cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Shushanik Kurghinian

Shushanik Kurghinian (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet. Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems. Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era. Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.

Background 
Shushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout. In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: “Sometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] ‘workstation’ home, in order to save money, and I would work for him – demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin). My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my ‘ill behavior toward my parent,’and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.”

Works 
`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,
alone and lacking faith...
bring them to me
my spirit is free
I will give them of my soul...'
(Selected Works, 1982 Yerevan p260)

Other websites 
`I Want to Live: Poems of Shushanik Kurghinian' or at ArmeniaPedia.org

Armenian poets
Autobiographers
1876 births
1927 deaths
Gyumri

Gyumri (Armenian:Գյումրի) is the capital and largest city of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 75 miles from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in Armenia.

Other websites 
 City website 
 Surp Amenaprkich cathedral in Gyumri

Cities in Armenia
Arminianism

Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christian theology founded by the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius.

Other websites
 The Works of Jacob Arminius 
 What is an Arminian?  by John Wesley

Protestant theology
Christian movements and denominational families
Protestant Reformation
Ruben Sevak

Sevak Ruben or Ruben Sevak (February 15, 1885 - August 26, 1915) was an Armenian poet a prose-writer, and a doctor.

Among many others, he was arrested on April 24, 1915 and killed on August 26, 1915 during the Armenian Genocide.

Armenian poets
1885 births
1915 deaths
Armenian Evangelical Church

The Armenian Evangelical Church (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.

History
In the 19th century, there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople. This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible. Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time. The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Today, there are 88 Armenian Evangelical Churches in the following countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, and the United States of America.

Other websites
Directory of Armenian Evangelical Churches, Institutions, Pastors and Christian Workers Worldwide 

Protestantism
Armenian alphabet

The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century.

The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն (CA, EA: , or WA: ), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.

Related pages
Armenian language

Other websites 
 theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
 Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
 stnersess.edu : Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish
Unicode Support for Armenian
 Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
 transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)

Armenian language
Orontid Dynasty

The Orontid Dynasty (in Armenian: Երվանդունիների թագավորություն) was the first Armenian dynasty. The Orontids established their supremacy over Armenia around the time of the invasions by the Scythians and Medes in the 6th century BC.

References

Other websites
The Yervanduni Dynasty-A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture
The Orontid (Ervanduni) dynasty 

Monarchs of Armenia
Royal dynasties
Armenian Highland

The Armenian Highland (also known as the Armenian Upland or Armenian Plateau) is part of the Transcaucasian Highland and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.

The apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands. It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit. Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name .

Many scholars place the Indo-European homeland in the Armenian Highlands and the plateau of Asia Minor to the southwest.
Others believe that it was in Eastern Europe or southern Russia.

Some scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands.

Related pages
 Greater Armenia (political concept)
 Armenian Genocide

References

Other websites 
 The Armenian empire
 History of Armenia

Geography of Armenia
Mountains of Asia
Mountains of Europe
Armenian Quarter

The Armenian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. Although the Armenian people are Christians, the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter.

Other websites 
 Jerusalem Photos Portal - Armenian Quarter
 Armenians in Israel

Armenian diaspora
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento

Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento (born 13 January 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Borussia Dortmund.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1997||10||1
|-
|1998||14||0

|-
|1999||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||24||8

|-
|2000||Botafogo||Série A||17||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||2
|-
|2002||22||2
|-
|2003||32||2

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||11||0
|-
|2004/05||9||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||35||5
|-
|2006||7||1

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||31||4
|-
|2007/08||33||4
|-
|2008/09||27||1
|-
|2009/10||||
148||14
24||8
20||0
91||9
283||31
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Porto Alegre
Lina Hahne

Lina Hahne (born January 23, 1984) was crowned Miss Sweden on June 26. She represented the country in Miss Universe 2008.

Other websites
Miss Sweden official homepage
Interview with Lina Hahne on TV4 morning news 

1984 births
Living people
Beauty pageant winners
Swedish models
Miss Universe

Miss Universe is an international beauty contest. It was started in 1952 and today has over 190 countries taking part. About one billion people watch it on television every year.

The competition was first shown on American national television in 1955. In 1960, the show moved from California to Florida. Until 1971, the competition was held in the United States, and since 1972 - every year in a new country. 

The pageant is owned by WME and IMG, with Fox owning the rights to broadcast the pageant on television. Until 2015, it was owned by NBC and Donald Trump. In 2015, Trump started his campaign for President of the United States and said he wanted to stop illegal immigrants from Mexico from coming into the US. NBC then stopped working with him, and so Trump bought Miss Universe out, and sold it to its current owners a few days later.

History 
After winning the 1951 Miss America competition, Yolanda Betbese refused to pose in Catalina swimwear from Pacific Mills, sponsor of the competition. Because of this, in 1952 the company left the Miss America competition and organized an alternative national Miss USA competition, as well as an international Miss Universe competition.

Sponsored by the American airline Pan Am and the Universal Film Studio The Miss Universe pageant was first held on June 28, 1952 in Long Beach, California. At the beginning of its existence, it was intended to promote beach fashion: for a month, applicants advertised beach products. 

The first winner of the Miss Universe title was 17-year-old Armi Kuusela from Finland. She was crowned with the wedding tiara of the Romanov dynasty. The competition was attended by girls from 30 countries.

References

Other websites 

 Miss Universe official homepage

Universe
1952 establishments
Frank Thomas

Frank Thomas (born May 27, 1968) is a former American Major League Baseball player who spent most of his career with the Chicago White Sox. Near the end of his career, he also played with the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays. He hit his 500th career home run on June 28, 2007. He was the 21st person to hit 500 home runs.

Thomas was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014, and will officially enter the Hall on July 27.

1968 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Chicago White Sox players
Oakland Athletics players
Toronto Blue Jays players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
People from Columbus, Georgia
Northwest

Northwest or north west is the direction halfway between North and West on a compass. It is the opposite of Southeast.

Compass directions
Southeast

Southeast or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It the opposite of northwest.

Compass directions
Silvia Night

Silvia Night is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland. Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Greece. She is famous for her larger than life and narcissistic persona.

Other websites
Silvia Night homepage

Fictional characters
Northeast

Northeast or north east is the direction halfway between north and east.  It is the opposite of southwest.

Compass directions
Mona Sahlin

Mona Ingeborg Sahlin (born Andersson on March 9, 1957 in Sollefteå, Sweden) is a former leader for the Swedish Social Democratic Party, when she replaced Göran Persson after his ten years as leader, she was the first woman to do so. She was the minister responsible for the handling of the Heart 2 Art Exhibition in Stockholm 2002. Toblerone Scandal or Sahlin Scandal is the name of a Swedish scandal, in which there in October 1995 came to public attention that the Socialist politician Mona Sahlin during her time as Minister for Employment, 1990-1991, on several occasions used its credit cards for private expenses.

Other websites
Social democratic homepage 

1957 births
Living people
Government ministers of Sweden
Swedish Social Democratic Party

The Swedish Social Democratic Party () was established on 23 April 1889, and is Sweden's biggest political party of social democracy. The party has been in the lead with a Prime Minister for the longest and most amount of time in Sweden. Stefan Löfven is the current leader for the party. The party lost to the Moderate Party in the 2006 elections, but will have a new chance to take over the power again in 2014.

Olof Palme, one of Sweden's most famous politicians, was the party leader from October many years before he was murdered in February 1986.

Years in power 
 Cabinet Branting I, 1920,
 Cabinet Branting II, 1921-1923,
 Cabinet Branting III, 1924-1925,
 Cabinet Sandler, 1925-1926,
 Cabinet Hansson I, 1932-1936,
 Cabinet Hansson II, 1936-1940,
 SamlingsCabinet (Cabinet Hansson III), 1940-1945,
 Cabinet Hansson IV, 1945-1946,
 Cabinet Erlander I, 1946-1951,
 Cabinet Erlander II, 1951-1957 (With Bondeförbundet),
 Cabinet Erlander III, 1957-1969,
 Cabinet Palme I, 1969-1976,
 Cabinet Palme II, 1982-1986,
 Cabinet Carlsson I, 1986-1990,
 Cabinet Carlsson II, 1990-1991,
 Cabinet Carlsson III, 1994-1996,
 Cabinet Persson, 1996-2006,

Election results 

 1911 - 28.5%
 1914 - 30.1%
 1914 - 36.4%
 1917 - 39.2%
 1920 - 36.1%
 1921 - 39.4%
 1924 - 41.1%
 1928 - 37.0%
 1932 - 41.1%
 1936 - 45.9%
 1940 - 53.8%
 1944 - 46.7%
 1948 - 46.1%
 1952 - 46.1%
 1956 - 44.6%
 1958 - 46.2%

 1960 - 47.8%
 1964 - 47.3%
 1968 - 50.1%
 1970 - 45.3%
 1973 - 43.8%
 1976 - 42.7%
 1979 - 43.2%
 1982 - 45.6%
 1985 - 44.7%
 1988 - 43.2%
 1991 - 37.7%
 1994 - 45.3%
 1998 - 36.4%
 2002 - 39.9%
 2006 - 35.0%
 2010 - 30.7%

Other websites

Socialdemokraterna  

1889 establishments in Europe
Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Europe
Political parties in Sweden
1880s establishments in Sweden
Olof Palme

Olof Palme (30 January 1927 – 28 February 1986) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1969-1986 until his death and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969-1976 and 1982-1986. 

He was shot to death in Stockholm after going to the cinema on 28 February 1986. The killer has never been identified, and the gun has never been found. His murder is still a mystery for Swedish police, even though people have been arrested in connection with it.

He was a pacifist and against apartheid, The Vietnam War, and nuclear weapons. He made efforts to improve welfare and economic, social and cultural rights for workers.

References

Other websites 
Olofpalme.org Official page of the Olof Palme Archives with various documents.
Selected Speeches by Olof Palme  - Speeches on Africa in English.
Olof Palme's visit to Cuba - Speech by Fidel Castro on the Swedish-Cuban friendship, 1975.

1927 births
1986 deaths
Anti-Communists
Feminists
Government ministers of Sweden
Murders by firearm
Politicians from Stockholm
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Socialists
Unsolved murders
Elena Paparizou

Elena Paparizou also known as Helena Paparizou (born 31 January 1982) in Borås, Sweden. She is a Swedish-Greek singer and model who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005 for Greece, performing the song My Number One which won the entire contest.

References

Other websites 
 Elena Paparizou website  

1982 births
Greek singers
Living people
Swedish singers
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Miss World

Miss World is a international beauty pageant that started in 1951. It is the oldest surviving major international beauty pageant. The contest was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley, and run as part of the Mecca Leisure Group. Since his death in 2000, Morley's wife, Julia Morley, co-chairs the pageant.

With its rivals Miss Universe and Miss Earth, this is one of the most publicised beauty contests in the world.

The winner spends a year travelling to represent the Miss World Organization and its various causes. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on December 14, 2019, in London, England, United Kingdom. She is the fourth Jamaican woman to win Miss World. Traditionally, Miss World lives in London during her reign.

Recent Winners

References 

World
Gregory the Illuminator

Saint Gregory the Illuminator or Saint Gregory the Enlightener (Armenian: Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ translit. Grigor Lusavorich, Greek: Γρηγόριος Φωστήρ or Φωτιστής, Gregorios Phoster or Photistes), the founder and patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church, he was born about 257.

He belonged to the royal line of the Arsacid Dynasty, being the son of a Parthian named Anak, who assassinated Chosroes I of Armenia, and thus brought ruin on himself and his family.

Other websites
New Advent - Gregory the Illuminator
Armenian Church Website 

Armenian Apostolic Churches
Bow Wow

Shad Gregory Moss, better known as Bow Wow or formerly Lil' Bow Wow (born March 9, 1987, Columbus, Ohio) is an African-American rapper, actor, and music producer. He began his rap career when he was 13.

Albums 
 2000 - Beware of Dog
 2003 - Unleashed
 2005 - Wanted
 2006 - Price of Fame
 2007 - Face Off (co-performming: Omarion)
 2009 - New Jack City II

References

1987 births
Living people
Singers from Ohio
Rap musicians from Ohio
American movie actors
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
Musicians from Columbus, Ohio
Singers from Columbus, Ohio
John Cage

John Milton Cage, Jr. usually known as just John Cage, (September 5, 1912 - August 12, 1992) was an American composer, writer, philosopher, and visual artist. He was one of the first composers (or musicians) to introduce different styles of music to popular culture. He made mostly avant-garde music and electronic music, and was very well known for making the piece 4'33", which challenged what music is. He also wrote music for pianos that had been "prepared" by having screws and nails placed in them. He was gay. His life partner from 1943 until his death was choreographer Merce Cunningham (1919-2009). Cage died of a stroke in New York City.

4'33" 
This piece is in 3 movements (sections), and is special in that all of the movements are silent, the score having the Latin word for silence three times (tacit, tacit, tacit). Some people think that it is just a joke because of this, as there is nothing to listen to. It was written in 1952, and is 4 minutes and thirty three seconds long. Cage got the idea from being in a soundless chamber, but realising that even here there was no true silence because he could hear his heart beating.

References

Other websites 
 John Cage's former record label
 John Cage's "Water Walk" video

1912 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American composers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York City
Deaths from stroke
LGBT artists
LGBT composers
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT writers
Musical entertainers from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
4′33″

4′33″ is a musical composition written by avant-garde (non-traditional) musician John Cage. It is his most famous work. It consists of no notes, only 4 minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence. The piece challenges the definition of music. The only thing the sheet music says is "tacet", or "it is silent". It was first played by David Tudor in Woodstock, New York.

Other websites 
 John Cage's 4'33"
 Classical Notes

Compositions
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet

The F/A-18 Hornet (CF-18, F-18) is a fighter jet that is made by Boeing, and was originally manufactured by the McDonnell-Douglas Company. It first flew in 1978 and was introduced in 1983.  Its main user is the United States Navy. It can take off from aircraft carriers because of its special design. The F/A-18 can attack land and air targets. Any aircraft which can do this is called "multi-role". The Hornet is also flown by the Blue Angels.

Users 
The F/A-18 is used by many countries, including the United States Navy

United States 
The United States navy is the biggest user of the hornet. The hornet is currently only used by the United States Marine Corps, but until 2019 the U.S. Navy also had them.

The USMC currently has 143 F/A-18 hornets.

Blue Angels 
The Blue Angels are the aerobatic team of the USMC. They use the F/A-18. Before the F/A-18 existed, they used the A-4 Skyhawk.

Australia 
The Royal Australian Air force (RAAF) bought 57 F/A-18A and 18 F/A-18B (the b was used for training) in 1981 to replace the old Mirage III. The difference between the RAAF hornet and the US hornet is that the RAAF removed the carrier Capabilities, because Australia doesn't have any aircraft carriers big enough to fit the plane.

Armament 
The hornet can carry a lot of bombs, missiles, rockets and guns. It can also carry pods, pods give the aircraft more options, the Litening targeting pod,for example, lets the pilot see the ground and guide bombs to the target.

Bombs 
B81 and B83 nuclear bombs

Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)

Paveway laser guided bombs (the bombs are guided by the targeting pod)

Mk80 bombs general purpose

CBU100 cluster bomb

Rockets 
2.75 in (70 mm) Hydra 70 rockets

5 in (127.0 mm) Zuni rockets

Missiles

Air to Air 
Aim-120 AMRAAM

Aim-9 Sidewinder

Aim-132 ASRAAM

Iris-T

Aim-7 Sparrow

Air to Ground 
AGM-65 Maverick

AGM-88 HARM

AGM-164 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)

Taurus Cruise Missile

Anti Ship 
AGM-84 Harpoon

Related pages
F-14 Tomcat
F-16 Fighting Falcon

Simulacrum of Multirole fighter
MiG-35 - Simulacrum of the F/A-18 Hornet
  - on TASS Official Infographic

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
Australian military aircraft
Spain
Military aircraft
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

The F-15 Eagle is a fighter jet that originally made by McDonnell-Douglas (later Boeing). It is known around the world for its toughness and undefeated record, meaning that it has never been shot down by an enemy plane. It is used primarily by the United States Air Force, but it is also used in Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. It usually carries missiles and an M61 Vulcan gun to shoot down enemy fighter jet planes. More than a thousand have been made.

Redesign 
In 1981, the F-15 was redesigned to include the ability to carry bombs, allowing the F-15 to do the job of attack aircraft. This means it can also destroy things on the ground. This new variant of the aircraft was called the  McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle.

Related pages

F-14 Tomcat
F-16 Fighting Falcon
F-4 Phantom II

United States Air Force aircraft
Military of Japan
Israel Defense Forces
Saudi Arabia
Military aircraft
Dicotyledon

The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, were one of the two groups of flowering plants or angiosperms. The name refers to one of the characteristics of the group, namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species in this group. The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, with one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.

From the 1990s onwards, molecular phylogeny showed what botanists already suspected: dicotyledons are not a monophyletic group. They are a number of lineages, such as the magnoliids. Groups now known as basal angiosperms diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are a paraphyletic group. The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are definitely monophyletic. They are distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have an older type of pollen, whereas eudicots have derived pollen.

Compared to monocotyledons 
Apart from cotyledon number, there are other differences between monocots and dicots. These are differences mainly between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have "monocot" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and old-type pollen. Also, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins.

Related pages 
Magnoliopsida
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

References 

Flowering plants
James Clark Ross

Sir James Clark Ross (April 15, 1800 – April 3, 1862), was a English naval officer and explorer. He explored the Arctic with his uncle Sir John Ross and Sir William Parry. He later led his own journey to Antarctica. He was born on April 15, 1800 in London, England and died on April 3, 1862 in Aylesbury, England.

1800 births
1862 deaths
English explorers
British military people
British naturalists
English botanists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
Legion of Honour
People from London
Royal Navy officers
Royal Society
Scientists from London
Hrant Dink

Hrant Dink (, IPA: [həɹɑnt diːnk]) (15 September 1954 – 19 January 2007) was a Turkish-Armenian editor, journalist and columnist.

History 
As editor-in-chief of the bilingual Turkish-Armenian newspaper Agos (Ակօս), Dink was a prominent member of the Armenian minority in Turkey.

Death 
Hrant Dink was assassinated in Istanbul on 19 January 2007, by Ogün Samast, a 17 year old ultra-nationalist Turk.

Related pages
Minorities in Turkey

References

Other websites
Hrank Dink Foundation

Armenian writers
Turkish journalists
Murder victims
1954 births
2007 deaths
Agos

Agos (, "Furrow") established 5 April, 1996 is an Armenian weekly newspaper published in Turkey. It is published in Istanbul and has a circulation of around 5,000. It has both Armenian and Turkish pages as well as an on-line English edition. Hrant Dink was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007. 

Hrant Dink's son Arat Dink who worked as the executive editor of the weekly was named as a co-defendant in the dispute brought against Hrant Dink for insulting Turkishness. After Hrant Dink's murder, the editor-in-chief of the weekly became Etyen Mahçupyan and Arat Dink continued to work as the executive editor. The present editor-in-chief is Rober Koptaş.

Other websites 
 Agos official web site, Istanbul

Newspapers published in Turkey
Istanbul
St Kilda Football Club

St Kilda Football Club (nicknamed The Saints) is an Australian Rules Football club who play in the Australian Football League. The club first played in 1873. Their home ground is the Marvel Stadium in Melbourne. Their current captain is Jarryn Geary and their current coach is Brett Ratten. They wear a guernsey that is  red, white and black, in a vertical stripes.

The first mention of a football team in St Kilda was made in 1859. The current club was started in 1873, based on the South Yarra Football Club which had closed the year before. The club colours were formed when the red and white of the South Yarra Football Club merged with the black and white of the new St. Kilda Football Club. The first guernsey worn by the club was red and black striped horizontally, with a white neckerchief. The club joined the new Victorian Football League in 1897, and lost its first 48 games. Their home ground was the Junction Oval, in the Melbourne suburb of St. Kilda. In 1964, the team moved from St Kilda to Moorabbin, where they now train.

The team won their first and only premiership in 1966, beating Collingwood.  In recent years they have been more competitive, playing in the 1997 Grand Final, losing to Adelaide.  Between 2004 and 2011, St. Kilda established a period of dominance, playing in all but the 2007 finals series, and playing in the Preliminary Finals in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2009, St. Kilda went the first 19 games of the season without being beaten, only to lose to Geelong in the Grand Final by 12 points. In 2010 they played in the Grand Final and drew with Collingwood. A moment etched in the memories of St. Kilda supporters was the moment Stephen Milne opted to let the ball bounce through for a behind in the dying minutes, when he had the opportunity to secure St. Kilda's second premiership with a goal. They were defeated convincingly in a replay the next week. They have also placed last on the ladder 26 times since their establishment, the most of any team. 

St. Kilda has featured a number of star players, with 10 Brownlow Medalists, including Ian Stewart and Robert Harvey, who won the award twice. In 1987, Tony Lockett won the Brownlow Medal as well as the Coleman Medal kicking 117 goals.

St Kilda Brownlow Medallists:

 Colin Watson, 1925
 Brian Gleeson, 1957
 Neil Roberts, 1958
 Verdun Howell, 1959 
 Ian Stewart, 1965, 1966
 Ross Smith, 1967 
 Tony Lockett, 1987
 Robert Harvey, 1997, 1998

St Kilda Coleman Medallists:

 Charlie Baker, 1925 (30 goals)
 Bill Mohr, 1936 (101 goals)
 Bill Young, 1956 (56 goals)
 Tony Lockett, 1987 (117 goals), 1991 (118 goals)
 Fraser Gehrig, 2004 (90 goals), 2005 (74 goals)

References

Other websites
 St Kilda Football Club website

Australian Football League
Ingvar Carlsson

Ingvar Carlsson (born 9 November 1934 in Borås, Västra Götaland County (then Älvsborg County), Sweden), is a Swedish politician, former Prime Minister of Sweden (March 1986–October 1991; October 1994–March 1996) and leader of the Social Democratic Party (March 1986–March 1996). He became Prime Minister in 1986 when Olof Palme was assassinated.

References

References 
Ingvar Carlsson 

1934 births
Living people
Swedish economists
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Shilpa Shetty

Shilpa Shetty (Tulu: ಶಿಲ್ಪ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ) (born 8 June 1975) in Mangalore is a four-time Filmfare Award-nominated Indian movie actress and model. Since making her debut in the movie Baazigar (1993), she has appeared in nearly 50 more movies and made her first lead role in 1994's Aag. She currently resides at the centre of the Hindi-language movie industry in Mumbai, India. Her younger sister Shamita Shetty is also a Bollywood movie actress. 

Shilpa was announced as the winner of Celebrity Big Brother UK on 28 January 2007 with 63% of the final votes, after an international reported racism controversy involving her and fellow contestants Jade Goody, Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd. She is also a yoga practitioner, particularly interested in the Ashtanga vinyasa form of yoga and power yoga.

References 

1975 births
Living people
Big Brother winners
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Indian models
Indian movie actors
Third party (politics)

In any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two main ones. While the term should be used only when discussing the third largest party, it is often used to describe any smaller party. For example, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party other than the Conservative Party and Labour Party that has a presence in the House of Commons. In the United States, a third party is a political party other than the Democratic Party or Republican Party that has national influence.

The term "third parties" is used in countries with first past the post electoral systems as these systems tend to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are rare.

Countries using proportional representation have less of a tendency to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are common. In fact, coalitions between the smaller parties are normal in such a country. A party generally needs to have a certain level of success to be called a third party.  Smaller parties that only win a small percentage of the vote and no seats in the legislature are often called minor parties or fringe parties.

Third parties are not usually likely to win the presidency. Despite this, there are many reasons for third parties to run. In an election, the two main parties listen to the opinions of third parties. The larger parties must respond to these opinions, and sometimes the larger parties copy ideas from third parties.  Some third parties also hope that the party can slowly build its support and eventually become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party did in Britain.

Related pages
Liberal Democrats (United Kingdom)

References
 McGaughey, William (2003). The Independence Party and the Future of Third-Party Politics. Minneapolis: Thistlerose Publications. .  Personal odyssey of unsuccessful candidate for U.S. Senate in Minnesota's 2000 Independence Party primary.

Political parties
Paula DeAnda

Paula DeAnda (born 1989 in Corpus Christi, Texas) is an American singer. She is best known for her 2007 hit songs "Doing Too Much", "Walk Away (Remember Me)" and "Easy". DeAnda is of Mexican descent.

Easy
"Easy" is a song by DeAnda. It also has a remix with Bow Wow. This version is used in the PC video game, Bratz Babyz.

Singers from Texas
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
1989 births
Living people
Republican

Republican could mean:
 The form of government known as a republic
 Groups wanting to abolish a monarchy, for example, the Australian Republican Movement and the British republican movement (see Republicanism)
 A political party such as:
 Republican Party (United States) sometimes referred to as the GOP (Grand Old Party)
 Republican Party (France)
 Republican Party (Liberia)
 Republican Party (Malawi) part of the Mgwirizano Coalition
 The Republicans (Germany)
 Republican Party of São Paulo
 Fianna Fáil in Ireland–also called the Republican Party
 Vanuatu Republican Party
 Supporters of Irish Republicanism
 Institutions or supporters of particular historical republics, including:
 the ancient Roman Republic
 the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War
 various French Republics, most notably the French First Republic established during the French Revolution
 The Republican River of Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, USA.
Third party

Third party is often used in the English language to refer to a person or group that has some connection to a relationship between two parties. Here, a "party" is a person or group of people who act together. If two parties share a close relationship, a third party is farther away or more different from them. It could more directly mean:

 Third party (politics), in any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two dominant ones
 Third-party developer, a hardware or software developer not directly tied to the primary product that a consumer is using
 Third party (civil litigation), a party brought into a civil legal proceeding by a defendant or by another third party
 Third party beneficiary, a person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been a party to the contract; see also, Privity of contract
 Third party insurance

en:Third party
Canton of Fribourg

Fribourg is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland.  About 250,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 100,000 live in the urban area of the capital of this canton: Fribourg City.

Geography 
The canton of Fribourg is found in the west of Switzerland. The river Saane (Sarine) flows from the south to the north of the canton. It borders the cantons of Vaud, Bern and Neuchâtel.

Municipalities 
There are 168 municipalities in the canton of Fribourg:

Other websites 
 Official Site
Compass rose

A compass rose is a drawing on a map that shows the cardinal directions.

In other media
 Ursula K. Le Guin, The Compass Rose, collection of short stories, 1982 ISBN 0-06-014988-4
 "La Rosa de los Vientos", Spanish film written and directed by Patricio Guzmán, 1983

References

Navigation
Cartography
Cardinal direction

Cardinal directions or cardinal points are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as N, E, S and W.

North and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the afternoon in the west.

If a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which in some places differs from the direction of the North Pole by a few degrees.

Cardinal directions in world cultures 

Through history, different cultures have given different values to each direction. For example, in old Asian culture, each direction is given a color, as follows:

 East: Green or Blue
 South: Red
 West: White
 North: Black

Related pages
 Latitude 
 Longitude
 Compass

Compass directions
Social Democratic Party

This disambiguation page describes parties whose names are the "Social Democratic Party" or something similar. For a list of parties considered to follow the principles of social democracy, see List of social democratic parties.

The name Social Democratic Party has been used by many parties in various countries around the world.

Note: Country names and dates in parentheses are not part of official party names.
Knight (chess)

A knight is a piece in the game of chess. It is represented by a horse's head and neck. Each player starts the game with two knights. It moves in an L pattern, two squares in one direction then one square in another. It is the only piece in chess to be able to jump over other pieces. It is also the only piece that can be in position to attack a king, queen, bishop, or rook without also being attacked by that piece. Because of this, the knight plays forks well in a game of chess. 

'Knight' is shortened to Kt or N when recording games. In printed game scores it is represented by a figurine.

Knight
Queen (chess)

The queen in chess is piece which stands next to the King at the start of the game. It can move any number of unoccupied squares diagonally, vertically, and horizontally. When recording games it is shortened to Q.

The queen's movement 
The queen moves like a bishop and rook both. Although both players start with one queen each. A player may promote a pawn to a piece, usually a queen, when the pawn reaches the last line of the opponent team.

History of the queen in chess 
The IndoArabic game lasted for nearly a thousand years until the end of the 15th century. In it, the piece next to the Shah was the Firzān or Visier, who was a counsellor. This piece had a movement even more limited than the king: it moved just one square at a time, on the diagonal. Not surprising, then, that when the move changed into its modern form, the Italians called the new game schacci alla rabioso (~furious chess).

References

Related pages
Through the Looking-Glass

Chess pieces
Dennis the Menace

Dennis the Menace is the name of two different comic strips, which both debuted in 1951. One is a British comic strip, that is featured in the UK comic magazine, The Beano. The other is a daily newspaper comic strip from the United States. This daily strip was a single panel, but the Sunday strip was longer. The single panels were sometimes collected into small paperbacks. Dennis also had a comic book.

In Britain, Dennis is usually drawn as wearing a red and black striped jumper, and spikey black hair. He is normally with his black dog called Gnasher. 

In the United States, Dennis the Menace (Dennis Mitchell)  wore a red and white striped tee-shirt and bib overalls. He had blond hair and a large cowlick. His dog was a sheepdog called Ruff. Dennis'  parents are Henry and Alice. His neighbors are George and Martha Wilson. Dennis wants to be helpful but his attempts often end in disaster. Dennis' friends are Tommy Anderson, Joey McDonald, and Margaret Wade. In 1959, the comic strip was developed into a CBS television sitcom called Dennis the Menace. It stars Jay North as Dennis and Joseph Kearns as George Wilson. The series aired for four years and has been released to DVD.

Comic strips
5 BC

Year 5 BC was a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday of the Julian calendar.  At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Sulla.

Births 

 Emperor Guangwu of Han, ruler of China (d. AD 57)
 Lucius Vitellius the Elder, Roman consul and Governor of Syria (d. AD 51)
 John the Baptist (possible date)
 Jesus (possible date)
Taner Akçam

Altuğ Taner Akçam (born October 23 1953) is a Turkish historian, sociologist and author. He is one of the first Turkish academics to acknowledge and discuss openly the Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman Turkish government in 1915.

Other websites
 Armeniapedia entry
 Turkish Scholar Taner Akçam Lectures on New Book 

Turkish writers
1953 births
Living people
Turkish historians
Turkish scientists
Boredom

Boredom is an emotional state that comes when a person has nothing to do, and is not interested in anything. To stop boredom, most people do something to occupy or amuse themselves. 

The first known use of the word boredom is in the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, written in 1852, but the saying to be a bore had been used to mean "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768.

Psychologically, boredom is a bad state in which the person feels a deep lack of interest in what is going on around them, and where it is hard to focus.

References 

Emotions
Circle of latitude

On the Earth, a circle of latitude is an imaginary east-west circle that connects all locations with a given latitude. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude. Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other. It is measured in absolute location.

The five major circles of latitude are, from north to south:
 The Arctic Circle (66.5°N)
 The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)
 The Equator (0°)
 The Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)
 The Antarctic Circle (66.5°S)

Lines of latitude
J-pop

J-pop is a popular music in Japan. J-pop is a short name for Japanese pop, which means popular music or songs in Japan. Some people calls "歌謡曲" toward older songs. From around 1940s until recently, J-Pop has been influenced (affected) by Western popular music and culture. But new J-Pop nowadays sounds different than older J-Pop. This kind of music is common in Japan and it is often played by young and old music groups.

History 
There are many songwriters and singer-songwriters who have been playing Japanese pops. Such musicians follows: 

 Kyohei Tsutsumi (筒美京平) - He is a well-known songwriter for a long period of times. He is a pianist and also known as Jack Diamond, born on May 28, 1940 in Tokyo. He made many hits such as "Blue Light Yokohama" (ブルー・ライト・ヨコハマ), "Mata Au Hi Made" (また逢う日まで), "Watashi no Kare wa Hidari-kiki" (わたしの彼は左きき), Sentimental (センチメンタル) and so on. He was awarded for his works by an official renowned medal "紫綬褒章" from Japanese government in 2003.

 Yumi Matsutoya - Yumi Matsutoya, also known as Yuming, Yumi Arai or Karuho Kureta, is considered by many the "mother" of modern-day J-Pop. She has been one of the most successful Japanese singer-songwriters in the twentieth century in the world of pop music. Almost half of her albums reached number one at the Japanese Oricon charts, and all of her albums reached top 10 since her first album, Hikōki-gumo in 1973. She has sold over 37,800,000 copies of albums and singles. "NO SIDE" was made from Rugby game "Ooita Maiduru vs Tennri high school". The term 'j-pop' was coined in the 1990s.

Related pages
 List of J-pop artists
List of J-pop artists

A list of Japanese pop musicians and bands.



Numbers and symbols

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Lists of musicians
Ara Darzi

Ara Darzi (born 7 May 1960) is a British doctor. He was appointed head of Minister of Healthcare of Great Britain.

Ara Darzi was born in Iraq in a family with Armenian descent, which escaped the Genocide of 1915. But most of his life was lived in Ireland.

1960 births
Living people
Armenian diaspora
Iraqi people
British politicians
Puffy AmiYumi

Puffy AmiYumi was the one of the more popular J-pop groups of the 1990s. The band has two members, Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. It was first formed in 1996.

They had some success when they went to the United States to record and perform. They had a short-lived (April 22, 2003 – June 27, 2006) (118 episodes) cartoon television series on Cartoon Network called Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi.  It can still be seen occasionally on the Japanese version of Cartoon Network.

J-pop bands
Pop punk bands
Mika Nakashima

is a Japanese singer, model, and actress. She's 160 cm tall and her weight is 39 kg.

1983 births
Living people
Japanese movie actors
Japanese singers
Japanese models
People from Kagoshima Prefecture
Yui (singer)

For other meanings of Yui, see Yui.

YUI, is a Japanese musician. She was born 26 March 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan. She is signed to Sony Music Records Japan. She sings, and plays the guitar, keyboard and electric guitar, although she usually performs with only an acoustic guitar. She started in a Japanese movie released on 17 June 2006 titled 'Taiyō no Uta' (A Song to the Sun). She is popular with young girls,but she decided to stop her music activity as YUI in 2012. It means she carry on her music work but not YUI.

History

Before debut 
She dropped out high school because she want to live with music.Then she started taking music lesson at ongakujyuku.It is famous music private night-school.She practiced playing the guitar and making songs. She participated in music contest and got first prize.By that winning, she can get right to major debut.

2005~2007
She made a debut with "feel my soul". This is her first major song. Afterthat she made many hit songs.Especially,her fifth single goodbye days was hit.And she appeared in "taiyou no uta" that is the movie her song was used.

2008~2012

Songs 
YUI has released seven albums:

 From Me To You (2006)
 Can't Buy My Love(2007)
 I Loved Yesterday (2008)
 My Short Stories(2008)
 Holidays In The Sun(2010)
 How Crazy Your Love(2011)
 She Loves You(2012)
 Green Garden Pop(2012)
 Orange Garden Pop(2012)

And she makes many new single CD.

References

Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
1987 births
Living people
Zard

Zard was a J-pop music group. Zard's member was Izumi Sakai. Her true name is Sachiko Kamachi. She was a vocalist. Zard's other member changed many times. Zard's music did not often appear on television. The group had many famous songs, for example "Makenaide". Izumi Sakai was born in Fukuoka on February 6, 1967. She fought illness in Keiougijyuku University hospital. She had cervical cancer. Izumi Sakai died on May 27, 2007. When she died, she was 40 years old.

J-pop bands
Japanese rock bands
Wyolica

Wyolica is a two-person band from Japan. The members are Azumi (vocals) and So-to (guitar). The group is not well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.

Their first album, "Who Said La La?" was released in 2000. Since then they have released a number of albums and singles, including a six-song EP of acoustic songs.

Other websites 
 Official website

J-pop bands
Folk music groups
Crystal Kay

Crystal Kay Williams (born 26 February 1986 in Yokohama, Japan) is a J-Pop singer. She is also known as "Kuri" by her fans. She is well known for her songs "Koi ni Ochitara" and "Boyfriend -part II-". She has released ten Japanese studio albums. In 2003 she released an English album called Natural: World Premiere Album. She started singing on television commercials when she was four years old. When she was twelve she was signed to Epic Records. Kay's first album C.L.L Crystal Lover Light was released on March 23, 2000 when Kay was fourteen.

Albums
2000: C.L.L Crystal Lover Light
2001: 637 -Always and Forever-
2002: Almost Seventeen
2003: 4 Real
2005: Crystal Style
2006: Call me Miss...
2007: All Yours
2008: Color Change!
2010: Spin the Music
2012: Vivid

1986 births
Living people
Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Musicians from Yokohama
Speed (band)

SPEED is a Japanese music group. The group is made up of four female singers. They are from Okinawa, Japan. The members are Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. Hiroko and Eriko are lead vocal singers. 

When they debuted, Hiroko was 12 years old. They made their debut single “Body & Soul” in 1996. They have many songs which sold million records. 

They broke up in March 31, 2000. From 2000 to 2008, they have broken up and came back together several times. They made their latest come back in 2008.

Members
 Hiroko Shimabukuro (島袋寛子 born April 7, 1984)
 Eriko Imai (今井絵理子 born September 22, 1983)
 Takako Uehara (上原多香子 born January 14, 1983)
 Hitoe Arakaki (新垣仁絵 born April 7, 1981)

Discography

Singles
 Body & soul (1996)
 STEADY (1996)
 Go! Go! Heaven (1997)
 Wake Me Up! (1997)
 White Love (1997)
 my graduation (1998)
 ALIVE (1998)
 ALL MY TRUE LOVE (1998)
 Precious Time (1999)
 Breakin’ out to the morning (1999)
 Long Way Home (1999)
 One More Dream (2001)
 Be My Love (2003)
 Walking in the rain/Stars to shine again (2003)
 あしたの空 (2008)
 S.P.D (2009)

Albums
 Starting Over (1997)
 RISE (1998)
 MOMENT (1998)	
 Carry On my way (1999)
 SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear * Friends 1 (2000)
 SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear * Friends 2 (2000)
 BRIDGE (2003)

Other websites
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/speed/index.html 
 http://avexnet.or.jp/hiro/index.html
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/eriko/index.htm 
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/uehara/index.html 
 ''http://www.avexnet.or.jp/hitoe/index.htm 

Japanese musical groups
People from Okinawa Prefecture