cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Robbins, Illinois

Robbins is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,337 at the 2010 census.

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Gastric bypass surgery

Gastric bypass surgery is a surgery in which the stomach is divided and the gastrointestinal tract is redirected. The surgery is performed on people who have morbid obesity or have type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or other weight-related health problems. 

As with all surgery, problems may occur. Some people could die after having the surgery.

Gastric bypass surgery can be done using methods that make only small incisions (cuts) into the abdomen. It is one of the most difficult surgeries to perform that way. Advantages of using those methods include that patients don't have to stay in the hospital as long, they have less pain, it doesn't take as long to recover, and the scars are smaller.

References

Surgery
Obesity
Swedish Ski Association

The Swedish Ski Association () is a special sports association for skiing in Sweden. It was established in Sundsvall on 11 December 1908 as the Swedish Cross-Country Skiing Association (). It changed name in 1911. The headquarters were originally located in Stockholm. On 3 May 2001 the headquarters were relocated to the town of Falun.

Chairmen
1908-1910 - Fritz af Sandeberg
1910-1915 - C G A Lindencrona
1915-1922 - Sven Hermelin
1922-1948 - Sixtus Janson
1948-1952 - Björn Kjellström
1952-1961 - Sigge Bergman
1961-1965 - Karl Arne Wegerfelt
1965-1974 - Nils Stenberg
1974-1977 - Stig Synnergren
1977-1982 - Arne Jägmo
1982-1996 - Sven Larsson
1996-2008 - Carl Eric Stålberg
2008- Mats Årjes

References

Other websites
 Official website 

1908 establishments in Sweden
Skiing in Sweden
Östersund Ski Stadium

The Östersund Ski Stadium () is a facility for cross-country skiing, biathlon and ski orienteering in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was appointed national stadium for Swedish biathlon in October 2013 . Since 2007 the stadium has always snow starting on 1 November. This is because it uses leftover snow gathered by Östersund Municipality over the spring and summertime season.

Major events
Biathlon World Championships 1970
World Ski Orienteering Championships 2004
Biathlon World Championships 2008
Biathlon World Championships 2019
Biathlon World Cup (recurring)

References

Other websites

Skiing in Sweden
Östersund
Swedish Biathlon Federation

The Swedish Biathlon Federation () is a special sports association for biathlon in Sweden. It was established in 1986. It was appointed into the Swedish Sports Confederation in November 1987. It joined the Swedish Sports Confederation on 1 July 1988. Its headqarters are located in the town of Östersund.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1986 establishments in Sweden
Skiing in Sweden
Francisco González Ledesma

Francisco González Ledesma (March 17, 1927 – March 2, 2015) was a Spanish journalist, comic writer and novelist. He was a popular crime novelist. He wrote under the pseudonym Silver Kane. He published over 1000 novels, most of them in western novels. Ledesma was born in Barcelona, Spain.

Ledesma died in Barcelona, Spain from complications of a stroke, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Biografía de González Ledesma 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Comics writers
Deaths from stroke
Spanish journalists
Spanish novelists
Writers from Barcelona
Laxmi Aggarwal

Laxmi Aggarwal (born 1 June 1990) is a leading figure for the "Stop Acid Attacks" group in India.  In 2014, US First Lady Michelle Obama gave Laxmi received an International Women of Courage Award.  NDTV (New Delhi Television Limited) chose her as Indian of the Year.

Life 

In 2005, when Laxmi was 16 years old, Naeem Khan threw acid on Laxmi's face because she rejected advances by him.   The Hindustan Timesnewspaper wrote a story about Laxmi.  She got 27,000 names on a petition.  People signed the petition to show that they wanted a change in the sale of acid.  She took the petition to the Indian Supreme Court. Because of the petition, the Indian Supreme Court told the central and state governments to control the sale of acid, and the Parliament to make it easier to hold a trial against a person who makes an acid attack.

Work 

Laxmi Aggarwal is the director of Chhanv Foundation, an NGO (nongovernmental organization) that helps people who are able to keep living or succeeding in spite of acid attacks in India.

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1990 births
Indian activists
Crime victims
Living people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Jaden Smith

Jaden Christopher Syre Smith (born July 8, 1998) is an American actor and rapper. He is the son of actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. He is the older brother of singer Willow Smith and younger half-brother of Trey Smith. His first movie role was in the 2006 movie The Pursuit of Happyness. He has also appeared in The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008) and The Karate Kid (2010).

References 

1998 births
Living people
Actors from Malibu, California
Un refugio para el amor

Un refugio para el amor (A Shelter For Love) is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Televisa.

Cast 
 Zuria Vega as Luciana Jacinto Flores/Linares Talancon de Torreslanda
 Gabriel Soto as Rodrigo Torreslanda Fuentes Gil
 Laura Flores as Rosa Elena "Roselena" Fuentes Gil de Torreslanda
 Roberto Blandon as Maximino Torreslanda
 Jessica Coch as Gala Villavicencio

References

Other websites 
 Official website  

2012 television series debuts
Telenovelas
Mexican television series
2010s establishments in Mexico
Digital Millennium Copyright Act

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a copyright law that protects copyright on the internet in the U.S.A. This Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1998.

