cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Daniel arap Moi

Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (2 September 1924 – 4 February 2020) was a Kenyan politician. He served as the 2nd President of Kenya from 1978 to 2002. He also served as the country's 3rd Vice President from 1967 to 1978.

Moi was popularly known to Kenyans as "Nyayo", a Swahili word for "footsteps". He earned this name because they thought he was following the footsteps of the first President.

Moi was born in Kurieng'wo village, Sacho division, Baringo County on 2 September 1924.

Moi died at a Nairobi hospital on 4 February 2020 at the age of 95. He had Alzheimer's disease and was recently hospitalized for multiple organ failure.

References

Other websites

 Moi Africa Institute 
 State House Kenya  Profile of Daniel Toroitich arap Moi

1924 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of Kenya
Deaths from multiple organ failure
People with Alzheimer's disease
Sean Edwards

Sean Lawrence Guy Edwards (6 December 1986 – 15 October 2013) was an English racing driver. He was best known for  winning the 24 Hours Nürburgring in May 2013 as a co-driver.

Edwards was born in London on 6 December 1986 and was of Irish and Welsh origin. His father was racing driver Guy Edwards. He studied at both Wellington College and Cherwell College in Oxford. At the time of his death, he lived in Monte Carlo, Monaco with his girlfriend, Laura.

Sean Edwards was killed in a crash during a private session on 15 October 2013, aged 26, at the Queensland Raceway in Willowbank, Queensland, Australia. He was outlived by his girlfriend and his family. The Sean Edwards Foundation, a foundation that aims to grow circuit safety, was set up after his death.

References

Other websites

The Sean Edwards Foundation

1986 births
2013 deaths
Sportspeople from London
English racecar drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
Accidental deaths in Australia
Road accident deaths
Uhuru Kenyatta

Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 26 October 1961) is a Kenyan politician. He is the fourth President of Kenya and the son of Jomo Kenyatta, the first president. He has been in office since 9 April 2013.

Before he was President, Kenyatta was Deputy Prime Minister from 2008 to 2013. Before that, he was the Member of Parliament for Gatundu South Constituency beginning in 2002. Kenyatta was also Chairman of Kenya African National Union (KANU), which was a part of the Party of National Unity (PNU).

In October 2021, he was cited in the pandora papers scandal.

References

Other websites

Uhuru Kenyatta 

1961 births
Living people
Presidents of Kenya
People from Nairobi
Current national leaders
President of Kenya

The President of the Republic of Kenya () is the head of state and head of government of  Kenya. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Kenya. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. The first president of Kenya was Jomo Kenyatta. His son, Uhuru is now president.

Role
Under the 1964 Constitutional Amendment establishing the Republic of Kenya, the President replaced the Monarch as head of state and the Prime Minister as chief executive. The President was initially elected by  the House of Representatives of Kenya, and, after the merger of the House of Representatives and Senate into a unicameral National Assembly, by the National Assembly, for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice-President would have served as Acting President for 90 days until new elections were held.

Following the enactment of the 1969 Constitution of Kenya, the system of election by the National Assembly was replaced by direct elections under a first-past-the-post system, yet true separation of powers was still not established; The President had to also be elected as an MP and he had to appoint his Ministers from among MPs, the President was still able to dissolve the National Assembly, and the Assembly was still able to declare no confidence in the ministers. Not only that, but until the first multiparty elections in 1992, only one candidate - that of the Kenya African National Union - was nominated and automatically declared winner of the elections without voting actually being held.

With the enactment of the 2010 Constitution, Kenya's current, the first-past-the-post system was replaced in presidential elections in favor of a two-round system, the post of Vice-President was renamed Deputy President and was made to automatically succeed to the Presidency in case of a vacancy for the remainder of the term in a full, not merely acting, capacity, and the requirement of the President, DP, and ministers to also be MPs was abolished, finally establishing separation of powers between the executive and legislature.

List of presidents
Status

Other websites
Raila Odinga

Raila Amolo Odinga (born 7 January 1945) also popularly known to his supporters as Agwambo, is a Kenyan politician. He was the last Prime Minister of Kenya. He was elected in 2008. He was leading to a coalition government from 2008 to 2013. He was the last prime minister of Kenya until the position was abolished in 2013.

Raila Odinga was born at Maseno Church Missionary Society Hospital, in Maseno, Kisumu District, Nyanza Province on 7 January 1945.

References

Other websites

 http://allafrica.com/stories/201002100793.html
 http://www.biddho.com/horn-of-africa/kenya/21456-raila-odinga-embroiled-in-261-million-maize-scandal-in-kenya-newstime-africa.html
 Raila Odinga personal site
 Office of the Prime Minister – Kenya 
 Raila Odinga – Profile, Biography & Timeline  
 Raila Odinga political biography
 An Audience with Raila  – (video – London Sep 7th 2007) 
 An open letter to Hon. Raila Amolo Odinga by Jerry Okungu, Posted On: 2007-11-28

1945 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Kenya
Mykola Azarov

Mykola Yanovych Azarov (; Russian: Никола́й Я́нович Азaров, Nikolay Yanovich Azarov; né Pakhlo; Cyrillic: Пахло; born 17 December 1947) is a Ukrainian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Ukraine from 11 March 2010 to 27 January 2014. He was the First Vice Prime Minister and Finance Minister from 2002 to 2005 and again from 2006 to 2007.

Azarov was born in Kaluga on 17 December 1947 in the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, to a mixed Estonian-Russian family.

References

Other websites

Web page of Mykola Azarov 

1947 births
Living people
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Prime Ministers of Ukraine
María de Villota

María de Villota Comba (13 January 1980 – 11 October 2013) was a Spanish racing driver.

María de Villota was born in Madrid on 13 January 1980. She was the daughter of former Formula One driver Emilio de Villota. She was also the sister of Emilio de Villota, Jr., who also competed in Formula Palmer Audi. Before her death, de Villota was recovering from serious injuries on her head and face. These was caused by a straight-line testing accident at the Duxford Aerodrome in Duxford, Cambridgeshire, England on 3 July 2012. She married Rodrigo García Millán, a personal trainer and owner of Oxigeno Training, on 28 July 2013 in Seville. They got married less than three months before her death.

María de Villota died from a heart failure on 11 October 2013. She died in a hotel room in Seville, at the age of 33. Her death was said to have been caused by the accident she had in 2012. She was outlived by her husband and her family.

References

Other websites

1980 births
2013 deaths
Sportspeople from Madrid
Racecar drivers
Autobiographers
Deaths from cardiac arrest
G. Spencer-Brown

George Spencer-Brown (2 April 1923 – 25 August 2016) was an English polymath. He was best known  as the author of Laws of Form. He described himself as a "mathematician, consulting engineer, psychologist, educational consultant and practitioner, consulting psychotherapist, author, and poet."

References

Other websites
G Spencer-Brown: Laws of Form , website with Tutorial, Flash animations, downloads.
 Richard Shoup's website devoted to Spencer-Brown, his work, and related ideas. Includes an extensive bibliography of the secondary literature on Laws of Form.
 Brief bio of G. Spencer-Brown.
 Draw a distinction... The space of imagination based on Spencer-Brown.
 Kauffman, Louis H., "Reformulating the Map Color Theorem".
 Transcript of Spencer-Brown's talks at Esalen, 1973.
 http://iconicmath.com/

1923 births
2016 deaths
English mathematicians
English poets
British engineers
British psychologists
Writers from Lincolnshire
Henry W. Bloch

Henry Wollman Bloch (July 30, 1922 – April 23, 2019) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the co-founder and (since 2000) the chairman of the American tax-preparation company H&R Block. Henry and his brother, Richard Bloch, founded H&R Block in 1955 in Kansas City, Missouri.

References

1922 births
2019 deaths
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
Jim Rogers

James Beeland "Jim" Rogers, Jr. (born October 19, 1942) is an American businessman, investor and author. Rogers is the Chairman of Rogers Holdings and Beeland Interests, Inc. He was the co-founder of the Quantum Fund and creator of the Rogers International Commodities Index (RICI).

References

Other websites

The Millennium Adventure, Official Jim Rogers website
Jim Rogers News Blog
Jim Rogers Latest News  Hedge Journals
Jim Rogers blog
The Fall-in-Love Fortune Cookie Singapore ver 2min8sec

1942 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Alabama
Businesspeople from Baltimore
Writers from Alabama
Writers from Baltimore
Dado Cavalcanti

Luis Eduardo Barros Cavalcanti, or simply Dado Cavalcanti (born July 9, 1981 in Arcoverde) is a Brazilian football manager. He is the current manager of Brasileirão club Náutico for 2017 season.

Cavalcanti won titles in every club he trained.

References 

1981 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Coritiba Foot Ball Club
Richard Bloch

Richard Adolf Bloch (February 15, 1926 – July 21, 2004) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is best known for starting the H&R Block tax preparation and personal finance company with his older brother Henry in 1955.  His personal experience with cancer led him to invest in helping others fight and overcome the disease.

Bloch died of heart failure on July 21, 2004 at the age of 78. He was survived by his wife, Annette, daughters Linda Lyon, Barbara Stanny and Nancy Linsely and ten grandchildren.

References

Other websites
 Bloch Cancer Foundation

Related pages

 Henry Hillman
 John C. Bogle
 Kenneth Langone

1926 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
John Eleuthère du Pont

John Eleuthère du Pont (22 November 1938 – 9 December 2010) was an American convicted murderer. He was a multimillionaire and member of the prominent du Pont family.

Early life
John E. du Pont was born on 22 November 1938 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were businessman William du Pont, Jr. and to Jean Liseter Autin. He studied at Haverford School, at the University of Miami, and at Villanova University.

Early career
He was an ornithologist and conchologist, publishing several books on birds; a philatelist, coach, and sports enthusiast. As a philanthropist, he founded and directed the Delaware Museum of Natural History, which opened in 1972. He also contributed to Villanova University and other institutions.

Dave Schultz's murder
On 26 January 1996, du Pont was seen shooting Dave Schultz dead in the driveway of Schultz's home on du Pont's  estate. Schultz's wife Nancy and du Pont's head of security were present and witnessed the crime. The security chief was sitting in the passenger seat of du Pont's car when du Pont fired three bullets into Schultz. Police did not establish a motive. Schultz was a longtime friend of du Pont who had repeatedly tried to help him, but shot him after he reportedly said Schultz did not like du Pont.

Personal life
John E. du Pont married Gale Wenk in 1983. They annulled their marriage ninety days later.

Death
John E. du Pont died on 9 December 2010 in Somerset, Pennsylvania from COPD, aged 72. Du Pont was buried in his red Foxcatcher wrestling singlet, in accordance with his will.

Pop culture
J. E. du Pont is portrayed by Steve Carell in the 2014 movie Foxcatcher.

References

Other websites
"LIFE photos" , LIFE, US Olympic pentathlete, August 1967.
"flickr", Collector, May 2008.
 "How About At Your Place?" Said the Colonel", LIFE, Aug 4, 1967

1938 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from COPD
American murderers
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Gay men
Businesspeople from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philatelists
Base (geometry)

In plane geometry, the base is the side on which a polygon rests on, and which is used as a referenced side for other measurements. The base of a triangle or quadrilateral is often written as . It is used in the calculation of the area of a triangle and parallelogram.

Many geometric shapes of more than two dimensions are constructed by using regular two-dimensional shapes. For example, a tetrahedron is constructed with four triangles, and a cube with six squares. In that context, the shape that is used for construction is called base. The triangle is the base of the tetrahedron, and the square is the base of the cube.

However, there are also geometric figures that are constructed using different shapes. A pyramid, for example. uses one rectangle and four triangles.  In that context, the rectangle is said to be the base of the shape. A cylinder uses a circle or an ellipse as a base.

Related pages 

 Altitude

References 
  

Geometry
Satya Nadella

Satya Narayana Nadella (; born August 19, 1967) is an Indian-American businessman. Since 4 February 2014, he has been the chief executive officer (CEO) of Microsoft.

Satya was born in Bukkapuram, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh to a Telugu family. After moving to the United States, he earned an Master of Science in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. He married Anupama in 1992 and they live together with their three children in Bellevue, Washington.

References

Other websites

Satya Nadella: Chief Executive Officer

1967 births
Living people
American chief executives
Microsoft people
Heinävesi

Heinävesi is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. It had almost 3,710 living there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Savonlinna, Varkaus, Leppävirta, Tuusniemi, Outokumpu and Liperi.

The most notable lakes in the area are Kermajärvi and Juojärvi. Both are very clean and bright.

Other websites 

 The official Heinävesi page

Municipalities of Finland
Tuusniemi

Tuusniemi is a municipality in Finland. More than 2,800 people lived there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Juankoski, Kaavi, Kuopio, Leppävirta and Outokumpu.

History
Between 1904 and 1975 there was an asbestos mine in Paakkila village. It was closed because workers died earlier than others.

References

Other websites 

 The official Tuusniemi page

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
History of technology

The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques, and is similar in many ways to the history of humanity. 

People make new things and, conversely, many scientific endeavors are possible through technologies. Technology lets us travel to places we could not otherwise go, and probe the nature of the universe in more detail than our natural senses allow.

Technological artifacts are products of an economy, a force for economic growth, and a large part of everyday life. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions. They also are a means to develop and project military power.

What are the great technologies?
The hand axe: used for about 1.5 million years, from Homo erectus to neolithic man. Basically a tool for butchering large animals which were probably killed by wooden spears. Not for nothing did a curator at the British Museum use the phrase Man the Toolmaker.
Fire, which would have occurred naturally in the drier environments of the savannah. The date of the first deliberate use of fire for warmth, protection and cooking is not known.
The city: we can date this to about 8000 years ago in the fertile crescent.
Writing: the means of trade, education and cultural transmission from one generation to another. About 3300 BC.

References
Ii

II (or ii) is the Roman numeral for two.

II, Ii or ii can also refer to:

 ii, a digraph in certain alphabets
 Ii, Finland, a municipality of Finland
 Illegal immigrant
 Optic nerve, second cranial nerve
 Yi language (ISO 639 alpha-2, ii)
Led Zeppelin II, an album from 1969
Aidos

Aidos () was the Greek goddess of shame, modesty and humility. She was a close friend of the goddess Nemesis. One source calls her the daughter of Prometheus.

Aidos is often considered to be more of a personification than a physical goddess. She was said to be the feeling of reverence that stops men from doing bad things. She was also said to be a feeling of shame that a rich person might get when they saw poor people.

She is spoken about in some early Greek plays, such as Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus, Iphigenia at Aulis by Euripides, and Oedipus Rex by Sophocles.

There were altars to Aidos in Athens and in Lacedaemon.

References

More reading 
Mythology by Edith Hamilton

Greek gods and goddesses
I Believe I Can Fly

"I Believe I Can Fly" is a song by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was originally released on November 26, 1996. It was also featured on the soundtrack to the movie Space Jam in 1996. It later appeared in Kelly's album R. in 1998. The song peaked at number one in many countries around the world. The song won three Grammy Awards out of five nominations.

1996 songs
Space Jam
Ignition (Remix)

"Ignition (Remix)" is a song by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was released as a single in 2003. It peaked at number two in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number one in the UK Singles Chart. It also peaked at number one in some other countries. The song has been received quite well and was a commercial success. It is ranked as one of the best songs ever by Rolling Stone.

R&B music
2003 songs
Northern Savonia

Northern Savonia () is a region in eastern Finland. The largest city in the region is Kuopio.

Neighbouring regions are Central Finland, Northern Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, North Karelia and Southern Savonia.

Other websites 

 Official website

Regions of Finland
Brad Maddox

Tyler Kluttz (born May 4, 1984 in Tega Cay, South Carolina) is an American professional wrestler, authority figure and referee. He is currently working for the WWE under the ring name Brad Maddox. He acts as the General Manager of Raw.

Career
On the August 20, 2012 episode of Raw, Kluttz debuted on the main roster and refereed a Divas battle royal. At Hell in a Cell, he refereed the main event between CM Punk and Ryback for the WWE Championship. Maddox turned heel for the first time when he gave Ryback a low blow and then fast-counted a pin for Punk which helped Punk retain his title.

On the July 8 episode of Raw, Vickie Guerrero was fired when the fans voted that she had failed in her role of Raw Managing Supervisor. Maddox was then named as the new General Manager of Raw.

Championships
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Briley Pierce (one) and Rick Victor (one))
FCW 15 Championship (one time)
'''Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Television Championship (one time)
OVW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1984 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Carolina
WWE wrestlers
Paul Heyman

Paul Heyman (born March 11, 1965 in Scarsdale, New York) is an American professional wrestling manager. He is currently working for the WWE. He has also worked as a promoter, commentator, and journalist.

He is best known as the owner and creator of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). He also worked in World Championship Wrestling (WCW).

Career
On the May 7, 2012 episode of Raw, Heyman returned to the WWE as Brock Lesnar's legal advisor. When Lesnar left, Heyman aligned himself with CM Punk on the September 3 episode of Raw when he was seen driving a car which Punk entered. He managed Punk until Money in the Bank when Heyman turned on Punk by smashing him with a ladder while he was climbing up another ladder. He returned on the December 30th edition of Raw and returned to being the manager of Brock Lesnar.

On April 6, 2014, Heyman was the manager of Lesnar when Lesnar conquered The Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania XXX. This was the first loss at WrestleMania. Paul Heyman is also the manager of Cesaro, who revealed himself to be a "Paul Heyman guy" on the next Raw.

Awards
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Manager of the Year (1992)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)
Best Booker (1994–1997, 2002)
Best on Interviews (2013)
Best Non-Wrestler (2001–2002, 2004, 2012–2013)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1965 births
Living people
Jewish American sportspeople
Professional Wrestling broadcasters
Sportspeople from New York
WWE people
Alan Parsons

Alan Parsons (born 20 December 1948) is an English audio engineer, musician, and record producer. In 1975 he started a progressive rock band called The Alan Parsons Project.

Other websites

 
 
 Alan Parsons Music Official Site
 Alan Parsons Project Official Site
 The Avenue, The Official Alan Parsons Fan Club
 Crawdaddy! "Parsons Knows: The Tale of Alan Parsons and Edgar Allan Poe" 
Alan Parsons Project official website

1948 births
English rock musicians
Living people
Musicians from London
Style (form of address)

A style is referring to how you address a person in a formal manner. It varies on the status of a person. For example a married woman would be addressed as Mrs (). A prince would be addressed as His Royal Highness. A male (regardless of being married) would be addressed as Mr.

Examples

Mrs Smith.
Mr Smith
Master Smith (Master is usually used by the oldest son in this case the oldest son of the Smith family).
His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales.
His Serene Highness The Prince of Monaco. 
Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia.

Other styles of address

Your Lordship or your Ladyship is how minor members of nobility are addressed.
The Right Honourable is traditionally used by Prime Ministers.
His Grace The Duke of Devonshire. A style used by English/British Dukes.

Related pages 
 Highness
 Honorific
 Diplomacy
 Protocol (diplomacy)

Notes

References 
 

Styles (manners of address)
Ramona, South Dakota

Ramona is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Lake County, and 174 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in South Dakota
Wentworth, South Dakota

Wentworth is a village in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the only village in South Dakota. All other places where people live are either towns or cities. It is located in Lake County, and 171 people lived there at the 2010 census. Wentworth became a village in 1896.

References

Villages in the United States
Settlements in South Dakota
Nunda, South Dakota

Nunda is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Lake County, and 43 people lived there at the 2010 census. Nunda was founded in 1906.

References

Towns in South Dakota
1906 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in South Dakota
Short track speed skating

Short track speed skating is a type of ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (usually between four and six) skate on an oval ice track. The track is 111.12 metres all the way around. The rink itself measures 60 m by 30 m.

World Championships have been held since 1981. It has been a Winter Olympic sport since 1992.

Other websites 

Speed skating
Skeleton (sport)

Skeleton is a winter sport in which a person rides a small sled down a frozen track. The person lays face down on the sled, and rides head forward. It had been played at the Winter Olympics since 2002; before that, it had also been played in the 1928 and 1948 Games.

Skeleton is a dangerous sport. Riders can reach speeds of .

Related pages 
 Bobsled

Other websites 

 Federation Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Toboganning (FIBT) World governing body.

Winter sports
2013 El Reno tornado

The 2013 El Reno tornado happened on May 31, 2013. It happened close to the city of El Reno, Oklahoma in central Oklahoma. It was the widest tornado ever recorded. This tornado also was found to have some of the strongest winds ever found. One mobile Doppler radar found very high winds of 296 miles per hour. These winds are slightly less than the 301 mile per hour winds detected in a tornado on May 3, 1999 while it was close to Bridge Creek, Oklahoma in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.

Notes

References

Tornadoes in the United States
2010s in Oklahoma
2013 in the United States
Division of Fadden

The Division of Fadden is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1977 and is named after Sir Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia in 1941. At first it included a large area south of Brisbane, but today it covers the northern Gold Coast area, including Alberton, Arundel, Biggera Waters, Coombabah, Coomera, Gaven, Gilberton, Helensvale, Hollywell, Hope Island, Jacobs Well, Labrador, Molendinar, Norwell, Paradise Point, Parkwood, Runaway Bay, Stapylton, Steiglitz, Woongoolba and parts of Ormeau, Oxenford, Pacific Pines, Pimpama and Southport. South Stradbroke Island and other islands in the Broadwater and South Moreton Bay.

Members

David Cameron lost his seat in the 1983 election, but was elected to the Division of Moreton in a by-election. David Beddall did not stand for Fadden in 1984, but changed to the Division of Rankin. David Jull was Minister for Administrative Services at the start of the Howard Government.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Fadden (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Stuart Rpbert's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1977 establishments in Australia
Sacco and Vanzetti

Nicola Sacco (22 April 1891 – 23 August 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (11 June 1888 – 23 August 1927) were two Italian men who were convicted of murder in the United States in 1920. They were convicted of killing two men during an armed robbery in Braintree, Massachusetts.

Sacco and Vanzetti were immigrants to the country. Both were anarchists who supported rebellion against governments that were violent and oppressive.

They were put on trial in 1921. They were convicted even though evidence was clear that they had not committed the crime. This evidence involved ballistics tests and several witnesses who claimed Sacco had been in Boston and Vanzetti in Plymouth on the day of the robbery. The two men were carrying weapons when they were arrested. To explain this, Sacco and Vanzetti had to explain their anarchist beliefs in court. It is believed that this may have prejudiced the jury (influenced their decision). Many believe that they were executed because they were immigrants. Their trial happened in the midst of the ‘Red Scare’, which was when many people did not like foreigners coming into their country, mostly because they were scared communists may come into the country and disrupt them. 

The jury found Sacco and Vanzetti guilty of murder on 14 July 1921. The case drew attention from around the world. As details of the trial became public, many protests were held against their conviction. Sacco and Vanzetti were eventually executed on 23 August 1927. Since their deaths, scholars have mostly agreed that Sacco and Vanzetti were wrongfully convicted. They also did not speak English so they could not get a defense attorney themselves. This would not have mattered because they could not afford an attorney anyway. Eventually, in 23 August 1927, they were executed by Electric Chair.

References 

1927
1920s in the United States
20th century in Massachusetts
Italian anarchists
People executed by electric chair
Trials
American murderers
Highness

Highness is a style of address historically used for princes and princesses of minor nobility. As such it is much lower in terms of rank when compared to Royal Highness and Imperial Highness.

Highness is literally and, historically, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke dignity or honour, and to acknowledge the importance or high rank of the person being addressed. The short way to write it is HH. However it is outranked by Grand Ducal Highness. The style was often used by low-level nobility of the Holy Roman Empire.

Historical examples
His Highness The Duke of Aosta. A future King of Sardinia who was known as the Duke of Aosta prior to succession. Known as this from 27 April 1701 – 22 March 1715. 
His Highness The Prince of Piedmont, Later used Royal Highness after his father was created a King.

Related pages
Titles of European royal heirs

Styles (manners of address)
Liev Schreiber

Liev Isaac Schreiber (; born October 4, 1967) is an American actor, producer, director, and screenwriter. He was known for his role in Scream, Phantoms, The Sum of All Fears,  X-Men Origins: Wolverine, Salt, Taking Woodstock, and in The Butler.

Schreiber was born on October 4, 1967 in San Francisco, California.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Interview with Details 
 Interview with Men's Vogue 
 Interview with W magazine 

Tony Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Francisco
Henry Heimlich

Henry Judah Heimlich (February 3, 1920 – December 17, 2016) was an American thoracic surgeon. He is known as the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver.  It is a technique of abdominal thrusts for stopping choking.

Heimlich, born in Wilmington, Delaware on February 3, 1920. He died from complications from a heart attack in Cincinnati, Ohio, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 Biography page  at the Heimlich Institute
 Henry Heimlich Archival Collection Finding Aid
 Outmaneuvered: How We Busted the Heimlich Medical Frauds by Peter M. Heimlich

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American physicians
Scientists from Wilmington, Delaware
Ash heap of history

The "ash heap of history", also called "dustbin of history" or "garbage heap of history" or "landfill of history", is a figurative speech about people, events, artifacts, and ideologies. It is used about people that are forgotten or things that will be forgotten in history.

Ronald Reagan used this speech as an example and the Soviet Union, Leninism, and Marxism will eventually fall and be forgotten.

Leon Trotsky once famously used the phrase "dustbin of history" referring to when the Mensheviks walked out of a meeting during the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Speeches by Ronald Reagan
Morning in America

"Morning in America" is the common name of a political campaign television commercial. The ad was part of the 1984 U.S. presidential campaign of Republican Party candidate Ronald Reagan. It was narrated by Hal Riney.

It shows a montage of pictures of Americans going to work and a calm, optimistic narration that suggested the improvements to the U.S. economy since his 1980. The term was used many times during Reagan's presidency. 

Ronald Reagan
Political slogans
Eileen Atkins

Dame Eileen June Atkins, DBE (born 16 June 1934) is an English actress and occasional screenwriter. She has worked in the theatre, movies, and television consistently since 1953. 

She has been nominated for many awards such as a BAFTA Award. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2001.

Other websites

Eileen Atkins interviewed by Beth Stevens about performing in Doubt on Broadway
Eileen Atkins interviewed on Theater Talk about performing in Doubt on Broadway 
 Performance details listed at the Theatre Collection archive, University of Bristol

Emmy Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
1934 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Ranjit Bhatia

Ranjit Bhatia OBE (c. 1936 – 9 February 2014) was an Indian athlete. He ran in the marathon and 5000 meters events at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. 

Bhatia studied at the Lawrence School, Sanawar. He was then a Rhodes scholar at Oxford University, matriculating at Jesus College in 1957. He retired as Reader in Mathematics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi. 

Bhatia died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 77.

References

1936 births
2014 deaths
Indian sportspeople
Clarence Williams III

Clarence Williams III (August 21, 1939 – June 4, 2021) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as "Linc Hayes" on the iconic "hippie" cop show The Mod Squad (1968-1973). He was nominated for a Tony Award. His last movie role was in the 2013 movie The Butler.

Williams III was born on August 21, 1939 in New York City. He died of colon cancer on June 4, 2021 in Los Angeles, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 Clarence Williams III at AllMovie
 

1939 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
David Oyelowo

David Oyelowo (born 1 April 1976) is a British actor. He played Louis Gaines in Lee Daniels' 2013 movie The Butler.

Oyelowo lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Oxfordshire
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
British voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Oxford
H. R. Haldeman

Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman (better known as H. R. Haldeman; October 27, 1926 – November 12, 1993) was an American political aide and businessman. He served as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon. He was involved in the Watergate scandal.

Early life
Haldeman was born on October 27, 1926 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Watergate scandal
His role in the Watergate cover-up precipitated his resignation from government. Haldeman was tried on counts of perjury, conspiracy and obstruction of justice. Haldeman was found guilty and imprisoned for 18 months. Upon his release he returned to private life and was a successful businessman until his death from cancer in 1993.

Death
Haldeman died on November 12, 1993 in Santa Barbara, California from stomach cancer, aged 67.

References

More reading
 Haldeman H.R. 1994. The Haldeman diaries: inside the Nixon White House. New York: Putnam.

Other websites
 Washington Post profile of Haldeman
 Washington Post Haldeman Obituary
 Ford Library & Museum:The Watergate Files
 Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: H.R. Haldeman
 Watergate trial of H.R. Haldeman, courtroom sketches.
 Spartacus Educational Biography 
 The Testimony of John Ehrlichman & H. R. Haldeman  at Smithsonian Folkways

1926 births
1993 deaths
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from stomach cancer
Politicians from Los Angeles
US Republican Party politicians
White House Chiefs of Staff
Christian Scientists
Grace (style)

His Grace or Her Grace is a style of address used for various high-ranking persons. It was the style used to address the King or Queen of Scots up to the Act of Union of 1707.  It was also used to address monarchs of England before Henry VIII. Today, the style is used when referring to dukes and duchesses in the United Kingdom, who are not members of the royal family. Your Grace would be used in spoken or written address. Royal dukes, for example The Duke of York, are addressed with their higher royal title, Royal Highness.

Examples
 His Grace The Duke of Ormonde. 
His Grace The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
His Grace The Duke of Marlborough. The title of the Spencer-Churchill family from which Winston Churchill descends.
His Grace The Duke of Bedford.

Ecclesiastical usage
The style "His Grace" and "Your Grace" is used in England and other English-speaking countries to address Roman Catholic archbishops. This is not common in other countries (for example in France and the United States Roman Catholic bishops are addressed using the style "Excellency"). In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is used for bishops and abbots. The style is also used for an archbishop and some bishops in the Anglican Church.  In the United Methodist Church in the United States, bishops are addressed "Your Grace" (spoken style, and "His/Her Grace" (reference style). In the Church of God in Christ, the Presiding Bishop's style is "His Holy Grace" and "Your Holy Grace". The bishop's reference style is "His Eminence" and the spoken style is "Your Eminence". 

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON—Hare Krishna) devotees prefix the name of their founder, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, with "His Divine Grace".

In Islam several Sufi orders (such as the Qadrianis and Hawariyun) may refer to their spiritual Grand Masters with the epithet "(Most) Graceful ..." or "His Grace" in reference style while the spoken style is "(Most) Graceful".

Other British dukedoms that use the style

Lennox
Rutland
Richmond
Rutland
Norfolk
Portland
Grafton
Devonshire
Somerset
Westminster
Bedford

Notes

References 

Styles (manners of address)
Jessica Oyelowo

Jessica Oyelowo (born Jessica Watson in 1978) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in Murphy's Law, Mayo, and in Hex. 

She studied at Woodbridge School. She was a member of the National Youth Music Theatre. She lives in Los Angeles with her husband, actor David Oyelowo, and their three sons.

Other websites
BBC Mayo
tv.com 

1978 births
Living people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Yusuf Lule

Yusuf Kironde Lule (10 April 1912 – 21 January 1985) was a Ugandan politician. He was the President of Uganda. He served as president from 13 April and 20 June 1979. His name is sometimes spelled Yusufu.

Lule died on 21 January 1985 at Hammersmith Hospital in London of kidney failure.

References

1912 births
1985 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Presidents of Uganda
Glynis Johns

Glynis Johns (born 5 October 1923) is a British stage and movie actress, dancer, pianist and singer. She is the daughter of Welsh actor Mervyn Johns. 

She is best known for her role as Desiree Armfeldt in A Little Night Music on Broadway. She won a Tony Award for this role. She played Winifred Banks in Walt Disney's musical motion picture box office smash, Mary Poppins.

References

Other websites

 
 
Glynis Johns images
Glynis Johns at the Disney Legends website

1923 births
Living people
British dancers
British movie actors
British pianists
British singers
British stage actors
Pretoria
Tony Award winning actors
Saint Valentine's Day massacre

The Saint Valentine's Day massacre was a mass murder that took place in Chicago, Illinois on the morning of 14 February 1929. It was the most infamous event in the history of crime in the United States.

Background 

Al Capone was the most powerful bootlegger in Chicago. By 1929 he had eliminated several of his rival crime bosses. The last one on his "list" was Bugs Moran. Capone was trying to appear as if he was retired to Florida. So Capone didn't want to be seen as starting another gang war. Instead, Capone gave the order to one of his associates, Jack McGurn, to eliminate Bugs Moran.

The massacre 

On the morning of 14 February, McGurn lured Moran and his men to a warehouse on Clark street. The bait was a stolen truckload of whisky they could buy cheap. Seven of Moran's men were there to inspect the load. A police car pulled up outside the building and several of Capone's men dressed in Chicago police uniforms went in and pretended to arrest Moran's men. When they were lined up against a wall when the killers pulled out Thompson submachine guns and opened fire. Six of the seven men were killed. Moran himself was just arriving when he saw the police car and escaped without notice.

At this time murder was not a federal offense. Most of the killers McGurn hired were from out of town. Police departments from different cities rarely could work together to solve crimes at that time. So the killers knew if they simply left Chicago after the massacre nobody could touch them.

Results 

Newspapers ran stories of the gangster shootings and prohibition lawlessness in Chicago. These were complete with detailed photographs of the murders. At first many thought the Chicago police had committed the massacre. But most people in Chicago thought Al Capone was behind the murders. Capone had an alibi. He was at his winter home in Palm Beach, Florida when the murders took place. The suspicions finally resulted in the arrests of Vincenzio Damora and John Scalise. These were two of Capone's known henchmen. Scalise was charged with the murders after Damora came up with an alibi. But Capone murdered Scalise personally before he could stand trial. Public opinion also put pressure on the FBI to arrest Capone with any charge they could. In 1931 they finally charged him with tax evasion and sent him to prison. Capone was sent to Alcatraz for eleven years. When he was finally released he was too sick to continue his crime career. He died in 1947. Prohibition was repealed in 1933 which all but eliminated bootlegging.

Notes

References 

1929 in the United States
1920s in Illinois
20th century in Chicago
February events
Mass shootings in the United States
Massacres in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
The Frozen Ground

The Frozen Ground is a 2013 American crime movie based on a true story. It tells the story of a woman who helped to catch serial killer Robert Hansen in 1983. Hansen murdered 17 young women, and kidnapped and raped at least 30 others, in Alaska during the 1970s and early 1980s.

The movie stars Vanessa Hudgens as Cindy Paulson, Nicolas Cage as Sergeant Jack Halcombe, and John Cusack as Hansen.

The movie was released August 23, 2013 in North America. The reviews of the movie were mixed.

References

Other websites 

2013 crime movies
2013 drama movies
2013 thriller movies
2010s crime drama movies
2010s crime thriller movies
2010s serial killer movies
Alaska
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies 
American serial killer movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in the 1980s
Rape in movies
Lionsgate movies
Frits Thors

Alexander Frederik Paul "Frits" Thors (13 September 1909 – 19 April 2014) was a Dutch journalist and television and news anchor. He was best known for being the newscaster of the NTS-Journaal from 1965 until 1972.

Thors was born in on 13 September 1909 in Amsterdam, North Holland. He retired in 1979.

Thors died from natural causes on 19 April 2014 in Laren, North Holland. He was 104.

References

1909 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Dutch centenarians
Dutch journalists
Dutch television presenters
Writers from Amsterdam
Happisburgh archaeology

The small village of Happisburgh on the coast of Norfolk has evidence of the earliest modern man.

The oldest hominin footprints in Europe are in Britain. They are about 800,000 years to a million years old. They were found on Happisburgh beach, East Anglia in May 2013.

The archaeologists describe them as "the oldest known hominin footprint surface outside Africa at between ca. 1 million and 0.78 million years ago". The site is known for its preservation of sediments with early Pleistocene fauna and flora. Since 2005 flint tools have been found. This means humans occupied northern Europe at least 350,000 years earlier than was thought before.

The footprints were found in sediment, partially covered by beach sand, at low tide on the shore at Happisburgh. Stormy weather had washed away the sand, leaving the sediment exposed. Because the sediment was soft, and lay below the high tide mark, the tides quickly eroded the exposed sediment, and in two weeks the footprints had all been destroyed. The team worked during low tides, often in pouring rain, to record 3D images of all the footprints.

Archaeology

In 2010, Simon Parfitt and colleagues from University College London discovered flint tools near Happisburgh. The tools were dated to "somewhere between 866,000 to 814,000 years ago or 970,000 to 936,000 years ago", around 100,000 years earlier than the finds at Pakefield. The flints were probably left by hunter-gatherers of the human species Homo antecessor who inhabited the flood plains and marshlands that bordered an ancient course of the river Thames. The flints were then washed downriver and came to rest at the Happisburgh site. In May 2013 the oldest human footprints outside of Africa, being more than 800,000 years old, were reported to have been discovered on the beach.

References 

important-of-water
Archaeological sites in the United Kingdom
Pope Alexander I

Alexander I served as the fifth Pope of the Catholic Church; the official title is the Bishop of Rome.  His years of service can only be approximated to be ca. 109-116 C.E.  

Early sixth-century writings attribute Alexander with inserting the words now used in the Holy Eurachist or Holy Communion of the Catholic Mass.  These words are taken from the New Testament and are said to be the words of Jesus Christ at the Last Supper.  He is also said to have started the practice of the blessing of homes with holy water, water blessed by the Pope or any priest.

He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 3.

Reference 

Linus
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Pope Sixtus I

Pope Sixtus I (also known as Xystus) was the sixth successor to Saint Peter as the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  He served from approximately 116-125 C.E.

He decreed that the people should chant with the priest during the Sanctus at the Holy Communion section of the Catholic Mass.

He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church.  He died a martyr.  His feast day is April 3 or 6.

Reference 

Linus
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
William Roache

William Patrick Roache MBE (born 25 April 1932) is an English actor. He has played the role of Ken Barlow in the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street, since its first episode on 9 December 1960.

Early life
Roache was born in Basford, Nottinghamshire. He grew up in Ilkeston, Derbyshire.

Career
Roache played the leading role in a Granada Television play called Marking Time. It was shown on ITV in 1961. In a 2007 interview, Roache said, "Tony Warren, who created Coronation Street, saw it and thought I was right for Ken Barlow." In 2008, Roache's autobiography Soul on the Street was published.

Personal life
Roache lives in Cheshire. He supports the Conservative Party.

Sex crime charges
On 1 May 2013, Roache was arrested at his home on suspicion of raping a 15-year-old girl in the 1960s. He was found not guilty of two counts of rape and four indecent assaults on teenage girls on 6 February 2014.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
Living people
English television actors
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People acquitted of sex crimes
Actors from Derbyshire
Actors from Nottinghamshire