cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Lauren Laverne

Lauren Cecilia Fisher (born 28 April 1978), known as Lauren Laverne, is an English television presenter.

When she was at college she started a rock band called Kenickie with her brother Peter, Marie Nixon and Emma Jackson. The band broke up in 1998. In 2000 she sang on the single "Don't Falter" by Mint Royale. It reached No.15 in the UK Singles Chart.

In 2010 her first novel was Candypop – Candy and the Broken Biscuits was published by HarperCollins. From 2010-2013 Laverne presented 10 O'Clock Live.

She writes a style column for The Guardian.

References

1978 births
Living people
English guitarists
English television presenters
People from Sunderland
M240 machine gun

The M240 machine gun is a type of machine gun. It fires the 7.62mm NATO cartridge. It is gas-operated and the bullets are fed into the chamber by a belt. The M240 has been used by the United States Armed Forces since the late-1970s. It is used a lot by infantry. The M240 is also mounted onto ground vehicles, boats, and helicopters.

Sources

7.62 mm firearms
Medium machine guns
Machine guns of the United States
Ms. Marvel (Kamala Khan)

Kamala Khan is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Captain Marvel #17 (November 2013). Khan is a 16-year-old Pakistani-American Muslim. She is from the suburbs of New Jersey. She can shapeshift. She was made by Sana Amanat, Steve Wacker, and G. Willow Wilson.

Marvel Comics superheroes
Clonewheel organ

A clonewheel organ is an electronic musical instrument that copies the sound of the Hammond organ. The first group of clonewheel organs designed used synthesizer sounds. In the 1990s and 2000s, clonewheel organs began using sampling or digital techniques.

Electronic musical instruments
Robert Peston

Robert James Kenneth Peston (born 25 April 1960) is a British journalist. In 2005 his biography of Gordon Brown, Brown's Britain was published. In 2013, How Do We Fix This Mess?: The Economic Price of Having it All, and the Route to Lasting Prosperity was published. On 17 October 2013 he was made the Economics Editor for BBC News.

References

1960 births
English journalists
Living people
Biographers
Joseph Paul Franklin

Joseph Paul Franklin (April 13, 1950 – November 20, 2013) was an American serial killer. He tried to kill Larry Flynt, a magazine publisher, in 1978 and Vernon Jordan, Jr., the civil rights activist, in 1980. He has been given six life sentences. He lived at Potosi Correctional Center on death row. On November 20, 2013 he was executed at 8:30am with Propofol, a lethal drug, for killing a Jewish man outside a synagogue.

He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Franklin said that he thought he deserved to die for his crimes. Larry Flynt wrote in an essay published in the Hollywood Reporter, “I do not want to see him die.” Franklin was executed on November 20, 2013 by lethal injection.

References

1950 births
2013 deaths
Executed American serial killers
People executed by lethal injection
People from Mobile, Alabama
People with schizophrenia
Canistota, South Dakota

Canistota is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in McCook County, and 656 people lived there at the 2010 census. Canistota became a city in 1883.

References

Other websites
City of Canistota website

Cities in South Dakota
1883 establishments in Dakota Territory
Bridgewater, South Dakota

Bridgewater is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in McCook County, and 492 people lived there at the 2010 census. Bridgewater became a city in 1889.

References

Other websites
City of Bridgewater website

Cities in South Dakota
1889 establishments in South Dakota
Garretson, South Dakota

Garretson is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County, and 1,166 people lived there at the 2010 census. Garretson became a city in 1891. A popular place in the city is Devil's Gulch, the place where Jesse James jumped over a wide cliff on his horse and got away from the police after trying to rob a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, in 1876. Garretson gets its name from a banker named A.S. Garretson.

References

Other websites
City of Garretson website 

Cities in South Dakota
1891 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in South Dakota
Survivor Series (2007)

Survivor Series (2007) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 18, 2007 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida. It was the twenty first Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2007 website

2007 in American television
2007 in professional wrestling
Sports in Miami, Florida
Survivor Series
2007 in Florida
21st century in Miami, Florida
November events
Iyengar Yoga

Iyengar Yoga is a type of yoga named after and developed by B. K. S. Iyengar (1918-2014). It is a form of Hatha Yoga. It emphasizes detail, precision and alignment. It focuses performing postures (poses) and breath control. This type of yoga helps to develop strength, mobility and stability. 

B. K. S. Iyengar has created over 200 yoga poses. Students start with simple poses and move on to more complex ones.

Iyengar Yoga often uses belts, blocks, and blankets to help people get into the postures. By using belts, blocks and blankets, people are less likely to hurt themselves.

Meditation
Yoga
Chinatown (1974 movie)

Chinatown is a 1974 American movie directed by Roman Polanski, written by Robert Towne, and starring Jack Nicholson, Faye Dunaway, John Hillerman and John Huston. The movie is based on a true story about arguments that people had over the water politics in 1937 Los Angeles. It is considered to be a film noir. It was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1991. The movie is often considered to be one of the greatest movies ever made. During the 1975 Academy Awards, an Oscar award was given to Robert Towne for Best Original Screenplay. The Golden Globe Awards gave the movie awards for Best Drama, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay. The American Film Institute says that it is the second-best of all mystery movies.

References

Other websites 

1974 crime movies
1974 drama movies
1970s crime drama movies
1974 mystery movies
Academy Award winning movies
American crime drama movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Incest in movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1930s
Mystery drama movies
Mystery thriller movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Roman Polanski
Paramount Pictures movies
All Souls College, Oxford

All Souls College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1438 by Henry VI and the Archbishop of Canterbury Henry Chichele.  The full name of the college is "The Warden and the College of the Souls of all Faithful People deceased in the University of Oxford".

All Souls does not have any undergraduate students. It only has graduate students.

All Souls is one of the richest colleges at Oxford.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1438 establishments
1430s establishments in Europe
15th-century establishments in England
Queen Elizabeth Islands

The Queen Elizabeth Islands are a group of islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.  They are split between Nunavut and Northwest Territories.  

In the past the islands were called Parry Archipelago or Parry Islands.  They were named after British Arctic explorer Sir William Parry.  In 1953 the islands were renamed after Elizabeth II.

According to the Atlas of Canada there are 34 large and 2,092 small islands in the archipelago. Many of the islands are among the largest in the world.  The largest island in the archipelago is Ellesmere Island.

Less than 400 people live on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

Islands of Canada
Cristobal Tapia de Veer

Juan Cristobal Tapia de Veer also known as Cristo, is a film and television score composer, arranger, producer and multi-instrumentalist based in Montreal, QC, Canada. He is mostly known for his music to the British 6-part drama UTOPIA for which he won an RTS Craft Award in the best original score category in 2013.

Early life 
Cristo was born during the military coup d'état in Chile. First, his parents fled to Paris, France. While his father decided to stay there, his mother took him back to Chile. Life under Pinochet's dictatorship still proved impossible, so they found political refuge in Québec, Canada.

Career 
He obtained a master's degree in Classical Music (specialization in percussion) from the Conservatoire de musique du Québec. In 2001 he got signed to Warner Music with his pop-band One Ton, putting a hold on his classical career. The trio won the Canadian Dance Music Award (SOCAN) in 2003 with the electro-dance single "Supersex World". It was Cristo who produced the album.

Movie & TV scoring 
In 2011, his music for the Victorian 4-part drama The Crimson Petal and the White (dir: Marc Munden, BBC2) totally surprised the audiences.

Matthew Gilbert, The Boston Globe, U.S.:

"The soundtrack ranges from gnawing electronic hums to choral ecstasy. It's all brilliantly, effectively, appropriately jarring, even if it sends the Masterpiece crowd to the medicine cabinet for Dramamine."

His latest work is in the conspiracy thriller UTOPIA created by Dennis Kelly, that aired on Channel 4. A second series has already been commissioned.

The Royal Television Society awarded him a Craft & Design Awards for "best original music" in November 2013.

He wrote music for a new TV-show called Série Noire, written and directed by the writers of "Les Invincibles", released in January 2014 on Radio-Canada.

References

Other websites 

Cristobal Tapia de Veer on soundcloud

1973 births
Living people
Multi-instrumentalists
Composers
People from Santiago
Canova, South Dakota

Canova is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Miner County, and 105 people lived there at the 2010 census. Canova became a town in 1898.

References

Towns in South Dakota
1898 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in South Dakota
Monroe, South Dakota

Monroe is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 160 people lived there at the 2010 census. Monroe became a town in 1901.

References

Towns in South Dakota
1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in South Dakota
Eruption (band)

Eruption was a popular disco, R&B and soul band in the 1970s and 1980s. It was created by German producer Frank Farian.

Discography

Albums
 1977: Eruption
 1978: Leave a Light
 1980: Fight Fight Fight
 1983: Our Way
 1994: Gold 20 Superhits
 1995: I Can't Stand The Rain

Singles
 "Let Me Take You Back In Time" (1976)
 "I Can't Stand The Rain" / "Be Yourself"  (1977)
 "Party Party" (1978)
 "Leave A Light" (1978)
 "One Way Ticket" / "Left Me In The Rain"  (1979)
 "Sweet Side" (1979)
 "Go Johnnie Go" / "Call My Name" (1980)
 "Runaway" / "Good Good Feeling" (1980)
 "You (You Are My Soul)" (1981)
 "Up And Away" (1982)
 "In A Thousand Years" / "We Don't Need Nobody" (1983)
 "I Can't Help Myself" / "It's The Same Old Song" (1983)
 "Joy To The World" / "Time" (1983)
 "Where Do I Begin" (1984)
 "I Can't Stand The Rain '88" (1988)
 "One Way Ticket '94" (1994)

1970s music groups
1980s music groups
Disco groups
Survivor Series (2006)

Survivor Series (2006) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 26, 2006 at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the twentieth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2006 website

2006 in American television
2006 in professional wrestling
Sports in Philadelphia
Survivor Series
2000s in Philadelphia
2006 in the United States
One Way Ticket

One Way Ticket is song which was recorded by Eruption. 

The song was reached #1 on Austria and Switzerland music charts. 

This song is a cover version of song One Way Ticket (To The Blues) by Neil Sedaka.

1978 songs
Elitserien (bandy)

Elitserien () is the men's bandy top division of Sweden since the 2007–2008 season. It consist of 14 teams, and is followed up by the Swedish championships playoffs, ending with one single final game.

Season structure
The season starts with a regular season comprising 14 teams and 26 rounds. The first eight teams qualify for the quarter finals, the eleventh and twelfth plays a relegation round robin tournament against teams from the Allsvenskan and the last two teams are relegated.

Other websites
 Swedish Bandy Association

2007 establishments in Sweden
Bandy in Sweden
Allsvenskan (bandy)

Allsvenskan () is since the 2007–2008 the second highest division of men's bandy in Sweden. It is made up of 24 teams in two regional groups.

Other websites
 Swedish Bandy Association

Bandy in Sweden
European Cup (bandy)

The European Cup is an annual bandy club competition between teams from Europe. The first edition of the tournament was held in 1974.

Winners

Other websites
Swedish bandy association - European Cup 

1974 establishments in Europe
Bandy
Sports competitions
Sweden women's national football team

Sweden women's national football team () represents Sweden on the women's side in association football. Sweden won the 1984 UEFA European Championship. In the FIFA World Cup, the team ended up second in 2003, and won the bronze medals in 1991 and 2011.

Other websites
 Sweden women's national team
 Sweden women's national team

European women's national association football teams
Football in Sweden
Homeless shelter

A homeless shelter is a place for homeless people to take refuge. Shelters provide safety and protection from exposure to the weather. These shelters also provide food, warmth, and the basic needs for any person.

Homelessness
Determinant

The determinant of a square matrix is a scalar (a number) that indicates how that matrix behaves. It can be calculated from the numbers in the matrix.

The determinant of the matrix  is written as  or  in a formula. Sometimes, instead of  and , one simply writes  and .

Interpretation
There are a few ways to understand what the determinant says about a matrix.

Geometric interpretation

An  matrix can be seen as describing a linear map in  dimensions. In which case, the determinant indicates the factor by which this matrix scales (grows or shrinks) a region of -dimensional space.For example, a  matrix , seen as a linear map, will turn a square in 2-dimensional space into a parallelogram. That parallellogram's area will be  times as big as the square's area.<p>In the same way, a  matrix , seen as a linear map, will turn a cube in 3-dimensional space into a parallelepiped. That parallelepiped's volume will be  times as big as the cube's volume.

The determinant can be negative or zero. A linear map can stretch and scale a volume, but it can also reflect it over an axis. Whenever this happens, the sign of the determinant changes from positive to negative, or from negative to positive. A negative determinant means that the volume was mirrored over an odd number of axes.

"System of equations" interpretation
One can think of a matrix as describing a system of linear equations. That system has a unique non-trivial solution exactly when the determinant is not 0 (non-trivial meaning that the solution is not just all zeros).

If the determinant is zero, then there is either no unique non-trivial solution, or there are infinitely many.

Singular matrices
A matrix has an inverse matrix exactly when the determinant is not 0. For this reason, a matrix with a non-zero determinant is called invertible. If the determinant is 0, then the matrix is called non-invertible or singular.

Geometrically, one can think of a singular matrix as "flattening" the parallelepiped into a parallelogram, or a parallelogram into a line. Then the volume or area is 0, which means that there is no linear map that will bring the old shape back.

Calculating a determinant
There are a few ways to calculate a determinant.

Formulas for small matrices

For  and  matrices, the following simple formulas hold:

For  matrices, the formula is:One can use the Rule of Sarrus (see image) to remember this formula.

Cofactor expansion
For larger matrices, the determinant is harder to calculate. One way to do it is called cofactor expansion.

Suppose that we have an  matrix . First, we choose any row or column of the matrix. For each number  in that row or column, we calculate something called its cofactor . Then .

To compute such a cofactor , we erase row  and column  from the matrix . This gives us a smaller  matrix. We call it . The cofactor  then equals .

Here is an example of a cofactor expansion of the left column of a  matrix:

As illustrated above, one can simplify the computation of determinant by choosing a row or column that has many zeros; if  is 0, then one can skip calculating  altogether.

Related pages
Invertible matrix
Volume

References 

Linear algebra
Loneliness

Loneliness is a sad emotion that a person can feel if they are isolated or feel a sense of lack of friends and family members. Loneliness can make people feel anxious.

People can feel lonely even if they are surrounded by a lot of other people. Loneliness can occur even to people in marriages, relationships, families and successful jobs. One cause of loneliness is a lack of friends during childhood and teenage years. Loneliness can also be caused by chronic depression. Loneliness can also be caused when a relationship or marriage ends.

Loneliness is a theme in literature, going back to the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Related pages 
Social isolation
 Belyaev, Igor A. and Lyashchenko, Maksim N. (2020) “Socio-cultural determinacy of human loneliness”, Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1264–1274, DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0640.

