cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1910s

The 1910s was the decade that started on January 1, 1910, and ended on December 31, 1919.

Events 
 Balkan Wars
 1911-12: The Republic of China overthrew the Qing Dynsty.
 1912: The ship RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and sinks on its first voyage.
 1912: Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden.
 1914–1918: World War I 15,000,000 people die
 1917: The October revolution in Russia. Communists get rid of the king (Tsar)
 1918–1919: Influenza (the spanish flu) spreads through Europe killing 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 people.

World leaders 
 Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (Australia)
 Prime Minister Joseph Cook (Australia)
 Prime Minister Billy Hughes (Australia)
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Emperor Karl (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden (Canada)
 Emperor Henry Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty (China)
 Sun Yat-sen, President of the Republic of China
 Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China and briefly Emperor.
 Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China
 Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (German Empire)
 King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
 Pope Pius X
 Pope Benedict XV
 Sultan Vahidettin (Ottoman Empire)
 Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Nicholas II (Russia)
 Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
 King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
 Prime Minister José Canalejas (Spain)
 Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier (Spain)
 King George V (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
 President William Howard Taft (United States)
 President Woodrow Wilson (United States)

Births 
 1911 – Ronald Reagan
 1912 – Alan Turing
 1912 – John Cage
 1912 – Pope John Paul I
 1913 – Richard Nixon
 1913 – Gerald Ford
 1914 – Richard Widmark
 1916 – Gregory Peck
 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African prisoner of conscience and president
 1918 – Paul Harvey, American radio host
 1919 – Eva Perón

Deaths 
 1914 – Adlai E. Stevenson, American politician
 1914 – John Philip Holland, early submarine designer
 1919 – Emiliano Zapata
William Christopher

William Christopher (October 20, 1932 – December 31, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series M*A*S*H. He also played Private Lester Hummel on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. 

Christopher was born in Evanston, Illinois. He studied at Wesleyan University. His wife was Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, Mixed Blessings, about their experiences raising their autistic son. He retired in 2012.

Christopher died on December 31, 2016 in Pasadena, California from small-cell carcinoma, aged 84.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Illinois
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
People from Evanston, Illinois
Boxer shorts

Boxer shorts are men's underwear. They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.

They were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947. These days, briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.

Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. They can be made in different colors or patterns.  Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.
 
underwear
MSN

MSN (formerly the Microsoft Network), is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet).

Web portal 
The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of Internet Explorer.

MSN Messenger 
MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small emoticons to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger.

MSN Hotmail 

Hotmail is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger.

Other websites 
MSN.com
Hotmail.com

Microsoft websites
Internet service providers
Websites
1790



Events 
 January 15 – Pitcairn Islands settled by mutineers from HMS Bounty
 January 23 – HMS Bounty burned and destroyed on Pitcairn Island

Deaths 
 July 17 – Adam Smith
Nuuk

Nuuk (Danish: Godthaab or Godthåb) is the capital of Greenland. It is around the mouth of island Nuup Kangerlua (Danish: "Godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of Greenland, about 240 km (150 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. The city has a population of 15,047 people.

It was founded in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means Good Hope. Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes.

Nuuk is the location of the University of Greenland.

References

National capitals in North America
Settlements in Greenland
Lumberjack

A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. Lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws.

Related pages
Paul Bunyan

Occupations
Forestry
Red Hat Linux

Red Hat Linux is a discontinued Linux operating system, replaced by RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux).

Red Hat made it public in the past and it was used by many Linux users. The last publicly-released version was Red Hat Linux 9 in April, 2003. Red Hat then decided to discontinue a future release of Red Hat Linux and started the paid Red Hat Enterprise Linux instead. There are some redistributions of RHEL, though such as CentOS which are free and come without Red Hat's branding, logos etc. due to trademark restrictions.

Red Hat Linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations.

Around 2005, The Red Hat company released their system as Fedora Core, intended to be a test platform for new technologies. It is now called just 'Fedora' and its present release acts as a base for the next release of RHEL.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

Other websites 
 Official homepage of Red Hat

Linux distributions
Red Hat
The Thinker

The Thinker () (1902) is a bronze statue. It was made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. It depicts a man sitting and thinking with his arms bent on his knee and his chin on his hand. Rodin first called the statue The Poet. It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem The Divine Comedy of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. The Thinker was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell considering his great poem.  Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist. They are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions.

Other websites 
 The Thinker project, Munich. Discussion of the history of the many casts of this artwork.

Statues
Anahim Volcanic Belt

The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a nearly east-west line of volcanoes stretches from the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, just north of Vancouver Island, and reaches into the Interior Plateau near Quesnel. The farther away from the coast, the younger the volcanoes tend to be. These volcanoes are thought to have formed because of the North American continent sliding westward over the Anahim hotspot. Volcanoes in this belt include the Rainbow, Ilgachuz, and Itcha Ranges, and the Nazko Cone, which last erupted about 7200 years ago.

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mount Meager

Mount Meager is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1 km).

The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called Cathedral Mountain.

Geologic history
Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried eastward as far as Alberta.

Volcanic hazards
Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at about one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning.

The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communities across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50 km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery.

Other websites
Global Volcanism Program: Meager
Volcanology of the 2350 BP Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a major branch of philosophy. It concerns existence and the nature of things that exist. Altogether it is a theory of reality.

Ontology is the part of metaphysics which discusses what exists: the categories of being.  Apart from ontology, metaphysics concerns the nature of, and relations among, the things that exist.

The classical metaphysical idea that reality exists independently of one's mind and yet can be known is called realism.  The metaphysical idea that no mind-independent reality exists or can be known is idealism. These are two main battlegrounds of metaphysics.

Modern Humanist Metaphysics believes that the Universe is basically psychological. Some Quantum physicists now agree with modern metaphysics in that they hold to the major premise that everything in the Universe is made up of two things...consciousness and energy. Not energy and matter as Newton proposed.

Under Modern Metaphysics it is believed that consciousness uses energy to create everything/anything...including all physical matter and all events. 

Therefore, "All is Within"..within the mind.

History

Natural philosophy 
In the West, metaphysics is usually traced to the natural philosophers in ancient Greece, where Aristotle systematized a metaphysical description of nature equivalent to today's theoretical science.  

By the 4th century AD in Alexandria, Egypt, alchemy was starting its transformation into chemistry. The conventional view is that alchemy was steeped in mysticism, and that chemistry did not quite become what we would call science until it entered the 19th century.

Science 
In the early 17th century, Galileo introduced to physics his experiments with earthly objects: the dawn of empirical science in Western Europe. Galilean laws of motion led to the overthrow of Aristotle's ideas, a revolution more or less completed by the wide acceptance of Cartesian physics, built upon Copernican and Galilean mechanics.

Newtonian physics rapidly replaced Cartesian physics. Isaac Newton, like others that we now call scientists, was known as a natural philosopher.  In the 1830s, Auguste Comte created positivism, the first modern philosophy of science. It sought the divorce of science from religion and metaphysics.

In 1847, Hermann von Helmholtz's paper "On the conservation of energy", stated the first law of thermodynamics, and tried to reduce physiology to physics.  In 1859, Darwin proposed an explanation of evolution by natural selection. Both seemed plausible and compatible with physical theory.

Common use 
By the 1860s, the term science (as meaning something distinct from philosophy) entered the dictionary.  Today the term metaphysics usually refers to discussion of aspects of reality which are beyond physics.  Particularly among those seeking to be scientific, the term metaphysics can be pejorative to varying degrees, as the term may rely on supernatural explanations of reality, which are not yet scientifically validated.

Related pages
Metaphysical poets

References

Other websites 
 Metaphysics -Citizendium

Branches of philosophy
Reality
Saint Patrick's Day

Saint Patrick's Day is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration for Irish people. Saint Patrick’s Day is also called Paddy’s day.

Celebrations 
It is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades. It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Another tradition of Saint Patrick’s day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched.
Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland. People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. It is very normal that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland. 

The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration.

Celebration in Ireland 

Christian holidays
National Days
Hibiscus syriacus

Hibiscus syriacus is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of Hibiscus. Common names for the same plant include Rose of Sharon (but it is not a rose), rose mallow, shrub-althaea, Syrian hibiscus, Syrian ketmia, and St Joseph's rod.

The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but the exact origin is so far unknown. Historically it was grown in ancient China and then it became a popular plant in Korea. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.

There are many variations of flowers in gardens, because gardeners of the past were able to find different colors and shapes of flowers, and grow their seeds.

Gallery

References 

Trees
Malvaceae
Alagoas

Alagoas is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Índios, Penedo, Marechal Deodoro, and Maragogi. The state has a total of 101 cities.

Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees. Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast.

References

Other websites 
 Government of the State of Alagoas  

 
States of Brazil
René Descartes

René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a famous French philosopher and physicist. He wrote books that are very important in the fields of maths, physics and especially philosophy. His dualism statement combined soul, mind, body theories and elements into one concept; a dualistic theory of mind and matter.

In younger years he was a mercenary soldier.

Descartes and physics (the study of the world) 
In his Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1628) and his Discourse on Method (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific method that deals with scientific approach, thinking, a method which he had invented. He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (optics), and the weather (Meteorology). He then invented a way of describing shapes now called the Cartesian coordinate system, and a theory of what a rainbow is. Descartes' physics was important for a later famous thinker, Sir Isaac Newton, who said about him and so did James Hook: "If I have seen further it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants!"

Descartes and philosophy (the study of abstract ideas) 
In his Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) Descartes used his scientific method to look at philosophical questions. He argued against skepticism (the view that the world was not real, and did not exist).

He found that he himself must be real (exist), because he felt that he was thinking; and if he was thinking, then he must be real. This is because if he were not real, then how would he have this feeling that he was thinking. He shortened this view, saying in Latin, "Cogito ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."

He also thought he could show that God exists, in the same way that he felt that he was thinking. Descartes said that God was the same as infinity and that he could clearly see infinity because he could think of every larger object but no largest object. Descartes said that if God exists then the world must exist as well, since God was good and would not let us think the world is real (exists) if it was not real.

Finally, Descartes thought that because he knew he was thinking, but could only know anything else about himself (for example that he had two arms and two legs) because he knew that God exists, then he must be made up of two things: the mind that thinks and the body that is independent of thinking, yet they are united together. This is called "Cartesian Dualism".

Descartes used a lot of ideas related to Plato, while most people at that time used ideas related to Aristotle. He is often called a rationalist, because he looked inside his mind for answers to his questions. Although Descartes wanted to fight skepticism, his description of it in the meditations has become very famous and is often called Cartesian Skepticism after him.

1596 births
1650 deaths
French physicists
French philosophers
Tanzania

Tanzania is a country in East Africa. The official languages are Kiswahili and English. It is next to Africa's biggest lake, Lake Victoria.

In 2017, there were about 54,000,000 people living in Tanzania. They are divided into 120 tribes; none have more than 10% of the population. Tanzania is a multicultural society. There are many languages & religions in Tanzania; the main ones being Christianity and Arabic.

The president of the United Republic of Tanzania is Samia Suluhu Hassan. Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, UNIDO, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, SADC, PTA, and the ADB. It is also signatory to the Lome Convention.

Mainland Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) received independence in December 1961, while Zanzibar gained her independence in January 1964, through a revolution. The two countries joined together to form the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964. Until July 1992, Tanzania was a one-party state. Following a Presidential Commission, the country has started a multi-party political system. It has held successful general elections in 1995 and 2000.
"

Tanzania is home to the Serengeti. Many animals such as lions and cheetahs live there.

Regions 

Tanzania is divided into 26 Regions. 21 are on the mainland and five in Zanzibar.

Tanzania's regions are: Arusha Dar es Salaam Dodoma Iringa Kagera Kigoma Kilimanjaro Lindi Manyara Mara Mbeya Morogoro Mtwara Mwanza Pemba North Pemba South Pwani Rukwa Ruvuma Shinyanga Singida Tabora Tanga Zanzibar Central/South Zanzibar North Zanzibar Urban/West

Related pages
List of rivers of Tanzania
Tanzania at the Olympics
Tanzania national football team

Notes

References

Other websites
 New map of Tanzania

1964 establishments in Africa
Least developed countries
States and territories established in the 1960s
Kingdom of Great Britain

The United Kingdom of Great Britain was a state in the British Isles. The kingdom came into existence because of the Acts of Union 1707. These acts of parliament joined together (unified) the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. The kingdom's lands were Great Britain (an island in the Atlantic Ocean near Continental Europe) and some other islands in the British Isles. Throughout its existence, the kingdom was in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) with the Kingdom of Ireland. Outside the British Isles, Great Britain governed other lands and started colonies: the British Empire.

When the kingdom began, the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England joined into one legislature, the Parliament of Great Britain. The parliament met in the old Palace of Westminster in London. London was the capital city and the British government was there. The two earlier kingdoms of Scotland and England had been in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) since the reign of James VI and I. King James was a King of Scots who became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 because he inherited the kingdoms of Elizabeth I.

In 1801, by the Act of Union 1800, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland joined together into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the putting down of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Monarchs 
Anne became Queen of England, Queen of Scotland, and Queen of Ireland in 1702. She became Queen of Great Britain when the new kingdom started in 1707. (Ireland was a separate kingdom, so Anne was Queen of Ireland and the later kings of Great Britain were each themselves King of Ireland.) From the start of 1801, during the reign of George III, the two kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

House of Stuart 

 Anne (1707–1714)

House of Hanover 

George I (1714–1727)
George II (1727–1760)
George III (1760–1801), continued as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1820.

References 

Great Britain
Great Britain
 
1700s establishments in Europe
1800s disestablishments in Europe
Toyota

(TYO: 7203.T), (NYSE: TM), (LSE: TYT), is an automobile maker in Japan. It was founded by Eiji Toyoda. It is based in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture. Toyota provides financial services and works with many other kinds of business as well. It makes cars and trucks under the brand names Toyota, Hino Truck, Scion and Lexus. The company owns most of Daihatsu. Toyota automobiles are well known for lasting a very long time. Their North American offices are in Torrance, California. The Calty Design Center, a place where Toyota cars are designed is in Newport Beach, California and there is a factory in Georgetown, Kentucky.

Another factory that was run by both Toyota and General Motors is in Fremont, California. It was called "NUMMI," or New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated, but is now owned by Tesla Motors to make their electric vehicles.

Toyota was started in 1933 as "Toyoda," a maker of textile-weaving machines. Toyota's premier US dealer for Toyota automobiles was established in San Diego, CA as Rose Toyota, later named Toyota San Diego. Their telephone number is 619-280-4100. It is one of the most successful dealers on the west coast.

Founder Eiji Toyoda died on September 17, 2013 from natural causes at the age of 100.

Scion 
Toyota operates Scion. It founded Scion in 2003. Toyota decided to close down Scion in August of 2016.

Lexus 
Toyota Founded Lexus in 1989 as its luxury division

Models

 Toyota 4Runner
 Toyota Avalon
 Toyota Aygo
 Toyota Camry
 Toyota Celica
 Toyota Corolla
 Toyota Highlander
 Toyota Hi-Lux
 Toyota Matrix
 Toyota MR2
 Toyota Prius
 Toyota RAV4
 Toyota Sequoia
 Toyota Sienna
 Toyota Supra
 Toyota Tundra
 Toyota Yaris

Scion:
 Scion FRS
 Scion Fuse
 Scion tC
 Scion xA
 Scion xB

Lexus:

References

 
1937 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Japan
Carlos Menem

Carlos Saúl Menem (July 2, 1930 – February 14, 2021) was an Argentine politician and writer. He was the President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999. From 1973 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1989, Menem was Governor of La Rioja.

Menem was the first Argentine president to visit Israel. He was a supporter of Peronist ideas.
 
After he moved to Chile, Argentina tried to extradite him. In 2005, he became Senator for La Rioja.

In 2003, he ran for president again and narrowly won the first round of the election. However he dropped out of the race after seeing that Néstor Kirchner would beat him in the second round.

Some Argentines believe that his name brings bad luck, something that Menem also believes in.

On 15 December 2020, he was hospitalized in Buenos Aires for a urinary tract infection. On 24 December, he suffered from kidney failure and put in a coma. Menem died on 14 February 2021 from problems caused by the infection, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation
Launch of new faction (from the BBC)
Chile declines extradition request (from the BBC)
Menem arrives on Argentine soil (from the BBC)

1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Presidents of Argentina
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (), or CBC, is a national television and radio broadcasting company in Canada. It was formed in 1936 and is a Canadian Crown corporation, which means it is owned by the Canadian government.

CBC Television Shows
Talkabout Game Show
Sharon Lois & Bram's Elephant Show
It's A Living
Gullage's

CBC Stations
CBAT Saint John, New Brunswick
CBCT Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
CBHT Halifax, Nova Scotia
CBKT Regina, Saskatchewan
CBLT Toronto, Ontario
CBMT Montreal, Quebec
CBNT St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
CBRT Calgary, Alberta
CBUT Vancouver, British Columbia
CBWT Winnipeg, Manitoba

Other websites 
 CBC website

Canadian television networks
1936 establishments in North America
1930s establishments in Canada
Baz Luhrmann

Mark Anthony Luhrmann or Baz Luhrmann (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian movie and theatre director. He has directed three movies (The Red Curtain Trilogy) which have made him famous: Strictly Ballroom (1992), Romeo + Juliet (1996), and Moulin Rouge! (2001).

1962 births
Living people
Australian movie directors
18th century

The 18th century was the century from 1701 to 1800.

Lots of things happened in the 18th century. In warfare, pikes were not used anymore and the most popular type of gun was a Flintlock Musket. The most important war was the seven years war. England united with Scotland and conquered India, the USA got independence from Britain and the first fleet arrived in Australia. At the end of the century France had a revolution which would lead to Napoleon becoming the ruler of France in the next century.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 18th century are in italics.

People 

 James Watt, Scottish Engineer
 Johann Sebastian Bach, composer
 Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
 George Washington, Revolutionary War general and first president of the United States
 James Cook, English explorer
 Blackbeard, English pirate
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
17th century

The 17th century was the century from 1601 to 1700.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 17th century are in italics.
FIFA World Cup

The FIFA World Cup is the most watched tournament in football (soccer). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organises the World Cup every four years. More people watch the World Cup finals than any other sporting event in the world—even more people than the Olympic Games. The most successful team has been Brazil because they have won the competition 5 times. 

The finals tournament is held every four years. In the other years there are only qualifiers (qualifying tournaments) in the six FIFA world regions. These games help to decide which teams will move on. Over 160 national teams play in the qualifying games. The best teams from the qualifying games win a place in the finals. The finals now include 32 teams. Before 1998, only 24 teams were in the finals; starting in 2026, there will be 48 teams in the finals. Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held. Being the host nation means that their team has qualified for the finals tournament automatically and does not need to play any qualifying games. The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks, usually between June and July, to decide who the champion (tournament winner) will be.

Past World Cup results 

Notes

Wins by team

Related pages
 Ranking of clubs for number of world champion players with national football teams
 National teams world champions (football)

References

 
1930 establishments
Jakarta

Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta) is the largest and the capital city of Indonesia. It is on the northwest coast of the island of Java, it has an area of 661.52 km² and a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011. Jakarta has been established for more than 490 years and now is the ninth most dense city in the world with 15,400 people per km².

Jakarta's first name was Sunda Kelapa. Before the Dutch came, it was renamed the city Jayakarta, starting in 1527. In 1619 the Dutch renamed the city Batavia. It was called Jakarta by the Japanese during World War 2.

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Köppen climate classification).

Jakarta's challenges include rapid urban growth and flooding. Additionally, Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year. It is also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In 2019, President Joko Widodo announced a move of the capital to East Kalimantan, an Indonesian province on the island of Borneo. On 18 January 2022, the Parliament of Indonesia approved a bill to change the country's capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Jakarta Official Travel Website
 An Account of Exploring Jakarta by Bicycle
Comedy Central

Comedy Central is an American cable channel that specializes in comedy and stand-up. Programs include TV shows, movies, and stand-up comedy. It was launched on June 1, 1991. It's headquarters are in New York City, New York. It is a merger between MTV Networks' HA! and HBO's Comedy Channel.

The station's programs include South Park, The Colbert Report, The Daily Show with PhamVietDung, Tosh.0 with Daniel Tosh With PhanVietDung, Futurama, and Drama.

Comedy Central also features a Secret Stash program. Airing on late Saturday night, Secret Stash would show generally R-rated movies and stand-up comedy. The program is mostly unedited, uncut, leaving language in that is normally cut out. Sometimes nudity is shown.

Other websites 
 The official site

1991 establishments in New York (state)
American television channels
Viacom
Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam is an American alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington. They formed in 1990. They were an important part of the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, along with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains. Pearl Jam has sold around 85 million records worldwide in 2018 and are usually named one of the greatest bands of the 90's.

After fellow Seattle band Mother Love Bone's lead singer, Andrew Wood, passed away around 1990, remaining members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament went to look for a singer and a drummer for a new band. They came across Jack Irons which he soon passed on to Eddie Vedder, who worked at a gas station in California and occasionally surfed. He then recorded vocals for the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps". After he sent the demo to the members, Eddie flew up to Seattle and joined the band.

The band is made up of lead singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron. Along with keyboardist Boom Gaspar and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer as touring members. The band had five drummers, which were Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese, and Jack Irons. Matt Cameron has been Pearl Jam's drummer since 1998.

List of albums

Studio albums
 1991 - Ten
 1993 - Vs.
 1994 - Vitalogy
 1996 - No Code
 1998 - Yield
 2000 - Binaural
 2002 - Riot Act
2006 - Pearl Jam
 2009 - Backspacer
 2013 - Lightning Bolt
2020 - Gigaton

Compilation albums
 2003 - Lost Dogs
 2004 - Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003
 2011 - Pearl Jam Twenty

Live albums
 Live on Two Legs
 2004 - Live at Benaroya Hall
 2006 - Live in NYC 12/31/92
 2006 - Live at Easy Street
 2007 - Live at the Gorge 05/06
 2007 - Live at Lollapalooza 2007
 2011 - Live on Ten Legs
 2011 - 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada
 2011 - Vault #1 Moore Theatre 1992
 2012 - Vault #2 Vic Theatre, Chicago 2007
 2013 - Vault #3 Constitution Hall, Washington D.C. 9/19/1998
 2015 - Vault #4 Mount Baker Theatre, Bellingham, WA 5/10/2000
 2015 - Vault #5 Alladin Theatre, Las Vegas 11/30/1993
 2016 - Vault #6 Great Western Forum 7/13/1998
 2016 - Live at Third Man Records 2017 - Let's Play Two''

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Andy Gibb

Andrew Roy Gibb (5 March, 1958 – 10 March, 1988) was an English singer popular in the 1970s. He was the younger brother of Barry (born 1946), Maurice (1949–2003) and Robin Gibb (1949–2012), The Bee Gees. He was born in Manchester, but spent most of his childhood in Queensland. He died in Oxford of myocarditis (a heart problem) caused by an infection, shortly after his 30th birthday. While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from myocarditis
English pop musicians
English singers
Infectious disease deaths in England
Musicians from Manchester
The Turtles

The Turtles were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California. Their best known song is "Happy Together". Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer. After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as Flo and Eddie.

Albums 
 It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
 You Baby (1966)
 Happy Together (1967)
 The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
 Turtle Soup (1969)
 Wooden Head (1970)
 Chalon Road (1986)
 Shell Shock (1986)

Musical groups from Los Angeles
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Donovan

Donovan Phillips Leitch (born May 10, 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)

Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".

Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album A Gift From a Flower to a Garden called upon young people to "stop the use of all drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)

After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He published an autobiography, The Hurdy Gurdy Man, during 2005.

Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

Other websites

 Official Site
 Donovan Unofficial Site
 Complete discography
 Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).

1946 births
Living people
British pop musicians
Scottish singers
Autobiographers
Frisian languages

Frisian refers to three languages that comes from Friesland, a province in the Netherlands. They are spoken in the Netherlands, in Eastern Germany, and in some areas of Jutland, Denmark. It is also spoken on the Frisian Isles (Wadden Isles) and Western German (East Frisian) Isles such as Borkum.

They are West Germanic languages that are related to Dutch and are also the closest living languages to English. All of them have been spoken since Roman times.

The Frisian languages are:
West Frisian
North Frisian
Saterland Frisian

References
Smashing Pumpkins

The Smashing Pumpkins are an influential alternative rock band of the early 1990s. They formed in Chicago, Illinois in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums).

They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight, Tonight".

Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.

Discography  
 Gish (1991)
 Siamese Dream (1993)
 Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995)
 Adore (1998)
 Machina/The Machines of God (2000)
 Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music (2000)
 Zeitgeist (2007)
 Teargarden by Kaleidyscope (released beginning in 2009)
 Oceania (2012)
 Monuments to an Elegy (2014)
 Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun. (2018)
 Cyr (2020)

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Illinois
Musical groups from Chicago
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in Illinois
Tucumán Province

Tucumán is the smallest of the provinces of Argentina. It is in the northwest of the country and its capital is San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán.

The province has the nickname El Jardín de la República (The Garden of the Republic), as it is a highly productive agricultural area.

Geography
The province of Tucumán has an area of  and is surrounded by the provinces:
 Salta to the north;
 Santiago del Estero to the east; and
 Catamarca to the south and west.

Tucumán has two main different geographical regions. The east is associated with the Gran Chaco flat lands, while the west presents a mixture of the Sierras of the Pampas to the south and the canyons of the Argentine Northwest to the north.

The highest peak in the province is the Cerro del Bolsón near the border with the Catamarca province. It has an elevation of .

The main river of the province is the Dulce that flows through the province where is known as the Salí river.

Climate
San Miguel de Tucumán, with an elevation of , has a humid subtropical climate (subtype Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).

The average temperature for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

Population
The inhabitants of Tucumán are known, in Spanish, as Tucumanos (women: Tucumanas).

The province of Tucumán has a population, in 2010, of 1,448,188; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Tucumán

Education 
There are four universities in Tucumán:
 Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (National University of Tucumán).
 Facultad Regional Tucumán, part of the Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (National Technological University).
 Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino (Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North).
 Universidad San Pablo-T (Saint Paul-T University).

Political division
The province is divided into 17 departments ().

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Tucuman.gov.ar Tucuman Province Official Website 
 TucumanTurismo.gob.ar Tucuman Tourism Official Website 

Provinces of Argentina
Duran Duran

Duran Duran are  a British pop group. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the 1980s.

Discography
 Duran Duran (1981)
 Rio (1982)
 Seven and the Ragged Tiger (1983)
 Notorious (1986)
 Big Thing (1988)
 Liberty (1990)
 Duran Duran (The Wedding Album) (1993)
 Thank You (1995)
 Medazzaland (1997)
 Pop Trash (2000)
 Astronaut (2004)
 Red Carpet Massacre (2007)
 All You Need Is Now (2010)
 Paper Gods (2015)
Future Past (2021)

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British pop rock bands
English pop music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands
Warner Bros. Records artists
Peter Tosh

Peter Tosh (born Winston McIntosh, October 19, 1944- September 11, 1987) was a Jamaican reggae musican. He was a member of the Wailers with Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston. He was a Rastafarian and sang very political songs.  His songs were a lot more radical than his friend, Bob Marley's, whom he often criticized for selling out to the white mainstream. He also toured with the Rolling Stones and sang a duet with Mick Jagger. He was murdered in his home in Kingston during a robbery in 1987. His biggest claim to fame was a song titled "Legalize It" in relation to marijuana laws.

Discography

Studio albums
 Negril (1975)
 Legalize It (1976)
 Equal Rights (1977)
 Bush Doctor (1978)
 Mystic Man (1979)
 Wanted Dread And Alive (1981)
 Mama Africa (1983)
 No Nuclear War (1987)
 I Am That I Am (2001)

Live albums
 Captured Live (1984)
 Live at the One Love Peace Concert (2000)
 Live & Dangerous: Boston 1976 (2001)
 Live At The Jamaica World Music Festival 1982 (2002)
 Complete Captured Live (2004)

Compilations
These are the highest rated compilation albums on Allmusic.

 Collection Gold (1994)
 The Toughest (1996)
 The Best of Peter Tosh - Dread Don't Die (1996)
 Honorary Citizen (1997)
 Scrolls Of The Prophet: The Best of Peter Tosh (1999)
 Arise Black Man (1999)
 The Essential Peter Tosh - the Columbia Years (2003)
 ''Talking Revolution (2005)

References

Other websites
 Peter Tosh on Allmusic
 Discography
 Peter Tosh - Jamaicapage.com Feature
 VitalSpot - Peter Tosh

1944 births
1987 deaths
Jamaican singers
Murdered musicians
Pop musicians
Billy Joel

William Martin "Billy" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter. He produced successful pop songs for two decades, from 1973's Piano Man to 1993's River of Dreams which marked his retirement. As well as writing classical music, he has frequently been on the road, usually with Elton John.

Joel was born in the Bronx, New York City. He grew up in Hicksville, New York. He joined his first band The Echoes (Later known as The Lost Souls) at age fourteen, and in the late 1960s he teamed up with The Hassles. The Hassles when on to release two albums. In 1970 After parting ways with The Hassles Joel and Hassles Drummer Jon Small Formed a two-man duo Attila. In 1971 his solo debut, Cold Spring Harbor, was released. (The title takes its name from a town in Long Island.)

He is a Democrat. In 1988, Joel played a New York City dog named Dodger in the Disney animated movie, Oliver & Company.

Joel has been married four times. The first three ended in divorce. His first marriage was from 1973-1982. His second marriage, from 1985-1994, was to supermodel Christie Brinkley. Their daughter, Alexa Ray Joel (born 1985) is one of his two children. His daughter's middle name is taken from one of his musical influences, Ray Charles. His third marriage began in 2004. His fourth marriage with Alexis Roderick began in 2015. They had one child; Della Rose Joel, who was born on the 12th of August 2015.

Discography
Studio albums
 Cold Spring Harbor (1971)
 Piano Man (1973)
 Streetlife Serenade (1974)
 Turnstiles (1976)
 The Stranger (1977)
 52nd Street (1978)
 Glass Houses (1980)
 The Nylon Curtain (1982)
 An Innocent Man (1983)
 The Bridge (1986)
 Storm Front (1989)
 River of Dreams (1993)
 Fantasies & Delusions (2001)

References

Other websites 
 The official site

1949 births
Living people
American pianists
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
American rock singers
Democrats (United States)
Musicians from the Bronx
Entertainers from New York
Singer-songwriters from New York
Singers from New York City