cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Adlai Stevenson I

Adlai Ewing Stevenson (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was an American politician. He was vice president of the United States under Grover Cleveland, and ran for President and several other political offices, but lost. He was also first assistant Postmaster General and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois, as well. His grandson of the same name also was a notable politician and writer. Another grandson, McLean Stevenson was an actor. His other grandson was Illinois Senator Adlai Stevenson III.

1835 births
1914 deaths
Politicians from Kentucky
United States representatives from Illinois
US Democratic Party politicians
19th-century American politicians
Grover Cleveland
Toledo, Ohio

Toledo is a city in Ohio, USA. It was named after Toledo, Spain. It is a large industrial city, and has many factories that make things like car parts and glass. In 1835 and 1836, Ohio and Michigan both claimed to own the city and surrounding territory. Michigan gave up its claim and got the Upper Peninsula in exchange. Toledo is about an hour from Detroit, Michigan. The main highways in and out of Toledo are Interstate 75, Interstate 90, and U.S. 24 (Detroit Boulevard, Telegraph Road). It is the 59th largest city in the United States.

Toledo's manufacturing industry concentrates on automobiles and glass.

Toledo has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).

Famous people from Toledo 
 Jamie Farr, actor (M*A*S*H)
 Katie Holmes, actor
 Joe the Plumber, political activist
 Gloria Steinem, writer

 
County seats in Ohio
1883 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Ohio
Jerry Reed

Jerry Reed (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008) was an American country music singer and actor.  Best known for his songs "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot You're Hot" and "Eastbound and Down", he also acted in several movies including Smokey and the Bandit and The Waterboy. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He died in Nashville, Tennessee due to complications from emphysema.

Other websites 

1937 births
2008 deaths
American movie actors
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Bee Gees

The Bee Gees were a British–Australian pop group. For most of its history, the band consisted of three brothers all of whom were born on the Isle of Man, a British Crown Dependency. The  brothers, Barry Gibb (born 1 September 1946), and twins Maurice Gibb (22 December 1949 – 12 January 2003) and Robin Gibb (22 December 1949 – 20 May 2012), started singing at a young age when living in Manchester. In the late 1960s, the band briefly expanded to include Australian born Vince Melouney and Colin Petersen. When the band reformed a couple of years after splitting in 1969, Australian born Geoff Bridgford briefly became a member. The Bee Gees existed for almost 40 years They are most famous for their album, Saturday Night Fever, the soundtrack for the movie of the same name. They stopped performing after Maurice died. The two other brothers reunited as a duo in 2009. In 2012 Robin died. They had a younger brother, Andy Gibb (1958–1988), who was also a singer.

Group history
The Gibb brothers were born on the Isle of Man, then lived in Manchester, England, before moving to Australia in 1958. It was in Australia that the Bee Gees' band was formed. In January 1967, the Gibb brothers returned to England where their band the Bee Gees started to become internationally famous. In 1967, Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney joined the band but by the end the decade both had left and the brothers themselves had briefly gone their separate ways, only to reform in 1970. Between 1970 and 1972, Geoff Bridgford was a member of the Bee Gees. In 1975, the brothers relocated to the United States.

Other websites
Hear the Bee Gees  on the Pop Chronicles

1958 establishments in Australia
1950s music groups
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Australian pop music groups
Disco groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1958
Musical groups from Queensland
Pop music groups
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Rock bands
Soul bands
2010s disestablishments in Australia
Warner Bros. Records artists
Improverts

The Improverts are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are a part of the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to Who's Line is it Anyway?, Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games. 

They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students). 

Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes  are a favourite of theirs.

Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes

Other websites 
Official website : - Reviews/extra gig information and a list of past players and crew

Comedy
Scottish entertainers
Edinburgh
1946



Events 
 January 10 – First meeting of the United Nations.
 August 16 - Muslim League began "Direct Action Day" which killed 10,000 people from Kolkata.
 AIESEC started

Births 
 January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bass guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
 January 19 – Dolly Parton, American country singer
 January 22 – Malcolm McLaren, music manager
 March 8 - Randy Meisner, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
 March 12 – Frank Welker, American actor
 May 10- Donovan, Scottish musician
 July 6 – George W. Bush, American politician, 43rd President of the United States
 August 1 - Chris Tulloch, English filmmaker
 August 19 – Bill Clinton, American politician 42nd President of the United States
 August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
 September 1 – Barry Gibb, Singer/Songwriter (Bee Gees)
 September 5 — Freddie Mercury, British Singer/Songwriter (Queen) (d. 1991; AIDS)
 October 29 - Peter Green, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2020)
 November 4 – Laura Bush, 45th First Lady of the United States
 November 6 - Fred Penner, Canadian children’s musician
 November 24 - Ted Bundy, English serial killer (d. 1989; executed)
 November 26 - Mark L. Lester, American film director
 November 28 - Joe Dante, American film director
 December 16 - Benny Andersson, Swedish pianist (ABBA)
 December 28 – Edgar Winter, Albino pop musician (The Edgar Winter Group)
 December 30 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet

Deaths 
 December 25 – WC Fields
 August 13 – H.G. Wells

New books 
All the King's Men – Robert Penn Warren
Bridge on the Drina – Ivo Andric
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care – Benjamin Spock
Delta Wedding – Eudora Welty
I Spit On Your Grave – Boris Vian
Jule – George Wylie Henderson
The Littlest Angel – Charles Tazewell
The Miracle of the Rose – Jean Genet
Mr. President – Miguel Angel Asturias
Mister Roberts – Thomas Heggen
The Story Of Dorothy Stanfield – Oscar Micheaux
Strawberry Girl – Lois Lenski
The Street – Ann Lane Petty
Then and Now – W. Somerset Maugham
''The Adventures of Tintin
Sergio Aragonés

Sergio Aragonés Domenech (; born September 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist. He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico. He is most famous for his cartoons for MAD Magazine and the comic book Groo the Wanderer.

References 

Cartoonists
Spanish people
1937 births
Living people
Lisa Bonet

Lisa Bonet (born Lisa Michelle Bonet; November 16, 1967), also known as Lilakoi Moon, is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Denise Huxtable on television series, The Cosby Show and A Different World. She was also married to singer Lenny Kravitz from 1987 to 1993. She is of African American and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Belarus, Moldova, Poland and Russia) descent.

References

Other websites 

1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
Bonet,Lisa
Actors from San Francisco
American Jews
African American actors
Jewish American actors
Tobacco

Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family.

History

Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in the Americas.  The earliest know use of tobacco comes  from  nicotine residue from a  pipe in the Southeastern United States.  It is Radiocarbon dated  at  1685-1530 BC.  Europeans in the Americas learned to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became very popular. At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe.

The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe. This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade. In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. Rolfe was the first  non-native farmer to use nicotiana tabacum, which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. He also married Pocahontas, a Native American woman who became famous when she went to live in London.

In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco.

In 1864 the first American tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually. By 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals. Today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients.

Tobacco and health

Tobacco users (especially smokers) and people around them (with passive smoking) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide". There are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic. Sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer. Smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller.

Countries that grow tobacco

References

Smoking
Carcinogens
Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains (often 'The Rockies') are a range of mountains in the western United States and Canada. They stretch from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. The Rocky Mountains are more than 3,000 miles long (4,800 kilometers). 
The highest point in the Rocky Mountains is Mt. Elbert. Mt. Elbert is 14,433 ft tall (4,401m)

The Rocky Mountains are relatively new, formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago (mya) during the Laramide orogeny. North America began to move westwards as Pangaea broke up. A number of tectonic plates began to slide under the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers has sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. 

The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces. The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.

In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 mya, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.

References 

Mountains of the United States
Western United States
Mountains of Canada
Brooklyn

Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City. It also covers the same area as Kings County. Brooklyn is the second largest borough in land area. 
In the early 21st century, about 2.5 million live there. This is more than in any of the other four boroughs.

Brooklyn is the west end of Long Island.  The East River separates it from Manhattan in the north. Brooklyn's only land boundary is with Queens in the east.  Jamaica Bay separates Brooklyn from Rockaway in the south.  The Narrows separates Brooklyn from Staten Island in the west. 

Coney Island is the south end of Brooklyn.  The Brooklyn Museum is near the middle of Brooklyn, near Prospect Park.

History 
Brooklyn is named after a Dutch town called "Breukelen". Dutch people were the first people from Europe to live in the area. When they got there, there were already some Native American people living there called the Lenape. The Dutch started the town in 1634 as part of the colony of New Netherland.

During the 19th century Brooklyn expanded and filled Kings County. It remained a separate city before the people there voted to join New York City in 1898. Today, many parts of Brooklyn are home to people who are mostly from one culture or ethnicity. Other parts are mixed.

The Brooklyn Bridge is old and famous. It goes over the East River and connects Downtown Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan. The longest bridge in New York, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in Bay Ridge connects Brooklyn to Staten Island.

References

County seats in New York
 
1634 establishments in North America
1630s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York
Cornish language

Cornish is a very old language from Cornwall in the southwest of England. Cornish is a Celtic language and is very similar to Welsh and is related to Gaelic.

History 
A long time ago, Cornish was the only language spoken in Cornwall, but more and more people began to speak English, instead of Cornish. In 1550, when the prayer book was written in English instead of Latin, the Cornish people got angry and there was a rebellion. Because many Cornish-speakers died and  they would now hear the Bible in English, Cornish was used less and less.

By 1800, only a few people could speak Cornish, and since no one spoke it to one another any more, Cornish became endangered.

People say that a woman called Dolly Pentreath was the last person who could speak Cornish. That is not quite true, but she was one of the last people to use it instead of English.

Methods of spreading 
Some people learned about Cornish by traveling around talking to people who could still speak it and by reading old plays and books. Some people wanted to learn the language and speak it and so in 1904 a learned man, Henry Jenner, wrote a book to help people. Some people then began to learn the language and speak it again.

Today 
No one knows how many Cornish-speakers there are now. People think that about 8,000 to 13,000 people probably speak Cornish. Some young people have grown up speaking it. Most people in Cornwall know a few sentences or words in Cornish. In 100 years, Cornish has grown from almost no speakers to many thousands, which is very exciting for many people.

There are now many new books, films and songs in Cornish. The Bible has now been translated into Cornish. There is an event, the open Gorseth, with a story and poetry competition. Sometimes, Cornish is used in churches.

There used to be a problem with Cornish: three different dictionaries had different spellings, and people did not agree about how to write words or say them. That was confusing for people when they have not been speaking for long. In 2008, people who used different types of Cornish came together and agreed on a new standard form of Cornish to be used everywhere.

Sample phrases 

 Kernowek: Cornish
 Kernow: Cornwall
 Den: Man
 Benyn: Woman
 Gorthugher da: Good afternoon
 Dydh da!: Good day!
 Duw genes!: Goodbye!
 Onen hag oll: One and all.

References

Other websites 

 Ferdinand, Siarl (2013). Brief History of the Cornish language, its revival and its current situation. E-Keltoi,  2, 199–227

Celtic languages
Cornwall
Languages of Europe
Watergate scandal

The Watergate scandal was a major scandal during and after the 1972 presidential election. 

United States President and Republican Richard Nixon was running for election against Democrat George McGovern. Frank Wills, a security guard, discovered clues that former FBI and CIA agents broke into the offices of the Democratic Party and George McGovern months before the election. These people listened to phone lines, and secret papers were stolen. 

When these men were found, it turned out that Nixon was involved and he had helped them cover it all up and might have even hired the men. The Washington Post was a newspaper which played a big role in exposing the misdoings, specifically reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. This showed the public that Nixon was not to be trusted, and society began to view him in a different light.

Nixon chose to resign from office on August 9, 1974 because he wished not to be impeached. This means that he might have been charged with crimes. The U.S. Congress could not impeach him if he resigned. After this, Gerald Ford, his vice-president, became the President by default. Ford later forgave and pardoned Nixon for all of his crimes. The name "Watergate" comes from the hotel in Washington, D.C. where the first crime took place and is often associated with political scandals.

Other resources
Brittanica

1970s crimes
1970s in the United States
Burglary
Cyan

Cyan is the color halfway between blue and green on the color wheel.  It is one of the primary (main) colors of ink in an inkjet printer, along with black, yellow and magenta.

Cyan is a secondary color of light, along with magenta and yellow. The primary colors of light are: blue, red and green. Cyan is made by mixing green and blue light.

Cyan is the opposite of red and is halfway between green and blue.

Meaning of cyan
 Cyan is associated with making someone feel better and protection, as well as being associated with good health from getting exercise by going swimming.  This is because the water in a swimming pool is usually colored cyan from having a plaster white bottom that reflects the blue sky.  The tiles of a swimming pool are often colored cyan, which makes the cyan color of the water in a swimming pool even more intense.

 Cyan is a restful, calming color that symbolizes relaxation, especially that shade of cyan known as bright turquoise (shown below) which can be the color of the water in lagoons in tropical countries where people go swimming on their vacation.

 The shade of Cyan called medium aquamarine (shown below) is used for the uniforms of nurses and surgeons and also used to paint rooms in hospitals because it is regarded as a color that calms and relaxes the patients.

Tones of the Cyan color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
 Aqua
 Aquamarine
 Blue-green
 Electric blue
 Teal
 Turquoise
 Viridian
La Liga Filipina

La Liga Filipina was a group created by Doctor Jose Rizal on July 3, 1982 in the Philippines. 
The aims were:

To unite the whole archipelago into one society with equality for Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines.
Mutual protection in every want and need;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
Study and application of reforms.

Jose Rizal tried very hard to make it a peaceful group. But the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. On the night of July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal to be deported to Dapitan.

After Rizal's arrest, La Liga Filipina became inactive. Then it was reorganized by Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio. The society broke apart into two separate groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the La Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines.

Philippines
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in the Philippines
Elton John

Sir Elton Hercules John  (birth name Reginald Kenneth Dwight, born 25 March 1947 in Pinner, Middlesex, England), better known simply as Elton John, is an English singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. He started his music career immediately after leaving school. Elton John was the biggest music star in the 1970s.

Early life 
Elton John was born in 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex. He was eldest child Stanley Dwight and Sheila Eileen. He was educated in Pinner.

Career
John became famous in the early 1970s when he and lyricist Bernie Taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded. John became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality. He composed several musicals. He also composed the music for the animated movies The Lion King (1994) and The Road to El Dorado (2000). He is active in charity work. In 1997, in honor of Diana, Princess of Wales, John co-wrote and released a version of his hit Candle in the Wind. That became the world's best-selling single of all time. It sold 37 million copies within two months.

Outside of music, John has raised millions of pounds for people living with HIV and AIDS through the Elton John AIDS Foundation.

Awards

John has received the following awards.

Academy Awards
 1995: Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King
 2020: Best Original Song for “(I’m Gonna) Love Me Again” from Rocketman

Grammy Awards
 1987: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "That's What Friends Are For", performed by Dionne Warwick & Friends (award shared with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder)
 1991: Best Instrumental Composition for "Basque", performed by James Galway
 1995: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" 
 1997: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Candle in the Wind 1997"
 1999: Grammy Legend Award
 2001: Best Musical Show Album for Elton John & Tim Rice's Aida (award shared with Guy Babylon, Paul Bogaev & Chris Montan (producers), Tim Rice (lyricist) and the original Broadway cast with Heather Headley, Adam Pascal, and Sherie Rene Scott)

Tony Awards
 2000: Best Original Musical Score for Aida

Personal life
John has had treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and bulimia nervosa.

In 2005, John entered a civil partnership with David Furnish. They had been together for 12 years.  On 21 December 2014, John and Furnish married. Guests at their wedding included English former footballer David Beckham along with his wife Victoria Beckham and their younger sons and their daughter. Their eldest son, who is also John's godson, was not present.

Discography
Studio albums

References 

1947 births
Brit Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Grammy Award winners
Living people
English LGBT people
English pianists
English rock musicians
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from London
Musicians from Middlesex
Singers from London
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Companions of Honour
The Who

The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They became known for high energy live shows. The Who have sold about 100 million records.  Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time.

The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed. Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States.

Keith Moon died in 1978. The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983. They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57. Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire."

The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.

Discography
Studio albums
 My Generation (1965)
 A Quick One (1966)
 The Who Sell Out (1967)
 Tommy (1969)
 Who's Next (1971)
 Quadrophenia (1973)
 The Who by Numbers (1975)
 Who Are You (1978)
 Face Dances (1981)
 It's Hard (1982)
 Endless Wire (2006)
 TBA (2015)

Other websites
Hear the Who on the Pop Chronicles. 

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from London
Warner Bros. Records artists
Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin was an English rock band. The group was started in 1968 and broke up in 1980. The members were Robert Plant (vocals), Jimmy Page (lead guitar), John Paul Jones (bass), and John Bonham (drums). Led Zeppelin ended in 1980 after the accidental death of John Bonham. After Bonham's death, the band believed that nobody could take his place and decided not to continue. The band played together again in a tribute concert in London on 10 December 2007 with Jason Bonham, John's son, playing the drums. The band is one of the most influential rock bands of all time and one of the most successful music artists in history, selling 300 million albums around the world.

Discography
Studio albums
Led Zeppelin (1969)
Led Zeppelin II (1969)
Led Zeppelin III (1970)
Led Zeppelin IV (1971)
Houses of the Holy (1973)
Physical Graffiti (1975)
Presence (1976)
In Through the Out Door (1979)
Mothership (2007)

Filmography
The Song Remains the Same (1976)
Led Zeppelin (DVD) (2003)
Mothership (DVD) (2007)

Other websites 

 Led Zeppelin: Official Site
 Led Zeppelin at MySpace
 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame bio
 Rolling Stone Magazine bio 
 BBC interview with Robert Plant about the Led Zeppelin reunion
 1971 interview with Led Zeppelin 
 Heart-Led Zeppelin Stairway to heaven-kennedy center honors

1968 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1980
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Kennedy Center honorees
 
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London
1980s disestablishments in England
Vulture

Vultures are large birds of prey that usually feed on the carrion or (dead or dying animals and rocks). Vultures use their large wings to soar in the air for many miles without having to flap. Vultures are also called buzzards.

Vultures from the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) are not related to the vultures of the New World (North and South America). They look quite similar, though. Both have heads and necks with no feathers. 

Old World vultures are related to eagles and hawks and use sight to find their food. New World vultures are related to storks and use their sense of smell to find their food. Vultures symbolize death in literature.

King vultures use rocks to open eggs, they pick up a rock with their beak and simply drop or throw the rock onto the egg and breaks it.

New World vultures is a name which is used for a number of species in the Americas. The best known of these are probably the Andean condor and the black vulture.

References
Eagle

The Eagle is a large birds of prey which live in and are mostly found in Eurasia and in Africa, but also in many parts of the world. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight. 

The golden eagle is found over most of the world and it usually eats small mammals. 

Sometimes, "eagle" can just mean any large hawk; as a group, eagles are not closely related to one another. 

The largest eagle that has ever lived is Haast's eagle. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. Though it is now extinct, it lived in New Zealand.

Almost all eagles are carnivores. This means that they eat meat from other animals, including fish, rabbits, snake
and  squirrels. Birds that eat meat are also known as birds of prey. Eagles are birds of prey, and so are vultures and falcons. Eagles use their strong Talons to catch and grab their food, and they use their sharp beaks to help them tear into their meat. Even though most eagles are carnivores, the African Vulturine Fish-Eagle mostly eats oil palm fruits.

References

Accipitriformes
Birds of Africa
Falcon

Falcons are small to medium-sized birds of prey and are related to hawks, eagles, and vultures. They usually have pointed wings and long tails. 

Most falcons eat small mammals that they hunt using eyesight, although some species hunt other birds, which they take in flight. Like hawks, most falcons have dark gray or brown backs and wings, with white undersides.

The peregrine falcon is found over most of the world and is famous for hunting birds by diving down on them at 320 km/h (200 mi/h). It was nearly wiped out in North America by the use of pesticides, but has since made a recovery. 

In some countries falcons are used in falconry. This means people catch the birds and make them hunt for them. Long ago this was a way for people to get more food but today it is a sport.

Winter larder
On the Moroccan island of Mogador, falcons seem to imprison small birds by trapping them in crevasses, presumably saving them to eat later.

Mogador has the ruins of a fortress, a mosque and a prison. Today the island is a nature reserve, where Eleonora’s falcons nest among the ruins. They hunt migrating warblers, hoopoes and other birds. Researchers came across small birds trapped in deep cavities, their flight and tail feathers removed. The birds were unable to move their wings or use their dangling legs.

Eleonora’s falcons have been seen building up larders of up to 20 dead birds during migration season, when prey is plentiful. But "storing snacks that are still alive could be a unique behaviour" said an expert.

References

Falconiformes

kk:Сокол (Силистра облысы)
Iliad

The Iliad  is the oldest surviving work of Greek literature. It was an oral epic poem. People spoke it without reading it. It was written down in the 8th century BC. It is an epic (or very long) poem with 24 chapters written in hexameter. The poem includes early Greek myths and legends. It may have been based on a Bronze Age attack on the city Troy. People usually say that Homer wrote the Iliad. However, scholars are not sure if the poem was really written by just one person.

The story happens during the Trojan War, some time around 1200 BC. It talks about the confrontations of the warrior Achilles and King Agamemnon. The story is only about a few weeks at the end of the war, but it also talks about many of the Greek myths about the war. It tells the story from the wrath of Achilles, to the death and funeral of Hector and the siege of Troy.

Together with another of Homer's poems, the Odyssey, it is one of the two major Greek epic poems.

Some important characters in the Iliad are Achilles, Odysseus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Priam, Hector, Paris, and Helen.

Plot 
The poem starts with the god Apollo sending a plague to the Greeks, because they captured the daughter of one of his Trojan priests. Agamemnon is forced to give the daughter back. So that he has a girl of his own, Agamemnon takes the captured Trojan girl Briseis from her owner Achilles. Achilles is angry and refuses to fight in the war. When Achilles' lover Patroclus is killed by Hector, Achilles starts to fight again and kills Hector in a duel. Later, Hector's father Priam comes in secret to Achilles to take back his favorite son's body to give it a proper funeral, which Achilles allows him to do. The poem ends with the funeral of Hector.

Related pages
 Trojan War
 Odyssey

References

Sources
Fagles, Robert (transl) 1990. The Iliad. Introduction and notes by Bernard Knox. Penguin. . Winner of the Academy of American Poets 1991 London translation award.

Other websites

Iliad , online version of the work by Homer (English). Pope translation.
Iliad in Ancient Greek: from the Perseus Project (PP), with the Murray and Butler translations and hyperlinks to mythological and grammatical commentary; via the Chicago Homer , with the Lattimore translation and markup indicating formulaic repetitions

Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature
Epic poems
Bill Watterson

William B. Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) is an American artist and cartoonist. He is most famous for his comic strip, "Calvin and Hobbes" which was published between 1985 and 1995. He is a very private person and not much is publicly known about him. He also did not want people to sell things with the pictures of his characters on them, and the only things he allowed to be made using his characters were books with collections of Calvin and Hobbes strips.

1958 births
Living people
American cartoonists
American comics artists
Centimetre

A centimetre (the American spelling is centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) measurement system. It is equal to one hundredth of a metre. Centi- is placed in front to say 'a hundredth'. The centimetre is the base unit of length in the old centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system of units.

The centimetre is usually used to measure things that are too big for millimetres  but too small for metres. A centimetre is close to the length of a fingernail.

Similarities to other units of length

1 centimetre is equal to:
 10 millimetres
 0.01 metre (1 metre is equal to 100 centimetres)
 about 0.393700787401575 inch (1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres) 

1 cubic centimetre is equal to 1 millilitre, under the SI system of units.

Uses of centimetre
The centimetre is also used:
 sometimes, to measure how much rain has fallen into a rain gauge;
 for heights of people, especially athletes, in metric nations;
 in  maps, centimetres are used to change from map scale to real-world scale of landscapes (kilometres).

Unicode symbols
The centimetre has Unicode symbols so it can be written in Mandarin Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters. 
 centimetre (㎝) - code 339D
 square centimetre (㎠) - code 33A0
 cubic centimetre (㎤) - code 33A4

They are placed into one character, and it is mostly used with East Asian fonts.

References

 CJK Compatibility excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.4 and co-exterior users.

Units of length
SI units
Marilyn Manson (band)

Marilyn Manson is a rock band, and also the name of the lead singer of the group. The name Marilyn Manson was taken from the first name of actress and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe and the last name of cult leader and serial killer Charles Manson. Some of the earlier band members also created stage names by taking the first name of a female sex symbol and the last name of a serial killer.

Band history
When the band started in 1989 it was originally called Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids. The band had four bandmembers and a drumming machine. They played small concerts in their home state Florida (the Warner family had moved from Ohio to Florida when Manson was a teenager).

In 1993 frontman Manson met Trent Reznor, lead singer for Nine Inch Nails. Reznor liked their style and offered them a record deal and the chance to tour with Nine Inch Nails. To get the deal, the band had to change its name to just Marilyn Manson. They also had to find a real drummer.

In 1995, their cover of Sweet Dreams (originally by Eurythmics) became a hit, and the band was suddenly very popular.

The band is very good friends with Nat Morley who is often featured in their music videos.

Discography

Their first album was Portrait of an American Family, which was released in 1993.

Other Marilyn Manson albums are 
 Smells Like Children (1995) (EP)
 Antichrist Superstar (1996)
 Remix & Repent (1997) (EP)
 Mechanical Animals (1998)
 The Last Tour On Earth (1999) (live album)
 Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) (2000) 
 The Golden Age of Grotesque (2003) 
 Lest We Forget (2004) (greatest hits)
 Eat Me, Drink Me (2007).
 High End Of Low (2009).
 Born Villain (2012).
 The Pale Emperor (2015)

Some of their greatest hits are The Beautiful People, Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This), The Dope Show, Disposable Teens, Tainted Love, and  Personal Jesus.

Marilyn Manson's songs about drugs, violence and anti-Christianity caused a lot of trouble, especially among Christians. There were protests at his concerts and they were not allowed to play in some cities.

References

1989 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1980s establishments in Florida
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Florida
Lenny Bruce

Lenny Bruce (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), was an American comedian. His real name was Leonard Alfred Schneider. He is considered an innovator of modern stand-up comedy and changed the way many people see comedians. His jokes and routines were very improper and off limits for the time and he got in a lot of trouble for them. He is considered a hero for the defense of the First Amendment rights in the United States, especially for free speech. 

In the 1960s he was the last person arrested for impersonating and swearing, overwatched by martial law and police and banned from many cities and comedy clubs. 

He appeared on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

He died in 1966 of an accidental morphine overdose whist on trial. 

In 1970 the New York's highest court of appeals decided that he is "not guilty for using bad words".

1925 births
1966 deaths
American Jews
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from New York
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Silicosis

Silicosis is a disease that is caused by small particles of silica (glass) getting trapped in the lungs. When people have silicosis, the changes in their body often are cyanosis (when skin goes a blueish color), a fever, when the body gets hotter or being not able to breathe properly. Sometimes doctors do not realize that someone has silicosis, and think that they have other illnesses like pneumonia, tuberculosis or fluid in the lungs.

It was first noticed in 1705 by Bernardino Ramazzini (an Italian doctor). He saw something that looked like sand in the lungs of stonecutters. The name silicosis is from Visconti in 1870. The name comes from the Latin silex which means flint.

Related pages 
Pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis

Other websites 
 "Preventing Silicosis" (not simple English)

Diseases
The Seven Samurai

The Seven Samurai is a Japanese movie, written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, and released in 1954.

Plot
The fictional plot is set in Japan in 1587, which is the 15th year of Tenshō.

People in a village are worried about thieves and decide to get samurai to help defend them. It is hard to get enough samurai. The samurai that help do it for different reasons. There is a lot of planning while they are waiting for the thieves. There is a big fight with the thieves at the end.

Similar movies
The Magnificent Seven was an American movie Western with a similar story. This is called a remake.

The movie was also adapted into an Japanese anime series in 2004 by GONZO, entitled Samurai 7. The anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thieves and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.

References

Other websites

 

1954 movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Movies directed by Akira Kurosawa
Vacuum tube

A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.

History 

Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid  material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.

John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. Many other kinds were invented for various purposes. 

The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead. High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.

Current uses 

In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:

 Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens. 
 People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
 Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
 Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
 Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.

References 

Electronic components
Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a sea in northern Europe between Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, the Baltic countries, Poland, and Germany.

Many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish straits and belts. For this reason, the water has a low amount of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter. The ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between Sweden and Finland.

For several thousand years, the Baltic Sea has connected the countries at her shores. For that reason there are many cultural similarities in these countries. Since all of these countries are European, this sea is also considered European.

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of Europe
Baltic states
Minerva cars

In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder Minervette was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile. 
In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France. 
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe. 
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too). 
After worldwar II  the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely.

Other websites 
Minerva Cars

Automobiles
E. B. White

Elwyn Brooks White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer.

He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, The Elements of Style (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte's Web (1952), and the Trumpet of the Swan (1970).

He also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the United States.

E.B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize.

References 

1899 births
1985 deaths
Writers from New York
Pulitzer Prize winners
People from Mount Vernon, New York
American children's writers
American journalists
American novelists
American poets
American screenwriters
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Raffles Institution

Raffles Institution is a highly regarded secondary school in Singapore, often considered the best school in the country. Only boys can go to this school. It has been performing well in studies and sports. It was founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore. It is the school with the longest history in Singapore. Its name was changed to "Raffles Institution" in 1868. It has two sections, Raffles Institution and Raffles Institution Junior College.
The current principal of Raffles Institution is Mr Frederick Yeo, who replaced Mr Chan Poh Meng when he left the school at the end of 2017.

History
Sir Stamford Raffles founded Raffles Institution on 5 June 1823, making it the school with the longest history in Singapore. Raffles Institution was along Bras Basah Road at first, where Raffles City is now. The school moved to Grange Road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at Bishan in 1990. The Grange Road campus is now the MOE Teacher's Network.

Other websites 
 School Website

References

Schools in Singapore