cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Oscar Peterson

Oscar Emmanuel Peterson (August 15, 1925 – December 23, 2007) was a Canadian jazz pianist. Peterson won seven Grammy Awards and was put into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1978. His career lasted for more than 65 years.

He was born in Montreal, where his father taught him to play the piano. While at high school he had lessons with a Hungarian classical pianist, Paul de Marky.

References

Other websites 
Oscar Peterson and Andre Previn - A mix of stories and music on BBC Channel 4
An album "We Get Requests" (1964) by the Oscar Peterson Trio at YouTube

1925 births
2007 deaths
Canadian musicians
Deaths from renal failure
Jazz pianists
People from Montreal
Wonder Girls

The Wonder Girls are a South Korean girl group. The Wonder Girls debuted on February 10th, 2007 on Show! Music Core, singing "Irony", the single from their debut mini-album, The Wonder Begins. The mini-album went on to become a minor hit, selling 11,454 copies in 2007. The main producer was Jin-young Park, the leader of JYP entertainment. Wonder Girls is the first female group from JYP entertainment since it was established.  Each of the five original members were selected through auditions.
The members are Yoo Bin, Ye Eun, Sun Ye, Hye Rim and So Hee. Former member 김현아 (Kim Hyuna) left in June 2007 due to health problems, and Sun Mi left in January 2010 to pursue her education. Now Sun Ye has left and Sun Mi Has rejoined.

Sohee has become a successful actress after leaving Wonder Girls.

In 2017, Yeeun and Sunmi left JYP Entertainment, resulting in the group's disbandment.

Former members

Timeline

References

Other websites

 Wonder Girls Official Korean Site 
 Wonder Girls Official English Site 
 Official Wonder Girls MySpace

South Korean musical groups
K-pop music groups
2007 establishments in South Korea
All About Lily Chou-Chou

All About Lily Chou-Chou is a Japanese movie made in 2001. The theme of this movie is Ijime(bullying). With this material, Shunji Iwai, the director, tried to describe teenagers’ sensibility and anguishes. In the movie, there is violence, bullying, rapes, suicide, murder, sympathy, confusion, and music. The entire mood is dark. Although Iwai chose this movie as his best for now and his style is well reflected, it can be hard for audiences to truly sympathize with the movie because it is lacking consideration of general audiences.

The plot
In the movie, a boy named Yuichi Hasumi loves Lily Chou-Chou’s songs. Lily Chou-Chou is an imaginary singer who plays an odd music in this movie, and her fans communicate with each other through internet site named ‘Lily-holic.’ Another fan of Lily Chou-Chou, Shusuke Hoshino, once a friend of Yuichi, was a quiet and sincere student. However, during a trip to Okiwana, he experienced some traumatic accidents related to death and his characteristics completely changes. He starts to torment other students including Yuichi. Yuichi wants to stop him but he doesn’t know how to do so and he cannot help assisting Hoshino’s misdeeds. The only solace Yuichi can find is Lily Chou-Chou’s songs.

Japanese movies
2001 movies
Byzantium (color)

Byzantium is a color that is a dark shade of purple.

The first recorded use of Byzantium as a color name in English was in 1926.

Meaning of Byzantium

 The tones of Byzantium are used to represent the Byzantine Empire.

Tones of Byzantium color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
John Galliano

John Galliano, also known as Juan Carlos Antonio Galliano-Guillén (born on November 28, 1960 in Gibraltar) is a world-renowned British fashion designer. After studying design at St. Martin's School of Art in London, he sold his French Revolution-inspired graduation collection to a London retailer shop. He launched his own line in 1984. From 1995 to 1996 he designed haute couture and ready-to-wear at the House of Givenchy. In 1996, he was appointed creative director of Christian Dior. Being in charge of Dior and his own label, he designs for six collections a year plus a mid-season line under his label "G Galliano". In 2001 Galliano was made a Commander of the British Empire. In March 2011 he was sacked from Dior because anti-semitic remarks which he made appeared on the internet, and were being investigated by the police in Paris.

Galliano's historically influenced designs are an adaptation of traditional styles into highly contemporary pieces. His shows are theatrical and his runway tableau are often likened to performance art. Thirties-influenced chiffon cut on the bias is among Galliano's signatures, as are imaginative hats. He is known for his end-of-show looks, where he stuns his audience with eccentric, avant-garde appearances in continuance with the show's inspiration.

Galliano also owns other product lines like eyewear, fragrances, jeans, lingerie and shoes. Since 2004, Galliano has collaborated with Diptyque, creating scented candles.

Galliano is openly gay.

References

Other websites 
 John Galliano Official website
 John Galliano - Biography 

1960 births
Living people
British fashion designers
British LGBT people
Gibraltar
LGBT fashion designers
Sasuke Uchiha

Sasuke Uchiha is a fictional character from the manga series Naruto, which depicts a world of ninjas. He is an important character in the manga due to the fact that the story basically revolves around Naruto, the main character, and Sasuke, Naruto's rival. Sasuke is a very popular character, there have been many polls that prove this. Merchandise based on Sasuke has also been released, ranging widely from action figures to plush dolls and even to his ninja equipment. Sasuke has also appeared in Naruto related video games and OVAs.

Background 
Sasuke is a member of the Uchiha Clan, one of the strongest clans of the village of Konoha (Also known as the hidden leaf village). When Sasuke was a little boy, he saw his older brother kill their parents. Itachi Uchiha, Sasuke’s older brother, told Sasuke that he also killed all of the other clan members to see if he was a strong ninja but that he will save Sasuke’s life because it was not even worth killing. From then on, Sasuke lived a lonely life full of hatred and destined to walk a path of an “Avatar of Revenge” and kill his brother. However, these feelings seemed to be alleviated when he befriended Naruto Uzumaki after graduating Ninja Academy. As they were working together in a team as “Genin" (which means rookie ninja), Naruto showed him what friendship and companionship were.

This ended with Sasuke's encounter with his brother. After battling Itachi, Sasuke realized that he lacked both the strength and intelligence to kill him. Later Sasuke leaves Naruto and Konoha to go to Orochimaru, one of the main antagonists of the series, to learn advanced ninja techniques and to be trained as a stronger ninja. Through mastering “Level Two of the Cursed Seal,” a restricted ninja technique, Sasuke obtains extraordinary power, thanks to is former master. Eventually, Sasuke defeats and kills his older brother only to find out that the order to massacre the Uchiha Clan was made by the elders of Konoha because the clan was destroying the peace of the entire village. However, Itachi could not kill his little brother because he loved Sasuke too much. In order for Sasuke to become able to protect himself, Itachi told Sasuke to live a life of anger and revenge which would stimulate Sasuke’s progress and allow him to become a strong ninja. After hearing about his brother, Sasuke turns his anger toward Konoha and decides to destroy the village.

Naruto is a weekly cartoon and has not ended even to this day. The adventures of Sasuke continue. The story now focuses on the reunion of the two rivals, Naruto and Sasuke. The two friends' goals conflict in that Naruto wants to protect Konoha, whereas, Sasuke plans to destroy it.

References

Further reading
Kishimoto, Masashi (2000). "Chapter 4". Naruto, Volume 1. 
Kishimoto, Masashi (2003). "Chapter 145". Naruto, Volume 17. 
Kishimoto, Masashi (2003). "Chapter 146". Naruto, Volume 17.
Kishimoto, Masashi (2004). "Chapter 179". Naruto, Volume 20. 

Naruto characters
Exclusive economic zone

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is an area in the ocean where only one country gets to look into and do economic activity, such as mining underwater resources and fishing. In the case of islands far from the mainland, EEZ starts at the coasts of the islands. Normally, EEZ goes out to 200 nautical miles (370 km), unless EEZs of two or more countries overlap. Many EEZs actually overlap; countries argue over where their outermost boundaries of EEZ should be. EEZ is prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

It is different from territorial waters in that ships and submarines from other countries can freely travel without any permission. However, this is under the condition that they are just passing by and not taking any resources. These zones were invented in the middle 20th century.

Related pages
Cod wars

References 

Economic policy
International law
Oceans
Amar Shonar Bangla

Amar Shonar Bangla (bn. আমার সোনার বাংলা, pron. [amar ʃonar baŋla]; en. "My Golden Bengal") is the national anthem of Bangladesh. Adopted in 1972, the lyrics (words) were written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1909 and the music was composed by Gagan Harkara in 1889.

History
It was originally an ode to Bangamata ('Mother Bengal'); the music is based on the melody of the folk song Āmi Kōthāy Pabo Tarē. The modern instrumental rendition was arranged by Samar Das.

Lyrics

Bengali original
Only the first two stanzas (which are highlighted in bold) are officially part of the anthem.

English translation
My golden Bengal, I love you.
Forever thy skies, thy air set my heart in tune as if it were a flute,
O mother! The aroma of the mango orchard in Falgun drives me crazy,
Ah, what a thrill!
O mother! In Ogrohayon time sees sweet smiles all through mature fields of paddy.

What beauty, what shades, what affection, what tenderness!
What a quilt have thee spread at the feet of banyan trees and along the bank of every river,
Oh mother mine, words from thy lips are like nectar to my ears.
Ah, what a thrill!
If sadness, O mother! casts a gloom on your face, my eyes are filled with tears!

Spending my childhood in your playhouse
Your dirt and soil smeared all over my body, I consider myself privileged.
The wonderful lamp you light up at dusk,
Ah, what a thrill!
I quit play and sprint back to your lap at once, O mother!

In the cattle grazing field, on the pier for crossing stream,
Shaded village walkways, serene with calling birds,
Open porch with heaped ripe paddy my life goes on.
Ah, what a thrill!
All your shepherds and farmers are my brothers.

This time I offer my head beneath your feet,
Bless me with your dust, I shall be obliged to flaunt overhead.
I shall offer you meagrely whatever I have at home,
Ah, what a thrill!
Never bother to buy you, from others, a hanging rope disguised as a crown.

Other websites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxhE2nQ3Mqw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-S2TbQLGRU

References 

Bangladesh
National anthems
Shin Seung-hun

Shin Seung-hun is a South Korean singer. He was at the top in the 1990s in the Republic of Korea. He is remembered as the "Emperor of Ballads". He made his debut in 1990 with his first album. As soon as he released his first album, he went to the top of the Korean broadcasting music chart. His album became a million seller. And his first album had won Korea's main award, the Golden Disk Award. In 1991, he released his second album, "Invisible Love". Through this album he got his nickname, "Emperor of Ballads". With this album, he was at the top of the MBC music chart for eleven weeks, and the SBS music chart for fourteen weeks. That is in the Guinness Book of World Records. This album also won a Golden Disk Award.

His first seven albums were all million sellers. And his all formula album, all 10 albums, had won the main award or the greatest award in the Golden Disk Award. He is the singer who had been at the top the most times in Korea's 1990s. And he is also a composer. He composed all his albums' title songs, and he is the composer who composed the song which had been at the top the most times. And his accumulated album sales is fifteen million. He is still actively performing and working today.

South Korean singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation

Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) is a national television network in South Korea.  Munhwa is the Korean word for "culture."

Television networks
Korean media
Travelcard Zone 1

Travelcard Zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for London's zonal system used for calculating co-ordinated inter-modal Travelcard fares within London. London is split into six (approximately concentric) zones for the purpose of determining the cost of London transport fares on the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway, but not journeys undertaken entirely by bus or tram, for which a city-wide flat fare applies.

Related pages
 Transport for London

London Underground
Acton Town tube station

Acton Town is a London Underground station in Acton, west London, served by the Piccadilly and District lines. The station is at the junction of Gunnersbury Lane (A4000) and Bollo Lane and is in Travelcard Zone 3.

Gallery

Related pages
List of London Underground stations

References

Other websites

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

District line stations
Piccadilly line stations
London Travelcard zone 3
Aldgate tube station

Aldgate tube station is a London Underground station at Aldgate in the City of London.

The station is on the Circle Line between Tower Hill and Liverpool Street. It is also the eastern terminus of the Metropolitan line. It is in Travelcard Zone 1, and its ticket office is part-time only.

Platforms 1 and 4 at Aldgate are two of the only three platforms on the network to be served exclusively by the Circle Line (the other being Platform 2 at Gloucester Road). All other Circle Line platforms are shared by the District, Metropolitan and/or Hammersmith & City Lines.

In literature

Aldgate tube station is important in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans.
In the story, Cadogan West is found dead on the tracks near the station. We later know that the body was placed on top of the train before its arrival at the station.

Gallery

Related pages
List of London Underground stations

References 

Circle line stations
Metropolitan line stations
Tube stations in the City of London
Travelcard Zone 2

Travelcard Zone 2 is the second most central zone of Transport for London's six (approximately concentric) zones system used for calculating co-ordinated inter-modal fares, and fares for London Underground and Docklands Light Railway single journeys.  A flat fare applies for journeys entirely by bus or tram. 

London Underground
London Travelcard zone 2
Aldgate East tube station

Aldgate East is a London Underground station. It is between Aldgate and Whitechapel in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

The station is in Travelcard Zone 1. It is on the Hammersmith & City Line between Liverpool Street and Whitechapel, and the District Line between Tower Hill and Whitechapel.

Image gallery

Related pages
List of London Underground stations

References

Other websites 

 London's Abandoned Tube Stations - Aldgate East

District line stations
Hammersmith & City line stations
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
London Travelcard zone 1
All Saints DLR station

All Saints DLR station is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in East London. It is named after the neaby All Saints, Poplar, a church dating from 1821-3. The station entrance is on the East India Dock Road, opposite Chrisp Street Market.

References 
 Listed as All Saints LRT station

Other websites 

 Docklands Light Railway website - All Saints station page
 Map of Poplar, 1885.
 Photograph of the platform at All Saints

London Travelcard zone 2
Docklands Light Railway stations
Travelcard Zone 3

Travelcard Zone 3 is the third-outward zone of Transport for London's zonal system used for calculating co-ordinated intermodal Travelcard fares within London. In the Travelcard zonal system, London is split into nine (approximately concentric) zones for the purpose of determining the cost of a Travelcard.  The zone is also used for pricing London Underground and Docklands Light Railway single journeys, but not journeys undertaken entirely by bus or tram, for which a city-wide flat fare applies. 

London Underground
Alperton tube station

Alperton is a London Underground station on the Uxbridge branch of the Piccadilly Line.  The station is between Sudbury Town and Park Royal. It is on Ealing Road (A4089 road) a short distance from the junction with Bridgewater Road (A4005) and is close to Alperton Bus Garage and the Paddington branch of the Grand Union Canal. The station is in Travelcard Zone 4.

Services
The typical off-peak service is a train in each direction every ten minutes. Half of northbound trains terminate at Rayners Lane and the other half continue to the terminus of the line at Uxbridge.

References

Other websites

London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 

 Showing structure of reinforced concrete roof

 With appearance marred by rooftop safety barriers

Piccadilly line stations
Transport in the London Borough of Brent
London Travelcard zone 4
Angel tube station

Angel tube station is a London Underground station in The Angel, Islington. It is on the Bank branch of the Northern line, between Old Street and King's Cross St. Pancras stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Gallery

References

Oher websites

London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 

 

Northern line stations
London Travelcard zone 1
Tube stations in the London Borough of Islington
Amersham station

Amersham station is a railway station serving Amersham in Buckinghamshire. It is in Travelcard Zone 9 (previously zone D). 

Amerhsam Station is a terminus of the Metropolitan Line branch of the London Underground. It is situated 23.7 miles (38.1 km) north west of Charing Cross and is the second most westerly station on the whole London Underground system, after Chesham

Amersham Station is also served by Chiltern Railways, which runs trains between London Marylebone and Aylesbury. From Aylesbury a shuttle service to Princes Risborough provides access to through services between Marylebone and Birmingham Snow Hill. The journey times to Central London range between 33 and 60 minutes.

Ticket barriers are in operation.

Services

Gallery

Other websites

Official London Underground website

References
 
 
 
 Station on navigable O.S. map

Metropolitan line stations
Buckinghamshire
1892 establishments in England
Travelcard Zone 5

Travelcard Zone 5 is the fifth outward zone of the Transport for London zonal system used for calculating co-ordinated inter-modal Travelcard fares within London. In this zonal system, London is split into six approximately concentric zones for the purpose of determining the cost of a Travelcard.  The zones are also used for pricing London Underground and Docklands Light Railway single journeys, but not single journeys undertaken entirely by bus or tram, for which a city-wide flat fare applies. The zones are not usually used for calculating the cost of tickets on National Rail services, but do apply to Travelcards used for such services.

London Underground
Teddy boy

A Teddy boy was a young man who dressed in a style popular in 1950s Britain. The word 'Teddy' comes from the clothes, which were a version of clothes from the Edwardian period, about 1910. That period is named after Edward VII (19011910).

Teddy boys relate to early rock and roll music. People often thought of them as rebels. The teddy boy also meant the first British culture of young people. For the first time, teenagers who were in a working class could buy clothes, a bicycle or motorcycle and entertainment. Teddyboys wore clothes that might shock older people.

Style 
The style featured a long and jacket with one row of buttons and narrow pants, "brothel creeper" shoes with thick crepe soles and pencil-thin ties. Duck-tail hairstyles were the norm. The movement was working class, and rather dandyfied. It was quite short-lived, and gave way to the mods and rockers of the early 1960s.

References 

British culture
Fashion
1950s
Kurt Busch

Kurt Thomas Busch (born August 4, 1978) is a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Race car driver from Las Vegas, Nevada. He drives the No. 1 Chevrolet for Chip Ganassi Racing. Busch has raced for Roush Fenway Racing, Penske Racing, Stewart-Haas Racing and Phoenix Racing. He has won one NASCAR Sprint Cup Championship, which he won in 2004. In 2014, Busch raced in the Indianapolis 500, where he finished in sixth place. The Indianapolis 500 was Kurt Busch's first try at racing in the IndyCar Series.

References

1978 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Las Vegas, Nevada
Strike zone

The strike zone is the area over home plate through which a pitch must pass to be called a strike, roughly between the batter's armpits and knees. The Strike Zone shall be determined from the batter's stance as the batter is prepared to swing at a pitched ball. The strike zone in baseball is a tricky subject as the strike zone changes with each batter. Accordingly, there is no "automatic" strike zone and much of what is a strike or not a strike is left to the judgement of the home plate umpire.

In short, the strike zone extends from the batters' knees to the letters across the front of his uniform.
To be called a strike, the pitcher must throw the baseball across home plate, an area 17 inches wide (0.4318 meters), and between the knees and letters as indicated.
In professional baseball, a player who stands 5' 6" tall (1.67 meters), for example, will have a much smaller strike zone that will a 6' 4" (1.93 meters) homerun hitter.
Moreover, the focus is not on where the ball is caught by the catcher, but rather where the ball is as it passes the front of home plate.

Related pages
At bat

References
Strike Zone MLB website.
John Walsh, "Strike Zone: Fact vs. Fiction," The Hardball Times, July 11, 2007.

Baseball rules
Team Penske

Team Penske is a auto racing team the IndyCar Series and NASCAR. The team is owned by Roger Penske. Penske Racing has one Indy Racing League championship and several more in other forms of open wheel racing

IndyCar
Team Penske joined the IndyCar circuit in 1968 with driver Mark Donahue, who won the team's first race at Indianapolis in 1972. By the late 1980s, the team had become one of the highest rated in IndyCar, and hired drivers like Emerson Fittipaldi, Rick Mears, and Al Unser Jr. to name three. In the early 1990s, Penske won many races and has continued to be a force in the series ever since. In 2003, they switched to the Indy Racing League, now known as the IndyCar Series, and hired Sam Hornish Jr. and Gil de Ferran to drive. Both won championships. Even though Penske has not won a championship since 2006, the team is always one of the fastest in the series. In 2014, their drivers will be Juan Pablo Montoya who left NASCAR to move to open wheel racing, three time Indy 500 winner Hélio Castroneves, and top ranked Australian driver Will Power. The team's headquarters are in Mooresville, North Carolina.

NASCAR 
Team Penske also runs a NASCAR team, which used to be called Penske Racing South until last year. Although this team has not been as successful as Penske's IndyCar program, it has had some big wins. Ryan Newman won the Daytona 500 for Penske in 2008 and Brad Keselowski won a Sprint Cup title while driving for the team in 2012. Keselowski will be joined by Joey Logano at the team in 2014.In 2018 Ryan Blaney joins in the 3rd car the 12. Joey Logano won the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Championship in 2018.

Other Motorsport Activities 
Penske was involved in Formula 1 in the 1970s, with John Watson as their most famous driver. Penske also had a highly successful sports car program in the 2000s. This team ran Porsche sports cars with great success. Their drivers included Timo Bernhard, Romain Dumas, and Sacha Maassen. Penske stopped running this team in 2009.

Drivers 
 Juan Pablo Montoya
 Hélio Castroneves
 Will Power
 Brad Keselowski
 Joey Logano

References

NASCAR
Formula One constructors
1968 establishments
2009 disestablishments
IndyCar Series
Chupa Chups

Chupa Chups is a Spanish confectionery company which was started in 1957. Enric Bernat had the idea of caramel on a stick because many children ate a lot of caramels and this caused their hands to get dirty. The company had much success.  

Chupa Chups was sold outside of Spain in the 1970s. It now does business in over 150 countries. These include Russia, Japan, Germany, Mexico, Australia and the United States. 
 
Chupa Chups began with seven flavours. This number has grown since then.

The logo of the company is a daisy with the name of the company inside. It was an designed by Salvador Dalí in 1969.

References

Other websites 
 Chupa Chups site

Companies of Spain
Food companies of Europe
Big Bang (band)

BIGBANG (, ) is a Korean boy band. The current members of the group are G-Dragon, Taeyang, T.O.P and Daesung. Former member Seungri left the group and the entertainment industry in 2019. Since their debut in 2006, they have become one of the most popular groups in Korea. BIGBANG has been praised numerous times for their musical talent. The group was planning a comeback in 2020 with a performance at the Coachella festival, however it was cancelled because of the Coronavirus.

Members
 G-Dragon (Kwon Jiyong ) - Leader, Main Rapper, Vocalist,  Dancer, Face Of The Group
 T.O.P (Choi Seung-hyun ) - Lead Rapper, Vocalist, Visual
 Taeyang (Dong Young-bae ) - Main Vocalist, Main Dancer
 Daesung (Kang Daesung ) -  Lead Vocalist
 Seungri (Former member, 2006-2019) (Lee Seung-hyun ) - Vocalist,  Lead Dancer, Maknae

Discography

Singles
"First Single"  - August 28, 2006
"BigBang is V.I.P"  - September 28, 2006
"Bigbang 03"  - November 21, 2006
"My Heaven"  - June 24, 2009
"Gara Gara GO!!"  - July 8, 2009
"Let Me Hear Your Voice"  - November 4, 2009
"Tell Me Goodbye"  - June 9, 2010
"Beautiful Hangover"  - August 25, 2010
"Alive"  - March 28, 2012

EPs (mini albums)
Always  - August 16, 2007
Hot Issue  - November 22, 2007
For The World  - January 4, 2008
With U  - May 28, 2008
Stand Up  - August 8, 2008
Tonight  - February 24, 2011
Alive  - February 29, 2012

Albums
Bigbang Vol.1  - December 21, 2006
Number 1  - October 22, 2008
Remember  - November 5, 2008
BIGBANG  - August 19, 2009
BIGBANG 2  - May 12, 2011
Alive  - March 28, 2012

Concert albums
1st Live Concert Album - The Real - February 8, 2007
2nd Live Concert Album - The Great - February 29, 2008
2009 Big Bang Concert Live Album - Big Show - April 22, 2009
2010 Big Bang Concert Live Album - Big Show - June 23, 2010
MADE -2015

References

Other websites 

  
  
 Information about Korean artists 
 
 Big Bang's channel on YouTube

South Korean boy bands
K-pop music groups
2006 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Hélio Castroneves

Hélio Castroneves (born Hélio Castro Neves; May 10, 1975) is a Brazilian racecar driver. Until 2020, Castroneves raced for Team Penske in the IndyCar Series. He has won the Indy 500 four times. Castroneves won Dancing with the Stars in 2007 with his partner Julianne Hough. Castroneves drove for Team Penske since he entered the Indycar series in the late 1990s. Even though he has many race wins, Castroneves has never won an IndyCar Series championship. Castroneves lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Racing Career 
Castroneves was born and raised in Brazil and was successful in karting there. He moved to Europe to keep racing and was a top driver in British Formula 3, which many racing experts say is a "stepping stone" to a career in a higher series such as F1 or IndyCar. He began racing in the United States in what was then the CART series in the late 1990s and struggled at first. However, in 2000, he got a big break when Team Penske signed him after Greg Moore, who the team originally wanted to drive for them, died in a racing accident in 1999. He joined the team in 2000 and has remained there ever since. In 2001, he won the Indianapolis 500, one of the most important events in the racing world. At the event, he famously climbed the protective fence at the side of the track. The following year he won again in a very controversial finish where it wasn't clear whether Castroneves or rival Paul Tracy had won. Castroneves was declared the winner, but many people believe Tracy was the rightful winner. Tracy has not gotten along with Castroneves since then and has called him a "two time winner", leaving out his 2002 win. Castroneves has always been a top driver and finished second in IndyCar Series points in 2008. The following year he won the Indy 500 for a third time. In 2009, the IRS charged Castroneves with tax evasion. After a trial, Castroneves was acquitted by a jury.

References

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian racecar drivers
Changdeokgung

Changdeokgung is one of the five grand palaces in South Korea. They are Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Deoksugung, Changgyunggung, and Gyeonghuigung. The five grand palaces were not built at the same time. Changdeokgung was built as the secondary palace next to Gyeongbokgung. The construction began by King Taejong, the Third King of the Joseon Dynasty, in 1405. Taking 7 years to complete, it was finished in the year 1412.

The word Changdeokgung means 'the palace of prospering virtue'. Because of the meaning of the name of the palace, the kings of Joseon Dynasty chose mostly Changdeokgung to live in.

The palace had been the home of 14 kings of Joseon Dynasty until it was totally destroyed by the Japanese army in the year 1592. After the Japanese were driven back by the combined forces of Korea and China, Changdeokgung was rebuilt in 1612. After the reconstruction, the palace had suffered little damage and became the primary royal court of the Joseon Dynasty. This was because Gyeongbokgung was also destroyed by the Japanese but the Joseon Dynasty did not rebuild it for some reason and the Changdeokgung became the biggest palace in Korea.

However, Changdeokgung had suffered some damage for 350 years after the reconstruction. As a result, a large scale restoration took palace from 1990 to 1999. This restoration shows how much the Korean people loved Changdeokgung. Apparently, the UNESCO saw its value as well. Seeing Changdeokgung as a vital global asset, UNESCO listed it as a World Cultural Heritage. The UNESCO said that Changdukgung 'was outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design'.

Changdeokgung is in a park in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea.  There are total of 13 buildings remaining in all and the area is designated as Historical Site No. 122. Tourists from all around the world visit this historic site. Changdeokgung is also an enjoyable park for families to spend their weekends.

Palaces
Buildings and structures in Seoul
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
Korea University

Korea University is a private university in Seoul, South Korea. Along with Seoul National University and Yonsei University, KU is one of the three most renowned universities in the country, collectively known as 'SKY.'

Founded in 1905 with the struggle against Japanese colonialism as a historical background, Korea University holds its legacy with highly national values as priorities. These days, however, an emphasis on internationalism and globalization is also becoming an important value that KU pursues.

Korea University has 81 academic departments, and is most well known for its law school, business school, and college of education. 
It has many notable alumni, including the former President of the Republic of Korea Lee Myung-bak and former mayor of Seoul Oh Se-hoon. 
Cha Bum-Kun, famous football manager and former player (nicknamed Tscha Bum), graduated from KU.
In 2009, famous figure skater Kim Yu-Na entered Korea University as a physical education major. 
About 28,000 students are currently studying in Korea University, including 1,000 foreign students.

Other websites 
Korea University

Schools in South Korea
1905 establishments
20th-century establishments in South Korea
1900s establishments in Asia
Joseph-Armand Bombardier

Joseph-Armand Bombardier (April 16, 1907 – February 18, 1964) was a Canadian inventor famous for inventing the snowmobile.  In 2000, Joseph-Armand Bombardier was honnoured by the government of Canada with his image on a postage stamp.

Childhood
Joseph-Armand was born in 1907 in Valcourt, Quebec. As a child he loved to take things apart and put them back together. He was very good at building mechanical things.  He built his first moving toy at the age of 13. His father had to hide the family car from him because he liked to take apart and re-build the motor. To keep him away from the family car, his father gave him an old car that didn't work.  Joseph-Armand fixed the motor, and put it on old sleds and created the first snow vehicle.

When he was 17 years old he convinced his father to let him quit college and become a mechanic. He continued to study mechanics and electrical engineering at night school.

Inventions
His first patent was for a sprocket wheel and track system in 1937.  This system would help him to make the first snowmobile the B7.  These first snowmobiles were used by doctors, veterinarians, innkeepers and funeral directors to get around in the winter. Bombardier went on to design bigger snowmobiles that would carry up to 12 people.

During the War, he made snowmobiles and armoured tracked vehicles for the Canadian Government. 

 Because of this, his company began to grow. In the 1970s, it began making airplanes and trains and became the large multi-national corporation now called Bombardier Inc.

He is a member of the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame.

Further reading

Related pages
 Bombardier Recreational Products
 Snowmobile

References

Other websites
  J. Armand Bombardier Museum
 Joseph-Armand Bombardier  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
 CBC's Bombardier: The Snowmobile Legacy
 Heritage Minute about Joseph-Armand Bombardier

1907 births
1964 deaths
Canadian inventors
People from Quebec
Earthship

An Earthship is a type of house that is built with natural and recycled materials with energy conservation in mind. Designed by the architect Michael Reynolds and his company Earthship Biotecture, it is built to produce water and electricity for its own use. Mainly made of earth-filled tires it takes advantage of thermal mass, natural heat insulation and ventilation to maintain its temperature. Since it does not require any public utilities such as gas, electricity, water or sewage it can be considered as an off-the-grid housing, meaning that it can live away from public utilities.

An Earthship does not require external support to sustain itself. Instead, it is built to use resources available from its natural surroundings. For example, windows are placed so that sunlight is shone inside the house to be used for heating. Electricity is generated by solar panels and stored in batteries. The roofing collects rainwater that is filtered and used for drinking and various household activities such as cooking and washing. Used water from sinks and showers is reused to water indoor plants and after that for toilet flushing.

Earthships can adapt to different climates and are being build worldwide. In North- and South America, the Carribeans, Asia, Africa and Europe. Construction drawings and training should enable people to build their own off-the-grid Earthship home and become independent from public and commercial utilities.

References

Other websites 
NaveTierraMDQ, Project in Mar del Plata, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina
Earthship Biotecture

Houses
Matt Kenseth

Matt Kenseth (born March 10, 1972) is an American race car driver. He drove for Joe Gibbs Racing and Roush Fenway Racing before he retired. In 2003, Kenseth won the NASCAR Winston Cup Championship.

References

NASCAR drivers
1972 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
Daytona 500 winners
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
Kittanning, Pennsylvania

Kittanning () is a borough and the county seat of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is 44 miles (71 km) northeast of Pittsburgh,  and is by the Allegheny River.

History

Kittanning is along the Allegheny River. It was originally a Native American village in the 18th century. In 1756, the village was destroyed by John Armstrong, Sr. at the Battle of Kittanning during the French and Indian War. During the attack, a blast from the explosion of gunpowder stored in Captain Jacobs's house was heard in Pittsburgh, 44 miles away.

In 1900, 3,902 people lived in Kittanning, and in 1910, there were 4,311 people living in the area. After Wickboro became part of Kittanning, an estimated 10,000 people lived in Kittanning in 1914. In 1930, there were 7,808 people; in 1940, 7,550. The amount of people living in Kittanning was 4,787 at the 2000 census. Kittanning is the county seat of Armstrong County.

The playground on North Jefferson Street was formerly the Kittanning Cemetery; 274 graves were moved in 1960 to a new cemetery on Troy Hill Road.

Notes and references

Other websites
 Armstrong County Tourist Bureau 

County seats in Pennsylvania
1724 establishments
Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Settlements established in the 18th century
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
Gastric dumping syndrome

Gastric dumping syndrome, also called dumping syndrome, and rapid gastric emptying, is when food or water passes through the body too fast. It can cause cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, feeling dizzy, nausea, and feeling tired.

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Richard Peddie

Richard A. Peddie (born January 1947) is a Canadian businessman. He is the former president and CEO of Maple Leafs Sports and Entertainment.

References

1947 births
Living people
Canadian sportspeople
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Webmail

Webmail (or Web-based e-mail) is an e-mail service which is usually accessed through a web browser, instead of an email client such as Microsoft Outlook. Some well known versions are Gmail, Windows Live Mail and Yahoo! Mail. One of the advantages of using web-based e-mail, as with other Cloud computing is that users needn't have their own computer. They can access and write their mail from anyone else's computer that has a web browser connected to the internet. 

Internet
E-mail
Club Penguin

Club Penguin was a massively multiplayer online game that was available to play online. It was owned by The Walt Disney Company starting in October 2005 before it was shut down in late March 2017. Club Penguin started as a chat room called Penguin Chat by Rocketsnail Games. The game was replaced by a freemium mobile application called Club Penguin Island, which did not receive the success that the original online game had.

Gameplay 
Club Penguin was an online virtual world for all ages, where players could talk and meet with each other. Parties were held once a month with a different theme every time. Players could play games to earn coins.

There were also several rooms in Club Penguin. A player would usually land in the town whenever they logged on. All players gathered at the town. By walking or by using the map, players could visit other places.

Membership 
Like most online games, Club Penguin had a membership which can only be purchased online or through a special card that was purchased from the store. As a member, a player could buy furniture, adopt more puffles, and get access to member-only bonuses.

Puffles 

Puffles were the penguin's pets. Non-members could only buy a red puffle and a blue puffle, but members could adopt all 20 puffles in different colors. A puffle that was not well cared for by its owner will leave its owner and return to the wild. Puffles had food, hats, and toys which could be bought in the game.

Games 

There were many games on Club Penguin. Each game had different controls. Some games are controlled by the mouse, while other games were controlled by the keyboard. At the end of a game, the player earns a certain amount of coins, depending on how fast and/or how well the game was played.

Video games 
There are some video games based on Club Penguin. These include the following:
 Club Penguin: Elite Penguin Force 
 Club Penguin: Elite Penguin Force: Herbert's Revenge for Nintendo DS 
 Club Penguin: Game Day for Wii

References

Other websites 
Club Penguin website
Club Penguin Wiki 
Club Penguin Wikia

Online games
Disney video games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Crush syndrome

Crush syndrome is a very bad health condition. It involves major shock and kidney failure because of the skeletal muscles being crushed. This condition can cause death.

Syndromes
Shock

Shock may refer to:

Medical conditions
Shock (circulatory), a circulatory medical emergency
Acute stress reaction, often termed 'shock' by laypersons, a psychological condition in response to terrifying events
Post-traumatic stress disorder, a long-term complication of acute stress reaction

Other meanings
Shock (economics), an unexpected or unpredictable event that affects an economy
Shocks (Image Processing)
Electric shock
Shock (mechanics)
short for "Shock absorber"
Shock wave, one example being a sonic boom
Shock site, a website that is intended to be offensive or shocking to most viewers
Shock tactics, a close quarter battle tactic, usually done by specially trained shock troops.
Shock troops, troops trained for shock tactics, usually heavy cavalry or infantry
The Detroit Shock, a professional women's basketball team
Shock (Cooking Technique), to quickly stop the cooking process of blanched items by plunging them in ice water.

Last names
Aaron Schock, member of the U.S. House of Representatives representing the 18th district of Illinois.

In the arts
Shock (troupe), a rock/mime/burlesque/music troupe
Shock (1946 movie), a movie starring Vincent Price
Shock (1977 movie), a 1977 Italian movie
Shock (novel), a 2001 book by Robin Cook
Shock (2004 movie), a 2004 Tamil movie starring Prashanth Thyagarajan
Shock (2006 movie), a 2006 Telugu movie
The Shock (1923 movie), a 1923 silent movie
Shock Records, an Australian record label

Related pages
Culture shock
Future shock
Sticker shock
Combat stress reaction, or "shell shock"
Culture shock

Culture shock is a feeling that people have when they are in a different place or experiencing a culture that is different from their own. Many times, the feelings that come with culture shock are confusion, feeling out of place, anxiety, and homesickness. These feelings come from adjusting to the new culture or place, which can be very difficult for some people. Adjustment is especially hard when the change of environment and culture is in a foreign country. It is difficult for people to know what is appropriate and what is not in an unfamiliar place.

Signs and symptoms 

 Frustration
 Tiring easily and sleeping a lot

 Feelings of loneliness and not being motivated

 Negative attitude towards host culture

 Extreme homesickness

Dealing with culture shock 
It is important to understand and identify the symptoms of culture shock so that it can be worked through. The feelings and symptoms that are a result of culture shock are not always caused by one event alone. Many times, it is more than one event over time that leads to overwhelming feelings and emotions. Sometimes it is difficult to identify feelings and emotions as symptoms of culture shock because they can often be confused with other things. There are some different strategies for coping and working through culture shock. Keeping active, making friends with the host country’s locals, and staying positive are all good methods to improve the ability to deal with culture shock.

Reverse culture shock 
Reverse culture shock is like culture shock but is experienced when someone returns to their original home after being away for a long period of time. Reverse culture shock can be unexpected because people expect their home to be the same as when they left. This makes it harder for someone to readjust to the change in their home culture and environment. Usually, a longer period of time spent away from home means a longer adjustment period after returning home. Reverse culture shock can be worked through by talking with others, doing things that are a reminder of the foreign place or culture, and staying positive.

References 

Culture shock
Modern dance

Modern dance is related to ballet, but aims at different types of performance, as compared to the classical ballets. Many of its dancers have been trained in ballet, and modern dance companies are rather similar to ballet companies. Here the word "modern" is not used to mean "recent". Modern dance is over a century old, having begun (in this sense) around 1900.

The phrase 'modern dance' is also applied to ballroom dance of the English (now 'International') style. However, this page uses Modern dance as a term to describe 20th century concert dance, on stage. The modern dance style does not have set rules. Modern dancers often create their own dance routines using their emotions and moods but, on the other hand, many performances are choreographed.

Also modern dancing does not require specific costumes. So modern dancers often dance barefoot and choose whatever they want to wear. Modern dancers try to show their innermost emotions through dancing, often trying to get closer to their inner-selves. Modern dance has evolved continually. Artistic content has changed and shifted from one choreographer to another, as have styles and techniques.

History 
Modern dance was developed in the 20th century, mainly in the United States and Germany. In the early 1900s, several female dancers began rebelling against the strict rules of classical ballet.

The pioneers of modern dance in the United States were Isadora Duncan, Loie Fuller, Ruth St. Denis and Martha Graham. The pioneers of Germany were Rudolf Von Laban and Mary Wigman.

References

Further reading 
Bedinghaus, Treva. What is modern dance? About.com
Love P. 1997. Modern dance terminology: the ABC's of modern dance as defined by its originators. Independent Publishers. 

Dance types

es:Danza moderna
Epik High

Epik High is a South Korean hip hop music group. They are well known for having combined genres and different styles of hip-hop throughout their career and for the quality of their music and the lyrics to their songs. Group members are Tablo, DJ Tukutz and Mithra Jin. They made their first recording in 2003, and started their own music label, Map the Soul, in 2009. They went on a World Tour to Japan, Korea and U.S.A. (April 26 ,2009 ~ May 23, 2009). The label was acquired by Woolim Entertainment, their former label. But soon the contract between them and their company ended and they are now the members of 
YG Entertainment.

Members 

 Tablo (Lee Seon-woong , or "Supreme T")
 DJ Tukutz (Kim Jeong-sik , or "Street T")
 Mithra Jin (Choi Jin , or "Sleeping M")

Recordings  
2003 Map of the Human Soul 
2004 High Society 
2005 Swan Songs 
2006 Black Swan Songs 
2007 Remapping the Human Soul 
2008 Pieces, Part One 
2008 Lovescream 
2009 魂: Map the Soul
2009 Remixing The Human Soul
2009 [e]
2010 epilogue 
2012 "99"
Other: Rideback ライドバック Soundtrack (Japanese anime)

Awards

2005 
Mnet KM Music Festival Best Hip Hop Award 
Golden Disk Awards Best Hip Hop Award 
KBS Artist of the Year 
SBS Best Hip Hop Award

2007 
Mnet KM Music Festival Album of the Year, Best Hip Hop Award 
Golden Disk Awards Artist of the Year 
KBS Artist of the Year

2008 
Mnet KM Music Festival Best Hip Hop Award, Best Lyricist Award 
Seoul Music Awards Album of the Year, Artist of the Year 
Korea Music Awards Hip Hop Album of the Year, Viewer's Choice Award

References 

 http://www.ygfamily.com

South Korean musical groups
2003 establishments in South Korea