cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
John Hillerman

John Benedict Hillerman (December 20, 1932 – November 9, 2017) was an American actor. He was born in Denison, Texas. He was known for his starring role as Jonathan Quayle Higgins III on the television show Magnum, P.I.. He starred in Chinatown and Blazing Saddles. He also starred in The Betty White Show. He won a Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award during his career. He retired in 1999.

Hillerman died on November 9, 2017 at his home in Houston, Texas of heart disease at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2017 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Texas
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Denison, Texas
Don Gordon

Don Gordon (November 13, 1926 – April 24, 2017) was an American movie and television actor. He is sometimes known as Donald Gordon. Gordon was known for his roles in Bullitt, Papillon, Omen III: The Final Conflict, Revolt at Fort Laramie, The Exorcist III, and in Lethal Weapon.

Other websites

1926 births
2017 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Hell in a Cell (2014)

Hell in a Cell (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on October 26, 2014 at American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. It was the sixth Hell in a Cell event held by the WWE. 

There were two main events on the card. The first main event saw John Cena defeat Randy Orton to earn a future WWE World Heavyweight Championship match. The second main event saw Seth Rollins defeated Dean Ambrose to end their feud.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Hell in a Cell 2014 website

2014 in professional wrestling
Sports in Dallas, Texas
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
2014 in the United States
2010s in Texas
21st century in Dallas, Texas
October 2014 events
Night of Champions (2014)

Night of Champions (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on September 21, 2014 at Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee. It was the eighth Night of Champions event held by the WWE. 

The main event saw John Cena defeat Brock Lesnar by disqualification after Seth Rollins interfered. This caused Lesnar to retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

Results

References

Other websites
Official Night of Champions 2014 website

2014 in professional wrestling
2010s in Nashville, Tennessee
WWE Night of Champions
2014 in the United States
September 2014 events
Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit

The Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit (abbreviated IMWaRU) is a research group. They are part of the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Unit Structure
The unit deals with many water issues in industry and mining.

Collaboration
The unit works with the Schools of Law, Chemistry, Civil and Mining engineering at the University.

Members of the group have given presentations at: 
South African Institution of Chemical Engineering 2012 (Champagne Sports Resorts, South Africa);
Water Institute of Southern Africa 2012 (Cape Town, South Africa);
International Conference on Energy, Nanotechnology and Environmental Sciences 2013 (Johannesburg, South Africa);
International Conference on Power Science and Engineering 2013 (Paris, France);
Water in Mining 2013 (Brisbane, Australia);
Water in Mining 2014 (Viña del Mar, Chile);
Water Institute of Southern Africa 2014 (Mbombela, South Africa);
International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage 2015 (Santiago, Chile);
25th Annual SETAC European Meeting 2015 (Barcelona, Spain);
 African Utility Week 2015 (Cape Town, South Africa);
 Sustainability Week 2015 (Water Resource Seminar) (Pretoria, South Africa);
 Life Cycle Management 2015 (Bordeaux, France);
 School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering 21st Birthday conference;
 Water Institute of Southern Africa 2016 (Durban, South Africa)

Location

The main location IMWaRU is in the Richard Ward Building on the East campus of the University.

Research 
The group has a broad range of research publications in the areas as listed below:

 Acid mine drainage (AMD).

 Constructed wetlands (CW)

 Ecological Engineering

 Life-cycle assessment (LCA)

 Water footprinting (WF)

References 

Research organizations
2011 establishments
2010s establishments in South Africa
Blood doping

Blood doping is a way of increasing the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream. This is done to improve athletic performance. Because blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a having more red cells in the blood can improve an athlete’s aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and endurance. Many methods of blood doping are illegal, particularly in professional sport.

There are a number of different methods. Frozen blood taken from the individual previously can be used for a later transplant; packed red cells from a compatible donor may be used, and blood substitutes may be used. The growth area in illegal blood doping of athletes is blood substitutes.

Related pages 
 Doping in sport

References 

Doping in sport
Blood
SummerSlam (2014)

SummerSlam (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 17, 2014 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-seventh SummerSlam event held by the WWE. 

The main event saw Brock Lesnar defeat John Cena to win his fourth WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

Matches

1The lumberjacks for the match were: Big E, Bo Dallas, Cesaro, Curtis Axel, Damien Sandow, Erick Rowan, Fandango, Goldust, Heath Slater, Jey Uso, Jimmy Uso, Kane, Kofi Kingston, Luke Harper, R-Truth, Rob Van Dam, Ryback, Sin Cara, Stardust, and Titus O'Neil

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2014 website

2014 in professional wrestling
Sports in Los Angeles
SummerSlam
2014 in the United States
2010s in Los Angeles, California
August 2014 events
Bacteriology

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Bacteriologists study, identify, classify, and describe bacterial species.

Bacteriology and microbiology 
Microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses are studied by "microbiologists". However, bacteriology is a distinct science, because the make-up and inheritance of bacteria is rather different from the other groups.

Related pages 
Bacteria
Microbiology

References

Bacteria
Ferdinand Cohn

Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist. He is a founder of modern bacteriology and microbiology.

Cohn was born in the Jewish quarter of Breslau in the Prussian Province of Silesia. This is now Wroclaw, Poland. Starting at age 16 he studied botany under Heinrich Goppert at the University of Breslau. He then moved to the University of Berlin. At age 19 in 1847 he received a degree in botany at Berlin. 

In 1849 he returned to the University of Breslau and he remained at that university for the rest of his career as a teacher and researcher. His father had bought for him a large and expensive microscope, which the University of Breslau and most universities did not have at that time. They had microscopes, but not so good as his. It was Ferdinand Cohn's main research tool in the 1850s. 

In the 1850s he studied the growth and division of plant cells. In 1855 he produced papers on the sexuality of Sphaeroplea and later Volvox. In the 1860s he studied plant physiology. Cohn was the first to classify algae as plants, and to define what distinguishes them from green plants. 

From 1870 onward he mostly studied bacteria. He published over 150 research reports during his lifetime. The University of Breslau became an innovative center for plant physiology and microbiology while he was there. His classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape (sphericals, short rods, threads, and spirals) is still in use today. 

Among other things Cohn showed that Bacillus can change from a vegetative state to an endospore when conditions are hard. Heat resistant spores of B. subtilis caused a controversy over spontaneous generation. Cohn explained why boiled infusions of hay and cheese could still get microbial growth.  It was because they contained heat resistant spores.

References

Other websites

 Jewish Encyclopedia entry for Ferdinand Julius Cohn
 Ferdinand Cohn in the Encyclopedia of World Biography, published by Gale Group (2010).

1828 births
1898 deaths
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German botanists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
Plant physiology

Plant physiology is the part of botany which studies how plants work. That is the physiology of plants. Using a variety of methods, botanists study how plants reproduce, grow, get nutrients, photosynthesise, get water, and so on.

The main topics of plant physiology are photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormones, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy, stomata function and transpiration.

Related pages 
Hyperaccumulator

References
Elimination Chamber (2014)

Elimination Chamber (2014) (No Escape (2014) in Germany) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 23, 2014 at Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the fifth Elimination Chamber event held by the WWE. 

There were two main events. The first saw The Wyatt Family defeat The Shield and the second saw Randy Orton successfully retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship in an Elimination Chamber match against Daniel Bryan, John Cena, Cesaro, Christian and Sheamus.

Matches

Entrances and eliminations

References

Other websites
Official Elimination Chamber 2014 website

2014 in American television
2014 in professional wrestling
Elimination Chamber
Sports in Minneapolis, Minnesota
2014 in the United States
History of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Stanisław Mikulski

Stanisław Mikulski (1 May 1929 – 27 November 2014) was a Polish theatre, television, movie actor. He was a host of the Polish game show Wheel of Fortune (Koło Fortuny). Mikulski was known for starring in the leading role in the 1967-1968 television series Stawka większa niż życie.

Mikulski died in Warsaw, Poland, aged 85.

References

Other websites

 

1929 births
2014 deaths
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Polish stage actors
People from Łódź
Mollicutes

The Mollicutes are a class of bacteria with no bacterial cell wall. Mycoplasma is the best-known genus.

They are very small, only about 0.2–0.3 μm in size, and have a very small genome. Most move about by gliding across host cells, but Spiroplasma are helical and move by twisting. 

Mollicutes are parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells. Many cause diseases in humans. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma stick to cells in the lungs or sex tubes like the urethra.  Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma are plant pathogens with insect vectors. Bugs such as leaf-hoppers (Homoptera) are the vectors. They deliver the parasites when they stick their mouth-parts into a plant to suck its sap.

References 

Bacteria
Dave (movie)

Dave is a 1993 American comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It stars Kevin Kline, Sigourney Weaver, Frank Langella, Kevin Dunn, Ving Rhames, and Ben Kingsley.

Plot
It is about the President of the United States (Kevin Kline) suffering a stroke and the White House Chief of Staff (Frank Langella) and assistant (Kevin Dunn) hiring a double (also Kevin Kline) to impersonate the president.

Cast
 Kevin Kline as Dave Kovic/President William Harrison (Bill) Mitchell
 Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Mitchell
 Frank Langella as Bob Alexander
 Kevin Dunn as Alan Reed
 Ving Rhames as Duane Stevensen
 Ben Kingsley as Vice President/President Gary Nance
 Tom Dugan as Jerry
 Charles Grodin as Murray Blum
 Faith Prince as Alice
 Laura Linney as Randi
 Stephen Root as Don Durenberger
 Ralph Manza as White House Barber
 Bonnie Hunt as White House Tour Guide
 Anna Deavere Smith as Mrs. Travis
 Charles Hallahan as Policeman
 Stefan Gierasch as House Majority Leader

Cameos
Politicians
 Senator Christopher Dodd
 Senator Tom Harkin
 Senator Howard Metzenbaum
 Judge Abner J. Mikva
 Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill
 Senator Paul Simon
 Senator Alan K. Simpson

Media personalities
 Frank Mankiewicz
 Fred Barnes
 Eleanor Clift
 Bernard Kalb
 Larry King
 Michael Kinsley
 Morton Kondracke
 Jay Leno
 Chris Matthews
 John McLaughlin
 Robert D. Novak
 Richard Reeves
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
 Ben Stein
 Oliver Stone
 Kathleen Sullivan
 Jeff Tackett
 Helen Thomas
 Nina Totenberg
 Sander Vanocur
 John Yang

Release
It's movie score was composed by James Newton Howard. It was released to very positive reviews on May 7, 1993. It has a 94% on Rotten Tomatoes. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3.5/4 stars. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay.

References

Other websites

 

1993 movies
American comedy movies
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Movies directed by Ivan Reitman
Warner Bros. movies
Ivan Reitman

Ivan Reitman, OC (October 27, 1946 – February 12, 2022) was a Czechoslovakian-born Canadian movie producer and director of Jewish descent. He is known for directing Ghostbusters, Ghostbusters II, Stripes, Junior, Kindergarten Cop, and No Strings Attached.

Reitman died on February 12, 2022 at his home in Montecito, California at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 

1946 births
2022 deaths
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Czechoslovak people
Jewish businesspeople
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Slovakian Jews
Closing the Ring

Closing the Ring is a 2007 British romantic-drama movie directed by Richard Attenborough. It stars Shirley MacLaine, Christopher Plummer, Mischa Barton, Gregory Smith, and Pete Postlethwaite. It was released to mixed reviews on December 28, 2007.

2007 movies
British romantic drama movies
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies directed by Richard Attenborough
Dorothy Cheney

Dorothy “Dodo” Bundy Cheney (September 1, 1916 – November 23, 2014) was an American tennis player. She played most of her tennis at the Los Angeles Tennis Club. In 1938, Cheney became the first American to win the women's singles title at the Australian Championships, defeating Dorothy Stevenson in the final. Cheney was born in Los Angeles, California.

Cheney died on November 23, 2014 in Escondido, California at the age of 98.

References

1916 births
2014 deaths
American female tennis players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Richard A. Jensen

Richard Alvin Jensen (July 4, 1934 – November 19, 2014) was an American theologian, author, and the Carlson Professor of Homiletics Emeritus at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Jensen was born in Fremont, Nebraska.

Jensen died in Lakeville, Minnesota, aged 80.

References

1934 births
2014 deaths
American theologians
Educators from Nebraska
Writers from Nebraska
Long-handled bulb planter

A long-handled bulb planter is a gardening tool. It is used to dig holes to plant bulbs and other plants. It is also used to put soil back in the holes in order to cover the bulbs. A long-handled bulb planter allows people not to bend when using them.

In addition to bulbs, this tool can be used to help plant other plants which need a similar hole size and depth. For example, it can be used for planting potatoes.

Reference

Gardening
Tools
Ronald Wayne

Ronald Gerald Wayne (born May 17, 1934) is a retired American electronics industry worker. He co-founded Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) with Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Wayne drew the first Apple logo. He created the partnership agreement. He also wrote the Apple I manual. After two weeks he gave up his share of the new company for a total of $800 USD. His 10% share would be worth 60 billion today.

References 

Apple Inc.
1934 births
Living people
Said Akl

Said Akl () or Saïd Akl, Said Aql and Saeed Akl) (4 July 1912 – 28 November 2014) was a Lebanese poet, writer, playwright and language reformer. He was thought to be as one of the most important Lebanese poets of the modern age. He also helped create the Lebanese alphabet.

Akl died in Beirut, Lebanon at the age of 102.

References

Other websites
 Poet Said Akl- All Poems
 Said Akl's biography 

1912 births
2014 deaths
Lebanese poets
Centenarians
Playwrights
Tapan Raychaudhuri

Tapan Raychaudhuri (8 May 1924 - 26 November 2014) was an Indian historian. He was an expert in British Indian history, Indian economic history and the History of Bengal. 

He was a Reader in Modern South Asian History at University of Oxford from 1973 to 1992. He was also Fellow of St. Anthony College, Oxford from 1973-93 where he remained as an Emeritus Fellow until his death in 2014.

Raychaudhuri died after suffering a series of strokes at his home in Oxford, England on 26 November 2014, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Indian writers
Indian historians
Indian academics
Renée Simonot

Renée Simonot (born Jeanne Renée Deneuve; 10 September 1911 – 11 July 2021) was a French actress. She was known for being one of the first French actresses to dub an English movie. She mostly dubbed Olivia de Havilland and Sylvia Sidney. A stage actress, she appeared in many productions of Les Misérables.

Simonot died on 11 July 2021 in Paris, just two months before her 110th birthday.

References

1911 births
2021 deaths
French centenarians
French movie actors
French stage actors
French television actors
People from Le Havre
Wolfgang Suschitzky

Wolfgang Suschitzky, BSC (29 August 1912 – 7 October 2016), was an Austrian photographer and cinematographer. He was best known for his works with Paul Rotha in the 1940s and his work on Mike Hodges' 1971 movie Get Carter. He was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary.

References

Other websites

Compilation website of Suschitzky's photos 
 Wolf Suschitsky photographs at Lumiere Gallery
BAFTA tribute to Suschitzky

1912 births
2016 deaths
Centenarians
Cinematographers
People from Vienna
Photographers
Connie Sawyer

Connie Sawyer, born Rosie Cohen, (November 27, 1912 – January 21, 2018), was an American actress of Jewish descent. She was born in Pueblo, Colorado and grew up in Oakland, California.

Sawyer was known for her roles in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Rockford Files, Hawaii Five-O, Dynasty, When Harry Met Sally..., Murder, She Wrote, Home Improvement, Seinfeld, Boy Meets World, Will & Grace, That '70s Show, 8 Simple Rules, ER, How I Met Your Mother and The Office.

Sawyer died of a heart attack at her home in Woodland Hills, California on January 21, 2018 at the age of 105.

References

Other websites
 

1912 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Actors from Oakland, California
Actors from Colorado
American centenarians
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Jewish centenarians
People from Pueblo, Colorado
Olaf Pooley

Olaf Pooley (13 March 1914 – 14 July 2015) was an English actor and screenwriter. He was known for his roles in Highly Dangerous, Hell Is Sold Out, The Lost People, The Huggetts Aboard, and in Lifeforce.

References

Other websites

1914 births
2015 deaths
English centenarians
English movie actors
English screenwriters
English television actors
People from Poole
Writers from Dorset
Don Lusk

Donald Lusk (October 28, 1913 – December 30, 2018) was an American retired animator and director. He worked for The Walt Disney Company.

Lusk was known for his works in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, Song of the South, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp and Sleeping Beauty.

Lusk died on December 30, 2018 in San Clemente, California at the age of 105.

References

Other websites
 
 Audio interview with Don Lusk at The Animation Guild

1913 births
2018 deaths
American animators
American centenarians
American movie directors
American television directors
Pueblo, Colorado

Pueblo is the county seat of Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. The population was 106,595 in 2010 census. It's nickname is "Steel City".

References

Other websites

City of Pueblo website

Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Division of Adelaide

The Division of Adelaide is an Australian electoral division in South Australia. It includes the Adelaide city centre and the suburbs of Ashford, Clarence Park, Enfield, Goodwood, Kent Town, Keswick, Kilburn, Maylands, North Adelaide, Northgate, Norwood, Parkside, Prospect, Rose Park, St Peters, Toorak Gardens, Unley and Walkerville.

It was set up in 1903 and is named for the city of Adelaide, South Australia's capital, which was named for Queen Adelaide, wife of William IV.

Members

Ernest Roberts was elected in 1908 after a by-election caused by the death of Charles Kingston. Kingston, a former Premier of South Australia, had been elected in 1903 unopposed. However Roberts died in 1913 which also caused a by-election. In 1988 Chris Hurford resigned to become the Australian Consul-General in New York, which also caused a by-election.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results
 2019 election results

Notes

References
 ABC profile for Adelaide: 2013
 AEC profile for Adelaide: 2013
 Poll Bludger profile for Adelaide: 2013 

Electoral divisions of Australia
South Australia
1903 establishments in Australia
Norwegian Forest cat

The Norwegian Forest cat ( or ) is a breed of domestic cat found in Northern Europe. This breed is adapted to a very cold climate. It has a double coat. The top coat is glossy, long, water-shedding hairs. It also has a woolly undercoat for insulation. The breed's ancestors may have been brought to Norway by the Vikings.

History 
During World War II, the breed became nearly extinct. A Norwegian cat club helped the breed. They created an official breeding program. It was registered as a breed with the European Fédération Internationale Féline in the 1970s. This was when a local cat fancier, Carl-Fredrik Nordane, took notice of the breed. He made efforts to register it. Currently, the Norwegian Forest breed is very popular in Norway, Sweden, Iceland and France.

References 

Cat breeds
Diss railway station

Diss railway station is a station in Diss, Norfolk. The station is operated by Greater Anglia services. Trains go to and from Norwich and London. Diss railway station is part of the National Rail network.

References 

Railway stations in England
Norfolk
Elimination Chamber (2013)

Elimination Chamber (2013) (No Escape (2013) in Germany) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 17, 2013 at New Orleans Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was the fourth Elimination Chamber event held by the WWE. 

The main even saw The Rock defeat CM Punk to retain his WWE Championship. Jack Swagger defeated Daniel Bryan, Chris Jericho, Kane, Mark Henry and Randy Orton in the Elimination Chamber match for a World Heavyweight Championship match against Alberto Del Rio at WrestleMania 29.

Matches

Entrances and eliminations

References

Other websites
Official Elimination Chamber 2013 website

2013 in American television
2013 in professional wrestling
Elimination Chamber
Sports in New Orleans, Louisiana
2010s in New Orleans, Louisiana
Hurricane Edna

Hurricane Edna was a powerful hurricane that hit the East Coast of the United States in September 1954. This storm made landfall over Cape Cod. New Hampshire and Maine were hit very hard. The storm caused 20 deaths. Edna hit a few days after Hurricane Carol had hit the same area.

References 

Edna
1954 in the United States
20th century in New Hampshire
20th century in Maine
Michael Rosen

Michael Wayne Rosen (born 7 May 1946) is an English children's novelist and poet of Jewish descent.

Rosen wrote over 140 books. He was the fifth British Children's Laureate from June 2007 to June 2009. He has been a republican advocate, socialist columnist and television presenter.

References

Other websites
 
 Michael Rosen blog
  |T ciao :D
 Michael Rosen  at Penguin Readers' Group

1946 births
Living people
English children's writers
English poets
Writers from London
Charlie Hall (politician)

Charles Albert "Charlie" Hall, Jr. (May 7, 1930 – November 20, 2014) was an American firefighter, labor activist, academic, and politician. He served in the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th district. He served as a representative from 1980 through 1982. He was a professor at Florida International University.

Hall was born in Miami, Florida, and died in Tallahassee, Florida, aged 84.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
American academics
Firefighters
Politicians from Miami, Florida
Trade unionists
US Democratic Party politicians
Educators from Miami, Florida
Bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng

Bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng () is a bilingual pun in Classical Chinese and Korean. It is part of the literature of the Joseon period of Korea. It has historically been used as a source of humour in Korean.

When Heo Mok was ordered to attend the academy of the more senior scholar Song Siyeol at Hwayang-dong, he made the journey. Once he got there, he was forced to wait for a long time. Then he found out the appointment had been cancelled. Heo Mok angrily stated "bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng". In Classical Chinese, the statement means "Walked to Hwayang-dong; did not see teacher Song", but in native Korean, boji () refers to "female genitals", while bural () means "testicles", making the expression additionally mean "cunt Hwayang-dong; testicles teacher Song".

References

Sources
 정운채, 강미정 외, 문학치료 서사사전 2:설화편(서사와문학치료연구소 문학치료총서 3) (문학과 치료, 2009년)

Other websites
 송 정승과 허 정승에 얽힌 화양동 일화:향토문화자원  "Folk Cultural Resources: The Tangled Anecdote of Minister Song and Minister Heo at Hwayang-dong" 
 화양구곡과 우암 송시열  "Hwayang Gugok and Song Si-yeol" 

History of Korea
Figures of speech
The world's 100 most threatened species

The world's 100 most threatened species was chosen by over 8,000 scientists from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC), and the Zoological Society of London. The report was published by the Zoological Society of London in 2012 as the book, Priceless or Worthless? 

The species are threatened with extinction, and they have no obvious benefit for humans. This was deliberate, to avoid "vested interests". Iconic and charismatic species, such as tigers and pandas, and economically important species, have many defenders. These apparently "worthless" species had none. The title of the report, "Priceless or Worthless?", is based on that shared quality of the species. The report's co-author, Ellen Butcher, stated one of the guiding principles of the list, "If we take immediate action we can give them a fighting chance for survival. But this requires society to support the moral and ethical position that all species have an inherent right to exist".

Scientists are finding they have to justify funding for protection by showing what the human benefits would be. Jonathan Baillie, of the Zoological Society of London, said "The donor community and conservation movement are increasingly leaning towards a 'what can nature do for us?' approach, where species and wild habitats are valued and prioritised according to these services they provided for people. This has made it increasingly difficult for conservationists to protect the most threatened species on the planet".

Some of the threatened species are down to only a handful of surviving members. Santa Catarina’s guinea pig, native to a single island in Brazil, is down to its last 40–60 individuals, reduced by hunting and habitat disturbance. The Great Indian bustard is threatened by habitat loss resulting from agriculture and human development, and is down to the last 50–250 individuals. Elaeocarpus bojeri, a flowering plant found only on the island of Mauritius, has fewer than 10 surviving individuals, because of loss of habitat. The Baishan fir (Abies beshanzuensis), native to China, is down to five surviving mature individuals. Priceless or Worthless? describes the threats that each species is facing, and measures that would help their survival.

Species list

References 

Lists of animals
Lists of plants
Conservation
Pierre Bérégovoy

Pierre Eugene Bérégovoy (23 December 1925 - 1 May 1993) was a French socialist politician.

Bérégovoy was born to a French mother and Ukrainian father in Déville-les-Rouen. Bérégovoy was Prime Minister of France from 1992-1993. He shot himself dead in Nevers.

References 

1925 births
1993 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
People from Normandy
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Suicides by firearm
Suicides in France
French Ministers of Finance
Silky sifaka

The silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus), is a large lemur with long, silky white fur. It has a small range in northeastern Madagascar, where it is known locally as the simpona. It is one of the rarest mammals on Earth, and is listed by the IUCN as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. The silky sifaka is one of nine species in the genus Propithecus. The species is only found within a few protected areas in the rainforests of northeastern Madagascar, with most of the remaining population in Marojejy National Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve.

The silky sifaka has a social structure, and lives in groups of two to nine individuals.  It spends most of its day feeding and resting, and spends time to social behaviors like playing, grooming and travelling.  Females occasionally take priority over males during feeding.  Like other eastern sifakas, it eats mainly leaves and seeds, but also fruit, flowers, and even soil on occasion.

It is a seasonal breeder and only mates one day a year during the start of the rainy season.  As with other sifaka species, non-maternal infant care is common.  Group members of all ages and both sexes will often groom, play, occasionally carry, and even nurse infants that are not their own.  The silky sifaka vocalizes frequently, and relies strongly on scent for communication.

References 

Lemuriformes
Mammals of Africa
Gang of Four

The Gang of Four () was the name given to a political group of four Chinese Communist Party officials. The leader of the group was Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's last wife. The other three were Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen. They became powerful during China's Cultural Revolution. After the death of Mao Zedong, Jiang Quing was plotting a coup d'état to take over power. She and her close associates in the Gang of four were arrested, put on trial.

Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao received death sentences that were later changed to life imprisonment.  Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan were given life and twenty years in prison, respectively. All members of the Gang of Four have since died. Jiang Qing committed suicide in 1991, Wang Hongwen died in 1992. Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao died in 2005: they had been released from prison in 1996 and 1998 respectively.

References 

Chinese communists
Puja (Hinduism)

Pūjā (Devanagari: पूजा) is a prayer service ritual done by Hindus. The word puja comes from Sanskrit, and means reverence, honor and worship. A puja honors one or more deities. It also spiritually celebrates an event. It is sometimes spelled phonetically as pooja or poojah. A Puja is the most common form of worship in the Hindu religion. It may honor or celebrate the presence of special guests or their memories after they die. Puja rituals are also held by Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs.

References 

Hinduism
World Bridge Federation

The World Bridge Federation (WBF) is the international body for contract bridge. The WBF is responsible for world championship competition, most of which is on a four-year cycle. The top championships are those for national teams in Open, Women, and Seniors categories. There is a World Team Olympiad every four years.

The World Bridge Federation was founded August 1958 by delegates from Europe, North America, and South America (now Zones 1 to 3). Each national organisation is in one of the eight geographic zones.

It is incorporated under the laws of Switzerland as a 'non-profit' organization. Harold Stirling Vanderbilt was made the first honorary member of the WBF for his work developing the game.

References 

Bridge federations
1958 establishments
Antiquarian

An antiquarian or antiquary (from the , meaning related to ancient times) is a student of antiquities or things of the past. More specifically, the term is used for those who study history with particular attention to ancient artifacts. This includes archaeological and historic sites, or historic archives and manuscripts. The essence of antiquarianism is a focus on the empirical evidence of the past. It may be better explained by the motto adopted by the 18th-century antiquary, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, "We speak from facts not theory".

Antiquarian societies 
In the 18th century a new form of humanism emerged. Learned men and those interested in history formed new antiquarian societies. They were not associated with universities. They were formed by gentlemen of means and leisure, They had a growing interest in ancient Greece. A fortunate few, mainly Englishmen and Frenchmen, could visit these sites. A lucky few could even afford books illustrating these antiquities. Many early antiquarians were self-taught. These gentlemen scholars prepared papers on their findings and debated these in the society meetings. At times they disagreed with the new academic approach to history. By the end of the 19th century, antiquarianism had been replaced by a number of more specialized academic disciplines. These included archaeology, art history, numismatics, sigillography, philology, literary studies and diplomatics. Today the term is often used in a pejorative sense. It is used to refer to a very narrow focus on historical trivia instead of the actual history. 

An antiquarian may also be someone who collect or study antiques.

Related pages 
 Historian
 Collector
 Connoisseur
 Archaeology

References

Other websites 
 Antiquarianism and history

Books
Shah Jalal

Hazrat Shah Jalal (, , full name: Shāh Jalāl ad-Dīn al-Mujarrad al-Turk al Naqshbandi) is a celebrated Sufi Muslim figure in Bengal. Jalal's name is associated with the Muslim movement into northeastern Bengal. Also he is associated with the spread of Islam in Bangladesh through Sufism. Jalal was originally a Turkestani. He arrived at Sylhet in 1303. This is according to a tablet inscription found in Amber Khana, Sylhet. Dhaka renamed Zia International Airport to Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport. Dhaka and Sylhet had named a University known as Hazrat Shahjalal University of Science and Technology.  The Mazarin is located at Chittagong.

References 

Yemen
History of Bangladesh
Islam
Typhoon Matmo (2014)

Typhoon Matmo (also Typhoon Henry) was a tropical cyclone. The storm struck Taiwan in July 2014. The storm also hit eastern China.

Damage totaled $567 million. Sixty-two people died from the typhoon.

2014 disasters
2014 in weather
Matmo
July 2014 events
2010s in Taiwan
2014 in China
Lucidio Sentimenti

Lucidio Sentimenti (also known as Sentimenti IV; 1 July 1920 – 28 November 2014) was an Italian football player from Bomporto in the Province of Modena. He played club football for several clubs including Juventus and Lazio. He also played for the Italian national football team nine different times.

Sentimenti died in Turin, Italy, aged 94.

References

1920 births
2014 deaths
1950 FIFA World Cup players
Italian footballers
Sportspeople from Emilia-Romagna
Mark Strand

Mark Strand (April 11, 1934 – November 29, 2014) was a Canadian-American poet, essayist, and translator. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1990. He was a professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University. Strand was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island.

Strand died on November 29, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City from liposarcoma, aged 80.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2014 deaths
Educators from New York City
American poets
Canadian poets
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from liposarcoma
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from New York City
Diane Middlebrook

Diane Helen Wood Middlebrook (April 16, 1939 – December 15, 2007) was an American biographer, poet, and teacher. She taught feminist studies for many years at Stanford University. She was best known for writing biographies of poets Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath (along with Plath's husband Ted Hughes), and jazz musician Billy Tipton. She was born in Pocatello, Idaho.

Middlebrook died in San Francisco, California from liposarcoma, aged 68.

References

Other websites 
DianeMiddlebrook.com, the author's personal web site 

1939 births
2007 deaths
Educators from Idaho
American poets
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from liposarcoma
Writers from Idaho
Liposarcoma

Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor. It is found on fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum. They are typically large bulky tumors. Liposarcomas, like all sarcomas, are rare.

References

Cancer
Chris Meffert

John Christian "Chris" Meffert (August 11, 1943 – November 13, 2014) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as Mayor of Ocala, Florida from 1977 through 1980. He then served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1980 through 1988. Meffert was born in Ocala, Florida.

Meffert died in Salt Springs, Florida from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), aged 71.

References

1943 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from motor neurone disease
American mayors
Politicians from Florida
People from Ocala, Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
Whoopee cushion

A whoopee cushion, also known as a  razzberry Cushion, is a practical joke device, used in a form of flatulence humour. It produces a noise resembling a "raspberry" or human flatulence. It is made from two sheets of rubber that are glued together at the edges. There is a small opening with a flap at one end for air to enter and leave the cushion. It is used by first inflating with air, then place it under a chair cushion for an unsuspecting victim to sit on. It is intended to embarrass the person. The Roman Empress Elagabalus was known to use an early version of a whoopee cushions at dinner parties. It is very similar to a pig-bladder used by court Jesters in the middle ages. It would produce the same results. The modern version was re-invented in the 1920s by the JEM Rubber Co. of Toronto, Canada. Employees were experimenting with scrap sheets of rubber to produce the gag item.

References 

Pranks
Eurasian teal

The Eurasian teal, common teal, or Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca)  is a duck that lives in Europe and Asia. It is the only kind of teal in most places. Teal is also the name of a color between blue and green. The bird has this color round its eyes.

The teal mates where the weather is temperate, but in winter it flies south to avoid the cold. When it is not starting a family, the teal likes to be with other teals. It often lives in places where the ground is very wet and the wind is usually not strong. It does not go under the water to find its food. Instead, it stays on top of the water and eats seeds and bugs that live in the water.

Some scientists think that another kind of teal, the North American green-winged teal (A. carolinensis), is a kind of common teal

References 

Ducks
John T. Chisholm

John T. Chisholm (born in Milwaukee in 1963) is the district attorney of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.  He has held this office since 2007.  Chisholm is known for his successful prosecution of corrupt politicians and police officers, serial killer Walter Ellis, crime boss and preacher Michael Lock, and many associates of Governor Scott Walker.

References

1963 births
Living people
People from Wisconsin
Chinese Rail GKD1

The GKD1 (D1) is a kind of diesel locomotive used in China. It was built by Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works.

Other websites 
Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works: GKD1 Diesel Electric Locomotive

Bo-Bo locomotives
Rail transport in China
Locomotives of China
Chinese Rail SS3B

The SS3B () is a kind of AC-powered electric locomotive used in China. It was built by Ziyang Locomotive Works in 2002 and is still produced as of 2009.

Gallery

Manufacturers 
SS3B have been manufactured by several companies:
Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works(7001)
Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works(0001~0119)
CSR Ziyang Locomotive Works(5001~5104)
Datong locomotive factory(6001~6129)

Co-Co locomotives
Locomotives of China
Dayananda Saraswati

Dayananda Saraswati   (,  Maharshi Dayānand Sarasvatī) born (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883), at Tankara was an important Hindu religious leader of his time. He was the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic tradition. He was a scholar of Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for Swarajya as "India for Indians" in 1876.

Maharshi Dayananda taught the doctrine of Karma (Karmasiddhanta in Hinduism) and Reincarnation (Punarjanma in Hinduism). He emphasized the Vedic ideals of brahmacharya (celibacy) and Bhakti (devotion to God). He promoted equal rights for women. This included the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures. He was against child marriage. He was also against idol worshipping and animal sacrifice. He spoke out against other religions, especially Islam and Christianity. He felt they were out to destroy the Hindu faith.

References 

 

1824 births
1883 deaths
Hindu gurus
Snake case

Snake case (or snake_case) is the process of writing compound words so that the words are separated with an underscore symbol (_) instead of a space. The first letter is usually changed to lowercase. Some examples of Snake case would be "foo_bar" or "hello_world". It is commonly used in computer code. At least one study found that readers can recognize snake case faster than CamelCase.

Variants 
If the first letter of each word is uppercase, this is known as Train-Case.

Programming Languages that use snake case 
 OCaml 
 C++
 Erlang
 Perl
 PHP
 Python
 R
 Ruby
 Rust

Related pages 
 CamelCase

References

Programming languages
Typography
Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever

Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever is a television Christmas movie that stars the famous internet celebrity animal, Grumpy Cat. The movie was first shown on the Lifetime network on November 29, 2014. 

It stars Megan Charpentier as a young girl who adopts Grumpy Cat. Then she finds out that she and the cat can really talk with one another. 

The voice of Grumpy Cat is spoken by the actress Aubrey Plaza. She did not know about Grumpy Cat before working in the movie. To prepare, she learned all about Grumpy's behavior. The movie had already been made when Aubrey did the cat's voice part. Instead of using her script, she made up most of Grumpy's lines that ended up in the movie.

Plot 
Grumpy Cat is a lonely cat living in a pet shop in a shopping mall. The pet shop is going to go out of business and be shut down. Grumpy is sad and upset because she is not getting picked to get a new home, while other animals are being adopted. 

Chrystal is a lonely 12-year-old girl who comes into the pet store right before Christmas and falls in love with Grumpy Cat. Grumpy finds out that she can communicate by talking with this girl. Chrystal is also amazed to find out that Grumpy Cat can talk. At first, the two do not get along with one another. While visiting in the pet shop during the Christmas holidays, they slowly become friends. 

Chrystal really likes Grumpy after they have an exciting adventure. A dog that costs a lot of money is about to be dognapped from the pet shop. Even though Grumpy does not like the dog, she stops the theft of the dog from happening.

Cast
Aubrey Plaza does the Grumpy Cat voice
Daniel Roebuck plays George
Megan Charpentier plays Chrystal
Grumpy Cat plays Herself
Russell Peters plays Santa
Chris Williams does the voice for Lance the hamster

Reception
Reviews for Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever have been both negative and postive. The AV Club and Entertainment Weekly both did not like the movie. AV Club said it was "the largest turd in Lifetime's crap crown of original programming." The Guardian and St. Louis Post Dispatch were a bit more positive in their reviews. The St. Louis Post Dispatch said that although the film was "terrible" they still enjoyed it overall.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever Rotten Tomatoes
 Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever Metacritic

Television movies
Movies about cats
Christmas movies
Freaks and Geeks

Freaks and Geeks is a 1999-2000 American comedy-drama television show on NBC. It is set at a high school in Detroit, Michigan in 1980. Freaks and Geeks has a cult following. The series appeared on Time magazine's 2007 "100 Greatest Shows of All Time" list. It also placed number 13 on the "Best 20 Shows of the Decade".

References 

1999 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
1990s American comedy television series
1990s American drama television series
1990s comedy-drama television series
1990s teen television series
2000s American comedy television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s comedy-drama television series
2000s teen television series
American comedy-drama television series
American teen comedy television series
American teen drama television series
Detroit, Michigan
Michigan in fiction
NBC network shows
Period television series
Works set in the 1980s
English-language television programs
You're So Vain

"You're So Vain" is a 1972 pop ballad, written and performed by Carly Simon.

This song is about an arrogant (or unkind) man. Some people wondered who was so vain? She told later in the newspaper that the person’s name contains the letter E. This song is also well-known that Mick Jagger joined and sang backup on the record. Simon also played the piano in the record. It was released in November, 1972.

The song has been covered by many artists.

notes

Outer links 
You're so Vain (1972) from album "No Secrets" at YouTube

1970s songs
Narcissism in fiction
Pop songs
Pop ballads
More, More, More

"More, More, More" is a pop single by Andrea True Connection. The song was sampled for Len's 1999 "Steal My Sunshine".

The song was covered by other artists, including Samantha Fox, Bananarama and Rachel Stevens.

This song hit #4 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was released in February 1976.

1976 songs
Pop songs
Sisters (TV series)

Sisters was an American television drama series. The show was about four sisters in Winnetka, Illinois.

The show was first broadcast in May of 1991. It lasted until May 4, 1996.

1991 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
1990s American television series
American drama television series
Illinois in fiction
NBC network shows
Television series about families
English-language television programs
World Almanac

The World Almanac and Book of Facts is a reference book. It has information on tragedies, sports, weather and celebrities. The book was #1 on the Washington Post bestseller list in November 2011.

The book has been published every year since 1868, except between 1876 and 1885.

Rosie Perez reads the book in White Men Can't Jump.

Reference works
Gunnar Hultgren

Gunnar Hultgren (19 February 1902, Eskilstuna, Sweden – 13 February 1991, Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1958 and 1967.

References 

1902 births
1991 deaths
Archbishops of Uppsala
Ruben Josefson

Ruben Josefson (25 August 1907, Svenljunga, Sweden – 19 March 1972, Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1967 and 1972.

References 

1907 births
1972 deaths
Swedish clergy
Archbishops of Uppsala
Olof Sundby

Olof Sundby (6 December 1917, Karlskoga, Sweden – 6 December 1996 in Lund, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden.. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1972 and 1983.

References 

1917 births
1996 deaths
Swedish clergy
Archbishops of Uppsala
Hans Olof Holmström

Hans Olof Holmström (15 October 1784, Ösmno Parish, Sweden – 27 August 1855 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden.. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1852-1855.

References 

1784 births
1855 deaths
Swedish clergy
Archbishops of Uppsala