cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Chess rating system

A chess rating system is a system used in chess to estimate the strength of a player, based on his performance against other players. They are used by all national chess organisations, and by FIDE, the International Chess Federation. In these systems a higher number indicates a stronger player. In general, a player's rating goes up if he performs better than expected and down if he performs worse than expected. The Elo rating system is used by FIDE and by many countries.

The first modern rating system was used by the Correspondence Chess League of America in 1939. Soviet player Andrey Khachatoruv proposed a similar system in 1946. The first one that made an impact on international chess was the Ingo system in 1948. The USCF (United States Chess Federation) adopted the Harkness system in 1950. Shortly after, the British Chess Federation started using a system devised by Sir Richard Clarke, a statistician and senior civil servant. The USCF switched to the Elo rating system in 1960, which was adopted by FIDE in 1970.

The underlying principle 
The principle which lies behind a grade is this. The grade is a prediction of how well a player will perform against other players of different grades. If the player does better than predicted, his grade goes up; if he does worse, his grade goes down. An arithmetic calculation shows by how much the player's grade changes. Today, all results are fed into a computer database, and computer software does all the calculations. Then the list is published as a 'grading list'.

History
1933 – The Correspondence Chess League of America (now ICCF U.S.A.) is the first national organization to use a numerical rating system. 
1942 – Chess Review uses the Harkness system, an improvement of the ICCF system.
1946 – The USSR Chess Federation uses a non-numerical system to classify players. This is a national system of master titles.
1948 – The Ingo system is published and used by the West German Chess Federation.
1950 – The USCF starts using the Harkness system and publishes its first rating list in the November issue of Chess Life.  Reuben Fine is first with a rating of 2817 and Sammy Reshevsky is second with 2770.
1959 – The USCF names Arpad Elo the head of a committee to examine all rating systems and make recommendations.
1961 – Elo develops his system and it is used by the USCF. It is published in the June 1961 issue of Chess Life 
1970 – FIDE starts using the Elo system. Bobby Fischer is at the top of the list.
1978 – Elo's book (The rating of chessplayers, past and present) on his rating system is published.
2001 – the Glicko rating system is published.
2005 – Chessmetrics is published by Jeff Sonas.

References 

Chess
Great white pelican

The great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) is also known as the Eastern white pelican, white pelican, or old world white pelican.  They are the second largest birds in the pelican family, with only the Dalmatian pelican larger than them.

The pelican breeds in southeastern Europe, south Asia, and Africa.  They are most common in Africa, as 80% of the 90,000 breeding pairs mate there.  However, because of climate change and humans using the wetlands they live in, some populations of great white pelicans are declining.

References 

Pelecaniformes
Lipase

A lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation or cleavage (hydrolysis) of fats (lipids).

Lipases are essential for the digestion, transport and processing of lipids in the diet. Fats, oils and triglycerides are present in most (perhaps all) living organisms. Genes coding for lipases are even present in certain viruses.

References 

Enzymes
Nikolai Volkoff

Josip Nikolai Peruzović (14 October 1947 – 29 July 2018) better known by his ring name, Nikolai Volkoff, was a Yugoslavian professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. Although the character he played was portrayed as Russian, He actually came from Croatia and has a mixed background that was not entirely Russian. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005 by Jim Ross.

Volkoff died on July 29, 2018 at the age of 70 just days after being released from a hospital in Glen Arm, Maryland where he had been treated for dehydration.

Championships
Volkoff held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Ivan Koloff

Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Chris Markoff

Mid-South Wrestling
Mid-South North American Championship (one time)

Northeast Championship Wrestling (Tom Janette)
NCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

NWA Detroit
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (one time) - with Boris Volkoff

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked as #136 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
He was ranked as #96 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with the Iron Sheik in 2003.

Universal Wrestling Association
UWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Wide Wrestling Alliance
WWWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment
WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Iron Sheik
WWWF International Tag Team Championship (three times) - with Geto Mongol (two) and Johnny De Fazio (one)
Slammy Award for Most Ignominious (1986)
Slammy Award for Best Personal Hygiene (1987) (with Boris Zhukov and Slick)
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)

World Wrestling Association
WWA World Tag Team Championship (two times) - with Angelo Poffo (one) and Boris Volkoff (one)

World Wrestling Association (Larry Sharpe)
WWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)

References

Other websites
Nikolai Volkoff's WWE Hall of Fame profile

1947 births
Croatian sportspeople
Former WWE wrestlers
2018 deaths
Professional wrestlers
WWE Hall of Fame
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Palate

The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity (mouth) from the nasal cavity.

A similar structure is found in crocodilia, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate.

The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior bony hard palate, and the posterior fleshy soft palate or velum.

The hard palate is formed before birth.  If the fusion is not complete, it is called a cleft palate. This is a birth or congenital defect.
  
As the roof of the mouth was once considered the seat of the sense of taste, palate can also refer to this sense itself, as in the phrase "a discriminating palate". By further extension, the flavour of a food (particularly beer or wine) may be called its palate.

References 

Bones
Head (body part)
Mariner 4

Mariner 4 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the fourth spacecraft in the Mariner program. It was sent on a Mars flyby mission. It was the first successful mission to Mars. The spacecraft was launched on November 28, 1964 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 4 reached Mars after an eight-month journey. The spacecraft became the first spacecraft to take close-up photographs of another planet. The spacecraft also had other instruments to study the atmosphere of Mars.

The total cost of the Mariner 4 mission is estimated at $83.2 million. Total research, development, launch, and support costs for the Mariner series of spacecraft (Mariners 1 through 10) was approximately $554 million.

Other websites 
Photographs that Mariner 4 took

Mariner 04

de:Mariner#Mariner 3 und 4
Mario Lemieux

Mario Lemieux, OC, (born October 5, 1965 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is considered to be one of the best players of all time. He played 17 seasons as a forward with the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League from 1984-2006. He currently co-owns both the Pittsburgh Penguins and their farm team, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1997. He was also inducted into the Canada's Walk of Fame in 2004.

References

Other websites 
 

1965 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Cancer survivors
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Laval Voisins players
Living people
Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Stanley Cup champions
Gordie Howe

Gordie Howe, OC (March 31, 1928 – June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League, and the Houston Aeros and the New England Whalers in the World Hockey Association. Howe was often known as Mr. Hockey, and was considered to be one of the best hockey players ever. He was born in Floral, Saskatchewan.

On October 26, 2014, Howe suffered a serious stroke. On December 2, 2014, Howe had another stroke and was taken to a hospital and was placed in ICU. He died on June 10, 2016 at his son's home in Sylvania, Ohio from complications of the stroke he suffered a year ago, aged 88.

References

Other websites 

1928 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Red Wings players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hartford Whalers players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Stanley Cup champions
World Hockey Association players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Soviet Championship League

The Soviet Championship League was the top level ice hockey league in the Soviet Union from 1946-1992.

Champions
 1992 - Dynamo Moscow
 1991 - Dynamo Moscow
 1990 - Dynamo Moscow
 1989 - CSKA Moscow
 1988 - CSKA Moscow
 1987 - CSKA Moscow
 1986 - CSKA Moscow
 1985 - CSKA Moscow
 1984 - CSKA Moscow
 1983 - CSKA Moscow
 1982 - CSKA Moscow
 1981 - CSKA Moscow
 1980 - CSKA Moscow
 1979 - CSKA Moscow
 1978 - CSKA Moscow
 1977 - CSKA Moscow
 1976 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1975 - CSKA Moscow
 1974 - Krylia Sovetov Moscow
 1973 - CSKA Moscow
 1972 - CSKA Moscow
 1971 - CSKA Moscow
 1970 - CSKA Moscow
 1969 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1968 - CSKA Moscow
 1967 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1966 - CSKA Moscow
 1965 - CSKA Moscow
 1964 - CSKA Moscow
 1963 - CSKA Moscow
 1962 - HC Spartak Moscow
 1961 - CSKA Moscow
 1960 - CSKA Moscow
 1959 - CSKA Moscow
 1958 - CSKA Moscow
 1957 - Krylya Sovetov Moscow
 1956 - CSKA Moscow
 1955 - CSKA Moscow
 1954 - Dynamo Moscow
 1953 - VVS Moscow
 1952 - VVS Moscow
 1951 - VVS Moscow
 1950 - CSKA Moscow
 1949 - CSKA Moscow
 1948 - CSKA Moscow
 1947 - Dynamo Moscow

Related pages

Ice hockey leagues
Russian Superleague

The Russian Superleague was the top level ice hockey league in Russia from 1992 to 2008. It was known as the International Hockey League from 1992 to 1996.

Champions

Russian Super League champions
 2008—Salavat Yulaev Ufa
 2007—Metallurg Magnitogorsk
 2006—Ak Bars Kazan
 2005—Dynamo Moscow
 2004—Avangard Omsk
 2003—Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
 2002—Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
 2001—Metallurg Magnitogorsk
 2000—Dynamo Moscow
 1999—Metallurg Magnitogorsk
 1998—Ak Bars Kazan (Cup of Russia—Metallurg Magnitogorsk)
 1997—Torpedo Yaroslavl

International Hockey League champions
 1996—Lada Togliatti
 1995—Dynamo Moscow
 1994—Lada Togliatti
 1993—Dynamo Moscow

Related pages

Ice hockey leagues
Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League

The Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League was the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia from 1930 until the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993. It was replaced by the Slovak Extraliga in Slovakia, and the Czech Extraliga in the Czech Republic.

Champions
1993 - HC Sparta Prague
1992 - Dukla Trenčín
1991 - HC Dukla Jihlava
1990 - HC Sparta Prague
1989 - Tesla Pardubice
1988 - TJ VSŽ Košice
1987 - Tesla Pardubice
1986 - TJ VSŽ Košice
1985 - Dukla Jihlava
1984 - Dukla Jihlava
1983 - Dukla Jihlava
1982 - Dukla Jihlava
1981 - TJ Vítkovice
1980 - Poldi SONP Kladno
1979 - Slovan Bratislava
1978 - Poldi SONP Kladno
1977 - Poldi SONP Kladno
1976 - Sokol Kladno
1975 - Sokol Kladno
1974 - Dukla Jihlava
1973 - Tesla Pardubice
1972 - Dukla Jihlava
1971 - Dukla Jihlava
1970 - Dukla Jihlava
1969 - Dukla Jihlava
1968 - Dukla Jihlava
1967 - Dukla Jihlava
1966 - ZKL Brno
1965 - ZKL Brno
1964 - ZKL Brno
1963 - ZKL Brno1962 - ZKL Brno
1961 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1960 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1959 - Sokol Kladno
1958 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1957 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1956 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1955 - Rudá hvězda Brno
1954 - Spartak Sokolovo Prague
1953 - Spartak Sokolovo Prague
1952 - Baník Vítkovice
1951 - Budějovice
1950 - ATK Prague
1949 - LTC Prague
1948 - LTC Prague
1947 - LTC Prague
1946 - LTC Prague
1943 - LTC Prague
1942 - LTC Prague
1941 - I. ČLTK Prague
1940 - LTC Prague
1939 - LTC Prague
1938 - LTC Prague
1937 - LTC Prague
1936 - LTC Prague
1935 - LTC Prague
1934 - LTC Prague
1933 - LTC Prague
1932 - LTC Prague
1931 - LTC Prague

Other websites 
History of Czechoslovak Hockey 

Ice hockey leagues
Myxozoa

The Myxozoa  are a group of parasitic animals of aquatic environments. Some of them, such as Myxobolus cerebralis, are important parasites of fishes that people eat.

Over 1300 species have been described and many have a two-host life cycle, involving a fish and an annelid worm or bryozoan.

They were once considered as parasitic protozoa, but are now known to be members of the phylum Cnidaria. Analysis of 50 coding genes from Buddenbrockia showed the Myxozoa were severely modified members of the Cnidaria.

Similarities between myxozoan 'polar capsules' and cnidarian nematocysts (stinging cells) had been known for a long time, but previously were thought to be the result of convergent evolution.

References 

Cnidarians
Parasites
Pederpes

Pederpes is an extinct genus of early Carboniferous tetrapod, dating from the lower Mississippian, 359–345 million years ago (mya). Pederpes contains one species, P. finneyae, 1 m long. A single fossil was found in East Kirton quarry, West Lothian, Scotland, in early Carboniferous rocks. It is the first (and only) known near-complete skeleton of a tetrapod from the earliest Carboniferous. It lacks only the tail and some digits.

Pederpes had a large, somewhat triangular head, similar to that of later American Whatcheeria. This specimen shows the earliest example of a foot adapted for walking on land.  The feet look like the feet of later, more terrestrially adapted Carboniferous forms. Pederpes is therefore the earliest known tetrapod that walked on land.

It fits in the middle of the a gap in the fossil record which separates the aquatic Devonian tetrapods from the terrestrial ones of the mid-Carboniferous.

Discovery and classification 
Pederpes was discovered in 1971 in central Scotland and classified as a lobe-finned fish. The type specimen was a nearly complete, articulated skeleton (bones still connected). Only the tail and some bones of the skull and limbs were missing. It was not until 2002 that Jennifer Clack named and reclassified the fossil as a primitive tetrapod.

Pederpes is of uncertain relationship to other tetrapod families. While undoubtedly amphibian in life mode, Pederpes is not considered an amphibian in the meaning of modern amphibians. It is a very basal (primitive) tetrapod.

Pederpes is an important fossil because it comes from the period of time known as Romer's gap, a 20 million year gap in the sequence of tetrapod fossils. It is therefore a transitional fossil, and gives biologists rare information about the development of tetrapods in a time when terrestrial life was scarce.

Anatomy and lifestyle 
Pederpes was 1 metre long, estimating the tail as one-third of the body length. This is average-sized for an early tetrapod.

The shape of the skull and the fact that the feet face forward rather than outward. This shows that Pederpes was well adapted to life on land. It is the earliest known fully terrestrial animal, although the structure of the ear shows that its hearing was still much more functional underwater than on land. It may have spent much of its time in the water and could have hunted there.

The narrow skull suggests that Pederpes breathed by inhaling with a muscular action like most modern tetrapods, rather than by pumping air into the lungs with a throat pouch the way modern amphibians usually do.

References 

Stem tetrapods
Fossils
Yolanda Saldívar

Yolanda Saldívar (born September 19, 1960) is an American murderer. She was convicted of Selena's murder in March 1995. Saldívar is currently serving a life sentence in a Texas jail. She will be eligible for parole in 2025.

Saldívar was a registered nurse who  met with Selena after a concert in 1991. They became friends quickly and Selena offered her a job as her fan club's president and another job, at her boutique (Selena Etc.)

On March 31, 1995, Saldívar and Selena met at a hotel room in Corpus Christi, Texas. Selena was there to get some missing documents that Saldívar stole from her. Saldívar claimed she was raped and needed Selena's help. Selena drove Saldívar to the hospital where doctors told Selena that Saldívar was not raped. They drove back to the hotel. Selena asked for the documents one last time. When Selena went to close the door, Saldivar took a gun from her purse and held Selena at gunpoint. In order to stop her from closing the door, she pulled the trigger and shot Selena in the back. Selena ran to the hotel lobby where she fell. Staff called 9-1-1. Selena was taken to a local hospital, but was declared dead. Saldivar went to her pickup truck and threatened suicide, but gave herself up after nine hours.

Saldívar's trial for the murder of Selena was followed by the Hispanic community in the United States. She was convicted and sentenced to life in prison soon after. It is believed that Saldívar will never leave prison in her lifetime because of the impact of her crime and the many death threats she has received if she were to ever make parole in 2025

In popular culture
Saldívar was portrayed by Lupe Ontiveros in the movie Selena, and by Natasha Perez in the Netflix original series ''Selena: The Series.

References 

1960 births
Living people
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminals from Texas
Selena
Candlelight vigil

A candlelight vigil is where a group of people mourn the loss of someone who was close to them. These events are usually held at sunset. Many vigils can be for someone who recently died and are remembered with silence and a candle burning.

References 
 American Medical Students Association, Planning Candle Light Vigils 
 "Example Candle Light Vigil for the Little Ambassador" 

Death customs
Univision

Univisión is one of the largest Hispanic television channels in the United States.

It was founded by the largest media company in Mexico (now known as Grupo Televisa) as a means to spread Spanish programming in the United States. Univision has grown to be the largest Spanish-language media outlet in the U.S.  Its daily news program Noticiero Univisión, co-anchored by Jorge Ramos and María Elena Salinas, has in several occasions outdone (in number of ratings) major English-language network evening news programming such as CBS, NBC, and ABC's World News Tonight.

Univisión and Telemundo USA have been competing for the top spot among Hispanic viewers for many years, often imitating each other's programming.

Univisión headquarters are based in Los Angeles, although much of its programming is filmed in Miami. Among its shows are El Show De Cristina (talkshow hosted by Cristina Saralegui), Don Francisco's Sábado Gigante, Despierta América (morning show), Primer Impacto (newsmagazine), Aquí y Ahora (premier investigative nightly newsmagazine),  and Noticiero Univisión (news program conducted by Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas).

In 2013, Univision and ABC News announced that they were to become partners and will form a new channel called Fusion. Fusion will show English news for Hispanic audiences. The channel began broadcasting on October 28, 2013.

Other websites and sources
Official viewer website, in Spanish
Official corporate website , in English
Univision , from the Museum of Broadcast Communications website
Univision Blows Competition Away with Explosive February Sweep Results , a March 2005 press release

Companies based in California
Lake Jackson, Texas

Lake Jackson is a city in Brazoria County, Texas.  As of a 2006 U.S. Census Bureau the city population was 27,614.

Lake Jackson is named after an oxbow lake of the same name. The city is the birthplace of famous Tejano superstar, Selena, rock musician Casey McPherson, and hometown of country music singers Cole Deggs and Shade Deggs of the group Cole Deggs & The Lonesome. The city has also long been the hometown of Ron Paul, the Congressman who represents Texas' 14th Congressional District.

Other websites
 Lake Jackson's Official Web Site
 Brazosport College's Official Web Site
 Brazosport Center for the Arts & Sciences Web Site
 Rep. Ron Paul, House of Representatives Web Site 

Cities in Texas
Quinceañera

The Quinceañera is a young Latina woman's celebration of her fifteenth birthday, which is celebrated in a specific and different way from her other birthdays. It is the same as the English version of a Sweet Sixteen.

The celebration begins with a Thanksgiving Mass, in which the quinceañera arrives in formal dress, accompanied by her parents, godparents, seven maids of honor and seven chamberlains. After the Mass, the younger sisters, female cousins and friends of the quinceañera pass out party favors, and the quinceañera leaves her bouquet in an altar to the Virgin Mary. The Mass is followed by a party at either the quinceañera's home or in a banquet hall rented for the occasion.

References

Birthdays
High school diploma

A high school diploma is awarded for anyone who completed their high school credits. In the United States, it is considered the minimum education required for government jobs and higher education.

Related pages
General Educational Development

Education in Canada
Education in the United States
The American School of Correspondence

The American School of Correspondence is an American distance education high school in Lansing, Illinois. It was founded in 1897, and is accredited. The school has about 50,000 students.  The American School offers its own high school diploma.

The school was in the Hyde Park, Chicago, neighborhood from 1912 to 1996. Then it moved to south suburban Lansing.

Program
The American School is a non-public secondary school and offers its own diploma. It is not a GED program. High school students can complete four years' worth of credits at their own pace, often taking less time than in a traditional high school. All exams in the more than 70 courses offered are hand graded by a qualified staff of full-time and part-time instructors. Additionally, the school works with thousands of public, private, and parochial schools throughout the United States to offer distance learning courses to students who have fallen behind in credits, or are working at a faster rate. The credits for these correspondence courses are then transferred to the student's high school.

Notable alumni
Selena
Jessica Alba
Tiffany Evans
The Everly Brothers
Marie Osmond
Donny Osmond
Christopher Paolini
Andre Agassi
Bob Feller
Anna Kournikova
Travis Pastrana
Mary Pierce
Deanna Stellato
Shulamit Ran
Jamie Wyeth
Sho Yano
Ellen Muth

References

Other websites
Official website

Schools in the United States
1897 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois
Rick Trevi

Rick Trevino (born on June 15, 1971 in Houston, Texas) is a Mexican-American country music singer.  His first country music hit was in 1993 with "Just Enough Rope" from his self-titled second album. This was followed with "Honky Tonk Crowd," "She Can't Say I Didn't Cry," "Doctor Time," and "Bobbie Ann Mason." He has also charted with "Learning as You Go," "Runnin' Out of Reasons to Run," and "I Only Get This Way With You."

Rick has played with Tejano greats such as Freddie Fender and Flaco Jiminez, and was a member of the band, Los Super 7. His upcoming album includes the track "Better in Texas".

References

Other websites
Rick Trevino Official Website

Mexican singers
Singers from Houston, Texas
1971 births
Living people
SBK Records

SBK Records is a record label started in the late 1980s. It was a sub-division of EMI Records.

Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier and Charles Koppelman formed the production company for a reported $295 million. The label had several hits with Vanilla Ice, Jon Secada, Wilson Phillips, Technotronic and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. 

SBK Records shut down in 1995 after the murder of Selena. SBK Records signed her for a crossover deal.

Related pages
List of record labels

Record labels
Spokesperson

A spokesman (spokesperson or spokeswoman), or spokesmodel is a person who speaks on behalf of others, but is understood not to be necessarily part of the others (e.g. hired to represent the others). 

A spokesperson's job is to faithfully (with good intentions) represent and promote for how the organization will run, even if he/she doesn't agree with the organization's opinions. Because of this, spokespeople are normally people who are highly experienced employees, or people who have been supporting the organization's goals for a long time.

References 

Occupations
Elopement (marriage)

An elopement is a marriage done in secret or private. Elopement may be an alternative to a large expensive wedding. It may also be illegal or against religious customs. In some parts of the world, Bali for example, elopement is the preferred form of marriage. Celebrities often elope to escape the paparazzi.

References 

Marriage
La Carcacha

"La Carcacha" () is a song by American singer Selena. The music video became Selena's first music video, which was released in 1992. The song also helped Selena to tour in Mexico and reached within the top ten of Billboards Hot Latin Tracks chart.

Selena songs
1992 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
Duet

A duet is a musical composition for two performers, most often used for a vocal or piano duet. For other instruments, the word duo is often used. 

The word duet is used in any of the following ways:
a pair of musicians playing the same musical instrument,
a pair of musicians playing different instruments,
the performance of a song by two people,
a piece of music that can be performed by two people,
as a general term for any activity done by two people.

References

Music
Álvaro Torres

Álvaro Germán Ibarra Torres (born April 9, 1954) is a Salvadoran singer-songwriter. He is known for singing a duet with American singer Selena for the song "Buenos Amigos" in 1991. The song peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart.

Discography
 Algo Especial (1976)
 Acarícame (1977)
 Qué Lástima (1978)
 De Qué Me Sirve Quererte (1979)
 Ángel de Ternura (1981)
 Cómo Cualquier Poeta (1983)
 Sin Cádenas (1984)
 Tres (1986)
 Más Romántico Que Nadie (1987)
 15 Romantiquísismas (1988)
 Si Estuvieras Conmigo (1990)
 Yo... Romántico (1991)
 Nada Se Compara Contigo (1991)
 Homenaje a México (1992)
 20 Éxitos Románticos (1993)
 Amor del Alma (1993)
 Los Grandes Éxitos de Álvaro Torres y José Luis Perales (1993)
 Reencuentro (1995)
 En Busca Del Amor (1996)
 Éxitos y Recuerdos (1996)
 Mis Mejores Canciones 12 Súper Éxitos (1996)
 Ángel de Ternura (1997)
 El Último Romántico (1998)
 30 Éxitos Insuperables (1999)
 Solo Para Enamorados (2000)
 Amante de la Vida (2000)
 Solo lo Mejor 20 Éxitos 1 (2001)
 Latín Classics (2002)
 Mal Acostumbrado (2002)
 Solo lo Mejor 20 Éxitos (2002)
 Para Coleccionistas Edición Límitada (2003)
 3 Momentos de Colección (2004)
 15 Canciones de Colección (2004)
 Románticos por Siempre. Álvaro Torres y José Feliciano (2004)
 Colección Inmortal (2005)
 Álvaro Torres intepreta a Juan Gabriel en Bolero (2005)
 30 del Recuerdo (2006)
 Lo Esencial de Álvaro Torres (2006)
 Colección Suprema (2007)
 Lo Nuevo y Lo Mejor (2007)
 Sería Verte (2007)
 Éxitos (2008)
 Éxitos Inolvidables (2008)
 Muy Personal (2009)
 Noche de Romance (2009)
 10 Grandes Éxitos (2012)
 Canciones en Color Sepia (2012)
 Romances (2013)
 Sería Perfecto (Single) (2013)
 Cuando Te Hago Mía (Single) (2014)
 Otra Vida (2014)

References

Other websites
 Sitio Oficial - Alvaro Torres 

1954 births
Living people
Latin singers
Salvadoran writers
Singer-songwriters
Hot Latin Tracks

Hot Latin Tracks is a record chart published by Billboard magazine. The chart is based on Spanish-language songs airplay in the United States. English-language songs are allowed to peak within the chart, if a Hispanic singer had recorded it.

Other websites 
 Official Billboard site

Record charts
Dos Mujeres, Un Camino

Dos Mujeres, un Camino is a 1993 telenovela that was produced in Mexico by Televisa. It was one of that network's most seen soap operas ever. The story centers a Mexican truck driver working for his family. He falls in love with a woman on the road. His complicated life and consequence for his new love is also in the story.

The show had the highest ratings when it had aired.

Cast
Claudio Baez- Enrique
Itati Cantoral- GracielaJuan Carlos Casasola- LeobardoErik Estada- JohnnyBiby Gaytan- TanyaIsadora Gonzalez
Lorena Herrera- LorenaLuz Maria Jerez- AlejandraLaura León- Ana MariaMembers of Grupo Bronco- themselves
Carlos Miguel
Roberto Palazuelos, who was substituted later by Sergio Sendei- 'Reymundo
Gabriela Platas- Paola
Selena Quintanilla- herself
Enrique Rocha-
Jorge Salinas- Angel
Rodrigo Vidal- Ricardo

1993 television series debuts
1993 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in Mexico
Premio Lo Nuestro

Lo Nuestro is an awards show for Latin music. It is produced by television network Univision. The awards began in 1989. Artists with awards are Celia Cruz, Gloria Estefan, Juan Gabriel, Juanes, Luis Miguel, Maná,  RBD, Selena, Shakira and Thalía. 

