cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Illinois Executive Mansion

The Illinois Executive Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Illinois. It is at 410 E. Jackson Street in Springfield, Illinois and is open to tours on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday mornings, free of charge. The Georgian style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel.  The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who held the official grand opening on January 10, 1856. It is the oldest historic residence in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously-occupied governor's mansions in the United States.   In 2011, a multimillion dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971.

References

Other websites
Illinois Executive Mansion Official Site 
Information about tours and photos 

Buildings and structures in Springfield, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places
 
Houses in the United States
1855 establishments in Illinois
Illinois
Jewish ethics

Jewish ethics refers to the philosophical tradition of ethics in Judaism. 

Like other types of laws and values in other religions, the subject of Jewish ethics tries to provide answers for many moral questions. It has gone through major changes over the past 2000 years. The halakha addresses many problems that are related to all kinds of ethics.

Related pages
Ethics
Virtue

Other websites

Jewish Ethics (topic)  at My Jewish Learning
Society of Jewish Ethics
Jewish Bioethics, from Jerusalem's Darche Noam Educational Institute 
Bioethics for clinicians: Jewish bioethics - Canadian Medical Association Journal article
Jewish Encyclopedia entry on ethics
Judaism: Issues in Jewish Ethics at the Jewish Virtual Library

Judaism
Religious ethics
Lancaster University

Lancaster University is a British university in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It consistently rated among the top universities in the United Kingdom for research and teaching. It is ranked in the top one percent of universities in the world. All students are a member of a college. There are eight undergraduate colleges and a ninth college for postgraduates.

Universities in England
Musar movement

The Musar movement is a Jewish ethical, educational and cultural movement. It developed in the 19th century in Eastern Europe, particularly among Orthodox Lithuanian Jews.

The Hebrew term Musar (), is from the book of Proverbs 1:2. It means moral conduct, instruction or discipline. The movement made important contributions to Jewish ethics and Musar literature.

Judaism
History of Lithuania
Carter Hutton

Carter Hutton (born December 19, 1985, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender that is currently signed to the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League.

Before he played in the AHL and NHL, Hutton played 4 seasons in the University of Massachusetts Lowell with the River Hawks. He has also played in the AHL with the Adirondack Phantoms for 4 games and the Worcester Sharks for 22 games.

On August 1, 2011, the Rockford IceHogs signed Hutton as an unrestricted free agent. He was called up by the Blackhawks to replace Ray Emery who was out with an illness and played his first game in the NHL on March 26, 2012. On July 5, 2013, Hutton signed a one-year, two-way contract worth $550,000 with the Nashville Predators.

References

Other websites

Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Nashville Predators players
People from Thunder Bay
1985 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
ECHL players
Ketuvim

Ketuvim (in Biblical Hebrew:  "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah (instruction) and Nevi'im (prophets). It includes: 

Tehillim – Psalms

Mishlei – Proverbs

Iyyov – Job

Shir Hashirim – Song of Songs

Rut – Ruth

Eikha – Lamentations

Kohelet – Ecclesiastes

Ester – Esther

Daniyel – Daniel

Ezra-Nechemya – Ezra-Nehemiah

Divrei Hayamim - Chronicles I and II

Other websites
David Betesh and the Sephardic Pizmonim Project - Syrian melodies (all books)
Leining Master (Ashkenazi melodies for five megillot).
"Potpourri for Purim"  Melodies for Megillat Ester in several traditions

Judaism
Bible
Crest (feathers)

The crest, in some cases called a crown, of a bird, is a group of feathers that some species of birds have on top of the head. The feathers of these crests can move up and down or be permanently up, depending of the species. For example, the crests of cockatoos and the hoopoe could be up or down but the feathers in the crest of the grey crowned crane are always up.

Crests on birds are generally used for display purposes. Birds with crests often use them to communicate with others and as a part of their courtship. They also tend to display their crests when they are frightened or ready to fight because the birds may appear larger than they really are.

Cockatoos and their smaller cousins, cockatiels, are part of the Cacatuidae family of parrots found in Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Philippines, and are probably the most recognizable birds to feature crests.  Cockatoos and cockatiels possess crests which may be raised or lowered at will. Their crests are used to communicate with fellow members of their species, or as a form of defense to frighten away other species that approach too closely, making the bird appear larger when the crest is suddenly and unexpectedly raised.

Gallery of birds with crest

Related pages
 Feather

References

Animal anatomy
Birds
Chumash (Judaism)

The Hebrew term Chumash (also Ḥumash, ) is a term for Torah in printed form, unlike the Torah scroll.

The word comes from the Hebrew word for five,  (). A more formal term is Ḥamishah Ḥumshei Torah, meaning "five fifths of Torah". It is a Hebrew name for the Five Books of Moses, also known by the Latinised Greek term Pentateuch in common printed editions. The five books are: Beraishis (Genesis), Shemot (Exodus), Vayikra (Leviticus), Bamidbar (Numbers), and Devarim (Deuteronomy).

Other websites
 Chumash on Judaism 101
 Chumash (5 Books Of Moses) on Judaism.com
 Torah Summary & Analysis

Judaism
Bible
James Holshouser

James Eubert Holshouser, Jr. (October 8, 1934 – June 17, 2013) was the Governor of the state of North Carolina from 1973 to 1977 for the Republican.

Holshouser was born on October 8, 1934 in Boone, North Carolina. He studied at Davidson College. Holshouser  was married to Patricia Ann Hollingsworth  until his death in 2013. They had no children. Holshouser died on June 17, 2013 in Pinehurst, North Carolina, aged 78.

References

Other websites
Biographical Timeline 
Oral History Interviews with James E. Holshouser Jr. , , ,  from Oral Histories of the American South

1934 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in North Carolina
Governors of North Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
Amitabh Bachchan

Amitabh Harivansh Bachchan is an Indian movie actor.  He has been in over 200 Indian movies in more than forty years. Bachchan is widely thought of as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.

Bachchan has won many major awards in his career. His awards include three National Film Awards as Best Actor and fourteen Filmfare Awards. 

Bachchan made his Hollywood debut in 2013 with The Great Gatsby.

References

Further reading
 Mazumdar, Ranjani. Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007

Other websites

 Amitabh Bachchan's official blog
 

1942 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Indian movie producers
Indian voice actors
Bollywood playback singers
Game show hosts
Peride Celal

Peride Celal Yönsel (June 10, 1916 – June 15, 2013), commonly known as Peride Celal or Peride Celâl was a Turkish novelist and story-writer.

Celal was born in İstanbul, Ottoman Empire on June 10, 1916. She completed her high school education in Samsun and at the French curriculum Lycée Saint Pulchérie in İstanbul. Celal spent most of her childhood in Anatolia. She had one daughter, Zeynep Ergun.

Peride Celal died on June 15, 2013, but it was announced two days later by her family.

In 1977, she was honored for her novel Üç Yirmi Dört Saat with the Turkish Sedat Simavi Literature Award along with Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca. The 1991 Orhan Kemal Novel Prize was bestowed on Peride Celal for her novel Kurtlar.

In 1996, Selim İleri published a book titled Present to Peride Celal (Peride Celal’e Armağan) edited by 19 Turkish authors.

References

Other websites

1916 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Novelists
Turkish poets
Writers from Istanbul
Bourvil

André Bourvil was a French actor and singer.  He was born with the name André Robert Raimbourg. He is best known for his roles in comedy movies.  He worked with Louis de Funès in the movies Le Corniaud (1965) and La Grande Vadrouille (1966). 

He won a Special Diploma at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.

References

1917 births
1970 deaths
Deaths from bone cancer
French movie actors
French comedians
Monster on the Campus

Monster on the Campus is 1958 sci fi horror movie. It was directed by Jack Arnold. The  screenplay was written by David Duncan. The story is about a professor (Arthur Franz) who terrorizes a college campus when he is turned into a Neanderthal monster after coming into contact with the irradiated blood of a coelacanth. Troy Donahue appears as college student Jimmy Flanders. Nancy Walters plays his girlfriend.

Other websites
 
 

1958 movies
1950s science fiction movies
1950s horror movies
American science fiction movies
American horror movies
Mad scientist movies
Monster movies
English-language movies
Claudia Cardinale

Claudia Cardinale is an Italian actress.  She was in some of the most famous European movies of the 1960s and 1970s. Most of Cardinale's movies have been Italian or French.

Cardinale has been honoured at nearly every major movie festival. She has been given lifetime achievement awards from festivals in Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Armenia, Russia, Bulgaria, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Australia, the UK and US. The Los Angeles Times Magazine named Cardinale among the 50 most beautiful women in movie history.

References

1938 births
Living people
Italian movie actors
Lara Lor-Van

Lara-El (née Lara Lor-Van) is a fictional character who appears in Superman comics published by DC Comics. Lara is the biological mother of Superman, and the wife of scientist Jor-El. Lara was played by Ayelet Zurer in the 2013 Superman movie Man of Steel. 

Kryptonians
Superman
Dominique Wilkins

Jacques Dominique Wilkins (born January 12, 1960) is an American former basketball player. He played for the Boston Celtics and Atlanta Hawks in the NBA. Wilkins was born in Paris, France. He was raised in North Carolina.

References

Sportspeople from North Carolina
American basketball players
1960 births
Living people
Boston Celtics players
Atlanta Hawks players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
The Monolith Monsters

The Monolith Monsters is a 1957 sci fi horror movie.  It was directed by John Sherwood and stars Grant Williams and Lola Albright.  It was based on a short story by Jack Arnold and Robert M. Fresco. Fresco and Norman Jolley wrote the screenplay. Troy Donahue and The Donna Reed Show regular Paul Petersen have uncredited roles.

Story
A meteor crashes near the desert town of San Angelo. Fragments are scattered everywhere. They grow into skyscraper-sized monoliths. These monsters fall and shatter into thousands of pieces that grow into monoliths themselves. People are crushed or turned into statues.

Other websites

 
Movie review at Rotten Tomatoes
Review of The Monolith Monsters

1957 horror movies
1950s science fiction movies
American science fiction horror movies
American monster movies
English-language movies
Kirby Puckett

Anthony Kirby Puckett (more often known simply as Kirby Puckett; March 14, 1960 - March 6, 2006) was an American baseball player. He was born in Chicago. He played for the Minnesota Twins from 1984 to 1995. He had many home run hits and doubles. He retired because of bad vision in one eye. Kirby died on March 6, 2006 in Phoenix, Arizona from a hemorrhagic stroke.

Sportspeople from Chicago
1960 births
2006 deaths
Minnesota Twins players
Deaths from stroke
Dorothy Stratten

Dorothy Stratten (or Dorothy Ruth Hoogstraten; February 28, 1960 - August 14, 1980) was a Canadian model and actress. She was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. She later moved to Los Angeles. She appeared in three comedy movies and several television series. She was also Playboy Playmate of the Month in August 1979 and Playmate of the Year in 1980. Stratten was shot dead in Los Angeles by her estranged husband Paul Snider, who committed suicide the same day.

References

Other websites 

1960 births
1980 deaths
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian models
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Murder-suicides in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
Astrodynamics



Other websites
Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research

Subfields of physics
Theory of the Earth

Theory of the Earth was a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology. In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. This idea, uniformitarianism, was a major step in the History of the geologic time scale. It was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin.

Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also anticipated natural selection, as follows:

"Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race".

Hutton's prose hindered his theories.  John Playfair in 1802 restated of Huttton's geological ideas in clearer English. However, he left out Hutton's thoughts on evolution. Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the idea of an infinitely repeating cycle (of the erosion of rocks and the building up of sediment). Lyell believed in gradual change, and thought even Hutton gave too much credit to catastrophic changes.

Hutton's work was published in different forms and stages:
1788. Theory of the Earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution, and restoration of land upon the Globe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 1, Part 2, pp. 209–304.
1795. Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations. 2 vols, Edinburgh: Creech. 
1899. Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations, vol III. Edited by Sir Archibald Geikie. Geological Society, Burlington House, London.

References 

Science books
Geology
1780s books
Kill Your Darlings

The movie Kill Your Darlings is a 2013 historic drama set in 1944. The cast includes Daniel Radcliffe as Allen Ginsberg, Jennifer Jason Leigh as Naomi and Kyra Sedgwick as Marian Carr. This movie got very positive reviews from the critics.

2013 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Accusative case

The accusative case is the grammatical case which marks the direct object of a transitive verb. This is best explained with examples:

Forms 
In the sentence "He sees the woman", "he" is the subject of the sentence. In the sentence "The woman sees him", "him" is the object.

English 
So, in English we use different forms of the pronoun: he/him. "Him" would be the accusative case. If we use a noun, there is no difference in English. We use the same word "man": The man sees the woman and The woman sees the man. 

In many languages different forms of the word are used, depending on what function it has in the sentence - subject or object.

Latin 
For example, in Latin. "The man sees the woman" = "Vir feminam videt", while "The woman sees the man" = "Femina virum videt". For "man", Latin uses "vir" for the subject, and "virum" for the object. Also, in the same sentences, we have "femina" for a subject and "feminam" for object. The form used for the direct object ("him", "virum", "feminam") is known as the "accusative case", while the form used for the subject ("he", "vir", "femina") is known as the nominative case.

German 
In some languages, like German, the accusative case is applied to the definite article and not to the noun. In German, "the car" as the subject of a sentence may be "der Wagen". This is the form in the nominative case. When "the car" is used as the object in a sentence, it becomes "den Wagen", the accusative.

Grammar
Kikki Danielsson

Kikki Danielsson, born 10 May 1952, is a Swedish country, dansband and schlager singer. She participated at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1982 as a member of the group Chips and 1985, as a solo artist.

Solo discography

Solo albums
Rock'n Yodel (1979)
Just Like a Woman (1981)
Kikki (1982)
Varför är kärleken röd? (1983)
Singles Bar (1983)
Midnight Sunshine (1984)
Kikkis 15 bästa låtar (1984)
Bra vibrationer (1985)
Papaya Coconut (1986)
Min barndoms jular (1987)
Canzone d'Amore (1989)
På begäran (1990)
Vägen hem till dej (1991)
Jag ska aldrig lämna dig (1993)
100 % Kikki (2001)
Fri - En samling (2001)
Nu är det advent (2001)
I dag & i morgon (2006)
Kikkis bästa (2008)
Första dagen på resten av mitt liv (2011)
Postcard from a Painted Lady (2015)
Christmas Card from a Painted Lady (2016)
Portrait of a Painted Lady (2017)

References

Other websites

1952 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Lotta Engberg

Lotta Engberg (born 5 March 1963 in Överkalix,) is a Swedish dansband and schlager singer. She participated at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1987.

Discography

Solo albums
Fyra Bugg & en Coca Cola (1987)
Fyra Bugg & en Coca Cola och andra hits (2003)
Kvinna & man (Lotta Engberg & Jarl Carlsson, 2005)
Världens bästa lotta (2006)
Jul hos mig (2009)
 Lotta & Christer (2012, Lotta Engberg & Christer Sjögren)

References

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Elisabeth Andreassen

Elisabeth Andreassen (born 28 March 1958) is a Norwegian singer. She participated at the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden in 1982, and for Norway in 1985 and 1996.

Discography

Solo albums
Angel of the Morning (1981)
I'm a Woman (1983)
Elisabeth Andreasson (1985)
Greatest Hits Vol. 2  (1985)
Greatest Hits  (1986)
Älskar, älskar ej (1988)
Elisabeth (1990)
Stemninger (1992 to 1994)
Julestemninger (1993)
Elisabeth Andreassens bästa 1981-1995 (1995)
Eternity  (1996)
Bettans jul (1996)
Så skimrande var aldrig havet (1997)
20 bästa (1998)
Kjærlighetsviser (2001)
A Couple of Days in Larsville (2004)
Short Stories (2005)
Spellemann (2009)
Julenatt (2009, Elisabeth Andreassen & Rein Alexander)
Kärleken & livet (2012)

Other websites

1958 births
Living people
Norwegian singers
Gyllene Tider

Gyllene Tider is a pop band from the town of Halmstad in Sweden.

Discography 
 1978 Gyllene Tider EP (Gula EP-en)
 1980 Gyllene Tider LP
 1981 Moderna Tider
 1982 Puls
 1984 The Heartland Café
 1990 Parkliv!
 1996 Gyllene Tider EP ("Gå & fiska)
 1997 Återtåget Live! 
 2005 Finn 5 fel!
 2004 GT25 
 2013 Dags att tänka på refrängen

Other websites

Swedish pop music groups
1977 establishments in Sweden
Aseptic meningitis

Meningitis happens when the brain's lining becomes inflamed. This lining is called the meninges. Aseptic meningitis occurs when there are signs of meningitis. However, when a sample of brain fluid is taken, bacteria do not grow. This condition is often treatable. In many cases, recovery takes 7–10 days.

Viral infection due to:
Enterovirus (e.g., Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease; Conjunctivitis)
Sexually transmitted disease (e.g., herpes, Syphilis, HIV and AIDS)
Other viruses, such as West Nile Virus
Parasitic infection (e.g., Lyme Disease)
Mycoplasma (a type of pneumonia)
Tuberculosis
Fungal infection
Bacterial Meningitis that has not been fully treated
Certain drugs
Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sarcoidosis, Behcet's Disease)

These factors increase the chance of developing aseptic meningitis:
Being exposed to someone with a viral illness 
Working in a daycare or healthcare setting
Having a compromised immune system
Taking certain drugs (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
Being a child or teenager (affects children and teens more often than adults)

Diseases and disorders of the brain
County Meath

County Meath () is a county in Ireland. It is part of the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Mide (in Gaelic Mide means "middle"). 184,135 people lived in the county according to the 2011 census. The county town is Navan, this is where the county hall and government are located. Trim used to be the county town. 

The River Boyne flows through the county.

Main towns 

  Navan 28,559 people
  Ashbourne 11,355 people
  Laytown-Bettystown-Mornington 10,889 people
  Ratoath 9,043 people 
  Trim 8,268 people 
  Dunboyne 6,959 people
  Kells 5,888 people
  Duleek 3,988 people
  Dunshaughlin 3,903 people
  Stamullen 3,130 people

History
The county is sometimes known by the nickname "The Royal County" because of its history as the seat of the High King of Ireland. 

County Meath formed the eastern part of the former Kingdom of Mide. The seat of the High King of Ireland was at Tara which is not far from Navan. 

The archaeological complex of Brú na Bóinne is 5,000 years old. It includes the burial sites of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, in the north-east of the county. It is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site.

Economy
The county has a lot of farms, mainly cattle, dairying, potatoes and grain. Meath is Ireland's leading county producer of potatoes, and a significant producer of beef, barley, milk, wheat, and root vegetables. Europe's largest underground lead-zinc mine, Tara Mines, has operated since 1977, at a location to the west of Navan.

Main roads in Meath
 The M1 motorway linking Dublin and Belfast
 The N2 / M2 motorway linking Dublin and Derry 
 The N3 / M3 motorway linking Dublin and Cavan
 The N4 / M4 motorway linking Dublin and Sligo

Places of interest
 The Hill of Tara, an ancient historical site.
 Castles at Trim, Slane (private), Dunsany (limited opening), Killeen (A Hotel).
 Religious ruins at Trim (two), Bective, Slane (two), Dunsany, Skryne (Skreen).
 2500-year-old mound structures of disputed origin at Teltown.  Teltown is home to Ireland's pre-Olympic Games, which some records date back to 1869 BCE.
 Brú na Bóinne Unesco World Heritage Site.
 Loughcrew, an ancient historical site.

References

Other websites

Meath County Council
Meath Tourism 
CSO Website
County Meath History Geography map guide 

Meath
Eddington limit

The Eddington limit, or Eddington luminosity was first worked out by Arthur Eddington. It is a natural limit to the normal luminosity of stars. The state of balance is a hydrostatic equilibrium. When a star exceeds the Eddington limit, it loses mass with a very intense radiation-driven stellar wind from its outer layers.

Eddington's models treated a star as a sphere of gas held up against gravity by internal thermal pressure. Eddington showed that radiation pressure was necessary to prevent collapse of the sphere.

Most massive stars have luminosities far below the Eddington luminosity, so their winds are mostly driven by the less intense line absorption. The Eddington limit explains the observed luminosity of accreting black holes such as quasars.

Super-Eddington luminosities 
Eddington limit explains the very high mass loss rates seen in the outbursts of η Carinae in 1840–1860. The regular stellar winds can only stand for a mass loss rate of about 10−4–10−3 solar masses per year. Mass loss rates of up to 0.5 solar masses per year are needed to understand the η Carinae outbursts. This can be done with the help of the super-Eddington broad spectrum radiation driven winds.

Gamma-ray bursts, novae and supernovae are examples of systems exceeding their Eddington luminosity by a large factor for very short times, resulting in short and highly intensive mass loss rates. Some X-ray binaries and active galaxies are able to maintain luminosities close to the Eddington limit for very long times. For accretion powered sources such as accreting neutron stars or cataclysmic variables (accreting white dwarfs), the limit may act to reduce or cut off the accretion flow. Super-Eddington accretion onto stellar-mass black holes is one possible model for ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs).

For accreting black holes, all the energy released by accretion does not have to appear as outgoing luminosity, since energy can be lost through the event horizon, down the hole. Effectively, such sources may not conserve energy.

References 

Astrophysics
Maria Schneider (actress)

Maria Schneider (born Marie Christine Gélin, Paris, 27 March 1952 - 3 February  2011) was a French actress.  She was in many movies. She played Jeanne in the 1972 erotic movie Last Tango in Paris opposite Marlon Brando. Schneider died in Paris from cancer at age fifty-eight.

References 

Actors from Paris
French movie actors
1952 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
French television actors
Cancer deaths in France
Bisexual people
Oregon spotted frog

The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) is a medium-sized water frog. The name Rana pretiosa means "precious frog". It comes from the Pacific Northwest area of North America. It can be found in the Puget Trough/Willamette Valley province and the Cascade Mountains of south-central Washington and Oregon. It is a rare frog and is listed by the IUCN as a vulnerable species.

References

Frogs
Spiritualism

Spiritualism is a belief that humans can communicate with the spirits of the dead. It was popular in the nineteenth century up to the 1930s. The main centres were in America and Europe, with the Caribbean and South America, where it is usually called Spiritism.

Spiritualism did not have a book with authority, but it had pamphlets, meetings and mediums. A medium is a person, often female, who acts as a go-between between the living and the dead. 

At its peak, spiritualism was very popular, and its followers formed Spiritualist churches.

Occult
New religious movements
Debra Jo Rupp

Debra Jo Rupp (born 24 February 1951) is an American actress. She appears in television and movies. She played Kitty Forman in That '70s Show. She played Alice in Friends. Debra was born in Glendale, California. She was raised in Massachusetts.

Other websties
 

Actors from Glendale, California
American television actors
1951 births
Living people
Rita Rudner

Rita Rudner (b. September 17, 1953) is an American actress and comedian. She appeared in August 2012 as Melissa's Mom in Melissa & Joey. Rita Rudner was born in Miami, Florida.

Comedians from Miami, Florida
1953 births
Living people
Actors from Miami, Florida
Wrestling Brewster

Wrestling Brewster (ca. 1614 - ?) was a passenger on the ship Mayflower in 1620 when it sailed from England to North America. He was born in Leiden, The Netherlands about 1614 to William and Mary Brewster. He was alive during the 1627 Division of Cattle at Plymouth, and was listed in his father's household at that time. He is not mentioned again in any record, or in his father's will of 1644, or in the inventory of his father's estate. He did not marry. It is probable that he died some time between 1627 and 1644.

References

Mayflower passengers
1614 births
17th-century deaths
Vasodilation

Vasodilation is where blood vessels widen. It results from relaxation of muscle cells within blood vessel walls. The process is essentially the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is  the narrowing of blood vessels. 

When vessels widen, blood flow is increased. This in turn decreases blood pressure. Drugs that cause vasodilation are called vasodilators.

References

Blood vessels
Love Brewster

Love Brewster was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620. He was born about 1611 in Holland to William and Mary Brewster. 

He married Sarah Collier at Plymouth, Plymouth Colony in 1634, and sired four children upon her. He was active in the community, and died at Duxbury, north of Plymouth, about 1651.

Early life
Love was born in Leiden, The Netherlands about 1611 to Mary and William Brewster. On 15 May 1634, he married Sarah Collier at Plymouth. They had four children: Sarah, Nathaniel, William, and Wrestling.

Plymouth Colony
Brewster became a freeman (able to vote and hold land) in Plymouth Colony on 2 March 1636. He volunteered to fight in the Pequot War (1634-1638), but saw no action because Plymouth's volunteers were not needed.

In 1642, Thomas Granger, Brewster's 16-year old servant, was caught committing bestiality upon Brewster's livestock. He admitted his transgression, and was executed with the animals, as the Bible commanded in Leviticus 20:15.

Later life and death
Brewster and his family moved to Duxbury, Plymouth Colony, north of the settlement at Plymouth. He served in the militia under Myles Standish. Brewster died at Duxbury between 6 October 1650 (when his will was written) and 31 January 1651 (when the will was probated).

References

 

Mayflower passengers
1611 births
1650s deaths
Ocean County, New Jersey

Ocean County is a county in New Jersey that contains most of the Jersey Shore. The county seat is Toms River, and the population is 576,565.

References

17th-century establishments in New Jersey
1850 establishments in the United States
Oliver Hill

Oliver White Hill, Sr. (May 1, 1907 – August 5, 2007) was an American civil rights supporter from Richmond, Virginia. His work against discrimination helped end the common saying of "separate but equal". He also helped win landmark legal decisions involving equality in pay for Black teachers, access to school buses, voting rights, jury selection, and employment protection. He retired in 1998 after practicing law for almost 60 years. Along with his other awards, he earned the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton in 1999. During the 1940s and 1950s, the safety of Hill's life and family were threatened by his work. Due to telephoned threats, Hill's young son was not allowed to answer the telephone, and at one point a cross was burned on the Hills' lawn. However, Hill continued to wage legal battles. After Brown vs. the Board of Education decision, Virginia under the Byrd Organization followed a policy known as massive resistance to avoid desegregation, enacting a legislative package known as the Stanley plan which included tuition grant support of segregation academies set up to avoid the extant public schools. Hill died at the age of 100 in 2007 in Richmond, Virginia. 

1907 births
2007 deaths
Lawyers from Virginia
Civil rights activists
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (which is also known as B-cell and T-cell lymphomas) is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body. It is also part of the immune system. Clear fluid called lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels and contains infection-fighting white blood cells known as lymphocytes.

In lymphoma, these lymphocytes start to multiply in an abnormal way. A lot of them appear in certain parts of the lymphatic system, such as the lymph nodes (glands). The affected lymphocytes lose their infection-fighting properties making you more vulnerable to infection.

The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a painless swelling in a lymph node, usually in the neck, armpit or groin.

The usual way to know that a person has non-Hodgkin lymphoma is to do a biopsy (testing a sample of affected lymph node tissue).

Cancer
Mary Brewster

Mary Brewster (ca. 1569 - 17 April 1627) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620 when the ship sailed from England to the New World. She was probably born in England, but her exact birthdate, birthplace, and birth surname are not known with certainty. She married William Brewster about 1592, and bore him six children. 

She lived in The Netherlands several years before emigrating to North America with her family.  She survived her first harsh winter of 1620 in the New World, and was one of the four women still alive in 1621 to observe the first Thanksgiving. She died in Plymouth Colony in 1627.

Early life and marriage

Mary was born in England about 1569, probably in Doncaster, Yorkshire or Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Her maiden name is not known with certainty. Wentworth, Wyrall, Stubbe, Love and others have all been proposed, but none have been proven to be her surname.

She married William Brewster about 1592. It is not known if she was Brewster's first or second wife. She bore him six children: Jonathan, Patience, Fear, an unnamed child who died young, Love, and Wrestling.

The Netherlands
Mary's husband was the leader of a Separatist congregation near Scrooby. The law required Englishmen to attend the Church of England, but these people secretly met in the Brewster home to worship in their own way. 

The authorities persecuted them for their unconventional religious beliefs and for flouting the law. In 1608, Mary Brewster and her family went to Leiden, The Netherlands to escape the persecution and to practice their religion in peace.

Plymouth Colony
Unhappy with life in Leiden, the Brewster family decided to emigrate to North America. Mary sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 with her husband and her two youngest children, Love and Wrestling. Son Jonathan arrived in Plymouth in November 1621, and daughters Patience and Fear in 1623.

Last years and death 
Mary Brewster was one of only five women to survive the first winter in the New World, and one of only four women who were still alive for the first Thanksgiving in 1621. She died on 17 April 1627 at Plymouth. Her resting place has not been found.

References

Mayflower passengers
1569 births
1627 deaths
Dorothy Eaton

Dorothy Eaton (? - probably no later than 1624) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620. She was John Carver's maidservant. Her maiden name is unknown. William Bradford  wrote of Carver's maidservant, "[she] married, and died a year or two after here in this place." She may have been Francis Eaton's second wife.  A 1626 apprenticeship record from Bristol, England, mentions Francis Eaton, carpenter in New England, and his wife Dorothy.

References

Mayflower passengers
1622 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Dorothy

Dorothy is a female given name. It comes from the Greek Δωροθέα (Dōrothéa) meaning "God's Gift", from δῶρον (dōron), "gift" + θεός (theós), "god". There are also male names in English such as "Dorie" from the Greek word Δωρόθεος (Dōrótheos). Also, the given names Theodore and Theodora come from the same two Greek words as Dorothy, but in the reverse order.

Dorothy became one of the most popular girl's names in the United States between 1904 and 1940. It was ranked among the top 10 most popular names given to American newborn girls. The name was in the top 100 most popular names for American girls until 1961. In 2006 it was ranked 986 in the top 1,000 most popular names for American newborn girls. There were 235 newborn American girls given the name in 2010.

Famous people named Dorothy 
Dorothy Allison, American writer
Dorothy Arnold, American socialite who disappeared mysteriously
Dorothy Dandridge, actress
D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine), screenplay writer
Dorothy Garrod, British archaeologist
Dorothy Gish, American actress
Dorothy Hamill, figure skater
Dorothy Hodgkin, British biochemist and winner of Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dorothy Lee, 1930s American actress-comedian
Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, American astronaut
Dorothy Parker, American poet
Dorothy L. Sayers, English writer
Dorothy Scharf, English philanthropist
Dorothy Stang (1931-2005), Catholic nun of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
Dorothy Sterling, American writer
Dorothy Vest, American female tennis player
Dorothy Wordsworth, sister of William Wordsworth
Dorothy Faye Dunaway, American actress
Dorothy Bush Koch, daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush  and sister of George W. Bush, the 43rd President

In fiction:
Dorothy Catalonia, a character from the Gundam Wing anime series
Dorothy Gale, the little girl who was blown to the Land of Oz by a cyclone in L. Frank Baum's 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and the classic 1939 movie adaptation The Wizard of Oz and Oz the Great and Powerful
 Dorothy Michaels, name used by the female impersonator in the 1982 comedy film Tootsie, played by Dustin Hoffman
Dorothy Zbornak, played by Bea Arthur on the long-running TV sitcom The Golden Girls
R. Dorothy Wayneright, female android in the anime series Big O
Dot Branning, fictional character on the television show  EastEnders

References

Given names
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.) was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632. He is known in English as Gustavus Adolphus.

He is often said to have made Sweden a great power. (In Swedish: Stormaktstiden). He is also said to be one of the best military leaders of all time. Gustav led Sweden to be a military power during the Thirty Years' War and spent most of his reign fighting.

Life

Gustavus Adolphus was born in Stockholm. His parents were Charles IX of Sweden and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. When his father died in October 1611, while Gustavus was only 16 years old, he became King of Sweden.

Gustavus married Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. Their daughter Christina later became Queen of Sweden.

In June 1630 he landed in Germany, starting the Swedish fight in the Thirty Year's War on the Anti-Imperial Protestant side, which was losing at the time. With Sweden's help the situation flipped so that the Protestants were winning.

Gustavus died in the Battle of Lützen in 1632 while leading a cavalry attack.

Gustavus Adolphus Day
Gustavus Adolphus Day is on 6 November. Every year it is celebrated in Sweden, Estonia and Finland. On this day only, a special pastry is sold that has a chocolate or marzipan medallion of the king.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1594 births
1632 deaths
People from Stockholm
Josh Klinghoffer

Josh Adam Klinghoffer (born October 3, 1979) is an American musician. He is best known as being the current guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He joined the band in 2009.

American guitarists
Red Hot Chili Peppers
1979 births
Living people
Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions

The Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions is a yearly tournament on the American television game show Jeopardy!. It features 15 players who have won the most games from the past season.  It started in 1964 when Art Fleming was host of the show; it is also played on the show with Alex Trebek as host until 2019, with Buzzy Cohen guest hosting the 2021 Tournament of Champions. Since 2011, winners of the College Championship and the Teachers Tournament also play in the Tournament of Champions.

Jeopardy!'s Tournament of Champions takes two weeks. The first five games are the quarterfinals, with three new contestants each day. The winners of the five games move on to the semi-finals. The four players with the highest scores who did not win their quarterfinal game also move on as "wild card" players. If there is a tie at the end of a game, a Final Jeopardy!-type answer is given, and the first player to ring in with the correct response wins the game. If all three players have a score of zero, none of the players move on to the semi-finals, and another wild card spot is added. The next three games are the semi-final games. The three winners of the semi-finals move on to the finals, which happens over two games and two days. In each finals game, the players start with zero scores; after the second finals game, each player's score is added to their score from the first game, with the highest score being the winner, or "Grand Champion." The other two players win smaller cash prizes or their two-day total, whichever is higher.

From time to time, special Tournaments of Champions have been played. In 2002, the show held a Million Dollar Masters tournament. This was a two-week tournament where the winner won $1,000,000. It was taped at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. In 2005, the show held an Ultimate Tournament of Champions. It was a 15-week tournament with 145 players. The two players who made it to the finals would play against Ken Jennings for $2,000,000.  In 2014, the show held a Battle of the Decades to commemorate the show's 30th anniversary.  It was a 5-week tournament featuring 45 players; the field of contestants was broken up into three decades.  The first three weeks featured players from their respective decades.  Five winners from each decade advanced to the quarterfinals to compete for a $1,000,000 grand prize.

Prizes

List of participants
The following is a list of contestants and where they placed in the tournament. Prize amounts for the non-winning finalists who won more than the minimum guarantees are as indicated in parentheses.

References

Other websites
 Official Jeopardy! website

Jeopardy!
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 25, 1915June 19, 1953) and Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918June 19, 1953) were Americans accused of being spies for the Soviet Union. They were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war. They were both executed. Their crime was related to giving information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.  At that time and even later, many people in many countries thought they were innocent and had tried to convince the U.S. authorities not to kill them. After the fall of the Soviet Union, evidence came out that showed that Julius Rosenberg had been a spy but that his wife had not.

Both Julius and Ethel were of Jewish descent.

References 

1915 births
1918 births
1953 deaths
American communists
Couples
Criminals from New York City
Executed American people
Jewish American criminals
People executed by electric chair
People from Manhattan
Spies
Bernard Sahlins

Bernard "Bernie" Sahlins (1922 – June 16, 2013) was an American writer, television and theatre director, and comedian. He was best known as a founder of The Second City improvisational comedy troupe with Paul Sills and Howard Alk in 1959. Sahlins also opened the Second City Theatre in Toronto in 1973.

Sahlins was born in 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Chicago in 1943. On June 16, 2013, Sahlins died at his home from natural causes in Chicago, Illinois, aged 90.  He was survived by his wife, Jane Nicholl Sahlins.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American television directors
American television producers
American stage actors
Writers from Chicago
Comedians from Chicago
Stan Lopata

Stanley Edward Lopata (September 12, 1925 – June 15, 2013) was an American professional baseball player. Lopata played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for parts of 13 seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies and Milwaukee Braves. A two-time all-star, he was the first National League catcher to wear glasses.

Lopata was born on September 12, 1925 in Delray, Michigan. He studied at Southwestern High School. Lopata died on June 15, 2013 from heart failure in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Stan Lopata at the Society for American Baseball Research Biography Project

1925 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American baseball players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Atlanta Braves players
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Sportspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
Michael Hastings (journalist)

Michael Mahon Hastings (January 28, 1980 – June 18, 2013) was an American journalist, writer and reporter for BuzzFeed. The son of doctors Molly and Brent Hastings, he graduated from Rice Memorial High School in South Burlington, Vermont in 1998, and New York University in 2002.

He was a regular writer for Gentlemen's Quarterly and a contributing editor at Rolling Stone magazine.  From 2002 - 2008, he was a journalist for Newsweek magazine, famous for his Iraq War coverage and book about the death of his fiancée Andrea Parhamovich I Lost My Love in Baghdad: A Modern War Story.

Hastings died in a 4:30am single-vehicle automobile crash in Los Angeles on June 18, 2013.

References

Other websites
 Michael Hastings of Rolling Stone on the Story that Brought Down Gen. McChrystal – video report by Democracy Now!
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Hastings, January 29, 2012
Michael Hastings on CNN debating the resignation of Gen. David Petraeus with Gen. Mark Kimmitt, Lt. Col. Rick Francona, and Piers Morgan

1980 births
2013 deaths
American journalists
People from Burlington, Vermont
Road accident deaths in California
Writers from Vermont
Carly Rose Sonenclar

Carly Rose Sonenclar (born April 20, 1999) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. In 2012, Sonenclar finished in second place in season 2 of The X Factor USA.

She started her career as an actress on Broadway in 2006, and she also played Gilda in the television show The Electric Company. She later became a singer, and sang the National Anthem at sporting events.

In 2012, Sonenclar auditioned for The X Factor USA season two, singing the song "Feeling Good", which gave her praise from the judges. During the season, Sonenclar was normally among the top two most voted contestants, along with Tate Stevens. In the finale, Sonenclar finished in second behind Stevens.

In 2013, Sonenclar signed with record label Syco Music.

Sources

Singers from New York City
1999 births
Living people
American child actors
Paul Simon (politician)

Paul Martin Simon (November 29, 1928 – December 9, 2003) was an American politician from Illinois. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985, and in United States Senate from 1985 to 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, he unsuccessfully ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination. Simon was famous for his distinctive appearance that included a bowtie and horn-rimmed glasses.

Simon was born on November 29, 1928 in Eugene, Oregon. He studied at the University of Oregon and attended Dana College.

Simon was married to Jeanne Hurley from 1960 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Patricia Derge from 2001 until his death in 2003. He had two children with Jeanne. One of them was Lieutenant Governor of Illinois Sheila Simon.

Simon died on December 9, 2003 from surgical complications after undergoing heart surgery in Springfield, Illinois, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 Senator Paul Simon Papers  at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Special Collections Research Center
 Jeanne Hurley Simon Papers  at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Special Collections
 U.S. Senator Paul Simon Museum 
 Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 
 CNN obituary 
 Paul Simon Tribute in Daily Egyptian 
 Our Culture of Pandering , 
 
 http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/8465-1/Jeanne+Simon.aspx 
 Booknotes interview with Paul Simon on Advice and Consent: Clarence Thomas, Robert Bork and the Intriguing History of the Supreme Court's Nomination Battles, September 20, 1992. 

1928 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
1988 United States presidential candidates
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
United States senators from Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Oregon
People from Eugene, Oregon
State legislators of the United States
Eternal Flame

"Eternal Flame" is a 1989 ballad by The Bangles. It is from their 1988 album Everything. It became a hit when it was released in February 1989 in the United States. It hit #1 in other countries, including Australia. With this song, the Bangles became the third girl group to have many number one songs in the United States, after The Supremes (twelve) and The Shirelles (two).

References

1989 songs
Pop songs