cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
General Certificate of Secondary Education

The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is a set of exams taken in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and other British territories. They are usually taken by students aged 15–16, after two years of study. Some students can take their exams early if their teachers think the students are capable. Most students taking their GCSEs study between 5 and 25 subjects.

All pupils have to study English, mathematics and science until they are 15-16. They do not have to take the GCSE exams, but the large majority do so. In Wales, students must also study Welsh until they are 14.

Most schools require that a pupil passes 5 or more GCSE exams at grades 4 or 5 or above before they can move on to study A-levels.

In 2020, the exams were cancelled for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Subjects 
Many of the subjects in this list are not offered by every school.

Required
In all schools students have to study Mathematics, Science, and English linguistics and literature.

Creativity
 Art
 Art Textiles
 Film studies
 Textiles
 Music
 Design and Technology
 Drama
 Dance
 Performing arts
 Food technology

Languages
 Modern foreign languages including: Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Spanish, Somali, Turkish, Tamil, Urdu and Welsh 
 Classical languages including: Classical Greek, Biblical Hebrew and Latin

Technology
 Electronics
 Engineering and Manufacturing (Double Award)
 Graphic products
 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
 Applied ICT (Double Award)
 Product Design
 Electronics with Resistant Materials
 Resistant Materials
 Systems and Control Technology
 Textiles
 IT

Humanities
 Humanities
 Geography
 Religious Studies
 History
 Citizenship
 Philosophy & Ethics
 Economics
 Hinduism
 Islamic Studies

People and society-related
 Citizenship (Personal Social Health Education)
 Health and Social Care (Double Award)
 Home Economics: Child Development
 Home Economics: Food and Nutrition
 Law
 Psychology
 Social Science
 Sociology

Natural sciences
 Astronomy
 Geology
 Human Biology
 Human Physiology and Health
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology

Others
 Further Mathematics (Further Pure Mathematics for Edexcel IGCSE)
 Applied Business (Double Award)
 Archaeology (may not currently be available as a separate GCSE  )
 Business Studies
 Business and Communication Systems
 General Studies
 Outdoor Pursuits - Birdwatching - Fishing
 Physical Education (PE)
 Sports Studies
 Statistics
 Media Studies

A-levels - Exams taken after GCSEs 
International GCSE - GCSE exams for students whose first language is not English.
Standard Grades - Similar exams taken in Scotland

References

Other websites

Education in the United Kingdom
Edo

This article is about Edo. For more information, see Tokyo (disambiguation).
 is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world.

History
The site of the city, on what is now known as Tokyo Bay, had been settled for several centuries, but first became historically significant with the building of Edo Castle in 1457 by order of Ōta Dōkan. Kyoto was the site of the Japanese emperor's residence and the capital of Japan for many centuries, until the Tokugawa shogunate was established in 1603 and Edo became its seat of government. From that point Kyoto remained merely the formal capital of the country, while the de facto capital was now Edo, the center of real political power. Edo consequently rapidly grew from what had been a small, virtually unknown fishing village in 1457 to a big city of 1,000,000 residents by 1721, the largest city in the world at the time.

In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital", and the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan.

Gallery

Related pages

 Edo period

References

 Alternate spelling from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article

History of Tokyo
1457 establishments
Establishments in Japan
1868 disestablishments in Japan
15th-century establishments in Asia
Renault Vel Satis

The Renault Vel Satis was a large automobile created by the French car manufacturer Renault. It has five seats and four doors. It was produced from 2001 to 2009· It was known for its daring styling and was sold in the UK from 2002 to 2005 but was dropped there due to poor sales. Renault also produced another big car with bold styling called the Avantime which was a coupe/grand tourer but it was a poor seller with only 8,557 made between 2001 and 2003.   

Vel Satis
Cryptanalysis

Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding a secret key. In non-technical language, this is the practice of codebreaking or cracking the code, although "break" can also mean just a part of a complete solution.

People have been making and breaking codes for many centuries. In the 1930s specialized machines were invented to do the calculations. Code-breaking machines such as the Colossus computer were important during World War II. Computers were the main tool of cryptanalysis in the Cold War and later.

Related pages 
 Code
 Cryptography

References 
 Helen Fouché Gaines, "Cryptanalysis", 1939, Dover.

Other websites 

 Basic Cryptanalysis
 Simon Singh's crypto corner 
 Distributed Computing Projects
 UltraAnvil tool for attacking simple substitution ciphers 
 A lot of real encrypted messages on newsgroups
 A javascript codesystems solver for many types of ciphers, with examples 
 The National Museum of Computing Cipher Challenge 

Mathematics
International General Certificate of Secondary Education

The International General Certificate of Secondary Education, or IGCSE, is an international exam for school students. It is typically taken by 14 to 16-year–olds, and it makes students ready for more academic work, including moving to A-Level and AS-Level study. The IGCSE is recognised as the same quality as the United Kingdom GCSE.

IGCSE courses cover subjects from a variety of areas: Languages, Humanities, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Creative, Technical and Vocational.

Most subjects can be studied at two levels of ability, either an easier level or a harder level. This is so that the IGCSE is appropriate for students with different levels of ability. It is planned to be appropriate for students whose first language may not be English and this is seen in all the tests for the IGCSE.

Subjects available
The following is a list of subjects for which IGCSEs are available:

 Accounting
 Afrikaans as a first language
 Afrikaans as a second language
 Agriculture
 Arabic as a first language
 Arabic as a second language
 Art
 Art and Design
 Bangladesh Studies
 Biology
 Business Studies
 Chemistry
 Child Development
 Chinese as a first language
 Chinese (Mandarin) as a second language
 Computer Studies
 Commerce
 Czech as a first language
 Drama
 Design & Technology
 Development Studies
 Dutch as a first language
 Dutch as a second language
 Economics
 English Language
 English Literature
 English as a second language (ESL)
 Environmental Management
 Food and Nutrition
 French as a first language
 French as a second language
 Geography
 German as a first language
 German as a second language
 Greek as a second language
 Hindi as a First Language
 History
 Human Anatomy
 Indonesian as a second language
 Information and Communication Technology
 Information Technology
 IsiZulu as a second language
 Japanese as a first language
 Japanese as a second language
 Korean as a first language
 Latin
 Malay as a second language
 Mathematics
 Mathematics - Additional
 Music
 ORACLE
 Pakistan Studies
 Physical Education
 Physical Science
 Physics
 Portuguese as a first language
 Portuguese as a second language
 Punjabi
 Religious Studies
 Russian as a first language
 Science - Combined
 Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double Award)
 Sociology
 Spanish as a first language
 Spanish as a second language
 Spanish Literature
 Thai as a first language
 Thai as a second language
 Travel and Tourism
 Turkish as a First language
 Urdu
 Sinhala

Related pages
GCSE - GCSEs in the UK.
List of GCSE subjects.
Advanced levels (A-levels) - Exams taken after GCSEs in the UK.

Education
Diane Abbott

Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953) is a British politician. Julie was born and raised in London. Her parents were Jamaican immigrants. She is now the Member of Parliament for the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency in London, UK. She was oppurtune to be the first black woman to be elected to the House of Common  when she was elected in the 1987 General Election. In 2010, Abbott became Shadow Public Health Minister after unsuccessfully standing for election as leader of the Labour Party. Abbott was made Shadow Home Secretary by Jeremy Corbyn in October 2016.

She attended Newnham College, Cambridge.

Abbott is a frequent public speaker, newspaper contributor and TV performer.  She has been on so many programmes such as Have I Got News For You, Celebrity Come Dine with Me, Cash in the Celebrity Attic.

and many more.

References

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
BBC people
Black British people
British feminists
Democratic socialists
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Paddington
Politicians from London
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Women politicians
British journalists
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Hywel Francis

David Hywel Francis (6 June 1946 – 14 February 2021) was a Welsh politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberavon constituency in the United Kingdom. He was elected in the 2001 General Election.

He was a member of the Labour Party.

References 

1946 births
2021 deaths
British historians
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Frank Doran

Frank Doran (born April 13, 1949 in Edinburgh, Scotland–died October 30, 2017) was a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen North constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for Aberdeen South but was defeated in 1992. He is a member of the Labour Party.

Career 
He was re-elected at the 1997 general election for the new constituency of Aberdeen Central. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in 2005 he was elected for the Aberdeen North constituency.

Personal life 
He is the partner of fellow Labour MP Joan Ruddock.

References 

1949 births
2017 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Anne Begg

Dame Anne Begg, DBE (born December 6, 1955) is a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen South constituency in the United Kingdom. She was elected in the 1997 general election.

Begg is the first permanent wheelchair user in the House of Commons.

She is a member of the Labour Party.

References

1955 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan

John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan (born 8 May 1947) is a Scottish football club chairman and a Labour Party politician.  He was the Member of Parliament for the Scottish  constituency of Airdrie and Shotts in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for the Motherwell North constituency. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in the 1997 election he was elected to the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill. After more boundary changes in 2005 he was elected to the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts.

He is the former Home Secretary. 

Reid did not stand in the 2010 election, and was made a life peer instead.

He is Chairman of Celtic Football Club in Glasgow.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

References

1947 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Gerald Howarth

James Gerald Douglas Howarth, known as Gerald Howarth (born September 12, 1947) is a British politician and the Member of Parliament for the English  constituency of Aldershot in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1983 general election for the Cannock and Burntwood constituency but lost in the 1992 general election. 

He was re-elected at the 1997 General Election as MP for Aldershot. 

He is currently Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence as Minister for International Security Strategy.

He is a member of the Conservative Party.

References

1947 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Mount Agung

Mount Agung () is a volcano on Bali. Mount Agung last erupted in 1963-1964. The lava just missed the Mother Temple of Besakih, which is located on high on the slopes of this sacred mountain. Over 1,000 people were killed and a number of villages were destroyed in this eruption.

Gunung Agung is an active volcano, with a large and deep crater that occasionally emits smoke and ash. The last major eruptions occurred in November 2017.

References

Bali
Agung
Mount Batur

Mount Batur () is a volcano on Bali. Mount Batur last erupted in 2000. It is a volcano inside an older, larger, volcano. The original eruption, about 30,000 years ago, is one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth. The volcano is now 1,717 metres (5,633 feet) high. There are many people — whole villages — living inside the caldera.

Bali
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Mount Rinjani

Mount Rinjani or Gunung Rinjani is an active volcano on Lombok, Indonesia. It is  high, making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia. It last erupted in 2009.

Lombok
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Mataram

Mataram is a city on the west side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It is the capital and largest city of West Nusa Tenggara province, and has a population of around 342,896 people as of the year 2005.

Other websites
 http://www.mataramkota.go.id/ 

Lombok
Cities in Indonesia
West Nusa Tenggara
Megawati Sukarnoputri

Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 23, 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the Indonesia's first female President, and leader born after independence. On September 20, 2004, she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election. She was also the country's vice president from 21 October 1999 to 23 July 2001. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.

Early life

Megawati was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and her mother is Fatmawati, one of Sukarno's nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace, one of Indonesia's presidential palace. She used to dance for her father's guests and had a hobby of gardening. Megawati was 19 when her father gave up his power in 1966 and was taken over by a government which was later led by President Suharto.

Megawati studied agriculture at Padjadjaran University in Bandung but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his loss of power. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out two years later.

References

|-

1947 births
Living people
Muslims
Presidents of Indonesia
Vice-Presidents of Indonesia
Kingdom of Kerma

The Kingdom of Kerma was a state in Nubia from around 2500 BC to about 1520 BC.  It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and was a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt.  It had a distinct civilization (for example very fine and original ceramics have been found).

The site of Kerma includes both an extensive town and a cemetery consisting of large tumuli.  Because one can find there much examples of Nubian culture and burial practices at the site, scholars think that the Egyptian statues and other Egyptian objects found at Kerma arrived through trade.

In 2003, a Swiss archaeological team working in northern Sudan uncovered one of the most remarkable Egyptological finds in recent years. At the site known as Kerma, near the third cataract of the Nile, archaeologist Charles Bonnet and his team discovered a ditch within a temple from the ancient city of Pnoubs, which contained seven monumental black granite statues. Magnificently sculpted, and in an excellent state of preservation, they portrayed five pharaonic rulers, including Taharqa and Tanoutamon, the last two pharaohs of the 'Nubian' Dynasty, when Egypt was ruled by kings from the lands of modern-day Sudan. For over half a century, the Nubian pharaohs governed a combined kingdom of Egypt and Nubia, with an empire stretching from the Delta to the upper reaches of the Nile.

Footnotes

References
 Bonnet, Charles, et al. The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile, AUC Press (February 22, 2007) -   
 Bonnet, Charles, et al., 2005, Des Pharaohs venus d'Afrique : La cachette de Kerma. Citadelles & Mazenod.
 Bonnet, Charles, 1986,  Kerma, Territoire et Métropole, Institut Français d’Archaéologie Orientale du Caire.
 Kendall, Timothy 1997.  Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush.  National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Inst. Washington D.C.

History of Africa
Ancient Egypt
Alistair Darling

Alistair Maclean Darling (born November 28, 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 2007 to May 2010 and also held several posts in Tony Blair's government. He is the Member of Parliament for Edinburgh South West.

Alistair Darling was born in London. He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. His government posts under Tony Blair include: Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1997-1998), Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (1998-2002), Transport Secretary (2002-2006), Scottish Secretary (2003-2006) and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (2006-2007).

References

1953 births
Living people
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Moa

The moa were large flightless birds. They lived only in New Zealand, and are now all extinct.

There were nine species (in six genera) of Moa. The largest and best known were the genus Dinornis, which grew up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) tall, and weighed as much as 230 kilograms (510 pounds). 

The group of birds to which the moa belong had been in existence since the Cretaceous period. The Māori people arrived in New Zealand from Oceania about a thousand years ago. Then, moas lived in large numbers, especially on South Island. Archaeological sites with evidence of moa hunting are all over New Zealand. The moas became extinct about five hundred years ago. The moas had survived being hunted by Haast's eagle. However, they could not survive being hunted for food by the Maoris.

Recent extinctions (also mostly birds) have been caused by habitat change and introduced species.

Large birds 
 Cassowary
 Elephant bird 
 Aepyornis 
 Terror birds 
 Phorusrhacos
 Brontornis
 Dromornis
 Gastornis (Diatryma)

References 

Birds of New Zealand
Ratites
Extinct species
Flightless birds
Struthioniformes
Megafauna
Malacology

Malacology is the study of molluscs. These animals include snails, slugs, octopus, squid, and bivalves generally, such as clams and mussels. Most of them have shells. The shells are often collected for their beauty and interest. Many people eat molluscs, especially those people who live near the ocean.

Those scientists who study molluscs are called malacologists. They identify and classify them, and find out everything they can about their lives.

Types

Types of gastropods 
The gastropods are the most common type of mollusc. They have about 70,000 described species.
 marine gastropod
 sea snail
 sea slug
 non-marine gastropod
 freshwater gastropod: with very few exceptions, the only freshwater molluscs are freshwater snails
 freshwater snail
 terrestrial gastropod: gastropods are the only group of molluscs which have some species living on land
 land snail
 land slug
 semi-slug

Types of bivalves 
With 20,000 described species, bivalves are the second commonest class of molluscs. There are several classifications of bivalves in use. This is a rough guide:
Pteromorphia including the
File shells
Mussels
Oysters
Pearl oysters and pen shells
Heterodonta
Soft-shelled clams
Shipworms (Turedo)
Hard-shelled clams, cockles and razor shells

Malacologists

 Horace Burrington Baker (1889–1991)
 Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777-1850)
 Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1749-1798) 
 William J. Clench (1897-1984)
 Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
 Gérard Paul Deshayes (1795-1875)
 John Edward Gray (1800-1875) 
 Otto Friedrich Müller (1730-1784) 
 Alcide d'Orbigny (1802-1857)
 Isabel Pérez Farfante (1916-2009)
 Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840)
 Lovell Augustus Reeve (1814-1865)
 María Isabel Scott Hylton (1889-1990)
James Sowerby (1757–1822)
 George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788-1854) 
 George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812-1884) 
 George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843-1921) 
 William John Swainson (1789-1855)

Museums 
Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of molluscs:

 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
 American Museum of Natural History
 Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum
 Cau del Cargol Shell Museum
 Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels: with a collection of more than 9 million shells (mainly from the collection of Philippe Dautzenberg)
 Smithsonian Institution

Some mollusks

References

Branches of zoology
Molluscs
Placard

A placard is a sign made to inform people about something. Often, they are used to warn about danger. Very often, hazard symbols (special pictograms) are used. 

Sometimes, placard is also used to mean a leaflet that shows how a certain machine should be operated.

Human communication
Budíkov

Budíkov is a village in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 283 people live there and it has 6,64 km². Budíkov was first documented in 1226.

Villages in the Czech Republic
Typha

Typha is a genus of plants. They are found in wetland habitats. They are commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere, but may be found in wetlands elsewhere. These plants are known in British English as bulrush, bullrush or reedmace, and in American English as cattail or punks.

Species 
 Typha angustifolia - Lesser Bulrush or Narrow Leaf Cattail
 Typha angustifolia x T. latifolia - Hybrid or White Cattail 
 Typha domingensis - Southern Cattail
 Typha latifolia - Common Cattail
 Typha laxmannii - Laxman's Bulrush
 Typha minima - Dwarf Bulrush
 Typha orientalis and Typha muelleri - Raupo
 Typha shuttleworthii - Shuttleworth's Bulrush

Uses by humans 
Cattails were once used to make paper. Cattail paper is very heavy and coarse, and is rarely used today. Cattail has also been used as a water filter to remove the poisonous chemical arsenic from drinking water.

References 

Poales
David Miliband

David Wright Miliband (born 15 July 1965) is a British politician who was the Foreign Secretary from June 2007 to May 2010 and a member of Tony Blair's cabinet. He was the Member of Parliament for South Shields in Tyne and Wear. He is the CEO of the International Rescue Committee.

David Miliband was born in London to Polish-Jewish parents and is an atheist. He was raised in Primrose Hill, London. He is the elder son of Marxist Ralph Miliband and Marion Kozak. He is the elder brother of Labour leader Ed Miliband. He was educated at the University of Oxford and was the head of the Number 10 Policy Unit from 1997-2001. He was first elected in the 2001 general election. After being part of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown's governments, Miliband was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership contest. Despite Miliband being favourite to win the contest, his brother Ed narrowly won the contest in September 2010. Miliband chose not to be a member of Ed's shadow cabinet.

References 

1965 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British atheists
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Jewish atheists
Jewish British politicians
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from the London Borough of Camden
Politicians from London
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Jack Straw

John Whitaker 'Jack' Straw (born 3 August 1946 in Buckhurst Hill, Essex, England) is a British politician. He held several Cabinet posts in the Labour government under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Blackburn.

Jack Straw became a Labour Party MP at the 1979 General Election for the constituency of Blackburn. He was promoted to the shadow cabinet in 1987 and became the Home Secretary when Labour returned to power in 1997.  His other cabinet posts included: Foreign Secretary (2001-2006), Leader of the House of Commons (2006-2007) and Justice Secretary (2007-2010). He did not choose to become a member of Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet.

Personal life
Straw's first marriage, in 1968, to teacher Anthea Weston ended in divorce in 1977. They had a daughter, Rachel, born on 24 February 1976. She died after five days because of a heart defect.

On 10 November 1978 he married Alice Perkins, a senior civil servant. They have two adult children, William and Charlotte.

He supports his local football club Blackburn Rovers. He was made an Honorary Vice President of Blackburn Rovers in 1998 by Jack Walker.

Straw has tinnitus.

References

1946 births
Living people
English Anglicans
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Lord Chancellors
Politicians from Essex
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Jacqui Smith

Jacqueline Jill "Jacqui" Smith (born 3 November 1962) is an English politician. She was the first female Home Secretary of the United Kingdom. She was born in Malvern, Worcestershire. She was the Member of Parliament for the Redditch constituency. She was first elected in the 1997 general election. She lost her seat at the 2010 General Election.

She is a member of the Labour Party.

Personal life
Smith married Richard Timney (born 1963 in Ealing, London) in October 1987 in Malvern, Worcestershire. They have two sons. 

In December 2008, it was discovered that Timney wrote a series of letters praising the work of Smith. These letters were sent to newspapers. He did not say that he was her husband and managing her constituency office.

In June 2008 the Independent newspaper reported that she was a season-ticket holder at Aston Villa Football Club.

References

1962 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Worcestershire
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
BBC 100 Women
Des Browne, Baron Browne of Ladyton

Desmond "Des" Henry Browne, Baron Browne  (born March 22, 1952) is a Scottish politician and was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Scotland. He was first elected in the 1997 general election, and was the Member of Parliament for the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency in the United Kingdom until 2010, when he was created a Life Peer 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1952 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Alan Johnson

Alan Arthur Johnson (born 17 May 1950) is an English politician and former Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was born and raised in London. He has been the Member of Parliament for the Hull West and Hessle constituency in the East Riding of Yorkshire since the 1997 general election.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

Johnson has been married twice. His first marriage was to Judith Elizabeth Cox. They had one son and two daughters. After his divorce he married Laura Jane Patient in 1991. They had a son, born in 2000.

References

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1950 births
Living people
Hilary Benn

Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is an English politician. He was born in Hammersmith, west London. Since October 2010, he has been the Shadow Leader of the House of Commons. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leeds Central constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in 1999 in a by-election. He is a member of the Labour Party. He is the middle son of Tony Benn (1925-2014) and Caroline Benn (1926-2000).

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1953 births
Living people
Douglas Alexander

Douglas Garven Alexander (born October 26, 1967) is a Scottish politician.  Before  the 2010 General election he was Secretary of State for International Development, afterwards he became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development and is now Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He is the Member of Parliament for the Paisley and Renfrewshire South constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in 1997 in a by-election. 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1967 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness

John Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness (born 6 May 1955) is an English politician. He is a member of the Labour Party.

He was the Member of Parliament for the Barrow and Furness constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election, and retired in 2010. In March 2011 he published a report on public sector pension reform.

The report states that radical reform to the pension plans of six million public sector workers still leave them with "hugely generous" settlements. The retirement crisis has been caused by the scrapping of gold-plated final salary pension schemes for private sector workers coinciding with low interest rates and a lacklustre stock market. House prices have also fallen. "Future pensioners are likely to be confronted by a crisis of expectations and a squeeze in income", the report warns.

References

1955 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
United Kingdom Life Peers
Harriet Harman

Harriet Ruth Harman (born 30 July 1950) is a British politician who was the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2015. She was born and raised in West London. She is the Member of Parliament for the Camberwell and Peckham constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. She was first elected for Peckham in a by-election in 1982.

Career
She has held cabinet posts in the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Following Brown's resignation as Labour leader on 11 May 2010, Harman was the acting leader of the Labour Party until Ed Miliband was elected on September 25, 2010. Until 2015 she was the Deputy Leader and ex-officio member of the Shadow Cabinet. She was also Shadow Deputy Prime Minister and Shadow Secretary of State for International Development.

On February 24 2014, Harman's was on Newsnight to say that she did not support the Paedophile Information Exchange.
Harman would not say sorry.

Personal life
Harman is a feminist. She married Jack Dromey in 1982. The couple have two sons and a daughter. Dromey died in 2022.

References

British feminists
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1950 births
Living people
James Purnell

James Mark Dakin Purnell (born March 2, 1970) was an English politician was Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2010. He was the Member of Parliament for the Stalybridge and Hyde constituency in the United Kingdom from the elected in the 2001 general election until he retired at the 2010 general election.  He is currently the Head of the Open Left project at the left leaning think tank Demos

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1970 births
Living people
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Paul Murphy, Baron Murphy of Torfaen

Paul Peter Murphy, KCMCO, KSG  (born November 25, 1948) is a Welsh politician and held several cabinet posts, including Secretary of State for Wales. He is the Member of Parliament for the Torfaen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election. 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1948 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Ruth Kelly

Ruth Maria Kelly (born May 9, 1968) is now an economist working for the HSBC Bank. She was a British politician and had been a Cabinet Minister. 

She was the Member of Parliament for the Bolton West constituency in the United Kingdom from the 1997 general election to the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.

1968 births
Living people

Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Hazel Blears

Hazel Anne Blears (born May 14, 1956) is an English politician.   and is the Member of Parliament for the Salford and Eccles constituency. She was first elected in the 1997 general election as member for the Salford constituency.  

She held several government posts under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, including Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, up until the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.

1956 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Geoff Hoon

Geoffrey William Hoon (born 6 December 1953) is an English politician and held several government posts. He was born in Derby. He was the Member of Parliament for the Ashfield constituency in the United Kingdom from his first elected in the 1992 general election until he retired in 2010.

Hoon is a member of the Labour Party.

1953 births
Living people
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Derby
Ed Balls

Edward Michael "Ed" Balls (born 25 February 1967) is a British politician.  He was the shadow Home Secretary in Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet. He was born in Norwich, Norfolk and moved to Nottinghamshire during his childhood. He is the Labour Party and was theCo-operative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Morley and Outwood in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

He was first elected in the 2005 general election and held the post of Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families from June 2007 to May 2010. He was a candidate to become leader of the Labour Party in September 2010 and lost to Ed Miliband. Ed Balls lost his seat in the 2015 general election

References

1967 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Co-operative movement
Harvard University alumni
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Norwich
Politicians from Nottinghamshire
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Ed Miliband

Edward Samuel Miliband MP (born 24 December 1969) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Labour Party and of the Official Opposition. He is also the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Doncaster North, and is a former cabinet minister.

He was born in University College Hospital, Bloomsbury, London and raised in Primrose Hill. His parents were Polish-Jewish immigrants. He is the younger son of the Marxist thinker Ralph Miliband. At the London School of Economics, he obtained a Master's degree in Economics, and then became an advisor to Labour politicians such as Harriet Harman and Gordon Brown. At the 2005 general election, he was elected to be the MP for Doncaster North. His first job in government was as the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, which he took up on October 3, 2008 and remained as until Labour lost the 2010 General Election.

In September 2010, he defeated his brother David Miliband by a small number of votes to become leader of the Labour Party.

He resigned as leader in May 2015 after Labour lost to the Conservative Party in the 2015 General Election. Jeremy Corbyn replaced him.

References

1969 births
Living people
Jewish British politicians
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from the London Borough of Camden
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Andy Burnham

Andrew Murray Burnham (born 7 January 1970) is an English politician. He was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership election. As of 2012 Burnham was Shadow Secretary of State for Health within Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leigh constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election. 

Burnham was born in Old Roan, Aintree, Lancashire and raised in Culcheth, Warrington.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

On 5 May 2017, he was elected mayor of Greater Manchester.

References

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British socialists
British feminists
English Roman Catholics
People from Merseyside
People from Warrington
Politicians from Lancashire
1970 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Shaun Woodward

Shaun Anthony Woodward (born 26 October 1958 in Bristol, England) is a British politician and is the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet. He is the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of St Helens South in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. 

He was first elected in the 1997 general election as the Conservative Party MP for the constituency of Witney but changed to Labour in 1999. At the 2001 General Election he was made the MP for the St Helens South constituency and was the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2007 to 2010. When Ed Miliband became Labour leader, Shaun Woodward was made the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 

1958 births
Living people
English politicians
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Bristol
Yvette Cooper

Yvette Cooper (born 20 March 1969) is a British politician.

Cooper is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford constituency in the United Kingdom. She is a member of the Labour Party. Her husband, Ed Balls, represents the neighbouring constituency of Morley and Outwood.

She served in the Cabinet between 2008 and 2010 under Prime Minister Gordon Brown. She was Chief Secretary to the Treasury and then Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. After Labour lost the 2010 general election, Cooper was appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary, then in 2011 Shadow Home Secretary.

References

Other websites
Official site

1969 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Inverness
Scottish politicians
John Denham

John Yorke Denham (born July 15, 1953) is an English politician. He is the Member of Parliament for the Southampton Itchen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election. 

He has held many ministerial posts, including

1995-1997 - Opposition Spokesman for Social Security
1997-1998 - Parliamentary under Secretary of State at the Department of Social Security
1998-1999 - Minister of State at the Department of Social Security
1999-2001 - Minister of State for Health Services
2001-2003 - Minister of State for Policing
2003-2007 - Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee
2007-2009 - Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills
2009-2010 - Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
2010–present - Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1953 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Limnology

Limnology is the study of waters that are not part of the oceans or seas. This includes rivers, lakes, swamps, streams, wetlands, water under the ground, and even bodies of water made by people. Scientists who study this are called limnologists. Their work includes biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and hydrology.
The International Society of Limnology  promotes limnology to  scientists throughout the world. There are many centres for such research throughout the world. 

Limnology helps to explain why some lakes have lots of plants and animals and some have very few.  The Freshwater Biological Association which is based next to Windermere in England did a lot of the early work. Limnologists there worked out why deep lakes have cold water at the bottom in summer-time but not in Winter. The reason was that winds in Autumn mix the waters up.

References

Earth sciences
Toyota RAV4

The Toyota RAV4 is a small sized SUV made by Toyota. Toyota has made the RAV4 since 1994, but has sold it in America since 1996. The RAV4 is sold in a 4-door with an optional V6 engine, the RAV4 is more of a car-like SUV than a truck sized one. The RAV4 EV was an electric version sold in California from 1996 to 2003. The RAV4 shares competition with the similar Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester, and Ford Escape. RAV4 stands for Recreational Active Vehicle with 4-wheel-drive but RAV4s may just come with 2-wheel drive. 

1990s automobiles

2000s automobiles

2010s automobiles

2020s automobiles

RAV4
Toyota MR2

The Toyota MR2 and MR2 Spyder were sports cars made by Toyota. They were sold from 1984 until 2007. The MR2 is a mid-engine sports car, similar to cars by Ferrari and Porsche. MR2 is an acronym for midship, rear-wheel-drive, two-seater.

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
MR2
Wheaton College

Wheaton College is a private Evangelical Protestant college in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb  west of Chicago in the United States. It was founded in 1860.

Other websites 

Official college website

Colleges and universities in Illinois
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Oberlin Group of Libraries
1860 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Illinois
Sacred site

A sacred site is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion. Every one of the world's major religions has sacred sites. Some religions, such as Islam, think of the sacred sites as being very important to their faith. In other religions such as Protestant Christianity, sacred sites are not so important.

The idea that a place is sacred often comes from something that has happened at the place, or a religious story about that place. Mount Sinai is a sacred site for Jews and Christians because it was on Mount Sinai that Moses received the Ten Commandments of God.

The sacred site might be a natural site, or it might be a building of some sort. One of the most famous natural sites that is also a sacred site is Uluru (also called Ayre's Rock) in Central Australia. It is believed to have been sacred to the aboriginal people for about 40,000 years. Other famous natural sites are the sacred trees of India, Japan and South East Asia.

Very often, buildings have been made on natural sites that were already thought of as sacred. For example, a spring of water coming from the ground might be said to have healing powers. A special well-house might be built around the spring to protect it, and as a place where people might leave offerings (gifts to a god).

Other sites are thought of as sacred because a holy person or saint lived there, or died there, or their body is kept there. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is one of the most sacred sites to Christianity because it is believed that Jesus' body was placed in a tomb there. The city of Mecca is sacred to all Muslim people as the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad.

Pilgrimage 
Many people make a special visit to a sacred site. This is called a pilgrimage. A person who travels on pilgrimage is called a "pilgrim". Pilgrimage is very important in Islam, because every Muslim person is expected to make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca once in their lifetime, if they can possibly do so.

Many Christians also make pilgrimages to sacred sites. Pilgrimage became very important in the Middle Ages when thousands of people travelled to many sacred sites, particularly to Jerusalem, to the famous Christian basilicas of Rome, to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain and Canterbury Cathedral in England. In modern times, sacred sites of Christian pilgrimage include Assisi in Italy, Lourdes in France, Fatima in Portugal and the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City.

In Buddhism, the sacred sites are four places in India where Buddha lived and preached. These are Kapilavastu, Bodh Gaya, Benares and Kusinagara.

Gallery

Related pages
 Religion 
 Pilgrimage 
 Basilica 
 Church 
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 Mosque 
 Shrine
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Religious places
Basil II

Basil II (958 – December 15, 1025), was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty from January 10, 976 to December 15, 1025. Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height since Justinian the Great. Under his reign, the First Bulgarian Empire was completely taken by him, a land that would be part of his empire for 150 years. Because of this, the northern part of the Roman Empire touched the Danube river for the first time in several hundred years. He also took land towards the east.

Bibliography 
 (primary source) Michael Psellus, Chronographia
 The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991

References

Other websites 

 Basil II

Byzantine Emperors
Battle of Manzikert

The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt (Turkish: Malazgirt Sav) was fought between the Byzantine Empire and then Seljuq Empire. The Seljuq forces attacked on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert, (modern Malazgirt, Turkey). Its result was one of the most decisive defeats of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. The Battle of Manzikert played an important role in breaking the Byzantine resistance and preparing the way for the Turkish settlement in Anatolia.

References

Other websites
 Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure?  By Paul Markham
 Debacle at Manzikert, 1071: Prelude to the Crusades , by Brian T. Carey (Issue 5 - January 2004)

Byzantine Empire
Manzikert
1071
August events