cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
E minor

Also see: E major, or E-flat minor.
E minor (Em, Mim) is a  minor scale based on the note E.  Its key signature has one sharp, F  Its relative major is G major.

A lot of classical guitar music is in E minor, because this key is very suited for the instrument. When it is tuned normally, four of the instrument's six strings are part of the tonic chord. The key is also very popular in heavy metal music, because the lowest note on a guitar, E, can be used a lot.

E minor was one of the most-often used keys by Felix Mendelssohn.

Famous classical music in this key
Symphony No. 4 - Johannes Brahms
Nocturne in E Minor - Frédéric Chopin
Piano Concerto No. 1 - Frédéric Chopin
Prelude in E Minor (Chopin) - Frédéric Chopin
Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" - Antonín Dvořák
Cello Concerto - Edward Elgar
Symphony No. 44 "Trauer" - Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 7 - Gustav Mahler
Violin Concerto in E Minor - Felix Mendelssohn 
Caprice No. 3 - Nicolò Paganini
Symphony No. 2 - Sergei Rachmaninov
Vocalise Op. 34 No. 14 - Sergei Rachmaninov
Symphony No. 10 - Dmitri Shostakovich
Symphony No. 1 - Jean Sibelius
Symphony No. 5 - Tchaikovsky
Symphony No. 6 - Ralph Vaughan Williams
Concerto for Bassoon, Strings, and continuo, RV 484 - Antonio Vivaldi
 Slavonic Dances No. 2 Op. 72 - Antonín Dvořák
See also: List of symphonies in E minor

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Minor scales
B-flat major

B major or B-flat major is a major scale starting on B-flat. Its key signature has two flats.

Its relative minor is G minor, and its parallel minor is B minor.

B-flat major is a good key for most wind instruments, especially those for which it is their home key, such as clarinets, trumpets, saxophones, and the flutes in B-flat. Because of this, many works for concert bands (those you might have played in while you were at school) are written in this or a closely related key such as F major or E-flat major.

Haydn's Symphony No. 98, which had both trumpet and timpani, is known as the first symphony that anyone had written in that key. Actually, his brother Michael Haydn had written one earlier. However, Joseph Haydn still gets credit for writing the timpani part at actual pitch with an F major key signature (instead of transposing with a C major key signature), something that made things easier and made more sense.

Five of Mozart's piano concerti are in B-flat major.

Well-known classical compositions in this key
 Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 (Bach)
 Piano Concerto No. 15 (Mozart)
 Piano Concerto No. 27 (Mozart)
 String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven) 
 Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)
 Piano Sonata No. 21 (Schubert)
 Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)
 Symphony No. 5 (Prokofiev)

References

Scales and keys

  

Musical keys
Major scales
G minor

G minor is a minor scale based on G.

Its relative major is B-flat major.
G minor is one of two flat key signatures that needs a sharp for the seventh note (the other is D minor).

During the Baroque period, music in G minor was usually written with a one-flat key signature.

Mozart's use of G Minor

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart thought that G minor was the most suitable key for showing sadness and tragedy, and many of his minor key works are in G minor, such as the Piano Quartet No. 1 and the String Quintet in G minor. G minor is the only minor key he used as a main key for his numbered symphonies (No. 25, and the famous No. 40). In the Classical period, symphonies in G minor almost always used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. G minor symphonies like Mozart's No. 25 often used E flat major for the slow movement, including Haydn's No. 39 and Vanhal's G minor symphony from before 1771 (Bryan Gm1).

Famous classical music in G minor
 Fantasia and Fugue in G minor "The Great", BWV 542- Bach
 Symphony No. 83 "The Hen" - Haydn
 Symphony No. 40 - Mozart
 Ballade No. 1 in G minor - Chopin 
 Polonaise in G minor - Chopin 
 Piano Concerto No. 2 - Saint-Saëns
 Slavonic Dance No. 8 in G minor - Dvořák
 Sicilliene, Op. 78 - Fauré
 Prelude in G Minor - Rachmaninoff
 Sonata for Cello and Piano in G minor - Rachmaninoff
 Most of Verdi's Requiem (the Dies Irae), is in G minor.
 Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 8, RV 315, "Summer" from The Four Seasons - Antonio Vivaldi
 Adagio in G minor - "Albinoni's Adagio", now said to be written by Remo Giazotto
 Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26 - Max Bruch
 Christmas Concerto - Arcangelo Corelli

See also: List of symphonies in G minor.

Variations 
There are many variations of G minor.

References 

Musical keys
Minor scales
D major

Also see: D minor. 

D major is a  major scale based on D. Its key signature has two sharps.  Its relative minor is B minor.

D major is good for violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which has its four strings tuned to G D A E.  The open strings resonate with the D string, producing a special rich sound.

Because of this, many classical composers chose to write violin concertos in D major. Examples include Mozart's (No. 2, 1775, No. 4, 1775); Ludwig van Beethoven's (1806); Paganini's (No. 1, 1817); Brahms's (1878); Tchaikovsky's (1878); Prokofiev's (No. 1, 1917); Stravinsky's (1931); and Korngold's (1945).

It is also suitable for guitar music, with drop tuning for the lowest string making two Ds as open strings.

For some beginning wind instrument students, however, D major is not a very good key, because it transposes to E major for B flat instruments. E major has four sharps, which is harder for new learners to play.

Still, the clarinet in B-flat is often used for music in D major. It is probably the key with the most sharps that it can play well. However, when some composers write a piece in D minor with B-flat clarinets, they change to clarinets in A if the music changes to D major.

Most tin whistles are in D, because they are often used in music with fiddles.

In the Baroque period, D major was seen as "the key of glory"; so many trumpet pieces were in D major. Examples include concertos by Fasch, Gross, Molter (No. 2), Leopold Mozart, Telemann (No. 2), and Giuseppe Torelli; sonatas by Corelli, Franceschini, Purcell, Torelli; and "The Trumpet Shall Sound" and the "Hallelujah" chorus from Handel's Messiah.

After the valve trumpet was invented, composers began to write for trumpet in keys with more flats, so Haydn wrote his famous trumpet concerto in the key of E-flat major.

23 of Haydn's 104 symphonies are in D major, making it the most often used main key of his symphonies. A great number of Mozart's unnumbered symphonies are in D major, namely K. 66c, 81/73, 97/73m, 95/73n, 120/111a and 161/163/141a. The symphony came from the overture, and "D major was by far the most common key for overtures in the second half of the eighteenth century."

Scriabin saw D major as golden in color and when he talked to Rimsky-Korsakov, he gave an example from one of Rimsky-Korsakov's own operas where a character sang in D major about gold.

Citations

Musical keys
Major scales
B minor

B minor is a minor scale based on B.  The harmonic minor raises the A to A.  Its key signature has two sharps.

Its relative major is D major, and its parallel major is B major.

In Baroque times, people thought that B minor was the key of passive suffering. Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (1739-1791) said that it was a key that was complaining gently and quietly, something that matches Bach's use of the key in the St. John's Passion. By Beethoven's time, B minor had changed in people's minds: Francesco Galeazzi wrote that B minor was not suitable for music in good taste, and Beethoven labelled a B minor melodic idea in one of his sketchbooks as a "black key".
The chord was famously used as the first chord in Pink Floyd's 1979 hit "Comfortably Numb". The second movement of Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez, one of the most famous compositions for the classical guitar, is in B minor.

It is a common key used in rock, folk, country and other guitarist-based styles because a guitar is naturally tuned so that all the open strings are notes in B minor.

Well-known Classical pieces in this key 
 Violin Concerto No. 3 (Saint-Saëns) - Camille Saint-Saëns
 Mass in B minor - Johann Sebastian Bach
 Piano Sonata in B minor - Franz Liszt
 Piano Sonata No. 3 in B Minor, Op. 58 - Frédéric Chopin
 Waltz Opus 69 No. 2 in B Minor - Frédéric Chopin
 Violin Concerto No. 2 in B Minor (La Campanella) - Niccolò Paganini
 Symphony No. 8 in B minor - Franz Schubert
 Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, Op. 74 (Pathétique) - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 E lucevan le stelle from Tosca'' - Giacomo Puccini
 Cello Concerto in B minor - Antonín Dvořák
 Concerto for 4 Violins and Cello, RV 580 (Concerto No. 10 from L'estro Armonico) - Antonio Vivaldi

References 

Musical keys
Minor scales
C minor

C minor is a minor scale based on C. The harmonic minor raises the B to B. Its key signature has three flats. When written in jazz notation, its short form is Cm.

Its relative major is E-flat major, and its parallel major is C major.

Use in classical music
In the Baroque period, music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature. When this music is printed today, sometimes it is still printed in the same way.

C minor has had the meaning of heroic struggle from Beethoven's time and the composer wrote many of his most emotional, dramatic works in this key. This has also been done by many others, following Beethoven's style.

These are just a few of the well-known works to be written in C minor:
 Cello Suite No. 5 BWV 1011: VI. Gigue - Johann Sebastian Bach
 Great Mass in C minor (Mozart) - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Piano Concerto No. 24 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Piano Concerto No. 3 - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven), op. 67 (1804-8)
 “Choral Fantasy” in C minor, op. 80 (1808), Beethoven
 Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor (Pathétique) - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Piano Sonata No. 32 (Beethoven) - Ludwig van Beethoven
 Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky) “Little Russian” in C minor, op. 17 (1872)
 Symphony No. 8 - Anton Bruckner
 Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor - Sergei Rachmaninov
 Étude Op. 10, No. 12 - Fryderyk Chopin
 Prélude No. 20, Op. 28 - Fryderyk Chopin
 Nocturne in C minor Op. 48, No.1 - Fryderyk Chopin
 Symphony No. 4 - Dmitri Shostakovich
 Symphony No. 8 - Dmitri Shostakovich
 Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor - Bach
 Symphony No. 2 - Gustav Mahler

Scales and keys

Related pages
 List of symphonies in C minor

References

Musical keys
Minor scales
A major

A major (or the key of A) is a major scale with a base note of A. Its key signature has three sharps.

Its relative minor is F-sharp minor.  The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on  needs both a flat and a natural accidental.

There are not as many symphonies in A major as in D major or G major, but more than other sharp keys. Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Bruckner's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 are almost all the symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major. Mozart used clarinets in A major often.

In chamber music, A major is used a lot. Johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. Peter Cropper said that A major "is the fullest sounding key for the violin.", when he was talking about Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata.

According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key that is good for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God."

When music for orchestra is in A major, the timpani are normally set to A and E a fifth apart. In most other keys, they are set a fourth apart.

References

 Colin Lawson, Mozart: Clarinet Concerto, A Cambridge Music Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Major scales
F-sharp minor

F-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F sharp. Its key signature has three sharps. 

Its relative major is A major.

