cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (  ) is sometimes called the 2 + 4 Treaty.

It was signed by the two Germanys (West and East) and the four Wartime Allies (France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (USSR)) on 12 September 1990, in Moscow, USSR.

The treaty formally ended the Second World War. The Allies of World War II gave up the powers and duties they had had in the two Germanys and in Berlin since the Nazi Surrender in 1945 stopped the fighting in World War II.

Six countries signed the treaty but only five ratified (confirmed) it. This is because Germany united under one government on 3 October 1990, three weeks after the treaty was signed.

The treaty allowed East and West German reunification into one country.  It said that Germany will be peaceful, and not start wars.  Germany promised to limit the size of its Army, Navy, and Air force, and not to make nuclear bombs.  

The treaty also set guidelines about moving the foreign troops that were in Germany.  The USSR was to move all of its troops out of Eastern Germany and Eastern Berlin by 1994.  The three Western allies were asked to keep their troops in Berlin until the Soviets had left.  Germany also promised not to allow NATO troops to move into Eastern Germany, and not to allow certain types of weapons in the East either. 

The treaty also set Germany's borders, and the German government confirmed that the treaty it made with Poland in 1970 about the border between the countries, was to stay in force.

On 15 March 1991, the treaty treaty took effect, and Germany became fully sovereign (that is, able to control everything in its own territory, including Berlin).

History of Germany
Politics of Germany
East Germany
20th century in Berlin
20th century in Moscow
World War II
Politics of France
Politics of the United Kingdom
Politics of the United States
Politics of the Soviet Union
Non-vascular plant

Non-vascular plants is a general term for those plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem).  Although non-vascular plants do not have these tissues, some of them have other tissues for internal transport of water.

Nonvascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves. These structures always have some vascular tissue.

Non-vascular groups
The term "non-vascular plant" is no longer used in biological classification.  Non-vascular plants include two quite different groups:

 The Bryophyta (mosses), the Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and the Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). Because these plants have no water-conducting tissues, they do not have the structural complexity and size of most vascular plants.
 Algae - especially the green algae. Recent studies have demonstrated that the algae actually consist of several unrelated groups. It turns out that common features of living in water and photosynthesis were misleading as indicators of close relationship. Only the green algae are still considered relatives of the plants.

In the past, the term non-vascular plant included all the algae, but also the fungi as well. Today, it is recognized that these groups are not closely related to plants, and have a very different biology.

Related pages 
 Vascular plant
Vascular tissue

This is an article about vascular tissue in plants. For transport in animals, see Circulatory system.

Vascular tissue is a complex tissue found in vascular plants. Complex means that it is composed of more than one cell type.

The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There is a meristem associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant.

Related pages
Xylem 
Phloem
Vascular plant

Plant anatomy
Vascular plants
Phloem

In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue made up of small tubes which carry watery sap containing sugar and other organic nutrients to all parts of the plant where the nutrients are used for growth, or stored until needed. The sugar is made by photosynthesis. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, therefore the name, that comes from the Greek word φλοιος (phloios) for "bark". 

Aphids (greenfly) and other insects feed on the phloem by inserting a fine tube into the plant, penetrating the tiny phloem cells deep within the plant. The high pressure in the phloem tubes forces the phloem sap into the insect.  Most of the sugar passes right through the insect, so that nearby surfaces get sticky and often become black due to the growth of fungus.
  
Water, which is absorbed by the plant's roots, travels up the stem to the leaf through the xylem. This means that the xylem helps during photosynthesis by bringing water up the plant. It does the same job that blood vessels do in animals.

Related pages
Xylem

Plant anatomy
Vascular tissue
Plant physiology
Plant tissues
Walter Matthau

Walter Matthau (October 1, 1920–July 1, 2000) was an American actor. He starred with Jack Lemmon in The Odd Couple and its sequel The Odd Couple II. He won the Academy Award for The Fortune Cookie.

