cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Dutch defence

The Dutch defence is one of the oldest chess openings. It aims at counter-attacking the white K-side in the middlegame. White responds in various ways:

2.g3. This fianchetto of the KB signals White's attempt to control the central squares. It is the main line for tournament players. White continues with moves like Bg2, Nf3, 0-0, c4, Nc3.

2.Bg5. This is a hard move to understand. It makes 2...Nf6 doubtful, since 3Bxf6 doubles pawns and makes Black's game more difficult. Black usually plays 2...g6 to fianchetto his bishop before he plays ...Nf6. 2...g6 marks the Leningrad variation of the Dutch defence. The bishop cannot be chased successfully: 2...h6 3.Bh4 g5 4.Bg3 f4? 5.e3! threatens mate, and so wins the pawn on f4.

2.e4. This is Staunton's Gambit. After 2...fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 d5 5f3 White may or may not have enough for the f pawn.

Further reading

Chess openings
Carloman II of Burgundy

Carloman II of Burgundy(ca.750/751 - 771) was a Carolingian Frankish ruler, King of Burgundy and Neustria (768-771). His father was Pepin III. In 768, he inherited the south part of his father's kingdom. He died 3 years later.

750s births
771 deaths
Carolingian dynasty
Frankish rulers
Carloman I of Austrasia

Carloman I of Austrasia(706/710 - 17 August 754) was a Carolingian Frankish ruler. He was the son of Charles Martel and brother of Pepin III.

Sources 
 Fouracre, Paul. "The Long Shadow of the Merovingians" in: Charlemagne: Empire and Society, ed. Joanna Story. Manchester University Press, 2005. .

8th-century births
754 deaths
European politicians
Carolingian dynasty
Frankish rulers
St. Mirren Park

St Mirren Park, also known as "Greenhill Road", is a football stadium in Paisley, Scotland and is the home of St. Mirren FC. The capacity of the stadium is 8,023 all seated.

History
St. Mirren FC previously played at Love Street, which was also known as St. Mirren Park. Love Street was sold to the supermarket Tesco. The money from the sale was used to build the new ground.

The new St. Mirren Park was officially opened on 31 January 2009 by club chairman Stewart Gilmour and First Minister Alex Salmond, prior to the first match at the new ground. The game between St Mirren and Kilmarnock finished in a 1–1 draw, with the first goal at the new stadium being scored by Kilmarnock striker Kevin Kyle. Dennis Wyness scored St. Mirren's first goal at the new ground, in the same match. The opening match set the record attendance of 7,542, a record which still stands.

St. Mirren Park has become the regular home of the Scotland national under-21 football team.

Structure and facilities
The Stadium has four stands with a total capacity of 8,023. The North Stand is used by away fans but for larger away supports part of the West Stand can also be given to away fans.

Main Stand (Greenhill Road) - capacity 2,220.
West Stand (Craigielee Drive) - capacity 2,516.
North Stand (Ferguslie Park Avenue) - capacity 1,633.(Normally designated for away fans.)
South Stand (Drums Road) - capacity 1,654.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
2009 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Scotland
St Catharine's College, Cambridge

St Catharine's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called just Catz by the students. It was created in 1473 by Robert Wodelarke, who was the Provost (head) of King's College. At the beginning, the rules were that people could only study theology or philosophy but this changed with time. It now has about 600 students.

St Catharine's College takes its name from Catherine of Alexandria. She is the patron for learning in Christianity. The mother of King Henry VI was also called Catherine, so it is possible that the name comes from there. 

At the beginning, there was not much money for the college. There were also few students and Fellows (teachers). Over time though numbers went up. They had to make new buildings to let more students join the college. The modern first court, which only has three sides, was built between 1675 and 1757. In 1880, people started to think about joining St Catherine's College back with King's College, since they are right next to each other. However, this did not happen because the Master did not agree in the end.

Some important people have studied here, like Ian McKellen, an actor.

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1473 establishments
15th-century establishments in England
1470s establishments in Europe
Golden Hockey Stick

The Golden Hockey Stick () is an award given to the top Czech ice hockey player. It was first awarded to the top player in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League, beginning in the 1968–69 season. After the Czech Republic and Slovakia became separate countries in 1993, it was awarded to the top Czech player.

Jaromír Jágr has won this award more than any other player: ten times. Dominik Hašek has won it five times.

Winners (team in parentheses)

1969 Jan Suchý (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1970 Jan Suchý (Dukla Jihlava)
1971 František Pospíšil (HC Kladno)
1972 František Pospíšil (HC Kladno)
1973 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1974 Jiří Holeček (Sparta Prague)
1975 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1976 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1977 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1978 Ivan Hlinka (HC Litvínov)
1979 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1980 Peter Šťastný (HC Slovan Bratislava)
1981 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1982 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1983 Vincent Lukáč (HC Košice)
1984 Igor Liba (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1985 Jiří Králík (HC Gottwaldov)
1986 Vladimír Růžička (HC Litvínov)
1987 Dominik Hašek (HC Pardubice)
1988 Vladimír Růžička (HC Dukla Trenčín)
1989 Dominik Hašek (HC Pardubice)
1990 Dominik Hašek (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1991 Bedřich Ščerban (Dukla Jihlava)
1992 Róbert Švehla (HC Dukla Trenčín)
1993 Miloš Holaň (HC Vítkovice)
1994 Roman Turek (HC České Budějovice)
1995 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
1996 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
1997 Dominik Hašek (Buffalo Sabres)
1998 Dominik Hašek (Buffalo Sabres)
1999 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
2000 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
2001 Jiří Dopita (HC Vsetín)
2002 Jaromír Jágr (Washington Capitals)
2003 Milan Hejduk (Colorado Avalanche)
2004 Robert Lang (Detroit Red Wings)
2005 Jaromír Jágr (HC Kladno, Avangard Omsk)
2006 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2007 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2008 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2009 Patrik Eliáš (New Jersey Devils)
2010 Tomas Vokoun (Florida Panthers)
2011 Jaromír Jágr (Avangard Omsk)
2012 Patrik Eliáš (New Jersey Devils)
2013 David Krejčí (Boston Bruins)
2014 Jaromír Jágr (New Jersey Devils)
2015 Jakub Voráček (Philadelphia Flyers)

Source
 The Highest Competition in Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia 

Ice hockey trophies and awards
Ice hockey in the Czech Republic
Hugh de Lotharingia

Hugh de Lotharingia also called Hugh of Lotharingia (ca. 850/855 - 895) was a person in the Frankish royal family during the Carolingian dynasty.  A dynasty is a group of kings or queens who are related to each other by blood and rule the same place one after he other. He was the son of Lothar II by a woman who was not his wife.  Hugh's mother was Lothar's concubine Waldrada, meaning people knew she was the king's girlfriend. Hugh was the grandson of Lothar I. His title was Count of Lotharingia and Duke of Alsace.

When Hugh was young, his father was given then job of Count of Lotharingia also. In 865, he was named Duke of Alsace.

In 885, Hugh's uncle, Emperor Charles the Fat, accused him of plotting against him and had him blinded and thrown in a monastery.

References

850s births
895 deaths
Carolingian dynasty
Frankish rulers
Jenny Clack

Jennifer Alice Clack FRS (née Agnew; 3 November 1947 – 26 March 2020) was an English palaeontologist. She was curator at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, and Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at Cambridge University. Her career was devoted to studying the early evolution of tetrapods.

Lobe-finned fish in the Devonian evolved into tetrapods in a series of transitional fossils. Clack adopted the term "fishapod" to describe these animals. They then colonized the freshwater swamps of the Carboniferous period.

Life 
Clack attended Bolton School, one of the oldest schools in Lancashire. She received a BSc in Zoology from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1970. and a PhD in 1984. She also held a Graduate Certificate in Museum Studies from the University of Leicester and an M.A. and D.Sc. from the University of Cambridge.

In 2006, Clack was awarded a personal chair by the University of Cambridge, taking the title Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology. In 2008 she was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2009.

The fairly complete fossil of Acanthostega she discovered in Greenland in 1987 is a transitional, water-bound primitive tetrapod.

In April 2012 she was featured in an episode of the BBC television series Beautiful Minds, a set of documentaries about scientists who have made important discoveries.

Clack died on 26 March 2020 at the age of 72.

Books and articles 
2000. The origin of tetrapods. In Amphibian biology, vol 4. Heatwole H. and Carroll R.L. (eds) Surrey Beatty pp. 973–1029. and (with Carroll R.L.) Early Carboniferous tetrapods.  pp. 1030–1043
2002. An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'. Nature 418, 72–76 
2005. Fossil vertebrates: Palaeozoic non-amniote tetrapods. Encyclopaedia of Geology. Elsevier, Oxford 2: 468-497
2005. Getting a leg up on land. Scientific American.  
2012. Gaining ground: the origin and early evolution of tetrapods. 2nd ed,  Bloominton, Indiana: Indiana University Press. , ()

References

Other websites 
Jenny Clack on the Cambridge University website 
Home page - Jennifer "Jenny" Clack
Profile on PBS website
Interview on PBS website

1947 births
2020 deaths
English palaeontologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Dina Manfredini

Dina Manfredini (née Guerri, 4 April 1897 – 17 December 2012) was an Italian-born American supercentenarian who was, at the time of her death, the oldest person ever born in Europe (if discounting possibly disputed Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment), surpassing the record of Danish-born Christian Mortensen by just five days, as well as the eighth verified person ever.

Personal history
Manfredini was born in Pievepelago, Modena, Emilia-Romagna. She moved to Des Moines, Iowa in 1920 with her husband Riccardo Manfredini, whom she raised four children with, of whom three were living at the time of her death. She worked in an ammunition factory during World War II and cleaned houses until she was 90. Her husband died at the age of 79 in 1965, when she was 67. After her husband's death she lived alone until moving into a nursing home at the age of 110. Besides four children, she even had seven grandchildren, seven great-grandchildren and twelve great-great-grandchildren.

Death
Manfredini, who became the world's oldest living person after Besse Cooper's death on 4 December 2012, died of natural infection at 9:30am on 17 December 2012, just 13 days later and a week before her successor as the oldest living woman Japanesewoman Koto Okubo's 115th birthday, at age 115 years, 257 days, and was succeeded as the oldest living person by Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura, who was just 15 days younger, and as the oldest living person in the United States by Gertrude Weaver, who was 15 months younger.

References 

American supercentenarians
People from Emilia-Romagna
Deaths from natural causes
1897 births
2012 deaths
Gabriel Abraham Rojas

Gabriel Abraham Rojas or Gabriel Rojas (born 1985 in Mérida, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan athlete. 

In 2007, he was 68th in Triathlon World Championship. In 2009, he got the bronze medal in the 16th Bolivarian Games in the sprint and team categories. Those games were played in Tarija region, in the south of Bolivia. In 2011 he was Aquatlon Venezuela Champion.

He currently holds the record in the Hebraic Triathlon (2004) with a time of 1:53:04.

References 

1985 births
Venezuelan sportspeople
Living people
2034

2034 (MMXXXIV) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

Date unknown
The 2034 Winter Olympics will be held.

September 
 September 28 – Lunar eclipse.

Date unknown 
 Switzerland will phase out the last of its nuclear power plants.
 Alberto Fujimori, former President of Peru, is eligible for release from prison.
 Aurigny will retire the last of its Trislander fleet.

In fiction 
 The anime comedy Copihan is set in the year 2034.

References 

 
Years in the future
2033

{{year nav|2022

2033 (MMXXXIII) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

Date unknown 
 The final phase of Britain's HS2 rail link will be complete.
 NASA hopes to send humans to Mars.
 The ESA's Aurora programme plans to send a manned spacecraft to Mars.

In fiction

Movies 
 Death Racers (2008): The movie depicts a second American civil war that begins in 2030 and ends in 2033 with the construction of a large prison-city similar to the situation in Escape from New York.
 Tank Girl is set in this year.
 2033 (movie) (2009): A Mexican science fiction movie.

Music
 "Drive-In Saturday" (1973) by David Bowie, depicting a world placed in 2033 in which its inhabitants have forgotten how to reproduce and need to watch old porn movies to remember how it's done.

Books 
 Metro 2033  is set in the year 2033, as is its video game counterpart.

Other 
 Svedka vodka advertises that in the year 2033 Svedka will be the most popular vodka in the world.

References 

 
Years in the future
2028

2028 (MMXXVIII) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

April
 April 14 – Partial solar eclipse

June 
 June 26 – Asteroid  will pass  from the Earth.

July 
 July 21 – August 6: 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles, California, United States.
 July 22 – A total solar eclipse will be visible across Australia, including Sydney, and New Zealand.

October 
 October 26 – Asteroid  will pass  from the Earth.

November 
 November 7 – The United States presidential election will take place.

Date unknown 
 End of replacement of A-10 Thunderbolt and F-16 Fighting Falcon fleets with F-35 Lightning II.
 Institution of African Monetary Union, bringing a common currency to members of the African Union.
 Lease on Moldauhafen port lot in Hamburg, Germany, to the Czech Republic is set to expire.
The 2028 Summer Paralympics will be held in Los Angeles.

In fiction

Computer and video games 
 Blood II: The Chosen (1998)
 Carmageddon (1997)
 Trauma Center: New Blood (2007)

References 

 
Years in the future
Rodney Yano

Rodney Jamus Takahashi Yano (December 13, 1943 – January 1, 1969) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Vietnam War.

Early life
Yano was born in Hawaii. His grandparents were Japanese immigrant parents.  Yano was a Sansei, which means that he was a third generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Yano joined the Army from Honolulu, Hawaii in 1963, When he died in January 1969, he was as a Sergeant First Class in the Air Cavalry Troop, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment.

He was age 25 at his death.  He was buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Medal of Honor citation
Yano's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Vietnam in 1969. He grabbed burning ammunition and threw it from the aircraft after being seriously wounded by a grenade explosion aboard a helicopter.

The words of Yano's citation explain:
Sfc. Yano distinguished himself while serving with the Air Cavalry Troop. Sfc. Yano was performing the duties of crew chief aboard the troop's command-and-control helicopter during action against enemy forces entrenched in dense jungle. From an exposed position in the face of intense small arms and antiaircraft fire he delivered suppressive fire upon the enemy forces and marked their positions with smoke and white phosphorus grenades, thus enabling his troop commander to direct accurate and effective artillery fire against the hostile emplacements. A grenade, exploding prematurely, covered him with burning phosphorus, and left him severely wounded. Flaming fragments within the helicopter caused supplies and ammunition to detonate. Dense white smoke filled the aircraft, obscuring the pilot's vision and causing him to lose control. Although having the use of only 1 arm and being partially blinded by the initial explosion, Sfc. Yano completely disregarded his welfare and began hurling blazing ammunition from the helicopter. In so doing he inflicted additional wounds upon himself, yet he persisted until the danger was past. Sfc. Yano's indomitable courage and profound concern for his comrades averted loss of life and additional injury to the rest of the crew. By his conspicuous gallantry at the cost of his life, in the highest traditions of the military service, Sfc. Yano has reflected great credit on himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

Namesake
Yano is the namesake of the USNS Yano (T-AKR-297), a Shughart class cargo ship. She is a 'roll-on roll-off' non-combat United States Navy designated a "Large, Medium-speed, roll-on/roll-off" (LMSR) ship.

Yano Fitness Center at Camp Zama, Japan and Yano Hall Helicopter Maintenance Facility  at Fort Rucker, Alabama are named in his honor.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 

1943 births
1969 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
2049

2049 (MMXLIX) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events

May 
 May 7 – Transit of Mercury.

December 
 December 20 – The present "One country, two systems" with Macau, guaranteed for 50 years starting from December 20, 1999 provided under the Basic Law, will expire.

Date unknown 
 The 99-year lease in the Churchill–Roosevelt Destroyers for Bases Agreement, in which the United States traded 50 destroyers to the British Commonwealth in return for the right to use several British colonial possessions as bases, will expire, barring a renegotiation.

In fiction 
 The technology  that allows a person to control a Custom Robo is developed by Ergo Corp., according to the Custom Robo series of video games.
 The events of the series IGPX take place.
 The Disney Channel movie Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century takes place in 2049, 50 years after the movie debuted on television in 1999.
 The video game Vectorman takes place in 2049
 The video game Miner 2049er takes place in 2049
 The video game M.A.C.H. takes place in 2049
 The video game When it's Over takes place in early 2049
 The video game Nier takes place in 2049
 The video game Crimson Tears is set in Tokyo in 2049

 
Years in the future

 The 2017 Film Blade Runner 2049 takes place in the year 2049
St Edmund's College, Cambridge

St Edmund's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only has students who are at least 21 years old. They can be both undergraduates or postgraduates. It was created in 1896 and is named after St Edmund of Abingdon who was an Archbishop of Canterbury.

The college is found northwest of the city of Cambridge. It has about 450 students. At the beginning, it mainly had Roman Catholic students because it was built a short time after they were allowed back again in the University. Now it has a very international feeling. It was only in 1998 that St Edmund's was given full college status. Before, it was only considered a "House of Residence" by the University.

Some important people have studied here, like Georges Lemaître, an astronomer. Sir Martin Evans and Amartya Sen, who both won Nobel Prizes, were Fellows (teachers) here. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was an Honorary Fellow.

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1896 establishments in England
Jonathan Motzfeldt

Jonathan Motzfeldt (25 September 1938 – 28 October 2010) was the first and third Prime Minister of Greenland.

References

Other websites
Gyldendal encyclopedia entry

1938 births
2010 deaths
Prime Ministers of Greenland
Henrikh Mkhitaryan

Henrikh Mkhitaryan (, born 21 January 1989) is an Armenian football player. He current plays for Borussia Dortmund of the German Bundesliga and Armenian national football team and Manchester unitted.

Club Career statistics
.

1989 births
Living people
Armenian sportspeople
2045

2045 (MMXLV) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events
August 12 – A solar eclipse will occur from northern California to Florida.
October 24 – 100th anniversary of the United Nations

Date unknown
Futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts a technological singularity for 2045, i.e. a runaway cycle of self-improvement by intelligent machines, resulting in explosive technological development.
Based on Ray Kurzweil's ideas, Time magazine predicts humans will be immortal by this year.
Demographic projections "foresee the population of Egypt overtaking that of Russia by 2045," according to Niall Ferguson.
Two of Japan's largest cities - Tokyo and Osaka - will be connected by a direct high-speed maglev route.
The United Kingdom is set to overtake Germany as Europe's leading economy.

In fiction
In the novel 2045: A Story of Our Future, Peter Seidel portrays what the world could be like in 2045, if current trends in environmental destruction, population growth, and economic inequality continue.
Beginning of Corporation War in Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere
In South Africa white minority rule comes to an end as most of the whites are massacred in an uprising, in John Wyndham's The Outward Urge.
The American Dad character Klaus has a body again and a grandson.
The events portrayed in the movie Critters 4 take place in 2045.
Time in History where Command & Conquer: Tiberium Wars, the 3rd Tiberium War takes place.
In Macross 7, The main events of the series take place in this year.
Doomsday in Angels & Airwaves movie L)VE (LOVE)

References

 
Years in the future
First Lieutenant

First lieutenant is a military rank in many armed forces. They are considered commissioned officers and in some militaries an appointment.

The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations. In the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior (second lieutenant) rank. In navies it may relate to a particular post rather than a rank.

U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force
In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer. It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services.

U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard
In the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard, first lieutenant is a position title, instead of a rank. It is held by the officer in command of the deck department. On smaller ships, the first lieutenant holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign. On larger vessels, the position is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as aircraft carriers, a lieutenant commander or even commander. However, on submarines, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the first lieutenant may be a senior enlisted member, such as a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer.

References

Military ranks
Air Force Instruction

An Air Force Instruction (AFI) is a documented instruction for members of the United States Air Force. It is intended for use by active duty, guard, and reserve members and associated civilians.  It is one of many forms of directives published by the Air Force Departmental Publishing Office (AFDPO).  In almost all cases, an Air Force Instruction is a form of a general order; and violation of the AFI by an Airman subject to it can be punished under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

References

United States Air Force
Corporal

Corporal is a military rank that is used by most militaries. It is also used by some police forces or other uniformed organizations.

In the United States Army a Corporal is usually a fire team leader or second-in-command of a squad of soldiers. In the United States Marine Corps, Corporal is the rank for a team leader of a squad, machine gun team or the equivalent. 

It is equal in grade but senior by job title to specialist in the U.S. Army.

References

Other websites

Military ranks
Baramulla Tehsil

Baramulla () is a sub-district of Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an armed conflict in India. It is being fought between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian government.

Related pages

List of ongoing armed conflicts

References

Politics of India
20th century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
Communism
Insurgencies
20th century in India
Factor (medicine)

A risk factor in medicine is something that causes, or helps to cause, a medical condition. 
For example, smoking or breathing in somebody else's tobacco smoke (called second-hand smoke) is a risk factor for emphysema and lung cancer.

A trigger factor causes the symptoms of a medical condition to begin in a person who already has that medical condition. Example: Smoking or breathing in someone else's smoke can be a trigger factor for asthma. The person already had asthma but the smoke caused an asthma attack.

References

Medicine
Zig Ziglar

Hilary Hinton "Zig" Ziglar (November 6, 1926 – November 28, 2012) was an American author, historian, salesman, educator, and motivational speaker. He was a supporter for the Republican Party.

Ziglar was born on November 6, 1926 in Coffee County, Alabama. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, in Plano, Texas, and in Yazoo City, Mississippi. Ziglar studied to part of the United States Navy at the V-12 Navy College Training Program. He studied to write at University of South Carolina.

Ziglar was married to Jean Ziglar from 1946 until his death in 2012. They had four children, one of them died in 1995. He had seven grandchildren. Ziglar died on November 28, 2012 in Plano, Texas from pneumonia, aged 86. He is buried in McKinley, Texas.

References

Other websites

Booknotes interview with Ziglar on Zig: The Autobiography of Zig Ziglar, October 6, 2002. 

1926 births
2012 deaths
American historians
American activists
Deaths from pneumonia
Educators from Mississippi
Businesspeople from Dallas, Texas
Businesspeople from Alabama
Businesspeople from Mississippi
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
People from Plano, Texas
People from Yazoo City, Mississippi
Republicans (United States)
Writers from Alabama
Writers from Mississippi
Writers from Dallas, Texas
Educators from Dallas, Texas
Educators from Alabama
Landman (rank)

Landman (or, in the United States Navy, Landsman) was a military rank given to naval recruits.

United Kingdom
In the middle of the 18th century (c.1757) the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom used the term Landman. This referred to a seaman with less than a year's experience at sea.  After a year, the Landman was usually promoted to the rank of Ordinary Seaman. 

Most were acquired by impressment (a common method of recruitment from c.1700-1815). Landmen were usually between the ages of 16 and 35. While seasoned sailors (who started as Ordinary Seamen) could be impressed up to the ages of 50 to 55 depending on need. In 1853 the practice of impressment ended after the passing of the Continuous Service Act. The rank's title was changed to Apprentice Seaman. The term Landman evolved into a more formal rating for a seaman assigned to unskilled manual labor.

United States of America
Landsman was the lowest rank of the United States Navy in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was given to new recruits with little or no experience at sea. Landsmen performed basic unskilled work aboard ship. A Landsman who gained three years of experience or re-enlisted could be promoted to Ordinary Seaman. The rank existed from 1838 to 1921.

References

Further reading
N.A.M. Roger.  The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.

Military ranks
Ordinary seaman (rank)

Ordinary seaman is a military rank used in naval forces.

United Kingdom 
The term Ordinary seaman was used in the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century. The term was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years' experience at sea. They showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain. A seaman with less than a year's experience was referred to as a landman. A sailor with more than two years' experience was referred to as an able seaman.

Later, the term was formalized as a rating for the lowest normal grade of seaman. They are not trained in any special task. They are required to work at physically hard tasks of great variety. One needs an Ordinary Seaman Certificate to obtain work. One can become an able seaman as a promotion from this position.

United States 
Ordinary seaman was the second-lowest rank of the 19th century United States Navy. It ranked above landsman and below seaman. Promotion from landsman to ordinary seaman required three years of experience or re-enlistment. An ordinary seaman who gained six years of experience and knew the name and use of every line in the ship's rigging, could be promoted to seaman. An ordinary seaman's duties aboard ship included "handling and splicing lines, and working aloft on the lower mast stages and yards."

The rank existed from 1797 to 1917, when it was renamed "seaman second class". Seaman second class was later changed to the modern-day rank of seaman apprentice. The related ranks of ordinary seaman second class and ordinary seaman, engineer's force, existed in 1876–1885 and 1871–1883, respectively.

Other countries 
The term ordinary seaman is currently used in the Royal Canadian Navy and Irish Naval Forces (who inherited the military ranking structure from the previous generation of Royal Navy, Army, and Air Force ranks.)

References

 N.A.M. Roger.  The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy.  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.

Military ranks
Lake Tōya

is a Japanese lake in Shikotsu-Toya National Park on the island of Hokkaidō, Japan.

History
The 2008 G8 Summit was held at Lake Tōya.

Geography
It is the ninth largest lake in Japan.

References

Other websites
 Guide of Lake Toya 
 Toya Usu Geopark 

Geography of Japan
Staff Sergeant

Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in several countries.

The originated when they were part of the staff of a British Army regiment. They were paid at that level rather than as a member of a battalion or company.

United States
Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Army

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Marine Corps

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Air Force 
Staff Sergeant (SSG) is the title of the E-6 rank in the U.S. Army and United States Marine Corps. It is just above Sergeant. It is just below Sergeant First Class in the U.S. Army or Gunnery Sergeant for the Marine Corps. It is a non-commissioned officer.

In the United States Air Force a Staff Sergeant (SSgt) is the title of an E-5. It ranks just above Senior Airman (SrA) and below Technical Sergeant (TSgt). It is the Air Force's first non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank.

References

Other websites
United States Army Staff Sergeant duties 
U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
Enlisted rank insignia

Military ranks
USS Colorado (1856)

The first USS Colorado was a -class, three-masted steam screw frigate. It was launched on 19 June 1856 by the Norfolk Navy Yard. It was sponsored by Ms. N. S. Dornin and commissioned on 13 March 1858. Captain W. H. Gardner was in command.

Pre-Civil War
Colorado put to sea from Boston on 12 May 1858. It then cruised into Cuban waters to stop the practice of search by British cruisers until 6 August. She then returned to Boston and was placed in ordinary until 1861.

Prizes

Decommissioned
Returning to New York on 30 May 1876, Colorado was placed out of commission on 8 June. From 1876-1884, she was used as a Receiving Ship at New York Navy Yard. She was sold on 14 February 1885 to a private company; and broken up for salvage material and burned for her copper fastenings.

Notes

References

 Silverstone, Paul H. Warships of the Civil War Navies Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1989, .

Other websites

Naval ships of the United States
Lori Loughlin

Lori Loughlin (born July 28, 1964 in Queens, New York) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television but has acted in some movies. She played Rebecca in the television sitcom Full House and Debbie Wilson in 90210. she was played as a cast member in the TV Show Dream Love.

Loughlin and her husband were among dozens charged by the FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office on March 12, 2019, in a large-scale nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal.

References

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1964 births
Living people
American movie actors
Yamaguchi (name)

Yamaguchi (Japanese: 山口) is a common Japanese surname and the name of a prefecture in Japan. The word means mountain mouth. Famous people with the name Yamaguchi include:

Kristi Yamaguchi- ice skater
Satoshi Yamaguchi-football player
Takahiro Yamaguchi- footballer
Kei Yamaguchi- footballer
Tetsuharu Yamaguchi- footballer
Atsushi Yamaguchi- footballer
Takeshi Yamaguchi- footballer
Otoya Yamaguchi assassin
Toshihiro Yamaguchi- footballer
Motohiro Yamaguchi- footballer
Yoshitada Yamaguchi- footballer
Takayuki Yamaguchi- footballer

Japanese-language surnames
Susan Dey

Susan Dey (December 10, 1952 in Pekin, Illinois) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She portrayed Laurie Partridge in the series The Partridge Family and received a Golden Globe Award for acting as Grace Van Owen in the series L.A. Law.

References

Other websites

Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1952 births
Living people
Nevill Ground

The Nevill Ground is a cricket ground in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent. It played host to one One Day International during the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the group stage match between India and Zimbabwe in which Kapil Dev scored 175 not out. The Nevill Ground is recognised in cricket for having rhododendron bushes around the edge of the pitch.

References

Cricket in England
Kent
Sport in England
Kay Bailey Hutchison

Kay Bailey Hutchison (born July 22, 1943) is an American politician. Hutchison was the 22nd United States Permanent Representative to NATO from August 28, 2017 to January 20, 2021. She was the senior Senator from Texas. Hutchison is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. In 2001, she was named one of the thirty most powerful women in America by the Ladies Home Journal.

On June 29, 2017, Hutchison was nominated to be the next United States Permanent Representative to NATO by Donald Trump. She was confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote on August 3, 2017.

References

1943 births
Living people
People from Galveston, Texas
Permanent Representatives of the United States to NATO
United States senators from Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Women diplomats
Women politicians
Gunner's mate

The United States Navy occupational rating of gunner's mate (GM) is given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) to enlisted sailors. They must either complete school training or by showing they are familiar with the field of ordnance.

The Gunner's Mate school is held at Naval Training Center Great Lakes, Illinois.  The school was originally very hands-on. It is now primarily conducted through self-study computer-based training (CBT). The training focuses on the operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of Naval guns, missile launchers, and torpedoes. It has a strong emphasis on basic explosives, guidance and tracking systems, small arms, Naval ammunition classification, and safety. Upon completion of this school enlisted members often continue on to a specialized school. At the specialized school they learn a particular weapons system.

A GM will specialize in weapons such as the M500 shotgun, M60 machine gun, M14 rifle, M2 Browning machine gun, M9 pistol, M11 pistol, M16 rifle, M240 machine gun, M203 grenade launcher, M79 grenade launcher, M1911 pistol, M1 Garand, Mk 19 grenade launcher, Mk 18 Mod 0 Carbine Rifle, 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, M242 Bushmaster chain gun, Vertical launching system, Missiles, torpedoes, pyrotechnics, hand grenades, non-lethal weapons, force protection & anti-terrorism, as well as operating shooting ranges, armories, and the storage and issue of ammunition.

Notes

Other websites

 GM from Navy Personnel Command (NPC): Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) 
 Enlisted Ratings and Jobs in the US Navy (Historical)
 Navy Ratings, Past and present
 Navy Speciality ratings & Emergency ratings 

Military ranks
Sergeant First Class

Sergeant First Class is a military rank in some military's and other uniformed organizations around the world. It is typically a senior non-commissioned officer.

United States Army

Sergeant First Class (SFC) is the seventh enlisted rank (E-7) in the U.S. Army. It is above Staff Sergeant and below Master Sergeant and First Sergeant. It is the first senior non-commissioned officer rank.

References

Other websites
 U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images

Military ranks
USS Benicia (1868)

USS Benicia was a screw sloop in the United States Navy during the late 19th century. She was named for Benicia, California.

History
Benicia was launched 18 August 1868 by Portsmouth Navy Yard as Algoma. She was renamed Benicia on 15 May 1869. It was commissioned 1 December 1869 with Commander S. Nicholson in command.

Between March 1870 and August 1872, Benicia served on the Asiatic Station. It took part in Rear Admiral John Rodgers' expedition to Korea (16 May-11 June 1871). During this period Ordinary Seaman John Andrews, Chief Quartermaster Patrick H. Grace and Private Michael McNamara, USMC, received the Medal of Honor.

Following repairs at Mare Island Navy Yard, Benicia joined the North Pacific Squadron 6 December 1872. She cruised in Mexican, Central American, and Hawaiian waters and arrived at San Francisco, California on 29 November 1874 carrying King Kalākaua of Hawaii and his suite. 

Captain of the Mizzen Top Albert Weisbogel also received the Medal of Honor (his first award) for service on Benicia, in 1874.

Benicia made a cruise to Alaska (11 May-21 July 1875) and was decommissioned at Mare Island 29 November 1875. Benicia was sold 3 May 1884.

References

Other websites
US Navy Historical Center of USS Benica photographs 

Naval ships of the United States
Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)

Corporal Charles Brown (born 1849) received the United States's highest honor for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. Corporal Brown was a United States Marine. He was born in New York City. He enlisted in Hong Kong in 1870. The tracking number for his Medal of Honor is number 169. It is dated 8 February 1872. He received the medal for his actions while stationed aboard the USS Colorado.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
On board the  in action against a Korean fort on 11 June 1871. Assisted in capturing the Korean standard in the center of the citadel of the fort.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
1849 births
Year of death unknown
People from New York City
John Coleman (Medal of Honor)

John Coleman (October 9, 1846 – October 30, 1904) was a United States Marine. He received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions during the Korean Expedition. He was Irish-born, and received the Medal for saving the life of Boatswain's Mate Alexander McKenzie while under enemy attack on the .  His death was the result of a electric tram car accident in San Diego, California.  He was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego with a headstone depicting his Civil War service.  A new marker proudly displaying his the symbol of the Medal of Honor was placed in the Spring of 2018 courtesy of the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation.

On board the U.S.S. Colorado in action at Korea on 11 June 1871. Fighting hand-to-hand with the enemy, Coleman succeeded in saving the life of Alexander McKenzie.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1847 births
1897 deaths
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
James Dougherty (Medal of Honor)

James Dougherty (November 16, 1839 – November 25, 1897) was a U.S. Marine in the 1871 Korean Campaign. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition. He was serving as a private aboard . His Medal of Honor was issued on February 8, 1872. Private Dougherty was one of fifteen United States sailors and Marines who received the Medal of Honor for this little known American military action.

He is buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Section 6, Grave 12374.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

On board the  in various actions of that vessel. Wounded several times, Dougherty invariably returned to duty, presenting an example of constancy and devotion to the flag.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

Note/Another James Dougherty
There may have been either two James Doughertys awarded the medal during the Korean Expedition. One served on board the Carondelet, while the other may have served on the . Alternatively, the medals may have been awarded to the same Marine.

The U.S.S. Carondelet does not appear to have served in Korea, raising the possibility that two James Doughertys received the Medal of Honor (on-line resources do not support this point) or that the citation for Private Dougherty's medal refers incorrectly to the U.S.S. Carondelet instead of to another ship (possibly the U.S.S. Benicia) involved in the Korean campaign.

1897 deaths
1839 births
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Ganghwado

Ganghwa Island is an island in the beginning of the Han River. It is on the west coast of South Korea. Ganghwa Island is separated from Gimpo on the mainland by a narrow channel. The channel is connected by two bridges. The main channel of the Han River separates the island from Gaeseong in North Korea.

About 65,500 people live on the island. With an area of . It covers most of Ganghwa County, a division of Incheon Municipality. About half of the island's population lives in Ganghwa-eup, Ganghwa Town, in the northeastern part of the island. The island's highest point is Mani-san,  above sea level. The island measures  long and  wide, and is the 4th largest island in South Korea.

Historically, it is significant as being the location of separate and brief attacks. One was the French in 1866. Another was the United States in 1871 and the Japanese in 1875 when Korea was emerging from isolation.

Climate

Notes
 Lee (1976, p. 96).
 Lee (1976, p. 100).
 Lee (1976, p. 148).
 Lee (1976, p. 151).
 Lee (1976, p. 216).
 Lee (1976, p. 264); Nahm (1996, p. 148).
 Lee (1976, p. 268); Nahm (1996, p. 151).

References

Islands of South Korea
Selwyn College, Cambridge

Selwyn College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1882. It is named after George Selwyn, who was an important bishop and also rowed for Cambridge in the first Boat Race. Today it has about 600 students. Selwyn usually does well in exams, but is also one of the poorest colleges.

At the beginning, the college was for Christian male students only. With time, this changed and women were allowed in 1976, which was quite early compared to other colleges. The college is on Grange Road. It is built in red brick and a Gothic Revival architecture style. The college has a Snowball every year. This is like a May Ball, which is a traditional party in Cambridge. Unlike May Balls though, it is in the winter, usually in December.

Some important people have studied here, like Hugh Laurie and Tom Hollander, both actors.

References

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1882 establishments in England
A. J. Langer

Allison Joy Langer (born May 22, 1974) is an American TV and movie actress. She acted as Rayanne Graff in the drama show My So-Called Life. Langer also acted as Erica Warner in the TV show Private Practice. 

She was born in Columbus, Ohio. She moved to the San Fernando Valley with her family at age five.

References

American television actors
Actors from Ohio
1974 births
Living people
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

Sidney Sussex College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called Sidney by the students. It was created in 1596. It takes its name from Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex, who gave money to build it. Today it has about 550 students.

It is quite a small college, and it is found in the town centre of Cambridge. Because it is in quite a small area, it has changed little since it was first built. The buildings were made of red brick at the beginning, but then they were covered by cement. 

Many important people have studied here:
Oliver Cromwell, a military and political leader in Great Britain
Cecil Frank Powell, who won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, who won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics
John E. Walker, who won the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alan MacDiarmid, who won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Carol Vorderman, a television presenter

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1596 establishments
1590s establishments in England
Sexagenary cycle

The sexagenary cycle (六十花甲 liùshí huājiǎ), also known as the "stems-and-branches" or "trunks-and-branches" (干支 gānzhī), is a traditional Chinese calendar system.  It is a list of sixty terms which are used for identifying days or years.

History
The oldest Chinese system for recording and organizing time uses repeated periods of 60 days. 

Ancient records show that the sexagenary cycle was used to count years in the 3rd century B.C.  

The repeating series of 60 terms has been an important part of historical calendar systems in East Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, Tibet and Vietnam.

Overview 
Each term in the sexagenary cycle is made up of two Chinese characters: 
 One character is taken from a list of "heavenly stems" or "trunks" (天干 tiāngān), including wood, fire, earth, metal and water.  
The other character is taken from a list of "earthly branches" (地支  dìzhī) or animal signs, including Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig.   
 The combinations make up a total of 60 different names for a period of time.

Heavenly stems

Earthly branches

Conversion tables
Tables show specific years in the context of a repeating sexagenary cycle.

1804–1923

1924–2043

Related pages
 Chinese Zodiac

References

Other websites
  "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar" 
 "The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar"

Calendars
Units of time
Christopher Martin-Jenkins

Christopher Dennis Alexander Martin-Jenkins (January 20, 1945 – January 1, 2013) was an English sportcaster, historian, and journalist who broadcast Test Match Special on BBC Radio.

Martin-Jenkins was born on 20 January 1945 in Peterborough, England. He studied at Marlborough College and at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He had one son, Robin. Martin-Jenkins died on 1 January 2013 in Rudgwick, West Sussex from lymphoma after being diagnosed a year before, aged 67.

References

Other websites

BBC profile of CMJ
CMJ's 'Aggers & Johnners' moment. See also legover.
Debrett's People of Today

1945 births
2013 deaths
British historians
British journalists
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lymphoma
English sportspeople
English writers
People from Cambridgeshire