cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Imaginary unit

In math, imaginary unit or , is a number value that only exists outside of real numbers and is used in algebra. Though imaginary numbers can be used to solve a lot of mathematical problems, they cannot be represented by an amount of real life objects.

History
Imaginary units were invented to answer the polynomial equation , which normally has no solution (see below). The term "imaginary" comes from by René Descartes and was meant to be insulting as, like zero and negative numbers at other times in history, imaginary numbers were thought to be useless as they are not natural. It wasn't until later centuries that the work of mathematicians like Leonhard Euler, Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Carl Friedrich Gauss would prove that imaginary numbers were very important for some areas of algebra.

Definition
A common rule for multiplying and dividing numbers is that if the signs are different then the result is negative (e.g. ), but if both numbers have the same sign then the result will be positive (e.g.  and ). However, this leads to problems with square root numbers of negatives, as two negative numbers will always make a positive number:

so 
but 
as 

To fill in this value gap the imaginary unit was made, which is defined as  and . Using imaginary numbers we can solve our last example:

 and

Square root of i 

It is sometimes assumed that one must create another number to show the square roots of , but that is not needed. The square roots of  can be written as: , a result which can be shown as follows: 

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Powers of i 
The powers of  or  follow a regular and predictable pattern:

As shown, each time we multiply by another  the values are  and then repeat.

Related pages
 Complex number
 Euler's Identity
 Imaginary number
 Mathematical constant
 Real number

References 

Mathematics
Numbers
Phycology

Phycology (or algology), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of "normal" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other microalgae); many others have many cells; some of these are very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum.

Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in lichens.

A phycologist is a person who studies phycology...

Algae
The Smiths

The Smiths were an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1982 and split up in 1987. They released four studio albums. The band consisted of Morrissey (singing), Johnny Marr (guitar), Andy Rourke (bass) and Mike Joyce (drums). Critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. Q magazine writer Simon Goddard wrote that The Smiths were the one truly important group of the 1980s, "the most influential British guitar group of the decade" and the first independent group to become successful in the main music scene.

The band was based on the songwriting partnership of Morrissey and Marr. They signed to the independent record label Rough Trade Records. On this, they released four studio albums: The Smiths (1984), Meat Is Murder (1985), The Queen Is Dead (1986) and Strangeways, Here We Come'' (1987). They have also released several compilations, and many singles that were not released on any of their studio albums.

The Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty. All four of their albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a large following of fans. The band had limited commercial success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have refused several offers to reunite.

The music focuses on a guitar, bass and drum sound. They blend 1960s rock and post-punk. This sounded very different to the synthesiser-based contemporary dance pop that was popular in the early 1980s. Marr's guitar playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound influenced by Roger McGuinn of the 1960s group The Byrds. It influenced later bands from Manchester, such as The Stone Roses and Oasis. Morrissey's lyrics combined stories about ordinary people's lives with a sense of humour.

Band members 
Morrissey (lead singer)
Johnny Marr (guitar)
Andy Rourke (bass)
Mike Joyce (drums)

Discography 

The Smiths (1984)
Hatful of Hollow (1984)
Meat Is Murder (1985)
The Queen Is Dead (1986)
The World Won't Listen (1987)
Louder Than Bombs (1987)
Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)
Rank (1988)

References

Other websites 
Morrisey on ¡ponte los cascos! article about Morrisey and Eurovision

1982 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1980s disestablishments in England
English rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1987
Musical groups established in 1982
Musical groups from Greater Manchester

Warner Bros. Records artists
Taichung City

Taichung City ( or ; POJ: Tâi-tiong) is a city in west-central Taiwan with a population of over 2.7 million people, making it the second largest city on the island.  The city's name is Chinese for "Central Taiwan". The average temperature of Taichung City is about 23°C, and average rainfall is about 1.7 m per year.

Districts
Beitun District (北屯區)
Central District (中區)
East District (東區)
Nantun District (南屯區)
North District (北區)
Xitun (Situn) District (西屯區)
South District (南區)
West District (西區)

Cities in Taiwan
Majuro

Majuro is the capital city of the country of the Marshall Islands. Built on 64 islands, Majuro has a port and an international airport. It has a population of 25,400 (2004). Majuro is located at 7°7'30" North, 171°4' East (7.125, 171.0667). 

The atoll of Majuro has a land area of only 3.75 mi² (9.7 km²), and is surrounded by lagoon of 113.92 mi² (295 km²). Sport fishing and underwater diving are popular. During World War II, on January 30, 1944, United States troops attacked Majuro (controlled by Japan).

Marshall Islands
Capital cities in Oceania
South Tarawa

South Tarawa (in Gilbertese and English: Teinainano Urban Council or abr. TUC) is the capital city of the country Kiribati. It is on an island called Tarawa Atoll. The meaning of Teinainano is "down of the mast", referring to the sail-shape of the atoll.

The South Tarawa population center is made up of all the small islands between Bairiki (on the west) to Temaiku on the east. All of separated islands are joined by causeways, forming one long island on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. There is also a new causeway—the Japanese Causeway—that links South Tarawa to Betio. South Tarawa is at 1°19' North, 172°58' East (1.31667, 172.9667). 

There is a Kiribati Teacher College and one University of the South Pacific center on South Tarawa. Bairiki is sometimes considered the capital of Kiribati because at one time both the Parliament, the Presidency and main administrative offices were located there. The Parliament meets on Ambo island; Government department are spread among South Tarawa, Betio and Christmas Island.

The Roman Catholic diocese and the Kiribati Protestant Church are on South Tarawa. Bairiki (executive), Ambo (legislative), Betio (judicial) are the main places of the capital.

Capital cities in Oceania
Settlements in Kiribati
Bairiki

Bairiki is a village and an island now part of South Tarawa, and one time is the center of government of Kiribati. One of three post offices on Tarawa is located at Bairiki. Bairiki Island is the most southern island on the atoll of Tarawa. About nine islands are larger than Bairiki.

Bairiki includes the main administrative center of Kiribati, but the Parliament has since moved to Ambo, halfway between Bairiki and Bonriki. In the village there is a small port and near Bairiki is a center of the University of the South Pacific.

Villages
Settlements in Kiribati

et:Tarawa South#Bairiki
en:South Tarawa#Bairiki
gl:Tarawa Sur#Bairiki
no:South Tarawa#Bairiki
Audio engineer

An audio engineer (or simply engineer for short) is a person who operates, and usually chooses and sets up recording equipment. The term applies mainly to a person who works in a recording studio but can also apply to people who do the same kind of work, in other places. An engineer may work with multitrack recordings or stereophonic remixes.

Audio engineering deals with the recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and electronic  means and is a part of audio science. The field draws on many disciplines, including electrical engineering, acoustics, and music. An audio engineer is closer to the creative and technical aspects of audio than an acoustical engineer.

Some amateur (and a few professional) engineers are self-taught, and learn mostly by doing, or with the help of an instruction manual. Many engineers started in other studio jobs (such as running errands), and learned about recording as they became familiar with the studio where they worked. An engineer learns about the use and placement of microphones, how to operate and maintain an audio mixer, recording deck, sound effects, and other machines, and how to switch between live and recorded sounds, to make the best, and often the most unique, recording possible. A good engineer will strive to make recordings that are both of high technical quality, and also pleasing to hear.

Starting wages may be small in recording studios, and many beginners work as unpaid volunteers. Experienced engineers, especially those who have worked on a hit record, may command a large wage. Some engineers are paid a salary, while others may earn hourly pay (sometimes based on the studio's rates), or be paid per session. Many go on to start their own recording studios, or maintain a private studio or mobile recording service. A few work only for a single recording artist, band, or producer.

Several colleges and universities in the United States and other countries offer classes in recording, which may cover its history, its uses, and of course technique and technical knowledge. Some schools offer degree or diploma programs in Recording. Graduating such a program does not guarantee a person a studio job, but increases one's chances, and can provide better preparation for such a career.

Besides studio work, some engineers have one or more specialties, such as making new digital versions of old recordings, as consultants to places that give concerts and live performances, and sometimes as expert witnesses in court trials, when sounds or a recording may be important to the outcome of a case.

Equipment 
Microphones
Mixing consoles
Signal processors
Digital audio workstations
Music sequencers
Speakers
Preamplifiers
Amplifiers

Related pages 
Electrical engineering
Record producer

Other websites 
Audio Engineering Society
Audio engineering formulas and calculators
Recording engineer video interviews
Audio Engineering online course  under Creative Commons Licence

Entertainment occupations
Music industry
Engineering
Jermain Defoe

Jermain Defoe (born 7 October 1982) is an English football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||Bournemouth||Second Division||29||18||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||18
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001/02||35||10||3||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||14
|-
|2002/03||38||8||2||2||2||1||colspan="2"|-||42||11
|-
|2003/04||First Division||19||11||0||0||3||4||colspan="2"|-||22||15
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="5"|Premier League||15||7||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||7
|-
|2004/05||35||13||5||4||4||5||colspan="2"|-||44||22
|-
|2005/06||36||9||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||9
|-
|2006/07||34||10||5||1||5||4||5||3||49||18
|-
|2007/08||19||4||2||0||5||1||5||3||31||8
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Portsmouth||rowspan="2"|Premier League||12||8||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||8
|-
|2008/09||19||7||0||0||0||0||4||2||23||9
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||8||3||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||10||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
300||108||19||11||22||16||14||8||355||143
300||108||19||11||22||16||14||8||355||143
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||8||1
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||6||2
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||6||3
|-
|2009||6||5
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||38||11
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Premier League players
Province of Ascoli Piceno

The Province of Ascoli Piceno () is a province in the region of Marche in Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno.

Geography

Ascoli Piceno has an area of . The province is bordered to the east by the Adriatic Sea and to the north with the provinces of  Macerata and Fermo. It borders with three regionsː the Abruzzo region to the south, the Lazio region to the soutwest and the Umbria region to the west.

The main river in the province is Tronto,  long and the highest mountain is Monte Vettore (), with an altitude of .

Population
There are 209,450 persons living in the province (1 January 2017). The population density was  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

Municipalities 
There are 33 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:

 Acquasanta Terme
 Acquaviva Picena
 Appignano del Tronto
 Arquata del Tronto
 Ascoli Piceno
 Carassai
 Castel di Lama
 Castignano
 Castorano
 Colli del Tronto
 Comunanza	
 Cossignano
 Cupra Marittima
 Folignano
 Force
 Grottammare
 Maltignano
 Massignano
 Monsampolo del Tronto
 Montalto delle Marche
 Montedinove
 Montefiore dell'Aso	
 Montegallo
 Montemonaco
 Monteprandone
 Offida
 Palmiano
 Ripatransone
 Roccafluvione
 Rotella
 San Benedetto del Tronto
 Spinetoli
 Venarotta

The largest comune is Ascoli Piceno, with  and the smallest is Colli del Tronto, with . The comune with fewest inhabitants is Palmiano, with 188 inhabitants.

Main comuni
The following table shows the 10 comuni with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of comuni of the Province of Ascoli Piceno

References

Other websites

 Province of Ascoli Piceno official website 

Ascoli
Squirrel

Squirrels are a large family of small to medium rodents. It includes tree squirrels, which are described on this page.

The other squirrels are: ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including groundhogs), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. 

Squirrels are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and have been introduced to Australia. The earliest known squirrels date from the Eocene and are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormouse among living rodent families.

Most squirrels are omnivores; they eat anything they find.  Many kinds of squirrels live in trees, so they often find nuts. They eat seeds, berries and pine cones too. Sometimes they eat bird's eggs and insects. Most tree squirrels store food in the fall, to eat in the winter. Ground squirrels do not store food. They hibernate which means they spend winter in a deep sleep. 

Squirrels have many predators or enemies. Foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, raccoons, lynx, cougars, eagles, hawks and owls eat squirrels.

Tree squirrels 
The most common European squirrels are red or brown in color, while common American squirrels are grey or black. Grey squirrels have been introduced from America into Europe (most notably, Great Britain). 

The greys carry a virus to which they are immune, but which is deadly to red squirrels. They have taken over most of the red squirrels' territory in deciduous forest. This has greatly reduced the red squirrel's population. Red squirrels still enjoy dominance in the pine forests of northern Britain, but they are now rare in southern areas.

The grey squirrel is regarded as vermin. It is illegal to release any into the wild, and any caught have to be humanely killed.

Life cycle 
Squirrels breed in February and March in winter, and in June and July in summer. Females may become pregnant up to twice a year. Usually four to six young are born, after a gestation period (pregnancy) of around thirty-nine days. Only the mother looks after the young, which are born completely helpless. Young squirrels are deaf and blind during the first few weeks of their life. 

Most squirrels die in the first year of life. Adult squirrels can have a lifespan of five to ten years in the wild. Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity.

Related pages 
 Flying squirrel

References
Gestation

Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal, until its birth. Mammals can have more than one embryo or fetus at the same time.

The time between fertilization of an ovum and the birth of the young is called the gestation period. Humans have a gestation period of around 37 weeks or about 9 months and 1 week. Syrian hamsters have a gestation period of 16 days. That is believed to be the shortest gestation period. The time the gestation period takes depends on the size of the animal, smaller ones have short lengths and bigger ones have the opposite.

Biological reproduction
Suva

Suva is the capital city of Fiji. It is on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu. Suva became the capital of Fiji in 1877. It was changed from the settlement of Kaivalagi on the island of Ovalau because that settlement had no space left to grow. Kaivalangi had been established by the Europeans. In 1996, 77,366 people lived in Suva. Including independent suburbs, 167,975 people lived in the Greater Suva city area.

Other websites 
 Suva City Council (official website)

Capital cities in Oceania
Fiji
Honiara

Honiara is the capital city of the Solomon Islands and of Guadalcanal Province. It has a population 84,520 (2017).

The town is on the island of Guadalcanal. It was built to replace the former capital of Tulagi at the end of World War II. Honiara became the capital of the Solomon Islands in 1952. The town is on the Kukum Highway, which connects Henderson field in the east of Honiara with the White River in the west, and passes the hospital Nambanaen and the burned down Chinatown. Honiara has a dock from which ships depart to other provinces. The gardens of the National Art Gallery are popular for afternoon strolls. 

