cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Arecibo message

The Arecibo message was a short radio message sent into space to celebrate the remodeling of the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico in 1974. It was aimed at the globular star cluster M13, about 25,000 light years from Earth. M13 was chosen because it was the right size, and was in the sky at the right time and place for the ceremony. 

Dr. Frank Drake, then at Cornell University and creator of the famous Drake equation, wrote the message, with help from Carl Sagan, among others. The message was in seven parts which show:
The numbers one (1) to ten (10)
The atomic numbers of the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, which make up deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The formulas for the sugars and bases in the nucleotides of DNA
The number of nucleotides in DNA, and a graphic of the double helix structure of DNA
A figure of a human, the size of an average man, and the human population of Earth
The Solar System
The Arecibo Observatory and the diameter of the transmitting antenna dish

It will take 25,000 years for the message to reach the stars, and at least another 25,000 years to get any reply. This means the Arecibo message was a show of human technological achievement, not a real attempt to talk to extraterrestrial life.  The stars of M13 that the message was aimed at will no longer be in that location when the message arrives. Cornell University said on November 12, 1999, the real purpose of the message was not to make contact, but to show the power of the new equipment. (Cornell University had built and operated the radio telescope for the United States National Science Foundation.)

The message consisted of 1679 binary digits, about 210 bytes. It was transmitted at a frequency of 2380 MHz and modulated by shifting the frequency by 10 Hz, with a power of 1000 kW. The "ones" and "zeros" were transmitted by frequency shifting at the rate of 10 bits per second. The total broadcast was less than three minutes.

The cardinality of 1679 was chosen because it is a semiprime. It can be arranged as a rectangle of 73 rows by 23 columns. The other arrangement, 23 rows by 73 columns, does not produce a meaningful result. The message forms the image shown on the right, or its inverse, when translated into graphics characters and spaces.

In 2009 the band Boxcutter made an album called the Arecibo Message, which has a lot of short songs.

References

Other websites
 Arecibo Observatory Home Page

Astronomy
Radio
Communication
1974 in the United States
20th century in Puerto Rico
Ministry of Justice (Spain)

The Ministry of Justice (in Spanish: Ministerio de Justicia - previously called Ministerio de Gracia y Justicia, Ministerio de Justicia y Culto, Ministerio de Sanidad, Trabajo y Justicia and Ministerio de Interior y Justicia) is one of the departments of the Government of Spain. The current minister of Justice is Dolores Delgado García.

It's headquarters is located in Madrid, in the Palacio de la Marquesa de la Sonora.

Tasks 

The Ministry of Justice is responsible for the preparation and execution of government policy on development of law (criminal law, civil law, commercial law, ...), rights and religious freedom and worship, prerogative of mercy and titles of nobility and greatness of Spain.

In addition, the department shall be responsible for policy for the organization and support for the administration of justice, international judicial cooperation, as well as with the Autonomous Communities, in coordination with other relevant departments in this area. The ministry is also one that provides legal assistance to State.

References

Other websites 
 Ministry's page

Politics of Spain
Goliath (Walibi Holland)

Goliath is a steel roller coaster in the Dutch theme park Walibi Holland. The lift hill has a height of 46.8 meters. This makes it the tallest coaster of the Benelux. However, in 2007 this record was beaten by Vertigo in Walibi Belgium, but after Vertigo was demolished in 2008, Goliath was again the tallest coaster of the Benelux.

Ride information 
The coaster was created by the Swiss coaster manufacturer Intamin AG. It was opened in 2002. The coaster has a maximum speed of 66 miles per hour (106 km/h) over 3,982 feet (1,214 m) of track. The coaster has 2 trains, one green and one purple with hydraulic lap bars as restraints.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Walibi Holland website 

Roller coasters in the Netherlands
Roller coasters by name
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
Condor (roller coaster)

Condor (formerly El Condor) is a steel roller coaster at Walibi Holland in The Netherlands. The ride was built by Vekoma as the first suspended looping coaster in the world.

Gallery

Other websites 
El Condor on the Walibi Holland website

References 

Roller coasters in the Netherlands
Roller coasters by name
1994 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in the Netherlands
Xpress

Xpress is a steel launched roller coaster at Walibi Holland in The Netherlands. It opened in 2000 under the name Superman the Ride. However, Six Flags was planning to open it under the name Riddlers Revenge and the ride was painted green at the factory. Shortly before the coaster was built, the name was changed to Superman the Ride and was painted red and blue. Since 2005 the coaster is called Xpress. It is the first LSM coaster in Europe.

The coaster had been standing but not operating for the whole season in 2011. The reason for this was because important parts of the launch mechanism were broken, which can cause that the train does not have enough speed at the end of the launch, or doesn't launch at all. These parts are ordered and are only made on request, as there are only 3 coasters of this type worldwide (2 of which are in Disney parks). Therefore, Walibi Holland decided to paint the track. As of 2012, the coaster operates again.

Gallery

References 

Roller coasters in the Netherlands
Roller coasters by name
2000 establishments in the Netherlands
The Rules of Attraction

{{Infobox film
| name = The Rules of Attraction| director = Roger Avary
| producer = Roger AvaryGreg Shapiro
| screenplay = Roger Avary
| based_on = 
| starring = James van der BeekShannyn SossamonIan SomerhalderJessica BielKip Pardue
| music = tomandandy
| cinematography = Robert Brinkmann
| editing = Sharon Rutter
| studio = Kinsgate FilmsRoger Avary Filmproduktion
| distributor = Lions Gate Entertainment
| released = 
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = United StatesGermany
| language = EnglishGerman
| budget = $4 million
| gross = $11,819,244
}}The Rules of Attraction' is a 2002 American satirical black comedy-drama movie. It stars James van der Beek and Jessica Biel. This movie is based on the novel of the same name by Bret Easton Ellis. It is about events at a fictional college in New Hampshire. The Rules of Attraction'' was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA, although edits were performed by Lionsgate so that the movie could get an R rating.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 

2002 comedy-drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
NC-17 rated movies
New Hampshire
Black comedy movies
American independent movies
Lionsgate movies
Spa

The term spa is associated with water treatment of disease by bathing. Spa towns, spa resorts, and hot springs resorts often offer various health treatments. People have believed in the helpful powers of mineral waters back to prehistoric times. This practice has been popular worldwide. It is especially widespread in Europe and Japan.

Origins of the term 
The term came from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium. This name was known back in Roman times, when it was called Aquae Spadanae. It may be related to the Latin word "spargere" meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten.

References 

Care
Dwayne Roloson

Albert Dwayne Roloson (born October 12, 1969 in Simcoe, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender and the current goaltending coach of the Anaheim Ducks. Roloson played 606 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Calgary Flames, Buffalo Sabres, Minnesota Wild, Edmonton Oilers, New York Islanders, and Tampa Bay Lightning.

After Mark Recchi retired, Roloson became the oldest active NHL player and the last active NHL player to have been born in the 1960s. He played for the Calgary Flames for 2 seasons, the Buffalo Sabres for 2 seasons, the Minnesota Wild for 4 seasons, the Edmonton Oilers for 4 seasons and the New York Islanders for 2 seasons before being traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning on January 1, 2011 for defenceman Ty Wishart. He is married to his wife, Melissa and they have two sons, Brett, 7, and Ross, 5.

Other websites

American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota Wild players
New York Islanders players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
John Farey, Sr.

John Farey, Sr. (1766 – January 6, 1826) was an English geologist. However, he is better known for a mathematician, the Farey sequence is named after him. He is also a writer.

References 

English geologists
1766 births
1826 deaths
Wilford Brimley

Anthony Wilford Brimley (September 27, 1934 – August 1, 2020) was an American actor. Brimley has appeared in the movies The China Syndrome, Cocoon, The Thing and The Firm. He has also appeared in television commercials for Quaker Oats and Liberty Medical. He is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is a former United States Marine. 

He had diabetes which he speaks openly about in his commercials for Liberty Medical.

Brimley died of kidney disease on August 1, 2020 in St. George, Utah at the age of 85.

Filmography

References

Other websites

1934 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from kidney disease
Stuntmen
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Wyoming
Actors from Salt Lake City, Utah
Singers from Wyoming
Singers from Utah
Ernest Ellis Clark

Ernest Ellis Clark (1870 – 1932) was a Derby born artist. Three of his paintings are in Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

Biography

Clark was born in Derby and after studying art he started work at Royal Crown Derby. He won many prizes for his art. In his forties he served in the Royal Field Artillery during the first world war. His only book was a guide for his students to design based on plant forms. In the book he supplied the designs. Clark said "... it cannot be too frequently urged upon students that the only right way for them is to make their own studies direct from nature." Three of his paintings are in Derby Museum and Art Gallery after being gifted by Alfred E. Goodey. The painting of Green Street records a time three years before the Hippodrome Theatre was built on the left and on the right is the College of Art where Clark trained.

Clark died aged 63 in Derby in 1932 and his work is free from copyright.

References

Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Derby Sketching Club

The Derby Sketching Club is a members' club meeting in Derby, England. It was founded in 1887, still providing members with facilities.

History
In 1887, a group of young men held a meeting at the County hotel in Derby and founded the Derby Sketching Club. They wanted to have a place where they and others could work, share their interest in painting and sketching. The fee for one year was two shillings and sixpence. Their first exhibition was held in January 1889, at the Athenaeum Rooms in Derby. 

In 1922, the Derby Ladies Art Group was formed. The two groups first held a joint Exhibition in 1951 for the Festival of Britain. They finally merged in 1966.

The art collector Alfred E. Goodey. collected some of their work about Derby made by Sketching Club members. In the 1940s he presented the paintings to Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

Current activities
There are regular sessions for members- for lifedrawing, and portrait painting and still life. There are guest lectures and exhibitions and members use the website to promote their work.

References

Other websites 
 

Derby
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in England
Alfred John Keene

Alfred John Keene (1864–1930) was a British watercolour artist working in Derby.

Biography
Known as "Jack", Keene trained at Derby Central School of Art from 1878 to 1895.

Keene managed the family business with his brother Charles after their father's death. Alfred John Keene was a founder member, in 1887, of the Derby Sketching Club with F Booty, William Swindell, George Thompson, Charles Terry And Frank Timms. This club still meets today. Keene's paintings were collected by Alfred E. Goodey who eventually purchased 77 of them. Goodey gave his collection of paintings to Derby Museum in 1936.

Sources

English painters
1864 births
1930 deaths
Shadows of the Damned

Shadows of the Damned, also known as Damned or DMD, is a first-person shooter and horror video game developed by Grasshopper Manufacture and published by Electronic Arts. The game was made for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game was released on June 21, 2011 in North America and on June 24, 2011 in Europe.

Characters
 Garcia Hotspur - A demon hunter.
 Johnson - A demon that assists Garcia.
 Paula - Garcia's girlfriend.
 Fleming - The demon in charge of the underworld.
 Christopher - A half-human/demon hybrid.

Other websites
 Shadows of the Damned's Official website

PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
2011 video games
Shooter video games
Horror video games
Video games developed in Japan
Holy Land

The Holy Land is an area in the Levant that is holy to Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism). The name roughly refers to the region of Palestine. Jews say God gave the Holy Land to them. This is where Jesus was born, crucified and resurrected. Several Crusades were fought there.

Other websites
"Description of the Holy Land" is an old map from the 1500s which shows the Holy Land when Jesus was alive

Regions of Asia
Religious places
Jewish history
History of Islam
Bible
History of Israel
History of Palestine
Crusades
A.B. Quintanilla III

Abraham Isaac Quintanilla III is a Grammy Award-winning songwriter, most known for his works for his sister, Selena. A.B. Quintanilla III, became a member of Kumbia Kings, which he founded several years after Selena's death. A.B., left the band and soon founded another band Kumbia All-Starz with some alumni members and some from Selena y Los Dinos.

A.B.,'s hit singles "Como La Flor", Amor Prohibido", and "No Me Queda Mas" became classic hits for Selena and became her signature songs. "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Mas" were the most successful singles in 1994 and 1995 in the United States Latino communities and Mexico.

References 

Selena
1963 births
Grammy Award winners
Latin singers
Living people
Tejano musicians
Latin Grammy Award winners
Pete Astudillo

Pedro "Pete" Astudillo (born 1963 in Laredo, Texas) is a Mexican American songwriter. He became a back-up dancer and singer for the band "Selena y Los Dinos". The band's lead singer, Selena, was the "Queen of Tejano music". Astudillo, later left the band after writing several #1 Billboard hits. He left to become a solo artist. Most of his written and recorded songs were all nominated for awards. Most of these did win the awards they were nominated for.

References

Other websites 
"Pete Astudillo", BMI
"Pete Astudillo arrestado "

1963 births
Living people
Selena
Singer-songwriters from Texas
People from Laredo, Texas
American Psycho (movie)

American Psycho is a 2000 American satirical crime drama movie. It stars Christian Bale, Willem Dafoe, Jared Leto, Chloë Sevigny and Reese Witherspoon. It is set in New York City in the late 1980s. The central character is a narcissistic psychopath who is an investment banker and serial killer.

The MPAA initially gave the movie an NC-17. Movie makers cut out 18 seconds so it could receive an R rating. The movie is based on a novel by Bret Easton Ellis that is also called American Psycho.

Other websites 

2000 crime movies
2000 drama movies
2000s black comedy movies
2000s crime drama movies
2000s satirical movies
2000s serial killer movies
American black comedy movies
American crime drama movies
American satirical movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in 1988
Narcissism in fiction
NC-17 rated movies
Lionsgate movies
Entognatha

The Entognatha is a class of ametabolous arthropods, which, together with insects, makes up the superclass Hexapoda. Their mouthparts are entognathous, meaning they are retracted within the head. The class contains three orders: Collembola (springtails), Diplura and Protura.

Arthropods
Tejano Music Awards

The Tejano Music Awards is an annual music awards ceremony that is held in San Antonio, Texas to recognize and build awareness for Tejano music. The first TMA's began in 1980.

Achievements 
In 1986, Selena won the "Female Vocalist of The Year" award and continued to win the award for nine consecutive years, up until her death. She had won two awards posthumously after her death. Selena dominated the awards beginning the 90's when she helped spread the Tejano Music Movement into the United States. She was then given the title "Queen of Tejano music".

Being a male-dominate genre, the Tejano Music Awards continued to see a rise in more male entertainers receiving awards such as Emilio Navaira, Jay Perez, and La Mafia. The group, La Mafia, became the first male Tejano group to sell a gold album (sales of 50,000 units). For the females, Selena's album Ven Conmigo (1990) became the very first Tejano album to ever be certified gold by the RIAA.

Awards 
Tejano Music Awards for Male Vocalist of The Year
Tejano Music Awards for Female Vocalist of The Year
Tejano Music Awards for Best New Male Artist
Tejano Music Awards for Best New Female Artist
Tejano Music Awards for Best New Group
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Conjunto)
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Tejano)
Tejano Music Awards for Entertainer of The Year
Tejano Music Awards for Song of The Year
Tejano Music Awards decade ballots
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (group)
Tejano Music Awards for Crossover Song of The Year
Tejano Music Awards for Vocal Duo of the Year
Tejano Music Awards for Lifetime Achievement Award
Tejano Music Awards for Most Promising Band
Tejano Music Awards for Showband of the Year
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Conjunto Progressive)
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Urban Tejano)
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Conjunto Norteño)
Tejano Music Awards for Mexican/Regional Song of the Year
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Tejano Norteño)
Tejano Music Awards for Tejano Music Video of the Year
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Traditional)
Tejano Music Awards for Humanitarian of the Year
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Orchestra)
Tejano Music Awards for Album of The Year (Overall)
Tejano Music Awards for Song of The Year (Tejano Country)
Tejano Music Awards for Instrumental of the Year
Tejano Music Awards for Songwriter of the Year
Tejano Music Awards for Tejano Gospel Music Artist

References

Books and articles

Other websites 
Official web site

Music awards
San Antonio, Texas
Tejano music
1980 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Ricky Vela

Ricardo Vela or also known as Ricky Vela was a songwriter and keyboardist for Selena y Los Dinos. Vela had won several awards at the Tejano Music Awards for his works with Selena.

Charted songs 
(This is a list of songs written or co-written by Ricky Vela that impacted music charts on Billboard)

"Dame Tu Amor" #6 Hot Latin Tracks
"No Debes Jugar" #3 Hot Latin Tracks
"La Llamada" #6 Hot Latin Tracks
"Tu Robaste Mi Corazon" #5 Hot Latin Tracks
"No Me Queda Mas" #1 Hot Latin Tracks
"Fotos y Recuerdos" #1 Hot Latin Tracks

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Selena
Songwriters
Tejano musicians
Q-Productions

Q-Productions is an independent record label founded by Abraham Quintanilla Jr in 1993, to help build further awareness for his daughter, Selena. After Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla Jr opened the record label to the public to help find new stars in the music and film industries. Q-Productions specializes in Tejano music.

Artists signed 
Selena
Jennifer Pena (1996–2001)
La Fuerza
Los Tres Reyes
Cortez De La Sierra
Jorge Roel Y Potrillo

References 
 http://Q-productions.com/qzone.html 
 http://q-productions.com/about.html 

American record labels
Chris Pérez

Chris Pérez (born 14 August 1969 in San Antonio, Texas) is a Grammy-winning guitarist and the widower of "The Queen of Tejano music" Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.

Personal life 
In 1988, Pérez met Grammy-winning Mexican American singer Selena.  Two years later, Selena's family hired him to play in her band and they quickly fell in love.  At first her father did not approve of the relationship and went as far as firing Pérez from the band.  However, he eventually came to accept the relationship. On April 2, 1992, Selena and Pérez married in Nueces County, Texas and Selena legally added Pérez's surname to her own.

After Selena was murdered in 1995, Pérez remarried and had two children with his second wife, Vanessa. They split up in March 2008.

Career 
At the 2000 Grammy Awards his Rock band, The Chris Pérez Band, won a Grammy Award for "Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album" for their debut album "Resurrection". Pérez dedicated the song, "Best I Can," to Selena.  In 2001, The Chris Pérez Band made their final album called "Una Noche Más" (English: One More Night).

After the Chris Pérez Band disbanded, Pérez joined his former brother-in-law's (A.B. Quintanilla III) music group called Kumbia Kings. However, Quintanilla had conflicts with the band and left the Kumbia Kings along with Pérez. Quintanilla started a new band called, Kumbia All-Starz with Pérez as its current guitarist.

References

Other websites
 Chris Pérez Official Website
 Chris Pérez Facebook!
 Chris Pérez YouTube!
 Chris Pérez Twitter!
 Chris Pérez Bands Twitter!
 
 
 Chris Pérez  at VH1.com

American guitarists
Selena
Musicians from San Antonio, Texas
Grammy Award winners
1969 births
American heavy metal musicians
American rock musicians
Living people
Latin singers
Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.

Abraham Issac Quintanilla, Jr. (born February 20, 1939) is a Mexican American singer. He was Selena's manager throughout her life.

Los Dinos era
Abraham and his close friends formed a Mexican American doo-wop band called, Los Dinos beginning in the 1950s. Los Dinos took to the road everywhere their music was much appreciated. Through struggles, Los Dinos signed numerous minor Texas based record companies. By the 1960s Los Dinos switched their musical styles to Tejano music due to their low popularity. Abraham quite the band to tend to his family full-time soon after his third and final child, Selena was born in 1971. Abraham became managing his children's music abilities, soon after his daughter Selena had the ability to sing high notes in perfect pitch tune and memorization.

Selena y Los Dinos era
In the late 1970s, Abraham formed a new group composed of his three children, which was named Selena y Los Dinos. Abraham opened a Mexican American restaurant in 1982, which featured performances by his musically gifted children. Unfortunately, the restaurant was unsuccessful and closed in its first year. By 1984, Abraham became the children's manager full-time for live concerts, performance on television shows, and so forth with the help of the "Selena Tour Bus". In 1993, Abraham opened up his own recording studio, Q-Productions which he managed with various artists. In the same year, the "Selena Fan Club" was formed by Yolanda Saldivar who later took Selena's life. In 1995, Abraham was no longer the manager of Selena and her band Selena y Los Dinos due to an upcoming crossover album that would have propelled Selena into the main strain American pop. On March 31, 1995, Abraham's youngest child, Selena was murdered at the age of 23. Soon after her death, Abraham and his family created The Selena Foundation, a charitable organization which would help children in crisis.

Personal life
Abraham Quintanilla continues to produce new acts in the music business and film with his record company, Q-Productions. Since Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla appeared in numerous television Selena specials.

Discography
Studio albums

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 IMDB profile
 Q-Productions.com web site

Selena
Singers from Texas
1939 births
Living people
Tejano musicians
Robin Hood (roller coaster)

Robin Hood is a wooden roller coaster at Walibi Holland in the Netherlands.

Information 
Robin Hood was designed by Stand Company and built by Vekoma in 2000. It has a capacity of 815 people per hour. The coaster has 2 trains, both having 4 cars with 6 seats (per train 24 people). A ride takes about 2.5 minutes and the coaster is about 1 kilometer long. The ride will close in 2018 for an RMC make-over.

References 

Roller coasters in the Netherlands
Roller coasters by name
2000 establishments in the Netherlands
Tripartite Pact

The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact, or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany, on September 27, 1940, which set up the Axis Powers of World War II. On that date, it was signed by three countries: Germany, Italy, and Japan. 

The pact was later joined by Hungary (November 20, 1940), Romania (November 23, 1940), Slovakia (November 24, 1940), Bulgaria (March 1, 1941), Yugoslavia (March 25, 1941) and Croatia (April 10, 1941). Japan included some countries that were under its control.

The countries that signed the pact agreed to give ten years of political, economic, and military help to one another. Also, if any country that signed the pact was attacked by another other country that had not joined the war, such as the United States or the Soviet Union, all of the other countries in the pact countries would declare war and help.

In 1943, the pact began to fall. Many countries had ended the war or joined the Allies. Although the pact remained in effect until Japan's surrender in August 1945, Germany's surrender three months earlier had made the pact meaningless.

Related pages
 Anti-Comintern Pact

Other websites 
The text of the Tripartite Pact

World War II
The Scientist

"The Scientist" is the second single from English alternative rock band Coldplay's second album, A Rush of Blood to the Head. The song was written by all the band members for the album together. It is built around a piano ballad. Its lyrics tell the story about a man's desire to love and about an apology. The song was released in the United Kingdom as the second single from A Rush of Blood to the Head and reached number 10 in the UK Charts. It was released in the United States as the third single and reached number 18 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks.

Critics praised "The Scientist". Several remixes of the track have been made. Its riff has been widely sampled. The single's music video won three MTV Music Video Awards, for the video's use of reverse narrative. The song was also featured on the band's 2003 live album Live 2003.

On May 19, 2011, a cover of the song by Mike Posner was leaked.

The song was used by WWE in a tribute to Macho Man Randy Savage that aired on Raw and Smackdown just a few days after his death on May 20, 2011.

Track listing
 "The Scientist" - 5:11
 "1.36" - 2:05
 "I Ran Away" - 4:26
 "1.36" features Tim Wheeler of Ash on guitar.

DVD
 "The Scientist" (Edit)
 "The Scientist" (video running backwards)
 "Lips Like Sugar" (Live)

Charts

References

Notes
 Roach, Martin (2003). Coldplay: Nobody Said It Was Easy. Omnibus Press. .

Other websites 
 
 "The Scientist" music video on YouTube.

2002 songs
Rhineland

The Rhinelands used to mean an area on both banks of the Rhine, in Central Europe, but the Rhineland (or Rheinland in German) is now a general word for areas of Germany along the middle and the lower Rhine. It borders Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west and the Rhine to the east.

After the French were defeated in the early 19th century, the German - and the Dutch-speaking areas in the middle and the lower Rhine were added to the Kingdom of Prussia and were called the Rhine Province (or Rhenish Prussia). 

After World War I, the western part of Rhineland was under Allied control and demilitarized, with no military activities allowed, under the Treaty of Versailles. German forces sent armies back to it in 1936, three years before World War II began.

Reference 

Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Regions of Germany
Handstand

A handstand is the act of holding the body upside down balancing on the hands. The body is held straight with arms and legs fully extended. The hands are placed about shoulder-width apart. A handstand performer must have balance and upper body strength.

Handstands are used in many activities, including acro dance, acrobatics, cheerleading and gymnastics. Some types of handstand are performed on all gymnastic equipment. Many tumbling skills pass through a handstand position as part of the action. Breakdancers use handstands in freezes and kicks. Sometimes a handstand is used as a starting position for diving. In games or contests, swimmers will sometimes do underwater handstands on pool bottoms with legs and feet extended above the water.

Handstands are known by various other names. In yoga, the handstand is known as Adho Mukha Vrksasana (pronounced AHD-hoh MOOK-hah vrik-SHAH-sah-nah) translating to Downward-facing Tree Pose, and in capoeira it is named bananeira.

Types
There are two basic handstands used in modern gymnastics: curved-back and straight-back. Straight-back style is used when straight body lines are wanted and possible. In many cases the curved-back style is better as it has much better control over balance. Balance is kept by shifting body weight towards the fingers or the heel of the hand.

All basic handstands have these features:
Straight arms with hands placed on the ground about shoulder-width apart.
Straight legs, held together.
Pointed toes so as to continue the lines of the legs.

Straight-back handstands have these characteristics:
Tucked head (face pointed forward) as if standing upright.
Straight spine, with hips pushed forward. If performed while lying flat, this would cause the small of the back to contact ground.

Variations

Common handstand variations include:
 Straight legs held in a side or front split.
 Stag split, in which legs are front split with bent knees.
 Back very arched, with bent knees and toes touching the back of the head.
 Hollowback, with the back bent so that legs go further forward than the head.
 One-handed, in which only one hand contacts the ground.
 Handstand pushups, in which one raises and lowers the body while standing inverted on the hands.

Related pages

Diving
Gymnastics

References

Gymnastics
Human skills
Yoga
Globular cluster

A globular cluster is a group of stars of a similar age which often orbits the central bulge of a galaxy. Gravity holds clusters together and gives them their spherical shape. Towards the centre of such clusters there are many stars in a relatively small space. 

Globular clusters occur in the halo of a galaxy and in its disk. Those in the halo contain many more stars and are much older than the less dense open clusters in the disk. Globular clusters are fairly common: there are about 150 to 158 known globular clusters in the Milky Way. Large galaxies can have more: Andromeda may have as many as 500. 

Some giant elliptical galaxies, particularly those at the centres of galaxy clusters, such as M87, have as many as 13,000 globular clusters. These globular clusters orbit the galaxy out to huge distances, 40 kiloparsecs (approximately 131,000 light-years) or more.

Every galaxy of sufficient mass in the Local Group has its group of globular clusters, and almost every large galaxy surveyed has  a system of globular clusters. The Sagittarius Dwarf and Canis Major Dwarf galaxies appear to be in the process of donating their associated globular clusters (such as Palomar 12) to the Milky Way. This demonstrates how many of this galaxy's globular clusters might have been acquired in the past.

Observation history 

The first globular cluster discovered was M22 in 1665, but individual stars in a globular cluster were not seen until Charles Messier observed M4. The first eight globular clusters discovered are shown in the table. The M before a number refers to the catalogue of Charles Messier, while NGC is from the New General Catalogue.

William Herschel began a survey program in 1782 using larger telescopes and was able to resolve the stars in all 33 of the known globular clusters. In addition he found 37 additional clusters. In Herschel's 1789 catalog of deep sky objects, his second such, he became the first to use the name globular cluster as their description.

The number of globular clusters discovered continued to increase, reaching 83 in 1915, 93 in 1930 and 97 by 1947. A total of 152 globular clusters have now been discovered in the Milky Way galaxy, out of an estimated total of 180 ± 20. These additional, undiscovered globular clusters are believed to be hidden behind the gas and dust of the Milky Way.

References

Star clusters
Boomerang (roller coaster)

Boomerang is a coaster type made by Vekoma, named after the original boomerang. The first Boomerang began operation in 1984 at Rafaela Padilla in Puebla, México (which has since been moved to Six Flags México), and it has become one of the most repeated roller coaster designs in the world, with 41 Boomerangs operating as of 2011, another two "Standing but not operating" or in storage, and one currently under construction.

Information 

The Boomerang operates with one train with 7 cars, each capable of carrying 4 people (28 people per train). The ride starts with the train being pulled backwards out of the station, up a lift hill by a catch-car. When the catch-car reaches the end of the lift hill, it releases the train, which rolls down through the station, then into a cobra roll. After the cobra roll, it goes through a loop after which it clicks onto a chain on the second lift hill. When the train reaches the end of the second lift hill, the chain is moved down, which causes the train to roll down (as it is not attached to the chain anymore) and do the same track backwards.

Problems 
Boomerang coasters have sometimes stalled, often in the cobra Roll element. As a precaution, many Boomerang coasters, are built with an access platform just under the cobra roll. Also, sometimes the train gets stuck on the second lift hill.

Other websites 
 Boomerang page on the Vekoma website
 Listing of Boomerang roller coasters at the Roller coaster database.
 Listing of Invertigo roller coasters at the Roller coaster database.
 Listing of Giant Inverted Boomerang roller coasters at the Roller coaster database.
 Detailed Technical Article about Boomerang Roller Coasters

Roller coasters manufactured by Vekoma
Semiprime number

In number theory, a natural number is called semiprime if it can be written as the product of two prime numbers. The two numbers do not need to be different. A semiprime can also be the square of a prime number. Such numbers are very useful for cryptography.

Number theory
Rattle Snake

Rattle Snake (previous names Keverbaan, Road Runner and Woks Waanzin) is a steel roller coaster in Walibi Holland in the Netherlands. It was built by Zierer

Information 
Rattle Snake was built in 1994 by Walibi Flevo as Keverbaan. When Six Flags took over the park in 2000, the name was changed to Road Runner. Six Flags decided to paint the track brown instead of red, but later they decided to paint it back to red in 2004. After the park name was changed to Walibi World, Road Runner was renamed to Woks Waanzin, but due to the name change in 2011 to Walibi Holland, the mascotte Wok disappeared and the coaster was renamed to Rattle Snake. It moved to another section of the park, replacing Flying Dutchman Gold Mine. The coaster has a capacity of 1000 people per hour.

Other websites 
Rattle Snake on the Walibi Holland website 

Roller coasters in the Netherlands
Roller coasters by name
1994 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in the Netherlands
Bit rate

Bit rate (also called bitrate, data rate, or R) is how fast bits move from one place to another. It is measured in bits per second (bit/s).

It is different from symbol rate and bandwidth, but part of the same group.

Related pages  
 Bandwidth (computing)

Telecommunications
Renal disease

Renal disease is the name for a disease or condition that mainly affects the kidneys.  Medical words for renal disease are nephropathy or nephrosis. 

There are many possible causes of renal disease, including:
Diabetes
High blood pressure 
Some pain medicines affect how well the kidneys work, if they are taken over a longer time period
If a person has an organ transplantation, certain drugs need to be taken to keep the immune system from attacking the new organ. These often affect the kidneys.
Certain diseases, basically from eating bread contaminated with Aristolochic acid.
Certain viruses, such as HIV.

If renal disease gets bad enough, it can cause renal failure, where the kidneys do not work at all.

Diseases
Florida, Chile

Florida is a city and commune in Chile with 10067 inhabitants and an area of 609 square kilometres, all according to the census on 2002. The city is located at 42 kilometres to the eastern of Concepción.

History 
The city was founded on 1755 by Antonio de Seravia.

References

Other websites 
 Municipality of the city of Florida (Chile) 

Cities in Chile
Lions Gate Entertainment

Lions Gate Entertainment, more often known as Lionsgate, is a Canadian-American motion picture and television company. It was formed in Vancouver in 1995, and is currently headquartered in Santa Monica, California. As of 2007, it is the most commercially successful independent movie and television distribution company in North America.

Lionsgate produces movies that major American studios would not accept because they are too controversial or too disturbing for major studios. Movies produced by Lionsgate include the Saw franchise, Kick-Ass, Tyler Perry films and many other movies.

Other Forms

Powerhouse of Entertainment 

Powerhouse of Entertainment (formerly Entertainment Partners Ltd) is an American independent licensee, producer and distributor of entertainment programming and film and television productions in North America, with approximately 3,000,000,000 all media titles in domestic release, and approximately 450 programs internationally via sublicense agreements. For many of its titles, Image has exclusive audio and broadcast rights as well as digital download rights to approximately 2,100 video programs and over 400 audio programs containing more than 6,000 tracks. The company is headquartered between Burbank, California and Chatsworth, California.

MGM/MCA 

MGM/MCA is an American entertainment company. It was formed on July 10, 1997, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and is currently headquartered in Santa Monica, California

References 

Entertainment companies
Companies based in Santa Monica, California
1995 establishments in North America
Languages of South Africa

South Africa has eleven official languages.  They are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sesotho, Swazi, Setswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. Most South Africans (over 99%) speak one of these languages as a first language. Most South Africans can speak more than one language.  Prior to 1994, South Africa had only two official languages, English and Afrikaans.

All the official languages are equally spoken and recognized everywhere in South Africa even though they are dominant in their respective provinces. Sesotho(Southern Sotho) is dominant in the Free State Province, Setswana(Gauteng and North West Province), Sepedi(Northern Sotho), Tshivenda and Xitsonga in Limpopo Province, isiZulu in Kwazulu Natal province, isiXhosa in Eastern/Western Cape Province. English and Afrikaans is common in all the provinces as English is a medium of instruction. Due to people migrating to different provinces in pursuit for work, there is always a chance you'll find multiple languages spoken in certain regions however a dominant language with respect to that province will prevail. 

The English version of the South African constitution calls each of these languages by its name in that language. Sotho is called Sesotho, Tswana is called Setswana, Pedi is called Sepedi, Zulu is called isiZulu, Xhosa language is called isiXhosa, and so on. The languages listed in the constitution are: Sesotho(Southern Sotho), Setswana(Tswana), Sepedi(Northern Sotho), isiZulu (Zulu), isiXhosa (Xhosa), Afrikaans (Afrikaans), English (English), Xitsonga (Tsonga), Siswati (Swati), Tshivenda (Venda), and isiNdebele (Southern Ndebele).

In South Africa, Southern Ndebele is known simply as Ndebele, since most speakers of Northern Ndebele live in Zimbabwe.  The 1993 version of the Constitution referred to Northern Sotho as Sesotho sa Leboa, but the 1996 version called it Sepedi. Different government departments and official organizations use different names for Northern Sotho.

The main language of government is English. Afrikaans and English are both important languages used in commerce. Most rich South Africans speak Afrikaans and English.  

Two of the official languages are West Germanic languages (English and Afrikaans). The other nine languages are Bantu languages. Four of the Bantu languages are part of the Nguni family (Zulu, Xhosa, Swati, Ndebele). Three of the Bantu languages are Sotho-Tswana languages (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Setswana). Tsonga is a Tswa-Ronga language. South Africa also has a national sign languae, South African Sign Language.

References

Other websites
 Introduction to the languages of South Africa
 Ethnologue Listing of South African Languages
 PanAfriL10n page on South Africa
 Statistics SA
Entre A Mi Mundo

Entre A Mi Mundo (English: Enter My World), was the fourth studio album by Mexican-American Tejano pop singer, Selena. The album was released on May 6, 1992, a month after her marriage with Selena y Los Dinos guitarist, Chris Pérez.

The album won several awards at the Tejano Music Awards and Premio Lo Nuestro Awards. Songs like "Como La Flor" and "La Carcacha" became Selena's signature songs and helped her crossover to tour in Mexico. The duet with El Salvadoran singer,  Álvaro Torres, entitled "Buenos Amgios", the song became Selena's first #1 Billboard song and helped her crossover to South America. To date the album had sold more than 1,200,000 copies in the United States being certified 6x Platinum by the RIAA.

Track listing

Certifications

Personnel 
Pete Astudillo - Vocals (Background)
Selena - Main Performer
Manny R. Guerra - Engineer
Manny R. Guerra - Guest Appearance
Joe Ojeda - Keyboards
Chris Pérez - Guitar
Abraham Quintanilla III - Bass
Abraham Quintanilla III - Arranger
Abraham Quintanilla III - Vocals
Abraham Quintanilla III - Producer
Ricky Vela - Keyboards
Al Rendon - Photography
Selena Quintanilla - Vocals
Ramon Hernandez - Photography
Suzette Quintanilla - Drums
Suzette Quintanilla - Liner Notes
Suzette Quintanilla - Stylist
Brian "Red" Moore - Engineer
Joel Jose Guzman - Guest Appearance
Lisette Lorenzo - Art Direction
Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. - Executive Producer

References

Selena albums
1992 albums
Selena y Los Dinos (album)

Selena y Los Dinos is the debut album by Mexican-American Tejano pop band Selena y Los Dinos. The album was released on July 16, 1984 under Freddie Records, an independent studio label in South Texas. Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla Jr, removed his children from Freddie Records after he had told him that Selena would never become a famous singer, could not bring in large crowds, and wasn't professionally ready to release a full-length album. Selena was also underpaid because she was a female in a male-dominate genre and no could understand a female singer lead a Tejano band. She was made fun of and even booed off-stage by Tejano fans. Undetermined, Abraham moved his children to Cara Records. The album was re-released in 1995, after Selena's murder, entitled Mis Primeras Grabcaciones (English: My First Recordings)

Track listing

Release history

Other websites 
Selena official website
http://www.selenaforever.com/Site_Guide/Music_Information.html
http://www.selenaforever.com/Selenamusic/selenadiscography.html

1984 albums
Selena albums
Tejano albums
Latin pop albums
The New Girl in Town

The New Girl in Town is the second released album by Selena Y Los Dinos. The album has ten tracks. Some of them were covers of songs performed by other artists before Selena. The rest were written by Selena's father Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.

Production
When Selena and her band did not receive much support from Freddie Martinez, the founder of Freddie Records, Abraham Quintanilla Jr, the father of Selena, began searching for another record label for the band. In the summer of 1984, Cara Records contacted him who had heard Selena during a recent concert and so they can sign Selena y Los Dinos. Selena began to record tracks for her new album The New Girl In Town in late 1984. Cara Records released the album in 1985, but had to withdraw it after only two months due to conflicts with various song rights. Quintanilla then moved the band to the Manny Guerra labels GP Productions and RP Productions/Record Producer from 1985–1989, and finally to EMI in 1989. The song "Oh Mama" on Cara Records became very popular leading to appearances by Selena y Los Dinos on television shows like the Johnny Canales Show.

Track listing

Singles
 1983: "Encontre El Amor"  I Found Love
 1983: "Soy Feliz"  I Am Happy
 1983: "Se Me Hace"  I Am Thinking...
 1983: "Estoy Contigo"  I'm With You
 1984: "Dejame Volar"  Let Me Fly
 1984: "La Tracalera"  The Party Girl
 1984: "Escribeme"  Write Me
 1984: "Aunque No Salga El Sol"  Even If The Sun Doesn't Rise
 1985: "Oh Mama"
 1985: "Un Primer Amor"  A First Love

Other websites
 Selena official website
 http://www.selenaforever.com/Site_Guide/Music_Information.html
 http://www.selenaforever.com/Selenamusic/selenadiscography.html

References 

1985 albums
Selena albums
Tejano albums
Latin pop albums
Jazz albums
R&B albums
Alpha (album)

Alpha is the third album released by Selena Y Los Dinos.

Track listing

Re-Release 
The album was re-released in 2006 entitled Classic Series Vol. 1.

Nearly all tracks are new mixes. They are different versions than on the original Alpha album.

1986 albums
Selena albums
Tejano albums
Latin pop albums
Selena Live!

{{Infobox album 
| name = Selena Live!
| type = Live album
| artist = Selena
| cover = 
| alt =
| released = May 4, 1993 (U.S.)
| recorded = February 7, 1993
| genre = Tejano, Latin Pop
| length = 55:52
| label = EMI Records
| producer = A.B. Quintanilla
| prev_title = Baila Esta Cumbia(1992)
!(1993)
| next_title = 17 Super Exitos(1994)
| misc =

}}Selena Live!''''' is a Grammy Award–winning live album released by Tejano singer Selena on May 4, 1993.

Track listing

Certifications 
Note: Certifications are based on the number of units shipped and not the number of copies sold.

References 

1993 albums
Selena albums
Muñequito de Trapo

{{Infobox album 
| name = Muñequito de Trapo
| type = Studio album
| artist = Selena y Los Dinos
| cover = 
| alt = 
| released =  1987 (U.S.)
| recorded = 1986-1987?
| genre = Tejano, Latin Pop 
| length = 
| label = GP Records
| producer = A.B. Quintanilla III
| Reviews     = 
| prev_title = Alpha(1986)
ñequito de Trapo(1986)
| next_title = And the Winner Is...(1987)
| misc = 

}}Muñequito de Trapo''' (English: Doll Rag) is the fourth LP record released by Mexican-American Tejano pop band Selena y Los Dinos.

 Track listing 

 Re-Release 
This album was re-released entitled Classic Series Vol. 2'' in 2007.

1986 albums
Selena albums
Tejano albums
Latin pop albums
And the Winner Is...

And the Winner Is (Originally released as Female Vocalist of the Year and The Winner Is... Selena & Los Dinos) is the fifth LP record release from Mexican-American Tejano pop band Selena y Los Dinos.

Track listing

Re-release 
This album was re-released entitled Classic Series, Vol. 3 in 2007.

1987 albums
Selena albums