cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Confederate States of America

Sometimes called the CSA, for other uses see CSA.

The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a short-lived government that existed in the southern United States during the American Civil War. It was established (made) in 1861 by seven southern states in which slavery was legal, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the U.S., but before he took office. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States. After war began, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them.  The first capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, but for most of the war the capital was Richmond, Virginia.

The government of the Confederacy was much like the United States government. The Confederate States Constitution was similar to that of the United States; however, it emphasized states’ rights and clearly protected the enslavement of black Americans. Jefferson Davis was chosen as president and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President.  As in the United States, the CSA president had a cabinet of advisors.

The United States government (also known as the Union) did not agree that the states could leave and start a new government. Thus, the Union government refused to abandon all its forts in the states that wanted to secede. War began when the CSA attacked one of those forts, Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. This war is known as the American Civil War, and it lasted from 1861 to 1865. After some of the deadliest battles in U.S. history, Union forces gradually regained control of southern states. As Confederate forces surrendered, the Confederacy fell apart and the Civil War came to a close in 1865. Following the war, slavery was outlawed everywhere in the United States. The process of restoring the states of the CSA to the Union, called the Reconstruction of the United States, continued until 1877.  

It is still undecided if the Confederate States of America was ever a country. The Union never said that the Confederacy was really a country. Although British and French companies sold ships and materials to the Confederacy, no nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.

The CSA was also called "the South," "the Confederacy," and "Dixie."

References

Other websites 
 Confederate States of America -Citizendium 

Unrecognized countries
A Tale of Two Cities

A Tale of Two Cities is a book written by Charles Dickens. It was published (printed) in 1859. It is set during the time of the French Revolution (1775-1793). The story happens in France and England. It talks about the French Revolution and the troubles the poor go through and how the rich ignore them. The main characters are Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and their love interest, Lucie Manette. The story's main theme is society.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1859 books
Books by Charles Dickens
English novels
English-language novels
Fiji

Fiji is a small country in the Pacific Ocean. It has 322 islands. The most important islands are Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. The capital city of Fiji is Suva, and the city with the most people is Nadi.  There are about 844,330 people in Fiji.
The official languages of Fiji are Fijian, English and Hindustani (a mix of Hindi and Urdu). Fiji is part of the Pacific Rim. About 313000 speak Fiji Hindi.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji. Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century.

Fiji has many forest, mineral, and fish resources.

Divisions and provinces

Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions:
 Central
 Eastern
 Northern
 Western

These divisions are divided into 14 provinces:

Cities
 Lautoka
 Suva

Incorporated towns
Fijian law defines "towns" as urbanized areas incorporated as municipal bodies, governed by Town Councils.

Unincorporated towns
The following localities are urbanized, but have not been municipally organized.
 Dreketi
 Lomawai
 Korolevu
 Navua
 Natumbua
 Vatukoula
 Nakasi, 9½ Miles

Tourism

Fiji has a lot of tourism and many people go to the Nadi and Denarau islands. Most visitors are from Australia, New Zealand and the USA. Fiji has many soft coral reefs. Scuba diving is a common tourist activity. More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, which provides more tourism opportunities.

Related pages
 Fiji at the Olympics
 Fiji national football team
 List of rivers of Fiji

Other websites
 Pictures of Fiji 
 UN Fiji LESA - Association

References

 
Commonwealth member states
1970 establishments in Oceania
Fijian language

The Fijian language is a Austronesian language. It is one of the official languages of Fiji. It has about 350,000 speakers.

References

Austronesian languages
Languages of Oceania
Fiji
1922



Events 
February 28 – Egypt becomes an independent country.
Most of Ireland stopped being part of the United Kingdom.
Collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Tomb of Tutankhamun discovered by Howard Carter
 Archibald Hill, English mathematician, and Otto Fritz Meyerhof, German doctor, won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Declaration of the foundation of the Soviet Union.

