cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Line of Control

The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is  long.

Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.

Fencing 
India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently  long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.

Related pages
 Wagah
 Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
 Line of Actual Control
 Kashmir conflict
 Wakhan
 Border dispute

References 

Kashmir
Territorial disputes of India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
Walls
Arnsberg

Arnsberg (; Westphalian: Arensperg) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants, who are mostly Catholic.

References

Other websites

Hochsauerland Rural District
Siegen

Siegen is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 110,000 inhabitants and a university.

Twin Towns 
It has been twinned with the borough of Spandau in Berlin since 1952. Other twin cities are:
 , Rijnsburg, since 1963, continuation of partnership with amalgamated town of Katwijk as of 2006
United Kingdom Morley, since 1966 continuation of partnership with amalgamated City of Leeds as of 1974
, Leeds, since 1974
 , Ypres, since 1967
 , Zakopane, since 1989
 , , Plauen, since 1990

References

Other websites

 

Siegen-Wittgenstein Rural District
Innsbruck

Innsbruck (;  ; ) is a city in Austria. About 120,000 people live there. It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and also a district of Tyrol. It is one of the biggest cities of Austria. It has an area of 104.91 km2. The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m). The deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m).

The name Innsbruck comes from the German words Inn, a river, and brücke, a bridge. It means "bridge over the Inn".

References

Other websites 
 The official website of Innsbruck

Olympic cities
Districts of Tyrol (state)
Basel

Basel (French: Bâle) is a city in the north of Switzerland. It is sometimes called Basle in English. Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt. 

The city has a population of about 170,000 people and is the third largest city in Switzerland after Zürich and Geneva.

Basel borders Germany and France in the north and the canton of Basel-Land in the south. The Rhine river flows through the city.

History 
Basel was a prince-bishopric from 999 until 1803. Most of the city was destroyed in the 1356 Basel earthquake, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Central Europe. Basel joined Switzerland in 1501.

Economy 
Basel is well known for the many chemical and pharmaceutical companies that are located in the city, such as Novartis, Syngenta and Hoffmann-La Roche. The only ports in Switzerland are located along the Rhine river in Basel, which makes the city important for imports and exports to and from Switzerland. Basel shares the international airport EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg with the French city Mulhouse.

Education 
The University of Basel was founded in 1460 and is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest in the world. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the city of Basel  

 
Imperial free cities
Porto

Porto (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu]; also known as Oporto in English) is the second-largest city in Portugal after Lisbon and one of the major urban areas of the Iberian Peninsula. The urban area of Porto, which extends beyond the administrative limits of the city, has a population of 2.4 million (2011) in an area of 389 km2(150 sq mi), making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal. It is recognized as a gamma+ level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group, the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city.

Location
Located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its historical core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale, has been referred to as the origin of the name "Portugal", based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In Portuguese, the name of the city is spelled with a definite article ("o Porto"; English: the port). Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as Oporto in modern literature and by many speakers.

Attractions
One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, port wine, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport and export of the fortified wine. In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.

Gallery

Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean
 
Ports and harbours of Europe
Reutlingen

Reutlingen is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

References
Witten

Witten is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District
Moers

Moers (Low German: Meurs, formerly Mörs) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Moers is near to Duisburg and belongs to the Ruhr area.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Wesel (district)
Castrop-Rauxel

Castrop-Rauxel is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Recklinghausen Rural District
Ratingen

Ratingen (Low Franconian: Rotinge) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near to Düsseldorf and has about 90,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Mettmann Rural District
Gland (city)

Gland is a city in Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud. In the year 2005, about 10,000 people live there. The city is halfway between Geneva and Lausanne, near Nyon.

Other websites 
 Official website of the Town of Gland

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Vaud
Dalat

Dalat (Vietnamese: Đà Lạt) is a city in southern Vietnam. It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Vietnam
Bordeaux

Bordeaux is a city in the Gironde department of France. It is on the Garonne River near the Atlantic Ocean. About 1,150,000 people live in the area around the city. Bordeaux has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It is famous for wines made in the region near the city. Bordeaux is also famous for its art.

Bordeaux is classified as a "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques. Some buildings date back to Roman times. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History 

In about 300 BC Bordeaux was the settlement of a Celtic tribe.  They named the town Burdigala. 
The Romans began rule of the city around 60 BC. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine. In the 400s the city was looted by the Vandals, Visigoths, and Franks.

After the Battle of Poitiers, Duke Eudes was able to hold only a small part of Aquitaine where Bordeaux was located. It became one of the last cities to fall under King Pepin the Short.

Bordeaux once again became an important city after the marriage of Duchess Eléonore of Aquitaine with Count Henri Plantagenet. He became King Henry II of England only months after their marriage. 

In 1653 Bordeaux was added to the Kingdom of France, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.

In 1870 the French government moved to Bordeaux for a time. This was at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia. The temporary move happened again during World War I and again very briefly during the World War II.

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 University of Bordeaux 1
 Kedge Business School

Sister cities
Bordeaux is twinned with:

Partnerships

References

 
Capital of France
Departmental capitals in France
Former national capitals
Regional capitals in France
World Heritage Sites in France
Nantes

Nantes is a city in France, the prefecture of the Pays de la Loire region and the Loire-Atlantique department, on the Atlantic Ocean. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, it was the busiest slave trading port in France. Before 1941, Nantes was part of Brittany. The Gallo and Breton languages are spoken in the city. Jules Verne was a famous writer from Nantes.

Nantes has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 Audencia Nantes School of Management
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Twin towns
Nantes has town twinning and cooperation agreements with:

Friendship relations
The city has friendship relations with:
  Guinea, since 1992.
  St. Martinville, Louisiana, U.S., since 1993.
  Jericho, West Bank, since 2001.
  Desdunes and Petionville, Haiti, since 2005.
  Nantes, Quebec, Canada, since 2009.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Nantes Tourist Office Official Website

1st-century BC establishments
Departmental capitals in France
 
Regional capitals in France
Nice

Nice (pronounced "neese") is a city in southern France on the Mediterranean coast. It is a commune in the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. It has over 345,000 people living in the city as of 2012 (1,000,000 in its metropolitan area). It has many beaches. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot, dry, and sunny; winters are mild with moderate rainfall.

From the late 18th century, wealthy British visitors came to Nice, with its beauty and its warm climate. Queen Victoria was amongst them: she made several visits. The city's main seaside promenade, the Promenade des Anglais owes its name to these visitors. The clear air and soft light appeals to painters. Marc Chagall and Henri Matisse spent years here and are well represented in  the city's museums, the Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse and Musée des Beaux-Arts.

Nice has the second largest hotel capacity in the country and is one of its most visited cities. It gets 5 million tourists every year. It also has the third busiest airport in France after the two main Parisian ones.

The cuisine is excellent. It benefits from the Mediterranean in the form of bouillabaisse (a shellfish dish). From the end of empire, immigration from Algeria has led to excellent North African dishes such as cous-cous. Ratatouille and (obviously) salade niçoise are more local dishes.

There is a local dialect, le nissard, nissart, or niçard. It is a variety of the regional language, Occitan. It is Italian in style, reminding that the area has been under different sovereignty in the past.

Over 70 people were killed in an attack on 14 July 2016.

Parade

Sister city
Nice is twinned with:
 Edinburgh, Scotland

Education 
 EDHEC Business School
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 Université Côte-d'Azur

References

Other websites 

 Dances and traditional musics from Nice
 Information on Nice Airport 

Nice
Strasbourg

Strasbourg is a city in eastern France, the prefecture of Grand Est. Today, about 275,000 people live there (with around 780,000 in the metropolitan area). It lies on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the German city of Kehl.

Strasbourg is the seat Council of Europe, of the European Court of Human Rights and of the European Parliament. A lot of people also consider Strasbourg to be the capital of the European Union.

History 
Its old town, la Grande Île ("Grand Island") has been classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The city was founded in 12 BC by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius. Its Celtic name was Argentorate (which the Romans called Argentoratum). People think this name is linked to the river Ill (that flows into the Rhine near Strasbourg).

At that time, it was on the Limes, a fortification the Romans built across Europe (to keep out the Germanic tribes). There was a fortification (named castella drusi, drusus fort) at that spot. Soldiers need to live from something, so a local civilian settlement developed there. Later, the Limes was pushed farther east.

Climate 
Strasbourg has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
 EM Strasbourg Business School
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 ISG Programme Business & Management
 Web@cademie

References

Departmental capitals in France
Imperial free cities
Regional capitals in France
 
World Heritage Sites in France
Montpellier

Montpellier is a city in south of France. About 280,000 people live there. It is the 8th largest city in France. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Montpellier. The computer science school École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and E-Artsup are also in the city.

The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in the world, as well as the Montpellier Business School.

Transport 
 Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport

Sister cities
Montpellier is twinned with:

Departmental capitals in France
 
Former regional capitals in France
Lille

Lille is a city in the north of France with a population of about 226,800 inhabitants. It is the capital of the region Hauts-de-France and the Nord

department., and is not far from the border with Belgium, where in Dutch it is called . About two million people live in the urban area (conurbation) shared with Kortrijk and Tournai, which is the fifth largest in France behind Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse.

Climate 
Lille has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 EDHEC Business School
 E-Artsup
 IÉSEG School of Management
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Transport 
There are two big railway stations in Lille with many trains to and from different places around France and Belgium. Most of these serve  station and are operated by SNCF, including the TGV high-speed service. The other big station, , has Eurostar trains to and from Brussels, Paris, and St Pancras station in London via the Channel Tunnel to the United Kingdom.

Public transport in Lille is made up of buses, two metro lines, and two tram lines to the nearby towns of Tourcoing and Roubaix. The metro system is one of the first in the world that does not have drivers.

Sister cities
Lille is twinned with:

References

Departmental capitals in France
 
Regional capitals in France
Rennes

Rennes is a city in France, the prefecture of Brittany and the Ille-et-Vilaine department. Its name is «  » in the Breton language.

Education
The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000) and 2 universities :
 University of Rennes 1 (26 000 students)
 University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany (22 000 students)

A campus of the computer science schools École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées and École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies , the university in electric energy and information sciences Supélec, the engineering school CentraleSupélec.
The business schools Rennes School of Business and Paris School of Business are also in Rennes.

Twin towns – sister cities

Within France

Pacts of cooperation

Sponsorship

Gallery

 
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Reims

Reims is a commune in France, in the Marne department in the Grand Est region. NEOMA Business School is located in the city.

Reims Cathedral 
Reims Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims) is famous by coronation of almost every king of France. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1914 (after an attack by the German army).
Orléans

Orléans is a city in France, the prefecture of the Centre-Val de Loire region and the Loiret department. It is on the Loire River and was formerly a busy port.

Sister cities

Orléans is twinned with:
  Dundee, United Kingdom
  Treviso, Italy
  Münster, Germany
  Kristiansand, Norway
  Wichita, United States
  Tarragona, Spain
  Saint-Flour, France
  Utsunomiya, Japan
  Lugoj, Romania
  Parakou, Benin
  Tyre, Lebanon
  Perm, Russia

It has a partnership with:
  Kraków, Poland

Related pages 
 Capital of France
 Siege of Orleans

Capital of France
Former national capitals
 
Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Le Havre

Le Havre is a city in Normandy. It is one of the most important ports in France. It is located on the right bank of the Seine river along the English Channel.

The city and port were founded by the King Francis I of France in 1517.

The city was bombed during World War II. The damaged area was rebuilt by Auguste Perret from 1945 to 1964. This section was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The École de management de Normandie is located in the city.

References

 
Subprefectures in France
World Heritage Sites in France
1517 establishments
1510s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in France
Straight edge

Straight edge (Often called sXe) is a lifestyle without drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. Some followers of straight edge also abstain from illegal or casual sex.

For some, no drug use includes caffeine which is a stimulant drug. Some will accept drugs such as codeine or morphine for medical reasons.
Some followers of straight edge will not use Ny-Quil or Day-Quil because they contain alcohol.
Those straight edgers who quit casual or illegal sex would not have one-night stands and will wait until they are in a committed relationship to have sex.

Some cities have associated straight edge as gang affiliation, but advocates call it a way of life such as being a vegetarian.

References

Society
Lifestyles
Rouen

Rouen is a commune. It is the prefecture of Upper Normandy and the Seine-Maritime department.

First settlements in that region were from the 6th century before Christ.
The Romans founded Rotomagus about 100 A.D..
Since 384 Rouen is the seat of a bishop.
In 841 the Vikings conquered Rouen. It became the capitol of the Duchy of Normandy.
In 1204 the Frensh king reconquered Rouen. 
In 1419 the English crown (Henry IV. of England) conquered the city in the 100-year War between France and England. On May, 30th of 1431 Jeanne D'Arc (the Virgin of Orleans) was burned in Rouen.
In 1494 the French got the city back.
In 1834 the railway connection Paris-Rouen was opened.
Rouen was occupied by the Germans in the Franco-German War of 1870 to 1873 and in both World Wars. In the World War II many buildings were destroyed.

Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It has a great marine harbor 60 km from the city. Tourism, transportation, the colleges and the university are most important economic factors.

The university of Rouen has about 40,000 students.

Museums 
 The Musée des beaux-arts is the museum of art of the city
 The Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire is a museum about the history of the port of the city and the navigation

Education 
 NEOMA Business School

Departmental capitals in France
Regional capitals in France
Microcode

Microcode is the name for a number of instructions or data structures which are involved in implementing higher-level machine language in many processors, especially microprogrammed ones. Microcode is on memory that is very fast to access. When a machine level instruction needs to be executed, microcode tells the processor what electronic circuits should be used. When a new processor is designed, an engineer also writes the microcode for the instructions of machine language. This is called Microprogramming, the resulting code is called a microprogram. 

In early processors, each instruction was hard-wired. This has several drawbacks, the most obvious is that correcting an error in processor design means that the processor needs to be replaced.

Example
A processor should add two values, which are in registers A and B.

 Configure the ALU for addition
 Put the value of register A on one input of the ALU
 Put the value of register B on one input of the ALU
 After waiting a short time, to allow for the addition, the result needs to be copied into a register, which has not been used yet
 The value of that register needs to be copied to register A
 The next instruction needs to be fetched from memory

Items 1-3, as well as  5-6, can be coded as one instruction. It is also possible to hard-wire the logic needed for this operation. This has the benefit of being faster, but the drawback that it no longer allows changes that might be needed later on.  

The concept of microprogramming was developed by Maurice Wilkes in 1951, using diode matrices for the memory element.

References

Microprocessor design

de:Mikroprogrammsteuerwerk
Average

An average is the "normal" number of a group of numbers made by mixing the group of numbers.

In math, an average is called a mean. It can be found by adding the numbers, then dividing the answer by the number of numbers there were. There are other kinds of mean, and other things that are sometimes thought of as "average" such as median or mode (statistics).

Sport 

In some sports, such as cricket and baseball, averages are used to tell how good a player is (such as batting average). Sporting averages have special rules for how to find them.

Mathematics
Fluminense FC

Fluminense Football Club () or Fluminense, is a football club in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Current Squad

Notable Players 

  Ademir Menezes
  Assis
  Branco
  Carlos Alberto Torres
  Castilho
  Conca
  Delei
  Denílson
  Didi
  Edinho
  Félix
  Flávio
  Gérson
  Henry Welfare
  Lula
  Manfrini
  Marco Antônio
  Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça

  Orlando
  Oswaldo Gomes
  Paulo César Caju
  Pintinho
  Preguinho
  Renato Gaúcho
  Ricardo Gomes
  Rivelino
  Romerito
  Romeu
  Samarone
  Telê
  Thiago Silva
  Tim
  Valdo
  Washington

Trophies

International
 Copa Rio Internacional: 1
 1952
 Olympic Cup: 1
 1949

National
 Série A: 4
 1970, 1984, 2010,2012
 Brazil Cup: 1
 2007
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1
 1999

Regional
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2
 1957, 1960
 Taça Ioduran: 1
 1919
 Zona Sul da Taça Brasil: 1
 1960

State
 Campeonato Carioca: 31
 1906/1907/1908/1909, 1911, 1917/1918/1919, 1924, 1936/1937/1938, 1940/1941, 1946, 1951, 1959, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975/1976, 1980, 1983/1984/1985, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2012
 Taça Guanabara: 8
 1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2012
 Taça Rio: 2
 1990, 2005
 Torneio Início: 9
 1916, 1924, 1925, 1940/1941, 1943, 1954, 1956, 1965

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Best Attendances 
 Ranking Carioca League 
 Matches 1902/2005 
 Canal Fluminense - Fluminense´s Daily News
 Torcida Tricolor

References

Football clubs in Rio de Janeiro
1902 establishments
1900s establishments in Brazil
Romanization

Romanization, or Latinization, is how words and languages that normally do not use the Latin alphabet are converted into Latin letters. That allows people who do not know the original writing system to read the sounds of the language. Romanization is one way to show the pronunciation of the language's words.

There are often several standards for romanizing one language. For the Russian language ,the Soviet Union invented several systems, and the United Nations and the International Organization for Standardization invented two of the others. Methods for Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese are similarly diverse. Some romanization systems are based on transcription, some are based on transliteration, and some are based on both.

Transcription occurs when the effect at the end is that both the original and the transcribed version sound the same, whether or not each letter alone in one text matches the corresponding letter in the other one.

Transliteration occurs when the effect at the end is for the letters to match one to one, whether or not the sound is the same.

Related pages 
 Romanization of Bulgarian
 Romanization of Japanese

Other websites 
 UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
 U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format
 Java romanization app
 One of the few books with lists of romanizations is ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Randall Barry (ed.), U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, .
 Microsoft Transliteration Utility – A free tool for making and using transliteration systems from any alphabet to any other alphabet.
 G. Gerych. Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets. Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.

Romanization
Culture
Diaspora

Diaspora (, literally, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitals) to refer to any people or racial group living outside their traditional homelands, emigrating and being scattered in distant places and making a new community. It was first used in the Septuagint to mean the scattering of Jews after the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC.

Migration
Angers

Angers is a city in the west of France. Around 160,000 inhabitants live inside the city and 300,000 live in the metropolitan area.

It is the capital of the historical province called Anjou. Today, the name of Anjou is Maine-et-Loire. The inhabitants of Angers and of Anjou are called 'angevins'.

The city existed before the Roman Empire. After the Roman conquest, the city was called Juliomagus. Angers was an important French city during the Middle-Ages. There is one of the bigger castles of Europe in the city.

It is now the 16th city of France (for its population). It is an economic center, a touristic and cultural town. Many festivals happen every year in the city (film festival 'Premiers plans', street festivals 'Tours de scène' and the famous 'Accroches-coeurs'). It has many museums. The museum of Beaux-Arts (a famous Art museum) and "Apocalypse Tapestry" (the oldest and largest collection of medieval tapestries in the world) are very famous.

There are two universities. More than 17,000 students go to the 'Université d'Angers' (a state university) and 12,000 go to the 'Université Catholique de l'Ouest' (a private catholic university). The 'École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers' is one of the most prestigious business school in France.

Transport
 Road: Motorway A11 to Paris ~295 km and to Nantes ~90 km
 Railway: TGV (very quick train) from Angers-St Laud station to Paris in 92 minutes only
 International Airports: Angers-Marcé, Nantes-Atlantique

Sister cities
Angers is twinned with:
  Haarlem, Netherlands, since 1964
  Osnabrück, Germany, since 1964
  Bamako, Mali, since 1974
  Pisa, Italy, since 1982
  Wigan, United Kingdom, since 1988
  Södertälje, Sweden, since 1998
  Seville, Spain, since 2000
  Yantai, China, since 2006

Cities in France
Communes in Maine-et-Loire
Departmental capitals in France
Toulon

Toulon is a city in the south of France. It has about 170,000 people. Toulon is the prefecture of Var. Toulon is the third biggest city of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur after Marseille and Nice. It is the main base of the Mediterranean Sea fleet of the French Navy. It is  from the Italian border.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

More reading 
 Le Chevallier à découvert, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Laurens Ed., 1998.

Other websites 

 
Departmental capitals in France
Grenoble

Grenoble is a French commune in the Alpine foothills. It is the prefecture of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

It has an oceanic climate  (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

It is an important centre for scientific research in France.

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Grenoble. Grenoble School of Management is also in the city, as well as the Université Grenoble-Alpes.

Transport 
 Grenoble-Isère Airport

Twin towers — Sister buildings
Grenoble is twinned with:

Other websites

Grenoble
Departmental capitals in France
Olympic cities
Aix-en-Provence

Aix-en-Provence is a city in the south of France. About 150,000 people live there.

Famous people from Aix-en-Provence

Paul Cézanne (d. 1906), painter

References

Attribution

Other websites

Aix en Provence Tourist office website 
Official site of the town Aix-en-Provence 

 
Subprefectures in France
Amiens

Amiens is a city in Somme in the former province of Picardy in northern France. About 145,000 people live there. The Treaty of Amiens was signed there.

Other websites 
 This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

 
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
Le Mans

Le Mans is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Mans is a city in France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. It takes about one hour to go to Paris by TGV.

Sport
 Le Mans is the start of the seventh stage of the 2011 Tour de France.
 The city is well known for the 24-hour car race of Le Mans.

Sister cities
Le Mans is twinned with:
  Bolton, England, United Kingdom
  Haouza, Western Sahara
  Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
  Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia
  Suzuka, Japan
  Volos, Greece
  Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
  Alexandria, Egypt

References

 
Departmental capitals in France
Tours

Tours is a city on the Loire River in the centre of France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. This is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire and is one of the 22 french metropolis.

Notable natives and residents 
 Honoré de Balzac 1799-1850, novelist
 René Descartes 1596-1650, scientist, mathematican and philosopher

Sister cities
 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, since 1962
 Segovia, Spain, since 1972
 Parma, Italy, since 1976
 Luoyang, People's Republic of China, since 1982
 Springfield, USA, since 1984
 Trois-Rivières, Canada, since 1987
 Takamatsu, Japan, since 1988
 Braşov, Romania, since 1990
 Minneapolis, USA, since 1991

Related pages 
 Capital of France

Capital of France
Cities in France
Communes in Indre-et-Loire
Former national capitals
Departmental capitals in France
Limoges

Limoges ( or Limòtges) is a city and commune, the capital (prefecture) of the Haute-Vienne department and the historical capital of the old Limousin region in west-central France. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

Limoges is known for its medieval and Renaissance enamels on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain and for its oak barrels which are used for Cognac and Bordeaux production.

Geography
The city of Limoges is near the western limits of the Massif Central, in the centre of the Haute-Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city.

Limoges is at about  from Paris,  from Toulouse,  from Bordeaux and  from Marseille.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Limoges is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Limoges, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Limoges is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Limoges is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Limoges are known, in French, as  Limougeauds (women: Limougeaudes).

With a population of 134,577, Limoges has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Limoges

Limoges forms, together with other 8 communes, the urban area of Limoges with a population of 183,860 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Limoges, formed by 96 communes, with a population of 283,050 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Limoges is the prefecture of the Haute-Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Limoges and the administrative centre () of 9 cantons

 Limoges-1, with 18,316 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-2, with 15,794 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-3, with 16,872 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-4, with 17,434 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-5, with 18,550 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-6, with 18,413 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-7, with 14,833 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-8, with 16,149 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-9, with 16,316 inhabitants (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Limoges Métropole ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Limoges is twinned with:

 Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 Fürth, Germany
 Grodno, Belarus
 Seto, Japan
 Icheon, South Korea
 Plzeň, Czech Republic

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Limoges
 Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Limoges Métropole 

 
Departmental capitals in France
Former regional capitals in France
Villeurbanne

Villeurbanne is a city in France. About 130,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

  

Cities in France
Communes in Rhône
Exile on Main St.

Exile On Main St. was one of The Rolling Stones'  albums. It was released in 1972 and includes the hit songs "Happy" and "Tumbling Dice".

The Rolling Stones
1972 albums
Rock and roll albums
R&B albums
Blues albums
Soul albums
Country albums
Blues rock albums
Movie criticism

Movie criticism is the evaluation of a movie. People who write their opinions about movies in newspapers and magazines or talk about movies on television, the Internet or on radio shows are called movie critics. Some movie critics also write books about movies and the history of movies.

Training
Some movie critics studied movie or movie history in a university before becoming a movie critic. Other movie critics are people who have experience making movies, for example as a movie director or screenwriter. Some movie critics studied other subjects in university that are related to movie, such as English Literature or theatre.

Related occupations
 Movie theorists study the way stories are told in movies, and examine how movie directors, screenwriters, and cinematographers use images and sounds on the movie screen. Movie theorists usually work in universities, in movie studies or media departments. Some movie theorists, such as Francois Truffaut are also involved in other movie-related jobs, such as being a movie critic and a director.
 Movie historians study the history of different aspects of movie production and distribution.
 Television critics write their opinions about television shows in newspapers and magazines or talk about television shows on television or on radio shows. Some television critics also write books about television and the history of television shows. Movie critics Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel once hosted a successful movie review show called At the Movies. 
 Television scholars study the impact of television shows on culture.

Awards
Roger Ebert became the first movie critic to win a Pulitzer Prize. After his win, many other critics were awarded with this honor.

Notable movie critics

 Roger Ebert
 Gene Siskel
 Gene Shalit
 A. O. Scott
 Kenneth Turan
 Steven Rea
 Anthony Lane
 Peter Travers
 David Denby 
 Rex Reed
 Joe Morgenstern
 Joe Siegel
 Andrew Sarris 
 Vincent Canby
 Michael Phillips
 Jonathan Rosenbaum
 Colin Covert
 Leonard Maltin
 Richard Roeper

 
Movie occupations
McCarthyism

McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States which began during the start of the Cold War, that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. The term gets its name from U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican of Wisconsin. The period of McCarthyism is also referred to as the Second Red Scare (The First Red Scare happened after the Bolshevik October Revolution of 1917, that lasted from the late 1910s to the late 1920s). It happened at the same times as increased fears of Communist influence on American institutions, espionage by Soviet agents such as the Rosenbergs, heightened tension from Soviet control over Central and Eastern Europe, the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution (1949) and the Korean War (1950-1953). There is a play called 'The Crucible' which is about the beginning of the Salem Witch Trials, but also about McCarthyism.

20th century in the United States
Political movements
Cichlid

Cichlids (pronounced 'sick-lids') are fishes from the Cichlidae family, in the order Perciformes.

It is a very large family of fish made up of more than 2500 species.
Cichlids come in many different sizes, from 2.5 centimeters to almost a meter long. All cichlids have some form of parental care for their eggs and fry. That parental care may come in the form of guarding the eggs and fry or it may come in the form of mouthbrooding.

Cichlids are famous for their speciation in East African lakes.

References 

Perciformes
Pavo (genus)

The Asiatic peafowl is a kind of bird.  They are the genus Pavo from the Phasianidae family. They originate from Southeast Asia.

 Genus Pavo
 Blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus): originally from India, and Pakistan. In Pakistan, it is the provincial/regional bird of the province of the Punjab
 Green peafowl (Pavo muticus): was very widespread in southeast Asia, including northern Myanmar and southern China, Laos, Thailand,  Vietnam, Cambodia, peninsular Malaysia and the islands of Java. Habitat destruction and hunting have reduced its range.

The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen.

The males are very colorful, and they have very long train feathers (or tail feathers), which they can move up like a fan. Females are less colorful, and do not have the long train-feathers. Both the male and the female have a little "crown" of feathers on their head.
Males show their train feathers to court a female peafowl, or to scare other animals away by making them afraid.

Peafowl are omnivorous and eat plant parts, flower petals, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, like reptiles and amphibians.

Phasianidae
Birds of Asia
Galliformes
European sprat

The European sprat is a kind of fish. It is related to the herring. It lives in the ocean, all around Europe. It has about 12% fat in its flesh. It is a source of many vitamins. It is an important fish for commercial fishing, and can be found in many cans in shops. It can also be salted, to preserve it better.

Teleosts
The Little Mermaid

"The Little Mermaid" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1837 in the third volume of Fairy Tales Told for Children with "The Emperor's New Clothes".  The tale glorifies suffering and self-denial. There is a statue of The Little Mermaid in the harbor of Copenhagen. The story has been adapted to opera and animated movies.

Story 
A mermaid princess swims to the surface of the sea. As it happens, she sees a human prince and falls in love with him. She wants to meet him again; however, she is a mermaid, and her father, who is the king of the sea, would not let her do so. She wants to find a way to win the prince's love, so she goes to the sea witch's cave. She will get an immortal soul if she wins the love of a human. She sacrifices her voice and her tail to the sea witch for two human legs. The prince becomes her companion. But, he falls in love with another person. The mermaid has the chance to return to the sea. She must kill the prince to go back, and so she refuses. She dies, and is transformed into a daughter of the air. She will receive an immortal soul if she does good deeds for three hundred years.

Adaptations 
In 1957, Germaine Tailleferre wrote a three act opera with the subject. In 1968, there was a Soviet animated movie. In 1976, a co-production of the Soviet Union and Bulgaria resulted in a live-action movie. In 1989, The Walt Disney Company also made an animated movie. In 2008, Studio Ghibli made a movie inspired by the story called Ponyo.

Notes

References 
 Zipes, Jack. 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP.

Other websites 

 Den lille Havfrue Original text in Danish from the Danish Royal Library website.
 The Annotated Little Mermaid  by Heidi Anne Heiner, Paull's translation, with scholarly annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, bibliography.

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Hans Christian Andersen

Hans Christian Andersen (2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish writer. 

Andersen was born in Odense, Denmark. His father was a shoemaker, and his mother washed clothes for customers. The family was poor. When Andersen was 11, his father died. At 14, Andersen left his mother and his home. He moved to Copenhagen. 

The king helped Andersen finish his education. Andersen wanted to be an actor or dancer. He did not have the talent for either. He started to write novels, plays, poems, short stories, and travel books. In 1835, he published four fairy tales that were liked by the readers. After this success, he wanted to write more fairy tales. 

Andersen's stories were popular all over Europe. He was invited into the homes of rich and powerful people. He fell in love with several men and women. He was in love with singer Jenny Lind. He also fell in love with ballet dancer Harald Scharff. 

Andersen was a happy and carefree man. He travelled all over Europe. He wanted to see the sights. He hoped travelling would make him even happier. He always carried a rope with him. He planned to use this rope as a fire escape if needed. In the spring of 1872, Andersen fell off of his bed and suffered major injuries. He never recovered fully. Soon after that, Andersen showed signs of liver cancer. He died on 4 August 1875 from liver cancer.

Works  
 The Princess and the Pea (1835)
 The Tinderbox (1835)
 Thumbelina (1835) 
 The Little Mermaid (1837)
 The Emperor's New Clothes (1837)
 The Steadfast Tin Soldier (1838)
 The Wild Swans (1838)
 Ole Lukøje (1841)
 The Swineherd (1841)
 The Angel (1843)
 The Nightingale (1843)
 The Ugly Duckling (1843)
 The Little Match Girl (1845)
 The Red Shoes (1845)
 The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep (1845)
 The Snow Queen (1845)
 The Fir Tree (1845)
 The Shadow (1847)
 The Story of a Mother (1847)

Related pages
List of Danish writers

References

1805 births
1875 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Bisexual people
Children's writers
Danish poets
Deaths from liver cancer
Disease-related deaths in Denmark
LGBT writers
Novelists
Odense
Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium

The Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium is a football stadium in Istanbul in Turkey. It is home to the club Fenerbahce.

Other websites 
 Fenerbahçe SK Stadium Link

 Satellite Photo of Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium

Football stadiums in Turkey
Istanbul
Atlantic herring

The Atlantic herring is a kind of herring, a fish. It can be found on both sides of the Atlantic. It can grow up to 45cm in length, weighing more than half a kilogram. It is a swarm fish, meaning many fish come together and form a school (or swarm) of fish. Swarms of up to 4 cubic kilometers in size have been measured of atlantic herring, with an eastimated 4 billion individual fish. Like with so many other fishes though, commercial overfishing is posing a problem. Stocks of herring have been collapsing. 

Their natural predators are seals, cod, other large fish as well as some kinds of whales. 
The current reason for the overfishing is the need of the Omega Fatty Acid, which helps increase memory, and brain functions.

Baltic herring 
The herrings that occurs in the Baltic Sea is much smaller. Some people consider it a dstinct subspecies. They call it Baltic herring, C. harengus membras.

Clupeiformes
Pelagie Islands

The Pelagie Islands are three islands in the Mediterranean. They are Lampedusa, Linosa and Lampione. They are between Malta and Tunisia. They are part of the African continent but belong to Italy.

Because of deforestation, the islands are very barren. In the past they lived on agriculture, but nowadays they live on fishing and tourism. 

Archipelagos
Islands of Africa
Islands of Italy
Lampedusa

Lampedusa is the largest of the Pelagie Islands. Sicily is 205 km to the north, Tunisia is 113 km to the south. There are no sources of freshwater on the island, so those living there collect rainwater. Fauna and Flora, as well as the climate is similar to what can be found in North Africa. 

There is a NATO base on the island. It is also a popular destination for refugees who try to enter the European Union that way.

Islands of Italy
Islands of Africa
Muscat

Muscat () is the capital and largest city of The Sultanate of Oman. It is the largest city in the mintaqah (governorate) of Muscat. The city of Muscat has a population of 1.28 million people (2015). The official language is Arabic and English is used as an additional language for many purposes, including business and tourism purposes. Muscat is located on the north east coast of Oman.  The city is 3,500 km2  in size.

History 
People started living in the Muscat area about 2300 years ago but the first writings of the city are about 1900 years old in the 1st century CE.  Muscat developed into an important city in the 9th century CE because of business and trade at the port.  Portugal, Persian (Iran) and Turkey had many wars for control over Muscat from the 1500s to the 1700s.  The Al Bu Sa 'id tribe has ruled Muscat since then.

Climate and weather 
Muscat is a hot and dry city.  The average daytime temperature in summer can be as high as 40 °C.  The winter is cooler and the average daytime temperature is between 19 °C and 22 °C.  There is very little rain with only 10 cm per year.

Tourism 
Muscat has several tourist sites including seven museums, a fort, an old palace and a new opera house.  The city has beaches with hotel resorts.  People can do many water-sports including dolphin tours in the city's harbour.  In 2016, 2.5 million tourists visited Muscat.  According to an article in Times Of Oman, almost 500,000 people visited in February alone for the popular Muscat Festival.

Capital cities in Asia
Oman