cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
ARCO

ARCO (short for Atlantic Richfield Company, the original name) is a United States oil company. It has operationsn 2 in the United States, Indonesia, the North Sea, and the South China Sea.  As of July 2011, it had more than 1,300 gas stations in the western part of the United States.

ARCO's original parent companies included:
Atlantic Petroleum, which opened its first gas station in 1915 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Richfield Oil Company, which opened its first gas station in 1917 in Los Angeles, California.
The two companies merged in 1966, and bought Sinclair Oil Corporation in 1969. In 1978, ARCO opened its first ampm convenience store.

Between 1970 and 2000, ARCO had a complicated corporate history. By 1985, it sold its Eastern US business to a new Atlantic Petroleum. In 2000, the remaining Western US business was bought by British Petroleum (BP). Finally, in 2013, BP sold ARCO and the Carson Refinery to Tesoro for $2.5 billion.

Oil discovery 
In 1957, Richfield was the first to drill for oil in Alaska. On July 15 of that year they struck oil with their first well. It was the first major oil discovery in Alaska and tested at 900 barrels a day. In 1968 they partnered with Exxon for Alaska North Slope oil production. In 1980, they were the seventh largest oil company in the United States.

Related pages 
 Petroleum
 Oil field
 Alaska North Slope
 North Sea oil

References

Other websites

ARCO Official Website
Tesoro Official Website 

Fuel
Companies based in California
1966 establishments in California
Economic bubble

An economic bubble happens when a market goes through a very fast inflation of value. This increase is followed by a quick decrease in value, called a "crash" or a "bubble burst". Economic bubbles can be caused by many things, but many economists believe that economic bubbles are related to inflation. An economic bubble can cause an economic crisis due to a loss of investment both by companies and individuals, such as the Great Depression or the Economic crisis of 2007-2010.

An economic bubble occurs due to the human psychology of an expectation of an unlimited demand for any particular commodity. The market moves up quickly as the investors see an increase in prices due to increase in demand. Prices may eventually fall when supply increases beyond the demand, resulting in the bursting of the bubble. Predicting when this will happen is difficult, hence it may surprise investors.

Financial crises
Population without double counting

Population sans doubles comptes is a phrase in French that means population without double counting in English.

In France, because of the census, the INSEE has allowed people who live in one place and study in a different place to be counted twice, so as to show how the population moves. Because of this, each commune in France has many numbers of how many people live in it. For example, students may be counted where they study and where they live but do not study (the place they were born in). It is just like allowing students in the United States to vote in the town election of the place they are studying in and the town election where they were born.

Types of population counts

 Population municipale: people that live in that place
 Population comptée à part: people are there for a while, but not forever (soldiers, prisoners)
 Population totale: population municipale + population comptée à part
 Doubles comptes: part of Population comptée à part, which are people working or studying (students, soldiers) there and are counted in another town's Population municipale
 Population sans doubles comptes: population totale - doubles comptes

Notes and references

More reading 
  The official meanings on the INSEE site
  Understanding the census.
  The history of the census 
  Glossary.
  The results of the 1999 census.
  Population, a page per view.
  Population of French communes of more than 2000 inhabitants.

Statistics
Glass transition

The glass transition is the transition of amorphous solids from a hard and brittle state into a molten or rubber-like state. An amorphous solid that goes through a glass transition is called a glass. Supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state is called vitrification.

The glass transition temperature Tg is always lower than the melting temperature, Tm, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists. Above a glass transition temperature, a plastic is rubbery. Below the glass transition temperature, a plastic is solid. Thermosets, or thermo-setting plastics, burn up before they reach their melt temperature, but most thermosets also undergo glass transition.

Other websites 

Polymer chemistry
Thermodynamics
Jamie McMurray

James Christopher "Jamie" McMurray (born June 3, 1976) is an American racecar driver. McMurray drove full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series from 2003 until 2018. Since 2018, McMurray has been a Sports analyst for FOX Sports. McMurray won the 2010 Daytona 500 while driving for Chip Ganassi Racing.

References

1976 births
Living people
Daytona 500 winners
Sportspeople from Missouri
People from Joplin, Missouri
American racecar drivers
Phil Wachsmann

Phil Wachsmann (born August 5, 1944) is an African avant-garde jazz/jazz fusion violinist born in Kampala, Uganda, probably better known for having founded his own group Chamberpot. He has worked with many musicians in the free jazz idiom, including Tony Oxley, Fred van Hove, Barry Guy, Derek Bailey and Paul Rutherford, among many others. Wachsmann is especially known for playing within the electronica idiom.

References

1944 births
Living people
Composers
Violinists
National Autonomous University of Mexico

The National Autonomous University of México (UNAM) a university in Mexico City. It is one of the biggest universities in Mexico and Latin America. UNAM was started on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra.UNAM's main campus in Mexico City, known as Ciudad Universitaria (University City), is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed by some of Mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century. Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros. In 2016, it had an acceptance rate of only 8%. UNAM generates a number of strong research publications and patents in diverse areas, such as robotics, computer science, mathematics, physics,  human-computer interaction, history, philosophy, among others. All Mexican Nobel laureates are either alumni or faculty of UNAM.

Sources

Other websites

Official website
Mexico Diplomat
News in Spanish about UNAM 

Colleges and universities in Mexico
Mexico City
1910 establishments in North America
1910s establishments in Mexico
1985 Santiago earthquake

The 1985 Santiago earthquake was registered the Sunday March 3, 1985 at 22:47 UTC (19:47 local time). Its epicenter was on the coastline of the Valparaiso Region, Chile, near Algarrobo. It had a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale.

Santiago
20th century in Chile
Earthquakes in Chile
Earthquakes in the 1980s
Santiago de Chile
March events
1980s in South America
Health care

Health care or healthcare is the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illnesses through services offered by the health profession and its staff. Health care includes all reasonable and necessary medical aid, medical examinations, medical treatments, medical diagnoses, medical evaluations and medical services. The right to health care is considered one of human rights with international human rights law as well as social security.

Primary care 
A primary care doctor (PCD) or primary care physician (PCP) is a doctor who provides general medical care. These doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. They also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.

Secondary care
Secondary care includes acute care: necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury, or other health condition. This care is often found in a hospital emergency department. Secondary care also includes skilled attendance during childbirth, intensive care, and medical imaging services.

Culture of health 
In 1968, Victor Skumin proposed the term ″Culture of Health″, which has become widespread. The main task of a Culture of Health is to implement innovative health programs that support a holistic approach to physical, mental and spiritual health. Holism is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts.

According to Skumin, the culture of health is not only the mechanical connection of the two concepts—the concept of ″culture″ and the concept of ″health″. This is their synthesis, which forms a new quality, a new content. Skumin examines the culture of health as the specific science, that develops the theoretical and practical tasks of harmonious development of the spiritual, mental, and physical human force, forming of optimum environment, which provides a higher level of creativity of life. Thus, Skumin argues that the culture of health is a separate science, that creates new content. The main challenge of culture of health is the development of spiritual, mental and physical capabilities of man. 
In 1994, Skumin was elected to the post of the President-founder of the World Organisation of Culture of Health (WOCH) — International social movement "To Health via Culture".

Related pages
 Universal health care
 Doctor-patient relationship

References 

 
Medicine
Rodrigo

Rodrigo (English: Ruderic, Roderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick,  ; died 711 or 712) was the Visigothic King of Hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. He is famous in legend as "the last king of the Goths." In history he actually is an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of Iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading Muslims who soon conquered the entire peninsula. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, who was later assassinated.

References 

History of Spain
Tambo

Tambo could mean:

People 
 Adelaide Tambo (1929–2007), South African anti-apartheid activist
 Oliver Tambo (1917–1993), South African anti-apartheid activist

Geography 

In Australia:
 Tambo River (Victoria)
 Tambo, Queensland
 County of Tambo, Victoria
 Shire of Tambo, Victoria
 Shire of Tambo (Queensland)
 Blackall-Tambo Region, Queensland

In Peru:
 Tambo River (Peru)
 Tambo District, Huaytará
 Tambo District, La Mar
 Tambo Grande District, Piura province
 Tambo de Mora District, Chincha province
 Río Tambo District, Satipo province
 Tambo Colorado, archaeological site the city of Pisco

In South Africa:
 OR Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape province
 OR Tambo International Airport, serving Johannesburg, Gauteng province

Elsewhere:
 Pizzo Tambo, mountain in the Swiss Alps near Splügen, Graubünden
 Tambo, California, USA

Other 
 Tambo (Incan structure), a building that was used for lodging, storage, and record-keeping
 Tambo (weapon), a very short staff used in martial arts
 Tambo, a character from blackface minstrelsy
 Shelly Tambo, one of the main fictional characters in the American television series Northern Exposure

Related pages
 El Tambo
Los Navegantes

Los Navegantes (; roughly translated as Los Navegantes Neighborhood) is a residential neighbourhood in the south-east of Pichilemu, Chile. It is located near the Municipal Stadium and La Cruz Hill. Los Navegantes boasts a perimeter of approximately 1.5 km and was founded between 1996-1997 and has a court. The Pichilemu tsunami secure side, starts near the neighborhood.

References 

Pichilemu
The Rugby Championship

The Rugby Championship is an annual rugby union competition between the national teams of the sport's four strongest Southern Hemisphere nations—New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Argentina. It began in 1996, a year after the sport became professional, as the Tri Nations. At the time, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa competed for the Tri Nations Trophy. Beginning in 2012, Argentina joined the competition.

During the Tri Nations era, the contest began in July, during the Southern Hemisphere winter, and ran through September. For most of that era, each team played every other team twice, once at home and once away. Later on, each team played the others three times. When the competition added Argentina, it returned to a pure home-and-away format, with a total of 12 games played. Also, due to a slight change in the sport's calendar, The Rugby Championship now begins in August and runs through October. This format is used except in years in which the Rugby World Cup is played (every four years, in the year before the Summer Olympics). In those years, each team plays the others only once, with a total of six games played.

Teams are awarded competition points for a win, but can also earn 'bonus' points. At the end of the series, the team with the most competition points wins the trophy. The team that wins the competition is usually considered to be the best rugby union team in the Southern Hemisphere for that year.

Additional trophies 
New Zealand and Australia compete annually for the Bledisloe Cup. All Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Bledisloe Cup.

South Africa and Australia compete annually for the Mandela Plate. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Mandela Plate.

New Zealand and South Africa compete annually for the Freedom Cup. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Freedom Cup.

Rugby union
Sport in Australia
Sport in New Zealand
Sport in South Africa
Sport in Argentina
1996 establishments
Agustín Ross Cultural Centre

Agustín Ross Cultural Centre (Spanish,  Centro Cultural Agustín Ross), previously known as Casino Ross (Ross Casino), is a historic casino building. It is in Agustín Ross Avenue, in front of Ross Park, in Pichilemu, Chile. The building was built in the late 1800s. In 1906 the first Chilean casino was built there. It was closed in 1932 and converted into a hotel which was open until the 1980s. The building is now Pichilemu's cultural centre.

History 

The casino is named after Agustín Ross Edwards, a Chilean writer, member of parliament, minister and politician. He was part of the powerful family Ross Edwards, which founded the newspaper El Mercurio years earlier. Based on his european experience, Ross bought a place named "La Posada" (English: The Inn) or Petren Fund in 1885. At that time, it was just some barracks with thick walls with a ground of 300 hectares.

The old Ross Casino was constructed in the late 1800s by Ross himself. It contained the first mail and telegraph service and a big store. The building had three floors, and was raised using imported materials. In January 20, 1906, the first Chilean casino was opened in that building. The Ross Casino worked until 1932, when the permission was cancelled, allowing just the newly constructed Viña del Mar Casino to work. After the closing of the Ross Casino, the building was converted into a hotel was which functioned until the 1980s.

The old casino (1905) and its gardens (1885) are an important part of the city. It was named Historic Monument by the National Monuments Council on February 25, 1988, by the supreme decree N° 100.

Ross was also the administrator of the great Juana Ross de Edwards fortune, the Nancagua Hacienda, near the city of same name. He designed an urban set of high environmental value and landscape, transforming "La Posada" to a hotel (Great Hotel Pichilemu, later Hotel Ross, or Ross Hotel). 
Ross also built several chalets, terraces, embankments, stone walls, a balcony in front of the beach and several large houses with imported building materials and furniture from France and England. Additionally, he put up a park and a forest of more than 10 hectares. Ross turned Pichilemu into a summer resort town for rich people from Santiago. He, however, could not build a dock for the city, as he had planned. 

In 1935, the Ross successors ceded to the Illustrious Municipality of Pichilemu all the Ross constructions (streets, avenues, squares, seven hectares of forests, the park in front of the hotel, the perrons and the terraces) under condition that the municipality hold them for recreation and public access.

The Cultural Centre was severely damaged after the February 2010 Chile earthquake. The library that it hosted was completely destroyed. After the 2010 Pichilemu earthquake, the Cultural Centre suffered structural damage, but Roberto Córdova, Mayor of Pichilemu, said that it was repairable.

References 

Buildings and structures in Chile
Pichilemu
Australia national rugby union team

The Australia national rugby union team, nicknamed the Wallabies are the national rugby union side of Australia. The first Australian teams played against the British Lions at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 24 June 1899. The Australians won the game 13-3. In 1908, the Australians went to the United Kingdom, France and North America to play. They needed a name and someone suggested the "Rabbits", but the team did not like it and chose the "Wallabies" instead. A wallaby is a small mammal from Australia, very similar to a kangaroo. Until the 1980s, only teams playing overseas were called the Wallabies; when they played in Australia they were called Internationals. Now the national team is called the Wallabies all the time.

References

Sport in Australia
Rugby union
Couch

A couch, sofa or settee is a kind of furniture that is designed to seat more than one person. It usually has a place to rest your arm on each side. Couches are normally found in the living room or in front of the TV.

Although a couch is used primarily for seating, it may be used for reclining. In homes, couches are normally found in the family room, living room, den, sitting room or the lounge. They are also found in hotels, lobbies of commercial offices, waiting rooms, furniture stores, etc. The term 'couch' is used in North America, Australia, New Zealand, whilst the term 'sofa' is generally used in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The word originated in Middle English from the Old French noun couche, which derived from the verb meaning 'to lie down'.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, a couch was thought as a long, upward seat for resting on. One end would slope up high enough to provide a place for the head to rest. Some late 18th-century kinds of couches had an arm running partly down one side, and this type continued to be made in England. In Greek places, there were flowing designs with all kind of elegant colors. Many of them had scrolled ends and short legs. The couch was later taken over by the overstuffed sofa during the Victorian age.

Expression 
Because the couch is usually set in front of the TV, it is the main place where people usually sit and watch it. Lazy people would eventually seem to be stuck to it all the time. This person, a person who does not do a lot of physical activity, was called a "couch potato". This was also because potatoes do not move at all, and does not do anything but just sits there. This may also be considered as slang. Couch came from the word couche, which means, "a bed, lair," or from the word coucher, which means "to lie down."

Types 
The most common types of couches in homes are the "love seats" for two, or the "sofa" for more than two. Other couches include the divan or the "fainting couch", which usually does not have a back. Couches are usually bought in a set together with cushions, which give them a bouncey and decorative comfortable touch. Most couches should be deep cleaned once or twice a year, but fabric furniture can sometimes need a little more, including vacuuming once a month and treating spills and stains as soon as they happen.

References

 John Gloag, A Short Dictionary of Furniture rev. ed. 1962. (London: Allen & Unwin)

Other websites 
 Etymology of "sofa"

Furniture
Jena Lee

Jena Lee (born 29 July, 1987 in Chile) is a French singer.

She was adopted by a French family at the age of nine months. In 2007, Jena Lee met Sulee B Wax, who was interested in her work. At this point in time Lee wrote the song Some Share. The song was used in an album by Sherifa Luna.  Jena Lee wrote six out of the thirteen songs that are on Sherifa Luna's album.

In 2008, Jena Lee won the Urban Music Nation contest by Skyrock. Her first single J'aimerais Tellement was released in April 2009 along with a music video. It was at the top of the French single charts for eleven weeks. It had the highest number of downloads in November 2009.

References

French singers
Chilean singers
1987 births
Living people
Sinik

Sinik (real name Thomas Gerard Idir; born on 26 June 1980) is a famous French rapper. His parents are Algerian. Thomas was four years old when his parents moved to Bergères in France.

Rap musicians
French musical entertainers
1980 births
Living people
Porridge

Porridge is a food which is made with a cereal, usually oats.  The oats are boiled in water or milk, or both. It is usually served hot in a bowl or dish.  Some people add things to their porridge such as sugar or syrup. In Scotland salt is often added.

Porridge is a traditional food in many countries in Northern Europe.  It is usually eaten for breakfast.  In some countries barley or other grains may be used.  Porridge is cooked in saucepans or in a microwave.  Traditionally, it was cooked in large metal kettles over hot coals. Porridge was often served as food for prisoners in prisons.  This is why in English there is a slang expression "doing porridge" which means "being in prison". Porridge is also given to people who are ill because it is healthy and easy to eat and digest.

Semolina and gruel are foods which are quite similar to porridge. Semolina is usually served as a pudding. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge that may be also drunk and may not need to be cooked. Oliver Twist, in the famous book by Charles Dickens, was given gruel to eat.

Historically, heavy foods were eaten because most work was manual. Before the industrial revolution, men and women doing hard work needed more calories per day than they need today. At any rate this applies to countries which are highly mechanized. Porridge is a good example of the heavy calorie-laden food which has gradually gone out of favor.

References

Related pages
Quaker Oats Company

Breakfast foods
Fresnel lens

A Fresnel lens is an optical lens, which was originally developed for Lighthouses. It is named after its inventor, French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel. The name is pronounced  /freɪˈnɛl/ (fray-NELL), the 's' is silent. Before Fresnel,  Buffon and Condorcet proposed a similar design, as a way to make large burning lenses.  

The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material that would be required in conventional lens design.  Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner. More light can pass through. Lighthouses that use these kind of lenses can be seen from farther away.

Physics
Grand opera

Grand Opera is a term which is used to describe an opera with continuous music.  It is a kind of opera that was popular in the 19th-century.  Grand operas are usually divided into four or five acts.  There have large casts (many singers taking part) and large orchestras.  There is a lot of scenery.  The story is dramatic.  It is usually a story about a hero from history.  The term "Grand Opera" has often been used to describe the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1850, and sometimes to describe the Paris Opéra itself.  

In a broader sense "Grand Opera" can be any large-scale opera from European countries.  During the 1830s and 1840s Giacomo Meyerbeer was thought to be the greatest composer of Grand Opera.

Opera genres
Opera terminology
Lake Lucerne

Lake Lucerne is a lake in central Switzerland. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. The German name is Vierwaldstättersee which means: "Lake of the Four Forested Cantons".

It is possible to travel all the way round the side of the lake by road. There are several tunnels on the way. It is very popular with tourists. There are many hotels by the lake.

 Beethoven's "Moonlight" Sonata gets its name because, in 1832, a music critic Ludwig Rellstab said it was like the moonlight shining on Lake Lucerne.

Other websites 

 Waterlevels Lake Lucerne  at Brunnen
 Waterlevels Lake Lucerne  at Lucerne
 Lake Lucerne Region 

Lakes of Switzerland
Canton of Schwyz
Canton of Lucerne
Canton of Uri
Obwalden
Nidwalden
Die Feen

Die Feen (The Fairies) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. The German libretto was written by the composer.  He was adapting a story by Carlo Gozzi called La donna serpente.

Die Feen was the first opera that Wagner finished.  However, it was never performed during his lifetime.  It has never become popular, although the overture is sometimes played.  The music shows the influence of Carl Maria von Weber and other composers of the time.  It also shows some musical ideas that Wagner was to develop later in his life in his famous operas.  The fairy tale atmosphere in the story is also an idea that he uses in his later operas which deal with fantasy stories.  The idea of being saved (redemption) is also an important idea that he used in later operas.

Compositions by Richard Wagner
Operas
Rienzi

Rienzi is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Its full title is Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen (Rienzi, the Last of the Tribunes).  It is one of the earliest operas Wagner wrote.  There are five acts.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself, using the story from a novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.  It was composed between 1838 and 1840  It was first performed at the Hofoper, Dresden on 20 October 1842.  It was the first time Wagner had a success as an opera composer.

Story
The story of the opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi (1313–1354), a medieval Italian populist figure who manages to trick the nobles and their followers.  He helps the people to get power.  At first he is very popular, but then he has to use force against the nobles, and the Church turns against him.  In the end the ordinary people burn the Capitol where Rienzi and his friends are sheltering.

Compositions by Richard Wagner
Operas
Chess tournament

A chess tournament is a competition between chess players. It can take one of these forms:
A knock-out tournament. Not a popular choice in chess events.
An all-play-all event. A highly regarded format, but does not permit large entries.
A Swiss system event. Permits large entries, and is the most common format. The event has a pre-set number of rounds, and there are many more players than rounds. Progressively, players play opponents with roughly similar points to their own score. Players who win get stronger opponents, players who lose get weaker opponents. Pairing each round may be done by computer. This is an invention of the chess world and, like chess clocks, has been adopted by a number of other two-person sports.

Since the first international chess tournament in London, 1851, chess tournaments have become the standard form of chess competition among serious players. Currently, FIDE holds candidates tournaments every two years to determine challenger to the world champion.

In 1851, Adolf Anderssen became first unofficial champion. In 1858, Paul Morphy beat him and became second unofficial champion. In 1871, Johannez Zukertort defeated Adolf Anderssen to become third unofficial chess champion. There are three unofficial world chess champions: Adolf Anderssen, Paul Morphy and Johannes Zukertort, stemming from first strong international tournament in London in 1851, won by Anderssen.

References 

Chess
Events
Chess competitions
The Flying Dutchman

Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman) is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself.  The story comes from the legend of the Flying Dutchman, which is about the captain of a ship.  It is his fate  that he has keep sailing the sea, without ever going on to land, until Judgment Day.
  
The most important idea in the story as told by Wagner is redemption through love.  It was a favourite idea of Wagner, who used it a lot in his later operas.

Wagner conducted the first performance at the Semper Oper in Dresden, in 1843.  It is an early opera of Wagner, but it shows his mature style.  It is very different from the previous opera Rienzi which is still quite similar to operas that other composers were writing.  In Der fliegende Holländer the drama is very important.  Wagner uses a number of leitmotifs: musical ideas associated with particular characters and themes in the story. The leitmotifs are all introduced in the overture.  We hear the famous leitmotif of the ocean and then those of the Dutchman and of Senta, the girl he falls in love with.

Wagner originally wrote Der fliegende Holländer to be performed without any breaks (intermission).  Sometimes it is performed like that today, but Wagner also made a version with three acts.

Compositions by Richard Wagner
Operas
New York State Route 199

New York State Route 199 (NY 199) is a road in the Hudson Valley of New York, United States. It is  long, and goes from near Kingston to Millerton. In between, NY 199 crosses over the Hudson River over a bridge and passes through the communities of Red Hook and Pine Plains. Part of the road was part of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike. NY 199 was named in 1930.

References

Other websites

Route log 

Roads in New York
New York State Route 9G

New York State Route 9G (NY 9G) is a road in Dutchess County, New York, United States. It starts at US 9 in Poughkeepsie and follows the Hudson River as it goes north. It crosses Route 9 just north of Rhinebeck and ends in Hudson.

References

Other websites

Route log

Roads in New York
The Vicar of Wakefield

The Vicar of Wakefield is a novel by Oliver Goldsmith. It was written in 1761 and 1762. It was published in 1766. The book was very popular. The novel tells of the Primrose family.

Other websites 

 The Vicar of Wakefield 
 

18th-century books
Irish novels
1766
1760s works
Cypripedioideae

Lady's slipper orchids are the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioideae. They are special because of their slipper-shaped pouches on their flowers. The pouch traps insects so that they must climb up past the modified stamens, where they get or give pollen, fertilizing the flower.

Some people think this subfamily should be different from the Orchidaceae as a family Cypripediaceae.

Pollination 
A lady slipper orchid has a deep pocket that is actually a bee trap. When a bee crawls down into the flower to get the nectar, the pocket on the flower closes shut. Because of this, the bee is stuck for a while, wiggling and squirming, getting pollen all over itself.
The bee finally finds a small opening near the top of the orchid, and it gets out so that it can get trapped inside another lady slipper, where it will give that pollen to the other lady slipper's stigma.

The lady's slipper is also known in the United States of America as the moccasin flower, because it looks like a shoe or moccasin.

References

Further reading
Cox, A.V., A. M. Pridgeon, V. A. Albert, and M. W. Chase. 1997. Phylogenetics of the slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae: Orchidaceae): nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 208: 197-223. PDF
Pridgeon, A.M.; Cribb, P.J.; Chase, M.W. & F. N. Rasmussen (1999): Genera Orchidacearum Vol. 1, Oxford U. Press.

Websites 
 The Slipper Orchid Alliance
 SlipperOrchids.info

Orchids
Pandita Ramabai

Pandita Ramabai (23 April 1858, Karnataka – 5 April 1922) was an Indian Christian who tried to change many things in India. A poet and scholar, she tried hard to improve (make better) the lives of women in India. She wrote many books, such as her popular The high
-Caste Indian Woman, which showed the troubles of child wives and women in India.

Conversion 

She was born in Gangamoola, in the Mala village, in Karkala Taluk, in the Karnataka State of India. Her father's name was Ananta Shastri. She lost her parents (Laxmi Bai) early. She travelled to Kolkata with her brother. There, she received (got) a Pandita and a Sarasvathi Award for her expertise in Sanskrit Poetry.  Born in the home of an important scholar named Brahmin, Pandita Ramabai had more freedom than many Indian women. Her father taught her and her mother to read Sanskrit writing.  She then began to study Christianity in India, and later in England. She decided that it was the best religion; that she should be a Christian. However, she had not yet received Jesus into her heart. Ramabai later said,

Life 
Shortly after her "true conversion", Pandita Ramabai began a faith mission for the girls and widows of India.  Pandita and her helpers began a school and prayed for what they needed every day. Wheta went to  and saved widows and girls from death or abuse.

Soon she had over a thousand women and girls at the mission. Helping this many people during a time of great famine was very hard, but Pandita wrote in her autobiography,

Every day, Pandita Ramabai and her helpers taught the women to read and write, showed them cleanliness, and helped them prepare for a job. She also taught them about Jesus. She opened Ashrams at Pune, Mumbai. She established a Christian High school at Gulbarga, (now at Karnataka) and her daughter Manorama was the principal. Manorama studied in the United States and traveled to Australia.

References

  

1858 births
1922 deaths
Autobiographers
Indian writers
Indian activists
Christians
Synthesis

Synthesis means to bring ideas together, or to make something out of parts which were independent. It is the opposite of analysis.

As an intellectual activity, synthesis occurs often in philosophy and science. In philosophy, synthesis is the end of a process of argument. Two examples of people whose work was mostly synthesis are:
Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer

In chemistry, to synthesize is to make new compounds from simpler elements.
In acoustics, speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech.

Related pages 
 Synthetic
 Synthesizer

Words
Ruy Lopez

The Ruy Lopez, also called the Spanish Opening, is an ancient chess opening. It is named after the Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura. He may have invented the opening. These are the opening moves:

1. e4 e5
2. Nf3 Nc6
3. Bb5

The Ruy Lopez is one of the most common and well liked openings, with many ways to play it. It has always been popular in master chess. Something to know about it is that it does not threaten the black e5 pawn:

3.... a6
4.Bxc6 dxc6
5.Nxe5 Qd4 recovers the pawn.

For this reason White usually plays a longer-term strategy, starting

3.... a6
4.Ba4

ECO code: C60–C99. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
Triathlon

A triathlon is a sport that consists of three different events one after another without resting in between.  Usually, they are swimming, cycling, and running.  Triathlon has been in the Olympic Games since 2000.  One of the hardest and most famous triathlons is the Ironman Triathlon, which involves swimming two miles, biking a hundred miles, and then running a marathon.

Events in athletics
Continuous function

A mathematical function is called continuous if, roughly said, a small change in the input only causes a small change in the output. If this is not the case, the function is discontinuous.  Functions defined on the real numbers, with one input and one output variable, will show as an uninterrupted line (or curve). They can be drawn without lifting the pen off of the page. The definition given above was made by Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Karl Weierstraß gave another definition of continuity: Imagine a function f, defined on the real numbers. At the point  the function will have the value . If the function is continuous at , then for every value of  no matter how small it is, there is a value of , so that , means that . We can put this another way, given a point close to  (called x), the absolute value of the difference between the two values of the function can be made increasingly small, if the point x is close enough to .

There are also special forms of continuous, such as Lipschitz-continuous. A function is Lipschitz-continuous if there is a  with  for all x,y ∈ (a,b).

A basic way to know if a function is continuous is to use a pencil or your finger. Then, start at the left of the function. Then, move your finger along the path of the function. If you ever need to lift your finger or pencil to keep following the function, then you know it is not continuous. This is because, by lifting your finger, you have "jumped" from one section of the function to another. That means you made a very small movement but the function changed very much. This is what the first sentence of this article is talking about.

Related pages
Chaos theory

References

Mathematics
Peter Falk

Peter Michael Falk (September 16, 1927 - June 23, 2011) was an American actor. His best known role was Columbo in the TV series of the same name.

Early life
Falk was born in Manhattan on September 16, 1927. He was Jewish. He grew up in Ossining, New York. He earned a degree in political science from the New School for Social Research. He then earned his Master's degree in public administration at Syracuse University.

Career
He appeared in a number of Broadway plays including: The Prisoner of Second Avenue, The Passion of Josef D, Diary of a Scoundrel, and Saint Joan. Falk won four Emmy Awards playing the police detective Columbo, and one for The Dick Powell Theatre. He was nominated for seven other Emmy awards. Falk also received two Academy Award nominations for the films Murder Inc. and Pocketful of Miracles.

Death
Falk was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died in his Beverly Hills, California home on the morning of June 23, 2011.

References

Other websites

 Peter Falk at Emmys.com
 Peter Falk on Dean Martin show, video, 10 min.
 Peter Falk At Find A Grave

1927 births
2011 deaths
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Jewish American actors
Claude Choules

Claude Choules (3 March 1901 – 5 May 2011) was a British-Australian World War I veteran who served in the Royal Navy.

Biography

World War I & World War II 
Born in Wyre Piddle, son of Harry & Madeline (née Winn), near Pershore, Worcestershire, Choules joined the Royal Navy as a young man in 1916, and served aboard the Naval Training Ship HMS Circe at Plymouth. In 1917, he joined the battleship HMS Revenge, which was the flagship of the First Battle Squadron. While serving aboard her, Choules witnessed the surrender of the German Imperial Navy at the Firth of Forth in 1918, ten days after the Armistice, and was also to witness the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow.
During World War II, Choules was the Acting Torpedo Officer of Fremantle and also the Chief Demolition Officer on the western side of the Australian continent.  He was tasked with sabotaging Fremantle harbors and related oil storage tanks in the event of a Japanese invasion.

He died on 5 May 2011 in Perth, Western Australia at 110 years old.

Related pages
List of surviving veterans of World War I
 List of Last veterans of World War I by Country and Branch of Service
 List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

References 

1901 births
2011 deaths
Australian military people
British military personnel of World War I
British supercentenarians
Military personnel of World War II
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Worcestershire
Florence Green

Florence Green (19 February 1901 – 4 February 2012) was a British supercentenarian. She was the last surviving veteran of World War I. Green was born in London and moved to King's Lynn in 1920 after her marriage to Walter, a railway worker who died in 1970.

Biography

World War I 
She joined up in September 1918, two months before the end of the war. She served as a waitress in the officers' mess at RAF Marham and also at Narborough airfield. She was the last living British veteran following the death of Claude Choules.

Later years 
She was West Norfolk's oldest resident, the second oldest person in Norfolk and one of the 30 oldest people in Britain.

She had a son and two daughters, as well as four grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren.

Florence Green died in her sleep two weeks before her 111th birthday in a care home in King's Lynn, Norfolk.

Related pages
 List of surviving veterans of World War I
 List of Last veterans of World War I by Country and Branch of Service
 List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

References 

1901 births
2012 deaths
British military personnel of World War I
British supercentenarians
People from London
John Babcock

John Henry Foster "Jack" Babcock (July 23, 1900 – February 18, 2010) was the last living Canadian veteran who fought in the First World War. He became an American citizen in 1946.

Born on July 23, 1900, Mr. John "Jack" Babcock grew up on a farm near Kingston, Ontario as part of a family of 13 children. When he was quite young, his father died in a tree-cutting accident. Despite this devastating loss, Mr. Babcock went on to bravely serve his country in the First World War before moving to the United States where he settled in Spokane, Washington.

He was 15 years old when he joined the 146th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in Sydenham (near Kingston), Ontario. A few months later, he arrived in England. He was transferred to reserve battalions and ended up with the Boys Battalion in 1917, waiting until he turned 18 to go to the front lines. The war ended first. Mr. Babcock would later move to the United States, where he served in the United States Army from 1921 to 1924. Mr. Babcock married Dorothy after losing his first wife, Elsie, in the late 1970s.

Mr. Babcock read voraciously and, in recent years, completed his high school degree via correspondence courses. He had also taken local college courses. He could recite the alphabet backwards without hesitation and spell out his name in Morse code. He enjoyed travelling with his wife and taking daily walks to keep in good shape. He took up flying lessons and became a pilot when he was 65!

In April 2008, the Minister of Veterans Affairs awarded Mr. Babcock a Minister of Veterans Affairs Commendation. Later that year, a small ceremony was held in May at Mr. Babcock's home, where his Canadian citizenship was reinstated. Another accolade came in September 2008 when the Royal Canadian Regiment Association honored Mr. Babcock with the honorary title of regimental patriarch. This was the first time the title of regimental patriarch was given in Canada.

References

American centenarians
American military people
Canadian centenarians
Canadian military people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Ontario
1900 births
2010 deaths
Frank Buckles

Frank Woodruff Buckles (born Wood Buckles'; 1 February 1901 – 27 February 2011) was the last living American veteran who fought in World War I.

Early life and career
Buckles was born in Bethany, Missouri. He enlisted in the U.S. Army at the beginning of America's involvement in World War I in April 1917. Only 16 years old at the time, Buckles was asked by his recruiter to show a birth certificate. Later Buckles said of that event, “I was just 16 and didn’t look a day older. I confess to you that I lied to more than one recruiter. I gave them my solemn word that I was 18, but I’d left my birth certificate back home in the family Bible. They’d take one look at me and laugh and tell me to go home before my mother noticed I was gone. Somehow I got the idea that telling an even bigger whopper was the way to go. So I told the next recruiter that I was 21 and darned if he didn’t sign me up on the spot! I enlisted in the Army on the 14th of August 1917." 

Before being accepted into the United States Army, he was turned down by the Marine Corps due to his slight weight.

In 1917, Buckles was sent to Europe on the RMS Carpathia, which had rescued RMS Titanic survivors five years earlier.  During the war Buckles served in England and France, driving ambulances and motorcycles for the Army's 1st Fort Riley Casualty Detachment.  

After the Armistice in 1918, Buckles escorted prisoners of war back to Germany. Following his discharge in 1919, he attended the dedication of the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, in honor of those Americans who died in World War I. While there, he met General John "Black Jack" Pershing, commander of all U.S. forces in France during the war. 

In the 1940s Buckles worked for a shipping company in Manila, Philippines. He was captured by the Japanese in 1942 and spent the next three and a half years in the Los Baños prison camp. 

He became malnourished, with a weight below 100 lb, and developed beriberi, yet led his fellow inmates in calisthenics. He was rescued on February 23, 1945.

He died on 27 February 2011 at 110 years old.

References

1901 births
2011 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
American supercentenarians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Missouri
Józef Kowalski

Józef Kowalski (2 February 1900 – 7 December 2013) was the last Polish veteran who served just after the First World War. He is the oldest verified military veteran in the world, following the death of Gertrude Noone.

He fought in the Polish-Soviet War that was linked to the First World War. It lasted from 1919 to 1921. He is the only living person who is known to have definitely fought in that war.

He lived in Tursk, near Sulęcin, in a care home. He died on 7 December 2013, aged 113.

References

1900 births
2013 deaths
Military personnel of World War II
Polish military people
Supercentenarians
Stanley Lucas

Stanley Lucas (15 January 1900 - 21 June 2010) was a British supercentenarian. He was the oldest living man in Europe at the time of his death. He was also the third-oldest man in the world. Lucas was born at Morwenstow UK and had two brothers and two sisters. In 1908 his family moved to Marhamchurch where Lucas lived until 1948. Lucas married Ivy Nancekivell in 1926 and took over the family farm. Lucas was a breeder of Devon cattle and Devon longwool sheep and started a dairy farm in the early 1940s. In 1948 he moved to live with his family at Poughill, where he continued to live after Ivy's death in 1963. Lucas was a member of Bude Town Council from 1959 to 1970, as well as vice chairman. His daughter said, "He has worked hard in his working life and was a teetotaller and non-smoker and since he has been elderly has been well cared for". He died on 21 June 2010 in Bude, England at the age of 110.

References

1900 births
2010 deaths
Michelle Keegan

Michelle Elizabeth Keegan (born 3 June 1987) is a British actress. She was born in Stockport, Greater Manchester. She is best known for playing Tina McIntyre in the long-running ITV soap opera, Coronation Street from 2008 to 2014.

Filmography

Stage

References

Other websites 

1987 births
Living people
English television actors
Actors from Greater Manchester
People from Stockport, Greater Manchester