cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Kandinsky

Wassily  Kandinsky  ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist.

He was one of the most important 20th-century artists. He was a major figure in modern art and painted some of the first modern abstract works. His art changed several times during his life. It was fauvist, abstract, expressionist and constructivist in turn.

Life 
Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa. He enrolled at the University of Moscow and chose to study law and economics. Quite successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat—he started painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.

In 1896 he settled in Munich and studied first in a private school, then at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. He went back to Moscow in 1914 after World War I started. He was unsympathetic to the official theories on art in Moscow and returned to Germany in 1921. There he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France where he lived the rest of his life, and became a French citizen in 1939.  He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.

Influences 
Later in life he would recall being fascinated and stimulated by colour as a child. His fascination with colour symbolism and psychology continued as he grew. In 1889, he was part of an ethnographic research group which travelled to the Vologda region north of Moscow. In Looks on the Past, he tells how the houses and churches were decorated with such shimmering colours that, on entering them, he felt he was moving into a painting. This experience, and his study of the region's folk art (particularly the use of bright colours on a dark background), can be seen in much of his early work.

He was interested in geometry in art and philosophy. The creative aspect of the form is expressed by a descending series of circles, triangles and squares.

Artistic periods 
1 Youth and inspiration (1866–1896)
2 Metamorphosis
3 Blue Rider Period (1911–1914)
4 Return to Russia (1914–1921)
5 The Bauhaus (1922–1933)
6 The Great Synthesis (1934–1944)

References 

1866 births
1944 deaths
People from Moscow
Printmakers
Russian painters
Public-key cryptography

Public-key cryptography, also called asymmetric cryptography, is a  communication where people exchange messages that can only be read by one another. 

In public key cryptography, each user has a pair of cryptographic keys:
 a public key 
 a private key
The private key is kept secret, while the public key may be widely distributed and used by other users. 

Incoming messages are encrypted with the recipient's public key and can only be decrypted with their corresponding private key. The keys are related mathematically, but the user's private key cannot be easily got from the widely used public key.  The most usual problem with this method arises when private key is accidentally leaked.

The two main branches of public key cryptography are:
 Public key encryption: a message encrypted with a recipient's public key cannot be decrypted except by the recipient private key. This is used to ensure secrecy.
 Digital signatures: a message signed with a sender's private key can be verified by anyone who has the sender's public key. So if the sender signed the message no one can alter it. This is used to get authenticity.

They are often used together on the same message.

Related pages
 Symmetric-key algorithm
 RSA algorithm

Cryptography
John Ashcroft

John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American consultant, lobbyist and politician. He was the 79th United States Attorney General. He served during the first term of President George W. Bush from 2001 until 2005. Ashcroft was previously the Governor of Missouri (1985–1993) and a U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001). Ashcroft was born in Chicago, Illinois.

References

Other websites 
 

1942 births
Living people
American lobbyists
American Pentecostals
Governors of Missouri
People from Springfield, Missouri
Politicians from Chicago
United States Attorneys General
United States senators from Missouri
US Republican Party politicians
Yale University alumni
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from Missouri
Key space

In cryptography, the key space of an algorithm refers to the set of all possible keys that can be used to initialize the cryptographic algorithm. For example, if an algorithm works using a key that is a string of 10 bits, then its key space is the set of all binary strings of length 10 bits; i.e. we have key space of size 210 = 1024.

To avoid attackers from guessing the key using a brute-force attack, the key space is usually designed to be very large. Another needed attribute is that the key space designed to be flat, having no or very few weak keys.

Examples
The block cipher Rijndael/AES uses a key of up to 256 bits, resulting in a key space containing about 2256 which is over 1.1579 × 1077 keys.  This makes it computationally infeasible to check each possible key by brute force.

In the DES block cipher, a 56-bit key is used, resulting in a relatively small key space of size 256.

The ROT13 cipher is only designed to prevent people from accidentally reading messages (e.g. movie plot details). As there is no key, the key space is therefore empty.

References

Cryptography
Roger Williams (theologian)

Roger Williams (December 21, 1603 – April 1, 1683) was an English-American Puritan, and a Calvinist-Baptist theologian. He was widely known as a supporter of religious toleration and separation of church and state. He also supported fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a royal charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the main island in Narragansett Bay. He is believed to have started the first or second Baptist church in the United States. He is known to have left the church soon afterwards, saying, "God is too large to be housed under one roof."

Famous descendants 
These are some famous descendants of Roger Williams:
Nelson Rockefeller
Gail Borden
Charles Eugene Tefft
Michelle Phillips
Julia Ward Howe
Sarah Palin
Bill Gore

References

Further reading 
Brockunier, Samuel. The Irrepressible Democrat, Roger Williams, The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1940.
Gaustad, Edwin, S., ed., Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1991.
Miller, Perry, Roger Williams, A Contribution to the American Tradition, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc, Indianapolis and New York, 1953.
Settle, Mary Lee, I, Roger Williams: A Novel, W. W. Norton & Company, Reprint edition (September 2002).
Winslow, Ola Elizabeth, Master Roger Williams, A Biography. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1957.
Peattie, Donald Culross, Roger Williams- First Modern American. The Reader's Digest. December 1946.

1603 births
1683 deaths
American Baptists
American Calvinists
American theologians
Christian ministers
Christian theologians
Christian writers
English Protestants
English theologians
History of Rhode Island
People from London
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Puritanism
United States National Security Council

The White House National Security Council (NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the President's Executive Office. It began under President Harry S. Truman.

References
Stephen Hadley

Stephen John Hadley (born February 13, 1947, in Toledo, Ohio) is the current (21st) U.S. Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (commonly referred as National Security Advisor) for President George W. Bush.  He had been Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor from January 22, 2001. On January 26, 2005, he  replaced Condoleezza Rice as National Security Advisor, upon Rice's confirmation as Secretary of State.

Hadley served as a senior foreign and defense policy advisor to then-Governor Bush during the 2000 presidential campaign and worked in the Bush-Cheney Transition on the National Security Council.

1947 births
Living people
United States National Security Advisors
Deputy National Security Advisor

The Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the Deputy National Security Advisor, is a member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, serving as deputy to the President's National Security Advisor.

Among other responsibilities, the Deputy National Security Advisor serves as Executive Secretary to the National Security Council Principals Committee, and as Chairman of the National Security Council Deputies Committee.

List of Deputies

References

United States National Security Council
United States-related lists
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) serves as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which is part of the United States Intelligence Community. He/She reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).  

The Director is assisted by the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Director is nominated by the President, with the concurring or nonconcurring recommendation from the Director of National Intelligence  and must be confirmed by majority vote from the Senate.

List of directors
What follows is a list of Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency (in chronological order).

References
Procopius

Procopius of Caesarea (, c. 500 – c. 565) was a prominent Eastern Roman scholar. He took part in the wars of the Emperor Justinian I, and was the major historian of the 6th century AD, writing the Wars of Justinian, the Buildings of Justinian and the celebrated Secret History. He is commonly held to be the last major historian of the ancient world.

Writings 
The writings of Procopius are the primary source of information for the rule of the Roman emperor Justinian. Procopius was the author of a history in eight books of the wars fought by Justinian I, with information on Justinian's public works throughout the empire, and a book known as the Secret History (Greek: Anekdota) that claims to report the scandals that Procopius could not include in his published history.

A number of historical novels based on Procopius' works (along with other sources) have been written, of which the best, Count Belisarius, was written by poet and novelist Robert Graves in 1938.

Further reading 

 Greatrex, Geoffrey: Recent work on Procopius and the composition of Wars VIII; in: Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 27 (2003), 45-67.
 Treadgold, Warren: The Early Byzantine Historians, Basingstoke 2007, 176-226.

List of selected works 
 Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia.  Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth.  3 vols.  Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64.  Greek text.
 Procopius.  Edited by H. B. Dewing.  7 vols.  Loeb Classical Library.  Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press and London, Hutchinson, 1914–40.  Greek text and English translation.
 Procopius, The Secret History, translated by G.A. Williamson. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966. A readable and accessible English translation of the Anecdota.

Other websites

Texts of Procopius 

 Complete Works, Greek text (Migne Patrologia Graeca)  with analytical indexes
 The Secret History, English translation (Atwater, 1927) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
 The Secret History, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at LacusCurtius
 The Buildings, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at LacusCurtius
 The Buildings, Book IV  Greek text with commentaries, index nominum, etc. at Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project
 
 Dewing's Loeb edition of the Wars, books 1 and 2 at the Internet Archive
 Dewing's Loeb edition of the Wars, books 3 and 4 at the Internet Archive
 Complete Works 1, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 1, 1833. (Persian Wars I-II, Vandal Wars I-II)
 Complete Works 2, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 2, 1833. (Gothic Wars I-IV)
 Complete Works 3, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 3, 1838. (Secret History, Buildings of Justinan)

This article is based on an earlier version  by James Allan Evans, originally posted at Nupedia.

500 births
565 deaths
Byzantine Empire
Ancient Roman historians
Ancient Roman writers
Porter Goss

Porter Johnston Goss  (born December 10, 1938) is an American politician. He was the last Director of Central Intelligence and the first Director of the Central Intelligence Agency following the passage of the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which abolished the DCI position. A CIA officer in Latin America during the Cold War, he served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1989 until he took up his post at the agency.

1938 births
Living people
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Politicians from Connecticut
United States representatives from Florida
US Republican Party politicians
People from Waterbury, Connecticut
George Tenet

George John Tenet the son of  Greek northern Epirus immigrants was born in January 5, 1953.  He was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency and is Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University.  Tenet held the position as the DCI from July 1997 to July 2004, making him the second-longest serving director in the agency's history — behind Allen Welsh Dulles — as well as one of the few DCIs to serve under two U.S. presidents of opposing political parties. 

Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
People from New York

1953 births
Living people
Peer Steinbrück

Peer Steinbrück (born 10 January 1947) is a German politician.

Steinbrück was born in Hamburg. From 1968 to 1969 he was training as a reserve officer of the Bundeswehr (German army). From 1970 to 1974 he studied national economy in Kiel. After that he worked in different ministries.

In 1969 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1993 he became Secretary for Economy and Infrastructure in the State of Schleswig-Holstein. In 1998 he changed to the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and became Secretary for Infrastructure, up from 2000 Secretary of Finance. In 2000 he was elected into the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia.

He was Minister President (Ministerpräsident) of North Rhine-Westphalia from November 2002 to June 2005.

On the state election on 22 May 2005 Steinbrück failed to be reelected as Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia. His successor was Jürgen Rüttgers (CDU).

Since November 2005 he has been finance minister of Germany and Vice chief of SPD.

1947 births
Living people
Ministers-President of North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Beyblade

{{Infobox animanga/Other
| title           = Related anime
| content         =
 Beyblade: Fierce Battle (film)
 Metal Saga (sequel)
 Metal Fusion
 Metal Masters
 Metal Fury
 Shogun Steel
 BeyWheelz (spin-off)
 BeyWarriors: BeyRaiderz
 BeyWarriors: Cyborg
 Beyblade Burst
 Beyblade Burst Evolution
 Beyblade Burst Turbo}}

Beyblade (爆転シュート ベイブレード, Bakuten Shūto Beiburedo, literally translates to Explosive Shooting Beyblade'') is an anime and manga series about a group of kids battling with highly powerful spinning tops enchanted with sacred bit-beasts or spirits of mythical and powerful creatures.

Synopsis 
Thirteen-year-old Tyson Granger (Takao Kinomiya), along with his teammates, Kai Hiwatari, Max Tate (Max Mizuhura), and Ray Kon (Rei Kon), strive to become the greatest beybladers in the world. With the technical help of the team's resident genius, Kenny (Kyouju), and with the powerful strength of their bit beasts, the Bladebreakers armed with their tops (AKA: blades) attempt to reach their goal.
Wolfmother

Wolfmother are an Australian rock band. They won a Grammy award in 2007 for their song 'Woman'. Musically they are similar to blues rock bands like Led Zeppelin.

References

Australian hard rock bands
Australian heavy metal bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from Sydney
Defense Intelligence Agency

The Defense Intelligence Agency, or DIA, is the central producer and manager of foreign military intelligence for the United States. As one of the principal members of the U.S. Intelligence Community, the agency works to answer national-level defense objectives for the President, the Secretary of Defense, and senior U.S. policymakers.

Although the DIA is designated a Department of Defense combat support agency, the majority of its 16,500 employees (65%) are civilian and its intelligence operations in support of U.S. national strategic planning extend far beyond the zones of combat. The agency has its own Clandestine Service, which conducts espionage activities around the world, particularly in countries where the military has better access or more specialized military experts than the Central Intelligence Agency. Further, DIA leads the Intelligence Community in collection and production of measurement and signature intelligence. 

The agency was established in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency - who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate - chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community.

References

 
United States intelligence agencies
Makenna Cowgill

Makenna Cowgill (born 11 September 1998) is an American actress. She has provided voices for many animated movies.

Filmography 
Bambi II (2006)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
The Time Traveler's Wife (2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)
Monsters University (2013)

References

Other websites 

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Connecticut
Living people
1998 births
African bush elephant

The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) is the larger of the two species of African elephant. The bull males can weigh 13000 pounds and stand 13 feet tall at the shoulder. 

The population of bush elephants has drastically declined in the last thirty years. It is hunted for its ivory and meat. Protection by game wardens has been only partly successful.

This large elephant is well adapted to the grassland plains of East Africa, and it is sometimes called the African savannah elephant. 

The African bush elephant occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa including Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, and Angola. 

It moves between a variety of habitats. These include subtropical and temperate forests, dry and seasonally flooded grasslands and woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land from sea level to mountain slopes. In Mali and Namibia, it also lives at times in desert areas.

References 

Elephants
Binda, New South Wales

Binda is a village in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia in Upper Lachlan Shire.

It is about 261 km south-west of Sydney and 19 km north of Crookwell. Other near-by towns or locations are:
Crooked Corner
Peelwood
Redground
Wheeo
Narrawa North

In 2006, the population of Binda was 131 people.

History
The word Binda is thought to be from the Gandangara Aboriginal word for deep water.

The first Europeans in the Binda area were the explorers James Meehan and John Oxley in 1820. People began living in the area in the 1840s. Police were based at Binda in 1840 to protect local farmers from bushrangers. The town was begun in 1851. Blocks of land in the town were made ready for sale in 1852. It was the first town in the area to have a school, post office, police station and a courthouse. At Funny Hill, a sheep farm, a racing track for horses was made and the Binda Picnic Races began in 1848.

On Boxing Day, December 26, 1864, the bushrangers Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn rode into the town with 3 local girls. They robbed a shop owned by Edward Morriss. They locked all the local people into the Flag Hotel. They made everyone dance to celebrate Boxing Day. Morriss got out of the hotel at 2.00 a.m. and set off to tell the police. Hall set fire to Morriss's shop and burned it down.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Hollister Co.

Hollister Co. is a clothing company owned by Abercrombie & Fitch. The kind of clothing they sell is casual, meaning that it is for informal use. It also has a theme based on the surfing cultural movement of Southern California. The first Hollister store opened in July 2000 in Columbus, Ohio. Even though Hollister opened in 2000, many of their items say it was created in 1922. This is based on a story that is not real. On October 25, 2008 Hollister opened the first store outside the U.S. and Canada in Brent Cross, London.

References

American clothing companies
2000s establishments in Ohio
Companies based in Ohio
Ron Simmons

Ronald "Ron" Simmons (born May 15, 1958) is an American retired professional wrestler and American football player. He competed under his real name and the ring names Faarooq Asaad and Faarooq. He is currently signed to the WWE under a Legends program.

He competed in the National Wrestling Association (NWA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (WWF/E). During his time in WCW, he became the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Championship when he defeated Big Van Vader on August 2, 1992. In the WWF, he is known for being one-half of the Acolytes Protection Agency along with Bradshaw and was also a member of The Nation of Domination. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Bradshaw in 2012.

Simmons played college football at Florida State University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Cleveland Browns and one season in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Ottawa Rough Riders.

References

Other websites
An interview with Ron Simmons, conducted by Thomas Chamberlin
WWE Profile
Ron Simmons at Accelerator3359.com
Ron Simmons at Canoe.ca
Ron Simmons at Online World of Wrestling
Solie's title histories

Florida State University Year-By-Year Photos 
Florida State University Official Athletic Site 
Heisman Trophy 

1958 births
American professional wrestlers
Cleveland Browns players
College Football Hall of Fame
Living people
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
WWE Hall of Fame
WWE people
Fire services in the United Kingdom

The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Fire services
In England, there is a fire service for each county and large city, although some cover two counties. Wales is divided between three fire services. Scotland has had only one fire service since 2013. Northern Ireland has had only one fire service since 1973.

Fire services are known as fire and rescue services, or fire services for short, or by the older phrase fire brigades. Most of them now have the name "[Place] Fire and Rescue Service", e.g. Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are a few that do not: London Fire Brigade, Cleveland Fire Brigade and West Midlands Fire Service.

How fire services work
There are two main types of firefighter:
Wholetime firefighter: Those who work full-time as firefighters. They usually work both during some days and during some nights. When they are on duty, they wait at the fire station to be called to an emergency. Wholetime firefighters are found in towns and cities. In the largest cities, all firefighters work wholetime.
Retained firefighter: Those who are called out to do firefighting work a few times a week, or less. They do not work full-time at the fire service, and many have full-time jobs somewhere else. However, they are paid some money. They spend long periods of time on call. When called to an emergency, they drive to the fire station in their cars and bring out the fire engine. In villages, all firefighters are retained. Some fire stations (especially in medium-sized towns) have both wholetime firefighters and retained firefighters.
Some fire stations are day-crewed, meaning they are covered by wholetime firefighters during the day and by retained firefighters at night. A few places have volunteer firefighters, who are like retained firefighters but are not paid at all.

Wholetime firefighters work as part of a 'watch'. This is a group of 5-15 firefighters who work the same hours at the same fire station. A fire station's watches are usually named with a colour (e.g. red watch, white watch, blue watch, green watch).

The fire service has ranks. In most fire services, these are, from lowest to highest:
Firefighter
Crew Manager
Watch Manager
Station Manager
Group/Area Manager
Assistant Chief Fire Officer
Deputy Chief Fire Officer
Chief Fire Officer

Notes

Firefighting
Public services in the United Kingdom
Bleach (Nirvana album)

Bleach is the first album by the American rock band, Nirvana. It did not become popular when it was released, but when Nirvana's second album Nevermind was released in 1991, many Nirvana fans discovered Bleach. It is the best-selling release ever on the Sub Pop label.

Track listing

References 

Nirvana albums
1989 albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
Zub

Zub is a computer game made for use on the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers which was released in 1986 by Mastertronic. The code was written by John and Ste Pickford on the ZX Spectrum and Phillip Brian Allsopp on the Commodore 64, and the music was composed by David Whittaker.

The plot of the game
Zub works for the Emperor Zub of the Zub galactic empire and must find the Green Eye of Zub. Zub has been permitted to use the Ancient Intergalactic Elevators which take him to other planets.  The elevators can only be reached by jumping and riding on platforms to reach the top of the sky.  The platforms and elevators are guarded by creatures (also known as Zubs) but each planet has a different sub-species - for example the first level's Zub resembles a gyroscope whilst he fourth level Zub is a fish.  The Zubs can be shot and stunned.  They will float to the top of the sky where the recover and return to attack Zub again.  The Green Eye of Zub was located on the tenth planet and once the Eye is found, Zub has to return to the first planet to give the Eye of Zub to Emperor Zub.

There are seven difficulty levels, each one increases the number of enemy Zubs per planet.

Other websites 
Zub at World of Spectrum

1986 video games
Molly Hatchet

Molly Hatchet is a southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. They were formed in 1971 by Dave Hlubek and Steve Holland.

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American hard rock bands
Southern rock bands
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Northern Italy

Northern Italy (Italia Settentrionale, Italia del Nord, Padania, Alta Italia, Norditalia or just Nord) is an area that is made up of two areas in Italy: 

North-West (Nord-Ovest): Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria;
North-East (Nord-Est): Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Emilia-Romagna.
Northern Italy is more a business area compared to the south and is colder. People from the south sometimes emigrate to the north because of this.
This region has 26,835,082 inhabitants and an area of 46,301 mi² (119,921 km²). The largest city is Milan. It is generally seen as having a higher wealth than the southern regions of Italy. This is due to the 'North-South' Divide which is said to split the country in half in terms of means of development.

Geography of Italy
Thermosphere

The thermosphere is the fourth layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It is directly above the mesosphere (middle layer) and directly below the exosphere (top layer). 

The name thermosphere is taken from the Greek word "thermos" which means 'heat'. This layer has high temperatures because it absorbs X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Even though it has temperatures of 2,000 °C (3,360 °F), the density of the thermosphere is so low that it doesn't feel hot. The absorbed ionizing radiation also creates the ionosphere. Shortwave radio waves can bounce off the Kennelly-Heaviside layer (ionosphere) and go to distant parts of the Earth. This layer is very helpful in radio communication.  

Layers of Earth's atmosphere
Anaconda (installer)

Anaconda is the installer for Red Hat Linux and Fedora. It is written in Python and C, with a graphical interface using GTK+ 3 and PyGObject and a text inetrface using python-newt. A kickstart file can be used to automatically configure the installation, allowing users to run it without much supervision.

Anaconda is used by RHEL, Fedora and a number of other projects, Anaconda offers a text-mode and GUI mode, so users can install on a wide range of systems.

Anacondas are lizard-eating boas, and the Caldera installation program was called "Lizard", hence this name was chosen.

Other websites 
Anaconda home page

Red Hat
Canowindra, New South Wales

Canowindra (pronounced Can-noun-dra) is an historic town near Cowra in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. Canowindra is on the Belubula River.

History
A post office opened in 1847. The mail came through Carcoar. It was not part of the road to the Lachlan because it didn't have a bridge.

In October 1863, bushranger Ben Hall's gang took over the village for three days. Everyone was held hostage in the hotel. The gang held a big party for everyone in the hotel. A monument to Ben Hall was put up in 1951 on the site of Robinson's hotel, the Travellers' Rest. New research shows that the events happened at an hotel on the other side of the river.

Modern Canowindra
The Royal Hotel is on the site of another hotel owned by Robinson. A sign on the wall says this was where Ben Hall's gang had their party. Other important buildings include the nursing home, the Junction Hotel, Finn's Building, the Victoria Hotel, the former Bank of NSW and the former CBC Bank. The Trading Post is a homewares shop that won a tourism award for 2006.

Canowindra is also known as the Balloon Capital of Australia. One of the largest festivals in Australia used to take place here every April. This was called Marti's Fiesta, which is no longer held due to lack of money.

Australian country music star Captain Flange makes his home in Canowindra.

Fossils
The town is the site of one of the world's great fossil discoveries. A road worker in 1956 found 360 million year old fish fossils. These were from the Devonian period in the Palaeozoic era. The "Canowindra slab" was taken to the Australian Museum, Sydney. The fish had been trapped in a pool of water that dried up. The fish found were two armoured antiarch placoderms, Remigolepis walkeri and Bothriolepis yeungae. They also found Canowindra grassi, a lobe-finned crossopterygian fish, with two rare young arthrodire placoderms, Groenlandaspis species.

More fossils were found in January 1993 using an excavator to dig down to the fossil layer. Many fish were preserved in detail. Specimens can be seen in the Age of Fishes Museum. This was built with support and funding from the Australian Museum.  The Canowindra site has now been listed as part of Australia's National Heritage because of its international scientific importance.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Robert Cutler

Robert Cutler (1895 – 1974) was a U.S. administrator. He served as National Security Advisor between 1953 and 1955, and again from 1957 to 1958. A graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School and attorney and bank executive in Boston, Massachusetts before taking public office, he was the person to serve in the newly created position of National Security Advisor during the Eisenhower Administration.

References
"Bostonian at Work ", Time, June 4, 1953. Retrieved January 19, 2015

United States National Security Advisors
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
1895 births
1974 deaths
St. Anthony-Chapel

The St. Anthony-Chapel is a chapel in the district Kornelimünster of the German city of Aachen.

It was built in 1718 but destroyed by an earthquake a short time later. The abbot of the abbey at Kornelimünster ordered to rebuild the damaged building. It was completed in 1781.

The St. Anthony-Chapel belongs to a group of five chapels of Kornelimünster.

Other websites 
 Sehenswürdigkeiten in Kornelimünster 
 Antoniuskapelle 

Aachen
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Churches in Germany
United States Secretary of Transportation

The United States Secretary of Transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet.

Secretaries of Transportation
 Parties
 (8)
 (11)

Status

References

Secretary of Transportation

1967 establishments in the United States
The Bushwackers (band)

The Bushwackers Band was first called the Bushwackers and Bullockies Band. It is an Australian folk and country music band. It was active from the early 1970s to 1984. The group started as a trio playing around Latrobe University, Melbourne. The players were Dave Isom, Jan Wositzky and Bert Kanahoff.  Their first album, The Shearer's Dream was made in 1974 with Dobe Newton on lagerphone and vocals, Mick Slocum on accordions and vocals, Jan Wositzky on harmonica, bush bass and vocals, Tony Hunt on fiddle and viola and Dave Isom on guitar. 

Recordings include Faces in the Street, Beneath the Southern Cross, Bushfire, Murrumbidgee and The Shearers Dream. some of these were made through Australian record label Astor Records. The album And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda was made with EMI records in 1976. It is regarded as one of their best recordings.

Many songs were settings of poetry written by Australian bush poets including Henry Lawson.

Band members

Other members and musicians who have played and recorded with the band over the years include:
Andy Colville
Roger Corbett
Pete Farndon
Steve Groves
Michael Harris
Dave Kidd
Fred Kuhnl
Trevor Lucas
Gregory Martin
Dave Mattacks
Louis McManus
Eddy van Roosendael.

In the 90's the band reformed with Newton and Corbett back in the lineup.

The band members in 2000 were: 
Dobe Newton: Vocals, lagerphone, bones, whistle and bodhran.
Roger Corbett: - Vocals, bass guitar, songwriter, producer, manager.
Mark Oats: Fiddle.
Justin Duggan; Drums.
Tim Gaze: Vocals, guitars, songwriter, producer.
Pamela Drysdale: Vocals, piano accordion, guitar, songwriter, poet.

The band members in 2008 were:
Dobe Newton - vocals, lagerphone percussion
Roger Corbett - vocals, bass
Tony O’Neill - guitar
Ben Corbett - electric guitar
Mark Oats - fiddle
Clare O’Meara - fiddle and mandolin
Justin Duggan - drums

In 2010 the band members were:
Dobe Newton - vocals, lagerphone, percussion, whistle
Roger Corbett - vocals and guitar
Mark Oats - fiddle
Clare O'Meara - fiddle and accordion
Michael Vidale - bass
Adrian Cannon - drums

Recordings
The Shearers Dream (1974)
Beneath the Southern Cross (1981)
And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda (1976)
Murrumbidgee (1977)
Bushfire (1979)
The Bushwackers Dance Album (1980)
Faces In The Street (1981)
Warrigal Morning - music for the film Bush Christmas (1983)
Down There For Dancing (1982)
No Nuts 'Til Monday (2000)
Handy (2003)
April 25 (2006)
Ned (2007)
The Lawson Project (2008) - spoken word recording

References 

 http://www.bushwackers.com.au/index.htm 
 http://www.answers.com/topic/and-the-band-played-waltzing-matilda-rock-album?cat=entertainment

Australian musical groups
Folk music groups
Country bands
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in Australia
Musical groups disestablished in 1984
1984 disestablishments in Australia
Musical groups established in 1993
1990s establishments in Australia
United States Department of Transportation

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transportation. It was established by an act of Congress on October 15, 1966 and began operation on April 1, 1967. It is administered by the United States Secretary of Transportation. Their current mission statement is, "The mission of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) is to ensure our Nation has the safest, most efficient and modern transportation system in the world, which improves the quality of life for all American people and communities, from rural to urban, and increases the productivity and competitiveness of American workers and businesses."

References 

 
1967 establishments in the United States
United States Department of War

The United States Department of War, also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government's executive branch responsible for the operation and maintenance of land (and later air) forces from 1789 until September 18, 1947, when it became part of the National Military Establishment, renamed on August 10, 1949, the Department of Defense. The War Department also had responsibility for the young nation's naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798.

Former United States Executive Departments
1949 disestablishments
1789 establishments in the United States
1940s disestablishments in the United States
United States Department of Commerce and Labor

The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a Cabinet department of the United States government.

The department was created on February 14, 1903. Later, on March 4, 1913 the name changed to the Department of Commerce. Then, its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor moved to the new Department of Labor.

The department was administered by the United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor.

Commerce and Labor
Commerce and Labor
Commerce and Labor
1903 establishments in the United States
1910s disestablishments in the United States
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

The United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (also known as HEW) was a cabinet-level department of the United States government from 1953 until 1979.  It was administered by the United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.  In 1979, a separate Department of Education (ED) was created from this department, and HEW was renamed as the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

History 
President Warren G. Harding proposed a Department of Education and Welfare as early as 1923, and similar proposals were also recommended by subsequent presidents, but for various reasons was not implemented.  It was only enacted as part of Reorganization Plan Number 1 of 1953, transmitted to Congress by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 12, 1953. HEW ran a Community Public Health Program, which was famous for its grants to cities like Chicago for rat control. It ran a Solid Waste program focused on municipal waste issues, like how to build sanitary landfills rather than dumps. It also had a radiation program under which it wrote standards on things like microwave ovens. When the EPA was created in 1970, it assumed a number of HEW’s programs that related to environmental protection, including its pesticides program and half of its radiation program.

To date, this was the only department of the U.S. government to be created through presidential reorganization authority, in which the president is allowed to create or reorganize bureaucracies as long as neither house of Congress passed a legislative veto. This power to create new departments was removed after 1962, but in the early 1980s, the Supreme Court declared legislative vetoes unconstitutional.

References

Former United States Executive Departments
United States Department of Education
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1953 establishments in the United States
1979 disestablishments in the United States

en:United States Department of Health and Human Services
United States Post Office Department

The Post Office Department is the former name of the United States Postal Service when it was a Cabinet department. It was headed by the United States Postmaster General.

The Postal Service Act signed by President George Washington on February 20, 1792 established the Department. Postmaster General John McLean was the first to call it the Post Office Department rather than just the "Post Office." The organization became more important in the government when President Andrew Jackson asked his Postmaster General, William T. Barry, to sit as a member of the Cabinet.

During the Civil War, postal services in the  Confederacy were provided by the Confederate States of America Post Office Department, headed by Postmaster General John Henninger Reagan.

The Postal Reorganization Act signed by President Richard Nixon on August 12, 1970, replaced the cabinet-level Post Office Department with the independent United States Postal Service.  The Act took effect on July 1, 1971.

References

Post Office Department
Post Office Department
1792 establishments in the United States
1971 disestablishments in the United States
United States Department of Education

The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government. Created by the Department of Education Organization Act (Public Law 96-88), it was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 17, 1979 and began operating on May 4, 1980.

References

 
1979 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

The United States Department of Housing, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded in 1965 to develop and execute policy on housing and cities. It has largely scaled back its urban development function and now focuses primarily on housing.

The department was established on September 9, 1965 when President Lyndon Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act  into law. It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8, 60 days following the date of enactment. The actual implementation was postponed until January 13, 1966, following the completion of a special study group report on the federal role in solving urban problems.

HUD is administered by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. The former administrator of the US Small Business Association, Steve Preston, was nominated to the Position of Secretary of HUD by President Bush on April 18, 2008. He was confirmed by the Senate and his public swearing in ceremony was on June 6, 2008.

 
1965 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Veterans Affairs

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a government-run military veteran benefit system with Cabinet-level status. It is responsible for administering programs of veterans’ benefits for veterans, their families, and survivors. The benefits provided include disability compensation, pension, education, home loans, life insurance, vocational rehabilitation, survivors’ benefits, medical benefits and burial benefits.

It is administered by the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

History 
The beginning of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs dates back to 1636 when the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony voted that the Colony would support soldiers disabled by its war with the Native American tribe called the Pequot. During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress of 1776 enacted pensions for disabled soldiers. Then, in the 19th century, support was extended to widows and dependents of veterans. Veterans' benefits expanded further during World War I, with the first consolidation of World War I veterans' programs occurring in 1921 when Congress created the Veterans Bureau. With increased benefits and agencies disbursing the benefits, the Veterans Administration was established in 1930, bringing all the agencies together. Frank T. Hines was the first administrator of veterans affairs, leading the organisation until 1945. The GI Bill was passed in 1944 as the first educational assistance to military personnel.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs was officially established as a Cabinet-level department on March 15, 1989, by President George H.W. Bush.

References
Particle accelerator

A particle accelerator, also called an atom smasher, is a machine that accelerates (speeds up) particles and makes them travel at very high speeds.  Accelerators work by pushing particles like electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei (the centers of atoms) with electric fields and by steering them with magnetic fields. Their main use is to study particle physics.

The largest accelerators are used to study particles smaller than atoms; smaller accelerators are used to study atomic nuclei and make radioactive materials.   There are two kinds of particle accelerators: linear accelerators and circular accelerators. Linear accelerators move the particles in a line, while circular accelerators move the particles in a circle.   One example of a particle accelerator is the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It is very big, stretching through two countries.  Another example is the Tevatron in the United States.  The cathode ray tube, used in 20th century televisions and computer monitors is also a simple accelerator for electrons.

When accelerated particles hit other particles such as atoms, smaller pieces come out. This helps people see particles smaller than an atom. Normally those particles cannot be seen, but they can in the particle accelerator.  This is because in some ways energy and matter are the same thing. At the high speed created in these machines, some of the movement energy is changed into matter. It is the opposite process that nuclear weapons use; nuclear weapons turn matter into energy.  Small amounts of antimatter are also created during the process.

The particle accelerator at CERN was set up to search for the Higgs Boson particle, which would complete the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

Particle accelerators often use very advanced technology. This makes them cost a lot of money which is usually paid by governments.

References 

Nuclear physics
United States Secretary of Education

The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the Department of Education. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet, and 16th in line of United States presidential line of succession. The United States Secretary of Education deals with Education.

In 1979, President Jimmy Carter established the Department of Education as a cabinet-level agency. Previously, Education had been handled by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, henceforth known as the Secretary of Health and Human Services.

Chronological list
Source

References

Secretary of Education

1979 establishments in the United States
United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare

The United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was the head of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.  The Secretary was a member of the President's Cabinet. In 1979, there was a division of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare's position into separate secretaries of Health and Human Services and Education.
Oveta Culp Hobby

Oveta Culp Hobby (January 19, 1905–August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corps, and chairman of the board of the Houston Post.

References 
 Pando, Robert T. "Oveta Culp Hobby: A Study in Power and Control." Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 2008, 220 pages.
 Treadwell, Mattie. The Woman's Army Corps (1954)

United States Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare
Politicians from Texas
1905 births
1995 deaths