cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Dark energy

Dark energy is the name given to the force that is believed to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us at high speed: the idea is that the universe is getting bigger and has been since the Big Bang. Measurements are now accurate enough to allow astronomers to tell that these galaxies seem to be accelerating away from us. The universe is expanding at an increasing rate.

Understanding
This faster and faster expansion is not understood by scientists. There are many ideas for what might be causing the rapid expansion. However, at the moment, cosmologists who study it do not have an answer. It is as if there was something there in empty space providing a repulsive force (Anti-gravity) that makes the universe expand. This has been named dark energy.

A 2011 research article sets out the problem for theoretical physics.

Related pages 
 Dark matter
 Hubble's law
 Metric expansion of space
 Nature timeline

References 

Astrophysics
Cosmology
United Nations Environment Programme

The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) is in charge of the United Nations environmental activities, helping developing countries in making environmentally sound policies and encouraging sustainable development through sound environmental practices. It began as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP also has six regional offices and other country offices.

UNEP has helped to develop guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in potentially harmful chemicals, transboundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways.

The World Meteorological Organization and the UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

Other websites
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

United Nations
International environmental organizations
Nairobi
1972 establishments
Green Revolution

The Green Revolution was a spread of technology by Norman Borlaug, who earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 and is held to have saved over a billion people from starving to death, from the 1930s to the 1960s. It was made up of the creation of different types of cereal grains that grew more food than average, more use of modern systems for watering crops, making management more modern, and the spread of hybridized seeds, man-made fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers.

Background 
In the 20th century, big spending in modern and scientific research for agriculture led to the growth of more food in industrial countries. The Rockefeller Foundation and Ford Foundation helped to change these scientific technologies to fit the conditions in developing countries. The first research was on rice and wheat, two of the most important food crops for developing countries. Irrigation and the growth of better plant types, in addition to more use of fertilizers and pesticides, led to more food growth in Asia and Latin America, starting in the late 1960s. The term “Green Revolution” was used to mean the large growth in agriculture that happened at this time.

References 

Environment
Agriculture
Afrikaans Wikipedia

The Afrikaans Wikipedia () is the Afrikaans-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in November 2001. , the site had over 26,000 articles.

References

Other websites 
 Afrikaans Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2001
Afrikaans
Susan George (political scientist)

Susan George (born 1934) is a well-known writer on Third World poverty, underdevelopment and debt. She is a fellow of the Transnational Institute and is a critic of the present policies of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.  

She has been a consultant to United Nations agencies and is a frequent public speaker. She is American but lives in France.

Books 
 How the Other Half Dies (Penguin) 1976. Reprinted 1986, 1991  (An analysis of the real reasons for world hunger.)
 A Fate Worse Than Debt (Penguin) 1988  (An analysis of the reasons for Third World debt.)
 The Debt Boomerang (Pluto Press) 1992  (Continuing the theme of Third World debt and its harmful effects.)
 The Lugano Report: On Preserving Capitalism in the 21st Century 1999 
 Another World Is Possible If (Verso Books) 2004

Other websites 
Susan George, Official page at Transnational Institute.

American political scientists
American critics
Writers from Akron, Ohio
1934 births
Living people
Stern Review

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released on 30 October 2006 by economist Lord Nicholas Stern for the British government. 

It discusses the effect of climate change and global warming on the world economy. It is the largest and most widely known and discussed report of its kind.
Nicholas Stern, called the  "world’s top climate economist", endorses 350 ppm as “a very sensible long-term target.”

Lord Stern is the co-chairperson of the of Global Commission for the Economy and Climate.

Related pages
Carbon cycle
Greenhouse gas
Energy efficiency and Sustainable energy
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
An Inconvenient Truth and Al Gore
James Hansen
Tim Flannery
Carbon footprint
350.org

References

Climate change
Energy
Green politics
Economics
Manuel Pino

Manuel Pino is a professor at Scottsdale Community College in Arizona. Opposition to uranium mining has played a big role in Pino's life. He has written about The Destructive Impact of Uranium Mining on Native American Culture.  He has spoken out at many international conferences about victims of uranium mining, depleted uranium, and associated cancer deaths.  In 2008, Manuel Pino received the Nuclear-Free Future Award.

Related pages
Uranium in the environment
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
Jacqui Katona

References

Other websites
Uranium Mining and Indigenous People
Indigenous Leaders Call For End To Uranium Mining 

Environment
Energy
Jacqui Katona

Jacqui Katona is an Aboriginal woman who tried to stop the Jabiluka uranium mine in the Northern Territory.  In 1998 the Mirrar Aboriginal people, together with environmental groups, created one of the largest protests in Australia's history. Katona won the 1999 U.S. Goldman Environmental Prize because she protected her country and culture against uranium mining.

Related pages
Uranium in the environment
Manuel Pino

References

Other websites
Yes to land rights! No to uranium mining! 
Anti-nuke protests 
Indigenous Leaders Call For End To Uranium Mining 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indigenous Australian activists
People from the Northern Territory
Third rail

A third rail is a metal railway track that is placed on either side of a train track to provide electrical power to trains traveling along the tracks. They are often used on subways and local train services.  Before third rails, electricity was carried in overhead wires.

History
In the 19th century engineers found ways to use electricity to power trains. Scottish engineer Robert Davidson designed and built an electric locomotive in 1837 using batteries. Locomotives powered by batteries could not be used on the main railways due to the frequent need to charge them.

German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1879 designed the first reliable electric locomotive to carry passengers.  Siemens' design used a 2.2kW electric motor and had a top speed of just over 13 km/h. This new locomotive hauled three passenger cars along a 300 meter circular railway track and carried about 90,000 people in four months during its trail run at the Berlin Industrial Exhibition. Siemens' electric locomotive was the first train to use a third rail and power was provided by a dynamo built for this purpose.

Early electric trains were unable to access a widely available and reliable source of electricity. A network of electricity that went wherever the rail line network went was needed. Whilst many modern long distance trains use an overhead wire system to provide power, the third rail was the first successful means of supplying power. It remains very much in use world-wide today, especially in local and rapid transit systems.

Technical aspects
The third rail is usually located outside the two running rails, but occasionally between them. The electricity is transmitted to the train by means of a sliding shoe, which is held in contact with the rail. On many systems an insulating cover is provided above the third rail to protect employees working near the track; sometimes the shoe is designed to contact the side (called side running) or bottom (called bottom running) of the third rail, allowing the protective cover to be mounted directly to its top surface. When the shoe slides on top, it is referred to as top running. When the shoe slides on the bottom it is not affected by the build-up of snow or leaves.

Danger
Third rails typically carry hundreds of volts in high amperage current. This makes them very dangerous. In 2005 American James Maki fell onto the third rail at a Boston rail station and suffered extensive and disfiguring injuries. As part of his treatment he became the second American recipient of a face transplant. Many deaths occur around the world each year due to human contact with a third rail. In New York City, there have been multiple cases of people dying because they have urinated on the third rail.

Related pages
Subway
Toronto subway and RT

References

Other websites
MSNBC - Stay alive! Tips to survive a subway emergency

Rail infrastructure
Rail technologies
Yonge Street

Yonge Street (pronounced "young") is a main street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and its northern suburbs. It was once listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest street in the world and is listed as a national historic site. It was the site of Canada's first subway line.

Yonge Street is the home of or close to many places of interest in Toronto, including street and theatre acts, the Eaton Centre, the Hockey Hall of Fame and–at the very start of the road–'One Yonge Street', the offices of the Toronto Star newspaper. The Yonge Line of the Toronto subway under or along it from south of King Street to Finch Avenue. The Viva Blue BRT line goes along Yonge from Finch to Newmarket Bus Terminal.

Cultural significance 
Yonge Street is thought to be Toronto's main street, because of it splits the city into east and west, and the has the Yonge subway line running under it. It is also the main place people come to celebrate events.

Parts of the street are often closed for events, such as an yearly street party. Toronto's annual Gay Pride, Orange Order, and Santa Claus parades also use Yonge Street for a large part of their routes. Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot has a song about Yonge Street, titled "On Yonge Street", on his album A Painter Passing Through.

2018 van incident

On April 23, 2018 a white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street.

Places of interest 

 Hockey Hall of Fame
 Eaton Centre
 Toronto Star Building at One Yonge Street 
 Toronto Reference Library

Related pages
 Steeles Avenue
 2018 Toronto van incident

References 

 The Yonge Street Story (1793-1860), by F. R. Berchem, Natural Heritage Books, Toronto, 1977

Other websites 

 Globe and Mail article on Yonge Street
 A page which argues against Yonge Street's claim as the world's longest street 
 Portrait of Sir George Yonge
 A Yahoo! page that explains why Yonge Street is the longest street in the world 
 Yonge Street 1796 Plaque
 Blog series on the southern section of Yonge Street
Google Maps of Yonge Street

Toronto
Epiphyte

An epiphyte is a plant which grows on another plant, without being a parasite. The term is also be used for bacteria, fungi, lichens and mosses which grow on plants. However, most epiphytes (89%) are flowering plants; and about a third of all ferns are epiphytes.  

An epiphyte gets its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. The ones in the temperate zone are often mosses, liverworts, lichens and algae, and in the tropics ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads.

Sometimes such plants are called air plants, because they do not root in soil. This is misleading though, as there are many aquatic epiphytes as well. Epiphytic organisms only take support from the host; they are usually not parasites. Parasitic and semi-parasitic plants, like the mistletoe are not true epiphytes.

Epiphytes usually use photosynthesis to get energy; often they have adapted their leaves to be able to capture rainwater (and moisture from the air) if they are not aquatic.

Epiphytes are important for other species too, certain frogs live in the water reservoir of epiphytes.

References
Miniature sheet

A miniature sheet or souvenir sheet is a small group of postage stamps still attached to the sheet on which they were printed. They may be either regular issues that just happen to be printed in small groups, or special issues often commemorating some event, such as a national anniversary, philatelic exhibition, or government program. The number of stamps ranges from one to about 25; larger sheets of stamps are simply called "sheets" with no qualifier.

The stamps on the sheet may be perforated in the usual way, or imperforate. The margins or selvage of the sheet may have additional printing, ranging from a simple statement of the occasion being commemorated, up to a full picture of which the stamp(s) are just a small part.

Related pages 
 Postage stamp

Other websites 
 

Postage stamps
Vietnamese Wikipedia

The Vietnamese Wikipedia () is the Vietnamese-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in November 2002.

It is the 11th largest edition by article count.

As of  , it has about  articles.

References

Other websites 
 Vietnamese Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Mohammed Rafi

Mohammed Rafi (, , December 24, 1924 – July 31, 1980) was a popular Bollywood playback singer. In a career of over 40 years, Rafi sang more than 26,000 songs in the national languages of India and sometimes in other languages.

Career
In 1944, Rafi moved to Mumbai. Rafi appeared in two movies. In 1945, he appeared on the screen for the song "Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha" in the film Laila Majnu. He sang a number of songs as part of the chorus, including with K. L. Saigal from the movie Shahjahan (1946). Rafi sang in Mehboob Khan's Anmol Ghadi (1946). He had a duet with Noor Jehan in the 1947 film Jugnu, "Yahan Badla Wafa Ka". After partition, Rafi decided to stay in India. Noor Jehan migrated to Pakistan and made a pair with playback singer Ahmed Rushdi.

In 1949, Rafi was given solo songs by music directors such as Naushad, Shyam Sunder, and Husnalal Bhagatram.

In his early career, Rafi associated with many contemporary music directors, most notably Naushad Ali. In the late 1950s and 1960s, he worked with other composers of the era such as O. P. Nayyar, Shankar Jaikishan, S.D. Burman and Roshan.

In the early 1970s, Rafi recorded fewer songs. He made a comeback as a leading singer in 1974.

Death
On Thursday, July 31, 1980, Rafi died at 10:50 p.m., following a massive heart attack. He had  four sons (Saeed Rafi, Khalid Rafi, Hamid Rafi, Shahid Rafi), three daughters (Parveen, Nasreen, Yasmin) and 18 grandchildren.

Other websites
 

Indian singers
1924 births
1980 deaths
Singers from Mumbai
Bollywood playback singers
EMPAC

The Curtis R. Priem Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center (EMPAC) is a big concert hall and place for arts at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. It opened on October 3, 2008. It has a lot of high tech things in it.

Other websites
EMPAC Main Page

Concert halls in the United States
Buildings and structures in New York
Kingston, Ontario

Kingston, Ontario is a Canadian city at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Here the lake runs into the St. Lawrence River and the Thousand Islands begin.

Kingston is the county seat of Frontenac County. According to the
2006 Canadian Census, there were 117,207 people living in Kingston.

Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many old and important buildings built from the local limestone.

The city sits besides Fort Henry and the Rideau Canal which was registered in 2007 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Kingston is a very old and historic city. It has been the site of battles between Canada and the United States. It was also the Capital of Canada at one time.

Media
CFMK 96.3

CFLY 98.3

References

Other websites 
 Official City of Kingston Website
 Kingston Economic Development Corporation
 The Community Foundation of Greater Kingston
 Kingston Frontenac Public Library
 Community Information Centre database 
 Kingston Transit routes
 The International Hockey Hall of Fame
 Kingston Genealogy, Heritage, & History links
 Kingston Electors (local government issues)
 Kingston Taxpayer's Association 

Cities in Ontario
Loon

A loon is a bird that lives on water. It is  in the order Gaviiformes. This is an order of aquatic birds, the loons or divers and their closest extinct relatives.

Loons are the size of a large duck or a small goose.  Loons can be hard to find because they are shy around people.  The name "loon" is from the Scandinavian word for "clumsy". Loons are the state bird of Minnesota. Loons are found in most parts of North America (there are five North American  species) and northern Eurasia.  They enjoy cool climates in the summer and migrate to ocean coasts in the winter.

Loons can dive up to 200 feet underwater for food.  Their bodies are shaped for diving.  To dive better, they have solid bones (most birds' bones are hollow) and feet placed far back for swimming under the water. They have black (or grey)-and-white heads, pale breasts, and striped back feathers. 

Loons can lay up to two eggs. The females are brownish in color which helps them blend into their surroundings.  Both the male and female parent take turns sitting on the eggs.  After hatching, they fly south when the weather gets cool.  The young loons spend three years in the south before returning to the north.

They are best known for their loud, trumpeting call. They also make melodic, wailing or laughing sounds.  Loons communicate to each other through their sounds.  They also communicate with humans and other animals through dance.  Loons warn others to stay away from their nests by dancing on the water.  Loons are protective parents and will dance to exhaustion and death to protect their eggs.  Raccoons, gulls, and skunks have been known to devour loon eggs.   

Loons eat fish like sunfish, perch, and bullheads.  Loons do not chew their food.  They have elastic throats that allow the loon to swallow their food whole.  When they swallow fish, their throat expands to the size of the fish they eat so they do not choke.    

Scientists band, or tag loons to try to understand more about them. Their life style is similar to the grebes, but they are a different group of birds.

Birds
Beamish Museum

Beamish, The North of England Open Air Museum is an open air museum. It is at Beamish, near the town of Stanley, County Durham England.

References

Open air museums
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
1970 establishments in England
Crossbow

The crossbow, or arbalest, is a bow which consists of a bow-like arc called prod and cross-wise body called stock and trigger mechanism. The crossbow is an invention in which the stock, a piece of wood is mounted on two other crossing pieces. Crossbows shoot short arrows called bolts which are similar to arrows.  The crossbow was first created by the Chinese people in circa 6 B.C. The Greeks invented crossbow separately in 4th century B.C. The Romans called the weapon arcuballista. Crossbow was a very popular weapon in the Middle Ages as it was strong and accurate and could be used as a sharpshooter weapon.  The Arabs call crossbow qaws Ferengi, "Frankish bow", as the Crusaders used crossbow a lot.  A good crossbow can shoot the bolt with such immense power that it may pierce armour. Against unarmoured light opponents, even a single bolt may be lethal.

Compared to the ordinary bow, the crossbows have good and bad sides to them. They fire much stronger and much more accurately than ordinary bows, and shooting accurately with a crossbow is easier to learn than shooting with an ordinary bow. On the other hand, because the prod is short and therefore very stiff, a crossbow will take much longer time to load, and a crossbow does not have as good accurate range than a longbow.  Many crossbows have crank or windlass mechanisms to pull the string in drawn position. Also many crossbows do have safety mechanisms to prevent an accidental shot.

Crossbow shooting is today a popular sport.

Archery
Weapons
Sonic Battle

Sonic Battle is a fighting video game for the Game Boy Advance that came out on January 5, 2004. The game is made by THQ, Sonic Team and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Tails the Fox, Knuckles the Echidna, Shadow the Hedgehog, Rouge the Bat, Amy Rose, Cream the Rabbit, E-102 Gamma, Chaos 0, or a new character called Emerl.

2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Sonic the Hedgehog games
THQ games
Fighting games
List of ICD-9 codes

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 9th Revision (ICD-9) is list of codes that classify diseases and medical problems. These codes are in the public domain. The ICD is published by the World Health Organization. There have been many revisions, or updated versions, of the ICD. The ICD-9 is the ninth version.

The ICD-9 gives a special, unique code to:
Every medical condition (including mental health problems)
Specific symptoms, if it is not clear what condition is causing the symptom. (For example, if a person has a cough, but his doctor does not know why, he would just use the ICD code for "Cough".)
Changes in the body, or test results that are not normal (if it is not clear what condition is causing these changes).
Injuries or illnesses that are caused by things outside of the body (for example, broken bones, burns, and poisonings)
Social issues that may cause health problems (for example, if a person's job causes health risks, or if the person's health is at risk because of poverty).

 001-139: Infectious and parasitic diseases
 140-239: Neoplasms
 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
 280-289: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
 290-319: Mental disorders
 320-359: Diseases of the nervous system
 360-389: Diseases of the sense organs
 390-459: Diseases of the circulatory system
 460-519: Diseases of the respiratory system
 520-579: Diseases of the digestive system
 580-629: Diseases of the genitourinary system
 630-676: Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
 680-709: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
 710-739: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
 740-759: Congenital anomalies
 760-779: Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
 780-799: Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
 800-999: Injury and poisoning
 E and V codes: External causes of injury and supplemental classification

Related pages
 ICD-10

References

Medical manuals
ICD-9 codes
Diseases and disorders
Pathos

Pathos () () is a form of rhetorics. Qualities of a fictional or nonfiction work that cause feelings of sorrow or pity. Over emotionalism can be the result of too much pathos.

Linguistics
Philosophy
Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder in people when the indigestion of Gluten leads to problems in the body. If someone with coeliac disease eats something with gluten (for example, wheat, rye, barley), cells inside the body attack the lining of the intestine. This means that they cannot digest (eat) food properly, making them unable to have enough energy, vitamins, or minerals. Children may be unable to grow taller or gain weight properly. People with coeliac disease often lose weight. They are also frequently tired.

Overview 
People with coeliac disease often have bloating and pain in their abdominal (stomach) area, diarrhoea (watery stools) or steatorrhea (fat in their stools). These symptoms can lead to flatulence. Their stomachs also start to hurt and they might suffer from joint pains, seizures, rashes, fatigue, slowness in growth and puberty, loss in weight, loss of bone density and fertility issues.

To relieve the effects of coeliac disease, one must stop eating gluten. There are no medicines or cure that can stop Coeliac disease. To get fully better, it usually takes about two years of not eating gluten, during which time the previously damaged intestine might recover. They must remain on a gluten-free diet for the rest of their life in order to treat this condition.

Coeliac disease is genetic and relatives (such a children, siblings, parents) with this disease have a 1 in 10 chance of developing Coeliac disease. This means that the person affected by it is born with genes that cause the immune system to react poorly to gluten. However, Coeliac disease is not always present during childhood. It can be triggered as an adult by an event such as pregnancy (hormone shifts) or illness.

To find out if a person has Coeliac disease, doctors look in the blood to see if they have the cells that attack the intestine when gluten is eaten. The protein that attacks the intestine is called an antibody. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells, and they normally stop illnesses from growing in the body, but in the case of coeliac disease, one of the antibodies thinks that gluten is something that will cause illness. Doctors can also look into the patient's intestines with a camera on a tube called an endoscope. This can show if the intestines are being or have been damaged, because of coeliac disease.

References

Other websites 
 Celiac Disease Foundation
 What is Celiac Disease? 

Diseases
George S. Patton

George Smith Patton, Jr. (also George Smith Patton III) (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a U.S. Army officer.  He was in the army from 1909 until he died in 1945.  He was in charge of many soldiers and he worked to defeat Germany during World War II in Europe.

Patton was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. Patton was married to Beatrice Banning Ayer from 1910 until his death in 1945. They had a son. Patton died on December 21, 1945 after a car crash in Heidelberg, Germany, aged 60. He was later buried at American Cemetery and Memorial in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

References

1885 births
1945 deaths
American military people
Road accident deaths
Purple Heart recipients
Companions of the Bath

Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Foreign relations of Pakistan

Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population (behind Indonesia). Pakistan is the only Muslim country known to have nuclear weapons. Pakistan is also an important member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).

Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations. Pakistan had some problems with its Foreign relations. Pakistan's relations with its neighbor, India is not good. Both countries have been fighting over the disputed territory of Kashmir,over which they have fought two wars. Pakistan has also had difficult relations with neighbors Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has had a long and good relationship with the China. Pakistan has interest over the Persian Gulf and has wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries.

Pakistan distrusted the Soviet Union during much of the Cold War. Because of this Pakistan had strong relations with both the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. 

Pakistan was a member of the American-sponsored CENTO and SEATO military alliances. Pakistans' alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has had a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985. For several years, Pakistan's relations with the Republic of India had been gradually improving, which opened up Pakistan's foreign policy to issues beyond security. 

Foreign relations of Pakistan
White rhinoceros

The white rhinoceros or square-lipped rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is one of the five species of rhinoceros that still exist and is one of the few megafauna species left. It has a wide mouth used for grazing and is the most social of all rhino species. 

The northern subspecies has all but died out; the southern is rare.

Mammals of Africa
Rhinoceroses
Picture frame

A picture frame is usually a rectangular or oval shaped object designed to hold, protect and display a painting, drawing, or photograph. Most picture frames are made of wood or metal, and may have a glass cover. Some can be attached to walls, while others can stand up on a flat surface. The frames can be works of art themselves.

Art
Persian blue

The color Persian blue is named from the blue color of some Persian pottery and the color of tiles used in and on mosques and palaces in Iran and in other places in the Middle East.  Persian blue is a representation of the color of the mineral lapis lazuli which comes from Persia and Afghanistan. (The color azure is also named after the mineral lapis lazuli.)

The first recorded use of Persian blue as a color name in English was in 1669.

The interior of the Shah Mosque in the city of Isfahan in Iran is lavishly decorated with Persian blue colored tiles.

Meaning of Persian blue
 Many beautiful mosques in Iran, such as the enormous Shah Mosque in Isfahan, have interiors that are faced with tiles that are Persian blue or close variations of it.  
 The Persian blue color of Persian blue tiles is a representation of the color of lapis lazuli which has been mined in Iran and Afghanistan since ancient times.  
 The color Persian blue, like azure, is suggestive of the sky or the celestial sphere.
 When the color Persian blue is used in a religious context as to surface the interior of a mosque, it represents heaven.

Tones of Persian blue color comparison chart

References
Tim Flannery

Professor Tim Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist and global warming activist. Flannery was Australian of the Year in 2007 and previously was a professor at Macquarie University. He left Macquarie University in mid-2013. Flannery is also the chairman of the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international climate change awareness group.He also has a wife/spouse named Alexandra Szalay who is also a scientist and Italian

Related pages
The Weather Makers

References

1956 births
Living people
Australian biologists
Australian activists
Australian educators
Paleontologists
Scientists from South Australia
Scientists from Victoria (Australia)
People from Adelaide
People from Melbourne
Australian of the Year Award winners
Phuket Giant Budha

Buddha statue formal name is : Puttamingmongkol Akenakkiri(พระมิ่งมงคลเอกนาคคีรี') It is a buddha being built in Phuket island of Thailand. Once complete, it will be 45 metres tall with a base diametre of 25 metres. It looks towards Phang Nga Bay in the east and backs towards Andaman Sea in the west. The partially completed Buddha is open to visitors and there is no charge to enter the site, although there are many opportunities to make voluntary donations. It is believed to cost no less than 30 million Thai baht.

References

Other websites 

 เว็บไซต์ทางการ
 Phuket Post  Report The construction of Giant Budha
 The history of Phuket budha and Chamlong Temple  history written by Nongpor

Buddhism
Thai culture
Stellar precession

Stellar precession is one of the ways the stars slowly move across the sky when seen from the Earth. The best-known thing this causes is making the north star's place in the sky slowly change over thousands of years. It is caused by the Sun's gravity pulling the Earth's poles toward itself. Because the Earth's poles are tilted at an angle of 23.42 degrees from straight up in relation to its orbit, this causes the North Pole to seem to point at different places in the sky. While the orientation of the Earth with respect to the stars changes, the axial tilt remains constant. 

Although it takes a very long time for the pole to make a whole circle in the sky (almost 26,000 years), even over the time period that humans have had writing, this has made a big difference in what star is seen as the north star. When the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids about 4,000 years ago, they used the stars to make the edges line up with north and south. However, they did not use the same north star that we do because Earth's North Pole pointed at a different star than it does today. 

Astronomers have known about this movement for a very long time, calling it the precession of the equinoxes. Most people think that Hipparchus discovered it in ancient Greece in about 130 BC, but some people think that even the ancient Egyptians may have known about it.

Astronomical phenomena
Harem

Harem means the women and the place where they live in a polygynous household. Most men are not allowed in there. The word harem comes from the Turkish word haram, meaning a sacred, forbidden place. Harems were meant for the royal upbringing of the future wives of noble and royal men. These women would be educated so that they were ready to appear in public as a royal wife. 

In the West people thought that harems (especially those in the Ottoman Empire) were brothels full of women who gave themselves up to please rich men. 

In modern terms the word maybe used to describe a group of admiring women attracted to one man.

Islamic culture
Chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug. It is the oldest such drug. It was developed in 1950. It is typically used to treat Schizophrenia. It has also been used to treat bipolar disorder. It has been shown to help uncontrollable hiccups disappear. It is also used to help with nausea and vomiting.

References

Drugs
Drugs used in psychiatry
K'naan

K'naan (born Kaynaane Warsame in Somalia in 1978) is a Somali-Canadian poet, rapper and musician. Warsame started writing music in 2002 when recorded songs for his first album released in 2005 called The Dusty Foot Philosopher. He then made a live album in 2007 called The Dusty Foot in the Road. In February 2009, he released his third studio album Troubadour. 

K'naan including a bunch of Canadian singers called "Young Artists for Haiti" remade the song "Wavin' Flag" for the Earthquake in Haiti.

Albums 
 2004 - My Life is a Movie
 2005 - The Dusty Foot Philosopher
 2007 - The Dusty Foot in the Road (Live album)
 2009 - Troubadour
 2012 - Country, God or the Girl

Singles 
 2004-2005 - Soobax
 2005 - Strugglin
 2005 - In the Beginning
 2008 - ABC's
 2008 - Dreamer
 2008 - If Rap Gets Jealous
 2009 - Wavin' Flag'''
 2009 - Bang Bang - released February 24th 2009. The single was released on iTunes February 24th, 2009, as the "Single of the Week". The song features front-man Adam Levine of Maroon 5. Bang Bang was from the album Troubadour.
 2012 - Is Anybody Out There N/A - Take a Minute''

1978 births
Living people
Canadian rap musicians
Canadian singers
People from Ontario
Somali people
East Anglia Transport Museum

The East Anglia Transport Museum is a transport museum that is completely outside. It has lots of old public transport vehicles. Lots of them are also able to operate. It is the only place in England where visitors can ride on buses, trams trolleybuses and a narrow gauge railway in the same museum.

Related pages
List of transport museums
List of trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom
The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft
Black Country Living Museum - also with trolleybuses and trams
Crich Tramway Village - Large collection of Tramcars

Other websites
 Museum website

Museums in England
Transport in England
Terry Butcher

Terence Ian "Terry"  Butcher, born 28 December 1958 in Singapore, is the manager of the Scottish Premier League side Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

He was once a professional player. He played as defender with Ipswich Town and Rangers in the 1980s. He was also a captain of England and won 77 caps in his career of ten years.

Early life
He was born in Singapore but spent his childhood in Lowestoft, Suffolk. There he attended The Denes High School. He also met his wife Rita there. He got a chance to join Norwich City youth team, but refused it.

Playing career

Club career
Butcher made his debut for Ipswich against Everton in the First Division on 15 April 1978. Over the next eight seasons, he became the club's central defender. His good performance was noticed by then England coach Ron Greenwood. He gave him his debut in a friendly against Australia in 1980.

In 1981, Butcher played in the Ipswich side that won the UEFA Cup under Bobby Robson. That year the club cape close to its first League title since 1962. However Aston Villa defeated them and won the title.

In 1986, Butcher left Ipswich when they were relegated. He became one of the first 'English invasion' players to join Scottish club Rangers. This was after Graeme Souness became its manager. Souness, the former Liverpool player, paid Ipswich £725,000 for him in July 1986.

As captain, he led them to three League titles in four seasons. They also won two Scottish League Cups.

In November 1987 he broke his leg during Scottish Premier Division fixture against Aberdeen. He could not play for the rest of the season. Before he was injured, Butcher was close to signing a £1million return to England with Manchester United. His injury cancelled this signing. United manager Alex Ferguson signed Norwich City's Steve Bruce instead.

His last Rangers game came in September 1990. Rangers lost 2-1 league against Dundee United in the match. His performance in that match was bad and he was dropped from the side. Leeds United manager Howard Wilkinson talked with Graeme Souness about bringing Butcher back to England, but when Butcher did depart from Ibrox it was in a £400,000 deal to become player-manager of Coventry City on 15 November 1990.

References

Other websites
 Terry Butcher's WTFC.net manager profile 
 Terry Butcher on RSSSF-site
 Butcher is unable to resist chance to live high life Down Under (Times Online)

1958 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Suffolk
Nicole Anderson

Nicole Gale Anderson (born August 29, 1990 in Rochester, Indiana) is an American actress.

Biography 
Nicole has been performing and acting since she was younger. She had enrolled in gymnastics at 3-years-old, after 10 years of gymnastics, she took state championships and one national championship.

Nicole had won a scholarship to the Barbizon modeling school in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 13. She had several printing ads and commercials such as: "Mary Kate and Ashley Online Clothing", "Every Girl", "Stand Up", and "Bratz-Pretty 'n' Punk & Treasures".

Later on, Nicole had a few roles in TV shows as: Unfabulous, Zoey 101, Nobody, Hannah Montana, iCarly, Sunday! Sunday! Sunday!, the ABC Family "Make It Or Break It", and the ABC Family movie Princess. She did co-star in the Jonas Brothers' Disney Channel Original Series JONAS playing "Macy Misa", the brothers' #1 fan.

Trivia 
 Her ethnicity is Spanish and Filipino
 She has two siblings, a brother name Kenn and a sister name Nadine.
 She's a psychology major in college.

Television 
 JONAS (2009) - Macy Misa
 Make It or Break It (2009) -Kelly Parker

Guest appearances 
 Unfabulous (2005) - Cheerleader #3.
 Hannah Montana (2007) - Marrissa Hughes.
 Zoey 101 (2007) - Maria.
 iCarly (2007) - Tasha (2 episodes).
 Beauty & the Beast (2012) - Heather Chandler (3 episodes)

Filmography 
 Nobody (2007) - Leila.
 Sunday! Sunday! Sunday! (2008) - Dana.
 Princess (2008) - Jitterbug/Calliope.

References

Other websites 
 

1990 births
Living people
Actors from Indiana
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
American child actors
American gymnasts
Singers from Indiana
Tar

Tar is a sticky black liquid made of thick oil. It is a natural substance, oozing out of the ground in places like the La Brea tar pits. Usually it is made by heating coal inside a chemical apparatus.

Most tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production, but it can also be produced from petroleum, peat or wood. The "destructive distillation" of a ton of coal can produce 700 kg of coke, 100 litres of liquor ammonia, 50 litres of coal tar and 400 m3 of coal gas.

It used to be one of the products of gasworks. Tar made from coal or petroleum is considered toxic. It causes cancer because of its high benzene content. In low concentrations, however, tar is used as a medicine on the skin.

Tar kilns are dry distillation ovens, used in Scandinavia for producing tar from wood. They were built close to the forest, from limestone or from more primitive holes in the ground. The bottom is sloped into an outlet hole, to allow the tar to come out. The wood is split to dimensions of a finger and stacked densely, and finally covered tight with dirt and moss to stop air entering. On top of this, a fire is stacked and lit. After a few hours, the tar starts to pour out, and continues to do so for a few days.

Uses 
Tar is used in treatment of the skin disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most effective. Tar is a general disinfectant. Petroleum tar was also used in ancient Egyptian mummification circa 1000 BC.

Tar was a vital component of the first sealed, or "tarmac", roads. The streets of Baghdad were the first to be paved with tar from the 8th century AD. It was also used as seal for roofing shingles and to seal the hulls of ships and boats. For millennia wood tar was used to waterproof sails and boats, but today sails made from inherently waterproof synthetic substances have negated the need for tar. Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats and the roofs of historical shingle-roofed churches, as well painting exterior walls of log buildings.

Mixing tar with linseed oil varnish produces tar paint. Tar paint can be used to protect wood from weather. Tar paint can also be toned with various pigments, producing translucent colours and preserving the wood texture.

Related pages 
Asphalt

References

 
Details history and uses of "Rangoon Tar" 

Materials
Hydrocarbons
Toronto Transit Commission

The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) runs the public transport system that has buses, streetcars, subways, and rapid transit lines in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Started in 1954, the TTC has grown to three subway lines and an elevated rapid transit line with a total of 75 stations, as well as 149 surface routes (buses and streetcars). Of these 149 routes 148 make 243 connections with a subway or rapid transit station during weekday rush hours.

The TTC operates the third most used urban public transport system in North America (after the New York City Transit Authority and the Mexico City Metro).

The TTC also runs a door-to-door (they pick people up at home, the shops or work, and take them anywhere they wish to go) system for people with physical disabilities known as Wheel-Trans; about 5,500 trips are made by this service daily. This service costs the same as any other trip on the TTC even though it is door-to-door. The TTC had 11,235 people working for it in 2007.

Related pages
 Toronto subway and RT
 Toronto buses and trolley buses
 Toronto streetcar system
 Signals on the TTC
 Russell Hill subway accident
 List of Toronto subway and RT stations

References

Other websites

Route information
 
 
 TTC schedules by route name 
 The TTC Ride Guide as searchable Google map

Multimedia
 CBC Archives - audio and video about the TTC.
 69: TTC station photos
 Transit Toronto's YouTube channel
Viscosity

Viscosity is a physical property of fluids. It shows resistance to flow. In a simple example, water has a low viscosity, as it is "thin". Syrup and tar, on the other hand, have a high viscosity, as they are "thick". A way to test for viscosity is the speed at which the substance runs down a slope. Syrup would reach the bottom very slowly, and water would be much quicker.

There are two types of viscosity: dynamic viscosity, measured in pascal seconds, and kinematic viscosity, measured in metres per second squared.

Viscosity is used as a way to predict when volcanoes erupt. When the lava comes out very thickly (viscous), there is more chance that it will erupt violently. This is because the lava has a hard time getting out and may burst out when it can. If the lava is thin (low viscosity), then it just flows out like water.

The word viscous comes from the Latin root viscum, meaning sticky.

References 

Fluid mechanics
Passenger

A passenger is a term that is used for a person who travels in a vehicle, but not the driver or a person working in the vehicle. 

There are two common ways in which the term is used:

 The first is for persons who ride in cars or vans. The term is used for these type of passengers if they have or have not paid for the ride.
 The second is for persons who pay to ride in public transport vehicles such as buses, trains, aircraft, and ships. People who work on the vehicle are crew, not passengers. 

In most places the company who owns the vehicles and the people who work on them have legal obligations to the passengers riding with them. 

Transport
Additions to Daniel

The Additions to Daniel are three chapters that have been held by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox churches since the council of Rome (380). These books were removed in most Christian Bibles since Martin Luther's decision to include them in his bible as "Apocrypha" due to the supposed contradiction of the Hebrew Old Testament (the Apostles and Early Church onward using the Septuagint). The chapters are listed in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England as good but not sacred reading. Most Protestant Bibles do not have these chapters because most Protestant churches believe these chapters are apocryphal.

The Additions to Daniel are not found in the Hebrew or Aramaic text of Daniel. These stories are in the Greek Septuagint and a translation by the writer Theodotion. However, most Protestant Bibles use only the text in the Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, so they do not have these chapters.

The additions are:
 The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children : Azariah prays for God's protection. Later on, he and his friends sing a prayer of thanks. These prayers make up Daniel 3:24-90, put between verses 23 and 24 (v. 24 becomes v. 91).
 Susanna and the Elders : Two men want to have sex with Susanna but she does not want to. The men lie to other people and make them want to kill her. A boy named Daniel shows that the men lied, and they are killed instead. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles.
 Bel and the Dragon : This chapter has three stories about how Daniel fights against the worship of idols, and how he escapes from lions. These stories come after Daniel 12:13 in the Greek texts, and they make up chapter 14 in the Vulgate.

References

Other websites
 NRSV: Prayer of Azariah
 NRSV: Susanna
 NRSV: Bel and the Dragon
 Old Greek and Septuagint translations and text notes from NETS 
 
 
 
 The Unity of the Old English Daniel
 
 
 
 

Daniel, Additions to
19521 Chaos

19521 Chaos is a Kuiper belt object. Chaos was found in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey, with Kitt Peak's 4 m telescope. It is big at about 560 km, and bright at H=4.755. It is named after the primeval state of existence in Greek mythology, from which the first gods appeared.

Trivia 
A jazz-fusion/progressive-rock band from Connecticut got their name from this minor planet.

References 

 original MPEC circular 1998-X08 and  the revision, 1999-V03
 AstDys
 

Chaos