cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Vergeletto

Vergeletto is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History
Since 1803, the municipality of Vergeletto also contained the current municipality of Gresso.  Both municipalities were moved away from each other in 1882. On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the municipality are taken from the Garbani, or Garban family for its French and Northern American branch, starting from the village, who are people who sell things or people of power.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2016 disestablishments in Switzerland
Vernate, Switzerland

Vernate is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Ticino
Verscio

Verscio is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Vezia

Vezia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Ticino
Vico Morcote

Vico Morcote is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
Morcote Turismo Svizzera  Morcote & Vico Morcote Tourism site .
International Institute of Architecture

Municipalities of Ticino
Villa Luganese

Villa Luganese is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Villa Luganese was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2008.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Vira (Gambarogno)

Vira (Gambarogno) is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
Vogorno

Vogorno is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village can be found above Lago di Vogorno. There is an old church with frescos from about 1400 in the village.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Alt St. Johann

Alt St. Johann was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus merged into the new municipality of Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann.

References

Other websites

 Official website  

Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Villages in St. Gallen
Zug

Zug is a small town in Switzerland. It is at the northeastern corner of Lake Zug.

References

Other websites 

Stadt Zug - Official website 
Company registration in Zug 

Capital cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Zug
Imperial free cities
BitTorrent

BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer program, first developed in mid-2001 by Bram Cohen and BitTorrent, Inc., to use for uploading and downloading files under the BitTorrent protocol. In the protocol, a "Tracker" hosts information about any active computers which are trying to share data. Trackers are used to find other active computers, but do not store or share file data. Using the .torrent files, BitTorrent users can "Leech" (download) the files. Once a "Leecher" gets 100% of the file(s), they become a "Seeder" and helps "Seed" (upload) the files to other Leechers.

BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol. Before version 6.0, BitTorrent was written in Python, and was free software. The source code for versions up to and including 3.4.2 were distributed under the MIT license and versions 4.x and 5.x were released under the BitTorrent Open Source License, a modified version of the Jabber Open Source License. Since version 6.0, BitTorrent is a rebranded version of µTorrent. As a result, its source is closed.

The BitTorrent protocol now has many clients, for example :

Azureus
BitComet
BitLord
BitFlu
BitTornado
Deluge
KTorrent
LimeWire
QTorrent
Rtorrent
Shareaza
Transmission
µTorrent

Related pages
List of BitTorrent clients

References

Other websites 
Official Website

File sharing
Software
List of BitTorrent clients

A BitTorrent client is a program that downloads files using the BitTorrent protocol.

The first client, known as BitTorrent, was created by Bram Cohen in the summer of 2002. Most of the other clients are based in part on BitTorrent. Programs that use BitTorrent protocol are:

ABC
Acquisition
Anatomic P2P 	
Arctic Torrent
aria2 	
Azureus 	
BiglyBT
BitComet
BitFlu
BitLet 
BitLord 	 	
BitPump 	
BitTornado 	
BitTorrent 5 / Mainline 		
BitTorrent 6 	
BitSpirit 	
Bits on Wheels 	
BitTyrant 	
Blizzard Downloader 	
Blog Torrent 	
BTPD 	
BTSharp (library) 	
burst!
CTorrent 
Deluge 	
FlashGet
Folx 
freeloader 	
G3 Torrent 	
Gnome BitTorrent 	
Halite 	
KTorrent 	
MLDonkey 	
MonoTorrent (client library) 	
MooPolice 	
Opera 	
QTorrent 	
Qbittorrent 	
rTorrent 	
Rufus 	
Shareaza 	
sharktorrent 	
SymTorrent 	
Torrent Swapper 	
TorrentVolve 	
Transmission 
Turbo Torrent 	
TorrentSpy Rufus 	
µTorrent 	
XTorrent 
ZipTorrent

Related pages
 Comparison of file sharing applications
 BitTorrent
 BitTorrent tracker
 Comparison of BitTorrent clients

Software
Computer-related lists
Bali Nine

The Bali Nine is the name of the nine Australian citizens arrested and convicted for drug trafficking on April 17, 2005, in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. The group tried to smuggle 8.3 kg of heroin valued at about 4 million AUD from Indonesia to Australia. 

Members of the group are: Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tach Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran. All of them are between ages 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests. 

After the trial, two of the Bali Nine received death sentences, and the others got 20 years or life sentences. Renae Lawrence finished serving her 20-year sentence in Kerobokan Prison together with Schapelle Corby. Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015.

References 

2005
Australian criminals
Australian drug dealers
Australian prisoners
Bali
2000s in Australia
2000s in Indonesia
Eunuch

A eunuch is a castrated man. His genitals have been removed. This can be cutting off the testicles or removing the penis and the testicles.

Over the millennia since, eunuchs had a lot of different functions in different cultures such as domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, government officials, military commanders, and guardians of women or harem servants. When eunuchs ran a harem, a monarch could be sure he was the one who fathered his wives' children since real eunuchs were always infertile.

In Byzantine art, angels and eunuchs were often shown in a similar light and manner.

References 

 English translation of Rudople Guilland's essay on Byzantine eunuchs "Les Eunuques dans l'Empire Byzantin: Étude de titulature et de prosopographie Byzantines", in 'Études Byzantines', Vol. I (1943), pp. 197-238. with many examples

Other websites 
 The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium 
 Eunuchs in Pharaonic Egypt
 Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China  
 "Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library

Human sexuality
Antares Telescope

The ANTARES Experiment is a telescope that is built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. But it is not a normal telescope that uses light to see distant objects. Instead, it uses neutrinos, very small and light particles that can fly through the earth. The name comes from Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch project. There is also a star called Antares.

Functions 
It uses 900 light sensors attached to 12 strings that float in the sea to detect neutrinos. The strings are held onto the sea floor by an anchor and straight up by a buoy floating in the sea. Although the neutrinos are invisible, they can create a different particle, a muon, in water. The muon then gives off light by the Cherenkov effect because it travels faster than light in water. 
The sensors are so sensitive that they need only very little light and can even detect single photons. This is necessary because the muons produce only very little light.

Location 
The detector is located in the Mediterranean, about 40 kilometres off Toulon in southern France. There the sea is 2500 metres deep. It is built by a group of physicists from 12 European countries. Currently, 10 strings are running. The last two strings will be installed in May 2008.

Trivia 
It is the largest neutrino detector in the Northern hemisphere. Two similar detectors are located in the ice of the South Pole (AMANDA and IceCube).

Other websites
ANTARES home - 

Telescopes
List of German towns

Complete list of 2,073 cities in Germany (as of September 1, 2005)

Only municipalities with independent administration and that have the Stadtrecht (city rights) are included.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z 

Towns

Lists of settlements in Europe
Foot-pound force

The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf), or simply foot-pound (symbol: ft·lb), is a unit of energy and also a unit of torque.  By definition it is one foot times one pound-force.

Unit of energy
As a unit of energy, one foot-pound is the energy it takes to push with one pound-force one pound for a distance of one  foot. 

1 foot-pound is equivalent to:
 1.3558179483314004 joules (exactly)
 13558179.483314004 ergs (exactly)
 ~0.001285067 British Thermal Unit IT
 ~0.323832 calorie IT (calIT)
 ~0.000323832 "food calorie" (kcal or Cal)
 ~32.174049 foot-poundals (ft pdl)

Unit of torque
As a unit of torque, one foot-pound is the torque created by one pound force acting at a perpendicular distance of one foot from a pivot point. 

1 foot-pound is equivalent to:
 1.3558179483314004  newton metre (exactly)

Imperial units
Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach

Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach (also known as Aeschlen) is a former municipality of the district Konolfingen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the municipality of Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach merged into the municipality of Oberdiessbach.

References 

Former municipalities of Bern
Büren (district)

The district of Büren is a district of the Swiss canton of Bern. Its capital is Büren an der Aare.
It contains 14 municipalities in an area of 88 km²:

Buren
Burgdorf (district)

The district of Burgdorf in the Swiss canton of Bern has 24 municipalities in an area of 197 km²:

Burgdorf
Juroujin

In Japan, Juroujin (寿老人), also known as Gama, is one of the Seven Lucky Gods, according to Taoist beliefs. He is the God of long life.

He has a staff and a fan. He is shown as an old man with a long beard, and a scroll is tied to the staff, which has the lifespan of all living things written on it. The deer, the crane and the tortoise, symbols of long life, sometimes follow him.

Japanese deities
Source code

In computer programming, source code is (generally speaking) a text file version of a computer program or software that contains instructions that the computer follows to do something. Source code is written in a programming language which a human can read and change.  A large program may contain many different source code files that all work together. Source code is in many cases compiled before running it. That means translating the code into assembly language or machine language which is much faster and easier for the computer to read, but hard for a human to read. Another very common way is to interpret the code, without needing a compilation step, while that's generally slower.

A computer program may be open source, which means the source code is shared with anyone who wants to look at it and change it. Many programs are however closed source, which means only the executable code is distributed and people are not allowed to look at and change the code. Many open source programs are also compiled to such code, that may or may not be allowed to be inspected, while to change it is most convenient to change the source code that came with it, or possibly can be downloaded.

Example of C source code 
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
      printf("Hello world!\n");
      return(0);
}

When compiled by a C compiler and executed, this will print "Hello world!" on the computer screen and then finish.

Software
Gilles Binchois

Gilles Binchois (probably born in Mons about 1400; died Soignies, 20 September, 1460), was a Franco-Flemish composer. His name is spelt in various ways: “Binchoys”, “Binch” or “Binche” or “Gilles de Bins”. He is one of the earliest composers of the group known as the Burgundian School. His style of composition had a very important influence on music at the Burgundian court. Together with Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstaple he belongs to the greatest of 15th century composers.

Life 

He was probably born in Mons in what is now Belgium. His father, a councillor to Duke Guillaume IV of Hainault, had a job in a church in Mons. Nothing is known about Gilles until 1419, when he became organist at the church of Ste. Waudru in Mons. In 1423 went to live in Lille. He may have worked as a soldier.

Sometime near the end of the 1420s he joined the court chapel of Burgundy. He sang with the choir there. He spent many years working at the Burgundian court. He was not allowed much time to be away, so he did not travel much. We know that he went to Mons in 1449 on which occasion he met Guillaume Dufay. When he retired he went to live in Soignes. He had a good pension.

Music and influence 

Binchois wrote beautiful melodies which were much simpler than a lot of the music of the Middle Ages. They are easy to sing and remember. Many later composers used melodies by Binchois as a basis for their own masses. Most of his secular songs are rondeaux, which became the most common song form during the century. Binchois did not often write in strophic form. He preferred to write music which did not follow the rhyming rhythm of the verse.

Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers
1400 births
1460 deaths
John Dunstaple

John Dunstaple or Dunstable (born about 1390; died 24 December  1453) was an English composer who lived in the last part of the medieval era and the early part of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers in the early 15th century.  He had a lot of influence on music in England as well as on the continent.   He helped to develop the style of the Burgundian School.

The spelling "Dunstaple" is more often used today because in documents from his time this is the spelling that is more common, although some documents spelt his name "Dunstable".

Life
Dunstaple was probably born in Dunstable, Bedfordshire around 1390. We know very little about his life. He was well educated and he worked for the Duke of Bedford who was the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V.  He may have spent some time in France because the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435.  Dunstaple owned property in Normandy, and also in Cambridgeshire, Essex and London, according to tax records of 1436.  He also worked for the Duke of Gloucester.

Many composers at that time were priests, but Dunstaple was not, although he had connections with St Albans Abbey.  He was probably married.
During his life he was not just known as a composer but also as an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician.

He died on Christmas Eve 1453, and was buried in the church of St Stephen Walbrook in London which was later destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.

Music and influence
We hardly have any original manuscripts of Dunstaple’s music.  England was a very musical country at the time, but almost all that music was destroyed between 1536 and 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries when Henry VIII was ruling.  Most of Dunstaple’s works which survive were works which were found on the continent, mostly in north Italy.  This shows that he must have been famous throughout Europe.  He influenced  Dufay and Binchois.  The Flemish composer and music theorist Tinctoris wrote in 1476 that he was the most important musician of new music which had started in England.

Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using one melody as cantus firmus.   He wrote many carols (religious songs), but we do not know which ones are by him because he did not sign his name to them.  He wrote secular music, but it has been lost.

References
groves music online

1390 births
1453 deaths
Astrologers
British esotericists
English composers
Renaissance composers
Equals sign

The equal sign, equals sign, or "=" is a mathematical symbol used to indicate equality. It looks like two parallel horizontal lines. The equals sign is placed between the things stated to be exactly equal or the same. Computers display the equals sign with the Unicode or ASCII character 003D (in hexadecimal).

Similar symbols 
The symbol used to say when items are not equal is "≠" (slashed equal sign). 

There are several symbols that can be used to say items are "approximately the same," "similar to" or "about equal." Some of these symbols include:

 "≈" (two tildes or wavy lines, often used for "approximately equal")
 "⩰" (two tildes above two lines)
 "≅" (one tilde above two lines, often used in modular arithmetic to state a congruence relation)
 "≃" (one tilde above one line)
 "~" (one wavy line, often used for mathematical relations)
 "≐" (two lines with a dot above them, often used for "is defined as")
 "≡" (three lines, often used for equivalence)

Each of these symbols has more than one possible meaning, and are all used to state that two things are about equal (or equivalent in some way).

Related pages 

 Equality (mathematics)
 List of mathematical symbols

References 

Mathematical notation
Crimean War

The Crimean War (1853–1856), also called  the Eastern War (), was fought between the Russian Empire against the French Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. Most of the fighting, including the Battle of Balaclava, happened in Crimea, but some of it was what is now western Turkey and around the Baltic Sea. 

The Crimean War is sometimes called the first "modern" war since its weaponry and tactics were used for the first time and affected all later wars. It was also the first war to use a telegraph to give information to a newspaper quickly.

Background
The Ottoman Empire was declining by the mid-1800s. The war started after the Ottoman Empire decided that France, not Russia, had the right to protect Christians in the Holy Land near the area of modern-day Israel. 

Russia sent an army to take part of Ottoman Romania and so the British and the French allies sent an army and a navy to help the Ottomans. When the allies got to their camp in Gallipoli, Russia retreated and so the allies decided instead to take back Crimea, where Russia had its naval base. Russia had taken Crimea from the Ottoman Empire in an earlier war.

Results 
The Allies won the war in Crimea but gave it back to Russia in return for Russia giving back other places and promising not to have a navy on the Black Sea. 

The Crimean War was a very important point in the history of warfare since new weapons were used. It was also the first war to be reported by the press via photography and journalists. Another very important factor was that it was the first war with real field hospitals, which were started by Florence Nightingale.

After it lost the war, Russia decided to make changes, including increasing its development of weaponry and ending serfdom in 1861.

Related pages
 Florence Nightingale

References

Other websites 

 Austria Chronology Crimean War 
 France Chronology Crimean War 
 Great Britain Chronology Crimean War 
 Italy Chronology Crimean War 
 Russia Chronology Crimean War 
 Turkey Chronology Crimean War 

Wars involving Russia
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Wars involving France
1853
1854
1855
Homophobia

Homophobia is the fear or poor treatment of homosexuals. The word was created in the 1960s by a psychologist named George Weinberg. The word "homophobia" is often used together with the word "transphobia" in documents explaining human rights violation of LGBT people by United Nations and Council of Europe.

There are events to stop homophobia, like the "gay pride parades" and "International Day Against Homophobia" on May 17. It was first celebrated on 17 May 2005 in more than 40 countries. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia have developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. In some places, it is illegal to treat people badly because they are homosexual, and it is a hate crime to hurt them for that reason. Laws against such discrimination have been made in several countries. Internationally, the Declaration of Montreal and the Yogyakarta Principles were adopted in 2006.

Successful strategies to prevent homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching students about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality. A person who is homophobic may be called a homophobe. 

Homophobia is often related to heterosexism, the belief that sex and love between men and women is better than other types of sex and love. Such as sex between two men or sex between two women.

Related pages
"Adam and Steve" (anti-gay slogan)
Gay bashing
Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD)
Heteronormativity
Yogyakarta Principles

References 

LGBT
Hatred
Discrimination
Tickling

Tickling is to lightly touch, scratch, or rub a person or animal to make them laugh. For most people, it causes pleasure and happiness whereas others hate it. Tickle spots are feet, armpits, and sides of stomach.

Tickling yourself
It is believed by many that tickling yourself is very hard and by some that it is nearly impossible. Research shows that the brain notices and senses our movements and actions. This lets the brain prepare itself when we try to tickle ourselves. The unexpected senses are then cancelled by our brain, so we do not feel the reaction we would have if someone else tickled us when we least expected it.

Unlike others, some people in the world know how to tickle themselves. This is because they know the tickling spots in their body and are able to use other objects to tickle themselves. For example, they can use a piece of tissue and rub it against their stomach to tickle themselves. Tickling may be relaxing, but may also be painful.

Other websites

 Telegraph (UK) Article on "robot tickling experiment"
 Boston Globe Online - Why are some people not ticklish?
 Article 'Is it possible for someone to be tickled to death?' from The Straight Dope

Everyday life
English Springer Spaniel

The English Springer Spaniel is a dog breed used as hunting dogs to retrieve animals. It is one of many spaniel breeds. They are clever and cheerful. Their coat can be brown and white, black and white, or have tan spots. They look like their cousins, the Welsh Springer Spaniel and Cocker Spaniel. Common colors include black, brown and white.

References 

Spaniels
Ottawa Hills, Ohio

Ottawa Hills is a village in Ohio, United States. 4,564 people lived there in 2000. The village is a rich suburb of Toledo. They have a police and fire department.  The high school is the second best public school in Ohio. Ottawa Hills is 13th out of 1065 places in Ohio by average income.

References 

Villages in Ohio
Breast reduction

Breast reduction is a plastic surgery to make human breasts smaller. The doctor takes out fat, skin, and glands. It is done on women most of the time, but men can also get it. In 2005, more than 113,000 women had breast reductions.

Aside from aesthetic reasons, many women choose to undergo breast reduction surgery to help reduce back strain, skin irritation, or breathing problems caused by large breasts.

References

Surgery
Breasts
Bachelor of Arts

A Bachelor of Arts or BA is a college degree. It takes three years to get it in Australia, Austria, Denmark,  Estonia, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Quebec, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, and Switzerland. It takes four years in Canada, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Japan, United States, Republic of Korea, and the Philippines.  Bachelor of Arts is often written as "BA" or "B.A." The Latin term is artium baccalaureus so some colleges use the abbreviation of "AB" or "A.B."

References

Academic degrees
Izanami

Izanami is a goddess of both creation and death in Japanese mythology. She is said to have died giving birth to one of her children {who Izanagi killed due to the grief of losing his beloved} and was sent to Yomi, the land of the dead. Izanagi, her husband, came down to Yomi to bring her back to earth. While she Izanami was in Yomi, she felt hungry and ate the fruit. After eating the fruit, she turned into one of the undead, a rotting, maggot-infested pile of flesh. When Izanagi arrived, she would not step out from the shadows and told her husband to go back to earth. Izanagi tried to persuade her to come back with him and she agreed if she could take a rest in her bedchambers, forbidding Izanagi to enter. Izanagi, anxious to return to earth, snuck into her chambers and, taking his comb from his hair, lit it on fire, showing him her rotting body. Izanami woke up and seeing him, became enraged. Izanagi fled from the underworld and sealed the way with a giant rock. Izanami then became known as the Shinigami, the goddess of death. Izanami vowed to kill 1,000 people everyday, and Izanagi vowed to create 1500 every day.

Related pages
Persephone
Eurydice
Eve

Japanese mythology
Mary Harrison McKee

Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the only daughter of President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison. After her mother died in 1892, McKee served as her father's First Lady for the remainder of his term.  

1895 births
1930 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Children of Presidents of the United States
Zella-Mehlis

Zella-Mehlis is a town in the Schmalkalden Meinigen district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is in the Thuringian Forest,  north of Suhl, and  east of Meiningen.

References

Other websites

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Thuringia
Schmalkalden-Meiningen Rural District
Port Said

Port Said (Arabic بورسعيد,
transliterated )
is an Egyptian city near the Suez Canal, with a population of about 500,000.

Port Said has fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour both for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fuelling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal.

Other websites
 PortSaid Free-zone Forums 
 PortSaid-Online,Port Said's Largest Community - All about Port Said 
 Satellite picture by Google Maps

Port Said
Food processing

Food processing means the ways that are used to change raw ingredients into food so that they can be eaten by humans or animals. The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed.

Industries 
Food processing industries and practices include the following:
 Cannery
 Cooking
 Industrial rendering
 Meat packing plant
 Slaughterhouse
 Sugar industry
 Vegetable packing plant

Related pages
Food preservation
Farming
Cattle
Fishing

Other websites
Food processing Faraday 
Foodprocessing Informational Website
Hyfoma Food processing and manufacturing knowledge Portal
Institute of Food Technologists
How to choose a food processor 
Food Processor Review 
Food Processor Recipes
Food Processing Technology
U.S. association of suppliers to the global food, beverage and pharmaceutical processing industries

Technology

de:Lebensmittelindustrie#Industrielle Lebensmittelverarbeitung
60 (number)

60 (spelled sixty) is a number. It comes after fifty-nine and before sixty-one and is an even number.
It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60.

Integers
72 (number)

Seventy-two is an even number. It comes after seventy-one and before seventy-three.

integers
CN Tower

The CN Tower is a telecommunications tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is  tall and is the tallest free-standing structure (meaning it cannot have wires to keep it standing) in Canada, North America, and the Western Hemisphere. It is not the tallest building as there are no floors for people to work or live in. That title goes to One World Trade Center in New York City, New York, United States, which is a bit shorter at  tall. It is not the tallest structure of any kind in the Americas either, as the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, also in the United States, is taller at , but that needs wires to keep it upright.

Construction of the concrete tower started on February 6, 1973. In 1975, while it was still being built, it became taller than the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. When it opened to the public  on June 26, 1976, it became the tallest free-standing structure on land in the world. It held this record for more than thirty years, until the Burj Khalifa, while it was still being built, became taller on September 12, 2007 . The CN Tower continued to be the world's tallest tower until the Canton Tower became taller in 2010. It is now the ninth tallest building in the world and the fifth tallest free-standing structure behind both of these, the Shanghai Tower, and the Burj Khalifa.

The "CN" in the tower's name came from the Canadian National Railway, the railway company that built the tower.  In 1995, the railway sold the tower to the Canada Lands Company (CLC).  Local residents wanted to keep the name CN Tower, though, so the abbreviation is now a shortened form of Canada's National Tower instead of the original Canadian National Tower. Neither of these names are commonly used, though; the tower is usually called the CN Tower.

Today, the CN Tower is an important icon of Toronto and has more than two million tourists and visitors every year. It has been one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World since 1995.

It has a restaurant that spins around every 1 hour & 12 minutes.

Related pages
 List of tallest structures in the world

References 

1970s establishments in Canada
1976 establishments in North America
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in Toronto
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Towers
Freiburg im Breisgau

Freiburg (Alemannic German: Friburg im Brisgau) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Its full name is Freiburg im Breisgau.

Freiburg is on the western edge of the southern Black Forest ().

Twin cities 
Freiburg has many twin cities throughout the world:
 , Besançon,since 1959
 , Innsbruck, since 1963
 , Padua, since 1967
 , Guildford, since 1979
 , Madison, Wisconsin, since 1987
 , Matsuyama, since 1988
 , Lviv, since 1989
 , Granada, since 1991
 , Isfahan, since 2000

Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial comments, which included questioning the size of the Holocaust, have sparked questions about Freiburg's partnership with Isfahan. After the comments Freiburg's mayor postponed a trip to Isfahan, but most people involved, especially those in the Alliance '90/The Greens party, were opposed to cancelling the partnership.

Famous residents 
 Friedrich von Hayek, economist
 Hans F. K. Günther, Nazi eugenicist
 Dany Heatley, player for the Ottawa Senators NHL team
 Martin Heidegger, philosopher (originally not from Freiburg, taught in Freiburg)
 Edmund Husserl, philosopher
 Boris Kodjoe, model and actor
 Benjamin Lebert, author and newspaper columnist
 Joachim Löw, coach of the German national football team.
 Karl Rahner, Catholic theologian
 Wolfgang Schäuble, Minister of the Interior, 1989 - 1991, in Helmut Kohl and, 2005 - current, Angela Merkel governments.
 Jürgen Schrempp, former head of DaimlerChrysler
 Berthold Schwarz, fabled alchemist who supposedly introduced gunpowder to Germany
 Til Schweiger, actor and director
 Hermann Staudinger, Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
 Edith Stein, Saint of the Roman Catholic Church, martyred by the Nazis, member of the Freiburg faculty; her residence is marked by a plaque.
 Martin Waldseemüller, the inventor of the name America
 August Weismann, biologist
 Bernhard Witkop, organic chemist

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Freiburg:History and images  
 City of Freiburg and the Black Forest
 Augustinermuseum 
 VAG Freiburg Freiburg Public Transit Authority
 Freiburg-Home.com - Information & Reviews about Freiburg in English for expats, tourists and the community 
 Solar City - Germany  August 2000
 Webcams in Freiburg and the Black Forest
 Tramway in Freiburg
 fudder - a popular online-mag for young people (Winner of Grimme Online Award 2007)
 Freiburg's History for Pedestrians
Baden-Baden

Baden-Baden (Alemannic German: Bade-Bade) is a spa town with around 50,000 inhabitants in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is at the border of the Rhine valley and the Black Forest. The town is well known as a spa town, as a place for rich people and for many cultural offers. In the 19th century the town played an important role as a meeting place for the nobles, rich and other important people. A rich cultural heritage from that time can still be found at Baden-Baden.

History 
The springs of Baden-Baden were known to the Romans, and the foundation of the town is referred to the emperor Hadrian by an inscription of somewhat doubtful authenticity. The name of Aurelia Aquensis was given to it in honour of Aurelius Severus, in whose reign it would seem to have been well known. Fragments of its ancient sculptures are still to be seen, and in 1847 remains of Roman vapour baths, well preserved, were discovered just below the New Castle.

In 1931, the town of Baden-Baden was officially given its double name (a short form for "Baden in Baden", i.e. Baden in the state of Baden). In both World Wars, the town escaped destruction. After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French forces in Germany and the site of a displaced persons camp.

From September 23 to September 28 1981, the XIth Olympic Congress took place in the Kurhaus in Baden-Baden.

The Baden Airpark is 15 km west of Baden-Baden.

The Russian writer Dostoevsky wrote "The Gambler" while gambling at the famous Baden-Baden Casino.

Sights 
 Kurhaus
 The Casino
 Friedrichsbad
 Caracalla Spa
 Lichtentaler Allee, a well known 19th century park
 Sammlung Frieder Burda
 Old Castle "Hohenbaden", built in 1102, the first residence of the margraves of Baden, a ruin since the 15th century
 New Castle, former residence of the margraves of Baden
 The famous Festspielhaus Baden-Baden
 Ruins of Roman baths, ca. 2000 years old, excavated in 1847
  Stiftskirche, a church including the tombs of fourteen margraves of Baden
 "The Paradise" (Paradies), an Italian style Renaissance garden with lots of trick fountains
 Mount Merkur with Merkurbergbahn funicular railway and observation tower
 Fremersberg Tower
 Fabergé Museum

References

Other websites 
 Official site 
 Castle Hohenbaden  
 "Art and Nightlife Have Baden-Baden Percolating Again", New York Times, July 9, 2006

 
Spa towns in Germany
Görlitz

Görlitz (, Upper Sorbian: Zhorjelc, , , Upper Lusatian dialect: Gerlz, Gerltz or Gerltsch) is a town in Germany on the river Lusatian Neisse, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony, opposite the Polish town of Zgorzelec. Zgorzelec was a part of Görlitz until 1945.

Historically Görlitz has belonged at times to the regions of Lusatia and Silesia. Today it is the easternmost city in Germany.

History 
When Nazi Germany lost the war, German troops blew up all bridges crossing the Lusatian Neisse. The redrawing of boundaries in 1945 – in particular the relocation of the German-Polish border to the Oder-Neisse line – divided the town, the right bank becoming part of Poland, and named Zgorzelec in 1948, while the main portion became part of the German state of Saxony. When the East German states were dissolved in 1952, Görlitz became part of the Dresden Bezirk (region), but the states were restored upon German reunification in 1990.

Today Görlitz and Zgorzelec, two towns on opposite banks of the river, have friendly relations. Two bridges have been rebuilt, a bus line connects the German and Polish parts of the town, and there is a common urban management, with annual common sessions of both town councils.

On June 27, 1994, the town was became a Roman Catholic diocese.

Görlitz is the hometown of current German football players Michael Ballack and Jens Jeremies.

In 2006 Görlitz/Zgorzelec was a candidate for European City of Culture 2010. It was hoped that the jury could be convinced by the concept of a Polish-German Cooperation but Essen got the award, with Görlitz achieving the second place. The Campaign was renamed City of Culture to intensify German-Polish relationship and to attract tourists from all over the world.

In Fiction
The dramatic courtroom scene, at the conclusion of John le Carré famous Cold War spy novel "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold", takes place in a secret Socialist Unity Party of Germany installation near Görlitz, in the middle 1960s.

People 
 Jakob Böhme - philosopher, 1575 born in a village near Görlitz.
 Johann Christoph Brotze
 Oskar Morgenstern
 Hans-Jürgen Dörner, football player and coach
 Jens Jeremies, retired footballer, had played for Bayern Munich and the German national team.
 Michael Ballack, footballer,  signed to German club Bayer Leverkusen, current captain of the German national team.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Görlitz Rural District
Visible spectrum

The visible spectrum (or sometimes called the optical spectrum) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. 

A typical human eye will react to wavelengths in air from about 380 to 750 nm. 

The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the pure spectral or monochromatic colors. 

But there are no clear boundaries between one color and the next.

Color display spectrum

Color displays (e.g., computer monitors or televisions) mix red, green, and blue color to approximate the color spectrum. In the illustration, the narrow red, green and blue bars show the relative mixture of these three colors used to produce the color directly above.

References

Optics
Electromagnetism
Vision

Vision  can refer to:

 Sight- the ability to see
 a form of religious experience
 Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe) - A fictional superhero created by Marvel Studios
Aach, Baden-Württemberg

Aach [] is a small town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Being situated close to Lake Constance and the Swiss border, it is mostly known for the Aachtopf — Germany's biggest natural spring in terms of production.

Aach has a city council with twelve seats. The last elections in 2004 brought three seats for the CDU, three seats for the SPD and four seats for independent voters' associations. Aach's mayor is Severin Graf (CDU).

References

Other websites 

  Aach:History and images 

States of the Holy Roman Empire
Konstanz (district)
Aach, Rhineland-Palatinate

Aach is a municipality in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is part of Trier-Land, a Verbandsgemeinde.

Aach has a council with sixteen seats. The last elections in 2004 brought the CDU twelve seats, the other four went to the free voters' association (FWG Aach e. V.) In the same elections Mayor Josef Klein (CDU) was voted into office with nearly 74% of the votes.

Geography 
Aach is about 6 km north of the center of Trier. It is in the southern Eifel mountains.

References

Trier-Saarburg
Joachimsthal, Brandenburg

Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is  northwest of Eberswalde, and  northeast of Berlin-Mitte.

References

Other websites

Barnim Rural District
Pieter Brueghel the Elder

Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Dutch or Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker. He is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Bruegel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel family. But he is the most famous of them and therefore in most of the cases when someone speaks of "Brueghel" he thinks of him. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as Bruegel.

Life 
There are records that he was born in Breda, Netherlands, but it is uncertain whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. He was the son of a peasant living in the village of Breughel.

Style 
In Bruegel's later years he painted in a simpler style than the Italian art in his time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch.

Themes 
Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants. He is often credited as being the first Western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake.

He showed the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games. These show the folk culture of 16th century life.

Some of his Paintings 

Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap, 1565, Bruxelles, Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van Belgie, inv. 8724
 The Peasant and the Nest Robber, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 The Three Soldiers, 1568, Frick Collection, New York City
 Conversion Of Paul, 1567, Kunsthistorishes Museum, Vienna
 The Storm at Sea, an unfinished work, probably Bruegel's last painting.

Other websites 

 Biography at the Web Gallery of Art
 Pieter Bruegel the Elder at Olga's Gallery
 Pieter Bruegel the Elder in the "A World History of Art"
 Complete list of paintings. Includes all of the 100 proverbs from the painting, with explanation (in French). 
 www.all-art.org/early_renaissance About Pieter Brueghel the Elder
 Timken Museum of Art's "Parable of the Sower" by Pieter Bruegel the Elder 

1520s births
1569 deaths
Flemish painters
Dutch painters
Bad Tölz

Bad Tölz is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.

In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was made at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was located in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991.

Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church made in 1466, which is a good example of German late-Gothic architecture.

Geography 
Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River, 670 metres above sea level. It has an area of

Culture 
 Bad Tölz is the setting of the popular television series, Der Bulle von Tölz.
 Tölzer Knabenchor - a world-famous boys choir.
 Bad Tölz is famous for the hockey club EC Bad Tölz (also known as Tölzer Löwen)

References

Other websites 
  
 Junkerschule Bad Tölz

Spa towns in Germany
Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
Chris Brown

Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor.  "Forever" is one of his most famous songs. He has won three American Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, eleven BET Awards, and a Grammy Award.

Personal life
He got attention when he was arrested and convicted in 2009 for beating his then-girlfriend, R&B/pop singer Rihanna. He was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service. He was also ordered to stay at least 300 feet away from her for five years. Brown has bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

He made his own record label CBE (Chris Brown Entertainment or Culture Beyond Your Evolution) in 2007.

Discography
Brown has released 5 albums and 4 mixtapes:

References 

1989 births
Living people
Actors from Virginia
African American actors
African American musicians
American dancers
American movie actors
American people convicted of assault
American R&B singers
Rap musicians from Virginia
American television actors
People with bipolar disorder
Singers from Virginia
American Music Awards
Bernau bei Berlin

Bernau bei Berlin (English Bernau near Berlin) is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about  northeast of Berlin.

In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) (General German Confederation of Trade Unions) opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people.

Twinned cities 
  - Champigny-sur-Marne
 ,  - Meckhenheim
  - Skwierzyna

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the city (German)

Barnim Rural District
Bad Reichenhall

Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps. Mount Staufen () and Mount Zwiesel () are both near Bad Reichenhall. Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds. The town was the site of a disaster on January 2, 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others.

Ice rink disaster 

Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident.

Famous people from Bad Reichenhall 
 Anni Friesinger, speed skater
 Regina Häusl, alpine skier
 Stefan Holzner, triathlete
 Michael Neumayer, ski jumper
 Hans Söllner, singer-songwriter

Other websites 
 Bad Reichenhall Tourist Centre
 Bad Reichenhall Tourist Attractions

References

Spa towns in Germany
Berchtesgadener Land