cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Edouard van Beneden

Edouard Joseph Marie Van Beneden (Leuven, 5 March 1846 – Liège, 28 April 1910), cytologist and marine biologist. He was professor of zoology at the University of Liège. He contributed to cytology and genetics by his work on the roundworm Ascaris. In this work he discovered how chromosomes combined during meiosis, during the production of gametes.

Beneden discovered, with Walther Flemming and Eduard Strasburger, the essential facts of mitosis. In contrast to meiosis, the double (diploid) set of chromosomes in daughter cells is identical to those in the parent cells. Excepting rare accidents, there is no change in the genetic apparatus. In meiosis, only one set of chromosomes ends up in each gamete, a condition called haploid.

Father 
Van Beneden's father was also a well-known biologist. Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (18091894) introduced two important terms into evolutionary biology and ecology: mutualism and commensalism.

References 

1846 births
1910 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian biologists
Cell biology
People from Flemish Brabant
Ascaris

Ascaris is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the "giant intestinal roundworms". One species, A. suum, typically infects pigs, while another, A. lumbricoides, affects humans, typically in sub-tropical and tropical areas with poor sanitation. A. lumbricoides is the largest intestinal roundworm and is the most common worm infection of humans, an infection known as ascariasis. Infestation can cause morbidity, and sometimes death, by compromising nutritional status, affecting cognitive processes, inducing tissue reactions, such as granuloma, and provoking intestinal obstruction or rectal prolapse.

The roundworms are members of the phylum Nematoda. They are an extremely successful group; it is estimated that they represent 90% of all life on the seafloor.

References 

Nematodes
Parasites
Free (band)

Free were an English rock band. The band started in London, England in 1968. They are best known for their famous song called "All Right Now". When the band ended the singer, Paul Rodgers, went on to form the band Bad Company. The lead guitarist of Free was named Paul Kossoff. In 1976 he died from a drug-induced heart failure. He was only 25 years old.

English rock bands
English hard rock bands
Bacardi

Bacardi is a spirits company that was founded February 4, 1862 in Cuba. It is named after the founder Facundo Bacardí, a wine merchant. Facundo use to filter the rum through charcoal, which removed impurities. In addition to this, He aged the rum in oak barrels, which had the effect of "mellowing" the drink.

Other websites 
 Bacardi Rum's Official website

Alcoholic spirits
Mick Jagger

Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English musician, producer and actor. He is most famous for being the singer of the Rolling Stones. In 2003 he was knighted for his services to music.

Early Life 
Michael Jagger was born at Livingstone Community Hospital in Dartford, He is child of Basil Fanshawe Jagger and Eva Ensley Mary,

Personal life
Jagger is known for his many high-profile relationships. He married Nicaraguan-born Bianca De Macias on 12 May 1971. It was a Catholic ceremony in Saint-Tropez, France. In late 1977, he began seeing model Jerry Hall. This was while still married to Bianca. Jagger and Hall lived together for many years. They were married on 21 November 1990, in a Hindu beach ceremony in Indonesia. The marriage ended in August 1999.

Relationships 
Jagger has also been romantically linked to other women: Chrissie Shrimpton, Marianne Faithfull, Anita Pallenberg, Marsha Hunt, Pamela Des Barres, Uschi Obermaier, Bebe Buell, Carly Simon, Margaret Trudeau, Mackenzie Phillips, Janice Dickinson, Carla Bruni, Sophie Dahl and Angelina Jolie, among others. He was in a relationship with L'Wren Scott (1964-2014) from 2001 until she committed suicide in 2014. Jagger's girlfriend Melanie Hamrick is pregnant with his eighth child.

In March 2019, Jagger had to postpone his tour due to medical reasons. A few days later it was announced that he would have heart valve replacement surgery.

Jagger has seven children by four women:

 By Marsha Hunt, he has daughter Karis Jagger Hunt (born 4 November 1970)
 By Bianca Jagger, he has daughter Jade Sheena Jezebel Jagger (born 21 October 1971).
 By Jerry Hall he has daughter Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger (born 2 March 1984), son James Leroy Augustin Jagger (born 28 August 1985), daughter Georgia May Ayeesha Jagger (born 12 January 1992) and son Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger (born 9 December 1997)
 By Luciana Gimenez, he has son Lucas Maurice Morad Jagger (born 18 May 1999).

Net worth 
His personal fortune was estimated in 2010, at £190 million (~$298 million US).

Discography

Albums

Soundtrack

References

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Kent
English movie actors
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Musicians from Kent
People from Dartford
The Rolling Stones members
Burn It to the Ground

Burn It to the Ground is a 2009 rock song by the Canadian rock band Nickelback off their Dark Horse album. It became the theme song for WWE Raw on November 16, 2009 and is featured on the soundtrack to the video game NHL 10.

References

2009 songs
Rădăuţi

Rădăuţi is a municipality of Suceava County in Romania.  27,759 people live in Rădăuţi.

Geography 
Rădăuţi can be found in Bukovina, between the Suceava and Suceviţa rivers.  It is 23 miles north of Suceava.

References

Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania
Towns in Suceava County
Maria Kanellis

Maria Louise Kanellis (born February 25, 1982 in Ottawa, Illinois) is an American female professional wrestler. She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment from 2004 to 2010. She joined WWE again in June 2017 and she will be with real-life husband, Mike Kanellis.

Other websites
Official website 
WWE profile
Ring of Honor profile 

1982 births
Living people
Female professional wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Illinois
Former WWE wrestlers
Jillian Hall

Jillian Faye Hall (born Jillian Faye Fletcher; September 6, 1980 in Ashland, Kentucky) is an American retired female professional wrestler and singer. She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where she competed under the ring name Jillian Hall.

She released a Christmas album titled A Jingle with Jillian, which was sung completely in her character of a terrible singer. The album reached #20 on the UK Holidays Top 100 shortly after its release. During her time in the WWE, She was a one-time WWE Divas Champion.

On November 19, 2010, her WWE contract expired and WWE announced that they were not going to renew it. After being released, she wrestled on the independent circuit until announcing her retirement on January 21, 2014.

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1980 births
American professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Kentucky
Khufu

Khufu was a Pharaoh (or leader) of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He was the Pharaoh of Egypt from around 2589 to 2566 B.C.E . Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty.  He is also thought to be the one who built the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Khufu's full name was "Khnum-Khufu" which means "the god Khnum protects me."

References

Pharaohs
Ajana, Western Australia

Ajana is a small farming town in Western Australia. It is about 530 kilometres north east of Perth. The town was officially started in 1915. In 2006, there were 22 people living at Ajana. The name of the town might be from an Australian Aboriginal word, Ajano, used for the area nearby. It might also be from the word Ngajna, meaning mine, as a place where stone axes could be made.

References

Towns in Western Australia
Victor Posa

Victor Posa (born 5 November 1966 in Bari) is an Italian ice hockey player. He played 2 games for the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

Other websites
 

1966 births
Chicago Blackhawks players
Italian sportspeople
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
People from Bari
ECHL players
Colonial Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Genetic linkage

Genetic linkage occurs when alleles at different loci do not segregate at random. Mendel's second law is thus broken. 

Genes are linked when they are on the same chromosome. They then tend to stay together during meiosis. Alleles for genes on different chromosomes are usually not linked, due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.  

There is some crossing over of DNA during meiosis when the chromosomes segregate. So, alleles on the same chromosome can be separated and go to different daughter cells. There is a greater probability of this happening if the alleles are far apart on the chromosome, as it is more likely that a cross-over will occur between them. The relative distance between two genes can be calculated using the offspring of an organism showing two linked genetic traits. The percentage of offspring where the two traits do not run together is noted. The higher the percentage of offspring showing both traits, the closer on the chromosome the two genes are. 

This was the first technique used for mapping genes on chromosomes. By working out the number of recombinants it is possible to obtain a measure for the distance between the genes. This distance is called a genetic map unit (m.u.), or a centimorgan and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant. A recombinant frequency (RF) of 1 % is equivalent to 1 m.u. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances between a number of traits that are present on the same chromosome, ideally avoiding significant gaps between traits to avoid the possibility of multiple crossovers.

Related pages 
Meiosis
Chromosome

References 

 

Classical genetics
Barthélemy Dumortier

Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (Tournai, 3 April 1797 – 1878) was a Belgian botanist and politician. Some consider him to be the true discoverer of cell division, although he is rarely credited as such. His 1832 paper deals with this topic.

Works
 Commentationes botanicae. Observations botaniques (imprimerie de C. Casterman-Dieu, Tournay, 1823).
 Observations sur les graminées de la flore de Belgique (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1823).
 Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1829).
 Lettres sur le manifeste du Roi et les griefs de la nation, par Belgicus (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
 Sylloge Jungermannidearum Europae indigenarum, earum genera et species systematice complectens (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
 Recherches sur la structure comparée et le développement des animaux et des végétaux (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1832).
 Essai carpographique présentant une nouvelle classification des fruits (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1835).
 La Belgique et les vingt-quatre articles (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).
 Observations complémentaires sur le partage des dettes des Pays-Bas (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).

References

Other websites
 IPNI Profile
 Books by Dumortier at the Biodiversity library

1797 births
1878 deaths
Belgian biologists
Belgian Christian democrats
Belgian nobility
Botanists
Cell biology
People from Hainaut (province)
Eddie Van Halen

Edward Lodewijk "Eddie" Van Halen (January 26, 1955 - October 6, 2020) was a Dutch-born American guitarist, keyboardist, songwriter and producer. He is most famous as the guitarist and co-founder of the hard rock band Van Halen. He is listed as number 70 in Rolling Stone Magazine's "Top 100 Guitarists of All Time" issue.

In 2007 Eddie Van Halen was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Van Halen died from a stroke caused by throat cancer at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California on October 6, 2020, at the age of 65 surrounded by his wife, Janie; son and Van Halen bassist, Wolfgang; ex-wife Valerie Bertinelli; and brother, Alex; co-founder and drummer of Van Halen. Some of Van Halen's childhood landmarks in Pasadena became memorials where fans could pay their respects.

References

1955 births
2020 deaths
American guitarists
American record producers
American songwriters
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from throat cancer
Dutch musicians
Keyboardists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Amsterdam
Deaths from stroke
Eddie Cheever

Edward "Eddie" McKay Cheever, Jr. (born January 10, 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American racing driver. He raced for almost thirty years in Formula One, Sports cars, CART and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 World Championship Formula One races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for nine different teams from 1978 through 1989. In 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver in 1998. The team now competes in sports cars.

1958 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
IndyCar Series drivers
Eddie Irvine

Edmund "Eddie" Irvine, Jr. (Born 10 November 1965, Newtownards, County Down) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland. He raced under a British Driving License.

Irvine spent time in the 1980s and early 1990's in Formula Ford and F3000. He joined Formula One in 1993, scoring a point on his debut as he replaced Emanuele Naspetti. He stayed on for Jordan in 1994 and 1995, before going on to drive for Scuderia Ferrari in 1996. His results were not as successful as Michael Schumacher's, including eight straight DNF's (Did not Finish) in a row in 1996. He eventually improved, scoring more podiums as he went along with the team. 

In 1999 Michael Schumacher, the "#1 driver" for Ferrari was injured during a race at Silverstone. Irvine was made the #1 driver. The team put all their efforts towards Irvine winning a driver's championship. It wasn't successful, but Irvine did place second in the championship. Irvine left Ferrari after that season because he was frustrated with Ferrari's policy on team orders, which meant that one driver was labelled as "being #1." So, Irvine joined the new Jaguar Racing team in 2000, where he finally became the lead driver. However, the car was not competitive and reliable, so Jaguar, despite having lots of experience with Irvine, had little results. Irvine obtained the only two podiums Jaguar would ever see, and Irvine retired from Formula One after 2002.

References

1965 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
Wilhelm Roux

Wilhelm Roux (9 June 1850 in Jena – 15 September 1924 in Halle) was a German zoologist, anatomist and pioneer of experimental embryology.

For ten years he worked in Breslau (now Wroclaw), becoming director of his own Institute of Embryology in 1879. He was professor at Innsbruck, Austria from 1889–95, then accepted a professorial chair at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Halle, a post he retained until 1921.

Embryology 
Roux's research was based upon the notion of Entwicklungsmechanik or developmental mechanics. His methodology was to interfere with developing embryos and observe the outcome. Roux's investigations were performed mainly on frogs' eggs to research the earliest structures in amphibian development. His goal was to show Darwinian processes at work on the cellular level.

In 1888, Roux published the results of a series of defect experiments in which he took 2 and 4 cell frog embryos and killed half of the cells of each embryo with a hot needle. He reported that they grew into half-embryos and surmised that the separate function of the two cells had already been determined. This led him to propose his "mosaic" theory: after a few cell divisions the embryo would be like a mosaic, each cell playing its own unique part in the entire design.

After a few years Roux's theory was refuted by the studies of his colleague Hans Driesch and later, with more precision, Hans Spemann showed that, as a rule, Driesch's conclusions were correct, but that results like Roux's may be obtained after intervention in certain planes. Despite this early lapse Roux's pioneering mechanical methodology was to prove most fruitful in 20th century biology.

Cell biology 
In a remarkable paper, Roux realised the significance of the linear structure of chromosomes. Their splitting into two equal longitudinal halves assured each daughter cell got the same chromosome complement. Therefore, chromosomes were the bearers of heredity. This was a significant event in cytogenetics.

Works 
 Der Kampf der Teile im Organismus (1881)
 Über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (1890)
 Geschichtliche Abhandlung über Entwicklungsmechanik (two volumes, 1895)
 Die Entwicklungsmechanik (1905)
 Terminologie der Entwicklungsmechanik (1912).

Further reading

References 

1850 births
1924 deaths
German anatomists
Cell biology
German developmental biologists
People from Jena
German zoologists
Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line

The Marunouchi Line (丸の内線,まるのうちせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

Station

Related pages
 Tokyo

Japanese railways
Tokyo
Poanes

Poanes is a genus of butterflies.  The species are native to North America, Central America, and South America.

Species
 Poanes aaroni Skinner, 1890 – Aaron's Skipper or Saffron Skipper
 Poanes azin Draudt, 1924
 Poanes benito Freeman, 1979 – Benito's Skipper
 Poanes hobomok Harris, 1862 – Hobomok Skipper
 Poanes inimica Butler & Druce, 1872 – Yellow-stained Skipper
 Poanes macneilli Burns, 1992 – Macneill's Skipper
 Poanes massasoit Scudder, 1863 – Mulberry Wing
 Poanes melane Edwards, 1869 – Umber Skipper
 Poanes monticola Godman, 1900 – Oyamel Skipper
 Poanes niveolimbus Mabille, 1889 – Snow-fringed Skipper
 Poanes taxiles Edwards, 1881 – Golden Skipper
 Poanes ulphila Plötz, 1883 – Ulphila Skipper
 Poanes viator Edwards, 1865 – Broad-winged Skipper
 Poanes yehl Skinner, 1893 – Yehl Skipper
 Poanes zabulon Boisduval & Le Conte, 1837 – Zabulon Skipper
 Poanes zachaeus Plötz, 1883 – Zachaeus Skipper

References
 Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.

Other websites

 Poanes at www.funet.fi

Hesperiidae
Concentric

Concentric objects share the same center, axis, or origin. Circles,spheres, cylinders, tubes, and other round objects can be concentric. Concentric shapes do not normally have the same radius.

Geometry
Andreas Hinkel

Andreas Hinkel (born 26 March 1982) is a German football player. He plays for Celtic and Germany national team.

Career 
Hinkel grew up in Leutenbach in the state of Baden-Württemberg and started to play football there. When he was ten years old, he came to the youth teams of Stuttgart. In 2001 he had his first matches for Stuttgart in the UEFA Cup and in the Bundesliga. From 2003 to 2009, he played 21 matches for the Germany national team. His first international match was on 30 April 2003 against Serbia and Montenegro.

In 2006 he came to Sevilla in the La Liga. He won the UEFA Cup and the Copa del Rey with them. When he was in Sevilla, he did not play for Germany any more. He did not take part in 2006 FIFA World Cup and in 2008 UEFA Euro.

In the year 2008 he came to Celtic in Glasgow. They won Scottish Premier League in 2008 and the Scottish League Cup in 2009. On 10 September 2008, he played his first match for Germany after three years.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Stuttgart||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||10||0
|-
|2001/02||30||0
|-
|2002/03||33||0
|-
|2003/04||28||0
|-
|2004/05||29||1
|-
|2005/06||26||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sevilla||rowspan="2"|La Liga||13||0
|-
|2007/08||2||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Celtic||rowspan="3"|Premier League||16||1
|-
|2008/09||32||0
|-
|2009/10||||
156||1
15||0
48||1
219||2
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
!Total||21||0
|}

References 
 Andreas Hinkel's website (in English or German)
 Andreas Hinkel on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1982 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Nymphalidae

The Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies, with about 6,000 species.  They live on all continents except Antarctica.  They are commonly known as nymphalids, brushfoots, or brush-footed butterflies.

Characteristics 
Brushfoots get their name from their front pair of legs.  This pair of legs is reduced.  They do not have claws at the end.  Only the middle and last pair of legs are used for walking. This is why they are called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies.

Many species are brightly colored and include popular species such as the emperors, admirals, tortoiseshells, and fritillaries. Most hold their colourful wings flat when they are at rest. However, the underwings are often dull; in some species they look just like dead leaves, or are much paler. So when they raise their wings in the normal butterfly position, this cryptic effect helps the butterfly disappear into its surroundings.

Subfamilies
Apaturinae – Hackberry butterflies and Emperors
Biblidinae – Tropical Brushfoots
Calinaginae
Charaxinae – Leafwings
Cyrestinae
Danainae – Milkweed butterflies
Heliconiinae – Heliconiians and Fritillaries
Ithomiinae (sometimes placed in the subfamily Danainae as a tribe (a tribe is a ranking between family and genus))
Libytheinae – Snout butterflies
Limenitidinae – Admirals and Sisters
Morphinae – Morphos (sometimes placed in the subfamily Satyrinae as a tribe)
Nymphalinae – Buckeyes, Eggflies, Checkerspots, Crescents, Anglewings, and Ladies
Satyrinae – Satyrs and Browns.

Some example species
 Aglais urticae – Small Tortoiseshell
 Apatura iris – Purple Emperor
 Danaus plexippus – Monarch
 Hamadryas amphinome – Red Cracker
 Inachis io – Peacock
 Junonia coenia – Common Buckeye
 Libytheana carinenta – American Snout or Common Snout
 Limenitis archippus – Viceroy
 Morpho menelaus – Blue Morpho
 Nymphalis antiopa – Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty
 Speyeria cybele – Great Spangled Fritillary
 Vanessa cardui – Painted Lady
 Vanessa atalanta – Red Admiral

Image gallery

References

Other websites

 Nymphalidae at Tree of Life 

Nymphalidae
Marcel Schäfer

Marcel Schäfer (born 7 June 1984 in Aschaffenburg) is a German footballer.

Career 
Schäfer came to the youth teams of 1860 Munich when he was 16 years old. In 2003 he played his first and only Bundesliga match for Munich. After the Bundesliga season 2003-04, 1860 Munich was relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. Schäfer played three more years for Munich. 

In 2007 he went back to the Bundesliga and came to V.f.L. Wolfsburg. They won their first German Championship in 2009.

Schäfer plays for the German national football team since the year 2008. His first international match was against England on 19 November 2008.

Other websites 
 Marcel Schäfer's website (in German)
 Marcel Schäfer on fussballdaten.de (in German)

1984 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Dred Scott

Dred Scott (1799 – September 17, 1858) was a slave in the United States of America who took legal action to get his freedom in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case. His case was rejected by the Supreme Court.  

Many people were angry at the decision, and slavery became one of the main issues in the American Civil War a few years later. Slavery was ended after the Confederate States of America surrendered.

References

Slaves
1799 births
1858 deaths
Hannah Montana: The Movie

Hannah Montana: The Movie is a 2009 American musical movie. It is based on the teen sitcom Hannah Montana. The film stars Miley Cyrus.

Storyline 
It is about a girl named, Miley Stewart, that is living the secret life of Hannah Montana. It starts with that she makes a mistake and comes late to her best friends, Lily, birthday party, dressed as Hannah. All attention goes to her, and Lily gets disappointed. As Hannah tries to make it up for Lily, she gets an offer to fly to New York with her manager Vanessa Williams but Miley's father Billy Ray Cyrus has other plans. His mother's birthday is coming up in Tennessee and he his clear that Miley will go, too. She complains and complains, which leads to her thinking she can go to New York, but is fooled by her father who drives her and her brother to Tennessee.

When they get there, Miley is seeing things in a different way and when she meets Trevor, a sweet guy she has known from her younger age, everything changes. Not to mention, the crazy journalist that is stalking her for a story that is supposed to bring her down.

2009 movies
2000s musical movies
American musical movies
English-language movies
Disney movies
Movies directed by Peter Chelsom
Louis Farrakhan

Louis Eugene Farrakhan (born May 11, 1933) is an American religious leader, political activist and writer, black nationalist and social commentator. He is the leader of the religious group known as The Nation of Islam, which is based on an African-American interpretation of Islam. Many people say that he was involved in a plot to kill Malcolm X. He is known for his antisemitism views and anti-White views. In 2007, he retired. 

Farrakhan was born Louis Eugene Wolcott in The Bronx, New York. He started playing the violin when he was six years old. He went to the Boston Latin School.

Farrakhan now lives in Kenwood, Chicago. In 1953, he married Khadijah Farrakhan. They have nine children.

References

Other websites
 Nation of Islam's Official Louis Farrakhan Bio Sketch
 Final Call Newspaper, founded by Louis Farrakhan
 Louis Farrakhan's weekly news column

Writers from Chicago
Writers from the Bronx
Writers from Boston, Massachusetts
American political activists
American political writers
American political commentators
American Muslims
Religious leaders
African-American people
Living people
1933 births
Synod of Dort

The Synod of Dort was a national council that took place in 1618-1619 in the town of Dordrecht in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church held the meeting in order to discuss a very important issue in the Dutch churches that begin with the teachings of Jacobus Arminius and the rise of Arminianism. The first meeting was on November 13, 1618, and the last meeting, which was the 154th, took place on May 9, 1619. 

Members from the Reformed churches in eight different countries were also invited to this meeting. The name Dort is the English name for the Dutch town of Dordrecht and is still used as the pronunciation of the name today. This synod, or meeting, is usually called the Synod of Dordt or the Synod of Dordrecht.

Purpose 
The reason that this meeting was called was to settle an issue that had just been brought up in the Dutch churches after the spread of Arminianism. After Jacob Arminius died, people that believed the same way that he did objected to the Belgic Confession and the teachings of John Calvin and Theodore Beza. Arminius's followers published their problems with the Confession in a paper called The Remonstrance of 1610. The followers of the things listed in this document were called Remonstrants. Calvinists, who followed the teachings of John Calvin, became known as Contra-Remonstrants.

In The Remonstrance and some later writing, the Arminians wrote about an alternative to the Calvinist Belgic Confession and mentioned several things that they disagreed with. They taught election on the basis of God knowing who would have faith, a universal atonement, resistible grace and the possibility of walking away from grace. Simon Episopius was the speaker for the 13 members of the Remonstrants who were called to the Synod in 1618.

The end of the meetings and the Canon of Dort 
The meetings concluded with the views of the Remonstrants being rejected and set out the Reformed doctrine on each of the points. These are sometimes called the Five points of Calvinism and are remembered by the five letters "TULIP".

The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands, known as the Canons of Dort, is the reasoning behind the decisions made by the Synod. 

The Canons are not supposed to be an absolute explanation of the Reformed doctrine, but only explain the five points of doctrine that were being argued over.

Related pages
 Calvinism
 Arminianism

Other websites 

 Canons of Dort  at CRC home
 Canons of Dort at Reformed.org

1618
1619
Calvinism
Dordrecht
History of the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
Protestant Reformation
Jacob Arminius

Jacobus Arminius (October 10, 1560 – October 19, 1609), is the Latin name of the Dutch theologian Jakob Hermanszoon. He is also known by the names of Jacob Arminius or James Arminius. Arminius was a professor of theology at the University of Leiden from 1603 until he died in 1609. He wrote many books and papers on theology, which is the study of God, and his views became the basis for the Dutch Remonstrants.

After he died, his views on theology were most widely known for being the opposite of the five points of Calvinism, though Arminius only objected to three: unconditional election, limited atonement, and irresistible grace; and he doubted the perseverance of the saints. His view on total depravity agreed with John Calvin, only changing the view held by Calvinists a small amount.

Life 
Arminius was born at Oudewater, Utrecht. His father Herman died when Arminius was a baby, leaving his wife (and Jacob's mother) as a single mother with small children.
Theodorus Aemilius, a priest, adopted Jacobus and sent him to school at Utrecht. His mother was killed by the Spanish in Oudewater in 1575. About that same year the kindness of his friends allowed him to go study theology at the University of Leiden.

References

Other websites 

 The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 1
 The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 2
 The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 3
 "Who Was Arminius?" by W. Robert Godfrey (a Calvinist view)
 Profile page for Jacobus Arminius on the "Find A Grave" website

1560 births
1609 deaths
Christian theologians
Dutch academics
People from Utrecht (province)
Valdeir Vieira

Valdeir Vieira (born 11 July 1944) is a Brazilian football manager.

References

1944 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Richart Báez

Richart Báez (born 31 July 1973) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||Olimpia||Primera División||||

|-
|1996||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||9||3

|-
|1997||Universidad Chile||Primera División||||
|-
|1998||Audax Italiano La Florida||Primera División||||

|-
|1998/99||América||Primera División||24||3

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Olimpia||rowspan="2"|Primera División||||
|-
|2000||||

|-
|2000/01||Atlético Celaya||Primera División||10||0

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Olimpia||rowspan="3"|Primera División||||
|-
|2002||||
|-
|2003||||
|-
|2004||12 Octubre||Primera División||||

|-
|2004/05||Municipal||Liga Nacional||3||0

|-
|2005||Sportivo Luqueño||Primera División||||
||
9||3
||
34||3
3||0
46||6
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||8||1
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
!Total||26||2
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Paraguayan footballers
People from Asunción
Mustapha Hadji

Mustapha Hadji (born 16 November 1971) is a Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="5"|Nancy-Lorraine||Division 1||0||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Division 2||32||6
|-
|1993/94||37||11
|-
|1994/95||28||3
|-
|1995/96||37||11

|-
|1996/97||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||27||3

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="2"|La Liga||10||0
|-
|1998/99||21||2

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Coventry City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||6
|-
|2000/01||29||6
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Aston Villa||rowspan="3"|Premier League||23||2
|-
|2002/03||11||0
|-
|2003/04||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||16||1

|-
|2004/05||Al-Ain||UAE League||15||5

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Saarbrücken||2. Bundesliga||30||4
|-
|2006/07||||24||6

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fola Esch||Division of Honour||25||17
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|National Division||17||7
|-
|2009/10||||
134||31
27||3
47||3
97||14
15||5
54||10
42||24
416||90
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1993||||
|-
|1994||||
|-
|1995||||
|-
|1996||||
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||11||4
|-
|1999||8||3
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||||
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Moroccan footballers
Alexi Lalas

Alexi Lalas (born June 1, 1970) is a former American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Padova||rowspan="2"|Serie A||33||2
|-
|1995/96||11||0

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|New England Revolution||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||25||1
|-
|1997||30||2

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Emelec||rowspan="2"|Serie A||||
|-
|1998||||

|-
|1998||MetroStars||Major League Soccer||25||2
|-
|1999||Kansas City Wizards||Major League Soccer||30||4
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Los Angeles Galaxy||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||11||2
|-
|2002||26||4
|-
|2003||22||1
44||2
169||16
||
213||18
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1991||2||0
|-
|1992||0||0
|-
|1993||25||4
|-
|1994||22||1
|-
|1995||12||2
|-
|1996||14||0
|-
|1997||14||2
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
!Total||96||9
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
American soccer players
Christian Wilhelmsson

Christian Wilhelmsson (born 8 December 1979) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Al-Hilal and Sweden national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Mjällby||rowspan="3"|Division 1||6||0
|-
|1998||21||4
|-
|1999||25||7

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Stabæk||rowspan="4"|Premier League||24||9
|-
|2001||25||6
|-
|2002||26||6
|-
|2003||9||4

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Anderlecht||rowspan="3"|First Division||27||4
|-
|2004/05||32||4
|-
|2005/06||31||5

|-
|2006/07||Nantes Atlantique||Ligue 1||13||0

|-
|2006/07||Roma||Serie A||19||1

|-
|2007/08||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||8||0

|-
|2007/08||Deportivo La Coruña||La Liga||15||1

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Al-Hilal||rowspan="2"|Professional League||||
|-
|2009/10||||
52||13
84||25
90||13
13||0
19||1
8||0
15||1
||
281||53
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||14||1
|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||12||1
|-
|2007||10||1
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||59||4
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
People from Malmo
Kei Yamaguchi

is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

Club career statistics

References

Other websites

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyoto
Ivan Turgenev

Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (9 November 1818 - 3 September 1883) was a Russian writer, most famous for his novel Fathers and Sons.

Life 

Turgenev was born into a rich land-owning family in Oryol, Russia, on 9 November 1818. His father died when Turgenev was sixteen. He and his brother Nicholas were brought up by their mother. She did not treat them well.

Turgenev went to the University of Moscow for one year and then moved to the University of Saint Petersburg, where he studied Classics and Russian Literature. In 1838 he went to the University of Berlin to study philosophy and history. Turgenev liked Germany and thought Russia should change their social system to be more like Germany’s.

The 1840s and 1850s were hard times for writers and artists in Russia. The political system did not allow them to express themselves as they wanted to. Many intelligent Russians left the country and went to England, France and Germany. In 1852 Turgenev himself was put in prison for a month for praising Nikolai Gogol – a famous Russian writer who had been criticised by the ruling powers in the country. In 1854, Turgenev moved to Western Europe and started writing his novel Rudin, which complained about the Russia of the 1840s and 1850s. 

The political system in Russia changed in 1855 when Alexander II took over power from his father Nicholas I. Writers and artists had more freedom from this time. In 1860 one of Turgenev’s most famous novels, First Love, was published.

In 1862, Fathers and Sons, Turgenev’s most famous novel, appeared. Many people did not like the novel which upset Turgenev and he began to write less.

Smoke was published in 1867, but again was not popular in Russia. 

In 1879, he received an honorary degree from the University of Oxford in England.

In later life, Turgenev did not live in Russia much. He lived either at Baden-Baden or Paris, often near the singer Pauline Viardot, who he was having an affair with. He never married, but he did have a daughter with one of his family’s servants.

Turgenev died near Paris on 3 September 1883. On his deathbed he told Leo Tolstoy to start writing again.

Turgenev had an awkward relationship with two other famous Russian writers – Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky criticised Turgenev for liking Western Europe and its literature more than Russian literature. Turgenev was also close to the French writer Gustave Flaubert.

Main works 

 1857 - Rudin (Рудин), English translation: Rudin
 1859 - Dvoryanskoye Gnezdo (Дворянское гнездо), English translation: A Nest of Gentlefolk
 1860 - Nakanune (Накануне), English translation: On the Eve
 1862 - Ottsy i Deti (Отцы и дети); English translation: Fathers and Sons
 1867 - Dym (Дым); English translation: Smoke
 1877 - Nov (Новь); English translation: Virgin Soil

Related pages
List of Russian language poets
List of Russian-language novelists

Other websites 
 Works by & about Ivan Turgenev at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
  Gutenberg.org (plain text and HTML)

1818 births
1883 deaths
Russian writers
Kim Jung-woo

Kim Jung-Woo (born 9 May 1982) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||rowspan="3"|K-League||34||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|-
|2004||18||0||4||0||0||0||22||0
|-
|2005||23||0||1||0||9||0||33||0

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||25||3||1||0||4||0||30||3
|-
|2007||27||4||1||0||2||0||30||4

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma||rowspan="2"|K-League||22||4||2||0||8||1||32||5
|-
|2009||25||3||5||1||7||2||37||6
|-
|2010||Gwangju Sangmu||K-League||||||||||||||||
122||8||16||1||24||2||162||11
52||7||2||0||6||0||60||7
174||15||18||1||30||2||222||182
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||10||0
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||10||1
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||10||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||49||2
|}

References

Other websites
  Kim Jung Woo at FIFA.com 

1982 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
Marek Špilár

Marek Špilár (11 February 1975 – 7 September 2013) was a former Slovak football player. He has played for Slovakia national team.

On 7 September 2013, Špilár committed suicide by jumping out of a fifth-floor window in Prešov.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Petra Drnovice||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||1||0
|-
|1994/95||1||0

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Tatran Prešov||rowspan="2"|Superliga||27||0
|-
|1996/97||26||6
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Košice||rowspan="3"|Superliga||25||0
|-
|1998/99||25||0
|-
|1999/00||25||3

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Baník Ostrava||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||23||0
|-
|2001/02||7||0
|-
|2001/02||Sigma Olomouc||Gambrinus liga||8||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Brugge||rowspan="4"|First Division||6||0
|-
|2003/04||8||0
|-
|2004/05||5||0
|-
|2005/06||12||0

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||21||1
|-
|2007||3||0
40||0
128||9
31||0
24||1
223||10
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||11||0
|-
|1998||12||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
!Total||30||0
|}

References

1975 births
2013 deaths
Slovak footballers
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by jumping
Andrej Panadić

Andrej Panadić (born 9 March 1969) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia's national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Dinamo Zagreb||rowspan="3"|First League||28||3
|-
|1989/90||30||4
|-
|1990/91||18||0

|-
|1992||HAŠK-Građanski||Prva HNL||20||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||29||3
|-
|1993/94||23||4

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Chemnitzer FC||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||32||3
|-
|1995/96||33||2
|-
|1996/97||Uerdingen||2. Bundesliga||31||2
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||13||2
|-
|1998/99||26||2
|-
|1999/00||29||1
|-
|2000/01||24||0
|-
|2001/02||9||0

|-
|2001/02||Sturm Graz||Bundesliga||14||1

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||22||0
|-
|2003||26||3
|-
|2004||3||0
76||7
72||7
197||12
14||1
51||3
410||30
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1989||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1969 births
1990 FIFA World Cup players
Croatian footballers
Croatian football managers
Living people
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Franck Durix

Franck Durix (born 20 October 1965) is a former French football player.

References

1965 births
Living people
French footballers
Kim Sang-Woo

Kim Sang-Woo (born 18 May 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player..

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||7||1||0||0||7||1
|-
|2007||24||0||0||0||24||0
31||1||0||0||31||1
31||1||0||0||31||1
|}

References

1987 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
Shigeru Yokotani

Shigeru Yokotani (born 3 May 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Ehime||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||36||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||2
|-
|2009||45||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||46||6
|-
|2010||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
81||8||3||0||2||0||86||8
81||8||3||0||2||0||86||8
|}

References
Gamba Osaka 

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Michihiro Yasuda

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Kodai Yasuda is also a footballer.

Biography
Yasuda was born in Osaka Prefecture on December 20, 1987. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 2006. He played many matches as left side back from 2007. The club won the champions in the 2007 J.League Cup, 2008 and 2009 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions in 2008 AFC Champions League which is first Asian title in the club history. In 2011, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse. Although he played many matches until the 2011/12 season, he could not play many matches in the 2012/13 season. He returned to Japan in summer 2013 and joined Júbilo Iwata. From 2014, he played for Sagan Tosu, Vissel Kobe and Nagoya Grampus. In 2017, he moved to K League Challenge club Busan IPark. In 2018, he returned to Japan and played for J2 League club Albirex Niigata and JEF United Chiba.

In 2007, Yasuda was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup and played all 4 matches. In February 2008, he was selected the Japan national team for 2008 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against North Korea on February 17. In August 2008, he also played for Japan U-23 national team at 2008 Summer Olympics. He played 7 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2011.

Statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2007||29||0||3||0||9||1||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2008||26||0||4||0||3||0||9||2||42||2
|-
|2009||22||0||4||0||2||0||7||1||35||1
|-
|2010||32||1||5||0||2||0||7||1||46||2

|-
|2010/11||rowspan="3"|Vitesse||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2011/12||23||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2012/13||7||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||12||0

|-
|2013||Júbilo Iwata||J1 League||7||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2014||Sagan Tosu||J1 League||33||1||3||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||2
|-
|2015||Vissel Kobe||J1 League||12||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2016||Nagoya Grampus||J1 League||22||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0

|-
|2017||Busan IPark||K League Challenge||21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||1

|-
|2018||Albirex Niigata||J2 League||30||6||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2019||rowspan="3"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J2 League||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2020||31||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
250||9||24||0||29||2||23||4||326||15
45||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||54||0
21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||1
316||10||34||0||29||2||26||4||405||16
|}

|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||1||1
|-
|2010||0||0
|-
|2011||1||0
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Júbilo Iwata players
Sagan Tosu players
Vissel Kobe players
Nagoya Grampus players
Albirex Niigata players
JEF United Chiba players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Toshihiro Yamaguchi

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Yamaguchi was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on November 19, 1971. After dropped out from Kindai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1993. He became a regular player from 1994. He moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1996 and played until 1997. In June 1998, he signed with Sanfrecce Hiroshima. The club won the 2nd place at 1999 Emperor's Cup. He retired end of 2000 season.

On July 8, 1994, Yamaguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Ghana. He also played at 1995 King Fahd Cup. He played 4 games for Japan until 1995.

Statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J1 League||6||1||2||3||5||2||13||6
|-
|1994||39||16||4||0||3||0||46||16
|-
|1995||41||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|-
|1996||11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J1 League||9||0||2||0||11||0||22||0
|-
|1997||7||1||2||0||4||0||13||1
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||17||2||3||0||0||0||20||2
|-
|1999||26||2||2||0||3||0||31||2
|-
|2000||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
158||31||11||3||27||2||200||36
158||31||11||3||27||2||200||36
|}

|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
Takuya Kokeguchi

Takuya Kokeguchi (born 13 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||21||1||1||0||2||0||24||1
|-
|2005||16||1||2||0||2||0||20||1
|-
|2006||16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|2007||J. League 2||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2008||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
|-
|2009||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||6||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||1
|-
|2010||Kataller Toyama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
95||4||4||0||9||0||108||4
95||4||4||0||9||0||108||4
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Okayama Prefecture
Kataller Toyama players
Hogares CREA

Hogar CREA is a group that helps drug addicts break their habits. It was started in Puerto Rico in 1968 by Javier Garcia Rios "CheJuan".  It spread to several Latin American countries and to the US in the early 80's but is on the decline in the US.  

"CREA" is based on the idea of who to better treat drug addiction than an addict. Many people believe that it is a money making scam.

References

Addiction
1968 establishments in the United States
Organizations based in the United States