cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pantheism

Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are equivalent (the same thing). A pantheist believes that everything that exists is a part of God or that God is a part of everything that exists. The name pantheism comes from the Greek words theism (belief in God) and pan (all). 

Any doctrine or philosophy that believes that the universe and everything in it is God is said to be pantheistic. Most pantheists believe the universe is sacred and the earth and nature are divine.
Most of the early Greek philosophers from Thales on to the Stoics believed in some sort of pantheism.

Pantheism is an important part of many eastern religions such as Hinduism, Druidism and Taoism.

Some western philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza and some scientists are pantheists.

Some Christians, Jews and Sufis are Pantheists. However, their majority believes that while God is in everything, there is more to God than just the universe.

Related pages 
Panentheism

Other websites 
 Hindu Wisdom
 Pantheist Prophet: Henry David Thoreau  by Harold W. Wood, Jr
 Scientific Pantheism site
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
 The Holographic Paradigm 
 Universal Pantheist Society home page
 World Pantheist Movement home page

Theology
Boer

Boer (IPA: /bur/) is the Dutch word for farmer which is used to call the descendants of the Dutch farmers of Southern Africa during the 1700s, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 1800s to live in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and Natal. They did this to escape the British rule, and the wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier. 

In 1657, “vrybriewe” was granted to 9 burgers, the first farmers or Boers (Boere) at the Cape.  Although they were not known as Afrikaners, they did not regard themselves as living in a European country.  As more immigrants from Europe arrived at the Cape, more international marriages took place.  Soon their language and culture were lost and transformed.  They regarded themselves as a new nation, the Afrikaner people. Paul Heyns, born in 1696 christened his son Michiel Afrikanus (the Afrikaner). 

One Hendrik Bieslow in 1707 proclaimed in public “Ik ben een Afrikaander”. The Boers later created the Boer Republics, which were defeated in the 1880-1881 and 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer wars (Anglo-Boere-oorloë). After that, many Boers emigrated to other countries, but many still live in modern South Africa, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and Zimbabwe.

History of Africa
Muhammad Ali

Not to be mistaken for the Muhammad Ali who became Muhammad Ali Pasha, Wali of Egypt and Sudan

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American boxer. He became one of the most famous boxers in the world with his "rope-a-dope" technique. He was also well known for his clever rhymes. In 1999, Ali was named "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated magazine.  He won the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship three times.  Ali also won an Olympic gold medal for boxing during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Ali was also known as “The Greatest”. 

Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. Ali changed his name after converting to Nation of Islam in 1965. Because of his Islamic beliefs, Ali would not fight in the Vietnam War when the army tried drafting him. This made him an international figure around the world. Ali retired from boxing in 1981. In the early 1980s, it was found out that Ali had Parkinson's syndrome. He became well known for his social work and charity.

Muhammad Ali converted to Islam and became Muslim during the 1960s.

Muhammad Ali was married four times. He had seven daughters and two sons. One of his sons was adopted by him. 

On December 20, 2014, Ali was hospitalized for a mild case of pneumonia. Ali was once again hospitalized on January 15, 2015 for a urinary tract infection after being found unresponsive at a guest house in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was released the next day.

Health and Death  
Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. On June 3, 2016, Ali died from septic shock due to respiratory problems at a Scottsdale, Arizona hospital, aged 74.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
African-American boxers
American Muslims
American Olympic gold medalists
Converts to Islam
Deaths from sepsis
Disease-related deaths in Arizona
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
People with Parkinson's disease
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Sportspeople from Kentucky
Mechanician

A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in engineering, applied mechanics and similar fields. Sometimes mechanicians are also called mechaniker and mechanicist.

People who made lasting contributions to mechanics more than 100 years ago

Guillaume Amontons: laws of friction
Galileo Galilei: notion of strength.
Josiah Willard Gibbs: thermodynamics
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: contact mechanics
Issac Newton: Newton's laws, law of gravitation

Related pages
 Applied mechanics
 Mechanics

Other websites 
iMechanica, news and views of interest to mechanicians and their friends.
Homepage of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division 
Mathematics Geneaology Project
Mechanician Career Description 
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Mechanics
Occupations
Compressive stress

Compressive stress is the stress on materials that leads to a smaller volume. 

By compressive stress the material is under compression. Compressive stress to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.

