cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bagpuss

Bagpuss is a popular  children's television series shown on BBC television.  It was shown in 1974. Although only 13 episodes were made, it was so popular that it was repeated regularly until 1987.  The series was made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate through their company Smallfilms.

The character Bagpuss was a toy cat.  Bagpuss was described in each programme as "an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams".

Each programme began in the same way.  It started by looking through old sepia photographs as these words were spoken:

"Once upon a time,
not so long ago,
there was a little girl and her name was Emily.
And she had a shop."

There was a shop called “Bagpuss & Co”.   The cat sat in the shop window.  The owner of the shop was a little girl named Emily.  The shop did not sell anything.  Instead, Emily would find things that were broken and lost.  She fixed them and put them in the shop window. Emily hoping that the owners of the things would come and get them.  She would leave the fixed thing in front of her favourite toy: the stuffed cat Bagpuss.  Each programme began with these words:

"Bagpuss, oh, Bagpuss
Oh, fat, furry cat puss,
Wake up and look at the thing that I bring
Wake up, be bright, be golden and light.Bagpuss, oh hear what I sing."When Emily had left, Bagpuss would wake up. The programme changed from sepia to colour film, and the toys in the shop would come to life.  There was Gabriel the toad, a rag doll called Madeleine, and a wooden woodpecker which was a bookend (something to stop a row of books falling over) called Professor Yaffle.  Professor Yaffle spoke like a clever professor.  He had a German accent and wore a pince-nez.  He would look at the object and tell the audience what it was used for.  There were also some mice.  They lived in the “mouse organ” (a pun on the word mouthorgan).  The mouse organ played music and the mice squeaked in high voices.  All the voices except those of Madeleine and Gabriel were done by  Oliver Postgate who also wrote the stories.

At the end of the programme, Bagpuss would yawn again and fall asleep. The colour changed back to sepia and the toys became toys again as these words were spoken:"Bagpuss give a big yawn, and settled down to sleep.And of course when Bagpuss goes to sleepAll his friends go to sleep too.The mice were ornaments on the mouse organ,Gabriel and Madeleine were just dolls.And Professor Yaffle was a carved, wooden bookend in the shape of a woodpecker.Even Bagpuss himself, once he was asleep, was just an old, saggy cloth cat.Baggy, and a bit loose at the seams, but Emily loved him."References
Obituary of Oliver Postgate, Independent'' 10 Dec 2008, p. 34

Other websites
 Bagpuss at bbc.co.uk

1974 television series debuts
1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British television series
Animated television series
BBC Television programmes
British children's television series
Fictional cats
1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1974 television series endings
English-language television programs
Gateshead Garden Festival

The Gateshead Garden Festival was the fourth of the United Kingdom's five National Garden Festivals.  It was held between May and October 1990, in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. The festival took place for 157 days. Over three million people went to the festival.

References

Festivals in the United Kingdom
Gateshead
1990 in Europe
1990s in England
Glasgow Garden Festival

The Glasgow Garden Festival was the third of the United Kingdom's five National Garden Festivals. It was the only one to take place in Scotland. It was held in Glasgow between April and September 1988.

Gardening
Glasgow
1988 in the United Kingdom
1980s in Scotland
Animator

An animator is an artist who makes drawings for movies. The animator makes many drawings which are called "frames". These are played very quickly, one after another, to create animation. It makes it look as if the pictures are moving. 

Animators can work in many areas including movies, television, video games, and the internet. There are many ways of making animations. Animators usually work with other people to form a team. These may be other animators, but can also include layout artists (who design the backgrounds, lighting, and camera angles), storyboard artists (who draw panels of the action from the script), background artists (who paint the "scenery"), voice actors who speak the words, and musicians who make the music.

Related pages
 Animation
 Computer animation
 Computer graphics
 Sweat box

Other websites 
 Animation Toolworks Glossary: Who Does What In Animation 
 How An Animated Cartoon Is Made
British Rail Class 117

The British Rail Class 117 diesel multiple units were built by Pressed Steel from 1959 to 1960.

References

117
Ricky Sbragia

Richard 'Ricky' Spragia (born May 26, 1956) is a former Scottish footballer who currently manages Sunderland. He was appointed in late December 2008 after the previous manager Roy Keane walked out after a run of bad results which had left Sunderland towards the foot of the table. In his first four games as caretaker manager he managed two wins and a draw and this was enough to get him the unanimous vote of the board and was appointed with a permanent contract on December 27, 2008.

1956 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Flag of Austria

The official Flag of Austria is the flag of the European country, Austria. It has three horizontal stripes, two red ones and a white one.

Austria
Austria
British Rail Class 118

The British Rail Class 118 diesel multiple units were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company (BRCW) and introduced from 1960.

118
British Rail Class 123

The Class 123 was a design of Diesel Multiple Unit built for British Rail in 1963. They were built by British Rail at Swindon Works, and designed like all Swindon units as inter-city sets. Ten of the four-car sets were built and introduced in 1963. The units bear a visible similarity to the British Rail Class 309, however there is no 'relation' here as the two types were built by different manufacturers for different markets.

123
Dartmouth University

Dartmouth University was a university in New Hampshire which existed from 1817 to 1819. It was the result of an attempt by the state legislature to change Dartmouth College, a private college, into a public university but it did not happen.

Colleges and universities in New Hampshire
1817 establishments in the United States
1819 disestablishments
19th-century establishments in New Hampshire
Disestablishments in New Hampshire
1810s disestablishments in the United States
Alex Kapranos

Alexander Paul Kapranos Huntley (born 20 March 1972), commonly known as Alex Kapranos, is an English musician. He is the lead singer of Scottish band Franz Ferdinand. Kapranos was born in Almondsbury, Gloucestershire to an English mother and Greek father.

References

Living people
1972 births
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singers
Musicians from Gloucestershire
Musicians from Glasgow
Death from Above 1979

Death from Above 1979 is a Toronto-based Canadian band with two members. The members were Jesse F. Keeler on bass guitar, synths and backing vocals, and Sebastien Grainger on vocals and drums.

Canadian punk bands
Musical entertainers from Toronto
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
2000s disestablishments in Canada
Musical groups established in 2011
2011 establishments in Canada
Valentin Berlinsky

Valentin Berlinsky (born Irkutsk, 19 January, 1925; died 15 December, 2008) was a Russian cellist. He played with the world-famous Borodin Quartet from 1945 when it was founded, and was a member until he retired in 2007.

His life

Early life 

Valentin Berlinsky was born in Irkutsk, Siberia. His father had learned the violin with the famous teacher Leopold Auer. He had formed his own string quartet, the Berlinksy Quartet, who had played in many parts of the Soviet Union. Valentin learned the violin from his father. Soon he was sent to Moscow where he studied the cello and played with the Moscow Youth Orchestra. He played in a student concert together with Mstislav Rostropovich in 1938.

For many years Berlinsky taught the cello at the Gnessin School of Music in Moscow. He did not often perform as soloist. He preferred being a member of a chamber music group.

The Borodin Quartet 

In 1945 four young players formed a string quartet called the Moscow Conservatoire Quartet. Mstislav Rostropovich was the cellist, Rostislav Dubinsky and Nina Barshai played the violins and Rudolf Barshai played the viola. However, after a couple of weeks Rostropovich found he was too busy, so he suggested that Berlinsky should take his place. The four players that now formed the quartet signed an oath that they would be loyal and stay together as a group. They signed the oath with their own blood. Valentin often showed this piece of paper to people. For 60 years he kept a careful record of all the concerts they played. They called themselves the Borodin Quartet after the composer Alexander Borodin.

The four musicians first met Dmitri Shostakovich in 1946. They became famous for playing his string quartets. Shostakovich was to compose 15 string quartets. The Borodin Quartet were the most famous string quartet in the Soviet Union, but it was difficult for them to get permission to play in other countries until the fall of the Soviet Union.

Last years 

Valentin Berlinsky retired from the Borodin Quartet in September 2007. His place was taken by his pupil, Vladimir Balshin, but Berlinsky still continued to help the quartet. 

He died on 15 December 2008, in Moscow, after a long illness. His daughter Lyudmila is a pianist.

References 
Obituary to Valentin Berlinsky, The Daily Telegraph, 23 Dec 2008 p. 23

1925 births
2008 deaths
Cellists
Russian musicians
Steve Lamacq

Steve Lamacq (born 16 October 1965) is a disc jockey for BBC radio stations.  He is known by his nicknames Lammo or "The Cat".  He was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire and grew up in Essex.

References

1965 births
Living people
British radio personalities
People from Basingstoke
People from Essex
Internship

Intern is the job title given to people who work in an organization that has an internship program. It is similar to an apprenticeship but is the term more commonly used if the work takes place in office environments. The work in an internship is expected to be part of the desired learning experience for the intern. The specific requirements for being an intern vary widely.

Internship positions are posted online similarly to job postings but focus instead on engaging students in real-world projects before they have completed their studies. Internships are usually temporary positions, often lasting between one school term and one year. Interns are sometimes given longer-term job opportunities.

Occupations
The Master

The Master can refer to:

People who have been named or nicknamed The Master:
 Edward Butowsky

Fictional characters called The Master:
Master (Doctor Who), a recurring villain in the science fiction television series Doctor Who

sv:Buffy och vampyrerna#Mästaren
Christ's Hospital

Christ's Hospital is a boarding school in Sussex.  The school was started in 1552.  King Edward VI started it. The headmaster is John Franklin BA MEd Admin.  It has 831 students.  The school is very big.

Schools in England
1552 establishments
1550s establishments in England
Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough

Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough is a 2005 book by Professor Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss.  Affluenza suggests that Western society consumes too many products and services. Hamilton and Denniss argue that people "aspire to the lifestyles of the rich and famous". They state that rates of stress, depression and obesity are high as people try to cope with the emptiness and disappointments of consumer life.

References

Non-fiction books
Society
2005 books
Gang of Four (band)

Gang of Four are an English post-punk group from Leeds. The first line-up was singer Jon King, guitarist Andy Gill, bass guitarist Dave Allen and drummer Hugo Burnham. They were most popular from 1977 to 1984.

English punk bands
New wave bands
Bloc Québécois

The Bloc Québécois (BQ) is a federal political party based in Canada that mainly believes and advocates Quebec should secede from Canada, also known as Quebec sovereignty. The Bloc was created by Members of Parliament (MPs) from the national Progressive Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. They were angry that the Meech Lake Accord could not pass. The party is considered to be center-left. The leader of the party is currently Yves-François Blanchet.

History 
The Bloc was always the party with the biggest number of seats in Quebec between 1993 and 2011. They were usually the second or third biggest party in the House of Commons. The party won only four seats in parliament after the 2011 federal election. In the 2019 federal election, the party won 32 seats in the House of Commons.

Party leaders 
 Lucien Bouchard (1990–1996) 
 Gilles Duceppe (1996) temporary 
 Michel Gauthier (1996–1997) 
 Gilles Duceppe (1997–2011) 
 Vivian Barbot (2011) temporary 
 Daniel Paillé (2011–2013) 
 Mario Beaulieu (2014–2015) 
 Gilles Duceppe (2015) 
 Rhéal Fortin (2015–2017) temporary 
 Martine Ouellet (2017–2018) 
 Mario Beaulieu (2018–2019) temporary
 Yves-François Blanchet (since 2019)

References

Other websites
 

Nationalist organizations in North America
Social democratic parties
Political parties in Canada
Quebec
1991 establishments in Canada
Angular Recording Corporation

Angular Recording Corporation is an independent record label that was first based in New Cross, South East London.  It was started in June 2003 by two ex-Goldsmiths College students, Joe Daniel and Joe Margetts.

Artists

 Crystal Stilts
 Findo Gask
 Gyratory System

 Je Suis Animal
 Tim Key
 Klaxons

 The Lodger
 The Long Blondes
 Mitten

 Navvy
 These New Puritans
 The Violets

 David Westlake
 Wetdog

Angular Recording Corporation
2003 establishments in England
The Weather Makers

The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change (2005) is a book by Tim Flannery.

The book includes 36 short essays predicting the consequences of global warming.  The book reviews the evidence about historical climate change and attempts to put our era into context.  The book asserts that if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase at current rates, the resulting climate change will cause mass species extinctions.

The book received much critical acclaim, and has won a major literary prize.

References

Non-fiction books
Climate change
Mumia

Mumia is often used to speak about Mumia Abu-Jamal

Mumia (also pulvis mumiae, Mumia vera aegyptiaca) was a powder made from ground mummies. It was used as a drug, for good health, and as a coloring agent (a medium to dark brown) until the 1920s. Eating ground mumified corpses is a form of cannibalism.

The powder was said to work against almost any disease. To mummify a corpse, tar was used. It was said this tar had magical powers. It was also said to be an aphrodisiac. 

Drugs
Nuclear or Not?

Nuclear or Not? Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Energy Future? is a 2007 book edited by Professor David Elliott.  The book offers various views on nuclear power. Authors include:

Paul Allen from the Centre for Alternative Technology
Dr Ian Fairlie, who served on the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE)
Stephen Kidd of the World Nuclear Association

Professor Elliott calls for continued debate on the nuclear power issue.  He is Professor of Technology Policy at the Open University, and has developed courses on technological innovation, focusing in particular on renewable energy technology.

Related pages
Hiroshima (book)
Nuclear disasters
Chernobyl disaster
Nuclear accident
Mayak

References

Other websites
Non-nuclear sustainable energy futures for Germany and the UK

2007 books
Non-fiction books
Nuclear energy
Nuclear Nebraska

Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn’t Be Bought () is a 2007 book by Susan Cragin which follows the controversy about a proposed low level nuclear waste dump which was planned for Boyd County, Nebraska. 
   
In 1989, two multinational corporations and several government agencies put forward a proposal for the waste dump and offered payment of $3 million a year for 40 years. However, the residents of the largely uneducated Boyd County farming community chose to resist the offer and controversy followed for almost two decades. During this time, the community was transformed "from a small group of isolated farmers to a defiant band of environmentalists".  The opposition of the community eventually succeeded, and the license to build the dump was denied.

References

Non-fiction books
Nuclear physics
2007 books
Hiroshima (book)

Hiroshima () is a magazine article written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey that appeared in The New Yorker in August 1946, one year after the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The article was soon made into a book. It described how the bombing affected the lives of six individuals:
Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto: a Methodist minister educated in the United States at Emory University was 3,500 yards from the center of the explosion;
Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura: a war widow and seamstress, the mother of three young children was 1350 yards from the center of the explosion;
Dr. Masakazu Fujii: a prosperous doctor and owner of a private hospital was 1550 yards from the center of the explosion;
Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge (Makoto Takakura): a Jesuit priest stationed in the city was 1400 yards from the center of the explosion;
Dr. Terufumi Sasaki: a young doctor at the Red Cross hospital was 1650 yards from the center of the explosion; and
Miss Toshiko Sasaki (Sister Dominique Sasaki): A clerk at the East Asia Tin Works (no relation to Terufumi Sasaki) was 1600 yards from the center of the explosion.

Each account is followed by a brief statement describing how close each person was to the center of the blast.

Related pages
Nuclear or Not?
Nuclear disasters

History books
Nuclear weapons
Hiroshima
Railways in Melbourne

Melbourne has a long history of railway building. The city's first railway opened in 1854, when in 1834 the city itself did not exist. The network then grew as lines were built throughout the suburbs, reaching a peak by the 1900s. Electrification of the system was carried out from 1919, with electric multiple unit operation starting at the same time.

Public transport in Melbourne
Non-Nuclear Futures

Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The book says that the nuclear power debate is not about technical disputes but relates to different personal views (personal values).  The personal values that make a high-energy society work are all too apparent, and the values associated with an alternate view relate to thrift, simplicity, diversity, neighbourliness, craftsmanship, and humility.

Lovins and Price say that these two different sets of personal values lead to two very different policy paths relating to future energy supplies.  The first is high-energy nuclear, centralized, electric; the second is lower energy, non-nuclear, decentralized, less electrified, softer technology.

Related pages
Anti-nuclear movement
Nuclear-free zone
Rocky Mountain Institute
The Clean Tech Revolution

References

Non-fiction books
Nuclear energy
1975 books
The State of the World

The State of the World is a book published annually since 1984 by the Worldwatch Institute. The series attempts to identify the Earth’s most significant environmental challenges. The 1998 through 2003 editions are available as a free (PDF) download from the Worldwatch website .

Series of books
Non-fiction books
Environment
Electrical substation

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Related pages
 Electricity

Electricity
Electricity distribution
Winning the Oil Endgame

Winning the Oil Endgame is a 2005 book by Amory B. Lovins,  published by the Rocky Mountain Institute.  It talks about four ways to reduce oil (petroleum) dependence in the United States:
Using oil more efficiently (pp. 29–102).
Substituting other liquids for oil (pp. 103–111).
Substituting saved natural gas for oil (pp. 111–122).
Replacing oil with hydrogen (pp. 228–242).

Problems and solutions

The authors suggest that oil dependence is a problem we need no longer have. U.S. oil dependence can be profitably eliminated by proven and attractive technologies. The authors argue that America can lead the world into the post-petroleum era and create a vibrant economy. (p.xiii)

The Author
Amory Lovins has published 28 books and hundreds of papers.  His work has been recognized by the Alternative Nobel, Onassis, Nissan, Shingo and Mitchell prizes, a MacArthur Fellowship, the Happold Medal, eight honorary doctorates, and the Heinz, Lindbergh, World Technology, and Hero of the Planet Awards. Lovins has also acted as a consultant to many Fortune 500 companies.

Related pages
Energy efficiency
Energy conservation
Peak oil
Renewable energy commercialization
Soft energy technology
Soft energy path

References

Other websites
 Winning the Oil Endgame presentation at MIT  - Video of Lovins.
  Amory Lovins: We must win the oil endgame (TED presentation)
  Winning the Oil Endgame - The Book Home Page - Read Free Online or Buy

Energy
Non-fiction books
The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management

The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management is a 2008 book by Pat Hutchings, Mike Kingsford and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. This comprehensive guide describes the organisms and ecosystems of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, as well as the biological, chemical and physical processes that influence them. Contemporary challenges such as climate change, coral bleaching, coral disease and coral reef fishing are also discussed. The book also includes a field guide to help people identify the common animals and plants on the reef. The book has many illustrations and contributions from 33 international experts.

References 

Biology books
Environment
2008 books
Betrayers of the Truth

Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science is a book written in 1983 by William Broad and Nicholas Wade. The book is asks questions about of some beliefs about what science is and the method used by scientists to do science.  The authors shows examples that have to do with how scientific research is done.  It talks about making up results and making up of whole experiments.

References

1983 books
Non-fiction books
Science books
David Suzuki: The Autobiography

David Suzuki: The Autobiography is the 2006 autobiography of Canadian science writer and broadcaster David Suzuki. The book focuses mostly on his life since the 1987 publication of his first autobiography, Metamorphosis: Stages in a Life. It begins with a chronological account of his childhood, academic years, and broadcasting career. In later chapters, Suzuki adopts a memoir style, writing about themes such as his relationship with Australia, his experiences in Brazil and Papua New Guinea, the founding of the David Suzuki Foundation, and his thoughts on climate change, celebrity status, technology, and death. Throughout, Suzuki highlights the continuing impact of events from his childhood.

This is Suzuki's forty-third book and, he says, his last. Critics have called the book candid, sincere, and charming, with insightful commentary if occasionally flat stories. Suzuki's scientific background is reflected in the writing's rational and analytic style.

Suzuki's autobiography spent four weeks at #1 on the Maclean's list of non-fiction best-sellers and six weeks at #6 on the Globe and Mail's list. The book won two awards in 2007: the Canadian Booksellers' Association's Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year and the British Columbia Booksellers' Choice Award. The publishers, Greystone Books and Douglas & McIntyre, won the CBA Libris Award for Marketing Achievement of the Year.

2006 books
Autobiographies
Environment
Amory Lovins

Amory Bloch Lovins is Chairman and Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute.  For four decades he has worked in energy policy and related areas.

Lovins worked professionally as an environmentalist in the 1970s and since then as an analyst of a "soft energy path" for the United States and other nations. He has promoted energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources, and the generation of energy at or near the site where the energy is actually used.   Lovins has also promoted a "negawatt revolution" arguing that utility customers do not want kilowatt-hours of electricity; they want energy services.  In the 1990s, his work with Rocky Mountain Institute included the design of an ultra-efficient automobile, the Hypercar. 
 
Lovins has received ten honorary doctorates and won many awards. He has provided expert testimony in eight countries, briefed 19 heads of state, and published 29 books. These books include Winning the Oil Endgame, Small is Profitable, Factor Four, and Natural Capitalism. In 2009, Time magazine named Lovins as one of the world's 100 most influential people.

Related pages
Christopher Flavin
Energy conservation
Renewable energy commercialization
Joseph Romm
Mycle Schneider
World Nuclear Industry Status Report

Other websites
 The Rocky Mountain Institute's home page
 20 Hydrogen myths  - published by the Rocky Mountain Institute
 The Nuclear Illusion
 Lectures series on energy efficiency , March 2007
 The Volvo Environment Prize is awarded to Amory B. Lovins
 Amory Lovins Profile Page 
The frugal cornucopian
 The Heinz Awards, Amory Lovins profile
 Congressional testimony on nuclear power 

Energy
Environment
American physicists
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
1947 births
Living people
Daniel Faulkner

Daniel Faulkner (1955 – 1981) was a Philadelphia police officer who was murdered on December 9, 1981. The suspect convicted of the murder was Mumia Abu-Jamal. Due to the murky circumstances surrounding the death, several activists protested about Abu-Jamal’s imprisonment.

Faulkner was 25 years old at the time of his death.

References 

American murder victims
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Police officers
1955 births
1981 deaths

en:Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Mumia Abu-Jamal#Murder victim
James Hansen

James E. Hansen (born March 29, 1941 in Denison, Iowa) headed the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, a part of the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, Earth Sciences Division until early 2013. He is currently an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. Hansen is best known for his research in the field of climatology, his testimony on climate change to congressional committees in the 1980s that helped raise broad awareness of the global warming issue, and his continuing advocacy of action to limit the impacts of climate change. He has been a critic of the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush Administration's stances on climate change.

Hansen studied astronomy and physics in the 1960s at the University of Iowa. He did scientific research on the atmospheres of other planets, and later Earth's atmosphere. Hansen was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1996 and he received a US$250,000 Heinz Environment Award
for his research on global warming in 2001. He was listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the Time 100 (2006) list and, in 2007, he shared the US$1 million Dan David Prize. On April 5, 2008, Dr. Hansen received the PNC Bank Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service for his outstanding achievements in science.

Hansen posited in a 2007 paper that 350 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a safe  upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point. The current record level is 389 ppm of CO2, an almost 40-percent increase from the pre-industrial revolution level of 278 ppm.  In 1988 the Earth's atmosphere surpassed the 350 ppm mark, while global  CO2 emissions per capita rose.

Hansens strong public opposition to the exploitation of oil sands and the :en:Keystone XL pipeline project created some controversy in the media. Storms of My Grandchildren is Hansen's first book about the climate change. In 2013, Hansen was co-author of an open letter saying "continued opposition to nuclear power threatens humanity's ability to avoid dangerous climate change."

References 

NASA
American physicists
Scientists from Iowa
1941 births
Living people
Brighton, Indiana

Brighton is a town of Greenfield Township, in LaGrange County, in the state of Indiana, in the United States.

References 

Cities in Indiana
M3 motorway (Great Britain)

The M3 is a motorway between Sunbury-on-Thames and Southampton in England. It links London with Southampton and Portsmouth, as well as South West England. It is about  long.

Junctions

{| style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; color:black; font-size:95%;" class="wikitable"
|-  style="background:#0080d0; text-align:center; color:white; font-size:120%;"
| colspan="5" | M3 motorway junctions
|-
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Northeastbound"|North-east bound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Southwestbound"|South-west bound exits (A carriageway)
|- align="center"
| 15.0||24.2
| Road continues as A316 to London
| rowspan="2"|J1
| Sunbury, Kingston A308Non-motorway traffic
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 15.3||24.6
| Sunbury, Kingston A308
| Start of motorway
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 21.3||34.2
| Gatwick Heathrow – M25 (M23), (M4)
| J2
| Gatwick, Heathrow (M23, M4) M25
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 28.1||45.2
| Woking, Bracknell, Camberley, Bagshot, Lightwater A322
| J3
| Woking, Camberley, Bracknell, Bagshot, Lightwater A322
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 32.6||52.5
| Guildford, Farnham, Camberley, Farnborough, Aldershot A331
| J4
| Guildford, Farnham, Camberley, Farnborough, Aldershot A331
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 34.4||55.4
| Fleet (A3013), Farnborough (West) A327
| J4a
| Fleet (A3013), Farnborough (West) A327
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
|Fleet services (Welcome Break) 
|Services
|Fleet services (Welcome Break)
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 41.9||67.4
| Hook A287 B3349
| J5
| Hook A287 B3349
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 46.6||75.0
| Basingstoke, Reading (A33), Alton A339
| J6
| Basingstoke, Newbury, Reading, Alton A339
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 51.8||83.3
| Basingstoke A30
| J7
| Basingstoke A30
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 53.1||85.5
|  No access
| J8
| The South West, Andover, Salisbury, Exeter A303
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 59.9||96.4
|Winchester services (Moto) 
|Services
|Winchester services (Moto) 
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 63.9||102.8
| The Midlands, Newbury A34 trunk road  Winchester A272, Alresford A31
| J9
| The Midlands, Newbury A34 trunk road  Winchester A272
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 65.2||105.0
| Winchester (City) B3330Alton, Alresford A31
| J10
|  No access
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 67.2||108.1
| Winchester A3090 Twyford B3335
| J11
| Winchester A3090Twyford B3335
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 70.0||112.6
| Eastleigh (North) A335
| J12
| Eastleigh (North), Chandler's Ford A335
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 71.8||115.6
| Eastleigh, Chandler's Ford A335
| J13
| Bournemouth M27(W) Eastleigh A335
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
| Start of motorway
| J14
| Southampton , Portsmouth M27(E)The West, Southampton Docks, Southampton A33
|-
|colspan=5|Notes
Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are taken from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction goes across several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown. 
|-

Motorways in England
M2 motorway (Great Britain)

The M2 motorway is a motorway between Strood and Faversham in England. It is used as a different way to get to Dover, other than the M20.

Junctions

References

Motorways in England
Sunbury-on-Thames

Sunbury-on-Thames is a town in Surrey, England, UK. It is not far from the border with Greater London. It is where the M3 motorway starts.

Towns in Surrey
Olive-backed Forest Robin

Olive-backed forest robin (Stiphrornis pyrrholaeumus) (Turdinae) is a bird discovered recently in Gabon. Hall et Moreau recognized as monotypic species merged in Forest Robin, type species S.erythrothorax, and the recent studies confirm this arrangement, i.e. the genetic distance between the two taxa does not deserve species status.

Websites 
 Top ten new organisms of 2008
 Forest Robin

Passeriformes
Conspiracy theory

A conspiracy theory is a story that says that a group of people ("conspirators") have agreed ("conspired") to do illegal or evil things and hide them from the public. Conspiracy theories usually have little or no evidence. Many conspiracy theories say that certain historical events were actually caused by such conspirators.

Examples
Some conspiracy theories are about the: Apollo moon landing, the 9/11 attacks, the existence of UFO's, the assassination of JFK and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. Other examples not relating to specific events are the Illuminati, Freemasonry-related conspiracy theories, and chemtrails.

There are different kinds of conspiracy theory. some cases are straightforward. They pretend to explain events to which we do know the real cause, or for which there is no specific cause. We now know all we are ever going to know about the 9/11 attacks and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. Likewise, that the Earth is round (as opposed to flat) has so much evidence that denying it is simply irrational.

Their growth 
There has been a growth in recent years in conspiracy theories proposed on the internet. Conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become common in mass media, and particularly on the internet. Conspiracy emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

It is worth remembering that conspiracy theorists get paid by websites according to how many viewers they attract. Websites that seem free to the user are paid for by adverts, usually quite harmless, though they may be annoying. The point is that the people who put up the individual articles get paid once the number of viewers is over a certain qualifying number.

David Grimes has calculated that it takes at least three years to expose a conspiracy on the internet, depending on the number of people involved. Many conspiracies would be exposed in between three and four years.

References
WWE Backlash

Backlash was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment, which started in 1999 and was held in April (but in 2005, it was held in May). From 2004 to 2006, only WWE Raw superstars appeared at Backlash.

The 2007 event was the first WWE PPV event since Judgment Day 2003 (other than Wrestlemania, Summerslam, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series) to feature all three brands (Raw, SmackDown! and ECW) after WWE stopped with brand-only events.

The last Backlash PPV was in 2009. It was replaced by Extreme Rules in 2010.

Events

Other websites 
 Official Backlash Website
 Backlash results at Prowrestlinghistory.com

 
1999 establishments
2009 disestablishments
Judgment Day (2003)

Judgment Day (2003) took place on May 18 2003 at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the last pay-per-view starring both brands before WWE started having brand only PPVs.

Results

2003 in professional wrestling
Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina
WWE Judgment Day

es:WWE Judgment Day#2003
fr:WWE Judgment Day#2003
it:WWE Judgment Day#2003
Prichard, Alabama

Prichard is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, in the United States.

References 

Cities in Alabama
1925 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Alabama
Prattville, Alabama

Prattville is a city in Autauga and Elmore counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Autauga County.  As of the 2010 Census, the population of the city is 33,960.  The city is northwest of Montgomery.

Tornado
On February 17, 2008, Prattville was hit by an estimated EF3 tornado which destroyed more than 45 homes and businesses and damaged over 800.

Notable residents
 John Martin, Author Travel and History
 Rodger Morrison, Author and Researcher
 Marlon Anderson, Major League Baseball player
Evan Crawford, Major League Baseball player
 Bobby Jon Drinkard, contestant on Reality television shows Survivor: Palau and Survivor: Guatemala
 Roman Harper, NFL player.
 Wilson Pickett (March 18, 1941 – January 19, 2006), R&B and soul singer and songwriter
 Kevin Turner,  NFL player

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Pleasant Grove, Alabama

Pleasant Grove is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 9,983.

Cities in Alabama
Pinson, Alabama

Pinson is a city and a northeast suburb of Birmingham in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 5,033.

Cities in Alabama
Pike Road, Alabama

Pike Road is a city in Montgomery County, Alabama, in the United States.  As of 2007, the population of the city is 4,570.

Cities in Alabama
Piedmont, Alabama

Piedmont is a city in Calhoun and Cherokee counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.  The population was 5,120 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

On March 27, 1994, a F4 tornado struck here, destroying the Goshen United Methodist Church and killing 22 people including the groom's 4-year-old daughter.

Cities in Alabama
Pell City, Alabama

Pell City is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Ashville. At the 2010 census the population was 12,695.

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Pelham, Alabama

Pelham is a city and suburb of Birmingham in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 14,369, but has grown to 20,120 according to the latest Census estimate in 2006. It was named for famed American Civil War officer John Pelham.

Related pages
Death of Tina Watson, a Pelham, Alabama woman whose drowning in 2003 became world news

Cities in Alabama
Phenix City, Alabama

Phenix City is a city in Lee County and Russell County in the U.S. state of Alabama.

References 

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
British Rail Class 139

Class 139 is the TOPS classification for PPM60 model lightweight railcar units built by Parry People Movers for use on the national rail network in Great Britain.  The class were originally built in 2008 for operation on the Stourbridge Town Branch Line.

References

139
Enon

Enon is an American indie rock band. They are named after Enon, a village in Ohio. Enon has three members, one man who sings and plays electric guitar and a woman who plays bass guitar and keyboard. The third member plays drums. The woman was born in Japan and lives now in America. The guitarist played before in the band Brainiac.

Discography

Albums 
1998 Long Play
1999 Believo!
2002 High Society
2003 Hocus Pocus
2004 Onhold
2005 Lost Marbles and Exploded Evidence (compilation album + DVD set)
2007 Grass Geysers...Carbon Clouds

Singles 
1998 "Fly South"
1999 "Motor Cross"
2001 "Listen (While You Talk)"
2001 "Marbles Explode"
2001 "The Nightmare Of Atomic Men"
2002 Enon [Self-Titled]
2002 "Drowning Appointment"
2003 "In This City"
2003 "Evidence"
2003 "Because Of You"
2003 "Starcastic"

Other websites 
The website of Enon

1999 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
1990s establishments in New York (state)
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2011 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in New York (state)
American rock bands
Indie bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups from New York City
Enon, Ohio

Enon is a village in Clark County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,638 at the 2000 census.

People who live there
Gus Grissom - astronaut who got the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart medal.

References

Villages in Ohio
Mound, Minnesota

Mound is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota,  United States. There were about 9,435 people living in Mound as of the 2000 census.

References

Cities in Minnesota
John Holmes

John Curtis Holmes (August 8, 1944 – March 13, 1988) better known as John C. Holmes or Johnny Wadd was an American pornographic actor known mainly for his large penis. Holmes made about 2,500 pornographic films, most with him having sexual intercourse with women but at least one with him having sex with a man.

Holmes' penis was said to be between 12.5 and 16 inches (32–41 cm) when at its largest. Fellow pornographic actor Ron Jeremy has said Holmes' penis was 11½ inches, but Holmes claimed it was 14 inches.

John Holmes died of an AIDS-related illness in 1988.

References

1944 births
1988 deaths
Actors from Ohio
American LGBT sex industry people
American pornographic actors
Bisexual people
Deaths from AIDS
LGBT pornographic actors
Superb lyrebird

The superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) is a pheasant-sized songbird.

It is an Australian endemic species, about 100cm long. It has brown upper body plumage, grayish-brown below, rounded wings and strong legs. It is the longest and third heaviest of all songbirds. 

They are capable of mimicking a wide variety of sounds, including other bird's songs and man-made sounds like car alarms and chainsaws. 

Passeri
Lyrebird

A lyrebird is a ground-dwelling Australian bird.  There are two species in the genus Menura. They live in forests, especially rainforests, of eastern Australia, and they were introduced to Tasmania in the 19th century. They are found in two National Forest areas of Victoria, New South Wales and southeast Queensland.

Mating system 
They are most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment. Since they live on the ground in fairly dense undergrowth, sound is used by the males to attract attention. When a female arrives, the visual display comes into action. It is a typical "female choice" mating system, where males defend a mating territory, and sing and display to get a mate.

Sound mimicry 
The lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including other birds. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A lyrebird classic is their imitation of human sounds in the forest such as car alarms, camera shutters and forest logging with chain-saws.

Breeding  

The breeding cycle of the lyrebirds is long, and lyrebirds are long-lived birds. They can live up to thirty years. They also start breeding later in life than other passerine birds. Female Superb Lyrebirds start breeding at the age of five or six, and males at the age of six to eight. Males defend territories from other males.These territories may contain the breeding places of up to eight females. In a male's territory, he makes or uses display platforms.

The females each build an untidy nest, usually low to the ground in a moist gully, where each lays a single egg. She is the sole parent who incubates the egg over 50 days until it hatches, and she is also the sole carer of the lyrebird chick.

References 

Passeri
Birds of Australia
Albert's lyrebird

The Albert's lyrebird (Menura alberti) is a pheasant-sized songbird, about 90 cm long, with brown upper body feathers and rich chestnut below. It is very similar with the superb lyrebird in its habits. This bird also mimics other species sounds. It is sometimes called the "Prince Albert Lyrebird" or the "Northern Lyrebird". Named after Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, they are smaller than the Superb Lyrebirds.

Albert's lyrebirds are only found in a small area of rainforest in the Lamington National Park near the border of Queensland and New South Wales. There are about 3,500 birds known to exist. There are reports of the birds in the Blackall Range, but this has not been proved. Known groups of birds live on Tamborine Mountain, Scenic Rim and the Nightcap Range.

They eat small insects which they scratch up from the ground. They are a shy bird which will run or fly away if disturbed. During the breeding season in winter, from May to August, the male bird performs displays of song and dance to attract the females. The songs are copied from other birds and forest sounds. The songs can last up to four hours, with some individual songs lasting up to one hour. During his dance, the male bird raises his tail feathers up and over his body. The feathers form a lyre shape which is why they were given the name "lyrebird".

It is listed as a Vulnerable species because it lives in such a limited area, it can only eat a small range of food from that area, and it is not breeding quickly.

References

Other websites
  Internet Bird Collection  with videos of Albert's lyrebirds
 

Passeri
Birds of Australia
Corvida

The "Corvida" were one of two "parvorders" that were inside the suborder Passeri. The term is now not used in taxonomy because it is paraphyletic.

Passeri
Passerida

Passerida is one of two "parvorders" in the suborder Passeri. 

Passeri
Piciformes

Piciformes are order of birds contain about 67 living genera with a little over 400 species, of which the Picidae (woodpeckers and relatives) make up about half. Amost all live in woods (arboreal).

In general, the Piciformes are insectivorous, though the barbets and toucans mostly eat fruit and the honeyguides are unique among birds in digesting beeswax (though insects make up most of their diet).

Nearly all Piciformes have parrot-like zygodactyl feet—two toes forward and two back, an arrangement that has obvious advantages for birds that spend much of their time on tree trunks.  An exception are a few species of three-toed woodpeckers.  The jacamars aside, Piciformes do not have down feathers at any age, only true feathers. They range in size from the rufous piculet at 8 centimetres in length, and weighing 7 grams, to the toco toucan, at 63 centimetres long, and weighing 680 grams. All nest in cavities (holes) and have altricial young, meaning they have to look after their chicks for quite a long time.

Classification 
Order: PICIFORMES
 Suborder Galbuli
 Family Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species)
 Family Bucconidae – puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets (some 30 species)
 Suborder Pici
 Infraorder Ramphastides
 Family Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (about 25 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
 Family Lybiidae – African barbets (about 40 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
 Family Capitonidae – American barbets (about 15 species)
 Family Semnornithidae – toucan-barbets (2 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
 Family Ramphastidae – toucans (about 40 species)
 Infraorder Picides
 Family Indicatoridae – honeyguides (17 species)
 Family Picidae – woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks (over 200 species)

References
La Silla Observatory

La Silla Observatory is an observatory in Chile with eighteen telescopes that study the stars.  The observatory is one of the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere.  La Silla is a 2,400 meter high mountain that is found in the far southern part of the Atacama Desert.  It can be found about 160 kilometers north of La Serena, 27 kilometers south of the Las Campanas Observatory, and about 100 kilometers north of the Cerro Tololo Observatory.

Related pages 
 Very Large Telescope

Other websites 
 Official ESO - La Silla webpage

Astronomical observatories in Chile
Asteroid discoverers
Crimean Astrophysical Observatory

The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (CrAO) is found in Ukraine and is an observatory.  It studies the stars and has found a total of 12 minor planets to date:

References

Other websites 
 CrAO's website 

Observatories
Asteroid discoverers