cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Haute couture

Haute couture (pronounced 'OHT koo-TOOR') is a French term for high fashion. It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. The term refers to: 
 the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions.
 the fashions created by them.

Haute couture is made to order for a specific customer. It is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Couture is a common abbreviation of haute couture.

In France, haute couture is une appellation juridiquement protégée (a legally protected name). It may only be used by firms which meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is also used to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing in other 'fashion capitals' such as Milan, London, New York, Tokyo and Madrid.

History 
The couturier Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1826–10 March 1895), is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today. Although born in Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry. He revolutionized how dressmaking was organised. Worth made it so the dressmaker became an artist: a fashion designer. He created one-of-a-kind designs to please his titled or rich customers. More importantly, he prepared designs which were shown on live models at the House of Worth. Clients selected a design, specified colours and fabrics, and had a version tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period.

Chambre syndicale 
To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture, members of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture must follow these rules:

Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.
Have a workshop (atelier) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time.
Each season (that's twice a year), present a collection to the Paris press, with at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear.

Membership is seldom given. Outside the Chambre syndicale are many successful fashion houses which deal in prêt-à-porter (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion). They have their own Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter.

Related pages 
Coco Chanel
Christian Dior
Madeleine Vionnet
House of Worth

References 

Fashion
Paris
Joanna Newsom

Joanna Caroline Newsom is an indie singer and a harpist. She was born in Nevada City, California in 1982.

Early life
Newsom was not allowed to watch television or listen to the radio when she was a child. She went to a Waldorf school. After high school Newsom studied composition and creative writing at Mills College in Oakland, California.

Career
Newsom's first album The Milk-Eyed Mender was released by Drag City on the 23rd of February 2003. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10. Newsom's second album Ys was given a score of 9.4 out of 10.

Personal life
She married comedian Andy Samberg in September 2013.

Recordings
Albums
The Milk-Eyed Mender (Drag City, 2004)
Ys (Drag City, 2006) US #134, UK #41
Have One on Me (Drag City, 2010) US #75, UK #28
Divers (Drag City, 2015)
Early unofficial recordings
Walnut Whales (self-released, 2002)
Yarn and Glue (self-released, 2003)
EPs
Joanna Newsom and the Ys Street Band (Drag City, 2007) UK #135
Singles
"Sprout and the Bean" (Drag City, 2004)
"What We Have Known" (Drag City, 2011)

References

1982 births
Living people
Singers from California
Musicians from California
When Night Is Falling

When Night is Falling is a 1995 Canadian romantic drama movie. It is about a university professor dealing with a bad relationship who gets confused when she starts having romantic feelings for a female circus performer. The MPAA rated the movie as NC-17. The movie was released without a rating rather than deal with the problems of being rated as NC-17. The movie was later released with two versions: the original unrated version, and an R rated version. Patricia Rozema directed the movie.

Other websites 

1995 LGBT movies
1995 romance movies
1995 drama movies
1990s romantic drama movies
Canadian romance movies
Canadian drama movies
English-language movies
Canadian LGBT movies
Hurricane Bob

Hurricane Bob was an Atlantic tropical cyclone during August 1991. It was one of the costliest hurricanes in the history of New England.

The storm began from an area of low pressure near the Bahamas. The area steadily became stronger and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bob later on August 16.

It curved to the north-northwest at first. However, after the storm became a hurricane, it turned to the north-northeast on August 17. 

The track of Hurricane Bob by August 18 and 19 was similar to 1954's Hurricane Carol, another storm that affected North Carolina and New England. Bob brushed eastern North Carolina on August 18 and early on the 19th.

The storm moved up the Mid Atlantic on August 19; it passed just east of Long Island. The storm then crossed Block Island, Rhode Island, and later hit near Newport that afternoon.

While Bob affected Rhode Island, the strong winds moved westward into Connecticut. In that state, winds peaked near 75 mph.

The most damage happened in Massachusetts. Total damage there was $1 billion.

The storm weakened to a strong tropical storm; it then hit Maine with 70 mph winds and heavy rain.

Damage from Bob totaled $1.5 billion. Eighteen people were killed as a result of the storm.

The name Bob was retired in the spring of 1992 and replaced with Bill.

References

Hurricanes in New York
1991 in the United States
1991 in Canada
1990s in North Carolina
Hurricanes in New England
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Nithing pole

A Nithing pole, according to ancient Scandinavian and Germanic pagan beliefs, was a kind of pole used for cursing enemies.  

The way of cursing was supposed to be, to cut a horse's head from its body, and put it on top of the pole. Cursing words were carved into the wood, too. This was done to stop the soul of a cowardly person, or "Nithing".  Also, the terrible shame of the coward was called "Nith". 

Magic (paranormal)
Imber

Imber is a village in Wiltshire, England, which has no people. It is on Salisbury Plain, a flat area in Southern England. The people of Imber were moved out in 1943, and rehoused elsewhere. The whole area was needed as a training ground for the military. Imber is now part of the British Army's largest training area in England.

The area around Imber has been settled since the Iron Age, before the Romans came to Britain. The first mention of the village was in Saxon times, in 967. The village is also listed in the Domesday Book. At that time, around fifty people lived there. The village has a church that was built in the 13th century. In the 14th century, about 250 people lived in the village. In 1851, the population reached its peak at about 440 people. When they left in 1943, about 150 people had to move.

Other websites
 Google Satellite mapThe link does not deliver to the exact place, The actual area is north-west of the green arrow, and best got by typing "Imber, Wiltshire" into the Google search box.

Villages in Wiltshire
Trough (geology)

In geology, a trough refers to a linear depression that extends in one direction over a distance. It is less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rifts along the mid-ocean ridges.

Landforms
Innuendo

Not to be confused with Innuendo (album).

An innuendo is an indirect or implied statement of ideas or opinions. It can also be a remark or question, often disparaging  (also called insinuation), that works indirectly by allusion. In the latter sense, the intention is often to insult or accuse someone in such a way that the words as used, taken literally, seem to be innocent in the direct meaning (but have a negative unspoken meaning).

An innuendo is "an oblique hint or remark"; The word is often used to express disapproval.

The term sexual innuendo has a specific meaning, namely that of a "risqué" double sens (double meaning) by playing on a possibly sexual meaning of an otherwise innocent statement.

Bullying
Innuendo is a tool of bullying.

In popular culture
Many TV shows\movies aimed at little kids often use innuendoes as a way of attracting older people. Shows\movies such as The Fairly OddParents, Spongebob Squarepants,The Penguins of Madagascar, Shrek, Bee Movie,  the Walt Disney Animated Classics, Rocko's Modern Life, The Muppet Show, Cow & Chicken, Ren & Stimpy, Animaniacs and Looney Tunes have been known to do this over the years. Also many prime-time shows use an extensive amount of innuendo to the point that they are rated U.S. TV PG/14 D for dialogue. Some TV shows using innuendoes are: The Simpsons, Futurama, Son of the Beach,  The Office, Jersey Shore (TV series), King of the Hill, Beavis and Butthead, Everybody Hates Chris, American Dad, Tosh.0, Family Guy and South Park.

Also, many radio shows are known for use of innuendo, including: The Gallo Radio Show, most of the songs played on Southern Crossroads, sometimes The Rick & Bubba Show, The Howard Stern Show, The Steve and DC Morning Show, especially  The JT & Dave Show, Air Bubba and The Bob & Tom Show''.

References

Comedy
Rhetoric
Copper(II) nitrate

Copper(II) nitrate, also known as cupric nitrate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(NO3)2. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains nitrate ions.

Properties
Copper(II) nitrate is a blue solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is blue whether it contains water (hydrated) or not (anhydrous). It makes nitrogen dioxide when it is heated.

Preparation
It is made by reacting copper with nitrogen tetroxide. It can also be made by reacting copper with nitric acid or silver nitrate.

Uses
It can be used to make nitric acid by heating it. Then the brown gas made is dissolved in water to make nitric acid. It can be used to add nitrate ions to organic chemicals.

Safety
Copper ions are toxic, like many other metals. Nitrates are oxidizing agents and can make things burn.

Related pages
Copper(I) chloride
Copper sulfate

Copper compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Orogeny

Orogeny is the process of mountain-building. It takes place when two tectonic plates come together. Orogens develop while a continental plate is crumpled and thickened to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis. 

A convergent boundary is a frequent cause:
Where a continent rides over an oceanic plate (non-collisional): 
 Andes in South America
Where two continental plates converge (collide):
 Alps
 Himalayas 
Another, less common cause is when a plate moves over a hot spot in the Earth's mantle. Examples:
Hawaiian chain of islands
Yellowstone National Park
There is a third process, called delamination. Here an unstable portion of cold root of the lithosphere drips down into the mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift. Example:
 The Sierra Nevada in California.
Areas that are rifting apart, such as mid-ocean ridges and the East African Rift have mountains due to thermal buoyancy caused by the hot mantle underneath them, which pushes them up. This thermal buoyancy is known as dynamic topography. Examples:
 Iceland (Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
 East African Rift

Variscan orogeny: older mountain belts caused by the formation of Pangaea.

References 

Earth sciences
Ethnic groups of the United States

There are many different ethnic groups in the United States. Most people in the United States have ancestors who came from somewhere else, often from multiple places. Some people say their ancestry is "American"; often these are people from the Southern United States whose families have been living in America since before the American Revolution.

There are several races in the United States:

 White is the most common race in the United States.  It usually refers to people from Europe or the Middle East (such as Germany, England and Italy) Some were indentured servants at various periods of history.
 Black or African-American refers to people from most parts of Africa. They were indentured servants and slaves at various periods of history.  
 Asian refers to people from countries in Asia (such as China, Japan, South Asia, or the Philippines). 
 Native American or American Indian refers to people who are part of Native American groups that have lived for thousands of years in the lands now controlled by the U.S.. These are the only people who did not come to the United States during or after Europe learned of the Americas.
Hispanic Americans, such as Mexican, are often of this category.  Hispanics can also be any other the other races listed above. Hispanic is an ethnicity, not a race.
Other refers to people who are a unlisted ethnic group such as Romani people.

Race is not the same as ethnicity, however. Here are the top three ethnic groups in the United States. Since many Asian and Hispanic are classified differently, most of the groups listed are white.

 The most common is German-American, which 42.8 million Americans identify with. Many people came to the U.S. from Germany in the 19th and early 20th century. German American is the most common ethnic group in over half the states. The largest number of Germans are found in the Midwest, West, and Pennsylvania.
 Irish-American is the second-largest ethnic group found in the United States, at 30.5 million people.
The third-largest ethnic group is African-American, at 24.9 million people. The largest number of African-Americans are found in the Southern

References
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)

Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is a form of open-wheeled auto racing. It is the highest class defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules. These rules tell the builders and drivers of the cars what they may and may not do. The F1 world championship season is a series of races. These races are known as Grands Prix. They are usually held on purpose-built circuits. In a few places, they are held on closed city streets. The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo. The top finisher of each race are awarded championship points. The points are added up at the end of they year. There are two yearly Championships. The one for drivers and one for constructors.

Ferrari hold the record for the most Grands Prix victories. They have won 216 times. McLaren are second with 173 wins, and Williams are third with 113 wins. British teams have won the most Grands Prix. Twelve British teams have won a total of 499 races between them. Italian teams are second with 237 wins between five teams. French teams are third with 53 Grands Prix wins between three teams.

By constructor 
All figures correct as of 26 June 2011

Key

By nationality 
List of races won by nationality of constructor.

Related pages
List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
List of Formula One constructors
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

Notes 
A.  Renault held a French licence from 1977 to 2010 and a British licence from 2011 to present.
B.  Benetton held a British licence from 1986 to 1995 and an Italian licence from 1996 to 2001.
C.  Only one of Benetton's 27 wins were scored with their Italian licence. All the others count towards the British totals.
D.  Renault's first 35 wins were with their French licence.

References 

Grand Prix winners
Formula One lists
Maylene and the Sons of Disaster

Maylene and the Sons of Disaster are an American rock band. The band formed in 2004 in Birmingham, Alabama. The bend members at the moment are Dallas Taylor (lead singer), Brad Lehman (bassist, backing vocals), Kelly Scot Nun (guitarist), Chad Huff (guitarist), Matt Clark (drummer) and Jake Duncan (guitarist, backing vocals). 

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Christian rock bands
Nu metal bands
Post-hardcore bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Alabama
Entertainers from Birmingham, Alabama
South African Grand Prix

The South African Grand Prix was first run as a Grand Prix motor racing handicap race in 1934 at the Prince George Circuit at East London, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 

The races were stopped because of World War II. It was started again in 1962 as part of the Formula One circuit. It was a popular F1 event. It was stopped again after the 1985 race. Some nations began boycotting (not participating) South African events because of racial segregation policy of apartheid. 

After apartheid was ended in 1991, there were two more races held in 1992 and 1993.

Winners of the South African Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by Cosworth

By year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

References

Resource 
ChicaneF1 

Formula One Grands Prix
Seaside Heights, New Jersey

Seaside Heights is a borough in Ocean County, New Jersey. According to a 2000 Census, the borough population was 3,155.  Summer population explodes upwards to thirty thousand persons because the city is a resort community with beaches, bars, and clubs. The Seaside Heights Boardwalk received exposure through shows on MTV, such as Jersey Shore.

Boroughs in New Jersey
Ocean County, New Jersey
Tumblr

Tumblr is a blogging site that began in New York City in 2007. David Karp and Marco Arment began it. The site allows users to post text, images, videos, links, quotes and audio to a short-form blog, called a tumbleblog. Users can follow other users, or choose to make their tumblelog private. Tumblr focuses on being easy to use. The site has about 91.7 million posts a day and gains about 15,000 new users on a day on average. In 2013, Yahoo bought Tumblr for $1.1 billion. After the sale to Yahoo, David Karp remained as CEO.

It is the 25th most popular website in the world.

Famous people with Tumblr accounts include President Obama, Beyoncé, and Lady Gaga.

References

Other websites
 

2007 establishments in the United States
Organizations in New York City
Websites established in 2007
Meg Whitman

Margaret Cushing Whitman (born August 4, 1956) is an American billionaire.  She is the president and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard.  

She was CEO of the online auction site eBay from 1998 to 2008.  She also worked for DreamWorks, Procter & Gamble, and Hasbro. In 2010, she ran for Governor of California as a Republican.  Her campaign was paid for mostly by millions of her own money.  Even though she spent over $100 million, she still lost to Jerry Brown.

On December 8, 2021, Joe Biden nominated Whitman to serve as United States ambassador to Kenya.

References

1956 births
Living people
American billionaires
Politicians from California
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from New York
Businesspeople from New York
Businesspeople from California
American chief executives
Red billed Quelea

The Red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea), also known as the red-billed weaver or red-billed dioch, is a small passerine bird of the Ploceidae family. It is found only in Africa.

There are more quelea than any other bird species in the world: they number over 1.5 billion. Single colonies may have as many as 30 million. Queleas can migrate as far as 2,000 kilometres (1,243 miles). Single flocks can destroy as much as 50 tons of grain a day. Queleas have destroyed over US$22 million of grain in a single year.

Males grow to a length of about 4.75 inches (12 cm) with a 1.75 inch (4.45 cm) tail and weigh 19.47 grams (0.69 oz).  Females are a little smaller growing to about 4.60 inches (11.68 cm) with a 1.70 inch (4.32 cm) tail and weigh 18.34 grams (0.65 oz).

Nests are built by the males and take about seven days to complete. Males defend the nest while building it and become very angry when something gets too close.  After it is complete, females lay 3 to 7 eggs. Eggs hatch in about two weeks. Males continue to defend the nest after the eggs hatch.

Footnotes

References

Other websites 

Passeriformes
Portuguese Grand Prix

The Portuguese Grand Prix (Grande Prémio de Portugal) was a motor racing event held for several years, starting in the 1950s. It was a Formula One race between  and  and between  and .

The first event was held on the Boavista street course in Porto on 17 June 1951. The Grand Prix was moved to Monsanto Park, Lisbon, in 1954 as a one time event. The first Formula One race was held in 14 August 1958. The first three F1 races were held in both Boavista and Monsanto. 1960 was the last Formula One race for more than 20 years.

The Portuguese Grand Prix returned to the calendar in 1984 to the Autódromo do Estoril in 1984. After the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at Imola in 1994, the Estoril track was changed. A new chicane was built in place of the tank curve, as a safety measure. But Estoril was considered an unsafe and outdated track. The last Portuguese Grand Prix was in Estoril on 22 September 1996.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

References 

Formula One Grands Prix
Argentine Grand Prix

The Argentine Grand Prix was Formula One Grand Prix motor race. It was held off and on from  to . Argentine president Juan Perón was the driving force behind the creation of the circuit, after seeing the success of the country's own Juan Manuel Fangio. 

The circuit was built just outside of Buenos Aires on swampland in 1952.In 1953, the Autodrome hosted the first ever Formula One race held outside Europe. The exile of Perón in 1955 lead to an unstable government. The Argentine Grand Prix left the F1 calendar in 1961 for over a decade.

In  the Argentine Grand Prix returned to the World Championship. Carlos Reutemann became the new homegrown hero.  Reutemann took pole position in his world championship debut. He become only the second driver to do this.  The Grand Prix remained in Argentina through , but the 1982 event was canceled.

A private group purchased the track in 1991 and began to upgrade it. The modernized Argentine Grand Prix returned in . Because of financial problems, the  race was the last running of the Argentine Grand Prix.

Winners

Repeat winners (drivers)

Repeat winners (constructors)

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 

* Designed and built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

By year 

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Argentine
Sort (typesetting)

In typesetting by hand compositing, a sort is a piece of type representing a specific letter or symbol, cast from a matrix mould and assembled with other sorts bearing additional letters into lines of type to make up a forme, from which a page is printed.

Related pages
 Sort - other uses of the word
 Typeface
 Typography

References
 Nesbitt, Alexander The History and Technique of Lettering (c) 1957, Dover Publications, Inc. , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 57-13116. The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. under the title Lettering: The History and Technique of Lettering as Design.

Other websites
Typowiki , a type wiki at typophile.com
Metal Type - For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting

Typography
Typesetting
Salisbury Plain

Salisbury Plain is in the central southern England covering . It largely lies within the county of Wiltshire, with a little in Hampshire. 

The Plain is famous for its rich archaeology, including Avebury and Stonehenge, which are a joint World Heritage Site. The Plain is sparsely populated and is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. The Plain also has arable land, and a few small areas of  beech trees and coniferous woodland.

On the Plain is the British Army's largest training ground in England. It is suitable terrain for tank manoeuvres; buildings such as Imber are used for urban warfare training.

Boundaries 
The boundaries of Salisbury Plain have never been defined, and there is some difference of opinion as to its exact area. The river valleys surrounding it, and other downs and plains beyond them loosely define its boundaries.  To the north the scarp of the downs overlooks the Vale of Pewsey, and to the north west the  Avon. The River Wylye runs along the south west, and the River Bourne runs to the east.

Google satellite map centered on Stonehenge: 
Access to military site:

References 

Wiltshire
Plateaus
Hot pants

Hot pants, or 'short shorts', are a fashion item from the 1960s which is still popular today. They first appeared as a design item in so-called 'Swinging London'. The trend for shorter, brighter shorts for young women was started by designers in London such as Mary Quant.

Running or gym shorts are worn by girls as normal wear in some places. Many gym shorts have an inlay made of a comfortable fabric such as cotton, similar to swim shorts (swimming trunks). These are designed to be worn without underwear.

If a person cuts off the legs of a pair of jeans, that's known as a 'cut-off'.

The character Daisy Duke from The Dukes of Hazzard was known for wearing low cut blue jeans. The popularity of the character led to the term "Daisy Dukes" being used for short shorts.

References 

1960s
Trousers and shorts

en:Shorts#Styles
Mini-skirt

The mini-skirt, or miniskirt, is a skirt well above the knees, close to the buttocks. If the top and skirt are all-in-one, then it is a minidress. Microskirts are extremely brief, and usually worn only for publicity events.

Mini-skirts were invented by Mary Quant, who also invented, or promoted, hot pants. There is disagreement as to who came up with the idea first; some say André Courrèges or John Bates. The short- and ever-shorter skirt was evolving already among fashion-minded young women: the designers who adapted it just helped spread the style. In Quant's case, she gave it the name. Mary Quant named the mini-skirt after her favorite make of car, the Mini. She loved the car so much, she had one designed especially for her.

Gallery

References 

1960s
Clothing
Austrian Grand Prix

The Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race. The first event was held in 1964 at a race track on the Zeltweg Airfield. The track was deemed too dangerous. It was narrow and very bumpy. Spectators complained of poor viewing areas. The FIA removed the race from the F1 calendar until a better circuit was built.

From 1970 until 1987, the event was held at the Österreichring, near Zeltweg. In 1975, it was called the European Grand Prix. In 1987, the FIA decided that the circuit was too dangerous. The race was dropped for a decade.

In 1995 and 1996, the track was modified and brought up to modern standards. The race returned to F1 in 1997. The circuit was renamed the A1-Ring, after a sponsor. Most of the new track is in Spielberg. Spielberg was now used as the location of the Grand Prix. The final Austrian Grand Prix was held in 2003. The Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2014.

Winners of the Austrian Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers) 
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Shared win with Kurt Ahrens, Jr.

Repeat winners (constructors) 
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford (except 1967)

** Between 1998-2001 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

*** Built by  Porsche

Year by year 

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Austrian Grand Prix records 
Driver
Most wins - Alain Prost, 3
Most podiums - David Coulthard, 5
Most points - David Coulthard, 39
Most poles - René Arnoux, Nelson Piquet & Niki Lauda, 3 (tied)
Most grands prix - Jacques Laffite, 12
Team
Most wins - McLaren, 6
Most podiums - Ferrari, 20
Most points - Ferrari, 142.5
Most poles - Ferrari, 7
Most grands prix - Ferrari & McLaren, 25 (tied)

References

Formula One Grands Prix
Lucretia Mott

Lucretia Coffin Mott (January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an advocate for women's rights in the United States. She was one of the first people in the U.S. to do so. She also spoke on ending slavery in the United States. She was one of the leaders of the anti-slavery movement in Philadelphia. She was a Quaker, and was a minister for several years. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. She helped with women's involvement and the Seneca falls convention.

1793 births
1880 deaths
People from Massachusetts
Quakers
Luxembourg Grand Prix

The Luxembourg Grand Prix () was a Formula One motor race for two years in the 1990s. The FIA created the Luxembourg GP to keep a race at Nürburgring, and allow the European GP to be held in another country.

The FIA only allowed one Formula One per country. They would allow a second race within a country if it had a different Grand Prix name. For several years, the German Grand Prix had been held at Hockenheimring, and the European Grand Prix at Nürburgring. There was unease that the Nürburgring was being given a monopoly for the European GP. The border of Luxembourg lies about 50 miles away from the Nürburgring track.

Winners of the Luxembourg Grand Prix 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

References

Formula One Grands Prix
Mexican Grand Prix

The Mexican Grand Prix (Gran Premio de Mexico) is a Formula One motor race held at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City.  It first appeared as a non-championship event in 1962 before being held as a championship event from 1963-1970, 1986-1992 and since 2015.

Winners of the Mexican Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers) 

 Shared win with Trevor Taylor
Active drivers are in bold.
Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Repeat winners (constructors) 

Active constructors are in bold.
Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

By year

Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Formula One Grands Prix
1962 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Mexico
1992 disestablishments
1990s disestablishments in North America
20th-century disestablishments in Mexico
Moroccan Grand Prix

The Moroccan Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor racing event. It began in 1925 in Casablanca, Morocco. The official name was "Casablanca Grand Prix".

In 1930, the race was moved to the new Anfa Racecourse. There was no race in 1933. There were no races between 1935 and 1953. When it returned in 1954, it was held on a circuit at the city of Agadir for sports cars.

A new circuit at Ain-Diab near Casablanca was ready for the 1957 Moroccan Grand Prix Formula One race. This race did not counttoward the World Championship. The only World Championship F1 race was in 1958. The race was marred by the death of Stuart Lewis-Evans. This was the last Grand Prix organized in Morocco.

Winners of the Moroccan Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers) 
No driver won the Moroccan Grand Prix more than one time.

 Repeat winners (constructors) 

Active constructors are in bold.Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

 By year Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a'' pink background.

Formula One Grands Prix
Casablanca
1925 establishments
20th-century establishments in Morocco
1958 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Africa
Swinging London

Swinging London is a catch-all term applied to the fashion and cultural scene which flourished in London, in the 1960s.

It was a phenomenon which emphasized the young, the new and the modern. It was a period of optimism and  hedonism, and a cultural revolution. One catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II hard times had lasted through much of the 1950s. Journalist Christopher Booker, a founder of the satirical magazine Private Eye, recalled the "bewitching" character of the swinging sixties: "There seemed to be no one standing outside the bubble, and observing just how odd and shallow and egocentric and even rather horrible it was".

"Swinging London" was defined by Time magazine in its issue of 15 April 1966,<ref name="Gilbert-3">'Most famous (if not the first) identification of Swinging London Gilbert, David (2006) "'The youngest legend in history': cultures of consumption and the mythologies of Swinging London" The London Journal 31(1): 1–14 doi:10.1179/174963206X113089</ref> and celebrated in the name of the pirate radio station, Swinging Radio England, that began shortly afterward. However, "swinging" in the sense of hip or fashionable, had been used since the early 1960s. In 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of  Vogue magazine, said "London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment".

Although The Beatles came from Liverpool, The Rolling Stones,  and the rest of the new culture was London-based. Most of the new fashion designers, models and photographers were young, and packed into a small area in Soho around Carnaby Street, W1., and another area round the King's Road, Chelsea.Decharne, Max 2005. King's Road, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London.

Fashion & symbols
During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in Queen magazine, which drew attention to fashion designer Mary Quant.Ros Horton, Sally Simmons, 2007. Women Who Changed the World

The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the world's first supermodels. She was the world's highest paid and most photographed model of the time. Shrimpton was called "The face of the '60s", in which she has been considered by many as "the symbol of Swinging London", and the "embodiment of the 1960s". Other popular models of the era included Veruschka, and Twiggy. Twiggy was called "the Queen of Mod", a label she shared with others, such as Cathy McGowan, who hosted the television rock show, Ready Steady Go!'' from 1964 to 1966.

Mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and the Kings Road, Chelsea. The fashion was a symbol of youth culture.

The British flag, the Union Flag, became a symbol, assisted by events such as England's home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini car (launched in 1959) was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising which covered their paintwork.

References 

1960s in the United Kingdom
British culture
Fashion
London
Manon Lescaut

Manon Lescaut is an Italian opera in four acts by Giacomo Puccini, first performed in Turin, on February 1, 1893, libretto by Luigi Illica, Giuseppe Giacosa, Giulio Ricordi, Marco Praga and  Domenico Oliva. Puccini's third opera and the work that established his reputation.

Principal roles

 Manon - soprano
 des Grieux - tenor
 Lescaut - baritone
 Geronte - bass  
 Edmondo - tenor

Reference

The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

operas
Caesars Palace Grand Prix

The Caesars Palace Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race in 1981 and 1982. Nissan/Datsun was a presenting sponsor of both races.

When Watkins Glen left the F1 schedule after 1980, the Caesars Palace GP took its place. The track was set up in the parking lot of the Caesars Palace hotel. It was surprisingly well set up for a temporary circuit. It was wide enough for passing, provided ample run-off areas filled with sand, and had a surface that was as smooth as glass. Its counter-clockwise direction put a tremendous strain on the drivers' necks. 1982 was the end of Formula One racing in Las Vegas. The races had drawn only tiny crowds.

In 1983 and 1984, CART ran Grands Prix races on the same circuit.

Winners of the Caesars Palace Grand Prix 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Related pages
 United States Grand Prix

References

Other websites 
F1 Rejects article 

Formula One Grands Prix
1981 in sports
1982 in sports
1981 in the United States
1982 in the United States
20th century in Nevada
Detroit Grand Prix

The Detroit Grand Prix is a car racing event held in Detroit, Michigan, USA. From 1982 to 1988 it was a part of the Formula One series. It has been a part of the IndyCar Series since 1988.

In 1982, the U.S. became the first country to host three World Championship Grands Prix in one season. As of 2010, it is the only one to do so. In addition to the US GP West and Caesars Palace GP races, the new event was held on another street course, in the Renaissance Center of Detroit.

The original circuit had seventeen corners in 2.493 miles, and included a tunnel and a railroad track crossing. For 1989, it was planned to move the Grand Prix to a new circuit at Belle Isle. However, an agreement could not be reached, and the Grand Prix moved to Phoenix in 1989. Upon the departure of F1, the Detroit race was replaced by an event sanctioned by CART, which was held on the same track except the 18th turn, a chicane, was removed. In 1992, the race was moved to Belle Isle, an island in the Detroit River. Since then, the race has been held at Belle Isle. It was canceled after the 2001 race before being held in 2007 and 2008. The race returned for 2012 and has been on the IndyCar series schedule since.

Winners

Repeat winners (drivers)

Repeat winners (constructors)

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)

* Built by Cosworth

By year

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Related pages
 United States Grand Prix
 United States Grand Prix West
 Caesars Palace Grand Prix
 Dallas Grand Prix

Formula One Grands Prix
Detroit, Michigan
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Michigan
1988 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Michigan
Dallas Grand Prix

The Dallas Grand Prix was a Formula One World Championship motor race in 1984. The race was run at the Fair Park street circuit. In 1988, the Dallas GP became a round of the American Trans-Am Series.

Winners 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Sources:

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Related pages
 United States Grand Prix

References 

Formula One Grands Prix
United States Grand Prix West

The United States Grand Prix West was a Formula One motor race held at street circuit in Long Beach, California. It was a Formula 5000 race in 1975, and a F1 world championship event from 1976 to 1983. After 1983 the event became the Long Beach Grand Prix of the CART series.

Winners of the United States Grand Prix West 
See also Grand Prix of Long Beach

Repeat winners (constructors)

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 

* Built by  Cosworth, engine program funded by Ford

By year 
All races were held on the same circuit on various layouts.

Related pages
 United States Grand Prix
 Detroit Grand Prix
 Caesars Palace Grand Prix

Formula One Grands Prix
Long Beach, California
1976 establishments in California
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1980s disestablishments in California
Pilsner Urquell

Pilsner Urquell (Czech: Plzeňský Prazdroj) is a famous brand of beer that is made in the city of Pilsen in Western Bohemia, Czech Republic. They started making this beer in 1842. The Asahi Breweries company owns this brewery today.

Beer
Czech culture
Swiss Grand Prix

The Swiss Grand Prix (, ) was the motor race of Switzerland. In its later years it was a Formula One race.

Grand Prix racing started in Switzerland in 1934. The Bremgarten circuit was just outside the town of Bremgarten, near Bern. The Swiss Grand Prix counted toward the European Championship from 1935 to 1939.

The Bremgarten track remained the home of the Swiss Grand Prix until 1954. In 1958, motor racing was banned by the Swiss government as an unsafe spectator sport. The was in reaction following the death of 80 people at the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans race. The Swiss Grand Prix did return for two more races, but at the Dijon-Prenois circuit, just across the border in France. In 1975 it was a non-Championship Grand Prix. One Championship F1 race was held in 1982.

Winners of the Swiss Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Year by year

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Formula One Grands Prix
Swedish Grand Prix

The Swedish Grand Prix was a round of the Formula One World Championship from 1973 to 1978.  It took place at the Scandinavian Raceway in Anderstorp (Gislaved Municipality), about 30 km from Jönköping, in Småland, Sweden. 

 saw the only race appearance of the Brabham BT46B. This car was also known at the Fan car. This race car had a large fan in the back of the car. Brabham said the fan was for cooling the car. But the fan also pulled air form underneath the car, creating an large amount of downforce. Niki Lauda won the race in the Fan car.

The deaths in 1978 of both Ronnie Peterson and Gunnar Nilsson contributed to dropping the Swedish GP from the world championship. Interest for Formula One in Sweden fell following the death of these two Swedish racers.

Winners
The races before 1956 were formally called the Swedish Summer Grand Prix.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (drivers)

Repeat winners (constructors)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by Cosworth

List of winners by year 

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Other websites 
http://www.allf1.info/tracks/anderstorp.php
http://www.allf1.info/history/sweden.php
http://www.algonet.se/~alfisti/Anderstorp.html 

Formula One Grands Prix
Coppa Acerbo

The Coppa Acerbo was an motor race held in Italy. Following Italy's defeat in World War II, the race was renamed the Circuito di Pescara, and in some years was also referred to as the Pescara Grand Prix (Gran Premio di Pescara). The race was run between 1924 and 1961 with a variety of vehicle classes. In  the Pescara Grand Prix was one round of the Formula One World Championship. This race which holds the record of the longest circuit length ever used for a Championship event.

Race winners

Repeat winners (drivers)

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Year by year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

References

Other websites 
The Pescara Circuit at ETracksonline .

Formula One Grands Prix
Pacific Grand Prix

The Pacific Grand Prix was a round of the Formula One World Championship in  and . Both races were held at the Tanaka International Aida circuit (now Okayama International Circuit), a 2.3-mile track in the countryside in Aida (near Kobe), Japan.

Sponsors 
Foster's Pacific Grand Prix 1994
Marlboro Pacific Grand Prix 1995

Winners of the Pacific Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers) 
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by Cosworth

Year by year

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Formula One Grands Prix
Anna Bolena

Anna Bolena is an Italian opera in two acts. Gaetano Donizetti wrote the music to a libretto by Felice Romani. The opera was first performed in Milan, on December 26, 1830. Anna Bolena was Donizetti's thirty-third opera. It was his first major success, and the work that established his reputation in Europe. The opera was long neglected until it was revived to great acclaim by Maria Callas at La Scala in Milan in 1957. It has since been regularly performed, notably by Joan Sutherland, Montserrat Caballé and Beverly Sills.

Characters 
 Anna Bolena - soprano
 Giovanna Seymour - mezzo-soprano
 Enrico VIII - bass 
 Lord Percy - tenor
 Smeaton - mezzo-soprano
 Lord Rochfort - bass
 Hervey - tenor

Plot 
The action takes place in England in 1536. The opera relates the stormy relationship between King Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boleyn, and the king's new romantic interest in Jane Seymour. Anne is accused of treason and adultery and executed to make way for Jane to become his third wife.

References 
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Compositions by Gaetano Donizetti
Operas
Copper(II) carbonate

Copper(II) carbonate, also known as cupric carbonate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuCO3. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

Properties
Copper(II) carbonate is a blue-green solid. It is made when copper is in air for a long time and turns green. The other part of that coating is copper(II) hydroxide. It dissolves in acids to make carbon dioxide and a copper salt. It breaks down when heated to make carbon dioxide and copper(II) oxide.

Preparation
It can be made by leaving copper(II) hydroxide in air, which makes copper(II) carbonate. It can also be made by reacting copper sulfate and sodium carbonate. This makes sodium sulfate in solution.

Uses
Copper(II) carbonate can be used to kill algae. It is also used as a pigment.

Safety
It can irritate the skin. It is toxic since it dissolves in stomach acid to make copper ions in solution, which can be absorbed.

Related pages
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(II) chloride

Copper compounds
Carbonates