cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
UDFj-39546284

UDFj-39546284 is a 'stellar structure' (probably a galaxy) reported January 27, 2011 as light from the oldest object. It was detected through infrared observation by the Hubble Space Telescope.  It was reported in December 2012 to be at redshift z = 11.9 using Hubble and Spitzer telescope data, including Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF).

The actual stellar source of the light detected no longer exists. The image is likely to correspond to a compact mini-galaxy of blue stars that existed as we see it 13.42 billion years ago, around "380 million years" after the Big Bang (estimated at 13.8 billion years ago).

At the time of the announcement, it was the oldest galaxy found. It beat the previous distance record holder by about 150 million light years. With the revision of the distance, it again became the oldest galaxy found as of December 12, 2012. The next attempt to see further will be the James Webb Space Telescope launched sometime this decade.

Unlike UDFy-38135539, UDFj-39546284 has not been spectroscopically confirmed. A galaxy first formed near to the end of the Dark Ages, it offers information from early after the Big Bang.

References 

Galaxies
Cypriniformes

Cypriniformes is a group of ray-finned fish, which includes carps and minnows. The group contains 320 genera, with over 3200 species.

References

Ray-finned fish
Googoosh

Faegheh Atashin (, , born on 5 May 1950 in Tehran), known by her stage name Googoosh (, ), is an Iranian singer and actress. She is considered one of most iconic female pop-singers in Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries. 

Googoosh has been married three times. She has a son, Kambiz. She currently lives in Los Angeles.

Discography

Studio albums
 1970: Do Panjareh (Two Windows)
 1971: Mordab (The Swamp)
 1972: Kooh (The Mountain)
 1974: Do Maahi (Two Fish)
 1974: Hamsafar (Co-Traveler)
 1975: Pol (The Bridge)
 1975: Mosabbeb (with Dariush)
 1977: Dar Emtedâde Šab (Along the Night)
 1978: Ageh Bemooni (If You Stay)
 Nimeh Gomshodeh Man ("My Lost Half", year unknown)
 Behtarin Fasl-e-Taazeh ("The Best Fresh Season", year unknown)
 Jadeh (The Road)
 Kavir (The Desert)
 Yadam Basheh, Yadet Basheh (Shenasnameyeh 1)
 Setaareh (The Star)
 Mann O Gonjeshkayeh Khoneh (Me and Sparrows of the Home)
 Lahzeh Bidari (Awakening Moment)

Albums (Since she returned to music)
 2000: Zartosht (Zoroaster)
 2004: Akharin Khabar (Latest News)
 2006: Manifest (Manifest)
 2008: Shabe Sepid (White Night)
 2010:  Hajme Sabz (Green Volume)
 2012:  E'jaz (Miracle)

Filmography

References

Other websited

 Official website

1950 births
Living people
Iranian singers
People from Tehran
Azerbaijani diaspora
Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Anthem of Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic () was the national anthem of Armenia when it was a republic of the Soviet Union.

The writer of the lyrics was Armenak Sarkisya, a poet. The composer of this song was Aram Khachaturian. He was known for his ballets. 

Like many national anthems of republics of the Soviet Union, this song praised Vladimir Lenin, the October Revolution and Communism. It also praised the friendship of republics of the Soviet Union. "Hayastan" in the lyrics was the name that the Armenian ethnic called themselves. "Severe" in the lyrics means the Armenian history, such as earthquakes.

After Armenia became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991, the national anthem was changed to Our Fatherland.

Lyrics

Trivia
This anthem did not begin with an intro.
This anthem never mentioned Stalin in the lyrics.

References

History of Armenia
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
University of Rhode Island

The University of Rhode Island (URI) is the main public research university in the U.S. State of Rhode Island. It was established in 1892 as Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The name was changed to Rhode Island State College around 1909, and officially to University of Rhode Island during 1951. URI is in Kingston, Rhode Island.

History

In 1888 the university was chartered as Rhode Island's agricultural school and became the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1892. The first class of 17 students was graduated two years later.

References

Colleges and universities in Rhode Island
1892 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Rhode Island
Fluorescence

Fluorescence is the light given off by certain substances when it absorbs light or other electromagnetic radiation. First the substance absorbs the energy, then it emits light. When the light source is removed, the fluorescence stops occurring. It is a form of luminescence.  

In most cases, the light given off has a longer wavelength and lower energy than the absorbed light.

One of the most surprising types of fluorescence is when a substance absorbs ultraviolet light that cannot be seen by the human eye, but gives off visible light.

Fluorescence is used in many fields such as mineralogy, gemology, chemical sensors (fluorescence spectroscopy), dyes, biological detectors, and fluorescent lights.

Fluorescence in the life sciences is a way of tracking biological molecules. A protein or other component can have a fluorescent dye attached to it, which allows a scientist to visually find the specific protein with a microscope.

References 

Light sources
Travesti

In theatre, travesti (meaning "disguised") is a character performed by a person of the opposite gender. A woman performing as a male in male clothing is called a breeches role. Famous travesty roles in opera include Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro, Siebel in Faust, and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier. In ballet, the role of Frantz in Coppélia was a travesty role at the Paris Opéra until the 1950s.  Carabosse in Tchaikovsky's ballet The Sleeping Beauty is performed by a man in woman's clothing. The Stepsisters in Prokofiev's ballet Cinderella are sometimes played by men in women's clothing. The title character is a travesty role in the Broadway musical Peter Pan.

References

Theater
Gender
Greyfriars Bobby

Greyfriars Bobby (4 May 1855 - 14 January 1872) was a Skye terrier. He belonged to a policeman in Edinburgh named John Gray. When Mr. Gray died in 1858, he was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard. Bobby stayed near the grave of Mr. Gray long after the funeral. He would not leave. 

The little dog came to be called Greyfriars Bobby.  He stayed at the grave for the rest of his life. Bobby died in 1872. He was buried just inside the gates of the kirkyard. His grave is marked by a small pink granite stone. Bobby's collar and bowl are displayed in the Museum of Edinburgh.

In 1873, Lady Angela Burdett-Coutts erected a drinking fountain (pictured) in Edinburgh to the memory of Greyfriars Bobby.  The bronze statue of Bobby on top of the fountain was made by William Brodie. The fountain and statue have long been favourites of Scots. 

The fountain is near the George IV Bridge in Edinburgh. The statue of Bobby sits on top of a column of granite. At the bottom, there is an eight-sided drinking basin for dogs. Near the top, there is a drinking spout for people. In 1957, the water was turned off because of health concerns. 

Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson wrote a book about Bobby in 1912. It has never been out of print. A movie based on the book was made in 1961. This movie stars Tam O'Shanter as Bobby, and is described as "a tearjerker, one that saddens and lifts the spirit at the same time."

References

Individual dogs
Edinburgh
Luminescence

Luminescence is light emitted by a substance not caused by heat. In contrast, incandescence is light emitted by a substance as a result of heating.

Luminescence can be caused by chemical reactions, electrical energy, subatomic motions, or piezoelectricity (stress on a crystal).   The term 'luminescence' was introduced in 1888 by Eilhard Wiedemann.

The dials, hands, scales and signs of aviation and navigational instruments and markings are often coated with luminescent materials in a process known as 'luminising'.

Some types of luminescence 
Chemiluminescence, the making light from a chemical reaction.
Bioluminescence, emission as a result of biochemical reaction by a living organism
Fluorescence, emission after higher-energy electromagnetic radiation is applied
Phosphorescence, same cause, but emission is delayed, lasting sometimes for hours
Electroluminescence: Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

References 

Science
Light sources
Victim blaming

Victim blaming is holding the victim of a crime responsible for that crime. Starting in the 1970s, the term was commonly used in the United States. It was mainly used in connection with trials for rape, as well those with a racist background.

In 1947 Theodor W. Adorno defined what would be later called "blaming the victim," as "one of the most sinister features of the Fascist character".
Shortly after, Adorno and three other professors at the University of California, Berkeley created their influential and highly debated F-scale (F for fascist), published in The Authoritarian Personality (1950), which included among the fascist traits of the scale the "contempt for everything discriminated against or weak." A common example of victim blaming is the "asking for it" idiom, e.g. "she was asking for it" said of a victim of violence or sexual assault.

Opposing views
Roy Baumeisteress, a social and personality psychologist, argued that blaming the victim is not always wrong. According to him, it can lead to new ideas that show that the victim was at least partly responsible for the act. Baumeister argues that the common explanations of violence and cruelty are not helpful because they say that the victim was innocent. According to him, in the classic telling of "the myth of pure evil," the innocent, well-meaning victims are going about their business when they are suddenly assaulted by terrible villains. The situation, however, is not this simple; In most cases, the victim has done something to either anger the offender, or to help the offender's actions. In spite of this, the actions that follow may be more important than the "victim's" first offense.

Examples
In 2005, Australian Muslim preacher Feiz Mohammad gave a speech in Australia in which he blamed women for being rape victims.  He said:  "A victim of rape every minute somewhere in the world. Why? No one to blame but herself. She displayed her beauty to the entire world... Strapless, backless, sleeveless, showing their legs, nothing but satanic skirts, slit skirts, translucent blouses, miniskirts, tight jeans: all this to tease man and appeal to his carnal [sexual] nature.

In a case that became famous in 2011, an eleven-year-old victim of repeated gang rapes in Cleveland, Texas, was accused by the defense attorney of sexually attracting men on purpose so that they would try to rape her.  "Like the spider and the fly. Wasn't she saying, 'Come into my parlor, said the spider to the fly?' ", he asked a witness. The New York Times ran an article uncritically reporting on the way many in the community blamed the victim, for which the newspaper later apologized.

In a case that attracted worldwide coverage, when a woman was raped and killed in India in December 2012, some Indian government officials and political leaders blamed the victim for her outfit and being out late at night.

References

Psychology
Discrimination
Crime
Greyfriars Bobby (movie)

Greyfriars Bobby is a family-oriented Walt Disney movie from 1961. It was based on Eleanor Atkinson's 1912 book of the same name. The movie was directed by Don Chaffey, and stars Donald Crisp and Laurence Naismith. The movie is about a Skye terrier named Bobby. When his master dies, Bobby will not leave his graveside in Greyfriars Kirkyard. Two men in the neighborhood quarrel over owning the the dog, but the dog remains on his master's grave. When "Greyfriars Bobby" is threatened with being put down because he does not have a license, the poor children of the neighborhood use their money to buy him the needed license. Bobby is given the freedom of the city.

Disney movies
Movies about dogs
Movies based on books
1961 movies
American family movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Don Chaffey
Ambroise Vollard

Ambroise Vollard (3 July 1866 – 21 July 1939) was one of the most important dealers in French modern art in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He had his portrait painted by so many artists that Picasso said "The most beautiful woman who ever lived has never had her portrait painted, drawn, or engraved any oftener than Vollard".

In most cases he bought art directly from the painters of his day. He was the first owner of Cézanne's Vue sur l'Estaque et le Chateau d'If. This sold at Christie's in London for £13,522,500 in February 1015.

He sold these almost unknown artists, who became world-famous. They included Paul Cézanne, Aristide Maillol, Renoir, Louis Valtat, Pablo Picasso, André Derain, Georges Rouault, Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. He was also an avid art collector and publisher.

Background 
After graduation, Vollard became a collector-dealer in art. In 1893, he started his own art gallery, at Rue Laffitte, then the center of the Parisian market for modern art. There Vollard put on his first major exhibition: Manet and others were followed by Gauguin and Van Gogh (4 – 30 June 1895).

Not attractive in appearance, he was a very shrewd businessman who made a fortune. In 1930 Vollard commissioned Picasso to produce a suite of 100 etchings which became known as the Vollard Suite.

Vollard would later write biographies of Cézanne (1914), Degas, and Renoir, as well as the charming Recollections of a Picture Dealer (1936). Vollard was killed in July 1939, at the age of 73, on his way to Paris, when his chauffer-driven car skidded off the road.

The fate of the collection 
News of his death prompted this letter from one artist to another:
"Are you aware of the enormity of the estate? Discoveries everywhere, valuable things, never sold nor noted, discoveries under piles of canvases, priceless, surpassing all calculation, the heirs in incredible disorder, lawsuit after lawsuit will follow".

Vollard died without direct heirs. Much of the art was left to extended family and close friends, although a significant number of works apparently were sold, dispersed, or disappeared during World War II.

More than 80 years after his death, works from his collection were sold after agreement with the various claimants to his estate. Massive auctions were held by Sotheby's in Paris and London in June 2010.

References

1866 births
1939 deaths
French businesspeople
French artists
Road accident deaths
Paris Olympics

Paris Olympics can mean:

1900 Summer Olympics, games of the II Olympiad
1924 Summer Olympics, games of the VIII Olympiad
Khomein

Khomein (, also Romanized as Khomeyn, Khowmeyn, and Khūmaīn) is a city in and the capital of Khomeyn County, Markazi Province, Iran.  At the 2006 census, its population was 64,031, in 17,399 families. The city is the birthplace of the Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Iranian Revolution.

References

Cities in Iran
Capital cities in Asia
Markazi Province
Sorkheh

Sorkheh (, also Romanized as Surkheh) is a city in and the capital of Sorkheh County, in Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,062, in 2,686 families. Its inhabitants speak Sorkhei, a Semnani language or dialect.

Notable people
 Hassan Rouhani (1948–), President of Iran from 2013 to 2021.

References

Cities in Iran
Semnan Province
Capital cities in Asia
Semnan Province

Semnan Province (, Ostān-e Semnān ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Located north of the country, its center is Semnan.
Tommy Gunn

Tommy Gunn (born May 13, 1967 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) is an American pornographic actor. He began his career in pornographic movies in 2004.

Related pages
 Rocco Siffredi

References

1967 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American pornographic actors
Semnan, Iran

Semnan (; , also Romanized as Semnān and Samnān) is a city in and capital of Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 124,999, in 36,298 families. Semnan is located 216 kilometers east of Tehran.

References

Other websites

 Semnan.ir

Cities in Iran
Semnan Province
Razavi Khorasan Province

Razavi Khorasan Province (, Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Rażavī ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is Mashhad.

References
List of monarchs of Wessex

This is a list of monarchs of Wessex until 927. For later monarchs, see the List of English monarchs.  Details for many of the later English monarchs are confirmed by a number of sources. But the earliest kings of Wessex predate many written sources. Wessex was one of the seven kingdoms of the British Heptarchy.  This is a later name given to the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England during the early Middle Ages. Besides Wessex it included Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, and Sussex. 

The year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. One by one the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were defeated by the Danes (Vikings). By the close of the ninth century the last four independent kingdoms of England had been reduced to just one. Wessex was the only remaining kingdom not destroyed by the Vikings. Under Alfred the Great Wessex became the core of a unified England. His grandson, Athelstan was the first King of England.

Monarchs of the West Saxons (Wessex)

Cerdicing Dynasty 

 Cerdic (519–534)
Creoda (534?) Likely disputed 
 Cynric (534–560)
 Ceawlin (560–591)
 Ceol (591–597)
 Ceolwulf (597–611)
 Cynegils (611–643)
 Cwichelm (626–636)
 Cenwalh (643–645)
 Centwine (probable) (645–648)
 Cenwalh (648–672) (restored to the throne)
 Seaxburh (672–674)
 Cenfus (674)
 Aescwine (674–676)
 Centwine (676–685)
 Caedwalla (685–688)
 Ine (688–726)
 Athelheard (726–740) 
 Cuthred (740–756)
 Sigeberht (756–757)
 Cynewulf (757–786)
 Beorhtric (786–802)
 Egbert (802–839)
 Athelwulf (839–858)
 Athelbald (858–860)
 Athelbert (860–865)
 Athelred (865–871)
 Alfred the Great (871–899)
 Edward the Elder (899–924)
 Alfweard (924), son of Edward, ruled for 16 days.
 Athelstan (924–927), after 927 ruled as King of the English.

Related pages  

 List of English monarchs

Image gallery

Notes

References 

Lists of British monarchs
South Khorasan Province

South Khorasan Province ( Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Jonūbī ) is a province in eastern Iran. Birjand is the centre of the province. Other major cities include Ferdows, Tabas and Qaen.

Related pages 
 Khorasan
 Razavi Khorasan Province
 North Khorasan Province

Other websites 
 The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian) 
 Cultural Heritage Foundation of Khorasan 

Provinces of Iran
North Khorasan Province

North Khorasan Province (, Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Shomālī and Kurdish: Xorasani kurdi) is a province in northeastern Iran. Its capital is Bojnord.

References

Other websites 
 The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian) 
 Cultural Heritage Foundation of Khorasan
Bojnord

Bojnord (Persian: بجنورد) (also spelled Bojnūrd, Bujnūrd, Bojnoord, or Bujnurd.) is the capital city of North Khorasan Province, Iran. It is about  from Tehran.

Climate

References

Cities in Iran
Ardabil

Ardabil  (Persian and Azeri: اردبیل, also Romanized as Ardabīl and Ardebīl) is a historical city in north-western Iran. The name Ardabil comes from the Zoroastrian name of "Artawila", meaning a holy place. Ardabil is the capital of Ardabil Province.  At the 2011 census, its population was 564,365, in 156,324 families, Its inhabitants are ethnic Azeris. Ardabil is also known for the sanctuary and tomb of Shaikh Safî ad-Dîn, eponym of the Safavid Dynasty.

References

Other websites 
 Ardabil Tourist Attractions
 http://www.irantour.org/Iran/province/ardabil.html.
 http://www.travel-images.com/az-ardebil.html

Cities in Iran
Ardabil Province

Ardabil Province (, Ostān-e Ardabīl ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is Ardabil.  The province was established in 1993 from the eastern part of East Azarbaijan and the northern part of Gilan.

References
Sana'a Governorate

Sana'a ( ) is a governorate of Yemen. Its capital is Sana'a, which is also the national capital. However, the city of Sana'a is not part of the governorate. Instead, it forms the separate district of Amanat Al-Asemah. The governorate covers an area of 13,850 km². As of 2004, the population was 918,379 inhabitants.

Districts
Al Haymah Ad Dakhiliyah District
Al Haymah Al Kharijiyah District
Al Husn District
Arhab District
Attyal District
Bani Dhabyan District
Bani Hushaysh District
Bani Matar District
Bilad Ar Rus District
Hamdan District
Jihanah District
Khwlan District
Manakhah District
Nihm District
Sa'fan District
Sanhan District

References

Governorates of Yemen
Al Hudaydah Governorate

Al Hudaydah ( ) is a governorate of Yemen. Its capital is Al Hudaydah.

Districts
Ad Dahi District
Ad Durayhimi District
Al Garrahi District
Al Hajjaylah District
Al Hali District
Al Hawak District
Al Khawkhah District
Al Mansuriyah District
Al Marawi'ah District
Al Mighlaf District
Al Mina District
Al Munirah District
Al Qanawis District
Alluheyah District
As Salif District
As Sukhnah District
At Tuhayat District
Az Zaydiyah District
Az Zuhrah District
Bajil District
Bayt al-Faqih District
Bura District
Hays District
Jabal Ra's District
Kamaran District 
Zabid District

References

Governorates of Yemen
Hajjah Governorate

Hajjah ( ) is a governorate of Yemen. Its capital is Hajjah.

Districts
Abs District
Aflah Al Yaman District
Aflah Ash Shawm District
Al Jamimah District
Al Maghrabah District
Al Mahabishah District
Al Miftah District
Ash Shaghadirah District
Ash Shahil District
Aslem District
Bakil Al Mir District
Bani Al Awam District
Bani Qa'is District
Hajjah District
Hajjah City District
Harad District
Hayran District
Khayran Al Muharraq District
Ku'aydinah District
Kuhlan Affar District
Kuhlan Ash Sharaf District
Kushar District
Mabyan District
Midi District
Mustaba District
Najrah District
Qafl Shamer District
Qarah District
Sharas District
Wadhrah District
Washhah District

References 

Governorates of Yemen
Sa'dah Governorate

Sa'dah ( ) is one of the governorates of Yemen. Its capital is Sa'dah.

References

Other websites
 IRIN 2007, 'Humanitarian situation in Saada remains poor despite peace agreement', IRIN, 31 July. Retrieved on 27 April 2008.

Governorates of Yemen
Greyfriars Kirkyard

Greyfriars Kirkyard is a cemetery in Edinburgh, Scotland. It surrounds Greyfriars Kirk in the Old Town. Burials have been held since the late 16th century. The kirk and its monuments are protected as a category A-listed building. The kirkyard is said to be haunted. 

Many notable Scots are buried in the kirkyard including Sir George Mackenzie, Lord Advocate Mary Erskine, Regent of Scotland George Buchanan, and John Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton. The kirkyard is the resting place of Greyfriars Bobby, a Skye terrier who stayed by his master's grave in the kirkyard for 14 years.

Cemeteries
Edinburgh
Skye terrier

The Skye terrier is a breed of dog. It is medium sized with short legs, a long body, and a large head. It has a long coat of hair that protects the animal from injury and bad weather. It is one of the oldest terrier breeds, and  has its origins on the Isle of Skye, Scotland. The dog was bred to destroy the pests around farms and livestock. The dog became popular in the 19th century because Queen Victoria made it a favorite. The most famous Skye terrier is Greyfriars Bobby. He stayed beside his master's grave for 14 years, rain or shine. There is a statue and fountain in Edinburgh that remembers him.

References
 

Terriers
B-25 Empire State Building crash

The B-25 Empire State Building crash was a plane crash that occurred on July 28, 1945. On that date, a B-25 Mitchell plane in heavy fog crashed into the Empire State Building in New York City. It caused 14 deaths (three people in the plane and eleven people in the building). It caused damage of around $1 million.

The plane crashed between the 78th and 80th floors of the building, leaving a 18 ft (5.5 m) by 20 ft (6.1 m) hole in the building. The fire that was started was put out in 40 minutes. It is the only fire at such a height that has been successfully put out. Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a fall of 75 floors, which is the Guinness World Record for the longest fall survived in an elevator. The building was reopened the Monday after the crash.

References

Other websites
On This Day in Aviation History: July 28th
Video Footage

1945 in the United States
1940s in New York (state)
Aviation disasters in the United States
Disasters in the 1940s
History of Manhattan
20th century in New York City
July events
Pulp fiction

Pulp fiction is a kind of literature. It gets its name from the cheap, wood pulp paper it was printed on.  Pulp fiction covered several genres: romance, western, science fiction, horror, detective, adventure, etc. It was most popular in the United States during the 1920s–1940s. Publication then decreased, perhaps because television took over the evening hours for readers and magazines were not read as often. Pulp fiction was published in a cheap magazine format often with gaudy covers. Stories were sometimes serialized, meaning the reader had to buy each monthly issue over a period of time to complete a particular story. 

Fiction books
Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (Chinese: ) was a time when Japan controlled Hong Kong. It began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, gave up the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941. The occupation lasted for three years and eight months until Japan gave up at the end of Second World War.

Economics 
One day after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong started, the Japanese military yen was changed to the only legal currency of Hong Kong. In January 1942, two Hong Kong dollars could be converted to one Japanese military yen. However, in July, four Hong Kong dollars were needed to be converted to one Japanese military yen.

Education 

All primary schools and secondary schools had to teach Japanese. They were not allowed to teach English.

Reference 

1941 establishments
1945 disestablishments in Asia
1940s in Japan
History of Hong Kong
World War II
2012 Lamma Island ferry collision

On 1 October 2012, two ferries collided off Yung Shue Wan, Lamma Island, Hong Kong. Since the day was the National Day of the People's Republic of China, one of the ships was headed for the commemorative firework display.

39 deaths were caused in the accident.

References 

2012 disasters
Accidental deaths
2010s in Hong Kong
Disasters in China
2012 in Asia
2010s in China
Anthony Di Pietro

Anthony Di Pietro (born 15 February 1969) is an Australian businessman who works in Melbourne. He is the chairman of the Victorian football club Melbourne Victory. He is also the Chief Executive Officer of a national fruit and vegetable produce company.

References

1969 births
Living people
People from Melbourne
Australian businesspeople
Vitruvius

Vitruvius (probably Marcus Vitruvius Pollio) was an Ancient Roman architect and engineer who lived in the 1st century BC. Neither his name, Marcus, nor his cognomen Pollio are certain. His main work is called De architectura (About architecture). There are ten books in it. He was probably born between 80 and 70 BC in Campania, and died after 15 BC.

70s BC births
1st-century BC deaths
Roman people
Architects
Engineers
Red Lobster

Red Lobster is a casual dining type of restaurant. The first one opened in March 1969 in Montreal, Quebec. The chain serves seafood, chicken, steak and pasta. There are more than 42069 Red Lobster locations world-wide.

American restaurants
1969 establishments in the United States
Wankel engine

The Wankel engine is a type of combustion engine. It is sometimes called a rotary engine. The Wankel engine is better than an engine of the reciprocating piston design because it is more compact and simple. 
However, so far, nobody has found a good enough solution to the fact that oil (lubricant) has to be burnt along with the fuel. This causes pollution issues, besides wasting oil. This is why most vehicles still use piston engines.

History 
Machines
Propulsion
The Wankel engine was first thought of by German engineer Felix Wankel in 1929. He started working on it in the early 1950s along with German car company NSU. Since, it has been used by various other car companies, but mostly in prototype cars. One exception was Mazda, which made several cars that used Wankel engines, with the most well known one being the Mazda RX-7. As of 2021, there are no cars in production that have Wankel engines.

Way it works 
The Wankel engine works in a way similar to that of a regular four-stroke engine but instead of a piston going up and down, a triangle-shaped metal rotor revolves around the rod that connects to the wheels. Unfortunately, the way it works causes it to burn oil (lubricant), and this causes emissions to increase, which is why no cars use this kind of engine nowadays.
Ganz (surname)

Ganz is a German surname. People with this name include:

Bruno Ganz (1941–2019), Swiss actor
Maurizio Ganz (born 1968), Italian footballer
Voyage of Slaves

Voyage of Slaves is the third novel in Brian Jacques' Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series. It was released on September 13, 2006 in the UK and September 14, 2006 in the US.

Fantasy books
2006 books
Greek Orthodox Church

The Greek Orthodox Church is a Christian denomination. It is the largest one in Greece and among Greek people worldwide. It is Eastern Orthodox in doctrine. The Church of Greece is the Greek Orthodox church. Its head is the Archbishop of Athens. There are other Greek Orthodox churches in other countries.

Related pages
Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria

Other websites

What is the Greek Orthodox Church?

Eastern Orthodox Church
Greek culture
The Great Redwall Feast

The Great Redwall Feast is a picture book written by Brian Jacques. The pictures were drawn by the well-known Redwall artist Christopher Denise. It was published in 1996.

Plot introduction
The Great Redwall Feast is the first Redwall picture book, and it was written like a ballad. The animals of Redwall Abbey prepare a surprise feast for their abbot.

Plot summary

The Great Redwall Feast is a story about the creatures of Redwall preparing for a feast while Matthias the Warriormouse, Constance the Badger guardian, Foremole, and the Abbot are traveling in Mossflower Woods looking for a mysterious Bobbatan Weary Nod. The book shows the Abbeydwellers bustling in Redwall, cooking, gathering flowers, and doing other things for the feast for their beloved Abbot (probably Abbot Mordalfus). Many characters from Redwall and Mattimeo are in the book, but the baby mole Bungo is the only character in the book that wasn't in any Redwall novel.

Illustrations and significance
The warm-colored pictures by Christopher Denise were drawn on brown butcher paper using pastels, and instead of showing the Redwallers getting ready for war, it shows them much happier and friendly, at work in their daily lives.

Brian Jacques said that The Great Redwall Feast was "written a little more for mothers to read to their children, but many Redwall lovers will also enjoy it, because there is the challenge of solving a riddle before the end of the rhyme."

Translations
(German) Das grofte Festmahl von Redwall

References

Redwall
1996 books
Lightsaber

A lightsaber is a weapon used in the fictional Star Wars universe. Lightsabers are usually used by the Jedi and the Sith, and sometimes other factions.

Description
A lightsaber resembles a sword, but instead of having a blade made out of metal, lightsabers have a plasma laser beam for the blade, powered by an internal power cell contained within the hilt. This beam is very powerful and can cut through almost anything.

A lightsaber's blade will typically be red, blue, or green. The Sith are known to wield red lightsabers, and the Jedi are known for their signature blue and green lightsabers. In some of the Expanded Universe books, there are lightsabers that appear in a variety of other colors as well.

Star Wars
Fictional weapons
Science fiction technology
Hartford Courant

The Hartford Courant is the largest newspaper in the U.S. state of Connecticut. This newspaper is often considered the oldest continuously-published newspaper in the United States. Its headquarters are in Hartford, though it also serves other places in the area. This newspaper was established in 1764.

Newspapers in the United States
Courant
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Connecticut
Biceps

The biceps brachii is a muscle in the arm. It has two parts, a long part and a short part.  Using the elbow the muscle helps the movement of the forearm. When the muscle shortens, it bends the elbow and twists the forearm so that the palm faces up. The two parts of the muscle start on different parts of the shoulder blade and end together on the forearm.

The biceps is also a muscle in other quadrupeds. In humans, the muscle is more complex, and allows more complex movement than in other quadrupeds. 

The word biceps literally means two-headed, and refers to the fact that the muscle attaches to two different parts of the shoulder. In quadrupeds, the muscle only attaches at one point of the shoulder.

References

Muscles
Limbs and extremities
Philanthropy

Philanthropy is doing something for the public good to improve other people's lives. A person who does that is called a philanthropist. Philanthropy often involves donating money for things that need to be done.

The word "philanthropy" comes from Greek words that mean "love of humanity". President of Uruguay, José Mujica donates 90% of his salary to charity. This is an example of philanthropy. 

Today philanthropy is used for public good, focusing on quality of life. People owning big business donates their salary to charities such as Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Lee Miglin, Chuck Feeney and Ted Turner.

Related pages
Altruism
Charitable organization

Society
Altenbrunslar

Altenbunslar is one of the sixteen villages that form the town of Felsberg in Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, North Hesse, Germany. The nearest city is Kassel.

Geography 

Approximately 306 people live in the village.

The village is on the eastern bank of the Eder River. To the east of the village is the Quillerwald (English: Quiller Forest) or Markwald (English: common forest). This forest once belonged to all the villages around it. The people of the villages were allowed to cut down trees and to let animals feed there, but they were not allowed to hunt in the forest. The Eder River meets the Fulda River just 9 km (5.6 mi) upstream from Altenbrunslar at Edermünde.

The bedrock is made up of differently-coloured sandstones. The hilly landscape is formed by way that the sandstone wears down evenly. Some steep hills are the remains of volcanoes. The volcanoes were active in this area about 15-20 million years ago.

History 

3000 years before the birth of Christ, the area was inhabited by a prehistoric people.

The name Bruneslar was first recorded in 1154. The name Altenbrunslar was first used in 1381. It was owned by a local knight.

In 1532 Altenbrunslar received a monk from a nearby monastery.

In the Middle Ages Altenbrunslar belonged to the town of Felsberg. This later became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Westphalia and then it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. On 1 February 1971, Altenbrunslar joined Neuenbrunslar to become the Brunslar Community. This in turn became part of the town of Felsberg on 1 January 1974.

A railway was constructed through the village in 1848. In 1849 Altenbrunslar received a railway station. On 3 September 1849 the first train came through Altenbrunslar, pulled by a locomotive called Hassia.

In the Second World War the Allies destroyed Edersee Dam on the night of 16-17 May 1943. A big flood wave hit the village half an hour later. The people of the village heard the news on the radio and ran into the forest. The water flooded the Eder valley. The bridge in Altenbrunslar was not knocked down by the water.

Buildings 

The first stone bridge over the Eder River at Altenbrunslar was built in 1885. Before this there was a wooden bridge in summer and a ferryman with a boat in winter.

The small chapel in Altenbrunslar is a protected building. It was built in the 10th Century. In 1861 a wooden second storey was built on the chapel. In 2000, the chapel was completely renovated. The villagers believe that the church bell came from the nearby village of Brechelsdorf. Brechelsdorf is a nearby village that was destroyed many years ago.

In popular media 
Altenbrunslar was the Dolles Dorf (English: great village) in the Hessischer Rundfunk television programme of the same name. A ten-minute movie about the village was first shown on 25 August 2012.  It can be seen still on the  "Dolles Dorf" HR website.

Other websites 
 Official website of the village 

Villages in Hesse
Tatooine

Tatooine is a desert planet in the fictional Star Wars universe. Anakin Skywalker was born on Tatooine, and his son Luke Skywalker grew up there.

Tatooine is a place with lots of criminals (including Jabba the Hutt), and slavery exists on this planet.

References

Star Wars planets
Redhill, Surrey

Redhill is a town in the borough of Reigate and Banstead in Surrey, England. The town is part of the London commuter belt. The town of Reigate is to the west and Greater London is to the north. In 2001, the town, including the two large southern neighbourhoods of Earlswood and Whitebushes, had a total resident population of approximately 26,000 people.

Other websites

Towns in Surrey
Redhill, Nottinghamshire

Redhill is a small community in Nottinghamshire, England. It is part of the bigger town of Arnold. Redhill is about 4 miles north of the city of Nottingham in the borough of Gedling. 
The area has a population of approximately 2,000 people.

Villages in Nottinghamshire
Naboo

Naboo is a planet in the fictional Star Wars universe. It is the home planet of two societies: the Gungans who live in underwater cities and the humans who live in regular cities. Humans of Naboo have a king or queen that they choose, and have a peaceful culture that loves education, the arts, environmental protection and science. The main capital of Naboo is Theed.

Star Wars planets
Redhill, Somerset

Redhill is a village in the parish of Wrington, Somerset, England. It is on the A38 Bridgwater Road. The town is about  south of Bristol and it is close to Bristol Airport. The town is part of the Unitary Authority of North Somerset.

Other websites

Villages in Somerset
Stormtrooper (Star Wars)

In the fictional Star Wars universe, Stormtroopers are highly trained soldiers working for the evil Emperor Palpatine and his sidekick Darth Vader. They wear white armor and helmets, and use blaster guns.

Some of the Stormtroopers are clones (copies) of a bounty hunter named Jango Fett. These clones used to be on the side of the Galactic Republic, but after being told by the Emperor to kill all the Jedi, they killed most of them, and afterwards became Stormtroopers. Later, regular men and women became Stormtroopers too.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars characters
Cal Worthington

Calvin Coolidge "Cal" Worthington (November 27, 1920 – September 8, 2013) was an American car dealer. He was best known for his radio and television advertisements for the Worthington Dealership Group. He appeared with either a tiger, a seal, an elephant, a chimpanzee, a hippopotamus, or a bear.

Worthington was born on November 27, 1920 in Shidler, Oklahoma. He was named after then-Vice President of the United States Calvin Coolidge. Worthington died on September 8, 2013 in Orland, California from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Official site
 The "My Dog Spot" ads made available online

1920 births
2013 deaths
American radio personalities
American television personalities
Deaths from natural causes
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
Concord, Massachusetts

Concord is a town in east-central Massachusetts, not that far away from Boston. The population for Concord in the 2010 Census was nearly 17,700. The town is extremely notable for playing significant roles in the history of America. The town was the primary battle scene during the American Revolutionary War. Concord was established around 1635.

Towns in Massachusetts
1635 establishments
1630s establishments in Massachusetts
Value judgement

A value judgement (or value judgment) is an opinion of the rightness or wrongness or usefulness of something.

It is based on what a person thinks or prefers. Value judgments are not true or false. This is because they are not objective. They are decisions about how a person thinks or feels, or about what action a person thinks should be taken. They are opinions.

A typical dictionary definition runs:
"A perspective towards a person, object, principle etc. based on how one values [its] properties or characteristics".

References 

Words
Psychology
Ski pole

Ski poles are carried by skiers to help them not falling over. They are called "ski sticks" in the United Kingdom. In France, they are called "batons".

Description 
Ski poles in alpine skiing are shorter than ski poles in Nordic skiing.  Longer ski poles are used in cross country and free style skiing.

They are made from metal or composite material.

History 
Ski poles have been used for a long time.  People first used one ski pole when skiing.  The first ski poles could also be used as a weapon.  A flat circle was put near the bottom of the ski pole in the 17th century.  This made it so the ski pole would not go all the way down to the ground. People started to use two ski poles by the start of World War I.

A steel ski pole was first made in 1937.  It was invented by Otto Lang.  Before this, some people used bamboo for ski poles.  More and more people started using metal ski poles after World War II.

Lots of changes were made to ski poles from 1950 to 1975.

References 

Skiing equipment
Abell 2029

Abell 2029 or A2029 is a large cluster of galaxies 1 billion light years away in the constellation Virgo. 

Its central galaxy, IC 1101, is the largest galaxy known. Estimates ranging from 5.6 to over 6 million light years across. Contrast this with the Milky Way, which is 200,000 light years across. 

A2029 is also about 81 times bigger than the Milky Way, with a luminosity of 2 L☉. This type of galaxy may have grown to its large size by accreting nearby galaxies.

References

Other websites

The Scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day 2012 March 12)
 Curious About Astronomy?, "What is the largest galaxy?", Cornell University

Galaxy clusters
Ski bindings

Ski bindings keep ski boots connected to skis.   The first ski bindings were ropes connect to the ski.  People put their boot under the rope.

There are different ski bindings for alpine skiing and Nordic skiing.  Alpine ski bindings connect the bottom of the ski boot to the ski.  Nordic ski bindings connect the toe of the ski boot to the ski.

References 

Skiing equipment
Ski boots

Ski boots are boots people wear when skiing. They cover the ankle and are rigid.  Ski boots are connected to skis by ski bindings. They are made from synthetic materials.  Ski boots keep the feet of skiers warm.  

Before the 1900s, people used normal boots for skiing.  The first boots for skiing were made by military people fighting in the Russo-Finnish War. 

The front of Nordic ski boots connect to the ski at the toes.

References 

Skiing equipment
Footwear
Walking on Locusts

Walking on Locusts is the twelfth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in September 1996. It was the first of Cale's full-length albums to be produced by Hannibal Records label. It was his only studio album in the 1990s.

Track listing 
"Dancing Undercover" − 4:25 	
"Set Me Free" − 4:11 	
"So What" − 4:11 	
"Crazy Egypt" − 3:28 	
"So Much for Love" − 5:01 	
"Tell Me Why" − 5:25 	
"Indistinct Notion of Cool" − 2:44 	
"Secret Corrida" − 6:02 	
"Circus" − 4:03 	
"Gatorville & Points East" − 3:00 	
"Some Friends" − 4:06 	
"Entre Nous" − 3:42

Personnel 
 John Cale − guitar, keyboards, vocals
 Erik Sanko − bass guitar
 Ibrahim Hakhmoun − percussions
 Dawn Buckholz − cello
 David Byrne − guitar
 Mark Deffenbaugh − guitar, harmonica
 E.J. Rodriguez − congos, percussions
 Maureen Tucker − drums
 Ben Perowsky − drums
 Hassan Hakhmoun − percussions
 David Tronzo − guitar
 B.J. Cole − pedal steel guitar
 Ben Neill − trumpet
 Martha Mooke − viola
 David Soldier − violin
 Todd Reynolds − violin
 Soldier String Quartet − strings
 Lafayette Inspirational Ensemble − background vocals
 Daisy Lignelli − background vocals
 Eden Cale − background vocals
 Joanne O'Brien − background vocals
 Napua Davoy − background vocals
 Susan Didericksen − background vocals
 Tiyé Giraud − background vocals

John Cale albums
1996 albums
Paris 1919

Paris 1919 is the third studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1973. It was the second and last of Cale's full-length albums to be released by Reprise Records. It was produced by Chris Thomas.

Track listing 
All tracks written by John Cale.
 "Child's Christmas in Wales"
 "Hanky Panky Nohow"
 "The Endless Plain of Fortune"
 "Andalucía"
 "Macbeth"
 "Paris 1919"
 "Graham Greene"
 "Half Past France"
 "Antarctica Starts Here"

Personnel 
 John Cale – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, viola
 Lowell George – guitar
 Wilton Felder – bass guitar
 Richie Hayward – drums
 Bill Payne – keyboards
 Chris Thomas – tambourine
 The UCLA Symphony Orchestra – strings

John Cale albums
1973 albums
Vintage Violence

Vintage Violence is the first studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1970 on Columbia Records label. Cale is also the producer of this album.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the Vintage Violence liner notes.
John Cale –  vocals; bass guitar; guitar; keyboards
Penguin
Garland Jeffreys –  guitar; backing vocals
Ernie Coralla –  guitar
Sanford Konikoff –  drums
Harvey Brooks – bass guitar
Stan Szelest –  piano

Production
John Cale – producer
Lewis Merenstein – producer 
John McClure –  executive production
Don Meehan – engineer
Jim Reeves – engineer
Isi Valeris –  photography

References

Other websites

John Cale albums
1970 albums
Black Panties (R. Kelly album)

Black Panties is the twelfth solo studio album by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was going to be released on 11 November 2013, by RCA Music Group. But some changes were made to the album. It was released on December 6 2013.

Kelly said that this album is different from his previous albums Love Letter and Write Me Back.

The first single "My Story" was released on 28 July 2013. Genius got released a month later on Itunes and R. Kelly's Vevo page.

On December 10, 2013, the music video was released for "Cookie".

The album featured guest appearances by 2 Chainz, Future, Young Jeezy, Twista, Kelly Rowland, Alicia Keys and Ludacris. But only Ludacris, Kelly Rowland and Young Jeezy made the final cut of the album.

Music critics gave Black Panties good reviews.

Kelly said that he made 362 songs for Black Panties.

Black Panties entered the Billboard 200 at number four.

Track listing

References

2013 albums
R&B albums
Vladimír Guma Kulhánek

Vladimír Guma Kulhánek (born 4 September 1944 in Prague) is a Czech rock bass guitarist. He studied at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague. He was member of Flamengo, Etc..., Stromboli, Bohemia and many other bands. He was also a sought-after session musician who has played with Dežo Ursiny, Eva Pilarová, Jana Kratochvílová, Anna K and many others. Now, he is member of T4, November 2nd, Energit and the supergroup called Kulhánek/Holeček/Razím/Kowacz.

References

1944 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Bass guitarists
Roman Dragoun

Roman Dragoun (born 8 April 1956) is a Czech singer, songwriter and keyboardist. He is a member of the band Progres 2. He was a member between 1980 and 1983, and has rejoined the band since 2007. He was also member of Stromboli, T4 and Futurum. He was a session musician for a number of other musicians and he was singer for musical theatre. In 2012, Dragoun was inducted into Beatová síň slávy (the Beat Hall of Fame).

He is the son of painter František Roman Dragoun.

References

Other websites

 Oficial website
 

1956 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Keyboardists
Czech singers