cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Valley Springs, South Dakota

Valley Springs is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County along the Minnesota state line. Valley Springs became a city in 1879, and 759 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Valley Springs website

Cities in South Dakota
1879 establishments in Dakota Territory
Catalan independence

The Catalan independence or separatism is a political movement that supports the independence of Catalonia or the Catalan countries from Spain and France. The Catalan independence movement began in the 19th century. The separatists believe that Catalonia is a nation. Catalonia has its own language (Catalan language) and culture (Catalan culture).

During the Francisco Franco dictatorship, Catalans and the Catalan language were oppressed. Recently, the number of people who support Catalan independence has increased. In 2012 there was a demonstration in Barcelona with 1.500.000 people. The majority of the parliament in Catalunya wants to have a referendum on independence, and 55% identify as separatists.

The Estelada flag is the symbol of the Catalan independence movement.

References 

Catalonia
Nationalism
Politics of France
Politics of Spain
Jalil Zandi

Jalil Zandi (2 May 1951 – 1 April 2001) was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran-Iraq War. He was an F-14 Tomcat pilot. He had the most victories in the air combat in the Iran-Iraq War: 11 victories ( 8 confirmed victories and 3 probable victories). His victories include 4 MiG-23s, 2 Su-22s, 2 MiG 21s and 3 Mirage F1s). He was also the most successful F-14 pilot ever.

He had the rank of brigadier general.

He died with his wife Zahra Mohebshahedin in 2001 in a car accident near Tehran. He is buried in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in the south of Tehran.

References 

1951 births
2001 deaths
Aviators
Generals
Iranian military people
Road accident deaths
John Le Mesurier

John Le Mesurier (born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley; 5 April 1912 – 15 November 1983) was an English actor and comedian. He is best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy Dad's Army (1968–77). 

Le Mesurier was born on 5 April 1912 in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. He studied at the Sherborne School. 

Le Mesurier was married to June Melville from 1940 until they divorced in 1949. Then he was married to Hattie Jacques from 1949 until they divorced in 1965. Then he was married to Joan Malin from 1966 until his death in 1983. He had two sons. 

Le Mesurier died from a stomach hemorrhage caused by cirrhosis of the liver in Ramsgate, Kent, England, aged 71.

Other websites
 
 

1912 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from cirrhosis
Disease-related deaths in England
English comedians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Bedford
Free Realms

Free Realms is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. It is set in a fantasy-themed world, named "Sacred Grove". It was made by Sony Online Entertainment for PC, Mac and PlayStation 3. The game was released on 29 April 2009. On March 31, 2014, the game was officially shut down.

References

2009 video games
2014 disestablishments
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Cellular automaton

A cellular automaton is a model used in computer science and mathematics. The idea is to model a dynamic system by using a number of cells. Each cell has one of several possible states. With each "turn" or iteration the state of the current cell is determined by two things: its current state, and the states of the neighbouring cells. 

A very famous example of a cellular automata is Conway's Game of Life. Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann first described cellular automata in the 1940s. Conway's Game of Life was first shown in the 1970s.

Biology

Some biological processes occur—or can be simulated—by cellular automata.

The patterns of certain seashells  are generated by natural cellular automata. Examples can be seen in the genera Conus and Cymbiola. The pigment cells are in a narrow band along the shell's lip. Each cell secretes pigments according to the activating and inhibiting activity of its neighbor pigment cells, obeying a natural version of a mathematical rule. The cell band leaves the colored pattern on the shell as it grows slowly. For example, the widespread species Conus textile bears a pattern resembling Wolfram's rule 30 cellular automaton.

Plants regulate their intake and loss of gases via a cellular automaton mechanism. Each stoma on the leaf acts as a cell.

Moving wave patterns on the skin of cephalopods can be simulated with a two-state, two-dimensional cellular automata, each state corresponding to either an expanded or retracted chromatophore.

Threshold automata have been invented to simulate neurons, and complex behaviors such as recognition and learning can be simulated.

Fibroblasts are similar to cellular automata, as each fibroblast only interacts with its neighbors.

References

Related pages 
 Automaton

Computer science
Mathematics
Henry Morgentaler

Heniek "Henry" Morgentaler, CM (March 19, 1923 – May 29, 2013), was a Polish-born Canadian physician and pro-choice activist who fought many legal battles about expanding abortion rights in Canada. When he was young during World War II, Morgentaler was imprisoned at the Łódź Ghetto and later at the Dachau concentration camp. He survived the Holocaust.

He was a humanist and received the Order of Canada in 2008.

Morgentaler was born on March 19, 1923 in Łódź, Poland. He was married to Chava Rosenfarb from 1945 until they divorced in 1975. Morgentaler died on May 29, 2013 in Toronto, Canada from a heart attack, aged 90.

References

Other websites

The Morgentaler Clinic
The Morgentaler Decision turns 20, National Review of Medicine, 2008-01-15 (accessed 2011-08-30)
Abortion crusader deeply divides Canadian society (2009-01-14) CBC
Abortion rights: significant moments in Canada's history (2009-05-21) CBC
CBC Digital Archives – Dr. Henry Morgentaler: Fighting Canada's Abortion Laws
Supreme Court of Canada, R v. Morgentaler (1988) (1 S.C.R. 30) 
CBC: Abortion law ruled unconstitutional (January 28, 1988)

1923 births
2013 deaths
Abortion-rights activists
Canadian activists
Canadian Jews
Canadian physicians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Holocaust survivors
Humanists
Jewish activists
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Order of Canada
People from Łódź
Polish Jews
Andrew Greeley

Andrew M. Greeley (February 5, 1928 – May 29, 2013) was an American Roman Catholic priest, educator, sociologist, journalist, philanthropist, and popular author.

Greeley was born on February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois to an Irish family. He was raised a Catholic. Greeley studied at Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary and at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary. He retired in 2009 after an injury.

Greeley suffered skull fractures in a fall in 2008 when his clothing got caught on the door of a taxi as it pulled away; he was hospitalized in critical condition. He remained in poor health. Greeley died on May 29, 2013 at his Chicago home. He was 85.

References

Other websites
Official website
Andrew M. Greeley's page at Macmillan.com
Greeley/Bernardin/Kennedy controversy: a description of the conflict between Greeley, Joseph Bernardin and the writer Eugene Kennedy, by a Greeley partisan 

1928 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths in Chicago
Roman Catholic priests
Educators from Illinois
American sociologists
American philanthropists
American Roman Catholics
Writers from Illinois
Journalists from Illinois
People from Oak Park, Illinois
Coriaria ruscifolia

Coriaria ruscifolia are shrubs or small trees with bright red fruits like berries. The fruits and the leaves are very poisonous.

Common names
This species has many names in Latin America. Some of them are:
 Chile: deu, dehue-lahuen, deó, hiuque, matarratones ("kill mice"), veu.
 Peru: mio-mio, saca-saca, mio venenosa, raqui-raqui
 Ecuador: piñán, shanshi, shanchi or zhanzhi, tinta.
 Colombia: reventadera; barbasco, chanchi, mortiño borrachero.
 Venezuela: tisís, helecho de playa, helecho uvite.
 Guatemala: moco tinto, moco de chompipe.
 Mexico: helecho de tierra, tlalocopetate, tlalocopatlat.

Systematics
Coriaria ruscifolia was described for the first time by Linnaeus in 1753 in Species Plantarum (Vol. 2, page 1037), from a plant from Peru.

The species is divided in two subspecies:
 C. ruscifolia subsp. ruscifolia
 C. ruscifolia subsp. microphylla (Poir.) L. E. Skog, with two synonyms:
C. microphylla Poir. 
C. thymifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Description
Shrub up to 4 metres high. Dark green leaves on the top and pale gray on the underside. Flowers grouped in terminal inflorescences on lateral branches, sepals are green to red, small petals, yellow or red anthers. Fruits look like berries but they are small nuts (achenes). The fruits are covered by the petals.

The number of chromosomes is 40.

The plants of C. ruscifolia subsp. microphylla can fix nitrogen from the air because they have bacteria in their roots.

Where it grows
C. ruscifolia grows in the Americas and some Pacific Islands:
 C. ruscifolia subsp. ruscifolia: Western slopes of Andes (and other mountain ranges) from Mexico to Peru, western Venezuela, and cool mountains of New Guinea and New Zealand and other Pacific islands.
 C. ruscifolia subsp. microphylla: Central and southern Chile, New Zealand and other Pacific islands.

Uses
It is a very toxic plant. Fruits are hallucinogens exciting the nervous system. The leaves have tannin and serve for tanning (making leather out of skins). It is recommended as an ornamental.

In Chile, the fruits are used mixed with bread to kill mice and rats.

References

Other websites

 Coriaria ruscifolia L. in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 Coriaria ruscifolia in Encyclopedia of Life - EOL

Cucurbitales
Shrubs
The Little Mermaid (statue)

The Little Mermaid () is a statue in Copenhagen, Denmark. It sits on a rock in the harbor. It was inspired by a performance of a ballet based on the fairy tale The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen. It is  tall.  Sculptor Edvard Eriksen created the bronze statue. It was presented to the public on 23 August 1913.

The statue was the idea of Carl Jacobsen, son of the founder of Carlsberg. He asked ballerina, Ellen Price of Copenhagen's Royal Theatre, to pose for the statue. Only the statue's head was modelled on Price. She did not agree to pose in the nude, so the sculptor's wife, Eline Eriksen, posed for the body.

The Little Mermaid has been the victim of vandalism many times since the 1960s.  Her head has been cut off, and she has had paint poured over her several times. In September 2003, the statue was knocked off its base with explosives. The statue has always been repaired after such acts.

References

Other websites
 
 The Little Mermaid 360 degree QuickTime VR panorama from Copenhagen

Copenhagen
Statues
1913 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Denmark
Dean Brooks

Dean Kent Brooks (July 22, 1916 – May 30, 2013) or Dean R. Brooks was an American physician and actor.

Early life
Brooks was born on July 22, 1916 in Everett, Washington. He studied at University of Kansas Medical School.

Career
He was the head of the Oregon State Hospital in 1975 when the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was filmed there, which is why he appeared in the movie. He starred as Dr. John Spivey M.D.. Brooks was the superintendent of Oregon State Hospital for 27 years from 1955 to 1982. Brooks was first licensed in Oregon to practice psychiatry in 1950. He retired from the practice of Psychiatric Medicine in 1999.

Later life
He was married to Ulista Jean Moser until her death in 2006. They had two daughters.

Death
Brooks died on May 30, 2013 in Salem, Oregon from natural causes, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 

1916 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Oregon
Actors from Washington
American movie actors
American physicians
Deaths from natural causes
Scientists from Washington
My Cousin Vinny

My Cousin Vinny is a 1992 American criminal comedy movie. Joe Pesci and Marisa Tomei star. The subject of the movie is two young New Yorkers traveling across rural Alabama. They are put on trial for a murder they did not commit. Tomei plays Mona Lisa. Pesci plays Vincent ("Vinny" for short). This comedy movie was released in March 1992 in the United States. It received positive reviews from the critics.

1992 comedy movies
1992 crime movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
1990s legal movies
20th Century Fox movies
American criminal comedy movies
American legal movies
English-language movies
Movies about families
Movies set in Alabama
Murder in movies
Works about cousins
Movies directed by Jonathan Lynn
Bulgarian Orthodox Church

The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is a major Christian denomination in Bulgaria. It has around 8-10 million members worldwide. The head of the church is the Patriarch of All Bulgaria.

Eastern Orthodox Church
Religion in Bulgaria
Hangman

Hangman is a paper-and-pencil guessing game played by two or more people. One player thinks of a word, phrase, or sentence, and the other players have to try and guess it. They do so by calling letters or numbers that they think are in the word. The word is shown as a row of dashes. If a guessing player gives a letter or number that is in the word, the other player writes the letter or number in the places that they are in the word. If the letter or number is not in the word, the other player draws a part of a hanged man stick figure as a tally mark (a form of numeral used for counting). The game ends when:

The guessing player completes the word, or correctly guesses the whole word.
The other player completes the diagram of the hanged man.

The television game show Wheel of Fortune is based off of Hangman. It uses a roulette-style wheel that players spin for cash and prizes.

Word games
Battle of Majuba Hill

The Battle of Majuba Hill was the main battle of the First Boer War.  It happened near Volksrust, South Africa on 27 February 1881.

While the battle was small it was important in history. It led to the signing of a peace treaty.  The treaty was between the British and the South African Republic.  It ended the First Boer War. Also the fire and movement tactics used by the Boers were years ahead of their time.  This battle and two before it convinced the British of the Boers strength.  During the Second Anglo-Boer War "Remember Majuba" became a rallying cry.

Some important British historians say that this defeat marked the beginning of the decline of the British Empire.

Boer Wars
Majuba Hill
1881
19th century in South Africa
February events
Thomas (name)

Thomas is a masculine given name. "Tom" or "Thom" are short versions of Thomas. "Tommy" is commonly used.

Given names
Thomas (surname)

Thomas (and Tomas) is a common surname.  It is most often used by the British, French, German, Dutch, Danish, and South Indian.

Some notable people with this surname are:
Ambroise Thomas, French opera composer
Bert Thomas (1883–1966), British cartoonist
Clarence Thomas, United States Supreme Court justice
Dylan Thomas (1914–1953), Welsh poet
Gerald Thomas, English film director
Héctor Thomas, Venezuelan decathlete
Kristin Scott Thomas, English actress
Mansel Thomas Welsh composer and conductor
Petria Thomas (born 1975), Australian swimmer
Rufus Thomas, American R&B singer
Shavar Thomas (born 1981), Jamaican footballer

Surnames
Sondra Locke

Sondra Locke (May 28, 1944 – November 3, 2018) was an American actress who was known for starring mostly in movies. She starred as Laura Lee in The Outlaw Josey Wales in 1976. The following year, she played Augustina Mally in The Gauntlet (1977). Locke was born in Shelbyville, Tennessee. 

Locke was nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mick Kelly in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1968).

Locke died in Los Angeles, California on November 3, 2018 from cardiac arrest complicated by breast and bone cancer, aged 74.

References

Actors from Tennessee
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from breast cancer
Deaths from bone cancer
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
1944 births
2018 deaths
The Gauntlet

The Gauntlet is a 1977 action movie. It was directed by and stars Clint Eastwood. Eastwood plays Detective Ben Shockley. Sondra Locke plays Augustina Mally. The movie is about an alcoholic police officer and a related prostitute who become caught up in ambushes by corrupt police officers. This movie was got mixed reviews from critics. It earned $36 million. The movie was released in December 1977.

1970s crime drama movies
1977 drama movies
American movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Sukhoi Su-17

Su-17 Fitter is a Soviet attack aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Forces in 1970. Its other names in other communist countries and in the Middle East are Su-20 and Su-22. It is not active in Russia any more, but it is still active in Vietnam, Syria, Yemen, Poland and Angola.

Soviet military aircraft
Edward O. Thorp

Edward Oakley Thorp (born 14 August 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. He is best known as the author of Beat the Dealer (1962). This was the first book to prove that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. As part of this work he collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer in 1961.

Thorp also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets. He was a pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.

Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at M.I.T. from 1959 to 1961.  He was a professor of mathematics from 19611965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.

Stock market
Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of probability and statistics in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing in the securities markets. Thorp is currently the President of Edward O. Thorp & Associates, based in Newport Beach, CA.  In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.

Books 
 
 Edward O. Thorp 1967. Beat the market: a scientific stock market system, 1967,  (online version )

References 

American mathematicians
1932 births
Living people
Scientists from Chicago
Maureen Duffy

Maureen Patricia Duffy (born 21 October 1933 in Worthing, Sussex, England) is a British poet, novelist, and writer of plays.

Early life and education 
Duffy graduated from King's College London. Her degree was in English. She became a schoolteacher in 1956. She left that work in 1961. In 1961, she became a fulltime poet and writer of plays. Her first novel was That's How It Was. It was published in 1962. It was praised by critics.

Works 
She has published around thirty books. Her Collected Poems, 1949–84 appeared in 1985. Her work has often used Freudian ideas and Greek Myth as a framework.

She has been active in supporting the rights of homosexuals.  In 1977 she published "The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial", a broadside against the trial of the Gay News newspaper for "blasphemous libel."

She has also been active in a variety of groups representing the interest of writers.  At one time, she was the President of the European Writers' Congress (renamed European Writers Council in 2008). She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1985 and awarded their Benson Medal in 2004.  

She is also deeply interested in intellectual property law.

References

Further reading
 Yorke, L. (1999). "British lesbian poetics: a brief exploration". Feminist Review; (62) Summer 1999, pp. 78–90.

Other websites
 Official website
 Maureen Duffy on the GLBTQ Encyclopedia 
 A Duffy bibliography

1933 births
Humanists
English playwrights
English novelists
English poets
English screenwriters
LGBT rights activists
Living people
Writers from Sussex
Beesha Darawiish

Beesha Darawiish or Si'iid Harti, also called Reer Darawiish, means the Dhulbahante tribe. The Dhulbahante were called Darwiishes during the colonial era. The Darwiish was the successor state to the Dhulbahante garaadship. The Dhulbahante Garaadship (, ) was a kingdom from 1530 until 1895. Dhulbahante is also a Somali clan known for being the backbone of Darwiish. It is part of the larger Harti Darod clan. They live mainly in Sool, Cayn and Sanaag.

References

Somali people
Ethnic groups in Africa
Hydrogenosome

A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi and a few metazoa. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the best studied) produce ATP by a complex metabolic cycle. Unlike mitochondria, this cycle does not use oxygen. It is thought that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria; their structure is rather similar.

In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. These organisms were Loricifera living in sediments under deep-water brine pools like the L'Atalante basin. These brine pools are completely without any oxygen (anoxic).

References 

Organelles
New Zealand national cricket team

The New Zealand Cricket team played their first test match against England in 1930. As of October 2021, they are ranked first in the world by the International Cricket Council (ICC).

See
Website

Cricket in Oceania
Sport in New Zealand
1930 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Marylebone Cricket Club

Marylebone Cricket Club was founded in 1787 by Thomas Lord. It was one of the most important cricket clubs in the world for much of the history of cricket.

See
MCC website

Cricket in England
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
1787 establishments
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
1780s establishments in England
Marylebone

Marylebone (, , or ) is an area of central London in the City of Westminster.

See
Marylebone station
Oxford Street
Time Out

City of Westminster
Facta

Facta is an encyclopedia in Finnish. It was published as a series of 11 volumes between 1969 and 1974. It describes subjects from a Finnish point of view.

Other websites
Official website 

Finland
Encyclopedias
1969 books
Mäntsälä

Mäntsälä is a municipality in Finland. About 21,000 people lived there in 2015. The municipalities next to it are Askola, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Tuusula, Kärkölä, Orimattila, Pornainen, Pukkila and Sipoo.

Mäntsälä was probably founded in 1585.

Population growth

References

Other websites

 Mäntsälä pages

Municipalities of Uusimaa
Joutsa

Joutsa is a municipality in Central Finland. It is part of Itä-Häme, along with Hartola, Sysmä, Pertunmaa, Heinola and Luhanka.

Almost 4,900 people lived in Joutsa as of February 2014. It covers an area of . Neighbouring municipalities are Hartola, Hirvensalmi, Jyväskylä, Kangasniemi, Luhanka, Pertunmaa and Toivakka.

The former municipality of Leivonmäki was merged with Joutsa in 2008.

Culture
The newspaper Joutsan Seutu is published in Joutsa and Luhanka.

A summer festival, Joutsan Joutopäivät, is held on the second weekend of July.

Sahti culture is strong in Joutsa. "Joutsan sahti" is a locally made traditional drink.

Villages
Angesselkä, Etu-Ikola, Hankaa, Havumäki, Joutsa, Kivisuo, Kälä, Laitjärvi, Lapinkylä, Leivonmäki, Marjotaipale, Martinkylä, Mieskonmäki, Niemistenkylä, Pajumäki, Pappinen, Pylsy, Pärnämäki, Ruokoranta, Ruorasmäki, Rutalahti, Savenaho, Selänpohja, Taka-Ikola, Tammilahti, Tolvasniemi, Uimaniemi, Vallaspelto, Vähä-Joutsa and Vehmaa.

Population grow

Other websites

 Joutsa official website

References

Municipalities of Central Finland
Mäntyharju

Mäntyharju is a municipality in Finland. Almost 6,350 people lived there in August 2012. It covers an area of about .

Villages include Ahvenisto, Anettu, Enonlahti, Halmeniemi, Hietaniemi, Huopola, Hyyrylä, Hölttä, Jäniskylä, Karankamäki, Kinni, Kirkonkylä, Koirakivi, Korpilahti, Kousa, Kuhajärvi, Kukonkorpi, Kyttälä, Lahnaniemi, Leppäniemi, Luhtanen, Lyytikkälä, Mynttilä, Niinimäki, Nurmaa, Ollikkala, Outila, Paasola, Partsinmaa, Poitsiniemi, Pyhäkoski, Pärnämäki, Saviniemi, Särkemäki, Tiilikkala, Toivola, Valtola, Vanonen and Varpanen.

Other websites

 Community website

Municipalities of Finland
Feldkirch

Feldkirch is the second largest city in Vorarlberg. The largest hospital of Vorarlberg is there. About 33,000 people lived in Feldkirch, in 2019.

Feldkirch has seven districts named Feldkirch, Tisis, Tosters, Nofels, Levis, Gisingen and Altenstadt.

Settlements in Vorarlberg
Cities in Austria
Mikkeli

Mikkeli is a town in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, the population was almost 54,700. In the Finnish point of view, Mikkeli is a city, not a town. Neighbouring municipalities are Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pieksämäki, Puumala and Savitaipale.

The former municipality of Haukivuori was merged with Mikkeli in 2007. The former municipalities of Ristiina and Suomenniemi was merged with Mikkeli in 2013.

Mikkeli was established in 1838.

Distances 
Ristiina 20 km
Hirvensalmi 34 km
Juva 44 km
Kangasniemi 52 km
Helsinki 230 km
Kuopio 163 km
Lappeenranta 106 km
Savonlinna 104 km

Other websites 
 
 The official page 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Southern Savonia
19th-century establishments in Finland
1838 establishments in Europe
Medullary ray

In botany, medullary rays (pith rays or wood rays) are sheets or ribbons of cells running from the inside of the plant to the outside. That is, they run at right angles to the xylem and phloem, which run vertically. While the plant is alive, these medullary cells are alive. They carry nutrients (sap) towards the surface of the tree.

In wood products the rays can be seen running perpendicular to the growth rings. If wood is cut into boards with the growth rings roughly perpendicular to the face of the board, the medullary rays often produce beautiful "figure" such as silver grain, medullary spots, pith flecks, etc.

The function of medullary rays is to carry chemicals which fight invasion by insects and fungi, and block any damaged areas. The cells deposit tannins and resins which block up the damaged area. This process is called tylosis.

References

Plant anatomy
Plant tissues
Savonlinna

Savonlinna is a town in Finland. The population was almost 36,250 in January 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kitee, Liperi, Parikkala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti, Rääkkylä, Sulkava and Varkaus. Some parts of central Savonlinna has been built over islands. Over one-third of the area is water or islands.

The former municipalities of Kerimäki and Punkaharju were merged with Savonlinna in 2013.

Other websites 

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Southern Savonia
Rovaniemi

Rovaniemi is a town in Lapland, in northern Finland. Rovaniemi is very close to the Arctic Circle. The population was over 61,000 in January 2014. The area is huge in typical European scale. Neigbouring municipalities are Kittilä, Sodankylä, Kolari, Pello, Ylitornio, Tervola, Ranua, Posio, Kemijärvi and Pelkosenniemi.

On 1 January 2006,  (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) was merged into a single municipality.

Other websites 

 Community website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Quiet storm

Quiet storm is a late-night radio format that plays slow soul music. It developed in the 1970s in Washington, D.C.

Soul music
Radio
Christy Mathewson

Christopher Mathewson (August 12, 1880 - October 7, 1925) was an American Major League Baseball player. He was known as "Big Six", "The Christian Gentleman", and "Matty". He played for the New York Giants and the Cincinnati Reds, and also managed the Reds. He became a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.

 

American baseball players
1880 births
1925 deaths
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Cincinnati Reds managers
Cincinnati Reds players
New York Giants (NL) players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Drying rack

Drying rack is a rack used for drying clothes after they have been washed. It is also called a clothes horse or a clothes rack. It is usually located inside a house, as a replacement to a washing line, which is located outside.

An automated drying rack (also known variously as a automated drying rack, automatic laundry airer or automated laundry system) is a ceiling-mounted mechanism to dry clothes and is automated. In Singapore, it is often know as automated laundry rack.

References 

Everyday life
Furniture
Altenstadt (Feldkirch)

Altenstadt is a district of Feldkirch in Austria. The biggest and most important school in Feldkirch is there.

Settlements in Vorarlberg
Cytokine storm

A cytokine storm is an overreaction of the body's immune system. It can be deadly. It consists of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells.

It is believed that cytokine storms were responsible for many of the deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed a disproportionate number of young adults.  In this case, a healthy immune system may have been a liability rather than an asset. Preliminary research results from Hong Kong also suggest this as the probable reason for many deaths during the SARS epidemic in 2003. Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well.

References 

Immunology
Diseases
Dassault Mirage F1

Mirage F1 is a French air superiority and attack aircraft. Its first flight was on 23 December 1966, but it first entered into the French Air Force in 1973. Dassault Aviation has built this turbojet aircraft. Its current important users are France, Iran and Morocco.

References 

French military aircraft
Mirage F1
Black Hole of Calcutta

Black Hole of Calcutta was a dungeon in old Fort William, Calcutta, India. It was 18 feet (5.5 metres) long and 14 feet (4 metres) wide, and had two small windows. 

The fort was built by the British to defend their trading interests in Calcutta. During hostilities in 1756, the fort was captured by the army of the Nawab of Bengal on 20 June. John Zephaniah Holwell, a British eyewitness, reported that those taken in the capture of the fort, numbering 146, were confined to the dungeon, and that only 23 survived. The story was told by John Zephaniah Holwell, a survivor. However, 146 people could not have fit in a room of 24 x 18 feet. Today most concede that Holwell greatly exaggerated the number of captives.

The British captured and killed the Nawab. An obelisk was later raised in memory of those who died in the Black Hole.  Holwell's account of the incident has been challenged by modern historians and scholars.

References

Further reading
 Holwell, John Zephaniah. A Genuine Narrative of the Deplorable Deaths of the English Gentlemen and others who were suffocated in the Black Hole. London, 1758.

Prisons
British India
Kolkata
Mitchell, South Dakota

Mitchell is a city in and the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota. It is in the eastern part of the state, and 15,254 people lived there at the 2010 census. It became a city in 1883.

References

Other websites 
City of Mitchell website

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1883 establishments in Dakota Territory
Porter Airlines

Porter Airlines is a Canadian regional airline. It was founded in 2006. It flies between cities in the United States and Canada.

Airlines of Canada
2006 establishments in Canada
Paul Villard

Paul Villard (1860–1934) was a French scientist. He discovered gamma rays while studying radium.

French scientists
1860 births
1934 deaths
Canton, South Dakota

Canton is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Lincoln County, and 3,057 people lived there at the 2010 census. Canton became a city in 1881.

References

Other websites 
City of Canton website 

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1881 establishments in Dakota Territory
Affliction (movie)

Affliction is an American drama movie produced in 1997. It was written and directed by Paul Schrader. It is based on the novel by Russell Banks. It stars Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, James Coburn, and Willem Dafoe.

Plot
Affliction tells the story of Wade Whitehouse, a small-town policeman in New Hampshire. Disconnected from the people around him, including his father and his divorced wife, he becomes obsessed with the solving of a fatal hunting accident. This leads to a series of tragic events.

1997 movies
American drama movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Paul Schrader
The Great Escape (movie)

The Great Escape is a 1963 American movie. It is about an escape by Allied prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II. The movie stars Steve McQueen, James Garner, Donald Pleasence, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, and Richard Attenborough. It got positive reviews.

Other websites 

1960s adventure movies
1963 drama movies

1960s war movies
American adventure movies
American drama movies
American prison movies
American war movies
English-language movies
German-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in the 1940s
Multilingual movies
Prison drama movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by John Sturges
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 8)

The eighth season of SpongeBob SquarePants began on March 26, 2011 with the episodes "A Friendly Game" and "Oral Report." It ran through December 6, 2012, ending with "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!"

Overview

Related pages
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 7)
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 9)

SpongeBob SquarePants seasons
2011 television seasons
2012 television seasons
Tartar sauce

Tartar sauce (tartare in the United Kingdom and Australia) is a mayonnaise-based sauce. It is often served as a condiment with seafood dishes. It is like mayonnaise, but with a few more ingredients such as pickles, onions, and parsley.

The word Tartar is a Turkic word. It is believed to be named after the Tatar people.

References 

Condiments
Knockout

Knockout, also known as the knockout game and knockout king, is a violent activity played by teenagers. The object of the game is to render unconscious (knockout) an innocent pedestrian with one punch. The game can result in serious injuries or death for its victims. Players face criminal charges.

In 1992, a teen stabbed an MIT student through the heart, killing him. In another case, a St. Louis, Missouri teenager allegedly attacked a pedestrian who hit his head on the ground and died in hospital. In May 2013, a 51 year-old man died from his injuries after he was attacked in Syracuse, New York, by two teenagers.

References

Crime
Violence
Carmine Crocco

Carmine Crocco (June 5, 1830 – June 18, 1905) was an Italian outlaw. He is also known as Donatello and for his brilliant battle skills was nicknamed “Napoleon of the brigands”.

Born in Rionero in Vulture, a town in the Basilicata region, He began the criminal activity after killing a comrade in a brawl during the military service and joined the Garibaldi's expedition of the thousand in 1860 hoping for a pardon. However, his offence wasn't cleared and Crocco was arrested. He escaped from prison with the help of the Fortunato, a bourgeois family linked to the Bourbon dynasty and became the leader of the peasants rebellion in Basilicata, who didn't get any benefit with the political change.

He fought in the service of king Francis II, heading an army of almost 2.000 men and conquering various centers of Basilicata and Campania. In every conquered territory he overthrew the Savoy government and appointed a representative of the Bourbon crown, ordering the badges and ornaments of the fallen king to be once again displayed. 

A skillful guerrilla man,  was able to harass the national guards and the Piedmontese soldiers for almost four years but he lose the conflict after being betrayed by his lieutenant Giuseppe Caruso, who revealed his plans and hideouts to the Italian authorities. Thus he fled to the Papal States hoping for help from Pius IX but was arrested by his soldiers. Later was handed over to the Italian government and condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 

Crocco died in prison at Portoferraio, Tuscany.

A disputable personality, he is considered by some authors a fierce thief and murderer but many people of southern Italy regard him as a folk hero who represented the suffering of the lower class before and soon after the Italian unification.

References

Bibliography 
David Hilton Wheeler, Brigandage in south Italy, Volume 2, S. Low, son, and Marston, 1864.
Eric Hobsbawm, Bandits, Penguin, 1984
John Ellis, A short history of guerrilla warfare, Allan, 1975.
Denis Mack Smith, Italy:a modern history, University of Michigan Press, 1969.

 

1830 births
1905 deaths
Italian people
Criminals
Nightstand

A nightstand, (could also be called a night table or bedside table) is a small type of table. It is usually placed next to a bed or somewhere else in a bedroom.  It is a coffee table which is used next to a person's bed at night time.

Before flushing toilets became common, nightstands usually had a chamber pot in them. Nightstands which were made a long time ago sometimes had a drawer, and they usually had a small cupboard at the bottom. 

Nightstands used today usually also have a drawer. Things like lamps, alarm clocks, mobile phones, water or medication, which could be useful during the night, are often put either on top of or inside nightstands.

French, Italian and Spanish antique nightstands usually have a drawer and a small cupboard with only one door. They can also have special finishes, like bronze.

History
It is thought that the word nightstand was first used in 1892.

Gallery

References

Furniture
Rob Bourdon

Robert Gregory Bourdon (born January 20, 1979) is the drummer and youngest member of the rock band Linkin Park. Bourdon was born in Calabasas, California and now lives in Los Angeles. He grew up in the same town as the members of Incubus and Hoobastank. Bourdon started to play drums after watching an Aerosmith concert. His mother, Patty, is friends with Joey Kramer, Aerosmith's drummer. They also dated when the were much younger. This friendship meant they were able to go backstage and see the entire production. Kramer also gave Bourdon a kick pedal.

In his early teen years, Bourdon played in a few bands with his friends. It was around that time that he met his current Linkin Park bandmate, Brad Delson. They played together for about a year in a band called Relative Degree. Their goal was to play at the Roxy Theatre. After achieving their goal with a sell-out show, Relative Degree eventually broke up.

Personal life 
Bourdon once dated actress Shiri Appleby. He dated actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, starting in 2001 but has been single since at least early 2008. His birthday was featured on an episode of iTunes' LPTV. On January 20, 2004, Linkin Park played a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the band can be seen joking around backstage and saying that it is Bourdon's twentieth. Bourdon's favorite songs to play are "In the End", "Tinfoil" and "The Little Things Give You Away". His hobbies include playing the piano (although he has never done so for a Linkin Park recording) and surfing.

Bourdon wears racing shoes to get a better feel for the drum pedals; he says it gives him better control of the pedals. He also said that the song "Easier to Run" was the most difficult to play because he had to approach the drums very differently in which he was able to record the song in a few takes.

References

1979 births
Living people
American drummers
Musicians from California
Chum Bucket

The Chum Bucket a fictional porridge restaurant in the television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a plankton named Sheldon J. Plankton. It does not get a lot of customers. This is because of it sells a food called chum, which cannot be eaten.

Plankton's wife, Karen, is a computer. She often appears on the wall of the back room of the Chum Bucket. The Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket's rival across the street. The Krusty Krab sells delicious food, hamburgers called Krabby Patties.

SpongeBob SquarePants
Fictional buildings and structures
Mahinda Rajapaksa

Mahinda Rajapaksa (born 18 November 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician. He is the current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka since 21 November 2019. Before, he was the disputed Prime Minister from 26 October to 15 December 2018. He also was the 6th President of Sri Lanka. He was president from 19 November 2005 to 9 January 2015.

Notes

References

1945 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Current national leaders
Presidents of Sri Lanka
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Buddhists
Race movie

Race movie is an American movie genre. Such movies were made by African Americans for African Americans. Casts were all-African Americans. These movies ran in African American theaters. Oscar Micheaux is the most famous producer, writer, and director of race movies.

Movie genres
Movie
Ted Manson

Theodore "Ted" Manson (October 23, 1926 – June 1, 2008) was an American actor. His career lasted over 30 years.

Manson was born in Columbus, Ohio on October 23, 1926. He graduated from West High School. He attended both Ohio State University and John Carroll University. In the 1950s he started acting with the Players Club and the Ohio State University Players. 

After working in a real estate, he returned to acting in 1979. He appeared on the television shows In the Heat of the Night and Matlock. He appeared in Hollywood movies, including Elizabethtown, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.

Manson died from complications of lung cancer on June 1, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2008 deaths
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from lung cancer
The Betrayal

The Betrayal (1948) is a race movie written, produced, and directed by Oscar Micheaux. It is based on his book The Wind From Nowhere (1943) and his movie The Homesteader (1919). The movie tells of the tangled relationships among African American farm people in South Dakota. It stars Leroy Collins in his one and only movie role. The movie was poorly received among both white and black critics. No print is known to exist. It is considered a "lost" movie. It was the first race movie to open in a white theater.

Story
Martin Eden is a successful African American farmer in South Dakota.  He is in love with Deborah Stewart. He believes that she is white and that she is not interested in him. He is unaware that Deborah loves him.

Martin goes to Chicago to look for a wife.  He meets Linda. They fall in love and marry, and then return to Martin’s farm.  They have a baby. Their happiness ends when Linda’s jealous father tells her that Martin is homicidal.  She runs away from the farm with the baby and returns to Chicago.  Martin finds her in the city. Linda shoots him during a fight.

In South Dakota, Deborah learns she is African American.  She goes to Chicago and meets Linda. Linda agrees to divorce Martin so he can marry Deborah. Linda gives her baby to Deborah to raise.  Martin and Deborah return to South Dakota. Linda kills her father for his role in ruining her marriage.

References

Other websites
 

1948 movies
American movies
Movies directed by Oscar Micheaux
Computer animation

Computer animation (or CGI animation) is the art of using computer graphics for animation, creating moving images in either 2D or 3D.

Related pages
 Computer-generated imagery

References

Animation
Computers
Jean Stapleton

Jean Stapleton (born Jeanne Murray; January 19, 1923 – May 31, 2013) was an American actress. She was known for her role as Edith Bunker in the 1970 comedy show All in the Family.

Early life
Stapleton was born on January 19, 1923 in New York City, New York. She studied at Hunter College.

Marriage
Stapleton was married to William H. Putch from 1956 until his death in 1983. They had two children.

Personal life
Stapleton's brother, Jack Stapleton, was a stage actor. Her cousin is actress Betty Jane Watson. Stapleton was active in the Christian Science church.

Jean was not, as commonly believed, related to actress Maureen Stapleton.

Death and reaction
Stapleton died on May 31, 2013 in her home in New York City, New York of natural causes, aged 90.  She was survived by her two children, John, a TV director, and Pamela, a TV producer.

Norman Lear said, "No one gave more profound 'how to be a human being' lessons than Jean Stapleton."  Actress Roseanne Barr said that Stapleton's range was "unbelievable, deep and majestic."  Co-star and BAFTA- and Oscar-nominated director and producer Rob Reiner said, "Working with her was one of the greatest experiences of my life." Sally Struthers said, "Jean lived so in the present. She was a Christian Scientist who didn't say or think a negative thing ... She was just a walking, living angel."

Her interment was at Lincoln Cemetery in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

The marquee lights on Broadway were dimmed for one minute on June 5, 2013 at 8 p.m. EDT  to honor the memory of Stapleton.

At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Rob Reiner honored the career and life of Stapleton.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Archive of American Television Interview with Jean Stapleton (2000)

1923 births
2013 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from natural causes
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Hal Fishman

Harold "Hal" Fishman (August 25, 1931 – August 7, 2007) or also known as The Flying Anchorman; was a local news anchor in the Los Angeles area. He served on-air with Los Angeles-area television stations continuously from 1960 until his death in 2007. He also acted in movies as a news reporter such as in Spider-Man 3.

Fishman was born on August 25, 1931 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Fishman was married to Nolie Fishman until his death in 2007. They had one son, David. Fishman died on August 7, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from liver and colon cancer, aged 75.

References

Other websites
In Loving Memory - Hal Fishman 
 
Hal Fishman, Newsman / UCLA Spotlight

1931 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American journalists
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American television presenters
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Actors from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Norman Lear

Norman Milton Lear (born July 27, 1922) is an American television writer and producer. He produced 1970s sitcoms including All in the Family, Sanford and Son, One Day at a Time, The Jeffersons, Good Times, and Maude.

Lear was born on July 27, 1922 in New Haven, Connecticut to a Jewish family. He studied at Emerson College. Lear was married to Charlotte Rosen until they divorced. Then he was married to Frances Loeb from 1956 until they divorced in 1986. He has been married to Lyn Davis since 1987.

References

Other websites

The Official Norman Lear Website
Biography of Norman Lear at the Museum of Broadcast Communications website 
2005 interview with Norman Lear 
2006 story on Lear and All in the Family that describes Lear's interests and his life in Vermont 
Independence Road Trip 
463rd Bombardment Group Historical Society
NNDB.com Profile
Norman Lear Archive of American Television interview
Born Again American website

1922 births
Living people
American television producers
American television writers
Jewish American writers
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut