cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
David Wayne

David Wayne (born Wayne James McMeekan January 30, 1914 – February 9, 1995) was an American television, voice, stage, and movie actor. He acted for nearly 50 years. He starred with famous actors such as Frank Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, Debbie Reynolds, Celeste Holm, Katherine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, and Spencer Tracy. He has appeared in nearly 100 movies. He won the first Tony Award for his role in the stage production of Finian's Rainbow.

Wayne was born Wayne James McMeekan in Traverse City, Michigan on January 20, 1914. He was raised in Bloomingdale, Michigan. Wayne was married to Jane Gordon from 1941 until her death in 1993. They had two children. Wayne died on February 9, 1995 in his home in Santa Monica, California from lung cancer. He was 81 years old. His remains were cremated.

Movies

Portrait of Jennie (1948)
Adam's Rib (1949)
The Reformer and the Redhead (1950)
Stella (1950)
My Blue Heaven (1950)
Up Front (1951)
M (1951)
As Young as You Feel (1951)
With a Song in My Heart (1952)
Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie (1952)
We're Not Married! (1952)
O. Henry's Full House (1952)
The I Don't Care Girl (1953)
Tonight We Sing (1953)
Down Among the Sheltering Palms (1953)
How to Marry a Millionaire (1953)
Hell and High Water (1954)
The Tender Trap (1955)
The Naked Hills (1956)
The Three Faces of Eve (1957)
The Sad Sack (1957)
The Last Angry Man (1959)
The Big Gamble (1961)
The Andromeda Strain (1971)
The African Elephant (1971) (documentary) (narrator)
Huckleberry Finn (1974)
The Front Page (1974)
Tubby the Tuba (1975) (voice)
The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975)
A Place to Be (1979) (documentary) (narrator)
The Prize Fighter (1979)
Finders Keepers (1984)
The Survivalist (1987)
The Fence (1994)

References

Other websites

David Wayne as The Mad Hatter

1914 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Michigan
Tony Award winning actors
People from Traverse City, Michigan
Nusa Lembongan

Nusa Lembongan is an island to the southeast of Bali, Indonesia at . It's area is about 8 square kilometers and there are about 7,000 people living on the island year round. It is part of a group of three islands called Pulau Penida. This island group is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands. This island group is on the western side of the Wallace Line. This line marks a change in animals and plants. To the east of this line, the ecology changes to become Australasian.

Tourism is the most important part of the economy of the island. Most tourist development is on the western side of the island at Mushroom Bay and Jungut Batu. Most local residents live in the central village of Nusa Lembongan. The other major industry is seaweed farming along the southwest coast between Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Cenignan.

References

Other websites

 

Bali
Lesser Sunda Islands
Yiddish Wikipedia

Yiddish Wikipedia is the Yiddish language version of Wikipedia. It was founded on March 3, 2004, and the first article was written November 28, 2004.

Other websites
Yiddish Wikipedia

Wikipedias
Mick Veivers

Mick Veivers (born 12 August 1939) is an Australian politician from Queensland. He was the Member for Southport from 1987 to 2001 and was Minister for Emergency Services and Sport in the Borbidge Government. He was a member of the Queensland National Party. Before politics, he had been a rugby league player.

References

1939 births
Living people
Politicians from Queensland
Australian rugby league players
Saskatoon Greystone

Saskatoon Greystone is a district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Saskatchewan
Carol Lawrence

Carol Lawrence (born September 5, 1932 in Melrose Park, Illinois, USA) is an American stage and television actress. She is probably best known for playing best Maria in West Side Story in 1957. She has received several Tony Awards. She has performed on many television series, including General Hospital and Sex and the City.

References 

American television actors
Actors from Chicago
1932 births
Living people
IS/LM model

The IS/LM model is a tool that shows the relationship between interest rates and real output in "the goods and services market" and "the money market". IS/LM model is used in Macroeconomics. The point of meet of the IS curve and the LM curve is "general equilibrium".  At general equilibrium, there is same equilibrium in both markets. The letters I and S of the IS curve express Investment-Saving. The letters L and M of the LM curve express Liquidity preference—Money supply. This model makes clear an effect of either a fiscal policy or a monetary policy. 

Economics models
Fathom

The fathom is a unit of length. It is used especially when talking about operating ships, to measure the depth of water. It is equal to two yards. The distance between a man's outstreched arms is about a fathom. By this definition, a statute mile is 880 fathoms long. According to the directive 80/181/EWG, one fathom is 1,829 meters long.
One  fathom is equal to:
 1.8288 metres exactly (1 metre is about 0.5468 fathoms)
 2 yards (1 yard is exactly 0.5 fathoms)
 6 feet (1 foot is about 0.1667 fathoms)
 18 hands
 72 inches

In 1959 the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom defined the length of the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre. With the adoption of the metric SI system the use of fathoms declined.

References

Imperial units
Units of length
Norio Sasaki

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He managed for Japan women's national team.

Biography
After graduating from Meiji University, Sasaki joined NTT Kanto. He was a midfielder. He contributed to the club's promotion to Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1987. He retired in 1991.

Sasaki served as the head coach of Japan Football League side Omiya Ardija in 1998, then took various other positions at Omiya, including the youth team head-coach and the head of development.

In 2006, Sasaki became the assistant coach of Japan women's national team, as well as the head coach of its U-20 team. In 2008, he was promoted to the head coach of the national team, succeeding Hiroshi Ohashi.

Under Sasaki's reign, Japan won the EAFF Women's Football Championship in 2008 and again in 2010. He also led the Japan Women to a fourth-place finish at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Sasaki was the manager of the Japan when they won the 2011 World Cup. FIFA named Sasaki 2011 "Coach of the Year". He also coached the national team to a second-place finish at the 2015 World Cup.

He was also coach of the women's team which won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.

Sasaki announced his retirement from coaching in 2012, but was persuaded to stay on as national team coach.

In 2019, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

Honours
 FIFA World Coach of the Year, 2011

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
 なでしこジャパン（日本女子代表チーム）新監督に佐々木 則夫氏が就任 ("Norio Sasaki appointed new coach of women's national team") at Japan Football Association 

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamagata Prefecture
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
Omiya Ardija players
Japan women's national football team managers
Marion Ross

Marion Ross (born Marian Ross October 25, 1928) is an American movie, voice, stage, and television actress who is best known for her role as Marion Cunningham on the television series Happy Days from 1974 to 1984. After Happy Days Ross had appeared in over 50 movies. 

She was born in Watertown, Minnesota. She was educated at San Diego State University. She was married to Freeman Meskimen from 1951 until they divorced in 1969, they had two children. She was partners with Paul Michael from 1988 until his death in 2011.

References

Other websites

1928 births
Living people
Actors from Minnesota
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Scott Baio

Scott Vincent James Baio (born September 22, 1960 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American movie and television actor and television director. He is best known for his roles as Chachi Arcola on the sitcom Happy Days and its spin-off, Joanie Loves Chachi. He was the main character in the series Charles in Charge. Baio has been married to Renee Sloan since 2007. He has a daughter and a stepdaughter. Baio had two reality television series Scott Baio Is 45...and Single (2007) and Scott Baio Is 46...and Pregnant (2008) premiered on VH1.

References

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
Al Molinaro

Albert Francis "Al" Molinaro (June 24, 1919 – October 30, 2015) was an American television and movie actor, who is mostly known as Al Delvecchio, the owner of Arnold's on Happy Days and its spin-off show Joanie Loves Chachi.

He is also known for his roles in The Odd Couple television series, as well as starring in commercials for On-Cor frozen dinners. He also starred in a 1982 comedy The Ugily Family. Molinaro retired from acting in 1992.

Personal life
Molinaro was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin on June 24, 1919 to an Italian family. Molinaro was married to Sidney Molinaro until they divorced. He has been married to Betty Farrell since 1981. With Sidney he has a son Michael Molinaro.

Molinaro died in Glendale, California from a gallbladder infection, aged 96.

Movies
 Freaky Friday (1976)
 The Great American Traffic Jam (1980)

Television
 Get Smart (1969 – 1970)
 The Odd Couple (1970 – 1975)
 Happy Days (1976 – 1982)
 Joanie Loves Chachi (1982 – 1983)
  The Ugily Family (1982)
 The Family Man (1990 – 1991)

References

Other websites

1919 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
People from Kenosha, Wisconsin
Jack Albertson

Jack Albertson (June 16, 1907 – November 25, 1981) also known as Jackie Alberts was an American television, movie, stage, radio, and voice actor, singer, vaudeville, dancer, musician, and comedian.

Early life and career
Albertson was born in Malden, Massachusetts to Flora (née Craft) and to Leopold Albertson. His career would begin in 1938 and last until his death in 1981, but Albertson is known for his roles such as; Manny Rosen in The Poseidon Adventure (1972), Grandpa Joe in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), Amos Slade in the 1981 animated movie The Fox and the Hound (1981), and as Ed Brown in the 1974–1978 television comedy Chico and the Man. For his contributions to the television industry, Jack Albertson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6253 Hollywood Boulevard.

Personal life and death
Albertson was born in Malden, Massachusetts to Flora (née Craft) and to Leopold Albertson. His career began in 1938 and last until his death in 1981. Albertson was married to Wallace Thompson from 1952 until his death. They had a child, Maura Dhu Studi Albertson. Albertson died on November 25, 1981 in Hollywood, California from Colorectal cancer which he had for three years, he was 74 years old.

Movies

References

Other websites 

Jack Albertson's Grave at Find A Grave

1907 births
1981 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Comedians from Massachusetts
musicians from Massachusetts
singers from Massachusetts
American dancers
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Vaudeville performers
People from Malden, Massachusetts
Nora Roberts

Eleanor Marie Robertson, better known as Nora Roberts (born October 10, 1950 in Maryland), is an American novelist. She has written over 200 romance books. Many of her novels were bestsellers.

Writers from Maryland
1950 births
Living people
Irving Fein

Irving Fein (June 21, 1911 – August 10, 2012) was an Emmy Award winning American television and movie producer, and the longtime manager of comedians Jack Benny and George Burns. 

Fein was born in Brooklyn, New York. Fein was married to Florence Kohn until they divorced. Lastly he married Marion Schecter from 1969 until his death in 2012. Fein has two children and a stepson. Fein died on August 10, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure, he was 101 years old.

References

Other websites

1911 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American centenarians
Movie producers from New York
American movie producers
American television producers
Emmy Award winners
Naughty Dog

Naughty Dog is a video game company founded by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin in 1986. It is part of Sony since 2001. They produced more successful games, including Rings of Power for Sega Genesis and Way Of The Warrior for 3DO.

Rings of Power was created with a low budget. Universal Studios signed a deal with the duo to a three-title deal and fund the expansion of the company. Mark Cerny, who had produced Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for Sega, convinced Naughty Dog to focus on new resources on creating a character-based platform game in 3D. Crash Bandicoot was developed and became the first 3D video game by Naughty Dog. for the PlayStation on September 9, 1996. Naughty Dog would develop three Crash Bandicoot sequels over the next several years. In January 2001, it was announced Sony would acquire Naughty Dog. After developing the fourth Crash Bandicoot game (Crash Team Racing), the company began working on Jak and Daxter for PlayStation 2. In 2004, Naughty Dog's studio president and co-founder, Jason Rubin left the company to work on a new game named Iron and the Maiden.

List of games
As Jam Software

As Naughty Dog

References

Other websites 
 

American video game companies
Companies based in Santa Monica, California
1984 establishments in California
Luleå

Luleå (, Lule sami Luleju, Finnish Luulaja) is a city in northern Sweden. In 2010, 46,607 people lived there. It is the seat of Luleå Municipality and the capital of Norrbotten County.

References
Paul Rusesabagina

Paul Rusesabagina (born 1954) is a Rwandan humanitarian. He is known for hiding and protecting 1,268 people during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Rusesabagina was the assistant manager of the Sabena Hôtel des Mille Collines. Later, he was the manager of the Hôtel des Diplomates. Both hotels are in Kigali, Rwanda. During the genocide, he used his influence and connections with high ranking and important people to protect 1,268 Tutsis and Hutus from being killed by the Interahamwe.

Rusesabagina's story was the basis of the Academy Award winning 2004 movie Hotel Rwanda staring Don Cheadle. Rusesabagina currently lives in Brussels, Belgium with his wife, four children and two adopted nieces.

On 20 September 2021, he was found guilty of terrorism-related charges. During the court proceeding, he denounced president Paul Kagame and reported that he had been abducted from exile to stand trial in Rwanda.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Rwandan people
Activists
Gameplay

Gameplay is the way players interact with a game, and in particular with video games. Gameplay is the connection between player and the game, game rules, challenges and overcoming them, plot and overcoming them, plot and player's connection with it. Video game gameplay is how attracting the graphics and audio are to the player.

Overview

Along with the rise of video game development in the 1980s, the term gameplay was used only in the context of video games. Now its popularity has started to be used in the description of other, more traditional, game types. Generally, gameplay is about the general experience of playing a video game. It doesn't include other things like graphics and sound. Game mechanics, on the other hand, is the set of rules in a game that are supposed to make an enjoyable gaming experience. Academic discussions often use terms like game mechanics so they don't have to use gameplay. This is because "gameplay" is too general for academic discussions.

Gameplay types 
 Cooperative gameplay
 Deathmatch
 Emergent gameplay
 Hack and slash
 Leveled gameplay
 Micromanagement
 Nonlinear gameplay
 Passive gameplay
 Twitch gameplay

References

Books 
 Desurvire, H., Caplan, M., & Toth, J. A. (2004). Using heuristics to evaluate the playability of games. CHI '04 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, Vienna, Austria. 
 Fabricatore, C., Nussbaum, M., & Rosas, R. (2002). Playability in video games: a qualitative design model. Human-Computer Interaction, 17(4), 311-368. 
 Jegers, K. (2008). Investigating the Applicability of Usability and Playability Heuristics for Evaluation of Pervasive Games. Internet and Web Applications and Services, 2008. ICIW '08.
 Korhonen, H., & Koivisto, E. M. I. (2006). Playability heuristics for mobile games. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Human-Computer interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (Helsinki, Finland, September 12–15, 2006). MobileHCI '06, vol. 159. ACM, New York, NY, 9-16. doi: 10.1145/1152215.1152218
 Korhonen H., Koivisto E.M.I. (2007). Playability Heuristics for Mobile Multi-player Games. In proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts, DIMEA 2007, ACM Press (2007), pp. 28–35. Perth, Australia. doi: 10.1145/1306813.1306828
 Nacke, L. (2009). From Playability to a Hierarchical Game Usability Model. In Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Future Play on @ GDC Canada (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, May 12–13, 2009). FuturePlay '09. ACM, New York, NY, 11-12. doi: 10.1145/1639601.1639609
 Nacke, L. E., Drachen, A., Kuikkaniemi, K., Niesenhaus, J., Korhonen, H. J., Hoogen, W. M. v. d., et al. (2009). Playability and Player Experience Research. Proceedings of DiGRA 2009: Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory, London, UK. (online slides)
 Järvinen, A., Heliö, S. and Mäyrä, F. Communication and Community in Digital Entertainment Services. Prestudy Research Report , Hypermedia Laboratory, University of Tampere, Tampere, 2002.

Video game gameplay
Crash Nitro Kart

Crash Nitro Kart is a 2003 racing video game developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Universal Interactive Studios (along with Konami in the Japanese release) for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance and N-Gage. It is the second Crash Bandicoot racing game behind Crash Team Racing. It is the ninth Crash Bandicoot game overall.

References

Books

Other websites 
Activision's page on Crash Nitro Kart 

2003 video games
Crash Bandicoot games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Racing video games
Game Boy Advance games
Xbox games
Mary Ann Lee

Mary Ann Lee (18231899) was one of America's first professional ballerinas. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to theatrical parents, and trained there with Paul Hazard of the Paris Opéra. She made her ballet debut as Fatima in 1837 in The Maid of Cashmere at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. Debuting in the same production was the great Augusta Maywood. Night after night, the two girls were showered with applause and bouquets.

Lee studied in New York City with James Sylvain, and made her New York debut in June 1839 at the Bowery Theatre. She did not confine herself to dance, but acted in melodramas and other stage works. She toured the United States, then studied with Ballet Master Jean Coralli in Paris. When she returned to the United States, she brought the directions for several popular ballets with her. She danced the first American performance of Giselle in Boston in 1846.

Lee danced and toured with George Washington Smith. She retired in 1847 at age 24 for health reasons. She married William Vanhook, a Philadelphia merchant. The couple had three children. She made a few returns to the stage, and taught dance in later life. She died in Philadelphia in 1899, and is buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery. Critics and ballet lovers alike were unanimous in their praise of Lee. If she had pursued her career rather than retirement, she would likely have become a star of international renown.

References 

1823 births
1899 deaths
Ballerinas
Claire Forlani

Claire Antonia Forlani (December 17, 1971) is an English movie performer who also stars on TV programs. She starred in the movie Mystery Men in 1999. She also starred in other movies.

1972 births
English actors
Living people
Eddy Arnold

Richard Edward "Eddy" Arnold (May 1918-May 2008) was an American pop icon during the 1950s and 1960s. He sold almost 86 million albums and had many hit songs during his career. He was born in Tennessee.

Singers from Tennessee
American pop musicians
1918 births
2008 deaths
Arte Johnson

Arthur Stanton Eric "Arte" Johnson (January 20, 1929 – July 3, 2019) was an American comedian and television, movie, and voice actor. His career lasted for 50 years. His career started in 1954 up until his retirement in 2005. Johnson was a regular cast in Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. His well-known "character" was that of a German soldier with his famous the catchphrase: "Verrrry interesting, but...['stupid', 'not very funny', and other versions]". He won a Saturn Award.

Johnson was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He was educated at the University of Illinois. He was married to Gisela Johnson from 1968 until his death. Johnson died on July 3, 2019 in Los Angeles from bladder and prostate cancer at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from Michigan
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
Saturn Award winners
Actors from Michigan
Chia

Chia may be:

Botany 

 Salvia hispanica, flowering plant, sprouts and culinary chia seed
 Salvia columbariae ("golden chia")
 Salvia polystachya

Places 

 Chía, Cundinamarca, Colombia
 Chía, Aragon, Spain
 Chia, Italy

Personal names 

 Italian and Spanish surname
 Sandro Chia, an Italian painter and sculptor
 Chinese surname, also romanized as Xie or Tse
 Alyssa Chia, a Taiwanese actress
 Amber Chia, a Malaysian model
 Danny Chia, a Malaysian golfer
 Eric Chia, a Malaysian businessman
 Gec Chia, a Filipino basketball player
 Mantak Chia, a Thai author and teacher on Taoism and qigong
 Nelson Chia, Singaporean actor, director and lecturer
 Nicholas Chia, current Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore
 Pei-yuan Chia, an American businessmann
 Steve Chia, a Singaporean politician
 Chia Thye Poh, a Singaporean political prisoner
 Wenlan Chia, an American fashion designer
 As a first name Chia is the Spanish variant of the name Lucia

Related pages
 Chia Pet
 Chia Black Dragon, a fictional dark fantasy character
 Chía (goddess), wife of Bochica in Colombian mythology
 "Chia", a song by Four Tet from the album Rounds
 Masala chai, called chia in Nepal
 CHIA, Children's Hope In Action
Chía, Cundinamarca

Chía is a town in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia.  It is to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. Its history goes back to the pre-Columbian time. The name comes from the Chibchan language.  It means "moon" or "month".

It is home of the Universidad de la Sabana.

Cities in Colombia
Chía, Aragon

Chía is a small town in the eastern Pyrenees, in Aragon, Spain; it is a municipality in the Huesca province.

People in this region speak patués, a dialect of the eastern Aragonese language.

Geography

Chía is in the Benasque Valley, on the foot of the Sierra de Chía, a short mountain range in the Pyrenees. It is about  from Huesca, the capital city of the Huesca province.

The mean yearly temperature is  and the mean yearly rainfall is .

Buildings
 Saint Martin of Chía church, a small church with a Romanesque style of the 12th-13th centuries.
 Saint Vincent church, also with a Romanesque style but it was changed a lot during the 18th century.

Local holiday
 8 September - .

References

Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Aragon
Settlements in Huesca
Chia, Italy

Chia or Baia di Chia is a coastal area in southern Sardinia (Italy).  It is part of the municipality of Domus de Maria in the  Province of Cagliari.

Other websites
 Chia  

Cities and towns in Sardinia
Robert Loggia

Robert Loggia (Salvatore Loggia; January 3, 1930 – December 4, 2015) was an American actor and director.

Early life
Loggia was born on January 3, 1930 in Staten Island, New York City to Benjamin Loggia and to Elena Blandino both of whom were born in Sicily, Italy. Loggia was educated at Wagner College and journalism at the University of Missouri. After his service in the US Army, Loggia began a his career in stage, movie, and television.

Career
Loggia had a career span of 60 years since 1953, since then he appeared in many movies, including: An Officer and a Gentleman, Mercy Mission: The Rescue of Flight 771, based on the Air New Zealand Flight 103 incident, Scarface, Prizzi's Honor, Over the Top, Independence Day, Necessary Roughness, Return to Me, Armed and Dangerous, and Big (for which he won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor).

Personal life
Loggia was married to Marjorie Sloan from 1954 until they divorced in 1981. He was married to Audrey O'Brien from 1982 until his death in 2015. Loggia has two children of his own and a stepchild. Loggia died at his home in Los Angeles, California from Alzheimer's disease, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 
 

1930 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Staten Island
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Saturn Award winners
Pigou effect

The Pigou effect is an economics term that refers to the stimulation of output and employment. It is caused by increasing consumption due to a rise in real balances of wealth. It often happens particularly during deflation.

Wealth was defined by Arthur Cecil Pigou as "the sum of the money supply and government bonds divided by the price level". He explained that Keynes' General theory was incomplete because it was not clarifying a link from "real balances" to current consumption. He also pointed out that it didn't include such a "wealth effect" would make the economy more 'self correcting' to drops in aggregate demand than Keynes predicted. Because the effect derives from changes to the "Real Balance", this is also called the Real Balance effect.

Economics
Joan Fontaine

Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland (October 22, 1917 – December 15, 2013), known professionally as Joan Fontaine, was a British-American actress and singer. She and her older sister Olivia de Havilland were two of the last surviving leading ladies from Hollywood of the 1930s.

Fontaine is the only actress to have won an Academy Award for a performance in a movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Suspicion (1941).

Fontaine was born in Tokyo to British parents. She became an American citizen in 1943. She has divorced four times. She has one child from her second marriage.

She died on December 15, 2013 at her Carmel-by-the-Sea, California home from natural causes, aged 96.

References

Other websites

1917 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Tokyo
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
British movie actors
British radio actors
British stage actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Charing Cross railway station

Charing Cross station, is a central London rail terminus in the City of Westminster . The rail station is one of 18 stations managed by Network Rail, and trains serving it are operated by Southeastern. It is the fifth busiest rail terminal in London.

The station takes its name from the central London road junction of Charing Cross. The front of the rail station faces The Strand. The other end is the northern end of Hungerford Bridge, which is crossed by all trains serving the station. Ticket barriers control access to all platforms, although the bridge entrance has no barriers. 

The original station building was built on the site of Hungerford Market and opened on 11 January 1864. The station has a single span wrought iron roof arching over the six platforms on its relatively cramped site. A year later the Charing Cross Hotel opened on 15 May 1865, and gave the station an ornate front in the French Renaissance style. At the same time, a replica of the Eleanor Cross was erected in the station forecourt, based on the original 13th century Whitehall Cross that had been demolished in 1647. Distances in London are officially measured from the original site of the cross in Whitehall, now the statue of Charles I, and not from this replica cross.

Gallery

Related pages
Charing Cross tube station

References

Other websites

Railway stations in London
1864 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in England
Charing Cross tube station

Charing Cross tube station is a London Underground station at Charing Cross. It has entrances in Trafalgar Square and The Strand. The station takes its name from the central London road junction of Charing Cross.

The station is served by the Northern and Bakerloo lines and provides an interchange with the National Rail network at the Charing Cross rail station. On the Northern Line it is between Embankment and Leicester Square stations on the Charing Cross branch, and on the Bakerloo Line it is between Embankment and Piccadilly Circus stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 1. 

The station was served by the Jubilee Line between 1979 and 1999; acting as the southern terminus of the line during that period. For most of the history of the Underground the name Charing Cross was associated with a different station, the one now called Embankment.

Related pages
Charing Cross railway station

London Travelcard zone 1
Northern line stations
Bakerloo line stations
Tube stations in the City of Westminster
Shin Ik-hee

Shin Ik-hee (, June 9 1892 – May 5 1956) was a Resistance activists, politician, and educator of South Korea. His nickname was Haegong (해공, 海公) and Haehoo (해후, 海候), customs name was Yeogu (여구, 如耉). header of National Assembly of Koreas 1948 to 1954.

Related pages

 Kim Gu
 Kim Kyu-sik
 Yun Chi-ho
 Syngman Rhee
 Park Jung-yang

 Yun Bo-seon
 Cho Byung-ok
 Chang Myon
 Chang Chun-ha

References 
 Shin Ik-hee:member of National Assembly of Koreas  
 Haegong Shin Ik-hee memorial museum  
 Haegong Shin Ik-hee memorial association 
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=5381
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1119140&mobile&categoryId=200001082

1892 births
1956 deaths
Anti-Communists
Autobiographers
Korean educators
People of the Korean War
South Korean politicians
South Korean writers
Terrorists
Video game producer

A video game producer is the person in charge during the development of a video game.

The earliest known use of the term producer in games was by Trip Hawkins. He became the first video game producer when he founded Electronic Arts in 1982. Hawkins believed that a video game producer could be like a record producer, who takes control over the whole development of a video game. Hawkins brought record producers from A&M Records to help train the first video game producers.

Back then, video game producer had a negative reputation as "imitation Hollywood" by game executives and press members. However, it is now a term that is accepted and used more often in video games. The role of the video game producer has been defined by different companies and different teams. There are a number of positions of a producer.

Video game producers earn the third most money in the video game industry. They earn an average of USD$75,000 annually. Associate producers with less than three years experience earn $43,000. However, those between three to six years of experience earn an average of $55,700 annually. Executive producers with over six years experience earn an average of $103,000 annually.

References

Other websites 
 Producer  at Eurocom
 Justyn McLean - Game Boy at Mirror

Entertainment occupations
Azathioprine

Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant drug. It is used in, for example, the organ transplantation of kidneys. 

drugs
Game artist

A game artist is an artist who creates art for video games. Game artists are in charge of all game development of visual art.

Many game artists are asked to develop graphical environments and elements in which role-playing games take place. For example, in the Monster Manual early Dungeons & Dragons artists created visual imitations of monsters players might see while playing the video game.

Visual art can help make the gameplay of a video game more appealing to a player. Art for role-playing games can be expressed in a lot of different ways. These can include from pencil drawings, pen and ink drawings, oil paintings or even 3D models created with a computer.

Video games
Video game music

Video game music is any musical instruments or soundtrack and background music found in video games. It can be from just a synthesizer tune to an orchestral piece. The older a game is, the simpler the music will be. In recent times, many games have had complex soundtracks similar to those of movies. 

Interactive soundtracks in a video game is music changing into different sounds, depending on what the player does. It is also common for a video game soundtrack to be sold in stores or performed in concerts. Music is very important to gameplay.

There are many awards for composers who create the music in a video game. Awards available are from the Ivor Novello Awards, Spike Video Game Awards, Grammy Awards, International Film Music Critics Association, Inside Gaming and the MTV Video Music Awards.

References

Other websites 
 VGMdb Video Game Music and Anime Soundtrack Database | VGMdb
 GamesSound.com  Academic articles on video game sound and music
 Early Video Game Soundtracks 2001 article on video game music, orig. published in In Magazine
 High Score: The New Era of Video Game Music  at Tracksounds
 "The Evolution of Video Game Music", All Things Considered, April 12, 2008
 List of games with non-original music at uvlist.net
 Pretty Ugly Gamesound Study Website studying pretty and ugly game music and sound.
 CaptivatingSound.com Resources for design of game sound and music.
 Audio and Immersion PhD thesis about game audio and immersion.

Video game design
Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine

Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (OPM) was a monthly video game magazine. It was published by Ziff Davis Media. It was a sister publication of Electronic Gaming Monthly. The magazine talked about anything that dealt with the PlayStation.

Topics included its hardware, software, and culture. It covered new video game releases and critics gave reviews on games available on PlayStation One, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.

The magazine was known for its free demos it included in each issue. The demos were upcoming or new video games that might be interesting to buy by the player. The magazine was produced for almost ten years. The first issue was the September 1997 issue and the final issue was released on January 2007.

In December 2007, one month after the magazine was discontinued, the PlayStation: The Official Magazine (PSM), replaced OPM as the official magazine focusing on Sony game consoles.

Staff
In the last issue of OPM staff included:
 Editor-in-chief – Tom Byron
 Managing editor – Dana Jongewaard
 Senior editor – Joe Rybicki
 Previews editor – Thierry "Scooter" Nguyen
 News editor – Giancarlo Varanini
 Art director – Ryan Vulk
 Associate art director – Alejandro Chavetta
 Disc editor – Logan Parr
 Editorial director – John Davison
Past members included: 
 Managing editor – Gary Steinman
 Managing editor – Din Perez
 Managing editor – Dan Peluso
 Reviews editor – Chris Baker
 Associate editor – Mark MacDonald
 Editor-in-chief – Wataru Maruyama
 Editor-in-chief – Kraig Kujawa
 Editor-in-chief – John Davison
 Pwnageness - Waffle

Other websites
 OPM at 1UP.com 
 RadiOPM at 1UP.com  (official podcast)
 Editor in Chief, Tom Byron 
 Managing Editor, Dana Jongewaard 
 Senior Editor, Joe Rybicki 
 Previews Editor, Thierry "Scooter" Nguyen 
 News Editor, Giancarlo Varanini 

Monthly magazines
Adolphe Nourrit

Adolphe Nourrit (3 March 1802 – 8 March 1839) was a French operatic tenor, librettist, and composer. He was born in Montpellier, Hérault. His father was an operatic tenor. Nourrit was almost 20 when he made his professional operatic debut in 1821 in Gluck's Iphigénie en Tauride. In 1826, he succeeded his father as the principal tenor at the Paris Opéra. He held the position until 1836. He became a pupil of Rossini, and created all the principal tenor roles in Rossini's French operas. In time, he gained considerable power at the Opéra. He was consulted by composers and his approval was sought for works in progress. He was appointed to the Conservatoire de Paris in 1827. He wrote many libretti for ballets at the Opéra, and, in 1832, he wrote the libretto for La Sylphide, the seminal romantic ballet. In 1836, he went hoarse during a performance at the Opéra and thereafter turned to salon recitals, introducing Schubert's songs to the salon audiences. He studied in Naples with Donizetti and made his debut in that city in 1838. His physical and mental health declined and in 1839 he committed suicide. He was buried in Montmartre Cemetery with his wife, who only survived him by a few months, dying in childbirth.

References 
 Evan Walker/Sarah Hibberd, relevant entry from the New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie, London (1992),  and .
 Henry Pleasants, The Great Singers, Macmillan Publishers, London (1983 revised edition), .

French composers
Librettists
Musicians who committed suicide
French opera singers
1802 births
1839 deaths
People from Montpellier
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French singers
Suicides in France
Tenors
Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri

Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri (17 August 178222 August 1868) was a 19th century French set designer. He was born in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, and died in Saint-Chéron, Essonne. Cicéri designed the scenery for the first performance of La belle au bois dormant which opened on 2 March 1825 at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique in Paris. He also designed the sets for a ballet version of Jocko ou le Singe du Brésil (Jocko or the Monkey of Brazil) by Frédéric-Auguste Blache with music by Alexandre Piccinni. The ballet was first performed at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris on 16 March 1825. He designed the scenery for the first performance of the ballet Giselle in 1841. The ballet opened at the Opéra and was especially acclaimed for the setting of its second act. He was awarded a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.

References

Other websites 
 

1782 births
1868 deaths
French artists
Set designers
Jesse Robredo

Jesse Manalastas Robredo (May 27, 1958 – August 18, 2012) was the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government of the Philippines. Robredo was a member of the Liberal Party.

Until his death in 2012, Robredo was married to Leni Gerona who is the 14th and current Vice President of the Philippines.

On July 9, 2010, President Benigno Aquino III named Robredo as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government. Robredo was a former Mayor of Naga City in Camarines Sur. He was the first Filipino Mayor to receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 2000.

On August 18, 2012 (PHT), the aircraft carrying Robredo crashed off Masbate bay. He was scheduled to attend a political event in Naga City. The Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government said that the pilot sent a distress call to the Masbate airport. The pilot was requesting an emergency landing. The plane never made it to the airport and crashed in the ocean. His body was retrieved three days later, August 21, 800 meters from the shore and 180 feet below sea level.

References

Other websites 
 DILG Regional Office No. 5 
 City Mayors profile

1958 births
2012 deaths
Aviation deaths
Filipino politicians
Civil servants
Michael Stuhlbarg

Michael S. Stuhlbarg (born July 5, 1968), is an American theatre, movie and television actor. His most important movie roles are "Larry Gopnik" in A Serious Man (2009), and "Griffin" in Men in Black 3 (2012) . Stuhlbarg is Jewish. He recently appeared as "Dr. Robert Hoffstetler/Dimitri Mosenkov" in The Shape of Water (2017).

References

Other websites

1968 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from Long Beach, California
National Library of Israel

The National Library of Israel (NLI; ; formerly the Jewish National and University Library - JNUL, ), is the national library of the state of Israel. It is on the campus of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Givat Ram.

Other websites

 Official site
 Saving the Holy of Holies of Jewish texts,  by Nir Hasson on Haaretz

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
National libraries
Israel Museum

The Israel Museum (, Muze'on Yisrael, Yerushalayim) is Israel's national museum. It is in Jerusalem. It was founded in 1965. It is on a hill in the Givat Ram near The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel, Bible Lands Museum and the Knesset.

Gallery

Other websites 

 https://www.imj.org.il/en/node
 Israel Museum website 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Israel
1965 establishments in Israel
Museums in Jerusalem
Emperor newt

The emperor newt (Tylototriton shanjing) is a highly toxic newt.  It lives in southeast Asia. They live in pools and slow-moving streams in subtropical forests.They mostly are awake during night and sleep during the day. The emperor newt usually eats small insects.  These include crickets and worms. 

It is also called the mandarin newt or mandarin salamander. They can grow up to  long. It has a ridged orange head. A single orange ridge runs along its back. This ridge is lined with two parallel rows of orange bumps on a black background. The tail and legs are entirely orange. There are different shades of orange.

When the newt is grabbed, the tips of the ribs will squeeze out poison. Emperor newts have enough toxin to kill about 7,500 mice.

References 

Newts
Elle Varner

Gabrielle Shellise Varner (born February 12, 1989), simply known as Elle Varner is an American singer-songwriter. Her parents, Mikelyn Roderick and Jimmy Varner were publishers and songwriters. Elle signed a recording agreement with Sony Music in 2009. Her debut album Perfectly Imperfect was released on August 7, 2012. Two singles from the album were released: "Only Wanna Give It to You" and "Refill". The singles reached the top twenty on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

1989-2010: Early life and career beginnings 
Elle is of Cape Verdean descent. She is the daughter of Mikelyn Roderick and Jimmy Varner. They are publishers and songwriters. Roderick was a backing vocalist for Barry White and has written and recorded with Tevin Campbell and Rahsaan Patterson. Jimmy Varner has done collaborations with Gerald Alston, Kool & the Gang, and Will Downing.

Elle began playing the flute at age 6 and the piano at age 9.  She grew up around recording studios because of her parents jobs. She attended Alexander Hamilton High School's Academy of Music's Vocal Jazz Group. She wrote songs while being there. One of which "Thankful" won the top prize at their talent show. Because of this, she was accepted in NYU's Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music. She graduated there in 2008. In October 2009, she signed a recording agreement with MBK/J-RCA Records along with an agreement with Sony Music. She became the first artist to be featured on BET's Music Matters campaign that same year.

2011–present: Perfectly Imperfect 
Elle's debut single "Only Wanna Give It to You" was released on August 6, 2011, from her debut album Perfectly Imperfect (2012). It features American rapper J. Cole. It got to number 20 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In October 2011, Elle was listed as one of TheBoomBox's "15 Artists to Watch". On October 7, 2011, Elle was moved to RCA Records.

Elle released a mixtape Conversational Lush on January 23, 2012, as a promotion of her new album. The song "Refill" was released as the second single on January 31, 2012, on iTunes. It debuted at number 78 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Elle's debut album was released on August 7, 2012 and got to number three on the US Billboard 200 albums chart.

Discography 

Studio albums
 Perfectly Imperfect (2012)

Mixtapes
 Conversational Lush (2012)

References

Other websites 
 
 Elle Varner at last.fm
 Elle Varner Discography 

1989 births
 
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Musicians from Los Angeles
Elle Varner discography

Elle Varner, an American singer-songwriter, has released one studio album, one mixtape, three singles, one promotional single and two music videos.

Albums

Studio albums

Mixtapes

Singles

Promotional singles

Guest appearances

References

Other websites 
 Elle Varner Discography 

Discography
Varner, Elle
Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller

Friedrich Burgmüller (Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller, 4 December 1806 – 13 February 1874) was a German pianist and composer. He was born in Regensberg, Germany, to a musical family. In 1832, he settled in Paris and adopted the French musical style. He wrote many works for piano, especially etudes for children that are still played today. His best known work is probably the Peasant pas de deus (originally Souvenirs de Ratisbonne) in Adolphe Adam's ballet Giselle (1841). It is not known how this music came to be inserted into the ballet.

Other websites 
Free scores Mutopia Project
Link to Recording of the Opus 100 Etudes at the Piano Society Website 
Description of the Opus 100 Etudes by Noriaki Nomoto 
 

1806 births
1874 deaths
German composers
Hurricane Richard

Hurricane Richard was the seventeenth named storm and the tenth hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. The National Hurricane Center declared it a tropical storm on October 20.

Throughout Belize, Hurricane Richard caused about US$80 million in damage. Two deaths took place in the country, one direct and the other indirect. One person drowned after his ship broke during the storm. Another was mauled to death by a jaguar that escaped its cage after a tree fell and broke the cage.

References

Hurricanes
2010 in weather
2010 in Belize