cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Emergency department

The emergency department (ED) is a part of a hospital for treating people who have just come to the hospital, need to be treated quickly even without an appointment. These people may have been hurt, or they may have suddenly become very ill.

Patients come to an emergency department with little warning. Many come in an ambulance. Emergency departments often have staff working all day and all night, on every day of the week. This is because patients can arrive at any time. To work in those places, doctors and nurses must be trained in emergency medicine.

There are many different names for an emergency department. They are often called an emergency room (ER), even if they are bigger than one room. They may also be called an emergency ward (EW) or emergency unit. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, they are usually called accident & emergency department (A&E) and less often as a casualty department.

USA
A 2005 patient study found an average emergency room wait time from 2 hours in Iowa to more than 5 hours in Arizona. The Midwest had the highest number of emergency room visits (460 per 1,000 people). The West had the lowest number.

References

Emergency medicine
Gynecology

Gynecology (also spelled gynaecology) is the part of medicine that deals with the female reproductive system (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and breasts. Outside medicine, it means "the science of women."

Women have started to outnumber men in the study and practice of gynecology.

References

Medical specialties
Transantarctic Mountains

The Transantarctic Mountains are a mountain range in the continent of Antarctica. It divides the continent into eastern and western region. It extends for over 3200 km.

The Antarctic Peninsula to the west is not part of this range.

Life in the interior of the Transantarctic Range is limited to bacteria, lichens, algae and fungi.

The name "Transantarctic Mountains" was first used in 1960, in a paper by geologist Warren Hamilton.

References 

Geography of Antarctica
Mountain ranges
John Singer Sargent

John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American artist. He was the leading portrait painter of his day.

During his career, he created about 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as many sketches and charcoal drawings. He travelled worldwide. His parents were American, but he was trained in Paris, and then moved to London.

His "Portrait of Madame X" resulted in scandal, though today it is hard to see why. She was thought to be somewhat loose sexually. In the original portrait as exhibited, one strap of her gown had fallen down her right shoulder. This suggested to some the possibility of further revelation; "One more struggle", wrote a critic in Le Figaro, "and the lady will be free".

Sargent visited Spain, studied Velázquez, and was entranced with Spanish music and dance. He understood what the Impressionists were doing, and adopted their habit of painting en plein-air. He was a big fan of Monet, and bought four of his works. His portrait of Monet shows he understood what was going on in French art at the time.

Sergent kept his American citizenship, and went back there four times. However, he remained living in London to the end of his life.

References 

American painters
1856 births
1925 deaths
People from Florence
Royal Academicians
École nationale de la météorologie

École nationale de la météorologie (ENM, French Meteorology University) is a graduate engineering school in France. It has its own campus and also operates on the French Civil Aviation University campus for aviation activities.

It awards the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ENM (ENM Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Technician
 Master of Science
 Mastère Spécialisé

Classes are mainly in French language. The school has 350 students from a dozen countries. Most of the graduate engineer students live in dedicated housing buildings.

Research labs 
Research at the school relate to the following topics:
Meteorology
Climatology

References

More reading 

 Official website 

Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
1948 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in France
Two-body problem

The two-body problem is a problem from classical mechanics: there are two bodies which influence each other.  Very often they attract or repel each other. In many cases they rotate. The problem uses bodies which are circles, or spheres. Solving the problem is possible for many situations, but it usually involves higher level mathematics.

Simplification: One body has a mass that is much smaller 
When one of the two bodies has a mass that is much smaller, the influence of this smaller body on the larger one is very small, and can be disregarded. In such a case, the problem can be reformulated as a one-centre problem, where there is a stationary big body in the centre, and a small body orbiting around the big one. This setting is very comon. Johannes Kepler was the first person to formulate and solve it. For this reason, it is also known as Kepler problem.

General solution for the two-body problem 
Isaac Newton was the first person to solve to the general two-body problem.

Three or more bodies 
Mechanics

Looking at the generalizations, there are two other problems which are related:
 The three-body problem (three bodies influence each other): This problem can only be solved exactly for few very special cases. It needs to be approximated for the other ones.
 The n-body problem: n bodies inflience each other: No solutions exist for the general case.
South by Southwest

South by Southwest (SXSW) is a set of festivals and conferences. They are about movies, interactive media, and music. It takes place every year in March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987. It has continued to grow in both scope and size every year.

South by Southwest is run by the company SXSW, Inc.

Overview

SXSW Music 
SXSW Music is the largest music festival in the world. It had more than 2,000 performances in 2014.

In 1987, 700 people attended the music event. In 2009, there were over 32,000 registrants.

Bands must pay for their own travel and lodging at the event. All performers get a cash payment ($100 for solo musicians or $250 for bands) or a wristband that gives them access to all music events.

SXSW Film

Conference
SXSW Film Conference lasts for five days. There are speakers, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders.

In 2015, there were over 250 sessions with 735 speakers. Important speakers in the past include Lena Dunham, Jon Favreau, Mark Duplass, Ava DuVernay, Ryan Gosling, Nicolas Cage, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Tilda Swinton, Amy Schumer, Sally Field, Joss Whedon, Christine Vachon, RZA, Matthew McConaughey, Danny Boyle, Seth MacFarlane, Catherine Hardwicke, Richard Linklater, David Gordon Green, Harmony Korine, Henry Rollins, Sarah Green and Robert Rodriguez.

Festival
The SXSW Film Festival runs nine days. The SXSW Film Awards is on the last day of the Film Conference.

In 2015, the SXSW Film Festival showed 150 feature movies and 106 short movies. They were selected from 7,361 submissions. Past movies that premiered at SXSW include Furious 7, Neighbors, Chef, 21 Jump Street, The Cabin in the Woods, Bridesmaids and Insidious, and the TV series Girls, Silicon Valley and Penny Dreadful.

Although the film festival often shows independently produced movies, studios have often shown their comedies there before they are released. They do this to get an idea of how popular the movie will be in theaters.

SXSW Interactive 
SXSW Interactive is about new technology. The festival includes a trade show, speakers, parties, and a startup accelerator.  According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive "has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world" since 2007.

References

Other websites

 
 The Best of America – South By Southwest Interactive, CounterPunch, March 14, 2014

Festivals in the United States
Austin, Texas
1987 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Janusz Bolonek

Januariusz Mikołaj "Janusz" Bolonek (6 December 1938 – 2 March 2016) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Huta Dłutowska, Poland. He worked in diplomacy for the Pope. Among other positions, has served as nuntius in Uruguay, Bulgaria, Romania, and in North Macedonia.

Bolonek was made a priest in 1961 in Łódź, Poland. He retired as Apostolic Nuncio in 2013. He died in Łódź on 2 March 2016 of cancer. He was aged 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic bishops
Benoît Lacroix

Benoît Lacroix (8 September 1915 – 2 March 2016) was a Canadian theologian, philosopher, and Dominican priest. He was a professor in Medieval studies and historian of the Mediaeval period. He was the author of almost 50 works and a great number of articles. He was born in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, Quebec.

Lacroix died in Quebec on 2 March 2016 from problems caused by pneumonia. He was 100 years old.

References

1915 births
2016 deaths
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Canadian academics
Canadian educators
Canadian historians
Canadian centenarians
Christian theologians
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Quebec
Infectious disease deaths in Canada
Writers from Quebec
Canadian philosophers
Ashok Ghosh

Ashok Ghosh (2 July 1921 – 3 March 2016) was an Indian Bengali politician. He was the senior leader of All India Forward Bloc political party. He held the position of the state general secretary of Forward Bloc in West Bengal from 1946 until his death in 2016.

Ghosh died in Kolkata from multiple organ failure on 3 March 2016. He was 94 years old.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Disease-related deaths in India
Indian politicians
Natalia Krachkovskaya

Natalia Leonidovna Krachkovskaya (, maiden name - Belogortseva, 24 November 1938 – 3 March 2016) was a Soviet and Russian actress. She was awarded the Meritorious Artist in 1998. She was born in Moscow. She became famous during the 1970s with roles in the movies The Twelve Chairs and Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future.

Krachkovskaya died on 3 March 2016 in a hospital in Moscow from a heart attack. She was aged 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Moscow
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Russian movie actors
Soviet actors
École nationale supérieure de Bordeaux

The École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB - MATMECA) is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus at Talence (West France).

It awards the following French & European degree :
 Ingénieur ENSEIRB - MATMECA (ENSEIRB - MATMECA Graduate engineer Masters level program)

Classes are mainly in French and English. The school has 1200 students from a dozen nationalities. Most of the first year students at ENSEIRB-MATMECA live in dedicated housing buildings nearby research labs.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSEIRB - MATMECA relate to the following topics:
Mechanical engineering (I2M);
Mathematics (IMB);
Computer Science (LaBRI);
Electrical & Electronic Engineering (IMS).

References

More reading 
 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in France
1920 establishments in France
Bordeaux
Arjun Bijlani

Arjun Bijlani (born 31 October 1982) is an Indian television actor. He played Aalekh in Right Left and Mayank Sharma in Miley Jab Hum Tum.  His other work includes Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar. In April 2015, Bijlani played Shikhar Mehra in Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi. He plays the lead role of Hritikh in the television drama Naagin.

History 
Bijlani was born on 31 October 1982. He has appeared in many advertisements, including LG, Samsung and BPL Mobile. He has been in many music videos. He was in Kartika, a Disney Channel show, with Jennifer Winget. He has been in many serials, including Miley Jab Hum Tum,Pardes Mein Mila Koi Apna. He also hosted a show named Road Diaries.

Personal life
He is married to Neha Swami and they have one children Ayaan Bijlani.

Filmography

Television

Movies

References

Other websites 

 Arjun Bijlani Official website

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Mumbai
Indian television actors
Torres Strait Islands

The Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands. Most of the islands are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. A small number are part of Papua New Guinea. The islands are in the Torres Strait. The indigenous people of the islands are Torres Strait Islanders. In 2011, the population was 4,248. The island with the most people is Thursday Island.

References

Islands of Oceania
Islands of Australia
Melanesia
Papua New Guinea
Geography of Queensland
Indigenous Australian communities
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Adopted on March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote. It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments.

Text

Background 
Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote. But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens.

The reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the Bill of Rights and Constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time. Each state had different rules for who could vote. Some allowed free blacks the right to vote. Others allowed women the right to vote. A few states required ownership of property in order to vote.

In the Election of 1868, Republican Party candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote. He received support from free black voters in the South. Without that support, he probably would have lost the election. At the time blacks could not vote in the Northern states. The Republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help. At the time Republicans controlled both the Senate and House. The proposed amendment was passed by Congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification. It was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870. Part of the reason why is that Republicans also controlled the state governments in the South. Southern Democrats were not able to block the measure.

Results 
After passage, the Fifteenth Amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the South for nearly a century. Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting. Congress and the Supreme Court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions. For example, in a landmark decision in Smith v. Allwright (1944), The Court decision made it unconstitutional to keep African-Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right to vote, including African-Americans. But overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful. As soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting. It was amended five times by Congress to extend its protections as needed.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Impact of the 13th, 14th & 15th amendment
 U.S. Constitution's Fifteenth Amendment: Removing Race Qualifications for Voting

15
Voting
Solar eclipses on Mars

The two moons of Mars—Phobos and Deimos—are much smaller than the Moon, greatly reducing solar eclipses on that planet.

Eclipses

Phobos 

Phobos is only 20 by 25 km (12 by 16 mi) and has a rapid orbital motion, so someone on Mars would only see the solar eclipse for no longer than about thirty seconds. Phobos also takes only 7 hours 39 minutes to orbit Mars, while a Martian day is 24 hours 37 minutes long, meaning that Phobos can create two eclipses per Martian day.

Deimos 

Deimos is too small, 15 by 10 km (9.3 by 6.2 mi), to cause an eclipse. The best someone on Mars would see would be a small object passing the Sun.

View from Earth 

Both moons are too small to cast a shadow on Mars that can be seen from Earth. However, since the creation of artificial satellites, the shadow of Phobos on Mars has been seen.

References 

Mars
Eclipses
War of the Oranges

The War of the Oranges,  or the War of the grapefruit was a brief conflict in Alentjo in 1801. French and Spanish troops invaded Portugal.

1801
1800s in Europe
Wars involving France
Wars involving Portugal
Wars involving Spain
19th century in France
19th century in Spain
History of Portugal
Deadpool (movie)

Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero movie. It is based on the Marvel Comics's character Deadpool. The movie was directed by Tim Miller and it was produced by Simon Kinberg, Ryan Reynolds, and Lauren Shuler Donner. It was Miller's first movie as a director. A sequel movie titled Deadpool 2 has been released in 2018.

Deadpool was first premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016. It was released in North America on February 12, 2016. Principal photography for the movie started in Vancouver on March 23, 2015 and ended on May 29, 2015.

Cast 
 Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool
 Morena Baccarin as Vanessa Carlysle
 Ed Skrein as Francis Freeman / Ajax
 T. J. Miller as Weasel
 Gina Carano as Angel Dust
 Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead
 Stefan Kapičić (voice) and André Tricateux (motion capture) as Pietr Rasputin / Colossus

Reception
The movie got positive reviews from critics and audiences. It has a 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said that the movie was "party time for action junkies" and also that Reynolds may have found the role that defines his career.

References

Other websites
Official website

2016 comedy movies
2010s action comedy movies
2010s superhero movies
20th Century Fox movies
American action comedy movies
Cancer in movies
English-language movies
Nonlinear narrative movies
Movies about revenge
Movies based on comics
Movies produced by Lauren Shuler Donner
Movies produced by Simon Kinberg
Movies set in New York
Screenplays by Paul Wernick
Screenplays by Rhett Reese
Self-reflexive movies
Deadpool movies
X-Men (movie series)
American superhero movies
Bud Collins

Arthur Worth "Bud" Collins, Jr. (June 17, 1929 – March 4, 2016) was an American journalist and television sportscaster. He was best known for his tennis commentary. Collins was born in Lima, Ohio. For several years with the Boston Globe, he was a general and political columnist. In 1967, he was a candidate for mayor of Boston.

Collins died on March 4, 2016 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was aged 86.

References

Other websites

Bud Collins WGBH Alumni Profile               
Interview with Tennis-Prose spanning the life and career of Bud Collins
  

1929 births
2016 deaths
Journalists from Ohio
Politicians from Ohio
American sports commentators
Sportspeople from Ohio
People from Lima, Ohio
Sophie Dessus

Sophie Dessus (24 September 1955 – 3 March 2016) was a French Socialist politician. She was born in Suresnes, France. She represented Corrèze's First Constituency in the National Assembly, the first woman to represent Corrèze in the National Assembly. She served from 20 June 2012 until her death in 3 March 2016.

Dessus died in Limoges, France of cancer on 3 March 2016. She was aged 60.

References

Other websites
Dessus's official website

1955 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Politicians from Ile-de-France
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Abbas Vaez-Tabasi

Ayatollah Abbas Vaez Tabasi (, 25 June 1935 – 4 March 2016) was an Iranian cleric. He holds memberships at different institutions. He was the Grand Imam and Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board from 1979 until his death in 2016. He was born in Tabas, Mashhad.

Tabasi died from respiratory failure in Mashhad, Iran on 4 March 2016. He had lung cancer. Tabasi was aged 80.

References

Other websites
 Official Website 
 BBC article about Naser Vaez-Tabasi 

1935 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Iranian people
People with cancer
P. A. Sangma

Purno Agitok (P. A.) Sangma (1 September 1947 – 4 March 2016) was an Indian politician. He was born in Assam, India. He served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 1998 and Chief Minister of Meghalaya from 1988 to 1990.

Sangma died on 4 March 2016 in New Delhi, India from a heart attack. He was aged 68.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Hayabusa (wrestler)

(29 November 1968 – 3 March 2016) was a Japanese professional wrestler. He was better known for wrestling under a mask as Hayabusa. He mainly worked for the Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) promotion. He also wrestled for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) and in North America for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and one match with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW).

Career
Ezaki debuted for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) at the 1994 Super J Cup, losing in the first round to Jushin Thunder Liger. He started wrestling under the Hayabusa gimmick in 1993 while he was working in Mexico.

In October 2001, Ezaki suffered a career-ending injury when he tried to perform a springboard moonsault off the middle rope, lost his footing, landed on his head, and cracked two of his vertebrae which left him paralyzed. In 2015, Ezaki had regained the use of his legs and was able to stand on his own and walk with a cane.

On 3 April 2015, Hayabusa took part in a press conference which announced the return of FMW. He had served as the executive producer of the promotion.

Death
On 3 March 2016, Ezaki died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage at age 47. He was found dead in his home by the owner of a tavern that he was supposed to do a small concert for that day, but did not show up.

References 

1968 births
2016 deaths
Japanese professional wrestlers
People from Kumamoto Prefecture
Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage
Jeff Weaver (political staffer)

Jeffrey "Jeff" P. Weaver (born 1966) is an American political adviser. He was the campaign manager for the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign in 2016. Weaver served as the campaign manager during Bernie Sanders' successful Senate run in 2006. Weaver also served as chief of staff in Sanders’ House and Senate offices.

Weaver was born in St. Albans, Vermont. He studied at Boston University, the University of Vermont, and Georgetown University.

References

1966 births
Living people
Boston University alumni
Politicians from Vermont
Asta Nielsen

Asta Nielsen  (11 September 1881 – 24 May 1972) was a Danish silent movie actress. She was very popular in the 1910s. She was one of the first international movie stars. Nielsen was in 74 movies. 70 were in Germany where she was known simply as Die Asta (The Asta). She had large dark eyes, a face like a mask and a figure like a boy. Nielsen most often played strong and passionate women trapped by tragic lives. Her performances were erotic so Nielsen's movies were heavily censored in the United States. Therefore, she was not very famous there. Nielsen started her own movie studio in Berlin in the 1920s. She went back to Denmark in 1937 after Nazism became a problem. Later in life, Nielsen became a collage artist and an author.

1881 births
1972 deaths
Danish movie actors
F. Lee Bailey

Francis Lee Bailey Jr., commonly referred to as F. Lee Bailey, (June 10, 1933 – June 3, 2021) was an American criminal-defense lawyer. Bailey was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He worked in Massachusetts and Florida.

Bailey represented Doctor Sam Sheppard on appeal after Sheppard was convicted of murdering his wife. Bailey managed to get Sheppard a retrial, in which Bailey was successful in getting Sheppard acquitted. Bailey was the lead lawyer in successfully defending Captain Ernest Medina in the court martial for the My Lai Massacre. Bailey, along with others, successfully defended O. J. Simpson in the trial where Simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife, Nicole Brown.

In 2014, the Maine State Bar Association and the Maine Supreme Judicial Court denied Bailey's petition to have his law license reinstated.

Bailey died in Atlanta, Georgia on June 3, 2021, one week before his 88th birthday.

References

1933 births
2021 deaths
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Stuffed animal fetishism

Stuffed animal fetishism (or plushophilia) is a sexual attraction to stuffed animals. People who have this fetish are sometimes called plushies. People who have a stuffed animal fetish are sometimes thought of as furries.

References

Sexuality
Paraphilias
Albert Einstein Square

Albert Einstein Square  (, Kikar Albert Einstein) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. it is located in the entrance of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities at the Talbiya neighborhood in Jerusalem.

Albert Einstein visited Palestine in 1923 for 12 days. He gave the first lecture at the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 

Einstein was in favor of the Hebrew University, as well as Zionism and education in general. This is the reason the square is named for him. Also, a statue of Einstein is nearby in the gardens of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

References

Other websites 

Albert Einstein
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Town squares
Def Jam Vendetta

Def Jam Vendetta is a 2003 professional wrestling video game published by Electronic Arts and developed by AKI Corporation and EA Canada. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube. Def Jam Vendetta was released on March 31, 2003 in North America, May 23, 2003 in PAL regions, and on August 21, 2003 in Japan. It featured hip hop musicians from the Def Jam Records label as fighters. The engine for the game was first designed for a sequel to EA's WCW Mayhem, but EA lost their WCW license when WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 8.9 out of 10. Jon Robinson of IGN said that the multiplayer was "smooth" and "slick". GameSpot rated the game 8.4 out of 10. Alex Navarro of GameSpot said "As a wrestling game, Def Jam Vendetta manages to succeed on most every level, providing surprisingly deep gameplay, quality graphics and sound, and a distinctive atmosphere".

References

Other websites

2003 video games
Electronic Arts video games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Sports video games
Hassan al-Turabi

Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi (c.1932 – 5 March 2016) was a Sudanese religious and Islamist political leader in Sudan. He has been called "one of the most important figures in modern Sudanese politics". He was born in Kassala, Sudan. Al-Turabi was leader of what was called the National Islamic Front (NIF). He served as Speaker of the National Assembly serving from 1996 through 1999. He later served as Secretary General of the Popular Congress Party from 1999 until his death in 2016.

Al-Turabi died in Khartoum, Sudan on 5 March 2016. He was aged 84.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
African politicians
Civil servants
Muslims
Sudanese people
Berta Cáceres

Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 March 1971, 1972, or 1973 – 2 March 2016) was a Honduran environmental activist and indigenous leader of the Lenca people. She was co-founder and coordinator of the Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH). She won the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2015.

Cáceres was killed in her home in La Esperanza, Honduras. She was killed by armed intruders, after years of threats against her life. She was aged 42.

References

1973 births
2016 deaths
Environmentalists
Honduran people
Murders by firearm
People murdered in North America
Spaghetti strap

A spaghetti strap is a support for clothing with  very thin straps. It is often used for garments such as swimwear, camisoles, crop tops, bras, cocktail dresses, and evening gowns.

Tops (clothing)
Alcohol by volume

Alcohol by volume  (often shortened to ABV)  tells how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. The quantity is measured at a temperature  of .
Common levels of alcohol are 3-5 percent for cider, 4-7 percent for beer, and 12-14 percent for wine. Distilled alcoholic drinks ( called spirits)  contain more than twenty percent ethanol.

A directive of the European Union of 1976 says that the alcohol content of alcoholic drinks must be measured using the ABV measurement described above.

Other ways of measuring alcohol content
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1777-1850) and Johann Georg Tralles (1763-1822) developed other means of measuring alcohol content. These units are usually measured in degrees, noted °GL, or °GT. The scale Gay-Lussac developed is almost equal to the ABV scale described above. There may be slight different, because Gay-Lussac measured the alcohol content at 15° centigrade, and not 20°.

Related pages
Alcoholic proof

References

Units of measurement
Alcoholic drink
Yakutia Airlines

Yakutia Airlines ("Авиакомпания Якутия") is a Russian airline. It started in 1992 with the name "Sakha Avia". In 2002, the name was changed to "Yakutia Airlines". Today, Yakutia goes from Russia to Asia, Europe and the USA.

Gallery

References

1992 establishments in Russia
Airlines of Asia
Airlines of Europe
Transport in Russia
Barren Island

Barren island is in the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. India's only active volcano is there.

Islands of India
Territorial disputes of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Hanalei, Hawaii

Hanalei is a census-designated place in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 450 at the 2010 census. Hanalei means "lei making" in Hawaiian. Hanalei also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of Hanalei Bay.

Geography 

Hanalei is located next to Hanalei River on the north shore of the island of Kauai.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Hanalei has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) is water. The total area is 20.73% water.

History

Imperial Russia 

People from the Russian Empire lived here in the 19th century. In 1815 the German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, who worked with the Russian-American Company, came to Hanalei to get goods taken by Kaumualii. Schäffer got involved in Hawaiian politics and heard of Kaumualiʻi's plan to take back his kingdom of Kauai from Kamehameha I with the help of the Russian Empire. Kaumualiʻi later signed a "treaty" granting Tsar Alexander I protectorate over Kauai. An area near Hanalei used to be part of Russian America.

Demographics 

At the 2000 census, there were 478 people, 193 households and 115 families residing in Hanalei. The population density was 736.7 per square mile (283.9/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 57% White, 18% Asian, 3% Pacific Islander, <1% from other races, and 21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.81% of the population.

There were 193 households of which 25% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40% were married couples living together, 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40% were non-families.

The median household income was $34,375, and the median family income was $55,750. About 22% of families and 25% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.

Climate 

The climate of Hanalei is mild.

References 

Census-designated places in Hawaii
19th-century establishments in Hawaii
Probability density function

In probability and statistics, a probability density function is a function that characterizes any continuous probability distribution. For a random variable X, the probability density function of X is sometimes written as . The integral of the probability density function in the interval  yields the probability that a given random variable with the given density is contained in the interval provided. By definition, the probability density function is non-negative throughout its domain, on which the integral sums up to 1.

Probability density versus probability mass function 
The probability mass function is to a discrete probability distribution what the probability density function is to a continuous probability distribution. The probability density function is necessary to be able to work with continuous distributions. 

A random variable with a continuous probability distribution can take on any value within that distribution. Casting a dice will give the numbers 1 to 6, with a probability of , but this is not a continuous function, as only the numbers 1 to 6 are possible. 

In contrast, two people will not have the same height or the same weight. Using a probability density function, it is possible to determine the probability for people between  and , or between  and , even though there are infinitely many values between these two bounds.

Related pages 

 Cumulative distribution function

References 

Statistics
Model airplane

A model airplane is a small sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. It may be a replica of an existing airplane or an imaginary aircraft.

Model aircraft are generally divided into two basic types, flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also called static, display, or shelf models. Flying models range from simple toy gliders to powered scale models. Some can be very large, especially when used to simulate the conditions of a real flight. Static models range from mass-produced toys to highly accurate models used for museum display.

Aircraft manufacturers and researchers use wind tunnel models. They are used for testing new designs and development of new ones. Sometimes only part of the aircraft is modeled.

Related pages
 Glow fuel

Aircraft
Toys
Heidi Cruz

Heidi Suzanne Cruz (née Nelson;born on August 7, 1972) is an American investment manager at Goldman Sachs. She is the spouse of Republican Texas senator and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Ted Cruz.

Personal life 

Heidi Suzanne Cruz was born on August 7, 1972 in San Luis Obispo, California, and grew up in a Seventh-day Adventist family. Cruz's political interest developed when she traveled to Washington with her parents at age 8, and grew when she was age 12 and read an issue of Time magazine concerning the 1984 presidential election.

She graduated with a B.A. in Economics and International Relations from Claremont McKenna College in 1994. She was active in Claremont McKenna's Republican group, but was asked to resign after spying on Bill Clinton's campaign for reelection. In 1995, she received a Masters of European Business from Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management in Brussels, Belgium and in 2000, she graduated with a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

Heidi married Ted Cruz on May 27, 2001. Heidi met Ted Cruz while the two were working together on George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign. In April 2008, Cruz gave birth to her first child, Caroline Camille Cruz. Her second daughter, Catherine Christiane Cruz, was born in 2011.

Career 

In 2003, she worked for the Bush administration on economic policy, eventually becoming the director for the Western Hemisphere on the National Security Council under National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice in 2003. She left Washington DC in 2004 to support Ted Cruz's run for elective office in Texas.

Cruz has worked for three investment banks, JP Morgan Chase, Merrill Lynch, and Goldman Sachs.

In 2005, she joined Goldman Sachs, serving as a private wealth manager and is currently the Region Head for the Southwest Region in the Investment Management Division of Goldman Sachs in Houston.

2016 presidential election 

Ted Cruz said that the decision for him to run for president was difficult for his wife, because she was busy with her business career and raising their 2 children. She changed her mind after listening to a CD from her sister-in-law.

Cruz was there the day her husband announced his run for president in March 2015. When Ted Cruz was criticized for not being born in the United States and running for president, Heidi defended Cruz by saying that the questioning showed that Ted Cruz was winning and his opponents wanted to defame him as a result.

References 

1972 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Businesspeople from California
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from Texas
Bankers
Politicians from Texas
Politicians from California
People from San Luis Obispo, California
Aki Kaurismäki

Aki Kaurismäki  (born 4 April 1957 Orimattila, Finland) is a movie director and a screenwriter from Finland. In his movies he shows understanding of people who are not very successful in life. He writes in the style of black comedy.

Kaurismäki made his first movie in 1983. It was based on Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

The Man Without a Past won the Grand Prix award in the  Cannes Film Festival in 2002. It was also an Academy Award nominee for best foreign language movie. The plot is about a man who lost his memory, but gets help from many people whom he meets.

Other Kaurismäki movies include Leningrad Cowboys Go America (1989), about a rock and roll band, and Drifting Clouds (1996) about how an unemployed couple manages in life.

References

Other websites 
Aki Kaurismäki by Orimattila Town Library.

Aki Kaurismaki on Eurochannel with A Film and Its Era: Le Havre

1957 births
Living people
Finnish movie directors
Finnish movie producers
Finnish screenwriters
Aleksis Kivi

Aleksis Kivi , born Alexis Stenvall, (10 October 1834 – 31 December 1872) was a Finnish writer. He wrote plays and poems and the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä). He is considered one of the greatest authors in Finland.

Kivi lived in time when all educated people in Finland spoke Swedish. He was the first professional writer who published his works in Finnish. Kivi, Mikael Agricola and Elias Lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

References 

1834 births
1872 deaths
Finnish people
Kalabhavan Mani

Mani Raman (1 January 1971 – 6 March 2016), commonly referred to by his stage name Kalabhavan Mani, was an Indian movie actor and singer. Mani started his career as a mimicry artist with the Kalabhavan troupe. 

Mani was in over 200 movies. He was known for his character and villain roles.  He won the National Film Award and Kerala State Film Award in 1999 for his role as Ramu in Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum.He also acted in many Tamil films starring villain role.

Mani died in Kochi, Kerala on 6 March 2016. He had liver disease. Mani was aged 45.

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from liver disease
Indian movie actors
Tamil actors
Ray Tomlinson

Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was an American programmer. He created the first email system on the ARPANET system in 1971. He used the @ sign to separate the user from their machine, which has been used in email addresses ever since. He was added into the Internet Hall of Fame. He was born in Amsterdam, New York.

Tomlinson died of a heart attack in Lincoln, Massachusetts. He was aged 74.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
American inventors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Massachusetts
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Scientists from New York
People from Amsterdam, New York
Albert Edelfelt

Albert Gustaf Aristides Edelfelt (21 July 1854 – 18 August 1905) was a Finnish painter. He painted a lot of history subjects and portraits.

Edelfelt studied and exhibited in Paris. He was invited to paint portraits of many famous people abroad. This way culture of Finland became famous many years before the country became independent.

Edelfelt was above all a painter, but he also worked as a graphic artist and illustrator. His famous works include the illustrations for Johan Ludvig Runeberg's  partiotic collection of poems, the 'Ensign Stål' stories (1894 - 1900).

Gallery

References

1854 births
1905 deaths
Finnish artists
Reince Priebus

Reinhold Richard "Reince" Priebus ( ; born March 18, 1972) is an American attorney and politician. He was the 27th White House Chief of Staff from January 20, 2017 through July 31, 2017. He has been the chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from January 20, 2011 to January 20, 2017.

On November 13, 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump announced that Priebus would serve as his White House Chief of Staff. Since the position does not need a full senate confirmation vote, Priebus became Chief of Staff on January 20, 2017.

On July 28, 2017, Trump fired Priebus with John F. Kelly as White House Chief of Staff, making him the shortest serving Chief of Staff in White House history.

Early life
Priebus was born in Dover, New Jersey. He was raised in Netcong, New Jersey and in Wisconsin. Priebus studied at the University of Wisconsin, Whitewater and at the University of Miami.

Chair of the Republican National Committee (2011–2017)
On December 5, 2010, Priebus stepped down as general counsel for the Republican National Committee (RNC). The next day he sent a letter to all 168 voting members of the RNC announcing his candidacy for chairman. On January 14, 2011, after seven rounds of voting, Priebus was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee.

Criticisms of Donald Trump

In December 2015, Priebus publicly criticized then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's proposal to temporarily suspend Muslim immigration in response to terrorist attacks. "I don't agree", Priebus told The Washington Examiner.

White House Chief of Staff (2017)
On November 13, 2016, Trump announced his choice of Priebus for White House Chief of Staff.

He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on January 20, 2017.

On July 31, 2017 Priebus was replaced as Chief of Staff by President Trump with John F. Kelly.

Possible 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In February 2021, it was reported that Priebus was thinking about running for Governor of Wisconsin against Democratic Governor Tony Evers in the 2022 election.

Personal life
In 1999, Priebus married Sally L. Sherrow, whom he met in church when they were teenagers. They have two children. Priebus is a Greek Orthodox Christian.

References

Other websites

 
 
 File at PolitiFact Wisconsin

1972 births
Living people
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Lawyers from New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Wisconsin
US Republican Party politicians
White House Chiefs of Staff
Lawyers from Wisconsin
Finnhorse

The Finnhorse or Finnish Horse  is a horse breed developed in Finland. The Finnhorse is the national horse breed of Finland. It is suitable both for riding and to pull vehicles in races and as a workhorse.

Studbook of Finnhorses was founded 1907.  The horse is 156 cm high. It has many colours, but the main colours are brown and black. The Finnhorse has often white markings on the face and the legs.

References

Other websites 

Horse breeds
National symbols
Kenneth M. Curtis

Kenneth Merwin Curtis (born February 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and former politician. He was born in Leeds, Maine.

Curtis, a member of the Democratic Party. He was the Secretary of State of Maine serving from 1965–1966. He became the 68th Governor in 1967. He held that office until 1975. Curtis served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1977 to 1978. He was the Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981.

Curtis now lives in Florida. He is a superdelegate.

References

Other websites
 curtisthaxter.com  Kenneth Curtis biography
 

1931 births
Living people
Governors of Maine
Ambassadors of the United States
Lawyers from Maine
US Democratic Party politicians
Excise

An excise or excise tax is an indirect tax charged on certain goods. As an indirect tax, they are charged by the producer or the merchant who then has to pay the government. For the same reason they are also not considered a sales tax. Excise taxes are commonly part of the retail price of a product such as gasoline, alcohol or cigarettes. Excise taxes may be charged by both state and federal governments.

Excise vs sales tax 
Excise taxes are different from sales tax in two important ways. First, excise is charged only on specific goods. Sales tax can apply to most things a person might buy although certain jurisdictions may exempt food or clothing. Excise taxes are usually applied to luxury goods or products linked to health issues such as tanning salons or cigarettes. Secondly, sales tax is charged as a percentage of the purchase price. An excise tax is usually a fixed amount added to the price. It can be hard to tell how much excise tax a person pays because it is part of the purchase price. Sales tax is added to the price and is usually shown on the receipt.

US excise taxes 
In the United States, excise taxes make up about 4 percent of all federal revenues. This is lower than many other countries. The Constitution refers to excise tax as an indirect tax. Some states in the United States have different names for excise taxes. For example, in the state of Massachusetts the excise tax charged on automobiles is called an "ad valorem tax".

References

Other websites 
 Difference Between Tax and Duty
 Seven ways Americans pay taxes

Taxation
Resolution

Resolution may refer to:

General topics 
 Resolution (debate), the statement which is debated in policy debate
 Resolution (law), a written motion adopted by a deliberative body
 Resolution (logic), a rule of inference used for automated theorem proving
 Resolution (music), the move of a note or chord from dissonance to consonance
 New Year's resolution, a commitment that an individual makes at New Year's Day
 Resolution (beam engine), an early steam engine at Coalbrookdale
 Dispute resolution, the settlement of a disagreement

Measurement resolution 
 Display resolution, the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed on a display device
 Resolution (audio), a measure of digital audio quality
 Spectral resolution, the capability of an optical system to distinguish different frequencies
 Sensor resolution, the smallest change a sensor can detect in the quantity that it is measuring
 Resolution of a spectrometer, the ability to distinguish two close-lying energies (or wavelengths, or frequencies, or masses) 
 Resolution (mass spectrometry), the ability to distinguish peaks in a mass spectrum
 Image resolution, a measure of the amount of detail in an image
 Printing resolution, the number of individual dots a printer can produce within a unit of distance (e.g., dots per inch)

Business or organization 
 Corporate resolution, a legal document defining which individuals are authorized to act on behalf of a corporation

Places 
 Resolution Island (Nunavut), in the Arctic region of Canada
 Resolution Island, New Zealand, the largest (uninhabited) island in Fiordland, in the southwest of New Zealand
 Resolution, United States Virgin Islands

Vessels 
 HMS Resolution, any of several Royal Navy ships
 HMNZS Resolution (A14), Royal New Zealand Navy surveillance ship
 Resolution-class submarine, British Royal Navy
 Resolution (1793 ship), an American trading vessel whose crew were massacred in 1794

Mathematics 
 Resolution (algebra), an exact sequence in homological algebra
 Standard resolution, the bar construction of resolutions in homological algebra
 Resolution (logic), an inference rule for refutation-based theorem proving
 Resolution of singularities in algebraic geometry

Music 
 "Resolution", a John Coltrane (1926–1967) song from A Love Supreme
 "Resolution", by Romantic Mode, the second opening theme for the anime After War Gundam X
 "Resolution", a poem by Bertolt Brecht
 "Resolution", a Mahavishnu Orchestra song from the album Birds of Fire