cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Guckkasten

Guckkasten (Hangul: 국카스텐) is a South Korean Indie rock group that is known for psychedelic music.  The members are Ha Hyun-woo (Hangul: 하현우, vocal), Jeon Kyu-ho (Hangul: 전규호), Lee Jung-gil (Hangul: 이정길) and Kim Ki-bum (Hangul: 김기범).  The group formed in 2003 and their band was called "The C.O.M" at the time.  In 2007, they renamed their band "Guckkasten," a German word that means "Chinese-style kaleidoscope".  The renaming of the band as "Guckkasten" was to reflect how their psychedelic music is like looking through a Chinese-style kaleidoscope with its beautiful and constantly changing pictures. This band tries to express their experimental mindset by playing music like psychedelic videos hidden under an analogous style.

Members 
Ha Hyun-woo (하현우) : vocals, guitar
Jeon Kyu-ho (전규호) : guitar
Lee Jung-gil (이정길) : drums
Kim Ki-bum (김기범) : bass guitar

History of Guckkasten 
Lee Jung-gil and Ha Hyun-woo started a school band together. After quitting school, they moved to Seoul. Then they scouted Jeon Kyu-ho through the Internet and started a band "New Unbalance".  
In 2003, they realigned their members and created a band named  "The C.O.M".  However, "The C.O.M" broke up that year after the "Ssamji sound festival". 
Then in 2007, they formed the band again, but changed the name to "Guckkasten," a German word for Chinese-style kaleidoscope.  A year later, in 2008, Kim Ki-bum joined the band.
Since then, they have performed as the band "Guckkasten" and never looked back.

Musical style and artistry 
The music of Guckkasten can be classified as psychedelic. They try to express their music as psychedelic videos which is hidden under analogue.It is because their music is inspired by Hague's piece called Art and Fire. Although their music can be classified as psychedelic music in some points, their genre can't be defined clearly. Their music is expressed in various ways and the songs are very changeable.They are skilled guitar players, and their sound is guitar focused. But they have said that this will change on their 2nd album.

Other websites 

South Korean musical groups
2003 establishments in South Korea
Tjungkara Ken

Tjungkara Ken (born 1 October 1969) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Amaṯa, South Australia. She began painting in 1997, when Minymaku Arts was opened by the women of Amaṯa. She started doing it professionally (as a job) in 2008. By that time, the artists' co-operative had been renamed to Tjala Arts.

Ken's paintings depict stories and figures from her personal  (Dreaming), the spirituality that is associated with her ancestor's homeland. Her father is from the country around Amaṯa and Walitjara, and Ken most often depicts this country and its  in her paintings. She also illustrates her mother's country, which is further west, near Irrunytju.

Ken's paintings have been featured in group exhibitions in many of Australia's major cities. Some of her work was also part of an exhibition in Graz, Austria in 2002. One of her paintings, titled  – My Country, was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010. It was bought by a private collector. Another of Ken's works, a painting depicting the  (Seven Sisters Dreaming), was chosen by the Art Gallery of South Australia as the winner of its "Desert Country" competition in 2011. The exhibition featured works by several artists from across the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, including Maringka Baker, Nura Rupert and Jimmy Baker.

Examples of Ken's work are shown in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the National Gallery of Australia. It is also held in several major private galleries in Australia.

References

1969 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Neo-impressionism

Neo-impressionism is a term coined by a French art critic in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurat’s greatest masterpiece, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, marked the beginning of this movement when it appeared at an exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris.

Around this time, many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of neo-impressionism were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colours influenced neo-impressionists’ characterization of their own contemporary art. 
Pointillism is often mentioned, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the movement.

The art critic Félix Fénéon first used the term neo-impressionism in an article he wrote for the Belgian journal L’art Moderne in 1886. With the term he wanted to show that the way Seurat painted was different from the ways painting was done in Impressionism. In total, the movement lasted about five years.

References 

Art movements
Crowns of Silla

The crowns of Silla are golden crowns made in the Korean kingdom of Silla. They were made roughly during the 5th and 6th centuries. These crowns were excavated in Gyeongju, the ancient capital of Silla. They are part of the national treasures of South Korea.

History of Korea
Korean monarchs
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) studied fungus who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.

Early life
Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. He was the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education.

Education
He started his education studying theology at Halle. In 1784 at the age 22 Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799.

Later years
He moved to Paris in 1802 where he spent the rest of his life. He rented an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. In his later life he was unemployed, unmarried, poor and kept to himself. He did correspond with botanists throughout Europe however. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life.

Academic career
The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his writings was Abbildungen der Schwämme (Illustrations of the fungi). It was published in three parts. The first was published in 1790. The second in 1791. The third was published and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his Synopsis plantarum . This was a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in fungi. He wrote several things related to mushrooms and other forms of fungi. Beginning with the Synopsis methodica fungorum (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The genus Persoonia is a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs and was named after him.

References
 Duane Isely, One hundred and one botanists (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 124–126.

Other websites

Christian Hendrik Persoon
Persoonia 
Hunt Institute-botanical archives 

1761 births
1836 deaths
South African scientists
Botanists
Nura Rupert

Nura Rupert is an Australian Aboriginal artist from north-west South Australia. She produces her works using intaglio methods of printmaking. The designs are drawn by etching and linocutting, and the prints are done on paper.

Nura was born about 1933, in north-western South Australia. The place of her birth is a rock hole called Tjitapiti, which is northeast of Nyapaṟi, and close to what is now the outstation of Angatja. Nura was a "bush baby" (she was born in the bush), and her family lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert around Angatja. Nura was a baby when her parents and elder brother settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time.

Nura worked in crafts from a young age. Growing up at the mission, she learned weaving and knitting to make rugs and clothes. She also learned to make artistic objects from wood carving and poker work. She began painting around 2000, producing acrylic paintings on canvases. She started using printmaking techniques a few years later.

Most of Nura's designs depict stories from her childhood. They are usually images of children or animals, such as dingos and goats, but she is best known for her depictions of  (spirits). These are from traditional Pitjantjatjara stories told to children to make sure they stay away from trouble. Her style is often described as "child-like", because the shapes are very simple and look like a child's drawings.

Works by Nura have been featured in exhibitions since 2000, in many of Australia's major cities and also in cities in the United Kingdom. Her work is held in several major collections, including Flinders University, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and Parliament House in Canberra. Prints by Nura were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2006 and 2007, and the Western Australian Indigenous Art Awards in 2010.

References

1933 births
Living people
Australian printmakers
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Australian Plant Name Index

The Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) is an online database of all published names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names, whether current names, synonyms or invalid names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, links to other resources, and data from the Census of Australian Vascular Plants divided by state. Users can also make notes and comments on other details.

Overview
The APNI is recognised by Australian herbaria as the official source for Australian plant descriptions. It is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, which is a collaborative project with A$10-million funding. The project is aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria.

Two search interfaces are offered:
 Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), a full search interface that delivers full results, with no automatic interpretation, and
 What's Its Name (WIN), a less powerful search interface that delivers concise results, together with automatic (and not always correct) inference as to the currency.

Originally the idea of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work of 3,055 pages. It contains over 60,000 plant names. It was compiled by Arthur Chapman, and was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database, and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance has given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.

References

Other websites
 Official Australian Plant Name Index website — full detail search.
 What's Its Name (WIN) — full detail search.

Databases
Plants of Australia
Science websites
Cabinet making

Cabinet making, also spelled cabinetmaking  or "cabinet-making" with a hyphen,  is the use of fine woodworking skills to make cabinets and furniture.

Cabinetmakers learn to use the tools of the cabinet making trade.

History
There were few full-time furniture makers in England or America until the last half of the 17th century.

In the 18th century, some European cabinetmakers became well known. Cabinet making was an essential trade in early British North America. It was a huge money maker. They made furniture like cabinets, chairs, doors, drawers, cupboards, bed frames, tables, and many more. They used gimlets, gouges, bow saws, chisels, braces, and hacksaws to make their furniture. The wood they used was oak, maple, cypress, chestnut, and yellow pine.

Gallery

Related pages
 Cabinet (furniture)
 Woodworking

References

Other websites 

 Short History of Cabinets at FineWoodWorking.com 

Woodworking
Mantidfly

Mantidflies are insects in the family Mantispidae. They are small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of Mantispa occur in Europe.

Description and ecology
Some mantidflies are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. 

They get their name from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" (raptor-like) front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids. The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights. They have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers.

Their larvae are either parasitoids or predators. Subfamily Symphrasinae larvae are parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the subfamily Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods. 

Larvae of the subfamily Mantispinae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarab-like larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube. Then they pupate in the egg sac.

References 

Neuroptera
Tav

Taw, tav, or taf is the twenty-second and last letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Tāw  , Hebrew Tav , Aramaic Taw , Syriac Taw ܬ, and Arabic ت Tāʼ  (22nd in abjadi order, 3rd in modern order). In Arabic, it is also gives rise to the derived letter  Ṯāʼ. Its original sound value is .
Tav, or Taw, is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet. Its sounds like a .

Letters (alphabet)
Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research

The Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research (CESAER) is an association of engineering universities in Europe. CESAER started on the 10th of May 1990, based in Leuven, Belgium.

Members

Notes

Further reading
Official website

Education
Technical colleges and universities in Europe
Ginger Wikilyiri

Ginger Nobby Wikilyiri is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Nyapaṟi, South Australia.

Life 
Wikilyiri was born around 1932, in the desert of north-western South Australia. The place where he was born is Kunamata, a rock hole south of what is now the community of Nyapaṟi. His father had three wives, and Wikilyiri is the son of the second wife. He has an elder sister, Wingu, who was borne to his father's first wife. Wikilyiri and his family, who are Pitjantjatjara, were all born and lived in the bush, living a traditional way of life. After settling at Ernabella, Wikilyiri worked in land management and horticulture. He worked for many years as a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, living at Muṯitjulu.

Artwork 
Wikilyiri paints stories from his Dreaming, the spirituality that defines his kinship with the land. The Dreaming associated with his birth place, Kunumata, carries the  (a kind of python) as its totem. Wikilyiri's paintings depict sacred legends about his ancestors and how they created the land around Kunumata. He also paints similar stories about Piltati, another rock hole nearby and a sacred site for Pitjantjatjara men. Pink dominates many of Wikilyiri's major paintings, which is an unusual choice of colour for the Western Desert style of art.

His work has been shown in major exhibitions in many cities around Australia and other countries. Examples are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Paintings by Wikilyiri were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

References

1932 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
North Queensland

North Queensland or the Northern Region is the northern part of the state of Queensland in Australia. It is just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state and is larger than many countries. The tropical northern part of it has been historically remote and undeveloped. This has resulted in a regional character and identity that is quite different to the rest of the state.

Townsville is the largest community in North Queensland. It is regarded as an unofficial capital. The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km².

Geography
There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially, its southern border is usually considered to begin south of the Mackay Region. To the north is the Far North Queensland region. The centre of the region is around Cairns. To the west west is the Gulf Country.

North Queensland is a coastal region. Its largest settlement is the city of Townsville, where there is a major seaport.

State of North Queensland
There have been many groups saying that North Queensland should become its own state.

References

Geography of Queensland
Regions of Australia
Payari

Payari is a village in Bangladesh. It is in the Magura district of the Khulna Division. It is almost 14 km away from Magura Sadar Upazila. The Nabaganga river flows nearby the village.

References 

Bangladesh
Villages in Asia
Phidippus audax

Phidippus audax is a jumping spider that comes from North America. The spider is often called the daring jumping spider or bold jumping spider in English. A spider of this species will usually be black with white patterns on its abdomen. In younger spiders, the spots on the abdomen will be a orange, red or yellow colour, which will become white as the spider becomes older. The average size of an adult is between 13 and 20 millimetres and the male is slightly smaller than the female.

Spiders
Animals of North America
Mikio Hasemoto

Mikio Hasemoto (July 13, 1916-November 29, 1943)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Hasemoto was born at Honolulu, Hawaii.  He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hasemoto joined the US Army in June 1941.

Hasemoto volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in November 1943, Hasemoto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hasemoto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Hasemoto's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1943.  With his squad leader, he destroyed an enemy force despite having to run through heavy fire twice to retrieve new weapons

The words of Hasemoto's citation explain:
Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of his platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran 10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire. Private Hasemoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
 

1916 births
1943 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Nicholas Marcellus Hentz

Nicholas Marcellus Hentz (born July 25, 1797) was a French-American educator and arachnologist. He died November 4, 1856 in Marianna, Florida.

Hentz was born in Versailles, France. He learned the art of miniature painting and studied medicine in Paris. In 1816, he immigrated to the United States. In the United States, he taught the French language and miniature painting in Boston, Philadelphia and many other places.

Hentz is best known for his work in describing 124 spider species. These include the black-footed yellow sac spider and the Southern house spider.

References

Other websites

1797 births
1856 deaths
French biologists
American zoologists
People from Versailles
Italian food

Italian food is the food created by traditional Italian cooking. It is not any one thing, because it is strongly regionalised. This means that the cooking is different in different parts of Italy.

Naturally there are some basic foods which can be found all over Italy, and now in many other countries. These are pasta, pizza, cannoli pastry desserts, ice cream and red or white wine. Calamari dishes of  fried squid (fried calamari) are often on the menu.

Olives have been grown in Italy for thousands of years. They are eaten, and also are the basis of olive oil. Olive oil and vinaigrette or balsamic vinegar are always on the table or nearby. Italians also make many kinds of breads in a different style from French bread. Their styles of coffee have also become internationally famous. Some of their liqueurs, like limoncello, are very distinctive.

Italian food is one of the most refined and varied in Europe, from the piquant flavours of Naples and Calabria to the pesto dishes of Liguria and the cheese and risotto dishes of the Italian Alps.

References
Kashima-jingū

, also known as Kashima-jinja, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kashima, Ibaraki on the island of Honshu.

History
Kashima was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Hitachi Province.  It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Ibaraki Prefecture.  
  This place is special to the kami named .

In the modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, Kashima was listed in the middle range of ranked Imperial shrines or  which included  23 sanctuaries.

References

Other websites

Kashima Jingu website 

Shinto shrines
Buildings and structures in Japan
Friedrich von Wurmb

Christoph Carl Friedrich von Wurmb (2 July 1742-March 1781) was a German botanist. His official shorthand is „Wurmb“. He was a descendant of the noble family von Wurmb. At some point in time, his elder brother Ludwig and he himself fell in love with the same woman. After a long decision process, he decided to emigrate, and leave the woman to his brother. He joined the Dutch East India Company, and emigrated to Amsterdam, and later to Batavia, the modern-day Jakarta. His brother later married this woman, Christiane von Werthern. His sister's brother in law, Friedrich Schiller, wrote a short story about it, A magnanimous act (Eine Grossmütige Handlung).

In biology, he is known for his taxonomy of palm trees. and for his writing about a Bornean Oranggutan.

The species Wurmbea in the Colchicaceae is named after him.

Baron von Wurmb was also an important member of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (now National Museum) and the founder of its well-known library, now the National Library. He lived in a house in the old Batavia area, known as the Yellow Lions building, due to the two golden (now faded) lion statues that guard the entrance of the house. Though now slightly run down, the building still stands next to Kali Besar in Jakarta.

References

1742 births
1781 deaths
German biologists
Core cities of Japan

is a defined class or category of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.  All core cities have a population greater than 300,000.

History
The core cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan.  Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures.

List
Core cities were recognized starting in 1996. There are 40+ of these cities, including
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Akita, 1997
 Amagasaki, 2009
 Aomori, 2006
 Asahikawa, 2000
 Fukuyama, 1998
 Funabashi, 2003
 Gifu, 1996
 Hakodate, 2005
 Higashiōsaka, 2005
 Himeji, 1996
 Iwaki, 1999
 Kagoshima, 1996
 Kanazawa, 1996
 Kashiwa, 2008 
 Kawagoe, 2003
 Kōchi, 1998
 Kōriyama, 1997
 Kurashiki, 2002
 Kurume, 2008
 Maebashi, 2009
 Matsuyama, 2000
 Miyazaki, 1998
 Morioka, 2008
 Nagano, 1999
 Nagasaki, 1997
 Naha, 2013
 Nara, 2002
 Nishinomiya, 2008
 Ōita, 1997
 Okazaki, 2003
 Okayama
 Ōtsu, 2009
 Shimonoseki, 2005
 Takamatsu, 1999
 Takasaki, 2011
 Takatsuki, 2003
 Toyama, 1996
 Toyohashi, 1999
 Toyonaka
 Toyota, 1998
 Utsunomiya, 1996
 Wakayama, 1997
 Yokosuka, 2001

Related pages

 Administrative division
 Urban area
 Municipalities in Japan

References

Other websites
 "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows core cities in context [PDF 7 of 40]
Oligopsony

In microeconomics an oligopsony is a market form where there are few buyers. There may be many sellers, but because there are few buyers, the decision each buyer makes influences the whole market. Therefore this is an example of imperfect competition.

Oligopsony works just like oligopoly involving a few number of sellers. This market has a few big buyers willing to buy a product or service. The number being limited enables the purchasers to have a sense of control over the sellers, and lets them negotiate with product prices.

One example of this is the market for cocoa: Three companies (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland and Callebaut) buy most of the world production, usually from small farmers. Other examples are that of tobacco or that of bananas. By extension the "market for work" also has this characteristic: there are few companies (employers, "buying work") and many people "offering to work".

References

Bhaskar, V., A. Manning and T. To (2002) 'Oligopsony and Monopsonistic Competition in Labor Markets,' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 155–174.
Bhaskar, V. and T. To (2004) 'Oligopsony and the Distribution of Wages,' European Economic Review, 47, 371-399.

Market forms
Natural monopoly

A natural monopoly is a type of monopoly in which it is the only seller and producer of a good or service. It is impossible for a new firm to enter the market as there are very high barriers to entry and very high startup costs, similar to that of a normal monopoly. The natural monopoly term is usually used to describe markets that have very high fixed costs compared to the marginal costs of selling the good or service, creating economies of scale that are large compared to the size of the market and hence resulting in very high barriers to entry. Examples of natural monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

A natural monopoly often keeps getting economies of scale as more of a good or service is produced.

References
Monopsony

A Monopsony is a market form where there is only one buyer, but many sellers. Much like with the monopoly this single buyer has a complete influence on the price. In practice, this market form does not occur often. One example may be a healthcare system where there is only one  "buyer" of healthcare services; which is usually the state, or a state-run institution. Another example is defense industry, where the state is the often only buyer. Still another is that of public transport: Either the whole public transport is run by one (usually state-owned) company, or the state awards contracts to run a given line for a certain time period.
Koreapas

Koreapas (고파스) is an online homepage for Korea University students in South Korea. It provides information which is useful in school life. It is called  (). It was started in 2007 by person who named Park Jong Chan. There is news about school and lecture information. Students talk freely and share information. So, it is useful to register before the semester starts. You can find information about restaurants and flea markets too.

Park Jong Chan who made this online community was elected the student president in 2011. His well-known name because of making Ko-pas helped him to be elected. Many students are so familiar in this homepage and it makes students remember his name easily.

Ko-pas has been criticized because of its exclusivity. There is a anonymous board in Ko-pas page and some students use swear words and say unproper words as a student. The other problem is exclusive culture in Ko-pas. They only along with those members in that site and show disrespect to other groups especially less famous university in Korea. But, it could be a one of side effects and internet cultures as well

Other websites
 The Ko-pas homepage

Schools in South Korea
Websites established in 2007
The Mall, Lahore

The Mall is a major avenue or road in the city of Lahore, in Pakistan. It was made during the colonial times of the British Raj, in the 1850s and 1860s. 

The Mall is still Lahore's main avenue or road, with many important sites and buildings on both sides of it. It is usually divided into two sections, the 'Lower Mall' near the Punjab Government Secretariat, the University of the Punjab, the Government College University, the Lahore Museum and other locations; and the 'Upper Mall' near the Lawrence Gardens (now renamed the Bagh i Jinnah), the Lahore Zoo, Aitchison College, the Government House and the Lahore Gymkhana Club. 

Smaller roads link up to the Mall on many sides, leading to various other parts of the city.

Buildings and structures in Lahore
19th-century establishments in Pakistan
William Lockhart

General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart, commonly known as William Lockhart (1841-1900) was a well-known British Indian Army officer. He was born in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

He served in the 1857-1858 Indian Mutiny (or Rebellion of 1857) and then in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, winning medals for his brave achievements. From 1880 to 1885 he remained Deputy Quartermaster-General of the Intelligence Branch of British India. In 1897 he commanded the famous Tirah expedition against the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in India and died of malaria in Calcutta while still serving in this position. 

1841 births
1900 deaths
Deaths from infectious disease
People of British India
Scottish people
Xeranthemum

Xeranthemum is a flower.  It is found in Southern Europe. It has silvery flower heads with purple tube-like flowers.

References

Asteraceae
Afridi

The Afridi are a large Pashtun tribe mostly resident in Tirah, Jamrud and the Khyber Pass areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. 

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Joséphine de Beauharnais

Joséphine de Beauharnais (23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte.  This made her the first Empress of the French. Her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. 

She did not have any children with Napoleon, as a result, he divorced her in 1810. Then he married Marie Louise of Austria.

Other websites

1763 births
1814 deaths
French royalty
House of Bonaparte
Helichrysum

Helichrysum is a type of flower.  It has about 600 species in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The name Helichrysum comes from two Greek words: helisso means to turn around and chrysos means gold.

It grows in Africa, Madagascar, Australasia and Eurasia.  There are many species in South Africa.

Asteraceae
Xerochrysum bicolor

Xerochrysum bicolor is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.  It grows in Tasmania, mainly near the coast.

It grows to about 40 cm in height and 50 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks.  They have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm.

Asteraceae
Tasmania
Abbotsford House

Abbotsford House near the town of Melrose in Roxburghshire in Scotland was the house of the writer Sir Walter Scott, where he lived from 1812 to 1832. He wrote a lot of historical adventure stories, many of which have been filmed for the cinema and television.

The house is now a museum dedicated to Scott's life and works. It is a category A listed building.

Buildings and structures in Scotland
Walter Savage Landor

Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864) also known as WS Landor, was an English poet and essayist.

Early life
He was the son of a doctor. He was sent to the famous Rugby School in 1784, but was removed in 1791, to avoid expulsion. He then went up to study at Trinity College, Oxford University but was also rusticated from there in 1794. After this, he developed some problems with his father, who was very angry at him, so Landor left his home.

Poetry and writings
In 1794-95, he prepared his first book of poems, published in 1795 as The Poems of Walter Savage Landor. This was followed by Gebir (1798), Poetry (1802), Imaginary Conversations (series, 1824-1829) and other works.

Later life and death
He was also for some time married to Julia Thuillier and settled in France for a short time, then moved to Italy. After fighting with his wife, he left her and returned to England in 1835. In 1853 he published his last book, Last Fruit off an Old Tree and then, in 1858, left England again and went and settled in Europe. He died in 1864.

1775 births
1864 deaths
English writers
English poets
List of football clubs in Azerbaijan

This is a list of football clubs in Azerbaijan, sub-divided into leagues where known.

Azerbaijan Premier League 2013-14

Azerbaijan First Division 2013-14

AFFA Amateur League
FC Absheron
FK Masallı
FK Ganclarbirliyi Sumqayit
Djidir Shusha
Spartak Baku
FC Qarabag Khankendi
Nidzhat Mashtagi
Narzan Gadabay
Femida Bilasuvar
Kainat Sumqayit
Kavkaz Belokan
Mil Beylagan
Ayulduz Baku
Bayil Rovers
Neftchi ISM
Denizchi XDND
Adliyya Baku
Spartak Guba

Azerbaijan
Football in Azerbaijan
Sports teams in Azerbaijan
Thomson–East Coast MRT line

The Thomson-East Coast Line (TEL) is the sixth MRT line in Singapore. It is the fourth line to be fully automated and driverless in Singapore. The line will be 43 km (27 mi) long, with 31 stations. The line is colored brown on the MRT Rail map.

The Thomson Line section was announced on 29 August 2012. The Eastern Region Line section was announced on 15 August 2014. Both were put together to form the Thomson-East Coast Line.

The first and second stage of the line opened on 31 January 2020 and August 28, 2021 with the other three stages expected to open from 2022 to 2024. It interchanges with all existing lines. When the first three stages are opened, it is expected to serve about 500,000 commuters daily.

Stations

References

Other websites
Thomson–East Coast Line

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
Subprefectures of Japan

are a Japanese form of self-government which focuses on local issues below the prefectural level. 

Each subprefecture is part of the greater administration of the prefecture and the national state.  It is also as part of a self-government system.

History
Subprefectures were given a definite form in 1878 (Meiji 11). 

The Meiji government established the  as an administrative unit.  

In 1888 (Meiji 21''), the sub-prefecture as a form of self-government was officially recognized as more general than civic corporations like cities, towns and villages. 
 
Some prefectures of Japan include subprefectures. The subprefecture is the jurisdiction surrounding a "branch office" of the prefectural government.

Current subprefectures
Hokkaidō, 14  subprefectures 
Kagoshima, 2 subprefectures
Miyazaki, 1 subprefecture
Tokyo, 4 subprefectures 
Shimane, 1 subprefecture 
Yamagata, 4 subprefectures

Former subprefectures
Hyōgo, 10 subprefectures
Chiba, 5 subprefectures
Nagasaki, 3 subprefectures
Okinawa, 2 subprefectures

Related pages

 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Municipalities of Japan

References
Dobermann

Dobermann or Doberman Pinscher is a medium to large dog breed. It originated in Germany about 1890. It was named after a tax collector, Friedrich Louis Doberman (1834-1894), who wanted a dog as a companion and for protection. Doberman Pinschers are known as being very intelligent, loyal and fearless dogs. They are used by police forces, search and rescue dogs, guard dogs and as guide dogs for blind people.

Description

Size 
The Doberman is a dog of medium large size. Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, according to the FCI standard the dog typically stands between  and The Kennel Club in the UK quote  as being ideal. The female is typically somewhere between . A height of  is considered ideal.

Colors 
Dobermans have short smooth coats which are most commonly black. Less common are red (reddish-brown), blue, or fawn-colored coats. Blue and fawn colored Dobermans usually have rust-colored (reddish-brown) markings on their legs, chest and heads.

Ears and tail 
Normally a Doberman puppy has floppy ears and a long tail. While still a puppy, the tails are often shortened by surgery (called "docking") which heals quickly and causes the puppy very little pain. The ears are cut to a point and so they stand up (called "cropping"). This takes longer to heal. Cropping is considered by many to be unnecessary and is illegal in much of Europe. But it is still done in the United States and is part of the standard.

Temperament 
People who think they are like any other dogs or are often vicious and dangerous are for the most part wrong. It is true that any dog that is mistreated or not taken care of can become dangerous. Viciousness is a learned behavior and few dogs, including the Doberman, are naturally vicious. Dobermans can be protective and guarded or they can be sweet and eager to please. To get the desired temperament, training should start when the dog is about 8 months old.

The American Kennel Club describes the Doberman as"

References 

Dog breeds
George Steinbrenner

George Michael Steinbrenner III (July 4, 1930 – July 13, 2010) was an American businessman who was the owner of the New York Yankees from 1973 until his death in 2010. He was also part of the Great Lakes shipping industry.

Steinbrenner was born on July 4, 1930 in Rocky River, Ohio a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Williams College and at Ohio State University. He was married to Elizabeth Joan Zieg from 1956 until his death 2010. He had four children. Steinbrenner died on July 13, 2010 in Tampa, Florida from a heart attack, aged 80. He died 9 days after his 80th birthday.

References

Other websites

George Steinbrenner at Find A Grave
Steinbrenner's basketball bio 
George Steinbrenner Dies 

1930 births
2010 deaths
American billionaires
American philanthropists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
New York Yankees
Businesspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Businesspeople from New York City
Bob Sheppard

Robert Leo "Bob" Sheppard (October 20, 1910 – July 11, 2010) was an American journalist and announcer for the New York Yankees from 1951 until 2007 and for the New York Giants from 1956 until 2006. 

Sheppard was born on October 20, 1910 in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. He studied at St. John's Preparatory School, at St. John's University, and at Columbia University. He was married to Margaret Sheppard until her death in 1959. They had four children. Then he was married to Mary Hoffman from 1961 until his death in 2010. Sheppard died on July 11, 2010 in Baldwin, New York from natural causes, aged 99.

References

Other websites

The Baseball Experience, with introduction by Bob Sheppard

1910 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American journalists
New York Yankees
People from New York City
William Makepeace Thackeray

William Makepeace Thackeray (18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English writer. He is most famous for his novel, Vanity Fair. The title is from a place in Pilgrim's Progress.
The novel is about the adventures of Becky Sharp, an ambitious girl who wishes to rise in English society.

English writers
1811 births
1863 deaths
Rebecca

Rebecca is a female name. It is the name of Isaac's wife in the Book of Genesis. (Chapter 24). It is a popular name for girls in English speaking countries. Nicknames include Becky, Becca, Beck, And Bex/Becks.
The name Rebecca is the English translation Of the name רבקה (Rivka).

Related pages
Rebecca Black, American singer
Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
Rebecca Hall, British actress
Rebecca Quin, real name of American professional wrestler Becky Lynch
Rebecca Romijn, American actress
Rebecca Sealfon, American writer
Rebecca St. James, Australian singer
Rebecca, a film directed by Alfred Hitchcock

Given names
Sardar

Sardar or Sirdar or Serdar, is a title of nobility in India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. 

The word is from the old Sanskrit and Avesta languages. It means a prince, nobleman, tribal chief or leader or other aristocrat. In some tribes and ethnic groups in India and Pakistan, especially among the Baloch people and Punjabis, it is quite commonly used to denote even certain families of noble origins.

India
Iran
Pakistan
Afghanistan
Cameroon (sheep)

The Cameroon () is a domesticated breed of sheep from west Africa which has been exported to Europe. As of 2008, there were less than 650 but the population was increasing.

Characteristics
The Cameroon is a hair sheep which it sheds yearly in the spring.  Ewes can raise two lamb crops per year. Their most common color is brown with a black belly, head, and legs.

Literature 
 Fitzhugh und Bradford (eds.): Hairsheep of West Africa and the Americas. A genetic resource for the tropics. 1983
 R.M. Njwe und Y. Manjeli: Milk yield of Cameroon dwarf blackbelly sheep - Production laitière de moutons Djallonké au Cameroun. In: Small ruminant research and development in Africa - Réseau africain de recherche sur les petits ruminants. ILCA Research Report - 2, 1982, X5520/B

References

Caprids
Domesticated animals
Alpial

The Alpial are a Muslim Rajput tribe of Punjab (Pakistan). They are mostly found in Rawalpindi District, Attock District and Chakwal District of the northern Punjab.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Shizuya Hayashi

Shizuya Hayashi (November 28, 1917-March 12, 2008) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Hayashi was born in Waiakea, Hawaii.  He was the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hayashi joined the US Army in March 1941. He was given the nickname "Cesar" because his sergeant could not pronounce his name.

Hayashi volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.   This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in November 1943, Hayashi was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Hayashi's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Hayashi's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1943.  Without help from others, he silenced a machine gun nest and an anti-aircraft gun.

The words of Hayashi's citation explain:
Private Shizuya Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, near Cerasuolo, Italy. During a flank assault on high ground held by the enemy, Private Hayashi rose alone in the face of grenade, rifle, and machine gun fire. Firing his automatic rifle from the hip, he charged and overtook an enemy machine gun position, killing seven men in the nest and two more as they fled. After his platoon advanced 200 yards from this point, an enemy antiaircraft gun opened fire on the men. Private Hayashi returned fire at the hostile position, killing nine of the enemy, taking four prisoners, and forcing the remainder of the force to withdraw from the hill. Private Hayashi’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
 

1917 births
2008 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II