cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ronaldo

Ronaldo (born 18 September 1976) is a retired Brazilian football player. During his career he played for F.C. Barcelona, PSV Eindhoven, Inter Milan, Real Madrid CF, A.C. Milan, and Corinthians. Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. He won 2 world cups in 1994 and 2002  and the 1997 Ballon d'Or.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994||Cruzeiro||Série A||14||12||5||1||12||10||31||23

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||32||30||1||2||2||3||35||35
|-
|1995/96||13||12||3||2||5||6||21||20

|-
|1996/97||Barcelona||La Liga||37||34||5||8||7||5||49||47

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="5"|Serie A||32||25||4||3||11||6||47||34
|-
|1998/99||20||14||3||0||6||1||29||15
|-
|1999/00||7||3||1||0||0||0||8||3
|-
|2000/01||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001/02||10||7||1||0||5||0||16||7

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Real Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||31||23||1||0||12||7||44||30
|-
|2003/04||32||24||7||3||9||4||48||31
|-
|2004/05||34||21||1||0||10||3||45||24
|-
|2005/06||23||14||2||1||2||0||27||15
|-
|2006/07||7||1||2||1||4||2||13||4

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Milan||rowspan="2"|Serie A||14||7||0||0||0||0||14||7
|-
|2007/08||6||2||0||0||0||0||6||2

|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="2"|Série A||20||12||8||3||colspan="2"|-||28||15
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
34||24||13||4||12||10||59||38
45||42||4||4||7||9||56||55
164||117||18||13||44||21||226||151
89||58||9||3||22||7||115||68
332||241||44||24||85||47||461||312
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1994||4||1
|-
|1995||6||3
|-
|1996||4||5
|-
|1997||20||15
|-
|1998||10||5
|-
|1999||10||7
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||13||11
|-
|2003||8||3
|-
|2004||11||6
|-
|2005||5||1
|-
|2006||7||5
|-
!Total||97||62
|}

References 

1976 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Míchel (footballer)

Míchel (born 23 March 1963) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1981/82||rowspan="15"|Real Madrid||rowspan="15"|La Liga||1||0
|-
|1982/83||0||0
|-
|1983/84||0||0
|-
|1984/85||26||2
|-
|1985/86||31||5
|-
|1986/87||44||5
|-
|1987/88||35||14
|-
|1988/89||36||13
|-
|1989/90||37||8
|-
|1990/91||36||8
|-
|1991/92||38||11
|-
|1992/93||37||9
|-
|1993/94||37||11
|-
|1994/95||13||2
|-
|1995/96||33||6

|-
|1996/97||Celaya||Primera División||34||9
404||94
34||9
438||103
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1985||2||1
|-
|1986||12||1
|-
|1987||7||2
|-
|1988||12||3
|-
|1989||8||6
|-
|1990||11||5
|-
|1991||7||1
|-
|1992||7||2
|-
!Total||66||21
|}

References 

1963 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
Sportspeople from Madrid
League of Ireland Premier Division

The League of Ireland Premier Division is a football league which is the top division in the Republic of Ireland. For historic reasons, one club based in Northern Ireland, namely Derry City, plays in the Republic's league system, and is currently in the Premier Division.

2012 clubs
Bohemians
Bray Wanderers
Cork City
Derry City
Drogheda United
Dundalk
Monaghan United
Shamrock Rovers
Shelbourne
Sligo Rovers
St Patrick's Athletic
University College Dublin

Football League of Ireland
Japanese kickboxing

The Japanese kickboxing is called in English oriental kickboxing. According to certain people, the word "kickboxing" would have been invented, in Japan, in the years 1950 by experts of karate who needed to fight with total contact.

In the year 1958, a man who practised kickboxing is the student of oriental languages, the Burmese Maung Gyi who studied martial arts from experts of bando in Burma and also from Gogen Yamaguchi - the grand person with special skill of karate, called "the cat". Maung Gyi fights in Japan under different names and makes the Burmese boxing (lethwei) known in time when the competitions of Japanese kickboxing happened.

Writings of the subject
  Alain Delmas, 1. Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la boxe et des autres boxes, Amiens, 1981-2005 - 2. Lexique de combatique, Ligue Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, 1975

Other websites
  "A History of Kickboxing"  by Mikes Miles historian of the American kickboxing

Kickboxing

en:Kickboxing#Japanese
Emilio Butragueño

Emilio Butragueño (born 22 July 1963) is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="12"|Real Madrid||rowspan="12"|La Liga||10||4
|-
|1984/85||29||10
|-
|1985/86||31||10
|-
|1986/87||35||11
|-
|1987/88||32||12
|-
|1988/89||33||15
|-
|1989/90||32||10
|-
|1990/91||35||19
|-
|1991/92||35||14
|-
|1992/93||34||9
|-
|1993/94||27||8
|-
|1994/95||8||1

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Celaya||rowspan="3"|Primera División||28||14
|-
|1996/97||26||2
|-
|1997/98||31||10
341||123
85||26
426||149
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1984||2||1
|-
|1985||6||2
|-
|1986||12||8
|-
|1987||7||2
|-
|1988||12||5
|-
|1989||7||1
|-
|1990||11||7
|-
|1991||8||0
|-
|1992||4||0
|-
!Total||69||26
|}

References 

1963 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Madrid
Paco Gento

Francisco Gento López (21 October 1933 – 18 January 2022) was a Spanish football player. He played for Spain national team.

Death
Gento died in Madrid, Spain on 18 January 2022, aged 88.

Club career statistics

|-
|1952-53||Racing Santander||La Liga||10||2||colspan="2"|-||10||2
|-
|1953-54||rowspan="18"|Real Madrid||rowspan="18"|La Liga||17||0||4||0||21||0
|-
|1954-55||24||6||3||0||27||6
|-
|1955-56||29||7||6||3||35||9
|-
|1956-57||27||7||2||0||29||7
|-
|1957-58||28||7||5||1||33||8
|-
|1958-59||21||7||5||2||26||9
|-
|1959-60||27||15||5||2||32||17
|-
|1960-61||28||9||8||3||36||12
|-
|1961-62||25||6||9||4||34||10
|-
|1962-63||25||7||4||1||29||8
|-
|1963-64||24||12||2||0||26||12
|-
|1964-65||23||4||3||0||26||4
|-
|1965-66||28||10||3||2||31||12
|-
|1966-67||20||11||5||0||25||11
|-
|1967-68||24||8||0||0||24||8
|-
|1968-69||26||8||2||1||28||9
|-
|1969-70||25||4||5||1||30||5
|-
|1970-71||7||0||2||0||9||0
438||130||73||20||511||150
438||130||73||20||511||150
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1955||1||0
|-
|1956||1||0
|-
|1957||7||0
|-
|1958||2||0
|-
|1959||5||1
|-
|1960||4||0
|-
|1961||6||1
|-
|1962||6||0
|-
|1963||3||1
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||3||1
|-
|1967||2||1
|-
|1968||2||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
!Total||43||5
|}

References

1933 births
2022 deaths
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
Athletic Bilbao

Athletic Club, most often known in English as Athletic Bilbao, is a football club which plays in Spain.

The club formed from a merger of two football clubs ; Bilbao F.C. and Athletic Club in 1903.

Athletic Bilbao is known for only utilizing players from the historic basque territory, which includes the Basque Country in Spain and France such as the region of Navarre.

Rivalries 
Athletic Club has three major rivalries: Real Sociedad de San Sebastian, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid.

The Rivalry with Real Sociedad is due to the location, because both teams are from the Basque Country. The rivalry also took place because of the rule to only sign players from the basque territory, yet Real Sociedad abondoned the rule in the 1980s.

The rivalries with Real Madrid established itself because of the political circumstances. Both the Basque Country and Catalunya were had massive issues with the central goverment under Dictator Franco in Madrid, who forbid their language and traditions for a greater spanish empire. Franco heavily supported the capitals team, Real Madrid, which caused tensions with supporters of Athletic Club.

The rivalry with FC Barcelona also is a result of the Franco-era. FC Barcelona, located in Catalunya, had the same issues with the central government such as the Basque Country. As a result of this circumstance, a rivalry between the Basque Country and Catalunya happened, which translated in football. As both Athletic Club and the FC Barcelona are the most important teams of their regions, they were the protagonists for this rivalry. 

Even with Spain being democratic since Franco's in 1975, both rivalries with Real Madrid and FC Barcelona are still on-going.

Honours

National tournaments 
La Liga
Winners (8): 1929–30, 1930–31, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1942–43, 1955–56, 1982–83, 1983–84.

Runners-up (7): 1931–32, 1932–33, 1940–41, 1946–47, 1951–52, 1969–70, 1997–98.
 Copa del Rey
Winners (23): 1903, 1904, 1910, 1911, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1921, 1923, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1944, 1944–45, 1949–50, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1969, 1972–73, 1983–84.

Runners-up (13): 1905, 1906, 1913, 1920, 1942, 1948–49, 1952–53, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1976–77, 1984–85, 2008–09, 2011–12.

Supercopa de España
Winners (1): 1984*.
(* Won Copa del Rey and La Liga Runners-up (2): 1983, 2009

Copa Eva Duarte
Winners (1): 1950.
Runners-up (1): 1945

International tournaments 

 UEFA Europa League

Runners-up:  2011-2012

League position

Former position

References

Spanish football clubs
1898 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Spain
Rafael Moreno Aranzadi

Rafael Moreno Aranzadi is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

International career statistics

|-
|1920||5||1
|-
!Total||5||1

Spanish footballers
1892 births
1922 deaths
Telmo Zarra

Telmo Zarra is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1940-41||rowspan="15"|Athletic Bilbao||rowspan="15"|La Liga||8||6
|-
|1941-42||21||16
|-
|1942-43||17||18
|-
|1943-44||21||12
|-
|1944-45||26||19
|-
|1945-46||18||24
|-
|1946-47||24||34
|-
|1947-48||16||10
|-
|1948-49||26||23
|-
|1949-50||26||25
|-
|1950-51||30||38
|-
|1951-52||6||3
|-
|1952-53||29||24
|-
|1953-54||5||2
|-
|1954-55||6||3
279||257
279||257
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1945||2||2
|-
|1946||1||0
|-
|1947||2||2
|-
|1948||0||0
|-
|1949||4||3
|-
|1950||8||7
|-
|1951||3||6
|-
!Total||20||20
|}

References 

1921 births
2006 deaths
Spanish footballers
Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga

Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga (born 23 May 1956) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1975-76||rowspan="12"|Athletic Bilbao||rowspan="12"|La Liga||27||4
|-
|1976-77||10||0
|-
|1977-78||6||1
|-
|1978-79||10||1
|-
|1979-80||30||3
|-
|1980-81||27||4
|-
|1981-82||31||6
|-
|1982-83||24||4
|-
|1983-84||28||2
|-
|1984-85||31||3
|-
|1985-86||31||5
|-
|1986-87||24||2
|-
|1987-88||rowspan="3"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||13||0
|-
|1988-89||14||0
|-
|1989-90||8||0
314||35
314||35
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1983||6||0
|-
|1984||11||2
|-
|1985||9||0
|-
|1986||9||2
|-
|1987||3||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
!Total||39||4
|}

References 

1956 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
Hugo Sánchez

Hugo Sánchez (born 11 July 1958) is a former Mexican football player. He has played for Mexico national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1975/76||rowspan="4"|Universidad Nacional||rowspan="4"|Primera División||0||0
|-
|1976/77||30||7
|-
|1977/78||38||13
|-
|1978/79||45||28

|-
|1979||San Diego Sockers||NASL||10||6

|-
|1979/80||Universidad Nacional||Primera División||44||30

|-
|1980||San Diego Sockers||NASL||9||7

|-
|1980/81||Universidad Nacional||Primera División||43||21

|-
|1981/82||rowspan="4"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||20||8
|-
|1982/83||31||15
|-
|1983/84||27||12
|-
|1984/85||33||19
|-
|1985/86||rowspan="7"|Real Madrid||rowspan="7"|La Liga||33||22
|-
|1986/87||41||34
|-
|1987/88||36||29
|-
|1988/89||35||27
|-
|1989/90||35||38
|-
|1990/91||19||12
|-
|1991/92||8||2

|-
|1992/93||América||Primera División||25||9

|-
|1993/94||Rayo Vallecano||La Liga||29||16

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Atlante||rowspan="2"|Primera División||30||13
|-
|1995/96||2||0

|-
|1995/96||LASK Linz||Bundesliga||20||6

|-
|1996||Dallas Burn||Major League Soccer||23||6

|-
|1996/97||Atlético Celaya||Primera División||12||2
269||123
42||19
347||234
20||6
678||382
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1977||||
|-
|1978||||
|-
|1979||||
|-
|1980||10||7
|-
|1981||6||5
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||2||1
|-
|1986||4||1
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||0||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||0||0
|-
|1993||14||3
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
!Total||58||29
|}

References 

1958 births
Living people
Mexican footballers
Mexican football managers
Sportspeople from Mexico City
Tony Adams

Tony Adams MBE (born 10 October 1966) is an English former footballer. He has played for Arsenal and the English national team.

Club career statistics

International career statistics

|-
|1987||6||1
|-
|1988||11||3
|-
|1989||0||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||7||0
|-
|1994||5||0
|-
|1995||6||0
|-
|1996||7||0
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||4||1
|-
!Total||66||5
|}

International goals
Scores and results list England's goal tally first.

Managerial statistics

Honours
Arsenal
 Football League First Division: 1988–89, 1990–91
 Premier League: 1997–98, 2001–02
 FA Cup: 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02
 Football League Cup: 1986–87, 1992–93
 Football League Centenary Trophy: 1988
 European Cup Winners' Cup: 1993–94
 FA Charity Shield: 1991 (Shared), 1998

Individual
 PFA Young Player of the Year: 1986–87
 PFA First Division/Premier League Team of the Year: 1986–87, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97
 PFA Team of the Century (1907–2007):
 Team of the Century 1997–2007
 Overall Team of the Century
 Premier League 10 Seasons Awards: (1992–93 – 2001–02)
 Overseas Team of the Decade
 Overall Team of the Decade
 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards: (1992–93 – 2011–12)
 Public choice Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons
 Panel choice Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons
 English Football Hall of Fame: 2004
 Football League 100 Legends

Orders
 Member in The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE): (1999 Birthday Honours)

References

1966 births
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
English football managers
English footballers
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Premier League players
Sportspeople from London
UEFA Euro 2000 players
Football League Fourth Division

Football League Fourth Division is a former football league in England and Wales.

Champions 

Fourth Division
Football in England
1958 establishments in the United Kingdom
1992 disestablishments in Europe
1990s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Purchasing power

Purchasing power is a relation between labor and money. Some people have money. Adam Smith says that the purchasing power is the amount of money needed to labour (goods or services) from other people. 

Economics
Tubule

A tubule is a very small tube. In anatomy, a tubule is a very small tube coated with epithelium from your glands.

Anatomy
Jango Fett

Jango Fett is a Star Wars bounty hunter and the genetic template of the Clone troopers for the Clone Wars. He made his first appearance in Attack of the Clones (2002).

Portrayals
As with his clones and Boba Fett, he is portrayed by Temuera Morrison.

Star Wars characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2002
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
Gilf el-Kebir

Gif el-Kebir is a large plateau in Egypt. The name can be translated as the great barrier. It is located in trhe extreme south-east of Egypt, next ot Lybia and Sudan. It has about the same size as Switzerland. It rises 300 m above the rest of the desert. The plateau is very arid and difficult to access. 
There is a crater called Kebir crater in the plateau.

The Uweinat mountain range at the very south of the plateau is shared between Egypt, Libya and Sudan.

Wadis:

 Akhdar 
 Bakht 
 Dayiq 
 Firaq 
 Gazayir 
 Maftuh 
 Mashi 
 Wassa 

The Gilf Kebir is mentioned in Michael Ondaatje's novel 'The English Patient'. It was also the site of the recent discovery of a bag which had been lost in the Second World War by a dispatch rider (Alec Ross) of the Long Range Desert Group, part of the British Army. This contained the rider's personal letters and photographs, and had been well preserved.

Petroglyphs
The Gilf Kebir is known for its prehistoric (Neolithic) petroglyphs

 Karkur Talh and Karkur Murr: major eastern valleys of the Uweinat contain one of the richest concentrations of rock art in the whole Sahara.
 Western Uweinat: Shelters under the huge granite boulders in the western Uweinat contain numerous paintings, including the famous sites of Ain Doua.
 Jebel Arkenu, Jebel Kissu & Yerguehda Hill, the lesser granite massifs around Uweinat have many smaller sites.
 Mogharet el Kantara in the southern Gilf Kebir contains only one known rock art site, a cave  discovered by Shaw & party in 1936.
 Wadi Sora in the northwestern Gilf Kebir: the "Cave of Swimmers" (or Swimmers' Cave), discovered by the Hungarian Count László Almásy (The English Patient), plus many other paintings nearby.
The North-western half of the Gilf Kebir aside from Wadi Sora has only a few scattered engravings, of an apparently very ancient age.
In January 2003, Zarzora Expeditions and Jacopo Foggini independently announced the discovery of a major new rock art site in the Western Gilf Kebir (Foggini-Mestekawi Cave).

Other websites
google map
Libyan Rock Art Documentation Project
McOran E-Cards based on the 'Cave of Swimmers'
'WW11 Army Bag is found in Desert'

Geography of Egypt
Plateaus
HBOS

HBOS is a major bank. It was founded in 2001 when Halifax merged with the Bank of Scotland. It is headquarted in Edinburgh, Scotland. On 17 September 2008 it was said that Lloyds TSB would take over HBOS.

Banks of Scotland
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
Must Get Out

"Must Get Out" is the 5th single by Maroon 5. The song was released in 2005 of their first album Songs About Jane. 

Maroon 5 songs
2006 songs
Ansel Adams

Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was a legendary American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West and primarily Yosemite National Park.

Works

Notable photographs 
 Monolith, The Face of Half Dome, 1927.
 Rose and Driftwood, 1932.
 Yosemite Valley, Clearing Winter Storm, 1937 or earlier, probably 1935
 Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico, 1941.
 Ice on Ellery Lake, Sierra Nevada, 1941.
 Winter morning, Sierra Nevada from Lone Pine, 1944
 Georgia O'Keeffe and Orville Cox at Canyon de Chelly
 Aspens, New Mexico, 1958.

A few of Adams' photographs 

1902 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from cardiovascular disease
American photographers
Artists from San Francisco
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Dorothea Lange

Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 – October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the  Farm Security Administration (FSA).  Lange's photographs made human the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and greatly influenced the development of documentary photography.

Notable works

Other websites 

1895 births
1965 deaths
American photojournalists
Lostprophets

Lostprophets were a rock band from Pontypridd, Wales. They were signed to the record label Sony BMG. They released five studio albums in their career and had two top ten hits in the UK, "Last Train Home" and "Rooftops". They won six Kerrang! Awards. They broke up in October 2013 after singer Ian Watkins was charged in December 2012 with raping a baby and other sex crimes. In November 2013, he was convicted of attempted rape and sexual assault of a child. On 18 December 2013, Watkins was sentenced to 35 years in prison.

Lostprophets' first release was their 1997 EP Here Comes the Party.
In 1999 Lostprophets were signed to a record label called Visible Noise. Their first album Thefakesoundofprogress was released on 27 November 2000. On 2 February 2004 the band's second album Start Something was released in the UK and South Korea. Six singles were released from the album. "Burn Burn" reached number seventeen in the UK Singles Chart. The band's third album, Liberation Transmission, was released in June 2006 and was the band's first album to enter the UK Albums Chart at No.1. The album was also successful in Japan. Kerrang! gave it five out of five stars. In 2009 Lostprophets did a cover of "Boys Don't Cry" on an album of The Cure covers given away free with NME.
The Betrayed, the band's fourth studio album, was released in the UK on 13 January 2010. It reached number three in the UK Albums Chart. Their last album, Weapons was released on 2 April 2012. It reached the number five in the UK Albums Chart. It got mixed reviews.

HMV stopped selling Lostprophets' albums in 2013 after Watkins was convicted of trying to rape a baby. The BBC will not play Lostprophets' music anymore.

In June 2014, the remaining members formed No Devotion with American singer Geoff Rickly as their lead vocalist.

Discography 
 The Fake Sound of Progress (2000)
 Start Something (2004)
 Liberation Transmission (2006)
 The Betrayed (2010)
 Weapons (2012)

References

1990s British music groups
1997 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British heavy metal bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups established in 1997
Post-grunge bands
Welsh rock bands
Korba

Korba is a city in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The city is the center of power in the state, meaning that it is the source from which people who live there get their energy supply. It contains major power companies such as NTPC and LENCO. Apart from power projects, it is the home of the most profiting coal mines in India namely DIPKA & GEVRA which are part of SECL (South Eastern Coalfields Limited). Vedanta group's presence is also felt through BALCO aluminium plant. 

Cities in India
Settlements in Chhattisgarh
Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the controlled death of a cell. It is an important part of tissue development. For example, during limb development in a foetus, apoptosis allows digits (fingers and toes) to separate from each other. The process is quite common until puberty begins. Apoptosis is a  regulated and controlled process which works throughout an organism's life cycle. The rate of apoptosis is balanced by the rate of cell production by mitosis.

Discovery 
The phenomenon of programmed cell death was first described by Carl Vogt in 1842. In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming gave a more precise description of the process.

The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. The average human adult has more than 13 trillion cells  of which at most only 70 billion die each day. That is, about 5 out of every 1,000 cells (0.5%) die each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20–30 billion cells die per day.

Sequence of events in apoptosis
When a cell dies by apoptosis, surrounding tissue is not harmed. 
1. Enzymes break down the cytoskeleton of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm becomes dense, with organelles tightly packed.
3. Cell surface membrane forms "blebs".
4. Chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks. DNA breaks into fragments.
5. The cell breaks down into vesicles, taken up by phagocytosis.

Controlling the cell cycle 
Apoptosis is the normal end of a cell's life. At any point in time, there may be too many cells in one area, and the DNA
coding for apoptosis will activate in some of those cells and they will die safely. This is important to the overall functioning of the organism. If, for example, the making of liver cells were to speed up and they never died, the liver would no longer function properly. The liver cells would eventually take over the organism's body. Apoptosis takes place by the help of lysosomes. Lysosomes rupture when the cell is old or damaged, this lets out digestive enzymes all over the cell and digests it, therefore killing the cell.

Cancer 
Cancerous cells do not undergo apoptosis, which is why they are such a problem. They continuously multiply until the host organ or the organism's body cannot function anymore. This occurs because the apoptosis coding has mutated and so has other coding. This causes rapid mitotic division of the unwanted cells. This is a cancerous growth.

Nobel Prize 
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'." Sydney Brenner, Sir John Sulston and Robert Horvitz received the Nobel Prize for their work on the genome and cells of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans was the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced.

References

Related pages 
Hayflick limit

Cell biology
Phagocyte

Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytosing)  bacteria and dead or dying cells. They are important for fighting infections. They are also important for becoming immune. Phagocytes are present in all animals and are very complex in vertebrates. One liter of human blood has about six billion phagocytes.

History 
Their name comes from the Greek phagein, 'to eat or devour ', and kutos, 'hollow vessel'. Phagocytes were first seen in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.  Phagocytes can be found in many animals. Macrophages move like amoebae, and are probably an ancient type of cell.

Professional phagocyte 
Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called professional or non-professional, depending on how good they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. The reason they are called professional phagocytes is because they have receptors on their surfaces which can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria. Phagocytes are very important in fighting infections and in getting rid of dead and dying cells.

What a phagocyte does 
When there is an infection, phagocytes move to the bacteria by sensing chemicals. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes that are already there. The phagocytes move by a way called chemotaxis. When bacteria touch a phagocyte, they bind to the receptors on the phagocyte and are eaten (phagocytosed). When bacteria enter some phagocytes, the phagocytes use oxidants and nitric oxide to kill the pathogen. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also do 'antigen presentation': this is when the phagocyte moves parts of the killed bacteria back to its surface. These parts are then shown to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then move to the body's lymph nodes and show the bacterial parts to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This action is important in getting immunity.

Phagocyte evasion 
Many bacteria have ways to not be eaten or killed by phagocytes. They may avoid contact by
growing in places phagocytes cannot reach, 
putting out chemicals which make it difficult for phagocytes to get to an infection
interfering with the immune response which causes phagocytes to respond
tricking the immune system into treating them as "self", by coating themselves with a natural substance.

References 

Blood cells
Physiology
Immunology
FM Static

FM Static is a Pop punk band that makes albums with Tooth & Nail Records. The band was started by Thousand Foot Krutch (another band) lead man Trevor McNevan and Thousand Foot Krutch drummer Steve Augustine. In 2003, they made their first album called (What Are You Waiting For?). This album has sold over 60,000 copies so far and had the singles "Definitely Maybe" and "Crazy Mary". On August 1, 2006, FM Static started selling their second album called Critically Ashamed, which has the single "Waste of Time" on it. Their third album was announced in late April 2008. The two piece finished recording "Dear Diary" in early August 2008. It was released on April 7, 2009. 

FM Static won the Best Website Ever Made award from the Webgrammys, and they have been nominated for the GMA Canada Covenant Awards.

Members
 Trevor McNevan - vocals, guitars
 Steve Augustine - drums

Old members

 Justin Smith (bass)
 Jeremy Smith (guitar)
 John Bunner (guitar)

Albums
What Are You Waiting For?(July 22, 2003)Tooth & Nail Records
Critically Ashamed(August 1, 2006)Tooth & Nail Records
Dear Diary(April 7, 2009)Tooth & Nail Records
My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!(April 5, 2011)Tooth & Nail Records

Singles
2003: Definitely Maybe
2003: Crazy Mary
2003: Something To Believe In
2006: Waste of Time
2006: Six Candles
2006: The Video Store
2006: Girl of the Year
2008: Nice Piece of Art

Music Videos
Definitely Maybe YouTube (Go)

References

Other websites
Official site
Official Purevolume 
Official Myspace
Tooth & Nail Records 

Canadian punk bands
Pop punk bands
2000s in music
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in Canada
Wadi

A Wadi is usually a valley, sometimes the bed of a river. The river that is part of the wadi only has water after heavy rain. Staying in a wadi can be a danger to life. This is because the water in a wadi can rise very quickly. Canyon is another name for it, used in other countries. 

Valleys
Noble gas compound

A noble gas compound is a chemical compound that has an element from Group 18 of the periodic table in them. Group 18 (previously called Group 0) contains all the noble gases.

History 
For a long time, scientists thought that noble gases could not form compounds because their valence electron shell had no space for more electrons. This means that they could not accept any more electrons, which made bonding impossible. However, in 1933, Linus Pauling said that heavy noble gases could react with fluorine or oxygen, as they are the most electronegative atoms. His prediction was correct, and xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) was later discovered. Many more noble gas compounds have been found since then.

Fullerene properties 

Noble gases can also make endohedral fullerene compounds when the noble gas atom is pushed inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C60 is put under pressure of about 3 bar of Helium or Neon, He@C60 and Ne@C60 are made. Only about one out of every 650,000 C60 were found with a helium atom. But with more pressures (about 3000 bar), it is possible to get as much as 0.1%. Endohedral molecules with argon, krypton and xenon have also been made, as well as other compounds of He@C60.

References 

Periodic table
Chemistry
Vector graphics editor

A vector graphics editor is a computer program that lets users make and change vector graphics images and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as EPS, PDF, WMF, SVG or VML.

Related pages
Graphics
Editing digital images

Other websites 
Inkscape - Popular open source Vector graphics editor
Vector Magic - Precision Bitmap to Vector Conversion Online
Math Games: Vector vs Raster (maa.org)  - A list of 65 vector graphics editors.
Bitmap And Vector Graphics Explained

Graphics software
What Are You Waiting For?

{{Infobox Album | 
  Name        = What Are You Waiting For?| type = Album | artist = FM Static  | cover =  | released = July 22, 2003 | length = 39:52 | genre = Pop punk, skate punk | label = Tooth & Nail |
  Reviews     = 
?  (2003)
| next_title = Critically Ashamed  (2006)
}}What Are You Waiting For?''' is the debut album from FM Static, a Canadian pop punk band. It was released in the summer of 2003 although there was a TFK record the same year.

Although not a bestseller or anything really great, What Are You Waiting For?'' did manage to sell around 60,000 copies in three and a half years. Remember, FM Static are only a side project.

 Three days later - 2:23
 Crazy mary - 2:51
 Something to believe in - 2:48
 Definitely maybe - 2:49
 Donna - 2:27
 All the days - 2:26
 Hold me twice - 2:44
 The notion - 2:11
 October - 2:50
 My first stereo -2:53
 Hey now (hidden song) -3:08

Pop punk albums
2003 albums
Negev

The Negev or Naqab is the southern region of Israel/Palestine. It is a desert that covers about 60% of the current state of Israel. Only about 10% of the people that live in Israel live there. The Negev has borders with Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the west, the Arabah in the Great Rift Valley in the east, and a line connecting Gaza city to Ein Gedi near the Dead Sea to the north. Beersheba and Eilat are the main cities of the Negev.

The Negev has a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Negev incense route was a trade route in the Negev. It connected Arabia to the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic-Roman period. The trade led to the development of ancient towns, forts and caravanserai en route, and agricultural development. It was proclaimed as of outstanding universal value by UNESCO in 2005.

References

Other websites 

Sde Boker archive of articles on the Negev 
Israel's Negev Information Site 
Photos of Negev 

Regions of Israel
Deserts of Asia
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Alfred Eisenstaedt

Alfred Eisenstaedt (6 December 1898 – 24 August 1995) was a German photographer and photojournalist. He is renowned for his candid photographs, frequently made using a 35mm Leica M3 rangefinder camera. He is best remembered for his photograph capturing the celebration of V-J Day in Times Square.

References

1898 births
1995 deaths
German photojournalists
Petrochemical

A petrochemical is a chemical product that is made from petroleum, natural gas or other hydrocarbons.

Some petrochemicals include alcohol, antiseptics, artificial rubber, detergents, drugs, explosives, food additives, insecticides, perfume, plastic, and textile fiber.

Related pages
Petroleum
Petroleum products
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Other websites 
 Petrochemistry in Europe
 Educational resource on petrochemistry
 Article showing some of the basics of a petchem facility 

Chemistry
Strabo

Strabo (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.

Life 

Strabo was born in a rich family from Pontus which had become part of the Roman Empire a short time before. His mother was Georgian. He studied under several geographers and philosophers. Later he made long travels to Egypt and Kush, among others. It is not known when his Geography was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius.

Strabo's History is nearly completely lost. Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered [Papyrus] 46).

Several different dates have been proposed for Strabo's death, but most of them place it shortly after 23.

The Geography 

Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work Geographica, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era. It is an important source of information on the ancient world.

Notes

References 
  Strabo in Greek, Teubner Edition. Downloadable Google Books at .

Other websites 

 Biography of Strabo

60s BC births
24 deaths
Greek geographers
Ancient Greek historians
Chris Waddle

Chris Waddle is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1980-81||rowspan="5"|Newcastle United||rowspan="4"|Second Division||13||1
|-
|1981-82||42||7
|-
|1982-83||37||7
|-
|1983-84||42||18
|-
|1984-85||First Division||36||13
|-
|1985-86||rowspan="4"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="4"|First Division||39||11
|-
|1986-87||39||6
|-
|1987-88||22||2
|-
|1988-89||38||14

|-
|1989-90||rowspan="3"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="3"|Division 1||37||9
|-
|1990-91||35||6
|-
|1991-92||35||7

|-
|1992-93||rowspan="4"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="4"|Premier League||33||1
|-
|1993-94||19||3
|-
|1994-95||25||4
|-
|1995-96||32||2

|-
|1996-97||Falkirk||Division One||4||1

|-
|1996-97||Bradford City||First Division||26||5
|-
|1996-97||Sunderland||Premier League||7||1
|-
|1997-98||Burnley||Second Division||32||1
|-
|1998-99||Torquay United||Third Division||7||0
489||96
107||22
4||1
600||119
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1985||11||1
|-
|1986||12||2
|-
|1987||6||1
|-
|1988||9||0
|-
|1989||10||2
|-
|1990||13||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
!Total||62||6
|}

References 

1960 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Tyne and Wear
Premier League players
Ray Ozzie

Ray Ozzie (born November 20, 1955) is an American computer programmer. He was the "Chief Software Architect" (the person in charge of programming) at Microsoft.

American computer scientists
Scientists from Nebraska
Microsoft people
1955 births
Living people
Ian Ure

Ian Ure (born 7 December 1939) is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1958-59||rowspan="5"|Dundee||rowspan="5"|Division One||2||0
|-
|1959-60||7||0
|-
|1960-61||32||0
|-
|1961-62||34||0
|-
|1962-63||32||0

|-
|1963-64||rowspan="7"|Arsenal||rowspan="7"|First Division||41||1
|-
|1964-65||22||1
|-
|1965-66||21||0
|-
|1966-67||37||0
|-
|1967-68||21||0
|-
|1968-69||23||0
|-
|1969-70||3||0
|-
|1969-70||rowspan="3"|Manchester United||rowspan="3"|First Division||34||1
|-
|1970-71||13||0
|-
|1971-72||0||0

|-
|1972-73||rowspan="2"|St. Mirren||rowspan="2"|Division Two||3||0
|-
|1973-74||0||0
110||0
215||3
325||3
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||11||0
|}

References

Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Living people
1939 births
Sensor

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. Video cameras and a digital cameras have an image sensor.

There are many different types of sensors. Some are used in everyday objects, and some are separate.

Thermal sensors 
A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are in many laptops and computers in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.
 temperature sensors: thermometers, thermostats
 heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter

Electromagnetic sensors 
An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g. a voltage).
 electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter
 electrical voltage sensors: voltmeter
 electrical power sensors: watt-hour meter
 magnetism sensors: magnetic compass
 metal detectors
 Radar

This is any thing that can be used to find things like photons, electrons, etc. It can be as simple as a white wall, a sheet of white paper, etc., or as new as a charge-coupled device. When a laser is aimed at a detection screen, a bright spot can be seen on the screen, or when an electron hits the phosphors on another kind of screen, it makes that screen glow.

Mechanical sensors 
 Pressure sensors: barometer
 Vibration and shock sensors

Motion sensors 
A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.
 Radar gun, tachometer
 Speedometer

Car sensors 
 reversing sensor
 curb feeler

 
Tools
Computer hardware
Data input
Victory

Victory is winning an argument, war or test. Many songs have been made called victory songs. Victory often comes with a lot of emotion. Victory is usually celebrated after winning, although there are many times not to, like after a war. The term comes from the culture of ancient Rome, when it meant winning a war.

Different types
In terms of human emotion, being victorious usually brings strong feelings of gladness, and in human behaviour often has movements and victory poses.
Victory dances and victory cries are quite similar to war dances and war cries that are done before the violence.

Related pages

War

War
Sports
Illegal immigration

An illegal immigrant is an immigrant who lives in a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal. Millions of people around the world live in another country against the laws of that country.

Many of these people migrate to a country in secret. Many others come to the country legally as a visitor, then stay in the country when they should legally  going home. Some work illegally and live in bad conditions. They usually move for similar reasons as other immigrants, but they do not legally have the right to be there.

In the United States 
Thousands of immigrants illegally enter the United States each year, many crossing the Mexican border. In general, they are opposed by the Republican Party, which generally wishes to deport them, while in general Democrats want to help give illegal immigrants legal status. In 2016, Donald Trump ran on a bid to build a wall on the Mexican-American border to prevent further illegal immigration. He became president in 2017, but the building of the border barrier was halted in 2021 when Joe Biden replaced Trump as president. 

Legal terms
Population
Francisco Castro

Francisco Castro is a football player. He plays for Aves.

Portuguese footballers
1979 births
Living people
Stuart Murdoch

Stuart Murdoch is a former football manager.

References

1954 births
Living people
English footballers
Chris Cornell

Chris Cornell (Christopher John Boyle; July 20, 1964 – May 17, 2017) was an American singer. He is best known as the singer in the grunge band Soundgarden.
He started the band in 1984 with lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto.  Cornell is regarded as one of the greatest vocalists in rock history.

He released his debut album in September 1999,  Euphoria Morning. Later, in 2001, he began the supergroup Audioslave with the former members of Rage Against the Machine. Cornell recorded three albums as Audioslave's singer until the band's breakup in early 2007. His second solo album Carry On was released to mixed commercial success in June 2007.

Cornell was also the singer in a band, Temple of the Dog, that was formed as a tribute to a musician, Andrew Wood, who had died.

Cornell was found dead at his Detroit, Michigan hotel room shortly after performing at a concert on May 17, 2017 at the age of 52. The cause of death was determined to be suicide by hanging.

Personal life 
Cornell was born in Seattle to Ed Boyle and Karen Cornell. He is of English, French, German, Irish, Manx, Northern Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss, and Welsh. Cornell was first married to Susan Silver, the manager of Alice in Chains and Soundgarden. They had a daughter, Lillian Jean, in June 2000. He and Silver divorced in 2004. In December 2008, Cornell said that he had finally won back his collection of 15 guitars after a four-year court battle with Silver.

He then married Vicky Karayiannis. She is an American publicist of Greek heritage. She gave birth to his second daughter, Toni, in September 2004, and his third child, Christopher Nicholas, in December 2005.  Cornell converted to the Greek Orthodox Church because of her faith in the church.

References 

1964 births
2017 deaths
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Musicians from Seattle, Washington
Musicians who committed suicide
Singers from Seattle, Washington
Soundgarden
Suicides by hanging in the United States
Former Roman Catholics
Kim Thayil

Kim Thayil (born September 4, 1960 in Seattle, Washington) best known as the lead guitarist in Soundgarden.

1960 births
Living people
American guitarists
Soundgarden
Musicians from Seattle, Washington
Matt Cameron

Matthew David Cameron (born November 28, 1962 in San Diego, California) is an American drummer best known as the drummer in Soundgarden and Pearl Jam.

In September 1986, Matt Cameron had become so popular in the local Seattle music scene that he was chosen to play for Soundgarden. He replaced drummer Scott Sundquist. Cornell said, "When I first met Matt, he was already the best drummer in town...He just seemed very confident and well-adjusted."

He also worked briefly with The Smashing Pumpkins. In 1998, he played drums for Pearl Jam's Yield Tour. Later he joined the band as a permanent member.

References 

American drummers
Soundgarden
Musicians from San Diego, California
American rock musicians
1962 births
Living people
Ben Shepherd

Ben Shepherd (born Hunter Benedict Shepherd on September 20, 1968) is an American musician, best known as the bass player in the grunge band Soundgarden from 1990 until the band's 1997 break-up.

Ben Shepherd first auditioned for the role of bassist in Soundgarden in 1989, to replace Hiro Yamamoto, who had left the band. He was turned down because he could not play the songs well enough.  But after Jason Everman was let go, Shepherd was then hired.

Chris Cornell said that Shepherd brought a "fresh and creative" approach to the Badmotorfinger recording sessions, All the band members said that his knowledge of music and writing skills would be a help to the band.

Before joining, Soundgarden had been Shepherd's favorite band.

References 

1968 births
Living people
American guitarists
Bassists
Soundgarden
Musicians from Seattle, Washington
A-Sides

A-Sides is a best-of album by Soundgarden with songs spanning the band's thirteen-year career. It was released on November 4, 1997 through A&M Records.

Track listing 
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
"Nothing to Say" (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 3:56
Originally from Screaming Life.
"Flower" (Cornell, Thayil) – 3:25
Originally from Ultramega OK.
"Loud Love" – 4:57
Originally from Louder Than Love.
"Hands All Over" (Cornell, Thayil) – 6:00
Originally from Louder Than Love.
"Get on the Snake" (Cornell, Thayil) – 3:44
Originally from Louder Than Love.
"Jesus Christ Pose" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Ben Shepherd, Thayil) – 5:51
Originally from Badmotorfinger.
"Outshined" – 5:11
Originally from Badmotorfinger.
"Rusty Cage" – 4:26
Originally from Badmotorfinger.
"Spoonman" – 4:06
Originally from Superunknown.
"The Day I Tried to Live" – 5:19
Originally from Superunknown.
"Black Hole Sun" – 5:18
Originally from Superunknown.
"Fell on Black Days" – 4:42
Originally from Superunknown.
"Pretty Noose" – 4:12
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Burden in My Hand" – 4:50
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Blow Up the Outside World" – 5:46
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Ty Cobb" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 3:05
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Bleed Together" – 3:54
Originally from the "Burden in My Hand" single.

Soundgarden albums
1997 albums
Down on the Upside

Down on the Upside is the fifth and final studio album by Soundgarden.

Track listing
"Pretty Noose" (Chris Cornell) – 4:12
"Rhinosaur" (Matt Cameron, Cornell) – 3:14
"Zero Chance" (Cornell, Ben Shepherd) – 4:18
"Dusty" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 4:34
"Ty Cobb" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 3:05
"Blow Up the Outside World" (Cornell) – 5:46
"Burden in My Hand" (Cornell) – 4:50
"Never Named" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 2:28
"Applebite" (Cameron, Cornell) – 5:10
"Never the Machine Forever" (Kim Thayil) – 3:36
"Tighter & Tighter" (Cornell) – 6:06
"No Attention" (Cornell) – 4:27
"Switch Opens" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 3:53
"Overfloater" (Cornell) – 5:09
"An Unkind" (Shepherd) – 2:08
"Boot Camp" (Cornell) – 2:59

Soundgarden albums
1996 albums
Alternative metal

Alternative metal is a type of heavy metal in the alternative music genre. Alternative metal became popular during the 1990s.

Characteristics of alternative metal music are heavy guitar riffs, syncopation, uncommon time signatures, and unusual techniques. Alternative metal is like regular heavy music, but it can be more experimental. This is what makes it "alternative".

Popular alternative metal bands are Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Primus, Helmet, Alice in Chains, Nine Inch Nails, Tool, Rage Against the Machine and System of a Down.

Heavy metal subgenres