cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Occupy Wall Street

Occupy Wall Street was a protest that started in 2011 in New York City and spread into other cities all over the United States. Citizens protested against how poor and wealthy people have lived in different ways and are treated differently by other people, and also against the way corporations used their money. People in New York started protesting in Zuccotti Park on September 17, and some people decided to camp there overnight. It grew to include several thousand people, with many different political views. Protesters included some communists, political moderates, liberals, conservatives, and libertarians.

Many of the Occupy protests in the rest of the country only started as in the middle of October. In some places, like Denver, Oakland, and New York City itself, police acted violently. In some places, including Miami, the protests were peaceful and some police officers supported the protests.  After 2011 the numbers of people involved dwindled away. 

2011 in New York (state)
2010s in New York City
Protests in the 2010s
Thelma

Thelma is a female given name which in Greek means "will and volition". There are many celebrities going under this feminine name. Also, there are many television series featuring characters with the name Thelma. In addition, a deadly tropical cyclone by the name Thelma struck the Philippines in latter 1991.

People
 Thelma Catherine Ryan, wife of U.S. president Richard Nixon
 Thelma Ritter, American actress

Given names
First light (astronomy)

In astronomy, first light is the first time a telescope is used to look at the Universe. This is often not the first time the telescope has been used. Tests will have been done during daylight to make sure everything is working. Images taken during first light are not normally of scientific interest. They are usually poor quality as the parts of the telescope have not been properly adjusted for best performance. Usually, a well-known and spectacular astronomical object is chosen. First light is always a moment of great excitement, both for the people who designed and built the telescope, and for the astronomical community.

For example, the 200-inch Hale Telescope saw first light January 26, 1949, targeting a nebula located in the constellation Monoceros. under the direction of American astronomer Edwin Hubble. The image was published in many magazines. 

The Large Binocular Telescope had its first light with a single primary mirror on October 12, 2005. This was a view of NGC 891, a spiral galaxy in the Andromeda constellation . The second mirror was installed in January 2006 and the telescope became fully operational in January 2008. 

In physical cosmology, first light refers to the light coming from the first generation of hyperstars. These were formed less than a billion years after the big bang, bringing an end to the cosmological Dark Ages.

References 

Telescopes
Esther Vergeer

Esther Mary Vergeer (born 18 July 1981, Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player. Vergeer has not lost a match in singles since February 2003. She has won 39 Grand Slam titles, five Paralympic Gold Medals and 21 Masters titles. Vergeer has been the world number one since 1999. Vergeer is also a former wheelchair basketball player. She was part of the team which won the European Championships in 1997.

Early life
In March 1988 after a swimming lesson Vergeer became dizzy and passed out. Vergeer was just six years old at the time. Doctors found out that Vergeer was bleeding in her head. The bleeding had caused Vergeer to pass out. Vergeer had the blood removed. Six weeks later she went home. Yet the next year in June Vergeer had more headaches. She also had pressure behind the eyes and pain in her neck. The doctors could not find what was wrong. They sent her home. In October, doctors found Vergeer to be bleeding in her head again. They drained the blood. The doctors also found that Vergeer had an Vascular myelopathy. This abnormality caused the strokes that Vergeer experienced. On the 15 of January 1990, after a nine-hour operation Vergeer was unable to move her legs. The operation took place near to her spinal cord. Vergeer had one final operation in March but still could not move her legs.

Wheelchair tennis
Vergeer won her eleventh British Open singles title beating Griffieon in the final. Against Griffieon, Vergeer beat her for the forty ninth time. It was the first time that Vergeer had beaten her without losing a game. The tournament win was Vergeer's tenth US Open USTA Wheelchair tennis championships. Vergeer won her sixth U.S. Open by beating van Koot. Vergeer was good enough to reach both the singles and doubles events at the Masters.

References

Other websites

Official site
bio – file interview with Esther Vergeer

1981 births
Living people
Dutch Paralympic gold medalists
Dutch Paralympic silver medalists
Dutch wheelchair basketball players
Dutch wheelchair tennis players
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople from Utrecht (province)
Liz Kendall

Elizabeth Louise Kendall (born 1971) has been the MP for Leicester West since 2010. She is a member of the Labour party.

Labour Party (UK) MPs
1971 births
Living people
Keith Vaz

Nigel Keith Anthony Standish Vaz, known as Keith Vaz, was born 26 November 1956 in Aden, Yemen to Indian parents. He moved to Twickenham, London during his childhood. He is the MP for Leicester South.

In 2007, Vaz was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

References 

1956 births
Living people

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
Korie Homan

Korie Homan (born 16 June 1986, de Wijk) is a retired Dutch wheelchair tennis player. Homan was part of the current Paralympic doubles champion team. Homan is the former Australian Open Champion. She has won all the Grand Slam doubles titles. In 2009 she complete the Grand Slam with Esther Vergeer. In 2011 Homan retired from playing because of a wrist injury.

Early life
Homan was born to Jan and Gina Willem. Homan has two older sisters. At the age of 12 Homan was involved in a car accident. In 2003, when she finished school she had her leg cut off.

Wheelchair tennis
Homan first appeared on the wheelchair tennis tour in 2003. By the end of the season she had reached number 23. Homan did not have a ranking at the start of the year.  In 2004 at the age of 17 Homan won her first Masters title. She won the doubles with Jiske Griffioen. At the 2005 US Open Homan reached her first Grand Slam finals. She reached both the singles and the doubles final. In the singles she lost in straight sets to Vergeer. But she won the doubles with Vergeer. In 2006 Homan won her first two series one titles. She won both the singles and doubles titles in Livorno. Homan also reached her second Grand Slam doubles final. At the US Open Maaike Smit was her team mate. They lost in straight sets to Vergeer and Griffioen. The pair also lost the final of the Masters. Homan started 2007 by losing in the final of the Australian Open doubles. Her partner in the event was Florence Gravellier. They lost the final in a match tiebreaker. At the US Open Homan was joined by Sharon Walraven. The pair reached the final before losing. Homan also had final defeats at the Super Series events of the British, Japan and US Opens. Homan lost both finals at the Masters. In 2008 Homan lost both the singles and doubles finals at the Australian and French Opens. She also lost in the singles final at the Masters. At the Paralympic Games Homan won a Gold Medal in the doubles event. She also won a silver medal in the singles. In the final she became the first player in over five years to hold match point against Vergeer. Homan's last competition was the 2010 Australian Open. In July 2011 Homan said that she had retired because of a wrist injury.

Outside of tennis
Homan has a degree in biomedical science. As of September 2010, she is studying Veterinary Medicine.

References

Other websites

Korie Homan  at the International Tennis Federation

1986 births
Living people
Dutch Paralympic gold medalists
Dutch Paralympic silver medalists
Dutch wheelchair tennis players
Sportspeople from Drenthe
Krishna

Krishna is an important God(Para Brahman) in Hinduism. He is considered to have been an avatar of the god Vishnu. Krishna is believed to have been a real person who took part in the war known as the Mahabharata. He is a central character in the important Hindu scripture the Bhagavad Gita. Hindus often consider him a warrior, hero, teacher and philosopher and a great leader. He defeated King Kans, who was a crime and demon who put his sister, Devaki, and Vasudev to jail.

 
Hindu gods and goddesses
Rotating furnace

A rotating furnace is a special type of furnace used to make lenses or mirrors for telescopes. Glass is placed in the furnace which is then spun up and heated. The top surface of the melted glass takes on a concave shape. The glass is cooled while still spinning. The spinning makes the glass the same shape as the main mirror used in a telescope. Computer controlled grinding machines can correct the shape of the glass. The concave top surface can be coated with silver and be used as a focusing mirror. The shape of bottom surface is made by the container the glass was melted in. The technology is being used for the Giant Magellan Telescope's seven mirrors. 

Large focusing mirrors can also be made using liquid mercury, such as the Large Zenith Telescope. The rotation is continuous and the metal remains liquid; once all waves and imbalances die out, the telescope is then used.

References

Telescopes
Optics
Dependent and independent variables

In an experiment, the variables used can be classed as either dependent or independent variables. The dependent variable is the possible outcome of the experiment; the effect. It depends on what happens to other variables in the experiment. The dependent variable is basically the part that you are changing. For example, if you want to know how much light a plant needs to grow, the amount of growth is the dependent. If you wanted to see if a plant would grow better in hot or cold areas your independent variable would be the temperature of the air.

The independent variable is the variable that you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate. It is usually what you think will affect the dependent variable. In some cases, you may not be able to manipulate the independent variable. It may be something that is already there and is fixed, something you would like to evaluate with respect to how it affects something else, the independent variable like color, kind, time. As an example, you are interested in how stress affects heart rate in humans. Your independent variable would be the stress and the dependent variable would be the heart rate. You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those stress levels change heart rate.

Mathematics
In mathematics, the dependent variable changes with the independent variable, hence the name (it depends on the independent variable).

In calculus, a function is a map whose action is specified on variables. Take x and y to be two variables. A function f may map x to some expression in x. Assigning gives a relation between y and x. If there is some relation specifying y in terms of x, then y is known as a dependent variable (and x is an independent variable).
A dependent variable is also known as a "response variable", "regressand", "measured variable", "responding variable", "explained variable", "outcome variable", "experimental variable", and "output variable".
 
If the independent variable is referred to as an "explanatory variable" then the term "response variable" is preferred by some authors for the dependent variable.

Experiments
Mathematics
Hamnet Shakespeare

Hamnet Shakespeare (baptised 2 February 1585 – buried 11 August 1596) was the only son of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway.  He was the twin brother of Judith Shakespeare. He died at age 11.  How he died is not known. There are several ideas about a possible relationship between Hamnet and his father's play Hamlet. Other ideas state there is a relationship between Hamnet's death and the writing of King John, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and Twelfth Night. These ideas of a relationship became popular as early as the 18th century.  They continued into the 1930s.  In the 1930s, thinkers who believed in modernism and New Criticism said the relationship did not matter.  Modernism and New Criticism thinkers believe that a writer's life does not change his writing.   More recently, as New Criticism has become less popular, the ideas about Hamnet and his father's work have been talked about again.

References 

1585 births
1596 deaths
People from Warwickshire
Twin people from England
Large Zenith Telescope

The Large Zenith Telescope (LZT) is a 6.0 metre diameter telescope. It is in the University of British Columbia's Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, about  east of Vancouver. It is one of the largest  telescopes in the world. 

A zenith telescope is only able to look straight up. This means that it can use a mirror which is a smoothly spinning pan filled with liquid mercury. The LZT uses 28 litres of mercury, spinning once every 8.5 seconds. This type of mirror can be made much larger and cheaper than a conventional mirror, which means it collects much more light. This light is focused into a CCD to make an image. The LZT is used for "transit imaging". This means that earth's rotation moves stars past the telescope. Images can be taken by moving the sensor electronically in step with this movement.

The telescope was made in 1994 using parts from the three-metre diameter NASA Orbital Debris Observatory telescope, which was retired a couple years earlier after several years of use.

References

Other websites
 Large Zenith Telescope homepage
 A picture of the design.

Canada
Telescopes
Stéphane Hessel

Stéphane Frédéric Hessel (20 October 1917 - 27 February 2013) was a German-French diplomat and political activist. He was born in Berlin and became a French citizen in 1939. He was active in the Resistance in France during the Second World War. After the war, he was secretary to one of the writers of the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights and took part in World Conference on Human Rights that adopted Vienna Declaration He also opposed inequality in wealth and war by Israel in Palestine.

References

Other websites
 "Time for Outrage!"

1917 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Political activists
French diplomats
People from Berlin
First Battle of Maryang San

The Battle of Maryang San is known as Australia's greatest accomplishment in the Korean War. The battle occurred when the US General George Fleet called for forces to capture some positions just prior to the signing of the truce at Panmanjan.

Background 
The Commonwealth forces, fighting as part of the United Nations, consisted of a number of British, Australian and New Zealand units. These included three Battalions of the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade,  the 1st Battalion The King's Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB), 1st Battalion King's Shropshire Light Infantry (KSLI) and 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. Brigadier George Taylor (United Kingdom) was the Brigade Commander. The British Commonwealth Division consisted of the 25th, 28th and 29th Brigades under the command of Lieutenant General James "Gentleman Jim" Cassels (later Field Marshal Sir James) and was part of 1 Corps. These units was arrayed against the Chinese Communist forces. 3 Battalion RAR was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 'Frank' Francis Hassett.  Commonwealth forces main aims were to take a number of hill positions, and taking the main objective, Maryang San.

The first attacks saw the Australian A and B company of 3 RAR take Hill 199, and the 1st Battalion Kings Shropshire Light Infantry take Hill 208. The Kings Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB) had moved to take Hill 399 but were pinned down on its slopes by nightfall. The Australian's attacked at dawn, moving against the Chinese held Hill 200. Chinese infantry were driven from their trenches, and they fled, leaving behind some prisoners of war. The first gun emplacement was taken, and then the second, with the Chinese troops retreating down the slope of Hill 200.

A, B and D Companies attacked the Chinese units, and drew them away from Maryan San, the main objective. Following United Nations forces artillery and mortar fire, Chinese Troops withdrew from Maryan San, and the Australian troops moved to take the position. Australian troops moved against an area that was used by the Chinese for artillery bombardments, known as the Hinge. After taking the Hinge, they were subjected to constant attacks, which eventually became sporadic and died off. At about 8 pm, the Chinese launched an attack in huge numbers. The Australian units were well dug in, using the Chinese own trench positions, and responded to the waves of Chinese troops with machine gun fire. Chinese troops fell in their hundreds. South Korean porters moved forward constantly, bringing supplies and taking away wounded.

By 5 November, after the Australians were withdrawn to recover, Maryang San had been recaptured by the Chinese. It was a terrible blow to morale for those who had fought long and hard to capture it. The tactically important ground of Maryang San remained in the hands of Chinese forces for the rest of the war.

References

Further reading 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1951
Korean War
1950s in Australia
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (26 February 186110 September 1948) was a Bulgarian monarch, author, botanist, and philatelist.

Biography 
He was born in Vienna as Ferdinand Maximilan Charles Leopold Marie, Duke of Saxony, later becoming Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the son of Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary (1818–1881) and his wife née Clémentine of Orléans (1817–1907). He was proclaimed prince regnant of Bulgaria on 25 June 1887 (O.S.)/7 July 1887 (N.S.).

On 20 April 1893 at the Villa Pianore in Luccia in Italy, he married Maria Luisa Pia Teresa Anna Ferdinanda Francesca Antonietta Margherita Giuseppina Carolina Bianca Lucia Appollonia, Princess of Bourbon-Parma, daughter of Roberto I of Parma. He was also thought to be bisexual, even after marrying his first wife.

They had four children, Boris III (1894–1943), Kyril (1895–1945), Eudoxia (1898–1985), Nadejda (1899–1958) and Maria Luisa died in 1899. On 28 February 1908 in Coburg Ferdinand married his second wife, Eleonore Caroline Gasparine Louise, Princess Reuss-Köstritz (1860-1917), daughter of Heinrich IV Reuss von Köstritz (1821–1894) and née Luise Caroline Reuss zu Greiz (1822–1875).

Ferdinand became king of Bulgaria after it became independent on 22 September 1908 (O.S.)/5 September 1908 (N.S.). He abdicated on 3 October 1918.

He died in Burglassschloßen in Coburg, and is buried in St. Augustin's Catholic Church.

References

Further reading 

Böttcher, Hans-Joachim: Ferdinand von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1861 - 1948  -  Ein Kosmopolit auf dem bulgarischen Thron. Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-89998-296-1.

Other websites 
 
 Historical photographs of the royal palace in Sofia

Knights of the Golden Fleece
Bisexual people
1861 births
1948 deaths
Bulgarian people
Kings and queens
Botanists
Philatelists
Fugacity

In thermodynamics, the fugacity is a state function of any isothermal system. The fugacity, which has units of pressure, represents the tendency of a fluid to escape or expand isothermally. For gases at low pressures where the ideal gas law holds, fugacity is equal to pressure. The ratio  between fugacity  and pressure  is called the fugacity coefficient; therefore,  for an ideal gas.

The fugacity  is defined at fixed temperature  by the following differential relation:

where  is the Gibbs free energy,  is the molar gas constant, and  is the fluid's volume.  For any two isothermal physical states, represented by subscripts 1 and 2, the ratio of the two fugacities is as follows:

Thermodynamics
Laava

Laava is the stage name of Brazilian singer Fernanda Brandao.

Career 
In 2002 Fernanda released her single Wherever You Are (I Feel Love).  Although her music originates from Germany, Brandao considers herself Brazilian. Born on March 5, 1983 in Belo horizons (Minas Gerais) she grew up it in Rio de Janeiro.  Already at the age of 4 Fernanda danced with the Karneval in Rio and recorded samba folklore songs. She came from a musical family. Her mother produced some successful Brazilian pop songs and her aunt and uncle are well-known singers in Brazil. Fernanda spent much of her childhood time in studios.

When Fernanda was nine years old, her mother fell in love with a German man and they moved to Hamburg. She commutes back and forth between Brazil and Germany to dance. She also took up jazz, modern Dance, hip-hop, ballet, as well as vocal lessons in Germany . Fernanda trained physically, following styles such as box CUT, Tae Bo, BBP and crew class and became a licensed fitness trainer. Fernanda speaks four languages (Portuguese, Spanish, German and English). In 2001 she quit school, in order to give her all in recording music. Fernanda is currently in the band Hot Banditoz. 

She had been in many music videos as a back-up dancer for major international artistes including Enrique Iglesias, Kylie Minogue, Pink, Shaggy, Coolio, Gabriella Cilmi, Safri Duo and rock group Seed.

References

Other websites 
 Fernanda Brandao Official website

1983 births
Living people
Brazilian singers
Marojejy National Park

Marojejy National Park is a national Park of Madagascar in northeastern Madagascar.

Wildlife 

Thus, abundant forest habitats Marojejy host a great diversity of life often original. This is confirmed by surveys of some groups of animals. For example:
 More species of birds are found only forest Marojejy but in no other place in Madagascar mountain. 118 species of birds have been recorded in or around the park, of which 75 are forest (almost forest-dependent ). Each of these 75 species are endemic to the region of Madagascar.

 Eleven species of lemurs have been recorded so far in Marojejy. Some are endangered, mostly due to habitat loss. One of the most serious threat is the silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus candidus ), a member of the family indris . This beautiful lemur with a silky white fur, is known only in the forests of this region.

 147 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded so far in Marojejy. This represents over a quarter of all species currently known in Madagascar is the greatest diversity of reptiles and amphibians known to all protected areas in Madagascar. Seventeen of these species are endemic to Marojejy.

Camps 
Three camps located at different altitudes allow visitors to sleep in the forest. Bungalows made of wood and tarpaulin, shelter meals, a kitchenette with the availability of coal and stove and a toilet and a shower.
 Mantella camp ( 475 m ) altitude
 Marojejia camp ( 775 m ) altitude
 Simpona camp ( 1275 m ) altitude

Illegal lodging 
It was estimated that between 23 325 and 46 650 trees of Rosewood were gunned down illegally in national parks Marojejy and Masoala for 2009. The year 2010 was marked by the intensification of cuts but rather in the Masoala National Park and the Makira Protected Area.

References

Other websites 
 The Friends of Marojejy National Park – Information, photos, maps, brochures, and species lists
 Silky Sifaka Conservation in Marojejy 
Trouble in Lemur Land – a professional 50 minute HD film about illegal rosewood logging in Madagascar and the impact on the silky sifaka lemur
 Angels of the Forest Marojejy Film
 Dan Rather Reports Marojejy Documentary
 Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 1 
 Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 2 
Madagascar
National parks in Africa
Philo T. Farnsworth

Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor.  He was from Beaver, Utah and grew up in Idaho.  He was a Mormon and went to college at Brigham Young University.  

He is one of several people who can claim to have invented television.  He invented the picture tube and built the first all-electric TV set.  He had built his first prototype in 1927, and presented it in 1928.  For the next few years, Farnsworth fought a battle with RCA over his patents.  By 1936, he was filming television programs.  He did a lot of research in nuclear fusion.  He also invented the modern method of air-traffic control.

A statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the United States Capitol.

References

1906 births
1971 deaths
American inventors
Deaths from pneumonia
American Latter Day Saints
Businesspeople from Idaho
Businesspeople from Utah
Television people
Scientists from Idaho
Scientists from Utah
Luigi Bruins

Luigi Bruins (born 9 March 1987 in Rotterdam) is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Bruins was born in Rotterdam and is of Italian descent.

Career

Club
He started playing football at the age of six with Excelsior Rotterdam. He ran through all youth teams of this club. Bruins made his professional debut for Excelsior in the season 2004–05. On January 28, 2005, Bruins came in for Santi Kolk in the 78th minute of the Eerste Divisie away match against FC Eindhoven (3-0). This was the only match in his first season. The next season he had his breakthrough. Bruins scored his first professional goal in the season opening away match against Cambuur Leeuwarden (0-1) on August 12, 2005. With Excelsior he became champion in the Dutch  Eerste Divisie  in the 2005/06 season.

After the promotion the team stayed in the Eere Divisie. Bruins made his Eredivisie debut on August 19, 2006, in the home match against Roda JC (0-1)and scored his first Eredivisie goals on September 9, 2006 against  SC Heerenveen(3-1). In 2007 he signed with Feyenoord Rotterdam. In his first season he played 27 matches and scored six goals

In the next season he was often injured so he lost his place in the first squad. After the end of his contract he signed in October 2011 with FC Red Bull Salzburg. He played his first match for his new team on 15 October 2011 versus Wacker Innsbruck, where he came on in the second half.

International
Bruins was part of the Netherlands U21 winning the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. In the final match he scored the last goal in the 4-1 victory over SerbiaU-21.

Statistics

References

1987 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Sportspeople from Rotterdam
Institution of Electrical Engineers

The Institution of Electrical Engineers (I.E.E., pronounced I-double-E or I-E-E) was a British professional organisation of electronics, electrical, manufacturing, and Information Technology professionals. It focused on electrical engineers. The I.E.E. was founded in 1871 as the Society of Telegraph Engineers. It changed its name in 1880 to the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians. The name changed again to the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1889. It was Incorporated by a Royal Charter in 1921. In 2006, the I.E.E. merged with the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (I.I.E.) to form the Institution of Engineering and Technology (I.E.T.). Before the merger, the I.E.E. was the largest professional engineering society in Europe, with a worldwide membership of around 120,000.

Other websites
Institution of Engineering and Technology
Engineering Council UK
IET Digital Library
IET Publishing 

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Participle

In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. Examples of participle formation are:

As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it:
The visiting dignitaries devoured the baked apples.
Please bring all the documents required. (= Please bring all the documents that are required.)
The difficulties encountered were nearly insurmountable. (= The difficulties that were encountered were nearly insurmountable.)

Present participles 
The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word sleeping in Your job description does not include sleeping is a gerund and not a present participle.

While English past participles, like past tense forms, are sometimes irregular, all English present participles are regular, being formed with the suffix -ing.
The present participle in English is in the active voice and is used for: 
forming the progressive aspect: Jim was sleeping.
modifying a noun as an adjective: Let sleeping dogs lie. (= Let dogs that are sleeping lie.)
modifying a verb or sentence in clauses: Broadly speaking, the project was successful.

Past participles 
The past participle may be used in both active and passive voices:
forming the perfect: The chicken has eaten.
forming the passive voice: The chicken was eaten.
modifying a noun, with active sense: our fallen comrades (= our comrades who have fallen)
modifying a noun, with passive sense: the attached files (= the files that have been attached)
modifying a verb or sentence, with passive sense: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution. (= When it is seen from this perspective,....)

Passive participles 
Passive participles reflect past action in the passive voice, for example
The dog, having been praised by its master, was happy, or more commonly, The dog, praised by its master, was happy.

Even irregular past participle verbs often follow the format -en or -ne, as may be seen from above.  For examples:

References 

Parts of speech
Diary of a Mad Black Woman

Diary of a Mad Black Woman is a 2005 movie. It was based on a play written by Tyler Perry. The movie starred Kimberly Elise, Shemar Moore, Cicely Tyson, Steve Harris, and Tyler Perry. The movie was directed by Darren Grant. It was released in the US on February 25, 2005. The movie became the top-grossing film in the United States in mid-March of 2005.

Plot 
Kimberly Elise portrays Helen McCarter, a depressed woman living in Atlanta with her husband Charles (Steve Harris). When Charles decides he wants to marry his "other woman" Brenda, he literally drags Helen out the door. With no place to go, Helen goes to live with her grandmother Mabel "Madea" Simmons (Tyler Perry) in the ghetto. Madea assists Helen in getting her life back under control with the help of Helen's mother Myrtle Jean (Cicely Tyson), Madea's brother Joe (Tyler Perry), and Brian (Tyler Perry), her attorney relative.

Characters 
 Kimberly Elise as Helen Simmons-McCarter
 Steve Harris as Charles McCarter
 Shemar Moore as Orlando
 Cicely Tyson as Myrtle Jean-Simmons
 Lisa Marcos as Brenda
 Tamara Taylor as Debrah Baker
 Tiffany Evans as Tiffany Baker
 Tyler Perry as Madea Simmons / Joe Baker / Brian Baker
 Gary Anthony Sturgis as Jamison Milton Jackson
 Tamela Mann (cameo) as Cora Simmons
 Judge Mablean Ephriam (cameo) as herself

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 

2005 movies
American comedy movies
Movies set in Atlanta, Georgia

English-language movies
Movies about divorce
Lionsgate movies
Crash Bandicoot (video game)

Crash Bandicoot is a platform game made by Naughty Dog in 1996 for the PlayStation, featuring the character by the same name. In it, Crash must fight Dr. Neo Cortex's henchmen (bosses) in order to save Tawna, his beloved bandicoot girlfriend for revenge on Cortex. The game sold 6.8 million copies, becoming the 8th best-selling PlayStation video games of all time.

Gameplay
Crash Bandicoot has 33 levels. Two of these levels can be activated by collecting a key. Each level has a particular theme. No theme is shared by more than two levels. For example, on two levels, Crash runs toward the camera from a boulder (that is heading towards him), an allusion to Indiana Jones. On another level, henchmen throw barrels of toxic waste at Crash as he progresses toward the level's goal. There are also unlockable bonus levels by collecting three Nitrus Brio, Dr. Cortex (only in 2 levels) and Tawna icons. These pictures are always in boxes which gives the player a reason to break open boxes since you can't save your progress unless you complete a Tawna bonus round or a Cortex bonus round. You can also save by collecting a gem.

You can also collect gems in Crash Bandicoot. To collect a gem, you must break all the boxes on that level without losing a life. There are several different colored gems in the game. Some levels require that you complete another level before every box on a certain level is revealed. For example, the Jungle Rollers level requires that you collect the green gem from the Lost City level before every box on that level is unmasked.

Bosses 
The boss levels feature the following characters, in order of appearance:
Papu Papu
Ripper Roo
Koala Kong
Pinstripe Potoroo
Dr. Nitrus Brio 
Dr. Neo Cortex

Scores
GameSpot: 6.8 out of 10
IGN: 7.5 out of 10
Gaming Target: 9.3 out of 10
The Electric Playground: 8 out of 10
All Game Guide: 4 out of 5
Electronic Gaming Monthly: 8.3 out of 10

References

Other websites 

The Official Crash Bandicoot Website
Crash Bandicoot on GameFaqs
Crash Bandicoot on GameSpot
Crash Bandicoot on Crash Mania 
Crash Bandicoot on Papu's Planet
Crash Bandicoot on Sagertooth' Game Facts
Crash Bandicoot on Pura's Place

PlayStation games
1996 video games
Crash Bandicoot games
Naughty Dog games
Messerschmitt

Messerschmitt AG was a German aircraft manufacturer.  It was founded in 1916, re-founded in 1938, and named for designer Willy Messerschmitt.  It was headquarted in Augsburg, Germany.  It made most of the fighter planes the Germans used in World War II.  They made the Bf 109 and 110 fighter plane, the Me 321 transport plane and the Me 262 "Swallow" jet fighter.  Many of their plane parts were made by people from concentration camps.  After the war, the company made cars, bicycles, and prefab homes.  In 1969, Messerschmitt merged with Bölkow and Blohm, and today exists as EADS Germany

Aviation
J Balvin

José Álvaro Osorio Balvin (J Balvin) is a Colombian reggaeton singer.

Biography 
Balvin was born in a middle-class family in Medellín, Colombia, on May 7, 1985. He is the son of José Álvaro Osorio and Alba Mery Balvin and has a younger sister named Carolina, who is a model. His father was an economist and businessman, and grew up in a large house in the hills outside the city. He grew up listening to rock bands like Metallica and Nirvana, and claims that he incorporates grunge aesthetics into his personal style by having a Nirvana tattoo on his knee. He developed an interest in reggaeton after listening to Daddy Yankee. He recalls that "I was such a fan that I copied his style, the way he moved on stage, his flows, his raps," comparing him to reggaeton's Jay-Z. His father's business went bankrupt and his family lost their homes and cars, demanding that the family move to a poorer neighborhood. During this period of his life, J Balvin observes: "When I went into the favela, people saw me as a rich person, but when I'm around rich people, they see me as someone from the ghetto. They are all perceptions. I like to move between the worlds. I feel equally comfortable in both. ".

When J Balvin was 17, he attended an English exchange program in Oklahoma, but was disappointed by the experience, saying, "I was expecting the US that everyone knows about Hollywood." Shortly after the experience, he moved to New York to study English and music, living with an aunt in Staten Island and working as a dog walker. During his time in New York, he was fascinated by the business knowledge of rappers 50 Cent and P. Diddy of New York. J Balvin worked in various jobs in New York, Miami and Medellin, including working illegally in the United States as a carpenter and house painter. He finally decided to return to Colombia and began performing at various urban clubs in Medellín and increasing his social media afterwards. He enrolled at the prestigious EAFIT University in Medellin for seven semesters studying international business. At 19, he began to seriously pursue a career in music and adopted the stage name J Balvin "El Negocio", which means "the Business" in Portuguese.

He met his DJ and business partner David Rivera Mazo in a freestyle street battle in Medellin. The two became friends and began producing and promoting their own music without a record label. The first songs by J Balvin were described as "basically poor imitations of Puerto Rican commercial reggaeton," but he soon adopted a more relaxed and minimalist style in his music. He signed with EMI Colombia in 2009 and soon afterwards released the single "Ella Me Cautivó", which was 35th place on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart. His first international success was the one-night " Yo Te Lo Dije, " and he signed with Universal's subsidiary, Capitol Latin, a year later.

References

Other websites 
 
 Card in Colarte 

Colombian singers
Songwriters
1985 births
Living people
Reggaeton
Latin Grammy Award winners
Killers (1997)

Killers is a 1997 movie directed by David Michael Latt and distributed by The Asylum.

Actors
Kim Little: Heather
Paul Logan: Nicky
Scott Carson
Jeff Mills: EMT

Plot
Some killers wants to kill people who have stolen drugs for them.

Other websites

1997 movies
English-language movies
List of frogs and toads in New Jersey

This is a list of frogs and toads that are in the US state of New Jersey. There are 13 frogs and 3 toads. Most of these frogs and toads hibernate during the winter time. They are more active during the late spring, summer and early fall seasons.

Frogs

Toads

References

Amphibians
Lists of animals of the United States
Northern Cricket Frog

The northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) is a species of small Hylid frogs. They are native to the United States and northeastern Mexico. Northern cricket frogs are small frogs, between 0.75 and 1.5 inches (19–38 mm) long. They eat crickets and small insects. They usually reproduce in April through May. Tadpoles hatch within a few days.

References

Other websites
Animal Diversity Web: Acris crepitans
USGS: Northern Cricket Frog
Frogs & Toads of Georgia: Acris crepitans crepitans 

Frogs
Ted Williams

Theodore Samuel "Ted" Williams (born Teddy Samuel; August 30, 1918 - July 5, 2002) was an American professional baseball player for Boston Red Sox. He was the last player in Major League Baseball to go past a batting average of .400 (40%) in a single season. Williams  was born in San Diego, California.

Williams died on July 5, 2002 from cardiac arrest in Inverness, Florida, aged 83. His head is chronologically frozen.

References

 

1918 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Cryonically preserved people
American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
Empress Suiko

(554–628) was the 33rd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Her reign started in 593 and ended in 628.  Historians consider details about the life of Empress Suiko to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Suiko-tennō was created for her posthumously by later generations.

The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

In the history of Japan, Suiko was the first of eight women to be empress. The seven others were: (a) Kōgyoku/Saimei, (b) Jitō, (c) Gemmei, (d) Genshō, (e) Kōken/Shōtoku, (f) Meishō, and (g) Go-Sakuramachi.

Traditional history
Suiko was the third daughter of Emperor Kimmei. She was the half-sister of Emperor Yōmei and Emperor Sushun.

Suiko was also a wife of Emperor Bidatsu.

Events of Suiko's life
When Suiko became empress, she ended a power struggle for the throne after the deaths of emperors who were her brothers.

 593 : In the 2nd year of Emperor Sushun's reign, he died.  The next monarch  was his half-sister who became known as Empress Suiko.  This succession was confirmed in ceremonies.

Prince Shōtoku was the most important man in Suko's court.

In 599, an earthquake destroyed buildings in Yamato province which is now known as Nara Prefecture.

The reign of this empress was marked by the opening of relations with the Sui court in 600.

The use of the Sexegenary cycle calendar (Jikkan Jūnishi) in Japan is credited to Empress Suiko in 604.

 604:  In the 12 year of Suiko's reign (the Suiko period), Japan organized its earliest Imperial calendar.

Suiko ruled for 35 years. She abdicated in 628.

After her death 

Suiko died in 628.  This empress' official name after her death (her posthumous name) was regularized only after death.  Her reign name means "to reason from antiquity."

The actual site of Suiko's grave is known.  This empress is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Osaka.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Suiko's mausoleum.  It is formally named Shinaga no Yamada no misasagi.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Suiko seamount
 Japanese empresses

References

Other websites

554 births
628 deaths
Emperors of Japan
Berkshire Hathaway

Berkshire Hathaway is an investment company mostly owned and controlled by Warren Buffett.  It owns many different companies.  It owns several companies completely, and holds large portions of other companies.  It has 27,000 shareholders, and Bill Gates is one of the company's directors.

It takes its name from a textile mill that was started in 1839, bought by Buffett in 1964, and closed in 1985.

Since Berkshire Hathaway's stock has gained a lot of value and never split, a single share of "A stock" is now worth over $400,000.  Because of this, there is a "B" stock that sells for a small fraction of the "A stock".

Companies Berkshire Hathaway owns completely
(partial list)
Ben Bridge Jewelers (jewelers, since 2000)
Benjamin Moore (paint, since 2000)
Burlington Northern Santa Fe (railroads, since 2009)
Clayton Homes (building, since 2003)
Dairy Queen (ice cream retail, since 1997)
Fruit of the Loom (underwear, since 2002)
GEICO (insurance, since 1996)
General Re (insurance, since 1998)
Russell Brands (sportswear, since 2006)
See's Candies (chocolate)

Companies Berkshire Hathaway owns big portion of

American Express Co. (banking, 12.6%)
Bank of America
BYD (Chinese automotives, 9.9%)
Coca-Cola Company (soft drinks, 8.6%)
ConocoPhillips (5.6%)
Costco
General Electric
Goldman Sachs
Home Depot
Kraft Foods (food, 5.6%)
MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (energy, 83.7%)
Moody's (banking, 12.5%)
M&T Bank (banking, 15.9%)
Procter & Gamble (3.3%)
Union Pacific Railroad
Washington Post (publishing, 18.1%)
Wells Fargo (banking, 19.0%)

American financial companies
Insurance companies
Battle of Valcour Island

The naval Battle of Valcour Island took place on October 11, 1776 on Lake Champlain. The battle was also known as the Battle of Valcour Bay. The main battle had took place in Valcour Bay, a strait between the New York mainland and Valcour Island. The battle was known as one of the first naval battles of the American Revolutionary War. It was also known as one of the first battle from the Royal Navy. Benedict Arnold demanded that the Americans flee from their ships. The ships were destroyed by a British force, which was controlled by General Guy Charleton. The British had planned to reach the upper Hudson River valley, however the American defense of Lake Champlain stalled the British from reaching it.

In June 1776, The Continental Army had moved away from enemy forces in Quebec to Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point. They had spent that summer fixing their forts and building more ships to build their army. General Carleton had a 9,000 man army at Fot Saint-Jean. However, he needed to build an object to carry all of them over the lake. The Americans had either taken or destroyed most of the ships on the lake.

On October 11, Arnold took the British vessels to a different location. He had chosen to give the British limited advantages. Many American ships were damaged or destroyed during the battle. Arnold had took the American vessels past the British vessels during that night. He had took them toward Crown Point and Ticonderoga. However, because of dangerous weather, more of the vessels were captured or burned before they had reached Crown Point.  When Arnold had reached Crown Point he had the fort's buildings burned. He then left to Ticonderoga.

Thomas Pringle, James Dacres, Edward Pellew and John Schank, who were officers, had became admirals in the Royal Navy. Valcour Bay, where the battle had begun, is now a National Historic Landmark. The USS Philadelphia, which had sank after the battle on October 11, was risen from the ocean in 1934. USS Spitfire, which was located in 1997, is on the National Register of Historic Places.

References 
Footnotes

Citations

Further reading 

 (This book is primarily about Arnold's service on the American side in the Revolution, giving overviews of the periods before the war and after he changes sides.)

 This work contains detailed specifications for most of the watercraft used in this action, as well as copies of draft documents for some of them.

Other websites 
Contemporary sketch of Arnold's fleet 
Other maritime landmarks from the National Park Service
James P. Millard's detailed historical charts, list of ships, period images, and modern photographs 
Battle of Valcour Island with pictures 
The Story of Lake Champlain's Valcour Island 
Valcour Bay Research Project  of the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum 
Lake Champlain underwater preserves  including pictures of underwater Revolutionary War artifacts

1776 in New York (state)
Battles of the American Revolutionary War
October events
Valcour Bay

Valcour Bay is a strait between the New York mainland and Valcour Island. It is four miles south from Plattsburgh, New York. The bay was where the Battle of Valcour Island had happened during the American Revolutionary War. On October 11, 1776, the presence of an American fleet on the west shore of Lake Champlain, at Valcour Bay, hampered the British and allowed an American victory at Saratoga a year later, a turning point in the Revolutionary War. In 1961 Valcour Bay was declared a National Historic Landmark.

References

American Revolutionary War
Straits
Valcour Island

Valcour Island lies in Lake Champlain, forming a strait against the New York mainland.  On October 11, 1776, a naval engagement known as the Battle of Valcour Island was fought in that strait between British and United States naval forces.

Other websites 
  Valcour Island information 
  Battle of Valcour Island

Islands of New York
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester

Sir Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (1724-1808) was a British soldier and Governor of Canada. Colonel Carleton was a part of James Wolfe's attack on Quebec City during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. General Carleton repelled the American attack on Quebec in 1775. He was governor of Canada twice, 1768-1778 and 1785-1795.

References

Further reading 
Reynolds, Paul R., Guy Carleton, A Biography, 1980, 
Billias, George Athan,Editor, George Washington's Opponents, William Marrow and Company, Inc., New York, 1969, 103–135.
Nelson, Paul David. General Sir Guy Carleton, Lord Dorchester: Soldier-Statesman of Early British Canada. Associated University Presses, 2000.
 Wrong, George M. Canada and the American Revolution. New York, 1968.

Other websites 
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
StSwithuns Church, Nately Scures, England - Showing memorial for Guy Carleton, Gobernador de Quebec y Thomas Carleton Gobernador de New Brunswick

1724 births
1808 deaths
British Army generals
Bleeding Love

"Bleeding Love" is a song by Leona Lewis. It was released as her official second single on 29 October 2007 from her first album Spirit. The song is written and produced by Ryan Tedder. 

"Bleeding Love" is said to be like a classic Prince record, or Whitney Houston's "My Love Is Your Love".

Lewis had performed the song on the live show of the fourth series of The X Factor.

Certifications

References

2007 songs
Leona Lewis