Dormouse

The dormouse (plural: dormice) is a rodent in the family Gliridae. Dormice live mainly in Europe, although some live in Africa and Asia. They are known for their long periods of hibernation. Only one species of dormouse normally lives in the British Isles, so there "dormouse" usually means the hazel dormouse, not the whole family of dormice.

Characteristics 
Dormice are small rodents, with a body length of between , and weighing between . They are usually mouse-like in appearance, but they have furry tails instead of scaly tails. They are usually arboreal animals (living in trees). They move quickly and are good at climbing. Most species are nocturnal. Dormice have a very good sense of hearing. They make noises to each other with different sounds using their voices.

Dormice are omnivorous, usually eating fruits, berries, flowers, nuts and insects. Dormice are different to all other rodents because they do not have a cecum which is a part of the gut. Other animals use the cecum to ferment plants. Their teeth are like squirrels, but they often do not have premolars.

Dormice breed one or two times per year, having an average of four young after a gestation period of 21–32 days. Dormice can live for as long as five years. The young are born without hair and they cannot do anything for themselves. Their eyes do not open until about eighteen days after birth. They are usually ready to reproduce after the end of their first hibernation. Dormice live in small family groups. The area they live in depends on which species they are, and how much food is available.

Hibernation 
One of the main characteristics of dormice that live in temperate zones is hibernation.  Dormice can hibernate six months out of the year, or even longer if the weather remains cold enough. They sometimes wake for a short amount of time so that they can eat food which they had previously stored nearby. During the summer, they store fat in their bodies, to give the dormouse the energy it needs to survive through the hibernation period.

Hibernation is where the name dormouse comes from. The Anglo-Norman word dormeus means "sleepy (one)"; the word was later changed to resemble the word "mouse". The sleepy behaviour of the Dormouse character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland also shows this trait.

Relationship with humans 
The edible dormouse was thought to be a special food in ancient Rome. It was eaten as an appetizer or as a dessert. When it was eaten as a dessert, it would be dipped in honey and poppy seeds. The Romans had a special place to keep dormice which was called a glirarium. Dormice are still eaten in Slovenia, and apparently also by the Mafia.  Dormouse fat was used by the Elizabethans to induce sleep.

Evolution 

The earliest fossil evidence of dormice has been found in Europe from the early Eocene times. They were in Africa in the upper Miocene. Their appearance in Asia was not as long ago. Many types of extinct dormouse species have been found. During the Pleistocene, giant dormice the size of large rats (for example Leithia melitensis) lived on the islands of Malta and Sicily.

Classification 
The family consists of 34 living species, in three subfamilies and 10 genera (although not all scientists agree with this number):

Family: Gliridae
 Subfamily Graphiurinae
 Genus Graphiurus (African dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus angolensis, (Angolan African dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus christyi (Christy's dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus crassicaudatus (Jentink's dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus johnstoni (Johnston's African dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus kelleni (Kellen's dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus lorraineus (Lorrain dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus microtis (Small-eared dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus monardi (Monard's dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus murinus (Woodland dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus nagtglasii (Nagtglas's African dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus ocularis (Spectacled dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus platyops (Rock dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus rupicola (Stone dormouse)
 Species Graphiurus surdus (Silent dormouse)
 Subfamily Leithiinae
 Genus Chaetocauda
 Species Chaetocauda sichuanensis (Chinese dormouse)
 Genus Dryomys
 Species Dryomys laniger (Woolly dormouse)
 Species Dryomys niethammeri (Niethammer's forest dormouse)
 Species Dryomys nitedula (Forest dormouse)
 Genus Eliomys (Garden dormice)
 Species Eliomys melanurus (Asian garden dormouse)
 Species Eliomys munbyanus (Maghreb garden dormouse)
 Species Eliomys quercinus (Garden dormouse)
 Genus Hypnomys† (Balearic dormouse - extinct)
 Species Hypnomys morphaeus†
 Species Hypnomys mahonensis†
 Genus Muscardinus
 Species Muscardinus avellanarius (Hazel dormouse)
 Genus Myomimus (Mouse-tailed dormouse)
 Species Myomimus personatus (Masked mouse-tailed dormouse)
 Species Myomimus roachi (Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse)
 Species Myomimus setzeri (Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse)
 Genus Selevinia
 Species Selevinia betpakdalaensis (Desert dormouse)
 Subfamily Glirinae
 Genus Glirulus
 Species Glirulus japonicus (Japanese dormouse)
 Genus Glis
 Species Glis glis (Edible dormouse)

Fossil species 
Subfamily Bransatoglirinae
 Genus Oligodyromys
 Genus Bransatoglis
 Species Bransatoglis adroveri Majorca, Early Oligocene
 Species Bransatoglis planus Eurasia, Early Oligocene

References 

Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Related pages 
Hazel dormouse

Other websites 
BBC Wales Nature: Dormouse article
Glirarium.org 
Fauna of Europe: Glis glis