cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Lockheed L-100

The Lockheed L-100 is the civilian variant of the famous military cargo aircraft C-130 Hercules. It is also used like cargo but generally by airliners. L-100 are sometimes also named Hercules. Some are used in Algeria, Canada, France, and the United States. More the 110 examples were built. Some are used by air forces in addition of militaries variants. Few L-100 are used like water bomber, like in the U.S. 

Civil aircraft
L-100
Ponnambalam Arunachalam

Sir Ponnambalam Arunachchalam (14 September 1853 – 9 January 1924) was a Ceylonese statesman. He was a member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council.

Early life 
His father was Gate Mudaliyar Arunachalam Ponnambalam. His mother was Sellachchi Ammaiyar. He was the third son of their parents and the younger brother of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan who was another famous Ceylon Tamil leader. He was educated at the Colombo Academy (Royal College Colombo), Colombo, and at Christ's College, Cambridge.

He married Swarnambal Namasivayam and had three sons, Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva, KCMG; Sivananthan Arunachalam and Arunachalam Ramanathan.

Career 
He was one of the first Ceylonese to enter the Ceylon Civil Service in 1875. He was appointed General in 1887. He showed his positive work in all the positions he held. On his retirement from the Public Service in 1913, he was honored in recognition of his service to the country. He was also nominated by the Governor to a seat in the Executive Council.

1853 births
1924 deaths
Sri Lankan politicians
Tamil people
Mercure Hotels

Mercure Hotels is a chain of hotels run by French corporation Accor. Most Mercure hotels are positioned between Ibis and Novotel in the Accor estate.

Hotel chains
Companies of France
RIU Hotels

RIU Hotels & Resorts is a Spanish hotel chain. It was founded by the Riu family as a small holiday hotel. The first hotel was Riu San Francisco in Mallorca. The RIU Hotels & Resorts chain is owned by the Riu family's third generation. The RIU Hotels chain now expanded in most Spanish-speaking countries but also others.

Hotel chains
Companies of Spain
1953 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Spain
Novotel

Novotel is a hotel chain in the Accor group. Novotel has almost 400 hotels and resorts in 60 countries, in the business districts and tourist destinations of international cities.

Hotel chains
Companies of France
Godey's Lady's Book

Godey's Lady's Book was a 19th-century American monthly women's magazine. It began publication in 1830 as The Lady's Book. "Godey's" was added to the title about 1840. It was also known as Godey's Magazine. It was published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Louis Antoine Godey.  

In 1836, Godey bought the Boston-based American Ladies' Magazine, and merged it with his own magazine. Sarah Josepha Hale became the literary editor. Contents included recipes, etiquette, health advice, fiction, poetry, fashions, household tips, exercises, moral instruction, etc. The monthly fashion plates were hand-colored by 150 women. Unusual for the times, the magazine's contents were copyrighted.   

Subscriptions dropped off during the American Civil War, though the magazine was careful not to mention politics, war, or other divisive or controversial topics. Public interest in the magazine declined after Godey and Hale retired.  The magazine was absorbed by Puritan in 1898.

References
 Godey's Lady's Book: Publication History
 Encyclopaedia Britannica: Godey's Lady's Book

American women's magazines
Monthly magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
Michal Grošek

Michal Grošek (born June 1, 1975 in Vyškov, Czechoslovakia) is a retired Czech professional ice hockey player that played a combined 11 seasons in the NHL.

Grošek was drafted 145th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Winnipeg Jets. He played 3 years with the Jets and became the first Czech born player to play for the team. He then went to the Buffalo Sabres and played 5 seasons with them. He played 14 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and the played for the New York Rangers. He played for both the New York Rangers for 2 seasons and their AHL farm team, the Hartford Wolf Pack. He last played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 2 seasons.

He left the NHL and went to play in the National League A with Geneve Servette. He played 2 seasons with them and decided to play for SKA Saint Petersburg of Russian Superleague. He only played 13 games with them and returned to the NLA to play for EV Zug. He last played for the Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League.

Other websites

1975 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Sabres players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Czech ice hockey players
Living people
New York Rangers players
Tacoma Rockets players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
Swedish Hockey League players
Women's magazine

A women's magazine is a magazine that is mostly for women. These magazines were started because big newsapers sometimes had parts that were for women. Sometimes tabloid journalism is also for women. Unlike tabloids, which are published daily, women's magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. 

Magazines
Margarita Henríquez

Margarita Esther Henríquez Rodríguez (born April 17, 1991, Panama) is the winner of the third season of Latin American Idol, which she won on October 9, 2008.

Biography
Henríquez became the youngest contestant to win and the third one since Carlos Peña. Henríquez beat the runner up María José Castillo for the title. She released her first album under the Sony BMG label on December 1, 2008. It has been very successful in Panama. It contains six songs that she performed during the TV Show. Her song "Vuela" has been successful on Panamanian radio stations.

References

1991 births
Living people
Reality television participants
Panamanian people
Singers
Louis Antoine Godey

Louis Antoine Godey (June 6, 1804 – November 29, 1878) was founder and publisher of the 19th-century women's magazine, Godey's Lady's Book.

He was born in poverty in New York City, New York. His parents were survivors of the French Revolution. He was mostly self-educated. Godey went to work as a paperboy at age 15, moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and went to work for the Daily Chronicle.

Within a few years, he began publishing his own magazine, The Lady's Book. Contributors included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Godey also published The Young People’s Book in 1841, and the Lady’s Musical Library in 1842.

On August 31, 1833, Godey married Maria Duke. They had five children. He  retired to St. Augustine, Florida. He died after a short illness in Philadelphia in 1878.

References
 Godey, Louis Antoine 

Publishers
1804 births
1878 deaths
Writers from New York City
Retro Studios

Retro Studios is a video game developer and a part of Nintendo. The company was started in 1998. They are most famous for the Metroid Prime and Donkey Kong Country series.

References

Other websites
Retro Studios' website

1998 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Texas
Austin, Texas
Donkey Kong
Metroid
American video game companies
Missile Command

Missile Command is an arcade video game released by Atari in 1981. In this game, the player has to defend six cities from falling missiles. The player does so by hitting the missiles with their own counter-missiles. The player moves a crosshair to launch missiles. When a missile hits the crosshair, it creates a fireball that stays for a few seconds and destroys any missiles that hit it. The player has three batteries with ten missiles each. When a battery has no more missiles left or it is destroyed, the player can no longer use it. The game is played as a series of levels, each having a higher difficulty. A level ends if all of the player's cities are destroyed, or all of the falling missiles are destroyed. If a player runs out of missiles, they no longer have control in the level they are playing on. At the end of a level, the player gets extra points for cities that have not been destroyed and missiles they did not use.

The game has been released on many home video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, the Game Boy, and the Xbox 360.

Other websites
Missile Command at the Killer List of Video Games
Missile Command at the Arcade History database

Arcade games
Atari video games
1981 video games
Grand Forks, British Columbia

Grand Forks is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Grand Forks is in Boundary Country near the Canada–United States border.

The population of Grand Forks was 3,985 in 2011. The mayor of Grand Forks is Frank Konrad. The city started in the late 19th century when copper mining was popular in both the Boundary and Kootenay regions of British Columbia. It officially became a city on April 15, 1897. In both 1908 and 1911, fires destroyed the downtown core because of the large number of wood frame buildings and stores. Grand Forks has an ice hockey team, the Grand Forks Border Bruins which play in the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Cities in British Columbia
Business jet

[[File:Learjet 45 (8372953863).jpg|thumb|''Learjet 45s Business Jet.]]

A business jet''' is an aircraft designed and built for transporting a small group of passengers, between four and twenty people. Generally it is a twin-turbojet aircraft, but some are tri-jet (such as Falcon 50), or four-engine (like the Jetstar). In some cases it is even airliners that have been turned into this kind of aircraft, like Airbus A320CJ or Boeing 737BJ.

Some business jets are used by air forces for priority and VIP transport.Prestige,Flexibility and Comfort are Featured aspects of Jet travel, Considering these wonderful aspects some of the Companies like XOJet,JetSuite are Offering Private Jet Facilities For  Business or Private Trips.

Examples

Twin-engine aircraft 
 Bombardier Challenger 300
 Cessna CJ-1
 Dassault Falcon 20
 Embraer Phenom
 Hawker-Siddeley HS-125
 IAI Astra

Tri-jet aircraft 
 Dassault Falcon 50
 Dassault Falcon 900
 Dassault Falcon 7X

Four-engine aircraft 
 Lockheed Jetstar

Bibliography 
 Stewart Wilson, Airliners of the world, Aerospace Publications Australia, 1999.

Related pages 
 Business class

References

Aircraft
Water bomber

A water bomber is an aircraft dedicated to firefighting, and in particular for forest fires. It can be a helicopter or a sea plane. Generally it is a conversion of a former military or cargo aircraft, but some were designed and built at the beginning like water bombers. It is the case of Canadian Canadair CL-215. Water bombers are used both by air forces, administrations, and private societies.

Aircraft
Firefighting
Sarah Josepha Hale

Sarah Josepha Hale (October 24, 1788 – April 30, 1879) was a 19th century American writer and magazine editor. She wrote the poem "Mary Had a Little Lamb". She campaigned to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and raised funds to complete the Bunker Hill monument.

Life  
Hale was born in Newport, New Hampshire to Gordon Buell, a Revolutionary War captain, and his wife, Martha (Whittlesay) Buell. Sarah married lawyer David Hale in 1813, and bore him five children.

Widowed in 1822, Hale entered the literary field in order to support her children. In 1827, she published Northwood: A Tale of New England. It was one of the first novels to be published by an American woman.  

She edited Ladies' Magazine in Boston, Massachusetts, then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1837 to edit Godey's Lady's Book, the premiere woman's magazine in America. She edited the magazine until 1877. She died in 1879.

Hale raised funds for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument. She urged the Federal government to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and to declare Thanksgiving a national holiday.

References

Writers from New Hampshire
American editors
1788 births
1879 deaths
City of Joy

City of Joy is a 1985 book by French author and journalist Dominique Lapierre. It was made into a 1991 movie by Roland Joffe. It is based on the lives of people in a slum in Kolkata. The slum is called "City of Joy". A Polish Catholic priest and a rickshaw driver are two of the main characters.

Other websites
City of Joy Aid

French literature
1985 books
Mary Had a Little Lamb

"Mary Had a Little Lamb" (originally, "Mary's Lamb") is a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale. It was published in her Poetry for Children in 1823. It tells of a lamb who follows his little mistress to school. In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the poem to music. In 1877, Thomas Edison recited "Mary Had a Little Lamb" for the first recording of the human voice.

19th-century American poems
Codell, Kansas

Codell is an unincorporated community in Rooks County, Kansas, United States.  It is south of the city of Stockton (the county seat of Rooks County). It is near the southeastern corner of Rooks County.  The nearest city, Plainville, is about  northwest by road.

On May 20 in 1916, 1917, and 1918, Codell was hit by tornadoes.  The 1918 tornado was the worst. It killed ten people and did a lot of damage.

References

Other websites

Pictures of Codell
Codell history 
Newspaper article about the 1918 tornado

Unincorporated communities in Kansas
Shakespeare's Sonnets

Shakespeare's Sonnets is the title of a collection of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The collection was first published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe. In general, each sonnet is  in iambic pentameter, and consists of three quatrains followed by a concluding couplet. The sonnets are about love, death, jealousy, procreation, beauty, etc.

Poems by William Shakespeare
17th-century British poems
Death Be Not Proud

"Death Be Not Proud" is a poem written by John Donne about 1610. It was published in 1663, after his death.

Poem
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And death shall be no more, death, thou shalt die.

17th-century British poems
Shakespeare's birthplace

Shakespeare's birthplace is a house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is the birthplace of William Shakespeare, and one of several sites in Stratford associated with him.

Sites associated with William Shakespeare
Buildings and structures in England
Warwickshire
New Place

New Place is a site in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England where a house once stood belonging to William Shakespeare. He retired to the house following his career in the London theatres. Many years after his death in 1623, the house became a tourist attraction. A neighbor, weary of constant visitors, bought the house and tore it down.

Sites associated with William Shakespeare
Buildings and structures in England
Warwickshire
Holy Trinity Church

Holy Trinity Church is a church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. William Shakespeare is buried beneath the stones of the floor. It is one of several sites in Stratford associated with the poet. These sites include his birthplace in Henley Street and New Place, the site of his house.

References 

Sites associated with William Shakespeare
Churches in England
Warwickshire
Venus and Adonis

Venus and Adonis is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was published in 1593. It tells of Venus' love for Adonis, a mortal man.

Poems by William Shakespeare
16th-century British poems
Aubrey Plaza

Aubrey Plaza (born 26 June 1984, Wilmington, Delaware) is an American actress and comedian. She performs in movies and television. She starred as April Ludgate in the NBC television showParks and Recreation. She acted as Claire in Monsters University and as Darius in Safety not Guaranteed.

Plaza played Karen Barclay in the 2019 horror movie Child's Play.

Plaza acts the speaking voice of Grumpy Cat in the Lifetime TV network movie Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever. It was first shown on November 29, 2014.

References 

American movie actors
American television actors
comedians from Delaware
1984 births
Living people
Actors from Wilmington, Delaware
American voice actors
Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
The Rape of Lucrece

The Rape of Lucrece is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was first published in 1594. It tells of the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin and her suicide.

16th-century British poems
Poems by William Shakespeare
To Helen

"To Helen" is a poem by Edgar Allan Poe. The poem was first published in 1831 in Poems of Edgar A. Poe. It was republished in 1836 in the Southern Literary Messenger. Poe's inspiration was Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Robert Stanard.

The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each. The rhyme scheme is irregular: the first stanza is ABABB, the second is ABABA, and the third is ABBAB. The poem includes the well known lines, "... the glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome".

