cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Traffic congestion

Traffic congestion is when vehicles travel slower because there is too much traffic on roads. This makes trip times longer, and increases queueing. This is also known as a traffic jam.  Congestion may result from a decrease in capacity, for example accidents on the road or roads being closed.  Bad road layouts can also restrict capacity.  Increased traffic, for example by many cars leaving a sports stadium at the same time, can also cause congestion. 

Where congestion is common, for example because of commuting in big cities, several methods are used to relieve it. Cars may be banned in certain districts or certain times, or made to carry passengers or pay a fee, or people may use public transport, such as rapid transit, which travel independently of car traffic and are not affected by traffic jams. 

Traffic
Private bill

A Private bill is a proposal for a law that would apply to just a person or a group of individuals. This is unlike public law which applies to everyone within its jurisdiction. 

Law
British Transport Commission

The British Transport Commission (BTC) was created by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government. It was a part of its nationalisation programme. Its objective was to provide an efficient, adequate, economical and properly integrated system of public inland transport and port facilities within Great Britain for passengers and goods, excluding transport by air. The BTC came into operation on 1 January 1948. Its first chairman was Lord Hurcomb. Miles Beevor was the Chief Secretary.

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Transport in the United Kingdom
Victoria line (disambiguation)

Victoria Line is the name of many things. They are often associated with Queen Victoria:

Military 
 The Victoria Lines are a series of defensive towers and walls in Malta.

Transport

Bus 
 Victoria Line, the name previously given to two bus routes passing Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.

Rail

Metro
 Victoria Line, one of several Underground lines in London (United Kingdom)
Uherské Hradiště

Uherské Hradiště is a town in the Czech Republic. About 26,280 people live there (2008). It is located in the South-East of the historical region Moravia in the Zlín region. It was founded on October 15 1257 by the Czech king Přemysl Otakar II.

Partner towns 
  Bridgwater, United Kingdom
  Mayen, Germany
  Trenčín, Slovakia

Other websites 

Uherské Hradiště webpage

Cities in the Czech Republic
Ice skate

An ice skate is a boot with a blade in it that is used in recreation or sports to move across an ice rink.They are used for skating on ice for fun,exercise or competitive sport.The first ice skates are thought to have originated in Scandinavia  as early as 1000 Bc.         

Skating
Boing

Boing is an Italian TV channel marketed at children and teenagers, produced and broadcast in Italy by Time Warner on its DVB-T frequencies.

Cartoons/Anime 

The Smurfs (I Puffi) (USA/Belgium)
Police Academy (Scuola di polizia) (USA)
Tazmania (USA)
Ed, Edd n Eddy (Ed, Edd & Eddy) (USA)
Justice League (USA)
Dexter's Laboratory (Il laboratorio di Dexter) (USA)
Johnny Bravo (USA)
Camp Lazlo (USA)
Pokemon (USA)
Animaniacs (USA)
Tiny Toons (I favolosi Tiny) (USA)

Television channels in Europe
Italian television

ca:Boing
Mir-Hossein Mousavi

Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (; born 29 September 1941) is an Iranian  politician, painter and architect. He belongs to the Iranian reform movement. 
He was the fifth Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1981 to 1989. After his term, the constitution was changed, and the post of prime minister was abolished. Mousavi is currently the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts. He also was a candidate for the 2009 presidential election.

Before his post as prime minister, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council and the High Council of Cultural Revolution. He has not attended their meetings for years. Political analysts think that he does not like these councils.  In the early years of the revolution, Mousavi was the editor-in-chief of the official newspaper of the Islamic Republican Party, the Jomhouri-e Eslami (Islamic Republic) newspaper. In 2009 presidential election, Mousavi chose green as his campaign color, a color which has since become common in Iran.

References 

1941 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Iran
René Lévesque

René Lévesque (August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Minister of the Provincial Government of Quebec from 1960-1966. He was born in New Brunswick and raised in Quebec. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois have twice tried to get Quebec to leave Canada and become a separate country.

Politics 
Lévesque was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1960 until 1967. He had the position of Minister of Natural Resources.

Parti Québécois 
The goal of the Parti was to give Quebec its own Sovereignty, or to make it a separate country outside of Canada. The Parti Québécois won the 1976 Quebec provincial election. Soon after coming to power, Bill 101 was made a law. This law says that French is the only official language of Quebec. At this time, Canada had two official languages; English and French. In 1980 a vote was held. This vote was a referendum where the citizens of Quebec were asked if they wish to leave Canada and become a new country. 60% of the voters wanted to stay in Canada.

Death 
For most of his life, René smoked cigarettes. On November 1, 1987 he started having chest pains. He died of a heart attack later that day while in hospital in Quebec.

References 

1922 births
1987 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Quebec
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Quebec
People from New Brunswick
Politicians from Quebec
Dead Space

Dead Space is a third-person survival horror video game, made by Visceral Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The player plays as an engineer named Isaac Clarke. He fights against an alien infestation which turns humans into monsters called "Necromorphs" on a mining ship in space named the USG Ishimura.

Characters
Issac Clarke

He is the main character. He has a job as an engineer. The Concordance Extraction Corporation sent him to the USG Ishimura to repair it. 

Kendra Daniels

She is an engineer, too. She is good at network technology such as hacking. Her opinion often clashes with Hammond's.

Zach Hammond

He is Issac and Kendra's colleague. He is a black man and a senior guard.

Nicole Brennan

She is Issac's former lover. She is a member of the USG Ishimura's crew. She sent the video asking for help to Issac.

Plot

Reception

Legacy and sequels 
Dead Space is part of 3 games. It has 2 sequels.
2008 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Ty Cobb

Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), also known as "The Georgia Peach," was a Major League Baseball player. He is known as the best player of the dead-ball era (before 1920) and as one of the best baseball players of all time.

References

Other websites

 Official site 
 Ty Cobb Museum

1886 births
1961 deaths
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Detroit Tigers managers
Detroit Tigers players
Fulham Broadway tube station

Fulham Broadway is a London Underground station on the Wimbledon branch of the District Line. It is famous as the nearest station to Stamford Bridge stadium. The stadium is the home of Chelsea Football Club. The station was opened as Walham Green on 1 March 1880.

References 

London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Tottenham

Tottenham () is an urban area of North London, England in the London Borough of Haringey. It is situated  north-east of Charing Cross.

References

Tottenham
Manor House, London

Manor House is a district of North London. 

Areas of London
Barbara Castle

Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn PC, GCOT (6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British politician. She was born as Barbara Anne Betts in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. She grew up in Pontefract and Bradford, Yorkshire. She graduated from St Hugh's College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. She adopted her family's politics, which were left wing. Castle joined the Labour Party. She was Member for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979. She was Minister of Transport from 23 December 1965 – 6 April 1968. She died in Chiltern, Buckinghamshire.

References 

1910 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Former Labour Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Bradford
People from Derbyshire
Politicians from Yorkshire
Richard Marsh, Baron Marsh

Richard William Marsh, Baron Marsh PC (14 March 1928 – 29 July 2011) was an English politician and business executive.

References

1928 births
2011 deaths
English politicians
British businesspeople
Weak interaction

Weak interaction,  the weak force or weak nuclear force, is one of the four fundamental forces in the universe. 

It is carried by particles known as the W and Z bosons, which are gauge bosons. The weak force causes beta decay, a form of radioactivity. At extremely high energy levels, the force of weak interaction and electromagnetism begin to act the same, and this is called electroweak interaction.

Beta decay 
Beta decay is what scientists call a neutron breaking down, in contrast with alpha decay where an atom breaks down. These types of breaking down are more commonly known as radioactive decay. In a beta decay a neutron breaks into a proton,  an electron and a neutrino. However, this is not a complete picture, there is an intermediary step. Notice that this process preserves the total charge. Conservation laws are very important when calculating the possible outcomes of these interactions.

With more detail, beta decay begins with a neutron, which is made of one up quark and two down quarks. Since up quarks have a charge of +2/3, and each down quark has a charge of -1/3 this results as giving 2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0 charge. Due to weak force, if there are too many neutrons in an atom nucleus, one of the down quarks in one of the neutrons turns into an up quark. This would change the charge of the neutron from 0 to (2/3 +2/3 -1/3) = 1. From this, the neutron is no longer a neutron, but actually a proton ( a particle with a charge of +1). 

In a strange quantum effect, this transformation releases a particle called a W boson. This is the gauge boson (force-carrying particle) of weak force. Oddly, the W boson has a mass about 80 times as much as a neutron. This sort of thing actually happens very often in quantum mechanics, but it follows the conservation of energy because it happens so quickly. After 3x10–25 seconds, the W boson breaks into an electron and an electron antineutrino. (The electron antineutrino doesn't really do much). This releases the electron and basically creates a proton from a neutron.

Other websites 
 Weak force -Citizendium

References 

Nuclear physics
Cognition

Cognition is the scientific word for the thought process. This process is the way we think. The word comes from the Latin word cognoscere, which means "to know" or "to recognize". Cognitive psychology is the science which studies cognition.

Psychology
Medic Droid

The Medic Droid is an American electronic pop band. They are most notable for their fans making their own comedic music videos and posting them on YouTube as well as their song Fer Sure.

American pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Arizona
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Arizona
Wood Street railway station

Wood Street is a railway station in Walthamstow. It is a part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in north east London. It is in Travelcard Zone 4. It was opened in 1873.

When the Victoria line was being planned, this station was going to be the end of the line instead of Walthamstow Central station. A decision was made in 1961 which meant that this did not happen. If this station had become the end of the Victoria line, the building would have been on the surface next to the British Railways station.

References 

Railway stations in the London Borough of Waltham Forest
London Travelcard zone 4
1873 establishments in England
Railway stations served by National Express East Anglia
Chuck Yeager

Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager (February 13, 1923 – December 7, 2020) was a major general of the United States Air Force. He was the first person to break the sound barrier. This was accomplished on 14 October 1947 in a Bell X-1 aircraft. Yeager also served in World War II.

Yeager died on December 7, 2020 at a Los Angeles hospital at the age of 97.

References

American people of World War II
American military people
People from West Virginia
1923 births
2020 deaths
American aviators
Deep-level tube lines

Deep-level tube lines were built by tunnelling shields and are tunnels that are deep underground that allow trains to run through them. They are commonly found on the London Underground. An example is the Victoria line. The depth creates ventilation problems. Powerful fans must push clean air very far underground. In the event of an emergency the people trapped on-board cannot get off due to the insufficient space inside the tunnel compared to the subsurface line.

References 

London Underground
Bolsover

Bolsover is a town near Chesterfield in England. It is 145 miles (233 km) from London, 18 miles (29 km) from Sheffield and 54 miles (87 km) from Manchester.

Its population in 2001 was 11,291.

History
Bolsover is mentioned in Domesday Book, where it is described as the property of William Peverel (or "Peveril"). The description refers to the villans (villains), the ploughs, 8 acres of meadow, and woodland pasture, which is given as two leagues by a league.

The present castle was erected in 1613.

The district of Bolsover is notable for four sites of historical importance: Bolsover Castle, the cave art at Creswell Crags, the houses of Creswell Model Village. The major work of the area used to be coal mining.

References 

Towns in Derbyshire
Sympathetic nervous system

The Sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system. It becomes more active when you are stressed.  It is a part of the "fight or flight" response.  The sympathetic nervous system can increase heart rate; make bronchial passages wider; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; make blood vessels narrower; increase peristalsis in the esophagus; cause pupil dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure.

Related pages
 Parasympathetic nervous system
 Enteric nervous system

Nervous system
Pierre Monteux

Pierre Monteux (born Paris, 4 April 1875; died Hancock, Maine, 14 July 1964) was a French-born conductor who later became an American citizen.  He was one of the great conductors of his time.

Life
Monteux was born in Paris and started to learn the violin when he was six.  When he was nine he learned at the Paris Conservatoire.  When he was twelve he conducted an orchestra in Paris with the pianist Alfred Cortot as soloist.  He played in orchestras, and was the principal of the viola section in the first performance of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande.  He started to conduct some of the concerts in the series Concerts Colonne.

Monteux also played his viola in chamber music.  He played a string quartet by Brahms with the composer in the audience.

Monteux soon became famous as a conductor.  He conducted the orchestra for Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes, conducting the first performances of Stravinskys 'Petrouchka, Rite of Spring as well as Ravel’s Daphnis et Chloé and Debussy’s Jeux.  These were some of the greatest ballets of the 20th century.

In 1916 Monteux went to the USA and conducted the French operas at the Metropolitan Opera.  In 1920 he moved to Boston, conducting many new works by Debussy, Chausson, Darius Milhaud and others.  In 1924 he became assistant conductor at the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam.  He started the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris in 1929, and also a school for conducting, the École Monteux, in Paris. Later he continued this teaching in his American home in Maine. Neville Marriner and André Previn were two of his pupils.

In 1936 he became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.  He stayed with this orchestra until 1952.  He made this orchestra internationally famous.  In 1942 he became an American citizen.  In the 1950s he often conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Monteux continued to conduct until shortly before his death at the age of 89.    In 1961 he was appointed chief conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra for 25 years, although he did not live long enough to fulfil this.   He conducted this orchestra in 1963 in a performance of the Rite of Spring, fifty years after he had conducted the first performance.

Monteux’s conducting
Monteux always prepared his work very carefully.  He was not a conductor who liked to show off.  He rehearsed his orchestras thoroughly, and conducted with small gestures.  Although he made gramophone recordings, he did not like recordings.  He preferred concerts with a live audience.  He received many honours, including the Légion d’honneur and the Knight of the Order of Oranje Nassau.

References

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1875 births
1964 deaths
French conductors
American conductors
Milhaud

Milhaud is a commune in the Gard department in France.

Communes in Gard
Willem Mengelberg

Willem Mengelberg (born Utrecht, 28 March 1871; died Zuort, Switzerland, 22 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor.  He is famous for conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam for fifty years, making them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

Life
Willem Mengelberg studied music in Utrecht, Netherlands and at Cologne Conservatory.  He had four years of experience conducting an orchestra in Lucerne.  Then, in 1895, he was given the job which was to last him the rest of his working life: conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra.  He took over this job from Willem Kes who had started the orchestra five years earlier.  At Kes’s farewell concert on 25 October 1895 Mengelberg performed as solo pianist.

Mengelberg soon made it into a great orchestra.  He was particularly good at conducting the music of Richard Strauss and Mahler.  He took the orchestra on tours to many countries, including Norway, Belgium, France, Germany, England and Switzerland.  He celebrated his 25th year of conductor of the orchestra by performing all the orchestral works of Mahler.

He also conducted other orchestras abroad, including the Royal Philharmonic Society in London and, in the 1920s, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Mengelberg also conducted other groups in the Netherlands, including Maatschappij Caecilia and the Amsterdam Toonkunst Choir.

Mengelberg worked hard to get good discipline in his orchestra.  He worked to introduce his audiences to good music and to make them listen quietly to the music.  He did a lot to help the musicians get better working conditions and he conducted a lot of music by Dutch composers, helping them to become better known.

During World War II he accepted invitations by the Nazis to conduct in Germany.  After the war people in Holland were very cross that he had done this, and he was forbidden to conduct in Holland for six years.  He said that he had only conducted in Germany for the sake of the musicians.

Mengelberg was very sad and went to live in Switzerland.  He died just before his six year ban would have come to an end.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 
Encyclopedie van de Muziek; Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957

1871 births
1951 deaths
Dutch conductors
People from Utrecht (city)
Willem Kes

Willem Kes (16 February 1856 in Dordrecht - 22 February 1934 in Munich) was a Dutch conductor. He was the first conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra (now called the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra). 

Kes learned the violin, studying with the famous Joseph Joachim in Berlin. From 1876 he started his career as a conductor. When the Concertgebouw Orchestra was started in Amsterdam in 1888 Kes was its conductor. He made it into a good orchestra. He had this job until 1895 when Willem Mengelberg took over. Kes went to Glasgow to conduct the Scottish Orchestra. In 1898 he took a conducting job in Moscow. From 1905 to 1926, Kes was director of a music conservatory (college) in Koblenz. He also worked in Dresden.

References 
 Encyclopedie van de Muziek, pub Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957.

1856 births
1943 deaths
Dutch conductors
People from Dordrecht
Cathay Dragon

Cathay Dragon, known as Dragonair before, was an airline based in Hong Kong International Airport. It had a fleet of 46 airplanes, including Airbus A320s, A321s and A330s. It flew to 44 destinations in China and Asia. It was named the "World’s Best Regional Airline" by Skytrax World Airline Awards four times. On 21 October 2020, Cathay Pacific announced to stop the operation of Cathay Dragon due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gallery

References

Airlines of Asia
Transport in Hong Kong
Hong Kong International Airport

Hong Kong International Airport (IATA airport code: HKG; ICAO airport code: VHHH), also known as Chek Lap Kok Airport is the airport of Hong Kong that was built at Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island. It opened in 1998. It is one of the leading airports in the world, and has won "World Airport of the Year" from Skytrax for 7 times in 10 years. It is the hub for Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airlines, Hong Kong Express and Air Hong Kong. It is the third busiest airport in terms of international passenger traffic in the world, and the busiest in the world in terms of cargo traffic. Until the 2020s when Hong Kong missed feeling like it was in the 18th Century.

The airport has an advanced highway and railway system linking it to the city centre of Hong Kong. The building project was one of the largest in the world, and featured in Discovery Channel's "Ten Greatest Modern Projects of the World". It was designed by the famous architect, Norman Foster. The aim of the airport was to increase traffic and capacity which the old Kai Tak Airport could not handle. It remains one of the best airport in the world, along with Singapore's Changi Airport and Seoul's Incheon International Airport.

References 

Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
Transport in Hong Kong
Parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS or PSNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system.  It does the opposite things of the sympathetic nervous system, the other part of the autonomic nervous system.  This way, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems balance each other's effects.  The sympathetic nervous system helps a person "fight or flight" when they are in danger.  When the danger is gone, the parasympathetic nervous system lets the person "rest and digest," "feed and breed."

Effects 
The parasympathetic nervous system has many different effects.  It affects every part of the body, including:
 The heart: The heart relaxes and beats slower.  This makes the heart rate and blood pressure lower.
 The lungs: Breathing slows down.  The bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) also get narrower.
 The eyes: The pupils get smaller.
 The digestive system: Extra blood is sent to the stomach and intestines.  The stomach and intestines also work faster.  This helps the person digest the food in their stomach.
 The blood vessels: The blood vessels in the parts of the body that are far away from the heart, lungs, and brain get wider.  (This is called vasodilation.)  This helps make the blood pressure lower.  It also makes the skin warmer, and can cause a man to have an erection.

Because of these effects, the parasympathetic nervous system always has to balance with the sympathetic nervous system.  For example, if only the parasympathetic nervous system was working, a person's heart rate and breathing would keep getting lower and lower.  Eventually the person would stop breathing or their heart would stop beating.

However, in a healthy person, the brain realizes when the parasympathetic nervous system's effects are getting too strong.  For example, the brain may realize that the person is breathing too slowly, or that their heart rate is too low.  The brain reacts by making the sympathetic nervous system kick in.  Because the sympathetic nervous system has the opposite effects, it will make the person breathe faster and raise their heart rate.  These two systems have to balance each other constantly for a person to stay healthy.

Control 
The parasympathetic nervous system is controlled mostly by the vagus nerve.  This is an important nerve that comes from the brain and goes all the way down to the bottom of the spinal cord.  The vagus nerve sends out chemical messengers called neurotransmitters - mostly one called acetylcholine.  This chemical causes changes in many different parts of the body.

Related pages 
 Autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Enteric nervous system

References

Nervous system
Heart rate

Heart rate (HR) is how many times a heart beats per minute (bpm). The average bpm for a man or women who does not exercise is 70 bpm. Heart rate varies between people because of fitness, age and genetics.

References

Heart
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, also polypeptide) is a kind of hormone that has 28 amino acid residues in it and is made in many areas of the human body including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei (which is a small part of the brain's midline) of the hypothalamus in the brain. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded, or transforming information from one format into another, by the VIP gene.

VIP has a half-life in the blood of about two minutes.

VIP is made more than it should in a VIPoma.

Hormones
Increase intestinal secretion, relaxes sphincters and smooth muscles. Released from nerve cells in mucosa and smooth muscle.
PEGI

Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a European self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings to consumer video games. The PEGI system is used in more than thirty countries. PEGI has rated more than 15,000 video games from 2003 to 2010.

Ratings 
  - 3 years old
  - 7 years old
  - 12 years old
  - 16 years old
  - 18 years old

History

Sources 

2003 establishments in Europe
Cultural organizations
Video game ratings
Psychiatrist

A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry, and treats people with mental illness. Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.

Education
In the United States, psychiatrists train by  going to university first, then they go to Medical School for 4 years. Then they must complete a residency. When they graduate, they get to use the initials M.D. or D.O. after their names.  Then these doctors specialize by training for 3 or 4 years in Psychiatry. In other countries psychiatrists train in similar ways but may not have to go to a separate university and medical school.

Other websites
 American Psychiatric Association
 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
 Royal College of Psychiatrists
 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

Psychiatry
Healthcare occupations
Monifieth

Monifieth () is a town and former police burgh in the council area of Angus, Scotland.

Sources

Towns in Scotland
Angus
Eugen Jochum

Eugen Jochum (; 1 November 1902 – 26 March 1987) was a German conductor.

Jochum was born in Babenhausen, near Augsburg, in the south of Germany.  He soon showed musical talent and was playing the organ for church services when he was eight.  He studied at the Augsburg Conservatory and then the Munich National Theatre and at Mönchen-Gladbach.  He became conductor of the Kiel Opera where, during three years, he conducted more than 50 operas in several German cities.  Then, in 1934, he followed Karl Böhm and Karl Muck as the conductor of the Hamburg Staatsoper.    He stayed there until 1949.  He also was guest conductor in Amsterdam with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and later he became chief conductor.  

After World War II, Jochum became the first chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in 1949.  He often conducted in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, the LSO gave him the title of conductor laureate. 

He appeared regularly at Salzburg and, from 1953, Bayreuth.  The first opera he conducted there was Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.

Jochum is remembered especially for his warm, romantic performances of Anton Bruckner's symphonies.  He often conducted the passions of Bach and music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Haydn, Schumann, Wagner and Carl Orff. 

Jochum died in Munich, Germany at the age of 84.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN  1-56159-174-2

1902 births
1987 deaths
German conductors
QI

QI (Quite Interesting) is a British comedy television quiz show. It is now hosted by Sandi Toksvig who took over from Stephen Fry. There are four contestants in each show, of whom one is always Alan Davies. The shows' series are lettered (not numbered as most television shows are), for example the first series is Series A. To begin with, QI was shown on BBC Two but was moved to BBC One for Series F.

Other websites 

2003 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
British comedy television series
British television game shows
Panel games
21st Century Breakdown

21st Century Breakdown is the eighth studio album by the punk rock band Green Day. It is the band's second rock opera, following American Idiot, and its first record to be produced by Butch Vig. The band started work on the record in January 2006. 45 songs were written by vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong by October 2007, but the band members did not start studio work with the producer, Butch Vig until January 2008. The writing and recording process was three years long. The band used four recording studios and was finished in April 2009.

Songs on the album

 "Song of the Century"
 "21st Century Breakdown"
 "Know Your Enemy"
 "Viva la Gloria!"
 "Before The Lobotomy"
 "Christian's Inferno"
 "Last Night on Earth"
 "East Jesus Nowhere"
 "Peacemaker"
 "Last of the American Girls"
 "Murder City"
 "Viva la Gloria? (Little Girl)"
 "Restless Heart Syndrome"
 "Horseshoes and Handgrenades"
 "The Static Age"
 "21 Guns"
 "American Eulogy"
 "See the Light"

Special Edition
 "Hearts Collide"
 "Lights Out"

References

2009 albums
Green Day albums
Reprise Records albums
Punk albums
Glossop North End A.F.C.

Glossop North End A.F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

English football clubs
1886 establishments in England
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position

Honours

Association Football

Leagues
Football League Second Division/Championship
 Runners-up (1): 1913-14
Football League Third Division/League One
Champions (1): 1927-28
 Runners-up (2): 1922-23, 1925–26
Northern Premier League Premier Division
 Playoff Winner (1): 2012
Northern Premier League First Division
Champions (1): 2000–01
Northern Premier League Division One North
Champions (1): 2007–08
North West Counties League Division One
Champions (1): 1994–95
Bradford Amateur Sunday League Division Four
Champions (2): 1974–75, 1984–85
 Football League Division One (Best)
 9th Place 1914–15

Cups
FA Cup
Quarterfinals (3): 1912–13, 1919–20, 1945–46

Other websites 
Official website

Ground profile
Early history of club 1895–99
Bradford Park Avenue History 

English football clubs
1907 establishments in England
Nelson F.C.

Nelson F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Former position
1921/22 : Third Division - 16th / North
1922/23 : Third Division - Champions / North
1923/24 : Second Division - 21st
1924/25 : Third Division - 2nd / North
1925/26 : Third Division - 8th / North
1926/27 : Third Division - 5th / North
1927/28 : Third Division - 22nd / North
1928/29 : Third Division - 15th / North
1929/30 : Third Division - 19th / North
1930/31 : Third Division - 22nd / North

English football clubs
1881 establishments in England
Darlington F.C.

Darlington F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newport County A.F.C.

Newport County A.F.C. is a football club located in Wales that plays in the English league system.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Wales
Rotherham United F.C.

Rotherham United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Name 
 1877-1905 Thornhill United F.C.
 1905-1925 Rotherham County F.C.
 1925-present Rotherham United F.C.

English football clubs
1877 establishments in England
Bristol Rovers F.C.

Bristol Rovers F.C. is a football club which plays in Bristol, People who live in North Bristol traditionally support Bristol Rovers, however people you live in South Bristol support their fierce rivals Bristol City F.C.

Name
1883-1884 Black Arabs F.C.
1884-1897 Eastville Rovers F.C.
1897-1898 Bristol Eastville Rovers F.C.
1898-present Bristol Rovers

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Scunthorpe United F.C.

Scunthorpe United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Name 
1899-1958 Scunthorpe & Lindsey United F.C.
1958-present Scunthorpe United F.C.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1899 establishments in England
Oxford United F.C.

Oxford United F.C. is a football club in England.

Name 
1893-1960 Headington United F.C.
1960-present Oxford United F.C.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Oxford
1893 establishments in England
Hereford United F.C.

Hereford United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Hereford
1924 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in England
Mansfield Town F.C.

Mansfield Town F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Name
 1897-1906 Mansfield Wesleyans F.C.
 1906-1910 Mansfield Wesley F.C.
 1910-present Mansfield Town F.C.

League position

Former position

1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
English football clubs
Mansfield
Wrexham A.F.C.

Wrexham A.F.C. is a football club which plays in Wales.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1873 establishments in the United Kingdom
19th-century establishments in Wales
Shrewsbury Town F.C.

Shrewsbury Town Football Club is a professionl football club from Shrewsbury, the county town of Shropshire in England. They currently compete in League One, the third level of football in England. They play their home games at New Meadow. The club was founded in 1886. They are nicknamed The Shrews, Salop, The Blues and Town.

League position

|2017/18||League One||3rd
|}

Former position

Current players
Players correct as of 17 March 2021. 

 

English football clubs
1886 establishments in England
Cambridge United F.C.

Cambridge United F.C. is an English football club based in Cambridge that currently plays in the EFL League One, the third tier of English football.

Name 
 1912-1951 Abbey United F.C.
 1951-present Cambridge United F.C.

League position

Former position 

Cambridge
English football clubs
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
1910s establishments in England
Rushden & Diamonds F.C.

Rushden & Diamonds F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position 

English football clubs
1992 establishments in England
Yeovil Town F.C.

Yeovil Town F.C. is a football club that plays in England.

Name
1895-1907 Yeovil Casuals F.C.
1907-1908 Yeovil Town F.C.
1908-1914 Petters United F.C.
1914-1946 Yeovil & Petters United F.C.
1946-present Yeovil Town F.C.

League position

English football clubs
1895 establishments in England
Peterborough United F.C.

Peterborough United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1930s establishments in England
1934 establishments in Europe
Robinson Sucroe

Robinson Sucroe, is a French animated series created by Claude Robinson.

Characters
Robinson Sucroë
Mercredi
Uglyston
Capitaine Courtecuisse
Capitaine Brisk
Dimanche Midi
M. Floyd

Épisodes
 L'Île du tourteau
 L'Île flottante
 Courtecuisse 1er
 Mission impossible
 Le Concours de sieste
 La Belle Captive
 Diva des îles
 Le Manuscrit volé
 Embrouille et ratatouille
 Coup de foudre
 Le Perroquet de Uglyston
 Bienvenue M. Floydd
 L'Épave du Toulesjours
 Robinson beach
 Adieu Robinson
 La Guerre des Robinson
 Un monstre dans l'île
 L'Île en folie
 L'Apprenti journaliste
 La Vie de pirate
 Drôles de bêtes
 L'Élixir d'amour
 Maman a raison
 Toute la vérité
 Voyage organisé
 Coup double

Animated television series
National Health Service

The National Health Service is a government run health care organisation that provides health and medical services to citizens and residents of the United Kingdom. It was started in 1948 and intended by its creators to be "free at the point of service". This meant that people who use the NHS would not be required to pay for services each time they used them.

The NHS is paid for out of employee contributions from their wages and also from general government money raised in the form of taxes.

The promise of a health service that would be free at the point of service was broken almost right away with the start of prescription charges. Prescription charges are a set price that people within England must pay for each item on a prescription form. This charge is currently £8.60 for each item and is raised each year.

Systems
The NHS is made up of four systems: National Health Service (England), Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland, NHS Scotland and NHS Wales. Each system is run by its government. For example, National Health Service (England) is ran by the UK Government. The systems are run in different ways depending on which country within the United Kingdom a person lives in. For instance, there are no charges for prescriptions in Scotland or Wales, but there are in England.

Services
The service also provides basic dental services and prescription eyeglasses, hearing aids, prosthetic limbs and other services. There are normally charges at the point of service for these services unless one lives in a no-charge country or is considered a special needs case; such as children (aged up to 18, or up to 21 if you are a student), pregnant women or the elderly.

Cuts to the NHS
The coalition government has made cuts to the NHS. On 29 September 2013 around 50,000 people protested in Manchester. They set up a stage with banners saying things like 'Save Our NHS' around it. Hospitals can now earn up to 50% of their income from private work.

Opinions
The NHS has been criticized for working through a 'postcode lottery', meaning that access to quality treatment depends on where you live. The percentage of diabetics getting the NICE recommended levels of care ranges from 6% to 69% depending on where they live.

Related pages
Constitutional economics
Political economy

References

Public services in the United Kingdom
Health care
Christiaan Eijkman

Christiaan Eijkman (August 11, 1858 - November 5, 1930) was a Dutch doctor. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Sir Frederick Hopkins, for the discovery of vitamins

References 

1858 births
1930 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Dutch physicians
Frederick Hopkins

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins OM FRS (20 June 1861 – 16 May 1947) was an English chemist. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Christiaan Eijkman, for the discovery of vitamins.

References 

1861 births
1947 deaths
English chemists
Order of Merit
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Alumni of University College London
British Nobel Prize winners
Windows CE

Windows CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded Compact post version 6.0, and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is Microsoft's operating system for embedded devices and minimal computers. Windows CE is a different operating system and kernel. It is not a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based.

The Zune portable media player, as well as the Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 smartphone platforms are based on Windows CE.

Version 8, or Windows Embedded Compact 2013, released in June 2013 is the only still supported version (until October 10, 2023).

Versions

References 

Microsoft operating systems
Simon Cowell (presenter)

Simon Cowell MBE (born 19 April 1952) is a British television presenter and author who hosts the Animal Planet documentary series Wildlife SOS. He is the co-founder of a Leatherhead, Surrey, based charity called Wildlife Aid.

In June 2005, Simon was awarded an MBE for his services to wildlife.

Simon lives in Leatherhead, Surrey. He received a PhD for Biological sciences at Jesus College, Cambridge.

References

Living people
1952 births
British television personalities
Yasunari Kawabata

Yasunari Kawabata (14 June 1899–16 April 1972) was a Japanese writer.  He was the winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature.  He was the first Japanese author to receive the award.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

1899 births
1972 deaths
Japanese writers
People from Osaka
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
University of Tokyo alumni
2018

2018 (twenty eighteen) (MMXVIII) was .

Events 
 January 1 – Estonia takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from the United Kingdom.
 January 20-22 – The United States government enters a shutdown due to a dispute over the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
 February did not experience a completely realized full moon this year
 February 9-25 – 2018 Winter Olympics were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
 March 1 – President Donald Trump announced import for tariff steel 25% and 10% of Aluminum.
 April 23 – A white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street in Toronto.
June 14-July 15 — 2018 FIFA World Cup was held in Russia.
 July 1 – Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected President of Mexico.
 July 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from Estonia.
 July 27 – Mars made its closest approach to Earth since 2003. It will not be as close as the 2003 opposition.
 August 11 – The final Drum Corps International World Championship to be held in the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana, after an 11-year run.
 September 16 – Swedish general election for the Riksdag take place.
 September 28 – An earthquake and tsunami hits Sulawesi, Indonesia killing 2,256 people.
 October 23 – The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge is opened for the public to use. It is the longest bridge in the world that crosses a sea.
 November 6 – The United States mid-term elections take place.
 December 22 – A tsunami hits the Sunda Strait in Indonesia, killing more than 430 people.

Computer and video games 
Games set in 2018:
 Fortnite (2018)
 Krazy Ivan (1996)
 Trauma Center: Under the Knife (2005)
 Phoenix Wright: Trials and Tribulations (2007)

Movies 
 Rollerball (1975)
 Terminator Salvation (2009)
 I Spit on Your Rave (2010)
 Iron Sky (2011)

Literature 
 Halting State (2007) by Charles Stross.

Television series 
 The storyline for the sci-fi television series seaQuest DSV begins in 2018.
 The second season of Code Geass takes place in 2018.

Science 
 1,000 petaflops 100 million core computer
 Driverless Cars
 Exomars launch

Deaths

References
2024

2024 (MMXXIV) will be .

Events
 26 July – 11 August: 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France.
 5 November: The United States presidential election will take place.

Date unknown 
 SpaceX will send tourists to Mars.

Movies released

January

February

March

April

May
May 3 - Corduroy
May 10 - Motor Rider
May 17 - The Lord of Talon II

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

2024
Years in the future
2025

2025 (MMXXV) will be .

Predicted events 
 March 31 – Yolanda Saldivar will be eligible for parole. This event will occur during the 30th anniversary of American singer Selena's death. Saldivar killed the twenty-three year-old singer at her Days Inn motel room in 1995.

Unknown dates 
 The Giant Magellan Telescope is expected to be completed.

References 

 
Years in the future
Acid Survivors Foundation

The Acid Survivors Foundation is a Bangladeshi organization that helps victims of acid attacks and tries to prevent these attacks..

It was founded in 1999 with support from UNICEF and the Canadian International Development Agency. In 2005 the co-founder Monira Rahman was granted the Human Rights Award of Amnesty International.

Statistics

Acid attacks from 1999 to 2005

Comparative statistics of 2005 and 2006

 Source
 Acid Survivors FoundationStatistics of Acid Attack 1999 to 2005

Other websites

 Official website

Organisations based in Bangladesh
1999 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
Shmuel Yosef Agnon

Shmuel Yosef Agnon (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was an Israeli writer and winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon. In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.

References

Other websites 

Nobel Prize lecture
 

1887 births
1970 deaths
Israeli Nobel Prize winners
Jewish Israeli writers
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Poets
Short story writers
Ukrainian Jews
Ukrainian writers