cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
List of U.S. states

This article lists the 50 states of the United States. It also lists their populations, the date they became a state or agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence, their total area, land area, water area, and the number of representatives in the United States House of Representatives.

Washington D.C., (Washington, District of Columbia) is a federal district and capital of the United States and is not considered a state. The United States also has sovereignty over 14 other territories. These are not included in this list.

Map of the U.S States 
Click on any state to learn more about that state.

List of states

Other websites

Notes

References
Drunk driving

Drunk driving (Drink driving in the UK and Australia) is the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol. Drunk driving is illegal in most areas of the world.  In some places, driving a motorless vehicle such as a bicycle while drunk is also illegal.

Most areas that make laws (jurisdictions) started with DWI (driving while intoxicated) laws, banning just alcohol. Later, most changed them to DUI (driving under the influence) laws, adding other drugs to those banned while driving. The most common blood alcohol content (BAC) limit in the United States is 0.08% for the legal meaning of drunk. Only three states still use the more lax, original standard of 0.10%.  Many jurisdictions add extra penalties (more jail time and/or a longer DUI program) in cases where the driver's BAC is over 0.20%.

United States laws 

The first place in the United States to adopt laws against drunk driving was the state of New York in 1910, with California (1911) and others doing the same later. Early laws simply banned driving while drunk, with no mention of what BAC was banned (which means how drunk the person is). The state of Georgia was one of the last states to make laws against drunk driving. One of the years with the most alcohol related crashes was 1982. The year 1982 had 26,173 alcohol related deaths due to drunk driving.

In the US, most of the laws were greatly tightened in the early 1980s, largely due to pressure from groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and Young Adults Educating Responsible Drinking.

References

Types of crime
Creative Commons

The Creative Commons is a non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.

Aim 
Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.

The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.

History 
Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.

Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.

Localisation 
The iCommons (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom have joined this project.

Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

References

Other websites 
 Article on the Creative Commons License on the English Wikipedia
 The creativecommons.org website
 A short Flash animation talking about Creative Commons
 International Commons: Creative Commons initiatives outside the United States.

Non-profit organizations of California
2001 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
HTML

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a type of markup language. It is used to make webpages. Webpages can include writing, links, pictures, and even sound and video. HTML tells web browsers what webpages should look like. HTML also adds meta information to webpages. Meta information is information about about a webpage e.g., the name of the person who created the page. Web browsers usually do not show meta information.

HTML is often used with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript. CSS is used to change the way HTML looks. JavaScript tells websites how to behave. It can also change HTML and CSS.

HTML is made by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). There are many versions of HTML. As of September 2018, the current standard of HTML is called HTML 5 and is specifically at version 5.2.

Tags 
HTML uses "elements" to let the browser know how a webpage is made of. Elements are shown as "tags" in the code, written with angle brackets: . Tags usually come in pairs: an opening tag defines the start of a block of content and a closing tag defines the end of that block of content. There are many kinds of tags, and each one has a different purpose. See Basic HTML Tags below for tag examples.

Some tags only work in certain browsers. For example, the <menuitem> tag, which is used to make something appear when the person presses the right button of the mouse, only works on the Mozilla Firefox browser. Other browsers simply ignore this tag and display the writing normally. Many web page creators avoid using these "non-standard" tags because they want their pages to look the same with all browsers.

Example 
Here is an example page in HTML with "Hello world!".<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Hi!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Hello world!</p>
  </body>
</html>The text between  and  describes the web page, and the text between  and  is the page content.  defines the browser page title.

Example HTML tags 
Here are some example HTML tags:

Other websites 
elementtutorials – for learning code for free and building projects
HTML Dog is a site that helps new writers write good, simple HTML and make it look good with CSS.
w3schools – a site of web technology tutorials
infobing – Best Tech Information html css
MDN HTML page – another page for HTML learning
Real time html editor - Edit HTML Code Directly in browser with realtime preview
HTML Programing Language-  For learning HTML with tutorial
 Designing in Figma – Learning Designing in Figma

Notes

References 

Markup languages
Internet
Web design
Leg

A leg is something used to support things; to hold them up. Birds and humans have two legs. Some objects, for example tables and chairs, also have legs to hold them up.  

Animals normally have 2 or 4 legs (vertebrates, which are animals with a backbone), or 6, 8, or 12 (arthropods, for example insects and spiders). Centipedes and millipedes have a lot more legs, but not exactly a hundred or a thousand as their names make people who do not know them think. Humans have 2 legs, complete with feet.

Biped is an animal with two legs and quadruped is an animal with four legs.

People also use the word "leg" in idioms, for example: 
you do not have a leg to stand on (that means "you have no support; you have no chance in this discussion") 
to leg it (to run)
to pull someone's leg (to play a little joke on someone for fun by trying to make them believe something that is not true)

Basic English 850 words
Limbs and extremities
Football

Football is a word which could mean one of several sports. The best-known type of football is association football. This is called "soccer" in North America, South Africa, and Australia to avoid confusion with other types of football that are commonly played there.

