cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Reem Al Numery

Reem Al Numery is a children's rights activist in Yemen. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

When Al Numery was 12 years old, she had to marry her 30-year-old cousin. She protested the wedding, but her father gagged her and tied her up. After the wedding, she tried to kill herself twice. 

Al Numery's father would not let her have a divorce. A judge said she was too young to decide, and she could decide when she was 15 years old.    Al Numery went to live with her mother.  Her lawyer said she would appeal.   Reem's father said he would kidnap her but Al Numery wanted to go to school.  She got her divorce in 2010

Awards 

In 2009 Al Numery received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. 

In 2010 Al Numery was named one of Time Magazine's most influential people.

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
1996 births
Activists
Living people
Yemeni people
Veronika Marchenko

Veronika Marchenko is a Russian activist. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

Marchenko started the “Mother’s Right” Foundation in 1990 to bring attention to the problem of hazing in the Soviet military.  The organization helps families of soldiers who die in peacetime, and works against corruption.   Many of the deaths are called suicides, so the families have trouble getting money after the death.  

In 2007, lawyers from Mother’s Right helped 132 families go to court for survivor's benefits.  They also helped 5,323 families of men who died.    

The organization now helps 5000 people a year. They helped a total of 80,000 people.

Other websites 

Mother's Right Foundation (English)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Russian people
Activists
Foreign national

A foreign national is a person who is visiting or living in a country where they are not a citizen.

European Union
The European Union has a different definition of "foreign national."  In the European Union, a person is only thought of as a foreign national if they are not a citizen of any country in the European Union.  These people are called "third party nationals," not "foreign nationals."

The United States 

The United States Department of Homeland Security says that a foreign national as a person "who is a citizen of any country other than the United States."

In other words, a foreign national is a person who:
 Was born outside the United States; and
 Is a citizen of another country; and
 Has not become a United States citizen through naturalization.

References

Migration
Nationality
Aérocentre

Aérocentre is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the region of Centre-Val de Loire in the middle of France.

There are over 321 companies. About 20.000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aérocentre is in Châteauroux. The chairman of the group is Jean-Michel Sanchez.

Partners 
 Agence régionale pour l'innovation
 Banque Populaire
 Airemploi
 Centre d'études supérieures industrielles of Orléans
 Électrcité de France
 Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées

Other websites 
 Website of Aérocentre

Sources and references

2009 establishments in France
Aviation in France
Aerospace engineering
Centre-Val de Loire
Companies of France
2014–15 La Liga

The 2014–15 La Liga season (known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons) was the 84th season of the premier association football league in Spain. The campaign began on 23 August 2014 and ended on 24 May 2015.

Barcelona won its 23rd title on 17 May 2015 after defeating defending champions Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón Stadium.

Results 
2014–15 La Liga - Results of first round
2014–15 La Liga - Results of second round

Statistics

Top goalscorers

Hat-tricks 

4 Player scored four goals
5 Player scored five goals

2014 in association football
2014 in Europe
2015 in Europe
2015 in association football
2010s in Spain
Football in Spain
Convention (meeting)

A convention is a meeting of individuals who meet at an arranged place and time to discuss or engage in some common interest.  The most common conventions are based upon industry, profession, and fandom.  Trade conventions are usually about an industry or industry segment. They often include keynote speakers, vendor displays, and other information and activities of interest to the event organizers and those who attend the convention.  Professional conventions focus on issues of concern to the profession. Fan conventions usually feature displays, shows, and sales based on pop culture and guest celebrities. Science fiction conventions are similar to both professional conventions and fan conventions. Conventions also exist for various hobbies, such as gaming or model railroads.

References 

Human communication
Ella Mitchell

Ella  Mitchell (born 15 August 1937) is an American soul singer and actress. She is best remembered for playing  Hattie Mae Pierce (Big Momma) in the 2000 comedy movie Big Momma's House. She also played Evillene the evil witch in the Broadway theatre  musical The Wiz.

References

Other websites
 
 
 The Wiz 

1937 births
Living people
Actors from Ohio
singers from Ohio
American voice actors
comedians from Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
African American actors
African-American singers
African-American voice actors
African American comedians
African-American movie actors
African-American television actors
African-American stage actors
Constitutional Convention

Constitutional convention may refer to:

 Constitutional convention (political meeting), a meeting of delegates to adopt a new constitution or revise an existing constitution.

Constitutional conventions by country 
 Constitutional Convention (Australia), any of four gatherings in 1891, 1897–98, 1973, 1998
Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
 Constitutional Convention (Ireland), established in 2012
 Constitutional Convention (Philippines)
 Scottish Constitutional Convention
 Constitutional Convention (United States)
Petra Herrera

Colonel Petra Herrera, also known as "Pedro Herrera", was a Mexican "soldadera".  She fought as a revolutionary in the Mexican Revolution.

Life 

Petra Herrera changed herself into "Pedro" Herrera and joined the revolutionary troops of Pancho Villa. She changed her looks and became more masculine.  She invented tricks like saying she shaved at dawn before the other soldiers were awake.  She was known for her courage, and for her specialty of blowing up bridges.

As "Pedro" Herrera, she was well-liked. She was accepted as a leader. She decided to reveal that she was a woman, but the  revolutionary leaders would not give her a military rank.

Fight in Torreón 

Herrera decided to leave Pancho Villa's group.  She created a group of women who, like her, wanted to fight at the front.   Sources say there were tens of thousands of them.

Herrera was in the biggest fight of the war to that date, the second battle of Torreón in 1914. With 400 other women, she took the city on May 30, 1914.  Cosme Mendoza Chavira, another follower of Villa, said "Ella fue quien tomo Torreón y apago las luces cuando entraron en la ciudad" (She was the one who took Torreón and turned out the lights when they entered the city.") Conventional history does not say anything about the participation of Petra Herrera.  Villa gave the role of Petra Herrera in the revolution to  an unknown woman.

The end of her days 

At the end of the fighting, she asked to be a general and to continue to fight, but they only gave her a promotion to colonel. Later, the women under her command were disbanded.   It is not clear how Herrera died. Some say she finished her military days as a spy. They say she was attacked by bandits and died from the wounds.  Others say she died in the cross fire between the federal soldiers and the revolutionaries in Zacatecas.  Others say she formed her own brigade of 25,000 women and lived in a camp where men could not enter without being attacked.  Still others say she ended her existence as a waitress in the city of Juarez in Chihuahua.

References 

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Mexican military people
2014–15 La Liga - Results of first round

This is the Results of the first round of 2014–15 La Liga.

Results 
1st round

4th round

5th round

6th round

7th round

12th round

13th round

14th round

16th round

19th round

La Liga
Football in Spain
2014 in association football
2015 in association football
Bothriolepis

Bothriolepis is a genus of antiarch placoderms. It was widespread and diverse in the middle to late Devonian. 

Bothriolepis lived in environments across every continent including near-shore marine and freshwater settings. Most species of Bothriolepis were  small, benthic, freshwater detritivores. They got nutrients by eating decomposing plant/animal material. They were about  in length.  However, the largest species, B. maxima, had a carapace about  in length. 

Over 70 species are found across the world, but this is also typical of modern bottom dwelling species around today.

References 

Placoderms
Arthrodire

The Arthrodires (Arthrodira) are an order of extinct armoured, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi. They flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and living in most marine ecological niches.

Greek for "jointed neck", the arthrodires had movable joints between armour plates surrounding the head and body. The mouth is interesting. As the lower jaw moved down, the head shield moved, allowing a large opening. Lacking distinct teeth, like all placoderms, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate as a biting surface. The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs. 

Early arthrodires, such as the genus Arctolepis, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, Dunkleosteus, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, from 3 to 9 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed Rolfosteus measured just 15 cm.
 

A common misconception is the arthrodires were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. But during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful vertebrate orders of the Devonian. They occupied a vast spectrum of roles from apex predator to detritus-nibbling bottom dweller. The arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the mass extinctions of the late Devonian. This let other fish such as sharks diversify into the vacant ecological niches during the Carboniferous period.

Placoderms
Extinct fish
Captain Forever

Captain Forever is the name for several space shooter indie games created by Jarred "Farbs" Woods. There are six total versions of the games in the series.

Gameplay 
In Captain Forever, the player is the pilot of a ship that can be expanded or upgraded using parts (such as blasters or boosters) found from other defeated ships. The goal is to stay alive for as long as possible. The game advances by defeating ships of progressive difficulty (represented by color) You lose the game after the pilot is destroyed.

Sequels 
Captain Successor was released in 2009, and included new parts.

Captain Impostor  was released in 2010 for supporters of the game, and included some updates

Captain Jameson was a new project, but scrapped in 2013. This served as the framework for the next game, Dawn Star.

Dawn Star updated the game with new aesthetics and mechanics. Originally called Captain Jameson Reboot.

Captain Forever Remix was released in 2015 by Jarred "Farbs" Woods with Dean Tate and Brian Chan, working with Pixelsaurus games. Captain Forever Remix added many new parts to the ship, and, allowed for parts to be unlocked, and a series of definitive levels (represented by planets in the solar system). The game also styles the pilot as a young girl imagining the game, playing against her brother, the antagonist of the game. Progression through the planets is achieved by destroying ships of a certain level.

Awards 
Captain Forever won the Best Game award at China's first Independent Games Festival in 2009.

References

Shooter video games
2009 video games
Battle of the Atlantic

The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II to defeat the Germans in 1945. The British Royal Navy repeated the blockade of Germany of World War I, and Germany repeated its attempt to blockade Britain by using U-boats.

Notes 
Atlantic
Atlantic Ocean
Paris Square (Jerusalem)

Paris Square (, Kikar Pariz, also called France Square = Kikar Tzarfat) is a square or plaza in Jerusalem. The name France Square was established in 1959. In 2007 the city of Paris gave Jerusalem a "French Fountain" that was built in the middle of the square. From that time the square has been called "Paris Square".

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares
Moscow Square (Jerusalem)

Moscow Square (, Kikar Moskva, ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2007 during the visit of the mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov in Israel. The square is the center of the Russian Compound next to the Russian church.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares
Rome Square (Jerusalem)

Rome Square (, Kikar Roma, ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2009 during the visit of the mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno. The square in located next to the Italian Jews Museum and the Italian Synagogue in Jerusalem.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares
Võ Thị Sáu

Võ Thị Sáu (Đất Đỏ, 1933 – March 13, 1952) was a Vietnamese hero. She was a schoolgirl who fought against the French. (Vietnam was a French colony until 1954.) She was a guerilla fighter.

She was born Phước Thọ Commune, Đất Đỏ District in 1933. In 1948, she started helping the Viet Minh. Many of her friends and family were part of the Viet Minh. She was a contact for the guerillas and passed information to the fighters.

When she was 14, she attacked some French soldiers. She threw a grenade at them. A Captain was killed. Twelve soldiers were hurt. She was not caught.

In 1949, she made another attack. She threw a grenade at a man who was in charge of executions (a canton chief.) The attack did not work: the grenade didn't explode. The French police caught her after the attack. She was sent to prison.

Sáu went to three different prisons. The last prison she went to was Côn Sơn Prison in the Côn Đảo Islands. She was executed (killed) on 13 March 1952. She was 19 years old.

Today, she is considered a martyr. She is buried in Hàng Dương Cemetery on Côn Sơn Island. Many Vietnamese people come to worship at her grave.

References

1933 births
1952 deaths
Vietnamese people
Vietnam
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a condition where a person feels unwell, which people who have it believe it to be due to being near  electromagnetic fields. Other names for it include electrohypersensitivity, electro-sensitivity, and electrical sensitivity (ES).  Wi-Fi allergy is a form of EHS.

According to the World Health Organization, EHS is described by vague symptoms that are different in each person. The symptoms are real and can be weak or strong and can make some disabled. There is no specific list of features to diagnose someone, and there is no scientific link between electromagnetic fields and how people feel. EHS is not a medical diagnosis. People who claim to have EHS blame it for headaches, fatigue, stress, sleep disturbances, skin symptoms like prickling, burning sensations and rashes, pain and ache in muscles and many other health problems. Although electromagnetic fields can make the body hot, people who say they have EHS say they feel sick at very low levels.

Most experiments show that people who claim to have EHS can't correctly tell if they are near EM radiation or not, and the medical and scientific communities don't think its a real illness. Several double-blind experiments suggest that people who say they have EHS can't detect if electromagnetic fields are present, and are just as likely to report feeling sick after a phony exposure as they are after real exposure, making scientists think it is the nocebo effect.

Popular culture

In the TV show Better Call Saul, Jimmy McGill's brother Chuck stays at home and believes he suffers from electromagnetic hypersensitivity.

Related pages
 Wi-Fi Safety

References

Electromagnetism
Health problems
Better Call Saul

Better Call Saul is an American television series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould. It is a spin-off another show, Breaking Bad. Better Call Saul is set in 2002 and follows the story of a lawyer "Jimmy" McGill (Bob Odenkirk), six years before he appeared on Breaking Bad.

The first season consists of 10 episodes. The show's 10-episode second season premiered on February 15, 2016. On March 15, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season.

Like the show that came before it, Better Call Saul has been praised by critics. It has been nominated for several awards, including four Primetime Emmy Awards, three Writers Guild of America Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Golden Globe Award. The first episode held the record for the highest-rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history.

References

American crime drama television series
2010s American television series
English-language television programs
Kollam temple fire

On 10 April 2016 at around 3:30 am Indian Standard Time, there was an explosion and fire at the Puttingal Temple in Paravur, Kollam, Kerala, India. The incident happened when firework celebrations went out of control. More than 100 people were killed. More than 350 were injured, some with severe burns. The temple did not have permission from Kerala Government authorities to do a competitive fireworks display.

References

2016 disasters
2016 in India
2010s explosions in Asia
2010s fires
April 2016 events
Building and structure fires in Asia
2010s disasters in India
Explosions in 2016

Kerala
Marie Christine de Rouvroy

Marie Christine de Rouvroy (May 7, 1728 - July 4, 1774) was a French noblewoman. She was later a member of the House of Grimaldi by marriage. She was a granddaughter of the famous writer, the duc de Saint-Simon  (1675-1755). She was known as the Countess of Valentinois or as Princess Charles Maurice of Monaco. She was a lady-in-waiting to three of the daughters of Louis XV of France and to the Countess of Provence.

Life

Her parents were Jacques Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Ruffec (1698-1746) and his wife Catherine Charlotte Thérèse de Gramont (1707-1755). She was known as Mademoiselle de Ruffec before marriage. she was formally married to Prince Charles Maurice Grimaldi of Monaco, "Count of Valentinois" on 10 December 1749. The wedding took place in the private chapel of the Hôtel Saint-Simon in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV. The couple eventually separated in 1766, having had no children.

Titles
May 7 1728 - 10 December 1749: Mademoiselle de Ruffec.
10 December 1749 - 1766: The Countess of Valentinois. (Madame la comtesse de Valentinois)

References

1728 births
1774 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Złotoryja

Złotoryja (German: Goldberg, Latin: Aurum) it's a town in southwest Poland in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Złotoryja is a capital of Złotoryja County.

Since 1945 Złotoryja was a part of German Reich.

History 
Since 8th until 10th century in the area of Złotoryja lived people from tribe called Trzebowianie. At the end of the 12th century German miners settled here.

In 1211 Złotoryja received the city law. In 1241 miners from Złotoryja fought in Battle of Legnica against Mongols. 

Złotoryja was Czech fief since 1328.

Towns in Poland
Free France

The Free French Forces were a free army during the Nazi occupation of France in World War II. It started in 1940. It ended in 1944 because of the invasion of Normandy. These forces made a major impact on the German army by destroying railroads and attacking German units.

Military of France
World War II
1940s in France
Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois

Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title Count of Valentinois. He had a fairly importanmt military career and was also a Grandee of Spain. He is also sometimes referred to as Prince Charles Maurice of Monaco.

Life

Born at the "Hôtel Matignon" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Duke of Valentinois but the title was given to Charles Maurice to be used as a Count. 

His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751.

Marriage
Married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine de Rouvroy the couple were married in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV of France. They separated in 1766 having had no children together.

Military career
At the age of 18 he partook in the Battle of Fontenoy For his military abilities he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece.

References

1727 births
1798 deaths
Earls and countesses
European military people
House of Grimaldi
People from Paris
École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées

École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées (ENSTA ParisTech) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ENSTA ParisTech (ENSTA ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)
 Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA ParisTech.

Most of the 600 graduate engineer students at ENSTA ParisTech live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

Admission 
Admission to the "ENSTA ParisTech engineering Programme" implemented at ENSTA ParisTech is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either: 
 an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences ;
 a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
 a selective application as per Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)
The "ENSTA Programme" typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the ENSTA Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.
 
However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ENSTA ParisTech and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSTA ParisTech relate to the following topics:
Chemistry and Processes Unit (UCP)
Electronics-IT-robotics Unit (U2IS)
Applied Mathematics Unit (UMA)
Mechanics Unit (UME)
Applied Optics Unit (UOA)
Applied Economics Unit

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities
Colleges and universities in France
1741 establishments
Paris
18th-century establishments in France
1740s establishments in Europe
Wind instrument

A wind instrument is a type of musical instrument where the player blows into (or over) a mouthpiece to produce sound. They typically fit into two categories: woodwind instruments and brass instruments. Woodwind instruments include oboe, clarinet, flute, and saxophone. The brass instruments include the bugle, trumpet, trombone, cornet and tuba.

References 

Musical instruments
Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151

The Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 is a type of train used by Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. It is the first generation rolling stock on the MRT and is one of the five types of electric multiple units on the North South and East West Lines.

The trains were introduced in 1987 and are still in operation. There are sixty-six trainsets with six cars each. There is a single money trainset with four cars that was used to collect money from different stations. It has been withdrawn from service. These trains are operated by SMRT Trains.

The trains were upgraded between 2006 and 2008, mainly to improve the trains' appearances. Most of the important parts for the trains' functioning were not replaced as they were still considered in good condition. However, due to what was considered one of the MRT's worst breakdowns in its history, a second upgrade was planned to replace these important parts, but the Land Transport Authority paused the upgrades as they wanted to replace the trains entirely instead. Currently, only a few trains have these parts replaced.

Design
The train currently has a black livery with a red stripe, similar to that of the C751B and C151A. Before upgrades, it had a white livery with red stripe, similar to the C651.

After the upgrades, the number of seats in a row was reduced from 9 to 7, and more grab poles and straps were installed.

Train Formation
The C151 is made out of 2 3-car trainsets permanently coupled together. Each trainset is assigned a unique number, and each carriage has its own number. There are 132 trainsets numbering 001-132. There would either be normal coupled (099/100) or cross coupled (001/100). A complete set would be coupled together as such:

DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

DT- driving trailer (3)  M1/2 motor car 1/2 (1/2)

The first number of the four numbers is the carriage number, DT (3), M1(1), M2(2).

The second number is the identification number. For the C151, this number is either a '0' or a '1'.

The third and fourth number is the trainset number 

For example, trainset 099/100 would consist of:  3099-1099-2099-2100-1100-3100

Related pages
Siemens C651
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Sifang C151C

MRT Singapore
Rolling stock
El Hedim Square

El Hedim Square (, "the square of demolition") is a famous square in Meknes, Morocco. The square was built in the years 1672-1674 after the Sultan of Morocco, Moulay Ismail, demolished half of the Old city of Meknes for his palace and the square. the Mansour Gate is in the front of the square.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Morocco
Town squares
1670s establishments
Establishments in Morocco
17th-century establishments in Africa
Buprestidae

Buprestida is a family of beetles. In English, they are known as jewel beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles, because of the coloring of their carapace. 

The family is among the largest of the beetles, with some 15,000 recent species  in 450 genera. In addition, almost 100 fossil species have been described.

References 

Polyphaga
Moroccan riad

A Moroccan riad is a traditional Moroccan house or palace with an inside garden or courtyard. A riad normally has two or more storeys around an Andalusian-style courtyard that contained a fountain. They usually do not have outside-facing windows. Riads were the city homes of the wealthiest citizens such as merchants and courtiers. The name riad comes from the Arabic word ‘ryad’, meaning a garden.

References

Related pages 
 Moroccan architecture

Other websites 

 that art of moroccan riad in "Metropolismag" site

Morocco
Architectural styles
Gomillion v. Lightfoot

Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled the redrawing of the city's electoral district boundaries to prevent blacks from voting was unconstitutional. The unanimous Court held that it violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This case was one of several that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Background 
In 1957, the Alabama state legislature passed Act number 140 that changed the borders of the city of Tuskegee's electoral district. It changed the square boundary of Tuskegee to an irregular 28-sided figure that eliminated all but a few of the city's 400 black voters but did not eliminate any white voters. It had the effect of keeping African-American citizens from voting. The petitioners Charles A. Gomillion and other black former residents of Tuskegee brought the suit against the Mayor of Tuskegee, Philip M. Lightfoot. They wanted the law ruled unconstitutional under the Fifteenth Amendment. They also wanted an order that prevented the city from enforcing the Act.

Fifth District Court ruling 
The District Court dismissed the case on the grounds it did not have the authority to invalidate an Act passed by the state legislature. The court ruled:

Supreme Court ruling 
On 14 November 1960, the Supreme Court dismissed the ruling by the lower courts and ruled the Alabama redistricting act was unconstitutional. Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote the majority opinion. He admitted that when states exercise power "wholly within the domain of state interest" they are generally protected from judicial review. But Alabama's representatives were not able to identify "any countervailing municipal function" that this act could serve. It was clear the irregular shaped district had only one purpose, namely, to prevent blacks from any participation in the political system of Tuskegee.

Significance 
This case marked a change in the Supreme Court's involvement in political redistricting. Up to this point the Court had shown it was reluctant to interfere with the States when establishing political boundaries of their cities. However, this case served to show that states cannot deprive citizens of their voting rights which are protected by the Fifteenth Amendment. Although the practice of gerrymandering remained an issue after this case, the Court determined it was unconstitutional when it clearly discriminated against any particular racial group.

References 

1960 in the United States
Rights
United States Supreme Court cases
Western Punjabi Wikipedia

The Punjabi Wikipedia () is the Punjabi language edition of Wikipedia. The Punjabi language is spoken in Punjab region of Pakistan country. It also has the name of Lahnda language. It holds the 88th place in complete list of Wikipedia by articles, with 62,567 articles as of June 2021.

Other websites 
 :pa:ਮੁੱਖ ਸਫ਼ਾ Western Punjabi Wikipedia main page

Western Punjabi
Bukit Brown MRT station

Bukit Brown MRT Station (CC18) is a Circle MRT Line station in Singapore. The station has never been used. It was built for future use. Nearby is Bukit Brown Cemetery, the only remaining cemetery in Singapore.

Following Stations
Previous: Caldecott (CC17)Next: Botanic Gardens (CC19/DT9)

References

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Prince Charles, Count of Carladès

Prince Charles of Monaco, Count of Carladés (Charles Marie Auguste; 1 January 1722 – 24 August 1749), was a Monégasque prince. He was known as the Count of Carladés. He was also the Count of Matignon.

Family

Charles was born in Paris. He was the fourth child and third son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Jacques I of Monaco. As the son of the then-reigning monarch of Monaco, he was a member of the House of Grimaldi. He was given the title of "Count of Carladés". He was also given the title of Count of Matignon in June 1744. aged 12.

Charles never married and never had children. He died of smallpox in the town of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste in the Pyrenees.

References

1722 births
1749 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Earls and countesses
People from Paris
Deaths from smallpox
William Franklin

William Franklin (1730 – November 1813) was an American soldier, attorney, and colonial administrator, the acknowledged illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was the last colonial Governor of New Jersey (1763–1776). Franklin was a steadfast Loyalist throughout the American Revolutionary War.

Early life
William Franklin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, a leading figure in the city. His mother's identity is unknown.
In 1750, Ben told his own mother that William was nineteen years old, but this may have been an attempt to make the youth appear legitimate.

William was raised by Benjamin Franklin and Deborah Read.

Marriage and family
As a young man, William became engaged to Elizabeth Graeme, daughter of prominent Philadelphia physician Dr. Thomas Graeme and granddaughter of Pennsylvania's 14th Governor, Sir William Keith.

While in London, Franklin sired an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, who was born 22 February 1762.  His mother has never been identified, and he was placed in foster care.

Later that year, Franklin married Elizabeth Downes on September 4, 1762 at St George's, Hanover Square in London.

Career
William Franklin completed his law education in England.

Governor of New Jersey
In 1763, William Franklin was appointed as the Royal Governor of New Jersey, due to his father's influence with the British Prime Minister. He replaced Josiah Hardy, a merchant and colonial administrator.  As governor, Franklin signed the charter for Queen's College, which would develop as Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

References

1730 births
1813 deaths
Governors of New Jersey
Politicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Middlesex County College

Middlesex County College is a community college with its main campus located in Edison, New Jersey, United States.

Description
The college was founded in 1964. It offers more than 700 courses in 100 different degree and certificate programs with 21 specially designed transfer programs. Its mission is to provide access to an affordable, quality education

Tuition for county residents is $103 per credit hour. Tuition for out of county residents is $206 per credit hour. Federal financial aid is available in the form of Pell grants, work study programs and direct loans. Students must complete their free application for FAFSA. The MCC Foundation offers over 100 scholarships for students attending the college.

Sports
Men’s sports include: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Golf, Track and field. Women sports include: Soccer, Softball, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Track and Field. The Physical Education Center has a swimming pool, basketball courts, racquetball courts, and a dance studio. There is a weight training room with treadmills and stairmasters, which are available for students, faculty, and college alumni.

Related pages 
List of New Jersey County Colleges

Other websites 
  Middlesex County College webpage
 http://www.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html
 http://stats.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html 

Colleges and universities in New Jersey
1964 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New Jersey
Carteret, New Jersey

Carteret is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 22,844, reflecting an increase of 2,135 (+10.3%) from the 20,709 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,684 (+8.9%) from the 19,025 counted in the 1990 Census.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Carteret had a total area of 5.000 square miles (12.950 km2), including 4.418 square miles (11.442 km2) of land and 0.582 square miles (1.509 km2) of water (11.65%).

Education
The Carteret School District serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's five schools had an enrollment of 3,626 students and 268.0 classroom teachers

Government 
The government has a town council with 6 members and a mayor. They all are elected.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Carteret include:
 Jim Babjak (born 1957), Dennis Diken (born 1957) and Mike Mesaros of the pop/rock group The Smithereens are former Carteret residents who met in school there.
 Lori Baratta, artist; her portraits of past and present mayors and other famous people from Carteret hang on the walls in City Hall.
 Joseph A. Cafasso (born 1956), former Fox News consultant on military and counterterrorism issues who left the network after allegations surfaced that he misrepresented his military record.
 Jim Conti of the ska band Streetlight Manifesto.
 Thomas Deverin (1921–2010), former mayor of Carteret who served 22 years in the New Jersey General Assembly.
 Keith Hughes (1968-2014), basketball player at Syracuse University and Rutgers who was selected by the Houston Rockets in the 1991 NBA Draft, but never played in the NBA.
 Chad Kinch (1958–1994), shooting guard who played in the NBA for the Cleveland Cavaliers and Dallas Mavericks.
 Jim McGreevey (born 1957), former Governor of New Jersey, grew up in Carteret.
 Art McMahon, defensive back for the New England Patriots football team from 1968-1972.
 Joe "Ducky" Medwick (1911–1975), left fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s, elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968, by the Veterans Committee. Ranked #7 on the Sports Illustrated list of The 50 Greatest New Jersey Sports Figures.
 Nicholas Minue (d. 1943) United States Army Private who received the Medal of Honor for military service in World War II. An elementary school on Post Boulevard in Carteret is named in his honor.
 Paul J. Pluta, Rear Admiral, United States Coast Guard (Ret.)
 Joel Weisman (1943-2009), physician who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS.
 Laurence S. Weiss (c. 1919 - 2003), business executive and politician wh served in the New Jersey Senate from 1978 to 1992.
 Jason Worilds (born 1988), football player selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2010 NFL Draft.

References

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1906 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
1922 establishments in the United States
King cobra

The King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), or hamadryad, is in the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. An adult King cobra can grow up to , though most are less than . 

The King cobra lives throughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It mostly avoids humans. The King cobra lives up to 20 years.

The King cobra lives in thick forests, and likes areas dotted with lakes and streams.

It eats mostly snakes but sometimes lizards and rodents. After a large meal it may live months before eating again. 

The Indian grey mongoose is one of the few predators of the King cobra but may not attack them much.

Venom 
The venom from a bite can be deadly. The snake can kill a man with a single bite.  The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenom.

There are two kinds of antivenom that can be used to help when someone is bitten. Bites do not happen often, snake handlers are most likely to be bitten.

Parenting 
Unlike many snakes the female king cobra is very good parent. It makes a mound as a nest for its eggs and protects them for 60-90 days until they hatch. It lays 20-40 eggs.  The mother stays until the eggs begin to hatch and then leaves to find food for herself. Baby king cobras are  and have venom as strong as adults.

References

Other websites
Real Audio format of a king cobra hissing 

Elapidae
National symbols of India
Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT station

Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT Station (NS4/JS1/BP1) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is the interchange station between the North South MRT Line and Bukit Panjang LRT Line. It is located in Choa Chu Kang.

The station is the first interchange between the MRT and the LRT.

History
The MRT station opened on 10 March 1990 and was the terminus of the Branch Line. Construction began on 15 February 1986. With the opening of the North South Line Woodlands Extension on 10 February 1996, the branch line became part of the North South Line. It was recoded from B3 to N21 in 1996. The LRT station opened on 6 November 1999, on the opening day of the Bukit Panjang LRT line. It was again, recoded from N21 and A1 to the present BP1 and NS4 in 2001.

After a 2008 accident, automatic platform gates were installed for safety on 26 August 2011 on the North South Line platforms and started operating on 21 October 2011. HVLS fans in the MRT platform started operating on 10 October 2012. The LRT platform also features fans as of 27 September 2015.

On 31 October 2012, LTA announced that Choa Chu Kang LRT Station will have two more platforms, specifically for commuters to exit the trains to allow the existing platform in the centre to have more space for passengers getting on. There will also be additional fare gates and a new covered linkway from the LRT station to Lot One. These new additions which also include widening the staircase between the MRT and the LRT stations will be completed by 2016. New Exit E was opened at the same time, to Lot One Shoppers Mall but despite that, there is no lift access, only stairs. The two newly constructed platforms at the LRT station began operations on 27 December 2016. The two new side platforms, Platforms 3 and 4, lack lift access so passengers who need to take the lift when exiting at Choa Chu Kang LRT Station have to wait for the doors to open to the island platform (Platforms 1 and 2), where lift access is available. Stickers to remind passengers to exit at Platforms 1 or 2 if they need a lift to exit are placed on all the LRT doors.

In 2016, Platforms 1 and 2 of the LRT had Half-Height Platform Barriers installed. Choa Chu Kang (and Bukit Panjang) was the first to install platform gates due to the high commuter traffic at this station. Automatic platform gates were installed at Platforms 3 and 4 during construction.

References

Light Rail Transit (Singapore) stations
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1990 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Singapore
HarbourFront MRT station

HarbourFront Station (NE1/CC29) is an MRT Station in Singapore. 

It is an interchange station along the North East MRT Line and Circle MRT Line. It is  currently the only double terminus in Singapore's MRT line. The station is located next to VivoCity and HarbourFront Centre.

The station was originally called World Trade Center, but changed to its current name after the 9/11 attacks

Following Stations 
NEL:

-previous: Terminus  -next: Outram Park

CCL:

-previous: Telok Blangah  -next: Terminus

Timeline
20 June 2003: Station opened
8 October 2011: Circle MRT Line opened

Former Codes
North East MRT Line: H1 (before opening)
Circle MRT Line: N/A

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Dhoby Ghaut MRT station

Dhoby Ghaut Station (NS24/NE6/CC1) is a Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South Line, North East Line and Circle Line.

Dhoby Ghaut is the first triple-line interchange station in Singapore. It is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore. The deepest point is at 28 metres below ground level.

The station was named after the Indian laundrymen that worked around the area in the early 20th century. The section of track between this station and Somerset is the shortest between any two stations on the North South Line; it takes 1 minute for a train to travel between these two stations. It is one of the station that receives heavy passenger numbers during peak hours.

History
The North South Line section of Dhoby Ghaut (Code: N1) was the first to open, doing so on 12 December 1987. It was formerly named The Istana, where the president's palace is located. The platforms were built under the former Stamford canal. It became an interchange station with the opening of the North East Line on 20 June 2003 (Code: H5), while the North South Line part of the station underwent upgrading which was completed in 2006. It to date remains the only interchange station serving the North South and North East Lines.

The Circle Line station opened on 17 April 2010, at which point Dhoby Ghaut became the first station in Singapore to be an interchange between three MRT lines. It is currently the only triple-line interchange station on the MRT network; however, with the opening of Stage 3 of the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line in 2021, two other stations, Outram Park and Marina Bay, will also become triple-line interchanges.

Dhoby Ghaut is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore, with the deepest point at 28 metres below ground level. It is one of only four stations on the MRT network to have travelators with the other three being Bugis, Serangoon and Botanic Gardens stations.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Singapore
Rameswaram

Rameshwaram is a coastal town in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu state in India. It is located in a island named Pamban island, which is separated from Indian mainland by Pamban Channel.

Rameshwaram is one of the holiest shrines for Hindus. The populous Ramanathaswamy Temple is located here.The town has the 64 Holy Tirthas,  of which 24 are important accoring to Skanda Purana.

The town covers an area of 53 km2. The population of the town is 44,851 according to 2011 census. This town is the birth place of the 11th president of India, Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam.

The island in which Rameshwaram located was hit by a cyclone in 1964, that washed away Dhanushkodi, a nearby town and made severe damage in Rameshwaram too.

References

Ramanathapuram district
Vaigai River

The Vaigai River is a river that starts flowing from Varusanadu Hills, Periyar plateau of the Western Ghats range. This river flows east towards Tamil Nadu. The Vaigai river produces the Vattaparai Falls. The city of Madurai lies on the banks of this river. The river empties into the Palk strait in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.

Length
The Vaigai river flows for 256km (160mi). The area of the drainage basin of Vaigai is 7036 square kilometers.

Tributaries
The tributaries of Vaigai are Suruli River, Mullaiyaar River, Varaha River and Manjal River. The Kirudhumal River joins Vaigai river in Theni district. The water of Periyar river is diverted or turned to Vaigai.

Reference

Rivers of Tamil Nadu
Paulo Dybala

Paulo Dybala (born 15 November 1993) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Argentina national team.

He began his career as a professional footballer in 2011 in the Argentine Second division. In 2012, he moved to Europe and signed for Palermo. His great performances in Serie A got him a transfer to Juventus in 2015.

Due to his creative style of play, pace, technique, talent, and eye for goal, he has been nicknamed La Joya ("The Jewel" in Spanish.)

Early life
Dybala was born in Córdoba, Argentina. His grandfather, Bolesław Dybała, was from the village of Kraśniów in Poland. His family also had Italian origins through his maternal grandmother named Da Messa from the Province of Naples.

Career statistics

Club

International 

 As of match played 18 November 2019. Argentina score listed first, score column indicates score after each Dybala goal.

References

1993 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Juventus F.C.
Cecelia Holland

Cecelia Holland is an American historical fiction novelist.

Early life and education
Holland was born on December 31, 1943, in Henderson, Nevada. She grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey, where she started writing at age 12.

1943 births
Living people
American children's writers
People from Henderson, Nevada
Writers from Nevada
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from California