Many people think it is a melancholy and gloomy key.
Harry Farjeon says that F sharp minor is "light red", and that it is the key Mendelssohn uses when he is being passionate.
Johann Mattheson wrote that 'F minor, although it leads to great distress, nevertheless is more languid and love-sick than lethal. Moreover, it has something abandoned, singular, and misanthropic about it.'

Famous music in this key
Very few symphonies are written in this key. Haydn's Farewell Symphony is one famous example. George Frederick Bristow and Dora Pejačević also wrote symphonies in this key.

Many piano pieces have been written in F-sharp minor.
Mozart's only composition in this key is the second movement to his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major. 2 of Chopin's 52 mazurkas, and 1 of his nocturnes are in this key, though he seems to have liked the related key C-sharp minor better. Scriabin's Piano Sonata No. 3 is also in this key, and the 3rd movement of Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" Piano Sonata is too.

Both Reger's and Tippett's second string quartets are in this key, and so is Shostakovich's seventh string quartet.

Scales and keys

References 

 A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in Bob's Poetry Magazine, III.3 , 2006.

Musical keys
Minor scales
A-flat major

A major or A-flat major is a major scale that starts on A-flat.

Its relative minor is F minor and its parallel minor is A-flat minor.

This is a very peaceful key. It was used often by Franz Schubert. Twenty-four of Frédéric Chopin's piano pieces are in A-flat major, more than any other key.

Charles-Marie Widor considered A-flat major to be the second best key for flute music.

Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works. This was also followed by Antonín Dvořák in his only C minor symphony and Anton Bruckner in his first two C minor symphonies. 
Since A-flat major was not often chosen as the main key for orchestral music of the 18th century, passages or movements in the key often kept the timpani tuned the same way as they were in the movement before it. For example, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor has the timpani set to C and G for the first movement. With hand-tuned timpani, there is no time to retune the timpani to A flat and E flat for the slow second movement in A flat. In Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor, however, the timpani are retuned between the first movement in C minor and the following in A-flat major.

Edward Elgar's Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major is probably the best-known symphony in that key. Arnold Bax's last symphony is also in the same key. A-flat major is the major key with the most flats that Domenico Scarlatti used in his keyboard sonatas, though he used it only twice– in K. 127 and K. 130. Felix Mendelssohn and John Field each wrote one piano concerto in A-flat.

Scales and keys

References

Musical keys
Major scales
F minor

F minor is a minor scale based on F. The harmonic minor raises the E to E.  Its key signature has four flats.

Its relative major is A-flat major, and its parallel major is F major.

F minor is a key that people often link with passion. Some famous pieces in the key of F minor are Beethoven's Appassionata Sonata, Haydn's Symphony No. 49 in F minor, La Passione, and Vivaldi's The Four Seasons.

In the Baroque period, music in F minor was usually written with a three-flat key signature. Some modern printings of such music keeps it written that way.

Notable songs
Adele - Hello
Máni Svavarsson - We Are Number One

Notable compositions
String Quartet No. 11, Op. 95 "Serioso" – Ludwig van Beethoven
Violin Concerto L'inverno, RV 297, Op. 8, No. 4 – Antonio Vivaldi
Piano Sonata No. 23, Op. 57 (Appassionata) – Ludwig van Beethoven
Fantasia in F minor – Franz Schubert
Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49 – Frédéric Chopin
Harpsichord Concerto No. 5, BWV 1056 – Johann Sebastian Bach
Ballade No. 4, Op. 52 – Chopin
Piano Quintet, Op. 34 – Johannes Brahms
Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 21 – Chopin

E-sharp minor

The enharmonic equivalent of F minor is E-sharp minor. It is a minor scale based on the musical note E♯. Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp.

Other websites

Musical keys
Minor scales
E major

Also see: E minor, or E-flat major. 
E major is a major scale with a base note of E. Its key signature has four sharps. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor.

E major is hard for wind instruments to play. It is quite good for violin, because two of the open strings are A and E, the tonic and subdominant. Other orchestral string instruments can play well in it, and it is also good for the guitar. When writing in E major, clarinets in A should be used instead of clarinets in B-flat to make it easier to play. This is because clarinets are transposing instruments.

Symphonies in E major are quite rare, but the key is often used for concertos. One of them is Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto.

The bells of the Clock Tower in London's Palace of Westminster are tuned to the key of E major.

References

  

Musical keys
Major scales
C-sharp minor

C-sharp minor or C minor is a minor scale based on C. Its key signature has four sharps.

Its relative major is E major, and its parallel major is C-sharp major.

Classical music in this key 
There are very few symphonies written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he later rewrote it in C minor. Another two are Mahler's Symphony No. 5 (though only the first movement is in C-sharp minor, and the finale is actually in D major) and Prokofiev's Symphony No. 7. Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 2 is also in C-sharp minor.

This key occurs more often in piano music. Domenico Scarlatti wrotetwo keyboard sonatas in C-sharp minor, K. 246 and K. 247. But after Beethoven's famous Moonlight Sonata, the key became more popular for piano. Beethoven used this key again in the outer movements of his String Quartet No. 14 (Op. 131, 1826). However, Johannes Brahms rewrote his C-sharp minor Piano Quartet to be published as Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 60. One of the most famous pieces in this key is Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu. Other works include Chopin's Nocturnes  No. 7 (Op. 27, No. 1) and No. 20 (Op. posth.), and his "Raindrop" Prelude in D-flat major (Op. 28, No. 15). Waltz in C sharp minor (op.64 No.2) is another well known musical piece from Chopin that uses this particular key (along with D flat minor key). Another very famous example of a work in C sharp minor is Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C-sharp minor (Op. 3, No. 2).

References 

Musical keys
Minor scales
B-flat minor

B minor or B-flat minor is a minor scale based on B-flat. Its key signature has five flats.

Its relative major is D-flat major, and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is A-sharp minor.

B-flat minor is often seen as a "dark" key." Tchaikovsky said that the oboe solo in B-flat minor in the second movement of his Symphony No. 4 was "the feeling that you get when you are all alone".

The old valveless horn could not play easily in B-flat minor. In fact, the only example found in 18th century music is a modulation in the first minuet of Franz Krommer's Concertino in D major, Opus 80.

In classical music
Frédéric Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2, Nocturne Op. 9 No. 1, and Scherzo No. 2
Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Sonata No. 2
Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 13
Peter Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1
Peter Tchaikovsky's Marche Slave
Sir William Walton's Symphony No. 1In popular music
"Part-Time Lover" – Stevie Wonder
"Cannonball (Damien Rice song)" - Damien Rice
All eight songs on The Raveonettes' Whip It On'' album are in the key of B-flat minor. Sune Rose Wagner said it was "Because Shostakovich's symphony no. 13 was in B flat minor."

References

Musical keys
Minor scales
B major

B major is a major scale based on B. Its key signature has five sharps.

B major's relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major.

The key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three "lines" of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A where it looks like it should be, next to the sharp for G, would mean that a ledger line would have to be used. In the bass clef it would be possible to do this without a ledger line, but because sight reading is easier when both staves look the same, it is not usually done in piano music. In the alto clef, used in orchestral music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two "lines" of sharps.

Although B major is usually thought of as a "far away" key because it has many sharps and is quite far from C major in the circle of fifths, Frédéric Chopin thought that it was the easiest scale of all to play, as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well. Because of this, it was often the first scale he taught to beginning piano students, leaving the scale of C major till last because he thought it was the hardest to play.

While B major is not too difficult to play on keyboard instruments and guitar, the key of C-flat major is easier when writing music for the harp, as it is that instrument's home key.

Musical keys
Major scales
G-sharp minor

G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G.  For the harmonic minor, the F is raised to F.

Its key signature has five sharps.

Its relative major is B major.

The melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary.

G-sharp minor is usually not used in orchestral music except to modulate, but it is more common in keyboard music, like Scriabin's sonatas. For orchestration of piano music (writing it so an orchestra can play it), sometimes the music is transposed to G minor or A minor. If G-sharp minor must be used, B-flat wind instruments should have their part written in B-flat minor, not A-sharp minor. 

In a few scores, 5-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line.

Scales and keys

References
 A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers and Keys" in Bob's Poetry Magazine, III.3 , 2006.

Musical keys
Minor scales
G-flat major

G-flat major is a major scale based on G-flat.  Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative minor is E-flat minor, and its parallel minor is G-flat minor. This is usually replaced by F♯ minor because G♭ minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use.

Its enharmonic equivalent is F-sharp major, whose key signature also has six accidentals. In writing music in E major for B-flat instruments, it is preferable to use a G-flat rather an F-sharp key signature.

G-flat major is sometimes used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert, but rarely for orchestra.

Austrian composer Gustav Mahler liked to use G-flat major in his symphonies.

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Major scales
E-flat minor

E minor or E-flat minor is a minor scale based on E-flat.  Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative major is G-flat major, and its parallel major is E-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is D-sharp minor.

This key is not used much in orchestral music, and usually only to modulate. It is used in some keyboard pieces and has been most popular in Russian pieces. If piano music in this key must be arranged for orchestra, some people recommend transposing it into D minor or E minor.

In book 1 of the Well-Tempered Clavier by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following Fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor.

One of the few symphonies written in this key is Prokofiev's Symphony No. 6. A few other Soviet composers also wrote symphonies in this key, such as Eshpai, Janis Ivanovs (fourth symphony Atlantis, 1941), Ovchinnikov and Myaskovsky. Rachmaninov's "Elegie", Op. 3 No. 1 is in E-flat minor, as is his Études-Tableaux Op. 39 #5. These pieces are noted for being dark and mysterious, a mood this key has. This mood is shown even in the later jazz music "'Round Midnight" and "Take Five", which are also in the key.

The second movement to Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony has a long orchestral and choral introduction in E-flat minor. The dark orchestral introduction to Beethoven's only oratorio, Christ on the Mount of Olives, is also in this key.

Scales and keys

References
A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in Bob's Poetry Magazine, III.3 , 2006.

Musical keys
Minor scales
F-sharp major

F-sharp major is a major scale based on F-sharp. Its key signature has six sharps.

Its relative minor is D minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is G major.

Use of this key
This key is not used often in orchestral music except to modulate. It is used more often in piano music, like Scriabin's sonatas. When piano music in this key needs to be arranged for orchestra, sometimes it is better to change it to F or G major. If F-sharp major needs to be used, transposing instruments in B flat should have their music written in A-flat major, not G-sharp major.

The Presentation of the Rose scene in Act Two of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier is written in F-sharp major.
F-sharp major is the key of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 78, of Chopin's Barcarolle, of Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, of Mahler's unfinished Tenth Symphony, Erich Korngold's Symphony Op. 40, and Scriabin's Fourth Sonata.

In a few scores, the F-sharp major key signature in the bass clef is written with the sharp for the A on the top line.

References

Musical keys
Major scales
D-sharp minor

D-sharp minor is a minor scale based on D .  For the harmonic minor, the C is raised to C.  Its key signature has six sharps.

E-flat minor is its enharmonic equivalent.  Its relative major is F-sharp major, and its parallel major is D-sharp major. This is usually replaced by E-flat major, because D-sharp major's two double sharps make it impractical to use.

Since D-sharp minor and its enharmonic equivalent both have key signatures of six accidentals, neither one is clearly used instead of the other. For example, using the melodic minor version of D-sharp minor on the harp is very difficult. The B-pedal can be set to the sharp position, but there is no double-sharp position to set the C-pedal at. In Book I of The Well-Tempered Clavier, Bach chose to write the eighth prelude in E-flat minor but the accompanying fugue in D-sharp minor. (In Book II, Bach wrote both the eighth Prelude and Fugue in D-sharp minor.)

Music written in this key is considered very difficult to read, which means that little music was written mainly in this key in the Classical era. E-flat minor is easier for many brass instruments and woodwinds.

The most famous work in this key is Scriabin's famous Etude Op. 8, No. 12. Russian composer Lyapunov must also have liked the key because he wrote the second etude of his Op. 11 set in the key, and also fifteen years later his Variations on a Russian Theme, Op. 49.  His early Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 4 was also in the enharmonic key of E-flat minor.

In a few scores, 6-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line. This is not done often, because it is different from the treble clef.

This key is not used often in orchestral music, but is used more in keyboard music. When arranging this piano music for orchestra, some people recommend transposing the music to D minor or E minor. If D-sharp minor must be used,  B-flat wind instruments should have their parts written in F minor, rather than E-sharp minor.

Scales and keys 

Musical keys
Minor scales
A-flat minor

A-flat minor is a minor scale starting on A.  Its key signature has seven flats.

Its relative major is C-flat major, and its parallel major is A-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor.

A-flat minor is rarely used as the main key of a piece of music. 
More often, pieces in a minor mode that have A as the tonic are written in the enharmonic key, G-sharp minor, because it has a simpler key signature.  Because of this, there are few works in A-flat minor.

In some scores, the A minor key signature in the bass clef is written with the flat for the F on the second line from the top.

In classical music 
 The Funeral March in Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 12, Op. 26
 An early section of the last movement of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 31, Op. 110 (although the key signature of this section uses only 6 flats, not 7)
 Johannes Brahms's Fugue for organ (c. 1857)
 Max Bruch's Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra, Op. 88a (although at least one two-piano transcription of this uses a 6-flat signature, similarly to the Op. 110 Beethoven example)
 the Evocación from Book I of Isaac Albéniz's Iberia
Isaac Albéniz's La Vega (c. 1897)
 Leoš Janáček uses it for his violin sonata and the organ solo of his Glagolitic Mass.
 Moritz Moszkowski used it for his piano étude, opus 72 number 13.

 Also Polonaise in A-Flat Minor, Chopin

In popular music
A-flat minor is also used in Frederick Loewe's score to the 1956 musical play My Fair Lady; the Second Servants' Chorus is set in A-flat minor.

Another example of popular music in A-flat minor is Walkin' on the Sun by Smash Mouth.

Scales and keys

Other websites
 Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

References

Musical keys
Minor scales
C-sharp major

C major (or C-sharp major) is a major scale based on C. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. Its enharmonic equivalent is D major.

When a harp is tuned to C-sharp major, it has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are made shorter in this way, it makes it less resonant.

Most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major because it has just five flats. However, Johann Sebastian Bach actually chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of the Well-Tempered Clavier. In Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Franz Liszt changes key from D-flat major to C-sharp major near the beginning of the piece. Maurice Ravel used C-sharp major as the tonic key of Ondine from his piano suite Gaspard de la nuit. 

Louis Vierne used C-sharp major in the final piece of Messe solennelle.

Other websites
 Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

Musical keys
Major scales
A-sharp minor

A-sharp minor or A minor is a minor scale based on A-sharp. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative major is C-sharp major.  Its parallel major is A-sharp major.  This is usually replaced by B-flat major, because A-sharp major's three double sharps in the key signature makes it generally impractical.  Exceptions include Chopin's Polonaise-Fantaisie in A-flat major, Op. 61, which has a short passage of about 6 bars actually written in A-sharp major, putting in the necessary double-sharps as accidentals.  This is part of a theme in B major, which modulates to A-sharp major for a little while.

A-sharp minor has the enharmonic equivalent of B-flat minor. This is often used in most musical compositions instead of A-sharp minor, because A-sharp minor is not a useful key for compositions and is one of the least used minor keys in music. However, there were some composers in the past that have composed music in this key. Christian Heinrich Rinck wrote his Prelude No. 16 from Op. 15 in A-sharp minor.

Other websites
 Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

Scales and keys 

Musical keys
Minor scales
F-flat major

F-flat major is a major scale based on F-flat.  Its key signature has eight flats.

Its relative minor is D-flat minor, and its parallel minor is F-flat minor, usually replaced by E minor.

Part of Richard Strauss' Metamorphosen uses F flat major, which one commentator has called "a bitter enharmonic parody" of the earlier manifestations of E major in the piece.

To make reading and writing music easier, F-flat major is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of E major.

References

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Major scales
D-flat minor

D-flat minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note D. Its key signature has seven flats and one double flat.

Because it has so many flats, D minor is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of C minor. For example, Mahler's thematic motif "der kleine Appell" ("call to order") from his Fourth and Fifth Symphonies is written in D minor in Symphony No.4, but in his Symphony No. 5 it is in C minor. In the Adagio of his Symphony No. 9 a solo bassoon theme appears first in D minor, but comes back two more times notated in C minor. The Adagio of Bruckner's Symphony No. 8, also has phrases that are tonally in D minor but written as C minor.

References

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Minor scales
G-sharp major

G-sharp major is a major scale based on the musical note G sharp. Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp.

To make reading easier, G-sharp major is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major. However, it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, for example in the Prelude and Fugue in C sharp major from Bach's Well-Tempered Klavier, Book 1. The G sharp minor Prelude and Fugue from the same set end with a Picardy third in G sharp major. 
G sharp major is used for a short time in several of Chopin's nocturnes in C sharp minor.

References

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Major scales
Flat (music)

In music, flat, or Bemolle, means "lower in pitch." In music notation, flat means "lower in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and has the symbol ().  The Unicode character '' (U+266D) is the flat sign. Its HTML entity is &#9837;.

Under twelve tone equal temperament, C flat is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, B natural, and G flat is the same as F sharp.

Double flats also exist, which look like  and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Sometimes you will encounter half or three-quarter flats. The Unicode character '𝄫' 𝄫 (U+1D12B) represents the double flat sign.

A triple flat can be found, but it is very rare.  It lowers a note three semitones. 

The note A flat is shown in musical notation in Figure 1, together with A double flat. 

In tuning, flat can also mean "slightly lower in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments at the same time, the lower-pitched one is flat compared to the higher-pitched one.

A half flat, showing quarter tones, is sometimes shown with a flat with a slash () or a reversed flat sign. A three-quarter flat is represented by a half flat and a regular flat.

Related pages
 Accidental
 Sharp
 Electronic tuner

References 

Musical notation
Sharp (music)

In music, sharp, or Diese, means higher in pitch.  In musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and looks like this:().

Under twelve-tone equal temperament, B sharp, for instance, is enharmonically equivalent to (sounds the same as), C natural, and G sharp is enharmonically equivalent to A flat.

Double sharps also exist; these have the symbol  and raise a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Less often there are half or three-quarter sharps.

Although very rare and used only in modern classical music, a triple sharp ( ) can sometimes be found. This raises a note by three semitones.

The Circle of fifths tells you how many sharps are in a key signature.

In tuning, sharp can also mean "slightly higher in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments, and one is slightly higher, it is too sharp compared to the other.

In Unicode, the sharp symbol (♯) is at code point U+266F. Its HTML entity is &#9839;. The double sharp symbol () is at U+1D12A. Some fonts do not show these symbols.

Related pages
 Accidental (music)
 Flat (music)
 Electronic tuner

References 

Musical notation
Theoretical key

In music theory, theoretical keys or impossible keys are keys with key signatures that contain at least one double-flats or double-sharps.
 
Double-flats and double-sharps are used in music as accidentals, but they are rarely placed in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament), because it would make reading the key signature very difficult.

For example, the key of G major is rarely used to write music down, because its key signature has an F. An equal-tempered scale of G major has exactly the same notes as the A major scale. Key pairs like this are called enharmonically equivalent. So the theoretical key of G major is usually written with the key signature of A major.

Enharmonic equivalence

A piece of Western music usually has a home key, and a passage within it may modulate to another key, which is usually closely related to the home key. (Usually, close to the original around the circle of fifths.) When the key is near the top of the circle (a key signature of zero or few accidentals), the writing of both keys is easy- a small number of extra sharps or flats is added.  But if the home key is near the bottom of the circle (a key signature with many accidentals), enharmonic equivalence may need to be used because simply adding accidentals will result in a key with too many accidentals to be easy to play or write in.

The need to consider theoretical keys
In each of the bottom three places on the circle of fifths the two enharmonic equivalents can both be written without double-sharps or double-flats and so do not classify as 'theoretical keys':

But when a relative key is on the opposite side of the circle from its home key, then in theory modulating to that key would involve adding so many sharps or flats that double-sharps and double-flats would have to be written in the key signature. The following keys (six of them are the parallel major/minor keys of those above) would require up to seven double-sharps or double-flats:

For example, if a piece in E major were to modulate up a fifth to B major, which is next to it on the circle and on the same side of the circle, the notation is clear and simple; an extra sharp is added to make five sharps. If it was modulated again, it would become F major, written with six sharps. The next modulation, to C has seven sharps. But the next modulation would be to a theoretical key of G which would need an eighth sharp- for the previous F note to become F in the key signature. To avoid theoretical keys, the new section would usually be written in the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A major.

Musical notation
President of Chile

The President of Chile is the chief of state and the head of government in the country. Under the current Constitution (adopted in 1980), the President is elected by popular (by many people) vote, for a period of four years. Immediate re-election is not permitted. The period (previously it was of six years) allows the elections of Presidents to be adjusted in time.

The President has a seat in the Palacio de La Moneda (La Moneda Palace), in the capital of Chile, Santiago.

The current president of Chile is Sebastián Piñera.

List of presidents

Manuel Blanco Encalada (1826-1826)
Ramón Freire Serrano (1827-1827)
Francisco Antonio Pinto Díaz (1829-1829)
José Joaquín Prieto Vial (1831-1841)
Manuel Bulnes Prieto (1841-1851)
Manuel Montt Torres (1851-1861)
José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano (1861-1871)
Federico Errázuriz Zañartu (1871-1876)
Aníbal Pinto Garmendia (1876-1881)
Domingo Santa María González (1881-1886)
José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández (1886-1891)
Jorge Montt Álvarez (1891-1896)
Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (1896-†1901)
Germán Riesco Errázuriz (1901-1906)
Pedro Montt Montt (1906-†1910)
Ramón Barros Luco (1910-1915)
Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui (1915-1920)
Arturo Alessandri Palma (1920-1925)
Emiliano Figueroa Larraín (1925-1927)
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927-1931)
Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez (1931-1932)
Arturo Alessandri Palma (1932-1938)
Pedro Aguirre Cerda (1938-†1941)
Juan Antonio Ríos Morales (1942-†1946)
Gabriel González Videla (1946-1952)
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1952-1958)
Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez (1958-1964)
Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970)
Salvador Allende Gossens (1970-†1973)
Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1974-1990)
Patricio Aylwin Azócar (1990-1994)
Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994-2000)
Ricardo Lagos Escobar (2000-2006)
Michelle Bachelet Jeria (2006-2010)
Sebastián Piñera Echenique (2010-2014)
Michelle Bachelet Jeria (2014-2018)
Sebastián Piñera Echenique (2018-)
Gabriel Boric (elect)

Living former presidents
There are four living former Chilean presidents:

The most recent death of a former President was Patricio Aylwin Azócar in April 2016, who served in the office from 1990 to 1994.

References

Other websites
 Gobierno de Chile/Government of Chile
Japanese Regional Leagues

Japanese Regional Leagues is a football league which is fourth division in Japan.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 J. League Division 1
 J. League Division 2
 Japan Football League

References

Football leagues
Football in Japan
1966 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Japan
Süper Lig

Süper Lig is a football league which is top division in Turkey.

League name 
 1957-1959 : Turkish Federation Cup
 1959-2001 : First League
 2001-present : Süper Lig

Club 2010/11 
 Beşiktaş
 Sivasspor
 Trabzonspor
 Fenerbahçe
 Galatasaray
 Bursaspor
 Kayserispor
 Gaziantepspor
 İstanbul
 Konyaspor
 Eskişehirspor
 Antalyaspor
 Ankaragücü
 Gençlerbirliği
 Kardemir Karabükspor
 Manisaspor
 Bucaspor
 Kasımpaşa

Champions

Former champions

References 

Football leagues
K League 1

The K League 1, known as the K League Classic until 2017, is a football league which is the top division in South Korea. It is part of the K League.

Clubs

Champions

1983-2000

2001-

References 

Football leagues
Swiss Super League

Swiss Super League is a football league which is top division in Switzerland.

2013–14 season

Participating clubs
The teams competing in the 2013–14 season are

Promotion/Relegation from 2012–13 season
Servette FC was relegated to the Challenge League by finishing 10th.
FC Aarau finished first in the Challenge League.

Champions

Former champions
1897/98 : Grasshopper Zürich
1898/99 : Anglo-American Zürich
1899/00 : Grasshopper Zürich
1900/01 : Grasshopper Zürich
1901/02 : Zürich
1902/03 : Young Boys
1903/04 : St. Gallen
1904/05 : Grasshopper Zürich
1905/06 : Winterthur
1906/07 : Servette
1907/08 : Winterthur
1908/09 : Young Boys
1909/10 : Young Boys
1910/11 : Young Boys
1911/12 : Aarau
1912/13 : Lausanne-Sport
1913/14 : Aarau
1914/15 : Brühl St. Gallen
1915/16 : Neuchâtel Xamax
1916/17 : Winterthur
1917/18 : Servette
1918/19 : Etoile-Sporting
1919/20 : Young Boys
1920/21 : Grasshopper Zürich
1921/22 : Servette
1922/23 : Bern
1923/24 : Zürich
1924/25 : Servette
1925/26 : Servette
1926/27 : Grasshopper Zürich
1927/28 : Grasshopper Zürich
1928/29 : Young Boys
1929/30 : Servette
1930/31 : Grasshopper Zürich
1931/32 : Lausanne-Sport
1932/33 : Servette
1933/34 : Servette
1934/35 : Lausanne-Sport
1935/36 : Lausanne-Sport
1936/37 : Grasshopper Zürich
1937/38 : Lugano
1938/39 : Grasshopper Zürich
1939/40 : Servette
1940/41 : Lugano
1941/42 : Grasshopper Zürich
1942/43 : Grasshopper Zürich
1943/44 : Lausanne-Sport
1944/45 : Grasshopper Zürich
1945/46 : Servette
1946/47 : Biel-Bienne
1947/48 : Bellinzona
1948/49 : Lugano
1949/50 : Servette
1950/51 : Lausanne-Sport
1951/52 : Grasshopper Zürich
1952/53 : Basel
1953/54 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1954/55 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1955/56 : Grasshopper Zürich
1956/57 : Young Boys
1957/58 : Young Boys
1958/59 : Young Boys
1959/60 : Young Boys
1960/61 : Servette
1961/62 : Servette
1962/63 : Zürich
1963/64 : La Chaux-de-Fonds
1964/65 : Lausanne-Sport
1965/66 : Zürich
1966/67 : Basel
1967/68 : Zürich
1968/69 : Basel
1969/70 : Basel
1970/71 : Grasshopper Zürich
1971/72 : Basel
1972/73 : Basel
1973/74 : Zürich
1974/75 : Zürich
1975/76 : Zürich
1976/77 : Basel
1977/78 : Grasshopper Zürich
1978/79 : Servette
1979/80 : Basel
1980/81 : Zürich
1981/82 : Grasshopper Zürich
1982/83 : Grasshopper Zürich
1983/84 : Grasshopper Zürich
1984/85 : Servette
1985/86 : Young Boys
1986/87 : Neuchâtel Xamax
1987/88 : Neuchâtel Xamax
1988/89 : Luzern
1989/90 : Grasshopper Zürich
1990/91 : Grasshopper Zürich
1991/92 : Sion
1992/93 : Aarau
1993/94 : Servette
1994/95 : Grasshopper Zürich
1995/96 : Grasshopper Zürich
1996/97 : Sion
1997/98 : Grasshopper Zürich
1998/99 : Servette
1999/00 : St. Gallen

1890s establishments in Switzerland
1897 establishments in Europe
Football leagues
Football in Switzerland
Belgian First Division A

The Belgian First Division A (in the past known as the Belgian First Division and Belgian Pro League, and as the Jupiler Pro League for sponsorship reasons) is a men's football league which is the top division in Belgium.

2016–17 clubs 
 Anderlecht
 Brugge
 Charleroi
 Eupen
 Genk
 Gent
 Kortrijk
 Lokeren
 Mechelen
 Mouscron-Péruwelz
 Oostende
 Sint-Truidense
 Standard Liège
 Waasland-Beveren
 Westerlo
 Zulte Waregem

Champions since 2000

Former champions 
 1895/96 : Liégeois
 1896/97 : Bruxelles
 1897/98 : Liégeois
 1898/99 : Liégeois
 1899/00 : Bruxelles
 1900/01 : Bruxelles
 1901/02 : Bruxelles
 1902/03 : Bruxelles
 1903/04 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1904/05 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1905/06 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1906/07 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1907/08 : Bruxelles
 1908/09 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1909/10 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1910/11 : Cercle Brugeois
 1911/12 : Daring Molenbeek
 1912/13 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1913/14 : Daring Molenbeek
 1919/20 : Brugeois
 1920/21 : Daring Molenbeek
 1921/22 : Beerschot
 1922/23 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1923/24 : Beerschot
 1924/25 : Beerschot
 1925/26 : Beerschot
 1926/27 : Brugeois
 1927/28 : Beerschot
 1928/29 : Royal Antwerp
 1929/30 : Brugeois
 1930/31 : Royal Antwerp
 1931/32 : Liersche
 1932/33 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1933/34 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1934/35 : Union Saint-Gilloise
 1935/36 : Daring Molenbeek
 1936/37 : Daring Molenbeek
 1937/38 : Beerschot
 1938/39 : Beerschot
 1941/42 : Liersche
 1942/43 : Malinois
 1943/44 : Royal Antwerp
 1945/46 : Malinois
 1946/47 : Anderlechtois
 1947/48 : Malinois
 1948/49 : Anderlechtois
 1949/50 : Anderlechtois
 1950/51 : Anderlechtois
 1951/52 : Liégeois
 1952/53 : Liégeois
 1953/54 : Anderlechtois
 1954/55 : Anderlechtois
 1955/56 : Anderlechtois
 1956/57 : Royal Antwerp
 1957/58 : Standard
 1958/59 : Anderlechtois
 1959/60 : Lierse
 1960/61 : Standard
 1961/62 : Anderlechtois
 1962/63 : Standard
 1963/64 : Anderlechtois
 1964/65 : Anderlechtois
 1965/66 : Anderlechtois
 1966/67 : Anderlechtois
 1967/68 : Anderlechtois
 1968/69 : Standard
 1969/70 : Standard
 1970/71 : Standard
 1971/72 : Anderlechtois
 1972/73 : Brugge
 1973/74 : Anderlechtois
 1974/75 : Molenbeek
 1975/76 : Brugge
 1976/77 : Brugge
 1977/78 : Brugge
 1978/79 : Beveren
 1979/80 : Brugge
 1980/81 : Anderlechtois
 1981/82 : Standard Liège
 1982/83 : Standard Liège
 1983/84 : Beveren
 1984/85 : Anderlechtois
 1985/86 : Anderlechtois
 1986/87 : Anderlechtois
 1987/88 : Brugge
 1988/89 : Mechelen
 1989/90 : Brugge
 1990/91 : Anderlechtois
 1991/92 : Brugge
 1992/93 : Anderlechtois
 1993/94 : Anderlecht
 1994/95 : Anderlecht
 1995/96 : Brugge
 1996/97 : Lierse
 1997/98 : Brugge
 1998/99 : Genk
 1999/00 : Anderlecht

Football leagues
Football in Belgium
New Zealand national football team

The New Zealand national football team is the national football team of New Zealand. They are commonly known as the All Whites. In New Zealand, football is often called soccer in spoken English.

FIFA 2010 

In the 2010 FIFA world cup, the All whites played in group F, along with Italy, Paraguay and Slovakia. 
The All Whites played Slovakia to start off with and drew 1-1. The All Whites then played Italy, and surprisingly also drew 1-1, taking all of New Zealand by surprise. NZ then played Paraguay as the deciding match, in this game, Paraguay and New Zealand drew 0-0. This is the first world cup where New Zealand has scored a goal and the first world cup where NZ is undefeated.
The All whites have so much help by the fans, Ricki Herbert and Neil Emblen so I would like to celebrate them for all they have done and support.

References

Oceanian national football teams
Sport in New Zealand