cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Roger Waters

George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943) is an English rock musician. He was born in Great Bookham, Surrey and moved to Cambridge during his early childhood. He is best known as the bass player, co-lead singer, principle lyricist, and founder member of the English rock band Pink Floyd (1964–1986). Waters became the primary lyrical contributor in Pink Floyd after the departure of fellow founder member Syd Barrett in January 1968, and sang lead vocals on at least one half of all Pink Floyd tracks during his tenure with the band. Many consider 1973–1979 to be the Golden Age of the Waters era Pink Floyd, during which time they released four studio albums, including two of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed rock albums ever created.

Released in 1973, The Dark Side of the Moon is one of the top selling albums of all time. Pink Floyd followed the epochal success of Dark Side with Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977) and  1979's The Wall, a double album considered by many to be rock's finest. The Wall, based on the life struggles of Roger Waters, is the best selling double disk of all time, and as Pink Floyd's second unequivocally definitive album, it solidified their status among the world's elite rock bands.  In 1983 Pink Floyd released their tenth studio album, The Final Cut.  Written and almost entirely sung by Roger, (Gilmour sang on just one track), it is the only Pink Floyd album on which Waters is credited for the writing and composition of every song. In retrospect, The Final Cut is more fairly considered Roger's first solo album, essentially using David Gilmour and Nick Mason as studio musicians. One of rock music's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful acts, Pink Floyd has sold over 200 million albums worldwide, including 74.5 million in the United States.

Following his legal and philosophical split with Pink Floyd in 1986, Waters began a solo career, releasing three studio albums, The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking (1984), Radio K.A.O.S.  (1987), and in 1992, the highly acclaimed Amused to Death. In 1990, Roger staged one of the largest rock concerts ever, The Wall Concert in Berlin, on the vacant terrain between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate. In 2005 he released the critically acclaimed opera, Ça Ira, which would go on to top the classical charts in America and Britain, as well as joining Nick Mason, Richard Wright and David Gilmour, for an historical performance at the 2 July 2005 Live 8 concert in London's Hyde Park, Pink Floyd's first public performance with Roger in 24 years.

Waters has toured extensively as a solo act since 2005, performing Dark Side to sold out audiences and critical acclaim the world over. Waters performed an extensive tour of The Wall between 2010 and 2013.

Notes 

1943 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winners
Bassists
English activists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cambridge
Musicians from Surrey
Pink Floyd
Big Max

Big Max is a type of squash that can grow to be more than 100 pounds. They can also be  in diameter if they are grown properly. They are commonly called pumpkins, but this is not entirely correct; Big Max are instead "squash-type pumpkins". They have a bright orange color, with fine-grained, yellow-orange flesh. The skin has deep lines in it and is slightly roughened, and can be up to  thick. This makes Big Max squash good for keeping. The flesh is good for being canned and frozen.

However, because they are so big, cooking with these squash is hard. They are said to not be as flavorful as smaller pumpkin varieties. The variety was hybridized, or created, for its large size. They have been grown as big as 300 pounds. Individual fruits are round to slightly flattened.

Growing 
These squash are best planted between two and four weeks after the average last frost, and they  become ripe 110 to 120 days after being planted. The plants need lots of room to grow well, and to get them very big, only one fruit should be grown on one vine. They are harvested before the first light frost, when the plant's leaves die. Although recommendations are different, seeds are often planted at  deep, spaced  apart.

References 

Cucurbitaceae
Travira Air

Travira Air (IATA: TR) is an airline based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It operates flights between Indonesian cities and other Asian countries. These flights are "chartered" by companies - this means that they do not follow fixed times. It is a small/middle size operator. 

Travira's aircraft are used by big mineral companies including  ExxonMobil and West Natuna Consortium. They are also used by mining companies in Sumbawa and East Kalimantan.

Fleet 

Since September 2008 Travira Air operated the following aircraft:

1 Boeing 737-5L9
1 Dash 8
1 De Havilland Canada Dash 7C
6 Raytheon Beech 1900D Airliner
4 Cessna 208 Caravan
2 Bell 412 EP helicopters
2 Bolkow 105 helicopters
1 Sikorsky S-76A helicopter
2 Sikorsky S-76A++ helicopters
1 Sikorsky S-76C helicopter
1 Sikorsky S-76C+ helicopter
2 Ecureuil AS350B2 helicopters
1 Hawker 800XP

Other websites

References 

Airlines of Asia
Jakarta
Transport in Indonesia
Small-eared dormouse

The small-eared dormouse (Graphiurus microtis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus microtis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

IUCN Red List least concern species
Graphiurus
Martial eagle

The martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) is a bird of prey. It lives in Africa and is the biggest eagle in Africa, 76 to 96 cm (30–38 in) long, and its wingspan is 188–260 cm (6.2–8.5 ft) long. Because of its size, it hunts large prey, including birds as large as flamingos and mammals as large as young impala.

Accipitriformes
Edible dormouse

The edible dormouse or fat dormouse (Glis glis) is a small dormouse and the only species in the genus Glis.

Fat dormice are the largest dormice in Europe. The ancient Romans used to breed them to be eaten (usually as a snack). This is the reason for the word edible in its name. The dormice were kept in large pits or in terra cotta containers (which were called gliraria), which were like modern hamster cages.

Wild edible dormice are still eaten in Slovenia, and trapping dormice is a Slovenian tradition. Using dormice for food and fur is mentioned in documents which were written in the 13th century. They also mention the use of dormouse fat as a medicine. Poor and hungry peasants would eat dormice during winter because it is a good protein source.

The edible dormouse lives in Europe.  It was accidentally introduced to the town of Tring in England after some dormice escaped from the private collection of Lionel Walter Rothschild in 1902.  The British edible dormouse population is about 10,000 and is found in a  triangle between Beaconsfield, Aylesbury and Luton. 
This animal is seen as a pest by some people. In the United Kingdom the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 does not allow some ways of killing them, and to remove the dormice from the area may require a license.

References

Other websites 

 The Dormouse Hollow
 Rodent page from Mammals Trust UK (includes sound file of Glis glis cry)
 Amersham.org page on Glis glis 

Dormice
Mammals of Europe
Animals of Turkey
Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis is an endospore-forming bacterium. 

It is the source of the antibiotic bacitracin. Bacillus subtilis is a gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium. It is a facultative anaerobe commonly found in soil, and is also found in the gut flora.

Gram-positive bacteria
Leap year starting on Thursday

This article describes any leap year starting on Thursday. Examples include 1920, 1948, 1976, 2004, 2032, 2060 and 2088 in the Gregorian Calendar, which is used in most of the world.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 19, Valentine’s Day is on a Saturday, Presidents Day is on February 16, the leap day, February 29, is on a Sunday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Wednesday, Mother’s Day is on May 9, Memorial Day is on its latest possible date, May 31, Father’s Day is on June 20, Independence Day is on a Sunday, Labor Day is on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Halloween is on a Sunday, Veterans Day is on a Thursday, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the others being Leap year starting on Monday and Leap year starting on Wednesday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in February and August.

Calendar

The ISO year has 53 weeks in this kind of year, and the ISO week 10 (which begins March 1) and all ISO weeks after are  earlier than in other years.

References

Leap years by day
Leap year starting on Saturday

This article describes any leap year starting on Saturday. Examples include 1944, 1972, 2000, 2028, 2056, and 2084 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world. All end of century leap years (leap years divisible by 400) start on a Saturday. The most recent such year was 2000 and the next such year will be 2400. 

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 17, Valentine’s Day is on a Monday, Presidents Day is on its latest possible date, February 21, the leap day, February 29, is on a Tuesday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Friday, Mother’s Day is on its latest possible date, May 14, Memorial Day is on May 29, Father’s Day is on June 18, Independence Day is on a Tuesday, Labor Day is on September 4, Columbus Day is on October 9, Halloween is on a Tuesday, Veterans Day is on a Saturday, Thanksgiving is on November 23, and Christmas is on a Monday.

This leap year is one of three leap years with only one Friday the 13th, the others being Leap year starting on Tuesday and Leap year starting on Friday. The one Friday the 13th in this leap year is in October. This characteristic is shared with Common Years Starting on Monday but also have another one in January.

Calendar

Leap years by day
Leap year starting on Monday

This article describes any leap year starting on Monday. Examples include 1912, 1940, 1968, 1996, 2024, 2052, and 2080 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, the leap day, February 29, is on a Thursday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, and Christmas is on a Wednesday.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Leap year starting on Wednesday and Leap year starting on Thursday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in September and December. This characteristic is shared with a Common year starting on Tuesday.

Calendar

Leap years by day
Leap year starting on Wednesday

This article describes any leap year starting on Wednesday.  Examples include 1908, 1936, 1964, 1992, 2020, 2048, and 2076 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 20, Valentine’s Day is on a Friday, Presidents Day is on February 17, the leap day, February 29, is on a Saturday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Tuesday, Mother’s Day is on May 10, Memorial Day is on its earliest possible date, May 25, Father’s Day is on its latest possible date, June 21, Independence Day is on a Saturday, Labor Day is on its latest possible date, September 7, Columbus Day is on October 12, Halloween is on a Saturday, Veterans Day is on a Wednesday, Thanksgiving is on November 26, and Christmas is on a Friday.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the others being Leap year starting on Monday and Leap year starting on Thursday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in March and November. This characteristic is shared with Common Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.

Calendar

Leap years by day
Leap year starting on Sunday

This article describes any leap year starting on Sunday. Examples include 1928, 1956, 1984, 2012, 2040, 2068, and 2096.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 16, Valentine’s Day is on a Tuesday, Presidents Day is on February 20, the leap day, February 29, is on a Wednesday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Saturday, Mother’s Day is on May 13, Memorial Day is on May 28, Father’s Day is on June 17, Independence Day is on a Wednesday, Labor Day is on September 3, Columbus Day is on it’s earliest possible date, October 8, Halloween is on a Wednesday, Veterans Day is on a Sunday, Thanksgiving is on its earliest possible date, November 22, and Christmas is on a Tuesday.

This is the only leap year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in January, April and July.

Calendar

Leap years by day
Leap year starting on Friday

This article describes any leap year starting on Friday. Examples include 1904, 1932, 1960, 1988, 2016, 2044, and 2072 in the Gregorian Calendar which is used in most of the world.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine’s Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, the leap day, February 29, is on a Monday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Thursday, Mother’s Day is on its earliest possible date, May 8, Memorial Day is on May 30, Father’s Day is on June 19, Independence Day is on a Monday, Labor Day is on September 5, Columbus Day is on October 10, Halloween is on a Monday, Veterans Day is on a Friday, Thanksgiving is on November 24, and Christmas is on a Sunday.

This leap year is one of three leap years with only one Friday the 13th, the others being Leap year starting on Tuesday and Leap year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this leap year is in May. This characteristic is shared with a Common year starting on Saturday.

Calendar

Leap years by day
Marcelo Sosa

Marcelo Sosa (born 6 February 1978) is an Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="8"|Danubio||rowspan="8"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|1997||14||0
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||18||1
|-
|2000||26||5
|-
|2001||28||1
|-
|2002||35||6
|-
|2003||29||4

|-
|2004||Spartak Moscow||Premier League||8||0

|-
|2004/05||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||28||0
|-
|2005/06||Osasuna||La Liga||11||0

|-
|2006/07||River Plate||Primera División||2||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Nacional||rowspan="2"|Primera División||11||1
|-
|2007/08||11||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Estudiantes Tecos||rowspan="2"|Primera División||14||0
|-
|2008/09||21||0

|-
|2009/10||Peñarol||Primera División||||
177||18
8||0
39||0
2||0
35||0
261||18
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||12||1
|-
|2004||11||1
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
!Total||27||2
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Uruguayan footballers
Sportspeople from Montevideo
Djalminha

Djalminha (born December 9, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1989||rowspan="4"|Flamengo||rowspan="4"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1990||10||1
|-
|1991||4||1
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Guarani||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||6
|-
|1994||3||3

|-
|1994||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||11||4

|-
|1995||Guarani||Série A||11||6
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||22||12
|-
|1997||0||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="5"|La Liga||26||8
|-
|1998/99||31||8
|-
|1999/00||31||10
|-
|2000/01||21||9
|-
|2001/02||18||1

|-
|2002/03||Austria Wien||Bundesliga||10||2

|-
|2003/04||Deportivo La Coruña||La Liga||11||2

|-
|2004/05||América||Primera División||5||1
77||29
11||4
138||38
10||2
5||1
241||74
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1996||3||1
|-
|1997||7||3
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||1
|-
!Total||14||5
|}

Other websites
Djalminha at National Football Teams.com

1970 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Homer Defined

"Homer Defined" is the seventh episode of The Simpsons third season, which first started on November 1st, 1991. The episode has the first appearance of "Milhouse's mother" and the first time his last name, "Van Houten", is used.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Like Father, Like Clown

"Like Father, Like Clown" is the sixth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on October 24, 1991. In this episode, Krusty the Clown says to the Simpson family that he is of "Jewish heritage", and that his father, "Rabbi Hyman Krustofski", disowned him for keeping a job in comedy. Krusty is sad and Bart and Lisa decide to try to reunite Krusty with his long-estranged father.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Treehouse of Horror II

"Treehouse of Horror II" is the seventh episode of The Simpsons third season, the second Simpsons Halloween episode, and the first Halloween episode where names in the closing credits were replaced by 'spooky name' parodies. The episode first started on October 31, 1991. The first part, "The Monkey's Paw", is a direct reference to W.W. Jacobs's short story The Monkey's Paw, in which the Simpsons's wishes all backfire on them after buying a cursed hand of a monkey. In the second part, "The Bart Zone", Bart has  powers, and turns Homer into a jack-in-the-box, resulting in the two spending more time together. The part was a parody of The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life". In the last part, "If I Only Had A Brain", Mr. Burns's head is grafted onto Homer's head after Mr. Burns tries to create a robot with Homer's brain.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Treehouse of Horror

it:La paura fa novanta I-X#La paura fa novanta II
fi:Simpsonit (3. tuotantokausi)#Painajaisia (Treehouse of Horror II)
Lisa's Pony

"Lisa's Pony" is the eighth episode of the third season of The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 7, 1991. In this episode, Homer humiliates Lisa by forgetting to buy the right reed for her saxophone. desperate to win back his daughter's love, Homer gives Lisa the one thing she has always wanted, a pony named "Princess." Homer struggles with two jobs to cover the cost of sheltering and feeding the pony. Lisa, upon seeing what Homer must go through to pay for the pony, decides to give it away.

Other websites

"Lisa's Pony" at The Simpsons.com

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Anna's hummingbird

Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) is 9 to 10 centimetres (3.5 to 3.9 in) long. 

It has a bronze-green back, a light grey chest and belly, and green flanks. Its bill is long, straight and slender. The adult male has an iridescent crimson-red crown and throat, and a dark, slightly forked tail. Anna's is the only North American hummingbird species with a red crown. Females and young have a green crown, a grey throat with some red markings, a grey chest and belly, and a dark, rounded tail with white tips on the outer feathers.

These birds feed on nectar from flowers using a long tongue. They also eat small spiders and insects caught in flight. While collecting nectar, they also help in plant pollination. This species sometimes eats tree sap.

Birds of North America
Hummingbirds
Hyundai Getz

The Hyundai Getz was a car produced by Hyundai since 2002. It was succeeded by the i20 in 2008.

Getz
2000s automobiles
Hyundai i20

The Hyundai i20 is a car produced by Hyundai. It is the successor of the Getz, and were based on the Kia Soul's platform.

I20
2000s automobiles
Hyundai Sonata

The Hyundai Sonata is a car produced by Hyundai since 1985. It is currently in its Fourth generation. It will be successed by the i45 in 2010.

Gallery

Sonata
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Hyundai i30

The Hyundai i30 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2007. It is the successor of the Elantra, and is based on the Kia cee'd's platform.

I30
2000s automobiles
Hyundai i10

The Hyundai i10 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2008. It is the successor of the Atos, and were based on the Kia Picanto's platform. It entered its second generation in 2013 and it became popular in the UK during the scrappage scheme in 2009.

Engines 
 1.1 49 kW (66 hp)
 1.25 57 kW (78 hp)
 1.1 CRDi 55 kW (75 hp)

I10
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Hyundai Tucson

The Hyundai Tucson is a compact luxury SUV that is produced by Hyundai Motor Company. In some markets it is sold as the ix35, but the ix35 name is expected to be dropped. It is based on the Kia Sportage's unibody platform.

Tucson
2000s automobiles
Hyundai Accent

The Hyundai Accent is a car produced by Hyundai Motor Company since 1994. It is the successor of the Pony, and it is now in its Third generation. The car was sold in Mexico as the Dodge Attitude until 2013 when Hyundai entered the Mexican market.

Accent
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
TAM

TAM or Tam can be:
 TAM Airlines, an airline in Brazil
 TAM Air, a Georgian airline
 Tamworth Railway Station
 The Australian Museum

People 
 Reuben Tam (1916-1991), American/Hawaiian artist 
 Tam (name), version of "Tan", a common Chinese surname
 Thomas (name), a shortening of the name in Scots
Black-breasted puffleg

The black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis nigrivestis) is a species of hummingbird that lives only in Ecuador. 

The average length of the black-breasted puffleg is 8.5 cm. It has a very restricted range, being found only on the northwestern parts of the Pichincha volcano. It is critically endangered.

References 

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Giant octopus

The Giant octopus is Enteroctopus, and one of its species is the largest octopus. There are four species: the North Pacific Giant Octopus (E. dofleini), the Southern Giant Octopus (Enteroctopus magnificus), E. megalocyathus, and E. zealandicus.

Overview 
The only member of this genus that deserves the common name "Giant octopus" is Enteroctopus dofleini. This holds the record of being the world's largest octopus: direct measurements were made of a live 71 kg (156.5 lb) individual. This octopus had a total length near to 4 m (13 ft). 

The remaining members of the genus are much smaller. E. megalocyathus has an average weight of 4 kg and a total length of 1 m. E. magnificus has a total length of around 1.5 m.

References 

Cephalopods
Kia Joice

The Kia Joice was a car produced by Kia Motors between 1999-2003. Was based on the Hyundai Santamo's platform.

Joice
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Antacid

Antacids (or indigestion tablets) are used to help stop indigestion. People may get indigestion if they eat too much or if they have eaten too fast. With indigestion, the liquid in the stomach will become more acidic. Antacids will neutralise the acids. The reaction that is happening is called neutralisation. This is because the tablets are alkaline and the liquids in the stomach are acidic.

This reaction between the stomach acids and the antacid will make the acid change into harmless substances such as water or salt.

An example of an antacid is milk of magnesia. 

Side effects from taking antacids are rare, but can include both constipation and diarrhea. They are also high in sodium so people with a heart condition on a low salt diet should ask their doctor before taking them.

References

Drugs
Down and Out in Paris and London

Down and Out in Paris and London is a written exposé. It was written by George Orwell. 

Its target audience was the middle and upper class members of society. It exposes the poverty existing in two prosperous cities: Paris and London. 

The author talks about his time working as a pleunger (lowest possible position) in a Paris hotel and describes the hard life that is lived by thousands of Parisians. In London he is promised work, but the work is not there so he has to travel from homeless shelter to homeless shelter everyday with a group of homeless people.

References

English literature
Books by George Orwell
3rd millennium

The 3rd millennium started on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 3000.

Events
By 2070, 1 to 3 billion people could be living in extreme heat because of climate change.

References

3rd millennium
Millennia
Century leap year

In the Gregorian calendar, a century leap year is a year that is exactly divisible by 400. Like all other leap years, these years have February 29. If a year is divisible by 100 but not 400, it is a common year (not a leap year). For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were century leap years; the century years 1700, 1800, 1900 were common years, so will 2100, 2200, and 2300, despite being divisible by 4. The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400.  Century leap years always begin on a Saturday, and February 29 always falls on a Tuesday. 

The start days of exceptional common years (century years not evenly divisible by 400) also varies; the century year begins on a Friday if the remainder obtained by dividing it by 400 is 100, Wednesday if the remainder is 200, and Monday if the remainder is 300.

The Gregorian calendar more accurately tracks Earth's revolution around the Sun, more so than the older Julian calendar, in which every fourth year (including end-of-century years) is a leap year.  Because of this, the Julian calendar began to gradually drift with respect to the four seasons.  Each season has been occurring earlier and earlier over time.  Therefore when the Gregorian calendar was created in 1582, it eliminated this problem by specifying that end-of-century years are only leap years if divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 was the first end-of-century year that was not a leap year.

References 

Years
Calendars

sv:Sekelskottår
Plywood

Plywood is a manufactured wood which is made by gluing several thin sheets of wood together with the grain alternately running along the sheet then across it. 

The veneer is usually about 3 millimetres thick for each layer.  Interior layers of these boards are usually made from an inexpensive wood while the outer veneer layers are made from more expensive timber to give the board a nice wood grain appearance.  The glued layers are heated together to make the seal become better bonded. 

A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinking and changing shape.  It is cheaper and stronger than most plain woods.

It is used to make a range of things from sheds, to cladding to cabinets. It is graded on the quality, from class A to class D, A being the best quality and D being the worst quality.

Different kinds of plywood are made for different purposes. Marine plywood, for example, is especially resistant to water. There is a world-wide industry making plywood for structural purposes. IKEA is well-known for using mostly plywood and chipboard in their indoor and outdoor furniture products.
 

Wood
Materials
Plastid

A plastid is a self-reproducing organelle of plants and algae. A plastome is the DNA genome of a plastid.p341 They are like tiny machines inside cells: each makes or stores important chemicals used by the plant. 

Examples of plastids are: 
 Chloroplasts: photosynthesis; other plastids may have developed from chloroplasts. Etioplasts are chloroplasts which have not been exposed to light.
 Chromoplasts: pigment synthesis and storage. 
 Leucoplasts: colourless, make terpenes such as resin. Sometimes they develop into more specialized types of plastid:
 Amyloplasts: starch storage
 Elaioplasts: fat storage.
 Proteinoplasts: store & modify protein.
 Statoliths: detect gravity.

Plastids in algae
Plastids in algae and hornworts  may differ from plant plastids. In algae, the term "leucoplast" is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants. 

Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a cell wall, similar to that of prokaryotes. Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts which allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 metres.

Genetics and evolution 
Plastids are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. In endosymbiont theory, plastids originated as cyanobacteria. This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905. Schimper in 1883 had said chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria. 

Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria also derive from symbiosis, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. The chloroplast is surrounded by a double-layered composite membrane with an intermembrane space; further, it has reticulations, or many infoldings, filling the inner spaces. The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis.

References 

Botany
Organelles
DNA
Mixotroph

A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. Usually this means that it may be either autotroph or heterotroph at different times in its life. Also possible are alternations between photo- and chemotrophy, or between litho- and organotrophy. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.

References 

Ecology
Biology
Reddish Hermit

The reddish hermit (Phaethornis ruber) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and in the Guianas. The reddish hermit is 7.5 cm in length, which makes it one of the smallest hermits. Its natural habitats are forest and woodland, mostly humid.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Gray-tailed mountain-gem

The gray-tailed mountain-gem (Lampornis cinereicauda) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in the mountains of southern Costa Rica from the Cordillera de Talamanca southward to the border with Panama. 

Male gray-tailed mountain-gems have iridescent emerald green with a thouch of a bronzy brown mixed in. It has a gray tail, a bright blue-green forehead and top of the head, and a bright white throat next to iridescent blue-green on the upper belly. Both male and female have a straight, thin, black bill, a white stripe behind the eye, and blackish wings. 

The female gray-tailed mountain-gem are colored quite different then the male. They have an iridescent bronzy emerald green from the forehead, all the way to the tail, covering the whole backside. Their whole front side is a tan-orange color, all the way from the chin, to the lower belly; and a white-tipped, green tail, completes the coloring of the female.

Birds of Central America
Hummingbirds
Saturdays of Thunder

"Saturdays of Thunder" is the ninth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox Network in the United States on November 14, 1991.

Story 
In this episode, Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and realizes that he knows nothing about Bart. He tries to be a better father and learns that Bart is entering in a "Soap Box Derby." Homer and Bart make a racer together, however it is not very good, and Bart decides to drive Martin's much nicer racer instead. Homer is at first sad, but decides that he must be a good father and support Bart.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Flaming Moe's

"Flaming Moe's" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on November 21, 1991. In this episode, Homer tells Moe Szyslak of a secret alcoholic cocktail that has cough syrup and fire that he calls "Flaming Homer". Moe steals the recipe from Homer, and renames the drink the "Flaming Moe" and begins selling it at his tavern. The drink is a success and boosts business, but Homer is angry at Moe for his greediness, and seeks revenge.

References

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Rufous-crested Coquette

The rufous-crested coquette (Lophornis delattrei) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.

Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Black metaltail

The black metaltail (Metallura phoebe) is a species of hummingbird. It can be found in Bolivia and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.

References 
 BirdLife International 2004.  Metallura phoebe.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Jonagold

A Jonagold is a kind of apple, a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Jonathan. They form a large sweet fruit with thin skin.

Apples
South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)

South Shields is a borough constituency that is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Boundaries
Currently, this constituency contains the areas of South Shields in South Tyneside in Tyne and wear. Changes to the boundary that are to be in place for the next election will bring Whitburn into the constituency from neighbouring Jarrow.

Constituencies in the United Kingdom
Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk

"Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk" is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons third season. The name is in a grammatically incorrect form; it should be called "Burns verkauft das Kraftwerk". The episode first started on December 5, 1991. In this episode, Mr. Burns, who is sad because he wishes to pursue many interests, decides to sell the power plant to two German investors for "100 million dollars." Homer's incompetence quickly gets him fired by the Germans. Meanwhile, Mr. Burns has lost all his respectability because he can no longer control anyone. As a result, he decides to buy back the plant. Because the power plant has been so costly to maintain, the Germans decide to sell the power plant back to Burns for 50 million dollars. Determined to keep his enemies close at hand, Burns rehires Homer, and all is back to normal.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Interval (mathematics)

In mathematics, an interval is a group of numbers that includes all numbers between the beginning and the end. Numbers that are larger than the beginning number and smaller than the end number are inside the interval, and numbers that are smaller than the beginning number or larger than the end number are not in the interval. The beginning number and end number may or may not be inside the interval. An example of an interval might be from 3.3 to 15. Here, numbers such as 4, 8, 9.5, 14, and even 14.999 are inside this interval. Numbers such as -4, 2, 3.2, 20, and 15.000001 are not inside this interval.

To write an interval, write either a square bracket ( [ ) or a parenthesis ( ( ), the beginning number, a comma ( , ), the end number, and either a closing square bracket ( ] ) or a closing parenthesis ( ) ).  Examples of intervals are (4, 9.6), [-100, 100], [-30, -4).

Different kinds of intervals 

Intervals can be separated by how they act at their ends.  Intervals can be closed, open, or mixed.

Closed Intervals 
An interval that is closed also includes the beginning and the end, and generally takes the form of . A closed interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5.4 as the end would include 3, 5.4, and every number between 3 and 5.4. To write a closed interval, use square brackets ( [ and ] ).  An example of an closed interval is [136, 450].

Open Intervals 
An interval that is open does not include the beginning or the end, and generally takes the form of . An open interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5 as the end would include every number between 3 and 5, but it would not include 3 or 5. To write an open interval, use parentheses ( ( and ) ). An example of an open interval is (2, 5).

Mixed Intervals 
A mixed interval is open at one end and closed at the other end, and generally takes the form of  (right-open interval) or  (left-open interval). This means that the interval may include the beginning but not the end, or it may include the end but not the beginning. For example, the interval [9, 23) would include 9, but it would not include 23.

Related pages
 Affine arithmetic
 Interval arithmetic

References 

Mathematics
Actinobacteria

The Actinobacteria are a group of gram-positive bacteria. Most are found in the soil. They include some of the most common soil life, playing important roles in decomposition and humus formation. 

Some, like Streptomyces, were originally classified as fungi, because they form branching filaments like hyphae. All Actinobacteria are aerobic. A few forms are pathogens, such as Mycobacterium. Some are thermophilic.

Gram-positive bacteria
Oracle Database

Oracle database is a relational database management system that is made by the Oracle Corporation.

Oracle Corporation
Graphiurus

The African dormouse, Graphiurus,  is a genus of dormouse that lives throughout sub-Saharan Africa in different habitats.  They are good at climbing. They have bushy tails.  They eat invertebrates and small vertebrates.

Species
 Graphiurus angolensis - Angolan African dormouse
 Graphiurus christyi - Christy's dormouse
 Graphiurus crassicaudatus - Jentink's dormouse
 Graphiurus johnstoni - Jouhnston's African dormouse
 Graphiurus kelleni - Kellen's dormouse
 Graphiurus lorraineus - Lorrain dormouse
 Graphiurus microtis - Small-eared dormouse
 Graphiurus monardi - Monard's dormouse
 Graphiurus murinus - Woodland dormouse
 Graphiurus nagtglasii - Nagtglas's African dormouse
 Graphiurus ocularis - Spectacled dormouse
 Graphiurus platyops - Rock dormouse
 Graphiurus rupicola - Stone dormouse
 Graphiurus surdus - Silent dormouse
 Graphiurus walterverheyeni

Gallery

References
Angolan African dormouse

The Angolan African dormouse (Graphiurus angolensis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) Angola. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

References
 Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus angolensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Christy's dormouse

Christy's dormouse (Graphiurus christyi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References
 Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2008.  Graphiurus christyi .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 18 August 2009.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Jentink's dormouse

Jentink's dormouse (Graphiurus crassicaudatus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo. It is also sometimes found in Benin, Equatorial Guinea and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References
 Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus crassicaudatus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Johnston's African dormouse

The Johnston's African dormouse (Graphiurus johnstoni) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus johnstoni.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
Kellen's dormouse

Kellen's dormouse (Graphiurus kelleni) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist and dry savanna.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2008.  Graphiurus kelleni .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 18 August 2009.

Graphiurus
Lorrain dormouse

The Lorrain Dormouse (Graphiurus lorraineus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, and plantations .

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus lorraineus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
Monard's dormouse

Monard's dormouse (Graphiurus monardi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and possibly Zambia. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus monardi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
Woodland dormouse

The woodland dormouse (Graphiurus murinus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) South Africa.  It is also known as the African dwarf dormouse, the African pygmy dormouse or the Micro squirrel. They are sometimes kept as pets, but they are harder to look after than other pet rodents.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.

References

 Baxter, R. 2004.  Graphiurus murinus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest

Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784 – 4 June 1838) was a French zoologist and author. He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest.

Desmarest published Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers (1805), Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés (1825), Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères. Paris: Veuve Agasse(1820), and Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (1816–30, with André Marie Constant Duméril). His son Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was also a zoologist.

French zoologists
1784 births
1838 deaths
Nicolas Desmarest

Nicolas Desmarest (16 September 1725 – 20 September 1815) was a French geologist.

Desmarest was born at Soulaines in the department of Aube in France. He was educated at the college of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris. While doing this, he earned money by teaching, to pay for his education. 

Buffon's Theory of the Earth interested him, and in 1753 he won a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France. A lot of people were interested in this. He was given job studying and reporting on manufacturing in different countries. In 1788 he became inspector-general of the industries of France.

Demarest travelled around on foot to learn more about the Earth's structure. In 1763 he noticed that the basalt rocks in Auvergne were old lava streams. He noticed that they were similar to the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. He knew that they were evidence of the operations of old volcanoes which were no longer active. 

In 1774 he published an essay on the subject (with a geological map) after visiting the area a few times. He then discussed the changes that the rocks had gone through because of weathering and erosion. This was the first time that anyone had talked about valleys being made because streams which flowed through them eroding the rocks.

He died in Paris in 1815. In 1823 his son Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest published a new and better edition of his map.

References 
 

French geologists
1725 births
1815 deaths
Eugène Desmarest

Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was a French zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1734–1838).

Works
Partial list:
  In: Jean-Charles Chenu, . Marescq et Compagnie, Paris. v.18, p. 123– 181 (1860).
 . In: J–C. Chenu. v. 19, p. 1– 360 + 1– 62 (1874)

References

Other websites
BHL Encyclopédie d'histoire naturelle Scanned book

French zoologists
1816 births
1889 deaths
Nagtglas's African dormouse

The Nagtglas's African dormouse (Graphiurus nagtglasii) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and sometimes in Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References
 Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus nagtglasii .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Clergyman

A clergyman is an ordained minister of the Anglican Church, or of some other Protestant churches. 'Vicar' and 'pastor' are other possibilities. 'Rector' is used in some Scottish Presbyterian churches. 'The clergy' is often used as a group term. The word 'cleric', meaning a clerk, is the root term. It comes from the fact that all clerics could read and write, at a time when this was a rare skill.

By general use and convention, Anglican ministers are not called priests. This is because the unqualified term 'priest' or 'father' is widely used as referring to the Catholic Church. Of course, in modern times an Anglican minister may be female, in which case the term 'reverend' or 'minister' may be used.

Related pages 

 Clergy

Christian religious occupations