cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
United States Women's Bureau

The United States Women's Bureau (WB) is an agency of the United States government. It is a part of the United States Department of Labor.  The Woman's Bureau was established by Congress in 1920. It is the only federal agency mandated to represent the needs of women wage earners in the public policy process. The Director is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. He or she is supported by a staff in the national office as well as ten regional offices.

History

In 1918 President Woodrow Wilson created Woman in Industry Service. It was the predecessor of the more permanent Women's Bureau which was founded in 1920. The agency was founded by an act of Congress. The first director was Mary Anderson. She had been the assistant director of the Woman in Industry Service. She remained the director through World War II. In 1922, the WB investigated and reported on the conditions facing 'negro women in industry.' The WB successfully advocated for the inclusion of women under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. By 1942 shortages of manpower and efforts by woman's advocate groups such as the Women's Bureau saw the female labor force go up from 12 to 18 million. Their wages doubled and even tripled during the war. But after the war the difference between woman's and men's working wages returned. In the 1950s, the Woman's Board focused on 'older women as office workers.' The WB played a large role in the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. In 1982, the Woman's Board started a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored childcare. This was followed by the start of a multimedia Work and Family Clearinghouse in 1989. they also worked for the passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. In 1996, the Woman's Board published a fact sheet on the workplace effects of domestic violence.

Related pages 

 United States Department of Labor
 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
 Equal Pay Act of 1963

References

Other websites 

 US Department of Labor; Woman's Bureau

1920 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Labor
Black caiman

The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) is a species of caiman. It is the largest living member of the Alligatoridae family. It lives along slow-moving rivers, lakes and wetlands in the Amazon Basin of South America. The black caiman has very dark skin. It can grow up to  in length.

Crocodilia
Ken Ham

Kenneth Alfred Ham (born 20 October 1951) is an Australian young-Earth creationist. He is the president of Answers in Genesis (AiG). Ham is also the founder of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky, United States. He is a former high school science teacher.

Career 
Ham was born on 20 October 1951 in Cairns, Queensland. His father was a Christian educator who settled his family in Brisbane, working as a school principal. Ham earned a Bachelor of Applied Science degree from Queensland Institute of Technology.  He also earned a diploma in Education from the University of Queensland.

Bill Nye debate 

On 4 February 2014, at the Creation Museum, Ham debated Bill Nye (also known as "Bill Nye the Science Guy"). The topic was the question "Is Creation A Viable Model of Origins?". The televised event drew over three million viewers. Ham's position was the world was created about 6,000 years ago. He also defended his position that all animals alive today descend from those aboard Noah's Ark. Nye argued that radioisotopic and ice core data shows that Earth has existed for much longer than 6,000 years. He also added that using the Bible's description of the Ark it could not float. A number of experts were critical of the debate saying that it did not discuss important areas. At least one said neither did very well. An informal viewer's poll showed 92% thought Nye won the debate. However, "Debate is a tool for showing who's a better orator, not necessarily who's right. And Ken Ham is no mean orator, usually," noted the National Center for Science Education, a not-for-profit membership organization that defends the teaching of evolution and climate science."

Quote 
Ham said of his father:

Personal life 
He married Marylin "Mally" on 30 December 1972. They have five children together. The Ham couple live in unincorporated Boone County, Kentucky.

References

Other websites

 

1951 births
Living people
Australian activists
Australian Christians
Australian educators
Baptists
Christian writers
Creationists
People from Cairns, Queensland
Writers from Queensland
Jim Lange

Jim Lange (August 15, 1932 – February 25, 2014) was an American game show host and disc jockey. He was best known to radio listeners for his work as an announcer on stations in California. He was best known to television viewers as the host of The Dating Game. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Lange died from a heart attack on February 25, 2014 at his home in Mill Valley, California. He was aged 81. He was survived by his wife of over 35 years, Nancy Fleming, who won the Miss America crown in 1961.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
2014 deaths
American game show hosts
American radio personalities
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Colin Mochrie

Colin Andrew Mochrie (; born November 30, 1957) is a Scottish-Canadian actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his work as a regular on both the British and American versions of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway?.

Mochrie was born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. In 1964, he moved with his family to Canada. He first moved to Montreal, Quebec and finally Vancouver, British Columbia.

References

Other websites

 

1957 births
Living people
Actors from Montreal
Actors from British Columbia
British stand-up comedians
Scottish television actors
Scottish movie actors
Scottish writers
Canadian comedians
Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian writers
Jan Hoet

Jan Hoet (23 June 1936 – 27 February 2014) was a Belgian art critic and curator. He was the founder of Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (SMAK; ).

He was born in Leuven. On 17 June 2012, he collapsed at the airport in Hamburg, Germany after having a heart attack. On 23 June 2012, Hoet suffered from hypercapnia and he was being held in a coma at the hospital of Soltau, Germany. He soon returned to Ghent.

Hoet suffered a second heart attack in January 2014. He died at a hospital in Ghent on February 27, 2014. He was aged 77.

References

Other websites
 

1936 births
2014 deaths
Art critics
Belgian nobility
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Belgium
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Flemish Brabant
Fryazino

Fryazino is a scientific town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is about 25 miles northeast of the city of Moscow. The population is about 55,369. 

Fryazino is an electronics center. Merloni Electrodomestici of Italy has facilities in Fryazino that make electric stoves and washing machines. Currently, however, a large part of the population of Fryazino works in Moscow. 

The first school was opened in Fryazino in 1912. There are seven schools, including five secondary and gymnasiums in the town now. By the end of 1980, 20% of the population of Fryazino had a higher education.

Notes

References 

Cities in Russia
Seth Meyers

Seth Adam Meyers (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, screenwriter, producer, television host and comedian. He is best known for hosting NBC's Saturday Night Live news parody segment Weekend Update and the NBC talk show Late Night with Seth Meyers. The latter program premiered on February 24, 2014.

Meyers was born in Evanston, Illinois to  Hillary and Lawrence Meyers. in 1996 he graduated from Northwestern University. After college he and his brother Josh moved to Amsterdam. They joined a comedy improv group called Boom Chicago. In 2001 he auditioned for producer Lorne Michaels of Saturday Night Live and joined the cast that same year.

References

Other websites

 

1973 births
Living people
People from Evanston, Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Comedians from Illinois
Writers from Illinois
Actors from New Hampshire
Writers from New Hampshire
American stand-up comedians
Jewish American actors
American television actors
American movie actors
American television personalities
Screenwriters from Illinois
American movie producers
American voice actors
Comedians from New Hampshire
Neil deGrasse Tyson

Neil deGrasse Tyson (; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. He is currently the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space and a research associate in the department of astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History.

Tyson was born in the borough Manhattan of New York City, New York. He graduated from The Bronx High School of Science. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics from Harvard University. He earned his doctorate degree in Astrophysics from Columbia University. He lives in Lower Manhattan with his wife and two children.

In December 2018, Tyson was accused on sexual misconduct by many female former students. He said that the allegations were not true, but Fox and National Geographic announced that they would launch an investigation into the matter.

Related pages
List of astrophysicists

References

Other websites

 

1958 births
Living people
Scientists from New York City
American academics
American astrophysicists
Educators from New York City
American agnostics
American activists
People from the Bronx
Intelligence agency

An intelligence agency is a government agency. Its job is to collect, analyse, and use information to support its government. 

There are two parts to this, and usually they are done by separate agencies. The first part is to collect information (to "spy") on other countries. The other side is to watch people in the home country who might cause problems. A third activity is to defend against foreign intelligence agencies in the home country. This is called counter-intelligence, and is often done by a separate agency.

What the agencies discover is called "intelligence". It may be used to help law enforcement, security, defence and foreign policy.  

The methods of information gathering are sometimes covert (hidden) and sometimes quite open. A covert method might be to steal and copy secret documents. An open method would be to read all published work on some important matter, and analyse it. Much important material is published openly in democratic countries.

To get hold of secret information, these organisations use espionage, intercept signals (tap phones, hack computers), cryptanalysis (break codes), and think about what the information means. Putting together and communicating information is known as intelligence analysis and assessment.

Some agencies have been involved in assassination, arms trafficking, coups d'état, and the placement of misinformation (propaganda) as well as other covert operations, in order to support their own or their governments' interests.

Examples

British 
SIS The Secret Intelligence Service, usually called MI6. Collects intelligence ("spies on") from other countries.
The Security Service, usually called MI5. Does counter-intelligence against foreign threats.
GCHQ Government Communication Headquarters. Intercepts signals, decodes them, passes the information on to other agencies. The home of cryptanalysis, the successor to Bletchley Park. 
Joint Intelligence Committee. Informs government as to what is going on.

U.S.A. 
The United States has about 17 major intelligence groups, and many other smaller groups. These are the most important:
CIA: The Central Intelligence Agency. Spies on foreign countries, and takes covert action against enemies of the U.S. abroad.
Defense Intelligence Agency
Homeland Security acts against terrorism inside the United States, and helps when natural disasters occur.
United States Intelligence Community is the coordinating group for government intelligence agencies, headed by the Director of National Intelligence.

References
Elias Lönnrot

Elias Lönnrot (9 April 1802 – 19 March 1884) was a Finnish philologist. He collected traditional spoken poems and made a book of them. He made Finland's national epic, Kalevala. This is a book of traditional folk stories and poems. He collected these during several journeys across Finland, Karelia, and parts of Russia and the Baltic countries.

Lönnrot, Mikael Agricola and Aleksis Kivi are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

Lönnrot also the first book about plants in Finland, Flora Fennica () in 1860.

He born and died in Sammatti, an old town in Uusimaa.

References

Other websites

1802 births
1884 deaths
Linguists
Finnish scientists
Botanists
Christian writers
Lutherans
Tana River (Norway)

The Tana River ( or ; ; ), is a  river, and it is the border between Norway and Finland for . The river is in Sápmi area of northern Fenno-Scandinavia, sometimes called Scandinavia.  The river flows through Finnmark county, Norway and the Lapland region of Finland. The Sámi name means "Great River". The main tributaries of Tana are Anarjohka and Karasjohka rivers. It is one of the world's most important rivers for Atlantic salmon reproduction.

Related pages 
 Atlantic salmon

References

Other websites 

 The Tana River Delta Website 
 Salmon - king of the major rivers (Teno) 

Rivers of Finland
Rivers of Europe
Alexander Salák

Alexander Salák (born January 5, 1987) is a Czech ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for SKA Saint Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Career
Salák started his career playing in the SM-liiga with the TPS Turku. He played there for 2 seasons and was signed by the Florida Panthers of the NHL on May 29, 2009. He played two games with the Panthers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans. Salák was loaned to Färjestads BK of the Swedish Elite League (SEL) to play in the 2010-11 season.

On February 9, 2011, the Panthers traded Salák along with Michael Frolík to the Chicago Blackhawks for Jack Skille, Hugh Jessiman, and David Pacan. The Blackhawks signed him to a two-year contract on May 31, 2011. The Blackhawks released him from his contract on June 18, 2012.

References

Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Swedish Hockey League players
Atlantic salmon

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a fish in the family Salmonidae. Atlantic salmon are found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into the north Atlantic. They have also been successfully transplanted into the north Pacific Ocean. Other names for Atlantic salmon are: bay salmon, black salmon, caplin-scull salmon, Sebago salmon, silver salmon, fiddler, or outside salmon. Atlantic salmon that don't journey to sea are known as landlocked salmon or ouananiche. This can be due to human interference or natural disasters.

Life cycle 

Most Atlantic salmon follow an anadromous life cycle. Once hatched, they are called alevins. They live off the nutrients in their yolk sac they were born with. Once they start feeding they are called fry. They grow into juveniles or parr and remain in fresh water for a number of years while growing. When they leave fresh water they are called smolts. Smolts leave the streams and move into the ocean for feeding and growth. The post-smolts change from territorial behavior to that of open ocean, possibly shoaling, fish. Their mortality rate while in the ocean is very high. The rate is from 90% to as high as 99%. After 1–5 years at sea they return to spawn in the same streams they were born in. Unlike most Pacific varieties Atlantic salmon are iteroparous meaning they don't automatically die after their first spawning. But the stress of spawning, predators, exhaustion or disease does kill many. The remainder return to sea to spawn again and again.

There is variety in the life cycle of Atlantic salmon. They do not require salt water. Numerous examples of fully fresh water landlocked Atlantic salmon exist throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, the landlocked fish are called ouananiche. Fresh water Atlantic salmon are smaller than the anadromous (ocean-dwelling) Atlantic salmon.

Related pages 
 Salmon
 Tana River (Norway)

Notes

References 

Ray-finned fish
Huber Matos

Huber Matos Benítez (26 November 1918 – 27 February 2014) was a Cuban dissident activist and writer from Yara, Granma Province.

He was best known as a revolutionary who assisted Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and other members of the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) in removing the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista as part of the Cuban Revolution. He was against Batista since the general's effective coup in 1952, which he called unconstitutional, but became more critical of the movement's shift towards Marxist principles, and closing ties with leaders of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC). He was convicted of "treason and sedition" by the new Castro regime. He would spend 20 years in prison (1959–1979) before being released in 1979.

After his release, he spent his time between Miami, Florida, United States and Costa Rica. He was politically active in speaking out against the Cuban government.

Matos died from a heart attack on 27 February 2014 in Miami, Florida. He was aged 95.

References

Other websites

 

1918 births
2014 deaths
Activists
Anti-Communists
Prisoners
Cuban writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Non-Stop (movie)

Non-Stop is a 2014 French-American action thriller/mystery movie directed by Jaume Collet-Serra. It was produced by Joel Silver. It stars Liam Neeson and Julianne Moore. It will be released on February 28, 2014.

2014 action movies
2014 thriller movies
2010s action thriller movies
2014 mystery movies
American action thriller movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
French action movies
French thriller movies
Canadian thriller movies
Movies directed by Jaume Collet-Serra
Ghostbusters (1984 movie)

Ghostbusters is an American supernatural comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It is about people fighting ghosts in New York City. It was written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. It stars Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis, Sigourney Weaver, Annie Potts, William Atherton, Ernie Hudson and Rick Moranis. The music was composed by Elmer Bernstein. It was released on June 8, 1984. The movie earned $229 million at the box office and received mostly positive reviews. It was followed by Ghostbusters II.

Release dates 

1984 comedy movies
1980s fantasy movies
1980s ghost movies
1980s monster movies
1980s American comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American ghost movies
American monster movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ivan Reitman
Movies set in New York City
Ghostbusters movies
Rick Moranis

Frederick Allan "Rick" Moranis (born April 18, 1953) is a Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter and songwriter. He was nominated for a Grammy Award twice. He was known for his role in the movie, Honey, I Shrunk the Kids and in the Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show. He is also known for appearing in Ghostbusters, The Flintstones, Spaceballs, and in Little Shop of Horrors.

Filmography

Other websites

 rickmoranis.com 
 
 Rick Moranis, Singing 'Cowboy', a December 2005 story from Weekend Edition
 OpEd Piece by Moranis from the NY Times website
 Rick Moranis Interview Proton Charging May 27, 2006
 Radio Interview Rick Moranis 2006

1953 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian musicians
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Comedians from Toronto
Emmy Award winners
Musicians from Ontario
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Toronto
Elmer Bernstein

Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922 – August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor. He is best known for his many movie soundtracks.

His musical career last for fifty years, he composed music for over one hundred movies and television shows. His most popular works include the scores to The Magnificent Seven, The Ten Commandments, The Great Escape, To Kill a Mockingbird, Ghostbusters, The Black Cauldron and The Rookies.

Bernstein died of cancer on August 18, 2004.

References

Other websites

Fan website
BernsteinWest.com
Meatballs Movie Website 

Academy Award winning composers
American movie score composers
Golden Globe Award winning composers
1922 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American composers
People from New York City
Sorel Etrog

Sorel Etrog, CM (August 29, 1933 – February 26, 2014) was a Romanian-born Canadian artist, writer and philosopher. He is best known for his work as a sculptor. In 1966, works by Etrog, Alex Colville and Yves Gaucher represented Canada at the Venice Biennale.

He died from prostate cancer in Toronto. He was aged 80.

References

Other websites

 Sorel Etrog  at Gallery Moos Toronto
 "Etrog", Artnet
 Sorel Etrog at the Tate Gallery

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Romanian philosophers
Canadian painters
Canadian sculptors
Canadian philosophers
Ernie Hudson

Earnest Lee "Ernie" Hudson (born December 17, 1945) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Winston Zeddemore in the Ghostbusters movie series, Sergeant Albrecht in The Crow, and Warden Leo Glynn on HBO's Oz.

Filmography

References

Other websites

Interview (March 2008) with Ernie Hudson, by Matthew Waldram 

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Michigan
Shehu Shagari

Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari, Turakin Sakkwato (25 February 1925 – 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician. He served as the President of Nigeria's Second Republic from 1979 to 1983. His government was given power by General Olusegun Obasanjo's military government.

Shagari died on 28 December 2018 at a hospital in Abuja, Nigeria from a short-illness at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2018 deaths
Presidents of Nigeria
Ali Hassan Mwinyi

Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925) is a Tanzanian politician. He was the second President of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Before that he had been Interior Minister and Vice President. He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996.

Mwinyi was born in Kivure, in the Pwani Region.

References

Other websites

1925 births
Living people
Presidents of Tanzania
Nicholas Brathwaite

Sir Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite PC (8 July 1925 – 28 October 2016) was a Grenadian politician. He was the acting Prime Minister of Grenada from 1983 to 1984. He then served as the 5th Prime Minister of Grenada from 1990 to 1995. He resigned from his duties as prime minister in 1995. He was knighted the same year.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Prime Ministers of Grenada
Mahathir Mohamad

Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad () ; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Malaysia from May 2018 to March 2020. He was also the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the job for 22 years from 1981 to 2003. This made him Malaysia's longest-serving Prime Minister. His political career lasted for almost 40 years until briefly retiring. 

During his job, he made many laws that helped Malaysia become richer, but he also made other laws to punish people who criticised him. But he was a kind person.

At 94, he is the oldest living Prime Minister of Malaysia and was the world's oldest head of state or government still in office until he resigned in February 2020.

In 2018, Mahathir announced his bid for another term as Malaysian Prime Minister for the 2018 general election. He won the election in May 2018.

On 24 February 2020,Mahathir announced his resignation as Prime Minister.

References

More reading

Other websites

1925 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Quett Masire

Quett Ketumile Joni Masire, GCMG (23 July 1925 – 22 June 2017) was a Botswana politician. He was the second President of Botswana for the Botswana Democratic Party from 1980 to 1998. He was born in Kanye.

Masire died in Gaborone, Botswana on 22 June 2017 from surgical complications at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Presidents of Botswana
Vice Presidents of Botswana
Ali Bozer

Ali Husrev Bozer (28 July 1925 – 30 September 2020) was a Turkish politician and professor of commercial law.

He was originally a member of the Nationalist Democracy Party (MDP). He then joined the Motherland Party (ANAP). He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Turgut Özal and Yıldırım Akbulut. He was also Minister of Foreign Affairs.

He was born in Ankara. Bozer died on 30 September 2020 in Ankara from COVID-19, aged 95.

References

Other websites
Prime Ministry website  

1925 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey
Civil servants
Politicians from Ankara
Gérard Kango Ouédraogo

Gérard Kango Ouédraogo (19 September 1925 – 1 July 2014) was Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 13 February 1971 to 8 February 1974. He was President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from 1978 to November 25, 1980. 

He was born in Ouahigouya.  

He served in the French National Assembly from 1956-1959.

Biography 
Gérard Ouédraogo was born on September 19, 1925, in Ouahigouya, at the entrance of an ancestral site, Naaba Kango Cave. His name Kango was originally Kaongo, that is to say the field that surrounds a palace or a concession.

Founder of the MRV (Voltaic regroupment movement), he was deputy of Upper Volta under the Fourth Republic, then in the first National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. He was ambassador of the new independent state of Upper Volta in Great Britain from 1960 to 1966. Subsequently, he continued to play an important role in the political life of the country, notably by sitting in the National Assembly for the constituency of Ouahigouya and being one of the leaders of the UDV / RDA (Democratic Union Voltaic, member of the African Democratic Rally). He was Prime Minister of Upper Volta from 1971 to 1974, under the presidency of Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana.

President of the National Assembly during the coup d'état of Saye Zerbo on November 25, 1980, he was imprisoned several times under the dictatorships of Saye Zerbo, Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaore. Since the easing of the regime presided over by the latter head of state in the early 1990s, he was elected twice as MP under the Fourth Republic, before resigning on May 27, 1998. Shortly thereafter, the African Democratic Rally appointed honorary president for life.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
Prime Ministers of Burkina Faso
Yang Hyong-sop

Yang Hyong-sop (born 1 October 1925)
is a North Korean politician.  He was elected chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly in 1983, and served until 1998. He is vice president of the Presidium of the Spa (1998-2019).

Yang was born in Hamhung. He attended Moscow State University and Kim Il-sung University. He is married to Kim Shin-sook, a cousin of Kim Il-Sung.

References

1925 births
Living people
North Korean politicians
Antoine Gizenga

Antoine Gizenga (5 October 1925 – 24 February 2019) was a Congolese politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He is the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifié, PALU).

Gizenga was born in Mushiko, Bandundu. He died on 24 February 2019 in Kinshasa, aged 93.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2019 deaths
Prime Ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Czesław Kiszczak

Czesław Jan Kiszczak (; 19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish politician. He was active during the Polish People's Republic, the Communist period in Poland.

Kiszczak was a member of the Polish Workers' Party and later the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). He served as a high-ranking officer of the Polish Army, a chief of secret services and Minister of Internal Affairs (MSW) between 1981 and 1990.

He served during the years of Martial Law in Poland. He was an assistant of Wojciech Jaruzelski. He was also the last Communist Prime Minister of Poland, serving briefly in 1989.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2015 deaths
Generals
Polish communist politicians
Polish military people
Prime Ministers of Poland
Gregorio Conrado Álvarez

Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino (November 26, 1925 – December 28, 2016) was a Uruguayan general and former dictator. He served as the de facto president of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985.

On October 22, 2009, he was convicted for 37 counts of murder and human rights violations. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. However, he was not in court to hear the verdict as he was ill.

He was born in Montevideo.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Presidents of Uruguay
Criminals
People from Montevideo
Julio María Sanguinetti

Julio María Sanguinetti Coirolo (born 6 January 1936) is a Uruguayan politician, lawyer and journalist. He served as President of Uruguay twice: from March 1985 until March 1990, and from March 1995 until March 2000. He was from the Colorado Party.

He supports same-sex marriage and a bill that recently approved same-sex marriages by the Uruguayan legislature.

Sanguinetti was born in Montevideo.

References

Other websites

1936 births
Living people
Presidents of Uruguay
Uruguayan lawyers
People from Montevideo
Arnaldo Forlani

Arnaldo Forlani (; born 8 December 1925) is an Italian politician. He served as the 44th Prime Minister of Italy from 18 October 1980 to 28 June 1981. He was previously a member of the right-wing of the Italian Christian Democratic Party.

References

Other websites

1925 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Italy
Trần Thiện Khiêm

General Trần Thiện Khiêm (15 December 1925 – 24 June 2021) was a Vietnamese military officer. He was an officer in the army of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. 

During the 1960s he was involved in several coups d'état. He helped President Ngô Đình Diệm put down a coup attempt in November 1960. He was rewarded with promotion. In 1963 he was involved in the coup that deposed and assassinated Ngo Dinh Diem. From 1969 until 1975, he was the Prime Minister of South Vietnam.

Khiêm died on 24 June 2021 in San Jose, California at the age of 95.

References

1925 births
2021 deaths
Generals
Military personnel of the Vietnam War
Vietnamese military people
Vietnamese politicians
Prime ministers
Luis Alberto Monge

Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez (29 December 1925 – 29 November 2016) was a Costa Rican politician, diplomat and lawyer. He was the President of Costa Rica from 8 May 1982 to 8 May 1986. Before being President, he was the country's ambassador to Israel.

He was born in Palmares, Alajuela Province. Monge died of cardiac arrest on 29 November 2016 in San José, aged 90.

References

Other websites
  Biography by CIDOB Foundation

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Presidents of Costa Rica
Lawyers
Ambassadors to Israel
Rachid Solh

Rachid Solh (1 January 1926 – 27 June 2014) was a Lebanese politician. He served as the Prime Minister. He was part of one of the most powerful Sunni Muslim families in the country.

Solh was elected as a member of the Lebanese Parliament for the first time in 1960. He was appointed prime minister by president Suleiman Franjieh in 1974.

Solh resigned from office on 15 May 1975, a few weeks after the start of the Lebanese Civil War.

He died on 27 June 2014, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
Lebanese Muslims
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili

Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili (; January 28, 1926 - November 23, 2016) was an Iranian politician and Muslim leader. He served as the head of legal system of Iran for about 8 years after terror of Dr. Beheshti until death of Khomeini. He was a marja of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.

He was born in Ardabil. He died in Tehran on 23 November 2016.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Chief Justices of Iran
Mohammad Hasan Sharq

Mohammad Hasan Sharq (born 17 July 1925) is an Afghan politician during the communist regime of Afghanistan. Sharq became Prime Minister of Afghanistan or Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet-backed government, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

He was selected as a back-up candidate after the Loya Jirga ratified a new constitution in 1987. However, the power of his office was relatively small compared with the ones of the Presidency.

References

1925 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Afghanistan
Abdelsalam Majali

Abdelsalam Atalla Al Majali (   ; born 18 February 1926) is a Jordanian medical doctor and politician. He served twice as the Prime Minister of Jordan.

References

1926 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Jordan
Physicians
Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum

Chau Sen Cocsal (; 1 September 1905 – 22 January 2009), also known as "Chhum" (), was a Cambodian civil servant and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Cambodia for a short period of time in 1962. Chhum was  old at the time of his death. This makes him the oldest lived former Prime Minister.

References

Other websites

 De Lopez, T.T. (2009). "A final goodbye to Cambodia's last great civil servant", Phnom Penh Post, 28 January
 Norodom Sihamoni (2009). "Lettre de SM Norodom Sihamoni du Cambodge à Lok Chumtiev Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum", 22 January.
 
 Pomonti, J.C (2009). "Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum Mémoire d'un siècle". Cambodge Soir, 68, 29 January - 4 February
 Royal Palace (2009). "Biographie de Samdech Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum", Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

1905 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Centenarians
Cambodian people
Prime ministers
Civil servants
Antoine Pinay

Antoine Pinay (; 30 December 1891 – 13 December 1994) was a French conservative politician. He served as Prime Minister of France from March 1952 through March 1953.

He was also Minister of Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Finance, Economic and Foreign Affairs.

He died in Saint-Chamond, Loire, at the age of 102. He is the third longest-lived national head of government or head of state in history, behind Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum and Celâl Bayar.

References

1891 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
French centenarians
People from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
Willem Drees

Willem Drees (; July 5, 1886 – May 14, 1988) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and its predecessor the SDAP. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from August 7, 1948 until December 22, 1958.

Before entering national politics Drees was a member of the municipal council and also an alderman of The Hague. During this time he was also a member of the Provincial States of South Holland.

Drees was an active performer of Esperanto.

References

Other websites

  Biography at Parlement.com

1886 births
1988 deaths
Agnostics
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Aldermen of the Netherlands
Dutch centenarians
Dutch civil servants
Dutch councillors
Dutch esotericists
Dutch former Christians
Dutch provincial politicians
Esperantists
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Freemasons
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Politicians from Amsterdam
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Writers from Amsterdam
Martin E. Sullivan

Martin E. Sullivan (February 9, 1944 – February 25, 2014) was an American museum director. He served as Director of the United States National Portrait Gallery from 2008 to 2012. This gallery is administered by the Smithsonian Institution.   

Sullivan died of kidney failure. He was aged 70.

References

1944 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American historians
People from New York
Tim Wilson (comedian)

Timothy Collins "Tim" Wilson (August 5, 1961 – February 26, 2014) was an American stand-up comedian and country musician. He released many comedy albums. He worked with Capitol Records in Nashville. He made many appearances on the John Boy and Billy, Big D and Bubba and Bob and Tom Show.

Wilson died from a heart attack. He was aged 52.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Tim Wilson at MySpace
 CMT profile

1961 births
2014 deaths
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Columbus, Georgia
Country-western dance

The country-western dance (also country dance or cowboy) is dancing that is performed mostly to country music. It is also called kicker dancing in Texas. There are several forms of it.

The western couple dance is social dancing that involves several people. Other dances include line dance and square dancing.

Other versions of the dance include:

The East Coast Swing
The West Coast Swing

The dance dates back to the late 18th century.

Dances
Anjem Choudary

Anjem Choudary (; born 1967) is a British former solicitor and Islam preacher. He was the leader and spokesman for the Islamist group Islam4UK until it was banned under the Terrorism Act 2000.

Choudary was born in Welling, London to Pakistani parents. He is married to Rubana Akhtar. As of 2006, the couple have three children.

References

Other websites

 

1967 births
Living people
Al-Qaeda people
British lawyers
British Muslims
Criminals from London
Islamic State people
Aaron Allston

Aaron Allston (December 8, 1960 – February 27, 2014) was an American game designer and writer of many science fiction books. He was best known for his Star Wars novels. His works as a game designer include mostly role-playing games (RPGs). He several of the RPGs served to create the basis for products and following development of TSR's Dungeons & Dragons game setting Mystara. He was born in Corsicana, Texas.

Allston collapsed after having a massive heart failure on December 8, 1960 during a VisionCon in Springfield, Missouri. He died later that day at the age of 53.

References

Other websites

 Aaron Allston at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database

1960 births
2014 deaths
American movie directors
American science fiction writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from heart failure
Video game designers
Writers from Texas
Son of God (movie)

The movie Son of God is a biographical movie. It was released February 28, 2014. It is about the life and death of Jesus Christ. This movie has a run time of 138 minutes.

The MPAA rated the movie PG-13. Reviews of the movie were not good.

2010s biographical movies
2014 drama movies
American drama movies
Grinding

Grinding (also called freaking or freak dancing) is a dance where two or more people rub or bump their bodies against one another. It became popular in night clubs. The dance then moved into high schools across the United States and Canada.

Schools have tried to ban grinding because it is very sexual.

A dance similar to grinding is "The Bump", which was popular in the 1970s. Another is the twerk, which became popular through the 2000s into the 2010s.

Dances
Lipovica, Lipljan

Lipovica (, ) is a village in Kosovo. It is near the city of Lipljan. It is next to the Blinaja Park, where people go hunting.

Villages in Europe
Settlements in Kosovo
Settlements in Serbia
Hugo Brandt Corstius

Hugo Brandt Corstius (29 August 1935 – 28 February 2014) was a Dutch journalist, columnist and writer. He known for his success in both literature and science. He was born in Eindhoven, North Brabant.

Brandt Corstius died after a long illness on 28 February 2014 in Amsterdam, North Holland. He was 78 years old. He was outlived by his children, journalists Aaf (born 1975) and Jelle (born 1978).

References

Other websites

 

1935 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in the Netherlands
Dutch academics
Dutch columnists
Dutch computer scientists
Dutch journalists
Dutch mathematicians
Linguists
People from Eindhoven
Writers from North Brabant
Bark bread

Bark bread is a form of bread used during a famine. It made by adding ground phloem to the flour as an extender to make it last longer.

During the 18th and early 19th century Northern Europe had several very bad years of crop failure. This was  particularly during the Little Ice Age of the mid 18th century. The grain harvest was badly affected. Many ideas to make the flour last longer were introduced. In 1742, samples of “emergency bread” were sent from Kristiansand, Norway to the Royal Administration in Copenhagen. One of these was bark bread. This is bread made from grain husks and bread made from burned bones. During the Napoleonic Wars, moss too was used for food.

The last time bark bread was used as famine food in Norway was during the Napoleonic Wars. The introduction of the potato as a staple crop gave the farmers other crops when grain production failed. So that bark bread and moss cakes were no longer needed. In Northern Sweden, traces of Sami harvest of bark from Scots pine are known from the 1890s. In Finland pettuleipä (literally "pinewood-bark bread") was produced as a substitute for bread during the Finnish Civil War of 1918.

References 

Breads
Kolari

Kolari is a municipality in Finnish Lapland. It had almost 3,900 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kittilä, Muonio, Pello and Rovaniemi. Ilpo Väisänen planned the railway station building.

Other websites 

 The official page

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Pudasjärvi

Pudasjärvi is a town and municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 8,510 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Ii, Oulu, Posio, Puolanka, Ranua, Suomussalmi, Taivalkoski and Utajärvi.

Other websites 

 The official Pudasjärvi page

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Northern Ostrobothnia
Raul Soares Square

The Praça Raul Soares is a large public square in the city of Belo Horizonte, in Brazil. It is built in the French style. It is located where four major roads meet. The roads are Amazonas, Augusto de Lima, Bias Fortes and Olegário Maciel. The square is named in honor of the former governor of Minas Gerais, Raul Soares de Moura. 

In 2008, the square was renovated. The flowerbeds, sidewalks and fountains were fixed up. Some trees were replaced, lamp posts were resized, and advertisements were removed or adjusted. The walks were improved to provide easier access for disabled and blind people. This was paid for by the city's government. It cost about $2,600,000 U.S. dollars. The project aimed to make the square safer and easier for pedestrians.

Belo Horizonte
Town squares
List of Docklands Light Railway stations

This List of Docklands Light Railway stations shows the stations for each Docklands Light Railway route. It also shows the distance of the station from the start of the line.

Route 1: Bank to Lewisham
Route 2: Bank to Woolwich Arsenal
Route 3: Tower Gateway to Beckton
Route 4: Stratford International to Woolwich Arsenal
Route 5: Stratford International to Beckton
Route 6: Stratford to Lewisham
Note - These route numbers are Wikipedia route numbers.

References

London-related lists
Rail transport lists
Puolanka

Puolanka is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had 3,000 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Hyrynsalmi, Paltamo, Pudasjärvi, Ristijärvi, Suomussalmi, Utajärvi  and Vaala.

Some villages
Aittokylä, Askankylä, Leipivaara, Lylykylä, Naulaperä,Puolanka, Väyrylä, and Yli-Oterma.

Other websites 

 Municipality

Municipalities of Kainuu
Vaala

Vaala is a municipality in North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 3,195 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kajaani, Liminka, Muhos, Paltamo, Puolanka, Siikalatva and Utajärvi.

Previously, Vaala was part of the Kainuu region but was changed to Northern Ostrobothnia on 1 January 2016.

Other websites 

 Municipality 

Municipalities of Northern Ostrobothnia
Paltamo

Paltamo is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had about 3,600 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kajaani, Puolanka, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo and Vaala.

Other websites 

 Municipality

Municipalities of Kainuu
Lambada

The Lambada is a dance from Brazil. It is sometimes called the "forbidden dance". It started in the late 1970s. It became most popular in the 1980s. Its popularity was mostly in Latin American and Caribbean countries.

The Lambada is a dance for two people. The dance is done with bent legs. Steps are usually side to side, with turns. There are pronounced movements for the hips. Around the time the Lambada became popular, the women often wore short skirts. These skirts swirl up when the woman turns. Sometimes the woman's thong underwear is seen during the turns.

Dances
Sete de Setembro Square

Praça Sete de Setembro (in English: Sete de Setembro Square, and normally called Praça Sete) is a public square in the center of the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

It is located at the intersection of two major roads, Afonso Pena and Amazonas, and by the streets Rio de Janeiro and Carijós.

References 

Sete de Setembro
Town squares
Nikki DeLoach

Ashlee Nicole DeLoach (or Nikki; born September 9, 1979) is an American actress and former singer. She was on The Mickey Mouse Club in the 1990s. She also played Lily in the 2008 version of An American Carol.

DeLoach was born in Waycross, Georgia.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
1979 births
Living people
Luby's massacre

The Luby's massacre was a mass murder on October 16, 1991, which took place at a Luby's restaurant in Killeen, Texas, United States.

George Hennard, a thirty-five year old man, drove his blue 1987 Ford Ranger pickup truck through the front window of a Luby's restaurant. He yelled "This is what Bell County did to me!" and started shooting customers and staff members with a Glock 17 and a Ruger P89. He shot and killed 23 people, ten of them with a single shot to the head. He also wounded 20 other people. Hennard had a dislike of women and survivors of the shooting said that he went by men to shoot the women. He also announced that "All women of Killeen and Belton are vipers!" He exchanged gunfire with police officers, hid in a bathroom and committed suicide.

One of the survivors of the massacre was former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives Suzanna Hupp. Both her parents were killed in the shooting.

Until the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre, it was the deadliest shooting rampage in American history. It is now the third deadliest behind Virginia Tech and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. It is still the deadliest non-school shooting rampage in American history.

After the massacre, the Texas Legislature passed a shall-issue gun law in 1995, which required all qualifying applicants be issued a Concealed Handgun License (which is Texas' required permit to carry concealed weapons). To qualify for a license, the person must be free-and-clear of crimes, attend a minimum 10-hour class which is taught by a state-certified instructor, pass a 50-question test, show a high amount of skill in a 50-round shooting test, and must pass two background tests, one shallow and one deep. The license costs $140 for a four year license and applicants have to pay $10 for fingerprinting as well as instructor costs which vary. The law was campaigned by shooting survivor Suzanna Hupp and was signed by then-Governor George W. Bush.

The restaurant closed down on September 9, 2000. A Chinese-American buffet called Yank Sing is now located where the Luby's used to be.

References

1991 in the United States
1990s in Texas
1990s murders in the United States
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1990s
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States
Attacks on restaurants
Disasters in Texas
Mass murder in the 1990s
Mass murder in Texas
Mass shootings in Texas
Massacres in the United States

Murder-suicides in the United States
Murders by firearm in Texas
October events
Suicides by firearm in the United States