cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Beach Erosion Board

The Beach Erosion Board (BEB) was a federal board organized under the US Government's War Department (later, the Department of Defense), U.S. Army, and was a part of the civil works program of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.  The Board had seven members and a staff.  The life of the BEB spanned a period of 33 years, beginning with its establishment in July 1930. The BEB was abolished in November of 1963.

The functions of the BEB pertained to review of reports of investigations made concerning erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters, and the protection of those shores.  Under its implementing legislation, Section 2 of Public Law 520, 7lst Congress, approved on July 3, 1930, the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, was given authority to make, in cooperation with the appropriate agencies of the various coastal States, investigations and studies aimed at devising effective means of presenting erosion of the shores of coastal and lake waters by waves and currents.   The funding provision for these investigations and studies was that no money should be expended under authority of the Act in any State which did not provide for cooperation with the agecies of the United States and contribute to the project such funds and/or services as the Secretary of War deemed appropriate and required.

In 1963, certain of the BEB’s functions were transferred to the newly created Coastal Engineering Research Center, while others were transferred to the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors.  Pursuant to the federal Water Resources Development Act of 1992, the duties and responsibilities of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors subsequently were transferred by the Secretary of the Army to other elements within the Department of the Army as the Secretary determined to be necessary.

Sources
 "The History of the Beach Erosion Board,U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, 1930-63," by Mary-Louise Quinn, MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 77-9, AUGUST 1977

United States government agencies
1930 establishments in the United States
1963 disestablishments in the United States
Izu Islands

The Izu islands are a group of small Japanese islands south of Tokyo. Nine of them have people living there. The largest is Oshima.

Other websites
Map and travel info

Islands of Japan
Tokyo Prefecture
Mario & Luigi: Dream Team

Mario & Luigi: Dream Team, known as Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros. in Europe and as Mario & Luigi RPG 4: Dream Adventure in Japan, is a roleplaying video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It was revealed during the Nintendo Direct presentation by Nintendo on February 14, 2013. It is the fourth game in the Mario & Luigi series of games. It was released in Europe on July 12, 2013, in Japan on July 18, 2013, and in North America on August 11, 2013.

The game features similar gameplay to past Mario & Luigi games. Mario and Luigi explore the game's world and fight in turn-based battles. The game will involve a setting of Luigi's dreams, where Luigi falls asleep at certain points in the story and opens a portal leading to his dreams. Mario will be able to go through the portal to explore Luigi's dreams. In the dream world, the player will be able to use the console's touch screen to cause events to happen.

References

Mario roleplaying games
Nintendo 3DS games
2013 video games
Substantia nigra

The substantia nigra is a part of the brain. This is the part of the midbrain that produces dopamine involved in movement. It is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease.

Anatomy of the brain
Dissection (band)

Dissection was a Swedish black and death metal band from Strömstad, Sweden. 

Dissection was formed in autumn 1989 by lead singer Jon Nödtveidt and bassist Peter Palmdahl. The band recorded and released a demo tape titled The Grief Prophecy in December 1990. The band released their debut album The Somberlain in 1993. Their second studio album Storm of the Light's Bane was released on November 17, 1995. 

Their final studio album Reinkaos was released on April 30, 2006 in Europe and on May 16, 2006 in North America. The band a final European concert and broke up on 24 June 2006.  On 13 August 2006, lead singer Jon Nödtveidt committed suicide by an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound inside a circle of lit candles.

Band members 
Final line-up
Jon Nödtveidt – vocals, guitars (1989–1997, 2004-2006) (†)
Set Teitan – guitars (2004–2006)
Tomas Asklund – drums (2004–2006)

Former
Peter Palmdahl - Bass (1989–1997)
Mattias "Mäbe" Johansson - Guitar (1990) (live session)
Ole Öhman - Drums (1990–1995)
John Zwetsloot - Guitar (1991–1994)
Johan Norman - Guitar (1994–1997)
Tobias Kjellgren - Drums (1995–1997)
Emil Nödtveidt  - Bass (1997) (session live)
Brice LeClercq - Bass (2004–2005)
Hakon Forwald - Bass (2005)
Erik Danielsson - Bass (2005–2006) (live session)

Discography

Albums
The Somberlain (1993)
Storm of the Light's Bane (1995)
Reinkaos (2006)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s music groups
Musical groups established in 1996
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
2010s music groups
Black metal bands
Death metal bands
Melodic death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Mike Eastwood

Michael Barry Eastwood (born July 1, 1967 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 13 seasons in National Hockey League (NHL).

He played college hockey at Western Michigan University. Eastwood was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs with the 91st overall pick in the 1987 NHL Draft.

Eastwood played in the NHL for seven teams, Toronto Maple Leafs from 1991 to 1995, Winnipeg Jets from 1994 to 1996, Phoenix Coyotes during the 1996–97 NHL season, New York Rangers from 1996 to 1998, St. Louis Blues from 1997 to 2003, Chicago Blackhawks during the 2002–03 NHL season and the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2003-04 NHL season. He retired in 2004 and currently co-hosts the Ottawa Senators post-game show with Scott MacArthur.