One can increase the compressive stress until compressive strength is reached.  Then materials will react with ductile behaviour (most metals, some soils and plastics) or with fracture in case of brittle materials (geomaterials, cast iron, glass, etc.). For example, if a cylinder is compressed under the action of the applied force, the restoring force per unit area is known as the compressive stress. It is one of the best stresses for chassis, so if you have a chassis report explain it well as it helps a lot.

Related pages
Tensile stress
Hooke's law

Engineering
Cambuslang railway station

Cambuslang railway station is a train station for the Scottish town of Cambuslang, in South Lanarkshire (near Glasgow.) The station is owned and managed by First ScotRail. There is a train every ten minutes. Trains come more often at busy times of the day. The station has a ticket office at the top, with a bridge across the track and two ramps down to each platform.

Other websites 
Train times and station information for Cambuslang from the National Rail website.
Map and Aerial photo from Multimap.com
First ScotRail: Official Website
SPT Official Website

Railway stations in Scotland
Rotation

Rotation is the movement of an object in a circular motion. 

A two-dimensional object rotates around a  center (or point) of rotation. A three-dimensional object rotates around a line called an axis. If the axis of rotation is within the body, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or spin– which implies relative speed and perhaps free-movement with angular momentum. A circular motion about an external point (for example the Earth around the Sun) is called an orbit or more properly orbital revolution.

Types of rotation
 

Rotation around a point in one plane can be in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction.

Aviation
In flight dynamics, the principal rotations are known as pitch, roll and yaw. The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch of an aircraft, particularly when starting the major climb for takeoff. The same terms are used for fish moving through water.

Amusement rides
Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel and observation wheel have a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically.

Sports
Rotation, usually called spin, plays a role in many sports. Topspin and backspin in tennis. English, follow and draw in billiards and pool. Curve balls in baseball and spin bowling in cricket.  Table tennis paddles are specialized to allow players to spin the ball as they hit it.

Other websites 
 Product of Rotations at cut-the-knot
 When a Triangle is Equilateral at cut-the-knot
 Rotation (Interactive Animation) at Math is Fun
 Rotate Points Using Polar Coordinates 

Geometry
Mechanics
Moment (physics)

In physics, moment of force (often just moment) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.

In this concept the moment arm, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm²/s²).

Formula for moment: 

 

The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS.

Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars.

A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load.

In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance.

History of moment

The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an arm, a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the moment of force, is defined as M = rF, where F is the applied force, and r is the distance from the applied force to object.

Physical quantity
The Sunday Night Project

The Sunday Night Project is a British comedy television programme. It was broadcast on Channel 4 from 2005-2009.  The show was presented by Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr with a different guest host each week.

Other websites 

2005 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
2000s British television series
British comedy television series
English-language television programs
Anna Anderson

Anna Anderson (December 16, 1896 – February 12, 1984) was a woman who claimed she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. The real Anastasia had been murdered in Ekaterinburg with the rest of her immediate family on July 17,1918. Her remains have been found and extensively tested using DNA samples from Anastasia's family comparing them to Anderson. There was no match at all. Anderson attempted to kill herself in 1920 in Berlin, Germany. She was taken to a mental hospital. A short time later she began to tell her false story of escape to people there. Some people believed her. Most people did not. Her false claims were pushed for 70 years. Movies were made about her story. She married Jack Manahan and called herself Anastasia Manahan. They lived in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she died of pneumonia in 1984.

Other websites 
 Article by Peter Kurth  — Anna Anderson’s biographer tells why he does not believe Anna Anderson was Franziska Schanzkowska.
 Russian Forensics  - A site demonstrating the Russian agenda to prove Anastasia's remains were in the grave.
 Anna Anderson Exposed - A site exposing why Anna Anderson was a fraud.
 Anna Anderson WAS Grand Duchess Anastasia — a site supporting a "conspiracy theory" surrounding Anna Anderson and Anastasia
 Article by Rey Barry — Journalist Rey Barry — friend of Anna Anderson and Jack Manahan, and a supporter of her pretensions.
 Anastasia: Duchess in Disguise  — another website arguing that  photographs of Anna Anderson look like Anastasia.
 Anastasia and Anna Anderson — A narrative of Anastasia’s death.
 Anna Anderson/ Anastasia Manahan — A paper written by a supporter with a list of reasons why they believe that Anna Anderson was Anastasia.
 Anastasia: The Truth - A website correcting misstatements recently made about Anastasia and Anna Anderson.
 HIH Grand Duchess Anastasia Historical Society  - A web site telling the story of Anastasia Nikolaevna and the woman who claimed to be her.
 Could Anna Anderson be Anastasia?  - A web site discussing the DNA tests done on Anna Anderson.
 Anastasia: The Unmasking Of Anna Anderson  - An online article on Anna Anderson and her claim.

Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Russian people
1896 births
1984 deaths
Celtic F.C.

Celtic Football Club is a professional football club based in Glasgow, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premiership and are one of the most successful Scottish teams.

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Old Firm

Celtic is half of the Old Firm, alongside Rangers F.C.. This is a term that used to describe both Rangers and Celtic together.

References

Scottish Premier League clubs
Glasgow
1888 establishments in the United Kingdom
1880s establishments in Scotland
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia

Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. June 10, 1897, Russia) was a daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna. She was a sister of Olga, Anastasia, Maria, and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia. Her friends said she was more beautiful than her sisters. She was a Red Cross nurse during World War I. She was practical and liked to help her mother. Her religion was Russian Orthodox.  She spoke Russian, English and French fluently.

Tatiana was killed by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 with the rest of her family and some of their servants, during the Russian Revolution. Their mass grave was found later in Siberia after some speculation that one of her sisters, mainly presumed to be Anastasia, had escaped. Tatiana and her family were then buried in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17, 1998. They were made saints by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000.

Other websites 
livadia.org
alexanderpalace.org
FrozenTears.org A media library of the last Imperial Family.
Find-A-Grave
Tatiana Romanova
The Glorification of the Royal Family
Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency)

1897 births
1918 deaths
Russian grand dukes and duchesses
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Murder victims
Russian Orthodox saints
Funeral Blues

"Funeral Blues" is a poem written in 1936 by W. H. Auden.

Funeral Blues is a simple poem about death, isolation (loneliness), emptiness and longing. The death of a lover may or may not be a literal event (actually happened). The poem is also about the end of a romantic relationship with somebody other than the person's spouse/partner. In four stanzas it moves from the time before the funeral (Stop all the clocks, Silence the pianos...), during the funeral itself (Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come...), after the funeral (He was my North, my South...), and the loneliness and grief that comes with it.

20th-century British poems
1936
1930s works
Édith Piaf

Édith Piaf (aka. "La Môme Piaf") (December 19, 1915 – October 11, 1963) was one of France's most-loved singers. Her real name was Édith Giovanna Gassion. She became a national icon. Her music was an image of her tragic life. Piaf was known for singing ballads in a heartbreaking voice.

Life and career
As child at her grandmother's  in Normandy, she suffered from keratitis, but
1925 - 10  A pilgrimage to Lisieux in the Normandy honoring  Saint Thérèse of Lisieux / (Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus),  and the intense devoutness of the family resulted in a miraculous healing, Édith said.

1930 – 15  Her manager gave her the stage name "", "la Môme", Édith Piaf, or just Piaf. She was only  tall and puny, but sharp and lively like a sparrow. She always wore a black dress on the stage.

She sang first in Pigalle, then in Le Gerny,  the nightclub of  Louis Leplée near the Champs-Élysées.
She met Raymond Asso (1901-1968) and Marguerite Monnot (1903-1961), who wrote and composed her best songs; she stroke up an acquaintance with actor and singer Maurice Chevalier.

1948 – 32  The love of Piaf's life, the boxer Marcel Cerdan, middleweight champion of the world, died in a plane crash in October 1949, in the Azores, while flying from Paris to New York City to meet her. 

1952 – 36  Piaf married Jacques Pills in 1952 (her matron of honour was Marlene Dietrich). She divorced him in 1956. In 1962, she wed Théo Sarapo (Theophanis Lamboukas), a Greek hairdresser who was 20 years her junior. 

She suffered from different illnesses  during her life, especially after several car crashes.

1963 – 47  Piaf died of liver cancer at Plascassier, near Grasse (Département Alpes-Maritimes), on 10 October 1963.  

Among her most famous songs are "Mon légionnaire" (1936), "Le fanion de la Légion" (1936), "La vie en rose" (1946), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Padam... Padam..." (1951), "l'Accordéoniste" (1955), "Les amants d'un jour" (1956),"La foule" (1957), "Milord" (1959) and "Non, je ne regrette rien" (1960). 

Although she was denied a solemn funeral mass, her funeral procession from her residence, Boulevard Lannes (Paris, XVI arr.) drew tens of thousands  of mourners onto the streets of Paris, that caused a huge traffic jam. The ceremony at the cemetery‚ Le Père-Lachaise (Paris, XX arr.), was attended by more than 100,000 fans.

References 
Huey, Steve. Edith Piaf: Biography. Yahoo! Music.

Notes

Other websites 
 Edith Piaf
 

1915 births
1963 deaths
Actors from Paris
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from liver cancer
French movie actors
French singers
Musicians from Paris
Weed

A weed is a plant that people think is bad, because it is growing in the wrong place. Only smaller plants are often called weeds.

A person may grow a plant because it has beautiful flowers, but other people may think that this plant is a weed for some reason. This may be for one of these reasons:
It has pollen that makes them sneeze, 
It spreads seeds that will grow quickly, 
The roots go too far under the ground and can cause damage to houses or pipes, 
The roots spread quickly,
The plant has poisonous berries,
The plant has liquid (sap) in it that can hurt a person's skin,

If someone is farming a plant and it then moves outside the farm, the plant may then be called a weed.

Some plants are very hard to stop once they start growing. These are called invasive weeds. 

Weed is also a name for any wild plant, one that people do not use for anything.

Types of plants
Alan Carr

Alan Carr (born 14 June 1976) is an English television presenter and stand-up comedian. Carr was born in Weymouth, Dorset, and grew up in Northampton. He presented Channel 4's The Friday Night Project with Justin Lee Collins. Carr is openly gay. He hosts Alan Carr: Chatty Man.

References

Other websites 

Official site

1976 births
Living people
British radio personalities
British stand-up comedians
British television talk show hosts
Channel 4 presenters
English comedians
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
LGBT writers
People from Dorset
People from Northampton
Weymouth, Dorset
Blessing

A blessing is way to wish good luck for a person. Sometimes, in religious rituals, it is said the God blesses those who are good, or people can bless God. In Judaism, they bless God over wine. The priests can also bless religious objects in order to make them become holy.

The saying "bless you" is commonly used when someone sneezes. This is done because there is a tradition carried by the superstition that a person's soul will come out of their mouth and nose if they sneeze. People believed that saying "God bless you," or "bless you" for short, would make the soul go back inside. They are wishing the person good luck so that their soul is able to come back. 

People also think that if unusual good luck or a miracle comes to them, it is a blessing. For example, if some people wanted a child badly but are having difficulty conceiving, it could be considered a blessing from God if they end up having a child.

To give your blessing to someone is to give permission to them. For example, a man can ask his girlfriend's parents' for their blessing before he asks her to marry him.

Blessings are often thought of as the opposite of a curse.

References

Theology
Luck
Karel Svoboda

Karel Svoboda (19 December 1938 – 28 January 2007) was a Czech composer of popular music. He wrote music for many TV series in the 1970s.

Works 

Karel Svoboda was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Prague, Czech Republic) and began his career as a pop composer after stopping studying medicine in his third year of university. He became a member of the rock band "Mefisto" in the 1950s. Later, he composed music for the Laterna Magica theatre in Prague and for many Czech singers. In 1969 he wrote Lady Carneval for Karel Gott, a major Czech pop star. Svoboda wrote a total of 80 songs for him.

Svoboda composed TV scores for the German channel ZDF for over 30 years. He wrote the scores to many TV series in the 1970s that a whole generation of Europeans grew up with. Some examples of these TV series are Vicky the Viking, Maya the Bee and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.

Svoboda wrote scores for almost 90 films and TV series.

Svoboda was found fatally shot in the garden of his villa at Jevany on January 28, 2007. It is believed that he committed suicide.

References

Other websites 
 
 Maya the Bee mp3 sample.
 Vicky the Viking in mp3 
 Karel Svoboda website 

1938 births
2007 deaths
Czech composers
Movie score composers
Musicians from Prague
Suicides by firearm
Third Servile War

The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and The War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last of several slave rebellions against the Roman Republic. 

These are called the Servile Wars. The Third Servile War was the only which was dangerous for Italia itself and was doubly alarming to the Roman people because the slaves won several battles against the Roman army between 73 and 71 BC. The rebellion was defeated at last in 71 BC by Marcus Licinius Crassus. The rebellion had indirect effects on Roman politics for many years.

Events 
In 71 BC, a band of slaves escaped. At first a small group of about 78 gladiators escaped. The band grew to over 120,000. Men, women and children wandered throughout Italy, and raided with relative impunity. Their leaders included the famous gladiator-general Spartacus. 

The able-bodied adults of this band were a surprisingly effective armed force. They showed they could withstand the Roman military, from the local Campanian patrols, to the Roman militia, and to trained Roman legions under consular command. Plutarch described the actions of the slaves as an attempt by Roman slaves to escape their masters and flee through Cisalpine Gaul, while Appian and Florus depicted the revolt as a civil war in which the slaves waged a campaign to capture the city of Rome itself.

The Roman Senate's grew alarmed about the military successes of this band, and their damage to Roman towns and the countryside. Eventually, after several defeats, the Senate put an army of eight legions under the harsh but effective leadership of Marcus Licinius Crassus. The war ended in 71 BC when the armies of Spartacus, after long and bitter fighting, retreated before the legions of Crassus. Realizing that the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus were moving in to trap them, they launched their full strength against Crassus' legions and were utterly destroyed.

The Third Servile War was significant to the broader history of ancient Rome mostly in its effect on the careers of Pompey and Crassus. The two generals used their success in putting down the rebellion to further their political careers, using their public acclaim and the implied threat of their legions to sway the consular elections of 70 BC in their favor. Their actions as Consuls damaged Roman political institutions and led, after Caesar's death, to events which turned the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

Other websites

Classical historical works 
Works at LacusCurtius.

Appian's  The Civil Wars.
Frontinus's The Strategemata.
Plutarch's, Life of Crassus
Plutarch's, Life of Pompey

Modern works 
 William Smith's, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities at LacusCurtius. A scanned page version is also available at The Ancient Library.

References 

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Slave rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
Vibrating string

A vibration in a string is a wave. A vibrating string mostly produces a sound with constant frequency. As frequency characterizes the pitch, the sound produced is a constant note.

Vibrating strings are the basis of any string instrument like guitar, cello, or piano.

Related pages
 String instruments
 Fretted instruments
 Pitch

Other websites 
 Java simulation of waves on a string
 Physics of a harpsichord string
 A study of chaotic motion in strings

Sound
Angular momentum

The angular momentum or rotational momentum (L) of an object rotating about an axis is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity:

where
  is the moment of inertia (resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation);
  is the angular velocity.

There are two kinds of angular momentum: the spin angular momentum and the orbital angular momentum.

Spin angular momentum 
The spin angular momentum is a kind of angular momentum for objects turning around an axis that goes through the object, like a top spinning around its center. 

Objects that are very spread out from the axis of rotation are very hard to start spinning, but once they get going, they are also hard to stop.  We say, that is, it has a large moment of inertia.  Similarly, it is easier to start an object spinning slowly (a small angular velocity) than it is to start it spinning fast (a large angular velocity).  This is why the spin angular momentum depends both on how spread out the object is (moment of inertia) and how fast it is spinning (angular velocity).

Orbital angular momentum 
The other kind of angular momentum is orbital angular momentum. This is the kind of angular momentum that planets orbiting around the Sun have, but that tops spinning about their axes do not. 

We use orbital angular momentum when we talk about an object (like a planet) orbiting around some axis that is not moving (like the Sun). That is, part of its motion is in a direction that is neither towards nor away from the axis; at least part of its motion is going around the axis. The orbital angular momentum also measures how hard it would be to stop the object from continuing to orbit around the axis.

Angular momentum is a conserved quantity—an object's angular momentum stays constant unless an external torque acts on it.

Related pages
Momentum
Rotational kinetic energy

Other websites
Conservation of angular momentum

Basic physics ideas
Mechanics
Axle

An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or gear to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be fixed to the axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type is referred to as a spindle.

Vehicle axles 

Axles are an important structural component of a wheeled vehicle. The axles maintain the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. Since for most vehicles the wheels are the only part touching the ground, the axles must bear the weight of the vehicle plus any cargo.

Related pages 
Wheel
Machine

Engineering
Machines
Gear

Gears are mechanical parts with cut teeth designed to fit with teeth on another part so as to transmit or receive force and motion. Gears are also sometimes called toothed wheels or cogged wheels or cogs.  The cut teeth are also sometimes called cogs.

Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and even plastics are used in the manufacture of gears. However steels are most commonly used because of their high strength to weight ratio and high cost.

Related pages 
Transmission

Other websites 

Types Of Gears 
Mathematical Tutorial for Gearing (Relating to Robotics)
Animation of an Involute Rack and Pinion
Gear Encyclopedia
  Gears 

Engineering
Gearshift

A gearshift (US English), gearstick, or gear lever (both UK English) is a metal rod connected with the manual transmission of an automobile that is used to choose the gear. In an automatic transmission, the same rod is usually called a gear selector.

Engineering

ja:シフトレバーの配置#シフトレバー
Transmission

In mechanics, a transmission or gearbox means gears working together. The most common transmission is the transmission in a car.

In a car, the engine makes the crankshaft spin. The crankshaft makes the transmission's gears spin, which spin some more parts, which make the wheels spin. But the wheels do not spin as fast as the engine makes the crankshaft spin. That is because the gears are made to slow down the spinning. The gears also give the spinning more force (or to be more scientifically exact, more torque), so the wheels can make the entire car move. most transmissions have a breather vent to let hot air escape.

Transmission gears 
A transmission has some gears that change the torque more than other gears. That is why a transmission has a first gear, second gear, third gear, and sometimes more gears. There is also a reverse gear and neutral. An automatic transmission shifts between gears by itself (except reverse gear, and a parking gear). A manual transmission needs the driver to decide when to shift gears. Manual transmission is also called standard transmission. This is confusing because almost all cars in the U.S. have automatic transmission. In other words, since the late 20th century "standard" transmission has been unusual. A manual transmission usually has a clutch pedal, which the driver must press while shifting gears. An automatic transmission has a fluid coupling called a torque converter instead of a clutch. Some cars have a "clutchless" manual (semi-automatic) transmission, which has an automatic clutch (no clutch pedal), but does not shift gears by itself.

Layshaft 
A layshaft is the middle shaft within a gearbox (transmission). When the clutch is engaged, the layshaft turns constantly. All gears on the layshaft turn at the same rate and are permanently attached. It carries gears but does not transfer the primary drive of the gearbox in of the gearbox or out of the gearbox. Layshafts are mostly known through their use in car gearboxes. The oil level in a gearbox is set to layshaft height. That way the spinning gears distribute oil to all the gears.

Other types 
Not all transmissions are in cars. For example, bicycles have transmissions. You can see the gears, so it is easier to see how it works.

References 

Engineering
Mechanics
Tom Vilsack

Thomas James Vilsack (born December 13, 1950) is an American politician. Vilsack is the 32nd and current United States Secretary of Agriculture since 2021 during the Joe Biden presidency. He was also the 30th Secretary of Agriculture from 2009 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency. He was the Governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007. 

Vilsack was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  At college, he met and married his wife, Christie.  They moved to Iowa after graduation.  They have two children.

Vilsack served in the Iowa State Senate before he ran for governor in 1998.  He won that election and the next one in 2002.  He chose not to run again in 2006.

In December 2006, Vilsack said he would run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008.  He dropped out of the race a few months later.  He endorsed New York Senator Hillary Clinton.

In December 2020, then-President-elect Joe Biden nominated Vilsack to serve as Agriculture Secretary for a second time. On February 23, 2021 the United States Senate confirmed Vilsack's nomination a second time with a 92-7 vote.

References

Other websites
Tom Vilsack for President 
Vilsack to make White House run from the Des Moines Register, includes links to biography and related coverage
MySpace page
Project Vote Smart profile
The New York Times - Tom Vilsack News news stories and commentary

1950 births
Living people
Governors of Iowa
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
US Democratic Party politicians
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Actinide

The actinide series is the 15 chemical elements between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table. They have the atomic numbers between 89 and 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All of the elements are radioactive. Uranium is the most common natural actinide, and thorium second.

The term ‘actinide series’ has been derived from the first element of the series, actinium. The symbol An is used while referring to any of the actinide series elements.

All actinide series elements are radioactive in nature, they release a large amount of energy on radioactive decay. Uranium and thorium are the most abundant naturally occurring actinides on earth, whereas plutonium is synthetically obtained.

The actinide elements

References 

Chemical elements
Opera Software

Opera Software is a company in Oslo, Norway that makes Opera, a set of tools for using the Internet.

References

Other websites 

 
1995 establishments in Europe
Latin Grammy Award

The Latin Grammy Awards are awards given yearly by the Latin Recording Academy (an association of professionals who work in the Latin music industry) for outstanding work in the Latin music field. The award process is very similar to its American counterpart, the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards was created because its organizers thought that the many musical styles of Latin music was too big to fit on the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards focuses on music that comes from Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. One major difference between the Grammy Awards and the Latin Grammy Awards is that a recording that does not have to be released in the United States. To be considered for a Latin Grammy nomination, the song or album must be sung in Spanish or Portuguese.

References

Other websites 
 Official site

Music awards
Latin music
Tiananmen Square

Tian'anmen Square (Tian'anmen Guangchang) is a large plaza near the center of Beijing, China. It is named after the Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace) which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City (Zijincheng). Outside of China, the square is well known for the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989.

The square is 880 meters south to north and 500 meters east to west, a total area of 440,000 square meters. It is the largest open-urban square in the world.

Tiananmen Square protest

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Beijing
National squares
University of Prishtina

The University of Prishtina is the name of two public universities in Kosovo, sharing the same history up to a point of separation, which took place in 1999. The university was founded in the city of Prishtina in 1970 and segregated as a result of ethnic-based polarisation. The two separate institutions are using the same name, in Prishtina (Priština) and Mitrovica.

Faculties of the University of Prishtina 

 Faculty of Arts
 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Agriculture
 Faculty of Economy
 Faculty of Philosophy
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Philology
 Faculty of Sports science
 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
 Faculty of Mechanical engineering
 Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy (in Mitrovica)
 Faculty of Computer and Electrical engineering
 Faculty of Natural sciences and Mathematics
 Faculty of Teacher Training (in Prishtina,Gjilan,Gjakova,Prizren)
 Faculty of Applied science ( in Peja,Ferizaji,Mitrovica)

Related pages 
 Kosovo
 Prishtina

Other websites 
 Official website  of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia
 Official site of the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo.
 Official site of the University of Pristina in Prishtina
 Official website of the University of Priština in North Kosovska Mitrovica

Colleges and universities in Europe
Kosovo
Buildings and structures in Serbia
Kosovska Mitrovica

Mitrovica can also refer to Sremska Mitrovica a city in the north of Serbia

Kosovska Mitrovica is a town in North Kosovo, Serbia. Over 71,601 people live in Kosovska Mitrovica,  mostly in the south. The town used to be called Titova Mitrovica. Originally it  was named after Saint  Dimitrije.

There is the University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica.

Other websites 
 Municipality of Mitrovica  The official website of Municipality of South Mitrovica 
 University of Pristina website 
 Jazz & Blues Festival North City 

Settlements in Serbia
Towns in Europe
Elizabeth Smart

Elizabeth Ann Smart (born November 3, 1987) is an American woman who was kidnapped when she was 14 from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002. She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home. She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee. Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife. Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife.

Smart has put the kidnapping behind her. She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University. She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others. She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment. She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping. She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.

References

1987 births
Living people
American crime victims
Kidnapped American people
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
Bury

Bury is a town in the north of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England. 

Bury is between Rochdale and Salford; the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester. It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury. It has a population of 60,718.
Salma Hayek

Salma Hayek Jiménez (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer.  She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda. Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.

Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants.

Early life
Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Her father, Sami Hayek is Libanese and was a politician. Her mother, Diana  Jiménez is a Mexican and was an opera singer. Salma left the town with 12 years and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana. She had a bad manners and had to leave the school. She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old. After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City.

Career
Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study. She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela Teresa. There, she played a main role. Using this role, she was known in Mexico. Later, she left the Show.

In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English. There, she did drama and elocution lessons. In January 1993, she got a supporting role in Mi Vida Loca. In 1995, she played in Desperado with Antonio Banderas. She got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in Frida as best actress in 2003.

Personal life
On 9 March 2007, she confirmed her engagement with the French businessman François-Henri Pinault and her pregnancy. In September 2007, she got a daughter, Valentina Paloma Pinault on the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. In July 2008, they separated. They reconciled and married in February 2009. They married for the second time in April 2009.

She speaks Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese and English.

References

Other websites 
 

1966 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie directors
Mexican movie producers
Television producers
People from Veracruz
Pellagra

Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3). Niacin is found in most foods. A person can die from pellagra if it is not treated. The main results of pellagra can be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are abdominal cramping,depression,diarrhea,headache,loss of appetite,mucus membrane inflammation,dilated cardiomyopathy. It is also caused due to cellular deficiency of niacin, chronic alcoholism or gastro-intestinal malabsorption. It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and dietary advice to vulnerable groups.

Diseases
Vitamin deficiencies
Dermatitis

Dermatitis means "inflammation of the skin." It looks like a red rash in most cases. It most often refers to eczema.

Diseases
Skin
Chet Culver

Chester John "Chet" Culver (born January 25, 1966) is the former Governor of Iowa.

Culver was born in Washington, D.C..  His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator.  Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher.

In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State.  He was reelected in 2002.  After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor.  In November of 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa. He lost to Terry Branstad in the 2010 election.

Other websites 
Office of the Governor website

Governors of Iowa
1966 births
Living people
The Castle (movie)

The Castle is a 1997 Australian movie which was popular in Australia.  Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humour. The Castle starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.

The Castle was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000. Some people have said that The Castle is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget.

Plot

The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years. Their house is next to the local airport.  The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court.  At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.

The Castle is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people.  Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about  famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.

Cast
 Michael Caton as Darryl Kerrigan
 Anne Tenney as Sal Kerrigan
 Stephen Curry as Dale Kerrigan
 Anthony Simcoe as Steve Kerrigan
 Sophie Lee as Tracey Kerrigan
 Wayne Hope as Wayne Kerrigan
 Tiriel Mora as Dennis Denuto
 Eric Bana as Con Petropoulous
 Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Lawrence Hammill
 John Flaus as Sgt. Kennedy

Quotes
It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "The Castle". Some of the most popular of these are:
What do you call this? (in reference to obvious items)
Tell 'em they're dreaming!
A man's home is his castle.
It's not a house, it's a home.
Dale dug a hole.
That is going straight to the Pool Room.
How's the serenity? So much serenity!
It's what you do with it.
It's the vibe.

Related pages
Australian Constitutional Law

Other websites

References

1997 comedy movies
Australian comedy movies
Movies set in Australia
Documenta

documenta is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. More than 1.2 million people visited the last one, documenta 14, which was held in 2017. The next one, documenta 15, will be from June 18 to September 25, 2022.

Related pages

German art

Art
Balfour Declaration of 1917

The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was a policy by the government of the United Kingdom to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The declaration also said that Britain supported plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The issuance of the Declaration had many long lasting consequences, and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Arab–Israeli conflict, often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict". 

The Balfour Declaration was a letter from British government minister Arthur Balfour to Jewish leader Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, dated 2 November 1917.

20th century in Israel
1917 in the United Kingdom
Jewish history
Mandatory Palestine
Zionism
November 1917 events
Morality

Morality  is the concept of doing the right thing. Morals are basic guidelines for living.

Many people have written about ways of choosing what the right thing is. Some believe that there is an objective (true even if you do not agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set by God or another similar being; others think that morality is subjective (that what is good or bad is a community choice).

People can learn morals from religion, parents, friends, school, books, or from ethical traditions. People that teach or follow morals are called moralists.

It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is....."). Fables are stories with a moral. 

The opposite of "moral" is "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do. "Amoral" means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it. It is the same as "morally neutral". Morality means that you can tell between a right and a wrong thing.

Related pages
Ethics
Moral equivalence
Moral hazard

Ethics
Psychology
Philosophy
Saliva

Saliva is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals.  Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier. Saliva consists of 99.5% water.

The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal. It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections.

The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The digestion started here carries on in the stomach. There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet. Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids. Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food.

References 

Mouth
Digestive system
Villarosa

Villarosa is a town in the province of Enna, in the region of Sicily in southern Italy.

Sister cities
 Morlanwelz, Belgium (2002)
 Le Quesnoy, France (11/08/2006)

Other websites 
 Villarosani.it - The Community of Villarosa citizens

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Sicily