cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Loie Fuller

Loie (or Loïe) Fuller  (January 15, 1862 – January 1, 1928) was a pioneer of modern dance. She had no dance training, but got experience acting on the stage. A chance experiment with an over-long skirt gave her ideas which she eventually developed into a dance.

Career
Fuller was born Marie Louise Fuller in the Chicago suburb of Fullersburg (now Hinsdale, Illinois). She began her theatrical career as a professional child actress and later choreographed and performed dances in burlesque (as a skirt dancer), vaudeville, and circus shows.

Fuller developed her own natural movement and improvisation techniques. Fuller combined her choreography with silk costumes seen by multi-coloured lighting of her own design.

Although Fuller became famous in America through works such as Serpentine Dance (1891), she felt that she was not taken seriously by the public. Her warm reception in Paris during a European tour persuaded Fuller to stay in France. A regular performer at the Folies Bergère with works such as Fire Dance, Fuller became the embodiment of the Art Nouveau movement. An 1896 film of the Serpentine Dance gives a hint of what her performance was like (the unknown dancer in the film is not Fuller).

In connecting free dance, billowing skirts and materials, color and lighting effects, Fuller was in sympathy with several other dancers of that period. All performed in Paris, on the Moulin Rouge or Folies Bergère stage, or both. These stages, as was usual in music hall generally, offered a series of separate acts rather than one continuous work.

Patents 
Fuller held patents related to stage lighting. They including chemical compounds for creating color gel and the use of chemical salts for lluminescent lighting, and garments (stage costumes US Patent 518347). She tried to create a patent of her Serpentine Dance to stop imitators from using her choreography or claiming to be her. Fuller gave a written description of her dance to the United States Copyright Office; however, a US Circuit Court judge denied Fuller's request for an injunction. The Serpentine Dance told no story and was therefore not eligible for copyright protection.  At that time dance was only protected if it qualified as "dramatic" and Fuller's dance was too abstract for this qualification. The precedent set by Fuller's case remained in place from 1892 until 1976, when Federal Copyright Law extended protection to choreographic works.

Written works
Fuller's autobiographical memoire "Quinze ans de ma vie" was written in French and published by in 1908 with an introduction by Anatole France. She drafted her memoires again in English a few years later, which were published under the title "Fifteen Years of a Dancer's Life" by Herbert Jenkins (London) in 1913. The New York Public Library Jerome Robbins Dance Collection holds the nearly complete manuscript to the English edition and materials related to the French edition.

References 

Actors from Illinois
American dancers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia
1862 births
1928 deaths
Vaudeville performers
British Broadcasting Company

The British Broadcasting Company Ltd was a British commercial company. It was formed on 18 October 1922 by British and American electrical companies doing business in the United Kingdom. Its original office was on the second floor of Magnet House, the GEC buildings in London. It had a room and a small antechamber.

Companies of the United Kingdom
1922 establishments in the United Kingdom
1926 disestablishments
Dabney Coleman

Dabney Wharton Coleman (born January 3, 1932) is an American actor. He has appeared in over 50 movies including Tootsie (1982) and You've Got Mail (1998). He was born in Austin, Texas. He is also known for being the voice of Principal Peter Prickly in Recess (1997–2001) and appearing as Louis "The Commodore" Kaestner in Boardwalk Empire (2010–2011). His career began in 1961. 

Coleman was nominated for six Emmy Awards, winning one in 1987. He was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, winning one in 1987 as well.

Coleman was married to Ann Courtney Harrell between 1957 until they divorced in 1959. He was later married to Jean Hale from 1961 until they divorced in 1984. He has four children. In 2012, Coleman revealed that he was diagnosed with throat cancer.

References

Other websites

 

Actors from Austin, Texas
1932 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Cancer survivors
ARM architecture

ARM architecture is a computer CPU architecture commonly used in embedded systems and mobile devices such as cell phones, tablet computers, and handheld game consoles such as the Game Boy Advance. ARM CPUs use very little electricity and produce very little heat. Most ARM CPUs run on battery power and don't need a cooling fan. The Linux operating system is used most on ARM CPUs. 

In 2013 ARM was the world's most popular 32-bit CPU architecture. Since then, production has increased to millions per day.  64-bit ARM, which allows for addressing memory greater than 3.8GB, has been available since then and is used in most modern smartphones.

Brands and Manufacturers 
 Qualcomm Snapdragon
 Samsung 
 Texas Instruments
 Intel
 MediaTek

Examples of products that use ARM 
 Most Android devices
 Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad
 Samsung Chromebook
 Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo Switch
 Windows RT and Windows Phone
 Many Wi-Fi routers and other network equipment
 Digital cameras
 DVD and Blu-ray players
 Some newer televisions
 Some car stereos
 Raspberry Pi, a small $35 computer

Related pages
 Z80
 X86
 Intel Atom
 MIPS architecture
Computer processors
ARM-based processors
Windows Phone

Windows Phone (formerly Windows Mobile) is a discontinued operating system from Microsoft for mobile phones. It is less popular than Android and iOS.

References

Microsoft operating systems
Jonathan Meath

Jonathan G. Meath (born September 16, 1955) is an American television producer. He is known for dressing up as Santa Claus. He won a Peabody Award in 1993.

Meath was born on September 16, 1955 in Baltimore, Maryland. He was raised in Boston, Massachusetts and in Harrisville, New Hampshire. Meath studied at New York University and at Phillips Academy. He has two children. Meath now lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

References

Other websites
 MeathMedia website
 YouTube video about making candy canes
 Jonathan Meath on NPR as Santa
 Santa JG website
 Santa JG on Facebook

1955 births
Living people
American television producers
American television actors
Actors from Baltimore
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Actors from New Hampshire
Peabody Award winners
Sherani District

Sherani District () is a district of Balochistan, Pakistan.

Districts of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Don Francisco

Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld (born December 28, 1940) is a Chilean television producer and television personality who is known for being the host of Sábado Gigante and Don Francisco Presenta.

Don Francisco was born on December 28, 1940 in Talca, Chile to German-Jewish parents. He studied in New York City. Don Francisco is still married to Teresa "Temmy" Muchnik Rosenblum. He now lives in Miami, Florida.

References

Other websites
 Univision homepage
 Canal 13 - Chilean TV Network 
 

1940 births
Living people
Chilean television presenters
Jewish entertainers
People from Talca
South American Jews
Television personalities
Television producers
Marathon Man

Marathon Man is a 1976 American crime thriller movie. It stars Dustin Hoffman, Laurence Olivier and Roy Scheider. The movie is based on the novel of the same name and is set in New York City. It received strong critical and box office success.

Other websites 

1976 crime movies
1970s thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
French-language movies
German-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies about siblings
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Works about brothers
Movies directed by John Schlesinger
Movies about dentistry
Marthe Keller

Marthe Keller (born 28 January 1945 in Basel) is a television, movie and stage actress who was originally from Switzerland. She starred opposite Dustin Hoffman in the movie Marathon Man and performed in Black Sunday the following year.

Other websites 
 

1945 births
Living people
Swiss movie actors
Swiss stage actors
Swiss television actors
Actors from Basel
Luke Perry

Coy Luther "Luke" Perry III (October 11, 1966 – March 4, 2019) was an American movie and television performer. He was known for being in the show Beverly Hills, 90210 as Dylan McKay. He acted in many movies. Perry starred as Fred Andrews in Riverdale. He was born in Mansfield, Ohio.

On February 27, 2019, Perry was hospitalized after suffering a stroke at his home in Sherman Oaks, California. He died at a hospital in Burbank on March 4, 2019, aged 52.

References

Other websites

Actors from Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1966 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
The Dark Knight Trilogy

The Dark Knight Series is a set of three Christopher Nolan Batman movies. It includes Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Morgan Freeman, and Cillian Murphy appeared in all three movies.

Background

All cast and crew members worked on all three movies, except for music composer James Newton Howard who did not work on The Dark Knight Rises. Composer Hans Zimmer worked together with Howard on the first two films and made the soundtrack for the last movie by himself. Katie Holmes played Rachel Dawes in Batman Begins, but was replaced by Maggie Gyllenhaal in The Dark Knight. Liam Neeson appeared as Ra's al Ghul in Batman Begins and in The Dark Knight Rises.

Heath Ledger received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight. Ledger died before the movie was released and the award was given posthumously.

Each of the three movies was a success in the box office; The Dark Knight was the number one grossing movie in 2008. The Dark Knight Rises is the third highest grossing movie of 2012. Batman Begins is the ninth highest grossing movie in 2005. Batman Begins earned $372,710,015 worldwide. The Dark Knight earned $1,023,045,358. The Dark Knight Rises earned $1,081,041,287, passing the receipts of The Dark Knight.

In both Batman Begins and in The Dark Knight, Gotham City was shot in Chicago, Illinois. In The Dark Knight Rises, Gotham City was shot in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, New York City, New York, and Los Angeles, California.

Cast
Christian Bale as Batman
Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth
Gary Oldman as Commissioner Gordon
Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox
Katie Holmes (Batman Begins) and Maggie Gyllenhaal (The Dark Knight) as Rachel Dawes
Liam Neeson as Ra's al Ghul
Heath Ledger as Joker
Tom Hardy as Bane
Anne Hathaway as Catwoman
Marion Cotillard as Talia al Ghul
Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent/Two-Face
Cillian Murphy as Scarecrow
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Robin John Blake
Colin McFarlane as Gillian B. Loeb
Néstor Carbonell as Mayor Anthony Garcia
Tom Wilkinson as Carmine Falcone
Eric Roberts as Sal Maroni
Ben Mendelsohn as John Daggett
Matthew Modine as Peter Foley

Reception

Box office performance

Critical response

References

Other website
 Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo
 
 Behind Batman: Public Domain Analysis of the Film Franchise

Movies directed by Christopher Nolan
Batman movies
Series of movies
Movies based on comic book characters
The Dark Knight Trilogy
Warner Bros. movies
Bitter orange

The bitter orange, Seville orange, or marmalade orange is a citrus tree (Citrus × aurantium) and its fruit. It is a hybrid between Citrus maxima (pomelo) and Citrus reticulata (mandarin).

References

Medicinal plants
Citrus
Derek Hough

Derek Hough (born May 17, 1985 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American dancer, choreographer, musician, actor, and director.

He has been a professional dancer on Dancing with the Stars since fall 2007. He has competed with Ricki Lake, Nicole Scherzinger, Brooke Burke, Jennifer Grey, Maria Menounos and Shawn Johnson.

Biography
Hough grew up in Sandy, Utah, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah.

Personal life
Hough's sister is Julianne Hough, also a dancer in Dancing with the Stars until 2009.

References

1985 births
Actors from Salt Lake City, Utah
Living people
singers from Utah
Musicians from Utah
American movie actors
Colleen Camp

Colleen Celeste Camp (born June 7, 1953 in San Francisco, California) is an American movie and television actor. She has acted in many movies and televison shows. Camp debuted in 1973 in Battle for the Planet of the Apes, one of the Planet of the Apes sequels. She played Connie in Die Hard with a Vengeance. Camp was the first to play character Kristin Shepard in Dallas''. Camp is also a movie producer.

References 

Actors from San Francisco
1953 births
Living people
Jessica Bowman

Jessica Bowman (born November 26, 1980) is an American television actress. She has done many television performances. She played Colleen Cooper in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. Bowman was born in Walnut Creek, California.

Actors from Contra Costa County, California
1980 births
Living people
GoldenEye

GoldenEye is a 1995 British action-adventure espionage movie. It was released in November 1995. Starring in this are Pierce Brosnan (as James Bond) and Judi Dench (she plays M). GoldenEye was the seventeenth spy feature in the James Bond series. This was also the first one after a six-year break, which was the result of legal disputes. GoldenEye made over $350 million worldwide. According to critics, Brosnan acted the role of James Bond much better than his predecessor Timothy Dalton. Tina Turner sings the title song of the movie.

Release dates

Cast 
 Pierce Brosnan as James Bond
 Sean Bean as Alec Trevelyan
 Izabella Scorupco as Natalya Fyodorovna Simonova
 Famke Janseen as Xenia Zirgavna Onatopp
 Judi Dench as M
 Joe Don Baker as Jack Wade
 Michael Kitchen as Bill Tanner
 Robbie Coltrane as Valentin Zukovsky
 Gottfried John as General Arkady Grigorovich Ourumov
 Alan Cumming as Boris Grishenko
 Tchéky Karyo as Dimitri Mishkin
 Serena Gordon as Caroline
 Michelle Arthur as Anna
 Billy J. Mitchell as Chuck Farrell
 Minnie Driver as Irina
 Peter Majer as Dimitri

Other websites 

 

1995 action movies
1995 thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s spy movies
English-language movies
James Bond movies
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in North America
Movies about terrorism
Movies directed by Martin Campbell
Ursula Andress

Ursula Andress (born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss television and movie actress who played the Bond girls in Dr. No and Casino Royale. She also starred in many other movies besides that. Andress was born in Ostermundigen to a Swiss mother and German father.

Other websites 

1936 births
Living people
Actresses who played Bond girls
Swiss movie actors
Swiss television actors
Australian Labor Party (NSW)

The Australian Labor Party (NSW) was an Australian political party commonly known as Lang Labor. It was the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party which broke away from the national party and acted independently from 1931 to 1936.

In 1931 Jack Lang, the Premier of New South Wales, announced the "Lang Plan". This plan would reduce the effects of the Great Depression. The main feature of the plan was to stop making loan repayments to foreign banks. This was the opposite of the policy of the federal Labor government led by James Scullin. As a result, Lang's supporters, led by Jack Beasley and Eddie Ward, were forced out of the federal Caucus. 

This led to a split between the Federal and State leaders of the Labor party. In 1931 Lang's supporters voted with the United Australia Party Opposition in the House of Representatives to bring down the Scullin government. This caused an early election. The New South Wales Branch ran candidates as the Australian Labor Party (New South Wales). They were known as "Lang Labor" candidates. Supporters of the federal party (led in New South Wales by Ted Theodore and Ben Chifley) were known as Federal Labor candidates. 

The elections were a huge defeat for Labor, but most of the Lang members had safe working class seats and survived. Ward was narrowly defeated in East Sydney. (He was re-elected at a by-election in 1932). Theodore and Chifley were both defeated, and Federal Labor won only three seats in New South Wales. At the 1934 federal elections Federal Labor won only one seat (Newcastle).

In 1935 John Curtin became the new federal Labor leader. In February 1936 he brought about a reconciliation with the New South Wales Branch. At the 1937 elections Labor ran as a united party in New South Wales.

References
Lang, J. T. (1970). The Turbulent Years, Alpha Books
McMullin, Ross (1991). The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991, OUP

Political parties in Australia
1931 establishments
1930s establishments in Australia
1930s disestablishments in Australia
Division of Newcastle

The Division of Newcastle is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The Division is centred around the city of Newcastle, after which it is named.

The Division was one of the original 75 divisions  set up for the first Federal election in 1901. It has been held by the Australian Labor Party since it was created. Labor has never got less than 58 percent of the two-party vote in a general election. It has only come close to losing it once, when it got 53 percent in a 1935 by-election.  It is the only original Division to be held by just one party since the first Federal election.

Members
The Division of Newcastle has had just five members since 1901. This is the fewest of any of the original Divisions.  From 1901 to 1958, the seat was held by the Watkins family. David Oliver took over from his father David in 1935. Allan Morris' brother, Peter was also in the Federal Parliament, representing the Division of Shortland. Charles Jones' brother, Sam, was in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.

Election results
 2013 election result 
 2010 federal election
 2007 federal election
 2004 federal election

References 

Division of Newcastle - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Sharon Claydon's website

Newcastle
New South Wales
1901 establishments in Australia
Alisan Porter

Alisan Porter (June 20, 1981) is an American actress and singer. She was The Voice winner for 2016.

She was in the movies Curly Sue and Parenthood. She was born in Worcester, Massachusetts.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

American movie actors
1981 births
Living people
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Charles the Younger

Charles the Younger (772 - 4 December 811) was Frankish King of Neustria and Franken. His parents were the Frankish emperor Charlemagne and Hildegard of Swabia.

Kings and queens
772 births
811 deaths
Frankish rulers
Carolingian dynasty
Django Unchained

Django Unchained is a 2012 American western movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It is set in 1858. It stars Jamie Foxx as Django, Christoph Waltz as Dr. King Schultz, and Leonardo DiCaprio as Calvin. This comedy-drama is about the Deep South. There has been controversy related to its subject matter. Django Unchained was released on Christmas 2012 in the United States.

Release dates

Other websites 

2012 drama movies
2010s western movies
American drama movies
American western movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Quentin Tarantino
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
Movies set in Mississippi
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Kate Maberly

Kate Elizabeth Cameron Maberly (born March 14, 1982) is a theatre, movie and television actress who first became famous via the 1993 drama movie The Secret Garden. She carried mostly TV roles, however. Maberly was born in and originally from England.

English actors
1982 births
Living people
Richie Dunn

Richie Dunn (born May 12, 1957 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a retired hockey player. For most of his career he played for the Buffalo Sabres.

Other websites 

1957 births
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Hartford Whalers players
Living people
Sportspeople from Boston, Massachusetts
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Gabriel Abraham

Gabriel Abraham, born on March 22th 1991 in Galaţi, Romania, is a prominent football player, the FC Oţelul Galaţi goalkeeper.

On 2008 he made his debut in FC Oţelul Galaţi. He has been international for Romanian team seven times in inferior categories.

Fotbal Club Oţelul Galaţi is a Romanian football club of Galaţi city. On last decades, the club has participated on League I, the higher division in Romania. It has won the Romanian Football League, the Romanian Football Super Cup and Romanian Football Cup.

Gabriel Abraham won 2010/11 Romanian Football League and 2011 Romanian Football Super Cup.

On 2011, in the C group of the Champions League, his team played against Benfica, Manchester United and Basel.

At the end of 2011, Abraham was transferred to Romanian club Prahova Tomşani.

On summer 2012 he went back to Fotbal Club Oțelul Galați.

Career statistics
 2010-11 Romanian Football League 
 2011 Romanian Football Super Cup

References

Other websites 
 Profile at romaniansoccer.ro 
 Gabriel Abraham profile at Transfermarkt.co.uk

1991 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Ali MacGraw

Elizabeth Alice "Ali" MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is a television and movie actress. She started in movies, but changed to stage and TV acting. She received Golden Globes for Goodbye Columbus and Love Story (the earlier was in 1969, and the latter was released in 1970). Some birthdate sources say that she was born in 1938; others say 1939 or 1940.

MacGraw was born in New York State.

References

1939 births
Living people
Actors from New York
American movie actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Division of Shortland

The Division of Shortland is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. The Division closely follows the Pacific coast. It is a long and narrow shape not more than 10 kms wide. The western boundary is formed by Lake Macquarie. The Division stretches from Charlestown in the north to Norah Head in the south. It includes the towns of Toukley, Doyalson, Swansea, Belmont and Gateshead.

The Division was named after Lieutenant John Shortland. He was an early explorer of the Hunter Valley region. The Division was set up on May 11, 1949, and the first election was the 1949 Federal election. The seat is currently a safe Labor seat.