movies 
Atomic Attack (1950) (short subject)
The Kentuckian (1955)
The Indian Fighter (1955)
Bigger Than Life (1956)
A Face in the Crowd (1957)
Slaughter on Tenth Avenue (1957)
King Creole (1958)
Voice in the Mirror (1958)
Ride a Crooked Trail (1958)
Onionhead (1958)
Gangster Story (1960) (also director)
Strangers When We Meet (1960)
Lonely are the Brave (1962)
Who's Got the Action? (1962)
Island of Love (1963)
Charade (1963)
Ensign Pulver (1964)
Fail-Safe (1964)
Goodbye Charlie (1964)
Mirage (1965)
The Fortune Cookie (1966)
A Guide for the Married Man (1967)
The Odd Couple (1968)
The Secret Life of an American Wife (1968)
Candy (1968)
Hello, Dolly! (1969)
Cactus Flower (1969)
A New Leaf (1971)
Plaza Suite (1971)
Kotch (1971)
Pete 'n' Tillie (1972)
The Laughing Policeman (1973)
Charley Varrick (1973)
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974)
Earthquake (1974) (credited as "Walter Matuschanskayasky")
The Front Page (1974)
The Lion Roars Again (1975) (short subject)
The Gentleman Tramp (1975) (documentary)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
Bad News Bears (1976)
Casey's Shadow (1978)
House Calls (1978)
California Suite (1978)
Portrait of a 60% Perfect Man (1980) (documentary)
Little Miss Marker (1980)
Hopscotch (1980)
First Monday in October (1981)
Buddy Buddy (1981)
I Ought to Be in Pictures (1982)
The Survivors (1983)
Movers & Shakers (1985)
Pirates (1986)
The Little Devil (1988)
The Couch Trip (1988)
JFK (1991) as Senator Russell B. Long
Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992) (documentary)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
Grumpy Old Men (1993)
I.Q. (1994)
The Grass Harp (1995)
Grumpier Old Men (1995)
I'm Not Rappaport (1996)
Out to Sea (1997)
The Odd Couple II (1998)
The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg (1998) (documentary)
Hanging Up (2000)

Other websites 

Humorous Quotes 
Walter Matthau & Jack Lemmon (In German)

Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Actors from New York City
1920 births
2000 deaths
Susan Sarandon

Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress. She was born in New York City and grew up in Edison, New Jersey. She has received many awards in her career for her work, including the Academy Award in 1995 for her role at the movie Dead Man Walking, written and directed by her partner, actor and director Tim Robbins.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1946 births
Living people
Tim Robbins

Timothy Francis Robbins (born October 16, 1958) is an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, activist, and amateur musician. He has won many awards in his career, including the Academy Award in 2004 for his work in Mystic River. 

He was born in West Covina, Los Angeles County and raised in New York City. He was the partner of actress Susan Sarandon from 1988-2009.

Filmography

References

Other websites
 Video Interview with Tim Robbins on AMC's Sunday Morning Shootout
 Embedded Live, the play  and Embedded /Live, the DVD
 See also, Embedded Live, the interview, from CBC News: The Hour
 Interview from On The Media, February 20, 2004 
 Interview from Media Matters, June 5, 2005 
 Tim Robbins' federal campaign contribution report 
 TheAge.com Article: "Tim Robbins: Hall of Fame Violates Freedom"
 
 Robbins' blog at The Huffington Post
 Audio interview of Tim Robbins  by Stephanie Miller on The Stephanie Miller Show about Robbins' play, 1984 

1958 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from New York City
American activists
American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tigran Chukhajian

Tigran Chukhajian was a famous Armenian composer and the founder of the first opera institution in the Ottoman Empire. He composed the first Armenian opera, Arshak II, about the life of Armenian king Arshak II.

1837 births
1898 deaths
Armenian composers
Jamie Lee Curtis

Jamie Lee Curtis, Lady Haden-Guest (born November 22, 1958) is an American actress and author. Although at the beginning of her career she was known as “The one girl” because of her roles in many horror movies beginning in her first ever movie Halloween (1978) as Laurie Strode, Curtis has since worked in a lot of different movie genres. She has received an  Grammy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Awards. Her 1998 book, Today I Feel Gross, and Other Grammy That Make My Day, made the best-seller list in The New York Times.

In late the 2010s, Curtis returned as Strode in the horror movie Halloween (2018) and in the upcoming sequels Halloween Kills (2020) and Halloween Ends (2021). She also played Linda Drysdale in the mystery comedy movie Knives Out (2019).

Early life
Curtis was born in Santa Monica, California. She is the daughter of actor Tony Curtis and actress Janet Leigh. Her paternal grandparents were Hungarian Jewish immigrants and two of her maternal great-grandparents were Danish. Curtis's parents divorced in 1962, after which her mother married Robert Brandt. Curtis has an older sister, Kelly Curtis, who is also an actress, and several half-siblings (all from her father's remarriages), Alexandra, Allegra, Ben, and Nicholas Curtis (who died in 1994 of a drug overdose). Curtis attended Westlake School (now Harvard-Westlake School) in Los Angeles and Beverly Hills High School, and graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall. Returning to California in 1976, she attended the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. She considered majoring in social work, but quit after one semester to pursue an acting career.

Personal life
She is married to actor Christopher Guest (Baron Haden-Guest) and, as the wife of a Baron, she has the title Baroness Haden-Guest and she could be called The Lady Haden-Guest, but she chooses not to use the title nor the style when in the United States.

Movie

References

Other websites

 
 Jamie Lee Curtis interview 
 
 Jamie Lee Curtis Fansite

Actors from Santa Monica, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1958 births
Living people
People's Republic

People's Republic (sometimes called Popular Republic) is a name for a communist, usually Marxist-Leninist country. Currently, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the only Marxist-Leninist state in the world that uses the title "People's Republic". Because of this, "People's Republic" is sometimes used to refer to China.
The term is also found in the official name of North Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Communism
Michael J. Fox

Michael Andrew Fox  (born June 9, 1961), known professionally as Michael J. Fox, is a retired Canadian-American actor, author, film producer and activist with a film and television career spanning from the 1970s to 2020. He played Marty McFly in Back to the Future trilogy. On television, he played Alex P. Keaton in the NBC sitcom Family Ties and Mike Flaherty on the ABC sitcom Spin City. He has won five Primetime Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a Grammy Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1991, and told the public about it in 1998. He semi-retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of the disease worsened. He has since become an advocate for research toward finding a cure, and founded the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Sweden's Karolinska Institute gave him an honorary doctorate on March 5, 2010 for his work advocating a cure for Parkinson's disease.

Fox has also worked as a voice-over actor on films, such as Stuart Little and  Atlantis: The Lost Empire. On the CBS television show The Good Wife, he earned Emmy nominations for three consecutive years for his recurring role as crafty attorney Louis Canning. He has also taken recurring guest roles and cameo appearances in Boston Legal, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Rescue Me, and Designated Survivor. He has written four books. Fox was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010 and was also inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
 The Michael J. Fox Database

Actors from Alberta
American movie actors
American television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Entertainers from Edmonton
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People with Parkinson's disease
1961 births
Living people
Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)

"Hurt" is a song sung by Christina Aguilera, from her 2006 album Back to Basics. The song was written by Aguilera, Linda Perry and Mark Ronson. It is a slow, emotional ballad. It was released as the second single from her Back to Basics album, after "Ain't No Other Man". It charted in many countries in the world.

2006 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
Movie producer

A movie producer creates the conditions for making movies. The producer checks and controls things such as getting the money to make the movie, employing personnel, and arranging for distributors. The producer is involved in all parts of the process of making a movie from the beginning to completion of a project. Usually, the producer is considered the chief of staff and  is in control of the non-artistic side of movie making, while the director is in charge of the filming and the artistic part.

Other websites 
Producers Guild of America Frequently Asked Questions 

 
Movie occupations
Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis is a medical term for inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It causes diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pain. It usually happens because of infection by a virus or bacteria. 

Other common terms for gastroenteritis include infectious diarrhea, stomach bug, and stomach virus. It is sometimes called stomach flu or gastric flu, but it is not related to the influenza virus (which is often shortened to 'flu').

References

Infectious_diseases
Television pilot

Television pilot, usually called just a pilot, is a test episode made to sell a television series. It may be broadcast as the first episode if the series is sold to a network or cable channel, and sometimes has different actors or other differences to the real series. There are also many series whose pilot episodes are titled "Pilot". While many pilots are made, few make it to the screen, and even fewer go on to become full television series because of big competition between networks and producers. There are many types of television pilots. Some pilots are put on other shows first to start the show. These are called "backdoor pilots". An example of a backdoor pilot is "Gloria: The First Day" is an episode in Archie Bunker's Place but is used to start Gloria. A "put pilot" is a pilot that a network agrees to put on television and if they do no they have to pay a lot of money to the television studio. An "unsold pilot" is a pilot episode that are made by a studio but are not put on television. 

Television series
James Doohan

James Montgomery Doohan (March 3, 1920 – July 20, 2005) LVO was a Canadian actor and voice actor. He is best known for his role as Montgomery "Scotty" Scott in the movie and television series Star Trek. Doohan's character was one of the most typical elements in the Star Trek franchise.

Doohan was also a veteran of World War II. After his success with Star Trek, he showed a lot of support through the years for his fans by making many public appearances.

Other websites 
 
 Doohan in Slashdot thread
 Washington Post obituary "The Actor, Boldly Going With the Flow"
 

1920 births
2005 deaths
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from pneumonia
Javanese language

Javanese (); ; Aksara Jawa: ; Pegon: ; ) is the native language of Javanese people which originated from the island of Java. Being the most populous island in the world, a lot of community in Java island could understand the Javanese language naturally despite not having a Javanese-ethnic identity. The Javanese language is recognized as one of the regional languages ( the native or indigenous languages) in Indonesia with the largest speakers concentrated in the provinces of Yogyakarta, Central Java, and  East Java. The Javanese language also recognized as one of the minority languages in some countries worldwide, mainly in Suriname, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Hong Kong, Australia, Carribean, Sri Lanka, and neighbouring Southeast Asian countries.

Demographic distribution of Javanese speakers 

Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname, New Caledonia and other countries. However, the greatest concentration of speakers is in the six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung.

Below, a table with the number of native speakers in 1980 is provided.

References

Other websites

Javanese Writing System
Ethnologue report on Javanese 
Javanese in Suriname strive to preserve origins Jakarta Post article

Austronesian languages
Languages of Indonesia
Javanese

Javanese might mean:

Anything related to Java, an island of Indonesia
Javanese language
Michael Douglas

Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and producer and activist. He has acted in movies and on television, who came to fame as Insp. Steve Keller in the popular 1970s television series The Streets of San Francisco.

He later became a successful movie star, and won the Academy Award in 1987 for his work in Wall Street. Douglas has acted in many other successful movies, including Fatal Attraction and Basic Instinct.

He is the eldest son of actor Kirk Douglas, but also Krirk Douglas and Mrirk Douglas. He is the husband of actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. In 2010, he was diagnosed with throat cancer; in 2011 he said he had recovered.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 Michael Douglas Unofficial Fan website
 Michael Douglas  Personal Documents Archive at the Wisconsin Historical Society
 News

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New Jersey
American activists
American movie actors
Douglas family
American television actors
Cancer survivors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1944 births
Living people
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Kirk Douglas

Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916 – February 5, 2020) was an American actor and movie producer. His parents were Jews from the Russian Empire. Douglas has acted in many of Hollywood's most well-known of all time, including Spartacus. He also starred as Vincent van Gogh in Lust for Life.

He is also father to actor and producer Michael Douglas. He came in at #17 on AFI's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time and was one of two living actors on the list (Sidney Poitier is the other).

In 1995, he was given an Honorary Academy Award. In 1956, he won a Golden Globe Award.

Kirk Douglas died on February 5, 2020 in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 103.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Personal papers of Kirk Douglas at the Wisconsin Historical Society - Roughly 180,000 documents on Douglas's personal and professional life 
 Newcritics.com: Meeting Kirk Douglas 
 Kirk Douglas, le champion de Hollywood (in French)

1916 births
2020 deaths
American centenarians
American stage actors
American radio actors
Television personalities from New York
Writers from New York
American autobiographers
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from New York
American movie actors
Douglas family
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Kennedy Center honorees
American bloggers
People from Amsterdam, New York
James Stewart

James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was one of the most famous American movie and stage actors of all times. In his career, he starred in many movies considered classics and was nominated for five Oscars, winning one in competition and one life achievement. He also had an important military career, and made it to the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Air Force. Stewart became so familiar to the American public that he was most usually referred to by them as "Jimmy" Stewart.

He was named the third Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Obituary, NY Times, July 3, 1997, James Stewart, the Hesitant Hero, Dies at 89
 The Jimmy Stewart Museum
 Presidential Medal of Freedom: Jimmy Stewart 

1908 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary thrombosis
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
American aviators
American military people
American movie actors
American stage actors
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Golden Globe Award winning actors
James Cagney

James Francis Cagney, Jr. (July 17, 1899 – March 30, 1986) was an American movie actor who had many roles in his long career, and won the Oscar for Best Actor in 1942 for his role in Yankee Doodle Dandy.

Like James Stewart, Cagney became so familiar to the public that they usually referred to him as "Jimmy" Cagney. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Cagney eighth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time.

References

Other websites 

James Cagney's Thug Life Fan site with hundreds of photos
The New York Times (March 31, 1986): "James Cagney Is Dead at 86; Master of Pugnacious Grace", by Peter B. Flint

1899 births
1986 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Kennedy Center honorees
Spencer Tracy

Spencer Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American movie and stage actor who appeared in movies for thirty years.

In 1999, the American Film Institute named Tracy among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking 9th on the list of 100. He was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1937 and 1938. Along with Tom Hanks, he is one of the only two actors to ever be given two Oscars in two consecutive years. He was a long-time live-in partner of famous actress Katharine Hepburn whilst remaining legally married to another woman until his death. He was diabetic and died of a heart attack. He was a devout Catholic.

Movies 
The Strong Arm (1930)
Taxi Talks (1930)
The Hard Guy (1930)
Up the River (1930)
Quick Millions (1931)
Six Cylinder Love (1931)
Goldie (1931)
She Wanted a Millionaire (1932)
Sky Devils (1932)
Disorderly Conduct (1932)
Young America (1932)
Society Girl (1932)
The Painted Woman (1932)
Me and My Gal (1932)
20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932)
The Face in the Sky (1933)
Shanghai Madness (1933)
The Power and the Glory (1933)
Man's Castle (1933)
The Mad Game (1933)
The Show-Off (1934)
Looking for Trouble (1934)
Bottoms Up (1934)
Now I'll Tell (1934)
Marie Galante (1934)
It's a Small World (1935)
The Murder Man (1935)
Dante's Inferno (1935)
Whipsaw (1935)
Riffraff (1936)
Fury (1936)
San Francisco (1936)
Libeled Lady (1936)
They Gave Him a Gun (1937)
Captains Courageous (1937)
Big City (1937)
Mannequin (1938)
Test Pilot (1938)
Hollywood Goes to Town (1938)
Boys Town (1938)
For Auld Lang Syne: No. 4 (1939)
Hollywood Hobbies (1939)
Stanley and Livingstone (1939)
I Take This Woman (1940)
Young Tom Edison (1940) (cameo)
Northward, Ho! (1940)
Northwest Passage (1940)
Edison, the Man (1940)
Boom Town (1940)
Men of Boys Town (1941)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
Woman of the Year (1942)
Ring of Steel (1942) (narrator)
Tortilla Flat (1942)
Keeper of the Flame (1942)
His New World (1943) (documentary) (narrator)
A Guy Named Joe (1943)
The Seventh Cross (1944)
Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)
Without Love (1945)
The Sea of Grass (1947)
Cass Timberlane (1947)
State of the Union (1948)
Edward, My Son (1949)
Adam's Rib (1949)
Malaya (1949)
Father of the Bride (1950)
For Defense for Freedom for Humanity (1951)
Father's Little Dividend (1951)
The People Against O'Hara (1951)
Pat and Mike (1952)
Plymouth Adventure (1952)
The Actress (1953)
Broken Lance (1954)
Bad Day at Black Rock (1955)
The Mountain (1956)
Pedobear z Krainy Gumisiów (1957)
The Old Man and the Sea (1958)
The Last Hurrah (1958)
Inherit the Wind (1960)
The Devil at 4 O'Clock (1961)
Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)
How the West Was Won (1962) (narrator)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1900 births
1967 deaths
Gary Cooper

Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American movie actor whose career lasted 36 years. Cooper received five Oscar nominations for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1941 and 1952. He also received an Honorary Award from the Academy in 1961. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 The Gary Cooper Pages
 Find-A-Grave profile for Gary Cooper
 Photographs of Gary Cooper

Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Montana
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from prostate cancer
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Helena, Montana
1901 births
1961 deaths
James Edward Keeler

James Edward Keeler (September 10 1857 – August 12 1900) was an American astronomer.

He worked at Lick Observatory beginning in 1888 but was appointed director of the University of Pittsburgh's  Allegheny Observatory in 1891. He returned to Lick Observatory as its director in 1898, but died not long after in 1900. He had married in 1891 and left a widow and two children.

He discovered two asteroids, although the second was lost and only recovered about 100 years later.

1857 births
1900 deaths
American astronomers
Cassini–Huygens

Cassini–Huygens was a spacecraft, sent to study the planet Saturn, its rings, and its moons.

The mission was made by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and Italian Space Agency (ASI). The spacecraft had two main parts: the Cassini orbiter and the Huygens probe. It was launched on October 15, 1997 and entered into orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004. It was the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn and the fourth one to visit Saturn (the others were fly-by's and did not enter orbit). The mission ended September 2017.

Cassini orbiter 
The orbiter was named after the Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, who discovered some moons of Saturn. Most of the orbiter was designed and built by NASA, although ASI built and programmed some parts that talked to the Huygens probe. The spacecraft spent 13 years in orbit, sending back data. It visited many parts of the Saturn system until it was short of fuel. The Cassini–Huygens ended with a controlled crash into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15, 2017.

Huygens probe 
ESA (European Space Agency) made the Huygens probe, named after the Dutch astronomer, mathematician, and physicist Christiaan Huygens who discovered Titan. On December 25 2004, the Huygens probe left the orbiter. A couple weeks later, the probe parachuted onto Saturn's largest moon Titan.  Astronomers have wondered what the surface of Titan was like, since it was hidden under thick clouds.  It is the only moon in our solar system with a thick atmosphere.  The probe descended and sent pictures and other data back for scientists to study.  After 90 minutes on the moon, the spacecraft stopped working, as expected. It is the farthest place we have ever landed a spacecraft. The pictures sent while parachuting showed rivers, probably of liquid methane. The surface is much too cold for water.

References

Other websites 
 Spacecraft Cassini is Visiting Saturn! — children's stories explaining the Cassini mission
 Cassini-Huygens Main Page at NASA
 Cassini Mission Homepage  by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 Cassini-Huygens Mission Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 Cassini Imaging Homepage
 Cassini information by the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC).
 Photo Gallery - full coverage
 Cassini's Tour de Saturn part A, B, C, D, E, F – descriptions of the 4-year tour of Saturn by Bruce Moomaw
 SpaceflightNow news coverage of the mission 
 Countdown to Cancel the Cassini Space Probe by the Baltimore Peace Network in 1997 due to concerns over the use of plutonium

NASA spacecraft
Saturn
Fern

Ferns are a group of about 20,000 species of plants (of which about 10,000 are living) in the division Pteridophyta. Unlike bryophytes, ferns have xylem and phloem, which makes them vascular plants.