Births 
January 17 - Betty White, American actress and comedian (d. 2021)
February 18 - Helen Gurley Brown, American publisher (d. 2012)
March 1 – Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1995)
March 12 – Jack Kerouac, American writer (d. 1969)
March 17 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bengali founder (d. 1975) 
March 28 – Joey Maxim, American boxer (d. 2001)
 April 3 – Doris Day, actress (d. 2019)
 April 15 - Michael Ansara, Syrian-American actor (d. 2013)
April 16 – Kingsley Amis, English writer (d. 1955)
June 10 – Judy Garland, American actress (d. 1969)
June 16 – Wayne Mixson, American politician
July 14 – Robin Olds, American fighter pilot (d. 1970)
August 24 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (d. 1987)
September 9 – Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian entomologist
November 23 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Spanish politician
Rafael Ishkhanyan, Armenian historian (d. 1996)

Deaths 
 January 22 - Pope Benedict XV

Books 
Ulysses by James Joyce

Movies released 
Nanook of the North
Legend

Legends (derived from Latin, ''Legenda)' are stories in oral tradition and a narrative of human actions. They are usually old but are believed to have taken place within human history. Legends are often passed on by word-of-mouth. Legends have often been transformed over time to keep them realistic. 

The word is also used for famous or historically you sure significant people, places, art, etc. We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".

Examples of legends are Ali Baba, the Fountain of Youth, Paul Bunyan, Kraken, Atlantis, the Loch Ness Monster, and Bigfoot ,Yeti.  Some legends are stories about real people; others are not.  Odysseus and Robin Hood for example may have been real but most the stories about them are definitely fiction.

For some places, legends are the earliest history. For example, the origin of ancient Rome is known only from legends, as are the earliest dynasties in the history of China.

 	
 	
Oral tradition
Apricot

An apricot is a drupe fruit. It is closely related to the plum.

Description 

The apricot comes from a small to medium-sized tree,  tall, with a trunk up to 40 centimetres in diameter with spreading, dense canopy; leaves are shaped somewhat like a heart, with pointed tips, about 8 centimetres (3 inches) wide. 
 Flowers: Flowers are white to pinkish in color.
 Fruit: The fruit has only one seed; the color runs from yellow to orange and may have a red cast; the surface of the fruit is smooth and nearly hairless.

Related pages
 List of fruits

Other websites 

 www.apricotseeds.org – includes information on medicinal uses of apricot seeds
 Apricot Kernel products – About Apricot Kernel
 Scintro fruit book – All about fruits

Prunus
Tonga

Tonga is a country in Pacific Ocean. It has 169 islands. Only 36 islands have inhabitants. The most important island is Tongatapu. George Tupou V is the king of Tonga and the Prime Minister is Pohiva Tu'ionetoa. The capital of Tonga is Nuku'alofa.

The official languages of Tonga are Tongan and English. Tonga had 102,321 inhabitants in 2000. It is a very hot country. Tonga became independent in 1970.

History
About 3000 years before, the Polynesians had settled in Tongatapu. In 1845, Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy. Between 1845 and 1893, slavery was stopped. Also, constitution was made up.

In 1900, Tonga became a protected state of the United Kingdom. Tonga maintained its sovereignty. It remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government. Foreign affairs was managed by the UK. Tonga was no longer a protected state and became independent in 1970. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. It became a member of the United Nations in September 1999. Tonga has never lost indigenous governance.

Politics

Tonga is a constitutional monarchy.
Tonga provides for its citizens:
 free and mandatory education for all
 secondary education with only nominal fees
 and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary education

Tongans have universal access to a national health care system. The Tongan constitution protects land ownership. Land cannot be sold to foreigners. While there is a land shortage on the urbanised main island of Tongatapu, there is farmland available in the outlying islands.
The majority of the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food. Women and men have equal access to education and health care. They are fairly equal in employment. Women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and government ministries.

Geography

Tonga is in Oceania. It is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It has 177 islands. Thirty-six of them are inhabited. The islands are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu. The largest island is Tongatapuon. The capital city of Nukuʻalofa is on Tongatapuon.

Climate
The climate is tropical with a distinct warm period (December–April) and a cooler period (May–November). The average wettest period is around March. The average daily humidity is 80%.

References

 
Current monarchies
1970 establishments in Oceania
Filippo Azzaiolo

Filippo Azzaiolo (1530 - 1569) was an Italian composer. He lived in 16th century. Azzaiolo worked in Bologna.

All his known songs were composed between 1557 and 1569. Azzaiolo's most famous song is "Chi passa".

References

1530 births
1569 deaths
Italian composers
Renaissance composers
1914

1914 (MCMXVI) was a common year that started on a Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.  It was the year that saw the start of what became known as World War I.

Events 
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Countess Sophie were assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo. This led to World War I.
 August 2 – According to the NSDAP 25 points manifesto, anyone who was not German-race who did not live in Germany before this date had to leave the country.
 August 31 – Saint Petersburg, Russia is renamed Petrograd by Nicholas II.

Date unknown 
 Australian supermarket chain Coles Supermarkets was founded.
 The Iglesia ni Cristo ("Church of Christ") was built in the Philippines.
 The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main opened
 Construction of the Panama Canal is finished.
 Yuma, Arizona became a city

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor.

Births 
 February 5 – William S. Burroughs, American writer (d. 1999)
 March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet and diplomat (d, 1998)
 April 2 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
 May 13 – Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
 May 29 – Tenzing Norgay, Sherpa climber (d. 1986)
 September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)
 October 16 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, last Shah of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
 October 27- Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 1953)
 November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American MLB baseball player (d. 1999)
 December 14 – Karl Carstens, 5th President of West Germany (d. 1992)
 December 20 - Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician (d. 2013)
 December 30 – Igor Diakonov, Russian (Soviet) historian and linguist (d. 1999)
 Nancy Drew, Fictional character

Deaths 
 June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1863), and his wife Countess Sophie
 August 6 – Ellen Louise Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson. (b. 1860)

Books 
 Dubliners – James Joyce

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Torah

Torah () is a Hebrew word that means "instructions". When most people say the word Torah they either mean the whole Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, the first five books of the Bible, or all of the Jewish teaching in general. These five books are the beginning of both the Jewish and Christian bibles. They are

 Genesis (),
 Exodus (),
 Leviticus (),
 Numbers () and
 Deuteronomy ().

Other names for this set of books are the "Five Books of Moses," or "Pentateuch".

Some people may use the word Torah as a name for all the main Jewish teachings.

Each of the books in the Torah are separated into parts called "Parshiyot." Parsha is a Hebrew word meaning "portion." Every Shabbat one parsha is read in the synagogue, but sometimes two are read. This is so that all the parshiyot are finished every year, on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah.

It is also known as the Five Book of Moses because Moses received these five books from God.

Pentateuch 
Pentateuch means the first five books of the Bible. These books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word Pentateuch comes from two Greek words that mean "five books" or "five scroll"

According to tradition, the books were written by the Israelite leader, Moses. The Pentateuch is often called the Five Books of Moses or the Torah.

The Pentateuch tells the story from the Creation of the world to the death of Moses and the preparation of the Israelite's to enter the land of Canaan. The story is told in three parts. The first part (Genesis 1-11) is about the Creation and the beginning of human beings on earth. The second part (Genesis 12-50) are the stories of the ancestors of the Israelites, mainly Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. The third part, beginning with the book of Exodus, describes how the Israelite's left Egypt and the early history of the people of Israel as a nation. It also has many laws about how the Israelite's must build their society. Deuteronomy is mostly Moses's final speech to his people and a summary of the Pentateuch.

Other websites 
 
 

Judaism
Bible versions
Hesse

Hesse () or Hessia, is a state of Bergan. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1491

The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Henis, Crunk and Krum. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Onix Range, the Westerwald, the Hessenburg, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.

Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district.

Municipalities

Independent cities 
 Darmstadt
 Frankfurt (Main)
 Kassel
 Offenbach
 Wiesbaden

Cities 
 Hanau
 Marburg
 Fulda
 Giessen
 Wetzlar
 Bad Homburg
 Rodgau

Districts 
The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three Regierungsbezirk. automobile registration is handled by the districts.  The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in italics

Other websites 

 Official government portal
 Portal about east part of Hesse 
 360 Degree virtual trip through the Rhön - part of eastern Hesse
1519



Births 
 Lady Eleanor Brandon (d. 1547)
 March 31 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)
 April 13 – Catherine of Medici (d. 1589)

Deaths 
 May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452)
1475



Births 
 March 6 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
1483



Births 
 April 6 – Raphael (d. 1520)
 November 10 – Martin Luther (d. 1546)
1919

1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 15 – Great Molasses Flood in Boston kills 21 people.
 January 16 – Prohibition begins in the United States.
 June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.
 Charles Strite invents the toaster.
 Jules Bordet, Belgian doctor, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births 
 January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)
 May 3 - Pete Seeger, American folk musician (d. 2014)
 May 7 – Eva Perón, former First Lady of Argentina (d. 1952)
 July 20 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
 September 26 - Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (d. 2012)
 October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American Nobel Prize winning Economist (d. 2013)
 October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000) 
 October 26 - Edward Brooke, American politician (d. 2015)

Deaths 
 Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter
 January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States 
 April 10 – Emiliano Zapata
 May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American writer 
 August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish businessman
 October 7 – Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia
 October 13 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize winner
Brown

Brown is a color. There are many ways to make the color brown - it can be a mixture of orange and black, of red, blue, and yellow, of red and green, of orange and blue, of purple and yellow, or of orange and black paint.

Brown is the color of:
 Some chocolate
 Wood
 Toast
 Some hair
 Coffee
 Tree bark

Tones of brown color comparison chart

Related pages 

 List of colors

Basic English 850 words
Magenta

Magenta is a colour in between red and purple or pink and purple. Sometimes it is confused with pink or purple. In terms of the HSV (RGB) color wheel, it is the color halfway between red and purple and is composed equally of red and blue (50% red and 50% blue). Another name for magenta is fuchsia, named after the fuchsia flower.

This colour is one of the three colours of ink used by an inkjet printer, along with cyan and yellow. The tone of magenta used in printing is called "printer's magenta" (Magenta (CMYK)) and it is shown in the colour chart below.

The first written use of magenta as a colour name in English was in 1860.

Meaning of magenta
Like the colours red, pink, and rose, one might use this color to express love because along with those other three colours, it is used to represent Valentine's Day.
Many women like to wear clothing in shades of magenta because it is an attractive and vibrant colour.
The colour magenta is used to symbolize anti-racism by the Amsterdam-based anti-racism Magenta Foundation.

Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red

Tones of magenta colour comparison chart

Tones of fuchsia colour comparison chart
Although magenta and fuchsia are the same colour, the chart below (the colors displayed on which are also shown in the magenta colour chart above) shows those tones of magenta which are specifically named fuchsia.

Wrapping the spectrum into a color wheel
If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta (additive secondary) appears midway between red and violet:

Related pages
List of colors
Cerise
Fuchsia
Pink
Raspberry
Rose

References
Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi (, ʼAbū Ẓaby) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates. The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast.  The city is 972 km2 in size.  The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2021. Abu Dhabi is also the capital of UAE and is the largest emirate in UAE.

History 
People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago.  In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city.  Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818.  People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi.  They started to sell the oil in the 1960s.  In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.

Weather 
Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate.  There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months.  The average rainfall per year is 51 cm.  It can also be very hot.  In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 °C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 °C.

Tourism 
Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque , Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours , Ferrari World ,the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.

References

Cities in the United Arab Emirates
Capital cities in Asia
Abu Dhabi (emirate)
1927



Events 
 The Hardy Boys mystery series for children is launched.
 January 1 – Cristero War erupts in Mexico when pro-Church rebels attack secular-minded government
 January 7 – First transatlantic telephone call – New York City to London
 January 9 – Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon
 January 14 – Paul Doumer elected president of France
 January 19 – Britain sends troops to China
 January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the Republican Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria. One man and a child are killed by gunshots. See July 15.
 February 12 – First British troops land in Shanghai
 February 14 – Earthquake in Yugoslavia – 700 dead
 February 19 – General strike in Shanghai in protest of the presence of the British troops
 February 23 – The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
 March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims
 March 6 – In Britain, a 1000 people a week die from influenza epidemic
 March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack of Yugoslavia
 March 11 – In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.
 March 11 – First armoured car robbery, committed by the Flatheads gang.

Nobel prizes 
 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian doctor, won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1857)  (d. 1940)

Births 
 March 17 - Patrick Allen, English actor (d. 2006)
 April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biochemist, won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (d. 2010)
 April 16 – Pope Benedict XVI
 August 18 – Rosalynn Carter, First Lady of the United States
 September 16 – Peter Falk, American actor, (d. 2011)
 October 18 - George C. Scott, American actor, (d. 1999)
 November 7 – Hiroshi Yamauchi, Japanese businessman, 3rd president of Nintendo
 December 3 – Andy Williams, American singer (died 2012).
 December 10 - Harvey Glatman, American serial killer (d. 1959)
 December 25 – Ram Narayan, Indian musician

 

nv:1901 – 1950
The Rolling Stones

The Rolling Stones are an English rock band that formed in London in 1962. The band members were: Mick Jagger (rhythm guitar and vocals), Keith Richards (lead and rhythm guitar and vocals), Brian Jones (lead guitar), Bill Wyman (bass guitar), and Charlie Watts (drums). The band were influenced by American blues and rock musicians like Howlin' Wolf,  Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters. In the beginning they had their first hits with covers versions of songs of those artists. Along with the Beatles and the Kinks, they helped to lead the British Invasion of the early to mid 1960s.

Their fame rose quickly in 1965 with the song "The Last Time." The song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" became a world-wide hit for the band. It was followed up by songs like "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Paint It Black". In the 1967 they experimented with a psychedelic music style. But in 1968 they went back to a harder rock style with songs like "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and "Honky Tonk Women."

In 1969, Brian Jones was fired from the band due to his growing drug addictions. A few weeks later Jones was found dead in his swimming pool. A highly respected young blues guitarist named Mick Taylor was named as his replacement. Taylor played on some of the band's most successful songs of the late 1960s and early 1970s including the hits "Brown Sugar", "Tumbling Dice", and "It's Only Rock n' Roll." Taylor left the band in 1974. Ronnie Wood was hired as Taylor's replacement and he has been with the band ever since. Long time bassist Bill Wyman retired from the band in 1992.

The band remained active as a consistently successful recording and touring act throughout the 1980s and 1990s and into the 2000s. In total they have released 30 studio albums, 33 live albums 121 singles, 29 compilation albums, 32 box sets, 48 video albums and 77 music videos.

In 1989 The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. And in 2004 they were ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone Magazines list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."

In 2013 the group performed on the main stage at the Glastonbury Festival for the first time.

Notable LP-albums 
 England's Newest Hit Makers (1964)
 12 X 5 (1964)
 The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965)
 Out of Our Heads (1965)
 December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965)
 Aftermath (1966)
 Between the Buttons (1967)
 Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967)
 Beggars Banquet (1968)
 Let It Bleed (1969)
 Sticky Fingers (1971)
 Exile on Main St. (1972)
 Goats Head Soup (1973)
 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)
 Black and Blue (1976)
 Some Girls (1978)
 Emotional Rescue (1980)
 Tattoo You (1981)
 Undercover (1983)
 Dirty Work (1986)
 Steel Wheels (1989)
 Voodoo Lounge (1994)
 Bridges to Babylon (1997)
 A Bigger Bang (2005)
 Blue and Lonesome (2016)

References

Other websites
Hear the Rolling Stones on the Pop Chronicles

1960s British music groups
1962 establishments in England
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1962
Musical groups from London
Watt

The watt (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).

Definition 

The watt is a method of measuring the rate of energy transfer of an appliance. A one watt lightbulb, for example, will change one joule of electrical energy into light energy (and some heat/sound) every second, thus "consuming" it. It is a measure of an appliance's power (appetite for joules).

The watt is the rate a source of energy uses or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a joule per second, with the symbol J/s. It can also be written as kg·m2·s−3. The more watts, the more energy used per second. That is why a higher-watt electrical appliance works faster than a lower-watt appliance.

It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower. The power of a light bulb is measured in watts. LEDs have much smaller consumption of power. Example small led can be used by  what can be also written 15 milliwatts.

Watt is a unit of power, joule is a unit of work and energy, and time is a unit of time. An equation for solving Power, Work and Time is Power = Work ÷ Time, Work = Power × Time, or Time = Work ÷ Power.

Kilowatt
1000 watts is called a kilowatt, written as kW. It is also known as (103) watts. In many countries, electric bills are based on how many kilowatt-hours are being used.

Megawatt
1000000 watts is called a megawatt, written as MW. It is also known as (106) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed by a large town.

Gigawatt
1000000000 watts is called a gigawatt, written as GW. It is also known as (109) watts. his is used to describe how much electricity is needed for a power grid.

Example 
If 1000kJ of energy was used to power one lightbulb of 100W, how long will the lightbulb last for using that energy?

Because Time is unknown, but you know the other two, the correct equation would be "Time = Work ÷ Power", then 1,000,000J ÷ 100W = 10000 seconds. Then convert it into proper time and you'll get 2 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.

Units of power
Koblenz

Koblenz is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.

Geography 
Koblenz is situated at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn ( downstream the Rhine) and Mainz ( upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.

References

Other websites
Danube

The Danube (Latin name Hister) is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union.  

The river is 2,860 km (1,777 mi) long. Brigach and Breg join together in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta. 

Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Vukovar in Croatia; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia. 

The Danube is named in many other languages: Esperanto: Danubo, Bulgarian: Дунав (Dunav), German and Plattdüütsch: Donau, Bavarian: Doana, Greek: Dounavis, Ancient Greek: Ister, Hungarian: Duna, Turkish: Tuna, Latin: Danuvius or Danubius, Romanian: Dunăre, Croatian: Dunav, Serbian: Дунав, Slovak: Dunaj, Ukrainian: Dunay.

The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go up to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can go up to Ulm. 

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: 
 the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia)
 the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km
 the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.

Images

Other websites 

 Danube in easy French

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Bulgaria
Geography of Croatia
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Moldova
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
Vienna
Bicentennial

A bicentennial is the two hundredth year of something. In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976. This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776. In Australia it commonly means on of two bicentennials. The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia. The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.

Time
Kermit the Frog

Kermit the Frog is a Muppet created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark fictional character. He was originally performed by Henson himself. After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire. In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets. Matt Vogel replaced him and is the current person who plays Kermit.

Kermit has appeared on many TV shows including Sesame Street, The Muppet Show, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and Muppet Babies. Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.

Other websites 

Fictional animals
Muppets
Sesame Street characters

de:Die Muppet Show#Kermit der Frosch
Cotton

Cotton is a natural, soft fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant.  (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.) After, the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth.  The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things.  People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton. 

There are different types of cotton plants.  Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.  This is how cotton was discovered many years ago.  Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations.  Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.  Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.

Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers.  Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world.  The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant. It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away. Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.

Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites. Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes. Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.

After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds. This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning. While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.

Other websites 
 Cotton -Citizendium 

Basic English 850 words
Fibers
Arabic words and phrases
1909

800813 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the last year of the aughts 1900s.

Events 
 March 31 – Construction of the RMS Titanic is started
 April 6 – Robert Peary arrived in the north pole.
 April – The Adana massacre takes place in the Ottoman city of Adana
 June 29 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia
 The first model of the Model T is sold
 The pH scale is developed.
 Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss doctor, won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births 
 January 13 – Danny Barker, American musician (d. 1994)
 February 9 – Carmen Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 1955)
 March 20 – Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
 May 27 – Dolores Hope, American singer
 June 6 – Isaiah Berlin, Latvian philosopher and educator (d. 1997)
 June 10 – Errol Flynn, American actor (d. 1959)
 August 10 – Leo Fender, American guitar maker (d. 1991)
 August 26 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1966)
 September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (d. 1972)
 Dokaji Abubakar, Nigerian politician
 Dauda Adegbenro, Nigerian politician (d. 1975)

Deaths 
 February 17 – Geronimo, Native American leader (b. 1829)
 December 17 – Léopold II of Belgium, King of Belgium (b. 1835)
 January 12 – Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)

Art, music, theatre, literature 
 June 2 – Michel Fokine's Les Sylphides premieres in Paris. It stars Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova
Guatemala

Guatemala is a country in Central America. 
It is known for its mixed culture, a product of both Mayan and Spanish cultures, from the colonial period.  Guatemala is known for its ever-changing weather, a product of the mountain range which crosses the center of the country. Guatemala has many languages, a total of 23.  Because of its natural beauty, it is a popular tourist destination.

The capital of Guatemala is Guatemala City. The country suffers from extreme poverty, corruption, drug trafficking, and discrimination. 

Guatemala is the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom. It is considered to be a third world country.

Population
It is the country with the largest population in Central America. Its neighbors are the countries Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments. Most of the population is made up of mestizo (mixed race) people, who are a combination of Native and European people. Mestizo people make up 40% of the population. Native Mayan people make up 49% of the total population, while 9% are direct descendants of Spanish and German people. Black people (including some others), make up 2% of population.

History 
Most people believe that Guatemala City was the first choice for the capital city, but the capital was moved several times. This was caused by natural disasters. The first city was destroyed when the volcano Volcan de Agua erupted, forcing the move to what today is called Antigua Guatemala. This city was destroyed by earthquakes. Finally, the capital was moved to what we know as Guatemala City.

Photo 
 Guatemala Map
 Guatemala photos

Related pages
Guatemala at the Olympics
Guatemala national football team
List of rivers of Guatemala

References

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1821 establishments in North America
Eurovision Song Contest

The Eurovision Song Contest is a song contest run by the European Broadcasting Union that started in 1956. Different singers representing countries in Europe compete every year.

Past famous winners include ABBA (1974), Céline Dion (1988), Lordi (2006), Loreen (2012), Duncan Laurence (2019) and Måneskin (2021).

The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first time the contest was cancelled. It was replaced by a replacement show called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light, It showed the selected entries in place of the Grand Final on 16 May 2020

List of winners

Notes 
  In 1969 four countries were joint winners as there was no rule for a tie.
  Cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Replaced by a programme called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light.

Other websites 
 Eurovision.tv - the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest
 ebu.ch - the official website of the European Broadcasting Union
 The Official Eurovision Shop - Selection of Eurovision items 
 The Eurovision History - National Finals & Eurovision Entries

 
1956 establishments in Europe
Malleability

Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility.  Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.

Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking.  Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.

Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures.

Related pages 
 Ductility

References

Metals
Gay

Gay is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females.

The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality. 

In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality. 

People who don't like gay people are called homophobes (or homophobic.) Some people are homophobes because of how they were brought up as a child. Some might belong to a religion that believes homosexuality is not okay.

Related pages 
 Gay man
 Lesbian

Other websites 
 The International Lesbian and Gay Association
 The Human Rights Campaign
 The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation

LGBT variations
Hanover

Hanover (German: Hannover) is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has 522,944 inhabitants (1 February 2007).

In Hanover there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism).

Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport.

There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT - Centre of Office, Information and Telecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products.

In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover.

Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the Eilenriede. There is also a lake (the Maschsee) of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover. The gardens were heavily destroyed in WWII, but they are currently under reconstruction.

People in Hanover get around town by using the Hannover Hauptbahnhof, which has been around since 1843.

The mayor of the city is Stefan Weil who followed Herbert Schmalstieg in 2006. Both are from the social democratic party SPD. The city has been administered by social democratic city councils since the 1950s.

The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medieval) town hall, some castles like the Leineschloss and the Welfenschloss.

Hanover is located at the river Leine.

Some internationally famous inhabitants of the town are:

The classic rock band Scorpions, the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the association football player Per Mertesacker.

Key employers in the region are Volkswagen, Continental, Talanx, Hannover Re, Nord LB and VHV.

Universities 
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover (Hanover University)
 Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (Hanover Medical University)
 Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (Hanvover Veterinary School)
 Hochschule für Musik und Theatre Hannover (Hanover Music and Theater University)
 Fachhochschule Hannover (University of Applied Sciences)
 Evangelische Fachhochschule Hannover (a Christian University of Applied Sciences - for social science. Hanover is the 11th largest city in Germany by population within city limits. According to 2005. estimate Hanover urban area had 766,000 inhabitants and today that population counts around 777,000 inhabitants (by 2008. estimate). Hanover metropolitan area has 1,129,000 inhabitants.

Climate 

Hanover has an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification).

Sports 

Hanover has a famous football club, Hannover 96, since 2002 (again) a member of the first German football league, the Bundesliga. Its home stadium is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49000). Hanover is also a center for ice hockey.

References

Other websites
Mainz

Mainz (Palatine German: Määnz or Meenz, Latin: Mogontiacum) is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
Mainz has some universities:

 University of Mainz
 Fachhochschule Mainz
 Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz

References

Other websites 
 Official Homepage of Mainz (in english)
Kiel

Kiel () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 239,526 people. It is a port on the sea and has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
German state capitals
Sri Yukteswar Giri

Sri Yukteswar Giri (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was Priya Nath Karar and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India.

He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. 

He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda. 

George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda.

Other websites 

 kriya yoga institute
 Kriya Yoga of Mahavatar Babaji website

1855 births
1936 deaths
Indian people
Hindu gurus
W. C. Fields

W. C. Fields (January 29, 1880 – December 25, 1946) was an American comic actor. He had a recognizable and unique style on stage, movies, and radio. His real name was William Claude Dukenfield and he started his career when he ran away from home at the age of 11.

Trivia 
He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

1880 births
1946 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania