cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bunji (era)

was a  after Genryaku and before Kenkyū.  This period started in August 1185 and ended in April 1190. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Bunji era
 22 December 1185 (Bunji 1, 29th day of the 11th month): The court formally approves the shogonate government at Kamakura in the Kantō region.
 1186 (Bunji 2, 4th month): Go-Shirakawa visits the widow of Emperor Takakura (Kenrei-mon In) at her humble retreat in Ohara.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1185 establishments
1180s establishments in Japan
1190 disestablishments
12th-century disestablishments in Japan
Rush Hour (movie)

Rush Hour is an 1998 American movie by New Line Cinema. It stars Chris Tucker, Jackie Chan, Julia Hsu, Philip Baker Hall, Tom Wilkinson, Ken Leung and Chris Penn.  It was followed by the sequel movies, Rush Hour 2 (2001) and Rush Hour 3 (2007).

Cast 
 Jackie Chan as Inspector Yan Niang Lee
 Chris Tucker as Detective James Carter
 Julia Hsu as Soo-Yung
 Phillip Baker Hall as Captain Bill Diel
 Tom Wilkinson as Griffin / Juntao
 Ken Leung as Sang
 Chris Penn as Clive Cod

Jackie Chan Stunt Team 
 Kwan Yung
 Mars
 Ken Lo
 William Tuan
 Johnny Cheung
 Andy Cheng
 Nicky Li
 Chan Man Ching
 Stuart Yee
 James Lew

Sequel 
 Rush Hour 2 (2001)
 Rush Hour 3 (2007)

Release dates 

American comedy movies
American action movies
1998 movies
Movies directed by Brett Ratner
Multilingual movies
Kenkyū

was a  after Bunji and before Shōji.  This period started in April 1190 and ended in April 1199. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kenkyū era
 1191 (Kenkyū 2): Esai brings Zen Buddhism to Japan
 26 April 1192 (Kenkyū 3, 13th day of the 3rd month): Former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa died at the age of 66.  He had been father or grandfather to five emperors -- Emperor Nijō, the 78th emperor; Emperor Rokujō, the 79th emperor; Emperor Takakura, the 80th emperor; Emperor Antoku, the 81st emperor; and Go-Toba, the 82nd emperor.
 21 August 1192 (Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month): Minamoto Yoritomo was named leader of the forces to fight the in the north of Japan.
 15 April 1195 (Kenkyū 6, 4th day of the 3rd month): Shogun Yoritomo visited the capital.
 18 February 1198 (Kenkyū 9, 11th day of the 1st month): In the 15th year of Go-Toba's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his eldest son.
 1198 (Kenkyū 9, 3rd month): Emperor Tsuchimikado accepted his official role as emperor (sokui).
 9 February 1199 (Kenkyū 10, 13th day of the 1st month): Shogun Yoritomo died at age 53 in Kamakura.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1190 establishments
1190s establishments in Japan
1199 disestablishments
12th-century disestablishments in Japan
2112 (album)

2112 is the fourth studio album released by the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. The album was released in 1976.

The album is most famous for its song 2112, which has the same name as the album. It is a seven-part epic that lasts about twenty minutes. It tells the story of a man living in a dystopian society in the year 2112. The first song takes up the entire first side of the album, while the second side featured a few more songs.

Track listing
All lyrics by Neil Peart and music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson, except where noted.
Side one
 "2112" – 20:38
 I: "Overture" – 4:33 (0:00—4:33)
 II: "The Temples of Syrinx" – 2:12 (4:33—6:45)
 III: "Discovery" (music: Lifeson) – 3:29 (6:45—10:14)
 IV: "Presentation" (music: Lifeson) – 3:42 (10:14—13:56)
 V: "Oracle: The Dream" – 2:00 (13:56—15:56)
 VI: "Soliloquy" – 2:21 (15:56—18:17)
 VII: "Grand Finale" – 2:14 (18:17—20:33)
Side two
 "A Passage to Bangkok" – 3:34
 "The Twilight Zone" – 3:19
 "Lessons" (Lifeson) – 3:53
 "Tears" (Lee) – 3:35
 "Something for Nothing" (music: Lee) – 4:00

References

1976 albums
Rush albums
Progressive rock albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Shōji (era)

was a  after Kenkyū and before Kennin.  This period started in April 1199 and ended in February 1201. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Shōji era
 29 January 1199 (Shōji 2, 12th day of the 2nd month): Oyama Tomomasa was appointed to the governor of Harima Province and governor of Kyoto.
 1200 (Shōji 2, 10th month): Hōjō Tokimasa was created daimyo of Ōmi Province.

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1201 disestablishments
1199 establishments
1190s establishments in Japan
Kennin

was a  after Shōji and before Genkyū.  This period started in February 1201 and ended in February 1204. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kennin era

 1202 (Kennin 2, 1st month): Nitta Yoshishige died.  He was the deputy director for cuisine for the Dairi (大炊助) in the palace.  His court rank was 2nd rank of the 5th class (従五位下).
 1202 (Kennin 2, 7th month): Minamoto no Yoriie was raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class; and he was named the 2nd shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.
 1202 (Kennin 2, 10th month):  The naidaijin Minamoto no Michichika died at 54;  and his court position was then filled by dainagon Fujiwara no Takatada.
 1202 (Kennin 2): On orders from Shogun Minamoto no Yoriie, the monk Eisai founded Kennin-ji, a Zen temple and monastery.
 1203 (Kennin 3, 8th month): Shogun Yoriie fell gravely ill.
 1203 (Kennin 3, 9th month): Yoriie shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest; and the emperor named Minamoto no Sanetomo as the 3rd shogun.Hōjō Tokimasa became Sanetomo's shikken (regent).

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1201 establishments
1204 disestablishments
Spectacled caiman

The spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), or the common caiman, is a medium sized crocodilian species that lives in the wetland areas of South America. This size of this species generally can get up to between . The spectacled caiman gets its name from the bony ridge between its eyes, looking like a pair of eyeglasses. As the seasons get colder, this caiman can change colors. Spectacled caimans have been known to eat insects, crustaceans, and mollusks.

In captivity 
According to ISIS, there are known to be 170 spectacled caimans in zoos.

Other websites

Crocodilia
Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda

The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda was made in 1966 by Gordon Christopher.  It is similar to the Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.  The symbolism is more complex.

At the top of the Coat of Arms is a pineapple.  The island is famous for this fruit.  Many plants are around the shield: red hibiscus, sugarcane, and yucca plant.  The pair of deer are for the wildlife of the islands.

The shield shows the sun, also found on the flag, rising from a blue and white sea. The sun is for a new beginning. The black background is for the African origins of many of the nations's people. At the bottom of the shield, in front of the sea, sits a sugar mill.  

The national motto is at the bottom: "Each endeavouring, all achieving".

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint George is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda.  It is on the island of Antigua. 

V.C. Bird International Airport is in Saint George Parish. The head office of LIAT is on the airport grounds.

References

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint John is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. It has the capital city, St. John's.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Mary is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Bolands.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Paul is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Fort Berkeley is located in Nelson’s Dockyard National Park.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Peter is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Parham. It includes Guiana Island and Great Bird Island. The parish is home to Betty's Hope Sugar Plantation, a popular historic site.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

Saint Philip is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is the town of Carlisle.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Redonda

Redonda is a very small Caribbean island.  It is part of Antigua and Barbuda,.  No people live here.

This small island is  southwest of Antigua.  It is between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat.

Redonda seems like one very large rock. It is what is left of an ancient volcanic core.  The land rises very steeply from sea level, mostly as sheer cliffs. There is no source of freshwater except rain. The only animals that live here are seabirds and a herd of feral goats.  The goats live on the poor grazing on top of the island.

History

Christopher Columbus found Redonda in 1493 on his second journey. He said the island belonged to Spain. He named the island Santa María la Redonda, meaning Saint Mary the Round.  The island looks round when viewed from the side. In the 1860s, the island became a British possession.

References

Geography of Antigua and Barbuda
Caribbean islands
Uninhabited regions
Fortune cookie

A fortune cookie is a sugary cookie usually made from flour, sugar, vanilla, and oil with a short message or "fortune" inside.  The cookie was made popular by Makoto Hagiwara who was a Japanese immigrant who ran the Japanese Tea Garden At San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park in the 1890s.

The "fortune" is a piece of paper with words of wisdom or prophecy. The message may also include a Chinese phrase with translation or a list of lucky numbers.

References

Other websites

Chinese food
Cookies
Luck
Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm.  Queen Elizabeth II is the reigning monarch since November 1, 1981. She is Antigua and Barbuda's head of state.

Many of the jobs of the government are done by the Governor-General.

Antigua and Barbuda
Current monarchies
The Reader

The Reader is a 2008 German-American romantic drama movie. It stars Ralph Fiennes as Michael Berg and Kate Winslet as Hanna Schmitz. It was directed by Stephen Daldry, produced by Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack and written by David Hare. It is based on a 1995 German novel. The Reader was nominated for many Academy Awards, including a Best Picture nomination. Winslet won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role.

Other websites 

2008 drama movies
2008 romance movies
2000s romantic drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American romantic drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
English-language movies
German-language movies
German romance movies
German drama movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 1990s
Rachel Getting Married

Rachel Getting Married is a 2008 American drama movie about a drug addict attending her sister's wedding. Anne Hathaway stars. This drama got limited released on 3 October, 2008.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

2008 drama movies
2008 romance movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
American independent movies
Genkyū

was a  after Kennin and before Ken'ei.  This period started in February 1204 and ended in April 1206. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Genkyū era
 1204 (Genkyū 1, 10th month): Minamoto no Sanetomo ordered Hōjō Masanori, Hōjō Tomomichi and Hatakeyama Shigeyasu to travel to Heian-kyo.  They were to return with Sanetomo's bride.
 1204 (Genkyū 1, 12th month): Two of Sanetomo's emissaries returned to the Kantō; but Shigeyasu remained in Heian-kyo where he died.
 1205 (Genkyū 2, 3rd month): Kyoto and the provinces of the Kinai were struck by a notable storm.

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1204 establishments
1206 disestablishments
Shiretoko National Park

is a World Heritage Site in Hokkaidō, Japan. The park covers the Shiretoko Peninsula which faces the Sea of Okhotsk.  

The word "Shiretoko" is comes from an Ainu word "". It means "end of the Earth".

History
Shiretoko National Park was established in 1964.

In 2005, UNESCO named the area a World Heritage Site. UNESCO also suggested that Japan should work with Russia to make an international "World Heritage Peace Park" including the Kuril Islands. Both Japan and Russia claim these islands as part of their countries.

Geography
Shiretoko is hard to get to. Visitors must go to most places on foot or by boat.   There is a hot springs waterfall called .  means "water of the gods" in Ainu.

Plants
The park forests are temperate and subalpine. There are several different types of trees. The most common trees here are Sakhalin fir, Erman's birch, and Mongolian oak.

Animals
The park has Japan's largest mammal species of Ezo brown bears.

References

Other websites
 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
1964 establishments in Asia
National parks in Asia
1960s establishments in Japan
Hip replacement

Hip replacement is a surgery where the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. This joint replacement is usually done to relieve arthritis pain or fix very bad joint damage.

Types of Hip Replacement Surgeries 
There are three types of hip replacement surgeries.

 Total hip replacement
 Partial hip replacement
 Hip surfacing

Who can benefit from a hip replacement? 
Your doctor may recommend a hip replacement if you have significant pain, swelling, and damage to your hip joint due to the following conditions:

 Osteoarthritis (most common)
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
 Injury such as hip fracture
 Tumor in the hip joint

Recovery Time 
Typically, after 6 to 12 weeks, you will make a full recovery from hip replacement surgery. You will still need follow-up appointments to make sure your hip is healing.

Most people can resume their daily activities after six weeks. You may be discharged from the hospital after 2 to 4 days. Here are some points that can help you speed up your recovery after surgery.

References 

Joints
Surgery
Slurry

A slurry is, in general, a thick suspension of solids in a liquid.

Uses
There are many kinds of slurries, including
 A mixture of cement and water to form concrete
 A mixture of thickening agent, oxidizers, and water used to form a gel explosive
 A mixture of pyroclastic rock and water known as a lahar
 A mixture of bentonite and water used to make slurry walls
 A mixture of coal waste and water known as coal slurry
 A mixture of wood pulp and water used to make paper
 A mixture of animal waste and water used as fertilizer
 A mixture of finely ground meat and water, centrifugally dewatered into meat slurry, a food product
 An abrasive substance used in chemical-mechanical polishing
 A mixture of ice crystals, freezing point depressant, and water called slurry ice
 A mixture of raw materials and water involved in the rawmill manufacture of Portland cement
 A mixture of minerals, water, and additives used in the manufacture of ceramics  
 A mixture of water and food starch used to thicken puddings, sauces, and gravys.

Related pages
 Asphalt

References

Other websites

Materials
Ken'ei

was a  after Genkyū and before Jōgen.  This period started in April 1206 and ended in October 1207.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Ken'ei era
 1206 (Ken'ei 1, 2nd month): Shogun Sanetomo's standing at court was raised to the 2nd rank of the 4th class.
 16 April 1206 (Ken'ei 1, 7th day of the 3rd month): The emperor planned to pay a visit to the Kujō Yoshitsune, but in the night before this visit, an unknown assassin killed  Yoshitsune.  After the killing, Konoe Iezane was made sesshō (regent) and Fujiwara no Tadatsune was made the  Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 1206 (Ken'ei 1, 12th month):  Konoe Iezane stopped being sesshō; and instead, he became Chancellor (kampaku).
 1207 (Ken'ei 1): Hōnen and his followers are exiled

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1206 establishments
1207 disestablishments
Jōgen (Kamakura period)

, also known as Shōgen, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Ken'ei and before Kenryaku.  This period spanned the years from October 1207 through March 1211.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Jōgen era

 1208 (Jōgen 2, 6th month): Tsuchimikado went to the Kumano Sanzan Shrine.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 5th month): The emperor returned to the Kumano Shrine.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 6th month): Tsuchimikado accepted Hideyasu of Kazusa as part of the court.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 8th month): The emperor visited the Kasuga Shrine.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 9th month): A comet with a very long tail appeared in the night sky.
 1210 (Jōgen 4, 25th day of the 11th month): In the 12th year of Tsuchimikado's reign, the emperor abdicated for no particular reason; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger brother, the second son of the former-Emperor Go-Toba.  Soon after, Emperor Juntoku's role as emperor was confirmed (sokui).

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1210s disestablishments in Japan
1207 establishments
1211 disestablishments
Biwer

Biwer is a commune and small town in eastern Luxembourg.

The commune is in the canton of Grevenmacher,  which is part of the old district of Grevenmacher.  It is made up of Biwer, Boudler, Brouch, Hegelsdorf, Wecker and Weydig.

In Biwer, the largest village of the commune,  are every public buildings. There are  the primary school called 'An der Wiss', the cultural centre 'Fancy', a swimming pool, a sports hall and a day-care centre.

References

Other websites

 Biwer commune website 

Communes in Luxembourg
Amyloplast

An amyloplast is an organelle inside a plant cell that stores starch. It is only found in starchy plants such as tubers and fruits.

Organelles
Plant physiology
Kenryaku

was a  after Jōgen and before Kempo.  This period started in March 1211 and ended in December 1213. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kenryaku era

 1211 (Kenryaku 1, 1st month): The Buddhist priest Hōnen returned from a period of exile.  He was the founder of the  temple-complex.
 1211 (Kenryaku 1, 1st month): Shogun Sanetomo's position at court was raised to the 1st rank of the 3rd class.
 2 January 1211 (Kenryaku 1, 16th day of the 1st month): The former-Senior High Priest Jien (1155–1225) was appointed Tendai Abbot.
 1212 (Kenryaku 1): Hōnen died at age 80.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
13th-century establishments in Japan
1210s disestablishments in Japan
1211 establishments
1210s establishments in Asia
1213 disestablishments
Kempo (era)

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Kenryaku and before Jōkyū.  This period started in December 1213 and ended in April 1219. The reigning emperor was Juntoku-tennō (順徳天皇).

Events of the Kempo era
 1213 (Kempo 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an earthquake at Kamakura.
 1213 (Kempo 1, 11th month): Fujiwara no Teika, also known as Fujiwara no Sadeie offered a collection of 8th century poems to Shogun Sanetomo.  These poems were collectively known as the Man'yōshū.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 2nd month): Shogun Sanetomoand the Buddhist priest Eisai drank tea, together.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 3rd month): The emperor went to Kasuga.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 4th month): Enryaku-ji was burned; and Sanetomo paid for repairs.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 1st month): Hōjō Tokimasa died at age 78 in the mountains of Izu Province.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 6th month):  Eisai died at age 75.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 8th-9th months): There were many earthquakes in the Kamakura area.
 1217 (Kempo 5, 8th-9th months): The emperor visited the Shrines at Hirano and at Ōharano near Kyoto.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1210s establishments in Asia
1210s disestablishments in Japan
1213 establishments
13th-century establishments in Japan
1219 disestablishments
Il Canzoniere

Il Canzoniere is a collection of 365 poems. It was written by the Italian poet Petrarch between 1336 and 1373.
Its central theme is the poet's love for Laura, a woman Petrarch allegedly met on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon

Other websites 
Il Canzoniere online
Il Canzoniere text
 Canzoniere (different edition) and other works
 Petrarch and Laura Multi-lingual site

14th-century books
Poetry
Arc flash

Arc flash is an accidental electrical explosion usually caused by a short circuit. It usually happens at higher-voltages (around 300 volts and above). It can cause the electrical conductors to melt creating an explosion of molten or even vaporized metal. Temperatures can be as high as 20000 degrees Celsius. Arc flash is one of the reasons it is so important to turn the power off before working on any high-voltage equipment.

Electricity
Facesitting

Facesitting is when a woman or man sits on a man's or maybe a woman's face. People enjoy this because there is a sense of submission by the person getting facesat, where the person sitting is controlling the breath of the "seat". Can be called "queening" or "kinging".

Gallery

References

Sexual acts
Jōkyū

, also called Shōkyū, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Kempō and before Jōō.  This period started in April 1219 and ended in April 1222. The reigning emperor was Juntoku-tennō (順徳天皇).

Events of the Jōkyū era
 12 February 1219 (Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month): Shogun Sanetomo was assassinated on the steps of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura."
 1220 (Jōkyū 2, 2nd month): The emperor visited the Iwashimizu Shrine and the Kamo Shrines.
 13 May 1221 (Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month): In the 11th year of Juntoku's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old.  Soon after, Emperor Chūkyō is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  Chūkyō was emperor for only a few months.
 29 July 1221 (Jōkyū 3, 9th day of the 7th month): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been Chūkyō's reign, he abdicated; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (senso) was received by a grandson of former Emperor Go-Toba.
 1221 (Jōkyū 3): The Jōkyū War (Jōkyū no ran) was an armed attempt by Emperor Go-Toba to take power from the Kamakura shogunate.  The effort did not succeed.
 14 January 1222 (Jōkyū 3, 1st day of the 12th month): Emperor Go-Horikawa's role as emperor was confirmed (sokui).

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was  killed

Japanese eras
1219
1220
1221
1222
1220s in Japan
Black magic

Black magic has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers for evil and selfish purposes. In modern times, some think the definition of "black magic" has been used by people for any type of magic practice that is disapproved of and thought of as evil or satanic.

Black magic practices
 True name spells, knowing a person's true name to control them
 Immortality, wishing to live beyond a natural lifespan 
 Curses, magically making something bad happen to someone else
 Necromancy, practices involving spirits and the dead

Related pages 
 Voodoo

References 

Divination
Occult
Magic (paranormal)
Viola Davis

Viola Davis (born August 11 1965) is an American movie actress. She has starred in many movies, including Traffic and Antwone Fisher and Suicide Squad. She has also done many television programs. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2017 for her role in Fences (2016).

Academy Award winning actors
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors	
Satellite Award winners
1965 births
Living people
Tony Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
True name

A true name is a name of a thing or being that expresses, or is somehow identical with, its true nature. The idea that language, or some specific sacred language, refers to things by their true names has been central to philosophical and grammatical study as well as various traditions of magic, divination and mysticism since ancient times.

Language
Names
Jōō (Kamakura period)

, also romanized as Jō-ō, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Jōkyū and before Gennin.  This period started in April 1222 and ended in November 1224. The reigning emperor was Go-Horikawa-tennō.

Events of the Jōō Era
 1222 (Jōō 2):  Regulations established concerning salaries for land stewards (jitō) who were appointed by the shogunate
 9 July 1223 (Jōō 2, 20th day of the 6th month):  The buildings of the Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji in Suruga province  were re-built by Hōjō Tokimasa.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1222
1223
1224
1220s in Japan
Leeward Caribbean Creole English

Leeward Caribbean Creole English is an English-based creole language spoken in the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean.  It is in the countries of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis.  It is also called Antiguan Creole, Saint Kitts Creole and Montserrat Creole.

Islanders often use it along with Standard English. People of a higher social status use English more often.

Antigua and Barbuda
Languages of the Caribbean
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (movie)

Diary of a Wimpy Kid is an American 2010 live-action/animated comedy movie and is based on the novel of the same name. The movie was released on March 19, 2010 (September in Australia). It was released on DVD, iTunes, and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010.

Release Dates

Awards and nominations
 2011 Kids Choice Awards
 Favorite movie (nominated) lost to The Karate Kid (2010 film)
 32nd Young Artist Awards
 Best actor in a feature film (Zach Gordon) (nomination) lost to Jaden Smith
 Best supporting actor in a feature film (Robert Capron) (nomination) lost to Billy Unger
 Best supporting actor in a feature film (Alex Ferris) (nomination) Lost to Billy Unger.
 Best ensemble in a feature film (Zach Gordon, Robert Capron, Devon Bostick, Chloë Moretz, Laine MacNeil,  Grayson Russell, Karan Brar, and Alex Ferris) (Won)
 Best supporting actress (Laine MacNeil) (nomination) lost to Diandra Newlin and Stefanie Scott

Cast
Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley.
 Nathaniel Marten as adult Greg. 
 Dylan Bell as young Greg.
Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's childish best friend.
Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother.
Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother.
Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, a seventh-grader at Greg's school who is a reporter for the school paper. She is a brand new character not found in the original books.
Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Greg's father.
Grayson Russell as Fregley, a weird classmate of Greg's.
Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, Greg's arch-enemy.
 Madison Bell as young Patty.
Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta, a friend of Greg's. 
Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother.
 Raugi Yu as Vice Principal Roy, the Vice Principal who appears on the intercom or TV giving news.
 Jennifer Clement as Mrs. Flint, Greg's homeroom teacher.
Alex Ferris as Collin Lee, Rowley's substitute best friend during his fight with Greg.
Andrew McNee as Coach Malone, Greg's gym teacher.
Belita Moreno as Mrs. Norton, Greg's acting teacher.
Afred E. Humphreys as Mr. Jefferson, Rowley's father who dislikes Greg.
Kaye Capron as Mrs. Jefferson, Rowley's mother.
 Donnie McNeil as Wade, one of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
 Nicholas Carey as Pete Hosey, the leader of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
 Samuel Patrick Chu as Carter, another one of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
 Rob LaBelle as Mr. Winsky, the leader of the Safety Patrol.
 Harrison Houde as Darren Walsh, Greg's classmate who is infamous for starting the Cheese Touch.
 Severin Korfer as Dieter Muller, a German exchange student who took the Cheese Touch with him back to his homeland.
 Owen Best as Bryce Anderson, one of Greg's classmates who was said to have a "cute butt".
 Karin Konoval as Mrs. Irvine, the woman who thought Rowley terrorized the kindergartners.
 Adam Osei as Marty Porter, the school treasurer.
 Paul Hubbard as Brock Brainigan P.I.

References

2010 comedy movies
American comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
List of governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda

This is a list of governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda.  The head of state is the Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda.  Most of the jobs though are done by the Governor-General.

Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda, 1981-present
Sir Wilfred Jacobs: November 1, 1981–June 10, 1993
James Carlisle: June 10, 1993–June 30, 2007
Louise Lake-Tack: July 17, 2007—August 14, 2014
Rodney Williams: August 14, 2014—

Antigua and Barbuda
Louise Lake-Tack

Dame Louise Agnetha Lake-Tack, GCMG, DStJ (born 26 July 1944) is a former Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda.

Background and earlier career
Louise Lake-Tack was born in St. Philip's Parish, Antigua in 1944. She went to Freetown Government School before attending the Antigua Girls High School in St. John's. After graduating she went to the United Kingdom. She studied nursing at Charing Cross Hospital. She worked first at the National Heart Hospital and later at the Harley Street Clinic. 

Lake-Tack later studied and graduated in law.  She was a magistrate at both Marylebone and Horseferry Magistrate Courts. She also sat at Pocock Street Crown Court and Middlesex Crown Court to hear appeal cases from the lower courts. She was a member of the Antigua and Barbuda National Association (London) for the 24 years before her appointment as Governor-General.

Governor-General
She took office as Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda on 17 July 2007.  She was the first woman to hold the office. On 14 August 2014, she was replaced by Dr Rodney Williams, who took office as the 4th Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda.

Honours
Dame Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG, 13 November 2007)
Dame of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (DStJ, 16 October 2007)

References

1944 births
Living people
Governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda
Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda

This page has a list of prime ministers of Antigua and Barbuda.

Chief Minister of Antigua (1960-1967)

Premiers of Antigua (1967-1981)

Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda (1981-Present)

Antigua
Baldwin Spencer

Winston Baldwin Spencer (born October 8, 1948) is a former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. He served in office from 2004 to 2014. He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

References

1948 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda
Seventh-day Adventists
Lester Bird

Sir Lester Bryant Bird (February 21, 1938 – August 9, 2021) was the second Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1994 to 2004. He was also a well-known athlete. He was chairman of the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) from 1971 to 1983. He became Prime Minister when the previous Prime Minister resigned. The previous Prime Minister was his father, Vere Bird.

Bird Jr. was born in New York City. He went to the University of Michigan, and became a lawyer. Bird died on August 9, 2021 at the age of 83.

References

1938 births
2021 deaths
Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda
Lawyers
Male athletes
Politicians from New York City
Sportspeople from New York City
Area code 268

Area code 268 is the telephone area code of Antigua and Barbuda.  The 268 area code is part of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP).

When in Antigua and Barbuda, use the seven digits alone. When calling to Antigua and Barbuda from anywhere in the United States or Canada simply dial 1(268) + seven digit phone number.

Antigua and Barbuda
Area codes
Taurobolium

During the Roman empire, the taurobolium referred to practices involving the sacrifice of a bull, which after mid-2nd century became connected with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods; though not previously limited to her cult, after 159 AD all private inscriptions mention Magna Mater (the Roman name for the goddess Cybele). Originating in Asia Minor, its earliest attested performance in Italy occurred in 134 AD.

Ritual
At the taurobolium ritual, the high-priest would stand inside a pit made specifically for the purpose of the ritual, a bull would be led above the pit and sacrificed above him, the blood of the bull would pour down onto the priest, showering him in the blood. After this, the bulls testicles were removed and taken to the sanctuary as an offering. This ritual was done as a replacement for the castration of high-priests, this was because castration of male Roman citizens was forbidden in Rome.

Related pages

 Human sacrifice, the ritual killing of a person

Religious terminology
Paganism
Gennin

was a  after Jōō and before Karoku.  This period spanned the years from November 1224 to April 1225. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Gennin Era
 1224 (Gennin 1): Kyogyoshinsho was believed to have been composed by Shinran in 1224; and this is also considered the year in which Jōdo Shinshū was founded.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1224
1225
1220s in Japan
Karoku

was a  after Gennin and before Antei.  This period started in April 1225 and ended in December 1227. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Karoku Era
 1225 (Karoku 1, 11th month): At Kamakura,  Kujō Yoritsune's coming of age ceremonies took place at age 8; but control of the shogunate affairs was in the hands of  Hōjō Yasutoki, who was the regent (shikken).
 1225 (Karoku 1, 12th month): Emperor Go-Horikawa went in formal procession to Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū and to the Kamo Shrines.
 1226 (Karoku 2, 1st month): The Emperor raised Yoritsune to the 1st rank of the 5th class in court hierarchy.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1225
1226
1227
1220s in Japan
Antei

was a  after Gennin and before Kangi.  This period started in December 1227 and ended in March 1229.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Antei Era
 1227 (Antei 1, 1st month): Fujiwara Kintsugu died at age 53.  He had been Minister of the Right (udaijin) and Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 1227 (Antei 1, 2nd month): The emperor raised Fujiwara no Nagako, the daughter of Konoe Iezane, to the rank of empress consort (chūgū).

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1227
1228
1229
1220s in Japan
Gary Thomasson

Gary Leah Thomasson was born July 29, 1951 in San Diego, California. He was a professional baseball player. He played outfield in Major League Baseball from 1972 to 1980 and in Japanese Nippon Pro Baseball 1981-1982

Thomasson got a lot of attention when he joined the Yomiuri Giants. He got the largest contract ever in the Nippon league. Then, Thomasson played poorly in his two years in Japan. He almost set the league record for strikeouts. He ended his career with a knee injury.

Cultural references 
Japanese artist Genpei Akasegawa used Thomasson's name to describe a kid of found art. A "Tomason" is a part of a building that has lost its meaning or purpose, but still is still interesting.

References

Other websites
 

1951 births
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
San Francisco Giants players
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Kangi

, also romanized as Kanki, was a  after Antei and before Jōei.  This period started in March 1229 and ended in April 1232. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kangi era
 1230 (Kangi 2, 12th month): Kujō Yoritsune was married to the daughter of Minamoto no Yoriie.
 1231 (Kangi 3, 2nd month): Yoritsune was raised to the 2nd rank of the 4th class in the dōjō kuge.
 1231 (Kangi 3, 3rd month): Yoritsune was made a General of the Left.
 1231 (Kangi 3, 4th month): Yoritsune was raised to the 1st rank of the 4th class in the dōjō kuge.
 6 November 1231 (Kangi 3, 11th day of the 10th month): Former Emperor Tsuchimikado died.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1229
1230
1231
1232
1220s in Japan
1230s in Japan
Jōei

was a  after Kangi and before Tenpuku.  This period started in April 1232 and ended in April 1233. The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Jōei Era
 1232 (Jōei 1, i2nd month): Kujō Yoritsune was raised to the 2nd rank of the 3rd class in the court hierarchy.
 1232 (Jōei 1, 11th month): In the 11th year of Emperor Go-Horikawa's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a his oldest son.  Soon after, Emperor Shijō's new role as emperor was confirmed (sokui).

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1232
1233
1230s in Japan
Tenpuku

, also romanized as Tempuku, was a  after Jōei and before Bunryaku.  This period started in April 1233 and ended in November 1234. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Tenpuku Era
 1233 (Tenpuku 1, 1st month):  Kujō Yoritsune is granted the court post of

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1233
1234
1230s in Japan
Tomason

A , also spelled Thomason and Thomasson in English, is a kind of conceptual art or found art. Gempei Akasegawa  created this word to describe certain kinds of useless parts of buildings or roads. These have lost their purpose as the environment around them changed.  This kind of art is not made on purpose, but becomes art when people observe and recognize it.

Origin of the name
Akasegawa named this special kind of "art" after an American baseball player who joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1981. Gary Thomasson became famous in Japan for getting the biggest baseball contract ever, then playing very poorly and retiring early.

Types of Tomason
Tomason can be grouped by features they have in common. These include: "useless stairways", "pointless doorways", "overhangs", "blocked windows", "sealed up walls", "A-bomb type",  (doors opening from a high place into open air), "outies", "poundcakes", "atago" (strange bumps or things sticking up out of the road for no reason), "premature burial" (when a wall is built partly covering an existing feature), and more.

References

Other websites
  Tomason in Sydney
 みちくさ学会ではトマソンを募集しています！ ("...looking for Tomason!") -- images
 Flickr,   thomason (超芸術トマソン) 

Art
Mystery fiction

Mystery fiction (story, book, novel) is fictional work in which a professional or amateur detective investigates and solves a crime mystery. Usually the story begins with a crime and a few suspects, and ends when the protagonist detective identifies the criminal. 

Sometimes the term is used to refer to supernatural or suspense stories and thrillers.

Related pages
Miss Marple
Sherlock Holmes
Nancy Drew
The Hardy Boys

Fiction genres
Mysteries
Nematode

The nematodes or roundworms are  one of the most diverse of all animal phyla. They are one of the protostome phyla.

Nematode species look very similar to one another. Over 80,000 have been described, of which over 15,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of described and undescribed roundworms might be more than 500,000.

The body structure is fairly constant. A thick cuticle gives protection, and acts as a kind of hydrostatic skeleton. Caenorhabditis elegans has had its genetics studied intensively, and had its genome analysed in 1998. DNA sequence analysis of nematodes is quite advanced, including trees of species relationship.

Cell numbers in the organs are constant within a species. Nematodes have a fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as eutely. The male C. elegans has 1031 cells, a number which does not change after cell division stops at the end of the larval period. Growth is solely due to an increase in the size of individual cells.

Related pages 
Turbatrix aceti
Caenorhabditis elegans

References
Bromance

A bromance is a close non-sexual relationship between two or more men, a form of homosocial intimacy. Bromance is a portmanteau word of bro or brother and romance. The word was created in the 1990s to describe the sort of relationships that develop between skateboarders who spend a great deal of time together.

Womance, also called sismance, is the female flip side of bromance. It means a close non-sexual relationship between two or more women, a form of homosocial intimacy.

Related pages 
 Platonic love
 Romantic friendship

References 

Slang
Men
Turbatrix aceti

Turbatrix aceti (also called vinegar eels) is a species of nematode. They feed on the acidic bacteria from vinegar and other things, like fermented apples. They range from 1mm to 10mm long or larger. These nematodes go through a six-stage life cycle. The stages are: an egg, four larval stages, and reaching adulthood. They live about 10 months.

Anatomy
The nematode's reproductive system is sexual. Female vinegar eels have ovaries and produce eggs. Their reproductive system is in the form of a tube. The females also have a short sac-like seminal receptacle that stores sperm. A fertilized egg hatches in the uterus before leaving the womb. Vinegar eels give birth to as many as 45 babies every 8-10 days.  A male vinegar eels’ reproductive system is smaller than the female’s. They have testis and a vas deferens. The testes open into a wide sperm duct and then into a muscular duct which can push out the sperm. The duct empties into a  cloaca. 

Nematodes, such as the vinegar eels, have no circulatory system. Through their body’s wall, gas and excretion waste are diffused. Oxygen from the outside environment is diffused into the body, and carbon dioxide is diffused out of the body. Vinegar eels have to live in liquids that have enough oxygen so that it can diffuse into their bodies.

Aging research 
Experiments with T. aceti were done to understand the cause of ageing.  DNA damage accumulates when the rate of damage occurrence is more than the rate of DNA repair.  Accumulation of DNA damage leads to a decline in gene expression. There is a consistent decline in DNA repair capacity with age in the nematode. A second report measured the ability to repair DNA damage in young and old nematodes after exposure to ionizing radiation.  They observed that the old nematodes were strikingly less able to carry out this type of DNA repair than young nematodes.  These experiments suggest that a decline in DNA repair capability occurs with age. This is the "DNA damage theory of aging".

References

Aquatic Community. "Raising Vinegar Eels." AC Tropical Fish & Aquarium. Aquaticcommunity.com, 2004-06. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.
Pinckney, Rhonda DVM, PhD. "(The Parasitology Resource UW - Madison)." The Parasitology Rescource/ VetMed. UW School of Veterinary Medicine. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/foodsafety/parasite/vinegar.html >.
Tappin, Adrian R. "Vinegar Eels." Home of the Rainbowfish- Feeding. Selected for Inclusion in the National Library of Australia Digital Archive of Australian Online Publications (Jan. 1998), Dec. 2008. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://rainbowfish.angfaqld.org.au/vinegar.htm >.
Wetman. "Vinegar Eels." The Skeptical Aquarist.com. The Skeptical Aquarist ©, 21 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://www.skepticalaquarist.com/turbatrix >.

Nematodes
Edward Stratemeyer

Edward L. Stratemeyer (October 4, 1862  May 10, 1930) was an American publisher and a writer of children's stories. He was very prolific and created several children's series including The Rover Boys, The Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, The Hardy Boys, and Nancy Drew. He founded the Stratemeyer Syndicate.

1862 births
1930 deaths
19th-century American children's writers
American children's writers
Publishers
Writers from New Jersey
Julie Delpy

Julie Delpy (born 21 December 1969 in Paris) is a French-American director and movie actress. She has performed in and directed many movies during her career. She moved to the United States around 1990. She is a dual citizen of France and the United States.

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
French movie actors
French screenwriters
French television actors
Movie directors from Paris
Movie editors
Movie producers from Paris
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Paris
Bunryaku

, also romanized as Bunreki, was a  after Tenpuku and before Katei.  This period started in November 1234 and ended in September 1235. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Bunryaku Era
 18 June 1234 (Bunryaku 1, 20th day of the 5th month): Former Emperor Chūkyō died.
 31 August 1234 (Bunryaku 1, 6th day of the 8th month): Former Emperor Go-Horikawa died.
 1234 (Bunryaku 1, 12th month): Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the 1st rank of the 3rd class in the court hierarchy.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1234
1235
1230s in Japan
Katei

was a  after Bunryaku and before Ryakunin.  This period started in September 1235 and ended in November 1238. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Katei Era
 1235 (Katei 1, 11th month): Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class in the court hierarchy.
 1236 (Katei 2, 7th month): Yoritsune is raised to the 1st rank of the 2nd class in the court hierarchy.
 1237 (Katei 3, 8th month): Yoritsune ordered the building of a mansion in the Rokuhara section of Kyoto.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1235
1236
1237
1238
1230s in Japan