Members

Peter Morris' brother, Alan Morris was the member for the Division of Newcastle. His son Matthew Morris was a member of the New South Wales Parliament.

Election results
 2013 election results 
 2010 federal election
 2007 federal election
 2004 federal election

References

Division of Shortland - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Jill Hall's website

Shortland
New South Wales
1949 establishments in Australia
Eva LaRue

Eva LaRue (December 27, 1966), sometimes called Eva LaRue Callahan, is an American actress. She played as Maria Santos in All My Children. She played Natalia in CSI: Miami. She has performed in other television shows and done some movies.

American television actors
1966 births
Living people
Japanese spider crab

thumb|230px|A Japanese spider crab at the Manila Ocean Park 

The Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi) is a species of marine crab, and is the only member in the genus Macrocheira. It is found only in the waters around Japan. The Japanese spider crab has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.8 meters (12 ft) long, and weighing up to 41 pounds (19 kg).

Description
The Japanese spider crab has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.8 meters (12 ft) long, and weighing up to 19 kg (41 pounds), but the actual body of the Japanese spider crab is only 38 cm (15 inches) long.  The Japanese spider crab has 8 legs and 2 arms used for feeding.  Each feeding arm is 1.5 meters (5 ft) long.  The Japanese spider crab is different from other crab species because the first pleopods (legs which help them swim, catch food, hold their eggs, and sometimes has gills on it) of the males are twisted, and its larvae are not very complicated organisms unlike other crab species larvae. It is orange in colour, with white spots on its legs. Although the Japanese spider crab has some ferocious appearances, it is actually known to be very gentle towards others.

Habitat and distribution
The Japanese spider crab is found in the Pacific side of the Japanese islands, Konshu and Kyushu, usually at a latitude between 30 and 40 degrees North. They are found usually in the Sagami, Suruga, and Tosa bays, as well as off the coast of the Kii peninsula.  However, a Japanese spider crab was once found as far south as Su-ao, in eastern Taiwan. This is most likely a one time event; it is possible a fishing trawler or extreme weather may have carried this individual much further south than its home range.  The Japanese spider crab is found up to the depths of 2,500 feet (750 meters).

Life cycle
The Japanese spider crab is a scavenger, meaning it feeds mostly on dead animals, but it also feeds on shellfish, opening the shells with its giant claws to feed on them. After molting, these crabs will eat their own shell to get some important nutrients.  It is one of the longest living creatures in the world, living up to 100 years.

References

Crabs
Animals of Japan
Living fossils
John Shortland

Lieutenant John Shortland (1769-1810) was an English naval officer who explored and named the Hunter River in Australia.

Shortland joined the Royal Navy in 1781 as a midshipman. After served in Quebec and the West Indies. His father, Captain John Shortland (1739-1803), was the person in the Navy who organized many of the details for the First Fleet which took the first convicts to Australia in 1788. He arranged for two of his sons, John and Thomas George Shortland (1771 – 1827), to sail with him on the First Fleet. Shortland was the master's mate on HMS Sirius with Captain John Hunter. He was also on the ship when it was wrecked on Norfolk Island in 1790. He left Australia in 1792.

In 1792, Shortland came back to Australia with Hunter. Hunter had been made Governor of New South Wales and Shortland was First Lieutenant on the Reliance. Other officers on the ship were Matthew Flinders and George Bass. In 1797 Shortland found and named the Hunter River while searching for escaped convicts. He explored the area which is now the city of Newcastle. He made the first charts of the harbour. Shortland was given grants of land at Liberty Plains and Bankstown. He also served as a member of the Criminal Court in Sydney. He missed the excitement of navy life and in 1800 he returned to England on the Reliance.

Shortland served in Egypt and then on the Dolphin and the Trompeuse. He went to Guinea and after the death of its captain, became captain of the Squirrel. In 1805 at Halifax he was made captain of the Juno, a captured 40 gun French frigate. In 1809 he made a brave but unsuccessful attack on four French ships. The Juno was destroyed and Shortland died of his wounds. The French buried him with military honours at Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.

The Newcastle suburb of Shortland, and the Division of Shortland - an electoral division in the Australian parliament were named after him. He was honoured with a postage stamp for the 150th anniversary but the artist made a mistake and it was Shortland's father's image on the stamp.

References

1769 births
1810 deaths
Exploration of Australia
Royal Navy officers
Karla Bonoff

Karla Bonoff (December 27, 1951 in Los Angeles) is an American singer-songwriter. Her songs have been performed by others, including Bonnie Raitt, Linda Ronstadt and Wynonna Judd. Her self-titled debut album was released in 1977. Her cover of "Personally" was in 1982.

Studio albums
 Karla Bonoff (1977)
 Restless Nights (1979)
 Wild Heart of the Young (1982)
 New World (1988)

References

Other websites 

 

Singers from Los Angeles
1951 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Cockfight

A cockfight is a blood sport between two or more roosters that is held inside a cockpit. The combatants, called gamecocks, are specially bred birds. Cockfights are called blood sports by animal welfare and animal rights groups due to trauma inflicted between the roosters. The sport is illegal in the United States (and a felony in thirty States).

