cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rolla, Missouri

Rolla is a city in Phelps County, Missouri, United States, midway between the larger cities of St. Louis and Springfield along Interstate 44. Its population in the 2010 United States Census was 19,559.
It is the county seat of Phelps County.  The Rolla Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Phelps County.

Rolla is an important center for education and research in science and technology.  It is the home of the Missouri University of Science and Technology.  In addition, the US Geological Survey operates a large regional facility. This office includes: the National Geospatial Technical Operations Center III, the Missouri Water Science Center, the Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Office Liaisons, and the Rolla Science Information and Library Services office. The main office of the Mark Twain National Forest is also located in Rolla.

Although private businesses are more limited, Royal Canin, a major manufacturer of dog and cat food, operates in Rolla. Small-engine manufacturer Briggs & Stratton operated a major plant in Rolla from 1996 to 2007.

The Rolla area is part of the Ozark Highlands American Viticultural Area, with vineyards established first by Italian immigrants to the area.

Notable people
 Monica Brinkman - Local Rolla Author
 Jean Carnahan - former US Senator
 Mel Carnahan - former Governor of Missouri
 Robin Carnahan - current Secretary of State of Missouri
 Russ Carnahan -  current US Representative
 Samuel Curtis - American Civil War General (Union)
 James Franklin  - QB for the Missouri Tigers 
 Kyle Hawkins - former University of Missouri Men's lacrosse coach and gay rights pioneer
 Claire McCaskill - current United States Senator from Missouri
 Shannon Miller - Olympic Gold Medalist
 Tom Shipley - member of popular music duo Brewer & Shipley
 Sarah Steelman - former State Treasurer of Missouri

See also Notable Missouri S&T Alumni

Notes

References

Other websites 
 City of Rolla, Missouri
 Rolla Area Chamber of Commerce
 Rolla Times
 The Rolla Daily News 
 Historic maps of Rolla in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection  at the University of Missouri

1858 establishments in the United States
Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Polar night

The polar night is when it stays dark outside for more than twenty four hours. This occurs only inside the polar circles (the northernmost and southernmost areas on Earth). A lot of times It will be a polar night for the winter and the opposite happens in the summer.

References

Other websites 

 The polar night and polar darkness
 Many years' of webcam pictures from Tromsø, Norway.  These clearly show the progression into and away from winter at a latitude within the Arctic Circle.

Geography
Succession to the Japanese throne

The line of succession to the Japanese throne is the list of people who may become Emperor of Japan.

Order of succession
In 2019, the current order of succession is clear. 

  Emperor Shōwa (1901–1989)
  Emperor Akihito (b. 1933)
  Emperor Naruhito (b. 1960)
 (1) Fumihito, Prince Akishino (b.1965)
 (2) Prince Hisahito of Akishino (b. 2006)
 (3) Masahito, Prince Hitachi (b. 1935)

Emperor Naruhito has one daughter, Princess Aiko.  Prince Akishino currently has two daughters (Princess Mako and Princess Kako) and one son (Prince Hisahito).

Related pages 

 Order of succession
 Japanese imperial family tree
 List of emperors of Japan
 History of Japan

References

Other websites 
 Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō), Genealogy ; Successive list 

 
Japan
Japanese imperial family
Line of succession to the Danish throne

The line of succession to the Danish throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Denmark.

History 
Since 2009, Danish law identifies the eldest child of a Danish monarch the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

Order of succession
In 2018, the current order of succession is clear.
 Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (Frederik, elder son of The Queen)
 Prince Christian of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (elder son of The Crown Prince and Crown Princess)
 Princess Isabella of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat (elder daughter of The Crown Prince and Crown Princess)
 Prince Vincent of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (younger son of The Crown Prince and Crown Princess) (twin)
 Princess Josephine of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat (younger daughter of The Crown Prince and Crown Princess) (twin)
 Prince Joachim of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (younger son of The Queen)
 Prince Nikolai of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (elder son of Prince Joachim and the Countess of Frederiksborg)
 Prince Felix of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (younger son of Prince Joachim and the Countess of Frederiksborg)
 Prince Henrik of Denmark, Count of Monpezat (son of Prince Joachim and Princess Marie)
 Princess Athena of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat (daughter of Prince Joachim and Princess Marie)
 The Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Benedikte, daughter of King Frederick IX and sister of Queen Margrethe II)
 Princess Elisabeth of Denmark (granddaughter of King Christian X through his second son, Prince Knud)

Family tree

Related pages 
 Order of succession

References

Other websites 
  Danish Monarchy , official website
  Succession to the Throne Act, 1953

Danish royalty
Denmark
Synchrotron light source

A synchrotron light source is a source of electromagnetic radiation produced by a synchrotron. The radiation can be artificially produced for scientific and technical purposes by specialized particle accelerators, typically by accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free-electron lasers. 
These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert the high-energy electron energy into light or some other form of electronmagnetic radiation.

Synchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance in particle physics experiments, or on purpose for many laboratory uses.
Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that can be in the GeV range.  In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), proton bunches also produce the radiation at increasing amplitude and frequency as they accelerate in the vacuum field, making photoelectrons. The photoelectrons then make secondary electrons from the pipe walls with increasing frequency and density up to 7x1010.  Each proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon. So, both electron synchrotrons and proton synchrotrons can be a light source.

The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. Many experiments using synchrotron light probe the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level. This is important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding (LIGA) process.

References

Other websites 
 Imaging ancient insects with synchrotron light source -- BBC
 Synchrotron light at IOP

Nuclear physics
Light
Electromagnetic radiation
Line of succession to the Swedish throne

The line of succession to the Swedish throne is the list of people who may become Queen or King of Sweden.

History 
Since 1980, Swedish law identifies the eldest child of a Swedish monarch the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

Order of succession 
The current order of succession is
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland
 Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland
 Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne
 Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland 
 Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland
 Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna
 Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland
 Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland
 Prince Nicolas, Duke of Ångermanland
 Princess Adrienne, Duchess of Blekinge

Related pages 
Order of succession

References

Other websites 

  Swedish Royal Court ,  Bernadotte Dynasty family tree
Successionsordning 

Swedish royalty
Sweden
Line of succession to the Dutch throne

The line of succession to the Dutch throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of the Netherlands.

History
Since 1983, Dutch law identifies the eldest child of a Dutch monarch as the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

Line of succession

 HM Queen Juliana (1909-2004)
 HM Queen Beatrix (Beatrix; b. 1938)
  HM The King (Willem-Alexander; b. 1967)
 (1) HRH The Princess of Orange (Catharina-Amalia; b. 2003)
 (2) HRH Princess Alexia (b. 2005)
 (3) HRH Princess Ariane (b. 2007)
 (4) HRH Prince Constantijn (b. 1969)
 (5) Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau (b. 2002)
 (6) Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau (b. 2004)
 (7) Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau (b. 2006)
(8) HRH Princess Margriet (b. 1943)
 HH Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau (b. 1968)
 Anastasia van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven (b. 2001)
Lucas van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven (b. 2002)
Felicia van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven (b. 2005)
 HH Prince Bernhard of Orange-Nassau (b. 1969)
Isabella van Vollenhoven (b. 2002)
Samuel van Vollenhoven (b. 2004)
Benjamin van Vollenhoven (b. 2008)

Family tree

Related pages
Order of succession

References

Dutch
Hawker

A hawker is a person who sells things that can be easily moved from place to place. They are also known as peddlers, costermongers, or street vendors. Hawkers often sells food items,various types of toys for kids,jewellery for girls and women. They attract attention by calling out, singing chants, and interacting loudly with 
customers. While hawkers can be found in markets, they often move their products from place to place in small carts. In 19th century Australia, the hawkers travelled around to distant towns and remote farms, carrying a large range of items to sell in horse drawn wagons.

Occupations
Disc-detainer lock

A disc-detainer lock, also called a disc-tumbler, Abloy lock, or simply disc lock is a high-security keyed lock that uses a set of discs similar to those used in a combination lock. The difference is that the discs are rotated by a key instead of a dial.

Mechanism 
When the key is put into the lock, it rotates a set of discs with notches on them to different positions depending on the depth of the cuts in the key. The right key will line up a set of notches in a straight line, allowing a bar to fall into the notches, opening the lock. The wrong key will not put the notches in a straight line, and the bar will not fall, preventing the lock from opening. On high-end disc-detainer locks (such as Abloy), there are usually "false" notches on the disc as well. These feel like the real notch to someone trying to pick the lock, but do not allow the bar to fall. This makes it nearly impossible to pick the lock. It is possible to pick some lower-end disc-detainer locks. The disc-detainer mechanism usually does not contain any springs. This reduces the amount of wear on the cylinder.

Other websites 
A YouTube video of the mechanism

Locks
Ecological succession

Ecological succession, is how a specific ecology changes after a disturbance like a fire.  In long-term studies, there is a species succession process in the way forests develop.

Notable ecologists  
Several scientists are prominent in the history of this theory:
 Adolphe Dureau de la Malle was the first to use the word succession.  He wrote about the process of re-growth after trees in a forest had been cut down.
 Henry David Thoreau described succession in an Oak-Pine forest in "The Succession of Forest Trees" in the year 1859.
 Henry Chandler Cowles developed a formal concept of plant-growth succession. Henry's work was based on studies of sand dunes in Danish by Eugen Warming. Cowles proposed the term sere.  This is a repeat of changes which are shown in specific environmental circumstances.
 Frederic Clements proposed a theory that seres were highly predictable.
 Henry Gleason proposed that chance factors were very important, even in highly predicable sere areas.

References

Other websites 

 ScienceAid, "Ecosystems", Succession

Ecology
Succession

Succession may mean:

Order of succession, the chronology of past leaders; or the pre-planned process through which a future leader takes over from another because of death, resignation, or removal
Succession planning, the process of identifying and developing people to take over senior positions in government, business, organizations, etc.
Ecological succession, the development of changes that occur over time after an ecology is disturbed
Wizard (disambiguation)

Wizard(s) may mean:

Fictional characters 
 Wizard or magician, a person in fantasy or mythology who has studied and practices magic
 Wizard (Oz), a character in L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its movie adaptations
 Wizards (Discworld), major characters in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series
 Wizard (Middle-earth), powerful entities from the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien

Comics 
 Wizard (Archie Comics), an Archie comic book superhero
 Wizard (DC Comics), a DC comic book supervillain
 Wizard (Marvel Comics), a Marvel comic book supervillain
 The Wizard (comic), a weekly comic from D. C. Thomson & Co.

Film and television 
 The Wizard (film), a 1989 American film about a skilled video game player
 The Wizard (TV series), a short-lived 1980s CBS television series
 "The Wizard" (Seinfeld episode)
 Wizards (film), a 1977 animated post-apocalyptic fantasy/science fiction film by Ralph Bakshi
 Mr. Wizard, the stage name of Don Herbert as the host of two popular television shows about science for children

Games 
 Wizard (card game), a trick-taking card game
 Wizard (character class), magic-wielding character types in many role-playing games
 Wizards of the Coast or Wizards, a Seattle-based games publisher

Publications 
 Wizard (novel), a science fiction novel by John Varley
 Wizard (magazine), a magazine about comic books
 Wizards (anthology), an anthology of fantasy short fiction edited by Jack Dann and Gardner Dozois
 Wizard (DC Thomson), a British comic that featured Wilson of the Wizard and was merged to Rover
 The Wizard, a novel by Gene Wolfe in the series The Wizard Knight

Sports 
 Dakota Wizards, a team in the NBA Development League
 Washington Wizards, a team in the National Basketball Association

Technology 
 Wizard (software), a computer user interface that leads a user through dialog steps

Nicknames 
 Ozzie Smith, baseball player nicknamed "The Wizard"
 Gus Williams (basketball), basketball player nicknamed "The Wizard"
 Juan Quarterone, soccer player nicknamed "El Brujo" or "The Wizard"
 Jeff Farmer (footballer), nicknamed "The Wizard"
 Wizard of Menlo Park, nickame for American inventor Thomas Edison
 Wizard of New Zealand, born Ian Brackenbury Channell, orator and eccentric

Other uses 
 Wizard butterfly, the brush-footed butterfly Rhinopalpa polynice
 Wizard, a GWR Iron Duke Class steam locomotive
 Wizard Nebula, an open cluster located in the constellation Cepheus

Related pages
 The Wizard of Id, a daily newspaper comic created by Brant Parker and Johnny Hart
 Grand Wizard and Imperial Wizard, titles in the Ku Klux Klan
 Pinball Wizard, a song from The Who's rock opera Tommy

fi:Velho (täsmennyssivu)
Burrel, Albania

Burrel is a small town in Albania. It is 91 km from Tirana. Its population is about 18,000. It is about 320 metres above sea level, and surrounded by mountains.

The area was settled about the 8th century BC by the Illyrians. There have been 54 Illyrian burial mounds found around Burrel. The town of Burrel began in 1922 as the centre of the Mat District.

References

Cities in Albania
Line of succession to the Belgian throne

The line of succession to the Belgian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Belgium.

History
The death of King Baudouin in 1993 caused a short period of uncertainty about the succession.  Prince Philippe was the expected to be the next king; but Baudouin's brother Albert became the new monarch.

Since 2009, Belgian law identifies the eldest child of a Belgian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.  This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

In 2013, Albert abdicated for health reasons and his son, Philippe became the King.

