cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Caracal

The caracal (Caracal caracal), also called Persian lynx or African lynx, is a wild cat. Caracals are similar to lynxes, but are more related to the serval. Caracals are the fastest of the small cats.

Look 
The Caracal is 65 cm in length (about 2 feet), plus 30 cm tail (about 1 foot). It has longer legs and a look very similar to a lynx. The colour of its fur may be wine-red, grey, black, or sand-coloured (a type of yellow). Young caracals have red spots on the fur, but the only markings adults have are black spots above the eyes. A special part of the caracal body are its long black ears - the word "caracal" come from the Turkish word karakulak ("black ear"). Their ears are controlled by 20 different muscles, to help them find the animals they hunt.

Life 

Caracals live in Africa and Western Asia. Their habitat is dry steppes (areas without trees, covered with grass or shrubs) and semi-deserts, but also can live in places similar to woodlands, savannas, and scrub forests. They live alone or with a mate in a territory.

A caracal may live without drinking for a long time - they get the water from the body of the animals they eat. It hunts at night (but in winter they also hunt in the daytime) for rodents, birds, and hares. It is not usual, but sometimes they hunt small antelopes or young ostriches. They prefer to eat only the external meat of the mammals they hunt, and do not eat the internal organs, and they also do not like eating fur. But they eat the feathers of small birds and rotten meat.

They can hunt birds very well; a caracal is able to snatch a bird in flight, sometimes more than one at a time. Caracals can jump and climb every well, which enables them to catch hyraxes better than any other carnivore.

Caracals and humans 
Because they can learn tricks and get accustomed to live with humans, caracals are sometimes kept as pets (especially in the United States and some European countries). Farmers in Africa do not like them, because sometimes they enter in farms and eat chickens and other animals. So they make their dog chase the caracal.

It is not easy to see caracals in nature because they hide very well. Drivers in countries where caracals live, for example, Kenya and Botswana, see many animals next to roads, but it is very rare a sighting of a caracal.

Kinds of caracals 

There are many species of caracals. See them and where they live:
 Caracal caracal caracal, East, Central and South Africa
 Caracal caracal algira, North Africa
 Caracal caracal damarensis, Namibia
 Caracal caracal limpopoensis, Botswana
 Caracal caracal lucani, Gabon
 Caracal caracal michaelis, Turkmenistan (endangered)
 Caracal caracal nubicus, Ethiopia, Sudan
 Caracal caracal poecilictis, West Africa
 Caracal caracal schmitzi, West Asia, Iran, Arabia, Pakistan and India

References

Felines
Mammals of Pakistan
Jared Diamond

Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American author and biologist. His book Guns, Germs, and Steel won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997.

Life 
Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a doctor and his mother was a teacher. He received his college degree from Harvard University in 1958, and then he received a doctorate degree from the University of Cambridge in 1961.

In 1966, he became a teacher at UCLA, a university in Los Angeles, California. He has also traveled to some islands called New Guinea, which are far away from the United States, in the South Pacific Ocean. Diamond is famous for knowing a lot about the birds that lived on that island, and he has traveled there many times.

Writing 
Diamond writes about science in ways that people can understand, and he has written many articles for magazines like Discover in the United States.

He also writes books. One of his first books was called The Third Chimpanzee, which talked about the way that people evolved from monkeys, and how many things are the same between humans and monkeys.

His most famous book is Guns, Germs, and Steel. In his book, Diamond explained why he thought that different parts of the Earth had people on them at different times, and why some people in some parts of the world had more science or farming than people in other parts of the world. The book went over thousands of years of human history.

In 2004, he wrote another book, called, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. In this book, Diamond wrote about why he thought that some groups of people from many hundreds of years ago were able to have their groups get very big and strong, while other groups fell apart. His book talked about what people today can maybe learn from the studying the problems from history.

Books 
 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (2005), .
 Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (1997), .
 Why is Sex Fun? The Evolution of Human Sexuality (1997), .
 The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (1992), .
 The Birds of Northern Melanesia: Speciation, Ecology, & Biogeography (with Ernst Mayr, 2001), .
 Avifauna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, No. 12, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 438 (1972).

Family 
 Diamond is married to a woman named Marie. Her grandfather was an important man in the country of Poland. She also had an uncle named Raphael Kalinowski, who became a saint.
 Diamond and his wife Marie have two sons, named Josh and Max. They both go to university. Josh goes to Duke University, and Max goes to Northwestern University.

References 
 Diamond's page at the UCLA website 

1937 births
Living people
American biologists
American geographers
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Scientists from Boston, Massachusetts
Pulitzer Prize winners
Iglesia ni Cristo

The  (IPA: ; Filipino for Church of Christ), or INC,  is a church which was made in the Philippines by Felix Manalo and not god in 1914. The INC says it was made by Jesus Christ but it is Felix Manalo who really created INC. The church does not believe in the religious teachings of the Trinity, including the teaching that Jesus is God.

Felix Manalo joined many religious organizations including anti christ organization as a young adult. He said that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus, which didn't really happen. The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister. It has now spread to many different countries.

Iglesia ni cristo is just a family business including the Philippine Arena. If this is not a business then let random good guy from INC to be the leader of the INC.

Beliefs and teachings 
Some of the teachings INC believes in are:

 God is the one who made the Heavens and the Earth, and he is the only god.
 There is no Holy Trinity; God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are not one.
 Jesus is the Son of God.
 The Holy Spirit is the power of God given to Jesus to teach and for us to help us with our problems.
 Manalo was God's last messenger.
 God chose INC members to serve him just as he did the early church and Israel in the past.
 INC is the same church as the Christian church in the first century.
 INC is God's true church, and the only way to be saved.
 INC believes in baptism by dipping the whole body under water.
 Members must follow the Administration and the Administration must follow the words of Christ.
 Members should live a life of good.
 Members must not eat food made with blood or marry a non-member.
 It is everyone's job to worship God by going to worship services two times a week.
 Members should treat each other like brother and sister.
 The church should act as one; this includes voting.
 The dead will come back to life and either be blessed or punished.
 Jesus will come again very soon because the signs that He is coming back (such as World War 1 and World War 2, and widespread news of poverty, famine, earthquake and other disasters) have happened.
 A holy city is being made by Jesus for INC members and all other chosen people in the past to live in when he comes back.

References 

Nontrinitarianism
Protestantism
State court (United States)

In some countries, a municipal court is a court with limited jurisdiction, both in people and laws. Most commonly, municipal courts only deal with the laws and citizens of one city or town. But in some places they make decisions for an entire county, and may be involved with early hearings of cases that will be tried in a higher court. Some things that often involve municipal courts are traffic tickets, leash laws, and building code violations and death.

Mississippi
Municipal courts in Mississippi are "Judge Alone" courts. This means that judges alone hear the presented cases and offenders(and alleged offenders)have no right to jury trials. In felony cases in Mississippi, the Municipal court holds a preliminary hearing and then sends the case to the grand jury of the state. The Municipal court is not a court of record and its cases are summarized by docket.

North Carolina
There are no municipal court facilities in the state. All courthouses are done at the county level. For example, if a speeding ticket violation occurred, it automatically goes to the county seat in which the violation occurs whether it is in a municipality or unincorporated. In the case of some elongated counties like Chatham County, there is an alternate courtroom in Siler City as well as Pittsboro, the county seat. In other cases where there are multiple large population centers like in Guilford County, court cases are handled in Greensboro and High Point. Although a federal issue, traffic violations occurring in military bases are not subject to civilian courts.

United States law
Courts (law)
Emma Goldman

Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was one of the most well-known anarchists from late 19th century to early 20th century. She was an anarcho-communist who was an early supporter of atheism, gay rights and feminism.

Life 
Goldman was born in modern-day Lithuania (at the time it was part of the Russian Empire). She moved to Rochester, New York with her sister when she was 17. 

At first she worked in a textile factory and married her co-worker Jacob Kersner. Their relationship began to blossom after Kersner found out about her prostitution business. Their marriage was short and Goldman moved to New York City and became a member of the anarchist community. She became good friends with Alexander Berkman (another anarchist) and helped him plan the attempted-assassination of Henry Clay Frick, a rich man who treated his workers badly. Berkman was unsuccessful and spent fourteen years in prison, but Goldman was not punished. 

Goldman did face many legal troubles though. In 1893 she was convicted of starting a riot and spent a year in prison. She was arrested in 1901 for allegedly conspiring in the assassination of President McKinley, but was never found guilty.
In 1916 she spent time in prison for giving out information on birth control (which was a crime at the time). In 1917 she was arrested and spent two years in prison for not supporting World War I. 

In 1919, Goldman and Berkman were deported (sent back) to Russia because the American government thought they were too dangerous. The Russian Revolution had just happened and Goldman was hopeful that Russia might end up being a good place. She ended up deciding that the revolution in Russia was not as good as she thought and that the Bolsheviks tricked many of the people in Russia. She thought the Bolsheviks were too controlling and were too powerful. She also did not like that the Soviet Union put lots of anarchists in jail for not agreeing with them.

She and Berkman left after two years and Goldman lived in many places in Europe, including England and France. In 1936 she moved to Spain to help the anarchists fight the fascists during the Spanish Civil War.

She died in Toronto of a stroke. She is buried near Chicago.

1869 births
1940 deaths
American anarchists
American atheists
American autobiographers
American communists
American essayists
American feminists
American philosophers
American political activists
American prisoners
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Canada
Deaths from stroke
Jewish American scientists
Jewish American writers
Jewish activists
Jewish atheists
Jewish feminists
Jewish philosophers
American LGBT rights activists
Lithuanian Jews
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Kaunas
Russian Jews
Soviet Jews
Writers from New York City
Computer engineering

Computer engineering is the practice of making computers and their parts. Computer engineers are always trying to make new parts smaller and better.  They can also work on software, especially software for embedded systems (specialized electronics like cell-phones and satellite receivers, not a general-purpose computer).

 
Computers are electrical machines that run programs. So Computer engineering has parts of both electrical engineering and computer science/software engineering. In Computer engineering classes, students learn about the hardware and software of computers. This starts with learning how transistors and computer chips are made and how they work (which uses quantum mechanics). Then the student learns how the chips talk to each other and how to make a complete printed circuit board (PCB).  This is the electrical part.  They also learn how to program the ROM or Flash memory so the computer can do something useful.

Because Computer engineering is closely related to electrical engineering and computer science, the fields are found in the same department at many universities. Students also need to learn fundamental science subjects and mathematics, such as calculus and differential equations.

Computer engineering is difficult to learn, but computer engineers are needed. Software engineering companies, telecommunications firms, designers of digital hardware, and many other companies hire computer engineering majors upon graduation and pay them well.

Notes

Computer science
Engineering disciplines
Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalist.  During this time, fascist General Francisco Franco and his troops wanted to take control of Spanish Republic. Many different groups worked together to help the democratic Spanish Republic stop Franco, including Basques, Catalonians and other groups. The governments of Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and Second Portuguese Republic provided troops and supplies for Franco. While the Soviet Union, Mexico and French Third Republic sold the Republican weapons.

The group known as the International Brigades was formed to fight Franco, many antifa partisans internationally volunteered to fight against Franco, including people from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.

The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975. 

Half-a-million people died in the war, and many atrocities were committed by both sides. The most famous atrocity was the bombing of Guernica. On April 26, 1937, the city was bombed by Legion Condor. It was the first time that an air bombing caused so many civilian casualties. The bombing was reported all over the world in newspapers and made people aware of the German involvement.

Related pages

 Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
 Proxy war
 European Civil War
 Spain in World War II
 Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
 Spanish Bombs (Song by The Clash)
 SS Cantabria

1930s in Europe
20th century in Spain
20th century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
Spanish Civil War
Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin, or Erythropoetin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys. Epoetin is a synthetic version.

Erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow so that it makes more red blood cells. It is used to treat some kinds of anemia. Anemia can happen in kidney failure, or from chemotherapy to treat cancer. The man-made hormone is made with cell cultures. The hormone can be used for blood doping in endurance sports although this is illegal in all athletic competitions.

It is also responsible for inhibiting the body process "Gluconeogenesis" (a process in your body which makes glucose from products other than carbohydrates), thus contributing to cure of type2 diabetes, glucose intolerance.

Related pages
List of chemicals in doping cases in sport

Hormones
Biochemistry
Anarcho-punk

Anarcho-punk is a subculture that combines punk music and anarchist politics. Some important anarcho-punk bands include Crass, Conflict, Chumbawamba, and Subhumans. Common ideas that many anarcho-punks support are anti-war, animal rights, feminism, environmentalism, equality, anti-capitalism and other common anarchist causes.

Lifestyles
Slavs

Slavs live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Central Asia and North Asia. Present-day Slavic peoples are classified into West Slavs (mainly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavs (mainly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavs (mainly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins).

Austrians, Hungarians, Romanians (although 1/3 of Romanian population is made of Slavic population, mainly , Serbians and Bulgarians) , Estonians, Lithuanians and Latvians (and these 3 countries have sizable Russian and Poles population, so much so that they make a majority ethnic groups in those countries) live near the Slavic nations but are not Slavs themselves. There are more Slavs than any other ethnic group in Europe. Russians make up the most Slavs, followed by Poles and Ukrainians.

There are many small historic Slavic nations like Lusatia (and Lusatian Serbs, typically referred to as Sorbs, who still live in eastern Germany), Rusyn, Kashubia and others. Russia is now the most powerful and populated Slavic country, but in the 10th century Serbs and Czechs were powerful, in 13th and 14th century Serbs were powerful, and in the 16th century Poland was the strongest nation in the area.

The Slavic languages are closely related. The largest similarities can be found within the same group (for example, Polish and Slovak, both West Slavic languages), but similarities exist even between Slavic languages from other different subgroups (such as Bulgarian and Russian).

However, the greastest similarities are between Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian, which are South Slavic languages. They are considered separate by the Bosnian and Croatian governments (the separation is of political nature), but linguistically they are one language- Serbo-Croatian (since Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are more similar than those variants of English, German, Dutch, or Hindi–Urdu, and mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German or Spanish).

Slavic languages are spoken natively by 300 million people and as second or third languages by many more people in countries as far away as Germany and China.

References
Maharbal

Maharbal was Hannibal's cavalry-leader during the Second Punic War. Many times he was important in Carthage's successes over Rome.  In his Italian campaign, Hannibal always was able to have more cavalry than Rome, and so relied on them and Maharbal to give himself a big advantage.

Maharbal is most famous for what he said to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae. According to Livy, a Roman historian, the conversation went like this after Maharbal said he wanted to go with the army to Rome immediately:

"I commend your zeal", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to weigh the plan that you propose." "Assuredly", Maharbal replied, "no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts. You know, Hannibal, how to gain a victory; you do not know how to use it."   -Livy, The History of Rome 22.51

In Simple English:
"I like your enthusiasm", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to think about what you want to do." Maharbal said back, "It is true that no one is perfect. You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know what to do after."

Livy wrote this in Latin, so Maharbal's reply is often quoted in Latin, and is a famous phrase: "Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis."

European people
Fenerbahçe S.K.

Fenerbahçe is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It was officially founded in 1907.
Fenerbahçe's home stadium is the Fenerbahce Şükrü Saraçoğlu Stadium in Kadıkoy Istanbul.
They have won the Spor Toto Super League 28 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 6 times.

Other websites 

 Official website of Fenerbahce
 Fenerbahceulker basketball website 
 Fenerbahce Ulker Spor
 Fenerbahce Community Portal 

Turkish football clubs
Lake Tanganyika

Lake Tanganyika is large lake in the Great Rift Valley of central Africa. The lake is divided between four countries – Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania and Zambia. It is the longest fresh water lake in the world and the second deepest.

Other websites

Tanganyika
Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geography of Tanzania
Geography of Zambia
Burundi
Lubbock, Texas

Lubbock is a city in the United States. It is in the state of Texas. More than 212,000 people live there.

It is the home of Texas Tech University.

 
County seats in Texas
Warner Bros.

Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly called Warner Bros.) is a large entertainment group and movie studio. It is owned by WarnerMedia. Warner Bros. is known for Looney Tunes. They own the copyrights to the Harry Potter movie series, the Batman movie series, and Superman movie series, the DC Extended Universe and the It duology. They also produced the TV show Friends.

Warner Bros. is a very large company. Warner Brothers was founded on April 4, 1923. Its founders were Jack L. Warner: Albert Warner: Harry Warner: and Sam Warner. It was founded in Hollywood, California. It has won several awards including the Academy Award for Best Picture.

References

1923 establishments in the United States
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi

Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi is science fiction movie. It is the sixth film in the Star Wars film series. The movie was released in 1983. It also includes romance, action, adventure and drama.

Plot 
The Empire constructs a new Death Star. Luke, Leia, and the droids rescue Han Solo from Jabba the Hutt, an evil slug-like gangster. Later, Luke learns that Leia is his sister and must confront his father (Darth Vader) and return him to the good side. The movie is also famous for introducing a group of little creatures called Ewoks who help fight the Empire's troopers.

Cast 
 Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
 Kenny Baker as R2-D2
 Frank Oz as Yoda
 Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca

Other websites

 Official website
 
 
 
 Return of the Jedi The Movie Database

1983 movies
1983 science fiction movies
Jungle movies
Return of the Jedi
Movies directed by Richard Marquand
Freedom of religion

When people have the freedom of religion, they can either belong to any religion they choose, or belong to no religion

Where there is no freedom of religion, people can be punished and persecuted for not having the right religion. Communist countries such as Cuba, North Korea and China have also punished people for religious activities.

Related pages
 Religious conversion
 Religious toleration
 Separation of church and state
 State religion
 Secularism

Other websites 
 Text of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Religious ethics
Human rights
Freedom
Libertarianism
Optimus Prime

Optimus Prime, known in Japan as Convoy, is a character from the Transformers franchise. Prime is the leader of the Autobots, a group of transforming robots from the planet of Cybertron. The Autobots are constantly at war with another group of transforming robots called Decepticons. According to Bob Budiansky, co-writer of the Transformers series, Dennis O'Neil made his name. In the 1986 animated film Transformers: The Movie, he is killed by his arch nemesis Megatron, who is the leader of the Decepticons. He is voiced by Peter Cullen.

Generation 1 
In the Transfotmers Generation 1 cartoon series, Optimus was originally a naive and defenceless dock worker named Orion Pax. Some time later, Orion was killed by Megatron and rebuilt by Alpha Trion as Optimus Prime.

Films 
In the films, Optimus does not have his original Generation 1 look or voice due to the fact they were not based on the cartoon series. In Transformers (2007), Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon, he had his original body, the one from the 2007 film. In Age of Extinction, Optimus appears battle damaged but was revealed to have been hiding from humans with the other Autobots, according to his friend Ratchet. In the movie, he was given a new look after being fixed by a human named Cade Yeager. In The Last Knight, Optimus is seen floating around in space after running low on Energon, a source of energy that transformers run on. When he appears on Cybertron, Optimus had no memory of what had happened to Cybertron, which had imploded on itself in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the film, Optimus is brainwashed by Quintessa, the prime of life and turned into Nemesis Prime. He also has the look he had in Transformers: Age of Extinction.

References

Bibliography

Other websites
 
 
 Pages on Optimus Prime at the Transformers Wiki

Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Transformers (franchise)
Comic strip

A comic strip is a series of panels with cartoon drawings in them that make a story. Sometimes comic strips are humorous, and sometimes they are serious. Famous examples of comic strips are:

Peanuts by Charles Schulz
Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson.
Motley's Crew by Ben Templeton and Tom Forman
Between Friends by Sandra Bell-Lundy
The Adventures of Tintin by Herge
Garfield by Jim Davis
Big Nate by Lincoln Peirce

There are comic strips in newspapers and on the web. Comic strips on the web are called webcomics. Penny Arcade and xkcd are famous webcomics.

Art
First ScotRail

ScotRail was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by Abellio operating the ScotRail franchise.

History

National Express operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004.

On July 28 2003 Transport Scotland announced Arriva, First and National Express had been chosen to bid for the new franchise.

On June 11 2004 Transport Scotland awarded the new franchise to First with the services operated by ScotRail moving to First ScotRail on October 17 2004. It originally traded as First ScotRail before being rebranded as ScotRail in September 2008.

On October 8 2014, Abellio were awarded the franchise beating First. They started running the trains in April 2015.

References

Transport in Scotland
Rail transport in the United Kingdom
First Group railway companies
Train operating companies
Companies of Scotland
Vijayanagara Empire

The Vijayanagara empire was an Indian empire. From 1336 and afterwards, it was in the Deccan, in the peninsula and in southern India. It was founded by Harihara (Hakka) and his brother Bukka Raya.  The empire is named after its capital city Vijayanagara, now Hampi in modern Karnataka, India.  It began in 1336 and ended in 1660, though in its last century it began losing its power. Stories of the empire's creation and history are not certain, though tales of the empire's wealth and power were described by European travellers such as the Portuguese travelers Domingo Paes and Nuniz, and the Venetian traveler Niccolò Da Conti.

Dynasties and kings 
This list is based on the book by Robert Sewell (A Forgotten Empire).

Sangama Dynasty
Harihara I (Deva Raya) 	1336-1343/56(some accounts claim that there was brief period of other ruler probably a 3rd brother)
Bukka I	1343/56-1379
Harihara II	1379-1399
Bukka II	1399-1406
Deva Raya I	1406-1412
Vira Vijaya	1412-1419
Deva Raya II	1419-1444
(unknown)	1444-1449
Mallikarjuna	1452-1465	(Dates uncertain)
Rajasekhara	1468-1469	(Dates uncertain)
Virupaksha I	1470-1471	(Dates uncertain)
Praudha Deva Raya	1476-?	(Dates uncertain)
Rajasekhara	1479-1480	(Dates uncertain)
Virupaksha II	1483-1484	(Dates uncertain)
Rajasekhara	1486-1487	(Dates uncertain)

Saluva Dynasty
Narasimha	1490-?
Narasa (Vira Narasimha)	?-1509
Krishna Deva 	1509-1529
Achyuta	1529-1542
Sadasiva (puppet ruler in the hands of Ram Raya)	1542-1567

Tuluva dynasty
Rama (ruled in practice)	1542-1565
Tirumala (ruled in practice)	1565-1567
Tirumala (crowned ruler)	1567-1575
Ranga II	1575-1586
Venkata I	1586-1614

Aravidu (dates are not known), includes these rulers. There is certainly more than one ruler under each name. 
Ranga
Venkata
Rama

Other websites
 History of Karnataka - Mr. Arthikaje
 Indian Inscriptions - Archeological Survery Of India
 A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar: A Contribution to the History of India
 http://freeindia.org/biographies/greatlkings/hakkabukka/index.htm(Biography of Hakka and Bukka.) 
 Vijayanagar Empire, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
 Hampi - History and Tourism

History of India
Empires
1336 establishments
1660 disestablishments
14th-century establishments in India
Disestablishments in India
Hoysala Empire

The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ) was an Indian empire. It controlled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346 A.D. Belur, Karnataka was the empire's capital. The Hoysala Empire is remembered today mostly because of its architecture. The hundreds of temples found across Karnataka are good examples of temples that were in the cities of Belur, Halebid and Somnathpura. The Hoysala kings were affected by Jainism and Hinduism. King Vishnuvardhana and the kings after him believed in Vaishnavism.

In the beginning, the Hoysalas were a small part of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. However, they began to grow until they made their own empire in Karnataka. The Hoysala period is known as one of the best times in the history of Karnataka, next only to the Vijayanagara Empire. Some famous Hoysala kings were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II and Veera Ballala III. Kannada was the main language of the Hoysala kings. The Hoysalas helped to increase Kannada and Sanskrit writing.

Kings 
 Nripa Kama (1000 - 1045) 
 Vinayaditya (1045 - 1098) 
 Ereyanga (1098 - 1100) 
 Veera Ballala I (1100 -1108) 
 Vishnuvardhana (1108 - 1152) 
 Narasimha I (1152 – 1173) 
 Veera Ballala II (1173 – 1220) 
 Narasimha II (1220 – 1235) 
 Vira Someshwara (1235 – 1253) 
 Narasimha III (1253 – 1292) 
 Ramanatha (1253 – 1295) 
 Veera Ballala III (1292 – 1342)

Other websites 
 www.hoysala.in  
 More on Hoysala art and architecture by Dr. Jyothsna Kamat
 History of Karnataka by Mr Arthikaje
 South Indian Inscriptions Archeological Survey of India (vols 9, 15,17,18)
 Hoysala Tourism

History of India
Empires
10th-century establishments in Asia
1000 establishments
1346 disestablishments
Establishments in India
Disestablishments in India
1340s disestablishments in Asia
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία) or Macedon was an Ancient Greek kingdom of the Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the most powerful state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was established and was at first ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, and bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south.

Alexander the Great made it the most powerful kingdom in the Near East for a few years. When he died the empire fell apart and the Antigonid dynasty ruled Macedonia as a small empire. Centuries later the Roman Empire conquered Macedonia and much of Alexander's empire.

Kings

Argead dynasty 
 Karanus 808-778 BC
 Koinos
 Tyrimmas
 Perdiccas I 700-678 BC
 Argaeus I 678-640 BC
 Philip I 640-602 BC
 Aeropus I 602-576 BC
 Alcetas I 576-547 BC
 Amyntas I 547-498 BC
 Alexander I 498-454 BC
 Perdiccas II 454-413 BC
 Archelaus 413-399 BC
 Craterus 399 BC
 Orestes 399-396 BC
 Archelaus II 396-393 BC
 Amyntus II 393 BC
 Pausanias 393 BC
 Amyntas III 393 BC
 Argaeus II 393-392 BC
 Amyntas III (restored) 392-370 BC
 Alexander II 370-368 BC
 Ptolemy I 368-365 BC
 Perdiccas III 365-359 BC
 Amyntas IV 359-356 BC
 Philip II 359-336 BC
 Alexander III (the Great) 336-323 BC
 Antipater, Regent of Macedon 334-319 BC
 Philip III Arrhidaeus 323-317 BC
 Alexander IV 323-310 BC
 Perdiccas, Regent of Macedon 323-321 BC
 Antipater, Regent of Macedon 321-319 BC
 Polyperchon, Regent of Macedon 319-317 BC
 Cassander, Regent of Macedon 317-306 BC

Antipatrid dynasty 
 Cassander 306-297 BC
 Philip IV 297-296 BC
 Alexander V 296-294 BC
 Antipater II 296-294 BC

Antigonid dynasty 
 Demetrius I Poliorcetes 294-288 BC
 Lysimachus (divided with Pyrrhus of Epirus) 288-281 BC
 Pyrrhus of Epirus (divided with Lysimachus) 288-285 BC
 Ptolemy II Ceraunus 281-279 BC
 Meleager 279 BC
 Antipater II Etesias 279 BC
 Sosthenes (Army Commander) 279-277 BC
 Antigonus II Gonatas 277-274 BC
 Pyrrhus of Epirus (restored) 274-272 BC
 Antigonus II Gonatas (restored) 272-239 BC
 Demetrius II Aetolicus 239-229 BC
 Antigonus III Doson 229-221 BC
 Philip V 221-179 BC
 Perseus 179-168 BC

References

Books 
 Eugene N. Borza: Before Alexander: constructing early Macedonia. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1999. Pp. 89.  (pb)
 Review by Konrad H. Kinzl (Trent University) 
 Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, 1973,  (pb).
 Nicholas G. L. Hammond, The Macedonian State, Oxford University Press, 1989, . Pg. 12-13.

Other websites 
 History of Macedon
 Ancient Macedonia at Macedonia, The Historical Profile, by D. Pandermalis, 
 Ancient Macedonia  at Livius, by Jona Lendering
 History of Macedonia through ages
 Selian Е. The Mystery of the Name “Macedon”. In: American Chronicle, June 2009 

History of Greece
Empires]
History of India
Burger King

Burger King (often just called BK) is a chain of fast food restaurant that comes from the United States. It sells hamburgers, French fries, and soft drink. It was created in 1954 in Miami, Florida, by James McLamore and David Edgerton. Edgerton bought a restaurant named Insta Burger King and changed it to Burger King. More than 34 thousand people work for the company.

There are more than 15,000 Burger King restaurants world-wide in 100 countries, and almost all of them are franchises. But in Australia, since the name "Burger King" was already trademarked there, BK franchises there are called Hungry Jack's.

Burger King is owned mostly by 3G Capital, a Brazilian investment company. But it is also owned by shareholders and used to publicly trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker BKW. In 2014, the chain's operations was merged with that of Tim Hortons from Canada, under the name Restaurant Brands International (). Burger King is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in the unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as Insta-Burger King, a Jacksonville, Florida–based restaurant chain.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1954 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Florida
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Miami, Florida
Argead dynasty

The Argead dynasty (Greek: , ) was an ancient Macedonian royal house. They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 310 BC.  From about 700 BC the founder of the dynasty, Perdiccas I, led the people who called themselves Macedonians eastward from their home on the Haliacmon River. Aegae (today Vergina) became the capital, and by the reign of Amyntas I (6th century BC) Macedonian power extended eastward beyond the Axius (Axiós) River to dominate the neighbouring Thracian tribes. 

People of the Argead royal house supposedly believed they were descended of Heracles' family. Famous kings included Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359-336 BC) who subdued Greece and famously united the defeated Greek city states as the League of Corinth with the Macedonians as Hegemon, and his son Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BC) who led his army along with allied armies to conquer much of the known world at the time, creating a vast Empire stretching from Macedonia and Greece, to Egypt, and the Indus River, also defeating the Persian Achaemenid Empire. 

The Argead family dynasty ended during the wars of the Diadochi when Alexander IV of Macedon and his mother Roxana were murdered.

List of Kings 
 Karanus of Macedon
 Koinos of Macedon
 Tyrimmas of Macedon
 Perdiccas I of Macedon 700-678 BC
 Argaeus I of Macedon 678-640 BC
 Philip I of Macedon 640-602 BC
 Aeropus I of Macedon 602-576 BC
 Alcetas I of Macedon 576-547 BC
 Amyntas I of Macedon 547-498 BC
 Alexander I of Macedon 498-454 BC
 Perdiccas II of Macedon 454-413 BC
 Archelaus I of Macedon 413-399 BC
 Craterus of Macedon 399 BC
 Orestes of Macedon 399-396 BC
 Archelaus II of Macedon 396-393 BC
 Amyntas II of Macedon 393 BC
 Pausanias of Macedon 393 BC
 Amyntas III of Macedon 393 BC
 Argaeus II of Macedon 393-392 BC
 Amyntas III of Macedon (restored) 392-370 BC
 Alexander II of Macedon 370-368 BC
 Ptolemy I of Macedon 368-365 BC
 Perdiccas III of Macedon 365-359 BC
 Amyntas IV of Macedon 359 BC
 Philip II of Macedon 359-336 BC
 Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) 336-323 BC
 Philip III of Macedon 323-317 BC (supposedly)
 Alexander IV of Macedon 323-309 BC (supposedly)

References

Other websites 
 List of the Kings of Macedonia

Ancient Greece
Royal dynasties
Antipatrid dynasty

The Antipatrid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. It was created by Cassander in 302 BC, who was the son of Antipater. However it was not a long dynasty. It ended in 294 BC when it was taken over by the Antigonid dynasty.

Kings
Cassander (302-297 BC)
Alexander V of Macedon (297-296 BC)
Philip IV of Macedon (296-294 BC)
Antipater II of Macedon (296-294, 279 BC)
Sosthenes of Macedon (279-277 BC)

Other websites
 List of the Kings of Macedonia

References 
Ancient Greece
Royal dynasties
Antigonid dynasty

The Antigonid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. The kings were part of the family of Alexander the Great's general Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed"). The dynasty ended when the Roman Empire conquered the area after the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC.

Kings
Demetrius I Poliorcetes (294 BC – 287 BC)
Antigonus II Gonatas (276 BC – 239 BC)
Demetrius II (239 BC – 229 BC)
Antigonus III Doson (229 BC – 221 BC)
Philip V (221 BC – 179 BC)
Perseus (179 BC – 168 BC)

Ancient Greece
Royal dynasties
Radar

Radar is a machine that uses radio waves for echolocation to find objects such as aircraft, ships, and rain. 

The basic parts of a radar are:
 The transmitter creates the radio waves.
 The antenna directs the radio waves. 
 The receiver measures the waves which are bounced back by the object. 

By doing this, the radar can locate the object. Radar is used in many different ways. It can measure the speed and number of cars on a road, the amount of water in the air, and many other things. 

Radar was first used in 1904 by Christian Hülsmeyer. He was given a patent for radar (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). Radar was vital in the Battle of Britain and other parts of World War II. The Axis countries failed to keep up with British and American radar technology during the war.

The word RADAR was created in 1942 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym replaced the British initialism RDF (Radio Direction Finding). The word is now thought of by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym. 

The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) use several kinds of radar:
 ARSR (Air Route Surveillance Radar)
 ASR (Airport Surveillance Radar)
 ASDE (Airport Surface Detection Equipment)
 TDWR (Terminal Doppler Weather Radar)
 PAR (Precision Approach Radar)

References

Other websites 

 Radar Technology Website
 The first operational radar in France 1934
 Applications of radar 

Electronics
Wave physics
Acronyms
Aviation safety
Navigation
GameSpot

GameSpot is a website that was created in June 1996 by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and Jon Epstein.

History 
In the beginning the website was mainly about PC games. Another similar site, videogamespot.com was created in December of the same year to talk about console video game systems. In 1997, videogamespot.com became videogames.com for a short time. Afterward in 1998, videogames.com and GameSpot.com joined together to become a single site.

GameSpot makes video game and PC reviews, previews, downloads, news, and information. It is known as one of the biggest game websites on the Internet. ZDNet bought GameSpot later on. However ZDNet was later bought by CNET Networks, who were then bought by CBS Corporation in March 2008.  CBS Interactive are the current owners of GameSpot.

On October 3, 2005, GameSpot changed how the website looked, making it similar to what TV.com looks like.

References

Other websites 
 

Websites
Olive (color)

Olive is a color which looks like green or yellow. (when gray or black is added to yellow, the various shades of the color olive are produced).  Some dark shades of olive can also be made by mixing a darker color (like brown) with green.

The most common place you will find the color olive is on an olive. It is the color of the outside of an olive. An olive's center is usually brown or sometimes orange or red.

There is a mineral called olivine that is colored a pale olive color.

Meaning of olive 
 Olive drab is one of the colors used for Sofia and camouflage in the military.
 Olive is one of the colors used in fashion when a conservative, moderate color is desired.
 Olive or earls green is sometimes used for showing vomit in animated films.

Tones of olive color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
400s



Events
 Constantine III seizes control of the Roman garrison in Britain, declares himself emperor, and crosses into Gaul.
 August 22, 408 – Stilicho, military power behind the imperial throne, is executed. The Roman military is leaderless for several years until Constantius III becomes patrician.
 Construction (and therefore occupation) at Great Zimbabwe begins.
 Validity limit for the information on Eastern Roman Empire in the Notitia Dignitatum.
South Asia

South Asia (or Southern Asia) is the southern part of the continent of Asia. It is also known as Indian subcontinent. 
There are 8 countries in this region.  It is surrounded by (clockwise) West Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeastern Asia and the Indian Ocean.  Major countries in this part of the world are as follows:
 Afghanistan
 Bangladesh  
 Bhutan 
 India
 Maldives 
 Nepal
 Pakistan 
 Sri Lanka 

The natural resource most used by the people is the rich land. Most of the people living there are farmers. They produce lots of cashews, rice, peanuts, sesame seeds, and tea. Lots of natural gas are there, but these resources are usually underdeveloped. Many people there raise cattle and sheep. The cattle are raised for their milk or to carry things in Hindu areas. In India, the cattle are very important to the environment because the manure is a fertilizer for agriculturists.

The climate of South Asia can be divided into three basic kinds: tropical, dry, and temperate. The northeast is from tropical to subtropical (temperate). Moving west the moisture and elevation change, causing a steppe and a desert climate that is like the Middle East. There is also a part of steppe climate in the center of the lower peninsula. Two parts of the South Asia climate especially affect the people. One like the monsoons. These changing winds bring lots of the area's rain, so when they do not come early, the land becomes very dry. Hurricanes also happen every year and sometimes destroy many things. In the extreme north of India and Pakistan, the climate is affected by the mountains. There is a mild climate near the Indus river where farmers grow crops like rice and tea.

Related pages 
 Central Asia
 East Asia
 Southeast Asia
 West Asia
 Indian subcontinent

References

Other websites
Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the movement of heat between different objects. Thermodynamics also studies the change in pressure and volume of objects. A branch of math called statistics is often used in thermodynamics to look at the motion of particles. 

Thermodynamics is useful because it helps us understand how the world of the very small atoms connects to the large scale world we see everyday. 

Thermodynamics also has two main branches called classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. An important idea in thermodynamics is that of a thermodynamic system.

An example of a thermodynamic system is a brick. A brick is made up of many atoms which all have their own properties. All thermodynamic systems have two kinds of properties, extensive and intensive. For the brick, the extensive properties are the ones you get by adding up all the atoms. Things like the volume, energy, mass, and charge are extensive because two of the same brick put together have twice as much mass as one brick. The intensive properties of the brick are the ones you get by looking at the average over all atoms. Things like temperature, pressure, and density are intensive because two of the same brick still has the same temperature as one brick alone.

Laws of thermodynamics 
There are four laws of thermodynamics that say how energy can be moved between two objects in the form of heat. 

 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If two systems have equal heat flow back and forth and one of the two systems has equal heat flow back and forth with another system, all three systems have equal heat flow with each other.

 First law of thermodynamics

An increase in energy in a system is the same as the energy given to a system in the form of heat or work.  Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed.  The amount of energy given to a system is the same amount of energy taken from the surroundings.

 Second law of thermodynamics
Given a pair of systems touching with different temperatures, heat will flow from hot to cold until the temperature of the systems becomes equal.

 Third law of thermodynamics
When a system has a temperature of 0 kelvin, absolute zero (the lowest temperature), the entropy (energy that cannot be used to do work) is at 0.

Uses of thermodynamics 

Earlier, thermodynamics was studied to make steam engines work better. Now, ideas from thermodynamics are used in everything from making engines to studying black holes.

Scientists use thermodynamics  for many reasons. One is to make better engines and refrigerators. Another is to understand the properties of everyday materials so that they can make them stronger in the future. Thermodynamics is also used in chemistry to explain which reactions will work and which will not (this study is known as chemical kinetics). Thermodynamics is powerful because simple models for atoms work well in explaining the properties of large systems like bricks.

References

Related pages

 Physics
Dinah Washington

Dinah Washington (born Ruth Lee Jones August 24, 1924 - December 14, 1963) was an American R&B and jazz singer. She was an African American who was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and raised in Chicago. She died of an accidental drug overdose in Detroit.

Other websites
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19767/m1/

1924 births
1963 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
African American musicians
American jazz musicians
Drug-related accidental deaths
Singers from Alabama
Singers from Chicago
People from Tuscaloosa, Alabama