cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1287



Births 
 January 24 – Richard Aungerville, English writer and bishop (died 1345)
 April 25 – Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, de facto ruler of England (died 1330)
 Robert III of Artois

Deaths 
 April 3 – Pope Honorius IV
 August 31 – Konrad von Würzburg, German poet
 October 19 – Bohemund VII of Tripoli
 Llywelyn ap Dafydd, a Welsh prince, in his prison at Bristol Castle
 Hu Sansheng, Chinese historian (born 1230)
Ashley Tisdale

Ashley Michelle Tisdale (Born: July 2,1985,West Deal, New Jersey,USA() is an American actress-singer and producer. She is known for co-starring in the movies High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and High School Musical 3.  She also played candy counter girl, Maddie Fitzpatrick, on the Disney Channel television series of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody". She began singing and acting at an early age.  Her first studio album was called Headstrong. Some of her songs are "Be Good to Me", "Headstrong", "Not that Girl" and "Over It". Her newest second album is Guilty Pleasure. The  songs on it include "It's Alright It's Ok", "Hot Mess ".(song)"Hair" and "Crank it up". Her original hair color is blonde but she changed it for the series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. She also lends her voice to the animated series Phineas and Ferb. She has earned up to 2.5 million dollars with the High School Musical movies. Ashley Tisdale worked on series Suite Life of Zack and Cody for three years. She also did one episode of Suite Life On Deck.
Her sister Jennifer Tisdale is also an actress as model.  Her parents are Mike Tisdale and Lisa Tisdale.

Filmography
Animated roles
 All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series - Additional Voices
 American Dad! - Amy Reed
 Family Guy - Priscilla
 Kim Possible - Camille Leon
 Phineas and Ferb - Candace Flynn, Princess Baldegunde
 The Powerpuff Girls - Tanya-corn 
 Robot Chicken - Little Orphan Annie, Oliver Twist, Pippi Longstocking
 Skylanders Academy - Stealth Elf
 The Cleveland Show - Lacey Stapleton

Film roles
 A Bug's Life - Lead Blueberry Scout
 An All Dogs Christmas Carol - Additional Voices
 Birds of Paradise - Aurora
 Charming - Cinderella
 Whisper of the Heart'' - Yūko Harada

References

Other websites

 

1985 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Actors from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
High School Musical people
American Jews
American composers
Models from New Jersey
American musical theatre actors
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
American stage actors
American television producers
Child actors
Disney people
High School Musical
Warner Bros. Records artists
Angela Beesley Starling

Angela Beesley Starling (born on August 3, 1977) is a British web entrepreneur. She started as a volunteer editor at the English Wikipedia in February 2003. In June 2004, she was elected to the board of the Wikimedia Foundation and re-elected in July 2005.  

She worked with Jimmy Wales and started Wikia (Now known as Fandom) with him. She was the vice-president of Wikia  but left the company in 2012.

She is married to Tim Starling.

References

Other websites
 https://a.nge.la
 

1977 births
Living people
British people
Derby (horse race)

Derby is a type of race for horses. The race is named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby. A Derby only allows a certain age of horse to race. Most Derbies in the United States and the United Kingdom require the horse be three years old to race. So if the horse misses the Kentucky Derby when he is three, he will not get another chance to race in it. Derbies in other countries sometimes require the horse to be four years old.

Famous derbies
Epsom Derby
Kentucky Derby

Horse riding
Reef

A reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature below the water surface (less than 80 meters  below low water).

The best-known reefs are the coral reefs in tropical waters. They are built by corals and calcareous algae. Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to attract fish and other organisms.
Luba Goy

Luba Goy (born 8 November 1945 in  Germany) is now a Canadian comedienne and a Canadian television star.  She is of Ukrainian descent. She was probably best known as one of the stars of the Canadian comedy show Royal Canadian Air Farce.

1945 births
Living people
Canadian comedians
German entertainers
Ashley Leggat

Ashley Margaret Anne Leggat (born September 26, 1986) is a Canadian actress who is known for her roles as "Casey MacDonald" in the Canadian series Life with Derek. She is close friends with her television co-star Michael Seater. She has four older brothers. She is also a supporter of anti-bullying along with Michael Seater.

1986 births
Living people
Canadian television actors
People from Hamilton
Murder of Jessica Lunsford

Jessica Marie Lunsford (October 6, 1995 – February 27, 2005) was an American nine-year-old girl   who was abducted from her home in Homosassa, Florida on February 24, 2005, then raped and murdered by 46-year-old John Couey, a known sex offender.

The media covered the investigation and trial of her killer extensively. On August 24, 2007, a judge in Inverness, Florida sentenced Couey, a convicted sex offender, to death for kidnapping, raping and murdering her.  On September 30, 2009, before the sentences could be carried out, Couey died of natural causes.

Lunsford's murder influenced the legislation in Florida known as "Jessica's Law". It is designed to protect potential victims and reduce a sexual offender's ability to re-offend. It has influenced legislation in forty-two other states.

References 

2005 crimes
2005 deaths
2005 in Florida
2000s crimes in the United States
American children
American murder victims
February events
Kidnapped American people
Murder in Florida
Murder in the 21st century in the United States
People murdered in the United States
Puncak Jaya

Puncak Jaya is a  mountain in New Guinea. It is the highest mountain in Oceania. It is also called the Carstensz Pyramid.

The mountain was first named the Carstensz Pyramid, after Jan Carstenszoon. He was a Dutch explorer who saw the glaciers on it in 1623. Then in 1963 the name was changed to Sukarno Peak by Indonesia, and then later to Puncak Jaya.

Puncak Jaya is thought of by some as the hardest to climb of the Seven Summits. The first people to reach the top were Heinrich Harrer, Philip Temple, Russell Kippax, and Albertus Huizenga, in 1962. An earlier group were first thought to reach the top in 1936. However, at the time it was not known which summit was the highest. They were able to climb two peaks but not what is now known to be the highest one.

References 

Mountains of Asia
Geography of Indonesia
Raviv Ullman

Raviv "Ricky" Ullman (, born on January 24, 1986 in Eilat) is an Israeli-American actor. He played Phil Diffy in the Disney Channel show Phil of the Future.

Early life
He was born in Israel to American parents, Laura and Brain Ullman. After his first birthday his family moved to Connecticut. When he went to camp he played Peter Pan in a show. This made him discover his talent in acting, singing, and dancing.

He eventually taught himself how to play the drums. He graduated from Fairfield Warde High School. Now he lives in South Carolina.

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Connecticut
American child actors
American drummers
American stage actors
American television actors
Israeli stage actors
Israeli television actors
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish Israeli actors
Jewish Israeli musicians
Homosassa, Florida

Homosassa is a census-designated place (CDP) in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,294 at the 2000 census.

Census-designated places in Florida
Jaws (movie)

Jaws is a 1975 American thriller movie directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the novel Jaws by Peter Benchley.

The events of the movie are set in the small, quiet, rural town of Amity, Massachusetts. The movie follows three men as they try to capture and kill a great white shark that is threatening the town on Independence Day. The movie follows Martin Brody, the slightly unheroic local sheriff who must decide whether to follow his instinct to shut the beach for safety reasons or keep the beach open to help the local tourist economy. Matt Hooper, a marine biologist, and Quint, the local shark hunter, help Brody to overcome his fears of the water and stop the great white shark attacks. It has three sequels: Jaws 2, Jaws 3, and Jaws: The Revenge.

Awards
Jaws won three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Original Dramatic Score, and Best Sound. It was also nominated for Best Picture, losing to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Along with the Oscar, John Williams's score won the Grammy Award, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, and the Golden Globe Award. To her Academy Award, Verna Fields added the American Cinema Editors' Eddie Award for Best Edited Feature Film.

Jaws was chosen Favorite Movie at the People's Choice Awards. It was also nominated for best Film, Director, Actor (Richard Dreyfuss), Editing, Screenplay and Sound at the 29th British Academy Film Awards, and Best Film—Drama, Director, and Screenplay at the 33rd Golden Globe Awards. Spielberg was nominated by the Directors Guild of America for a DGA Award. The Writers Guild of America nominated Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb's script for Best Adapted Drama.

In 2001, the United States Library of Congress selected it for the National Film Registry. In 2006, its screenplay was ranked the 63rd best of all time by the Writers Guild of America.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 
 

1975 movies

1970s thriller movies
American adventure movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Jaws movies
Movies about animals
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies set in Massachusetts
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
People's Choice Award winners
Nostalgia

Nostalgia is an emotion. It is the feeling of enjoying events from the past. People with nostalgia will often look at or use old things that they were familiar with years ago. This is because people feel more connected to those past times that they enjoyed, usually because it reminds them of how long it has been since they last connected to such past times. Examples where people may have the feeling of nostalgia includes watching old TV shows, using old technology that was very enjoyable, and playing with toys that you played with as a child.

During the early Greek times, nostalgia was treated as a mental condition primarily based on extreme homesickness. In modern times, however, nostalgia is treated as a separate emotion. Nostalgia is often associated with positive feelings, often associated with positive memories of the past. The feeling of nostalgia often helps improve the mood of the person who is experiencing nostalgia. It also makes the person feel more connected to society. It can make the person feel more aware about living life to the best. Nostalgia is also shown to help reinforce memories, as well as assist with learning.

References

Emotions
Alcazar (band)

Alcazar is a Swedish pop group who had a string of hit singles during the early 2000s decade and are continuing successfully today.

Alcazar have taken part in the Melodifestivalen, the competition that selects Sweden's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest three imes. In 2003 Not A Sinner, Nor A Saint came third overall. But it became the biggest hit of all the songs in Melodifestivalen 2003 and won the National Finals Song Contest. It became Alcazar's first #1 single in Sweden and did sell gold. In 2005 Alcastar failed to qualify for the final automatically, but eventually made it through after a second chance semi-final.  However, the group again had to settle for third in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song Las Vegas. But the song became a hit and only needed three days in stores to became Alcazar's second #1 single in Sweden. In 2009 their Stay the night came fourth in TV-voting and fifth overall.

Other websites

Swedish pop music groups
Julie Andrews

Dame Julie Andrews  (born Julia Elizabeth Wells; 1 October 1935) is a British movie and stage actress, singer, theatre director, dancer, and writer. She was born in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey. Andrews was a child actress and singer. She appeared on the West End in 1948. She made her Broadway debut in The Boy Friend in 1954. She starred in the stage musicals My Fair Lady and Camelot with real success. In 1957, she appeared on television in the musical Cinderella. She has also been author to two of her own memoirs.

Andrews made her movie debut in Mary Poppins in 1964. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for this performance. She appeared in The Sound of Music in 1965. Between 1964 and 1967, Andrews appeared in The Americanization of Emily, Hawaii, Torn Curtain, and Thoroughly Modern Millie. In the 1970s, Andrews had a few commercial disappointments before appearing successfully in 10 (1979) and Victor/Victoria (1982). Her career sagged in the 1990s. Her voice was damaged by a throat operation in 1997.

Andrews appeared successfully in dramatic roles in The Princess Diaries in 2001, and its sequel The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement in 2004. She had voice roles in the Shrek animated movies. In 2003 and again in 2005, Andrews directed revivals of her first Broadway hit, The Boy Friend, in New York and Connecticut. Andrews has also written children's books. In 2008, she published her autobiography, Home: A Memoir of My Early Years. Andrews has received many awards during her career including an Academy Award, Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Grammy Award, BAFTA, People's Choice Award, Theatre World Award, and Screen Actors Guild honors. In 2000, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) by Elizabeth II for services to the performing arts.

Movie list 
 Mary Poppins (1964)
 The Americanization of Emily (1964)
 The Sound of Music (1965)
 Hawaii (1966)
 Torn Curtain (1966)
 Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967)
 Star! (1968)
 Darling Lili (1970)
 The Tamarind Seed (1974)
 10 (1979)
 Little Miss Marker (1980)
 S.O.B. (1981)
 Viktor/Viktoria (1982)
 The Princess Diaries (2001)
 Shrek 2 (2003)
 The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
 Shrek the Third (2007)
 Enchanted (2007)
 Despicable Me (2010)
 Aquaman (2018)

References

Other websites 

1935 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Surrey
BAFTA Award winning actors
British child actors
British children's writers
Emmy Award winners
English movie actors
English singers
English stage actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Surrey
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from Surrey
People's Choice Award winners
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Mount


Mount has three main meanings.

Mountain 

"Mount" is often used to mean "mountain", as part of a name e.g. Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley, Mount Everest.

Mount as a verb 
To "mount" something means to put it onto something else. 

 An artist mounts his paintings on cardboard. An architect mounts his models on foamcore. 
 A camera is mounted on a tripod. A gun is mounted on the deck of a ship.
 A rider mounts a horse. A gymnast mounts the balance beam for a display. 
 A male animal mounts a female animal to have sexual intercourse.

Mount as a noun 
A "mount" is a thing for mounting something on. 

It might be a piece of equipment such as: 
 A lens mount for a camera. This is the part of the camera that is made specially so that lenses can be attached. 

It might be a piece of stiff flat "backing" such as: 
 A mount for a stuffed animal. This is a piece of polished wood that a stuffed animal can be fixed to, for display. 
 A picture mount. This is a piece of cardboard which a photograph or other picture is attached to. 

It might be an animal: 
 "Frederick's mount was a fine black horse, Ernest's mount was a chestnut mare, Clumsy Jack's mount was a skinny old goat."

Mount in computing and software 
 Mount (in computing), the process of making a file system accessible
 Mount Unix, the utility in Unix-like operating systems which mounts file systems 
 Mount (streaming), a concept used in streaming software programs
Odoacer

Odoacer (Flavius Odoacrus/Odovacar/Odowaker/Odoacer; b. 431, † probably  March 15, 493 in Ravenna) was a soldier in the army of the West Roman Empire of Germanic descent. When he forced the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to quit his throne in 476, he became King of Italy. That event is considered the end of Ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages by historians. After a rule of 17 years, Odoacer would be killed by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great at the age of 62 in 493.

References

Kings and Queens of Italy
Roman people
431 births
493 deaths
Roman generals
Alexios I Komnenos

Alexios I Komnenos or Alexius I Comnenus (; ; 1048 – August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassena. He was the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). The military, financial and territorial recovery of the Byzantine Empire known as Komnenian restoration began in his time.

1081 births
1118 deaths

Byzantine Emperors
Slayer

Slayer was an American thrash metal band that began in California in 1981. The band was started by two guitarists named Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King. Along with Metallica, Anthrax and Megadeth, Slayer is known as one of the "Big Four" of thrash metal music.

Slayer's music is a fast and very mean heavy metal style. The words to the band's talk about murderers, Satan, religion and war.

Slayer has released ten studio albums, two live albums and a box-set.

The band has been the top band at many large music festivals around the world and their music has been added to many video games.

Band members

Current members
 Tom Araya – Lead vocals, bass (1981–present)
 Kerry King – Guitar (1981–present)
 Paul Bostaph – Drums (1992–1996, 1997–2001, 2013–present)
 Gary Holt – Guitar (2011–present)

Former members
 Jeff Hanneman – Guitar (1981–2013)
 Dave Lombardo – Drums (1981–1986, 1987–1992, 2001–2013)
 Tony Scaglione – Drums (1986–1987)
 Jon Dette – Drums (1996–1997, 2013)

Discography

Albums
Show No Mercy (1983)
Hell Awaits (1985)
Reign in Blood (1986)
South of Heaven (1988)
Seasons in the Abyss (1990)
Divine Intervention (1994)
Undisputed Attitude (1996)
Diabolus in Musica (1998)
God Hates Us All (2001)
Christ Illusion (2006)
World Painted Blood (2009)
Repentless (2015)

References

Other websites 
Slayer's official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Speed metal bands
Musical groups from Huntington Beach, California
Megadeth

Megadeth is a heavy metal band from the United States. The band was created by Dave Mustaine in 1983 after he was fired from Metallica. Megadeth is a member of "The Big Four" in thrash metal along with Metallica, Slayer and Anthrax. Megadeth is considered to be one of the creators of thrash metal. They have released 15 albums of music.

Albums 
 1985: Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! 
 1986: Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? 
 1988: So Far, So Good... So What! 
 1990: Rust in Peace 
 1992: Countdown to Extinction 
 1994: Youthanasia 
 1997: Cryptic Writings 
 1999: Risk 
 2001: The World Needs a Hero 
 2004: The System Has Failed 
 207: United Abominations
 2009: Endgame
 2011: TH1RT3EN
 2013: Super Collider
 2016: Dystopia

Other websites 
 Official website

 
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Roadrunner Records
Speed metal bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Bonnaroo Music Festival

The Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival is an annual four-day music festival held in Manchester, Tennessee.  It is held by Superfly Productions and AC Entertainment and was first put together in 2002.  The show's main features are the multiple stages, with the two main stages—the "What" stage and the "Which" stage—providing most of the performances.  The music that is heard comes in a wide variety, including world music, hip hop, jazz, americana, bluegrass, country music, folk, gospel, reggae, electronica, and other alternative music.

There was no festival in 2020 on grounds of COVID-19 pandemic.

Music festivals in the United States
Tennessee
2002 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Tennessee
Pol'and'Rock Festival

Pol'and'Rock Festival (formerly Przystanek Woodstock) is a weekend-long music festival in Poland that has been held once a year since 1995.  The festival is named for and was inspired by the Woodstock Festival (Przystanek Woodstock is Polish for Woodstock Station).  Its motto is "Love, Friendship and Music."  It is organized by a foundation called the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity.  Drugs are prohibited, but not everyone follows this rule.

The festival has been held in the town of Kostrzyn nad Odrą since 2004.

Music festivals
1990s establishments in Poland
Festivals in Europe
1995 establishments in Europe
Empire of Japan

The Empire of Japan (Japanese: 大日本帝国; said Dai Nippon Teikoku; officially Empire of Greater Japan or Greater Japanese Empire; also called Imperial Japan and the Japanese Empire) was a government of the areas ruled by Japan during the period from the Meiji Restoration to the Japanese defeat in World War II. The Emperors during this time, were Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito), Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito). It is considered to go from the year 1868 to 1945.

In those years, Japan changed greatly. It became one of the most powerful countries in the world. Japan built a powerful army and navy, and changed from an agricultural to an industrial economy. The Japanese began to invade and occupy other near countries like Korea, Taiwan, and part of China to get resources.

The Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, after a long war against the Allied nations of World War II ending with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  The Allies occupied the country and made many changes, including a new constitution.  Allied occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s.

Other websites 
 Imperial Japan 
 Death of the Father: Hirohito & Imperial Japan

References 

History of Japan
Headband

A headband (also known as a headwrap) is an accessory that is made to fit over or around the head, usually to hold hair away from the face or sweat out of the eyes. It can be made of many different materials, like plastic or elastic fabric. They come in many shapes and sizes and are used for both practical and fashion reasons.

Headgear
Cornflower

The cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) is also called bachelor's button, or basket flower. It is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated in Europe, but has been taken to many other places like Australia. It bears flowers once a year.

It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Several cultivars have been selected with varying pastel colours, including pink and purple. The flower gives its name to the characteristic blue colour.

Other websites 
Flora Europaea: Centaurea cyanus
UK Biodiversity Action Plan: Centaurea cyanus 

Flowers
Asteraceae
Axel jump

An Axel jump is a jump in figure skating. It is the most famous and recognizable skating jump. It starts with the skater going forward. It is the only jump that does and that helps people know that the jump is an Axel jump. Because all skating jumps are landed going backwards, the Axel jump has an extra half rotation (full circle) in the air than all other skating jumps.

History 
The jump was named after Axel Paulsen of Norway, who invented the jump.

Performances 
The first skater to do a double Axel in competition was Dick Button, and Carol Heiss Jenkins was the first woman to do it. The first skater to do a triple Axel in competition was Vern Taylor. The first woman to do it was Midori Ito.

The first pairs skater to do a throw triple Axel (he helps her with the jump) were Rena Inoue & John Baldwin. It is not known who did the first throw double Axel.

Methods 
The Axel can be a single Axel (1 and a half rotations in the air), a double Axel (two and a half rotations in the air), or a triple Axel (three and a half rotations in the air). Most junior and senior skaters do a double Axel.

Many senior-level male skaters do a triple Axel.

Only 15 female figure skaters have done a ratified triple Axel in competition: Midori Ito (the first one to do it), Tonya Harding, Yukari Nakano, Ludmila Nelidina, Mao Asada (the first one to land three triple Axels in one competition), Kimmie Meissner, Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Rika Kihira, Mirai Nagasu, Alysa Liu, Ayaka Hosoda, Alena Kostornaia, Sofia Akatieva, Sofia Samodelkina, and Young You. Only 11 have done it in ISU-sanctioned international competitions (Kimmie Meissner, Sofia Akatieva, Sofia Samodelkina, and Ayaka Hosoda did triple axels at national championships).

Values 
According to the International Judging System, the base value of a triple Axel jump is 8.0, and that of a double Axel is 3.3.

Confusion 
Because the Axel is the most famous skating jump, many people make a mistake and call all skating jumps as Axel jumps. This has led to many mistakes in sports reporting of figure skating, for example a report in 2006 saying that Miki Ando was the first female skater to land a quad Salchow in an international competition, which is a different jump.

References 
 John Misha Petkevich, Figure Skating: Championship Techniques. .
 Nancy Kerrigan, Artistry on Ice. .
 Dr. J. Dedic, Single Figure Skating. ISU, 1974.
 United States Figure Skating Association Media Guide.

Figure skating
Kimmie Meissner

Kimmie Meissner (born 4 October 1989) is a figure skater from the United States. She won the World Championships in 2006 and the United States national championships in 2007. She is the second American woman and the sixth woman worldwide to do a triple Axel jump.

Life

Career

Early career 
Meissner was a very good skater as a child. In 2003, she won the Novice title at the United States nationals. In 2004, she won the Junior title. In 2005, she won the bronze medal at the Senior level. While this would normally have given her a spot to the World Championships, Meissner was too young to go.

Olympics 
In 2006, she went to the 2006 Olympics, where she placed 6th. At the Olympics, she was called the future of American skating. The future came quickly. The next month, she won the World Championships, placing ahead of the Olympic silver medalist Sasha Cohen.

Four Continents Figure Skating 
In 2007, Meissner won the United States championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.

Popularity 
Meissner is a very popular skater, especially in Baltimore, where she is from. She has done shows in Baltimore and is a local celebrity. Meissner has many endorsements, which means she gets money from telling people she uses products. She is also involved with the Cool Kids, which is an organization to help kids with cancer.

Other websites

 U.S. Olympic Team bio
 U.S. Figure Skating biography 
 International Skating Union biography 

1989 births
Living people
American figure skaters
Sportspeople from Maryland
Flying ace

A flying ace or fighter ace is a military pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in air combat. Use of the term "ace" in military aviation began in World War I (1914–18). French newspapers called Adolphe Pegoud, as l'as (French for "ace") after he became the first pilot to shoot down five German aircraft. Many other pilots later became aces, and some are very famous today, like the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen who had 80 kills.

Erich Hartmann was the ace with the most kills; he had 352.

Some countries have recognized armor commanders as "tank aces" for destroying five enemies.

Other websites 
 Fighter ace list 

Occupations in aviation
Medal

A medal is a small metal object that is given as an award for doing something important or to commemorate something. There are medals for sports, military, academics, etc. Some medals have religious meaning.

Military decorations, service awards, and medals are often confused with one another. Decoration is the term for awards which require acts of heroism or achievement (such as the British Victoria Cross or American Silver Star). A service award or campaign medal is awarded for serving in a place and time (such as the Iraq Campaign Medal). In either case, an award or decoration may be presented as a medal.

Olympics
In the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions, medals are give to the top three people who took part in the competition. The winner of the competition is given the gold medal. The silver medal is given to the person who came second. The third placed person is given the bronze medal.

Other websites
Atlantic Provinces Numismatic Association
Official Medals of the Numismatic Associations and Clubs of the Atlantic Provinces 
Exonumia defined
Orders, Decorations and Medals  
Nobel prize
Most Comprehensive and Updated Listing of Orders, Decorations and Medals
Weiss Collection
Motoori Norinaga

Motoori Norinaga (; 21 June 1730 – 5 November 1801) was a Japanese scholar and poet during the Edo period. Norinaga's most important works include the Kojiki-den (Commentaries on the Kojiki), created more than 35 years ago, and his comments on the Tale of Genji.

Motoori was born in what is now Matsusaka in Ise Province (now part of Mie Prefecture). At the age of 22, Motoori went to Kyoto to study medicine.  Although best known as a Kokugaku scholar, Norinaga worked as a doctor for 40 years in Matsusaka. 

He was the first to use the term Mono no aware, which is now an important concept in Japanese culture.

1730 births
1801 deaths
Japanese poets
Mie Prefecture
Valediction

A valediction  is a phrase used to say goodbye at the end of a letter. It also refers to the act of saying goodbye to someone. It comes from the Latin vale dicere, which means "to say farewell". Valedictions are normally written before the signature in a written message. The words used usually express respect or regard for the person to whom the message is written.

English valedictions often contain the possessive pronoun "yours"; for example, Yours truly. In the United Kingdom, Yours sincerely or Yours faithfully are most common.

Versions

Old versions 
In old letters, Yours truly was often replaced with a longer sentence, for example:

I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,
A. Name

Modern versions 
Yours sincerely is used when the person sending the letter knows the name of the person receiving the letter.

Yours faithfully is used when the person who is receiving the letter is not known by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").

Drama and poetry 
Valedictions may be a prophecy, a warning or just a comment. In some types of literature, everyone is allowed a last word. In Njall's Saga, men tend to say things like "Oh, you have chopped off my arm", before dying.

Stock characters tend to say predictable things. But in Shakespeare they are the way he moves the action along. Macbeth meets the three witches, who foretell his downfall without him realising it. They hail him as "Thane of Glamis and Cawdor", and that "he shall be King". He will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane".

References

Other websites
 Google Answers list of Farewells

Writing
Traditions
Saburo Sakai

Saburo Sakai (, Sakai Saburō, August 25, 1916 – September 22, 2000) was a Japanese naval pilot and fighter ace ("Gekitsui-O") of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was the 4th best Japanese pilot by number of enemy aircraft he shot down. He survived the war, and became a famous figure for his criticism of the War and the government of the Japanese Empire. He became a pacifist and a Buddhist and promised that he would never again kill another living thing, even a mosquito. Only months before his death, Sakai told reporters that he still prayed for the souls of the Chinese, American, Australian and Dutch pilots he had killed. He also helped Microsoft design the popular computer game Combat Flight Simulator 2.

Sakai claims he shot down 64 enemy airplanes. He shot down a B-32 Dominator on the last day of the war.

References

Other websites 
 The Last Samurai 
 "Saburo Sakai passed away September 22, 2000" 
 Memorial To Saburo Sakai
 Copy of Sakai's New York Times Obituary
 Excerpt from Samurai 
 WarbirdForum: An afternoon with Saburo Sakai
 Sakai's Mercy over Java 
 Interview with Sakai during the production of "Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2"
 "A new-found friend, the man who killed my father" 
 PBS: Secrets of the Dead 

1916 births
2000 deaths
Japanese people
People from Saga Prefecture
Southern Cross Station

Southern Cross Station is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is one of five stations in the mostly underground City Loop and the main hub for V/Line's services outside Melbourne, via Bus and Train. The station was called Spencer Street Station until December 13, 2005

References

Other websites 
Southern Cross Station project 

Railway stations in Melbourne
Flagstaff railway station, Melbourne

Flagstaff is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia

Railway stations in Melbourne
Melbourne Central railway station

Melbourne Central is a train station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is one of three underground stations on the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop (City Loop).  The station is underneath Melbourne Central Shopping Center. Melbourne Central has four platforms and four tracks. It was known as Museum Station when the Melbourne Museum was at the State Library of Victoria, across the street. Melbourne Central opened on January 24, 1981.

Railway stations in Melbourne
1981 establishments in Australia
Parliament railway station, Melbourne

Parliament is an underground railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is part of the suburban train network. It is one of the five stations on the City Loop. The city loop goes around the central business district.

Parliament has 4 platforms on two levels, like the other to underground stations on the city loop. Each level is for the trains leaving. The different levels are for trains going to the north and west suburbs or to the south and east suburbs. The station opened on January 22 1983.

Many people who work for the government use the station because it is underneath the Parliament House of Victoria. It is also at the intersection of Bourke Street and Spring Street. The tram routes 86, 95 and 96 on Bourke Street, tram routes 11, 12, 31, 42, 109, and 112 on Collins Street and the free City Circle tram stop near the station.

The lower platforms are 38 meters low. That means that they are the lowest in the city loop. Its escalators were the longest in the southern hemisphere, when the station opened.

Railway stations in Melbourne
1983 establishments
1980s establishments in Australia
Asphyxia

Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition when a living body does not get enough oxygen. If this condition lasts long enough it can lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death.

Asphyxia can injure or kill people. This sometimes happens during suicide, torture, and in warfare. It can also be used as a capital punishment. It is also sometimes used nonfatally in martial arts, combat sports, and in some types of sex play. Because the need to breathe is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the shortage of oxygen in their body.

Medical emergencies
Health problems
Respiratory system
Toy Story 2

Toy Story 2 is a 1999 American computer-generated animation movie and a sequel to the 1995 movie Toy Story. It is the third Disney/Pixar full-length movie and released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Pictures. It is about toys that come alive when people are not around. Woody is kidnapped by a toy collector so Buzz Lightyear and his friends save him. A sequel to this movie, Toy Story 3, released in 2010.

Soundtrack
Woody's Roundup by Riders in the Sky
Hold On, I'm Comin' by The Neville Brothers
Wipe Out by The Surfaris
When She Loved Me by Sarah McLachlan
Pizza Planet Rocks! by Sum 41
You've Got a Friend in Me by Lyle Lovette

Cast
 Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody
 Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear, Buzz Lightyear #2
 Joan Cusack as Jessie
 Mary Kay Bergman as Jessie's yodeling voice
 Kelsey Grammer as Stinky Pete
 Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head
 Jim Varney as Slinky Dog
 Wallace Shawn as Rex
 John Ratzenberger as Hamm
 Annie Potts as Bo Peep
 Wayne Knight as Al McWhiggin
 John Morris as Andy Davis
 Laurie Metcalf as Andy's Mom
 Estelle Harris as Mrs. Potato Head
 R. Lee Ermey as Sarge
 Jodi Benson as Tour Guide Barbie, Barbie on Backpack
 Jonathan Harris as Geri the Cleaner
 Joe Ranft as Wheezy, Heimlich
 Andrew Stanton as Evil Emperor Zurg
 Jeff PidgeonDebi Derryberry as Green Aliens
 Jeff Pidgeon as Mr. Spell
 Jack Angel as Rocky Gibraltar
 Corey Burton as Woody's Roundup Announcer
 Andi Peters as Baggage Handler
 Dave Foley as Flik

Other websites

 Pixar Wiki: Toy Story 2

1999 animated movies
1999 comedy movies
1990s computer-animated movies
2009 3D movies
American sequel movies
American comedy movies
Buddy movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by Randy Newman
Pixar movies
Toy Story
3D re-releases
Movies directed by John Lasseter
Richmond railway station, Melbourne

Richmond station is a railway station in Richmond, Australia. Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne. 

The station is built on a bridge over Punt Road. It has ten platforms joined by three subways. All of Melbourne's eastern and south eastern railway lines meet here. These railway lines are:
 Frankston
 Glen Waverley
 Pakenham 
 Sandringham, 
 Cranbourne 
 Belgrave
 Lilydale 
 Alamein 

The station is  from Flinders Street Station which is Melbourne's central railway station. Richmond station is close to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Punt Road Oval and Melbourne Park. It is very busy during sporting and other special events.

Tram route 70 goes past Richmond Station along Swan Street. 

Punt Road is under the station with a major interchange with Swan Street and Brunton Avenue.

History
Richmond station has been moved and rebuilt four times. The first station in Punt Road was at ground level and opened on 8 February, 1859. It closed the same year on 12 December, 1859. On the same day the new station opened in Swan Street.

In 1885, a new station just north of Swan Street was opened. The new station was raised up and was not at ground level. It had six platforms. For some time, both the old and new stations were used, before the ground level Swan Street station was closed. 

By the 1940s the station had begun to fall apart. It was so bad that the council said it should be pulled down. A new station was not built for another 20 years. On 26 March, 1960 the new station was opened west of the old one. The bridges at each end of the station across Punt Road and Swan Street were also rebuilt to fit the ten tracks. The old station was pulled down.

Proposed redevelopment
The condition of Richmond station was a problem again in 2005. Melbourne held the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Richmond station was the gateway to many of the main venues. The station had a  appearance. The raised station did not have much shelter and could be windy and cold. It has poor access with steep ramps, stairs, and no lifts. This led the Victorian Government to think about building a new station. They decided it would cost too much money.

Movie 
The opening scene of the movie Romper Stomper was filmed in Richmond station. In the movie it was called Footscray station.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
Bairnsdale railway line, Victoria

The Bairnsdale railway line is a regional railway in Victoria, Australia. It continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line. The part as far as Warragul used to be run with  Melbourne electric trains, but only for a period during the 1990s. It has 24 stations.

List of stations

Bold stations are terminuses, italic stations are staffed at least part-time (this has been confirmed).

Continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line.

Pakenham
Nar Nar Goon
Tynong
Garfield
Bunyip
Longwarry
Drouin
Warragul
(Nilma, closed)
(Darnum, closed)
Yarragon
Trafalgar
Moe
(Herne's Oak, unmanned crossing loop)
Morwell
Traralgon
(Flynn, Closed)
Rosedale
(Kilmany, Closed)
(Fulham, Closed)
Sale
(Montgomery, Closed)
(Stratford Junction, Closed)
Stratford
(Munro, Closed)
(Fernbank, Closed)
(Lindenow, Closed)
(Hillside, Closed)
Bairnsdale

Branch lines went from Warragul to Noojee, Moe to Walhalla (a 2' 6" line), Thorpdale and Yallourn after the line from Hearne's Oak to Yallourn was closed to allow for a grater expansion of a brown coal mine, Morwell to Mirboo North, Traralgon to Stratford Junction via Maffra, which also included a branch line to Briagolong, and a short branch line from Bairnsdale to Bairnsdale Wharf, all of which have been closed.

As well, several timber tramways existed from many of the stations between Pakenham and Yarragon.

Other websites, maps, and timetables
Traralgon to Melbourne timetable 
Bairnsdale to Melbourne timetable 
Statistics and detailed schematic map at the vicsig enthusiast website

Victoria, Australia
Pakenham railway station, Melbourne

Pakenham is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb of Pakenham, on the Pakenham railway line. It is in Metcard Zone 2. It is the end of the Pakenham line, as well as a stop for regional trains going to Traralgon and Bairnsdale. The station contains 2 platforms.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
1877 establishments in Australia
North Melbourne railway station, Melbourne

North Melbourne Railway Station is the gateway for all west and northwest bound train lines in Melbourne, Australia. North Melbourne Railway Station is mainly used as an interchange point. The station was converted to a premium station in 1996, and has a small kiosk and a staffed ticket office. The station is actually in West Melbourne, the station's main entrance, at its east, is at intersection of Ireland Street and Railway Place. The station also has a western exit however this leads only to the rail yards.

The number 216 and 219 buses stop nearby the station.

Redevelopment
On May 15, 2006, it was announced that the station is to be redeveloped. As part of the project, a new main entrance was created at the southern end of the station with new escalators, stairs and lifts installed for quicker access to other platforms and to help disabled passengers.

Other websites 

 Station to get $36m revamp

Premium Melbourne railway stations
Shushi Massacres

The Shushi massacres  were anti-Armenian pogroms during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war, 1920, when Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked the inhabitants of Shushi. The massacres took place on March 22-26, 1920, and resulted in more than
20,000 Armenian deaths and the destruction of the town of Shushi in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Background
On June 4-5, 1919, an armed Armenian-Turkish fight took place in Shushi. It was organized and started by Azeri Governor-General Khosrov beg Sultanov. The town was closed off by a blockade, and the Armenian population found itself needing food.

Massacres in Shushi on March 22-26, 1920
From the very start of 1920, Governor Sultanov, breaking the  temporary treaty agreement of August 22, 1919, continued the blockade around Karabakh. He increased the number of armed forces in strategically important locations and gave weapons to the local Azeri population.

In the early morning of March 23, 1920, the Azeri army soldiers and Kurdish gangs attacked the Armenian part of town and began a horrible massacre of the Armenian population, which finished in March 26, 1920.

Remembering
The famous Russian poet Osip Mandelstam, who was in Shushi in 1931, wrote a poem called "The phaeton driver" dedicated to this tragedy:

In July 1, 1997, the Baroness Caroline Cox gave a speech in the House of Lords, United Kingdom remembering the lives of Armenians who have been killed and specifically mentioned the occurrence in Shushi in 1920.

Research analyst Kalli Raptis in her book Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor wrote: "'In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a national Council and government. In August 1919, the Karabakh national Council entered into a provisional treaty arrangement with the Azerbaijani government in order to avoid military conflict with a superior adversary'. Azerbaijan's violation of the treaty culminated in March 1920 with the massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)".

Other websites 
United Nations document
 Shoushi Massacres of Armenians

Publications 
 Vahram Atanesian: 20,000 Armenians Died In Shushi Massacres of 1920 http://www.nkrusa.org/newsletter/montly_newsletter/2002/march_april/page4.html
 (in Russian) М. Григорян, "Из 35 тысяч армян не осталось в Шуши ни одного..." // "Голос Армении", 24 Марта 2007 г., http://www.golos.am/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5213

References

20th century in Armenia
1920 in Europe
20th century in Azerbaijan
1920s in Turkey
Osip Mandelstam

Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam, ; January 15, 1891 – December 27, 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist.

Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a rich Jewish family. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907.

In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg. In 1911, in order to continue education in the University of St. Petersburg, he converted to Methodism (which he did not practice) and entered the university the same year.

Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Цех Поэтов, Tsekh Poetov), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky.

In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, Tristia, was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs (The Din Of Time, Russian: Шум времени, Shum vremeni; Феодосия, Feodosiya – both 1925) and small-format prose (The Egyptian Stamp, Russian: Египетская марка, Yegipetskaya marka – 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper.

Mandelstam died in 1938 in prison.

Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in the form of the famous "Stalin Epigram".

Bibliography
 Osip Mandelstam: "Poems", chosen and translated by James Greene. Elek Books, 1977; revised and enlarged edition, Granada/Elek, 1980.
 Osip Mandelstam: The Noise of Time: Selected Prose (European Classics) (Paperback), translated by Clarence Brown Northwestern University Press; Reprint edition, 2002. 
 Coetzee, J.M. "Osip Mandelstam and the Stalin Ode", Representations, No. 35, Special Issue: Monumental Histories. (Summer, 1991), pp. 72–83.

References 

1891 births
1938 deaths
Jewish writers
Methodists
Polish Jews
Prisoners
Russian Christians
Russian Jews
Russian poets
Russian writers
Soviet Jews
Writers from Warsaw