cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Yassmin Abdel-Magied

Yassmin Abdel-Magied is a writer, social advocate, and an engineer. She helps women, youth, and ethnic minorities develop their communities. At 16 years old, Abdel-Magied created Youth Without Borders, an organization that provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities.

Biography 
Abdel-Magied was born on March 3, 1991 in Sudan and moved to Australia with her parents just before she turned two years old
She received the Dean’s Excellence Scholarship from the University of Queensland. In 2011, she graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering
In 2012, Abdel-Magied started working on oil and gas rigs as a field engineer (Measurement and Logging While Drilling specialist). In 2014, she moved to Perth, Australia to work as a drilling engineer on offshore rigs.

Achievements- 
Abdel-Magied has served on multiple boards and councils, including the boards of the Queensland Museum, the Australian Multicultural Council, the Queensland Design Council, United Nations Youth Australia and others. She currently sits on the board of ChildFund Australia, the Council of Australian-Arab Relations and OurWatch.

In December 2014, Abdel-Magied presented her first TED Talk about implicit bias. She published her first book, Yassmin’s Story, in 2016 with Random House.

Awards 
In 2007, Abdel-Magied received the Young Australian Muslim of the Year award. In 2010 she received the Young Queenslander of the Year award, in 2011 she was a finalist for the Queensland Young Australian of the Year Award. She was the winner of the Youth Leader category in the 2012 Australian Financial Review and Westpac 100 Women of Influence Awards and the youngest woman on the list. In 2015, Abdel-Magied was one of the finalists in Young Australian of the Year, being named Queensland Young Australian of the Year.

Youth Without Borders 
Abdel-Magied founded Youth Without Borders  in 2007 and has been the chair of the organization since its establishment. The organization provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities. One of the projects is a library for children and youth on a motorcycle. This motorcycle travels to villages that do not have access to libraries in Indonesia.

References 

1991 births
Living people
Australian people
Engineers
Sudanese people
Least developed country

A least developed country (LDC) is a country that the United Nations considers to be the least developed out of all the countries in the world. They normally have the lowest ratings on the Human Development Index. The idea to name LDCs started in the late 1960s. The first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in November 1971.

Classification process
Indicators are used to determine whether a country is a least devleoped country.
The gross domestic product, per person, is low. Currently, the average over three years is considered.
An index measuring social factors, such as health,  education and literacy among adults. Currently, the Human Assets Index is used for this purpose.
A third index looks at how vulnerable the economy is as a whole. Currently, the Economic Vulnerability Index is used.

To be considered a least developed country, a country must have high levels of poverty, low human resources and a vulnerable economy. The UN looks at indicators, such as gross national income, nutrition, health, education and literacy. Economic vulnerability is recorded on the Economic Vulnerability Index.

LDC criteria are reviewed every three years. Countries may stop being considered an LDC when indicators show that they have become developed enough. Since the LDC category was created, four countries have graduated to developing country status. The first country to do this was Botswana in 1994. The second was Cape Verde, in 2007. Then Maldives in 2011, and Samoa in 2014.  It is expected that Equatorial Guinea and Vanuatu will be the next countries to be promoted from LDC status.

, there are 48 least developed countries. There are also three countries which meet the criteria for LDC status, but have asked to not be included in the index: Ghana, Papua New Guinea and Zimbabwe.

Current list

The "least developed countries" according to the United Nations:

Africa (34 countries)

Asia (9 countries)

Oceania (4 countries)

Americas (1 country)

Related pages
 Developed country
 Developing country
 Third world
 List of countries by Human Development Index
 Poverty line
 Small Island Developing States

References

More reading
 United Nations, "LDCs: Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States"
 World Trade Organisation, ""WTO Launches Trade Initiative for Least Developed Countries", FOCUS newsletter, WTO, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1997 issue 24.

Other websites
 Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, United Nations 
 United Nations List of LDCs
Norma Cruz

Norma Angélica Cruz Córdoba (Norma Cruz) is a Guatemalan human rights  activist who works to stop violence against women.  Cruz is the head of the Fundación Sobrevivientes (Survivors' Foundation), a women's rights organization in Guatemala City.  In 2009, the US Department of State gave Cruz an International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Norma Cruz was born in Guatemala City in 1962.  Her father was a shoemaker and her mother was a cook.  As a teenager, Cruz was a student leader and a missionary.  When she was 15 years old, Cruz joined a convent.  Two years later, she left the convent, because she wanted a more political life.

Work 

Cruz started the organization Fundación Sobrevivientes on July 3, 1996.  It started as a women's support center.  Now it has a shelter for up to 20 women, teenagers, and children. In 2009, 110 people stayed at the shelter. The organization also gives legal help to women who want to take legal action in the courts.

Awards 

2009 International Women of Courage Award from U.S. Department of State

2009 Person of the Year by Prensa Libre, the leading newspaper in Guatemala

References

Other websites 

Fundación Sobrevivientes (Survivors' Foundation)

Living people
Guatemalan people
Human rights activists
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
1962 births
Frank Sinatra Jr.

Francis Wayne Sinatra (January 10, 1944 – March 16, 2016), professionally known as Frank Sinatra, Jr., was an American singer, songwriter, conductor and actor. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was the son of Frank Sinatra. He was known for his song "That Face!" and for appearing on some shows with Dean Martin. In later years, he was in some episodes of Family Guy.

He had an older sister, Nancy Sinatra and a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.

Sinatra was kidnapped, at the age of 19, on December 8, 1963 at Harrah's Lake Tahoe (room 417). Sinatra was released two days later after his father paid the $240,000 ransom demanded by the kidnappers.

Sinatra died suddenly of cardiac arrest in Daytona Beach, Florida on March 16, 2016. He was aged 72.

References

Other websites
 The Kidnapping of Frank Sinatra, jr.  FBI
 

1944 births
2016 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American conductors
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Florida
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Frank Sinatra
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Marion Patrick Jones

Marion Patrick Jones (16 August 1930 – 2 March 2016) was a Trinidadian novelist. She wrote about library science and social anthropology. She was also known by the names Marion Glean and Marion O'Callaghan (her married name). She was the author of two notable novels: Pan Beat, first published in 1973, and J’Ouvert Morning (1976). She was born in Port of Spain.

Jones died at her home in Port of Spain of heart failure on 2 March 2016 at the age of 85.

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Trinidad and Tobago people
Writers
Ralph C. Johnson

Ralph C. Johnson (1953 or 1954 – March 15, 2016) was an American politician and businessman. He was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. Johnson served as a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from 2015 until his death in 2016. He represented the 58th district.

Johnson died in a hospital in Greensboro, North Carolina after suffering a stroke. He was aged 62.

References

1950s births
2016 deaths
African American politicians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in North Carolina
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from North Carolina
Businesspeople from North Carolina
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
Alexander Esenin-Volpin

Alexander Sergeyevich Esenin-Volpin (also written  Ésénine-Volpine and Yessenin-Volpin in his French and English publications; ; May 12, 1924 March 16, 2016) was a Soviet-born American poet and mathematician. He was a known dissident, political prisoner and a leader of the Soviet human rights movement. He spent a total of fourteen years incarcerated and repressed by the Soviet authorities in prisons, psikhushkas and exile. He worked at Boston University.

In 1973 he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. In 2005, Esenin-Volpin participated in "They Chose Freedom", a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement.

Volpin died on March 16, 2016, aged 91.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Educators from Boston, Massachusetts
American mathematicians
American poets
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Russian mathematicians
Russian poets
Soviet writers
Scientists from Boston, Massachusetts
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
James Darren

James William Ercolani (born June 8, 1936), known by his stage name James Darren, is an American television and movie actor, television director, and singer. He was known for his roles as  Moondoggie in Gidget, Tony Newman in The Time Tunnel, and as Vic Fontaine in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.  One of Darren's successful top ten songs was "Angel Face," ca. 1960. 

Darren was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

Official website

Interview with James Darren about Frank Sinatra

1936 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
American television directors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lexa

Léa Cristina Lexa Araújo, better known by the stage name Lexa, is a singer, composer and Brazilian dancer. Her first single, the "Posso Ser" song, was released in December 2014 and became one of the most played tracks on Brazilian radio in 2015. This song is part of the EP of the same title released by Lexa in March 2015 and disclosed as a preview of her first studio album. In September 2015, the singer released her debut album, titled Disponível.

Career

2014-2015: Disponível
Lexa was discovered by Batutinha music producer, who, after watching it on YouTube, introduced her to entrepreneur Kamilla Fialho, who hired through K2L Entertainment Artistic agency. Thus, in December 2014 is released the first single from Lexa, the "Posso Ser" song, which reached the Top 30 on parade Hot 100 Airplay, Billboard Brazil, and became the 93rd most played song in the Brazilian radio stations in 2015.

Discography
 Posso Ser (2015)
 Disponível (2015)

Other websites

 

1995 births
Living people
Brazilian singers
People from Rio de Janeiro
Pop singers
Merrick Garland

Merrick Brian Garland (born November 13, 1952) is an American federal judge and politician. Garland is the 86th and current United States Attorney General during the Joe Biden administration since 2021. He was the chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 2013 to 2020. He was on that court from 1997 until 2021 after being nominated by President Bill Clinton.

In 2016, Garland was nominated by President Barack Obama to the Supreme Court to replace Antonin Scalia following his death. However, in a Republican-controlled senate, a confirmation hearing was never held and his nomination expired on January 3, 2017.

In January 2021, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Garland to be the United States Attorney General in his cabinet. He was confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn-in in March 2021.

Early life
Garland was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Harvard College and from Harvard Law School.

Judicial career
Garland practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the U.S. Department of Justice, where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City bombers.

In 1995, Garland was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and (following a delay in Senate confirmation) took the bench in 1997. In 2009 and 2010, Garland was considered by President Barack Obama for two openings on the Supreme Court.

Supreme Court nomination
On March 16, 2016, Obama nominated Garland to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia.

Garland has more federal judicial experience than any Supreme Court nominee in history. He is the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis F. Powell, Jr. in 1971.

After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, Garland's nomination was expired in January 2017 shortly before the inauguration of Donald Trump. Trump said he will announce his Justice nominee for the Supreme Court on January 31, 2017.

United States Attorney General
On January 6, 2021, then President-elect Joe Biden said that we would nominate Garland to be the United States Attorney General during his administration.

On March 1, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15-7 to advance Garland's nomination to a full Senate vote. On March 10, the Senate confirmed Garland by a vote of 70-30 to become the next Attorney General.

Personal life
Garland married Lynn in 1977. He lives in Bethesda, Maryland.

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
American judges
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from Maryland
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Independent politicians in the United States
United States Attorneys General
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from Maryland
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Ralph Ketner

Ralph W. Ketner (September 20, 1920 – May 29, 2016) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was known for being the founder of Food Lion (founded as Food Town). He founded the grocery store chain in the 1950s. During his career, Ketner has given away 35% of his profit to charity.

Ketner was born in Rimertown, North Carolina. He grew up during the Great Depression. He studied at Tri-State College in Angola, Indiana. Ketner is married to Anne Blizzard. They have two children. In March 2016, Ketner was hospitalized and diagnosed with colon cancer. He died on May 29, 2016 in Salisbury, North Carolina from the disease at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
 Mr. Ralph W. Ketner, D.B.A at Catawba.com

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Samuel H. Young

Samuel Hollingsworth Young (December 26, 1922 – September 23, 2017) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. He represented Illinois's 10 congressional district as a Republican. He served as a representative from January 3, 1973 through January 3, 1975. He was replaced by Abner J. Mikva.

Young was born in Casey, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois. Young died at his home in Glenview, Illinois on September 23, 2017 from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
Louise Arner Boyd

Louise Arner Boyd (September 16, 1887 – September 14, 1972) was an American explorer. She explored Greenland and the Arctic. She wrote many articles about her journeys and published two successful books. 

Boyd was a photographer on the trip over the Arctic Ocean in 1941. The crew on the trip to the Arctic called her the "Ice Woman".
Boyd was the first person to fly over the North Pole. She did this in 1955.

She was born in San Rafael, California. She died in San Francisco.

American explorers
1887 births
1972 deaths
People from California
State ratifying conventions

State ratifying conventions are one of the two ways established by Article Five of the United States Constitution for ratifying proposed constitutional amendments. Ratifying conventions have only been used on one occasion. This was in 1933 and was used to ratify the 21st Amendment. All other proposed constitutional amendments have been offered to the state legislatures for ratification.

The Constitution also provides that state ratifying conventions may also be used to propose a constitutional amendment. However, to date, none of the 27 amendments to the Constitution have been proposed by state conventions. A state ratifying convention may be called by a two-thirds vote by a state legislature.

References 

United States Constitution
United States presidential election

The election of the President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect vote in which citizens cast ballots for a set of members of the U.S. Electoral College. These electors then cast direct votes for the President and Vice President. If both votes result in an absolute majority, the election is over. If a majority of electors do not vote for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if a majority of electors do not vote for Vice President, the Senate votes. Presidential elections occur quadrennially on Election Day, which since 1845 has been the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, coinciding with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races. The most recent United States presidential election was held on November 3, 2020.

Eligibility 
To be eligible to be president, a candidate must:
 Be a natural-born citizen of the United States
 Be at least 35 years old
 Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years

Notes

References
Paul Daniels

Newton Edward Daniels (6 April 1938 – 17 March 2016), known by his stage name Paul Daniels, was an English magician and television performer. 

He was known for his show The Paul Daniels Magic Show. It ran on the BBC from 1979 to 1994. He was known for his catchphrase of "You'll like this ... not a lot, but you'll like it". 

He was born in South Bank, Middlesbrough. He married Jacqueline Skipworth in 1960. The couple had three sons: Gary, Paul and Martin. Daniels was married to his assistant Debbie McGee from 1988 until his death. 

Daniels died of a brain tumor in Wargrave, Berkshire, aged 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
BBC television presenters
Cancer deaths in Berkshire
Deaths from brain cancer
English television presenters
People from Middlesbrough
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Suaad Allami

Suaad Allami (Arabic: سعاد اللامي) or Suaad Abbas Salman Allami (Arabic: سعاد عباس سلمان العلمي ) is an Iraqi lawyer from Sadr City in Baghdad. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.   Alami started a women's center in Baghdad with the NGO Women For Progress.  Women for Progress was the first legal clinic for women in Iraq.

Life 

Allami graduated from Baghdad University School of Law in 1992. She worked as a lawyer in Iraq's family courts for seventeen years. 

In 2010 Allami received a Master's Degree (LLM) in Law and Human Rights from the University of Minnesota Law School.

Work 

Allami was in the Baghdad Provincial Council and Sadr City District Council from 2004 to 2009.  She wrote laws for the District and Sub-District Councils of Baghdad Province. 

Allami opened the first all female legal clinic in Iraq. She runs five women’s centers in Baghdad.

Awards 

Allami was named Female Lawyer of the Year by the Iraqi Women's Foundation in 2008. 

Allami received the International Women of Courage Award in 2009. 

From 2009 to 2010, Allami was the Distinguished Hubert Humphrey Fulbright Fellow at University of Minnesota Law School. 

She received the Massachusetts Bar Association Public Service award in 2010. 

In 2014, Allami received the vital voices Global Leadership award.

References  

 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Human rights activists
Iraqi politicians
Lawyers
People from Baghdad
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Superior, Wisconsin

Superior is a city in northwestern Wisconsin, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 27,244. Superior is at the western end of Lake Superior. It is also the county seat of Douglas County.

Superior was the last place that the Edmund Fitzgerald visited before it sank.

References

Cities in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Meir Dagan

Aluf Meir Dagan (; 30 January 1945 – 17 March 2016) was an Israeli politician. He was a former Israel Defense Forces officer. He was a former Director of the Mossad. He served as director from 2002 through 2011.

Dagan was born in the Soviet Union. He moved to Israel at age five.

Dagan died of liver cancer in Tel Aviv, Israel at the age of 71.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
Directors of intelligence agencies
Israeli generals
Israeli Jews
Jewish military people
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Organ transplant recipients
People of the Mossad
Soviet Jews
Larry Drake

Larry Drake (February 21, 1950 – March 17, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Benny Stulwicz on the television show L.A. Law, Robert G. Durant in Darkman and as Pops in Johnny Bravo. He won two Emmy Awards in 1988 and in 1989.

Drake died of cardiac arrest complicated by a rare form of blood cancer on March 17, 2016 in Hollywood, California at the age of 66.

References

Other websites

Emmy Award winning actors
1950 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from blood cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Zoltán Kamondi

Zoltán Kamondi (6 April 1960 – 17 March 2016) was a Hungarian movie director, actor, screenwriter and producer. He was born in Budapest, Hungary. He was known for directing Paths of Death and Angels.

Kamondi died on 17 March 2016 at the age of 55.

References

Other websites

Official Website 

1960 births
2016 deaths
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian screenwriters
Hungarian movie directors
Hungarian movie producers
People from Budapest
Marian Kociniak

Marian Kociniak (11 January 1936 – 17 March 2016) was a Polish movie and theatre actor. He was known for his role in the 1970 movie How I Unleashed World War II. He was born in Warsaw, Poland.

Kociniak died in Warsaw, Poland from a heart attack on 17 March 2016 at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Polish movie actors
Polish stage actors
People from Warsaw
Jean Miotte

Jean Miotte (1926 – 1 March 2016) was a French abstract painter. He worked with the style known as L'Art Informel. He was born in Paris. Miotte's work is preserved and studied at the Miotte Foundation in Manhattan. 

Moitte died in New York City, New York at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
Examples of Jean Miotte's work
Miotte biography and original prints
Home of Miotte Foundation 

1926 births
2016 deaths
French painters
Artists from Paris
James Douglas (actor)

James Douglas (May 20, 1929 – March 5, 2016) was an American actor. He best known for his role as Grant Colman on As the World Turns (1974–81, with return appearances in 1986 and 1989).

Personal life
Douglas was born in Los Angeles, California. He died on March 5, 2016 at the age of 86.

Career
His first major role came in 1964 when he joined the cast of the primetime soap Peyton Place. He played the role of Steven Cord.  He stayed with the series until it left the air in 1969.

He then turned mainly to daytime roles, appearing as Elliott Carrington on Another World from 1972 to 1974.  He then moved to As the World Turns.  He also appeared on The Edge of Night in 1984 and on One Life to Live as Dr. Marcus Polk (1985–87).

Movies
 G.I. Blues (1960) as Rick
 Sweet Bird of Youth (1962) as Leroy

References

Other websites
 

1929 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Erik Duval

Erik Duval (11 September 1965 – 12 March 2016) was a Belgian scientist. Duval chaired the informatics section of the computer science department of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. He also chaired the research unit on human-computer interaction. Duval died in Antwerp, Belgium from non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 50.

References

1965 births
2016 deaths
Belgian scientists
Computer scientists
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
People from Antwerp (province)
Solomon Marcus

Solomon Marcus (; March 1, 1925 – March 17, 2016) was a Romanian mathematician of Jewish descent. He was a member of the Mathematical Section of the Romanian Academy. He was also Emeritus Professor of the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Mathematics. 

His main research was in the fields of mathematical analysis, mathematical and computational linguistics and computer science, but he also published numerous papers on various cultural topics: poetics, linguistics, semiotics, philosophy and history of science and education.

Marcus died of heart failure on March 17, 2016 at the age of 91.

Related pages
List of Romanian mathematicians

Other websites
 Global Perspectives on Science and Spirituality (GPSS) 
 Publication list on his web page, at the "Simion Stoilow" Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy
 International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, Vol.I (2006), No.1, pp. 73–79, "Grigore C. Moisil: A Life Becoming a Myth", by Solomon Marcus, Editor's note about the author (p. 79)
 Marcus' articles on semiotics at Potlatch 
 Solomon Marcus  at the University of Bucharest

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Jewish scientists
Mathematicians
Romanian Jews
Romanian scientists
Vladimir Shainsky

Vladimir Yakovlevich Shainsky () (December 12, 1925 — December 25, 2017) was a Soviet and Russian composer. In the 1950s Shainsky played in Leonid Utyosov's orchestra. He taught young people how to conduct music. He worked as a composer and musical leader at different dance orchestras. He studied in Baku conservatory, the composers faculty.

Shainsky was born in Kiev.

Shainsky has been awarded many awards, including the USSR State Prize (1981), People's Artist of the Russian SFSR title (1986), Order of Friendship (1996), multiple laureate of the Russian (formerly Soviet) "Song of the Year" festival (since 1971).

Vladimir Shainsky died on December 25, 2017, at the age of 93, after a long illness at the San Diego Hospital in California, USA.

References

Other websites

Shainskiy's biography 
Another biography 

1925 births
2017 deaths
Russian composers
Musicians from Kiev
Nancy Olson

Nancy Olson (born April 14, 1928) is an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in Sunset Boulevard (1950). Other movies including The Absent-Minded Professor and Airport 1975 (1974). She has mostly retired from acting. Olson was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

References 

American television actors
American movie actors
1928 births
Living people
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Albert Abraham Michelson

Albert Abraham Michelson (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist. He was born in Strzelno (in Posen, Prussia, now in Poland) but grew up in California. He was known for his work on measuring the speed of light. That work led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907. He was the first American to receive it in the field of science.

Related pages
 Michelson–Morley experiment

References

Other websites

1852 births
1931 deaths
American physicists
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Donna Mills

Donna Mills (born December 11, 1940) is an American actress and producer. She began her television career in 1966 with a recurring role on The Secret Storm. She played Abby Cunningham on Knots Landing. She won several Soap Opera Digest Awards for this role. She also played Madeline Reeves in General Hospital in 2014-2015. She won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Guest Performer in a Drama Series.

Mills was born in Chicago, Illinois. Some sources give her birth date as 1942 or 1943.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Chicago
1940 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
R136a1

R136a1 is the most massive and luminous known star. It is a Wolf–Rayet star at the center of R136. 

Ri36 is the central group of stars of the large NGC 2070 open cluster in the Tarantula nebula. The nebula lies about 50 kiloparsecs (163,000 light-years) in the Large Magellanic Cloud. 

R136a1 has 265 the mass of the Sun, and 8.7 million times its luminosity. It is also one of the hottest at over 50,000 K. The cluster is only about 1.5 million years old, and is pouring out a huge amount of energy. Together, they outshine our Sun by a factor of 30 million.

The star is the largest of nine huge stars in the cluster.

References 

Stars
Madison (name)

Madison is a family name of English origin. It has become a popular first name in the United States. It was one of the most popular names during the 2000s–2010s for girls.

Although less common, the name has also been used for boys.

References

Surnames
Given names
Tarantula nebula

The Tarantula nebula (also known as 30 Doradus) is an H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). It was originally thought to be a star, but in 1751 Lacaille recognized it was a nebula.

The Tarantula nebula has an apparent magnitude of 8. Considering its distance of 49 kpc (160,000 light-years), this is an extremely luminous object. Its luminosity is so great that if it were as close to Earth as the Orion Nebula, the Tarantula nebula would cast shadows.

It is the most active starburst region known in the Local Group of galaxies. It is also one of the largest such regions in the Local Group with an estimated diameter of 200 pc.

30 Doradus has at its centre the star cluster NGC 2070 which includes the group of stars known as R136. This group puts out most of the energy that makes the nebula visible. The estimated mass of the cluster is 450,000 solar masses. It may become a globular cluster in the future.

In addition to NGC 2070, the Tarantula nebula has other star clusters, including the much older Hodge 301. The most massive stars of Hodge 301 have already exploded in supernovae. The closest supernova observed since the invention of the telescope, Supernova 1987A, occurred in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula. The remnants of many other supernovae are difficult to detect in the complex nebulosity.

References 

Nebulae
Rice allergy

Rice allergy is a type of food allergy. People allergic to rice react to some rice proteins after they eat rice or breathe in rice steam. Although some reactions might lead to severe health problems, doctors can diagnose rice allergy with many methods and help allergic people to avoid reactions.

Symptoms 
Some rice proteins are regarded as the causes of allergy in some people. People allergic to rice might have sneezing, runny nose, itching, asthma, stomachache or eczema after they eat rice. Besides eating rice, people with a rice allergy can have reactions breathing rice steam from cooked rice. Allergic people might have skin rashes and swellings. Moreover, they might stop breathing and die due to cardiac arrest.

Diagnosis 
People suspected of having a rice allergy can try diet avoidance on their own. First, they have to avoid rice for a couple of weeks. If they don’t have symptoms in the avoidance period, but have those when exposed to rice, they are most likely allergic to rice.

Specific rice IgE, a kind of antibody in human blood, will rise significantly when people are allergic to rice. A blood test shows the level of the antibody. 

A skin prick test, the most efficient diagnosis, shows the reactions in a short period. After being pricked in their skin with some rice mixture, allergic people will get itching and swelling in about 30 minutes.

Treatment 
Some symptoms might weaken if people get allergy shots. After getting several treatments for a long time, some allergic people will not have reactions afterwards.

Some reactions have been eased by replacing original rice with genetically modified rice. This is regarded as a new choice for rice allergic people.  Reactions might lessen by staying away from rice long-term.

Prevalence 
Unlike other food allergies, rice allergy is relatively uncommon.It has been reported worldwide but mostly in China, Japan or Korea.  Because rice is a major food in Asia, people from Asia are exposed to higher allergy risk than people from other areas.

References

Other websites 
 Rice Allergy, Southwest Allergy & Asthma Center
 Common Food Allergies

Physiology
Federalist No. 55

The Federalist No. 55 is an essay by James Madison. It is the fifty-fifth of a collection called the Federalist Papers. It was published on February 13, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. In this paper, Madison examines the size of the United States House of Representatives. It is titled, "The Total Number of the House of Representatives."

The paper discusses critics' objections to the relatively small size of the House of Representatives (sixty-five members). Madison notes that the size of the House will increase as population increases. In addition, he states that the small size does not put the public liberty in danger because of the checks and balances relationship the House of Representatives has with the state legislatures, as well as the fact every member is voted in by the people every two years.

References

Other websites 

The Federalist No. 55 Text 

Democracy
United States Constitution
1788 works
1788 in the United States
IC 10

IC 10 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia. 

It was discovered in 1887. Edwin Hubble suspected it might belong to the Local Group of galaxies, but this was uncertain for decades. The radial velocity of IC 10 was measured in 1962. It is approaching the Milky Way at about 350 km/s. This strengthened the evidence for its being in the Local Group. Its membership in the group was finally confirmed in 1996 by measurements of its distance by observations of Cepheids. Despite its closeness, the galaxy is rather difficult to study because it lies near the galactic plane of the Milky Way. It is heavily obscured by interstellar matter.

The apparent distance between IC 10 and the Andromeda Galaxy is about the same as the apparent distance between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, which suggests that IC 10 may belong to the M31 subgroup.

IC 10 is the only known starburst galaxy in the Local Group of galaxies. It has many more Wolf-Rayet stars per square kiloparsec (5.1 stars/kpc²) than the Large Magellanic Cloud (2.0 stars/kpc²) or the Small Magellanic Cloud (0.9 stars/kpc²). Although the galaxy has a luminosity similar to the SMC, it is much smaller. The evolutionary status of the Wolf-Rayet stars suggests they all formed in a relatively short period. The galaxy produces stars at the rate of 0.04–0.08 solar masses per year, which means that the gas supply in the galaxy can last for a few billion years longer.

Observations of IC 10 in the far-infrared show that the dust in this mild starburst galaxy is deficient in small grains. Perhaps small grains were destroyed by strong ultraviolet radiation in the areas around the hot luminous stars.

The galaxy has a huge envelope of hydrogen gas, with an apparent size measuring 68′ × 80′, which is far larger than the apparent size of the galaxy in visible light (5.5′ × 7.0′). IC 10 is also unusual in the respect that the visible part of the galaxy seems to rotate in a different direction than the outer envelope. It has an H II nucleus.

References 

Local galaxies
The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea is a novella by Ernest Hemingway that was written in 1951 and then published in 1952. It is Hemingway's most famous work, and also his final work to be published while he was alive. Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 for this work. Hemingway wrote it while he was in the Bahamas. The work tells the story of Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman who catches a giant marlin in the Gulf Stream.

1952 books
20th-century American novels
Works about old age
Water tank

A water tank is a container for storing water. The need for water tanks is as old as civilization. Tanks were used to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots also function as water storages. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water. In the 1980s, high density polyethylene rotationally molded water tanks became popular for home water storage.  Gardeners, for example, use various types of these tanks to store rain water.  A Water tower, usually made of metal, is a type of elevated water tank.

References 

Containers
Water
Tray Walker

Tray Walker (August 5, 1992 – March 18, 2016) was an American football cornerback. He played for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Southern, and was drafted by the Ravens in the 4th round of the 2015 NFL draft. He was born in Miami, Florida.

Walker died in Miami, Florida when he was dirt biking when his bike was hit by a car. He died the next day on March 18, 2016 from his injuries. He was aged 23.

References

1992 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United States
Baltimore Ravens players
Sportspeople from Miami, Florida
Lothar Späth

Lothar Späth (16 November 1937 – 18 March 2016) was a German politician of the CDU.

From 30 August 1978 to 13 January 1991, Späth was the 5th Minister President of Baden-Württemberg and chairman of the CDU Baden-Württemberg. He served as the 36th President of the Bundesrat in the 1980s.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Ministers-President of Baden-Württemberg
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Separation process

A separation process is a method used in science to separate two substances, that once formed a mixture. The type of separation process used depend on the mixture's properties and components. Here are examples of separation techniques: distilliation, evaporation, chromatography, filtration, fractional distillation and magnetism. The end product of the separation process is one or more pure compounds .

Chemistry
Physics
Les Tanyuk

Leonid (Les) Stepanovych Tanyuk (, August 7, 1938 – March 18, 2016) was a Ukrainian theatre and movie director. He was a dissident and the head of the Club of Creative Youth. After 1991's Ukrainian independence Tanyuk became a multiple re-elected member of the Ukrainian parliament.

Tanyuk died on March 18, 2016 in Kiev, Ukraine at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Ukrainian politicians
Ukrainian movie directors
People from Kiev
Jan Němec

Jan Němec (12 July 1936 – 18 March 2016) was a Czech movie director and screenwriter. His important work dates from the 1960s. Movie historian Peter Hames has called him as the "enfant terrible of the Czech New Wave." He was known for directing the 1966 movie A Report on the Party and the Guests.

References

Other websites
 Facebook Profile
 
 Czech Film: Jan Nemec's post-1989 films  
 Interview with Němec 
 Jan Němec: Interviews 1964–2014 (Rozhovory 1964–2014) (Camera obscura, Svatá Hora, Příbram, Czech Republic) (czech)

1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Czech movie directors
Czech screenwriters
Writers from Prague
Argentine real

The real was the former currency of Argentina. It was in circulation from 1813 to 1881 and was also the country's first currency used. During its period, the sol was also used and its value was equal to that of the real. The peso was worth 8 reales and the escudo was worth 16 reales.

References 

Currency of South America
Economy of Argentina
1813 establishments
19th-century establishments in Argentina
1810s establishments in South America
2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries

The 2012 Democratic presidential primaries and caucuses was how voters of the Democratic Party chose the candidate for the United States presidential election, 2012. The incumbent president, Barack Obama, won the primaries and caucuses after easily winning 88.87% of the popular vote, and all of the states and territories. No other candidates seriously challenged Obama.

Candidates 

Barack Obama was the only candidate who was on the ballot in all 50 states.

Results

Related pages 

United States presidential election
Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012

United States Democratic Party
United States presidential primary elections
From Russia with Love

From Russia with Love is the second James Bond movie made by Eon Productions. It is also the second to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Released in 1963, the film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman. It was directed by Terence Young. From Russia with Love is based on the 1957 novel of the same name written by Ian Fleming. In the movie, James Bond is sent to assist in the defection of Soviet consulate clerk Tatiana Romanova in Turkey, where SPECTRE plans to avenge Bond's killing of Dr. No. Rotten Tomatoes gave the move a 96% rating.

Cast
 Sean Connery as James Bond: Secret Intelligence Service Agent 007.
 Daniela Bianchi as Tatiana Romanova (voiced by Barbara Jefford): Soviet Embassy clerk and Bond's love interest. Fleming based Romanova on Christine Granville.
 Pedro Armendáriz as Ali Kerim Bey: British Intelligence station chief in Istanbul.
 Lotte Lenya as Rosa Klebb: A former SMERSH colonel, now chief operations officer for SPECTRE.
 Robert Shaw as Donald "Red" Grant: Cunning SPECTRE assassin and one of the principal Bond enemies.
 Bernard Lee as M: Chief of British Intelligence.
 Walter Gotell as Morzeny: SPECTRE thug who trains personnel on SPECTRE Island.
 Vladek Sheybal as Kronsteen: Chess grandmaster, and chief planning officer for SPECTRE.
 "?" (anonymous credit for Anthony Dawson (body) and Eric Pohlmann (voice)) as "Number 1" (Ernst Stavro Blofeld): Chief of SPECTRE and Bond's nemesis.
 Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
 Desmond Llewelyn as Major Boothroyd: Head of "Q" Section (British Intelligence gadgetry department).
 Eunice Gayson as Sylvia Trench: Bond's semi-regular girlfriend.
 Francis de Wolff as Vavra: Chief of a Gypsy tribe used for dirty work by Kerim Bey.
 George Pastell as the Orient Express train conductor.
 Fred Haggerty as Krilencu: A Bulgarian assassin who works as a killer for the Soviets in the Balkans.
 Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick as Vida and Zora, respectively: Two jealous Gypsy girls who are disputing the same man.
 Nadja Regin as Kerim Bey's lonely girlfriend.

References

Other websites 
 IMDb release dates
 From Russia With Love (1963) Official Trailer - Sean Connery James Bond Movie HD; YouTube

James Bond movies
1963 movies
Movies set in Turkey
Movies set in Scotland
Movies directed by Terence Young
Vajiralongkorn

Maha Vajiralongkorn (born 28 July 1952) is the King of Thailand since October 13, 2016. He is the only son of former King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. In 1972, the king gave him the title "Somdech Phra Borom Oras Adhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman" and the title made him the Crown Prince and heir apparent to the throne. Vajiralongkorn was also a marshal in the Thai military.

After his father's death on 13 October 2016, he succeeded to the throne of Thailand, with a delay, saying he needed "time to prepare before being proclaimed as the new king".  He accepted the throne on December 1, 2016. The coronation was held in May 2019.

Personal life
Vajiralongkorn has been married and divorced three times. He has three daughters and five sons. His four eldest sons were born before he married their mother. They are not able to succeed as king, because their titles have been removed.

On 1 May 2019, three days before his coronation, Vajiralongkorn married Suthida Tidjai, former acting commander of Royal Thai Aide-de-Camp Department.

Titles and styles 
 28 July 1952 – 28 December 1972: His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn
 28 December 1972 – 13 October 2016: Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn
 13 October 2016 - present: King Vajiralongkorn

References 

1952 births
Living people
Kings and queens
People from Bangkok
Thai military people
Thai nobility
Current national leaders
On Her Majesty's Secret Service

On Her Majesty's Secret Service is a James Bond movie. It was released in 1969. It stars George Lazenby as Bond. It also stars Diana Rigg and Telly Savalas. It is the sixth movie in the James Bond series. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming.

Cast 
 George Lazenby as James Bond
 Diana Rigg as Countess Tereza di Vicenzo
 Telly Savalas as Ernst Stavro Blofeld
 Bernard Lee as M
 Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
 Gabriele Ferzetti as Marc-Ange Draco
 Ilse Steppat as Fraülein Irma Bunt
 Angela Scoular as Ruby Bartlett
 George Baker as Sir Hilary Bray
 Bernard Horsfall as Shaun Campbell
 Desmond Llewelyn as Q
 Yuri Borienko as Grunther
 Catherine Schnell as Nancy
 George Lane Cooper as Braun
 Irvin Allen as Che-Che
 James Bree as Gebrüder Gumbold
 Julie Ege as Helen
 Virginia North as Olympe
 Leslie Crawford as Felsen
 John Gay as Hammond
 Geoffrey Cheshire as Toussaint
 Terence Mountain as Raphael

1969 movies
1960s action movies
James Bond movies
Movies directed by Peter R. Hunt
Movies set in Portugal
Movies set in Switzerland
Lyubka Rondova

Lyubka Vasileva Rondova, Ljubka Rondova or Lubka Rondova () (24 September 1936 – 15 March 2016) was a Bulgarian folk singer. She best known for performing and recording many of the traditional song from Macedonia as a folklore region. She was born in Sidirochori, Greece to Bulgarian parents. She was awarded the highest Bulgarian order Stara planina, First Degree in 2002.

Rondova died in Sofia, Bulgaria at the age of 79.

References

Other websites
 A folk song "Black death appeared" at Vbox7

1936 births
2016 deaths
Bulgarian singers
Robert H. Michel

Robert Henry "Bob" Michel (pronounced "Michael"; March 2, 1923 – February 17, 2017) was an American Republican Party politician.

He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years. He represented central Illinois' 18th congressional district, and was the GOP leader in Congress during the Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton presidencies from 1981 through 1995. He as Minority Leader from 1981 through 1995. He was also Minority Whip for 6 years from 1975 through 1981.

Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. He studied in Bradley University. Michel died on February 17, 2017 in Arlington, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 
 Information about Michel's Leadership positions (PDF File)

1923 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Virginia
United States representatives from Illinois
People from Peoria, Illinois
US Republican Party politicians
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives