cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee. It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.

Presidents 
 Demetrius Vikelas (1894–1896)
 Pierre de Coubertin (1896–1925)
 Henri de Baillet-Latour (1925–1942)
 Sigfrid Edström (1942–1952)
 Avery Brundage (1952–1972)
 Lord Killanin (1972–1980)
 Juan Antonio Samaranch (1980–2001)
 Jacques Rogge (2001–2013)
 Thomas Bach (2013-present)

References

Olympic Games
Lausanne
1894 establishments
Oceania Football Confederation

The Oceania Football Confederation, often referred to as just OFC , is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer).

New Zealand is the OFC's biggest federation.

Since Australia left the OFC in 2006 to join the AFC, the members of the OFC are:
 American Samoa
 Cook Islands
 Fiji
 New Caledonia
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea
 Solomon Islands
 Samoa
 Tahiti
 Tonga
 Vanuatu

Related pages 
 OFC Nations Cup

Other websites 
 Oceania Football Confederation Official Site

Football organizations
1966 establishments in Oceania
Dessau

Dessau is a town in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle (Saale), about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (Architecture House or Building House related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In July 2007 it was merged with Roßlau to the new city of Dessau-Roßlau.

References

Other websites

Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt
Weissenfels

Weißenfels was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony used to live here. It is about 30 km southwest of Leipzig.

Population 
Growth in number of people over the years:

Data source from 1990: Statistic national office Saxony-Anhalt
1 29. October
2 31. August
3 03. October

References

Other websites

Burgenlandkreis Rural District
Scottish Socialist Party

The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.

References

Political parties in Scotland
1998 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
Edmund Barton

Sir Edmund Barton (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia.  He was born in the suburb of Glebe in 1849 and died from heart failure in the Blue Mountains in 1920.

He was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1901 as the member for Hunter. He had a big part in making Australia a nation. His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections. After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.

Political career
Barton was chosen as the Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1883. He served as the speaker until 1887. In 1891, he was a member of the committee writing the Constitution of Australia. In 1900, he led a group of Australians to London to present the country's first Constitution to the British Parliament. Barton was elected as Australia's first Prime Minister on 1 January 1901, when the new constitution went into effect. He also served as the Minister External Affairs (foreign policy and international relations). He resigned on 24 September 1903, and became a senior judge in the new High Court of Australia, and held that position until his death in 1920.

References

1849 births
1920 deaths
Australian judges
Australian lawyers
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Australia
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Legislative speakers
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Politicians from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Protectionist Party politicians
Zabno

Zabno (Polish: Żabno) is a town in Poland. 4,275 people live there. Zabno is near a bigger city, Tarnow.

Towns in Poland
Alfred Deakin

Alfred William Deakin (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919) was the second Prime Minister of Australia.

He was born in Collingwood, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin. In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country. He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left. He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.

Deakin married Elizabeth Brown on 3 April 1882. They had three children.

When he was old he had Alzheimer's disease which made him forget a lot of things.
Alfred Deakin died on the 7 October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria.He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery.

References 

1856 births
1919 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Melbourne
Attorneys General of Australia
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Commonwealth Liberal Party politicians
Protectionist Party politicians
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Archie Comics

Archie Comics is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is "Archie". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones. Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles by Archie Comics include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats. Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.

Archie lives in a small town named "Riverdale", in a state that is not known. However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts. This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story.

Characters

The Archie Gang: Main characters

Archibald "Archie" Andrews, main character, a typical teenage boy with a great interest in dating, who sometimes can be clumsy.

Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper, the girl-next-door, very sweet.

Veronica "Ronnie/Ron" Lodge, the rich, sometimes nice and sometimes snobbish girl.

Forsythe Pendleton "Jughead" Jones III, - Archie's best friend. Jughead is sarcastic, obsessed with food, lazy, and apathetic towards girls.

Reginald "Reggie" Mantle, a conceited practical joker. He occasionally dates Veronica and sometimes, although very rarely, goes on dates with Betty. He is also obsessed with another girl, Midge, which usually gets him in trouble with Moose, who beats up Reggie.

Parents (of the main characters)
Of all the parents, Veronica's father and Archie's parents appear most often.
 Mr. Hiram Lodge, Veronica's rich father often hates meeting Archie because Archie is clumsy and causes him trouble.
 Mr. Frederick "Fred" Andrews, Archie's father is pear-shaped, old-fashioned, and balding.
 Mrs. Mary Andrews, Archie's typical all-American suburban mother.

The Faculty
 Mr. Waldo Weatherbee, the school principal, popularly referred to as 'The Bee'. He is often a victim of Archie's clumsiness, and he often punishes Archie by keeping him after school.
 Miss Geraldine Grundy, a teacher at Riverdale High who is usually shown as an English teacher. She also teaches every subject except gym or chemistry. Most students consider her a "nice" or "good" teacher. She is old with white hair.
 Miss Bernice Beazley, the grouchy school cafeteria cook. No one likes her food except Jughead. She is not well liked by the students.

Comic companies
Comic books
Kapellmeister

Kapellmeister, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making.  The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel".  In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel).  "Meister" means "master".  

The French word is maître de la chapelle.  In Italian he is Maestro di Capella.  In English he might be called Chapel Master or, more generally, Director of Music.

The Kapellmeister's job

The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman.  Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras.  The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music.  He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.

Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister.  Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.   

A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church.  Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany.  Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750. 

By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed.  The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer.  Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.

Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.

Musicians
Occupations
Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England (French: Royaume d'Angleterre) was a country in Western Europe. It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain. It is now two home nations. The present home nations that were part of the Kingdom of England are England and Wales.

Before the Romans arrived, what is now considered to be modern Britain consisted of around twenty two tribes. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in Britain, seven tribes or kingdoms existed until in 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England.

It ended on 1 May 1707 with the Acts of Union 1707, which added Scotland to the Kingdom to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

References

History of England
Wales
Romansh language

Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (The other three are French, German and Italian.) 50,000 people in the canton of Graubünden use it as their native language.

References

Romance languages
Swiss culture
Graubünden
Languages of Europe
Protractor

The protractor is a tool used to measure angles in degrees. It usually has marks with labels of the degrees.

Geometry
Measuring tools
Rabbi

Rabbi (in the Hebrew classic רִבִּי ribbi; in the Hebrew modern רַבִּי rabbi) in Judaism can mean "professor, master" or literally "grand". The word "Rabbi" ("My Master") derives from the Hebrew root "Rav", that in Biblical Hebrew signifies "grand" or "respected" (in knowledge). 

In Judaism, most rabbis earn their title by studying halakha at a seminary or yeshiva. The primary role of a rabbi is to teach Torah. In addition, rabbis often act as the religious leader of a Jewish community. In contrast to many other religions, a rabbi is not required to be present at life cycle events in Judaism. Nevertheless, rabbis still normally preside over life cycle events in order to ensure that it is done according to Halakha.

"Rabbi" is sometimes used as a title of respect for members of a Jewish community. 

Historically, only men are rabbis. This is true in Orthodox Judaism. Most non-Orthodox Jews allow women to be rabbis.

Three rabbis together can form a rabbinic court, or beit din. This is done when there is a legal conflict between two Jews. They judge the conflict based on halakha. A beit din is also formed for somebody who wants to convert to Judaism.

Rabbis are also sometimes asked to supervise food preparation to make sure it is kosher. When packaged food is supervised, the packaging is often labeled with a hechsher. A hechsher is a symbol which means that the content of the package is kosher.
Five and dime

Five and dime (also known as five-cent stores, dime stores, and ten-cent stores) is a type of store that was popular in the United States in the early to mid-20th century. They sold many different items, most of which were worth five or ten cents. Popular five and dimes included:

 Duckwall-ALCO Retail Stores
 Ben Franklin Stores 
 Butler Brothers
 W.T. Grant
 Kresge's 
 Kress Stores 
 McCrory Stores
 J.J. Newberry
 TG&Y
 McLellan's
 H.L. Green
 G.C. Murphy
 Neisner Brothers ("Big N" in later years)
Woolworth's
 M.H. Fishman Stores
 Mattingly Brothers

Related pages
Dollar store

Companies
Walmart

Walmart () is a company founded by Sam Walton in 1962. It is one of the world's largest companies, behind Exxon Mobil. Walmart stores are large department stores that sell many different things. There are more than 8,000 Wal-Mart stores around the world, and over 2 million people work for Walmart.

Places Walmart can be found

Walmart can be found in a lot of places around the world. It is mostly found around the United States but can also be found in Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom, some Asian countries, some African countries and some South American countries. Walmart has not yet reached Oceania.

Criticism 
Walmart is criticized for having a poor record on labor rights, especially regarding anti union activity. It has also been criticized for once promoting made in America for its products but now largely importing the products it sells, from developing nations. Many of these jobs replaced manufacturing jobs in the US. along with the fact that Walmart retail jobs replaced many mom and pop stores in the US. In 2005, movie director Robert Greenwald made a documentary movie called Walmart The High Cost of Low Price that criticized Walmart. After this movie was announced, director Ron Galloway made a film that ended up being released at the same time called Why Walmart Works and Why That Drives Some People CRAZY. This movie had a positive view of Walmart.

References 

American department stores
Companies based in Arkansas
1962 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arkansas
Sam Walton

Samuel Moore Walton was an American businessman. He was born on March 29, 1918 in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Walton created the well-known American stores, Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee Walton. He was part of the Walton family, which is one of the richest families in the world. Walton died on April 6, 1992.

He died a billionaire but was known for driving a pick-up truck instead of an expensive car.

References

1918 births
1992 deaths
American billionaires
Businesspeople from Arkansas
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Disease-related deaths in Arkansas
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
Stock exchange

A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a place where people meet to buy and sell shares of company stock. Some stock exchanges are real places (like the New York Stock Exchange), others are virtual places (like the NASDAQ).

International Stock Exchanges 
The most important stock exchanges in the world include:
 American Stock Exchange
 Baku Stock Exchange
 Bombay Stock Exchange
 Euronext
 Frankfurt Stock Exchange
 Helsinki Stock Exchange
 Hong Kong Stock Exchange
 Johannesburg Securities Exchange
 London Stock Exchange
 Luxembourg Stock Exchange
 Madrid Stock Exchange
 Milan Stock Exchange
 Nairobi Stock Exchange
 NASDAQ
 National Stock Exchange
 New York Stock Exchange
 National Stock Exchange of Pakistan
 São Paulo Stock Exchange
 Korea Stock Exchange
 Shanghai Stock Exchange
 Singapore Exchange
 Stockholm Stock Exchange
 Taiwan Stock Exchange
 Tokyo Stock Exchange
 Toronto Stock Exchange
 Zürich Stock Exchange

Great depression 
On October 29, 1929, the American stock market crashed on what is known as Black Tuesday.  A "crash" means that the prices of stock were lowered greatly, and no one wanted to buy it. Instead, they sold the stock for cheap prices.  Also, banks were trying to buy stock with people's money (stored inside the bank), so the banks ran out of money too. Because people could not get money back from banks, only a few people could afford the cost of living. This was the start of the Great Depression.

Other Articles 
Stockbroker
 Indian Stock market  - Types of Mutual Funds (By Structure)
Royal Capital BD - Top retail stock brokerage firm in Bangladesh
Stamford Raffles

Sir Stamford Raffles FRS (Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826),   was the founder of the city of Singapore. He is one of the most famous Britons who expanded the British Empire.

Early years 
Raffles was born on the ship Ann to Captain Benjamin Raffles and Anne Raffles. Although his family was in debt, they managed to give him money for his education. When he was 14, he started working as a clerk in the British East India Company. The company sent him to Southeast Asia to look for another port as the trade between Britain and China was increasing.

He married Olivia Mariamne Fancourt. She was the widow of Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras who had died in 1800.

Founding of Singapore 
When the British East India Company sent Raffles to Southeast Asia, the company already had two ports, Penang and Bencoolen. However, these ports were far from the main trading area, the Straits of Malacca. Dutch ports, Malacca and Java, were closer to the trading area, which made them able to control the trade. They cut off the trade between Penang and the important trading centres at the Malay Archipelago.

The British East India Company thus needed a new port south of Malacca to protect British ships, and they chose Singapore, which was then a small fishing-port. Singapore had a lot of drinking water and a good location, in the centre of the Straits of Malacca. It was in an area not controlled by the Dutch. The deal was settled by Raffles making an agreement with the traditional rulers of the area to pay them money in return for the right to build, expand and use the port. Singapore eventually grew to be the important trading city-state it is today. Raffles held the title of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1813 to 1816.<ref>Ricklefs M.C. 1991. A history of modern Indonesia since c.1300. 2nd ed. London: MacMillan. </ref>

The most famous hotel in Singapore is called Raffles''.

References

1781 births
1826 deaths
Singapore
British people
Hippopotamidae

Hippopotamidae is a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Hippopotamuses. There are two living species of Hippopotamuses.

