cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Traffic collision

A traffic collision, or motor vehicle collision, is when a vehicle hits another vehicle, person or object. Pedestrians, animals, road debris or other objects may be involved.

Traffic collisions often result in injury, death, and property damage. They injure tens of millions of people every year, and kill usually a little more than a million.  

Road safety is partly a matter of design.  Ideally, roads should be designed for the safety of all road users.  This would mean providing adequate facilities for pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists.  Infrastructure measures such as footpaths, cycling lanes, safe crossing points, and other traffic calming measures can help reduce the risk of injury.

Other websites
US car deaths

References

Automobiles
Malden, Massachusetts

Malden is a suburban city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 56,340 at the 2000 census.

Geography 
Malden is located at . It is bordered by Melrose on the North, Everett on the south, Medford on the west, Revere on the east, and Saugus on the northeast.

Neighborhoods 

Like many communities in New England, many towns and neighborhoods are organized around "Squares" which are locations of crossroads and town commons dating from the colonial and early 19th century years. Many of the neighborhoods in Malden take their name and identity from the Square they are centered around.

Malden's squares include Malden Square (formerly Converse Square, and the location of downtown Malden), Oak Grove Square (at Oak Grove T Station, Bellrock Square (at the intersections of Cross, Main and Medford Sts.), Judson Square (near Ferryway Green/School), former Suffolk Square (at Cross and Bryant Streets, and the location of a thriving Jewish community until being claimed by urban renewal in the 1960s), Maplewood Square (at Lebanon, Maplewood and Salem Streets) and Linden Square.

Some of the neighborhoods in Malden include Faulkner (location of the former Suffolk Square) West End, Edgeworth, Linden, Ferryway, Forestdale, Maplewood, Bellrock, and Belmont Hill (located between Bellrock and Ferryway).

References

Other websites

Cities in Massachusetts
1640 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1640s establishments in Massachusetts
Gary Bettman

Gary Bettman (born June 2 1952) is the current commissioner of the National Hockey League. He has held this post since February 1 1993. He is unpopular among many hockey fans, who are still angry over the lockout a few years ago. He has become even more unpopular for leading the league into another lockout in September 2012.

1952 births
Living people
National Hockey League
Businesspeople from New York
Australian Recording Industry Association

The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a group that represents the music industry in Australia. It is in charge of music licenses and royalties. ARIA has more than 100 members, and is run by a Board of Directors. ARIA holds annual award ceremonies called the "ARIA Music Awards" where prizes are given for Australian music. It also runs the "ARIA" which are music charts which list the most popular songs and albums in Australia each week.

2009 ARIA award winners
 Album of the year - Walking on a Dream - by Empire of the Sun
 Single of the year - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
 Best Group - Empire of the Sun
 Best pop release - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
 Breakthrough artist album - Ladyhawke - by Ladyhawke
 Breakthrough artist single - "My Delirium" - by Ladyhawke
 Best female artist - Sarah Blasko, for "As Day Follow Night"
 Best male artist - Daniel Merriweather, for "Love & War"
 Best rock album - Black Ice by AC/DC
 Best urban release - "State of the Art" by Hilltop Hoods
 Best dance release - "Talk Like That" by the Presets
 Best blues and roots album - Jungle Blues by C.W. Stoneking
 Best country album - I Love This Place by Troy Cassar-Daley
 Best independent release - Secrets and Lies by Bertie Blackman
 Best adult contemporary album - Chimney's Afire by Josh Pyke
 Best DVD - "TV Is My Parent" by Sia
 Best children's album - The Wiggles Go Bananas! by the Wiggles
 Best comedy release - Unessential Listening by Hamish and Andy
 Highest selling single - "Running Back" by Jessica Mauboy
 Highest selling album - Black Ice by AC/DC

2010 Aria Award winners
Album of the Year - Down the Way by Angus and Julia Stone
Single of the Year - "Big Jet Plane" by Angus and Julia Stone
Best group - The Temper Trap

References

Organisations based in Australia
Music industry
Australian music
Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel)  is a part of Microsoft Office. It is also avaliable on Mac.  It is made by Microsoft and it is proprietary software. It is used on the operating systems Microsoft Windows and macOS. It can do calculations and graphics. For example, it can make charts and other pictures from data tables. It also has a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel is part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2016 for Windows and 2016 for Mac.

Microsoft
Villeneuve-de-Berg

Villeneuve-de-Berg is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Astro Nusantara

Astro Nusantara is a satellite television service in Indonesia. Astro Nusantara is operated by PT Direct Vision (found on 28 February 2006), a joint venture company between Astro All Asia Networks plc and PT First Media Tbk. subsidiary PT. Direct Vision. Currently, the service consists of 48 channels including 5 locally produced Indonesia exclusive channels were launched under the Astro brand.

Related pages
 Astro Malaysia
 List of TV Stations in Indonesia

Other websites 
Astro Nusantara official website
Astro All Asia Networks plc official website
Astro (Malaysia) service website

Television
Oxnard, California

Oxnard is the largest city in Ventura County, California. Over 200,000 people live there. Founded in 1903. It is at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain, and is one of the world's most important agricultural places, that has the strawberry and lima bean capital.

References

Other websites 

 City of Oxnard website
 Oxnard @ The Official Conejo Valley Website, a website with local history, events, and community information.

 
1903 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in California
Real Madrid Baloncesto

Real Madrid is a Spanish basketball team. It was founded in 1932 as a division of the Real Madrid club.

2011-2020

The team secured the club's 10th European Cup crown in May 2018, before clinching a 34th league title in June of the same year. Three seasons earlier, in the 2014/15 campaign, the Whites enjoyed a historic year in which the team captured five titles, including a ninth continental crown. The success of that season was followed up in the 2015/16 campaign, which ended with the team winning the league and Copa del Rey double. The side also lifted this latter title in the tournament's 2017 edition.

Major Trophies 
 European Champions : 8 (Record)
 1963/64 1964/65 1966/67 1967/68 1973/74 1977/78 1979/80 1994/95
 Spanish League  : 30 (Record)
 1956/57 1957/58 1959/60 1960/61 1961/62 1962/63 1963/64 1964/65 1965/66 196768 1968/69 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 1978/79 1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1984/85 1985/86 1992/93 1993/94 1999/2000 2004/05 2006/07
 Copa del Rey de Baloncesto : 22 (Record)
 1950/51 1951/52 1953/54 1955/56 1956/57 1959/60 1960/61 1961/62 1964/65 1965/66 1966/67 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1976/77 1984/85 1985/86 1988/89 1992/93
 European Cup Winner's Cup : 4  (Record)
 1983/84 1988/89 1991/92 1996/97
 ULEB Cup :  1
 2006/2007
 Korac Cup : 1
 1987/88
 World basketball clubs championship : 1
 1980/81
 Intercontinental Cups : 5  (Record)
 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 2015
 Copa Latina de Baloncesto : 1
 1966/67
 Spanish Supercup: 1
 1984/85
 International Christmas tournaments (Campeón Torneo de Navidad): 26   (Record)
 1967/68, 1968/69, 1969/70, 1970/71, 1972/73, 1973/74, 1974/75, 1975/76, 1976/77, 1977/78, 1978/79, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1985/86, 1986/87, 1987/88, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1995/96, 1996/,97 1997/98, 2000/01, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06.

Current Squad 
''The numbers are established according to the official website: www.realmadrid.com

 Head of Operations:
  Antonio Martín Espina
 General Manager:
  Alberto Herreros
 Councillor:
  Vlade Divac

Famous Players 

 Clifford Luyk
 Wayne Brabender
 Walter Szczerbiak
 Rickey Brown
 Joe Arlauckas
 Charles Smith

Famous Coaches 
 Joaquín Hernández
 Pedro Ferrándiz
 Lolo Sainz
 Željko Obradoviz

References 

Sport in Spain
Basketball teams
Madrid
1932 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Spain
Vinezac

Vinezac  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages

 Côtes du Vivarais AOC
 Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Vogüé

Vogüé is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Chirols

Chirols is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Chomérac

Chomérac is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France. It is 8 km (5 miles) from Ardèche's capital Privas at the centre of the Ardèche.

Communes in Ardèche
Creysseilles

Creysseilles is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Cros-de-Géorand

Cros-de-Géorand is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Duane Allman

Howard Duane Allman (November 20, 1946 – October 29, 1971) was an American musician. He was the lead guitarist of the southern rock group, the Allman Brothers Band.  He is often thought of as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, and is widely considered the greatest slide guitarist of all time.

References

American guitarists
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Writers from Nashville, Tennessee
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
Southern rock musicians
American rock musicians
American soul musicians
American blues musicians
American jazz musicians
1946 births
1971 deaths
Nomenclature

Nomenclature may mean a set or system of names or terms used by one person or by a community. This community will often be used in one or more areas of science (scientific nomenclature) or art.

Nomenclature may refer to one of the following:

Biology
 Biological nomenclature, see Biological classification
 Linnaean nomenclature, see Biological classification
 Binomial nomenclature
 Trinomial nomenclature
 Phylogenetic nomenclature
 Nomenclature Codes
 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, see Botanical nomenclature
 International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
 International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
 International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, see PhyloCode
 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
 Virus nomenclature, see Virus classification
 Gene nomenclature

Astronomy
 Astronomical naming conventions
 Planetary nomenclature
 Meteorite nomenclature
 International Astronomical Union

Chemistry
 Chemical nomenclature, for chemical compounds
 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

Notes
Saint-Étienne

Saint-Étienne is a city in France, located southwest of Lyon. It is the prefecture of the Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It was first mentioned in 1258 as Sancti Stephani de Furanum. From about the 14th century, the importance of the city grew due to the arms that were made there. Jules Massenet was born near Saint-Étienne.

A.S. Saint-Étienne is a famous football club.

Education
 EMLYON Business School

Sister cities
Saint-Étienne is twinned with:
 Annaba (عنّابة), Algeria — since 1981
 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia — since 2006
 Ben Arous (بن عروس), Tunisia — since 1994
 Coventry, United Kingdom — since 1955
 Des Moines, Iowa, United States — since 1984
 Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy — since 1960
 Fes, Morocco — since 2006
 Geltendorf, Bavaria, Germany — since 1966
 Granby, Quebec, Canada — since 1960
 Katowice, Poland — since 1994
 Luhansk (Луга́нськ), Ukraine — since 1959
 Nazareth Illit (), Israel — since 1974
 Oeiras, Portugal — since 1995
 Patras, Greece — since 1990
 Toamasina, Madagascar — since 1967
Warsaw, Poland — since 1995
 Windsor, Ontario, Canada — since 1963
 Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany — since 1960
 Xúzhōu (徐州市), Jiāngsū (江苏省), China — since 1984

Other websites 

 City council website
 Tourist board official website 

Cities in France
Communes in Loire
Departmental capitals in France
Darbres

Darbres   is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban

Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban  is a commune in the Ardèche department in south France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Saint-Julien-Labrousse

Saint-Julien-Labrousse  is a former commune in the Ardèche département in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Belsentes.

References 

Former communes in Ardèche
Saint-Julien-le-Roux

Saint-Julien-le-Roux  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Transport in Melbourne

Melbourne, Victoria, Australia has lots of transport contentions by air, sea, and on land. It has the largest tram network in the world, the most extensive freeway network of any Australian city, the busiest container port in the country, the second busiest airport and the second largest suburban rail network.

Other websites 
 Public Transport in Melbourne, Australia (RailPage Australia)
 Metlink Melbourne

References
Dompnac

Dompnac   is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Dunière-sur-Eyrieux

Dunière-sur-Eyrieux   is a commune Ardèche in southern France.

The commune's name was changed from Dunières-sur-Eyrieux to Dunière-sur-Eyrieux (without "s") on 1st of January 2001.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Fabras

Fabras  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Faugères, Ardèche

Faugères is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Flaviac

Flaviac   is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
History of the National Hockey League

The National Hockey League (NHL) is a professional sports organization. It contains ice hockey teams in Canada and the United States. It began in 1917 and is still running.

Founding 
The National Hockey League began in 1917 in Montreal. It happened because of a series of problems within the Canadian National Hockey Association (NHA). The NHA suspend operations and the new NHL started instead.

Timeline

Ice hockey in Canada
Ice hockey in the United States
National Hockey League
Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

Destroy All Humans! is a video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by THQ. It was released for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 game consoles. The game is set in 1950s U.S. and parodies the lifestyles, pop culture, and politics of this time period. The player controls Cryptosporidium 137, a member of the Furon race of aliens, who has come to Earth to harvest DNA from humans to continue the cloning process of his species. Destroy All Humans has gameplay similar to the Grand Theft Auto series.

Sequels
A sequel called Destroy All Humans! 2 was released in October 17, 2006, and also Destroy All Humans! Big Willy Unleashed has released on February 25, 2008. Exclusive on Nintendo Wii.

2005 video games
Destroy All Humans!
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
THQ games
Thylacinidae

Thylacinidae are family were all carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia.

Species
Family †Thylacinidae
Genus †Badjcinus
†Badjcinus turnbulli (Early Oligocene)
Genus †Maximucinus
†Maximucinus muirheadae (Middle Miocene)
Genus †Muribacinus
†Muribacinus gadiyuli (Middle Miocene)
Genus †Mutpuracinus
†Mutpuracinus archiboldi (Middle Miocene)
Genus †Ngamalacinus
†Ngamalacinus timmulvaneyi (Lower Miocene)
Genus †Nimbacinus
†Nimbacinus dicksoni (Late Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
†Nimbacinus richi (Middle Miocene)
Genus †Thylacinus
†Thylacinus cynocephalus, also known as the Thylacine (Early Pliocene - 1936) 
†Thylacinus macnessi (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
†Thylacinus megiriani (Upper Miocene)
†Thylacinus potens (Lower Miocene)
†Thylacinus rostralis
Genus †Tjarrpecinus
†Tjarrpecinus rothi (Upper Miocene)
Genus †Wabulacinus
†Wabulacinus ridei (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)

Dasyuromorphia
Badjcinus

Badjcinus ("expert hunter dog") was an animal that belonged to the extinct marsupial family Thylacinidae.

It was one of the most primitive members of its group, living 33 to 32 million years ago in the early Oligocene. It was quite small, averaging 5.2 lbs (2.4 kg) in weight.

Its diet probably consisted of small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and insects.

Although Badjcinus was successful in its period, it probably was pushed out by other, better developed thylacinids. The fossils were found at Riversleigh in north-west Queensland, Australia.

Dasyuromorphia
Thylacinus

Thylacinus is a genus of extinct carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia.

Species

Genus Thylacinus
Thylacinus cynocephalus, also known as the Thylacine (Early Pliocene to 1936) 
Thylacinus macnessi (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
Thylacinus megiriani (Upper Miocene)
Thylacinus potens (Lower Miocene)
Thylacinus rostralis

Dasyuromorphia
Miocene
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics

The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, (NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a geocode standard that shows the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. It was made by the European Union, so it only covers the member states of that union in detail. 

A NUTS code begins with a two-letter code referencing the country, and is identical to the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code (the only difference is UK instead of GB for the United Kingdom). The subdivision of the country is then displayed by one number. A second or third subdivision level is referred to with another number each. Each numbering starts with 1, as 0 is used for the upper level. In case the subdivision has more than 9 entities, capital letters are used to continue the numbering.

In addition to the full three levels for the European Union countries, all countries have a NUTS code with a two-letter code for a continent and two numbers for the country, and for the USA, Canada and Australia the states, provinces, and territories are numbered separately.

Some are not easily classified: for example, Gibraltar is listed as being outside the EU with the code EO21; while French Guiana is listed twice, once in France as FR930 and once in South America as AS13.

NUTS, in some ways are similar to the ISO 3166-2 standard, as well as the FIPS standard of the United States.

Levels 

There are three levels of NUTS. Some with two levels of local administrative units (LAUs) below. These were called NUTS levels 4 and 5 until July 2003, but were changed due to official regulations  although they are sometimes still described as such. Note that not all countries have every level of division, depending on their size. One of the most extreme cases is Luxembourg, which has only LAUs; the three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself.

Geocodes
European Union
Fire blight

Fire blight is a contagious disease of rosaceous plants
 The pathogen is Erwinia amylovora, a Gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. If the conditions are right, it can destroy an entire orchard in a single growing season.

Infections get into open blossoms and tender new shoots and leaves in the spring when blossoms are open. There is no known cure; prevention is the key.
Spraying plants with streptomycin or injecting plants with oxytetracycline can prevent new infections. That leads to antibiotic resistance. Spraying beneficial bacteria or yeast may also prevent fire blight from infecting new trees. The only effective treatment for plants already infected is to cut off the affected branches and dispose of them.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Trees
Rosaceae
Michael E. DeBakey

Michael Ellis DeBakey (September 7, 1908 – July 11, 2008) was an [lebanese] heart surgeon who was considered to be a very important name in his area. He was also among the early names of heart surgery.

DeBakey was born as Michel Dabaghi in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 7, 1908. His parents were born in Lebanon, but moved to America before he was born.

DeBakey was involved with medicine from a young age and went to Tulane University. He held many medicine-related positions during his lifetime.

During World War II, DeBakey made wartime medicine much better than it used to be. He was for the idea of having doctors closer to the areas of battle in war, which worked very well and due to that, more badly hurt soldiers survived. Because of this, Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (also known as MASH units) were made, and they were used during the Korean War.

In addition to MASH units, DeBakey made many important aspects to surgery, one of which was the roller pump, which DeBakey made at age 23 while still at Tulane University. This would later on make open-heart surgery able to be done, as roller pumps can make blood flow during surgery.

DeBakey worked with another important heart surgeon, Denton Cooley, but they had a disagreement related to the first artificial heart(a manmade heart) put in a human. They did not get along for a long time, but they went on good terms in 2007.

DeBakey did something rare by still practicing medicine in old age. People that he operated on included world leaders, such as Russian President Boris Yeltsin.

In 2005, a serious heart problem happened to DeBakey. Despite him having made the surgery for this problem, he, at first, did not want any surgery. As he got in worse condition, the surgical team had made the decision to perform surgery anyway. Once the surgery was done and he got in better health, DeBakey said that he was glad the surgery happened after all.

On July 11, 2008, DeBakey died of natural causes at age 99. His first wife, two of his sons, and a brother died before him, while his second wife, a daughter, two sons, and two sisters outlive him.

References

Other websites 
 DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine
 Methodist DeBakey Heart Center at The Methodist Hospital 
 Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
 Michael E. DeBakey International Surgical Society
 DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices at Texas A&M University  
 Lasker Luminary Dr. Michael DeBakey 
 The Man on the Table Was 97, but He Devised the Surgery -- The New York Times
 In Moscow in 1996, a Doctor's Visit Changed History -- The New York Times

1908 births
2008 deaths
American physicians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Scientists from Louisiana
Scientists from Texas
Caitlin

Caitlin is a female given name.  It means "pure." The name is of Irish origin.

Given names
Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards

Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards, known in Japan as , is a Nintendo 64 platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo. It was later released on the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008 and the Wii U's Virtual Console in 2015. In the game, Kirby helps Ribbon use the power of the crystal to defeat Dark Matter. It introduces the concept of combining abilities. Kirby can combine two abilities to make a new one.

2000 video games
Kirby
Nintendo 64 games
Virtual Console games
Platform games
12 Angry Men

12 Angry Men is an American drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet. It is set in New York City and stars Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose. It was produced in 1957, and is based on a play by the same name also starring Reginald Rose. It's about 12 jurors having to decide whether a defendant is guilty or not, with only one person saying not guilty in the beginning and trying to convince everyone to vote the same.

Plot 
The story is about 12 jurors having to vote on whether the defendant being tried for the murder of his father. The crime carries the death penalty, so they are deciding whether he lives or dies. At the beginning, only Juror #8 votes not guilty, and he tries to get everyone else to do the same. After a while, Juror #8 agrees to vote guilty if everyone votes guilty again, but Juror #9 votes not guilty, and they keep talking. Slowly, Juror #8 convinces more and more people to vote not guilty, with a few people fighting him strongly. In the end Juror #3 cracks under the pressure of the other jurors and they all end up voting not guilty.

Cast 

1957 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Legal movies
Movies set in New York City
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Sidney Lumet
Dilemma

A dilemma (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition") is when two solutions or possibilities are present. If both solutions are undesirable or impossible, this may put a person on the horns of a dilemma, neither outcome is comfortable.

The dilemma is sometimes put as a choice "you must accept either A, or B". Here A and B are each leading to some undesirable conclusion. 

In formal logic, the definition of a dilemma differs from everyday usage.  Two options are still present, but choosing between them is immaterial because they both imply the same conclusion.  Symbolically expressed thus:

This can be translated informally as "one (or both) of A or B is known to be true, but they both imply C, so regardless of the truth values of A and B we can conclude C."

Horned dilemmas can present more than two choices.  The number of choices of horned dilemmas can be used in their alternative names, such as two-pronged (two-horned) or dilemma proper, or three-pronged (three-horned) or trilemma, and so on.

Constructive dilemmas

1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
2. X or W.
3. Therefore, Y or Z.

Destructive dilemmas

1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
2. Not Y or not Z.
3. Therefore, not X or not W.

Responses to a dilemma 

In Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Robert Pirsig outlines possible responses to a dilemma. The classical responses are to either choose one of the two horns and refute the other or alternatively to refute both horns by showing that there are additional choices. Pirsig then mentions three illogical or rhetorical responses. One can "throw sand in the bull's eyes" by, for example, questioning the competence of the questioner. One can "sing the bull to sleep" by, for example, stating that the answer to the question is beyond one's own humble powers and asking the questioner for help. Finally one can "refuse to enter the arena" by, for example, stating that the question is unanswerable.

Related pages 
 Prisoner's dilemma
 False dilemma
 Paradox
 Trilemma

Logic
Hapkido

Hapkido () is a Korean martial art.

To simple sight it is a combination of techniques of taekwondo with others of aikibudo. Its teaching is very much focused to the self-defence.

History 
The history of hapkido is enough confused, but many resources believe it to be the work of two Koreans: Choi Yong Sul (1904-1986) and Ji Han Jae (1936-). When was child, Choi had been in Japan, where it seems that he worked as servant for the master of Daito ryu Aiki jutsu, Sokaku Takeda.

Choi had demonstrated qualities in Daito-ryu Aiki-jutsu and often in Takeda they sent him in order to face with other persons who performed martial arts. From his return to Korea, Choi had begun to give classes of martial arts. One of his students, Ji Han Jae, had made Korean traditional techniques of kicks and punches (obtained from taekkyon and from hwarangdo) a part of the collection of techniques and in result he gave it the name of hapkido in the 1959.

Besides of Choi and Ji, many schools of Korean martial arts have taken part in the development of several techniques that have helped in causing such hapkido as it is known it.

Other websites 
  Sin Moo Hapkido in Spain
 Official Website
  Spanish Association Yang Hum Kwan Hapkido 
  Official Website Sin Moo Hapkido in France 
  Site of the Hapki Yu Kwon Sul of Land of Basques 
 Official Website of the Cheong Kyum Association 

Martial arts
Fons, Ardèche

Fons is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Freyssenet

Freyssenet is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Genestelle

Genestelle  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Gilhac-et-Bruzac

Gilhac-et-Bruzac  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages

 Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Gluiras

Gluiras is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France. It is mostly known for its food.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Gourdon, Ardèche

Gourdon is a commune in of the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
You Am I

You Am I is a band from Sydney, Australia. It started in 1989 and plays alternative rock music. You Am I is famous for its lead singer Tim Rogers, for having lots of albums at number one on the ARIA Charts, and for their live music.

References

Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups from Sydney
Italian Grand Prix

The Italian Grand Prix (Gran Premio d'Italia) is one of the longest running motor racing events. The first Italian Grand Prix motor racing championship was on September 4, 1921 at Brescia. Now the race is run at the Monza track instead. This track was built in 1922 and was used for almost all other races from then on.

The Italian Grand Prix counted toward the European Championship from 1935 to 1938.

The Italian Grand Prix was one of the first Formula One championship races in 1950. It and has been held every year since then. The only other championship race like this is the British Grand Prix.

After winning the 2006 Italian Grand Prix, Michael Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1. It was the end of the 2006 season. Kimi Räikkönen took over from him at Ferrari for the 2007 season.

Winners of the Italian Grand Prix

Multiple winners (drivers) 
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Multiple winners (constructors) 
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of any championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Grand Prix Championship.
A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.

Multiple winners (engine manufacturers)Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.A pink background indicates an event which was not part of any championship.A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Grand Prix Championship.A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.

* Between 1997–2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

** Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

*** Built by  Porsche

Year by year 

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of any championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.
''A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.

References

Other websites 

 Official Website of the Italian Formula One Grand Prix 

Formula One Grands Prix
Sport in Italy
Vodafone

Vodafone is a mobile phone network operator. Its headquarters are in Newbury, Berkshire, England. It is the largest mobile phone network company in the world; it has a market value of about £75 billion (June 2008).

Other websites 
 

Mobile phone companies
Game engine

A game engine is a tool box that carries all the necessary equipment needed to rapidly build a consistent world just like the real world. For example, in real life you would expect an apple to fall to the floor if you let it go from your hand. Game makers use game engines to apply similar rules into their games which allow consistency across their game.

Components

Main game program 
Game engines help game creators make rules for their games, which is also known as game logic.

Rendering engine 
The rendering engine creates the 3D images found in video games; most rendering engines rely on dedicated graphics tools and applications to complete these functions. To put it simply, graphics applications like Direct3D, OpenGL, or Vulkan streamline the difficult process of dealing directly with the computers graphics processing unit , the component of the computer that handles the display of images.

Audio engine 
The Audio Engine components of the Game Engine incorporates algorithms related to loading and modifying audio input and output. Audio engine’s allow developers to load sound onto the game by decompressing and playing audio files to simulate game sound. Possibilities are endless, an example of how complex audio engine’s can expand is the idea of a doppler effect. Doppler effects can be represented as echoes, pitch/amplitude adjustments, and oscillations.

Physics engine 
Is responsible for emulating realistic laws of physics within the application. This consists of a set of functions for simulating physical forces and collisions. Which acts on various objects within the application during run time.

Artificial intelligence 
Artificial Intelligence is implemented into different parts of the main game program. For example, in player vs player video games, AI is used to create bots players can play against.

Other websites 
 GameMiddleware.org, a reference website concerning game middleware and game engines available for commercial use
 3D Game and Graphics Engines Database, a comprehensive database of today's graphics and game engines
 Terrain in Games, an extensive overview of terrain rendering in 1997-2000 game engines

Video game technology
Software
Mitsubishi Motors

Mitsubishi Motors is the part of the Japanese company Mitsubishi that makes cars. It is based in Tokyo, Japan. Mitsubishi Motors started in 1970. Mitsubishi started making cars in 1917. After World War II, a Mitsubishi executive wanted a separate division to make cars. Mitsubishi was owned by Chrysler until 1992. Chrysler sold Mitsubishi cars in the United States in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. The two companies owned Diamond-Star Motors until 1995, when Mitsubishi owned all of the factory. The first Mitsubishis in the U.S. were sold by Chrysler as Dodge Colts, Plymouth Sapporos, and Dodge Stealths.

Other websites 

Official sites
Mitsubishi Motors global site
Mitsubishi Motors Web Museum 
Regional sites
Japan • USA • Canada  • United Kingdom • Australia • South Africa

 
1970 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Japan
Autodromo Nazionale Monza

Autodromo Nazionale Monza is a motorsport race track. It is near the town of Monza, Italy, north of Milan. It is one of the oldest motor racing tracks in the world.

It was built in 1922, and has been used for the Italian Grand Prix almost every year since.

Sport in Italy
Formula One circuits
Monza
1922 establishments in Italy
Abe Vigoda

Abe Vigoda (February 24, 1921 – January 26, 2016) was an actor in both television and movie. His most well known roles are playing mobster Sal Tessio in the movies The Godfather and The Godfather: Part II, and playing Detective Phil Fish on television shows Barney Miller and Fish, Fish having been a spinoff of Barney Miller.

Multiple death hoax
In 1982, People magazine said that Vigoda had died, even though he did not. Vigoda took the error with a sense of humor, even appearing in a picture where he was in a coffin, holding said magazine. Since then, the false death information, as well as the question to whether Vigoda is dead or alive, has been used as a joke sometimes on various television shows and internet websites, including abevigoda.com, a website that says if Vigoda is alive or dead.

Death
Vigoda died in his sleep under hospice care at his daughter's home in Woodland Park, New Jersey from complications of an illness on January 26, 2016 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1921 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in New Jersey
American television actors
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American voice actors
924 Gilman Street

The 924 Gilman Street project, used to be called the Alternative Music Foundation, is the Berkeley, California street address and official business name of the all-ages, non-profit, music club called "Gilman."

Other websites 
Venue Official Website

Punk rock
Non-profit organizations of California
Berkeley, California
Big Bird

Big Bird is a muppet character on the children's television show Sesame Street. He is a big, yellow bird. Unlike most other muppets, he is a full-body muppet, meaning that the person controlling him is completely inside the costume. The person who played the role of Big Bird was Caroll Spinney from 1969 to 2018. In 2018, Caroll Spinney retired, and Matt Vogel started playing Big Bird full time. Matt Vogel was Caroll Spinney's understudy for many years before he got the role.

References

Sesame Street characters
Muppets
Nimrod (album)

Nimrod is the fifth album by the punk rock band Green Day, released on October 14, 1997 on Reprise Records.

Green Day albums
Reprise Records albums
1997 albums
Punk albums
Insomniac (album)

Insomniac is the fourth studio album from the punk rock band Green Day.

Green Day albums
1995 albums
Reprise Records albums
Punk albums
Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album

The Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album is an award given to recording artists for quality albums in the alternative rock genre at the Grammy Awards. The Grammy Awards were established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony each year by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

The definition of "alternative" has been debated. The award was first presented in 1991 to recognize non-mainstream rock albums "heavily played on college radio stations". According to the Academy, the award is presented to "vocal or instrumental alternative music albums containing at least 51% playing time of newly recorded music". The Academy defines "alternative" as a "non-traditional" genre that exists "outside of the mainstream music consciousness". In 1991, and from 1994 to 1999, the award was known as Best Alternative Music Performance. Beginning in 2001, award recipients included the producers, engineers, and/or mixers associated with the nominated work in addition to the recording artists.

As of 2011, Radiohead and The White Stripes share the record for the most wins in this category, having won three times each. Radiohead's lead singer, Thom Yorke, was also nominated for the 2007 award for his solo album. Beck and Coldplay have each received the award twice, the latter being the only group to win two years in a row. American artists have been presented with the award more than any other nationality, though it has been presented to musicians or groups from the United Kingdom five times, from Ireland twice, and from France once. Female musicians Tori Amos and Björk hold the record for the most nominations without a win, with five each.

Recipients 

 Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

References

General
  Note: User must select the "Alternative" category as the genre under the search feature.
 

Specific

Other websites
Official site of the Grammy Awards

Alternative Music Album
Record of the Year

The Record of the Year is one of the four most special Grammy Awards given every year.  It has been awarded since 1959.

Grammy Awards
Ole Gunnar Solskjær

Ole Gunnar Solskjær (born 26 February 1973 in Kristiansund) is a Norwegian former football manager and former player. He was most recently the manager of Premier League club Manchester United. He played most of his career for Manchester United. He also use to play for the Norway national team.

Career

In Norway 
Solskjær played for Molde FK and Clausenlengen before he went to England.

In England 
Solskjær joined Manchester United in 1996.  He played 366 games for the club and scored 126 goals.  In 1999, he scored four goals in twelve minutes against Nottingham Forest, "the fastest scorer of a four-goal haul on record in England".

With Manchester United, Solskjær won the Premier League six times and the FA Cup twice.  He scored the winning goal in the 1999 Champions League Final.

Management 
He became the coach of the Manchester United Reserve team, and then, In 2011, he got the job as head coach for Molde FK, the club he left to join Manchester United. He is now, as of December 2020, he head coach for Manchester United after José Mourinho was sacked in November 2018.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1990||rowspan="5"|Clausenengen||Second Division||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1991||rowspan="3"|Third Division||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1992||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1993||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1994||Second Division||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Molde||rowspan="2"|Premier League||26||20||||||||||||||26||20
|-
|1996||16||11||||||||||||||16||11

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="11"|Manchester United||rowspan="11"|Premier League||33||18||3||0||0||0||10||1||46||19
|-
|1997/98||22||6||2||2||0||0||6||1||30||9
|-
|1998/99||19||12||8||1||3||3||6||2||36||18
|-
|1999/00||28||12||colspan="2"|-||1||0||11||3||40||15
|-
|2000/01||31||10||2||1||2||2||11||0||46||13
|-
|2001/02||30||17||2||1||0||0||15||7||47||25
|-
|2002/03||37||9||2||1||4||1||14||4||57||15
|-
|2003/04||13||0||3||0||0||0||2||1||18||1
|-
|2004/05||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2005/06||3||0||2||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2006/07||19||7||6||2||1||1||0||0||26||10
151||146||||||||||||||151||146
235||91||30||8||11||7||81||20||357||126
286||237||30||8||11||7||81||20||508||272
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1995||2||1
|-
|1996||6||3
|-
|1997||2||1
|-
|1998||9||3
|-
|1999||8||5
|-
|2000||10||1
|-
|2001||7||3
|-
|2002||9||2
|-
|2003||7||2
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||4||2
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||67||23
|}

References 

1973 births
Living people
Manchester United F.C. players
Norwegian footballers
Grammy Award for Best Rock Album

The Grammy Award for Best Rock Album has been awarded since 1995.  Below is the list of awards, given for musical works created in the previous year.

Sheryl Crow was the first artist to win this award twice (1997 and 1999). The second act to do so was the Foo Fighters, the third U2, and the fourth Green Day.
Foo Fighters have won this award three times, more than any other artist.

2010s
Grammy Awards of 2010
Green Day (artists), Butch Vig (producer) for 21st Century Breakdown

2000s
Grammy Awards of 2009
Coldplay for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
Grammy Awards of 2008
Foo Fighters & Gil Norton (producer) for Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace
Grammy Awards of 2007
Red Hot Chili Peppers & Rick Rubin (producer) for Stadium Arcadium
Grammy Awards of 2006
U2 (artists), Carl Glanville (engineer), & Steve Lillywhite (producer) for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb
Grammy Awards of 2005
Green Day (artists), Chris Lord-Alge, Doug McKean (engineers) & Rob Cavallo (producer) for American Idiot
Grammy Awards of 2004
Foo Fighters (artists), Jim Scott, (engineer) & Nick Raskulinecz (producer) for One By One
Grammy Awards of 2003 
Bruce Springsteen (artist), Nick Didia (engineer/mixer) & Brendan O'Brien (engineer/mixer & producer) for The Rising
Grammy Awards of 2002 
U2 (artists), Richard Rainey (engineer), Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois (producers) for All That You Can't Leave Behind
Grammy Awards of 2001 
Foo Fighters (artists) & Adam Kasper (producer and Engineer) for There Is Nothing Left to Lose
Grammy Awards of 2000 
Santana (artists), Steve Fontano (engineer/mixer) & Clive Davis (producer) for Supernatural

1990s
Grammy Awards of 1999 
Tchad Blake, Trina Shoemaker (engineers/mixers) & Sheryl Crow (producer & artist) for The Globe Sessions
Grammy Awards of 1998 
John Fogerty (producer & artist) for Blue Moon Swamp
Grammy Awards of 1997 
Sheryl Crow (producer & artist) for Sheryl Crow
Grammy Awards of 1996 
Glen Ballard (producer) & Alanis Morissette for Jagged Little Pill
Grammy Awards of 1995 
The Rolling Stones for Voodoo Lounge

Rock Album
Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)

"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" is a song by the American punk rock band Green Day, from their seventh studio album, American Idiot.

The song depicts a solemn walk of a lonely Jesus of Suburbia (The protagonist of the album) down a road after the happenings of Holiday. The song is considered by many to be the best song ever written by Green Day, and it has received many awards.

 

2005 songs
Green Day songs
Vallejo, California

Vallejo ( or  in English;  in the original Spanish) is a city in Solano County, California,  United States.

References

 
1851 establishments in California
George Best

George Best (22 May 1946 – 25 November 2005) was a Northern Irish footballer who played many years for Manchester United. He is considered by many to have been the most talented Manchester United player and no one disagrees that he was the Northern Ireland national team's best ever player. In Belfast, where Best was born, they named the airport after him.

Both of Best's marriages ended in divorce. He was married to Angie Best from 1978-1986; the couple had a son, Calum Best. George Best was married to Alex Best from 1995-2004.

Best was an alcoholic. He had a liver transplant in 2003. He died of a lung infection and multiple organ failure in London [England]

Club career statistics 

|-
|1963/64||rowspan="11"|Manchester United||rowspan="11"|First Division||17||4
|-
|1964/65||41||10
|-
|1965/66||31||9
|-
|1966/67||42||10
|-
|1967/68||41||28
|-
|1968/69||41||19
|-
|1969/70||37||15
|-
|1970/71||40||18
|-
|1971/72||40||19
|-
|1972/73||19||4
|-
|1973/74||12||2
|-
|1974/75||Dunstable Town||||5||0
|-
|1974/75||Stockport County||Fourth Division||3||2

|-
|1975/76||Cork Celtic||Premier Division||3||0

|-
|1976||Los Angeles Aztecs||NASL||24||15

|-
|1976/77||Fulham||Second Division||37||8

|-
|1977||Los Angeles Aztecs||NASL||25||13

|-
|1977/78||Fulham||Second Division||10||2

|-
|1978||Los Angeles Aztecs||NASL||12||1
|-
|1978||rowspan="2"|Fort Lauderdale Strikers||rowspan="2"|NASL||9||4
|-
|1979||19||2

|-
|1979/80||Hibernian||Premier Division||22||3

|-
|1980||rowspan="2"|San Jose Earthquakes||rowspan="2"|NASL||26||8
|-
|1981||30||13

|-
|1982/83||Bournemouth||Third Division||5||0

|-
|1983||Brisbane Lions||National Soccer League||4||0
421||150
3||0
145||56
22||3
4||0
595||209
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1964||||
|-
|1965||||
|-
|1966||||
|-
|1967||||
|-
|1968||||
|-
|1969||||
|-
|1970||||
|-
|1971||||
|-
|1972||||
|-
|1973||1||0
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||0||0
|-
|1976||2||0
|-
|1977||3||0
|-
!Total||37||9
|}

Other websites 
 English Football Hall of Fame Profile 
 The George Best Foundation

References 

1946 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Infectious disease deaths in London
Manchester United F.C. players
Northern Irish footballers
Organ transplant recipients
People from Belfast
John Kiffmeyer

John Kiffmeyer (born July 11, 1969) also known as Al Sobrante is an American drummer. He was the first drummer for the punk rock band Green Day. He has also been the drummer for Isocracy. He got his nickname from the fact he is from El Sobrante (California).

1969 births
Living people
Green Day members
American drummers
Musicians from California
American punk musicians

hu:Al Sobrante
Lookout! Records

Lookout! Records is an independent record label based in Berkeley, California.

American record labels
Companies based in California
Independent record labels
Punk rock
Berkeley, California
1987 establishments in California