cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Sagittarius (constellation)

The constellation Sagittarius (meaning "the Archer") is a group of stars in one area of the night sky. The stars are in the shape of a centaur archer. This constellation is part of the Western zodiac.

The Milky Way is at its densest near Sagittarius, as this is where the galactic center lies. Consequently, Sagittarius contains many star clusters and nebulae. One of the brightest of the star clusters is Messier 55, about 7.5° west of δ Sgr.

The complex radio source Sagittarius A is here. Astronomers believe that one of its components, known as Sagittarius A*, is associated with a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, with a mass of 2.6 million solar masses.

Deep-sky objects
Trifid Nebula
NGC 6559
Omega Nebula
Lagoon Nebula

References 

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Ursa Major

Ursa Major is a constellation that can be seen in the northern hemisphere and part of the southern hemisphere. Its name means Great Bear in Latin. It was named that because many different groups of people around the world have thought that its stars look a lot like a bear with a long tail. It is often used as a symbol for north.

According to Greek mythology, Ursa Major was once the beautiful maiden Callisto, whom the god Zeus had an affair with. In order to protect her and their son, Arcas, from his jealous wife Hera, Zeus turned Callisto and Arcas into bears. He then picked up the bears by their short, stubby tails and threw them into the sky.

Deep-sky objects
Several bright galaxies are found in Ursa Major, including the pair Messier 81 (one of the brightest galaxies in the sky) and Messier 82 above the bear's head, and the Pinwheel galaxy (M101), a beautiful spiral galaxy northwest of the star η Ursae Majoris. Other well-known spiral galaxies are NGC 4102, NGC 4605, Messier 108 and Messier 109. The constellation has about 50 galaxies that can be seen with a small telescope. The Owl nebula, the brightest planetary nebula, can be found along the bottom of the bowl of the Big Dipper.

The Big Dipper 

The seven stars in the northeast corner of Ursa Major form an  called the Big Dipper (or the Plough in Great Britain).  This group has been recognized by almost all groups of people who live or lived in places where it can be seen in the sky and it is one of the best-known star patterns. The Big Dipper is helpful in finding the north star because an imaginary line drawn through the two stars on the right side will point directly at the north star. These two stars are called The Pointers and they are very important on navigation by stars.

All of the stars in the Big Dipper except Dubhe and Alkaid are moving toward the same point in the sky through proper motion. This group of stars is known as the Ursa Major Moving Group.

References

Other websites 
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ursa Major

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Ursa Minor

Ursa Minor is a constellation in the northern sky. It is often called the Little Bear or the Little Dipper. Just like the related constellation Ursa Major, or the Big Bear or Big Dipper, it seems to have a long handle leading to a cup or ladle. The end of the handle is the North Star, called Polaris.

The ancient astronomer Ptolemy included Ursa Minor in his list of 48 constellations. It is now one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor is special because it includes the north celestial pole. However, this will change after several hundred years because the Earth will change the direction of its axis. That movement is called precession

Special features

Stars
Ursa Minor is often called the Little Dipper because its seven brightest stars seem to be in the shape of a dipper (ladle or scoop). The star at the end of the dipper handle is Polaris, the North Star.

Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation. It is a 'yellow-white' supergiant shining at 2.02 apparent magnitude. It belongs to an unusual class of stars called Cepheid variables. The brightness of Polaris can change. The second brightest star is β UMi (Kochab). It is a 2.08 orange giant star.

The four stars in the "bowl" of the little dipper are very useful for star watchers. They are of second, third, fourth and fifth magnitude. These stars are an easy guide to knowing what magnitude stars are visible. This is helpful for people who live in cities where light can make dim stars hard to see. It is also a way of testing your eyesight.

Named stars

Deep sky objects
There is one dwarf galaxy in the area of the constellation. It is called Ursa Minor Dwarf.

History and mythology

Drawings of Ursa Minor often show it as a baby bear with an unusually long tail. In some stories, the tail is so long because the baby bear was held by the tail and spun around the pole.

Greek mythology connected Ursa Minor and Ursa Major to the story of Callisto and Arcas. However, one older version of the story has Boötes in place of Arcas. In that story Ursa Minor was a dog. This earlier tradition explains both the length of the tail and an older name for Polaris. The North Star used to be called Cynosura which means the dog's tail.

In another story from early Greek mythology, the seven stars of the Little Dipper were seven sisters. They were Atlas' daughters, the Hesperides. They were part of a story with the nearby constellations Boötes, Ursa Major, and Draco.

Related pages
 Ursa Major
 Ursa Minor Beta, a place in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

References

Bibliography
 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. . Princeton University Press, Princeton. .

Other websites

 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ursa Minor
 Star Tales – Ursa Minor

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Polaris (star)

Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris) is the Pole Star or North Star. 

It is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is almost straight above Earth's North Pole. Because of this, when it is seen from Earth, it looks like it always stays in the same place in the sky. For centuries, sailors in the northern hemisphere used Polaris to help them figure out where they were on the ocean and what way they were moving.

Polaris is part of a triple star system. It has a very close dwarf binary, and a larger star, Polaris B, which orbits 2,400 AU away.

The main star, Polaris A, is a giant with 4.5 times the mass of the Sun and a diameter of 45 million kilometers. It is a classic Cepheid variable, the closest to us in the whole Milky Way. Polaris B can be seen even with a modest telescope. It was found by William Herschel in 1780 using one of the most powerful telescopes of the time: his own reflecting telescope. The nearby dwarf star, Ab, was predicted in 1929, but only seen quite recently. The dwarf orbits as close to A as Uranus is to our sun.

Even though Polaris is the North Star today, this has not always been the case. The place in the sky that the Earth's north pole points at changes slowly over time. This movement is called stellar precession. In 3000 BC, a faint star called Thuban in the constellation of Draco was the North Star. Polaris did not become the North Star until about AD 500. It will get closer to straight above the Earth's north pole until sometime in 2102. Then it will move away again. It will be the closest star to the pole until about AD 3000.

Surprisingly, considering its relative nearness, its distance is not yet known for certain. Many recent papers calculate the distance to Polaris at about 434 light-years (133 parsecs). However, some suggest it may be as much as 30% closer. If correct, this would be especially notable because Polaris is the closest Cepheid variable to Earth. Its physical parameters are critical to the whole astronomical distance scale.

There is no star in the southern hemisphere  which plays a similar role to Polaris.

References 

Northern pole stars
Variable stars
Binary stars
Hypercube

In geometry, a hypercube is an n-dimensional analogue of a square () and a cube (). It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length.  A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in n dimension is equal to .

An n-dimensional hypercube is also called an n-cube or an n-dimensional cube.  The term "measure polytope" is also used, notably in the work of H. S. M. Coxeter (originally from Elte, 1912), but it has now been superseded.

The hypercube is the special case of a hyperrectangle (also called an n-orthotope).

A unit hypercube is a hypercube whose side has length one unit.  Often, the hypercube whose corners (or vertices) are the 2n points in Rn with each coordinate equal to 0 or 1 is called "the" unit hypercube.

Construction

A hypercube can be defined by increasing the numbers of dimensions of a shape:

0 – A point is a hypercube of dimension zero.
1 – If one moves this point one unit length, it will sweep out a line segment, which is a unit hypercube of dimension one.
2 – If one moves this line segment its length in a perpendicular direction from itself; it sweeps out a 2-dimensional square.
3 – If one moves the square one unit length in the direction perpendicular to the plane it lies on, it will generate a 3-dimensional cube.
4 – If one moves the cube one unit length into the fourth dimension, it generates a 4-dimensional unit hypercube (a unit tesseract).

This can be generalized to any number of dimensions. This process of sweeping out volumes can be formalized mathematically as a Minkowski sum: the d-dimensional hypercube is the Minkowski sum of d mutually perpendicular unit-length line segments, and is therefore an example of a zonotope.

The 1-skeleton of a hypercube is a hypercube graph.

Related pages
 Simplex - the n-dimensional analogue of the triangle
 Hyperrectangle - the general case of the hypercube, where the base is a rectangle.

Notes

Other websites 
 
 
 Olshevsky, George, Measure polytope at Glossary for Hyperspace.
 www.4d-screen.de (Rotation of 4D – 7D-Cube)
  Rotating a Hypercube by Enrique Zeleny, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
 Stereoscopic Animated Hypercube

Shapes
Iron Man 2

Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero movie. It is based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. It is the sequel to the 2008 movie Iron Man and the third movie for the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

It was directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux. It stars Robert Downey, Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell and Mickey Rourke. The story is set six months after the events of Iron Man. Tony Stark has revealed his identity as Iron Man. He is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the technology. Ivan Vanko, meanwhile, has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own.

After the successful release of Iron Man, Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel. In July of that same same year, Theroux was hired to write the script. Favreau was signed to return and direct. Downey and Paltrow were to repeat their roles from Iron Man. Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes. In early 2009, Rourke, Rockwell and Johansson completed the supporting cast. The movie went into production that summer. Like its predecessor, the movie was shot mostly in California, except for a key sequence in Monaco.

Release Dates 

2010s superhero movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies directed by Jon Favreau
Iron Man movies
Drone movies
Hot Modern Rock Tracks

Hot Modern Rock Tracks (used to be called Modern Rock Tracks) is a music chart in the United States. Since September 10 1988, Hot Modern Rock Tracks has appeared in Billboard magazine.

Other websites 
 Billboard.com - This week's Hot Modern Rock Tracks 

Record charts
Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire

Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire is a 2003 Game Boy Advance video game made by Jupiter and published by Nintendo.  It is the sequel to the Game Boy Color video game Pokémon Pinball.

2003 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Pinball video games
Pinball: Ruby and Sapphire
Non-fiction

Non-fiction is writing about facts.  Although non-fiction is supposed to be truthful, sometimes it may not be.  People normally assume that authors mean to be truthful, but they might make mistakes.  Writing is normally split into two parts: non-fiction and fiction.  As well as non-fiction books, there are also pictures and films.

Types of non-fiction 

Autobiography 
Biography 
Diagram
Dictionary
Documentary
Encyclopedia
Essay
History

Journal
Journalism
Letter
Natural history
Philosophy
Photograph
Textbook

Other websites 
 Nonfiction Book Awards

 
Writing
Sphinx

A sphinx is a mythological figure, which looks like a lion with a human head. It dates back to the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and its name comes from the Ancient Greek name for a "stranger". The Sphinx is also common in South and South-East Asia, and was popular in Europe from the times of the Renaissance. The Sphinx was famous for posing riddles. It was used to protect the pyramids of Giza. Giza has ahead of a man and the body of a lion. One notable sphinx appears in the legend of Oedipus and killed travellers who failed to correctly answer a riddle about the three ages of man ("Which creature has one voice, but travels on four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon and three in the evening?"). Oedipus correctly solved it ("Man-he crawls on all fours as a baby, in adulthood, he walks upright, and in old age, he walks with a cane"). e

Mythology
Legendary creatures
Safe sex

Safe sex (also called Safer sex or protected sex) is to have sex in a safe way. There are many dangers with having sex. Perhaps the most well-known are:
Unwanted pregnancy; contraception can help this. 
Catching diseases that can be spread through having sex. Some of these, such as Syphilis, Gonorrhea or Trichomoniasis can be cured. Others conditions, such as AIDS, Hepatitis, and Herpes simplex are caused by viruses. Such diseases or conditions are hard to cure, or they cannot be cured at all. Condoms can help limit the spread of these diseases.

There are many ways of having safe sex. Some of these include:
Using a condom or dental dam to create a barrier between the individuals. This is the way which most people have safe sex.
Masturbating rather than having normal sex. This is because the body parts never come into contact making it harder for diseases to spread.
Oral Sex is also lots safer although there is still a high risk. Using a condom or dam while having oral sex is even safer.
Abstinence, or not having sex at all.

Sexually transmitted diseases
Ted Hughes

Ted Hughes OM, (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet and writer of children's stories. He was born in Mytholmroyd, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was married to the American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963. From 1984 until his death, he was the British Poet Laureate. He died of colorectal cancer in London, aged 68.

Other websites
 Hughes at poets.org

1930 births
1998 deaths
British poets laureate
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English poets
Order of Merit
People from West Yorkshire
Writers from Yorkshire
Biffy Clyro

Biffy Clyro, often called Biffy by fans, are a Scottish rock band. The band are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released four albums and an EP. Their fourth album Puzzle got them much mainstream and popular attention.   

1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Roadrunner Records
Scottish rock bands
1990s establishments in Scotland
Black Stone Cherry

Black Stone Cherry are a rock band from Kentucky, USA. They are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released two albums, called Black Stone Cherry and Folklore and Superstition.  The band has had several songs reach the top 30 of Billboard's Top Mainstream Rock Songs, including "Lonely Train", which reached #14 on that chart in 2006.

Members of the band
Chris Robertson (lead vocals, guitar)
Ben Wells (guitar, backing vocals) 
Jon Lawhon (bass guitar, backing vocals)
John Fred Young (drums, backing vocals)

References

Other websites

Black Stone Cherry's official website

Roadrunner Records
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Post-grunge bands
Southern rock bands
Entertainers from Kentucky
Jerry Wexler

Gerald "Jerry" Wexler (January 10, 1917 – August 15, 2008) was a music journalist who became a music producer, and was thought of as an important name in his field from the 1950s through the 1980s. He came up with the term "Rhythm & Blues", and was important in working with big people in music of the last 50 years, such Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, Led Zeppelin, Wilson Pickett, Dusty Springfield, and Bob Dylan. Wexler became part of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.

Other websites
Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame Inductee Information
AllMusic.com
Salon.com
NYTimes obit

American journalists
Grammy Award winners
Writers from New York City
1917 births
2008 deaths
Mick Foley

Michael Francis "Mick" Foley, Sr (born March 31, 1966 is an American author, actor and professional wrestler. He has wrestled under the names Dude Love, Cactus Jack, and Mankind. He is currently signed to a WWE  on  smackdown  brand  as  mankind.

Careers 
A hardcore specialist, Foley is known as "The King of Hardcore Wrestling". He is a former ECW, WCW and WWE Tag Team Champion and was a part of the "Rock and Sock Connection" with wrestler The Rock.

He has held the WWE Championship 3 times. He has held the TNA World Heavyweight Championship after defeating Sting at Lockdown 2008. In WWE he has won a total of 17 championships.

He was announced as the first inductee into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2013.

Works
Memoirs
(1999) Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks. ReganBooks. . (credited as Mankind/Mick Foley)
(2001) Foley Is Good: And the Real World Is Faker than Wrestling. ReganBooks. .
(2007) The Hardcore Diaries. PocketBooks. 
(2010) Countdown to Lockdown: A Hardcore Journal. Grand Central Publishing. 

Children's fiction
(2000) Mick Foley's Christmas Chaos. ReganBooks. .
(2001) Mick Foley's Halloween Hijinx. HarperCollins Publishers. .
(2004) Tales From Wrescal Lane. World Wrestling Entertainment..

Contemporary fiction
(2003) Tietam Brown. Knopf. .
(2005) Scooter. Knopf. .

Filmography
2012: 30 Rock - as Mankind (1 Episode, "The Ballad of Kennith Parcell")
2010: Family Feud - as Himself (5 episodes)
2010:  "Warren the Ape: Anger Management" - as Himself.
2010: Savage Hot Babe Massacre
2009–2010: The Daily Show - Himself (Job Title: "Senior Ass Kicker")(2 episodes)
2009: Hard Knocks - as TBA (Post-Production)
2009: Squidbillies - as Thunderclap (1 Episode, Anabolic-Holic)
2009: Bloodstained Memoirs - as Himself
2007: Anamorph - as Antique Store Owner
2007: Staten Island - as Pawn Shop Owner
2006–2007: Avatar: The Last Airbender - as The Boulder (Voice, 2 Episodes)
2003: Jimmy Kimmel Live! - as Himself (Guest Co-Host, 5 Episodes)
2001: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno - as Himself (1 Episode)
2001: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? - as Himself (Contestant)
2001: Robot Wars: Extreme Wars - as Himself (Host)
2000: Saturday Night Live - as Himself (1 Episode)
2000: Big Money Hustlas - as Cactus Sac
2000: Now and Again - as Charlie (1 Episode, "The Eggman Cometh")
2000: Celebrity Death Match - as Mankind (1 Episode, "Battle of the Heavy Metal Headbangers")
1999: Late Night with Conan O'Brien - as Himself (1 Episode)
1999: The Martin Short Show - as Himself (1 Episode)
1999: The Howard Stern Show - as Himself (1 Episode)
1999–2001: The Howard Stern Radio Show - as Himself (3 Episodes)
1999: G vs E - as Himself (1 Episode, "Sunday Night Evil")
1999: Boy Meets World - as Mankind (1 Episode, "For Love And Apartments")
1999: Total Request Live - as Mankind (1 Episode)
1999: Beyond the Mat - as Himself

References

1965 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Bloomington, Indiana
Sportspeople from Indiana
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Writers from Indiana
WWE Hall of Fame
Cyclic redundancy check

A Cyclic redundancy check (often shortened to CRC) is a way to calculate a checksum, based on a polynomial. In computer science, CRCs are used to check that no errors occurred transmitting the data. The transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths which, used as dividends, are divided by a fixed divisor. The remainder of the calculation is appended onto and sent with the computer recalculates the remainder. If it does not match the transmitted remainder, an error is detected. At this point, the data is re-sent. Ethernet packets have a (CRC) code.  

For example: 

If 'm' is your message of 16 bits, and you are calculating a CRC of 8 bits (CRC-8), then let 'x' be message 'm' appended by 7 zeroes. Let 'y' be a "magic" number. Divide 'x' by 'y', until you obtain a remainder that is not divisible further. Take this remainder and subtract it from the "magic" number 'y' and add this result to 'x' to obtain 'z'. 'z' is now a multiple of the "magic" number 'y' and dividing 'z' by 'y' will give a zero remainder. 'z' can now be transmitted to the receiver. The receiver will perform this division and check if the remainder is zero to confirm that there were no errors in transmission. The message can be recovered by simply reading the most significant 16 bits in the 24 bit transmission. 

In real world systems, these long division operations are performed in hardware by bit-shifting and XORing, a feat which is trivial for digital electronics to perform at extremely high speeds. 

Computing
Binary arithmetics
Padded cell

A padded cell is a special room in a hospital for mentally ill people. It's made so that the patients can be put there when they go through a crisis (or they have a fit or seizure). They are put there so they can go through their crisis on their own, without putting others into danger. Padded cells are made in special ways so that those having the crisis cannot hurt themselves. Padded cells have been used for a long time in psychiatry. In the 1980s, their use declined in Europe. This is because there are drugs that can be given that make them nearly unnecessary. 

They are still widely used, especially in Africa and Asia. 

Seizures and crises are usually very tiring. For this reason, patients usually only spend a short time in these cells. They usually collapse because of fatigue rather quickly. When they do, they need medical attention quickly.

Psychology
Rüttenen

Rüttenen is a municipality in Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
The Feeling

The Feeling are a five person band that come from Sussex, England. The bands music is classed as pop. They have been nominated for many awards including a BRIT award in 2006. 

The first of their four top 10 singles was the song "Sewn" in March 2006. It was one of 2006's most played songs. It was first played on BBC Radio 2. The Feeling's debut album was named "Twelve Stops and Home", which made it to number two in the UK album chart.

2000s music groups
English rock bands
Mangwal

Mangwal is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°6'30N 72°49'32E.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Mangwal, Afghanistan

Mangwal is a village in Kunar Province, Afghanistan. It is at 34°36'7N 70°49'41E. Its height is .

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Geography of Afghanistan

Afghanistan is in the middle of Asia. The country is landlocked and mountainous, and has most of the Hindu Kush mountains. There are four major rivers in the country: the Amu Darya, the Hari River, the Kabul River and the Helmand River. The country also contains a number of smaller rivers, lakes, and streams.

Borders
Afghanistan has 5529 km of borders. They are with neighbouring countries:
Pakistan: 2,430 km, known as the Durand Line. This is in the south and southeast of Afghanistan. 
Iran, to the west of Afghanistan. The border is 936 km long 
Tajikistan has a border of 1,206 km with Afghanistan to the north 
Turkmenistan has a border of 744 km 
Uzbekistan has a border of 137 km
Afghanistan also has a disputed border with China. It is 76 km in length and is in the far northeast of the country. This is disputed by Pakistan and Tajikistan which both claim the area.

The borders are called "porous". That means that in many places people can cross over with not much official control.

Land
Afghanistan has a lot of rugged mountains known as the Hindu Kush as well areas of desert.

 Highest and lowest
 Lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
 Highest point: Noshaq 7,492 m

 Natural hazards
 Damaging earthquakes occur in the Hindsh mountains; flooding and droughts in the south and south-west of the country.

 Natural resources 
Afghanistan's natural resources include: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, uranium, gold, silver, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones.

Mountain systems

The Hindu Kush reaches a height of 7485 m. / 24,557 ft. at Nowshak, Afghanistan's highest peak. Of the ranges extending southwestward from the Hindu Kush, the Koh-i-Baba reaches the greatest height (Shah Fuladi, 5,142 m /16,870 ft). The Safed Koh range, which includes the Tora Bora area, dominates the border area southeast of Kabul.

The area towards the Khyber Pass across the Safed Koh are in eastern Afghanistan; at the top the height is 1070 m. / 3,509 ft. at Landi Kotal. This area is near to Pakistan, the town of Torkham is five kilometres from Pakistan.

References

Other websites
Topographic map of Afghanistan (1 : 300 000) www.cesty.in
Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is an old map, featuring Afghanistan, from 1897. It's written in English.
Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc. is another old map, from 1893. It was published by the Methodist church.
Menoitios

Menoitios (or Menoetius) was the Titan god (perhaps) of violent anger, rash action, and human mortality. Zeus struck him down with a thunderbolt and sent him to Erebos (the Underworld) as punishment for his hybristic behaviour.

He was a son of Iapetus and Clymene or Asia, and a brother of Atlas, Prometheus and Epimetheus. He was struck by Zeus with a flash of lightning, in the fight of the Titans, and thrown into Tartarus but he was not killed. (Hes. Theog. 507, &c., 514; Apollod. i. 2. § 3; Schol. ad Aeschyl. Prom. 347.)

The name Menoitios was derives from the Greek words menos meaning variously might, force, spirit, passion, batterage, and oitos meaning ill-fated or doomed. Hesiod also describes him as hybristes, a violent, overbearing and insolent man. Menoitios and his brothers, the sons of Iapetos, were all depicted with extreme human foibles: Prometheus was overly crafty, Epimetheus a fool, and Atlas exceedingly daring.

Menoitios was perhaps identical to Menoites the herdsman of Hades, whom Herakles wrestled with in the underworld. This connection with cattle, suggests that he was also the same as Bouphagos (the Cattle Eater) son of Iapetos, a hybristic man who attacked the goddess Artemis in Arkadia.

Greek mythology
Miani, Chakwal

Miani is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

References

Union Councils of Chakwal District
Miani, Sindh

Miani or Meeanee was a village in Sindh, Pakistan, six miles north of Hyderabad. It was the site of the Battle of Miani, 17 February 1843, in which Sir Charles Napier defeated the ruler of Sindh and made it part of British India.

Settlements in Sindh
Hyderabad, Sindh

Hyderabad (Sindhi and  ) is in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city was founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro on the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the bank of the Indus River known as Neroon Kot ().

Hyderabad used to be the capital of Sindh. Now it is the capital of the district of Hyderabad. Before the starting of Pakistan, it was known as the Paris of India, for its roads used to be washed with perfumed rose-water every day and sandalwood incense would linger in the air.

Prominent people 

There are many prominent people who belong to Hyderabad Sindh. Among them are Dr. Ghulam Mustafa, Filmstar Muhammad Ali, Dr. Amir Liaqauat, Speaker National Assembly Fahmida Mirza, Qazi Asad Abid, Mustafa Qureshi, and Dr.Syed Mehboob, a writer and columnist, also born and educated in Hyderabad.

Settlements in Sindh
Hyderabad District
Miani, Punjab

Miani is a small town of Bhalwal Tehsil, Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is about 70 km from Sargodha city.

History
Miani used to have a large  population of Hindus before the partition of India. They had to leave their ancestral homes and move to India after partition. Sargodha itself  was the homeland  of Khatris and had a large concentration of the ancient Khatri clans. Khatris are found among both Hindu as well as Muslim Punjabis. Some Khatris were converted to Islam after he introduction of Islam into the Punjab. Miani continues to have a population of Muslim Khatris or Punjabi Shaikhs.

Pre-partition, there were also many Hindu Brahmin families living in Miani. There were Gosain Brahmins of six clans, some of which are Balak-nathiye, Dabre, Bhature. The details are available with Purohits at Haridwar, India, a most holy place for Hindus on the banks of holy river Ganges. They were living, before partition, in and around Jhikki Gali of Miani, which was near a 'Roni Khui' or a well. These Gosain families would marry their children into Bagge, Kapooriye Saraswat Brahmins of the region. Other Brahmin families of Miani were Mohyal Brahmins, mainly Dutt. A very large house belonging to a Dutt family still stands tall in Miani with the name 'Krishen Niwas' inscribed in Hindi on the elaborately carved, large wooden doors (for which Miani & Bhera were famous). This door has also engravings of Lord Krishna, cows, lotus etc.  

Miani was nicknamed Namak-Miani (salt Miani) because it was the main marketplace for salt that was mined from the mountains around Khewra. 

Towns in Pakistan
Vltava

Vltava is a river which flows through the Czech Republic and its capital city, Prague. It starts as two small springs and ends at the Elbe. Composer Bedřich Smetana wrote a symphonic poem about this river, sometimes called "The Moldau".

Rivers of the Czech Republic
Sargodha

Sargodha is the capital city of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. In old times, it was part of 'Shahpur' area under the British Raj. It was primarily an agricultural market town but now, it has also developed as a garrison town for the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force. 

Cities in Pakistan
Miani (tribe)

The Miani, are a Pashtun tribe, they mainly live in the Gomal plains which are part of Tank District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A few of the tribe also live in the Frontier Region of Dera Ismail Khan District and in Afghanistan.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Cod wars

The Cod Wars, also called the Iceland Cod Wars (Icelandic: Þorskastríðin, "the cod wars", or Landhelgisstríðin, "the wars for the territorial waters") were a series of confrontations in the 1950s and 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic.  The name of the conflict may be derived from a pun on the term "Cold War" (with "cod" reading so similarly to "cold"), possibly via the British tabloid press.

In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an Exclusive Economic Zone extending beyond its territorial waters, before announcing plans to reduce over-fishing. It policed its quota system with the coast guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, a fleet of British Royal Naval warships and tug-boats was employed to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft.

In 1976, a compromise between the two states allowed a maximum of 24 British trawlers access to the disputed 200 nautical mile (370 km) limit.  Two-hundred-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones became recognized internationally on November 14, 1994, after having been agreed at the conference on the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982.

References 

History of international relations
Fishing
1950s in the United Kingdom
1970s in the United Kingdom
20th century in Iceland
Orion (constellation)

Orion is one of the largest constellations in the sky. It is supposed to look like the warrior Orion from Greek mythology. The constellation has other names in different cultures: it is mentioned under a Hebrew name in the Book of Job.

The constellation has a clear hour-glass shape with "Orion's Belt" in the centre. That part is made up of three bright stars (Alnitak, Alnilam, Mintaka) in line. The Orion constellation has 81 visible stars, including some of the brightest and most important stars in the night sky. Rigel is the brightest star in it, and Betelgeuse is a huge, rather unstable red supergiant. 

The constellation includes a series of starburst nebulae where new stars are forming. The whole group of nebulae is known as the Orion complex. The complex is 1,500 to 1,600 light-years away, and hundreds of light-years across. It includes
The Orion nebula M42
M43
IC 434
The Horsehead nebula
Barnard's Loop
M78, a reflection nebula
NGC 1999
NGC 2175
NGC 2174
Orion molecular cloud
Flame nebula
Train Wreck Cluster

Mythological legend 
In Greek mythology, Orion was a great hunter who joined Artemis's Hunt. He was the first ever male to ever enter the Hunt. Inevitably, he slowly started getting closer to Artemis, and eventually fell in love with her, even though he knew she had sworn an oath of maidenhood. Artemis did not sense this at the time, so she let him stay in the Hunt. The problem was that Orion was too good a hunter, and got in over his head. He killed too many animals, which was against the Hunters' nature, which was not to harm nature if it was not of danger to them. Gaea, the Earth Spirit, sensed this, and sent a giant scorpion to kill him, to punish him for his sins against nature. Artemis mourned his death, and herself made a constellation dedicated him, namely, the Orion's Belt.

The ancient Egyptians equated the constellation with Osiris, god of the afterlife.  The ancient Egyptian "First Time", "when Osiris walked on the Earth", has by some fringe archeologists been held to be around 10,500 BC; thanks to precession (which was known to the astronomers of the Early Dynasties), around that time at the Spring Equinox the constellation could be seen "walking" on the horizon just before dawn.

Location 

Orion is a useful aid to find other stars. 
Extend the line of the Belt southeastward to find Sirius (α CMa); northwestward to find Aldebaran (α Tau). A line eastward across the two shoulders is the direction of Procyon (α CMi). A line from Rigel through Betelgeuse points to Castor and Pollux (α Gem and β Gem).  

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Betelgeuse

Betelgeuse (from Arabic: إبط الجوزاء Ibṭ al-Jauzā’, meaning "the armpit of Orion") is a large red supergiant star in the Orion constellation. It is usually the ninth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest in Orion. 

Betelgeuse is a semiregular variable star whose apparent magnitude varies between 0.2 and 1.2. This is the widest range of any first-magnitude star.

It is also one of the largest and most luminous observable stars. It has a radius between 950 to 1,000 times wider than the Sun. This means it is 1.322 to 1.392 billion kilometers in diameter. Betelgeuse was the first star other than the Sun whose size was known. The star's distance from Earth is about 640 light-years. Its average absolute magnitude is about −6.02. 

Betelgeuse is less than 10 million years old. It evolves rapidly because of its high mass. It is moving through the interstellar medium at a speed of 30 km/s, creating a shock wave over 4 light-years wide.

Betelgeuse is now in a later stage of stellar evolution. It will rapidly go through its life cycle before exploding as a type II supernova sometime in the next million years. 

An observation by the Herschel Space Observatory in January 2013 showed that the star's winds are crashing against the surrounding interstellar medium.
Betelgeuse is one of the red supergiant stars to have a bow shock:  others are Mu Cephei and IRC-10414. Betelgeuse can be seen at the upper left  in Orion.

Alternate names 
Betelgeuse is also called  Alpha Orionis (α Orionis, abbreviated Alpha Ori, α Ori).

Related pages 
Orion (constellation)
Rigel
119 Tauri, Antares, and Mu Cephei, other similar red supergiant stars

References 

Red giants
Variable stars
Supergiants
Phoenix (constellation)

Phoenix () is a small and not-so-bright constellation in the southern sky. It is one of the birds in a "nest" of bird constellations near it.  This constellation was named after the mythical phoenix.

Mythology 
This constellation represents a mythological bird that burns itself up every several hundred years then comes back alive from the ashes of the fire

Other websites 

 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Phoenix

Constellations
Octans

Octans is the southernmost constellation. It represents a tool that a sailor would use to find his position using the position of the stars; the octant. Octans contains the southernmost star above Magnitude 6, σ Octantis, which cannot be seen easily.

Constellations
Sirius

Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky. It is a binary star system in Canis Major, near Orion. It has an apparent magnitude of −1.46. The system is between 200 and  years old. It was originally composed of two bright bluish stars.

Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its position (it is relatively close to Earth). At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system is one of Earth's near neighbours.

The Egyptians called this star 'Sopdet'. They relied on it to predict when the flood season would start. Sirius is sometimes called the Dog Star. The phrase the dog days of summer means the hottest days of summer.

Sirius A 
Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun and has an absolute magnitude of 1.42. It is 25 times more luminous than the Sun, but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus or Rigel.

Sirius B 
Originally, Sirius B had about five times the mass of the Sun. and was a B-type star (roughly B4–5) when it still was on the main sequence.

Sirius B used up its resources and became a red giant. Then it shed its outer layers and collapsed into its present state as a white dwarf, about  years ago. Its mass now is about the same as the Sun.

Related pages
 Canis Major

References 

Binary stars
Culture of Pakistan

Pakistan has many different cultures. The east of the country is mainly Punjabi, the south is mainly Sindhi. In the east are the tribal cultures. In many areas the tribes and cultures are mixed, most Pakistanis are Punjabi and most of the nation are Sunni Muslim. Clothing is usually the ''Shalwar Kameez' in the country.
Canopus

Canopus, or Alpha Carinae in the Bayer designation system, is the brightest star in its constellation (Carina) and the brightest star in the southern night sky.

Canopus is quite unusual, because its distance from Earth was not known until the 1990s. Before the launching of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for the star varied widely, from 96 light years to 1200 light years. Hipparcos established Canopus as lying 310 light years (96 parsecs) from our solar system. 

The difficulty in measuring Canopus' distance stemmed from its being a "less luminous supergiant". Such stars are rare and poorly understood. They are stars that can be either in the process of evolving to or away from red giant status. This in turn made it difficult to know how intrinsically bright Canopus is, and therefore how far away it might be. Direct measurement was the only way to solve the problem. Canopus is too far away for Earth-based parallax observations to be made, so the star's distance was not known with certainty until the early 1990s.

Canopus is 13,600 times more luminous than the Sun and the most intrinsically bright star within about 700 light years. In fact, from 1 astronomical unit, Canopus would have an apparent magnitude of -37. Canopus appears less bright than Sirius in our sky only because Sirius is much closer to the Earth (8.6 light years).

The surface temperature of Canopus is 7350 ± 30 K. Its diameter has been measured at 0.6 astronomical units (the measured angular diameter being 0.006 arcseconds), 65 times that of the Sun. If it were placed at the centre of the solar system, it would extend three-quarters of the way to Mercury. An Earth-like planet would have to lie three times the distance of Pluto for its star to appear the same size in the sky as our own sun. Canopus is a strong source of X-rays, which are probably produced by its corona, magnetically heated to around 15 million K.

Canopus is part of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, a group of stars which share similar origins.

References 

Supergiants
Bayer designation

The Bayer designation for stars uses Greek letters to assign names to stars. For example:

α Canis Majoris
θ Orionis
ζ Reticuli

It usually starts with the letter alpha (α) assigned to the brightest star in the constellation, then going down the Greek alphabet to assign letters for other stars (beta, gamma, delta, etc.) in order of decreasing brightness.

Astronomical catalogues
Demographics of Pakistan

The Demographics of Pakistan are a study of the population and the people. It is estimated that Pakistan's population was over 170,000,000 in mid 2008. Pakistan had an estimated population of 169,300,000 as of July 2007,. Between 1951-1998, the number of people in Pakistan's cities and towns (known as the urban population) increased sevenfold. And by the next decade the population is expected to exceed 176 million. In the past, the country's population had a quite high growth rate. Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanisation and the emergence of megacities. Between 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanised nation in South Asia, with city dwellers making up 34% of its population.

Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and has one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.

Pakistan's next national census will take place in 2008.

Population data

Geographic distribution

The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar.

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
Fahrenheit (disambiguation)

Fahrenheit may refer to:
Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German physicist
Fahrenheit, the temperature scale
Fahrenheit (album), an album by Toto
Fahrenheit (comics), a comic book character
Fahrenheit (cologne), a cologne made by Christian Dior
Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band), a Taiwanese boy band
Fahrenheit (Fahrenheit album), their first album
Fahrenheit (Thai band), a Thai rock band
Fahrenheit (video game), a 2005 video game
Fahrenheit (1994 video game), a 1994 video game
Fahrenheit 9/11, a movie by Michael Moore
Fahrenheit 451, a novel by Ray Bradbury
Fahrenheit 451 (1966 movie), François Truffaut's movie adaptation
Fahrenheit graphics API, computer software
7800° Fahrenheit, an album by Bon Jovi
Farrenheit, an American rock band
Fahrenheit (denim), an American denim/fashion company based in Washington, DC  
Fahrenheit (roller coaster), a roller coaster opening at Hersheypark in the 2008 season
Fahrenheit Project, a series of downtempo/ambient musical projects by various artists
Fahrenheit (Chilean band), a chilean Hard rock band.
Culture of Iran

The culture of Iran includes the art, language, cinema and music of the country. The culture of Iran has been influenced by many different things, by religion and by its ancient history. The nation has different ethnic groups including Persians, Turks and Kurds.
Apollo 17

Apollo 17 was the last flight to send people to the moon. It was done by NASA, the American space group.

It went up to space on December 7, 1972, carrying three astronauts: Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt and Ronald Evans. On December 11, 1972, Cernan and Schmitt became the last humans to land on the moon, while Evans stayed in orbit around the Moon.

The Flight

Going to and from space 
About 500,000 people viewed the flight of Apollo 17. A Saturn V rocket took flight from the Kennedy Space Center in America.
About two hours after leaving Earth the bit with the people in it went away from the main rocket. The bit with the people in it had two parts, the Apollo Command Module called America and the Apollo Lunar Module called Challenger. America was the moon control space ship and Eagle was the moon-landing space ship. 3 days later the team entered Lunar Orbit (orbit around the moon). A day later the Challenger went away from America. The Challenger landed safely on the moon with Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt inside.

Photos 

Apollo program
Cultural geography

Cultural Geography is the study of cultures, customs, foods, clothing, music, architecture, traditions, religions and languages of the world  - and how and why these cultures are spread across the world.

An example would be the Arab World, there are many nations inhabited by Arabic people, from Morocco in the north-west of Africa and lies near to Spain, to Syria which borders Turkey - and Yemen which is near to Ethiopia.
Arab world

The Arab world (; pronounced: al-`alam al-`arabi) are the Arabic language-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It consists of 24 countries and territories with a combined population of some 325 million people spanning at least 2 billion acres across two continents.

 
Africa
Middle East
East Africa

East Africa is the most eastern region of the African continent. There are different ways to describe the area East Africa covers - it can be defined by geography or countries. It has some of the earliest found fossils of humans.

References
Gulf of Aden

The Gulf of Aden (, pronounced Khalyj 'Adan; ) is a gulf in the Indian Ocean. To its south is the Guardafui Channel, the Somali Sea and Somalia. To its north is Yemen. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab el Mandeb strait. In the southwest, it connects with the Somali Sea through the Guardafui Channel.

Gulfs
Somalia
Geography of Yemen
Battle of Miani

The Battle of Miani (February 17, 1843) was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur rulers of Sindh (now a province of Pakistan).

Reason
The British were upset about the local rulers' stance during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). After Napier first gained military control of the region by forcing an agreement with the Sindh amirs, his forces attacked the fortress at Imamgarh. After the attack on Imamgarh a popular revolt broke out against the British by the people of Sindh

The Battle of Miani (also known as Meeanee by the British) was the decisive victory that allowed British to take control of all of Sindh (apart from the state of Khairpur).

Later, on March 24, 1843, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur, the ruler of Southeastern Sindh (Mirpurkhas) tried to liberate Sindh from the occupation of the British East India Company forces at the Battle of Dubbo but he could not succeed

Casualties
More than twenty thousand Baloch forces were killed while fighting British invaders.

References

Battles involving the United Kingdom
1843
19th century in Asia
1840s in the United Kingdom
Charles James Napier

General Sir Charles James Napier, GCB (August 10, 1782 – August 29, 1853) was a British general and Commander-in-Chief in India, famous for conquering Sindh province in present-day Pakistan.

1782 births
1853 deaths
British Army generals