References

Other websites

Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
People from Ottawa
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
1967 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Jack Dyte

John Leonard Douglas Haig Dyte (October 13, 1918 - April 9, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played 27 games in National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks.

He played with the Baltimore Orioles of the Eastern Hockey League for 2 seasons as well as the Jonestown Bluebirds for 1 season. He played for the Montreal Royals of the Quebec Senior Hockey League for 1 season. He played in the AHL with Providence-Buffalo for 1 season, the Buffalo Bisons for 2 seasons and the St. Louis Flyers for 1 season. He played in the CBSHL with the Northside Victorias for 1 season and then retired from playing professional hockey. He died on April 9, 1974.

Other websites

1967 births
1974 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Eastern Hockey League players
West Fertilizer Plant explosion

The West Fertilizer Plant explosion was an explosion in West, Texas, near Waco, United States. It happened just before 7:50 pm CDT. There was a lot of damage to buildings, including houses. Fourteen people were killed and over 160 injured. The cause of this blast was ammonium nitrate. However, the cause of the fire that took place before the explosion is currently unknown.

References

2013 in the United States
2010s explosions
2010s in Texas
April 2013 events
Explosions in the United States
Mädchen Amick

Mädchen Amick (born December 12, 1970) is an American actress. She began acting in television programs. She starred as Shelly Johnson on the television series Twin Peaks and its 1992 prequel movie Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. She was born east of Reno, Nevada and raised in Sparks, Nevada. Amick's parents are German.

Other websites 

Actors from Nevada
American movie actors
American television actors
1970 births
Living people
Geoffrey

Geoffrey is an English male given name. It is often spelled Jeffrey and abbreviated as "Geoff", "Jeff" or "Geof". It was very prominent in the early 1990s in England and America.

Given names
Rufous hare-wallaby

The rufous hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus) is a small wallaby found in Australia. It is also known by its Western Desert name mala. It used to be found widely across the western half of Australia, but is now only found in Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay. It is currently classified as a vulnerable species.

The rufous hare-wallaby is a nocturnal herbivore that eats herbs, leaves and seeds. It is usually solitary, meaning that it lives alone. The species was first described by John Gould in The Mammals of Australia (1844). It is currently being reintroduced to mainland Australia, to the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. Four distinct groups of this species have been described as subspecies:
Lagorchestes hirsutus hirsutus, now extinct
Lagorchestes hirsutus bernieri, only found on Bernier Island
Lagorchestes hirsutus dorreae, only found on Dorre Island.
The fourth is an unnamed subspecies that is extinct in the wild. It was originally discovered in the Tanami Desert, and was once widespread across the centre of Australia. The only existing members of this group have been moved to conservation reserves in Western Australia.

The mala is a common totem in Western Desert Aboriginal Dreamings.

References

Other websites

Animal Info – Rufous Hare Wallaby

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
ITT Corporation

ITT Corporation is a global manufacturing company in the United States, in aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. They are in global markets including water and fluids management. ITT originally stood for International Telephone and Telegraph; it was founded around 1920. It was originally combined from other telephone companies. Today's ITT Corporation was founded in 2006.
They work in three areas:
 Fluid Technology
 Defense Electronics & Services
 Motion & Flow Control

American technology companies
Companies based in New York
Manufacturing companies
2006 establishments in New York (state)
George Gamow

George Gamow (August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (), was a theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He discovered a theoretical explanation of alpha decay through quantum tunneling. Gamow was born in Odessa in the Russian Empire. He studied atomic physics and a few other kinds of physics. He ran away from the Soviet Union in 1933. He went to the United States and taught at the University of Washington. He wrote books in German, French and Russian, and later in English. Some of his books were for fellow scientists and some explained science to laymen. His most famous book was One Two Three... Infinity.

Related pages
Ukrainian Americans

1904 births
1968 deaths
American academics
American theoretical physicists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Odessa
Russian academics
Soviet people
Russian theoretical physicists
Hasty generalization

Hasty generalization is an informal fallacy of generalisation by making decisions based on too little evidence or without recognizing all of the variables. In statistics, it may mean basing broad conclusions of a survey from a small sample group.

A hasty generalization made from a single example is sometimes called the "fallacy of the lonely fact" or the "proof by example fallacy".

When evidence is intentionally excluded to bias the result, it is sometimes termed the "fallacy of exclusion".

Example
Hasty generalization may follow this pattern

X is true for A.
 
X is true for B.

X is true for C.

X is true for D.

Therefore, X is true for E, F, G, etc.

Related pages
 Blind men and an elephant
 Syllogism
 Conflation

References

Other websites 
 "List of Common Logical Fallacies in Propaganda and Debate" at Gatecreepers.com 
 "Hasty Generalization" at FallacyFiles.org

Logical fallacies
Kelly Hills

The Kelly Hills () are a mountain range at the southern end of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located directly north of the Musgrave Ranges, and about  northeast of Amaṯa. Its highest point is about  above sea level. Mount Robert, at the eastern end of the range, is about 796 metres above sea level. The area is known as Aputjilpinya in the native Yankunytjatjara language. It forms part of an important Mala Dreaming track that runs between Uluṟu and Ulkiya.

There are a few soakages located within the hills. One of them, Puntitjara, was recorded by several early White explorers travelling through the Kelly Hills. The South Australian government's North-West Prospecting Expedition, led by Lawrence Wells, was brought there by an Aboriginal guide in 1903. One of the expedition's prospectors, Herbert Basedow, recorded the name as "Punndijarrinna" and reported that it was a good source of water. Basedow returned to Puntitjara in June 1926 on another expedition, this one led by Donald Mackay. According to Mackay, they found it dry and covered with a layer of sand. The anthropologist Ted Strehlow visited Puntitjara in August 1936, but founded it covered by mud.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
Pikmin 3

Pikmin 3 is a real-time strategy video game that was released by Nintendo for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to Pikmin 2 and the third game in the Pikmin series. It was released in Japan on July 13, 2013, in Europe on July 26, 2013, and in North America on August 4, 2013.

Pikmin 3 has the same gameplay as the last 2 Pikmin games. Players control 100 plant-like creatures called Pikmin. The player uses them to pick up object, reach areas, and fight enemies. There are three characters that players can play as. In addition to the five types of Pikmin from Pikmin 2 (Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, Blue Pikmin, Purple Pikmin, and White Pikmin), there is two new types of Pikmin. The Rock Pikmin can destroy tough barriers, while the Flying Pink "Winged" Pikmin can attack airborne enemies and carry items in the air.

The player is able to control the game with the Wii U GamePad or the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination. The Wii U GamePad gives the player a map of the game environment, which is visible on its touch screen.

References

Notes

2013 video games
Pikmin series
Wii U games
Tivoli Gardens

Tivoli Gardens (or Tivoli) is an amusement park in Copenhagen, Denmark. It opened on 15 August 1843 and it was founded by Georg Carstensen. It is the second oldest amusement park in the world. The oldest is Dyrehavsbakken in Klampenborg, Denmark. Tivoli's original Chinese decorations inspired Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale".

References 

Theme parks in Europe
Copenhagen
1843 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Denmark
Jenny Lind

Jenny Lind (Johanna Maria Lind, Stockholm, 6 October 1820 –  Wynd's Point, Herefordshire, 2 November 1887) was a Swedish opera singer. She was nicknamed the "Swedish Nightingale". She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s, and became the protégée of Felix Mendelssohn. After two acclaimed seasons in London, she announced her retirement from opera at the age of 29.

In 1850, Lind went to America at the invitation of the showman P. T. Barnum. She gave 93 concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management. She donated her proceeds to charities, mainly the endowment of free schools in Sweden. With her husband, Otto Goldschmidt, she returned to Europe in 1852. They had three children. She gave occasional concerts over the next two decades, settling in England in 1855.  From 1882, for some years, she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London. She was the inspiration for Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale". Lind died on 2 November 1887 in Herefordshire, England, of cancer. She is buried in the Great Malvern Cemetery.

Other websites
 Profile about Jenny Lind
 The jennylind.org website 

Cancer deaths in England
Swedish opera singers
Singers from Stockholm
1820 births
1887 deaths
Compound (linguistics)

Compound words are words that add together to make a new word, like the word side and walk, to make sidewalk. These words often develop over time. They can start as two words joined with a hyphen, and then become a compound word. There are three types of compound words; closed, hyphenated and open. A closed compound word is joined into one word like keyboard or makeup. A hyphenated word is two words joined with a hyphen like mother-in-law. Open compound words are words which are used together like police station, or fire engine.

Common compound words
This is a short list with some common compound words.
 newspaper
 pigtail
 handbag
 sandbox
 sometimes
 basketball
 elsewhere
 peppermint

References

Grammar
Raymond Briggs

Raymond Redvers Briggs, CBE (born 18 January 1934) is an English writer and artist, known for his books for children. His books include The Snowman, Fungus the Bogeyman, When the Wind Blows and Father Christmas.

British children's writers
English artists
1934 births
Living people
English writers
Nintendo Land

Nintendo Land is a 2012 party video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U video game console. It was announced during E3 2012.

The game has twelve mini-games that are playable in it, based off of famous Nintendo franchises like The Legend of Zelda, Mario and Metroid. Each minigames are styled like theme park attractions. They are supposed to show off how the Wii U GamePad works, and they all use some of its abilities, such as motion controls and the touch screen. The game supports the Wii Remote controller. The game had 'asymmetric gameplay', which means to have a different experience depending on what controller you use.

The game was mostly liked by reviewers and sold five million copies.

Gameplay 
Nintendo Land takes place in a theme park, which also serves as the game's hub for its twelve minigames. A robot named Monita acts as a guide throughout the game, and teaches the player the basics of the game. Finishing minigames will earn the player coins, which can be used to play a pachinko game. If the player wins the pachinko game, they get a prize of a building from one of the minigames that they can decorate the theme park with.

Team attractions 
Number of players: 1–5
 The Legend of Zelda: Battle Quest

This minigame is based on The Legend of Zelda series. Players using the Wii Remote wield a sword to fight enemies with. The player using the Wii U GamePad has a bow, and they must shoot the bow at enemies. The GamePad player can also spy on enemies by lifting the GamePad, or reload their arrows by facing the GamePad down.

Metroid Blast

This minigame is based on the Metroid series. Players using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk battle on the ground and players using the Wii U GamePad battle in Samus Aran's gunship. There are three game modes in this minigame. There is "Assault Mission", where the player must pass each level, "Surface-Air Combat", where those on foot must kill the player in the air and "Ground Battle", where all players are on foot and have to collect tokens. Metroid Blast is based off of a Nintendo tech demo from E3 2011.

References 

2012 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Party video games
Ambrosius Aurelianus

Ambrosius Aurelianus was a powerful Romano-British leader in Sub-Roman Britain around mid-5th century. He has been identified with the legendary King Arthur by historians like John Morris.

Life

Ambrosius Aurelianus was born in Roman Britain in the years when Roman legions withdrew from the British isles and started the Anglo-Saxon conquest. He seems to be born in a noble Roman family, resident in Britain for many generations.  He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century "Historia Brittonum", written by Nennius.

His importance comes from the fact that he is the only Romano-british leader named by Gildas, who was the only historian who lived during Sub-Roman Britain times: this fact makes Ambrosius Aurelianus an historical and "real" personality in the King Arthur legends.

He was renowned for his campaigns against the Anglo-Saxons, and there is some speculation that he (or his son, according to the historian Gildas) may have commanded the Romano-British forces at the Battle of Badon Hill, where the barbarians were won around 500 AD. After this battle for fifty years the Anglo-Saxons were stopped from conquering all of Britain.

According to Gildas

Ambrosius Aurelianus is one of the few people that Gildas (a sixth century historian who lived in South-west Britain and wrote "De Excidio Britanniae", which focused largely on the history of Christian Britain) identifies by name in his sermon De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, and the only one named from the 5th century. Following the destructive assault of the Saxons, the survivors gather together under the leadership of Ambrosius, who is described as:

"... a gentleman who, perhaps alone of the Romans, had survived the shock of this notable storm. Certainly his parents, who had worn the purple, were slain by it. His descendants in our day have become greatly inferior to their grandfather's [avita] excellence."

We know from Gildas that he was of high birth, and had Roman ancestry; he was presumably a Romano-Briton, rather than a Roman from elsewhere in the empire, though it is impossible to be sure.  It also appears that Ambrosius was a Christian: Gildas says that he won his battles "with God's help". According to Gildas, Ambrosius organised the survivors into an armed force and achieved the first military victory over the Saxon invaders. However, this victory was not decisive: "Sometimes the Saxons and sometimes the citizens (meaning the Romano-British inhabitants) were victorious."

Related pages
 King Arthur
 Sub-Roman Britain

Notes

Bibliography
 Gidlow, Christopher. The Reign of Arthur: From History to Legend. Sutton Publishing. London, 2004 .
 Higham, N. J.  King Arthur, Myth-Making and History Routledge. London, 2002   
 Morris, John. The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650. Scribner Ed. New York, 1973 
 Reno, Frank. Historic King Arthur: Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain. Publisher McFarland. London, 2007  

Roman people
History of the British Isles
5th-century births
Year of death unknown
Home economics

Home economics is the study of the economics and management of the home and community. It is about managing a home and family, and cooking.

Related pages
 Mrs Beeton

Other websites
 International Federation for Home Economics 

subfields of economics
Home
Life skills
Fools Garden

Fools Garden is a German musical group. It was formed in 1991 under the name Fool's Garden. They started in 1991 with the album Fool's Garden. The offical first album which included the complete band was Once in a Blue Moon (1993). Two years later, Fool's Garden released their third album Dish of the Day, which scored a hit on the music charts in Europe and Asia with "Lemon Tree". The re-released track peaked at #26 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1996.

Go And Ask Peggy For The Principal Thing followed in 1997, along with three more albums in 2000, 2003 and 2005. In 2003, three members left the band, and were replaced by Dirk Blümlein (bassist), Claus Müller (drummer) and Gabriel Holz (second guitarist, who then left the band in 2007). The name of the band was changed to Fools Garden (without the apostrophe).

The band has released cover-versions of rock and roll songs during live performances (The Beatles' "Ticket to Ride" or The Who's "My Generation"). Fools Garden's interest in The Beatles's led them to put cover versions of songs "Cry Baby Cry" and "Martha My Dear" on their studio albums.

The band released a greatest hits compilation album in October 2009. The album, High Times, contained fifteen songs. They included a brand new song, "High Time", and some of the well-known hits re-recorded with the new band ("Lemon Tree", "Wild Days", "Suzy").

The latest album Who Is Jo King? was released in October 2012.

Discography

Studio albums
 1991: Fool's Garden
 1993: Once in a Blue Moon
 1995: Dish of the Day
 1997: Go and Ask Peggy for the Principal Thing
 2000: For Sale
 2003: 25 Miles to Kissimmee
 2005: Ready for the Real Life
 2012: Who Is Jo King?

Compilation albums
 2009: High Times - The Best of Fools Garden

EPs
 "Napster Session 2008" (2008)
 "Home (limited tour edition)" (2008)

Singles
 "Tell Me Who I Am / Careless Games" (1991)
 "Spirit '91 / Once in a Blue Moon" (1992)
 "Wild Days (1st edition)" (1994)
 "Lemon Tree" (1995) (UK #26)
 "Wild Days (reissue)" (1996)
 "Pieces" (1996)
 "Why Did She Go?" (1997)
 "Probably" (1997)
 "Rainy Day" (1998)
 "Suzy" (2000)
 "It Can Happen" (2000)
 "Happy (special tour edition)" (2000)
 "In the Name" (2001)
 "Dreaming"  (2001)
 "Closer" (2003)
 "Dreaming (2004 version)" (2004)
 "Man of Devotion" (2005)
 "Does Anybody Know? / Welcome Sun" (2005)
 "Cold (Italian promo)" (2005)
 "I Got a Ticket" (2006)
 "High Time" (2009)
 "Everywhere the Light Shines" (2010)
 "Innocence" (2012)
 "Maybe" (2013)

Fools Garden members
 Peter Freudenthaler - vocals (1991–present)
 Volker Hinkel - guitars (1991–present)
 Dirk Blümlein - bass (2003–present)
 Claus Müller - drums (2003–present)

Former members
 Thomas Mangold - bass (1991–2003)
 Roland Röhl - keyboards (1991–2003)
 Ralf Wochele - drums (1991–2003)
 Gabriel Holz - guitars (2003–2007)

References

Other websites
 Official Fools Garden website

German musical groups
Musical groups established in 1991
1990s establishments in Germany
1991 establishments in Europe
Freehold (law)

In property law, a freehold (also called frank-tenement) is the ownership of real property. This includes land and everything that naturally comes with it, such as buildings, trees and natural resources. Freehold is different to a leasehold, in which the property is kept by the owner of the land after the lease has expired. Ownership of a freehold estate is indefinite amount of time.

Freehold is used in the laws of many Commonwealth countries. It comes from the United Kingdom.

References 

Legal terms
Property
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of America's Next Top Model. Thirteen girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Jaslene Gonzalez (who did not make the cut last cycle).

Contestants
 Renee Alway 3rd
 Whitney Cunningham 7th
 Kathleen DuJour 13th
 Samantha Francis 12th
 Natasha Galkina Runner-up
 Jaslene Gonzalez Winner
 Brittany Hatch 5th
 Felicia Provost 10th
 Jael Strauss 6th
 Sarah VonderHaar 8th
 Dionne Walters 4th
 Cassandra Watson 11th
 Diana Zalewski 9th

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Elite Model Managment
 A spread in Seventeen Magazines
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Kathleen DuJour & Jael Strauss
Eliminated: Kathleen DuJour
3.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez 
Worst: Samantha Francis & Natasha Galkina
Eliminated: Samantha Francis
4.
Best: Brittany Hatch
Worst: Diana Zalewski & Cassandra Watson
Eliminated: Cassandra Watson
5.
Best: Renee Alway
Worst: Dionne Walters & Felicia Provost
Eliminated: Felicia Provost
6.
Best: Natasha Galkina
Worst: Whitney Cunningham & Diana Zalewski
Eliminated: Diana Zalewski
7.
Best: Jael Strauss
Worst: Whitelle Cunningham & Moe VonderHaar
Eliminated: Moe VonderHaar
8.
Best: Dionne Walters
Worst: Jael Strauss & Whitney Cunningham
Eliminated: Whitney Cunningham
9.
Best: Natasha Galkina
Worst: Brittany Hatch & Jael Strauss
Eliminated: Jael Strauss
10.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Dionne Walters & Brittany Hatch
Eliminated: Brittany Hatch
11.
Best: Renee Alway
Worst: Natasha Galkina & Dionne Walters
Eliminated: Dionne Walters
12.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Natasha Galkina & Renee Alway
Eliminated: Renee Alway

Final Two: Natasha Galkina & Jaslene Gonzalez
America's Next Top Model: Jaslene Gonzalez

08
Control unit

The control unit is a circuit inside of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It controls the activity of all other units in the computer system, giving them directions. Its main job is to get the code from the program, decode it and operate the arithmetic logic unit and other units to run the code. The control unit manages all the computer resources. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.

References

Computers
South China Sea Islands

South China Sea Islands are 250+ small islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars in the South China Sea.  Most of these small islands are uninhabited.

There are minerals, natural gas, and oil deposits on the islands or under the seafloor near the islands.

List
The islands in the South China Sea include
 Spratly Islands -- disputed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China {ROC(Taiwan)} , Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines
 Paracel Islands -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC and Vietnam
 Pratas Islands -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC
 Macclesfield Bank -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC, the Philippines and Vietnam.
 Scarborough Shoal -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC

References

Further reading 
 Li, Jin Ming and Li Dexia. "The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea: A Note,"  Ocean Development & International Law, 34:287–295.

Islands of Brunei
Islands of China
Islands of Malaysia
Islands of the Philippines
islands of Taiwan
Islands of Vietnam
List of uninhabited regions

An uninhabited region is a place where no people live. By 'uninhabited' is meant "no one lives there permanently". The difficult case is Antarctica, where there are permanent stations, but their staff do not stay permanently. In other places there may be visitors, and sometimes research teams visit for longer periods.

List 

 Antarctica
 Antipodes Islands
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Bajo Nuevo Bank
 Baker Island
 Balleny Islands
 Much of interior Nunavut
 Big Major Cay
 Bouvet Island
 Caroline Island
 Clipperton Island
 Devon Island
 Elephant Island
 Elobey Chico
 Ernst Thälmann Island
 Much of Inland Greenland
 Gough Island 
 Hans Island
 Harmil
 Hashima
 Hatutu
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Howland Island
 Highlands of Iceland
 Jaco Island
 Jan Mayen
 Jarvis Island
 Jong Batu
 Kahoolawe Island
 Kerguelen Islands
 Kingman Reef
 Mborokua
 Minquiers and Ecréhous
  Melville Island
 Monomoy Island
 Prince Edward Islands 
 Navassa Island
 Novaya Zemlya
 Nomans Land
 Much of Northern Ontario
 Paracel Islands
 Palmyra Atoll
 Redonda
 Round Island
 South Orkney Islands
 Spratly Islands
 Stirling Island
 Much of Northern Siberia
 St Kilda
 Tetepare Island
 Tinakula

Related pages
 Inhabited

References

regions
Jim Kelly

James Edward Kelly (born February 14, 1960) is a former American football quarterback in the NFL for the Buffalo Bills and in the USFL for the Houston Gamblers. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. While Kelly was drafted by the Bills in 1983, he did not want to play for them at first, instead joining the Gamblers in the USFL. He was a star player for Houston until the USFL went out of business in 1986, after which he finally joined the Bills. 

Kelly continued playing at a high level, helping the Bills become one of the NFL's best teams for some time. From 1990 to 1993, the Bills appeared in four straight Super Bowls with Kelly at quarterback. Though the Bills failed to win every time, they remain the only team in NFL history to make it to four or more Super Bowls as of 2019. Long after retiring in 1997, Kelly is still considered the greatest quarterback in Buffalo Bills team history by many people, as he still holds many passing records for the team.

References

1970 births
Living people

American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Buffalo Bills players
People with cancer
W. E. B. Du Bois

William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an very respected American-Ghanaian sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. He was the leader of a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise by Booker T. Washington.

Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 (approximately) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He studied at Fisk University, Harvard University, and the University of Berlin.

Du Bois was married to Nina Gomer Du Bois from 1895 until her death in 1950. Then he was married to Shirley Lola Graham from 1951 until his death in 1963. Du Bois had two children with Gomer and one son with Graham.

In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he decided to become a citizen of Ghana. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship  and moved from his home in New York City to Accra, Ghana.

Du Bois died on August 27, 1963 in his home in Accra from natural causes, aged 95. Du Bois received a state funeral. He was buried near his home in Accra.

References

Other websites

 University Massachusetts Amherst Website 
 University of Massachusetts Amherst Du Bois collection 
 Du Bois Lifetime Chronology 
 W.E.B. Du Bois in Georgia /New Georgia Encyclopedia 
 Poems by W. E. B. Du Bois at PoetryFoundation.org

1868 births
1963 deaths
American civil rights activists
American communists
American historians
American sociologists
Deaths from natural causes
Democrats (United States)
Ghanaian people
People who lost citizenship
Writers from Massachusetts
John Jay O'Connor

John Jay O'Connor III (January 10, 1930 – November 11, 2009) was an American lawyer and the husband United States Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman to serve the court. He had Alzheimer's disease. Because of the disease, his wife retired from the United States Supreme Court in 2005.

O'Connor was born on January 10, 1930 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Stanford University. He received many college degrees during the 1950s. O'Connor married Sandra Day O'Connor in 1952, after they met in Arizona. They had three sons. O'Connor died on November 11, 2009 in his home in Phoenix, Arizona from Alzheimer's disease, aged 79.

References

Other websites
Los Angeles Times: John J. O'Connor III dies at 79; attorney and husband of former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor

1930 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Lawyers from San Francisco
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Texas City, Texas

Texas City is a city in Chambers and Galveston counties in southeastern Texas. The 2010 Census showed over 45,000 people living there. This city was officially incorporated in 1911.

Cities in Texas
1911 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Texas
Dead reckoning

Dead Reckoning (or DR) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a fix), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is. 

It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at.  Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important.  But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed.  It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.

Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew.  So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning.  This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.

Method
Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix).  Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known.  In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time).  This would give the speed of the ship.  Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction.  From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle.  However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called drift) so this needs to be measured as well.  Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean.  Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents. 

Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called ground speed).  A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed.  If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground.  (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move).  A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.  

A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning.  Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.

References

Navigation
Yum! Brands

Yum! Brands, Inc., or Yum, are an American based corporation which licenses KFC, Pizza Hut and the Taco Bell restaurants. Before 2011, they also owned the Long John Silver's franchise. The company is based in Louisville, Kentucky. It started on October 7, 1997 as the Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., which in turn was an independent company and spinoff of PepsiCo. Because of its previous relationship with PepsiCo, this company has a lifetime contract to Pepsi.

20th-century establishments in Kentucky
1997 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Iltur, South Australia

Iltur is the name of a remote Pitjantjatjara homeland in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. It is also known as Ilturnga or Coffin Hill after the rocky outcrop where it is located. It is located at the southern end of the Birksgate Range, and is one of the most southerly locations on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It was visited by the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition in 1981, led by the explorer David Lindsay.

Many of the families who had lived in this region historically were forced to leave the area due to nuclear weapons tests at Maralinga. They were moved to Fregon in the north and to Yalata, very far to the south. Not all of them left, however, and some still living around Iltur reported that they were affected by the fallout of the tests. In 1976, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs offered AU$10,000 for the establishment of an outstation community at Iltur. An outstation was built, but is not always occupied.

References

Indigenous Australian communities
Settlements in South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Honeypot ant

Honeypot ants, or repletes, are sterile worker ants which are used as food stores. They develop swelled abdomens,  filled with food by other worker ants. They are living storage containers. There are five genera of honepot ants. 

Ant species often have polymorphs: different forms of the same type. The soldier ants which defend colonies are genetically the same as the normal workers. The way they develop is different. This is done by changes in food, or by pheromones. 

Young honeypot ants are more or less force-fed until their gasters (=stomachs) are swelled up. Then they act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called repletes. 

These replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant Myrmecocystus mexicanus. Rissing found that usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes. This shows the flexibility of this polymorphism.

Honey ants use their own bodies as living storage, but they have more function than just storing food. Some store liquids, body fat, and water brought to them by worker ants. They can later serve as a food source for their fellow ants when food is otherwise scarce. When the liquid stored inside a honeypot ant is needed, the worker ants stroke the antennae of the honeypot ant, causing the honeypot ant to regurgitate the stored liquid.

In certain places, such as the Australian outback, honeypot ants are eaten by people as sweets and are considered a delicacy.

References

Ants
Indigenous Australian culture
Makiri, South Australia

Makiri is a place in the northwest of South Australia, where a rock hole and an Aboriginal outstation are located. It is in the Great Victoria Desert, between Kaltjiti and Watarru. It is an important sacred site for the  (honey ant) Dreaming, a women's law. Much of the site was desecrated by a surveying team in 1969. It was officially declared a Prohibited Area by the South Australian government in 1973, as an "important Aboriginal mythological and cultural site".

Makiri is located in a region of shrubland and sand dunes. The outstation here was established in the early 1980s. Since 1984, it has been governed and supported by the Irintata Homelands group from Kaltjiti. There is one house with solar power. Water is supplied from a rainwater tank and a bore. It is often used as a research base by scientists, as the area supports several endangered species.

References

Indigenous Australian communities
Settlements in South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Waterholes of Australia
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model

Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (known as BINTM) is a reality show in which several women compete as models. It is a spin-off from the series America's Next Top Model. The hosts are/were Lisa Butcher, Lisa Snowdown and recently Elle Macpherson. The show contains 9 seasons. A

Cycles

Note: In Cycle 7, Anastasija and Imogen were both eliminated before the finale, there were no exactly ranks given to each contestant.
Note: In Cycle 9, Emma and Sarah where eliminated both at the same time; no exactly ranks were given. They both remain as Runner-Ups.

British Invasion

Seven contestants from BNTM were competing against seven hopeful American models.

The returning contestants from Britain's Next Top Model and their placements for Cycle 18 are:

References

Top Model television series
Ambrose Rogers

Ambrose Rodgers is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Down. He is the current captain and was also the captain of the Down Under-21 team in 2005 when they won the Ulster Under-21 Football Championship.

References

Irish footballers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model, Cycle 8

Britain and Ireland's next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. This cycle contains 14 contestants. The host is still Elle MacPherson. The winner was 18-year-old Letitia Herod.

Prizes
A modeling contract with Models 1
A spread in Company magazine 
A contract with Revlon cosmetics 
A trip to Dubai 
An apartment 51 Buckingham Gate
A respected brand as Miss Selfridge

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
 Kellie Forde
 Tasmin "Tas" Golding
 Emma Grattidge
 Letitia Herod
 Jennifer Joint
 Anita Kaushik
 Lisa Madden
 Roxanne "Roxy" O'Connor
 Risikat "Pussycat" Oyebade
 Amelia Raven
 Emma Sharratt
 Madeleine "Maddy" Taga
 Penelope Williamson
 Anne Winterburn

Episodes
Episode 1 & 2 Casting episodes 

Episode 3
Quit: Amelia Raven
Best: Anne Winterburn
Worst: Emma Sharratt & Tasmin Golding
Eliminated: Emma Sharratt
Episode 4
Best: Roxanne O'Connor 
Worst: Tasmin Golding & Penelope Williamson
Eliminated: Penelope Williamson
Episode 5
Best: Roxanne O'Connor & Emma Grattidge
Worst: Tasmin Golding & Anne Winterburn
Eliminated: Tasmin Golding
Episode 6
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Emma Grattidge & Anne Winterburn
Eliminated: Anne Winterburn
Episode 7
Best: Lisa Madden
Worst: Madeleine Taga & Kellie Forde
Eliminated: Kellie Forde
Episode 8
Best: Emma Grattidge
Worst: Jennifer Joint & Madeleine Taga
Eliminated: Jennifer Joint
Episode 9
Best: Risikat Oyebade
Worst: Roxanne O'Connor & Madeleine Taga
Eliminated: Madeleine Taga
Episode 10
Best: Lisa Madden
Worst: Letitia Herod & Roxanne O'Connor
Eliminated: Roxanne O'Connor
Episode 11
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Lisa Madden & Risikat Oyebade
Eliminated: Risikat Oyebade
Episode 12
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Letitia Herod & Lisa Madden
Eliminated: Lisa Madden
Episode 13
Best: Emma Grattidge
Worst: Letitia Herod & Anita Kaushik
Eliminated: Anita Kaushik

Final Two: Emma Grattidge & Letitia Herod
Winner: Letitia Herod

References 

Top Model television series
Britain's Next Top Model
River mouth

The river mouth is the point where a stream flows into a body of water such as a river or an ocean.

References

Related pages
 Confluence
 Reservoir
 River delta
 Estuary

Rivers
Storm Thorgerson

Storm Elvin Thorgerson (28 February 1944 – 18 April 2013) was an English graphic designer who worked with music bands such as Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd. Thorgerson was born on 28 February 1944 in Potters Bar, Middlesex, England. He died from cancer in England on 18 April 2013 at age 69.

References

Other websites

Radio interview transcript
BBC Feature and audio interview
BBC Article on Thorgerson's work: Audio slideshow: Storm's sleeves
TateShots: Storm Thorgerson on Magritte The artist talks about the influence of Magritte on his work. 21 July 2011

1944 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
English artists
People from Middlesex
Hogna

Spiders of the genus Hogna are large and powerful wolf spiders.<ref>Benjamin Julian Kaston, Spiders of Connecticut under the section on the "Genus Lycosa'''," p. 321ff. The genus Lycosa has since been split into two additional genera, Hogna and Tigrosa. All of the American members of Lycosa have been transferred to Hogna or Tigrosa.</ref> They belong to the Family called Lycosidae. They will readily catch and eat crickets and other large insects. They do not try to hurt humans unless they are getting hurt themselves. Usually their colors are dull, mostly they are brown, dark brown, or black. Hogna carolinensis is the largest spider in the United States and can have a body length (head to tail) of up to almost 1.5 inches or 35mm. They scare people, but it is hard to get them even to try to bite. Instead of showing their fangs, they will run away. They can run very fast. They are about 16 times larger than the smallest species of wolf spiders. For instance, the smallest of the wolf spiders of the genus Trabeops are only 4 mm. long. Hogna carolinensis often digs burrows to live in. 

Other species in this genus include:
H. antelucana
H. baltimoriana
H. coloradensis
H. frondicola
H. lenta

In Europe there is a slightly smaller spider called Lycosa tarantula, a kind of wolf spider that people once believed could kill people. It gets its name from the city of Taranto in Italy. There are other wolf spiders that get a little larger than Hogna carolinensis, one of which is found in the Canary Islands, Allohogna singoriensis,'' which reaches a full 40mm.

References

Lycosidae