cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Prudence Crandall

Prudence Crandall (September 3, 1803 – January 28, 1890) was an American teacher. She was born on September 3, 1803 to Quakers. She went to the New England Friends’ Boarding School in Providence, Rhode Island. In October 1831, she opened a private girls’ school in Canterbury, Connecticut. In 1833, an African American girl was admitted to the school.  The parents of the white girls in the school wanted the black girl expelled. Crandall refused. She opened a school for African American girls in April 1833.

The Connecticut legislature passed the "Black Law". This law made it illegal to open a school that taught African American pupils from a state other than Connecticut.  Crandall was arrested, tried, and convicted of violating this law. She was put in jail.  A higher court reversed the decision. Crandall was freed, but neighbors harassed her. They smashed the windows in the school.  Crandall feared for the students’ safety. She closed the school in 1834.

Crandall married Baptist minister and abolitionist Calvin Philleo. In 1835, the couple and his three children left Connecticut for Philleo’s farm in New York State. They later moved to Illinois. Here Crandall ran a school from her home. She also took part in women’s rights activities.  When Philleo died in 1874, Prudence moved to Kansas to live with her brother. In 1886, the Connecticut legislature gave her a pension.  Crandall died on January 28, 1890. She was buried in Kansas. Her old school house in Canterbury is now the Prudence Crandall Museum. In 1995, Crandall was named Connecticut's state heroine.

References

American teachers
1803 births
1890 deaths
American abolitionists
Civil rights activists
Politicians from Rhode Island
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Educators from Rhode Island
Nicko McBrain

Michael Henry "Nicko" McBrain (born 5 June 1952) is an English heavy metal musician. He is the drummer of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden. 

During his early year, McBrain played for a few small pub bands and paid his bills with session work he did when he left school. He has also played in Streetwalkers, Trust and with Pat Travers. He joined Iron Maiden in 1982 and debuted on their  fourth studio album, Piece of Mind.

He currently uses Premier drums and Paiste cymbals. He converted to Christianity in 1999 after he had an experience in the Spanish River Church.

References

1952 births
Living people
Converts to Christianity
English Christians
English drummers
Heavy metal musicians
Iron Maiden
Musicians from London
Kataklysm

Kataklysm are a Canadian death metal band from Montreal, Quebec. 

Kataklysm was formed in 1991. The band released their debut studio album Sorcery on February 10, 1995 and their second full-length album on June 26, 1996. Lead singer Sylvain Houde left the band afterwards and Maurizio Iacono took over the lead vocals. Stephane Barbe was also recruited to the band during this time. Their third album Victims of this Fallen World which was released on March 7, 1998, saw a change in musical style from Kataklysm's previous albums. They returned to their former style when they released The Prophecy (Stigmata of the Immaculate) but it was less chaotic and with a little bit of thrash metal.

Iacono had vocal lessons for the death metal genre after he was complaining that he was losing his voice during or after the band performed concerts. Their fifth studio album Epic: The Poetry of War was released on September 17, 2001. The album featured a little bit of a melodic approach to death metal however they did not step into the boundaries of melodic death metal. The band released their sixth studio album Shadows & Dust on October 15, 2002. The album is considered to be one of the most successful albums by the members of Kataklysm because of the positive attention that the album received and the sales it gathered.

Their seventh studio album Serenity in Fire was released on March 9, 2004. The album featured Martin Maurais temporarily replacing Max Duhamel on drums. Duhamel said that he forced out of the band because of injuries but recovered from his injuries and played with the band on their eighth album In the Arms of Devastation which was released on February 21, 2006.

The band is known for using a frequently used drum pattern which they call "Northern Hyperblast". The band was ranked #7 on AOL Radio's list of the 10 best Death Metal bands.

Band members 
Current
Maurizio Iacono – vocals (1998–present), bass (1991–1998)
Jean-Francois Dagenais – guitars (1991–present)
Max Duhamel – drums (1994–1996, 1999–2002, 2006–present)
Stephane Barbe – bass (1998–present)

Former
Stephane Coté – guitar (1991–1992)
Ariel Saied Martinez – drums (1991–1992)
Sylvain Houde – vocals (1991–1997)
Nick Miller – drums (1996–1998)
Jean-François Richard – drums (2002–2003)
Martin Maurais – drums (2003–2004)

Discography

Albums
Sorcery (1995)
Temple of Knowledge (1996)
Victims of this Fallen World (1998)
The Prophecy (Stigmata of the Immaculate) (2000)
Epic: The Poetry of War (2001)
Shadows & Dust (2002)
Serenity in Fire (2004)
In the Arms of Devastation (2006)
Prevail (2008)
Heaven's Venom (2010)
Waiting for the End to Come (2013)

References

Other websites 
Official website 

1990s music groups
1991 establishments in Canada
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian death metal bands
People from Montreal
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 4

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 4 is the fourth season of America's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 14 contestants. The winner was 20-year-old Naima Mora.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Ford Models
 A spread in Elle
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Contestants
 Brittany Brower
 Sarah Dankleman-Dore
 Michelle Deighton
 Rebecca Epley
 Lluviana "Lluvy" Gomez-Gibbs
 Keenyah Hill
 Naima Mora
 Christina Murphy
 Brita Petersons-Wald
 Tiffany Richardson
 Kahlen Rondot
 Brandy Rusher
 Noelle Staggers

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Tiffany Richardson
Worst: Brita Petersons-Wald & Brandy Rusher
Eliminated: Brita Petersons-Wald

3.
Best: Keenyah Hill
Worst: Sarah Dankleman-Dore & Brittany Brower
Eliminated: Sarah Dankleman-Dore

4.
Best: Brittany Brower
Worst: Lluvy Gomez-Gibbs & Brandy Rusher
Eliminated: Brandy Rusher

5.
Best: Rebecca Epley
Worst: Noelle Staggers & Lluvy Gomez-Gibbs
Eliminated: Noelle Staggers

6.
Best: Kahlen Rondot
Worst: Rebecca Epley & Lluvy Gomez-Gibbs
Eliminated: Lluvy Gomez-Gibbs

7.
Best: Brittany Brower
Worst/Eliminated: Tiffany Richardson & Rebecca Epley

8.
Best: Kahlen Rondot
Worst: Tatiana Dante & Michelle Deighton
Eliminated: Tatiana Dante

9.
Best: Kahlen Rondot
Worst: Michelle Deighton & Keenyah Hill
Eliminated: Michelle Deighton

10.
Best: Naima Mora
Worst: Christina Murphy & Brittany Brower
Eliminated: Christina Murphy

11.
Best: Keenyah Hill
Worst: Naima Mora & Brittany Brower
Eliminated: Brittany Brower

12.
recap episode

13.
Best: Naima Mora
Worst: Keenyah Hill & Kahlen Rondot
Eliminated: Keenyah Hill

Final Two: Naima Mora & Kahlen Rondot
Winner: Naima Mora

04
Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson (baptized July 20, 1591 - August or September 1643), was a religious dissenter in Puritan New England. Her parents are Francis Marbury and Bridget Dryden. Her father, being a clergy, homeschooled Anne Hutchinson. She got more education than most other girls at that time. She was the defendant in the most famous of the trials intended to suppress religious dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She was born Anne Marbury in Alford, Lincolnshire, England. She, her husband William, and their children left England for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. Once settled, she began holding weekly meetings in her home to discuss sermons and theology. 

Her religious views did not agree with those of her Puritan neighbors. They believed good works were necessary for salvation. Hutchinson believed that only faith (Sola fide) was necessary. She also believed that God revealed himself to people without the help of the clergy. Community leaders viewed Hutchinson as a threat. She was found guilty of heresy in 1637, and told to leave the colony.

Hutchinson and her family moved first to Rhode Island. After her husband's death in 1642, she settled near present-day Pelham Bay on Long Island Sound. In 1643, Hutchinson, all her children except one, and all her servants were killed in an attack perpetrated by Native Americans.  Her death was regarded by some in Massachusetts Bay as evidence of divine judgment.

Notes

References 
 Encyclopedia: Anne Hutchinson
 PBS God in America: Anne Hutchinson

1643 deaths
1590s births
Christian theologians
American Christians
People from Boston, Massachusetts
Matariki Network of Universities

The Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) is an international group of universities created in 2010. Each member is leading international best practice in research and education based on long academic traditions.

Matariki in the Māori language designates the Pleiades star cluster, also known as the Seven Sisters. It reflects seven founding member universities in the MNU.

Universities
As of September 2010 the founding members of the Matariki Network of Universities are (sorted by year established):

References

Other websites

Colleges and universities
2010 establishments
New Zealand
Johann Bernoulli

Johann Bernoulli (6 August 1667 – 1 January 1748) was a Swiss Calvinist mathematician. Several men in his family were mathematicians, including his brother Jacob Bernoulli. He is known for his work on infinitesimal calculus, and teaching Leonhard Euler when he was young.

Other websites
Biography

Swiss mathematicians
1667 births
1748 deaths
Scientists from Basel
Sant Ravidas Nagar district

Sant Ravidas Nagar () is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Districts of Uttar Pradesh
Sonbhadra district

Sonbhadra () is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Districts of Uttar Pradesh
Rampur district

Rampur  (, ) is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Districts of Uttar Pradesh
Amroha district

Amroha District, previously known as Jyotiba Phule Nagar, is one of the 72 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India.

References

Districts of Uttar Pradesh
Bijnor district

Bijnour () is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Districts of Uttar Pradesh
Chandauli district

Chandauli ()  is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Districts of Uttar Pradesh
Central Cross-Island Highway

The Central Cross-Island Highway () or Provincial Highway No.8 is one of three highway systems that connect the east and west coasts of Taiwan.

Construction

Construction of the Central Cross-Island Highway began on July 7, 1956 and it first opened to traffic on May 9, 1960.

Route

The highway begins in the west at Dongshi District in Taichung. The highway used to go up into the Central Mountain Range along the Dajia River () valley through the townships of Guguan () and Cingshan (). At Lishan there is a branch that heads north to Yilan City. It goes through the mountains to Dayuling () which is the highest point of the route. Here another branch of the highway runs south from Dayuling to Wushe (). Continuing east from Dayuling, the highway goes down into Taroko National Park. It passes through Guanyuan (), Cih-en (), Luoshao () and Tiansiang () before entering Taroko Gorge. After the gorge the road then meets the eastern coastal Su'ao-Hualien Highway.

Closing the damaged highway
The highway goes through mountains. Rocks often fall and there can be landslides. Heavy rain from typhoons often push soil and rocks onto the highway so people cannot drive through parts of it. Earthquakes also damage the highway. On September 21, 1999 the Jiji earthquake caused a lot of damage to the highway and cut it in many places between Dongshih and Lishan.

There was so much damage in 1999 that repairing it would cost a lot of money. The damaged parts of the highway were supposed to re-open in 2004. However, heavy rain from the Typhoon Mindulle added more damage to the highway. These parts were closed. The highway is still closed between Lishan and Guguan. There is no plan to repair it, but the New Central Cross-Island Highway is another way across the island.

Gallery

Other websites
 Search Taipei Times newspaper archives for references to the highway

Roads
Transport in Taiwan
Azorina vidalii

Azorina vidalii (also known as the Azores bellflower) is the only species of the genus Azorina within the Campanulaceae, the bellflower family. This endemic species of the Azores is used as an ornamental plant in other countries besides the Azores.

It was first given the name Campanula vidalii by Hewett Cottrell Watson in Hooker's Icones Plantarum, table DCLXXXIV (684); Watson gave it the specific name vidalii after "Capt. Vidal, R.N.", who collected the original plant. Heinrich Feer changed the name to Azorina vidalii, creating a new genus Azorina, in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 12, S. 611.

Description
 
The Azores bellflower is an evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant that grows to a height of 80 to 150 centimetres. It produces branches at the base and these branches are woody in the lower part. The plant has dark green leaves.

The plant flowers from May to October. The inflorescence has many hanging, waxy, pale pink, bell-shaped flowers . The Azorina vidalii forma alba has, as the name suggests, white flowers.

Where it grows
The Azores bellflower is rare and usually grows in holes in cliffs near the sea, below the 50 metres of altitude. It is usually accompanied by the plant Salicornia, which also tolerate the salt in the wind coming from the sea. The plant is found in all the islands of the Azores archipelago, but not on the island of Graciosa.

Synonyms
Campanula vidalii H.C.Watson, Icon. Pl. 7: t. 684 (1844).
Azorina vidalii f. alba Sealy, Bot. Mag. 176: t. 527 1968).
Campanula vidalii f. alba Sealy, Bot. Mag. 176: t. 527 (1968).

References

Other websites
A. vidalii in Azorenflora 
Encyclopedia of Life (EOL):Azorina Vidalii
HerbWeb, photo of the original collected plant
Photos of Azorina

Campanulaceae
Chang Gung University

Chang Gung University is a university in Taiwan. It was named after Wang Chang-gung, YC Wang's father. The main campus is in Taoyuan City. It was founded in 1987.

Other websites
CGU

C
1987 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Taiwan
University of Otago

The University of Otago () in Dunedin is New Zealand's oldest university. Founded in 1869 the university opened in July 1871. Between 1874 and 1961 the University of Otago was a part of the University of New Zealand, and issued degrees in its name.

The University of Otago has ten libraries — seven based in Dunedin on the main university campus, the Education library in Southland, plus two medical libraries in Wellington and Christchurch. All libraries have wireless access.

The University of Otago had over 21,000 students enrolled during 2019.

References

Other websites

Colleges and universities in Oceania
New Zealand
1869 establishments
1860s establishments in New Zealand
Moradabad district

Moradabad district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Moradabad town is the district headquarters. Moradabad district is a part of Moradabad division. As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Uttar Pradesh (out of 71), after Allahabad.

The district of Moradabad lies between 28°21´ to 28°16´ north latitude and 78°4´ to 79° east longitude. The district occupies an area of 3493 km2 and has a population of 2,761,620. The city is known for its export of brass handicrafts to North America and Europe, and is also thus called "Brass City" or Peetal Nagri. It has close to four million citizens of various ethnicities and religions.

Geography

The district of Moradabad lies east of the Ganges and west of the native state of Rampur. Its area is 2285 sq. m. It lies within the great Gangetic plain and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers Ramganga and Sot. The eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the Himalayas. The central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the Ramganga and Sot. The western section has a gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river.

Notable people

Jigar Moradabadi
Piyush Chawla
Ponty Chadha
Robert Vadra
Sufi Amba Prasad
Arun Lal

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Moradabad district has a population of 4,773,138, roughly equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama. This gives it a ranking of 26th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was  25.25%.	
In 2011 a new district named Sambhal district is formed with two sub districts of Moradabad district.
The rest of Moradabad district have a population of 3126507.The Muslim population in rest of Moradabad district is 1588297. 
Moradabad	has a sex ratio of 	903	females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 58.67%.

Reference
Woody Island (South China Sea)

Woody Island, also known as Yongxing Island (永兴岛 or 永興島 or Yǒngxīng Dǎo) and known as Phu Lam Island (Đảo Phú Lâm), is the largest of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea.

The island is controlled by the People's Republic of China.  It is part of the city of Sansha.  

Soliders of the People's Liberation Army are stationed on the island. 

The island is also claimed by the Republic of China, and Vietnam

Related pages
South China Sea Islands

Footnotes

Other websites
Aerial photos of Woody Island and its airport
Satellite image of Woody Island by Google Maps

Islands of China
Islands of Taiwan
Islands of Vietnam
Hapi

Hapi was the god of the annual flooding of the Nile in Egyptian mythology.  He was sometimes called  Lord of the Fishes and Birds of the Marshes or Lord of the River Bringing Vegetation. He is often shown in art as a man with a large belly wearing a loincloth, having long hair and having large, female-like chest.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Begoña Basauri

María Begoña Basauri Díaz (born August 25, 1982 in Antofagasta) is a Chilean actress.

Filmography

Sources 

1982 births
Living people
People from Antofagasta Region
Chilean television actors
Chilean movie actors
Chilean stage actors
Urðarbrunnr

Urðarbrunnr (Old Norse for the "Well of Urðr") is a well in Norse mythology. It is situated under the Yggdrasil or the world tree. Norse mythology is a version of the older northern Germanic mythology. The gods would travel via the bifrost with the exception of Thor as it was thought that he would break the bridge which took the form of a rainbow, to Urðarbrunnr. Here they would meet and decide things, presumably laws of nature and magic and love and war.

Places in Norse mythology
Mario Party 5

Mario Party 5 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube console. It is the fifth game in the Mario Party series. It was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on November 10, 2003 in North America, on November 28, 2003 in Japan, and on December 5, 2003 in Europe.

Gameplay

Mario Party 5 plays the same as the first four Mario Party games. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player that wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. Boards have different types of spaces, including blue spaces which add coins, red spaces which take away coins, and Bowser Spaces which causes Bowser to appear and do a bad event. The game introduces the DK Space, where Donkey Kong appears to cause an event to happen. Unlike Bowser events, these events are always good. Also new to the game is the Capsule system, which replaces the item system from past games. Capsules are containers that hold a single item. Players can get capsules by passing by the "Capsule Machine" on the board. Each capsule does something different, including increasing the number of dice blocks a player can roll, and taking away coins from an opponent. Capsules can be thrown up to ten spaces away. 

Ten characters are playable. New to the series as a playable character are Toad, Boo, and Koopa Kid. Because of the addition of the DK Space, Donkey Kong is no longer a playable character.

In addition to the main party game, players can also play a mode called Super Duel Mode. In Super Duel Mode, players build a battle vehicle to use in tournaments or fight against friends. Players are able to change their vehicle by using different parts. Parts can be bought with the points from mini-games.

References

2003 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Mario Party games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Party video games
Board games
Trace Cyrus

Trace Dempsey Cyrus (born February 24, 1989) is an American musician. He was the former guitarist, songwriter and vocalist of Metro Station. He is the adopted son of Billy Ray Cyrus.

Earl life
Cyrus was born in Ashland, Kentucky to Billy Ray Cyrus and Leticia Finley. His parents are of Cherokee Native American, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Scottish and Welsh descent.

References

1989 births
American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
Living people
Singers from Kentucky
Musicians from Kentucky
Musicians from California
Singers from California
Jason Collins

Jason Paul Collins (born December 2, 1978) is a retired American basketball player. He was a center for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

College
Collins played college basketball for Stanford University and was named to the All-Pac-10 first team in 2001.

NBA career
He was drafted by the New Jersey Nets with the 18th overall pick in the 2001 NBA Draft.

He helped the Nets reach the NBA finals in 2001 but they were swept by the Los Angeles Lakers. He played 7 seasons with the Nets and he was traded with cash considerations to the Memphis Grizzlies for Stromile Swift. He played 31 games for the Grizzlies and then he was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves in an eight-player deal involving Kevin Love and O. J. Mayo. When his contract expired at the end of the 2008–09 NBA season, the Timberwolves didn't re-sign him and he signed with the Atlanta Hawks on September 2, 2009. He played 3 seasons with the Hawks and signed an undisclosed deal with the Boston Celtics. He was traded by the Celtics to the Washington Wizards on February 21, 2013 for Jordan Crawford.

Personal
His twin brother Jarron Collins also played in the NBA. On April 29, 2013, Collins wrote the cover story of Sports Illustrated in which he publicly come out as gay. He became the first active male professional athlete in any of the four major North American pro sports leagues to come out. He said that he chose the jersey number 98 in honor of Matthew Shepard, a victim of a gay hate crime in 1998. Collins said that the number was "a statement to myself, my family and my friends".

References

Other websites
Jason Collins at NBA.com

1978 births
African-American basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players from California
Boston Celtics players
Gay men
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from California
LGBT sportspeople
Living people
Los Angeles Clippers players
Memphis Grizzlies players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
New Jersey Nets players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Washington Wizards players
American basketball players
Brooklyn Nets players
Valley Forge National Historical Park

Valley Forge National Historical Park (est. 1976) is a United States National Historical Park  north of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The park covers . It contains historical buildings, recreated cabins, museums, memorials, and recreation facilities. The park welcomes visitors and gives talks about the history of the boom shacks site.

It was at Valley Forge that General George Washington quartered the American Continental Army during the bitterly cold winter of 1777–1778. Many soldiers suffered or died of cold, sickness, and starvation. Valley Forge was not a battlefield. Washington wrote on February 16, 1778, "Naked and starving as they are we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery."

Other websites

Valley Forge National Historical Park official site
Valley Forge Pictures website 

National Historical Parks of the United States
Italian neorealism

Italian neorealism describes a movement in Italian cinema. Films such as Rome, Open City and Bicycle Thieves, from the 1940s, were filmed in the streets rather than a studio and told stories about poor people living difficult lives. Among neorealists are Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini.

Related pages
Criterion article

Movie industry
Martha Greenhouse

Martha Miriam Greenhouse (June 14, 1921 – January 5, 2013) was an American stage, movie and television actress. She was an actors' union leader. She appeared on many television programs including Route 66, Car 54, Where Are You?, Law & Order, The Jackie Gleason Show, The Phil Silvers Show, and Ryan's Hope.

Greenhouse was born on June 14, 1921 in Omaha, Nebraska. She died on January 5, 2013 in her home in New York City, New York from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American musical theatre actors
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
Susan Tyrrell

Susan Tyrrell (born Susan Jillian Creamer; March 18, 1945 – June 16, 2012) was an American actress, painter, and writer. She is known for her Best Supporting Actress Oscar-nominated performance as Oma in Fat City, and for her role as Ramona Rickettes in the John Waters movie Cry-Baby. In 2000, she was diagnosed with thrombocythemia which led to amputation of both her legs below the knee. She spent the years painting and writing.

References

Other websites
 
 
LA Weekly: "My So-Called Rotten Life" by Paul Cullum (11/1/2000) 
 

1945 births
2012 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American painters
Actors from San Francisco
Actors from New York City
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from New York City
Deaths from blood disease
Nicol Williamson

Nicol Williamson (14 September 1938 – 16 December 2011) was a Scottish actor who was known for his first role in A Midsummer Night's Dream. He was also known for being in many plays.

Williamson was born on 14 September 1938 in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. He studied at the Central Grammar School for Boys, Birmingham and at Birmingham School of Speech & Drama. Williamson was married to Jill Townsend from 1971 until they divorced in 1977. They had one son, Luke. Williamson died on 16 December 2011 in Amsterdam, Netherlands from esophageal cancer, aged 73.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Nicol Williamson at Rotten Tomatoes
Nicol Williamson  at the Lortel Archives: The Internet Off-Broadway Database 
Obituary , The Independent, 26 January 2012
Obituary, The Guardian, 26 January 2012
Obituary, Financial Times, 27 January 2012

1936 births
2011 deaths
Actors from Birmingham
Cancer deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Yale Summers

Yale Summers (July 26, 1933 – May 6, 2012) was an American actor. He was known for his role in Daktari. He was an active member of the Screen Actors Guild. 

Summer was born on July 26, 1933 in Manhattan, New York City. He was married to Suzie Summers until his death in 2012. They had two children. Summers died on May 6, 2012 in Beverly Hills, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 78.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2012 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from COPD
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Yvette Wilson

Yvette Renee Wilson (March 6, 1964 – June 14, 2012) was an American comedian and actress. She was best known for her role as Andell Wilkerson in Moesha and its spinoff The Parkers.

Wilson was born on March 6, 1964 in Los Angeles, California. She studied at San Jose State Univeristy. Wilson died on June 14, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from cervical cancer and kidney disease, aged 48.

References

Other websites
 

1964 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from cervical cancer
Deaths from kidney disease
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Tony Epper

John Anthony "Tony" Epper (October 1, 1938 – July 20, 2012) was an American actor and stuntman. He was a member of the Epper family, whose members work as actors and stunt performers. He is known for his roles in Ma and Pa Kettle at Home, Carbine Williams, and The Story of Will Rogers.

Epper was born on October 1, 1938 in Los Angeles, California. He was married to Donna Epper until his death in 2012. He had two children and two step-children. Epper died on July 20, 2012 in his home in Boise, Idaho from cancer, aged 73.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Stuntmen
Karl Albrecht

Karl Hans Albrecht (20 February 1920 – 16 July 2014) was a German entrepreneur. He founded the supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo. In October 2012, Albrecht was listed as one of the richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$22.6 billion.

Previously, Forbes listed him as one of richest men in the world, with an estimated net worth in 2011 of US$25.4 billion. That made him 10th in the 2012 Forbes list of billionaires. He was the oldest billionaire in the Top 20 list. Albrecht was the richest person in Germany, and the fourth-richest in Europe.

Albrecht was born on 20 February 1920 in Essen, Germany. He was married. He has two children. Albrecht lived in Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Albrecht died in Essen, Germany from natural causes, aged 94.

References

Other websites
Forbes topic page on Karl Albrecht 

1920 births
2014 deaths
German billionaires
German businesspeople
People from Essen
Liliane Bettencourt

Liliane Henriette Charlotte Schueller, married name Bettencourt (21 October 1922 – 21 September 2017), was a French heiress, socialite, businesswoman and philanthropist. 

She was one of the principal shareholders of L'Oréal. According to Forbes, she was the richest woman in the world, making her the tenth richest person in the world with a net worth of US$36.4 billion, as of the 2015 version of "The World's Billionaires".

Bettencourt was born on 21 October 1922 in Paris, France. She was married to André Bettencourt from 1950 until his death in 2007. They had one child, a daughter, Françoise. Bettencourt lived and died in Paris.

Bettencourt died in Paris, France on 21 September 2017 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
Official website of L'Oréal
Official website of the Bettencourt Schueller Foundation
Forbes article on L'Oréal
Forbes article on Liliane Bettencourt
The Bettencourt scandal and the Sarkozy government Radio France Internationale in English

1922 births
2017 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris
French philanthropists
Socialites
Chill-out music

Chill-out music began in Europe during the early-1990s. It includes different types of electronic music that are meant to have a mellow style as well as mid-tempo beats. Ambient, ambient house, trip-hop, nu jazz, New Age and some other sub-genres of downtempo are mainly associated with chill-out music.

This genre of music is played in "chill rooms" at dance clubs to allow dancers a chance to relax and take a break from the more vigorous and fast-tempo type of music that is played on the main dance floor. In 1992, a UK regulation required dance clubs to have chill-out rooms and free water because of a number of Ecstasy-related injuries and deaths.

References

Music genres
Human Nature (Madonna song)

"Human Nature" is a single from American singer-songwriter Madonna. It is from her album Bedtime Stories, which was released in Autumn 1994. The song was written and produced by Madonna and released in June 1995. The song is about humor, sex and sarcasm. It was written in response to the huge backlash to her 1992 record Erotica and her coffee table book Sex.

This single got mixed reviews by the critics, although it was a moderate hit in America, Australia and the United Kingdom. There are many versions of this song.

1994 songs
Pop songs
Hp hop soul songs
R&B songs
Madonna songs
Crore

A crore is the number 10^7, equal to 10 million or 100 lakh. It is used in India for money and as a number. In India it is written 1,00,00,000 and in other countries it is written 10,000,000.

Currency of Asia
Economy of India
Economy of Pakistan
Numbers
Phrenology

Phrenology is the study of human characteristics according to shape of the skull. It was popular until around the 1900s, when scientists started to discourage against it. Today, it is considered a pseudoscience.

Pseudoscience
Neuroscience
Orbital inclination

Orbital inclination is a term for the angle between two orbital planes. It is often used to describe the movement of celestial bodies such as stars and planets. In that context, one of the planes is the standard, or reference. Many stars are in a galaxy that has a galactic plane which is used as reference. For a planet's orbit, the inclination is the angle to the ecliptic plane. For a moon, an inclination of 0 degrees means the orbiting body orbits the planet in its equatorial plane, in the same direction as the planet rotates.

Orbits
FC Biel-Bienne

FC Biel-Bienne is the most successful football club in the city of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. The club was founded on 13 November 1896. The club played in a stadium called ‘Jardin Anglais’ at the beginning. They went to the Gurzelen Stadium in the year 1913. There they still play today. The Gurzelen Stadium has a capacity of 15,000.

The club got the name FC Biel-Bienne in 1911. Before they were called ‘Football-Club de Bienne’. During World War I they didn’t play in the league but they did a lot of charity projects.
FC Biel-Bienne plays in the Challenge League today. The second best football league in Switzerland.

They moved to the First League in the season 1989/90. This is the best League of Amateur-football in Switzerland. They went to the Challenge League again in 2008.
Because the Gurzelen Stadium is very old, FC Biel/Bienne has to play on the ‘Maladière Stadium’ in Neuenburg. But the club can come back in 2014 because the new stadium is going to be built. It will be opened in 2015.

Today 
The president of the FC Biel-Bienne is Jean-Marc Hofstetter. He became president in 2013.
Before it was Jean-Pierre Senn.
The coach of the club is Phillipe Perret.

Achievements 
In 1947 they became Swiss Champion. In 1961 they reached the final of the Swiss Cup. In 2011 they reached they reached the semifinal of the Swiss Cup. In 1968 they won the Uhrencup.

Biel/Bienne
1896 establishments in Europe
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
1890s establishments in Switzerland
Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange

Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange (given names: Catharina-Amalia Beatrix Carmen Victoria; born 7 December 2003) is the oldest child of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, and Queen Máxima. On April 30 2013, she became the heiress apparent to the Dutch throne when her father became King.

Birth and baptism
Princess Catharina-Amalia was born on 7 December 2003 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague.  On 12 June 2004, Catharina-Amalia was  baptized by Reverend Carel ter Linden in the Grote, or St. Jacob's, Church in The Hague.

Childhood 
Princess Catharina-Amalia was enrolled in Bloemcamp school in Wassenaar on 10 December 2007. Her birthdays are usually celebrated with a concert at Kloosterkerk, The Hague. The concerts are attended by ambassadors and members of the royal household and the Council of State of the Netherlands. On her seventh birthday, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain once owned by her great-grandfather, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, was named after Catharina-Amalia by Peter Hartman. The princess herself did not go to the naming ceremony because of school obligations.

On 28 January 2013, it was stated that Queen Beatrix would abdicate on 30 April. Because of this, Princess Catharina-Amalia, as the heiress apparent to her father, would take the title of Princess of Orange. She is the first person to have this title. After her father became king, she still lives in Wassenaar, but will eventually move with her family to Huis ten Bosch. Princess Catharina-Amalia will have a seat in the Advisory Division of the Council of State of the Netherlands when she becomes 18 years old (age of majority).

Titles, styles and arms

Title
 7 December 2003 – 30 April 2013: Her Royal Highness Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Hereditary Princess of Orange, Princess of Orange-Nassau
 30 April 2013 - present: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Orange, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau

Her official title in Dutch is Hare Koninklijke Hoogheid De Prinses van Oranje

Queen Beatrix abdicated the Dutch throne on 30 April 2013. Upon the abdication, Princess Catharina-Amalia became the Princess of Orange as heiress apparent.

Honours
Dutch orders and decorations
As a daughter of one of the 2 Heads of the House, when she becomes 18 years old, she will become :
  : Lady of Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (December 2021)

References

other websites
 Royal House of the Netherlands 

|-

2003 births
Living people
Dutch royalty
Princesses of Orange
People from The Hague
Nitro compound

A nitro compound is a molecule that has the nitro group. The nitro group is made of one nitrogen atom connected with two oxygen atoms (-NO2). The nitrogen is also bonded to the rest of the molecule.

Nitrogen normally has only three bonds. In a nitro group, the bond is considered positively charged. Then one bond of the oxygen is negatively charged, and the other has a double bond. In reality, the best way to represent the nitro group is to consider it to have delocalized electrons. Then all three atoms are sp2 hybridised.

Reaction 
Nitro compounds are very explosive. This is because, at high temperature, nitro compounds can decompose and release nitrogen gas. This reaction is very exothermic (gives out a lot of energy). Many explosives have nitro groups, for example trinitrotoluene (TNT).

Functional groups
Smuggling

Smuggling means illegal transport of goods, objects substances or information across state, national or international borders.  Smugglers do this for various reasons including avoiding tariffs.

Related pages 
 Black market
 Human trafficking
 Drug trafficking
 Arms trafficking

Types of crime
André Le Nôtre

André Le Nôtre (12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700) was a French landscape architect and gardener serving King Louis XVI of France. He designed and constructed the formal gardens at the Palace of Versailles. Other gardens and parks in France he designed include those of Vaux-le-Vicomte, Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and the Tuileries. Le Notre's style of garden design was widely imitated in Europe, but without his taste and sound professional judgement. In the 18th century, his designs at Versailles influenced the master plan for Washington, D.C.

Gallery

References

French people
1613 births
1700 deaths
Karen Doggenweiler

Karen Sylvia Doggenweiler Lapuente (born August 27, 1969 in Puerto Varas) is a popular Chilean journalist and TV presenter.

She is married to the Chilean politician Marco Enríquez-Ominami.

Television 
TVN

 24 Horas (1991–1995)
 NBA JAM deportivo (1997)
 Pase lo que Pase (1998–2001)
 Super Salvaje (animales) (2002)
 La Gran Sorpresa (2002)
 Tocando las Estrellas (2003)
 Buenos días a todos (2002–2004, 2011-present)
 Chile Elige (2006)
 El Baile en TVN (2006–2008)
 Viña Tiene Festival (2008)
 La Familia del Último Pasajero (2008)
 Estrellas en el hielo: El baile (2008)
 Calle 7 (2009)
 Todos a Coro (2009)
 Pelotón III (2009)
 Abre los Ojos (2009-2010)
 Fuerza Chile (2010)
 Circo de Estrellas (2010)
 Circo, Detrás de la Magia (2010)
 Halcón y Camaleón (2010)
 Pelotón V (2010)
 Animal Nocturno (2010-2011)
 Mamá a los 15 (2011-2012)
 Factor X (2011-2012)
 Dime por qué? (2011)
 La dieta del Lagarto'' (2011)

Sources 

1969 births
Living people
People from Puerto Varas
Chilean journalists
Chilean television presenters
Julio César Rodríguez

Julio César Rodríguez (born on 1969 in Hualpén) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter.

Television 
TVN
 Rojo VIP (2005)
 La Tele o Yo (2005)

Zona Latina
 Sin Dios ni Late (2008-2011)

Canal 13
 Bienvenidos (2011-2012)
 No Basta con Ser Bella (2012)

Vive Deportes
 Siganme los Buenos (2011-present)

Chilevisión
 SQP (2004, 2013-present)

Sources 

Chilean journalists
Chilean television presenters
Living people
1969 births
People from Bío Bío Region
Dallas (2012 TV series)

Dallas is an American television soap opera. The show airs on TNT. It started on June 13, 2012. It is a revival of the 1978-1991 television series of the same name. It continues from where the original series left off. The cast includes Patrick Duffy, Larry Hagman, Linda Gray, Josh Henderson, and Jesse Metcalfe.

The series was cancelled on October 3, 2014.

Like the original series, Dallas is about the Ewings, a family from Texas involved in oil and cattle ranching. The new series focuses on the next generation of the Ewings. The next generation of the Ewings are the children who were born during the original series. As grown-ups, the children have become a lot like their parents. Three characters from the original series, Bobby, J.R., and Sue Ellen, return as main characters.

Other websites

2012 American television series debuts
American soap operas
Television series set in Texas
English-language television programs
Televisa

Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. () is a Mexican multimedia mass media company and the largest in Hispanic America and the Spanish-speaking world. and in the Spanish-speaking world. It is a major international entertainment business, with much of its programming airing in the United States on Univision, with which it has an exclusive contract.

Channels 
 Las Estrellas
 Foro TV
 El Canal 5*
 Nueve (Mexican TV network)

Other channels 
 Tiin
 Golden
 Golden Edge
 Golden Premier
 Ritmoson Latino
 Telehit
 TLNovelas

Noticieros Televisa 
 Noticieros Televisa is the news division of Grupo Televisa, which produces national and local news for Televisa's TV channels and local stations across Mexico.
It is headed by Leopoldo Gómez, the Vice President of News for Televisa.

Other websites 
 Televisa.com

References

Mass media
Entertainment companies
Economy of Mexico
Inclosure Act 1773

The Inclosure Act 1773 (13 Geo 3. c. 81) (also known as the Enclosure Act 1773) is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act is still in force in the United Kingdom. It created a law that allowed landowners to enclose land and remove the right of commoners to use the land. This act was a big part of the agrarian revolution.

Sources

1773
1770s in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Eric Koston

Eric Koston (born April 29, 1975)  is an American professional skateboarder. He was born in Bangkok, Thailand. Now he is living in California in the United States. 

Eric grew up in San Bernardino in California. He started to skateboard in 1986 at the age of 11 years old when his brother gave him his old skateboard. He picked up skateboarding quickly and later went to a skate camp where he met Eddie Elguera, who realized his potential as a professional skateboarder. He was in grade 10 when he dropped out of school to become a full time skateboarder. 

In 1992, Koston moved to Los Angeles where Natas Kaupas got him into the 101 team. In 101, he established himself as a leading switch stance skateboarder. He did many switch tricks like the nollie flip nose slide and the switch kick flip backside tail slide. He also took a switch 360 flip down the Embarcadero 7. He was finally sponsored and became a pro-skater in 1993 when he joined the H-Street Team and moved into the team house. Later, in 1993, he created the Fourstar clothing company. He also invented many skateboard tricks. Even though he didn't invent it himself, Koston's main signature trick is the "K Grind" (for Koston) after mastering it and showing it on a video. The "K Grind" is only a crooked grind. His stance is goofy, but he is known for his ability to skate switch. He possesses the technical skill and commitment to create the practice of new tricks, either on the streets, or in competition. He is known for commercializing the competitive, HORSE-derivative game of S.K.A.T.E. Eric Koston appears in the Electronic Arts (EA games) video games Skate 2 and Skate 3. He also is in the Laikai video named Fully Flared where he does a perfect fakie 360 flip down the four stairs. Eric Koston is still skateboarding. He can be seen at the Battle of the Berrics which are games of S.K.A.T.E. in their co-own skate park.

References 
 http://www.nike.com/us/en_us/c/skateboarding/stories/2012/08/nike-skateboarding-team-eric-koston 
 http://skateboard.about.com/od/proskaterbios/p/ProEricKoston.htm
 http://espn.go.com/action/athlete/_/id/1016/eric-koston
 http://www.oakley.com/sports/skate/athletes/556 
 http://www.kidzworld.com/article/5512-eric-koston-biography

American skateboarders
Sportspeople from California
1975 births
Living people
People from San Bernardino, California
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 4

Britain's Next top Model, Cycle 4 is the fourth season of Britain's Next Top Model. This cycle includes 14 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Alex Evans.

Contestants

(ages stated are at time of contest)

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Models 1
 A Revlon Cosmetics Campaign
 A spread & cover in Company Magazine

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Rachael Cairns
Worst: Aaron Hunt & Sophie Roberts
Eliminated: Sophie Roberts

3.
Best: Lisa Fowler
Worst: Alex Evans & Musayeroh Barrie
Eliminated: Musayeroh Barrie

4.
Best: Rachael Cairns
Worst: Louise Heywood & Lauren Donaldson-Stanley
Eliminated: Louise Heywood

5.
Best: Charlotte Denton
Worst: Lisa Fowler & Lauren Donaldson-Stanley
Eliminated: Lauren Donaldson-Stanley

6.
Best: Stefanie Wilson
Worst: Lisa Fowler & Lynzi Arnott
Eliminated: Lynzi Arnott

7.
Best: Leanne Nagle
Worst: Lisa Fowler & Charlotte Denton
Eliminated: Lisa Fowler

8.
Best: Catherine Thomas
Worst: Leanne Nagle & Martha Braddell
Eliminated: Leanne Nagle & Martha Braddell

9.
Best: Stefanie Wilson
Worst: Charlotte Denton & Aaron Hunt
Eliminated: Aaron Hunt

10.
Best: Alex Evans
Worst: Charlotte Denton & Stefanie Wilson
Eliminated: Charlotte Denton

11.
Best: Rachael Cairns
Worst: Alex Evans & Catherine Thomas
Eliminated: None

12.
Best: Alex Evans
Worst: Rachael Cairns & Stefanie Wilson
Eliminated: Rachael Cairns

13.
Final Three: Alex Evans, Catherine Thomas & Stefanie Wilson
Eliminated: Stefanie Wilson

Final Two: Alex Evans & Catherine Thomas
Winner: Alex Evans

Britain's Next Top Model
Leper window

A leper window was a window built low in the chancel wall of some medieval churches. It was usually iron barred and shuttered. Lepers stood outside and watched Mass through this window.

References 
 Broderick, R. C. The Catholic Concise Encyclopedia. 1952. Simon & Schuster. p. 222. 
 Dictionary: Leper window

Church architecture
Windows (architecture)
Eurocopter EC120 Colibri

The Eurocopter EC120 Colibri is a light helicopter designed and built in France and Germany, with help of China and Singapore. The name of Colibri is the french translation for hummingbird. It is built by Eurocopter in Marignane. Its first flight was in 1995. Some are used by the Chinese, French and Spanish air forces mainly for training.

References 

Helicopters
Aviation in France
Germany
German military aircraft
EC120 Colibri