The name football comes from the two words 'foot' and 'ball'. It is named football because the players of the game walk and often run (on their feet) while playing, as opposed to (for example) polo where the players ride horses. Football is played using a ball, also called a 'football', that is usually shaped like a sphere or an ellipsoid. The ball is often kicked with the foot, but depending on the game, it can also be hit using other parts of the body (in association football) and handling the ball is a part of some other sports known as 'football'. Players can use any part of their body except their arms and hands. Goalies can use every part of their body to keep the ball out of the goal.

Some elements of football have been seen in many countries, dating back to the second and third century AD in China. The modern games of both rugby football and association football comes from 19th-century England.
Kicking a ball, in Europe, was described in Britannia (now western scottish lowlands), in Germania (now Deutchland) and Gallia (now France and northern-central Italy).  An evolution goes back to the Middle Ages in Paris. Association football (founded in Richmond, London at the end of 1800) spread to many other parts of Europe, and was brought to the rest of the world with colonization. Today, it is the most popular sport in the world and many people watch it on television, especially the FIFA World Cup that happens every four years.

Every year there is a Football Club Competition called as Champions League. All the qualified big teams take part. At the end, we have one winner who takes the prestigious UEFA trophy. All big players play for their own teams. Some big players who take part every year are Mbappe, Ronaldo, Messi, Dybala, Neymar and many more.

Types of football 

 Association football (soccer)
 American football
 Rugby league football
 Rugby union football
 Gridiron football
College football
Touch rugby - Called "touch football" in Australia.
Canadian football
 Gaelic football
 Australian Rules Football

References
List of English football teams

This is a list of English football teams and the leagues they play in.

A-Z order 

Lists of football teams
Lists about England
List of French football teams

These are some French football (soccer) teams.

Lists of football teams
List of Italian football teams

These are some Italian football teams that are or have been in the past years in the main professional division (Serie A).

 Juventus F.C. from Turin
 A.C. Milan from Milan
 F.C. Internazionale Milano from Milan
 Torino F.C. 1906 from Turin
 Brescia Calcio from Brescia
 Bologna F.C. 1909 from Bologna
 Genoa C.F.C. from Genoa
 A.S. Roma from Rome
 S.S. Lazio from Rome
 S.S.C. Napoli from Napoli
 A.C.F. Fiorentina from Florence
 Hellas Verona F.C. from Verona
 U.C. Sampdoria from Genoa
 Parma F.C. from Parma
 Udinese Calcio from Udine
 Atalanta B.C. from Bergamo
 Chievo Verona from Verona
 Perugia Calcio from Perugia
 A.C. Siena from Siena

Lists of football teams
Italy-related lists
List of Spanish football teams

These are the Spanish football (soccer) teams and the leagues they played in for the 2014/15 season.

La Liga BBVAB
 Racing Santander
 Barcelona
 Celta de Vigo
 Córdoba
 Deportivo La Coruña
 Eibar
 Elche
 Espanyol
 Getafe
 Granada
 Levante
 Málaga
 Rayo Vallecano
 Real Madrid
 Real Sociedad
 Sevilla
 Valencia
 Villarreal

Spanish Segunda
 Deportivo Alavés
  Albacet
 Alcorcón
 Barcelona B 
 Betis 
 Girona 
 Las Palmas 
 Leganés 
 Llagostera 
 Lugo 
 Mallorca 
 Mirandés 
 Numancia 
  Osasuna 
 Ponferradina 
 Espandigolio
 Recreativo 
 Sabadell 
 Sporting de Gijón 
 Tenerife 
 Valladolid
 Zaragoza

Lists of football teams
Welsh League

The Welsh League is a football league in Wales. Some large Welsh clubs play in England's Football League.

These are the Welsh football (soccer) teams that played in the Welsh League for the 2003/04 season:

Aberystwyth Town F.C.
Afan Lido F.C.
Bangor City F.C.
Barry Town F.C.
Caernarfon Town F.C.
Caersws F.C.
Carmarthen Town F.C.
Connah's Quay Nomads F.C.
Cwmbran Town F.C.
Haverfordwest County F.C.
NEWI Cefn Druids F.C.
Newtown F.C.
Port Talbot Town F.C.
Porthmadog F.C.
Rhyl F.C.
Total Network Solutions F.C.
Welshpool Town F.C.

 
Lists of football teams
Aston Villa F.C.

Aston Villa Football Club (nicknamed Villa), is an English football club based in Birmingham. They have played at Villa Park, in Aston, since 1897. They were one of the teams that started the English Football League in 1888. They were also one of the teams that started the Premier League in 1992. They are one of five English clubs to have won the European Cup. They won this in 1982. They have also won the Football League First Division seven times, the FA Cup seven times, the League Cup five times, and the European Super Cup once.

Villa have a large rivalry with nearby team Birmigham City. This is called the Second City Derby, and they have been playing against each other since 1879. The team's main home colours are claret and light blue. Their badge is a yellow lion. The club is owned by the NWSE group (owned by Egyptian Nassef Sawiris) and American Wes Edens.

Captain and vice-captain of Aston Villa 
The captain is Tyrone Mings and the vice-captain is John McGinn.

Club honours 

Aston Villa have won European and domestic league trophies. The club's last English trophy was in 1996 when they won the League Cup, and most recently they won the 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup.

Domestic 

League Titles

First Division / Premier League: 7
Champions: 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
 Second Division / First Division / Championship: 2
Champions: 1937–38, 1959–60
Play-off Winners: 2018–19
 Third Division / Second Division / League One: 1
Champions: 1971–72

Cups

FA Cup: 7
Winners: 1886–87, 1894–95, 1896–97, 1904–05, 1912–13, 1919–20, 1956–57
League Cup / EFL Cup: 5
Winners: 1960–61, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1993–94, 1995–96
FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield: 1
Winners: 1981
Sheriff of London Charity Shield: 2 
Winners: 1899, 1901

European 

European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 1
Winners: 1981–82

European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup: 1
Winners: 1982

Intertoto Cup: 1
Winners: 2001

League position

Former position

Managers

References

Other websites 
 Official Aston Villa website
 list of media articles concerning Aston Villa
 Aston Villa Fan site
 Aston Villa: From the Fans' Perspective
 Heroes and Villains Fanzine
 - Aston Villa fansite made for the fans, by the fans

Premier League clubs
1874 establishments in England
Birmingham City F.C.

Birmingham City Football Club, is an English football club.

The club play in the Championship, their current manager is Gary Monk. Their home ground is St.Andrews

Name
 1875-1888 Small Heath Alliance F.C.
 1888-1905 Heath F.C.
 1905-1945 Birmingham F.C.
 1945-present Birmingham City F.C.

League position

Former position

References

Other websites 
 BCFC Fanzine 

English football clubs
Birmingham
1875 establishments in England
Blackburn Rovers F.C.

Blackburn Rovers F.C. is an English football club. They play at Ewood Park, which is in Blackburn, Lancashire. The manager of the club is Tony Mowbray.

History
Blackburn Rovers won the FA Premier League once in the 1994/1995 season. However, in 1999, they were relegated.

League title 
 English Premier League: 1
 1994-95
 First Division: 2
 1911-12, 1913-14
 Second Division: 1
 1938-39
 Third Division: 1
 1974-75

League position

Former position

Other websites 
Blackburn Rovers ; premierleague

English football clubs
1875 establishments in England
Bolton Wanderers F.C.

Bolton Wanderers F.C. is an English football club. It is based 15 miles north of Manchester. The club plays in the English football league 1, the third tier league in England. Their home is the University of Bolton Stadium. It holds around 28,723 people. Their manager is Ian Evett. At home they play in a white shirt, navy blue shorts & white socks. Away they play in a navy blue shirt, white shorts and navy blue socks.

Name 
 1874-1877 Christ Church F.C.
 1877-present Bolton Wanderers F.C.

League position

Former position 

Premier League clubs
1874 establishments in England
Fulham F.C.

Fulham Football Club is an English football club from London that currently plays in the EFL Championship in the 2021–22 season. It plays in a white shirt and black shorts for home games. For away games, it played in red shirts and white shorts in 2013/14, but has played in colours such as green, yellow or black. The team's away kit in 2014 is navy with orange sleeves. Shahid Khan owns the club. He is from the United States, and also owns the Jacksonville Jaguars, a famous NFL team.

History 
The club was made in 1879 as Fulham St. Andrews. Lots of famous players used to play for Fulham, like Johnny Haynes (1950s), Bobby Moore (1970s), George Best (1970s) and Edwin van der Sar (2000s). Fulham have won one international tournament; the Intertoto Cup in 2003. They also were runner-up of the 2009-10 UEFA Europe League. They lost to Atletico Madrid in the final.

When Mohamed Al-Fayed bought Fulham in 1997, it was in the 3rd division of English football (Football League One). He put lots of money into the club, and he made good choices about the club. The club won promotion two times, which means that in 2001 it was now in the top division of English Football, the Premier League.

Name 
 1879-1888 Fulham St Andrew's Church Sunday School
 1888-present Fulham F.C.

Stadium 
Fulham's stadium is called Craven Cottage. It was built 100 years ago. It has a pretty building in one corner of the pitch, this is the "Cottage". The fans of Fulham like to call it "The Cottage", and it can have 27,000 people sitting in it.

From 2002 to 2004, Fulham had to play at Loftus Road, which is the ground of Queens Park Rangers, near the BBC headquarters. This was because the club needed to renovate Craven Cottage because of new rules. The rules said that nobody can stand at football games, so the club had to install new seats.

Some people who live near to Craven Cottage do not like having a big club near to them. They made it hard for the club to be allowed to make the changes. This is why the changes took a long time, even though it was easy work for the builders.

Because of the "Cottage", the club and its supporters are called "The Cottagers".

Now 
The club plays in the Premier League, the top football league in England. The club is managed by Scott Parker in the 2020/21 season.

League position by season

Former position

Other websites 
 Fulham Website
 News about Fulham from the BBC (BBC)
 Pictures of Craven Cottage
 The outside of Craven Cottage 

Premier League clubs
1879 establishments in England
Manchester City F.C.

Manchester City Football Club is an English football club. The club is coached by Pep Guardiola and the team is currently playing in the English Premier League.

The club plays in the Premier League and is owned by a royal family from Abu Dhabi. As of 1 September 2008 they are the richest club in the Premier League. They won the 2011–12 Premier League championship, their first in the top flight since the 1967–68 season. After finishing second in 2012–13, they won the Premier League championship again in 2013–14. Their current stadium is the Etihad Stadium (noncommercial name: City of Manchester Stadium). The stadium is part-owned by Manchester City Council, and could only be built on the understanding that Manchester City would take a tenancy after the 2006 Commonwealth Games, which the club agreed to do. The owner of Manchester City Sheik Mansour bought 200 million pounds.

Name 
 1880-1887 St Mark's (West Gorton)
 1887–1894 Ardwick F.C.
 1894–present Manchester City F.C.

Players

Current squad

Out on loan 
The following players have previously made a league or cup appearance for Manchester City and are currently on loan at other teams:

Other players with first-team appearances

Retired numbers

Player of the Year 

Source:

References 

1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
Premier League clubs
Sport in Manchester
Middlesbrough F.C.

Middlesbrough Football Club, is an English football club. Their stadium is the Riverside Stadium.

The club plays in the Premier League. The manager is Neil Warnock.

League position

Former position

Players

Current squad 
As of 16 March 2009.

Players out on loan 
As of 16 March 2009.

References 

1876 establishments in England
English football clubs
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United F.C.

Newcastle United Football Club is an English football club in Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle play in the Premier League. In the 2008/09 season they were relegated after 16 years in the top flight, but won promotion back into the Premier League by winning the Football League Championship. In the 2015/16 season, they were relegated again.

History 
Newcastle United was formed in 1892 after the two rival clubs Newcastle West End and Newcastle East End grouped together. They have played their matches at the ground St.James' Park ever since. This ground holds 52,000 people, and is one of the biggest in England. It is located just inside the centre of Newcastle.

Newcastle originally played in red shirts and white shorts. In fact, there was a kit clash in their very first League match, away to the then-named Woolwich Arsenal. The home side wore red, so Newcastle played in their change kit of black and white stripes. A permanent switch to black and white soon followed, most likely to reduce kit clashes, and perhaps as a further attempt to appease West End fans. The decision was taken in 1894, as the minutes from the club meeting reveal: ‘It was agreed that the Club’s colours should be changed from red shirts and white knickers to black and white shirts (two inch stripe) and dark knickers.’.

On the 24th day of May 2009 which was also the last day of the season, Newcastle were relegated to the second tier of English football, the Coca-Cola Championship. They returned to the top flight of English football, winning the Championship in the 2009/10 season. In the 2010/11 season, they finished mid-table. The club then went on to finish 5th place in the 2011/12 season. 

On 17 July 2019, former Sunderland manager Steve Bruce was made manager on a three-year contract. Bruce oversaw 13th and 12th placed finishes during his first two seasons in charge, both of which were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 7 October 2021, after 14 years as owner, Ashley sold the club to a new group of owners. The group was made up of Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund, RB Sports & Media and PCP Capital Partners.

The club 
Traditionally the loudest support for the club came from the Gallowgate End - a stand in St. James' Park. This stand is where Alan Shearer once used to watch Newcastle play when he was a child.

The record transfer fee the club has paid is £17 million (around $30 million) for Michael Owen, in August 2005. Alan Shearer was the previous record transfer at £15 million, which was also the world's largest transfer fee when he signed in 1996.

The Newcastle United's number 9 shirt is one of the most famous shirts in the world. Legends such as Hughie Gallacher, Malcolm McDonald, Jackie Milburn and Alan Shearer have worn the famous shirt.

League position

Former position

References

Premier League clubs
Newcastle upon Tyne
1892 establishments in England
Portsmouth F.C.

Portsmouth F.C. is an English football club. They play in the Football League Two. Their home stadium is called Fratton Park.

Portsmouth's manager is Kenny Jackett. The most famous manager was probably Harry Redknapp who took the team to an FA Cup victory in 2008 which subsequently got the team into the UEFA Europa League (then called the UEFA Cup) for the first time. The club has since been hit with financial problems and see themselves in the fourth tier of English football.

They have a big rivalry with a team called Southampton F.C. They are also from Hampshire.

League position

Former position 

2014=- NOT RELEGATED

English football clubs
Portsmouth
1898 establishments in England
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

Tottenham Hotspur Football Club is an English football club. The club plays in the Premier League. Their current stadium is The Tottenham Hotspur Stadium in north London. The captain of Tottenham Hotspur is Hugo Lloris and vice-captain is Harry Kane. The club's most common nickname is Spurs. Other nicknames include The Lilywhites and COYS.

Famous Tottenham Hotspur players include Pat Jennings, Paul Gascoigne, Glenn Hoddle, Dave Mackay, Gary Lineker, Danny Blanchflower, Teddy Sheringham and Jimmy Greaves. They have many rivals in London, but their most famous rivals are Arsenal. Tottenham were the first winners of the UEFA Cup tournament, and the first team in the 20th century to achieve the league and cup double. In the 2016–17 Premier League, they finished in 2nd position and earned a place in the European Champions League. They reached the Champions League Final in the 2018-2019 season but ultimately lost 0-2 to Liverpool.

First-team squad

References

Name 
1882-1884 Hotspur F.C.
1884-present Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

League position

Former position 

1882 establishments in England
Premier League clubs
Sport in London
Tottenham
Sunderland A.F.C.

Sunderland Association Football Club is an English football club. They are from the city of Sunderland.

The club played in the Premier League in the 2005/2006 season, they finished bottom. They played in the Football League Championship in 2006/2007, but were promoted back to the Premiership for 2007/08 under manager Roy Keane.

Sunderland AFC were created in 1879 and joined the Football League in 1891. They have won the league six times. The last time Sunderland won the league was in 1936. Sunderland have won the FA Cup two times, in 1937 and 1973.

For 99 years, Sunderland played their home games at Roker Park. In 1997 they moved, and now play their home games at the Stadium of Light. The stadium holds 49,000 people.

The team's most recent promotion to the English Premier League was in 2007, and they are now, in 2015/16, in their ninth season in a row in this division. They have had three different managers in 2013. Martin O'Neill was fired at the end of March and Paolo Di Canio became manager. He was fired in September after the team had bad results, and Gus Poyet replaced him on October 8th.

Seasons

Notes

References 

Premier League clubs
Sunderland
West Ham United F.C.

West Ham United Football Club is an English football club.

The club plays in the Premier League. It was started in 1895 and its home stadium is the London stadium East London. The club is also called "the Hammers" and "the Irons" because it was started in a London Ironworks. Their main rivals are Millwall and other rivals are Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea and Arsenal 

West ham currently are managed by David Moyes, their former care-taker manager for the 2017/18 season in Premier League.

Name 
 1895-1900 Thames Ironworks F.C.
 1900-present West Ham United F.C.

League position

Former position

Notable players 
  Sir Bobby Moore, captain of England when they won the FIFA World Cup in 1966.
 Sir Geoff Hurst, who scored three goals for England in the World Cup final.
 Sir Trevor Brooking, a good player for England in the 1970/1980s.
 Paulo Di Canio an entertaining player and hero for West Ham fans.
 Carlos Tevez, Helped keep West Ham in the Premiership with a great run of form 2006/2007.
 Mark Noble, West Ham's Long time captain and Player of the decade (2009-2019)

Other websites 
 Non official Hammer blog

1895 establishments in England
Football clubs in London
Wigan Athletic F.C.

Wigan Athletic Football Club is an English football club from Wigan, Greater Manchester. The club plays in the Championship, currently managed by Owen Coyle. They play their home games at the DW Stadium. In 2012-13 they won the FA Cup by beating Manchester City 1-0 and so they played in the UEFA Europa League in the season 2013/14. A few days later they were relegated from the English Premier League to the Football League Championship, becoming the first FA Cup-winning side to be relegated in the same season. Manager Roberto Martínez left the club shortly after to join Everton. Owen Coyle replaced him.

Supporters
Wigan Athletic Official Supporters Club (formally known as Wigan Athletic Supporters Travel Club) is the official supporters' association of Wigan Athletic Football Club. The supporters club are a non-profit organisation run by volunteers and meet before home matches in the South Stand Bar.

Rivalries
Since Wigan Athletic's admission to the Football League in 1978, the club has built up several rivalries, mainly with Bolton Wanderers. They also have a rivalry with Manchester City, because they are from the same city and have the same blue club color.

League position

Former position

Managers
As listed on the official Wigan Athletic website.

Honours

League
Football League Championship (English second tier)
 Runners-up (1): 2004–05Football League Second Division (English third tier)
 Winners (1): 2002–03
Football League Third Division (English fourth tier)
 Winners (1): 1996–97Football League Fourth Division Promoted (1): 1981–82

Cup
 FA Cup Winners (1): 2012-13
 League CupRunners-up (1): 2005-06
 FA Community ShieldRunners-up (1): 2013
 Football League TrophyWinners (2): 1984–85, 1998–99
 UEFA Europa League'''
Wigan's victory in the 2013 FA Cup Final qualified them for European football for the first time, earning them an automatic place in the group stage of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League.

References

1932 establishments in the United Kingdom
1930s establishments in England
English football clubs
Wigan
Accrington Stanley F.C.

Accrington Stanley Football Club is an English football club.

The club will play in League Two (the English fourth division) in the 2015/16 season.

They were re-founded in 1968 after going bankrupt (having no money) in 1962. They were first founded in 1921. They are thought of as hard working but having no chance of success. Their nickname is Stanley. They play at the Interlink Express Stadium in Accrington in Lancashire, in England.

English football clubs
1921 establishments in Europe
1962 disestablishments
1968 establishments in England
1920s establishments in England
1960s disestablishments in England
Sheffield F.C.

Sheffield Football Club is a football club in England.

Sheffield F.C. is the oldest football club in the world. It was set up in 1857 in the city of Sheffield. Sheffield F.C. initially played games under the Sheffield rules and did not officially adopt the FA rules until 1878.

Unlike Sheffield United F.C. and Sheffield Wednesday F.C., it does not play in a national league.

English football clubs
Sheffield
1857 establishments in Europe
1850s establishments in the United Kingdom
Asteroid belt

The asteroid belt or main belt is a ring of small and large rocks and dust between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The biggest object in the asteroid belt is Ceres, a dwarf planet. The Kirkwood gaps separate the asteroid belt into several groups.

Most asteroids orbit at 2 to 3 times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Planets that are "inside" - or before - the asteroid belt (which means they are closer to the sun) are called inner planets. Planets that are "outside" - that is, after - the asteroid belt are called outer planets: so Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are inner planets, while Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the outer planets.

Origin 
In 1802, shortly after discovering 2 Pallas, Heinrich Olbers suggested to William Herschel that Ceres and Pallas were fragments of a much larger planet that once occupied the Mars–Jupiter region, this planet having suffered an internal explosion or a cometary impact many million years before. This hypothesis has fallen from favor. The large amount of energy needed to destroy a planet, and with the belt's low combined mass (only about 4% of the mass of the Moon) do not support the hypothesis. Also, the significant chemical differences between the asteroids are difficult to explain if they come from the same planet. Today, most scientists accept that the asteroids never formed a planet at all.

In general, the formation and evolution of the Solar System happened when a cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed under the influence of gravity to form the Sun and planetesimals, and eventually the planets. This gravitational accretion led to the formation of the rocky planets and the gas giants.

Planetesimals in the region which would become the asteroid belt were too strongly disturbed by Jupiter's gravity to form a planet. Instead they continued to orbit the Sun as before, while occasionally colliding. In regions where the velocity of the collisions was too high, the shattering of planetesimals was more common than accretion, preventing the formation of planet-sized bodies.

References 

Asteroids
Gardening

Gardening is the growing of plants such as flowers, shrubs and trees as a hobby or recreation. Some people also grow vegetables or fruit in their gardens. People do gardening outdoors in the soil in their backyard, or in pots or containers on their balcony or on their patio. Some people do gardening on a roof.

People do indoor gardening inside their house or inside a building. Sometimes indoor gardening is done in greenhouses, which are special buildings where plants are grown. A greenhouse has a transparent glass or plastic roof and walls that let sunlight in. Grow tent is also used for indoor plants. Grow tent helps plant to grow in a more spectacular and develop a friendly environment. Water gardening is growing plants in ornamental pools and ponds. People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic plants. 

Gardening can be done outside of the home, in city parks, botanical gardens, zoos, amusement parks, theme parks, and around tourist attractions. These types of gardens are cared for by people called gardeners or groundskeepers.

Gardening compared with farming 
Gardening is related to farming. But farming is done on a much larger scale. A farm may have hundreds of square kilometres of plants and crops. A garden in a person's backyard usually only measures a few square meters. As well, farming is done as a business, to sell the crops, fruit, and vegetables that are produced. Gardening is done just to produce fruit or vegetables for the gardener's own family. Gardening is done as a hobby or as a recreation, not as a business.

Gardening tools 
Gardeners use tools to dig in the soil and water the crops. These tools include a spade, a fork, a hoe, a basket, a watering can, a hose, a Sprinkler, a bucket, a trowel  and a wheelbarrow. With growing, technology gardeners now have tech like Self-watering containers, Garden sensors, Hydroponic systems and Indoor lighting systems.

Gardens as art 
In many countries and cultures, designing beautiful gardens is treated as a fine art. In Japan, for instance, Zen monks created Japanese gardens. In Europe in the 1700s, kings and queens had formal gardens built. One example is the gardens at the Versailles palace in Paris, France. Landscaping, the making of an artificial landscape, may include gardening and the designer may be a professional landscape architect.

Related pages
Agriculture
Horticulture
Aquaculture
Agronomy
Hydroculture

References
Language family

Language families are groups of languages that are related to each other because they come from a common older language. The languages in such a family are similar in their vocabulary or structure.

For example, French and Spanish both come from Latin.  Latin was spoken a long time ago, and some of the people who spoke it started to speak one way, saying, for example, for good: "bueno" while another group started saying "bon."  Most words are said a little differently in Spanish and French, so the two are called different languages.

Most languages belong to a language family, but some languages do not. These languages are called Language isolates.

There also are constructed languages, like for example Esperanto. Constructed languages are made for different reasons: making a 'world language', for fun, for use in fiction, etc.

Major language families

By number of languages
Ethnologue 22 (2019) lists these language families as "major". Each has at least 1% of all languages on Earth:

Niger–Congo (1,542 languages) (21.7%)
Austronesian (1,257 languages) (17.7%)
Trans–New Guinea (482 languages) (6.8%)
Sino-Tibetan (455 languages) (6.4%)
Indo-European (448 languages) (6.3%)
Australian [dubious] (381 languages) (5.4%)
Afro-Asiatic (377 languages) (5.3%)
Nilo-Saharan [dubious] (206 languages) (2.9%)
Oto-Manguean (178 languages) (2.5%)
Austroasiatic (167 languages) (2.3%)
Tai–Kadai (91 languages) (1.3%)
Dravidian (86 languages) (1.2%)
Tupian (76 languages) (1.1%)

Glottolog 4.0 (2019) lists the following as the largest families, of 8494 languages:

 Atlantic–Congo (1,432 languages) 
 Austronesian (1,275 languages) 
 Indo-European (588 languages) 
 Sino-Tibetan (494 languages)
 Afro-Asiatic (373 languages)
 Nuclear Trans–New Guinea (314 languages) 
 Pama–Nyungan (248 languages)
 Oto-Manguean (180 languages)
 Austroasiatic (159 languages)
 Tai–Kadai (94 languages)
 Dravidian (81 languages)
 Arawakan (78 languages)
 Mande (75 languages)
 Tupian (71 languages)

 
Language-related lists
Gold

Gold is a soft, dense, yellow metal. It is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Au. Its atomic number is 79. As a precious metal, it has been used for many thousands of years by people all over the world, for jewelry, and as money. Gold is important because it is rare, but also easier to use than other rare metals. It is also used to repair and replace teeth and in electronic equipment such as computers. The color of this metal is also called gold.

Mining methods for gold are similar to other metals. Gold is so valued that the discovery of a new place to mine has sometimes caused a gold rush. The deepest workplaces for miners in the world are in South African gold mines.

Often, gold is found as a native metal. This means it is not part of an ore, and does not need smelting. It may be in large, pure nuggets but more often must be separated from other minerals and soil.

Most of the gold on Earth is deep inside the Earth's core because it is dense. Nearly all discovered gold was deposited on the surface by meteorites.

Properties 
In chemistry, gold is chemical element 79, a transition metal in Group 11. It has an atomic weight of 199.966 a.m.u. Its symbol is Au, from the Latin word for gold, aurum. It is a "noble metal" meaning it has low chemical reactivity.

Gold is very soft. It is malleable, meaning a goldsmith can hammer it into thin metal sheets. It is also ductile, which means it can be pulled into wire. When it is used in money or in jewelry, it is often alloyed with silver or some other metal to make it harder.

Most metals are gray in color. Gold is yellow because of the way its electrons behave. The only other metal in common use that has a non-gray color is copper. Caesium also has a gold-like color, but it is not commonly used as a metal because it reacts with water.

Gold is a fairly good electrical conductor, better than aluminium, but not as good as copper or silver. Copper and brass electrical connectors, especially those used with computer and audio/video equipment, are often plated with gold for corrosion resistance.

Language and culture 
Gold can mean that something or someone is very good or has done very well. A gold medal is often the given to the first-place winner in a race or other sports. Something that is in some way good may be given gold status.

Safety 
Metallic gold is non-toxic, which is unusual for a heavy metal. Soluble gold compounds, however, are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Gold is non-flammable, even in a pure oxygen environment or when finely powdered. It does not react with most household or laboratory chemicals. Gold is commonly processed with cyanide, which is highly toxic.  Most of the cyanide is destroyed in the production process, so it is not present in the final product, but it can be a hazard to workers in a gold processing plant. Since gold conducts electricity, gold jewelry should never be worn when working with electricity.

References

Other websites 

 Atomic Properties
 Gold Institute
 Gold -Citizendium

Basic English 850 words
Gold
Family

A family is a group of people who, in most cases, live together. They share their money and food and are supposed to take care of one another. Its members are either genetically related (like brother and sister) or legally bound to each other, for example by marriage. In many cultures, the members of a family have the same or a similar surname.

The family in accordance to the Catholic doctrine is treated in many articles of the Catechism of the Catholic Church starting from the article 2201.  
   
A family is said to be society's smallest unit, its nucleus. Family life is more private and intimate than public life. But in most countries there are laws for it. For example, there are restrictions for marrying within the family and bans for having a sexual relationship with relatives, especially with children.

Types of families 

Three types of family on the basic of size

are: nuclear family, single-parent family and extended family.

A nuclear families is made up of parents and one or more children living together.
A single-parent family is one where there is one parent and one or more children.
An extended family or joint families means father, mother, daughters, sons, grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, nieces and nephews. In many countries including China, Pakistan and India, extended or joint families traditionally live together.

Both the "nuclear family" and the "single-parent family" are also called the "immediate family". 

Foster families are families where a child lives with and is cared for by people who are not his or her parents.

Closeness 
Some family members are related closer to each other. Consanguinity is a way of measuring this closeness.

Relationships

Same generation

First generation

Second generation

Notes:

Human behavior
Social groups
Wave (physics)

A wave is a kind of oscillation (disturbance) that travels through space and matter. Wave motions transfer energy from one place to another.

Examples 
Waves are found everywhere in the natural world. Examples of waves are:
 Sound

 Water waves
 Seismic waves (earthquakes)
 Electromagnetic waves
 Light waves
 Radio waves

Properties 

Waves have properties that can be measured. All waves can be pictured by adding sine waves.

Sine waves can be measured too. The shape of a sine wave is given by its amplitude, phase, wavelength and frequency. The speed that the sine wave moves can be measured. The amplitude and wavelength of the sine wave are shown in the picture.

The highest point on a wave is called the crest. The lowest point is called the trough. The crest of a wave and the trough of a wave are always twice the wave's amplitude apart from each other. The part of the wave halfway in between the crest and the trough is called the baseline.

Complicated waveforms (like the sound waves of music) can be made by adding up sine waves of different frequencies. This is how mp3 audio files are converted from their compressed form into the music we can hear. Complex waves can be separated into sine waves by Fourier analysis.

Waves and matter 
Some waves can move through matter while others cannot. For instance, some waves can move through empty space, light waves for example. Sound waves, on the other hand, cannot move through empty space. Inherently, all waves carry energy from one place to another when they move. In some applications of technology, waves may carry meaningful information from one place to another, such as news on the radio. 

Usually, after a wave moves through matter, the matter is the same as it was before the wave was introduced, though in some cases, matter can be affected by waves traveling through it. In 1922, Louis de Broglie found out that all waves are also particles, and all particles are also waves.

Types 
In matter:
 Transverse wave: the vibrations of particles are perpendicular ⊥ to the direction of travel of the wave. Transverse waves have crests and troughs. Wave crests and troughs move along a travelling transverse wave.
 Longitudinal wave: the vibrations of particles are parallel to the direction of travel of wave. Longitudinal waves have compressions and rarefactions. Compressions and rarefactions move along a travelling longitudinal wave.
 Standing wave: a wave that remains in a constant position.
 Travelling wave: The blue waves move off to the right. They are traveling waves. The red waves do not move. They are standing waves.
 Solitary wave or soliton: Solitary waves were first observed in a river channel in 1834. Something gets a bulge of water starting moving up the channel and the bulge on the surface of the water continues to move up the stream. 
Light waves can move through space. Light is different from wind or water because light sometimes acts like waves and sometimes it acts as little bits called "particles." The nature of light is a big part of quantum mechanics.

Related pages
 List of wave topics

Notes 

Wave physics
Fingerplate

A fingerplate is a plate that is fixed to a door near the handle or keyhole. It is for stopping dirt getting on the door. It is made of metal or glass.

Architectural elements
City of London

The City of London is a district of Greater London. The City's boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages. Although it is now only a small part of the metropolis, it is a notable part of central London. The City holds city status in its own right, and is also a separate ceremonial county. Often referred to as the City, or the Square Mile, it is just over one square mile,  in area. 

It is here in the City of London where most of the United Kingdom's financial trade is done. It is a very small area, covering only a square mile, and has a very small resident population (8,000). However, many people come to work here and during the day it can be very busy, with some 300,000 people in it.

"London" now refers to Greater London, which is made up of 32 boroughs (including the City of Westminster and the City of London). The City is in central London and is the oldest part of the city, dating back to Roman times. The City of London has its own mayor, the Lord Mayor of London, an office separate from (and much older than) the Mayor of London. There are other ancient features, dating back to medieval times. The City has its own police force, the City of London Police.

Financial markets 
The City vies with New York City as the financial capital of the world: many banking and insurance institutions have their headquarters there. The London Stock Exchange (shares and bonds),  Lloyd's of London (insurance) and the Bank of England are all based in the City. 

Over 500 banks have offices in the City, and the City is an established leader in trading in Eurobonds, foreign exchange, energy futures and global insurance. The Alternative Investment Market, a market for trades in equities of smaller firms, is a recent development. In 2008, the City of London accounted for 4% of UK GDP.

London is the world's greatest foreign exchange market, with much of the trade conducted in the City of London. Of the $3.98 trillion daily global turnover, as measured in 2007, trading in London accounted for around $1.36 trillion, or 34.1% of the total. The Pound Sterling, the currency of the United Kingdom, is globally the fourth most traded currency and the third most held reserve currency.

Since 1991 Canary Wharf, a few miles east of the City in Tower Hamlets, has become a second centre for London's financial services industry and houses many banks and other institutions formerly located in the Square Mile. This development does not appear to have damaged the City: growth has continued in both locations.

History 
The City is the site of Roman Londinium, and the archaeological remains are on display in the Museum of London, City Wall.

The City has many churches designed by Sir Christopher Wren, including St Paul's Cathedral. The City was the site of the Great Fire of London in 1666.

References 

Ceremonial counties of England
City of London
City of Westminster

The City of Westminster is a city and London borough. It is to the west of the City of London. Its most important area, Westminster, contains the Houses of Parliament, Whitehall, Downing Street and Westminster Abbey.