Capital cities in Oceania
Solomon Islands
Port Vila

Port Vila (population 29,356, coordinates 17°45′S 168°18′E) is the capital city of Vanuatu. Located on the south coast of the island of Efate, it has the country's most important dock and airport, Bauerfield International, making it the nation's economic and commercial center.

During World War II, Port Vila was an American and Australian airbase. In 1987 and 2015, tropical cyclones badly damaged the city.

Capital cities in Oceania
Vanuatu
Hsinchu

Hsinchu City (Chinese:新竹; POJ: Sin-tek) is a provincial city of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Hsinchu is popularly nicknamed "The Windy City" (Fengcheng 風城) for its windy climate.

The city is surrounded by Hsinchu County to the north and east, Miaoli County to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the west. 
Hsinchu City is made up of three districts:  North District, East District, and Siangshan District.

Economy
The city is the base of high tech industry in Taiwan. Built in 1980, Hsinchu Science Park is home of 360 high tech companies including TSMC, Philips and United Microelectronics Corporation. As the result, the city has the highest income level.

Related pages

List of counties of Republic of China

Cities in Taiwan
Kangaroo rat

Kangaroo rats are small rodents from North and Central America. They got their name, because they look like small kangaroos, when standing upright. But they are not related to kangaroos, except that they are mammals. The genus of the kangaroo rats is called Dipodomys.

Currently, there are 22 species in that genus. They vary in size from 10cm to 20cm, and they weigh between 35 and 180 grams for adult animals.

Kangaroo rats live in dry climates.They can live in deserts also, like Thar Desert. This means that they have developed traits to other species that live in such climates, but are not related to them. Some of those species are the jerboas, which can be found in the deserts of Africa and Asia, and the hopping mice of the Australian Outback. 

All of those species have highly developed hind legs. They also live in deep burrows that protect them from the worst heat of the day. Water may be difficult to find in such climates. Therefore, they only rarely need to drink water. Instead, they have a very efficient metabolism. Their kidneys are much more efficient than human kidneys. They can also chemically split off water from the food they eat. 

Kangaroo mice are found in areas of the United States and Mexico, where there is some grass or vegetation left, but which have a rather dry climate.  Scientists call those areas arid and semi-arid. The animals live on seeds, leaves, nuts and other fruit they can find. They also catch insects. They are also known for stockpiling (keeping) some food in their burrows, for bad times. 

Usually the animals have a color that blends in nicely with the sandy surroundings. Most often they are a tone of dark yellow to deep brown.

They are nocturnal which means that they are  active during the night. 

Geomyoid rodents
Pack rat

The pack rat, also known as the wood rat or trade rat, is a rodent of one of several species in the genus Neotoma. Very often, people mean the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea). Packrats are common in the deserts and highlands of the western United States and northern Mexico. They are smaller than a usual (Old World) rat, and usually have long, sometimes bushy tails. They are also not related to the rat, other than also being a rodent. 

Rodents
Mohamed ElBaradei

Mohamed ElBaradei (born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian scientist, administrator, politician, diplomat and 2005 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace.

Early life
ElBaradei was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. He has a doctorate in International law.

Career
ElBaradei is best known as the former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1997-2009). The IAEA is an inter-governmental organization related to the United Nations. It is based in Vienna and tries to bring about the peaceful use of nuclear energy. ElBaradei and the IAEA were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. They won the prize for their efforts in Iraq, finding that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

Notes

References

Other websites 

1942 births
Living people
Diplomats
Egyptian Muslims
Vice-Presidents of Egypt
New York University alumni
People from Cairo
Egyptian Nobel Prize winners
Lesser bandicoot rat

The lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) is a rodent. It lives in south Asia. It can grow up to 40cm long. It is a rat, but is not in the genus Rattus. They may be a pest to cereal crops, and gardens in India and Sri Lanka. When attacking the rat grunts like a pig. Their fur is dark brown on the back and usually lighter or darker grey on the belly-side (ventrally). The length of their body is about 25cm, and the tail is shorter than the body.

Location 
Sometimes, the rats live in empty houses in villages. When they feel threatened, they are very aggressive. Many see them as a threat to infants (babies). Packs of lesser bandicoot rats have been known to attack and devour infants left alone.

Misunderstandings 
Despite its name, the rat is not related to the bandicoot, which is a marsupial.

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature says there are large numbers of lesser bandicoot rats found over a wide area. They have listed them as being of Least Concern for survival.

References

Old World rats and mice
Legnica

Legnica () is a city in Poland. The river Katzbach runs through Legnica. There live over 100,000 people. The city is in west part of Poland (near Germany and Czech border). Legnica is near a bigger city, Wrocław.

Legnica is in the middle of Silesia. The area used to be part of Prussia, and Legnica was the capital of one of the three Silesian government areas (Regierungsbezirk).

History

Silesia, a Prussian Province, is divided in 3 administrative regions (Regierungsbezirk): Liegnitz, Breslau and Oppeln.

The Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz comprised the following districts:

Urban districts ()
Glogau
Görlitz
Hirschberg
Liegnitz

Rural districts ()
Bunzlau
Fraustadt
Freystadt
Glogau
Görlitz
Goldberg
Grünberg
Hirschberg
Hoyerswerda
Jauer
Landeshut
Lauban
Liegnitz
Löwenberg
Lüben
Rothenburg
Sprottau

Education

National Colleges 
 Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Legnicy
 Politechnika Wrocławska (affiliate in Legnica)
 Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych w Legnicy

Not national Colleges 
 Wyższa Szkoła Medyczna w Legnicy
 Wyższa Szkoła Menedżerska w Legnicy
 Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania/ The Polish Open University
 Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu
 Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Legnickiej

Secondary schools 

 I Liceum Ogólnokształcące 
 II Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 III Liceum Ogólnokształcące 
 IV Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 V Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 VI Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 VII Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 Akademickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 Katolickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące
 Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Zespole Szkół Integracyjnych im. Piastów Śląskich
 Zespół Szkół Budowlanych
 Zespół Szkół Ekonomicznych
 Zespół Szkół Elektryczno-Mechanicznych
 Zespół Szkół Medycznych
 Zespół Szkół Przemysłu Spożywczego
 Zespół Szkół Rolniczych im. Wincentego Witosa
 Zespół Szkół Samochodowych
 Zespół Szkół Technicznych i Ogólnokształcących im. H. Pobożnego
 Zespół Szkół Włókienniczych

Junior highs 
 Gimnazjum nr 1
 Gimnazjum nr 2
 Gimnazjum nr 3
 Gimnazjum nr 4
 Gimnazjum nr 5
 Gimnazjum nr 6
 Gimnazjum nr 7
 Gimnazjum nr 8
 Gimnazjum nr 9
 Gimnazjum nr 10
 Gimnazjum nr 11
 Gimnazjum nr 12
 Gimnazjum nr 13
 Gimnazjum nr 14
 Gimnazjum im. św. Franciszka z Asyżu
 Gimnazjum Ośrodka Szkolno-Wychowawczego
 Prywatne Gimnazjum
 Gimnazjum TWP (at I Liceum Ogólnokształce)

Primary schools 
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 1
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 2
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 4
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 6
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 7
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 9
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 10
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 12 (belongs to borstal)
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 13 (at welfare aid)
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 16
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 18
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 19;
 Szkoła Podstawowa nr 20
 Szkoła Podstawowa Ośrodka Szkolno-Wychowawczego
 Szkoła Podstawowa (private school)

Cities in Poland
Flag of Estonia

The flag of Estonia has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured blue (top), black, and white (bottom). Blue mirrors the sky, black the colour of the soil and national coat, and white the peoples' happiness and light. In Estonian language it is called the "sinimustvalge" (literally "blue-black-white"), after the colours of the bands. The flag was designed in the 1880s and adopted when Estonia became independent in 1918.

Estonia
Estonia
Coat of arms of Estonia

The coat of arms of Estonia is a golden shield which includes three slim, blue leopards (or lions passant guardant) in the middle, with oak branches along the side of the shield.

The coat of arms of Estonia has existed long before they were official recognized after the War of Independence between 1918 and 1920, when the Republic of Estonia was internationally recognized.

The symbol has been in use since the 13th century, where  the big coat of arms was used for the capital city, Tallinn. The origin of the slim blue lions can be traced back to the King of Denmark at the time, Valdemar the Second. As Denmark was the ruling power of Northern Estonia at the time, it imposed the coat of arms upon the state.

Estonia
Estonia
Indre, Loire-Atlantique

Indre is a city in France at the Atlantic Ocean. It is the south eastern end of the Brittany.
Indre has about 3,643 inhabitants.

St.Hermeland's Church 

Cities in France
Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League (German: die Hanse, Dutch: de Hanze, Estonian: hansa, Latvian: Hanza Polish: Hanza, Swedish: Hansan) was an alliance of trading guilds. These guilds established and maintained a trade monopoly over the Baltic Sea and most of Northern Europe. This monopoly lasted for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, between the 13th and 17th centuries.

Many cities were part of it.

Cities that are still called Hansestadt 
The following cities were part of the Hanse. They carry the word Hansestadt (Hanseatic City) as part of their official city name:

Anklam
Bremen
Demmin
Greifswald
Hamburg
Lübeck
Lüneburg
Rostock
Stralsund
Wismar

 
1358 establishments
1350s establishments in Europe
Now You See It...

Now You See It... is a Disney Channel Original Movie starring Alyson "Aly" Michalka and Johnny Pacar. This movie first aired January 2005 on the American version of Disney Channel.

Plot 

A young girl named Allyson Miller (Aly) is on the search for the world's next greatest young magician for a TV show where they allow young children to try skills of magic and other tricks.

Allyson finds a boy named Danny (Johnny Pacar) and selects him after a mystery happens to her and her crew.

Danny meets a man who has power to make any magician do anything, framing him and making him confused.

Main cast 
Aly Michalka - Allyson
Johnny Pacar - Danny

Other websites

2005 movies
Disney movies
Den Helder

is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands. It is in the province of North Holland. Den Helder is at the northernmost point of the province, excluding the island Texel. About 60,000 people live there.

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in North Holland
Municipalities of North Holland
Cow Belles

Cow Belles is an American produced Disney Channel original movie. It was shown on television on March 26, 2006. This movie stars Aly and AJ of Aly & AJ.

Plot
Two spoiled sisters (Aly & AJ) are rich, but their father and the family have many losses, forcing the girls to do dairy and farm work. Courtney (AJ) still saves party money enough to save the family. Taylor (Aly) decides to give up the money after she was told not to just to save the family. Soon the girls learn a lesson about friendship, sisterhood, and love, and that it is better to choose brains of bronze.

Disney movies
2006 movies
Television movies
English-language movies
Legacy

In law, a legacy is something that someone gets by inheritance, or by a will.  In historical terms, a legacy is something that is handed down from one period of time to another period of time. Often it means something handed down from an ancestor or predecessor.

In loose terms, it is sometimes said that a countries or civilizations can leave a legacy, such as an idea that will be remembered for a long time. That is clearly an extension of its original meaning(s) which were about individual people.

Buddha and Confucius and other religious and philosophical teachers have left moral legacies. 

More than 2000 years ago the Greek Mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, collected and wrote down ideas about geometry and measurement in a text called Elements. Students still use these ideas when they learn about mathematics. Other sciences also owe inherited much from Ancient Greece, and science, in general, is a system of legacies. Greek science developed from Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian science, as Islamic science used its own legacy rather than of those of other cultures. Renaissance science built on its predecessors, as did modern science.

In Athens, citizens voted on what the city would do. This early form of democracy is a cultural legacy. Ancient Rome elected some of their leaders and made Roman laws that became a legal legacy for later civilizations. Roman and Greek architecture are also often imitated, as another kind of legacy.

Some families pass objects and ideas down from generation to generation.  These heirlooms and ideas can also be called legacies.  It may have to do with a person or many people.  Individuals can leave a historical legacy.

Legacy is a similar concept as inheritance and heritage. It is something we inherit from past generations and pass to our future generations. Usually, heritage refers to material and economical inheritance, while legacy refers to immaterial and cultural inheritance.

When software source code is reused in new software development, the old code is often called legacy code.

References 

History
Law
Lulu (singer)

Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie (born 3 November 1948), best known by her stage name Lulu, is a Scottish pop singer and actress. Her most famous hit is the song "Shout". Lulu's first hit was the song "To Sir with Love", which was the title song of the 1967 movie To Sir, with Love, which was also her movie debut. She sang the title song of the 1974 James Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun.

She was a contestant in the 2011 series of Strictly Come Dancing.

Other websites 

1948 births
Living people
Actors from Glasgow
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish movie actors
Scottish pop singers
Scottish television actors
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Catanzaro

Catanzaro () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 95,099 people.

Regional capitals in Italy
Cities in Calabria
Vibo Valentia

Vibo Valentia () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 33,957 people.

Other websites
News and photos about Vibo Valentia 

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Reggio Calabria

Reggio di Calabria (, ;  ) is a city in southern Italy, capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, and the  twenty-first most populous city in Italy after Modena. Reggio was the capital of Magna Graecia. It was the first city to take the name of Italy, founder of the ononymous name, formerly populated by Italics. It is the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy, the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over , while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants. About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city and is the 100th most populated city in the EU.

Geography
Reggio is located on the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region.

As a major functional pole in the region, it has strong historical, cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina, which lies across the strait in Sicily, forming a metro city of less than 1 million people.

History
Reggio is the oldest city in the region, and during ancient times, it was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia. Reggio has a modern urban system, set up after the catastrophic earthquake of 1908, which destroyed most of the city. The region has been subject to earthquakes.

Economy
It is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia, dedicated to Ancient Greece (which houses the Bronzes of Riace, rare example of Greek bronze sculpture, which became one of the symbols of the city). Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania.

The city centre, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a linear development along the coast with parallel streets, and the promenade is dotted with rare magnolias and exotic palms. Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The "city of Bronzes", after the Bronzes of Riace that are testimonials of its Greek origins; the "city of bergamot", which is exclusively cultivated in the region; and the "city of Fatamorgana", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside.

References

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Crotone

Crotone () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 60,517 people.

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Cosenza

Cosenza is an Italian city in Calabria. 72,998 people live there.

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Common Era

Common Era (CE; )  is a method used to identify a year. It means "a year in our time" (rather than a year a very long time ago). It is the system for recording dates used almost everywhere around the world today: it is in common use. 

CE is an alternative to the AD, system used by Christians but the numbers are the same: this year is  CE or equally AD  (but usually we just say "this year is ").  AD is an abbreviation of . There are people who are not Christian, so another way to write a date was created. The name Christian Era () is another name for Common Era.

When writing about calendars, an era is span of dates, starting from a particular moment in time. In the case of both CE and AD, that start date is approximately the date of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Neither system uses a year zero (0): the year before 1 CE was 1 BCE.

Before Common Era 
Before Common Era (BCE) is the system for the years "Before the Common Era". BCE uses the same numbering as BC (Before Christ). "CE" and "BCE" are placed after the year number. Thus we write "Right now our year is  CE" or "Artaxerxes III of Persia was born in 425 BCE."

Usage of Common Era notation began about 1615 among Christians in Europe, and has been growing among non-Christians and among Christians who desire to be sensitive to non-Christians.

Related pages
 Calendar
Gregorian calendar
 Jewish calendar
Islamic calendar

Time
Radian

A radian is a unit of measuring angles. It is shown by the symbol "rad" or, less often, c (for circular measure). The radian was once an SI supplementary unit, but was changed to a derived unit in 1995.

Usage
Most people who do mathematics or physics use radians, rather than degrees, because some kinds of calculations, mostly in trigonometry and calculus, are simpler when using radians rather than degrees. Thus, most calculations related to angular frequency (such as angular velocity) use radians per second. 

People who look through a telescope or sniper scope often use milliradians to describe distances as seen through it.

Conversion
1 radian is equal to about 57.3°. There are 2π radians (about 6.28 radians) in a full circle. The formula for turning radians to degrees and vice versa is:

or:

we can also say that:

.

Related pages 

 Steradian
 Tau, the measure of a full circle in radian

References 

Angles
Taoyuan City

Taoyuan City () is a special municipality of Taiwan, Republic of China, in the northwestern part of the island, next to New Taipei City. Taoyuan District is in this municipality and serves as the seat of Taoyuan City.

"Taoyuan" means "peach garden," since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Taipei Taoyuan International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.

Administrative divisions
Taoyuan City controls 13 districts.

Education 
Chien Hsin University

Related pages
List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
Official website 

Counties of Taiwan
Xindian City

Xindian City (Chinese: 新店市; POJ: Sin-tiàm-chhī) is a city in the southern part of Taipei County, Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It has been historically spelt as Sindian (Tongyong Pinyin) or Hsintien (Wade-Giles) and Xindian (Hanyu Pinyin) on road signs in Taipei City. Sindian is the Tongyong Pinyin spelling of the city's name.

Geography 
 Location: Latitude 24.57°N, Longitude 121.32°E
 Area : 
 Population: 300,283 people ()
 Households: 107,878

Attractions 
 Bitan (碧潭) 
 Bitan Bridge {碧潭橋)
 Chung-yiang villages (中央新村)
 Feitsui reservoir(翡翠水庫)
 Wulai (烏來)

Other websites 
 Household registration office 

Cities in Taiwan
Apia

Apia, is the capital of Samoa. In 2001, it had 380,800 people. It is part of the Tuamasaga district. The city is on the northern coast of Upolu Island. It is the nation's major port and only city. Fish and copra are the country's major exports, and cotton goods, motor vehicles, meats, and sugar are the major imports.

Location 
Apia () is on a natural dock at the mouth of the Vaisigano River. It is on a narrow coastal plain with Mount Vaea (height 472 m) directly to its south. Two main ridges run south on either side of the Vaisigano River, with roads on each sides. The more western of these is Cross Island Road, the fewer roads crossing to the south coast of Upolu.

Other city 
Mulinu'u, the old capital, is the location of the Parliament House (Fale Fono) and the historic observatory, which is now the meteorology office. In 1983, the Apia Samoa Temple was built here by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Transport 

Capital cities in Oceania
Samoa
Funafuti

Funafuti is the capital of the small island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 4,492 (2002), making it the most populated atoll in this country. It is a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 meters wide. There is an airstrip, hotel (Vaiaku Langi Hotel), and administrative buildings, as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Church of Tuvalu. Other sites of interest are the remains of American aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II, when the airstrip was used by the American forces to defend the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati). The United States claimed Funafuti until a treaty of friendship was concluded in the late 70's or early 80's.

The largest island is Fongafale. On this island, there are four villages, of which one is Vaiaku, where the government is. The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is actually the capital.

Islands in Funafuti 
There are at least 33 islands in the atoll. The biggest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three islands are inhabited, which are Fongafale, Funafala and Motuloa. 

 Amatuku
 Avalau
 Falaoigo
 Fale Fatu (or Falefatu)
 Fatato
 Fongafale
 Fuafatu
 Fuagea
 Fualefeke (or Fualifeke)
 Fualopa
 Funafala
 Funamanu
 Luamotu
 Mateika
 Motugie
 Motuloa
 Mulitefala
 Nukvalevale
 Papa Elise (or Funangongo)
 Pukasavilivili
 Te Afuafou
 Te Afualiku
 Tefala
 Telele
 Tengako (peninsula of the island of Fongafale)
 Tengasu
 Tepuka
 Tepuka Vili Vili
 Tutanga
 Vasafua
 And at least 5 other islands

Bays and streets in Funafuti 
 Te Ava Pua Pua
 Te Ava Tepuka Vili

TeNamo Lagoon 
The lagoon surrounded by the atoll is TeNamo. It has a vertical length of more than 20 km.

Location 

Capital cities in Oceania
Tuvalu
Atolls
Cantonese language

Cantonese is an East Asian language which comes from Canton, southern China. Often, people use the word 'Cantonese' to refer to the Guangzhou dialect, Hong Kong dialect, Xiguan dialect, Wuzhou dialect and Tanka dialect of Yue. However, linguists prefer to keep the name 'Cantonese' for the Yue dialect of Guangzhou (Canton) and Hong Kong. Using this classification, Cantonese is the prestige dialect of Yue.

Cantonese is spoken by people in Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as places with many overseas Chinese who came from Cantonese-speaking parts of China, such as Melbourne. It is also the most common language of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America. It is said that over 100,000,000 people speak Cantonese. It is a tonal language with 6 kinds of tones. While Cantonese is only the third most spoken dialect of Chinese, only behind Mandarin and Wu, its official status in Hong Kong and Macau make it widely known among other Chinese dialects.

Even though Cantonese is called a dialect of Chinese, Cantonese is so different from Mandarin, the most spoken dialect of Chinese, that they are mutually unintelligible, meaning that speakers of one language cannot understand the other language without learning it beforehand. It is said that Cantonese is more closely related to Classical Chinese than Mandarin.

Cantonese is from the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.

Hong Kong and Macau
In Hong Kong, the official languages are English and Chinese, according to the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The vagueness of listing Chinese as the official language allows for the wide use of Cantonese, as it is called a dialect of Chinese. In Hong Kong, many people speak Cantonese instead of Mandarin, and some may even get offended if you speak Mandarin. Most schools in Hong Kong teach in Cantonese, rather than the language that they speak in Mainland China. 

In Macau, the majority speak Cantonese and it is also the official language with the other being Portuguese. But here the people speak lots of other languages as it is popular with tourists because of its casinos.

References

Sino-Tibetan languages
Linguistics
Languages of China
Kaohsiung County

Kaohsiung County (Chinese:高雄縣; POJ: Ko-hiông-kōan) is a county in southern Taiwan administered as part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It contains Kaohsiung City.

District

City

Township

Related pages
 List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
 Government website  | (English) 

Cities in Taiwan
Red blood cell

Red blood cells (also known as RBCs, red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes) are cells in the blood which transport oxygen. In women, there are about 4.8 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. In men, there are 5.4 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. Red blood cells are red because they have hemoglobin in them.

Function  
The most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen (O2) to the tissues. The hemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs. Then it travels through blood vessels and brings oxygen to all other cells via the heart. The blood cells go through the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to give all cells oxygen). They go back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), so the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.

Red blood cells are doughnut-shaped, but without the hole. This shape is called a bi-concave disc. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle-cell disease can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins. Plasma is got from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant (such as citrate) is added to the blood immediately after it is taken.

Discussion 
Mammalian RBCs are unique in that they have no cell nucleus in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during development, but push them out as they mature. This gives more space for haemoglobin. Mammalian RBCs also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells.

As a result of not having mitochondria, the cells use none of the oxygen they carry. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP. Because they lack nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA. They cannot divide, and have limited repair capabilities. This also makes sure no virus can target mammalian red blood cells.

Transport of CO2 in the blood 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in blood in three different ways. The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood.
 Most of it (about 68% to 83%) is converted to bicarbonate ions  by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells. by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + .
 5% – 10% is dissolved in the blood plasma.
 5% – 10% is bound to haemoglobin as carbamino compounds.

References 

 
Physiology