More reading
 Analysis: "To Helen"

19th-century American poems
Poems by Edgar Allan Poe
Surcoat

A surcoat, or surcote, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves.

Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. It had slits (cuts) in the bottom front and back so a wearer could sit. It also had no sleeves. One purpose for the surcoat was to protect armour from the rain. Another use was during the Crusades to keep the armour cooler in the sun.

By the middle of the 14th century the long surcoat was replaced with the "Jupon" (or "Gipon"). This was a much shorter garment, which was often padded for extra protection. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.

Related pages
Tabard

References 

Middle Ages
Clothing
The Gold-Bug

"The Gold-Bug" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper in June 1843.

Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
19th-century American short stories
Alexey Pajitnov

Alexéy Leonídovich Pájitnov (born April 16, 1955) is a Russian computer engineer who lives in the United States. He is best known for creating the popular video game Tetris. He was born in Moscow, USSR.

Pajitnov created Tetris in 1985. The game was first sold in the Soviet Union. In 1986, the game began being sold in the West. Since then, it has become a very successful series. In 1996, he started The Tetris Company, which owns the trademark to Tetris.

In 1996, GameSpot named him the fourth most influential computer game developer of all time.

References

Other websites

Alexey Pajitnov  profile at MobyGames
Tetris - From Russia with Love , BBC documentary

Video game designers
People from Moscow
1956 births
Living people
Bertha von Suttner

Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicitas Freifrau von Suttner (; ; 9 June 184321 June 1914) was an Austrian novelist.  She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.  Suttner wrote a novel called Die Waffen nieder!.  This means "Lay Down Your Arms!" in English.

References

Citations and notes

1843 births
1914 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Austrian writers
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Novelists
The Gift of the Magi

"The Gift of the Magi" is a short story by O. Henry. It was published in The New York Sunday World on December 10, 1905. 

20th-century American short stories
Pole Position (video game)

Pole Position is an arcade racing video game released by Namco in 1982 and designed by Toru Iwatani. In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car. The player completes a time trial lap to be able to compete in an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After completing the time trial race, the player races against other cars in a championship race. The player has to complete the race in the time allowed. They have to avoid crashing into the other cars and objects along the side of the track.

The game was the highest selling arcade game of 1983 in North America. It sold over 21,000 machines for $61 million. It has been released for many video game consoles as part of Namco game collections, including the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox.

In 1983, a sequel called Pole Position II was released. It features three new tracks in addition to the one from the first game.

References

Other websites
Pole Position at the Killer List of Videogames
Pole Position at the Arcade History database

1982 video games
Namco video games
Arcade games
Racing video games
The Open Boat

"The Open Boat" is a short story by Stephen Crane. It was first published in the June 1897 issue of Scribner's Magazine.

19th-century American short stories
Works by Stephen Crane
Young Goodman Brown

"Young Goodman Brown" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in the April 1835 issue of New England Magazine.

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Rappaccini's Daughter

"Rappaccini's Daughter" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in United States Democratic Review in December 1844. It was reprinted in Hawthorne's collection of short stories and sketches, Mosses From an Old Manse in 1846. The story has been adapted to many media including opera and movies.

Short stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne
19th-century American short stories
Henry Dunant

Jean Henri Dunant was a Swiss businessman and social activist.  A book he wrote influenced the International Committee of the Red Cross to be formed in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy.

References 

1828 births
1910 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People from Geneva
French Nobel Prize winners
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is a novella (short novel) by Stephen Crane. It was published in 1893. The story is about a young  prostitute in New York City.

Works by Stephen Crane
American novels
1893 books
Frédéric Passy

Frédéric Passy (May 20, 1822 – June 12, 1912) was a French economist. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Henry Dunant.

Passy wrote and talked to others about free trade.  He followed the ideas of Richard Cobden.

1822 births
1912 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
French people
French economists
French Nobel Prize winners
Irenaeus

Saint Irenaeus (130 AD - 202) was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Lyon, France. He is a Church Father. He is known for his Christian writings. He is remembered on the 28 June.

Other websites
Against Heresies
St. Irenaeus at the Catholic Encyclopedia

Christian saints
130 births
202 deaths
French people
Church Father

The Church Fathers are ancient and influential Christian theologians, some of whom were great teachers or bishops. Only early teachers of Christianity are seen as Fathers by the Western Church. However, the Orthodox Church honors many more recent saints as "Fathers".

 Western Church: Ambrose (340-397), Jerome (347-420), Augustine (354-430) and Saint Gregory the Great (540-604)
 Eastern Church: Basil (c.329-379), Athanasius (c.296-373), Gregory of Nazianzus (329-c.389) and John Chrysostom (347-407)

Christian theology
Brenda Holloway

Brenda Holloway (born 21 June 1946, California) is an American singer-songwriter. Her genre is R&B. She covered the songs When I'm Gone, You've Made Me so Very Happy and many others. She worked for Motown Records in the 1960s.