Most ferns belong to the Class Leptosporangiata (or Pteridopsida). This includes most of those you see in gardens and woods. The horsetails belong to another class, the Equisetopsida, which was extremely important in the Carboniferous period.<ref>Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor. 1993. The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 303–305. .</ref> Only one genus survives. The other classes of fern are also quite small today.

Ferns do not have waxes or special cells on their surface that keep water from evaporating. This means that they best live in a place where there is a lot of fog or has a lot of rainfall and is in a shade that protects them from direct sunlight. They have roots, stems, leaves. Their stems may form runners, called stolons above the ground, or rhizomes below ground. The leaves are green and large, and may bear spores on the underside. Some ferns can grow large in moist places. They can survive in more places than moss, but not so many as flowering plants.

During the Carboniferous period – from 350 million years ago – ferns lived everywhere on land. Horsetails grew up to 30 metres. There were huge forests of ferns and mosses, full of giant insects. Today, there are not so many large ferns.

Ferns do not have seeds. Instead, they reproduce through spores.

 References 

 Further reading 
 Pryer, Kathleen M., Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Paul G. Wolf, Jeffrey S. Hunt and Sedonia D. Sipes. 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409: 618-622 (abstract here).
 Pryer, Kathleen M., Eric Schuettpelz, Paul G. Wolf, Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith and Raymond Cranfill. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American Journal of Botany 91:1582-1598 (online abstract here ).
 Moran, Robbin C. 2004. A natural history of ferns. Portland, OR: Timber Press. .
 Lord, Thomas R. 2006. Ferns and fern allies of Pennsylvania. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. 
 Smith A.R., K.M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P.G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon'' 55(3):705–731.online available

Gallery

Other websites
 Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida
 A classification of the ferns and their allies 
 A fern book bibliography
 Register of fossil Pteridophyta 
 L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles. 
 Non-seed plant images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 

Pteridophyta
Horror movie

A horror movie is a movie made to scare the viewer. The main stories of horror movies often involve supernatural forces or characters of evil origin. Horror movies are often confused with thrillers, which are similar.

Popular horror movie characters usually include monsters. Early horror movies often took ideas from classic literature, such as The Mummy, Dracula and The Wolf Man.

Slasher movies                                
Slasher movies are a subgenre of horror movies. They are often also a type of thriller movie. Slasher movies normally have a psychopathic killer killing a sequence of people. This is usually in a very violent way. The genre may have been inspired by giallo, a similar movie genre originating in Italy.

While movies made as early as 1932 had aspects of slasher movies in them, the genre was not really defined until the late 1970s. The 1974 movie Black Christmas is considered the first slasher movie.. Halloween (1978),  Friday the 13th (1980) and Scream (1996) did very well at the box office and showed that slasher movies could make lots of money.

Psychological horror movies
Psychological horror movies are a subgenre of traditional horror movies which focuses more on the mental instability of its characters than on graphic violence, serial killers or monsters, for example. Most of the time this genre deal with the character's phobias, psychological traumas, paranoia, and etc. The genre often overlaps with psychological thriller as well. Dead Silence (2007), The Shining and Babadook (2014), are some examples of psychological horror movies.

Comedy horror movies
Those are movies which blends horror and comic elements in its plot. Unlike common, traditional horror movies, in this movie genre, the viewer may be scared and laugh at the same time. Most of time, the type of humour used in these movies is black comedy.

Some examples includes Zombieland (2009), The Raven (1963) and Shaun of The Dead (2004).

References

 
Movie genres
Laurence Fishburne

Laurence Fishburne III (born July 30, 1961) is an American actor of movies and theater, playwright, director, and producer. He was nominated for the Oscar, and won the Emmy and Tony Awards. He is famous for his roles in successful movies like Apocalypse Now and The Matrix. Fishburne was the first African-American actor to play Perry White in Man of Steel.

Fishburne was born in Augusta, Georgia and moved to Brooklyn, New York City during his childhood.

Filmography

Other websites 
 
 
 Laurence Fishburne  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database

1961 births
Living people
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Actors from Brooklyn
American child actors
African-American movie actors
African American movie producers
African-American stage actors
African-American television actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Movie producers from New York City
People from Augusta, Georgia
Tony Award winning actors
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Martin Sheen

Martin Sheen (born August 3, 1940) is a Spanish-Irish-American actor. He is best known for his role as Captain Willard in the film Apocalypse Now and, most recently, as President Josiah Bartlet on the acclaimed and long-running television drama series The West Wing. He won both the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for his works. His mother was an Irish immigrant; his father was a Spanish immigrant.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 The Progressive magazine interview
 Martin Sheen: Catholic President on Prime Time  article at AmericanCatholic.org
 PBS interview with audio clips: Martin Sheen on Poverty, Faith and Social Activism
 2001 NPR Interview about his experiences filming Apocalypse Now

Actors from Dayton, Ohio
American activists
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning directors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie producers from Ohio
1940 births
Living people
Northern Kurdistan

Northern Kurdistan, or Turkish Kurdistan, is the part of Kurdistan which is in Turkey, in the Middle East. To the south-west is Syrian Kurdistan, and to the south-east is Iraqi Kurdistan and Iranian Kurdistan.

Geography of Turkey

tr:Kürdistan#Türkiye Kürdistanı
Mount Etna

Mount Etna is a volcano on the east coast of Sicily, part of southern Italy. It is the largest active volcano in Europe. Mount Etna erupts every few years.

Etna's most destructive eruption in historic times started on 11 March 1669. It produced lava flows that destroyed 10 villages and reached the town of Catania five weeks later, on 15 April. Many buildings were destroyed and few people were killed.

Major twentieth century eruptions occurred in 1928, 1949, 1971, 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2001 eruption. In 1971, it buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century) under lava. The 1992 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres outside it.

In 2002–2003, the biggest series of eruptions for many years threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, on the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano were damaged.  The eruption also destroyed the Rifugio Sapienza, a ski resort on the southern flank of the volcano.

Related pages 
 List of volcanoes

References

Other websites 

 Mount Etna Live Webcam 
 Italy's Volcanoes: The Cradle of Volcanology, with detailed information of Italy's volcanoes, including Etna 
 Stromboli Online, with info on Etna, photo galleries and video clips of Etna's past eruptions including those of the 1990s and the 2000s
 Mount Vesuvius -Citizendium

Volcanoes of Italy
Sicily
John Terry

John George Terry (born 7 December 1980) is a Professional Football Manager and former  English professional football player. Terry played as a defender and captained  Chelsea in the English Premier League and  the England national team. John Terry is Manager of League 2 Side, Bristol Rovers.

Terry is known as one of the best defenders in the world. He was voted best defender in the UEFA Champions League in 2005. He was also the only English player to be named in the group of best players for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He wears the number 26 shirt for Chelsea and the number 6 shirt for England. Terry missed the penalty which could have won the Champions League 2008. He slipped when he was taking the penalty, giving Manchester United the title.

Career 
Terry was a Chelsea Youth player. Before he became a defender he was a midfielder in 1992. To help Terry get some first team experience he was loaned out to Nottingham Forest in 2000 until 2002, when he came back to Chelsea.

Personal life 
Terry is married to his childhood sweetheart Toni Poole, who supported him financially when he was a Chelsea F.C trainee.  They married on 15 June 2007, in Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire. They have twins, Georgie and Summer, born in 2006.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||rowspan="2"|Premier League||2||0||3||0||1||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|1999/00||4||0||4||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||1
|-
|1999/00||Nottingham Forest||First Division||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="10"|Chelsea||rowspan="10"|Premier League|||22||1||3||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||1
|-
|2001/02||33||1||5||2||5||0||4||1||47||4
|-
|2002/03||20||3||5||2||3||0||1||1||29||6
|-
|2003/04||33||2||3||1||2||0||13||0||51||3
|-
|2004/05||36||3||1||1||5||0||11||4||53||8
|-
|2005/06||36||4||4||2||1||1||8||0||49||7
|-
|2006/07||28||1||4||0||2||0||10||0||46||1
|-
|2007/08||23||1||2||0||2||0||10||0||37||1
|-
|2008/09||34||1||2||0||1||0||11||2||48||3
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
277||17||36||9||24||1||69||8||406||35
277||17||36||9||24||1||69||8||406||35
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||14||2
|-
|2007||7||1
|-
|2008||6||2
|-
|2009||10||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||58||6
|}

References 

1980 births
Living people
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Chelsea F.C. players
English footballers
People from Barking
Sportspeople from London
Premier League players
Umbrella (song)

"Umbrella" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna and features American rapper Jay-Z. It is the lead single from Rihanna's  third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad. It was written by Jay-Z, Terius Nash and Christopher Stewart. It was released on March 29, 2007 as a single and digital download. It was very successful worldwide reaching number one in numerous countries. The song is 4 minutes and 35 seconds long.

Background and single release
The songwriters of "Umbrella" offered the song to a number of labels before Rihanna finally accepted and recorded it. The song was first offered by Britney Spears but she turned it down. Although it was released officially on March 29, 2007, it was released in some parts of the United States on March 28. In the United Kingdom, the single was released as a digital download on May 14 and as a physical single on May 28.

Music video
The music video for "Umbrella" was directed by Chris Applebaum on April 13, 2007. It premiered on April 26 at the thisisrihanna.com website. The video was released on May 11, and reached the number one spot for eight weeks.

The video features Jay-Z rapping in the beginning while in a rain of sparks. Rihanna is then shown singing in a steamy place. In the first chorus, Rihanna walks around en pointe while in the rain. In the second verse, she is seen dancing with an umbrella in a different place. Later, she is painted silver and posing in several positions while nude. At the end of the video, Rihanna is again dancing with an umbrella while in a shower of sparks falling like rain.

Remixes
A number of remixes were made for the song. Lil' Mama is featured in one remix. Chris Brown performed an answer song with different lyrics, called "Cinderella."

Chart performance
"Umbrella" reached the number one spot in a number of countries. It topped the charts in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Poland, Austria, Belgium, Norway and Switzerland at the same time. It peaked at the top spot in the United Kingdom for ten weeks in a row from May 20 to July 29, 2007. It was the longest running number one song since "Love Is All Around" by Wet Wet Wet in 1994 (that song spent 15 weeks). It was knocked off the number one spot in the UK by Timbaland's "The Way I Are".

The song's reign at number one in the UK happened when the country was hit by extreme rainfall and flooding, which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, calling it the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly in Greece (the single's worst performing market) "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several heatwaves topping 45C/113F and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60. The song only reached number fourteen in the Greek singles chart. 

"Umbrella" was at number one in the American Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks and in the Australian ARIA Charts for six weeks.

Other websites
 "Umbrella" on YouTube
 

2007 songs
Rihanna songs
Jay-Z songs
Hip hop songs
Pop songs
R&B songs
Shirley MacLaine

{{Infobox person
| name              = Shirley MacLaine
| birthname         = Shirley MacLean Beaty
| birth_date         = 
| birth_place        = Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
| nationality       = American
| residence         =
| image             = Shirley MacLaine (2005).jpg
| caption           = Shirley MacLaine at the 2005 Toronto Film Festival, photo by Tony Shek
| academyawards     = Best Actress1983 Terms of Endearment
| emmyawards        = Outstanding Special - Comedy-Variety or Music1976 Gypsy in My Soul
| goldenglobeawards = Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical/Comedy1961 The Apartment1964 Irma la Douce Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama1984 Terms of Endearment1989 Madame SousatzkaCecil B. DeMille Award1998 Lifetime Achievement
| baftaawards       = Best Actress1960 Ask Any Girl1961 The Apartment''
| spouse            = Steve Parker(m. 1954-1982, divorced)
| children          = Sachi Parker
| relatives         = Warren Beatty (brother)Annette Bening(sister-in-law)
}}Shirley MacLaine''' (born April 24, 1934) is an American movie and theatre actress. She is famous for her acting as well as her strong belief in reincarnation. She is the writer of a many autobiographical works, some about her New Age beliefs, as well as her Hollywood career. She is the older sister of Warren Beatty. She won the Academy Award for "Best Actress" in 1983, and has also received many other awards, including the Emmy, Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.

Other websites
 MacLaine's official website
 
 Shirley MacLaine interviewed by Ginny Dougary  (2005)

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Richmond, Virginia
American movie actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1934 births
Living people
Crown dependencies

A British crown dependency is a special type of state.  The head of state is the British monarch, who is represented by a Lieutenant-Governor.  Each dependency has a parliament, government and prime minister to make all laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs.  Defence and foreign affairs are looked after by the British Government. 

But the British government in London has no power in the dependencies, unless the government of the dependency agrees.

Some colonies also have a government, but they were created by the British government and can be ended by the British government.

The crown dependencies are
The Isle of Man,
The Bailiwick of Jersey, and
The Bailiwick of Guernsey

References
Lieutenancies Act 1997

The Lieutenancies Act 1997 (1997 c. 23) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

A Lord Lieutenant is the Queen's representative in a county or other area.

The Lieutenancies Act sets out the areas in which Lords-Lieutenant work in Great Britain. It came into force on 1 July 1997.  

These areas are usually called "ceremonial counties" or "preserved counties" in Wales.  In Scotland a Statutory Instrument (rule written by a minister) defines the size of the lieutenancy.  They are usually one local council area, but some council areas are too small or to large for one Lord Lieutenant.  

For a list of the areas in England see Ceremonial counties of England

Other websites 
Text of the act

Government of the United Kingdom
British monarchy
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1997 in the United Kingdom