Emotions
Fuzz bass

Fuzz bass (also called "bass overdrive" or "bass distortion") is a style of playing the electric bass. When a person plays fuzz bass, the bass sounds buzzy and distorted. Fuzz bass is created by turning up the volume on a bass amplifier very high, or by using an electronic fuzz pedal.  In the mid-1960s, some bass players began to play fuzz bass. The Beatles' 1965 song "Think for Yourself" (from Rubber Soul) has fuzz bass. The 1965 Rolling Stones song "Under My Thumb" has fuzz bass.

Music technology
Musical instruments
Primulaceae

The Primulaceae are a family of herbaceous flowering plants. It has about 24 genera. It includes some garden plants and wildflowers. It is also called the primrose family.

References

Plant families
SOCATA TBM-700

The SOCATA TB700 is a light transport aircraft. It is used by both civilian and military operators. It is built in Tarbes, France by SOCATA. It is a single-turboprop aircraft built in all-metal. More than 600 were sold. TBM-850 is a modern variant.

Civil aircraft
French military aircraft
The Great Gatsby (2013 movie)

The Great Gatsby is a drama movie released in 2013. It is based on the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

The movie was an Australian-American production. It was directed by Baz Luhrmann. The screenplay was written by Luhrmann and Craig Pearce.

The main actors in it are Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, Joel Edgerton and Isla Fisher. This movie also has Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan in a cameo appearance.

Sources

2013 romance movies
2013 drama movies
2010s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Australian drama movies
Australian romance movies
Movies set in New York City
Warner Bros. movies
Siege of Tobruk

The Siege of Tobruk was a battle in Libya during the North African Campaign of World War II. It lasted for 241 days. The battle was between Axis and Allied Forces. The battle started on 11 April 1941, when Tobruk was besieged by an Italian and Nazi German force commanded by Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel. The siege continued for 240 days up to 27 November 1941. On that date, the Allied 8th Army took control of Tobruk.

The reason that both sides wanted to control Tobruk is that it had a deep protected harbour.  This made it a good place for ships to seek shelter.  As well, the Italians had built fortifications.  There were also escarpments and cliffs near Tobruk, which helped to protect the town from attack.

The Allies wanted to control Tobruk so that they could defend Egypt and the Suez Canal.   When the Axis armies could no longer use the port at Tobruk, they had to bring in supplies at the distant port of Tripoli.  This required the Axis armies to bring the supplies by truck through  of desert.  After the Allies won Tobruk, the Axis armies continuted fighting to take it back.  The Axis armies fired many artillery shells at Tobruk and dropped many bombs on the town.

References 

Tobruk
1941
20th century in Libya
Tobruk
Tobruk

Tobruk is a port city on Libya's eastern Mediterranean coast. It is near the border with Egypt. It is the capital of the Butnan District. In 2011, it had a population of about 120,000. There was once an ancient Greek colony at Tobruk. Later, the Romans built a fortress there.  By 1911, Tobruk had become an Italian military base. During World War II, in a battle called the Siege of Tobruk, Allied forces captured the town. After the war, Tobruk was rebuilt. During the 1960s, a port terminal was built at Tobruk.

Cities in Libya
Ports and harbours
Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)

The Battle of Berlin was the British bombing raid on Berlin during the Second World War from November 1943 to March 1944. British bombers had new navigation aids to help them, such as the new H2S radar, and Bomber Command made 16 attacks on the city.

Although the bombings were mostly done by British bombers, Australian and Canadian bombers also flew to Germany.

The Battle of Berlin was considered a failure for the Royal Air Force (RAF). It lost 1,047 bombers, with 1,682 more damaged, and over 7,000 air crew members. Also, the bombings did not cause the Germans to give up but left 450,000 of them homeless.

1943 in Europe
1944 in Europe
1940s in Berlin
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Berlin (air)
Battle of Guam (1941)

The First Battle of Guam was a battle fought during the Pacific War in World War II. It took place on 8 December 1941 on Guam in the Mariana Islands. The battle was between Japan and the United States. The American forces on Guam were defeated by Japanese forces. The Japanese forces then occupied the island until the Second Battle of Guam in 1944.

Guam (1941)
1941
1940s in Oceania
History of Guam
Survivor Series (2005)

Survivor Series (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 27, 2005 at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the nineteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

*Orton replaced Eddie Guerrero in the match when Guerrero died.

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2005 website

2005 in American television
2005 in professional wrestling
Sports in Detroit, Michigan
Survivor Series
2000s in Detroit, Michigan
Bohol (island)

Bohol is the tenth-largest island of the Philippines and the main island of the Bohol province. It is part of the Region VII (Central Visayas) in the Visayas island group.

The Philippine Tarsier, one of the smallest primate in the world, is one endemic animal of southern Philippines, including the island of Bohol.

Geography
The island of Bohol has an oval shape and is surrounded by 73 smaller islands; the larger of these small islands are Panglao, in the southwest in front of the city of Tagbilaran, and Lapining, in the northeast.

The main island of Bohol has an area of  and a coastline of . It lies southeast from Cebu Island across the Cebu Strait (sometimes called Bohol Strait) and southwest from Leyte, separated by the Camotes Sea and Canigao Channel. Bohol is also located north of Mindanao with the Bohol Sea or Mindanao Sea between them.

The terrain of Bohol is basically hilly and about half the island is covered in limestone. The interior is a large plateau.

In the centre of the island, mainly in the municipalities of Sagbayan, Batuan and Carmen, are the Chocolate Hills, over 1,270 hills cone-shaped hills over an area of .

The main mountain range of the island is Sierra Bullones that is along the south coast. It begins near Loboc, goes to the east and then to the northeast to end near Candijay.  The highest point of this range and in the entire province is Mount Mayana ().

Rivers
There are four main rivers that flow through Bohol:
 Loboc flows from the centre of the island to the southeastern coast.
 Inabanga, the largest river of the island, runs in the northwestern part of the province.
 Abatan flows in the southwest; and
 Ipil river flows in the north.

Climate
The climate of the island of Bohol is a warm tropical climate (Köppen climate classification Af); it is typically hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is both heavy and frequent.

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Central Visayas

Other websites

 Visayan Silent Gardens - Bohol Island 
 Bountiful Bohol
 Bohol, Philippines - Tourism informations

Islands of the Philippines
Congressional Record

The Congressional Record is the official record of the United States Congress. It is published by the United States Government Printing Office. It is issued when the United States Congress is in session. Indexes are printed about every two weeks. At the end of a session of Congress, the daily editions are assembled into bound volumes creating permanent editions. The Congressional Record is similar to Hansards, which report on the parliamentary debates in the UK's Westminster system of government.

References 

Legislative branch of the United States government
Exclusionary zoning

Exclusionary zoning is the use of zoning laws to exclude certain types of people from a community. Exclusionary zoning laws began to be used in the United States in the late 19th century. Exclusionary zoning rules are still used today across the country. A common type of exclusionary zoning rule is a minimum lot size rule. This type of rule makes it hard for poor families to build a house on a small lot that they could afford. Exclusionary zoning rules make it hard for poor families to find housing in a community.

Urban planning
Discrimination
Extreme Noise Terror

Extreme Noise Terror (often abbreviated to ENT) are a British crust punk / grindcore band originally formed in Ipswich, England in 1985. The band are one of the earliest European grindcore bands. They also helped to create the crustgrind subgenre.

They are one of the first hardcore punk bands to use two vocalists. They also recorded a number of sessions for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel. The band's songs have political lyrics, grinding guitars, and very fast tempos.

Biography

Early years
Extreme Noise Terror were formed in early 1985 in Ipswich, England, originally consisting of dual vocalists Dean Jones and Phil Vane, guitarist Pete Hurley, bassist Jerry Clay and drummer Darren Olley aka Pig Killer.

Members
Current
 Dean Jones – vocals (1985–present)
 Ollie Jones – guitar (2005–present)
 Michael Hourihan – drums (2008–2011, 2014–present)
 Andi Morris – bass guitar (2012–present)
 Ben McCrow – vocals (2014–present)

Former

 Phil Vane – vocals (1985–1989, 1989–1996, 1997–1999, 2006–2011; died 2011)
 Pete Hurley – guitar (1985–1995; died 2014)
 Jerry Clay – bass (1985–1988)
 Darren "Pig Killer" Olley – drums (1985–1987, 1993–1995)
 Mick Harris – drums (1987–1988, 2008)
 Tony "Stick" Dickens – drums (1988–1999
Si Brown -drums (1990)
 Mark Gardener – bass (1988)
 Peter (Doom) Nash – bass (1988–1990)
 Spit – vocals (1989)
 Mark Bailey – bass (1990–1994)
 Lee Barrett – bass (1994–1997)
 William A. "Was" Sarginson – drums (1995–1997)

 Ali Firouzbakht (Al Todd) – guitar (1995–2005)
 Mark "Barney" Greenway – vocals (1996–1997)
 Zac O`Neil – drums (1997–2008)
 Manny Cooke – bass (1997–2001)
 Jose Kurt – vocals (1999–2000)
 Adam Catchpole – vocals (2000–2006)
 Stafford Glover – bass (2001–2012)
 Woody – Guitar (2001–2010, 2011–2014)
 Chris 'Chino' Casket – guitar/bass (studio: 2009–2014/live: 2010–2012)
 Roman Matuszewski – vocals (2011–2012)
 Barney Monger – drums (2011–2014)
 John Loughlin – vocals (2012–2014)

Studio albums 
 A Holocaust in Your Head (1989)
 Retro-bution (1995)
 Damage 381 (1997)
 Being and Nothing (2001)
 Law of Retaliation (2008)
 Extreme Noise Terror (2015)

References

Other websites
 

1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
British musical groups
Foreign policy of the United States

The foreign policy of the United States is the way in which the United States acts towards other countries. U.S. foreign policy also involves setting out how U.S. organizations, corporations, and individual citizens should act towards foreign countries.  

The United States has a lot of power in the world for several reasons. The U.S. has a $15 trillion economy and approximately a quarter of the global Gross Domestic Product.  The U.S. also has a defense budget of $711 billion. This is about 43% of military spending in the world. The U.S. has a powerful military that it can send out to protect countries or locations that are considered important to U.S. foreign policy.  

The U.S. Secretary of State is the same type of job as the job of foreign minister of other countries. The Secretary of State is responsible for diplomacy with other countries. Today, Antony Blinken is the U.S.'s Secretary of State.  

The President of the United States has the highest authority over foreign policy. 

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs aims to control nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; foster commercial relations with foreign nations; and safeguard American business abroad. The Committee also watches over international agreements about commodities, international education, and the protection of American citizens abroad.

U.S. foreign policy includes defining what actions and choices are in the best national interest. U.S. foreign policy also includes the strategies that are chosen to lead to policy goals. The goals of the foreign policy of the United States are to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world. The U.S. aims to achieve this goal for the benefit of the American people and the international community. 

U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism both from within the U.S. and from other countries.

References 

foreign relations of the United States
Politics of the United States
John Laurie

John Paton Laurie (25 March 1897 – 23 June 1980) was a Scottish actor who was known for his role as James Frazer in the British sitcom Dad's Army. 

Laurie was born on 25 March 1897 in Dumfries, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. He was married three times. He had one daughter. Laurie died on 23 June 1980 in his Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, England home from emphysema, aged 83 His ashes were scattered into the English Channel.

References

Other websites
 
 

1897 births
1980 deaths
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in Buckinghamshire
People from Dumfries
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Codognè

Codognè is a town in Veneto. There are 5300 people living there. It is near Venice and the Dolomite Alps. The beaches of the Adriatic Sea are also nearby.

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Veneto
Arnold Ridley

William Arnold Ridley, OBE (7 January 1896 – 12 March 1984) was an English playwright and actor. He is known for his play The Ghost Train and for playing the elderly Private Charles Godfrey in the British sitcom Dad's Army (1968–77).

Ridley was born on 7 January 1896 in Bath, Somerset, England. He was married to Althea Parker from 1945 until his death in 1984. Ridley died on 12 March 1984 in Hillington, London, England from complications from a fall, aged 88.

References

Other websites

Arnold Ridley archive at the University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
 performances by Arnold Ridley listed in Theatre Archive, University of Bristol
Arnold Ridley's appearance on This Is Your Life

1896 births
1984 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English playwrights
Actors from Somerset
James Beck

Stanley James Carroll Beck (21 February 1929 – 6 August 1973) was an English actor. He is best remembered for his role as Private Joe Walker, the cockney spiv in the popular BBC sitcom Dad's Army.

Beck was born on 21 February 1929 in Islington, London, England. He was married to Kay Beck until his death in 1973. Beck died on 6 August 1973 from pancreatitis in Roehampton, Wandsworth, London, England, aged 44.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 James Beck at the British Film Institute

1929 births
1973 deaths
Deaths from pancreatitis
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Ian Lavender

Arthur Ian Lavender (born 16 February 1946), better known as  Ian Lavender, is an English stage, movie and television actor. He is best known for his role as Private Frank Pike in the BBC comedy series Dad's Army. He is the last surviving cast member to have played one of the seven main characters within the platoon.

Early life
Lavender was born in Birmingham, England on 16 February 1946. He studied at the Bournville Boys Technical School and later Bournville Grammar-Technical School for Boys.

Career
His first television appearance was as the lead in a Rediffusion play entitled Half Hour Story: Flowers at my Feet in 1968. In 1968, aged 22, Lavender was cast as Private Pike, the youngest member and 'stupid boy' of the platoon in the BBC sitcom Dad's Army. He appeared in the entire run of the series, and in the spinoff movie released in 1971.

Lavender starred in the movie, 31 North 62 East (released September 2009), an independent psychological thriller starring John Rhys-Davies, Marina Sirtis, Heather Peace and Craig Fairbrass. In August 2013 Lavender made his Edinburgh Fringe debut in a stage version of The Shawshank Redemption.

Personal life
Lavender was married to actress Sue Kerchiss from 1967 until they divorced in 1973. He married his second wife, the American Miki Hardy in 1993.

Lavender was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1993. It was removed in an operation and he has recovered. He had a heart attack in 2004.

References

Other websites

 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Survivor Series (2004)

Survivor Series (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 14, 2004 at the Gund Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. It was the eighteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2004 website

2004 in American television
2004 in professional wrestling
Sports in Cleveland, Ohio
Survivor Series
2000s in Cleveland, Ohio
Isaiah Wohlgemuth

Isaiah Wohlgemuth (September 15, 1915 - January 6, 2008) wrote a widely read book, A Guide to Jewish Prayer.  He was from Germany and came to the United States after World War II. He studied at a religious school in Berlin.  He was ordained as a rabbi.  His synagogue was destroyed.  The building was burned on Kristallnacht.  He was imprisoned in a concentration camp.  As soon as the war was over, he came to the United States and lived in Boston.  In Boston he went back to school.  He studied for many years and received a doctorate (an advanced degree) in education.   He taught students in Boston for more than 50 years.  Because he was a rabbi and had a doctorate, he was called "Rabbi Dr. Wohlegemuth." 

Rabbi Wohlgemuth, died January 6, 2008. He had Parkinson's disease.

References 

2008 deaths
American rabbis
German Jews
Holocaust survivors
Jewish American academics
Naturalized citizens of the United States
HIStory: Past, Present and Future

HIStory: Past, Present and Future is the ninth studio album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1995. It is Jackson's first album on his record label MJJ Productions. The album has two discs. The first disc is a 'greatest hits' of fifteen popular singles Jackson had released from his previous albums. The second disc is fifteen new songs. Two of them are Jackson's versions of songs that have already been made by people. The album has sold 25 million copies around the world. It is the best selling album with more than one disc. On November 13 2001 the first disc was released again on its own as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I. It has sold 4 million copies.

Singles
Six singles were released around the world from the second disc. The first single "Scream" was a duet with Jackson's sister Janet Jackson. It reached number one in New Zealand, Italy, and Spain. 

The second single "You Are Not Alone" was written and produced by R. Kelly. It was the first song ever to go straight to number one in the Billboard Hot 100. 

The third single "Earth Song" did not reach the Billboard Hot 100. However, it is Jackson's best selling single in the United Kingdom. It was number one there for six weeks.

The sixth single was "Stranger in Moscow". It reached number one in Italy and Spain.

The fourth single, "This Time Around", had The Notorious B.I.G. rapping in it.

"They Don't Care About Us" was released on March 31, 1996. It was number one in Germany for three weeks.

"Stranger in Moscow" was the last single released from the album. It was the least successful single in the United States.

Reviews
Rolling Stone gave the album four stars out of five. The Seattle Times gave the second disc of HIStory a bad review.

Tour
Jackson did the HIStory World Tour to promote the album. It was Jackson's last tour.

References

Michael Jackson albums
1995 albums
Forever, Michael

Forever, Michael is the fourth studio album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1975. It was his last album to be released by Motown Records. The album was produced by  Edward Holland, Jr., Brian Holland, Hal Davis, Freddie Perren, and Sam Brown III.

Singles
Three singles were released from the album. The first single "We're Almost There" reached number two in Turkey and number four in Australia. "Just a Little Bit of You" was released as Forever Michael'''s second single. It reached number 23 in the US Billboard'' 100. The third single "One Day in Your Life" reached number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands.

Track listing

Michael Jackson albums
1975 albums
Got to Be There

Got to Be There is the debut studio album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1971. It has sold over 3.2 million copies around the world. Four singles were released from the album. It includes the hits "Got to Be There" and "Rockin' Robin" (originally sung by Bobby Day).

Track listing

References

Michael Jackson albums
1972 albums
Debut albums
Pop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
Invincible

Invincible is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. It was released in October 2001. It was the last studio album by Jackson to be released while Jackson was alive. It reached number one in eleven countries. Three singles were released from the album. The first single was "You Rock My World". "Cry" was released as the second single. It was written by R. Kelly. The Notorious B.I.G. rapped on the first song on the album, "Unbreakable". The album was unsuccessful compared to Jackson's previous albums. It sold thirteen million copies. Rolling Stone gave the album a rating of three out of five stars. "You Rock My World" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male.

Track listing

Notes
"Unbreakable" features a rap verse by The Notorious B.I.G. The rap verse was originally from the song "You Can't Stop the Reign" by Shaquille O'Neal. It was written by Carl McIntosh, Jane Eugene and Steve Nichol.
"Break of Dawn", "2000 Watts" and "Threatened" were excluded from the original Chinese release. In the Chinese version box set The Collection released in 2013, all the 16 tracks are included.

References

2001 albums
Michael Jackson albums
Dance-pop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
Earth Song

"Earth Song" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was the third single from HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. In 1996 Jackson performed the song at the BRIT Awards. Jarvis Cocker ran onto the stage and gave Jackson the V sign. Cocker explained, "My actions were a form of protest at the way Michael Jackson sees himself as some kind of Christ-like figure with the power of healing..."

Jackson wrote the song in a hotel in Austria when he was on tour.

It was the last song ever performed by Jackson. The video was filmed in the Amazon Rainforest, Karlovac, Tanzania, and New York. "Earth Song" is Jackson's best-selling single in the UK. 

The song was performed at the 2010 Grammy Awards by Jennifer Hudson, Carrie Underwood, Smokey Robinson, Celine Dion and Usher.

References

1995 songs
Michael Jackson songs
Heal the World

"Heal the World" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as a single from his album Dangerous. The video does not have Jackson in it. In a 2001 Internet chat with fans, Jackson said "Heal the World" is the song he was most proud to have created. In the documentary Living With Michael Jackson, he said that he wrote the song in his "Giving Tree" at his Neverland Ranch. It reached No.1 in Spain. 

Jackson performed the song at the Super Bowl XXVII half-time show.

In 1992 Jackson made Heal the World Foundation, named after the song.

Michael Jackson songs
1991 songs
Black or White

"Black or White" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the first single from Jackson's eighth album Dangerous on November 11, 1991. Slash plays guitar at the start. Michael wrote the song with Bill Bottrell. It reached number one in the United States.

In 1992, Weird Al Yankovic made a song called "Snack All Night". The song was never released, but he performed it at a concert.

Music video
The video was directed by John Landis. It is eleven minutes long. 500 million people watched it when it was shown for the first time in 27 different countries at once. This was the most people to ever watch a music video at once. The video starts with Macaulay Culkin. Tyra Banks is at the end of the short version of the video.

References

Michael Jackson songs
1991 songs
Happy (Michael Jackson song)

"Happy" is a song by Michael Jackson. It is the fourth song on his third album Music & Me. It was released as a single in Australia in 1973. It was written by Michel Legrand and
Smokey Robinson.

1973 songs
Michael Jackson songs
Girlfriend (Wings song)

"Girlfriend" is a song written by Paul McCartney. It was originally recorded by his band Wings in 1978. Michael Jackson covered the song on his 1979 album Off the Wall. It was released in the UK as the album's fifth single.

1978 songs
The Way You Make Me Feel

"The Way You Make Me Feel" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was the third single from Jackson's seventh album Bad. It was produced by Quincy Jones. Like the two singles before it, it reached number 1 in the Billboard Hot 100. It was also number 1 in Spain. He performed the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards. After Jackson died in 2009 the song entered the charts again.

Music video
In the video Jackson follows a girl called Tatiana Thumbtzen around and sings "The Way You Make Me Feel". La Toya Jackson appears as one of the girl's friends.

Cover versions
In February 2010, Whitney Houston performed "The Way You Make Me Feel" at her I Look to You Tour.

1987 songs
Michael Jackson songs
Man in the Mirror

"Man in the Mirror" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was written by Siedah Garrett
and Glen Ballard. It was released as the fourth single from Jackson's seventh album, Bad. It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards. It reached number one in the Billboard Hot 100. 

In 2009 Michael Jackson died and the song entered the charts again. It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. This was much higher than when the song was first released in 1988.

1988 songs
Michael Jackson songs
Dirty Diana

"Dirty Diana" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the fifth single from Bad April 18, 1988. It is about groupies. Steve Stevens plays guitar in it.

1988 songs
Michael Jackson songs
Another Part of Me

"Another Part of Me" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was in Jackson's 1986 3-D film Captain EO. It was released as the sixth single from Jackson's seventh album Bad on July 11, 1988. "Another Part of Me" was not going to be on Bad. But after Jackson's manager Frank DiLeo danced along to the song, it was decided that the song would be featured on the album. The song reached number eleven in the Billboard Hot 100.

References

Michael Jackson songs
1988 songs
Smooth Criminal

"Smooth Criminal" is a song written by Michael Jackson. It is the theme song of Jackson's 1988 movie Moonwalker. It reached number 1 in the Netherlands, Flanders, and Spain.

On April 10, 2006 it was released again as a single from the Visionary: The Video Singles box-set. It was number 1 in Spain again.

In 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a cover version of the song. It was their first single. It was a number-one hit.

Michael Jackson songs
1988 songs
Leave Me Alone

"Leave Me Alone" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the eighth single from Jackson's seventh album Bad in 1987. It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. In Ireland it reached number one. The video won a Grammy Award in 1990 for Best Short Form Music Video.

References

Michael Jackson songs
1987 songs
Liberian Girl

"Liberian Girl" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was the ninth single from Bad. It was only released in Europe and Australia. It starts with the South African female singer Letta Mbulu saying "Nakupenda pia- nakutaka pia-mpenziwe", Swahili for "Love you too. I want you too, my love." Swahili is not actually spoken in Liberia. It reached number 1 in Ireland. The music video has lots of Jackson's celebrity friends in it. In 2009 the song came back into the charts in the UK, France, and Switzerland after Michael Jackson died. He initially wrote the song during the early 1980's  "Thriller Era" as most Moonwalkers would say it.

References

1989 songs
Michael Jackson songs
Remember the Time

"Remember the Time" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the second single from his album Dangerous on January 14, 1992. It was written by Teddy Riley, Jackson, and Bernard Belle. When the single was released Jackson dedicated the song with love to Diana Ross. The music video is nine minutes long. John Singleton directed it. In 2006 the song was released again. It reached number 2 in the Spanish chart.

Sources

Michael Jackson songs
1992 songs
Who Is It (Michael Jackson song)

"Who Is It" is a song by Michael Jackson.
It was released as the fifth single from Dangerous. Jackson wrote the song and he produced it with Bill Bottrell. He didn't perform the song in any of his tours.

Michael Jackson songs
1992 songs
Gone Too Soon

"Gone Too Soon" is a song made popular by Michael Jackson. It was written by Larry Gossman and Buzz Kohan.

Performances
In 1993, Jackson performed it at the celebration for Bill Clinton becoming the President of the United States.

In 1997, when Princess Diana died, Jackson let the song be put on an album called Tribute. The album was a collection of songs made to remember her. The money made from the album was given to the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund.

Usher performed the song at Jackson's memorial service in 2009.

References

1993 songs
Michael Jackson songs
Stranger in Moscow

"Stranger in Moscow" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the fifth single from HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. Jackson wrote the song in September 1993 when he was in Moscow doing his Dangerous World Tour. The single reached number one in Italy.

References

Michael Jackson songs
1995 songs