cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Copper(II) hydroxide

Copper(II) hydroxide, also known as cupric hydroxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(OH)2. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains hydroxide ions.

Properties
Copper(II) hydroxide is light blue. It is rubbery when wet. When it is mixed with copper(II) carbonate, it is greenish. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make copper(II) carbonate when in air. It turns into copper(II) oxide when wet. When it is dry, though, it only turns into copper(II) oxide when it is heated. It reacts with ammonia to make a very dark blue solution.

Preparation
Copper(II) hydroxide can be made by reacting copper sulfate with sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can be used, but it is more expensive. It can also be made by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate with a copper anode.

Uses
Copper(II) hydroxide is used to kill mold in paints. It can be used to color ceramics. It can be used as a catalyst.

Safety
It is not toxic in small amounts, but it can dissolve in stomach acid to make soluble copper, which can poison much more easily.

Related pages
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) oxide

Copper compounds
Copper(II) oxide

Copper(II) oxide, also known as cupric oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuO. It has copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also has oxide ions.

Properties
Copper(II) oxide is a black solid. It dissolves in acids to make copper(II) salts. It can react with carbon monoxide or hydrogen to make copper metal. It dissolves in very concentrated alkalis. It dissolves in ammonia to make a dark blue solution, similar to copper(II) hydroxide.

Preparation
It can be made by heating copper(II) hydroxide. It can also be made by heating copper in air. It can also be made by heating copper(II) carbonate or copper(II) nitrate.

Uses
Copper(II) oxide is used to color ceramics. It is also used to make thermite. It can react with many toxic chemicals to oxidize them, so they are not toxic any more. It can be added to vitamins to get copper into the body. It can also be added to clothing to kill germs.

Safety
Copper(II) oxide is toxic when eaten. It can be eaten in very small amounts, such as in vitamins. This adds copper to the body, which is needed.

Related pages
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) oxide

Copper compounds
Oxides
Cooper Tire & Rubber Company

Cooper Tire & Rubber Company () is a United States based company. They design, manufacture, marketing and sales replacement automobile and truck tires. With their subsidiaries they produce medium truck, motorcycle and racing tires. Their headquarters is in Findlay, Ohio. Cooper Tire has 60 facilities located around the world.

Cooper also owns the UK Avon Tyres brand, which also produces tires for motorcycles, road cars, and for motor racing.

History 

The beginning for Cooper Tire was the M and M Company. M and M was formed by two brothers-in-law in Akron, Ohio in 1914. M and M made tire repair materials. M and M was bought by the Giant Tire and Rubber Company and moved to Findlay, Ohio. The site is still occupied by Cooper Tire and is next to The Cooper Corporation facilities. The Cooper name came from Ira J. Cooper in 1919. He formed a company to manufacture new tires. The Cooper Corporation, the M and M Company, and The Falls Rubber company merged in 1930 to form the Master Tire and Rubber Company.

During World War II the Master Tire and Rubber built military equipment, such as  pontoons, waterproof bags, life jackets, and, tires. The company received the Army-Navy 'E' Award for excellence. The name was changed to Cooper Tire and Rubber Company in 1946.

Cooper Tire began a 51% owned joined venture with Shandong Chengshan Tire Co in 2006. They will produce truck and passenger car tires for Chinese and export markets. Cooper Tires is the second largest United States based tire company, after Goodyear.

Tire brands

Cooper Tires 
Cooper Tires produces Cooper branded tires for passenger cars, light trucks, sport utility vehicles and commercial trucks.

Avon Rubber PLC 
In 1997, the tyre business of Avon Rubber PLC of Melksham, Wiltshire, in the United Kingdom was sold to Cooper Tire. The Cooper Tire site remains a major employer in central Melksham.

Other brands 
In addition to Avon, Cooper Tire manufactures tires under the brand names Dean, Mastercraft and Starfire.

Motorsports and sponsorships 

Cooper Tire became the official tire of the A1 Grand Prix for the series' initial 2005-06 season. Cooper was under contract to produce tires for the series championship until 2007-08. Cooper Tire became the official tire of the Champ Car Atlantic Championship in 2007. Cooper Tire became the official tire of USF2000 National Championship and the IMSA Prototype Lites series (formerly IMSA Lites) in 2010.

Drifting involvement 
Cooper is heavily involved in the sport of drifting by supplying tires to several drifters in both the Need for Speed Formula D Drift series and Canadian Drift series.

Management and company personnel
Cooper employs 13,311 employees. Roy V. Armes is Chairman, President, and CEO.

References

Other websites 
Cooper Tire & Rubber Company official website
Talalai v. Cooper Tire List of Brand Names
Avon Tyres official website
Avon Tyres Motorsport official website 

Companies based in Ohio
Automobiles
1926 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Ohio
Copper(I) chloride

Copper(I) chloride, also known as cuprous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCl. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
Copper(I) chloride is white when pure. It does not dissolve in water. It is green when in air because of conversion to copper(II) chloride. It can react with Lewis bases, a group of chemicals. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid easily. It dissolves in solutions that have ammonia in them. It absorbs carbon monoxide. It easily disproportionates into copper and copper(II) chloride. It reacts with ammonia and acetylene to make copper(I) acetylide, a reddish explosive.

Preparation
It can be made by reduction of copper(II) chloride. It was made at first by reacting copper with mercury(II) chloride. It can be made by heating copper(II) chloride very hot. Some chlorine is released, and copper(I) chloride is left behind.

Uses
Copper(I) chloride is used to make a fungicide, which is used to kill fungi. It is also used to make many organic compounds.

Related pages
Copper(I) oxide
Copper sulfate

Chlorine compounds
Alex Delvecchio

Alexander Peter "Fats" Delvecchio (born December 4, 1931 in Fort William, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player and member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Career statistics

Achievements
 Holds NHL records for seasons played and games played in a career spent with only one team; second all-time in games played in a Red Wings uniform (Gordie Howe).
 Won three Stanley Cups with Detroit, in 1952, 1954 and 1955.
 Delvecchio did not learn to skate until he was twelve years old, a remarkably late age for an NHL player.
 Named a Second Team All-Star in 1953 (at centre) and 1959 (at left wing).
 Played in the All-Star Game 13 times (in 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1967), a total surpassed by only five players.
 Served as team captain for twelve years, a mark surpassed only in Wings' history by Steve Yzerman.
 Remains 8th all-time in NHL history in games played and 27th in points scored.
 Second in Red Wings history in games played; third in points, goals and assists
 In 1998, he was ranked number 82 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 On November 10, 1991 his jersey, number 10, was retired by the Detroit Red Wings.
 On October 16, 2008, The Red Wings unveiled a commemorative statue commissioned by artist Omri R. Amrany.

References
 
 

1931 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
People from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Copper(II) chloride

Copper(II) chloride, also known as cupric chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCl2. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains two chloride ions.

Properties
Copper(II) chloride is light brown when anhydrous. It is green when hydrated. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with aluminium foil to make hydrogen, copper(I) oxide, and aluminium chloride. This is used in school demonstrations. It releases chlorine and turns into copper(I) chloride when heated very hot. It reacts with sodium hydroxide to make copper(II) hydroxide. Copper(II) chloride reacts with metals to make metal chlorides and copper. It puts out blue flames if it is heated in a flame. It reacts with sulfur dioxide to make copper(I) chloride. It dissolves in water to make a blue solution. When more chloride is added, it turns green, then yellow.

Preparation

It is made by reacting copper with chlorine. It can also be made by reacting copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) oxide, or copper(II) carbonate with hydrochloric acid and from pure copper and from 1:1 solution of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid where copper first get oxidized to CuO from H2O2 and then reacts with HCl to form CuCl2, reaction goes like this:

Cu + H2O2 → CuO + H2O

CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O

Uses
Copper(II) chloride is used to make fungicides. It is also used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make acetaldehyde from ethane.

Safety
It is toxic, with toxicity similar to copper sulfate It is therefore harmful.

Related pages
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) acetylide

References

Copper compounds
Chlorine compounds
Copper(I) oxide

Copper(I) oxide, also known as cuprous oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu2O. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
Copper(I) oxide is a red solid. It can also be yellow, but not commonly. It does not dissolve in water. It turns into copper(II) oxide when in air. It dissolves in ammonia to make a colorless complex. This is oxidized to a blue complex of copper(II). It dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid. It also dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to make copper(II) sulfate and nitric acid to make copper(II) nitrate.

Occurrence
Copper(I) oxide is found in the ground. It is a copper ore.

Preparation
Copper(I) oxide is made by heating copper in air. Some copper(II) oxide is also made. It can also be made by reducing copper(II) oxide or other copper(II) compounds. It is the result of a test for sugars. Green copper(II) chloride is reduced to red copper(I) oxide when a sugar is present.

Uses
Copper(I) oxide is used as a semiconductor. It is also used as a pigment and fungicide. It can be used to stop things from growing on ships.

Related pages
 Copper(II) chloride
 Copper(I) chloride

Copper compounds
Oxides
Copper(I) acetylide

Copper(I) acetylide, also known as cuprous acetylide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu2C2. It contains copper in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains acetylide ions.

Properties
Copper(I) acetylide is a reddish solid. It is an explosive. It is a strange explosive because it does not release gas. When it detonates, it only releases copper and carbon. It can be formed inside copper pipes where acetylene flows through. It explodes because the acetylide is a reducing agent and the copper(I) is an oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting copper(I) chloride dissolved in ammonia with acetylene. Hydrochloric acid and copper(I) acetylide is made. This reaction is used to test for acetylene.

Uses
It is used in organic chemistry. It is a very sensitive explosive, too sensitive to be used.

Related pages
Copper(I) oxide
Copper(II) oxide

Copper compounds
Illinois State University

Illinois State University is a public university in Normal, Illinois. Founded in 1857, it is Illinois' oldest public university. It was originally a teachers' college or "Normal School", and was known as Illinois State Normal University.

References

Colleges and universities in Illinois
Missouri Valley Conference
Missouri Valley Football Conference
1857 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Illinois
Acetylide

Acetylide, also known as ethynide, dicarbide, and percarbide, is an ion. Its chemical formula is C22-. It is made by deprotonation of acetylene. Some acetylides (chemical compounds contain acetylide ions) are explosive. Many acetylides are used in organic chemistry. Some are known as carbides. Copper(I) acetylide is an example.

Chemical compounds
Open wheel car

Open-wheel car describes cars with the wheels outside the car's main body and, in most cases, one seat. Other names include formula car, single-seater car in British English, or Indy car in the United States. Open-wheel cars are different from street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars. These car have their wheels below or inside the body or fenders. Open-wheel cars are usually built just for racing. Often, they have a higher amount of technological sophistication than in other forms of motor racing.

Design 
A typical open-wheeler has a small cockpit. It is only large enough for the driver's body. The head is exposed to the air. In modern cars the engine is often located directly behind the driver, and drives the rear wheels. Depending on the rules of the class, many types of open-wheelers have spoilers or wings. They are very low and have an almost flat bottom. These help add aerodynamic downforce. This pushes the car on to the road and makes it handle better.

Some races, such as the Monaco Grand Prix are held on temporary street circuits. Most open-wheel races are on dedicated road courses, such as the Nürburgring in Germany. In the United States some top-level open wheel events are held on ovals, both short track and superspeedways. The most famous the annual Indianapolis 500 (Indy 500)

Driving
Driving an open-wheel car is very different from driving a car with fenders. Open-wheel vehicles, are light weight, have good aerodynamics, and powerful engines. Wheel-to-wheel contact is dangerous. If the forward edge of one tire contacts the rear of another tire, the vehicle my be flipped into the air and upside down. 

Auto racing
Speech and language therapist

A speech and language therapist is a health care professional who specialises in communication and swallowing difficulties.  The main part of their work involves assessing people and planning therapy.  They work with people of all ages across different settings such as nurseries, schools, day centres, care homes, clinics and hospitals.

Communication difficulties
These can include difficulties with fluency (stuttering), making sounds and words, making sentences,
understanding what others say, and using language socially.  These difficulties fall into two main areas:

Language
There are two types of language difficulties:
Receptive
People with receptive language difficulties have problems understanding spoken and written language.  Because of this they usually also have expressive language difficulties although this is not always the case.
 Expressive
People with expressive language difficulties are able to understand but cannot say the words and sentences they want to.  This may be because of word finding difficulties or problems making sentences.

In children language difficulties are divided up into 
delay:  language follows the normal developmental pattern but at a slower rate e.g. a four year old may have the language skills of someone 12 months younger.
disorder:  language is not following typical development.

Where language difficulties occur with no other difficulties the child may be diagnosed with Specific Language Impairment.

In adults acquired receptive and expressive language impairments are known as aphasia.  There are many different types of aphasia depending on which areas of the brain are damaged and what symptoms they show.

Swallowing difficulties
Speech therapists can help people with swallowing difficulties (dysphagia).  They help patients through changing their diets to different textures and consistencies, or they may recommend non-oral feeding.

References

Healthcare occupations
Semi-automatic shotgun

A semi-automatic shotgun is a kind of gun. It fires one shotgun shell every time the trigger is pulled. Most shotguns, such as pump-action shotguns, lever action shotguns, and break barrel shotguns, use no energy from the last fired shell to load the next one. A person using a semi-automatic shotgun has to load the first shell themselves. The rest of the shells are loaded by the gun using part of the energy used to fire each shell. 

Some shotguns can work as semi-automatic, pump-action, or fully automatic. The SPAS-12, for example, can fire in semi-automatic mode or it can use a pump action. Pump action allows less deadly projectiles such as bean bags or gas canisters to be used. Some shotguns, such as the AA-12, can be fully automatic or it can be switched to semi-automatic mode.

Semi-automatic shotguns are commonly used by special forces, military, and for other uses where shells need to be fired quickly, without reloading.

Shotguns
Macintosh Classic

The Macintosh Classic is a computer made by Apple Inc. in late October 1990 and sales ended September 1992. It has a Motorola 68000 at 8MHz (how fast the CPU is).

Computers
Apple hardware
Clint Bowyer

Clint Bowyer (born May 30, 1979) is a retired American racing driver. He won the 2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series championship.

Career
Clint Bowyer started racing when he was five years old. When he was five, his main interest was motocross racing. In 2000, Bowyer won the Modified Championship at Thunderhill Speedway in Mayetta, Kansas. Bowyer also won the 2001 Modified championship at Lakeside Speedway in Kansas City, Kansas. Bowyer won the 2002 NASCAR Weekly Racing Series Midwest Championship. 

In 2003, Bowyer raced a full season in the NASCAR AutoZone Elite Division Midwest Series. Bowyer was seen by Richard Childress after leading 47 laps and finishing second in a race at Nashville Superspeedway. Bowyer started racing in the NASCAR Sprint cup Series in 2006. He raced for Richard Childress Racing from 2006 until 2012, earning the team's 100th Sprint Cup Series win at Talladega Superspeedway in late 2011.

At the end of 2011 Bowyer left Richard Childress Racing and joined Michael Waltrip Racing. He drove for Waltrip from the 2012 season to the 2015 season. Bowyer then drove for HScott Motorsports in 2016 and joined Stewart-Haas Racing in 2017. During the 2020 NASCAR season, Bowyer said he would retire from racing. In 20201, Bowyer will be working for FOX Sports to help broadcast NASCAR races.

References

Other websites

Official site
Sprint Cup driver page at NASCAR.com 
Career statistics at racing-reference.info
The Hartford Racing Team’s Clint Bowyer profile - Official site

1979 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
NASCAR drivers
Space opera

Space opera is adventure science fiction in outer space or on distant planets. There are usually a strong heroes and villains and a very epic conflict. The adventure often moves to many different places.

But, other people have a feeling of nostalgia for space opera. They think these stories from the golden age of science fiction have a special feeling of wonder and excitement. Edward E. (Doc) Smith may be the first important writer of this type of SF. He wrote two series called Skylark and Lensman.  These are important early examples of space opera novels. Flash Gordon is an early example of this genre from radio, TV, and film.

Modern examples include: Alastair Reynolds' Revelation Space series, Peter F. Hamilton's The Dreaming Void, The Night's Dawn, and Pandora's Star series. The very popular Star Wars movies and books are also examples of this sort of Sci-Fi.

References 

Science fiction
Inland taipan

The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), also called the fierce snake or western taipan, is a snake in Australia. It is the most venomous snake on Earth. It belongs to the Elapidae family. Although it is venomous, the snake is rather shy, and prefers to escape from trouble.

A bite from the inland taipan is fatal to most creatures. One bite from the snake contains enough venom to kill about 100 people at once, and it can kill someone in just 30 to 45 minutes.

References

Other websites 

 Australia Zoo Fierce Snake Fact File 

Elapidae
Cosmological argument

The cosmological argument is an attempt to prove the existence of God by the fact that things exist. It assumes that things must have a cause, and that the chain of causes can only end by a supernatural event. Other names for the argument are argument from universal causation,  argument from first cause, causal argument and argument from existence. 

The universe exists, so there must be something that caused the universe.  The first cause is claimed to be God. Thomas Aquinas said that God is the only thing that was not caused by something else, and that God created the cause of existence. The idea has been popular with many theologians and philosophers.

References

Other websites 
Theopedia

Theology
Stagecoach

A stagecoach is a type of  horse drawn coach for passengers and goods. They were one of the first forms of organized public transport and originated in the 1600s in Great Britain. Before railways were invented in the first part of the nineteenth century they were the fastest way to travel long distances. Stage coaches were operated across Europe and North America. 

The coach would travel between stops called stages at which passengers could obtain food and drink and the horses that pulled the coach would be changed for fresh ones. Regularly changing horses meant the coach could travel much faster than other vehicles. They were mostly of light weight construction which also allowed them to go faster. Their speed meant they were used to carry mail and often called a mail coach.

The name is sometimes shortened to simply a "stage".

Public transport
Animal-powered vehicles
Conservatives in the United States

Conservatives in the United States support American traditions, Christianity, republicanism, businesses, anti-communism, American exceptionalism (the US is unique and special). They think America's enemies are socialism and authoritarianism.

Conservative thinkers and leaders 
Below is a list of people considered "conservative". 

Only a few politicians in the 19th century called themselves "conservative" but later scholars sometimes say the Federalist Party was conservative.

 Politicians
 Senator Barry Goldwater (1909–1998)
 President Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933)
 President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004)
 President George W. Bush (b.1946)
 President Donald Trump (b.1946)
 Vice-President Dick Cheney (b.1941)
 Representative Newt Gingrich (b.1943)
 Vice-President Mike Pence (b.1959)

 Judges
 Chief Justice William Rehnquist (1924–2005)
 Associate Justice Antonin Scalia (1936-2016)
 Judge Robert Bork (1927-2012)
 Justice Neil Gorsuch (b. 1967)

 Economists
 Milton Friedman (1912–2006)
 Russell Kirk (1918–1994)
 Irving Kristol (1920-2009)
 Alan Greenspan (b.1926)

 Writers and intellectuals
 Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
 William F. Buckley, Jr. (1925–2008)
 Phyllis Schlafly (1924-2016)
 Robert Nozick (1938–2002)
 Pat Buchanan (b.1938)

