cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Decision theory

Decision theory is a mathematical theory about how to best reach a decision. This is done using probability theory, statistics and logical reasoning. A decision can be made in different ways. Decision theory usually picks the best decision by looking at the consequences each way to decide might have. 

In most cases, decision theory is normative and prescriptive. Most of the time, it assumes the decision maker has perfect knowledge. Decision makers know all the consequences, and case take the best pick. 

There are three branches of decision theory:
 Normative decision theory: The decision makers take rational choices. There is also a set of axioms that describe the decision process. This allows to reach a decision through the use of logic. This describes how to reach a decision.
 Prescriptive decision theory: This tries to help people reach better decisions, through the use of models to follow. Humans have only limited capabilities to reach a decision. This is taken into account. 
 Descriptive decision theory looks at the way decisions are taken in real life, and tries to improve the process. 

Decision theory can also be classified as follows:
 Choice under certainty: The decision maker knows all possible alternatives, and can exactly say at what probability each occurs. The decision maker chooses the action that will result in the most desirable outcome.
 Choice under uncertainty: There are several outcomes for each action, depending on the state of nature. The outcome corresponding to the chosen action are uncertain, but the probabilities associated with each outcome is known. 

Fields of mathematics
University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany

The University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany is a national university in France. It is located in the city of Rennes. It was created in 1969.

Faculties 
They are 5 faculties:
Faculty of foreign languages
Faculty of social sciences
Faculty of Human sciences
Faculty of Arts, Humanities, and communication
Faculty of sports.

Other websites 
official website

Colleges and universities in France
Rennes
1969 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in France
Gypsophila paniculata

Gypsophila paniculata is a species of perennial plant, a plant that lives for more than two years. The common name, a name that is in general use, is baby's breath.

Description
The height of the species 2 to 3 feet long and the width of the species is 2 to 3 feet long. The species blooms anytime from April to August. The color of the flowers are white. The plant needs sunlight from the full sun meaning direct sunlight. The species is a herbaceous plant, has leaves and stems that die down at the end of the growing season to the soil level and have no woody stem above the ground.

Habitat
The species is native to Central Europe and Siberia.

Poisonous
The species is poisonous. The poisonous parts of the plant are the flowers and the rest of the plant are poisonous when they are dry. The species can cause eye irritation, sinus irritation meaning in the nasal cavity, or asthma after the plant is repeatedly handled. The plant can also cause minor, a lesser effect, skin irritation that only lasts for a few minutes.

References

Caryophyllaceae
Xiongnu

The Xiongnu () were nomads who lived north of China from about 3rd century BC to 460s AD. Their lands were very infertile, so they tried to attack China many times. As this was very irritating, the first emperor of China (Qin Shi Huang) built the Great Wall of China around 214 to 206 BC to keep them out. Some Han dynasty emperors tried to stop the wars and make friends with them, but they still tried to attack the Chinese borders.

At first, it was believed that they were related to the Huns, and currently many people still believe this. In old times, nomadic tribes often travelled and lived together, even tribes speaking different languages. Around 60 BC, there was a struggle for power, and the Xiongnu broke up into five smaller tribes.

In 202 AD, the leader of the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to Prime Minister Cao Cao of the Han dynasty.

They are part of the Mongolian people now, or some of them have migrated to China for a better life.

The Han dynasty sent unrelated women falsely labeled as princesses and members of the Han imperial family when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu.

The Xiongnu practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials. The older sister of the Chanyu (the Xiongnu ruler) was married to the Xiongnu General Zhao Xin, the Marquis of Xi who was serving the Han dynasty. The daughter of the Qiedihou Chanyu was married to the Han Chinese General Li Ling after he surrendered and defected. The Yenisei Kirghiz Khagans claimed descent from Li Ling. Another Han Chinese General who defected to the Xiongnu was Li Guangli who also married a daughter of the Chanyu. The Han Chinese diplomat Su Wu married a Xiongnu woman given by Li Ling when he was arrested and taken captive. Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian married a Xiongnu woman and had a child with her when he was taken captive by the Xiongnu. Han Emperor Wu dispatched the Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.

The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the Chinese general Li Ling, grandson of the famous Han dynasty general Li Guang. Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang royal Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang Imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan Are (阿熱) invaded Uyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to Chang'an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).

References

Ethnic groups in Asia
History of China
Nomadic people
3rd-century BC establishments
5th-century disestablishments
InuYasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time

InuYasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time is the first anime movie for the manga series InuYasha.

References

Other websites 
 Anime Classics Zettai!: 100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces
 DVD Vision Japan 

Anime
2001 movies
Japanese-language movies

ja:犬夜叉 (映画)#犬夜叉 時代を越える想い
Litmus paper

Litmus paper is a mixture which is made from different dyes which can be taken from lichens. It is water-soluble. It is used to tell whether a solution is an acid or an alkali.

Litmus paper is put onto filter paper. The paper can then be used to give a rough indication of the pH value of a solution. Blue litmus paper will turn red, when acid is present; red litmus paper will turn blue when alkalines are present. At room temperature, this usually happens for PH values between 4.5 and 8.3.

Alternatively, a solution can be prepared which works the same way, but does not need the paper.

Related pages 
pH Indicator

Chemical compounds
Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
Psychopathic Records

Psychopathic Records is a record label based in Royal Oak, Michigan. It was founded in 1991 by Alex Abbiss and Horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse. The company is currently distributed by Fontana Distribution.

The Psychopathic Records mascot is Hatchetman.

Psychopathic's current signed artists

Insane Clown Posse
Twiztid
Blaze Ya Dead Homie
Anybody Killa
Boondox
Dark Lotus
Mike E. Clark

Other websites 
Psychopathic Records official website

American record labels
Gene Snitsky

Eugene Alan "Gene" Snisky (born January 14, 1970 in Nesquehoning, Pennsylvania) better known by his ring name Snitsky, is an American actor and retired professional wrestler, best known for the four years he spent with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). 

Snitsky was released from his WWE contract on December 11, 2008. Snitsky announced his retirement from wrestling on June 22, 2018.

In wrestling

Finishing moves
Fireman's carry swinging side slam
Pumphandle slam

Signature moves
Chokeslam
Elbow drop
Fallaway slam
High knee
Running big boot
Scoop slam
Sidewalk slam

Entrance themes
"Hell Camp" by Chris Tsangarides (2004-2005)
"Not My Fault" by Jim Johnston (WWE; 2005-2006)
"Unglued" by Jim Johnston (WWE; 2007-2008)

References

Former WWE wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
1970 births
Living people
Scottsboro Boys

The Scottsboro Boys were 9 young African-American men who were accused of a rape that they did not do and who were punished for it. A jury found them guilty even though the woman who accused them of rape admitted during the trial that it did not happen. This happened in Alabama in the 1930s.

American civil rights
Independence Hall

Independence Hall is a historic building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  It is called Independence Hall because the Declaration of Independence was passed there.  The United States Constitution was also written there.  It served as the capital of the United States several times, mostly during the Revolutionary War.  It was also the meeting place of the state legislature of Pennsylvania.  It is a World Heritage Site.  It is on the back of the $100 bill.

The Liberty Bell was originally in the bell tower of the building.

Abraham Lincoln's funeral included coming to Independence Hall, where over 300,000 people viewed the president's body.

Inside the building 

Buildings and structures in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
World Heritage Sites in the United States
Cartman Gets an Anal Probe

"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" is the first episode for the first season of South Park. It was first shown on Comedy Central in the United States on August 13, 1997. The episode introduces the main characters, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. They try to rescue Kyle's brother Ike from a group of aliens.

Plot
Stan, Kenny, Cartman, Kyle and his little brother, Ike, are standing at the bus stop. Cartman tells them about the dream about getting abducted by aliens. The boys tell Cartman that it was not a dream and that he was actually abducted by aliens, but Cartman refuses to believe them. Chef drives up and asks the boys if they saw the space ship appearing in the sky. He tells stories about aliens performing anal probes. As the boys get on the bus and drive off they discover the aliens abducting Ike.

The boys are in the cafeteria and after Chef sees a machine emerge from Cartman's rear-end, Chef helps the boys escape the school to save Ike by pulling the fire alarm. They escape outside and Cartman believes that being abducted by aliens was a dream until he is hit by a beam that makes him sing and dance and space ship appears. When Kyle throws a rock at the ship, it fires back and hits Kenny, who ends up getting killed by a herd of cows and a police car.

Stan, Kyle and Wendy Testaburger meet at Stark's Pond and Wendy suggests that they use the device in Cartman's rear-end to contact the aliens, the boys tie Cartman to a tree and a big satellite dish emerges from Cartman's rear-end. The spaceship appears and Ike leaps to safety. The aliens then begin to talk to the cows seeing them as the smartest species on the planet and Cartman is abducted once again, but is returned to the bus stop the next day.

Other websites
Episode's official page 

South Park episodes
1997 television episodes

it:Episodi di South Park (prima stagione)#Cartman si becca una sonda anale
sv:Lista över avsnitt av South Park#Säsong 1: 1997–1998
Gin and Juice

"Gin and Juice" is a song by Snoop Doggy Dogg and produced by Dr. Dre, The song pay homage to Seagrams and Tanqueray gin and features Daz Dillinger. The video for "Gin and Juice" features Snoop Dogg wearing hockey jerseys from the Pittsburgh Penguins and the defunct Springfield (MA) Indians of the American Hockey League. The music video was also fourth on MTV2 and XXL's list of the 25 Greatest West Coast Videos.

1994 songs
Songs about drugs
Jordan Hendry

Jordan Hendry (born  February 23, 1984 in Nokomis, Saskatchewan) is an Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Straubing Tigers of the DEL.

He played college ice hockey with the University of Alaska Fairbanks Nanooks. Hendry has played in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Blackhawks from four seasons and the Anaheim Ducks for 2 games. He has also played for HC Lugano of the National League A.

Hendry won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks on June 9, 2010 which he took to his hometown of Nokomis.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
American Hockey League players
Swedish Hockey League players
Joe McElderry

Joe McElderry (born 16 June 1991) is an English singer. He was born in South Shields, Tyne and Wear. He won the 2009 series of singing competition The X Factor UK. He is openly gay.

References

1991 births
Living people
English pop musicians
English singers
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
The X Factor contestants
Absolute value

In mathematics, the absolute value of a real number , written as  or , is the value of  when the sign is dropped (or  without its sign). That is,   for a positive ,   for a negative , and   

For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3 (). The absolute value of a real number may be thought of as its distance from zero. It can be defined as follows:

Because a distance is always positive, the absolute value of a number is always positive.

Similarly, the absolute value of a complex number may be thought of as its distance from the origin.

It is defined by the equation

Properties of the absolute value

Real numbers 
For any real number , the absolute value of  is denoted by  (a vertical bar on each side of the quantity), and is defined as

The absolute value of  is always either positive or zero, but never negative. From an analytic geometry point of view, the absolute value of a real number is that number's distance from zero along the real number line. The absolute value of the difference of two real numbers is the distance between them.

In calculus, the absolute value function is differentiable except at 0. It is continuous everywhere.

In linear algebra, the norm of a vector is defined similarly as the distance from the tip of the vector to the origin. This is similar to the way the absolute value of a complex number is defined.

The square root notation without sign represents the positive square root. So, it follows that:

which is another definition of absolute value.

The absolute value has the following four main properties:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
| Non-negativity (the absolute value of a number is never negative)
|-
|
| ()
|Zero-definiteness (the absolute value of a number is zero if and only if this number is zero)
|-
|
| ()
|Subadditivity (the absolute value of  plus  is less than or equal to the absolute value of  plus the absolute value of )
|-
|
| ()
|Multiplicativeness (the absolute value of  times  is equal to the absolute value of  times the absolute value of )
|}

Other important properties of the absolute value include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width:250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
|Idempotence (the absolute value of the absolute value is the absolute value)
|-
| style="width:250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
|Symmetry (the absolute value of a number is the same as the absolute value of its opposite)
|-
|
| ()
|Identity of indiscernibles (equivalent to zero-definiteness)
|-
|
| ()
|Triangle inequality (equivalent to subadditivity)
|-
|
| ()
|Double absolute value (equivalent to subadditivity)
|-
|
| ()
|Preservation of division (equivalent to multiplicativeness)
|}

Two other useful properties related to inequalities are:

These relations may be used to solve inequalities involving absolute values. For example:

Complex numbers 
For a complex number , where  is the real part of  and  is the imaginary part of ,

Related pages 

 Magnitude (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
Art Garfunkel

Art Garfunkel (born November 5, 1941) is an American singer of Jewish descent. Along with Paul Simon, he was part of the duo Simon and Garfunkel, a popular group in the 1960s and early 1970s. After that, he made several solo albums. He has also acted in a few movies.

Albums
 The Animal's Christmas - (1986) with Amy Grant, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Kings College School Choir, songs by Jimmy Webb.
 Angel Clare, (1973)
 Breakaway, (1975)
 Watermark, (1978)
 Fate For Breakfast, (1979)
 Scissors Cut, (1981)
 The Art Garfunkel Album, (1984)
 Garfunkel, (1988)
 Lefty, (1988)
 Up 'Til Now, (1993)
 Across America, (1996)
 Songs From A Parent To A Child, (1997)
 The Best of Art Garfunkel, (1998)
 Everything Waits To Be Noticed, (2002)
 Some Enchanted Evening, (2007)

Movies
 Catch-22, (1970), directed by Mike Nichols, with Alan Arkin, Orson Wells, Martin Sheen, Anthony Perkins, Martin Balsam and Jon Voight.
 Carnal Knowledge, (1971), directed by Mike Nichols, with Jack Nicholson.
 Bad Timing - A Sensual Obsession, (1980), by Nicholas Roeg, with Theresa Russell and Harvey Keitel.
 Good to Go, also called Short Fuse, (1986), by Blaine Novak.

Other websites
 The official Art Garfunkel website

References

1941 births
Living people
American pop singers
Jewish American musicians
Singers from New York City
Plattsburgh, New York

Plattsburgh is a town in New York in the U.S.  It is in upstate New York, near Lake Champlain.

Cities in New York
County seats in New York
Only Time

Only Time, is a song by Celtic new age singer, Enya. It is one of her most famous songs.

2000 songs
George Rodrigue

George Rodrigue (March 13, 1944 – December 14, 2013) was an American artist who grew up in New Iberia, Louisiana. He went to an all-boys high school and then later studied at two art colleges, one in Louisiana and one in California. He later trained in New York. He began by painting outdoor scenes at family gatherings, using an oak tree as his main subject in hundreds of paintings. Later he started abstract painting of Louisiana legends and the history of its people. 

He is best known for his Blue Dog series of paintings. He modeled the Blue Dog after his own pet named Tiffany. She had died a couple years before the first painting was ever made. That first painting was made for the cover of a scary book. It was a little eerie, the subject being a pale scruffy dog with red eyes. Eventually they became friendlier images of the Blue Dog. He died of prostate cancer on December 14, 2013, aged 69.

References

1944 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
American painters
JSGF

JSGF stands for Java Speech Grammar Format or the JSpeech Grammar Format.  It is a special format used to describe a set of text that fits into a certain language.

References

Programming languages
Stewie Griffin

Stewie Griffin (born September 11, 1998) is a character in the television comedy Family Guy. At age 1, he is the youngest child of Lois and Peter Griffin. He has two older siblings. They are an American family although Stewie is the only one in his family with an English accent. Seth MacFarlane, is the man responsible for voicing (imitating) and creating the voice for Stewie Griffin.

References

Family Guy characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Tikkakoski

Tikkakoski is a town in Jyväskylä, Finland. In 2010, 6,000 people live in Tikkakoski. 2,321 of them live in Tikkakoski's downtown.

References

Other websites 

Towns in Finland
MSX

MSX was the name of a home computer in the 1980s. It was Microsoft's attempt to create a standard for hardware makers, conceived by Microsoft Japan executive Kazuhiko Nishi. Even with Microsoft's involvement, MSX machines were rare in the United States and Britain, but they were popular in other markets. Eventually 5 million MSX-based units were sold worldwide.

Computers
Family Computer Disk System

The Family Computer Disk System was a disc add-on for the Nintendo Entertainment System that was only released in Japan despite being announced in America. It used floppy disks which made it very easy for piracy to occur.

Other websites 
 Video of Disk System features at Powet.TV
 More Disk System video at Powet.TV
 Video Game Den - Disk System game reviews, screenshots, boxart
 Famicom World - More information on the Disk System
 N-sider.com - NintendOnline  - 4 page article about Nintendo's online history

Computers
Nintendo hardware
ColecoVision

The ColecoVision was a second generation home video game console known mostly for its expansion packs including the Expansion Module #1 which gave it the largest library of games for its time by having compatibility with Atari 2600 games.  The system competed with other game systems popular at the time such as Atari 2600 and the Intellivision. The ColecoVision offered arcade-quality graphics and gaming style, and the means to expand the system's basic hardware. River West Brands currently owns the ColecoVision brand name. It was released in 1982 and was discontinued in 1985.

Related pages
Video game console

Video game consoles
Fashion in the 15th century

Fashion in the 15th century, in Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous gowns called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were swagged, draped, jewelled, and feathered. Full-bodied houppelandes with voluminous sleeves worn with elaborate headdresses are characteristic of the earlier 15th century.

As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the century. 

Wool was the most popular fabric for all classes by far, followed by linen and hemp. Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense broadcloth with a velvety nap; high-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe. Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues, although the actual blue colour achievable with dyeing with woad (and less frequently indigo) could not match the characteristic rich lapis lazuli pigment blues depicted in contemporary illuminated manuscripts such as the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.

Silk-weaving was well-established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the rich throughout Europe. Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the previous century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia and Seville in this period. 

Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular. Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.

Fashion
Fashion
Markov chain

A Markov chain is a model of some random process that happens over time. Markov chains are called that because they follow a rule called the Markov property. The Markov property says that whatever happens next in a process only depends on how it is right now (the state). It doesn't have a "memory" of how it was before. It is helpful to think of a Markov chain as evolving through discrete steps in time, although the "step" doesn't need to have anything to do with time.

Markov chains can be discrete or continuous. Discrete Time Markov Chains are split up into discrete time steps, like t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, and so on. The probability that a chain will go from one state to another state depends only on the state that it's in right now. Continuous Time Markov Chains are chains where the time spent in each state is a real number. The amount of time the chain stays in a certain state is randomly picked from an exponential distribution, which basically means there's an average time a chain will stay in some state, plus or minus some random variation.

An example of a Markov chain are the dietary habits of a creature who only eats grapes, cheese or lettuce, and whose dietary habits conform to the following (artificial) rules:
 It eats exactly once a day.
 If it ate cheese yesterday, it will eat lettuce or grapes today with equal probability for each, and zero chance of eating cheese.
 If it ate grapes yesterday, it will eat grapes today with probability 1/10, cheese with probability 4/10 and lettuce with probability 5/10.
 Finally, if it ate lettuce yesterday, it won't eat it again today, but will eat grapes with probability 4/10 or cheese with probability 6/10.

