cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Petting zoo

A petting zoo is a small zoo where visitors (mostly children) can get up close to animals and pet them. Animals in such zoos are typically gentle, domesticated baby animals like lambs, piglets, chicks, puppies, kittens, ducklings, and bunnies.

Petting zoos are usually a children's feature of larger zoos. Backdrops may be fairy tale settings such as the three pigs' houses of straw, twigs, and brick or Old Macdonald's farm. Wishing wells, footbridges, and other objects that appeal to children may also be featured. Food for the children to give to the animals may be available.

Sometimes petting zoos are found along roadsides in farm country. Petting zoos are well supervised to prevent injury to either children or the animals. A small fee might be charged to enter a petting zoo. 

Zoos
De Havilland

De Havilland was a British aircraft manufacturer, founded in 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland. It was based in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. De Havilland produced the first jet-powered passenger aircraft.

References

Other websites 
De Havilland Museum

Aircraft companies
Companies of England
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
1964 disestablishments
Columbus Zoo and Aquarium

The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium is a zoo in Ohio, United States. It is one of the largest zoos in the world in terms of area () and species of animals (about 790). The zoo is located north of Columbus, in Powell, Ohio. There are about 10,000 individual animals in the zoo.

References
 The Top Ten Largest Zoos in the World

Zoos in the United States
Columbus, Ohio
Louis B. Mayer

Louis Burt Mayer (July 12, 1884 – October 29, 1957) was an American movie producer. He was born Lazar Meir to Russian Jewish parents in Minsk (which is today in Belarus). He was a part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He was a founder of the Academy Awards. He died of leukemia.

1884 births
1957 deaths
Academy Awards
American Jews
American movie producers
Belarusian Jews
Deaths from leukemia
Jewish businesspeople
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Minsk
Russian Jews
Hollywood blacklist

The Hollywood blacklist was a system of denying employment to Hollywood actors, producers, screenwriters, directors, and other people in entertainment who were suspected of undesirable political connections or other undesirable associations. Communist sympathies and homosexual tendencies were two of the connections considered most undesirable. It mostly occurred through the middle of the 20th century, in the 1940s and 1950s.

Discrimination
Movie industry
20th century in the United States
Alan Parker

Sir Alan William Parker,  (14 February 1944 – 31 July 2020) was a British movie director from Islington, London. One of his best known movies is Bugsy Malone (1975).

Early years
Parker was born into a working-class family in Islington, North London, the son of Elsie Ellen, a dressmaker, and William Leslie Parker, a house painter.

Death
Parker died in London on 31 July 2020 at age 76.

Filmography

 Melody (1971) (writer only)
 Our Cissy (1974) (short film)
 Footsteps (1974) (short film)
 The Evacuees (TV, 1975)
 Bugsy Malone (1976)
 Midnight Express (1978)
 Fame (1980)
 Shoot the Moon (1982)
 Pink Floyd—The Wall (1982)
 Birdy (1984)
 Angel Heart (1987)
 Mississippi Burning (1988)
 Come See the Paradise (1990)
 The Commitments (1991)
 The Road to Wellville (1994)
 Evita (1996)
 Angela's Ashes (1999)
 The Life of David Gale (2003)

References

Other websites
 
 Official Alan Parker Website

1944 births
2020 deaths
Disease-related deaths in London
Academy Award winning directors
BAFTA Award winning directors
BAFTA Award winning writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Movie directors from London
Movie producers from London
People from Islington
Screenwriters from London
Aviary

An aviary is a place where birds are kept. It is larger than a birdcage. Some aviaries are large enough for birds to fly some distance. Many zoos have aviaries. People who breed birds to sell also have aviaries. Many aviaries have plants and other things to imitate nature.

Zoos
Birds
Animal enclosures
St. Peter's Square

St. Peter's Square ( , ) is a large plaza in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, Rome. The Pope frequently addresses pilgrims gathered in the square. It is named after Saint Peter.

At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.

References

Further reading
 Hibbert, Christopher, 1985, Rome: The biography of a city, London, Penguin.
 Norwich, John Julius, ed. 1975 Great Architecture of the World 
 Touring Club Italiano, Roma e Dintorni

Other websites

stpetersbasilica.info Pages for all 140 Colonnade Saints
Great Buildings On-line: Piazza of St. Peter's
Roberto Piperno, "Piazza di S. Pietro": engravings by Vasi
Mary Ann Sullivan, "St Peter's Piazza, Vatican City"
Obeliscus Vaticanus LacusCurtius.com, The Vatican Obelisk, retrieved September 4, 2006
The legend of the cry of Bresca Legendary Rome
Rome, Nova Online, Mysteries of the Nile, A World of Obelisks: Rome pbs.org, retrieved September 4, 2006
St. Peter's Square, Bernini's Fountain

Vatican City
National squares
Sandbar

A sandbar, or shoal is a landform which is in or partly in a body of water. Usually it is made of sand, silt, and/or small pebbles.

Description
Shoals are long and narrow ridges. They can develop where a stream, river, or ocean current deposits sediment and granular material.

Shoals look like a coastal landform in the sea. They are classified as a type of ocean bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams, and lakes.

They are usually made up of sand. They can also be made up of soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders.

Landforms
Old MacDonald Had a Farm

"Old MacDonald Had a Farm" is a children's song. It tells of the different animals found on a farm and the sounds they make. Animals include a cow, a duck, a sheep, and any other animals the singer cares to imitate. A typical verse:
Old Macdonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O!
And on this farm he had a cow, E-I-E-I-O!
With a moo-moo here,
And a moo-moo there,
Here a moo, there a moo,
Everywhere a moo-moo,
Old Macdonald had a farm E-I-E-I-O!

Children's songs
The Inheritors (novel)

The Inheritors is the 1955 second novel by the British author William Golding, who is best known for Lord of the Flies. It was his personal favourite, and concerns the extinction of one of the last remaining tribes of Neanderthals at the hands of the more sophisticated (and malevolent) Homo sapiens.

One of the band, Lok, is a "point of view" character. He is the one we follow as one by one the adults of the band die or are killed, then the young are stolen by the "new people" The new people are a group of early modern humans. Lok and Fa, the remaining adults, are both fascinated and repelled by the new people. They observe their actions and rituals with amazement, only slowly understanding that harm is meant by the 'sticks' (arrows) of the new people.

Lok's people have powerful sense-impressions and feelings, and appear sometimes to share thoughts in a near-telepathic way. They live very simply, using their mental abilities to connect to one another without extensive vocabulary or the kinds of memories that create culture. They have wide knowledge of food sources, mostly roots and vegetables. Their lives are lived so much in the present that the reader realizes they are very different from us, living in something like an eternal present, or at least a present broken and shaped by seasons. The way they cope with planning and imagination is by saying the phrase "I have a picture", and then talking about their thoughts.

In the final chapter, we move to the point of view of the new race, more or less modern humans fleeing in their boats. Apparently they are terribly afraid of the Neanderthals whom they believe to be devils of the forest. This last chapter, the only one written from the humans' point of view, points to the inheritance of the world by the new species.

1955 books
Fantasy books
William Golding
Wishing well

A wishing well is a well in which a person throws a coin and at the same time makes a wish.

Superstitions
Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?

Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? is a song from the Walt Disney animated short movie Three little pigs (1933). It was written by Frank Churchill and Ann Ronell. The song buoyed spirits during the Great Depression. It inspired the title of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1963).

1933
1930s songs
Franchot Tone

Franchot Tone (born Stanislaus Pascal Franchot Tone on February 27, 1905 – September 18, 1968) was an American actor. He was married briefly to actress Joan Crawford. They made several movies together. His best known movie is Mutiny on the Bounty (1935). He also performed on radio, television, and the stage. He died of lung cancer in New York City in 1968.

1905 births
1968 deaths
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from lung cancer
Bird cage

A bird cage (sometimes birdcage) is a cage to hold a bird. Bird cages are used in the home to contain a pet bird, such as a parakeet or a canary. Bird cages used in the home are made of metal wire. A bird cage usually has seed and water dishes, a cuttle bone, and toys such as little bells and mirrors. However, the best ones available are shredding and foraging toys, which are more expensive than the "classic" bird accessories. These keep the birds engaged and prevent boredom. There are perches for the bird to sit on. A cage may be hung from a ceiling or a floor stand. The floor of the cage is usually lined with some sort of paper to absorb the bird's droppings, water spills, etc.

When a bird cage is round, tall and narrow or made of galvanized metal it should be avoided. Round cages confuse the birds and cause behavioral issues due to their shape, narrow and tall cages don't let the bird fly properly and any type of galvanized metal can potentially cause a lethal heavy metal intoxication.

Size
Bird cages should be at least 18x18x18 inches when it comes to small birds. For bigger species an aviary can be the best option.
Breeding birds will need a very big cage and a nest box. 
If a bird is going to be caged many hours everyday it will need at least a small aviary with a lot of shredding and foraging toys to not develop behavioral issues such as feather plucking.

Animal enclosures
Birds
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin

Saint Sophia Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom of God, is a former Orthodox church in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.

This church was built in 1907. It was closed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1997, it was turned into a museum.

Museums in China
Buildings and structures in China
Cathedrals
1907 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in China
Henri Murger

Henri Murger (27 March 1822 – 28 January 1861) was a French writer. He is known for a book called Scènes de la vie de bohème. This book is about the life of poor poets, artists, and musicians in Paris of the 1830s. It became the basis for Giacomo Puccini's opera La bohème, for Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera of the same name, and for other musical works. Murger was born and died in Paris. 

He was very famous.

Other websites 
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Henry-Murger/784671611549716

Writers from Paris
1822 births
1861 deaths
Scènes de la vie de bohème

Scènes de la vie de bohème (Scenes from the Bohemian Life) is a book by Henri Murger. It was published in parts between 1847 and 1849, and in book form in 1851. The book is about the lives of the poor poets, artists, and musicians in Paris about 1830. It was the basis for La bohème, an opera by Giacomo Puccini in 1896, and another opera of the same name by Ruggero Leoncavallo in 1897.

French novels
1840s books
Luigi Illica

Luigi Illica (9 May 1857 – 16 December 1919) was an Italian writer.  He wrote the librettos (stories and words) for many operas. He teamed with Giuseppe Giacosa for Puccini's operas La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly. He also wrote the libretto for Umberto Giordano's Andrea Chénier.

1857 births
1919 deaths
Italian writers
Librettists
Giuseppe Giacosa

Giuseppe Giacosa (21 October 1847 – 1 September 1906) was an Italian writer. He wrote the libretti (stories and words) with Luigi Illica for Puccini's operas La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly. He was born in Turin, Italy.

People from Turin
Librettists
Italian writers
1857 births
1906 deaths
Entrapment

Entrapment is inducement to commit a crime, especially by authorities, to get a conviction. The implication is that the person might otherwise have been unlikely to commit the crime. In some countries, entrapment is a possible defence against criminal liability.

Another similar term is agent provocateur, an older French term for the person who does the inducing. 

A sting operation is a more sophisticated way to trap criminals. It usually involves leaving a bait, and filming or catching whoever takes the bait.

References 

Ethics
Law
Types of crime
Sos Sargsyan

Sos Sargsyan (24 October 1929 – 26 September 2013) was a famous Armenian actor, director, and writer. He was known for his roles in Guys from the Army Band, Solaris, and in Nahapet.

Sargsyan was born on 24 October 1929 in Stepanavan, Soviet Armenia. He was raised in Yerevan, Armenia. Sargsyan died on 26 September 2013 in Yerevan, Armenia from a heart attack, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 

1929 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Armenian actors
Armenian movie directors
Armenian writers
People from Yerevan
Tuskegee University

Tuskegee University is in Tuskegee, Alabama. It is a historic African American college.

Related pages
Booker T. Washington

Other websites
University website

Colleges and universities in Alabama
Alawites

The Alawites, also known as Alawis (ʿAlawīyyah ) are a sect within Shia Islam. They live mainly in Syria. They follow a branch of the Twelver school of Shia Islam. Alawites revere Ali, and the name "Alawi" means followers of Ali.

Other websites
Reuters

Islamic denominations
Syria
Sung Wong Toi

Sung Wong Toi () is a historic relic in Hong Kong. It is now in the Sung Wong Toi Garden.

There was a legend that Sung Wong Toi was built to remember the Emperor Duanzong of Song and his younger brother. It was because they had once escaped to Hong Kong.

Reference 

Hong Kong
Monuments and memorials
Umberto Giordano

Umberto Menotti Maria Giordano (28 August 1867 – 12 November 1948) was an Italian composer. He wrote many operas. His opera Andrea Chénier (1896) is still performed.

1867 births
1948 deaths
20th-century Italian composers
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 movie)

Mutiny on the Bounty is an MGM movie from 1935 directed by Frank Lloyd and produced by Irving Thalberg. It was directed by Frank Lloyd. It is based on the novel of the same name by Charles Nordoff and James Hall. The movie is about the mutiny on the ship Bounty.

It stars  Charles Laughton as Captain Bligh, Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian, Franchot Tone as Roger Byam, and Movita Castaneda as a Tahitian girl. All three were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The movie won the 1935 Academy Award for Best Picture.

1935 movies
1930s adventure movies
1930s drama movies
1930s American adventure movies
Movies based on books
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Movies directed by Frank Lloyd
Omoseye Bolaji

Omoseye Bolaji (born August 16 1968) is a Nigerian-born writer. He went on to become a successful author of many books in South Africa. He is a novelist, poet, playwright, and journalist. He was conferred with the Chancellor's Medal by the University of the Free State in 2007. His published works include Impossible Love (2000), People of the Townships (2003), My Life and Literature (2007), Miscellaneous Writings (2011) and It Couldn’t Matter Less (2013)

In 2022, Omoseye Bolaji published two new books in early February:

 BOOKS BARDS AND BARBS (2022)
 IYA ALAJE (2022)

References

Other websites
The Bard Of Bloemfontein

1968 births
Living people
Nigerian writers
South African people
Lantau Island

Lantau Island is the biggest island of Hong Kong.

Famous Places 
 Hong Kong Disneyland
 Ngong Ping 360
 Tai O

References 

Geography of Hong Kong
Islands of China
Orange Is the New Black

Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama series on Netflix. Jenji Kohan created it. She is known for creating Weeds. It is based on the memoir of the same name by Piper Kerman. So far there have been three seasons with 13 episodes each. The first episode of season two aired on June 6, 2014. The third season premiered on June 11, 2015.

In April 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season, to be released on June 17, 2016. In February 2016, the series was renewed through seven seasons.

Orange Is the New Black is the first series to get Emmy Award nominations in both comedy and drama categories. The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, two Producers Guild of America Awards, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.

Plot and cast
The show is about Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a middle class woman who has been sent to prison for carrying drug money for her ex-girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), who is also put in the prison. She is engaged to a man called Larry (Jason Biggs), and describes herself as an 'ex-lesbian'. However, being in prison causes her to rethink her sexual orientation and her identity in general. The show has strong LGBT themes and has been described as a 'lesbian tv show'. Lesbian characters include Carrie "Big Boo" Black (Lea DeLaria), Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren (Uzo Aduba), and Nicky Nichols (Natasha Lyonne). Transgender prisoner Sophia Burset is played by Laverne Cox, a real trans woman. Most of the characters are women of color.

The third episode, "Lesbian Request Denied", was directed by Jodie Foster.

Critical response
Orange Is the New Black was well-received by critics. The Washington Post called the show 'brilliance behind bars'. Taylor Schilling was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for  Lead Actress in a Drama Series.

References

Other websites

2013 American television series debuts
2010s American comedy television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s LGBT television series
American comedy-drama television series
American crime drama television series
American LGBT television programs

LGBT comedy television series
LGBT drama television series

Television series set in New York
Transgender
Peabody Award winners
Netflix original shows
Charles Laughton

Charles Laughton (1 July 1899 – 15 December 1962) was an Anglo-American actor, screenwriter, producer, and director. He was born in Scarborough, North Riding of Yorkshire. He is known for playing Quasimodo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Captain Bligh in Mutiny on the Bounty. He directed The Night of the Hunter. He won the 1933 Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for The Private Life of Henry VIII. Laughton was bisexual. He was married to actress Elsa Lanchester from 1929 until his death. The couple became American citizens in 1950. They had no children. Laughton died of kidney cancer in Hollywood, Los Angeles.

Other websites 

1899 births
1962 deaths
Academy Award winners
Actors from Yorkshire
American LGBT people
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
Bisexual people
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from kidney cancer
English LGBT people
English movie directors
English movie producers
English screenwriters
English television actors
LGBT actors
LGBT directors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Best Actor Academy Award winners
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 movie)

The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1939 RKO movie based on Victor Hugo's novel, directed by William Dieterle, and stars Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Sullivan. 

1939 movies
1930s horror movies
1930s drama movies
American horror movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Movies directed by William Dieterle
Balk

A  balk is something that a pitcher does in baseball that is not allowed, or illegal. If a balk happens the umpire will point to the pitcher and yell "balk", and the runners on base get to move up one base. If there are no runners on base, a ball is issued to the batter.

Some ways a balk can happen include;

 The pitcher faking a pitch
 The pitcher throwing the ball to a base where there is no runner
 Pitching the ball before everyone is ready
 The pitcher takes too long to pitch
 If the pitcher drops the ball, even if he didn't mean to.

There are other ways it can happen, but these are the main ones.

Baseball
Sports words
Ealdorman

An ealdorman (from Old English ealdorman, lit. "elder man"; plural: "ealdormen") is a term used for a high-ranking royal official who was in charge of one or more shires. The title dates from the sixth century and was in use up to the time of King Canute. Their position was a combination of administrator, judge and military commander. Ealdormen were the predecessors of the later English earls.

Office 

The king appointed an ealdorman to govern one or more shires or territories. The ealdorman was also responsible for leading his local fyrd (part-time army) in battle. But these armies owed their first allegiance to their ealdorman. Very often the support of one or more ealdormen could help a royal candidate to become king. In many cases ealdormen succeeded underkings yet kept the same rights. Several had been underkings and were members of the royal family. In early Anglo-Saxon documents ealdormen are also termed dux, princeps, or comitis in documents of the time.

History 

The term first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 568.  But it was probably used long before then.  As early as the seventh century ealdormen were seen as judges. But the development of the shire may have come later. As ealdormanries began to become hereditary (passed down from father to son) the families who held them became more and more powerful. Several rose in power second only to the king. They were described in documents by the term patricius. In the eighth century these occurred in Northumbria, Mercia and Kent. The term patricius was roughly the same as the office of mayor of the palace in the Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings. This could be dangerous for a king to have someone so powerful exercising power in his name. In the eighth and ninth centuries the most dangerous ealdormen were those who claimed royal descent. They could and in some cases did rise up against a king and took the throne themselves. In the very basic royal administrations of the time a king needed to depend on his ealdormen. A king could create ealdormen from his own family. But he could only fill only a portion of the ealdormanries in that way. As the families of ealdormen banded together in ties of mutual support it became more difficult to remove an ealdorman.

Earl 

The term ealdorman was replaced by the term earl during the eleventh century.  In the laws of King Canute both ealdormen and earls are mentioned. But there was no distinction made between them. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the title Earl was no longer interchangeable with dux or princeps. They were written at times as comes (count). King William replaced most Anglo-Saxon earls with his own appointees. He then limited the power of most earls giving them control of counties, castles or other territories. A few were given more power. These were titled Earl palatine.

Notes

References 

Anglo-Saxons
Centwine of Wessex

Centwine († 685) was King of Wessex from  to 685. He appears to have been one of several underkings of Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But at some point he united the kingdom of Wessex under his rule.

King of Wessex  

Centwine was the probable son of Cynegils and grandson of Ceolwulf, King of Wessex. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Centwine became king . Also that he succeeded Aescwine. Bede wrote that after the death of King Cenwalh: "his under-rulers took upon them the kingdom of the people, and dividing it among themselves, held it ten years". Bede's view of Aescwine and Centwine as underkings may represent the views of King Ine. His family ruled Wessex in Bede's time. If the kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh's death, it was reunited during Centwine's reign. An entry under 682 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Centwine drove the Britons to the sea". Aldhelm wrote Centwine won three major victories but does not say who he defeated. Centwine is reported to have abdicated and became a monk. The date of his death is unknown.

Family 

Centwine married Eangyth, niece of Eorcenbert of Kent. Her sister, Eormenburh was married to King Egfrith of Northumbria. Together they had:

 Bugga, Abbess of Eanburh.
 Oshere († bef. 720)

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
680s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Toilers of the Sea

Toilers of the Sea is a novel by Victor Hugo. It was published in 1866. It is about the resurrection of a sunken ship. It has been made into movies several times. 

French novels
Works by Victor Hugo
1860s books
Taronga Zoo

Taronga Zoo  is a zoo in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is on the shores of Sydney Harbour in the suburb of Mosman. It was officially opened on 7 October 1916. The zoo covers about . It holds over 2,600 animals of 340 species. There is a larger, sister zoo in Dubbo, the Taronga Western Plains Zoo.

The zoo is divided into eight geographic regions of the world. The largest section is for Australian wildlife. It also has several aviaries, and an aquarium section for seals and penguins.

The Taronga Zoo also helps endangered animals.  In 2009, scientists brought some yellow-spotted tree frogs to the Taronga Zoo to breed.  Then the last wild yellow-spotted tree frogs died.  In 2018, the scientists took some of the frogs from the Taronga Zoo and put them in the wild.

Taronga is an Aboriginal word which means "beautiful view".

References

Other websites
 
 Daily Telegraph feature-section on Taronga Zoo

Zoos in Australia
1916 establishments
Buildings and structures in Sydney
1910s establishments in Australia
Mario vs. Donkey Kong

Mario vs. Donkey Kong is a 2004 puzzle-platform video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on May 24, 2004, in Japan on June 1, 2004, and in Europe on November 19, 2004. It is a spiritual successor to Donkey Kong, which was released for the Game Boy in 1994.

In the game, the player plays as Mario, who is chasing Donkey Kong through a toy factory after Donkey Kong stole many Mini-Mario toys. It plays similarly to the Game Boy Donkey Kong game. There are five types of levels. In the first type, Mario has to pick up a key and take it to a locked door, then find and pick up the Mini-Mario toy at the end of the level. In the second type, Mario has to guide six Mini-Mario toys to the Toy Box. While doing so, he has to protect them from dangers in the level. In the third type, Mario has to fight Donkey Kong in order to go to the next world. In the fourth type, the Plus level, Mario has to turn on one Mini-Mario with a key and take it to the door. The fifth type of level, the Expert level, plays like the first type of level, but is harder.

Other websites

2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Puzzle video games
Platform games
Mario video games
Donkey Kong
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Madame Bovary

Madame Bovary is a novel by Gustave Flaubert. It was published in 1856. It is the story of an unhappy middle class French housewife. She longs for the kind of romance and glamor that life in the country does not provide. After a few unfulfilling adulteries, she kills herself.

The story was first published in parts (serialization) in a magazine. It was thought obscene. Flaubert and his publisher were charged with immorality, but were acquitted.

The story was a great success when published in book form in 1857. It is thought one of the greatest novels ever written. It has been adapted to different media. An American movie starring Jennifer Jones is perhaps the best known adaptation to Americans.

1850s books
1856
Adultery in fiction
Books first published in serial form
French novels
Suicide in fiction
Wii Party U

Wii Party U is a party video game for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to Wii Party. It was released in North America and Europe on October 25, 2013, in Australia on October 26, 2013, and in Japan on October 31, 2013. But only 150 copies was ever sold due to the Wii U being a flop. That’s why the newer Mario games sucks. Nintendo have lost interest in the IP.

Gameplay
Wii Party U is a party video game which takes elements from the Mario Party series. It has over 80 minigames. Players are able to play minigames with the Wii U GamePad.

References

2013 video games
Wii U games
Party video games
Water Margin

Water Margin ( Shui Hu Zhuan) is a novel that is said to have been written by Shi Nai'an. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. The story is set during the Song Dynasty. It is about a group of outlaws who gather to form an army, and are later sent to fight foreign invaders and suppress rebel forces by the government.

The book was written during the 14th century.

Other websites

Chinese novels
14th-century books
The Turn of the Screw

The Turn of the Screw is a horror novel by Henry James. It was published in 1898. The story is about two children in a lonely country house. Their governess believes they are possessed by the ghosts of two dead servants. The novel was made into an opera by Benjamin Britten, and into a movie called The Innocents starring Deborah Kerr.

1890s books
American novels
Horror novels
Works by Henry James
English-language novels
The Portrait of a Lady

The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James. It was published in parts (serialization) in 1880-1881. It was published as a book in the United States by Houghton, Mifflin in 1881.

It tells the story of a rich young American woman, Isabel Archer. She is exploited by the scheming Madame Merle and her friend Gilbert Osmond. Isabel weds Osmond and finds herself in a loveless marriage.

The book was a great success. It is thought one of James's finest works. The story has been adapted to a BBC television program and to a movie starring Nicole Kidman.

1880s books
19th-century American novels
English-language novels
Works by Henry James
Daisy Miller

Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James. It was published in 1879. It is about a rich and flirtatious young American woman who offends the sensibilities of the Europeans she is moving among. She is an outsider and dies after catching a fever on a visit to the Colosseum. It was a huge success and is still one of James's most popular works. The story was made into a movie starring Cybil Shepherd.

1879 books
American novels
English-language novels
Works by Henry James
Colcannon

Colcannon is an Irish dish made of cabbage or kale and mashed potatoes. Milk, butter, salt and pepper are usually added. It is usually eaten around Halloween.

Irish culture
Foods
To Kill a Mockingbird (movie)

To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama movie. It was directed by Robert Mulligan. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. The movie is based on the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The movie has been listed in the National Film Registry. It won three Academy Awards: Best Actor (Gregory Peck), Best Art Direction, and Best Adapted Screenplay.

Plot 
Atticus Finch, a white lawyer working in the South, defends Tom, a black man accused of raping a white woman. Tom is found guilty of rape. Finch's daughter, Scout, narrates the story from her perspective as an adult. 

1962 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Alabama
Movies set in the 1930s
Rape in movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Robert Mulligan
To Kill a Mockingbird
Lord Jim

Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad. It was first published in parts (serialization) in a magazine in 1899-1900. It is about the sinking of a ship and its abandonment by the crew. One of the crew, "Lord Jim", must come to terms with his cowardice. The book was made into two movies, one starring Peter O'Toole.

Works by Joseph Conrad
1900s books
Novels
Just So Stories

Just So Stories for Little Children is a book of stories by Rudyard Kipling. It was published in 1902 by Macmillan & Co. The stories are "origin stories". They explain how things in the natural world came about, such as the elephant's trunk and the camel's hump. Kipling drew the pictures for the original edition.

Works by Rudyard Kipling
British short stories
1900s books
1902 works
Children's books
Grenade (disambiguation)

A grenade is a small explosive device which is thrown at a target.

Grenade may also mean:

 Grenadier, a soldier who throws grenades
 Grenade, Haute-Garonne département, France
 "Grenade" (song), a song by Bruno Mars
 Physically unattractive appearance, see physical attractiveness

Related pages 
 Granada
 Grenada
 Pomegranate
Blind experiment

A blind or blinded experiment is a test or experiment in 
where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce. If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a double-blind trial.

Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product.  Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.

The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms blind (adjective) or to blind (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.

Examples 
Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings.  In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot.  A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.

One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.

Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.

Double-blind trials
Double-blind describes an especially reliable way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects <u/l>and</u/l> conductors.

In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group.   Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.

Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.

References 

Experiments
Crossgates Commons

Crossgates Commons is a plaza in Albany, New York near Crossgates Mall. It has a lot of stores.

Stores
Upper level
Walmart
Tiger Direct
Marshalls
Bed Bath and Beyond
Home Depot
JCPenney
JCPenney Outlet
Old Navy
Golf Galaxy

Lower level
Sam's Club
Land Air Express
Target
Sears
Sears Outlet
Michaels
Olie's Bargain Outlet

Buildings and structures in New York
St Paul's Suite

St Paul's Suite is a piece of music by Gustav Holst. It was written in 1912. It was published in 1922 after some revisions. It is written for string orchestra with the addition of some wind instruments. It was written for St Paul's Girls' School where Holst was Director of Music for many years. The suite has four movements: Jig, Ostinato, Intermezzo, and Finale.

Compositions by Gustav Holst
Suites
First Suite in E-flat for Military Band

First Suite in E-flat for Military Band is a piece of music by Gustav Holst. It was written in 1909 and had its first performance in 1920. There are three movements: "Chaconne", "Intermezzo", and "March". The suite is thought a cornerstone of music for military band.

Compositions by Gustav Holst
Suites
Songs of a Wayfarer

Songs of a Wayfarer is a set of four songs for low voice and orchestra by Gustav Mahler. Mahler started writing the music in 1884. The music was first performed on March 16, 1896. There are four songs: "When My Sweetheart is Married", "I Went This Morning over the Field", "I Have a Gleaming Knife", and "The Two Blue Eyes of my Beloved".

Compositions by Gustav Mahler
Songs
The Marble Faun

The Marble Faun is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1860. The story is set in Italy.

American novels
Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
1860s books
Saint Francis of Assisi (opera)

Saint François d'Assise is an opera in three acts and eight scenes. The music and libretto were written by Olivier Messiaen. The opera was written from 1975 to 1983. The first performance was given by the Paris Opéra at the Palais Garnier on November 28, 1983.

20th-century operas
1983 works
Kaira

Kaira (; Altai: Кайра, ) is the king of the gods and ruler of the universe in Turkic and Altai mythologies. He is the god of creation and the creator of everything.

Kaira sits on the 17th floor of sky and determines the fate of the universe. He created the other gods. He existed before the creation of the universe. He planted a tree with nine boughes. This tree connects the sky and earth and nine human races are descended from the tree. His sons are Ulgan, Kyzaghan and Mergen.

In ancient Turkic beliefs, Kaira is a white goose that flies over an endless water. Ak Ana (white mother) appears and tells him to create. Kaira is the biggest and the strongest of all the gods. So he creates the earth.

The word (Kaira) means gracious or benevolent.

Related pages
 Ulgan - Son of Ulgan. God of Benevolence

References

Other websites
 Türk Mitolojisi (Türk mitleri ve destanları) Kayra Han 

Gods and goddesses
Ledbury

Ledbury is a small town in Herefordshire. The well known poet John Masefield comes from here.

Towns in Herefordshire
Ulgan

Ulgan (, Khakass: Ӱлген, , , ) is a creator god in Turkic mythology. He is ruler of the sky.

He lives in a golden palace on Altyn Dagh (, "Golden Mountain"). He has a golden throne and a lightning arc. His father is Kaira Khan. Ulgan lives on 16th floor of the sky, and manages the stars and other objects in the sky. It was believed that at the beginning of the universe there was only Ulgan and Erlik.

Ulgan has seven sons and seven daughters.

Children of Ulgan
Ulgan has seven sons, named Akoghlanlar (White Boys). They are "Karakush Khan, Karshyt Khan, Pura Khan, Burcha Kan, Yashyl Khan, Er-Kanym Khan, Bakty Khan". And he has nine daughters, that named Akkyzlar. No one knows the names of the daughters.

Akoghlanlar
They are the sons of Ulgan.

Karshyt Khan: The god of purity.
Pura Khan: The god of horses.
Burcha Khan: The god of prosperity.
Yashyl Khan: The god of nature.
Karakush KHan: The god of birds.
Kanym Khan: The god of confidence.
Bakhty Khan: The god of blessing.

Related pages
 Kaira - Father of Ulgan. Sky God.

Other websites
 Çoban, Ramazan Volkan, Türk Mitolojisinde İyilik Tanrısı Ülgen

Gods and goddesses
Dalmatian City-states

The ”’Dalmatian City-states”’ were 8 cities in Dalmatia where the autoctonous Dalmatian Italians survived the Slav invasions, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. These cities were: Zara, Spalato, Ragusa, Cattaro, Trau, Ossero (called even Cherso or Crespa), Veglia and Arbe.

History

At the beginning of the seventh century the Avars with some Slav tribes devastated and conquered the Roman province of Dalmatia. The local Latin population survived only in the coast and islands of Dalmatia. There they created 8 little cities that maintained political links with the Byzantine Empire, that defended these cities allowing their commerce.

The original name of the cities was Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium and Cattarum. The language and the laws where initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neolatin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the nineteenth century.

The cities were maritime centers with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. From it they received their Italian culture and arts. After the year 1000 AD, the Venetian Doge Orseolo II started to control all coastal Dalmatia, but it was only in 1420 AD that Venice was able to obtain the full domination of these City-states.

In this way seven of these cities became part of the Venetian republic: Zara was the most Venetian (or Italian) of them, remaining Italian until WWII.

But one of the City-states, Ragusium (or Ragusa) was dominated by Venice only for a few decades in the eleventh century and later created the famous "Repubblica di Ragusa". This was an autonomous state under the protection of the Ottoman empire, and lasted until the conquest by Napoleon in 1804 AD when was united to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy.

Notes

Bibliography

 Jackson, Thomas. Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the Island of Grado.Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1887 .

Related pages
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 Republic of Venice
 Venice and Dalmatia

History of Italy
Dalmatia
Battle of Palmito Ranch

The Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas was the last battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on May 12 and 13, 1865.

1865 in the United States
19th century in Texas
Palmito Ranch
May events

AMONG US
Battle of Nashville

The Battle of Nashville was a battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on December 15 and 16, 1864.

Nashville
1864 in the United States
History of Nashville, Tennessee
19th century in Tennessee
December events
Interstate 787

Interstate 787 (I-787) is an Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of New York. It goes through downtown Albany. The southern end is at the toll plaza for New York State Thruway (I-87) exit 23. The location of the northern end is unclear. Some sources say it is at 8th Street in Troy. Other sources say it is at its interchange with NY 7 and NY 787 in the town of Colonie.

The route is  long if extended to Troy, or  without the NY 7 overlap.

North of NY 7, the highway continues as NY 787 to the city of Cohoes.

References

Interstate Highways
Roads in New York
Interstate 890

Interstate 890 (I-890) is a highway in New York, in the United States. It is  long. It runs southeast to northwest, mostly within Scthenady County. Most of I-890 is six lanes wide.

Other websites 

Interstate Highways
Roads in New York
Parade Square

Parade Square () is a big city square in central Warsaw, Poland. It was established in 1955 by the Soviet Union together with the building of the Palace of Culture and Science. The square is one of the biggest in Europe and the world. It was used in the Communist period by the government of People's Republic of Poland for military parades. After the fall of communism in Poland in 1989 the square was abandoned and made into a marketplace.

Other websites 
  Warsaw Takes Steps on Parade Square Development in The Wall Street Journal.

Warsaw
Buildings and structures in Poland
Town squares
National squares
1955 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Poland
1950s establishments in the Soviet Union
Esau

Esau is the eldest son of Isaac and Rebekah in the Book of Genesis. Jacob is his twin brother. (Chapter 25). He is a 'cunning hunter, a man of the field' (25:27) Esau gives his birthright as eldest to Jacob for a meal of lentil stew. He is then tricked out of his father's blessing by Rebekah and Jacob, with Jacob instead receiving the blessing. 

He has several wives, Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath daughter of Elon. He later marries Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael, his cousin, to please his parents.

Other websites
Entry for Jacob and Esau at Chabad 

Old Testament people
Arrondissements of the Haute-Garonne department

There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Garonne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

The arrondissements of Haute-Garonne are:

History
Since its creation, the Haute-Garonne department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with eight districts: Toulouse, Rieux, Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Castelsarrasin, Muret, Saint-Gaudens, Revel, Grenadel
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Toulouse, Castelsarrasin, Muret, Saint-Gaudens, Villefranche
 1803 : the arrondissement of Muret is eliminated
 1806 : restoration of the arrondissement of Muret
 1808 : the arrondissement of Castelsarrasin is eliminated and became part of the new department of Tarn-et-Garonne
 1926 : the arrondissements of Muret and Villefranche are eliminated
 1942 : restoration of the arrondissement of Muret

References

Haute-Garonne
Lists of arrondissements of France
Anthony of Padua

Anthony of Padua, O.F.M. (born Fernando Martins de Bulhões; 15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231), was a Portuguese Catholic priest. He was a friar of the Franciscan Order. He was born and raised in a rich family in Lisbon. Anthony was canonised as a saint on 30 May 1232, less than a year after his death. He is considered a patron saint of lost or stolen items.

He goes that he had a book of sacred songs in which he'd written his own personal notes. A young novice from his complex of buildings decided to leave the order. As he was leaving, he stole Anthony's book. Anthony prayed for it to be returned. Sometime later the missing novice returned to the order and asked to be taken back in, and returned Anthony's book. This was deemed a miracle.

Anthony died in Padua, Italy. After his death, because of that incident, people prayed to Anthony when they had lost something or had it stolen. Some of them got their things back. Those were also deemed "miracles." They are what got him sainthood.

References 

Christian saints
1195 births
1231 deaths
People from Lisbon
Franciscans
Goodnight Moon

Goodnight Moon is an American picture book. It was published by Harper & Brothers in 1947. It was written by Margaret Wise Brown. The pictures were drawn by Clement Hurd. The book is about a bunny who says "goodnight" to all the things he can see about his bedroom. 

1947 books
English-language picture books
Counselor

A counselor is a trained professional who helps others by listening to them and giving them advice. They may be a psychologist or a social worker. Counselors help people with things like career development, anger management, health and lifestyle. Schools often have counselors to help students there.

Related pages 
 Therapy

Psychology
Occupations
Harold and the Purple Crayon

Harold and the Purple Crayon is a picture book by Crockett Johnson. It was published by Harper & Brothers in 1955. The book is about a boy named Harold. He creates his own world by drawing it with his purple crayon.

1955 books
English-language picture books