cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Steven Sotloff

Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an American journalist. He is best known for his work for Time. He also worked for The National Interest, Media Line, and Foreign Policy. He has appeared on CNN and Fox News. He has traveled to Syria, Egypt, Turkey, Libya, and Bahrain.

Sotloff was born and raised in Miami, Florida. His father is Arthur Sotloff. His mother is Shirley Pulwer. He studied at universities in Florida and New Hampshire.

Kidnapping
On August 4, 2013, Sotloff was kidnapped in Aleppo, Syria near the Turkey border. He is currently being held captive by ISIS Islamic militants in eastern Syria. On August 19, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video titled "A Message to America", showing the beheading of fellow journalist James Foley. At the end of the video, ISIS threatened U.S. president Barack Obama, telling him that "his next move" will decide the fate of Sotloff.

However, only days after this threat was released, the U.S. stepped up airstrikes against ISIS. The U.S. fired 14 missiles at various ISIS Humvees near the Mosul Dam.

Beheading
On September 2, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video of the beheading of a man they identified as Sotloff.

Related pages
 James Foley (photojournalist)

References

1983 births
American journalists
Murders by blade weapons
American people murdered abroad
Kidnapped American people
2014 deaths
Writers from Miami, Florida
Filmed executions
Prime number theorem

The prime number theorem is a theorem from number theory. Prime numbers are not distributed evenly across the number range. The theorem formalizes the idea that the probability of hitting a prime number between 1 and a given number becomes smaller, as numbers grow. This probability is about n/ln(n), where ln(n) is the natural logarithm function. This means that the probability of hitting a prime number with 2n digits is about half as likely than with n digits. For example, among the positive integers of at most 1000 digits, about one in 2300 is prime (ln 101000 ≈ 2302.6), whereas among positive integers of at most 2000 digits, about one in 4600 is prime (ln 102000 ≈ 4605.2). In other words, the average gap between consecutive prime numbers among the first N integers is roughly ln(N).

Fifteen-year old Carl Friedrich Gauss suspected that there was a link between prime numbers and logarithms in 1793. Adrien-Marie Legendre also suspected such a link in 1798. Jacques Hadamard and Charles-Jean de La Vallée Poussin proved the prime number theorem in 1896, over a century after Gauss.

References

Theorems in number theory
Azerbaijani rock

Azerbaijani rock is a type of rock music sung by Azerbaijani people. In the Soviet era, rock music was forbidden because the Communist Party of the Soviet Union believed it was a "Western anti-socialist" influence. However, in the 1980s popular rock bands in Azerbaijan began to emerge. The Azerbaijanis blended folk music with their rock music. After Bolshevism, progressive rock music began to be popular among Azerbaijani people. Since 2004, the Azerbaijan Music Awards honors musicians who record rock music.

Other websites 
 Azerbaijans.com - Music » Rock

Rock music
Azerbaijani culture
2014–15 Premier League

The 2014–15 Premier League is the 23rd season of the Premier League. It is the top English professional league for association football clubs since it started in 1992. The fixtures were announced on 18 June 2014.	
The season started on Saturday 16 August 2014 and will end on Sunday 24 May 2015.

Teams
A total of 20 teams will play in the league. The top 17 sides from the 2013–14 season and the three promoted from the 2013–14 Football League Championship.
On 5 April 2014, Leicester City earned promotion from the 2013–14 Football League Championship after ten-years away from the Premier League.  They became champions after beating Bolton Wanderers on 22 April 2014.  On 21 April 2014, Burnley earned promotion to the Premier League with second place. This followed their win over Wigan Athletic. On 24 May 2014 Queens Park Rangers were the final team to be promoted after winning the 2014 Football League Championship play-off Final. They won 1–0 against Derby County at Wembley Stadium in London. The three teams replace Cardiff City, Fulham and Norwich City, who were all relegated to the Championship at the end of the previous season.

Stadia and locations
Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.

Personnel and kits
Note: Flags are determined by FIFA eligibility rules.

 Referee kits are made by Nike and are sponsored by EA Sports. Nike has a new match ball: the Ordem Premier League.

Managerial changes

Season statistics

Scoring

Top scorers

Hat-tricks

4 Player scored 4 goals

Clean sheets

Discipline

Player

Most yellow cards: 9
Lee Cattermole (Sunderland)

Most red cards: 2
Paul Konchesky (Leicester City)
Kyle Naughton (Tottenham Hotspur)

Club

Most yellow cards: 58
Sunderland

Most red cards: 5
Aston Villa
Swansea City

Awards

Monthly awards

References

Other websites
 Official website 

2014-15
2014 in association football
2015 in association football
Liz Holzman

Elizabeth E. "Liz" Holzman (February 9, 1953 – August 11, 2014) was an American movie and television director, producer, animator and writer. She was best known for her work on the animated television shows Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain. She won three Emmy Awards during the 1990s.

Holzman was born in San Francisco, California. She studied at Mills College and at the California Institute of the Arts. There she earned her MFA in movie graphics. She was also the Animation Department Chair at the Art Institute of Portland.

Holzman died from breast cancer on August 11, 2014 in Portland, Oregon. She was 61.

References

Other websites
 

1953 births
2014 deaths
American animators
American movie directors
American television directors
American television producers
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from breast cancer
Emmy Award winners
Movie producers from California
Screenwriters from California
Writers from San Francisco
Cat o' nine tails

The cat o' nine tails is a multi-tailed whip. It is sometimes called just the cat. It was first used to give severe physical punishment. It was used in the Royal Navy and British Army.

The cat o' nine tails is sometimes used in BDSM or sexual fetish activity.

BDSM
Tools
Maria Altmann

Maria Altmann (February 18, 1916 – February 7, 2011) was a Jewish refugee from Nazi Austria to the United States. She was an art collector. Altmann's family owned five paintings painted by Gustav Klimt. They were stolen by Nazis during World War II. She was successful in getting back those five paintings, which included two portraits of her aunt, Adele Bloch-Bauer.

Altmann was born in Vienna, Austria. She died at age 94.

The movie Woman in Gold is based on Altmann's life.

References

1916 births
2011 deaths
American Jews
Austrian Jews
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Vienna
Contour line

Contour lines or isolines are used when plotting a function. All the points where the function has the same value are connected. Two well-known examples, where such lines are commonly are height lines on topographical maps, and showing areas with the same pressure or temperature on weather charts. Contour lines are an application of level sets. 

Statistics
Cartography
Loleatta Holloway

Loleatta Holloway (November 5, 1946 – March 21, 2011) was an American singer. She was known mainly for disco songs, such as "Hit and Run" and "Love Sensation". 

Holloway was born in Chicago, Illinois. She died there from heart failure.

Musicians from Chicago
American singer-songwriters
1946 births
2011 deaths
War on Drugs

The War on Drugs is what people call a government program in the United States. The program was, officially, to end drug use.  It started in the early 1970s and the Reagan Administration gave it a lot of attention in the 1980s. The War on Drugs continued into the 1990s and 2000s. Presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush supported it.

The War on Drugs led to the capture of many drug dealers and ended many drug dealers in the United States. The Drug Policy Alliance said that the United States had spent $51 billion every year on the War on Drugs.

The War on Drugs also lead to the creation of the saying "Just Say No" which was created by Ronald Reagan's wife and First Lady Nancy Reagan. It was created to prevent teenagers doing drugs.

Related pages
 Corruption
 1970s

1970s in the United States
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
1990s in the United States
2000s in the United States
Drugs
History of the United States
Level set

A level set of a function is the set of all the points where the function has a given value. This is a special application of a scalar field.

Functions and mappings
Cecil D. Andrus

Cecil Dale Andrus (August 25, 1931 – August 24, 2017) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He served as Governor of Idaho for 14 years. He served as governor from 1971 to 1977 and again from 1987 to 1995. He served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1977 to 1981, during the Carter administration.

Andrus died on August 24, 2017 in Boise, just short of his 86th birthday, due to complications from lung cancer.

References

Further reading
 Cecil Andrus: Politics Western Style (September 1998), Sasquatch Books, 

1931 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
United States Secretaries of the Interior
Governors of Idaho
Politicians from Oregon
US Democratic Party politicians
Sésamo

Sésamo, formerly known as Plaza Sesamo is a Latin American version of the Sesame Street television show.  It was first shown in Venezuela in 1972.

Children's television series
Sesame Street
U. R. Ananthamurthy

Udupi Rajagopalacharya Ananthamurthy (; 21 December 1932 - 22 August 2014) was an Indian writer and critic. He wrote in the Kannada language. He was thought to be as one of the pioneers of the Navya movement. In 1998, he received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India. 

He was the Vice-Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala during the late 1980s. He was one of the finalists of Man Booker International Prize for the year 2013. 

Ananthamurthy died of cardiac arrest caused by renal failure on 22 August 2014 in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, aged 81.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in India
Indian educators
Indian writers
Commode

A commode is a special piece of furniture. The word comes form the French word and means convenient. The commode developed from the chest. Commodes have drawers, so handling them is more convenient than handling a chest. Commodes have been in common usage since the 18th century.

Furniture
Big Bag

Big Bag is a muppet and segment comedy television show from Jim Henson and Sesame Workshop It aired on the Cartoon Network between 1996-1998. Season 1 was released in 1996-1997 and season 2 was released in 1997-1998.

Channel Links

Muppets
Children's television series
English-language television programs
Trading Spouses

Trading Spouses: Meet Your New Mommy is a television show that aired in 2004-2007. Season 1 was released in 2004-2005, season 2 was released in 2005-2006, and season 3 was released in 2006-2007. Marguerite "God Warrior" Perrin (mother of Ashley Perrin and wife of Barry Perrin) (where she appeared in The Tyra Banks Show in 2006) (born 1961) appeared in this show.

Other websites 

2004 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American reality television series
Fox television series
English-language television programs
Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song)

"Shake It Off" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the first single from her fifth studio album, 1989. It premiered during a Yahoo! live stream on August 18, 2014. The song's music video was released was also released on the same day.  The music video helped the song to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.  It was ranked number 13 in the year-end Hot 100 of 2014.

Other websites

2014 songs
Pop songs
Taylor Swift songs
Pedicure

The pedicure is a way to improve the appearance of feet and nails. The word pedicure refers to superficial cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails. Pedicures can help prevent nail disorders and nail problems. They are very popular, especially among women.

Pedicures are not only limited to the nails. Usually, dead skin cells on the bottoms of feet are rubbed off with pumice stones. 

People have been pedicuring nails for over four thousand years.

References

Cosmetics
Body art
Bruce Boxleitner

Bruce William Boxleitner (born May 12, 1950) is an American actor and science fiction and suspense writer. He is known for his leading roles in the television series How the West Was Won, Bring 'Em Back Alive, Scarecrow and Mrs. King (with Kate Jackson), and Babylon 5. 

He is also known for his dual role as the characters Alan Bradley and Tron in the 1982 Walt Disney Pictures movie Tron, a role which he reprised in the 2010 sequel, Tron: Legacy and the animated series Tron: Uprising.

References

Other websites

 
 

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Elgin, Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Writers from Illinois
Deborah Sussman

Deborah Evelyn Sussman (May 26, 1931 – August 20, 2014) was an American artist and designer. She was a discoverer in the field of environmental graphic design. Her work put graphic design into architectural and public spaces. She worked on many projects, most notably the architectural landscape of the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was awarded an AIGA medal in 2004.

Sussman was born in Brooklyn borough of New York City, New York. Her father was a skilled commercial artist.

Sussman died from breast cancer on August 20, 2014 in Los Angeles, California. She was 83.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2014 deaths
American artists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from breast cancer
Designers
People from Los Angeles
People from New York City
Roscoe Arbuckle

Roscoe Conkling "Fatty" Arbuckle (March 24, 1887 – June 29, 1933) was an American silent movie actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He helped Charlie Chaplin become an actor. He discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope. 

Arbuckle was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s. He soon became one of the highest paid actors in Hollywood. He once signed a contract in 1921 with Paramount Pictures for US$1 million.

Arbuckle was accused of three counts of rape and for murdering actress Virginia Rappe. Arbuckle was later found not guilty and the jury gave Arbuckle a formal apology.

Arbuckle died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1933 at age 46.

References

Other websites

 

Crime Library on Roscoe Arbuckle 

Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle Photos
Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle website: CallMeFatty.com
Contemporary press articles pertaining to Arbuckle
Literature on Roscoe Arbuckle
Banned Film Resurfaces 90 Years After San Francisco Scandal at sfgate.com

1887 births
1933 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American silent movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Comedians from Kansas
Actors from Kansas
Tom Snyder

Thomas James "Tom" Snyder (May 12, 1936 – July 29, 2007) was an American television personality, news anchor, and radio personality. He was best known for his late night talk shows The Tomorrow Show and The Late Late Show. Snyder was also an anchor of the primetime NBC News Update.

Snyder died of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in San Francisco, California, aged 71.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2007 deaths
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from chronic lymphocytic leukemia
People from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Television personalities from Wisconsin
James Freeman Gilbert

J. Freeman Gilbert (August 9, 1931 – August 15, 2014) was an American geophysicist. He was best known for his work with George E. Backus on inverting geophysical data and also for his role in establishing an international network of long-period seismometers.

Early life 
Gilbert was born in Vincennes, Indiana.  He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Awards 
Gilbert received many honors, including the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1981; the William Bowie Medal in 1999; and the Medal of the Seismological Society of America in 2004.

Later years and death 
In his later years, Gilbert travelled throughout the world with his wife, Sally Gilbert. He died after being injured in a car accident in Southern Oregon on August 15, 2014. He was 83 years old.

References

Other websites
 J. Freeman Gilbert Biography 

1931 births
2014 deaths
American physicists
Road accident deaths in the United States
Scientists from Indiana
Harry Fielding Reid

Harry Fielding Reid (May 18, 1859 – June 18, 1944) was an American geophysicist. He was known for his works to seismology, mostly in his theory of elastic rebound that was about faults to earthquakes.

References

1859 births
1944 deaths
American physicists
Scientists from Baltimore
Jason Momoa

Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa (born August 1, 1979) is an American actor, model, director, writer and producer. He played Ronon Dex in the television series Stargate: Atlantis and as Khal Drogo in the Home Box Office television series Game of Thrones. His father is of Native Hawaiian descent, and his mother is of German, Irish and Native American descent.

He also starred in the movie Conan the Barbarian. In 2014, he directed his first movie Road to Paloma. Momoa played Aquaman, one of the superheroes in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League and the 2018 movie of the same name.

References 

Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2014
1979 births
Actors from Honolulu
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Writers from Hawaii
Models from Hawaii
Hillsboro, Texas

Hillsboro is a city in and the county seat of Hill County in Central Texas. The population was 8,456 at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites

 Official city website

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Gordon Faber

Gordon C. Faber (April 2, 1931 – August 18, 2014) was an American politician and businessman from the U.S. state of Oregon. He was born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, he grew up in Hillsboro, Oregon.

He joined the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War and was a small business owner before becoming a real estate agent and entering politics. He served on Hillsboro's budget committee and city council before serving two terms as mayor from 1993 to 2001.

Faber died on August 18, 2014, at home in Hillsboro, Oregon at the age of 83 due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
American mayors
Businesspeople from Oregon
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Deaths from COPD
Disease-related deaths in Oregon
Politicians from Oregon
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Neil Goldschmidt

Neil Edward Goldschmidt (born June 16, 1940) is an American politician and businessman. He served as Governor of Oregon January 1987 through January 1991.

Goldschmidt also served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President Jimmy Carter from August 1979 through January 1981. He also served as Mayor of Portland, Oregon from January 1973 through January 1979.

He was a member of Democratic Party.

Goldschmidt was born in Eugene, Oregon.

References

Other websites
 President Carter greets Secretary Goldschmidt, a photo published November 4, 1980, in The Oregonian, from that newspaper's flickr account.
 

1940 births
Living people
Governors of Oregon
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Mayors of Portland, Oregon
People from Eugene, Oregon
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Portland, Oregon
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
James H. Burnley IV

James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989. He served during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.

References

Other websites
Venable.com profile 
Intercollegiate studies Instititute page 
American Enterprise Institute page mention

1948 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Politicians from North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
Rodney E. Slater

Rodney Earl Slater (born February 23, 1955) is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of Transportation under U.S. President Bill Clinton. He is a member of the Democratic Party

Slater was born in Marianna, Arkansas.

Slater graduated from Eastern Michigan University in 1977, and received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1980.

After Clinton was elected president, 1993 Slater became the first African-American Director of the Federal Highway Administration.

In 1997, Slater was appointed to be the Secretary of Transportation. He was the second African American to hold that post.

References

1955 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Politicians from Arkansas
US Democratic Party politicians
Ray LaHood

Raymond H. "Ray" LaHood (born December 6, 1945) is an American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Transportation from 2009 until 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party. LaHood represented Illinois's 18th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2009.

References

Other websites

 Secretary Ray LaHood at the United States Department of Transportation
 Ray LaHood on the Daily Show, December 15, 2009
 
C-SPAN Q&A interview with LaHood, September 2, 2007
 Profile  at SourceWatch
 

1945 births
Living people
Maronites
United States representatives from Illinois
United States Secretaries of Transportation
US Republican Party politicians
The Game

"The Game" is a song by DragonForce. It is the second single and first track from the studio album Maximum Overload. The song has a music video released on June 18 2014 on YouTube. The song featured Matt Heafy.

Other websites
 

Heavy metal
John Sherman Cooper

John Sherman Cooper (August 23, 1901 – February 21, 1991) was an American politician, jurist, and diplomat from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He served three non-consecutive terms in the United States Senate before being elected to two full terms in 1960 and 1966.

He also served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1956 and U.S. Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to more than one term as a senator from Kentucky and, in both 1960 and 1966. He set records for the largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate from either party.

Further reading

Other websites

Cooper on the cover of Time magazine, July 5, 1954 

1901 births
1991 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States
American Baptists
American judges
Lawyers from Kentucky
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from heart failure
Harvard University alumni
United States senators from Kentucky
US Republican Party politicians
Yale University alumni
Tom Poston

Thomas Gordon "Tom" Poston (October 17, 1921 – April 30, 2007) was an American television and movie actor. His career began during the 1950s. 

According to USA Today Life editor Dennis Moore, Poston appeared in more sitcoms than any other actor. In the 1980s, he played George Utley, opposite Bob Newhart's character on Newhart and Burt Sigurdson in That '70s Show.

After a short illness, Poston died of respiratory failure on April 30, 2007, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

 Tom Poston interview at the Archive of American Television

Emmy Award winning actors
1921 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
Hillsborough, North Carolina

Hillsborough is a town and county seat of Orange County, North Carolina. The population was 6,087 in 2010.

References

Towns in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
Birgitta Stenberg

Birgitta Stenberg (26 April 1932 – 23 August 2014) was a Swedish author, translator and illustrator. She was the 2005 winner of the Selma Lagerlöf Prize.

Stenberg was born in Stockholm in 1932. She was educated in Visby and finally in Paris. She became a Swedish author, translator and illustrator. She lived in Åstol in Sweden. She has won the Swedish Selma Lagerlöf Prize for literature in 2005. 

Stenberg died from hepatic cancer (type of liver cancer) on 23 August 2014 in Tiveden, Sweden, aged 82.

References

Other websites
Official website  

1932 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Deaths from liver cancer
Writers from Stockholm
Golam Mostofa (poet)

Golam Mostofa (Bengali: গোলাম মোস্তফা) (1897- 13 October 1964) was a writer and poet. Mostofa wrote the Tarana-E-Pakistan the anthem (official song) for the then country of East Pakistan. His country is now called Bangladesh. 

1897 births
1964 deaths
Pakistani writers
Poets
John S. Waugh

John Stewart Waugh (April 25, 1929 – August 22, 2014) was an American chemist and educator. He was an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is known for making normal hamiltonian theory and using it to extend NMR spectroscopy, before only limited to liquids, to the solid state. In 1974, he was elected as a member in the Chemistry section of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). In 1983, he was awarded Wolf Prize in Chemistry with Herbert S. Gutowsky and Harden M. McConnell.

Waugh was born in Willimantic, Connecticut. He was married to Susan and had two children.

Waugh died on August 22, 2014 in Lincoln, Massachusetts, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 John S. Waugh  at the Wolf Foundation website
 John S. Waugh  at the MIT Department of Chemistry webpage

1929 births
2014 deaths
American academics
American chemists
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Scientists from Connecticut
Wolf Prize winners
Educators from Connecticut
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (video game)

Gremlins 2: The New Batch is a 1990 video game. This video game was based on the movie of the same name. It was developed for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and Game Boy. In the NES game, the player controls the character Gizmo through various levels in a building. Gizmo has weapons. The goal is to reach the Gremlin Control Centre to kill all the gremlins inside.

References

1990 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Game Boy games
Victor Chang

Victor Peter Chang  (born Chang Yam Him; 21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991) was an Australian heart surgeon. He has been called a pioneer of modern heart transplantation. He also helped with the development of an artificial heart valve. He worked at St Vincent's Hospital with his team who had high success rates of heart transplants.

Chang was born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese parents. He first grew up in Hong Kong before moving to Sydney, New South Wales, in 1951. He studied and trained at the University of Sydney as well as in the United Kingdom and the United States. He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1986. He was married to English-born Ann Simmons. The couple had three children.

Chang was murdered on 4 July 1991 in Mosman, Sydney. He was 54. He was shot in the head twice for turning down the efforts of extortion by two men. The men, Malaysians Chew Seng "Ah Sung" Liew and Choon Tee "Phillip" Lim, first ran their vehicle into Chang's car, making him pull over. After arguing, Chang was shot dead by Liew. The men both later spent time in jail.

References

Other websites
 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

1936 births
1991 deaths
Australian educators
Australian medical doctors
Murders by firearm
Order of Australia
People from Hong Kong
People from Shanghai
People from Sydney
Square One TV

Square One TV is an American children's television program. It was produced by the Children's Television Workshop. The purpose is to teach mathematics to young viewers for educational kids tv. It was aired in 1987-1992 and 1995-1996, reran aired in 1992-1994 and 1999-2002.

Square One features a variety of short events all with a mathematical theme, for example Mathman, a parody of Pac-Man; Mathnet, parody of Dragnet, and Late Afternoon with David Numberman, parody of Late Night with David Letterman.

Programming

Weekdays 
Adventures from the Book of Virtues
The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn
Arthur
Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy
Atom Ant
Bananas in Pyjamas
Barney & Friends
The Berenstain Bears
Between the Lions
The Big Comfy Couch
Bob the Builder
The Charlie Horse Music Pizza
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Corduroy
Dexter's Laboratory
Dragon Tales
The Electric Company
Elliot Moose
Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman
The Flintstones
The Funny Company
George Shrinks
The Huggabug Club
Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks
The Jetsons
Kipper
Lamb Chop's Play-Along
Mama Mriabelle's Home Movies
Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse
New Adventures of Superman
Peg + Cat
Peep and the Big Wide World
Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks
Postcards from Buster
Reading Rainbow
Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat
SciGirls
Scooby-Doo
Storytime
Seven Little Monsters
Sesame Street
Thomas & Friends
Top Cat
Timothy Goes to School
Yogi Bear
The Zula Patrol
Zoobilee Zoo

Segments 
Dirk Niblick of the Math Brigade
Late Afternoon with David Numberman
Mathman
Mathnet

References 

Children's television series
PBS Kids shows
1987 television series debuts
1992 television series endings
Ganesh Chaturthi

Ganesha Chaturthi is the 10 day-long Hindu festival held on the birthday of the Lord Ganesha.  He is the son of Shiva and Parvati. It is celebrated all over India. The festival is held on shukla chaturthi in the Hindu month of Bhaadrapada and ends on Anant chaturdashi. For example in 2020 it will be celebrated on August 22th. It is celebrated widely in Maharashtra. On this occasion people make special "modaks" which are loved by Lord Ganesha. Lalbaug is a place that every year celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi on a large scale. 

There are Ganesha's form like Bal Ganesh, Lalbaugchya Raja, Siddhivinayak Maharaj, and Dhagru Sheth. The most popular ones are: Shreemant Dagdusheth Halwai Ganpati Mandir and Lalbaugcha Raja.

Overview 
Ganesh Chaturthi is also called Vinayaka Chaturthi, it is a pure Hindu festival, during this festival people pray Lord Ganesha with great devotion. In this occasion people keep their clay idols privately in their homes, or publicly on big pandals (or temporary stages or altars).

It starts with Vedic hymns, prayers, vrata and hindu texts such as Ganesha Upanishad. Offerings of prasada after the prayer and distributing amongst the community people, prasad include sweets, modaka (it is believed to be the favourite sweet of ganesha). This festival starts on the fourth day of Hindu luni-solar calendar month Bhadrapada, which normally falls in the month of August or September. The Ganesha chaturthi ends on the tenth day. 

Celebrations include four stages of rituals:

 Pranapratistha - It involves the positioning of the idol or deity of Lord Ganesha into the pandals. This calls for a big celebration. People pray and sing various folk songs while bringing the deity to the Pandals. They play with colours as well.
 Shodasopachara - It involves praying to the lord and offering him puja.
 Uttarpuja. It involves a ceremony after which the deity can be moved from his position. After this ritual, the idol is moved among the public so that they can take his blessings.
Ganpati Visarjan. At this stage, the idol is immersed into the river, sea or ocean. He is believed to go back to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati after the immersion.

References

Hindu festivals
Cat righting reflex

The cat righting reflex is a cat's natural ability to turn itself around as it falls so it will land on its feet. This righting reflex starts to happen at 3–4 weeks of age. The cat has entirely learned how to do this by 6–7 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have a flexible backbone and a clavicle that does not move. The minimum height needed for this to happen safely in most cats is about 12 inches.

Cats without a tail can also do this. This is because a cat mostly moves its hind legs and does not use much angular momentum to set itself up for landing. So a tail is not really needed for this skill.

Using this righting reflex, cats can often land without injury. But, this is not always true, since cats can still break bones or die from extreme  falls. 

In a 1987 study, written in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 132 cats were looked at after having fallen from buildings. The injuries per cat were more, depending on the height fallen; up to seven stories high. Above seven stories, the injuries were less. The study authors think that after falling five stories, the cats reached terminal velocity.  At that time, the cats relaxed and spread their bodies to increase drag.

How the cat does it 
First, cats decide which is up or down, by looking to see or by using senses in the inner ear. Then, cats manage to twist themselves to face downward, without ever changing their angular momentum. They do this in these steps:
Bend in the middle so that the front half of their body turns in the opposite direction than the rear half.
Tuck their front legs in to reduce the moment of inertia of the front half of their body. 
Stretch out their rear legs to increase the moment of inertia of the rear half of their body. This happens so that they can turn their front half very far (as much as 90°), while the rear half is turning opposite very much less (as little as 10°).
Extend their front legs and tuck their rear legs; so they can turn their rear half quite far, while their front half turns opposite quite a bit less.
If the cat is not flexible enough (able to bend easily), it may need to do steps two and three again in order to completely right itself.

Terminal velocity 
Besides this righting reflex, cats have body features that help keep them safe in a fall. Their small size, light bones, and thick fur decrease their terminal velocity. Also, once righted they may also spread out their body to increase drag and slow how fast they are falling. They also relax as they fall, which protects them some when they land.

Related pages 
 Buttered cat paradox

References

Other websites 
Why cats land on their feet 
National Geographic video on the cat righting reflex 
The miracle of the falling cat 
How do cats always land on their feet? Very slow motion video of the African caracal.

Cats
Reflexes
Physics
Lauren Nelson

Lauren Nelson (born November 26, 1986) is an American beauty queen from Lawton, Oklahoma. She was Miss America 2007. Before that, she was Miss Oklahoma 2006.

References

People from Lawton, Oklahoma
Miss America winners
1986 births
Living people
Buttered cat paradox

The buttered cat paradox is a popular joke based on putting two adages (sayings) together to make them funny:

 Cats always land on their feet.
 Buttered toast always lands buttered side down.

The paradox happens when one asks this question: What would happen if one attached a piece of buttered toast (butter side up) to the back of a cat, then dropped the cat from a large height?

In reality 
In reality, cats can turn themselves right side up in mid-air if they should fall upside-down. This is named the cat righting reflex. This reflex lets them land on their feet if dropped from high enough up (about ). Toast, not being alive, does not have the ability to turn itself over. Nor does it want to, since it cannot think.

Toast usually lands on the floor butter-side-down. This is because of how it is dropped from a table. As the toast falls from the table, it rotates or turns. Using the average speed of rotation for a slice of toast as it falls from the table and the usual height of a table, a slice of toast that began butter-side-up on the table will land butter-side-down on the floor 81% of the time. This is because the buttered side is heavier. When an object has a heavy and light side, in most cases it will fall heavy side first.

Domestic cats usually weigh between . A regular slice of bread weighs only one ounce and a pat of butter about one fourth ounce. So attaching a very small piece of toast with butter to a much larger cat would hardly have any effect on how the cat would move.

References

Other websites 
 Loopholes for the paradox

Cats
Humor
Annefleur Kalvenhaar

Annefleur Kalvenhaar (10 June 1994 – 23 August 2014) was a Dutch cyclist and mountain biker. She won the European Cyclo-cross Championships in 2013. She began her career at the age of 13. She participated for the first time in a World Cup in 2012. In Houffalize and La Bresse she finished second place in the top 10. She was born in Wierden, Netherlands.

Kalvenhaar died in Grenoble, France due to an accident during a XCE race in Meribel, France, aged 20.

References

1994 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths in France
Deaths in sport
Dutch cyclists
Road accident deaths
Sportspeople from Overijssel
Wierden

Wierden is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 25,000 were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Settlements in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
Twente
Treadmill

A treadmill is a device for walking or running, while staying in the same place. Before there was steam power, such treadmills were used to power machines. That way,  the work of animals or people could be used in the machines. Such treadmills were also used as a form of punishment in prisons.

Sports equipment
Punishments
Chapelle royale de Dreux

The Royal Chapel of Dreux () is the traditional resting place for members of the royal House of Orléans. It is located in the town of Dreux in France. 

The land on which the chapel was built on was owned by the Duke of Penthièvre, whose daughter Marie Adélaïde married the Duke of Orléans in 1769. Following the death of the Duke of Penthièvre his daughter inherited a majority of his vast estates including the land of Dreux. The Orléans family later used the chapel there as their own personal burial place following the reign of Louis Philippe I.

Churches in France
Centre-Val de Loire
Colombiana

Colombiana is a 2011 French crime drama action movie set in Bogotá and Chicago. Zoe Saldana plays Cataleya, a hired killer whose parents are murdered when she is a child, so she seeks revenge. Cliff Curtis plays Emilio.

This movie got mixed reviews from critics. It made almost $61 million.

Other websites 

2011 drama movies
2010s action movies
2010s crime drama movies
Bogotá
English-language movies
French action movies 
French crime movies
French drama movies
Movies about murderers
Movies about revenge
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Multilingual movies
Spanish-language movies
Mineral Point, Wisconsin

Mineral Point is a city in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The city is located within the Town of Mineral Point. Mineral Point is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. This is Wisconsin's third oldest city. Mineral Point was settled in 1827. The population was 2,487 at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
 City of Mineral Point official website

Cities in Wisconsin
Iowa County, Wisconsin
1827 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Michigan Territory
Arthur Penn

Arthur Hiller Penn (September 27, 1922 – September 28, 2010) was an American director and producer for movies and television. He directed many movies that got high marks in the 1960s, such as The Chase and Bonnie and Clyde.
He returned to stage and television producing and directing in the 1990s.

Penn was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in New York City at age 88 from congestive heart failure.

References

Movie producers from Pennsylvania
Movie directors from Pennsylvania
American television directors
American television producers
Deaths from congestive heart failure
1922 births
2010 deaths
Paweł Huelle

Paweł Marek Huelle (born 10 September 1957) is a Polish author, critic, journalist and university lecturer.  He was born in Gdańsk, Poland.

Career 
Huelle studied philology (language) at Gdańsk University.  After that, he was the press secretary for Solidarity (Solidarnosc). He also taught various subjects at schools in Gdansk at the same time. Later he worked as the director of the Gdańsk Polish Television Center.

His first novel was Weiser Dawidek. It was published in 1987. It made him famous in Poland. It is about five young friends in Gdańsk. Polish literary critics called it a masterpiece and the most important Polish literary work of the decade. "Once one begins reading Weiser Dawidek, the book can hardly be put down. Like Opowiadania, it is written with undeniably great talent." Huelle was the Polish winner of the Samuel-Bogumil-Linde-Preis for 2005.

Most of Huelle's stories are set in Gdańsk.  He says that city is "full of all kinds of ghosts. I'm not saying it's beautiful or wonderful in any way – but it's strange." Huelle has also published several short stories

Publications   

Weiser Dawidek (1987),
 Opowiadania na czas przeprowadzki (1991),
 Wiersze (1994),
 Pierwsza miłość i inne opowiadania (1996),
 Inne historie (1999),
 Mercedes-Benz. Z listów do Hrabala (2001),
 Byłem samotny i szczęśliwy (2002),
 Castorp (2004),
 Ostatnia Wieczerza (2007),
 Opowieści chłodnego morza (2008),
 Śpiewaj ogrody (2014).

References

Other websites 
 Paul Huelle: Danzig, my love (translated to English)

1957 births
Living people
Critics
Polish journalists
People from Gdańsk
Polish writers
Revere, Massachusetts

Revere is a city in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, near downtown Boston. It is named after Paul Revere, an American Revolutionary War patriot. At 2010 United States Census, 51,755 people lived in Revere.

References 

Cities in Massachusetts
Buster Posey

Gerald Dempsey "Buster" Posey III (born March 27, 1987) is an American professional baseball catcher and first baseman for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He stands  and weighs . He bats and throws right-handed.

Posey grew up in Leesburg, Georgia. He played four sports in high school; when playing baseball, he was very good at hitting and pitching. He attended Florida State University, where he began playing the catcher position. 

He won the Golden Spikes Award in 2008 and was selected by the Giants with the fifth overall pick in the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. Posey made his major league start on September 11, 2009. After beginning the 2010 season in the minor leagues, he was called back up to the major leagues in May. He played first base when he came up, but became the Giants' regular catcher at the end of June.

References

Other websites

Florida State Seminoles bio 
 

Living people
San Francisco Giants players
1987 births
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
National League All-Stars
Steven R. Nagel

Steven Ray Nagel (October 27, 1946 – August 21, 2014), (Col, USAF), was an American astronaut, aeronautical and mechanical engineer, test pilot and a United States Air Force pilot. Nagel became a NASA astronaut in August 1979. Nagel retired from the Air Force, effective February 28, 1995 and as an astronaut one month later.

Nagel died on August 21, 2014 after a long battle with cancer.

References

Other websites
NASA Biography

1946 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American astronauts
Engineers from Illinois
Military people from Illinois
Dara Singh

Dara Singh (19 November 1928 – 12 July 2012) was an Indian wrestler and actor. He started acting in 1952. He was the first sportsman to be nominated to the Rajya Sabha. He worked as Hindi and Punjabi movie producer, director and writer. He acted on movie and television. He was known for his roles in Jab We Met (2007), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) and Mera Naam Joker (1972).

Singh died on 12 July 2012 at his home in Mumbai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 83.

References

Other websites

Official Website

1928 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Indian movie directors
Wrestlers
Indian movie producers
Indian sportspeople
Indian writers
Punjabi people
Sydney Roosters

The Sydney Roosters are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 15 premierships, most recently in 2019.

References

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sports in Sydney
1908 establishments in Australia
Penrith Panthers

The Penrith Panthers are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Penrith, western Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1966. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won three premierships, most recently in 2021.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Sports in Sydney
1966 establishments in Oceania
1960s establishments in Australia
Canberra Raiders

The Canberra Raiders are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the nation's capital city of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. They were founded in 1981. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won three premierships, most recently in 1994.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sport in Australia
Canberra
1981 establishments in Australia
South Sydney Rabbitohs

The South Sydney Rabbitohs are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Redfern, south-central Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 21 premierships (the most of any other team), most recently in 2014.

Other websites
 

Rugby
Sports in Sydney
1908 establishments in Australia
Albert Ebossé Bodjongo

Albert Dominique Ebossé Bodjongo Dika (6 October 1989 – 23 August 2014) was a Cameroonian soccer player who played for JS Kabylie in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1.

On 23 August 2014 Albert was struck by a projectile thrown by a fan just hours after a matchup between his home team JS Kabylie and USM Alger. The match had ended in a 2-1 defeat and the Cameroonian died of head injury due to the strike. He was aged 24.

References

1989 births
2014 deaths
Cameroonian footballers
Hajo Meyer

Hajo Meyer (12 August 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a German-Dutch physicist and Jewish political activist.

Family
He was born in Bielefeld. In 1938, Meyer escaped from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands alone, without his parents. He went into hiding in 1943, but was arrested after a year and spent ten months in Auschwitz. His parents, who were deported from Germany. They did not survive.

Works
After the war, Meyer returned to the Netherlands, and studied theoretical physics. He started working for Philips and eventually became director of the Philips Physics Laboratory (NatLab). After his retirement he took courses in England and worked as a builder of new violins and violas.

On 23 August 2014, Meyer died in his sleep at the age of 90 in The Hague, Netherlands.

References

Other websites
 

1924 births
2014 deaths
Dutch activists
Dutch Jews
Dutch physicists
German Jews
German political activists
Holocaust survivors
Jewish activists
Jewish scientists
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
Refugees from Nazism
German theoretical physicists
United Party of Canada

The United Party of Canada is a political party in Canada. It is a centrist party. It supports education for everyone at the college and trade school levels. It also says that we should make energy from renewable sources, instead of making it from things that go away forever.

References 

Political parties in Canada
Western Block Party

The Western Block Party (or WBP) is a conservative political party in Canada. It wants Western Canada to become independent from the rest of Canada. It was founded in 2005. It first ran candidates in the 2006 federal elections. The party's current leader is Paul St. Laurent.

The WBP is not affiliated with some other independent parties in western Canada, such as the Alberta First Party and the Western Independence Party of Saskatchewan.

Related pages 
 List of political parties in Canada

References

Political parties in Canada
2005 establishments in Canada