cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Michael Madhusudan Dutt

Michael Madhusudan Dutt, or Michael Madhusudan Dutta, (25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was Bengali poet and dramatist.  He was the first great poet of modern Bengali literature. He was educated at the Hindu College, Calcutta. In 1843, he became a Christian. He was born in Sagordari, a village in Keshobpur Upozila, Jessore District, East Bengal (now in Bangladesh). He was a pioneer of Bengali drama. His famous work Meghnad Badh Kavya, is a tragic Novel, centring round the heroic figure of Indrajit, Ravan's son. It has nine cantos and is exceptional in Bengali literature both in terms of style and content. He also wrote poems about the sorrows and pains of love as spoken by women.  

From an early age, Dutt wanted to be an Englishman in form and manner. In later life, he regretted his attraction to England and the Occident.  He wrote lovingly of his homeland in his poems and sonnets from this period.

His early writings were in English, but they were unsuccessful. He turned, reluctantly at first, to Bengali. His main works, written mostly between 1858 and 1862, include prose drama, long narrative poems, and lyrics. His first play, Sarmistha (1858), was well received. His poetical works are Tilottamasambhab (1860), a narrative poem on the story of Sunda and Upasunda; Meghnad Badh (1861), his most important piece, an epic on the Rāmāyaṇa theme; Brajangana (1861), a cycle of lyrics on the Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa theme; and Birangana (1862), a set of 21 epistolary poems on the model of Ovid’s Heroides. 

Dutt is widely said to be one of the greatest poets in Bengali literature.  He is the father of the Bengali sonnet. He was the first to make what came to be called amitrakshar chhanda (blank verse). Dutt died in Kolkata, India on 29 June 1873.

References

Other websites

Bangladeshi poets
Playwrights
Christians
1824 births
1873 deaths
Kazi Nazrul Islam

Kazi Nazrul Islam (24 May 1899–29 August 1976) was a Bangladeshi poet, musician and revolutionary.  His nickname was "Rebel Poet". He was the first to make poems talking about intense spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. Nazrul is the national poet of Bangladesh. He is commemorated in India.

Life
He was born into a Muslim family in India, Nazrul received religious education.  He worked as a muezzin at a local mosque. He learned of poetry, drama, and literature while working with theatrical groups. After being in the British Indian Army, Nazrul made himself a journalist in Kolkata (then Calcutta). He was against the British Raj in India.  He talked about revolution through his poetic works.  Some examples are "Bidrohi" ("The Rebel") and "Bhangar Gaan" ("The Song of Destruction"), as well as his publication "Dhumketu" ("The Comet"). His work in the Indian independence movement often led to going to jail by British authorities. While in prison, Nazrul wrote the "Rajbandir Jabanbandi" ("Deposition of a Political Prisoner").

Writings
Nazrul's writings are about themes such as love, freedom, and revolution.  He was against all bigotry, including religious and gender.  Throughout his career, Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his poems.  He started new forms such as Bengali ghazals. Nazrul wrote and composed music for his nearly 4,000 songs. The are collectively known as Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, which are widely popular today. At the age of 43 (in 1942) he began suffering from an unknown disease.  He was losing his voice and memory. It is often said, the reason was slow poisoning by British Government. He lived alone for many years. Invited by the Government of Bangladesh, Nazrul and his family moved to Dhaka in 1972.  He died four years later.

References

Other websites

20th-century philosophers
Indian revolutionaries
Muslims
1899 births
1976 deaths
National symbols of Bangladesh
Bangladeshi poets
Bangla Academy Literary Award winners
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
Bangladeshi Muslims
Ektara

Ektara (literally "one-string", also called iktar, ', yaktaro gopichand') is a one-string instrument.  It is most often used in traditional music from Bangladesh, India , Egypt, and Pakistan.

The ektara was a regular string instrument of wandering bards and minstrels from India.  It is plucked with one finger. The ektara usually has a stretched single string.  An animal skin is over a head made of dried pumpkin/gourd, wood or coconut.  The neck is a pole or split bamboo cane. 

Pressing the two halves of the neck together loosens the string.  This lowers its pants. The sound can be changed many ways by slight changes in pressure.  

The various sizes of ektara are soprano, tenor, and bass. The bass ektara, sometimes called a dotara'' often has two strings.

Other websites

Folk instruments
Plucked string instruments
Biryani

Biryani, biriani, beryani or beriani is an Indian dish that comes in set of rice-based foods made with spices, rice (usually basmati) and meat, fish, eggs or vegetables. The name comes from the Persian word beryā(n) which means "fried" or "roasted". 

The cooking method of biryani came from Iran. It was brought to the Indian subcontinent by Iranian travelers and merchants. In India, the recipe of biryani developed to its current form. Local variants of this dish are popular not only in South Asia but also in Bangladesh, Southeast Asia, Arabia, and within various South Asian communities in Western countries.

Ingredients
The spices and condiments used in biryani may include, but are not limited to, ghee, nutmeg, mace, cumin, pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves, coriander, mint leaves, ginger, onions, and garlic. The premium varieties include saffron. For a non-vegetarian biryani, the main ingredient with the spices is the meat—beef, chicken, goat, lamb, fish or shrimp. The dish may be served with dahi chutney or raita, korma, curry, a sour dish of eggplant (brinjal), boiled egg and salad.

Biryani and pullao are different. In biryani the rice (plain or fried) is cooked separately from the thick sauce (curry of meat or vegetables). The curry and the rice are then brought together and layered.  This makes a dish with contrasting flavors of rice, sauce and meat or vegetables.

References

Other websites

Persian food
Indian food
Rice dishes
Vesak

Vesākha or Vesak is a holy day.  It is observed traditionally by Buddhists in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and the South East Asian countries of Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Burma, and Indonesia.  Sometimes it is called "Buddha's Birthday". It is basically Buddha's birthday and actually includes the birth, enlightenment (nirvāna), and passing away (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha.

The exact date of Vesākha varies according to the lunar calendars used in different traditions. In Theravada countries following the Buddhist calendar, it falls on a full moon Uposatha day.  This is typically in the 5th or 6th lunar month. Vesākha Day in China is on the eighth of the fourth month in the Chinese lunar calendar. The date varies from year to year in the Western Gregorian calendar.  It usually falls in April or May. In leap years Vesākha is celebrated in June.

References

Buddhism
Festivals in Asia
Religious festivals
Pohela Boishakh

Pôhela Boishakh (Bengali New Year) is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is on 14 April in Bangladesh and 15 April in other places. The holiday is celebrated in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.  It is also celebrated in Bengali communities in the other Indian states like Assam, Tripura, Jharkhand and Odisha and all over India as well where the Bengali community is. It is the same day as the New Year's Days of many Southern Asian calendars.

In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday .

In Bengali, Pohela means ‘first’. Baisakh is the first month of the Bengali calendar. 

Boishakhi fairs are held in many parts of the country. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers. They present folk songs.  Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows and merry-go-rounds.

References

Other websites

Festivals in Asia
Bangladeshi culture
West Bengal
Magpie-robin

The magpie-robins or shamas are medium-sized  birds.  They mostly eat insects.  Some also eat berries and other fruit.  They are in the genera Copsychus and Trichixos. They were used to be in the thrush family Turdidae.  They are now treated as part of the Old World flycatcher Muscicapidae.

These are African and Asian garden and forest dwelling species.

Species list:
 Madagascar Magpie-robin, Copsychus albospecularis
 Oriental Magpie-robin, Copsychus saularis
 White-rumped Shama, Copsychus malabaricus
 Seychelles Magpie-robin, Copsychus sechellarum
 White-browed Shama, Copsychus luzoniensis
 White-vented Shama, Copsychus niger
 Black Shama, Copsychus cebuensis
 Rufous-tailed Shama, Trichixos pyrropyga

References

Passeriformes
Juliette Binoche

Juliette Binoche (born 9 March 1964) is a French actress. She was born in Paris. Her maternal grandparents were Poles. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie Chocolat. She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Hana in The English Patient.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors 
Actors from Paris
BAFTA Award winning actors
French movie actors
1964 births
Living people
Skadi

Skaði (sometimes anglicized as Skadi or Skathi) is the goddess of hunting, the wild, mountains, and skiing in Norse mythology. She was born a jötunn, daughter of the late Thjazi. She is the wife of Njörðr, whom she married as part of the compensation provided to her by the Æsir for killing her father. Her marriage to Njörðr was an unhappy one, however, ultimately ending in their separation, as Skaði then took the god Ullr (the stepson of Thor) for her lover. In addition to being Njörðr’s wife, Skaði is the stepmother of his twin children, Freyr and Freyja.

Marriage to Njörðr
The gods were celebrating their slaying of the giant (jötunn) Thjazi and the simultaneous return of the youth-giving goddess Iðunn when Skaði arrived, ready to avenge the death of Thjazi, her father. The gods were patient with the giantess, and convinced Skaði to ultimately accept a form of compensation instead of seeking vengeance. 

First, Odin took Thjazi’s eyes and cast them into the night sky, where they became stars. 

Second, the gods were to make Skaði laugh. After many feats were tried, none succeeded in bringing a smile to the jötunn's face. At last, Loki tied one end of a rope to a goat and the other around his testicles as he began a game of tug of war with the creature. 

Each screeched and howled in turn, until at last Loki fell over into Skaði's lap. The giantess could not help but chuckle. Third, Skaði was to be given a god of her choosing in marriage, but she was to select him by the sight of his feet alone. She picked the fairest pair of feet she could see, thinking them to be those of Baldr. However, as it turned out, they were those of the sea god, Njörðr.

References

Norse gods and goddesses
Hawkeye (Marvel Comics)

Hawkeye is a superhero created by Marvel Comics. Hawkeye's real name is Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton. In the live-action movie The Avengers (2012), Hawkeye is portrayed by Jeremy Renner.

Biography

Appearance

Work

Relations 

Powers

None. As Goliath, Barton used gases designed by Hank Pym to grow to great heights, with appropriate increases in strength and toughness. (He could also use them to shrink to minuscule size.)

Abilities Ronin is a world-class archer and marksman. His above average reflexes and hand-eye-coordination make him the most proficient archer ever known. He is also trained to throw knifes, darts, balls, bolas and boomerangs. He is natural athlete. He is also formidable unarmed combatant, thanks largelymore

Group Affililations Avengers; formerly founding member of Avengers West Coast and first chairman, Thunderbolts, S.H.I.E.L.D. (unofficial), Chain Gang 421-011, Shadows, Great Lakes Avengers, Cross Technological Enterprises, Defenders, Carson Carnival of Traveling Wonders, Tiboldt Circus (a.k.a.more

First Appearance (as Hawkeye) Tales of Suspense #57 (1964); (as Goliath) Avengers #63 (1969); (as Ronin) New Avengers #27 (2007)

Marvel Comics superheroes
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
Commercial pilot licence

A commercial pilot license (CPL), is a qualification that permits a person to be a pilot of an aircraft. It allows a person to be the pilot in command (Captain) of a single-pilot aircraft, or as co-pilot of a multi-pilot aircraft and be paid for this work.

Aviation licenses and certifications
Airline Transport Pilot Licence

The Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) is the highest level of aviator qualification or license. Those certified as Airline Transport Pilots are authorized to act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft having a maximum weight over  or having over 9 passenger seats. 

Any pilot operating an aircraft for money must start by obtaining a Commercial pilot licence (CPL).

Theoretical subjects included for ATPL applicants are:
 Air law
 Aircraft General Knowledge
 Flight Planning and Monitoring
 Human Performance and Limitations
 Meteorology
 Operational Procedures
 Principles of Flight
 Communications
 Performance
 General Navigation 
 Radio Navigation 
 Instrumentation 
 Mass and Balance 

Aviation licenses and certifications
Fushimi Inari-taisha

is a large Shinto shrine in Fushimi Kyoto, Japan.

It is the head shrine of Inari, the rice god. There are Inari shrines in many parts of Japan.  There may be more than 32,000 sub-shrines or .

History
Fushimi Inari-taisha has been associated with the emperors of Japan since the early Heian period.

From 1871 through 1946, it  was in the first rank of government supported shrines.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Fushimi Inari-taisha website 
Fushimi Inari-taisha images

Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Kyoto Prefecture
Kyoto
Technicien supérieur de l'aviation

The degree of Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (TSA, in ) was created in 2010 from the Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile degree. It is recognized by CNCP, and recorder level III in the nomenclature des niveaux de formation (level of training). The degree is obtained after training at the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university).

Related pages 
 Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (TSEEAC)
 Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (civilian) (TSA civil)

References

Further reading 
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson et Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
 TSA training on ENAC website

Aviation licenses and certifications
Occupations in aviation
French Civil Aviation University
Air traffic control
Chōhō (era)

was a  after Chōtoku and before Kankō.  This period started in January 999 and ended in July 1004.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Chōhō era
 999 (Chōhō 1, 11th month: A daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga becomes a consort of Emperor Ichijō.
 1001 (Chōhō 3, 11th month): The Imperial palace was destroyed by fire.
 1001 (Chōhō 3, 12th month): The widow of Emperor En'yū and the mother of Emperor Ichijō died.

Related pages 
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Bangladesh national cricket team

The Bangladesh national cricket team is the national cricket team for Bangladesh. The rules are set by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB). Bangladesh is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) with Test and One Day International (ODI) status. It played its first Test match in 2000 against India in Dhaka.  Bangladesh was the tenth Test cricket playing nation.

Bangladesh's first time in international cricket came in the 1979 ICC Trophy in England. They left the tournament with 2 wins and 2 defeats. Seven years later, on 31 March 1986, Bangladesh played in its first ODI match against Pakistan in the 1986 Asia Cup. Bangladesh won the 1997 ICC Trophy in Malaysia. By winning the tournament, Bangladesh qualified for the 1999 Cricket World Cup for the first time. In 1997, Bangladesh became a regular ICC member with the right to play ODIs. It got the status of a Test playing country on 26 June 2000. Bangladesh has the record for most losses in a row in Tests (21 between 1999 and 2002) and ODIs (23 between 2001 and 2004).

As of April 2012, Bangladesh has played 73 Tests, winning only 3. Its first victory was against Zimbabwe. The other two were against a West Indian team crippled by a players' strike. Of the 63 matches it has lost, 35 were by an innings.  The team has been more successful in ODIs, having won 72 of its 262 matches. They have also played 18 Twenty20 Internationals, winning four.

Tournament history

Asian Test Championship
2001/02: First Round

Asia Cup
1984: Did not participate
1986: First Round
1988: First Round
1990/91: First Round
1995: First Round
1997: First Round
2000: First Round
2004: Second Round
2008: Second Round (Super Fours)
2010: First Round
2012: Finals

ACC Trophy
1996: Winners
1998: Winners
2000 onwards: Not eligible – Now an ICC full member

Austral-Asia Cup
1986: Did not participate
1990: First Round
1994: Did not participate

References

Cricket in Bangladesh
Cricket clubs
2000 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
2011 Cricket World Cup

The 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup was the tenth Cricket World Cup. It was played in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. It was Bangladesh's first time co-hosting a World Cup.

All matches in the World Cup were given One Day International status.  All matches played had over 50 overs. Fourteen national cricket teams were in the tournament, including ten full members and four associate members. The World Cup was between 19 February and 2 April 2011. The first match played on 19 February 2011 was with co-hosts India and Bangladesh at the Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium in Dhaka.

India won the tournament defeating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets in the final.  India was the first nation to win the Cricket World Cup final on home soil. India's Yuvraj Singh was made the man of the tournament.

List of qualified teams
The following 14 teams qualified for the final tournament.

Opening ceremony
The Opening Ceremony was in Bangladesh. The place for the opening ceremony was Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka. The event took place on 17 February 2011, 2 days before the first match of the World Cup.

Venues
All the Indian stadiums for the 2011 World Cup were set. The venues of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka were picked in late October 2009. Two new stadiums in Sri Lanka were built for the 2011 World Cup. They are located in Kandy and Hambantota.

Umpires
The Umpire selection panel selected 18 umpires and a reserve umpire, Enamul Haque (Bangladesh). There were 5 from Australia, 6 from Asia, 3 from England, 2 from New Zealand and 1 each from South Africa and West Indies.

Australia
  Simon Taufel
  Steve Davis
  Rod Tucker
  Daryl Harper
  Bruce Oxenford

New Zealand
  Billy Bowden
  Tony Hill

South Africa
  Marais Erasmus

Pakistan
  Aleem Dar
  Asad Rauf
India
  Shavir Tarapore
  Amiesh Saheba

England
  Ian Gould
  Richard Kettleborough
  Nigel Llong

Sri Lanka
  Asoka de Silva
  Kumar Dharmasena

West Indies
  Billy Doctrove

2011 World Cup Final 
The 2011 World Cup final was played between India and Sri Lanka making it the first ever World Cup Final featuring two Asian teams. The highlight of the 2011 World Cup Final was Indian Captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni's innings that took India over the line making him one of the most respected Captains in cricket history.

References

2011 in sports
Cricket World Cup
Cricket in Bangladesh
2011 in Asia
2010s in India
21st century in Sri Lanka
2010s in Bangladesh
Kabaddi

Kabaddi                     is a team sport.
Two teams are on opposite halves of a small field.  They take turns sending a "raider" into the other half. This is to win points by tackling members of the opposing team. Then the raider tries to return to his own half.  He holds his breath and chants the word "Kabaddi" during the whole raid. The raider must not cross the lobby unless he touches any of his opponents. If he does not touch anyone then he will be "out". There is also a bonus line.  If the raider touches it and returns to his side of the field, he will get extra points. If the raider is not able to get back to his own side, then he is considered "out".

In the international team version of kabaddi there are two teams of seven members and 4 are in substitution
.  Each are on opposite halves of a field of 10 m × 13 m in case of men and 8 m × 12 m in case of women. Each has five extra players held in reserve. The game is played with 20-minute halves.  There is a five-minute half-time break when the teams change sides.

Teams take turns sending a "raider" to the opposite team's half.  The goal is to tag or wrestle ("confine") members of the opposite team. Tagged members are "out" and temporarily sent off the field.

The goal of the defenders is to stop the raider from returning to the home side before taking a breath. If any of the seven players cross the lobby without touching the raider he will be declared as "out".

The raider is sent off the field if:
 the raider takes a breath before returning or
 the raider crosses boundary line or
 a part of the raider's body touches the ground outside the boundary (except during a struggle with an opposing team member).

Each time when a player is "out", the opposing team earns a point. A team scores a bonus of two points, called a "lona", if the entire opposing team is declared "out". At the end of the game, the team with the most points wins.

Matches are based on age and weight. Six officials supervise a match: one referee, two umpires, a scorer and two assistant scorers.

the modernised version of Game was founded in Maharashtra. Kabaddi received International exposure in 1937 Olympics ,Demonstrated by India.The game was introduced in Indian Games in Calcutta 1938.Kabaddi is popularized by Sundar Ram of India in Japan,When he toured on behalf Asian Amatruer Kabaddi Federation.

Kabaddi World Cup 
Men's World Cup 2004
The Kabaddi World Cup was first played in 2004.  It was played again in 2007,  2010 and 2016. So far India is the unbeaten champion in Kabaddi World Cup. Iran is the next most successful nation being twice runner-up. South Korea was the runner-up in 2010.

Women's World Cup
The Women's Kabaddi World Cup was first played in 2012 in Patna, Bihar, India. India won the championship defeating Iran in the finals gold.

Other websites

Team sports
Sport in Bangladesh
Sport in Iran
Sport in Pakistan
Sport in India
List of Major League Baseball stadiums

The following is a list of current, future, and (some) former Major League Baseball stadiums.

Current ballparks

American League
Angel Stadium of Anaheim - Los Angeles Angels
Comerica Park - Detroit Tigers
Fenway Park - Boston Red Sox
Globe Life Field - Texas Rangers
Guaranteed Rate Field - Chicago White Sox
Kauffman Stadium - Kansas City Royals
Minute Maid Park - Houston Astros
Oakland Alameda Coliseum - Oakland Athletics
Oriole Park at Camden Yards - Baltimore Orioles
Progressive Field - Cleveland Indians
Rogers Centre - Toronto Blue Jays
T-Mobile Park - Seattle Mariners
Target Field - Minnesota Twins
Tropicana Field - Tampa Bay Rays
Yankee Stadium - New York Yankees

National League
American Family Field - Milwaukee Brewers
Busch Stadium - St. Louis Cardinals
Chase Field - Arizona Diamondbacks
Citi Field - New York Mets
Citizens Bank Park - Philadelphia Phillies
Coors Field - Colorado Rockies
Dodger Stadium - Los Angeles Dodgers
Great American Ball Park - Cincinnati Reds
Marlins Park - Miami Marlins
Nationals Park - Washington Nationals
Oracle Park - San Francisco Giants
Petco Park - San Diego Padres
PNC Park - Pittsburgh Pirates
Truist Park - Atlanta Braves
Wrigley Field - Chicago Cubs

Some former ballparks

Arlington Stadium - Texas Rangers
Astrodome - Houston Astros
Comiskey Park - Chicago White Sox
Globe Life Park in Arlington – Texas Rangers
Hard Rock Stadium – Miami Marlins (then known as Florida Marlins)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum - Los Angeles Dodgers
Memorial Stadium (Baltimore) - Baltimore Orioles
Metrodome - Minnesota Twins
Metropolitan Stadium - Minnesota Twins
Milwaukee County Stadium (Milwaukee) - Milwaukee Braves; Milwaukee Brewers
Polo Grounds - New York Giants; New York Yankees; New York Mets
Shea Stadium - New York Mets
West Side Park - Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field (Los Angeles) - Los Angeles Angels
Yankee Stadium (1923) - New York Yankees

Related pages
Baseball park

Baseball lists
Lists of buildings
The Sopranos

The Sopranos is an American crime drama television series. It ran from 1999 until 2007. The programme is based on the life of Italian American organized crime. The main character, Tony Soprano, is a New Jersey-based waste consultant who also is a member of American Mafia. Soprano is trying to battle the problems of his home life and his work life. In the first episode we meet the Soprano family, who seem to have an average American life. When Tony talks to his counsellor, we learn about his secret criminal based life.

The program and its actors won many awards. It was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in every year it was able to. The Sopranos won at least one Emmy Award for acting in every eligible year except 2006 and 2007. In 2000 and 2001, The Sopranos earned two consecutive George Foster Peabody Awards.

Other websites 

1999 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s crime television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s crime television series
American crime drama television series
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
HBO television series
Peabody Award winners
Television series set in New Jersey
English-language television programs
Kankō

was a   after Chōhō and before Chōwa.  This period started in July 1004 and ended in December 1012. The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Kankō Era
 17 March 1008 (Kankō 5, 8th day of the 2nd month): The former-Emperor Kazan died at the age of 41.
 16 July 1011 (Kankō 8, 13th day of the 6th month): In the 5th year of Emperor Ichijō's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his cousin.   Soon after, Emperor Sanjō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (sokui).
 25 July 1011 (Kankō 8, 22nd day of the 6th month ): Former-Emperor Ichijo died at the age of 32.
 21 November 1011 (Kankō 8, 24th day of the 10th month):  Former-Emperor Reizei died at age 62.

Related pages 
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Carrom

Carrom is a indoor tabletop game. It is between billiards and table shuffleboard. Carrom is known by many names around the world, including carrum, couronne, carum, karam, karom, karum, fatta (Punjabi) and finger billiards. The game was started in India. Formal rules for the game were not written until 1988. 

The game is played in many countries across the world.  It is played for fun and as a competitive sport. The competitive sport is organised by the International Carrom Federation. Carrom uses simple equipment which lets many people play. There is a version of the game that uses cue sticks (which is also known as pool).

There are two players or two teams. The time it takes to play a game changes with each game. It is a brain game. There are two pink colour billiards, nine black colour billiards and nine brown colour billiards

Games
Indoor sports
European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education

European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education (ENAEE) authorises quality assurance and education accreditation agencies within the European higher education area, to award the EUR-ACE label to their accredited engineering degree programmes.

Agencies authorised to award the EUR-ACE label 
 FEANI - The European Federation of National Engineering Associations.
 ASIIN – Fachakkreditierungsagentur für Studiengänge der Ingenieurwissenschaften, der Informatik, der Naturwissenschaften, und der Mathematik e.V. Germany 
 CTI – Commission des titres d'ingénieur, France
 Engineering Council UK
 Engineers Ireland 
 Ordem dos Engenheiros, Portugal
 AEER – Association for Engineering Education in Russia.
 MÜDEK – Association for Evaluation and Accreditation of Engineering Programmes, Turkey

References

Education
Qualifications
Angling

Angling is a way of fishing by means of an "angle" (fish hook). The hook is usually attached to a fishing line.  The line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a fishing reel.  The reel is used for storing, getting back and paying out the line. The hook itself can have lures or bait added to attract fish. 

Angling is the main method of sport fishing.  Some commercial fisheries also use angling. Catch and release fishing is done by more and more recreational fishermen. 

Fishing
Animal rights
Bridgetown

The city of Bridgetown is the capital and largest city of the nation of Barbados.  It was called the Town of Saint Michael.  It is in the parish of Saint Michael. Bridgetown is sometimes locally called "The City", but more common is simply "Town".

The Bridgetown port, found along Carlisle Bay, is on the southwestern coast of the island.  The Grantley Adams International Airport for Barbados, is  southeast of Bridgetown city centre.

The present day location of the city was set by English settlers in 1628.  This was after settlement at St. James Town. Bridgetown is a major West Indies tourist destination.  On 25 June 2011, Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison were added as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO.

Bridgetown is the only city outside continental North America that George Washington visited.

English settlement of Bridgetown began on 5 July 1628 under Charles Wolverstone.

Climate

References

World Heritage Sites in North America
National capitals in North America
Cities in the Caribbean
Barbados
1628 establishments
17th-century establishments in the British Empire
Hurricane belt

The hurricane belt is an area in the Atlantic Ocean which is likely to get hurricanes during the Atlantic hurricane season.

Atlantic Ocean
Grantley Adams International Airport

Grantley Adams International Airport (GAIA),  is in Seawell, Christ Church on the island of Barbados. The former name of the airport was Seawell Airport.  Then it was named in honour of the first Premier of Barbados, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976. GAIA is the only port of entry for persons arriving and leaving by air in Barbados.

In 2011, the Grantley Adams Airport was the 9th busiest airport in the Caribbean region.

References

Barbados
Airports in North America
Flag of Barbados

The national flag of Barbados was started on 30 November 1966.  That was the island's first Independence Day.  It has a triband of two bands of ultramarine.  These are said to stand for the ocean.  The middle band is golden. This is for the sand on the island. A black trident-head is centred in the golden band.  The broken lower part is a symbolic break from its status as a colony. The three points of the trident are for the three principles of democracy - 1) government of, 2) for, and 3) by the people. 

The design for the flag was made by Grantley W. Prescod.  There was an open competition put on by the Barbados government. Over a thousand entries were received.

References

Barbadian culture
Barbados
1966 establishments in Barbados
NME Awards

The NME Awards is a yearly music awards show in the United Kingdom.  It was started by the music magazine, NME (New Musical Express).  The first awards show was held in 1953.  

At first it was called the NME Poll Winners Concerts. These continued through until 1972. The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were most commonly featured. 

The awards began again in 1994 as the NME Brat Awards.  This was a pun on the BRIT Awards.

Major winners
Note: This list only includes winners of major awards (e.g. Best Album, Best British Band, Best Track, etc.)

1995 – Oasis (3 awards)
1996 – Oasis (4 awards)
1999 – Manic Street Preachers (4 awards)
2000 – Blur (3 awards)
2001 – Coldplay (2 awards)
2002 – The Strokes (3 awards)
2003 – Coldplay (2 awards)
2005 – Franz Ferdinand (2 awards)
2006 – Arctic Monkeys (3 awards)
2007 – Arctic Monkeys (2 awards)
2008 – Arctic Monkeys (3 awards)
2009 – MGMT (2 awards)
2010 – Muse and Kasabian (2 awards)
2011 – My Chemical Romance (2 awards)
2012 – Florence and the Machine (2 awards)

Music awards
British music
Overexposed (album)

Overexposed is the fourth studio album by American pop rock band Maroon 5. The album was released on June 26, 2012 under A&M/Octone Records in the United States. The album was announced on March 26, 2012 on the group's newsletter. The album's producers consist of One Republic frontman Ryan Tedder, Benjamin "Benny Blanco" Levin, Max Martin, and Shellback. The lead single off the album "Payphone" was released on April 16, 2012. It features rapper Wiz Khalifa. The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number-one on the Digital Songs chart. It sold 490,000+ digital downloads within its first week beating out the previous toppers Black Eyed Peas with their hit single "I Gotta Feeling."

On May 18, 2012 the band performed the song "One More Night" in Atlantic City publicly for the first time. It was announced on May 22nd that it would serve as the album's second single before the time of the album's release on June 26, 2012. And the third and fourth singles of the album were "Daylight" and "Love Somebody".

Production 
The Maroon 5' members started writing the songs for Overexposed during their Hands All Over Tour.

Track listing
 "One More Night"
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa)
 "Daylight"
 "Lucky Strike"
 "The Man Who Never Lied"
 "Love Somebody"
 "Lady Killer"
 "Fortune Teller"
 "Sad"
 "Tickets"
 "Doin' Dirt"
 "Beautiful Goodbye"

Bonus tracks
 "Wipe Your Eyes"
 "Wasted Years"
 "Kiss" / "Let's Stay Together"
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (Cutmore Remix)	 
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (Supreme Cuts Remix)	 
 "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (The Others Remix) (Preorder Only)
 "One More Night (The Sticky K. Remix)

Release history

2012 albums
Maroon 5 albums
Coat of arms of Barbados

The coat of arms of Barbados was started on independence in 1966.  Like other former British lands in the Caribbean, the coat of arms has a helmet with a national symbol on top.  It has a shield beneath that is supported by two animals.

The national symbol on top of the helmet is the fist of a Barbadian.  It is holding two stalks of sugar cane that are crossed to resemble St. Andrew's Cross. This is for the importance of the sugar.  Barbados has its national independence day on St. Andrew's Day.

The shield is gold in colour. On it are two of the national flower, and a single bearded fig tree. The shield is supported by a dolphin fish and pelican. They are for the fishing industry and Pelican Island.

At the bottom is Barbados' national motto "Pride and Industry" on a scroll.

Barbadian culture
Barbados
1966 establishments in Barbados
In Plenty and In Time of Need

In Plenty and In Time of Need is the national anthem of the country of Barbados. It was written by Irving Burgie.  The music was written by C. Van Roland Edwards. As one part of the West Indies Federation Barbados' anthem was supposed to be Forged from the Love of Liberty.  The current anthem was made with Barbados' moves toward independence.  This song was then taken by Barbados when it became independent in 1966.

Lyrics

In plenty and in time of need,
When this fair land was young;
Our brave forefathers sowed the seed,
From which our pride was sprung.
A pride that makes no wanton boast,
Of what it has withstood;
That binds our hearts from coast to coast,
The pride of nationhood.
We loyal sons and daughters all,
Do hereby make it known;
These fields and hills beyond recall,
Are now our very own.
We write our names on history's page,
With expectations great;
Strict guardians of our heritage,
Firm craftsmen of our fate.
The Lord has been the people's guide,
For past three hundred years;
With Him still on the people's side,
We have no doubts or fears.
Upward and onward we shall go,
Inspired, exulting, free;
And greater will our nation grow,
In strength and unity.
We loyal sons and daughters all,
Do hereby make it known;
These fields and hills beyond recall,
Are now our very own.
We write our names on history's page,
With expectations great;
Strict guardians of our heritage,
Firm craftsmen of our fate.
James–Lange theory

The James-Lange Theory is a hypothesis about emotions. It is one of the earliest theories of emotion. The theory is that emotions come from the physiological response to what is happening around us.

It was developed independently by two 19th-century scholars, William James and Carl Lange. The basic idea of the theory is that physiological arousal triggers the experience of a specific emotion. The theory is that the physiological change is primary, and emotion is caused by the information from the body's nervous system.

The theory has been criticised and modified over the course of time. There are several competing theories.

References 

Emotions
Nurse Jackie

Nurse Jackie is an American comedy-drama television series. It began on June 8, 2009. It is on Showtime, Movie Central and The Movie Network. It stars Edie Falco as an emergency room nurse at a hospital in New York City.

Main characters

References

Other websites 
Official website

2009 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2000s American comedy television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s medical television series
2010s American comedy television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s comedy-drama television series
2010s medical television series
American comedy-drama television series
American medical television series
Black comedy television series
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Christ Church, Barbados

Christ Church is a parish of Barbados. It has a land area of .  It is found at the southern end of the island.

The parish has the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport.  It also has the last remaining mangrove swamp in the country, the Graeme Hall Nature Sanctuary. Another notable area of Christ Church is Saint Lawrence Gap.  It is the most lively tourist area on the island. Many of the taverns and clubs in St. Lawrence are used by locals and tourists alike.

Notable persons
 Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman elected to the United States House of Representatives, lived in Christ Church with her maternal grandmother for a large part of her childhood.
 Doug E. Fresh, the famous beatboxer and rapper (prominent in the 80's and 90's) was born here.
 Jaicko Lawrence, contemporary pop music singer/songwriter.
 Jefferson Jones (cricketer) (1954- ), born at Christ Church before moving to England where he played cricket for Berkshire.

Parishes of Barbados
1627 establishments
17th-century establishments in the British Empire
Saint Andrew, Barbados

Saint Andrew ("St. Andrew") is one of eleven parishes of Barbados. It is in the northern area in the country. Saint Andrew has the country's highest natural elevation, the  Mount Hillaby at the southern part of the parish.

The parish is named after the patron saint, Saint Andrew.  He is also the basis of the name for Barbados' highest national award "The Order of Saint Andrew".

During the colonial years under Britain, the British thought the area looked like the hills and fields of Scotland. Now is nicknamed the "Scotland District".

Saint Andrew is on the eastern coastline of Barbados.  There the Atlantic Ocean tends to be more turbulent. The parish is home to several natural reserves including the Turner's Hall Woods.

Parishes of Barbados
Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes (or gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) is a condition in which females who previously were not having diabetes exhibit higher than normal levels of blood sugar while pregnant. The illness usually shows few signs/symptoms. It is usually found during pregnancy medical checks. Up to 16% of pregnant women are affected by GDM.  Pregnant women with family history of having diabetes and ethnic background have higher chances of getting the disease.  

Gestational diabetes is caused when a pregnant woman's body does not produce enough insulin, leading to higher than normal blood sugar levels. Some women with GDM are treated with drugs. However, healthy eating and regular exercise can help to lower the chances of getting GDM. 

It is still unclear what causes gestational diabetes. It may be due to the action of pregnancy hormones, blocking the action of insulin to its receptors. This prevents cells to take in glucose properly. This causes sugar to remain in blood, where it continues to rise.  

Babies born to mothers with  gestational diabetes can have many problems, such as, being too large (which may make childbirth difficult), lower than normal blood glucose, or being born too early.  More serious problems include brain problems or dead before birth. In addition, women with gestational diabetes have higher risk of getting Type 2 diabetes (or, in fewer cases, Type 1 diabetes) after pregnancy.  

In most cases, children belonging to mothers having gestational diabetes are at higher risk of childhood obesity and Type 2 diabetes later in life. This can be stopped through healthy eating and regular  exercise.

Risk factors 
Common risk factors for developing gestational diabetes are: 
 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
 Having gestational diabetes previously 
 Family history with Type 2 Diabetes
 Mother's age-  risk increases with age (especially for women 35 years of age) 
 Ethicity: African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, Native Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, and people originating from South Asia
 Being overweight or obese
 First child being born large (high birth weight). 
 Previous poor pregnancy experience  
 Smoking during pregnancy

Standard Medical Test 
A basic test is carried out during the first visit to the doctor during pregnancy. The doctor or nurse will ask certain questions to check if the mother is at high risk of getting gestational diabetes.   

Woman found with higher chance of getting GDM will be offered a blood glucose test. This allows the doctor to check the correct sugar levels in the mother's blood.

Prevention 
Light exercise and stop smoking during pregnancy can greatly help pregnant women to avoid getting GDM. 

Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
Diabetes mellitus
Zhou Enlai

Zhou Enlai (; 5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. He served from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Mao Zedong and was an important leader in the Communist Party.

A skilled and able diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. He believed in getting along with Western countries after the Korean War. He participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and helped organize Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. He helped make policies regarding the disagreements with the U.S., Taiwan, the Soviet Union (after 1960), India and Vietnam. Zhou is best known as the long-time top aide to Mao Zedong. His specialty was foreign policy. Mao and Zhou's different personalities made them an effective team, according to Henry Kissinger, the American diplomat who dealt with both men.

1898 births
1976 deaths
Chinese politicians
Jean-Marc Ayrault

Jean-Marc Ayrault (born 25 January 1950) is a French politician. He was the Prime Minister of France from 15 May 2012 to 31 March 2014. He has also been the Mayor of Nantes since 1989. He was appointed prime minister by François Hollande following the defeat of the UMP president and the resignation of that government.

References 

1950 births
Living people
French mayors
Prime Ministers of France
French Roman Catholics
Government ministers of France
People from Pays de la Loire
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Slade in Flame

Slade in Flame is a 1975 movie directed by Richard Loncraine. The story follows a band's rise to fame and their decline, showing the dark side of the music business.

The band released a soundtrack in late 1974 under the same name.

Other websites

1975 movies
Ingénieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile

The IEEAC is the corps of the Ingénieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (Civil Aviation Operations Engineer). It is the sixth corps of the French civil aviation authorities in terms of numbers with 777 IEEAC out of 13,076 agents the 1st of July 2011.

The third-year training of IEEAC is performed at the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) of Toulouse.

They work for French civil aviation authorities.

References

Further reading 
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson et Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
 ENAC’s Engineers 

Aviation licenses and certifications
Occupations in aviation
French Civil Aviation University
Joseph Monier

Joseph Monier (November 8, 1823, Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie, France—March 13, 1906, Paris) was a French gardener. He was one of the inventors of reinforced concrete.

Monier did experiments with iron-wire reinforcement for his cement and concrete tubs and basins. He made the idea in 1867 and put his invention on exhibition the same year at the Paris Exposition.

References 

French inventors
1823 births
1906 deaths
Menarche

Menarche is the first menstrual cycle for female human beings. From medical and social perspectives it is often the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility. Girls experience menarche at different ages. The timing for menarche is influenced via female biology, in addition to genetic and environmental issues, particularly nutritional factors. The average age of menarche for the United States is near 12.5 years and 12.75 years for Canada.

Female reproductive system
Viper

Vipers are a family of venomous snakes, the Viperidae. All have long, hinged fangs that dig deep into their prey and inject venom. The venom causes internal bleeding. There are four subfamilies of the Viperidae.

Description 
All vipers have a pair of long hollow fangs which are used to inject venom from glands found in the back of the upper jaws. The venom is a kind of protease, a destroyer of protein.

Almost all vipers have ridged scales, a well built body with a short tail and, to make room for the venom glands, a triangular-shaped head. Their slit-shaped pupils can open wide to open most of the eye, or close almost completely. This helps them to see in a wide range of light levels. Vipers are nocturnal, meaning that they sleep in the day and wake up at night to go hunting. 

Like other snakes, vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals,. Their main diet is birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and smaller snakes.

Reproduction 
Most viper species are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young, but a few lay eggs. The word "viper" is derived from Latin vivo = "I live" and pario = "I give birth".

Where they live
Viper snakes are found in Americas, Africa, Eurasia. In the Americas they live from southern Canada, through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and into South America. The only type of viper which lives in the United Kingdom are the adders.

Subfamilies

Type genus = Vipera—Laurenti, 1768

Diet
Vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals, their main diet is eating birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and other smaller snakes.

References