cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Direct tax

A direct tax is a tax paid directly to the government by a person or organization. A direct tax may not be passed on to another person or entity but must be paid by the entity responsible for the tax. A direct tax is different from an indirect tax, which is paid by someone other than the person or entity who would normally be responsible for it. For example, a tax owed on a piece of property is a direct tax. A tax on the sale of that property would be considered an indirect tax.

Income tax 
An income tax is a tax that governments levy on individuals and businesses on their income. In the US and other countries, businesses and individuals need to file an Income Tax Return every year. This is to report all forms of income and to see if they owe any tax or can get a tax refund. Income tax is an important source of funds to most levels of government.

The 16th Amendment 
In the United States Constitution, the difference between indirect and direct taxes was important enough to require a Constitutional amendment in order for the federal government to levy an income tax. This was the Sixteenth Amendment which was ratified in 1913. Before the Sixteenth Amendment, any direct tax levied by the federal government had to be apportioned among the states by population. As apportionment by population proved to be virtually impossible, levying direct taxes was prevented by this article of the Constitution until it was changed in 1913. So the federal government relied on indirect taxes such as tariffs and Duties on imported goods and materials.

Corporate tax 
Another form of direct tax is the corporation tax. This is a tax on profits earned by corporations and other companies. In the United States the federal corporate tax is a direct tax, but is different from income tax. It taxes net income (profits) not gross income (on which income taxes are based). Corporate tax allows deductions for most expenses of doing business. Also, it only applies to corporations. It does not apply to partnerships or sole proprietorships.

Property tax 
Property tax, also called millage tax, is a tax on property that the owner must pay. They are usually collected by local governments and are based on a standardized value of a property. Property tax money is usually used for schools, community safety and local infrastructure. Millage rates refer to the mill: one one-thousandth of a dollar. The millage rate is the amount of taxes levied per $1,000 of property value. For example, if the millage rate is 3 mills (or 3 tenths of a penny), a property valued at $300,000 would be a tax of $900.

Related pages 
 Tax
 Indirect tax
 Sales tax
 Value Added Tax

References 

Taxation
Bäriswil, Bern

Bäriswil is a municipality in the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the cantons of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Bätterkinden

Bätterkinden is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

It is about  north of Bern.

References

Other websites
 Official Website 

Municipalities of Bern
Wallis Simpson

Wallis Simpson (born Bessie Wallis Warfield; 19 June 1896 - 24 April 1986), who later became the Duchess of Windsor, caused a serious crisis in the mid-1930s when the heir to the throne of the United Kingdom, Prince Edward, fell in love with her. However, she was married to another man, and she had already gotten a divorce from her first husband to marry him. In 1936, she divorced her second husband.

Abdication of Edward VIII
On 20 January 1936, King George V died, and Edward became king. Edward VIII and Wallis had already started an affair. He wanted to marry her after she had divorced.

The monarch is the head of the Church of England, which was strongly against the idea of divorce. Their affair was regarded as a sin.

In November, Edward consulted with British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin on a way to both marry Wallis and keep the throne. Edward suggested a morganatic marriage in which he would remain king but Wallis would not be queen, and their children could not become the monarch. The idea was rejected by Baldwin and the prime ministers of Australia and South Africa. If Edward married Wallis against Baldwin's advice, the government had decided to resign, which would cause a constitutional crisis.

The King decided he had no choice but to abdicate so that he could marry Wallis. On 11 December 1936, Edward said in a radio broadcast, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility, and to discharge my duties as King as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love".

Later life
After his abdication, Edward became the Duke of Windsor, and Wallis became the Duchess of Windsor. While Edward retained his style of "Royal Highness", King George VI declared Walis would not be allowed to do the same but would be instead styled Her Grace The Duchess of Windsor, the same style given to a non-royal duchess. The couple lived abroad, mainly in France, for most of their lives.

During the Second World War, they moved from France to Portugal and later to the Bahamas. They were widely suspected of being sympathetic to the German Nazis. Edward himself wrote in the New York Daily News of 13 December 1966: "it was in Britain's interest and in Europe's too, that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence-sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out".
 
After her husband's death from cancer in 1972, Wallis travelled to the United Kingdom to attend his funeral. She stayed at Buckingham Palace during her visit. The Duchess of Windsor died on 24 April 1986 at her home in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, at the age of 89. She was buried alongside her husband in the Royal Burial Ground. She wrote about her life in 1956.

References 

1896 births
1986 deaths
House of Windsor
People from Baltimore
Gross income

Gross income in United States income tax law is money or anything of value gained from all sources. Gross income is the amount of income before any tax deductions or allowances. In the Law of the United States, 26 U.S. Code § 61, "Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, gross income means all income from whatever source derived...".

Exclusions (US) 
Some types of income are specifically excluded from gross income. These are listed at 26 U.S. Code Part III and include:

 Certain death benefits (money paid on a life insurance policy to the beneficiary when the insured person dies)
 Gifts and inheritances
 Interest on State and local bond
 Compensation for injuries or sickness
 Amounts received under accident and health insuranceref name=grossincLII/>
 Certain combat zone compensation of members of the military
 Qualified scholarships

References 

Taxation
Income
Bellmund

Bellmund () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Tweenager

A tweenager, or tween, is a young person between the age of from 10 to 13. From this stage they are still developing.

Timing of puberty 
On average, girls begin puberty at ages 10–11; boys at ages 11–12. Girls usually complete puberty by ages 15–17, while boys usually complete puberty by ages 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12–13; for males, it is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 15.In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. This can be due to  improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or eating meat from animals which have been dosed up with estrogen. Sexual attraction to tweenagers or people going through puberty is called hebephilia.

References  

Childhood
Belprahon

Belprahon is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Bern
Rita Renoir

Rita Renoir (19 January 1934 – 4 May 2016) was a French striptease entertainer and actress. She was born in Paris. She was one of the most famous European strip-teasers. In 1964, Renoir was chosen by Michelangelo Antonioni to play the role of Emilia in The Red Desert

Renoir died on 4 May 2016 at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 
 Jean-Michel Palmier, « Rita Renoir : Les Voyeurs attrapés par la queue », in Politique Hebdo.

1934 births
2016 deaths
French movie actors
Actors from Paris
John David Jackson

John David Jackson (January 19, 1925 – May 20, 2016) was a Canadian–American physics. He was the professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley and a faculty senior scientist emeritus at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 

He was a theoretical physicist. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He was well known for his many publications and summer-school lectures in nuclear and particle physics, as well as his widely used graduate text on classical electromagnetism.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
American academics
American physicists
Canadian academics
Canadian scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from London, Ontario
Writers from Ontario
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Brandon Grove, Jr.

Brandon Hambright Grove, Jr. (April 8, 1929 – May 20, 2016) was an American diplomat. He was born in Chicago. He was the United States Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1974 through 1977 and Zaire from 1984 through 1987. He served on the board of directors of the American Academy of Diplomacy.

Grove, Jr. died from complications of cancer on May 20, 2016 in Washington, D.C., aged 87.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Ambassadors of the United States to East Germany
Politicians from Chicago
US Republican Party politicians
Velimir Sombolac

Velimir Sombolac (Serbian Cyrillic: Beлимиp Coмбoлaц; 27 February 1939 – 22 May 2016) was a Serbian footballer and manager.

Career
After having played ten matches for the Yugoslav U-21 team, and also five for the national "B" team, he was in the Olympic team that represented Yugoslavia at the 1960 Summer Olympics. There, Yugoslavia won the gold eliminating hosts Italy in the semi-finals, and beating Denmark ( 3–1 ) in the final. Afterward, Sombolac also played five matches for the Yugoslavia national football team.

Right after retiring, in 1973, he took charge of a small regional club called FK Sloga Gornji Pogradci, that provided him with crucial experience for returning, in 1974, to Borac, to become the assistant manager until 1976.

After the break-up of Yugoslavia, he worked at the Football Association of Republika Srpska, helping to form all the youth category teams. From 1998 to 2001, he was the head coach of the Republika Srpska official football team.

References

Other websites
Profile at Worldfootball
Profile and career story  at Serbian Federation website 

1939 births
2016 deaths
Serbian footballers
Serbian football managers
Zdeněk Mézl

Zdeněk Mézl (31 October 1934 – 23 May 2016) was an Czech print-maker and writer. He was known for his illustrations. He was born in Prague.

He studied at the College of Applied Arts between 1949 and 1953 and later graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts, Prague. Mézl has illustrated some books using traditional woodcut engraving. His published books are "A Battle for Cathedral" or "Hey, Slavs!".

Mézl died on 23 May 2016 in Prague from a heart attack, aged 81.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Illustrators
Writers from Prague
Mell Lazarus

Mell Lazarus (May 3, 1927 – May 24, 2016)
was an American cartoonist. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. He was best known as the creator of two comic strips, Miss Peach (1957–2002) and Momma (1970–2016). He wrote two novels. For his comic strip Pauline McPeril (a 1966-69 collaboration with Jack Rickard), he used the pseudonym Fulton, which is also the name of a character in his first novel, The Boss Is Crazy, Too.

Lazarus served as President of the National Cartoonists Society from 1989 to 1993.

Lazarus died on May 24, 2016 at his home in Los Angeles, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 89.

References

Other websites
Mell Lazarus at the Lambiek Comiclopedia

1927 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American cartoonists
People from Brooklyn
Yang Jiang

Yang Jiang (; 17 July 1911 – 25 May 2016), born Yang Jikang (), was a Chinese playwright, author, and translator. She wrote several successful comedies. She was the first Chinese person to produce a complete Chinese version of Don Quixote from the Spanish original.

Death
On 25 May 2016, Yang died at the age of 104 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital in Beijing.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References

Other websites
Selected works of Yang Jiang in the journal "Renditions" (no. 76)  (English)
Excerpt from Yang Jiang's memoir "We Three" (English)
Some of Yang Jiang's works on-line (Chinese)

1911 births
2016 deaths
Centenarians
Playwrights
Writers from Beijing
Chris Murphy

Christopher Scott "Chris" Murphy (born August 3, 1973) is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously served in the United States House of Representatives, representing  from 2007 to 2013.

References

Other websites

U.S. Senator Chris Murphy, official U.S. Senate site
Chris Murphy for Senate

1973 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Politicians from New York
United States representatives from Connecticut
United States senators from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
Richard Blumenthal

Richard Blumenthal (born February 13, 1946) is the senior United States Senator from Connecticut. He has been in office since 2011. He served as Attorney General of Connecticut from 1991 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

References

Other websites

 Senator Richard Blumenthal official U.S. Senate site
 Blumenthal for Senate
 
 

1946 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
People from Greenwich, Connecticut
Lawyers from Connecticut
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American politicians
Jewish lawyers
Politicians from New York City
United States senators from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
Yale University alumni
Wendell Berry

Wendell E. Berry (born August 5, 1934) is an American novelist, poet, environmental activist, cultural critic, and farmer. He has written many novels, short stories, poems, and essays. 

He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers, a recipient of The National Humanities Medal, and the Jefferson Lecturer for 2012. He is also a 2013 Fellow of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Berry was named the recipient of the 2013 Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award.  

On January 28, 2015, he became the first living writer to be ushered into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame.

References

1934 births
Living people
American poets
Educators from Kentucky
American environmentalists
American critics
Cultural critics
Writers from Kentucky
Esch-sur-Alzette (canton)

Esch-sur-Alzette () is a canton in the south-west of Luxembourg. Its capital is Esch-sur-Alzette.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2016) of 172,687, the Esch-sur-Alzette canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton borders on the south with the French departments of Moselle and Meurthe-et-Moselle, and with Belgium on the west. In the Pétange commune is the point where where three countries meetː Luxembourg, France and Belgium.

Communes
The Esch-sur-Alzette canton has 14 communes (2017 population).
Bettembourg (10,736)
Differdange (25,402)
Dudelange (20,480)
Esch-sur-Alzette (34,378)
Frisange (4,557)
Kayl (8,982)
Leudelange (2,596)
Mondercange (6,708)
Pétange (18,238)
Reckange-sur-Mess (2,397)
Roeser (6,125)
Rumelange (5,573)
Sanem (16,136)
Schifflange (10,379)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Beth Howland

Elizabeth "Beth" Howland (May 28, 1941 – December 31, 2015) was an American actress. She worked on stage, movies and television. She was best known for playing Vera Gorman in the sitcom Alice.

Howland died of lung cancer on December 31, 2015 in Santa Monica, California, at the age of 74.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Beth Howland profile

1941 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Brian Murphy

Brian Trevor John Murphy (born 25 September 1932) is an English actor. He is best known as the husband George Roper in the sitcom Man About the House and spin-off George and Mildred.

References

Other websites
 
 Brian Murphy role reviews 

1932 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Caupolicán

Caupolicán was a leader of the Mapuche people of Chile, who decided to choose a supreme war leader in response to the Spanish threat. Caupolican supposedly won the position by demonstrating his superior strength by holding up a tree trunk three days and three nights, though this may be an exaggeration.
In addition to proving his physical power, he also had to improvise a poetical speech to inspire the people to valor and unity. Much of the legend of Caupolican is found in the epic poem La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla, a major piece of literature about the Spanish conquest of America.

Related pages 
History of Chile
Pedro de Valdivia
Lautaro

Other websites 

Caupolicán
Caupolicán
Lautaro

Lautaro was a Mapuche military leader and relevant actor in the Arauco War. His tactics are today studied in many war academies in the world.

Lautaro was also a son of a mapuche Lonco (chief). When he was young, he was captured by the spanish colonizators and grew up as personal servant of the spanish conqueror of Chile, Pedro de Valdivia. With him, he learned the military tactics of the spanish army.

As he converted into an adult, he ran away from the spanish captivity and went back with the mapuches. With the knowledge adquired, he introduced the horse into the mapuche people and designed new tactics to combat the conquerors militia. So, he attracted around him the dispersed mapuche warrriors and formed a big native army to fight against the conquerors.

He obtained many military successes, destroying new founded cities and making big pression over the few spanish men in the Chilean territory. After he got a substancial victory in the southern city, he began the advance over Santiago, the capital and oldest spanish founded city. Unhappily for him, he was murdered when he was only 200 km away from his destination.

He is considered an important icon of the Arauco War, due his revolutionary strategy and responsability in the union of the disperse mapuche people.

His name was use by Francisco de Miranda, when he founded the Logia Lautaro an american-independist society of the end of 18 century and the beginning of the 19th century.

Related pages 

History of Chile
Pedro de Valdivia
Galvarino
Fresia

History of Chile
Chilean people
Galvarino

Galvarino was a famous Mapuche warrior. In 1557, he fought in the Battle of Lagunillas against the an army of Spanish conquistadors. The battle took place in Chile near the Bio Bio River. He was taken prisoner along with one hundred and fifty other Mapuche. Some prisoners were condemned to amputation of their right hand and nose. Others like Galvarino had both hands cut off. He was released and told to tell the Mapuche chief Caupolicán to surrender to stop more bloodshed. He did just the opposite. He urged the Mapuche to continue fighting against the Spanish invaders. Less than a month later, on November 30, 1557, with knives fastened to both of his wrists he fought at the Battle of Millarupe. It was supposed to be a surprise attack but the Mapuche sprang the trap too early. In the battle, over 3,000 Mapuche warriors were killed. Galvarino was one of several hundred who were captured. He was sentenced to be hung. Some say he was executed by being thrown to the dogs. Others claim he was hanged. Still others say he killed himself before he could be executed.

Related pages
History of Chile
Pedro de Valdivia
Lautaro

References

Other website 
 Doctor File: "Galvarino rechazó la vida" (in Spanish), YouTube

Galvarino
Galvarino
Directed evolution

Directed evolution (DE) is a method used to produce enzymes for industrial or medical purposes.

The method is protein engineering which mimics  natural selection. 

The basic idea is to put a gene through repeated rounds of mutation, to make a library of variants. Selection isolates genes with the desired function. They are a template for the next round. 

This can be done in vivo (in living cells of bacteria or yeast), or in vitro (free in solution or microdroplets). 

Testing more mutants increases the chances of finding one with the desired properties.

During in vivo evolution, each cell (usually bacteria or yeast) is transformed with a plasmid containing a different member of the variant library. Only the gene of interest differs between the cells, with all other genes being kept the same. 

The cells express the protein either in their cytoplasm or surface where its function can be tested. This format has the advantage of selecting for properties in a cellular environment, which is useful when the evolved protein or RNA is to be used in living organisms. 

When done without cells, DE uses in vitro transcription translation to produce proteins or RNA free in solution or inside artificial microdroplets. This has the benefit of allowing more conditions (e.g. temperature, solvents). It can express proteins that would be toxic to cells. Furthermore, in vitro evolution experiments can generate far larger libraries (up to 1015) because the library DNA need not be inserted into cells. That often limits what can be done.

Ensuring heredity

When functional proteins have been isolated, it is necessary that their genes are too, therefore a genotype-phenotype link is required. 

This can be covalent, where the mRNA gene is linked to the protein at the end of translation by puromycin. 

Alternatively the protein and its gene can be kept together, or in emulsion droplets. The gene sequences isolated are then multiplied by PCR or by transformed host bacteria. Either the single best sequence, or a pool of sequences can be used as the template for the next round of mutagenesis. The repeated cycles of diversification-selection-amplification make enzyme variations adapted to the selection process.

Prize awarded 
US engineer Frances Arnold has won the Millennium Technology Prize for pioneering directed evolution.

References 

Genetic engineering
Cell biology
Enzymes
Evolutionary biology
Cave catfish

Cave catfish is a name used for species of catfish which live in caves or underground environments.

Species known specifically as cave catfish include:
 Clarias cavernicola (Namibia)
 Horaglanis krishnai (India)

Other catfish that live in caves include:

 Prietella species (Mexico)
 Trogloglanis pattersoni (USA)
 Satan eurystomus (USA)
 Trichomycterus itacarambiensis (Brazil)

Catfish
Belp

Belp is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland 
administrative district in the canton of Berne, Switzerland.

It is close to Bern's Belp Airport.

The municipality of Belpberg merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Belp.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Cities in Switzerland
Ideal Landscape with a Young Man Killing a Snake

Ideal Landscape with a Young Man Killing a Snake is an oil painting by Franz Caucig (1755 – 1828), a  Neoclassical painter.  He made the painting before 1810.  The size of the painting is .  The painting is in the National Gallery of Slovenia.

On the left is an aqueduct and a group of trees.  On the right a young man kills a snake on the bank of a river.  The sky has dark clouds.  The sun shines on the river and on the young man.

The theme of nature is common in Neoclassicism. The works of Immanuel Kant and neoclassical English philosophers were popular at this time.

References

Other websites 

Landscape paintings
Bettenhausen, Switzerland

Bettenhausen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipality of Bollodingen merged into the municipality of Bettenhausen.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Delta IV

The Delta IV is a rocket made to launch satellites. It has many different types including Medium, Medium+, and Heavy for many different types of satellites orbiting at many different altitudes above the Earth. The Delta IV launches at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

Launches 

The Delta IV has launched 32 times. The first flight was on November 20, 2002, and it launched the Eutelsat W5 communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).

Types 
The Delta IV rocket comes in many different types meant to launch different sizes and kinds of satellites.

Delta IV Medium 
The least powerful kind of the Delta IV rocket is the Medium type. It has 1 main Common Booster Core (CBC) as the first stage of the rocket, using the RS-68 engine, and the second stage is like from the Delta III rocket, but it has been changed. It uses a 4-meter payload fairing to cover the satellite during the launch of the rocket. This kind has launched 3 times.

Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) is like the Medium type, but it has two GEM-60 solid rocket boosters strapped onto the CBC. This kind has launched 13 times, and is the kind of Delta IV rocket that has launched the most times.

Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) is like the (4,2), but the second stage and fairing has a larger diameter. This kind has launched 2 times.

Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) 
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) is like the (5,2), but it has two more GEM-60 solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 5 times.

Delta IV Heavy 
The Delta IV Heavy is the biggest kind of Delta IV rockets. It has two CBC strapped onto it like solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 9 times, and is the most powerful rocket currently doing launches (the most powerful rocket ever is the Saturn V).

Related pages 
 Delta II
 Atlas V

References

Other websites 
 Delta IV info page from ULA
 Delta IV User's Guide 

Rockets
Giant Bible of Echternach

The Giant Bible of Echternach, Echternacher Riesenbibel or Gothaer Riesenbibel is an illuminated Bible from the 11th century.  It is written in the Latin language.  It was made for the abbot of Echternach sometime between 1051 and 1081. The Bible is in the National Library of Luxembourg (formerly Gotha). 

The Giant Bible of Echternach was made at the Abbey Echernach.  The abbey is famous for its scriptorium and its illuminated manuscripts from the 11th century.

Other websites 
Luxembourg postage stamp with initials from the Giant Bible of Echternach Abbey (1)
Luxembourg postage stamp with initials from the Giant Bible of Echternach Abbey (2)

Bibles
Illuminated manuscripts
Biglen

Biglen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Bern
Bauen

Bauen is a municipality of the canton of Uri in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage of Bauen 

Municipalities of Uri
Mersch (canton)

Mersch () is a canton in the centre of Luxembourg. Its capital is Mersch.

It is the only canton, other than Luxembourg, to be entirely surrounded by other cantons, and therefore not to have an international boundary.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 31,351, the Mersch canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Diekirch canton to the north, the Echternach canton to the east, the  Grevenmacher canton to the southeast and the Luxembourg canton to the south. The canton borders, to the west, with the Redange canton.

Communes
The Mersch canton has 11 communes (2016 population).
Bissen (3,021)
Boevange-sur-Attert (2,375)
Colmar-Berg (2,175)
Fischbach (1,195)
Heffingen (1,317)
Larochette (2,162)
Lintgen (2,902)
Lorentzweiler (3,896)
Mersch (9,195)
Nommern (1,393)
Tuntange (1,720)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Nancy Dow

Nancy Maryanne Dow (July 22, 1936 – May 25, 2016) was an American actress and model. She appeared in a brief group of moviess and television shows such as The Beverly Hillbillies, The Wild Wild West and the 2005 movie Pure. She was married to Greek American actor John Aniston with whom she had a daughter, actress Jennifer Aniston (born February 11, 1969).

Dow died at a hospital in Los Angeles, California on May 25, 2016 from complications from a stroke, aged 79.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from stroke
Howard Golden

Howard Golden (born 1925) is an American civil servant. He was the long-time Democratic borough president of Brooklyn serving from 1977 to December 31, 2001.

References
 

1925 births
Living people
Brooklyn borough presidents
US Democratic Party politicians
Guy Molinari

Gaetano Victor "Guy" Molinari (November 23, 1928 – July 25, 2018) was an American politician. He was a former United States Representative who served in Congress from 1981 through 1989. He also served as borough president of Staten Island, New York from 1990 through 2001.

Molinari died of pneumonia on July 25, 2018 in Manhattan, aged 89.

References

Other websites

1928 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
United States representatives from New York
People from Manhattan
Staten Island borough presidents
US Republican Party politicians
Helen M. Marshall

Helen M. Marshall (September 30, 1929 – March 4, 2017) was an American politician from New York. She was Borough President of Queens from 2002 to 2013.

Marshall died on March 4, 2017 under hospice care in Palm Desert, California, aged 87.

References

1929 births
2017 deaths
Queens borough presidents
US Democratic Party politicians
Claire Shulman

Claire K. Shulman (February 23, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York – August 16, 2020 in Queens, New York) was an American politician. She was the borough president of Queens, New York City from 1986 until 2002. She was the first woman to hold this position in Queens history.

Shulman died on August 16, 2020 of lung cancer at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
City Hall News (03/12/2007) 
New York Times 1996 article

1926 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
Breast cancer survivors
Politicians from Brooklyn
Queens borough presidents
US Democratic Party politicians
Joe Fleishaker

Joseph Isaac Fleishaker (1954 – May 23, 2016) was an American character actor. He was born in Brooklyn. He was best known for his appearances in low-budget cult and horror movies such as those made by Troma Entertainment. He appeared in Troma's War, Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. and Tromeo and Juliet. He also appeared in several skits on Late Show with David Letterman.

Fleishaker died of a heart attack at a hospital in The Bronx, New York on May 23, 2016, aged 62.

References

Other websites
 
 

1954 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Brooklyn
Gyula Kosice

Gyula Kosice, born Ferdinand Fallik (April 26, 1924 – May 25, 2016), was a Czechoslovakian-born naturalized Argentine sculptor, plastic artist, theoretician and poet. He was of Jewish descent and one of the most important figures in kinetic. He created monumental sculptures, hydrospatial walks, hydrowalls, etc. He made more than 40 personal and 500 collective exhibitions all over the world. Kosice was the first artist to use neon in sculpture and early on water in his work.

References

Other websites

 Gyula Kosice’s personal page
 Kosice’s Blog, both Spanish and English
 Gyula Kosice at inIVA
 Gyula Kosice at ArtFact
 2013 Bomb Magazine interview of Gyula Kosice by Lyle Rexer and Gabriel Pérez-Barreiro

1924 births
2016 deaths
Argentine Jews
Argentine sculptors
Argentine writers
Czechoslovak people
Jewish artists
Jewish writers
Poets
Slovakian Jews
Berend Jan Udink

Berend Jan "Bé" Udink (12 February 1926 – 24 May 2016) was a Dutch politician.

Career
He was elected in the Rijnmondraad (Council of Rijnmond), a local council of representatives of Rijnmond, in 1965. Two years later, in 1967, he became Minister for Development Cooperation in the Cabinet-De Jong, a post he held till 1971. In 1971, Udink became minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management in the Cabinets-Biesheuvel I and II.

His political career ended in 1973. From 1973 till 1978 he was member of the Board of Directors of the Overzeese Gas- en Elektriciteitsmaatschappij N.V. (as Dutch gas and electricity company) and from 1978 till 1980 he served as its President.

Personal 
Udink was married with three children and a Remonstrant.

References

Other websites

  Drs. B.J. (Bé) Udink Parlement.com

1926 births
2016 deaths
Christian Historical Union politicians
Dutch academics
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch economists
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
People from Deventer
Politicians from Overijssel
Remonstrants
Franz Caucig

Franz Caucig, Franco Caucig or Francesco Caucig, also known in Slovene as Franc Kavčič or Frančišek Caucig (4 December 1755, Gorizia – 17 November, 1828, Vienna) was an Italian painter.  He was born on December 4 1755 in Gorizia.  His father Andrew was a tailor, of the Volče family, originally from Tolmino.  His mother was Catherine Kaknes (Cacnos).

Related pages 
Ideal Landscape with a Young Man Killing a Snake
 List of Italian painters

References

1755 births
1828 deaths
Italian painters
Arturo Pomar

Arturo Pomar Salamanca (September 1, 1931 – May 26, 2016) was a Spanish chess grandmaster (GM). He was born in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. He was a chess prodigy because he won the championship of the Balearic Islands at the age of 11 and became a master at 13. He was Spanish Champion seven times (1946, 1950, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1962, and 1966), and Sub-Champion four times (1951, 1956, 1964, and 1969).

Pomar died on May 26, 2016 in Barcelona, Spain, aged 84.

References

Other websites
 Arturo Pomar biography at Chessgames.com

1931 births
2016 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Spanish sportspeople
Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir

Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (, ‎; 15 May 1920 – 12 May 2019) was the patriarch of Lebanon's largest Christian body, the Maronite Church, an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See. He was also a Cardinal. He was elected Patriarch of Antioch for the Maronites on 27 April 1986, and his resignation was accepted on 26 February 2011. Bechara Boutros al-Rahi became patriarch following the resignation.

Sfeir was the third Maronite Cardinal and the 76th Patriarch of the Maronite Church with the official title of "His Beatitude and Eminence the seventy-sixth Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant".

Sfeir was born in Rayfoun. He died of a chest infection on 12 May 2019 in Beirut. He was 98.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 His Beatitude and Eminence Patriarch Sfeir 
 Dossier: Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir
 Patriarch Sfeir page on Catholic Hierarchy

1920 births
2019 deaths
Christian religious leaders
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Lebanese Christians
Maronites
Lewis Fiander

Lewis Fiander (12 January 1938 – 24 May 2016) was an Australian movie, stage, television and actor.

He appeared in such movies as I Start Counting (1970), Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971), Dr. Phibes Rises Again (1972), The Abdication (1974), Who Can Kill a Child? (1976), Not Now, Comrade (1976), Sweeney 2 (1978), The Doctor and the Devils (1985), Georgia (1988) and Paperback Romance (1994).

Fiander died in Melbourne, Victoria on 24 May 2016 from a stroke, aged 78.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Lewis Fiander at Austage
 Lewis Fiander Image Search
 Obituary

1938 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian stage actors
Actors from Melbourne
Ted Dumitru

Theodore "Ted" Dumitru (born Dumitru Teodorescu; September 2, 1939 – May 26, 2016) was a Romanian football manager. He last worked as a technical director for Mamelodi Sundowns in the South African Premier Soccer League. He was the former coach of the South Africa national football team. Dumitru was one of a few coaches to have guided the 'big three' in South Africa Kaizer Chiefs, Sundowns and Orlando Pirates.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Romanian footballers
Romanian football managers
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Buck Kartalian

Buck Kartalian (August 13, 1922 – May 24, 2016) was an American actor. He appeared in more than 70 movies and television shows between 1953 and 2006. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Kartalian was known for his roles in Cool Hand Luke (1967), Planet of the Apes (1968), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) and in The Rock (1996)

Kartalian died on May 24, 2016 in Mission Hills, California, aged 93.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Hedy Epstein

Spag-Hedy Epstein (15 August 1924 – 26 May 2016), née Wachenheimer, was a German-born Jewish-American political activist. She was known for her support of the Palestinian cause through the International Solidarity Movement. She was born in Freiburg to a Jewish family. She was rescued from Nazi Germany by the Kindertransport in 1939. She immigrated to the United States in 1948, and lived in St. Louis, Missouri for many years.

Death
Epstein died at her home in St. Louis on May 26, 2016, aged 91, of cancer.

References

Other websites
 Hedy Epstein's personal website
 Stanford Daily op-ed by Epstein
 

1924 births
2016 deaths
American Jews
American political activists
Cancer deaths in Missouri
German Jews
Jewish activists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Freiburg im Breisgau
People from St. Louis, Missouri
Refugees from Nazism
Frankie Manning

Frankie Manning (May 26, 1914 – April 27, 2009) was an American dancer, choreographer and instructor. He helped develop the Lindy Hop, an American dance from Harlem, New York City. At age 75, Manning received a 1989 Tony Award for co-choreographing Black and Blue, a musical on Broadway.

Manning wrote an autobiography, Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop. 

Manning was born in Jacksonville, Florida. He died at age 94 in Manhattan, New York City.

References

People from New York City
American dancers
American choreographers
1914 births
Tony Award winners
The Truth Seekers

The Truth Seekers  (Chinese: 真探) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It began its run from 28 April 2016. There are 23 episodes. It stars Chen Hanwei, Rebecca Lim, Desmond Tan and Yusuke Fukuchi as the main characters. They play a team of cold case private investigators, who look into unsolved cases from years ago and break new ground with the help of scientific and technological advancements. During their investigations, members of the crime-busting team fall in – and out – of love as they learn other hidden truths about themselves and their comrades.

Cast
Chen Hanwei as Bai Qingxiong
Rebecca Lim as Huang Yuyang
Desmond Tan as Hong Junyan
Yusuke Fukuchi as Lan Haifeng
Lynn Poh as Yamamoto Atsuki

Trivia
Lynn Poh's 2016 drama after Your Hand In Mine.

References

Singaporean television programs
Chinese language
2010s television series
Drama television series
Lindy Hop

Lindy Hop is an American dance. It started in Harlem, New York City in the 1920s and 1930s. It was originally associated with jazz and tap dance. It was popular from the 1920s to the 1940s. The Lindy Hop was a mixture of many dances before it, like the Charleston, tap and breakaway dances.

Frankie Manning helped develop the dance.

Lindy Hop today is danced as a social, competitive or performance dance. It is also sometimes called a street dance.

References

Dance types
Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics

The volleyball tournaments at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro were played between 6 and 21 August. Twenty-four volleyball teams and 48 beach volleyball teams, totalling 386 athletes, participated in the tournament. The indoor volleyball competition was held at Ginásio do Maracanãzinho in Maracanã, and the beach volleyball tournament took place at Copacabana Beach.

References

Other websites
Volleyball qualification process
Beach volleyball qualification process
Volleyball qualification website
Beach Volleyball qualification website

2016 Summer Olympics
Volleyball
Clovis Maksoud

Clovis Maksoud (December 17, 1926 – May 15, 2016) was an American diplomat and journalist. He was born in Bristow, Oklahoma.

He served as Ambassador of the Arab League to India from 1961 through 1966, to the United Nations from 1979 through 1990 and at the same time to the United States. He worked with presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.

Besides from being an ambassador, Maksoud was the senior editor of Al-Ahram. He also served as professor of International Relations and director of the Center for the Global South at American University in Washington, D.C..

Maksoud died on May 15, 2016 at a hospital in Washington, D.C. from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Ambassadors of the United States
American journalists
Educators from Oklahoma
Politicians from Oklahoma
Redange (canton)

Redange () is a canton in the west of Luxembourg. Its capital is Redange, also called as Redange-sur-Attert.

History
On 1 January 1979, the communes of Arsdorf, Bigonville, Folschette and Perlé were merged to make the new commune of Rambrouch. The number of communes in the canton changed from 13 to 10.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 18,351, the Redange canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Wiltz canton to the north, the Diekirch canton to the northeast, the Mersh canton to the east and the Capellen canton to the south. The canton of Redange borders, to the west, with two arrondissements of  Belgiumː  Arlon and  Bastogne.

Communes
The Redange canton has 10 communes (2016 population).
Beckerich (2,489)
Ell (1,265)
Grosbous (1,026)
Préizerdaul (1,705)
Rambrouch (4,284)
Redange (2,795)
Saeul (780)
Useldange (1,800)
Vichten (1,246)
Wahl (961)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Zim, Minnesota

Zim is an unincorporated place in McDavitt Township, St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States. In 2010 the population of Zim was 5,228 people according to the U.S. Census. Zim makes up 2.6% of the entire population of Saint Louis County.

Zim got its name from a nearby lumber camp of a man named Zimmerman. Nearby is the "Sax-Zim Bog", one of the world's best birdwatching places. It was named for the two nearby, mostly uninhabited, towns of Zim and Sax. Every February the habitat hosts a three-day festival for birdwatchers.

References

Unincorporated communities in Minnesota
Agarn

Agarn (Walliser German: Agaru) is a municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Valais
Bleienbach

Bleienbach is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Bleienbach 

Municipalities of Bern
Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach

Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach is a former municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne, Switzerland. 

On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Bleiken bei Oberdiesbach merged into the municipality of Oberdiessbach.

Former municipalities of Bern
Law of definite composition

The law of definite proportions states that a chemical compound always has exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. Joseph Proust, a French chemist,  first observed it in 1794. For this reason, it is sometimes called  Proust's law.  

Amounting to the same thing is the law of constant composition. This states that all samples of a given chemical compound have the same elemental composition by mass. For example, oxygen makes up about 8/9 of the mass of any sample of pure water, while hydrogen makes up the remaining 1/9 of the mass. The law of definite proportions is the basis of stoichiometry, together with the law of multiple proportions.

Note that there are some compoonds, where this law cannot be applied: They are called non-stoichiometric compounds. Commonly they are metals. 

Chemical compounds
Remich (canton)

Remich () is a canton in the southeast of Luxembourg. Its capital is Remich.

History
On 1 January 2012, the communes of Burmerange and Wellenstein were merged with the commune of Schengen.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 21,987, the Remich canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Grevenmacher canton to the northeast, the Esch-sur-Alzette canton to the west and the Luxembourg canton to the northwest. The canton of Remich borders, to the east, with two districts of  Germanyː  Trier-Saarburg and Merzig-Wadern, and to the south with the Moselle department in France.

In the Schengen commune is the point where where three countries meetː Luxembourg, France and Germany.

Communes
The Remich canton has 8 communes (2016 population).
Bous (1,553)
Dalheim (2,148)
Lenningen (1,886)
Mondorf-les-Bains (4,999)
Remich (3,632)
Schengen (4,805)
Stadtbredimus (1,866)
Waldbredimus (1,098)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Vianden (canton)

Vianden () is a canton in the north of Luxembourg. Its capital is Vianden.

History
On 1 January 2006, the communes of Bastendorf (in the Diekirch canton) and Fouhren were merged to form the commune of Tandel.

Geography
Vianden is the smallest canton of Luxembourgh, with an area of , and a population (2017) of 5,162; it has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Diekirch canton to the south, southwest and west; and the Clervaux canton to the northwest. To the east, it borders with the Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm district (Rhineland-Palatinate state), Germany.

Communes
The Vianden canton has 3 communes (2017 population).
Putscheid (1,123)
Tandel (2,031)
Vianden (2,008)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg
Wiltz (canton)

Wiltz () is a canton in northwestern Luxembourg. Its capital is Wiltz.

History
On 1 January 2012, the communes of  Heiderscheid and Neunhausen were merged with the commune of Esch-sur-Sûre.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 16,449, the Wiltz canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Clervaux canton to the north, the Diekirch canton to the east and the Redange canton to the south. The canton of Wiltz borders, to the west, with the arrondissement of  Arlon, (Belgium).

Communes
The Wiltz canton has 7 communes (2016 population).
Boulaide (1,223)
Esch-sur-Sûre (2,640)
Goesdorf (1,543)
Kiischpelt (1,168)
Lac de la Haute-Sûre (1,860)
Wiltz (6,730)
Winseler (1,285)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Former Districts of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Cantons of Luxembourg