Taxonomy
 Family Hippopotamidae
 Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)
 Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis or Choeropsis liberiensis)

Other websites 

Even-toed ungulates
ExxonMobil

Exxon Mobil or ExxonMobil () is the world's biggest oil and gas company. It was created when Exxon and Mobil, both companies formed after the John D. Rockefeller's original Standard Oil company split apart, joined together in a merger to become one company.  ExxonMobil has been involved in the global warming controversy, as have other Big Oil corporations such as Royal Dutch Shell

Board of directors 
Right now, Exxon Mobil board members include:
 Michael Boskin
 William W. George
 James R. Houghton
 William R. Howell
 Reatha King
 Philip Lippincott
 Henry McKinnell, Jr.
 Marilyn Nelson
 Walter Shipley

Biggest shareholders 

As of March 31, 2006:

Books
Bender, Rob, and Tammy Cannoy-Bender. An Unauthorized Guide to: Mobil Collectibles — Chasing the Red Horse. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1999.
Exxon Corporation. Century of Discovery: An Exxon Album. 1982.
Gibb, George S., and Evelyn H. Knowlton. The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.
Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1955.
Larson, Henrietta M., and Kenneth Wiggins Porter. History of Humble Oil & Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
Larson, Henrietta M., Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles S. Popple. New Horizons, 1927-1950: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
McIntyre, J. Sam. The Esso Collectibles Handbook: Memorabilia from Standard Oil of New Jersey. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1998.
Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The 100-year Battle for the World's Oil Supply. New York: Bantom Books, 1991.
Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). Ships of the Esso Fleet in World War II. 1946.
Tarbell, Ida M. All in a Day’s Work: An Autobiography.. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1939.
Tarbell, Ida M., and David Mark Chalmers. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
Wall, Bennett H. Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) 1950-1972 and Exxon Corporation (1972–1975). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

Related pages 
 ExxonMobil climate change controversy

References

Other websites 

 Exxon's anti-global-warming propaganda expenditures

Companies based in Texas
1999 establishments in the United States
American fuel companies
Paul Allen

Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953 – October 15, 2018) was an American who created Microsoft with Bill Gates. He was the fifth richest person in the United States. He lived in Mercer Island, Washington.

Allen was also the outright owner of two sports teams, and was part-owner of a third. He fully owned the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL and the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA. He was a minority owner of Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer.

Allen died from septic shock caused by non-Hodgkin lymphoma on October 15, 2018 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 65.

References

Other websites

1953 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Microsoft people
Businesspeople from Seattle, Washington
Writers from Seattle, Washington
Hero

A hero () in Greek mythology is a Demigod, a half-god/half-human being.  Herakles, for example, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmene.  Heroes performed extraordinary feats and were worshipped in hero cults.

The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector" or "defender"), particularly one such as Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.

In the modern world, hero has lost its ancient meaning.  It now means someone who is courageous ("The firefighter who saved my baby is a hero.").  Heroes are "heroic", they have "heroism". They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or natural disasters.  A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it.  The word is used in the sports world to mean an extraordinary player or athlete ("football hero", "Olympic hero", etc.).  The female equivalent of the male hero is the "heroine".

Sometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the "hero" of the story.  Some fictional characters are superheroes. 

The opposite of a hero is a villain.

References

Mythology
Sonic Rivals

Sonic Rivals is a video game for the PlayStation Portable that came out on November 24, 2006. The game is made by Backbone Entertainment and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog, Knuckles the Echidna, or Silver the Hedgehog.

2006 video games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Sonic the Hedgehog games
Counting

Counting is something people do to find out how many things there are of any kind.

One way to count
The person counting in English usually starts with the number one, and gives this number to the first thing. The next thing is given the number two. Then, the next thing is given the number three. If there is another thing, it gets the number four. If after this there is another thing, it gets the number five. More things get more numbers. Each thing gets its own number in this way. The last number given to the last thing counted shows how many things there are.

Examples
 For example, to find out the number of hats in a group, a person counts the hats. The person gives a number to each hat. 

 John has a black hat, a brown hat and a blue hat. Mary asks John, "How many hats do you have?". John  gives the number 1 to the black hat. John gives the number 2 to the brown hat. John gives the number 3 to the blue hat. Now John has no more hats. The biggest number John gave was three, and each hat has a number. John tells Mary, "I have three hats". John has counted the hats.

 There are the letters A, Q, L, and S on a piece of paper. How many letters are there on the piece of paper? 