It puts into effect two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and distribution of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent (get around) measures which control access to copyrighted works. These "measures" are commonly known as digital rights management or DRM.

The WIPO Copyright Treaty is the basis of protecting copyright on the web.

References

United States federal legislation
Internet
Copyright
Thelarche

Thelarche means the development of breasts in human females during puberty (sexual development).

Development
Generally, the left breast is the larger of the two. 
This usually begins when girls are about 9. A lump that is a bit hard appears in each breast under the areola, which is the dark ring around the nipple. The lump in one breast may grow before the other one. This is called breast budding. Within 6-12 months, both breasts will have started growing. The swelling can be felt and seen outside the edges of the areolae. About 1 and a half to 2 years after the breasts first start growing, they are close to the shape and size of an adult woman's breasts. The nipple and areola may be on a smaller mound on each breast. This small mound usually goes away when each breast is fully grown. Breast size depends on the body's amount of fat.

Thelarchic stage
It is the Tanner 2 stage of breast development (a scale used to analyze changes in people from childhood to adulthood). The first stage is the non-developed prepubescent state of breasts. Thelarche is usually the first sign of puberty. It usually occurs after age 8, and is the first evidence of puberty in 60% of women. It usually ends at age 13. However, it can sometimes happen earlier. When this happens, it can be by itself (called isolated premature thelarche). It could also be a wider pattern of precocious puberty (sexual development happening too early).

Hormones
The process is started by estradiol, the primary female sex hormone. Many young women are not prepared for thelarche, and this may result in stress. Teaching materials on breast development for elementary and middle schools has been suggested to promote breast health by reducing shame.

References 

Human sexuality
Breasts
Gonadarche

Gonadarche refers to the first gonadal changes of puberty. The ovaries in girls and the testes in boys begin to grow and increase the production of the sex steroids.

References 

Human body features
Law of the excluded middle

The law of the excluded middle is a simple rule of logic. It states that for any proposition, there is no middle ground. Every proposition is either true or false.

Example
For example, "Ginger is a cat" says the fact that Ginger is a cat. If it is true, then its opposite cannot also be true. If Ginger is a cat, then Ginger is not something else.

Mathematics
In mathematics, the law of the excluded middle is a presupposition behind the proof by contradiction. Because of that, those who reject the validity of the law of the excluded middle (for example, the intuitionists) must also reject the validity of proof by contradiction as well.

Related pages 

 Law of noncontradiction

Notes 

Logic
Swedish Basketball Federation

The Swedish Basketball Federation () is a special sports association for basketball in Sweden. It was established on 25 October 1952. It was established out of the Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section. The Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section had been started in 1948. Its headqarters are in Stockholm.

Chairmen
1952-1969 - Lars-Åke Nilsson
1969-1975 - Leif Forsberg
1975-1979 - Anders Wijkman
1979-1986 - Bengt Wallin
1986-1990 - Arne Jansson
1990-1991 - Kaj Sandell
1991-1992 - Eleonor Rehn-Jacobsson
1992-1996 - Kenny Lövingson
1996-1999 - Kari Marklund
1999-2001 - Kaj Krantz
2001-2004 - Niklas Nordström
2004-2008 - Jan Jacobsen
2008-2009 - Anna Westin
2009- Hans Von Uthmann

References

Other websites
Official website 

Basketball
1952 establishments in Europe
Sport in Stockholm
1950s establishments in Sweden
Finnish Ski Association

The Finnish Ski Association (, ) is a skiing governing body in Finland. It is based in the towns of Helsinki and Lahti. It is a member of FIS. It runs cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Noridc skiing. Sections for alpine skiing and freestyle skiing are instead within the Ski Sport Finland.

It was established in 1908 as Liitto Suomen hiihtourheilun edistämiseksi. The first chairman was Lennart Munck Af Flukila. It modern name was adopted in 1931.

Chairmen 
 1908–1911 Lennart Munck Af Flukila
 1911–1912 Artur Antman
 1912–1913 Eino Saastamoinen
 1914–1915 Frans Ilander
 1915–1931 Toivo Aro
 1931 Armas Palmros
 1931–1937 Juho Hillo
 1937–1941 Tauno Aarre
 1941–1942 Kalle Vierto
 1942 Armas Palamaa
 1942–1954 Yrjö Kaloniemi
 1954–1960 Akseli Kaskela
 1960–1967 Ali Koskimaa
 1967–1985 Hannu Koskivuori
 1986–1989 Matti Autio
 1990–1995 Eino Petäjäniemi
 1996–2000 Esko Aho
 2000–2002 Paavo M. Petäjä
 2003–2004 Seppo Rehunen
 2005–2009 Jaakko Holkeri
 2009– Matti Sundberg

References

Other websites
National members of the International Ski Federation 

1908 establishments in Europe
Skiing in Finland
Helsinki
Lahti
20th-century establishments in Finland
Pajala IF

Pajala IF is a sports club club in Pajala in Sweden. It was established in 1930. It originally played soccer. It later also adopted basketball, table tennis, soccer, floorball, ice hockey, skiing and volleyball.

The men's volleyball team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 2000-2001.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

1930 establishments in Sweden
Basketball clubs in Sweden
Floorball clubs in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Ski clubs in Sweden
Swedish football clubs
Table tennis clubs in Sweden
Volleyball clubs in Sweden
Elitserien (men's volleyball)

Elitserien  () is the Swedish men's volleyball top top division. It is followed up by the Swedish national championship playoff by late February-early March.

References 

Sport in Sweden
Volleyball
Sports leagues
Elitserien (women's volleyball)

Elitserien  () is the Swedish men's volleyball top top division. It is followed up by the Swedish national championship playoff by late February-early March.

References 

Sport in Sweden
Volleyball
Sports leagues
Hjorthagens IP

Hjorthagens IP is a sports ground in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It has been used by Djurgårdens IF FF as practice ground. It has also been used by Djurgårdens IF Handikappfotbollförening as well as Värtans IK. In the wintertime is has been ice skating.

Three soccer grounds using artificial turfs were opened on 3 October 2012.

References 

Stadiums in Sweden
Football stadiums in Sweden
Sport in Stockholm
Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Marie McDonald

Marie McDonald (July 6, 1923 – October 21, 1965) was an American singer and actor. She was known as "The Body Beautiful" and later nicknamed "The Body". She was in many movies and television programs. In Lucky Jordan, she played Pearl. In Guest of the House, she played Miriam.

On January 5, 1957, a truck driver found McDonald on a highway near Indio, California. After she was rescued, a doctor found she had two cracked teeth, bruises on her face and injuries on her neck, legs and cheek. She claimed that she was kidnapped by two men. Police began doubting McDonald's story. Harry Karl, her estranged husband, also doubted the story, and claimed she was not well.

McDonald was born in Kentucky. She died from an overdose of drugs at age 42 in California.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

American stage actors
American movie actors
Singers from Kentucky
Actors from Kentucky
1923 births
1965 deaths
Okefenokee Swamp

The Okefenokee is a swamp, a National Wildlife Refuge and a U.S. wilderness area. It is  shallow, 438,000 acre (1,770 km²), peat-filled wetland straddling the Georgia–Florida border in the United States. 

The Okefenokee is the largest "blackwater" swamp in North America. The term Okefenokee in Native American is "land of trembling earth". The swamp was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974. The Okefenokee Swamp is considered to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia. 

The swamp was formed over the past 6,500 years by the build-up of peat in a shallow basin on the edge of an ancient Atlantic coastal terrace, the geological relic of a Pleistocene estuary. 
The swamp is bordered by Trail Ridge, a strip of higher land believed to have formed as coastal dunes or an offshore barrier island. The Suwanee River drains at least 90% of the swamp's watershed southwest towards the Gulf of Mexico. 

Longtime residents of the Okefenokee Swamp, "Swampers", are mostly of English ancestry. Due to their isolation, the Swampers used Elizabethan phrases and syntax well into the twentieth century. The Suwanee Canal was dug across the swamp in the late nineteenth century in a failed attempt to drain the Okefenokee. After the Suwanee Canal Company's bankruptcy, most of the swamp was bought by the Hebard family of Philadelphia, who logged cypress from 1909 to 1927. Several other logging companies ran railroad lines into the swamp until 1942; some remains are visible across swamp waterways. Most of the Okefenokee Swamp is included in the 403,000 acre (1630 km²) Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.

A wildfire begun by a lightning strike near the center of the Refuge on May 5, 2007 eventually merged with another wildfire which began near Waycross, Georgia, on April 16 when a tree fell on a power line. By May 31, more than , or more than 935 square miles, had burned in the region.

The Okefenokee Swamp Alliance is a conservation group that works for the continued preservation of the swamp.

References 

Wetlands
Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)
Geography of Florida
James Paris Lee

James Paris Lee (9 August 1831 –  24 February 1904) was a British, Canadian and later American inventor. He was also a small arms designer. Lee is best known for inventing the Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield series of rifles.

Lee was born in Hawick, Scotland, 9 August 1831. At age 12 he created his first gun. He accidentally blew himself up with gunpowder. He also accidentally shot himself, twice. His family was surprised he reached adulthood. He was obsessed with guns, but he was apprenticed to a clockmaker. His family migrated to Canada. Lee worked making and repairing clocks and watches. In 1850 he opened his own shop where he could work on rifles in his spare time.

References 

 

1831 births
1904 deaths
American inventors
Canadian inventors
Scottish inventors
Blackwater river

A blackwater river is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. Its colour is caused by the decaying vegetation. As vegetation decays, tannins leach into the water, making a transparent, acidic water that is darkly stained, looking like tea or coffee.

Most rivers in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States are  blackwater rivers. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense. Some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black soil, are black due to the color of the soil. These rivers are black mud rivers or estuaries.

Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than whitewater rivers and have ionic concentrations higher than rainwater.  The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ both from whitewater and clearwater rivers.

The classification of Amazonian rivers into black, clear and whitewater was first proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1853.

References 

Rivers
Edmund Ignatius Rice

Edmund Ignatius Rice (; 1 June 1762 – 29 August 1844), was a Roman Catholic missionary and educator. Rice was the founder of two religious institutes of monks. In 1808 Rice and several friends took religious vows and became the Presentation Brothers. In 1822, as Brother Ignatius, he was elected Superior general of the Irish Christian Brothers.

In 1779 he became his uncle's apprentice in a merchant business. Rice inherited the business about 1790 after his uncle died. He became a successful businessman. After his wife died he dedicated his life and wealth to helping the poor.

References 

1862 births
1844 deaths
Missionaries
Dave Mackay

David Craig Mackay (14 November 1934 – 2 March 2015) was a Scottish football player and manager. 

Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian, the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961, and winning the league with Derby County as a manager. He also represented Scotland 22 times, and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad.

Mackay died on 2 March 2015 in Nottingham, England at the age of 80.

References

Other websites
 
 Dave Mackay Hearts Career Record
 Dave Mackay Scotland Record
 Dave Mackay Scotland Football League Record
 Dave Mackay Profile

1934 births
2015 deaths
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Joshua Fishman

Joshua Aaron Fishman (Yiddish: שיקל פֿישמאַן — Shikl Fishman; July 18, 1926 – March 1, 2015) was an American linguist. He specialized in the sociology of language, language planning, bilingual education, and language and ethnicity.

Fishman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in The Bronx, New York, aged 88.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Educators from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Anthony Mason (basketball)

Anthony George Douglas Mason (December 14, 1966 – February 28, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. In his 13-year career he played with the New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, New York Knicks, Charlotte Hornets, Milwaukee Bucks and Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association. 

Mason was born in Miami, Florida. He spend most of his life in Tennessee and in New York City. Mason studied at Tennessee State University.

Mason played for Tennessee State University and played professionally in Turkey, Venezuela, the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and the United States Basketball League (USBL).

Mason suffered a massive heart attack in early February 2015 and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure. He died on February 28, 2015 in Manhattan, New York at the age of 48 from the illness.

References

1966 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
New Jersey Nets players
Denver Nuggets players
New York Knicks players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Miami Heat players
Sportspeople from Miami, Florida
Sportspeople from New York City
Sportspeople from Tennessee
People of Tennessee State University
M. Stanton Evans

Medford Stanton Evans (July 20, 1934 – March 3, 2015) was an American journalist, author and educator. He was the author of eight books, including Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies (2007). 

Evans was born in Kingsville, Texas. He was raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee and in the Washington, D.C. area. He studied at Yale University. Evans died in Leesburg, Virginia from pancreatic cancer, aged 80.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
American academics
American activists
Cancer deaths in Virginia
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Journalists from Texas
People from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Writers from Tennessee
Writers from Texas
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Yale University alumni
Educators from Texas
Educators from Tennessee
Educators from Washington, D.C.
Enrique Bolaños

Enrique José Bolaños Geyer (13 May 1928 – 14 June 2021) was a Nicaraguan politician. He was the President of Nicaragua from 10 January 2002 to 10 January 2007.

Bolaños died in Nindirí, Nicaragua on 14 June 2021, just one month after his 93rd birthday.

References

Other websites
Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish)

1928 births
2021 deaths
Presidents of Nicaragua
Vice Presidents of Nicaragua
Arturo Armando Molina

Colonel Arturo Armando Molina (August 6, 1927 – July 19, 2021) was the 36th President of El Salvador. He served between July 1, 1972 and July 1, 1977. Molina was a member of the National Conciliation Party.

Molina died on July 19, 2021 in El Salvador at the age of 93.

References

1927 births
2021 deaths
Presidents of El Salvador
José Napoleón Duarte

José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes (November 23, 1925 – February 23, 1990) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador from 1984 to 1989.  He was mayor of San Salvador before running for president in 1972.

Duarte died of stomach cancer in San Salvador at the age of 64.

References

Other websites

 José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes: President of El Salvador  CNN Cold War Profile
 Article about Herbert Sanabria's murder in 1987. 

1925 births
1990 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Presidents of El Salvador
Mayors
All Apologies

"All Apologies" is the second single off American rock band Nirvana's third studio album In Utero. The song was released on December 6, 1993. It was released as a double A-side along with the song "Rape Me".

On the Billboard charts, All Apologies ranked at #1 on the Alternative Songs, #4 on the Mainstream Rock, and #45 on the Radio Songs charts.

In 1995, the song was nominated for two Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song in 1995. "All Apologies" won a BMI award winning song. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included the song on their list of "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".

References

Other websites
"All Apologies (MTV Unplugged)" on YouTube

1993 songs
Nirvana songs
Rock ballads
European green woodpecker

The European green woodpecker (Picus viridis), or European green woodpecker, is a member of the woodpecker family Picidae. It occurs in most of Europe and in western Asia. There are four subspecies. All have green upperparts, paler yellowish underparts, and a red crown.

The woodpecker spends much of its time feeding on ants on the ground and does not often 'drum' on trees like other woodpecker species. It is a shy bird but usually draws attention with its loud calls. A nest hole is excavated in a tree; four to six eggs are laid which hatch after 19–20 days.

It gives a loud call known as  yaffling.

Old deciduous trees for nesting, and nearby feeding grounds with plenty of ants, is essential. This is usually found in semi-open landscapes with small woodlands, hedges, scattered old trees, edges of forests and floodplain forests. Suitable habitats for foraging include grassland, heaths, plantations, orchards and lawns.

References

Other websites 
Weasel on flying woodpecker. BBC News Science & Environment. 

Piciformes
Honeyguide

Honeyguides (family Indicatoridae) are near-passerine birds of the order Piciformes.  They are also known as 'indicator birds', or 'honey birds'.

They have an Old World tropical distribution, with most species in Africa and two in Asia. These birds are known for their interaction with humans. One or two species will deliberately lead humans to bee colonies, so that they can feast on the grubs and beeswax that are left behind.

Brooding 
The breeding behavior of eight species in Indicator and Prodotiscus is known. They are all brood parasites that lay an egg in a nest of another species. Most prefer hole-nesting species, often the related barbets and woodpeckers, but Prodotiscus parasitizes cup-nesters such as white-eyes and warblers. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to throw out their host's chicks from the nest. They have hooks on their beaks with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings.

African honeyguide birds are known to lay their eggs in underground nests of other bee-eating bird species. The honeyguide chicks kill the hatchlings of the host using their needle-sharp beaks just after hatching, much as cuckoo hatchlings do. The honeyguide mother ensures her chick hatches first by internally incubating the egg for an extra day before laying it, so that it has a head start in development compared to the host.

References 

Piciformes
Brood parasitism

Brood parasites are animals, usually birds, which trick other species to raise their young. The best-known example is the cuckoo. Brood parasitism works because the parasite develops faster than the resident eggs, kills its nestmates and turfs them out of the nest. The adult birds cannot tell the difference in the young, and spend their time raising the offspring of another species. In some cases, the parasite has the ability to make the begging cheeps of the host species.

The strength of defences and counter-adaptation rely on the species' ability to evolve. Some host species have very strong rejection defences. This makes the parasitic species evolving to have very close mimicry. But in other species, hosts do not reject the foreign egg. As a result, the parasitic species shows no egg mimicry.

Similar methods are used by some fish and insects.

References

Parasitism
Birds
Diggiloo

Diggiloo is an outdoor summertime show where famous artists tour Sweden. They perform songs accompanied by a live band. It debuted in 2003 with shows only in Båstad. The event became touring in 2004.

References

Other websites

2003 establishments in Europe
Swedish music
2000s establishments in Sweden
Ilha da Queimada Grande

Ilha da Queimada Grande is an island off of the coast of São Paulo state in Brazil. The island has earned the nickname of Snake Island. It is the home of the Golden Lancehead Viper (Bothrops insularis), one of the most venomous snakes in the world. The Brazilian Navy bans people from visiting, though some biologists and researchers are able to receive waivers to visit the island.

References

Atlantic islands
Islands of South America
Geography of Brazil
Sapporo International Ski Marathon

The Sapporo International Ski Marathon is a cross-country skiing marathon in Japan. It was held for first time in 1981 and is a part of Worldloppet since 1985.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

1981 establishments in Japan
Skiing
Sport in Japan
Dolomitenlauf

The Dolomitenlauf is a cross-country skiing marathon in Austria. It was first held in 1970 and has been part of Worldloppet as long as Worldloppet has been around.

References

Other websites
Official website

1970 establishments in Europe
Skiing
Sport in Austria
Tyrol (state)
1970s establishments in Austria
Gatineau Loppet

The Gatineau Loppet, earlier known as Rivière Rouge, Gatineau 55 and Keskinada Loppet, is a cross-country skiing marathon in Canada. It is usually held in February outside Gatineau in the Québec Province. It was held for first time in 1979 and has been part of Worldloppet since then.

References

Other websites
Official website

1979 establishments in Canada
Skiing in Canada
Sport in Quebec
David Usher

David Usher (born April 24, 1966) is an British-born Canadian rock singer-songwriter. He is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Moist.

Usher was born in Oxford, England. He lived in many different places such as Malaysia, New York City, California and Thailand before his family decided to finally settle in Kingston, Ontario. Usher attended high school at Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute and he attended Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He majored in political science. While attending Simon Fraser, Usher formed Moist with guitarist Mark Makowy and keyboardist Kevin Young.

Usher is also a humanist, and he has been involved in causes like War Child Canada, White Ribbon Campaign and Amnesty International. He was featured in the 2001 MuchMusic special Musicians in the WarZone, a humanitarian documentary which was produced by War Child Canada and was directed by filmmaker Liz Marshall.

Discography

Studio albums
with Moist
 Silver (1994)
 Creature (1996)
 Mercedes Five and Dime (2000)
 Machine Punch Through: The Singles Collection (2001)
 Glory Under Dangerous Skies (2014)

solo
 Little Songs (1998)
 Morning Orbit (2001)
 Hallucinations (2003)
 If God Had Curves (2005)
 Strange Birds (2007)
 Wake Up and Say Goodbye (2008)
 The Mile End Sessions (2010)
 Songs from the Last Day on Earth
 Let It Play (2016)

References

Other websites
Official website

1966 births
Canadian rock musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Humanists
Living people
Musicians from Ontario
People from Oxford
Ushuaia Loppet

The Ushuaia Loppet is a cross-country skiing marathon in Argentina. It was first held in 1986.

References

Other websites
Official website

1986 establishments
Skiing
Sport in Argentina
20th-century establishments in Argentina
Bieg Piastów

The Bieg Piastów is a cross-country skiing marathon in Poland. It was held for first time in 1976  and is part of Worldloppet since 2008.

References

Other websites
Official website

1976 establishments in Europe
Skiing
Sport in Poland
20th century establishments in Poland
Tuskegee Airmen

The Tuskegee Airmen  is the popular name for a group of African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II. Formally, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces. The name also applies to the crew members and support personnel. Their units were all black and all segregated. They had an outstanding record. As fighter escorts they had the reputation that not a single bomber was lost to enemy action while being escorted by Tuskegee airmen. 

The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces. During World War II, Black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws. Most Tuskegee pilots were trained at Tuskegee Army Airfield in Tuskegee, Alabama. Training bomber crews took longer than training fighter pilots and the war was won before they finished. Navigators and other crew members trained at various army based in the US.

References 

United States Army
1940 establishments in the United States
1950s disestablishments in the United States
1952 disestablishments
Demino Ski Marathon

The Demino Ski Marathon is a cross-country skiing marathon in Russia. It was held for first time on 2007 and was appointed as a Worldloppet event in June 2012.

References

Other websites
Official website

2007 establishments in Russia
Skiing
Sport in Russia
Merino Muster

The Merino Muster is a cross-country skiing marathon on the South Island of New Zealand. It was held for first time in 1995 and is part of Worldloppet since 2014.

References

Other websites
Official website

1995 establishments
Skiing
Sport in New Zealand
1990s establishments in New Zealand
East London

East London is the northeastern part of London. It is east of the City of London.

It does not have an official definition. The idea has its origins in 1720 as "That part beyond the Tower". By 1950 it was called East London and included all of Greater London east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. This area now makes up the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. It includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country, mostly families of South Asian origin.

The East End of London is a subset of East London, corresponding to areas closer to the ancient City. 

The early development of London eastward was caused by shipping on the River Thames. There were docks and shipbuilding. These industries declined after World War II. Felixstowe is now used as the main container port of southern England. East London is now an area of regeneration. 

Areas further east developed in the Victorian and Edwardian eras following the expansion of the railways in the 19th century.  In Tower Hamlets the population peaked in 1891 and growth was restricted to the outer boroughs. By 1971 the population had peaked in every borough and the entire area was experiencing population decline. By the time of the 2011 census this had reversed and every borough had some growth in population.

Many famous places like Spitalfields, Brick Lane and Shoreditch are in East London.

References

Geography of London
Allister

Allister is an American punk rock band from Chicago, Illinois.

Career
The band was formed in 1995 under the name Phineas Gage by high school classmates Tim Rogner and John "Johnny" Hamada. Eric "Skippy" Mueller later joined the band in 1996. In 1996, the band changed their name to Allister, to pay tribute to Alasdair Gillis from the Canadian TV show You Can't Do That on Television. The band released their debut studio album, Dead Ends and Girlfriends in 1999 through Drive-Thru Records.

Their second studio album Last Stop Suburbia was released on October 1, 2002. Their song "Somewhere On Fullerton" from Last Stop Suburbia was featured in the 2003 video game Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure.

Band members 
Current
Tim Rogner — Drums, percussion, lead and backing vocals (1995—2000); rhythm and lead guitar, lead and backing vocals (2000—2007, 2010—present)
Scott Murphy — Bass guitar, lead and backing vocals (1998—2007, 2010—present)
Kyle Lewis — lead guitar, backing vocals (2003—2007, 2010—present)
Buddy "Goldfinger" Schaub — Tenor trombone and backing vocals (1993—present)

Former
John Hamada — lead guitar, backing and lead vocals (1995—2002); backing vocals (July 20, 2007)
Eric "Skippy" Mueller — bass guitar, backing vocals (1996—1998); rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1998—2000)
David Rossi — drums, percussion (2000—2003)
Chris Rogner — lead guitar, backing vocals (2002—2003); rhythm guitar, lead and backing vocals (2007)

Discography

Studio albums
Dead Ends and Girlfriends (1999)
Last Stop Suburbia (2002)
Before the Blackout (2005)
Countdown to Nowhere (2010)
Life Behind Machines (2012)

References

1995 establishments in Illinois
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups from Chicago
Pop punk bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
Musical groups established in 2010
2010 establishments in Illinois
Bio-Dome

Bio-Dome is a 1996 American stoner comedy movie. It was directed by Jason Bloom. It was produced by Bradley Jenkel, Brad Krevoy, and Steven Stabler. Bio-Dome was released on January 12, 1996.

The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Shore co-won a Razzie Award for Worst Actor and was tied with Tom Arnold who had won for Big Bully, Carpool and The Stupids.

Cast 
 Pauly Shore as Bud "Squirrel" Macintosh
 Adam Weisman as young Bud
 Stephen Baldwin as Doyle "Stubs" Johnson
 Robbie Thibault, Jr. as young Doyle
 William Atherton as Dr. Noah Faulkner
 Joey Lauren Adams as Monique
 Teresa Hill as Jen
 Rose McGowan as Denise
 Kylie Minogue as Dr. Petra von Kant
 Dara Tomanovich as Mimi Simkins
 Henry Gibson as Dr. William Leaky
 Patricia Hearst as Mrs. Johnson
 Roger Clinton as Professor Bloom
 Taylor Negron as Russell
 Jeremy Jordan as Trent
 Channon Roe as Roach
 Trevor St. John as Parker
 Butch McCain as reporter Joachim West
 Ben McCain as news anchor Aries West
 Jack Black and Kyle Gass as Tenacious D
 Phil LaMarr and Paul Eiding as Assistants
 Phil Proctor as Axl
 Rodger Bumpass as Narrator

References

Other websites 

1996 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Buddy movies
English-language movies
AIDS (MS-DOS)

AIDS is a computer virus that infects .COM and .EXE files. In MS-DOS, the .COM and .EXE files run programs including the operating system. When a computer is infected with this virus, it loads the virus into the computer memory. There, the AIDS virus may infect another .COM or .EXE file each time it is run. AIDS writes on the first 13,952 bytes of an infected executable file. These corrupted files have to be deleted and replaced by non-corrupted backups to remove the virus.  

This virus is also known as the "Hahaha virus" in Europe. IBM calls it the "Taunt virus". When an infected computer starts up, it displays a message, with AIDS covering about half of the screen. The system is then halted. It is impossible to recover the original information of the file on the rewritten part.

References 

Malware
Gilles Corey

Giles Corey (1621 – September 19, 1692) was accused of witchcraft along with his wife Martha Corey during the Salem Witch Trials. After being arrested for witchcraft, Corey refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. As a result he was pressed to death.

References 

Salem Witch Trials
1621 births
1692 deaths
Maha Al Muneef

Maha Al Muneef (Arabic:  مها عبدالله المنيف) is a pediatrician from Saudi Arabia. She specializing in infectious diseases in children. Al-Muneef won an International Women of Courage Award in 2014.

Work

Shura Council  

From 2009 to 2013, Al Muneef was a member of Saudi Arabia's Shura Council.

The National Family Safety Program 

 Maha Al Muneef is the executive director of the National Family Safety Program (NFSP) in Saudi Arabia. Al Muneef worked to spread knowledge about domestic violence and child abuse. The NFSP was created in 2005 in order to combat domestic violence and child abuse in Saudi Arabia. The NFSP started support programs, gave information about the numbers of attacks on women and children in Saudi Arabia, and worked to help people who were attacked or hurt.

The "Protection from Abuse" law 

In August 2013, the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia passed a new law to protect people who are attacked or hurt by members of their own family. Al Muneef and the NFSP helped to write the "Protection from Abuse" law. The law describes and explains the meaning of domestic violence and makes it illegal in Saudi Arabia for the first time.

Awards 

In 2014, Maha Al Muneef received the International Women of Courage Award.

U.S. President Obama presents award in Riyadh 

The US President Barack Obama presented the award to Al Muneef during his visit to Riyadh on March 29, 2014.  Al-Muneer could not be at the March 4 ceremony in the United States for family health reasons. She received the award in a private ceremony at the Ritz Carlton hotel, where Obama stayed. Obama spoke about the importance of women's rights in Saudi Arabia, and the importance of helping the Saudi king understand this importance.  Obama told Al-Muneef he was “so very, very proud of you and grateful for all the work you’re doing here." He added, “I’m looking forward to seeing you do even more wonderful things in the future.”

References

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Saudi Arabian people
1960 births
Physicians
Swept Away (2002 movie)

Swept Away is a 2002 romantic comedy movie. Madonna plays Amber Leighton. Elizabeth Banks plays Debi. Jeanne Tripplehorn plays Marina.

The movie received bad reviews from the movie critics. It was a box office bomb. It made only $1,036,000, compared to the ten million dollars it cost to make. It received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture of 2002.

Other websites
 
 
 

2002 romance movies
2002 comedy movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
Italian romance movies
Italian comedy movies
Movies set in Greece
Movies set in Italy
Movies directed by Guy Ritchie
Maureen Dowd

Maureen Dowd (born January 14, 1952) is an American columnist for The New York Times. She is also a best-selling author. She worked for Time magazine in the 1970s and 1980s. She worked for the Washington Star. She first joined The New York Times in 1983.

In 1999, Dowd received a Pulitzer Prize. It was for her series of columns on the Monica Lewinsky scandal in the Clinton administration.

She was born in Washington, D.C..

References

American journalists
1952 births
Living people
Pulitzer Prize winners
Nada Se Compara Contigo

Nada Se Compara Contigo (Nothing Compares to You) is the tenth studio album released by Salvadoran performer Álvaro Torres. It was released on November 19, 1991. The album received a nomination for Latin Pop Album of the Year at the 5th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards.

Tracklist

Chart performance 

1991 albums
Spanish-language albums
Ricardo Montaner (album)

Ricardo Montaner is the eponymous debut studio album recorded by Argentine-Venezuelan singer-songwriter Ricardo Montaner, It was released by TH-Rodven in early 1987 (see 1987 in music). It reached #1 on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums chart.

Track listing

© MCMLXXXVI. TH-Rodven Records. Inc.

Chart performance

References

1987 albums
Spanish-language albums
Debut albums
Chayanne es mi Nombre

Chayanne es Mi Nombre is the solo album debut from Puerto Rican artist Chayanne, after he left Los Chicos. It was released on RCA Ariola in July 1984.

Track listing

Music videos
Chayanne es mi Nombre
¿...Y Qué Culpa Tengo Yo?
De Dos en Dos
Chicos Malos

References

1984 albums
Later medieval artists

This a list of later medieval artists. It begins in the 13th century (1200s) and includes famous painters and sculptors.

Each artist is listed with their dates, place of birth, some places that they worked, their media (the type of artwork that they made), one or two most famous works and some art galleries where their works can be seen.

Late Medieval artists

Italian Byzantine
These artists, before the Renaissance, painted in the style of Greek icons. Their paintings were important to the education of many Renaissance painters, and were to be seen in the churches where the Renaissance painters worked, and worshipped. Often an altarpiece by one of these artists was surrounded by frescoes by the Renaissance painters who lived 150 to 200 years later. A famous Madonna and Child by Coppo di Marcovaldo stood above the altar where Masaccio, Masolino and Filippo Lippi painted the walls of the Brancacci Chapel. Giotto, who is thought of as the first Renaissance painter, was educated by Cimabue, one of the great masters of the Late Byzantine style.

Italian Proto-Renaissance 
Proto-Renaissance artists worked before 1400 in Italy when the Renaissance style was slowly developing.

International Gothic
Artists from many parts of Europe worked in a decorative Gothic style. 
 

Artists
artists
County Tyrone

County Tyrone is a county of Northern Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster. Tyrone is the eighth largest county by area on the island of Ireland. It is the largest county by area in Northern Ireland. Tyrone is the tenth largest county by population on the island of Ireland. It is the fourth-largest county by population in Northern Ireland.

Name
The name Tyrone come from the Irish Tír Eoghain, which means "land of Eoghan".

Demographics
County Tyrone is one of the four counties in Northern Ireland to have more people from a Catholic community background. In the year 1900 the population of Tyrone was 197,719. As of the 2011 census, it was 177,986.

References
Stock (food)

Stock in cooking (cuisine) is a liquid flavoring base for soups and sauces. It is a flavoured liquid preparation, and is the basis of many dishes. The ideas go back to Carême, and were simplified by Escoffier. 

A stock is made by simmering  animal bones and/or meat, fish, or vegetables in water and/or wine. mirepoix or other aromatics are added for more flavour. Mirepoix is a mixture of onions, carrots, celery, and sometimes other vegetables. Many use ready-made ingredients like Oxo cubes or bouillon cubes. It is possible to make stock more quickly with a pressure cooker.

Fish stock, however, is cooked for only twenty minutes or so. 

Stock lasts for three or four days in the fridge, but can be boiled again, and stored again.

Notes 

Cooking methods
Oggy and the Cockroaches

Oggy and the Cockroaches is a French animated television series. It was created in 1998. The main characters are Oggy, Joey, Marky, Dee Dee and Jack. It is slapstick comedy with a good deal of comic violence. A 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th season were confirmed. The 5th and 6th seasons premeired on June 30, 2017 and on May 16, 2017. Season 7 premeired on March 19, 2018 while season 8 premeired on May 7, 2020.  The show got adapted into a film in 2013, which was called Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie. In September 2020, the show was reported to be rebooted as The New Adventures of Oggy, a series about Oggy taking care of a seven-year old female elephant named Piya from India. In August 2021, a spin-off of Oggy and the Cockroaches was made, which was called Oggy Oggy.

Characters

Main
The Male Cats:
 Oggy
 Jack
 The Cockroaches:
 Marky
 Joey
 Dee Dee

Recurring
 Monica (Oggy's twin sister and Jack's love interest)
 Bob
 Olivia (Oggy's crush)

Note
 In end of the Season 4 finale episode, Oggy and Olivia get married in Venice, Italy.

References

Voice Cast 
 Don Michael Paul - Oggy
 Greg Eagles - Jack
 Tara Strong - Monica, Olivia
 Tony Sampson - Joey
 Sam Vincent - Marky
 Matt Hill - Dee Dee
 Peter Kelamis - Bob
 Hugues Le Bars - Jack's singing voice, Dee Dee's singing voice
 Michel Elias - Dee Dee's gibberish voice, Jack's gibberish voice
 Dave Hill - Oggy's British accent
 Shailesh Pandey - Jack's yodelling voice
 Rick Jones - Jack's English accent  
                                                                                                                            French television series
American children's television series
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
1998 television series debuts
1990s animated television series
2000s animated television series
2010s animated television series
2020s animated television series
English-language television programs
Lily Serna

Lily Serna (born 5 July 1986) is an Australian mathematician and television presenter. She is best known for co-presenting the SBS game show Letters and Numbers from 2010 until 2012 and the cooking show Destination Flavour since later 2012.

Serna was born in Jerusalem. She moved to Sydney with her family when she was eight years old.

References

Other websites
 
 

1986 births
Living people
Australian television presenters
Mathematicians
People from Jerusalem
People from Sydney
TACA Airlines

TACA Airlines (Transportes Aereos del Continente Americano) is an airline from El Salvador. In 2009 it was merged with Avianca. The two airlines continued to operate separately. TACA has had two major air crashes since 1970.

Gallery

References 

1931 establishments in North America
El Salvador
Airlines of North America
Establishments in El Salvador
2013 disestablishments in North America