cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bayesian probability

Bayesian probability figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence. This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.

You might use Bayesian probability if you don't have information on how often the event happened in the past.

Example
As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam".  One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line.  Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam.  So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.

But if only 1% of your emails were spam and 80% of the emojis were spam, that's different than if half your emails are spam and 80% of emoji emails were spam.

Then you can use Bayes's Theorem to determine one probability of whether this email is spam: 

p (is_spam | contains_emoji) = [ p(contains_emoji | is_spam) * p(is_spam) ] / p(contains_emoji)

P(xy) = P(xy) * Px / Py

Philosophy of science
Dani Rodrik

Dani Rodrik (born August 14, 1957 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish economist in the fields of international economics, economic development and political economy.
He is a professor of economics at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he teaches economics to university students.

Life and work
Dani Rodrik was born in Istanbul, Turkey to a Sephardic Jewish (Jews who come from Spain) family. 
He studied at the high schools, Robert College in Istanbul and École Normale Supérieure in Paris and then at the universities, Harvard University and Princeton University in the United States of America learning economics. He graduated from Harvard University and got his Ph.D. and Professorship from Princeton University.

Dani Rodrik is one of the most important Turkish economists and has made several important contributions to economics. He looks at international economics, economic development and political economy,  and has published many articles about them. The main questions of his research are: what makes a good economic policy and why some governments are better than others in adopting it.

He does not like globalization, because he feels it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer and that people lose their jobs. He also thinks that international organizations like the World Bank and the IMF have made it harder for poorer countries to get richer, or even do not allow them to get richer. He writes critical articles against globalization.

Other websites 
Dani Rodrik's home page
Who is Dani Rodrik 

1957 births
Living people
Asian Jews
Economists
European Jews
Harvard University alumni
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
People from Istanbul
Princeton University alumni
Turkish scientists
Tiffani Thiessen

Tiffani Thiessen (born January 23, 1974) is an American sitcom and television actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. She played Valerie Malone in Beverly Hills, 90210.

Other websites 

Actors from Long Beach, California
American television actors
1974 births
Living people
Saved by the Bell

Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom. It aired on NBC on Saturday mornings from August 1989 to May 1993. The show performed extremely well, although many TV critics did not like it. The show is set in Los Angeles at a fictional high school.

1989 American television series debuts
1993 television series endings
1980s American sitcoms

1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
American teen comedy television series
High school television series
NBC network shows
Television series about friendship
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
Pope Benedict VIII

Pope Benedict VIII (;   –died April 9, 1024), born Teofillato or Theophylactus, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 144th Pope from 1012 to 1024.

Early life
Teofillato was the son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum.  He was the brother of Pope John XIX.  He was related to Pope Sergius IV and the Conti family.

Pope
Teofillato was a layman before he was elected pope in 1012.

Benedict was supported by King Henry II of Saxony.  Benedict crowned Henry Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Tusculum family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Benedict VIII

Italian popes
10th-century births
1024 deaths
Knights of St. Patrick

The Knights of St. Patrick is a British order of chivalry associated with Ireland.  Founded by King George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1783. Irish-born British General Herbert Kitchener was a Knight of St. Patrick

References

Orders of knighthood
George III

King George III (born George William Frederick 4 June 1738  29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 to 1 January 1801, when he became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was also Elector of Hanover, which made him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

During George's reign, he lost control of the United States of America. His two kingdoms, Great Britain and Ireland, were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Also during his reign, the British were at war with republican and Napoleon I's France. The Electorate of Hanover eventually became a Kingdom.

George suffered from periodic bouts of mental illness. One of them caused a crisis in 1788, and attempts were made to nominate his son George IV as regent. The king quickly recovered and prevented that from happening.

George signed the Quebec Act of 1774, which abolished William III's anti-Catholic laws in the American colonies. Also during his reign, George III signed legislation abolishing some of the anti-Catholic Laws in Great Britain and Ireland. For example, the Catholic Relief Acts of 1772 and 1774 allowed Roman Catholics to have land leases in Great Britain. In 1793, Hogart's Act allowed Roman Catholics to vote in Irish elections, but George blocked a proposal in 1800 to allow Catholics to sit in the British Parliament.

In the later part of his life, George suffered from recurrent mental illness, which was eventually permanent. Although it has since been suggested that he suffered from a genetic blood disease, porphyria, the cause of his illness is not certain. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. On George III's death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV.

Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George III has had the nickname of Farmer George.

