cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Daisy Duke

Daisy Duke is a fictional character from the Dukes of Hazzard. She is an attractive young woman from Georgia. Her apparel includes low cut blue jeans, which later led to the term "Daisy Dukes" being used for short shorts. She was portrayed by actress Jessica Simpson in the movie.

 

Fictional American people
Movie characters
Television characters
Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion

The Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion is a musical composition by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók.  It was written for a very unusual combination of players.  Four players are needed to perform this sonata: two pianists and two percussion players.  The two pianists each have a piano, and the two percussion players play seven instruments between them: three timpani, xylophone, one side drum with snares and one without, a suspended cymbal, a pair of cymbals, a bass drum, a triangle and a tam-tam.

In the introduction to the score Bartók gave very precise instructions about how the different percussion instruments should be played, the kinds of beaters to be used, and a plan of how they were to be grouped on stage.

There are three movements: a fast movement, a slow movement and a fast movement.  The first movement starts with a slow introduction.

There are many interesting and unusual things to listen out for in the music.  For example, in the first movement the timpani sometimes play glissandos.  This means that the pitch of the notes slides up or down.  The player needs to have timpani with pedals to do this.  This movement is in sonata form.

The second movement sounds very creepy.  Bartók quite often wrote music which sounded like insects at night.  This is one of his “night pieces”.  In the climax to this exciting music Piano One plays lots of glissandos.

The last movement is a big contrast to the atmosphere in the slow movement.  It is like a lively dance.

The sonata was first performed in Basle in 1938 with the composer playing one piano and his wife Ditta playing the other one.  Fritz Schiesser and Philipp Rühlig played the percussion.   It immediately became very popular and has since been one of his best- known works.  Bartók also made a version for the two pianos to play with an orchestra, but it is not normally performed like that.

References
 Score of Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion (Boosey and Hawkes)
 The Life and Music of Béla Bartók; Halsey Stevens, OUP 1964. 

Compositions by Béla Bartók
Sonatas
Concerto for Orchestra (Bartók)

Concerto for Orchestra is the title of a work for orchestra by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. It is one of the most famous orchestral pieces of the mid-20th century.

Several composers have written works to which they gave the title “Concerto for Orchestra”. It is an unusual title because a concerto is normally a work for one solo instrument and an orchestra. The soloist is given a lot of opportunity to show off his (or her) talent. In a “Concerto for Orchestra” there is no soloist, but the composer thinks it is different from a symphony because a lot of the instruments in the orchestra are treated like soloists during the piece. This is what happens in Béla Bartók’s concerto.

The work was written in 1943 and it was first performed on 1 December 1944 in the Boston Symphony Hall by the Boston Symphony Orchestra with the conductor Serge Koussevitzky. It was immediately a great success. Koussevitszky asked Bartók to write this piece. Bartók had just arrived in United States from Hungary. He had to flee because of World War II. Bartók had no money and so he was glad to get some work.

The music 

Bartók often uses ideas from the Classical music period in this work. He also uses ideas from folk music from central Europe, especially Hungarian music. Quite often the music is not in a major or minor key. He uses folk scales which have different kinds of scales called modes. Sometimes tunes sound like folk music. At other times there are drones in the horns and strings.

The orchestra needs 3 flutes (one doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (one doubling cor anglais), 3 clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, side drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, tamtam, 2 harps and strings

The five movements 

The first movement, called Introduzione by Bartók, is a slow introduction which sounds like music describing the night. This is something Bartók did several times in his works. It is in sonata form.

The second movement is called "Giuoco delle coppie" which means "Game of pairs". Pairs of instruments take it in turns to play a tune, each pair playing music which is separated by a different interval.

The third movement, called Elegia by Bartók, is another slow movement, typical of Bartók's night music.

The fourth movement, called Intermezzo interrotto by Bartók, has a flowing melody with a time signature which keeps changing. There is also a theme which pokes fun at the march tune in Dmitri Shostakovich's "Leningrad" Symphony (No. 7). There is a very difficult bit for the timpani where the player has to play lots of different pitches in a very short section.

The fifth movement, called Finale is a very fast movement with lots of energy and plenty of folk tunes.

References 
 Score of Concerto for Orchestra, Boosey and Hawkes
 The Life and Music of Béla Bartók, Halsey Stevens, OUP 1964.

Compositions by Béla Bartók
Orchestral works
TM 65 77

The Telamiina 65 77 (Track mine model 66, with detonator model 77) is a Finnish Army standard issue anti-tank mine. The mine is made of 9.5 kg (~21 lbs) of cast TNT.  The mine is armed with a detonator that is set to explode when at least 100 kg (~220 lbs) of pressure is applied to it. The blast effect of the mine blows the track off of tanks and damages their driving wheel.

The mine is also known as the Kuntonappi ("Fitness pill") or the Tellu (female name, shortened form of Tellervo9).

References
http://www.mil.fi/maavoimat/kalustoesittely/index.dsp?level=70&equipment=124 

Explosives
Well, Hampshire

Well is a small village in Hampshire in between Odiham and Farnham. It is next to Lord Wandsworth College. The local pub is called The Chequers Inn.

Other websites
 The Chequers Inn 
 Hampshire Treasures p111  The Old Cottage. Pond House.
 Hampshire Treasures p112  Well Manor Farmhouse.

Villages in Hampshire
Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares

Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares is the very first album by Chicago metalcore band Arma Angelus.

Track listing
All music composed by Arma Angelus. All lyrics written by Pete Wentz.

References

2001 albums
Rock albums
Arma Angelus

Arma Angelus was a metalcore band from Chicago. The band started in 1998 and broke up in 2002. The members of the band were Peter Wentz (singer, now plays bass guitar in Fall Out Boy), Tim McIlrath (played bass guitar, now lead singer of Rise Against), Jay Jancetic (played guitar, now plays guitar for the Chicago band Holy Roman Empire), Daniel Binaei (played guitar), Adam Bishop (played guitar, now an English teacher at San Dieguito High School Academy in Encinitas, California), and Timothy Miller (played the drums).

After Tim quit to start a new band called Rise Against, he was replaced in 1999 by Christopher Gutierrez. Gutierrez is now a touring author and spoken word artist.  He was replaced as the bass guitar player for one tour by Joseph Trohman (now plays guitar in the band Fall Out Boy). Trohman was not a good fit for the band in terms of knowing about the music style and in terms of stage presence.  He was replaced mid-tour when the band flew Chris Gutierrez out to New York for the final half of their tour, including a stop at CBGB's.  

In the last Arma Angelus concert, Patrick Stump played drums, Pete Wentz sang, Joe Trohman played guitar along with Adam Bishop, and Christopher Gutierrez on bass.

Albums
 Things We Don't Like We Destroy (Compilation) (2002), Let It Burn Records
 Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares (2001), Eulogy Records
 The Grave End of the Shovel EP (2000), Let It Burn Records
 The Personal is Political (2000), Demo

Other websites 
 Let It Burn Records 
 MySpace Page

References 

1998 establishments in the United States
2002 disestablishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
1990s establishments in Illinois
2000s American music groups
Post-hardcore bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from Chicago
51 Pegasi

51 Pegasi is a star that is like our Sun and can be found 15.4 parsecs (50.1 light-years) away from the Earth in the constellation Pegasus. It was the first Sun-like star, other than the Sun, found to have a planet orbiting it, this discovery was first made public in 1995.

The exoplanet's discovery was made public on October 6, 1995 by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz.  The discovery was made using the radial velocity method at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, using a tool called the ELODIE spectrograph that is used to find planets that are outside our Solar System. 

The star itself has an apparent brightness of 5.49, and because of this it is able to be seen from the Earth with binoculars, or with the naked eye if it is dark outside. 51 Pegasi is a yellow dwarf star that is thought to be around 7.5 billion years old, which is somewhat older than our Sun. 51 Pegasi is also 4-6% more massive than our Sun with more metal content. However, it is running low on hydrogen. 

In 1996 astronomers Baliunas, Sokoloff, and Soon calculated that it takes 51 Pegasi b 37 days to orbit 51 Pegasi.

Planetary system 

After the announcement, on  October 12, 1995, more proof that this star did exist came from Dr. Geoffrey Marcy from San Francisco State University and Dr. R. Paul Butler from the University of California, Berkeley using the Hamilton Spectrograph at the Lick Observatory near San Jose in California.

51 Pegasi b is the first discovered planet of its parent star, 51 Pegasi. If any more are discovered they will be named 51 Pegasi c, 51 Pegasi d, and so on. The planet has been informally named Bellerophon. After its discovery, many teams proved its existence and continued to find out more about its properties, including the fact that it orbits very close to the star, has estimated temperatures around 1200 Celsius, and has a minimum mass about half that of Jupiter.

References

Other websites
 Extrasolar Visions: 51 Pegasi 
 51 Pegasi at SolStation.com.
 nStars database entry 
 David Darling's encyclopedia

Stars
Gumbasia

Gumbasia is a very short movie made in 1953 by Art Clokey. Gumbasia was a clay animation movie. Clokey became famous for his two series Gumby and Davey and Goliath which also used clay animation.

Clokey made Gumbasia while he was studying at the University of Southern California and being taught by Slavko Vorkapich. It was Clokey's first clay animation movie and it was only 3 minutes and 45 seconds long. The movie showed moving lumps of clay set to music in a copy of Walt Disney's Fantasia. Gumbasia was made in a style Vorkapich taught called Kinesthetic Film Principles. This style, which uses camera movements and stop-motion editing, is used in later Gumby movies. After watching Gumbasia, movie producer Sam Engel decided to give Clokey money to make a 15 minute movie that became the first Gumby movie -- Gumby Goes to the Moon.

References

Other websites

Gumbyworld.com
Premavision/Clokey Productions 
ArtClokey: the First 50 Years 
Official 50th Birthday Party Gumby's MySpace
Bren's Gumbyland - The Ultimate Gumby Memorabilia Collection/Fansite

1954 movies
Short movies
Clay animation movies
English-language movies
University of Southern Maine

The University of Southern Maine is a university in Maine.

References

Other websites

 
 Official athletics website

Colleges and universities in Maine
Portland, Maine
1878 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maine
Belmont, New Hampshire

Belmont is a small town in New Hampshire, United States.

Originally called Upper Gilmanton, Belmont was chartered in 1727 as a parish of Gilmanton.  In 1859 Upper Gilmanton was separated from Gilmanton. Then in 1869 the town was renamed Belmont.  This was to honor August Belmont. The townspeople hoped Mr. Belmont would provide financial support but he did not.

Cities in New Hampshire
1869 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Hampshire
Joker (comics)

The Joker is a fictional character, a comic book supervillain published by DC Comics. He is an archenemy of Batman. The character's creator has been disputed between Jerry Robinson, Bill Finger, and Bob Kane, even though many believe Robinson created the character. The Joker first appeared in Batman #1 (Spring 1940).

Background
Throughout his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a master criminal whose characterization has varied from that of a violent psychopath to a goofy trickster-thief. He is the archenemy of Batman, having been directly responsible for numerous tragedies in Batman's life, including the paralysis of Barbara Gordon and the death of Jason Todd, the second Robin.

Joker's creation was inspired by Conrad Veidt's role in the 1928 silent movie The Man Who Laughs.

The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities, instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions and thematic weaponry, including razor-tipped playing cards, deadly joy buzzers, and acid-spraying lapel flowers. The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillains, such as the Penguin and Two-Face, and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League, but these relationships often collapse due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos. The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist, Harley Quinn, who becomes his villainous sidekick. Although his primary obsession is Batman, the Joker has also fought other heroes, including Superman and Wonder Woman.

Origin
Throughout the character's long history, there have been several different origin tales; they most commonly depict him as falling into a vat of chemical waste, which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red, giving him the appearance of a clown.

Portrayals
The Joker has appeared in movies, TV series and video games; he was played by Cesar Romero, Jack Nicholson, Heath Ledger, Jared Leto and Joaquin Phoenix in movies. On animated shows/movies he is portrayed by Mark Hamill, Richard Epcar, Kevin Michael Richardson, Larry Storch, Jeff Bennett, and John DiMaggio.

Both Ledger and Phoenix won an Academy Award for their portrayal of the character, making the Joker the second character to have its actor win an Academy Award more than once.

Attractions 
Joker's Joyride - A Diving LIM Shuttle Loop Coaster that was located at Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Great America, Six Flags Over Georgia and Six Flags New England
 Joker - RMC Hybrid Wood-Steel coaster at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom

References

DC Comics supervillains
DC Comics adapted into movies
Batman characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1940
Fictional mass murderers
Mortal Kombat guest characters
The Joker
Iceman (Marvel Comics)

Iceman is a superhero. He is a member of the X-Men. His real name is Bobby Drake. Iceman has the power to freeze anything around him. He can also turn his body into ice.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in 1963
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional gay males
Marvel Comics characters
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
70 Virginis

70 Virginis is a yellow dwarf star that is around 58 light-years away from the Earth in the constellation Virgo. 70 Virginis is not as big or hot as Earth's Sun.

In 1996, 70 Virginis was found to have an extrasolar planet in orbit around it. There is also a dust disc that orbits the star. The temperature of the disc is 156 K and it is about 3.4 AU from the star.

References

Other websites 
 SIMBAD: HD 117176 -- High proper-motion Star
 SolStation: 70 Virginis
 Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia: 70 Virginis
 Extrasolar Visions: 70 Virginis 

Stars
Terry Gerin

Terrance "Terry" Gerin (born October 7, 1975) is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Federation, Extreme Championship Wrestling, and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring names Rhino and Rhyno. He currently works for Ring of Honor. His finishing move is called the Gore (spear).

Other websites
WWE profile

American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Michigan
1975 births
Living people
70 Virginis b

70 Virginis b is an extrasolar planet that is around 60 light-years away from the Earth in the constellation of Virgo.  The finding of this planet was announced in 1996 by astronomers Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler. 70 Virginis was one of the first stars that was known to have planets orbiting it.  When first announced, 70 Virginis b was thought to be inside its star's habitable zone, but proof was later found that the planet has an eccentric orbit, closer to its parent.

Characteristics 

70 Virginis b is a Jupiter-type extrasolar planet that orbits around 70 Virginis every 116 days. It has 7.5 times the mass of Jupiter. Its surface gravity is thought to be about two to three times that of Jupiter's.  At the time that it was found in January 1996, it was thought that the star was only 29 light years away from the Earth. This could explain why the star was less bright based on its apparent magnitude (measure of brightness).  As a result, the planet's orbit was thought to be in the habitable zone and the planet was given the nickname "Goldilocks" (not too cold or too hot). The Hipparcos satellite later showed that the star was farther away from 70 Virginis and therefore its brightness was a result of the planet being too hot to be in the habitable zone.

Related pages
 Exoplanet 51 Pegasi b

References

Other websites
 SolStation: 70 Virginis
 70 Virginis b 

Exoplanets
Peaks Island

Peaks Island is an island near Portland, Maine. Ferries go between Portland Harbour and Peaks Island. There is a small beach on the island along with a store and a library.

Islands of the United States
Geography of Maine
Portland, Maine
Float On

Float On is a song by the indie rock band Modest Mouse. Made in 2004, it appears on their album Good News for People Who Love Bad News. It is their most popular single to date.

2004 songs
Blue Hill, Maine

Blue Hill is a town in eastern Maine, in the United States.

References

Cities in Maine
15385 Dallolmo

15385 Dallolmo (1997 SP4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 25, 1997 by the Osservatorio San Vittore at Bologna, Italy

It is named after Umberto Dall'Olmo (1925-1980), who was an amateur astronomer with college degrees in both law and physics, who spent most of his time observing Jupiter and studying flare stars. He was also interested in the history of astronomy and worked as a technician at the University of Bologna's Institute of Astronomy.

Notes 

Dallolmo
Operation Downfall

The Operation Downfall was a planned military action, called "Operation Downfall". This was to be the Allied forces invasion of Japan to end the Second World War. It would have two main parts, Operation Olympic would be the biggest amphibious invasion in history, in Kyūshū. Airplanes based in Kyushu would then be used for an even bigger invasion called Operation Coronet. This would invade Honshū. After the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered, so there was no need for an invasion. Operation Downfall was canceled.

Invasions of World War II
F.C. Martigues

F.C. Martigues is a football club which plays in France.

1920s establishments in France
1921 establishments in Europe
French football clubs
F.C. Gueugnon

F.C. Gueugnon is a football club which plays in France.

French football clubs
1940 establishments in France
Blade (movie)

Blade is a 1998 American vampire superhero horror movie starring Wesley Snipes. It was followed by Blade II and Blade: Trinity.

Other websites 
 

1998 horror movies
1990s superhero movies
African-American superhero movies
American action movies
American horror movies
Blade movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies about revenge
Movies based on comics
New Line Cinema movies
Superhero horror movies
Vampires in movies
American superhero movies
The Bravery

The Bravery was an American rock band. They were from New York City. The band is best known for their song "An Honest Mistake".

The Village Voice said the Bravery was "New York's Official Next Big Thing". MTV and Rolling Stone praised them as an artist to watch. The band was chosen in the BBC News website's Sound of... poll as 2005's most promising act.

Discography
 The Bravery (2005)
 The Sun and the Moon (2007)
 Stir the Blood (2009)

References

Other websites

2003 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2000s establishments in New York (state)
2010s American music groups
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups from New York City
Cascada

Cascada is a German pop group. They are most famous for their songs "Everytime We Touch" in 2005, "What Hurts the Most" in 2007 and "Evacuate the Dancefloor" in 2009. Members of the group are the female singer Natalie Horler  and the two Record Producers DJ Manian and Yanou.

Carrer beginnings and Everytime We Touch (2004-2006) 
They started writing songs for the album in late 2003, like, the title track (Everytime We Touch), Miracle and Bad Boy, they recorded a slow version of Everytime We Touch around the same time. Then, in 2004, the studio released Miracle and Bad Boy as singles and released the album in early 2005, the title track for the album released in 2005 (both original and slow versions), then they had a tour for the album from summer of 2005 to fall of 2006, They ended the tour in favor for their second album in 2007.

Perfect Day and Evacuate The Dancefloor (2007-2010) 
Their second album, Perfect Day started to get worked on, right after the Everytime We Touch tour concluded in fall 2006. They released the album in 2007. They had a tour for the album in 2007-2008. Then in fall 2008, they started to work on their third album, Evacuate the Dancefloor. They released this album in 2009, had a tour in 2009-2010 and like every album, stops in favor for a new album.

Original Me, Back on the Dancefloor, It's Christmas Time and miscellaneous singles (2011-present) 
In fall 2010, they started to work on their fourth and final studio album, Original Me. Then, they released it in 2011, had a tour in 2011-2012, but this time, it didn't stop because they're was gonna be a new album in 2013 (which there isn't), The reason is unknown. In 2012, they released two other albums (which are NOT studio albums). In 2013, they released an acoustic album. After that, they released other singles, which she was in from other people.

Discography

Studio albums 
2005: Everytime We Touch (30 March)
2007: Perfect Day (3 December)
2009: Evacuate The Dancefloor (3 July)
2011: Original Me (17 June)

Other albums 
2006: The Remix Album
2009: Greatest Hits
2010: Just The Hits
2012: Back On The Dancefloor
2012: It's Christmas Time
2013: The Best Of Cascada
2013: Acoustic Sessions

Singles 
2004: Bad Boy (1 September), Miracle (23 November)
2005: Everytime We Touch (16 August), How Do You Do (30 September)
2006: Truly, Madly, Deeply (31 January), A Neverending Dream (4 March),  Ready For Love (16 September)
2007: What Hurts The Most (21 November)
2008: What Do You Want From Me (7 March), Because The Night (18 July), Faded (26 August), Perfect Day (5 October)
2009: Evacuate The Dancefloor (29 June), Fever (9 October)
2010: Dangerous (3 March), Pyromania (2 August)
2011: San Francisco (20 June), Au Revoir (23 September), Night Nurse (16 December)

Awards and nominations

References 

2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
German pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2004
North Rhine-Westphalia
Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a way of thinking and teaching knowledge. It was developed in the Middle Ages. It started when people wanted to bring together what is called classical philosophy with the teachings of 
Christian theology. Classical philosophy is the philosophy developed in Ancient Greece. 
Scholasticism is not a philosophy or a theology, but rather a way of teaching and learning. Scholasticism emphasises the use of dialectic. The main purpose of dialectic is to find an answer to a question, or to show that a contradiction can be resolved.

Scholasticism was started by people like Saint Ambrose and St. Augustine. They tried to use philosophy to help explain the doctrine and mysteries of the church. Ambrose and Augustine were among the first Church fathers who brought Christian ideas and Greek philosophy together.

The main figures of scholasticism were Peter Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure and, most importantly, Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica is an ambitious synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine.

In the 13th century, the teachings of Aristotle were considered more important than those of Plato. Scholastic education was very much based on written texts, and with arguments for and against ideas in those texts. In this way it differed greatly from modern science, which is based on observations from nature. In Aristotle the scholastics chose someone who was himself quite an original investigator of the natural world. But the scholastics themselves dealt almost entirely with the world in manuscripts written in two ancient languages. One was in Latin, the language of the Vulgate Bible and the other was Ancient Greek. Greek opened the doors to the writings of the Greek philosophers in their own language, at least so far as their works survived. The motto of Boethius “As far as you are able, join faith to reason” reminds us that all scholastics were mediaeval Christians. Their main concern was to see how the Greek ideas could be fitted into their religious view of the world.

Other websites
 "Scholasticism". In Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

Philosophical movements and positions
Theology
916 America

916 America is a minor planet that is orbiting the Sun in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter.

It was discovered on 7 August 1915 by the Soviet astronomer Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin at Simeis, Ukraine. It was originally called 916ΣI, but was renamed 916 America on 24 February 1923 after the Council of Astronomers at Pulkovo Observatory decided to pay tribute to "the friendly relations of the astronomical observatories and astronomers". Another possible reason for the name was as a mark of thankfulness for the help given during the famine in Crimea by the American Relief Administration under President Herbert Hoover.

In 1986, believing that the asteroid was of S-type and that it had a diameter of 15 km, the length of 916 America's day was thought to be 38 hours. Observations by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite have since shown that it has a diameter of 33.2±1.3 km, with an absolute magnitude of 11.20 and an albedo (the extent to which it reflects light) of 0.053±0.004.

References 

America
Nick

Nick is a short form of the given name Nicholas. People named Nick include:

Nick Carter, a singer
Nick Jonas, singer and member of the Jonas Brothers
Nick Cannon, an actor
Nick Barua, a business executive

Nick can also be short for "Nickelodeon", and might mean:
Nickelodeon, a television network which begin in 1977
Nick Jr., a related TV network
Donald

Donald is a masculine given name. Other common forms are Don, Donny and Donnie.

Famous Donalds 
Don Cheadle, American actor
Donald Dewar, first First Minister of Scotland
Don Drysdale, Major League Baseball player
Donald Duck, fictional duck created by Walt Disney
Don Edwards, American politician
Don Ho, Hawaiian musician
Don LaFontaine, American voice actor
Don Regan, American politician
Don Knotts, American comedic actor
Don McLean, American singer and musician
Don Meredith, former American NFL quarterback.
Don Quixote, fictional knight in the book of the same name.
Donald Rumsfeld, United States Secretary of Defense
Donald Sutherland, American actor
Donald A. Glaser, American scientist
Donald Pleasence, British actor
Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States
Donald Tusk, Prime Minister of Poland

Related pages
Don, a disamgiguation page

Given names
Johnstone

Johnstone (, ) is a town in the council area of Renfrewshire, Scotland.

References

Towns in Scotland
Diamond Dallas Page

Dallas Page (born Page Joseph Falkinburg, Jr.; April 5, 1956 in Point Pleasant, New Jersey) is a retired American professional wrestler, fitness instructor and actor who is probably best known for wrestling with World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name, "Diamond" Dallas Page or "DDP" for short.

Championships
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2006)
PWI ranked him #4 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in (1997, 1998)
PWI Feud of the Year in 1997 (vs. Macho Man Randy Savage)
PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1999)
PWI ranked him #65 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" (2003)

Swiss Wrestling Federation
SWF Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Championship Wrestling
WCW World Heavyweight Championship (three times)
WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (two times)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Kevin Nash (two), Chris Kanyon and Bam Bam Bigelow as the Jersey Triad (two))
WCW World Television Championship (one time)

World Wrestling Federation
WWF European Championship (one time)
WWF World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Kanyon)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Best Wrestling Maneuver (1997) (Diamond Cutter)
Most Improved Wrestler (1996)
Worst Gimmick (2001)

Other websites
Official website 
DDP's WWE Alumni page

1956 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Sunapee, New Hampshire

Sunapee is a town in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.

Cities in New Hampshire
Scarborough, Maine

Scarborough is a town in Maine. It has aharness racing event called the Scarborough Downs. Scarborough High School is here.

References

Towns in Maine
Luna (given name)

Luna, is a given name meaning "moon"

People named Luna

 Luna Celeste (born 1963), American voice actress
 Luna Leopold (1915-2006), American scientist
 Luna Vachon (1962–2010), Canadian professional wrestler

Fictional

 Luna Lovegood, in the Harry Potter series
 Luna Inverse, oldest sister of Lina Inverse of the series Slayers
 Luna Moody, a minor character in One Life to Live
 Luna Platz, a character in Mega Man Star Force
 Mrs Luna, in the Henry James book The Bostonians
 Princess Luna, a character in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic

References

Given names
Susan Boyle

Susan Magdalane Boyle (born 1 April 1961) is a Scottish singer who became famous through Britain's Got Talent. Her version of "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables has many video views on YouTube. She appeared on America's Got Talent. Boyle's first album I Dreamed a Dream was released on 23 November 2009. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. It sold more copies than any other album in the UK in 2009.

She has had two no. 1 albums in the United States.

Personal life
Boyle was born at Bangour General Hospital in Blackburn, West Lothian, She is youngest daughter of Patrick Boyle and his wife, She have four brothers and five sisters by her family.

She has lived in the same council house in Blackburn, West Lothian, Scotland all her life. She has a cat named Pebbles. Boyle's autobiography, The Woman I Was Born to Be: My Story, was published in 2010. She was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in 2012. She is a Roman Catholic.

References 

1961 births
Living people
British Roman Catholics
Scottish Christians
Scottish singers
Beat It

"Beat It" is a popular song written and performed by singer Michael Jackson. It appears on his sixth album Thriller. It was released as the album's third single. There is also a video that goes with the song. The song features a guitar solo by Eddie Van Halen. He chose to do the solo without getting paid. It got the Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance in 1984.

"Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of it called "Eat It". Fall Out Boy covered the song with John Mayer on their 2008 album Folie à Deux.

Michael Jackson songs
1983 songs
Seiko

Seiko Holdings Corporation, Better known as Seiko is a Japanese company that makes watches, clocks and electrical components. Seiko is one of the three main companies of the "Seiko Group" which are the Seiko Holdings Corporation (Seiko), Seiko Instruments Inc. (SII) and the Seiko Epson Corporation (Epson).

Technology companies of Japan
Gambit (Marvel Comics)

Gambit is a fictional character who appears in the X men series.  His mutant power is the ability to control, change and create kinetic energy (moving energy) which means he can make things move at his command.  Many scenes in X men Origins: Wolverine can demonstrate this.

Marvel Comics superheroes
Coblentz (lunar crater)

Coblentz is a small crater that can be found on the far side of the Moon, to the south of the much larger crater Bolyai. This crater has a circular edge, but it has been worn away by asteroid impacts. This is most noticeable at the southern end where a gap exists in the rim. The interior floor has very few features except for several tiny craterlets.

A ridge arcs from the northwest rim of Coblentz to join the southern rim of Bolyai. There are several patches of dark (low albedo) material just to the south and southwest of Coblentz.

References
 
 
 

Surface features of the Moon
Impact craters
Max Rockatansky

"Mad" Max Rockatansky is a fictional character appearing in the Mad Max movies. He is played by Mel Gibson and by Tom Hardy.

Movie characters
Tony Montana

Tony Montana is a fictional character in the movie Scarface who is played by actor Al Pacino. Montana is a Cuban immigrant to the United States. He has antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders and is a drug lord who ruthlessly uses violence to gain wealth. He creates many enemies and they come after him at his mansion, shooting him in the back and killing him.

Fictional murderers
Fictional people with antisocial personality disorder
Movie characters
Narcissism in fiction
Fictional mass murderers
Scarface: The World Is Yours

Scarface: The World Is Yours is a video game based on the events from the movie Scarface. It was released for the PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Wii in 2006 and 2007.

2006 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Wii games
Windows games
Diomede Islands

The Diomede Islands are two islands in the Bering Strait, about halfway between mainland Alaska and Siberia. They are also called Gvozdev Islands in Russian. There are two islands, called Big Diomede and Little Diomede respectively. 

Little Diomede is also known as Krusenstern Island, but there are also other places with this name. The Eskimos who live there call it Ignaluk. 

The other island, Big Diomede, is also known as Imaqliq, Inaliq, Nunarbuk or Ratmanov Island. 

Big Diomede belongs to Siberia, Little Diomede is part of Alaska.

The Chukchi Sea is to the north and the Bering Sea to the south of the islands.  to the southeast is Fairway Rock, an islet which is usually not considered part of the Diomede Islands.

The islands are separated by an international border and the International Date Line which is approximately  from each island. At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede, the two islands are only about  apart. 

People who live on Little Diomede Island do so in a small village called Diomede, on the west side of the island.

There are plans to build a connection between Siberia and Alaska, either as a bridge or a tunnel (Bering Strait bridge spanning the Bering Strait). In that case, the Diomede Islands would be a halfway point, as they are about the middle of the Bering Strait.

They are sometimes called Tomorrow Island (Big Diomede) and Yesterday Isle (Little Diomede) because the big island is 21 hours ahead of the small one (except when changing daylight saving time, done on different dates).

The people who lived on Big Diomede Island were moved to mainland Russia by the Soviet government. A small Russian military base is currently on the island. Little Diomede has an Inupiat population of 170, mostly in the City of Diomede. This village there has a school, and a local store. Some Eskimos there are famous for their ivory carving. Mail is delivered by helicopter, weather permitting.

References 

Pacific islands
Islands of Alaska
Islands of Russia
Siberia
Krusenstern Island

Krusenstern Island (and similar names) is a place name honoring the Baltic German explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern (1770 – 1846). It was and sometimes still is used for a number of places in the Pacific Ocean:
 Ailuk in the Marshall Islands
 Little Diomede (Ignaluk) in the Diomede Islands
 Tikehau in the Tuamotus
 "Krusenstern Reef" was a phantom reef at ; it was deleted from maps after 1923
 "Krusenstern Islands" or "Krusenstern Reef" also was applied to islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Footnotes

References
  (1951): Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition 59: The populations of the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus). American Museum Novitates 1512: 1-21. PDF fulltext
Clay animation

Clay animation is one of many ways to make a stop motion animation. Each animated piece, either character or background, can be formed and reformed into different shapes. People making a clay animation usually use something soft, like Plasticine clay. 

Most animation is made the same way, whether it is cel animation or stop motion. Each frame, or still picture, is recorded on film or digital media and then played back quickly. When played back at a frame rate of more than 10–12 frames per second, the human mind sees the series of slightly changing, rapidly playing images as movement. To us it seems as if the object is moving by itself. This way of tricking the mind into seeing "movement" is the way that all moving images work, from zoetrope to movies to videogames. The way CGI animations are made is different from the frame by frame method.

How it is done 
In clay animation, each object is made in clay, usually around a wire skeleton called an armature. The object is put on the set (background) and a still picture (one frame of film) is taken. The object or character is then moved slightly by hand. Another picture is taken, and the object is moved slightly again. This is repeated over and over. To get the best results, special care is taken to make sure that each frame is the same as the one before. For example, the lighting has to be the same and the object has to be put back in exactly the right place. The only thing that should be different is the slight change the animator makes to the object.

Making a stop-motion animation using clay is hard work. Normal movies use 24 frames per second (frame/s). Animation usually uses "doubles" or "twos"; that is using two frames for each shot. This means that 12 changes are made for one second of movie. For a 30-minute movie, there would be about 21,600 stops to change the objects for the next frame. For a full-length (90-minute) movie, there would be about 64,800 stops. IF some of the parts were done with only a single, not double frame, there would be even more stops. Great care must be taken to make sure that the object is not moved by accident. For full-length movies, animators now use rubber silicone and resin-cast objects. One foam-rubber method has been called Foamation by Will Vinton.

Examples of clay animation 
Some famous clay animation movies have been made. Examples include:
 Gumby
 Wallace and Gromit
 Robot Chicken
 Bob the Builder
 Clay Studio of Sviridov Max

Claymation 
The word "Claymation" is a registered trademark in the United States. It was registered by Will Vinton in 1978 to describe his clay animation films. The word is often used incorrectly to describe any clay animation movie.

References 

Animation
Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior

Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior (born 15 September 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="9"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||28||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||39||28
|-
|2004||39||37||2||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||39
|-
|2005||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||31||16||1||2||6||4||colspan="2"|-||38||22
|-
|2006||29||20||2||2||10||6||colspan="2"|-||41||28
|-
|2007||31||22||4||2||5||4||7||3||47||31
|-
|2008||32||12||2||0||6||4||colspan="2"|-||40||16
|-
|2009||33||17||1||1||5||3||9||3||48||24
|-
|2010||19||14||2||1||4||1||0||0||25||16
|-
|2011||32||9||1||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||36||10
|-
|2012|||Kashima Antlers||||||||||||||colspan="2"|-|||||
285||175||15||10||39||23||16||6||355||214
285||175||15||10||39||23||16||6||355||214

References
Kawasaki Frontale

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Salvador, Bahia
Space Race

The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War enemies, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve better spaceflight capability than the other. It had its origins in the intercontinental ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. Both governments saw having better spaceflight technology as necessary for national security. The Space Race enabled the first launches of artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.

The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites during the "International Geophysical Year" (July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958), by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union achieved the first successful artificial satellite launch on October 4, 1957 of Sputnik 1, and sent the first human to space with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The USSR demonstrated an early lead in the race with these and other early firsts over the next few years, including flight durations measured in days instead of hours, the first multi-person crewed spaceflight, and the first spacewalk.

But the USSR lost its early lead after US president John F. Kennedy raised the stakes by setting a goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth". American spaceflight capability overtook that of the Soviets with flights up to two weeks long; two craft meeting in space (rendezvous) and joining (docking); astronauts working outside spacecraft; and using high-energy liquid hydrogen as rocket fuel in the Saturn family of rockets. Kennedy's Moon landing goal was acheived in July 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11, which sent and returned three men and landed two of them, a singular achievement far outweighing any combination of Soviet achievements. The USSR pursued two crewed lunar programs, but failed to develop a launch vehicle powerful enough to land one human on the Moon before the US, and eventually canceled them to concentrate on Earth orbital space stations, while the US landed five more Apollo crews on the Moon.

A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and joint development of an international docking standard APAS-75. Apollo–Soyuz began a period of transition from the Space Race to an age of US / Russian space cooperation by December 1991, when the dissolution of the Soviet Union brought the end of the Cold War and enabled the Shuttle-Mir and International Space Station programs between the US and the newly founded Russian Federation.

References

Other websites 
 The Space Race 
 Space Race -Citizendium

Spaceflight
1950s in the United States
1960s in the United States
1950s in the Soviet Union
Oligotroph

An oligotroph is an organism that can survive with relatively few nutrients. Because there are few nutrients, such organisms grow slower. Their metabolism usually runs at a slower rate. The population density is generally low. 

Environments where oligotrophs can be found include the deep oceans.

Biology
Extremophiles
Supersaturation

Supersaturation in chemical solutions is when a solution contains more of a solute than can be dissolved in it. This usually makes some of the solute separate itself from the solution.

Examples 
Rain happens in a supersaturated solution of water in air.
Carbonated water is a supersaturated solution of carbon dioxide gas in water.  It is stored at very high pressure in a bottle.  This lets the water dissolve more carbon dioxide gas than it can at normal pressure.  When the bottle is opened, the pressure falls to the normal atmospheric pressure, and the carbon dioxide gas escapes slowly.  Certain things such as small bubbles in the bottle can make this process faster.  Such bubbles can be caused by shaking the bottle.  Another solute such as sugar powder or a widget can also trigger precipitation.

 A Diet Coke and Mentos eruption is an extreme example. Some drinks such as ales and stouts rely on this effect to produce the 'head' on the surface of the poured product. 

Chemistry
Thermodynamics
Dyspnea

Dyspnea or dyspnoea (said disp-nee-ah) is shortness of breath. Some research says that about 27% of people suffer it.

Causes
There are many different causes of dyspnea. Some include:

Pulmonary disorders
 Obstructive lung diseases
 Asthma
 Bronchitis
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 
 Cystic fibrosis
 Emphysema 
 Laryngeal edema due to allergies
 Hookworm disease
 Diseases of lung parenchyma and pleura
 Contagious
 Anthrax through inhalation of Bacillus anthracis
 Pneumonia
 Non-contagious
 Fibrosing alveolitis
 Atelectasis
 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 Interstitial lung disease
 Lung cancer
 Pleural effusion
 Pneumoconiosis
 Pneumothorax
 Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome
 Sarcoidosis
 Pulmonary vascular diseases
 Acute or recurrent pulmonary emboli
 Pulmonary hypertension, primary or secondary
 Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
 Superior vena cava syndrome

Other causes of diminished breathing
 Obstruction of the airway
 Cancer of the larynx or pharynx
 Empty nose syndrome
 Pulmonary aspiration
 Epiglottitis
 Vocal cord dysfunction
 Immobilization of the diaphragm
 Lesion of the phrenic nerve
 Polycystic liver disease
 Tumor in the diaphragm
 Restriction of the chest volume
 Ankylosing spondylitis
 Broken ribs
 Kyphosis of the spine
 Obesity
 Pregnancy
 Pectus excavatum
 Scoliosis
 Disorders of the cardiovascular system
 Aortic dissection
 Cardiomyopathy
 Congenital heart disease
 CREST syndrome
 Heart failure
 Ischaemic heart disease
 Malignant hypertension
 Pericardium disorders, including:
 Cardiac tamponade
 Constrictive pericarditis
 Pericardial effusion
 Pulmonary edema
 Pulmonary embolism
 Valvular heart disease
 Disorders of the blood and metabolism
 Anemia
 Hypothyroidism
 Adrenal insufficiency
 Metabolic acidosis
 Sepsis
 Leukemia
 Disorders affecting breathing nerves and muscles
 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
 Guillain-Barré syndrome
 Multiple sclerosis
 Myasthenia gravis
 Parsonage Turner syndrome
 Eaton-Lambert syndrome
 Chronic fatigue syndrome
 Psychological conditions
 Anxiety disorders and panic attacks
 Medications
 Fentanyl
 Other
 Carbon monoxide poisoning

Health problems