cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Akita Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Akita. Akita prefecture is famous for rice and sake.

History 
The area of Akita was created from Dewa Province and Mutsu Province.

Historic places
 Senshu Park is 5 minutes walk from Akita Station.
The site of castle of the Kubota Castle built by Satake, a daimyo from Hitachi. Landscape gardener, Abira Nagaoka, designed the park in 1896. The name "Akita" became established in Tenpyou era.

Geography 
Akita Prefecture faces the Sea of Japan.  It is bordered by Aomori Prefecture in the north, Iwate Prefecture in the east, Miyagi Prefecture in the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture in the south.

Mt. Chokai is the second hightest mountain in the Tohoku Region. Shirakami-Sanchi is a large mountain range along the border between Akita and Aomori prefectures.

Cities 
There are 13 cities in Akita Prefecture:

National Parks
National Parks cover about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture. including 
 Towada-Hachimantai National Park

Hot Springs

Nyuto Hot Spring Village (There are seven hotels.)
Tsurunoyu
Taenoyu
Kuroyu
Ganiba
Magoroku
Oogama
National Park Resort Village Nyuto Hot Spring

Shrines and Temples
Ōmonoimi jinja and Tsutsukowake jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.akita.jp/e/
Robert Falcon Scott

Captain Robert Falcon Scott CVO, RN (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was an English Royal Navy officer and explorer who died on an expedition to the South Pole. He is widely known as Scott of the Antarctic, the title of a 1948 movie.

Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13.
Before his appointment to lead the Discovery Expedition, Scott had followed the conventional career of a naval officer in peacetime Victorian Britain, where opportunities for career advancement were keenly sought after by ambitious officers.

It was the chance for personal distinction that led Scott to apply for command of the Discovery. His name became associated with the Antarctic, his field of work for the final twelve years of his life.

Terra Nova Expedition 1910–1913
During this second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition had got there first. On the return journey, Scott and his four comrades died from exhaustion, starvation and extreme cold. The tragic fate of his expedition is still remembered throughout the world.

Scott's leadership 
After his death, Scott became a British hero. His reputation suffered from several books written later in the 20th century. Still later, Scott's record was reviewed more favourably. The main cause of the failure  of the expedition is now said to be the exceptionally adverse weather at the end of the return from the pole.

Scott took ponies, motorised sleds and ordinary sleds, which he and his men pulled.  He thought that the number of animals overworked and killed should be held as low as possible and considered his rival Roald Amundsen's approach as cruel.  Amundsen, on the other hand, killed dog after dog to feed himself, the men and the rest of the dogs.  He did not feel bad about it. The ponies helped travelling part of the way to the pole, but some of them were so stubborn that the expedition members, especially Lawrence Oates, lost much energy that was needed to get back from the pole. The motorised sleds (which worked well at the start) eventually froze up. The dogs, of which there 36, were left behind on the final attempt on the Pole.

One factor which has been re-discovered is that Scott gave the dog driver Meares  written orders before leaving for the final attempt on the pole. The order was for dogs to be brought up towards the returning party. This order was supplemented by Scott asking Atkinson to make a similar attempt (Atkinson was one of those not chosen for the final attempt group). In the event, neither of these actions took place.

References 

1868 births
1912 deaths
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Deaths from starvation
English explorers
Royal Navy officers
Sailors
Standard state

The standard state is a common way for measuring properties of chemicals. Standard state normally is room temperature (25°C) and normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi). Normally when no temperature or pressure is given, standard state is implied. If an article says "bromine is a liquid" it means bromine is a liquid in the standard state.

Chemistry
Tellurium trioxide

Tellurium trioxide, also known as tellurium(VI) oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO3. It contains tellurium and oxide ions. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state.

Properties
Tellurium trioxide can come in two forms. There is a yellow-red form and a gray form. The yellow red form is more reactive. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with strong bases to make tellurates. It releases oxygen to turn into tellurium dioxide when heated.

Preparation
It is made by taking the water from telluric acid. The gray form can be made from this by reacting the yellow-red form with sulfuric acid and air.

Related pages
Tellurous acid

Tellurium compounds
Oxides
Sons of Liberty

The Sons of Liberty were a group of people in Boston at the time of the American Revolution.  They were led by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere.  Other well-known members included Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry.  They were in favor of rights of colonial Americans, which meant they often did not like the British.  Some people thought the Sons of Liberty were a mob.  The Sons of Liberty were the main group involved in the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. They also participated in the Stamp Act.

American Revolutionary War
Manhattan
Massachusetts
Nationalist organizations in North America
1765 establishments
Secret societies
1760s establishments in Massachusetts
Agnes Grey

Agnes Grey is a novel written by the English author Anne Brontë and first published in 1847. The novel is about a governess of that name and is said to be based on Anne Brontë's own experiences.  It was her first novel. 
Story has happy end. Finally, Agnes married her heart friend Edward Weston and they have three children called Agnes, Mary and Edward.

Characters
Agnes Grey – the daughter of a minister who decided become a governess to support herself and her family.
Mary Grey - the elder sister of Agnes.
Richard Grey - the father of Agnes and Mary.
Mrs. Grey - the mother of Agnes and Mary. Squire's daughter and a woman of spirit. She married Richard despite of the wishes of her friends and family.
Mr. Weston – the curate at the local church.
Mr. and Mrs. Bloomfield - Agnes's first employers.
Uncle Robson - the brother of Mrs. Bloomfield.
Tom Bloomfield – the Bloomfield's couple son, well-grown seven years old boy. Very violent to animals.
Mary Ann Bloomfield – the eldest daughter of Bloomfields.
Fanny Bloomfield - the second daughter of Bloomfields.
Mr. and Mrs. Murray - the second employers of Agnes.
Rosalie Murray (also Miss Murray) – the eldest daughter of Murrays, silly but kind
Mathilda Murray – the second daughter of the Murrays.
Mr. Hatfield – the rector at the local church. He loves Miss Murray but she doesn't answer his feeling.

Other books by Anne Brontë
Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846)
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848)

Other websites
 

1847 books
English novels
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is the second and final novel by English author Anne Brontë, published in 1848 under the false name  Acton Bell. Story framed as a letter from Gilbert Markham to his friend and brother-in-law. He writes about events leading to his meeting his wife. It is a classic of English literature.

Plot
Gilbert writes about a young woman, Helen Graham, who arrives at the old house, named Wildfell Hall with her small son and a servant. She doesn't want to talk about her life with her new neighbours, so they decided that she did something wrong in her past. No one, except Gilbert, his sister Rose and Mary Millward, her friend, believes that she is a good woman. Someone thinks that she has an affair with Frederick Lawrence (who is actually her brother).

When Gilbert, already fallen in love with Helen, begins to believe that she is a bad woman, she gives him her diary. In her diary she writes about her live with her husband, Arthur Huntingdon, who drinks a lot of alcohol and behaves himself badly. When he begins to make their son, also Arthur, alcoholic and teaches him to say bad words, Helen decides to run away from him. After many troubles she secretly comes to live at Wildfell Hall.

Helen leaves that place, when she learns that her husband is ill. She takes care of him, but he all the same died.

After some time Helen and Gilbert marry. They lead a happy life and have at least two children together.

Other works by Anne Brontë
Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846)
Agnes Grey (1847)

Other websites

 
 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall  at PublicLiterature.org
 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall - Free Public Domain Audiobook.

1848 books
English novels
English-language novels
Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell

Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell was a book of poetry published together by the three Brontë sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne in 1846 (see 1846 in poetry). It is their first printed work.

1840s books
19th-century British poems
Minimum efficient scale

The minimum efficient scale (MES) is the smallest output that an industrial plant (or firm) can produce such that its long run average costs are minimised. The size of MES relative to market demand curve has a strong influence on market structure. It can also be defined as the minimum point in U-shaped long run average cost curve.

Economics
Alex Riley

Alex Riley (born 29 March 1968 in Sheffield, Yorkshire) is an English DJ, television personality and comedian. His DJ career began when he became a DJ on BBC Radio 7. Some of the shows he hosted are The Comedy Club, Sony Gold Award and Station Sound.  He began his TV career performing with the city's Crucible Youth Theatre during which time he originated, and appeared in, dozens of sketches and devised pieces, as well as appearing in a number of plays and farces at the Library Theatre.

Riley then had a succession of jobs including managing an alternative shopping centre, selling aerial photographs and answering an on-air appeal for researchers on BBC TV's Top Gear programme. He is best known for Britain's Really Disgusting Food  first aired in 2008, with a second series in 2009 and an alternative but same universe series Britain's Really Disgusting Drink. He also acted in Chelsea Flower Show, Britain in Bloom, Bigamy, Short Circuits, Discovery Home and Leisure, Boys Toys, the Caravan Show, You Know You Want To and Classic Car Club among other TV shows. He also has a career as a stand-up comedian.

References

British DJs
Comedians from Yorkshire
People from Sheffield
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Tellurite

Tellurite is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO32-. They are some of the more stable tellurium compounds. They are weak oxidizing agents. In slightly acidic conditions, it makes hydrogen tellurite, HTeO3-. When it is very acidic, it makes tellurous acid. They are normally made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide. 

Tellurite is also a rare mineral. This mineral consists of tellurium dioxide. It is a yellow to white mineral. It is in areas that tend to oxidize minerals (oxidation zone). Otherwise telluride or native tellurium would be there.

Related pages
Sodium tellurite
Tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Minerals
Chiba, Chiba

is a Japanese city in Chiba Prefecture on the island of Honshu.   It is the capital city of the prefecture. It is about  southeast of the center of Tokyo near the Tokyo Bay.

It has been recognized as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992.

Weather
Chiba has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). It is  very hot i summer, and cool until mild winter. There is a lot of precipitation throughout the year, but there is less precipitation in winter.

People
As of February 2016, Chiba had an estimated 972,861 people living there. It had a population density of 3,580 persons per km². The total area of Chiba is . There were 19,135 registered foreign residents in Chiba as of March 31, 2007. Foreigners are about 2% of the total number of people. It has the 14th most amount of people in Japan.

Transportation

Airports
There is no commercial airport in Chiba. Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) are the closest major airports.

Highways
 Higashi-Kantō Expressway to Tokyo, Narita and Kashima
 Tateyama Expressway to Kisarazu
 Keiyō Road
 Chiba-Tōgane Road (Japan National Route 126
 Japan National Route 14
 Japan National Route 16
 Japan National Route 51
 Japan National Route 128
 Japan National Route 357

Education

Colleges and universities
 Chiba University
 Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences
 Kanda University of International Studies
 Tokyo Dental College
 Shukutoku University
 Keiai University
 Chiba Keizai University
 Tokyo University of Information Sciences
 The Open University of Japan
 Uekusa University
 Teikyo Heisei University (Chiba campus)
 Chiba Meitoku College
 Japan Christian Junior College

High schools
Chiba has 20 public high schools. They are controlled by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. Two public high schools are controlled by the Chiba City Board of Education. This includes Inage Senior High School. There are also nine private high schools. They include the Makuhari Junior and Senior High School.

Elementary and middle schools
Chiba has 114 public elementary schools. It also has one private elementary school. There are 59 public middle schools. It also has one private middle school.

International schools
Chiba Korean Primary and Junior High School

Hospitals and clinics
 Chiba Kaihin Hospital (Mihama-ku)
 Chiba University Hospital (Chuo-ku)
 Kashiwado Hospital (Chuo-ku)
 Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital (Mihama-ku)
 Koizumi Clinic (Hanamigawa-ku)
 Mizuno Clinic (Hanamigawa-ku)
 Hirayama Hospital (Hanamigawa-ku)

Sister cities

Chiba is twinned with:
 North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, since January 1, 1970
 Asunción, Paraguay, since January 1, 1970
 Houston, Texas, United States, since October 24, 1972
 Quezon City, Philippines,  since November 9, 1972
 Tianjin, China,  since May 7, 1986
 Montreux, Switzerland,  since May 28, 1996
 Wujiang, China,  since October 10, 1996

References

Cities in Chiba Prefecture
Narita, Chiba

Narita (成田市; -shi) is a city in Japan. It is the site of Narita International Airport.

Naritasan-Shinshoji temple - Shingonshu's buddhist temple

Cities in Chiba Prefecture
Nordjyllands Trafikselskab

Nordjyllands Trafikselskab (English: North Jutland's Transport Company) is a Danish company who makes the routes of regional buses in Northern Jutland.

Bus transport
Transport in Denmark
Transport companies of Europe
Al Capone

Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American gangster. He grew up in Brooklyn and moved to Chicago where he led a crime syndicate in the Prohibition-era that was known as the "Capones".  The Capones were known for smuggling, bootlegging liquor and prostitution in Chicago, Illinois from around the 1920s until 1931.  Capone's organized crime reign ended in 1931, when he was put on trial for federal income tax evasion.  Found guilty, Capone was sentenced to 11 years in prison.

Capone was released from his sentence in 1939, suffering from an advanced case of syphilis.  Capone died in 1947 after he suffered a stroke.  He regained consciousness and caught pneumonia and later had a fatal cardiac arrest.  On January 25, 1947 Al Capone died in his home, surrounded by his family.  Michael Jackson made a song called "Al Capone" for his 1987 album Bad.  It was not put on the album.  The song was released on the second disc of the 25th Anniversary re-release of Bad.

References

 2.“Al Capone.” World of Criminal Justice. Gale, (2002). Biography in Context.Web. 10-June 2014

Other websites

Mario Gomes' site on everything related to Al Capone
South Beach Magazine The Un-Welcomed Visitor: Al Capone in Miami. (with photos)
Complete FBI files on Al Capone
Little Chicago: Capone in Johnson City, Tennessee 
Al Capone at the Crime Library

American gangsters
American Roman Catholics
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Florida
Burials at Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside)
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Criminals from New York City
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople from Chicago
1899 births
1947 deaths
Tama-Plaza Station

Tama-Plaza Station (たまプラーザ駅,たまぷらーざえき) is a railway station of Tokyu Corporation in Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

Gallery

Adjacent stations
Tokyu Corporation
 Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line
Express, Semi-Express, Local
Saginuma - Tama-Plaza - Azamino

Other websites

Tokyu Corp station information  

Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture
Yokohama
Lorrie Morgan

Loretta Lynn "Lorrie" Morgan (born June 27, 1959) is an American singer. Her first single was put out in 1978. But it was not until 1989 that she began going up in the United States country charts. Morgan was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Her albums include Something in Red and Watch Me.

Morgan has made over forty chart entries on the United States Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. Those include three #1 singles: "What Part of No", "I Didn't Know My Own Strength" and "Five Minutes." She has eleven other top ten hits.

At age 13, Morgan made her first performance on the Grand Ole Opry. In that performance, she sang the song "Paper Roses."

References

Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
American country singers
1959 births
Living people
Lee Ann Womack

Lee Ann Womack (born August 19, 1966)  is an American country music singer and songwriter. Womack has won a number of music awards for her music and singing.

Her 2000 single, "I Hope You Dance" was a major crossover music hit.  It reached #1 on the Billboard Country Chart.  It made the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100.

Discography
Studio album
1997: Lee Ann Womack
1998; Some Things I Know
2000: I Hope You Dance
2002: Something Worth Leaving Behind
2002: The Season for Romance
2005: There's More Where That Came From
2008: Call Me Crazy
2014: The Way I'm Livin'
2017: The Lonely, the Lonesome & the Gone

Compilation albums
2004: Greatest Hits
2011: Icon

Awards

References

1966 births
Living people
Country musicians
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Sheena Easton

Sheena Easton  (born Sheena Shirley Orr; 27 April 1959), is a Scottish singer. She was very popular during the 1980s and the 1990s. She has won several Grammy Awards. She had many charting singles and albums including "Morning Train," "For Your Eyes Only" and "Sugar Walls."  Easton was born in Bellshill, Scotland.

References

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Scottish pop singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the name given to a number of motor problems (trouble moving the body).  CP is usually caused by damage done to the brain during early childhood. It is called "cerebral palsy" because the part of the brain that is damaged is the cerebrum. CP cannot be cured. It is treated with therapies. 

CP was first identified by an English surgeon called William Little in 1860.

There are several types of cerebral palsy. The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy. 

Today, 1 in every 400 children in the UK has cerebral palsy.

Symptoms 
People with CP often have trouble standing or walking.  They may also be partly paralysed. 

While the main problem of cerebral palsy is problems with moving, difficulties with having thoughts, learning, feeling, talking and behaviour often come with cerebral palsy.

Of children with cerebral palsy, 3 out of 4 children have pain, 1 out of 2 have intellectual disability, 1 out of 3 children cannot walk, 1 in 3 have a hip displacement, 1 in 4 cannot talk, 1 out of 4 children have epilepsy, 1 in 4 have behaviour disorders, 1 out of 4 children have trouble controlling their bladder, 1 in 5 have trouble with sleep (sleeping too much or not enough), 1 out of 5 children dribble, 1 out of 10 are blind, 1 out of 15 need to be fed through a tube, and 1 in 25 are deaf.

Most people with cerebral palsy live for as long as people without CP.  5-10% of children with CP die before growing up.

Treatment 
Over time, the way to take care of cerebral palsy has changed from fixing a person's physical problems such as spasticity in one leg or arm.  Now, the way to take care of cerebral palsy is about making therapies for the body part of a larger purpose of making the person's quality of life better, helping them have choice and make their own decisions about looking after themselves, and helping them be part of society. Much of children's therapy is about helping them walk better. Roughly 60% of people with CP are able to walk by themselves or with mobility aids when they become grown up.

Mobility aids may help people with CP move around more easily.

References

Disability
Neurology
Nathanael Greene

Nathanael Greene (August 7, 1742-June 19, 1786) was a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution.  He was from Rhode Island and was a Quaker. Before the war, he was a blacksmith and a delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly. During the war, he commanded a fort in Boston and a part of Washington's army during the New York, New Jersey and Philadelphia campaigns.  Late in the war, Greene commanded an army in the South. After the war, he moved to Georgia, where he died of sunstroke.

1742 births
1786 deaths
American esotericists
American generals
American Protestants
Freemasons
People from Warwick, Rhode Island
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Quakers
Belgian United Nations Command

Belgian United Nations Contingent (BUNC) was the name for the Belgian and Luxembourger soldiers who volunteered to fight in the Korean War (1950–1953).

References

1950 establishments in Europe
1950 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Belgium
20th-century establishments in South Korea
1955 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in Europe
1950s disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in South Korea
Sleigh Ride

"Sleigh Ride" is an extremely popular song which is played in the holiday season of each year. The song was composed by Leroy Anderson. Sleigh Ride never mentions any holiday, except in certain versions. It has been performed by many musicians, including though not limited to The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant, Air Supply, Unavailable, The Ronettes and Ray Conniff Singers throughout the years.

Christmas music
Mark Rutte

Mark Rutte (born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician. He has been Prime Minister of The Netherlands since 14 October 2010. He is leader of the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He is also a part time teacher at a high school in The Hague

In 2010, Rutte won the elections with his party. He did not gain a majority in parliament, he won 31 out of 150 seats. Before he could form his government, there were four weeks of negotiations with the Christian-democratic CDA and the right-wing PVV of Geert Wilders. Wilders was not in the government, but he was supporting the government on several issues. These issues were discussed in those four weeks. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in the Netherlands in 92 years.

The First Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, CDA, and PVV, lasted from 2010 to 2012. The Second Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD and PvdA, lasted from 2012 to 2017. The Third Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, lasted from 2017 to 2022.

On 15 January 2021, Rutte announced his resignation and that of his government because of a child welfare scandal.

Rutte has been leading the Fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, since 10 January 2022.

Mark Rutte is single and lives in The Hague. He frequently uses his bike for government duties at the Binnenhof and the Catshuis.

References

Other websites 
 Bio at Parlement.com
 Bio at Government.nl

1967 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch Calvinists
Dutch teachers
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from The Hague
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Pete Carroll

Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951, in San Francisco, California) is the head coach and of the Seattle Seahawks, a National Football League team. He used to coach for the New York Jets, New England Patriots and the University of Southern California football team.

In his time at USC, the Trojans went to two BCS Bowl games, winning the National Championship in 2004 and winning the Pacific-10 Conference football title seven  years in a row from 2002 to 2008. The 2004 BCS title was taken away from the team in 2010, but USC kept its 2003 and 2004 AP National Championships.

Early life
Carroll went to Redwood High School in  Larkspur, California. Carroll played in three sports: football (playing quarterback, wide receiver and defensive back), basketball and baseball. Carroll won the school's Athlete of the Year award in 1969.

College
After high school, Carroll went to junior college (a two-year college) at College of Marin, where he played football for two years before changing schools to the University of the Pacific. At Pacific, Carroll played the free safety position for two years.

After graduation, Carroll tried out for the Honolulu Hawaiians of the World Football League, but did not make the team because of shoulder problems. To make money, he found a job selling roofing materials in the Bay Area, but he found he was not good at it and soon moved on; it would be his only non-football-related job.

Head coaching record

National Football League

References

Other websites

 
 USC profile 

National Football League coaches
Sportspeople from San Francisco
1951 births
Living people
San Francisco 49ers
College football coaches
Religious belief

A religious belief is a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny. Religious beliefs often are about the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe and involve devotion, ritual practices and rules which must be followed.

Religion
Polychlorinated biphenyl

Polychlorinated biphenyls (often shortened to PCBs) are organic chemical compounds that contain chlorine atoms. They were used in industrial chemistry, and to make certain transformers, capacitors, and cooling fluids. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants declared them to be among the worst chemical pollutants. Their use has been banned worldwide, since 2001. The mode of action of these substances is similar to that of dioxin. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls were widely used, and they can be found in the atmosphere, the soil, and the bodies of water anywhere on the earth. In the short term, these substances are not very toxic, but they accumulate in the body. They are teratogens, and may cause cancer. 

Organic compounds
Mountain pass

In a group of hills or mountains, a pass is a path for crossing a mountain. It is usually a saddle point between two higher areas. Many of the world's mountain ranges have always made travel difficult so passes have been important throughout history in trade, war and migration.

A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. They are often found just above the source of a river, making a sort of "bridge" over to the headwaters of another river. Passes may be very short, with steep slopes to the top of the pass, or valleys of many kilometers.

Roads and railways have been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels dug underneath to let traffic move faster.

The top of a pass is often the only flat ground in the area so it is often a good site for buildings. For countries whose borders lie on a mountain range, the pass is often part of the border. As well as making travel easy between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops so it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them good routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor.

Some of the best known passes are Great St. Bernard Pass at  in the Alps, the Khyber Pass at  between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Khardong La Pass at  in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Related pages
 Ranges, Peaks and passes of the Alps

Other websites

References
Albrecht Böttcher

Albrecht Böttcher (born 29 December 1954 in Oberwiesenthal, Saxony, Germany) is a German mathematician. His field of research is functional analysis.

Between 1971 and 1973, Böttcher was in an elite class for mathematics at the Chemnitz University of Technology. In 1973, he won a silver medal at the International Math Olympiad in Moscow. He studied mathematics from 1975 to 1979 in Chemnitz. In 1980, he went to Rostov on Don to study and earned a PhD there in 1984. The topic of his dissertation was The finite section method for the Wiener-Hopf integral operator. After this he worked as scientist assistance at the university of Chemnitz. Since 1992, he is professor for harmonic analysis and Operator theory at the Chemnitz University of Technology.

As of 2012, he is the author of nine books and about 180 papers.

References

Other websites
 Böttcher's Homepage

1954 births
Living people
German mathematicians
ATI Technologies

ATI Technologies Inc. was a Canadian company known for making graphics processing units and motherboard chipsets. It was founded in 1985 as Array Technology Inc. In 2006, ATI was bought by AMD.

Other websites
 ATI official site

1985 establishments in North America
1980s establishments in Canada
Technology companies of Canada
Aromatherapy

Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils. Some people think that aromatherapy helps to change a person's mind, mood or health but this has not been proven scientifically.

Some essential oils like tea tree do have an anti-microbial effect, so they may be useful for the treatment of infections. Evidence that aromatherapy works in treating disease and other conditions is poor.

Ways of using aromatherapy

The ways of using aromatherapy oils include:

 Putting on the skin
In the bath
In a diffuser

References

Further reading
 Burke, L., & Chambers, P. (1995). The very essence: A guide to aromatherapy. Silver Link.  
 Lis-Balchin, Maria (2006). Aromatherapy science: A guide for healthcare professionals. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 
 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1998). Advanced aromatherapy: The science of essential oil therapy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1999). Medical aromatherapy: Healing with essential oils. Berkeley, CA: Frog. 
 Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1990). The practice of aromatherapy: A classic compendium of plant medicines & their healing properties. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
 
 Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad medicine: Misconceptions and misuses revealed, from distance healing to vitamin O. New York: J. Wiley. 
 Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1982). The practice of aromatherapy. Saffron Walden: Daniel.

Other websites 

 The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy
 International Federation of Aromatherapy
 What Does the Research Say About Essential Oils? 
 Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils
 The Aromatherapy Global Online Research Archives

Journals
 International Journal of Aromatherapy
 International Journal of Clinical Aromatherapy 
Criticism
 Aromatherapy - does it work? Smell Research by Tim Jacob
 Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents

Pseudoscience
Perfumery
Sodium tellurite

Sodium tellurite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2TeO3. It contains sodium and tellurite ions.

Properties
Sodium tellurite is a colorless solid. The tellurite ion can react with water to make sodium hydrogen tellurite, NaHTeO3. It dissolves in water easily. It is a weak oxidizing agent (can be reduced to tellurium) and a weak reducing agent (can be oxidized to tellurates). It is part of the process in making tellurium.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sodium hydroxide, or by heating a telluride in air with sodium carbonate.

Uses
Sodium tellurite is used in making tellurium. It is also used to make electroplated nickel corrosion-resistant. It can also be used to add a bluish coating to steel. It can be used to isolate certain types of bacteria that it is not toxic to.

Related pages
Sodium selenite
Sodium tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Sodium compounds
Telluride

Telluride is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called tellurides. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te2-. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe-, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made.

Related pages
Tellurite
Tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Tellurate

Tellurate is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO42- or TeO66-. Chemical compounds having the tellurate ion in them are called tellurates. Tellurates are strong oxidizing agents. They are similar to selenates. Tellurates react with acids to make telluric acid. 

An example is sodium tellurate (Na2TeO4). It is made by reacting telluric acid with sodium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidizing sodium tellurite. It is similar to sodium selenate.

Related pages
Tellurite
Telluride
Tellurium

Tellurium compounds
Hydrogen telluride

Hydrogen telluride, also known as hydrotelluric acid, tellane, or tellurium hydride, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2Te. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions.

Properties
Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides.

Preparation
It is made by adding a strong acid to a telluride, such as sodium telluride.

Uses
Hydrogen telluride does not have many uses because it is very toxic and unstable.

Related pages
Aluminium telluride
Sodium tellurite

Sources

Tellurium compounds
Acids
Sodium telluride

Sodium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Te. It contains sodium and telluride ions.

Properties
It is a white solid when pure. It reacts with air to make a mixture of tellurium and tellurides, which would make gray or purple colors. It eventually turns into sodium carbonate and tellurium when in air. It is a powerful reducing agent. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen telluride. It reacts with water to make sodium hydrogen telluride, NaHTe.

Preparation
Sodium telluride is made by reacting tellurium and sodium in liquid ammonia.

Uses
Sodium telluride is used to make organic tellurium compounds. It also can act as a reducing agent.

Related pages
Sodium tellurite
Tellurous acid

Tellurium compounds
Sodium compounds
Tellurium(II) bromide

Tellurium(II) bromide, also known as tellurium dibromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr2. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Tellurium(II) bromide is a green brown crystalline solid. It absorbs water from the air.

Preparation
It is made when tellurium(IV) bromide is heated in air. It can also be made by careful reduction of tellurium(IV) bromide.

Related pages
Tellurium(IV) chloride
Tellurium(II) chloride
Tellurium(IV) oxide

Tellurium compounds
Tellurium(IV) bromide

Tellurium(IV) bromide, also known as tellurium tetrabromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr4. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Tellurium(IV) bromide is a yellow-orange solid. It conducts electricity when molten. It decomposes to bromine and tellurium(II) bromide when heated strongly.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium with bromine.

Uses
Tellurium(IV) bromide can be used to make complexes with organic molecules.

Related pages
Tellurium(IV) chloride
Tellurium(IV) fluoride
Tellurium(IV) oxide

Tellurium compounds
Cadmium telluride

Cadmium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdTe. It contains cadmium and telluride ions.

Properties
Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water.

Uses
Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It is one of the best things. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors.

Related pages
Sodium telluride
Sodium tellurite

Tellurium compounds
Lead telluride

Lead telluride, also known as lead(II) telluride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbTe. It contains lead and telluride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Lead telluride is a gray crystalline solid. It reacts with strong acids to make toxic hydrogen telluride and toxic lead salts.

Preparation
It may be made by melting lead and tellurium together.

Uses
It is used as a semiconductor and an infrared detector.

Related pages
Sodium telluride

References

Tellurium compounds
Sphalerite

Sphalerite is a mineral. Its is a mixed zinc and iron sulfide. The chemical formula is (Zn,Fe)S. It can be brown, yellow, red, green, and black. It is normally found with galena, a lead ore. It is also known as zinc blende. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4. It is the main ore of zinc. It has a non-metalic sheen.

Minerals
Vale Park

Vale Park is a football stadium in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England. It is the home ground of Port Vale F.C., who have played at the ground since 1950.

Football stadiums in England
Model rocket

A model rocket is a miniature rocket. They are not launched by the government or a space program. They are used by people interested in rockets. They are normally made of light (not heavy) materials. Even though it seems dangerous, it is quite safe and is a way many people start getting interested in rockets and space exploration. Rocket motors come in many different sizes, and they are indicated by a code on the motor. There are also many ways for the rocket to fall back down after it is ignited. Some of them use parachutes.

Other websites

 FAA launch regulations for the United States 

Rockets
Guide

Guides are people who lead people. This includes people of the real world (such as a person who helps travelers and tourists through a place). In figurative language it may mean person who leads someone to some goal such as to knowledge or wisdom.

Occupations
Włocławek

Włocławek is a town in northern Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship with a population of 117,785 (June 2009).  It has a large Jewish community.  In 1939, when the Nazis invaded, the Jewish people of this town were the first to have to wear yellow Stars of David.

Twin Areas
This town is twinned with the following places:
 Bamberg, Germany;
 Bedford, United Kingdom

Cities in Poland
Matsue, Shimane

Matsue (松江) is a city in Japan on the Japan Sea coast. It is the capital of Shimane Prefecture. It is known for its historic castle and as the home of Lafcadio Hearn.

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shimane Prefecture
Ōnin War

The  was a civil war in Japan. It lasted 10 years, starting in 1467 and ending in 1477.

Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen had a conflict that grew into a war throughout the country. The Ashikaga shogunate and some daimyo in many regions of Japan fought in this war. 

The conflict was the beginning of a very long struggle to dominate all of Japan.

Related pages
 Muromachi period
 Ashigaru

References

Other websites

Wars involving Japan
15th century
History of Japan
Jonny Wilkinson

Jonathan Peter Wilkinson OBE (born 25 May 1979) is an English rugby union player who now plays in France for Toulon. 

He was born at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey, He was grew up in Farnham 

He played for England when the team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He was awarded the MBE in 2003 and then the OBE in 2004.

References

1979 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Newcastle Falcons rugby union players
RC Toulonnais players
Sportspeople from Surrey
Poul Anderson

Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author. He began his career during the Golden Age of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century. Anderson also wrote books of fantasy, historical novels, and a very large number of short stories. He received many awards for his writing, including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards.

Early life and career 
Anderson received a degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1948. He married Karen Kruse in 1953. They had one daughter, Astrid, who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear. Anderson was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, starting in 1972. 

He was a founding member of the Society for Creative Anachronism. Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1985 novel The Cat Who Walks Through Walls to Anderson and eight of the other members of the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy.

Poul Anderson died of cancer on July 31, 2001, after a month in the hospital. Several of his novels were published after his death.

References

Writers from Pennsylvania
Hugo Award winning writers
Nebula Award winning writers
1926 births
2001 deaths
Coco (2017 movie)

Coco is an Mexican-American computer-animated musical fantasy movie made by Pixar and was released on November 22, 2017. It was directed by Lee Unkrich and Adrian Molina, and stars the voices of Anthony Gonzalez and Benjamin Bratt. The movie centers on a boy named Miguel who dreams of being a musician and is later taken to the afterlife on Día de los Muertos.

Coco was released with Olaf's Frozen Adventure, a short movie that runs for about 14 minutes in theaters before Coco is shown.

References

2017 animated movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s fantasy movies
2010s musical movies
2010s computer-animated movies
2010s American adventure movies
American animated movies
American family movies
American musical fantasy movies
Movies composed by Michael Giacchino
Movies set in Mexico
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Computer-animated movies
Pixar movies
Blimp

A blimp is a kind of airship. Some airships have a structure in them. They have no structure in them. They were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. They are now used mostly for advertising.

Other websites 
 
 

Airships
Balloon (aircraft)

A balloon is a kind of aircraft that stays in the sky by floating. People fly in balloons mostly for fun.

A balloon is different from an airship. An airship is a floating aircraft that has an engine and can change its direction of movement. A balloon has no engine and has no way to change its direction of movement (except up and down). A balloon travels by moving with the wind.

The bottom of the balloon is called the "basket" where people can sit or stand.

The top of a balloon is a big cloth bag called the "envelope".

Kinds of balloon aircraft
There are three  kinds of balloon aircraft:
Hot air balloons stay in the sky by making the air inside the envelope hot. Making the air hot makes the air spread out (have lower density).  Hot air balloons are the most common kind of balloon aircraft.  People sometimes say "hot air balloon" to mean any kind of balloon aircraft.  But this is not exactly correct.
Gas balloons are not hot.  Gas balloons have gas of low density in their envelopes.  Examples of the gas used in gas balloons are helium and hydrogen.
Rozière balloons are like both hot air balloons and gas balloons.  Part of the envelope has hot air in it.  Part of the envelope has a gas that's not hot in it. Rozière balloons can fly very far. Rozière balloons have flown around the world without stopping.

Other websites
Videos for Balloon
The Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)

Aerospace engineering

cy:Balŵn
ml:ബലൂണ്‍ (ആകാശനൗക)
Benoît Mandelbrot

Benoît B. Mandelbrot (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-French-American mathematician. Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw into a Jewish-Lithuanian family. He is best known for his works with fractal geometry. He lived and worked until his death in the United States. He was a professor at the University of Yale. 

Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw, Poland. His family lived in France under German occupation. He died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 85 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

His most known development is the Mandelbrot set, which he discovered and described in 1979.

References

1924 births
2010 deaths
American economists
American mathematicians
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
French economists
French Jews
French mathematicians
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Warsaw
Polish Jews
Scientists from Massachusetts
Educators from Massachusetts
Echolocation

Echolocation is a way that some animals use to determine the location of things. They emit sound waves and listen for the echo. They use the delay to determine the distance. It is a kind of biological sonar. 

Microbats find their insect prey in the dark this way.  Whales and dolphins are two other kinds of mammals that use echolocation. Their sound waves go through the water, while the bats' sound waves go through the air.

Radar is man-made echolocation using radio waves.

References 

Hearing
Keigo Higashi

is a Japanese football player.

Biography
Higashi was born in Kitakyushu on July 20, 1990. He joined J1 League club Oita Trinita from their youth team in 2009. He played many matches as offensive midfielder from first season. However Oita was relegated to J2 League end of the 2009 season. In 2011, he moved to Omiya Ardija and played in 2 seasons. In 2013, he moved to FC Tokyo.

In July 2012, Higashi was selected to the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he wore the number 10 shirt for Japan and played all 6 matches. The team finished 4th place.

Statistics

|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||J1 League||23||2||2||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||28||3
|-
|2010||J2 League||29||6||2||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||7
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="2"|J1 League||27||8||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||8
|-
|2012||26||1||3||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||3
|-
|2013||rowspan="9"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="9"|J1 League||32||2||5||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||43||3
|-
|2014||23||1||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|-
|2015||25||4||2||1||8||1||colspan="2"|-||35||6
|-
|2016||28||2||1||0||4||1||6||0||39||3
|-
|2017||30||1||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
|-
|2018||34||4||3||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||39||5
|-
|2019||34||1||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|-
|2020||7||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||5||0||13||0
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
318||32||19||6||42||3||11||0||390||41
318||32||19||6||42||3||11||0||390||41
|}

References

Other websites

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
J1 League players
J2 League players
Oita Trinita players
Omiya Ardija players
FC Tokyo players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics