cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Emperor Go-Murakami

(1328 – 29 March 1368) was the 97th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in September 1339 and ended on 29 March 1368..

This 14th century sovereign was named after the 10th century Emperor Murakami and go- (後), translates literally as "later"; and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Murakami". The Japanese word "go" has also been translated to mean the "second one"; and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Murakami, the second", or as "Murakami II".

Traditional narrative
His personal name was , also known as Yoshiyoshi.

He reigned from Sumiyoshi, Ōsaka, Yoshino, Nara, and other temporary locations.

Events of Go-Murakami's life
Prince Noriyoshi was a member of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period of rival courts.

 18 September 1339 (Engen 3, 5th day of the 8th month):  In the 21st  year of Go-Daigo's reign, the emperor abdicated at Yoshino in favor of his son, Prince Noriyoshi. The succession (senso) was received by Noriyoshi.
 19 September 1339 (Engen 3, 6th day of the 8th month): Go-Daigo died;
 29 March 1368 (Shōhei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month): Go-Murakami died.

After his death 
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Go-Murakami is in Osaka Prefecture.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine in the precincts of Kanshinji temple (観心寺) in Kawachinagano, Osaka.

Eras of Go-Murakami's reign
The years of Go-Murakami's reign are more identified by more than one era name.

Nanboku-chō southern court
Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)
 Engen               (1336–1340)
 Kōkoku              (1340–1346)
 Shōhei              (1346–1370)

Nanboku-chō northern court
Eras as reckoned by pretender Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)
 Ryakuō       (1338–1342)
 Kōei     (1342–1345)
 Jōwa                (1345–1350)
 Kannō          (1350–1352)
 Bunna               (1352–1356)
 Embun               (1356–1361)
 Kōan  (1361–1362)
 Jōji                (1362–1368)
 Ōan                 (1368–1375)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites 

1328 births
1368 deaths
Emperors of Japan
Almayer's Folly

Almayer's Folly is Joseph Conrad's first novel. It was published in 1895. Set in the late 19th century, it centers on the life of the Dutch trader Kaspar Almayer in the Borneo jungle and his relationship to his half-caste daughter Nina.

Plot

Kaspar Almayer is a young Dutch trader cared for by rich Captain Lingard. Hoping to gain Lingard's wealth, Almayer agrees to a loveless marriage to Lingard's adopted Malay child and to running his trading post in Sambir in the Borneo jungle.  Lingard loses much of his fortune searching for a hidden treasure. Meanwhile, Almayer's ventures constantly fail, most notably an expensive trading house, the "Almayer's Folly,"  that no one trades in. He did seem to enjoy dancing.

A daughter named Nina was born to Almayer and his wife. The rest of the novel concerns Almayer's conflicting wishes: his love for Nina, his effort at keeping her from her mother's Malay influence, and his desire for money and self-redemption.

Dain, a Malay prince, arrives at Sambir. Almayer tries to enlist Dain's help to find the treasure long sought by Lingard. Instead, Dain marries Nina and leaves Sambir with her, against Almayer's wishes. The loss of Nina and any prospect of wealth stuns Almayer. He spends the rest of his days in the empty trading house as his sanity slips away.

Criticism
As Conrad's earliest novel, Almayer's Folly is often seen by critics as inferior to the author's later work because of its repetitive and at times awkward language. However, recent critics have paid more attention to Conrad's depiction of Nina as a self-determined female non-European character along with Aissa from Joseph Conrad's second novel, An Outcast of the Islands.

Movie

Filming started in November 2010 for a French-Belgian adaptation by Chantal Akerman.

Sources
Joseph Conrad, Almayer's Folly: A Story of an Eastern River, Random House, 1996.

References

Other websites 

1895 books
Indonesia
Works by Joseph Conrad
Novels
Philae (spacecraft)

Philae (before known as RoLand) is an ESA lander spacecraft. It went with the Rosetta spacecraft. It landed on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenkoon on 12 November 2014 to analyze it.

The name Philae was chosen through a contest organized by ESA, won by fifteen year old Serena Olga Vismara from Milan. The name comes from the orbiter name, already defined as Rosetta, which is the name of the stele that allowed Jean-François Champollion to understand ancient Egypt hieroglyphics. In order to complete the translation, he needed to use also the monuments on the island of Philae, the same way Philae lander will help to complete the work of the Rosetta lander.

ESA spacecraft
Americana

Americana is about the United States, for example, its culture, geography, history etc.

American culture
FC Pinzgau Saalfelden

FC Pinzgau Saalfelden is an Austrian football club from Saalfelden in the federal state of Salzburg. The club plays in the Regionalliga Salzburg which is the third level in Austrian football. The second team is playing in the 2. Landesliga Süd of the Salzburger Fußballverband.

History
The club was founded on 23 May 2007. The new club was formed out of 1. Saalfeldner SK (founded 1947) and ESV Saalfelden (founded 1952). The club was the first of the later players for the Austrian national football team Franz Bacher and Wolfgang Feiersinger. Feiersinger was also Championsleague winner with Borussia Dortmund.

2021/22 squad

Classes
in brackets:Level in Austrian football
 2008-2011: Salzburger Liga (4)
 2011-2013: Regionalliga West (3)
 2013/14: Salzburger Liga (4)
 2014-2019: Regionalliga West (3)
2019-2022:Regionalliga Salzburg (3)

Honours
Salzburger Liga:2010/11 promoted to Regionalliga West

Other websites 
Homepage FC Pinzgau

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Salzburg
List of countries by Human Development Index

This is a list of all countries by Human Development Index as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report (released on 15 December 2020), put together based on estimates for 2019. It covers 187 member states of the United Nations (out of 193), along with Hong Kong (of the People's Republic of China), and the Palestinian territories; 6 UN member states are not included because there is not enough data. The average HDI of regions of the World and groups of countries are also included for comparison.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard way of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the effect of economic policies on quality of life. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.

Countries fall into four wide human development categories: Very High Human Development (66 countries), High Human Development (53 countries), Medium Human Development (37 countries) and Low Human Development (36 countries).

From 2007 to 2010, the first two categories was referred to as developed countries, and the last two are all grouped in developing countries. The original "high human development" category has been split into two as above in the report for 2007.

Some older groupings (high/medium/low income countries) that have been removed were based on the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, and have been replaced by another index based on the gross national income (GNI) in purchasing power parity per capita.

Complete list of countries
  = increase.
  = steady.
  = decrease.

List of countries by continent

Africa 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Asia 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Europe 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

North America and the Caribbean 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Oceania

South America

List of countries by intercontinental region

Arab League 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Commonwealth of Nations 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

East Asia and the Pacific 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

European Union 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

OECD 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Small Island Developing States 

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

HDI by regions and groups

Countries missing from latest report

UN member states (latest UNDP data)

Note: 2009 publication uses old HDI formula

Non-UN member states (latest UNDP data)

Non-UN members (not calculated by the UNDP)

Notes

References

Human Development Index
Country classifications
Economic indicators
Welfare economics
Electric flux

Imagine an electric field E passing through a surface. Consider an infinitesimal area (dA) on that surface across which E remains constant. Also assume that the angle between E and dA is i. The electric flux is defined as EdAcos(i). E and dA are vectors. Flux is the dot product of E and dA. Using full vector notation, the electric flux  through a small area  is given by

The electric flux over a surface S is therefore given by the surface integral:

where E is the electric field and dA is a differential area on the surface  with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction. 

For a closed Gaussian surface, electric flux is given by:

where QS is the net charge enclosed by the surface (including both free and bound charge), and ε0 is the electric constant. This relation is known as Gauss' law for electric field in its integral form and it is one of the four Maxwell's equations.

Electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface. But the net electric field, E, in the Gauss' Law equation, can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface.  Gauss' Law is true in all situations, but people can only use it to calculate when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electric field.  Examples include spherical and cylindrical symmetry. Otherwise, the calculations are too hard to do by hand and must be worked out using a computer.

Electrical flux has SI units of volt metres (V m), or, equivalently, newton metres squared per coulomb . So, the SI base units of electric flux are kg•m3•s−3•A−1.

Related pages
Magnetic flux

Other websites 
 Electric flux — HyperPhysics

Electromagnetism
Enda Kenny

Enda Kenny (born 24 April 1951) is an Irish Fine Gael politician. He was the Taoiseach from 2011 through 2017. Kenny has led Fine Gael from 2002 until his retirement in 2017. He served as Minister for Tourism and Trade from 1994 to 1997. He is also a two-term Vice President of the European People's Party.

Kenny has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for Mayo since 1975, having succeeded his father Henry Kenny. He is the longest-serving TD currently in Dáil Éireann, which makes him the incumbent Father of the Dáil.

Kenny led Fine Gael in the 2011 general election. He subsequently brokered an agreement with the Labour Party and formed a coalition government on 9 March 2011. He is Fine Gael's first Taoiseach since John Bruton from 1994 to 1997, and the first Fine Gael leader to win government in an election since Garret FitzGerald in 1982.

In May 2017, Kenny announced he will retire as Fine Gael leader and will resign as Taoiseach once a new leader is chosen.

References

Other websites

 Enda Kenny's page on the Fine Gael website
 Enda's address to the nation: Sunday 4 December 2011 

1951 births
Living people
County Mayo
Irish politicians
Members of Fine Gael
Taoisigh of Ireland
SC Hakoah Graz

The Sportclub Hakoah Graz ( - strength) was a Jewish sports and football club from the Styrian capital Graz. It was beside Sturm and GAK the third top league team from Graz.

History
The club was founded on 12 March 1919 to offer the Jewish people of Graz (around 4000) the possibility to do sports. The old club Jüdischen Turnvereins zu Graz was dissolved in 1917. Jewish officials were against the club. The club was highly accepted by the young football players.

In 1921, the football section took part in the 2.Klasse of the Styrian football championship. The first classes of the federal states were the highest, because at that time there was no Austrian-wide championship. The champion of Viennas highest league was considered Austrian champion. They played in blue and white jerseys with the Star of David on the breast. It was difficult for them to play because they had no ground of their own. Due to the antisemitism of that time other clubs often did not allow them to use their grounds. In 1923, they leased an own ground.

In the 1921/22 season, they reached the first place and were promoted to the 1. Klasse. In the 1. Klasse, the club was again confronted with antisemitism. The Deutscher Sportverein Leoben and Turnverein Leibniz did not want to play against a Jewish club. They were disqualified. During the years in the first class Hakoah often reached places on top of the table.

In 1935, the club was relegated to the 2. Klasse. The reason for this was that some players went to other clubs and some ended their career because antisemitism grew at that time. The club also lost its ground which was only leased. The contract was not prolonged. In the Second Class, they gained again strength but the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany ended its history. The club was dissolved like all other Jewish sports clubs in Austria.

Other websites 
Article about Hakoah Graz  

Jewish history
Judaism in Austria
Hakoah Graz
Football clubs of Graz
Sugar Ray Leonard

Ray Charles Leonard (born May 17, 1956), better known as Sugar Ray Leonard, is a former American boxer. He was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. Leonard is believed by many to be one of the best boxers of all times. He was named the "Boxer of the Decade" for the 1980s. Leonard retired with a record of 36 wins (25 by knockout) 3 losses and 1 draw. He also won the gold medal in the 1976 Olympics. 

His mother named him after singer Ray Charles.

References

Other websites

1956 births
Living people
African-American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from North Carolina
People from Wilmington, North Carolina
Gastrolith

Gastroliths, or gizzard stones, are small rocks kept by an animal inside its stomach or at an early part of the alimentary canal. The function of these is to mash up the food so digestion takes place faster. Typically, animals which do this do not have suitable teeth for grinding, and the gastroliths are a good substitute for this. 

A second function, in aquatic animals, is that gastroliths can be used for ballast to make diving easier.

Identification
Several pieces of evidence are needed to show that a rock was used by a fossil animal to aid its digestion. First, the stone must be unlike the rock found in its geological vicinity. Secondly, it should be rounded and polished, because inside a gizzard any genuine gastrolith would grind against other stones and fibrous materials, like the action of a rock tumbler. Lastly, the stone must be found with the fossils of the animal which ingested it.

Occurrence 
Among living vertebrates, gastroliths are common among crocodiles, alligators, herbivorous birds, seals and sea lions. Domestic fowl need access to grit.  Stones swallowed by ostriches can exceed a length of . Amphibians such as the Axolotl ingest rocks that are presumed to be gastroliths. Apparent microgastroliths have also been found in frog tadpoles. Ingestion of silt and gravel by tadpoles of various frog species improves buoyancy control.

Sauropod dinosaurs appear to have used stones to grind tough plant matter. An example of this is the early Cretaceous theropod Caudipteryx zoui from northeastern China. It was discovered with a series of small stones, in the area of its skeleton that would have corresponded with its abdominal region. Aquatic animals, such as plesiosaurs, may have used them as ballast, to help balance themselves or to decrease their buoyancy, as crocodiles do. Some fossil gastroliths are rounded and polished, many stones in living birds are not polished at all. Gastroliths associated with dinosaur fossils can weigh several kilograms.

References 

Zoology
Scute

A scute is a bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodiles or the feet of some birds.

Properties
Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales. 

The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles.

The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fish, such as sturgeon.

Animal anatomy
Vertebrates
BepiColombo

BepiColombo is a planned European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) mission to the planet Mercury. The mission is still being planned. This means that the details of the mission are likely to change. Its planned launch date is 2014 and it is planned to arrive at Mercury in 2020.

References

ESA spacecraft
Sputnik 2

Sputnik 2 was a Soviet Union spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Sputnik programme. It was the first spacecraft to carry a living animal, a dog called Laika. It was launched on 3 October 1957 at Baikonur Cosmodrome. Scientists think that Laika died several hours after launch from overheating. The spacecraft went into orbit around Earth for roughly five months. It went down into Earth's atmosphere on 14 April 1958 and burned up.

Sputnik 2 was 4 metres (13 feet) high and its base diameter was 2 metres (6.6 feet). It was a cone-shaped and it had several different places for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature control system for the spacecraft, and scientific instruments. Laika was put in a special area.

Related pages 
Sputnik programme
Sputnik 1

References 

Soviet spacecraft
Satellites
1950s in the Soviet Union
Michal Prokop

Michal Prokop (* August 13, 1946, Prague, Czechoslovakia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech singer, songwriter and politician. He is member of Framus Five. In 2007 he was inducted into the Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).

References 

Rock musicians
1946 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Megali Idea

The Megali Idea was an idea in Greek nationalism since the end of the Byzantine Empire. The goal of Megali Idea was the liberation of all Greek-inhabited lands occupied by Ottoman Empire.

History of Greece
Nationalism
Anti-Turkism
Paula Fernandes

Paula Fernandes de Souza (born August 28, 1984) is a Brazilian sertanejo and country singer.

References

Other websites 
 Paula Fernandes Official Website

1984 births
Living people
Brazilian singers
Nodosauridae

The Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaur dinosaurs, from Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous strata of what are now North America, Asia, Antarctica and Europe. They are the family of ankylosaurs which do not have club-shaped tails. They often have spikes protecting their head and shoulders.

All nodosaurs, like other ankylosaurs, are medium-sized to large, heavily built quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs, with small denticulate teeth and rows of osteoderms (a type of armour) on the dorsolateral (top and sides) surfaces of the body.

Classification

Taxonomy
The following taxonomy follows Thompson et al., 2011 unless otherwise noted.

 Family Nodosauridae
 ?Aletopelta  (California, Western North America)
 Animantarx   (Utah, Western North America)
 Anoplosaurus  (England, Northwestern Europe)
 Antarctopelta  (James Ross Island, Northeastern Antarctic Peninsula) 
 Edmontonia   (Alberta, Western North America)
 Gargoyleosaurus  (Wyoming, Western North America)
 Gastonia   (Utah, Western North America)
 Glyptodontopelta  (New Mexico, Western North America)
 Hoplitosaurus  (South Dakota, central North America)
 Hungarosaurus   (Hungary, Central-Southern Europe)
 Hylaeosaurus  (Sussex, Southern England) 
 Mymoorapelta  (Colorado, central North America)
 Niobrarasaurus  (Kansas, Western North America)
 Nodosaurus  (Wyoming and Kansas, Western North America)
 Panoplosaurus   (Montana and Alberta, Western North America)
 Pawpawsaurus    (Texas, Western North America)
 Peloroplites    (Utah, Western North America)
 Polacanthus  (Isle of Wight and Sussex, Southern England)
 Propanoplosaurus (Maryland, Eastern North America)
 Sauropelta     (Wyoming and Montana, Western North America)
 Silvisaurus   (Kansas, Western North America)
 Stegopelta (Wyoming, Western North America)
 Struthiosaurus   (Central-Southern Europe)
 Tatankacephalus  (Montana, Western North America)
 Texasetes    (Texas, Western North America)
 Zhejiangosaurus  (Zhejiang Province, Eastern China)
 Doubtful Nodosaurids
 Acanthopholis  (United Kingdom, Western Europe)
 Palaeoscincus

Phylogeny
The clade Nodosauridae may be defined as "all ankylosaurs closer to Panoplosaurus than to Ankylosaurus. Vickaryous et al.  considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be Cedarpelta. A cladogram from a 2011 analysis is shown by Richard S. Thompson and colleagues.

References 

Ankylosauria
French grammar

French grammar is the rules about how to speak and write the French language. It is similar to the grammar of other Romance languages. 

French is moderately inflected. This means that some words change their form in different situations.

Verb 
In French, verbs are conjugated to show information. That means they change endings.

Person 
Verbs are conjugated to match with grammatical person.

Irregular Verbs 
Most French verbs are regular, which means that the someone can guess how to conjugate a verb based on what letters a verb ends with. However, some verbs are irregular. Irregular verbs do not follow the normal pattern of conjugation. Instead, the forms must be learned differently. An example of an irregular verb in French is être (to be).

Noun

Gender 
Every French noun has a gender. A noun can be either masculine or feminine.

Number 
The plural of a noun usually ends with -s. For example, dog (chien) becomes dogs (chiens). However, if a noun ends in -au, -eu, or -ou, it can have -x at the end as a plural. For example, game (jeu) becomes games (jeux). If a noun already ends with -s, -x, or -z, it does not change in the plural.

Adjectives 
In French, adjectives change in order to agree with the gender and number of the noun it describes.

Word order 
The word order in French is subject-verb-object. In the sentence Je mange le gâteau (I eat the cake), je (I) is the subject and le gâteau (the cake) is the object. However, if the object is a pronoun, it goes before the verb. If le gâteau is replaced by le (it), the sentence becomes Je le mange (I eat it).

More reading 

Grammar
Grammar
Stem (linguistics)

The stem of a verb is the main part of the verb to which the endings are added.

References 

Grammar

eo:Radiko#Lingvo
Qinhuangdao

Qinhuangdao (秦皇岛) is a city in the north of China. The name in Chinese means "island of the Qin Emperor" or "Emperor Qin's island", since it was where Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent men to search for immortals, or living beings who cannot die or grow old, across the sea. It is in Hebei Province.  It is about  east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea. The city had 2,987,605 people as of 2010. Qinhuangdao is one of fourteen coastal open cities, which are important foreign trade ports in north China. It was approved as a national grade tourist city by the State Council. Famous scenic spots include Shanhaiguan and Beidaihe. Qinhuangdao City is a state-level economic and technological development zone of Qinhuangdao.

Geography 
Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, is in the northeast of China , north latitude 39 ° 24 '~ 40 ° 37', longitude 118 ° 33 '~ 119 ° 51'.  Qinhuangdao's climate is a humid, temperate, monsoon climate, influenced by the ocean.

Transportation

Qinhuangdao's train station serves the Beijing-Harbin Railway, Daqin Railway and Tsuyama railway. China's first express passenger line between Qinhuangdao and Shenyang Passenger starts here. The line became the official carrier on October 12, 2013.

Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Airport has flights from Shijiazhuang, Wuhan and Shanghai.

Qinhuangdao's Port is one of China's bigger energy output ports. It is one of the major ports where China's Shanxi Coal can go to other countries. It is a natural, ice-free harbor.

Industry
The very important industries are glass, ship making, Metallurgy (making gold),  and auto parts.

Education
Yanshan University and the Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics (HIIBE) is in Qinhuangdao.

References

Cities in China
Penghu

The Penghu Islands, also known as Pescadores (from Portuguese: "fishermen") are an archipelago off the western coast of Taiwan. They are in the Taiwan Strait. The Archipelago is made up of 90 small islands and islets. It covers an area of .

The whole archipelago forms Penghu County under Taiwan Province in the Republic of China. The archipelago and the island of Taiwan together formed the former Japanese territory of Formosa.

Islands of Taiwan
Yanshan University

Yanshan University is a university in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China.

Other websites
Yan Shan University  official website

Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China
Insertion device

In physics, an insertion device is a group of magnets that can be placed on a straight segment of a particle accelerator to be a synchrotron light source.  They are called an "insertion devices" because they replace pipe that otherwise would hold the vacuum needed to maintain the particle beam path. Many times, insertion devices are used on the circular path of a synchrotron or a storage ring.

There are two types of insertion devices. Undulators make electromagnetic radiation that is tuned to a narrow frequency range.  Wigglers make a wide range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies.

References

Synchrotron instrumentation
Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs

The Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs (CDEFI) is a French association, established in 1976, of Grandes Écoles of engineering. The CDEFI represents the administration of all the engineering institutions.

References

Education in France
Fred Burton

Fred Burton (born January 2, 1958) is STATFOR's vice president for intelligence. STRATFOR is a global intelligence company. Burton is thought to be "one of the world's foremost experts on security, terrorists and terrorist organizations." This basically means that he is thought to be one of the world's best intelligence workers.

He was a special agent with the U.S. Diplomatic Security Service.

Washington asked Burton to help the investigation of the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. He used to be the deputy chief of the counter-terrorism part of the U.S. State Department's Diplomatic Security Service. He also investigated the killing of Rabbi Meir Kahane, the al Qaeda New York City bombing plots before the September 11 attacks and the Libyan-backed terrorist attacks against diplomats in Sana'a and Khartoum. He helped in the arrest of Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993.

Burton is the author of a memoir called Ghost: Confessions of a Counterterrorism Agent. It was published by Random House in 2008. Another memoir is Chasing Shadows: A Special Agent's Lifelong Hunt to Bring a Cold War Assassin to Justice, published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2011.

Burton was moved to the Texas Border Security Council on September 11, 2007 by Governor Rick Perry.

In August 2009 he was hired as the Texas Department of Public Safety's Assistant Director for Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism but left after 2 months. This was because he wanted to work on his writing and speaking career.

References

Other websites
STRATFOR website

Living people
1958 births
Intelligence
Collimated light

Collimated light is light whose rays are parallel. This light spreads slowly as it travels. The word collimated is related to collinear, because all the rays in collimated light line up with each other.  

Perfectly collimated light would not spread out with distance at all. No real light is perfectly collimated. Real light will spread a little as it travels. Diffraction prevents anyone from creating a perfectly collimated beam. 

Light can be roughly collimated by using a collimator – a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves.

Etymology
The word "collimate" comes from the Latin verb collimare, which originated in a misreading of collineare, "to direct in a straight line".

Sources

Lasers
Laser light from crystal and some gas lasers is highly collimated because it is formed in an optical cavity between two parallel mirrors, in addition to being coherent. The divergence of high-quality laser beams is commonly less than 1 milliradian, and can be much less for large-diameter beams. Laser diodes emit less collimated light due to their short cavity, and therefore higher collimation requires a collimating lens.

Synchrotron light
Synchrotron light is very collimated. It is produced by bending relativistic electrons around a circular track.

Distant sources
The light from stars (other than the Sun) can be considered collimated for almost any purpose, because they are so far away they have almost no angular size.

Lenses and mirrors

A perfect parabolic mirror will bring parallel rays to a focus at a single point. Conversely, a point source at the focus of a parabolic mirror will produce a beam of collimated light. Since the source needs to be small, such an optical system cannot produce much optical power. Spherical mirrors are easier to make than parabolic mirrors and they are often used to produce approximately collimated light. Many types of lenses can also produce collimated light from point-like sources.

References

 Pfister, J. & Kneedler, J.A. (s.d.). A guide to lasers in the OR.

Optics
Astronomy
Hispanic

Hispanic (Spanish: Hispano, hispánico) is a word that originally meant a relationship to Hispania. This is the Iberian Peninsula and includes Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar and Spain. Now the word is used with a more limited meaning. In the United States it is often used to mean a person of (usually) mixed race with a Spanish surname. In North America generally, the word Hispanic has lost its link to Spain and Portugal, and is mainly used to mean Latin America. 
 
Hispanic has also been used to mean the culture and people of the former Spanish and Portuguese Empires in America. Known as Hispanic America, this region includes Mexico, most of the Central and South American countries, and the Spanish-speaking island-nations of the Caribbean.
 
Spanish names, the Spanish language, and Spanish customs can also be found in other areas that were part of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, such as in Equatorial Guinea in Africa, or in the Spanish East Indies (e.g. Philipines) and the Portuguese Brazil.

Spain
Muryeong of Baekje

Muryeong of Baekje (462–523, r. 501–23), also known as Sama, was a 6th-century Korean king.   He was the 25th king of Baekje, which was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in ancient times.  The name Muryong means "military peace".  It is a name he got after death.

Events of Muryeong's reign 
During Muryeong’s reign, the southwestern kingdom of Baekje was allied with its eastern rival Silla against the northern kingdom of Goguryeo.

The king is known for expanding contacts with China and Japan.

After his death

Muryeong's tomb is located in Gongju in South Chungcheong Province.  It has been studied by archeologists and historians.  This the only ancient tomb that has been positively identified among those of this period.

Legacy
In 2001, Japan's Emperor Akihito acknowledged a distant relationship with Muryeong.  He explained, "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea, given the fact that it is recorded in the Chronicles of Japan that the mother of Emperor Kammu was of the line of King Muryong of Baekje."

References

More Reading
 Kim, Won-Yong. “The Tomb of King Muryong of the Paekche Dynasty.” Asian Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs (Seoul) 3:3 (Winter 1971): 34-46. 
 Paik, Seung-gil. "Excavation of the Tomb of Paekche King Muryong." Korea Journal 11:8 (August 1971): 48-51.

Other websites 

 http://www.myj7000.jp-biz.net/clan/03/03013.htm#003 

History of Korea
460s births
520s deaths
Kings and queens
Arena rock

Event Centre rock (also known as arena rock, corporate rock, industry rock,or stadium rock) is a word to describe a form of rock music which is played, or intended to be played, in large venues, such as event centres, arenas, stadia, and open-air concert spaces. In such a way, genres which traditionally fall within the categories of event centre rock tend to be (yet not always) loud and anthemic; event centre rock is most traditionally associated with heavy metal, progressive rock, hard rock, glam metal or pop rock genres. Often, yet not always, event centre rock is categorised as being more mass-scale, commercially appealing, and radio-oriented music. Due to the often commercial nature of event centre rock, it is occasionally called corporate rock.

Event centre rock is generally associated with the grand shows that artists and groups within the style would hold. At these performances, large sound systems, and often elaborate lighting, additional effects and fireworks, would be included. The 1970s and 80s were a major period in event centre rock.

Whilst event centre rock has seen large popularity over the years, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s, it has also been criticised for its often commercial and extravagant nature, especially with regards to the shows and concert tours that event centre rock bands and artists would have. To some extent, genres such as pub rock, punk rock, indie rock and alternative rock grew as a reaction against the nature and aesthetic of event centre rock, opting for a less commercial and over-the-top style.

Famous bands associated with event centre rock include Kiss, Aerosmith, Journey, and Styx, amongst several others.

Notable musicians
AC/DC
Aerosmith
Blue Öyster Cult
Boston
Def Leppard
The Eagles
Foreigner
Journey
Bon Jovi
Judas Priest
Kansas
Kiss
Meat Loaf
Peter Frampton
REO Speedwagon
Styx
Tesla
Toto
Van Halen

References

Rock music
Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks

On 25 December 2011, there were a number of attacks on Christmas Day during church services in northern Nigeria. There were bombings and shootings at churches in Madalla (near the capital, Abuja), Jos, Gadaka and Damaturu. At least 39 people were killed. The attacks were claimed by the Islamist group Boko Haram.

References 

2011 in Africa
2010s explosions in Africa
2010s in Nigeria
Attacks on buildings and structures in Africa
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2010s
Attacks on churches

Crime in Nigeria
December events

Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2010s
Mass murder in Africa
Mass murder in the 2010s
Mass shootings in Africa
Mass shootings in the 2010s
Murder in 2011
Suicide bombings in Africa
Suicide car and truck bombings

Terrorist incidents in Africa in the 2010s
Albert Leo Schlageter

Albert Leo Schlageter (12 August 1894 — 26 May 1923) was a member of the German Freikorps. His activities sabotaging French occupying troops after World War I led to his arrest and eventual execution by French forces. His death created an image of martyrdom around him, which was cultivated by German nationalist groups, in particular the Nazi Party. During the Third Reich, he was widely commemorated as a national hero.

1894 births
1923 deaths
Executed German people
German military personnel of World War I
People from Baden-Württemberg
Triglav

Triglav is a mountain in the Alps. It is the highest mountain in Slovenia. It is also the highest peak of the Julian Alps, in the southeastern part of the Alps. 

Its name means "three-headed" in Slovene. While this can describe the mountain, it is more likely the mountain was named for the Old Slovene god, Triglav. The mountain is shown on the Flag of Slovenia. 

This mountain is in a national park.

Alps
Geography of Slovenia
Climbing route

A climbing route is a trail that a mountain climber uses to go up a mountain.
It is often simply called a climb.

Examples : D1 on The Diamond and The Nose on El Capitan are climbing routes.

The difficulties and lengths of climbing routes (as well as descriptions and photographies) can be found in books called climbing guides. For instance, :en:Fifty Classic Climbs of North America is a climbing guide that describes climbing routes of North America.

Mountains
Rock climbing
Trails
Chillán

Chillán is a city and commune of the central south of Chile. It has a population of 161.953 people (2002 census). the city was founded in 1580 as San Bartolomé de Chillán. It is the capital of the Ñuble Region.

References

Other websites 

 Chillán's official website 

Cities in Chile
Summit

The summit is the top of a mountain or hill. In geography, the elevation of mountains is measured. The elevation is the difference in height between sea level and the top of a mountain or hill. A peak is a pointed mountain, though not always.

Mountains
Femoral artery

The femoral artery is the large artery that takes oxygen rich blood to a human's legs. Coming from the heart the blood flows along the iliac artery which then divides into the two (bifurcates) femoral arteries, to supply blood to each leg. The artery is very close to the surface where it passes through the groin.

References

Blood vessels
Enterotype

An enterotype is a classification of gut flora. It is based on the ecosystem in the human intestinal system. The classification is done by identifying the bacteria and protists which live there. This is called the "human gut biome". 

Research shows there are three distinct ecosystems in the guts of people. People can be classified into one of three groups based on the bacteria in their intestines. The enterotype of each person is set while the person is an infant. 

The enterotype affects how well a person can digest food or absorb drugs. Chimpanzees have enterotypes that look similar to human enterotypes.

Type 1 has high levels of Bacteroides. Prevotella are common in Type 2. Type 3 has high levels of Ruminococcus.

References 

Microbiology
Emperor Kōnin

was the 49th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Kōnin's reign started in 770 and ended in 781.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was 

Kōnin had five wives and seven Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Kōnin's life 
 8 September 769 (Jingo-keiun 3, 4th day of the 8th month): In the 5th year of Shōtoku's reign, she died; and Prince Shirakabe was her heir.
 28 August 770 (Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month):   The succession (senso) was received by Prince Shirakabe, who was the 62-year-old grandson of Emperor Tenji.
 23 October 770 (Jingo-keiun 4, 1st day of the 10th month): Emperor Kōnin was said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) in a formal ceremony.  The era name was changed to Hōki 1.
 781 (Ten'ō 1, 4th month): In the 11th year of Kōnin's reign, he abdicated in favor of his son who became known as Emperor Kammu.
 781 (Ten'ō 1, 12th month) : Kōnin died at the age of 73.

After his death
Emperor Kōnin is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates Tahara no Higashi no Misasagi in Nara as the location of Kōnin's mausoleum.

Eras of Kōnin's reign 
The years of Kōnin's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Hōki (770–781)
 Ten'ō (781–782)

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References 

Emperors of Japan
709 births
782 deaths
Monroe, Louisiana

Monroe is the eighth-largest city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the parish seat of Ouachita Parish. In 2010, 48,815 people lived there.

Transportation 
  - I-20

Image

References 

Parish seats in Louisiana
Cities in Louisiana
Ouachita Parish, Louisiana
Henry (unit)

In physics, and electronics, the henry (symbol H) is the SI unit of inductance. It is named after Joseph Henry (1797–1878), the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction. (In England,  Michael Faraday (1791–1867) discovered the same thing independently. They discovered it at about the same time.) The magnetic permeability of a complete vacuum is 4π×10−7 H/m (henry per meter).

The National Institute of Standards and Technology provides guidance for American users of SI to write the plural as henries. People do not capitalize unit names.

Definition 
If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one ampere per second and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the circuit is one henry. Other equivalent combinations of SI units are as follows:

where

A = ampere
C = coulomb
F = farad
J = joule
kg = kilogram
m = meter
s = second
Wb = weber
T = tesla
V = volt
Ω = ohm

Related pages
 Electrical impedance
 Inductor
 weber (unit)

References

Magnetism
SI units
Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.

Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club (; Moadon Kaduregel Maccabi Tel Aviv) is an Israeli football club. It is one of the oldest clubs in Israeli football. The club is also the most successful. They have won 18 championships, 22 national cups, 2 Asian Champions Cups  and 3 Toto cups. The homeground of the team is the Bloomfield Stadium in Tel Aviv, where also the city rival Hapoel Tel Aviv is playing.

History
The club was founded in 1906. It was the first Jewish football club in Ottoman Palestine. The name was then Rishon Lezion-Yafo. The first match was a 3-0 win against a team of French sailors. After the foundation of Tel Aviv in 1909 the clubs name was changed into Maccabi Tel Aviv. Maccabi was founding member of the  Palestine Football Association and the Palestine League.

In 1936 the club was invited to play in the United States. On the way Maccabi played in France versus Racing Paris and Olympique Lille. In the United States they played against an All-star team of New York City at Yankee Stadium. Maccabi also defeated the American Soccer League team in Brooklyn and Philadelphia on their home ground 1–0. Other matches were against St. Louis Stars and the Boston Celtics. They played also in Canada, where they drew 1–1 with Toronto All-Stars. In 1939 they played 18 matches in Australia.

After the independence in 1948 Tel Aviv was the most successful club in Israel's top league. 

The 1950s decade is considered to be their "golden age" because they won 5 league championships and 4 cups. The club was almost relegated in 1976 but beat Beitar Jerusalem in the relegation play-off.

In the 2011/12 season they reached the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. The team played versus PSV Eindhoven, Rapid Bucharest and Legia Warsaw. They failed to reach the next stage (2 wins, 1 draw, 3 lost).

Current team
As of 13 October 2011

In an Israel team only 5 foreigners are allowed. The foreigners are:
 Nivaldo
 Haris Medunjanin
 Savo Pavićević
 Moussa Konaté
 Roberto Punčec

Honours
Israeli championships
Winners (18): 1935–36, 1936–37, 1941–42, 1946–47, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1957–58, 1966–68, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1991–92, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2002–03
Tel Aviv District championship
Winners (1): 1939
State Cup
Winners (22) 1928–29, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1940–41, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1969–70, 1976–77, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1993–94, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2004–05
Asian Club Championship
Winners (2) 1968–69, 1970–71
Toto Cup
Winners (3) 1992–93, 1998–99, 2008–09
Israeli Supercup
Winners (5) 1964–65 (shared cup with Hakoah Ramat Gan), 1967–68, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1987–88

References

Israeli football clubs
Tel Aviv
1906 establishments in Asia
1900s establishments in Israel
Ceiling balloon

A ceiling balloon is used by meteorologists to determine the height of the base of clouds above ground level during daylight hours. The principle behind the ceiling balloon is a balloon with a known ascent rate (how fast it climbs) and determining how long the balloon rises until it disappears into the cloud. Ascent rates yield the ceiling height.

Meteorology
Chiyono Hasegawa

was a Japanese supercentenarian and at the time of her death the oldest living Japanese person for over one and a half year after (nowadays disputed) Kame Chinen's death on 2 May 2010, just eight days before her claimed 115th birthday, and the second-oldest living person in the world behind the over 12 weeks older Americanwoman Besse Cooper (since 21 June 2011 when Cooper became the oldest living person). Cooper and Hasegawa were, after the death of Italianwoman Venere Pizzinato who was just three days younger than Hasegawa and died 4 months before Hasegawa, the last two living people born in 1896.

Hasegawa was visited by Governor Furukawa of Saga Prefecture at her nursing home on Senior Citizen's Day in September 2008.

Hasegawa died of natural causes at 8.28am on 2 December 2011, just twelve days after celebrating her 115th birthday and 22 days before Koto Okubo's 114th birthday, and was succeeded as the oldest living Japanese person by Jiroemon Kimura, who later became the oldest man ever as well as the so far only man and also the first Japanese person to become at least 116 years old after Tane Ikai, and as the oldest living Japanese woman by Koto Okubo. Hasegawa, Kimura and Okubo were the first three Japanese persons who became 115 years old after 116-year-old Tane Ikai's death in July 1995.

References

Other websites 
  Gerontology Research Group  (GRG),   Supercentenarians, recent deaths 2011 ; archived  here 

1896 births
2011 deaths
Japanese supercentenarians
People from Saga Prefecture
ASTech

ASTech Paris Région is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the region of Île-de-France in the middle of France and is mainly concentrated in and around the city of Paris.

There are over 500 companies, including Dassault Aviation, EADS and Air France Industries. About 100.000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of ASTech is in Meudon. The chairman of the group is Gérard Laruelle.

Sources and references

Other websites 
 Website of ASTech Paris Région

Aviation in France
Aerospace engineering
Paris
Companies of France
Shantungosaurus

Shantungosaurus meaning "Shandong Lizard" is a genus of hadrosaur found in the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Formation of the Shandong Peninsula in China, either an Edmontosaurus but larger.

Description
It is the longest and largest known hadrosaur. The skeleton of a medium-sized individual mounted at the Geological Institute of China in Beijing is  in length, and the type skull is  long. The weight of this genus is estimated at up to . With a composite mounted skeleton 16.6 meters long (54.5 ft) it is the largest known ornithischian and the largest non-sauropod dinosaur. 

It had an unusually long tail, presumably to counterbalance the great weight of the body at the animal's hips.

Like all hadrosaurs its beak was toothless, but its jaws were packed with around 1,500 tiny chewing teeth. A large hole near its nostrils may have been covered by a loose flap, which could be inflated to make sounds.

First described in 1973, Shantungosaurus is known from at least five incomplete skeletons.

References 

Hadrosauridae