cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rohingya people

The Rohingya are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. They are mainly Muslim. They live in the Arakan State in western Myanmar (or Burma), and in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in south-eastern Bangladesh. They are not citizens of either Burma or Bangladesh.

Starting from 2017, many Rohingya refugees began to arrive in Bangladesh in order to escape the genocide against them in Myanmar.

History 
The Rohingya say that they are native to the region now known as Arakan. They are the product of the mixing of different cultures.

The Rohingya are quite different than other people in Burma. While most people in Burma are Buddhist and speak Burmese, the Rohingya are Muslim and speak the Rohingya language, which is quite similar to the Bengali language spoken in the neighboring country of Bangladesh. Because of these differences, a lot of people look down on the Rohingya and treat them wrong. They are worried that the Rohingya are not loyal to Burma and will try to take over the country, even though Rohingya are outnumbered by other groups.

The Burmese government does not like the Rohingya people. They say that the Rohingya are Bengalis and do not belong in the country. Because of this, Rohingyas cannot do things that other people in Burma can, such as go to school and vote.

In the 2010s, the Burmese government started to put the Rohingya in concentration camps and not allow them to leave. They also took away their ID cards so that they can't say that they were seen as Burmese citizens in the past.

In 2017, the Burmese army started burning down Rohingya villages. They also killed a lot of Rohingya men and said that they were part of terrorist groups. However, most Rohingya are not involved in terrorism and just want to live peaceful lives.

Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Burmese people
Tanuma Okitsugu

(September 11, 1719, Edo, Japan – August 25, 1788, Edo) was a senior counselor (rōjū) of the Tokugawa shogunate.  He is known for the introduction of monetary reform.

Daimyo 
Tanuma was also a daimyo of the Sagara han.  He used the title Tonomo-no-kami.

Shogunate leader 
The administration of Tanuma was marked by corruption and by inflation of currency.

In 1784 (Tenmei 4), Okitsugu's son was assassinated in front of his father inside Edo Castle. The involvement of senior figures in the bakufu was suspected, but only the assassin was punished.  The result was that liberal reforms and the relaxation of the national isolation policy sakoku were stopped.

Related pages 
 Matsudaira Sadanobu

Notes

More reading 
 Hall, John Whitney. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.  OCLC 445621

1719 births
1788 deaths
Daimyo
People from Tokyo
Arakan State

Arakan is a Burmese state on the western coast of Myanmar. It is next to Bangladesh.

Etymology

The term Rakhine may have come from the Pali word "Rakkhapura" from "Rakkhita" meaning the land of the people of Rakhasa (Rakhasa > Rakkha > Rakkhaing > Rakhaing) who were given this name in honor of their preservation of their national heritage and ethics or morality. The word Rakhine means, "one who maintains his own race." In the Rakhine language, the land is called Rakhinepray, the ethnic Rakhine are called Rakhinetha.

Arakan, used in British colonial times, is believed to be a Portuguese corruption of the word Rakhine that is still popularly used in English. Many English language users no not use the name changes made by the military government.

Notes

References

States of Myanmar
Arakanese people

Arakanese is a nationality in Myanmar; they  form the majority along the coastal region of present-day Rakhine State or Arakan State. They possibly constitute 5.53% or more of Myanmar's total population but no accurate census figures exist. Arakanese or Rakhine people also live in the southeastern parts of Bangladesh, especially in Chittagong and Barisal Divisions. A group of Arakanese descendants, living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh at least since the 16th century, are known as the Marma people. These Arakanese descendants have been living in that area since the Arakanese kingdom's control of the Chittagong region.

Arakanese descendants spread as far north as Tripura state in India, where their presence dates back to the ascent of the Arakanese kingdom when Tripura was ruled by Arakanese kings. In northeast India, these Arakanese people are referred to as the Mog, while in Bengali, the Marma (the ethnic Arakanese descendants in Bangladesh) and other Arakanese people are referred to as the Magh people.

Ethnic groups in Asia
Tenmei

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name), also known as Temmei, after An'ei and before Kansei.  This period started in April 1781 and ended in January 1789.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Tenmei means "Heavenly Radiance". The kanji means "dawn" or "daybreak".

Events of the Tenmei era

 1782 (Tenmei 2): Great Tenmei Famine began.
 1782 (Tenmei 2): The emperor received a written study of silver currency in China and Japan.  The work was made by Minamoto no Masatsuna.
 1783 (Tenmei 3):  erupted in Shinano Province and loss of life was estimated at 20,000+.
 1783 (Tenmei 3): Famine was worse; food reserves used up
 1784 (Tenmei 4): Nationwide events honored Kōbō-Daishi who was the founder of Shingon Buddhism.  Kōbō-Daishi died 950 years earlier.
 1784 (Tenmei 4): The son of Tanuma Okitsugu was assassinated in Edo Castle.
 17 September 1786 (Tenmei 6, 25th day of the 8th month): Shogun Tokugawa Ieharu died and was buried in Edo.
 1787 (Tenmei 7): Tokugawa Ienari became the 11th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 1787 (Tenmei 7): Matsudaira Sadanobu becomes the shogunate's senior official (rōjū).
 1787 (Tenmei 7): Kutsuki Masatsuna published Seiyō senpu (Notes on Western Coinage).
 1788 (Tenmei 7): Riots in rice shops in Edo and Osaka.
 1788 (Tenmei 8): Great Fire of Kyoto; the Imperial Palace was destroyed.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1781 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1788 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1780s establishments in Asia
Waltari

Waltari is an alternative metal band from Finland. The band was formed  in Helsinki in 1986. The original members were Kärtsy Hatakka, Sale Suomalainen and Jariot Lehtinen. Their name is a reference to popular Finish writer Mika Waltari – a favorite author of band’s guitarist Jariot Lethinen. 

Waltari is more famous in the rest of Europe than in Finland and the band members have very positive relationships to Czech Republic. They’ve collaborated with Czech punk rock band Wohnout and Kärtsy is a good friend of Lenka Dusilová. The band has collaborated with many other artists. They’ve made albums with Finnish ethno band Angelit, they hosted on Apocalyptica’s album and Tarja Turunen from Nightwish was a part of Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die! live performance.

Musicial style 
Waltari's music is well known for it’s destruction of rock and metal genre boundaries. Their heavy sound is often combined with elements of electronic music, pop, rap, disco, funk, grindcore and bits of many other genres and creates a fusion which can be described as avant-garde. The lead singer and bass guitarist, Kärtsy Hattaka, delivers very distinctive vocal part to their music and makes Waltari's sound even more unique and easily recognizable.

Lyrics 
Waltari’s lyrics are as diverse as their music. They’re about various range of topics including everyday misery, personal struggles, science fiction motives, and music industry philosophical questions. They have one thing in common – heavy irony, self-irony and sarcasm.

Albums 
Waltari started their musical career with demo records. The longest one was Monk Punk. This album presents an interesting mixture of punk and funk music, but the first release which provided the band more positive reviews was the album called Torcha! and it was also the first one which combined bits of many musical genres. It also includes the cover of Madonna’s song "Vogue".

Next two albums, So Fine and Big Bang were also very successful. They mainly concentrate on mixing heavy metal with techno, which was something fresh and innovative. Their biggest success among death metal fans yet came with the Yeah! Yeah! Die! Die! album, which is mixture of death metal and classical music. It also has a musical feeling to it, because it’s kind of an epic story from future sung in dialogues of various characters. 

Next album Space Avenue is more electronic and it has some pop feeling to it. Another one called Radium Round goes even further in that. It’s almost a pop/disco album with some metal elements. Waltari returned to more rock sound with albums like Rare Species and very successful Blood Sample. Last two albums – Release Date and Below Zero are mainly focused on heavy sound with bits of progressive rock. 

 Monk-Punk - 1991
 Torcha! - 1992
 So Fine! - 1994
 Big Bang - 1995
 Space Avenue - 1997
 Radium Round - 1999
 Rare Species - 2004
 Blood Sample - 2005
 Release Date - 2007
 Below Zero - 2009
 Covers All - The 25th Anniversary Album - 2011

Musical groups from Helsinki
Alternative metal bands
1986 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Capital of Brazil

The capital of Brazil is Brasília, a planned city that was built to be the capital of the country. Before that, Brazil had two other capital cities: Salvador (1549–1763) and Rio de Janeiro (1763–1960).

Salvador
Salvador was established in 1549 by Thome da Sousa.  It became the capital of Brazil.

The city became the seat of the Catholic primate of Brazil.

Rio de Janeiro

The Portuguese colonial administration moved south to Rio de Janeiro in 1763. Rio was the capital of the Viceroyalty of Brazil.

In 1807 the Portuguese royal family fled Lisbon when Napoleon I of France invaded Portugal. The Portuguese royal capital was temporarily moved from Europe to Rio de Janeiro.

After the Brazil became an independent nation in 1822, Rio continued to be the capital of the Empire of Brazil.

When the Republic of Brazil was established in 1889, Rio was its capital also.

Brasilia
Brasília became the federal capital on April 21, 1960.

References

Capital of Brazil
Adabel Guerrero

Adabel Guerrero is an Argentine professional theatre dancer, actress and vedette. She is of Ukrainian and Spaniard descent.

Guerrero was in Dancing with the Stars in Argentina competing together with professional dancer Martin Whitecamp. They were eliminated by 41.28% of the public vote.

Theatre

Others 
 In 2008 Guerrero modeled for Maxim in Argentina for the March cover.

 In 2008 Guerrero modeled for Maxim in Argentina for the July cover.

 In 2009 Guerrero modeled for Maxim in Argentina for the January cover.

 In 2010 Guerrero modeled for Playboy in Argentina for the cover of March.

 In November 3, 2011 Guerrero taped a video with the band Banda XXI of her dancing & singing to their song "Bam Bam".

 In November 2011 Guerrero created a portfolio of her named "Dulce Rock". Photos taken by Aníbal Pérez and clothing by Marta Trobbiani and Gisela Sabino.

Inspirations
When asked about her inspiration on dancing Guerrero responded: 

"Julio Bocca, Maximiliano Guerra, Hernán Piquín ... They are the highest in Argentina, each with their own style. Maxi, more manly, more land, and Julio and Piquín more princely, more aerial. There is no first or second, they are different from each other.They have broken their souls to get where they are now."

Guerrero also says that dance it self is her inspiration:
 
"To me, dancing transports me, its an absolute passion. Dancing is the best,its orgasmic."

References

Other websites 
 Official web site

1978 births
Living people
Argentine actors
Argentine models
Dancers
Walter Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh (c. 1554–29 October 1618) was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, spy, and explorer. He helped make tobacco popular in England, especially among people in the royal court.

Raleigh was born to a Protestant family in East Budleigh, in Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Walter Raleigh was married to a woman called Elizabeth Throckmorten. He had 3 sons named Damerei Raleigh, Walter Raleigh and Carew Raleigh.

In 1594, Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and sailed to find it, writing an exaggerated story of his trip in a book. He explored North Carolina all the way down to Florida. This book made people believe in the legend of "El Dorado". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was put in prison because he was accused of trying to overthrow King James I, who did not like Raleigh. In 1616, he was released to go look for El Dorado again. This was unsuccessful, and Raleigh's men attacked a Spanish outpost. He returned to England. The Spanish were upset, so to calm them, England arrested Raleigh and executed him by beheading (decapitation) on 29 October 1618.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

1550s births
1618 deaths
English writers
English explorers
Rings of Uranus

The rings of Uranus are planetary rings (circles of rock and dust) that go around the planet Uranus. There are 11 rings in total. In order of increasing distance from Uranus, they are: 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν and μ.

Nine rings were found on 10 March 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham and Douglas J. Mink. Scientists found two more rings in 1986 in images from the Voyager 2 spacecraft and two outer rings in 2003–2005 in images from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Most of the rings are only a few kilometres wide and are very dark. Most rings are made of rocks 0.2–20 meters wide. But some rings are made of very small dust particles. The closest ring is 38,000 km away from the center of Uranus and the furthest ring is 98,000 km away.

Scientists think that the rings are at not more than 600 million years old. The ring system was created when several moons crashed together. After crashing, the moons broke up into many pieces and made rings.People may discover more rings.

Uranus (planet)
Excision (musician)

Excision (real name: Jeff Abel) (born 1986 in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada) is a dubstep DJ and music boss. His signature sound takes influence from the morphing basslines of the drum and bass genre, the aggressive energy of heavy metal, and the laid back vibes of hip hop. Excision is also cited as being one of the first dubstep producers and DJs in North America, he has also played a significant role in the genre's growth in popularity. His first release was in 2007. Excision was asked by Pendulum to remix their 2009 single “Showdown.” His musical recordings from the Shambhala Music Festival in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have also received over a million downloads which are available for free. He is known to work frequently with fellow Canadian producers Datsik and Downlink. he is also bad ass

References

Other websites
Excision's Official website

1986 births
Living people
DJs
Electronic musicians
People from Kelowna
Populus

Populus is a genus of trees common in the northern hemisphere. They are commonly called poplars. The genus has 25–35 species in three sub-groups, commonly called poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods.

In the September 2006 issue of Science, it was announced that the Western Balsam Poplar (P. trichocarpa) was the first tree to have its full DNA code sequenced.

Reproduction 
The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping catkins. The male flowers have a group of 4–60 stamens on a disk. The female flower is a single-celled ovary in a cup-shaped disk.

Pollination is by wind. The fruit is a two to four-valved capsule, green to reddish-brown, mature in mid summer. It contains tiny light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs which help wind dispersal.

Ecology
Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees.

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species.  Pleurotus populinus, the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of Populus trees in North America.

References 

Trees
Malpighiales
Overseas departments of France

France currently has five overseas departments (), which are departments (territorial divisions) that are outside the European part of the country. All are officially part of France, with the same political status as the departments in Europe; and are therefore different to overseas territories. They are also part of the European Union and use the Euro as currency. They are:

Since 2003, these departments are now officially called overseas regions (), but this name has yet to be widely adopted. Each region returns elected representatives to the Senate and National Assembly in Paris. A total of three members are elected to the European Parliament to represent overseas France, including overseas departments and overseas territories. Since 1974, these regions have had their own individual regional councils for local government.

References

Other websites 

  Ministry of the overseas departments and territories
  History of France’s overseas administrative divisions
Amy Poehler

Amy Meredith Poehler (; born September 16, 1971) is an American actress, comedian, director, producer and writer. She was a cast member of the television program Saturday Night Live between 2001 and 2008.

Early life
Poehler was born in Newton, Massachusetts. Her parents are high school teachers Eileen Frances (née Milmore) and William Grinstead Poehler. She grew up in nearby Burlington. Her father is of German, Irish, Portuguese, and English ancestry. Her mother is of Irish ancestry. Poehler was raised in the Catholic faith. She graduated from Burlington High School in 1989. She studied at Boston College and at The Second City.

Marriage and family
Poehler has been married to Will Arnett since 2003. They have two children. In September 2012, Poehler and Arnett separated. The divorce was finalized in 2016.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 in 2009
 Amy Poehler named one of Men's Vogue's 2008 Visionaries 
 TODAY talent are on People magazine annual list of 100, led by Applegate 
 Amy Poehler at Emmys.com

1971 births
American feminists
Living people
Comedians from Boston, Massachusetts
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
People from Newton, Massachusetts
Pope Gregory XI

Pope Gregory XI (; 1331 –27 March 1378), born Pierre Roger de Beaufort, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 202nd Pope from 1370 until his death.

He was the seventh and last of the popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life 
Pierre Roger de Beaufort was born in 1331 in Limousin in France. The Rosier or Roger family were important in Limousin in central France.

Beaufort was a nephew of Pope Clement VI.

Cardinal
Clement VI raised Beaufort to the rank of cardinal in 1348.

Pope 
Cardinal Beaufort was elected pope in 1370; and he chose to be called Gergory XI.  He was ordained as a priest on January 4, 1371; and was crowned pope on the following day, January 5, 13271 

In 1377, Gregory XI was persuaded by Catherine of Siena to return to Rome.  He reestablished the papacy in Italy.

Gregory is also remembered as the Pope who condemned John Wycliffe.

Western Schism
When Gregory died on March 27, 1378, the cardinals in Rome elected an Italian-born pope named Urban VI as his successor.  

In Avignon, the cardinals elected a French-born pope who they named Clement VII.

The Western Schism begins with the dispute between the supporters of the Italian-born pope and the French-born pope.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Roger family
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites 

 
   "Gregory XI", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Gregory XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Roger de Beaufort

French popes
1331 births
1378 deaths
Cantinflas

Mario Fortino Alfonso Moreno Reyes (12 August 1911 – 20 April 1993), known by the stage name Cantinflas (), was a Mexican comedian and stage and movie actor. He often played poor peasants. He became associated with Mexico, and had a long, successful movie career, including some time in Hollywood. Charlie Chaplin once said that Moreno  was the best comedian alive, and Moreno has been called the "Charlie Chaplin of Mexico". To audiences in the United States, he is best remembered as costarring with David Niven in Around the World in 80 Days (1956).

Moreno also was involved in Mexico's labor politics, which were often dangerous. Although he was a political conservative, his reputation as somebody who spoke for the poor made him seem real, and became important in the early struggle against charrismo, the one-party government's practice of taking over unions.

Actors from Mexico City
Mexican stage actors
Mexican television actors
1911 births
1993 deaths
Carbon diet

Carbon diet is the process of reducing the production of greenhouse gas, primarily carbon dioxide, to reduce effects on climate change and global warming.

Carbon dioxide is produced from heating, driving and consuming products.

The production of carbon dioxide can be reduced by decreasing the intake of carbon, and eventually reduces the effects of climate change.

According to Deborah Jones, her family undergoes carbon diet. They are already in week two of the Globe and Mail assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to see how her family can reduces the emissions of greenhouse gas to reach the provincial goal of 33 percent reduction. It is different from a low carbon diet which is done by choosing what to eat to reduce greenhouse gas discharge.

Etymology 
Carbon is from Latin word carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.

The term "carbon diet" is used in book Gore:A Political Life. There are steps in carbon diet:
 Calculate a carbon footprint to understand the amount of carbon dioxide emissions
 
 Measure the carbon footprint against peers (e.g., similar company size or for individuals, a national average)
 
 Determine the ideal carbon footprint
 
 Identify the source of the most significant carbon dioxide emissions [3]
 
 Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by starting with the most significant sources first

References 
 Zelnick, Robert (1999). Gore: a political life. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub.. pp. 330. ISBN 0-89526-326-2.
 Deborah Jones, "Stepping Towards Greener Pastures: Part 2 of BC family's carbon diet focuses on transportation," The Globe and Mail, March 30, 2007
 Data and studies on CO2 emissions from common goods and services are at CO2List.org

Environment
Green politics
Pope Innocent IX

Pope Innocent IX (; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 231st Pope from 29 October 1591 to his death on 30 December of the same year.

Early life
Facchinetti was born in Bologna on 20 July 1519.

He entered the service of Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, brother of the Duke of Parma and grandson of Pope Paul III.  Farnese appointed Fasccinetti as the acting governor of Parma from 1556 to 1558.

Bishop
In 1560, Facchinetti was named Bishop of Nicastro in Calabria.

In 1562, Facchinetti as present at the Council of Trent.

Pope Pius V sent him as papal nuncio to Venice in 1566.

Faccinetti gave up his bishop's role when he was named Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1572.

Cardinal
Facchinetti was raised to the rank of Cardinal in 1583.

Pope
Facchinetti was elected pope in 1591;  and he chose to be called Innocent IX.  He died two months after his election.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent IX
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Facchinetti

Italian popes
1519 births
1591 deaths
Pope Innocent X

Pope Innocent X (;  6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 237th Pope from 1644 to 1655.

Early life
Pamphilij was born in Rome in 1574.  He was a great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

He graduated from the Collegio Romano before entering a career in the church.

Cardinal 
In 1629, he was raised to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Pamphilij was elected pope in 1644; and he chose to be called Innocent X.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Borgia family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent X
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pamphilj

Italian popes
People from Rome
1574 births
1655 deaths
House of Borgia
Yuko Kavaguti

Yuko Kavaguti , born November 20, 1981– ),  also known as , is a Japanese-Russian Olympic athlete and international ice skating competitor.

In December 2008, she became a Russian citizen and her Russian name is Kavaguti. Kawaguchi gave up her Japanese citizenship.

Early life 
Kawaguchi was born in Funabashi, Chiba in Japan.  She began skating at the age of five because her mother was a fan of ice dancing. 

She studied international relations at St. Petersburg State University, completing her degree in June 2007. In addition to her native Japanese, she is also fluent in Russian and English.

Career 
In international competition, Kavaguti is pairs skater.  She represents Russia with Alexander Smirnov.  

Kavaguti became a Russian citizen so that she would qualify for a spot on the Russian Olympic team. Japan does not allow dual nationality, so she was obliged to give up her Japanese citizenship in order to compete for Russia.

Kawaguchi
As a Japanese citizen, Kawaguchi competed as a singles skater. She switched to pairs after the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.

Kavaguti

As a Russian citizen, Kavagui has won many medals, including gold  at 2008 Skate Canada International. 

2010
Kavaguti was a partner in the pairs team which won the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships,  Kavaguti and Smirnov won the 2010 Cup of Russia,  They placed third in the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships.

2011
Kavaguti and her partner won the 2011 Cup of China  and the 2011 NHK Trophy.

Awards and titles
 Order of the President of the Russian Federation ’For services to the development of physical culture and sports, high athletic achievements at the XXI Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver’ (March 5, 2010) 
 The Best in the Sport of St. Petersburg (February 2010) 
 Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2009)

Related pages
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites 

   Yuko Kavaguti at International Skating Union (ISU)

1981 births
Living people
Japanese figure skaters
Russian sportspeople
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
Sugarland

Sugarland is a country music duo from the Southern United States. They've had many #1 hits on record charts in the United States. The lead singer is Jennifer Nettles.

Country bands
Musical duos
BIGBANG

BIGBANG is a name of the album in Japanese released by Big Bang in Japan. Big Bang is a boy band that comes from South Korea. Bigbang sings hip hop and R&B. This album was released on August 19, 2009.

Track listing

References

2009 albums
Big Bang (disambiguation)

Big Bang is the name of a scientific theory that explains how the Universe started and made the groups of stars, called galaxies, we see today.

"Big Bang" may also refer to:

 Big Bang (band) - South Korean music group
 BIGBANG - Big Bang (band) second Japanese album
 BIGBANG 2 - Big Bang (band) third Japanese album

 The Big Bang Theory - an American situation comedy TV series
List of blues harmonica players

The list consists of blues musicians whose main or only instrument is the harmonica.

Blues harmonica players

Lists of musicians
Boron carbide

Boron carbide is a chemical compound with the formula B4C. It is an extremely hard ceramic. It is often used as an abrasive, as armor, as a scratch-proof coating, as a neutron absorber in the control rods of nuclear reactors, and as an additive in the cut-resistant shackle in some padlocks.
Carbon compounds
Armour
Numerical control

Numerical Control (NC) is a way to automate machines. In numerical control, the commands these machines get come from a storage medium; they are not controlled and operated manually. The first such machines were Jacquard looms controlled by punched cards. Machine tools for cutting metal were built in the 1940s and 1950s. They used punched tape instructions. Soon, the tools were changed, to use computers. Numerical control with computers is known as Computer Numerical Control, or CNC.

Nowadays, it is possible to make a program that can run on such machine tools, based on a CAD drawing of the piece to be produced.

Attempts to automate machines in the 19th century, for example copying-lathes, used cams. These are basically wheels that change the position of notches to control a machine. The basic difference to modern NC is that these cams only automated one given task; modern NC and CNC machines can be programmed to a greater extent.

History of the NC 
The invention of numerical control has been due to the pioneering works of John T. Parsons in the year 1940, when he tried to generate a curve automatically by milling cutters by providing coordinate motions.  In the late 1940s Parsons conceived the method of using punched cards containing coordinate position system to control a machine tool.  The machine directed to move in small increments and generate the desired finish.  In 1948, Parsons demonstrated this concept to the US Air Force, who sponsored the series of project at laboratories of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  After research MIT was able to demonstrate first NC prototype in 1952 and in the next year they were able to prove the potential applications of the NC.

CNC Milling Materials 
One of the most usual material types for milling are metals, and there are many to select from.

 Aluminum - Perhaps the most widely used CNC milling material, for both mechanical and aspect components.  Aluminum is generally able to be machined quicker than other metals, making it the most economically viable. 
 Stainless Steel - Stainless steel alloys can be heat treated and supply corrosion resistant properties.  Uses include surgical equipment, electronics hardware, and other parts that need formability and weldability.
 Titanium - What makes titanium unique is its high temperature melting point, making it useful for many industries and applications.  It’s considered to be corrosion resistant, and impervious to ductile, salt, and water.  Despite being biocompatible and lightweight, titanium material provides strength and sturdiness that makes it well-suited for applications like medical implants, aircraft components, and even jewelry.

References 

Tools
Bolt cutter

A bolt cutter is a tool that is used for cutting bolts, chains, rebar, padlocks, screws, nails, and many other objects. It is similar to a pair of cutting pliers, but is much larger.

Cutting tools
Crowbar

A crowbar is a metal tool used mainly to pry things open. It is usually hook shaped. Sometimes the bottom is slightly curved to allow for better leverage. Some crowbars have a notched an end for removing nails. Crowbars are often made of carbon steel. They can also be made of titanium which is lighter and non-magnetic. The first known use of the word was somewhere in the 1400s where they were simply called crows or iron crows.

It is used as a lever either to force apart two objects or to remove nails. Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed wooden crates. Common uses for larger crowbars are: removing nails, prying apart boards, and generally breaking things. Crowbars can be used as any of the three lever classes but the curved end is usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a second class lever. In mining, crowbars are used to break blasted rocks and to remove loose rock on roof sides and the working face, but not much in modern mining.

Tools
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is where seafloor spreading takes place in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of a world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges. These ridges make up the longest mountain range in the world, all underwater except for short stretches like Iceland. On Iceland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reaches the surface.

The ridge separates oceanic tectonic plates, and moves the plates apart at about 2.5 cm per year.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro.

History 
The ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS Challenger in 1872. A team of scientists on board discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic. They were planning the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925

In the 1950s, mapping of the Earth’s ocean floors showed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to have valleys and ridges. Its central valley is seismologically active and the epicentre of many earthquakes. Ewing and Heezen discovered the ridge to be part of a 40,000-km-long essentially continuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth’s oceans. The discovery of this worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and general acceptance of Wegener's theory of continental drift and expansion as plate tectonics.

Geology 
The ridge started forming in at the end of the Triassic period, and was responsible for the separation of the Americas from Africa and Europe with the breakup of Pangaea.

The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the Mid-Atlantic Rise which is a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge. This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing up the oceanic crust and lithosphere.

References 

Atlantic Ocean
Plate tectonics
Geography of Iceland
Pope Innocent XI

Pope Innocent XI (; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 240th Pope from 1676 to 1689.

Early life
Benedetto Odescalchi was born at Como in 1611. He was the son of a Como nobleman, Livio Odescalchi

Cardinal
In 1645, Pope Innocent X raised Odescalchi to the rank of cardinal.

Bishop
In 1650, Odescalchi became Bishop of Novara.

Pope
Cardinal Odescalchi was elected pope on 21 September 1676; and he chose to be called Innocent XI.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes, chiefly with Louis XIV of France

In December 1688, Innocent received the diplomatic mission sent to the Vatican by Narai, the King of Siam.

After his death
After Innocent XI in 1689, he was buried in St. Peter's Basilica.

The process of canonization was begun in 1714 and suspended in 1744. Pope Pius XII announced his beatification in 1956.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Odescalchi
 Video footage showing the beatification of Pope Innocent XI

Italian popes
1611 births
1689 deaths
Beatified people
People from Como
Surface area to volume ratio

The surface area to volume ratio of an object is the relationship between two measurements. It is the ratio of Surface area to volume.  It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume. Larger objects have small surface area compared to the volume so they have a small surface area to volume ratio. A large lump, for example, has a small ratio, and may be smashed into powder to give it a large surface to volume ratio.

Two common ways of writing it are sa/vol or SA:V. Either of these say to divide the surface area by the volume. This shows how much surface area is required for each unit of volume.

Example
 

Geometry
Honda Accord

The Honda Accord is a midsize car that is built by the Honda company. The car has changed over time. It has had ten different basic designs. The Honda Accord has been made and sold since 1976. The car later spawned a station wagon crossover SUV called the Crosstour in 2009. However, very low sales prompted Honda to discontinue the Crosstour in 2015. 

Honda automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Punched card

A punched card is a storage medium. It contains information in the form of holes, that are at precise locations on the card. In the 19th century, punched cards were widely used to control machines, such as looms and for census.  Fairground organs and related instruments still use punched cards, as do some voting machines.

Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine. 

Data input
Sri Lanka at the Olympics

Sri Lanka first took part in the Olympic Games in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sri Lanka is SRI.  In 1964, it was CEY for Ceylon.

History
Teams took part in all Summer Olympic Games since then, but not the 1976 Games.  Sri Lanka never took part in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Sri Lanka was formed in 1937 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.  The nation was called Ceylon until 1972.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Sri Lanka profile at London2012.com

Sport in Sri Lanka
Nations at the Olympics
Syria at the Olympics

Syria was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  The nation came back to the Games in 1968.  They also missed the 1976 Games.  The nation has not been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Syria was formed in 1948.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Syrian Arab Republic profile at London2012.com

Syria
Nations at the Olympics
Chinese Taipei at the Olympics

Chinese Taipei has been in many Olympic Games.  The country first competed with the Chinese National Olympic Committee.  From 1960 to now the country now takes part as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Taipei (Chinese Taipei) profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Tajikistan at the Olympics

Tajikistan was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996.  They have been to every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has been at the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Before, Tajik athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics until 1988. Tajikistan was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

The National Olympic Committee for Tajikistan was formed in 1992 and recognized  by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Tajikistan profile at London2012.com

Sport in Tajikistan
Nations at the Olympics
Timor-Leste at the Olympics

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste was first at the Olympic Games in 2000.  They have not won any medals.

The National Olympic Committee was formed in 2003.  It is called Comitê Olímpico Nacional de Timor-Leste.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste profile at London2012.com

East Timor
Nations at the Olympics
Naypyidaw

Naypyidaw (), also known Nay Pyi Taw or Naypyitaw, is the capital city of Myanmar, also known as Burma. 

Construction in the planned city is on-going.

History
In 2005, the capital of Myanmar was officially moved inland and away from the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea.

Geography
The former capital, Yangon (Rangoon), is about 385 kilometers (240 miles) south of the new city.

The new capital is located between middle mountain range of Bago Yoma and eastern mountain range of Shan Yoma. Naypyidaw covers an area of 7,054.37 square-km.

References

More reading
  "Welcome to Naypyidaw, Madam Secretary; Hillary Clinton visits Myanmar's Potemkin capital," Foreign Policy (US). December 1, 2011.
 McElroy, Damien.  "Burma: welcome to Naypyidaw - the home of kings - and the world's weirdest capital city," The Telegraph (UK). 18 November 2011.

Other websites

  Global Security.org, Naypyidaw 
  "Naypyidaw, An Unconventional Capital," 2011 

Cities in Myanmar
Capital cities in Asia
Metabolism (architecture)

Metabolism is a kind of architecture that began in Japan around 1960. This way of designing buildings came out of the rebuilding of Japan after World War II. Members of the group include: Kiyoshi Awazu, Noboru Kawazoe, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, and Kenzō Tange. They wrote a short book in English and Japanese called "The proposals for a New Urbanism" for the World Design Conference in 1960. Many Metabolist projects or designs were very large city plans called megastructures. The members thought of cities as living things that changed over long periods of time.

These architects were interested in building housing for large numbers of people. They often planned buildings that could be changed. One example is the Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kurokawa (1972). Each apartment was a rectangular block with one round window. These blocks could be added, moved, or removed as needed. It was a "plug-in building". Kurokawa planned for new, better capsules to be added to replace old ones. However, people living in the tower plan to tear it down and rebuild a larger building.

References

Architectural styles
Nakagin Capsule Tower

The  is a building designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. It has apartments and offices in it. The tower is in Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan. Nakagin Capsule Tower is an example of the Metabolism style of architecture. It was the first modular capsule building.

Design and construction

The building is actually two towers. One is eleven and the other is thirteen floors. These towers are the utility cores. They have the elevators, stairs, electric, and water services in them. They also support the whole building. 140 capsules are attached to the two cores. Each capsule unit is one apartment or office. They are  ×  ×  and have one round window. Just four bolts connect each unit to a tower. The units are made from lightweight steel. They were built in Shiga Prefecture and brought to Tokyo on trucks. The capsules are not connected to each other, so any capsule can be removed or replaced without moving the others.

The towers are the permanent part of the building and the capsules were temporary. Kurokawa planned for new units to be built to replace old ones. As building technology improved, better units could be added. Also, units could be changed as people moved in or out. Capsules could even be moved from one building to another. This part of the plan never happened. No new capsules were ever built.

Residents plan to tear down the building. They say there are problems with asbestos and that the building is too old and has not been repaired well. Kurokawa and other architects want to keep the building as an historic example.

References

Towers in Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword

The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword is a video game made in 2011 for the Wii. Unlike the other Legend of Zelda games, it focuses more on combat, keeping the role-playing and puzzle elements seen in earlier games. The story is connected with the rest of the Legend of Zelda series, and this game is about how the master sword was made. The player travels between two worlds: Skyloft, an area in the sky with floating islands which is the main area in the game, and Hyrule, which is located on the Earth. It makes use of the Wii MotionPlus add-on for the Wii Remote. The player uses the Wii Remote to swing Link's sword.

Link is the hero in this game. Zelda is Link's childhood friend, and the heroine in the story. Ghirahim: is the bad person who schemes to revive an ancient evil boss. In this game, you can go to four different "realms", such as the Faron Province, the Elden Province, and the Lanyuru Province, as well as Skyloft.

A limited edition bundle with a gold  Wii MotionPlus and a CD with orchestrated versions of the series' well-known music tracks was sold to mark the 25th anniversary of The Legend of Zelda.

A port, titled The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword HD, will be released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on July 16, 2021.

Skyward Sword
2011 video games
2021 video games
Adventure games
Nintendo video games
The Legend of Zelda
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with time travel
Wii games
Nintendo Switch games
Gary Mason

Gary Mason (15 December 1962 - 6 January 2011) was a boxer. He was born in Jamaica, but later lived in England. He had been a British heavyweight champion. He had 37 wins in his career. 34 of those were knockouts. He lost only once. Lennox Lewis beat him in 1991. Mason died after being hit by a van while riding his bicycle in London.

References

1962 births
2011 deaths
Black British sportspeople
British boxers
British rugby league players
Jamaican sportspeople
Road accident deaths
Australia at the Olympics

Australia at the Olympics is a history which includes 45 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes. Since 1895, Australia has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Australia is AUS.

History
The Australia National Olympic Committee was formed in 1895.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1895.

Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Australia has sent athletes to almost all of the modern Olympic Games.  Australia has competed in every Summer Olympic Games, and most Winter Olympic Games.

In 1908 and 1912, Australia competed with New Zealand under the name Australasia.

Host country

Australia has hosted the Olympics twice:

The 1956 Summer Olympics were at Melbourne in Victoria.

The 2000 Summer Olympics were at Sydney in New South Wales.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport (both Summer and Winter)

References

Other websites

 Australian Olympic Committee 
 Australia profile at London2012.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Australia
Citroën Saxo

The Citroën Saxo is a car produced by Citroën. It is based on the Peugeot 106. It replaced the Citroën AX in 1996 and featured 3 and 5 door versions. It received a facelift in late 1999. It was replaced by the Citroën C3 and C2 in 2002 and 2003 respectively.

Engines 
 1.0i 33 kW (45 hp) and 37 kW (50 hp)
 1.1i 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.4i 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6i 65 kW (88 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
 1.6i 16V 87 kW (118 hp)
 1.5 D 40 kW (54 hp) and 42 kW (57 hp)

Saxo
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles