cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Wedding dress

A wedding dress or wedding gown is the clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. The color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion and culture of the bride.

History
The origin of wedding dress is from the Roman Empire period. When the Christian religion spread to Europe, wedding ceremony was held the church and a bride wore a wedding dress. In the Middle Ages, all most wedding dresses were black with white veil because of religion. It changed white dress and veil in the 1840s. This style of dress spread to Asia when Europen culture came there.

Types of dress
Slender line is a dress which is tight along a person's body. The Mermaid line is similar to slender line. It looks like a mermaid. A line looks like an "A" from the waist to foot. Like these, today there are so many kinds of wedding dress.

Decoration
The veil is the most popular decoration. It is used for covering the face or head of women. There are special white gloves. People use various length glove suiting their dress. A woman usually carries a small bunch of flowers, called a bouquet.

Dresses
Medinan sura

The Medinan suras are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad after his journey (the hijra) from Mecca to Medina. They are usually longer than Meccan suras and are usually placed before them in the Qur'an.

Islam
Medina
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Religious texts
Renault

Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing cars, vans, buses, tractors, and trucks, and, in the past, autorail vehicles. Its alliance with Nissan makes it the world's fourth largest vehicle maker. Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, Renault owns the Romanian Automobile Dacia and the Korean Renault Samsung Motors.  Thierry Bolloré is the current CEO. The company's most successful cars to date are the Renault Clio and the Renault Laguna, and its core market is Europe. The company is known for numerous revolutionary designs, security technologies and motor racing.

Notable Cars 
Clio
Mégane
F1
Laguna

References 

 
1899 establishments in France
Maurice Wilkes

Professor Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913, Dudley, Worcestershire —  29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist, called the "father of British computing".

Career 
He invented the first usable stored program computer called EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) at Cambridge University in 1949. 

He also developed the idea of using software to program a computer, instead of a fixed electronic circuit. He was knighted for his achievements in 2000.

Wilkes was the first President of the British Computing Society.

Awards
 The Turing Award (1967)
 The Faraday Award (1981)
 The Kyoto Prize for advanced Technology (1992)
 The IEEE 60th Anniversary Award (2007)

References

Turing Award winners
1913 births
2010 deaths
English computer scientists
People from Worcestershire
O Brother, Where Art Thou? (movie)

O Brother, Where Art Thou? is a 2000 American crime comedy movie directed by Joel and Ethan Coen and starring George Clooney. The movie is set in Mississippi in 1937 during the Great Depression. The movie's story is a comedy based on Homer’s Odyssey.

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 

2000 crime movies
2000 comedy movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Mississippi
Movies directed by the Coen brothers
Belemnite

Belemnites (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, similar in many ways to the modern squid, and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

Like them, the belemnites had an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they had ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles.

The belemnites are a monophyletic group of superorder status, called the Belemnoidea. There are four orders.

Occurrence
The belemnites evolved from nautiloids, which are the basal group of cephalopods. Well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Lower Carboniferous).

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often with their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites and ammonites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Life-style 
 
Like some modern squid, belemnite arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnites were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws.

In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Belemnites swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.

Ancient ink 
Fossils which preserve the soft parts of belemnites show that, like many modern cephalopods, they had an ink sac, hard beaks, tail fins and large eyes. Well-preserved specimens show evidence of muscular fibers in the mantle, indicating that they were powerful swimmers like modern squids.

In 1826 Mary Anning discovered what appeared to be a chamber containing dried ink inside a belemnite  fossil. She showed it to her friend Elizabeth Philpot who was able to revive the ink with water, and use it to illustrate some of her own ichthyosaur fossils. Other local artists were soon doing the same when more fossilised ink chambers were discovered. Anning noted how closely the chambers resembled the ink sacs of modern squid and cuttle fish, which she had dissected to better understand the anatomy of fossil cephalopods. This led William Buckland to publish that Jurassic belemnites had used ink for defence just as many modern cephalopods do.

References 

Fossils
Cephalopods
Nikolai Tsukanov

Nikolai Nikolaevich Tsukanov (Russian: Николай Николаевич Цуканов)  (born March 22, 1965 is a Russian politician. He is from the village Lipovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia). In September 2010, he became governor of the Kaliningrad oblast. He became Secretary of the Kaliningrad regional council of the party "United Russia"  in 2010. He was also the mayor of the municipality "Gusev City District" in 2005-2010.

References

1965 births
Living people

Russian politicians
São Paulo Metro

The São Paulo Metro () is a metro system serving the city of São Paulo. Is controlled and monitored by Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, in addition to carrying around every day 3,4 million passengers. It was founded on April 24, 1968 and opened on September 14, 1974. It has five lines, 74 kilometers and 64 stations. It is currently booming. It is the largest and the first rapid transit system in Brazil

Lines

Other websites 

 (Portuguese): Official Website
 (English): Official Website 
 (Portuguese): Secretaria de Transportes Metropolitanos

Rapid transit systems
São Paulo
1968 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
Horace Andy

Horace Andy (born Horace Hinds, February 19, 1951, Kingston, Jamaica), is a roots reggae songwriter and singer, known for his distinctive vocals and hit songs such as "Government Land", "Angel", "Five Man Army" and a cover version of "Ain't No Sunshine". In recent years he has mostly worked as a guest singer for trip hop band Massive Attack.

References

1951 births
Living people
Reggae musicians
Trip hop musicians
Frank Fenner

Frank Fenner (21 December 1914 Ballarat — 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist. He was famous for his work on smallpox and the myxoma virus,
which had been deadly for rabbits in Australia.

Fenner was born in Ballarat, Victoria in 1914. He studied for a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery at the University of Adelaide and graduated in 1938. In 1940 he completed a diploma in tropical medicine and 1942 he completed his Doctor of Medicine degree. During World War II he joined the Australian Army as a doctor and studied the parasite that caused malaria.

After the war he worked at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne where he studied smallpox. In 1949 he became the first professor of microbiology at the new Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra. His interest on research was the myxoma virus. This virus was used to kill millions of rabbits that were destroying large areas of Australian grasslands and farms.

In 1967 Fenner became the Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU and also Chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. In 1973 he became director of the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at ANU.

Awards
 MBE (1945) 
 Britannica Australia Award for Medicine (1967)
 Australia and New  Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Medal (1980)
 World Health Organization Medal (1988)
 Japan Prize (1988)
 Companion of the Order of Australia (1989)
 Senior Australian Achiever of the Year (1999)
 Albert Einstein World  Award for Science (2000)
 Prime Minister's Science Prize (2002)
 Australian Capital Territory Australian of the Year (2002)

Frank Fenner Medal
The John Curtin School of Medical Research awards the Frank Fenner Medal for the best Phd research in medicine at ANU.

References

1914 births
2010 deaths
Australian biologists
Australian medical researchers
Microbiologists
Virologists
Scientists from Victoria (Australia)
Order of Australia
People from Ballarat
University of Adelaide alumni
George Bush Intercontinental Airport

George Bush Intercontinental Airport is an international airport in Houston, Texas. It opened in June 1969.

The airport has five runways. At least 700 planes takeoff from the airport daily. These planes carried 40,007,345 passengers during the year of 2009. Planes fly from this airport to around 170 cities in the world.

Airlines
These are the airlines that operates at Houston Bush Airport as of November 2018:

Aeroméxico
Aeroméxico Connect
Air Canada
Air Canada Express
Air China
Air France
Air New Zealand
Alaska Airlines
All Nippon Airways
American Airlines
American Eagle
Avianca El Salvador
Bahamasair
Boutique Air
British Airways
Delta Air Lines
Delta Connection
Emirates
EVA Air
Frontier Airlines
Interjet
KLM

Lufthansa
Qatar Airways 
Scandinavian Airlines
Singapore Airlines
Spirit Airlines (focus city)
Sunwing Airlines
TACA Airlines
Turkish Airlines
United Airlines (hub)
United Express
US Airways
Vacation Express
VivaAerobus
Volaris
WestJet

References

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
Transport in Texas
George H. W. Bush
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
Cheonggyecheon

Cheonggyecheon is a stream bisecting down town Seoul, South Korea. This stream has a length of 5.84 km(its trail-12.04 km long) and its greatest width is 84m. This stream is famous for restoration. It was a sewer of Seoul in the Joseon Dynasty. For half a century, industrial era after the Korean War, it had been entombed by pavement and had been a highway. After the restoration, Cheonggycheon has become an ecological park. The restoration of Cheonggyecheon took three years spending almost $400 million. Since its opening in 2005, hundreds of thousands of people have visited Cheonggyecheon with friends and family. Many interesting events have been often held at Cheonggyecheon as well.

History
It was originally called 'Gaecheon(Hangul:개천, Hanja:開川 ).' The Cheonggyecheon used to be a naturally formed stream before the Joseon Dynasty designated Seoul as its capital. This stream caused a flood and inundated private houses in full spate. In ordinary times, it was unsanitary because of standing sewage therein. Therefore, King Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, firstly beginned river training work by starting construction work for an open channel. After that, King Yeongjo, the 21st king of the Joseon Dynasty, conducted the overhaul of the stream in earnest by dredging the stream, building stone banks and changing a waterway. Due to this construction, the curved waterway of the stream became straight one at last. During the reign of King Sunjo and King Kojong, the overhaul of the stream was continued. There were 24 bridges over the stream(now 22 bridges).

During the Japanese colonial period, it came to get called "Cheonggye" as it is called today, supposedly from 1914, when the colonialists rearranged stream names in Korea. In this perion, the large-scale dredging of this stream was planned in terms of a modern urban planning by Japan but it wasn't carried out because of lack of funds. Therefore, the urban improvement project was neglected.

As a result, by Korea’s independence from Japan in 1945, the Cheonggyecheon was severely contaminated with wastes from flimsy shacks built alongside of the stream. It had a fetid smell as well. In terms of Seoul's appearance and sanitation, the then Cheonggyecheon was a serious problem. The easiest way of solving this promblem was covering over the stream with concrete. In 1958, finally, the work to cover it up with concrete started as quickly as possible by August 1958. In addition, a 5.6 km-long, 16 m-wide elevated highway was completed over the stream in August 1971 after four working years.

About 40 years after covering over the stream with concrete, Seoul city had resuscitated the stream since July 2003. After $386 milion recovery project, Cheonggyecheon was born again as a haven for wildlife as well as pedestrians in September 2005

References

Other websites

Official website of Cheonggyecheon

Seoul
Rivers of Asia
Geography of South Korea
Virtual XI

Virtual XI is an album by Iron Maiden.  It is their eleventh studio album.

The album was released on 23 March 1998. It was not liked by reviewers. One person who reviewed it said that it sounded "lifeless" and "tired."

Musicians
 Blaze Bayley - lead vocals
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar, keyboards
 Nicko McBrain - drums
 Michael Kenney– keyboards

Track listing

References

1998 albums
Iron Maiden albums
Fushūgaku

Fushūgaku () is a term used in Japan which means "not attending school". This term is used mainly with Brazilian Japanese children.

Reasons
There are various reasons as to why children do not attend school in Japan. One reason is that they cannot understand Japanese. Another reason is that their parents cannot afford school fees for them to go to school.

Related pages
 Homeschooling

Education in Japan
Australian National University

The Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Australia, is the only university set up by the Federal Government of Australia. The law to start the university was passed in 1946. It was set up to be a research university for subjects of national importance. These included physics, medicine, social sciences and Pacific studies. The university started undergraduate courses in 1960.

Nobel prizes
ANU has had five Nobel Prize winners:
 Sir Howard Florey (1946) who was Chancellor of the University 1965—1968
 Professor John Eccles (1963) - first Professor of Physiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research
 Professor John C. Harsanyi (1994) - economics teacher at ANU from 1958—1961
 Professor Rolf Zinkernagel and Professor Peter Doherty (1996) - researchers at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
 Brian Schmidt (2011) - astrophysicist

Related pages
 Mount Stromlo Observatory
 Siding Spring Observatory

References

Colleges and universities in Australia
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1960 establishments in Australia
Renault 5

The Renault 5 was a car produced by Renault from 1972 to 1996. It was sold in two generations with the second arriving in 1985. It was replaced by the Renault Clio in 1990 but it remained on sale until 1996 as the budget Campus model.

It is available as hatchback with three or five doors, and with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines from 35 to 94 hp, and as the Renault 5 Turbo with 110 or 160 hp.

5
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Blue Lias

The Blue Lias is a formation of rocks mostly in south west England and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

It is part of the Lias Group. The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur Dimorphodon.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone. These alternations are caused by short-term climatic variations, thought to be caused by Milankovitch cycles. The blue/grey colour is given by iron pyrite.

A bit higher, these limestone-mudstone alternations change into a clay member. The deposition of a clay-rich mudstone member shows it was laid down in a deeper marine environment.

Related pages 
Lower Jurassic

References 

Sedimentary rocks

Geography of England
Jurassic
Geological formations
Leonid Kizim

Leonid Denisovich Kizim (5 August 1941 – 14 June 2010) was a Soviet cosmonaut. In 1986 he was the commander of the only space mission to visit two space stations on one flight. These were the new Mir station and the old Salyut 7 station. At the end of the flight he became the first person to have spent a whole year in space. All together he spent 374 days 17 hours 56 minutes in space.

He became second in charge of the Russian Ministry of Defense's satellite control center. In 1995 he was put in charge of the Military Engineering Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics in St. Petersburg.

References 

1941 births
2010 deaths
Cosmonauts
Soviet people
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Menai Bridge

Menai Bridge is a small town on the south coast of Anglesey. It is notable for the bridge that crosses over the Menai Strait to the mainland. The bridge was the first suspension bridge to be made to carry a main road. It was built between 1821 and 1825 by Thomas Telford.

Towns in Anglesey
Bangor, Gwynedd

Bangor is a small cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, a county in North Wales. It is Wales' oldest city and one of the United Kingdom's smallest cities.

It is historically part of Caernarfonshire. 

It is a university city. At the 2011 census, there was 16,358 people living there.

The Welsh language is spoken by 46% of people in the city.

The city is located near the Menai Strait, which is a strait that separates the Isle of Anglesey from mainland Wales.

In World War II, parts of the BBC were evacuated to Bangor during the Blitz.

Gallery

Cities in Wales
Towns in Gwynedd
Caernarfon

Caernarfon, officially the Caernarfon Royal Town (pronounced Kyer-narvon), is a royal town and community in Gwynedd, an area of Wales. It has a population of 9,852 people, according to the 2011 census.

It is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) south-west of the city of Bangor and 19.4 miles (31.2 km) north of Porthmadog. It is on the Menai Strait, opposite Anglesey. The A487 goes through the town.

It is a royal town. Queen Elizabeth II made Caernarfon a royal borough in 1963. Since 1974, the town has not been a borough but was allowed to keep its royal title. 

The town is home to Caernarfon Castle, a castle that was built between 1283 and 1330 by order of King Edward I.

Since 2016, Caernarfon has hosted the Caernarfon Food Festival. It takes place every year.

Caernarfon has one of the highest percentages of Welsh language speakers in the whole of Wales.

Twinning
Caernarfon has one twin town. It is twinned with:
 Landerneau, France

Gallery

Towns in Gwynedd
Royal Towns in the United Kingdom
Film processing

Photographic film is able to record images.  In order to make these images visible, the film needs to undergo a number of chemical processes. The result of these processes will either be negatives or slides. This is generally known as developing. Different films need different processes. The process for black and white film is different from that for slide film. In general, the process involves the following steps:
Making the image visible. The chemicals to do this are known as developer.
Making the visible image fixed, so it changes no longer.
There are different kinds of films. The most common of these is film negative.  With negative film, all colors are reversed. This is corrected in an additional step of making a print of each image.  

So called reversal film, which is used for diapositives, directly produces positive images (which are framed to become a slide). 

This whole process is known as film processing.

Photography
Mineral water

Mineral water is water obtained from rocks. It is often collected from springs or from underground rivers when they emerge from the rocks. Mineral waters are very clean and have no germs in it. Because they have been held in rocks for a long time they often contain chemicals that have come from the rocks. This chemicals can give the water an interesting taste. Some mineral waters may be good for health. Because some underground water comes to the surface from very deep layers in the earth, it can also have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it. This can make the water fizzy.

Water
Mark Twain Prize for American Humor

The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is a prize for comedians.   The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts awards this prize every year.  They first gave this prize in 1998. It is named after  Mark Twain.  Mark Twain was an American author.  The Mark Twain Prize is America’s foremost award for humor.

Mark Twain Prize winners
 1998 - Richard Pryor
 1999 - Jonathan Winters
 2000 - Carl Reiner
 2001 - Whoopi Goldberg
 2002 - Bob Newhart
 2003 - Lily Tomlin
 2004 - Lorne Michaels
 2005 - Steve Martin
 2006 - Neil Simon
 2007 - Billy Crystal
 2008 - George Carlin
 2009 - Bill Cosby
 2010 - Tina Fey
 2011 - Will Ferrell
 2012 - Ellen DeGeneres
 2013 - Carol Burnett
 2014 - Jay Leno
 2015 - Eddie Murphy
 2016 - Bill Murray
 2017 - David Letterman
 2018 - Julia Louis-Dreyfus
 2019 - Dave Chappelle
 2020–2021 - Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 2022 - Jon Stewart

Other websites
 Mark Twain Prize from the Kennedy Center website
 Mark Twain Prize from the PBS website

Comedy
Literary awards

Mark Twain
New Mexico State University

New Mexico State University is a four-year public university in the United States. It has five campuses, but its main campus is in Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2010, it had about 18,000 undergraduate students.

History 
The school started in 1888. It was first called the Las Cruces College. Soon after, it changed its name to New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. In 1960, its name was changed to New Mexico State University.

Sports 
New Mexico State University's sports teams are called the Aggies.

References

Other websites 
 New Mexico State University

Colleges and universities in New Mexico
1888 establishments in the United States
Henryk Gorecki

Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki (6 December 1933—12 November 2010) was a Polish composer. His most famous work was his Symphony No. 3, the Symphony of Sorrowful Songs, written in 1992. More than one million recordings have been sold which makes it the most popular recording by a contemporary composer, getting to number 6 on the British album charts.

In 2010 Gorecki was given The Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest honour.

References 

1933 births
2010 deaths

Polish composers
Beaumaris

Beaumaris (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) is a small town on the island of Anglesey of the Menai Strait.

History
The town itself began  in 1295 when Edward I of England started to build Beaumaris Castle. This was one of several castle along  the North Wales coast  - others include Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech . Many of the builders of the castle were from France.

The castle was built on a marsh by the village of Llanfaes. The French builders called the marsh beaux marais which means "beautiful marsh". This is how the town got its name.  The people who lived village in Llanfaes were removed  to a new village in the west of Anglesey to make way for the castle. This village was called Newborough and it still exists today.

Architecture
Notable buildings in the town include the castle, a courthouse built in 1614, St Mary's parish church, and the town gaol.

Beaumaris has a pier which was opened in 1846. The pier was  enlarged to 570 feet after storm damage in 1872.  Beaumaris Pier is still a busy base for yachts and other boats.

References

Other websites 

 Beaumaris Photo Gallery
 Beaumaris Official Website 
 Beaumaris Gaol
 photos of Beaumaris and surrounding area on geograph
 Beaumaris Lifeboat station

Anglesey
Lotte Giants

Lotte Giants is a South Korean professional baseball team. It was started in 1982. The company Lotte supports the team. Lotte Giants are based in Busan, South Korea. They are one of the first teams in the Korea Baseball Organization league. They play in the Sajik Baseball Stadium and the Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium. Lotte Giants won the Korean Series in 1984 and 1992. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, Lotte Giants had about 4 million people watch them play. This is the most people to watch a team in the league.  The symbol of the team is a gull. It represents the harbors of Busan.

Other websites
 Homepage 

Baseball teams
Busan
Sport in South Korea
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
Halomonadaceae

The Halomonadaceae are a family of halophilic proteobacteria. The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera Halomonas and Deleya. Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them.

GFAG-1 
GFAJ-1 is a strain of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the Halomonadaceae. It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute. 

Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California. Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment. They grew in an arsenic-containing medium.

Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved. A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic. The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic.

Background 
Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions.

It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together. Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Chemical elements
Biochemistry
Extremophiles
Sky UK

Sky UK Limited is a satellite television company owned by Comcast. It used to be called British Sky Broadcasting Limited, BSkyB and Sky. It offers television and broadband Internet services in the United Kingdom.

History

Origins
The present service can trace its heritage back to 1990, when BSkyB's predecessors British Satellite Broadcasting encrypted their respective film channels – Sky Movies and The Movie Channel which required viewers to get decoding equipment and a subscription to watch the channels. After the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and two years later, the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted.

Related pages 
Sky Sports
Sky News

References
 

1990 establishments in the United Kingdom
Sewage treatment

Sewage treatment is the process of dealing with sewage so that it  does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. 

Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out.  This protects the machines in later stages. 
Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage.  Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top.  Fats and solids stay in the tank and the water continues to the next stage. This is called primary treatment.

Modern sewage treatment started in London about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

Importance of oxygen 
Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to  run the sewage through oxygenated water.  It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.

Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria.  Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on.  Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.

Solids from the first and second treatment  tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.

References 

Waste management
Vladimir Arnold

Vladimir Arnold (12 June 1937 — 3 June 2010) was a Russian mathematician of Jewish descent, said to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He worked in many areas of mathematics including dynamical systems, differential equations, hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, classical and celestial mechanics, geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry, and singularity theory.

Arnold was born in Odessa, Ukraine. He worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and later at the Moscow State University. Arnold died in Paris after going there to seek medical treatment.

Awards
He would have be given the Fields Medal in Mathematics in 1974, but this was opposed by the Soviet government. His other awards include:
 Lenin Prize (1965)
 Crafoord Prize (1982)
 Lobachevsky Prize (1992)
 Harvey Prize (1994)
 World Prize in Mathematics (2001)
 Prize of the American Institute of Physics (2001)
 Wolf Prize (2001)

References

1937 births
2010 deaths
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
People from Odessa
Russian academics
Russian Jews
Russian geometers
Soviet Jews
Ukrainian Jews
Algebraic geometers
Topologists
Sewage

Sewage or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes.  In some places it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads.  It can also have liquid waste from factories in it.  It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works.

Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful.  It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans.  Most sewage in poor counties is not treated, and may spread disease.

Waste management
Gwynedd

Gwynedd is a large area in North West Wales. It has a long coast-lime with many cliffs and beaches. It also has many mountains including Snowdon, the highest mountain in England and Wales. Large towns include Bangor and Caernarfon.

The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
Superstar K

Superstar K () is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year. The concept is the same as the Pop Idol franchise. It involves finding the next "superstar". The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers. First held in 2009, Superstar K has become more and more popular. 

As the slogan of this program is “Sing the miracle”, plenty of people who volunteered “Season 2” to become a singer were about 1,430,000. Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA. 

This audition has lots of stages. First, participants should take the first local preliminary round, and after passing it, they face the second, and then the third. After the third round, all participants from all areas gather to Seoul, and semi round, called “Super Week”, is began. From this stage, all stages become survival formats, and keen. After the round, 11 people are chosen as last members, and they stay at the same house, take the vocal training, and compete each other every week. Finally, the one who survive from the competition win the audition. In this audition, famous judges appear. The judges are Korean popular singers, Seungchul Lee, Jongsin Yoon, and Junghwa Um. These singers judge each participant. As this is TV show, viewers can join the judgment. When last 11 people compete each other, viewers can vote who they want, and it accounts for 60%. The singers’ judgment forms 30%, and the rest is up to internet survey. 

The winner of each season gets huge rewards. In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million. In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video. He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.

South Korean television series
Reality television series
2009 television series debuts
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Ceredigion

Ceredigion (Welsh: Sir Ceredigion) is a principal area of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of Cardiganshire.

It has been administered as a county since 1282.

Welsh is spoken by more than half of the area's population. 

It is considered to be a centre of Welsh culture. 

The county is mainly rural with over 50 miles (80 km) of coastline and mountainous terrain.
Jeju United FC

The Jeju United FC, founded in 1982, is a professional football team in the K League 1. It uses the Jeju World Cup Stadium as its home stadium. Although it is based in Seogwipo at this moment, it has been through several base changes. Its original name was Yukong Elephants FC, which was founded in 1982 and based in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. This YooGong football club changed its home stadium to Seoul in 1990. In 1996, as a part of localization policy, it again changed its home stadium to Bucheon, and changed its name as Bucheon SK. However, the overall facilities in Bucheon were not enough, so it finally changed its home stadium to the Jeju World Cup Stadium in Jeju Island, thus getting the name 'Jeju United FC.'

Overview
Jeju United is famous for educating coaches and for supporting the development of football techniques. For example, Valeri Nepomniachi, the Russian coach hired in 1994, delivered many developed strategies and techniques to the K League. This created a vogue 'Nepomniachi Style' among other teams. Its mascot is Kamguri, which represents the symbol of Jeju, the Mandarin. Its home stadium, 'Jeju World Cup Stadium,' can accommodate 35,545 people.

Jeju United FC has been doing well in the K League. It came in 3rd in the 1983 Superleague. Beginning from this, it has usually maintained good rankings in K-league including the championship in 1989. In 2010, it maintained first place throughout the season, but was surpassed by FC Seoul at the last match, ending in second place.

Emblem

The emblem of Jeju United FC is a shield-shaped one with the combination of black, red, and blue. This will enable people to feel the power of the football team. To be more specific, the emblem represents Hallasan and the horn of a deer which symbolize Jeju Island. This expresses the defense power of the team. At the same time, the sword in the middle which was made from the 'J' in Jeju Island involves the team's spirit that it will adopt the attacking-strategy as its main one. In addition to this, it uses the motif of SK group's Happy Wings so that the Jeju residents would become united through the soccer.

Stadium

Jeju World Cup Stadium was built in harmony with Jeju's culture, nature, and life. First, the entrance was made after the traditional entrance, Olle. Also, Jeongnang, a traditional door, stands next to the entrance. The overall shape of the stadium resembles the so-called 'Oreum'. Oreum is a parasitic volcano, and its top has a concave shape. To attain this concave shape, the stadium made the field 14m under the ground, which minimized the effect of the wind. Besides, the roof of the stadium symbolizes Teu, the traditional boat for fishing. As a home stadium of Jeju United FC, it can accommodate more than 35.000 people.

References

South Korean football clubs
Fred Page

Frederick Page (September 29, 1915 - December 23, 1997) was a Canadian executive for several ice hockey leagues and organizations. Page was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

As president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), he helped bring amateur hockey teams to Europe for tours.  Later, he helped facilitate negotiations between the CAHA and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).  This would lead to Page being an executive vice president of the IIHF from 1969 to 1972.  Next, he helped start the Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League, which later merged with the British Columbia Junior Hockey League in 1997. Page was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.

Other websites
 

1915 births
1997 deaths
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
People from Thunder Bay
Bismuthine

Bismuthine, also known as bismuthane, bismuth hydride, and hydrogen bismuthide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiH3. It has bismuth and hydride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuthine is very unstable. It is only found below -60°C. Above that temperature it breaks down into bismuth and hydrogen.

Preparation
It is made by a complex process that involves organic chemistry.

Uses
It is part of a test for bismuth. This is similar to the Marsh test for arsenic.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) oxide
Bismuth(III) chloride

Bismuth compounds
John Schella

John Edward Schella (May 9, 1947 – August 3, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Schella made his NHL debut in 1970 with the Vancouver Canucks, spending parts of two seasons with the team before moving to the Houston Aeros, where he spent six seasons. Schella played one final year in the minor leagues before retiring in 1979.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

Other websites

1947 births
2018 deaths
American Hockey League players
Binghamton Dusters players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Central Professional Hockey League players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
People from Thunder Bay
Vancouver Canucks players
World Hockey Association players
Bud Poile

Norman Robert "Bud" Poile (February 10, 1924 – January 4, 2005) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach, general manager, and league executive.

Awards
 Awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1989.
 Inducted into the NHL Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990.

Career statistics

Coaching statistics

1 Midseason replacement

² Replaced midseaseon

Other websites

1924 births
2005 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
People from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Stanley Cup champions
List of Bobby's World episodes

This is a list of episodes from the Fox animated television series Bobby's World. The series premiered on September 8, 1990 and ended on February 23, 1998. A total of 80 half-hour episodes were produced, and reruns on NBC Kids

Fox Kids Order

Season 1: 1987/88

Season 2: 1988

Season 3: 1989/90

Season 4: 1993-1994

Season 5: 1994-1995

Season 6: 1995-1996

Season 7: 1997-1998

Lists of animated television series episodes
River Teifi

The River Teifi is a river in west Wales. It starts in the hills above the town of Tregaron and then flows into a large marsh called Tregaron bog. This bog helps to stop flow in the river being too extreme. It stores up flood water when it is raining hard and it lets water go during dry weather.

The water in the River Teifi is very good quality. The river supports lots of wild-life including Salmon and Trout. The wildlife is so special that the whole river has been given special protetion by scientists to stop it being damaged.

The river passes through small towns such as Lampeter and Newcastle Emlyn before it reaches the sea at Cardigan. For the last few miles before it reaches Cardigan, the river runs through a deep gorge called Cigerran Gorge. Some people still fish for Salmon here using a very ancient boat called a Coracle.

References

Rivers of Wales
River Ystwyth

The River Ystwyth (; ) is a river in west Wales. It starts  in the hills between Rhayader and Ysbyty Ystwyth and flow into the sea at Aberystwyth. Although the river looks very clean, it has high levels of some metals such as lead, zinc and silver. These metals poison a lot of the wildlife so that only a few things live in some of the river. These metals get into the river from old lead mines. Nobody uses the mines any more but the waste material left behind still has lots of metal in it and this dissolves in rain and gets into the river.

Other Reading
 Green, John (2006), Afon Ystwyth: The Story of a River, Artery Publications 2006.

Other websites 

Rivers of Wales
David Warren

David Warren (3 March 1925, Groote Eylandt, Australia— 19 July 2010, Brighton, Victoria, Australia) was an Australian scientist. He became famous for inventing the black box flight recorder which could give information about the causes of aircraft crashes.

References

1925 births
2010 deaths
Australian scientists
People from the Northern Territory
Ryūe Nishizawa

is a Japanese architect and university professor at Yokohama National University. Nishizawa won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

Career
In 1995, he started a partnership with Kazuyo Sejima in Tokyo.  It was called SANAA.

In 1997, he started the independent Office of Ryūe Nishizawa.

Projects
This table is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

Unbuilt
 Video Pavilion, Kagawa, Japan, 2003

Honors
 Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
 Pritzker Prize, 2010.
 Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal, 2019

References

Other websites

 SANAA website
 Office of Ryue Nishizawa website
 Vernissage.tv, "SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York"

Living people
Japanese architects
1966 births
Pritzker Prize winners
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
Incubator

An incubator is a machine used mostly for hatching eggs without the help of a hen or mother.

Agricultural machinery
Thomas Dörflein

Thomas Dörflein (13 October 1963 – 22 September 2008) was a German zookeeper at the Berlin Zoo for 26 years. He became a celebrity after he took care of the polar bear cub Knut, who had been abandoned by his mother shortly after his birth in 2006. In 2007, Dörflein was awarded the Medal of Merit by the city of Berlin for helping to raise Knut.

References

1963 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German people
Bismuth(V) fluoride

Bismuth(V) fluoride, also known as bismuth pentafluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF5. It has five bismuth-fluorine bonds in it. The bismuth is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(V) fluoride is a white crystalline solid. It is an extremely strong oxidizing agent and fluorinating agent, something that adds fluoride ions to other chemicals. It reacts with water to make ozone and oxygen difluoride. It also reacts with iodine and sulfur at room temperature. Above 50°C, it reacts with hydrocarbons like paraffin to make fluorocarbons. At 180°C, it reacts with chlorine to make chlorine monofluoride and with bromine to make bromine trifluoride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with fluorine at a high temperature. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with chlorine trifluoride.

Uses
It is used as a fluorinating agent.

Related pages
Bismuth(V) oxide
Bismuth(III) chloride
Bismuth(III) oxide

Bismuth compounds
Fluorine compounds
Chlorine monofluoride

Chlorine monofluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF. It has chlorine and fluoride ions in it. The chlorine is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas. It can be cooled to a pale yellow liquid at low temperatures. Many of its properties are between the properties of chlorine and fluorine. It reacts with tungsten to make tungsten hexafluoride and with selenium to make selenium tetrafluoride. It reacts with carbon monoxide to add chloride and fluoride to it.

Related pages
Chlorine trifluoride
Chlorine dioxide
Bromine monochloride

Chlorine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Neumünster Zoo

The Neumünster Zoo (German: Tierpark Neumünster) is a zoo in the north part of Germany. It was well known for suing the Berlin Zoo for the profits from Knut's publicity.

Zoos in Germany
Schleswig-Holstein
Terunobu Fujimori

is a Japanese architect and historian of architecture. He was born 21 November 1946 in Miyakawa-mura, Suwa-gun, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. That place is now part of Chino-shi. He has taught at several Japanese universities including: Tōhoku University, Tokyo University, and Kogakuin University. He was a visiting scholar at Tōhoku University of Art and Design. He is professor emeritus at Tokyo University. Fujimori is especially interested in the history of modern Japanese architecture and natural design. He is known for using shapes from nature for his designs.

Biography
He graduated from the architecture department at the faculty of engineering of Tōhoku University in 1971. Then he went for graduate study at Tokyo University. In 1979, he finished his dissertation "Historical Research on City Planning in the Meiji Era" and got his PhD.

In 1986 he won the Suntory Arts Prize for his book "Adventures of an Architectural Detective-Tokyo Edition" (建築探偵の冒険・東京篇 in Japanese). That year, he also one of the first members of the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with the artist  Genpei Akasegawa and the illustrator and manga artist Shinpo Minami.

In 2001, he finished a dormitory for the Kumamoto Prefectural University of Agriculture. That dormitory won an architecture prize. Fujimori was a commissioner for the 10th Venice Biennale in 2006. He also directed a TV series  for Fuji TV.

In 2010, Fujimori retired from the University of Tokyo and joined Kogakuin University.

Books
Fujimori has written many books about architecture. Some describe his projects. Others are books of architectural history. He has published more than 25 books of his own. He has edited or written more than a dozen books with other writers.

Projects
Fujimori often works with Shoushi Uchida or Nobumichi Oshima. Some of his projects are listed below.
 Jinchokan Moriya Historical Museum - 1991 - Chino, Nagano  
 Dandelion House - 1995 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
 Nira House (Genpei Akasegawa House) - 1997 - Machida, Tokyo
 Lone Pine House - 1998 - Fukuoka City
 The Forum - Niigata Prefecture Myoukou City
 Niwase Family Tomb - 2003 - Kamakura, Kanagawa (with Nobumichi Oshima)
 Teahouse Tetsu - 2006 - Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture
 Chocolate House - 2009 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
 Roof House - 2009 - Shiga Prefecture

Gallery

References

Living people
1946 births
Japanese architects
People from Nagano Prefecture
Kansas State University

Kansas State University (often called K-State) is a public university in Manhattan, Kansas, in the United States, although there is also a branch in Salina, Kansas and Olathe, Kansas. It was started in 1863. In fall 2010, 23,588 students were enrolled there.

References

Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Kansas
1863 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Kansas
Cultural identity

Cultural identity is the identity of a group, culture, or something similar, or a person's association to a group or culture.  Basically, the cultural identity makes a group/culture what it is. Each culture has its own things that make it different from others. 

Sociology