cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Fugging, Austria

Fugging ( ) is an Austrian village in the municipality of Tarsdorf, in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.

The village is 33 kilometres north of Salzburg, four kilometres east of the German border and can be travelled to in half an hour by car from the town of Petting, in Bavaria.

History and name 

Fugging (which was Fucking at the time) has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called "Fuko".  In old Germanic, "-ing" is used to describe people as belonging to their leader; so "Fucking" means "(place of) Fuko’s people."

Although the village has a population of 104 , it has drawn attention in the English-speaking world for its name, which is spelled the same as the continuous form of the profane English-language verb "fuck".

Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, which tourists often photograph. This street sign is often stolen. Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.

In 2004, because many signs had been stolen, a vote was held to change the village name, but the villagers voted not to change. In August 2005, the road signs were welded to a very strong pole. This made it more difficult to steal them.

Fucking changed its name to Fugging, the name change came to affect on 1 January 2021.

References

Other websites 

Settlements in Upper Austria
Susan Featherly

Susan Featherly (February 5, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearances in Cinemax television programs and adult movies such as Kama Sutra and Corporate Fantasy. Featherly was born in Syracuse, New York.

Movies

Television appearances

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from New York
American television actors
People from Syracuse, New York
Ron Wilson (ice hockey, born 1955)

Ronald Lawrence Wilson (born May 28, 1955) is a former ice hockey player. He was the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs from 2008 to 2012. He also was the coach for the San Jose Sharks, Washington Capitals, Vancouver Canucks, and Anaheim Mighty Ducks of the NHL. Wilson was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He is a citizen of both Canada and the United States.

Other websites
 

1955 births
American ice hockey players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Earth's inner core

The inner core is the very center of the Earth, and the hottest part of the planet. It is a mainly a solid ball with a radius of about , according to seismological studies. It is believed to consist mostly of an iron–nickel alloy and to be about the same temperature as the surface of the Sun: about 5700 K (5400 °C).  

The inner core was discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1929, using seismology. Lehmann was studying a large New Zealand earthquake. An earthquake makes vibrations which move through the inside of the Earth. The vibrations Lehmann studied seemed to be moving across something solid in the center of the planet. She called this the inner core. She wrote about it for many years, but it was not proved to exist until 1970. 

The inner core is more than 5,000 kilometers below the earth's surface. The pressure in Earth's inner core is about 3,500,000  atmospheres. Iron can only be solid at such high temperatures because its melting temperature increases dramatically at such pressures.

References

Related pages 
 Earth's core
 Planetary core

Structure of the Earth
Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?

{{Infobox Album 
| name = Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?
| type = Album
| artist = Megadeth
| cover = 
| released = September 19, 1986
| recorded = February 15 – March 20, 1986 in Los Angeles, California
| genre = Thrash metal
| length = 36:12
| label = Capitol Records
| producer = Dave Mustaine, Randy Burns
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!(1985)
?(1986)
| next_title = So Far, So Good... So What!(1988)
}}Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?''' is the second studio album by thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released on September 19, 1986. Dave Mustaine wrote all of the songs except for "I Ain't Superstitious".

Track listing 
All songs written by Dave Mustaine, except where noted.
 "Wake Up Dead" – 3:40
 "The Conjuring" – 5:04
 "Peace Sells" – 4:04
 "Devil's Island" – 5:06
 "Good Mourning/Black Friday" – 6:42
 "Bad Omen" – 4:05
 "I Ain't Superstitious" (Willie Dixon) – 2:46
 "My Last Words" – 4:49

Megadeth albums
1986 albums
Heavy metal albums

id:Andy Summers
A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules from the Centre of the Ultraworld

"A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld" is a mix of a song by the ambient house group The Orb. The song is about being in love with a beautiful person. The song was at first a Minnie Riperton song called Lovin' You.  The Orbs version was first sold in October 1989 and was in the UK Singles Chart in 1990, at number 78. In April 1991, it was sold as part of the album The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld.  The name is taken from a sound effects track from Blake's 7 on BBC Sound Effects No. 26 - Sci-Fi Sound Effects called "The Core, A Huge Evergrowing Pulsating Brain which Rules from the Centre of Ultraworld".

History 

In 1989, The Orb, with Martin "Youth" Glover, developed the musical style of ambient house using samples.  The best of their musical work came when The Orb recorded music for John Peel on BBC Radio 1.  The song, then known as "Loving You", was made quickly with many sound effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds, and Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You".  Before the song was sold by record company Big Life, The Orb changed the name to "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld".  After the first week of sale Minnie Ripertons record company forced Big Life to remove her voice from the song. After the first week another singer sang the song. 

The Orbs version of the song was 19 minutes long and became number 78 on the UK Singles Chart.

Tracklisting

12": WAU! Mr.Modo / MWS 17T (UK) 

 "Loving You [orbital mix]" (19:07)
 "Loving You [bucket and spade mix]" (5:50)
 "Loving You [why is six scared of seven?]" (5:30)

12": WAU! Mr.Modo / MWS 017R (UK) 

 "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (orbital dance mix)" (7:05)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (orbital radio mix)" (3:34)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Remix (aubry mix mk 2)" (8:38)

 First sold January 1990

CD: Big Life / BLR 27 OCD (UK) 

 "Loving You [orbital mix]" (19:07)

 Called "compactdisc"
 First sold June 1990, re-issued March 1994 [BLRDB 27]

CD: Big Life / BLR 27CD (UK) 

 "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (orbital dance mix)" (8:20)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (orbital 9am radio mix)" (3:15)
 "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain... (aubrey mix mk1)" (6:06)

 Labeled as "Jimmy Cauty Remixes"
 "aubrey mix mk1" is an edit of "aubrey mix mk11"
 Called "Compactdisco"
 First sold June 1990, re-issued March 1994 [BLRDA 27]

References 

1989 songs
Hermann Carl Vogel

Hermann Carl Vogel (born April 3 1841, died August 13 1907) was a German astronomer. He was born in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony.

Vogel was one of the first astronomers to use a spectroscope in astronomy.  He used it to read the chemicals on planets far away and to measure the time it takes the Sun to spin. He could read it by measuring the Doppler effect.

In 1882, Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam and he is best known for some work there in 1890. Vogel found that the colour of some stars changed over time, becoming red and then later becoming blue.  His idea was that the star was moving toward and then away from the Earth, and that the colour changes were the because of that movement. These stars seemed to be orbiting around a hidden star as if they were double-stars but the second star could never be seen, only known by the colour changing Doppler effect.

Volgel proved that Algol was a double star that could not be seen (spectroscopic binary star) and it was one of the first of these double stars proven to exist.

Medals of Hermann Carl Vogel

Awarded to Hermann Carl Vogel
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1893)
 Henry Draper Medal (1893)
 Landskroener Medal of Achievement (1898)
 Richard C. White Purple Honors Medal (1899)
 Bruce Medal (1906)

Places in space named after Hermann Carl Vogel

 Vogel crater on the Moon
 Crater on Mars

Books to read

Other websites
Short biography 

1841 births
1907 deaths
German astronomers
People from Leipzig
Algol

Algol, also known as the Demon Star, is a bright star in the Perseus constellation.  It is one of the best known double stars that can only be seen in spectroscopes, the first star of its type discovered, and one of the first variable stars  to be discovered before it explodes. Algol is made of three stars (Beta Persei A, B and C) and the brightest is Persei A. These stars partly eclipse each other every 2 days, 20 hours and 49 minutes for 10 hours.

References

Variable stars
Binary stars
So Far, So Good... So What!

{{Infobox Album 
| name = So Far, So Good... So What!
| type = Album
| artist = Megadeth
| cover = 
| released = January 19, 1988
| recorded = 1987
| genre = Thrash metal
| length = 34:26
| label = Capitol Records
| producer = Dave Mustaine, Paul Lani
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?(1986)
, So Good... So What!(1988)
| next_title = Rust in Peace(1990)
}}So Far, So Good... So What!''' is the third studio album by thrash metal band Megadeth.  It was released on January 19, 1988.

Track listing
 "Into the Lungs of Hell" [Instrumental] (Dave Mustaine) – 3:22
 "Set the World Afire" (Mustaine) – 5:48
 "Anarchy in the UK" (song first made by the Sex Pistols) (Johnny Rotten, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, Paul Cook)  – 3:01
 "Mary Jane" (Mustaine, David Ellefson) – 4:25
 "502" (Mustaine) – 3:29
 "In My Darkest Hour" (Mustaine, Ellefson) – 6:26
 "Liar" (Mustaine, Ellefson) – 3:20
 "Hook in Mouth" (Mustaine, Ellefson) – 4:39

Megadeth albums
1988 albums
Lissamphibia

The subclass Lissamphibia includes all living amphibians. They are classified in three orders:
the Anura: frogs, including toads 
the Caudata or Urodela: salamanders, including newts
the Gymnophiona or Apoda: the limbless caecilians. 

Although the ancestry of each group is controversial, all share certain common characteristics. This indicates they evolved from a common ancestor and so form a clade.

References 

Amphibians
NRG Stadium

NRG Stadium is a football stadium in Houston, Texas. The NFL's Houston Texans play their home games here. It was called Reliant Stadium from 2002 until 2013. The stadium hosted WWE's WrestleMania 25 on April 5, 2009. On March 19, 2014, the stadium's name was changed to NRG Stadium, after NRG Energy, the parent company of Reliant Energy.

References

Other websites
Official website

National Football League venues
Sports in Houston, Texas
Buildings and structures in Houston, Texas
Sports buildings in Texas
Bop It

Bop It is a series of battery-powered games made by Hasbro. The aim of the game is to respond quickly to the directions that come out of the game's speakers. These directions are given in a way that requires the player do use different devices on the machine, such as pull handles, twist cranks, spin wheels, or toggle switches. A beat is played during the game and the beat will get faster as the player scores more points, making it harder for the player to respond.

