cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Martha Washington

Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 2, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first President of the United States.  Although people only started using the term decades after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States.

Early life
She was born  on June 2, 1731, at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia.  Her parents were John Dandridge, an immigrant from England, and his wife Frances Jones. Her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments. Later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation.

Marriage 
At 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, a tobacco planter 20 years older than her. She bore him four children. Only two, John "Jacky" and Martha "Patsy", survived to young adulthood. She was widowed in 1757 at age 26. In 1759, she married George Washington, a colonel in the colonial militia. Their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion.  The Washingtons had no biological children.

Personal life
During the American Revolutionary War, Martha visited the cold and starving Continental troops spending the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers.  She nursed those who were ill or dying. She urged local women to do the same. Her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the Revolution would remain lifelong. They addressed her as "Lady Washington."

First Lady
Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789. Martha served as First Lady from April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797. She found the job unpleasant. She complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as First Lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example).

She set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future First Ladies. She retired to Mount Vernon with her husband after serving her country.

Death
She died in Mount Vernon on May 22, 1802. Her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers. She is buried in the vault at Mount Vernon. She was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the United States government on postage stamps and currency.

Gallery

References

1731 births
1802 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
People from Virginia
Abigail Adams

Abigail Smith Adams (November 11, 1744–October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States. Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady. So, she became the second First Lady of the United States. She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts. She belonged to a famous family of Massachusetts (the Quincy Family).

In 1801, the couple retired and lived in Quincy. Abigail died in 1818, at age 74 of typhoid fever.

Early life 
Abigail Adams advocated for an equal education in public schools for boys and girls. In her earliest years, she was often in poor health. She spent most of her time reading. In addition to that, she corresponded to family and friends before getting married.  

Adams did not get any formal education in any school or college. Her father had a big library, so she studied many books and became smart that way. She married John Adams in 1764. In the next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn). One of her children was John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States.

Political involvement 
Adams was a vital confidant and adviser to her husband John Adams. She opposed slavery and supported women's rights. In 1776, her husband participated in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. There, Adams wrote her most famous letter to the Founding Fathers "remember the ladies." 

In 1784, Adams joined at her husband at his diplomatic post in Paris. She became interested in the manners of the French. After 1785, she filled the difficult role of wife of the First US Minister to Great Britain. She did so with dignity.

References

Other websites 

1744 births
1818 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
John Adams
Elizabeth Monroe

Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (1768 - September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States.

Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York. When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe. At that time, Monroe was a lawyer. He was aged 27 years. Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles. She also went along with her husband. 
                                 
During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick. She could not take part in social functions. She became more distant from people. Some persons thought her to be a snob. But, her husband always understood her problems. After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62.

1768 births
1830 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
James Monroe
Celestia

Celestia is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.  It was created by Chris Laurel and is licensed under the GPL.

The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (120,000 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL.  Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.

NASA and ESA have used Celestia, but it is not to be confused with Celestia 2000, ESA's own program.

Related pages 
 Astronomy

References

Software
Astronomy
Bill Cullen

Bill Cullen (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American television game show host.  His full name was William Lawrence Cullen.

Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He suffered from polio as a child. He had a limp for the remainder of his life.

Cullen was best known for hosting the original version of The Price is Right on the television networks NBC and ABC.  That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey.  He also hosted a version of The $25,000 Pyramid, Child's Play, and Blockbusters.

Bill Cullen died in Bel Air, California in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life.

American radio personalities
American television presenters
Deaths from lung cancer
American game show hosts
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1920 births
1990 deaths
Rudi Carrell

Rudi Carrell (real name Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter. He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands. He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany. He was very popular in Germany, for shows like Die Rudi Carrell Show.

He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the Goldene Kamera for a lifetime of good work, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.

Other websites 

1934 births
2006 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Comedians
Deaths from lung cancer
Dutch singers
Dutch television presenters
People from Alkmaar
Lung cancer

Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs. Lung cancer kills 1.8 million people each year, more than any other cancer. It is currently the leading cause of cancer death in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. 

The large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years. However, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked. People who smoke marijuana more than cigarettes are more likely to contract lung cancer over people who smoke cigarettes.

There are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer typically responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer is more commonly treated with surgical removal of the lung tumor.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) account for about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases. People who have a deficient low pigment count have a higher chance of contracting lung cancer. There are three types of non-small cell lung cancer: 
Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma

Symptoms:
Chest pain
Coughing
Congestion 
Heart burn

References 

Cancer
Superpower

A superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. It is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower. Right now, only the United States is a superpower. However, China may become a superpower in the future. Some say it is already one. Others say that it will not become a superpower.

In the years following World War II, the United Nations was formed. The 5 countries that would later have nuclear bombs – those who would be able to start a nuclear war – were all given permanent seats on the Security Council. This means they are on the Security Council forever. They were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the Security Council. These five countries were: United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union.

For most of the 1900s, the Soviet Union was a superpower. After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore. Russia got most of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, and also its permanent seat in the Security Council. Some other countries also have nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power. The Republic of India, and Pakistan are a few countries like this. In order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence.

Related pages
 Great power
Hyperpower

References

Countries
Politics
Louisa Adams

Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of US President John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the US President, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the USA and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the USA, was her father-in-law.

In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the USA in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France. 

She died in 1852, aged seventy-seven. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.

1775 births
1852 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Quincy Adams
Angelica Van Buren

Angelica Singleton Van Buren (February 13, 1818 - December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier. 

Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.

She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the USA in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City. 

Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson).  Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors.  One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not.  Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers.  See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina.

First Ladies of the United States
1818 births
1877 deaths
Martin Van Buren
Mary Todd Lincoln

Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (née Todd; December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.

Early life
She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania. Other Todd ancestors came from England. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time.

Marriage and family
She married Abraham Lincoln on November 4, 1842.
 
The Lincolns loved one another very much. But, at times, their relationship became troubled. The Lincolns had four children:
Robert Todd Lincoln
Edward (Eddie) Baker Lincoln
William (Willie) Wallace Lincoln
Thomas (Tad) Lincoln

The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985.

First Lady
Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House. She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.

Personal life
After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe.

Health
During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.

Death

During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63. She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband.

References

Other websites

Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
ESPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS: A One Page Summary of Mary Todd Lincoln's Life
White House profile

Mary Todd Lincoln Quotes
Original Manuscript Letters: Mary Todd Lincoln Shapell Manuscript Foundation

First Ladies of the United States
Lincoln, Abraham
1818 births
1882 deaths
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Bornean orangutan

The Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo.

References

Hominids
Missile

In general, missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". This payload is not always harmful to people. For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage.

Types of missiles
The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control. 

The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.

Related pages
 Intercontinental ballistic missile
 Scramjet
 V-2 rocket

References

Military
Ballistics
Rockets
Salford

Salford is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.

Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.

Cities in North West England
Settlements in Greater Manchester
1290s



Events 
 Mongol invasion of Russia, Hungary, and Poland
The Nightmare Before Christmas

The Nightmare Before Christmas is a 1993 movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. It is a 31st movie. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town".This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix.

Cast 
 Chris Sarandon as Jack Skellington
 Danny Elfman as Jack Skellington (singing voice) / Barrel / Clown with the Tearaway Face
 Catherine O'Hara as Sally / Shock
 William Hickey as Doctor Finkelstein
 Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloweentown
 Paul Reubens as Lock
 Ken Page as Oogie Boogie
 Ed Ivory as Santa Claus

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Nightmare Before Christmas  at The Tim Burton Collective
 

1993 movies
2000s 3D movies
American family movies
Disney animated movies
American musical movies
Christmas movies
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
The Nightmare Before Christmas
3D re-releases
President of Ireland

The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann ) is the head of state of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Michael D. Higgins.

Duties
 Appoints the government: The President formally appoints the Taoiseach (head of government) and other ministers, and accepts their resignations. 
 Signs bills into law: The President cannot veto a bill that the Dáil and the Seanad have adopted.
 Power of pardon: The President, on the advice of the Government, has "the right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment".
 The President is ex officio President of the Irish Red Cross Society.
 The President appoints, on the advice of the Government, the Senior Professors and chairman of the council of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies;

List of presidents of Ireland

The functions of the President were exercised by the Presidential Commission from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997.

Notes

References

Other websites
 

Politics of Ireland
 
Lists of national presidents
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Sarah Childress Polk

Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 - August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849.

Early life and education
She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.  She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Marriage and family
On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.

The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847-1924).

First Lady tenure
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.

After being First Lady
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.

Living longer
Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.

Death
She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.

Legacy
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.

First Ladies of the United States
James K. Polk
1803 births
1891 deaths
Anna Harrison

Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (1775 - 1864) was the wife of President William Henry Harrison. President Benjamin Harrison was her grandson. She was the First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841. But she never entered the White House.

She was born near Morristown, New Jersey on July 25, 1775. Her father was a judge and his name was John Cleves Symmes. Her mother’s name was Anna Tuthill Symmes. Her mother died in 1776 when Anna was hardly one year old. During the American Revolution, Anna's father dressed like a British soldier and carried her on horseback passing through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island. They cared for the child till the end of the war with the British.

At the age of thirteen, she went to North Bend, Ohio to live with her father and the stepmother. After few years, she met William Harrison, a young army officer. She married him on 25th November 1795. The couple had six sons and four daughters: Elizabeth Bassett "Betsy" (1796 - 1846), John Cleves Symmes (1798 - 1830), Lucy Singleton (1800 - 1826), William Henry, Jr. (1802 - 1838), John Scott (1804 - 1878), Benjamin (1806 - 1840), Mary Symmes (1809 - 1842), Carter Bassett (1811 - 1839), Anna Tuthill (1813 - 1845), and James Findlay (1814 - 1817).

After an eventful career in the US Army, her husband became the President of the United States in 1841. Due to her illness, she could not attend the inauguration ceremony and remained at their home in North Bend. After a month, on April 4, 1841, she was about to move to Washington when she learned of her husband's death. Thus, she never entered the White House, even though she was the First Lady. 

After the death of her husband, she lived in North Bend with one of her sons, John Scott Harrison. She helped raise his children. One of the children was eight-year old Benjamin who became President of the United States. She died at the age of 88 on February 25, 1864 at home in North Bend, Ohio.

References 

1775 births
1864 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
William Henry Harrison
Sarah Yorke Jackson

Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 1805? - August 23, 1887) was the daughter in law of US President Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Jackson.  She acted as the First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837. 

Sarah Yorke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were very rich. The exact date of her birth is not known. But, it was in July 1805. Her father’s name was Peter Yorke. Her father had worked as a sea captain, and then became a merchant. Her mother’s name was Mary Haines York. Her father died in 1805. While going to New Orleans, her mother died in 1820. Sarah had two other sisters. Her two aunts raised all the three children.

On November 24 1831, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. He was the adopted son of president Andrew Jackson. The couple lived in the family plantation farm in Tennessee. There in 1834, a fire destroyed the main house. They came to Washington, and started living in the White House. By that time, they had become parents of two children. 

The couple and their children reached the White House on November 26 1834. She immediately started to act as the First Lady. At the same time, the President’s niece Emily Donelson was also acting as the First Lady. This is the single example of two ladies acting as the First Lady in the history of the United States. In 1836, Emily died of tuberculosis. After that, Sarah continued to act as the First Lady. 

President Jackson’s term as president expired in 1837. Until then Sarah remained in the White House, and continued to act as the First lady. By that time, a new house was constructed at Tennessee. The couple and the former president lived there for about eight years. In 1845, Andrew Jackson died. She continued to live there with her husband. When the American Civil War broke out, the couple moved to Mississippi. She died on August 23 1887.

First Ladies of the United States
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1805 births
1877 deaths
Carnivora

The order Carnivora is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia. 

Animals of the order Carnivora are carnivores, a term which applies to all flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then carnivorans is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants.

The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals.

Taxonomy 
 Order Carnivora
 Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
 Family Felidae: cats
 Family Viverridae
 Family Hyaenidae: hyenas
 Family Eupleridae
 Family Herpestidae: mongooses
 Suborder Caniformia ("dog-like")
 Family Canidae: dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals, and coyotes
 Family Ursidae: bears
 Family Ailuridae: red pandas
 Family Mephitidae: skunks
 Family Mustelidae: martins, badgers, and minks
 Family Procyonidae: racoons
 Superfamily Pinnipedia : walruses, and seals
 Family Odobenidae
 Family Otariidae
 Family Phocidae

Carnivoramorpha 
The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha:
†Miacoidea
†Viverravidae
†Miacidae (Miacis)
Carnivora
Caniformia
Feliformia

The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha.
Fowl

Fowls are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). It happens that birds in these groups are good to eat, and often hunted by gun. So the word 'fowl' may be used for a game bird. The group is mostly of birds we hunt or farm, and which we eat. Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Together, they form the fowl clade, the Galloanserae. This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data, as well as retrotransposon data.

Galloanserae is the clade fowl the form they Together relatives ary evolution close are groups two these suggest similarities molecular biology Molecular and anatomical Anatomy of Studies eat we which and farm or hunt we birds of mostly is group The bird game a for used be may 'fowl' word the So gun by hunted often and eat to good are groups these in birds that happens. It Anseriformes waterfowl the and Galliformes landfowl or gamefowl the namely orders biological biology order two of one to belonging birds are fowl.

References 

Birds
Basic English 850 words
Animals
Receipt

A receipt is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get".

Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something.  It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle.

Related pages 
 Invoice

Basic English 850 words
Genres
Business
Error

An error is a mistake: that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects.

In arithmetic 
Elementary errors in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning.

This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results.

In statistics 
A statistical error is the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value. The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen.

A tricky point is this:
The difference between a value in the sample and the (unobservable) population mean is a statistical error, whereas
The difference between a value in the sample and the observable sample mean is a residual.

Computer programming 
The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A syntax error is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A logic error is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output. 

An error may also be an exception, which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict.

Catastrophes 
In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Union of European Football Associations

The Union of European Football Associations mostly called the UEFA, is the organization that controls European football (soccer) (often referred to as association football). The UEFA is one of 6 continental confederations of the FIFA. It is also the biggest one. The President of the UEFA is Florentino Pérez, who also works as the president of Real Madrid.

Some members of the UEFA are partly or whole not part of the European continent (Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus and Russia). There are members that do not represent sovereign states, such as the Faroe Islands, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

UEFA national teams have won 12 FIFA World Cups (Italy-4, Germany-4, France-2, England and Spain-one trophy each), and UEFA clubs have won 21 Intercontinental Cups and four FIFA Club World Cups. In women's, UEFA teams have won three FIFA Women's World Cups (Germany 2, Norway 1) and one Olympic gold medal (Norway).

Members of UEFA

Competitions

International competitions
The main international competition is the UEFA European Football Championship. This competition started in 1958, with the first finals in 1960. It is held every four years. The last was 2016 in France. The title was won by Portugal for their first time ever. There were also European competitions at the Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 levels. For women there was the UEFA Women's Championship.

Club competitions
There are two main club competitions. The highest is the UEFA Champions League. It started in the 1992/93 season as follower of the UEFA Champion Cup. This competition was first held in 1956. The second is the UEFA Europa League. The league started in 1999 when the UEFA Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup merged. In women's football UEFA governs UEFA Women's Champions League for club teams. The competition was first held in 2009 (out of UEFA Women's Cup until 2009)

Winner of the UEFA Champions League
 2017/18-Real Madrid
 2016/17-Real Madrid
 2015/16-Real Madrid
 2014/15-FC Barcelona
 2013/14-Real Madrid
 2012/13-Bayern Munich
 2011/12-Chelsea FC
 2010/11-FC Barcelona
 2009/10-Inter Milan
 2008/09-FC Barcelona
 2007/08-Manchester United
 2006/07-AC Milan
 2005/06-FC Barcelona
 2004/05-Liverpool FC
 2003/04-FC Porto
 2002/03-AC Milan
 2001/02-Real Madrid
 2000/01-Bayern Munich
 1999/00-Real Madrid
 1998/99-Manchester United
 1997/98-Real Madrid
 1996/97-Borussia Dortmund
 1995/96-Juventus
 1994/95-Ajax Amsterdam
 1993/94-AC Milan
 1992/93-Olympic Marseille
Since 1992 no winner of the Champions League was able to defend the title the next season.

Winner of the UEFA Women's Champions League
 2009/10-1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (Germany)
 2010/11-Olympique Lyon (France)

Related pages
 European Football Champions
 UEFA Champions League
 FIFA
 UEFA Europa League

References

Other websites 

 UEFA homepage

 
1954 establishments in Europe
Micronesia

Micronesia is an area in Oceania. Many islands in southwest Pacific Ocean are part of it. Micronesia means small islands in ancient Greek language.

Philippines is to the west of Micronesia. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia are to the south of Micronesia. Polynesia is to the east of Micronesia.

List of islands and countries in Micronesia 
Gilbert Islands (in Republic of Kiribati)
Republic of the Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia (It may be called just Micronesia)
Republic of Nauru
Republic of Palau
Mariana Islands
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (in United States)
Territory of Guam;
 Territory of Wake Island.

 

bcl:Maykronisya
2002 FIFA World Cup

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30, 2002. 32 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Germany in the final by a score of 2-0. 69,029 people were at the finals at International Stadium, Yokohama.

Participants

Africa 
 Senegal (SEN) • Squad
 South Africa (RSA) • Squad
 Tunisia (TUN) • Squad

Asia 
 China PR (CHN) • Squad
 Japan (JPN) • Squad
 South Korea (KOR) • Squad
 Saudi Arabia (KSA) • Squad

Europe 
 Belgium (BEL) • Squad
 Croatia (CRO) • Squad
 Denmark (DEN) • Squad
 England (ENG) • Squad
 France (FRA) • Squad
 Germany (GER) • Squad
 Italy (ITA) • Squad
 Poland (POL) • Squad
 Portugal (POR) • Squad
 Republic of Ireland (IRL) • Squad
 Russia (RUS) • Squad
 Slovenia (SVN) • Squad
 Spain (ESP) • Squad
 Sweden (SWE) • Squad
 Turkey (TUR) • Squad

North and Central America 
 Costa Rica (CRC) • Squad
 Mexico (MEX) • Squad
 United States (USA) • Squad

South America 
 Argentina (ARG) • Squad
 Brazil (BRA) • Squad
 Ecuador (ECU) • Squad
 Paraguay (PAR) • Squad
 Uruguay (URU) • Squad

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Third place play-off

Final

Goalscorers

3 goals 
 Miroslav Klose

2 goals 
 John Dahl Tomasson

1 goal 
 Papa Bouba Diop
 Patrick M'Boma
 Matt Holland
 Darío Rodríguez
 Michael Ballack
 Carsten Jancker
 Thomas Linke
 Oliver Bierhoff
 Bernd Schneider
 Gabriel Batistuta
 Roque Santa Cruz
 Francisco Arce
 Teboho Mokoena
 Quinton Fortune
 Sol Campbell
 Niclas Alexandersson
 Raúl
 Juan Carlos Valerón
 Fernando Hierro
 Sebastjan Cimirotič

References 
 FIFA 

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FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA World Cup
2000s in Japan
21st century in South Korea
Football in Japan
Football in South Korea
Monotreme

Monotremes are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk.

The word 'monotreme' refers to their common rear opening, the cloaca. In amphibia, reptiles, birds and probably all early tetrapods, there is a common opening for urine, reproduction and faeces.

Evolution  
Monotremes are derived from earlier mammals than the marsupials and eutherians, but their fossil record is poor. 

The time at which the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago. This is in the Upper Triassic. Fossils of a jaw fragment 110 million years old were found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. This means they originated up to 100 million years before the Metatheria or Eutheria, so they are definitely 'living fossils'.

Mosaic features 
The egg-laying and the cloaca are primitive ('basal') features inherited from earlier synapsid tetrapods. 

But the monotremes also have other features such as the production of milk, caring for their young in burrows, homeothermy and a neocortex in their brains. These are advanced ('derived') features which they share with placentals and marsupials. This mixture of basal and derived features is characteristic of the way different body parts often evolve at different rates. This is called mosaic evolution. 

In mammals, a monophyletic group, there were a number of different lines living at the same time through the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Each of these lines had a mixture of basal and derived features until, at last, the placental mammals developed the whole suite of derived characters. This gave them a great advantage over the other groups wherever open competition occurred. However, because of their long seclusion in southern continents, some of the monotremes and marsupials have survived.

Survivors 
There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as the platypus and the spiny anteaters. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others are the spiny anteaters, or the echidna.

Types of monotreme 
 Order Monotremata
 Family Ornithorhynchidae
 Genus Ornithorhynchus
 Platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus
 Family Tachyglossidae: Echidnas
 Genus Tachyglossus
 Short-beaked Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus
 Genus Zaglossus: Long-beaked Echidnas
 Western Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus bruijni
 Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus attenboroughi
 Eastern Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus bartoni

References 

 
Living fossils
FIFA Club World Cup

The FIFA Club World Cup is a competition in the sport of Club football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every one year. The tournament officially assigns the world title. It is normally contested between the Champions of each continent, and the champion of the host country. Real Madrid is the most successful team in the tournament, with 4 titles.

List of champions and statistics 

See also: Clubs of football world champions

Pre Fifa Club World Cup Competition
 Intercontinental Cup (1960-2004); in 2017 FIFA officially recognized all of them as official club world champions (de jure) with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners or world champions FIFA. In synthesis FIFA has two types of world champions, those deriving from the Intercontinental Cup and those deriving from the Club World Cup, the two competitions confer the same title.

Related pages
 Clubs of football world champions

References

Other websites
 Fifa Club World Cup website 

FIFA competitions
Metatheria

Metatheria is a group in the class Mammalia which contains the marsupials and the sparassodonts. 

First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia, but it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals. They differ from all other mammals in their dental formula, which includes about five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars.

The earliest known representative, Sinodelphys, is from the Lower Cretaceous of China. 

The closest relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880). Both are conventionally united as infraclasses within the subclass Theria, which contains all living mammals except monotremes.

During development, metatherians produce a yolk sac placenta and give birth to 'larval-like' offspring. 

These offspring have underdeveloped rear limbs, and after birth they migrate to the marsupium where they attach to a nipple. The mouth of newly born metatherians forms an "O" shape into which the mother's nipple fits. Then it swells to secure the offspring into place.

The Greek words meta- and theria roughly means the "other beasts", in contrast with Eutheria ("true beasts").

Evolutionary history
Metatherians first appeared in the Cretaceous period.  Some stem group metatherians persisted well into the Neogene period before becoming extinct. Crown group marsupials, the one branch of Metatheria that survives today, diversified close to the time of extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.

References
Urarina

Urarina are Indigenous Peoples who live in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest

External link
 Book about the Urarina people from the University Press of Florida.

Peruvian people
Sergipe

Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil. Aracaju is the capital and largest city. Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas.

Geography 
Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga. A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast. There are also swamps near the coast.

Economy 
Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane. Cassava is also grown. There is a small petoleum industry.

History 
The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe. The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for crab.

The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão. Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after.

Now, Sergipe is part of free Brazil.

References

 
States of Brazil
Emily Donelson

Emily Tennessee Donelson (June 1, 1807 - December 19, 1836) was the niece of President of the United States Andrew Jackson.  She acted as an unofficial First Lady of the United States from 1829 to 1836.

Emily Tennessee Donelson was born in Donelson, Tennessee. Her father’s name was John Donelson. He was the brother of Rachel Donelson Jackson. Rachel Donelson Jackson later on married Andrew Jackson, the President. She studied at Nashville Female Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. She was a bright student and she got a very good education. At the age of seventeen, she married Andrew Jackson Donelson, called in short as A. J. Donelson. 
  
With her husband, she came to the White House in 1829. At that time, she was just 21 years old. Her husband A. J. Donelson served as a secretary to the President Jackson. Her first months at the White House marked the mourning for the death of Rachel Donelson Jackson. The period of mourning ended when Emily gave a party at the White House on 1 January 1830.

She continued to act as the First Lady for few years.  She left the White House for some time. But, she returned again on the 5th September 1831. On 26 November 1834 Sarah Yorke Jackson, the President's daughter in law arrived at the White House. She also started to act as the First lady. It was the only time in the history of USA that two women acted at the same time as the First Lady. 

In 1836, Emily’s health became very weak. She was suffering from tuberculosis.  In June 1836 she left the White House to recover and rest Tulip Grove, her plantation. She could not recover and died on the 19 December 1836.

1807 births
1836 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Andrew Jackson
Letitia Christian Tyler

Letitia Christian Tyler (November 12, 1790 - September 10, 1842) was the first wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death in 1842.

Life
Letitia Christian Tyler was born at her family’s plantation in Virginia. She could not get any formal education. But she learned to manage the plantation and raise a family. 
She married John Tyler on 29 March 1813. The day was the twenty-third birthday of John Tyler. The couple had eight children. Out of the eight, one died very young. 

After 1839, she fell ill. When John Tyler became president, Letitia Tyler was very sick. She was confined to her invalid’s chair. She lived in a second-floor room of the White House. She could not take part in social activities, but she looked after other affairs of the household. 

She died on 10 September 1842. She was the first President's wife to die in the White House. Her picture also appears on a postage stamp issued by the Isle of Man Post Office  in her honor. After her death, Priscilla Cooper Tyler became the First Lady.

1790 births
1842 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
People from Hampton Roads, Virginia
John Tyler