cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Azuki bean

The azuki bean is a type of reddish-brown colored bean. It can also be spelled adzuki. The bean is grown in East Asia and the Himalayas. It is often boiled in sugar to make a red bean paste. This paste is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking. Azuki beans are eaten in many places in the world.  Especially, azuki beans are used in sweet meals, snacks and dishes in Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam. Azuki beans have a long and varied history and there are many recipes.

History and origin 

Azuki beans are very famous red beans in Japan.  Excavations suggest that people have been eating Azuki beans since the Jomon period.  At that time, Azuki beans were called "shozu". 

Azuki beans have been grown since the Yayoi  period.  The first time the word "Azuki" was used was in the book "Koziki".  Old Japanese said "Aka" for red.  And Azuki beans were called "zuki" because  Azuki beans get soft when they are boiled.  "Aka" plus "zuki" is "Azuki" and this is the origin of Azuki bean's name.  Another Azuki beans has many origins.

Azuki beans are red, so many old people believed Azuki beans were a good luck charm. Azuki beans were used in many events and ceremonies in Japan, China and Korea.  In the Edo period, people made rice mixed with Azuki         
beans.  This was called sekihan and many people gave sekihan at ceremonies. Azuki beans were used as medicine, because Azuki beans are nutritious.  Now many people eat sekihan when there are ceremonies in Japan. In addition Azuki beans are used in many Japanese cakes, Many sweets use Azuki raw materials for the taste and colour.  So Azuki beans are closely related to Japanese life from ancient times.

Azuki bean jam
Azuki beans make bean jam. A sweet porridge of boiled and crushed azuki beans are eaten with rice-flour dumplings. Oval-shaped sweets are made from glutinous rice and covered with azuki bean. Bean-jam pancakes and bean-jam filled buns are also popular snacks. Azuki beans are also used in pillows and beanbags.

Recipe 
First, the azuki beans are boiled until the azuki skin stretches. The beans are then put into a perforated basket. Next, the azuki are boiled again for a short time to remove harshness. They are again put into perforated basket to drain. While they are draining, a big pan for steaming is prepared. The azuki are put in the pan and covered with a lid. The azuki beans are steamed and then heat is turned off. After steaming you have azuki bean mash, which is then dried on a cloth. The next step is putting them back in a pan to bring to a hot temperature. The azuki are taken out of the pan which is hot from flame. Sugar is added.  The sugar and azuki are mixed and the water from the azuki is left. Finally, the azuki is cooled. When the beans are cold, it is finished.

Azuki bean jam is used in many foods. For example, a fish-shaped waffle is filled with azuki bean jam. Azuki bean jam foods are famous in Japan, and they are eaten by many Japanese.

Beans
Faboideae
Jalapeño

The jalapeño is a type of Mexican  pepper. It is related to the family of the Chili pepper. It is pronounced hala-PAYN-nyo or hala-PEE-nyo. It is a reasonably spicy pepper.

A chipotle is a smoked, dried jalapeño.

Other websites 

 http://img.tfd.com/hm/prons/J0011550.wav - audio pronunciation
 http://www.chili-pepper-plants.com/html/medium_peppers.html

Capsicum
Gooseberry

The gooseberry is a type of fruit. It has a greenish color. It looks like an ungrown clementine. It belongs to the same family as the currant. Gooseberries are sometimes informally called goosegogs in the British Isles.

Berries
Ribes
Punt (boat)

A punt is a flat boat with a broad front. It is designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. Punting means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed (the bottom of the river) and this gives the punt a way to move.

Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms. They were for shooting at birds and fishing. In modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England. There are also races at summer regattas on the Thames.

Punt poles 

Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12–16 feet (4–5 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.

The bottom of the pole has a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end. The shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.

Other websites

Clubs
 Thames Valley Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018
 Sunbury Regatta, retrieved November 2018
 Wraysbury Skiff and Punting Club, retrieved November 2018
 Dittons Skiff & Punting Club, retrieved November 2018
 The Skiff Club, retrieved November 2018

Punting stations
 Cherwell Boathouse, Oxford, retrieved November 2018
 Scudamore's Punting, Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Rutherford's Punting Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Punting on the Thames, retrieved November 2018

Further information
 A Thames Library, retrieved November 2018
 A detailed non-commercial guide to punting (and other boating) on the Thames, retrieved November 2018
 The Scudamore's guide to punting in Cambridge, retrieved November 2018
 Daily Info guide to punting in Oxford, retrieved November 2018

Punting around the world
 In Christchurch, New Zealand
 In Tübingen, Germany
 In the Spreewald in Germany
 On the Mutha River, India
 On the Marais Poitevin, France
 In Botswana

Boats
Filter (internet)

A filter is a website feature that removes some kinds of content.  This can be to stop the user viewing the unwanted content.  It can also be to stop the user posting content the site does not want.  Internet filters most often work by stopping certain words being used.  Filters to stop other content, such as certain kinds of pictures, can also be used.  A filter can be used to only stop a certain kind of user seeing the content, children for example.

Where filters are used

Filters are very common in e-mail systems.  Online games, usually children's games, sometimes have filters. Wikis have filters, too.

In the USA, there is a filter used with TV called the V-chip. Sometimes parents use it when they want to control what their children are allowed to watch.

Things filtered

The items that a filter might be used to remove can include:

Swear words
Pictures about Pornography
Threats
Violence
A certain topic, religion for example

Internet
Online and offline

"Online" and "offline" are terms used in telecommunications. If a computer or a user is connected to the Internet, it is said to be "online". A website, for example, is online, because it is on the Internet.

If something is not online, it is said to be "offline". If a system is offline, it is in a disconnected state.

Online can also mean that something is set up correctly and ready to what it is supposed to do. For example:

 A computer printer is online if it has electricity, is turned on, is connected to the computer and has paper in it. Once each of those things is true, then the printer is online and ready to print. 
 A government program is online when it has the equipment and people it needs to do whatever job it was created to do.

References

Related pages 

Computer networking
Online game
Online jobs

Internet
High School Musical

High School Musical is a 2006 Disney television movie, starring Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is High School Musical 2.

The story is set in New Mexico. It is about two high school students, Troy Bolton, who is captain of his school's basketball team, and Gabriella Montez, a shy new student who is good in mathematics and science. Together, they try out for the lead parts in their high school musical. Despite other students' attempts to foil their dreams, Troy and Gabriella persist and inspire others along the way. They also make new friends.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 
 High School Musical news

2006 comedy-drama movies
2000s musical movies
2000s television movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American musical movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American television movies
English-language movies
 
Movies directed by Kenny Ortega
Movies set in New Mexico
Alex Trebek

George Alexander "Alex" Trebek  (July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American television game show host. He hosted Jeopardy! from 1984 until his death in 2020. He was born in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1998. In 2011, he snapped his achilles tendon while trying to stop a thief trying to rob his San Francisco hotel room.

In March 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He died from the disease one year later on November 8, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 80.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 Arthur - Alex Lebek
 Family Guy - Himself
 Rugrats - Alan Quebec
 The Magic School Bus - Announcer
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - Himself
 The Simpsons - Himself

References

Other websites

 

1940 births
2020 deaths
American game show hosts
Canadian television presenters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Order of Canada
People from Ontario
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Jeopardy!
Ugli fruit

An ugli is a type of citrus fruit. It is related to the lemon family. It started to grow quickly all across Jamaica over 80 years ago and was quickly discovered by the natives there. It became popularly known, but it did not have a name. The natives on Jamaica named it the ugli fruit because of its ugly appearance. It was shipped to the United States and South America on cargo ships and after it arrived in the Americas, its popularity only grew. The original fruit is believed to have been a hybrid formed from the Seville orange, the grapefruit, and the tangerine families.

Other websites 
Ugli(R) official web site
5 recipes with Ugli fruits
Health benefits from eating Ugli fruits

Citrus
Duralumin

Duralumin is an alloy made up of 90% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5–1% magnesium, and less than 1% manganese.
It is an extremely hard alloy that is used, for example, in vehicle armour in the defense industry.

Other website 
Armor-plating composite

Metals

fr:Alliages d'aluminium pour corroyage#Série 2000 (aluminium cuivre)
Mango

A mango is a type of fruit. The mango tree is native to South Asia, from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropics. It is harvested in the month of March (summer season) until the end of May. 

Pakistan and India share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as Langra, Dusshera, Chausa, Tota, Safadi. Alphonso mangoes can be found in various parts of  western India.

These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of Nigeria, Akwa Ibom. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes.

Mango trees 

The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its wood. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects. The wood is used for musical instruments such as Ukeleles, plywood and low-cost furniture. The wood is also known to produce phenolic substances that can cause dermatitis. It was the state tree of Junagadh State.

References 

Plants of Asia
Tropical fruit
Sapindales
National symbols of Pakistan
National symbols of India
Janne Da Arc

is a Japanese rock band from Hirakata, Osaka. The visual kei band's name is sometimes shortened to "Janne" (ジャンヌ) or "JDA".

History
Janne Da Arc formed on May 9, 1996. In early time, they put on make-up like X Japan. Its members are vocalist Yasu, guitarist You, bassist Ka-Yu, keyboardist Kiyo and drummer Shuji.  The origin of the band name is a character of Japanese comic, "Devilman".

Fans were called "Darcar" in the days of the early days. Now they are called "Janner".

Their song "Gettkouka" was used as the opening music for the cartoon Black Jack on television, so this song is famous.

Janne Da Arc stopped making music in 2006. Yasu formed a new band, Acid Black Cherry.

Members
 yasu (Yasunori Hayashi ), singer, born January 27, 1975 in Hirakata, Osaka. When he was in junior high school, he started an X Japan cover band with You and Ka-Yu. This was his first band. In 2007, Janne Da Arc stopped performing, and Yasu started his solo project, Acid Black Cherry.
 you (Yutaka Tsuda), guitarist, born July 24, 1974 in Kobe.
 ka-yu (Kazuyuki Matsumoto), bass player, born January 21, 1975 in Hirakata, Osaka. In 2010 he started a new project called DAMIJAW.
kiyo (Masanobu Kiyose), keyboard player, born June 27, 1974 in Hirakata, Osaka.
shuji (Shuji Suematsu), drummer, born November 21, 1974 in Kobe.

Discography

Singles
 "Red Zone" (1999)
 "Lunatic Gate" (1999)
 "EDEN" (2000)
 "Heaven's Place/Vanity" (2000)
 "will" (2000)
 "Mysterious" (2000)
 "Dry?" (2001)
 "NEO VENUS" (2001)
 "seed" (2001)
 "shirubia" (シルビア) (2001)
 "feel the wind" (2001)
 "Shining ray" (2002)
 "marianotsumeato" (マリアの爪痕) (2002)
 "kasumiyukusorasenishite" (霞みゆく空背にして) (2003)
 "Rainy" (2003)
 "uetataiyou" (飢えた太陽） (2003)
 "FREEDOM" (2004)
 "Kiss Me" (2004)
 "DOLLS" (2004)
 "ROMANCE" (2004)
 "BLACK JACK" (2004)
 "Love is here" (2004)
 "Gettukouka" (月光花) (2005)
 "Diamond vergin" (ダイアモンド　ヴァージン) (2005)
 "Hurimukeba/ Destination" (振り向けば) (2006)
 "HEAVEN/Mevius" (メビウス) (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Janne Da Arc website 
 AvexTrax Janne Da Arc website  

Japanese musical groups
Visual kei bands
People from Osaka Prefecture
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Japan
Star Trek: Voyager

Star Trek: Voyager was the fourth television series based in the Star Trek universe. It features a starship, Voyager, lost on the other side of the galaxy. It also has the first important female ship's captain.

Cast 

 
Television spin-offs
UPN network shows
English-language television programs
Speed limit

A speed limit is a legal limit on how fast a road vehicle can be driven. Some roads also have a minimum speed limit, which is how slow a vehicle is allowed to travel.

Reasons

Safety 
Reducing speed reduces the number of accidents by giving more time to the driver to manage their vehicle. Reduces the consequences of an accident by reducing the energy involved in that crash.

Climate and environment 
Because the emission of air pollutants increases disproportionately with increasing speed, speed limits are used to protect the climate and the environment. They are also used to reduce noise pollution.

Traffic flow 
Minimizing the speed differences in traffic leads to more consistent speeds, which increases road capacity and reduces the risk of congestion. This improves the flow of traffic.

Due to the lower probability and severity of accidents, there are also fewer accident-related closures with a speed limit.

Driving situation 
Speed limits are also used because they can create a more relaxed atmosphere for drivers.

Speed limits in different countries 

In the UK, the speed limit in towns is usually 30 miles per hour, which is about 50 km/h, and the speed limit on dual carriageways and motorways is usually 70 miles per hour, which is about 105 km/h. In France, the speed limit on motorways is usually 130 kilometres per hour, which is about 80 miles per hour. Also, in the United States, most highways are from 65 to 70 miles per hour, and freeways are from 55 to 80 miles per hour. In Canada, the speed limit is usually about 100 km/h. In Australia the speed limit on freeways, highways and rural roads is between 100 and 130 kilometres per hour, and in towns and cities between 40 and 60 km/h but can go up to 90 km/h.

Nowadays, in the European Union, speed limits may vary from country to country or from region to region. Typical speed limits are 130 km/h or 120 km/h on rural motorways, between 80 and 100 km/h for rural roads, 70 km/h on point requiring a reduced speed, 50 km/h in main urban roads, and 30 km/h on residential urban areas.

Germany does not have a general speed limit for its motorways, but a recommended speed (Richtgeschwindigkeit) of 130 km/h. Sometimes, there are also variable or temporary speed limits.

However, most Germans want a speed limit.

There are also many organizations that support a speed limit in Germany like Deutscher Verkehrssicherheitsrat, Auto Club Europa, Verkehrsclub Deutschland, Deutsche Umwelthilfe, Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Greenpeace, World Wide Fund for Nature, Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen, Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH, Gewerkschaft der Polizei, Deutscher Ärztetag, Umweltbundesamt and Evangelische Kirche in Mitteldeutschland.

Other websites
Wikispeedia.org

References

Road transport
Law
West Africa

West Africa or Western Africa is the west part of Africa. According to the United Nations (UN), West Africa has seventeen countries:

 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cape Verde
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Gambia
 Ghana

 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Morocco

 Niger
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo

Regions of Africa
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is the most successful Formula One race car driver of the year. The award is given by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the driver who scores the most points during a season.

The WDC was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe "Nino" Farina. The first driver to win more than one Championship was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953. The latest driver awarded the championship is called the reigning or defending champion. As of the end of the 2021 Formula One season, the reigning champion is Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing.

The FIA does not officially award the Championship until the end of the season. Sometimes one driver will be far ahead of the other drivers in points. Even if the leading driver scores no more points, none of the other drivers could pass his point total. When this happens, the driver is said to have clinched the Championship.

Champions

By season 

Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since ).

 The  and  championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
 Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
 Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
 Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the  season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

By driver

By country

By constructor 

Constructors still active in Formula One are in bold.

Records

Youngest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Oldest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Most Drivers' Championships won in a row 

Active drivers are in bold.

Related pages
 List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
 Formula One World Championship scoring system

References 

 GrandPrix.com - Grand Prix Encyclopedia 
 Formula1.com - Hall of Fame
 ChicaneF1 - Drivers' Championships 
 Formula 1 Championships
 

Lists of sportspeople
Henry I the Fowler

Henry I the Fowler (German: Heinrich der Finkler or Heinrich der Vogler; Latin: Henricius Auceps) (876–2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and king of the Germans from 919 until his death. He was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and therefore he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, that was known until then as East Francia. As he was an eager hunter, he was called "the Fowler" (someone who hunts wildfowl) because it was said he was fixing birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.

Notes 

876 births
936 deaths

Kings and Queens in Germany
Ottonian dynasty
Propeller

A propeller makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick.  The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.

Other websites 

Aircraft-Info.net - Propeller Aircraft 
Titanic's Propellers

Tools
Aviation
Shelter

A shelter is a place where someone or something is put in or goes to be kept safe or hidden. It can also be any place where people live that "shelters" (protects) them from any danger such as the weather.

There are different kinds of shelters and they are for used for different reasons.
Picnic Shelters
Women's Shelters
Men's Shelter
Animal Shelters
Homeless shelter
Political Shelters
Religious Shelters
Shelters from War.
Shelters from disasters or emergencies.

Currently, Women's Shelters are found around the United States, United Kingdom, and many other First World countries.  In these places, women are there to hide or are running away from abusive or dangerous situations. In these shelters, they are given food and a place to stay for an amount of time (usually 1-3 months at a time).  They are put into a support group and given a temporary counselor.  There is a high success rate in this type of place.  

Sociology
Buildings and structures
Zaiger's Genetics

Zaiger's Genetics is an American company that breeds fruit trees. They are in Modesto, California. They have created fruits such as the Aprium (apricot and plum), the Nectarcot (nectarine and apricot), Peacotum (peach, apricot and plum) and the pluot (plum and apricot).

They are dedicated to improving fruit worldwide.

In 2009 Floyd Zaiger was named one of the "top ten most creative people in food" by Fast Company.

Zaiger's Genetics gives fruit tours to commercial growers every Wednesday. An article in Western Fruit Grower titled "Wednesdays With Floyd" described a typical Wednesday with the Zaiger family.

References

Other websites
Family story 

Companies based in California
Agriculture
Ume

An ume (Prunus mume) is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called "ume" in Chinese.

A lot of people have painted pictures of ume. It is often painted with bamboo next to it.

References

Rosaceae
Plums
Ya pear

The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These pears are very crunchy, juicy, and fragrant. They have a skin that is pale white to light yellow, and the inside is white.

Ya pears are sold everywhere in China, and can also be found in shops outside China. Outside China, they are often called Asian pears or Chinese pears.

Rosaceae
Pears
D'Anjou

D'Anjou (also known as the poire d'Anjou or Beurré d'Anjou) is a type fruit in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of pear that first came from Anjou,France. D'Anjou pears usually cost less than other types of pears, but are not as sweet. There are two main varieties of D'Anjou:

Green Anjou has a green skin that may turn yellow as the pear ripens.
Red Anjou has a red skin that darkens as it ripens.

Rosaceae
Pears
Roseraie de L'Haÿ

Roseraie du Val-de-Marne is a garden of roses. It was created in 1894 in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Val-de-Marne, France. It is said to be the first garden created only for roses.

Roseraie du Val-de-Marne has 13,100 rose bushes of 3200 different kinds of roses. The garden has modern French and foreign roses on one side, the formal rose garden with a reflecting pool in the center, and the old garden roses and classic roses on the other side.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 
 Roseraie du Val-de-Marne Website
 Arena Roses website with photos
 Town council website for Roseraie de L'Haÿ  

Botanical gardens in Europe
Buildings and structures in France
Île-de-France
Monochrome

Monochrome comes from the two Greek words mono (meaning "one") and chroma (meaning "surface" or "the colour of the skin"). If something is monochromatic, it only has a single color. 

In physics, the word is used when talking about electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength. 

For an image, the term monochrome usually means the same as black-and-white or grayscale. It may also be used when talking about other combinations that only have two colors, for example, green-and-white or green-and-black. In computing, monochrome has two meanings:

It may mean having only one color which is either on or off.  If it also has shades of that color, then it is called grayscale.
A monochrome computer monitor can only show a single color, often green, amber, red or white. It can often also show shades of that color.

Color

fr:Monochromatique
pt:Luz monocromática
Semitone

A semitone 
(British English) (also called a half step or a half tone) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.

A whole tone means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.

This is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard.  The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).

To go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.

To go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.

To go from a C to a D is a tone.

An octave is divided into twelve semitones.  These semitones are exactly equal in size.

Related pages
Scale (music)
Interval (music)
Circle of fifths 
Chromaticism

References

Further reading
Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 2001.  .
Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978. .

Music theory
Malvern, Worcestershire

Malvern is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills, and was the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar.

Other websites 
Malvern Gazette Local Malvern weekly newspaper
Malvern Hills District Council
Worcestershire County Council  
Malvern Museum
Biking in Malvern 
Malvern Linux Users Group
Malvern Fringe Festival 

Towns in Worcestershire
Airfoil

An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing, or blade of a propeller, the blade of a ship's screw or the shape of a sail as seen in cross-section. When moving through a fluid it will provide lift and drag. Lift is not only up, it may be in other directions depending on what it is used for. 

Mechanics
Aviation
Tools
Silly Putty

Silly Putty (originally called nutty putty) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by Binney & Smith Inc.. It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.

Description
Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids.

Other websites 
 Explanations from the Official Website of Silly Putty
 Full story at MIT's Invention Dimension: Silly Putty page
 Various scientific experiments done with Silicone Putty
 American Chemical Society "What's that stuff?" page about Silly Putty
 Dropping a 50lb beach ball-sized sphere of Silly Putty off a parking garage (pics and video) 

Toys
.htaccess

.htaccess is a type of computer file for the configuring of some web servers. .htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages, or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures, also known as hot-linking to their own sites, costing the website owner bandwidth and therefore money.

Preventing direct or Hot-linking 
A .htaccess file is put onto the website, so that people will not be able to go onto the URL of the image (picture) (example: www.website.com/image.filetype). Owners can replace this picture, after they upload the file, with a message, or it can be made to redirect to an error page.

Examples of .htaccess being used

MediaWiki 
By default, MediaWiki uses http://www.example.org/index.php/Main_Page type of URL to display the main page. But by changing the .htaccess and LocalSettings.php, it can display URLs like http://www.example.org/wiki/Main_Page so that it will look nicer (like Wikipedia).

Wordpress 
By default, all posts made in Wordpress uses http://www.example.org/?p=123 to display posts. But it can be changed into URLs like http://www.example.org/2010/06/postname in .htaccess and the permalink setting in the site admin of that blog.

References 

Internet
Mount Adams (Washington)

Mount Adams is the second-highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is a volcano in the Cascade Range.  Adams is located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount St. Helens.

Other websites 
  USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
 Backpacking information at FreeTrails.org 
 U.S. Forest Service page

Volcanoes of Washington (U.S. state)
Twin

Twins are (including human) offspring that are born 

Human twins are two people that shared the during a single pregnancy, and one is normally born quickly after the first. Because of the size of the uterus,

Types of twins
There are 2 types of twins. They are:

Fraternal twins 
Fraternal twins are also known as "non-identical twins" or dizygotic twins. They happen when two ova are released from the ovary at the same time, and each is fertilized by a different sperm. This results in the birth of fraternal twins. They can be of different sexes. Genetically, they are no more similar than any two siblings.

Identical twins 

Identical twins or monozygotic twins: A single ovum is fertilized to form one zygote. This zygote later splits, and each half of the zygote becomes a twin. The twins have the same genes.

Variations 
There are five variations of twinning that occur commonly. The frequency varies in different populations. The three most common variations are all fraternal, meaning the two twins are not from the same egg: 
(1) male-female twins are the most common result, at about 41% of all twins born; 
(2) female fraternal twins (sometimes called sororal twins), about 20%; 
(3) male fraternal twins, about 19%. 
The last two variations are identical twins, which means they come from one single egg that split later: 
(4) female identical twins (about 10%) and 
(5) (least common) male identical twins (about 10%).

Other animals
Twinning is common in many other species, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets. Twinning occurs in cattle about 1-4% of the time, and research is being done to improve the chances of twins being born. If an animal has twins it can be more profitable for the breeder, especially if there is a smaller chance of miscarriage.

References 

Biological reproduction
Jambul

Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang or Jambhul जांभुळ (मराठी)(Syzgium cumini), Kaalo Jaam (Bangla) Naavar Pazham (Tamil) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It is also grown in other areas of southern Asia including Myanmar, Nepal and Afghanistan.  The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname.  In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation, it has spread out in the wild in some places, as many native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits.  The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blueberry , jambol, doowet, jambolan and jambolão. Scientific synonyms include Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini and Eugenia jambolana.

A fairly fast growing species, it can grow as high as 30 metres, and can live more than 100 years.  Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value.  The wood is strong and water resistant.  Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.

The Jamun tree starts flowering in March-April. The fragrant flowers of Jamun are small, nearly 5 millimetres in diameter.  This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry. The berry is oblong and ovoid.  It is green when just appearing, pink when as it matures, and shining crimson black when fully ripe.  Another variety comes in white and some people say that it can be used as a medicine.  Jamun fruit is a mixture of sweet, slightly sub acid spicy flavour that stands out even after eaten since it turns the tongue into purple color. The fruit is universally accepted to be very good for medicinal purposes, especially diabetics.  The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda, Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis.  Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit.

Tropical fruit
Trees
Myrtaceae
Jackfruit

Jackfruit (also called "Jakfruit") is a type of fruit from India, Bangladesh (National fruit) and Sri Lanka. When a Jackfruit ripens, it changes from green to slightly yellow.

References

Other websites 
 

Tropical fruit
Moraceae
National symbols of Bangladesh
National symbols of Sri Lanka
Cantaloupe

A cantaloupe (also known as a rockmelon, sweet melon, or spanspek) is a type of fruit. It is a muskmelon that is probably related to the watermelon. There are two types of cantaloupe, European and North American. Cantaloupes range in size from 0.5 to 5.0 kilograms (1.1 to 11 lb).

Types of cantaloupe 
 The European cantaloupe is oblong with a light green skin.
 The North American cantaloupe is round with a thin light brown skin. The flesh of the fruit is firm, orange and sweet.

Nutrition

Cantaloupes are a source of polyphenol antioxidants. These are chemicals which were thought to provide certain health benefits to the cardiovascular and immune systems by regulating the formation of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a key chemical in promoting health of the endothelium and prevention of heart attacks. However, recent research has indicated they do not benefit the body. The body already has ways to deal with oxidation.

Cantaloupes also are an excellent source of vitamin C.

Dirty cantaloupes can spread bacteria. In 2011, 21 people died in the United States from cantaloupes having listeria bacteria. The bad cantaloupes were traced back from around the country to a single farm in Colorado.

References

Other websites 
 Nutritional and Historical Information 
 MSNBC Article on Farming of Hybridization That Mentions Cantaloupes

Melons
Cucurbitales
Smash (album)

Smash is one of The Offspring's most successful albums. It came out in 1994 under the label Epitaph Records. It contains their famous hit singles such as "Come Out and Play (Keep 'Em Separated)" and "Self Esteem". Smash is often credited as one of the best punk rock albums sold in the entire world, and is the best selling album ever made on an independent label.

The album is also one of the albums that started mainstream Pop punk music.

Occasionally on the album, there's a guy who comments on the music, but it is not revealed who.

Track listing
"Time to Relax" - 0:25
"Nitro (Youth Energy)" - 2:27
"Bad Habit" - 3:43
"Gotta Get Away" - 3:52
"Genocide" - 3:33
"Something to Believe In" - 3:17
"Come Out and Play" - 3:17
"Self Esteem" - 4:17
"It'll Be a Long Time" - 2:43
"Killboy Powerhead" (The Didjits) - 2:02
"What Happened to You?" - 2:12
"So Alone" - 1:17
"Not the One" - 2:55
"Smash" - 10:39

References

The Offspring albums
1994 albums
Punk albums
Apples, Vaud

Apples is a municipality in Switzerland. It is in Vaud Canton. Vaud Canton has 364 communes in it.

References

Other websites 

  Official website
  Aerial views of the municipality
  Commune de Apples - VD - Suisse . communal.ch.

Municipalities of Vaud
Fukuoka, Fukuoka

is a Japanese city in Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.  It is the capital city of the prefecture. 

It has been recognized as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992.

History
A short distance is there from Dazaifu and the Fukuoka area to Hakata-wan (博多湾). Hakata-wan was the landing site of the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281.

Fukuoka is known for its football team, Avispa Fukuoka; and it is also known for its baseball team, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.

Geography
Fukuoka is on the northwest coast of Kyushu. It is about the same distance from Tokyo as it is from Shanghai or Seoul.

Fukuoka City is divided into 7 wards.

Related pages
 Fukuoka Art Museum
 Kyushu National Museum
 Dazaifu

References

Other websites

  Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information
 Fukuoka Now

Cities in Fukuoka Prefecture
Finance

Finance is a study which figures out how people, businesses and groups make and use money. It can mean:

 Thinking about money
 Thinking about how to control money to make profit
 Studying how to take chances in projects that make money
 As a verb, "to finance" is to provide money for business
Any system that includes circulation of money.

Some simple finance ideas
The process of finance is learning how people and groups act in managing their money, and most of all how they manage making money, and making a profit, with spending money, or making a loss.

A group that makes more money than it spends can lend or invest the excess profit. On the other hand, a group that makes less money than it spends can raise money by getting a loan or selling stock, or spending less, or making more money. 

A bank is where many people borrowing money meet people lending money. A bank gets money from lenders, and pays interest. The bank then lends this money to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to meet. 

Corporate finance is  about things like the sale of stock by a company to the public. Stock is ownership in a company, broken up into pieces. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company.  If someone buys one share of XYZ Inc, and the company has 100 shares available, the buyer is 1/100th owner of that company and owns 1/100th (1%) of the profit. 

Finance is used by people, by governments, by businesses, etc., as well as by all kinds of groups.

Personal Finance

This is finance for people. It is about: 
How much money will be needed by a person, now and when they get old.
Where will this money come from (e.g. savings or borrowing)?  
How can people protect themselves against problems with money in their lives?
How can family money be given to children and grandchildren?
How do taxes affect money choices?

Business finance

Business finance is about finding money for a company's activities. It studies trying to make more profit than loss, and taking good risks for the chance to make more money.

Financial economics

Financial economics is the study of economics which is important to financial things like changes in price and supply of goods. 

It studies how much risk some actions that a company may take will cause, and how the company should spend its money.

Financial maths

Financial maths is the study of maths for financial markets. Financial maths studies mathematics, mainly statistics.

Other websites 
 Wharton Finance Knowledge Project - Finance knowledge
For facts about three areas in finance - company finance, money and investment management, see  Prof. Aswath Damodaran
For links to finance web sites see Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students, Prof. John M. Wachowicz- 
For the introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona, studyfinance.com
For introductory articles on mathematical finance see quantnotes
For introductory articles on behavioral finance see the BF gallery
For introductory articles on financial analysis see Financial Analysis
Learn how to practice good Financial Planning
Governor General of Canada

The Governor General of Canada is the person who represents Canada's Queen (or King). The Queen of Canada does not spend much time in Canada because she is also the Queen of several other countries.

The Governor General is technically chosen by the Queen and is allowed to use almost all of the Queen's powers. But most of the time neither the Queen nor the Governor General use their powers without advice from the Prime Minister of Canada.

 The Queen would normally always choose whoever the Prime Minister wants them to choose to become Governor General.

 The Governor General usually uses his/her powers for what the Prime Minister advices him/her to do.

Once in a while the Prime Minister may want something done that the Governor General is not allowed to do on her own. The Prime Minister must then go straight to the Queen, for example for the appointment of 4 or 8 extra Senators to Parliament.

Official Title

As Canada has two official federal languages, the Governor General's title is in both English and French.  

The Governor General's style and title in full is, in , and in

Living former governors-general of Canada
As of , there are five living former governors general of Canada. The most recently deceased former governor general, Roméo LeBlanc (1995–1999), died on 24 June 2009.

 
C
Joseph Barbera

Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera (March 24, 1911 – December 18, 2006) was an Italian American animator, cartoon artist, storyboard artist, director, producer, and co-founder, together with William Hanna, of Hanna-Barbera. He was born in Manhattan and raised in Flatbush, Brooklyn. The studio produced well-known cartoons such as Tom and Jerry, The Huckleberry Hound Show, The Flintstones, The Jetsons, Scooby-Doo as well as the musical film, ''Charlotte's Web.

Other websites 
 
 Joseph Barbera profile from Tom and Jerry Online
 Hanna Barbera Studios
 Obituary at BBC news

1911 births
2006 deaths
American animators
American television directors
American television producers
Artists from New York City
Deaths from natural causes
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
People from Brooklyn
People from Manhattan
William Hanna

William Denby "Bill" Hanna (July 14, 1910 in Mexico, New Mexico – March 22, 2001 in Los Angeles, California) was an American animator, director, producer, cartoon artist, and co-founder with Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera. The studio made well-known cartoons, such as The Huckleberry Hound Show, The Flintstones, The Jetsons, and Scooby-Doo, as well as the musical movie, ''Charlotte's Web.

American animators
American movie producers
American movie directors
American television directors
American television producers
1910 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from laryngeal cancer
Apple (disambiguation)

An apple is a kind of fruit.  Apple may also mean:
 Apple Inc., a company that makes computers, portable music players, cell phones and computer software
 Apple Corps is a company that was founded by The Beatles
 Apple Records, a record label and part of Apple Corps
 Apples, Vaud is a village in the Swiss canton of Vaud
Spruce

Spruce are trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and taiga regions of the earth.

Spruces are large trees, from 20 to 60 (–95) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their conical form and their needles, that are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old.

Classification 
 Picea abies Norway spruce. Europe; important in forestry. The original Christmas tree.
 Picea asperata Dragon spruce. Western China; several varieties.
 Picea meyeri Meyer's spruce. Northern China.
 Picea koraiensis Korean spruce. Korea, northeast China.
 Picea koyamae Koyama's spruce. Japan (mountains).

Other websites 
 Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 1)
 Arboretum de Villardebelle Picea cone photos Cones of selected species (page 2)
 Gymnosperm Database – Picea

Conifers
Temperate climate

In geography, temperate latitudes of the Earth lie between the subtropics and the polar circles. Average yearly temperatures in these regions are not extreme, not burning hot nor freezing cold. Temperate means moderate.

Unlike in the tropics, temperatures can change greatly here, between summer and winter. So, most places with a temperate climate have four seasons: summer, autumn, winter and spring. Other areas with a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather. One day it may be sunny, the next may be rainy, and after that it may be cloudy. This is normal in summer as well as in winter. These are the main types of temperate climate:

 A maritime climate is generally for locations near the sea. That includes London, Dublin, Melbourne or Auckland. Most places do not have a rainy season and a dry season. Prevailing winds in the temperate zone are from the west.  The western edge of temperate continents usually get this maritime climate. Examples are Western Europe, and western North America at latitudes between 40° and 60° north (65°N in Europe).
 Some parts of the temperate zone have a Mediterranean climate, which have a dry summer – for example Rome, Cape Town, Santiago or Adelaide.
 Some parts of the temperate zone, especially in the northern part of the continental climate, have severe winters – for example Moscow or Minnesota – this is called a hemiboreal climate.
 Some places in the temperate zone have hot summers and cold winters, for example Chicago, Beijing, Budapest or Almaty.

References 

Climate
Regions
Depeche Mode

Depeche Mode is an English band. They formed in Basildon, Essex in 1980. The band's name was taken from French fashion magazine, Dépêche mode, which means "fashion update" or "fashion news dispatch". Depeche Mode became famous in the 1980s. The band has sold over 100 million records around the world.

Depeche Mode were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020.

Depeche Mode has three members:
 Dave Gahan
 Martin Lee Gore
 Andrew Fletcher

Discography 

 Speak & Spell (1981)
 A Broken Frame (1982)
 Construction Time Again (1983)
 Some Great Reward (1984)
 Black Celebration (1986)
 Music for the Masses (1987)
 Violator (1990)
 Songs of Faith and Devotion (1993)
 Ultra (1997)
 Exciter (2001)
 Playing the Angel (2005)
 Sounds of the Universe (2009)
 Delta Machine (2013)
 Spirit (2017)

Other websites 

 The official Depeche Mode website
 Depeche Mode International  (Official Fan Club on Smule)

1980 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups from Essex
New wave bands
Taiga

The taiga  is a large area of coniferous forests. It covers most of inland Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland Norway, northern Kazakhstan and Russia (especially Siberia), as well as parts of the northern continental United States.

In Canada, boreal forest is the term used to refer to the southern part of these forests, while "taiga" is used to describe the northern areas south of the Arctic tree line that separates it from tundra.

The trees are mostly pines, spruces and larches. The climate is cold winters and cool summers.

References

Other websites 

Boreal Forests/Taiga (WWF)
Terraformers Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation 
Arctic and Taiga (Canadian Geographic)
Coniferous Forest. Earth Observatory. NASA.  .
Taiga Rescue Network (TRN) A network of NGOs, indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests.
Index of Boreal Forests/Taiga ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 
The Nature Conservancy and its partners work to protect the Canadian Boreal Forest 
Slater museum of natural history: Taiga 

Forests
Biomes