cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tim Tebow

Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow (born August 14, 1987) is a free agent American football quarterback. He is currently an analyst for the SEC Network. Tebow played college football for the Florida Gators and in 2007 became the first sophomore (second-year) player to win the Heisman Trophy. Tebow was the 25th person drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at The University of Florida. He is known for his running ability and strong Christian beliefs (made "Tebowing, or Tebow's version of kneeling in prayer famous), as well as late-game heroics. During the 2011 season, Tim Tebow played 7 games including his OT win over the Steelers in the playoffs. On March 21, 2012, Tebow was traded by the Broncos to the New York Jets. He then played briefly for the New England Patriots in 2013 and Philadelphia Eagles in 2015. He created a gesture called "Tebowing".

References

1987 births
Living people
Denver Broncos players
American football quarterbacks
New York Jets players
Adrian Peterson

Adrian Lewis Peterson (born March 21, 1985) is an American football running back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League. He was the 7th person drafted in the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.

References

Adrian Peterson in his life story

1985 births
Living people
Minnesota Vikings players
American football running backs
Sportspeople from Texas
Iceland at the Olympics

Iceland at the Olympics is a history which began in 1912.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Iceland was ICE.  It is now ISL.

History 
Iceland was first at the Olympic Games in 1912. Then they missed the next four Games. After returning in 1936, the nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since.

Iceland has also been in all but one Winter Olympic Games since 1948.  They were not at the 1972 Winter Games.

Icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals. The National Olympic Committee for Iceland was formed in 1921 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1935.

Medalists

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland
 Iceland profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Iceland
Autoethnography

Autoethnography is a method of social research whose defining characteristic is that the author links personal experience and autobiography with social, political, and cultural concepts. Its difference from ethnography is the high degree of subjectivity that is introduced to the study, and the fact that the perspective of the author shows personal involvement with the subject much more than participant observation invites.

Different definitions of auto-ethnography 
Maréchal defines auto-ethnography as “a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing”. In the 1970s it was more simply defined as “insider ethnography”, referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer’s own.

Benefits and concerns regarding auto-ethnography 
The most significant element that auto-ethnography introduces to the study of culture and society is the shift from a depersonalized, “seen from a vantage point” and neutrally distanced narrative to a storyline with which the audience can engage morally, aesthetically, and intellectually, and, thus, co-participate in the events described. Especially for ethnographers who use multiple informants, auto-ethnography introduces an alternative way of writing where “the distinction between ethnographer and ‘others’ is unclear”, thereby challenging “imposed identities and boundaries”.

However, auto-ethnographers should avoid some dangerous pitfalls that could undermine the credibility and usefulness of their work. Chang identifies the following: "(1) excessive focus on self in isolation from others; (2) overemphasis on narration rather than analysis and cultural interpretation; (3) exclusive reliance on personal memory and recalling as a data source; (4) negligence of ethical standards regarding others in self-narratives; and (5) inappropriate application of the label autoethnography".

Notes

References 
Chang, Heewon. (2008). Autoethnography as method. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Hayano, D. (1979). Auto-ethnography: Paradigms, problems and prospects. Human Organization, 38(1), 99-104.
Khosravi, Shahram. 'Illegal' Traveller: an Auto-ethnography of Borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Maréchal, G. (2010). Autoethnography. In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (Vol. 2, pp. 43-45). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.

Social sciences
Ethnography
Cape Girardeau, Missouri

Cape Girardeau is a city in eastern Missouri. It is next to the Mississippi River.

Cities in Missouri
Homo sacer

Homo sacer (Latin for the ‘sacred man’ or ‘accursed man’) is a phrase taken from Roman law. It is
used to describe someone who is banished, and may be killed by anybody but not used in a religious killing
(sacrifice). Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book Homo Sacer; ‘sovereign
power and bare life’ as a person who is living a ‘naked life’ and is an outcast of society.

Occurrence  
Someone becomes Homo Sacer by breaking a legal agreement or oath; people who
illegally cross the borders between countries have often been referred to and treated as Homo
Sacer. In Shahram Khosravi’s book Illegal traveller he talks about how someone
forced to leave their country to find a better life elsewhere can become ‘homo sacer’, which can
lead to a feeling of separation from the rest of society.

Consequences  
This makes the person an outlaw; they have no civil rights and lose their protection
from the state. They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights
but also from everyday citizens.

References 
http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/homo-sacer/
http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/000374.php 
Giorgio Agambens’ ‘Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (April 1, 1998)
Shahram Khosravi’s ‘illegal traveller’ first published 2010 by Palgrave Macmillan

Legal terms
Society
Ireland at the Olympics

Ireland has been at the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, and at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992. Before 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Irish athletes at earlier Games are counted as British in Olympic numbers.

Medal tables
The following tables include medals won by athletes on Irish teams together with one poet. All medals are from the Summer Games. Ireland's best result at the Winter Games was fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton in 2002 at Salt Lake City.

Medallists (28)

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Ireland profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Rites of passage

Rites of passage are rituals performed by people, individually or as a social group. They mark the end of one phase of life, and the arrival of another.<ref>Eriksen 2010. Small places, large issues: an introduction to social and cultural anthropology'. London: Pluto Press, p67.</ref>

All people in every society and culture experience rites of passage. They happen differently, for various reasons, and at special times, depending on what society or culture the person comes from. Rites of passage celebrate and protect the person or people who are changing. They signify the transformation from one social status (e.g. coming of age), place (e.g. crossing a national border), condition (e.g. recovering from sickness), time (e.g. celebrating the new year), to the next.

 Arnold van Gennep 
The French social scientist Arnold van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) most famously defined the concept of rites of passage in his book  (The Rites of Passage''), first published in 1909. Van Gennep studied ethnographic reports from various parts of the world that described rites of passage. He concluded that they are universally structured even if the rites of passage themselves differ significantly in character between societies and cultures.

The universal structure of rites of passage 
Rites of passage are ordered into three phases.

Separation (Pre-liminal Rites): In this phase a person or group of people who are performing the rite of passage are removed from their society and depart from their existing status while preparing to move into the next.
Transition (Liminal Rites): The phase of a rite of passage that is in-between a persons or group of peoples departure from their previous status and their arrival into the new. This phase is often characteristically dangerous and wrought with uncertainty.
Incorporation (Post-liminal Rites): A person or group of people who completes the rite of passage accepts their new status and responsibilities and re-enters society.

Rites of passage and cultural diversity 
By acknowledging the various ways different societies and cultures perform rites of passage we observe cultural diversity. Learning about rites of passage cross culturally can help us to understand others and ourselves. An awareness of cultural diversity is essential to form an open-minded, tolerant and accepting view of people who are not from the same society or culture as our own.

References 

Society
Israel at the Olympics

Israel has been at the Olympic Games as a nation since 1952.  Its National Olympic Committee was formed in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine.  As the team represented the Jewish community, it boycotted the 1936 Games in Germany in protest of the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies.  Israel has sent a team to each Summer Olympic Games since 1952 (except the 1980 Summer Olympics) and to each Winter Olympic Games since 1994.  In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli delegation were murdered by Black September terrorists.

List of medalists

Medal tables

Medals by Games

Medals by sport

Athletes killed in the 1972 Olympics 
The eleven members of Israel's 1972 Olympic team killed during the Munich massacre:

David Berger, 28, weightlifter
Ze'ev Friedman, 28, weightlifter
Yossef Gutfreund, 40, wrestling referee
Eliezer Halfin, 24, wrestler
Yossef Romano, 31, weightlifter
Amitzur Shapira, 40, track coach
Kehat Shorr, 53, shooting coach
Mark Slavin, 18, wrestler
Andre Spitzer, 27, fencing coach
Yakov Springer, 51, weightlifting judge
Moshe Weinberg, 33, wrestling coach

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Olympic Committee of Israel
 Israel at SportsReference.com 
 Israel profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Israel
Totemism

Totemism is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “a relative of mine”. It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.

Early records 
Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief".  Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from  indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.

Totem poles 
Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs.  A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.

History of totemic theory 
Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan. 

Claude Lévi-Strauss published Totemism in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.

References 

Frazer, J.G. (1910) Totemism and Exogamy (4 vols) London: Macmillan
Levi Strauss, C. (1962) (1969) Totemism, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Barfield, Thomas (ed) (1997) The Dictionary of Anthropology, Blackwell
Bernard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (eds) (1996) Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Routledge

Anthropology
Symbolism
Italy at the Olympics

Italy at the Olympics is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 4,000+ athletes. Since 1896, Italy (ITA) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

History
The Italian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1908.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1915.

Italy's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Italy has been at most of the Olympic Games, missing only the 1904 Summer Olympics.  Italian athletes have won 550 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 106 medals at the Winter Olympic Games.  Italy has won a total of 236 gold medals which makes them the 5th most successful country in Olympic history, below USA, Soviet Union, Germany and Great Britain.

Fencer Edoardo Mangiarotti has won the most medals for Italy.

Medalists

Summer Games

Medals by summer sport
     Leading in that sport

Winter Games

Medals by winter sport

Host country
Italy has hosted the Games three times:
1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo 
1960 Summer Olympics in Rome 
2006 Winter Olympics in Torino

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

  Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano website  
 Italy at Olympic.org
 Italy profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Italy
Neocolonialism

Neocolonialism is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.

Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.

Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.

Related pages
Imperialism

Sources

Colonialism
Latvia at the Olympics

Latvia was first at the Olympic Games in 1924. After the nation was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, Latvian athletes were part of Soviet Union at the Olympics between 1952 and 1988.  After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and independence of Latvia in 1991, the nation returned to the Olympic Games in 1992.  They have been at every Games since then.

The National Olympic Committee for Latvia was first formed in 1922.  The current NOC is the Latvian Olympic Committee, which was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1991.

Medalists

Summer Olympics

Winter Olympics

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

References

 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Latvia
Liechtenstein at the Olympics

Liechtenstein at the Olympics is a history which began in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Liechtenstein was LIC.  It is now LIE.

History
Liechtenstein was first at the Olympic Games in 1936.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.

Athletes from Liechtenstein have won a total of nine medals, all in alpine skiing.  It is the only nation to have won all of its medals at the Winter Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Liechtenstein was formed in 1935.

Xaver Frick, a founding member of the country's NOC, is the only Liechtenstein athlete to have been in both the summer and winter Olympic games.

Medalists

Medals by Winter Games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Lithuania at the Olympics

Lithuania  was first in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Medalists

Summer Olympics

Medals by sport

Medal count

List of gold medal winners

References
 The European Olympic Committees 
 Olimpiada.lt

Other websites 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Lithuania
Luxembourg at the Olympics

Luxembourg at the Olympicsis a history which began in 1912.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Luxembourg is LUX.

History
Teams from Luxembourg have been in 28 modern Olympic Games.  Luxembourg's National Olympic Committee, the Comité Olympique et Sportif Luxembourgeois, was formed in 1912.  They sent their first team to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

Medalists
Luxembourg has won four Olympic medals (one gold and three silver) in its 28 Olympic appearances.

Winter Olympic Games
Luxembourg was first at the Winter Olympic Games in 1928.  They have been in seven Winter Games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Luxembourg
North Macedonia at the Olympics

The Republic of North Macedonia was first at the Olympic Games at the 1996 Summer Olympics.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Until 1988 North Macedonia was part of Yugoslavia.

List of medalists

Several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (a constituent country of the former SFR Yugoslavia) have also won Olympic medals, competing for Yugoslavia.

References

Sport in North Macedonia
Nations at the Olympics
Monaco at the Olympics

Albania at the Olympics is a history which began in 1920.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Monaco is MON.

History
A team from Monaco was first at the Olympic Games in 1920.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then.  They were not at the 1932 Games, the 1956 Games, and the 1980 Games.  Monaco has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1984.

As of 2010, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal.  Monaco has the most appearances at the Olympics (25) without winning a medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Monaco was formed in 1907 but not recognized by the International Olympic Committee until 1953.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 

Nations at the Olympics
Monaco
San Marino at the Olympics

San Marino at the Olympics is a history of 21 games in 16 countries and 80+ athletes. Since 1960, San Marino has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for San Marino was SMA.  It is now SMR.

History
A team from San Marino was first at the 1960 Summer Olympics.  They have been in 12 Summer Olympics and 7 Winter Olympics. The country has never won a medal.

Among its most successful athletes are Francesco Amici and Emanuela Felici.  Both competed in shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics and "missed out on places in the finals by the narrowest of margins".

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  San Marino profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in San Marino
Montenegro at the Olympics

Montenegro was at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008 at the Beijing Games.  Before Montenegrin athletes were part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that.

The National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee.  It was formed in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007.

List of medalists

Basketball

Association Football

Handball

Volleyball

Water polo

References
 
 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Montenegro
Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics

A National Olympic Committee of the Saarland was created in spring of 1950 in the Saar protectorate, a part of Western Germany that was controlled in 1945 by France. As a separate team, they only took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. The athletes of Saar joined the German team for the summer games of 1956. 36 people, 31 men and 5 women, took part in 32 events in 9 sports.  The Protectorate became the German state of Saarland after 1956.

History 
After World War II, the Saarland was not allowed to become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949. Its annexation by France was not allowed by the other Allies and the Atlantic charter's points 2 and 3.

Because local population did not want to join France, separate international organisations were created. These included the Saarland football team and in 1950 a NOC, in German called Nationales Olympisches Komitee des Saarlandes. The region did not send athletes to Oslo for the 1952 Winter Olympics.

The Saarland had history of over 500 years of coal mining. They gave a miner's safety lamp in which the flame of the torch relay of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki could be carried safely on airplanes. At the opening ceremony, 36 athletes from the Saarland marched in front  of the team of Germany. They did not win a medal. They were ranked 44th among a total of 69 teams Many other teams with no wins were all ranked 44th together.

The Saar treaty of October 1956 allowed the Saarland to rejoin Germany as of 1 January 1957.

Although it was possible, no separate Saarland teams were sent to the 1956 games.  A United Team of Germany that included athletes of all three German states took part in the Olympics that year. 1952 was the only Olympic appearance of the Saarland as a separate team. The Olympic Committee of the Saarland  ended in February 1957 and its members became part of the German NOC.

Related pages 
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report olympic-museum.de 
 Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report la84foundation.org 

Former nations at the Olympics
Sport in Saarland
Netherlands at the Olympics

Netherlands at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Netherlands was NLD.  It is now NED.

History
The Netherlands sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900.  They have taken part in almost all Games since then.  In 1956, the nation boycotted the Games in Melbourne as a protest against the Soviet invasion in Hungary just a few weeks before the Games.  They did have one person take part in the Equestrian events that were held in Stockholm a few months before the rest of the Games.

The Netherlands hosted the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The Netherlands want to host the 2028 Summer Olympics in either Amsterdam or Rotterdam, as a 100 year celebration of the 1928 Games.

Before to the 1992 Olympics, the country name was "Holland" with the country code of "HOL". From the 1992 onward, they have used the "Netherlands" and "NED".

Dutch athletes have won 246 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won the most of their medals in swimming and cycling.  The nation has won 86 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Eighty-two of these medals have come from speed skating.

The Netherlands Antilles, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), left the Netherlands in 2010. This caused the  Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee (NAOC) to lose its Olympic license in July, 2011. After the 2012 Olympic Games in London, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles can choose to be a member of the team for the Netherlands or Aruba, which is a semi-independent part of the kingdom of the Netherlands. At the 2012 Games, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles will be a part of the unified Olympic team under the IOC flag. Some athletes have said that they want to be a part of either the Netherlands or Aruba in London.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 Netherlands at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in the Netherlands
Norway at the Olympics

Norway at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Norway is NOR.

History
A team from Norway took part in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900. It has sent athletes to almost every Games since then. It did not take part in the 1904 Games. It was part of the American boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

Norway has hosted the Games twice:
1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo
1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer

Norwegian athletes have won a total of 144 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. It has won its highest amount of medals in the Summer Games in sailing and shooting sports.  At the Winter Olympic Games, Norway has won 303 medals. 107 of these medals were gold. This is more than any other nation. cross-country skiing and speed skating are its the top sports.  Norway is one of only three nations (along with Austria and Liechtenstein) to have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Norway was created 1900.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

*Total medal counts include three medals – two silver and one bronze – awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics.  These medals are included in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals.  This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Norway at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Jorge Arvizu

Jorge Arvizu (23 July 1932 - 18 March 2014) was a Mexican actor who was the first Spanish voice, among others, of Bugs Bunny, Fred Flintstone and Cookie Monster. His nickname is "El Tata".

References

Other websites

Mexican movie actors
Mexican stage actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican movie producers
Deaths from heart failure
1932 births
2014 deaths
Poland at the Olympics

Poland at the Olympics is a history which includes 42 games in 22 countries and 2,000+ athletes.  Since 1918, Poland has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Poland is POL.

History
The Polish National Olympic Committee was formed in 1918.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1919.

Poland's team first competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

Poland has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1984 Games. They were a part of the Soviet led boycott of the 1984 Games. Poland has sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games.

Medalists

Summer Games

Medals by summer sport

Winter Games

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Polski Komitet Olimpijski website 
  Poland profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Portugal at the Olympics

Portugal at the Olympics is a history which includes 30 games in 20 countries and 600+ athletes.  Since 1912, the Portugal has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Portugal is POR.

History
The Portugal National Olympic Committee was formed in 1909.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1909.

Portugal's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

Portugal has been a part of every Summer Games since 1912.  Portugal's first Winter Games was in 1952 in Oslo, Norway. It was 36 years later when they sent another team to the 1988 Winter Olympics of Calgary, Canada. Since then, Portugal has only missed two Winter Games (1992 and 2002).

Medal tables

Medals per Olympic Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Comité Olímpico de Portugal website  
  Portugal profile at London2012.com

Sport in Portugal
Nations at the Olympics
List of airports in Azerbaijan

This is a list of airports in Azerbaijan, grouped by type and sorted by location.

Azerbaijan, formally the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. It is bordered by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhichevan is bordered by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, and with Turkey to the northwest. The country's capital city is Baku. The majority-Armenian populated Nagorno-Karabakh region in the southwest of Azerbaijan declared itself independent from Azerbaijan in 1991, but it is not diplomatically recognized by any country and is de jure (in international law) part of Azerbaijan. Air transportation in Azerbaijan is organized and controlled by the Ministry of Transpotation of the Republic of Azerbaijan.



Airports 

Names shown in bold means the airport has scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines.

Other websites 
 Heydar Aliyev International Airport Renovation Project 
 Baku International Airport Unofficial Website

References 
 Survey of Russian Airfields, Edition 5 - 26 Nov 2005
 
  - includes IATA codes
 World Aero Data: Azerbaijan  - ICAO codes and coordinates
 Great Circle Mapper: Azerbaijan - IATA codes, ICAO codes and coordinates

Buildings and structures in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Lists of airports
Transport in Azerbaijan
Mediacorp Channel 5

MediaCorp Channel 5 or Channel 5 (Chinese: 五频道, Before 1 January 2005: 第五波道) is a 24-hour free-to-air English television channel based in Singapore.

Programmes on Channel 5 normally include English language drama (both foreign imports and locally-made), movies, sports, reality show, variety show, news, current affairs and game show programmes. Local editions of overseas programmes like Singapore Idol, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, and Deal or No Deal have also been produced.

Programs
 The Smurfs
 The Smurfs: The 2011 Series

Related pages
Mediacorp
Mediacorp Channel 8

Other websites
 MediaCorp TV Channel 5 Official Website  (xinmsn)

Television channels in Asia
Singaporean culture
London Buses

London Buses is a company owned by Transport for London (TfL). It manages bus services in Greater London, UK. Buses need to be red and charge the same fares. All services are given by private sector workers.

References

Other websites
London Buses

Transport in London
Bariatrics

Bariatrics is the part of medicine that deals with obesity. Bariatrics includes using dieting, exercise, changing people's habits, drugs, and surgery to help people lose weight.

More and more people are becoming overweight or obese. People with a high body mass index (BMI) are much more likely to have certain health problems. These include heart disease, diabetes, many types of cancer, asthma, sleep apnea, and problems with muscles and bones. Obese people are also more likely to die.

Diet, exercise, changing people's habits, and drugs are tried first to help people lose weight. People who have weight loss surgery usually lose more weight than those who try the other ways. The surgery also helps reduce diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes. With each patient, doctors might use some or all of the methods, depending on what they think would work best for that patient.

References

Other websites 
VIDEO: How Bariatrics Has Changed Our Understanding of Type II Diabetes Dr. Daniel McKenna speaks at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 2008.
MedLinePlus Portal on Weight Loss Surgery

Medical specialties
Obesity

he:ניתוח בריאטרי
Ismaili

Ismaiili Shia (or Ismailiya; ) are a Shia Muslim sect.  They are different from the usual Shia Islam because they do not agree on who the 7th Imam, or religious leader is.  Unlike other Shia Muslims, they believe that Ismail ibn Jafar was the 7th Imam. Most Shia Muslims believe that Musa ibn Jafar was the 7th Imam. Ismail died when his father, Jafar ibn Muhammad the 6th Imam was still alive. They believed that Ismail's son Muhammad was the next Imam and deserted the sixth Imam. 

They are split into several sects. The biggest of these are the Nizaris.  They are led by the 49th Imam Aga Khan, another title of the Ismaili Imams. The current Aga Khan is Karim Al Hussaini.

Muslims
Zaidiyyah

The Zaidiyyah () are a Shia Muslim sect. They are different from the usual Shia Islam. This is because of the argument over the who the 5th Imam, or religious leader, is. They believe the 5th Imam was Zaid ibn Ali while usual Shia Muslims believe that his brother, Muhammad, was the 5th Imam.

Today, they make up 40% of the population of Yemen. The president of Yemen is also Zaidi.

Muslims
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

The Jin dynasty (1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, and as the Great Jin. It was one of the last dynasties before Mongol invasion (and eventual conquest) of China.

The dynasty was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchens.  These were the ancestors of the Manchu, who established the Qing dynasty some 500 years later. The Jin Dynasty was founded in northern Manchuria,  The founder was Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打).

The name of this dynasty is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate it from an earlier Jin dynasty (265-420) of China whose name is spelt identically in the Roman alphabet.
  
The History of Jin recorded that Tangkuo Dingge (唐括定哥), Consort Gui (貴妃) was a Jurchen woman. She was first married to the Jurchen Jin royal Wanyan Wudai (完顏烏帶. She had an affair with her Han Chinese slave, Yan Qi'er (閻乞兒) and with Wanyan Liang (Prince Hailing). When Wanyan Liang became emperor of the Jin dynasty he forced Dingge to have her husband Wanyan Wudai killed by her other slaves, Ge Wen (葛溫) and Ge Lu (葛魯) and he promised that she would be named empress. Wanyan Liang broke his promise after he got bored of her when she entered the harem. Dingge then smuggled Yan Qi'er into the palace through a trunk after first smuggling a trunk full of her clothes as a dummy and then reprimanded him for looking at her clothes so he wouldn't look when Yan Qi'er was smuggled in next. Dingge and Yan Qi'er had sex until a Jurchen maid, Guige (貴哥) told on them to the emperor and Dingge was strangled and Yan Qi'er was beheaded.

References

Former empires
Chinese dynasties
Jurchen people

The Jurchens were a Tungusic people who lived in Manchuria in present-day Northeast China.   They were known as Jurchens until the 17th century when they became known as the Manchu. 

The Jurchens established the Jin Dynasty.  

The Joseon Dynasty of Korea placed great value on a policy of "neighborly relations" (gyorin or kyorin) with the Jurchen people.

References 

History of China
Ethnic groups in China
Hans Motz

Hans Motz (1 October 1909 – 6 August 1987) was an Austrian physicist. He worked at Stanford University on undulators. His work led to the development of the free-electron laser.

He was born in Vienna, and died in Oxford, England.

Hans Motz was a Full Professor in the Department of Engineering at Oxford University and a Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford.

He wrote books, including The Physics of Fusion, and a book on microwave theory. When he died, he left money to Oxford to establish a Motz Prize in Electrical Engineering to honor top students.

References

Scientists from Vienna
Austrian physicists
1909 births
1987 deaths
Discrete mathematics

Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are discrete rather than continuous.  In contrast to real numbers that vary "smoothly", discrete mathematics studies objects such as integers,  graphs, and statements in logic. These objects do not vary smoothly, but have distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as calculus and analysis.  Discrete objects can often be counted using integers. Mathematicians say that this is the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the natural numbers, including rational numbers but not real numbers). However, there is no exact, universally agreed, definition of the term "discrete mathematics." Many times, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions.

The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business.

Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in discrete steps and store data in discrete bits. Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development. In turn, computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete mathematics to real-world problems, such as in operations research.

Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects, analytic methods from continuous mathematics are often employed as well.

References

Further reading

 Norman L. Biggs, Discrete Mathematics 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. , and companion web site including questions together with solutions.
 Ronald Graham, Donald E. Knuth, Oren Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics
 Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming .
 Kenneth H. Rosen, Handbook of Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics CRC Press.  .
 Richard Johnsonbaugh, Discrete Mathematics 6th ed. Macmillan. , and companion web site.
 John Dwyer & Suzy Jagger, Discrete Mathematics for Business & Computing, 1st ed. 2010 .
 Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications 6th ed. McGraw Hill. , and companion web site.
 Ralph P. Grimaldi, Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics: An Applied Introduction 5th ed. Addison Wesley. 
 Susanna S. Epp, Discrete Mathematics with Applications Brooks Cole. 
 Jiří Matoušek & Jaroslav Nešetřil, Invitation to Discrete Mathematics, OUP, .
 Mathematics Archives, Discrete Mathematics links to syllabi, tutorials, programs, etc.
 Andrew Simpson, Discrete Mathematics by Example McGraw Hill. 
 Kenneth A. Ross &  Charles R. B. Wright, Discrete Mathematics. 

Fields of mathematics
Louise Ellery

Louise Ellery (b. 1977) is an athlete from Australia who has a disability.  She competes in a wheelchair. She competes in the shot put. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, she won a gold medal in F32–34/52/53 Shot put. She went to the 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She did not win a medal. She is getting ready for the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

1977 births
Living people
Australian athletes
2004 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Adrian Lowe

Adrian Lowe is an Australian athlete with a disability.  He competes in a wheelchair.  At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, He won two gold medals in the Men's 4 × 100 m Relay A2A4-7 and the Men's 4 × 400 m Relay A2A4-7 races, and three silver medals in the Men's 100 m A4A9, Men's 200 m A4A9, and the Men's 400 m A4A9 races.

References 

Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic silver medalists
Australian Paralympic gold medalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
1988 Summer Paralympics
Emperor Yōzei

was the 57th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 876 and ended in 884.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was .

Yōzei was the oldest son of Emperor Seiwa.  His mother was the Fujiwara no Takakiko.  She was the sister of Fujiwara no Mototsune.

Events of Yōzei's life
Yōzei was made emperor when he was a young boy.
 869 (Jōgan 10): Prince Sadaakira was born.
 869 (Jōgan 11): Sadaakira is named Crown Prince and Seiwa's heir apparent.
 18 December 876 : In the 18th year of Emperor Seiwa's reign, he abdicated.  Prince Sadaakira received the succession (senso).
 877 (Gangyō 1): The beginning of a new nengō was proclaimed the beginning of Yōzei's reign.
 20 January 877 (Gangyō 1, 3rd day of the 1st month): Yōzei was formally established as emperor (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 883 (Gangyō 7): Yōzei showed signs of mental illness and violent incidents which could not be ignored.  For example, he killed people randomly in the court.
 4 March 884 (Gangyō 8, 4th day of the 2nd month): Fujiwara no Mototsune removed Yōzei from the palace; and Yōzei was deposed as emperor.

Yōzei was succeeded by his father's uncle, who became known as Emperor Koko. During the reign of Kōkō's son, Emperor Uda, the former emperor became dangerous again.
 889 (Kanpyō 1, 10th month):  Former- Emperor Yōzei again began killing people randomly.  Sometimes he disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and Sika Deer,

Yōzei lived in retirement until the age of 81.

After his death
The actual site of Yōzei's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Yōzei's mausoleum.  It is formally named Kaguragaoka no Higashi no misasagi.

Eras of Yōzei's reign
The years of Yōzei's reign are more identified by more than one Japanese era.
 Jōgan    (859–877)
 Gangyō  (877–885)

Legacy
In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the Gempeitōkitsu (源平藤橘).  One of these clans, the Minamoto clan (源氏) are also known as Genji, and of these, the Yōzei Genji (陽成源氏) are descended from the 57th emperor Yōzei.

Yōzei fathered nine sons who were born after his abdication.

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Yōzei

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
869 births
949 deaths
Rene Ahrens

Rene Ahrens is an Australian athlete and wheelchair basketball player with a disability.  He won two  bronze medals: one at the 1980 Arnhem Games in the Men's Discus 5 and the other at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in the Men's Discus 6. He also played wheelchair basketball for Australia at the 1980 games.

References 

Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic bronze medalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Wheelchair basketball players
1980 Summer Paralympics
1988 Summer Paralympics
Kieran Ault-Connell

Kieran Ault-Connell (born 30 July 1981) is an Australian athlete with cerebral palsy. He was born in Melbourne. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, he won two gold medals in the men's  relay T38 and men's  relay T38 races. At the 2004 Summer Paralympics, he won a silver medal in the Men's Javelin F37 event.

References 

Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic gold medalists
Australian Paralympic silver medalists
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Melbourne
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
Royal Rumble (2012)

Royal Rumble (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event that took place on January 29, 2012 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri. It was the 25th yearly Royal Rumble event.

Background

As is the case every year since the event's beginning, the event's main event was the 30-man over-the-top-rope battle royal, also known as the Royal Rumble match. The match will start with two wrestlers and a new one will be added every 90 seconds. To eliminate an opposing wrestler you must throw him over the top rope and have both his two feet hit the floor, this will continue til there is only one man left, who is named the winner. The winner will receive either a WWE Championship match or a World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII.

Matches

Royal Rumble entrances and eliminations

References

Related pages
Royal Rumble

Other websites 
Official Royal Rumble website

2012 in professional wrestling
Sports in St. Louis, Missouri
2012
2012 in the United States
2010s in St. Louis, Missouri
Angie Ballard

Angie Ballard is an athlete with a disability from Australia.  She competes in a wheelchair.

Ballard was born on 6 June 1982. in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. She has two cats, Monkee and Jaguar, and a dog named Angel.

Ballard started racing in 1994. In August 1998, Ballard raced at the International Paralympic Committee World Championships in Birmingham, England, where she was won a gold medal in the women's 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 m relay race.  She raced at the  2000 Summer Paralympics but she did not win a medal. She competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics competing in the T54 200m, T53 400m and T53 800m. She did not win any medals in those races.  She won a bronze in the T53 100m race.  She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and did not win a medal in the T53 100m, 200m, 400m and 800m race.  She won a medal silver medal in the T53/54 4 × 100 m relay race.

References

Other websites 

 Angie Ballard: Australian Paralympic Committee

Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic bronze medalists
Australian Paralympic silver medalists
1982 births
Living people
People from Canberra
2000 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
Paul Benz

Paul M W Benz, OAM (born 9 January 1986) is an athlete with a disability from Australia.  He competes in a wheelchair.  He won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in the Men's 4 × 100 m T35-38 race.

References 

Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic gold medalists
Living people
1986 births
2004 Summer Paralympics
Robert Biancucci

Robert Biancucci is an Australian athlete with a disability.  At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, he won a  gold medal in the Men's 800 m C8 race, a silver medal in the Men's 400 m C8 race, and a bronze medal in the Men's 200 m C8 race. He competed but did not win any medals at the 1992 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Australian athletes
Australian Paralympic gold medalists
Australian Paralympic silver medalists
Australian Paralympic bronze medalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
1988 Summer Paralympics
1992 Summer Paralympics