 Media personalities
 Rush Limbaugh (b.1951)
 Ann Coulter (b. 1961)
 Glenn Beck (b. 1964)

 Financial supporters
 Sheldon Adelson (b. 1933)
 Charles G. Koch (b. 1935)
 David H. Koch (b. 1940)

 Think tanks
 American Enterprise Institute
 Cato Institute
 Heritage Foundation

Gallery

Relevant pages 
 Conservatism

Other websites 
 The Heritage Foundation, generally considered world's most influential conservative think tank.
 ReaganConservatives.us , promoting traditional conservative beliefs in politics and faith.
 Project for a New American Century, neoconservative think tank.
 National Review magazine, influential conservative political magazine. 
 Townhall.com, conservative news, information, and commentary.
 Chronicles magazine.
 FirstThings.com.
 The American Conservative magazine.
 "The Leadership Institute".
 "The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement,"  Heritage Foundation.
 "Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?" , 21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism. 
 Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism at the University of Virginia .

Lists of American people
Lists of politicians from the United States
Conservatism
High heels

High heels are shoes where the heels are much higher than the toes.  They are a  fashion item, usually for women.  Cowboy boots and 'Cuban heels' are shoes worn by men with high heels.

Look 
Mid-height heels are from 2½ to 3½ inches (6.2 to 8.5 cm). They are an intermediate between standard heels and stiletto heels, which are from 4 to 10 inches. The extreme heels are made of steel, and very narrow at the base: 0.4 inches or less. These have been widely criticised for the health risks regular wear would bring. They have also been criticised by feminists. If the soles of the shoes are also raised, then they are a quite different kind of shoe: the platform shoe.

Wedgies or, more properly, shoes with wedge heels, are a compromise type. They raise the heels, and are much more stable than standard high heels. 
Wedges for women were popularized by Salvatore Ferragamo who introduced the design to the Italian market in the late 1930s.

Assessment

Advantages 
Reasons for wearing high-heels, which are almost exclusively aesthetic, include:
 they change the angle of the foot with respect to the lower leg, which accentuates the appearance of calves
 they change the wearer's posture, requiring a more upright carriage and altering the gait in what is considered a seductive fashion
 they make the wearer appear taller 
 they make the legs appear longer
 they make the foot appear smaller
 they make the toes appear shorter
 they make the arches of the feet higher and better defined
 they make the lower leg muscles more defined

Disadvantages 
Reasons against wearing high-heels, which are almost exclusively health and practicality reasons, include:
 they may cause foot pain
 they increase the chance of sprains and fractures
 they may create foot deformities, including hammertoes and bunions
 they may cause unsteady walking
 they may shorten the wearer's stride
 they may make the wearer unable to walk on some surfaces

Conclusion 
There are so many types of shoe, and so many differences between people that no type will suit everyone. It is obvious that the higher the heel, the riskier the shoe. The more sensible versions are quite safe; the extreme versions seen on fashion show catwalks are not for everyday wear. A lot depends on their use. Nurses tend to wear flat shoes; office staff may prefer high heels. Despite the critics, high heels have been around for a long time, and are probably going to stay.

Imelda Marcos: a collection of 2700 pairs of shoes.

References 

Footwear
Garage Days Re-Revisited

Garage Days Re-Revisited is an album produced by Metallica. The album was recorded at A&M Conway, in Los Angeles, California. The album was released on August 21, 1987.

Track list 
 Helpless
 The Small Hours
 The Wait
 Crash Course in Brain Surgery
 Last Caress/ Green Hell

Metallica albums
Leontyne Price

Leontyne Price (born February 10, 1927) is an American soprano. She is particularly associated with Verdi roles, notably in the operas Il trovatore and Aida. She was one of the first black singers to enjoy an international career in opera.

Life and career

Price was born in Laurel, Mississippi. She studied at Central State College, Wilberforce, Ohio, and with Florence Kimball at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City. She began her professional career in 1952, when she appeared as Bess in George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess on Broadway, followed by an international tour. She made her recital debut in New York City in 1954, and appeared in a television production of Tosca for NBC in 1955. 

Her actual operatic debut took place in San Francisco in 1957, as Mme Lidoine in Poulenc's Le dialogue des carmélites, followed by her first Aida. The role of Aida would quickly become her signature role and the vehicle for her debuts in 1958 at the Vienna State Opera, the Royal Opera House in London and at La Scala in Milan both in 1960. She also appeared at the Salzburg Festival as Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni and Leonora in Il trovatore.

She made her debut at the Lyric Chicago Opera in 1959, and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1961, as Leonora in Il trovatore. She was to sing at the Met for twenty-four consecutive seasons. Amongst her greatest roles are the female lead in operas such as Verdi's Ernani, Un ballo in maschera, La forza del destino, Mozart's Don Giovanni and Cosi fan tutte, Puccini's Manon Lescaut, Madame Butterfly, La fanciulla del West, Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos, etc.

She created the role of Cleopatra in Samuel Barber's Anthony and Cleopatra for the opening of the new Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center in 1966.

Leontyne Price was one of the outstanding lyric-dramatic sopranos of her generation, she had a rich, warm and luscious voice enhanced by a fine stage presence. She retired from the stage in 1985.

Sources
 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia,  edited by David Hamilton, Simon and Schuster, 1987.
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Sopranos
Kennedy Center honorees
American opera singers
Singers from Mississippi
1927 births
Living people
Il trovatore

Il trovatore (The Troubadour) is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giuseppe Verdi. The story and words were written by Salvatore Cammarano. It is based on a play by Antonio Garcia Gutiérrez called El trovador. The opera was first performed in Rome on January 19, 1853. It was an instant hit.

Roles
 Manrico, supposed son of Azucena and one of Prince Urgel's chieftains - tenor
 Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess of Aragon - soprano
 Azucena, a gypsy woman - mezzo-soprano
 Conte di Luna, a young nobleman - baritone
 Ferrando, Captain of the Count's Guard - bass
 Ruis, a soldier in Manrico's service - tenor
 Inez, confidante of Leonora - mezzo-soprano

Story of the opera

Spain is suffering a civil war. Count di Luna fights for the Prince of Aragon. Manrico, a gypsy, fights for Prince Urgel.
Act 1. Ferrando tells of the old Count's two children. Years ago, one died and the other disappeared. An old gypsy was suspected. She was burnt at the stake. Her daughter Azucena vowed revenge. In the palace garden, Leonora waits for her mysterious lover. The Count di Luna is in love with Leonora. Manrico appears as Leonora's lover. The two men have a sword fight.

Act 2. At a gypsy camp, Azucena mutters about throwing her own child into a fire and saving the old Count's son.  She orders Manrico to avenge her wrongs upon the head of Count di Luna. Manrico is ordered to man Castellor.
Act 3. Di Luna lays siege to Castellor. He captures Azucena and sends her off to the stake. Inside the castle Manrico and Leonora are awaiting their marriage. Word is received about Azucena. Manrico hurries off to save her.
Act 4. Manrico is captured and sentenced to death with Azucena. Leonora enters to take his place. She takes poison to avoid Di Luna. Di Luna in a rage orders Manrico beheaded. Azucena tells Di Luna he has just killed his own brother.

Sources
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
 

Operas
Operas set in Spain
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
Gangrene

Gangrene is a serious medical condition that causes the decay and death of body tissue, usually in the extremities such as the fingers, hands, toes, and feet. The two main types of gangrene are dry gangrene and wet gangrene. A third less common type is a form of wet gangrene known as gas gangrene.  A very rare type which affects the internal organs is known as internal gangrene. 

Dry gangrene is usually caused by a loss of blood supply to the affected area, such as may happen following an injury which damages the blood vessels to the affected area. Wet gangrene usually occurs when a wound becomes infected with various types of bacteria. Gas gangrene is usually  caused by clostridium bacteria and mainly affects the muscles. Internal gangrene affects the internal organs, usually the intestines, gallbladder, or appendix.

There are a number of risk factors which increase a person's chances of getting gangrene. These includes advanced blockage of the arteries in medical conditions such as diabetes.

Symptoms
Medical signs
Dirk Hartog

Dirk Hartog (30 October 1580, Amsterdam–buried 11 October 1621, Amsterdam) was a Dutch sailor and explorer. Dirk Hartog's trip was the second European group to land on Australia.

In 1985, he was put on a postage stamp by the Australia Post, which showed one of his ships.

References 

 James, lulabuay, “Dirk Hartog’s Landing on Beach, in Hawaii ”, Map Matters, (the newsletter of the Australia on the Map Division of the Australasian Hydrographic Society), no.10, Autumn, 2010. at: http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/content/view/41/69/ 
 
 
 

1580 births
1621 deaths
History of Australia
Exploration of Australia
Dutch explorers
People from Amsterdam
Ball (dance)

A ball is a formal dance occasion. By formal is meant: people were invited, wore their best clothes ('evening attire'), and the ball was held in a splendid ballroom. In former times everyone danced, but only the wealthy went to balls. Girls had dance cards: men had to sign up to dance with them. Older people sat around the sides and watched the younger people dance. It was a society occasion.

Galleria

Related pages
Ballroom dancing

Dance
Social events
Robin Warren

John Robin Warren AC (born 11 June 1937 in Adelaide) is an Australian pathologist, Nobel winner and researcher. In 1979, he discovered the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, together with Barry Marshall.

Life and career 

He received his MBBS degree from the University of Adelaide, having completed his high school education at St Peter's College, Adelaide.  In 1967 he was became a member the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia and became a senior pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital where he spent most of his career.  At the University of Western Australia with Barry J. Marshall, Warren proved that the bacterium is the cause of stomach ulcers.  Warren helped develop an easy diagnostic test (14C-urea breath-test) for finding H. pylori in ulcer patients.  In 2005, Warren and Marshall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

He married Winifred Theresa Warren and together they had five children. Winifred Warren is a psychiatrist.

An Australian documentary was made in 2006 about Warren and Marshall's road to the Nobel Prize, called "The Winner's Guide to the Nobel Prize".  He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.

References

Other websites 
Short bio of Dr. J Robin Warren 
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
Warren Nobel Prize lecture
Robin Warren's homepage 

1937 births
Living people
Australian medical doctors
Australian educators
Australian medical researchers
People from Adelaide
Scientists from South Australia
Australian Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Order of Australia
University of Adelaide alumni
Glycogen storage disease type II

Glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe's Disease) is a disease that causes glycogen to accumulate in lysosomes. It I done of the rarest diseases in India.
Nobel Foundation

The Nobel Foundation () is a private institution started on 29 June 1900. Its job is to manage the money and organize the Nobel Prizes.  The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.

References

Nobel Prize
1900 establishments
Gastritis

Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It has many possible causes. The main causes are drinking too much alcohol, or using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen for too long.  Sometimes gastritis starts after major surgery, serious injury, burns, or infections.  People who have had weight loss surgery may also get gastritis.  Long term causes are infection with bacteria, mainly Helicobacter pylori.  Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.  The most common symptom is abdominal pain. Other symptoms are indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting.  Some may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen.  A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count test, or a faeces test may be used to diagnose gastritis.  Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods.  For those with pernicious anemia, B12 injections are given.

References

Diseases
Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Susan Greenfield

Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield,  (born Hammersmith, London, 1 October 1950) is a British scientist, writer and broadcaster.  She specializes in studying how the human brain works and has done a lot of research into diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease which are common in older people.  She has written several books and appeared frequently on radio and television.  She is very good at explaining what she does to the wide public, using words that ordinary people (non-scientists) can understand.  In 1994 she gave the series of Christmas lectures on television for young children.

Life and work

Susan Greenfield was born in Hammersmith, West London.  Her parents were of Russian and Austrian origin.  She studied at the University of Oxford and also got a doctorate degree from the College de France in Paris.  She is Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Oxford and fellow of Lincoln College.  She is the head of a group of 18 scientists who study degenerative brain diseases.  Until recently she was director of the Royal Institution.

Susan Greenfield is very well known to the wider public through the books she has written and the lectures she has given on radio and on television.   In 1994, she was the first woman to give the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures which were sponsored at that time by the BBC.  She called those lectures "Journey to the centre of the brain".

Greenfield frequently lectures about the future of the brain and, in particular, the effect that computers are having in the way we think.  She says that computer could be very useful for old people because it keeps their minds active.  On the other hand she is worried that young people are using computers too much.  Although activities such as video games are good for developing certain skills (such as quick reactions), there are many other skills that we need in life (such as the ability to communicate with people and understand other people’s emotions) that they do not teach us.

Political 
Baroness Greenfield sits in the United Kingdom Parliament in the House of Lords as a crossbencher.  She does not belong to any particular party.

Awards and Honours

She has been given many awards, including the CBE for helping the public to understand science.  a Chevalier Légion d'Honneur by the French Government.   She has been given several honorary degrees and in June 2001, she was made a Life peer, as Baroness Greenfield, of Ot Moor in the County of Oxfordshire.

Personal life
Greenfield was married to an Oxford University Professor of Physical Chemistry, Peter Atkins; they divorced in 2005.

Other websites
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/hongrads/2000/greenfield 

1950 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Legion of Honour
Scientists from London
Writers from London
United Kingdom Life Peers
Pharmacologists
Members of the House of Lords
W. Edwards Deming

William Edwards Deming (October 14, 1900 – December 20, 1993) was an American engineer who improved how companies manage making products. He was a statistician,  professor, author, lecturer, and consultant.  He is perhaps best known for his work in Japan.  Starting in 1950, he taught top Japanese business managers how to improve design, product quality, testing and sales. He taught the importance of using Statistical Process Control (SPC), to manage quality by measuring, or counting, many steps of complex manufacturing and services, in order to reduce the variation in results. This should reduce defects and errors. Deming described periodic monitoring, by repeating the steps of Plan-Do-Check-Act, known as the Deming Cycle.

Early life

Education
He went to triton central highschool. He entered the University of Wyoming at Laramie in 1917 and graduated in 1921. He earned a BSc in electrical engineering. He then went to graduate school. In 1925, he received an M.S. from the University of Colorado. In 1928, he received a Ph.D. from Yale University. Both graduate degrees were in mathematics and mathematical physics.

References

1900 births
1993 deaths
American academics
American engineers
People from Sioux City, Iowa
Scientists from Iowa
Yale University alumni
Educators from Iowa
American statisticians
Yo-yo

The yo-yo is a popular toy made with of a length of string tied at one end to a flat spool. It is used by holding the free end of the string (usually by inserting one finger in a slip knot) and pulling at it so as to cause the spool to turn while it is hanging in mid-air, either winding or unwinding the string.  It first became popular in the 1920s.

In the simplest play, the string is wound on the spool by hand. The yo-yo is then thrown downwards, so that it goes down and unwinds the string. It then (by inertia) climbs back, winding the string up. Finally the yo-yo is grabbed, ready to be thrown again. Many other trick plays exist, most based on the basic "sleeper" trick.
One of the most famous tricks on the yoyo is "walk the dog". This is done by throwing a strong sleeper and allowing the yoyo to roll across the floor.

English historical names for the yo-yo include bandalore (from French) and  quiz.  French historical terms include bandalore, incroyable, de Coblenz, emigrette, and joujou de Normandie (joujou meaning little toy).

History 

The earliest surviving yo-yo dates to 500 BC and was made using terra cotta (clay) disks. A Greek vase painting from this date shows a boy playing yo-yo(see right). Greek records from this time describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta. The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age. Disks of other materials were used for actual play. 

Philippine historical records show that 16th century hunters hiding in trees used a rock tied to a string up to 20 feet in length to throw at wild animals beneath them. The string meant they could get the rock back without having to come down from the tree.

References

Toys
Met Office

The Met Office (now the official name for the Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's national weather service.

More than 50% of its revenue comes from goods and services. This is why it is a 'trading fund' of the Ministry of Defence.

Part of the Met Office headquarters at Exeter in Devon is the Met Office College. This does the training for internal personnel and many forecasters from around the world.

Forecasts

Shipping Forecast 
One of the British stalwarts, the Shipping Forecast, is produced by the Met Office and broadcast on BBC Radio 4. The Shipping Forecast has long been vital to the safety of mariners on the seas around the British Isles.

Weather forecasting and warnings 
The Met Office is responsible for issuing Severe Weather Warnings for the United Kingdom through the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS). These warn of weather which may affect transport and lives. In March 2008, the system was improved and a new stage of warning was introduced, the 'Advisory'.

Weather prediction models 
Its main role is to produce forecast models. It gathers information from weather satellites in space and observations on earth. The information is fed into two IBM supercomputers. The computers use models based on a software package known as the Unified Model. The principal weather products for UK customers are 36-hour forecasts from the newly operational 1.5 km resolution UKV model covering the UK and surroundings (replacing the 4 km model); 48-hour forecasts from the 12 km resolution NAE model covering Europe and the North Atlantic; and 144-hour forecasts from the 25 km resolution global model (replacing the 40 km global model). A wide range of other products for other regions of the globe are sold to customers abroad. They are used by MOD operations abroad or provided free to developing countries in Africa. If necessary, forecasters may make adjustments to the computer forecasts.

Related pages
BBC Weather
Numerical weather prediction
Tropical cyclone forecast model

References 

Government agencies of the United Kingdom
Weather services
Consultant

A consultant (from the Latin consultare meaning "to discuss" also the basis of words such as consul and counsel) is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area of expertise. Various consultants offer advice in management, accountancy, the environment, entertainment, technology, law (tax law, in particular), human resources, marketing, emergency management, food production, medicine, finance, statistics, software, life management, economics, public affairs, communication, engineering, sound system design, graphic design, or waste management.

A consultant is usually an expert or a professional, in a specific field, who also has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and changing clients. Thus, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired.

'Consultant' is also the term used to denote the most senior medical position in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland (e.g., a consultant surgeon).

Ways in which consultants work
Some consultants are employed by a consult staffing company, a company that provides consultants to clients.  This is particularly common in the technology sector.  Consultants are often called contractors in the technology sector in reference to their employment contract.

Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries. There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.

Consultants work at client places on behalf of a consultancy or Billing company.

References

Occupations
The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James

The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James is a popular pilgrimage route in Eastern Europe. This particular route was created in Poland. It starts in the city of Sandomierz, and end in the city of Krakow began in medieval times when many pilgrims travelled through Europe to Santiago de Compostela. The other places on The Lesser Polish Way are: Klimontów, Szczaworyż, Wiślica, and Więcławice.

Other websites 
 Website of parish of St. James in Więcławice with description of the route in Polish
 Possible accommodation 
 Facebook Funpage

Poland
The Medical Journal of Australia

The Medical Journal of Australia is a peer-reviewed medical journal. It is the official journal of the Australian Medical Association and began in 1914. It is published by the Australasian Medical Publishing Company Proprietary Limited (AMPCo). 

The journal publishes editorials, articles, case reports, and letters. The full text of every issue since January 2002 is available on their website.

Related pages
 British Medical Journal
The Lancet

References

Other websites
 

Medicine
Newspapers published in Australia
Journals