cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
The Gulag Archipelago

The Gulag Archipelago () is a book in three volumes by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The gulags were the forced labour camps in the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s.

The narrative relies on accounts from people who experienced the events, including the author himself, who was a prisoner in one of the labour camps. The book was written between 1958 and 1968. It was published in the West in 1973. In the Soviet Union, the book circulated in samizdat until its official publication in 1989.

The word "archipelago" compares the network of labor camps to a vast chain of islands.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, The Gulag Archipelago is included in the high-school curriculum in Russia. It has been compulsory reading for high-school students since 2009.

Literary criticism 
"It is a warning to us all of what it means to lose freedom, but it is a warning to tyrants as well, that they can never hope to win in the end". 
"To live now and not to know this work is to be a kind of historical fool missing a crucial part of the consciousness of the age".

Related pages 
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

References

Other websites 

 The Gulag Archipelago in English, Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3.

1973 books
Non-fiction books
Books by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Negaprion

Negaprion is one of the 12 genera in the family Carcharhinidae. There are currently two known living species in this genus: the Lemon shark, and the Sicklefin lemon shark.

Both species are large and stocky, have a wide, blunt snout, and have two large dorsal fins of similar size. They are both yellowish-brown on their dorsal surface, and have a white belly.
They also both have a similar diet consisting of bony fish, crustaceans, stingrays, and smaller sharks. Also, both species are viviparous.

Lemon shark
The Lemon shark is the smaller of the two species, reaching a maximum length of 3.4 metres, but usually ranges between the lengths of 2.4 to 3 metres long. Pups are around 24 to 26 inches long when born.

The Lemon shark inhabits tropical and subtropical shallow waters of coastal areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It is often found in coral reefs, mangroves, enclosed bays, and even river mouths.

Sicklefin lemon shark
The Sicklefin lemon shark is the larger of the two species, reaching a maximum length of 3.8 metres. Pups are around 18 to 32 inches long when born.

The Sicklefin lemon shark inhabits continental and insular shelves, and is common on coral reefs, as well as in shallow, sandy-bottom lagoons, and mangrove swamps.

Species
 Sicklefin lemon shark, Negaprion acutidens
 Lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris
 †Negaprion eurybathrodon

References

 

Sharks
Moulding

Moulding (or molding) is the shaping of raw material using a solid frame of a particular shape, called a pattern. It is a process used in manufacturing. A mould is a hollow container that will hold the liquid material until it turns solid. The liquid hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. Materials commonly used in moulding include plastic, metal, glass and ceramic.

Tyres are made using moulds, where the molten rubber is poured into the mould and then left to set. Moulds can vary greatly in size. They are usually made of hardened steel which can resist wearing.

Types of moulds

Compression 
Compression moulds work by taking the empty mould and placing a piece of unshaped rubber inside. The mould is then pressed shut using high heat and pressure forcing the rubber to liquify and flow into the recess created for the part while excess rubber is forced into the moulds dump groove. It is important when making a mould to keep in mind that when the part cools it will shrink slightly.

Injection 
Injection moulds work under the same principle as compression moulds except that instead of pressing the mould together on the rubber the mould is first closed and the liquid rubber is then injected into a fill hole drilled into the mould. This is used more for plastic products.

Press Mold 
Press type of mold includes bending, trimming, edging, and drawing. Some parts are molded through several procedures, and a progressive press molding is used to perform these procedures sequentially.

Plastics Mold 
A plastics mold is used to mold parts by melting a molding material such as plastics with heat and pressure into the mold.

References 

Manufacturing
Cleat

Cleats or studs are spikes or studs that are attached to the bottom of a shoe to provide more traction (grip) on a soft or slippery surface. Shoes specially designed for several kinds of sports, such as baseball and all the different kinds of football, have cleats, so that the players do not slip on the ground so easily. Ice cleats (or crampons) are a type of spikes that usually are attachable to the soles of shoes to prevent slipping on ice.

Footwear
Sports equipment
Jean Dujardin

Jean Dujardin (born 19 June 1972 in Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine) is a French actor and comedian. He was the first French actor to win an Academy Award. He won it in the year 2011 for the movie The Artist. He also won a Golden Globe Award and a British Academy Film Award.

Before acting, Dujardin worked for a construction company. He began his acting career at local cabarets in Paris. From 1999 to 2003 he acted in a Canadian comedy television series Un Gars, une fille. His wife Alexandra Lamy also starred in the series.

Other websites 
 

1972 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Ile-de-France
French comedians
French movie actors
French movie producers
French screenwriters
French television actors
Television directors
Writers from Ile-de-France
Janet McTeer

Janet McTeer, OBE (born 5 August 1961) is an English actress. She was born in Newcastle. Her parents are Jean (née Morris) and Alan McTeer. She spent her childhood in York.

References

English actors
1961 births
Living people
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
People from York
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Coriolanus

The Tragedy of Coriolanus is a play by William Shakespeare.  It is a tragedy. Shakespeare's source was Plutarch's Life of Caius Martius Coriolanus. It was probably was first acted between 1607 and 1608. It was probably first printed in 1623 in the First Folio.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Alexa Nikolas

Alexa Helen Nikolas (born April 4, 1992 in Chicago) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as "Nicole Bristow" on the Nickelodeon television series Zoey 101.

