was then  auctioned in October 1997 for US$8.36 million, the highest amount ever paid for a dinosaur fossil.

After preparation, the skeleton became a permanent feature at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. The money had been raised by public subscription.

Gout 
Some researchers think the skeleton shows evidence that Sue suffered from the painful condition known as gout.

Distorted roar 
Sue's roars were created with input from Sue using various animal sounds which were altered. Some of the roars were reused for Godzilla thirty years later in the short film Mega-Godzilla: King of the Universe. Several roars were reused for Alex the Lion thirty-one years later in the animated recap The Ultimate "Madagascar" Recap Cartoon.

References 

Fossils
Cretaceous dinosaurs
South Dakota
Tuscan food

This is a list of food from the area of Tuscany, Italy.

Tuscany
Italian food
Karpenisi

Karpenisi is a mountainous Greek city. It is a small city in Eyritania district. Karpenisi is the capital of Eyritania prefecture. Eyritania prefecture has the most mountains of any other prefecture of Greece. There are mountains everywhere in the Eyritania prefecture. The highest point of Karpenisi is at the top of the Tymphristos Mountain, which is 2,315 meters high. Around 7,300 people live in Karpenisi, says the census taken in 2001. Karpenisi is built at an altitude of 960 meters.  It sits on the slopes of the Tymphristos mountain. Lamia is east of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is smaller town than Lamia. Lamia also serves the district of Karpenisi.

Winter resort

Today, Karpenisi is one of the most important winter resorts in Greece. In winter, many Greeks go there in order to do winter sports. The people visiting go skiing and hiking in the forests of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is surrounded by a fir forest. 

Cities in Greece
Empoli

Empoli is a town in Tuscany, Italy, about 30 km southwest of Florence. It is 30 m above sea-level, to the south of the Arno. The plain  of the town has been usable for agriculture since Roman times. Empoli is on the main railway line from Florence to Pisa and is well joined with the city of Siena. 

Empoli has a long tradition as an agricultural centre. It has given its name to a local kind of artichoke.

History
Empoli was already settled in the time of the early Roman Empire, and still existed in the 4th century AD. The river near the city was a good route for the trade of agricultural products, together with the local amphorae. 
Since the 8th century Empoli grew as a town around the castle, known as Emporium or Empolis. In 1119 it was controlled by Guidi. In 1182 it went under Florentine rule. In 1260, after the Battle of Montaperti, Empoli was the seat of a famous council in which Farinata degli Uberti opposed the destruction of Florence. Later Empoli became an important fortress.

Important places and monuments
The Piazza Farinata degli Uberti, also known as Piazza dei Leoni ("Lions Square"), in the middle there is a fountain by Luigi Pampaloni (1827). Here lies the Collegiata di Sant'Andrea, the main city's monument.
The Palazzo Ghibellino is the former palace of the Guidi counts. It was probably built in the 11th century.
The Palazzo Pretorio was the Town Hall in the Middle Ages.

In the frazione of Pontorme is the house of the painter Pontormo.

Important people from Empoli
Giovanni da Empoli (1483–1518), navigator
Jacopo Carrucci, better known as Pontormo (1494–1556), painter
Jacopo da Empoli (1551–1640), painter
Alessandro Marchetti (1633–1714), mathematician and writer
Giuseppe del Papa (1648–1735), doctor and philosopher
Ippolito Neri (1652–1708), doctor and poet
Renato Fucini (1843–1921), writer
Giuliano Vanghetti (1861–1940), orthopaedist
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), musician
Alberto Castellani (1884–1932), Eastern countries scholar
Mentore Maggini (1890–1941), astronomer
Remo Scappini (1908–1994), politician and anti-Fascist militant
Carlo Rovini (1932–1988), poet and writer

Sport
Empoli's main football team is Empoli F.C., which is currently playing in Serie B.

Twin cities
 Sankt Georgen an der Gusen, Austria
 Aubervilliers, France
 Besançon, France
 Toledo, Spain
 Namur, Belgium

References

Empoli
Igoumenitsa

Igoumenitsa is a small Greek city. It has a population of about 9,644 people. It is found in the north-western part of Greece in the Ipiros periphery. It is a city built along the coast of the Ionian Sea. It has a big port which links Igoumenitsa with the Italian cities of Bari, Ancona and Brintezi. It is the second important port of Greece along the Ionian Sea, after the port in the city of Patras.

Cities in Greece
Larderello

Larderello is a frazione of the comune of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy. Larderello is famous for its geothermal productivity.

History 
The region was known from ancient times for its volcanic nature and for the very hot springs. The Romans used its sulphur springs for bathing. In 1827, François de Larderel, a Frenchman, invented a way of extracting boric acid from the volcanic mud by using steam to separate the two. The town Larderello has the name in honour of Larderel's work. The region was the site of a pioneering experiment in the production of energy from geothermal sources in 1904. Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. It was a small generator that lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built there. In 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built in the Valle del Diavolo ("Devil's Valley"), named for the boiling water in the area. Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year.

References 
 
 "Steaming Forward" , Time magazine, June 16, 2003

Volcanoes of Italy
Settlements in Tuscany
Minneapolis Millers

The Minneapolis Millers were an ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey Association. A famous player who played for the Millers was Tiny Thompson.

Ice hockey teams in the United States
American Hockey Association (1926–1942)

The American Hockey Association was a small professional ice hockey league. It was active between 1926 and 1942.

Teams
 Buffalo Majors (1930-31 to 1931-32)
 Chicago Cardinals (1926-27)
 Chicago Shamrocks (1930-31 to 1931-32)
 Dallas Texans (1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Detroit Greyhounds (1926-27)
 Duluth Hornets (1926-27 to 1932-33)
 Fort Worth Rangers (1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Kansas City Americans (1940-41 to 1941-42)
 Kansas City Greyhounds (1932-33 to 1939-40)
 Kansas City Pla-Mors (1927-28 to 1931-32; joins USHL in 1945)
 Minneapolis Millers (1926-27 to 1930-31; 1936-37 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Minneapolis Warriors (1935-36)
 Oklahoma City Warriors (1933-34 to 1935-36)
 Omaha Knights (1939-40 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 St. Louis Flyers (1928-29 to 1941-42)
 St. Paul Saints (1926-27 to 1929-30; 1932-33; 1935-36 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Tulsa Oilers (1928-29 to 1931-32; 1932-33 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
 Wichita Blue Jays (1932-33)
 Wichita Skyhawks (1935-36 to 1939-40)
 Wichita Vikings (1933-34)
 Winnipeg Maroons (1926-27 to 1927-28)

Champions
The Harry F. Sinclair Trophy was awarded to the league champions.

 1926-27 — Duluth Hornets
 1927-28 — Minneapolis Millers
 1928-29 — Tulsa Oilers
 1929-30 — Kansas City Pla-Mors
 1930-31 — Tulsa Oilers
 1931-32 — Chicago Shamrocks
 1932-33 — Kansas City Greyhounds
 1933-34 — Kansas City Greyhounds
 1934-35 — St. Louis Flyers
 1935-36 — St. Louis Flyers
 1936-37 — Minneapolis Millers
 1937-38 — St. Louis Flyers
 1938-39 — St. Louis Flyers
 1939-40 — Omaha Knights
 1940-41 — St. Louis Flyers
 1941-42 — Omaha Knights

Defunct ice hockey leagues
Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Ice hockey leagues in the United States
1926 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Canada
1942 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Bellevue, Alberta

Bellevue is a small hamlet near the Crowsnest Pass of the Rocky Mountains found in southern Alberta, Canada.  About 350 people live in Bellevue.  It is currently part of the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass, where about 6,500 people live.

Hamlets in Alberta
College of William & Mary

The College of William & Mary in Virginia (also known as The College of William & Mary, The College, William & Mary, or W&M) is a public university in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II. It is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.

William & Mary educated U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House Henry Clay and 16 signers of the Declaration of Independence. In 2008, the college had 5,850 undergraduate students and 2,042 graduate and professional students in and gave 1,454 bachelors, 440 masters, and 209 professional degrees.

Campus 
The Sir Christopher Wren Building is both the oldest college building in the United States and a National Historic Landmark. The building, nicknamed just the "Wren Building", got its new name in 1931 to honor the English architect Sir Christopher Wren. The first building, in 1699, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Not much is known about how the first building looked.  It burned down within a few years of its completion.

References

Other websites 

William and Mary
1693 establishments in North America
1690s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in Virginia
Colonial Athletic Association
Tramway track

Tramway tracks are used on tramways or light railways. Grooved rails (or girder rails) are normally used to let the trams run on streets. This is called "street-running". Like normal rail tracks, tram tracks consist of two parallel steel rails.

Tram rails can be placed in several surfaces. Standard rails can be put on sleepers like railway tracks, or with grooved rails on concrete sleepers into street surfaces (pavement) for street running.  Another environmentally-friendly or ecologically-friendly alternative is to lay tracks into grass turf surfaces. This is known as grassed track (or track in a lawn). It was first used in Liverpool in 1924.

Rail infrastructure
Tram technology
Light rail

Light rail or light rail transit (LRT) is a form of urban rail public transportation. Generally it can carry fewer people and has a lower speed than heavy rail/metro systems, but it can carry more people and has a higher speed than street-running tram systems. The term is normally used to refer to rail systems with rapid transit-style features that usually use electric rail cars operating mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. Modern light rail technology is highly flexible in how it can be used, and whether any given system is considered a true rapid transit system or not depends on its implementation.