Sports involving animals
Crime
Violence in sports
Peterhouse, Cambridge

Peterhouse is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1284 and is the oldest college. It is also one of the smallest ones, with less than 400 total students.

In 1280, Hugo de Balsham, the person who created the college, was first allowed to keep some students following the same rules of Merton College, Oxford. At first, they stayed where St John's College is now. Four years later, they bought some land near the Church of St Peter in Trumpington Street, where Peterhouse is still found now. Over the years, Peterhouse has been centre of many important events. It was here that many discussions about religion and the Protestant Reformation took place. Peterhouse was also the second building in England to get electricity, after the Palace of Westminster.

Some very important people have studied here. Five of them have won Nobel Prizes:
Max Perutz and John Kendrew - Chemistry (1962) for finding out the first atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography.
Sir Aaron Klug - Chemistry (1982) for developing crystallographic electron microscopy.
Archer Martin - Chemistry (1952) for inventing partition chromatography.
Michael Levitt

Others include:
Henry Cavendish, a scientist who discovered hydrogen
James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist
Eudora Welty, an author and winner of the Pulitzer Prize
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who was a Prime Minister of Great Britain

References

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1284 establishments
13th-century establishments in England
Oleta Adams

Oleta Adams (born May 4, 1953) is an American singer and pianist. Adams began her career in the early 1980s. She gained fame  her singing on Tears for Fears's  album The Seeds of Love (1989). Her albums Circle of One (1991) and Evolution (1993) were top 10 hits in the United Kingdom. She was nominated for a Grammy for her cover of Brenda Russell's "Get Here". It was  a top 5 hit in both the UK and the US. Adams has been nominated for four total Grammy Awards and two Soul Train Music Awards.

References

1953 births
Living people
Singers from Seattle, Washington
Robinson College, Cambridge

Robinson College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1977 so it is the newest college in Cambridge. It allowed both men and women from the start. Today, it has about 550 students. The college was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. Because it is new, it does not have many of the traditions of the older colleges. For example, students can walk on the grass in the college gardens. 

It takes the name from David Robinson who gave £18 million to build the college. He also gave £3 million to build a new part of the Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. The buildings are made of red brick and are found in Grange Road, a few minutes away from the city centre of Cambridge. 

Some important people have studied here, like Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

References

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
Vaginal flatulence

Vaginal flatulence is the noisy emission of air from the vagina. It can happen during sexual intercourse, stretching or through no particular activity. An informal term for this is queef.

Related pages
 Flatulence

References

Female reproductive system
The Vanishing (1993 movie)

The Vanishing is a 1993 drama thriller movie. It stars Sandra Bullock, Nancy Travis, Jeff Bridges and Kiefer Sutherland. It is about the abduction and murder of a girl named Diane (played by Bullock). This was directed by George Sluizer, who also directed a 1988 version of The Vanishing. The one released in 1993 got substandard reviews while in theaters.

1993 thriller movies
1993 drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by George Sluizer
20th Century Fox movies
Shopian

Shopian or Shupiyan () is a town and sub-district of the Pulwama District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Melly Oitzl

Melly S. Oitzl (in full: Maria-Silvana Oitzl, born 1955 in Lind/Arnoldstein) is an Austrian neuroscientist studying behavior. She is associate professor of medical pharmacology at the University of Leiden and adjunct professor of cognitive neurobiology (the neurobiology of thinking) at the University of Amsterdam. Oitzl works on the relationships between stress, cognition, and emotion. She got her Ph.D. in 1989 from the Heinrich-Heine-University in Düsseldorf. Oitzl is a member of the board of the  Earth and Life Sciences division of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. This organization had already given her an "Aspasia" grant in 2008. She has been a member of the executive committee and treasurer of the European Brain and Behaviour Society. The Web of Science lists more than 130 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals written by Oitzl. These have been cited over 5000 times and she has an h-index of 33.

References 

Neuroscientists
1955 births
Austrian scientists
Living people
Pharmacologists
Chronicle

A chronicle (, from Greek , from , chronos, "time") is an account of historical events, arranged in order from earliest to latest. A chronicle is different from a narrative or history, as events which are not believed to be important may be excluded from the latter; a chronicler is more concerned with documenting events in sequential order.

The Nuremberg Chronicle, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, are the most famous chronicles. 

History
Elle Fanning

Mary Elle Fanning (born April 9, 1998), known as Elle Fanning, is an American actress. She is the younger sister of actress Dakota Fanning. She is known for her acting in many movies. These include Phoebe in Wonderland, Somewhere and We Bought a Zoo. In 2011, Fanning starred as Alice Dainard in J. J. Abrams' sci-fi-drama blockbuster, Super 8. Her acting was very well liked by the critics in this movie. She received nominations for a Saturn Award, a Young Artist Award, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, a Teen Choice Award, a Scream Award, an MTV Movie Award, and more.

