cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Serie A

Serie A is the highest football league in Italy.

Format 
From 1929 to 2004, Serie A has got 16 or 18 teams. The Only Exception was in the years from 1946 to 1952, where in the Serie A there were 20-21 teams.

All the 20 teams play two times against all the other teams from August to May.

The top four teams in the Serie A qualify for the UEFA Champions League (from the 2017–18 season). 

The 5th and the winner of Coppa Italia qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament.

The 6th or the 7th ranked club, depending if the winner of Coppa Italia is qualified yet, joins the preliminary round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.

The three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B.

Serie A Clubs

2021-2022

Seasons of Serie A

Champions

Related pages
 Serie B
 Lega Pro Prima Divisione

Football leagues
Football in Italy
1898 establishments in Italy
Oath

An oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð) is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath".  Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath".  

A person can say "I promise that I will do this..." or "I swear that I will do this..." 

When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.

Oaths are used in many situations when a person needs to be true to what they say: 
A person often swears an oath when they get married that they will love, care for and be true to their partner.
A person is often asked to take an "oath" that they will tell the truth in court.
A person who has an important position like mayor or governor swears an oath that they will serve their people and country.
When a person becomes a citizen of a country where they were not born, they take an "oath of allegiance" and promise that they will be a good and true citizen of their new country.

Other meanings
The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible.

Related pages
 Confirmation 
 Society
 Institution
 Contract
 Law
 Government

Other websites 
 

 Courtroom oaths  from the North Dakota Supreme Court adding social workers to oath for their state it’s there responsibility website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau  has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services  covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006) but the 2nd Edition is available.
North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath 
for comments about John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office.

Society
Return to Oz

Return to Oz is a 1985 Disney movie. It is considered to be a sequel of The Wizard of Oz.

Sources

Other websites
 

Disney movies
1980s fantasy movies
Cult movies
1985 movies
English-language movies
Apocalyptic movies
Mordred

Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend. In some of the legends, he betrayed King Arthur and killed him. He is said to be Arthur's son by his half-sister Morgan le Fay (also called Morgana or Morgaine). Mordred was born at Caerlon. Mordred was also said to have been killed by Arthur after he stole Excalibur from him. He was killed while Arthur was fatally wounded. His name comes from old Welsh. He was not a knight of the round table. In some legends he is a chimera made by Morgana with Arthur's blood and a range of magics, Mordred in multiple legends was known to be the thief of king Arthur's second sword Clarent, which was known as Arthur's Sword of Peace. This being the reason why it is not as well known as Excalibur, which was Arthur's Sword of War that was used to protect of Camelot. Clarent was a sword that would be present whenever Arthur would make a covenant of peace. The exception to the usually peaceful status of Clarent being the legend in which Morderd stole it and later used it to mortally wound Arthur just before being cut down in turn by Arthur.

Arthurian legend
List of Miss America winners

Miss America is an American beauty contest. It is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 24. Contestants are judged on talent and interviews in addition to their physical attractiveness. It is run by the Miss America Organization, a non-profit organization based in Linwood, New Jersey. The corporation has developed the "Miss America Scholarship Program", which awards educational scholarships to successful competitors.

The contest began in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1921. It was an idea of newspaper reporter, Harry Finley, to increase newspaper sales and to promote Atlantic City. The first competition had eight entrants. The entrants were selected by their local city newspapers and their prize was a holiday in Atlantic City, and to take part in the "Intercity Beauty Contest". This was held as part of the second annual Atlantic City Pageant. Margaret Gorman, "Miss Washington D.C.", a school girl from Washington D.C was selected by the Washington Herald. She won the "Inter-City Beauty, Amateur" and "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America" contests. She was given the Golden Mermaid Trophy. Because these were awkward titles, in 1922 Gorman was renamed as "Miss America".

Winners

References

Other websites 

 Official site

Lists of American people
Firewall (networking)

In terms of computer security, a firewall is a piece of  software. This software monitors the network traffic between the inside and outside. The firewall is placed between the network that is to be protected (trusted) and the outside network (less trusted) aka WAN or Internet. A firewall has a set of rules which are applied to each packet. The rules decide if a packet can pass, or whether it is discarded.When a large network needs to be protected, the firewall software often runs on a computer that does nothing else. 

A firewall protects one part of the network against unauthorized access.

Different kinds of Firewalls

Packet filtering / Network Layer 
Data travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets. Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to. The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata. Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected. All firewalls can do this. It is done at the network layer.

Stateful packet inspection
In addition to the simple packet filtering (above) this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections. A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection. If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped.

Application-layer firewalls
Application-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported. They know how certain protocols work, for example  FTP or HTTP. They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol). If it is not, it can be dropped.

Other things firewalls are used for

Tunneling
Firewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks. This is called tunnellng. The data may be encrypted. It is decrypted at the other end. Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it. An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network).

Network Address Translation (NAT)
Very often, firewalls can translate IP addresses. That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses. The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses.

Types of firewalls
In general, there are two types of firewalls:
Software-based firewalls: these are often run as additional programs on computers that are used for other things. They are often known as personal firewalls which can be updates on personal computers.

Prominent Brands include OPNsense, pfsense, comodo etc.

Hardware-based firewalls: Hardware based firewalls run on a dedicated computer (or appliance). Often, these offer a better performance than software firewalls, but they are also more expensive.

Prominent Brands include PaloAlto, WiJungle, Checkpoint, Cisco etc.

What firewalls cannot protect against
Firewalls can protect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet. They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive).

Software
Internet security
The Cask of Amontillado

"The Cask of Amontillado" (sometimes spelled "The Casque of Amontillado") is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in Godey's Lady's Book in November 1846.

Story 
The narrator [Montressor] talks to a priest about his sin. Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato for an insult.

During a masquerade (ball where people wear masks) in the city. Fortunato is dressed in a jester's costume. Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a wine called amontillado. He wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real. Montresor leads Fortunato into his underground  catacombs/wine cellar to test the wine. When there, Montressor chains Fortunato  and then walls him up alive in a niche. 

Fortunato cries out "For the love of God, Montresor!" to which Montresor replies, "Yes, for the love of God!" He twice calls out for a reply but hears nothing. Before placing the last stone, he drops a burning torch through the gap, but hears only the jester's bells ringing. 

The crime took place 50 years before... Montressor express no regrets except for remarking about Fortunato: In pace requiescat! ("May he rest in peace!").

Other websites 

 "The Cask of Amontillado" - Full text of the first printing, from Godey's Lady's Book, 1846
 The Cask of Amontillado, found online at Ye Olde Library
The Cask of Amontillado  at American Literature 
 Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words.
 Free-to-download MP3 dramatisation of the story  (Yuri Rasovsky)

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Osei Bonsu

Osei Bonsu (died January 21, 1824) was the Asantehene (King of the Ashanti). He ruled from 1804 to 1824. He died in Kumasi, and was succeeded by Osei Yaw Akoto.

Ghanaian people
Year of birth unknown
1824 deaths
Uther Pendragon

Uther Pendragon is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend. His name, Pendragon, means the "Chief-Dragon", which means he is the "foremost leader" or "chief of warriors". He is mentioned briefly in Old Welsh poems, but his biography was first written down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). Geoffrey's description of him has been used in most later stories. 

According to the stories, Arthur is the son of Uther Prendragon and the Lady Igraine.

References

Arthurian legend
Chocolate milk

Chocolate milk, also known as cocoa milk, hot cocoa drink, or just syruped chocolate milkshake, is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink. Chocolate milk may be made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar.

Similar beverages
A mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate. A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milkshake.

Other websites 
 How To Make Chocolate Milk 

Milk
Chocolate syrup

Chocolate syrup is a thick, sweet, chocolate-flavored liquid. It is made from sugar and cocoa (or chocolate). Chocolate syrup is used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks such as hot chocolate, chocolate milk, chocolate milk shakes, and poured on desserts.

Used in drinks
Chocolate syrup is used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups  to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes.

Used for desserts
Chocolate syrup is also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream.

Sweeteners
Syrup
Wetsuit

A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water. Wetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.

Partial wetsuits
When people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings.

Wet suits are garments that oceangoers wear!
It's very vital when going to the ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector.

Full wetsuits
Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.
 Dry suit - a type of protective clothing for scuba divers that keeps the diver dry. Dry suits do not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that dry suits can be worn for scuba diving in very cold ocean water, such as the Arctic Ocean.

Swimwear
Touch rugby

Touch rugby, also named Touch or Touch Football, is a sport which is derived from rugby league. It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries. It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages.

History 
Touch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s, pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players. The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s and the first Touch league began in Ireland in 2005.

Rules

Size of The Field 
It is played on fields or pitches of 70 meters long by 50 meters, wide with sidelines, a half-way line and In goal areas.

Numbers 
According to official rules, each team can have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time. Therefore, total 12 players get to play on a field. It is possible to interchange players as many as they want.

Start of The Game 
By tossing a coin, starting team is decided and an attacking team gets to have six chances to make a score. These chances are called touches.

Scoring 
Players can score by grounding the ball in goal areas. The definition of grounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground.

Turn over 
If the attacking team drops a ball, the possession is changed to the other team and the game starts over with rollball by using hands or feet. The definition of rollball is rolling the ball slightly backward by using your hand or feet.

Penalty Situations

Forward pass 
Team which has possession can pass a ball to teammates who is at sideways or backwards. If it is passed forward, it is a penalty and they lose the possession. The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using your foot.

Touch and Pass 
If a player passes the ball after being touched a penalty occurs for forward pass.

Off the mark 
Players must start over with rollball or a penalty at the same mark where a rollball or a penalty were given.

How to touch? 
In Touch, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced with touch by using a hand. It allows any part of body to be touched and must use minimum force.

Purpose 
Touch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world. No matter who you are, how old you are. It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women.

References

Rugby
Coven

Coven is a word that first meant any type of meeting or gathering.  It is used today to mean a group of witches.  

Occult
First Geneva Convention

The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions. It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864. It covers the treatment of battlefield injuries and was made in 1864 as part of the making of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Medicine
War
Geneva Conventions
19th-century treaties
1864
History of Geneva
19th century in Europe
Second Geneva Convention

The Second Geneva Convention of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions. Its full title is  Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906. It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties. The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (Geneva, 12 August 1949).

As of 27 June 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries.

Related pages
 Geneva Conventions
 First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties
 Third Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of prisoners of war
 Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 on the treatment of civilians during wartime
 Protocol I, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in international conflicts
 Protocol II, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in non-international armed conflicts
 Protocol III, 2005 Geneva Convention amendment about the adoption of the Red Crystal emblem

Other websites 
 International Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of Convention (II) with commentaries
 List of countries that have ratified Convention (II)
 Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, The Hague, 18 October 1907

Geneva Conventions
1906 in Europe
20th century in Geneva
July events
Padniewko

Padniewko is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2.

Villages in Poland
Sierra Nevada (US)

For the mountain range in Spain see Sierra Nevada (Spain)

The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of California. The range is also known as The Sierra and The Sierras.

Geography 
The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south. It is bounded on the west by California's Central Valley, and on the east by the Great Basin.

Other websites 
 List of Sierra Peaks at climber.org
 The Mountains of California
 Geological Time Line for the Sierra Nevada, National Park Service 

Mountains of California
Geography of Nevada
Western United States
Flurbereinigung

Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside.

History 
Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land. 

Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.

In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.

Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster.

Farms
Wine
German food
History of Germany
Live 8

Live 8 was a rock concert organized by activist Bob Geldof. The concert took place in nine places at once on July 2, 2005. Like Bob's Live Aid concert, Live 8 was made for helping out African citizens who were not getting enough food and medicine. However, this concert was not for charity. Instead, it was held to make people aware of the famine in Africa. Bob wanted to make the political group named the G8 give more to Africa. The concerts featured singers like Paul McCartney, Juan Diego Flórez and U2.

In November 2005, the concerts were released on DVD. The money used to buy the DVD sets was also used to help Africans.

2005 in music
Concerts
Rigveda

'RUGHVED' is an ancient Indian religious book. It is counted as one of the four sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas. It is  the world's oldest religious writings. It is also one of the oldest writings in Sanskrit language. Rigveda is very important to Hindus, especially Hindus in India and Nepal. Its words are said during prayers and religious gatherings. It is dated up to 4000 years ago but on the basis of astronomical calculations it is dated back to 8000 years and some calculations date back it to 10,000 years.

Rig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying to Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc. These hymns are called Riks. Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda. This writing consists of 10 writings. The Rigveda has 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses.

Other websites 
 A Simple Translation of Hymns from Rig Veda

Vedas
Amorphous solid

An amorphous solid does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape. It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms.  Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids.

An amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.

Solids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other. But their properties are, of course, enormously different. While a solid material has both a well-defined volume and a well-defined shape, a liquid has a well-defined volume but a shape that depends on the shape of the container. Stated differently, a solid exhibits resistance to shear stress while a liquid does not. Externally applied forces can twist or bend or distort a solid’s shape, but (provided the forces have not exceeded the solid’s elastic limit) it “springs back” to its original shape when the forces are removed. A liquid flows under the action of an external force; it does not hold its shape. These macroscopic characteristics constitute the essential distinctions: a liquid flows, lacks a definite shape (though its volume is definite), and cannot withstand a shear stress; a solid does not flow, has a definite shape, and exhibits elastic stiffness against shear stress.

Related pages
 Glass
 Crystalline

Other websites 
 Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher Equation Parameters 
 Fragility thy name is glass 

Matter
Climate commitment studies

Climate commitment describes the fact that climate reacts slowly to factors ("climate forcings") such as greenhouse gases. Climate commitment studies attempt to measure the amount of future warming that is "committed" under the assumption of some constant level of forcings.

Environment
Climate
Archie Moore

Archie Moore (December 13, 1913 or 1916   – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1962. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title twice a year. Moore fought for the heavyweight championship twice, was the only person to fight 3 champions from 3 generations. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22 1955 and to Floyd Patterson on November 30 1956 (when Rocky's championship officially ended), in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was to Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore was Ali's trainer for a short time. They split because of differences on fighting styles.

References

American boxers
Sportspeople from Mississippi
1916 births
1998 deaths
Joe Frazier

Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973. Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

Frazier was born in Beaufort, South Carolina. He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned to box in Philadelphia.

Frazier won the vacant world heavyweight title by beating Buster Mathis. He lost the title to George Foreman whom had knocked out Frazier in a 3 punch combo, breaking his eye socket, jaw, and collar bone. Frazier's most famous fights were rematches with Muhammad Ali. He beat Ali in their first fight in 1971 but lost the other two. The third fight was known as the "Thrilla in Manila".

Frazier died in Philadelphia on November 7, 2011 from liver cancer, aged 67.

References

Other websites 

Official website

1944 births
2011 deaths
African-American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from liver cancer
Sportspeople from South Carolina
Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a cancer of the lymphatic system, also known as a lymphoma. It was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. It is one of many kinds of cancers of the lymphatic system. Most of the time, the cancer develops in a single lymph node before it spreads to the rest of the body. The symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma change as the disease progresses. At the first stage of the disease, the person may feel a lump on the affected lymph node that does not hurt when touched. The person may have strange fevers, sweating during the night, and itchy skin. In the later stages of the disease, the person may feel very tired and their spleen may grow larger. In simple words Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm with features resembling an inflammatory disorder, such features include fever, and inflammatory cell infiltrates.
It mainly affects the young adults especially young men with exception of nodular sclerosis which frequently affects young women. The important histological finding is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

Cancer
Diseases caused by viruses
Marvelous Marvin Hagler

Marvelous Marvin Hagler (born Marvin Nathaniel Hagler; May 23, 1954 – March 13, 2021) was an American professional boxer and film actor who competed in boxing from 1973 to 1987. He reigned as undisputed middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. He was the world middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. Hagler fought out of Brockton, Massachusetts. He won the championship from Alan Minter, in London, and successfully defended it eleven times before losing in a controversial fight with Sugar Ray Leonard. Hagler retired after that fight to live and work in Italy.

On March 13, 2021, Hagler's wife Kay announced that Hagler had died unexpectedly at his home in Bartlett, New Hampshire, at the age of 66. A wave of reports came out on Twitter, with thousands of people mourning the loss of Hagler.

References

Other websites

Marvin Hagler's amateur boxing record

1954 births
2021 deaths
American boxers
Sportspeople from Newark, New Jersey
Sierra Nevada (Spain)

The Sierra Nevada, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is a mountain range in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain, Mulhacén at 3,479 m.

It is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in Europe's most southern ski resort after Ski Centre on the island of Crete in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada and, a little farther, Málaga and Almería.

Other websites 

 Google Maps Satellite Photo
 Maps of the Sierra Nevada 
 XVII sport week -Old Pictures -
 Sierra Nevada Official Website (In Spanish) 
 Sierra Nevada Piste Map

References

Bibliography 
 Francisco Pérez Raya, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Francisco Valle Tendero, 1992: "Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada. Paisaje, fauna, flora, itinerarios". Ed. Rueda. Madrid. 
 "Flora de la Tundra de Sierra Nevada". Pablo Prieto Fernández, Ed. Universidad de Granada. 
 "Sierra Nevada: Guía de Montaña". Aurelio del Castillo y Antonio del Castillo. Ed. Penibética, 2003. 

Mountains of Europe
Geography of Spain
Andalusia
National parks in Spain
Airline

An airline is a company that transports people and items using airliners. An airline may have as few as one airplane or a fleet of hundreds of airplanes.

Most airlines offer regular flights between a group of airports.

An airline has many costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training, aviation insurance and other costs.

Related pages
 Air travel
 List of airlines

Other websites
Simple Flying 
.
Wax

Wax is an organic chemical substance.  It is a type of lipid. 
Waxes have the following properties:
 They are soft, and easy to shape at room temperature
 Their melting point is above 45 °C
 They cannot be dissolved in water
 They are hydrophobic, repelling and repelled by water.
 
Some waxes, like beeswax, vegetable wax, and paraffin (a petroleum wax) occur naturally. Another such wax is earwax, which occurs in the ear. Other waxes may be manufactured. People use waxes for various purposes:

 Waxed paper
 Wax tablet
 Waxing

Chemical compounds
Polyethylene terephtalate

Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET, PETE or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family. The chemical industry makes it. It is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers. It is also used as the dielectric in multi-purpose capacitors (K73-16 series).

Depending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. Its monomer can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or the transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with ethylene glycol as the byproduct (the ethylene glycol is recycled in production).

The majority of the world's PET production is for man-made fibers (in excess of 60%) with bottle-making accounting for around 30% of global demand. In discussing cloth uses, PET is generally referred to as simply "polyester" while "PET" is used most often to refer to packaging applications.

Thermoplastics
Nuclear energy

Nuclear energy  is the energy that holds together the nucleus of atoms. Atoms are the most simple blocks that make up matter. Every atom has in its center a very small nucleus. Normally, nuclear energy is hidden inside the atoms. However, some atoms are radioactive and send off part of their nuclear energy as radiation. Radiation is given off from the nucleus of unstable isotopes of radioactive substances.

Nuclear energy can also be freed in two other ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion is the combining of two light atoms into a heavier one and nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy atom. Both ways make big amounts of energy. They sometimes take place in nature. Fusion is the source of heat in the sun. Fission is also used in nuclear power plants to make electricity. Both fusion and fission can be used in nuclear weapons.
  Nuclear power generates a number of radioactive by-products, including tritium, cesium, krypton, neptunium and forms of iodine some of which can be dangerous for millions of years.

Nuclear energy production and use has been a controversial topic over the years. Nuclear energy can supply a very large amount of electrical power for use in cities, but the nuclear materials that make the electricity can be very dangerous for thousands or millions of years after they have been used. Countries have made decisions to use nuclear power based on their current energy demands as well as environmental conservation demands. Countries could venture into nuclear energy production to help meet the rising energy demand, to help conserve the environment by avoiding air pollution, and also as a long lasting replacement for the depleting fossil fuels sources of energy, but would have to ensure the ongoing safety of production and waste storage. There have been upgrades to reactor design to avoid nuclear energy accidents like those of Chernobyl and Fukushima, but accidents still continue to occur and ageing reactors are a safety concern. Countries using the nuclear energy production process to make dangerous weapons of mass destruction is a related concern.

Related pages
 Nuclear accidents
 Nuclear power

References

Other websites 
 What is nuclear energy?
Card Sharks

Card Sharks is a game show that has aired in different versions since 1978.

The main game
Two contestants fought against each other in the main game—the returning champion and a challenging contestant.  The returning champion was represented by the color red.  The challenger was represented by the color blue. The host, Jim Perry, then asked a toss-up question, which was asked to 100 people before the show (example: "We surveyed 100 lawyers: Have you ever defended a person who you believed was guilty?  How many lawyers said they have?").  The contestant he asked it to would provide what they thought the number of people who gave the answer the host gave.  The other contestant would then say whether they thought the actual number was higher or lower than the first contestant's guess.  Whoever is closer to the number got a chance at the cards.

There were two rows of five cards: the top red row (for the champion) and the bottom blue row (for the challenger).  The contestant in control had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the card before it.

There were two games.  Whoever won both games would go on to play the Money Cards.

The Money Cards
The winning contestant would then play the Money Cards to win more money.  He/she was given $200 to start out with.  They then had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the one before it, just like before.  This time, they had to bet money on each guess (example: $200 higher than a 2). The contestant worked their way across the bottom row, in which there were four cards, and then made it to the second row and were given $200 more. The least a person could bet on each card for the first two rows was $50. They then worked their way across that row, until they reached the top row, where there was only one card.  That row was called the "Big Bet" row.  There, the contestant had to bet at least half of what they won before.

Other versions
Card Sharks aired on NBC from 1978 to 1981 and was hosted by Jim Perry.  It returned on CBS and in syndication in 1986.  The CBS version was hosted by Bob Eubanks and ran until 1989.  The syndicated version was hosted by comedian Bill Rafferty, but ran until 1987.

In 2001, Card Sharks came back, hosted by Pat Bullard.  However, this version had different rules than the other ones.  In this one, two teams of two contestants (two at a time) had to guess higher or lower (or predict if the next card had exactly the same number as the previous one) on one row of seven cards. This version was not very popular and was cancelled after 13 weeks.  Many Card Sharks fans say this version is the worst game show revival of all time.

Card Sharks returned to television in 2019 as an hour-long series hosted by Joel McHale, airing on ABC. The gameplay is similar to the 1978-81 and 1986-89 versions.

Television game shows
ABC network shows
NBC network shows
CBS network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Bank of America Stadium

The Bank of America Stadium is a sports stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1996 for the Carolina Panthers. It used to be called Ericsson Stadium until it was renamed in 2004. The stadium seats 74,867 people.

Other websites
 Stadium site on panthers.com

National Football League venues
Carolina Panthers
Sports buildings in the United States
Buildings and structures in North Carolina
1996 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in North Carolina
Aston Martin

Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a luxury car company that was started in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford.

The company name is derived from the Aston Clinton hill climb and one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin.

The company went in and out of business a few times between World War I and World War II.  Lionel Martin left the company in 1926. The company was sold from one person to another many times until 1947, when David Brown bought it.  David Brown also bought Lagonda, and used Lagonda engines in his cars.  Aston Martin cars built when David Brown owned the company had the letters "DB" in the name. An Aston Martin won the 24-hour race at Le Mans in 1959.

David Brown sold the company again.  The company was having trouble staying open in the 1970s. Victor Gauntlett bought part of the company and kept it going with help from buyers of other parts of the company. In 1991 the Ford Motor Company bought Aston Martin and started making DB cars again. Ford owned Aston Martin until 2007 when they sold it to Investment Dar and Adeem Investments.

References

British automobile companies
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the United Kingdom
Sydney Opera House

The Sydney Opera House is an opera house and iconic building on the shores of Sydney Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. It is shaped like the sails of a boat. Many concerts and events take place there, with 2000 performances a year presented by Opera Australia, Australia's national opera company. It is a famous tourist attraction.

History
The land where the Sydney Opera House stands is called Bennelong Point. Bennelong Point was once home to Fort Macquarie (the fort was built in 1817 and knocked down in 1901). On 10 August 1902, the Fort Macquarie Tram Depot was opened at Bennelong Point. The depot was knocked down in 1958. The Sydney Opera House was built on the same spot and the work began in 1959.

It was designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon. He won a design competition in 1957. Utzon left the project in February 1966 because the government was not paying his invoices. The building finally opened on 20 October in 1973. The project was completed ten years later and cost more than fourteen times the original budget. In 2001, Utzon was invited back to restore the building and change it back towards his original designs.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

Opera House
Opera houses
World Heritage Sites in Australia
1973 establishments in Australia
Sydney Harbour Bridge

The Sydney Harbour Bridge, in Sydney Harbour, is a bridge that joins north Sydney with south Sydney. People can cross the bridge by car, walking or by train. It now carries eight traffic lanes. Using six intended traffic lanes and an additional two that were formally tram tracks. 

There are two railway lanes that head in opposite directions. There is a tunnel that goes underneath. The bridge is an important tourist attraction. The scenery attracts many tourists and people living in or near the city. One of the many attractions of the Harbour Bridge is its famous 'BridgeClimb'. Luna Park Sydney is located next to the bridge.

The bridge is  long and  wide. The highest point of the arch is  tall. Building began on 19 March 1923 and ended in 1932. John Bradfield led the bridge's building. 

The standards of industrial safety during construction were poor by today's standards. Sixteen workers died during construction,[31] but surprisingly only two from falling off the bridge. Several more were injured from unsafe working practices undertaken whilst heating and inserting its rivets, and the deafness experienced by many of the workers in later years was blamed on the project. 

Henri Mallard between 1930 and 1932 produced hundreds of stills[32] and film footage[33] which reveal at close quarters the bravery of the workers in tough Depression-era conditions.[citation needed]

The total financial cost of the bridge was AU£6.25 million, which was not paid off in full until 1988.[34]

Other websites 
Harbour Bridge
Harbour Bridge
Bridges in Australia
Steel bridges
1932 establishments
1930s establishments in Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground

The Sydney Cricket Ground is a sports field in Sydney. Many professional sporting events take place there. These sports include cricket, rugby, and the Australian Football League.

Buildings and structures in Sydney
Sports buildings in Australia
Sports in Sydney
Darling Harbour

Darling Harbour is a harbour in Sydney, Australia. It has many shops and places to eat, and people like visiting it. It also has the Sydney Aquarium.

Buildings and structures in Sydney
Transport in Sydney
Bondi Beach

Bondi Beach is a beach in Sydney, Australia, about one kilometre long and roughly seven kilometres from the centre of the city.
Bondi beach is one of the world's greatest beaches, and is one of Sydney's main tourist attractions.

Large numbers of tourists visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, and many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day there.

History 
The word "Bondi" is an aboriginal (native) word which means water breaking over rocks or noise of water breaking over rocks.

In 1809, a road builder William Roberts received a grant of land in the Bondi area. In 1851 Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien bought  of Bondi and named it the "Bondi Estate." Hall was O'Brien's father-in-law. In between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien bought his father-in-laws share of the land and named it the "O'Brien Estate". He made the beach and surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became more popular, O'Brien wanted to stop public access. The Government believed that the Municipal council needed to step in. On the 9th June 1882, Bondi Beach became a public beach.

Today 
Many people visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, ranging from 4000 people to 9000 people. Bondi Beach has an underwater shark net that they share with other beaches along the southern coast. In 2004, Surf Lifesaving Australia gave different hazard ratings to each end of the beach. The northern end was rated a gentle 4 with 10 as the most hazardous, while the southern end was rated a dangerous 7 due to the famous rip current known as the "Backpackers Rip". The south end is generally reserved for surf board riding. Bondi Beach was added to the Australia National Heritage list in 2008.

Pods of whales and dolphins are sometimes sighted. Fairy penguins while rare are sometimes also seen.

Lifesavers 

Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club was the world's first livesaving club. North Bondi Surf Livesaving Club is a federation club. Both clubs were founded in 1907. Both clubs were involved in the biggest rescue ever on one day known as 'Black Sunday'.

References

Other websites 
 Bondi Chill - Music Made in Bondi Beach 

Geography of New South Wales
Beaches
Sydney
Stadium Australia

Stadium Australia, known for sponsorship reasons as ANZ Stadium, formerly Telstra Stadium, is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. The 2000 Summer Olympics took place there. Now it is used for many other sports, like rugby and AFL. The stadium opened in March 1999.

In 2002, the stadium was named after the sponsor Telstra. 1 January 2008 it was renamed the ANZ Stadium.

As "Stadium Australia", the name was sometimes confused with the Sydney Football Stadium, which was formerly known as Aussie Stadium.

References 

Football stadiums
Football in Australia
Sports buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
1999 establishments in Australia
Sports in Sydney
Sydney Aquarium

The Sydney Aquarium is a public aquarium in Darling Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It has many fish, sharks and seals. There is also a seal show. The aquarium was opened in 1988.

Aquariums
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Nigga

Nigga is a term derived from the racial slur "nigger". It is generally used by African-Americans (especially young adults), because other ethnic groups using it is considered offensive. The use for this word is for a good friend, it can also be defined as a substitute for "nigger" in a less serious tone.

Note that this version of the word does not use a "hard R."

Pejoratives
Slang
English profanity
Germans

Germans () are the people of Germany. Descendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren) of Germans in other countries are often called "ethnic Germans". There are many ethnic Germans in Belgium, Denmark, Russia, Poland and France, but also in countries such as the United States, Brazil, and Canada. In total, there are about 100 million Germans in the world. Germans speak the German language (Hochdeutsch = Standard German) and dialects such as Low German and Upper German. Most people in Switzerland and Austria are native speakers of the German language.

References