Related pages
 Rapid transit
 Subway
 Tram
London County Council Tramways

The London County Council Tramways was a large network of public street tramways. They were formed in 1899. They were run by the council in the County of London, UK. In 1933 they were taken over by the London Passenger Transport Board.

Trams in London
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
PCC streetcar

The PCC (Presidents' Conference Committee) streetcar (tram) design was first built in the United States in the 1930s. The design was very successful in America. After World War II it was allowed to be used in other countries in the world. The PCC car has proved to be a long lasting icon of streetcar design, and PCC cars are still in service in various places around the world.

Tram technology
Heritage Lottery Fund

The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) is a fund established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. Act 1993.  The Fund opened for applications in 1994. It uses money raised through the National Lottery to transform and sustain the UK’s heritage. From museums, parks and historic places to archaeology, the natural environment and cultural traditions, HLF provides grants to support all aspects of the UK's diverse heritage.

By 2008, HLF had awarded a total of £4 billion to more than 26,000 projects across the UK.

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Douglas, Isle of Man

Douglas () is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man

History 
In 1869, Douglas became the capital city of Isle of Man.

Other websites 
 Douglas' Website

Isle of Man
Gateshead

Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear, England. It lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne, opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. Gateshead town centre and Newcastle city centre are very close to one another, and together they form the urban core of Tyneside. Gateshead is the main settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.

References
Ambergate

Ambergate is a village in Derbyshire, England, where the River Amber joins the River Derwent.

Villages in Derbyshire
Rotherham

Rotherham is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the  River Rother, between Sheffield and Doncaster. Its football club, Rotherham United F.C., was founded in 1870.

Notable People 
Liam Cuckson

Lee Wilson

Quavo

Harry Low

References

Towns in South Yorkshire
Grimsby

Grimsby (or Great Grimsby) is a seaport on the Humber Estuary in Lincolnshire, England.

9th-century establishments in Europe
Towns in Lincolnshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt

Halle (also called Halle an der Saale) is the largest town in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It lies in the southern part of the state, on the river Saale. It has about 234,000 inhabitants (2006). It is famous all over the world because Georg Friedrich Handel was born there.

References

Other websites

 
Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt
Trams in London

This article is a general one on trams in London. For a specific article on the organisation responsible for running the current generation of trams in London, see London Trams. For a complete list of historical tram operators, see list of tram operators

There have been two separate generations of trams in London, from 1860 to 1952 and from 2000. Between 1952 and 2000 no trams ran in London. 

The decision to abolish the first generation of trams was taken in a way which allowed various interested groups to have a say, but with little or no consultation to or with the general population. The debate was largely about trams on London, and made in a way which reflected the time when the British Labour Party controlled both London and the UK.

The first trams in London were authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1870. They were, of course, horse-drawn at that time, although steam power was also possible.

References 

Trams in London

sv:Londons spårväg
Clay Cross

Clay Cross is a former mining town in north east Derbyshire, England. It is six miles south of Chesterfield. It is the former Roman road Ryknield Street. Near by settlements are North Wingfield, Tupton, Pilsley, Ashover, and Tibshelf.

Villages in Derbyshire
Hill of Howth Tramway

The Hill of Howth Tramway, or just Howth Tram, operated from June 1901 to June 1959 and served Howth Head, near Dublin, Ireland.  The service was run by the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)), which viewed it as a way to bring more customers to its railway stations at Sutton and Howth.

County Dublin
Light rail
Trolley pole

A trolley pole is a tapered cylindrical pole of wood or metal, used to transfer electricity from a "live" overhead wire to the control and propulsion equipment of a tram or trolley bus. The use of overhead wire in a railway electrification system is said to be the 1880 invention of Frank J. Sprague.

Related pages
 Bow collector
 Pantograph
 Third rail
 Overhead lines

References 

Rail technologies
Tram technology
Bow collector

A bow collector is one of the three main devices used on tramcars to transfer electric current from the overhead lines above to the tram below. While once very common in continental Europe, it has now been largely replaced by the pantograph.

Related pages
 Pantograph
 Trolley pole
 Third rail

Rail technologies
Tram technology
Pantograph (rail)

A pantograph is a device that collects electric current from overhead lines for electric trains or trams. The term stems from the resemblance to pantograph devices for copying writing and drawings.

Related pages

 Bow collector
 Trolley pole
 Third rail
 Overhead lines
 Railway electrification system

Rail technologies
Tram technology
Assist (ice hockey)

In ice hockey, an assist is when up to two players of the scoring team shoots, passes or sends the puck towards the scoring teammate, or touched it in any other way which made the goal.  This usually means that they "assisted" in the goal. At most, there can only be 2 assists for each goal.

Other websites
 NHL Rulebook, Rule #57 - Goals and Assists

Ice hockey words
Water Stratford

Water Stratford is a village and civil parish in the Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England.

References 

Villages in Buckinghamshire
Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire
List of settlements in Northern Ireland by county

The following is a list of places in Northern Ireland, by county:

Lists of places inside of counties
List of places in County Antrim
List of places in County Armagh
List of places in County Londonderry
List of places in County Down
List of places in County Fermanagh
List of places in County Tyrone

Related pages
List of towns in Northern Ireland
List of villages in Northern Ireland

Lists about Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland by county
 County
List of towns in Northern Ireland

The following is a list of towns in Northern Ireland, by letter:



A 
 Antrim, Armagh

B 
 Ballycastle, Ballyclare, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Ballynahinch, Banbridge, Bangor, Belfast

C 
 Carrickfergus, Carryduff, Coalisland, Coleraine, Comber, Cookstown, Craigavon

D 
, Donaghadee, Downpatrick, Dromore, Dundonald, Dungannon

E 
 Enniskillen

H 
 Holywood

K 
 Kilkeel

L 
 Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Lurgan, Londonderry

M 
 Magherafelt
 Maghera

N 
 Newcastle, Newry, Newtownabbey, Newtownards

O 
 Omagh

P 
 Portadown, Portrush, Portstewart

R 
 Randalstown
Rostrevor

S 
 Strabane

W 
 Warrenpoint

Related pages
 List of villages in Northern Ireland

Lists of settlements in Europe
Lists about Northern Ireland
Burnt Hill

Burnt Hill is a hamlet in Berkshire, England.  It can be found in the civil parish of Yattendon.

Villages in Berkshire
Hamlets in England
Bar Hill

Bar Hill is a village that can be found about 4 miles (7 km) northwest of Cambridge, in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,233 people living in Bar Hill.

References 
 

Villages in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Yielden

Yielden is a village in Bedfordshire. It is near the borders with Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire.

Other websites
 Your Total Event - Yielden 

Villages in Bedfordshire
Mislea, Prahova

Mislea is a commune of Prahova County in Romania.

Communes in Prahova County

en:Scorţeni, Prahova
Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College () is a private, coeducational university in Hanover, New Hampshire. Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"
it is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. With a total enrollment of 5,848, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League.

The college was established in 1769 by Congregational minister Eleazar Wheelock who wanted to use the college to Christianize the Native Americans. In 2004, Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as a model of institutional endurance "whose record of endurance has had implications and benefits for all American organizations, both academic and commercial," citing Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward and Dartmouth's successful self-reinvention in the late 1800s.  Dartmouth alumni, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, have been famously involved in their college.

Dartmouth is on a rural 269-acre (1.1 km²) campus in the Upper Valley region of New Hampshire. Given the College's isolated location, participation in athletics and the school's Greek system is high. Dartmouth's 34 varsity sports teams compete in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Students are also well known for preserving a variety of strong campus traditions.

In 2010 Dartmouth College joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with University of Tübingen (Germany), Durham University (UK), Queen’s University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

References 

Ivy League
Colleges and universities in New Hampshire
1769 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in New Hampshire
Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

Oldham Athletic Football Club is a football that plays in Football League One. The club plays its games at Boundary Park in Oldham, England.

The club has never won any major trophies through their history, though have made several appearances in the late rounds of the FA Cup and Football League Cup.

History 

The club was created as Pine Villa Football Club in 1895, but changed to the current name in 1899. Almost immediately, Oldham became a professional team before joining the Football League in 1907. After struggling between the First World War and the Second World War, they became more stable in 1969—when legendary manager Jimmy Frizzell took over. Under Frizzell, the club won 200 of their 544 competitive games and were promoted to higher levels twice.

After leaving in the summer of 1982, Joe Royle took over as the club's manager during which time Oldham again had a successful period. Under Royle, the club won 225 games of 608—a slightly higher winning percentage than under Frizzell. In the early 1990s, under Royle, Oldham reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and the final of the Football League Cup, losing every time. However, in the 1990–91 season, the club won the Football League Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in over 70 years. In the 1992–93 season, Oldham was a group of 24 teams that were the founding members of the Premier League—England's top division of football. After Royle's departure to Everton F.C., Oldham struggled and were relegated twice in four seasons.

In the early 2000s, Oldham Athletic almost went bankrupt. Businessman Chris Moore decided to purchase the club, promising to return to the Premier League within five years. However, later that season, he left the club, which also left behind much debt and a weak team. However, another businessman purchased the club in 2004, saving them from liquidation. In the 2006–07, under current manager John Sheridan, Oldham almost were promoted to the Football Championship, but lost in the semi-final of the play-offs.

Name 
 1895-1899 Pine Villa F.C.
 1899-present Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Oldham, Greater Manchester
1895 establishments in England