 Tom gives numbers to the letters. The letter A gets the number 1. The letter Q gets the number 2. The letter L gets the number 3. The letter S gets the number 4. There are no more letters to count. There are 4 letters on the piece of paper.

More counting
Counting is starting at a number and changing it up or down a certain number of times. In the examples above, counting started at one and then it changed by one each time something was counted. So at first the count was one. Then the count was changed by one, and one plus one is two, so the count was two. Then the count of two was changed by one again, and two plus one is three, so the count was three.  

Counting can go up or down. Counting can be done on fingers.

More about counting
It has been shown that some birds are good at counting. Crows
are birds that are good at counting. 

Mathematics

ca:Comptar
Launch pad

A launch pad is where rockets and spacecraft are placed until they are ready to blast off. NASA has its own launch pads for its spacecraft. Launch pads are often made out of steel reinforced concrete. Launch pads for larger spacecraft will often have towers to support it during its launch.

Spaceflight
Transport buildings and structures
Thor

Thor (Old Norse: Þórr) is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms, hallowing and fertility. He is the son of Odin and Jörð, the personification of the Earth, and is the strongest of the Æsir. 

The champion of Asgard, Thor is said to protect both it and Midgard from the likes of the jǫtnar, a race of beings native to Jötunheimr. He is known in Old English as Þunor (Thunor) and in Old High German as Donar (runic þonar ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ), all of which stem from the  Proto-Germanic *Þunraz, meaning "thunder".

The modern English weekday Thursday (from Old English Þūnresdæg, “Thunor’s [Thor’s] day”) bears the god's name...

Family
Thor is the son of Odin, chief of the Æsir, and Jörð, the living personification of the Earth. He is the eldest of Odin's sons and is the half-brother of Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

He is married to the golden-haired goddess Sif, with whom he has a daughter, Þrúðr. With his jötunn lover Járnsaxa, Thor has two sons, Móði and Magni. He has a stepson, Ullr, who is Sif's son by a previous marriage.

Possessions
Thor was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by two goats named Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr. According to writings known as sagas, Thor wielded a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir.

It was fashioned for him by the dwarven brothers Eitri and Brokkr, and is said to be the most powerful weapon in all the Nine Worlds, capable of crushing even mountains. When Thor threw the hammer, it magically returned to the god's hand.

Other attributes of Thor include a pair of gauntlets known as Járngreipr, which he is required to wear in order to wield Mjölnir, a belt, Megingjörð, which doubles his strength when he wears it, and a staff, Gríðarvölr, which, along with Járngreipr, was given to him by the jötunn Gríðr.
Norse gods and goddesses
Blood cell

A blood cell is any cell of any type found in blood. There are three main types of blood cells in mammals:
Red blood cell-carries oxygen
White blood cell-kills bacteria and cleans up debris
Platelet-helps heal wounds. Platelets are really thrombocytes. These are small fragments (pieces) of a cell called a megakaryocyte. The platelets take part in blood clots when injury occurs. 

Cell biology
Windsurfing

Windsurfing is a water sport invented in the U.K. by Peter Chilvers in 1958 on Hayling Island, Hampshire. It is performed on a board with a sail. The sail both empowers  the board and helps the board change directions. The sport is a combination of surfing and sailing. Windsurfers can travel on either flat or rough water, as long as there is wind. Windsurfing is done mostly in the summer and spring.

Windsurfing competitions can be freestyle or racing around buoys and it features in the Olympics.

Windsurfing sails come in many different sizes. The larger the sails are, the more human strength is needed to control them, but the more power is given to go faster. The different sizes of board affect the speed. Again, the thinner the board, the faster you will go. The range of thickness depends on the materials used. 

Another sport similar to windsurfing is kite surfing.  All these sports have boards that range in size and price, but all need much practice to be done well. There are many sporting places around the world that people travel to just to go surfing. Some of the best places are in the west coast of the United States, Hawaii, Australia, and Indonesia.

Surfing
Wind energy
Field hockey

Field Hockey is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world. In Asian countries like Pakistan and Republic of India, it is considered the "National sport." The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of 11 players. There are four 15-minute quarters with a 15 minute break at halftime and a 2 minute break after the 1st and 3rd quarters. Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball. The field has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle.

Players use a hockey stick to move the ball. The stick is in the shape of a J and is made out of wood, glass and fibre. The players each play a position like fullbacks, halfbacks, forwards and goalkeepers.

References

Related pages
Hockey
Ice hockey

 
National symbols of Pakistan
National symbols of India
Sudoku

(sometimes spelled as Su Doku, but also called Number Place or Nanpure) is a puzzle that is very popular in Japan. It was created in Indianapolis in 1979 by Howard Garns and it appeared in Dell Magazines afterwards.

Sudoku puzzles are solved by logic and no math is required. As seen on the right, it consists of a grid which is usually made up of nine rows, nine columns, and nine boxes that are separated by thicker, darker lines. Some of these boxes will contain numerals from 1 to 9. To solve the puzzle, a person must fill in all the empty squares without using the same numeral twice in each column, row, or box, and without changing the numerals that are already in the grid.

These puzzles were created to be done using pencil and paper, and there are many books that contain collections of these puzzles with tips and strategies for completing them. They also appear in newspapers and magazines: typically, a different puzzle appears every day and the solution is printed somewhere else or in the next issue. Later, small handheld machines were created that generate Sudoku puzzles for the user to solve. More recently, though, the game can be played on the Internet or on mobile apps.

Variations 
There are many Sudoku variations that have been created since the original Sudoku's release.  The grid is most often 9 by 9, but can be different sizes, though, and separated into smaller grids in different ways. For example, there is a 6 by 6 grid with dark lines between the third and fourth columns and between two pairs of rows: the second and third rows, and the fourth and fifth rows. The numerals that must be filled in here are from 1 to 6.

Because no arithmetic is needed to solve Sudoku puzzles, the numerals can be replaced with letters or symbols. It is only their position that changes the solution to the puzzle, not their value.

On educational websites, such as Math Playground there are Sudoku games, such as 3-d Sudoku.

Jigsaw Sudoku 
Jigsaw Sudoku (also called Squiggly Sudoku, Odd Sudoku or JigSaw Doku) is just like a regular Sudoku puzzle, except that instead of the lines being perfect, they are different. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete the grid.

Samurai Sudoku 
Samurai Sudoku is a Sudoku variation that has 5 overlapping Sudoku grids formed like a big X.  These puzzles are big and take a long time to complete.  Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete all 5 grids in order to complete the puzzle.

Mini Sudoku 
Mini Sudoku is played on a 6x6 grid with 3x2 regions. The object is the same as in Sudoku, but the puzzle only uses the numbers 1 through 6.

Logic 5 
Logic 5 is another Sudoku variation that uses 5x5 grids instead of 3x3 grids, and are in use at the Sudoku World Championships.

References

Other websites 
  – An active listing of Sudoku links.
 Father of Sudoku puzzles next move BBC
 Internet Sudoku Generator
 Sudoku  - flash game
 Computer Program to solve and generate Sudoku puzzles 
 Free Sudoku Generator 
 Sudoku-Coach  Step-by-step help and training (Flash-player is required)
 Sudoku - Simple Online sudoku Web Site
 Eurosudoku  - Free Sudoku Project

Puzzles
Beatrix of the Netherlands

Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born 31 January 1938) is the former Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. She reigned from 1980 to 2013.

Beatrix is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1948, she became heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands. Her mother abdicated (gave up) the throne on 30 April 1980. Beatrix succeeded her as queen.

In January 2013, Beatrix announced that she would abdicate on 30 April 2013. This day is known as Koninginnedag (Queen's Day). Her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, succeeded to the throne as King. He is the first King of the Netherlands in 123 years.

Since her abdication, she is called Princess Beatrix.

Family
Beatrix was married to Claus von Amsberg, who died in 2002. Her sons are King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau and Prince Constantijn. 

Her second son, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, died on 12 August 2013. He had been in a coma for more than a year because of a skiing accident in Austria in February 2012.

Her younger sister Christina died of bone cancer on 16 August 2019.

Ancestors

References 

1938 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of the Netherlands
Order of Prince Henry
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Qatar Airways

Qatar Airways (in Arabic: القطرية, al-Qatari'ya) is an airline company. This airline is based in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. Its office can be found at Hamad International Airport. There will be another airport in Doha in short time. It is one of the fastest growing airlines, and one of the four airlines that are rated "five stars" because of its good service. 

Airlines of the Middle East
Doha
Motherboard

The motherboard, also known as a mainboard, is the main circuit board in any electronic system. It's what holds together all the components needed for an electronic system to function. Although there may be other circuit boards attached to the motherboard, the motherboard is the largest.

Composition 
The painted, base material of a motherboard is composed of fiberglass yarn strands that have been woven together and coated with a liquid resin and set to dry. This combination of woven fiberglass and resin is sent through an oven at a high temperature. When it comes out, it hardens and becomes stronger than it was before. This finished, very-hard, lightweight material, called pre-preg, is layered together and then painted, typically green. It forms what is the base material of the motherboard. This material acts as an electrical insulator and holds everything in place.

Copper is used to form the communication pathways that connect all the different parts on the motherboard, and is used because of its excellent ability to conduct electricity.

“On-board” is a term used to refer to anything that is permanently embedded onto the motherboard. Electrical parts are soldered onto the motherboard. These parts include transistors and resistors. Other parts that are attached to the motherboard are able to be removed in the future so that they can be upgraded. The CPU is an example of a part that is usually removable.

Parts that are not "on-board" can be bought as a card. Some of these parts include RAM and CPU. Computers today usually have a memory port, 2 or more USB ports, a parallel port (for use with old printers usually), audio & microphone jacks, a network port and ports for the keyboard and mouse. There are also some rare motherboards that have plugs only for very specific parts.

All of the slots and plugs both inside and outside the computer case are shaped a certain way to accept a certain type of part. Some will not even accept parts even one generation behind, such as the CPU and memory. Others, like the video plug have not changed in years. Some of the plugs, such as the video, keyboard and mouse plugs, are a special color. These colors make it easier to pair the plug to the port. The motherboard may also be referred to as the PCB which stands for ‘printed circuit board’, though it is essentially a gigantic PCB and can be considered the 'primary' PCB.

References 

Computer hardware
High-definition television

High-definition television (HDTV) is a new television broadcasting system which uses a higher resolution than a normal television. With HDTV, people can watch television in higher quality than old television, giving a more vivid and clear screen.

Most HDTV systems use digital signals with a 16:9 aspect ratio (width to height). This is different to SDTV (standard-definition television) which uses analog signals and a 4:3 aspect ratio.

HDTV picture resolution is at least twice that of SDTV, so it can present a more vivid screen than analog television or DVD. HDTV can control resolution efficiently.

Some videos on the website YouTube, a free video sharing website that lets people upload and view videos, are in HD.

There are different standards. Common ones are:
2560×1440, progressive scan, requiring about 3,68 Megapixels per frame. This is known as 1440p or WQHD. It is a new standard, which is slowly replacing many 1080p-computer-monitors in the household (everyday use).
1920×1080, progressive scan, requiring about 2,07 MPixels per frame. This is known as 1080p or FullHD. It has been used very frequently for different types of screens in the past few years. 
1920×1080, interlaced, 1.04 MPixel per field. This is known as 1080i.
1280×720, progressive, 0.92 MPixel per frame. This is known as 720p.

As a comparison, PAL plus is at 1024x576 pixels, and NTSC at 853x480 pixels.

Other websites 
 US Government HDTV and DTV official site 
 Canadian Digital Television official website 
 ATSC

Television technology
Napoleon Dynamite

For the television series based on the film, see Napoleon Dynamite (TV series).
Napoleon Dynamite is a 2004 American comedy movie by John Hess and starring Jon Heder.

Story 
Napoleon is an unusual school teenager who lives in Preston, Idaho. He does not have a good home life. Napoleon lives with his older brother Kip and their grandmother. Napoleon’s grandmother goes to see some friends. Napoleon and Kip are left to stay with their uncle Rico. One day Napoleon meets Pedro. They become good friends. Pedro runs for school president. Pedro has to compete with the most popular girl in school, Summer Wheatly, to win the school vote. Napoleon meets a girl named Deb who he begins to like. Deb, Napoleon and Pedro keep working for Pedro to beat Summer Wheatly for president. Napoleon dances in a skit at the announcing of the president for Pedro. Kip gets married and Pedro becomes school president. Napoleon and Deb live a happy life together.

Main Characters

TV series

Other websites 
 
Fox Searchlight: Napoleon Dynamite 
Official Napoleon Dynamite Fan Club 

Filming Locations

2004 movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American teen comedy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Idaho
American independent movies
Charlize Theron

Charlize Theron (born 7 August 1975) is a South African-American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie Monster. She was nominated for her role in the movie North Country. Theron can speak three languages, her first being Afrikaans.

Early life 
Theron was born in Benoni near Johannesburg. Her ancestry is German and Dutch.

She attended a boarding school at the age of thirteen. At the age of fifteen, she saw her alcoholic father being killed by her mother as an act of self-defence. No charges were pressed against her mother.

Career 
At the age of sixteen, she won a local modelling competition and went to Milan, Italy for a one-year contract. After her modelling contract was over, she moved to New York, United States, and became a ballet dancer. She injured her knee at the age of eighteen, ending her career of being a ballet dancer.

She did star in a few movies, but only really became noticed when she portrayed the life of serial killer, Aileen Wuornos, in the movie Monster. She won an Oscar for her role in this movie. 

After this, she got a lot of attention from the perfume label, Dior, and appeared in some of their advertisements.

She also does a lot of community work, including for PETA, for their anti-fur ads. She also works with animal rights activists and supports same-sex marriage. She has become one of Hollywood’s most acclaimed actresses.

Theron became an American citizen in 2007.

Filmography

Film

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 

 Theron brushes up on Hill of Tara
 Food Bank For New York City public service announcement 

Academy Award winning actors
Animal rights activists
Golden Globe Award winning actors
LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American movie producers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
South African actors
American television actors
American voice actors
White South African people
1975 births
Living people
South African models
Monster (movie)

Monster is a 2003 American crime drama movie. It is a true story about female American serial killer Aileen Wuornos. Wuornos is played by Charlize Theron. She received an Academy Award for her role. The movie also features Christina Ricci as Wuornos' girlfriend. The movie was directed by first time director Patty Jenkins.

Other websites 
 

2003 crime movies
2003 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s crime drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
American LGBT movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Female buddy movies
LGBT crime movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies set in Florida
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 1990s
American independent movies
Movies directed by Patty Jenkins
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) (, ) is a  partially-recognised country claiming Western Sahara, the SADR is controlled by the Polisario Front. The Polisario declared sovereignty on Western Sahara in 1976. The Polisario currently claims to controls about 20% of the territory it claims. It calls the territories under its control "Liberated Territories" or as part of the Free Zone. Morocco controls and administers the rest of the disputed territory and calls these lands its Southern Provinces. The SADR government considers the Moroccan-held territory occupied territory, while Morocco considers the much smaller SADR held territory to be a buffer zone.

Unrecognized countries
Dependent territories
Western Sahara
Plutonium

Plutonium is the chemical element with the atomic number 94 and chemical symbol Pu.  It is a highly radioactive metal, and is the metal used in most nuclear weapons.  The chemical element plutonium has some different isotopes.  The most important isotope of plutonium is 239Pu (or plutonium-239). It takes 24,110 years for half of a sample of plutonium-239 to decay, which is called its half-life. It can be made from natural uranium.  It is fissile and a nuclear fuel. 

The isotope that has the longest half-life is 244Pu (or plutonium-244). Plutonium-244 has a half-life of about 80 million years. The half-life of 244Pu is long enough that some of this isotope of plutonium is found in very small amounts in nature. 
Plutonium-238 is used in Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators. 

Like other transuranium elements, plutonium can react with water, oxygen, carbon, halogens, nitrogen, and silicon. It forms oxides and hydrides in moist air, causing the plutonium sample to expand by up to 70%. Plutonium from the expanding sample can flake off and catch fire at room temperature. Plutonium is also toxic, although it is less toxic than many people think. The reactivity and toxicity of plutonium make it difficult to handle.

Fresh plutonium has a silvery bright colour but takes on a dull grey, yellow or olive green tarnish when exposed to air. 

u 

Actinides
Chemical elements
Nuclear physics
Boron

Boron is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol B. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature. 

Two types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature. Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table and is part of the earth's surface.
Pure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.

Plants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in a lot of detail. 

Boron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808.

Boron melts at 2075 °C (3767 °F), and boils at 4000 °C (7232 °F).

References 

Semimetals
Fireplace

A fireplace is a brick or metal structure used to hold a fire. Fireplaces are most often used for heating but they can also be used for cooking. The part of the fireplace that holds the fire is called a firebox or a firepit. There is a chimney or flue above the firebox that lets the smoke from the fire go outside.

Until the early 1900s, most homes had one or more fireplaces as a source of heat for the residents of the house. In the mid-1900s, gas, oil, and electric heaters became more common and fireplaces were used less often as a source of heat. In the late 1900s, fireplaces were less commonly built in new houses.

Fire
Home appliances