cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
875 North Michigan Avenue

875 North Michigan Avenue is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It was formerly known as the John Hancock Center. It is 344 meters (1,127 feet) tall and has 100 floors, including an observation deck on the 94th floor (1,000 ft). It was built in 1969 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Name change
On February 12, 2018, John Hancock Insurance requested that its name and logos throughout the building's interior be removed immediately; John Hancock had not had a naming-rights deal with the skyscraper's owners since 2013. Until a new naming-rights deal is finalized, the skyscraper will be known as "875 North Michigan Avenue".

Photo Gallery

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Other websites 

 The Hancock Observatory 
 Emporis.com - Aon Center
 SkycraperPage.com – Aon Center

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1969 establishments in Illinois
Franklin Center (Chicago)

Franklin Center is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 307 meters (1,007 feet) tall and has 60 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - AT&T Corporate Center
 SkycraperPage.com – AT&T Corporate Center

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1989 establishments in Illinois
Two Prudential Plaza

Two Prudential Plaza is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 303 meters (995 feet) tall and has 64 floors.  It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - Two Prudential Plaza
 SkycraperPage.com – Two Prudential Plaza

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1990 establishments in Illinois
Noam Pikelny

Noam Pikelny is a United States banjo player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Leftover Salmon and Punch Brothers. Pikelny lives in Brooklyn, New York.

Other websites
Official website
Official MySpace site
Punch Brothers official website
Leftover Salmon official website

References

Musicians from Chicago
1981 births
Living people
Gabe Witcher

Gabe Witcher is a United States fiddle player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Punch Brothers. Witcher has also toured with artists such as Jerry Douglas.

Other websites
Punch Brothers official website

American bluegrass musicians
Musicians from California
Fiddlers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
311 South Wacker Drive

311 South Wacker Drive is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.  It is 293 meters (961 feet) tall and has 65 floors. It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - 311 South Wacker
SkycraperPage.com – 311 South Wacker Drive

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1990 establishments in Illinois
900 North Michigan

900 North Michigan is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 265 meters (871 feet) tall and has 66 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - 900 North Michigan
SkycraperPage.com – 311 South Wacker900 North Michigan

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1989 establishments in Illinois
Bryan Sutton

Bryan Sutton is a United States guitarist. He also plays many other instruments including mandolin, banjo, and electric guitar. He has performed or recorded with artists such as Ricky Skaggs, Dixie Chicks, Jerry Douglas, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, Hot Rize, Chris Thile, and Tony Rice.

Discography

Solo albums

Musicians from North Carolina
People from Asheville, North Carolina
American guitarists
Living people
1973 births
Water Tower Place

Water Tower Place is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 262 meters (859 feet) tall and has 74 floors.  It was built in 1976 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - Water Tower Place
 SkycraperPage.com – Water Tower Place

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1976 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Illinois
Malls
Park Tower

Park Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 257 meters (844 feet) tall and has 67 floors.  It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - Park Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Park Tower

Skyscrapers in Chicago
2000 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Illinois
Toltec

Toltec is used by historians in different ways. It is either used to refer to certain people that lived in what is Mexico today, before Christopher Columbus came there. Some scholars also use the word to refer to the people that later developed into the Aztec civilisation. These people are only known from Aztec stories. It is not known if they actually formed one people or not.

References

History of Mexico
Native American
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري) was one of the earliest, most important and famous Persian historians and explainers of the Qur'an, most famous for his Tarikh al-Tabari (History of the Prophets and Kings) and Tafsir al-Tabari.

Name 
Tabari (Persian: طبری), Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, His name means "father of Jafar, named after the Prophet Muhammad, son of Jarir, from the province of Tabaristan".

Biography 
He was born in Amol, Tabaristan, some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea, in the winter of 838-9. He was precocious. He left home to study in A.H. 236  (850-1) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He did return at least twice, the last time in A.H. 290 (903) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.

Related pages
List of historians by continent

References

Bibliography 
 Bosworth, C.E., Encyclopedia of Islam, "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid"
 Rosenthal, Franz, "The Life and Works of al-Tabari" pp. 5–134 of volume one of the English translation of the History.

Other websites 
 http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=114 
 http://www.answering-ansar.org/biographies/abu_jaffar_muhammad_tabari/ 

838 births
923 deaths
Tabari
Muslims
Historians
Quran
Parliamentary system

A parliamentary system of government means that the executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament. This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence.  A balanced relationship between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary system is called responsible government.

The separation of powers between the executive and law making branches is not as obvious as it is in a presidential system. There are different ways of balancing power between the three branches which govern the country (the executive (or ministers), the law makers and the judges).

Parliamentary systems usually have a  head of government and a head of state. They change after their terms are over.  The head of government is the prime minister, who has the real power.  The head of state may be an elected president or, in the case of a constitutional monarchy, hereditary.

Examples of a few countries which practice parliamentary systems are India, Italy, Japan, and Latvia to name a few. Parliament is different in every country.

References 
Forms of government
Systems
Democracy
Political asylum

Someone may ask for political asylum when they are frightened to live in their own country. They will then go to another country. If they are allowed to live in the new country this is called political asylum.

People who seek asylum say they are victims of threats, physical harm or denigration of their human dignity as these are violating their human rights.

The political asylum is one of the human rights affirmed by Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and a rules of international human rights law. All countries who have agreed to the United Nations Conventions Relating to the Status of Refugees must let people, who do qualify, come into their country.

People who qualify for asylum are those who can show that they might be badly treated in their own country because of their:
 
 Religion, 
 Political opinions
 Membership of a particular social group or social activities or
 Personal lifestyle and sexual orientation.

People often confuse exiling an individual from his/her home country as a migration to a political asylum but that is not as it seems, migrating with one's own will due to personal reasons can be a political migration but not under the sentence of Government.
People who are given political asylum are called refugees. They are often confused with "economic refugees". Economic refugees are people who move from a poor country to a richer one so that they may work and make more money, often to send back to their families.

Related pages

 Deportation
 Exile
 Refugee
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

References

Human rights
Neuendorf-Sachsenbande

Neuendorf-Sachsenbande is a municipality in Wilstermarsch, in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The municipality has an area of . On 31 December 2006, 493 people lived there. The town is has  the lowest point in Germany, which is below sea level.

History 

The town was made on April 15, 2003, when the municipalities of Neuendorf bei Wilster, Sachsenbande, and Bredensee were all joined together.

References

Other websites

Steinburg (district)
Giessen (region)

Gießen is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of Hesse, Germany.  It is in the middle of the state.

Other websites
Official website

Regions of Hesse
Giessen (district)

Gießen () is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Hesse, Germany.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 

 Official website (German)
Marburg-Biedenkopf

Marburg-Biedenkopf is a Landkreis (district) in the west of Hesse, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1974 when the districts Marburg, Biedenkopf and the former urban district of Marburg were merged. The urban district is now a "town with special status" inside the district.

The district has partnerships with Huntingdonshire in the United Kingdom, the borough of Charlottenburg in Berlin, and the district of Kościerzyna in Poland.

Geography 
The main river in the district is the Lahn.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
 Touristic website

Districts of Hesse
Lahn-Dill-Kreis

Lahn-Dill is a Kreis (district) in the west of Hesse, Germany.

History 
In 1977 the district Gießen was merged with the districts Wetzlar and Dillkreis to the new Lahn-Dill-Kreis. However this big district was not popular, so in 1979 Giessen was split from it.

Geography 
The main rivers of the district are the Lahn and the Dill, which also gave it the name.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)
 Official Online-Community  (German)

Districts of Hesse
Vogelsbergkreis

The Vogelsbergkreis is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Hesse, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1972 by merging the former districts Alsfeld and Lauterbach.

Geography 
The main feature of the district is the Vogelsberg, an extinct volcano, last active 7 million years ago.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Website of the district administration 
 Touristic website

Districts of Hesse
5-1-1

5-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and some parts of Canada. It is made to be easy to remember. People can dial the number on a landline phone or on a mobile phone to get information about traffic and travel.

History

In March 2001, there were more than three hundred phone numbers about traffic and travel. This was confusing to many people, because so many numbers existed, or were there, for the same thing. To fix this, the United States Department of Transportation (called the USDOT) asked the Federal Communications Commission (called the FCC) for a special N11 code. On July 21, 2000, the FCC made 5-1-1 the national telephone number for travel information.

References

Other websites

5-1-1 numbers for specific places
Arizona
San Francisco Bay Area
San Diego
Florida
Florida - Tampa Bay Area 
Florida - Southwest Florida Area 
Georgia
Kansas 
Kentucky 
Louisiana
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Montana
Nebraska
North Carolina 
North Dakota 
Northern New England – Vermont
Nevada 
Northern New England – New Hampshire 
Northern New England – Maine
Oregon
Southwest Ohio - Cincinnati, Northern Kentucky
South Dakota 
Tennessee
Virginia

Telephone numbers in Canada
Telephone numbers in the United States
Transport in the United States
Transport in Canada
N11 codes
6-1-1

6-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It is the number to call for phone service customers when there is a problem with phones in an area, or when a payphone is not working properly. Many mobile phone service providers use 6-1-1 as a customer service number. 

The Federal Communications Commission did not officially decide that the 6-1-1 number should be used for this. They decided to let it stay because it had already been accepted, or chosen, by the North America Numbering Plan.

N11 codes
Telephone numbers in Canada
Telephone numbers in the United States
Fulda (district)

Fulda () is a Kreis (district) in the north-east of Hesse, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1821, when the duchy of Stift Fulda became a province of Hesse, and was split into four districts.   The last change to the district was in 1975, when the Hünfeld district was added to the district.

Stiffolder  
Arround 1720 People from Stift Fulda went to Hungary, and settled especially in the Komitat Baranya. This subgroup of the Danube Swabians are called Stiffolder or Stiffoller, Stifuler, etc.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
 All around information portal of Fulda
 360 degree virtual tour through the Hessian Rhön
Kassel (region)

Kassel is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of Hesse, Germany, in the north of the country. It was created in 1866 when Prussia took over the area to form the new province Hesse-Nassau. Altogether it consists of 138 municipalities.

Other websites 
 Official website
Kassel (district)

Kassel is a Landkreis (Rural District) in the north of Hesse, Germany. The district-free city Kassel is nearly completely surrounded by the district.

History 
1972 the previous districts of Kassel, Hofgeismar and Wolfhagen were joined to form the newly established district of Kassel.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Districts of Hesse
Transvaal

The Transvaal (lit. beyond the Vaal [pale river]) is the name of an area of northern South Africa. At the start, it made up a great part of the independent Boer South African Republic. Before the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 it became the Transvaal Colony. It is one of the original provinces of the Union of South Africa from 1910 until 1994 with capital in Pretoria. The province no longer exists, and its territory now forms the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga and part of the North West Province. Even though it no longer exists as an administrative unit, the Transvaal is still a commonly used geographical term and retains its historical meaning.

Geography of South Africa
Kuril Islands

The Kuril Islands (; ; ), also called the , are a group of islands (archipelago) between Russia and Japan. The northern islands are a part of Russia and the southern islands are a part of Japan. Both countries say that they own four of the islands in the middle of the group. This disagreement is called the Kuril Islands dispute.

Japan is asking for return of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan and Habomai shoto. They say that these islands are being illegally held by Russia. Several political parties in Japan are asking for return of all Chishima Islands. Russia has said that it would return Shikotan and Habomai shoto in 1956 but Japan did not agree to this agreement because it meant the United States would keep the island of Okinawa.

North-Chishima / North Kurils 

 Shumshu (占守島/)
 Araido (阿頼度島/Atarasov)
 Paramushiru (Paramushiru, Horomushiro / 幌筵島)
 Shirinki( 志林規島/Antsiferov)
 Makanru (Makanru / 磨勘留島 Makanrusi)
 Onnekotan (温禰古丹島/Onekotan)
 Harimukotan (春牟古丹島)
 Ekaruma ( 越渇磨島/Ekarma)
 Chirinkotan (知林古丹島)
 Shiashukotan (捨子古丹島 Shaskotan)
 Raikoke (雷公計島)
 Matsuwa(松輪島 Matuwa)
 Rashowa(羅処和島 Rasowa)
 Ushishiru ( 宇志知島/Uchicir)
 Ketoi ( 計吐夷島/Ketoy)
 Simushiru ( 新知島/Shimushir)
 Buroton (武魯頓島/Buroton)
 Chirpoi (知理保以島/Chirihoy)
 Chirihoinan (知理保以南島/Brat Chirpoyev)
 Uruppu ( 得撫島/Urup)

South Chishima / South Kuril 
 Etorofu (Iturup / 択捉島)
 Kunashiri (Kunashiri / 国後島)

Little Kuril 
Japan does not say these are a part of the Chishima Islands
 Shikotan （色丹島）
 Habomai shoto (歯舞諸島) →　2008.3.21 - Habomai Gunto（歯舞群島）
 Todo（海馬島/Kaiba）
 Taraku(多楽島Polonskogo)
 Shibotsu(志発島/ZelyoniShibotsu)
 Yuri (勇留島)
 Akiyuri(秋勇留島/AnuchinaAkiyuri)
 Harukaru (春苅島/Kharkar)
 Suishō （水晶島/Tanfilyeva )
 Kaigara(貝殻島/Signalny)

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Chishima Islands dispute

Pacific islands
Islands of Japan
Islands of Russia
Territorial disputes
Botnet

A Botnet (short for robot network) is a word which is sometimes used by computer scientists. Botnets are made up of many software agents. Each software agent is controlled remotely. Botnets are known for their ability to act as a unit.

Such networks are often used to send E-Mail Spam, but they can also be used to attack (and bring down) a computer through Denial of Service attacks, amongst others.

A Botnet can also be referred to as a group of hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of zombie computers that are under the control of an attacker.

Computing
Baroque (band)

Baroque (written as baroque) is a Japanese visual kei rock band. Although all members of Baroque were men, they dressed up when they performed in concert. At their concerts, their received much criticism and so the band broke up.

MembersRyo (Vocals)Kei (Guitar)Bansaku (Bass)Akira(Guitar)

Japanese rock bands
Visual kei bands
Umpire

An umpire is someone who makes sure all of the rules are followed. Umpires are used mainly in sports like Baseball, tennis, and cricket.

The Umpire officiate the game. Their responsibilities include:
beginning and ending the game
enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds
making judgment calls on plays
meeting out discipline

Baseball
Sports occupations
Linda Lingle

Linda Lingle (born Linda Cutter; June 4, 1953) is an American politician. She was the sixth Governor of Hawaii. She is a Republican.

References

1953 births
Living people
American mayors
Governors of Hawaii
Jewish American politicians
Jewish women politicians
People from Maui
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
US Republican Party politicians
Cebuano language

Cebuano is a type of language spoken in the Philippines. About 20,000,000 people speak this language. Cebuano is a member of the Visayan language family.

Related pages
Cebuano Wikipedia

References

Austronesian languages
Filipino culture
Unna

Unna is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is on an ancient salt-trading route, the Hellweg road.

References

Other websites

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Unna Rural District
Max Weber (politician)

Max Weber (August 2, 1897 – December 2, 1974) was a Swiss politician.

He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on December 13, 1951 and handed over office on January 31, 1954. He was member of the Social Democratic Party. During his time in office he held the Department of Finance.

Other websites 
Max Weber 

Swiss politicians
1897 births
1974 deaths
Max Weber (general)

There is also a Max Weber, German political economist and sociologist.

Maximilian "Max" Emil Weber (27 August 1824 in Achern – 15 June 1901 in Brooklyn) was a military officer in the armies of Germany and later the United States, most known for serving as a brigadier general in the Union army during the American Civil War.

Other websites 
Max Weber 

1824 births
1901 deaths
American Civil War generals
German military people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Baden-Württemberg
Oconto County, Wisconsin

Oconto County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  There were 35,634 people living in Oconto county as of the year 2000.  The county seat is Oconto.

Geography
The county has an area of 1,149 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

Counties nearby 
Marinette County - northeast
Brown County - south
Shawano County - southwest
Menominee County - west
Langlade County - west
Forest County - northwest

Cities and towns 
Abrams
Bagley
Brazeau
Breed
Chase
Doty
Gillett (town)
Gillett
How
Lakewood
Lena (town)
Lena
Little River
Little Suamico
Maple Valley
Morgan
Mountain
Oconto Falls (town)
Oconto Falls
Oconto (town)
Oconto
Pensaukee
Pulaski (partial)
Riverview
Spruce
Stiles
Suring
Townsend
Underhill

Other websites
Oconto County
Oconto County Tourism & Development

1854 establishments in Wisconsin
Niedergösgen

Niedergösgen is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Niederwil, Solothurn

Niederwil is a former municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. In 2011 Niederwil merged into Riedholz.

References 

Former municipalities of Solothurn
Nunningen

Nunningen is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Oberbuchsiten

Oberbuchsiten is a municipality in the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Oberdorf, Solothurn

Oberdorf is a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Obergerlafingen

Obergerlafingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Isengard (Norwegian band)

Isengard was the side project of Darkthrone's drummer and poet Fenriz.

Albums 
 Vinterskugge (1994)
 Høstmørke (1995)
 Traditional Doom Cult (2016)
 Vårjevndøgn (2020)

Norwegian heavy metal bands
Black metal bands
Folk metal bands
Oslo
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Norway
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1995 disestablishments in Europe

pl:Isengard (grupa muzyczna)
Tom DeLonge

Thomas Matthew DeLonge, Jr. (born December 13, 1975) is an American musician. He was the guitarist of Pop-punk band blink-182, until their break up in 2005. He also took a part in a project called Box Car Racer. He plays and records with Angels & Airwaves, his new band that he started after blink-182's break up. In 2009, blink-182 reunited, and they released a new album in September 2011, titled Neighborhoods. In 2012, blink-182 toured Australia for the first time since 2004.

References

1975 births
Living people
American guitarists
Musicians from California
American punk musicians
American rock musicians
United States Geological Survey

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The agency is a part of the United States Department of the Interior. 

The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines: biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization. It has no power to regulate.

The USGS science focus is on seven "Mission Areas", (1) Climate and land use change, (2) Core science systems, (3) Ecosystems, (4) Energy and minerals, (5) Environmental health, (6) Natural hazards, and (7) Water.  

Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units.  Other specific programs include:

Earthquakes 
The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. Its National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Golden, Colorado detects the location and magnitude of global earthquakes. The USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the U.S. under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System  (ANSS). The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and the public, both domestic and worldwide, about significant earthquakes. It also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards.

The USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online.
The motto of the USGS is "Science for a changing world."

Other websites

References

1879 establishments in the United States
United States government agencies
National mapping agencies
Geology
United States Department of the Interior
Pyroclastic flow

A pyroclastic flow, pronounced pie-roh-class-tick, (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a flow of "lava", as commonly associated with volcanic eruptions. The flows are currents of hot gas, or tephra, during an eruption that sometimes causes rock falls. A cloud forms over the river of hot rock. This boiling column of superheated gas, sand, tephra, obsidian, and pumice can reach soaring temperatures of 1,000ºC and is from 450 to 700 miles per hour.

They are extremely dangerous and can be deadly.

Volcanology
Mudflow

A mudflow or mudslide occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly. Mudflows, which are like giant moving mud pies, happen when lots of water mixes with soil and rock. The water makes the slippery mass of mud flow quickly down. Mudflows happen most in mountainous places where a long dry season is followed by heavy rains. 

Mudflows of volcanic eruptions are the most dangerous, and are called lahars. A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. Lahars can move as quickly as 80km/h and are as thick as liquid concrete.

Lahars have several possible causes:
 Snow and glaciers can be melted by lava or pyroclastic flows during an eruption
 A flood caused by a glacier, lake breakout, or heavy rainfall can release a lahar, also called glacier run
 Water from a crater lake, combined with volcanic material in an eruption
Lahars can occur without volcanic activity, if conditions are right for the collapse and movement of mud from existing volcanic ash deposits.
 Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild weather
 Earthquakes underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse triggering a lahar avalanche.
Rainfall or typhoons can cause slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes, with devastating results.

References 

Volcanoes
Natural disasters
Stuart Duncan

Stuart Duncan (born April 14, 1964) is an American fiddle, banjo, mandolin, and guitar player. In his career, Duncan has recorded with artists such as Dolly Parton, Barbra Streisand, George Strait, Reba McEntire, Bela Fleck, Jerry Douglas, and Chris Thile.

Other websites
http://www.mikecompton.net/Photos/Promo/NBB.Bio_TwentyYearBlues.doc 

American guitarists
Banjo players
Fiddlers
American bluegrass musicians
Country musicians
1964 births
Living people
Mandolinists
Class (programming)

Class and object are basic building blocks in object-oriented programming languages. A class is written by a programmer in a defined structure to create an object (computer science) in an object oriented programming language. It defines a set of properties and methods that are common to all objects of one type.  

For example, a class could be a car, which could have a color field, four tire fields, and a drive method.
Another related class could be a truck, which would have similar fields, but not be exactly the same as a car. Both a car and a truck could be a kind of a third class which could be called a vehicle class. In this way, the programmer could create the parts of the program that are the same for both the car and the truck in programming the vehicle class, yet the programmer would be free to program how a car is different from a truck without duplicating all of the programming.

In this example, there are three classes: 1) a class called "car", 2) a class called "pick-up truck", and 3) a class called "vehicle". These classes would be used to make objects. Although there is only one class called "car", there could be many objects that are created from the class called "car". And, although there is only one class that is called "truck", many objects of type truck could be created from this class. The "vehicle" class is actually general and there would probably not be any objects that were only of the class "vehicle". But a car would be a kind of vehicle and a truck would also be a kind of vehicle. So, you could say that both cars and trucks are from the same class, vehicle.

Inside of classes are two kinds of things: methods and fields (or properties). Methods can store the code for doing actions; in this example you could have a drive method and a brake method, and maybe a turnRight and turnLeft method. Fields store data; you could have a color field, a speed field and a size field. You can call methods by first making an object of the Car or Truck class, and call it for example ferrari, and doing ferrari.methodName(). In this case, if we wanted to make the vehicle move, we could do ferrari.drive().

Example 
Here is an example realized with Java. Please notice that all unnecessary aspects are left out.

public class vehicle { // base class for all vehicles
  String color; // field color
  int position; // field position
  
  public void drive(int distance) { // method drive
    this.position += distance;
  }
}

public class car extends vehicle {
  int persons; // a new field called persons
  
  public void getIn() { // method to get into the car
    this.persons++;
  }
  
  public void getOut() { // method to get out of the car
    this.persons--;
  }
}

public class truck extends vehicle {
  String load; // a new field called load
  
  public void load(String load) { // method to load the truck
    this.load = load;
  }
  
  public String unload() { // method to unload the truck
    String oldLoad = this.load;
    this.load = null;
    return oldLoad;
  }
}

Computer programming
Loggerhead sea turtle

The loggerhead sea turtle or loggerhead, (Caretta caretta), is a type of turtle that lives in the sea. It is from the family Cheloniidae.    

Loggerheads live in the seas around the world. Most of the beaches where loggerheads lay eggs are found on the coasts of the United States in North America (mostly in Florida), Oman in Asia, and Australia in the Pacific Ocean. Some loggerheads also live near other countries like Chile, Greece, and Indonesia.

How they live 
Loggerheads eat fish, squid, jellyfish, crabs, and other small sea animals. Loggerheads mate while they are moving in the seas mostly from March to June every 2 or 3 years. When they are ready to lay eggs female loggerheads always come back to the same beach where they came out of their eggs as babies. Most loggerheads lay eggs in June and July. Most lay between 100 and 126 eggs. The eggs look much like ping-pong balls.

When they come out of the eggs baby loggerheads are called hatchlings. They usually come out at night so that other animals, like birds and crabs, do not eat them. The hatchlings follow light from the morning sun to the sea. They swim out to parts of the ocean that have seaweed (plants that grow in the sea) to hide from other animals while they grow.

Most loggerheads move to warm waters during months that are colder but some hibernate, or sleep for long times, when it is cold. When they are hibernating they can stay under the water for up to seven hours before coming up for air.

Loggerheads live 30 to 50 years or more.

Protecting them from people 
In the past loggerhead sea turtles were hunted by people for meat and for their eggs. Also their fat and shells were used to make medicines, combs, and other things. The number of loggerheads today is small and so governments in many countries have laws that do not allow them to be hunted anymore.

The main danger for loggerheads now is the nets used by fishermen which can accidentally kill the turtles. They are also killed by boats, fishing hooks, and other dangers from people.

Civilization is harming the loggerhead reproduction cycle, due to beach construction.

Related pages 

Sea turtle
Hawksbill turtle

Further reading 
  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used
 Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection - Endangered, Threatened & Special Concern Reptiles

Other websites 

 International: 
 U.S.: Loggerhead Turtle- by NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources
 Florida: Loggerhead Sea Turtle- by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's North Florida Field Office
 Caribbean: Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League
 Africa: Marine Turtles-Africa- Convention on Migratory Species

Turtles
Marine reptiles
Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age, also sometimes known as the 
Islamic Renaissance, lasted from the 8th century AD to the 13th century. It is regarded as starting with the reign of Harun al-Rashid. Some scholars think one should count even the 15th and the 16th centuries to this period.

This period was called Golden Age, because engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology in this time. They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own. Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."

Other websites 
 Golden age of Arab and Islamic Culture 
 The Influence of Islamic Philosophy and Ethics on The Development of Medicine During the Islamic Renaissance - By Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal

Notes 

History of Islam
Periods and ages in history
Auguste Charlois

Auguste Honoré Charlois (26 November 1864 – 26 March 1910) was a French astronomer who discovered 99 asteroids while working in Nice.

He first discovered the asteroid 267 Tirza in 1887.

1864 births
1910 deaths

French astronomers
HCard

hCard, short for HTML vCard, is a format for publishing the contact information of people, companies, organizations, and places, in XHTML, Atom, RSS, or raw XML.

Internet
Ellen Axson Wilson

Ellen Louise Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.

Early life
Ellen spent her childhood in  Rome, Georgia. Her father’s name was Reverend S.E. Axson. Her father was a Presbyterian minister. Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw Ellen when he was about six and she only a baby. In 1883, as a young lawyer from Atlanta, "Tommy" visited Rome (Georgia) and met "Miss Ellie Lou" again. She was looking after her father’s household. He wanted to marry her. The marriage took place in 1885, as she did not immediately wanted to leave her father alone. 

In the same year, her husband got a teaching job at Bryn Mawr College.  They lived near the campus. She kept her younger brother with them. The Wilson couple had three children. Margaret was born in 1886; Jessie was born in 1887. A third child named Eleanor was born in Connecticut, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University. 

Beginning in 1890, her husband had a well-known career at Princeton University. This brought much social responsibility to Ellen.  She spent most of her time painting.  She had a studio in the White House where she painted.

First Lady
The Wilson couple began their administration without any party. As the First Lady, Ellen’s entertainments were also simple. But her  and warmness made the people happy. Her parties became successes. 

As the First Lady, Ellen Wilson tried for improving the housing for the "Negroes" living in Washington D.C. She visited the slums where Negro families lived. This brought their bad living condition to the attention of the Congressmen.

Death
She had Bright's disease. She died on 6 August 1914 after an operation on her appendix. At the time of her death, she quietly said to the physician: "…take good care of my husband." She also told her physician to tell her husband to marry again after her death. Wilson was very sad at her death. He took her to Rome, Georgia for burial. He would later marry Edith Wilson in 1915.

References
Original text based on White House biography 

1860 births
1914 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Woodrow Wilson
First Ladies of the United States
People from Savannah, Georgia
Federation Cynologique Internationale

The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI, World Canine Organisation) is an association of kennel clubs. It is based in Thuin, Belgium.

It has 84 members and contract partners (one member per country) that each issue their own pedigrees (rules about how each type of dog should look) and train their own judges. The FCI makes sure that the pedigrees and judges are of one FCI member are recognised by all other FCI members.

Other websites 
World Canine Organisation, in English 

Dogs
Organizations based in Europe
1911 establishments in Europe
Robertstown

Robertstown is a village in County Kildare, Ireland.  It is near to many famous villages such as Allenwood.

Villages in Ireland
County Kildare
Breckerfeld

Breckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany). It is in the southeastern part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland.

References

Other websites

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District
Paul Raud

Paul Raud (October 22, 1865 - November 22, 1930) was an Estonian painter. He had twin brother, Kristijan Raud, who was also painter. Paul Raud studied in Düsseldorfi art academy.

Related pages

Düsseldorf school of painting

Estonian people
Painters
Twin people
1865 births
1930 deaths
Alhazen

Alhazen<ref> (Arabic: أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Latinized: Alhacen or Ibn al-Haytham)</ref> or Alhacen or ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was a pioneer of modern optics. Some have also described him as a "pioneer of the modern scientific method" and "first scientist", but others think this overstates his contribution. Alhazen's Risala fi’l-makan (Treatise on Place) discussed theories on the motion of a body. He maintained that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion. He laid foundations for telescopic astronomy.

He was an Arab Muslim polymath who made contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, Muslim theology, visual perception. He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra in Iraq (Mesopotamia).

Alhazen lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74. Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he thought he could regulate the floods of the Nile. When he was ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he realized he could not do it, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he pretended to be mad, and was placed under house arrest. For the rest of his life he devoted himself entirely to his scientific work.

Related pages
 Islamic Golden Age
 Book of Optics
 Scientific method

 References 

 Other websites 
 
 
 Ibn al-Haitham on two Iraqi banknotes
 The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn Haitham
 Roshdi Rashed, A Polymath in the 10th century, Science 297''' (2002): 773
 A.I. Sabra, "Ibn al-Haytham: brief life of an Arab mathematician" 

935 births
1039 deaths
Astronomers
Engineers
Mathematicians
Philosophers
Physicians
Scientists
Weather balloon

A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high altitude balloon) which carries instruments in the sky to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small measuring tool called a radiosonde. To get wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global Positioning System). 

The invention of the weather balloon started the age of remote sensing, the ability to collect information where there are no people.  Weather balloons are a major tool of atmospheric research. High altitude balloons have also been used by astronomers and cosmologists to take readings of certain particle frequencies or gather light readings free of excessive disturbance from Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere).

The first observation balloon was launched immediately before the first manned balloon flight by Frenchmen Jean-François de Rozier and the Marquis d'Aalandes on November 21, 1783, for a pre-flight wind reading. Later, French meteorologist Leon Teisserenc de Bort (1855-1913) pioneered the use of weather balloons, handily proving their utility. With balloon-acquired data, he determined the existence of a lower level of the atmosphere, which he termed the troposphere or "sphere of change," where weather takes place. Since the 1930s, when radio tracking systems were invented, balloons have been used as complete floating weather stations, using such instruments as thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, cameras, and telescopes.

Many agencies use weather balloon flights to model the atmosphere and to make more accurate weather predictions.  They collect such atmospheric information as temperature , pressure, and humidity that can then be plotted on weather maps. Three-dimensional atmospheric modeling is also possible using weather balloons because the instruments they carry are able to provide data collected from several different altitude points.  Since they started, the long bags of helium have been carrying aloft increasingly sophisticated observation devices.  The take the science of weather observation literally to the edges of outer space .

Weather
Xenophilius Lovegood

Xenophilius Lovegood is a fictional character of the Harry Potter series. He is the father of Luna Lovegood (friend of Harry Potter), and the editor of The Quibbler, a magazine in which he writes the things that just he believes,  such as Nargles and Crumple-Horned Shortsnack. However, during the Second Wizarding War, his magazine published reliable news, to the point that most people switched to it for news. Only when his daughter was kidnapped that the Quibbler started to turn against Harry Potter. Lovegood was played by Rhys Ifans in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.

Harry Potter characters

de:Figuren der Harry-Potter-Romane#Xenophilius Lovegood
en:List of supporting Harry Potter characters#Xenophilius Lovegood
es:Anexo:Personajes secundarios de Harry Potter#Xenophilius Lovegood
hu:A Harry Potter szereplőinek listája#További varázslók és boszorkányok
no:Liste over figurer i Harry Potter-bøkene#Xenofilius Lunekjær
sv:Mindre rollfigurer i Harry Potter#Xenophilius Lovegood
São José, Santa Catarina

São José it´s a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Cities in Santa Catarina
Balneário Camboriú

Balneário Camboriú is a Brazilian city in the state of Santa Catarina. In 2018, 138,732 people lived there. It is about  from the city of Florianópolis, the state capital. Balneário Camboriú has an area of .

References

Other websites 
 
 

Cities in Santa Catarina
Blumenau

Blumenau is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil, with 300,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Santa Catarina
Brusque, Santa Catarina

Brusque is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Cities in Santa Catarina
São José

There are a lot parishes that have the name São José (Portuguese for Saint Joseph):

In Europe

In the Azores

São José, a parish in the municipality of Ponta Delgada

In Portugal

São José, a parish in the municipality of Lisbon
São José, a parish in the municipality of Viseu

In South America

In Brazil

São José, Santa Catarina
São José do Alegre, Minas Gerais
São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul
São José da Barra, Minas Gerais
São José do Barreiro, São Paulo
São José dos Basílios, Maranhão
São José da Bela Vista, São Paulo
São José do Belmonte, Pernambuco
São José da Boa Vista, Paraná
São José do Bonfim, Paraíba
São José do Brejo do Cruz, Paraíba
São José de Caiana, Paraíba
São José do Calçado, Espírito Santo
São José do Campestre, Rio Grande do Norte
São José dos Campos, São Paulo
São José do Cedro, Santa Catarina
São José do Cerrito, Santa Catarina
São José dos Cordeiros, Paraíba
São José da Coroa Grande, Pernambuco
São José do Divino, Minas Gerais
São José do Divino, Piauí
São José do Egito, Pernambuco
São José de Espinharas, Paraíba
São José do Goiabal, Minas Gerais
São José do Herval, Rio Grande do Sul
São José do Hortêncio, Rio Grande do Sul
São José do Inhacorá, Rio Grande do Sul
São José do Jacuípe, Bahia
São José do Jacuri, Minas Gerais
São José da Lagoa Tapada, Paraíba
São José da Laje, Alagoas
São José da Lapa, Minas Gerais
São José do Mantimento, Minas Gerais
São José de Mipibu, Rio Grande do Norte
São José das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul
São José do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul
São José do Ouro, Rio Grande do Sul
São José das Palmeiras, Paraná
São José do Peixe, Piauí
São José do Piauí, Piauí
São José dos Pinhais, Paraná
São José de Piranhas, Paraíba
São José do Povo, Mato Grosso
São José de Princesa, Paraíba
São José dos Quatro Marcos, Mato Grosso
São José dos Ramos, Paraíba
São José de Ribamar, Maranhão
São José do Rio Claro, Mato Grosso
São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo
São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo
São José do Sabugi, Paraíba
São José da Safira, Minas Gerais
São José do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte
São José da Tapera, Alagoas
São José de Ubá, Rio de Janeiro
São José do Vale do Rio Preto, Rio de Janeiro
São José da Varginha, Minas Gerais
São José da Vitória, Bahia
São José do Xingu, Mato Grosso

Sports
São José Esporte Clube, a Brazilian football club.
Esporte Clube São José, a Brazilian football club.
Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa São José, a Brazilian football club.

Other 

The São José, a Portuguese shipwreck off Mozambique that sunk on July 23, 1622. The ship belonged to the flotilla that brought Francisco da Gama to Goa for his second term (1622–1628) as Vice-Roy of Portuguese India.
Chapecó

Chapecó is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Cities in Santa Catarina
Criciúma

Criciúma is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Other websites
City’s official website (in Portuguese)

Cities in Santa Catarina