cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tropical Storm Beryl

Tropical Storm Beryl was a strong Atlantic tropical storm. It was the second tropical cyclone of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. Beryl formed on May 26 from a low-pressure system. This system was near the East Coast of the United States.  It was described as a subtropical storm. However, it slowly became stronger and was upgraded to a tropical storm on May 27. It upgraded because it moved to warmer water. Beryl is responsible for floods in Cuba. This caused a mudslide that left two people missing. Beryl caused rough surf to beaches in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. In South Carolina, one person was reported missing.

References

Other websites 
Tropical Storm Beryl Advisory Archive

2012 Atlantic hurricane season
May events
2010s in Cuba
2010s in the Bahamas
2012 in Florida
2010s in Georgia (U.S. state)
2010s in South Carolina
Collared antshrike

The collared antshrike (Thamnophilus bernardi) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.
It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

References 

 BirdLife International 2004.  Thamnophilus bernardi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 27 July 2007.
 Brumfield, R. T., and S. V. Edwards. 2007. Evolution into and out of the Andes: a Bayesian analysis of historical diversification in Thamnophilus antshrikes. Evolution 61:346-367.

Other websites 
Image at ADW

Passeriformes
Thamnophilus

Thamnophilus is a genus of antbird in the family Thamnophilidae. The species in this genus are commonly known as antshrikes. The Collared Antshrike (Thamnophilus bernardi) is one of the species.

References 

Passeriformes
Dot-winged antwren

The dot-winged antwren (Microrhopias quixensis), also known as the velvety antwren, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is found in tropical Central and South America from southeastern Mexico south to western Ecuador, northern Bolivia and  central Brazil. The male dot-winged antwren is blackish, while the female has brownish underparts. It is the only member of the genus Microrhopias.

References

 Stiles and Skutch,  A guide to the birds of Costa Rica  

Passeriformes
Flag of Belarus

The  current national flag of Belarus was introduced on June 7, 1995.  This new design replaced a historical flag used by the Belarusian People's Republic of 1918. The current flag is a change of the 1951 flag.

The flag has a red upper stripe and a green lower stripe.  A vertical red and white pattern is against the flagstaff.

Belarus
Belarus
National emblem of Belarus

The national emblem of Belarus replaced the historic Pahonia arms in 1995.  It has a ribbon in the colors of the national flag, a map of Belarus, wheat ears and a red star. It is sometimes called the coat of arms of Belarus, but this is not correct.

Despite the fact that the Belarusians share a distinct ethnic identity and language, they never previously had a political sovereignty prior to 1991, except during a brief period in 1918 when the short-lived Belarusian People's Republic used the horseman as its emblem. The unique Belarusian national symbols were not created as a result of the foreign rule of the Belarusian territories by Prussia, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia until the 20th century.

Gallery

References 

Politics of Belarus
Belarus
Thaila Ayala

Thaila Ayala Sales (born April 14, 1986 in Presidente Prudente) is a Brazilian actress and model.

Career 

She played Marcela, the protagonist of the 14th season of the teen soap . In 2006 she posed nude for the magazine Trip.

In 2007, she was photographed by Terry Richardson for the book, Rio, Wonderful Town, released the same year. Subsequently, the release actress and model, who appears in a photo with the breast showing and biting her lip, claimed to be sorry that she participated in the book.

In 2011, she said that posing nude was "rape".

Personal life 
On 19 November 2011 she married actor Paulo Vilhena.

References

Other websites 

 

1986 births
Living people
Brazilian television actors
List of prime ministers of Belarus

This is a list of heads of government of Belarus from 1918 to the present.

Belarusian National Republic (1918-1920)

Chairmen of the People's Secretariat
Jazep Varonka (21 February - May 1918)
Jan Sierada (June - August 1918)
Raman Skirmunt (August - October 1918)
Anton Luckevich (October - 11 October 1918)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
Anton Luckevich (October 1918 - 13 December 1919)
Vaclau Lastouski (13 December 1919 - 1920)

Belarusian National Republic in Exile (1920-Present)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
(in Vilnius to 1925, then in Prague, presently in Canada)
Vaclau Lastouski (1920 - 23 August 1923)
Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (23 August 1923 - October 1925)
Vasil Zacharka (October 1925 - 6 March 1943)
Mikola Abramchyk (6 March 1943 - 21 June 1948)

Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1991)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Aleksandr Chervyakov (1 August 1920 - 17 March 1924)
Iosif Adamovich (17 March 1924 - 7 May 1927)
Nikolay Goloded (7 May 1927 - 30 May 1937)
Daniil Volkovich (30 May - 8 September 1937)
Afanasy Kovalyov (10 September 1937 - 28 July 1938)
Kuzma Kiselyov (28 July 1938 - 28 June 1940)
Ivan Bylinsky (28 June 1940 - 7 February 1944) (in exile in Russian SFSR from June 1941 until July 1944) 
Panteleimon Ponomarenko (7 February 1944 - 1946)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
Panteleimon Ponomarenko (1946 - 15 March 1948)
Aleksey Kleshchev (15 March 1948 - 25 June 1953)
Kirill Mazurov (25 June 1953 - 28 July 1956)
Nikolay Avkhimovich (28 July 1956 - 9 April 1959)
Tikhon Kiselyov (9 April 1959 - 11 December 1978)
Aleksandr Aksyonov (11 December 1978 - 8 July 1983)
Vladimir Brovikov (8 July 1983 - 10 January 1986)
Mikhail Kovalyov (10 January 1986 - 7 April 1990)
Vyacheslav Kebich (7 April 1990 - 19 September 1991)

Republic of Belarus (1991-present)

Prime ministers

Notes

References
Mikhail Myasnikovich

Mikhail Uladzimiravich Myasnikovich (born 6 May 1950) is a Belarusian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Belarus from 2010 to 2014. He was picked by President Alexander Lukashenko after the 2010 presidential election.

He graduated from the Brest Engineering and Construction Institute in 1972 and the Communist Party School in 1989 in Minsk. He has a PhD in economics. He speaks English. He has a son, daughter and two grandchildren.

References

Other websites 
 BelarusProfile project page. 

1950 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Belarus
Aozora Bunko

is a Japanese digital library. This online collection has several thousands of works of Japanese-language fiction and non-fiction.

Aozora Bunko has digital copies of many out-of-copyright books.
Project Gutenberg is similar to Aozora Bunko.

History
Aozora Bunko was established in 1997.

In 2006, Aozora Bunko became a public policy advocate for freely accessible e-books.

Related pages
 Wikisource

References

Other websites 
 青空文庫 (Aozora Bunko) official website 
 Aozora Bunko official blog 

Organisations based in Japan
Websites
Prunus japonica

Prunus japonica (also Cerasus japonica) is a shrub in the genus Prunus.  It is also called Korean cherry, Flowering almond or Oriental bush cherry.  It is used for ornamental use. Its range goes from Central China through to the Korean peninsula. P. maximowiczii, the Miyama cherry is also often called Korean cherry.

Description
The shrub reaches 1.5 m by 1.5 m. Its flowers are hermaphrodite.  They are pollinated by insects. The plant blossoms in May. Its fruit reaches about 14 mm. It is used in making pies.

Every fruit has one seed. The plant usually grows from seed.

Other uses
The leaves of this plant procure a green dye, while the fruit procures a greenish to grayish dye.

Varieties
There are several varieties:
P. japonica eujaponica
P. japonica gracillima
P. kerii
P. japonica nakaii, originated from Manchuria, which gives bigger plums (up to 50 mm in diameter).

Other websites

References 

Plants of Asia
Prunus
Delta Force

1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D) is a special forces unit of the United States Army. They are a highly secretive, highly elite unit that take part in very dangerous missions including counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action, and more. Delta Force is highly elite in that it is not a unit that just anyone can apply for. Delta Force recruits primarily from the Army Special Forces (aka the Green Berets) and the 75th Ranger Regiment, themselves already elite special operations units.

References 

Special Forces
United States Army
1977 establishments in the United States
Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are three areas under the cerebral cortex. They are part of the cerebrum (forebrain), and connected to the midbrain and the thalamus. They are vital to movement, and damage here results in damaged ability to move. 

The three areas are:
striatum
caudate nucleus
putamen
pallidum (or globus pallidus)
substantia nigra
nucleus accubens
subthalamic nucleus

The range of behaviours controlled by the nuclei is wide. They control eye movements. They do voluntary motor control, learning procedures for routine behaviors or "habits", and cognitive emotional functions. 

The basal ganglia also control motivation. They select actions, that is, the choice of what to do at a given time. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia inhibit (suppress) a number of motor systems. A release of this inhibition lets a motor system act. This "behaviour switching" is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in doing things.

Evolution 
The basal ganglia form one of the basic components of the forebrain, and can be recognized in all species of vertebrates.  Even in the lamprey (one of the most primitive vertebrates) striatal, pallidal, and nigral elements can be identified by their anatomy and histochemistry.

Related pages
 Alexander Cools

References 

Anatomy of the brain
William H. Seward

William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801–October 10, 1872) was an American politician. He was the 12th Governor of New York, and later a United States Senator. He was also the United States Secretary of State for two presidents, Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. He was very much against slavery. He was an important person in the Republican Party when it was starting. Many people thought he would be nominated by the Republican Party to run for President of the United States in 1860, but that did not happen.

On the night that President Abraham Lincoln was killed, someone also tried to kill Seward. For the rest of his life, Seward had scars on his face from the attack. Later, the man who attacked him was caught and put to death.

When Seward was Secretary of State, he arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from Russia. People made fun of him for doing that. They called it "Seward's Folly". When asked what he thought was the most important thing he did as Secretary of State, Seward said "The purchase of Alaska—but it will take the people a generation to find it out".

References

Other websites

1801 births
1872 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
American abolitionists
Governors of New York
Lawyers from New York
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from New York
US Republican Party politicians
Crime victims
Politicians from New York
Whig party (US) politicians
Rosalind Franklin

Rosalind Franklin (Notting Hill, London, 25 July 1920 – London, 16 April 1958) was a British biophysicist. She was known for helping to discover the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin was about 15 years old when she knew that she wanted to become a scientist. She attended St. Paul's Girls' School and then continued school at Newham College in Cambridge. At Newham College she got a Ph.D in physical chemistry. She worked on coal, studies of RNA, and viruses. She was one of the first people to do X-ray crystallography on DNA. She also spent several years working in Paris studying crystals. [3] She discovered the size, shape, and arrangement of molecules. She dedicated her life to discovering more about molecules. 

In 1951, she moved to London. She joined a group of scientific researchers at King's College. Her assignment was to take pictures of DNA. She looked at the structure and function of DNA in the pictures. This job was very difficult because technology was simple at that time. During this job, Franklin worked with a man named Raymond Gosling. He was also trying to photograph the DNA. Franklin also had to work with Maurice Wilkins. The scientists had many arguments, but Franklin kept working. Instead of working with Wilkins, Franklin liked to work with Gosling. She created X-ray pictures that showed that DNA is shaped like a double helix.

In 1951, Franklin presented her idea about the shape of DNA at a conference. A biologist named James D. Watson went to her conference. Watson and Francis Crick were biologists. They were also studying the shape of DNA. They were building 3D examples of the helix shape.  

Watson and Crick used Franklin's work in their work to discover the structure of DNA. Their final model was presented in 1953. They did not say that Franklin's thoughts helped them complete their work. She also discovered the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus  a couple of years before she died.

Franklin died from ovarian cancer in 1958. Nobel Prizes are not awarded after a person's death, so she was not considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It was awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins.

References

1920 births
1958 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from ovarian cancer
English biologists
British biologists
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Notting Hill
Scientists from London
Echo and Narcissus

Echo and Narcissus is a story from Ovid's book of poetry, Metamorphoses, about a young man named Narcissus and Echo, the mountain nymph, or Oread, who fell in love with him.

Zeus had given Echo the task of entertaining his wife Hera with stories, in order that he might have time to slip away and philander around with nymphs. Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature. Always suspicious of Zeus, she mistook Echo to be the object of his uncouth affections. She cast a spell on the unfortunate nymph - from this day forward Echo would only be able to repeat the last words addressed to her and never speak her own again. 

Narcissus, a hunter from Boeotia, got separated from his hunting companions one day in the woods. Echo, being a nymph and also feeling pitiful because of her curse, had been wandering those same woods. The moment she saw Narcissus walking through the forest, she fell in love with him and his breathtaking beauty. But because of Hera's curse, she was unable to tell him, so she followed the boy and waited for him to speak. Eventually, Narcissus began to call for his companions. Echo eagerly stepped out of the trees and repeated the words. A confusing and repetitive exchange ensued, ending with Narcissus shouting to his companions that they should come together. Mistaking this for an invitation, Echo repeated his words and leapt towards Narcissus. However, at that moment, Narcissus decided he'd rather die before letting a wood nymph have him, and pushed her away.  Echo, heartbroken, ran away and hid in a cave, not eating or sleeping, just pining for Narcissus.   

After some time, Echo began to grow thin from starvation until her body withered away entirely into dust, leaving nothing but her voice. To this day Echo's voice still calls back from caves and labyrinths, repeating the last spoken words forever.

Nemesis, the goddess of revenge, punished Narcissus for not accepting the unrequited love of Echo. Nemesis caused him to fall in love with his own reflection he saw in a pool near the cave where Echo had died. Narcissus refused to leave the reflection of himself and, like Echo, starvation was going to claim him. But not before he cried out to his reflection: "Farewell, dear boy. Beloved in vain.". Echo's voice repeated "farewell" from the cave and Narcissus died by the bank of the pool. 

And thus ends the story of Echo and Narcissus.

Greek mythology

de:Echo (Mythologie)#Echo und Narziss
Laplace's equation

Laplace's equation is a partial differential equation, of the second order. It is named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, an 18th century mathematician who first described it. One of the uses of the equation is to predict the conduction of heat, another to model the conduction of electricity.

Equations of physics
Partial differential equations
Gene Tierney

Gene Eliza Tierney (November 19, 1920 – November 6, 1991) was an American actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She starred several movies including Heaven Can Wait, Laura, Leave Her to Heaven, The Razor's Edge, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Whirlpool, The Mating Season and The Left Hand of God.

Early life 

Tierney was born on 19 November 1920. She was born into a wealthy Brooklyn family. On a family vacation she toured the Warner Brothers studio and was spotted by director Anatole Litvak. After a screen test she was offered a contract. But her father disapproved of her becoming a Hollywood actress. He finally approved of her acting on the Broadway stage if she would first make her society debut. She played several bit parts before again being noticed by Hollywood. She had a brief contract with Columbia Pictures but returned to Broadway. Her first break was in the play The Male Animal as a college cheerleader. This time 20th Century Fox wanted to sign her to a contract. They allowed her creative control over her parts and she could return to act on Broadway every year.

Hollywood  

She played a newspaperwoman in love with an outlaw (played by Henry Fonda) in the Western The Return of Frank James. She was then cast in a variety of roles before getting top billing on her own. Her first lead role came in the movie Heaven can Wait also starring Don Ameche. She then starred in the Film noir Laura. This was followed by a second film noir, Leave her to Heaven. Starring with Tyrone Power, she played the female lead in The Razor's Edge. Probably her best known film was The Ghost and Mrs. Muir with Rex Harrison. When it was released in 1947 it did fairly well.  But it did not become a classic until later. She went on to star in several films. But she had a number of personal problems later in her career. This included a love affair gone wrong. As her second husband, she married W. Howard Lee, a rich Houston oilman. She remained happily married to him for 20 years until his death in 1981.

Retirement in Houston 

After her marriage to Howard she did only two more films before retiring. Tierney's autobiography was published in 1979. As an actor she had been a heavy smoker, probably to lower her voice. On 6 November 1991 Tierney died of emphysema in Houston, Texas. She is buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, next to her husband, W. Howard Lee.

References

Other websites 

Actors from New York City
American autobiographers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from emphysema
People with bipolar disorder
1920 births
1991 deaths
Saint Vitus (band)

Saint Vitus is an American doom metal band. Many consider Saint Vitus to be an influential doom metal band which helped start the genre in the late 1970s and early 1980s, along with their contemporaries Pentagram, Witchfinder General, Trouble and Candlemass.

History
Saint Vitus formed in Los Angeles, California in 1978. Their original lineup was Scott Reagers (vocals), Dave Chandler (guitarist), Mark Adams (drums) and Armando Acosta (drums). Saint Vitus was known as Tyrant until 1980, when they changed their name to their current name Saint Vitus, which was inspired by the song "St. Vitus' Dance" by Black Sabbath, a band they have cited as one of their major influences.

Around 1983, Greg Ginn of Black Flag signed Saint Vitus to his label SST Records and the band managed to record their first album, which is self-titled. It came out in 1984, and later that year, the embarked on their first-ever tour with Black Flag, another band that Saint Vitus is influenced by and would latercover their song "Thirsty and Miserable" for their 1987 EP with the same title. Their second album Hallow's Victim and the The Walking Dead EP were both released in 1985.

Saint Vitus experienced their first lineup change when Scott "Wino" Weinrich replaced Reagers on vocals in 1986. They would achieve moderate success with the next three albums, including Born Too Late, which has been cited as their best-selling release, but they were never able to become a popular band. Weinrich eventually left the band in 1991 to focus on the reunion of The Obsessed, which was his band before he joined Saint Vitus. He was replaced by Chritus Linderson, who sang on C.O.D. (1992), the sixth Saint Vitus studio album, before he left the band.

In 1994, Saint Vitus reunited with their original singer Scott Reagers. With him, the band recorded their seventh studio album Die Healing (1995) and then broke up in 1996. The band reunited twice, in 2003 and 2008, with the Born Too Late lineup. After 31 years in the band, Acosta left Saint Vitus in 2009 and was replaced by Henry Vasquez. This new incarnation recently completed a new album, entitled Lillie: F-65, which was released on April 27, 2012.

Discography
Saint Vitus' full-length studio albums include:

Saint Vitus (1984)
Hallow's Victim (1985)
Born Too Late (1986)
Mournful Cries (1988)
V (1990)
C.O.D. (1992)
Die Healing (1995)
Lillie: F-65 (2012)

Their other recordings include The Walking Dead and Thirsty and Miserable EPs (released in 1985 and 1987 respectively), the live album Live (1990) and the compilation album Heavier Than Thou (1991).

American heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Chris Gayle

Christopher Henry Gayle (born 21 September 1979) is a Jamaican cricketer. He played for the Worcestershire Country Cricket Club, the Western Warriors, and the Kolkata Knight Riders. He now plays for the Royal Challenger Bangalore in the Indian Premier League.  In the Big Bash League, Gayle represents the Sydney Thunder. In the Bangladesh Premier League, he represents the Barisal Burne. He plays for Kings XI Punjab in Indian Premier League.

References

Jamaican sportspeople
1979 births
Living people
West Indies cricketers
Fates Warning

Fates Warning is an American progressive metal band. They formed in 1982 and are from Hartford, Connecticut. Many people say they are pioneers. Fates Warning gained fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche and Dream Theater, who are both credited for creating, developing and making that genre popular.

Fates Warning is not only known for their music, but they are known to have made many changes to their lineup (members). Their original lineup consisted of vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase remained as the only original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Fates Warning now consists of Matheos on guitar, Ray Alder on vocals and Joey Vera on bass. Bobby Jarzombek has been their drummer since 2007, but only plays live with them.

Fates Warning has released a total of ten studio albums. Other than the studio albums, they have released two live albums, one compilation album, one VHS, three DVDs (each of them features live concerts) and four demo tapes. Their two first albums were not very successful. Their next album, Awaken the Guardian, became a mainstream success and peaked at number #191 on the Billboard 200. It became the first album released on their label Metal Blade to enter that chart. Despite the departure of original singer John Arch, Fates Warning's popularity continued to grow with their next three albums, No Exit (1988), Perfect Symmetry (1989) and Parallels (1991); the first two peaked at #111 and #141 on the Billboard 200 respectively. Fates Warning has not released an album since 2004's FWX. They have been working on a new one, which they plan to release in 2012.

Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
Night on Bröcken (1984)
The Spectre Within (1985)
Awaken the Guardian (1986)
No Exit (1988)
Perfect Symmetry (1989)
Parallels (1991)
Inside Out (1994)
A Pleasant Shade of Gray (1997)
Disconnected (2000)
FWX (2004)
Darkness in a Different Light (2013)
Theories of Flight (2016)
Long Day Good Night (2020)

References

American heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Progressive metal bands
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Hartford, Connecticut
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Connecticut
Province of Concepción, Chile

The Province of Concepción () is one of the 4 provinces in the Biobío Region, with capital based in Concepción, part of the Greater Concepción conurbation.

Administration

Communes 

Concepción
Coronel
Chiguayante
Florida
Hualpén
Hualqui
Lota
Penco
San Pedro de la Paz
Santa Juana
Talcahuano
Tomé

References

Concepcion
Psychological warfare

The term psychological warfare is used to describe methods that military use in war-time. We may understand it as an attempt to influence the behavior/beliefs of enemy armed forces and/or foreign civilian populations. Psychological warfare has many similarities with propaganda messages.

Term 

The term "pychological warfare" has always been considered problematic and offensive. The use of military power is increasingly not any more on the level of an local armored conflict, but on the global basis using mass media. The NATO uses the term "psychological operation" (PSYOP).

People are trying not to use the term "psychological warfare". They would rather use terms like "stabilisation" or "satisfaction".

History 
Psychological warfare has mostly been introduced in the second world war. Both Axis Powers and Allied used it.

 The United States and United Kingdom used the famous German expatriate to appeal to the German population through broadcast.

Related pages
 Propaganda
 Psychology
 War
 Military

References 
 Paul Linebarger: Psychological Warfare. Ayer, 1972. 
 Günther Wirth: Krieg vor dem Kriege. Streiflichter auf Inhalt und Methoden der psychologischen Kriegführung des Imperialismus, Berlin, Union Verlag 1978 (German)

War
Psychology
Black Butler

Black Butler is a manga series by Yana Toboso. The manga started in 2006.

Plot
In Victorian era London, the butler Sebastian Michaelis takes care of his 12 year old master, Ciel Phantomhive. Ciel is the earl of the aristocratic Phantomhive family, which is well-known in England for be the Queen's Guarddogs. Ciel's parents were killed in arson when he was 10 years old. He made a deal with a demon (which is in fact his butler Sebastian) to help him get revenge on his enemies. The demon butler can have his soul in return.

Media
A radio drama was released on CDs on August 10, 2007 and November 26, 2008. The anime was first shown in October 2008. The English version is produced by Funimation. Two musicals are based on the manga called That Butler, Friendship and  Musical Black Butler, The Most Beautiful Death in The World, A Thousand Souls and The Fallen Grim Reaper. A video game called Black Butler: Phantom & Ghost was released in 2009.

Reception
The manga has printed over 10 million copies in Japan. A music distributor in Japan took a poll of anime characters that people would like to marry. The demon butler Sebastian was included in the final results.

References

Manga
2006 establishments
Tympanic membrane

The tympanic membrane, also called an eardrum, is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans and other animals. It moves sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.

References 

Head (body part)
Viperinae

The Viperinae, or Viperines, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are 12 genera and 66 species in this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even lives within the Arctic Circle.

Description 
Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28 cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species live on land, but a few, such as Atheris, live in trees.

Where they live
The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar.

Reproduction
Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.

Genera
Uzungwe viper (Adenorhinos)
Bush viper (Atheris)
Puff adder (Bitis)
Horned viper (Cerastes)
Russell's viper (Daboia)
Saw-scaled viper (Echis)
McMahon's viper (Eristicophis)
Large Palearctic viper (Macrovipera)
Kenya mountain viper (Montatheris)
Lowland viper (Proatheris)
False horned viper (Pseudocerastes)
Palearctic viper (Vipera)

References

Other websites

Vipers
Enbun

, also known as Embun, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Bunna and before Kōan. This period started in March 1356 and ended in March 1361;  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Enbun era 
 1356 (Enbun 1, 7th month): Minamoto no Michisuke was given the position of naidaijin in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1356 (Enbun 1, 7th month): Ashikaga Yoshinori is raised to the 2nd rank of the 3rd class in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1357 (Enbun 2, 2nd month): Emperor Go-Murakami released captive Kōgon, Kōmyō and Sukō; and they returned to Kyoto.
 1358 (Enbun 3): Death of Ashikaga Takauji; Ashikaga Yoshiakira was appointed as the new shogun.

Southern Court nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1356 establishments
1350s establishments in Japan
1361 disestablishments
1360s disestablishments in Japan
Coldplay discography

The discography of British rock band Coldplay has five studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, ten extended plays, twenty-nine singles, two promotional singles and thirty-two music videos. As of 2009, Coldplay has sold over 55 million records.  They are one of the best-selling music artists worldwide.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Music videos

Other appearances

References

Discography
Discographies
2010 Stanley Cup Finals

The 2010 Stanley Cup Final was the best-of-seven NHL championship series of the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs.  It was between the Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks and the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia Flyers. It was Chicago's eleventh time in the Final.  The last time was in 1992 with a loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins. It was Philadelphia's eighth time in the Final.  The last time was in 1997 with a loss to the Detroit Red Wings. Chicago beat Philadelphia four games to two to win their fourth Stanley Cup.

Blackhawks captain Jonathan Toews won the Most Valuable Player.  He was the first Blackhawks player to win this honor.

References

Ice hockey competitions
Stanley Cup Finals
2010 in ice hockey
Chicago Blackhawks
Philadelphia Flyers
2010 in Illinois
2010s in Chicago
2010s in Pennsylvania
Barred Antshrike

The barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is found in the Neotropics from Tamaulipas, Mexico, through Central America, Trinidad and Tobago, and a large part of South America east of the Andes as far south as northern Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. There is one record from southern Texas as well. The barred antshrike has many different songs and calls for contacting, such as crow-like cawing "arrrr" or a slow "hoo-hoo".

References

Other websites 
 images
 Barred Antshrike videos, photos & videos  on the Internet

Passeriformes
Great Britain Olympic football team

The Great Britain Olympic football team (also known as Team GB) represents the United Kingdom in international football competitions at the Olympic Games. The selection is currently limited to players under the age of 23.

In 1974 the difference between amateur and professional players was found therefore the Team GB Football team was disbanded.

The Olympic football team has been reformed, again run by the FA, for the 2012 Olympic Games, which are to be hosted in London. The team's coach is Stuart Pearce who will be allowed to select players from across the UK.The SFA are worried that if Team GB field a team in the Olympics Great Britain will field a team in other international competitions.
GB have won the Olympic Football competition s times in 1900 1908 and 1912

Sport in the United Kingdom
European national football teams
Olympic rings

The Olympic rings are the official symbol of the Olympic Games. The design was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1913. The rings on the right represent the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from around the world at the Olympic Games. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games Belgium in 1920.The 5 colours of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green.

Other websites

Olympic Games
Symbols
Litoria

Litoria is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs. They are native to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccan Islands, and Timor.

Species 

The following species are or were once recognised within the genus Litoria (many others have been moved to Nyctimystes and Ranoidea):

References 

Cogger, H.G. 1979. Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. A. H. & A. W. REED PTY LTD 
Tyler, Michael J. 1992. Encyclopedia of Australian Animals: Frogs. Angus & Robertson.

Other websites 
Frogs of Australia. Litoria genus . Amphibian Research Centre.
 Frogs Australia Network search: Litoria 
Frost, Darrel R. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.3 Indexed database. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA

Frogs
Magnificent tree frog

The magnificent tree frog or splendid tree frog (Litoria splendida) is a species of tree frogs. They are native to Australia in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. They were first found in 1977. They are related to the White's tree frog.

References

 Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things you can do to ensure your frog has a long, happy and healthy life: Magnificent tree frog 
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: species Lists

Other websites

Animals of Australia
Frogs
White-lipped tree frog

For another species commonly known as the giant tree frog, see rusty tree frog or barking tree frog.
The white-lipped tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata) or the giant tree frog is a species of tree frogs. They are the largest tree frog in the world. They are native to Northern Queensland, New Guinea, the Bismarck Islands and the Admiralty Islands. They are related to the White's Tree Frog. The Giant Tree Frogs eats insects and other arthropods. They can live up to 10 years in the wild. In Australia, they can be kept as pets. Australians must have a license to have them.

References

  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

 Cronin, L., (2001). Australian Reptiles and Amphibians, Envirobook, 
 Cogger, H.G. (2000). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. Reed Books: Sydney.

Other websites

Department of Environment and Resource Managmenent: White-lipped tree frog -Conservation status and audio of frog call
Frog Australia Network -frog call available here.

Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things You Can Do to Ensure Your Frog Has a Long, Happy and Healthy Life: White Lipped Tree Frog
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: Species Lists 

Frogs
Medium (TV series)

Medium is an American television crime drama series. It was created by Glenn Gordon Caron and ran from January 3, 2005 until January 21, 2011. It stars Patricia Arquette as Allison DuBois, a medium for the Phoenix, Arizona district attorney's office. She is a married mother of three daughters and uses her psychic abilities to help the police to solve crimes.

Other websites 

2005 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American drama television series
2000s crime television series
2000s mystery television series
2010s American crime television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s mystery television series
American crime drama television series
American mystery television series
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
English-language television programs
Jamestown, North Dakota

Jamestown is the ninth biggest city in North Dakota. It is the eighth largest city by area in North Dakota. It had a population of 15,427 at the 2010 census.

Cities in North Dakota
County seats in North Dakota
21 (album)

21 is the second studio album by English singer Adele. It was released on January 19, 2011. It sold 208,000 copies in the first week it was released. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. In the fourth week that 21 had been number one Adele sang "Someone Like You" at the 2011 BRIT Awards. Amazon.co.uk reported that the album increased in sales by 890% an hour after Adele's performance.

It has sold over 20,000,000 copies worldwide as of May 2012.  The singles "Rolling in the Deep", "Someone Like You", and "Set Fire to the Rain" have all reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. 21 has won many Grammy Awards including Album of the Year.

21 has sold over 11.648 million copies in the United States alone and is the best-performing album in Billboard history.

Track listing 

Tracks taken from US iTunes Store.

Credits and personnel
Vocals - Adele

References

2011 albums
Adele albums
Pop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
The Buggles

The Buggles were an English musical duo. It had Trevor Horn on vocals, bass guitar and guitar and Geoff Downes on keyboards. They have been most known for their 1979 debut single Video Killed the Radio Star that was #1 on the singles charts of sixteen countries. The music video was the first to be shown on MTV in the United States of America at 12:01 on 1 August 1981.

Following the poor success of their second album, Adventures in Modern Recording, the group broke up in 1981.

Biography
Horn and Downes first met in the mid 1970s, at auditions for Tina Charles' backing band, and worked with her producer, Biddu, whose backing tracks had inspired their early work. Trevor Horn said that the group was originally planned to be named "The Bugs": "The Bugs were studio insects—imaginary creatures who lived in recording studios creating havoc. Then somebody said as a joke that The Bugs would never be as big as The Beatles. So we changed it to The Buggles."

The Buggles' first hit, "Video Killed the Radio Star", was released in September 1979 and was the 444th number one in the UK charts, spending one week at the top, as well as reaching number one on the singles charts of fifteen other countries Hans Zimmer worked for "Video Killed the Radio Star, and makes a brief appearance in the video.

Downes and Horn worked on their second album, Adventures in Modern Recording. As originally intended, I Am a Camera was brought to completion as a Buggles song under its original title. However, Downes left the group during the recording of the album to form the band Asia with former Yes bandmate Steve Howe. Horn completed the album with a lot of new songwriting partners and musicians. Adventures in Modern Recording was released in late 1981, but five singles released from the album (I Am a Camera, Adventures in Modern Recording, On TV, Lenny and Beatnik) were not as successful as "Video Killed the Radio Star", resulting in the end of The Buggles.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Music videos
"Video Killed the Radio Star"
"Living in the Plastic Age"
"Clean Clean"
"Elstree"
"I Am a Camera"
"Adventures in Modern Recording"
"On TV"

References

Other websites
Buggles discography on The Art Of Noise Online

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1981 disestablishments
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from London
Crossover thrash

Crossover thrash, also known as punk metal or simply crossover, is a form of thrash metal. It is a mixture of punk and metal.

Bands
Bands associated with the crossover genre include:

Acid Reign
Agnostic Front
Anti Feminism
Attitude Adjustment
Aversion
Bad Acid Trip
Beowülf
Birth A.D.
Biohazard
Blast!
Blunt Force Trauma
Body Count
Bones Brigade
The Brood
Carnivore
Cerebral Fix
Charged GBH
Circle Jerks
Clown Alley
Concrete Sox
The Cooters
Corrosion of Conformity
Cro-Mags
Cross Examination
The Crucified
Crumbsuckers
Cryptic Slaughter
Cynic
Degenerates
Dead Horse
Dead Serious
Discharge
Dr. Know
Dr. Living Dead
Dresden 45
Electro Hippies
English Dogs
Excel
Eyesburn
The Exploited
Final Conflict
Gadnium
Gang Green
Gama Bomb
Generation Kill
Ghoul
Green Jellÿ
Gwar
Hogan's Heroes
Hellbastard
Hirax
Holier Than Thou
Impulse Manslaughter
Lawnmower Deth
Leeway
Lifeless
Lobotomia
Lost Generation
Ludichrist
M.O.D.
Matanza
Madball
The Mentors
Mindsnare
Mucky Pup
Mortal Sin
Municipal Waste
Neurosis
Nuclear Assault
No Mercy
No Warning
Oi Polloi
Poison Idea
Post Mortem
Probot
Prong
Ratos de Porão
Rigor Mortis
Ritam Nereda
S.O.B.
Sacrilege
Send More Paramedics
Septic Death
Shell Shock
Sick Mother Fakers
Sick of It All
Snake Nation
The Prophecy 23
The Stupids
Suicidal Tendencies
Swashbuckle
Sworn Enemy
This Is Hell
Toxic Holocaust
Verbal Abuse
Vitamin X
Void
Wasted Youth
Wehrmacht
What Happens Next?
U.T.I.
X-Cops

References

Heavy metal subgenres
Punk rock
Hardcore punk
Excel (band)

Excel is a crossover thrash band from Venice, California. The band was formed in 1983 by singer Dan Clements and guitarist Adam Siegel. Excel was influenced by street art and known for painting graffiti on the streets of the cities where they played their shows.

Excel was also known for jumping on stage with other bands from Venice such as No Mercy, Beowülf, Suicidal Tendencies (with whom Excel are very close friends) and Cryptic Slaughter, and sometimes with other thrash metal bands like Testament and Overkill.

Excel has released three studio albums, three split albums, five demos, three singles and two live albums. They broke up in 1995. Their first two albums, Split Image and The Joke's on You, were reissued in 2001 with bonus tracks, and in August 2009, they released a special collection of eight DVDs of their tours in Europe and Los Angeles and published them on their MySpace page. Excel announced a reunion in January 2012.

Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
Split Image (1987)
The Joke's on You (1989)
Seeking Refuge (1995)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Suicidal Tendencies

Suicidal Tendencies is a hardcore punk band, which started in 1981 in Venice, California. Since their start, they had a lot of members come and go. Their lead singer Mike Muir is their only permanent member. They are credited by many as one of "the fathers of crossover thrash". Today, Suicidal Tendencies have released nine studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos. They have not released an album of original material since 2000's Free Your Soul and Save My Mind. But they released a small number of new songs that had not been released before on the split/compilation albums Friends & Family, Vol. 2 (2001), Year of the Cycos (2008), No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family (2010) and The Mad Mad Muir Musical Tour (2011).

Suicidal Tendencies became well known when they released their self-titled debut album in 1983. It spawned the single "Institutionalized", which was one of the first hardcore punk videos to get substantial airplay on MTV. Suicidal Tendencies had not released their second album until 1987, with Join the Army. It was the album that got the attention of Epic Records, who signed Suicidal Tendencies in 1988, the same year they released their third album How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today. People began to recognize Suicidal Tendencies more when they released the albums Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu and Lights...Camera...Revolution!, which were both certified Gold by the RIAA. The band made two more albums, The Art of Rebellion and Suicidal for Life, and then broke up in 1995 while serving ties with from Sony and Epic. However, Suicidal Tendencies reformed in 1997 and have continued recording and performing ever since. After over a decade of work and many lineup changes, the band is planning to release first album with all-new material in 12 years in 2012.

Discography
They made nine studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos.

Studio albums
 Suicidal Tendencies (1983)
 Join the Army (1987)
 How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today (1988)
 Lights...Camera...Revolution! (1990)
 The Art of Rebellion (1992)
 Suicidal for Life (1994)
 Freedumb (1999)
 Free Your Soul and Save My Mind (2000)
 13 (2013)
 TBA (2015)

EPs
 Six the Hard Way (1998)

Split albums
 Welcome to Venice (1985)
 Friends & Family, Vol. 1 (1997)
 Friends & Family, Vol. 2 (2001)
 Year of the Cycos (2008)

Compilation albums
 Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu (1989)
 Still Cyco After All These Years (1993)
 Prime Cuts (1997)
 Playlist: The Very Best of Suicidal Tendencies (2010)
 No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family (2010)

Videos and DVDs
 Lights...Camera...Suicidal (1990)
 Live at the Olympic Auditorium (2010)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Ash-throated antwren

The ash-throated antwren (Herpsilochmus parkeri) is a bird in the antbird family. The first species was found in northern Peru in 1983.

Antbirds do anting. The bird rubs ants (or other arthropods) on the feathers before discarded or eating them. While this has conventionally been considered a way to remove and control feather parasites

References 

Passeriformes
Jōji

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōan and before Ōan. This period started in September 1362 and ended in February 1368.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in  Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Jōji era 
 1365 (Jōji 4): Prince Kaneyoshi gained control of Kyūshū.
 1367 (Jōji 6): Ashikaga Motouji died; and Yoshiakira gave his position to his son.
 1368 (Jōji 7): Ashikaga Yoshimitsu became the third shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.

Southern Court  nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1362 establishments
1360s establishments in Japan
1368 disestablishments
1360s disestablishments in Japan
Yapacana Antbird

The Yapacana antbird (Myrmeciza disjuncta) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The species was named by Friedmann, in 1945.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References

 BirdLife International 2004.  Myrmeciza disjuncta.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.

Passeriformes