cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tanya Roberts

Tanya Roberts (born Victoria Leigh Blum; October 15, 1955 – January 4, 2021) was an American actress, producer, and model. She appeared in many movies and television series. Roberts was born in Bronx, New York, and has both an English and a Jewish background.

She was known for her role as Julie Rogers on the fifth and final season of Charlie's Angels (1980–81) and as Midge Pinciotti on That '70s Show (1998–2001). She was a Bond girl in A View to a Kill (1985).

On December 24, 2020, Roberts collapsed suddenly at her home in Los Angeles. She was hospitalized under critical condition at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and she developed a urinary tract infection and sepsis. Roberts died on January 4, 2021 at aged 65.

References

Other websites 

1955 births
2021 deaths
Actors from the Bronx
Actresses who played Bond girls
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Models from the Bronx
Movie producers from New York City
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Derek Tsang

Derek Tsang(曾國祥, born 8 November 1979) is an actor, director and screenwriter from Hong Kong. He is Eric Tsang's son. He appeared in The Thieves movie.

References

Other websites 
 Official blog 
 

1979 births
Living people
Actors from Hong Kong
Chinese movie actors
Chinese movie directors
Chinese screenwriters
Gabrielle Union

Gabrielle Union (born October 29, 1972 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American movie actress. She has starred in many movies. She was in the 2003 movie Bad Boys II with Martin Lawrence and Will Smith.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
1972 births
Living people
William John Macquorn Rankine

William John Macquorn Rankine (born July 5, 1820 in Edinburgh – died December 24, 1872 in Glasgow) was a Scottish  physicist and engineer.  He developed the Rankine scale. He made many important contributions to the thermodynamics. His manuals of engineering science and practice were used for many decades after their publication, in the 1850s and 1860s.

Publications

Books 
 Manual of Applied Mechanics, (1858)
 Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers, (1859)
 Manual of Civil Engineering, (1861)
 Shipbuilding, theoretical and practical, (1866)
 Manual of Machinery and Millwork, (1869)

1820 births
1872 deaths
British engineers
British physicists
People from Edinburgh
Scottish scientists
Gabby Douglas

Gabrielle Christina Victoria Douglas (born December 31, 1995 in Virginia Beach, Virginia) is an American gymnast. She competed with the United States' women's gymnastics team in the 2012 Summer Olympics.  She won gold medals in both the individual all-around and team competitions. (In the "all-around" competition, gymnasts do all four gymnastics activities - balance beam, vault, uneven bars, and floor exercise.) 

Douglas is the first African-American woman in Olympic history to win first place in the individual all-around competition. She is also the first American gymnast who ever won gold medals in both the all-around and team competitions at the same Olympics. 

Douglas started gymnastics at age 6.  Her sister Arielle, who had broken her wrist doing gymnastics, convinced their mother to let Gabby start taking gymnastics classes.  In October 2002, Douglas began her training at Gymstrada Gymnastics in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In July 2004, she left Gymstrada and began training at Excalibur Gymnastics.

At age 16, Douglas made it to the Olympic Trials. She won first place and got a spot on the United States' 2012 women's gymnastics Olympic team.  Her teammates were Jordyn Wieber, McKayla Maroney, Kyla Ross, and Aly Raisman. They won the team all-around gold medal, and Gabby also won the individual all-around gold medal.

References

Other websites
 AL HAMNIK: Olympic gymnast Gabbrielle Douglas doing it her way. Al Hamnik, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
 Gabby Douglas Mother Sold Her Jewelry To Help Her Daughter Win Gold Medal. Camira Powell, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
 Gabrielle Douglas . Gabrielle Douglas. United States Olympic Committee, 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012.
Official website

American gymnasts
1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Virginia
2012 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Des Moines, Iowa
Gloria Gaynor

Gloria Gaynor (born Gloria Fowles, September 7, 1949 near Newark, New Jersey) is an American recording artist and musician. She performed disco in the 1970s. She is best known for her classic song "I Will Survive".

References

Other websites

 

American R&B singers
American R&B musicians
1949 births
Living people
Singers from Newark, New Jersey
Musicians from Newark, New Jersey
John Forsythe

John Forsythe (born Jacob Lincoln Freund; January 29, 1918  April 1, 2010) was an American stage, television, and movie actor.

Early life
Forsythe born on January 29, 1918 in Penns Grove, New Jersey to Blanche Materson (née Blohm) and to Samuel Jeremiah Freund. Forsythe was the oldest of three. Forsythe was raised in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated at Abraham Lincoln High School and at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill along with late actors R. G. Armstrong and Andy Griffith.

Career
His career began when he was an announcer for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Forsythe's movie career began in 1943 in the movie Northern Pursuit and since then he had appeared in many movies such as; Destination Tokyo, Escape from Fort Bravo, Madame X, Topaz, Scrooged, and his final movie was the 2003 movie Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle that is the sequel to the movie that is based on the television series Charlie's Angels in which Forsythe starred in.

Notable Television Works
Forsythe had starred in television series, but his most notable television works is in Dynasty as Blake Carrington and  as Charles Townsend in the hit series Charlie's Angels. Forsythe was also in The Powers That Be, and was a Miss Universe host in 1989.