This creature's eating habits can be modeled with a Markov chain since its choice depends on what it ate yesterday, not additionally on what it ate 2 or 3 (or 4, etc...) days ago. One statistical property one could calculate is the expected percentage of the time the creature will eat cheese over a long period.

Another classical example of a Markov chain is the 1995 model of cocaine use in Los Angeles designed by the RAND Corporation. The model is governed by a series of equations, which describe the probability of a person being a non-user, light user (L) or heavy user (H) of cocaine at time t+1, given their prior probabilities at time t:

L(t+1) = I(t)-aL(t) +fH(t)-bL(t)

H(t+1) = bL(t)-fH(t)-gH(t)

I(t)+L(t)+H(t)=1

References

Mathematics
Statistics
Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis

Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV) is a list of all the pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach that are known.  In English it means Bach Works Catalogue.

The catalogue was made by Wolfgang Schmieder in 1950.  He took all the music that is known by Johann Sebastian Bach (some of Bach's music has been lost) and gave each piece a number.  Each piece of music by Bach therefore has a BWV number.   For example, the Mass in B minor is BWV 232.  Giving each piece a number helps musicians to know exactly which piece of music we are talking about.  For example, there are several Preludes and Fugues in G major, but putting Prelude and Fugue in G major BWV550 makes it clear which one it is.

The BWV numbers are not listed chronologically (in the order they were written).  They are grouped according to what kind of music it is: all the cantatas together, all the concertos together, etc.

Some pieces of music may be written by Bach, but we are not sure.  Those doubtful pieces of music are listed separately as BWV Anhang (BWV appendix).  Some of what Schmieder wrote in 1950 has been updated because some new music by Bach has been discovered.  Other pieces of music have now been proved not to be by Bach.

Bach, like many composers from long ago, did not use opus numbers, because very few of his works were published during his lifetime.

Some older books write "S" instead of "BWV" (S for Schmieder), but Schmieder did not want this.  He wanted Bach's name to be used, not his own.

Other websites
BWV catalogue (downloadable PDF)
Han Fei Zi

Han Fei Zi (281 BC – 233 BC) was an early Chinese philosopher.  He is part of a group said to have created of doctrine of the School of Law or Legalism.

280s BC births
233 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Chinese philosophers
Américo

Domingo Jonhy Vega Urzúa (December 24, 1977, Arica, Chile), commonly known as  Américo, is a Chilean singer. He became known when he started leading the band Américo y la Nueva Alegría. He is the son of the boleros singer Melvin "Corazón" Américo, who sings duets with his wife, Marcela Toledo.

Discography

Studio albums 
 With La Nueva Alegria
 Así Es (released May 15, 2008; peaked #2 Chile)
 A Morir (released October 25, 2008; peaked #1 Chile)

Singles 
 With La Nueva Alegria
 El Embrujo (#1 Chile)
 Traicionera (#9 Chile)
 Te Vas (#2 Chile)
 Que Levante La Mano (#3 Chile)

Other websites 
 Official Americo's website  

1977 births
Living people
Chilean singers
People from Arica
Holodomor

The Holodomor (, which means "murder by hunger") was a man-made famine that happened in Ukraine in 1932 and in 1933. At that time, Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union. About seven million people starved to death in the Holodomor.

Joseph Stalin was the leader and dictator of the Soviet Union, which was a communist country. He made farmers in the Soviet Union change the way they farmed, then he tried to make the farmers work harder for the government-owned farms, for less money. Many people in the Ukraine did not want to go along with this. When the Ukraine had a famine, Stalin refused to help the people in the Ukraine. Instead, the government took food away from people. It became illegal (against the law) to pick up food from the ground of fields. The government also tried to stop people from moving around the country to look for food.

Scholars and politicians using the word Holodomor say the man-made aspects of the famine, was  a genocide; some consider the huge loss of life comparable to the Holocaust. They argue that the Soviet policies were an attack on the rise of Ukrainian nationalism and therefore is a genocide.

Other scholars say that the Holodomor was an unexpected consequence of the rapid and massive industrialization started by Stalin, that brought radical economic changes to the farmers and the country, and which was not done on purpose.

Images of Holodomor victims

Images of Holodomor memorials

Other websites 

 Ukrainian Genocide Famine Foundation USA  
 Famine Genocide Commemorative Committee Ukrainian Canadian Congress 
 Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine , U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988 
 Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 
 Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933

References 

1932
1933
1930s in Europe
1930s in the Soviet Union
20th century in Ukraine
Genocides in Europe
Hunger
Castling

Castling is a special move in chess that uses both a rook and the king. In castling, the king is moved two squares toward the rook, and the rook moves past the king to the square right next to where the king has moved. Castling takes one move, and is the only way for a player to move two of his own pieces on the same move. Castling can be done on either side of the board. Castling can either be done on the king-side (also known as castling short) or on the queen-side (also known as castling long).

Rules for castling
Castling is only possible if each of the following things are true:

Neither the king nor the rook being used to castle have moved in the game.
The king is not in check, and is not moving into check or through check. (It is okay if the rook is being attacked, though).
There are no pieces between the king and the rook.

Benefits of Castling 
Good players castle in most of their games. It is normally a good idea because it often moves the king into a safer place. The middle of the board is normally not a very safe place for the king to be early in the game. It also makes it easier to get the rook into the game. Castling king-side is generally viewed as being safer, while castling queen-side is viewed as being more aggressive. 

Chess
False consensus

False consensus or the effect of the false consensus is the tendency for people to assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do.

It is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates the "agreement grade" that the other people have with them. In other words, people tend to think that others agree with them. Most of the time, a person thinks that their own attitudes, beliefs, values and habits are the most common ones. In reality, the person's thoughts may not be shared by others.  

Another effect which can occur with false consensus is called pluralistic ignorance. In pluralistic ignorance, people support a norm or a belief in public, even though they really think it is wrong.

Related pages
 Intensity of preference

References

Other websites
 Changing minds: the false consensus effect

Psychology
Cherry cake

A cherry cake is a soft, creamy cake with firm bread and ripe cherries inside it. It is served with cherry icing, made of icing sugar, butter, and water. Sometimes, pink food coloring is added to the icing, to make it look like it is made of cherries.

Variation 
Cherry cakes may also be presented with sprinkled icing, and desiccated coconut.

References

Cakes
Walnut cake

Walnut cake is a cake made of walnuts. It is a lightly golden, thick, creamy cake made of coffee cream and chocolate hazelnut spread. Unfilled Walnut cakes can be preserved and for one month.

Walnut cakes may also be served with a punnet of strawberries, reserving four berries for decoration. Also, strawberry cream can be spread over the top and sides of the cake.

References

Cakes
Eudimorphodon

Eudimorphodon is a recently discovered pterosaur, and comes from shale laid down Upper Triassic rocks in Italy.

A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1973. This showed it was a member of the long-tailed sub-order of pterosaurs, the Rhamphorhynchoidea. Eudimorphodon was small in size, with 110 teeth packed into a jaw only 6 cms long. Teeth at the front are fangs, further back the teeth are small and multipointed, many with five cusps. This is unique among pterosaurs, whose teeth are usually of a simple conical form.

Stomach contents showed it had eaten a small fish, Parapholidophorus. The top and bottom teeth of Eudimorphodon came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw. The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that Eudimorphodon was able to crush or chew its food to some degree. Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that Eudimorphodon also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates.

Juvenile Eudimorphodon had somewhat different and fewer teeth, and may have eaten insects.

An unsolved puzzle is the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs have. This flexibility is a basal trait; its functional significance in this genus is unknown. However, it is known that the stiffened tail of Rhamphorhynchus-like pterosaurs is a device which adds stability to their flight. Without this stability, the animal would be more manoeuvrable, but their flight would need more control by the brain.

References 

Pterosaurs
Myall Creek Massacre

The Myall Creek Massacre  was an incident which involved the murders of approximately 30 Wirrayaraay indigenous people by European settlers.  It happened on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara in northern New South Wales.

References 

1838
New South Wales
19th century in Australia
Massacres
Nuclear chemistry

Nuclear chemistry is the part of chemistry dealing with radioactivity and other parts of atoms.

Branches of chemistry
Nuclear physics
Siren Song of the Counter Culture

Siren Song of the Counter Culture is the third album by American punk rock band Rise Against, released on August 10, 2004. It is the band's first release on a major label. The album sold very well, mainly because of the success of its single, "Swing Life Away", which reached number 12 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, making it the band's highest-ranking single at the time. Also faring well were the album's other three singles, "Give It All" (number 37) and "Life Less Frightening" (number 33) and "Paper Wings". Despite its big commercial success, Siren Song of the Counter Culture is not Rise Against's highest charting album on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 136; subsequent albums The Sufferer & The Witness and Appeal to Reason both charted higher, peaking at number 10 and number 3. The album was awarded Gold by the RIAA on March 10, 2009.

Track listing
 "State of the Union" – 2:19
 "The First Drop" – 2:39
 "Life Less Frightening" – 3:44
 "Paper Wings" – 3:43
 "Blood to Bleed" – 3:48
 "To Them These Streets Belong" – 2:49
 "Tip the Scales" – 3:49
 "Anywhere But Here" – 3:38
 "Give It All" – 2:50
 "Dancing for Rain" – 4:01
 "Swing Life Away" – 3:20
 "Rumors of My Demise Have Been Greatly Exaggerated" – 4:14

Bonus tracks 
13. "Obstructed View" - 2:01 
14. "Fix Me (Black Flag cover)" - 0:54

Rise Against
2004 albums
Redbone Coonhound

A Redbone Hound is a breed of dog. The breed is used for hunting bear, raccoon, and other wild game.

Dog breeds
Roger Goodell

Roger Goodell (born February 19, 1959) is the current commissioner of the National Football League (NFL).  He has held this position since August 8, 2006 when he took over duties for the retiring Paul Tagliabue.

As the commissioner, he has focused on how players behave off of the field, making more rules that can lead to players who get into trouble off of the field or with the law being fined or suspended.

References

1952 births
National Football League
Businesspeople from New York
Living people
Pepperjack cheese

Pepper jack cheese is a type of Monterey Jack cheese that is made with spicy hot peppers for flavour. Pepperjack is a spicy, buttery cheese that is soft and has a tart flavour.

Cheeses
Nick Jr.

Nick Jr. is a children's television channel. It was launched on 1999 in the United States.

International versions

United States 
Launched on January 4, 1999. The US version did not had the similar graphs, promos or design as the UK, Italy or Australia except the logo. The mascots were Moose A. Moose and Zee from April 7, 2003 until February 29, 2012. Currently it airs some early and late Nick Jr. shows. The new logo is a lot different then the block's logo.

United Kingdom 
Launched on September 1, 1988 as the first Nick Jr. channel. Until 2005 it aired from 6:00a.m. to 8:00p.m. Then in 2005 a classic children's programming block called Nick Jr. Classics was launched, airing was also increased to 10:00p.m. After Nick Jr. Classics was dropped, it began airing for 24 hours.

There is a similar service titled Nick Jr. Too. It launched in April 2006 as Nick Jr. 2, but the name was changed in November 2014.

Australia 
Launched on March 2004. The Australian version includes some PBS Kids series like WordWorld, Sid the Science Kid, or Martha Speaks, and original programming like Ollie.

France 
Similar to the US version. Launched on January 26, 2010. Name stylized as Nickelodeon Junior.

Latin america 
Launched on July 1, 2018, like US versión it have the late Nick JR shows, name stylized as Nick JR.

References

Other websites
 

Viacom
Nickelodeon
1988 establishments in the United States
Joey Tempest

Joey Tempest (born Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson; August 19, 1963) is the singer and main songwriter of the Swedish rock band Europe.

Solo albums
A Place to Call Home (1995)
Azalea Place (1997)
Joey Tempest (2002)

Living people
1963 births
Swedish singers
Commune

A commune is a minor administrative subdivision corresponding to an urban or rural zone, or mixed. It is the equivalent of a municipality, a council, or other instances of local administration.

Communes in the world 
Many countries have adopted the name of commune (or similar) for their minor and basic administrative unit. Some countries are Germany (Gemeinde), Belgium (commune/gemeente), Chile (comuna), Colombia (Comuna), Denmark (kommune), France (commune), Italy (comune), Luxembourg (commune), Netherlands (gemeente), Poland (gmina), Sweden (kommun) and Switzerland (Gemeinde/commune/comune).

Community
Government
Computus

Computus (Latin for "computation") is the method for calculating the date of Easter. In the early 4th century there was confusion about when Christian Easter or the Resurrection should be celebrated.

History

Background 
At the Arles Council, in 314, was obliged to all the Christianity to celebrate Easter the same day, and that this date was going to be assigned by the Pope, that was going to send epistles to all the churches in the world with the necessary instructions. However, not all the congregations followed those precepts.

Nicaea Council 
In the First Council of Nicaea, in 325, this subject was solved.

Was established that the Resurrection Easter had to be celebrated fulfilling some norms:
 Easter had to be celebrated on Sunday.
 It can not coincide with the Jewish festival of Passover, celebrated independently which day of the week it was.
 Christians cannot celebrate Easter twice the same year. This is explained because the new year started in the spring equinox, so the celebration of Easter before the real equinox was prohibited.

However, there still were discussions between the Roman Church and the Alexandrian Church, while the Nicaea Council said that the Alexandria Church was right, they had to calculate the date (in Alexandria), then communicate it to Rome. The Roman Church had to spread the computus to the rest of the Christianity.

Calculation 

Let's define 5 variables, a, b, c, d, and e. In addition to two constants, M and N, so the years between 1900 and 2100 take the values 24 and 5, respectively. We'll call A the year that we want to calculate the Easter date.

a is the remainder of the division , or technically according to the modular arithmetic we should say ,

b is the remainder of the division ,

c is the remainder of the division ,

d is the remainder of the division ,

e is the remainder of the division .

If d + e < 10, the Easter date will be in March (d + e + 22). If opposed (d + e > 9), will be in April (d + e − 9).

There are 2 exceptions:

 If the obtained date is April 26, the Easter date will be April 19, not April 26.
 If the obtained date is April 25, with d = 28, e = 6 and a > 10, then the Easter date will be April 18.

The values for M and N for years before 1900 or after 2100 can be obtained from the following table:

Further reading 
 Mosshammer, Alden A. The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. .

Christian holidays
Cardenal Caro

Cardenal Caro is a Chilean province. Is the only province in the Region of O'Higgins that has instant access to the sea. It has a population of 41,160 inhabitants. It has a surface of 3.295,07 km². Its capital is Pichilemu, main turistic place of the region during the summer months. In the past, it was part of the Province of Colchagua. The province is named after José Maria Caro, the first Chilean Catholic cardinal.

Communes of the province 

The province has 6 communes:
 Pichilemu (capital)
 La Estrella
 Litueche
 Marchigüe
 Navidad
 Paredones

Related pages
 José María Caro

Cardenal Caro
Punta de Lobos

Punta de Lobos () is a Chilean beach 6 km south of Pichilemu and 177 km southwest of Rancagua, in the Province of Cardenal Caro, Region of O'Higgins.

It has a fine and gray sand. The beach is surrounded by In addition to its fine gray sand, its principal characteristic is that its surrounded by cliffs that are 50 metres high. The famous rocks of the beach are frequently visited by sea-lions. The beach is perfect for bathing and shore fishing. It is also a good place for surfing and kiteboarding practice, especially in winter. The sea waves at the beach oscillate between the two and three height meters, and allows the surfers to select their perfect waves.

References 

Region of O'Higgins
Geography of Chile
WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007)

The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is competed for by cruiserweights at no more than a weight of 220 lbs. and was originally a World Championship Wrestling title. During its time in WWE, it was only competed for on the SmackDown brand.

History 
Following the title's introduction in 1991, a tournament was held to determine the first champion. On October 27, Brian Pillman beat Richard Morton in the tournament final to win the title. However, it was vacated on September 2, 1992, due to Brad Armstrong's knee injury during his reign. Then, on March 20, 1996, Shinjiro Ohtani beat Chris Benoit in another tournament final to win the WCW Cruiserweight Championship. 

In March 2001, World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. purchased World Championship Wrestling. Following this, the "Invasion" storyline happened, in which WCW was "destroyed". During the "Invasion", only four WCW championship titles remained active, including the WCW Cruiserweight title. On July 30, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship and the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship were up for grabs in what was billed as a unification match when the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion, X-Pac, beat the WCW Cruiserweight Champion, Billy Kidman.  However, the titles were still defended separately after that. After the end of the "Invasion" at Survivor Series 2001, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship remained active and was renamed the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Cruiserweight Championship, while the Light Heavyweight Title was retired.

After six months without a champion, on March 3, 2008, WWE removed the championship from the active championship web page, where originally the title was listed as "vacant." Afterward, the title was removed from the active titles list on WWE's title histories web page to the defunct (or retired) championship list. In this way, the title was quietly retired. As a result, Hornswoggle is the last WWE Cruiserweight Champion.

Notes

References

Other websites
WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Title History

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
Henry Fielding

Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English writer and magistrate. He was born in Sharpham, Somerset. He wrote many plays from 1728 until 1737. Then, he wrote many famous novels such asTom Jones, Joseph Andrews, and Amelia. He was friends with the writers Samuel Johnson and Christopher Smart and the politician William Pitt the Elder.

Fielding went to school at Eton College. In 1728, he left school to go to London and write plays. The License Act shut down the London theatre in 1737 and Fielding began to write novels. Then, he became a magistrate and created the Bow Street Runners, London's first police force.   

In 1754, he became sick and he went to Lisbon, Portugal to be treated. He died in Lisbon and was buried in the English Cemetery.

British lawyers
English novelists
English playwrights
Writers from Somerset
1707 births
1754 deaths

he was also a good person inlife
Lady Susan

Lady Susan is an early epistolary novel (novel in letters) by Jane Austen. It tells the story of an unscrupulous coquette (flirtatious woman) widow who does not care about the feelings of other men. She wrote it when she was writing her first version of Sense and Sensibility (which was at that time called Elinor and Marianne), and which was also at first, like Lady Susan, written in letter form. She was at this time 20 years old.

Style 
The epistolary novel had been popular in the 18th century, but it was not the best style of writing for Jane Austen's talents (which is why all her major novels were written in the third-person narrative style). She admired Richardson very much (all of his books are written in letters, like Pamela (novel) and Clarissa (novel)), and she also admired Frances Burney's style, but none of their styles came naturally to her. She pointed out at the end of Lady Susan: "This correspondence (letter-writing), by a meeting between some of the parties (people) and a separation between the others could not, to the great detriment of the Post Office...be continued longer."

In those days, girls spent some time each day especially to write letters, so a story through letters is much more realistic than it would be today. People like Frances Burney wrote letters that were witty and full of information, so that her diaries and letters were later published. The letters of William Cowper, too, are famous. Jane Austen's letters, however, are private letters about family matters, such as sick babies, partners at balls, beef, and raspberry bushes.

Books by Jane Austen
Novels