Early life
Fanning was born on April 9, 1998 in Conyers, Georgia. She is the daughter of Heather Joy (née Arrington), and Steven J. Fanning. Her mother played tennis professionally and her father played minor league baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals. He is now an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California. Her maternal grandfather is American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is ESPN reporter Jill Arrington. Fanning is the younger sister of Dakota Fanning, who is also an actress. Fanning has Irish, German, English, and French ancestry. Fanning and her family are members of the Southern Baptist Convention.  Fanning currently attends Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, Los Angeles.

References

Other websites

1998 births
Living people
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
American Baptists
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Imelda Staunton

Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton,  (born 9 January 1956) is an English Actress. She has performed in many hit movies, including: Much Ado about Nothing, the Harry Potter series and Peter's Friends.

Staunton was born in Archway, London. She studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She has been married to Jim Carter since 1983. The couple have a daughter.

References

Other websites 

1956 births
Living people
Actors from London
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art

English movie actors
English radio actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Kathleen Quinlan

Kathleen Quinlan (born November 19, 1954 in Pasadena, California) is an American movie and television performer. She began her acting career with American Graffiti. She also did many television movies in the 1990s and 2000s.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
Actors from Pasadena, California
1954 births
Living people
American television actors
Fragmentation (computer)

Fragmentation is the name given to a phenomenon that can be observed when a partition or logical volume is used over a longer period of time. In general, such a volume has a common file system. When data is written, the file system will try to keep logical blocks together as much as possible, using free space on the file system when this is available. When this is not possible, a file will be split into parts, which will be written to the volume. As the file is not stored in one part, accessing it will take a little longer. A process that saves all the files in one part per file is called defragmentation. 

Computing
2013 Formula One World Championship

The 2013 Formula One season was the 64th season of the Formula One World Championship. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers competed in nineteen Grands Prix. The season started in Australia on 17 March and ended in Brazil on 24 November.

The 2013 season was the final year for the 2.4 litre V8 engine setup.

Sebastian Vettel was the defending World Drivers' Champion. He was Champion again in 2013.

Signed teams and drivers
At the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix, Bernie Ecclestone said that the "majority" of teams in the 2012 season agreed to compete in 2013.

On 30 November 2012, the FIA published a provisional entry list for the 2013 season.

Team changes
In November 2012, the owners of HRT F1 placed the team for sale. The team needed to find a buyer by 30 November to remain in the sport. HRT failed to find a buyer and the team was not included in the 2013 entry list.

Driver changes
In September 2012, seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher said that he was retiring from the sport for a second time.  World Champion Lewis Hamilton agreed to take Schumacher's place. The move ended his fourteen-year career with McLaren.

Driver Sergio Pérez left Sauber to join McLaren. Nico Hülkenberg filled the vacant seat at Sauber. Hülkenberg was joined by Esteban Gutiérrez, who was Sauber's testing and reserve driver in  and .

Charles Pic moved from Marussia to Caterham. Max Chilton took his place at Marussia.

Calendar
The following nineteen races appeared on the 2013 race schedule. The number of races on the Formula One calendar is dictated by the Concorde Agreement.

The calendar was originally meant to host twenty races.  This would add the new Grand Prix of Jersey. The race in New Jersey was delayed to 2014.

Calendar changes
 The European Grand Prix was discontinued starting in 2013.
 Nürburgring hosted the German Grand Prix in 2013.

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Drivers' standings
Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers using the following structure:

Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

Constructors' standings

Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

References 

Formula One seasons
2013 in sports
Anonymus Valesianus

Anonym[o]us Valesianus is the name of a text, published by Henri Valois (1603-1676) in 1636. The text was published together with Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus. The name is misleading: There are two texts, which have nothing in common, except the subject of history. They are labeled Anonymus Valesianus I and II. 

Anonymus Valesianus I, also called Origo Constantini talks about the life of Constantine the Great, roughly the time of 301 to 337 AD. The author is unknown, and was probably pagan. Most likely the text was written shortly after the death of the emperor. The author gives a good review of the life, and offers details which can be found in no other text. The text was written around 390, and is regarded as a reliable source

The second text gives a historic overview beginning with  the reign of Julius Nepos. It ends with the death of Theodoric the Great, roughly 474-526. The author of the second text was probably Roman Catholic, and the text was written in Ravenna, which was very important at the time.The text was written after 526, probably between 550 and 560. It bears the heading item ex libris Chronicorum inter cetera. The text mostly deals with the reign of the Gothic king in Italy, Theodoric the Great."(Even though it is) poorly written (the text) is based on a no longer (existing) chronicle by the bishop of Ravenna, Maximianus, a highly (learned) and knowledgable scholar".

References

Other websites
Latin text with English translation, at the Unversty of Chicago
Manuscripts
Patti LuPone

Patti Ann LuPone (born in Northport, New York, April 21, 1949) is an American performer. She has several Tony Awards. She won her first playing Eva Perón in the 1979 musical Evita. She also acted in many television programs and movies. These include The 24 Hour Woman and Witness.

References

Other websites
 
 

Actors from New York
American stage actors
1949 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Tony Award winning actors
Fontella Bass

Fontella Bass (July 3, 1940 – December 26, 2012) was an American singer. She was born in St. Louis. Her song "Rescue Me" hit #1 in the US R&B Singles Chart in 1965. She also had many other successful songs. She died due to complications from a heart attack.

Bass was the daughter of gospel singer Martha Bass.

References

Other websites

 [ Fontella Bass biography at Allmusic]
 Fontella Bass: Coming Full Circle
 Fontella Bass page

African American musicians
American R&B musicians
American pop musicians
American soul musicians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Missouri
Singers from St. Louis, Missouri
1940 births
2012 deaths
American soul singers
Harry Carey Jr.

Harry G. Carey, Jr. (May 16, 1921 – December 27, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his Western movies directed by John Ford. He also appeared on Gremlins, Back to the Future Part III, Tombstone, and in The Searchers. His father, Harry Carey, was an actor.

Carey, Jr. was born on May 16, 1921 in Santa Clarita, California. He was married to Marilyn Fix from 1944 until his death in 2012. Carey, Jr. died on December 27, 2012 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
Harry Carey, Jr. official site
Comanche Stallion

1921 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Larry Holden

Laurence Holden (May 15, 1961 – February 13, 2011) was a movie, stage, and television actor who is known for his roles as Finch in Batman Begins, as Jimmy in Memento, and as Farrell in Insomnia. He also appeared in The Arc, Cracker, and in Charmed.

Holden was born on May 15, 1961. He was married to Hanne Kristiansen until his death in 2011. They had no children. Holden died on February 13, 2011 from cancer in Orange, Vermont, aged 49.

References

Other websites
2006 Larry Holden interview with Jon Niccum

1961 births
2011 deaths
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
Actors from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi

, also known as Amagaseki and Bakan, is a Japanese city in Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.  The city is in the Chūgoku region.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2005.

History
Shimonoseki was the ancient capital city of the Nagato Province.

Timeline
 25 April 1185 (Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto fought at the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike were defeated.  Emperor Antoku was drowned in the battle.

 5-6 September 1864 (Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month): Bombardment of Shimonoseki.
 1895 (Meiji 28): Treaty of Shimonoseki.

Geography
Shimonoseki is a port on the Kamnon Strait (Shimonoseki Strait) at the Western end of Honshu.  The city is near to Kitakyūshū on the island of Kyushu.

Related pages
 Treaty of Shimonoseki

References

Other websites

 Yamaguchi City website 

Cities in Japan
Settlements in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Majoidea

Majoidea is a superfamily of crabs, infraorder Brachyura. Majoidea contains five or six families:
Epialtidae
Hymenosomatidae – but it may not belong in this group 
Inachidae
Inachoididae
Majidae
Oregoniidae

References

Crabs
ValuJet Airlines Flight 592

ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 was a passenger flight which was from the Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, to Atlanta, Georgia. The flight crashed in the Everglades with 110 people on board. There were no survivors. The aircraft was a DC-9 previously owned by Delta Air Lines.

1996 in the United States
1990s in Florida
Aviation disasters in the 1990s
Aviation disasters in the United States
Cliff Osmond

Cliff Osmond (Clifford Osman Ebrahim, February 26, 1937 – December 22, 2012) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, writer, and producer who is known for his roles in Irma la Douce, The Fortune Cookie, and in Kiss Me Stupid.

Early and personal life
Osmond was born on February 26, 1937 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised in Union City, New Jersey. Osmond studied at Dartmouth College and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was married to Gretchen Ebrahim from the 1950s until his death in 2012. They had two children, Margaret and Eric Ebrahim.

Career
Osmond's career would begin in 1961 in the television show The Riffleman. Then he would appear in other movies such as Wild and Wonderful, Three Guns for Texas, Invation of the Bee Girls, The Front Page, The Great Brain, The North Avenue Irregulars, and in his last well-known role in For Which He Stands in 1996. After he stopped acting and later he began to direct and produce shows or television movies. He directed his last movie before his death Bxx: Haunted in 2012.

Death
Osmond died on December 22, 2012 in his home in Pacific Palisades, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 75.

Some movies
Irma La Douce (1963)
Wild and Wonderful (1964)
Kiss Me, Stupid (1964)
The Fortune Cookie (1966)
Three Guns for Texas (1968)
Invasion of the Bee Girls (1973)
The Front Page (1974)
Sharks' Treasure (1975)
The Great Brain (1978)
The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again (1979)
The North Avenue Irregulars (1979)
For Which He Stands (1996)

References

Other websites
 
 

1937 births
2012 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television personalities
American television producers
American voice actors
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Jewish American actors
Writers from New Jersey
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
People from Union City, New Jersey