cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tricycle

A tricycle is a vehicle with three wheels. It can be also called a trike. Tricycles can have pedals, an electric motor or a petrol engine.

Human powered 
A child's tricycle is best known, but adult tricycles are becoming more common.  The adult trikes will have a chain, gears and are recumbent (the feet are in front of the body).  They come in two main styles: tadpole with two wheels up front and one in back and delta with two wheels in the back and one wheel in the front.  Almost always the front wheel or wheels steer the bike, and power goes to the back wheel or wheels.

Some trikes are fully faired (covered in a shell to cut wind resistance).  These are called velomobiles.

Other trikes are built to carry cargo or passengers (also called a cycle rickshaw or pedicabs).

Motor driven 
Motorcycles also come in three wheeled versions.  Some people like them for better balance or more room.

Related pages
 Tandem trike

References

Human-powered vehicles
Cycling
Motorcycles
ECW World Heavyweight Championship

The Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world championship in Extreme Championship Wrestling from 1994 through 2001 and World Wrestling Entertainment from 2006 through 2010.

Other websites 
 Title History at WWE.com

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
List of rivers of China

The following is a list of rivers in China, by where they flow into:

Arabian Sea
 Indus (印度河)

Bay of Bengal
 Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra) (雅鲁藏布江) (joins the Ganges)

Andaman Sea
 Salween (萨尔温江 or 怒江)

South China Sea
 Mekong (湄公河)
 Red River (Vietnam) (红河, a.k.a. 元江)
 Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) (珠江)
 Beijiang (Bei) (北江)
 Dongjiang (Dong) (东江)
 Han (韩江)
 Mei (梅江)
 Ning (宁江)
 Ting (汀江)
 Dajing (大靖河)  
 Xijiang (Xi) (西江)
 Yujiang (Yu) (鬱江)
 Yongjiang (Yong) (邕江）)
 Zuojiang (Zuo) (左江)
 Youjiang (You) (右江)
 Xunjiang (Xun) (浔江）
 Qiangjiang (Qiang) (黔江)
 Rongjiang (Rong)（融江）
 Hongshui (Red River) (红水河）
 Beipan (北盘江)
 Nanpan (南盘江)
 Ba (灞水 or 灞河)
 Guijiang (Gui) (桂江)
 Lijiang (Li) (漓江)

Taiwan Strait
 Min (Fujian) (闽江)

East China Sea
 Qiantang River, Qian River (钱塘江 or 钱江, upper reach known as 新安江)
 Huangpu River (黃浦江)
 Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) (长江, upper reach known as 金沙江)
 Tongtian River
 Yalong River (雅砻江）
 Min (Sichuan) (岷江)
 Wu (乌江）
 Jialing (嘉陵江)
 Bailong (白龙江)
 Baishui (白水)
 Qujiang (渠江)
 Fujiang (涪江)
 Xiang (湘江)
 Xiaoshui (瀟水)
 Zhengshui (蒸水)
 Lishui (Li) (澧水)
 Yuanjiang (Yuan) (沅江)
 Wu River (巫水)
 Zijiang (Zi) (资江)
 Hanshui  (汉江 or 汉水)
 Gan (赣江)
 Zhang (章江)
 Gongshui (貢水)
 Mei (梅河)
 Xiang (Jiangxi) (湘水)

Yellow Sea
 Huai (淮河)
 Shaying (沙颖河)
 Yi (沂河)
 Shu (沭河)
 Si (泗河)
 Jiao (胶河)
 Yalu (鸭绿江) - Korea Bay

Bohai Sea
 Wei (潍河) 
 Xiaoqing (小清河, formerly known as 济河) 
 Yellow River (Huang He) (黃河) 
 Daxia (大峡河)
 Fen (汾河)
 Wei (渭河)
 Jing (泾河)
 Luo (洛河)
 Hai (海河) 
 Wei (卫河)
 Zhang (漳河)
 Yongding (永定河)
 Luan (滦河) 
 Liao (辽河)

Sea of Japan
 Tumen River (图们江)
 Heilong Jiang (Heilongjiang) (黑龙江)
 Songhua River (松花江)

Arctic Ocean
 Irtysh (额尔齐斯河) - Gulf of Ob (joins Ob River)

Canals
Grand Canal of China (大运河)

Rivers that do not flow into any larger body of water
 Muzat River - tributary of the Tarim River
 Tarim River - ends in the Taklamakan Desert
 Ili river - ends in Lake Balkhash
 Karakash (Black Jade River) (黑玉江) - ends in the Taklamakan Desert
 Yurungkash (White Jade River) (白玉江) - ends in the Taklamakan Desert

References 

China
List of rivers of Idaho

This is a list of rivers in Idaho:

Bear River
Big Wood River
Blackfoot River
Boise River
Bruneau River
Coeur d'Alene River
Clark Fork (river)
Clearwater River (Idaho)
Fall River
Henrys Fork
Jarbidge
Kootenai River
Lemhi River
Little Salmon River
Little Weiser River
Little Wood River
Lochsa River
Lost River/Big (Idaho)
Lost River/East Fork (Idaho)
Lost River/Little (Idaho)
Lost River/North Fork (Idaho)
Malad River
Moyie River
North Fork Owyhee River
Owyhee River
Pack River
Palouse River
Pahsimeroi River
Payette River 
Pend Oreille River
Portneuf River
Potlatch River
Priest River (Idaho)
Raft River
Sailor River
St. Joe River
Salmon River
Selway River
South Fork Snake River
Snake River
South Fork Owyhee River
Teton River (Idaho)
Warm River
Weiser River

Idaho

Idaho-related lists
List of rivers of Illinois

This is a list of rivers in Illinois:

Apple to Fox
Apple River
Big Muddy River
Beaucoup Creek
Boneyard Creek
Bonpas Creek
Cache River
Calumet River
Casey Creek, also known as Casey Fork Creek
Chicago River
Des Plaines River
DuPage River
Edwards River
Elm River
Embarras River
Fox River, northern Illinois
Fox River (Little Wabash tributary), southern Illinois

Galena to Lusk
Galena River
Grand Calumet River
Green River
Henderson Creek
Illinois River
Iroquois River
Kankakee River
Kaskaskia River
Kishwaukee River
Kyte River
La Moine River
Leaf River
Little Calumet River
Little Embarras River
Little Mackinaw River
Little Marys River
Little Menominee River
Little Muddy River
Little Vermilion River (Illinois)
Little Vermilion River (Illinois River tributary)
Little Wabash River
Lusk Creek

Mackinaw to Rock
Mackinaw River
Macoupin Creek
Marys River
Mazon River
Menominee River
Middle Fork Vermilion River
Mississippi River
Ohio River
Palmer Creek (Columbia, IL)
Panther Creek (Mackinaw watershed)
Pecatonica River
Piscasaw Creek
Plum River
Red River
Rock River

Saline to Wood
Saline River
Salt Fork Vermilion River
Salt Creek (Des Plaines River Tributary)
Salt Creek (Sangamon River Tributary)
Salt Creek (Little Wabash River Tributary)
Sangamon River
Sinsinawa River
Skillet Fork
Skokie River
Somonauk Creek
Spoon River
Sugar Creek (Sangamon River tributary)
Sugar River
Thorn Creek
Vermilion River (Illinois River tributary)
Vermilion River (Wabash River tributary)
Wabash River
West Okaw River
Wood River

Illinois
List of rivers of Indiana

The following is a list of rivers in Indiana, by letter:

Anderson River
Black River (Owensville – New Harmony)
Big Blue River
Blue River
Calumet Riversystem
Cedar Creek
Deep River
Driftwood River
Eel River (Cass/Miami/Wabash/Kosciusko/Whitley/Allen Counties) 
Eel River (Greene/Owen/Clay/Putnam/Parke Counties) 
Elkhart River
Fall River
Fawn River
Flatrock Creek
Flatrock River
Fourteen Mile Creek
Galena River
Iroquois River
Kankakee River
Little Blue River
Little Elkhart River
Little Flatrock River 
Little Kankakee River
Little Pigeon River
Little River also called Little Wabash River
Little Vermilion River 
Maumee River
Mississinewa River
Muscatatuck River
Ohio River
Patoka River
Pigeon River also called Pigeon Creek, Turkey Creek
Pigeon River also called Pigeon Creek
St. Joseph River (Maumee River tributary)
St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)
St. Marys River (Maumee River tributary)
Salamonie River
Sand River
Sugar Creek
Sugar River also called Sugar Creek, Rock River
Tippecanoe River
Vermilion River
Wabash River
White River
Whitewater River
Wildcat River also called Wildcat Creek
Yellow River

Indiana
The Golden Compass (movie)

The Golden Compass is a fantasy movie, which was released on December 5, 2007 by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. The movie is based on the book Northern Lights (also known as The Golden Compass), the first novel in Philip Pullman's trilogy His Dark Materials.

The cast includes Dakota Blue Richards, Nicole Kidman, Ian McKellen, Christopher Lee, Daniel Craig, Ian McShane, and Sam Elliott.

Plot
Lord Asriel has found something called "dust" that separates us and another universe.  People do not believe this idea.  The Magistrate, a very large and strong group, try to kill him by poisoning his drink.  Lyra, his niece, was playing, heard someone coming, hid, and saw a priest try to poison the drink.  She then ran out and saved Asriel before he could drink.  Asriel later goes to the North Pole to find this dust.

Lyra is also given something called a golden compass.  The person says that it's the only one in the world and that only a few people know how to use it.

A woman named Mrs. Coulter then tries to get Lyra in with her.  She promises her that they will go to the North Pole.

2007 movies
2000s fantasy movies
British fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Independent body

An independent body is a group employed to give a view without bias. Independent bodies are mainly employed to review public services. Some news groups claim to be independent bodies. In the United States, they are called an independent agency or an independent regulatory agency.

Public services
Limbourg brothers

The Limbourg brothers, or in Dutch Gebroeders van Limburg (Herman, Paul, and Johan; fl. 1385 – 1416), were famous Dutch Renaissance miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen. They were active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy.  They created what is certainly the best known late medieval illuminated manuscript, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.

Dutch painters
Nijmegen
Renaissance
Anthony Head

Anthony Stewart Head (born 20 February, 1954) is an English actor and musician who has appeared in theatre, television and movies. He is most well known for his role as Rupert Giles in the American television drama series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, as the Prime Minister in the British comedy show Little Britain, as Dr. Frank N Furter in the London revival of The Rocky Horror Show and for a series of coffee adverts in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is credited by his full name on American television, and sometimes as Tony Head elsewhere.

Other websites 

 Official website

1954 births
Living people
English movie actors
Musical theater actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Whedonverse
Uluru

Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback and located in Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. This is a holy place for some Aboriginal Australians. It is in the Western Desert, in the middle of Australia. It was listed as a World Heritage site in 1987 because of its geology. In 1997 it was again listed as a World Heritage site, this time because of its importance to the Anangu people. It was the second place in the world to be listed as culturally significant, and it is one of the few places in the world to have two listings.

History 
The Anangu people believe that Uluru, and the rest of Central Australia, was formed by ancestral beings at the beginning of time. The Anangu are directly descended from these ancestors. 

Modern science shows that they have lived around Uluru for more than 40,000 years. They continued to live their traditional life until the 1930s. This was a nomadic life, moving around to hunt and gather food according to the seasons. They have a complex ceremonial life based around Uluru. They are one of the oldest human societies on earth.

The first Europeans to see Uluru were explorers led by William Christie Gosse. He saw Uluru on 19 July 1873 and   named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, who was Chief Secretary of South Australia. The land was too dry and remote for farming, and very few people came to Uluru until the mid 20th century.

Geography 

See geography of Uluru and Kata Tjuta.

References 

Mountains of the Northern Territory
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Colubrid

A colubrid (from Latin coluber, snake) is a snake that is a member of the Colubridae family. Colubridae is the largest snake family, and includes about two-thirds of all known living snake species. However, colubrids are certainly not a natural group, and many are more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other. This family has classically been a dumping ground for snakes that do not fit anywhere else. There is on-going mitochondrial DNA research which will sort out the familial relations within this group.

A colubrid's body is almost completely covered in scales. Most colubrids are not venomous and are normally harmless. A few groups, such as genus Boiga, can produce medically significant bites. In addition, the Boomslang and African twig snake have both caused human fatalities. The venom-injecting fangs associated with venomous colubrids are almost always in the back of the mouth, in contrast to vipers and elapids.

Selected species 
 Boomslang
 Brown tree snake
 Dice snake
 Garter snake
 Kingsnake
 Rat snake
 Smooth snake
 Water snake
 Mussurana

References
Central Finland

Central Finland, Keski-Suomi, is a region of Finland with about 270,000 inhabitants. Neighbouring regions are Pirkanmaa, Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia, Southern Savonia and Päijänne Tavastia.

Municipalities
There are 27 municipalities in Central Finland. Cities and towns are marked in bold.

Regions of Finland
Archduke

The title of Archduke (feminine: Archduchess) (German: Erzherzog, feminine form: Erzherzogin) is a rank above Duke and under King. It is very rare. It was used only by males of the House of Habsburg.

Ruler style
The English word is recorded only since 1530, derived from Middle Latin archidux, from arch(i)- (primary or chief) + dux 'duke' .
 
Archduke (Erzherzog) is a title distinct from Grand Duke (Großherzog or Großfürst) that is used in some other German royal houses and still in sovereign Luxemburg.

Fictional Archdukes
 Poggle the Lesser was the Archduke of Geonosis, a planet from the Star Wars universe.

Famous archdukes and duchesses

Empress Maria Theresa. (Was Archduchess of Austria ect,) 
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (better known as "Marie Antoinette" was a daughter of the above and wife of Louis XVI of France) 
Maria Teresa of Austria wife of Louis XIV of France. known as "Marie Thérèse".

Related pages 

 Grand Duke

Sources and references 
EtymologyOnLine
Use of the title "archduke" in contemporaneous documents 

Nobility
Austria
Titles
Holy Roman Empire
Port-de-Paix

Port-de-Paix (Kréyòl: Pòdepè or Pòdpè; in English means "Peace Port") is a city and the capital of the département of Nord-Ouest in Haiti on the Atlantic coast.

The city is close to the mouth of the river Trois-Rivières, one of the most important river in Haiti. It has a population of 115,000 (2003 census), with 25,000 living in the city.

Christopher Columbus came to this region on 15 December 1492 and he gave it the name Valle del Paraíso or Valparaiso (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") because he found that this was a very beautiful valley.

A ferry operates between the town and Tortuga Island (La Tortue) situated just across the water.

The town was founded in 1665 by French buccaneers (a kind of pirates in the Caribbean) from Tortuga Island when they had to leave the island. In 1676 the town saw the first black slave revolt; its leader was Padre Jean (also Padrejean and Pedro Juan) and who was killed by buccaneers in 1679 in the mountains close to Port-de-Paix.

The area saw great success during the 19th century and Port-de-Paix was an important port; from here, bananas and coffee were sent to other countries. In 1902 the town was almost entirely destroyed by fire.

Port-de-Paix is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) of the same name. The arondissement consists of four communes (like municipalities): Port-de-Paix, Bassin Bleu, Chansolme and Tortuga Island.

Media
Le Novateur

Radio
Radio 4VTS FM
Radio Balade FM
Radio Cascade FM a Chamsolme
Radio Etincelle
Radio Melodie FM
Radio New Star
Radio Planete FM
Radio Sonic
Radio Television du Nord-Ouest
Radio Universelle
Voix de la Paix

References

Cities in Haiti
Device controller

A device controller is a system that handles the incoming and outgoing signals of the CPU. A device is connected to the computer via a plug and socket, and the socket is connected to a device controller. Device controllers use binary and digital codes. An IO device contains mechanical and electrical parts. A device controller is the electrical part of the IO device.

Device-Operating System Communication

The Device Controller receives the data from a connected device and stores it temporarily in some special purpose registers (i.e. local buffer) inside the controller. Then it communicates the data with a Device Driver. For each device controller there is an equivalent device driver which is the standard interface through which the device controller communicates with the Operating Systems through Interrupts. Device controller is a hardware whereas device driver is a software.
The controller's job is to convert the serial bit stream to block bytes and perform any error correction necessary. 
Each device controller is in charge of a specific type of device (for example disk drivers,audio devices, or video displays) .Each device controller has a local buffer.

Computer science
Electronics
Crypto.com Arena

Crypto.com Arena, originally known as Staples Center, is an indoor multi-purpose arena in downtown Los Angeles, California.  It is home to three basketball teams—the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA and Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA—plus the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL in ice hockey. They have the Grammy Awards here every year. The building hosted World Wrestling Entertainment's pay-per-view WrestleMania 21 in 2005.

On December 25, 2021, the arena was renamed Crypto.com Arena, for a Singapore-based cryptocurrency exchange that bought the naming rights.

Home teams 
Los Angeles Kings (NHL)
Los Angeles Clippers (NBA)
Los Angeles Lakers (NBA)
Los Angeles Sparks (WNBA)

Notes 

Sports buildings in Los Angeles
WrestleMania host
Los Angeles Kings
Camden County, North Carolina

Camden County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 6,885 people lived there.  Its county seat is the community of Camden. Camden County is the first and only consolidated city-county in North Carolina.

Camden is the original home county of Nikita Pavlunenko.

History 
The county was made in 1777 from the northeastern part of Pasquotank County.

Government 
Camden County is part of the local Albemarle Commission.

Connected counties 
These counties are connected to Camden County:
Currituck County, North Carolina - northeast
Tyrrell County, North Carolina - south-southwest
Pasquotank County, North Carolina - southwest
Gates County, North Carolina - northwest

Other websites
Camden County government official website

North Carolina counties
1777 establishments in North Carolina
Caswell County, North Carolina

Caswell County is a county  in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 23,501 people lived there.  Its county seat is Yanceyville.

History 
Caswell County was made in 1777 from the northern part of Orange County.  In 1792  the eastern half of Caswell County was made into Person County.

Government 
Caswell County is part of the local Piedmont Triad Council of Governments.

Connected counties
These counties are connected to Caswell County:
Pittsylvania County, Virginia - north
Halifax County, Virginia - northeast
Person County, North Carolina - east
Orange County, North Carolina - southeast
Alamance County, North Carolina - southwest
Rockingham County, North Carolina - west

Cities and towns
These cities and towns are in Caswell County:
Milton
Yanceyville

Other websites
 Caswell County government official website 
 Caswell County Historical Association

North Carolina counties
1777 establishments in North Carolina
Internet forum

One type of a forum is an online discussion site on the Internet. Users can type messages for others to see, and reply to other user's messages. Messages (or "posts") are organised by topic (or "thread"), with each poster either replying to an existing topic or creating a new topic for a new conversation.

Forums can be found on a lot of websites. Internet forums are often used to show people information. Things like pictures hyperlinks and images can also be put on the board, or "posted".

Many Internet forums have rules against things such as spamming and trolling. If people do those kind of things, they will be warned, and if they continue, they will be banned.

Forums also have their own set of rules. A rule which is used by many forums is not to comment or bring up old threads because those forums were made to discuss the newest events.

There are usually three different types of rankings on a forum:
 Member: which nearly everyone is, they can read and create posts.
 Moderator: someone whose job is to keep order on the forum. They can delete posts and warn or ban members who break the forum rules.
 Administrator, or admin: The highest rank, who can change settings on the forum and change user permissions.

People participating in a forum may make friends with each other and may form groups with the same ideas.

Internet communication
Catawba County, North Carolina

Catawba County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 141,685 people lived there.  Its county seat is Newton.

History 
The county was made in 1842 from Lincoln County.

Government 
Catawba County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

Connected Counties 
Alexander County, North Carolina - north
Iredell County, North Carolina - east
Lincoln County, North Carolina - south
Burke County, North Carolina - west
Caldwell County, North Carolina - northwest

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Catawba County:
Brookford
Catawba
Claremont
Conover
Hickory
Lake Norman of Catawba
Maiden
Mountain View
Newton
Sherrills Ford
Longview
St. Stephens

Other websites 
Catawba County government official website 
Experience Catawba 

North Carolina counties
1842 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in North Carolina
Stone tool

Stone tools are tools made of stone. They are the reason the stone age was given its name. They were the first known tools used by mankind, and were used by all human species, such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Recently it was learned that stone tools were used before the genus Homo evolved. These oldest tools come from the shores of Lake Turkana in Kenya, and date to 3.3 million years ago.
They are 700,000 years older than any tools found before.

Volcanic ash and minerals around the tools allow them to be dated. The tools look like those described as Oldowan. They might have been made by members of species such as Australopithecus afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops. The research team has proposed the term "Lomekwian" for these tools, and say they mark the start of archaeology. The palaeoenvironment was wooded.

Related pages 
Palaeolithic 
Hand axe

References 

Stone Age
DJ BoBo

Peter René Baumann (born 5 January 1968) better known as DJ BoBo, is a Swiss singer, songwriter, dancer and music producer. He mixed a song called "Chihuahua" in 2005. It was a remix from a Spanish single in 2002. DJ BoBo is also famous for his entry in the Eurovision Song Contest of 2007.

1968 births
Living people
DJs
Swiss entertainers
Swiss singers
Songwriters
Dancers
Cherokee County, North Carolina

Cherokee County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 24,298 people lived there.  Its county seat is Murphy.

History 
The county was made in 1839 from the western part of Macon County.  In 1861 the southeastern part of Cherokee County became Clay County and in 1872 its northeastern part became Graham County.

Government 
Cherokee County is part of the local Southwestern Commission.

Connected counties 
These counties are connected to Cherokee County:
Graham County, North Carolina - northeast
Macon County, North Carolina - east
Clay County, North Carolina - southeast
Union County, Georgia - south-southeast
Fannin County, Georgia - south-southwest
Polk County, Tennessee - west
Monroe County, Tennessee - northwest

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Cherokee County:
Andrews
Murphy
Owl Creek

Other websites 
Official Cherokee County NC Government Website

North Carolina counties
1839 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in North Carolina
Chowan County, North Carolina

Chowan County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 14,526 people lived there.  Its county seat is Edenton.

Law and government 
Chowan County is part of the local Albemarle Commission council of government.

Connected counties 
The counties are connected to Chowan County:
Gates County (north)
Perquimans County (east)
Washington County (south)
Bertie County (west)
Hertford County (northwest)

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Chowan County:
Edenton
Rockyhock
Selwin

Other websites 
Official government website

North Carolina counties
1739 establishments
1730s establishments in North Carolina
Clay County, North Carolina

Clay County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. During the 2000 United States Census, 8,775 people lived there. Its county seat is Hayesville.

History 
The county was made in 1861 from the southeastern part of Cherokee County.

Government 
Clay County is part of the local Southwestern Commission council of governments.

Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Clay County:
Macon County, North Carolina - northeast
Rabun County, Georgia - southeast
Towns County, Georgia - south
Union County, Georgia - southwest
Cherokee County, North Carolina - northwest

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Clay County:
Hayesville
Warne

North Carolina counties
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
1861 establishments in the United States
Character (computing)

For computers, a character is a letter, number, or punctuation mark that can be shown on a screen, or printed.  There are also some unseen characters, called control characters.  An example of a control character is the carriage return or line feed that tells the software to start a new line.  A glyph is the shape of the character that is seen when put on screen or on paper.

Since computers only use numbers, they use number codes to represent characters. For example, in ASCII, the number 65 represents the letter 'A'. The computer knows, when working in ASCII, to put the glyph for 'A' on the screen when it sees the number 65.  The glyph can change shape slightly depending on the font that is used, if it is bold or in italics, etc.  But it is still stored as a 65 in the computer, that does not change.

ASCII and Unicode 

One of the early standards for storing characters was ASCII.  It uses 7 bits to store each character.  This allows 128 characters - enough for the numbers 0-9, the upper case letters A-Z, lower case letters a-z, most punctuation marks including spaces, parentheses and braces, and some control characters.  But it is not enough for letters used in other languages, such as umlauts used in German and Scandinavian languages.  Some systems added an 8th bit to ASCII, for another 128 characters, but the extra characters can vary from one system to another.  And this doesn't address all languages.  There are thousands of Chinese characters alone.  To store all of these characters, Unicode was developed.  This uses 16 bits to store 65,536 characters.

ASCII is still widely used, especially in the English-speaking areas.  The Internet was started in English, and until 2010 URL addresses could only contain certain ASCII characters. Some ASCII characters that are not supported are replaced by a '%' and a number for its location in the ASCII table.  The space character, for instance is changed to "%20" when it shows up in a URL.  In 2010, Unicode was allowed so people who spoke Russian, Greek, Chinese or other languages could see a domain name in their own language.

Related pages
Alphabet

Computer science
Typography
Encodings
Optical disc drive

An optical drive is usually a CD drive or DVD drive. Optical means it uses lenses. The drive uses a light called a laser. A laser is the most exact and powerful sort of light but the laser in the drive is very, very small. The CD or DVD disk is similar to a mirror and the laser light reflects off it. The disk has very small (microscopic) codes written on it. The drive has a very small camera lens beside the laser which can read the codes. Another part of the drive is plugged in to the computer by a wire (inside) and the code goes through the wire as a signal to the computer.

List of optical drives
CD drive
DVD drive
Blu-ray Disc drive
HD-DVD drive
LaserDisc drive

Computer science
Machines
Electronics
Barahona, Dominican Republic

Barahona, also known as Santa Cruz de Barahona, is the head municipality of the Barahona province, on the southwest of the country.

It is the largest city of the Dominican southwest and the centre of the region.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 62,054: 30,799 men and 31,255 women. The urban population was  of the total population, one of the most urban municipality in the country.

History
Since the 18th century, the region was occupied by fishermen and people that came here to cut trees. When Toussaint L'Ouverture took the eastern part of the Hispaniola island in the name of France, he gave the order to create the town of Barahona in 1802 as part of the Ozama Department.

After the Independence in 1844, Barahona was a military post of the Azua Province.

In 1858, Barahona was elevated to the category of municipality. When the province was created in 1881, Barahona was made its head municipality.

Geography
The city of Santa Cruz de Barahona is in a plain along the coast, in the lower valley of the Yaque del Sur river. Part of the municipality is on the mountains of Sierra de Bahoruco.

Barahona is at  to the west of Santo Domingo. The limits of the municipality are the municipality of Fundación to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, the municipality of La Ciénaga to the south and the municipality of Cabral to the west.

Climate
Barahona has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : Aw). The climate on the mountains of the Sierra de Baoruco, where there are some rainforests, is cooler and more wet.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of rainfall, followed by May with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is January with .

Barahona is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest months, on average, are July and August with an average temperature of . The coolest months on average are December, January and February, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Santa Cruz de Barahona has three municipal districts; these are:

Economy 
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main product in the municipality is a very good coffee ("Barahona Type Coffee"), grown in the mountains of Eastern Bahoruco.

There are also some important industries, mainly to produce textiles to send to other countries, and sugar in the Ingenio Barahona ("Barahona Sugar Factory").

There is a port in the city; it is used to send coffee and sugar to other countries.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1802 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in the Spanish West Indies
Sindh

Sindh () () is a province in Pakistan. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. Sindh has a population of 30 million people and an area of 54,407 mi² or (140,914 km²); in terms of area the provincial region of Sindh is greater in area than Greece but smaller than Tajikistan. There is a southern boundary with the Indian state of Gujarat.  This is in dispute see: Kori Creek

Etymology
The province of Sindh and the people inhabiting the region are named after the river known as the Sindhu River before Independence and now called the Indus River. In Sanskrit, síndhu means "river, stream", and refers to the Indus river in particular. The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great rendered it as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind from the word Sindh. When the British arrived in the 17th century,  they followed that regional example and applied the Greek name for Sindh to the entire South Asian region, calling it India.

History 

Sindh () is one of the provinces of Pakistan. Sindh was home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization which is 5,500 years old. 'Hind' is the corruption of the word for 'Sind'. On the 26th of June in 1947 Sindh joined Pakistan by a majority vote of members of the 1947 provincial legislature.

Geography 
Sindh is located on the western corner of South-central Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of  of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the Indus River.

Districts of Sindh

Government 

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi.

The government is presided over by the Chief Minister of Sindh.

Most of the Sindhi people in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics. Sindh is a stronghold of the centre-left Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), which is the largest political party in the province.

Pakistan has had two very famous Sindhi leaders as Prime Ministers—Mr Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and his daughter Ms Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto's husband, Mr Asif Ali Zardari, was elected President of Pakistan.

Related pages

References

Other websites

 
Provinces of Pakistan
Italian Campaign (World War I)

The Italian campaign was a series of battles fought between Austria-Hungary and Italy in the mountains of northern Italy between 1915 and 1918. 

Italy did not fight for the Triple Alliance, despite promises to Germany and Austria-Hungary, in 1914, when World War I started. In 1915, Italy joined the Triple Entente to take part of Austria-Hungary. Italian irredentism wanted the province of Trento (Trentino), the port of Trieste and the province of Bolzano-Bozen (Alto Adige/Südtirol), Istria, and Dalmatia.

Italy had hoped to begin the war with a surprise attack to act quickly and capture several Austrian-held cities. However, the war in Italy soon turned to trench warfare, which was similar to that of the Western Front.  

Battles of World War I
1910s in Italy
20th century in Austria
20th century in Hungary
1915 in Europe
1916 in Europe
1917 in Europe
1918 in Europe
Choudhary Rahmat Ali

Chaudhry Rahmat Ali or Rehmat Ali Khan (November 16, 1897 - February 12, 1951) was an Indian Muslim who was one of the first people to ask for the creation of the state of Pakistan. He is famous for coining the name, or term  "Pakistan" on January 28, 1933. 

In Pakistan he has considerable importance. His articles are taught in  the course books of Pakistani schools.

References

1897 births
1951 deaths
Pakistani culture
Pakistani politicians
Punjabi people
Abbottabad

Abbottabad is a city in Pakistan. It is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is the capital of Abbottabad District. Well over a million people live in Abbottabad, which is also known as the "city of the pines". One of the most important places for army training in Pakistan, the Pakistan Military Academy,  is in Kakul, near Abbottabad.

Location
Abbottabad is in the Orash valley, between the two parallel mountain ranges of Mount Sarban and Mount Shimla. In addition to being the district capital, it is also the capital of the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is linked by road to Haripur and Rawalpindi to the South, Mansehra to the North-West and Murree to the East.

History 
The city of Abbottabad is named after Major James Abbott – a British soldier and administrator who founded the city during British rule in 1853. British rule in this area lasted from 1849 until Pakistan became independent in 1947. During this time, Abbottabad was an important army garrison or base for the British Indian Army.

Culture and language
The people of Abbottabad are mostly from the Syed (shahs), Karlal, Dhund Abbasi, Gurjar, Awan, Tanoli and Jadoon tribes. It is a peaceful area with high literacy and low crime rates. The main language, or dialect, spoken here is Hindko. In the rural suburbs of the town people practice some agriculture, whereas the town itself offers many commercial and business opportunities of different types.

The main town and cantonment
Although the original old town of Abbottabad has expanded a lot, much of its original 1850s town, civil lines and cantonment still survive from the time of the British Raj. Some of its old sights are of special historical interest to tourists, including St Luke's Church, Abbottabad and the Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad. The fine Lady Garden Park is also a popular place.

Osama bin Laden
In May 2011, commandos from the US Navy attacked a large house in Kakul area close to Abbottabad and killed five people The Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden had been living in the house, and was one of the people who were killed there.

References

Other websites 

 Abbottabad government website 

Hill Stations in Pakistan
 
1863 establishments
1860s establishments in Pakistan
Abbottabad District

Abbottabad District is a district in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The district has an area of 1,969 km2, with the city of Abbottabad being the capital. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south.

Name 
The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853).

Demographics 
According to the 1981 census data for Abbottabad tehsil, 95% of the population have Hindko as their first language, while Punjabi and Urdu account for 1.7% and 0.9% respectively.

Protected areas 
The Ayubia National Park was established in 1984, this park covers an area of over 3,312 ha.

The Qalanderabad game reserve was established in 1980 with an area of 8,940ha.

Subdivisions 
Abbottabad district is divided into two tehsils, Abbottabad and Havelian as well as one urban administration area - Nawanshehr.
There are fifty-one Union Councils in the district, 35 in Abbottabad tehsil and 16 in Havelian. These are:

Abbottabad Tehsil

Havelian Tehsil

Other website 
 Abbottabad government website

References 

Abbottabad District
Districts of British India
Bannu District

Bannu District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Bannu is the capital.

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

sv:Bannu District
sv:Surani Panak Zai Bannu
Battagram District

Batagram District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Batagram is the capital.

Administration
Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order. Battagram obtained the status of district in July 1993 when it was upgraded from a Tehsil and separated from Mansehra District by an executive order, Mr. Yousaf Khan Trand (Late provincial Minister in Mir Afzal Khan Cabinet Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was the leader who struggled for Battagram and made it a separate district, before district it was a tehsil of District Mansehra. It has geographical borders with Kohistan District, Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka (Black Mountain of Hazara), Shangla District and Malakand Division. The district consists of two sub-divisions It has geographical borders with Kohistan District, Tribal Area of Kala Dhaka (Black Mountain of Hazara), Shangla District and Malakand Division. The district consists of two sub-divisions or Tehsils which contain a total of 20 Union Councils:

 Allai Tehsil
 Battagram Tehsil

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Buner District

Buner District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Tehsils of Bunner
 Bunner Tehsil
 Daggar Tehsil
 Gadezai Tehsil
 Gagra Tehsil
 Chagharzai Tehsil
 Chamla Tehsil
 Totalai Tehsil

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Charsadda District

Charsadda District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Charsadda is the capital.

Tehsils
 Charsadda Tehsil
 Tangi Tehsil

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Dera Ismail Khan District

Dera Ismail Khan District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Dera Ismail Khan is the capital. It is the most southern district of KPK and has an area of  and a population of 852,995 as of the 1998 Census. The main language of the district is a dialect of Saraiki.

Tehsils
 Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil
 Kulachi Tehsil
 Paharpur Tehsil

Districts of British India
Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Hangu District

Hangu District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Hangu is the capital.

Further reading

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Haripur District

Haripur District is a district in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Haripur is the capital.

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Karak District

Karak District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Karak is the capital. This district is the second smallest district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after Hangu. The area of this district is 3395 km2.

Tehsils
The district of Karak is administratively subdivided into three tehsils.

 Banda Daud Shah Tehsil
 Karak Tehsil
 Takht-e-Nasrati Tehsil

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Kohat District

Kohat District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Kohat is the capital. The Kohati dialect of the north-western Punjabi (or Hindko) language is spoken in this very district, although outside the province it is influenced by inhabitants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Tehsils
 Kohat Tehsil
 Lachi Tehsil

Districts of British India
Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Kohistan District, Pakistan

Kohistan District is a district in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The town of Dassu is the district headquarters. The area is also called Abasin Kohistan or Indus Kohistan, after the Indus River that runs through the middle of the district.

Kohistan District is divided into  4 Tehsils (subdivisions):

 Palas Tehsil
 Pattan Tehsil
 Dassu Tehsil
 Kandia Tehsil

Farming and growing livestock are the main focus of the economy there. Growing timber has also become more important in recent years.  The district has one of the lowest literacy rates in Pakistan, about 10% of the people can read and write. Education is spreading though.

References

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Lakki Marwat District

Lakki Marwat District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The city of Lakki Marwat is the capital.

Districts of Pakistan
Lower Dir District

Lower Dir ( ，) is one of the 27 districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the north-western part of the province and has an area of 1583 square kilometers.  Timergara city is the district headquarters and largest city.

It used to be one district named Dir but in 1996 it was divided into two, Upper Dir and Lower Dir.

History 
At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, Dir was a princely state ruled by Nawab Shah Jehan Khan. It was merged in Pakistan in 1969 and later on declared a district in 1970. Later on in 1996 it was divided into Lower Dir and Upper Dir.

Geography 
Some of Dir is mountainous with peaks rising to 5000 meters.

Demographics 
The population of the Lower Dir district was 797,852 according to the 1998 census report. The population of Dir Lower was predicted to be 1.037.091 in 2005.

Administration 
Lower Dir is divided into seven Tehsils which contain a total of 41 union councils.

National Assembly 
This district is represented by two elected MNA's (Member of National Assembly) in Pakistan National Assembly. Its constituencies are NA-6 & 7.

Qazi Hussain Ahmad won the general elections in 2002 but he left the seat as he had also won from his native constituency. Therefore, in January 2003 another election was held.

Provincial Assembly 
The district is represented by five elected MPAs in the provincial assembly.
 PK-13 (Lower Dir-I)
 PK-14 (Lower Dir-II)
 PK-15 (Lower Dir-III)
 PK-16 (Lower Dir-IV)
 PK-17 (Lower Dir-V)

Related pages
 Upper Dir District
 Swat District

References
Malakand District

Malakand District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Tehsils
 Sam Ranizai Tehsil
 Swat Ranizai Tehsil

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mansehra District

Mansehra District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Mansehra is the capital.

Tehsils
 Balakot Tehsil
 Mansehra Tehsil
 Oghi Tehsil

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Nowshera District

Nowshera District is a district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. The city of Nowshera is the capital.

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Peshawar District

Peshawar District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Peshawar is the capital. In 1998, the population of the district was 2,019,000, of which 49% were urban.

Districts of British India
Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was a large theatre during the first World War. Battles here were fought between the Allied Powers (especially Britain and Russia) and the Central Powers (especially the Ottoman Empire).

This theatre was the largest of all the theatres of WWI. It was made of four main campaigns. In the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, mainly British forces defeated the Turkish army. In the Mesopotamian Campaign, British forces, mainly the Army of India, also defeated the Turkish army. In the Caucasus Campaign, Turkey fought against the Russian Empire and other forces. In the Dardanelles Campaign the Turkish army defeated British forces, mainly colonial. There were also minor campaigns in Arabia and Southern Arabia, Aden, and Persia.

Fighting here began on October 29, 1914 and ended on October 30, 1918. A peace treaty was signed on August 10, 1920. 

Middle East
World War I
Swabi District

Swabi District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Swabi is the capital.

Tehsils
 Lahor Tehsil
 Swabi Tehsil
 Topi Tehsil

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Swat District

Swat District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.  The capital of Swat is Saidu Sharif, but the main city in Swat is Mingora. It was a princely state until 1969, when it was dissolved and made part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the third largest district in KPK with a population of 2,309,570.

With many lakes, green meadows and mountains, it is popular with tourists.

Location 
Swat is surrounded by Chitral, Upper Dir and Lower Dir in the West, Gilgit-Baltistan in North Kohistan, Buner and Shangla in the East and south East.

Administrative divisions 
The District of Swat is subdivided into 7 Tehsils i.e.
 Tehsil Babuzai
 Tehsil Matta
 Tehsil Khwaza Khela
 Tehsil Barikot
 Tehsil Kabal
 Tehsil Charbagh
 Tehsil Bahrain

Demographics 
Swat is populated mostly by ethnic Pashtuns and Gujjar and Kohistani communities. The main language spoken is Pashto, with a minority of Torwali and Kalami Kohistani speakers in the Swat Kohistan region of Upper Swat.

According to 1981 census, Pashto is main language and spoken by 90.28% of population while Kohistani is spoken by 8.67%.

References

Districts of British India
Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Tank District

Tank District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Tank is the capital.

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Upper Dir District

Upper Dir is one of the 26 districts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located in the north-western part of the province and has an area of 3,699 km square kilometers.  Dir is the district headquarters. 

It used to be one district named Dir but in 1996 it was divided into two, Upper Dir and Lower Dir District.

History 
At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, Dir was a princely state ruled by Nawab Shah Jehan Khan. It was merged in Pakistan in 1969 and later on declared a district in 1970. Later on in 1996 it was divided.

Administration

National assembly

Provincial assembly
The district is represented by three elected MPAs in the provincial assembly.
 PK-91 (Upper Dir-I)
 PK-92 (Upper Dir-II)
 PK-93 (Upper Dir-III)

Related pages 
 Lower Dir

Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa