cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pope Gregory XIII

Pope Gregory XIII (; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was the head of the Catholic Church from 13 May 1572 to his death in 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this date.

Early life
Ugo Boncompagni was born in 1502, in Bologna.

Bishop
Pope Paul IV appointed him Bishop of Viesti in 1558.

Cardinal
In 1564, he was made a cardinal by Pope Pius IV.

Pope
Cardinal Boncompagni was elected Pope at age 70; and he chose to be called Gregory XIII.

Pope Gregory was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

He founded the Gregorian University in Rome.

In the last year of his life, Gregory received an embassy from Japan.

Gregorian calendar 
Pope Gregory is famous for his correction of mistakes in the Julian calendar.  To accomplish the necessary changes,  the Gregorian calendar skipped ten days between 4 October 1582 and 15 October 1582.  
 1582 – Gregorian calendar reset, when 4 October was followed by 15 October.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

   "Gregory XIII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory XIII
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Boncompagni

1502 births
1585 deaths
Italian popes
George Augustine Taylor

George Augustine Taylor (August 1, 1872 – January 20, 1928) was an Australian artist, journalist, and inventor. He was the first person in Australia to fly a heavier-than-air craft.

Early life
Taylor was born at Sydney in 1872. He first became known as an artist, and was a member of the Sydney Bohemian set in the 1890s. He wrote about this part of his life in his book, Those Were the Days, published in 1918. He drew for The Bulletin, Worker, Sunday Times, Referee, and London Punch. Later he became interested in aviation and radio.Taylor was a member of the Dawn and Dusk Club, an group of bohemians and intellectuals that included the writer Henry Lawson. Taylor married his wife, Florence Mary Parsons in 1907.

First flight
On December 5, 1909, Taylor flew a glider for  along Narrabeen beach. This was Australia's first manned flight. He had made the glider himself based on drawings by Lawrence Hargreave. The wooden framed glider had two wings, covered in calico, and a box kite tail. After his first flight, his wife Florence, flew the glider, and became the first Australian woman to fly an aircraft. During the day he became more confident and flew out over the sea, where the glider finally crashed.

References

1872 births
1928 deaths
Artists from New South Wales
Aviators
Inventors
People from Sydney
Australian journalists
Carmichael number

In number theory a Carmichael number is a composite positive integer , which satisfies the congruence  for all integers  which are relatively prime to . Being relatively prime means that they do not have common divisors, other than 1. Such numbers are named after Robert Carmichael. 

All prime numbers  satisfy  for all integers  which are relatively prime to . This has been proven by the famous mathematician Pierre de Fermat. In most cases if a number  is composite, it does not satisfy this congruence equation. So, there exist not so many Carmichael numbers. We can say that Carmichael numbers are composite numbers that behave a little bit like they would be a prime number. 

Number theory
Maple Ridge, British Columbia

Maple Ridge is a District Municipality (area with several settlements).  It is in British Columbia, Canada.

History
Maple Ridge was created on September 12, 1874.  It is the sixth oldest community in British Columbia.

Location
Maple Ridge is located in southern British Columbia.  It is to the east of Vancouver.

Maple Ridge is on the north shore of the Fraser River.

Communities
Maple Ridge is a District Municipality.  This means that there are several communities within the official borders of Maple Ridge.  These communities are: Albion, East Haney, Hammond, Haney, Port Haney, Ruskin, Silver Valley, The Ridge, Thornhill, Webster's Corners, Whonnock, and Yennadon.

Notable People
 Andrew Ladd - 2-time Stanley Cup winning ice hockey player

References 

Settlements in British Columbia
C.A. Belgrano

Club Atlético Belgrano is a football club that plays in Argentina.

Argentine football clubs
Córdoba, Argentina
1905 establishments in Argentina
Michael Clarke Duncan

Michael Clarke Duncan (December 10, 1957 – September 3, 2012) was an American actor who starred in movies and was a guest on television shows including: Two and a Half Men, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, CSI: NY and Chuck.

Before movies 
Before he became an actor, Duncan was a bodyguard for celebrities including: LL Cool J, Jamie Foxx, Martin Lawrence, Will Smith and The Notorious B.I.G.. He quit because when his friend covered for him while watching Notorious B.I.G., Biggie died that night.

Movies 
Duncan became friends with Bruce Willis while he was acting with him in the movie Armageddon, This helped him get the role of "John Coffey" in The Green Mile. After getting that role he became a breakout star. He played the Kingpin in the movie Daredevil.

Health problems and death 
Duncan had a heart attack on July 13, 2012 and was rushed to the hospital. On September 3, 2012, at 7:00 am, his publicist quoted Duncan's former fiancée, Omarosa Manigault Newman as saying that Duncan had died that morning at the age of 54.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Chicago
African-American movie actors
African-American television actors
African-American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Saturn Award winners
1957 births
2012 deaths
Children's Hearing

A Children's Hearing is a legal hearing for children in Scotland. It is part of the country's justice and welfare systems. It takes into account the fact that children who commit crimes need the same sort of care as those who are victims of an offence or neglect. Only if a child has committed a serious crime will they be sent for trial in a normal court. For most cases they are sent to a children's panel. A panel is made up of three adults, with at least one member of each gender. The child's parent or guardian and their social worker will also be present at a hearing. 

The hearing or meeting usually happens around a table. The panel members are given information and reports and the child's circumstances are fully discussed before the panel reaches their decision. It’s unlike a regular hearing because the child can speak at any time during the meeting.

A child may be sent to a children's hearing because they have committed a crime, because they have been neglected or because they have not been not attending school. Often, a children's reporter will refer a child to a panel. These reporters gather information on a child from teachers, social workers, or police and decide whether or not to refer them to a panel. A children's reporter will be made aware of a vulnerable child by a referral. A referral is a notification from anyone (neighbour, teacher, police) about a child they think needs legal intervention.

Panel members are very important in a child's life as they make many important decisions for the child. They are specially trained to deal with children and their families. At the end of the hearing they can decide to put a child in foster care, to send them to a children's home, residential school or secure accommodation, to tag them, or to keep the child with their parents and put them under the supervision of a social worker. However, the panel can not punish a child in any way: they can not inflict a fine upon the child or their parents.

Other websites 
 - Wiki about Children's Panels 

Children
Scotland
Papilioninae

Papilioninae is a subfamily of butterflies.  It belongs in the family Papilionidae.  The species are found worldwide.

The caterpillars feed on plants in the following families: Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, and Annonaceae.  Caterpillars that feed on Aristolochiaceae species become poisonous.  When they become adults, they are still poisonous.  Because of this, many butterflies in the families Papilionidae and Nymphalidae mimic Aristolochiaceae feeders.

Very few adult Papilioninae species migrate.  They spend the winter as chrysailds.

List of genera
Atrophaneura Reakirt, 1865
Battus Scopoli, 1777
Byasa Moore, 1882
Chilasa Moore, 1881
Cressida Swainson, 1832
Euryades Felder & Felder, 1864
Eurytides Hübner, 1821
Graphium Westwood, 1841
Iphiclides Hübner, 1819
Lamproptera Gray, 1832
Losaria Moore, 1902
Meandrusa Moore, 1888
Mimoides Brown, 1991
Ornithoptera Boisduval, 1832
Pachliopta Reakirt, 1865
Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
Parides Hübner, 1819
Pharmacophagus Haase, 1892
Praepapilio Durden and Rose, 1978†
Protesilaus Swainson, 1832
Protographium Munroe, 1961
Teinopalpus Hope, 1843
Trogonoptera Rippon, 1890
Troides Hübner, 1819

References

Other websites

Papilioninae at Wikispecies
Carmit Bachar

Carmit Bachar (born September 4, 1974) is an American singer, dancer and showgirl. She was a member of the Pussycat Dolls.

Singers from Los Angeles
Pussycat Dolls
1974 births
Living people
Lock (water transport)

A lock is a part of a navigable waterway system that makes a water "channel" deep enough for vessels to use.  The lock controls pool depths, for example in a lock and dam system across a waterway. 

The lock is a place where boats that travel up or down a river or canal can be moved to the next higher or lower level.  Locks are built in places where the level of the water in the river or canal suddenly changes.  This may be because of a waterfall there, or because a dam or a weir has been built, or because some other thing is in the way.  The lock is like a big chamber with gates at each end.  They have lock gears which empty or fill the chamber with water.  Locks help a river to be more easily navigable (easier for boats to travel up and down), or for canals to be built across country that is not level.

How a lock works

If a boat that is travelling downstream (in the same direction that the water is flowing) arrives at a lock, this is what happens:
 The boat waits until the lock is full of water.  If a boat going the other way has just come out of the lock, the water level will be right and the gates will be open.  This will save time.
 The entrance gates (if shut) are opened and the boat sails in.
 The entrance gates are closed.
 A valve is opened, and water flows out of the chamber so that the boat goes down.
 When the water is at the level of the next bit of river, the exit gates are opened and the boat sails out.

If a boat that is travelling upstream (in the opposite direction to the water flow), the opposite happens:
 The boat waits until the water level is low.  If a boat going the other way has just come out of the lock, the water level will be right and the gates will be open.
 The entrance gates (if shut) are opened and the boat sails in.
 The entrance gates are closed.
 A valve is opened, and water pours in to the chamber so that the boat goes up.
 When the water is at the level of the next bit of river, the exit gates are opened and the boat sails out.

The whole process of going through a lock may take about 15 to 20 minutes, depending on whether the boat has to wait.  Some locks can take several boats at once, and the first one to enter may have to wait until other boats arrive.

Waterways
Gates
Ahl-e Haqq

Ahl-e Haqq (Persian, translates to people of truth) is a Kurdish religious movement. It is mainly rooted in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as Lorestan and Kermanshah in Iran. Many members also live in the diaspora. In total, the followers are estimated to be around 1 million people.

The religion itself has elements of Shi'a Islam, Yazidi, and Alevi. Followers believe that their deity will be reincarnated seven times. The religion took the practice of Dhikr from Sufism. They also share common meals, and live together in a brotherly manner. Wladimir Fjodorowich Minorski was among the first to describe this religious community.

References

Religions
Kurdistan
Trench foot

Trench foot or fat foot is a medical condition that is caused by keeping feet in the cold, in dirty places, or in water for a long time. Trench foot was a big problem in the trenches of World War I. Many of the soldiers fighting got this condition.

The soldiers found it difficult to cope with the swelling wearing their boots but after realised that they could not get the boot on again as the foot had swollen to twice its size. Many men who suffered from it ending up having their feet amputated because they could not deal with the pain.

This can be treated by rubbing it to cause friction and if it is kept warm it can heal itself.

References

Diseases
Kutless

Kutless is a Christian rock band formed in 2000.

History
The band chose the name "Kutless" from a Bible verse, Romans 6:23.  They chose this name because "[Jesus] took our cuts for us, leaving us 'Kutless.'"

Members
Current
Jon Micah Sumrall – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano (2000–present)
James Mead – lead guitar, backing vocals (2001–present)
Jeffrey Gilbert – drums (2005–present)
Dave Luetkenhoelter – bass guitar (2005–present)
Nick DePartee – guitar, backing vocals (2007–present)
Former
Nathan "Stu" Stuart – bass guitar (2000–2002)
Kyle Zeigler – bass guitar (2002–2005)
Kyle Mitchell – drums (2000–2005)
Ryan Shrout – guitar, backing vocals (2000–2007)

Studio albums

References

American rock bands
American hard rock bands
Grunge bands
Christian rock bands
Musical groups from Oregon
Musical groups established in 2000
2000 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Oregon
Leah Remini

Leah Marie Remini (born June 15, 1970) is an American actress, best known for her role as Carrie Heffernan on the sitcom The King Of Queens.

References

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Bobby Allison

Robert Arthur Allison (born December 3, 1937) is an American retired Racecar driver. He was the 1983 NASCAR Winston Cup champion. He is on the list of the 50 greatest NASCAR drivers.

References

Other websites

1937 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
Daytona 500 winners
James Dean

James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American movie actor. He was best known for his part in a movie called Rebel Without a Cause. He was in two other movies East of Eden and Giant, both of which were huge successes. He got an Academy Award (Oscar) nomination after his death. He was the first person to get this  nomination posthumously (after they died).

Early life
James Dean was born in 1931 in Marion, Indiana, United States. His parents were called Winton Dean and Mildred Wilson. Six years later, the family moved to California, and James went to school in Los Angeles. He was very close to his mother. She died of cancer when he was nine, and James went to live with his aunt and uncle in Fairmount, Indiana. In high school, he became interested in drama and car racing. After he graduated, he moved back to California to live with his father and stepmother. He attended Santa Monica College and UCLA, but left college in 1951 to become a professional actor. 

In an interview, Elizabeth Taylor told something which James Dean had said to her during their filming. After his mother’s death, when he was 11 years old, he was sexually harassed by a Protestant minister. This experience tortured him during all his whole childhood.

Death
In 1955, Dean was killed in a road crash while driving his sports car to a race. He was buried in Fairmount, Indiana.

References

Other websites

Actors from Indiana
American movie actors
American television actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Indiana
Road accident deaths in California
1931 births
1955 deaths
Greg Biffle

Gregory Jack Biffle (born December 23, 1969) is an American racecar driver who raced in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, Xfinity Series and Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. He drove for Roush Fenway Racing. He won championships in the Xfinity and Truck series and also won races in all three series.

1969 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Washington
Anna Moffo

Anna Moffo (June 27, 1932 - March 9, 2006) was an Italian American operatic soprano particularly associated with lyric-coloratura roles in Italian and French operas, she was admired as much for her vocal gifts as her great beauty and affecting stage presence.

Life and Career

Born in Wayne, Pennsylvania, to Italian parents, she first studied at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, with Eufemia Giannini-Gregory, and later at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Italy, with Mercedes Llopart and Luigi Ricci. 

She made her operatic debut in Spoleto, Italy, in 1955, as Norina in Donizetti's Don Pasquale. Shortly after, she appeared in a television production of Puccini's Madama Butterfly, which made her an overnight sensation throughout Italy. She quickly appeared in other television productions (Falstaff, La sonnambula, Lucia di Lammermoor, La figlia del reggimento, La serva padrona) and was invited to sing at most of the major opera houses of Italy (Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Parma, etc.). As her reputation grew, she was invited to sing outside Italy, notably at the Aix-en-Provence Festival, the Salzburg Festival and the Vienna State Opera. 

She made her American debut at the Chicago Lyric Opera in 1957, as Mimi in La bohème, opposite the great Swedish tenor Jussi Bjorling. Her Metropolitan Opera debut in New York took place on November 14, 1959, as Violetta in La traviata, a part that quickly became her signature role. She sang at the Metropolitan Opera for seventeen seasons to great acclaim in roles such as Lucia (Lucia di Lammermoor), Gilda (Rigoletto), Mimi (La bohème), Marguerite (Faust), Juliet (Romeo and Juliet), Manon (Manon), the four heroines in Les contes d'Hoffmann, etc. She also sang in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, etc., while making several appearances on American television. 

She pursued a successful international career as well, singing in Monte Carlo, London, Berlin, Stockholm, Mexico City, Buenos Aires, etc. She remained very popular in Italy and performed there often and hosted her own television program The Anna Moffo Show from 1960 to 1973. She also appeared in movie versions of opera such as La traviata (1968) and Lucia di Lammermoor (1971), directed by her husband Mario Lanfranchi, as well as a few non-operatic movies. 

Her career was cut short by vocal problems in the mid 1970s but she remained active in the opera world as a board member of the Metropolitan Opera Guild and by hosting galas and  giving occasional masterclasses. Moffo died in New York City of a stroke after a decade long battle with breast cancer at the age of 73. She is remembered as one of the most glamourous opera stars of her era.

A versatile and prolific recording artist she left a vast discography including opera, operetta, musical, art songs, pop songs, lieder, etc.

References
 Opera News, October 2009.

1932 births
2006 deaths
Sopranos
Italian opera singers
Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is a person who organizes a venture to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy.  These are the people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring good new ideas to market. 

Entrepreneurs who are successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits, fame and continued growth opportunities.  Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business.   The entrepreneur assumes all the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietary, a partner or the owner of the majority of shares in an incorporated venture.  As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.

According to Joseph Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success.  He discovered that they:
 Value self-reliance;
 Strive for distinction through excellence;
 Are highly optimistic;
 Favor challenges of medium risk.

Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the factors of production, along with land/natural resources, labor and capital.  An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture goods or provide services.  He or she typically creates a business plan, hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.

Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their companies.

Given the riskiness of a new venture, the acquisition of capital funding is particularly challenging, and many entrepreneurs deal with it via bootstrapping.

While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring, others take on partners armed with greater access to capital and other resources.

Definitions of Entrepreneurship 
Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur" or "entrepreneurship" (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb entreprendre, meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models: 

They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.

Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs – not just companies – were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.

References

Related pages 
Leadership
Business
QBasic

QBasic is a programming language made by Microsoft which was included with Windows 95 and MS-DOS. QBasic is a more limited version of QuickBasic, released in 1985. While today considered almost obsolete, it is still a popular language for beginners and especially for educational purposes.

Example 
An example Hello World program in QBasic:

PRINT "Hello, World!"

References

Programming languages
Scratch (programming language)

Scratch is a drag-and-drop programming language for children designed to create things such as games, animations, art, and stories. It allows them to explore and experiment with the ideas of computer programming by using "blocks" that are put together to make simple code. There is also a discussion page with multiple forums mainly used for chatting and help with coding.

Although made for children 8-16, Scratch can be used to produce simple or complex programs so it is worth learning to use by adults as well.

Scratch is translated into 70+ languages and is used in homes, schools, and after-school clubs in every country in the world. Scratch is often used in teaching coding, computer science, and computational thinking. Teachers also use it as a tool across many other subjects including math, science, history, geography, and art. The Scratch Team (ST) is an organization that helps maintain, manage and help keep Scratch safe. They also do helpful tutorials for coding help and support. Scratch is also free to use.

User interface

The area where the user can interact with is called the stage area. The stage area features all of the animations, graphics, drawings, and among other visual features. The list of sprites on screen are placed below the stage area to show a list of sprites that are usable for the program. The stage is organized through x and y coordinates, with the center coordinate (0, 0) placed in the center of the stage. The stage is 480 pixels wide and 360 pixels tall, with a range between x=-240 to x=240 in width and a range between y=-180 and y=180 in height.

From left to right, in the upper left area of the screen, there is a stage area, featuring the results (i.e., animations, turtle graphics, etc., everything either in small or normal size, full-screen also available) and all sprites thumbnails listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and y coordinates, with 0,0 being the stage center. The stage is 480 pixels wide, and 360 pixels tall, x:240 being the far right, x:-240 being the far left, y:180 being the top, and y:-180 being the bottom.

References 

Programming languages
Ponytail

A ponytail is a common hairstyle. It is a tied back section of hair on the scalp.  It is held by a hair tie or clip, and hangs freely from that point. They are worn by people of any gender.

Hairstyles
Volkswagen Passat

Volkswagen Passat is a car produced by Volkswagen in 1973. It entered its seventh generation in 2010.

Passat Mk4
The Volkswagen Passat Mk4 is the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk4 replaced the Mk3 in 1993, and was replaced by the Mk5 in 1996.

Passat Mk5
The Volkswagen Passat Mk5 is the fifth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk5 replaced the Mk4 in 1996, and was replaced by the Mk6 in 2005.

Passat Mk6
The Volkswagen Passat Mk6 is the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk6 replaced the Mk5 in 2005, and was replaced by the Mk7 in 2010.

Passat Mk7
The Volkswagen Passat Mk7 is the seventh generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The Mk7 replaced the Mk6 in 2010. This is the current generation of the Volkswagen Passat.

Gallery

References

Front wheel drive vehicles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Volkswagen Golf Variant

Volkswagen Golf Variant is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1993. It entered its fourth generation in 2009.

First generation (1993–1999)

Engines

Petrol engines  
 1.4 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.6 74 kW (101 hp)
 1.8 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.9 VR6 140 kW (190 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 D 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 SDI 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 TD 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)

Second generation (1999–2006)

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 74 kW (100 hp) and 75 kW (102 hp)
 1.6 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.6 FSI 81 kW (110 hp)
 1.8 T 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.3 V5 110 kW (150 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
 2.8 V6 150 kW (204 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 SDI 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (100 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)

Third generation (2007–2009)

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.4 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 TSI 90 kW (122 hp), 103 kW (140 hp), 118 kW (160 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
 1.6 75 kW (102 hp)
 2.0 147 kW (200 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 TDI 77 kW (105 hp)
 2.0 TDI 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)

Fourth generation (2009–present)

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 TSI 63 kW (85 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 TSI 90 kW (122 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
 1.6 75 kW (102 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.6 TDI 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 2.0 TDI 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)

Golf Variant
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Lexeme

Lexeme is a term in linguistics. They are units of meaning, independent of any inflectional endings, or whether it is one word or several. "Come in" is a lexeme; so is "raining cats and dogs". The largest English dictionaries have about half a million lexemes. "The true figure is undoubtedly a great deal higher". 

In the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.

A similar concept is the lemma (or citation form). It is the form of a lexeme which is chosen to represent the lexeme, for example, RUN instead of the other forms. Lemmas are used in dictionaries as the headwords. Other forms of a lexeme are usually listed later in the entry. So all headwords in a dictionary are lexemes.

A lexicon is made of lexemes.

Reference 

Language
Phoneme

Phonemes are the units of sound (speech) which distinguish one word from another in a particular language, they are discrete abstractions. In most varieties (accents and dialects) of spoken English there are about 24 consonantal phonemes and 20 vowel phonemes (altogether 44 phonemes), but only 26 letters in writing. To learn all the phonemes in English, it would be better to use the IPA, which has a unique letter for every phoneme in English, unlike the English alphabet. The development of phonological representations for words and their parts is a major step in learning a spoken language.

A good way to learn phonemes in a language is to learn minimal pairs. A minimal pair is a pair of different words that are different by only one sound. An example of this is "bit" and "bat". Even though only the vowel in each word is different, each word has a completely different meaning. Another example is "dip" and "tip", where both words have different meanings even though only the first consonant in each word is different.

References 

Language
History of the alphabet

The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. The first pure alphabet emerged around 2000 BCE to represent the language of Semitic workers in Egypt, and it was derived from the alphabetic principles of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. Most alphabets in the world today descend directly from this development, such as the Greek and Latin alphabets, or were inspired by its design.

Early history

Beginnings in Egypt
By 2700 BCE, the ancient Egyptians had developed a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent the consonants of their language and a 23rd that seems to have represented word-initial or word-final vowels. The first purelyalphabetic script is thought to have been developed around 2000 BCE for Semitic workers in central Egypt.

Over the next 500 years, it spread north, and all subsequent alphabets around the world have either descended from it or been inspired by one of its descendants, with the possible exception of the Meroitic alphabet, a 3rd century BCE adaptation of hieroglyphs in Nubia to the south of Egypt.

Semitic alphabet
The oldest examples are in Egypt and date to around 1800 BCE /. 
The inscriptions may show that the alphabet was invented in Egypt.

References
Jerzy Buzek

Jerzy Karol Buzek (born 3 July 1940 in Smilovice, Poland) is a Polish politician and scientist.

He was President of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2012. Between 1997 and 2001, he was the Prime Minister of Poland and a member of the Polish parliament.

Buzek attended the grammar school in Chorzów and got his Matura there. After successful exams, he went to the Technical University of Silesia. In Silesia, Jerzy Buzek studied chemistry and got a diploma in 1963.

In the years 1971 and 1972, he researched at the University of Cambridge in Great Britain.

During his studies and time spent in research, Buzek wrote about 200 patents and other papers.

During his time as the Prime Minister of Poland, his success was that Poland joined Nato in 1998. In 2004, he got elected to be a member of the European Parliament.

Buzek got Doctorates honoris causa from the University of Dortmund, the University of Seoul, the University of Isparta and also from the Technical Universities of Opole and Silesia.

References 

1940 births
Living people
MEPs for Poland
Presidents of the European Parliament
Prime Ministers of Poland
Polish scientists
Honorary degree

An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa (Latin: for the sake of the honour) is an academic degree given by a university to a person who particularly deserves such an honour.  It may be someone who has had nothing to do with that university.  The person does not have to do any examination.  It is purely an honour for whatever good work he or she has already done.  Very often the honorary degree is a doctorate.

Academic degrees
President of the European Parliament

The President of the European Parliament is the head of the European Parliament. He or she also represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally. The President has to sign that EU laws and the EU budget can become valid.

Presidents serve two-and-a-half-year terms. This time is normally divided between the two major political parties of the European Parliament. There have been twenty-eight Presidents, since the Parliament was created in 1952. Thirteen of whom have served since the first Parliamentary election in 1979. Two Presidents have been women and most have come from the older member states.

List of Elected President of the European Parliament

Notes

References

 
European Union
Mario Andretti

Mario Gabriele Andretti (born February 28, 1940) is a retired racecar driver. He won the 1969 Indianapolis 500, the 1978 Formula One championship and won the 1967 Daytona 500. He is called the most successful American racecar driver.

References

1940 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Maria Edgeworth

Maria Edgeworth was a novelist in the early nineteenth century.

Life
Edgeworth was born in Oxfordshire in 1767 or 1768. She was the daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth and Anna Maria Edgeworth. When her father married again to his second wife, she went with him to Ireland. There, she helped her father and managed her father's land. Because of this, she became friends with lots of fashionable people and with Irish peasants. This was very useful to her later in writing her novels. At first she used to write for children, but in 1800 she published her first adults' novel, Castle Rackrent. Lots of people liked Castle Rackrent, which was an immediate success.

In 1798 her father married his fourth wife. For fifty-one years Maria had a very good friend in her stepmother.

In 1802 their family traveled to other countries. First they went to Brussels, then to a part of France. There Maria met a man named Count Edelcrantz. Maria's stepmother wrote in the book Life and Letters, that Maria loved him very much. They came back home to Ireland in 1803 when the war began again, and Maria started writing again. Her father helped her with her writing, and corrected her books a lot. Maria published Castle Rackrent secretly.

Edgeworth helped Irish peasantry very much. She was short, and is said to be cheerful and lively. After she was ill for a few years she died at Edgeworthstone, in the arms of her stepmother, in 1849.

Other books written by Maria Edgeworth
 Belinda
 Castle Rackrent
 Leonora
 Helen

Other websites 

Sources
 
Works by Maria Edgeworth at Internet Archive
Other
Biography on Revolutionary Players website 
 Edgeworthstown From "Irish Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil" (1888)

1767 births
1849 deaths
English writers
English novelists
Ubuntu Studio

Ubuntu Studio is an officially recognized derivative of the Ubuntu Linux distribution that focuses on audio, video and graphics production. The original version, based on Ubuntu 7.04, was released on May 10, 2007.

References 

Software

de:Ubuntu#Ubuntu Studio
Faisal Alam

Faisal Alam is a gay Pakistani American who began the Al-Fatiha Foundation, a group that is committed to helping further the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims.

Alam came to the United States from Pakistan in 1987, when he was ten, and lived in Ellington, Connecticut. In 1997, after a marriage engagement to a Muslim girl did not work out, he began a Yahoo! group for LGBT Muslims which became popular fast. He started Al-Fatiha in 1998 and was the group's president until he stepped down in 2004.

Alam is also a member of the National Religious Leadership Roundtable and the LGBT Programme of Human Rights Watch.

Related pages
 List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References

Other websites
 Homepage of Al-Fatiha 
 Interview with Alam  by Johann Hari

1977 births
Living people
American LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT rights activists
Pakistani Muslims
People from Connecticut
Rick Rypien

Rick Joseph Rypien (May 16, 1984 – August 15, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was a very tough player and used to play for the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL), who were the Canucks partner in the AHL. Rypien played four seasons with the Regina Pats, a junior team in the Western Hockey League (WHL) before going to the Moose in 2005. The following season he started playing for the Canucks. He has been injured a lot in the NHL and has missed many games because of that.

He signed a one-year, $700,000 contract with the Winnipeg Jets but he died before training camp. His body was found in his home on August 15, 2011 by police. His death was later confirmed to be a suicide Rypien had struggled with clinical depression throughout his career.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1984 births
2011 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Regina Pats players
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides in Canada
Vancouver Canucks players
Centre (ice hockey)

Centre (center in the United States) is a position in ice hockey. A centre plays in the middle of the ice as one of three forwards. The centre is between the left wing and the right wing, and is the one who takes faceoffs. Because they are in the middle, the centre sometimes has to help the two defencemen when they need help. 

Ice hockey positions
Glenda Jackson

Glenda May Jackson CBE (born on 9 May 1936) is an English actress turned politician. She is best known for her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth I in the  BBC series Elizabeth R in 1971. She has won the Triple Crown of Acting, meaning she is the winner of an Oscar, Emmy and Tony Awards.

Life and career 
Glenda Jackson studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She began her acting career in 1957. She joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, where she remained for four years.

After a few bit parts in movies, she got her first major role in Marat/Sade in 1966. In 1969, she appeared in Ken Russell's movie version of D.H. Lawrence's novel Women in Love. For this part, she won the Academy Award for best actress. The next year, she appeared in another Ken Russell's movie The Music Lovers. 

Other notable movies have included; Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971), Mary, Queen of Scots (1971), The Triple Echo (1972), A Touch of Class (1973), which won her a second Academy Award for best actress, The Romantic Englishwoman (1975), Hedda (1975), The Incredible Sarah (1976), Stevie (1978), Hopscotch (1980) etc.

She also appeared to great acclaim on BBC television in Elizabeth R, a six parts series on the life of Queen Elizabeth I of England, which is thought by many as the most scholarly version. 

Jackson retired from acting in 1992 and turned to politics. She entered the House of Commons as a Labour member of Parliament. She was married to Roy Hodges from 1958 to 1976, with whom she had a son, Daniel (born in 1969).

In August 2017, Burberry, a London-based luxury fashion house recruited Glenda Jackson to model the iconic trench and revealed the inspiration for its next London Fashion Week show.

References

Other websites 
 MPs website
 Local party website 
 Guardian Unlimited Politics — Ask Aristotle: Glenda Jackson
 TheyWorkForYou.com — Glenda Jackson
 BBC Politics 

1936 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Cheshire
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English politicians
English stage actors
English television actors
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Golden Globe Award winning actors
London Borough of Camden
People from Birkenhead
Tony Award winning actors
ZTE

ZTE (Chinese： 中兴通讯) (Zhong Xing Telecommunication Equipment Company Limited) is a publicly-owned, Chinese business that designs and builds telecommunications equipment and systems. 

The company is located in Shenzhen, and was started in 1985 ZTE offers a many telecommunications products that provide services, such as video on demand and streaming media to its customers, which are mainly people that provide telecommunications services. 

In 1997, the company was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and since December 2004 has been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. It is included in the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index.  

ZTE has 13 of its own R&D centers in China, USA, Sweden and Korea.

More than 10% of ZTE's annual income goes to R&D. The company has partnerships with large international companies such as: Intel, Microsoft, IBM, Alcatel, Qualcomm, Analog Devices, Accenture, Texas Instruments, Freescale, Agere Systems and ADI.

References

Companies of China
Technology companies of Asia
1980s establishments in China
SuperCollider

SuperCollider is a programming language designed especially for sound and music. Artists and musicians use it to create pieces of music, or interactive sound sculptures, or other computer-based audio things.

References

Programming languages
Ryan Newman (racing driver)

Ryan Joseph Newman (born December 8, 1977) is an American racecar driver who drives the No. 31 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing. Newman used to drive the No. 39 Chevrolet Impala for Stewart Haas Racing, and the No. 12 Dodge for Team Penske. Newman won the 2008 Daytona 500.

References

NASCAR drivers
1977 births
Daytona 500 winners
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Indiana
People from South Bend, Indiana
Living people
Cuboid

A cuboid is a 3D shape. Cuboids have six faces, which form a convex polyhedron. Broadly, the faces of the cuboid can be any quadrilateral. More narrowly, rectangular cuboids are made from 6 rectangles, which are placed at right angles. A cuboid that uses all square faces is a cube.
Properties of a Cuboid are:
 It has 12 edges
 It has 8 corners or vertices
 It has 6 faces.
The basic difference between a rectangle and a cuboid is that one is a 2D shape and the other is a 3D shape.

The basic difference between a cube and cuboid is that a cube has equal length, height and breadth whereas in cuboids these three may or may not be the same.
The cuboid can also be called a right rectangular prism.

Where l= length, b= breadth, h= height:
 Total Surface Area of Cuboid = 2(l×b+b×h+h×l) 
 Volume of Cuboid = L×B×H

{Math-stub}

Polyhedra
Lucas Oil Stadium

Lucas Oil Stadium is in Indianapolis, Indiana and is the home of the Indianapolis Colts, an NFL team.
The stadium had its first game on August 24, 2008 when the Colts played the Buffalo Bills.

The stadium also hosted the 2015 final four between the Wisconsin Badgers and the previously unbeaten Kentucky Wildcats.

References

Other websites
Official website

National Football League venues
Sports buildings in the United States
Indianapolis, Indiana
Buildings and structures in Indiana
2008 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Indiana
Lakas–CMD

Lakas–Christian–Muslim Democrats is a centrist political party in the Philippines. It is a member of Centrist Democrat International.

Other websites
Official website 

Politics of the Philippines
Political parties in Asia
Sgt. Frog

Sgt. Frog, known in Japan as Sergeant Keroro (Keroro Gunso), is a manga series for the anime Keroro Gunso. It parodies htf. Keroro is having a takeover of the planet pokopen (which refers to earth), he says "de arimasu", "sir yes sir", "si senor", "shi ye", and "akene rupo keyo", and also says "whoa, that's sweet!", Gunso is black with a yellow-and-orange shoshina mark. In the anime, Fuyuki, Momaka and Chiruyo (his 2 love interests) were 11-12 years old in season 1, 13 years old in season 2, and 14 years old in seasons 3-7, Natsumi, and Mustumi (Fuyuki's other friend) were 13-14 years old in season 1, 15 years old in season 2, and 16 years old in seasons 3-7, Angol Mois was 10 years old in season 1, 11-12 years old in season 2, and 13 years old in seasons 3-7, Koyuki (who's like Fuyuki) was 12-13 years old in season 1, 14 years old in season 2, and 15 years old in seasons 3-7. Keroro (friend of Fuyuki)'s friends are Giroro, Tamama, Kururu, Dororo and Pururu. Fuyuki's other friends are Natsumi (Fuyuki's sister), Aki (Fuyuki's mother), Mutsumi, Koyuki, Chiruyo, Momoka (Momaka), and Mois. Mois's doppelganger and future daughter is Asami. In the Animax dub, Natsumi was voiced by Alexandra Levitch.

Manga
The Perfect Fool

The Perfect Fool is an opera in one act with music written by the English composer Gustav Holst. Holst wrote the work over the time period from 1918 to 1922.  The opera was first played at the Covent Garden Theatre, London on May 14, 1923. At the beginning, Holst had asked Clifford Bax to write the libretto, but Bax did not want to do so.

In the musical score, Holst made fun of the musical works of Verdi, Wagner's work Parsifal and Debussy. In the opera, the Fool's part is only one word long. One popular way of thinking of the opera's meaning is that the Princess symbolises the world of opera and the Fool is the British people.

The opera did not do well, and audiences thought that the opera did not make any sense.  Although the opera was given a live BBC broadcast a year after it was first played, it is not often played today.

References

Other websites
 Chester Novello page on The Perfect Fool
Amadeus Online

1920s operas
1923 works
Comet Hale–Bopp

Comet Hale–Bopp (formerly called C/1995 O1) is the biggest and brightest comet that has come by Earth in the last century. It was called the Great Comet of 1997. It is probably the most-seen comet in history - even more than the famous Halley's comet.

Discovery 
Hale-Bopp was discovered by two astronomers, Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp. This is a long-period comet (it will not return to earth for a long time). It is so big that its coma (the steam burning off of it) is as big as the Sun. It didn't come close enough to the sun to cross Earth's orbital path, so we could not see a meteor shower from the dust trail.

Chemicals 
Scientists found lots of organic chemicals in Hale-Bopp which they never saw before. It was also the first comet that had the gas argon in it.
It also has a sodium tail. See the picture on the left.

UFO claims 
A person named Chuck Shramek saw a not very bright, "Saturn-like" thing following Hale-Bopp and called the Art Bell radio program and told them about it. Lots of people thought a UFO was following behind the comet, even though many astronomers, including Alan Hale, tried to tell them it was just a star..
A few months later, the Heaven's Gate cult said they had to join the alien spaceship by leaving their earthly bodies, and lots of people killed themselves.

References

Further reading 
 Newcott, William R. (December 1997). "The age of comets". National Geographic, p. 100.

Other websites 
 Cometography.com: Comet Hale-Bopp
 NASA Hale-Bopp page
 
 Shadow and Substance.com: Static orbital diagram 
 Comet Nucleus Animation 
  COMET PHOTO ALTERED, UH SCIENTIST SAYS - Honolulu Advertiser by Michael Hammerschlag

Comets
1997
Tech N9ne

Aaron Dontez Yates (born November 8, 1971 in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor better known by his stage name Tech N9ne. 

He has been rapping since 1991 and has made 13 studio albums. He got his stage name from rapper Black Walt because of his fast rhyming style.

He is mainly a hip-hop artist but also raps in the horrorcore genre of music.

Albums

References

Other websites
 Tech N9ne's Official website

1971 births
Living people
African American musicians
Rap musicians from Missouri
Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Singers from Kansas City, Missouri
Alex Wojciechowicz

Alexander Francis Wojciechowicz (born August 12, 1915 in South River, New Jersey - died July 13, 1992 in Forked River, New Jersey) was an American football Center who played for the Detroit Lions and the Philadelphia Eagles of the NFL. Wojciechowicz was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1968. Wojciechowicz was the Detroit Lions first pick in the 1938 NFL Draft.

References

1915 births
1992 deaths
American football centers
Detroit Lions players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Sportspeople from New Jersey