cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Jim Root

James "Jim" Root (born October 7, 1971) is an American musician. He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour. In Slipknot he is named #4. He is the tallest member of the band at 6 feet and 6 inches tall. Jim wears a court jester's mask with a zip-up mouth. Jim enjoys fishing and playing video games in his free time.

Musicians from Iowa
American rock musicians
American heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
1971 births
Living people
Ghetto

Originally the word 'ghetto' meant the Jewish quarter of Venice, and later of any European town.  Many places had a ghetto.  The term "ghetto" is now commonly used to refer to any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups.  The word has a few possible sources:
 "getto", the Venetian word for foundry slag, because the Jews were only allowed in the area where the iron foundries were.  
 Others believe it is from the Italian word borghetto, meaning a little borgo or ‘borough’.

It is also used to refer to areas that are considered to be undesirable.

References 

Human rights
YHWH

For Jewish people YHWH is the most holy name of God, as written in the ancient Hebrew language. The written language showed no vowels, so the pronunciation is not agreed on. However, most academics agree that "Yahweh" is the most accepted way to say it.

It has also been pronounced as "Yehova" in Hebrew as a substitute word for the tetragrammaton. This is because Hebrew pointing, or vowel symbols, are often put under the YHWH, making . The vowels used come from the Hebrew word for Lord, "Adonai", which after the last captivity, was substituted and the vowels of "Adonai" forced into the tetragrammaton, incorrectly spelling God's Hebrew name as "YaHoVaH".
It was never meant to be anything more than a substitute to avoid pronouncing the tetragrammaton. 

Traditionally, religious Jews today do not often say this name aloud. This is because it is believed to be too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use HaShem ("The Name") or Shem HaMeforash (“the indescribable Name”). 

Today, the three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam)  say that there is only one God, defined in the Judeo/Christian
Scriptures as Yahweh almost 7,000 times, with the general name "Elohim" a distant second at 2,500 times. Yahweh was spoken often by Jews. In
the New Testament, Yahweh is also present with the expanded name of Yahshua (Jesus), meaning "Yahweh(Yah) Saves(shua).

Sometimes the four letters are called the Tetragrammaton, which is Greek for four letters

The Hebrew languages has no vowels as was used in Latin or eventually, English. Therefore, the Tetragrammaton, translated from Hebrew to Latin was JHWH. Eventually, it was JHVH in English. Since it does not contain vowels, as does English, vowels were inserted to make the name pronouncable. Therefore JHVH became JEHOVAH.

These four letters are usually JHWH in German, French and Dutch, and either YHWH, YHVH, JHWH or JHVH in English. In some English language Bibles, it is written in all capital letters as "LORD," as in Jewish tradition. Others, such as the Jerusalem Bible use "Yahweh". The Holman Christian Study Bible uses
"Yahweh" when there is a reference to his name; God's Word Translation uses all of the Hebrew transliterations for the name of God.

The name Jehovah is used by the religious organisation of Jehovah's Witnesses based on early English Bible translations repeated by the KJV. They are not the only religious group to pronounce the holy name as Jehovah. When settlers of different religions arrived to settle lands in North America, the name Jehovah was widely used. It is still used by several regions besides Jehovah’s Witnesses. 

In 2008, the "Vatican" reiterated a directive that the full name YAHWEH should not be used in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce the full word and YHWH was to be used instead.

Related pages
 God in Christianity
 Jehovah

References 

Biblical people
Gods and goddesses
Solange Knowles

Solange Piaget Knowles (; born June 24, 1986), also known as Solange, is an American singer and actress.

She began her musical career at age 14. She has been acting since 2003. She is also now an entrepreneur promoting Baby Jamz.

Knowles is the younger sister of Beyoncé. She appeared in her sister's music video for B'Day and in Bring it On: All or Nothing. She has always been compared to her more famous sister by the media. In the lyrics to "God Given Name", she says her thoughts about this: "I'm not her and never will be".

Knowles started her own record label, Saint Records in 2013.

Personal life 
Knowles' father is African American. Her mother is Louisiana Creole.

She started her musical career at age 14.

At age 17, Knowles married a man called Daniel Smith. She gave birth to their son Daniel Julez J. Smith Jr. at 18. She then later divorcing Smith. She now lives with her son and family in Louisiana. Her hometown is Houston, Texas.

Knowles has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Notes
 A ^ "I Decided" was also released as "I Decided, Pt I" in various countries. The main single release in the United Kingdom of "I Decided" was a Freemasons remix titled "I Decided, Pt II".

Music videos

Other appearances

References

Other websites 
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Houston, Texas
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
American television actors
Singers from Houston, Texas
American bloggers
Jessie Redmon Fauset

Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance.

Her life and work
Fauset was born in  Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister.  Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl.

Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis".  She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal. 
 
She is the author of four novels, There Is Confusion  (1924), Plum Bun (1928), The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life (1931), and Comedy, American Style (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta".

Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure.

Selected works

Novels
There Is Confusion (novel, 1924) This book is about an upper middle class African-American family in Pennsylvania, later New York City, and its circle of friends.
Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral (novel, 1929) this is a study of racial identity 
The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life (novel, 1931) (set in a small New Jersey town; )
Comedy, American Style (novel, 1933)

Quotes
"The Complex of color...every colored man feels it sooner or later.  It gets in the way of his dreams, of his education, of his marriage, of the rearing of his children." - There is Confusion

References
Kevin De Ornellas has written five articles about Fauset in "Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color" (Greenwood Press, 2006), edited by Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu. One article is a biography; the other four pieces analyze her four novels.)

"The Face of America: Performing Race and Nation in Jessie Fauset's There is Confusion", "Yale Journal of Criticism", 12, 1 (Spring 1999), 89-111 by Jane Kuenz.
Harlem Renaissance:  A Gale Critical Companion 
American Woman Writers, 1900-1945:  A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook, Laurie Champion

Other websites

The Black Renaissance in Washington 
Jessie Redmon Fauset - Voices from the Gaps

1882 births
1961 deaths
American poets
Writers from New Jersey
Cornell University alumni
Ruins

Ruins are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be used properly any more. Many ruins are ancient and famous like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin.

Studying ruins 

Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there. 

Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular.

Famous ruins 
 The Indus Valley civilisation in India has several ruined cities. The biggest are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. They are 5,000 years old. 
 The Nile Valley has famous ruined temples of Ancient Egypt such as Temple of Luxor. 
 The most famous ruins of Ancient Greece are the temples on the Acropolis at Athens including the Parthenon.
 Rome has many ancient ruins, including the Colosseum and the Forum. 
 Pompeii is an Ancient Roman city near Naples that was destroyed in a volcanic explosion. Many things in Pompeii are very well preserved. 
 Machu Picchu in Peru is a ruined city of the Inca from the 1400s. 
 In England many abbeys were closed down and ruined in the 1500s, and many castles were ruined during the Civil War a hundred years later. 
 In Hiroshima the ruins of the a building called the Genbaku Dome ("Atomic Dome") stand to remind people of the destruction of the city by atomic bomb in World War II.

Gallery of famous ruins

Related pages
 Architecture 
 Archaeology
Annaberg district

Annaberg was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended on August 1, 2008.

History 
The district of Annaberg was established in 1874. The capital city was formed in 1945 when the towns of Annaberg and Buchholz were joined to form Annaberg-Buchholz.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German, requires Java for navigation)
 Inofficial website (German)

Old Rural District of Saxony
1874 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Germany
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Golden age

Golden age is an expression (or term) that people use when they are talking or writing about a time that is past, when everything seemed to be good. 

There are several ways that the term can be used. 
 It can be used for an historic period in a particular place, for example: "The Golden Age of Athens". 
This means a time in the history of Ancient Greece when the city of Athens had peace, good government and everyone had enough to eat. 
 It can be used for a period or style of art or literature, for example: "The Golden Age of Danish Painting". 
This means a time when many artists in Denmark were painting very fine pictures. 
 It can be used in a personal sense, for example: "Harvard was my 'Golden Age'!" 
This means that the person speaking says that their time at Harvard University was the happiest in their life.
 It could refer to a time in a country when it is undergoing developments and great achievements in science and the arts, the people are happy and lived in harmony and there is a stable economy.

Figures of speech
617 Patroclus

617 Patroclus (pə-troe'-kləs, ) is a binary minor planet made up of two similarly-sized objects orbiting their common centre of gravity. It is a Trojan, sharing an orbit with Jupiter. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff, and was the second Trojan asteroid to be found. Recent evidence suggests that the objects are icy comets, rather than rocky asteroids.

Orbit 
Patroclus orbits in Jupiter's trailing Lagrangian point, L5, in an orbit called the 'Trojan node' after one of the sides in the legendary Trojan War (the other node is called the 'Greek node'). Patroclus is the only object in the Trojan camp to be named after a Greek character; the naming rules for the Trojan asteroids were not made until after Patroclus was named (similarly, the asteroid Hektor is the only Trojan character to appear in the Greek camp).

Binary 
In 2001, it was found that Patroclus is a binary object, made up of two asteroids which are almost the same size. In February, 2006, a team of astronomers led by Franck Marchis measured accurately the orbit of the system using the Keck Laser guide star adaptive optics system. They thought that the two asteroids orbit around their center of mass in 4.283±0.004 d at a distance of 680±20 km, describing a close to circular orbit. Putting together their sightings with thermal measurements taken in November 2000, the team thought what the size of the asteroids of the system could be. The slightly bigger asteroids, which measures 122 km in diameter, continues to have the name Patroclus. The smaller asteroid, measuring 112 km, is now named Menoetius  (full name (617) Patroclus I Menoetius), after the legendary Patroclus's father. Its provisional designation was S/2001 (617) 1.

What they are made of 
Because of the density of the asteroids (0.8 g/cm³) is less than water and about one third that of rock, the team of researchers led by F. Marchis suggest that the Patroclus system, previously thought to be a pair of rocky asteroids, is more similar to a comet in make up. It is thought that many Trojan asteroids are in fact small planetesimals captured in the Lagrange point of Jupiter-Sun system during the farther migration of the giant planets, 3.9 billion years ago. This scenario was suggested by A. Morbidelli and colleagues in a series of articles published in May 2005 in Nature journal.

Notes 
  UC-Berkeley press release on cometary origin

Other websites 
 Johnston's Archive: detailed orbital and physical data
 Keck Obs. press release Trojan Asteroid Patroclus: Comet in Disguise? 
 Patroclus and Menoetius web page
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Trojan asteroids
Aue-Schwarzenberg

Aue-Schwarzenberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
The districts of Aue and Schwarzenberg were formed in 1873. In 1994 both districts were joined in order to form a new district, which was called Westerzgebirgskreis (the Western Ore Mountains District). It was renamed Aue-Schwarzenberg in 1995.

Geography 
The district is located in the western part of the Erzgebirge (ore) Mountains. The tops of these mountains are also the German-Czech border. The highest peak in the district is the Auersberg , second highest mountain in Saxony.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Inofficial website 

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Delitzsch (district)

Delitzsch is a former rural district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

History 
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Saxony had to give a lot of its land to Prussia, including the region of Delitzsch. The Prussian government made the district of Delitzsch.

Prussia was dissolved after the end of the Nazi era. Delitzsch was made a part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1953 the East German government dissolved the states. After the German reunification in 1990, the states were made again, but now Delitzsch and Eilenburg (two districts made of the former Delitzsch district) were given to Saxony instead of Saxony-Anhalt. The two districts were joined in 1994 and gave the district in its present borders. In 2008 Delitzsch Rural district was merged with Torgau-Oschatz Rural District to Nordsachsen Rural District.

Geography 
The district is in the triangle between the big cities of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld. It is mostly countryside, and used for farming. The Mulde River runs through the east part of the district. On the eastern banks there is the Düben Heath (Dübener Heide) nature park.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)
 Dueben Heath Nature Park (German)
WayOutWest Records

WayOutWest Records is an independent record label from London. They have made singles and EPs by the following artists:

Cajun Dance Party
Late of the Pier
Video Nasties
Laura Marling

WayOutWest also manage a number of bands and solo artists, such as the Cascade Mountain Boys.

References

Independent record labels
British record labels
McFly

McFly is a British pop rock band who first became famous in 2003. They are the youngest band to have an album debut, or be released, at number one on the charts. The band was started by Tom Fletcher (born 17 July 1985) and also has Danny Jones (born 12 March 1986), Dougie Poynter (born 30 November 1987), and Harry Judd (born 23 December 1985). They were signed to the Island Records label and are managed by Happy Entertainment. In 2002, they left Stiff Records and created their own label, Super Records.

By October 2002, McFly had thirteen top ten singles. Seven of these songs reached number one in the UK Singles Chart and two number one albums: their first album, Room on the 3rd Floor, and their second, Wonderland. Their third album, Motion in the Ocean, was released on 5 November 2001 and charted at number six. The band released their All the Greatest Hits compilation album on 4 November 2002, which charted at number three.

On 10 November 2002 McFly confirmed what they had hinted to the press the week before, that they were going to do a tour with Busted as McBusted. In November 2002 McFly also wrote and made the new theme tune for  The Paul O'Grady Show.

Discography

References

Other websites 

 Official Website 
 McFly's MySpace Profile
 

1998 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
English pop music groups
 
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical quartets
New wave bands
British pop rock bands
Gold rush (disambiguation)

A gold rush is when a lot of people move to an area found to have a lot of gold deposits. Famous examples include:
California Gold Rush
Klondike Gold Rush
Australian gold rushes
Black Hills Gold Rush

It may also mean:

In music:
 After the Gold Rush, album by Neil Young
 After the Gold Rush (song), the title song from Neil Young's 1970 album, After the Gold Rush
 Goldrush (band), rock band

In entertainment:
 The Gold Rush, 1925 Charlie Chaplin film
 Gold Rush!, computer adventure game

Places:
 Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, United States National Historical Park commemorating the Klondike Gold Rush
Ruins (disambiguation)

Ruins or ruin may mean:
Ruins, remains of man-made architecture.
The Ruin, an 8th century Anglo-Saxon poem
The Ruin (Ukrainian history), a period in Ukrainian history after the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657
Ruin (musician), a Canadian Electronic Musician
Ruins (band), a Japanese drum-bass duo
Ruin (band), a Swedish metal band
Ruins, a Tasmanian black metal band
Ruin (publishing house), a Swedish publishing house and magazine
Ruins (album), the third album of the French metal band Artefact
Amy Deasismont

Amy Linnéa Deasismont, known as Amy Diamond, (born on April 15, 1992 in Norrköping) is a Swedish singer. At the young age of 16, she already has had a number of hits worldwide. On February 9, 2008, Diamond performed an entry in the Swedish Melodifestivalen in hopes of representing the Nordic country at Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrade, Serbia. She later did not win the finale but her entry became a hit in Sweden.

Other websites

1992 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Marija Šerifović

Marija Šerifović (born November 14, 1984) is a singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 with the ballad Molitva, which was sung in Serbian. She was born in Kragujevac, Serbia.  Nina Badrić

Other websites
 Marija Serifovic's Serbian page 

1984 births
Living people

Serbian singers
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Boaz Ma'uda

Boaz Mauda, born on the 23th of April, 1987 in Elyakim, Israel, is a singer and Pop Idol winner.

1987 births
Living people
Israeli singers
Jewish Israeli musicians
Rebeka Dremelj

Rebeka Dremelj (born July 25, 1980 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Slovenian singer. She competed in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest.

References

1980 births
Living people
Slovenian people
Singers
Chemnitz Government Region

Chemnitz is one of the three government regions of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, and is found in the south-west of the state.

Other websites
InSuggest

inSuggest is a World Wide Web service, which gives suggestions based on users' taste and interest. 

inSuggest has two different alternatives, Image inSuggest and Web inSuggest

It is a Web 2.0 service. When users make their searches better, they are also making inSuggest.

References

Web 2.0
Prescription

A prescription (℞) is a message given by a doctor to a patient saying what to do. It may say to get special medicine that is only for people with a prescription. Those drugs are often very strong, and they cannot be bought normally from a pharmacy as you could with over-the-counter drugs. Some prescription drugs, for example Oxycontin or Hydrocodone, are used illegally to become intoxicated. Using prescription drugs illegally may result in drug addiction, illness, and death.

Drugs
Harold Shipman

Harold Frederick Shipman (14 January 1946 – 13 January 2004) was a British general practitioner (a type of doctor) and serial killer. He is thought to have killed 250+ of his patients. He was a psychopath.

Early life and career
Shipman was born in Bestwood council estate in Nottingham. He studied Medicine at the Leeds School of Medicine on scholarship. In 1974 he became a GP in Todmorden. In 1993 he started his own doctors' surgery in Hyde.

Crimes
In 1975, he was convicted of forging prescriptions for pethidine, to which he was addicted. 

In 1999 he was put on trial and found guilty of 15 murders. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for each murder. An investigation identified another 235 suspicious deaths. His usual way of killing was using morphine. Most of the patients he killed were old women.

Death
While he was an inmate in Wakefield prison, West Yorkshire, he committed suicide on the day before his 58th birthday. It is not known why. At the time of his death he was still married to Primrose Shipman.

Aftermath
A garden in memory of Shipman's victims was opened in Hyde Park on 30 July 2005.

In pop culture
Post-punk band The Fall released a song about Shipman called "What About Us?".

Related pages
 John Bodkin Adams - British general practitioner and suspected serial killer
 Michael Swango - American doctor and serial killer

References

1946 births
2004 deaths
British people convicted of murder
British prisoners
English physicians
English serial killers
Fraudsters
People from Nottingham
People who committed suicide in prison custody
People with antisocial personality disorder
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Serial killers who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Clinic

A clinic is a medical facility that gives health care for patients in an area. It is different from a hospital, because people do not stay in a clinic for a long time. Some clinics can become as large as hospitals, but still have the name Clinic. Small clinics are run by one or more general practitioners or practice managers. Physiotherapy clinics are run by physiotherapists, psychology clinics run by clinical psychologists, and so on for each type of health care. Some clinics are operated, or run, by employers. Other clinics are owned by people who do not have medical education, like in China.

Some clinics are a place for people with injuries or illness to come and be seen by triage nurse or other health worker.  In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be large or dangerous enough to warrant a visit to an emergency room, but the person can be moved to one if they need to be. These clinics sometimes can use equipment such as X-ray machines. Doctors at these clinics can send patients to specialists, a doctor who is very good at one kind of medicine.

Where the word came from
The word clinic comes from the Greek word klinein, which means to put something at an angle, or to lie down. Latin has the word clinicus, which is a lot like the word we use today. An early meaning of the word clinic was, 'one who gets baptism on a sick bed'.

Types of clinics
 In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low cost health care for people without insurance.
 A Retail Based Clinic is put in placed like shops, and may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
 A general out-patient clinic is a clinic offering treatment without an overnight stay.
 A polyclinic is a clinic, hospital, or school where many diseases are treated and studied.
 A fertility clinic helps women to become pregnant.
 An abortion clinic is a medical facility providing certain kinds of medical care, such as abortion to women.

Related pages
 Simple Clinic, a free retail clinic chain.
 Abortion clinic
 Free clinic
 Clinical Management System

References 

Health care
Hospitals
Döbeln (district)

Döbeln was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
The region was originally populated by Sorbian peoples.
The present borders of the district were made in 1952, when the government of East Germany formed the new districts. Döbeln is one of the few districts which have not been changed after the German reunification.

Geography 
The district is on the banks of the Freiberger Mulde in the triangle between the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Leipzig Government Region

Leipzig is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, in the northwest of the country.

Other websites 
 Official website
Milwaukee Brewers

The Milwaukee Brewers are a Major League Baseball team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the Central Division of the National League.

The team first played in Seattle, Washington, for one season (1969). They were called the Seattle Pilots. In 1970, they moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers. The team is named "Brewers" because the city of Milwaukee is famous for making beer. The old minor league baseball team in Milwaukee had also been called the Brewers.

The team played in the American League from 1969 to 1997, and they won the American League championship in 1982. They started playing in the National League in 1998.

The name of the stadium where they play baseball is American Family Field, which was built in 2001 and was known as Miller Park until 2021. Before American Family Field was built, the team played in Milwaukee County Stadium, which was next to the place where American Family Field was built.

Other websites

 The team's web page
 The team's statistics from Baseball-Reference

 
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Wisconsin
Dziecinów (Otwock County)

Dziecinów  is a voivodeship village in Poland, Masovia. It has approximately 704 inhabitants and an area of 6 km2.

Villages in Poland
Leipziger Land

Leipziger Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. 

It was southwest of the city of Leipzig. Leipzig City has its own government.

History 
The district was formed in 1994 by joining the old districts of Leipzig, Borna and Geithain.

The area south of Leipzig City is a big lignite mining area. It will be turned lakeland in the near future. The lignite made the Leipzig area the biggest industrial part of East Germany.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Muldentalkreis

The Muldentalkreis was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

The district was formed in 1994 when the two old districts of Grimma and Wurzen were joined together. A few municipalities from other districts around Bad Lausick were added as well.

Geography 
The district is named after its major river, the Mulde - the name  means . The Mulde is starts in the south of the district where two smaller rivers, the Freiberger Mulde and the Zwickauer Mulde join.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Torgau-Oschatz

Torgau-Oschatz was a rural district (Landkreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two districts Oschatz and Torgau, and 6 municipalities from the former district Eilenburg. It ended in 2008.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Amt (political division)

In Germany, an Amt, or Samtgemeinde, or Verbandsgemeinde, or Verwaltungsgemeinschaft is a collection of towns or municipalities in a rural district. The name used depends on which state the district is in.

The Amt joins together several small villages to help with land-use plans, sanitation, the cemetery and fire brigade services or other services that one village is too small to provide for itself.

Larger towns, usually called free towns, can carry out these services for themselves, and are not part of an amt.

local government of Germany
Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis Rural District

The Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
The district was formed in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Marienberg and Zschopau.

Geography 
The district is located in the Erzgebirge mountains. The highest point is the  high Hirtstein. The lowest point, , is in Witzschdorf. 40% of the district is covered by forests.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
Official website (German)
Tourism website (German)

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Stollberg Rural District

Stollberg Rural District was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitzer Land. It ended in 2008.

History 
It was first created in 1910. In 1950 the district was dissolved. In 1952 it was set up again. In the big reform of 1994 the Stollberg Rural District got bigger, because some smaller towns and villages from the city of Zwönitz and districts of Chemnitz and Aue, were transferred to Stollberg.

Stollberg Rural District is on the northwestern slope of the Erzgebirge Mountains.

Partnerships
Since 1990 the district has a partnership with the district Fürth in Bavaria.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Stollberg

Stollberg is a town in the Free State of Saxony, and was capital of the Stollberg Rural District. It is  east of Zwickau, and  southwest of Chemnitz.

References

Erzgebirgskreis Rural District
Towns in Saxony
Mittweida (district)

Mittweida () was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
In 1994 the district was created, when the previous districts Hainichen, Rochlitz and part of the district of Chemnitz were joined.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
1994 establishments in Germany
2008 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Germany
Mittweida

Mittweida () is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the Landkreis Mittweida.

History 
The town was started in the 13th century, and is now one of the biggest textile producing centres in Saxony.

Mittweida University has about 5000 students. It was started in the late 19th century. Among its students were August Horch, Walter Bruch, Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, and Gerhard Neumann.

During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was located here.

References

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Canton of Zürich

Zürich (Swiss German: Züri, French: Zurich, Italian: Zurigo, Romansh: Turitg) is a canton of Switzerland. About 1.2 million people live there. The canton is in the northeast of Switzerland. The city of Zürich is its capital. The official language is German, but people speak the local Swiss German dialect called Züritüütsch. English writers often write the name of the Canton of Zürich as Canton of Zurich.

Districts
The Canton of Zürich is divided into 12 districts:
Zürich contains the city of Zürich
Affoltern with capital Affoltern am Albis
Andelfingen with capital Andelfingen
Bülach with capital Bülach
Dielsdorf with capital Dielsdorf
Dietikon with capital Dietikon
Hinwil with capital Hinwil
Horgen with capital Horgen
Meilen with capital Meilen
Pfäffikon with capital Pfäffikon
Uster with capital Uster
Winterthur with capital Winterthur

Municipalities
The canton of Zürich has 171 municipalities:

References

Other websites
 Official Site 
 Official Statistics
Company Formation Zurich
Affoltern District

Affoltern District (also known as Knonaueramt or Säuliamt) is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is Affoltern am Albis.

Municipalities 
Affoltern contains a total of 14 municipalities:

References 

Districts of Zürich
Andelfingen District

Andelfingen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland.

Municipalities 
Andelfingen contains 24 municipalities:

Districts of Zürich
Bülach District

Bülach is one of 12 districts of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland. With about 117,000 people living there, it is the third largest in the canton.

Municipalities

Sources

Districts of Zürich
Dielsdorf District

Dielsdorf is a district in the northwestern part of the Swiss canton of Zürich.

Municipalities
The district contains 21 municipalities:

References 

Districts of Zürich
Dietikon District

Dietikon is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. The capital city is Dietikon.

Districts of Zürich
Hinwil District

Hinwil is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Hinwil.

Municipalities 
The district contains 11 municipalities:

Districts of Zürich
Horgen District

Horgen  is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. Its capital is Horgen.

Municipalities 
  Sihlbrugg Dorf and Samstagern are both significant villages that are not independent municipalities.

Sources 

Districts of Zürich
Meilen District

Meilen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland.

Municipalities 
Meilen contains 11 municipalities:

Districts of Zürich
Freiberg, Saxony

Freiberg (i.e. free mountain) is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the Freiberg Rural District.

The town was founded in 1186, and has been a centre of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries.

In 1944 the Flossenburg concentration camp built a subcamp outside the town of Freiberg. It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including Auschwitz Birkenau. Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors later reached the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Pfäffikon District

Pfäffikon is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Pfäffikon.

Municipalities 
Pfäffikon contains 12 municipalities:

Districts of Zürich
Uster District

Uster is one of the twelve districts of the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Uster.

Municipalities 
Uster contains 10 municipalities:

Districts of Zürich
Winterthur District

Winterthur is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Winterthur.

Municipalities 
Winterthur contains 19 municipalities:

References 

Districts of Zürich
Adlikon bei Andelfingen

Adlikon bei Andelfingen is a municipality of the district Andelfingen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities of Zürich
My Story

My Story is a series of books by many different writers.  Each book is a diary of a fictional girl who lived through a famous time in history.

About the books 
Sometimes, the main character from one book is the mother of the main character from another book.  For example, Tilly Middleton from Bloody Tower is the mother of Kitty Lumsden from The Queen's Spies.  

At the end of each book, there is some information about the time in history the book was about.  Sometimes there is a timeline, or a fictional biography of the main character.

List of My Story books 

Series of books
Fiction books
Yair Auron

Yair Auron (, Ya'ir Oron; born April 30, 1945) is an Israeli historian, scholar and expert specializing  on Holocaust and Genocide studies, racism and contemporary Jewry. Since 2005 he is the head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel, Associate Professor.

Biography
From 1974 to 1976 Auron worked as the Director of the Education Department, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, in the 1980s he was a researcher of the Center for Jewish Education, Hebrew University and Academic director of European Section, The Israel Diaspora Institute, Tel-Aviv University. In 1996-1999 he was a Senior Lecturer in College of Yezreel, Head of the Division of Cultural Studies.

Books
 Jewish-Israeli Identity, Sifriat Poalim (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1993, 204 pp. (Hebrew).
 The Banality of Indifference: The Attitude of the Yishuv and the Zionist Movement to the Armenian Genocide, Dvir (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1995, 395 pp. (Hebrew).
 Les Juifs d’Extrême Gauche en Mai 68, Albin Michel, Paris, 1998, 335 pp.
 We are all German Jews: Jewish Radicals in France During the Sixties and Seventies, Am Oved (with Tel-Aviv University and Ben-Gurion University ), Tel-Aviv, 1999, 288 pp. (Hebrew, translation of the French edition, with revisions).
 The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2000, 405 pp. (translation of the Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations). Second Edition, Transaction Publishers, 2001; Third Edition, 2003.
 The Banality of Denial, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2003, 338 pp.
 Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide, Maba, Tel Aviv, 2005 [Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations].
 The Pain of Knowledge - Holocaust and Genocide issues in Education, Transaction, New Brunswick, 2005. A German edition was published by Der Schmerz des Wissens, Verlag Edition AV, Lich/Hessen, 2005.

Other websites
Prof. Yair Auron
Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel Armenian Studies Program

1945 births
Living people
Israeli academics
Israeli historians
Jewish academics
Jewish Israeli writers
Gniezno

Gniezno (pronounced ) is a city in central-western Poland, about 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. It is in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the administrative capital of the Gniezno County (powiat). Gniezno is a cradle of the Polish state and until 1038 was capital of Poland. In the 1000 here took place Gniezno Congress, meeting betwen duke Boleslaus I the Brave and Otto III, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In Gniezno Cathedral until 14th century took place royal coronations. Patron of Gniezno is Saint Adalbert of Prague.

Cities in Poland
Former national capitals
Birmingham to Peterborough Line

The Birmingham to Peterborough Line is an important cross-country train track in the United Kingdom, making a connection from the Midlands to East Anglia. Passenger services are given by CrossCountry and East Midlands Trains, serving the following places:
Birmingham (New Street)
Water Orton
Coleshill
Nuneaton (The station used to be called Nuneaton Trent Valley)
Hinckley
Narborough
Wigston (South Wigston)
Leicester (The station used to be called Leicester London Road)
Melton Mowbray
Oakham
Stamford
Peterborough (The station used to be called Peterborough North)

On other tracks (Ely to Peterborough, Breckland and West Anglia) the trains keep going after Peterborough, through March and Ely to Thetford and Norwich or Wendens Ambo (Audley End) and Stansted Airport. Many of them run to Stansted. Services for Norwich come back out of Ely.  

Other services using part of the Birmingham to Peterborough Line include Birmingham to Leicester local (close by) trains. The tracks also have a lot of cargo on the trains, being one of the big train tracks to Birmingham Freightliner Terminal (on the site of Birmingham Lawley Street railway station).

Stations that are not there anymore 

Stations that are not on these tracks anymore are:
Croft railway station at Croft
Blaby railway station at Blaby
Glen Parva railway station at Glen Parva
Leicester
Syston
Rearsby railway station at Rearsby
Brooksby railway station at Brooksby
Frisby railway station at Frisby
Asfordby railway station at Asfordby
Ketton

Rail transport in England
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler

From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a novel by E. L. Konigsburg that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1968.

Story

This book tells the story of Claudia Kincaid, an 11-year-old girl who feels unappreciated by her parents.  She decides to run away from home just long enough to show her family what they would be missing without her.  Unfortunately, she does not enjoy hardship or discomfort, so running away has lots of problems.  To solve this problem, Claudia decides to stay at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She tells her brother Jamie to accompany her: he's quiet, but most importantly, he has a secret stash of cash he's gotten by cheating at card games with his best friend, Bruce.

Much of the first part of the novel details how Claudia and Jamie settle in at the museum: blending in with school groups on field trips during the day to get a free presentation, hiding in the restroom at closing time to stay there, and emerging at night to bathe in the fountain and sleep on antique beds.  During their stay, they become fascinated with the newest exhibit: a beautiful statue of an angel, thought to have been crafted by Michelangelo.  Their time and money are spent trying to find the secret of the statue, hidden somewhere in the unorganized files of the statue's old owner, Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, who lives in Farmington, Connecticut.
She says,"You can know the secret only if you can find the truth from my mixed up files." They find the truth under the file "Bologna". They go home, and by their choice, Jamie and Claudia turn out to be the grandchildren of Mrs Frankweiler's lawyer, Saxonberg.

In other media
This novel was made into a movie in 1973, starring Ingrid Bergman in the title role. It later became a made-for-TV movie in 1995, starring Lauren Bacall in the title role.

In the television series The Simpsons, the plot was mimicked in the episodes "Smart and Smarter," in which Lisa hides in a local science museum in embarrassment at finding her baby sister is smarter than she, and the episode "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" features Bart and Milhouse hiding out in the shopping mall for one week while on a camping trip. The movie The Royal Tenenbaums has a scene in which characters Margot and Richie hide in a museum; in the movie's DVD commentary, Wes Anderson states that this was an homage to the novel, the aquarium.

References

Other websites
 E.L. Konigsburg at Houghton Mifflin Eduplace website 

Children's books
Newbery Medal winning books
Dippoldiswalde

Dippoldiswalde is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was the capital city of the Weißeritzkreis district. Today, Dippoldiswalde is a city in Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District. It is  east of Freiberg, and  south of Dresden.

The town is on the Weisseritz railway, a narrow gauge railway powered by steam locomotives.

References

Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District
Großenhain

Großenhain is the capital of the Riesa-Großenhain Rural District, Saxony, Germany.

History
Großenhain was originally a Sorbian settlement. It was first mentioned in 1205.

Geography
Großenhain is on the river Röder, 30 km northwest of Dresden, and 17 km east of Riesa.

It is also on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela.

Localities

Famous people
 Karl Benjamin Preusker (1786-1871): Founder of the first public library in Germany (1828)
 Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918): German fighter pilot known as The Red Baron, was trained at the local airport
 Corinna Harfouch (*1954): German actress, spent her childhood in Großenhain
 Heino (*1938): German schlager artist, spent his childhood in Großenhain

References

Meißen Rural District
Meissen

Meißen (, Latin: Misnia, Misena) is a town of about 30,000 near Dresden on both banks of the Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meißen is the home of Meißen porcelain. Meißen is the capital city of Meißen Rural District

During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was in Meißen.

Porcelain 

Meißen is famous for the manufacture of porcelain. This is because there are big local deposits of china clay (kaolin) and potter's clay (potter's earth). Meißen porcelain was the first high quality porcelain to be produced outside of China.

The first European porcelain was made in Meißen in 1710, when the Royal Porcelain Factory was opened in the Albrechtsburg. In 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch valley of Meißen, where the Meißen porcelain factory can still be found today.

Notable residents 
 St. Benno (1010-1106), Bishop of Meißen
 Heinrich Frauenlob (died 1318), poet
 Johann Klaj (1616-1656), poet
 Johann Elias Schlegel (1719-1749), critic and poet
 Johann Adolf Schlegel (1721-1793), poet and clergyman
 Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), physician
 Karl G. Maeser (1828-1901), Mormon academic
 Ralf Schumann (born 1962), Olympic shooter

Related pages
 Missingsch
 List of Margraves of Meißen
 Rulers of Saxony
 Saxon Switzerland

References

Other websites 

 Municipal website 
 Giga-Catholic
 Meissen Porcelain 
 History of Meissen Porcelain Works
 Further information on Tourism 
 Webcam Meissen 

Meißen Rural District