cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Buffer solution

A buffer solution is chemical solution which resists change to its pH or acidity.

It is a solution in water of a mixture of a weak acid or base and its salt. The pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms have a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

Buffer solutions may be of two types: acidic and basic.
Acidic : A solution of mixture of weak acid and a salt of this acid with a strong base. 
eg. CH3COOH+CH3COONa
Basic : A solution of a mixture of weak base and its salt with a strong acid .
eg. NH4OH+NH4Cl

If you add acid to the solution, the concentration of H+ ions will increase; to keep equilibrium a small number of ions will be combined (forming salt and reducing the concentration of H+ ion in the solution). If you add base the concentration of H+ ion will reduce (by consumption  or combining) and so a small amount of salt will break into ions and maintain the pH.

Buffer index is the number of moles of acid or base added to 1 litre of buffer solution to change its ph by 1 unit

Acids
Azad Kashmir

Azad Jammu and Kashmir, () also just called Azad Kashmir is a self-governing region that comes under Pakistan and is disputed region with India. In terms of land area it is bigger than Trinidad and Tobago but smaller than Brunei.

Geographically, to the north, is the Gilgit-Baltistan province, while to the south borders the province of Pakistani Punjabi, and to the east being the Indian-administered Kashmir.

The capital city of Azad Kashmir is Muzaffarabad. Azad Jammu and Kashmir has an area of 5,134 mi² (13,297 km²). The inhabitants of this region are  Kashmiri citizens of ethnic Pahari origin. About 4 million people live there.

Government and politics 

Azad Kashmir is a self-governing state under Pakistan. It has its own elected president, prime minister, legislature, high court, emblem and official flag. However, the highest body in the state is the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council. This council has six members from the government of Azad Kashmir (including the President and the Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir) and five members from the government of Pakistan, including the President of Pakistan who is the chairman/chief executive of the council. Azad Kashmir is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts.

The Government of Azad Kashmir and Jammu is based in Muzaffarabad, the interim state capital of the Azad Kashmir disputed territory.

Divisions

The state is divided into three divisions. The divisions are further divided into districts. There are 10 districts.

Geography 
The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower area of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (). However, Hari Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. Fertile, green, mountainous valleys are characteristic of Azad Kashmir's geography, making it one of the most beautiful regions of the subcontinent.

The region receives rainfall in both the winter and the summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of Pakistan. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm). During the summer season, monsoon floods of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.

References

1949 establishments
Autonomous areas
 
Territorial disputes
Territories of Pakistan
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (or NNPT) is a treaty that was made to stop nuclear weapons from being built. It was written in 1968, entered into force in 1970, and 190 countries have signed it since then. Only four nations have not signed it: India, Israel, Pakistan South Sudan. North Korea withdrew in 2003.

Terms 
The treaty says that only five countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons. These are called nuclear weapons states. The five nuclear weapons states are China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. All five of these nations have all signed the treaty. They are not supposed to help any other nation build nuclear weapons. All other nations who sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty promise not to build more nuclear weapons for themselves or others.

The treaty also says that every nation is able to build nuclear power plants and have nuclear technology. However, nations who sign the treaty, but are not nuclear weapons states, promise to not use their nuclear power plants to make nuclear weapons.

The main corporations that made this treaty happen were the United Nations and the IAEA.

1960s treaties
Nuclear weapons
1968
1970
1970s treaties
Cyndi Lauper

Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper (born June 22, 1953) is an American Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, and MTV VMA-winning video and Emmy Award-winning movie, television and theater actress. She became very well known in the mid-1980s with the release of the album, She's So Unusual. Lauper became the first artist in history to have four top-five singles released from one album. She has released 11 albums, over 40 singles, and has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide.  She continues to tour the world in support of human rights.

Discography
She's So Unusual (1983)
True Colors (1986)
A Night to Remember (1989)
Hat Full of Stars (1993)
Sisters of Avalon (1996)
Merry Christmas... Have a Nice Life (1998)
Shine (2001)
At Last (2003)
The Body Acoustic (2005)
Bring Ya to the Brink (2008)
Memphis Blues (2010)

Tours

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Lauper has won one award from 15 nominations.

|-
|rowspan="5"|1985
|Cyndi Lauper
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|She's So Unusual
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|"Time After Time"
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Girls Just Want To Have Fun"
|Record of the Year
|
|-
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|"What A Thrill"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"Cyndi: Live in Paris"
|Best Long Form Music Video
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|"True Colors"
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"911"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1988
|"Cyndi Lauper in Paris"
|Best Performance Music Video
|
|-
|1990
|"I Drove All Night"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1999
|"Disco Inferno"
|Best Dance Recording
|
|-
|2005
|"Unchained Melody"
|Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
|
|-
|2009
|Bring Ya To The Brink
|Best Electronic/Dance Album
|
|-
|2011
|Memphis Blues
|Best Traditional Blues Album
|
|}

References

Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
1953 births
Living people
Dutch East Indies

The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, was the Dutch colony that is now modern Indonesia. The main city was Batavia, now called Jakarta.

It was made from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company that came under the control of the Netherlands in 1800. 

In the Java War (1741–1743), Chinese rebels worked with Javanese Muslim rebels who forcibly circumcised Dutch men and enslaved Dutch women and children.

During World War II it was part of the Japanese Empire. In 1945 the Japanese had surrendered their colonies in the pacific, thus losing control of Indonesia, and Indonesian leaders made a declaration of independence. They fought a war of independence until the Netherlands gave Indonesia sovereignty in December 1949.

References 

1949 disestablishments in Asia

History of Indonesia
History of the Netherlands
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
Dutch East India Company

The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old Dutch), started in 1602, when the Netherlands gave a group of small trading companies a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The VOC had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money, and start new colonies.

It was an important company for almost 200 years until it became bankrupt in 1800. The VOC's colonies became the Dutch East Indies which later became Indonesia.

Founding: 1602-1620 
In the 16th century, trade with Asia was mostly controlled by Portugal. The Dutch government wished to take a foothold in the spice market, as Portugal could not keep up with the demand and rising prices in Europe. With government funding, the VOC set up its first trading post in what is now Jakarta, which eventually became its main base of operations in the continent.

Expansion: 1620-1669 
In 1620, the VOC created a trade agreement with their biggest rival in Asia, the English East India Company. This lasted until 1623, when the Amboyna Massacre forced the EEIC to move its trading posts from Indonesia to other areas in the continent.

In the 1620's, the VOC extended their reach to the remaining Indonesian Islands, and established plantations on the colonised islands to increase the volume of their exports. This expansion continued, until eventually the VOC was the richest company in the world.

In 1640, the VOC founded a trading post in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the last place where the Portuguese had a foothold. The VOC now had a total monopoly over trade between Europe and Southern Asia.

Exploration of Australia 
Ships from the VOC were among the early explorers of Australia. The first Europeans to live in Australia were left behind after the mutiny on the VOC ship Batavia in 1629. Many of the sailors who took part in the mutiny were executed, but two, Wouter Loos, a soldier, and Jan Pelgrom de Bye, a cabin boy, were left at Wittecarra Gully, near the mouth of the Murchison River. They were never seen again.

References 

1602 establishments
Companies of Europe
1800 disestablishments
1600s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Indonesia
1600s establishments in Asia
17th-century establishments in the Netherlands
1800s disestablishments in Europe
1800s disestablishments in Asia
Mika Häkkinen

Mika Pauli Häkkinen (born September 28, 1968 in Helsingin maalaiskunta) is a Finnish racing driver and two-time Formula One champion. He was Michael Schumacher's greatest rival in F1 from 1998–2000. Schumacher has said that Häkkinen is the rival he respected the most during his Formula One career.

References 

Finnish racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
1968 births
Living people
Vantaa
Cape York

Cape York is the northernmost point of Australia. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 after the Duke of York. From the tip, it is about 160 km to New Guinea across the islands, coral reefs and sand banks of Torres Strait.

References

Geography of Queensland
Capes
North West Cape

North West Cape is a large piece of land on the north west coast of Western Australia. There are mountains called the Cape Range through the middle of the peninsula and Ningaloo Reef is on the western edge. The town of Exmouth is also on the North West Cape.

In 1618, Dutch East India Company captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and Willem Janszoon from the boat Mauritius landed in the area. Phillip Parker King visited in 1818 and named it North West Cape. He also named Exmouth Gulf after a Royal Navy officer, Edward Pellew, First Viscount Exmouth (1758 -1833). 

Later, pearl boats visited the area from Broome.

Other websites 
 http://www.exmouthwa.com.au/pages.asp?code=22 

Geography of Western Australia
Capes
Baja California Sur

Baja California Sur is a state of Mexico. It is on the Baja California peninsula. Its capital is La Paz. About 500,000 people live there. Its name means "South Lower California".

 
States of Mexico
Nelson Piquet

Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (born August 17, 1952), more commonly known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian racing driver who was Formula One world champion in 1981, 1983, and 1987. He is one of the few men to win at least three world championships in the history of Formula One. The others are Jack Brabham, Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna (3 each), Alain Prost (4), Juan Manuel Fangio (5), Lewis Hamilton (7) and Michael Schumacher (7).

1952 births
Living people
Brazilian sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Baby boomer

The term baby boomer most commonly refers to people born during the years 1946 to 1964 worldwide. In Canada it is anyone born between 1960 and 1980. Australia identifies baby boomers as those born between 1946 and 1961. Generally, after 1960 the birth rate started falling. In 1951, Sylvia F. Porter, a columnist for the New York Post, first used the term baby boom for the rapid rise in birthrate after Word War II.

Economic impact 
From 1945 to 1964 about seventy-seven million babies were born in the United States. In the 1950s baby boomers bought Mouse-ear hats after they watched "The Mickey Mouse Club". They danced to rock and roll and idolized singers like Elvis Presley. Hula hoops and Barbie dolls were wildly popular.

By the 1960s many baby boomers were teenagers. They spent nearly $20 million on things including food, clothing, and recorded music. Businesses were eager to find ways to meet their demands. By the 1970s entire industries were changing because of baby boomers.

Aging and end-of-life issues 
In 1998 the baby boomers began to discuss about their end-of-life issues; but many commentators think they have became burdens for their children and society. According to the 2011 Associated Press and LifeGoesStrong.com surveys:

60% lost value in investments because of the economic crisis
42% are delaying retirement
25% claim they will never retire (currently still working)

Baby boomer today 
The oldest baby boomers were 67 years old in 2013 and one in five Americans will be 65 years old in 2030. Many people believe they will become a stress on social welfare systems.

References 

Cultural anthropology
Time People of the Year
Jack Brabham

Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham, AO, OBE (2 April 1926 – 19 May 2014) was an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966. He won the Australian Grand Prix in 1955, 1963 and 1964. He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car builder that carried his name.

In 2000 the Australian Government gave him the Australian Sports Medal, and in 2001 he was given the Australian Centenary Medal for services to motor sport.

Brabham died at his home on the Gold Coast, Queensland on 19 May 2014 from liver failure, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
Australian racecar drivers
Deaths from liver failure
Disease-related deaths in Queensland
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Sydney
Team Lotus

Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in many motorsport series including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar and sports car racing. More than ten years after its last race Team Lotus remains one of the most successful racing teams of all time, winning seven Formula One Constructors' titles, six Drivers' Championships, and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States, between 1962 and 1978. Under the direction of founder and Chief Designer Colin Chapman Lotus was responsible for many innovative and experimental developments in motorsport, in both technical and commercial arenas. In 2010 Lotus has returned to F1 as Lotus Racing.

Formula One constructors
WilliamsF1

WilliamsF1, the trading name of Williams Grand Prix Engineering Ltd., is a Formula One (F1) motor racing team and constructor. It was founded and run by Sir Frank Williams and Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after two earlier and, compared with WilliamsF1's achievements, unsuccessful F1 operations, Frank Williams Racing Cars and Walter Wolf Racing. All of WilliamsF1 chassis are called "FW" then a number, the FW being the initials of team owner, Frank Williams.

Williams' first race was the  Argentine Grand Prix, and Switzerland's Clay Regazzoni won Williams' first race at the  British Grand Prix. At the  British Grand Prix, Canadian Jacques Villeneuve won the team's 100th race, making Williams one of only three teams in Formula One, alongside Ferrari and fellow British team McLaren, to win 100 races. Williams won nine Constructor's titles between 1980 and 1997. This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000.

Many famous racing drivers have driven for Williams, including Finland's Keke Rosberg; Britain's Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill; France's Alain Prost and Brazil's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna, and Canada's Jacques Villeneuve, each of whom, with the exception of Senna, have captured one Drivers' title with the team. After Senna died in a Williams car in a crash at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, Frank Williams, Patrick Head and designer Adrian Newey were all accused of manslaughter. The trial finally closed in 2005, when Williams, Head and Newey were all cleared of any wrongdoing.

Williams have worked with many notable engine manufacturers, most successfully with Renault: Williams won five of their nine constructors' titles with the French company. Along with Ferrari, McLaren, and Renault (formerly Benetton), Williams is one of the "Big Four" teams that have won every constructors' championship since 1979 and every driver's championship since 1984. Williams remains the only one independently owned, as the other three are "factory teams" either setup or bought out by major auto manufacturers.

Formula One World Championship results

References 

Formula One constructors
Formula One current
Benetton Formula

Benetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000 the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2001 season. In 2002 the team became Renault F1.

The team won 27 races, as well as the 1994 and 1995 Drivers' Championship (with Michael Schumacher) and the 1995 Constructors' Championship.

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) 

Formula One constructors
Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad.

It was the largest empire in the world at the time. It is the fifth largest empire in history.

It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (, Banu Umayyah) who came from Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. Damascus was the capital from 661–744, Harrran from 744–750, and in exile their capital was Córdoba (756–1031).

Origins 
According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and the Islamic Prophet Muhammad both have a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai.  Muhammad descended from Abd Munaf via his son Hashim, the Umayyads descended from Abd Munaf via a different son, Abd-Shams. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same Arabian tribe (that of the Quraish).
 

The Umayyads and the Hashimites were bitter rivals. The rivalry came from the initial opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. He tried to get rid of the new religion by waging a series of battles. But eventually he accepted Islam, as did his son (the future caliph Muawiyah I), and the two provided much-needed political and diplomatic skills for the management of the quickly expanding Islamic empire.

The origins of Umayyad rule date back to the assassination of Uthman in 656. At this time Ali, a member of the Hashim clan and a cousin of Prophet Muhammad, became the caliph.  He soon met with resistance from several factions, and moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("time of trial").

Ali was first opposed by an alliance led by Aisha, the widow of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the Companions of the Prophet. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.

When Ali was assassinated in 661, Muawiyah marched to Kufa. There he persuaded a number of Ali's supporters to accept him as caliph instead of Ali's son, Hasan. Then he moved the capital of the caliphate to Damascus. Syria would remain the base of Umayyad power until the end of the dynasty.

Related pages
 Muslim history

Notes

References 
 Previté-Orton, C. W (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Further reading 
 G.R. Hawting, The first dynasty of Islam: the Umayyad caliphate, AD 661-750 (London, 2000).
 H. Kennedy, The Prophet and the age of the caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century (London, 1986).

Other websites 
 Ummayad Lineage Chart 
 Ummayads 
 Umayyads - First caliphate dynasty

Former countries in Africa
Former countries in Europe
Former countries in Asia
Royal dynasties
661 establishments
750 disestablishments
7th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Europe
7th-century establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Europe
Disestablishments in Asia
Medieval Azerbaijan
Surprise (emotion)

Surprise is an emotion that a person might feel if something unexpected happens. For example, a person may feel surprised at a loud, sudden noise, like the popping of a balloon, or they may feel surprised at the outcome of an event. The feeling of surprise can be both good or bad, depending on the circumstances.

Emotions
Surprise party

A surprise party is a party thrown for someone who does not know that it has been planned. Surprise parties can leave people feeling happy, because someone has made the effort to organize it for them.

Birthdays
Parties
London Stansted Airport

London Stansted Airport  is a large passenger airport in the Uttlesford District of the English county of Essex about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of London. It is about  outside Bishop's Stortford and  outside Harlow.

Stansted is a hub for a number of major European low-cost carriers. It is the fourth busiest airport in the United Kingdom and is the third largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow and Gatwick; and is one of London's five international airports along with Luton and London City Airports. Stansted is owned and operated by Manchester Airports Group, which also owns and operates three other UK airports, including Manchester and Bournemouth.

The airport had to abandon plans for a second runway after the campaign Stop Stansted Expansion succeeded.

References 

Stansted
Uttlesford
London Gatwick Airport

London Gatwick Airport  is London's second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. It is the world's 22nd busiest airport in terms of passengers per year (7th in terms of international passengers). It is also often quoted as the world's busiest single runway airport, although strictly speaking it now has a second 'stand-by' runway, which can only be used when the main runway is out of use.

Overview 
Gatwick is in Crawley, West Sussex (it used to be Charlwood, Surrey) 5 km (3 miles) north of the town centre, 46 km (28 miles) south of London and 40 km (25 miles) north of Brighton.

Gatwick is owned and operated by a group of companies, led by Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), after it's previous owner BAA was forced to sell the airport by the Competition Commission due to its dominance in London and the South East, also owning Heathrow Airport.

With about 200 destinations, the airport handled over 34 million passengers with 263,363 aircraft movements in 2006. It was said that during 2007 Gatwick broke through the 35 million barrier for the first time in its history.

Usually, Charter airlines do not operate from Heathrow and therefore use Gatwick as their main base for London and the South East.

For the past 30 years, many flights to and from the USA have also used Gatwick because of the restrictions on access to Heathrow that were enshrined in the 1977 Bermuda II bilateral air services agreement between the UK and the US.

The airport is a major operational base for British Airways, easyJet and Virgin Atlantic. The airport is also a major base for a number of charter airlines including First Choice Airways, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomsonfly and XL Airways. Runway 8L/26R is mostly used as a taxiway. 

London Gatwick has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P528) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.

References

Other websites 
 Gatwick Airport

Gatwick
2002–03 NHL season

The 2002–03 NHL season was the 86th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the New Jersey Devils, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. This was the last season before the NHL switched home and away jerseys.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

Stanley Cup Playoffs

Note: All dates in 2003.

Playoff bracket

Conference Quarterfinals

Eastern Conference Quarterfinals

1<small>As of 2008, this playoff game is the 19th longest NHL overtime game ever. 53 minutes and 34 seconds of overtime were played before Mark Recchi scored the game-winning goal.

Western Conference Quarterfinals

Conference Semifinals

Eastern Conference Semifinals

Western Conference Semifinals

2As of 2006, this playoff game is the 4th longest NHL overtime game. 80 minutes and 48 seconds of overtime were played before Petr Sykora scored the game-winning goal.

Conference Finals

Finals

Scoring leaders 
''Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

NHL awards
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 2002–03 (listed with their first team):
Martin Gerber, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Tim Thomas, Boston Bruins
Ryan Miller, Buffalo Sabres
Jordan Leopold, Calgary Flames
Rick Nash, Columbus Blue Jackets
Steve Ott, Dallas Stars
Henrik Zetterberg, Detroit Red Wings
Ales Hemsky, Edmonton Oilers
Fernando Pisani, Edmonton Oilers
Jarret Stoll, Edmonton Oilers
Marc-Andre Bergeron, Edmonton Oilers
Jay Bouwmeester, Florida Panthers
Alexander Frolov, Los Angeles Kings
Cristobal Huet, Los Angeles Kings
Joe Corvo, Los Angeles Kings
Mike Cammalleri, Los Angeles Kings
Pierre-Marc Bouchard, Minnesota Wild
Francois Beauchemin, Montreal Canadiens
Vernon Fiddler, Nashville Predators
Anton Volchenkov, Ottawa Senators
Jason Spezza, Ottawa Senators
Ray Emery, Ottawa Senators
Jonathan Cheechoo, San Jose Sharks
Christian Backman, St. Louis Blues
Petr Cajanek, St. Louis Blues

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 2002–03 (listed with their last team):
Theoren Fleury, Chicago Blackhawks
Claude Lemieux, Dallas Stars
Mike Richter, New York Rangers
Pavel Bure, New York Rangers
Adam Graves, San Jose Sharks
Phil Housley, Toronto Maple Leafs
Doug Gilmour, Toronto Maple Leafs

References

Hockey Database
NHL Official Website
London Luton Airport

London Luton Airport  (previously called Luton International Airport) is an international airport on the edge of the town of Luton, Bedfordshire, England approximately  north of London.  The airport is 2 miles (3 km) from junction 10a of the M1 motorway. It is the fourth largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted and is one of London's five international airports along with London City Airport.

In 2007, total passengers at London Luton increased by 5.3% to 9,927,321  making it the fifth busiest airport in the UK.  The airport serves as a hub for easyJet, TUI, Wizz Air and Ryanair. Most of the routes served are within Europe.

London Luton Airport is widely known as a result of the Airline and Luton Airport television series.

References 

Luton
Luton
2000–01 NHL season

The 2000–01 NHL season was the 84th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the New Jersey Devils. The focus of Colorado's Stanley Cup run was on defenceman Raymond Bourque who was on a quest to win his first Stanley Cup championship in his 22-year career.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading goaltenders
Wins: Martin Brodeur (42);
Shutouts: Dominik Hasek (11);
GAA: Roman Cechmanek (2.01);
SV%: Sean Burke (.922)

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Conference quarterfinals

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Conference semifinals

Conference finals

Finals

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

NHL Awards
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 2000–01 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Andy McDonald, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Andrew Raycroft, Boston Bruins
Samuel Pahlsson, Boston Bruins
David Vyborny, Columbus Blue Jackets
Jody Shelley, Columbus Blue Jackets
Marty Turco, Dallas Stars
Mike Comrie, Edmonton Oilers
Shawn Horcoff, Edmonton Oilers
Lubomir Visnovsky, Los Angeles Kings
Marian Gaborik, Minnesota Wild
Mathieu Garon, Montreal Canadiens
Andrei Markov, Montreal Canadiens
Rick DiPietro, New York Islanders
Martin Havlat, Ottawa Senators
Justin Williams, Philadelphia Flyers
Miikka Kiprusoff, San Jose Sharks
Mikael Samuelsson, San Jose Sharks
Brad Richards, Tampa Bay Lightning
Daniel Sedin, Vancouver Canucks
Henrik Sedin, Vancouver Canucks

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 2000–01 (listed with their last team):
Paul Coffey, Boston Bruins
Ray Bourque, Colorado Avalanche
Larry Murphy, Detroit Red Wings
Joe Murphy, Washington Capitals

References

Hockey Database
http://nhl.com/
London City Airport

London City Airport  is a single-runway airport, intended for use by STOL (short take-off and landing) planes, mainly serving the financial districts of London. It is on a former Docklands site, in the London Borough of Newham in East London. It is near Canary Wharf and the O2 arena in an area called Silvertown.

The airport serves European destinations, though there is one flight to New York JFK airport.

The airport has tough rules to limit the noise from aircraft operations. This limits the aircraft types that can be used, and so does the length of the runway and the steep glideslope. The steep 5.5 degree approache requires special training for crew. Only multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft with special crew and aircraft certification can operate at London City Airport. London City Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P728). 

London City Airport was developed by the engineering company Mowlem in 1986/87. It is the fifth-largest international airport in size serving the London area, after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton. London City Airport claims lower check-in times than any other airport in London.

The airport has produced a master plan outlining their vision for growth up to 2030. The plan shows a phased expansion of the airport to a maximum capacity of 8 million passengers per annum, without the addition of a second runway, or significant expansion of the current airport boundaries.

London City Airport was purchased in October 2006 by a consortium comprising AIG Financial Products Corp. and Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) for an undisclosed sum. Speculation suggests the sale was valued at over £750 million. In 2007, London City Airport had 2.9 million passengers; by 2017 this had risen to 4,530,439.

Helicopters use another airport called London Heliport.

References

City
International Opium Convention

The International Opium Convention was the first drug control treaty (or agreement).  It was signed at The Hague in The Netherlands on January 23, 1912.  The United States organised a conference between 13 countries called the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China because people complained more and more about opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention said that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."

The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force around the world in 1919 when it became part of the Treaty of Versailles.

A modified International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which started on September 25, 1928. It introduced control system to be looked after by a Permanent Central Opium Board, part of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from 
China and United States, recommended that a ban on hashish be added to the Convention.

India and other countries did not agree, saying social and religious customs and that wild-growing cannabis plants being available in many places, that would make it difficult to enforce, so this never made it into the final treaty. A compromise was made that banned the export of Indian hemp to countries that have banned its use.  Importing countries were made to issue certificates approving the import and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still made it easy for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.

The Convention was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.

References

International law
Drugs
The Hague
Coleoidea

The Coleoidea are a group of mollusks making up most of the living cephalopods. Octopus, squid, and cuttlefish are all members of the Coleoidea. They do not have shells on the outside, but some do have a bone or shell inside. All Coleoidea live in the ocean.  

Cephalopods
1998–99 NHL season

The 1998–99 NHL season was the 82nd regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-seven teams played 82 games each. 

The Dallas Stars finished first in regular season play. They won the Stanley Cup Championship over the Buffalo Sabres with a disputed overtime goal by Brett Hull. 

Goaltenders continued to rule the league; only two teams, the Toronto Maple Leafs and the New Jersey Devils, averaged more than three goals scored per game. In addition, no player reached the 50-goal plateau. A total of 160 shutouts were recorded for the second-straight regular season.

Regular season

Final standings

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Postseason

Playoff bracket

Eastern Conference Quarterfinals

Western Conference Quarterfinals

Eastern Conference Semifinals

Western Conference Semifinals

Eastern Conference Final

Western Conference Final

Finals

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1998–99 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Martin St. Louis, Calgary Flames
Jean-Pierre Dumont, Chicago Blackhawks
Chris Drury, Colorado Avalanche
Milan Hejduk, Colorado Avalanche
Tom Poti, Edmonton Oilers
Dan Boyle, Florida Panthers
Jason Blake, Los Angeles Kings
David Legwand, Nashville Predators
Karlis Skrastins, Nashville Predators
Kimmo Timonen, Nashville Predators
John Madden, New Jersey Devils
Eric Brewer, New York Islanders
Sami Salo, Ottawa Senators
Vincent Lecavalier, Tampa Bay Lightning
Tomas Kaberle, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1998–99 (listed with their last team):
Dale Hunter, Colorado Avalanche
Wayne Gretzky, New York Rangers
Ron Hextall, Philadelphia Flyers

References

Hockey Database
http://nhl.com/
Bagh District

Bagh District () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The district, which had been part of Poonch District, was created in 1988. The district is bordered by Muzaffarabad District to the north, by Punjab in the east. It also borders the divided district of Poonch, to the south is the Poonch District of Azad Kashmir and to the east is the Poonch District of India's Jammu and Kashmir state. The total area of the district is 1,368 square kilometers. Bagh District is linked to Muzaffarabad by two roads, one via Sudhan Gali (80 km) and the other through Kohala (97 km). It is 46 km from Rawalakot. The district is well known for its confectionery and bakery products.

People
The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 395,000 which is estimated to have increased to 434,000 in 2003, with an annual growth rate of 2%.

Administration
The district is divided into 3 tehsils:

 Bagh Tehsil
 Dheerkot Tehsil
 Hari Ghel Tehseel

Districts of Azad Kashmir
Bhimber District

Bhimber () is the southernmost of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, the district is between Latitude: 32-48 to 33-34 and Longitude: 73.55 to 74-45, and has an area of 1516 km². The chief town is Bhimber

History
The area is very rich in archaeological remains because of its location. The Mughal Emperors used to travel through the area quite a lot to visit the Kashmir Valley.

Until 1995 Bhimber was a sub-division (tehsil) of Mirpur District. In 1996 the tehsil of Bhimber was removed from Mirpur and made into a separate district.

Location
The district is bounded by Mirpur District to the northwest (and is 50 km from Mirpur city), and Punjab province in the west and south. It also shares borders with Indian Kashmir to the east.

Administration
The total area of the district is 1516 square kilometres and is divided into three tehsils.

 Barnala Tehsil
 Bhimber Tehsil
 Samahni Tehsil

People
According to the 1998 census, 297,000 people lived there. According to a 1999 estimate, it was 303,000. Latest figures show that 350,000 people live there. The Jaats are the biggest tribe in the region. The main language is Mirpuri.

Districts of Azad Kashmir
Kotli District

Kotli () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Kotli is the capital city of the district. Kotli used to be a small town between Mirpur and Muzaffarabad, but has recently grown in size.

Meaning of name
There are two theories about the origin of the name "Kotli". One is that in ancient times Prince Raja Shahswar Khan built a small house here and called it "Kot", which became "Kotli". Another theory is that the name is derived from the Sanskrit word Kotli which means to reside or to live in. At one time the area was inhabited by the Mangran and Solhan peoples, and was called Kotli Solwhan.

Administration
The district of Kotli used to be a sub-division of Mirpur District until 1975. Before 1947, it was a part of the Jammu area. The district is bounded by the Indian part of Kashmir in the east, and by Mirpur District in the south and Rawalakot to its north. The district is divided into three tehsils (sub-divisions)

 Kotli Tehsil
 Khuiratta Tehsil
 Fatehpur Tehsil
 Nakyal Tehsil
 Sehnsa Tehsil

The district covers a total area of 1862 square kilometres. Kotli is now the largest city by population (656,000).

Before the division of Kashmir in 1947, Nakyal was part of Mehndar sub-division of Poonch.

Districts of Azad Kashmir
Muzaffarabad District

Muzafarabad district () of Pakistan is on the banks of the Jhelum and the Neelum rivers. The district is bounded to Pakistan in the west and to Kupwara and Baramulla districts of Indian Kashmir in the east and Neelum District fall on the northeast of the district. Total area of the district is 6117 square kilometres. The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 725,000 and according to 1999 projection its population stands at 741,000. The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils and fifty one Union Councils. Muzaffarabad city in the district serves as capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

It was part of Muzaffarabad Division.

 Tithwal Tehsil
 Muzaffarabad Tehsil
 Hattian Tehsil

Districts of Azad Kashmir
Poonch District

Poonch () District is a district of Kashmir that is divided between Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan's Azad Kashmir. The Pakistani part of Poonch District is part of its Azad Kashmir territory, whilst Indian Poonch is part of its Jammu and Kashmir.

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Districts of Azad Kashmir
Sudhnoti District

Sudhnoti () is a district of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.

Sudhnoti was the main site from where struggle against dogras and British imperialists was made. It remained the capital of Azad Kashmir and Jammu before it was shifted to Muzafferabad. It was named Sudhnoti in 2000 as a new district of Azad Kashmir and Jammu in the honour of the Sudhen tribe.

Administration
The district is divided into four tehsils

 Balouch Tehsil
 Trarkhal Tehsil
 Mang Tehsil
 Palandri Tehsil

Notable people

Aziz Khan (general)
Kiran Imran Dar,Politician and MNA of PMLN

Population
Sudhnati has a population of 242,000.
Kiyani/Gakhhars, Awan, Khwaja, Sudhan, Qureshi, Mughal and Dar are main tribes of this area.

Districts of Azad Kashmir
Baramulla District

Baramulla () is a district in Kashmir.

Tehsils of Baramullah
 Bandipora Tehsil
 Baramulla Tehsil
 Pattan Tehsil
 Sopore Tehsil
 Tanghmarg Tehsil
 Rohama Tehsil (Rafiabad)
 Uri Tehsil

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Budgam District

Badgam district () is one of the twenty districts in Indian administered Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Geography
Badgam is located at 34.63° N 76.04° E. It has an average elevation of .

Tehsils of Budgam
Budgam district comprise of 9 tehsils namely Beerwah Tehsil, Budgam Tehsil, Chadoora Tehsil, Khansahib Tehsil Charisharif Tehsil, Khag Tehsil, Magam Tehsil, Narbal Tehsil and BK Pora Tehsil.

References

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Doda District

Doda () is a district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the third largest district in Jammu and Kashmir after Leh and Kargil.

Tehsils of Doda
 Banihal Tehsil
 Bhaderwah Tehsil
 Doda Tehsil
 Gandoh Tehsil
 Kishtwar Tehsil
 Ramban Tehsil
 Thathri Tehsil

Related pages
Chinta Valley
Chenab River

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu District

Jammu District () is a district in Jammu and Kashmir.

Tehsils of Jammu
 Akhnoor Tehsil
 Bishnah Tehsil
 Samba Tehsil
 R S Pura Tehsil
 Jammu City

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Kargil district

Kargil is a district in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. Kargil lies near the Line of Control and is surrounded by the Pakistan-administered region of Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, the Kashmir Valley and Jammu divisions to the west, Leh district to the east and Himachal Pradesh to the south. Kargil is divided into 9 blocks which are, Kargil, Drass, Sankoo, Taisuru, Shargole, Shakar-Chiktan, Zanskar, GM Pore/Trespone and Lungnak. It has three Tehsils, namely Kargil, Zanskar and Sankoo. Zanskar and Drass are also sub divisions, and are headed administratively by a Sub Divisional Magistrate.

Name 
The name Kargil is said to derive from the Balti-Tibetan words Khar and Rkil. Khar means "Castle" and rkil means "Centre" - thus a place between castles (as the place lay between many kingdoms). The ancient name of Kargil was Purig.

Demographics 
With a population of 140,000 Kargil is the only Muslim majority district in Ladakh. Of total population, 85% are Muslim, of which 73% follow Shia Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in Kargil town, Drass, Wakha and the lower Suru valley. The remainder 14% are followers of Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, mostly found in Zanskar with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol and Mulbekh. Another 1% of the population follow Hinduism and Sikhism.

Purig and Balti people of Tibetan origin (converting from Buddhism to Islam in the 16th Century) mainly live in  Kargil. They have mixed with the Dard, Mon and other Aryan people. The mainly Muslim Dards live in the valley of Drass and speak Shina. A small number of Buddhist Dard, known as Brokpa, live in the Dha-Hanu region near the Lamayuru monastery. Some Arghons also live in in Kargil Town. Of late, immigrants from Kashmir and Hindus Jammu have come to live in in Kargil.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 "District Kargil", Official Kargil Site
 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Kupwara District

Kupwara () is a district of India. It is in Jammu and Kashmir.

Tehsils of Kupwara
 Handwara Tehsil
 Karnah Tehsil
 Kupwara Tehsil
 Trehgam Tehsil

Tourist destinations
 BANGUS VALLEY
 LOLAB VALLEY
 RESHWARI
 KANDI

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Leh District

Leh is one of the two districts in the Indian union territory of Ladakh, the other being the Kargil District to the west. It is bounded on the north by Ghanche District (Northern Areas), a small border with Xinjiang, China, via the Karakoram Pass which is part of the district. Aksai Chin and Tibet is to the east. Kargil district to the west, and lahul and spiti to the south. The district headquarters is based in Leh. It lies between 32 to 36 degree North latitude and 75 to 80 degree East longitude. As of 2001 the district has a population of 117,637.

The whole of Ladakh was under the administration of Leh district until July 1, 1979, when Kargil district was bifurcated from Leh district. About 84% of the district population are followers of Tibetan Buddhism, with much of the remainder being followers of Shi'a Islam, and the rest being Sunni and Nurbakhshi Muslims. Religion has been the source of grievances between Buddhists and Muslims since the late 20th century.

According to the 2001 census Total fertility rate in Leh district is the lowest in all of India at 1.3 per women. In neighbouring Kargil district, TFR is 3.4 The Total Birth Rate was 10.02 per 1000 people in 1995-2000 period. The Natural Growth Rate was 0.62% per year implying a Total Death Rate of 3.78 per 1000 people. The Birth Rate in some remote areas have plummeted to lowest anywhere in the world. For example in the village Diggar in the Nubra Valley, only 5 children were born during 1998-2002 period for a Total population of 700 people, implying a Total Birth Rate of just 1.79 per 1000 people per year. The lowest birth rate recorded is for German city of Cottbus in 2005, with 6.20 births per 1000 people.

Tehsils
Nubra Tehsil
Khalsi Tehsil
Leh Tehsil
Kharo Tehsil
Durubk Tehsil
Nyoma Tehsil

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Pulwama District

Pulwama () is a district in Indian-occupied Kashmir.

Tehsils of Pulwama
 Pampore Tehsil
 Pulwama Tehsil
 Tral Tehsil
 Shopian Tehsil

Districts of Pakistan
Districts of Jammu and Kashmir