Nikolas is the only child of Alexandra Nikolas, a real estate salesman. Her grandmother was a beauty pageant winner in Texas.

She was to see in the musicvideo of Vanessa Anne Hudgens' Single Come Back to Me.

Since February 22, 2012, she is married with Mike Milosh.

Television and movie roles

1992 births
Actors from Chicago
American television actors
Living people
1983 Beirut barracks bombings

The 1983 Beirut barracks bombings were a double terrorist attack that happened on 23 October 1983 during the Lebanese Civil War. Two suicide truck bombs hit buildings housing French and American troops. In total, 299 people were killed. A group called Islamic Jihad Organization claimed responsibility for the attacks.

1983 in Asia
1980s building bombings

20th century in Lebanon
Attacks on military installations
1983 barracks bombings
Building bombings in Asia
Car and truck bombings in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
Mass murder in Asia
Mass murder in the 1980s
October events
Suicide bombings in Asia

Suicide car and truck bombings
Terrorist incidents in Asia
Terrorist incidents in the 1980s
The Merry Wives of Windsor

The Merry Wives of Windsor is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. The Merry Wives of Windsor was first acted between 1600 and 1601. It was first printed in 1602.

Sources
Shakespeare usually based his plays on works by other writers. Merry Wives however is completely Shakespeare's invention. Legend says Queen Elizabeth I liked the character of Falstaff so much that she wanted to see him in love, and begged Shakespeare to continue his adventures after the two parts of Henry IV.

Main characters
 Sir John Falstaff
 Mistress Ford
 Mistress Page

Story
The story follows the old, fat, penniless knight Sir John Falstaff as he tries to swindle money from two ladies of Windsor, England. They are aware of his schemes from the beginning. They punish him in various ways, including a ducking in a river after he hides in a basket of dirty laundry to avoid their husbands.  A subplot involves a young woman convincing her parents to allow her to marry the man she loves.

Adaptations
Operas based on the play include Falstaff (1799) by Antonio Salieri, The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) by Carl Otto Nicolai, Falstaff (1893) by Giuseppe Verdi, and Sir John in Love (1929) by Ralph Vaughan Williams.

References

 

Plays by William Shakespeare
Jennifer 8

Jennifer 8 is a 1992 American mystery and thriller movie. Uma Thurman plays Helena Robertson, John Malkovich plays the Special Agent St. Anne and Kathy Baker plays Margie Ross. The movie is about a cop in California feeling burnout when his marriage collapses. This movie is also about abduction and murders.

Jennifer 8 was released in November 1992 in United States theaters. Reviews were mixed. The performance in the box office was substandard. The movie was made for $20 million, and got back almost $11.4 million.

1992 thriller movies
1992 drama movies
American thriller movies
British thriller movies
Canadian thriller movies
English-language movies
Dead Man Walking

Dead Man Walking is a 1995 American drama movie. The subjects represented in this movie are capital punishment and murder. This was shot near New Orleans, Louisiana. Susan Sarandon plays Sister Helen Prejean and Sean Penn plays a Louisiana inmate on death row. Dead Man Walking was well received by the movie critics. The budget was $11 million; it got back $83 million in the box office. This movie was released in December 1995 in the American theaters.

1990s crime drama movies
1995 movies
English-language movies
Mulholland Falls

Mulholland Falls is a 1996 American neo-noir crime drama movie. John Malkovich plays Thomas Timms, Melanie Griffith stars as Katherine Hoover and Jennifer Connelly plays Allison Pond. The movie is set in the 1950s in Los Angeles. It is about different types of organized crimes happening in the area.

This movie was released in April 1996 in the United States. The reviews were excellent. The box office intake was rather poor: the movie only got back almost $12 million, roughly half its budget of $29 million.

1996 movies
1990s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies directed by Lee Tamahori
Miller's Crossing

Miller's Crossing is a 1990 mystery crime drama thriller movie. Marcia Gay Harden plays Verna Bernbaum. Frances McDormand plays a secretary. The subject in the movie is Mafia related issues and crimes. The movie was released in September 1990 in the United States. The budget was over $14 million. Miller's Crossing earned back only $5 million. However, the movie was critically praised.

1990s crime thriller movies
1990 movies
English-language movies
Hudson Hawk

Hudson Hawk is an American action-adventure criminal comedy movie released in 1991. In the movie, Bruce Willis plays Hudson Hawk, David Caruso is Kit Kat and Andie MacDowell is Anna Baragli. The subject is burglary and Mafia crimes. This movie was released May 1991. The reviews were very bad. The box office performance was very poor.

Other websites 
 

1991 comedy movies
1991 crime movies
1991 action movies
1990s adventure movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
American action movies
American adventure movies
American criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Italy
Movies directed by Michael Lehmann
Emberizidae

Emberizidae is a large family of passerine birds, which are typically known as buntings in the Old World and American sparrows in the New World. They are seed-eating birds with a finch-like bill.

These birds are not closely related to the (Old World) sparrows, the family Passeridae. The family also includes the North American birds known as juncos and towhees.

The Emberizidae family probably originated in South America and spread first into North America before crossing into eastern Asia and continuing to move west. This explains the comparative paucity of emberizid species in Europe and Africa when compared to the Americas.

Like wih several other passerine families, this family's taxonomy is in a state of flux. Many genera in South and Central America are more closely related to tanager clades, and at least one tanager genus (Chlorospingus) may belong here in the Emberizidae.

References 

Passeri
Mohamed Morsi

Mohamed Morsi (, ALA-LC: Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ  ; 8 August 1951 – 17 June 2019) was an Egyptian politician. With the support of the Muslim Brotherhood he became the fifth President of Egypt on 30 June 2012. On 3 July 2012, the Egyptian defense minister Abdul Fatah Khalil Al-Sisi declared that Morsi would no longer be president, after many people who wanted him to resign began protesting.

On 16 May 2015, Morsi was sentenced to death by an Egyptian court for passing state secrets to Qatar. In 2016 a higher court overturned the death penalty, pending another trial.

On 17 June 2019, Morsi reportedly had a heart attack in a Cairo court and later died, aged 67.

References

1951 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Egyptian Muslims
Presidents of Egypt
Family Business

Family Business is a 1989 crime comedy movie which stars Dustin Hoffman, Matthew Broderick and Sean Connery. The subjects are Mafia activities, manipulation and schemes. The release date of Family Business was in December 1989. The movie got extremely negative review by critics. Its box office intake was only barely $12 million.

Criminal comedy movies
1989 movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Sidney Lumet
Boeing C-137 Stratoliner

The Boeing C-137 Stratoliner is a military variant of the Boeing 707 airliner. It is used by the US Air Force for air support, and for transport of the President of the United States and U.S. Federal Government. In this case it is known as Boeing VC-137.

C-137 Stratoliner
United States Air Force aircraft
Sikorsky VH-60N White Hawk

The Sikorsky VH-60N White Hawk is a special variant of the UH-60 Blackhawk used for transport of the President of the United States as Marine One.

Helicopters
United States Marine Corps aircraft
VH-60N
Midnight in Paris

Midnight in Paris is a 2011 American-Spanish fantasy romantic comedy movie from 2011. The cast include Kathy Bates as Gertrude, Rachel McAdams as Inez and Mimi Kennedy as Helen, Inez' mother. The subject is multiple romantic encounters. This movie was directed by Woody Allen. Midnight in Paris was released in May-June 2011 in the United States. It got very positive reviews from critics.

References

Other websites
  (US)
  (France)
 Jonathan Jones: "Midnight in Paris: a beginner's guide to modernism" The Guardian, October 11, 2011.

 
 
 Midnight in Paris at The Numbers

2011 comedy movies
2011 romance movies
2010s fantasy movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Woody Allen
Movies set in Paris
Screenplays by Woody Allen
Spanish romance movies
Spanish comedy movies
Time travel movies
American independent movies
Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet

The Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet is a French and German training aircraft. Its first flight was in October 1973. It is a twin-turbojet, two-seat aircraft built entirely of metal. It is used by the famous aerobatic team of the Patrouille de France. 

French military aircraft
German military aircraft
Cancer Ward

Cancer Ward  is a semi-autobiographical novel by Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. It was first published in 1967, and banned in the Soviet Union in 1968.

The novel tells the story of a small group of cancer patients in Uzbekistan in 1955. This was the post-Stalinist Soviet Union. It explores the moral responsibility of those who stood by whilst their fellow citizens were arrested, sent to labor camps, exiled  or executed.

Stalin's Great Purge, when millions were unjustly killed, was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union. It was orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1939. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials and the Red Army leadership, and repression of the peasants. There was widespread police surveillance, suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. In Russian historiography the period of the most intense purge, 1937–1938, is called Yezhovshchina (; literally, the Yezhov regime), after Nikolai Yezhov, the head of the Soviet secret police, the NKVD.

One of the patients had denounced a man eighteen years before to get the whole apartment they were living in together. He fears that the man, now free, might seek revenge. Others come to realize that their passivity, their failure to resist, makes them as guilty as any other. "You haven't had to do much lying, do you understand?" Shulubin tells the main character, Oleg Kostoglotov, who was in a labor camp. "At least you haven't had to stoop so low – you should appreciate that! You people were arrested, but we were herded into meetings to 'expose' you. They executed people like you, but they made us stand up and applaud the verdicts ... And not just applaud, they made us demand the firing squad, demand it!" 