Order of succession
In 2019, the current order of succession is clear.
  Princess Elisabeth of Belgium, elder daughter of Philippe
  Prince Gabriel of Belgium, elder son of Philippe
  Prince Emmanuel of Belgium, younger son of Philippe
  Princess Eléonore of Belgium, younger daughter of Philippe
  Princess Astrid of Belgium, daughter of Albert II
  Prince Amedeo of Belgium, eldest son of Princess Astrid
 Archduchess Anna Astrid of Austria-Este, daughter of Prince Amedeo
Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este, son of Prince Amedeo
  Princess Maria Laura of Belgium, eldest daughter of Princess Astrid
  Prince Joachim of Belgium, youngest son of Princess Astrid
  Princess Luisa Maria of Belgium, second daughter of Princess Astrid
  Princess Laetitia Maria of Belgium, youngest daughter of Princess Astrid
  Prince Laurent of Belgium, youngest son of Albert II
  Princess Louise of Belgium, daughter of Prince Laurent
  Prince Nicolas of Belgium, older son of Prince Laurent
  Prince Aymeric of Belgium, son of Prince Laurent

Related pages
Order of succession

References

Other websites
 Belgian Monarchy, official website;  Genealogy

Belgian royalty
Belgium

th:ลำดับการสืบสันตติวงศ์แห่งราชบัลลังก์สวีเดน
Line of succession to the Norwegian throne

The line of succession to the Norwegian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Norway.

History 
Since 1990, Norwegian law identifies the eldest child of a Norwegian monarch the royal heir.  The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne.   This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

Order of succession 
In 2011, the current order of succession is clear.
 Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, the oldest son of Harald V of Norway
 Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway, Crown Prince Haakon's daughter
 Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway, Crown Prince Haakon's younger son
 Princess Märtha Louise of Norway, King Harald's daughter
 Maud Angelica Behn, Princess Märtha Louise's daughter
 Leah Isadora Behn, Princess Märtha Louise's second daughter
 Emma Tallulah Behn, Princess Märtha Louise's third daughter

Related pages 
Order of succession

References 

Norwegian royalty
Norway
Bogan River

The Bogan River is an inland river of New South Wales, Australia. It begins at Goonumbla, near Parkes. It flows in a north west direction for about  before it joins the Darling River near Bourke. The towns of Tottenham, Peak Hill and Nyngan are built on the banks of the Bogan River.

The first Europen to see the Bogan River was Charles Sturt in 1828-9. He named it New Year Creek. However the Indigenous Australian name, Bogan, which means birthplace of a king, was the name that was used. The explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell created a painting in 1836 of an Aboriginal man, Combo, from the Bogan River.

References

Other websites
 

Rivers of New South Wales
Castlereagh River

The Castlereagh River is an inland river in New South Wales, Australia. It begins in the Warrumbungles, a mountain range, and flows east towards Coonabarabran. It turns to the south, and then flows north west through Gilgandra and Coonamble, before joining the Macquarie River. The length of the river is about .

The first Europen to see the Castlereagh River was George William Evans in 1818 during John Oxley's expedition. It was later explored by Charles Sturt in 1829. The river is named after Lord Castlereagh, a British politician who was the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

References

Rivers of New South Wales
Switzerland at the Olympics

Switzerland has sent athletes to every Olympic Games since the first Games in 1896.  Switzerland boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne but the equestrian events for those Games were held in Stockholm, Sweden earlier that year. The Swiss dressage team won a bronze medal. Switzerland has hosted the Games twice. They hosted the 1928 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Both were in St. Moritz. Swiss athletes have won a total of 181 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won 127 at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Switzerland was created in 1912

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 
 Switzerland profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Legionary

A Roman legionary was a professional soldier of the Roman army. Legionaries had to be Roman citizens under the age of 45. They were members of a Roman legion. Legionaries went through very tough training. They had to do what they were told or they would be punished badly. Legionaries had to carry lots of heavy equipment when they were marching.

More reading 

Ancient Rome
Digital pet

A digital pet (also known as a virtual pet or an artificial pet) are pets that exist only in computers. A good example of a game with digital pets is Nintendogs. People may keep virtual pets as a replacement for real pets.

Pets
Computers
Emperor Go-Toba

was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 1183 and ended in 1198.

This 12th century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba and  means "later". He is sometimes called the later Emperor Toba. In some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Toba the Second" or as "Toba II".

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was , or Takanari-shinnō

He was the fourth son of Emperor Takakura.

Events of Go-Toba's life
Go-Toba was placed on the throne at the age of three.
 8 September 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Antoku-tennō 's reign, the emperor and his court fled the capital. In the emperor's absence, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa made Antoku's younger brother emperor by decree. A ceremony which marked the young prince's acceptance of the abdication (juzen).
 1184 (Juei 3): Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 1192 (Kenkyū 3): Go-Shirakawa died.  Go-Toba was the grandson of Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
 1198 (Kenkyū 9): In the 15th year of Go-Toba's reign, he abdicated.  His successor was his eldest son who became known as Emperor Tsuchimikado.
 1210 (Jōgen 4):  Go-Toba's 3rd son was named emperor; and he became known as Emperor Juntoku.
 1221 (Jōkyū 3): Go-Toba and his supporters tried and failed to take power from the Kamakura shogunate. This  was known as the Jōkyū War (Jōkyū no hen)  Go-Toba was exiled to the Oki Islands where he stayed until his death.
 13 May 1221 (Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month): Go-Toba's 4-year-old grandson was made emperor; and he became known as Emperor Chūkyō.
 14 January 1222 (Jōkyū 3, 1st day of the 12th month): Go-Toba's nephew was made emperor; and he became known as Emperor Go-Horikawa.
 1239''' (En'ō 1, 2nd month): Go-Toba died at age 60.

After his death 
Go-Toba was buried on Dōgo Island in the Oki Islands group. Later a part of his body was re-buried in Kyoto.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (misasagi) of Go-Toba is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at Ōhara no Misasagi.

Eras of Go-Toba's reign
The years of Go-Toba's reign are marked by more than one era name:.
 Juei           (1182–1184)
 Genryaku       (1184–1185)
 Bunji          (1185–1190)
 Kenkyū''  (1190–1199)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Insei

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1180 births
1239 deaths
Toys "R" Us

Toys "R" Us (founded in 1948) is a toy store. It had its headquarters in Wayne, New Jersey, United States. The company had around 875 Toys “R” Us and Babies “R” Us stores in the United States, more than 600 international stores, and over 140 licensed stores in 35 countries and jurisdictions. It controls the FAO Schwarz brand. It has its flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Toys "R" Us also has many e-commerce sites. Some of these are Toysrus.com, Babiesrus.com, eToys.com and FAO.com. Kids "R" Us is a former clothing store just for kids established in Manchester, NH in 1983 and disestablished in 2003. In the 1999 website commercial, there was a probably 7 year old raincheck boy who dresses like Linus from Peanuts and is friends with his raincheck. Toys "R" us has toys for different ages.

On March 14, 2018, it was revealed that all Toys "R" Us stores in the United Kingdom would close. The next day, it was announced that Toys "R" Us is officially going out of business and selling all 800 of its U.S. stores. In addition, all Toys "R" Us stores worldwide would be sold off. At the time, toy maker MGA Entertainment has made a bid to take over the company's stores in Canada, but it failed.

On March 22, 2018, its founder Charles Lazarus died aged 94 years.

The remaining Toys "R" Us stores closed on June 29, 2018 after 70 years. In October 2018, Toys "R" Us announced that it would return, and the company did so by opening 2 new stores in the United States a year later.

References 

1948 establishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in the United States
2018 disestablishments
Defunct companies of the United States
Companies based in New Jersey
Toy companies
Washington, D.C.
Succession to the Spanish throne

The line of succession to the Spanish throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Spain.

History
Spanish royal succession follows a system of male-preference primogeniture.

Order of succession
In 2020, the current order of succession is clear.
 (1) Leonor, Princess of Asturias (b. 2005)
 (2) Infanta Sofía (b. 2007)
 (3) Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo (b. 1963)
 (4) Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón (b. 1998)
 (5) Victoria de Marichalar y Borbón (b. 2000)
 (6) Infanta Cristina (b. 1965)
 (7) Juan Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 1999)
 (8) Pablo Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 2000)
 (9) Miguel Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 2002)
 (10) Irene Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 2005)

Related pages
Order of succession

References

Other websites
 Royal Household, official website;  Royal family tree

Spanish royalty
Spain
Lake Blanche

Lake Blanche is a large salt lake in the north east corner of South Australia. It is normally dry, but can be filled by local flooding or when the Strzelecki Creek flows into it. It covers an area of about . When Lake Blanche was first seen by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1840, he believed it was part of a large horse shoe shaped lake at the end of the Flinders Ranges. This lake stopped the explorers from being able to travel any further to the north. When Charles Sturt visited the lake shore in 1845 he also thought it was part of a larger lake. In 1858 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory was the first European to find a path between Lake Blanche and Lake Callabonna. Lake Blanche was named after the wife of the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard Graves McDonnell. The area near the lake had been called Blanchewater Plains by explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage in 1856. In August 1857, Captain Freeling attempted to explore the flooded lake by boat. The water was not deep enough to float the boat, and even after walking more than  into the lake it was still only ankle deep.

The area around Lake Blanche is now being explored for development of a uranium mine.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Finland at the Olympics

Finland was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Finland is FIN.

History
Teams from Finland have been in every Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. Finland was also the host nation for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

Finnish athletes have won a total of 299 medals at the Summer Games, mostly in athletics and wrestling. Finland has also won 151 medals at the Winter Games, mostly in Nordic skiing events.

The National Olympic Committee for Finland is the Finnish Olympic Committee. It was formed and recognized in 1907, when Finland was a part of the Russian Empire.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

This table of summer sports does not include the gold medal won in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

Medals by winter sport

*Total medal counts include a gold medal in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics. This medal is in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals. This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Finland at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Finland
Georgia at the Olympics

Georgia was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.

Previously, Georgian athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.  In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.

The Georgian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1989 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Georgia at Olympic.org
 Georgia profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Georgia (country)
Greece at the Olympics

Greece at the Olympics is a history which began in ancient times.  Greece was home of the Ancient Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Greece is GRE.

History
Greece  hosted the revival of the modern Olympic Games in 1896. They have been at every Summer Olympic Games since then.  They are one of only four countries to compete in all modern Summer games.  Greece has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1936. During the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony, Greece is always called first, due to its status as being the founder of the Olympic Games.

Greece hosted the games in 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics, both in Athens. The National Olympic Committee for Greece is the Hellenic Olympic Committee, formed in 1894 and recognized in 1895.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games
According to official data of the International Olympic Committee.

     Host nation

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Greece at Olympic.org
 Andorra profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Greece
Hungary at the Olympics

Hungary at the Olympics is ahistory which began at the first Olympic Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hungary is HUN.

History
Teams from Hungary have been in most Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. The nation was not invited to the 1920 Games after World War I.

Hungarian athletes have won a total of 475 medals, with fencing as the top medal-producing sport.  Hungary has won more Olympic medals than any other nation that has never hosted Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Hungary is the Hungarian Olympic Committee.  It was formed and recognized in 1895.

Medal tables by Games

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medal tables by Sport

Medals by Summer Sport
     Leading in that sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Hungary profile at London2012.com
 Hungary at OLympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Hungary
Malta at the Olympics

Malta at the Olympics is a history which began in 1928.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Malta was MAT.  It is now MLT.

History
Teams from Malta have been in 15 Summer Olympic Games and 1 Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2014 no Maltese athlete has won an Olympic medal.

The Maltese Olympic Committee was formed in 1928 and recognized by the IOC in 1936.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Malta
Itraconazole

Itraconazole (i tra ko' na zole) is a medication used to treat fungal infections of the lungs and other parts of the body.

How the medication is given 
Itraconazole comes as a pill (capsule) and also as a liquid (solution) and they are taken by mouth.

How to get the medication 
Itraconazole is prescribed by a doctor and sold by a pharmacist.

Drugs
Donkey Kong Land

Donkey Kong Land is a video game released for the Game Boy system in 1995. It is a semi-sequel to Donkey Kong Country as it takes place after Donkey Kong Country, but yet is part of a different portion of the Donkey Kong series. Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong are once again the playable characters in the game.

Game Boy games
Virtual Console games
Donkey Kong
Platform games
1995 video games
Moldova at the Olympics

Moldova first took part at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994. It has sent athletes to every Games since then. Moldovan athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. Moldova was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

Moldovan athletes have won a total of seven medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won medals in five different sports.  The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Moldova was created in 1991. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medal tables

Medals by Games

Medals by sport

Medalists
Moldova has won 7 medals, all in the Summer Olympics

References
 
 

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis is a medical condition where the smaller parts of the lung (called bronchioles) are irritated. This makes it very hard to move air in and out of the lungs.  Many things can cause bronchiolitis. The most common is the respiratory syncytial virus.  The disease Bronchiolitis is not the same as Bronchitis. The medicine used to treat bronchitis may not be the same as those used to treat bronchiolitis. The disease is more common in children.

Treatment 
Usually treatment for bronchiolitis is to make the person as comfortable as possible.  This can sometimes be giving them oxygen through tubes sitting on their nose (nasal cannula).  A doctor may also use medicines such as epinephrine or dexamethasone.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Respiratory system
Respiratory syncytial virus

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes lung infections,(usually called respiratory tract infections). It is the major cause of lung infections and hospital visits in babies and children.  There is a medicine that can help prevent the virus in babies that have not been born yet if the doctor is worried the baby may get the virus.

References 

Viruses
Respiratory system
Lake Alexandrina

Lake Alexandrina is a large lake about  south east of Adelaide, South Australia. The lake covers an area of . The Murray River flows into the north of the lake near Wellington. Water from the lake enters the sea through an opening into Encounter Bay. In 1940 a number of walls were built to stop sea water from flowing back into the lake which would stop the lake from being salty. These walls separate the lake from the Murray River's estuary lagoon, called the Coorong.

Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong are a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Many bird species live around the lake including Curlew Sandpiper, Banded Stilt, Red-capped Plover, Masked Lapwing, Redkneed Dotterel, Black Swan, Cape Barren Goose, Musk Duck, Straw-necked Ibis, Royal Spoonbill, Rufus Night Heron and the Australian Pelican. Rare species such as the Orange Bellied Parrot and the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Emu Wren have been seen. The large Murray Cod can also be found in the lake.

The Ngarrindjeri, an Indigenous Australian people, have lived around the lake and the wetlands for thousands of years. The first Europens to find the lake were people hunting seals along the south east coast of Australia in 1828. In 1830, the explorer Charles Sturt reached the lake by boat after a long journey down the Murrumbidgee, the Darling and the Murray Rivers. Sturt named the lake after Princess Alexandrina, who later became Queen Victoria.

Lake Alexandina became important during the 1870s when paddle steamers began to use the Murray River system to carry goods around New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The town of Milang, on the lake, became an important port. It is now popular as a place for holidays with activities including sailing, power boating, fishing and swimming.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Ramsar sites
Béla Guttmann

Béla Guttmann (27 January 1899 – 28 August 1981) was a Hungarian footballer and coach of Jewish origin. His playing position was midfielder.

Career

Player
He started his career with the MTK Hungária FC team of the early 1920s. He won the championship in 1920 and 1921. In 1922 he went to Vienna to escape the antisemitism of the Hungarian regime. There he played for SC Hakoah Wien. In 1925 he won another league title when Hakoah won the Austrian League. In April 1926 the SC Hakoah Wien team sailed to New York to play against different American teams. He stayed in the USA and played for the Brooklyn Wanderers, New York Giants, New York Hakoah, New York Soccer Club and the Hakoah All-Stars.

As player he had 6 matches with the Hungarian national football team and scored one goal there.

Coach
Guttmann returned to Europe in 1932. He coached teams in Austria, The Netherlands and Hungary . (SC Hakoah Wien, SC Enschede) He had his first success with Újpest FC in the 1938–39 season. He won the  Hungarian League and the Mitropa Cup. How Guttman spent the war years in unclear. Guttmann himself is said to have escaped to Switzerland where he was interned. The years after the Second World War he spent as coach in Italy, South America and Portugal.(São Paulo FC, AC Milan, Benfica Lisabon and others).

Together with Márton Bukovi and Gusztáv Sebes, Guttmann formed a triumvirate of Hungarian coaches who pioneered the 4–2–4 formation. Guttman  is also credited with mentoring Eusébio. He was as player and coach always good for controversy. Some people compare his self-confidence with  José Mourinho.

Honours

Player
MTK Hungária FC

Hungarian League: 2
1919–20, 1920–21

SC Hakoah Wien

Austrian Champions: 1
1924–25

New York Hakoah

U.S. Open Cup: 1
1929

Manager
Újpest FC/Újpesti TE
Hungarian League: 2
1938–39, 1946–47
Mitropa Cup: 1
1939

São Paulo
São Paulo State Champions: 1
1957

Porto
Portuguese Liga: 1
1958–59

Benfica
European Champions: 2
1960–61, 1961–62
Portuguese Liga: 2
1959–60, 1960–61
Portuguese Cup: 1
1961-62

References

Other websites 
Guttmann at United States Soccer Hall of Fame
Guttmann at www.jewsinsports.org 
 Guttmann at www.jewishsports.net
UEFA biography 
Biographical article on Guttmann, Bremen University 

Austria national football team managers
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian football managers
1899 births
1981 deaths
Emperor Fushimi

For the 124th emperor also known as Hirohito, see Hirohito

Emperor Fushimi (伏見天皇 Fushimi-tennō) (10 May 1265 – 8 October 1317) was the 92nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 1287 and ended in 1298.

Traditional history 
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Note: Although the Roman-alphabet spelling of the name of this 13th-century emperor is the same as the personal name of Emperor Shōwa, the kanji are different:
 Emperor Fushimi, formerly Prince Hirohito (熈仁)
 Emperor Shōwa, formerly Prince Hirohito (裕仁)

Prince Hirohito was the second son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

Events of Fushimi's life 
Hirohito-shinnō was named Crown Prince.  He became heir to Emperor Go-Uda.
 1287 (Kōan 10, 10th month): In the 13th year of Go-Uda-tennō 's reign, he abdicated.  The succession (the senso) was received by his cousin.
 1288 (Kōan 11): Emperor Fushimi is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 1289 (Shōō 2, 4th month): Fushimi adopted the son of his younger brother; and this new son was named Crown Prince and heir.
 19 April 1290 (Shōō 3, 9th day of the 3rd month): Assassins failed in an attempt to kill the emperor in his palace.
 1298 (Einin 6, 7th month): In the 11th year of Fushimi's reign, he abdicated.  His heir became known as Emperor Go-Fushimi.
 1301 (Shōan 3, 1st month): In the 5th year of Go-Fushimi's reign, the adopted son of Fushimi was forced to abdicate.
 1308 (Tokuji 3, 8th month): In the 8th year of Emperor Go-Nijo's reign, the young ruler died at age of 24.  Fushimi's grandson was named as Go-Nijo's successor.  Go-Fushimi's son became known as Emperor Hanazono.
 1313 (Shōwa 2, 10th month): Retired Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.
 1317 (Bunpō 1, 9th month): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Kammu is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at  Fukakusa no kita no misasagi (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku in Kyoto.

Eras of Fushimi's reign
The years of Fushimi's  reign are marked by more than one era name.
 Kōan (1278–1288)
 Shōō         (1288–1293)
 Einin             (1293–1299)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1265 births
1317 deaths
Rodney King

Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 - June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on camera in 1991. When a jury did not find the officers guilty of beating him up, large riots started in Los Angeles, California.

Early and personal life
King was born in Sacramento, California to Odessa and Ronald King, who had four other children. His father was an alcoholic who died in 1984 aged 42. King grew up in Altadena, California.

In November 1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park, California. King was carrying an iron bar, which he threatened the Korean store owner with. He hit the owner and stole $200. He was convicted of robbery and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was released after a year.

Beating
On March 3, 1991, King was driving after drinking alcohol. Police officers tried to pull him over, but King would not stop. The officers chased him for miles. King finally stopped. One of the officers shot two electronic darts at King because they thought he might hurt them. King ran at one of the officers. The officers beat King while he was on the ground with a baton more than 50 times.

A man named George Holliday, who lived nearby, saw what was going on. He used a camcorder to record a video of the beating. The video later went on television.

Trial and riots
Of the four officers that went on trial for beating King, only one of them was found guilty by the state of California. With large public protest, rioting began in Los Angeles, during which more than 50 people were killed, thousands were hurt, and one billion dollars worth of property damage occurred.

In a different trial, the United States government later found two of the officers guilty.

Death
King was found dead by his fiancée at the bottom of his swimming pool in the early morning hours of June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California. An autopsy was performed and the results said that King died of accidental drowning and that alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana were all found in his blood which were a contributing factor in his death.

Related pages
1992 Los Angeles riots

References

1965 births
2012 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning in the United States
Accidental deaths in California
African-American people
American robbers
Criminals from California
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
People from Los Angeles
People from Sacramento, California
Pyŏngyang metro system

Pyŏngyang metro system is the only rapid transit system in Pyongyang, North Korea. It has two lines with 17 station. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 700,000 people ride the system every day.

Chŏllima Line (red)
Pulgunbyol
Chonu
Kaeson
Tongil
Sungni
Ponghwa
Yonggwang
Puhung

Hyoksin Line (green)
Kwangbok
Konguk
Hwaggumbol
Konsol
Hyoksin
Chonsung
Samhung
Kwangmyong
Rakwon

Pyongyang
Rapid transit systems
Transport in Asia
Tung Chung Line (MTR)

The Tung Chung Line is one of the 10 lines of the MTR system in Hong Kong. It links Tung Chung with Hong Kong Island. A part of the Tung Chung Line was built along with the two bridges and two mountains, Kap Shui Mun Bridge and the Tsing Ma Bridge. It currently travels through eight stations in 27 minutes along its route, which is indicated in orange.

MTR
Wiggler (synchrotron)

A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron. It is a series of magnets designed to repeatedly laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections release synchrotron radiation. Although synchrotrons give off such radiation anyway as magnets work to bend the particles on a circle-like path, a wiggler release more intense radiation than the bending magnets.

A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator. In a wiggler, the period and the strength of the magnetic field is not tuned to the frequency of radiation produced by the electrons. So, every electron in the electron bunch radiates independently. This makes a broad radiation spectrum. A wiggler can be considered to be series of bending magnets stuck together, and its radiation intensity goes up as the number of magnetic poles in the wiggler goes up.

Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array. The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler.

Notes

Synchrotron instrumentation
Gold coin

A gold coin is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold. Gold has been used since the invention of coins. It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable. So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things. Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake. Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.

History

Antiquity
People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age. However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey). Gold coins were also used in China.

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, gold coins were common because of the Florin and the Guilder, two important gold coins.

Modern History
Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay. Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression. People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work. Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.

Coin collecting
Many people enjoy collecting coins. The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive. Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old. Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.

Investing
When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins. These coins are called Bullion coins. These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce. Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.

Currency
Gold
Matt Ryan (American football)

Matthew Thomas "Matt" Ryan (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "Matty Ice", is the starting American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was the 3rd person drafted in the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College.

References

1985 births
Living people
Atlanta Falcons players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
American football quarterbacks