Awards
Forsythe has won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama in 1984 for his role in Dynasty.

Personal Life
Forsythe was married three times. He married Parker McCormick in 1939. They divorced in 1943. He married Julie Warren in 1943. She died in 1994 when Forsythe decided to turn her off of life support when she had breathing problems. He married Nicole Carter in 2003. They were married until his death in 2010. Forsythe had a son, two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

Death
Forsythe died on April 1, 2010 from complications of pneumonia in Santa Ynez, California. He was 92 years old. His widow Nicole Carter died 40 days later. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Santa Barbara, California. He is survived by his son, his two daughters, six grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.

References

Other websites

 
 Official site

1918 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from New York City
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a serious genetic disease that causes nerves and muscles to stop working. Babies affected by SMA often get weak and might die after their lungs fail. Adults who develop the disease gradually lose the ability to move their bodies. The muscle weakness is known to worsen as the patient ages. 

Spinal muscular atrophy is inherited from parents who might or might not have the disease themselves but both of whom have a fault (mutation) in their genes that predisposes to the disease. Around one in 25 to one in 50 persons, depending on the country, carries a faulty gene of SMA.

Spinal muscular atrophy is the most common genetic disease causing deaths of babies. Only one medicine helps in SMA, it is called Spinraza.

Types

Type 0 
It can already be observed before birth. It is the most rare and most severe form of the condition. Infants who have it  tend to move less in the womb. As a result, they are often born with joint deformities or contractures. They have very weak muscle tone (hypotonia) at birth. Their respiratory muscles are also very weak. Most of them do not survive past infancy due to respiratory failure. Some also develop congenital heart defects.

Type I 
Also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is the most common form of all. Its severe form can be seen at birth or within the first few months. Children affected cannot control their head movements. Others may struggle sitting down without any assistance. Others may have difficulty swallowing, which often lead to difficulty feeding. Some may also develop breathing problems because of the weakness of their respiratory muscles. Due to respiratory failure, most patients who suffer from this type of condition do not survive past early childhood.

Type II 
It is also called Dubowitz disease. It is identified by muscle weakness that develops in children between ages 6 and 12 months. They usually cannot sit without support. Apart from difficulty sitting, they usually cannot stand nor walk without help. Other signs include involuntary trembling (tremors) in their fingers, develop scoliosis, and respiratory muscle weakness that can be life-threatening. Many individuals with this type of condition often can only live up to their twenties or thirties.

Type III 
Another name is Kugelberg-Welander disease. It causes muscle weakness in mid-childhood. While many can stand and walk earlier on without much help, as the condition progresses over time, walking and climbing stairs tend to become increasingly difficult for them. Most individuals suffering from this condition tend to require wheelchair assistance later in their lives. Unlike other types, they usually have normal life span.

Type IV 
It is rare and usually manifests in early adulthood. Patients often experience mild to moderate muscle weakness, tremors, and very mild breathing problems.

References

Other websites 
Diseases
Genetic disorders
Helsingborg

Helsingborg is a city in Sweden. It is the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Skåne County. In 2010, 97,122 people lived there.

References

Other websites
Patty Hearst

Patricia Campbell "Patty" Hearst (born February 20, 1954) is an American socialite and kidnapping victim. On February 4, 1974, Hearst was kidnapped from her apartment. Her experience may have been a case of Stockholm syndrome. She went on to commit robbery with the gang who kidnapped her. Natasha Richardson played Hearst in the movie Patty Hearst.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Actors from San Francisco
American movie actors
American robbers
American socialites
Kidnapped American people
Beatrice Roberts

Alice Beatrice Roberts (March 7, 1905  July 24, 1970) was an American actress whose career lasted for 40 years. She is best known for being the wife of Robert L. Ripley and the mistress of Louis B. Mayer. 

She was born on March 7, 1905 in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Roberts died on July 24, 1970 in Plymouth, Massachusetts from complications of pneumonia. She was 65.

Movies
 Park Avenue Logger (1937)
 Tall Timber (1937)
 Love Takes Flight (1937)
 Bill Cracks Down (1937)
 Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars (1938)
 The Devil's Party (1938)
 Flash Gordon: Deadly Ray from Mars (1938)
 Pioneers of the West (1940)
 It Comes Up Love (1943)
 Criss-Cross (1970)
 Family Honeymoon (1970) (final movie)

Other websites
 

1905 births
Actors from New York City
1970 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Movie serial actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Barbara Eden

Barbara Eden (born Barbara Jean Huffman  August 23, 1931) is an American actress. She is best known for her acting in the sitcom I Dream of Jeannie. She has been featured in other television series. She was born in Tuscon, Arizona. She was raised in San Francisco.

Personal life
Eden has been married three times. Her first marriage was to Michael Ansara in 1958. They divorced in 1972. They had a son, Matthew Michael Ansara. On September 3, 1977, She married Charles Donald Fegert. They got divorced in 1983. She married Jon Eicholtz in January 1991.

References

Other websites

1931 births
Living people
Actors from San Francisco
Actors from Tucson, Arizona
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television producers
Singers from San Francisco
Singers from Tucson, Arizona
Mike Beebe

Mickey Dale Beebe (better known as Mike Beebe; born December 28, 1946) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Arkansas from 2007 to 2015. He was elected in 2006 as governor and re-elected in 2010. He is a member of the Democratic Party of the United States.

US Democratic Party politicians
Governors of Arkansas
1946 births
Living people
Common juniper

The common juniper (Juniperus communis) is a species in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. It has the largest range of any woody plant.  It is all over the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere.  It can be found in North America, Europe and Asia.

Description 

Juniperus communis is a shrub or small coniferous evergreen tree.  It is a low spreading shrub.  Sometimes it can reach 10 m tall. 

The seed cones are berry-like.  They are green when ripening.  In 18 months they change to purple-black with a blue waxy coating.

Uses

Crafts
It is too small to be used for lumber. In Scandinavia, however, juniper wood is used for making containers.  These containers store small amounts of dairy products such as butter and cheese. In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma. Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households.

Culinary
Its astringent blue-black seeds, commonly known as "Juniper berries", are too bitter to eat raw.  They are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. The berries are used to flavour certain beers and gin. The Slovak national alcoholic beverage Borovička is also flavoured with juniper berry extract.

Traditional medicine
Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures.  Juniper berries act as a strong urinary tract disinfectant if eaten.  They were used by Native Americans as an herbal remedy for diabetes. Western American tribes combined the berries of Juniperus communis with Berberis root bark in a herbal tea.  Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive.

Gallery

References

Cupressaceae
Trees
Medicinal plants
Snail kite

The snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) is a bird of prey.  It is in the family Accipitridae, which also includes the eagles, hawks, and Old World vultures.

Description 

Snail kites are  long with a  wingspan. They weigh from . 

They have long, broad, and rounded wings. Its tail is long with a white rump. The dark, deeply hooked beak measures . 

It flies slowly with its head facing downwards to see its prey.  It mostly eats large apple snails. 

The snail kite lives in tropical South America, the Caribbean, and central and southern Florida in the United States. It nests in a bush or on the ground and lays 3–4 eggs.

References 

Birds of South America
Accipitriformes
Old World vulture

Old World vultures belong to the family Accipitridae.  This family also includes eagles, buzzards, kites, and hawks.

Old World vultures are not closely related to New World vultures and condors.  They do not share that group's good sense of smell. 

Both Old World and New World vultures are scavenging birds.  They feed mostly from carcasses of dead animals. Old World vultures find carcasses only by sight. Many vultures have a bald head, with no feathers or short down feathers.  Because of how a vulture eats, their head is spattered with blood and other fluids.  They are able to keep clean by not having long feathers on their head.

There are two groups of Old World vultures.  The first group has the Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture, and palm-nut vulture. Some scientists put this group into a separate subfamily called "Gypaetinae", which means "eagle-vultures". It is related to the group of bazas, honey-buzzards and cuckoo-hawks, which are much smaller birds.  The second group has all the other species.  It is related to the booted eagles, which is a group of eagles that have feathers on their legs down to their toes.  

The palm-nut vulture is unusual, because it feeds mainly on the fruit of the oil palm.

Species

Subfamily Gypaetinae 

Genus Gypaetus
 Lammergeier or bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus
Genus Neophron
 Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus
Genus Gypohierax
 Palm-nut vulture, Gypohierax angolensis

Subfamily Aegypiinae 

Genus Aegypius
 Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus
Genus Gyps
 Griffon vulture, Gyps fulvus
 White-rumped vulture, Gyps bengalensis
 Rüppell's vulture, Gyps rueppelli
 Indian vulture, Gyps indicus
 Slender-billed vulture, Gyps tenuirostris
 Himalayan vulture, Gyps himalayensis
 White-backed vulture, Gyps africanus
 Cape vulture, Gyps coprotheres
Genus Necrosyrtes
 Hooded vulture, Necrosyrtes monachus
Genus Sarcogyps
 Red-headed vulture, Sarcogyps calvus
Genus Torgos
 Lappet-faced vulture, Torgos tracheliotus
Genus Trigonoceps
 White-headed vulture, Trigonoceps occipitalis

Vultures
Kite (bird)

Kites are raptors.  They have long wings and weak legs.  They spend most of the time soaring. Most feed mainly on carrion.  Some take live prey.

They are birds of prey which, along with hawks  and eagles, are from the family Accipitridae.

Species list 
  Subfamily Elaninae
 Genus Elanus
 Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus 
 Black-shouldered kite, Elanus axillaris 
 White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
 Letter-winged kite, Elanus scriptus
 Genus Chelictinia
 Scissor-tailed kite, Chelictinia riocourii
 Genus Machaerhamphus
 Bat hawk, Machaerhamphus alcinus
 Genus Gampsonyx
 Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii
 Genus Elanoides
 Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
 Subfamily Milvinae
 Genus Harpagus
 Double-toothed kite, Harpagus bidentatus
 Rufous-thighed kite, Harpagus diodon
 Genus Ictinia
 Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
 Plumbeous kite, Ictinia plumbea
 Genus Rostrhamus
 Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
 Genus Helicolestes
 Slender-billed kite, Helicolestes hamatus - formerly in Rostrhamus
 Genus Haliastur
 Whistling kite, Haliastur sphenurus
 Brahminy kite, Haliastur indus
 Genus Milvus
 Red kite, Milvus milvus
 Cape Verde kite, Milvus (milvus) fasciicauda - extinct (2000)
 Black kite, Milvus migrans
 Black-eared kite, Milvus (migrans) lineatus
 Yellow-billed Kite, Milvus (migrans) aegyptius
 Genus Lophoictinia
 Square-tailed kite, Lophoictinia isura
 Genus Hamirostra
 Black-breasted buzzard, Hamirostra melanosternon

A few of the Perninae are also called kites.

 Grey-headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis
 White-collared kite, Leptodon forbesi
 Hook-billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus

Accipitriformes
Buzzard

A buzzard in biology is a member of the genus Buteo. In general talk it may be one of several large birds.

Old World
In the Old World buzzard can mean:
 One of several  medium-sized, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings.
 In particular, those in the genus Buteo. In the Old World, members of this genus are called "buzzards", but "hawk" may be more common in North America.
 Specifically, in Europe, the common buzzard is Buteo buteo. Most people call this bird a 'buzzard'.
 Any other raptor with the word buzzard as part of its name.

New World
In the New World 'buzzard' may mean:
 A vulture.  Mostly the American black vulture and turkey vulture.  It may be used as a general name for vultures.
 In parts of the United States where they are thought to be a pest, the name is used in a bad way to mean a bird of prey.  Mostly it is used for the Cooper's hawk, the sharp-shinned hawk the red-tailed hawk or the duck hawk.

Buteo species
Scientifically, these are all buzzards.
 Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
 Long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus)
 Rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus)
 Ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis)
 Red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus)
 Broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus )
 Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni)
 Roadside hawk (Buteo magnirostris)
 Ridgway's hawk (Buteo ridgwayi)
 White-rumped hawk (Buteo leucorrhous)
 Short-tailed hawk (Buteo brachyurus)
 White-throated hawk (Buteo albigula)
 White-tailed hawk (Buteo albicaudatus)
 Galápagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis)
 Red-backed hawk (Buteo polyosoma)
 Puna hawk (Buteo poecilochrous)
 Gray hawk (Buteo nitidus)
 Zone-tailed hawk (Buteo albonotatus )
 Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius)
 Rufous-tailed hawk (Buteo ventralis)
 Mountain buzzard (Buteo oreophilus)
 Madagascar buzzard (Buteo brachypterus)
 Upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius)
 Red-necked buzzard (Buteo auguralis)
 Augur buzzard, Buteo augur
 Archer's buzzard, Buteo archeri
 Jackal buzzard (Buteo rufofuscus)

Other species known as "buzzard" 
 Black-breasted buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternon)
 Lizard buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus)
 Grasshopper buzzard (Butastur rufipennis)
 White-eyed buzzard (Butastur teesa)
 Rufous-winged buzzard (Butastur liventer)
 Grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus)
 Black-chested buzzard-eagle (Geranoaetus melanoleucus)
The honey-buzzards, genus Pernis, look something like Buteo buzzards.  They feed on wasp nests and larvae.
 European or Eurasian Honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus)
 Oriental honey buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus)
 Barred honey-buzzard (Pernis celebensis)
Other genus of honey buzzards
 Black honey buzzard (Henicopernis infuscatus)
 Long-tailed honey buzzard (Henicopernis longicauda)

Accipitriformes
Sacred kingfisher

The sacred kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus) is a medium sized woodland kingfisher.  

They live in mangroves, woodlands, forests, and river valleys in Australia, New Zealand, and other parts of the western Pacific. In New Zealand the species is also known by its Māori name Kōtare.

The sacred kingfisher is mostly turquoise, with white underparts and collar feathers. Both sexes are similar.  The females are usually more dull colored. Juveniles have rusty-brown edges on the collar and underparts. The bird is  long.  They feed on insects, small crustaceans, fish, small rodents and reptiles. Usually, a bird will sit on a low branch and wait for prey to pass by. It swoops down to grab the prey and returns to its perch to eat, much like a hawk.

Once a pair of birds has mated, both members of the pair dig the nest.  The nest is usually on a burrow in a river bank or a large, empty branch. The female lays about five eggs.  Both birds incubate the eggs and take care of the young.

References 

Birds of Australia
Coraciiformes
The Lady of Rage

Robin Yvette Allen (better known by her stage name The Lady of Rage; born February 6, 1968) is an American recording artist, rap musician and actress. Her most notable hit single is Afro Puffs in 1994, though she has had other songs.

singers from Virginia
American rap musicians

Living people
1968 births
Bill Finnegan

William Robinson "Bill" Finnegan (June 29, 1928 in Kansas City, Missouri  November 28, 2008 in Sag Harbor, New York) was an American television and movie producer who is well known for his works in The Fabulous Baker Boys, Hawaii Five-O, and Reality Boys. He was a five time Emmy Award nominee. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri on June 29, 1928. He died from Parkinson's disease in Sag Harbor, New York on November 28, 2008, aged 80.

Television movies
 Summer of Fear (1978)
 The Ordeal of Patty Hearst (1979)
 The $2.50 an Hour Dream (1980)
 World War III (1982)
 The Dollmaker (1984)
 Amos (1985)
 The Atlanta Child Murders (1985)
 Circle of Violence (1986)
 Hoover (1987)

Movies
 Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971)
 North Shore (1987)
 The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989)
 White Palace (1990)
 The Babe (1992)
 CrissCross (1992)
 Reality Bites (1994)
 Ed (1996)

Television
 Hawaii Five-O (1977)
 The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd (1987)
 Northern Exposure (1990  1995)

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2008 deaths
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
American movie producers
American television producers
Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (, named after Frederick I) was the code name for the European Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. It began on 22 June 1941. More than 3 million men attacked along the 2,900 km front, which made it the largest military invasion in human history. It also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses.

In the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. Planning for the German surprise attack started in December 1940. The attack was to start on May 15, and its main objective was to destroy the Soviet military power. Some Nazi ideological goals were included, as were Soviet deposits of natural resources, which would be helpful to keep fighting the war against the Allies.

Even though the Soviets were in a terrible condition, the Axis did not complete its objectives. Tactically, the Germans held some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in Ukraine. However, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow and could not do another attack as large and long as Operation Barbarossa on the Eastern Front.

War continues 
The winter of 1941-1942 began unusually early. It was not noted as being particularly bad by the Soviets, but the Germans were accustomed to warmer temperatures and so were ill-prepared. The Germans' equipment broke down in the cold, and some men were still wearing summer uniforms, which they stuffed with newspapers in an attempt to stay warm. Many German soldiers froze to death in the extreme cold.

Operation Barbarossa was followed in 1942 by the failed "Fall Blau" (Case Blue), which was intended to take the Caucasus region and its oilfields.

The German attack opened the Eastern Front, which in Russia is called the "Great Patriotic War". A few years later, the Soviets pushed the German soldiers and invaded the German-occupied territories in Eastern Europe.

The Soviets then invaded Germany itself and fought the Battle of Berlin, the final battle before Germany's surrender. Although the Soviets eventually repelled the Germans, the tremendous cost was five times as many Soviet deaths as Germans.

Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history by the number of men involved and by the number of people who died. The operation opened a theatre in which more men were involved than any other in history.

References 

Operation
Operation
Battles involving the Soviet Union
Battles involving Germany
European battles of World War II
Hoxne

Hoxne (pronounced 'Hoxen') is an ancient village in Suffolk, England, about five miles (8 km) east-southeast of Diss, Norfolk

The area around the village is of great archaeological significance. 
It was one of the first places where flint hand axes were found (late 18th century). John Frere [17401807], who lived at Roydon Hall in Diss, was the first person to recognise and write about the hand axes. He wrote a letter to the Society of Antiquaries. In this letter he connected the flints to strata in the site of an interglacial lake, part of the Hoxnian interglacial.  
It is the archaeological type site for the Hoxnian Stage or Hoxnian interglacial. The Hoxnian Stage is a middle Pleistocene stage of the geological history of the British Isles. It is equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 11, which started 424,000 years ago and ended 374,000 years ago.
It is the find-spot of the Hoxne Hoard of Roman treasure.

The village is also home to The Swan Inn. The Swan occupies a 15th Century, Grade II listed lodge, formerly known as Bishops Lodge. This pub is set at the bottom end of the village green, near Saint Edmund's memorial and bridge. Built in 1480 by the Bishop of Norwich, The Swan has a long history; both the restaurant and bars reflect Hoxne's ecclesiastical past, with ornate ceiling beams and wide-planked floors.

References 

Mid Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Archaeological sites in Suffolk
Type species

The term type species is used in the scientific naming of living things, and is part of a system using a so-called "type".

The type system is central to the scientific naming of living things (organisms). How exactly it works is different depending on exactly what living thing is considered, but in a very general (and imprecise) sense it may be said that it fixes each name to a particular specimen, the type specimen. This helps in finding out what particular name is to be used for a particular living thing (or a group of living things, a taxon). There are international Codes of nomenclature which set out exactly how types are to be designated and used.

For animals, the type species of a genus (or subgenus) is the type of that genus (or subgenus). The species (hopefully) has a specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) as its type, so the type species is the link between a genus (or subgenus) and a type specimen.

For algae, fungi and plants, it is different: the type species of a genus is the species that has the same type (specimen or illustration) as the genus. For example, Malus sylvestris, the European Wild Apple, is the type species of the genus Malus. Thus, for algae, fungi and plants, a type species plays no great role; it is not an official term, but only a term of convenience.

Notes 

Taxonomy
Type site

In archaeology, a type site (or type-site, or typesite) is a site that is typical of a particular archaeological culture. A type site contains artifacts which are typical of that culture. Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent. 

For example, the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho, in the West Bank. The type site of the pre-celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt, Austria.

In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation, etc. The use of this term is similar to that of the type specimen in biology. 

Archaeology
Geology
Sportsperson

A sportsperson, also known as sportsmen or sportswomen, is a person who is involved in sports.  It may mean someone who is known for the promotion of sport or athletic activities.  

A sportsperson can be a man or a woman who is person trained to compete or interested in a sport involving physical strength, speed or endurance.  A sportsman is a player  in a sport; but the term also means someone who plays sport in a way that shows respect and fairness towards the opposing player or team. 

The term sportsman can also be used to describe a former competitor who continues to promote the sport in later years.  For example, Tsunekazu Takeda is a sportsman who competed in two Summer Olympic Games and who was the President of the Japanese Olympic Committee before he was elected to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2012. 

Sportspeople may be professionals or amateurs.    Sportsmen and sportswomen often have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen, but term is also used more broadly.  For example, Hou Yifan was honored in 2011 as the best sportsperson of the year in a non-Olympic event.

The term athlete may be used as a synonym for sportspeople in general, but the word  has strong connotations of people who compete in team sports, as contrasted with other sporting types such as horse riding and driving. For example, a fisherman may be called a sportsman, but not an athlete.  In British English (as well as other variants in the Commonwealth) athlete can also have a more specific meaning of people who compete in traditional athletics (track and field) events.

Olympic games
The term "World's Greatest Athlete" was first to describe the sportsman Jim Thorpe in the 1912 Summer Olympics at Stockholm in Sweden. Thorpe won the gold medal in the decathlon.  When King Gustav V of Sweden awarded Thorpe, he said, "You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world." 

The title of "World's Greatest Athlete" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. These competitions require an sportsman to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.

Related pages
 Olympic games
 Arjuna Award
 Sportsmanship

References
Salt-n-Pepa

Salt-n-Pepa are an American hip hop trio. They started in New York City in 1985. Among their hit singles are None of Your Business, Whatta Man, Push It and You Showed Me. The group have gone through several lineup changes since their starting. They released their first album Hot, Cool & Vicious in 1986. "None of Your Business" won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1995.

1985 establishments in New York (state)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American rap music groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from New York City
Volkswagen Bora

The Volkswagen Bora is a car produced by Volkswagen. It replaced the Vento in 1998, and was replaced by the Jetta in 2005.

Engines 
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 74 kW (100 hp) and 75 kW (102 hp)
 1.6 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.6 FSI 81 kW (110 hp)
 1.8 20V 92 kW (125 hp)
 1.8 T 110 kW (147 hp) and 132 kW (180 hp)
 2.0 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.3 V5 110 kW (150 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
 2.8 VR6 150 kW (204 hp)
 1.9 SDI 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (100 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp), 96 kW (130 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

Bora
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Audi 80

The Audi 80 was a car produced by Audi from 1972 to 1994. It was replaced by the Audi A4.

80
Front wheel drive vehicles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Miki Kanie

is a sportswoman.  She is best known as a archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Career
Kanie was part of a team which won the bronze medal in women's archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

This was Japan's first Olympic medal in any team archery event.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Ren Hayakawa
 Kaori Kawanaka

References 

1988 births
Living people
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Japanese archers
People from Gifu Prefecture
Kaori Kawanaka

is a female Japanese sportswoman.  She is best known as an archer who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Career
Kawanaka was part of a team which won the bronze medal in women's archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

This was Japan's first Olympic medal in any team archery event.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Ren Hayakawa
 Miki Kanie

References 

1991 births
Living people
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Japanese archers
Ryohei Kato

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 is a Japanese sportsman.  He is best known as a gymnast.

He is the son of Hiroyuki Kato who is the Olympic team coach for gymnastics.

Career
Kato was part of a team which won the team silver medal in gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Kazuhito Tanaka
 Yusuke Tanaka
 Kōhei Uchimura
 Koji Yamamuro

References

Other websites
  Ryohei Kato at London2012.com

1993 births
Living people
Japanese sportspeople
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
Japanese gymnasts
Néstor Carbonell

Nestor Gastón Carbonell (born December 1, 1967 in New York City, New York) is an American television and movie actor. He is known for playing Richard Alpert in Lost, and for playing Mayor Anthony Garcia in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008) and in The Dark Knight Rises (2012). He is also known for his role in Suddenly Susan, and as Batmanuel in The Tick.

Carbonell was born on December 1, 1967 in New York City, New York to a Spanish family. Carbonell was educated at Harvard University. He has been married to Shannon Kenny since 2001. They have two children together.

Filmography
 Garage Sale (1996)
 Attention Shoppers (2000)
 Agua Dulce (2001)
 Jack the Dog (2001)
 New Suits (2001)
 The Laramie Project (2001)
 Manhood (2003)
 The Lost City (2005)
 Smokin' Ages (2006)
 The Dark Knight (2008)
 Killer Movie (2008)
 Noah's Ark: The New Beginning (2010)
 Cristiada (2011)
 The Dark Knight Rises (2012)

References

Other websites

 

1967 births
Actors from New York City
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie actors
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Amuca tribe

The Amuca tribe () is one of the nomadic tribes of the Oghuz Turks who traces back to Gündüz Bey older Brother to Osman I. This was a group of people in the Ottoman Empire which moved from Anatolia to the Balkans. At the end of 14th century, this clan settled in Thrace. Today they live in Kırklareli Province. The first founded village of this tribe was Keşirlik, located in the Mahya Dağı.

History of Turkey
Ethnic groups in Asia
Kazuhito Tanaka

is a Japanese sportsman.  He is best known as a gymnast.

Career
Tanaka was part of a team which won the team silver medal in gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Ryohei Kato
 Yusuke Tanaka
 Kōhei Uchimura
 Koji Yamamuro

References

Other websites
 Kazuhito Tanaka at London2012.com

Living people
1985 births
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
Japanese gymnasts
People from Wakayama Prefecture
Sportsmanship

Sportsmanship is traditional value in sports and competition.  It means playing clean and handling both victory and defeat with grace, style, and dignity.

Sportsmanship is generally understood to include
 playing fair
 following the rules of the game
 respecting the judgment of referees and officials
 treating opponents with respect

The ideal of sportsmanship argues that "it doesn't matter whether you win or lose, but how you play the game".

Olympic Games
In the context of the Olympic Games, athletes are expected to do their best. Otherwise, they would go against the Olympic motto of "Faster, Higher, Stronger".

Select examples of good sportsmanship 

 Eugenio Monti in the bobsleigh at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck
 Lawrence Lemieux in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics at Seoul
 Shin Lam in fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics at London

Select examples of bad sportsmanship
In the London Olympics, some athletes attempted to lose their badminton matches, including
 Tian Qing, Zhao Yunlei, Wang Xiaoli and Yu Yang of China 
 Jung Kyung-eun, Kim Ha-na, Ha Jung-eun and Kim Min-jung of South Korea
 Greysia Polii and Meilana Jauhari of Indonesiaз

Related pages
 Pierre de Coubertin medal
 Sportsperson
 Unsportsmanlike conduct

References

Other websites
  Olympic Oath at London2012.com

Sports
Multi-touch

In computing, multi-touch is the name for a piece of technology that lets you use a trackpad or touchscreen by pressing on more than one place on the screen at one time. This often lets you do things that you could not do by other ways, such as pinch to zoom.

One of the first products to have multi-touch was the iPhone. Its iOS operating system was meant to be used using gestures such as tapping, pinching, spreading, rotating, and more. At the time, Apple, the company who made the iPhone, tried to register the word "multi-touch" as a trademark, but they could not do so as the term became used by everyone else.

Today, multi-touch can be found on many electronic devices with touchscreens, such as smartphones, tablet computers, and even some PCs.

Data input
Pierre de Coubertin medal

The Pierre de Coubertin medal is awarded by the International Olympic Committee and recognizes those who demonstrate the spirit of sportsmanship in the Olympic Games. The medal is not the same award as the Pierre de Coubertin World Trophy, which is awarded by the International Fair Play Committee.

Recipients

Related pages
 Olympic Cup
 Olympic Order

References

Olympic Games
1997 establishments
Sports trophies and awards
Iberian lynx

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is a feline. It is similar to other versions of the genus Lynx. The Iberian lynx has almost no threats except man, but it is almost extinct. It is the most endangered cat species in the world.

Iberian lynx hunt rabbits. One of the strategies aimed at saving the species is to change the use of land in such a way that it becomes more attractive to rabbits, which can then be hunted by the lynx. This strategy also benefits other endangered species, such as the Spanish imperial eagle.

In 2014, the Iberian lynx is treated as a species inside the famly of lynx by many biologists, mainly because of its independent development on the Iberian peninsula. This has not always been the case: Beforehand, it was seen as a subspecies of the Eurasian Lynx.

Breeding programs 

In 2002, the Jerez Zoo confirmed it had three females and was developing a plan for a captive breeding program. One of those females was Saliega, captured as a cub in April 2002. She became the first Iberian lynx to breed in captivity, giving birth to three healthy kittens on March 29, 2005 at the El Acebuche Breeding Center, in the Doñana Nature Park in Huelva, Spain. Over the following years, the number of births grew and additional breeding centers were opened. In March 2009, it was reported that 27 cubs had been born since the beginning of the program. In 2009, the Spanish government planned to build a €5.5 million breeding center in Zarza de Granadilla. Portugal established a breeding center in Silves.

There were 14 surviving cubs in 2008 and 15 in 2009. In 2010, intense rain and health issues resulted in lower reproductive success—14 born, 8 surviving—but the next year, breeding centers recorded 45 births with 26 surviving kittens. In 2012, breeding centers in Portugal and Spain reported a total of 44 survivors from 59 births, while 2013 saw a total of 44 survivors out of 53 born.

In March 2013, it was reported that Iberian lynx embryos and oocytes had been collected and preserved for the first time. They were collected from Saliega and another female—both sterilized and retired from the breeding program—by Berlin's Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research and stored in liquid nitrogen at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (CSIC) for possible future breeding.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Felines
Suzy Bogguss

Susan Kay "Suzy" Bogguss (b. December 30, 1956 in Illinois), is an American country and folk singer and musician. She was extremely popular in the 1980s and 1990s. During that time she had one platinum record, three gold records and six top ten songs. She last appeared on Billboard Hot Country Singles Chart around 2001. She has continued to record albums and songs in the country and rock areas.

At the 1992 Country Music Association Awards, Bogguss won the Horizon Award.

References

Other websites

American folk musicians
singers from Illinois
Country musicians from Illinois
Living people
1956 births
Vivica A. Fox

Vivica Anjanetta Fox (born July 30, 1964 in South Bend, Indiana) is an American movie and television producer and actress. 

Fox' breakthrough came in 1996, with roles in two box-office hit films, Roland Emmerich's Independence Day and F. Gary Gray's  Set It Off. She later starred in films Booty Call (1997), Soul Food (1997), Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998), Kingdom Come (2001), Two Can Play That Game (2001), and Boat Trip (2002). Fox played Vernita Green in Kill Bill, and played supporting parts in films like Ella Enchanted (2004).

Fox has appeared in numerous television shows, including Empire and The Young and the Restless.

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Actors from South Bend, Indiana
American movie actors
American television actors
Stardust (song)

"Stardust" is an American popular song It was composed in 1927 by Hoagy Carmichael. In 1929, Mitchell Parish added lyrics. At first, the song was called "Star Dust". Carmichael was the first person to record the song. He recorded it at the Gennett Records studio in Richmond, Indiana. The song is "a song about a song about love".

Many musicians recorded this song.  Artie Shaw recorded it with his big band.

References

Other websites
Stardust on Sold on Song (BBC)
 

1920s songs
1927 works
Andalién River

The Andalién River is a river in the province of Concepción in Chile. It crosses part of the communes of Concepción, Talcahuano and Penco, ending at the Bay of Concepción. The total length of the river is 130 km with a basin area of 780 km² and the average discharge is 10–300 m³/s.

Sources 
 Cade Idepe, 2004. Diagnóstico y Clasificación de los Cursos y Cuerpos de Agua según objetivos de calidad. Cuenca del Río Andalién. Dirección General de Aguas. MOP. Diciembre de 2004. Santiago. Chile. 
  Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos, Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile, D. Appleton y Compania, Nueva York, 1899 pg. 31-32

Related pages
 List of rivers of Chile

Rivers of Chile
Howard Dean

Howard Brush Dean III (born November 17, 1948) is a Democratic Party member. 

He held office with the Democratic National Committee from 2005 to 2009. Before that, he was Governor of Vermont (1991 to 2003). Dean ran, without success, for United States President during 2004. However, the "Dean Scream", which happened during a campaign rally, ruined his chances.

References

Other websites

US Democratic Party politicians
Governors of Vermont
Living people
1948 births
2004 United States presidential candidates
Lieutenant Governors of Vermont
Mike Kellogg

Michael "Mike" Kellogg (born September 27, 1941) is a senior announcer with Moody Radio and host for Music Through the Night.

Early life
Kellogg was born in Cedarville, Ohio. He was later educated at Cedarville College in Cedarville, Ohio. Kellogg moved to Chicago, Illinois.

Career
Kellogg first wanted to be a writer who later got a job for a newspaper company at a young age, and was later writing for the broadcasting company in Chicago. Kellogg began his career in the late 1980s when Music Through the Night was also created. In late 1982 Kellogg was hired to be host of Music Through the Night. Kellogg now speaks to the late-night listener, presenting a relaxed yet relaxed direct message of the fullness of a life of religion. Besides Music Through the Night, Kellogg can also be heard in a two minute radio program Today in the World.

Awards
In 1980, Kellogg was given the Religion in Media Award for his dramatic role in the radio for Treasures in the Snow.

Personal life
He is married to Nancy Kellogg whom he has six children, and ten grandchildren. Kellogg currently lives in Valparaiso, Indiana. Kellogg is an educator of religion.

References

Other websites
 

Writers from Chicago
Writers from Ohio
American radio personalities
1941 births
Living people
Theresa Russell

Theresa Russell (born March 20, 1957 in San Diego) is an American actress. She has done many movies. Some of the better-known ones are The Last Tycoon (1976), Black Widow (1987) and Spider-Man 3 (2007).

Russell was married to British movie director Nicolas Roeg (born 1928) from 1982 until they divorced.

References

Other websites

Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American television actors
1957 births
Living people
Crystal Bernard

Crystal Bernard (born September 30, 1961) is an American sitcom actress. She also does other television acting. She is best known for her role in the NBC sitcom Wings.

Other websites

 
 

American television actors
Living people
1961 births
Blue Chips

Blue Chips is a 1994 sports drama movie about basketball. It stars Nick Nolte and Shaquille O'Neal. Nolte plays a basketball coach whose by-the-book recruitment methods run afoul of substandard school officials. O'Neal plays Neon Bodeau, an innocent basketball player.

Sports drama movies
1994 movies
English-language movies
Michael Michele

Michael Michele (born August 30, 1966 near Evansville, Indiana) is an American television and movie actress. She played Selina in the 1991 movie New Jack City. She acted in the medical drama ER and in Gossip Girl.

Actors from Indiana
Living people
1966 births
American movie actors
American television actors
People from Evansville, Indiana