cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Dario Franchitti

Dario Franchitti (born 19 May 1973) is a Scottish racing driver. He is best known for winning the IndyCar Series championship four times (in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011). He won the Indianapolis 500 three times. He most recently drove for Chip Ganassi Racing. He won three of his four championships while driving for that team. Franchitti has also driven in NASCAR and sportscar races. In 2013, he retired from racing after he was hurt in a crash during a race.

Biography

Franchitti was born on 19 May 1973 in Bathgate, Scotland. He began racing as a young boy. In 1996, he ran in the DTM series for Mercedes-Benz. He moved to CART racing in 1997. He drove for Hogan Racing in 1997. Franchitti finished a strong second place in 1999. In 2000, he thought about moving to the Jaguar Formula One team, but stayed in IndyCar racing. At this time he was driving for Andretti Autosport.

In 2003, Franchitti moved to the Indy Racing League (now IndyCar). He had to miss much of the year after he was injured in a motorcycle accident. Dan Wheldon replaced Franchitti at a race in Japan.

2007 was Franchitti's most successful season so far. He won the Indianapolis 500 and the series title.

Franchitti spent 2008 in NASCAR with Chip Ganassi Racing. He had some strong results, but he had a difficult season and decided to return to IndyCar. (IndyCar had merged with ChampCar in 2008.) He drove for Ganassi's IndyCar team, where he replaced Wheldon.

The 2009 season was very successful for Franchitti. He won the title over his teammate Scott Dixon and Penske driver Ryan Briscoe after winning the final race in Miami.

In 2010, Franchitti had a long battle with Australian driver Will Power. Franchitti won his second straight title.

Franchitti won again in 2011 after another battle with Power. His longtime friend Dan Wheldon was killed in a massive crash at the last race of the season in Las Vegas. 

Franchitti did not have as much success in 2012 or 2013. He did win the Indianapolis 500 in 2012. During the 2013 Houston Grand Prix, a crash happened when he was racing in a difficult part of the course. Franchitti and several fans were seriously injured. Franchitti retired from racing after this crash. He is still involved with racing. He will drive the pace car for the 2014 Indianapolis 500. His place at the Ganassi team was taken by Tony Kanaan.

Personal life

Franchitti married American actress Ashley Judd in December 2001. The couple broke up in 2013.

References

Scottish racecar drivers
1973 births
Living people
IndyCar Series drivers
Baby Don't Forget My Number

"Baby Don't Forget My Number" is a popular dance hit song by the music group Milli Vanilli. It was released in December 1988. It was the first of Milli Vanilli's three #1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 between 1988-1990.

The longest cut is eight minutes and 20 seconds.

1988 songs
Pop songs
Milli Vanilli songs
Jens Stoltenberg

Jens Stoltenberg (; born 16 March 1959) is a Norwegian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Norway from 2000 to 2001 and again from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the Labour Party. On 28 March 2014, he was appointed by NATO's North Atlantic Council as Secretary General of NATO and chairman of the North Atlantic Council, in succession to Anders Fogh Rasmussen. He has held the position since 1 October 2014.

Stoltenberg has been a  member of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate.
Stoltenberg was born in Oslo, and is a member of the Stoltenberg political family. He is married to Ingrid Schulerud and they have two children together. He is an agnostic.

During the 2011 Norway attacks, the building where the prime minister's office then was - was bombed; Stoltenberg was then at the prime minister's residence (or the building which becomes the prime mininster's home, until he no longer is a prime minister).

Stoltenberg's father, Thorvald (1931–2018), was the Foreign Minister in the Brundtland government twice.

On February 4th, 2022 he was named as the incoming governor of Norges Bank.

References

Other websites

 Jens Stoltenberg at the NATO website

1959 births
Living people
Agnostics
Secretaries General of NATO
Norwegian economists
Politicians from Oslo
Prime Ministers of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
Erna Solberg

Erna Solberg (; born 24 February 1961) is a Norwegian politician. She has been leader of the Conservative Party since 2004. She was Prime Minister of Norway from 2013 until 2021. Solberg lost her re-election in September 2021, after the Conservative party lost many seats in the election.

Solberg was born in Bergen. She has two children with her husband, Sindre Finnes.

References

Other websites

 

1961 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Norway
People from Bergen
Cuthbert A. Pattillo

Cuthbert Augustus "Bill" Pattillo (June 3, 1924 – February 20, 2014) was a Major General in the United States Air Force. He served in World War II and the Vietnam War. He worked as Director of Plans and Policy for the United States Readiness Command at MacDill Air Force Base. He was as a pioneer in jet aerobatic demonstration teams. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His twin brother was Charles C. Pattillo.

Pattillo died from natural causes on February 20, 2014 at his home in Harrisonburg, Virginia. He was 89 years old.

References

Other websites
 Cuthbert A. Pattillo biography at the United States Air Force website

1924 births
2014 deaths
American generals
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from natural causes
People from Atlanta, Georgia
United States Air Force
Twin people from the United States
Francine Lalonde

Francine Lalonde (August 24, 1940 – January 17, 2014) was a Canadian politician. She was a Bloc Québécois member of the House of Commons of Canada, representing the districts of La Pointe-de-l'Île from 2004 election to 2011, and Mercier from the 1993 election to 2004. She was also a lecturer, teacher and unionist and campaigner for assisted suicide. She was born in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec.

Lalonde died from cancer on January 17, 2014 in Quebec. She was 73 years old.

References

Other websites
 Francine Lalonde  at the Parliament of Canada website

1940 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Politicians from Quebec
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Teachers
Mohamed Guessous

Mohamed Guessous (1938 – 7 February 2014) was a Moroccan academic, activist, educator and sociologist. He was also a politician in the Socialist Union of Popular Forces. He studied in Canada and at Princeton University in New Jersey, United States. He was born in Fes.

Death cause 
Guessous died after a long illness on 7 February 2014 in Rabat, aged 76. He was called "Father of Sociology in Morocco".

References 

1938 births
2014 deaths
Academics
Activists
Deaths from disease
Moroccan educators
Moroccan writers
Moroccan politicians
Moroccan scientists
Sociologists
Prokash Karmakar

Prokash Karmakar (; 1933 – 24 February 2014) was a preeminent Indian artist and painter. His work is in the permanent collection of a number of museums and galleries all over India, including the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi. He was born in Kolkata, West Bengal.

Karmakar died from an illness on 24 February 2014. He was 81 years old.

References

Other websites

 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Artists
Disease-related deaths in India
Painters
People from Kolkata
Jeffery Dench

Jeffery Dench (29 April 1928 – 27 March 2014) was an English actor. He is best known for his work with the Royal Shakespeare Company. He was the older brother of actress Judi Dench. Dench was known for his role in First Knight.

Dench died on 27 March 2014, aged 85.

References

Other websites
Jeffery Dench at the Internet Movie Database

1928 births
2014 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from Manchester
Baruch Samuel Blumberg

Baruch Samuel "Barry" Blumberg (July 28, 1925 – April 5, 2011) was an American doctor of Jewish descent.

He is best known for the research he did on the Hepatitis B virus. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1976 for "discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases". He shared the prize with Daniel Carleton Gajdusek.

He died on April 5, 2011 a short while after he gave the keynote speech at the International Lunar Research Park Exploratory Workshop held at NASA Ames Research Center.

References

1925 births
2011 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American military personnel of World War II
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish military people
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Brooklyn
American virologists
Educators from New York City
Karl Spillman Forester

Karl Spillman Forester (May 2, 1940 – March 29, 2014) was an American judge. He was the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky. He served from July 27, 1988 until his death in March 29, 2014. He was nominated by President of the United States Ronald Reagan. 

Forester died in Lexington, Kentucky, aged 73.

References

1940 births
2014 deaths
American judges
People from Kentucky
Jerry Roberts

Captain Jerry Roberts MBE (Raymond C. Roberts) (18 November 1920 – 25 March 2014) was a British businessman and wartime codebreaker. During World War II, Roberts was worked as a codebreaker at Bletchley Park from 1941 to 1945. He was a leading codebreaker and linguist, who worked on Tunny — Hitler's most top-level code. He was born in Wembley, Middlesex.

Robert died on 25 March 2014, aged 93.

References

Books by him
 
 

1920 births
2014 deaths
British people of World War II
English businesspeople
People from Middlesex
Spies
Paddy Cronin

Paddy Cronin (c. 1925 – 15 March 2014) was an Irish fiddler. He was born in Ré Buí near Gneeveguilla, County Kerry. 

In the early 1970s, he went on to record an LP, "Music In The Glen", for the Fleetwood label, followed by "The House In The Glen" for Talcon. 

In 1975, Paddy released The Rakish Paddy LP with Fiddler Records of Seattle, and in 1977 released Kerry's Own Paddy Cronin with Outlet records of Belfast.

He died on 15 March 2014 in Dublin, Ireland, aged 88.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
Irish musicians
Fiddlers
County Kerry
Dickinson W. Richards

Dickinson Woodruff Richards, Jr. (October 30, 1895 – February 23, 1973) was an American physician and physiologist.

He is best known for the research he did on the development of cardiac catheterization as well as the characterization of a number of cardiac diseases.

Awards and recognition 
He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system". He shared the prize with André Cournand and Werner Forssmann.

He died in Lakeville, Connecticut on February 23, 1973.

References 

1895 births
1973 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
American physiologists
Scientists from New Jersey
Yale University alumni
Educators from New Jersey
Amoebozoa

The Amoebozoa are a eukaryote phylum of Amoeba-like protozoa. Most move by  internal cytoplasmic flow. Their finger-like pseudopodia are characteristic.

They are a major group with about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists. In most classification schemes, Amoebozoa is ranked as a phylum in either the kingdom Protista or the kingdom Protozoa. In the  classification of the International Society of Protistologists, it is kept as an unranked "supergroup" in the Eukaryota.

Sequence analysis shows Amoebozoa is a monophyletic clade.  Most phylogenetic trees identify it as the sister group to Opisthokonta. That is another major clade which contains both Fungi and Animals as well as some 300 species of unicellular protists. Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes  grouped together in a high-level taxon, variously named Unikonta, Amorphea, or Opimoda.

Amoebozoa includes many of the best-known amoeboid organisms, such as Chaos, Entamoeba, Pelomyxa and the genus Amoeba itself.

Most are unicellular, and are common in soils and aquatic habitats. Some are symbionts of other organisms, including several pathogens. The Amoebozoa also include the mycetozoan slime moulds, multinucleate or multicellular forms which produce spores and are usually visible to the unaided eye.

The nutrition is usually by phagocytosis. The cell surrounds food particles, sealing them into vacuoles where they are digested and absorbed. When food is scarce, most species form cysts, which may be carried by air to other places. In slime moulds, these structures are called spores, and form on stalked structures called fruiting bodies or sporangia.

Most Amoebozoa lack flagella and more generally do not form microtubule-supported structures except during mitosis. However, flagella occur among some archamoebae, and many slime moulds produce biflagellate gametes.

A characteristic form is the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum.

References 

Protozoa
Phuntsok Wangyal

Phuntsok Wangyal Goranangpa or Bapa Phuntsok Wangyal (; January 1922 – 30 March 2014), better known as Phuntsog Wangyal and sometimes Phünwang, was a Tibetan politician. He was a communist and is best known for having founded the Tibetan Communist Party. For his activities, he was arrested by Chinese authorities and was jailed for eighteen years at the Qincheng Prison. He was born in Batang, in the province of Kham, eastern Tibet.

Wangyal died from lung failure on 30 March 2014 at a hospital in Beijing, China. He was 91 years old.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References

Other websites

 Phuntsok Wangyal at Famous Birthdays

1922 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from disease
Chinese politicians
Chinese communists
Chinese writers
Tibetan people
Cheste

Cheste (Valencian: Xest) is a city in Spain. It is in the Valencian Community. It is  west of Valencia and about  east of Madrid. It covers . In 2008, 8,127 people lived there according to the National Institute of Statistics census.

Demography

Economy 
Cheste's main industry is agriculture, specifically the vineyards. Cheste is also known for the MotoGP's Circuit Ricardo Tormo, built in 1999.

References

Other websites

 Cheste's city hall website 

Cities in Valencia (autonomous community)
Municipalities in Valencia (autonomous community)
Feodor Lynen

Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen ForMemRS (6 April 1911 – 6 August 1979) was a German biochemist. 

He is best known for his discoveries with the mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism". He shared the prize with Konrad Bloch.

He died in Munich, Germany on 6 August 1979 six weeks after he had an operation for an aneurysm. He was married to Eva Wieland, and they had five children.

References

1911 births
1979 deaths
German biochemists
People from Munich
German Nobel Prize winners
The Artist (movie)

The Artist is a 2011 French romantic comedy-drama movie. It was produced by Thomas Langmann and was directed by Michel Hazanavicius. The Artist was first shown at the Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2011 and was released on 12 October 2011 France.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and hold a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

The movie was nominated for 6 Golden Globes and won 3: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Original Score, and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Dujardin). The movie was also nominated for 10 Academy Awards and won 5: Best Picture (first French film to ever win Best Picture), Best Director for Hazanavicius, Best Actor for Dujardin (first French actor ever to win for Best Actor), Best Original Score, and Best Costume Design.

Cast 
 Jean Dujardin as George Valentin
 Bérénice Bejo as Peppy Miller
 Uggie as Jack (the dog)
 John Goodman as Al Zimmer
 James Cromwell as Clifton
 Missi Pyle as Constance
 Penelope Ann Miller as Doris Valentin
 Malcolm McDowell as The Butler
 Bitsie Tulloch as Norma
 Beth Grant as Peppy's maid
 Ed Lauter as Peppy's first chauffeur
 Jen Lilley as Onlooker
 Nina Siemaszko as Admiring woman
 Jewel Shepard as Flapper starlet
 Basil Hoffman as Auctioneer
 Ben Kurland as Casting assistant
 Ken Davitian as Pawnbroker
 Bill Fagerbakke as Policeman
 Matt Skollar as Peppy's assistant

References

Other websites 

2011 comedy-drama movies
2011 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
2010s romantic drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
French comedy movies
French drama movies
French romance movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Silent movies
Warner Bros. movies
House of Lorraine

The House of Lorraine, was a family that originated from the Duchy of Lorraine in modern day France. The family later ruled the small duchy of Lorraine itself and later ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, The Empress Maria Theresa was married to a Duke of Lorraine thus uniting the house of Lorraine with the far more powerful House of Habsburg. 

The House of Lorraine, the main and now only remaining line known as Habsburg-Lorraine, is one of the most important and was one of the longest-reigning royal houses in the history of Europe.[1] Currently the house is headed by Karl Habsburg-Lothringen, the titular Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Croatia, Illyria, as well as the titular King of Jerusalem.
Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine was a former monarchy independent from France but in mainland France. It was also a State of the Holy Roman Empire. 

The duchy was later given to a dethroned King of Poland and was dissolved in 1766. Historically the members of the family frequently married into other French nobility such as Princesses of the French royal family. The capital of the duchy was Nancy. However, Leopold I of Lorraine later moved the capital to the town of Lunéville. which was a renowned resort in the 18th century, known as the capital of Lorraine. The grand Château de Lunéville, built in 1702 for Leopold, Duke of Lorraine.  The Duke of Lorraine lived there until the duchy became part of France in 1766. The chateau was designed in the style of Versailles to satisfy Leopold's wife, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, the niece of Louis XIV, and became known as the "Versailles of Lorraine". It includes a chapel designed by Germain Boffrand. Leopold and his wife were the parents of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (through him they were the grandparents of Marie Antoinette).

Important historical buildings

Château de Lunéville a former royal residence.
Ducal Palace of Nancy.
The Place Stanislas. A large public square in Nancy built by an ex-king of Poland. 
Château de Commercy, a Château used by the last duchess of Lorraine. 

Apart from the ducal family the Beauvau family were very prominent in society holding much influence with the rulers of the duchy due to personal connections. The heads of the family were often titled the Prince of Craon

Other websites

Former monarchies of Europe
House of Lorraine
1766 disestablishments
States of the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century disestablishments in Europe
Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever

Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever is a 2002 American action movie. It was produced by Chris Lee and Elie Samaha. The movie was directed by Wych Kaosayananda. Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever was released on September 20, 2002 in North America.

The movie gained strong negative reviews. It is considered one of the worst movies ever made and holds a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes also ranked the movie #1 among "The Worst of the Worst" movie list in March 2007. The movie was a box office bomb and only regained $19.9 million of its $70 million budget.

Cast 
 Antonio Banderas as F.B.I. Agent Jeremiah Ecks
 Lucy Liu as Agent Sever
 Gregg Henry as DIA Director Robert Gant/Agent Clark
 Ray Park as A.J. Ross
 Talisa Soto as Rayne Gant/Vinn Ecks
 Miguel Sandoval as Julio Martin
 Terry Chen as Agent Harry Lee
 Roger R. Cross as Zane
 Sandrine Holt as Agent Bennett
 Steve Bacic as Agent Fleming
 Tony Alcantar as Edgar Moore
 David Palffy as Sleazy Man
 David Pearson as VPD Officer
 Norm Sherry as Ross Sniper
 Brian Drummond as VPD Officer
 Joel Kramer as Bus Driver
 John DeSantis as Bus Guard #2
 Charles Andre as Agent Addis
 Mike Dopud as DIA Agent
 Jonathan Kelly as the Da Feiji technology teacher
 Jet Li as Man in car (Uncredited)
 Aidan Drummond as Michael Gant
 Eric Breker as Agent Curtis
 David Parker as Dark Suit #1
 Josephine Jacob as Pretty Girl
 John McConnach as Escort Agent
 Ashley Kobayashi as Mali
 Lenora Wong as Harry's Wife
 Jim Filippone as DIA Pilot
 Justin Liu as the common Da Feiji master

References

Other websites 
Official website 

2002 action movies
2000s spy movies
2002 thriller movies
American action thriller movies
American spy movies
English-language movies
German movies
Warner Bros. movies
Kate O'Mara

Kate O'Mara (10 August 1939 – 30 March 2014) was an English movie, stage and television actress. She was known for her role as Caress Morell in Dynasty. She also had a minor role in the British television series Doctor Who.

O'Mara died in Sussex, England from ovarian cancer, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1939 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Disease-related deaths in Sussex
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors

Entertainers from Leicestershire
People from Leicester
Richard Nelson Frye

Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American professor. He was the Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University. His professional areas of interest were Iranian philology and the history of Iran and Central Asia before 1000 CE.

Frye died in Boston, Massachusetts from natural causes, aged 94.

References

1920 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American historians
American teachers
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Educators from Birmingham, Alabama
Wendy Hughes

Wendy Hughes (29 July 1952 – 8 March 2014) was an Australian actress. She worked mostly in television and theatre. Hughes' career began in the mid-1970s. She also appeared in movies. Some of which includes Newsfront, Kostas, My Brilliant Career, Lucinda Brayford, and Touch and Go.

Hughes died in Sydney from cancer, aged 61.

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Melbourne
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Cancer deaths in Sydney
Thompson Square

Thompson Square is a Nashville-based country music duo. The group began in 2002. They became famous in 2010. Hit songs include "Everything I Shouldn't be Thinking About" and "If I Didn't Have You".

The members of the group are Keifer and Shawna Thompson.

Musical groups from Tennessee
Country bands
Musical groups established in 2002
Paul C. Donnelly

Paul Charles Donnelly (March 28, 1923 - March 12, 2014) was an American guided missile pioneer and a senior NASA manager. He was the manager during the Apollo moon landing program at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Donnelly helped develop the U.S. Navy's Bat, the first "smart bomb" in the history of warfare. He was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania.

Donnelly died on March 12, 2014 in Melbourne, Florida, aged 90.

References

1923 births
2014 deaths
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Scientists from Pennsylvania
My Mad Fat Diary

My Mad Fat Diary is a British comedy-drama television series. It started on 14 January 2013 on E4. It is based on the book My Fat, Mad Teenage Diary by Rae Earl. The second series started on 17 February 2014 and ended on 31 March 2014.

Plot
The series is set in Stamford, Lincolnshire in 1996. It stars Sharon Rooney as an obese 16-year-old girl called Rae Earl. She has just left a psychiatric hospital after being there for four months.

Cast
Sharon Rooney as Rachel 'Rae' Earl (Bouchtat)
Nico Mirallegro as Finn Nelson
Claire Rushbrook as Linda Bouchtat, Rae's mum
Ian Hart as Kester, Rae's therapist.
Turlough Convery as Liam Owen (series 2)

References

Other websites 

2010s British television series
2013 television series debuts
2010s British comedy television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s comedy-drama television series
British teen television series
Lincolnshire
Period television series
British teen drama television series
2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
André Lavagne

André Lavagne (12 July 1913 – 21 March 2014) was a French composer. He mostly worked on short movies, such as: L'amour maternel chez les animaux  (1944) and Un amour de parapluie (1951). He was born in Paris.

Lavagne died from natural causes on 21 March 2014 in Paris. He was 100 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1913 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
French centenarians
French composers
Musicians from Paris
Movie score composers
Per Lillo-Stenberg

Per Lillo-Stenberg (21 June 1928 – 27 March 2014) was a Norwegian actor. His best known roles are in the movies Olsenbanden gir seg aldri! (1981) and Olsenbandens siste stikk (1999). He was born in Oslo. He and his wife Mette Lange-Nielsen had a son, Lars Lillo-Stenberg, a musician for deLillos.

Lillo-Stenberg died after a short illness on 27 March 2014 in Levanger. He was 85 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Oslo
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Norwegian movie actors
Norwegian stage actors
Norwegian television actors
Mark Mangino

Mark Mangino (born August 26, 1956) is an American football coach. In 2014, he became the offensive coordinator for the Iowa State Cyclones. Mangino is known mostly for his strict treatment of players. Mangino's most notable accomplishment is leading the Kansas Jayhawks to their best season (12-2) in school history in 2007.

1956 births
Living people
American football coaches
Parazit

Parazit (, , meaning "static") was a weekly half-hour Persian language satirical television show on Voice of America's Persian service. The show is a satire about Iranian politics. Kambiz Hosseini and Saman Arbabi started the show as a 10-minute show. It was influenced by the American satirical news show The Daily Show. Parazit was started before the June 2009 presidential elections in Iran. It became very popular in Iran. Many people watched it via illegal satellite dishes and internet. Its name comes from the Iranian government's repeated tries to jam foreign satellite programming. Because it is shown through unofficial channels, it is impossible to say how many people have seen it. However since January 2011, the show's YouTube channel is watched 45,000 times a week and its Facebook page is visited 17 million times a month.

References

Other websites 
 Facebook page
 Parazit Blog 
 Photo essay 

2008 television series debuts
2012 television series endings
Gibbs free energy

Gibbs free energy is the available energy in a chemical reaction. It was calculated by Josiah Willard Gibbs.

Purpose
Systems have a tendency to achieve as low of a free energy state as possible. The Gibbs free energy number is how far away the current system is from this state. It is analogous to a number line, with zero being the final state. Scientists use Gibbs free energy to determine the energy in a system that can be used. A negative Gibbs number indicates that you can get energy out of the reaction. It is a favorable reaction, which means that the chemical reaction "wants" to move towards its lower state. A positive Gibbs number shows that you must put energy in to get energy out.

An example can be seen in respiration. The Gibbs value of one mole of glucose -686kcal. This means that we can get 686 kcal of energy from one mole of glucose. This means if we put in energy in respiration, we can theoretically get 686 kcal out of the mole of glucose.

Calculation
The equation for Gibbs free energy is G(p,T) = U + pV − TS.

This is often simplified as G(p,T) = H − TS.

(For the second equation, U + pV is replaced by H because H = U + pV).

where: 
 U is the internal energy
 p is pressure
 V is Volume
 T is the temperature
 S is the entropy
 H is the enthalpy

Notes

Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2014
Physical chemistry
Nathan Phelps

Nathan "Nate" Phelps (born November 22, 1958) is an American-Canadian author, LGBT rights activist, and public speaker on the topics of religion and child abuse. He is the son of Westboro Baptist Church founder Fred Phelps. He left the church at 18 and permanently left in 1980. This was because of his different and mostly opposite beliefs of his father.

Phelps was born in Topeka, Kansas. He lives in Calgary, Alberta.

References

Other websites

1958 births
Living people
American atheists
American LGBT rights activists
Canadian writers
Former Christians
Naturalized citizens of Canada
People from Topeka, Kansas
Writers from Kansas
Otomedius Excellent

is an Xbox 360 game. It is a sequel to the 2008 game Otomedius G (Gorgeous!) by Konami, a spin-off of the Gradius series. Otomedius Excellent features female characters representing different Konami franchises riding on vehicles or with flying armor. It was released in April 21, 2011 in Japan and in North America on November 8, 2011.

2011 video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with time travel
Xbox 360-only games
Lys Assia

Lys Assia (born Rosa Mina Schärer; 3 March 1924, Rupperswil, Aargau, Switzerland – 24 March 2018 in Zurich, Switzerland) was a Swiss singer. She won the first Eurovision Song Contest in 1956. When Assia was a young girl she was a dancer. In 1940, however, she stood in for a female singer.

Assia died on 24 March 2018 at Zurich's Zollikerberg Hospital.

References

Other websites

Official homepage

1924 births
2018 deaths
Swiss entertainers
Swiss singers
Aargau
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Molar concentration

Molar concentration, or molarity, or simply concentration, is a term in physical chemistry. It measures the concentration of a solution or mixture.

In chemistry, the molar concentration,  is defined as the amount of a constituent  (usually measured in moles – hence the name) divided by the volume of the mixture :

The volume  in the definition  refers to the volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. One litre of a solution usually contains either slightly more or slightly less than 1 litre of solvent because when a substance dissolves in a solvent it causes volume of liquid to increase or decrease.

The reciprocal quantity represents the dilution (volume) which can appear in Ostwald's law of dilution.

References 

Physical chemistry
John S. Wold

John Schiller Wold (August 31, 1916 – February 19, 2017) was an American politician. He was a Republican. He served a term in the United States House of Representatives for Wyoming from 1969 to 1971. He was also a business person and geologist.

Wold was born in East Orange, New Jersey. He grew up in Watertown, Connecticut.  During World War II, he was a consulting physicist and gunnery officer for the U.S. Navy. He turned 100 in 2016.

References

Other websites
 John S. Wold at Our Campaigns

1916 births
2017 deaths
American centenarians
American geologists
American military personnel of World War II
American physicists
Scientists from New Jersey
Scientists from Connecticut
Scientists from Wyoming
Businesspeople from Connecticut
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Businesspeople from Wyoming
Cornell University alumni
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Basement (geology)

In geology, the terms basement and crystalline basement are used to define the rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover. "The surface beneath which no sedimentary rock is found".

More generally, it is any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin. In the same way the sediments and/or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a "cover" or "sedimentary cover".

References 

Geology
Yosef Hamadani Cohen

Yosef Hamadani Cohen (; born 1916 – 29 March 2014) was an Iranian Jewish religious leader. He was the chief rabbi of the Jewish people in Iran from January 1994 until his death. Before this, he was the rabbi of Yusef Abad Synagogue.

Cohen died after a long illness on 29 March 2014 in Tehran over Shabbat. He was 98 years old.

References

Other websites

1916 births
2014 deaths
Chief rabbis
Disease-related deaths in Iran
Iranian Jews
People from Tehran
Saman Arbabi

Saman Arbabi (; born 1973) is an Iranian-American journalist, caricaturist, television host, fashion designer, and television producer. He was the creator and executive producer of the satirical television show Parazit. He was born in Tehran, Iran in 1973. He moved to France in 1984, and then he moved to the United States in 1986. He has a Bachelor of Science in Communications from the University of Maryland.

Other websites

Edeaa, directed by Saman Arbabi
Demokracy, directed by Saman Arbabi
Saman Arbabi's Reel
Parazit's Press Reel
Saman Arbabi's Twitter feed
Saman Arbabi's Facebook page
Saman Arbabi's Instagram page

1973 births
Living people
People from Tehran
Iranian entertainers
Iranian journalists
Television presenters
Fashion designers
Television producers
Platypterygius

Platypterygius ('flat flipper)' is an ichthyosaur of the family Ophthalmosauridae. It was the last surviving ichthyosaur.

Discovery and species 
Fossils are known from Australia, Russia, United States of America, Colombia, Western Europe and possibly New Zealand. There are seven named species. Both adults and juveniles have been unearthed, including newborns and pregnant females. Like other ichthyosaurs, Platypterygius gave live birth.

Palaeobiology 
Platypterygius reached a length of about 7 m (23 ft). It had a long snout and a powerful finned tail. There are more digits in the front flippers than is usual in ichthyosaurs; they are tightly bound in rows, giving a broad, flat appearance. This unusual characteristic gives the genus its name, meaning 'flat wing.' Furthermore, some of the wrist bones have disappeared entirely. CAT scans on a juvenile specimen strongly suggest that Platypterygius was deaf.

Extinction 

Platypterygius became extinct during the Upper Cretaceous, about 30 million years before the K/T extinction event. There was an ocean anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian stage boundary. The deeper layers of the seas became anoxic and poisoned by hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As life died off in the lower (benthos) levels of the sea, so did the predators at the top of the food chain. The last pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs became extinct.p251 

No firm reasons can be given for the decline of the ichthyosaurs. By the Cretaceous they certainly had more competitors than in the Triassic, and more elusive prey. The adaptive radiation of teleost fish meant their new prey were fast swimming and highly evasive. The teleosts also included fast-swimming predatory fish, which must have been competitors. The anoxic event would have removed much of the plankton at the base of the food chain. That would certainly result in the extinction of many larger predatory forms of life.

References 

Long, J.A., Dinosaurs of Australia and New Zealand, UNSW Press, Australia 1998

Ichthyosaurs
Carter L. Stevenson

Carter L. Stevenson was a career military officer. He served in the United States Army in the American Civil War.

Confederate Army generals
1817 births
1888 deaths
Pitikwahanapiwiyin

Pitikwahanapiwiyin was a Native American leader. Born in 1842 near Battleford Saskatchewan. He was a chief of the plains Cree tribe. He was known to English speakers as Chief Poundmaker. He helped end a long war between the two nations; the Cree and the Blackfoot. To seal the peace between the two tribes he became the adopted son of the Blackfoot chief Crowfoot.

References 

Native American people
Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing

The Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing (also known as the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge and Second Narrows Bridge) is the second bridge that crosses over the Burrard Inlet. It goes from Vancouver to north shore of Burrard Inlet (includes District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver).

It began construction in 1957. On June 17, 1958, when one of the cranes was stretching from the north side of the bridge to join the two chords of the unfinished arch, several of the spans collapsed. This caused 79 workers to fall 30 metres (100 ft) into the water. 18 of them were killed either instantly or shortly after, possibly drowned by their heavy tool belts. When a diver went down to search for the bodies, he drowned and that brought the total of deaths for the collapse to 19. The bridge opened on August 25, 1960 and was renamed the Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing in 1994 to honour the workers that had died in the collapse.

References

Other websites 

Bridges in Canada
Steel bridges
Vancouver
Château de Lunéville

The Château de Lunéville was the former royal residence of the ruling Dukes of Lorraine. It is often likened to the far grander and larger Palace of Versailles. It is no longer a royal residence and is today a museum. The restoration of the building and its decors is under way. In France it was referred to as the "Versailles of Lorraine" and is also sometimes referred to as the Palace of Lunéville in English.

History

A building had been on the site since medieval times but nothing had been done to improve or update the building due to the poor finances of the Duchy of Lorraine.

Duke Leopold I of Lorraine was married to Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans herself a niece of Louis XIV of France who at the time of their marriage in 1698 was beginning to expand the Palace of Versailles. The ducal family of Lorraine had previously used the Ducal Palace of Nancy itself in the capital of the duchy. The new Duke and duchess had an ever growing family and Leopold took it upon himself to commission another palace reflecting his rank as a sovereign duke.

Following the death of Leopold of Lorraine in 1729 the duchy was inherited by his son Francis Stephen who eventually married Empress Maria Theresa and he spent most of his time in Austria with his large family.

A after war between France, Poland and Austria apeace was concluded in October 1735 and upheld in the Treaty of Vienna in November 1738. Under its terms, Stanisław Leszczyński, the father-in-law of King Louis XV and the losing claimant to the Polish throne, received Lorraine, while Francis, in compensation for his loss, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which he would inherit in 1737. While the ex king of Poland was in residence the building was known as the Château Stanislas. Stanisław Leszczyński actually died at the Château in 1766 as did his wife Catherine Opalińska in 1747. After the Polish royals left the Château was largely ignored until it was created a French Historic monument in 1901. It is currently being restored.

Gallery

Other websites

Château de Lunéville Official site 

Former royal residences
House of Lorraine
Luneville
Grand Est
Jürg Neuenschwander (organist)

Jürg Neuenschwander (14 January 1947 – 23 March 2014) was a Swiss organist and musician. He was best known for his work with Schweizer Radio DRS from 1982 to 1989. He was born in Eggiwil, canton of Bern.

Neuenschwander died from a cerebral hemorrhage on 23 March 2014 in Bern. He was 67 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1947 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Organists
Swiss composers
Swiss musicians
Delta-v

Delta-v, meaning delta velocity and symbolized as Δv, is a measure of a spacecraft's ability to change it's trajectory (the path it will take in the future). Delta velocity in simple terms means 'the change in speed' It is measured by a unit of speed, usually meters per second (m/s).#

Factors that go into calculating delta-v are:

 The mass of the spacecraft.
 The amount of gravity in which the spacecraft currently finds itself.
 The thrust and efficienty of the engine.
 The amount of fuel the spacecraft has.

As an example of how delta-v is used, we can imagine a goal: flying a spacecraft into low Earth orbit. (In simple words, getting a rocket to spin around the Earth). We would first calculate how much delta-v will be required for that journey. Then, with the factors in the above list, we can calculate how much delta-v our spacecraft would need to go on that journey. Like if a person were to drive his car from point A to point B, he'd need to know how much fuel he needs in his car first. But in rocket science, using delta-v is much more relevant, as we have to completely design our spacecraft, including all factors mentioned above.

To reach Low Earth orbit, (LEO) our spacecraft would need roughly 10,000 m/s of delta-v.

Delta-v can be seen a budget, because if our spacecraft were to use up the 10,000 m/s of delta-v, it wouldn't be able to complete its journey to low Earth orbit.

Delta-v is calculated using this integral equation:

where

  is the thrust at time .
  is the mass at time .

Spaceflight
Measurement
Exotoxin

An exotoxin is a poison secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can hurt a living creature by destroying cells or changing the way that cells work. They are very strong and can cause major damage.

References

Microbiology
Toxicology
Gerhard Bondzin

Gerhard Bondzin (29 July 1930 – 20 March 2014) was a German painter and printmaker. From 1946 to 1948, he made toys and ceramics in Sonnenberg. From 1948 to 1951, he studied painting with Hans Hoffmann Lederer at the University of Architecture and Fine Arts Weimar. 

Bondzin entered the SED in 1953. He served as a member of the SED 1969 to 1984. From 1969 until the dissolution of the Academy of Arts in Berlin in 1993, he was a full member of the academy.

Bondzin died on 20 March 2014, aged 83.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
German painters
Hobart Alter

Hobart "Hobie" Alter (October 31, 1933 – March 29, 2014) was an American inventor and businessman. He was a pioneer in the surfboard shaping industry. He was the creator of the Hobie Cat catamarans and founder of the Hobie company. He was born in Ontario, California.

Alter died on March 29, 2014 in Palm Desert, California from cancer, aged 80.

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American inventors
Businesspeople from California
Windows 9x

Windows 9x is a general term referring to a series (or family) of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems. These were produced from 1995 to 2000. These were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying foundation of MS-DOS. Both were updated in following versions. This includes all versions of Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME. In common usage, the term Windows 9x itself often includes Windows ME. However, this is not always the case and it is more often expressed as "Windows 9x/ME". Support for Windows 9x was terminated on July 11, 2006, when extended support for Windows 98 and Windows ME ended. Extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.

Operating systems 
Windows 9x can refer to either an individual or all of the following versions of Microsoft Windows:
Windows 95 (codenamed "Chicago")
Windows "Nashville" (previously codenamed "Cleveland"), a cancelled version
Windows 98 (codenamed "Memphis")
Windows ME (codenamed "Millennium")

References

Other websites 
Microsoft Layer for Unicode English (United States) ; English (United Kingdom)

Microsoft operating systems
Manuel Valls

Manuel Carlos Valls (, born 13 August 1962) is a Spanish-born French politician. He became the Prime Minister of France on 31 March 2014.

Valls was born in Barcelona to a Swiss mother and Spanish painter Xavier Valls.

References

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1962 births
Living people
Civil servants
French mayors
Prime Ministers of France
Government ministers of France
Politicians from Barcelona
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Andrej Kiska

Andrej Kiska  (born 2 February 1963) is a Slovak philanthropist, entrepreneur and politician. He became the President of Slovakia following 2014 Slovak presidential election. He ran as independent. He was appointed to the office on 15 June, 2014.

References

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
Business people
People from Poprad
European philanthropists
Presidents of Slovakia
Irene Fernandez

Irene Fernandez (1 June 1946 – 31 March 2014) was a Malaysian human rights activist. She was a PKR supreme council member. She was the director and co-founder of the non-governmental organization Tenaganita. She helped the rights of migrant workers and other oppressed and poor people in Malaysia. She was arrested in 1996 and charged with 'maliciously publishing false news'.

She died on 31 March 2014 of heart failure.

References

1946 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Malaysian people
Human rights activists
Sam Mele

Sabath Anthony "Sam" Mele (January 21, 1922 – May 1, 2017) was a former right fielder, manager, coach and scout in Major League Baseball. As a manager, he led the Minnesota Twins to their first American League championship in 1965.

Mele played for the Boston Red Sox (1947-1949; 1954-1955), Washington Senators (1949-1952), Chicago White Sox (1952-1953), Baltimore Orioles (1954), Cincinnati Redlegs (1955), and for the Cleveland Indians (1956).

Mele was born on January 21, 1922 in Astoria, New York. He studied at William Cullen Bryant High School and at New York University. Mele died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts on the night of May 1, 2017 from natural causes, aged 95.

References

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1922 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
Minnesota Twins
Baseball coaches
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Baltimore Orioles players
Cleveland Indians players
Sportspeople from New York
Businesspeople from New York
Windows Server

Windows Server can refer to either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
Windows 3.x Server (Windows NT 3.x Server)
Windows 4.0 Server (Windows NT 4.0 Server)
Windows 2000 Server (codenamed "5.0 Server (NT 5.0 Server)")
Windows Server 2003 (Windows XP Server)
Windows Home Server 2007 (Windows Server 2007/Windows Vista Home Server)
Windows Server 2008 (Windows Vista Server)
Windows Home Server 2011 (Windows Server 2011/Windows 7.x Server/Windows 7.x Home Server)
Windows Server 2012 (Windows 8.x Server/Windows Server 8.x)
Windows Server 2016 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
Windows Server 2019 (Windows 10 Server/Windows Server 10)
Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)

Harold Brown (September 19, 1927 – January 4, 2019) was an American scientist and politician. He was the U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the cabinet of President Jimmy Carter. He last served in the Lyndon Johnson administration as Director of Defense Research and Engineering and Secretary of the Air Force.

Brown died of pancreatic cancer on January 4, 2019 at his home in Rancho Santa Fe, California, aged 91.

References

Other websites

Annotated Bibliography for Harold Brown from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 

1927 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in California
United States Secretaries of Defense
United States Secretaries of the Air Force
American physicians
Politicians from New York City
Scientists from New York City
US Democratic Party politicians
William Perry

William James Perry (born October 11, 1927) is an American mathematician, engineer, and businessman. He was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3, 1994, to January 23, 1997, under President Bill Clinton. He also served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–1994) and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (1977–1981).

References

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1927 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Defense
Engineers from Pennsylvania
American mathematicians
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pennsylvania
US Democratic Party politicians