cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
David de Gea

David de Gea Quintana (born 7 November 1990) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Manchester United and the Spain national team.

He started playing at the senior level for Atlético Madrid in 2009. He has been playing for United since 2011 and has won a Golden Glove in the 2018/19 season during his career with them. 

De Gea made his debut for the Spain national team in 2014 and played with them at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in which Spain were eliminated in the Round of 16 after losing to Russia on penalty-shootout.

Career statistics

Club

International

Awards

Club 

Atletico Madrid

UEFA Europa League: 2009-10
UEFA Super Cup: 2010 UEFA Super Cup

Manchester United

Premier League: 2012-13
FA Cup: 2015-16
EFL Cup: 2016-17
FA Community Shield: 2011, 2013, 2016
UEFA Europa League: 2016-17, runner-up (2nd place): 2020-21

International 

Spain U17
UEFA European U-17 Championship: 2007

Spain U21
UEFA European U-21 Championship: 2011, 2013

Individual  

UEFA European U-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2011, 2013
PFA Team of the Year: 2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18
Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2013-14, 2014-15, 2017-18
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015-16
FIFPro World XI: 2018
Premier League Golden Glove: 2017-18

Notes

References

1990 births
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Living people
Manchester United F.C. players
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Madrid
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Luna 1

Luna 1 (also known as the First Cosmic Ship, Cosmic Rocket and Mechta (, Literal translation: Dream)) was a space probe of the Soviet Union. It was the first mission in the Luna programme and it was the first spacecraft to reach the Moon. Luna 1 made some key scientific discoveries and it is one of the best achievements of the Soviet Union space programme.

Design

The spacecraft was sphere-shaped. Five antennae came out of one end. Instrument ports came out of the surface of the sphere. It also had various metallic emblems with the Soviet coat of arms.

Instruments

Luna 1 had radio equipment, a tracking transmitter and a telemetering system for communication with Earth. The spacecraft carried several scientific devices too. These included a magnetometer, a device for measuring magnetic fields, a scintillation counter, a device for detecting high energy particles and a geiger counter, a device for measuring radiation. Luna 1 also carried a micrometeorite detector and other equipment.

Mission

The space probe was launched on January 2, 1959 at Baikonur Cosmodrome by a SS-6 Sapwood rocket. The launch was successful and Luna 1 became the first man-made object ever to reach the escape velocity of the Earth.

On January 3, 1959, the spacecraft released a cloud of sodium gas so that astronomers could track the probe and also to serve as an experiment on the behaviour of gas in space.

Luna 1 was intended to impact the Moon's surface. However, on January 4, 1959, it passed within 5995 km of the Moon and began to orbit the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Mars, where it is still orbiting now, on a 450 day orbit. Thus, Luna 1 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Sun.

References

Other websites

Moon
Soviet spacecraft
1959 in the Soviet Union
Margaret Olley

Margaret Hannah Olley  (24 June 1923 - 26 July 2011) was an Australian artist. She was born in Lismore, New South Wales, and died in Paddington, New South Wales. She was well known for generous gifts of paintings and money to public art galleries in Australia. These gifts included works by Cezanne and Picasso. She is also famous for being the model for portraits. Two paintings of her won the Archibald Prize; William Dobell's painting in 1948, and Ben Quilty's in 2011. She was described by Julia Gillard, the Prime Minister of Australia, as a great artist and a true Australian national treasure.

She grew up on sugarcane farms in Queensland, and her artistic talent was noticed at school. Her teachers convinced her parents she should study art at the Brisbane Technical College. She then moved to Sydney and studied art at the East Sydney Technical College. She held the first of her 90 exhibitions in 1948. Many of her paintings were of things around her home such as flowers and bowls of fruit. In 1996 she was given Australia's highest honour, the Companion of the Order of Australia.

References

1923 births
2011 deaths

Australian painters
Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Artists from New South Wales
William Dobell

Sir William Dobell (24 September 1899, Newcastle, New South Wales - 13 May 1970, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales) was a famous Australian artist, well known for his portrait painting. He won the 1943 Archibald Prize with a portrait of another artist, Joshua Smith. The painting became the centre of a court case when two other artists said it was not a portrait, but a caricature. They said this meant it should not have won the prize. Dobell won the legal case, but it caused him many health problems and led to a nervous breakdown. He kept away from people and went to live in his parent's holiday house, Wangi Wangi, on the shores of Lake Macquarie.

References

1899 births
1973 deaths

Australian painters
Artists from New South Wales
Proteales

Proteales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by almost all taxonomists.

Proteales
Geraniales

The Geraniales are a small order of flowering plants in the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. 

 Geraniaceae: The largest family in the order, with over 800 species.
Pelargonium: a genus previously included in Geranium, and still often called geraniums.

In addition, the order includes some small families, with altogether less than 40 species. Most Geraniales are herbaceous, but there are also shrubs and small trees.

Rosids
Pithole, Pennsylvania

Pithole or Pithole City is a ghost town in Cornplanter Township, Venango County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  It is about  from Oil Creek State Park and the Drake Well Museum.  The first oil well was in that area. The quick growing of Pithole and then fast decline made it one of the most famous of the oil boomtowns.

Oil was found at wells close to Pithole in January 1865.  A large number of people moved to the area.  Many of these people were land speculators.  The town was built in May. By December, the area became an official town with about 20,000 people living in it. Pithole had at least 54 hotels, 3 churches, the third biggest post office in Pennsylvania, a newspaper, a theater, a railroad, the world's first pipeline, and a red-light district "the likes of Dodge City's". By 1866, less oil was being made in Pithole. Oil was found in other towns near Pithole.  This made many people from Pithole leave to live in those places. By 1877, the town no longer existed.

The site was cleared of plants and was given to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1961. A visitors center with information about the history of Pithole, was built in the 1970s. Pithole was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

References

Sources

Other websites 

Official site of Pithole City and the Drake Well Museum
"Pit-Hole City" (1960), folk song about Pithole from a record at YouTube

Settlements in Pennsylvania
Ghost towns in the United States
Venango County, Pennsylvania
Cornales

Cornales is an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries. Under the APG system, Cornales includes the following families:

 Cornaceae (the dogwood family, including Nyssaceae, the tupelos)
 Curtisiaceae (cape lancewood)
 Grubbiaceae (the sillyberry family)
 Hydrangeaceae (the hydrangea family)
 Hydrostachyaceae
 Loasaceae (the stickleaf family)

Asterids
Cornplanter Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania

Cornplanter Township is a township in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,687 at the 2000 census.

References

Townships in Pennsylvania
Venango County, Pennsylvania
Venango County, Pennsylvania

Venango County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  As of the 2010 census, 54,984 people lived there.  Its county seat is Franklin.

References

 
1800 establishments in Pennsylvania
Kerberos (moon)

Kerberos (formerly known as S/2011 (134340) 1 and informally as P4) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. The satellite was discovered on 28 June 2011. It is the fourth moon of Pluto to be discovered. The others are Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and Styx, discovered in 2012.

Discovery
The moon was discovered by a Hubble Space Telescope observing team led by Mark Showalter, while they were trying to find out if Pluto had any rings. Kerberos was first seen in a photo taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3, on June 28, 2011. More photos were taken on July 3 and July 18, 2011, to confirm that it exists. The moon was officially verified and announced on July 20, 2011. Kerberos was not seen in earlier Hubble photos because the exposure times were shorter. The moon may have appeared as a very faint smudge in photos taken in 2006, but was ignored because it was not clear. Kerberos is possibly also visible in images taken in 2010.

Structure
Kerberos has an estimated diameter of 13–34 km (8–21 miles).
Kerberos and Pluto's other moons are thought to have been created by a cosmic collision between the dwarf planet and another celestial body early in the Solar System's history.

References

Pluto's moons
Boomtown

A boomtown is a place that has very quick population and economic growth. Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found. It can happen, for example in a gold rush. Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up. They become ghost towns.

The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons.  This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a popular attraction. 

Settlements
Alexander (2004 movie)

Alexander is a 2004 epic drama war movie about Alexander III of Macedon. It was directed by Oliver Stone.

The budget of this movie was about 155 million dollars. Its box office was about 167 million dollars.

Plot
The story is about Alexander III of Macedon and his battles against Great Persian Empire and his victories, in the beginning, movie shows early life of Alexander and what happened in his young ages and what his father King Philip II did. When Philip died Alexander was King of Macedon and decided to fight with Persian Empire and at last he conquered Persia. When he wanted conquer India in a battle he wounded and died.

Main characters

Other websites 
 Official website
 Alexander at the Internet Movie Database
 
 
 
 

2004 movies
2000s biographical movies
2004 drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s war movies
2000s American biographical movies
2000s American drama movies
American epic movies
American LGBT movies
American war movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
British war movies
German drama movies
Dutch drama movies
French drama movies
Italian drama movies
Thai movies
Moroccan movies
English-language movies
2000s historical movies
Movies directed by Oliver Stone
Period action movies
Movies set in Greece
Movies set in Egypt
Movies set in Asia
Movies set in Afghanistan
Movies set in Iran
Movies set in India
Karaj

Karaj (Persian: کرج) is an Iranian city and main city of Alborz province. The city has about 1,370,000 inhabitants.

Karaj is 6th largest city of Iran.

Related pages
 List of cities in Iran

Other websites 
Karaj city portal  
About Karaj city 
Karaj, Iran, Yahoo! Travel 
The city of Karaj
Iran Tourism & Touring Organization

Cities in Iran
Plymouth, Montserrat

Plymouth was a town in Montserrat.  It was founded in the 1700s and named for Plymouth, England. It served as the capital of Montserrat.  It was also the island's main port.  It was destroyed by a volcano in 1997.  

Towns in North America
Montserrat
1700s establishments in North America
Cognitive bias

A cognitive bias happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology. Cognitive biases are often because of evolution. Some behaviors were good for primitive humans and animals that seem foolish today. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias.

Related pages 
Fundamental attribution error

Psychology
Definitely Maybe

Definitely Maybe is the first album by Oasis. It was released under the label Creation Records on the August 30, 1994.

Track listing

Oasis (band) albums
1994 albums
Debut albums
Pop rock albums
SN 1987A

SN 1987A was a supernova in a small galaxy that is orbiting our Milky Way galaxy. The supernova was 168,000 light years away, and so happened 168,000 years ago. But it was  1987 when it was first seen. It was close enough that scientists found neutrinos before the light got to Earth.  

SN 1987A is the only supernova that has been that close in modern times, It was the brightest object seen from Earth in over 400 years. There have been many others that were closer but they were before scientists had the tools to help them understand what was happening.

"Scientists believe they've finally tracked down the dead remnant from Supernova 1987A  one of their favourite star explosions. Astronomers knew the object must exist but had always struggled to identify its location because of a shroud of obscuring dust".

References

Supernovae
1987
Kepler's Supernova

SN 1604 was a supernova seen in 1604. It was seen in the constellation Ophiuchus. SN 1604 is sometimes called Kepler's Nova or Kepler's Supernova or Kepler's Star since Johannes Kepler studied it. SN 1604 is the last supernova to have been seen in our galaxy. 

Supernovae
1604
Scott Stewart (director)

Scott Stewart (alias Scott Charles Stewart) is an American movie director, writer, movie producer and special effects maker.

Biography
Stewart worked at the special effects business called The Orphanage. Stewart directed and wrote the movie Legion. Legion is an action movie and horror movie about the end of the world, also called the apocalypse. He directed the vampire and western horror movie Priest. He has had actor Paul Bettany star in his first two movies.

List of movies

Movies he directed
 What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
This movie came out in 2000. He also wrote the movie's story. He based the movie on the story "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" by writer Raymond Carver.
 Legion
This movie came out in 2010. He also wrote and produced the movie.
 Priest
This movie came out in 2011.
The Mortal Instruments
Stewart and other people have started working on it. They hope it will come out in 2012. The movie is based on the books City of Bones and The Mortal Instruments, by Cassandra Clare. Clare writes books for teenage readers. The books are also liked by adults.

Movies he made special effects for
The year each movie came out is in parentheses.
 Mars Attacks! (1996)
 The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
 Mercury Rising (1998)
 The Last Birthday Card (2000)
 Sin City (2005)
 Night at the Museum (2006)
 The Host (2006)
 Grindhouse (2007)
 Red Cliff (2008)
 Iron Man (2008)

References

Other websites

American movie directors
American screenwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty is an operation performed to change the shape, size or appearance of the human nose.

Surgery
Nose
Chinstrap penguin

The chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) is a penguin that gets its name from the narrow band of black feathers that goes under their "chin" from ear to ear. They are sometimes called the ‘stone-cracker penguin’ because of their squeaky and high pitched call. Chinstrap penguins are found in polar, shallow seas and coastal areas. Some penguins are born very pale and are called ‘Blonde’ penguins. There are more chinstrap penguins than any other penguins in the world.

They feed mainly on krill and fish. The chinstrap penguins make nests in round shapes made from small stones and take turns in sitting on the eggs, they can be left on the nest for 10 days.

Size 
These little penguins are only about  tall and weigh about . Chinstraps may be small, but they are the boldest penguins of all.

References

Other websites
 Arkive   
 Siec   
 BBC  
 Coolantarctica  

Penguins
Adélie penguin

The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is a Antarctic penguin that has a black head and back with a white chest and belly, and a white ring around each of their eyes. There are about 2.5 million Adélie penguins in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Adélie penguins travel the furthest to breed because they build their nests from stones and need to find stones. Adélies come ashore to breed in the summer. In the winter, they live on ice that floats off the Antarctic shore.

Chicks and eggs 
Adélie parents take turns keeping their chicks warm and fed. While one watches the nest, the other goes into the ocean to catch krill. The penguins carry the krill back to the nest in their stomachs. Then they regurgitate it to feed their chicks.

Most Adélie penguins incubate two eggs at a time. The little chicks hatch out at about the same time. One is usually stronger than the other and has a better chance of surviving.

When first born, the chicks are kept warm by their parents. But after two or three weeks, they grow a thick, woolly gray down. Then they join other chicks in creches, or nursery groups.

Size 
Adélie penguins are the smallest penguins in Antarctica. They weigh only about , or the weight of a typical house cat. They are about .

References

Other websites
 Penguin facts
 Adelie penguins 

Penguins
Katabatic wind

A katabatic wind is a very strong wind which blows downhill. They can be warm winds like the "föhn" wind on the north slopes of the Alps in Europe or the Chinook which blows down the Rockies in the US. They can also be very cold winds like those in Antarctica or Greenland. They are made when cold, dense air flows down from the ice cap to the coast. Sometimes these winds are called fall winds. Along the Adriatic coast, the cold katabatic wind is called the "bora", and in France it is called the "mistral".

References 

Winds
Galápagos penguin

The Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) live on the Galápagos Islands. Because these islands are at the equator, the waters are warm  not all penguins live in cold climates. They do not migrate.

Description 
Galapagos penguins have two bands of brown feathers on their faces and their beaks are thin and slender.

Size 
They weigh five pounds and are one and a half feet tall.

References 

Penguins
Galápagos Islands
Macaroni penguin

The macaroni penguin is a crested penguins that gets their names from their crest. Macaroni penguins are known for their black faces and the orange-yellow crests that create a band across their foreheads.
Macaroni penguins live on islands on the edge of Antarctica, as well as on islands that lie south of Africa and the Americas. They make their nests on cliffs and hillsides.

Size 
Macaroni penguins weigh 10 pounds and are a little over 2 feet tall. As predators, Macaroni penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food. Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth. Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food. Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food. When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from  down in the water. Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to . But that is really rare. They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air. Macaroni penguin chicks do not get any food until they are a week old.

Macaroni penguins usually live on bumpy or flat ground. They don't really live in places with many plants, but some penguins make their nests around grass. Macaroni penguins generally live by the water because they eat seafood. 

Macaroni penguins have many different ways of communicating. They might make noisy, shrieking sounds or they might bobble their heads. Sometimes, they even flap their wings. They make their head feathers wave when they are excited.

Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim. They can swim up to 15 miles per hour. Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them. Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming. Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking. They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet. Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling. Sliding helps them get to places faster.

References 

Penguins
Jared Leto

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Jared Joseph Leto (born December 26, 1971) is an American actor and musician. He is known for acting in movies such as Fight Club; Girl, Interrupted; Panic Room; American Psycho; Alexander; Requiem for a Dream; Lord of War, Prefontaine, Mr. Nobody and Suicide Squad in which he starred as The Joker.

He started a rock band called Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 with his brother Shannon Leto. Leto was the lead singer. The band has released four albums.

Filmography

Other websites 

 Jared Leto at the Internet Movie Database
 Jared Leto on Myspace

Actors from Louisiana
Actors who played the Joker
American movie actors
American rock singers
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Singers from Louisiana
1971 births
Living people
30 Seconds to Mars
Egyptian temple

Egyptian temples were buildings for the official worship of the gods in ancient Egypt. These temples were seen as houses for the gods. Sometimes they were specially for the pharaohs (kings). Within these temples the Egyptians performed a variety of rituals of the Egyptian religion. People would give offerings (gifts) to the gods. They would show the stories of the gods through festivals. These festivals would also help normal life to continue. The pharaohs were responsible for providing the temples and caring for the gods. This required a lot of labor and material for building and maintenance. It was necessary for the pharaohs to give this responsibility to priests. Most of the ordinary people did not take part in ceremonies and could not enter special parts of the temple. The temple was an important religious place for all classes of Egyptians. They went there to pray, give offerings, and seek guidance from the god dwelling within.

The most important part of the temple was the sanctuary. The sanctuary was the most secret and special place and usually had a statue of a god. In the early years of Egypt, about 3000 BCE, the temples were small. Priests and pharaohs added more rooms and the temples became bigger. The rooms would have a lot of decoration of the religion. By the time of the New Kingdom (c.1550-1070 BCE) the temples were huge buildings made of stone. The buildings were arranged in special ways for the religion. The temple would have halls, open areas, and very large entrance pillars. Some of these temples still exist today. Beyond the main temple was an outer wall. There would be other buildings inside the walls.

A large temple also had a lot of land and employed thousands of ordinary people to supply its needs. Temples were also economic centers. The priests who managed the temples had a lot of influence. They would sometimes oppose the king.

Temple-building continued in Egypt even when the nation declined and was ruled by the Roman Empire. Christianity brought more pressure on Egyptian religion. The last temple was closed in 550 CE. For hundreds of years, the ancient buildings were damaged and neglected. In the early 19th century, many people in Europe became interested in ancient Egypt. The study of ancient Egypt became known as the science of Egyptology. Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones. They tell us a lot about ancient Egyptian society.

Dozens of temples survive today. Some have become famous tourist attractions that bring money to modern Egypt.

Ancient Egypt
Coffee (color)

Coffee is a brownish color that is like the color of a medium roasted coffee beans. Different types of coffee beans have different colors when unroasted--the color coffee represents an average.  
The first time coffee was used as a color name in English was in 1695. 
The source of the color displayed at right is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #58).  

The first recorded use of Cafe au Lait as a color name in English was in 1839. 
The source of the color "Cafe au Lait" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #57).  

The first recorded use of Cafe Noir as a color name in English was in 1928. The source of the color "Cafe Noir" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #81).

Meaning of coffee
 The color coffee implies someone or something that is lively and active, the way one feels from consuming the caffeine in coffee.

Tones of coffee color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References

Other websites 
 YouTube—"Coffee Roasting Basics--Color Changes":
Dodge City

Dodge City is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States. Named after nearby Fort Dodge, the city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. The 2010 census showed the city population was 27,340.

In the 1880s Dodge City became a boomtown, with thousands of cattle passing annually through its stockyards. The peak years of the cattle trade in Dodge City were from 1883 to 1884. During that time the town grew tremendously. Dodge City had more famous (and infamous) gunfighters working at one time or another than any other town in the West, many of whom participated in the Dodge City War of 1883. It also boasted the usual array of saloons, gambling halls, and brothels: they were set up to separate a cowboy from his hard-earned cash. Famous were the Long Branch Saloon and the China Doll brothel.

Economy
Meat packing is the main industry in Dodge City. The city also has farm implement manufacturing, and is a supply center for area agriculture. Livestock-raising is a major activity while wheat and sorghum are the area's main crops. 

In addition, a local tourism industry, including a casino resort, has developed to capitalize on Dodge City's history as an Old West cowtown. The service sector accounts for much of the rest of the local economy with local government, schools, retail stores, and health care providers as the city's other major employers.

Transportation 
Four U.S. Highways meet in Dodge City: U.S. Route 50, U.S. Route 56, U.S. Route 283, and U.S. Route 400. Dodge City was located on the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, that was established in 1912.

Dodge City Regional Airport is about 2 miles (3 km) east of the city.  Three railroads serve Dodge City.

References 

County seats in Kansas
Cities in Ford County, Kansas
Juventus Stadium

Juventus Stadium is a sports stadium in Turin, Italy. It is home to the club Juventus FC. It can hold 41,254 people. It was built on the site of the Stadio delle Alpi, and opened in the summer of 2011.

Gallery

References 

2011 establishments in Europe
2010s establishments in Italy
Juventus F.C.
Sports buildings in Italy
Turin
Andrea Agnelli

Andrea Agnelli (born December 6, 1975 in Turin) is an Italian businessman.  In 2010 he became president of Italian football club Juventus F.C..   He is an Executive Member of the European Club Association. He is also a board member of FIAT and Exor.

References

1975 births
Living people
Italian people
Princeton, New Jersey

Princeton is a community in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756. Although Princeton is a "college town", there are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service (ETS), Opinion Research Corporation, Siemens Corporate Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sarnoff Corporation, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company. 

Princeton is roughly same distance from both New York City and Philadelphia. Since the nineteenth century, it has been connected by rail to both cities by the Princeton Branch rail line to the nearby Princeton Junction Station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.  Princeton is close to many major highways that serve both cities, and receives some TV and radio broadcasts from each.

The Princeton train station was moved from under Blair Hall to its present location on University Place in 1918. Commuting to New York from Princeton became commonplace after World War II.  New Jersey Transit provides shuttle service between the Princeton and Princeton Junction stations;  the train is locally called the "Dinky", and has also been known as the "PJ&B" (for "Princeton Junction and Back").  Two train cars, or sometimes just one, are used.

New Jersey's capital is the city of Trenton, but the governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governor's mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion in the township. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.

In 1783, it was the capital of the United States for a few months.

References

Other websites

Princeton Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau
Princeton Township Municipal Web Site (Government)
The Princeton Packet (Local Newspaper)
Princeton Online (Local Online Community)
Princeton Regional Schools 
Data for the Princeton Regional Schools, National Center for Education Statistics

Cities in New Jersey
Former national capitals
New Jersey
Iraq at the Olympics

Iraq was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. Since 1980, Iraq has been in every game despite the [[Iraq War]]. Iraq has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

Iraq has been represented by the National Olympic Committee of Iraq since 1948.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Iraq profile at London2012.com

Sport in Iraq
Nations at the Olympics
Japan at the Olympics

Japan at the Olympics is a history which includes 41 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes.  Since 1912, athletes of Japan have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Japan is JPN.

History
The Japanese National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1912.   Its first president was Kanō Jigorō.

Japan's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. Japan was not invited to the 1948 Games after World War II; and Japan boycotted of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

In support of the team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, each of the 518 athletes were given hand-carved good luck charm made by schoolchildren from tsunami-hit areas in Tōhoku. These special "medals" were made from driftwood. There were messages from the children on the ribbons which were attached.

Medalists
Japanese tennis players Ichiya Kumagae  and Seiichiro Kashio were the first Japanese athletes to win medals in summer sport.  They won silver medals in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

The first Japanese medal in a winter sport was in 1956 when Chiharu Igaya earned a silver medal for Alpine skiing.

Summer Games
During the course of 20 summer games, Japanese athletes have won 350+ medals, with the most gold medals won in judo.  In the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Japan's first gold medals in summer sports were won by Mikio Oda in the triple jump and by Yoshiyuki Tsuruta in swimming.

Winter Games
Japan has won 37 medals at the winter games. In the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan's first gold medal in a winter sports was won by Yukio Kasaya in ski jumping.

Notable Olympians
Japanese Olympic greats include 
 Naoko Takahashi, marathon gold medal in 2000
 Tamara Ryoka, judoka gold medals in 2000 and 2004
 Sawao Kato, gymnast gold medals in 1968, 1972 and 1976
 Akinori Nakayama, gymnast gold medals in 1968 and 1972

The youngest Japanese competitor was Etsuko Inada (12 years, 4 days) in the 1936 Winter Olympics.  The oldest Japanese Olympian is Hiroshi Hoketsu (67 years, 139 days) in the 2008 Summer Games.

Host country
The 1940 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics were planned for Japan, but the organizers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.  These games were later cancelled because of World War II.

Japan was the host country three times, including
 1964 Summer Olympics
 1972 Winter Olympics
 1998 Winter Olympics

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 List of IOC country codes
 Japan national football team
 Japan women's national football team

References

Other websites

 Japanese Olympic Committee website
  Japan profile at London2012.com
  Japan at databaseOlympics.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Japan
Dioscoreales

Dioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.

Monocots
Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned

Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned is a "studio" album by the czechoslovakia underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was recorded in 1974-1975 in Houska Castle and in atelier in Prague. It was released in 1978 (France) and in Czech Republic in 2001. The album title is a parody on the name of The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Tracklist 
Title (Music/Lyrics)
Dvacet (Milan Hlavsa/Egon Bondy)
Zácpa (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Toxika (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Magické noci (Hlavsa/Bondy)
M.G.M. (Hlavsa/)
Okolo okna (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Elegie (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Podivuhodný mandarin (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Nikdo (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Jó-to se ti to spí (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Já a Mike (Hlavsa/Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., translator Jaroslav Kořán)
Ranní ptáče (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Francovka (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Jednou nohou (Hlavsa/?)
Spofa blues (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Apokalyptickej pták (Hlavsa/Pavel Zajíček)
Píseň brance (Hlavsa/František Pánek)

Musicians 
Milan Hlavsa – bass guitar, vocals
Josef Janíček – guitar, vibraphone, vocals
Jiří Kabeš – violin, vocals
Vratislav Brabenec – alto saxophone
Jiří Šula – drums
Jaroslav Vožniak – drums
Vasil Šnajdr – flute
Zdeněk Fišer – theremin

The Plastic People of the Universe
1978 albums
2001 albums
Rock albums
Milan Hlavsa

Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (March 6, 1951, Prague, Czechoslovakia - January 5, 2001, Prague, Czech Republic) was a Czech musician and singer. He was founder bassist for the Czechoslovakia underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. In 1999, played in the White House along with Lou Reed.

References

1951 births
2001 deaths
Czech musicians
The Plastic People of the Universe
Olympic (band)

Olympic is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (today Czech Republic). The band's frontman is Petr Janda. Founding members were Petr Janda (solo guitar, vocals), Pete Kaplan (rhythm guitar), František Ringo Čech (drums) and Miroslav Berka (keyboards).

Other websites
 Official website

Czech musical groups
Red admiral

The red admiral (Vanessa atalanta) is a well-known colourful butterfly, found in temperate Europe, Asia and North America. It has a  wing span. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring, and sometimes again in autumn.

In northern Europe, it is one of the last butterflies to be seen before winter sets in, often feeding on the flowers of ivy on sunny days. The red admiral is also known to hibernate, re-emerging individuals showing prominently darker colourings than first brood subjects. The butterfly also flies on sunny winter days, especially in southern Europe.

In North America, the red admiral generally has two broods from March through October. Most of North America must be recolonized each spring by southern migrants, but this species over-winters in south Texas.

Other red admiral species are:
The New Zealand red admiral Vanessa gonerilla.
The Indian red admiral Vanessa indica.

Painted ladies 

The painted ladies are a subgenus Cynthis of the red admirals. The topside of their wings is mostly orange in colour.

The group includes:
 The painted lady (Vanessa cardui), which is almost global in its distribution
 Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi)
 American painted lady (Vanessa virginiensis)
 West coast lady (Vanessa annabella).

Migration 
The painted lady in the UK migrates south in the winter. This has been proved by tracking them on radar. They fly at high altitude on a 9,000-mile migration. It could take up to six successive generations for the species to complete a 9000 mile (14,400 km) round trip from tropical Africa to Europe.

Huge numbers migrate. The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009. Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.

References 

Nymphalidae
Sami Lepistö

Sami Lepistö (born October 17, 1984 in Espoo, Finland) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the KHL. He was drafted with the 66th overall pick by the Washington Capitals in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He first played hockey in the SM-liiga with Jokerit. He played with Jokerit with 4 seasons before being signed by the Washington Capitals on May 31, 2007. He was assigned to the Capitals AHL farm team, the Hershey Bears. He was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes on June 27, 2009. He was sent to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Rostislav Klesla and Dane Byers. On July 15, 2011, He signed a one year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks. He played one season with the Blackhawks before signing a one year contract with the rebuilding Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL. He played 26 games with them and then signed a contract with Lev Prague. He played 11 games with them and currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Espoo
Finnish ice hockey players
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists
Phoenix Coyotes players
Washington Capitals players
Ice hockey defencemen
Brian Connelly

Brian Connelly (born June 10, 1986 in Bloomington, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Rockford IceHogs which are the AHL farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL.

He played hockey collegically for the Colorado College Tigers for 3 seasons. Connelly also played 3 seasons with the Rockford IceHogs before he was traded to the Calgary Flames by the Blackhawks in exchange for Brendan Morrison on January 27, 2012.

On July 6, 2012, he signed as a two-year, two-way contract with the Minnesota Wild. On February 26, 2014, Connelly was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brad Winchester.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
Living people
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Swedish Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Nick Leddy

Nick Leddy (born March 20, 1991 in Eden Prairie, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for the New York Islanders of the NHL.

He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Minnesota Wild in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he played at the University of Minnesota with the Golden Gophers. He was drafted by the Wild and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with Kim Johnsson for Cam Barker on February 12, 2010.

He played his first NHL game on October 8, 2010 against the Colorado Avalanche and scored his first NHL goal on October 11, 2010 against Ryan Miller of the Buffalo Sabres. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
Living people
American ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Stanley Cup champions
Chicago Blackhawks players
American Hockey League players
New York Islanders players
Ice hockey defencemen
Meadow brown

The meadow brown, Maniola jurtina, is a butterfly found in European meadows, where its larvae feed on grasses.

There is some sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colourful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about, while females fly less and often may not away from the area where they grew up.

The evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is probably attack deflection. Small, peripherally located eyespots act as attractors to deflect the attacks of predators to non-vital parts of the body.

Food plants 
Sheep's fescue Festuca ovina
Rough meadow grass Poa trivialis
Smooth meadow grass Poa pratensis

References 

Nymphalidae
Musk ox

The musk ox (Ovibos moschatus, muskox) is a large Arctic mammal of the Bovidae family.

It has a thick coat, and was common in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene ice age. The males give off a strong odour, hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in herds of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.

Musk oxen live in Arctic North America and Greenland, with small introduced populations in Sweden, Siberia and Norway.

Musk oxen are herbivores which graze on grasses, leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Musk oxen, like other ruminants, have a stomach with four sections.

Fossil DNA evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse. During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. Together with the bison and the pronghorn, the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.

References 

Caprids
Mammals of North America
The Primitives Group

The Primitives Group was a Czech psychedelic rock group, founded in 1967, broke up two years later, in 1969. Primitives Group played songs, among others, by The Doors, The Fugs, Pretty Things and The Velvet Underground. Guitarist Josef Janíček currently playing with The Plastic People of the Universe.

References

Czech musical groups
Milan Smrčka

Milan Smrčka; best known as Záviš (September 27, 1956 in Citonice, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech musician, guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and poet.

Discography
 Určeno pro uši rabijáků (1998)
 Slunce v duši (2000)
 Záviš, syn vojáka (2001)
 Sejdeme se na věčnosti (2003)
 Radost pohledět (2004)
 Život je sranda (2005)
 Když prší (2006)
 Rolník a rorýsek (2007)
 Bože, já jsem vůl (2008)
 Závišova devátá (2009)
 Záva & Pepa - Naživo za pivo (2010)
 Nevytahuj mi ho prosím na veřejnosti (2012)

 K tomu nic (2014, Ears&Wind Records)Závišova dvanáctka (2016, Ears&Wind Records)U prdele (2018, Ears&Wind Records)Hrci-prci (2020, Ears&Wind Records''

1956 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Czech poets
Folk singers
Songwriters
Guitarists
52

52 is a year in the 1st century.  Year 52 (LII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Pliny the Elder writes his account of the German wars. 
 Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel

Deaths 
 Publius Ostorius Scapula, Roman governor of Britain
 Empress Guo Shengtong

50s
56

56 is a year in the 1st century.

Events 
 War between Rome and Parthia starts because of the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I.  He replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia.
 Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome.
 The Jianwu era of the Eastern Han Dynasty changes to the Jianwuzhongyuan era.

Births 
 Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historian (d. 117 AD)

50s
60

60 is a year in the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Romans build the first London Bridge.
 Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made a will.  He left his kingdom to his two daughters and emperor Nero.
 The Roman army annexed East Anglia. 
 Boudica, widow of Prasutagus, is flogged and then forced to witness the public rape of her daughters.
 Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads a campaign on the island of Mona (Anglesey).    
 Boudica joins the British Celtic tribes in revolt, along with the Cornovii, Durotriges and Trinovantes. 
 The rebels defeat Legio IX Hispana and destroyed the capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester). 
 Boudica sacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Thousands of civilians are killed.
Paulinus returns and reorganises his army. The Romans defeat Boudica's alliance, and slaughter the defeated enemy.
 Nero has people explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan).
 The Rhoxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.
 Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa.
 Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea.

By topic

Religion 
 The First Epistle of Peter, if by Saint Peter, is probably written between this year and c. 64.
 Paul of Tarsus goes to Rome.  He is shipwrecked at Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first Bishop of Malta.

Art and science 
 Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica, Mechanics, and Pneumatics.
 60–79 – House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.

Deaths 

 Domitius Afer, Roman orator

60s
62

62 is a year in the 1st century.

62
63

63 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year that started on a Saturday.

Events 
 Vespasian becomes the governor of Africa Province.
 Pompeii is damaged by an earthquake.

Deaths 
 Claudia Augusta, the only child of Nero

60s
65

Year 65 (LXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar in the 1st century.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Gaius Calpurnius Piso goes against Roman emperor Nero.
 Cestius Gallus becomes legate of Syria.
 After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class, Nero goes against Seneca, Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts. 
 Nero kills his pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, with a kick to the stomach.

By topic

Religion 
 The Gospel of Matthew is probably written between 60 and this year.
 Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).
 In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.
 The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. Mark begins to write his gospel.
 Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Thaddeus, also called Saint Jude in Armenia.
 Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Simon the Canaanite in Armenia.

Deaths 
 April 30 – Lucan, Roman poet and philosopher
 Petronius, Roman writer (see 66)
 Poppea Sabina, wife of Nero
 Piso (Gaius Calpurnius Piso)
 Saint Jude, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
 Simon the Canaanite, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
 Seneca the Younger, Roman statesman, philosopher, and tutor of Nero

60s
89

Year 89 (LXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Fulvus and Atratinus (or, less frequently, year 842 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 89 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

80s