cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Manuel Julian Rufo Gracia

Manuel Julian Rufo Gracia (born June 25, 1975 in Cáceres) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain.  He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C8 type player.  He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1.  He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.

References 

Spanish footballers
Living people
1975 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
People from Extremadura
Sportspeople with disabilities, type C8
Juan Carlos Taibo Lopez

Juan Carlos Taibo Lopez (born January 8, 1978 in A Coruña) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain.  He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C8 type player.  He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1.

References 

Spanish footballers
Living people
1978 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
People from A Coruña
Sportspeople with disabilities, type C8
Ivan Vazquez Basurco

Ivan Vazquez Basurco (born February 11, 1975 in San Sebastian) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain.  He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player.  He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1.  He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.

References 

Spanish footballers
Living people
1975 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
People from San Sebastian
Sportspeople with disabilities, type C7
People from Guipuzcoa
Jesús María Visitacion Villan

Jesus Maria Visitacion Villan (born May 17, 1966 in San Sebastian) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain.  He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player.  He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1.  He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.

References 

Spanish footballers
Living people
1966 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
People from San Sebastian
People from Guipuzcoa
Viroflay

Viroflay is a French commune of Yvelines, in France.

It is near Versailles and Vélizy-Villacoublay.

Its current  mayor is Olivier Lebrun.

The people who live there are called Viroflaysiens.

Communes in Yvelines
Mika (singer)

Mika (born Michael Holbrook Penniman, Jr.; 18 August 1983) is a British-Lebanese singer.

Life
Mika was born in Beirut, Lebanon to a Lebanese mother and an American father. When Mika was a year old, his family was forced to leave war-torn Lebanon and moved to Paris. He moved to London at age nine. He is openly gay and some of his songs have LGBT themes.

Albums
Life in Cartoon Motion (released February 5th, 2007)
The Boy Who Knew Too Much (released September 21st, 2009)
The Origin of Love (released October 8th, 2012)
No Place in Heaven (released June 15th, 2015)
My Name Is Michael Holbrook (released October 4th, 2019)

Songs
Elle me dit
Grace Kelly
Happy Ending
We Are Golden

References

1983 births
Living people
British LGBT people
British pop musicians
British singer-songwriters
Gay men
LGBT singers
Musicians from Paris
People from Beirut
Singers from London
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003 was the first Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged eight to fifteen. It was held on 15 November 2003, in Copenhagen, Denmark. The show was presented by Camilla Ottesen and Remee. The contest was won by the then eleven-year-old Dino Jelušić, who represented Croatia with his song "Ti Si Moja Prva Ljubav" (You Are My First Love). Second place went to Spain and third place went to the United Kingdom.

Results

Score sheet

12 points 

Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another:

Commentators
  – Masa Fasoula and Nikos Frantseskakis (ERT)
  - Stian Barsnes Simonsen (NRK1)
  - Fernando Argenta (TVE1)
  - Ilse Van Hoecke and Bart Peeters (VRT TV1), Corinne Boulangier (RTBF La Deux)
  - Mark Durden-Smith & Tara Palmer-Tomkinson (ITV)
  - Jørgen de Mylius (DR1)
  - Victoria Dyring (SVT1)
  - Angela Groothuizen (Nederland 1)
  - TBC (TVP2)

References

Other websites
Junior Eurovision Official Site
Lyrics of Junior Eurovision 2003 entries at ESCKaz.com

Artists' sites
Official X!NK site 
Official Dino site
Official Anne Gadegaard site 

2003 in music
2003 in Europe
21st century in Copenhagen
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 was the second Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged 8 to 15. It was held on 20 November 2004, in Håkons Hall, Lillehammer, Norway and lasted 2 hours and 15 minutes.  The theme of the competition was "Bright Nordic Winter Nights".  The show was presented by Stian Barsnes Simonsen and Nadia Hasnaoui. It was broadcast in 20 countries and viewed by 100 million people. Eighteen countries participated, including France and Switzerland who participated for the first time. Originally 20 countries had applied to take part in the competition, but Germany and Israel later withdrew. Spain, the United Kingdom and Croatia won the top three places, the same three countries as last year.

Results

Score sheet

12 points 

Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another:

Commentators

  - Angela Groothuizen (Nederland 1)
  - Roman Kilchsperger (SF2), Marie-Thérèse Porchet (TSR 2), Claudio Lazzarino & Daniele Rauseo (TSI 1)
  - Elsa Fayer & Bruno Berberes (France 3)
  - Matt Brown (ITV2)
  - Fernando Argenta (TVE1)
  - Ilse Van Hoecke & Marcel Vanthilt (VRT TV1), Jean-Louis Lahaye (RTBF La Deux)
  - Leonard Miron (TVR1)
  - TBC (TVP1)

References

Other websites
 Official Site
 Lyrics of Junior Eurovision 2004 entries at ESCKaz.com

Artists' websites
 Official site of Noni Razvan Ene
 Official site of Cory Spedding 
 Official site of Nika Turkovic 
 Official Website of Marios Tofi 

2004 in music
21st century in Norway
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
2004 in Europe
Pal

Pal (June 4, 1940 – 1958) was a rough collie dog actor in the 1940s and early 1950s. He was owned and trained by Rudd Weatherwax. He appeared in the 1943 MGM movie Lassie Come Home and six other MGM "Lassie" movies. After the MGM movies, he played Lassie in the two pilot episodes for the CBS television series Lassie. He then retired. Pal died in 1958. He was buried on Weatherwax's ranch. His male descendants took over the Lassie role for the nearly 20-year run of the television series.

1940 births
1958 deaths
Individual dogs
Rudd Weatherwax

Ruddell Bird "Rudd" Weatherwax (September 23, 1907 – February 25, 1985) was an animal trainer. He trained dogs for movies and television. He trained a collie named Pal for the 1943 MGM movie Lassie Come Home. Pal appeared in six other MGM "Lassie" movies. He also trained Pal and his male descendants for the Lassie television series (1954-1974). He trained Spike for the 1957 Disney movie Old Yeller. He also trained Homer, the unofficial New York Mets team mascot in the 1960s.

1907 births
1985 deaths
Businesspeople from New Mexico
Governor of Hawaii

The Governor of the State of Hawaii is the head of the executive branch of Hawaii's government and commander-in-chief of the state's military. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws. He also has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Hawaii Legislature, and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

There have been seven governors of the state. Two have been elected to three terms. Three have been elected to two terms. The only one-term governor was the first, William F. Quinn. He also served a term as territorial governor. No state governor has resigned or died in office. No territorial governor ever died in office. George Ariyoshi was the first Asian American to be governor of any U.S. state. The current governor is David Ige. He took office on December 1, 2014.

List of governors

Living former governors

, five former governors were alive. The most recent death of a former governor was that of William F. Quinn (1957–1962), who died on August 28, 2006.

Notes

References

General

 
 
 

Constitution

Specific

Other websites

Office of the Governor of Hawaii
Commonwealth War Graves Commission

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is a British international organisation taking care of cemeteries and memorials of the British Army across countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. The organisation was established in 1917, as an idea of the British Army to take care of and maintain the military cemeteries.

Other websites 

 CWGC official website
 Maple Leaf Legacy Project
 South Africa War Graves Project
 United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials
 New Zealand Memorials Register, Ministry of Culture & Heritage

 
International organizations
1917 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the United Kingdom
Jerusalem British War Cemetery

The Jerusalem British War Cemetery (or Jerusalem War Cemetery) is a British military cemetery in Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. It honours the British soldiers who fought for the Commonwealth in Palestine during World War I.

Other websites 

 Jerusalem British War Cemetery in "Commonwealth War Graves Commission" site

Mount Scopus
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Cemeteries in Israel
Vár

Vár is a goddess of promises and agreements in Norse mythology. She listens to people that make agreements with one another. She also punishes those that break their promises and contracts. Vár is described in the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. The contracts that Vár makes are called  varar. Her name means 'pledge' or 'beloved'.

Norse gods and goddesses
Sjöfn

Sjöfn was a goddess of love in Norse mythology. She is described in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.

Norse gods and goddesses
Forseti

Forseti is a god of justice and reconciliation in Norse mythology. He oversaw courts and mediation. He is one of the Æsir gods. Forseti's name means "the presiding one" in Old Norse. He is often identified with Fosite, a god in the mythology of the Frisians. Forseti was the son of Nanna and Baldur.

Norse gods and goddesses
Nerthus

Nerthus is a goddess of fertility in Germanic paganism. She was mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in his study of the Germans, called Germania. Nerthus visited an island and was always met with celebration and hospitality. Nerthus was also mentioned as a goddess of peace, for when she visited this island, all weapons were locked up so as to not offend her.

Norse gods and goddesses
Fulla

Fulla is a goddess in Germanic and Norse mythology. She is one of Frigg's three handmaidens. She was described wearing a golden snood. Fulla tended to the ashen box and Frigg's shoes. Fulla was also the one who Frigg told all of her secrets. 

Norse gods and goddesses
Sága (goddess)

Sága is a goddess from Norse mythology. She is always associated with the island sakkavbar ("the fallen bank"). On this island, she and Odin often drank and ate together. Scholars have theorised that Sága may just be another name for Frigg. She may also be the goddess of clairvoyance or clarity. 

Norse gods and goddesses
Snotra

Snotra is a goddess of wisdom and prudence in Norse mythology. The Prose Edda says that Snotra is "high and courteous". She is a goddess that, according to Snorri Sturluson, "should be worshiped as a high-ranking goddess". She also is one of the few goddesses that dies during Ragnarok.

Norse gods and goddesses
Vili and Vé

In Norse mythology, Vili and Vé are the brothers of Odin. It is said that these three gods made the world. In Old Norse, vili means "will", and vé refers to a type of Germanic shrine

Vé is also known as the god of the seas. He once challenged Odin to a duel over the throne of Asgard. Odin won, and sent his brother to the underworld as punishment.

Vili, however, was loyal to Odin. Since Odin wore gold armour, his brothers Vili wore silver and Vé wore bronze. When Odin threw Vé into the underworld, Vé's armour was taken from him. Eventually, when Ragnarök began, Vé was given back his armour, sword, and powers to join Odin and Vili on a quest to kill the wolf Fenrir. When Fenrir swallowed Odin, his brother Vili thought the war was over and there were no hope so he sacrificed himself to Fenrir. Vé fled after Vili sacrificed himself, but Fenrir found him in the realm of the elves and ate him. However some people may say that Fenrir never ate Vé and that he was shot in the head with an arrow by an elf who had mistaken him for his nephew Loki.

Norse gods and goddesses
Borr

In Norse mythology, Borr is the father of the creation gods Odin, Vili and Vé. His wife is Bestla. Borr was the son of Búri. He was one of the first three gods, and one of the creator's of humanity.

Norse gods and goddesses
Ēostre

Ēostre is a goddess of Spring in Germanic paganism. The festival of Easter is named after her. Her colors are pink and green. Eostre is a symbol of rebirth and fertility. Her animal is the hare - which is the origin of the Easter Bunny.

Norse gods and goddesses
Elli

In Norse mythology, Elli is the personification of old age. She represents eternity. In the Prose Edda book "Gylfaginning", Elli defeats Thor in a wrestling match.

Norse gods and goddesses
Tiki

A tiki is a carved wooden or stone object depicting a human-like figure. They are found in Polynesian cultures in the Pacific Islands. The carvings often serve to mark the boundaries of sacred sites. The term is also used in Māori mythology, where Tiki is the first man.

Polynesia
Mythology
John "Mule" Miles

John "Mule" Miles (August 11, 1922 – May 24, 2013) was an American baseball player. He played with the Chicago American Giants of the Negro League from 1946-1949. Nicknamed the "Mule" by his manager Candy Jim Taylor after hitting two home runs in one ball game. Miles used to play with Jackie Robinson.

Miles was born on August 11, 1922 in San Antonio, Texas. He was an original Tuskegee Airman Member of the San Antonio Chapter at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. Miles died on May 24, 2013 in his home in San Antonio, Texas from natural causes, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 Negro League Baseball Players Association 
 Negro Leagues Baseball Museum 

1922 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American baseball players
Sportspeople from San Antonio, Texas
Patch Adams

Hunter Doherty "Patch" Adams (born May 28, 1945) is an American physician, social activist, clown and author. He founded the Gesundheit! Institute in 1971. Each year he organizes a group of volunteers from around the world to travel to various countries where they dress as clowns in an effort to bring humor to orphans, patients, and other people.

Adams was born on May 28, 1945 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Arlington, Virginia. Adams studied at Wakefield High School, at the Virginia Commonwealth University and at George Washington University.

After being hospitalized three times in one year for wanting to end his life, he decided "you don't kill yourself, stupid; you make revolution." He was married to Linda Edquist from 1975 until they divorced in 1998. They had two sons, Atomic Zagnut "Zag" Adams and Lars Zig Edquist Adams. He now lives in Urbana, Illinois.

The 1998 movie Patch Adams is based on his life. He was played by Robin Williams.

References

Other websites

1945 births
Living people
American physicians
American activists
American entertainers
Chief executives
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
People from Arlington, Virginia
Businesspeople from Virginia
Scientists from Virginia
Division of Fremantle

The Division of Fremantle is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was one of the original 75 divisions for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the city of Fremantle, which in turn is named for Captain Charles Fremantle. Fremantle was captain of HMS Challenger, which brought the first settlers to Western Australia. The Division includes the southern suburbs of Perth, Cockburn, Coolbellup, Palmyra, Fremantle and Rottnest Island.

The division originally included Perth's southwestern suburbs. Boundary changes since 1949 have made it a very safe seat for the Australian Labor Party.

Members

Many senior Labor members have held Fremantle. The most famous was John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945.Others were Kim Beazley (senior), a minister in the Whitlam Government; John Dawkins, a minister in the Hawke Government and Keating Governments; and Carmen Lawrence, the former Premier of Western Australia and a minister in the Keating Government. Melissa Parke is a former United Nations lawyer.

Election results
2004 election results
 2007 election results
2010 election results

References

Other websites
Division of Fremantle - Australian Electoral Commission
Melissa Parke's website

Electoral divisions of Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
Ensete

Ensete is a genus of flowering plants native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is one of the three genera in the banana family, Musaceae, and includes the false banana or enset (E. ventricosum), an economically important foodcrop in Ethiopia.

Taxonomy 
The genus Ensete was first described by Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (1796-1865) in his Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminarum of 1862 in which he created a single species, Ensete edule. However, the genus did not receive general recognition until 1947 when it was revived by E. E. Cheesman in the first of a series of papers in the Kew Bulletin on the classification of the bananas, with a total of 25 species.

Taxonomically, the genus Ensete has been reduced since Cheesman restore the taxon. Cheesman acknowledged that field study might reveal synonymy and the most recent review of the genus by Simmonds (1960) listed just six. The Plant List accepts eight species as valid.

Description
The plants of Ensete are very large herbs without branches that die after producing seeds; They have only one stem that remains short until flowering.

They have very big leaves; the lower parts of the leaves form a false stem so they look as trees. Their fruits are leathery and dry berries with few big and hard seeds.

Species

It is possible to separate Ensete into its African and Asian species.

Africa
Ensete homblei (Bequart ex De Wild.) Cheesman - SE Democratic Republic of Congo to N Zambia
Ensete livingstonianum (J.Kirk) Cheesman - Western tropical Africa to Malawi
Ensete perrieri (Claverie) Cheesman - endemic to Madagascar
Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman - enset or false banana, widely cultivated as a food plant in Ethiopia

Asia
Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman - widespread in Asia from India to Papua New Guinea
Ensete lasiocarpum (Franch.) Cheesman - China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma)
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman - Western Ghats of India
Ensete wilsonii (Tutcher) Cheesman - Yunnan, China, but doubtfully distinct from E. glaucum

Related pages 
Musa (genus)
Plantain
Banana

Notes

References

Other websites

 IPNI Listing

Musaceae
Arius

Arius (born around 260, died 336 in Constantinople) was an early Christian thinker. He lived in Alexandria, but was probably born in Libya.  He did not agree with his bishop Alexander who said that Jesus and God were the same. Arius said Jesus and God were not the same since there was a time when Jesus did not exist. 

At the First Council of Nicea, most bishops did not vote with Arius; the official document says that God the Father and Jesus the Son were of the same essence, and therefore the same being.  They voted that Jesus and God had existed together for all time.

Reference 
Article about Arius from Encyclopedia Britannica

260s births
336 deaths
Christian theologians
Egyptian Christians
Francisco Boedo Vazquez

Francisco Boedo Vazquez (born October 29, 1959 in A Coruña) is a judo athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete.  He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished second in the 86 kg group. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished 7 in the up to 81 kg Open group.

References 

Spanish judoka
Living people
1959 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
People from A Coruña
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Ancient Libya

In antiquity, the geographical name Libya generally referred to the part of North Africa, west of the Nile. 

History of Africa
Libya
Rafael Moreno López

Rafael Moreno Lopez (born August 25, 1966 in Málaga) is a judo athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete.  He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished 6 in the + 95 Kg group. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished second in the Open group. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in judo. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in judo.

References 

Spanish judoka
Living people
1966 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
People from Malaga
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Eugenio Andres Santana Santana

Eugenio Andres Santana Santana (born December 2, 1959 in Las Palmas) is a judo athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete.  He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished third in the 78 Kg group. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in judo.  He finished 5 in the up to Open group.

References 

Spanish judoka
Living people
1959 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
People from the Canary Islands
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Carcharodontosauridae

The Carcharodontosauridae were a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. They are a clade in the Carnosauria. Carcharodontosaurids included some of the largest land predators ever known: Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Tyrannotitan. All of these rivalled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus in size.

Evolution
Together with the spinosaurids, carcharodontosaurids were the largest predators in the early and middle Cretaceous throughout Gondwana. They were also in North America (Acrocanthosaurus), and Asia (Shaochilong).

Their ages range from 127 to 93 million years ago (mya). After that, they may have been replaced by the smaller abelisaurids in Gondwana and by tyrannosaurids in North America and Asia. If so, this faunal replacement occurred on a global scale.

However, some theropod teeth discovered in the late Cretaceous of Brazil, as well as a fragment of right maxilla appear to belong to carcharodontosaurids. This suggests the group survived until the latest Cretaceous.

In December 2011, Oliver Rauhut described a new genus and species of carcharodontosaurid from the Upper Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian to earliest Tithonian, about 154150 mya) of southeastern Tanzania. Veterupristisaurus is the oldest known carcharodontosaurid.

References 

Carnosaurs
José Luis Arribas Granados

Jose Luis Arribas Granados (born January 14, 1975 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain.  He had a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the breaststroke.

References 

1975 births
Living people
1996 Summer Paralympics
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish swimmers
Sportspeople from Madrid
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Awasa

Awasa (sometimes spelled Awassa or Hawassa) is a city in Ethiopia. It is on the shores of Lake Awasa in the Great Rift Valley. The city is the capital of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region. It is on the Trans-African Highway 4 to Cairo-Cape Town. It has 165,275 people (2012).

The city was once the capital of the Sidamo Province from 1978 to 1995; when the 1995 Constitution was adopted and the province was abolished. The city also has Hawassa University, which was created in 1999. 194 members of the Sidama Liberation Movement were arrested and held in Awasa prison in September 1994. The chairman fled to the United Kingdom after someone tried to assassinate him.

Other websites
Official city website 

Cities in Ethiopia
Stenian

The Stenian is the last geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.2 billion years ago, and ended at 1 billion years ago. Before it was the Ectasian. It is followed by the Tonian.

The supercontinent Rodinia began forming in this period.
Fossils of the first known sexually-reproducing eukaryotes are found at the end of the previous period in the Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Nunavut, Canada.

This period includes the Keweenawan Age at about 1100 mya.

References

Mesoproterozoic
Ectasian

The Ectasian is the second geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.4 billion years ago and ended at 1.2 billion years ago. The Ectasian came after the Calymmian and before the Stenian.

This period shows for the first evidence of sexual reproduction. The 1.2 billion-year-old Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Canada, is from the end of the Ectasian. It has the microfossils of the multicellular filaments of Bangiomorpha pubescens (a type of red algae). This was the first organism that had sexual reproduction. 

Mesoproterozoic
Calymmian

The Calymmian is the first geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.6 billion years ago and ended at 1.4 billion years ago.

In the period new land was formed. The supercontinent Columbia broke up during the Calymmian about 1.5 billion years ago.

Mesoproterozoic
Statherian

The Statherian is the last geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 1.8 billion years ago and ended at 1.6 billion years ago. 

The period is marked by new land. The supercontinent Columbia formed at the beginning of this period.

Palaeoproterozoic
Orosirian

The Orosirian is the third geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 2.05 billion years ago (bya) and ended at 1.8 bya. 

The latter half of the period was a time of mountain-building on nearly all continents. It was the time when the supercontinent Columbia began to form.

Two of the largest known impact events on Earth happened during the Orosirian. At the beginning of the period, 2023 million years ago (mya), a large asteroid hit the earth and created the Vredefort impact structure. The event that created the Sudbury Basin structure happened near the end of the period about 1850 mya.

Palaeoproterozoic
Rhyacian

The Rhyacian is the second geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic that began 2.3 billion years ago, and ended at 2.05 billion years ago. Before it was the Siderian It is followed by the Orosirian.

The Huronian (Makganyene) global glaciation began at the start of the Rhyacian. It lasted until 2200 million years ago.

The first known eukaryotes began to evolve in the Rhyacian period. The multicellular Francevillian Group Fossils, at 2.1-Gyr-old are from the Rhyacian period.

References 

Palaeoproterozoic
Brandon Pirri

Brandon Pirri (born April 10, 1991, in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Before he played in the NHL, Pirri played in the Ontario Junior Hockey League for the Streetsville Derbys and the Georgetown Raiders. He also played at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the ECAC Hockey conference. He was drafted by the Blackhawks with the 59th overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He spends most of his time with the Blackhawks AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs.

On March 2, 2014, the Blackhawks traded Pirri to the Florida Panthers for a 2014 3rd round pick and a 2016 5th round pick.

References

Other websites

1992 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
New York Rangers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Toronto
American Hockey League players
Siderian

The Siderian is the first geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic that began 2.5 billion years ago, and ended at 2.3 billion years ago. Before it was the Neoarchaean It is followed by the Rhyacian.

Banded iron formations (BIFs) became very abundant early this period. BIFs were formed as anaerobic algae produced waste oxygen that combined with iron, forming magnetite (Fe3O4, an iron oxide). This process cleared iron from the oceans, presumably turning greenish seas clear. Eventually, without an oxygen sink in the oceans, the process created the oxygen-rich atmosphere of today. This event is known as the oxygen catastrophe, which according to some geologists triggered the Huronian glaciation. The Huronian glaciation took place in the Siderian between 2400 Mya and 2300 Mya.

References 

Palaeoproterozoic
Shawn Lalonde

Shawn Beauchamp-Lalonde (born March 14, 1990, in Orleans, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Before he played in the NHL, Lalonde played 4 seasons in the Ontario Hockey League for the Belleville Bulls. He was drafted by the Blackhawks with the 68th overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He spends most of his time with the Blackhawks AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. He played his first game in the NHL for the Blackhawks on April 14, 2011 in a game against the St. Louis Blues.

On July 24, 2013, Lalonde left the Blackhawks to join Eisbären Berlin of the DEL.

References

Other websites

1990 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
People from Ottawa
Swedish Hockey League players
Sara Carracelas García

Sara Carracelas Garcia (born September 15, 1981 in Guipúzcoa) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she has cerebral palsy and is an S2 type swimmer.  She works with computers. She started swimming when she was four years old.  She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke and the 50 meter freestyle. She finished third in the 100 meter freestyle. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke. She finished third in the 50 meter freestyle. She finished second in the 100 meter freestyle.  She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke, the 50 meter freestyle and in the 100 meter freestyle. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 50 meter backstroke.  In 2010, she competed at the Tenerife International Open.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1981 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Guipuzcoa
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S2
Chris Tarrant

Christopher John "Chris" Tarrant (born 10 October 1946) is a British radio and television personality. He is best known as the presenter of the British version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. He presented the show from 1998 to 2014. He was born on 10 October 1946 in Reading, Berkshire, England. 

As the presenter of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, he was known for using catchphrases such as "But we don't want to give you that!" and "Is that your final answer?" during the show. "Is that your final answer?" was a catchphrase that became a part of the Millionaire franchise.

References

Other websites
Official website

British game show hosts
British radio personalities
People from Reading, Berkshire
Television personalities from Berkshire
1946 births
Living people
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 was the third Junior Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged 8 to 15. On 26 November 2005, the contest was held at the Ethias Arena in Hasselt, Belgium. It was broadcast live in a joint effort by the national broadcasters Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (VRT) and Radio télévision belge de la communauté française (RTBF), together with the European Broadcasting Union. Belgium won the right to hold the contest over five other countries including Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) of Croatia and AVRO of the Netherlands. Marcel Vanthilt and Maureen Louys hosted the event.

Results

Voting structure
Televote 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points.
The presenters started off by giving all contestants 12 points.

Score sheet

12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received:

 All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This is so no country gets zero points.

Commentators

  - TBC
  - Jørgen de Mylius (DR1)
  - TBC
  - Leonard Miron (TVR1)
  - Michael Underwood (ITV2)
  - Nanne Grönvall & Shan Atci (SVT1)
  - Yuriy Nikolayev (Channel One)
  - TBC
  - Tooske Ragas (Nederland 1)
  - Duška Vučinić-Lučić & Mladen Popović (Serbian, RTS1)
  - Kārlis Streips & Valters Frīdenbergs
  - Ilse Van Hoecke & André Vermeulen (Eén), Jean-Louis Lahaye (La Une)
  - TBC
  - Stian Barsnes Simonsen (NRK1)
  - Beatriz Pécker (TVE1)
  - TBC
  - Timur Miroshnychenko

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Lyrics of Junior Eurovision 2005 entries at ESCKaz.com
 Belarus at JESC 2005, Eurovision-Belarus project

Artists' sites
Denis Dimoski Official site 
 Kseniya Sitnik's Official site
Nicolai Official Site 
Joni Fullers Official site
Thea & Friends Official Site 
Antonio José's Official Site
Vlad Krutskih & Street Magic Official site

2005 in Europe
2005 in music
21st century in Belgium
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
November events
Neoarchaean

The Neoarchaean (Neoarchean) is the last geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 2.8 billion years ago and ended 2.5 billion years ago. Before the Neoarchaean era was the Mesoarchaean era and before the Palaeoproterozoic.

Oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved in this era. This led to an oxygen catastrophe in the Palaeoproterozoic era. It was caused by a poisonous buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere. This was created by oxygen-producing photoautotrophs that evolved in the Neoarchaean. The supercontinent Kenorland formed during this period, about 2.7 billion years ago.

References

Eras
Archaean
Mesoarchaean

The Mesoarchaean (Mesoarchean) is the third geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 3.2 billion years ago, and ended 2.8 billion years ago. Before the Mesoarchaean era was the Palaeoarchaean era. After the Mesoarchaean era was the Neoarchaean.

Fossils from Australia show that stromatolites have lived on Earth since the Mesoarchaean. The Pongola glaciation occurred 2.9 billion years ago. The first supercontinent Vaalbara broke up during this time, around 3.2 billion years ago. The second supercontinent Ur existed during this era, 3.1 billion years ago.

References

Eras
Archaean
Palaeoarchaean

The Palaeoarchaean (Paleoarchean) is the second geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 3.6 billion years ago and ended 3.2 billion years ago. Before it was the Eoarchaean and after it was the Mesoarchaean. 

The name comes from the Greek word palaios. Palaios means "ancient". The oldest fossil life forms are cyanobacteria found in strata 3.46 billion years old. These rocks are in Western Australia. 

The first supercontinent, Vaalbara, formed during this period.

References

Eras
Archaean
Bridal Chorus

The "Bridal Chorus" is a piece of music from Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin (1850). Transcriptions of the piece for pipe organ or other instruments are sometimes used at western world weddings as the bride enters the wedding site. The piece is slow and solemn. It is sometimes called the Wedding March or the Bridal March.

Compositions by Richard Wagner
Eoarchaean

The Eoarchaean (Eoarchean) is the first geological era in the Archaean eon that began 4 billion years ago, and ended 3.6 billion years ago. Before it was the Hadean It is followed by the Palaeoarchaean. 

The Eoarchaean is the earliest period of geology after the solidification of Earth's crust. The abiotic origins of life (abiogenesis) have been dated to a time window from 4 to 3.6 billion years ago when atmospheric pressure values ranged from  100 to 10 bar.

Chronology 
It was formerly officially unnamed and usually referred to as the first part of the Early Archaean (now an obsolete name) together with the later Palaeoarchaean Era. It is the first part of the Archaean Eon, preceded by the Hadean Eon.

The Eoarchaean was followed by the Palaeoarchaean Era.

The name comes from two Greek words: eos (dawn) and archaios (ancient). The 1st supercontinent Vaalbara appeared around the end of this period around 3.6 billion years ago.

Geology
A characteristic of the Eoarchean is that Earth possessed a firm crust for the first time. However, this crust may have been incomplete at many sites and areas of lava may have existed at the surface. The beginning of the Eoarchaean is characterized by heavy asteroid bombardment within the inner solar system: the Late Heavy Bombardment. The Eoarchaean is the first phase of our planet from which solid rock formations survived. The largest is the Isua greenstone belt at the southwest coast of Greenland. It appeared during the Eoarchaean around 3.8 billion years ago. The Acasta Gneiss within the Canadian Shield have been dated to be 4.03 Ga and are therefore the oldest preserved rock formations. In 2008 another rock formation was discovered in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt in northern Québec in Canada which has been dated to be 4.28 Ga. These formations are presently under intense investigation.

Earth's oceans formed  3.8 billion years ago.

References

Eras
Archaean
Tom Kennedy

James Edward Narz (February 26, 1927 – October 7, 2020), known professionally as Tom Kennedy, was an American television personality. He was best known for his work in game shows. He was the younger brother of game show host Jack Narz. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

Kennedy hosted many game shows over his lifetime. His most successful shows were You Don't Say! (aired on NBC from 1963-1969 and on ABC in 1975), Split Second (1972-1975), Name That Tune (1974-1981), and Password Plus (1980-1982; took over for original host Allen Ludden after Ludden's death). He also hosted other shows such as Whew! (1979-1980), Body Language (1984-1986), and a syndicated version of The Price is Right (1985-1986). He retired in 1989.

Kennedy died on October 7, 2020 in Oxnard, California at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2020 deaths
American game show hosts
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
White flight

The term white flight represents large-scale migrations of White people from large cities around Europe and the United States starting in the mid 20th century. Those large cities were primarily in Midwestern States and Northeastern States: Whites relocated out of those regions and into Southeastern and Southwestern States like Arizona and Texas. Midwestern cities like Chicago, Detroit or St. Louis, however, lost population of many Whites since the mid 20th century.

Politics
Migration
History of the United States
Climate of California

The climate of California varies widely from desert to alpine depending on latitude, elevation and how close the area is to the coast. Most of the coastal and southern parts of the state have a Mediterranean climate with somewhat rainy winters and dry summers. The deserts in the south of the state have very hot summers and mild winters. Parts of the south have a semi-arid/steppe climate, for example San Diego.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) averages from 1981-2010,  
California is the 13th warmest state in the United States with the average annual temperature of 58.4 °F (14.7 °C)

Temperature range
Northwest California has rainy cool winters and dry summers with temperatures in the summers in the upper 60s to the upper 70s. The Central Valley has a semi-arid climate with temperatures in the winter sometimes at nights fall below 30 °F (-1.1 °C) and at daytime rises above 80 °F (26.7 °C) with summers being from 80 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit at day. The desert areas in southern California has a hot and very dry climate with precipitation in some areas below 5 inches (127 mm) a year. Temperatures are mild in southern California's desert in the winter and temps can range from 60°F (15.5 °C) to 80°F (26.7 °C) at daytime with nights being chilly with temperatures ranging from 35°F (1.7 °C) to 50°F (10 °C). Temperatures are usually very hot during the day in desert places like Needles, San Bernardino and Palm Springs in the summer with daytime temperatures being from 105°F (40.5 °C) to 120°F (48°C) sometimes reaching above 120 °F (48 °C) and with nights being from 75°F (23.9 °C) to 90°F (32.2 °C). The hottest place in the world is in the desert of California, Death Valley. Death Valley once had a temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) on July 10, 1913 although some meteorologists dispute this temperature reading.  The average annual temperature in Death Valley from 1981-2010 was 76.7 °F (24.8 °C) with an average July mean temperature of 101.8 °F (38.8 °C).

References

California
Climate
Jack Warden

Jack Warden (John Warden Lebzelter; September 18, 1920 – July 19, 2006) was an American actor. He won an Emmy Award in 1976 for his role in Brian's Song. He also starred in the 1976 movie All the President's Men.

Warden was born on September 18, 1920 in Newark, New Jersey. He is of Dutch-Irish ancestry. Warden was raised in Louisville, Kentucky. He was married to Vanda Dupre from 1958 until his death in 2006. They had one son, Christopher. Warden died on July 19, 2006 from renal failure in New York City, New York, aged 85.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
Actors from Newark, New Jersey
Emmy Award winning actors
Chinese Rail SS4

The SS4 () is a kind of AC-powered electric locomotive used in China. It was built by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works in 1985 and is still produced as of 2010. It also has an updated version: SS4G ().

Gallery

Other websites 

SS4 Electric locomotive for freight,CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive co.,ltd. 

Bo-Bo locomotives
Locomotives of China
Wally Cox

Wallace Maynard Cox (December 6, 1924 – February 15, 1973) was an American comedian and actor.  He is known for being the voice of Underdog in the animated series Underdog. He is also known for his role in Mr. Peepers. He was close friends with actor Marlon Brando.

Cox was born on December 6, 1924 in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Cox studied at Denby High School, at the City College of New York, and at New York University. 

He was married to Marilyn Gennaro from 1954 until they divorced. Then he was married to Milagros Tirado from 1963 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Patricia Tiernan from 1969 until his death in 1973. He had two children with Tirado.

Cox died on February 15, 1973 in Hollywood, California after suffering a heart attack, aged 48. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at Death Valley and in Tahiti.

References

Other websites

 YouTube Video of Wally Cox in Marilyn Monroe's last screen appearance
 
 
 A detailed Cox biography
 Watch Wally Cox in The Copper
 Marlon and Wally
  Retrieved on 2009-05-27

1924 births
1973 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Actors from Chicago
Actors from New York City
Comedians from Chicago
Comedians from New York City
Television personalities from Chicago
Television personalities from New York City
Allen Swift

Ira Stadlen (January 16, 1924 – April 18, 2010) or Allen Swift, was an American actor and painter. He is known for playing Simon Bar Sinister and Riff-Raff on the Underdog cartoon show.

Biography
Swift was born on January 16, 1924 in New York City, New York. He was married to Lenore Loveman until his death in 2010. They had three children. Swift died on April 18, 2010 in New York City, New York from heart failure, aged 86.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American painters
Actors from New York City
Television personalities from New York City
Gene Deitch

Eugene Merril "Gene" Deitch (August 8, 1924 – April 16, 2020) was an American illustrator, animator and film director. His movie Munro won an Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. It was the first short made outside of the United States to receive an Oscar.

Deitch was born in Chicago, Illinois. He has three sons: Kim, Simon, and Seth. They are artists and writers for comics. Deitch was married to Zdenka Deitch.

Deitch died in Prague on April 16, 2020 of bowel obstruction, at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
Gene Deitch official site
The 65 Greats in my 65-year animation career

Howdy Doody lost work 
"How to succeed in animation"  - a long teaching online book by Gene Deitch
Biography of Gene Deitch from the Cartoon Hall of Fame of ASIFA-Hollywood 

1924 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from bowel obstruction
American animators
American illustrators
Artists from Chicago
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Benjamin C. Bradlee

Benjamin Crowninshield "Ben" Bradlee (August 26, 1921 – October 21, 2014) was a vice president at-large of The Washington Post. He was executive editor of the Post from 1968 to 1991. He became a national figure during the presidency of Richard Nixon, when he challenged the federal government over the right to publish the Pentagon Papers and oversaw the publication of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's stories documenting the Watergate scandal.

Bradlee was born on August 26, 1921 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is of English descent. He studied at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and at Harvard University. Bradlee was married three times; two of the marriages ended in divorce. His last wife, Sally Quinn worked for the Washington Post. Bradlee had four children.

In late September 2014, Bradlee entered at hospice care in Washington, D.C. due to declining health as a result of Alzheimer's disease. He died on October 21, 2014, at the age of 93, at his home in Washington, D.C.. His funeral was held on October 29 at the Washington National Cathedral.

References

Other websites
Bill Green, Washington Post Ombudsman 19 April 1981
Website for Free Speech: Jim Lehrer with Ben Bradlee  19 June 2006
Interview  via kayotix.com from the BBC news programme Hardtalk 2 November 2006
Ben Bradlee in Dick 8 August 1999
illinois.edu
mediabistro.com 
philly.com
http://www.americanancestors.org/boston-cousins-of-queen-victoria-and-yankee-ancestors/
Booknotes interview with Bradlee on A Good Life: Newspapering and Other Adventures, October 29, 1995. 

1921 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American journalists
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients