cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Médée

Médée is a French opera in three acts. Luigi Cherubini wrote the music. The libretto is by François-Benoît Hoffmann (Nicolas Étienne Framéry). It is based on Euripides' tragedy of Medea and on Pierre Corneille's play Médée. It was first performed in Paris on 13 March 1797. The Italian version by Carlo Zangarini was performed in Milan on 30 December 1909. The opera is Cherubini's most successful work. It was revived in 1953 for Maria Callas.

Principal characters

 Medea (Médée) - soprano
 Glauce (Dircé) - soprano
 Giasone (Jason) - tenor
 Neris (Néris) - mezzo-soprano
 Creonte (Créon) - bass

Discography

Original French Version

 1995: Iano Tamar (Médée), Patrizia Ciofi (Dircé), Luca Lombardo (Jason), Magali Damonte (Néris), Jean-Philippe Courtis (Créon); Coro da Camera Sluk, Orchestra Internazionale d'Italia Opera, Patrick Fournillier - (Nuova Era)
 1997: Phyllis Treigle (Médée), Thaïs St Julien (Dircé), Carl Halvorson (Jason), D'Anna Fortunato (Néris), David Arnold (Créon); Chorus Quotannis, Brewer Chamber Orchestra, Bart Folse - (Newport Classic)

Lachner version, in Italian translation by Zangarini

 1953: Maria Callas (Medea), Maria Luisa Nache (Glauce), Gino Penno (Giasone), Fedora Barbieri (Neris), Giuseppe Modesti (Creonte); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Leonard Bernstein - (EMI Classics)
 1957: Maria Callas (Medea), Renata Scotto (Glauce), Mirto Picchi (Giasone), Miriam Pirazzini (Neris), Giuseppe Modesti (Creonte); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Tullio Serafin - (EMI Classics)
 1967: Gwyneth Jones (Medea), Pilar Lorengar (Glauce), Bruno Prevedi (Giasone), Fiorenza Cossotto (Neris), Justino Díaz (Creonte); Orchestra e coro dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Lamberto Gardelli - (Decca)

1790s operas
1797
List of political parties in Ontario

The following is a list of political parties in Ontario, Canada.

Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario

Other parties registered with Elections Ontario
Parties listed in the order they are alphabetized by Elections Ontario.

Unregistered parties
 League for Socialist Action
 North American Labour Party
 Ontario Humanist Party
Socialist Party of Ontario

Historical parties that held seats in the Legislative Assembly
 Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (first election 1934) 1932–1961
 (Independent) Labour 1874-1937
 Labor-Progressive Party 1941-1959
 Liberal-Labour 1943-1970s
 Liberal-Progressive 1934-1940
 Soldier 1919-1923
 Patrons of Industry 1894
 Protestant Protective Association 1894
 United Farmers of Ontario 1918-1940

Pre-Confederation parties
 Clear Grits pre-Confederation
 Reform Party pre-Confederation
 Family Compact (pre-1837 ruling clique)

Other historical parties

Toronto municipal parties

References

Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario

The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario is a centre-right political party in Ontario, Canada. The party was organized in 1854 by Sir John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier. It has formed the government of Ontario for 80 of the last 147 years, including the period from 1943 to 1985.

In the 2014 provincial general election, the party won 28 out of 107 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. On July 2, 2014, Jim Wilson was chosen to be the temporary leader of the party and Leader of the Opposition. In the 2018 Ontario general election, they won a full majority of seats under the leadership of Doug Ford.

2018 Platform 

On March 10, 2018, Doug Ford, former city councillor and the brother of the late former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford, was chosen as the leader of the PC Party, closely beating runner-up Christine Elliott on the third ballot with 50.6% of allocated points, however Elliot had more votes. Since Ford didn't have a seat in the legislature, Ford opted to have Vic Fedeli continue as Leader of the Opposition prior to the 2018 election. 

The Ontario PC Party's 2018 platform was named the Plan For The People.

On June 7, 2018, Ford led the party to a majority government. The PC Party won 76 of 124 seats and 40.5% of the vote.

References

Other websites
 

Political parties of Ontario
Conservative parties
1865 establishments in North America
1860s establishments in Canada
Ontario Highway 416

Ontario Highway 416 is a provincial highway in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It connects the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 417) in Ottawa with Highway 401. It runs from south to north. It is .

Highway 416 starts at an interchange with Highway 401 near Johnstown. It continues north through rural areas until it reaches Ottawa near its northern end. It passes through several towns, including Spencerville and Kemptville. The highway ends at an interchange with Highway 417 east of Ottawa.

Roads in Ontario
Ontario Highway 118

Ontario Highway 118 is a provincial highway in Central Ontario, Canada. It is  long. It runs from west to east. It starts at Highway 11 near Bracebridge. It ends at Highway 28 near Bancroft. The highway runs through the District Municipality of Muskoka and Haliburton County, with a short part in Hastings County at its eastern end.

Roads in Ontario
Transavia

Transavia is a Dutch and French low-cost carrier. It is currently owned by Air France-KLM.  It began on January 3, 1966. It was the third airline founded in the Netherlands. The first scheduled flight happened on October 26, 1986.  It has scheduled (planned) and charter (irregular) flights to many destinations in Europe.

Gallery

References

Airlines of Europe
Low-cost airlines
1966 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in the Netherlands
1960s establishments in France
TAROM

TAROM is the national airline of Romania. Its main hub is at Otopeni Airport at Bucharest. The government of Romania owns 95% of TAROM.

History
TAROM began in 1954.  Since Romania was part of the Eastern Bloc, TAROM had to fly mostly airplanes made by the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, TAROM was allowed to buy airplanes from other countries.  TAROM started flying Airbus planes in 1993. In 2010, TAROM joined SkyTeam.  As of 2016, TAROM owns 23 airplanes and goes to 79 cities across Europe, Asia, Africa and North America.

Gallery

References

1954 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Romania
Wheelbase

In both road and rail vehicles, the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels.

Vehicles 
Because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are very important to the balance and steering. In high performance vehicles a longer wheelbase is more stable at higher speeds. A short wheelbase vehicle is usually able to corner faster but may be less aerodynamic. The wheelbase, along with the track, affects a vehicle's steering angle (how sharply it can turn).

Wheelbase has an effect on a vehicle's turning radius (or turning circle). This is the smallest circle an automobile can turn or U-turn within. A long wheelbase automobile or truck cannot turn as sharply as a short wheelbase vehicle.

Towing and wheelbase 
If the vehicle is towing a trailer (in British English a caravan) the weight distribution of the trailer is critical. If too much of the trailer's weight, called "tongue weight", presses down on the vehicle's tow hitch (more than 15 percent) it can cause the vehicle to go out of control. Too little tongue weight (less than 10 percent) can cause the trailer to sway from side to side. this in turn can make the vehicle difficult or even impossible to control. The shorter the wheelbase the more quickly these forces can cause a loss of control. A longer wheelbase vehicle is generally more desirable for towing. Each vehicle has a tow rating showing how much weight it can tow safely.

Appearance 
A vehicle's wheelbase is also important to the overall aesthetic appeal of a automobile design. Wheelbase is part of the balance and proportion of an automobile.  Some Luxury vehicles are offered with long wheelbases to increase the spaciousness and luxury of the vehicle. This is found most often on full-size cars. In contrast, coupé varieties of the some vehicles such as the Honda Accord are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the sedans they are based on.

Related pages 
track
Bicycle and motorcycle geometry
Force
Static equilibrium
Weight

References 

Automobiles
Abydos King List

The Abydos King List, also known as the Abydos Table, is a list of 76 kings of Ancient Egypt. It was written on a wall of the Temple of Seti I at Abydos, Egypt. The list has three rows of 38 cartouches (borders around the name of a king) in each row. The upper two rows list the kings, while the third row repeats Seti I's throne name and praenomen.

It lists the Old Kingdom kings in the order in which they ruled. It is the only record of the names of many of the kings of the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties.

This names of some earlier pharaohs who were not seen to be lawful rulers — such as Akhenaten, Hatshepsut, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamen, and Ay, have been left out of the list.

The king list

First Dynasty

Second Dynasty

Third Dynasty

Fourth Dynasty

Fifth Dynasty

Sixth Dynasty

Seventh/Eighth Dynasty

Eleventh/Twelfth Dynasty

Eighteenth Dynasty

Nineteenth Dynasty

Related pages
 Karnak king list
 Palermo Stone
 Turin King List or Turin Papyrus

Other websites

Abydos Table
Abydos King List

Ancient Egypt
Structural load

Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components. A load is the amount of weight a structure has to carry. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in structures. Structural analysis is the calculation of the effects of loads on physical structures. Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure. This is a consideration in the design and construction of a structure.

Mechanical structures, such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships and submarines, have their own particular structural loads and actions. In a vehicle, especially trucks, the chassis is designed to carry the structural load. In many cars unibody construction is used where the metal skin (or other materials) is designed to carry the load.  
 
Gravity on Earth is an attractive force that affects all objects. A gravity load is one that the downward force of gravity affects.

Structural loads 
The following are typical loads exerted against most structures:
Dead load is the load that permanently acts on the structure. It includes the structure itself. A dead load is a gravity load.
Live load is anything the structure is designed to carry. Live loads may move within the structure exerting different loads in different parts of the structure at different times. They are not permanent. A live load may be furniture and people in a building. It may be passengers and luggage in a vehicle.
Wind load is the force of wind against the surface of a structure. Wind loads are horizontal lateral forces. Wind load is very important in the design of taller buildings. Wind shear is a force that may affect structures vertically or horizontally. Uplift is a negative force caused by wind. It may cause a roof to lift upward.
Snow load is the load caused by snow. Similar to a live load is it not permanent and may move due to wind causing snow to drift on a roof.

Other environmental loads 
Seismic loads
Temperature changes leading to thermal expansion cause thermal loads
Ponding loads
Frost heaving
Lateral pressure of soil, groundwater or bulk materials
Loads from fluids or floods
Permafrost melting

Aircraft structural loads 
For aircraft, loading is divided into two major categories: limit loads and ultimate loads. Limit loads are the maximum loads a component or structure may carry safely. Ultimate loads are the limit loads times a factor of 1.5 or the point beyond which the component or structure will fail. Gust loads are determined statistically and are provided by an agency such as the Federal Aviation Administration. Crash loads are loosely bounded by the ability of structures to survive the deceleration of a major ground impact. Other loads that may be critical are pressure loads (for pressurized, high-altitude aircraft) and ground loads. Loads on the ground can be from adverse braking or maneuvering during taxiing. Aircraft are constantly subjected to cyclic loading. These cyclic loads can cause metal fatigue.

References 

Engineering
Payback (2015)

Payback (2015) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by WWE that was held on May 17, 2015 at Royal Farms Arena in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the third Payback event. The event was free to new subscribers on WWE's monthly subscription service, the WWE Network.

The main event saw Seth Rollins defeat Roman Reigns, Dean Ambrose and Randy Orton in a Fatal 4-Way match to retain the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. Rollins won by pinfall after a Pedigree to Orton.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Payback 2015 website

2015 in professional wrestling
2015 in Baltimore
Sports in Baltimore
WWE Payback
May 2015 events
Argentina men's national volleyball team

Argentina national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Argentina. The team's best achievements are the 1982 World Championship bronze medal and the bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Honors 
 Olympics: Bronze medal (1988)
 World Championship: Bronze Medal (1982)
 America's Cup: Silver medal (1998)

References 

 www.feva.org.ar - Argentina Volleyball Federation (FeVA)

National volleyball teams
Sport in Argentina
Spain men's national volleyball team

Spain national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Spain. On 16 September 2007 the team won the European title. That is the best result reached by the team in his history.

Honors 
 European Championship: Gold medal (2007)
 European League: Gold Medal (2007) - Silver medal (2009, 2010, 2011) - Bronze medal (2005, 2012)

References 

 www.rfevb.com - Spain Volleyball Federation (Real Federación Española de Voleibol - RFEVB)

National volleyball teams
Sport in Spain
Andrea Anastasi

Andrea Anastasi (born October 8, 1960 in Poggio Rusco, Italy) is a former Italian volleyball player, World Champion 1990, European Championship 1989, World League 1990 and World League 1991, head coach of Polish club Lotos Trefl Gdańsk.

Other websites

 Lega Pallavolo Serie A player profile

1960 births
Living people
Italian volleyball players
Volleyball coaches
Two for the Road

Two for the Road is a 1967 comedy-drama motion picture. This movie is about a couple who examine their relationship while on a trip to southern France. Audrey Hepburn plays Joanna Wallace. Albert Finney plays Mark.

The movie got positive reviews from critics.

Other websites
 
 

1960s comedy-drama movies
1967 comedy movies
1967 drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Stanley Donen
Bitche

Bitche is a commune in the Lorraine region in northeastern France. About 5,000 people live there.

It is known for its large citadel. The surrounding area is known as le Pays de Bitche ("Land of Bitche") and Bitscherland in German.

Communes in Moselle
In Cold Blood

In Cold Blood is a 1967 American crime-drama movie. The movie is based on the novel of the same name. It is about Richard Hickock and Perry Smith. In 1959, the two men break into a Kansas home and kill four people. They drive to Las Vegas, then to Mexico. They are later caught by police, tried for the murders, then executed. Robert Blake plays Perry Smith. Scott Wilson plays Richard Hickock.

The movie was released on 14 December 1967. It was officially rated R by the MPAA for violence.

Other websites
 
 
 

1967 drama movies
1967 crime movies
1960s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Movies set in Mexico
Movies based on books
Movies set in Kansas
Movies set in Las Vegas
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies directed by Richard Brooks
Casino Royale (1967 movie)

Casino Royale is a 1967 spy-comedy movie. The movie is about James Bond being forced from retirement to investigate the deaths and disappearances of international spies. Ursula Andress plays Vesper Lynd. David Niven plays James Bond.

The movie was a financial success. It took in over $41 million worldwide. The reviews for Casino Royale, were mixed.

Other websites
 
 

1967 comedy movies
1960s spy movies
British comedy movies
English-language movies
James Bond movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in Scotland
Movies directed by Robert Parrish
Movies directed by John Huston
Movies directed by Val Guest
Movies directed by Ken Hughes
Fanny Brice

Fanny Brice (October 29, 1891 – May 29, 1951) was an American singer, comedian, theater and movie actress. She appeared in many Broadway plays. She also appeared on television and radio. On radio, she played Snooks in The Baby Snooks Show. In the movie Everybody Sing, she played Olga. 

Brice was born in New York City. She died in Hollywood, California from a cerebral hemorrhage. She was 59.

References

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
1891 births
1951 deaths
Stephanie Courtney

Stephanie Courtney (born February 8, 1970) is an American actress and comedian. She acts in television and radio commercials. She played Flo in commercials for Progressive Insurance. She also played Diane on the ABC comedy series Caveman.

Courtney was born in Stony Point, New York.

References

Actors from New York
American movie actors
American radio actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York
1970 births
Living people
Abby Elliott

Abigail "Abby" Elliott (born June 16, 1987) is an American actress and comedian. She does impressions of celebrities on television. She played Jeanette Peterson in How I Met Your Mother. She also played Taylor in the 2014 remake movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

Elliott was born in New York City. Her father, Chris Elliott, was on Saturday Night Live in 1994-1995. Her grandfather is comedian Bob Elliott.

References

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York City
1987 births
Living people
South Saqqara Stone

The South Saqqara Stone is a large piece of stone. Written on the stone is a list of the pharaohs of the 6th dynasty of ancient Egypt. The list includes Teti, Userkare, Pepi I, Merenre and Pepi II. The list finishes with Pepi II which means it was probably written during his rule. The list is a record of the events which took place during each kings rule. However the stone was used later as the lid of sarcophagus.  This was for the burial of the ancient Egyptian queen Ankhenespepi. A lot of the writing can not be read any longer.

Discovery
The South Saqqara Stone was discovered in 1932-33 by Gustave Jéquier. It was in a storeroom, south of the pyramid of Queen Iput II. This is part of the pyramid complex of Pepi II at Saqqara. Saqqara was the main burial area for the city of Memphis.

Description
The stone is a piece of basalt, 2.43 metres by 0.92 metres and 20 centimetres thick. It has writing on both sides, but much of the writing has been removed and is unreadable.

Significance
The writing on the South Saqqara Stone means it is an important object. The list of pharaohs has details about the annual or biannual cattle count. This matches details in other lists such as the Turin King List. This allows archaeologists to work out how long each king ruled. From the information on the stone it can be worked out that  Teti ruled for at least 12 years, Userkare 2-4 years, Pepi I 49-50 years and 11-13 years for Merenre.

The Stone is one of the earliest historical documents in existence. It has the names of all the pharaohs known to the people who made it.

Related pages 
 List of pharaohs
 Abydos King List
 Karnak king list
 Saqqara Tablet
 Turin King List

References

Francesco Raffaele: "The South Saqqara Stone"
Michel Baud, Vassil Dobrev, De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie, BIFAO 95 (1995), pp.23-92

Ancient Egypt
Heterobranchia

The Heterobranchs are a large group of snails and slugs. The group includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod molluscs.

Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. It has three informal groups:  The details are extremely complicated, and not yet quite worked out. Experts say they have "poorly resolved phylogenetic relationships". 

Lower Heterobranchia: a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails.
Opisthobranchia: almost all are marine species, some shelled and some not. They are a group of slugs and snails with grinding gizzard plates. 
Pulmonata. This is a group which  is familiar to most people. It includes most land snails and slugs, many freshwater snails and a few marine species. They breathe air, are hermaphrodite, and usually have no operculum.

References 

Gastropods
Yoshi's Woolly World

Yoshi's Woolly World (known as Yoshi Wool World in Japan) is a side-scrolling platform video game. It was developed by Good-Feel and published by Nintendo. The game was released on 26 June 2015 in Europe, Fall 2015 in North America, Summer 2015 in Japan, and on 25 June 2015 in Australia. It will be released for the Wii U. Yoshi's Woolly World will be the first Yoshi video game to be released on a home console since Yoshi's Story was release for the Nintendo 64 in 1997.

The game was announced by Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata on 23 January 2013 under the name Yarn Yoshi. It supports Amiibo figurines. A new line of Amiibo made out of yarn will be released. Nintendo is planning to release three Yoshi Amiibo in pink, green, and blue.

A stage in Super Smash Bros. for Wii U is based on Yoshi's Woolly World.

References

Other websites
Official website 

2015 video games
Cooperative video games
Wii U games
Yoshi games
Warren Weinstein

Warren Weinstein (July 3, 1941 – January 14, 2015) was an American contractor and economist. He was a director in Pakistan for J.E. Austin Associates.

He was kidnapped by eight al-Qaeda members on August 13, 2011 in Lahore, Pakistan. He was killed in a January 2015 US drone strike on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. His death was announced by U.S. President Barack Obama at a White House press conference on April 23, 2015.

References

1941 births
2015 deaths
American economists
Kidnapped American people
Scientists from Maryland
Adam Yahiye Gadahn

Adam Yahiye Gadahn (, Ādam Yaḥyā Ghadan; September 1, 1978 – January 19, 2015) was an American senior operative, cultural interpreter, spokesman and media advisor for the Islamist group al-Qaeda. Since 2004, he had appeared in a number of videos produced by al-Qaeda as "Azzam the American" ('Azzām al-Amrīki, عزام الأمريكي, sometimes transcribed as Ezzam Al-Amerikee). He was born in Oregon.

On April 23, 2015, President Barack Obama announced at a press conference that Gadahn had been killed in a CIA drone strike in Pakistan on January 19, 2015.

References

1978 births
2015 deaths
Al-Qaeda people
American Muslims
American terrorists
People from Oregon
The Magnificent Seven

The Magnificent Seven is an American western movie. It was made in 1960. The music composer was Elmer Bernstein. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score in 1960.

The movie stars Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach and Steve McQueen. The movie is a western style version of Akira Kurosawa's Japanese-language movie Seven Samurai, made in 1954. Other actors are Charles Bronson, Robert Vaughn, James Coburn, Brad Dexter, Horst Buchholz and Bing Russell.

A Mexican village keeps on getting raided for food and supplies by a bandit (Eli Wallach) and his gang. The seven are a group of gunfighters hired to protect the village. The movie was made on location in Mexico. One of the towns used for the village is Durango.

In 2013, the movie was picked by the Library of Congress to be kept in the National Film Registry because it is "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies.

Cast
Yul Brynner as Chris Adams
Eli Wallach as Calvera
Steve McQueen as Vin
Horst Buchholz as Chico
Charles Bronson as Bernardo O'Reilly
Robert Vaughn as Lee
James Coburn as Britt
Brad Dexter as Harry Luck
 Val Avery as Henry the Corset Salesman
Bing Russell as Robert, Henry's Traveling Companion

Reception
When it was released, the movie did not get many good reviews. Howard Thompson of The New York Times, said the movie was a "pallid, pretentious and overlong reflection of the Japanese original". He also said: "don't expect anything like the ice-cold suspense, the superb juxtaposition of revealing human vignettes and especially the pile-driver tempo of the first Seven."

Variety magazine said, "Until the women and children arrive on the scene about two-thirds of the way through, The Magnificent Seven is a rip-roaring rootin' tootin' western with lots of bite and tang and old-fashioned abandon. The last third is downhill, a long and cluttered anti-climax in which The Magnificent Seven grow slightly too magnificent for comfort."

But one reviewer, Akira Kurosawa, liked the movie so well that he gave the producer, John Sturges, a sword.

Over the years, the movie has become more liked and gets modern praise. Many of the actors became movie stars.  They have been seen in other movies and on television. The movie itself also is shown on TV and can be seen on DVD.  As of 2015, it has a freshness rating of 93 percent on Rotten Tomatoes. Of movie viewers, 88 percent said they liked it. The film is also ranked  79 on American Film Institute's:  AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list.

References

Other websites 
 

1960 movies
1960s western movies
English-language movies
United States National Film Registry movies
American western movies
Movies directed by John Sturges
Thermidorian Reaction

The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup d'état inside the French Revolution. It was against the leaders of the Jacobin Club, who had dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the revolutionary government. This ended the Reign of Terror, the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

The name Thermidorian refers to 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the date according to the French Republican Calendar.

A Thermidorian Reaction is a phrase now used when an oppressive regime (government) is overthrown, and replaced by an even more repressive regime.

This term comes from the French Revolution, when the monarchy was overthrown. It was replaced by several forms of government, each more oppressive than the last.  One of the regimes renamed the months and renumbered the years because they were too Christian.  One of the summer months was called Thermidor.  This particular revolution happened in that month, so it was called the Thermidorian Reaction.

Politics
Charles W. Buttz

Charles Wilson Buttz (November 16, 1837 – July 20, 1913) was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina.

He was born in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. He died in Lisbon, North Dakota.

References 

1837 births
1913 deaths
Politicians from Pennsylvania
United States representatives from South Carolina
International Harvester Scout

The International Scout was an off-road vehicle which was made by International Harvester from 1960 to 1980. It was one of the earlier SUVs. The Scout was created as a competitor to the Jeep. Remarkably, the Scout went from a basic idea to production in only two years. Like the Jeep it had square utilitarian styling but had cleaner lines. It initially featured a fold-down windshield. The Scout and second generation Scout II were produced in Fort Wayne, Indiana as two-door trucks. They had the options of a half cab pickup or removable hard or soft top.

Background 
International Harvester began building trucks and pickups and later in 1907. In 1953 it added a truck-based people carrier, the Travelall. In the late 1950s it began to design a competitor for the two-door Jeep CJ 4x4. The 1961 model year Scout 80 made its debut in late 1960. Scouts began selling so well against Jeep, Ford jumped in with the Bronco and Chevrolet came out with the Blazer.

Production 
A concept for its replacement was started in 1964. It was approved for production in mid 1965. The Scout II was introduced in 1971. The basic sheet metal remained the unchanged until production stopped on October 21, 1980. During the 20 year period (1960–1980) 532,674 Scouts were produced. The Scout, introduced as a commercial utility vehicle in 1960, set the stage for future 4-wheel drive recreational vehicles of the '70s, '80s, and '90s.

Scout models and variants 
Scout models include the:
Scout 80 (1960–1965): The original 
Scout 800 (1966–1971): Same overall design as original with upgrades (electric wipers, newer engines etc.)
Scout 810 (1971): Some early Scout II's contain Scout 810 badging on the glove box.
Scout II (1971–1980): The later standard production model with a removable soft or hardtop (100-inch wheelbase).
Scout II Terra (1976–1980): The light pickup truck version (118-inch wheelbase).
Scout II Traveler (1976–1980): This version had a removable fiberglass hardtop, optional third row of seats (118 in wheelbase).
Super Scout II (1977–1979): This model had removable fabric doors, a rollbar, and softtop. The soft-top model was tagged the "SSII" by IH marketing. Eventually the "SS" letters were assumed to stand for "Super Scout", the name this model is called today.

References 

Sport utility vehicles
Ford Bronco

The Ford Bronco was a utility vehicle that was produced from 1966 to 1996. It had five distinct generations. All these vehicles are currently classified as sport utility vehicles (SUV). The Broncos can be divided into two categories: early Broncos (1966–77) and full-size Broncos (1978–96). In 2021, after 25 years away, Ford revived the Bronco name on a new small, retro-styled SUV. 
 
The Bronco was introduced in 1966. It was a competitor to the small four-wheel drive compact SUVs that included the Jeep CJ-5 and International Harvester Scout. It was built on its own platform. Ford positioned the Bronco between the Jeep and Scout. But it was too small to capture the US market. A major redesign in 1978 moved the Bronco to a larger size. It used  a shortened Ford F-Series truck chassis to compete with both the similarly adapted Chevrolet K5 Blazer, as well as the Dodge Ramcharger.

The full-size Broncos and the successor Expedition were produced at Ford's Michigan Truck Plant in Wayne, Michigan.

References 

Ford automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
Marco Andretti

Marco Michael Andretti (born March 13, 1987) is an American race car driver. He drives car #27 for Andretti Autosport in the IndyCar Series. He is a part of the famous Andretti family of race car drivers.

Andretti began racing in the IndyCar Series in 2006. His best season was 2013 at 5th place.  he has had 2 wins.

References

Other websites
Official page

1987 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Wallace de Souza

Wallace de Souza (June 26, 1987 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He plays for Sada Cruzeiro Vôlei and the Brazilian national team. Souza competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he won the silver medal with Brazil. The Russian team took home the gold medals.

References 

1987 births
Living people
Brazilian sportspeople
Volleyball World League

The FIVB Volleyball World League is an international men's volleyball competition held annually. It was created in 1990. It is the longest and richest of all the international events organized by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). There are millions in prize money and worldwide TV coverage. The 2015 event is the 26th edition with a record 32 teams competing.

References

Other websites 
 Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)
 FIVB World League 2015 

Sports leagues
Asian Volleyball Championship

The Asian Volleyball Championship is a sport competition for national volleyball teams. It is organized by the Asian Volleyball Confederation and  the Asian volleyball federation. It is held every two years. The first edition for both men and women was held in 1975.

References

Other websites 
Asian Volleyball Championship (AVC)

Sports competitions
1975 establishments in Asia
Marcus Belgrave

Marcus Belgrave (June 12, 1936 – May 24, 2015) was an American jazz trumpet player. He was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, but raised in Detroit, Michigan. He recorded with a variety of famous musicians, bandleaders, and record labels since the 1950s.

Belgrave died on May 24, 2015, in Ann Arbor, Michigan of heart failure, aged 78.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Musicians from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Michigan
John M. Murphy

John Michael Murphy (August 3, 1926 – May 25, 2015) was an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York serving from 1963 through 1981.

Murphy died the age of 88 on May 25, 2015, at a Staten Island hospital.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
United States representatives from New York
Politicians from New York
US Democratic Party politicians
Les Johnson

Leslie Royston "Les" Johnson AM (2 November 1924 - 26 May 2015) was a former Australian  politician and minister. He served as a member of the Australian Parliament representing Hughes serving from 1955 through 1966 and again from 1969 through 1983.

Johnson was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 1990.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Australian politicians
Vicente Aranda

Vicente Aranda Ezquerra (; 9 November 1926 - 26 May 2015), was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was known for directing the 1990 movie Amantes.

Aranda died at the age of 88 in Madrid.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2015 deaths
Spanish movie directors
Spanish movie producers
Spanish screenwriters
People from Barcelona
Mallory Hagan

Mallory Hagan (born December 23, 1988) is an American beauty queen. She was crowned Miss America 2013. Since 1989, each contestant has to choose an issue she cares deeply about to promote. Hagan chose increasing awareness and prevention of child sexual abuse. Along with the crown she won a $50,000 college scholarship.

Hagen is originally from Opelika, Alabama. She came to New York from Alabama when she was 18 years old. She had been competing in beauty contests since age 13. Hagen entered the Miss New York contest in 2010 and 2011. She won in 2012. The last Miss America from New York was Vanessa Williams in 1984. Hagen is the first Miss America from Brooklyn.

With a concern for education, in her first 24 hours as Miss America, Hagan talked with United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan.

References

People from New York City
People from Alabama
Miss America winners
1988 births
Living people
Tughrul Tower

Tuğrul Tower is a 12th-century tower in the city of Rey, Iran. The 20 meters tall brick tower is the tomb of Seljuk ruler Tuğrul Beg, who died in Rey in 1063. The tower is kept by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.

Resources 
 Toqrol Tower, Ray   irantouronline.com

Towers in Asia
Cheshmeh-Ali (Rey, Iran)

Cheshmeh-Ali (meaning:Ali's spring) is a natural and swimming spring in Rey in Iran. The spring is located in south of Tehran. Cheshmeh-Ali is run from a big rock and flown to south-east. Cheshmeh-Ali dates back 8000 years ago and is placed under Rey Castle. Inscription of Fath Ali Shah is between Rey Castle and Cheshmeh-Ali from top to down.

Resources 
 ČAŠMA(-YE) ʿALĪ iranicaonline.org

Bodies of water of Asia
Geography of Iran
Epstein–Barr virus

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight viruses in the herpes family. It is one of the most common viruses in humans.

EBV is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is also associated with some forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). EBV may be associated with a higher risk of certain autoimmune diseases.  Some 200,000 cancer cases per year may be caused by (or associated with) EBV. 

Infection with EBV occurs by the transfer by mouth (oral transfer) of saliva and genital secretions. 

Most people become infected with EBV and gain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of all five-year-old children and about 90 percent of adults have evidence of previous infection. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are just mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and other developed countries, many people are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence, it causes glandular fever 35 to 50 percent of the time.

EBV infects B cells of the immune system and epithelial cells. Once EBV's initial infection is brought under control, non-active EBV stays in the person's B cells for the rest of their life.

References 

Viruses
Diseases caused by viruses
Populism

Populism is a name for a kind of political movement. Populists usually try to make a difference between common people and "elites" (meaning usually, top classes of people) . Populists may think of wealthy people or well-educated people as belonging to the class of elites. Populists may also call those who have been working in government for a long time "establishment" and count them as elites too. A theme of populism is that the common people lack certain privileges that the elites have, or that commoners cannot do certain things the elites can do. The populists see themselves on the side of the common people. They want to help the common people get some of the rights and privileges of the elites.

Right-wing populism 
Right-wing populists take some of the values of right-wing parties: 
 They see immigration as good for the elite and bad for the people. 
 They are against globalization and foreign ideas. 
 They are against what other parties believe: In Europe, they often think, that European values are based on Christian ones, and that Islam, or its values are bad.

Left-wing populism
Left-wing populists share some of the values of left-wing parties:
They believe in social justice
Often, they are against capitalism, globalization, and social injustice
Unlike right-wing populists who want to exclude certain foreigners, they focus on including unprivileged social groups.
Left-wing populism is common in Central and South America.

Related pages
 Appeal to popularity
 Autocracy
 Ochlocracy
 Pragmatism
 Welfare state

Political movements
Minesweeper

For the videogame, see Minesweeper (video game)

A minesweeper is a small naval warship designed to sweep the water clear of mines.  Minesweepers keep waterways clear for shipping. They are quieter and less magnetic than other ships, so the mines won't explode when being swept.

In Great Britain, naval leaders knew before World War I that sea mines were a threat to the nation's shipping. The real threat was not invasion, but blockade aided by mines. Fishing nets pulled behind boats gave an idea on how to clear mines. The Royal Navy used fishermen and their fishing trawlers to keep the English Channel clear of mines. They were supplied with mine gear, rifles, uniforms and pay as the first minesweepers. 

The dedicated, purpose-built minesweeper first appeared during World War I. By the end of the war, naval mine technology had grown beyond the ability of minesweepers to detect and remove.

Minesweeping made big advances during World War 2.  Fighting nations quickly adapted ships to the task of minesweeping.  Both Allied and Axis countries made heavy use of minesweepers throughout the war. Underwater mines remained a problem even after the war ended, and minesweepers were still in use after Japan surrendered to the United States.

After World War 2, allied countries worked on new types of minesweepers.  The United States Navy used special landing craft (shallow-water boats) to clear shallow harbors in and around North Korea. , the U.S. Navy had four minesweepers in the Persian Gulf.

References 

Warships
Asian Championship

An Asian Championship is a top level international sports competition between Asian athletes or sports teams representing their respective countries or professional sports clubs.

Related pages 
 Asian Games, a multi-sport event between competitors from all nations in Asia
 Championship
 World championship
 European Championship

Sport in Asia
Sports competitions
Primitive root modulo n

In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n, if every number m from 1..(n-1) can be expressed in the form of . As an example, 3 is a primitive root modulo 7:

All the elements  of the group modulo 7 can be expressed that way. The number 2 is no primitive root modulo 7, because 

and

Number theory
Alice and Bob

Alice and Bob are placeholder names which are commonly used to talk about problems. It is used in cryptography, game theory and physics. Instead of “A sends B a message” people say “Alice sends Bob a message”. Ron Rivest seems to have used these names first, in publications about the RSA algorithm. This was 1977 and 1978.

Other names
The most used names are Alice and Bob. Eve, Mallory, and Trent are used often too, and they have pretty well-defined uses.

Cryptography
Game theory
Physics
Names
Twelve Penny Black

Twelve Penny Black is a rare Canada stamp. It was issued in 1851. The 12-pence stamp showed the portrait of Queen Victoria.

History 
In 1851, the Province of Canada issued the stamps of Queen Victoria. For the stamp image, the Queen's portrait by Alfred Edward Chalon (1780–1860) was used. This design is called the Chalon head. The stamps were printed in New York.

In fine and unused condition, these stamps are very priced. In February 2006, a Twelve Penny Black was sold £116,000.

Related pages 
 Penny Black
 Penny Lilac
 Penny Red
 Queen Victoria
 Two Penny Blue

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Canadian stamps (1851–1875) on the site of Library and Archives Canada.
 
 

Postage stamps
1851 establishments
1850s establishments in Canada
K.A.A. Gent

Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent, also referred to as just AA Gent is a football club from Ghent, Belgium. It was founded in 1900 and is one of the top clubs in Belgium. Its home ground is the Ghelamco Arena, which has a capacity of 20,000.

Belgian football clubs
Ghent
Maurice Hayes

Maurice Hayes (8 July 1927 – 23 December 2017) was an Irish politician. He was an independent member of the 21st and 22nd Seanads, nominated as a senator by the Taoiseach. 

Hayes was born in County Down in Northern Ireland. He died at a hospital in Belfast on 23 December 2017 from frontotemporal dementia at the age of 90.

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from frontotemporal dementia
Irish politicians
Kenneth Bloomfield

Sir Kenneth Percy Bloomfield (born 15 April 1931) is an Irish politician. He was the former head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service.

He was later a member of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains and for a time Northern Ireland Victims Commissioner. In addition to this, he has held a variety of public sector posts in Northern Ireland and elsewhere.

Bloomfield was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Other websites
Independent Commission for the Location of Victims Remains Official Website

1931 births
Living people
Irish politicians
People from Belfast
Mary Ellen Mark

Mary Ellen Mark (March 20, 1940 – May 25, 2015) was an American photographer. She was known for her photojournalism, portraiture, and advertising photography. 

She photographed people who were "away from mainstream society and toward its more interesting, often troubled fringes".

Mark died of myelodysplastic syndrome in Manhattan, on May 25, 2015, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 
Scotsman newspaper interview, June 2005
Audio interview, The Digital Journalist, March 1999
Art HERStory: Mary Ellen Mark 

1940 births
2015 deaths
American artists
American photographers
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Disease-related deaths in New York City
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Erik Carlsson

Erik Carlsson, aka "Carlsson på taket" ("Carlsson on the roof"), (5 March 1929 – 27 May 2015) was a Swedish rally driver for Saab.

Carlsson was born in Trollhättan. Erik Carlsson married Pat Moss on 3 March 1963 in London. Carlsson died on 27 May 2015, aged 86.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
Swedish sportspeople
John Gardner (British writer)

John Edmund Gardner (20 November 1926 – 3 August 2007) was an English spy and thriller novelist. He was best known for his James Bond novels, but also for his series of Boysie Oakes books and three continuation novels containing Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional villain, Professor Moriarty.

Gardner went on to write over fifty works of fiction, including fourteen original James Bond novels, and the novel versions of two Bond movie. He died from suspected heart failure on 3 August 2007.

Other websites
John-Gardner.com

1926 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
English novelists
James Bond writers
People from Northumberland
John Gardner (American writer)

John Champlin Gardner Jr. (July 21, 1933 – September 14, 1982) was an American novelist, essayist, literary critic and university professor. He was known for his novel Grendel, a retelling of the Beowulf myth from the monster's point of view.

Gardner was killed in a motorcycle accident in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, aged 49.

Other websites
 
 
"Audio Interview with John C. Gardner" , Wired for Books
"Thirty years Later: A Conversation on John Gardner (with Joel Gardner). March 2012.  
Audio interview of John Gardner by Stephen Banker, circa 1978

1933 births
1982 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United States
Writers from New York
John L. Gardner

John Lane Gardner (1793–1869) served in the U.S. Army eventually achieving the rank of brevet Brigadier General after serving in the American Civil War having also served in the War of 1812, the Seminole War and the Mexican–American War before that.

Other websites

John L. Gardner at Find A Grave
The Mexican-American War: Gardner military reports 
Fort Polk

1793 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American military people
People from Boston, Massachusetts
John W. Gardner

John William Gardner, (October 8, 1912 – February 16, 2002) was an American politician. He served as the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under President Lyndon Johnson. He was the founder of Common Cause.

Other websites
 "John Gardner: Uncommon American" PBS documentary

 "John W. Gardner: The Man Behind Our Mission"

1912 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in California
People from Los Angeles
Politicians from Los Angeles County, California
US Republican Party politicians
Dayton Waller

Dayton Hollis Waller, Jr. (April 2, 1925 – May 26, 2015) was an American farmer and businessman from Shreveport, Louisiana. He was a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He served a single term with six other at-large members from 1968 until 1972.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
American Baptists
Businesspeople from Louisiana
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
Politicians from Louisiana
US Democratic Party politicians
Rocky Frisco

Don Roscoe "Rocky" Joseph III (July 26, 1937 - May 26, 2015), professionally known as Rocky Frisco and Rocky Curtiss, was an American musician.  He was best known as the longtime pianist for JJ Cale, and for his role in the development of the music style known as the Tulsa Sound.

References

1937 births
2015 deaths
American pianists
Musicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Aminah Robinson

Aminah Brenda Lynn Robinson (February 18, 1940 – May 22, 2015) was an American artist. Robinson received her formal art training at the Columbus Art School (now the Columbus College of Art and Design). She was known for creating sculptures in Columbus neighborhoods. 

Robinson died on May 22, 2015 from heart failure, aged 75.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American artists
People from Columbus, Ohio