cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Iraq Inquiry

The Iraq Inquiry is a public inquiry into the United Kingdom's role in the Iraq War. It is also called the Chilcot Inquiry after its chairman, Sir John Chilcot.

The inquiry was announced on 15 June 2009 by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The original announcement was that the inquiry would take place in private. This decision was later reversed after receiving criticism in the media and the House of Commons.

On 6 July 2016, Sir John Chilcot announced the report's publication, more than seven years after the inquiry was announced. It referred to as the Chilcot report by the news media, the document stated that Saddam Hussein was not an urgent threat and that the Iraq War was not necessary.

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
21st century in the United Kingdom
Andrew Murray (trade unionist)

Andrew Murray (born 1958) is a British campaigner and journalist. He was Chair of the Stop the War Coalition from its formation in 2001 until September 2011, and again from September 2015 after Jeremy Corbyn resigned.

Murray has been a senior official for several trade unions over many years.

References

1958 births
Living people
British journalists
British activists
All-party parliamentary group

An all-party parliamentary group (APPG) is a grouping in the British Parliament that is made up of politicians from all political parties.

If a parliament consists of both a lower house and an upper house, all-party parliamentary groups can usually include members of both houses. In the British Parliament, for example, APPGs include members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

In the British Parliament, an associate parliamentary group is similar to an all-party parliamentary group except that it is made up of not only members of the House of Commons or Lords but can also include members from outside Parliament.

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
Chagossians

The Chagossians (also Îlois or Chagos Islanders) are people who previously lived on the Chagos Islands. They are of African, Indian and Malay ancestry. They lived on Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos and the Salomon island chain, as well as other islands. They were forcibly removed from the islands by the British government in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This was done at the request of the United States government, so that Diego Garcia could become a military base. Most Chagossians now live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom. No Chagossians live in the Chagos Islands anymore, as it is now the site of the military base Camp Justice.

The Chagossians are mostly descended from African people, particularly from Madagascar, Mozambique and Mauritius. There is also a significant proportion of Indian and Malay ancestry. The French brought some to the Chagos islands as slaves from Mauritius in 1786. Others arrived as fishermen, farmers, and coconut plantation workers during the 19th century.

The Chagossians speak Chagossian Creole, a creole language based on French. It has words that come from various African and Asian languages. It is part of the Bourbonnais Creole family. Chagossian Creole is still spoken by some of their descendants in Mauritius and Seychelles. Chagossian people living in the UK speak English.

On 22 May 2019, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution [86] asking the United Kingdom to surrender the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius within six months.

References

Ethnic groups in Africa
Ethnic groups in Asia
Chagos Archipelago

The Chagos Archipelago ( or ) or Chagos Islands (formerly the Bassas de Chagas, and later the Oil Islands) is a group of seven atolls in the Indian Ocean. The atolls are made up of more than 60 individual islands. The islands are located about  south of Maldives.
As of 2018, Mauritius has taken the matter to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion, against British objections.
The islands make up the British Indian Ocean Territory.

On 25 February 2019, in an advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice found that the United Kingdom "illegally" separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius after its independence in 1968. 

The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on May 22, 2019, commanding Great Britain to return the Chagos Archipelago to the Republic of Mauritius within six months, which would allow Chagossians to recover their land.

Related pages
Chagossians

References

Archipelagos
Territorial disputes
Indian Ocean
Islands of Asia
British overseas territories
Brighton hotel bombing

The Brighton hotel bombing was an attack at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, England. It happened on 12 October 1984. A time bomb was planted in the hotel by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) member Patrick Magee. The purpose was to kill Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her ministers, who were staying at the hotel for the Conservative Party conference. Thatcher narrowly escaped injury. Five people were killed, including two high-profile members of the Conservative Party, and 31 were injured.

References

1984 in the United Kingdom
1980s building bombings
1980s explosions in Europe
1980s in England
1980s murders in the United Kingdom
Attacks on hotels
Hotel bombing
Building bombings in England
Margaret Thatcher
Mass murder in England
Mass murder in the 1980s
October events
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in the 1980s
Flexagon

In geometry, a flexagon is a flat model, usually made by folding a piece of paper, so that when 'flexed' (folded), one or more hidden faces will be revealed (shown) from within the model.

Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (tetraflexagons) or hexagonal (hexaflexagons).  A prefix can be added to the name to show the number of faces that the model can display, including the two faces (back and front) that are visible before flexing.  For example, a hexaflexagon with a total of six faces is called a hexahexaflexagon.

History

Discovery and introduction 

Arthur H. Stone, a British man, is said to have first discovered the flexagon in 1939. At the time, he was a student at Princeton University in the United States. His new American paper would not fit in his English binder so he cut off the ends of the paper and began folding them into different shapes. One of these formed a trihexaflexagon. 

Other students became interested in these shapes. They included Bryant Tuckerman, Richard Feynman, and John Tukey. Together, they formed the Princeton Flexagon Committee. Tuckerman worked out a topological method, called the "Tuckerman traverse", for revealing all the faces of a flexagon.

Flexagons were introduced to the general public by the recreational mathematician Martin Gardner in 1956. He wrote about in the first Mathematical Games column that he wrote for Scientific American magazine.

Attempted commercial development 

In 1955, Russell Rogers and Leonard D'Andrea of Homestead Park, Pennsylvania applied for a patent. In 1959 they were granted U.S. Patent number 2,883,195 for the hexahexaflexagon, under the title "Changeable Amusement Devices and the Like." 

Their patent imagined possible ways that the device could be used as a toy, an device for advertising, or as a device for learning about geometry."  A few such novelties were produced by the Herbick & Held Printing Company in Pittsburgh. The device, marketed as the "Hexmo", were not very successful.

References

Geometry
Origami
Schlager music

Schlager music is a kind of pop music, where the text often talks about sentiments. Schlager started with operetta music, at the end of the 19th century. In the 1920s, Jazz music influenced it. Musically, Schlager music often has simple structures. Very often, Schlager songs are commercially successful. 

Music genres
Serotonin syndrome

Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin poisoning, serotonin sickness, and many other names, is a medical condition that can happen if there is too much serotonin in your brain or other parts of your nervous system. Serotonin syndrome can be mild (doesn't make you very sick), but in rare situations, it can kill you. Serotonin syndrome can happen if you use some drugs that can increase the amount of serotonin in your nervous system. Some examples of drugs that can make you have serotonin syndrome are antidepressants, opioids, CNS stimulants, 5-HT1 agonists (a drug that changes the receptors of serotonin), psychedelics, herbs, and many others.

References 

Illnesses
Nervous system
Keith Morrison

Keith Morrison (born July 2, 1947) is a Canadian broadcast journalist. He has been a writer for Dateline NBC since 1995. In 1988 he joined NBC News as a west coast writer for the NBC Nightly News and Today Show.

References

Other websites
NBC News biography 

Anchor away: Journalist Keith Morrison has found success south of the border  from the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, July 2, 2003

1947 births
Living people
Canadian journalists
People from Saskatchewan
Bill Nelson

Clarence William "Bill" Nelson II (born September 29, 1942) is an American politician and astronaut. Nelson is the 14th and current Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration since May 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States Senator from Florida from 2001 to 2019. He lost his re-election campaign in 2018 to Republican Governor Rick Scott.

He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. In January 1986, he became the second sitting member of Congress to fly in space, after Jake Garn. He was a payload specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.

Nelson retired from Congress in 1990 to run for Governor of Florida, but was lost the Democratic nomination to Lawton Chiles.

In March 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Nelson to be Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in his administration.

Early life
Nelson was born in Miami, Florida. He was raised in Melbourne, Florida. Nelson studied at the University of Florida, Yale University and at the University of Virginia.

Early political career
Nelson began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1973 to 1979. He then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991.

In January 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space along with John Glenn. He flew as a Payload Specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.

United States Senate
He served in the United States Senate, serving Florida from 2001 to 2019.

In the U.S. Senate, he was a centrist and a moderate Democrat. Nelson supported same-sex marriage, lowering taxes on lower and middle income families, expanding environmental programs and regulation, protecting the Affordable Care Act and expanding Medicaid.

Nelson chaired the Senate Aging Committee from 2013 to 2015, and was Ranking Member of the Senate Commerce Committee from 2015 to 2019.

Nelson lost re-election in 2018 to Republican Rick Scott by 0.1%.

Administrator to NASA
On February 22, 2021, reports emerged that President Joe Biden was considering nominating Nelson to be the NASA Administrator. Biden officially nominated Nelson on March 19, 2021 to the position.

His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 29, 2021 by a unanimous voice vote.

Personal life
In 1972, Nelson married Grace Cavert.  The couple have two adult children: Charles William "Bill Jr." Nelson, and Nan Ellen Nelson. He has suffered from prostate cancer.

References

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
American astronauts
Lawyers from Miami, Florida
American military people
Cancer survivors
Episcopalians
Politicians from Miami, Florida
United States representatives from Florida
United States senators from Florida
University of Florida alumni
US Democratic Party politicians
Yale University alumni
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Administrators of NASA
Gail Halvorsen

Colonel Gail Seymour "Hal" Halvorsen (October 10, 1920 – February 16, 2022) was an American career officer and command pilot in the United States Air Force.  He was well known as the original Candy Bomber or the "Rosinenbomber" in Germany and a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal. He piloted C-47s and C-54s during the Berlin airlift ("Operation Vittles") from 1948–1949.

Halvorsen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. In October 2020, he turned 100. Halvoersen died at a hospital in Provo, Utah on February 16, 2022 from respiratory failure at the age of 101.

References

Other websites

 "Candy Bomber" Gail Halvorsen launches his memoirs in Berlin 

1920 births
2022 deaths
American military people
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
American centenarians
Deaths from respiratory failure
Władysław Szpilman

Władysław "Wladek" Szpilman (; 5 December 19116 July 2000) was a Polish pianist and classical composer.

Szpilman is known as the main character of the Roman Polanski movie The Pianist (2002). This movie is based on the book of the same name. It recounts Polanski's survival of the German occupation of Warsaw and the Holocaust.

Szpilman died in Warsaw, Poland on 6 July 2000 at the age of 88.

Other websites 
Władysław Szpilman information and biography
In Loving Memory Of Władysław Szpilman 
Information on Szpilman's works at Boosey & Hawkes
"Szpilman's Warsaw: The History behind The Pianist" at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 
Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska-Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, first part
Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, second part 
Władysław Szpilman  at culture.pl
Information on Wladyslaw Szpilman at Polish Biographical Dictionary by Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2013 
Uri Caine – performance of songs by Władisław Szpilman

1911 births
2000 deaths
Polish composers
Polish writers
Holocaust survivors
Polish pianists
Dewlap

A dewlap is a flap of skin that hangs beneath the neck of many animals. 
It can also be used to mean other things such as a double chin on a person or the vocal sac of a frog. The term dewlap can also be used to mean a caruncle, defined as "a small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy". At times the appearance of a dewlap indicates a stage in an animal's development. For example, the appearance of a dewlap on a female rabbit indicates she is of breeding age.

References 

Animal anatomy
Radio galaxy

Radio galaxies and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths. They have luminosities up to 1039 W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz. 

The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process. The observed structure in radio emission is determined by the interaction between twin jets and the external medium, modified by the effects of relativistic beaming. Radio galaxies are almost exclusively large elliptical galaxies. Radio-loud active galaxies can be detected at large distances, making them valuable tools for observation. Recently, much work has been done on the effects of these objects on the intergalactic medium, particularly in galaxy groups and clusters.

References 

Galaxies
Kho people

The Kho people, also known as Chitralis, are an ethnic group in Pakistan, living mainly around the Chitral District. They speak the Khowar language. Their main religion is Sunni Islam. The Kho are excellent mountaineers who seemingly do not get tired or cold when working all day.

Culture
Kho culture places heavy emphasis on poetry, song and dance. Kho people also have a great respect of law and order. Much of this can be attributed to Chitral being a stable kingdom for most of its history, where the rule of law and the will of the ruler came before tribal concepts such as revenge and isolationism.

Polo is a popular sport and pastime for the Kho people. Polo traditionally played by the Kho has little rules or organisation.

Dance and music play a large role in Kho society. Common clothing include the salwar kameez (long tunic and trousers) and headwear includes the pakol (chitrali hat).

Language
These people speak Khowar language which is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic subgroup.

References 

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Tony Skyrme

Tony Hilton Royle Skyrme (; 5 December 1922, Lewisham – 25 June 1987) was a British scientist who worked on the atom.

Birth
He was born in Lewisham , a suburb of London. His father was a bank clerk. He first went to a school in Lewisham, but was so good at maths that he was given a scholarship (free place) to Eton college.

Education
There he was also good at math and won prizes in the subject. He got a place at Cambridge University and again was better than his fellow students leaving with the best degree, a first class degree.

Works
When he left Cambridge in 1943 World War Two was at its height and he was told by the government to work on atomic energy under another scientist Rudolf Peierls to help win the war.

When America began to secretly build the atomic bomb these two men and a few other Britons went to America to help them achieve their goal. Tony Skyrme did important work towards the two atomic bombs that ended the war.

He then worked back in Britain on studying atoms. He used a way of understanding how atoms work by inventing an atom sized thing called a skyrmion. It is still used today to understand atoms.

References

1922 births
1987 deaths
British nuclear physicists
Scientists from London
Biggin Hill

Biggin Hill is a small town, just on the edge of Greater London.

Biggin Hill has an airport that is famous for being used during World War 2, as well as it's yearly air show.

Other websites 
 Biggin Hill Local News, Information and Forum

London Borough of Bromley
Skyrmion

A skyrmion is an quantum entity in atomic physics that can occur in some materials like solids and Bose–Einstein condensates. They are made up from a persistent vortex that is a quantum superposition of baryons and resonance states. These vortices behave like particles but are not. They are called quasiparticles and have mass just like a real particle.  

They were first though of mathematically by the British scientist  Tony Skyrme in 1962 and named after him in 1982. In 2009 physicists from the Technical University of Munich were able to create and see skyrmions for the first time in a very cold magnetic solid.

Skyrmions are important in  the emerging solid state technology of spintronics where they promise data storage at much higher densities than ever before.

References

Physics
Chrono (series)

The Chrono is a series of video games by Square Enix. The original game, Chrono Trigger, was released in 1995. The games are role-playing games. The other major game in the series is Chrono Cross. As of March 2011, the two games have sold over 5.3 million units.

References

Video game series
1995 video games
Texas Instruments

Texas Instruments Inc. (TI) is a electronics company that makes semiconductors and other electronics, such as calculators. The company started in 1924 in Tulsa, Oklahoma as "Geophysical Research Corporation", a subsidiary of Amerada Petroleum. In 1930, they started a new independent company called Geophysical Service, Incorporated. It became a subsidiary of General Instruments in 1951. The same year the name was changed to Texas Instruments (TI). The company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Today TI is the third largest manufacturer of semiconductors in the world after Intel and Samsung. It is the second largest supplier of chips for cellular handsets after Qualcomm. TI is the largest producer of digital signal processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors. They also make a wide range of other semiconductor products.

References 

Companies based in Texas
1951 establishments in the United States
Companies listed on NASDAQ
20th-century establishments in Oklahoma
Shah Alam II

Shah Alam II, (25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806) was the eighteenth Mughal Emperor and the son of Alamgir II. He became the emperor of the Mughal Empire; his power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in the Persian language, Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam, meaning, 'The kingdom of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam', Palam being a suburb of Delhi.

References

Other websites

1728 births
1806 deaths
Mughal emperors
Battle rap

Battle rap (or rap battling) is a type of rapping that includes boasting and bragging. Rap battles are often performed as live contests in front of an audience. Two or more rappers compete to see who has the better verses. The raps can be rehearsed or freestyled. A freestyle battle is where the rappers use improvised lyrics. Battling can also occur on recorded songs.

Each competitor's goal is to insult their opponent through clever lyrics. They must also convince the audience that they are the better rapper. Judges have been used in formal contests. Without judges, the rapper who receives the best response from the audience is viewed as the winner.

References

Rap music
Hip hop genres
Alley Mills

Alley Mills (born May 9, 1951) is an American actress. She was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 9. Mills has appeared in the television shows Yes, Dear, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Strong Medicine and Sabrina the Teenage Witch. She has appeared in theater productions.  Mills plays the character Pam Douglas in The Bold And The Beautiful.

Personal life
She met her husband, Orson Bean, at a reading of a play in Los Angeles. They married on April 18, 1993.

References
The Bold And The Beautiful, CBS, 2016.
Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, episode #173, aired 5-9-1990

Other websites

Actors from Chicago
Living people
1951 births
American television actors
Benoît Violier

Benoît Violier (22 August 1971 – 31 January 2016) was a French-Swiss chef. He owned the three Michelin star Restaurant de l'hôtel de Ville from 2012 until his death. The restaurant was first on La Liste in December 2015.

Violier was born in Saintes, Charente-Maritime. He studied in Paris. He moved to Switzerland in 1996 to work for Philippe Rochat. He became a Swiss citizen in 2014.

Violier was found dead from a gunshot wound on 31 January 2016 in Crissier. He was 44. His death was reported as a suicide.

Food gallery

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
French chefs
Suicides by firearm
Swiss people
Lewis V. Baldwin

Lewis V. Baldwin  (born 1949) is a professor of religious studies at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He is an award-winning historian and author of a number of books on Martin Luther King, Jr.

Education 
He was born and raised in Camden, Alabama. In 1971 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History. Baldwin studied at Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School from 1971 to 1975. He received his Master of Arts degree in 1973. In 1975 he received his Master of Divinity degree in Theology. In the autumn of 1975 he entered the Ph.D. program at Northwestern University. He completed his degree in 1980. In 1978 he was ordained a minister in Greenville Alabama by his father, Pastor L. V. Baldwin, Sr. On June 16, 1987, Baldwin became a deacon in the United Methodist Church.

Teaching career 
Dr. Baldwin taught at the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio. He has also taught at Colgate University and Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School in New York. He was a professor at Fisk University and American Baptist College in Nashville before coming to Vanderbilt University. He lives in Nashville, Tennessee.

Bibliography 
Dr. Baldwin is the author of over 60 articles and several books. These include:
 "Invisible" Strands in African Methodism: A History of the African Union(1983)
 Union American Methodist Episcopal Churches, 1805-1980(1983)
 The Mark of a Man: Peter Spencer and the African Union Methodist Tradition (1987)
 There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1991)
 To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1992)
 The legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr.: the boundaries of law, politics, and religion (1992)
 Freedom is Never Free: A Biographical Portrait of E.D. Nixon, Sr. (1992)
 Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (1995)
 (co-author with Amiri YaSin Al-Hadid) Between Cross and Crescent: Christian and Muslim Perspectives on Malcolm and Martin (2002)
 The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr. (2010)
 Never to Leave Us Alone: The Prayer Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (2010)
 "Thou, dear God" : prayers that open hearts and spirits, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)
 "In a single garment of destiny" : a global vision of justice, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)

Awards 
He received the "American Theological Library Association Award" for his book "Invisible" Strands.  Baldwin won the "Midwest Book Achievement Award" of the Midwest Independent Publishers Association. This was for his book A Balm in Gilead.

References

Other websites
Vanderbilt's webpage about Dr. Baldwin

1949 births
Writers from Alabama
American historians
Living people
Little owl

The little owl (Athene noctua) is a bird that lives in  the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, Asia (east to Korea), and North Africa. It was introduced into Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, and into the South Island of New Zealand in the early twentieth century.

This owl is a member of the Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The other group is the barn owls, Tytonidae. 

The little owl is a small, mainly nocturnal species. It is found in a range of habitats such as farmland, woodland fringes, steppes and semi-deserts. It is camouflaged, and especially hard to see if the background is wood or stone covered with lichen. It feeds on insects, earthworms, other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as mice and shrews. 

Males have territories which they defend against intruders. This owl is a cavity nester and a clutch of about four eggs is laid in spring. The female does the incubation and the male brings food to the nest, first for the female and later for the newly hatched young. As the chicks grow, both parents hunt and bring them food, and the chicks leave the nest at about seven weeks of age.

There are thirteen recognized subspecies of little owl spread across Europe and Asia.

References 

Strigiformes
UBS

UBS AG is a Swiss finance company. It is an investment bank. 60,000 people work with them in total around the world. The headquarters are in Zürich.

References

Other websites

Banks of Europe
Companies of Switzerland
Zürich
Basel
Hilda Heine

Hilda Heine (born April 6, 1951) is a Marshallese politician. On January 28, 2016, she became the President of the Marshall Islands. She is the first woman to be president of Marshall Islands.

References

1951 births
Living people
Presidents of the Marshall Islands
Current national leaders
Stop consonant

Stops or plosives are consonant sounds that are formed by completely stopping airflow. 

Stop sounds can be voiceless, like the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/, or voiced, like /b/, /d/, and /g/. In phonetics, a plosive consonant is  made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through. Pressure builds up behind the  block, and when the air is allowed to pass through again, a sound is created. This sound is the plosive consonant. The blocking is usually done using the tongue, the lips or the throat. Plosives can be voiced or voiceless.

IPA 
, ,  are voiceless plosives.

, ,  are voiced plosives. 

 is a glottal stop which is made in the throat.

Related pages 
Glottal stop

Consonants
George P. Bush

George Prescott Bush (born April 24, 1976) is an American attorney, United States Navy Reserve officer, real estate investor and politician. He serves as the Commissioner of the Texas Land General Office. He is the oldest child of Florida Governor Jeb Bush. He is also the grandson of former President George H.W. Bush and the nephew of former President George W. Bush.

Bush was born in Houston, Texas.

References

Politicians from Texas
1976 births
Living people
Politicians from Houston, Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Aramaic alphabet

The Aramaic alphabet was originally adapted from the Phoenician alphabet about the 8th century BC. It was first used to write the Aramaic language. It was also used to write several other languages and alphabets including the Hebrew square script.  It was also developed into the Nabataean, Syriac and Mongolian writing systems, among others. The modern Arabic alphabet is also descended from the Aramaic alphabet. 

The Aramaic alphabet contains 22 characters used mainly to indicate consonants. However, some symbols can be used to indicate long vowels. By comparison the later Hebrew and Arabic scripts use only consonants. Hebrew uses 22; Arabic 28.

References

Other websites 
 Ancient Scripts - Aramaic
 Learn to Write Aramaic - YouTube

Alphabets
Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf

Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (born 16 March 1956) is a Swiss politician. She was in office from 1985 to 2015. She studied law at the University of Zürich.

Other websites

Profile of Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf 
Official biography 

Presidents of the Swiss Confederation
1956 births
Living people
Eric Garcetti

Eric Michael Garcetti (born February 4, 1971) is an American politician. He has served as mayor of Los Angeles since 2013. He is a former member of the Los Angeles City Council, representing the 13th District. He served as Council President from 2006 to 2012.

He is a member of the Democratic Party. Garcetti won an election to become mayor on May 21, 2013. He defeated city Controller Wendy Greuel. Garcetti is the city's first elected Jewish mayor and its youngest in more than a hundred years.

His father, Gil Garcetti, is a lawyer and was the Los Angeles District Attorney during the O. J. Simpson murder case.

In May 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Garcetti to be the United States Ambassador to India.

References

1971 births
Living people
Mayors of Los Angeles
American Jews
US Democratic Party politicians
Richard Riordan

Richard Joseph "Dick" Riordan (born May 1, 1930 in New York City, New York) is an American investment banker, businessman, investor and politician. He served as the 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, California from 1993 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
Living people
Mayors of Los Angeles
Politicians from New York City
US Republican Party politicians
Tom Bradley

Thomas J. "Tom" Bradley (December 29, 1917September 29, 1998) was an American politician. He was the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles. He served from 1973 to 1993. He was the only African-American mayor of that city. His 20 years in office mark the longest time by any mayor in the city's history.

He became mayor after an election in 1973. It made him the second African-American mayor of a major U.S. city. Bradley retired in 1993. His approval ratings had begun dropping because of the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

Bradley ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986. He was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian. In 1985, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.

Bradley died on September 29, 1998 in Los Angeles. He died from a stroke caused by a heart attack. He was aged 80.

References

Other websites

Tribute to Bradley by Dianne Feinstein, with biographical information 
Tom Bradley on the Internet Movie Database
The Bradley Effect by Raphael Sonenshein
Bridging the Divide: Tom Bradley and the Politics of Race documentary

1917 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mayors of Los Angeles
Politicians from Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Roman Gribbs

Roman Stanley Gribbs (December 29, 1925 – April 5, 2016) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Detroit from 1970 to 1974.  Later, Gribbs served as a judge on the Michigan Court of Appeals.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
American judges
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Mayors of Detroit
US Democratic Party politicians
Dave Bing

David Bing (born November 24, 1943) is an American businessman, retired basketball player, and former mayor. He was mayor of Detroit, Michigan from 2009 to 2013.

After starring at Syracuse University, Bing played 12 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a guard for the Detroit Pistons (1966 to 1975), Washington Bullets (1975 to 1977) and Boston Celtics (1977–78). He is now in the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Bing entered Detroit politics as a Democrat in 2008. He announced his intentions to run for mayor in Detroit's non-partisan primary to finish the term of Kwame Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick had resigned during a corruption investigation. After winning the primary, Bing then defeated interim Mayor Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. and was sworn in as mayor in May 2009. Later that year, Bing was re-elected to a full term.

References

1943 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
African American politicians
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Boston Celtics players
Detroit Pistons players
Mayors of Detroit
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
US Democratic Party politicians
Washington Bullets players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Mike Duggan

Michael Edward  "Mike" Duggan (born July 15, 1958) is an American lawyer, prosecutor and businessman. He is serving as mayor of Detroit, Michigan. He was elected mayor in 2013.

He received attention from across the country in part because he is the first white mayor of the city since Roman Gribbs in the early 1970s. Currently, most of the people living in Detroit are African American. This was not the case at the time when Gribbs was mayor.

References

1958 births
Living people
Lawyers from Detroit
Businesspeople from Detroit, Michigan
Mayors of Detroit
US Democratic Party politicians
Mohammad Salimi

Mohammad Salimi (; February 2, 1937 – January 30, 2016) was an Iranian military person. He was born in Mashhad, Iran. He was the commander-in-chief of the Iranian Army. He served in the Iran-Iraq War. He began his career in 1955 and resigned in 2005. Salimi was the defense minister in the cabinet of Mir-Hossein Mousavi, replacing Javad Fakoori. He was in office from 1981 to August 1984.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Generals
Government ministers
Iranian military people
Iranian politicians
Paul Pholeros

Paul Pholeros AM (1953 – 1 February 2016) was an Australian architect. He was born in Sydney. He received his Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the University of Sydney in 1974 and Bachelor of Architecture (Hons 1) in 1976. Pholeros created his own architectural practice, Paul Pholeros Architects, in 1984. He was also a director of Healthabitat Pty Ltd.

Pholeros died in Sydney on 1 February 2016 from cancer at the age of 62.

References

1953 births
2016 deaths
Australian architects
Deaths from cancer
People from Sydney
University of Sydney alumni
Alejandro Jodorowsky

Alejandro Jodorowsky Prullansky (; born 17 February 1929) is a Chilean movie and theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, actor, author, poet, producer, composer, musician, comic book writer. He also gives spiritual advice. He was known for his movies El Topo (1970), The Holy Mountain (1973), Tusk (1980), the horror Santa Sangre (1989) and the failed blockbuster The Rainbow Thief (1990).

He is best known for his avant-garde movies. He is popular among cult cinema fans for his work. His movies are "filled with violently surreal images" and a mix of "mysticism and religious provocation".

He was born in Tocopilla, Chile.

References

1929 births
Living people
Chilean movie actors
Chilean poets
Chilean movie directors
Screenwriters
Playwrights
Composers
Musicians
Graphing calculator

A graphing calculator is a calculator that is specially made to draw graphs. Also, graphing calculators can do many advanced tasks, such as solving equations with one or more variables. Graphing calculators are usually bigger and more expensive than a basic calculator, but can do more. Another feature of most graphing calculators is programmability. This lets anyone program the calculator to do whatever he or she wants.

References

Related pages
Computer Algebra System

Mathematical tools
Computer hardware
Fernando Arrabal

Fernando Arrabal Terán (born August 11, 1932) is a Spanish playwright, screenwriter, movie director, novelist and poet. Arrabal was born in Melilla, Spain, but settled in France in 1955. He calls himself desterrado, which means "half-expatriate, half-exiled".

In 1962, Arrabal co-founded the Panic Movement with Alejandro Jodorowsky and Roland Topor. It was inspired by the god Pan. He was elected Transcendent Satrap of the Collège de Pataphysique in 1990.

Other websites

Fernando Arrabal's website
Fernando Arrabal : Excerpts, articles, interviews and videos on the website of the Prague Writers' Festival
Fernando Arrabal's Cinématon – A 4 minutes online portrait by Gérard Courant
Chess Express Arrabal – Arrabal's chess blog

1932 births
Living people
French playwrights
French screenwriters
French movie directors
French poets
Spanish screenwriters
Spanish movie directors
Spanish poets
Spanish Africa
Melilla
Jimmy Wales Foundation

The Jimmy Wales Foundation is a non-profit organization started by Jimmy Wales to promote internet freedom. The organization was established with prize money from the “Knowledge Award”, which was presented to Jimmy and Tim Berners-Lee at the first Knowledge Conference in Dubai.

The organization talks about individual human rights cases of real people who were persecuted.  One of the people featured is Bassel Khartabil, formerly from Creative Commons Syria. Bassel was imprisoned in Syria in 2012, and disappeared completely a few years later. Bassel Khartabil has been killed in 2015. Another featured case is Roya Saberinejad, who went to visit her family in Iran, and never returned.

Goals 

The purpose of the Jimmy Wales Foundation is to stop government censorship and promote freedom of expression on the internet.

The goals of the Jimmy Wales Foundation are to:
 Research the problem of freedom of expression and provide public information about the international problem
 Put political pressure on governments that control freedom of speech
 Use technology to promote free speech in countries with restrictive governments
 Pressure governments to make laws that promote freedom of expression
 Help individual people who are in trouble with repressive governments that restrict free speech

Other websites 
 Jimmy Wales Foundation official website
 Jimmy Wales Foundation on Twitter
 Jimmy Wales Foundation on LinkedIn

References 

International organizations
Human rights organisations in the United Kingdom
Imprisonment and detention
Internet-related organizations
Word of mouth

Word of mouth is the passing of information from a person to one or more people in conversation. In the past, it referred only to speech, but now, it can sometimes include online communication. It can be as simple as telling someone what time it is, or it can involve longer stories and news. It is a good way to share information about things that are of interest to a local community, such as businesses, other people, and things that happened in the past.

Oral tradition
Oral tradition (also called "oral culture" or "oral lore") is when cultural material is transmitted orally from older people to younger people. This material may include folktales, sayings, songs, or chants. It is a way for things like history, literature, and law to be passed down from generation to generation without a writing system.

Oral history
Oral history is history that is given by people who lived through historical eras or events. Often, they are interviewed, and it is recorded. Usually, they talk about things that are not part of written history, such as what everyday life was like.

Marketing
Consumers often talk to their friends about their experiences with a product or a service. This is important for businesses because people are more likely to trust someone they know well.

"Word-of-mouth marketing" happens when a business tries to encourage people to talk about their product. For example, they can offer rewards or suggest that they make posts on social media.

A lot of people think that a lot of word of mouth now happens on the internet. However, studies show that most word of mouth actually happens in spoken conversation.

References

Communication
Human communication
Oral tradition
Language
PlusLiga

PlusLiga () is the highest level of men's volleyball in Poland. It is a professional league competition for volleyball clubs located in Poland. It is overseen by Profesjonalna Liga Piłki Siatkowej S.A. (PLPS S.A.). There are currently 14 teams in the league. They play a schedule of 26 games from September to March. The regular season is followed by playoffs. The winner earns the Polish Championship () It is one of the best volleyball leagues in Europe. According to the latest rankings of European volleyball leagues, compiled by the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball, the Polish league is ranked second-best.

Other websites

 PLUSLiga official site
 PZPS (Polish Volleyball Union) official site
 BGVolley (Site in which the Polish Championship is covered) 

Volleyball
Sports leagues
Sport in Poland
2000 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Poland
Italian Volleyball League

The Italian Male Volleyball League is the league that governs professional men's volleyball in Italy. It is structured with several levels of importance; the highest of them is the SuperLega (formerly Serie A1). Since early 1980s, many among the best volleyball players in the world play in SuperLega and the level of competition is considerably high.

Other websites

 FIPAV
 Lega Pallavolo Serie A

Volleyball
Sports leagues
Sport in Italy
École Centrale de Paris

École Centrale Paris (ECP; also known as École Centrale or Centrale) was a French grande école in engineering and science. It is in a campus of Chatenay-Malabry.

Its courses can lead to the following French and European degrees :
 Ingénieur Centralien de Paris (Centralien Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
 Master of Science & PhD doctorate studies ;
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS) ;
 Massive Online Open Courses.

Courses are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students at the school come from more than 50 countries.

Most of the 2000 students at École Centrale de Paris live in dedicated housing buildings near to the research labs and metro public transport.

Admission 
Admission to the "Centralien engineering Programme" at École Centrale de Paris is possible after two- or three-year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success in either: 
 an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences (2-year curriculum)
 a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus : concours Centrale-Supelec (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
 a selective application as per Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The Centralien Programme usually lasts three years and results in a Master's degree. It involves doing work in other countries. Thus undergraduate studies plus the Centralien Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.
 
However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two years at École Centrale de Paris and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

References

More reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in Paris
1829 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in France
Lovely Professional University

Lovely Professional University (LPU) is a Private University in North India created under the Punjab State Private University Act 2005 and recognized by UGC under Section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956. LPU has been offering more than 200 programs under 40+ disciplines.

Campus 
LPU  is spread across more than 600 acres complete with a state-of-the-art infrastructure. The campus is free from the use of drugs, alcohol and smoking. Even ragging is an offense in the campus. 

Situated at the entrance of Jalandhar City on the National Highway-1, the campus itself look like a planned city with wide roads, gardens and lawns surrounding the residential complexes as well as the buildings for academic purposes. The university campus includes its own backup electricity and water supply, shopping complexes, eating joints, transportation facilities and banking and postal services. For healthcare assistance, the campus has a hospital  that operates 24*7.

Schools 
The campus has four major faculties
 Faculty of Technology & Sciences.
 Faculty of Business & Arts.
 Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
 Faculty of Distance Education.

Hostels 
LPU have residential facilities with capacity for more than 20,000 students. The university provides a range of facilities within the university campus, separately for boys and girls. LPU understand that most of their students are moving away from home for the first time, so they strive to make the transition as smooth as possible. The university has a wide range of accommodation options. Campus entry is controlled by turnstile and there are CCTV surveillance cameras all round to ensure safety and security.

References 

Colleges and universities in India
Xenacoelomorpha

Xenacoelomorpha is a proposed grouping of the xenoturbellids and acoelomorph flatworms, suggested by molecular data. It may be a member of the deuterostomes,  and may be even more basal in the Bilateria.

References 

Animal phyla
Mark Farren

Mark Farren (1 May 1982 – 3 February 2016) was an Irish footballer. He played as a forward for Derry City. He was born in Donegal, Ireland. He played for Finn Harps F.C. from 2000 to 2001, Monaghan United F.C. from 2001 to 2003, Derry City F.C. from 2003 to 2012, and Glenavon F.C. from 2013 to 2014.

Farren died on 3 February 2016 of cancer. He was aged 33.

References

1982 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Irish footballers
Alba Solís

Alba Solís (née Ángela Herminia Lamberti; 18 October 1927 – 3 February 2016) was an Argentine singer, actress and vedette. She was born in Buenos Aires. She was known for her roles in La cigarra está que arde, Estrellas de Buenos Aires, De turno con la muerte and Escándalo nocturno.

Solís died in Buenos Aires on 3 February 2016 from heart failure. She was aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Alba Solís at IMDB

1927 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Argentine actors
Argentine singers
People from Buenos Aires
Leonel Marshall

Leonel Marshall Borges Jr.  (born September 25, 1979 in Havana) is a Cuban volleyball player. He was a member of the Cuban men's national team in 1997–2002. Marshall is an outside hitter. He is well known for his outstanding vertical jump.

Other websites
 Sports-reference profile 

1979 births
Living people
Cuban volleyball players
Balram Jakhar

Balram Jakhar (23 August 1923 – 3 February 2016) was an Indian politician. He was a member of parliament and served as Governor of Madhya Pradesh from June 2004 to June 2009. Before being governor, Jakhar was the 8th Speaker of the Lok Sabha, serving from January 1980 to November 1989. He was born in Punjab.

Jakhar died from complications of pneumonia on 3 February 2016. He died in Delhi. He was aged 92.

References

Other websites

 Biography 

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Governors of Madhya Pradesh
Governors of Gujarat
Punjab, India
Henry Gibson

Henry Gibson (September 21, 1935 – September 14, 2009) was an American actor, singer and songwriter. He was best known as a cast member of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, for his role as Haven Hamilton in Nashville,  for his recurring role as Judge Clark Brown on Boston Legal, the Illinois Nazi leader in The Blues Brothers and as Bob Jenkins in King of the Hill.

Other websites
 
 Obituary at the Daily Telegraph

1935 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Cancer deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
American singer-songwriters
Actors from Pennsylvania
Comedians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Pennsylvania
Writers from Pennsylvania