cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Cabinda (city)

Cabinda is the capital of the Cabinda Province in Angola. It is called Tchiowa by the Cabindans. The city was first started by the Portuguese for slave trade. There are many offshore oil reserves nearby.

Cities in Angola
Menongue

Menongue is a town and municipality in Cuando Cubango Province in Angola.  It is also the capital of the province. It is the end of the southern railway from Namibe.

References

Settlements in Angola
Towns in Africa
N'dalatando

N'dalatando  (pre-1975: Vila Salazar) is a town and municipality of Cuanza Norte Province in Angola.  It is also the capital of the province. It has a station on the northern railway of Luanda Railway.

References

 

Settlements in Angola
Towns in Africa
Bandō, Ibaraki

is a city in Ibaraki, Japan.

The city of Bandō is made up of the old city of Iwai and the town of Sashima, which joined on March 22, 2005.

Sister cities
  Pine Bluff, Arkansas United States

Notable people from Bandō
 Keita Goto, professional footballer
 Makoto Takimoto, judoka
 Wakanami Jun, sumo wrestler

Other websites 

 Official website of Bandō 

Cities in Japan
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 movie)

The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 movie by Marvel Entertainment and Columbia Pictures. It stars Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone. It is a reboot of the Spider-Man motion picture series. It was released in the United States on July 3, 2012. It is about Peter Parker in high school while his super powers are evolving. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released in 2014.

Plot
Abandoned by his parents and raised by an aunt and uncle, teenager Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield), AKA Spider-Man, is trying to sort out who he is and exactly what his feelings are for his first crush, Gwen Stacy (Emma Stone). When Peter finds a mysterious briefcase that was his father's, he pursues a quest to solve his parents' disappearance. His search takes him to Oscorp and the lab of Dr. Curt Connors (Rhys Ifans), setting him on a collision course with Connors' alter ego, the Lizard.

Release Dates 

2012 science fiction movies
2010s action movies
2010s superhero movies
Spider-Man movies
Movies composed by James Horner
English-language movies
Reboot movies
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 movie series)
Sudbury Basin

The Sudbury Basin  is a major geologic structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the second-largest verified impact crater on Earth, as well as one of the oldest. 

The basin is on the Canadian Shield in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario. The Sudbury Basin is referred to locally as "The Valley". The urban core of the former city of Sudbury lies on the southern outskirts of the basin.

The Sudbury Basin is near a number of other geological structures. None of the structures are directly related to each other in the sense of coming from the same geophysical processes.

Formation
The Sudbury basin was formed by a strike from a bolide about  in diameter. It occurred 1.849 billion years ago in the Palaeoproterozoic era.

Debris from the impact was scattered over an area of  and traveled over  away — rock fragments ejected by the impact have been found as far as Minnesota.

With such a large impact, debris was most likely scattered globally, but has since been worn away. Its present size is believed to be a smaller portion of a  round crater that the bolide originally created.

Subsequent geological processes have deformed the crater into the current smaller oval shape. Sudbury Basin would then be the second-largest crater on Earth, after the  Vredefort crater in South Africa, and larger than the  Chicxulub crater in Yucatán, Mexico.

Structure

The full extent of the Sudbury Basin is  long,  wide and  deep, although the modern ground surface is much shallower.

References 

Geography of Ontario
Impact craters
Thames Trains

Thames Trains was a British train operator under franchise running a mixture of short and long distance trains around the Thames Valley. Its services were centered around Reading and ran in the area surrounded by Oxford, Gatwick Airport, Guildford, London, Basingstoke, Worcester, Hereford and Stratford-upon-Avon. It was started when British Rail was privatised and Network SouthEast was broken up. In 2004 it was replaced by First Great Western Link, which was merged with First Great Western and Wessex Trains after 2 years, forming a "Greater Western" franchise.

Thames Trains ran one of the Trains involved in the Ladbroke Grove Rail Crash in 1999, three years after it was started.

Train operating companies
Railway operators in London
1996 establishments in England
2004 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
21st-century disestablishments in England
Freeport, Bahamas

Freeport is a city, district and free trade zone on the island of Grand Bahama. It is in North-west Bahamas. In 1955, Wallace Groves, a Virginian financier, was given 50,000 acres (or 202 km2) of pineyard with swamp and scrubland areas by the Bahamian government. They were asked to develop the area economically. Freeport has grown and is now the second most populous city in the Bahamas. The main airport in Freeport is the Grand Bahama International Airport. The Grand Bahama Port Authority (GBPA) runs the free trade zone, under the Hawksbill Creek Agreement signed in August 1955. There, the Bahamian Government agreed that businesses in the Freeport area will pay no taxes before 2054. The area of the land grants has been increased to 138,000 acres (or 526 km2).

References 

Districts of the Bahamas
1955 establishments
1950s establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in the Bahamas
Grand Bahama International Airport

Grand Bahama International Airport (GBIA)  is a privately owned international airport. It is in Freeport, Bahamas. The airport is a joint venture between Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH) and The Port Group (or the Grand Bahama Port Authority). It also has  of land. This adjoins it to the Freeport Harbour Company Limited. So, they work as one body, known as the Sea Air Business Centre (SABC).

Grand Bahama International Airport is one of two Bahamian airports that has US border preclearance facilities.

The airport has a  runway. It can handle the largest aircraft in service. It is quite close to all major cities of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.

References 

Airports in North America
The Bahamas
Florida's Turnpike

Florida's Turnpike (TPK), designated as the Ronald Reagan Turnpike is a north–south toll road. It was originally called Sunshine State Parkway. The road runs  through 11 counties in the Florida peninsula. It starts from U.S. Route 1 in Florida City, running through Miami, Fort Lauderdale. At West Palm Beach, it runs parallel to Interstate 95, and then in Orlando, it crosses Interstate 4, to its northern end at Interstate 75 near Wildwood.

The Turnpike itself has two sections. The first is the Mainline, a  route from the Golden Glades Interchange (north of Miami) to Wildwood. This has the hidden designation of State Road 91 (SR 91). It was opened in stages between 1957 and 1964. The second is the  long Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (HEFT). This was completed in 1974. Its hidden designation is State Road 821 (SR 821). This runs from Florida City (near Homestead) through the suburbs to the west and north of Miami, connecting to the Mainline four miles (6 km) north of the Golden Glades Interchange. Florida's Turnpike is considered one of the busiest highways in the country (according to the IBBTA, the highway is the nation's 3rd most heavily traveled toll road).

References 

Turnpike
Things named after Ronald Reagan
Hala'ib Triangle

The Hala'ib Triangle (مثلث حلايب  in Arabic, transliterated Muthāllath Ḥalāʾib) is an area of land measuring  located on the Red Sea's African coast. The area, which is named after the town of Hala'ib, is created by the difference in the Egypt–Sudan border between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, which runs along the 22nd parallel north, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902, which gave an area of land north of the line to Sudan.  When Sudan became independent in 1956, both Egypt and Sudan claimed sovereignty over the area. After Egypt sent military units to the Hala'ib Triangle in the 1990s, Egypt has controlled the area as part of the Red Sea Governorate, and has been actively investing in it.

The area is not shaped like a triangle—it is actually a complicated polygon. Only the southern  border is a straight line. A smaller area, called Bir Tawil, touches the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point. Bir Tawil is not claimed by either Sudan or Egypt.

References 

Territorial disputes
Egypt
Sudan
Daniel Stern

Daniel Stern (born August 1957) is an American television and movie actor. He has starred in movies with many genres, including Home Alone, a movie from 1990 and it's 1992 sequel. Stern was born in Bethesda, Maryland. Stern is currently married to Laure Mattos since 1981, they have 3 children.

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Maryland
1957 births
Living people
People from Bethesda, Maryland
David Cone

David Cone (born 2 January 1963 in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for many teams including the New York Yankees.

References

New York Yankees players
1963 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
National League All-Stars
Cesarean section

A Cesarean section (often called a C-section) is a kind of surgery, which is usually done to make childbirth easier. In the past, this was done when there was a great risk to the health of the mother, or when normal childbirth through the vagina was not possible. More recently, it has also been done on request, without these reasons. In very rare cases, abortions are performed using this procedure, these are called Hysterotomy abortions. The first person to perform a modern Cesarean section was Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer, in 1881. In Latin, it is called Sectio caesarea, in English, the spelling Caesarean section also exists. 

The rate of babies delivered through Cesarean section varies: It is at a record level of 46% in China; levels of 25% and above are common in many Asian and European countries, Latin America, and the United States.

From about the 6th century, there  was Roman law that stated that a living foetus may not be buried with the mother, The Digest notes this to be a "lex regia". If this were the case, it would date from the time around 700 BC, when there were Roman kings.

References

Surgery
Biological reproduction
Waheed Murad

Waheed Murad () (October 2, 1938 – November 23, 1983) was a Pakistani movie actor. Waheed is considered to be one of the most influential actors of subcontinent. He was born in Karachi, Pakistan. and was the only child of movie distributor Nisar Murad. Waheed got his early education from Karachi Grammar School in Karachi.

One of his blockbuster movies is Armaan. Once, in an interview, he said, "Dilip Kumar, too, is not an immortal actor". 

In November 2010, 27 years after his death, Pakistani president Asif Zardari awarded him the Sitara-e-Imtiaz.

Popularity 
Waheed Murad is thought to be one of the first Rock n' Roll stars of Pakistan. Due to his romantic and subtle style of acting, he became well known as the 'Chocolate Hero' and 'Lady Killer'. His haircut, dressing style and even the way he talked were very popular with the youth.

References

Other websites
 
 Image of a website on Waheed Murad dated 01-13-2005 (now discontinued)
 Biogragphy of Waheed Murad 
 Complete database of Waheed's movies including 2 movies released after his death and 1 movie as guest star released in 1959
 The man who changed cinema - DAWN.com 
Waheed Murad Remembered 

1938 births
1983 deaths
Pakistani movie actors
Pakistani people
Cinema of Pakistan
People from Karachi
Sumbe

Sumbe (pre-1975: Novo Redondo) is a city in west central Angola. It is the capital of Cuanza Sul Province. There are 26,000 people.

References

Cities in Angola
Ondjiva

Ondjiva (pre-1975: Pereira d'Eça) is a town in southern Angola.  It is the capital of Cunene Province.

Notable people
Marcelina Vahekeni, Miss Angola 2012, delegate to the Miss Universe 2012 pageant

Cities in Angola
Huambo

Huambo, formerly Nova Lisboa ("New Lisbon" in Portuguese), is the capital of Huambo Province in Angola.  The city is about 220 km east of Benguela and 600 km south-east of Luanda.  The city is the second largest in Angola, after the capital city, Luanda. It has the Albano Machado Airport.

The name Huambo comes from Wambu.  Wambu was one of the 14 old Ovimbundu kingdoms of the central Angolan plateau.

Cities in Angola
Lubango

Lubango is the capital city of Huíla in Angola. Until 1975, the city's  name was Sá da Bandeira.

During the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), Lubango was a major base of Cuban, SWAPO.

Lubango's economy is based on agriculture.

Notable people
 Marco Abreu, of the Angola national football team was born in Lubango in 1974.

Cities in Angola
Lucapa

Lucapa is a town in eastern Angola. It is the capital of Lunda Norte Province.

The number of people who live here is hard to determine.  This is because civil war caused a lot of people to move.

The main work in the town is mining.

Cities in Angola
Saurimo

Saurimo (pre-1975: Henrique de Carvalho) is a town in northeastern Angola.  It is the capital of the Lunda Sul Province.  There are about 200,000 people. The number of people has gotten bigger because migrants are running from areas hurt by the civil war.

Cities in Angola
Malanje

Malanje (also Malange) is the capital city of Malanje Province in Angola.  There are 222,000 people.  Nearby are the Calandula waterfalls, 85 km from the city. Pedras Negras de Pungo Andongo are large black rocks. The greatest dam in the country is in Malanje. 

Cities in Angola
Out of the Game

Out of the Game is the seventh album by Rufus Wainwright.

Track listing
 "Out of the Game" – 4:06
 "Jericho" – 3:44
 "Rashida" – 3:00
 "Barbara" – 3:56
 "Welcome to the Ball" – 3:26
 "Montauk" – 3:57
 "Bitter Tears" – 3:32
 "Respectable Dive" – 4:55
 "Perfect Man" – 3:58
 "Sometimes You Need" – 3:21
 "Song of You" – 4:51
 "Candles" – 7:42

References

2012 albums
Rufus Wainwright albums
Luena, Moxico Province

Luena (pre-1975: Vila Luso) is a town in east central Angola. It is the capital of Moxico Province. There are between 60,000 to 200,000 people.  No one knows for sure because of refugees from the Angolan Civil War.

Cities in Angola
Moçâmedes

Moçâmedes is a coastal town in Angola. Between 1985 and 2016, the town was called Namibe. It is the capital of Namibe Province.  It was formed in 1840 by the Portuguese rulers of the territory. There were 132,900 people in 2004.  Moçâmedes has a cool dry climate.  There are desert plants because it is close to the Namib Desert. Along with Luanda and Lobito it is one of Angola's three major ports. The Namibe Airport is in Moçâmedes.

References

Cities in Angola
1840 establishments
Establishments in Portugal
Establishments in Angola
1840s establishments in Africa
1840s establishments in Europe
Uíge

Uíge (briefly Carmona) is a town in northwestern Angola.  It is the capital of Uíge Province.  There are 119,815. people. When Portuguese were there in the 1950s, it was a major center for coffee production.

References

Cities in Angola
M'banza-Kongo

M'banza-Kongo (known as São Salvador in Portuguese from 1570 to 1975), is a town in northwesternAngola.  It is the capital of Zaire Province.  In the valley to the south is the Luezi River.

M'banza-Kongo was once the home of the Manikongo, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo.

References 

Cities in Angola
1570 establishments
Establishments in Angola
West Africa Time

West Africa Time, or WAT, is a time zone used in west-central Africa.

West Africa Time is used by the following countries:

 (western)

Time zones
White-cheeked antbird

The white-cheeked antbird (Gymnopithys leucaspis) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is sometimes called the bicolored antbird. 

It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is on tropical and moist forests.

Sources 
 BirdLife International 2004.  Gymnopithys leucaspis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.

Passeriformes
President of Angola

The President of the Republic of Angola is both head of state and head of government in Angola. The President picked a Prime Minister.  Most of the decisions are made by the President.

Angola started having a President when they got independence from Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the first President.

In January 2010 the National Assembly decided the party with the most seats in the Assembly would become president. It was no longer a public vote. They also decided there would not be a Prime Minister. Instead the job will be done by the vice-president.

Presidents of Angola (1975–present)

Note: For details of the post of President of Angola, see President of Angola.

References

 
1975 establishments in Africa
1970s establishments in Angola
William John Swainson

William John Swainson, Fellow of the Linnean Society and Fellow of the Royal Society (8 October 1789 – 6 December 1855), was an English ornithologist, malacologist, entomologist and artist.

Life 
Swainson was born in Dover Place, St. Mary Newington, London. He was the eldest son of John Timothy Swainson, who was also of the  Linnean Society. William worked at the Liverpool Customs when he was 14.  He studied the ichthyology of western Sicily. In 1815, he returned to England because he became ill.

In 1816 he went with the explorer Henry Koster to Brazil. They did not spend a long time on shore because of a revolution. However, Swainson brought to England over 20,000 insects, 1,200 species of plants, drawings of 120 species of fish, and about 760 bird skins.

As with many Victorian scientists, Swainson was also a member of many societies. He was elected as a fellow to the Royal Society after his return from Brazil on 14 December 1820. In 1823, he married his first wife Mary Parkes, and had four sons and a daughter. His wife died in 1835.

Swainson re-married in 1840 to Ann Grasby, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1841. He died at Fern Grove, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 7 December 1855.

Species named after William Swainson
Many birds were named after William Swainson.

John James Audubon named Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii
Charles Lucien Bonaparte named Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni
Thomas Nuttall named Swainson's Thrush  Catharus ustulatus
Swainson's Francolin Francolinus swainsonii
Swainson's Sparrow Passer swainsonii
Swainson's Antcatcher Myrmeciza longipes
Swainson's Fire-eye Pyriglena atra
Swainson's Flycatcher Myiarchus swainsoni
Swainson's Toucan Ramphastos swainsonii

References 

1789 births
1855 deaths
British ornithologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Scientists from London
Artists from London
José Eduardo dos Santos

José Eduardo dos Santos (born August 28, 1942) is an Angolan politician. From 1979 until 2017, he was the President of Angola. As President, dos Santos was also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces. After leaving the presidency, dos Santos remained leader of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

References

1942 births
Living people
Presidents of Angola
Vice President of Angola

The Vice President of Angola is the second highest political position in Angola. It is the deputy head of state.

Bornito de Sousa is the current Vice President. He started in September 2017.

References
"Angolan president reshuffles govt after new charter"  Reuters February 4, 2010

Angolan people
Angola
Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos

Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos (born 5 March 1950), known as Nandó, is an Angolan politician.  He was Vice-President of Angola from 18 February 2010 until 26 September 2012. He was the Prime Minister of Angola from 2002 to 2008.  He was President of the National Assembly of Angola from 2008 to 2010.

Personal life
He is a cousin of José Eduardo dos Santos.

1950 births
Vice presidents
Living people
Prime Ministers of Angola
Legislative speakers
Angolan War of Independence

The Angolan War of Independence was from 1961 to 1975.  Angola fought against Portugal.  Portugal was making people in Angola farm cotton. Three different groups in Angola were against Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the leader of the war. Portugal was winning the war when the country's government became democratic. An agreement was signed to let Angola become independent.

About three thousand people died because of the war.

References

1960s
1970s
20th century in Angola

Wars involving Portugal
Wars involving South Africa
Wars of independence
History of Portugal
Monogamy

Monogamy (; monos+gamos meaning one+marriage) is a form of marriage in which a person or animal has only one spouse at any one time.

Etymology 
The word monogamy comes from the Greek words "μονός", monos which means one or alone, and "γάμος", gamos which means marriage.

Religion 
Monogamy is one of the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity (except for the fundamentalist branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) who strictly follow the teachings of Joseph Smith, who allowed polygamy and had many wives). In Jewish and Christian doctrine, marriage is between one husband and wife.

Law 
In most countries, monogamy is the only legal form of marriage, either between a man and a woman in most of these countries, and between two persons of the same gender (gay marriage) mainly in the Western world. 
In these countries polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy.

References 

Marriage
Sexuality
Angolan Civil War

The Angolan Civil War was a major civil war in the African country of Angola.  It started in 1975 and continued until 2002. The war began right after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The Civil War was mostly a fight for power between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Other countries got involved in the war because they wanted their own ideologies to win. This made the Angolan war part of the Cold War. In 2002 the MPLA won.

About 500,000 people died in the war.  The war also did a lot of damage to buildings in Angola.  Because of all the damage, in 2003 80% of Angolans lacked access to basic medical care, 60% lacked access to water, and 30% of Angolan children would die before the age of 5, with an overall national life expectancy of less than 40 years of age.

Background 
In 1575, the Portuguese started to colonize parts of what is now Angola. Before, some of the land was part of the Kingdom of Kongo.

Combatants

MPLA 
The MPLA was a communist group fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Agostinho Neto. They were supported by the Soviet Union.

UNITA 
UNITA was an anti-communist group also fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Jonas Savimbi.

FNLA 
FNLA was another anti-communist independence group. Its leader was Holden Roberto. The US gave them money by funneling it through Zaire.

War

1970s 
In 1975, Portugal signed the Alvor Agreement with MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA. The agreement said that Angola would become independent on 11 November 1975.

1980s

1990s

2000s

Effect 
The war destroyed a lot of buildings in Angola.

There are still a lot of landmines in Angola from the war. Sometimes they still go off and kill and hurt people.

References

History of Angola
Civil wars involving Africa
1970s in Africa
1970s conflicts
1980s conflicts
1990s in Africa
1990s conflicts
2000s conflicts
2000s in Africa
Formicariidae

The Formicariidae or ground antbirds are a family of small passerine birds. They live in subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are between 10 and 20 cm (4–8 in) in length.

These are forest birds that tend to eat insects at or near the ground. Many are specialist ant eaters. Note that the term "antbird" is for another family of birds, the Thamnophilidae.

Tyrannides
Telephone numbers in Angola

Telephone numbers in Angola are 9 digits long. 

Country code: +244
International Call Prefix: 00
Trunk Prefix: none

Calling formats
 xxx xxx xxx      Calls within Angola
 +244 xxx xxx xxx  Calls from outside Angola
The NSN length is nine digits.

List of area codes in Angola

References 

ITU allocations list

Angola
Telephone numbers
Tyche

Tyche, also known as Tuch, was the goddess of destiny in Greek mythology. She controlled the good and bad of fortune and prosperity of a city. Her name means "luck" in Greek. She is often represented wearing a mural crown. The crown looks like the walls of a city. She is often carrying a large horn with all her wealth and richness in it that she sometimes spreads to others. She is a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, according to Greek poet Hesiod.

Tyche is one of the Oceanids. Oceanids are the daughters of the Titans Tethys and Okeanos. The story of the Oceanids is told in the Theogony by Greek poet Hesiod.  Tyche and her sister Eudora stand for a joining of bounty and luck.

Gallery

Related pages

 Fortuna - Roman mythology version of Tyche
 Roman mythology
 Eudora
 Oceanids
 Okeanos
 Titans
 Tethys (mythology)

References

Greek gods and goddesses
Angolan kwanza

The kwanza (sign: Kz; ISO 4217 code: AOA) is the currency of Angola. The Kwanza was introduced in 1999, replacing the "Kwanza Reajustado" (AOK).  AOA is subdivided into coin denominations of 100 centimos, and is denoted by the symbol Kz.

Angola declared independence from Portugal in 1975, following a bitter period in which Angola fought a war of independence while also becoming engulfed in a civil war. While Angola created its first national currency as an independent nation in 1977, this currency—called the Angola Kwanza (AOK)—soon saw its value rapidly eroded by inflation. The AON, introduced in 1990, was an attempt to deal with this severe inflation, but it too was devalued only 5 years later.

The second devaluation occurred in 1995, when the AON was replaced by a new currency called the “kwanza reajustado”. The devaluation was carried out at a rate of 1,000 new currency units for every 1 AON, reflecting the level of severity of Angola’s inflation crisis at that time. A third devaluation occurred in 1999, replacing the kwanza reajustado with the Second Kwanza (AOA), which is the currency that Angola continues to use today.

References 

Currency of Africa
Angola
1977 establishments in Africa
1970s establishments in Angola
Charles Sibley

Charles Gald Sibley (August 7, 1917 – April 12, 1998) was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. He had a big influence on the scientific classification of birds.

Sibley's taxonomy was a major influence on many organizations, such as the American Ornithologists' Union.

American ornithologists
Scientists from California
1917 births
1998 deaths
Jon Edward Ahlquist

Jon Edward Ahlquist (born 27 July 1944, died 7 May 2020) is an American molecular biologist and ornithologist. He has worked with Charles Sibley, mostly at Yale University.
By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale. In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on the DNA. In 1999, Ahlquist was retired (Ahlquist, 1999).

References 

1944 births
2020 deaths
American biologists
American ornithologists
Blue Thunder

Blue Thunder is a 1983 American action thriller movie. In it stars Roy Scheider and Daniel Stern as LAPD cops. The movie is about a futuristic helicopter which has unusual capability.

Other websites 

1983 drama movies
1983 thriller movies
American drama movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by John Badham
Honors music

The honors music is music played at formal times in the presence of the person, office-holder, or rank-holder.  It is usually played by a military band. The head of state in many countries is honored with music.  In some countries the national anthem is used.  Some countries have a separate royal anthem or presidential anthem.

Countries where the national anthem is also the royal anthem include Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The Jamaican National Anthem is played for the Governor-General of Jamaica.

Countries with special honors music are:

Instances of honors music other than the relevant national anthem include the following:

Notes

References
Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Novelle Hamilton Richards wrote the words.  Walter Garnet Picart Chambers wrote the music.  The country started using in on independence in 1981. God Save the Queen is still the Royal anthem.

Lyrics
Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee!
We, your sons and daughters stand
Strong and firm in peace or danger
To safeguard our Motherland
We commit ourselves to building
A true nation brave and free;
Ever striving, ever seeking,
Dwell in love and unity.
Raise the standard! Raise it boldly!
Answer now to duty's call
To the service of thy country,
Sparing nothing, giving all;
Gird your loins and join the battle
Against fear, hate, poverty,
Each endeavouring, all achieving,
Live in peace where man is free.
God of nations, let our blessings
Fall upon this land of ours;
Rain and sunshine ever sending,
Fill her fields with crops and flowers;
We her children do implore them,
Give us strength, faith, loyalty,
Never failing, all enduring,
Let defend our liberty.
Never failing, all enduring,
Let defend our liberty.

Antigua and Barbuda
National anthems
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda

The national flag of Antigua and Barbuda was started on February 27, 1967.  It was designed by artist and sculptor, Sir Reginald Samuel. The rising sun is for the dawning of a new era. The colours have different meanings. The black is for the African ancestry of the people.  The blue is for hope.  The red is for energy or dynamism of the people. The colouring of yellow, blue, and white (from the sun down) is for the sun, sea, and sand. The blue also is for the Caribbean Sea.  The V-shape is the symbol of victory.

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Priapus

Priapus was a minor fertility god in Greek mythology, who was also the protector of livestock, fruit plants, and male genitals. He was depicted as having an oversized and permanent erection. Sources differ as to who his parents were. Some say he was the son of the god Dionysus and the goddess Aphrodite; Dionysus and Chione; Hermes and Aphrodite; Zeus and Aphrodite; or Pan and Aphrodite. According to the myth, Hera cursed him while he was still in the womb of Aphrodite, because she was jealous that the Trojan prince Paris had picked Aphrodite as being the most beautiful of the goddesses and had given the Golden Apple of Eris to her. Hera's curse made Priapus impotent, ugly and foul-minded. The gods did not want Priapus to live with them on Olympus, and he was left on a hillside on Earth. There, he was taken by shepherds who raised him. Priapus later tried to rape the goddess Hestia, but was hit by a donkey, and this caused Priapus to lose his erection.
He also became the patron god of merchant sailing, protecting and guiding them through rough seas. It was common for merchants to carry a Priapus figure or a phallus on their ships as protection.

Related pages

 Mutunus Tutunus - Roman mythology version of Priapus

Greek gods and goddesses
Mamma Mia!

Mamma Mia! is a 2008 American romantic musical comedy movie set in Greece. It is based on the musical stage play and on ABBA's 1975 chart topping song. It was distributed through Universal Pictures. It stars Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Meryl Streep as her mother, and Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgard and Pierce Brosnan as Sophie's three possible fathers. Mamma Mia! was given mixed reviews, although it received almost $610 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing musical motion picture in American history.

Other websites 

2008 movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
American musical movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Greece
Universal Pictures movies
ABBA
Sparkle

Sparkle is a 2012 musical drama movie starring Jordin Sparks and Whitney Houston (in her final role). It is a remake of the same named 1976 motion picture, except the 2012 remake centers on 1960s Detroit. Sparkle was released in August 2012.

American musical movies
2012 movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Planaria

Planaria is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type. 

Planaria are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body. 

Planaria are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of  ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water. 

The digestive system of Planaria consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body. 

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. Planaria do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move.  Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads.

Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon.

References 

Flatworms
Ironbridge Gorge

The Ironbridge Gorge is a deep gorge formed by the River Severn in Shropshire, England. The area was originally called the Severn Gorge.

The area was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, because the industrial revolution started around here in the mid-1700s.

Ironbridge Gorge has mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. Coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The Iron Bridge was the world's first bridge built from iron.

History
The gorge takes its name from its famous "Iron Bridge", the first iron bridge of its kind in the world. It is a monument to the industry that began there. The bridge was built in 1779 to link the industrial town of Broseley with the smaller mining town of Madeley and the growing industrial centre of Coalbrookdale.

The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. a material which was previously far too expensive to use for large structures. However, a new blast furnace nearby lowered the cost. This encouraged local engineers and architects to solve a long-standing problem of a crossing over the river.

There are two reasons the site was so useful to the early industrialists. The raw materials, coal, iron ore, limestone and clay, for the manufacture of iron, tiles and porcelain are exposed or easily mined in the gorge. Second, the deep and wide river allowed easy transport of products to the sea.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Coalbrookdale

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Shropshire
Canyons
The Iron Bridge

The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. It crosses the River Severn at the Ironbridge Gorge near the village of Ironbridge, in Shropshire, England.

The bridge is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is maintained by English Heritage who launched a crowdfunding campaign in 2017 to support a conservation project which began in 2018.  As well as repairing rusted parts of the bridge, it was painted red to match a painting from 1777 showing how the Iron Bridge looked soon after it was finished.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Ironbridge Gorge

References

Other websites

Bridges in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Shropshire
Herma

A herma, commonly in English herm is a sculpture with a head and sometimes a torso, above a tall squared pillar. Often a phallus was carved at the appropriate height. 

The form originated in Ancient Greece and was adopted by the Romans and revived in the Renaissance in the form of term figures. The name of the god Hermes comes from the word herma, and the sculptures originally represented him.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were very superstitious, and the sculptures had an apotropiac function. They were placed at cross-roads and on the borders of lands as protection. 

In Athens, they were placed outside houses, temples and gymnasiums for good luck and to avert harmful or bad influences, like the evil eye. They would be adorned with garlands, wreaths, offerings and anointed with oil to obtain luck and protection.

Gallery

Ancient Greece
Sculpture
26th of July Movement

The 26th of July Movement was the name of the political party led by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution. In Spanish, it is called Movimiento 26 de Julio, it is often abbreviated M-26-7. The name comes from the date of the attack on the Moncada Barracks, in Santiago de Cuba, which was carried out on 26th July 1953. The participants were condemned to long prison terms, but were freed at an amnesty in 1955. After this, they formed the movement. Their strategy was armed resistance, in small cells, that were spread all over the country, and were kept secret. Frank País was made the leader of the resistance in Cuba, other activists were Raúl Pujol, Celia Sánchez, Haydée Santamaría, Aldo Santamaría and Vilma Espín.

Fidel castro and other Moncadistas went into exile. Castro went to Mexico, where he met Ernesto Guevara. In 1956, Fidel and Raul Castro, Juan Almeida Bosque, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos went back to Cuba to support the cells there. After two years of guerilla fighting, Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba, in 1959. 

Until the fall of Batista, the forces did not have a Marxist ideology, rather they were different people collaborating to overturn the Batista regime. Later they started to work together with the Communist Party of Cuba. In 1961, they merged with the Communist Party.

1950s in Cuba
Political parties
Nationalist organizations
National liberation movements
1953
July events
Antiplatelet drug

An Antiplatelet drug is a drug that acts against blood clotting. The blood contains platelets, which will stick together, and close an open wound. In some cases, they also stick together in the bloodstream, and form blood clots. Such blood clots cause Strokes and Heart attacks. Another type of drug that prevents clotting is called anticoagulant. Anticoagulants cannot be used to prevent blood clotting in the arteries. Antiplatelet drugs are commonly used in the prevention of strokes and heart attacks. Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as Aspirin, is one of them. 

Drugs
Charles Edward Trevelyan

Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was a British civil servant, cabinet member, colonial administrator, and oriental scholar best known for his administration of the famine relief effort in Ireland during the Potato Famine, while he was assistant secretary to Her Majesty's Treasury. He has been criticized for not doing enough to help the Irish during the Potato Famine. He wrote a book about the famine called The Irish Crisis.

References 

British politicians
1807 births
1886 deaths
Civil servants
Penelope (movie)

Penelope is a 2006 American fantasy romantic comedy movie. It received mixed reviews by critics. It stars Christina Ricci, James McAvoy, Richard E. Grant, Peter Dinklage, Burn Gorman, Nigel Havers and Catherine O'Hara with Reese Witherspoon.

2006 comedy movies
2006 romance movies
2000s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Mimusops

Mimusops is a genus of plant. It is in the family Sapotaceae.

Species 
Some species in this genus are:

 Mimusops acutifolia, Mildbr.
 Mimusops angel, Chiov.
 Mimusops commersonii
 Mimusops caffra
 Mimusops elengi
 Mimusops heckelii - African Cherry, Baku, Douka, Makore, Ukola
 Mimusops obovata
 Mimusops penduliflora, Engl.
 Mimusops petiolaris
 Mimusops riparia, Engl.
 Mimusops sechellarum, (Oliv.) Hemsl.
 Mimusops zeyheri

References
 Allaby, Michael. 1998. A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. Oxford University Press, New York

Sapotaceae
Coalbrookdale

Coalbrookdale is a village in the Ironbridge Gorge in Shropshire, England. It is in an area of great significance in the history of industrialisation. This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal".

The coal was drawn from drift mines in the sides of the valley. As it contained far fewer impurities than normal coal, the iron it produced was of a superior quality. Along with many other industrial developments that were going on in other parts of the country, this discovery was a major factor in the growing industrialisation of Britain. It was the Industrial Revolution.

Today, Coalbrookdale is home to the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional courses in heritage.

References 

Villages in Shropshire
Drosophila simulans

Drosophila simulans is a species of fruit fly closely related to D. melanogaster 

It was discovered by the fly geneticist Alfred Sturtevant in 1919, when he noticed that the flies used in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory at the Columbia University were actually two distinct species: D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Males differ in the external genitalia, while trained observers can separate females using colour characteristics. 

D. melanogaster females crossed to D. simulans males produce sterile F1 females and no F1 males. The reciprocal cross produces sterile F1 males and no female progeny.

D. simulans was found later to be closely related to two island endemics, Drosophila sechellia and Drosophila mauritiana. D. simulans will mate with these sister species to form fertile females and sterile males, a fact that has made D. simulans an important model organism for research into speciation.

References
Sturtevant A.H. 1919. A new species closely resembling Drosophila melanogaster. Psyche 26: 153–155.
Sturtevant A.H. The North American species of Drosophila. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1921.

Other websites
Drosophila simulans at the Washington University in St. Louis Genome Sequencing Center

Drosophila
Nozomi (spacecraft)

is the name of the a Japanese spacecraft which was sent toward Mars.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The spacecraft was launched on July 3, 1998. 
  
Nozumi was planned as a Mars-orbiting probe.  The mission was not successful because of electrical failures.  

The Nozumi probe project was ended on December 31, 2003.

International partnership
Nozomi carried scientific instruments from Japan, Canada, Germany, Sweden and the United States. including the European Space Agency, NASA and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics.

Canada provided a thermal plasma analyser. This was the Canadian Space Agency's first participation in an interplanetary mission.

References

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Nozomi (Planet-B) mission profile 
 National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), Nozomi 

Japanese space program
Canada
Spacecraft
Hayabusa

is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent into space to collect a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa.

The mission was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Hayabusa was sent into space on May 9, 2003. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid.  The mission was successfully completed in June 2010 when the spacecraft returned to earth in June 2010.

Mission
Hayabusa studied Itokawa's shape, spin, topography, colour, composition, density, and history. The Hayabusa mission was the first time that an attempt was made to bring an asteroid dust sample to earth for analysis.

In popular culture
Three different feature-length films are being made about the Hayabusa mission.

References

Further reading

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),Hayabusa (Muses-C) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Spacecraft
21st century in Japan
Jessica Chastain

Jessica Michelle Chastain (born March 17, 1986) is an American actress. She is ranked as one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2012.

Filmography
Dark Shadows (2004) - Carolyn Stoddard Television series
Blackbeard (2006) - Charlotte Ormand Television series
Jolene (2008) - Jolene
Stolen (2009) - Sally Ann
Murder on the Orient Express (2010) - Mary Debenham Television series
The Debt (2010) - Rachel Singer (young)
Take Shelter (2011) - Samantha LaForche
Coriolanus (2011) - Virgilia
The Tree of Life (2011) - Mrs. O'Brien
The Help (2011) - Celia Foote
Wilde Salome (2011) - Salome
Texas Killing Fields (2011) - Pam Stall
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012) - Voice of Gia
Lawless (2012) - Maggie
Tar (2012) - Mrs. Williams
Zero Dark Thirty (2012) - Maya
Mama (2013) - Annabel
Interstellar (2014) - Murphy Cooper
It – Chapter Two (2019) - Adult Beverly Marsh

Personal life
Chastain married Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo in 2017. They have a daughter.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Sacramento, California
1977 births
Living people
Juei

was a  after Yōwa and before Genryaku.  This period started in May 1182 and ended in March 1184.  The reigning emperors were Antoku-tennō (安徳天皇) and .

Events of the Juei era
 1182 (Juei 1): The entire country suffers a famine.
 14 August 1183 (Juei 2, 25th day of 7th month): the Taira (also known as the Heike)  flee the capital with Emperor Antoku.
 8 September 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Antoku's reign, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa named another emperor; and the young child was given the acceptance of abdication rites (juzen). Go-Shirakawa wanted it to look like the succession (senso) was received by someone other than Antoku; and soon after, Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the responsibility and powers of the emperor (sokui).   Emperor Go-Toba is enthroned without the imperial regalia.
 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): When Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Genji, there were two emperors  one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Genryaku

was a  after Juei and before Bunji.  This period started in April 1184 and ended in August 1185.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Genryaku era
 25 April 1185 (Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto clashed in the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike are defeated.  Antoku drowned at Dan-no-ura.
 6 August 1185 (Genryaku 2, 9th day of the 7th month): Great earthquake in Kyoto and in the Kinai region.

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras