cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed,  Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed or Icon/Symbol of the Faith, is the most widespread or ecumenical Christian statement of faith.

Since its original formulation it continues to be used in the Roman Catholic, Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Anglican, Lutheran, and most other Protestant Churches.

Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381 
The following table displays side by side the earlier (325) and later (381) forms of this Creed in the English translation given in Schaffs Creeds of Christendom, which indicates by brackets the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, but uses no typographical mark to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381.

The following table presents in the same way the texts of the two Councils, as given in the original Greek language on the Web site Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum - Greek:

Problems
There were certain problems with the Nicene creed. In 529, the so-called filioque clause was added to the creed. This clause is one of the main differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Catholic Church has this clause, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not. The clause is about how godly the Father is, compared to the Son. Where the original Nicene Creed reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father", the altered, Roman Catholic version reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father and the Son". Roman Catholic Christians accept this change, but Eastern Orthodox Christians reject it. Many Eastern Catholic churches (Eastern in liturgy but in full communion with the pope) do not use the clause in their creed. They do think the doctrine it represents is true, though, as this is a dogma of the Roman Catholic faith. Many Protestant churches  who take a position in this matter, usually accept the filioque.

After the East-West Schism of 1054, the Eastern and Western churches attempted to reunite at two separate medieval councils, and the filioque was an issue at each. Despite Greek concessions, neither the Second Council of Lyon (1274) nor the Council of Ferrera-Florence (1438 - 1535) achieved the desired union.

The clause is most often referred to as "the filioque" or simply filioque.

Related pages
Apostles' Creed
Athanasian Creed
One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church

References

Bibliography 
 A E Burn, The Council of Nicaea (1925); 
 G Forell, Understanding the Nicene Creed (1965)
 J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, (1982),

Other websites 
 Extensive discussion of the texts of the First Council of Nicea
 Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom Volume I: Nicene Creed 
 Athanasius, De Decretis or Defence of the Nicene Definition
 Line-by-Line Roman Catholic Explanation of the Nicene Creed 
 Nicene Creed in languages of the world

Christian creeds
Ancient Christianity
Asylum (album)

Asylum is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 16, 1985.

Track listing 
 King Of The Mountain
 Any Way You Slice It
 Who Wants To Be Lonely
 Trial By Fire
 I'm Alive
 Love's A Deadly Weapon
 Tears Are Falling
 Secretly Cruel
 Radar For Love
 Uh! All Night

Kiss albums
1985 albums
Heavy metal albums
Hard rock albums
Sake

Sake (Japanese:酒; pronounced 'sa.kɛ' ) is a Japanese word for "alcoholic drink". In English, "sake" means one kind of alcoholic drink made from rice. In Japan, people call this drink nihonshu ( "Japanese alcohol") or sake. This article uses the word "sake" as it is used in English.

Ingredients 
Sake is a fermented drink. Most sake is made from rice, water, kōji, and yeast. Sometimes a small amount of lactic acid is used in brewing. Water or small amounts of pure alcohol can be added at the end of production. Sake can have from 12 to 22% alcohol, but is usually around 15 or 16%. Lower quality mass-produced sake can have added sugar or flavorings.

Serving sake
Sake is usually sold in bottles that are either 720ml or 1.8L. Drinkers or servers in a restaurant may pour small cups called chokko directly from the bottle. Sake is also served in smaller bottles called tokkuri. A typical serving in a bar or restaurant is 180ml. People may share that amount. When drinking together, people often pour drinks for each other rather than for themselves.

Amazake
Amazake is sweet, low or non-alcoholic sake.

Related pages
Awamori
Doburoku
rice wine
Shōchū

Fermented drinks
Japanese culture
Majority

Majority means the greater number of something.  The opposite is minority.

If more than half the people are right-handed we can say that the majority of people are right-handed.
A minority of people are left-handed.
In fact, nearly everyone is right-handed, so we can say that the "vast majority" are right-handed, and only a "small minority" are left-handed.

If a political party or candidate gets a majority of votes, it means that they get more than all the other parties together. In Plurality voting, they only get more than any one of the others. Thus if there are three parties, the winning party may have a plurality of 40% while the other two each have 30%. A "true majority" or "absolute majority" means more votes than all the other parties together, i.e. more than half the total votes.

Related pages
Majority rule
Minority group
Ethnic group

Numbers
Charles Koechlin

Charles Koechlin (pronounce:”Ke-klin” with “klin” to rhyme with French “vin”), (born Paris,  November 27 1867; died Le Canadel, December 31 1950) was a French composer, teacher and writer on music.  He wrote a very large amount of music, but very little of it was published because he was more interested in helping younger composers than making himself well-known.  Some of his best works include his symphonic poems and his film music.

His life
Koechlin was born in Paris, the youngest child of a large and rich family. His mother’s family came from the Alsace near the French border with Germany, and he was proud of his Alsatian background.  His grandfather on his mother’s side had started a cotton textile firm in Mulhouse and his father worked in the textile business.  When Koechlin was 14 his father died.  He showed an interest in music, but his family wanted him to be an artillery officer. However, he had tuberculosis and had to spent six months getting better in Algeria.  After finishing his schooling he was allowed to enter the Paris Conservatoire in 1890.  Two years later he was studying composition with Massenet, and in 1896 he was a pupil of Gabriel Fauré. Ravel was a pupil in the same class.  Fauré had a big influence on Koechlin who wrote a book about him and helped him to arrange some of his music for orchestra.

Koechlin became a freelance composer and teacher. He married Suzanne Pierrard in 1903 and they had five children.  At first he was comfortably off, but after World War I the family lost a lot of money and they had to sell their country house.

Koechlin had very free views about music, and this is probably why he never got a teaching job at the Piano Conservatoire.  He also agreed with some things that the Communists thought.  He did not like modern inventions like the telephone and radio.  He looked like an old Russian patriarch with his long beard.  He dressed in velvet trousers, sandals and a shepherd’s cape for bad weather.   He liked outdoor activities such as swimming and mountaineering.  He was offered the Legion d’honneur in 1940 but refused it.

His music

Koechlin composed in a variety of styles, even changing the style during a piece.  He often liked quiet music with long chords which are played for the sounds they make rather than for giving the music a traditional shape.  Sometimes there were no barlines in his music.  He often composed in his head while on a train or climbing a mountain.

His works for orchestra include Les Bandarlogs which was based on the Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling.  Kipling’s “Bandarlog” are a troupe of monkeys in the forest.  The music describes the monkeys, but Koechlin also gives it another meaning: he is criticising music critics, comparing them to monkeys.   In the Seven Stars Symphony each movement is about a famous film star.  They include Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and  Charlie Chaplin.  He wrote a lot of chamber music and piano music, including some dances for Ginger Rogers.

Sources
Robert Orledge, Charles Koechlin (1867-1950) His Life and Works (London, 1989)

1867 births
1950 deaths
20th-century French composers
Jastrzębie-Zdrój

Jastrzębie-Zdrój is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 94,072 inhabitants and an area of 85,44 km².

Other websites 
 Municipal homepage
 JastrzebieOnline.pl
 Jasnet.pl 
 Modern Portal of Jastrzębie-Zdrój 
 SJZ1963 - Portal Jastrzebie Zdrój 
 Forum Mieszkańców 

Cities in Poland
Palm (unit)

A palm, when used as a unit of length, is usually four digits (fingers) or three inches, i.e. 7.62 cm (for the international inch).

In English this unit is no longer in use as other units that are based on the human arm: digit (¼ palm), finger (7/24 palm), hand (4/3 palms), shaftment (2 palms), span (3 palms), cubit (6 palms) and ell (15 palms).

Units of length
Schnapps

Schnapps is a type of distilled alcoholic drink. The word schnapps comes from the German word schnaps.

German schnapps
Traditional German schnapps are usually clear alcoholic drinks which are distilled from fermented cereals, roots, and fruits. Traditional German schnapps has no sugar or other flavoring added. It is similar in look and flavor to vodka with light fruit flavors. The alcohol content is usually around 40%.

American schnapps
The other type of schnapps is American. This type of schnapps is a liqueur that has sugar and flavorings such as peach, mint, or butterscotch. The alcohol content of American schnapps is usually only about 20%, which is lower than German-style schnapps.

Alcoholic spirits
Standard time

Standard time is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.

Standard time can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.

History

Great Britain
Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.

North America
Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879.  The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.

Criticism
Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.

References

More reading

Time zones
Span (unit of length)

Span is the width of a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the pinky finger. 
 1 span = 9 inches
= 0.2286 m

In Slavic language, the analogue of span is pyad (peti, пядь). It is the width from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger. 
 1 pyad = 4 vershok
= 7 inches
= 0.1778 m

Everyday life
Acting president of the United States

The acting president of the United States is a person who temporarily acts as president when the president is unable to carry out their duties, but remains in office. The position was created by the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The acting president possesses all presidential powers and duties during the time of their term but does not become the president, instead serving only as acting president. This term lasts until the president declares in writing that they are no longer unable to execute the duties of their office themselves.

George H.W. Bush later became president. To date there have been three acting presidents. They were vice presidents:
 Vice President George H. W. Bush acted for President Ronald Reagan, when he was under a colonoscopy procedure on July 13, 1985 He later became president in 1989. He died in 2018. 
 Vice President Dick Cheney twice acted for President George W. Bush, when he was also under a colonoscopy procedure on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007
 Vice President Kamala Harris acted for President Joe Biden, when he was under a colonoscopy procedure on November 19, 2021. She became the first woman in American history to hold presidential powers

References

Other websites 
 Presidential Line of Succession Examined, September 20, 2003
 Amendment25.com
Electric power transmission

Electric power transmission is the transmitting of electricity to places where it will be used.  Specifically, it is the bulk transfer of electrical power from the power plant to substations near populated areas.  Electric power distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers.  Due to the large amount of power and long distances, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above).

Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas (such as large cities) because of the high cost of installation and maintenance and because the power losses increase dramatically compared with overhead transmission unless superconductors and cryogenic technology are used.

A power transmission system is sometimes referred to colloquially as a "grid"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is rarely a true grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power.

Further reading 
 Grigsby, L. L., et al. The Electric Power Engineering Handbook. USA: CRC Press. (2001). 
 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "Electric power transmission patents; Tesla polyphase system". (Transmission of power; polyphase system; Tesla patents)

Related pages
 Transmission tower
 Superconductor
 Electric power distribution
 High-voltage direct current

Other websites 
 United States: Transmission Lineworker Community Website
 Japan: World's First In-Grid High-Temperature Superconducting Power Cable System 
 A Power Grid for the Hydrogen Economy: Overview/A Continental SuperGrid
 Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) - The GENI Initiative focuses on linking renewable energy resources around the world using international electricity transmission.
 Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), the association of transmission system operators in continental Europe, running one of the two largest power transmission systems in the world
 Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (2002)  by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
 A summary of the IARC report by GreenFacts.

Electricity
Electrical grid

An electrical grid is a connection network of power generation, power transmission, power distribution and power load. The grid connects all of those parts in power systems to deliver power from the generators at the power station to the customers or load center which will use the electricity.

Electricity
Darfur conflict

The Darfur conflict is an ongoing military conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, the third largest country in Africa.  It is a conflict along ethnic and tribal lines that began in 2003.  Many people and the United States Government, consider it to be a genocide. The United Nations currently does not see this as genocide.

Those involved in the conflict 
One side of the conflict is composed mainly of the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from the Arab tribes who move from place to place herding camels.  The Sudanese government tells the public that it does not support the Janjaweed.  However, it has provided cash and assistance and has even participated in joint attacks.

The other side of the conflict is made up of a number of rebel armies, including the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement. These armies are recruited from Black ethnic groups who make a living farming the land.

How the conflict is dealt with 
The African Union sent a 7,000-troop peacekeeping force to Sudan.  However, this force was poorly funded and under-equipped.  So the United Nations decided to send an additional 17,300-troop peacekeeping force to help them.  Sudan was strongly against this decision and saw the UN forces as foreign invaders.  The next day, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.

The Sudanese government may have suppressed information about the conflict. Some witnesses have been jailed, others may have been killed. This started in 2004. Also, some evidence, such as mass graves was tampered with, so that it became unusable. Some people say this was done by forces which are close to the Sudanese government. In addition, by obstructing and arresting journalists, the Sudanese government has been able to obscure much of what has gone on. The United States government has described it as genocide,. The UN has declined to do so. In March 2007 the UN mission accused Sudan's government of "gross violations" in Darfur and called for urgent international action to protect  civilians there.

Effect of the conflict 
There are different estimates of how many died in the conflict. According to Sudan's government, 9,000 people have been killed.  On the other hand, many other people say that it could be from 200,000 to over 400,000.  By October 2006, as many as 2.5 million people had to move because of the conflict.

The United Nations says that about 200,000 people have been killed in the conflict so far. Most non-governmental organizations use 200,000 to more than 400,000. The latter is a figure from the Coalition for International Justice that has since been cited by the UN. Sudan's government claims that more than 9,000 people have been killed, although this figure is seen as a gross underestimate.

Related pages 
 Bibliography of the Darfur conflict

References

Darfur conflict
21st century in Africa
Civil wars involving Africa
Genocides in Africa
AIESEC

AIESEC (said like "Eye Seck"), is a big student organisation that was started in 1948. It was made to fix problems between countries and create peace after World War II. It has spread all over the world since it started. There are many members in about 125 countries.

AIESEC is an organisation that helps its members to develop themselves as leaders. It also has an exchange program for students and university graduates to intern or volunteer in other countries. Most members are students at university but some are paid to work for AIESEC. The organisation is presented in 125 countries and territories in the world. The headquarters of AIESEC are in Rotterdam.

Members say that AIESEC does a lot of good in the world through the exchange by helping people from different countries to share information about their culture.

For over 60 years of working AIESEC's main impact had been its alumni all over the world. These alumni become successful business leaders, politicians, and NGO directors. The approximate number of alumni 1 million.

Other websites 
 AIESEC homepage

Rotterdam
International organizations
Youth organizations
1948 establishments
Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a part of a cell that does a specific job.

Organelles typically have their own plasma membrane round them. Most of the cell's organelles are in the cytoplasm.

The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are to cells what an organ is to the body.

There are many types of organelles in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes were once thought not to have organelles, but some examples have now been found.
They are not organised like eukaryote organelles, and are not bounded by plasma membranes. They are called bacterial microcompartments.

Scope of the term 
The term is now widely used to refer to cellular structures surrounded by single or double plasma membranes. However, the older definition of a 'subcellular functional unit' still coexists. That is, the term is sometimes used for structures which are not membrane-bound.

The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with some proteins embedded in it. It keeps the ions and molecules of the organelle from merging with the surroundings.

Origin of organelles 
Mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have double-membranes and their own DNA, are believed to have originated from incompletely consumed or invading prokaryotic organisms, which were adopted as a part of the invaded cell. This idea is supported in the endosymbiotic theory.

Eukaryotic organelles

Major organelles

Minor organelles

Prokaryotic organelles 
Prokaryotes are not so complex as eukaryotes. They were thought  to have no internal structures enclosed by lipid membranes.

However, recent research has shown that at least some prokaryotes have microcompartments such as carboxysomes. These subcellular compartments are 100–200 nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins.  Even more striking is the description of membrane-bound magnetosomes in bacteria. as well as the nucleus-like structures of the Planctomycetes that are surrounded by lipid membranes.

References
That '70s Show

That '70s Show is an American television series. It is about the lives of a group of teenagers living in Point Place, Wisconsin from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979. The series first started August 23, 1998 and its final episode aired May 18, 2006.

The series continues to run in syndication on FX and the CW network in the United States and United Kingdom, CH in Canada, as well as the Seven Network in Australia and Star World in Asia, including Malaysia. It also runs on The NTV for teens.

Cast 

1998 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
2000s American sitcoms
American teen television series
Fox television series
Television series set in Wisconsin
English-language television programs
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami

Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (January 5, 1927 – 2001), known as Gurudeva by his followers, was a Hindu leader and author. He was born in Oakland, California. He made a Hindu monastery in Kauai, Hawaii and founded the magazine Hinduism Today. Subramuniyaswami was an author of many books on Hinduism and metaphysics. He was one of the most traditional and well known people of Hinduism during the last two decades of the 20th century. He was one of Saivism's most revered Gurus, the founder and leader of the world's first Hindu church (Saiva Siddhanta Church).

Books 
Subramuniyaswami has written several books on Hinduism, Saivism, yoga and meditation. His works are highly regarded by many of today's Hindu leaders. Subramuniyaswami's largest work, Master Course, is a complete essay on all parts of Hinduism (Saivism), including the Hindu approach to meditation and metaphysics. It is in three books and more than 3,000 pages. The work is written in a flowing version of written English that is similar to the spoken language as well as ancient Hindu oral traditions.

References 

1927 births
2001 deaths
Hindu gurus
People from Oakland, California
Crazy Nights

Crazy Nights is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1987. "Crazy Crazy Nights" was the first song released from the album. It reached #4 in the UK.

Track listing 
Crazy Crazy Nights
I'll Fight Hell To Hold You
Bang Bang You
No, No, No
Hell Or High Water
My Way
When Your Walls Come Down
Reason To Live
Good Girl Gone Bad
Turn On The Night
Thief In The Night

Kiss albums
1987 albums
Hot in the Shade

Hot in the Shade is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 17, 1989.

Track listing 
 Rise To It
 Betrayed
 Hide Your Heart
 Prisoner Of Love
 Read My Body
 Love's A Slap In The Face
 Forever
 Silver Spoon
 Cadillac Dreams
 King Of Hearts
 The Street Giveth And The Street Taketh Away
 You Love Me To Hate You
 Somewhere Between Heaven And Hell
 Little Caesar
 Boomerang

Kiss albums
1989 albums
Halfway Home (TV series)

Halfway Home is a comedy television series that premiered on Wednesday, March 14, 2007, at 10:30 p.m. on Comedy Central.   As described on its official website, Halfway Home is an "improvised half-hour series featuring the daily exploits of five ex-cons living together in a residential rehab facility."

Characters
Carly Barzac (played by Jessica Makinson) – Ex-convict in for drug trafficking. She has been shown to have a bad relationship with her parents (she even had to hire fake parents for parents day.) She also came very close to setting a world record for pogo-sticking.
Kenny Carlisle (played by Kevin Ruf) – The house supervisor
Serenity Johnson (played by Octavia Spencer) – Ex-convict in for armed robbery
Eulogio Pla (played by Oscar Nunez) – Ex-convict in for prostitution, described as "[using] sex to get what he wants."
Alan Shepard (played by Regan Burns) – Ex-convict in for arson, described as "the house narc who has an uncontrollable obsession with fire."
Sebastian "C-Bass" Yates (played by Jordan Black) – Ex-convict in for internet fraud, described as a "wanna-be terrorist who's really just a rich kid from California."

Comedy television series
2007 television series debuts
English-language television programs
Prime Minister of New Zealand

The prime minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government. This job is given to the leader of the party or coalition with the most support in the Parliament of New Zealand. Since 26 October 2017, the prime minister has been Jacinda Ardern of the Labour Party.

Responsibilities and powers
The role of the prime minister is not formally defined, being based on constitutional convention rather than specific legislation. According to these conventions, the prime minister is leader of Cabinet (itself a body existing by convention), and takes a co-ordinating role.

The prime minister holds the most senior post in the New Zealand Parliament. The prime minister is not able to give direct orders to other people in their party.

The prime minister can call for an election by asking the Governor-General to close Parliament

List of New Zealand prime ministers

Living former prime ministers
As of , there are six living former New Zealand prime ministers, as seen below.

The most recent prime minister to die was Mike Moore (served 1990), on 2 February 2020, aged 71.

References

Other websites 
New Zealand Prime Minister's official website 
List of New Zealand Prime Ministers

 
New Z
The Masque of the Red Death

"The Masque of the Red Death" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in May 1842 in Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine.

Plot
A painful and fatal disease involving blood aka kinbni 

am and finds him lying dead. His courtiers try to unmask the figure..only to find nothingness! Only then do they realize the figure is the Red Death itself, and all of the guests contract and succumb to the disease. With the last of them die the clock and the flames illuminating the scarlet window both die out at the same time. "And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all".
done!

Other websites 

 "The Masque of the Red Death"  at EServer.org
 "The Masque of the Red Death" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
 Sabrina Laurent (July 2003). "Metaphor and Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death" , Bohème Magazine Online.
 Analyzing Poe's Work Biographically and Psychologically  Illinois State University

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Mill (grinding)

For other uses see Mill (disambiguation)

A grinding mill is a tool that is designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces.  There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. 

Small mills can be powered by hand, such as a mortar and pestle or a pepper grinder. Large grinding mills were usually powered by working animals, wind (windmill) or water (watermill) in the past. In the 2000s, most large grinding mills are powered by electricity.

Types of grinding mills

Mortar and pestle

People who need to grind a small amount of a food, such as spices or grain, for their own cooking often use a hand-powered mortar and pestle or a hand-powered grinder, such as a pepper grinder. In the 2000s, many people also used electric-powered grinding mills. These kitchen appliances have a metal blade that grinds the food into small pieces. Electric-powered grinding mills are often used for grinding nuts or coffee.

Grain mills
For thousands of years, humans have ground their grains (such as wheat or corn) into flour using grain mills powered by animals (such as oxen or horses), wind (windmills) or by running water from a stream or river (watermill). In the 2000s, most grain mills are powered by electricity.

Mechanical process
After  grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, and the grain shape. Also, there may be more or less crushing.

For process engineering, several things are important: increasing the surface area of the solid; making the solid have wanted grain size; and pulping the material to the desired state (squishing it).

Types of grinding mills
Mortar and pestle
Windmill

Other websites 
Animation of Horizontal Grinder 

Tools
Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is a medical term. It means a procedure used to transfer blood (or some products based on blood) from the circulatory system of one human to that of another human.

Uses 
Blood transfusions can save the life of a person, if that person has lost a lot of blood. A person can lose blood from an injury, a trauma or from a medical operation. Blood transfusions can also be applied as a treatment to certain diseases of the blood (like Anaemia, for example).

Blood is not collected and used immediately.  Instead it is kept until it is needed.  The storage area is informally called a blood bank . By adding anti-coagulant to keep the blood from clotting and refrigerating the blood, it is possible to store it for a few days.  Information about transfusion and donation is available at the National Institutes of Health website .

Problems 
Not all people are able to donate blood to all other people. Testing for blood types usually prevents any bad reaction to a blood transfusion. However, there are special problems for anyone with rare blood groups. It is very important, in order to avoid any complications during a blood transfusion, to detect individuals with rare blood types. The usual tests for ABO blood group system would show them as group O. It may not be possible to give a blood transfusion at all unless the repository has supply of blood which will not cause a reaction.it donates blood  

Blood
Delirium

Delirium is a medical term. The condition is also known as acute confusional state. Doctors use it to describe patients who have lost parts or all of their ability to focus attention. People who suffer from it  may also have problems to concentrate, or to remember things or  other people. Delirium is a medical symptom. It is not a disease.

Causes
A delirium can have many causes. The most common ones include:
Injuries to the head or the nervous system
Mental illness
Trauma or shock
Fever or pain
Certain substances found in drugs or poisons
Problems with metabolism. If a substance is transformed into another using an enzyme, a problem with that enzyme will lead to too much of the first, and too little of the second substance.
Not having enough water, or food, or sleep
Withdrawal symptoms (when people try to get away from a drugs or alcohol addiction). The delirium associated with alcohol withdrawal is called delirium tremens.

Definition
There are several definitions of what constitutes a delirium, but in general, the following is true:
Disturbance of consciousness; problems to focus, shift the focus, concentrate, or shift concentration from one item to another.
hallucinations; reduced ability to solve problems.
Sleeping problems are common, very often the circadian rhythm is lost.
Problems with thinking; problems remembering things.

Treatment
Deliria are often treated with special drugs, called antipsychotics. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medications for alcohol withdrawal and DTs. They help calm excited nervous system. Treatment also need intravenous fluids with vitamins and minerals to treat dehydration or bring your electrolytes back into balance.

Deliria are always a medical emergency, because it is impossible to predict how they develop. Worst-case scenarios include cardiac arrest, and malfunctions of the metabolism. In order to be able to treat a delirium, its cause must usually be found. In the case of alcoholism, the most common cause for a delirium is the withdrawal of alcohol. This condition is known as Delirium tremens.

References

Symptoms
Jaundice

Jaundice  (also called icterus) is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow color. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing heme properly. Heme (from hemoglobin) changes to a chemical called bilirubin after red blood cell death. Bilirubin causes the yellow coloring of the skin. Jaundice is common in newly born babies. It usually starts the second day after birth.

Jaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like malaria, hepatitis, or gallstones.

Jaundice is the most common of all liver problems. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.

The bile, made by the liver, is a vital digestive fluid needed for proper nutrition. It also stops decaying changes in food. If the bile is stopped from entering the intestines there is an increase in gases and other products. Normally, the production of bile and its flow is constant.

Types of Jaundice
There are three types of jaundice:
 haemolytic jaundice - caused by destruction of red blood cells. This causes increased bilirubin formation and anaemia
 obstructive jaundice  - caused by a blockage in the pathway where bilirubin is made in the liver cells and where bile goes into the duodenum
 hepatocellular jaundice - caused by damage to liver cells. The damage could be from a viral infection or toxic drugs.

Yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes happens in all types of jaundice.

Symptoms
The symptoms of jaundice are:
 extreme weakness
 headache
 fever 
 loss of appetite
 tiredness
 severe constipation
 nausea 
 yellow coloration of the eyes, tongue, skin and urine. 
 dull pain in the liver region.
 Obstructive jaundice may also cause intense itching.

Causes
Jaundice is a sign that the liver is not working. It may be caused by a blockage of the bile ducts which release bile salts and pigment into the intestines. The bile then gets mixed with blood and this gives a yellow colour to the skin. The blockage of the bile ducts could be caused by:
 gallstones 
 inflammation (swelling) of the liver, called hepatitis. This is caused by a virus. The virus can spread and may lead to epidemics caused by:
 overcrowding 
 dirty surroundings
 insanitary conditions
 contamination of food and water.

Other causes of jaundice are pernicious anaemia and diseases affecting the liver such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis.

References

Symptoms
Liver disease
Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey in about 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.

Hildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of “mother superior”. She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near Rüdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of “abbess”. After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened. She does, though, have a feast day on September 17, which is celebrated in some parts of Germany.

Known as the "Sybil of the Rhine", Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down.They were mostly about God and his relationship with humans, the church, redemption from God, and creation. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. Her music was also different because the chants she wrote were written for female voices, in a higher range than earlier chants. This made them easier for women's voices. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.

Hildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She may possibly be the first woman to write about female sexuality.

References 

1098 births
1179 deaths
Christian mystics
German composers
German esotericists
German Roman Catholics
German writers
Medieval composers
Women composers
Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine describes practices used in place of conventional medical treatments. Some patients seek these practices along with conventional medicine. When the patient's medical doctor coordinates with an alternative medicine therapist, this is called "complementary medicine."

Alternative medicine includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious belief; non-evidence-based practices, non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing. 

Examples include acupuncture, chiropractic and homeopathy.
Divaldo Pereira Franco

Divaldo Pereira Franco or simply, Divaldo Franco is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927.

He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.

On 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.

The First Years
Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.

When he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.

1927 births
Living people
Brazilian people
Bahia
Coma

Coma is a medical term. It is a state of deep unconsciousness. People who are in that state cannot be woken up. They also do not react to pain or light. Coma can result from various conditions. Some of these are intoxication, poisons, damages or diseases of the nervous system. It can also be the result of certain drugs. Doctors sometimes put patients that have very bad injuries into a coma. There are different levels of coma. Comas usually do not last more than several weeks, but those several weeks could be disastrous. Sometimes only basic bodily functions are left over. Intensive hospital care is often needed to recover some of these functions.

Some comas can last years, but these are usually not woken up from. The family of a coma victim (or whoever has the power of Attorney) can sign papers so that they are taken off of life support and then will die.

Symptoms
Favism

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (sometimes also called G6PD deficiency, or favism) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention (avoiding parents passing it on to their child). As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are male. 

Sufferers can not make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This will mean the circulation of sugar in their body is different. More red blood cells will be destroyed because of it. About 400 million people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also malaria. This is because the red blood cells found in people with favism are not targeted by malaria.

This condition may result from an allergy to alkaloids in Vicia faba (Faba Bean, Broad bean, Windsor bean).

Diseases
Blood
South Pacific

South Pacific is the name for a geographical region of the world. It includes regions of the Pacific Ocean which lie south of the Equator: Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and parts of Oceania.

Pacific Ocean
Guido von List

Guido (von) List (born Karl Anton List; 5 October 1848 in Vienna – 17 May 1919 in Berlin) was an Austrian writer. His works were influenced very much by ideas of race. He was influenced by Arthur de Gobineau, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, and others. He believed there was a global jewish conspiracy. He thought that the conspiracy threatened those he believed to be the Aryan race. He also believed that runes had magic power. His beliefs were not unpopular in Western Europe in the 19th century. He was an occultist. A contemporary of his was Houston Steward Chamberlain. Chambelain lived at the same time as he did. One of his successors was Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels.

Other websites 
 The Guido von List website 
 ‘Der Meister' Guido von List and the Controversy of ‘von' 
 The Armanen Futharkh: A Controversial Rune Row? 
 Works by and about Guido von List in the German National Library catalogue
 Armanenschaft glossary 
 Das Geheimnis der Runen (The Secret of the Runes) (German)
 Die Armanenschaft der Ario-Germanen (The Armanism of the Ario-Germans) (German)
 Die Rita der Ario-Germanen (The Rites of the Ario-Germans) (German)
 On the German Wotan Priestcraft (German)

1848 births
1919 deaths
Nazism
Occultists
Writers from Vienna
Franklins

Franklins is a cheap supermarket company in New South Wales in Australia. At one time, it had shops in other states of Australia.

The name of the shops is named after Frank Lindstrom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops were created in a time when other supermarkets had low prices, by keeping expenses low. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be Australia's Original Discount Grocer.

Franklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.

Franklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.

A wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.

When Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices or as Franklins had put it: Strictly No Frills. Because of big competition with other "good-looking" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy.

Franklins is still cheap but it has more competition from other markets, such as Aldi. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened Franklins Family Supermarkets in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay.

Supermarkets of Australia
1941 establishments in Australia
Hannover 96

Hannover 96 is a sports club in Hanover, a city in northern Germany.
 
The sports club was founded in 1896. Hannover 96 is famous for its football (AE: "Soccer") team that has almost always played in the first or second German football league (Except 1996-1998).

Hannover 96 was German Football Champion in 1938 and 1954 and German Cup winner in 1992. The club played eight seasons in European cup competitions (24 matches).

Home stadium of Hannover 96 is the HDI-Arena (capacity: 49.000).

In 1963 the German national Football League, the Fußball-Bundesliga was founded. Hannover 96 joined the Bundesliga in 1964 and played there for the following ten years. In the 1970s and 1980s the club went down to the second league and up again several times. In the 1990s Hannover 96 played eight seasons in the second Bundesliga and two years in the third league, the Regionalliga Nord (1996-98).

Since 2002, Hannover 96 is (again) a member of the first German Football league, the Bundesliga.

Some famous players who have been in the team for a long time: Altin Lala Albanian national player, Steven Cherundolo, USA-national player, Robert Enke, former German national goalkeeper.

The coach of the football team (August 2014) is Taifun Korkut, the club's president is Martin Kind.

Former Coaches: Dieter Hecking 2009, Andreas Bergmann 2009, Peter Neururer 2006, Ewald Lienen 2005, Ralf Rangnick 2004, Horst Ehrmanntraut 2001, ......

Other websites 

Website of Hannover 96

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Hanover
Sport in Lower Saxony
1896 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Germany
AWD-Arena

The HDI-Arena is a football stadium in Hanover, a city in north Germany. It is the home stadium of the football club Hannover 96. The HDI-Arena was built from 1952 to 1954 and called "Niedersachsenstadion" (stadium of lower Saxony) and later "AWD-Arena". Lower Saxony is a German federal state and Hanover is its capital.

Originally the Niedersachsenstadium was large enough to hold about 80.000 people. It was changed for international football championships in 1974 and 1988, especially changing standing room into seats. In 2003, it became changed to be used only for football and the name was sold to the German company of AWD. Today it can hold 49.000 people.

In 2006, the Football World Championships were played there.

Buildings and structures in Lower Saxony
Football stadiums in Germany
Hanover
Sport in Lower Saxony