cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Scarborough (ship)

The Scarborough was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. 

The Scarborough was a ship of 430 tons under the command of John Marshall. She was  long and  wide. The prison deck was very small and cramped. The height of the space was only .  The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody. After transporting the convicts to New South Wales, the Scarborough was under contract to work for the East India Company.

Scarborough left Australia 5 May 1788, and with the Lady Penrhyn, sailed to China. On 17 May 1788 she landed at Lord Howe Island for birds and vegetables, and got back to England on 15 June 1789.

Second Fleet
Scarborough went back to New South Wales with the notorious Second Fleet. With Surprize and Neptune she sailed from England with 253 male convicts on 19 January 1790.  Her captain was again John  Marshall and the surgeon was Augustus Jacob Beyer. She arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 13 April 1790, and spent 16 days there, loading food and other items. She also picked up eight male convicts from HMS Guardian  which had been wrecked after hitting an iceberg. She and Neptune were parted from Surprize in heavy weather and arrived at Port  Jackson on 28 June, 160 days out from England. During the voyage, 73 convicts died (28%) and 96 (37%) were very sick when landed.

Other ships named Scarborough
There were at least 4 British built ships named Scarborough in the eighteenth century. At least two of these were contracted to the English East India Co. for the far east trade.   One of the Scarboroughs was lost in the South China Sea on a shoal on 12 Sept 1784. All on board died and the shoal was then named Scarborough Shoal, lying at 15°11′N 117°46′E, recently the subject of sovereignty between China and Philippines. Another ship of the same name was built at Scarborough in 1782 of 430 tons but this is not the one lost on the Scarborough Shoal.

Related pages
 Sydney
 Second Fleet

References

Other websites
 A list of all the people on the Scarborough in 1788 

First Fleet
Golden Grove (ship)

The Golden Grove was a store ship in the First Fleet which carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787, and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. 

The Golden Grove was a ship of 375 tons under the command of Master Sharp. She had been built as a store ship at Whitby in 1780. She was  long and  wide. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford.

In October 1788 the Golden Grove took 32 convicts from Sydney to the penal colony on Norfolk Island. She left Port Jackson on November 19, 1788, with the Fishburn to return to England. After stopping at the Falkland Islands because of sailors sick with scurvy, she arrived back in Deptford in June 1789. Afterward the Golden Grove sailed from Newcastle and Liverpool, probably carrying rum from Jamaica. There is no information about the ship after 1804.The Golden Grove was a supply ship in the first fleet and carried live stock and food along with a lot more.

References

Gloden Grove is a ship

Other websites
 A list of four people known to have been on the Golden Grove in 1788 tite

First Fleet
Fishburn (ship)

The Fishburn was a store ship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The Fishburn was a ship of 378 tons under the command of Master Robert Brown. The ship was  long and  wide. It had been built in Whitby in 1780. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford. 

The Fishburn and the Golden Grove left Port Jackson in November 1788 to return to England. She had to rest at the Falkland Islands for several days as several sailors were sick. She was returned to her owners at Deptford on May 25, 1789. No other information has been found about the ship afterwards.

References

Other websites
 A list of 5 people who were on the Fishburn 

First Fleet
Borrowdale (ship)

The Borrowdale was a store ship in the First Fleet which carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The Borrowdale was a ship of 275 tons which had been built at Sunderland in about 1785. It was under the command of Master R. Hobson. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford. 

The Borrowdale left Sydney in July, 1788. The crew became very sick with scurvy. When the ship got to Rio de Janeiro several sailors were taken to hospital. Five sailors died on the way back to England.

References

Other websites
 A list of 5 people who are known to have sailed on the Borrowdale 
 A painting of the Borrowdale is in the Australian National Maritime Museum
The borrowdale was launched in 1785 and that was the same year it was made.
the borrowdale had 17 crew members on board.

First Fleet
Ve (Cyrillic)

Veh (В, в) is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [v].

It comes from the Greek beta, along with the Cyrillic beh. Its old name was vede. Although it looks like a B, it stands for the Roman V and Beh (Б, б) stands for B.

Related pages
 V
 Beta (letter)
De (Cyrillic)

Deh (Д, д) is the fifth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [d].

It comes from the Greek delta. Its old name was dobro. It stands for the Roman D.

When written, it looks like a g, and when printed in italics, it is a д.

Related pages
 D
 Delta (letter)
Francis Forbes

Sir Francis Forbes (1784 – 1841) was the first Chief Justice (judge) of New South Wales. Before he set up the court system in Australia, people were tried by legal tribunals. The town of Forbes, New South Wales was named after him.

Early life
Forbes was born in Bermuda in 1784. His grandfather, Dr. George Forbes had moved to the Bermudas after the Battle of Culloden. He went to London at the age of 19 to study law. He passed the exams and became a lawyer in 1812. He returned to Bermuda but went to back to England 3 years later. In 1816 he was made the first Chief Justice of Newfoundland. He lived in Canada until 1822. The government asked for his advice about setting up a proper legal system in Australia. He was asked to be the first Chief Justice of New South Wales in June 1823. Forbes was officially given the job in October 1823.

Chief Justice
Forbes was Chief Justice from 13th October 1823 to 1st July 1837. He arrived in Sydney in March 1824. He lived with the Governor, Sir Thomas Brisbane, while his house was being got ready for him. Forbes and Brisbane became great friends. He officially opened the new Supreme Court on May 17, 1824. He was also a member of the Legislative Council and was made President in August 1824. In December he was made a member of the Executive Council as well. These two extra positions were political jobs and put him into conflict with his job as a judge. As Chief Justice he had to be sure that new laws were in agreement with the laws of England. This gave him the power to veto (stop) any new law in Australia. This was not a problem while Brisbane was the Governor, but Forbes soon had problems with the new Governor, Sir Ralph Darling.

The Francis Forbes Society   is a group set up to study Australian legal history.

References

1784 births
1841 deaths
Bermudian people
Australian judges
Australian lawyers
Ge (Cyrillic)

Geh (Г, г) is the fourth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [g] or [h].

It comes from the Greek gamma. Its old name was glagoli. It stands for the Roman G.

Related pages
G
Gamma (letter)
Ge with upturn
Gje
Hala Gorani

Hala Basha-Gorani  (; born 1 March 1970), is an American reporter for CNN International. She is based in the network's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. She anchors CNN International's International Desk.

Biography
Gorani was born in Seattle, Washington, United States. Her parents are Syrians from Aleppo. Gorani was mainly raised in Paris. She lived also in Algeria. Her name Hala is a common Arabic name which means halo.

She speaks English, French and Arabic (though she can not read it). She currently lives in Atlanta. French novelist Yann Moix dedicated his first novel Jubilation Vers le Ciel to Gorani in 1996.

Career
She has established herself as a Middle East specialist and covered the Hezbollah-Israel war in the summer of 2006 from Lebanon as the main anchor for CNN International, helping the network's coverage of the Middle East win an award for "Excellence in Journalism".

Gorani also reports from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. In April 2007, she led CNN's coverage of the 2007 French presidential election.  Gorani avoids discussing her political and religious views, saying the job  needs her to be neutral.

References

Other websites 
 Official profile at CNN.com

1970 births
Living people
American journalists
Writers from Seattle, Washington
Hala (clan)

Hala is a gotra or clan of the Jatt people found in the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh in India and in the province of Sindh in Pakistan.

Religion 
The members of this gotra are Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. The Muslim Jatts of the Hala gotra are found in Sindh, while Hindu and Sikh Jatts belonging to this gotra are found in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab (India).

Further reading
 Ram Swarup Joon:  History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)

Ethnic groups in Sindh
Jamiroquai

Jamiroquai are a British funk and acid jazz band. It was created by Jason Kay. The name of the band is a compound word created from "Jam session" and the name of the Native American tribe, the "Iroquois". 

The band's first single, "When You Gonna Learn?", was released in 1992. Because of the success of this single, Jamiroquai made a contract with Sony BMG. They release their first album Emergency on Planet Earth in 1993. The next year, their second album The Return of the Space Cowboy was released. This album become popular. In 1996, a song "Virtual Insanity" on the third album Travelling Without Moving was very popular. The music video of this song was so innovative that it caused a big sensation. With this song, Jamiroquai was nominated for 10 MTV video awards. It won four awards. This album made the band famous all across the world.  

The members of Jamiroquai have changed for many times, except Jason Kay.  For the present, the members of the band are:
Jason Kay (vocals)
Derrick McKenzie (drums)
Sola Akingbola (percussion)
Rob Harris (guitar)
Matt Jonson (keyboard)
Paul Turner(bass)

References

Musical groups from London
Jazz bands
Funk bands
Soul bands
Disco groups
Eraclea

Eraclea is a town in the province of Venice, Veneto, Italy. SP42 goes through it.
Eraclea Mare is the Lido of Eraclea .

It is located on the Adriatic Sea near the coast between the rivers Piave and Livenza and between two famous touristic towns: Caorle and Jesolo.

Eracleamare, one of the destinations of summer tourism on the Adriatic riviera, is together with Jesolo and Caorle one of the best known seaside resort on the Venetian coast. Within the last year, a steady growth of foreign tourists, especially from Germany, has been recorded. Also in 2010, Eracleamare has received the "Blu Flag" from the FEE  .

Main sights
Eraclea Mare is famous cause of its pinewood and "Mort lagoon" (in Italian: Laguna del Mort  ).

The Mort Lagoon, an extremely evocative naturalistic site between Eraclea and Jesolo, was originated by the overflowing of the Piave river in 1936, whose bed was modified in its last stretch after a big flood. The Mort stretches between Eraclea Mare and the mouth of the Piave river and it is a sea-lagoon, being supplied with water only by the flood-tides. Still uncontaminated, the Mort is characterized by shallow and calm waters with a sandy and muddy seabed, rich in phytoplankton.

Photogallery

Other websites

Eraclea's Tourism Portal You can find helpful information about accommodation, Hotels, excursions, etc. in Eraclea.
Eracleamare in Flickr
Eracleamare's Portal Non-profit portal with some information and utilities about Eraclea Mare.
(Google Maps)
 Eracleamare's Touristic Blog Non-profit Touristic Blog with news & info about Eraclea Mare.

Eraclea
Settlements in Veneto
Lenz's law

Lenz's law is a common way to understand how electromagnetic circuits obey Newton's third law and the conservation of energy. Lenz's law is named after Emil Lenz, and it says:
An induced electromotive force (emf) always gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in original magnetic flux.

Lenz's law is shown with the negative sign in Faraday's law of induction:

,

which indicates that the induced emf (ℰ) and the change in magnetic flux (∂ΦB) have opposite signs.

The induced emf and the resulting induced current are counterclockwise when B is directed out from the page and the area of the circuit is decreasing. The flux through this circuit is decreasing in the outward direction. Now the induced current I produces its own magnetic field, and we may use the right-hand grip rule to compute the direction of this field. The result is that the magnetic field due to the induced current is also directed outward within the circuit. It is as though nature, through this induced field, tried to compensate for the reduction in the flux due to the applied field B. This turns out experimentally to be a general rule, so that we may say that
The direction of the induced emf is always such as to result in opposition to the change producing it.
That is Lenz's law.

As another example of the application of Lenz's law, consider a coil of wire to which a battery is suddenly connected. Suppose that the battery starts a current flowing clockwise, as viewed by the observer. This current will give rise to a magnetic field whose lines will thread the coil and circle back outside it. Thus, as the current due to the battery builds up, there is a changing magnetic flux through the coil and this must result in an induced emf in the coil. What is the direction of this induced emf? Lenz's law tells us immediately that it must be counterclockwise, so as to oppose the building up of the current. Similarly, when the current in a circuit is broken, the induced emf seeks to keep the current from dying out, and this accounts for the sparking observed when switches are opened slowly. The induced emf in a circuit whose current is changing is called the back emf, since it always opposes the alteration in the current. It arises from change in the current's own magnetic field, an effect referred to as self-inductance.

Were Lenz's law not true, an increase in current in a coil would result in an emf that aided the applied battery, thus increasing the current further, inducing more emf and further increases in the current, ad infinitum. This would be an unstable situation and one in which the conservation of energy principle would be disobeyed.
This sort of reasoning may be extended to other situations in which a system in equilibrium is displaced and the principle arrived at is the following.

When a system in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium is displaced in the direction which tends to undo the effects of the disturbance.
This generalization of Lenz's law is called Le Chatelier's principle.

References

Electromagnetism
County Donegal

Donegal is a county in Ulster, Ireland. It is north of Leitrim and east of Northern Ireland.

References
RLC circuit

A circuit containing resistance (R), inductance (L), and capacitance (C) is called an RLC circuit. A simple circuit only has one RLC series.

With a resistance R present, the total electromagnetic energy U of the circuit (the sum of the electric energy and magnetic energy) is no longer constant.  Instead, it decreases with time as energy is transferred to thermal energy in the resistance. Because of this loss of energy, the oscillations of charge, current and potential difference continuously decrease in amplitude, and the oscillations are said to be damped. 

They are damped in exactly the same way as those of the damped block-spring oscillator. To analyze the oscillations of this circuit, an equation can be written for the total electromagnetic energy  in the circuit at any instant. This is because the resistance does not store electromagnetic energy.

  (Eq. 1)
  
However, this total energy decreases as energy is transferred to thermal energy. 
                                     
  (Eq. 2)
   
where the minus sign indicates that  decreases. By differentiating Eq. 1 with respect to time and then substituting the result in Eq. 2, the following is obtained:
                                   

   
Substituting  for  and  for , the following is obtained:
 
'  (RLC circuit)

Electronic circuits
Jackstones

Jackstones is a traditional Korean game. It is usually played by girls. The game is similar to the game Jacks. Jackstones is also a traditional game played in IndiaTamilnadu by the name Anchakal it is also played in rural villages of Andhra Pradesh by the name of Achenagandlu or Achamgilla or Chintapikkala aata, using small stones or Tamarind seeds.

Game play
The game is played with five stones. Each stone is about the size of an almond. Players can only use one hand to play the game. The game has five parts or "stages".

In the first stage, the player throws the stones on the ground. They pick up one stone and throw it upward. Before the stone falls onto the ground, they need to pick up another stone from the ground and then catch the one that was thrown. This is done again until there are no stones on the ground.

The second stage is the same with the first stage except that the player needs to pick up two stones at once before the stone which was thrown falls down. The third and the fourth stages are the same.

In the fifth stage, players can get points. All of the stones are thrown upward. The player must catch as many of the stones as they can with the back of their hand.  Then, the stones they caught are thown into the air again and the player must catch all of them. The player gets points for how many stones they catch. If they caught 3 stones, they get 3 points. If they caught 4 stones, they get four points. After that, the next player does the same. When all players have done this, the game is finished. The person (or the team) who has a higher point wins.

Also there are several rules;
The player is out if they touch any stones that they were not supposed to touch.
The player is out if they do not catch the stone in the air.
The player is out if they do not catch all the stones from the back of their hand in the air.

If a player is out, the next person (or team) gets the turn.

References 

Games
Korean culture
Lorentz force

Lorentz's law is a law discovered by the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. Lorentz's law defines force that acts on moving charged particles in an electromagnetic field. Force consists of magnetic force and electric force.

F = qE (electric force)
If the charge is positive, the direction of the electric force is equal to direction of electric field.
F = qv*B (magnetic force)
The direction of the magnetic force is given by the right hand rule.

If charged particles move with velocity v in an electric field E and a magnetic field B

F = qE + qv*B
F : force (vector)
q : charge (scalar)
E : electric field (vector)
v : velocity of particle (vector)
B : magnetic field (vector)
* is vector cross product.

Using this law, J.J. Thomson measured mass-to-charge ratio.

Electromagnetism
Snell's law

Snell's Law of Refraction is the scientific law of the refraction of light or other waves. In optics, Snell's law is about the speed of light in different media. The law states that when light passes through different materials (for example from air to glass) the ratio of sines of the incidence (incoming) angle and the refraction (outgoing) angle does not change:

With each  as the angle measured from the normal of the boundary,  as the velocity of light in the respective medium (SI units are meters per second, or m/s).  is the refractive index of the medium.

The index of refraction of a vacuum is 1 and the velocity of light in a vacuum is . When a wave passes the material where the index of refraction is n, the velocity of the wave becomes .

Snell's law can be proved by Fermat's principle. Fermat's principle states that light travels along the path which takes the least time.

History 
The idea has a long history. The problem had the attention of Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemy, Ibn Sahl, and Huygens. Ibn Sahl actually discovered the law of refraction. In Traité de la Lumiere, 1678, Huygens showed how Snell's law of sines could be explained by, or derived from, the wave nature of light.

References 

Optics
Golden lion tamarin

The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), also called the golden lion marmoset is a small, squirrel-sized monkey with a lion-like mane. 

Tamarins live in small family groups. They are diurnal (most active during the day); at night, they rest in the cavity of a tree. The life span is about 15 years. They are in danger of extinction due to loss of habitat as their forest home is being cleared. These tamarins are arboreal (they live in trees). They live in coastal tropical rainforests in eastern Brazil of South America. Lion Tamarins take their name from their impressive manes—thick rings from Africa great cats lions.  The golden lion tamarin may be the most beautiful of the four lion tamarin species. Its golden hair frames a charismatic black face and covers its small body and tail.Despite their name, these rare primates have far more in common with their monkey relatives than any feline.

Diet 
The golden lion tamarin is an omnivore (eating both animals and plants); it eats insects, fruit, small snakes, lizards, snails, spiders, and vegetables. Tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees.

New World monkeys
Mammals of South America
Piet Mondrian

Piet Mondrian (7 March 1872 – 1 February 1944) was a Dutch modern artist of the De stijl group. His early paintings show abstract landscapes in post-impressionist and cubist style.

As his career went on, he started to paint in a more abstract style. 

Mondrian painted about 250 of these geometric abstracts, from 1917 to 1944. Mondrian called his style “neoplasticism”.

Escaping in 1940 from a Europe at war, Mondrian spent the last four years of his life in New York City. His paintings of that time express exuberance at city life. In his final painting, Broadway Boogie Woogie (painted around 1942 or 1943), the checkerboard lines, previously black, are now painted blue, gray, red and yellow. The yellow was apparently inspired by New York’s Yellow cabs.

Further reading 
Bax, Marty 2002. Complete Mondrian. Lund Humphries, London. 
Bois, Yve-Alain et al. 1995. Piet Mondrian: 1872-1944. Bulfinch Press. 
 Busignani, Alberto 1968. Mondrian: the life and work of the artist, illustrated by 80 colour plates. London: Thames and Hudson.
Locher, Hans 1994. Piet Modrian: colour, structure and symbolism. Verlag Gachnang & Springer, Bern, Switzerland. 
Milner, John 1992. Mondrian. London: Phaidon. 
Seuphor, Michel & Harry N. Abrams 1955. Piet Mondrian, life and work.

1872 births
1944 deaths
Dutch painters
People from Amersfoort
2004 Pacific hurricane season

The 2004 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 2004 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 2004 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2004. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Storms

Hurricane Darby

Tropical Depression Five-E formed south of Mexico on July 26. Later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Darby, and only four hours later, at 2 am (0900 UTC) on July 27, is upgraded to Hurricane Darby. It moved due west at this point, aiming directly for the big island of Hawaii. It reached Category 3 strength on July 29, the first major hurricane in the northeastern Pacific basin since 2002. However, long before it reached Hawaii, it lost strength and dissipated on the evening of July 31.

Hurricane Howard 

Tropical Depression Eleven_E formed from a tropical wave about 400 mi. southwest of Acapulco, Mexico and headed northwest, steadily strengthening as it did so. Howard peaked briefly as a Category 4 and then started to weaken. By the time Howard reached a point off the coast of the Baja peninsula, it was only a tropical storm. Howard weakened further, becoming a tropical depression on September 5 and degenerated into a remnant low later that day. The low hooked around and headed southwest. Howard dissipated on September 10 without making landfall.

Hurricane Javier

Tropical Depression Thirteen-E formed out of an area of low pressure south-southeast of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on September 10. It slowly moved northwest, being designated Tropical Storm Javier on the morning of September 11. It was upgraded to a hurricane on the afternoon of September 12, and peaked at Category 4 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale after rapidly strengthening on September 13. 

Warnings began to be issued on September 15 for Baja California. While Javier peaked at Category 4, with windspeeds of 150 mph (240 km/h), it weakened dramatically before striking land south of San Ignacio in Baja Sur as only a tropical depression. Its remnants continued over Baja and inland.

Tropical Storm Lester

An area of tropical disturbance centered about 90 miles (150 km) south-southwest of Puerto Angel, Mexico, developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E on the afternoon of October 11. Due to its proximity, attention was immediately paid to it, and Mexico began issuing watches early the next day. With the 2 pm PDT (2100 UTC) update on October 12, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and named Lester.

It sat mainly stationary just off the coast of Mexico, spending most of October 13 only 25 miles (40 km) west of Acapulco. In the afternoon, it became clear that Lester was falling apart, and with the 2 pm update, even though it was still close to shore, it was downgraded to a tropical depression and advisories ended as it rapidly disintegrated.

Related pages
2004 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Pacific hurricane season
Burn Gorman

Burn Gorman (born 1 September 1974) is a British actor and musician. He is best known for his roles as William Guppy in Bleak House, as Owen Harper in Torchwood, and as Phillip Stryver in The Dark Knight Rises.

References

Other websites

British television actors
British movie actors
British musicians
1974 births
Living people
Actors from Hollywood
Bury F.C.

Bury F.C. was a football club which played in England.

League position

Former position

1885 establishments in England
Bury
English football clubs
Sport in Greater Manchester
Naoko Mori

Naoko Mori is a Japanese actress. A lot of people know her from her roles as Mie Nishikawa in Casualty (1993–1994), and as Toshiko Sato in Doctor Who and Torchwood.

1975 births
Living people
Japanese movie actors
Japanese voice actors
Japanese television actors
People from Aichi Prefecture
Sarsaparilla

Sarsaparilla (IPA: /ˌsæspəˈɹɪlə/) (Smilax regelii) is a perennial trailing vine with prickly stems; it is from tropical America and the West Indies. Its name (which is  in Spanish) comes from the Spanish words  for "shrub" and  for "little grape vine."

Notes

Spices
Russell T Davies

Russell T Davies, OBE (born Stephen Russell Davies, 27 April 1963), is a critically acclaimed British television producer and writer from Swansea, Wales. He is known for television programmes such as Queer as Folk and The Second Coming, and for bringing back the popular science-fiction television series Doctor Who, and creating its spin-off series Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. He wrote the Book Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale. In 2015 three new shows by Davies, Cucumber, Banana, and Tofu, started. 

Davies is openly gay.

References

Other websites 

British screenwriters
British television producers
British television writers
LGBT writers
People from Swansea
Welsh LGBT people
Writers from Glamorgan
1963 births
Living people
Hunedoara County

Hunedoara (; ) is a county (Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Hunedoara County is Deva.

Population 
About 485,000 people live in Hunedoara County.

Geography 
Hunedoara County has an area of 7,063 km².

Divisions 
Hunedoara County has 7 municipalities, 7 towns and 55 communes.

Municipalities 
 Hunedoara - population: 75,312
 Deva - capital city; population: 69,257
 Brad - population: 16,485
 Lupeni - population: 31,053
 Orăştie - population: 24,174
 Petroşani - population: 45,194
 Vulcan - population: 32,154

Towns 
 Aninoasa
 Călan
 Geoagiu
 Haţeg
 Petrila
 Simeria
 Uricani

Communes

References 

Counties of Romania
Transylvania
Murray Gold

Murray Gold (born 1969 in Portsmouth) is an English composer for stage, movie, and television.
He composed the music for the popular science-fiction program Doctor Who, and many other TV programmes and Movies.

References

Living people
1969 births
English composers
American League Championship Series

In Major League Baseball, the American League Championship Series (ALCS), played in October, is a playoff round that decides the winner of the American League pennant. The winner of the series moves on to play the winner of the National League Championship Series in baseball's championship, the World Series.  It is a "best-of-seven" series, meaning the first team to win four games

History
In 1969, MLB expanded the leagues to two divisions.  As a result, the League Championship Series was implemented.  Originally, it was a best-of-five series, meaning a team had to win three games to advance to the World Series.  In 1985, the LCS was expanded to a best-of-seven format.  

Since 1995, the two winners of the ALDS advance to the ALCS.

List
Click the link on the far left for detailed information on that series.
†Denotes wild-card team (since 1995).

References 

American League
Baseball lists
Stellar classification

In astronomy, stellar classification is a way of grouping stars by temperature. Star temperature can be measured by looking at its spectrum, the type of light that the star shines.

Stars are also grouped into spectral types or classes by color. In general, a star's temperature determines its color, from red to blue-white. Spectral types are named with a letter. The seven main types are M, K, G, F, A, B and O. M stars are the coldest stars and O stars are the hottest. The full system contains other types that are hard to find: W, R, N, and S.

The closest star to the Earth, the sun, is a class G star.

Harvard spectral classification 

The Harvard classification system is a one-dimensional classification scheme. Stars vary in surface temperature from about 2,000 to 40,000 kelvin. Physically, the classes indicate the temperature of the star's atmosphere and are normally listed from hottest to coldest, as is done in the following table:  

Note: The conventional color description describe only the peak of the stellar spectrum. However, the actual apparent colors the eye sees are lighter than the conventional color descriptions. 
 

The mass, radius, and luminosity listed for each class are appropriate only for stars on the main-sequence portion of their lives and so are not appropriate for red giants. The spectral classes O through M are subdivided by Arabic numerals (0–9). For example, A0 denotes the hottest stars in the A class and A9 denotes the coolest ones. The Sun is classified as G2.

The  Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is more often used in astronomy, because it relates three important variables: the absolute magnitude, the luminosity and the surface temperature. It is as important to astronomy as the periodic table is to chemistry.

Conventional and apparent colors
The conventional color descriptions are traditional in astronomy, and represent colors relative to the mean color of an A-class star which is considered to be white. The apparent color descriptions are what the observer would see if trying to describe the stars under a dark sky without aid to the eye, or with binoculars.  

The Sun itself is white, though it is sometimes called a yellow star. This is a natural consequence of the evolution of human optical senses: the response curve that maximizes the overall efficiency against solar illumination will by definition perceive the Sun as white, though there is some subjective variation between observers.

Related pages
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

References

Other websites 
 Stellar classification (astrophysics) Citizendium

Stars
Astrophysics

ro:Clasificarea stelelor#Clasificarea după spectrul stelar
Norwell, Massachusetts

Norwell is a small town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts.

References

Towns in Massachusetts
1634 establishments in North America
1630s establishments in Massachusetts
Grimsby Town F.C.

Grimsby Town F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Name
1878-? Grimsby Pelham F.C.
?-present Grimsby Town F.C.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1878 establishments in England
Thoa Mehram Khan

Thoa Mehram Khan is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Talagang Tehsil.

Notes

Villages in Pakistan
Union Councils of Chakwal District
Hurricane Fico

Hurricane Fico of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season was a tropical cyclone that caused damage in Hawaii.

Storm history
 
A tropical depression formed on July 7 and organized into the sixth tropical storm of the season the next day. Initially heading west-northwest, it changed direction to almost due west shortly after reaching Category 4 intensity on July 11. After spending over a day at that intensity, Fico decayed and fell back down to a mid-range Category 1 on July 14. Fico then reintensified back to Category 4 strength the next day.

The hurricane's strength fluctuated, but Fico stayed a major hurricane until July 17, when it entered the central Pacific as a Category 1. It slowly intensified and became a major hurricane yet again on the 21st. At this point, Fico turned to the northwest and slowly lost strength. The storm dropped to a tropical storm early on July 28, and went extratropical later that day. At a later date, the remnants were enmeshed in a frontal system which headed towards the Aleutian Islands.

Fico was a tropical cyclone for 20 days, and travelled a distance of roughly 5500 mi (9000 km), both of which were records. It was also a hurricane for 17 consecutive days. Both of Fico's records have been broken. Hurricane Tina and then Hurricane John outlasted Fico. John also outran its distance record.

Impact
Fico never made landfall. Despite this, it pounded the Big Island with 15-30 foot waves doing "considerable damage"  to roads and buildings along the coast. Smaller waves also broke on the southern shores of Maui with minimal effects. Six people aboard a sloop were washed overboard and rescued, while a tugboat was driven aground on a reef at Kukuiula. A weakening Fico also caused a sharp wind gradient, producing gusty gale-force winds that blew across the islands, knocking over trees and causing power outages. Fico's extratropical remnants caused heavy rains and gales south of Cold Bay in the Aleutians.

The name Fico was retired after this storm and replaced with Fabio in the 1982 season.

Other websites
CPHC Report
Unisys Storm Track

1978 in the United States
Retired tropical cyclone names
20th century in Hawaii
The Best of Billie

The Best of Billie is an album by British pop singer Billie Piper. It was released by EMI on 8 August 2005. The album contained Piper's single releases as well as B-sides.

Track listing
"Because We Want To"
"Girlfriend"
"She Wants You"
"Party on the Phone"
"The Tide Is High"
"Honey to the Bee"
"I Dream"
"Day & Night"
"Bring It On"
"Promises"
"Something Deep Inside"
"First Love"
"G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T."
"Caress the Gold"
"Walk of Life"

2005 albums
Billie Piper albums
Pop albums
Girlfriend (Billie song)

"Girlfriend" is a single released by Billie Piper in 1998. It is from her first album Honey to the B. It reached No. 1 in the United Kingdom. This made her the youngest and first female solo singer to reach the top spot with her first two singles.

On the American track listing for Honey to the B, the radio remix replaces the original album version.

Formats and track listings
UK CD Single 1
(SINCD3; Released )
"Girlfriend" (Radio Edit)
"Love Groove (Album Version)"
"Girlfriend" (Tin Tin Out Mix)

UK CD Single 2 (Contains Free Poster)
(SINDX3; Released )
"Girlfriend" (Radio Edit)
"Girlfriend" (D-Influence Real Live Mix)
"Girlfriend" (Sgt. Rock Mix)
"Girlfriend" (PC Video)

1998 songs
Billie Piper songs
Pop songs
Songs about sexuality
Naresuan University

Naresuan University is a university in Phitsanulok, Thailand.

Symbols of Naresuan University

NU stands for Naresuan University.
The first symbol of this university is the statue of King Naresuan the great. The second is the King Naresuan’s elephant.
The school flower is Lagerstroemia loudonii Binn. The school colors are gray and orange. Gray means the color of wisdom. Orange means the color of braveness and goodness.

Vision
Naresuan University is the sources of acknowledgement and we support pupils to be the good people in Thai society.

Philosophy

Naresuan University’s ideology is to make pupils have educations, goodnesses and ethical behaviors to live with other people in society happily.

Determination
The determinations of Naresuan University are not only to be the head of academy in south north region which developing the pupils to be the good pundit and can live happily with the other people in society, but also reduce the environment.

Other websites
 Naresuan University Homepage 

Colleges and universities in Thailand
King Bayinnong

Bayinnaung Kyawhtin Nawrahta (Burmese: ဘုရင့်နောင် ကျော်ထင်နော်ရထာ, ; 16 January 1516 – 9 November 1581) was the third king of the Toungoo dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). He was king for 30 years. This time has been called the "greatest explosion of human energy ever seen in Burma". As king, Bayinnaung created the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. This empire included much of Burma, Manipur, Chinese Shan States (southern Yunnan), Lan Na (northern Thailand), Siam (central and southern Thailand) and Lan Xang (Laos and northeastern Thailand).

Bayinnaung's made the Shan States part of the Burmese kingdoms. This removed the threat of Shan raids into Upper Burma. This had been a concern to Upper Burma since the late 13th century. The kink took control of the Shan States in 1557. He put in an administrative system that took away much of the power of the Shan saophas (chiefs). The also made changes to some of their customs to make them similar to other customs in the kingdoms. His policy for dealing with the Shan was used by all Burmese kings until the kingdom was taken control of by the British in 1885.

He could not use this policy everywhere in his very large empire. His empire was a group of former sovereign kingdoms. The kings of each of the kingdoms were loyal to him. He was the Cakravartin (Universal Ruler). They were not loyal to the kingdom itself. Siam left the kingdom three years after of his death in 1584. By 1599, all the sub-kingdoms had left. Bayinnaung's empire had ended.

He is thought to be one of the three best Burmese kings. The other two are Anawrahta and Alaungpaya. Many well known places in modern Myanmar are named after him. He is also well known in Thailand because of a popular song and book. Both are called "Phu Chana Sip Thit". The name means "the Conqueror of Ten Directions."

References

1516 births
1581 deaths
Burmese people
Kings and queens
Transformers (movie)

Transformers is a 2007 live-action American movie adaptation of the Transformers franchise, directed by Michael Bay and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. It stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky.

This movie has a sequel, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen.

Plot
the Decepticons, an evil race of alien robots, attack a U.S. military unit stationed in the Middle East. The men launch an immediate offensive—but meanwhile, back in the States, Secretary of Defense John Keller (Jon Voight) learns of a secret U.S. project involving Megatron (voiced by Hugo Weaving), a bad robot that crash-landed in the Arctic  In the film's civilian side-story, teenager Sam (Shia LaBeouf) buys a used car, unaware it's an Autobot—a good robot. Neither does Sam realize that he has in his possession the key to the all-powerful cube—which all the robots, good and bad, desperately want. The film's many characters and plots collide with the help of the Autobots' courageous, red-and-blue-colored leader Optimus Prime (Peter Cullen).

Other websites

 Official site
 
 
 
 
 
 Transformers at Circuit City

Concept art
 Ben Procter's portfolio 
 James Clyne's portfolio 
 Tim Flattery's portfolio 

2000s action movies
2007 science fiction movies
American action movies
American science fiction movies
Movies directed by Michael Bay
Transformers (movie series)
Siam Paragon

Siam Paragon is a shopping mall in Bangkok, the largest in Thailand. It opened on 9 December 2005. The mall is in the district of Pathumwan. It covers in an area of . More than 4000 cars can park in its parking lot. Siam Paragon is the first place in Thailand that have 26 glass elevators. 

In addition to the stores in the mall, there are many other special locations. The mall has a multiplex movie theater. It has 15 large theaters One of the theaters has the largest screen in Asia. Also, more people can sit in that theater than any other Asian theater. Siam Ocean World (Underwater world) is an aquarium. It is the largest aquarium in South East Asia. The mall also has exhibition hall, Thai Art Gallery, an opera concert hall, a large bowling alley and a karaoke center.

There are also many different restaurants  in the mall.

Malls
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Hymenoptera

The Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insect. It includes the wasps, bees, ants and sawflies. There are over 130,000 recognised species, with many more remaining to be described. The name is derived from the Greek words hymen meaning 'membrane' and ptera meaning 'wings. The hindwings are connected to the forewings by a series of hooks called hamuli.

Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places.  The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through complete metamorphosis — that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature (See holometabolism).

Sub-order Symphyta 
These are the sawflies, the most primitive Hymenoptera. Their adults do not have a narrow 'waist' between the thorax and abdomen. The female's ovipositor is adapted to burrowing or sawing into the substrate, usually plant tissue.

Sub-order Apocrita 
These, the bees, wasps and ants, have a 'waist' between the thorax and abdomen. They are by far the most numerous Hymenoptera, and include the famous groups of colonial insects. In fact, the group with the most species is not colonial; it is the vast number of parasitoid wasps, such as the Ichneumons.

Evolution 
Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic: the oldest fossils belong to the Sawfly family Xyelidae. Social hymenopterans appeared during the Cretaceous.

References
Dipole antenna

The dipole antenna is one of the most important and commonly used type of radio antenna. It is widely used on its own. It is also used in many other radio antenna designs where it forms the radiating or driven element for the antenna.

Basic facts dipole antenna 
The dipole antenna is made of two poles into which radio frequency current flows. This current and the voltage causes an electromagnetic or radio signal to be radiated. Being more specific, a dipole is usually an antenna that uses a resonant length of conductor. This conductor is cut so it can be connected to the what is sending the signal. For resonance, the length of the conductor is an odd number of half wavelengths long. In most cases a single half-wavelength is used.

Length of a dipole antenna 
 
The length of a dipole is very important for selecting the frequency that the antenna will work at. The antenna is an electrical half wavelength, or multiple of half wavelengths. This is not the same length as the wavelength for a signal travelling through air. There are a number of reasons for this. This means that an antenna will be a small amount shorter than the length calculated for a wave moving in air.

For a half wave dipole, the length for a wave moving in air is calculated. This number is multiplied by a factor "A". A is normally between 0.96 and 0.98. It is affected by the ratio of the length of the antenna to the thickness of the wire or tube used poles.

Uses of dipole antennas 
Dipole antennas are used for many different things. These include television antennas (commonly referred to as "rabbit ears"), shortwave radio antennas and whip antennas.

Radio antennas
Analog signal processing

An analog signal processor is used to quickly process signals that can be too complex to handle any other way. A comparator is used to offer level triggers correct down to microvolts with reaction times in the picoseconds. Analog filters offer anti-aliasing in sampled value systems as inputs and outputs, and can be used as pre-filters in audio and communications. Analog multipliers and dividers are used to offer brief gain control, radiometric function, or continuous energy measurement, with surprising accuracy. Over-voltage protection applications can protect the front-end of analog transmission/receiver systems, multiplexers. Amplification and filtering for noise removal are the main feature of analog signal processing.

Signalling
Telecommunications