Singer-songwriters from California
1946 births
Living people
Cessna Citation X

The Cessna Citation X is a twin-turbojet business jet designed and built in the United States. It can carry between eight and twelve passengers. It is a swept-wing aircraft built entirely of metal. Its first flight was in 1996.

Civil aircraft
Cessna aircraft
Vought F7U Cutlass

The Vought F7U Cutlass is a navalized fighter aircraft that served in the U.S. Navy. It was used for the Cold War, from American aircraft carriers. None were sold to other countries. Some Vought F7U Cutlass were modified for aerial reconnaissance as F7U-3P. It was used by the Blue Angels in 1953.

United States Navy aircraft
UTVA Model 75

The UTVA Model 75 is a training single-engine aircraft that was designed and built in Yugoslavia. It is also used as civilian sport light aircraft. Apart from former Yugoslavian countries, this aircraft was sold to Sudan.

Bibliography 
 

Military aircraft
Yugoslavia
Madylin Sweeten

Madylin Sweeten (June 27, 1991, Brownwood, Texas) is an American actress who performs on television. She played Ally Barone in the 1996-2005 television series Everybody Loves Raymond.

American television actors
Actors from Texas
1991 births
Living people
Andrea Barber

Andrea Laura Barber (born July 3, 1976) is an American former child actress who acts mainly in TV. She played Kimmy Gibbler in the sitcom Full House. Before that, she played Carrie Brady in the soap opera Days of our Lives. Barber was born in Los Angeles.

References

American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1976 births
Living people
Bridgette Andersen

Bridgette Andersen (July 11, 1975 - May 18, 1997) was an American actress. She acted mostly on television. She acted in Family Ties and Remington Steele. She also did Pepsi commercials.

Andersen was born in Los Angeles.

Actors from Los Angeles
1975 births
1997 deaths
Kary Mullis

Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Career
The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied hugely). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.

In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.

Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.

Death
Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.

Related pages
List of biologists

References 

2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in California
American biochemists
1944 births
Scientists from North Carolina
Ricardian model

The Ricardian model is a model used in economics, named after David Ricardo. It is an easy way to explain trade between two countries, and the resulting gains. The model only uses workforce productivity to explain differences in international trade. Comparative advantages result from the difference of a single economic factor, that is labor. Workforces in different countries have different levels of productivity, and the resulting opportunity costs are different. In this regard, Ricardo used the ideas of Adam Smith regarding Absolute advantage, and developed them further. The model is described in Ricardo's main work, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, published in 1817.

Economics models
Dealey Plaza

Dealey Plaza is a district in the West End of downtown Dallas, Texas. 

It is known for being the location where the assassination of John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963. The plaza was named as a National Historic Landmark in 1993.

The former Texas School Book Depository building where both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy with a rifle. The plaza also contains a grassy knoll on the northwest side where the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that there was "...a high probability” that there was a second assassin that also fired at the President, but missed him.

References

Dallas, Texas
Parks in the United States
National Register of Historic Places
2001 (Dr. Dre album)

2001 is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist Dr. Dre. It was released on November 16, 1999 by Interscope Records. 2001 is the follow-up to Dr. Dre's first album The Chronic (1992). The album features several guest rappers such as Hittman, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, and Eminem. 2001 has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA after sales of six million copies in the United States.

Songs

References

1999 albums
Rap music
Lake Havasu City

Lake Havasu City is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. According to 2010 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city was 52,527. It is served by Lake Havasu City Airport. Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from other cities in Mohave County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area 43.2 square miles. Of that, 43.0 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles is water.

Climate
Lake Havasu City has an arid desert climate. In the winter months daytime highs usually hit the 63°F (17.2°C) to the 82°F (27.8°C) range. Lows in the winter are usually between 42°F (5.6°C) to 60°F (15.6°C) lows do sometimes hit below 40°F and one night below 32°F. The city has extremely hot summers with the high temperature remaining between 108°F (42.2°C) to 124°F (51.1°C) with the average July high temperature of 112°F (44.4°C). Overnight lows are between 80°F (26.7°C) to 96°F (35.6°C). The highest temperature in Lake Havasu City was 128°F (53.3°C) in June 26, 1994 and the lowest temperature was 25°F (-3.9°C) in December 24, 1990.

References 

Cities in Arizona
Big Brother Canada

Big Brother is a Canadian reality television show. The show follows a group of people known as "HouseGuests". They are not allowed to contact anyone from outside the Big Brother house. They are under constant surveillance of cameras and microphones. They live in the house for a chance to win $100,000. Each week the HouseGuests will vote to evict one of the two nominees from the house until two remain. The winner is decided by the last seven evicted HouseGuests, known as the Big Brother Jury.

The show is based on the original Dutch language show Big Brother, which was created in 1997 by John de Mol. The Canadian show is produced by Endemol USA and Insight Productions. Insight Productions had produced other Canadian versions of the popular television shows, Canadian Idol and Canada's Got Talent.

In January 2013, Arisa Cox was named as the show's host. The first season aired on February 27, 2013 on Slice. On June 5, 2013, the show announced that it will return for a second season. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin.

Season details

Controversy

Big Brother 1
During the final vote Topaz Brady voted for Jillian McLaughlin instead of Gary Levy. She said that she mistakenly voted for Jillian. Topaz pleaded with show producers to allow her vote be changed. However, because of the rules she was not allowed to do so. Topaz's vote for Jillian helped her win Big Brother. Gary was runner-up and said that he is happy for Jillian.

Related pages
Big Brother (TV series)
Big Brother (U.S.)

References

Other websites
Official website
Official twitter feed

2013 television series debuts
2010s Canadian television series
Big Brother
2010s establishments in Canada
Big Brother 2 (Canada)

Big Brother 2 is the upcoming second season of the Canadian reality television game show Big Brother. It will begin airing on Slice in 2014. The second season was announced on June 5, 2013.

Pre-season
Casting for Big Brother 2 will begin soon.

References

Other websites
Slice official site

2014 television seasons
2010s Canadian television series
Big Brother seasons
Western (genre)

The Western is a genre of fiction. Western movies often include cowboys. The ancestors of  westerns came from Texas, because then people lived in the cattle industry began to thrive on the plains of Texas. The American West, usually in the period from the 1850s to the end of the 19th century. Westerns tell stories that are set mostly in the second half of the 19th century in the American Old West, hence the name. There are also stories about Western-type characters set in other times. These include Junior Bonner (set in the 1970s) and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (set in the 21st century).

The genre has been popular since the beginning of the movie industry. One of the very first commercial movies was the 1903 silent western, The Great Train Robbery.

Examples
There are Western movies, television programs, books, and other things. Here are some examples:

  The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, a movie 
The Searchers, a movie
Gunsmoke, a television series
Red Dead Redemption, a video game

Related pages 
 Spaghetti Western
Moratuwa

Moratuwa is a large suburb of the city of Colombo, in Sri Lanka. It is 18 km south of the city centre. Moratuwa is surrounded on three sides by water, except in the north of the city, by the Indian Ocean on the west and the Bolgoda lake on the east. The 2001 census recorded a population of 177,190.

The University of Moratuwa is in the suburb. There is also a public library on Galle Road, which was opened in 1987. It was built using the funds raised by Moratuwa Municipal Council to the amount of Rupees 50 Lakhs and 15 laks by the Japanese Organization "World Expansion conservative". The library was built according to Japanese architecture.

References

Other websites
 Puran Appu
 Moratuwa City Details 

Cities in Sri Lanka
Western Province, Sri Lanka
Sylwia Grzeszczak

Sylwia Grzeszczak (born 7 April 1989) is a singer-songwriter and pianist from Poland.

Singles

As featured artist

References

1989 births
Living people
People from Poznań
Polish singers
Singer-songwriters
President of South Africa

The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President. 

The role as President of South Africa was originally founded to be different from being prime minister. The two roles were merged in the 1983 constitution which calls for a four-year term of office. The 1993 and later constitutions limit the president's time in office to two five-year terms. The first President to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The current president is Cyril Ramaphosa.

List of presidents of South Africa (1994 – present)
Nelson Mandela (10 May 1994 - 16 June 1999)
Thabo Mbeki (16 June 1999 - 24 September 2008)
Kgalema Motlanthe (25 September 2008 - 9 May 2009)
Jacob Zuma (9 May 2009 - 14 February 2018)
Cyril Ramaphosa (since 15 February 2018)

References

Other websites

 Office of the Presidency
Thabo Mbeki

Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
(born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician. He served nine years as the second President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008.  

On 9 July 2002, he became the first chairperson of African Union. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee. That was after a meeting by Judge Nicholson for corruption. 

Mbeki was born on 18 June 1942 in Mbewuleni, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. He studied economics at the University of London and at the University of Sussex. Mbeki married his wife Zanele Dlamini at Farnham Castle in the United Kingdom in 1974.

References

Other websites

South African Government profile on Thabo Mbeki 
Mbeki: ANC official page  His party's collection of Mbeki documents, biography and portrait.
"Thabo Mbeki – a man of two faces" "The Economist" magazine profiles Mbeki. pay/member link
The Guardian Profile  The Guardian (UK) profiles Mbeki.
A critical Zimbabwean view.  Editorial comment from Zimbabwean website.
AFP Profile  Thabo Mbeki as seen by Agence France-Presse.
"Today it feels good to be an African"  – Thabo Mbeki, Cape Town, 8 May 1996
  The Mbeki page

1942 births
Living people
African Union chairpersons
Presidents of South Africa
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Kgalema Motlanthe

Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe (born 19 July 1949) is a South African politician who was President of South Africa between 25 September 2008 and 9 May 2009. This happened following the resignation of Thabo Mbeki. After the end of his presidency, Motlanthe was appointed as the Deputy President of South Africa by his successor, current South African president Jacob Zuma. In March 2014, he announced his resignation to become a dean at ANC.

Motlanthe was born on 19 July 1949 in Boksburg, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa.

References

Other websites

Official profile at the presidency site 
"ANC Policy won't change" 
Who is Kgalema Motlanthe?
Kgalema Motlanthe  at Who's Who Southern Africa
 at South African History Online

1949 births
Living people
Presidents of South Africa
Pike (weapon)

This article is about the weapon, the fish with the same name is at pike

A pike is a pole weapon. It is a very long heavy thrusting spear formerly used by infantry. A pike is not intended to be thrown. Pikes were used regularly in European warfare starting in the early Middle Ages. Until around 1700 pikes were used by foot soldiers in close order formations.
 
The pike was a long weapon that got longer over time. It could be as long as 20 feet (6 m). It had a wooden shaft with an iron or steel spearhead. It had metal along the sides for three feet (1m) behind the tip so it would not be cut off by a sword or axe.
  
When many pikes were used together they allowed for a great concentration of spearheads an enemy would have great difficulty getting through.  The length also kept the soldier at a greater distance from the enemy.  But the length also made pikes difficult to use in close combat. Pikemen were usually arranged in a very tight formation several lines deep. The earliest of these were called a phalanx formation. It was used by the Macedonians under Philip II of Macedon. It was used by the armies of the Pharoahs in ancient Egypt. It was later used by the Swiss pike columns but this formation was probably based on the Scottish Schildrons. The armies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce used it to great success against the heavy cavalry of kings Edward I of England and his son Edward II of England.

References

Weapons
Doctor Who (series 6)

The sixth series of the television programme Doctor Who was shown in two parts. The first seven episodes were broadcast from April to June 2011, and the final six episodes from August to October. The series began with the episode "The Impossible Astronaut" and ended with "The Wedding of River Song". The main series was preceded by "A Christmas Carol", a special episode shown at Christmas in 2010. This was the sixth season to be shown on television since the programme was revived in 2005. It is the thirty-second season overall.

The series stars Matt Smith as the eleventh Doctor. The Doctor is an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS. It also stars Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as his companions, newlyweds Amy Pond and Rory Williams. Alex Kingston also returns as River Song, a woman from the Doctor's future who is revealed throughout the series to be Amy and Rory's daughter. The series continues some of the storylines from the fifth series.

Episodes
The Impossible Astronaut 
Day of the Moon
The Curse of the black spot
The Doctor's wife
The Rebel Flesh
The Almost People
A Good Man goes to war
Let's Kill Hitler
Night Terrors
The girl who waited
The god complex
Closing time
The Wedding of River Song

References

Doctor Who
Nelson, British Columbia

Nelson is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Nelson is in the Selkirk Mountains in the Southern Interior of British Columbia.

The population of Nelson was 10,230 in 2011. The mayor of Nelson is once again John Dooley after a loosing election. 

In 1867, the town had a boom in population when gold and silver were found in the area. Silver was also found at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886. This helped with the population boom and incorporated the town in 1897. Nelson was named after the Lieutenant-Governor of BC, Hugh Nelson. Many American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War settled in and around Nelson.

Historic Baker Street is in Nelson. Steve Martin filmed his 1987 movie Roxanne in Nelson which helped Nelson transform from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. Parts of the movie Snow Falling on Cedars and The Tall Man (2012 film) were shot in Nelson.

Many claim Nelson a hometown whether they have moved away long ago or have been living in the Queen City for many years.

Isolated from through fare as highways have evolved all around to bypass Nelson, Once a very Prominent, named Stanley.

A Facebook page "People of Nelson, BC" has grown in popularity for old memories, and "Nelson, B.C." for other attributes.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in British Columbia
Timex Social Club

Timex Social Club was an American contemporary R&B group. It formed in 1982 in Berkeley, California. The group had several hit pop songs in the 1980s. The most notable one was "Rumors" in 1986. The group were forerunners of new jack swing movements that began during the mid 1980s.

American R&B bands
American pop music groups
1982 establishments in California
Dental caries

The term dental caries refers to tooth decay or cavities in teeth. The decay is made by bacteria destroying parts of the tooth.  Dental caries usually lead to substandard breath and bad taste. Personal hygiene caring consists of brushing and flossing daily.

After enamel and dentin are destroyed and cavity reaches the dental pulp and nerves of the tooth, the tooth becomes sensitive since the nerves are exposed. Cavity may infect the jaw and sometimes cause a tooth abscess. 

If carbohydrates remain in your mouth for enough time, caries-causing bacteria may form plaque on the tooth surface and attack the tooth.

References 
Health problems
Tichina Arnold

Tichina Arnold (born June 28, 1969) is an American actress who stars primarily in television programs. She played Pamela James in the sitcom Martin and Rochelle in the television series Everybody Hates Chris. Tichina was born in Queens, New York.

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1969 births
Living people
Emily VanCamp

Emily VanCamp (born May 12, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is most known for her roles in the WB series Everwood as Amy Abbott, as Rebecca Harper in the ABC series Brothers & Sisters, and as Emily Thorne/Amanda Clarke in the ABC series Revenge.

She was born in  Port Perry, Ontario, Canada.  She began dancing at the age of 3, and she attended at the École supérieure de ballet du Québec in Montreal.

References

Other websites 

 

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
1986 births
Living people
Buzz Lightyear

Buzz Lightyear, is one of the main characters in the movies Toy Story, Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3, and Buzz Lightyear of the Star Command: The Adventure Begins. He is a fictional space ranger officer. The character was inspired by the astronaut Buzz Aldrin. He is known for for his valor during the Battle of the Bulge. 

He is voiced by actor Tim Allen in the films, Toy Story Toons, Toy Story Racer, Toy Story 2: The Video Game, commercials and in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins. Patrick Warburton voice's Buzz for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for a few video games and the attractions in Disney Parks. Mike MacRae currently voices Buzz in various Disney and Pixar video games.

Fictional characters introduced in 1995
Toy Story characters
Ion Predescu

Ion Predescu (2 October 1927 – 12 October 2020) was a Romanian lawyer and politician. From 2004 to 2013, he was a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. Between 1982 and 1986, he studied at The Law University at Bucharest. He was also a member of the Senate between 1990 to 2004.

Predescu died on 12 October 2020 at the age of 93.

References

2020 deaths
Romanian lawyers
Romanian judges
Romanian politicians
Constitutional Court of Romania
1927 births
Western saloon

A Western saloon is a type of bar that was popular during the Old West.

The very first saloon was created in Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822 and served fur trappers. Some of the saloons offered dancing girls, some of them sometimes doubled as prostitutes. A lot of saloons offered poker, faro, brag, dice games, three-card monte, billiards, darts, and bowling. Some saloons included piano players, can-can girls, and theatrical skits. During his lifetime, Wyatt Earp owned and worked in many saloons.

References

American Old West
Places where alcohol is served
Kaldor-Hicks efficiency

Kaldor–Hicks efficiency, named for Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, also known as Kaldor–Hicks criterion, is a measure of economic efficiency. It captures some of the intuitive appeal of Pareto efficiency, but has less stringent criteria. For this reason, it is applicable more often. Under Kaldor–Hicks efficiency, an outcome is considered more efficient if a Pareto optimal outcome can be reached by arranging sufficient compensation from those that are made better off to those that are made worse off so that all would end up no worse off than before.

Welfare economics
Economic indicators
Inferior good

In economics, an inferior good is a good that decreases in demand when the income of the consumer rises. People with little income might buy bread in the supermarket, but when their income increases, they buy their bread in the bakery instead. They did not buy from the bakery before, because the bread in the bakery is more expensive than the bread in the supermarket. 

Goods where the demand rises with the income are called normal goods.

Goods
Normal good

In economics, a normal good is a good whose consumption rises when the income increases. As an example, people who earn more money, might go to the cinema more often. Tickets for the cinema are therefore a normal good.

A good where the consumption decreases when the income increases is called inferior.

Goods
Marginal utility

Marginal utility is a concept from economics that describes the change in utility from consuming more or less of a good or service.  Economists sometimes speak of a law of diminishing marginal utility, meaning that consuming the first unit usually has a higher utility than every other unit. When the number of units that are consumed increases, their marginal utility decreases.

The more we have a commodity or a service, the less we want to have more of it.

Economics
Veblen good

In economics, a Veblen good is a good whose preference and consumption increases with its price. This is against the Law of supply and demand. The goods are named after Thorstein Veblen, who first described the effect of conspicuous consumption in 1899. Veblen goods are often also positional goods.

Goods