cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Super Mario Bros.

Super Mario Bros. is a video game made by Nintendo in 1985. It is played on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The game is the sequel to the game Mario Bros. In Super Mario Bros., Mario goes in the Mushroom Kingdom. There he must save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser. Players also can use Luigi during two-player mode. The game was made by Shigeru Miyamoto. The music was made by Kōji Kondō.

Super Mario Bros. was a very important game because it changed how games were made later. It was the best-selling video game ever before being beat by Wii Sports in 2009. It turned Mario into a famous symbol. It also made the NES successful. This game greatly helped the video game industry.

It is a graphics style in Super Mario Maker, Super Mario Maker for Nintendo 3DS, and Super Mario Maker 2.

Plot
Bowser has kidnapped Princess Toadstool, who is the princess of the Mushroom Kingdom. Mario must chase Bowser through eight worlds in the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue her, with the help of his brother, Luigi.

Gameplay
Super Mario Bros. is a platform game. In the game, Mario must race through the Mushroom Kingdom and save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser. Mario jumps, runs, and walks across each level.  The worlds are full of enemies and platforms, and open holes.  If Mario touches an enemy, he dies.  If he falls down a hole or misses a jump, he will also lose a life.

Mario has several "power ups".  A red and white Mushroom will make him big. If Mario is big and if he touches an enemy he gets smaller; he will not die.  If Mario is big and he hits a question block that has a power-up, a fire flower will come out.  The fire flower will give him the power to throw fire balls, which can defeat enemies.  If he gets hit as Fire Mario, he will go back to being small Mario.

Each world is divided into four levels.  Some levels are underground and others are underwater.  When Mario is underwater, he cannot jump on any enemy and he will shrink or die if he touches one.

The fourth level is a castle.  Mario faces lava, fire bars, and other enemies in this level.  At the end of the level is Bowser, who stands over a lava pit.  Mario can throw fireballs to defeat Bowser.  He can also jump over or run under Bowser to an axe.  Touching the axe will destroy the bridge and cause Bowser to fall into the lava, defeating him. Toadstool's servant, Toad, will then tell Mario that the princess is in another castle.  The eighth boss is the real Bowser and instead of Toad, the princess is there.

Impact
Super Mario Bros. was both the launch game and a good game for the Nintendo Entertainment System.  This game andFortnite was bundled with every NES sold and the game sold 40 million units as a result. There is also a version of the game with Duck Hunt and World Class Track Meet, which is for the NES Power Glove.

The game's main theme, which plays in the first level of the game, is very well known. It was composed by Koji Kondo. After it was in Super Mario Bros., it has been in many other Nintendo games.

References

1980s video games
Mario platform games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Barbarian

In Ancient Greece, the name βάρβαρος, bárbaros, was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term Barbarian came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'.

In modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person. 

It is used for a member of a nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization, or for an individual person which is seen as a brutal, cruel and insensitive or whose behaviour is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.

Other websites 
 "Decline and fall of the Roman myth", an excerpt from the Terry Jones' book. 

 "Official Website of Barbaric Barbarians" , A humorous view of Barbarians
 Andrew Lang, Savage Supreme Beings, The Making of Religion, Chapter XII (1900).

Sociology
Pejoratives
Ramsay MacDonald

James Ramsay MacDonald  (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He helped to build the Labour Party and became its first Prime Minister in 1924. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression, when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the British Conservative Party. He was expelled from the Labour Party.

MacDonald was an illegitimate child. He was born in Lossimouth, Scotland. He graduated from elementary school and then high school.

Later he worked as a teacher for some time in his high school. In 1885, MacDonald became a member of the Social Democratic Federation.

In 1886, he moved to London, where he became an accountant. On November 13, 1887, MacDonald witnessed Bloody Sunday, after which he published a pamphlet in the media. For some time, MacDonald was also interested in Scottish politics among Scots in London and spoke in support of Scotland for Scotland. At the same time, MacDonald received an evening education at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution, but shortly before the exams he had to give up his education due to nervous exhaustion.

As Prime Minister 
The main achievement of the first MacDonald government was the realization by the British that Labor did not intend to carry out radical changes, but was ready to act for the common good. At the same time, due to lack of public support and a lack of seats in the House of Commons, Labor has not been able to do much of what it has said before - in particular, there has been no widespread nationalization and community service.

1866 births
1937 deaths
Scottish politicians
22nd century

The 22nd century is the next century.  It will begin on January 1, 2101 and will end on December 31, 2200.

Astronomical predictions for the 22nd century 
 There will be 239 lunar eclipses
Solar eclipses:
 June 25, 2150: a total solar eclipse with longer than 7 minutes of totality. This will be the first time this has happened in 177 years.
 July 5, 2168: 7 minutes 26 seconds of totality
 July 16, 2186: 7 minutes 29 seconds (close to the theoretical maximum). This is predicted to be the longest eclipse during the 8,000 year period from 3000 BC to CE 5000 (eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA).
 August 2113: First time Pluto reaches aphelion since its discovery.
 December 11, 2117: transit of Venus
 2123: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
2123 June 9: Long lunar eclipse.
 September 14, 2123: At 15:28 UTC, Venus will occult Jupiter
 December 8, 2125: Transit of Venus
 July 29, 2126: At 16:08 UTC, Mercury will occult Mars
 March 10, 2130: At 07:32 UTC, Sun passes through solar system barycenter
 December 3, 2133: At 14:14 UTC, Mercury will occult Venus
 2134: Comet Halley will return to the inner solar system
 2148: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
 2170: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
 Given that Pluto's orbit is approximately 248 Earth years, the year 2178 will mark the first Plutonian anniversary of the dwarf planet's discovery.
 2185: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
 2187: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
 September 2, 2197: Venus occults Spica (last occultation of Spica by Venus was on November 10, 1783)

Other 
 In 2197, Joel Rifkin is eligible for parole for the murder of 18 prostitutes.
 FAT file systems support dates up to December 31, 2107.
 In 2110, Kipland "Kip" Kinkel is eligible for release after the murders of both his parents and two students at his school.

3rd millennium
Centuries
Advice

Advice can also mean:

Advice (opinion), an opinion or recommendation offered by someone
Legal advice, the giving of a formal and binding opinion regarding the substance or procedure of the law
Advice (constitutional), in constitutional law, a frequently binding instruction issued to a constitutional office-holder
Advice in aspect-oriented programming, a piece of code executed when a join point is reached
Advice (complexity), in complexity theory, a string with extra information used by Turing machine or other computing device
Pay advice, whereby employees are advised of having received directly deposited pay
Advice column, a regular feature in a newspaper or magazine
Laney Amplification

Laney Amplification is a company from Great Britain that makes guitar and bass guitar amplifiers. It was founded in 1967 when Lyndon Laney started to make amplifiers in his parents' garage. Laney is popular for its good quality amplifiers for low prices.

Other websites 
 Laney Amplification

Companies of the United Kingdom
Musical instrument companies
1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
Council

Council in general means a body that has the right to give advice or to administer.

It could also mean:

In politics:

 Borough Council, a form of local government in the United Kingdom
 City council, a form of local government
 Community council, the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales
 Council (country subdivision), a local government area in Australia
 County council, a council that governs a county in the British Isles
 Municipal council, a subdivision of France
 Town council, a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or parishes

Specific organizations:
 Council (Boy Scouts), a non-profit private corporation within Boy Scouts of America
 Council of the European Union
 United Nations Security Council

Places:

 Council, Alaska
 Council, Idaho

In other fields:
 Ecumenical council, a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice
 "The Council" (Enterprise episode), a third season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 Workers' council, a council composed of working class or proletarian members
 Works council, a "shop-floor" organization representing workers

Related pages
 Privy Council (disambiguation page)
Kellyjackie

Jackie Chan Hiu-ki (陳曉琪), also known as Kellyjackie (born 23 August, 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts "Kelly" in her nickname.

She was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was Lucky Voice which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.

In January 2005, she wrote the song He invites me to Disneyland (他約我去迪士尼) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty.

She uploaded her song He invites me to Disneyland to her band's forum, her Xanga site, i010.com and also cmidi.com for free downloading by Internet users. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (搜尋人氣榜) for some time. Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.

When the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album (香港迪士尼樂園開幕紀念大碟) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang He invites me to Disneyland together in the album.

References

1986 births
Living people
Chinese singers
Internet celebrities
Singers from Hong Kong
Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union (often called Council of Ministers or just Council) is one of the three organisations that manage the European Union. Along with the European Parliament, it is responsible for law making for the European Union (EU).

Its members are the government ministers of the member countries who are responsible for the law that is being discussed. As an example, suppose the law is going to be about farming, then the Agriculture Ministers are the Council for that day.

As well as making laws, they can meet to discuss their problems. For example, the European Union does not decide on tax - each country decides on its own tax. But the Finance Ministers meet anyway because sometimes they can help each other catch people who do not want to pay tax at all.

The Council is called different things in different countries, according to the language they speak (for example in French it is Conseil de l'Union Européenne and in German it is Rat der Europäischen Union). It is also known internationally, and so it appears on its logo, with the Latin word Consilium.

A simple way of putting it, is that The 'Council of the European Union' is helped by most countries in the world and it is very important.

European Union
Legislatures
Deep Ng

Deep Ng (吳浩康; born 吳偉男 on 13 June 1983) is a Hong Kong singer and actor of the Emperor Entertainment Group.

He was fined 5,000 USD because of keeping cocaine (an illegal drug). 

He was charged of beating Chim Chi Kin at the Boozeroo Pub in Tsim Sha Tsui on 11 July 2005. On November 21, 2005, the court ruled that he did not committed the crime, because what the victim said seemed not to match his own words.

Deep also acted in movies like New Police Story. He is also famous for his number 1 hit song, Select the Breakup Day (擇日失戀). A new album, Nowhere (pronounced as Now-here), was sold in public in September 2005. This album was seen as a comeback for Deep after a number of bad news.  He also had another new album, Documentary, in 2006.

His albums
Deep EP (2003)
Deep In The Music EP (2004)
Deep: Inside (2005)
903 California Red: Eleven Fires Concert - Deep Ng (2005)
Nowhere (2005)
Documentary (2006)
3.D New Songs + Greatest Hits (2007)

Other websites  
Deep's Official Site  
Deep Ng Interview
Deep Ng's Lyrics and Midi

Actors from Hong Kong
Singers from Hong Kong
1983 births
Living people
Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a type of sound with a frequency higher than humans can hear. This frequency, the upper limit of human hearing, is approximately 20,000 hertz (20 kilohertz).

Hearing ultrasound 
Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency higher than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200 kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50 kHz) sonar signal.

Medical ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a "safe test" because it does not use destructive ionizing radiation like x-rays.

Ultrasonic cleaning 
Ultrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20-40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) bubbles near the dirty surface. The bubbles are formed by cavitation and collapse, forming small jets directed at the surface.

Medical procedures
sound

Hearing
1040



Events 
 March War of Independence of Western Xia occurred.
 June 17 – Harthacanute lands at Sandwich and reclaims the English Throne.
 August 15 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as Scottish Monarch.
 The oldest brewery still active is founded at Weihenstephan.
 Seljuk Turks defeat the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan.

Births 
 February 22 – Rashi, French rabbi and commentator (d. 1105)
 June 27 – King Ladislaus I of Hungary (d. 1095)

Deaths 
 March 17 – Harold Harefoot, King of England
 August 15 – King Duncan I of Scotland (b. 1001)
 October 1 – Alan III, Duke of Brittany (poisoned) (b. 997)

Related pages 
 For the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) form, see Form 1040.
Green Bay Packers

The Green Bay Packers are an American football team in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They play in the National Football League. Their stadium is Lambeau Field.  Their quarterback is Aaron Rodgers.  The Packer's uniforms are a green or white jersey with yellow pants.   

The Packers hold the record for the most NFL league championships. They have won 13 championships, including four Super Bowls, out of the 5 they've been too.  The team is called the Packers because their original owner was a meat-packing company. Today, it is the only fan-owned team in the country's four major professional leagues. It is owned by a community-based group with more than 100,000 shareholders. Each shareholder is limited to holding 200 shares (out of about 5 million issued). The Packers are also the only team in the major professional leagues to release their balance sheet every year. This year, their current head coach is Matt LaFleur.

References

 
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Wisconsin
Ice age

An ice age is a period when for a long time the temperature of Earth's climate is very low. This leads to an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers.

Ice age is a term used in palaeoclimatology for the period of extensive ice sheets in the recent Pleistocene period. We now know that ice ages have happened a number of times in the past, the greatest and longest of which took place in the Proterozoic era, before multi-cellular eukaryotes evolved.

During ice ages the sea level drops as water is held in the great ice sheets at the poles. How much it drops depends on several factors, such as the length of time that a cold period lasts.

Stages 
Within an ice age, there are stages. The longer cold stages are called glacials or glacial periods. The shorter warm periods are called interglacials. The last glacial ended about 11,000 years ago when the present interglacial started.  The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist.  The last two million years have been the Pleistocene ice age.  During  glacials, large and thick ice sheets cover much of the North American and Eurasian continents.

Many glacial periods that have occurred during the last few million years are initially at 40,000-year frequency, but more recently ice ages have occurred at 100,000-year frequency.

Related pages
Snowball Earth
Ice core
Milankovitch cycle
Orbital forcing
Pleistocene
Glaciation

References

Other websites 

 Cracking the Ice Age from PBS
 Climate patterns

Landforms
Geological periods
Climate change
Gdynia

Gdynia  (, ) is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, and is an important and seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. It has about 248 000 inhabitants and 135 km².

Cities in Poland
Sosnowiec

() is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. About 223,000 people live there, and it has an area of .

Cities in Poland
Heterotroph

A heterotroph (Greek heteros = another and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.

In food chains 
A heterotroph is known as a consumer in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers. To stay alive, consumers must get food from other organisms. There are three types of consumers:Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.

Herbivores 
Consumers that only eat plants are called herbivores. The word herbivore comes from the Latin words herba, which means "grass or herb," and vorare, which means "to eat."  A giraffe is an example of a herbivorous consumer.

Carnivores 
Consumers that only eat animals are called carnivores. The word comes from the Latin carnis, which means "flesh", and vorare, which means "to eat." A tiger is an example of a carnivorous consumer.

Omnivores 
Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. The word comes from the Latin omnis, which means "all" and vorare. Humans are a good example of an omnivorous consumer.

Related pages
 Autotroph
 Mixotroph

References 

Biology
Ecology
Pittsburgh Steelers

{{NFL team|name=Pittsburgh Steelers
|current=2012 Pittsburgh Steelers season
|logo=Pittsburgh Steelers logo.svg
|founded=1933
|city=Heinz FieldPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
|misc=Headquartered in UPMC Sports Performance ComplexPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
|uniform = 
|colors=Black, gold, white
  
|coach=Mike Tomlin
|owner=The Rooney Family
|chairman= Dan Rooney
|president=Art Rooney II
|general manager=Kevin Colbert
|mascot=Steely McBeam
|hist_yr=1945
|NFL_start_yr=1933
|no_league_champs=6
|no_sb_champs=6
|no_conf_champs=8
|no_div_champs=21
|sb_champs=1974 (IX), 1975 (X), 1978 (XIII), 1979 (XIV), 2005 (XL), 2008 (XLIII)
|div_champs=
 AFC Central: 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001
 AFC North: 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014
| playoff_appearances = <ul>1947, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014
| no_playoff_appearances = 28
|stadium_years=
 Forbes Field (1933–1963)
 Shibe Park (1943)
 Comiskey Park (1944)
 Pitt Stadium (1958–1969)
 Three Rivers Stadium (1970–2000)
 Heinz Field (2001–present)
|team_owners = The Rooney family (1933–present)
|team_presidents = 
 Art Rooney (1933–1975)
 Dan Rooney (1975–2002)
 Art Rooney II (2002–present)
}}

The Pittsburgh Steelers are an American football team in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.. They have won six Super Bowls in eight appearances. That is  most that any team has won, tied with the New England Patriots. They have a rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. Pittsburgh plays in the AFC North with Baltimore, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Cleveland Browns.

The Steelers are most famous for their defense. In the 1970s, their defense was nicknamed the "Steel Curtain". It helped the Steelers to four Super Bowl wins. Other well-known Steelers defenses include the 1990s "Blitzburgh" defense and the 2000s defense (which was not nicknamed).

Other websites 
 Official Website

Pittsburgh Steelers
1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
Alice Cooper

Alice Cooper (born February 4, 1948) is an American rock musician and singer. Originally, there was a band called Alice Cooper led by a singer named Vincent Damon Furnier. The band was one of the creators of a very theatrical and violent type of heavy metal music that was designed to shock and would come to be known as "shock rock."

Life
In 1974, Furnier legally changed his name to Alice Cooper and started making solo music. Cooper's solo career began with the 1975 album Welcome to My Nightmare. Over the years Cooper has played many different musical styles.

Alice Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage. The Rolling Stone Album Guide referred to him as the world's most "beloved" heavy metal entertainer. He helped to shape the sound and look of heavy metal. Cooper is also credited as being one of the first to bring movie-like looks to the rock concert stage in the late 1960s.

Away from music, Cooper is also an actor, a golfer, a restaurant owner and a popular radio DJ.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1948 births
Living people
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
American singer-songwriters
Warner Bros. Records artists
Radom

Radom is a city in Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. About 229,000 people live in the city which covers an area of 111 km².

Cities in Poland
Kielce

Kielce is a city in Poland in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. It has a population of about 215,000 inhabitants and 109 km² of land area.

Cities in Poland
Zabrze

Zabrze is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 188,000 inhabitants and an area about 109 km².

Cities in Poland
Bytom

Bytom is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 193,000 people live there. The city is 69 km².

Cities in Poland
Gorzów Wielkopolski

Gorzów Wielkopolski is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 125,000 inhabitants and is  in size.

Cities in Poland
Zielona Góra

Zielona Góra  () is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 118 000 inhabitants and covers 58 km². Zielona Góra received status of city in 1323. 

Cities in Poland
Opole

Opole is the biggest city in Opole Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is Oppeln, and the Czech name is Opolí. The Oder River goes through the city. It has about 128,000 people living in it and is 149 km² in area. The mayor of the city is Arkadiusz Wiśniewski.

History 
Opole is over 1000 years old.  It was originally a Slavic town. In 990 it became a Polish city. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Oppeln for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Opole ever since.

Famous people from Opole 
 Jerzy Buzek (born 1940), academic and politician, President of the European Parliament, former Prime Minister of Poland
 Bernhard Kempa
 Miroslav Klose

Twin towns 
 Belgorod (Russia)
 Bruntál (Czech Republic)
 Carrara (Italy)
 Grasse (France)
 Ingolstadt (Germany)
 Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine
 Kuopio (Finland)
 Alytus (Lithuania)
 Mülheim (Germany)
 Potsdam (Germany)
 Roanoke County (United States)
 Székesfehérvár (Hungary)

Cities in Poland
Jutes

The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland (called Iutum in Latin) in modern Denmark inclusive Southern Schleswig in Northern Germany and part of the Frisian coast. The Jutes, along with the Angles, Saxons and Frisians, were mentioned amongst the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain. 

It is believed that the Jutes settled particularly in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The land where the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons settled became the country of England.

Other websites 
The Jutes in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight
Were the West Saxons guilty of ethnic cleansing?

Germanic tribes

Schleswig-Holstein
Cannibal Corpse

Cannibal Corpse is an American death metal band. The band was formed in Buffalo, New York in 1988 by Bob Russay, the first guitarist (who left the band in 1993). The band's lyrics draw heavily on horror fiction themes which consist of necrophilia, gore, rape, and death; and are highly controversial within the media. The bands' first 3 albums were banned in Europe until 2006 because of their graphic artwork. They are considered by many to be one of the most influential Death Metal bands in existence. Since their formation in 1988, they have undergone several line-up changes.

Members

Current 
Paul Mazurkiewicz (1988-present) - Drums
Alex Webster (1988-present) - Bass guitar
Rob Barrett (1993-1997, 2005-present) - Rhythm guitar
George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher (1995-present) - Lead vocals
Patrick O'Brien (1997-present) - Lead guitar

Former 
Chris Barnes (1988-1995) - Lead vocals
Jack Owen (1988-2004) - Guitars
Bob Rusay (1988-1993) - Guitars
Jeremy Turner (2004-2005) - Guitars (live)

Discography

Studio albums
Eaten Back to Life (1990)
Butchered At Birth (1991)
Tomb of the Mutilated (1992)
The Bleeding (1994)
Vile (1996)
Gallery of Suicide (1998)
Bloodthirst (1999)
Gore Obsessed (2002)
The Wretched Spawn (2004)
Kill (2006)
Evisceration Plague (2009)
Torture (2012)
A Skeletal Domain (2014)
 Red Before Black (2017)
 Violence Unimagined (2021)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical quintets
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
Sudeley Castle

Sudeley Castle is a castle near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom. It was built in 1441 by Ralph Boteler, who had the castle confiscated by Edward IV of England. Edward gave Sudeley Castle to his brother, who later became Richard III of England, who then gave it to his uncle Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.

By the time Henry VIII of England succeeded, the castle was the property of the Crown again. It had been visited by Henry in 1535, with his second wife Anne Boleyn, but had been empty and unattended for some time. When Henry died the castle became the property of his son, Edward VI of England, who gave it to his uncle, Thomas Seymour. Thomas was made Lord of Sudeley and married the King's stepmother, Catherine Parr. During this time Thomas began to regenerate the castle for Catherine's use, but only one room that he had built remains today.

Seymour and Catherine moved into the castle and brought with them ladies to attend on the Queen Dowager, as well as gentlemen of the household and Yeomen of the guard. The castle was then home to over 100 people. Another famous figure who came to live in the castle of Lady Jane Grey, who was a ward of Seymour's, as well as the young Elizabeth I of England.

Catherine died after she had given birth to a daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle and was buried in its St. Mary's Chapel. Her grave was discovered in 1728 after the castle and the chapel had been left in ruins by the English Civil War. She was later reinterred by the Rector of Sudeley in 1817. 

Seymour's ambitions led to him being arrested and beheaded, after which Sudeley Castle became the property of Catherine's brother William Parr, who was the Marquess of Nothampton. Parr was stripped of his property and title after being involved in the failed attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England.

In 1554 Mary I of England gave Sudeley Castle John Brydges, Lord Chandos and it remained as his property throughout the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth was entertained three times at Sudeley Castle, which including a spectacular feast in 1592 to celebrate the anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Castles in England
Godfather trilogy

The Godfather trilogy refers to the three Mafia movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola about the fictional Corleone crime family;
The Godfather (1972)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
The Godfather Part III (1990)

Crime drama movies
Mafia
Series of movies
Without You (Badfinger song)

"Without You" is a song written by musicians Peter Ham and Tom Evans, which has become a standard since it was first recorded in 1970.

Ham and Evans were members of the rock band Badfinger, and they combined the verse of one unfinished song with the chorus of another, to complete "Without You". Badfinger included their version of the song on their second album, No Dice, which was released in 1970. Apple Records was Badfinger's record label, and the song was published by a related company, Apple Music.

The song got little attention at first, but when  Harry Nilsson recorded a  of it, his single became a worldwide hit. Nilsson, Ham and Evans all reached career peaks, and Nilsson won a Grammy Award for his recording.

"Without You" became, and remains, very popular around the world. Many other artists have recorded the song, and several have had hits with it, including Mariah Carey. Apple Music lost the American rights to the song, early in the 21st century.

1970 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples. They came from Northern Europe and are identified by their use of the Germanic languages. Migrating Germanic peoples spread throughout Europe, mixing with existing local populations (like Celts, Slavs/Vends, and Romans).  They eventually formed the basis of many nations.  These nations are connected by similar languages, common history, and culture.

The Latin word Germani was first used by Julius Caesar.

The Germanic tribes did not have a name for themselves that described all Germanic-speaking people. In English, German is first attested in 1520, replacing earlier use of Almain or Dutch.  Today, in English, “Dutch” means the language or people of the Netherlands.

In the 1st century CE, Roman authors like Caesar and Tacitus wrote that Germanic-speaking peoples had divided into tribal groupings.  The different tribes lived in different areas:
 The East Germanic tribes lived around the rivers Oder and Vistula, in what is now Poland.
 The Istvaeones lived around the lower Rhine River.
 The Irminones lived around the Elbe River, in what is now Germany.
 The Ingvaeones lived in Jutland and other islands that now belong to Denmark.

The Irminones, Ingvaeones, and Sons of Mannus Istvaeones are called West Germanic tribes.  Germanic people who remained in Scandinavia called North Germanic. These groups all developed separate dialects.  These eventually developed into different Germanic languages.

Germanic peoples did not call themselves West Germanic, East Germanic, or North Germanic.  These categories were created in modern times.

The Germanic tribes were each politically independent, under a hereditary king (see Germanic king).  Each tribe had a myth about who first created the tribe.  For example, myths said that:

 Angul created the Angles
 Aurvandil created the Vandals (though historians are not certain this actually happened)
 Burgundus created the Burgundians
 Cibidus created the Cibidi
 Dan created the Danes
 Nór created the Norwegians
 Gothus created the Goths
 Ingve created the Ynglings
 Irmin created the Irminones
 Longobardus created the Lombards
 Saxneat created the Saxons
 Valagothus created the Valagoths
 Suiones created the Swedes (Svear)

Some Germanic kings claimed that they should have power because they were related to their tribe’s mythical founders.

History

Origin 

The early Germanic tribes spoke different dialects, but could understand each other.  They shared a common culture and mythology (see Germanic mythology).  Beowulf and the Volsunga saga make this clear.

At this time, the Romans forced the different peoples of Italy to be part of one big empire.  Unlike Italy, no large empire forced Germanic people to unite.  Because of this, the various tribes remained free, led by their own hereditary or chosen leaders.

Other websites 
 Germanic Roots of Great Britain, A Genetic Study
 On the origins of Anglo-Saxons
 Anglo-Saxons and Britons

 
Ancient history
May Pang

May (Fung-Yee) Pang (born October 24, 1950) was a  to former Beatle John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. She later became Lennon's companion and lover, when he separated from Ono in the mid-1970s. Pang was born in New York, New York to Chinese parents.

Pang was a secretary at ABKCO, a management company started by Allen Klein, in New York City. ABKCO's clients included three of the Beatles: Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. When Lennon and wife Ono needed an assistant, Pang was sent to England to work for them. She dated musician Peter Ham of Badfinger, and helped Lennon and Ono move to the United States, late in 1971.

During 1973, Lennon and Ono began to have problems in their marriage. Ono trusted Pang, and suggested her as a companion for Lennon, knowing he wanted to see other women. Lennon surprised Ono by taking Pang with him to Los Angeles, where he planned to record an album with Phil Spector. Lennon and Pang lived together for over a year, while he worked on new music, and tried to decide whether to divorce Ono or  with her.

Lennon and Ono decided to reconcile early in 1975, and became the parents of Sean Lennon. Even though Pang had been involved with the marketing of several of Lennon's records, and also records by Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr, she had a hard time finding a new job. She later found out the reason was because many companies were afraid Lennon would not want to do business with them, if he knew she worked there.

Pang finally found a job with Island Records, and later worked for RKO. She married record producer Tony Visconti (the former husband of singer Mary Hopkin), and they started a family. After Lennon's death in 1980, Pang wrote a , titled Loving John. She also appeared on many talk shows, to discuss her relationship with Lennon.

People from New York City
The Beatles
1950 births
Living people
Indo-European people

Indo-Europeans are those who lived in eastern Europe and central Asia thousands of years ago. They descended from the Ukrainian steppes, and spread out across Europe, western Asia, central Asia, and India.

Indo-Europeans are Bronze Age-speakers of Indo-European languages that had not yet split into language families we know today, like Centum and Satem dialects (speakers of languages predating Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Greek, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Balto-Slavic etc.)

Speakers of Indo-European languages in historical times and nowadays often are not called by the name Indo-Europeans but with often by the name of their language family like: Anatolians, Tocharians, Aryans (Iranians, Indo-Aryans), Greeks, Celts, Italic peoples, Germanic peoples, Baltic peoples, Slavic peoples, Armenians, Albanians (or subdivisions of these groups).

References
Urban area

An urban area is an area where many people live and work close together. The population density is higher than in the surrounding area.  It is where buildings are close together. Urban is the opposite of rural, where farm lands and nature are. Urban areas are usually cities and towns.  Most of the work available in urban areas is factory and office work. Agricultural work is rare because buildings are close together and there is no space for farm lands. 

There are different urban area definitions for each country. The definitions mostly depend on how populated the country is and if the definition shows a true percentage of how urbanized the country is. For example, in Poland an urban area is any place that has the status of a town, whereas in China it is any district, city, or town with a population density higher than 1500 people per square kilometer. The urban population definition for Canadian and Scandinavian countries depends on density.  If there is a house every 200 meters it is classified as urban.

A large urban area, with all connected areas (usually developed around some city) is called a Metropolitan area.

References 

Urban planning
Urban design
Economic geography
Mary Hopkin

Mary Hopkin (born 3 May 1950) is a Welsh folk singer. She was born in Pontardawe. She was most famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Her first and biggest hit was "Those Were The Days" in 1968.

When The Beatles started their own record label called Apple Records, they were looking for new artists to sign up. Model Twiggy, a friend of the band, recommended her. After Hopkin signed with Apple, Beatle Paul McCartney produced many of the songs for her first album, called Post Card. Singer-songwriters Donovan and Harry Nilsson, and record producer George Martin, also gave her songs to record.

"Those Were The Days" was McCartney's choice for Hopkin's first single. He chose well, and the song became a hit worldwide. Hopkin recorded other singles, including "Goodbye", "Temma Harbour", "Knock, Knock, Who's There", and a remake of Doris Day's "Qué Sera, Sera", but they were not as successful as her first record. McCartney moved on to a solo career after the Beatles disbanded, and no longer worked with her. Hopkin's second album, Earth Song/Ocean Song, was largely self-produced.

Hopkin disliked the way Apple Records had promoted her, as a kind of "squeaky-clean" schoolgirl. She left the label after two albums and a best-ofs compilation, also titled Those Were the Days. She retired from music after marrying producer Tony Visconti, but she did appear as a background singer on a few of his productions.

During the 1990s, Apple Records reissued many of their old records, including Hopkin's two original albums. She oversaw a new version of Those Were the Days, with bonus tracks and a detailed booklet.

References

Other websites
Official page

1950 births
Living people
British folk musicians
Musicians from Glamorgan
Welsh singers
Champs-Élysées

The Champs-Élysées is a long and very famous street in Paris.

It links the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. It is a very popular place: there are many famous cinemas, bars, boutiques, and restaurants. It is also where the Tour de France ends.

On 20 April 2017, two ISIS-claimed gunmen opened fired and killed one police officer and injured another at Champs-Élysées.

References

Paris
Solon

Solon was a statesman in Ancient Greece. He is one of Seven Sages (or Wise Men) of Greece, because of his political reforms to the laws of Athens. Many of these changes helped the poor people. He lived from 630 B.C.- 560 B.C. He introduced the court and judges. About 594 B.C., the nobles elected Solon to lead Athens. He made reforms that helped prevent a revolt by the poor. First he freed people who had become slaves because of debts. He made a law that no citizen could be enslaved. Solon also organized citizens into four classes based on wealth, not birth. Rich men had more power. Yet this was still a more fair system than the old one that limited power to nobles. Solon allowed all citizens to serve in the assembly and help elect leaders. He also reformed the laws to make them less harsh.

References

Ancient Greece
Omelette

An omelette or omelet  is a type of food that is mainly eggs, with various fillings.  In the United States "omelets" are usually eaten at breakfast. However omelettes can  be eaten as a light lunch or late evening meal.

Making an Omelette 

An omelette is prepared from beaten eggs cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan. A thin, flat 'heavy' omelette is usually folded around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, meat, or some combination of these ingredients. In some traditions, omelettes are fried to cook the bottom and then flipped over or in half for final stage of cooking. However, in other traditions, omelettes is baked to cook it evenly or the top is cooked under a broiler. When making an omelette, it is best to use several eggs. Put a little water in with the eggs when you mix them up because the water helps the eggs to produce steam as they cook. The steam makes them lighter and fluffier. Using oil in the bottom of a nonstick omelette pan helps prevent the omelette from sticking. Follow these tips, add your favourite filling, and you will make a tasty omelette quickly and easily.

For a full light and fluffy omolette separate the egg whites and whisk to stiff peaks then fold in the yolks. Cook by frying in a knob of butter on a medium heat until centre starts to dry then fold in half and cook until its hot in the middle.

"Famous" Omelettes 
There are many different types of omelette, often with different names, depending on what is used as a filling.

Arnold Bennett 
Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 - 27 March 1931) was a British writer.  Often after having been to the theatre in London he visited the Savoy Hotel's Grillroom.  The chef added haddock, cream and Parmesan cheese to the basic omelette and called the new dish "Omelette Arnold Bennett" in his customer's honour.

Napoleon 
When Napoleon Bonaparte and his army were marching through southern France, they stopped for the night near the town of Bessieres. A local innkeeper made Napoleon an omelette.  Napoleon was so impressed by the cooking he ordered the townspeople to collect all the eggs in the village and to prepare a huge omelette for his army the next day.

References

Egg dishes
Andranik Ozanian

Andranik Toros Ozanian, or Zoravar Andranik, (February 25, 1865 – August 31, 1927) was an Armenian military general and freedom fighter. He was seen by Armenian people as a national hero.

Biography 
He was born in Şebinkarahisar, Ottoman Armenia (present-day Giresun Province, Turkey). After losing his wife and son at an early age, he joined the Armenian freedom movement in the Ottoman Empire, and participated in various political parties.
Andranik participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, within the Bulgarian army, alongside general Garegin Njdeh as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops of 1912-1913. After his arrest and jailed; he spent some time in Istanbul. During World War I, he participated in the Caucasus Campaign and was appointed as general of the Armenian volunteer units of the Russian army. He participated in 20 different offensives where he gained fame due to his courage and the tactics he came up with to defeat the opposing forces.
He was the commanding officer of the Armenian volunteer units, which helped the Van Resistance take control of the Van on May 6, 1915. He helped re-capture the city from Ottoman forces during the Battle of Van. He was also the commander of the battalion that took the city of Bitlis (see: Battle of Bitlis) from the Ottoman forces that was under control of Mustafa Kemal. 
After declaration of Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA), he organized volunteer units against the Ottoman army, and fought alongside those units. Declaration of Treaty of Batum was in diffuse as Andranik, was fighting against the Ottoman Empire with his army. He refused to accept the borders stated by the treaty. His activities were concentrated at the link between Ottoman Empire to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Karabakh, Zanghezur and Nakhichevan. Ozanian struck back at the Ottoman Fronts, Army of Islam.
Andranik, tried several times to seize Shusha. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Nagorno-Karabakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advancing, the British forces (Lionel Dunsterville) ordered Andranik back to Zangezur, and gave him the assurances that this conflict can be solved with the Paris Peace Conference, of 1919.
In 1919 he left Armenia in order not to take part in the political struggles for power in the recent Republic of still those its opinions contradicting policy to carry Armenia for the last time and went oneself into exile to Fresno, California, United States.

He immigrated to Fresno, California. Andranik Ozanian lived in Fresno for 18 years until his death on August 31, 1927. His remains were moved to Paris in 1928, and returned to Armenia in 1999, where he was buried at the Yerablur military cemetery.

Further reading 
 The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: edited by Richard G Hovannisian
 Zoravar Andranik - Armenfilm 35mm 1989, Director: Levon Mkrtchyan,narration Khoren Abrahamyan

1865 births
1927 deaths
Armenian military people
Generals
Angles

The Angles were a Germanic people of unknown origin. Their name seems to be connected with Angeln, a modern district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles, together with the Jutes, Saxons and Frisians, were among the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea in the 5th century to invade Britain. The various tribes were later called "Anglo-Saxon".

References

Other websites 
 English and Welsh are races apart; BBC; 30 June, 2002.

Germanic tribes

Schleswig-Holstein
Commonwealth

A commonwealth is a group of people or of groups with a common aim to improve themselves, help each other and share knowledge and resources.

The word can refer to several organisations:

 The Commonwealth of Nations, the countries linked with the United Kingdom usually speaking English
 The Commonwealth of Independent States was the collection of countries which were part of the Soviet Union

It is also part of the official name of some countries
 The Commonwealth of Australia

or part of the official name of some US states and territories
 The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
 The Commonwealth of Virginia
 The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
 The Commonwealth of Kentucky
 The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

In history the Commonwealth of England was the name of England between 1649 and 1660, when England had no king