The artist with the most Premios Lo Nuestro awards is Puerto Rican singer Olga Tañón.

Premio Lo Nuestro host cities

Premio Lo Nuestro a la Excelencia
In addition to categories for different genres of music, the honors include "Premio Lo Nuestro a la Excelencia", (literally, The "Ours" award for Excellence), a career or lifetime achievement award. The following list are past years recipients.

1990: Celia Cruz
1991: Juan Gabriel and Plácido Domingo
1992: Gloria Estefan
1993: Armando Manzanero
1994: Emilio Estefan
1995: Julio Iglesias
1996: Marco Antonio Solís
1997: Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
1998: Los Panchos
1999: Los Tigres del Norte
2000: Antonio Aguilar
2001: Joan Sebastian

2002: José José
2003: Luis Miguel
2004: Ricky Martin
2005: Los Temerarios
2006: Ana Gabriel
2007: Juan Luis Guerra
2008: Vicente Fernández
2009: Emmanuel
2010: Chayanne
2011: Maná
2012: Pepe Aguilar

Other websites
Official website

Music awards
Broadcast Music, Inc.

Broadcast Music Incorporated or BMI is an organization to protect music rights in the communications business.  It was founded by ASCAP, who were boycotting radio at the time (1944). Both BMI and ASCAP, as well as other organizations like SESAC monitor performances of the music to which they control the rights. BMI has historically been more open to composers of rock and roll,  jazz, folk music, blues, and country music who sing and play their own music.

In 2013, BMI made $944 million and gave $814 million to its songwriters.

Further reading 
 Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011

References

Other websites
Searchable repertoire of BMI licensed material 
BMI article @ answers.com, better history

Music industry
Barrio Boyzz

The Barrio Boyzz were a Puerto Rican boy band. The group was founded in New York City by Joe Jacket (of New Kids on The Block). They were signed to SBK Records in 1991. They also starred in the 1994 movie I Like It Like That. Their duet with American singer Selena called "Donde Quiera Que Estés" peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks in 1994. The band disbanded in 2001.

Albums 
 Crazy Coolin' (1992)
 Donde Quiera Que Estes (1993)
 Una Vez Más (1995)
 How We Roll (1995)
 Navidad, Tu y Yo (1995)
 Ven a Mi (1997)
 Destiny (2000)
 Destino (2001)

References 

1990s American music groups
1991 establishments in New York (state)
2000s American music groups
2001 disestablishments in the United States
American boy bands
American pop music groups
American R&B bands
Latin music
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from New York City
Don Juan DeMarco

Don Juan DeMarco is a 1995 movie starring Johnny Depp. It was released to theaters by Warner Bros.

Plot 
John Arnold DeMarco (Johnny Depp) believes himself to be Don Juan, the greatest lover in the world. Clad in a cape and eye-mask, he undergoes psychiatric treatment with Marlon Brando's character to cure him of his apparent disillusionment with his identity. But the psychiatric sessions have an unexpected effect on his psychiatrist, whose relationship with his wife, played by Faye Dunaway, is also affected.

Music 
Selena made a brief cameo appearance as a Mariachi singer. A hit single for Bryan Adams, "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?", is the cornerstone of the soundtrack.

Cast
 Johnny Depp as John Arnold DeMarco/Don Juan
 Marlon Brando as Dr. Jack Mickler
 Faye Dunaway as Marilyn Mickler
 Géraldine Pailhas as Doña Ana
 Franc Luz as Don Antonio
 Bob Dishy as Dr. Paul Showalter
 Rachel Ticotin as Doña Inez
 Talisa Soto as Doña Julia
 'Tiny' Lister, Jr. as Rocco Compton
 Richard C. Sarafin as Detective Sy Tobias
 Tresa Hughes as Grandma DeMarco
 Stephen Singer as Dr. Bill Dunmore
 Selena as Mariachi singer

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 Movie stills
 Roger Ebert Review 

1995 comedy movies
1995 drama movies
1995 romance movies
English-language movies
Joggins

Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada, is famous for its fossils dating to the Pennsylvanian 'Coal Age' of Earth history. On July 7, 2008 a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List.

The dating of this site has been debated, with dates from 320 million years ago (mya) to 305 mya being suggested.p39 It is now settled as 314.5–313.4 mya +/- 1.1 million years.p40

Joggins Fossil Cliffs
The dramatic coastal exposure of the Coal Age rocks, known as the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, are continually hewn and freshly exposed by the actions of the tides in the Cumberland Basin. Geologists were first attracted to this locality in the late 1820s. A little later, the first student party studied Joggins in 1835

However, the true fame of Joggins dates from the visits in 1842 and 1852 by Charles Lyell, the founder of modern geology and author of Principles of Geology. In his Elements of Geology (1871), Lyell called the Joggins exposure of Coal Age rocks and fossils "the finest example in the world". The fossil record at Joggins figures in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and played a role in the 1860 Oxford evolution debate between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Wilberforce.
"Mssrs. Lyell and Dawson found carboniferous beds 1400 feet thick in Nova Scotia, with ancient root-bearing strata, one above the other, at no less than 68 different levels..." Charles Darwin 1859. On the Origin of Species, p296.

Much of the early work to document the fossil record at Joggins was by Nova Scotian geologist William Dawson (1820–1899), who had a close personal and working relationship with his friend and mentor Charles Lyell. Much of Dawson's collection is in the Redpath Museum of McGill University.

In 1852 Lyell and Dawson made a celebrated discovery of tetrapod fossils entombed within an upright tree at Coal Mine Point. Subsequent investigations by Dawson led to the discovery of one of the most important fossils in the history of science, Hylonomus lyelli, which remains the earliest known reptile in the history of life, but not the earliest known amniote. In 2002, Hylonomus lyelli was named the provincial fossil of Nova Scotia.

Trackways are preserved at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs. The tree-like lycopod Sigillaria is preserved in situ.

Recent work 
There has been a surge in interest in Joggins over the past 20 years. A thesis by Mike Rygel significantly advanced understanding of the site's history, stratigraphy, sedimentology and biota after the century of neglect which followed Dawson's death in 1899.

Important fossil 
A vital early tetrapod fossil has been found here, the earliest synapsid, Protoclepsydrops, which is actually earlier than Hylonomus.

World Heritage Site
In 2007, a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was nominated by Canada to UNESCO as a natural World Heritage Site. It was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List in on July 7, 2008.

References

World Heritage Sites in Canada
Nova Scotia
Lagerstätten
Josh Duhamel

Joshua David "Josh" Duhamel (born November 14, 1972) is an American actor and former fashion model. He is well known for his role in the movie Transformers.  From 2009 to 2017, he was married to singer Fergie.

Early life
Duhamel was born in Minot, North Dakota. His mother, Bonnie L. Kemper, is a massage therapist, and his father, Larry Duhamel, is an advertising salesman. He is of French-Canadian, Irish, English, German, and Norwegian ancestry. Duhamel was raised Catholic.

Personal life 
Duhamel married singer Fergie on January 10, 2009.  Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013.  In September 2017, the pair announced their divorce.

Notes

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

1972 births
Living people
Models from North Dakota
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American Roman Catholics
Actors from North Dakota
Musicians from North Dakota
People from Minot, North Dakota
Volkswagen Scirocco

The Volkswagen Scirocco is a car produced by Volkswagen from 1974 to 1992 and again from 2008 to 2017. The Scirocco is a sports coupé with 3 doors and a 4-cylinder petrol or diesel engine.

Scirocco
Front wheel drive vehicles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Tetrapodomorph

Tetrapodomorpha is a clade of vertebrates. It is a clade of the Sarcopterygii which includes tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest relatives. Tetrapodomorpha is part of Rhipidistia. 

Advanced transitional fossils between fish and the early labyrinthodonts, like Tiktaalik, are informally called 'fishapods' by their discoverers. They are half-fish half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. 

Tetrapodomorpha contains 
 the stem group tetrapoda, extinct fossil relatives of the crown group. This is a paraphyletic unit covering the fish to tetrapod transition. Tetrapodomorpha contains several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the osteolepiforms. 
 the crown group tetrapods, the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants.   

Among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins, notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint).

Tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early Devonian onwards, and include Eusthenopteron, Osteolepis, Panderichthys, Tiktaalik, Ventastega and Kenichthys.

The fossils of the early Mississippian, Pederpes and Whatcheeria are regarded as early tetrapods whose relationships are not yet clear.

Related pages 
Tetrapod

Lobe-finned fish
Tetrapods
National League A

The National League A is a professional ice hockey league in Switzerland. Before the 2007-08 season, it was known as the Nationalliga A.

Current teams

Past champions
2014 - ZSC Lions
2013 - SC Bern
2012 - ZSC Lions
2011 - HC Davos
2010 - SC Bern
2009 - HC Davos
2008 - ZSC Lions
2007 - HC Davos
2006 - HC Lugano
2005 - HC Davos
2004 - SC Bern
2003 - HC Lugano
2002 - HC Davos
2001 - ZSC Lions
2000 - ZSC Lions
1999 - HC Lugano
1998 - EV Zug
1997 - SC Bern
1996 - Kloten Flyers
1995 - Kloten Flyers
1994 - Kloten Flyers
1993 - Kloten Flyers
1992 - SC Bern
1991 - SC Bern
1990 - HC Lugano
1989 - SC Bern
1988 - HC Lugano
1987 - HC Lugano
1986 - HC Lugano
1985 - HC Davos
1984 - HC Davos
1983 - EHC Biel
1982 - EHC Arosa
1981 - EHC Biel
1980 - EHC Arosa
1979 - SC Bern
1978 - EHC Biel
1977 - SC Bern
1976 - SCL Tigers
1975 - SC Bern
1974 - SC Bern
1973 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1972 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1971 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1970 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1969 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1968 - HC La Chaux-de-Fonds
1967 - Kloten Flyers
1966 - Grasshopper-Club Zürich
1965 - SC Bern
1964 - HC Villars
1963 - HC Villars
1962 - EHC Visp
1961 - ZSC Lions
1960 - HC Davos
1959 - SC Bern
1958 - HC Davos
1957 - EHC Arosa
1956 - EHC Arosa
1955 - EHC Arosa
1954 - EHC Arosa
1953 - EHC Arosa
1952 - EHC Arosa
1951 - EHC Arosa
1950 - HC Davos
1949 - ZSC Lions
1948 - HC Davos
1947 - HC Davos
1946 - HC Davos
1945 - HC Davos
1944 - HC Davos
1943 - HC Davos
1942 - HC Davos
1941 - HC Davos
1940 - no winner
1939 - HC Davos
1938 - HC Davos

Swiss National Championship Serie A (1909-1937)
 1909: HC Bellerive Vevey
 1910: HC La Villa Lausanne
 1911: Club des Pâtineurs de Lausanne
 1912: HC Les Avants
 1913: HC Les Avants
 1914: not played
 1915: not played
 1916: HC Bern
 1917: HC Bern
 1918: HC Bern
 1919: HC Bellerive Vevey 
 1920: HC Bellerive Vevey 
 1921: HC Rosey-Gstaad 
 1922: EHC St. Moritz
 1923: EHC St. Moritz 
 1924: HC Château-d’Œx
 1925: HC Rosey-Gstaad
 1926: HC Davos
 1927: HC Davos
 1928: EHC St. Moritz
 1929: HC Davos
 1930: HC Davos
 1931: HC Davos
 1932: HC Davos
 1933: HC Davos
 1934: HC Davos
 1935: HC Davos
 1936: Zürcher SC
 1937: HC Davos

Swiss International Championship Serie A (1916-1933)
 1916: Akademischer EHC Zürich
 1917: HC Les Avants
 1918: HC Bellerive Vevey
 1919: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1920: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1921: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1922: HC Château-d’Œx
 1923: EHC St Moritz
 1924: HC Château-d’Œx
 1925: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1926: no winner
 1927: HC Davos
 1928: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1929: HC Davos
 1930: HC Davos
 1931: HC Davos
 1932: HC Davos
 1933: Grasshopper-Club Zürich

Other websites 
NLA official website 
Puck.ch 

Ice hockey leagues
Shoulder

The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as muscles, ligaments and tendons.  

The articulations (surfaces) between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint is the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, the head sitting in the glenoid fossa. The shoulder as a whole is the complete group of structures in the region of the joint.

There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. 

The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.

The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but also stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling.  The compromise between mobility and stability results in many shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.

References 

Joints
1941–42 NHL season

The 1941–42 NHL season was the 25th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams played 48 games each. The Toronto Maple Leafs would win the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series, a feat only repeated twice in NHL history as of the 2010 season.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
Note: all dates in 1942

Playoff bracket

Quarter-finals
Boston Bruins vs. Chicago Black Hawks

Boston wins best-of-three series 2–1

Detroit Red Wings vs. Montreal Canadiens

Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–1

Semi-finals
New York Rangers vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–2

Boston Bruins vs. Detroit Red Wings

Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–0

Final

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Detroit Red Wings

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–3

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References 
 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

1941 in North America
1942 in North America
1942–43 NHL season

The 1942–43 NHL season was the 26th season of the National Hockey League NHL). Six teams played 50 games each. This is the first season of the "Original Six" era of the NHL. The league's long-time president Frank Calder died due to heart disease. The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup.

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
 see 1943 Stanley Cup Finals

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
 
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1942 in North America
Wilfred Owen

Wilfred Edward Salty Owen MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier, one of the leading poets of the First World War.

Owen was born in Shropshire, and had three siblings; two brothers and a sister.  When he was very small, the family moved to Birkenhead, where he went to school.  Later, he attended Shrewsbury Technical School.  Although he passed the exams necessary to go to university, he was unable to go because his parents could not afford the fees.  Before the war, he worked as an assistant to a vicar, and then went to France to teach English to the children of a French family.  About a year after war broke out, he joined the army as a junior officer, and was eventually sent back to France with the Manchester Regiment in 1916.

Conditions for troops on the Western Front were very harsh, and Owen suffered several bad experiences that led to him being considered unfit to continue fighting.  He was sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh for treatment by a psychiatrist.  While there, he wrote poetry, and became editor of the hospital magazine, which was called The Hydra.  Soon afterwards, a better-known poet called Siegfried Sassoon arrived at the hospital as a patient, and the two became great friends.  Sassoon helped Owen to improve his writing, and introduced him to other writers and publishers.  Although Sassoon had made a public protest against the war, he quickly grew tired of life at the hospital, and went back to France to continue fighting.  In the meantime, Owen was given a job in the Northern Command Depot at Ripon, where he did not have to do any fighting.

When Owen was considered to be well enough to return to fighting, his friends were very worried about him.  He spent an afternoon with Siegfried Sassoon, who had been sent home after being seriously wounded; Sassoon tried to persuade Owen not to go back, but Owen had little choice.  He returned to France in July 1918.

Perhaps because he had previously been accused of being a coward, Owen was determined to show what a good soldier he could be.  On 1 October 1918 he led his men in an attack near the village of Joncourt, and his bravery was recognised by his being awarded the Military Cross.  However, shortly afterwards, while trying to cross the Sambre canal with his men, he was killed.  He died at the age of 25, only a week before the end of the war.

Owen never married, and is thought to have been homosexual, although there is no surviving evidence to prove this.

Poems

Two of his most famous poems are Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et decorum est, which borrows a phrase from Horace.

References 

1893 births
1918 deaths
British Army people
British military personnel of World War I
English LGBT people
English poets
LGBT military people
LGBT poets
Military people killed in World War I
People from Oswestry