cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chatham, Massachusetts

Chatham is a New England town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The population was 6,625 at the 2000 census. Chatham is home to the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge, located on Monomoy, and to Monomoy Theatre.

Other websites
 Official website

Towns in Massachusetts
1665 establishments
1660s establishments in Massachusetts
Whitbourne, Newfoundland and Labrador

Whitbourne is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Whitbourne, Newfoundland’s first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colorful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620. Sir Richard was selected by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity. He was kidnapped and held by the infamous Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace. He also described a mermaid that he saw in St. John's harbour. Later, he became governor of Renews on the Southern Shore.

Whitbourne, unlike most communities on the Island of Newfoundland is inland. It was founded in about 1880 during the construction of the Newfoundland Railway. The railway continued to be an important employer in the Town until its abandonment in 1988, although its economic importance weakened slowly throughout the twentieth century.

Sir Robert Bond, the Prime Minister from 1900 to 1909, played a role in the expansion and planning of the Town and developed a complex country home, the "Grange", there.

The town of Whitbourne is located just off the Trans-Canada Highway on Route 81. It is located at the center of three possible routes to visit the Avalon Peninsula. Route 80 is one of the two entrances to the Baccalieu Trail, Route 100 and Route 81 lead to the Marine Atlantic Ferry Service in Argentia and other parts of Placentia and St. Mary's Bays, and Route 1, the Trans Canada leads towards the second entrance to the Baccalieu Trail and the capital city of St. John's. As a result, there is a Provincial Visitor Information Center on the Trans Canada near the town.

Whitbourne has many of the facilities of a small town that has traditionally been a regional service centre. The town’s Wetlands Conservation Trail is of interest to many visitors. 
According to the 2001 Statistics Canada Census:
Population: 930
% Change (1996-2001): -5.9
Dwellings: 418
Area (km²): 21.41
Density (persons per km²): 43.4

Related pages
 Newfoundland and Labrador

towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Wind power in South Australia

Wind power in South Australia is a big energy source for the state and South Australia is well suited to wind farms as it is close to the Roaring forties winds.

As of June 2014, South Australia has 16 wind farms, with an installed capacity of 1,473 megawatts (MW). Wind power represented 27% of the state's energy production. 

Wind farms do not emit greenhouse gases in the generation of electricity, and so wind power is considered a highly desirable form of renewable energy which assists in the reduction of the State’s reliance on coal and gas fired electricity generation.

References

Wind farms
South Australia
Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert

There are several Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which supply power to the electricity grid.   Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s. These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts (MW) making them the largest solar power installation in the world. Nevada Solar One is a new solar thermal plant with a 64 MW generating capacity, near Boulder City, Nevada. There are also plans to build other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert.  The Mojave Solar Park will deliver 553 MW of solar thermal power when fully operational in 2011.

Insolation (solar radiation) in the Mojave Desert is among the best available in the United States, and some big groups of people are in the area.  This makes the Mojave Desert particularly suitable for solar power plants. These plants can generally be built in a few years because solar plants are built almost entirely with modular, readily available materials.

References

Solar power plants
Energy in California
Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team

The Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team was a professional racing team.

The US Postal Service stopped sponsoring their team in 2004. The Discovery Channel took over sponsorship in June 2004 in time for the new UCI ProTour

On February 10 2007 Discovery Channel decided not renew its sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2007 season. The decision to end its sponsorship is believed to be related to the sacking of Discovery Networks president Billy Campbell by David Zaslav, the new president of Discovery Communications the same day.

On 10 August 2007 Tailwind Sports, who are the team's licence holders, said the team would stop racing at the end of the year<. They could not find a new sponsor and blamed bad publicity about doping in the 2007 Tour de France.

Members
The most famous member of the Discovery Channel team was Lance Armstrong who won seven Tours de France before he retired in 2005.

Current members of the team, such as 2007 Tour de France winner Alberto Contador, 3rd placed Levi Leipheimer and George Hincapie all had to find new teams. Hincapie joined Team T-Mobile. Many think Contador may have trouble finding a new team because of rumours about being involved in the very big Operation Puerto doping scandal.

2007 squad 
As of April 30, 2007.

References

Other websites 
Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
 Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team 
 The Official Fan Club of Lance Armstrong and the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
 Discovery Channel team page at Cyclingpost
U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team
 USPS Pro Cycling Team Website 
 Letter arguing that Postal Watch has no case against the USPS
 Inspector General criticisms of sponsorships

UCI ProTour teams
Alkane

Alkanes are chemical compounds, made of carbon and hydrogen. The simplest alkane is methane, which is made of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Larger alkanes have two or more carbon atoms connected or bonded together in a chain. The carbon atoms of alkanes are joined together by single bonds, which is what makes them different from alkenes. The alkane's general formula is CnH2n+2.

These are some alkanes:

 Methane (CH4)
 Ethane (C2H6)
 Propane (C3H8)
 Butane (C4H10)
 Pentane (C5H12)
 Hexane (C6H14)
 Heptane (C7H16)
 Octane (C8H18)
 Nonane (C9H20)
 Decane (C10H22)
 Undecane (C11H24)

 Dodecane (C12H26)
 Tridecane (C13H28)
 Tetradecane (C14H30)
 Pentadecane (C15H32)
 Hexadecane (C16H34)
 Heptadecane (C17H36)
 Octadecane (C18H38)
 Nonadecane (C19H40)
 Icosane (C20H42)
 Heneicosane (C21H44)
 Docosane (C22H46)

In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). The longest link of carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms may be thought of as the size of the alkane.

The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.

An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that has one open valence for bonding. They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R. Although Alk is sometimes used to abbreviate an alkyl group.

Production 

Alkanes come from crude oil. Crude oil is a natural resource, a thick black fluid found by drilling underground. Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes of different chain length - composed of different numbers of carbon atoms. It also has laboratory method of production.

Fractional distillation is the method used to separate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil, used to get a purer or more distilled, sample of a single alkane.

References
Operación Puerto doping case

The Operación Puerto doping case (meaning Operation Mountain pass) is a doping investigation in Spain. It started in May of 2006.

Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes is accused of giving banned doping drugs to 200 professional athletes.

Fuentes doped a lot of well known tennis and football stars but most attention was on the fairly small number of professional road cyclists that were named in the investigation.

By May 2007, fifteen have been proved not guilty, but three have admitted doping or have had very much evidence of blood doping placed before them.

References

Cycling
Doping cases in sport
Doping cases in cycling
Dover, Pennsylvania

Dover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,815 at the 2000 census. The United States Census Bureau says the borough has a total area of 1.3 km² (0.5 mi²). All of it is land. There are no lakes or rivers in Dover.

History
James Joner bought 203 acres of land in 1764. On this land, he created the town of Dover. It was known as Jonerstown until 1815, when the name was changed to Dover. Dover was incorporated in 1864, exactly 100 years after its founding.

Intelligent design controversy 

Dover is most well known for something that happened in 2004-05. The Dover Area School District voted to include a statement about intelligent design in what is taught on about biology in its schools. This action led to the court case Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District in late 2005.

On December 20, 2005, Judge John E. Jones III decided in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania that a public school district in Pennsylvania cannot teach Intelligent Design in a science class room. He said it was because it is based on a religious belief. The first amendment in the United States Constitution does not allow the government to deal with anything that deals with religious points of view.

Other websites 
 Dover Township official site
 Dover School District

Cities in Pennsylvania
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Rugby sevens

Rugby sevens is the shortened version of rugby union in which only seven players per side feature, instead of the full fifteen. The version of rugby union is very popular, with notable comptitions including the IRB Sevens World Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens. It is also played at events such as the Commonwealth Games and rugby league has also adopted the sevens format.

Rugby sevens was invented in Melrose, a small town in Scotland.

It is played under the same rules and on a field of the same dimensions as the 15-player game but a rugby sevens match lasts approximately 15 minutes (7 minutes aside with 1 minute half-time break) but the finals last somewhat more than 20 minutes; each half in a final is ten minutes instead of the normal seven minutes also the game ends when the ball goes of the pitch or points are scored. The point system is similar to rugby union where a Try gets a team 5 points and conversion 2 points with 3 points for penalties and Drop-goals (drop-goals are very uncommon in sevens). Points scoring occurs with much greater regularity in sevens compared to fifteens, since there are more spaces for players to run. Scrums still exist within sevens, composed of just three players from each team. Given the speedy nature of the game, players are usually either from the backline or the trio of loose forwards in fifteens rugby. All sevens players, wether in the forwards or otherwise must be fit,agile,relatively strong and demonstrate a high level of fitness in order to compete at an optimum level. Countries such as New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, England, and Samoa have very successful sevens teams. Rugby sevens have also been played in the commonwealth games since 1998 where there are only boys teams. New Zealand is ranked as number 1 in the commonwealth games. New Zealand has won 4 gold medals and one silver medal.

References 

Rugby union
Rugby World Cup Sevens

The Rugby World Cup Sevens was the world's premier international contest in the Sevens version of rugby union before the sport was added to the Olympics starting in 2016. The World Cup was first held for men's teams only in Scotland in 1993; a women's World Cup was added in 2009 when the event was held in Dubai. Through 2013, the World Cup has been held every four years; after a five-year break for the next tournament in 2018, the four-year cycle will restart. The trophy for the winners of the men's tournament is the Melrose Cup, named after the Scottish town of Melrose where the first sevens game was played. The current holders for both men and women are New Zealand, who won in 2013.

The tournament's most recent edition, in Russia in 2013, was planned to be the last. In October 2009, the International Olympic Committee voted to add men's and women's rugby sevens to the Summer Olympics starting in 2016. World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), which runs rugby union around the world, said in September 2009 that it would no longer hold a World Cup if the sport would be part of the Olympics. However, the IRB changed its mind, saying in 2013 that the World Cup would be kept. The next World Cup will be held in 2018, and from that point will continue every four years.

Men's tournaments

Women's tournaments

Rugby union
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon  (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002), was the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II and the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.

Early life
Margaret was born in Glamis Castle, Scotland. 

During the 1950’s, she was in a relationship with Peter Townsend which gained much press coverage, hoping they would marry, but ultimately they did not. 

In 1960, she married the photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who was made Earl of Snowdon. They had two children, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon born in 1961 and Lady Sarah Chatto born in 1964. After they divorced in 1978, she was known as Princess Margaret Countess of Snowdon; the Earl's new wife was simply the Countess of Snowdon. Armstrong-Jones died in January 2017, almost 15 years after Margaret.

Illness and death
Around January 2002, it was announced Princess Margaret was admitted to hospital.

She died on 9 February 2002 of a stroke in the  King Edward VII Hospital.
She was cremated so she could be buried next to her beloved father, George VI at St George's Chapel. her mother Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother survived her by a month, she died on 30 March 2002 aged 101 and was also buried in St George's Chapel.

Titles and styles

21 August 1930 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret of York
11 December 1936 – 3 October 1961: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret
3 October 1961 – 9 February 2002: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

Ancestry

References

Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke
House of Windsor
Princes and princesses
1930 births
2002 deaths
Elizabeth II
Romain Maes

Romain Maes (10 August 1912 in Zerkegem– 22 February 1983 in Groot-Bijgaarden) was a Belgian cyclist. He won the 1935 Tour de France. Some claim that he also won the 1936 Paris-Roubaix race, and that Georges Speicher was credited as winning by mistake.

1912 births
1983 deaths
Belgian cyclists
People from West Flanders
Tour de France winners
Heir apparent

An heir (female: heiress) is a person who has inherited something after the original owner's death. Most often a child after his or her parent's death.

Heir apparent and heir presumptive usually refer to someone who will inherit a royal or noble title:

An heir apparent is someone who will inherit at the death of the present title holder.
A Crown Prince is an heir apparent to the throne in a monarchy.

An heir presumptive is someone who may inherit, unless someone with a better claim under the rules of succession is found.

For example
Queen Elizabeth II's oldest son is Prince Charles, so he is her heir apparent.
Queen Elizabeth II (when she was still called Princess Elizabeth) was heiress presumptive to her father King George VI, because she was his oldest daughter and he had no sons. She was not his heir apparent, though, because if the king ever had a son he would have taken over as heir apparent.

Prince Bertil of Sweden was heir presumptive to his nephew King Carl XVI Gustav. The King's son, Prince Carl Philip became heir apparent when he was born, but because the law of succession changed his sister Princess Victoria became the world's first heiress apparent.

Monarchies that have used the title

Prussia
Japan
Sweden
Denmark
Greece

References

Royalty and nobility
Monarchy
Armenia national football team

The Armenia national football team is the national football team of Armenia. After the split of the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Moldova on 12 October 1992.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References 

European national football teams
Sport in Armenia
Nostradamus

Michel de Nostredame (14 or 21 December 1503 – 2 July 1566), also known as Nostradamus, was a French apothecary (or pharmacist) and allegedly a doctor. He was born in Provence. He is famous as a 'seer' who wrote collections of prophecies that have since become famous around the world. His best known book was called Les Propheties (The Prophecies) and first appeared in 1555. Since its first publication the book has rarely been out of print. Over the years, many people have come to believe that Nostradamus predicted a range of events in history. People often reached this conclusion by applying methods similar to the Bible code - i.e. by twisting the texts in such a way as to suggest that they predicted the future. He died of edema in Provence.

Most academics say that these associations between Nostradamus' quatrains and world events are the result of misinterpretations, or bad translations, that are so far-fetched that they are useless as a source of genuine prediction. What is more, no interpretation has yet managed to predict any event before it happened.

Fake Nostradamus prophecies
Some people have written prophecies that were wrongly assumed to be by Nostradamus. For example, in 1997 a college student in Canada wrote an essay that included a fake English quatrain (a four-line verse) written in the same style that Nostradamus used in French. The quatrain ended up on the Internet, where it was soon assumed that it was a verse by Nostradamus himself predicting the events of 9/11. So many people e-mailed it to their friends, thinking that it was by Nostradamus, that the associated websites and discussion forums were soon overwhelmed.

References

Sources
Lemesurier, Peter, The Nostradamus Encyclopedia, 1997; The Unknown Nostradamus, 2003; Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies, 2003

Other websites

1503 births
1566 deaths
Astrologers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from cerebral edema
French esotericists
French physicians
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Pharmacists
Trough (meteorology)

A trough is an elongated area of comparatively low atmospheric pressure, usually in association with weather fronts.

Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough. In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.

Meteorology

fi:Matalan sola
QuikSCAT

The QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer) is an earth-observing satellite that provides wind speed and direction information over oceans to NOAA. It is a "quick recovery" mission to fill the gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) that was lost in June 1997. It is in a sun-synchronous low-earth orbit.

Because of the 2003 failure of the ADEOS II satellite that was meant to succeed the NSCAT, QuickSCAT is currently the only US-owned instrument in orbit that measures surface winds over the oceans.  The European Space Agency has its own scatterometers in orbit, such as Envisat.

However, because it is now running on a backup transmitter and having other problems, this satellite could fail at any moment, putting risk at weather forecasts for possibly dangerous tropical cyclones.

In early June 2007, Bill Proenza, Director of the National Hurricane Center in Florida, came under fire for criticizing his NOAA superiors for not creating a back-up plan for replacing the capabilities provided by this satellite.

References

Satellites
Zakarid-Mxargrzeli

The Zakarids (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, Zakaryanner; Georgian: მხარგრძელები, Mkhargdzelebi) were a noble Armenian family in medieval Armenia and Georgia.

References

History of Armenia
Bermuda International Airport

Bermuda International Airport , also known as L.F. Wade International Airport, is an airport in Bermuda, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the north Atlantic Ocean.  In 2006, L.F. Wade International Airport handled about 900,000 passengers, up 7% from 2005. It has one passenger terminal, one cargo terminal, and eight aircraft stands. It can support all aircraft sizes up to and including the Boeing 747. Currently, ten airlines operate services to Bermuda Airport from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The largest aircraft now operating in regularly scheduled service at BDA are British Airways' Boeing 777-200s.

References

Bermuda
 
Airports in the United Kingdom
Mikheil Saakashvili

Mikhail Saakashvili (; born December 21, 1967) is a Georgian politician and was the President of Georgia.  As of 2020 he is head of National Reform Council of Ukraine.

In October 2021, Mikheil Saakashvili, was arrested after returning illegally to his country, after being in exile outside Georgia since 2013. A gesture he explained by his willingness to fight alongside his compatriots in the country.

1967 births
Living people
Presidents of Georgia
Politicians from Tbilisi
Waltham, Massachusetts

Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 59,226 at the 2000 census.

References

Other websites 

Waltham official website

Cities in Massachusetts
Sea surface temperature

Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature at the surface. In practical terms, the exact meaning of "surface" will vary according to the measurement method used. A satellite infrared radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin layer (about 10 micrometres thick) or skin of the ocean (leading to the phrase skin temperature) representing the top millimeter; a thermometer attached to an already fastened or wandering buoy in the ocean would measure the temperature at a specific depth (e.g. the top 1 meter below the sea surface); the measurements regularly made from ships are often from the engine water intakes and may be at various depths in the upper 20 m of the ocean. Note that the depth of measurement in this case will vary with the cargo aboard the vessel.

Oceans
National language

A national language is a language which is the national identity of a nation. A national language is used for political and legal discourse.

Related pages 
 Official language

Languages
Nationality
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum

The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum that deals with the history of country music. The museum is located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The museum also honors the major people in the history of country music.

Other websites
The Country Music Hall of Fame - official site

Nashville, Tennessee
Country music
Museums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Tennessee
Flag of Iran

The current flag of Iran was started to be used on July 29, 1980, and is a similar of changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution. The simple design of the flag is three horizontal bands of green above white above red, symbolizing Islam, peace, and courage.

Iran
Iran
Real Zaragoza

Real Zaragoza is an Aragonese football Club. The club competes in La Liga (the Spanish Premier League).

History 
It was established in 1932 when Zaragoza CD and Iberia FC join to create Real Zaragoza. Its home stadium is La Romareda in the city of Zaragoza.

Managers 
Amongst its previous managers is Víctor Fernández.

Name 
 1932-1941 Zaragoza F.C.
 1941-present Real Zaragoza

Awards 
Real Zaragoza's honours includes 6 Spanish Championships "Copa del Rey" and five times runners-up, a Inter-City Fairs Cup and another runners-up, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and a Spanish Premier League "La Liga" runners-up.

League position

Former position

Players 
Famous players like Juan Esnáider, Gabi Milito, Jorge Valdano, Ricardo Oliveria, Cafu or José Luis Chilavert have played for Real Zaragoza.

Spanish football clubs
Zaragoza
Everton Tigers

Everton Tigers are an English professional basketball team. They play in Liverpool. The Tigers are a part of the British Basketball League (BBL). The Tigers play at the Greenbank Sports Academy. Some of the Everton Tigers players are Mohamed Niang, Delme Herriman, and Chris Haslam.

Sport in England
Basketball teams
Liverpool, Merseyside
Eastman School of Music

The Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester (also known more simply as The Eastman School, Eastman, or ESM) is a music conservatory in Rochester, New York, in the United States. It is said to be one of the best schools for teaching music in the world.

Music schools
Schools in New York
Buildings and structures in New York
Henry Morgenthau

Henry Morgenthau, Sr. (April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946)was a German-born American businessman and United States ambassador. He is most known by his job as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was father of the politician, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and the grandfather of Robert M. Morgenthau, the current District Attorney of New York County, and historian Barbara Tuchman.

Businesspeople from New York City
Politicians from New York City
American Jews
1856 births
1946 deaths
Persian people

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Persians  <small>
|rawimage =
|population =  52.5
million
|region1 =  Iran
|pop1 = 49,312,834 (61–65% of total population)
|ref1 =Library of Congress, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. "Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran". http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-02.

|region5 =  Turkey
|pop5 = 618,000
|ref5= 

|region6 =  Iraq
|pop6 = 15,405,000
|ref6= 

|region8 =  USA
|pop8 = 331,000
|ref8 = 

|region9 =  Israel
|pop9 = 250,000
|ref9 = 
|region10 =  UAE
|pop10 = 238,250
|ref10 = 
|region11 =  Germany
|pop11 = 200,000
|ref11 = GTZ: Migration and development – Afghans in Germany : estimate for Tajiks based on total of 100,000 Afghans in Germany.
|region12 =  Canada
|pop12 = 173,760
|ref12 = This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090 according to Canada's 2006 Census. Tajiks make up an estimated 33% of the population of Afghanistan. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada .
|region13 =  Russia
|pop13 = 172,303
|ref13 =
|region14 =  Qatar
|pop14 = 160,000
|ref14 = 
|languages = Persian , Luri
|religions = Primarily Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, SufismIrreligion, Christianity, Bahá'í, Judaism, Zoroastrianism
|related =
}}

The Persians''' are an Iranic ethnic group who speak the Persian language. They share the same culture and history. In  Western writings, it is common to name all ancient Iranic peoples as Persian, although some of them were not of the Persian culture, and did not speak the Persian language.

Persian people include many groups, such as Tats. Most of them live in Iran.

Related pages 
 Persian language

References 

History of Iran
Louis P. Lochner

Louis P. Lochner (born Ludwig) (February 22, 1887 – 1975) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist at the Associated Press. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his work reporting the news from Nazi Germany.

Other websites 
Louis P. Lochner (1887-1975) Family Collection, 1524-1975: Concordia Historical Institute

1887 births
1975 deaths
Writers from Illinois
American journalists
Pulitzer Prize winners
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was a Marxist-Leninist guerilla organization, that operated from 1975 to 1986.
The stated intention of ASALA was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland".

ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon by Hagop Hagopian (Harutiun Tagushian) and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer.

The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the Middle East. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.

Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon, and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA, though nothing of this sort was ever found to be true.
  
According to Tessa Hofmann, Turkish officials frequently used the accusation of collaboration with the ASALA and foreign Armenian circles to incriminate extreme left-wing Turkish opposition groups.

Other websites
GlobalSecurity site: ASALA

References

1975 establishments
Anti-Turkism
Armenian Genocide
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Terrorism
Kevork Ajemian

Kevork Vartani Ajemian (Adjemian) (in Armenian Գևորգ Աճեմյան, in Western Armenian Գէորգ Աճեմեան) (May 23, 1932 – December 27, 1998) was an Armenian writer, journalist and public activist, one of the founders of ASALA military organization.

Biography
Kevork Ajemian was born in Syria, in the family of Armenian refugees. In early age he moved to Lebanon, where he studied at the American University of Beirut. 

A prominent representative of the new generation of Armenian Diaspora writers of 1960s he wrote both in Armenian and in English, his books were published in Lebanon, USA and USA. 

In 1978-1989 Ajemian edited the "Spurk" journal, in 1979 he took part of the First Armenian Congress Organizing Committee (Paris). He died in Paris, France. 

In 1999 a collection of the best journalistic works of Ajemian was published.

Books
Rulling over the Ruins, USA, 1999
A Time for Terror, USA, 2000.

Other websites
Ajemian at Amazon

1932 births
1998 deaths

Armenian writers
Armenian diaspora
Supabarn

Supabarn is a small, cheap supermarket chain which started in Canberra with large shops across the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales in Australia. It was known as Supabarn Emporium in the early 2000s before becoming Supabarn Supermarkets in 2004. It sells traditional, wholefoods,  and  grocery and fresh food items.

History 
It was first opened in the Canberra Centre in 1991 and six more shops have been opened from that time onwards. Supabarn is one of Canberra's largest employers because it has 750 people in seven shops, with two in Sydney. 

In 2015, Coles bought some of its stores.

Sections 
Delicatessen: Cheeses, antipasto's, pates, dips and salads with a European style
Seafood: Fish, lobsters, oysters and prawns - all from HACCP approved suppliers
Produce: Fresh and dried fruit and vegetables
Butcher Shop: Meat and chickens
Bakery: Baked items like pies - prepared daily, cakes, pastries and breads
General Merchandise: Kitchenware, bakeware, glassware and other everyday items
Groceries: Normal, organic, gluten-free and gourmet items
Dairy & Frozen Foods: Milk, cheeses, yoghurts, fresh sauces, ready-to-eat meals, ice cream and other dairy and frozen food items
Liquor: Champagnes, wines, imported beers and spirits

References

Other websites 
Supabarn Supermarkets
Bloomberg profile
Supermarkets of Australia
Canberra
Members of the United Nations

This is a list of members of the United Nations. The list includes the date each country joined the United Nations.

References 
All notes are based on Official list of member states

Other websites 
 Official list of member states

United Nations, Members of
1960 Summer Olympics

The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad, were held at Rome in Italy.  

Rome had been awarded the 1908 Summer Olympics. However, after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, London became the host. Other possible cities to host the 1960 Summer Olympics were Lausanne, Detroit, Budapest, Brussels, Mexico City and Tokyo; but in 1955, Rome was chosen.

CBS paid $394,000 for the right to broadcast the Games in the United States.

Participating nations 
A total of 67 nations sent athletes to compete at the Melbourne games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 Rome 1960 at Olympic.org

1960 Summer Olympics
1948 Winter Olympics

The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The games started on January 30 1948. St. Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics.

These Games were the first in twelve years, because none were held during World War II.

Olympics
Winter Olympics in Europe
Sport in Switzerland
1940s in Europe
20th century in Switzerland
1932 Winter Olympics

The 1932 Winter Olympics, officially known as the III Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The games started on February 4 1932. The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions, the games were moved to Lake Placid.

Olympics
1932 in the United States
1930s in New York (state)
Lake Placid, New York
Winter Olympics 1932
Winter Olympics 1932
Sexual assault

Sexual assault is the act of violation, a process when two people come in contact of a sexual nature, but one of them does not want this contact to happen. This happens when sexual excitement  damages prefrontal cortex of the offender and experience of dissociative-like symptoms that leaves the person to primitive reflexes. Evolutionary biologist Randy Thornhill and evolutionary anthropologist Craig Palmer theorize that the primary motive behind sexual assault is sex and signifies the inability of the perpetrator to deal with their own emotions for adaptive response.

A study states "successful inhibition of sexual expressions (restrain, cancel, suppress) is a natural and adaptive reaction to contextual factors against the excitatory expressions (initiate, execute, promote), and enables the regulation of sexual behavior, thereby preventing undesired consequences for the individual and for society." Another study states that increased sexual excitation and heightened desire are associated with poorly regulated sexuality, and also found that those with decreased response to humorous stimuli had good regulation.

In some cultures being sexually experienced is a required aspect of psychological maturity to achieve balance in desire, and a person lacking it is subjected to stigmatization. Popularity of online dating applications and their role in the hookup culture of certain societies are an example of it. Improper balancing between inhibitory and excitatory sexual mechanisms results in a maladaptive sexual response or deregulated sexuality and that further results into socially undesirable consequences.

Statistics
As many as 90-99% of people with developmental disabilities are sexually exploited before they are 18 years old.

A 2010-2011 study in the United States of 1058 people aged 14 to 21 found that 8% had sexually assaulted in their lives. In 66% of cases no one found out and the perpetrator did not get into any trouble. 50% said that their victim was completely to blame. 2% had raped and 3% had tried to rape.

Types
In some cases, one of the people involved may also be unable to consent to the contact. For example, they might be too young to consent or they may be unconscious. Rape is one form of sexual assault, but there are others.

Law
Different countries have different definitions of sexual assault. It is illegal, but often not reported. People convicted of sexual assault are sometimes sent to prison. In some places the crime of sexual assault has replaced the crime of rape. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, rape is a separate crime to sexual assault.

Religion
Sexual assault is a common theme in the bible, and often associated with condemn and punishment. In Judges 19:22-26, men of Gibeah assaulted an Ephraimite's wife to death and the whole of Israel went against the assaulter's. In Genesis 19:30-38, Lot, a nephew of Abraham, and a father figure of a family was raped by his daughters.

References

Rape
1994 Winter Olympics

The 1994 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, Alaska, USA; Östersund/Åre, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to change the schedule of the Olympic Games so that the summer and winter games would be arranged in alternating even-numbered years. Lillehammer won the right to host the event in September 1988 in Seoul before the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Lillehammer Games were held in 1994, the only time the Winter Games have occurred two years after the previous games.

The Lillehammer Olympics are notable for being the last Winter Olympic Games to date to have been held in a town (Lillehammer's population is just 25,000). Later Winter Olympics were held in larger cities, such as Nagano, Salt Lake City, Turin and Vancouver.

 
1994 in sports
1994 in Europe
20th century in Norway
1992 Winter Olympics

The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1992 in Albertville, France. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, USA; Berchtesgaden, Germany; Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy; Lillehammer, Norway; Falun, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria.

These were the last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were also the first Games where the Winter Paralympics and the Winter Olympics were held at the same site.

1992 Winter Olympics
1992 in sports
1990s in France
1992 in Europe
1980 Winter Olympics

The 1980 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. Another possible host city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada; they withdrew before the final vote.

Olympics
1980 in the United States
1980s in New York (state)
Lake Placid, New York
Winter Olympics 1980
Winter Olympics 1980
Maya people

The Maya people form a diverse range of the Native American peoples of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Mayan civilization was powerful, lasting for over a thousands of years.

The most populations of Maya are in the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas, and in the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

Other websites 
 Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya at the National Gallery of Art 
 Learn more about Maya hieroglyphs  and Maya numbering from the National Gallery of Art 
 La Pintada, a Maya Chorti village near Copan Ruinas, Honduras 
 A Day with Modern Mayans in the village of Oxtapacab, Yucatan, Mexico

Ethnic groups in North America
Maya civilization
Cor anglais

The cor anglais, or English horn, is a double reed instrument in the woodwind family.  It is very similar to an oboe, but as it is longer than an oboe it plays lower notes.

The lowest note of an oboe is B flat (just below Middle C).  The lowest note of a cor anglais is an E natural, a diminished fifth (five notes of a scale, minus a semitone) lower than the oboe's lowest note.

The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F.  This means that the music sounds a fifth lower than written.  This has the advantage that the cor anglais player uses fingering as if he were playing an oboe, but it will sound a fifth lower. 

The bell (the bit at the end of the instrument) is shaped like a pear.  This gives it a less nasal sound (the sound of the cor anglais is less as if played through the nose).  The reed is not fixed to a piece of cork like the oboe reed but it is put straight onto the short piece of metal (called a "bocal") at the top of the instrument.

Etymology
The word "cor anglais" is a French word which literally means "English horn", but the cor anglais is neither English nor a horn. No one is sure how it got its name, but many people think it is because the bocal at the top is curved (the French word for curved, "anglé" is pronounced like the word for English "anglais").

Repertoire
Many oboists can play the cor anglais as well, just as flautists can play the piccolo (if they play both instruments in the same concert this is called doubling).

There are few solo pieces for the instrument, but mostly it is used for solo melodies in slow pieces for orchestra because it can sound very expressive.

Some famous examples of cor anglais solos can be found in:

Alfred Reed's Russian Christmas Music (1944)
Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 (1893), the New World Symphony (Largo)
Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez (1939) (2nd movement)
Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (third movement) (1830)
Alexander Borodin's Eine Steppenskizze aus Mittelasien

Double reed instruments
Topoxte

Topoxte () was a Maya archaeological site in northern Guatemala. It was the capital city of the Ko’woj Maya. Topoxte is located on an island on Yaxha Lake across from the important centre of Yaxha.

Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Maya civilization
Mayapan

Mayapan was a Maya city. It is about 100 km away from Chichen Itza.

Cities in Mexico
Maya civilization
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Yucatán (state)
Committee of Union and Progress

The Committee of Union and Progress was a political group. It was made by Bahaeddin Şakir in 1906 during the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The group was one of the Young Turks. This group came to power between 1908 and 1918. At the end of World War I most of its members were court-martialled by the sultan Mehmed VI and imprisoned. The remnants of the organization were eliminated from the Republic of Turkey during the "assassination of president" trials in 1926.

History of Turkey
Politics of Turkey
1906 establishments
1926 disestablishments

ba:Иттихат
kk:Иттихат
Dardanelles

The Dardanelles is the narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It marks the division between Asia to the East, and Europe to the west. As a waterway it is highly significant to all countries in the region.

From Ancient Greek times it is also known as the Hellespont.

Related pages

 The Dardanelles Campaign, during World War I.

Geography of Turkey
Straits
Biescas

Biescas is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as Tierra de Biescas. The population is 1240.

It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto"). 

There are two churches in the town, the first one, San Pedro's Church is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one San Salvador's Church in La Peña.

Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts
 Tierra de Biescas, which includes the towns of Orós Alto, Orós Bajo, Oliván, Escuer Alto, Escuer Bajo and Biescas.
 Sobremonte, which includes Aso de Sobremonte, Betés de Sobremonte and Yosa de Sobremonte.
 Valley of Tena, where are the towns of Piedrafita de Jaca, Búbal, Polituara and Saqués.
 Valley of Gavín, where Gavín is the only one town.

Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality

References

Settlements in Huesca
Municipalities in Aragon
Gloucester

Gloucester (pronounced [ˈglɒstə]) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is near the Welsh border on the River Severn.

Culture 
The annual Three Choirs Festival, which started in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, takes place in Gloucester every third year. The other places the festival is held are Hereford and Worcester.

Some parts of the Harry Potter films were filmed at Gloucester cathedral.

Gloucester Rugby, founded in 1873, play here. The team plays in the Guinness Premiership, the top level of English rugby. Their homeground is Kingsholm.

Transport

Road 
The M5 motorway by-passes Gloucester.

The A38, A40, A417, A430, A4301, A4302, B4008, B4063, B4072 and B4073 roads pass through Gloucester.

Rail 
Gloucester has a station in the middle of the city.

References

District and borough councils in England
Fore-Caucasus

Fore-Caucasus (, sometimes Ciscaucasia, Front Caucasus) is a region to North of the Caucasus Major (Большой Кавказ) mountains of Caucasus and farther bounded by Kuma-Manych Depression from the North, Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait from the West, and Caspian Sea from the East.

Russia
North Caucasus

The North Caucasus is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus Economical Region of Russia.

Politically, the Northern Caucasus (territory north of the Greater Caucasus Range) includes the Russian Republics of the North Caucasus as well as several regions of Georgia and Azerbaijan.

Geography of Russia
Greater Caucasus

Greater Caucasus (; ; , sometimes translated as "Caucasus Major", "Big Caucasus" or "Large Caucasus") is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.

The range stretches for about  from west-northwest to east-southeast, between the Taman Peninsula of the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula of the Caspian Sea: from the Western Caucasus near Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian.

The range is traditionally separated into three parts:
Western Caucasus, from the Black Sea to Mount Elbrus
Central Caucasus, from Mount Elbrus to Mount Kazbek
Eastern Caucasus, from Mount Kazbek to the Caspian Sea

In the wetter Western Caucasus, the mountains are heavily forested (deciduous forest up to , coniferous forest up to  and alpine meadows above the tree line). In the drier Eastern Caucasus, the mountains are mostly treeless.

Mountain ranges
Caucasus
Mountains of Russia
Geography of Azerbaijan
Geography of Georgia (country)