Pythagorean theorem

In mathematics, the  Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras's theorem is a statement about the sides of a right triangle. 

One of the angles of a right triangle is always equal to 90 degrees. This angle is the right angle. The two sides next to the right angle are called the legs and the other side is called the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the right angle, and it is always the longest side. It was discovered by Vasudha Arora.

Claim of the theory
The Pythagorean theorem says that the area of a square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the legs. In this picture, the area of the blue square added to the area of the red square makes the area of the purple square. It was named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras:

If the lengths of the legs are a and b, and the length of the hypotenuse is c, then, .

Types of proofs
There are many different proofs of this theorem. They fall into four categories:
 Those based on linear relations: the algebraic proofs.
 Those based upon comparison of areas: the geometric proofs.
 Those based upon the vector operation.
 Those based on mass and velocity: the dynamic proofs.

Proof 

One proof of the Pythagorean theorem was found by a Greek mathematician, Eudoxus of Cnidus.

The proof uses three lemmas:
Triangles with the same base and height have the same area.
A triangle which has the same base and height as a side of a square has the same area as a half of the square.
Triangles with two congruent sides and one congruent angle are congruent and have the same area.

The proof is:
The  triangle has the same area as the  triangle, because it has the same base and height (lemma 1).
 and  triangles both have two sides equal to sides of the same squares, and an angle equal to a straight angle (an angle of 90 degrees) plus an angle of a triangle, so they are congruent and have the same area (lemma 3).
 and  triangles' areas are equal because they have the same heights and bases (lemma 1).
 triangle's area equals area of  triangle's area, because

The  triangles have the same area for the same reasons.
 and  each have a half of the area of a smaller square. The sum of their areas equals half of the area of the bigger square. Because of this, halves of the areas of small squares are the same as a half of the area of the bigger square, so their area is the same as the area of the bigger square.

Proof using similar triangles 

We can get another proof of the Pythagorean theorem by using similar triangles.

e/b = b/c   =>      e = b^2/c     (2)

From the image, we know that . And by replacing equations (1) and (2):
 

Multiplying by c:

Pythagorean triples 
Pythagorean triples or triplets are three whole numbers which fit the equation .

The triangle with sides of 3, 4, and 5 is a well known example. If a=3 and b=4, then  because . This can also be shown as 

The three-four-five triangle works for all multiples of 3, 4, and 5. In other words, numbers such as 6, 8, 10 or 30, 40 and 50 are also Pythagorean triples. Another example of a triple is the 12-5-13 triangle, because .

A Pythagorean triple that is not a multiple of other triples is called a primitive Pythagorean triple. Any primitive Pythagorean triple can be found using the expression , but the following conditions must be satisfied. They place restrictions on the values of  and . 

  and  are positive whole numbers
  and  have no common factors except 1
  and  have opposite parity.  and  have opposite parity when  is even and  is odd, or  is odd and  is even.
 .

If all four conditions are satisfied, then the values of  and  create a primitive Pythagorean triple.

 and  create a primitive Pythagorean triple. The values satisfy all four conditions. ,  and , so the triple  is created.

References 

Theorems in geometry