Toward the end of the novel, Kostoglotov – who, like Solzhenitsyn, was forced into exile under "Article 58", which dealt with counter-revolutionaries – realizes that the damage done to him, and to Russia, was too great. There will be no healing, no normal life now that Stalin has gone. On the day of his release from the cancer ward, toward the end of the novel, he visits a zoo, seeing in the animals people he knew: "[E]ven supposing Oleg took their side and had the power, he would still not want to break into the cages and liberate them ... [D]eprived of their home surroundings, they had lost the idea of rational freedom. It would only make things harder for them, suddenly to set them free".</blockquote>

References 

Books by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1967 books
Russian novels
Canadair CL-215

The Canadair CL-215 is a Canadian sea plane dedicated to firefighting and air transport. It is a twin-engine aircraft. It is, and it was, used in Canada, France, Greece, Turkey, and USA. Bombardier CL-415 is a modernized variant.

Civil aircraft
Firefighting
Renault Trafic

The Renault Trafic is a commercial van designed and built by French company Renault from 1981 to present.

Opel and Vauxhall make the same vehicle but with different names, The names are: Opel Vivaro and Vauxhall Vivaro.

Other websites

 Renault Trafic official website 
 The original Renault Trafic as a camper van (includes a photo of the original Trafic, pre-facelift)
 Opel Vivaro official website

Front wheel drive vehicles
Buses
Vans
Trafic
Andrew Dice Clay

Andrew Dice Clay (born September 29, 1957) is an American comedian and actor. He performs stand-up comedy. He has acted in many comedy and drama movies, including Pretty in Pink and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Clay was born in Brooklyn, New York with the name Andrew Silverstein.

American movie actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York
1957 births
Living people
Renault Mascott

The Renault Mascott is a van designed and built by French company Renault from 1999 to 2010. It is also used as a minibus and fire engine. In 2010 it was replaced by Renault Master, third generation.

Renault automobiles
Front wheel drive vehicles
Buses
Vans
Get Shorty

Get Shorty is a 1995 crime-comedy movie. Rene Russo plays Karen Flores, John Travolta is Chili Palmer. Also in this movie are Bette Midler as Doris Saffrin, Harvey Keitel as himself and James Gandolfini as Bear. The subject of the movie is Mafia activities, scheming and loan sharks.

This crime comedy was released October 20, 1995 in United States theaters. The reviews were very positive. The budget was $30.25 million. It got back over $115 million in the box office.

1990s criminal comedy movies
1995 movies
English-language movies
Magic realism

Magic realism, or magical realism, is a genre where magical events invade a realistic environment. It is
"what happens when a highly detailed, realistic setting is invaded by something too strange to believe".

The surprise effect of magical realism probably stems from the Western reader's separation from mythology. Mythology is a root of magical realism more easily understood by non-Western cultures.

A characteristic of magic realism is the way a novel might start with a mundane, even boring situation. Examples of writers of magic realism are Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Miguel Ángel Asturias and Ernst Jünger. So, in Mikhail Bulgakov's short story Diaboliad, we find the central character sitting at an office in a typical Soviet organisation:
"Comrade Korotkov was working solidly in the permanent post of Chief Clerk...". 
Gradually things start to go wrong... And before long, the events seem quite unbelievable. Yet, underneath, some accurate truths about Russia in the 1920s are strongly hinted.

The genre has been applied to other art forms, but it is mostly used about fictional literature.

References 

Fiction genres
Karen Ann Quinlan

Karen Ann Quinlan (March 29, 1954 – June 11, 1985) was an important figure in a right to die controversy in the United States. She went unconscious after arriving home from a party. She had overdosed on Valium and alcohol. Whether or not she had drugs inside her system is under controversy. She later went into a persistent vegetative state and was in that condition for ten years. She was removed from ventilation in 1976 but did not die until June 1985, when she had pneumonia. Quinlan was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1954. She died in New Jersey.

Related pages
 Right to die
 Coma

Further reading

Other websites

1954 births
1985 deaths
American adoptees
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in New Jersey
People from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Right to die

The right to die is the belief that people have the right to end their own lives.  Usually, when people talk about the right to die, they are talking about the right of people with terminal illnesses to end their lives.

The right to die is very controversial.  Most arguments about the right to die focus on these questions:
 Should a person with a terminal illness be allowed to: 
 Kill themselves?
 Have somebody else help them kill themselves?
 Have a doctor give them medications that they can take to kill themselves?
 Refuse medical treatment, if doing that would cause them to die?
 Should people who have illnesses which will not kill them, but cause severe pain or suffering, have the right to die?
 Who, if anyone, has the power to make these decisions?

Hinduism accepts the right to die for anyone that has terminal diseases and have no desire to live. Other religions, however, vary in the tolerance of this right, and some call suicide a sin.

Related pages 
 Antinatalism
 Terminal illness
 Assisted suicide
 Euthanasia
 Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (the first "right to die" case in the United States)

References

Euthanasia
Controversies
Rights
Radu Vasile

Radu Vasile (10 October 1942 – 3 July 2013) was a Romanian historian, poet and politician. 

He was the 57th Prime Minister of Romania, serving from 17 April 1998 to 13 December 1999. He was also a Senator from the Democratic Party (PD) from 2000 to 2004. Aside from politics, Vasile used to write poetry under the pen name Radu Mischiu.

He died from colorectal cancer on 3 July 2013 in Bucharest.

References

Deaths from colorectal cancer
Poets
Prime Ministers of Romania
Romanian writers
1942 births
2013 deaths
The Last of the Mohicans

The Last of the Mohicans is an adventure story with an historical setting and several historical characters. It was written by James Fenimore Cooper. It was published in 1826. It is set during the French and Indian War in what is now upstate New York State.

The book's style is difficult, but the book is one of the most popular stories in the English language. It is often studied in American literature courses. It has been loosely adapted to movies, a movie serial, a television series, and made-for-television movies.

Background
The Last of the Mohicans is one of five books in a series informally known as The Leatherstocking Tales. These five books follow the life and career of a fictional American frontiersman named Natty Bumpo. Mohicans is the third in the chronological order of the story.

Cooper's sources and influences include British and American books in the Romantic literary tradition such as the Waverly books by Sir Walter Scott, travel books, and American folklore about the frontier and frontiersmen.

Main characters
 Natty "Hawkeye" Bumpo, a colonial frontiersman
 Uncas, his Mohican friend
 Chingachgook, Uncas' father
 Colonel Munro, commander of the British forces and colonial militia at Fort William Henry, and father of Alice and Cora
 Cora Munro, Colonel Munro's daughter and Uncas' beloved
 Alice Munro, Colonel Munro's daughter and Heyward's betrothed 
 Major Duncan Heyward, Alice's betrothed 
 Magua, a treacherous Huron Indian
 David Gamut, a psalm singer and teacher
 General Marquis de Montcalm, commander of the French forces

Story
The story is set in New York State in 1757 during the French and Indian War. It tells of the adventures and dangers Natty Bumpo and his two Indian friends, Uncas and Chingachgook, face as they lead Cora and Alice Munro through the wilderness between Albany and Lake George to their father at Fort William Henry. The siege of the British fort by French and Indian forces, its fall, and the subsequent Massacre at Fort William Henry are historical events against which the action takes place.

Adaptations

 
Daniel Day-Lewis plays "Nathaniel Poe" (Natty Bumpo) in a 1992 movie loosely based on the book. Randolph Scott plays Bumpo and Bruce Cabot plays Magua in a 1936 movie. Harry Lorraine plays Bumpo and Wallace Beery plays Magua in a 1920 silent movie.

A twelve chapter movie serial directed by Ford Beebe was released to theaters in 1932. It stars Harry Carey as Hawkeye (Natty Bumpo), Mischa Auer as General Marquis de Montcalm, and Yakima Canutt in several small parts.

A television series loosely based on the characters of Bumpo and Chingachgook stars John Hart and Lon Chaney, Jr. It aired for a few seasons, beginning in 1957. A television mini-series and several made-for-television movies have also aired.

References

1820s books
American novels
Black Dog

Black Dog is a 1998 action thriller movie. Patrick Swayze plays Jack Crews, Brenda Strong plays Melanie Crews. Randy Travis plays Earl. The movie is about a trucker who at first refuses a job, but then learns that his house will be repossessed unless he pays his debt. This movie was rated PG-13 when it was released in the United States in May 1998. It earned back more than USD$12 million in the box office.

Rotten Tomatoes gave Black Dog an 11% rating, meaning rotten.

References

1998 drama movies
1998 action movies
1998 thriller movies
1990s drama thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American action thriller movies
English-language movies
Trucker movies
Meat Loaf

Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27, 1947 – January 20, 2022), better known as Meat Loaf, was an American singer and singer. He played rock and roll, heavy metal and hard rock. He recorded the single "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" in late 1993. He also appeared in over fifty movies and television shows. 

Meat Loaf was born in Dallas, Texas. He went to high school in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at the University of North Texas. Meat Loaf never graduated from college and travelled to Los Angeles to start his career.

When he was 16, on the day of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Meat Loaf had met the President when he arrived at Dallas Love Field. After hearing about the assassination, he and a friend drove to Parkland Hospital where he saw Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, covered in blood, getting out of the car.

His album, Bat Out Of Hell, sold over 43 million copies. He played Eddie in the movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show.

He supported the presidential campaigns of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Mitt Romney, John McCain, Rick Santorum and Donald Trump.

Meat Loaf died on January 20, 2022 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 74. He died of problems caused by COVID-19. He criticized COVID-19 vaccinations before his death.

References

Other websites 

1947 births
2022 deaths
Actors from Dallas, Texas
American movie actors
American rock singers
American television actors
Singers from Dallas, Texas
American heavy metal singers
People from Lubbock, Texas
American musical theatre actors
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Adly Mansour

Adly Mahmud Mansour (; born 23 December 1945) is an Egyptian judge. He was the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court. In July 2013, the military deposed the now former president Mohamed Morsi, and made Mansour the interim President of Egypt. Mass protests which had taken place beforehand prompted this removal. The military made the announcement with several secular and religious leaders, such as Grand Imam of al-Azhar Dr Ahmed el-Tayeb, Coptic Pope Tawadros II and Mohamed ElBaradei. Morsi said that his removal was not valid and continued to maintain that he is the legitimate President of Egypt. Mansour was sworn into office in front of the Supreme Constitutional Court on 4 July 2013.

Mansour graduated in law, from Cairo University. He has done postgraduate education in economics and management science.

References

1945 births
Living people
Chief justices
Presidents of Egypt
Bernie Nolan

Bernadette Therese "Bernie" Nolan (17 October 1960 – 4 July 2013) was an Irish actress, singer, and television personality. She was known for being part of the Irish girl group The Nolans. 

Nolan was born on 17 October 1960 in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. She was raised in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. Nolan was married to Steve Doneathy from 1996 until her death in 2013. They had a daughter. Nolan died on 4 July 2013 from breast cancer in Surrey, England, aged 52.

References

Other websites

1960 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Dublin
Actors from Lancashire
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from breast cancer
Irish movie actors
Irish pop singers
Irish television actors
People from Blackpool
Singers from Dublin
Singers from Lancashire
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York

Home Alone 2: Lost in New York is an American family Christmas comedy movie. It is directed by Chris Columbus and produced by John Hughes. It was released on November 20, 1992. It is a sequel to the 1990 film Home Alone and is the second film in the Home Alone series.

Background
It once again stars Macaulay Culkin and features Daniel Stern, Joe Pesci, Catherine O'Hara, and John Heard. New cast includes Tim Curry, Rob Schneider, Brenda Fricker, and Eddie Bracken. The movie score was composed by John Williams. It was mostly filmed in Chicago, New York City, and Miami. Donald Trump made a cameo appearance in the movie.

Plot
The story is set about two years after the 1990 movie. At Christmas, the McCallister family go on vacation to Florida. At the airport, Kevin (Macaulay Culkin) accidentally gets separated from his family. He gets on a plane to New York City and stays at a Plaza Hotel. In New York, Kevin faces the same two burglars who had robbed his house in the first film when his family were in France: the "Wet Bandits", Marv (Daniel Stern) and Harry (Joe Pesci). They are now called the "Sticky Bandits". Kevin tries to stop them from robbing an elderly man's toy store on Christmas Eve. He traps them in his uncle's house, which is being renovated. Harry and Marv later attempt to shoot Kevin at Central Park, but a homeless pigeon lady (Brenda Fricker) throws bird seed at them causing pigeons to attack them. The burglars are caught by the police and go back to jail once again. Meanwhile, the Miami security informs the McCallisters that Kevin is in New York after being able the track the credit card that Kevin used and they take a trip there and also stay at the hotel.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 Movie Locations Guide.com - Maps and directions to Home Alone 2 Filming Locations

1990s family movies
1992 comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
American family movies
American comedy movies
Christmas movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Chicago, Illinois
Movies set in Florida
Movies shot in Chicago, Illinois
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies directed by Chris Columbus
English-language movies
Jennifer Grey

Jennifer Grey (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress. She was known for her roles in the 1980s movie such as Ferris Bueller's Day Off and Dirty Dancing. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Her father is actor Joel Grey.

Personal life
Grey was born on March 26, 1960 in New York City, New York to Joel Gray and to Jo Wilder. She studied at Dalton School. Grey has been married to Clark Gregg since 2001. They have one daughter, Stella.

Plastic surgery 
In the early 1990s, Grey had two rhinoplasty procedures—the second of which was necessary to correct problems stemming from the first. Even even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance hurt her career. Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous. It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible." 

Grey briefly thought about changing her name and starting anew, but decided against this.

Later career
From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom It's Like, You Know..., which used her much-publicized 'nose job' as a running gag.

In the 2010 season eleven of Dancing With the Stars she was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough. They won the competition.

References

Other websites

Washington Post interview

1960 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Troilus and Cressida

Troilus and Cressida is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy. Shakespeare's sources were probably Greek mythology, and also the works of Homer and Geoffrey Chaucer. The first known performance was on 7 February 1604. The first known printing of the play dates to 1609. The play is about the Trojan War and two lovers, Troilus and Cressida. 

Plays by William Shakespeare
King John (play)

King John is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a history play about King John of England. Shakespeare's source was Holinshed's Chronicles. It was probably first acted between 1596 and 1597. It was probably first printed in 1623 in the First Folio.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
Henry VIII (play)

Henry VIII is a play by William Shakespeare.  It is a history play. Shakespeare's sources were Holinshed's Chronicles and The Book of Martyrs by John Foxe. The play was first acted between 1612 and 1613. It was probably first printed in 1623 in the First Folio.

References

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
The Spanish Tragedy

The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronimo is Mad Again is a play by Thomas Kyd. It is a tragedy. The exact date the play was written is uncertain. It was probably written in the 1580s. 

Ben Jonson referred to the play in  Bartholomew Fair. This suggests that The Spanish Tragedy was staged between 1584 and 1589. A date earlier than 1588 is very likely. 

The play is about the horrific murders of the heirs to the Spanish throne. It had great influence on Elizabethan playwrights. Shakespeare may have adopted elements of the play for Hamlet.

Other websites
 Complete play

Plays
Arthur Rackham

Arthur Rackham  (19 September 1867 – 6 September 1939) was a British artist and illustrator. His work, often with fantasy or mythological elements, is still popular today.

Other websites
Rackham at Art passions 

British illustrators
1867 births
1939 deaths
Connie Nielsen

Connie Nielsen (born 3 July 1965) is a Danish actress who acts mostly in movies. She began acting in 1984. She began acting in English language movies in 1997. Her notable movies include The Devil's Advocate, Mission to Mars and for her role as Queen Hippolyta in Wonder Woman (2017) and Justice League (2017). She was born in Frederikshavn, Jutland.

References

Other websites 

Danish movie actors
Danish television actors
1965 births
Living people
Yoshi's Story

Yoshi's Story is a platform video game for the Nintendo 64 game console. It was developed and published by Nintendo. It is part of the Yoshi series. It was released in Japan on December 21, 1997, in North America on March 10, 1998, and in Europe on May 10, 1998. It was later released for the Wii's Virtual Console service in 2007 and the Wii U's Virtual Console service in 2016, and is one of the launch titles for the Nintendo Switch Online.

The game plays similar to Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island. The player moves Yoshi through many stages while collecting pieces of fruit. The goal in each stage is to fill the Fruit Frame by collecting 30 pieces of fruit. Fruit can be found in many places in a stage. They can be found lying on the stage, floating in bubbles, or carried by enemies. Players can play as eight different Yoshis. Each Yoshi has a different color.

The game takes place in a pop-up book. Each world is made from a different material, such as cardboard, fabric, plastic, and wood.

1997 video games
Platform games
Nintendo 64 games
Virtual Console games
Yoshi games
Charles S. Dutton

Charles Stanley Dutton (born January 30, 1951) is an American actor. He acts mainly in movies and television but also performs in stage plays. He acted as Willis in Cookie's Fortune and as Jake in Jacknife. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Baltimore
1951 births
Living people
Alice Braga

Alice Braga (April 15, 1983) is a Brazilian actress who has appeared in American and Brazilian movies. She played Beth in Repo Men. She also played Anna Montez in I am Legend. She was born in São Paulo, Brazil. She is the niece of the Brazilian actress Sônia Braga.

References

People from São Paulo
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian actors
1983 births
Living people
Piers Gaveston

Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall (ca. 1284 – 19 June 1312) was the favourite of King Edward II of England. Their contemporaries thought that the relationship between the two men was homosexual. The nobles of England grew jealous and angry as Gaveston rose in power. In 1312, civil war erupted. Gaveston was captured and killed. Gaveston is a major character in Christopher Marlowe's tragedy, Edward II.

Life
Gaveston was born about 1284 to a Gascon lord. About 1300, he entered the household of the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward II. The two young men were both about sixteen years old, and developed a close relationship some thought homosexual.

In 1307, Gaveston was banished by King Edward I of England, but recalled by his son when he became King Edward II in February 1308. Gaveston was made Earl of Cornwall, married Margaret, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and received money and land. 

Gaveston was regent of the kingdom during Edward's short absence in France in 1308. He played a prominent part at Edward's coronation in February. As time passed, Edward II showed Gaveston more and more favour. Powerful nobles grew jealous and angry.

These nobles managed to have Gaveston banished again, but he was quickly recalled by Edward. The nobles gathered their armies as civil war neared. Gaveston and Edward fled together, but separated at Scarborough, England. Edward went to York. Gaveston was captured. He was run through with a sword and decapitated. 

He was buried in the Dominican friary at King's Langley, Hertfordshire. In 1823, a monument was erected on the spot where Gaveston was thought to have been murdered. The inscription on the monument describes Gaveston as "the Minion of a hateful King" beheaded "by Barons as lawless as himself". Gaveston is a major character in Christopher Marlowe's tragedy, Edward II.

References
 Encyclopædia Britannica: "Piers Gaveston, earl of Cornwall"
 History Today: "Piers Gaveston Executed"
 The Telegraph: "Piers Gaveston: bending the monarch’s ear, and will" 

1200s births
1312 deaths
Assassinated people
Bisexual people
Deaths by blade weapons
Earls and countesses
English murder victims
People murdered in England
Football in Austria

Football is a popular sport in Austria. It is the second most popular sport in the country after alpine skiing. The Austrian Football Association (Österreichischer Fußball-Bund), the ÖFB, was created in 1904. It has been a member of FIFA since then. The country's national team has not been successful in tournaments. Austria has never qualified for the European championship. It did participate once in 2008, when it co-hosted the championship with Switzerland and did not need to qualify in order to play. In the World Cup, Austria has taken the fourth and third place in 1934 and 1954, respectively.

Competitions

League system
The Austrian league system is maintained by the ÖFB and its parts from the federal states. The licences for the professional leagues (Level 1 and 2) are given by the association "Austrian Football League". Below the Level 4 there are a different number of leagues depending of the federal states.

The Bundesliga is the highest national league-club competition in Austria. It has ten teams. The second level is the First Division (Erste Liga). It has twelve teams. The third levels are the regional leagues (Regionalliga), which are split into three geographical divisions:
East (Regionalliga Ost), which is made up of teams from Vienna, Lower Austria, and Burgenland
Central (Regionalliga Mitte), made up of teams from Styria, Carinthia, Upper Austria, and East Tyrol
West (Regionalliga West), made up of teams from Salzburg, North Tyrol, and Vorarlberg.
The fourth level of the league system is the state league (Landesliga).

Below shows how the current system works.

Austrian Cup

Women's football
The Austrian leagues for women football are all amateur leagues. They are also maintained by the ÖFB and its local parts in the federal states. There is also a 4th and 5th level which is organised by the local football associations.

Related pages
 Austria national football team
 Austrian Bundesliga

References

Other websites
  League321.com - Austrian football league tables, records & statistics database.
Villa

A villa was originally a style of house built for the upper classes in ancient Rome. This style of architecture has been kept and adapted upon. The villas in Italy have gradually evolved into luxurious houses. Today, the word villa can refer to many types and sizes of houses around the world.

A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably.

Related pages
Roman villa

Ancient Rome
Houses
Architecture
Yangshuo

Yangshuo is a county in China. It is on the west bank of Li River, in the southeast of Guilin, northeast of Guangxi. It is under the jurisdiction of Guilin City. It covers an area of 1428.38 sq km and 65 km from Guilin downtown. It has a total population of about 300,000.

Yangshuo has become a famous resort destination for domestic travelers and foreign travelers.  The number of foreign backpackers coming to Yangshuo is increasing.

Other websites
Yangshuo Guilin Travel Guide
Photos of Yangshuo Biking

Rivers of China
Liga Mexicana Élite

The Mexican Elite League or LME, is a top level ice hockey league based in Mexico.

The league started on October 2, 2010. The league had a goal to make Mexico known as high-level international competition in ice hockey. The league has 4 teams participating: the Mayan Astronomers, the Teotihuacan Priests, the Aztec Eagle Warriors and the Zapotec Totems. The first champions in the inaugural 2010–11 season were the Teotihuacan Priests.

Teams

Current
Mayan Astronomers (2010-present)
Teotihuacan Priests (2010-present)
Aztec Eagle Warriors (2010-present) 
Zapotec Totems (2010-present)

References

2010 establishments in North America
Ice hockey leagues
Sport in Mexico
She Stoops to Conquer

She Stoops to Conquer is a play by Oliver Goldsmith. It is a comedy. It opened on 15 March 1773 in London, England at Covent Garden Theatre. It was a great success. Like The School for Scandal and The Importance of Being Earnest, She Stoops to Conquer is a staple of classic English theatre.

The play displays the comical elements in every Englishman, especially of those who are hardly aware of their humour.

18th-century plays
1773
1770s works
The School for Scandal

The School for Scandal is a play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. It is a comedy. It was first acted at the Drury Lane Theatre in London, England on 8 May 1777. Like She Stoops to Conquer and The Rivals, The School for Scandal is a staple of classic English theatre. Samuel Barber wrote an opera based on the play.

18th-century plays
1777
1770s works
The Marriage of Figaro (play)

The Mad Day, or The Marriage of Figaro is a play by Pierre Beaumarchais. It is a comedy. It was written in 1778, and first published in 1785. Figaro was first performed at the Théâtre Français in Paris on 27 April 1784. It was a great success. The Marriage of Figaro is a sequel to the play, The Barber of Seville, and a prequel to The Guilty Mother.

Related pages
 The Marriage of Figaro (1786), an opera by Mozart based on the play

18th-century plays
1780s works
1785
Understanding Media

Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man is a 1964 book by Marshall McLuhan. It was a pioneering study in media theory. McCluhan was a Professor of literature who was deeply interested in the way media had changed society.

The book proposes that media themselves affect their content in important ways. It is an attempt to understand how changing media have affected society. McLuhan suggests that media play a role, not by the content delivered, but by the characteristics of the medium itself. 

McLuhan pointed to the light bulb as an example. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, but it is a medium that has a social effect. The light bulb lets people do things at nighttime which would be impossible in darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence". 

More controversially, he thought that content had little effect on society — for example, it did not matter if television broadcasts children's shows or violent programming — the effect of television on society would be identical. He noted that all media have characteristics that engage the viewer in different ways; for instance, a passage in a book could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened again in its entirety to study any individual part of it. He made the point that reading, by its very nature, is a sequential medium. One reads it in a sequence. On the other hand, a medium like film presents information more holistically. There is a kind of "all at once-ness" about films and television.

The book is the source of the well-known phrase "The medium is the message". It was a leading indicator of the upheaval of local cultures by increasingly globalized values. The book's influence spread much further than academics, writers, and social theorists. It was widely read. It became a corner-stone in media studies courses.

References 

1964 books
Paul Butcher, Jr.

Paul Matthew Hawke Butcher (born February 14, 1994 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as "Dustin Brooks" on the Nickelodeon television series Zoey 101.

References

1994 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American television actors