cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Armenian rock

Armenian rock is a type of rock music sung by Armenian people. In the Soviet era,rock music was forbidden because the CPSU believed it was a "Western anti-socialist" influence. However, in the 1980s popular rock bands in Armenia began to emerge. The Armenians blended folk music with their rock music. After Bolshevism, progressive rock music began to be popular among Armenian people. Since 2004, the Armenian Music Awards honors musicians who record rock music.

Rock music
Armenian culture
Beat (music)

A beat is the basic unit of music . Beats can help measure tempos and are performed in grooves and rhythmic music. They measure the pulse and rhythm of a musical piece. They are usually divided into two kinds: stressed and unstressed beats. Stressed beats are the 'strong' beats and unstressed are the 'weak' beats. Time signatures and tempos are created by moving the beats into particular orders.

On-beat and off-beat
In music that is played in 4|4 time, (counted as "1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4..."), the first beat of the bar (downbeat) is usually the strongest stressed in the melody and the likeliest place for a chord change. The third is the next strongest: these are the on beats. The second and fourth are weaker: these are the off-beats.

So "off-beat" is a musical term in syncopation that emphasizes the weak even beats of a bar, as opposed to the usual on-beat. This is a basic beat in African polyrhythm that was transferred over into popular western music. According to Grove Music, the "Offbeat is [often] where the downbeat is replaced by a rest or is carried over from the preceding bar". The downbeat (the first beat of a measure in music) can never be the off-beat because it is the strongest beat in 4/4 time. Certain genres tend to emphasize the off-beat; especially rock and roll and Ska music.

References 

Musical terminology
Saikō

was a  after Ninju and before Ten'an.  This period started in November 854 and ended in February 857. During this time, the emperor was  .

Events of the Saikō era

 21 April 854 (Saikō 1, 13th day of the 6th month): Minamoto no Tokiwa, also known as Minamoto no Tsune, died at age 43.  He was a son of Emperor Saga and he was one of the editors of the Nihon kōki.

 855 (Saikō 2, 1st month): An Emishi uprising in the north was met with military force.

 855 (Saikō 2, 5th month): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off. Donations were collected to pay for making another head for the Daibutsu.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
850s establishments in Japan
850s disestablishments in Japan
854 establishments
857 disestablishments
Nihon kōki

is an ancient history of Japan written in 843.

This work is the third of the Rikkokushi ("Six National Histories").   It was written after the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi.

Fujiwara no Otsugu, Fujiwara no Yoshino, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Minamoto no Tokiwa, Asa no Katori and Yamada no Furutsugu were the main editors.  

Nihon Kōki is a primary historical source of information about Japan's Nara period and Heian period. 

The work covers the 135-year period from the beginning of Emperor Mommu's reign in 697 until the 9th year of Emperor Juna's reign in 832.   The text is an account of twelve imperial reigns.

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran

References

Further reading
 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

Other websites 
 Waseda University Library, Nihon Kōki manuscript 

History of Japan
Orientation

Orientation may refer to:
 Orientation (mental), a function of the mind
 Orientation (movie), a 1996 short movie produced by the Church of Scientology
 Orientation of churches is the custom of having the front of churches on their east side (Latin: oriens)
 Orientation (housing), the position of a building with respect to the sun, a concept in building design
 Student orientation, the first week of a university year in several countries
 Coin orientation and Medallic orientation, a description of the orientation of opposite faces of a coin with respect to one another
 Sexual orientation, the direction of an individual's sexuality relative to the sex of the persons the individual finds sexually attractive
 Map orientation, the relationship between directions on a map and compass directions
 Orientation (EP), a 2001 album by Sonata Arctica
 Page orientation, whether the long or short side of a rectangular page is the bottom for normal viewing

Television 
 "Orientation" (Lost), a 2005 episode of American television series Lost
 Orientación, an episode of the American television series Prison Break
 "Orientation" (Heroes), a 2009 episode of American television series Heroes

Mathematics 
 Orientation (computer vision), an image processing concept related to one-dimensional characterization of a local image
 Orientation (geometry), placement of an object in a rotational coordinate system with respect to a fixed point and a reference position
 Orientation (vector space), a concept in linear algebra
 Curve orientation, a property of a planar simple closed curve
 Orientability, a property of surfaces in Euclidean space measuring whether or not it is possible to make a consistent choice of surface normal vector at every point
 Orientation character, group homomorphism in surgery theory

Related pages
 Orientability, a concept in topology
 Orientation tensor, a tool in geology/earth science
 Orienteering, a sport involving map orientation
 Orientation and mobility
Kashō (early Heian period)

For the "Kashō" era which started in 1106 -- sometimes romanized as "Kajō", see Kashō (late Heian period).

 was a , also known as Kajō,  after Jōwa and before Ninju.  This period started in June 848 and ended in April 851.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the 9th century Kashō era

 18 February 848 (Kashō 1, 10th day of the 1st month): Fujiwara Yoshifusa (904-872) was given an important office in the court.  Yoshifusa's daughter became Emperor Montoku's wife and the mother of Emperor Seiwa.
 848 (Kashō 1, 6th month): A rare white tortoise was discovered in Bungo Province.  The tortoise was understood as a sign of good luck.
 849 (Kashō 2, 4th month): An ambassador from Baekje was received at court.
 849 (Kashō 2, 10th month): Nimmyo's his 40th birthday was an event.
 849 (Kashō 2, 11th month): The emperor toured the capital in a grand parade.
 850 (Kashō 3, 1st month): The emperor made an official visit to the home of his mother.
 May 6, 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month):  Emperor Ninmyō died at age 41. The succession (senso) was received by his eldest son.  Soon after, Emperor Montoku accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 850 (Kashō 3, 5th month): Tachibana no Kachiko died. She was the widow of Emperor Saga and the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku. She founded a  Buddhist temple called  which evolved into  which exists today.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
850s disestablishments in Japan
848 establishments
851 disestablishments
Halenda

Halenda is a village in Gujarat, India.

Geography 

Halenda's altitude is 197 meters (649 feet).

Postal code 

The postal code is 360032.

References 

Villages in India
Kashō (late Heian period)

For the "Kashō" era which started in 848 -- sometimes romanized as "Kajō", see Kashō (early Heian period).

, also romanized as Kajō, was a  after Chōji and before Tennin.  This period started in April 1106 and ended in August 1108.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the 12th century Kashō era
 3 October 1106 (Kashō 1): Major Shinto shrines were given many petitions which asked for the healing of "evil influences on the Emperor".
 9 August 1107 (Kajō 2, 19th day of the 7th month) : In the 21st year of Emperor Horikawa's reign, he died at the age of 29. The succession (senso) was received by his only son.  Soon after, Emperor Toba accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Pocahontas (movie)

Pocahontas is a 1995 American animated musical romantic comedy-drama movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 33rd movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It was produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The movie made $141,579,773 in the United States and $346,079,773 worldwide. In 1998, a direct-to-video sequel was released called Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World.

Plot 
In 1607, Pocahontas, a Native American, likes to be adventurous with her friend, Nacoma, and her animal friends. When she arrives back to her tribe, Pocahontas' father Chief Powhatan tells her that she will marry Kocoum, a brave warrior. Pocahontas does not like Kocoum because he is very "serious". She later leaves off to see her Grandmother Willow, a spiritual willow tree who gives advise and wisdom. Grandmother Willow warns Pocahontas that British are coming. Governor Ratcliffe lands in the United States (New World) and names it James Town. He then tells the crew to dig for gold. Explorer John Smith goes out to explore the surroundings. He and Pocahontas meet and become interested in one another. Smith shares his knowledge of how his "people" live their lives. Pocahontas is offended when Smith calls her people "savages" because they do not have any modern buildings or a society ruled by a king. Pocahontas then shares her knowledge and shows Smith that family values, life and nature are the most important things then having a king and buildings ("Colors of The Wind").

After this, Pocahontas and Smith fall in love. Chief Powhatan warns Pocahontas to stay away from the British because of their weapons. After finding Pocahontas and Smith kissing, Kocoum fights Smith and tries to kill him. Thomas whiteness the fight and kills Kocoum with a gun. This results in a battle between the Native Americans and the British. Smith is kept captive by the Native Americans who wants to kill Smith. Pocahontas successfully saves Smith from being killed. While witnessing the whole situation, Ratcliffe tries to shot Chief Powhatan, though Smith takes the bullet to save him. In the end, Smith is forced to go back to London to get treatment with Pocahontas.

Cast

Other websites 
 

1995 movies
1990s biographical movies
1990s romance movies
American biographical movies
American romance movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies about interracial romance
Movies composed by Alan Menken
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Movies set in Virginia
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Pocahontas (Disney)
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan. He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro.

Military career
Emperor Kammu gave Tamuramaro the title of shogun. He was given the task of conquering the Ezo tribes, also known as the .  This were the population who lived in the northern part of Honshū

After Emperor Kammu's death, the general continued to serve Emperor Heizei and Emperor Saga as  and . 

Tamuramaro was only the second warrior to receive the title of shogun. The first to receive this title was Ōtomo no Otomaro.
 
Tamuramaro's military successes are commemorated today in local festivals in the Tohoku region. 

Tamuramaro's name is linked with payments for construction projects at Kiyomizu Temple (Kiyomizu-dera) in the late 8th century.

 811 (Kōnin 2, 3rd month): Tamuramaro died at age 54.

After his death
The warrior is buried at Shogun-zuka which is east of Kyoto. His bow, arrows, quiver and sword were buried with him by order of the Emperor.

Notes 

758 births
811 deaths
Shoguns
Kennelly-Heaviside layer

The Kennelly–Heaviside layer, also known as the E-region, is part of the ionosphere.  It is a region which is between 90 km and 150 km from the earth’s surface.  It is named after the American engineer  Arthur Edwin Kennelly and the British scientist Oliver Heaviside.  These two scientists both predicted that this area existed, although it was not until some years later that it was proved.

In the Kennelly-Heaviside layer neutral molecules are split into electrons and positively charged molecules.  Radio waves can be bounced off the this region so that long-distance radio messages can be sent over long distances around the curved surface of the earth.  This was why Marconi had been able to send radio messages across the Atlantic in 1902, although it was not understood at the time.

References
The New Encyclopædia Britannica vol 4, 15th edition, 1986, 

Radio
Layers of Earth's atmosphere

ru:Ионосфера#Слой Е
Vicente Fox

Vicente Fox Quesada (born July 2, 1942) is a Mexican politician. He was 55th President of Mexico from December 1, 2000 to November 30, 2006. Fox is currently co-president of the Centrist Democrat International. It is an international organization of Christian democratic political parties.

President of Mexico (2000-2006)
Fox was elected President of Mexico in the 2000 presidential election, a historically important election that made him the first president elected from an opposition party since Francisco I. Madero in 1910. He was the first opposition party member in 71 years to defeat the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He won with 42 percent of the vote.

Personal life
After being President of Mexico for six years, President Fox returned to his home state of Guanajuato. He lives there with his wife and family. Since leaving the presidency, Vicente Fox has been involved in public speaking and the construction of the Vicente Fox Center of Studies, Library and Museum.

Criticisms of Donald Trump
Since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Fox emerged as an outspoken critic of Republican President of the United States Donald Trump.

United States presidential election, 2020

In September 2017, Fox said that he will run for President of the United States in the 2020 United States presidential election as an Independent. Fox however cannot be President because he was not born in the United States and said that his candidacy is only satirical.

References

1942 births
Living people
Presidents of Mexico
Guanajuato (state)
Union Association

The Union Association was a league in Major League Baseball. Its only season of operation was 1884. The St. Louis Maroons had the best record in the league, with 94 wins and 19 losses.

References

Major League Baseball
Ten'an

was a  after Saikō and before Jōgan.  This period started in February 857 and ended in April 859.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Ten'an era

 27 September 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): Emperor Montoku dies; and the succession (senso) was received by his eldest son. Emperor Seiwa accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies. The start of Seiwa's reign was announced at the Ise Shrine (Kotai-jingu) at Ise and at all the tombs of the imperial family.

 15 December 858 (Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month): The emperor's grandfather is named regent (sesshō).

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
850s establishments in Japan
850s disestablishments in Japan
857 establishments
859 disestablishments
Atlantic League (1896–1900)

The Atlantic League was a minor league baseball organization that operated between 1896 and 1900. Its teams were from the Northeastern United States.

Baseball leagues
1890s in the United States
1900 in the United States
Light curve

In astronomy, a light curve is a graph that shows the brightness of light from a celestial object or region, over a certain amount of time.  The light is usually in a particular frequency interval or band. Light curves can be periodic, that is they repeat in a regular pattern. Examples are eclipsing binaries and cepheid variables. Light curves can also be aperiodic, that is they are irregular with no pattern. Examples include the light curve of a nova, a cataclysmic variable star, a supernova or a microlensing event. The study of the light curve, together with other observations, can give a lot of information about the physical process that produces it or constrain the physical theories about it.

Planetology
In the study of planets (planetology), a light curve can be used to work out the rotation period of a minor planet, moon, or comet nucleus. From the Earth many objects are so small that even the most powerful telescopes are unable to see objects clearly. Because of this astronomers measure the amount of light produced by the object over a period of time, its light curve. The time between the peaks on the graph gives the rotational period of the object. The difference between the maximum and minimum brightness, the amplitude of the light curve, can be caused by either the shape of the object, or bright and dark areas on the surface. For example, an odd shaped asteroid's light curve generally has more pronounced peaks, while a more spherical object's light curve will be flatter. When the light curve covers a long period of time, it is called a secular light curve.

Botany
In botany, a light curve shows the photosynthetic response of a leaf or algae to the brightness of a light. The shape of the curve shows the principle of limiting factors. In low light, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the amount of chlorophyll and the efficiency of the light-dependent reactions. In higher light levels it is limited by the efficiency of RuBisCO (an enzyme) and the amount of carbon dioxide. The point on the graph where these two differing lines meet is called the light saturation point. This is where the light-dependent reactions are making more ATP and NADPH than can be used by the light-independent reactions.  Since photosynthesis is also limited by ambient carbon dioxide levels, light curves are often repeated at several different constant carbon dioxide concentrations.

References

Other websites 
The AAVSO online light curve generator  can plot light curves for thousands of variable stars
Lightcurves: An Introduction by NASA's Imagine the Universe

Astronomy
Botany
Phase

A phase is one part of a cycle or change that goes in a circle. For example, the moon has phases. 
 
The seasons of the year, spring, summer, fall, and winter, are also phases. The planet Venus has phases, like the moon: Galileo showed that the phases of Venus meant it must go around the Sun, not the earth.

Graphs can be made for things that have phases. Things that have phases change in some regular way from time to time. For example, a pendulum in a clock moves from some position (called its "displacement") to the left (labelled -x with algebra), to the bottom, and then to some position to the right (labelled +x with algebra). Two pendulums may have the same length, but unless they begin swinging at the same time and place they will not move together. One may be swinging left while the other swings right. When something like that happens the two vibrations are "not in phase."

Physics
Jeong In-ji

Jeong In-ji (, 1396 - 1478) was a Korean Joseon Dynasty politician, scholar, writer, historian. His nickname was Hakyeokjae ().

His son Jeong hyun-jo married Princess Uisuk, daughter of Joseon Dynasty 7th king Sejo of Joseon. Great granddaughter Grandlady Jeong, mother of 14th king Seonjo of Joseon.

book 
 Hunminjeongeunyehae(훈민정음예해, 訓民正音例解)
 Hakyukjaejip(학역재집)
 Yukdaeyukbeop(역대역법)
 Goryeosa(고려사)
 Goryeosajeolyo(고려사절요)
 Yukdaebyungyo(역대병요)
 Hunminjeongeum(훈민정음)
 Saryunohjip(사륜오집)
 Jachitonggamhunui(자치통감훈의, 資治通鑑訓義)
 Sejongsillok

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=136736
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=11837
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=690286

1396 births
1478 deaths
South Korean politicians
Autobiographers
Veszprém

Veszprém (ˈvɛspreːm; ) is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. The city is not far from Lake Balaton. about 15 km  (9 mi). It is the administrative center of the county (comitatus or 'megye') of the same name.

Location
Veszprém lies on both sides of the Séd creek, approximately  from Budapest (via the M7 highway and Road 8). It can also be reached from Győr via Road 82 and from Székesfehérvár via Road 8.

Population

1870: 14279
1880: 14726
1890: 14807
1900: 16223
1910: 16864
1920: 17513
1930: 19991
1941: 24025
1949: 20682
1960: 28222
1970: 40415
1980: 57249
1990: 63867
2001: 62851
2011: 64339

Ethnic groups (2001 census)
 Hungarians - 94.7%
 Germans - 1.7%
 Others - 1%
 No answer - 2.6%

Religions (2001 census)
 Roman Catholic - 57%
 Calvinist - 9.7%
 Lutheran - 3%
 Others - 1.3%
 Atheist - 19%
 No answer - 10%

Notable citizens
Marian Cozma
Tamás Kádár

Twin towns — Sister cities

Veszprém is twinned with:

  Bottrop, Germany
  Gladsaxe, Denmark
  Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
  Passau, Germany
  Rovaniemi, Finland
  Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania
  Tartu, Estonia
  Tirat Carmel, Israel
  Žamberk, Czech Republic
  Kursk, Russia

Gallery

Other websites 

 Official site
 English pages on official site
 Pannon University (formerly University of Veszprém)
 Aerial photography: Veszprém

References 

Cities in Hungary
Colo-Colo

Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo is a Chilean football club. They play in the Primera División. They are the top-flight football league in Chile. Their home ground is the Estadio Monumental David Arellano in the commune of Macul, Santiago. They are the most successful football club in their country.

Honours

Domestic
 Liga Central de Football / Asociación de Fútbol de Santiago: 4
1925, 1928, 1929, 1930

Primera División: 30
1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997 Clausura, 1998, 2002 Clausura, 2006 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura, 2007 Clausura, 2008 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2014 Clausura

Cups
Copa Chile: 10
1958, 1974, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1996

Continental
Copa LibertadoresWinners (1): 1991
Runner-up (1): 1973Copa SudamericanaRunner-up (1): 2006Copa Interamericana
Winners (1): 1991

Recopa SudamericanaWinners (1): 1992

InternationalIntercontinental Cup
''Runner-up (1): 1991

Other websites 
Official website
Colo Colo in FIFA.com 
Supporters' Site

1925 establishments
Chilean football clubs
Santiago de Chile
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica

Club Deportivo Universidad Católica  is a football club in Santiago de Chile now playing in the Primera División.

It is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Chile as one of the three "big teams". The most traditional rival is the Universidad de Chile, frequently called the Clásico Universitario.

Cups

Other websites 
 Official site 
 CDUCatolica.com
 Los Cruzados 
 Ceatolei 

1937 establishments
Universidad Catolica
Santiago de Chile
1930s establishments in Chile
Club Universidad de Chile

Club Universidad de Chile is a football club in Santiago de Chile playing in the Chilean Primera División.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Universidad de Chile in FIFA.com 
Supporters' Site 

1927 establishments in Chile
Chilean football clubs
Santiago de Chile
Mia Kihl

Maria Kihl or Mia Kihl (born April 23, 1979 in Stockholm), is a Swedish voice actress.

Filmography 
Fairly Odd Parents - Vicky (Starting from Season 2).
Goof Troop - Max.
Quack Pack - Louie.
TaleSpin - Molly Cunningham (1st Voice), Additional Voices.
Total Drama Island - Sadie.
Yu-Gi-Oh! - Anzu Mazaki
Winx Club - Flora

Other websites 
 Mia Kihl at Svensk Filmdatabases

1979 births
Living people
Swedish voice actors
William Golding

Sir William Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English writer. He was a novelist, poet, playwright and teacher. He is famous for his novel Lord of the Flies. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. In 2008, The Times ranked Golding third on its list of "The 50 Greatest British writers since 1945".

Life

Early life 
Golding was born in Newquay, Cornwall, England on 19 September 1911. He grew up in Marlborough, Wiltshire. His father, Alec Golding, was a schoolmaster at Marlborough Grammar School. Golding and his older brother, Joseph, went to their father's school. In 1930, Golding went to Brasenose College at the University of Oxford. He studied Natural science and then English literature there. Golding graduated with an MA in 1935.

Early career 
Golding then worked as an actor, producer and a writer. Then he became a teacher at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury. Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940. When World War II ended, Golding continued teaching and writing. He left Bishop Wordsworth's School in 1961 and began writing full-time.

Writing career 
Golding's first published novel was Lord of the Flies. Golding used his experience of the Second World War and his teaching knowledge of children to write the book. Lord of the Flies is a story about a group of school boys who are trapped on a desert island. The children quickly become savages and begin to murder each other. The novel gained widespread interest because of its political message.

Golding went on to write many more books, including The Inheritors, Rites of Passage and many others. He had a rather pessimistic view of humanity. His novels are often set in closed communities, such as islands, villages, monasteries, groups of hunter-gatherers, ships at sea or a pharaoh's court.

Later life 
Golding was knighted for his work in 1988. He died five years later, on 19 June 1993, of heart failure in Cornwall.

Novels
Lord of the Flies (1954)
The Inheritors (1955)
Pincher Martin (1956)
Free Fall (1959)
The Spire (1964)
The Pyramid (1967)
The Scorpion God   (1971)
Darkness Visible (1979)
The Paper Men (1984)
To the Ends of the Earth (trilogy)
Rites of Passage (1980)
Close Quarters (1987)
Fire Down Below (1989)
The Double Tongue (posthumous) (1995)

Notes 

Alumni of the University of Oxford
Booker Prize winners
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from heart failure
English novelists
People from Cornwall
 
Writers from Wiltshire
1911 births
1993 deaths
Verse-chorus form

Verse-chorus form is a musical form that is common in popular music. Verse-chorus forms have been the basis for rock music since the 1960s.

Songs in verse-chorus form 
"Be My Baby" by The Ronettes (1963)
"Penny Lane" by The Beatles (1967)
"Smoke on the Water" by Deep Purple (1973)
"That'll Be the Day" by Buddy Holly (1957)
"California Girls" by The Beach Boys (1965)
"All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles (1967)
"Foxy Lady" by Jimi Hendrix (1967)
"Can't Get Enough" by Bad Company (1974)

References 

Musical terminology
Homesickness

Homesickness is a feeling of unhappiness a person may have when away from home or from familiar surroundings or people. It has a similar meaning to the word nostalgia.

Homesickness is not about how much you miss your home. It is about how much dependent you are on other people or your parents, how much pampered you are or how much difficult it is for you to be in a different place. People sometimes become homesick when they travel. They miss their own home and desperately want to go back. Children may often feel homesick, especially when they are away from their parents for the first time. Usually these feelings will go away as one gets used to the new environment, but sometimes homesickness can make a person depressed.

People may easily feel homesick if they travel to an environment in which the culture is very difficult to what they are used to, and especially if a foreign language is being spoken. Children who are sent away to boarding school will very often feel homesick.

A good way to help children overcome (or avoid) homesickness is to start with being away from home just for short periods, staying with people they know well, e.g. grandparents or good friends.

References 

Emotions
Children
Travel
George Crabbe

George Crabbe (born Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 24 December 1754; died Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 3 February 1832) was an English poet and naturalist. His poem The Borough which describes life in a small town in Suffolk, inspired Benjamin Britten to compose his opera Peter Grimes.

Life
George Crabbe was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. His father was a tax collector. As a child he loved poetry. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, but he did not learn much from him. In 1771 he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge. There he met Sarah Elmy, who was to become his wife. She had the patience to wait until he had finished his medical studies before marrying him. She encouraged him in his verse writing. In 1775 he published his first work: Inebriety. In 1780 he decided to give up being a doctor. He borrowed some money and went to London where he tried to become known as a poet. It took several years, during which time he became a clergyman. He became chaplain to the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.

Crabbe became well-known when he wrote a poem called The Village (1783). It was a long poem which described life in the country as he had known it. In 1783, he married Sarah. In 1814, he became Rector of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he stayed. Now that he had a family he did not feel any more need to write poetry and so he wrote nothing for 22 years. He then wrote more poems about the village community, including The Borough (1810). By the time of his death, he was well known and a friend of William Wordsworth, Sir Walter Scott and other important literary figures of the time.

Crabbe also knew a lot about insects and made a detailed study of beetles.

Use in 20th century opera
Like George Crabbe, the composer Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) also came from Aldeburgh. When he was in America during World War II he read Crabbe's poem The Borough. It made him homesick and he decided to return to England. He wrote an opera Peter Grimes which was based on Crabbe's poem. It is one of the greatest operas of the 20th century.

References

1754 births
1832 deaths
English poets
English naturalists
Writers from Suffolk
Near-Earth object

A near-Earth object (NEO) is a Solar System object whose orbit brings it close to the Earth. 

Their least distance from the Sun, their perihelion, is less than 1.3 AU. NEOs include near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and near-Earth comets.

They include more than ten thousand near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), near-Earth comets, some solar-orbiting spacecraft, and meteoroids large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth. Collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the planet.   

In some cases NEOs hit the Earth. Most of these meteors explode harmlessly in the upper atmosphere. But some NEOs are dangerous. We try to find out when one is going to hit Earth using impact prediction. On 30 June 1908, a meteorite of around 45 metres in diameter exploded over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. It released an energy of 10–15 megatons of TNT and destroyed roughly 2,000 square kilometres of forest. Such an explosion, similar to one of the biggest nuclear weapons, could have razed London about as far out as the M25 ring road. However, because the location was remote, no deaths were recorded. The Association of Space Explorers estimates that a Tunguksa-like event happens two or three times every thousand years on average. An asteroid roughly 10 km in diameter is thought to have hit Earth 66 million years ago and caused the K/T extinction event, including the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs.

Related pages 
Near-Earth asteroidAsteroid impact predictionLate Heavy Bombardment

References 

Astronomical objects
Hōki

was a  after Jingo-keiun and before Ten'ō.  This period started in October 770 and ended in January 781.   During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Hōki era
 23 October 770 (Hōki 1, 1st day of the 10th month): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of Emperor Konin's reign.

 778 (Hōki 9): The emperor granted Kashima-jinja a divine seal for use on documents.

 28 August 779 (Hōki 10, 7th month): Fujiwara no Momokawa died at age 48.

 781 (Hōki 12, 4th month ): The emperor abdicated in favor of his son, who would later come to be known as Emperor Kammu. Emperor Kōnin's reign had lasted for 11 years.

 781 (Hōki 12, 12th month): Kōnin died at the age of 73.

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites  
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
781 disestablishments
770 establishments
Cyclopia

Cyclopia (also called cyclocephaly or synophthalmia) is a birth defect. Cyclopia is characterized by a failure of the prosencephalon to separate the two orbits (eyes). This leads to the formation of a central deformed eye and an absence of a nasal cavity. It causes can be either genetic, or as a result of an exposure to poisons. The term "cyclopia" comes from Cyclops, a giant one-eyed creature the Greek Greek mythology.

References

Genetic disorders
Hōki Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Tottori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Inaba, Mimasaka, Bitchū, Bingo, and Izumo Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Kurayoshi. A major castle town was at Yonago.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Shitori jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hōki.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tottori Prefecture
Jingo-keiun

was a  after Tenpyō-jingo and before Hōki.  This period started in August 767 and ended in October 770.   The reigning monarch was .  This was the same woman who had reigned as the former .

Events of the Jingo-keiun era
 28 August 770 (Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month): In the 5th year of Shōtoku's reign, the empress died; and she named Prince Shirakabe as her heir. The succession (senso) was received and soon after, Emperor Kōnin is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.  

The Jingō-kaihō' was a copper coin issued from 765 to 796.  It had a diameter of about 23 mm and a weight of between 3.4 and 4.5 grams.

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
760s establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
770 disestablishments
767 establishments
Inaba Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Tottori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Harima, Hōki, Mimasaka, and Tajima Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was at Tottori city.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Inaba Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Ube jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Inaba.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tottori Prefecture
Iwami Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . The province had borders with Aki, Bingo, Izumo, Nagato, and Suō provinces. In the Heian period, the capital city of the province was Hamada.

History

In the Edo period, silver was discovered and mined.  The  was added to the World Heritage List in 2007.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iwami Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Mononobe jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Iwami.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Shimane Prefecture
Oki Province

was an island province of Japan in the area of Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province was the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan.  The islands are near the provinces of Izumo and Hōki. 

The capital city of the province was near Saigō.

History

In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba was exiled to Oki.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Oki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Mizuwakasu jinja and Yurahime jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Oki.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Shimane Prefecture
Les nuits d'été

Les nuits d'été (Summer Nights), Op. 7, is a song cycle by the French composer Hector Berlioz.  It is a setting of six poems by Théophile Gautier.  Berlioz finished composing the songs in 1841.   At first they were just for a singer with piano accompaniment.  The singer could be either baritone, contralto, or mezzo-soprano.  Later Berlioz changed the work, making the voice a soprano and arranging the accompaniment for orchestra.  The first song to be orchestrated was L'Absence.  He wrote this version for a singer called Marie Recio who went with him on a concert tour of Germany.   All six songs were published in their orchestral version in 1856.  That is how the work is nearly always performed nowadays.  The titles of the songs are:

 Villanelle (Villanelle)
 Le spectre de la rose (The spectre of the rose)
 Sur les lagunes (On the lagoons)
 Absence (Absence)
 Au cimetière (In the cemetery)
 L'île inconnue (The unknown island)

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie (1980); 

Compositions by Hector Berlioz
Iggy Azalea

Amethyst Amelia Kelly (born 7 June 1990), better known by her stage name Iggy Azalea, is an Australian rapper, singer, and songwriter. She was born in Sydney and raised in Mullumbimby, New South Wales. She started rapping at age 16 when she moved to the United States. In September 2011 she released her first mixtape Ignorant Art. It made two promotional songs, "My World" and "Pu$$y".

Azalea's first album, The New Classic, was going to be released in September 2013. It was later released in 2014.  The single "Fancy" from the album, which features British singer-songwriter Charli XCX, went on to reach number one in the United States and Canada, while becoming the fourth-best performing song of 2014 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The next single, "Black Widow", features British singer Rita Ora and reached the top three of the Billboard Hot 100.  The album was rereleased with the title Reclassified in late 2014 and featured the singles "Beg for It" featuring Danish recording artist MØ and "Trouble" featuring American R&B singer Jennifer Hudson.

Discography

Studio albums 
 The New Classic (2014)
 Reclassified (2014)
 Digital Distortion (2016)

Mixtapes 
 Ignorant Art (2011)
 "Glory" (2012)
 "Trap Gold" (2012)

Similar artists
 Cher Lloyd
 Miley Cyrus
 Katy Perry
 Lady Gaga
 Taylor Swift

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1990 births
Living people
Musicians from Sydney
Rap musicians
Singers from New South Wales
Australian pop musicians
Nexus S

The Nexus S is the second Google smartphone in the Google Nexus series. It is the first phone with Android 2.3.

Related pages
Google Nexus
Galaxy Nexus

References

Other websites 
Official Nexus S page 

Nexus mobile phones
Android smartphones
Mobile phones released in 2010
Tajima Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Harima, Inaba, Tamba, and Tango provinces.

The ancient provincial capital city was near Hidaka.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tajima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Izushi jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tajima.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hyōgo Prefecture
Tamba Province

, also known as Tanba, was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Tango Province, it was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Harima, Ōmi, Settsu, Tajima, Tango, Wakasa, and Yamashiro Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was in the area of modern Kameoka.

History

In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), Tamba was separated from Tango.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tamba Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Izumo daijinjū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tamba.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tango Province

was an old province in the area of Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Tamba Province, it was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Tajima, Tamba, and Wakasa provinces.

Maizuru or Miyazu was the capital city of the province.

History

In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), Tango was separated from Tamba province.  

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tango Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Tango faced the Sea of Japan.

Shrines and Temples
Kono jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tango.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Echigo Province

was an old province in Japan in the area of Niigata Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  

The province had borders with Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Echigo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Echigo faced the Sea of Japan.

Shrines and Temples
Iyahiko jinju and Koko jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Echigo.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Niigata Prefecture
Echizen Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Etchū and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The ancient capital city of the province was at Echizen.

History

The boundaries of Echizen were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

Before the boundaries were established, this area including Etchū and Echigo were called Koshi.

In the Edo period, the daimyo of Fukui Domain lived at Fukui.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Echizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Facilities
Echizen Provincial office was established in Nyū (丹生郡, Nyū-gun).

Kehi jingū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Echizen.

Ōmushi jinja was estublished in Suishin emperor 7. It is written in “Engishiki Jinmyoutyou” and the old status of a Shinto shrine is prefectural shrine.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukui Prefecture
Etchū Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Toyama Prefecture on the island of Honshū. Along with Echizen and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Echigo, Shinano, Hida, Kaga, and Noto provinces. 

The capital city of the province was Takaoka.

History

The Noto Peninsula and Noto Province was separated from Etchū during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Etchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Takase jinja, Keta jinja and Oyama jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Etchū.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Toyama Prefecture
Kaga Province

was an old province in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It was sometimes called .

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Kaga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Shirayamahime jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kaga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Ishikawa Prefecture