Titles and styles
 4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751: His Royal Highness Prince George
 31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh
 20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: His Majesty The King

Ancestors

References

Other websites

1738 births
1820 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Kings and Queens of Hanover
People Buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
18th century in the Kingdom of Great Britain
The Script

The Script are an Irish pop rock group from Dublin. They formed in 2001. They are currently based out of London. They are signed to the Sony Label Group. Their music has been featured in video games and popular TV programs.

The Script have made four albums:
The Script (2008)
Science & Faith (2010)
#3 (2012)
No Sound Without Silence (2014)
These have all gone to the top of the Irish charts. They also did really well in the UK charts, with the first two albums reaching number 1 and #3 reaching the second position. Their 2012 single Hall of Fame, made with will.i.am, was a worldwide success.

References

Other websites 
Official website 

Musical groups established in 2001
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Irish pop music groups
Irish rock bands
Musical groups from Dublin
Abercrombie River

The Abercrombie River is a river in New South Wales, Australia. It flows west from Mount Werong to the Wyangala Dam near Cowra. The river is a tributary of the Lachlan, which it joins at Wyangala lake.

The Abercrombie River is  in length, and passes through the Abercrombie River National Park. It provides habitat for platypus and rakali. The Goulburn-Oberon Road crosses the Abercrombie River in the steep-sided Abercrombie Gorge.

The first people to live alongside the river were Aborigines of the Wiradjuri and Gundungara tribes. They may have used the river as a trading route. The first European to visit the river was explorer Charles Throsby on 5 May 1819, during an expedition from Sydney to the Central West of New South Wales. Alluvial gold was discovered in and along the river in 1851. This started a small gold rush. It was difficult to find gold because of the rough terrain, and changing water levels in the river. Early miners found up to  of gold a day along the river. By 1862 about 45 mining parties were working at Milburne Creek, a minor tributary of the Abercrombie. 
It is the furthest east of the inland flowing rivers.

References 

Rivers of New South Wales
Pope Benedict XII

Pope Benedict XII (; died April 25, 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a French priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 198th Pope from 1334 to 1342.

He was the third of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life
Jacques Fournier is believed to have been born in Saverdun in the Comté de Foix near Toulouse. 

He became a Cistercian monk; and he studied at the University of Paris. 

In 1311, he was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey.

Bishop
In 1317, Fourier was made bishop of Pamiers.  

In 1327, he became Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariège.

Cardinal
Pope John XXIII made Fourier a cardinal  in 1327.

Pope
Cardinal Fourier was elected pope in 1335; and he chose to be called Benedict XII.

Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Benedict XII ordered the construction of the Palais des Papes in Avignon.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XII
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Fourier

1280s births
1342 deaths
French popes
La Toya Jackson

La Toya Jackson (born May 29, 1956, near Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, songwriter, writer, actress, television personality and a former model. She was the fifth of ten offspring born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. She wanted to be an attorney but her father insisted that she work in show business like her siblings. She sang background vocals with The Jackson Five, her brothers' band. She had many musical hits during the 1980s and 1990s and returned in 2004. In 1989 Jackson was on the cover of Playboy magazine.

Early life and careers

1950s 
Jackson was born at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana, She was fifth children and ten child of Joe Jackson and Katherine Jackson

1980s
In 1980 Jackson's first album La Toya Jackson was released. Jackson wanted the album to be called "La Toya" but her dad would not let her. Her second single "Night Time Lover" was produced by La Toya's brother Michael. Jackson's third album was released in 1984. She sung backing vocals on Michael's single ""P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)". In 1985 Jackson sung on "We Are the World" as part of USA for Africa. It sold over 20 million copies.

1990s
In 1991 Jackson's first book La Toya, Growing Up In The Jackson Family was published.
Jackson released her ninth album From Nashville to You in 1994.

2000s
In July 2009 Jackson released the single "Home" in dedication to her brother Michael Jackson, who died on June 25 2009. All of the money from people buying the single went to AIDS_Project Los Angeles, which was one of Michael's favourite charities.

2010s
She released a new EP for 2011, Starting Over. In the same year a best-selling memoir written by Jackson of the same name was released. In 2010 she released Dream Cream, a hand cream for Alessandro International.

On April 13, 2013 a reality series about Jackson's life called Life with La Toya started on the Oprah Winfrey Network.

Jackson's newest single “Feels Like Love” was played for the first time on December 14 at a West Hollywood nightclub.

Personal life
Jackson did not move out of the Jackson family home until she was 31 years old. In 1989 she married her manager Jack Gordon. She did not want to. In 1993 Gordon beat Jackson with a chair many times. She had to have 12 stitches in her mouth. In 1996 Jackson escaped from Gordon with the help of her brother Randy. She sued Gordon under the Violence Against Women Act.
It was reported that on December 9, 2013 Jackson married Jeffrey Phillips in Los Angeles.
However Jackson said this is not true.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1956 births
Living people
Singers from Indiana
American television actors
Actors from Indiana
Jackson family
Models from Indiana
Writers from Indiana
People from Gary, Indiana
American television personalities
Abercrombie River National Park

Abercrombie River National Park is a national park in New South Wales, Australia. It is  west of Sydney. The Abercrombie and Retreat Rivers flow through the park. The park protects a large area of open forest, the largest area in this part of New South Wales. There are large trees, Casuarina cunninghamia, growing along the river. The river is normally a series of deep waterholes. In the park there are platypuses, rakalis, wallaroos, red-necked wallabies, swamp wallabies and Eastern Grey Kangaroos.

References

Other websites

 UNEP-WCMC WDPA Site Sheet 
 List of all animals found in the park 

National parks in Australia
Protected areas of New South Wales
IUCN Category II
Rakali

The rakali (Hydromys chrysogaster), also known as the water-rat, is an Australian native rodent. The species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries. It feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds. Rakali are  in length with a thick tail measuring around . They weigh . They have webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.

Common names
Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as water-rat. During the 1990s there was a push for English common names to be replaced with indigenous names. In 1995 the Australian Nature Conservation Agency recommended that the name rakali be used as the common name. The Australian Department of Environment and Heritage has taken up this suggestion and both common names are now used.

References

Other websites

Australian Museum Factsheet

Old World rats and mice
Mammals of Australia
Gila River Arena

The Gila River Arena is a sports arena in Glendale, Arizona. The arena opened on December 26, 2003, and is the current home to the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was originally known as Glendale Arena until online company Jobing.com acquired naming rights in late 2006 for 10 years, which cost a reported $30 million. The building became Jobing.com Arena on January 1, 2007. In 2014, the team ended the contract with Jobing.com and reached a new deal with the Gila River Casinos, owned by a local tribe of Native Americans. The new arena name became official on September 10, 2014.  

The arena currently seats 17,125 people (17,534 with standing room). The Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) also played in the arena from 2003 to 2007.

Other websites
Official website

References

Sports buildings in the United States
Arizona Coyotes
Buildings and structures in Arizona
2003 establishments in Arizona
Stockholm Bloodbath

The Stockholm Bloodbath () or Swedish Massacre (8–9 November 1520) was the mass killing of Swedish nobility by the Danish King Christian II (1481–1559). Denmark, Norway and Sweden were part of the Kalmar Union. There had been conflict in Sweden between those who supported the union, and those who wanted independence. In 1520 Christian II had invaded Sweden. The regent of Sweden, Sten Sture the Younger, was killed in battle. Christian II besieged Stockholm for four months. When the city gave in, he made himself king and beheaded 82 leading Swedes, including two bishops for heresy. The reason for heresy was the people of Stockholm had replaced Archbishop Gustav Trolle; this was said to be a crime against the Church. Sture the Younger's body was dug up and burned at the stake. The killings made people so angry that he became known as "Christian the Tyrant". He was chased out of Sweden in 1523.

References

History of Stockholm
1520
1520s in Europe
November events
Rebbie Jackson

Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer. She is the eldest of the Jackson siblings.

Life and Career
Maureen was born at 2300 Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana, She began performing on stage in 1974 and later appeared in the television program  "The Jacksons". In 1984 Rebbie released her debut album Centipede, her most successful album. The single "Centipede" reached number 4 in the US R&B chart. It has backing vocals from siblings La Toya and Michael Jackson and The Weather Girls. In 1976 she was in the TV series The Jacksons. It was the first TV show starring an African-American family. She then released two more albums in the 1980s and then went on hiatus, returning in 1998 with Yours Faithfully. She has not had an album released since 1998.

Personal life
She married Nathaniel Brown in 1968. He died in 2013 of cancer. They have three children, Austin, Stacee (who has Jackson's only grandchild, London), and Yashi Brown.

References

African American musicians
Singers from Indiana
1950 births
Living people
Jackson family
People from Gary, Indiana
Battle of White Mountain

The Battle of White Mountain in 1620, was the first battle of the Thirty Years War. Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria defeated the forces of Frederick V, Elector of Palantine, King of Bohemia and Moravia.  

The cause of the battle was a revolt by a group of Czech lords who threw two governors and a secretary out of the windows of Prague Castle. This incident is known as the Defenestration of Prague. They quickly built up an army of 30,000 to make an independent Protestant country. The Czechs were defeated by a well trained Imperial army, the battle lasting less than one hour. Emperor Ferdinand II replaced Frederick as King of Bohemia, and then killed many who had opposed him. Others were given a choice, convert to Catholicism or leave the country.

White Mountain is now in the city of Prague. There is an open space and monument.

References

Czechoslovakia
White Mountain
Thirty Years' War
1620
1620s in Europe
Lana Turner

Lana Turner (February 8, 1921 - June 29, 1995) was an American actress. She was born in Wallace, Idaho. She was first discovered and signed into movie contract by MGM when she was 16. She played mainly feature roles and was one of Hollywood's first scream queens. She would become very popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Turner appeared in the television series Falcon Crest during 1982 and 1983. The actress died from throat cancer in 1995 in Century City, Los Angeles.

Other websites 

1921 births
1995 deaths
Actors from Idaho
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from throat cancer
Gansus

Gansus is a genus of  aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, between 115 to 105 million years ago (mya). It was found in what is now Gansu province, western China. It is the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as Confuciusornis, Ichthyornis and Hesperornis.

Description
The genus Gansus contains a single species, G. yumenensis, which was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.
 It had many features common among modern birds, and also retained some primitive traits such as its clawed wings.

Gansus was discovered in the form of a single fossil foot in 1981. Five more well-preserved fossils were found in 2003–2004 in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu; the geological stratum in which the fossils were found is the Xiagou Formation.  Their bodies had settled in anoxic mud and were soon covered with further extremely fine silty sediments. Without oxygen, their remains resisted decay: these specimens preserved remains of flight feathers and traces of the webbing between their toes.

References 

Cretaceous birds
Gansu
Marumo no Okite

Marumo no Okite is a Japanese television drama starring Sadao Abe and Mana Ashida. Eleven episodes were broadcast by Fuji Television between April 24 and July 3, 2011.

Japanese television series
Ornithurae

Ornithurae (meaning 'bird tails' in Greek) is the name of a natural group which includes all modern birds as well as their extinct relatives with plough-shaped pygostyles (†Ichthyornis, †Hesperornithes, †Limenavis). This is a bone at the end of the tail which allows the tail feathers to fan and retract. Gansus, from the Lower Cretaceous of China is the earliest known at 110 million years ago.

Simple classification:
Birds
Ornithurae
Neornithes: modern birds: the most recent common ancestor of all living birds (class Aves) and all its descendants.
Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites)
Neognathae (all other modern birds)

Birds
Taxonomy
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener

Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 4 June 1916) was an Irish born British Field Marshal.

Kitchener was Sirdar (British Commander in Chief) of the Egyptian Army. He defeated the Mahdist rebels against Egyptian rule in 1898 and conquered the Sudan for Britain and (nominally) Egypt.

He was Chief of Staff during the Boer War of 1899-1902. From 1899-1900 he was also Commander-in-Chief of the forces in southern Africa. He was given many orders of chivalry, both British and foreign, including Knight of St. Patrick and Knight of the Garter.

At the start of the First World War, the Prime Minister, Asquith, quickly appointed Lord Kitchener Secretary of State for War. A massive recruitment campaign began, featuring his image in a famous advertisement. Kitchener was drowned in 1916 when the HMS Hampshire sunk near the Orkney Islands after hitting a German mine.

References

1850 births
1916 deaths
British Army people
Deaths by drowning
People from the Republic of Ireland
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Knights of the Garter
Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the name of the Sudan when it was a colony of the United Kingdom and Egypt. It was officially under the joint rule of both countries, but really the British controlled the government from the beginning. Every Governor was British, and all decisions about the country were made by the British, although many of the administrators of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were Egyptians. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was created in 1899 when the Egyptian Army under Herbert Kitchener recaptured the Sudan, which was before an Egyptian colony, from the Madhists, a group of Islamic rebels against Egypt. 

Former countries in Africa
1899 establishments
19th-century establishments in Africa
Condominium (international law)

Condominium means a colony ruled jointly by two or more countries. Examples include the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was in name under the joint rule of the United Kingdom and Egypt, although in fact a British colony with all political decisions up to the British despite having many Egyptians involved in administering the country, and New Hebrides, which was under the joint rule of the UK and France. 

Colonialism
International law
Dependent territories
Neornithes

Neornithes are the most recent common ancestor of all living birds and all their descendants. There are about 9,000 to 10,000 known living species in the world.

Taxonomy
Modern birds are divided into two superorders; the Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites), and the Neognathae, containing all other birds.

It is generally agreed that the Neornithes evolved in the Cretaceous and that the split between the Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and then the split between fowl and the other Neognathae, occurred before the K/T extinction event. The earliest fossil remains of the Neornithes might be about ten million years after the start of the Cretaceous. Gallornis may be the first fossil, but its remains are only a worn partial femur and a fragment of the humerus.

There are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. Molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence suggest an early Tertiary radiation. Attempts made to bring together the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial.

The classification of modern birds is difficult. Sibley & Ahlquist's Phylogeny and classification of birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, though it is often debated and revised. Most evidence suggests that the modern bird orders are accurate taxa. More recently, new fossil and molecular evidence is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders.

References 

Birds
Taxonomy
Antipope

Antipope is a term of the Roman Catholic Church in the context of its official list of popes.  An antipope is not included in the list of popes in the Vatican's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio

An antipope is a pretender who falsely claims to be pope or who wrongly opposes the legitimate and recognized pope.

The existence or claims of an antipope produces a schism in the Roman Catholic Church.  A conflict is caused by those who are opposing the authority of the pope.

List of antipopes 

 Hippolytus 2nd century
 Novatian (251)
 Felix II (355-365)
 Anastasius (855)
 Pope Leo VIII (956-963)
 Boniface VII (974)
 John XVI (10th century)
 Gregory VI (1012)
 Benedict X (1058)
 Honorius II (1061-72)
 Clement III (1080-1100)
 Gregory VIII (1118)
 Anacletus II (1130-38)
 Victor IV (1159-64)
 Pascal III (1164-68)
 Clement VII (1378-1394)
 Felix V (1439-1449)

References

Other websites 

Popes
Lists of popes
Neognathae

Neognathae are birds in the subclass Neornithes. The Neognathae include almost all living birds: their sister taxon Palaeognathae has just the tinamou and the flightless ratites.

There are nearly 10,000 species of neognaths. Since the Cretaceous they have undergone an adaptive radiation. This has produced the variety of form, function, and behavior which we see today. The Passeriformes (perching birds) are the largest order of land vertebrates. They are some 60% of living birds.

The neognaths have fused hand bones, an elongate third finger, and 13 or fewer vertebrae. They differ from the Palaeognathae in features like the structure of their jawbones. "Neognathae" means "new jaws" but, ironically, paleognath jaws are one of the few derived) features of that group.

Birds
Pope Benedict XIII

Pope Benedict XIII (; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Friar Vincenzo Maria Orsini, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 246th Pope from 1724 until his death in 1730.  He was the third and last member of the Orsini family to be a pope.

Early life
He was born in Gravina in Puglia near Naples.  He was the son of Ferdinando III Orsini, Duke of Gravina.

In 1667, Orsini entered the Dominican Order.  As a monk, his name was Vincent Maria.

Cardinal
Pope Clement X raised the monk to the rank of Cardinal of San Sisto on 22 February 1672.

In 1675, he was made Bishop of Manfredonia.

In 1686, he was made Archbishop of Benevento.

Pope
Cardinal Orsini was elected pope on May 28, 1724;  and he chose to be called Benedict XIII.

Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In 1727, he ordered construction of the famous Spanish Steps in Rome.

In 1729, the pope helped bring about the Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain.

After his death
Benedict was buried in a tomb in Santa Maria sopra Minerva completed by Pietro Bracci and others.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Orsini family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,   Pope Benedict XIII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Orsini

Italian popes
1649 births
1730 deaths
Báthory family

Báthory was the name of an aristocratic family in Europe in the Middle Ages. Members included Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, Erzsébet Báthory, a countess and wife of General Francis Nadasdy and alleged serial murderer, and Andreas Bathory, a Roman Catholic bishop and prince.

Hungarian people
Families
Armenia at the Olympics

Armenia first took part in the Olympic Games in 1994. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.

Before Armenia became independent, they competed in the Olympics as a part of the Soviet Union team. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Armenia got their own team.

The Armenian athletes have won twelve medals altogether. They won these medals in wrestling, weightlifting and boxing.

Medallists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Armenia profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Armenia
Pope Benedict XIV

Pope Benedict XIV (; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 248th Pope from 1740 until his death in 1758.

Early life
Lambertini was born in Bologna.

Bishop
In 1725, Lambertini was made Bishop of Theodosia. He became the Bishop of Ancona in 1727.  He was made Bishop of Bologna in 1731.

Cardinal
lambertini was raised to the rank of cardinal in 1728.

Pope
He was elected Pope in 1740; and he chose to be called Benedict XIV.

Benedict confirms the title of King of Prussia, which was taken in 1701 by the Elector of Brandenburg. 

The pope remained neutral in the War of the Spanish Succession.

Benedict ordered the construction of the Fountains of Trevi.

During Benedict's reign, the creation of a Vatican Library catalogue was begun.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Benedict XIV
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Lambertini
Pope Benedict XIV portrait in the Vatican Museum

Italian popes
1675 births
1758 deaths
Treaty of Northampton

The Treaty of Northampton signed in 1328 was an agreement between England and Scotland that recognised Scotland as an independent country and Robert the Bruce as its king. Edward I of England and his son Edward II had been fighting wars against Robert the Bruce for more than 20 years. Edward II believed that he was the rightful King of Scotland. In 1327, Edward II was forced from his throne by his wife, Isabella of France and her lover, Roger Mortimer. Edward's young son, Edward III became King of England at the age of 15. Robert the Bruce saw a chance in the confusion in England and immediately sent James Douglas to attack the north of England. The English, scared that they would lose, wanted a peace treaty. The Treaty of Northampton secured peace between the two countries. As part of the treaty, Edward II's six year old daughter, Joan of the Tower was married to Robert's four year old son, David II.

References

History of Scotland
Northampton
1328
14th century in England
Sudanese People's Liberation Army

Sudan's people liberation army (SPLA) and Sudan's people liberation movement is a political party in South Sudan. It was founded as a resistance movement / rebel group in 1963. As Sudan's people liberation army, it fought against the Sudanese government, in the Sudanese Civil War. This war ended in 2005. Officially, the movement wanted to create a free secular Sudan, which it called "New Sudan". In reality, however, many people in the movement wanted to create an independent state, South Sudan. In 2005, there was a peace treaty. From that moment, until 2011, the SPLM was part of the Sudanese government. Since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the SPLM is de facto the only party in the country. In the south, the SPLA will become the regular army. In the north, the SPLM is still part of the government. In the provinces South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the SPLA is one of the armies fighting the government. 

Sudan
Political parties in Africa
Nationalist organizations in Africa

en:Sudan People's Liberation Army
Nancy Grace

Nancy Ann Grace (born October 23, 1959 in Macon, Georgia) is an American TV host, attorney and author. She hosts a celebrity TV show (also titled as Nancy Grace Live). She often discusses issues from what she calls a victim rights' standpoint.

References 

Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American television presenters
Journalists from Georgia (U.S. state)
New York University alumni
Television personalities from Georgia (U.S. state)
1959 births
Living people
Shaheen falcon

The shaheen falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) is also known as the Indian peregrine falcon, Other names are the black shaheen, Pakistani shaheen, or simply the shaheen.

It is a non-migratory subspecies of the peregrine falcon found mainly in hilly and mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent and the nearby island of Sri Lanka. In Pakistani literature, the shaheen has a special association with the poetry of the country's national poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal. The Pakistan Air Force has as a symbol and in Gilgit-Baltistan it is the unofficial bird of the region.

References

National symbols of Pakistan
Birds of Asia
Falconiformes
Stephen Bathory

Stephen Báthory (27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was a Hungarian Prince of Transylvania (1571–1586), then King of Poland (1576–1586) and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586).

1533 births
1586 deaths
Hungarian people
Kings and queens
Kings of Poland
Transylvania
Girl You Know It's True

"Girl You Know It's True" is a 1988 song by Milli Vanilli. The song hit #3 in the United Kingdom and #2 in the United States. In 1989, while the duo performed the song during a concert in Connecticut, the record skipped and revealed a case of lip synching. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli.

Pop songs
1988 songs
Milli Vanilli songs
Nanda Devi

Nanda Devi () is the highest mountain in the Republic of India. It is also the national mountain of the nation. It is holy to the Hindus, source of the Ganges river.

Nanda Devi lies in the state of Uttarakhand.

Biosphere reserves
Himalayas
Mountains of India
Uttarakhand
National symbols of India
Pope Benedict XV

Pope Benedict XV (; , 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 259th Pope from 1914 until his death in 1922.

His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I.

Priest
Della Chiesa was ordained a priest on 21 December 1878.

Bishop
Pope Pius X made della Chiesa Bishop of Bologna in 1907.

Cardinal
On 25 May 1914, Giacomo della Chiesa was created a cardinal.

Pope 
Cardinal Della Chiesa was elected pope in 1914; and he chose to be called Benedict XV.

Joan of Arc was canonized by Benedict.

Benedict made efforts to encourage peace in World War I. He refused to denounce either side. In 1918, Pope Benedict was excluded from the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, despite his entreaties to be made part of the talks.

Benedict XV helped develop a Code of Canon Law.

Benedict XV was the fourth Pope since the Kingdom of Italy took possession of Rome.

The last years of his papacy were concerned with making sure that the Church could still function smoothly in the newly changed borders of Europe.

Death and legacy
Benedict XV fell ill with pneumonia in early January 1922. He died on 22 January 1922.  The Italian Government lowered its flags in his honor; Benedict was the first pope to be honored in this way.

In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI explained why he chose the name Benedict: 
"... I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples."

Related pages
 List of popes

References

More reading
 Peters, Walter H. (1959). The Life of Benedict XV.  Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing. OCLC 625633
 Pollard, John F. (1999). The Unknown Pope. London: Geoffrey Chapman. ;  OCLC 60158637

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Benedict XV
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal della Chiesa
  Vatican webpage, Benedict XV,   biography 
  Saint Peter's Basilica, Tomb of Benedict XV

Italian popes
1854 births
1922 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Chak Haryam

Chak Haryam () is a village, near Islamgarh in the Chakswari tehsil of the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography 

According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 973.

History 

Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.

References 

Villages in Pakistan
The Cardigans

The Cardigans are a Swedish pop rock group that started in October 1992. Their debut studio album Emmerdale gave them very strong base in Sweden. However, it was not until their 1995 album Life was released that an international reputation was secured. Their popularity really soared in 1996 when the song Lovefool was released. They've carried other hit songs in addition to that. The group went on hiatus in 2006.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1990s Swedish music groups
2000s Swedish music groups
2010s Swedish music groups
Musical groups established in 1992
Swedish rock music groups
Les Invalides

Les Invalides is a landmark in Paris, France. It was built between 1670 and 1676 as a place for retirement of French war veterans. It consists of several buildings. It was also used as a burial place for French marshals and generals. Les Invalides is best known for housing the tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nowadays, the complex houses the Museum of Arms, the Museum of Contemporary History, and the Museum of Plains-Reliefs.

Buildings and structures in Paris
Rakia

Rakia is a Turkish brandy made from fermented fruit. 

It is very popular in North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It can be made from different fruits.

Rakia is а national drink of Turkey.

Overview 
Rakia is an alcoholic drink similar to Brandy. Usually, it has 40% of alcohol, but home-made rakia can be stronger and have from 50 to 60%.

The most common form of Rakia is made from plum, but grapes, peaches, apricots, apples, pears, cherries, figs are also used.

People drink Rakia  from small glasses of 30 to 50 ml.

Other websites
Rakia drink

References 

Alcoholic spirits
Swimming

Swimming is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs. People can swim in the sea, swimming pools, rivers and lakes. People swim for exercise, for fun, and as a sport. There are several styles of swimming, known as "strokes", including: front crawl, breaststroke, freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke.

Swimming works all the muscles simultaneously. It is impact free. It also builds up stamina.

Styles of swimming 
There are several styles in swimming. Some of them are:

 Front crawl: Fastest and most efficient technique; also called freestyle, because swimmers use it in freestyle events.
 Backstroke: Only stroke that is swum on the back with the swimmer looking up; uses the same leg movements (flutter kick) as crawl.
 Breaststroke: One of the easiest and most relaxing strokes; competitive swimmers find it difficult because it uses more energy when swum at a fast pace.
 Butterfly: Powerful and fast; relies on good technique; uses the dolphin kick; the hardest and least popular stroke.

Competitive swimming
The goal of competitive swimming is to improve speed, and to beat other competitors in events. An athlete goes through several stages of training. At the beginning, the body is overloaded with work. The workload becomes less closer to the date of the competition. This final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper"; the swimmer tapering downs his or her workload to be able to perform at their optimal level. At the end of this stage, before competition, the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair and dead skin. Often confused within shaving, swimmers shave to rid the skin of dead skin cells to expose sensitive skin to the water. The effect of shaving is a decrease in drag from hair and an increase in the sensation of "feeling" the water.

Equipment
Sometimes equipment is used when swimming, and can include:

 Fins: rubber or plastic and are worn on the foot.
 Kickboard: keeps the upper body afloat; allows the swimmer to concentrate on kicking correctly
 Pull buoy: foam float that swimmers hold between their thighs to keep the lower body high and flat; helps to learn the arm and upper body movements
Swimming Suits: These are made from a special fabric and used in swimming

Related pages
 Aquatic locomotion deals with animals swimming.

References

Water sports
Swimming
Fitness
One Step at a Time

"One Step at a Time", released in 2008, became the third single off Jordin Sparks' first album. This song reached #17 on Billboard Hot 100. It hit #3 on the R&B charts in the USA.

Pop songs
2008 songs
John Chafee

John Lester Hubbard Chafee (October 22, 1922 – October 24, 1999) was an American politician. He was an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He was the 66th Governor of Rhode Island. He was the Secretary of the Navy. He was a United States Senator.

Chafee was born on October 22, 1922 in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied at Yale University and at Harvard Law School. Chafee was married to Virginia Coates until his death in 1999. They had six children; one daughter was killed in an racing accident.

Chafee died suddenly on October 24, 1999 from congestive heart failure in his home in Washington, D.C., aged 77. He is buried at Chafee Family Cemetery in Warwick, Rhode Island.

Chafee's son, Lincoln, is a former governor and former senator of Rhode Island.

References

Other websites

 John Chafee at Find A Grave

1922 births
1999 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Episcopalians
Governors of Rhode Island
Harvard University alumni
People from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Warwick, Rhode Island
United States Secretaries of the Navy
United States senators from Rhode Island
Yale University alumni
Heavy D

Dwight Arrington Myers (May 24, 1967 - November 8, 2011), better known by his stage name Heavy D,  was a Jamaican-American rap musician. He was born in Mandeville, Jamaica and raised in Mount Vernon, New York, United States. He began rapping in the late 1980s. His hip hop group, Heavy D and the Boys, were affiliated with East Coast rap music.

He died in Los Angeles, California from a pulmonary embolism as a result of diabetes.

1967 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Deaths from diabetes
African American actors
African American musicians
Jamaican singers
Singers from New York
Rap musicians from New York
actors from New York
Biological control

Biological control, or biological pest control, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides.

Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are free-living species that eat many prey during their lifetime. 

Parasitoids are species whose larvae develop on or in a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids. 

Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively specific.

Three strategies 
There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation.

Conservation: Avoid using pesticides, which kill the natural enemies of the pests. Encourage the growth of those things which attack the pests. Use companion planting where possible. In China, the mosquito fern has been used for at least a thousand years, as a companion plant for rice crops. It hosts a special cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, and also blocks out light from competing plants (but not the rice, which grows taller).

Classical biological control: This is the introduction of natural enemies to a new area where they did not originate or do not occur naturally. Thereafter, the predator lives as a natural part of the habitat, reproducing and killing the pest species. This method is especially effective when the pest is itself an invasive or introduced species in the area. Free of its natural enemies, the pest multiplies to huge numbers. The introduction from its homeland of an enemy or two can be very successful. One example is the use of Larinus planus to control the Canada thistle.

Augmentation: This is the release of numbers of natural enemies at specific times. These predators are natural parts of the ecosystem, but are released in such numbers as to overwhelm the pest at some critical time. Stocks of the predator are got from commercial suppliers.

An early example 
A Chinese text from 304 AD, Records of the plants and trees of the southern regions, by Hsi Han, describes mandarin oranges protected by large reddish-yellow citrus ants. The ants attack and kill insect pests of the orange trees. The citrus ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) was rediscovered in the 20th century, and now is again used in China to protect orange groves.

References 

Agriculture
Ecology
Manuel Noriega

Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (11 February 1938 – 29 May 2017) was a Panamanian politician and general. 

Noriega went to high school and had a career in the army. He was the de facto ruler of Panama between 12 August 1983 and 20 December 1989. In 1992, a United States court convicted him of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering. Noriega served a prison sentence in the US, which ended in 2007. He was then extradited to France, where he served another sentence.

A conditional release was given to him on September 23, 2011. Noriega was sent to Panama to serve 20 years. He arrived in Panama on December 11, 2011.

Noriega died at a medical center in Panama City on 29 May 2017 from complications of brain surgery at the age of 83.

References

1938 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Drug traffickers
Former dictators
Generals
Heads of state
North American military people
North American politicians
Panamanian people
People convicted of drug offenses
Prisoners
Extradition
Sosigenes of Alexandria

Sosigenes of Alexandria was an astronomer in the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar consulted him, and other astrologers, before introducing the Julian calendar. Sosigenes also influenced Caesar's writing "De astris", but only parts of it remain. Pliny the Elder wrote In his Natural History that Sosigenes observed that the planet Mercury never had an elongation angle greater than 22 degrees from the sun.

References 

Ancient Greek astronomers