cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Guarneri

Guarneri is the name of a family of famous violin makers from Cremona in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries.  Together with the families Amati and Stradivari they made some of the best violins the world has known.  

Andrea Guarneri (c. 1626 - 7 December  1698) was a pupil in the workshop of Nicolo Amati from 1641 to 1646 and returned to make violins for Amati from 1650 to 1654.  He married a rich lady and they were able to buy a large house which became known as the “Casa Guarneri”.  They had seven children.  Two of his sons: Pietro Giovanni and Giuseppe Giovanni, became violin makers. Andrea Guarneri produced some fine violas, one of which was played by William Primrose in the early 20th century.

Pietro Giovanni Guarneri (18 February  1655 - 26 March  1720), known as Peter of Mantua (Pietro da Mantova) to distinguish him from his nephew Pietro Guarneri. He worked in his father's workshop from around 1670 until his marriage in 1677. He had settled in Mantua by 1683, where he worked both as a musician and a violin maker. His instruments are generally better than his father's.  However, he did not make so many instruments because he spent a lot of his time playing them.  None of his children became violin makers.  Joseph Szigeti played one of his instruments.

Andrea's younger son, Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri (25 November  1666 - 1739 or 1740), known as filius Andreae, joined his father's business in Cremona.  He inherited it in 1698. He is one of the great violin makers.

Giuseppe Giovanni Battista was father to two other instrument makers:  Pietro Guerneri who settled in Venice and Bartolomeo.

Pietro Guarneri (Peter of Venice or Pietro da Venezia) (14 April  1695 - 7 April, 1762) made some instruments that are as great as those of his father.  One of his cellos was played by Beatrice Harrison. 

Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri (del Gesù), also known as Joseph (21 August   1698 - 17 October   1744), has been called the finest violin maker of the Amati line (Amati and his pupils). Giuseppe is known as del Gesù because his labels always have the characters I.H.S. (iota-eta-sigma) and a Roman cross. His instruments are different from the others made by his family.  They are thought of as the greatest violins with the exception of those by Stradivari. The famous violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini’s favorite instrument was a Guarneri del Gesù violin of 1743. The "Lord Wilton" Guarneri del Gesù violin made in 1742 was owned by Yehudi Menuhin and other Twentieth-century 'del Gesù' players have included, Arthur Grumiaux, Jascha Heifetz, Isaac Stern and Henryk Szeryng.

References
http://www.grovemusic.com/Grove Music Online

Other websites
Guarneri family web page, violins, violin labels
Guarneri web site
The Violin Site - Violin Making 
Casa Guarneri Auctioneers of fine musical instruments 

Musical instrument makers
People from Cremona
Amati

Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin makers. They made violins between about 1549 and 1740. They worked in Cremona in Italy, the town which is famous for violin making.

Andrea Amati: the founder of the family 

The most famous member of the family was Andrea Amati who was born some time before 1511 and died in Cremona on 24 December 1577. He can be thought of as the inventor of the violin in its modern form. He made violins, violas and cellos. A small number of his instruments are still in existence. They are dated between 1564 and 1574 and they have the coat of arms of Charles IX of France on the back.

His sons Antonio and Girolamo Amati 

Andrea Amati’s two sons were Antonio Amati who was born about 1540 in Cremona and died there on 14 February 1607 and Girolamo Amati who was born about 1561 in Cremona and died of the plague there on 21 October 1630. They are known as "The Brothers Amati", but they did not work much together. However, they both produced some great instruments. They made the shape of the f holes perfect and gave their instruments more strength. They also made some large violas and cellos. They had an enormous influence on all other violin makers.

Nicolò Amati 
Nicolò Amati was the son of Girolamo Amati. He is now the most famous member of the family. He was born on 3 December 1596 and died on 12 April 1684) He was the most eminent of the family. He had become a very skilled violin maker by 1630 when his father died. During the next few years there was a lot of suffering because of the plague and not many people could afford to buy instruments. Then, after 1640, there was more demand again and Nicolò made many great instruments. Those that have survived are among the most sought-after and expensive violins today. He made instruments that were slightly wider and were known as the “Grand Pattern”. Many other violin makers learned from him. These pupils include Andrea Guarneri and possibly also Antonio Stradivari.

Girolamo Amati 
The last maker of the family was Nicolo's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II. He was born on 26 February and died on 21 February, 1740. Although he made some improvements to his father's instruments, they are not as good. Antonio Stradivari became the greatest violin maker at this time.

Related pages
Stradivarius
Guarneri

References 
http://www.grovemusic.com/Grove Music Online

Other websites 
The Violin Site - Violin Making 

Musical instrument makers
Italian families
Guardians of Scotland

The Guardians of Scotland were appointed to act as King during the two interregnums of 1290-1292 and 1296-1302.

An interregum is a time when a monarchy has no king.  It is from the Latin for "between reigns".

History of Scotland

1292 establishments
Establishments in Scotland
14th-century disestablishments in Europe
1292 disestablishments
1295 establishments
1302 disestablishments
1290s establishments in Europe
Montel Vontavious Porter

Alvin Burke, Jr. (born October 28, 1973) is an American professional wrestler and rapper. He is better known by the ring name Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP). He is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He has also worked with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW). He is a former one time WWE Tag Team Champion with Matt Hardy and a former two time WWE United States Champion.

He spent six months in a juvenile detention center after a robbery and later completed 9½ years of an 18½ year prison sentence for armed robbery and kidnapping which at the time he started it he was sixteen. He has a rare heart condition called Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. He converted to Islam while in prison but has since described himself as a nonbeliever.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 TNA profile 
 WWE profile

1973 births
African-American wrestlers
American agnostics
American burglars
American kidnappers
American professional wrestlers
Rap musicians from Florida
American robbers
Converts to Islam
Living people
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Miami, Florida
TNA wrestlers
Pretzel

A pretzel (French: Bretzel, Alsatian: bradchdal, German: Breze or Brezel) is a baked snack that originated in Germany. It is traditionally twisted into a unique knot-like shape. The pretzel dough is made from wheat flour and yeast. Before baking, it is dipped into "Natronlauge" (, sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) or sodium carbonate solution (Na2CO3)) and sprinkled with coarse salt. During baking, a Maillard reaction then gives the pretzel its characteristic brown color and distinctive flavor. In Bavaria, it is obligatory in a Weißwurst breakfast.

Because they are made mostly of wheat, pretzels can be problematic for people who have wheat allergy, coeliac disease, or wheat intolerances.

There are different types of pretzels, like chocolate pretzels.

References

Other websites 

 Sturgis Pretzel House: Pretzel History 
 German Brezel History
 Video Clips of Pretzel
 History at Snyders of Hanover 

Snack foods
German food
Shoplifting

Shoplifting is theft by stealing goods or money from a retail store. Shoplifting is punishable by law enforcement.

Theft

no:Shoplifter (sang)
Portrait

A portrait is a painting or a photograph of a person's face and its expression. The purpose of a portrait is to show the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography, a portrait is actually not a snapshot, but a calm image of a person in a still position. A portrait normally shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer.

Gallery

Other websites 

 National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution
 National Portrait Gallery London
 Painting The Century 101 Portrait Masterpieces
 Jeanne Ivy's Self-Portrait Page - What Artists Find When They Search in the Mirror.
 Portrait Detectives - Fun interactive introduction to the analysis of portraiture.
 Reportret - A gallery of reconstructions of missing portraits from world history.

Art
Road rage

Road rage means violent behavior by a driver of a road vehicle. This includes verbal abuse, offensive gestures, and dangerous driving methods. Road rage may cause violence or accidents.

References 

Human behavior
Violence
Graceland

Graceland is a 13.8 acre estate and large white-colored mansion that was owned by Elvis Presley. It is located in Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

Further reading
Engel, Matthew. "Still stuck on Elvis, fans exalt the King". The Guardian (London), August 17, 2002, p. 1.
Harris, John. "Talking about Graceland". The Guardian (London), March 27, 2006.

Other websites 
Official website
O.T.I.S. Odd Things I've Seen
National Historic Landmark news release 
Elvis Information Network History of the building

Memphis, Tennessee
Elvis Presley
Buildings and structures in Tennessee
Harry Shearer

Harry Julius Shearer (born December 23, 1943, in Los Angeles, California) is an American comedic actor, voice actor, comedian, writer, musician, author, radio host, director and producer. Shearer is famous for playing the voices of several minor characters for The Simpsons (1989 to present).

Shearer was a child actor.  He acted on the Jack Benny radio program.

Shearer was a member of the Credibility Gap comedy group.  The radio stations KRLA and later KPPC broadcast the Credibility Gap.  He performed on the Pop Chronicles music documentary.

Shearer portrayed Derek Smalls in the 1984 comedy movie This is Spinal Tap. Rob Reiner directed this movie. 

Shearer speaks the voices for many characters on The Simpsons cartoon.  Some of the characters he plays are  Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, and Ned Flanders.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music video

Video games

Other websites
 Harry Shearer's official site
 archived Harry Shearer site
 Harry Shearer's blog at the Huffington Post
 Harry Shearer  at Voice Chasers 
 Harry Shearer 'takes aim' with "Not Enough Indians"  (video of an appearance at Cody's Books, Berkeley, CA Nov 26, 2006)
 Harry Shearer on The Hour
 Scene Missing Magazine Interviews Harry Shearer

References 

American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
HuffPost writers and columnists
1943 births
Living people
Nancy Cartwright

Nancy Jean Cartwright (born on October 25, 1957 in Dayton, Ohio) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian, clown, jester, mime and tap dancer. She is known for providing the voices of Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Todd Flanders and Ralph Wiggum on the animated television show The Simpsons. She also plays the voice of Chuckie Finster on Rugrats and All Grown Up!.

Cartwright graduated from Fairmont High School. She went to Ohio University and the University of Los Angeles (UCLA). At UCLA, she earned a degree in theatre.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

Theme park
r

References

Other websites 

 Nancy Cartwright Official site
 

1957 births
Living people
American voice actors
Ohio University alumni
Daniel Schneidermann

Daniel Schneidermann (born April 5, 1958 in Paris) is a French journalist. He mainly reports about televised media. He is most active in weekly columns. Schneidermann has written in Le Monde and is presently in Libération. He also can be seen on the television program Arrêt sur images (Freeze-frame), broadcast by the public television channel France 5.

1958 births
Living people
French writers
French journalists
Pound (mass)

A pound (usually abbreviated as lb, plural lbs) is a unit used to measure the mass of something. It is used in the imperial system and the United States customary system. There are a number of different definitions. The most commonly used definitions band  today is the international avoirdupois pound. This is equal to , and is divided into 16 avoirdupois ounces.

Avoirdupois pound 
The avoirdupois pound (abbreviation lb., plural lbs.) is the most common unit. This type is used for all purposes except the uses of the troy pound. Most people from the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Liberia and Burma use this as their standard measure of their personal mass.

Troy pound 

The troy pound (abbreviation t lb., plural t lbs.) is generally not used anymore. It was used in England by apothecaries and jewellers. A troy pound contains 12 troy ounces. The troy ounce is still used to measure the mass of precious metals and gems.

Metric pound 
In some European countries, a metric pound is an informal term for half a kilogram (500 grams). In the Netherlands, however, the metric pound () is equal to one kilogram.

Comparison

References 

Imperial units
Units of mass
Eastern Armenia

Eastern Armenia was a part of Ottoman Armenia and Persian that was merged with the Russian empire.

The Eastern Armenian dialect of the Armenian language is spoken mostly in the Caucasus region (including Armenia) and in Iran and Russia.

Related pages
History of Armenia
Ottoman Armenia
Russian Armenia
Greater Armenia
Western Armenia
Lesser Armenia

History of Armenia
Western Armenia

Western Armenia (), also referred to as Byzantine Armenia, later Turkish Armenia, or Ottoman Armenia is a term coined following the division of Greater Armenia between Byzantine Empire (Western Armenia) and Persia (Eastern Armenia) in 387 AC.

History
After the death of Armenian king Arshak III, in 390 AC, the Western Armenia was governed by Greek generals. In the 7th century Western Armenia was one of the centers of Pavlikian Christian popular sect. Since 9th century the most part of Western Armenia included Vaspurakan and Taron was under the rule of Bagratid dynasty of Armenia. Then the Zakarid Armenia of 13-14th centuries included some parts of Western Armenia.
 
After Turkish-Persian wars of 1602-1639 Western Armenia became part of Ottoman Empire. Since Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 that term is referred to the Armenian-populated historical regions of the Ottoman Empire that remained under Ottoman rule after the eastern part was ceded to the Russian Empire.

Western (Ottoman) Armenia was composed of six vilayets (vilâyat-ı sitte), the vilayets of Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Kharput, and Sivas. After the collapse of Ottoman Empire Western Armenia remained under Turkish rule, and in 1894–96 and 1915 Turkey perpetrated systematic massacres and forced deportations of Armenians.

After the Armenian genocide the distinct Western Armenian dialect of the Armenian language (recognized as one of the major dialects of Armenian  ) is spoken primarily in Istanbul, Lebanon, Egypt, other parts of Armenian diaspora, and formerly in eastern Turkey. It differs orthographically from Eastern Armenian, there are also phonological differences. In some parts of the diaspora, the Armenian schools, such as L'École Arménienne Sourp Hagop and the Armenian Sisters Academy instruct Western Armenian to the students, instead of Eastern Armenian, the official dialect of the Republic of Armenia.

Modern period
The fate of Western Armenia — commonly referred to as "The Armenian Question" — is considered as a key issue in the modern history of the Armenian people. The first and second congresses of Western Armenians took place in Yerevan in 1917 and 1919. Since 2000, an organizing committee of congress of heirs of Western Armenians who survived the Armenian Genocide is active in diasporan communities.

Publications
Dr Arman Kirakosian, English Policy towards Western Armenia and Public Opinion in Great Britain (1890-1900), Yerevan, 1981, 26 p. (in Armenian and Russian).

Related pages
Kingdom of Armenia
Armenian Highland
Wilsonian Armenia
Armenian Empire

References

Other websites
Disappearance of Western Armenia after World War 1 
Video: Provinces of Western Armenia

History of Armenia
Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)

The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons lasted from 1385 to 1569. It was created by the accession of Wladislaus II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Polish throne in 1386. The Union of Krewo united Poland and Lithuania into one monarchy. The union was confirmed but also transformed by the Union of Lublin in 1569, which was shortly followed by the end of the Jagiellon dynasty that had ruled Poland for two centuries.

Related pages
 History of Poland 

History of Poland
Jagiellon dynasty

The Jagiellons were a royal dynasty that came from Lithuania and reigned in some Central European countries (present day Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Kaliningrad, parts of Russia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia) between the 14th and 16th century. 

Members of the dynasty were grand dukes of Lithuania 1377–1392 and 1440–1572, kings of Poland 1386–1572, kings of Hungary 1440–1444 and 1490–1526, and kings of Bohemia 1471–1526. The family was a branch of the Lithuanian Gediminaičių dynasty.

The name (other variations used in English include: Jagiellonians, Jagiellos, Jogailos, Jagiellas) comes from Jogaila (pol.: Jagiełło), the first Polish king of that dynasty.

Jagiellon rulers 
Jagiellons were hereditary rulers of Poland and Lithuania.

The Jagiellon rulers of Poland–Lithuania (with dates of ruling in brackets) were:

 Ladislaus (Jogaila) (in Lithuania 1377–1401; in Poland 1386–1434). (also known as Władysław II Jagiełło)
 Ladislaus III (1434–44)
 Casimir (1447–92)
 John Albert (1492–1501)
 Alexander (1501–05)
 Sigismund (1506–48)
 Sigismund Augustus (1548–72) (also known as Sigismund II)

Footnotes

Other websites 
 Pages and Forums on Lithuanian history
 Jagiellonian Observatory

History of Poland
Royal dynasties
D'oh!

D'oh! (also spelled out as annoyed grunt), is a famous catchphrase created by the fictional character Homer Simpson, from the popular animated television series, The Simpsons. It was also famously accepted into the Oxford English Dictionary in 2002. The quote is normally used when Homer hurts himself, finds out that he has done something stupid, or when something bad has happened or is about to happen to him. He often gives himself a facepalm at the same time. Other characters from the Simpsons have also been heard using the chatchprase too, the most common being his son Bart. Homer has also been known to change this phrase slightly. For example, in The Simpsons Movie he shouts "D'oooooome!" when the town is sealed in the glass dome.

Other websites 
 The definitive "D'oh" list 
 Homer Simpson says "D'oh!" 32 times (WAV sound file)
 D'oh! joins the Oxford English Dictionary - BBC News

The Simpsons

de:Die Simpsons#„Neinn!“
sv:Homer Simpson#Kända citat
Aqua regia

Aqua regia (Royal water in Latin) is a very strong acid. It is made by mixing one part concentrated nitric acid and three parts concentrated hydrochloric acid. The acid was named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum. Tantalum, iridium and a few other metals are not dissolved by it.

History 
Aqua regia was discovered around the year 800AD, by Jabir Bin Hayyan (Geber), when he mixed common salt with vitriol (sulphuric acid). In the Middle Ages it was one of the ways that alchemists tried to find the philosopher's stone.  

When Germany invaded Denmark in World War II, the Hungarian chemist George de Hevesy took the Nobel Prize medals of Max von Laue and James Franck to keep them safe. De Hevesy dissolved the medals, which were made of gold, into aqua regia. He did this so the Nazis would not steal them. He placed the jar that held the solution of aqua regia and gold on a shelf in his laboratory at the Niels Bohr Institute. The jar looked the same as hundreds of other jars in the laboratory, so the Nazis thought that all the jars had normal chemicals in them. After the war, de Hevesy returned to the lab, found the jar with the solution, and removed the gold from it. He returned the gold to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Nobel Foundation used the gold to make new medals for Laue and Franck.

Uses 
Aqua Regia is used in metal etching and scientific analysis. It is also used to clean certain lab machines from tiny metal particles. It is particularly used in the extraction and purification of gold and platinum. Users mix it immediately before use so it won't decompose.

References 

Acids
Inari (mythology)

is the Japanese kami (spirit) of fertility, rice and agriculture. Inari is sometimes represented as a male, female or both. 

The traditional messengers of Inari are foxes.

References

Japanese deities
Kurgan hypothesis

The Kurgan model of Indo-European origins is about both the people and their Proto-Indo-European language.

It uses both archaeology and linguistics to show the history of their culture at different stages of the Indo-European expansion.

The Kurgan model is the most widely accepted theory on the origins of Indo-European. 
"The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists, in part or total. It is the solution one encounters in the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse".
 "The single most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes".

Background
When it was first suggested in 1956, Marija Gimbutas's answer to the question of Indo-European origins was a pioneering interdisciplinary synthesis of archaeology and linguistics. From the nineties on, new archaeological evidence from Northern European prehistoric cultures was put forward on the influence and expansion of Kurgan cultures.

Related pages 
proto-Indo-Europeans
Shaft tomb, Tumulus
Anatolian hypothesis
Armenian hypothesis

References 

Indo-European
Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
Marija Gimbutas

Marija Gimbutas (Lithuanian: Marija Gimbutienė, born Marija Birutė Alseikaitė) (Vilnius, Lithuania, January 23, 1921 – Los Angeles, United States February 2, 1994), was a Lithuanian-American archeologist, known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of "Old Europe" and the theories that she introduced. Between 1946 and 1971, her writings merged traditional spadework with linguistics and mythologies.

1921 births
1994 deaths
Archaeologists
Lithuanian people
People from Vilnius
Luwians

The Luwians also known as Luvians were a people closely related to the Hittites. Sometime after 2300, the Luwians, an Indo-European-speaking people, settled in southern Anatolia.

The Luwians were related to the Hittites and were the dominant group in the Late Hittite culture.

Related pages
Urartu
Luwian Language

References 

Indo-European
Phrygia

Phrygia () was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. The Phrygian people started to live in the area from c. 1200 BC, and made a kingdom in the 8th century BC. It was ruined by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC, then conquered by its neighbor Lydia, before it passed successively into the Persian Empire of Cyrus, the empire of Alexander and his successors, was taken by the king of Pergamon, and became part of the Roman Empire. The Phrygian language survived until about the 6th century AD.

Other websites 
 Phrygian Period in Anatolia 
 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica

Former monarchies of Asia
Former vassal states
History of Turkey
White Genocide

White Genocide (Armenian: Ճերմակ or սպիտակ ջարդ, Jermag or Spitag Chart) is the word Western Armenians use to describe assimilation in the West. Armenians were forcibly deported from their homeland in Anatolia during the Armenian Genocide in 1915-1918, and never allowed to return. Western Armenians consider Armenians who assimilate within the local population of the country where they were eventually forced to emigrate (such as France, USA, Argentina, etc.) as lost to their nation due to the continuing exile after the actual genocide itself, and thus consider that lost Armenian to be another victim of the genocidal attempt to eliminate the Armenians. The term "White Genocide" was also used for the regions of Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan where Armenians were forcibly deported and cleansed from the regions.

Related pages
Armenian Genocide
Sumgait pogrom

References 

Armenian Genocide
Genocides in Europe
Didier Drogba

Didier Yves Drogba Tébily (born 11 March 1978 in Abidjan) is a retired Côte d'Ivoire professional football player.

Early life 
He lived in Abidjan until he was 5 years old and then he moved to France to live with his uncle, Michael Goba. His uncle had been a professional football player in Côte d'Ivoire.

Career 
In the 2006/07 season, he was the top scorer of the English Premier League with 20 goals. Drogba played for Le Mans at Ligue 2 in 1998. He moved to Olympique Marseille in 2003 and scored 29 goals in the next season. In July 2004, Drogba moved to Chelsea in the English Premier League. Drogba stayed at Chelsea for about 10 years. Drogba was a member of Côte d'Ivoire’s national team and was their top scorer with 65 goals in 105 appearances.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Le Mans||rowspan="4"|Division 2||2||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1999/00||30||7||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||32||7
|-
|2000/01||11||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2001/02||21||5||1||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||24||7
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|En Avant Guingamp||Division 1||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||34||17||3||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||39||21
|-
|2003/04||Olympique Marseille||Ligue 1||35||19||2||1||2||1||16||11||55||32

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Chelsea||rowspan="6"|Premier League||26||10||2||0||4||1||9||5||41||16
|-
|2005/06||29||12||3||1||1||0||7||1||40||14
|-
|2006/07||36||20||6||3||5||4||12||6||59||33
|-
|2007/08||19||8||1||0||1||1||11||6||32||15
|-
|2008/09||24||5||6||3||2||1||10||5||42||14
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
144||51||8||6||8||2||16||11||176||70
134||55||18||7||13||7||49||23||214||92
278||106||26||13||21||9||65||34||390||162
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||7||4
|-
|2004||7||6
|-
|2005||8||7
|-
|2006||14||8
|-
|2007||8||4
|-
|2008||8||4
|-
|2009||7||8
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||60||41
|}

Awards 
Chelsea
 English Premier League(2004-05) (2005-06) (2014-2015)
 FA Cup (2007)
 Football League Cup (2005) (2007)
 FA Community Shield (2005-06)
Personal
 English Golden Boot (2006-07)
 African Footballer of the Year(2006-07)

Other websites 
 Didier Drogba's official website - in English and French
 Profile on Chelsea's official site
 BBC profile 
 Didier Drogba videos at GoalVideoz.com

References 

1978 births
Living people
Ivorian footballers
Chelsea F.C. players
Muscatine, Iowa

Muscatine is a city in Muscatine County, Iowa. In 2000, 22,697 people lived in the city of Muscatine.

History
Muscatine began as a trading post in 1833. The city was first called Bloomington in 1839. The name was later changed because there were so many other cities named Bloomington. Some people think the name "Muscatine" came from the name of a local Native American tribe.

A person from Germany founded a button company in Muscatine in 1884. They made buttons from clam shells found in the Mississippi river. Muscatine was and still is called the "Pearl button capital of the world."

Sam Clemens, also called Mark Twain, worked at the newspaper the city for a short amount of time. He also wrote about Muscatine in his book Life on the Mississippi.

"And I remember Muscatine--still more pleasantly--for its summer sunsets. I have never seen any, on either side of the ocean, that equaled them. They used the broad smooth river as a canvas, and painted on it every imaginable dream of color, from the   and delicacies of the opal, all the way up, through cumulative intensities, to blinding purple and crimson conflagrations which were enchanting to the eye, but sharply tried it at the same time. All the Upper Mississippi region has these extraordinary sunsets as a familiar spectacle. It is the true Sunset Land: I am sure no other country can show so good a right to the name. The sunrises are also said to be exceedingly fine. I do not know."

Notable natives
 Samuel Clemmens, also called "Mark Twain" - writer
 Norman Baker- businessman, radio pioneer, helped finish the air-powered calliope
 Roy J Carver- businessman and philanthropist
 C Maxwell Stanley- founder of Stanley Consultants, delegate to the United Nations
 Ellis Parker Butler- writer
 Lee Allen- medical illustrator
 Dr. Ronald K Ross- academic physician
 Dr. David G. Meyers- academic cardiologist
 Ernie Peniston- rhythm and blues musician
 Max Allan Collins-  Writer of screenplay of the movie Mommy. The movie was filmed in Muscatine's Wood Creek neighborhood in 1995. He also wrote the graphic novel Road to Perdition, which became a screenplay and was filmed in 2002, starring Tom Hanks and Jude Law.
 Terry Beatty- artist who has worked as a penciler and inker in the comic book industry.
 Phil Vischer- creator of VeggieTales
 Natalie Larson- Professional artist and marathon runner

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the City of Muscatine 
 Official website of Muscatine County
 Muscatine Chamber of Commerce 
 Muscatine Journal
 Muscatine Web Design 
 Muscatine Art Center

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Armenian Army

The Armenian Army is the army of Armenia. Armenia has sent around 1,500 officers to be trained in Greece and Russia over the past years. Since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Armenia has made the army boost the defense and help defend Nagorno-Karabakh from a possible new attack by neighboring Azerbaijan.

Related pages
 Military history of Armenia
 Armed Forces of Armenia
 Armenian Air Force
 Armenian Air Defense
 Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Other websites 
 Military Parade in Stepanakert, Artsakh
 Armenian Military Photo Gallery 

Military of Armenia
Armies
1992 establishments
20th-century establishments in Armenia
Armenian Air Defense

The Armenian Air Defense is the anti-aircraft group of the Armed Forces of Armenia. It was a part of the military reform program of Ter-Grigoriants. 

Armenian anti-aircraft defense has an anti-aircraft missile brigade and two regiments armed with 100 missile launchers of various models and fixes. These missile launchers include the M79 Osa, Krug, S-75, S-125, and S-300. There are also 24 Scud ballistic missiles with eight launchers.

Related pages
Armenian Air Force
Armed Forces of Armenia

Other websites 
Russia is satisfied with Armenia’s air defense capabilities.

Military of Armenia

en:Armenian Air Force
Armed Forces of Armenia

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia is the Army, Air Defense, and Border Guard. Some parts were formed out of the former Soviet forces in the Armenian SSR. 

The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, currently Robert Kocharyan. The Ministry of Defense is in charge of political leadership. It is currently headed by Mikael Harutyunyan. Military command is in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Lieutenant-General Seyran Ohanyan.  Armenia established a Ministry of Defense on 28 January 1992. The Border guards purpose is to patrol Armenia's borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops continue to watch its borders with Iran and Turkey.

Related pages
Military history of Armenia
Armenian Army
Armenian Air Defense
Armenian Border Guard

Other websites 

Armenian Ministry of Defense

Military of Armenia
President of Armenia

The president of Armenia (, Hayastani Nakhagah) is the head of state of Armenia. They are elected to a single seven year term by the National Assembly of Armenia.

List

References

Other websites
Rulers of Armenia

 
1991 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Armenia
Levon Ter-Petrosyan

Levon Ter-Petrosyan (Armenian: Լևոն Տեր-Պետրոսյան; Russian: Левон Тер-Петросян) (born January 9, 1945), also Levon Ter-Petrosyan, was the President of Armenia from 1991 to 1998. Because of many economic and political problems, he resigned on February 3, 1998. He was replaced by Robert Kocharyan. Levon Ter Petrosian, announced he will run again for office in the presidential election which will start next year. Ter-Petrossian was born in Aleppo, Syria to an Armenian-Syrian family of genocide survivors. They emigrated to Armenia in 1946.
In 1968, Ter-Petrossian graduated from the Oriental Studies Department of the Yerevan State University. In 1972, he completed his postgraduate studies at the Leningrad State University. In 1987, he received his doctoral degree from the same university. In 1972-1978, Ter-Petrossian worked as junior researcher at the Literature Institute of Armenia named after Manouk Abeghian. In 1978-1985, he held the post of science secretary at Matenadaran named after Saint Mesrop Mashtots. Since 1985, Ter-Petrossian has been working at Matenadaran as a senior researcher.

Filmography 
1988: Armenia 1988 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCOGxwGooHE
2002: The Manuscript of Indepedence, Մատյան Անկախության - (Levon Ter-Petrosyan,Robert Kocharyan,Serj Sargsyan) 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EERMf2jdMlc

References

Other websites 
 Official Presidential site of Armenia 
 ARF history 
 Levon Ter-Petrossian at ArmeniaPedia.org

1945 births
Living people

Presidents of Armenia
Intonation (music)

Intonation, in music, can have two different meanings:

In plainchant, intonation is when a solo singer - usually the priest - sings the first phrase of a piece of music before the choir start to sing.  The intonation is the tune on which the music is based.  For example, when the choir sings a piece called Gloria the priest first sings "Gloria in excelsis Deo" ("Glory be to God") by himself, unaccompanied.  Then the choir continue singing with the words "et in terra pax....." ("and peace on earth....).
The word "intonation" is used in music to describe whether someone who is playing a musical instrument is playing in tune. This is not used for instruments such as the piano which are tuned already, but for an instrument such as the violin there is a lot of skill and practice needed to play with good intonation (to play well in tune).  A violinist needs to put his or her fingers in exactly the right place on the fingerboard, otherwise the note will be sharp (too high) or flat (too low).  Musicians playing in a group will need to listen to one another so that their tuning (intonation) is good. Players of wind instruments and singers all need to pay careful attention to their intonation.

Related pages
Musical tuning

Musical performance techniques
Vocal music
List of members of the Red Army Faction

This is a list of Members of the Red Army Faction. After Andreas Baader escaped from jail in 1970, the media began referring to the "Baader-Meinhoff Gang". When Baader and Meinhof were arrested, they became known as the Red Army Faction.

First generation 
These are the earliest members, from the late 1960s. The most important had all been arrested by 1972.

Second generation Red Army Faction
Other young terrorists available to swell the shrinking ranks of the Gang. Like the first generation they were mostly middle class and a lot of them were students. A lot of them were terrorists who joined the Gang after their own groups dissolved (e.g. the Socialist Patients' Collective (SPK), J2M).

Third Generation Red Army Faction
This generation was active mostly throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. More vicious than their predecessors, they did not have as much cause as the earlier generations to rebel.
 Wolfgang Grams
 Birgit Hogefeld
 Andrea Klump
 Eva Sybille Haule-Frimpong

References
 Jillian Becker Hitler's Children  
 Tom Vague Televisionaries: The Red Army Faction Story 1963-1993 
 Baader-Mienhof.com Guide to Baader-Meinhof Gang Members 
 RAF information site
 The Stoke Newington 8 Defence Group Armed Resistance in West Germany: Notes From The Red Army Fraction (1972)

Red Army Faction
German terrorists
Red Army Faction
Suppiluliuma II

Suppiluliuma II, the son of  Tudhaliya IV,  was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire, ruling  1207 BCE – c.1178 BCE, contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyira. 

He is known from two inscriptions in hieroglyphics. They record wars against former vassal Tarhuntassa, and against Alasiya in Cyprus. 

After the fall, the Kaskians were probably in control of Hatti. Hattusa itself was destroyed, its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later.

Literature
Astour, AJA 69 (1965).
Güterbock, JNES 26 (1967), 73-81.

Other websites
Reign of Suppiluliuma II

Hittite Empire
Battle of Rhandeia

The Battle of Rhandeia was a battle fought between Armenia and Parthia against the Roman Empire. It was fought just after the Mithridatic Wars. The Romans were led by Lucius Caesennius Paetus. They were defeated by the Parthian-Armenian army led by Tiridates I of Armenia.

The Parthians made Tiridates the King of Armenia. He was the brother of the Parthian king Vologases I. Tiridates replaced Tigranes, a Roman ally, as king. The Romans fought to take back the throne, but were forced into surrender at Rhandeia (autumn 62).

Related pages
Armenian Empire

References

History of Armenia
Rhandeia
62
Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is a chemical compound. It is a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas that is dissolved in water. In the past, people called it muriatic acid. It is widely used in industry, and it is also made by the stomach to help digest food. Hydrochloric acid, like all acids, react with bases to produce salts (chlorides).

Safety

In high concentrations, hydrochloric acid can make acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution hurt human tissue. They are caustic, and can cause chemical burns. These can damage the eyes, the skin, the respiratory system, and other organs of the human body.

When hydrochloric acid is mixed with certain chemicals such as bleach, the toxic gas chlorine is made. When working with hydrochloric acid, certain safety measures should be taken. These include using rubber or PVC gloves, wearing goggles to protect the eyes, as well as special clothing that is resistant to chemicals. 

Hydrochloric acid reacts with some metals, corroding them and making flammable hydrogen gas.

The risks of coming in contact with hydrochloric acid depend on its concentration. The following table lists the EU classification of hydrochloric acid solutions:

The Environmental Protection Agency says hydrochloric acid is a toxin.

References

Acids
Chlorine compounds
Medicine
Kobayr monastery

Kobayr (Armenian: Կոբայր) is a 12th century Armenian Apostolic Church monastery. It is located in the village Kober within Lori marz, Armenia. 

Kobayr was built on a shelf of a gorge by the princes of the junior Bagratuni branch, Kyurikids in 1171. The monastery was later acquired by the Zakarids and converted into a Chalcedonian monastery. Many of the writings in the monastery are written in Georgian.

The monastery is being fixed and paid for by the government of Armenia with the help of the government of Italy. The ruins of the main church in the monastery contain frescoes of Christ and the twelve apostles as well as the Church fathers and other Christian figures.

Churches in Armenia
Hnevank

Hnevank (, means old monastery) is a 7th century Armenian Apostolic Church monastery. It is near the city of Stepanavan in the Lori marz of Armenia. The monastery is on a hill within a gorge, near where the Dzoraget and Gargar rivers join.

The monastery was all rebuilt by lord Smbat of the House of Orbelian, a branch of the Liparitids who were removed to Armenia in the late 12th century from Georgia. Liparitids were themselves a branch of the Mamikonians. Smbat was the ancestor of the Armenian princes of Syunik. Georgian writings around the drum attests his name. The monastery has a gavit and various service buildings around the site. The government of Armenia has recently begun fixing the monastery. The broken dome of the main church has been restored entirely.

Churches in Armenia
Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder. It affects the brain and gets worse over time. This can lead to problems with moving, memory loss as well as thinking skills. Lastly, it also causes changes in behavior.  Chorea is one of the main symptoms of Huntington's disease. On average, the disease leads to death about fifteen years after the first signs of the illness show. It is found in about 6 in 100,000 people. There is a 50% chance of inheriting this disease from the parents.

History 
The disease is named after George Huntington. George Huntington specialized in medicine and psychology. In 1872, he was the first to describe the medical condition he was seeing in patients in a paper about science. In an 1908 review, an important scientist who also focused on medicine and psychology, William Osler, said about the paper: "In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described."

According to Huntington, the disease is characterized by three things: it is inherited; people who have it become cases for psychiatry (insanity and people who kill themselves); and it only occurs in adults. That was the medical understanding at that time. Of these, the last one is wrong: some children also show signs of the disease.

Symptoms 
Symptoms of Huntington's disease usually begin between the ages of 35 and 44 years. They can, however, start in any age group from babies to old age. Also, Huntington's disease kills the cells in the body and brain.

In fact, children with Huntington's disease are often much sicker. They get worse faster. Instead of having chorea, they usually have rigidity (or stiffness) of their muscles and it is painful. Seizures (uncontrollable movements in the body) are also a common sign in children.

Treatment and care 
In 2015, there is still no treatment for the disease itself. There are medicines available to help with some of the symptoms. Tetrabenazine was approved in 2008 by the FDA. This medicine helps slow some of the restless movements of chorea. Other medicines that can help with psychiatric symptoms and movements are benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants usually taken for seizures.

Clinical trials
Science Daily reported on May 6, 2019 that an international clinical trial has found  a new drug is safe. It reported that the drug used by UBC researchers successfully lowers levels of Huntingtin protein.

Related pages
 Woody_Guthrie#Illness_from_Huntington's_disease

References

Genetic disorders
Diseases
Adenoidectomy

Adenoidectomy is the process of taking out a person's adenoids from the back of their throat through the process of surgery. They may be removed for several reasons, including difficulty breathing through the nose and having ear infections. The surgery is common in young kids. The procedure is usually performed using a substance called anaesthesia (Greek for "without sensation"), and the substance puts a person to sleep when it is applied. Recovery time from the operation can vary from several hours to a few days.

Adenoidectomy is usually done on young children because their adenoids were infected by a virus. If the disease was to be left alone, it would worsen. The affected person could have harder times breathing or hearing, and may possibly be killed from the disease. Normally functioning adenoids help maintain the body's healthy immune system during early childhood. They shrink when a person gets older. When a person becomes an adult, their adenoids completely disappear.

Other websites
 Surgery Encyclopedia: Adenoidectomy
 Adenoidectomy - throat operation to remove swollen adenoids 

Surgery
Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission

The Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission was made in 2001 to help Turkey and Armenia be closer. The main goal was to make the governments more active.

Members 
 Gunduz Aktan (Ankara) - resigned June 2003
 Alexander Arzoumanian (Yerevan)
 Ustun Erguder (Istanbul)
 Sadi Erguvenc (Istanbul) - resigned June 2003
 David Hovhannissian (Yerevan)
 Van Krikorian (New York)
 Andranik Migranian (Moscow)
 Ozdem Sanberk (Istanbul) - resigned June 2003
 Ilter Turkmen (Istanbul)
 Vamik Volkan (Charlottesville) 

Newer Members (2003-2004)

 Emin Mahir Balcioglu (Geneva)
 Ahmet Evin (Istanbul)
 Ersin Kalaycioglu (Istanbul)
 Sule Kut (Istanbul)
 Ilter Turan (Istanbul)

Other websites 
Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission
Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission - Armeniapedia.org

Establishments in Armenia
2000s establishments in Turkey
2001 establishments in Asia
Political organizations based in Asia
ROT13

ROT13 (or ROT-13) is a very simple form of encryption cipher. It is a variant of a Caesar cipher. In it, the alphabet is written in two lines, of 13 characters each. Encryption, and decryption is done by simply switching the letters that are below each other. That way, A becomes N, B becomes O, and so on.

It is widely used in USENET forums.

Letter games and net culture

ROT13 can also be used for letter games. There are some words, that will produce another existing word, when they are treated with ROT13. The longest example in the English language is the pair of 7-letter words abjurer and nowhere; there is also the 7-letter pair chechen and purpura. Other examples of words like these are shown in the table.

The 1989 International Obfuscated C Code Contest (IOCCC) had an entry by Brian Westley. Westley's computer program can be ROT13'd or reversed and still compiles correctly. Its operation, when executed, is either to perform ROT13 encoding on, or to reverse its input.

The newsgroup alt.folklore.urban made a word—furrfu. It was the ROT13 encoding of the frequently encoded utterance "sheesh". "Furrfu" evolved in mid-1992 as a response to postings repeating urban myths on alt.folklore.urban, after some posters complained that "Sheesh!" as a response to newcomers was being overused.

References

Cryptography
Tony Kahn

Tony Kahn is an American radiohost, narrator, and writer who has won many awards. He is the son of Hollywood movie writer Gordon Kahn.

Early life
Kahn was born in Los Angeles, California.  His father was placed on a list of people with political beliefs that some people thought were not acceptable.  This happened during a time in American history known as the Red Scare.  The Red Scare is a term used to describe a time during the 1940s and 1950s in the United States when people were accused of (often wrongly) being communists.  

Because of the Red Scare, Kahn had to leave Los Angeles with his family.  They went to Mexico during the 1950s.  They returned after a few years and Kahn went to school at Harvard University where he studied the Russian language. He graduated with very good grades.  He then went to Columbia University where he got a masters degree -- an advanced academic degree or diploma -- in Slavic studies.

Career
Tony Kahn is known for his work in radio.  He produces and directs a radio show called Morning Stories for the radio station WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts.  He has also contributed to other radio shows such as Minnesota Public Radio's The World.  On The World, Kahn is sometimes the host and sometimes a reporter.  He has won twelve New England Emmys, six Gold Medals of the New York International Festival and an award called the Edward R. Murrow Award for Feature Reporting.

References

American radio personalities
American journalists
Columbia University alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people