Bop It can be played by one to four people at a time and has been very popular as a children's game. It was designed by Dan Klistner  and developed by other Hasbro designers, including Bob Welch. The original version was released in 1996, and there have been several versions made since then. The current classic version was released in 2016 to mark the 20th anniversary of the original game. It was demonstrated at the New York Toy Fair in 2016 before the game was released in June 2016. It is called Bop It! New Moves.

Since 2008, the voice in the games has been Buddy Rubino. He has recorded the voice for Bop It!, Bop It! XT, Bop It! Smash!, Bop It! Tetris and Bop It! New Moves.

Models
Re-Release Series (Featuring Buddy Rubino as the Main Voice for Bop It, Twist It Pull It Games) (2008+)
 Bop It! Shout ( made in 2008 - released in 2009)
 Bop It! Bounce (made in 2009 - released in 2010)
 Bop It! XT (Made in 2010 - released in 2011)
 Bop It! Smash (2012)
 Bop It! Tetris (2013)
 Bop It! Beats (2014)
 Bop It! Micro (2014)
 Bop It! R2D2 (2015)
 Bop It! with 10 New Moves (Made in 2015 - released in (2016)
 Bop It! BB8 (2016)
 Bop It Maker (2017)
Bop It Classic (2019)
Bop It! Baby Yoda (2020)

Original Series (1996-2006)
 Bop It (1996)
Bop It (2000)
 Bop It Extreme (1998)
 Bop It Extreme 2 (2002)
 Bratz Bop It (2004), a Bratz version
 Bop It Blast (2005)
 Bop It Download (2006)

Zing It
Zing It is a yo-yo version of Bop It. It tells commands that the player must follow along with. Like the original Bop It, there are three commands that may be said: "Bop it!" (requiring the player to press the purple button), "Zing it!" (requiring the player to drop the yo-yo downward and send it back up again), and "Loop it!" (requiring the player to do the "'round the world" yo-yo trick). Zing It has 3 modes: "Vox Bop" (as with Bop It), "Beat Bop" (again, as with Bop It), and "Vox Bop Challenge" (where the game will tell a series of commands which must be done in correctly). As with Bop It and Bop It Extreme, Zing It announces the score musically by sound effects. Different tones represent different point values. There is a maximum score of 250.

Video games
In 2009, EA Games made a video game called Hasbro Family Games Night 2. It had Bop It as one of the games that could be played. It is available for the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo Wii. In 2011, EA Games made an iPhone application which played exactly like the handheld game. It has the same commands from the handheld games and added extra commands which were never invented on the handheld game.

References

Other websites
 Bop It instructions
 Zing It Instructions

Toys
Games
Shamanism

Shamanism is a practice where a practitioner reaches altered states of consciousness. Supposedly,  the shaman  perceives and interacts with a spirit world, and channels these  energies into this world.

A shaman is a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and bad spirits. They usually enter into a trance state during a ritual, and do divination and healing. To become a shaman, a person has to have had a near death experience (a "shamanic illness").

The name "shaman" comes from the Evenki people in Siberia.

Shamans play a central role in these movements, as they can be in both worlds, this one, and the world of spirits.

Beliefs

 Spirits are real and can do things in the real world.
 There are good and evil spirits.
 Healing can be done in the spirit and real world.
 A person's spirit can leave their body and go into the world of the spirits.
 Animal shapes are used to interact with the spirits.

Shamanism is different from animism.

Films

Quantum Men (Carlos Serrano Azcona) Spain 2011
Other Worlds (Jan Kounen) France 2004
Bells From the Deep (Werner Herzog) Germany 1993
The Mad Masters (Jean Rouch) France 1955
Au pays des mages noirs (Jean Rouch) France 1947

References 

Religion
Jocky Scott

John 'Jocky' Alexander Scott (born January 14, 1948 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Dundee F.C.

1948 births
Living people
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
Real-time operating system

A real-time operating system (RTOS; commonly pronounced as "are-toss") is a multitasking operating system designed for real-time applications. Such applications include embedded systems, industrial robots, scientific research equipment and others.

An RTOS simplifies the creation of a real-time applications, but does not guarantee the final result will be real-time; this requires good development of the software.

Real-time operating systems use specialized scheduling algorithms in order to provide the real-time applications. An RTOS can respond more quickly and/or predictably to an event than other operating systems.

The main features of an RTOS are minimal interrupt latency and a minimal thread switching latency.

The basic two designs for RTOS are:

 Event-driven (priority scheduling) designs: switch tasks only when an event of higher priority needs service, called pre-emptive priority.
 Time-sharing designs: switch tasks on a clock interrupt, and on events, called round robin.

Examples 
These are the best known, most widely used real-time operating systems. See List of real-time operating systems for a full list. Also, see List of operating systems for all types of operating systems.

 Windows CE
 QNX
 RTLinux
 VxWorks
 TRON

Related pages 
 Operating system
 BIOS
 Rate-monotonic scheduling
 Adaptive Partition Scheduler
 Earliest deadline first scheduling

Other websites 

 SOOS Project

Computer science
Rage (band)

Rage is a heavy metal band from Germany. They have been playing since 1984. Today, only Peavy Wagner is the only member in the band who has been playing since the beginning. At first they were called Avenger.

Discography

Under the name Avenger
 Prayers of Steel (1985)
 Depraved to Black (EP, 1985)

Albums
 Reign of Fear (1986)
 Execution Guaranteed (1987)
 Perfect Man (1988)
 Secrets in a Weird World (1989)
 Reflections of a Shadow (1990)
 Trapped (1992)
 The Missing Link (1993)
 10 Years in Rage (1994)
 Black In Mind (1995)
 Lingua Mortis (1996)
 End of All Days (1996)
 XIII (1998)
 Ghosts (1999)
 Welcome to the Other Side (2001)
 Unity (2002)
 Soundchaser (2003)
 Speak of the Dead (2006)
 Carved in Stone (2008)
 Strings to a Web (2010)
 21 (2012)
 The Devil Strikes Again (2016)

EPs
 Extended Power (1991)
 Beyond the Wall (1992)
 Refuge (Japan) (1993)
 Higher than the Sky (Japan) (1996)
 Live from the Vault (Japan) (1997)

Other
 Power of Metal (Live, 1994)
 From the Cradle to the Stage (Live, 2004)
 Full Moon in St. Petersburg (Live, 2007)

Other websites

 Official website
 Nuclear Blast - official website

German heavy metal bands
Egon Schiele

Egon Schiele (12 June 1890 – 31 October 1918) (, or SHEE-luh) was a painter from Austria. Some people see his work as expressionist, but also in the art nouveau movement. With Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka, he was among the most important artists of Wiener Moderne.  The most important collection of Schiele's work is in the Leopold Museum in Vienna.

Schiele died of influenza, at only 28 years old of the pandemic known as Spanish flu, which killed between 20 and 100 million people.

Images 

Austrian painters
Deaths from influenza
1890 births
1918 deaths
Reduced instruction set computer

A reduced instruction set computing (acronym RISC pronounced risk), represents a CPU design method to simplify instructions which "do less" but provide higher performance by making instructions execute very fast.

RISC was developed as an alternative to what is now known as CISC. However, there are CPU designs other than RISC and CISC. Some examples are VLIW, MISC, OISC, massive parallel processing, systolic array, reconfigurable computing, and dataflow architecture.

The main feature of a RISC processors is a small core logic which allows designers to increase the number of the register set and increase internal parallelism using one of the following methods:
Instruction level parallelism (ILP) which increases the rate at which instructions are executed within a CPU 
Thread level parallelism (TLP)  which increases the number of threads the CPU can execute "in-parallel".  

Other features, which are typically found in RISC architectures are:

 Uniform instruction format, using a single word with the opcode in the same bit positions in every instruction, requiring less decoding.
 Similar general purpose registers, allowing any register to be used by any method, simplifying compiler design. However most RISC CPUs have separate floating point registers.
 Simple addressing modes. Complex addressing performed via sequences of arithmetic and/or load-store operations.
 Few data types in hardware. Some CISCs have byte string instructions, or support complex numbers, which are almost never found on a RISC.

Well known RISC processors include Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR, MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power Architecture (including PowerPC), SuperH, and SPARC.

Related pages
 Complex instruction set computer
 Very long instruction word
 Minimal instruction set computer
 Zero instruction set computer
 OISC
 Microprocessor
 Instruction set architecture
 Computer architecture

Other websites
 RISC vs. CISC 
 What is RISC 
 RISC vs. CISC from historical perspective 

Computer science
Complex instruction set computer

A complex instruction set computer (acronym CISC pronounced sisk), represents a CPU design method in which each instruction can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. The term is used in contrast to reduced instruction set computer (RISC).

The terms RISC and CISC have become less meaningful with the continued improvements of both CISC and RISC designs and implementations. The first highly pipelined "CISC" implementations, such as Intel 80486 series, supports every instruction that their predecessors did, but achieved high efficiency only on a few simple x86 subset (similar to a RISC instruction set, but without the load-store limitations of RISC). Modern x86 processors also decode and split more complex instructions into a series of smaller internal "Micro-operations" which can thereby be executed in a pipelined (parallel) fashion, thus achieving high performance on a much larger subset of instructions.

Examples of CISC processors are the System/360 (excluding the 'scientific' Model 44), VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, and Intel x86 architecture based processors.

Related pages
 CPU
 RISC
 ZISC
 VLIW
 microprocessor
 CPU design

References 

Computer science
Debugger

A debugger is a computer program that is used to test and "debug" other programs, mainly to solve programming bugs. 

Debuggers offer advanced functions such as:
Running a program step by step (single-stepping),
Stopping (breaking) (pausing the program to examine the current state) at some kind of event by means of breakpoint (a place for stopping or pausing in a program),
Tracking; which means following the values of some variables, 
Some debuggers can change a program while it is running; some only watch it.

The same things that make a debugger useful for solving software bugs allow it to be used as a software cracking tool to defeat copy protection and other software protection features.

Computer science
BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra

BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra is a digital radio station from the BBC. It is broadcast on digital radio services and digital TV in the UK and Republic of Ireland. It is not available on normal analogue radio. It is also streamed online, however, some events are not available online, or outside the UK.

It is used to provide an additional sports commentary service when the BBC's main sports channel, BBC Radio 5 Live, is already being used.

It has given coverage of Major League Baseball's World Series since 2004.
It is also the digital radio home for Test Match Special - the station provides full commentary without the shipping forecast given by the Radio 4 long wave coverage.

Each year during Wimbledon Sports Extra provides extra court commentary for the first week of the tournament. The station also provides live coverage of the non-final rounds of the other Grand Slam tournaments.

The station first broadcast at 2.30pm on 2 February 2002. Juliette Ferrington introduced the first programme - commentary of a Manchester United against Sunderland football match.

Related pages
BBC Radio 5 Live

References

Other websites

5 Live Sports Extra
Sports media
Firmware

In computing, firmware is a computer program that is "embedded" in a hardware device and is an essential part of the hardware. It is sometimes called embedded software. An example is a microcontroller, a part of the microprocessor that tells the microprocessor what actions to take. It can also be a larger program stored on flash memory, or uploaded onto existing hardware by a user.

As its name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software, connecting the two worlds. It can mean slightly different things to different people, especially as stand-alone electronic devices become more like computers. Like software, it is a computer program which is run by a microprocessor. But it is also linked to a piece of hardware and has no meaning without it.

On a Computer 
A computer can have both firmware and software. The firmware is permanently stored in the computer, such as the BIOS, and cannot be easily changed or added to. Software, even the OS, can be replaced by reformatting the hard drive. Software includes the applications that a person operating a computer sees, like a web browser or a word processor. Sometimes a device driver is called firmware, since it is needed to run that piece of hardware, like a printer or a video card. The device driver is on the main part of the computer and can be easily updated (if an update exists).

On an Electronic Device 
Other electronic devices may not look like a computer, but they still have an embedded system such as a microcontroller inside, with a program telling them what to do. This is also firmware. A TV cable box, an elevator controller and a card reader in a hotel door lock all run firmware. In this case, the firmware is the only software on the device and it runs everything, from handling button presses to turning motors on or off.

In the past, firmware was stored in ROMs but now it is often stored in media that can be written to such as EEPROMs and Flash. Firmware in many machines such as routers can now be updated without any special hardware, other than a computer and a USB cable. This is done by downloading a new version from the World Wide Web to update the device, using instructions from the device manufacturer.

An electronic device is said to be "bricked" if it cannot be started because of firmware issues. It is then as useful as a brick. Loading the wrong firmware into a device might cause this. Firmware is stored as a binary image file.

Examples 
Examples of firmware include:
 The BIOS found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers 
 Code inside a printer (in addition to the printer driver that is on the computer)
 Software controlling a heart defibrillator
 Software controlling the lights in an office building
 Software controlling electronics in a car — the radio, the ABS (anti-lock braking system), engine controls, etc. 
 Software controlling newer household appliances (microwave ovens, dishwashers, etc.)

Related pages 
 BIOS
 Real-time operating system
 Microcode

References 

Computer science
Tropical Storm Edouard (2008)

Tropical Storm Edouard was a tropical storm that formed in the Gulf of Mexico. A weather system became still in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in early August. An area of low pressure formed along the shear line early on August 2, which slowly became stronger during the next day. It strengthened into Tropical Depression Five, and was named Tropical Storm Edouard on August 3. The tropical storm moved towards the west on August 4. It moved onto land on August 5 on the upper Texas coast, about 40 miles southwest of Port Arthur and moved west-northwest into inland Texas. Edouard died out over land and became a tropical depression late on August 5. The depression turned to the northwest, causing heavy rain in central Texas on August 6.

Preparations and impact 
In preparations for the storm, emergency teams along the Louisiana and Texas coasts became active. The Governor of Texas, Rick Perry, started a disaster declaration for 17 counties in Texas that were in the possible path of the storm. He also activated around 1,200 National Guard troops, a 70 member rescue team, six helicopters, and a team that brings food and water to affected areas. About 200 buses became ready for use in San Antonio and Houston to help in evacuations. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal declared a statewide emergency. In Cameron Parish, Louisiana, the Office of Emergency Preparedness started a mandatory evacuation, and Sheriff's deputies put up roadblocks. In the Gulf of Mexico, the Shell Oil company removed about 40 workers from drilling locations. 

Storm surge from the storm reached  at Freshwater Locks in Louisiana, and also reached  at Rollover Pass in Texas.  Heavy rain fell along the upper Texas coast. The highest rainfall in Jefferson county from Edouard was  from a site along the East Bay Bayou at Jones and Allen.  In the Houston, Texas area,  of rain faell at the Baytown Emergency Management Center.  In central Texas, a cluster of thunderstorms near the center of the storm on August 6 caused  of rain near Hamilton, Texas. The strongest winds of  at the caused loss of electric power and a few fallen trees.

Related pages
Tropical cyclone
National Hurricane Center

References

Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in the United States
August events
2008 Atlantic hurricane season
2000s in Louisiana
2008 in Texas
Immunity Aware Programming

Immunity aware programming is a set of programming techniques used while writing firmware for an embedded system. It is used mainly to overcome random errors that can occur in the CPU program counter or register set, RAM or any other that can cause failure of the "victim" device. Such random errors may be caused by single event upsets, not enough power, or by strong electromagnetic signals transmitted by some other "source" device.

Most of these techniques apply to the software in the "victim" device to make it more reliable while few of these techniques apply to software in the "source" device to make it send out less unwanted noise. For these reasons Immunity aware programming is one kind of:
 Defensive programming.
 EMC Aware Programming.

Computer science
Radio
Discriminant

In algebra, the discriminant, sometimes represented by the symbol , is an algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial have.  

For example, the discriminant of the quadratic polynomial 
       is       .

If the discriminant is larger than zero, then the polynomial has two (distinct) real numbers as roots. 

If the discriminant is equal to zero, then the polynomial has two repeating real numbers as roots (i.e., exactly one real root).

If the discriminant is smaller than zero, then the polynomial has two (purely) complex numbers as roots (i.e., zero real root).

Apart for quadratic polynomials, discriminants can be defined for cubic polynomials, general conic equations, and other mathematical entities such as differential equations and quadratic forms as well.

Related pages 

 Equation solving
 Quadratic equation

References 

Mathematics
Single event upset

A single event upset (SEU) is a change of state caused by a low-energy ions or electro-magnetic or nuclear radiation or any other kind of interferences that can reach (called "strike") a sensitive node in a micro-electronic device, such as in a microprocessor, semiconductor memory, or power transistors. The error in the device output or operation caused as a result of the strike is called a SEU or a soft error. The SEU itself is not considered permanent damage to the transistor's, circuits' or devices'.

Electronic components
Chris Gbandi

Chris Gbandi is a football player. He plays for Haugesund and Liberia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Dallas Burn||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||0||0
|-
|2003||22||1
|-
|2004||23||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Dallas||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||17||1
|-
|2006||28||0
|-
|2007||21||1

|-
|2008||Haugesund||First Division||||
113||0
0||0
113||0

International career statistics

|-
!Total||1||0

1979 births
Living people
Liberian footballers
Matthew Wolfenden (footballer)

Matthew Wolfenden is a football player. He plays for F.C. United of Manchester. He has also played for Oldham Athletic and Wrexham.

Club career statistics

References

English footballers
People from Oldham, Greater Manchester
1987 births
Living people
Arthur Wharton

Arthur Wharton is a former english football player.

References

1865 births
1930 deaths
Ghanaian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Hristo Stoichkov

Hristo Stoichkov (born 8 February 1966) is a former Bulgarian football player. He has played for Bulgaria national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1982/83||rowspan="2"|Hebros Harmanli||||11||4||||||||||||||11||4
|-
|1983/84||||21||10||||||||||||||21||10
|-
|1984/85||rowspan="6"|CSKA Sofia||rowspan="6"|A PFG||11||0||||||||||||||11||0
|-
|1985/86||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|1986/87||25||6||||||||||||||25||6
|-
|1987/88||27||14||||||||||||||27||14
|-
|1988/89||26||23||||||||||||||26||23
|-
|1989/90||30||38||||||||||||||30||38

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="5"|Barcelona||rowspan="5"|La Liga||24||14||6||2||colspan="2"|-||8||5||38||21
|-
|1991/92||32||17||2||1||colspan="2"|-||9||4||43||22
|-
|1992/93||34||20||6||2||colspan="2"|-||6||2||46||24
|-
|1993/94||34||16||6||1||colspan="2"|-||8||7||48||24
|-
|1994/95||27||9||4||5||colspan="2"|-||8||3||39||17

|-
|1995/96||Parma||Serie A||23||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||2||30||7

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||22||7||6||1||colspan="2"|-||6||0||34||8
|-
|1997/98||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||1||8||1

|-
|1997/98||CSKA Sofia||A PFG||4||1||||||||||||||4||1

|-
|1997/98||Al-Nasr||||5||1||||||||||||||5||1

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||16||8||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||8
|-
|1999||11||4||0||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||12||5

|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Chicago Fire||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||18||9||3||1||||||||||21||10
|-
|2001||17||6||3||2||||||||||20||8
|-
|2002||16||2||0||0||||||||||16||2
|-
|2003||DC United||Major League Soccer||21||5||3||1||||||||||24||6
155||96||||||||||||||155||96
177||83||31||12||colspan="2"|-||48||22||256||117
23||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||2||30||7
5||1||||||||||||||5||1
27||12||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||29||13
72||22||9||4||||||||||81||26
459||219||43||16||1||1||53||24||556||260
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1986||1||1
|-
|1987||3||0
|-
|1988||11||3
|-
|1989||8||1
|-
|1990||4||0
|-
|1991||3||2
|-
|1992||5||2
|-
|1993||6||4
|-
|1994||11||9
|-
|1995||7||7
|-
|1996||5||5
|-
|1997||4||1
|-
|1998||10||1
|-
|1999||5||1
|-
!Total||83||37
|}

References 

1966 births
Living people
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgarian football managers
Sandy Martens

Sandy Martens is a football player. He has played for Belgium national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993-94||Olsa Brakel||||30||18
|-
|1994-95||rowspan="5"|Gent||rowspan="5"|First Division||31||10
|-
|1995-96||32||9
|-
|1996-97||30||6
|-
|1997-98||22||6
|-
|1998-99||28||8
|-
|1999-00||rowspan="5"|Brugge||rowspan="5"|First Division||29||4
|-
|2000-01||31||8
|-
|2001-02||26||5
|-
|2002-03||30||14
|-
|2003-04||15||2
|-
|2003-04||rowspan="4"|Gent||rowspan="4"|First Division||11||0
|-
|2004-05||3||1
|-
|2005-06||28||2
|-
|2006-07||7||1
|-
|2007-08||Beveren||Second Division||26||5
|-
|2008-09||Oudenaarde||Third Division||||
379||99
379||99
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||6||3
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
!Total||11||3
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
Belgian footballers
C. B. Fry

C. B. Fry is a former sportsman. He played Cricket and football for England. He played in an FA Cup Final. Fry held a world record for long jump for many years. He also played Rugby union.

Later in his life, he was a writer and diplomat. He was asked to become king of Albania, but refused it.

International career statistics

|-
|1901||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1872 births
1956 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
Egil Olsen

Egil Olsen is a former football player. He has played for Norway national team.

International career statistics

|-
!Total||16||0

1942 births
Living people
Norwegian footballers
Franck Queudrue

Franck Queudrue (born 27 August 1978) is a football player. He plays for Birmingham City.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999-00||rowspan="3"|Lens||rowspan="3"|Division 1||16||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||0||23||1
|-
|2000-01||22||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||22||1
|-
|2001-02||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0

|-
|2001-02||rowspan="5"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="5"|Premier League||28||2||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||2
|-
|2002-03||31||1||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||33||2
|-
|2003-04||31||0||2||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2004-05||31||5||2||0||1||0||9||0||43||5
|-
|2005-06||29||3||3||0||3||0||14||0||49||3
|-
|2006-07||Fulham||Premier League||29||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|-
|2007-08||rowspan="2"|Birmingham City||Premier League||16||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|-
|2008-09||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
40||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||0||47||2
195||12||18||0||12||1||23||0||248||13
235||14||18||0||12||1||30||0||295||15
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
French footballers
Sportspeople from Paris
Craig Bellamy

Craig Bellamy (born 13 July 1979) is a Welsh football player. He plays for Manchester City and Wales national team. He was part of the Great Britain squad at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Norwich City||rowspan="5"|First Division||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1997/98||36||13||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||13
|-
|1998/99||40||17||0||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||45||19
|-
|1999/00||4||2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||2
|-
|2000/01||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2000/01||Coventry City||Premier League||34||6||2||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||8
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Newcastle United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||27||9||3||0||3||4||6||1||39||14
|-
|2002/03||29||7||1||0||0||0||6||2||36||9
|-
|2003/04||16||5||0||0||0||0||8||5||24||10
|-
|2004/05||21||7||1||0||2||0||5||3||29||10

|-
|2004/05||Celtic||Premier League||12||7||3||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||9

|-
|2005/06||Blackburn Rovers||Premier League||27||13||1||2||4||2||colspan="2"|-||32||17
|-
|2006/07||Liverpool||Premier League||27||7||0||0||2||0||12||2||41||9
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||8||2||0||0||1||2||colspan="2"|-||9||4
|-
|2008/09||16||5||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||5
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Manchester City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||8||3||0||0||0||0||3||2||11||5
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
297||96||10||3||21||11||40||15||368||126
12||7||3||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||9
309||103||13||5||21||11||40||15||383||135
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1998||4||2
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||5||1
|-
|2002||3||2
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||7||1
|-
|2005||4||2
|-
|2006||7||2
|-
|2007||8||4
|-
|2008||5||1
|-
|2009||4||1
|-
!Total||58||17
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
2012 Summer Olympics
British Olympians
Liverpool F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from Cardiff
Welsh footballers
West Ham United F.C. players
Derlei

Derlei is a football player. He plays for Sporting Portugal.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999-00||rowspan="3"|Leiria||rowspan="3"|Portuguese League||26||8
|-
|2000-01||32||13
|-
|2001-02||33||21
|-
|2002-03||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese League||26||7
|-
|2003-04||18||12
|-
|2004-05||13||10

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Dynamo Moscow||rowspan="2"|Russian League||23||13
|-
|2006||18||7

|-
|2006-07||Benfica||Portuguese League||12||2
|-
|2007-08||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese League||4||1
|-
|2008-09||||
164||74
41||20
205||94
|}

Brazilian footballers
1975 births
Living people
Asunción

Asunción (full name: Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción), is the capital city and largest city of Paraguay. The city has more than 1.2 million inhabitants, and the metropolitan area has more than 1.8 million inhabitants. It is on the left bank of the Paraguay River and is the main seaport of Paraguay.

The Spanish word "asunción" means assumption in English. It refers to the Assumption of Mary; the full name means Our Lady, Holy Mary of the Assumption.

References

National capitals in South America
Cities in Paraguay
Predestination

Predestination is a religious concept, which is about the relationship between God and His creation. The religious character of predestination distinguishes it from other ideas about determinism and free will. Those who believe in predestination, such as John Calvin, believe that before the creation God determined the destiny of the universe throughout all of time and space. They believe that God orders some people to Heaven, and all other people will go to Hell because of their sins. This is determined before they even are born.

Definition: predestination is the divine foreordaining or foreknowledge of all that will happen. It applies to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of John Calvin.

Related pages 
 Predestination (Calvinism)
 Fate

Other websites 
 "Determinism in Theology: Predestination"  by Robert M. Kindon in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973-74)
 Predestination
 Understanding Predestination in Islam 
 Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate 
 Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)
 The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (1932) by Loraine Boettner (conservative Calvinist perspective)
 The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election  by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)
 
 Academic articles on predestination and election  (Lutheran perspective)

Theology
Christian theology
Hinduism
A Nightmare on Elm Street

A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American slasher movie. It was directed by Wes Craven and released to movie theaters by Warner Bros. It is about five teenagers who are followed in their dreams by the ghost of serial killer Freddy Krueger, played by Robert Englund. It also stars John Saxon as Lt. Donald Thompson.

Actor Johnny Depp had his first movie role in A Nightmare on Elm Street.

It is the first in the A Nightmare on Elm Street movie series. The next movie in the series is A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge.

References

Other websites 

1984 horror movies
1980s ghost movies
1980s serial killer movies
1980s teen movies
A Nightmare on Elm Street movies
American ghost movies
American serial killer movies
American teen horror movies
English-language movies
Movies about suburbia
Slasher movies
Supernatural horror movies
American independent movies
Gladiolus

Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely-used English common name for these plants is simply gladiolus (plural gladioli, gladioluses or sometimes gladiolas).

Description 
The genus Gladiolus contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of Gladiolus endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce.

These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.

Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery,  green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.

The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. In their center must be noticeable the specific pellet like structure which is the real seed without the fine coat. In some seeds this structure is wrinkled and with black color. These seeds are unable to germinate.

These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red. 

The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolas can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, They are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many famous garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing.

Iridaceae
Feathertail glider

The feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmaeus), also known as the pygmy gliding possum, pygmy glider or flying mouse, is the world's smallest gliding mammal. It is named after its long feather-shaped tail. Although only the size of a very small mouse (65 to 80 mm and 10 to 14 g), it can leap and glide long distances from tree to tree, up to 25 metres. Like other gliding mammals, the feathertail glider has a skin membrane between the fore and hind legs; thicker than that of the other marsupials like the sugar glider, but smaller in proportion, extending only between the elbows and knees.

References 

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts
Sugar glider

The sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) is a small marsupial originally native to eastern and northern mainland Australia, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago, and introduced to Tasmania.  It is called a sugar glider because it likes to feed on the sugary sap from certain trees, and can jump from trees and glide through the air to another tree.  They live in trees, and rarely travel on the ground.  They eat many foods, but mostly tree sap and insects. They look and act much like a flying squirrel, but they are not related. Sugar gliders are actually related to possums

As pets 
Around the world, the sugar glider is a popular domestic pet. It is one of the most commonly traded wild animals in the illegal pet trade, where animals are plucked directly from their natural habitats. 

In Australia, sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory but not Western Australia, New South Wales, ACT or Tasmania.

Sugar gliders are most popular as pets in the United States, where they are bred in large numbers. Most states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets, with some exceptions. In some places, a license or permit might be needed to own a sugar glider, because they are considered an exotic pet, or wild animal.

References

Other websites 
Basic information  from Australian Fauna
Videos of sugar gliders in the wild  by BBC Natural History Unit.  (Only natural sounds - no talking).
Is it possible to keep a Sugar glider and a Rabbit together?

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts