cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Arenal Volcano National Park

Arenal Volcano National Park is a national park in the northwest region of Costa Rica. It is between the mountain pass of the Tilarán Mountain Range and the Plains of San Carlos. A part of the park belongs to San Ramón.

Attractions

Arenal Volcano 
The main characteristic of this national park is the Arenal Volcano. It is an almost perfect cone with a height of 1633 m. The volcano has regular eruptions which create one of the most extraordinary natural landscapes of Costa Rica.

Wildlife 
The park many different types of plants and animals. Some of the more interesting plants are Guayabo mountain, Ceiba, Cirri, Laurel, Higuerones, Pilon, Guarumo, Balsa, different species of palms, heliconias, orchids, ferns and bromeliads including Pitcaimia Funkiae.

The main species of animals are sloths, birds like lapas, parrots and quetzals, snakes like lora snake, velvet snake and the boa constrictor, 35 species of fish and 135 species of reptiles including turtles. There are also tapirs, deers, jaguars, sahínos, pizotes, Congo monkeys, and cappuccino monkeys. Most of the animals that live in the park are birds. This makes the park a very good place for bird watchers.

Scenery 
This national park has a great tourist attraction because of the beautiful scenery and  forests. It is also a very good place for extreme sports practice like canopy which hundreds of peoples both foreigners and locals like a lot. Many people like to watch the view created by the volcano when it is making small eruptions at night.

National parks in Costa Rica
Alajuela Province
Faded (song)

"Faded" is a 2006 song by Kate DeAraugo, the winner of Australian Idol in 2005.

2006 songs
Emergency (song)

Emergency is a 2005 song by Paramore. It came off the album All We Know Is Falling.

The song is about Hayley Williams' parents, and she could remember standing between them yelling at them to shut up. 

2005 songs
Paramore songs
All We Know Is Falling

All We Know Is Falling is the first album of the band Paramore. It was recorded in just three weeks. In April 2006, the CD was released in the UK. In 2005, a Japanese version was released, with the bonus track "O, Star".

Track listing 
 "All We Know" - 3:13
 "Pressure" - 3:05
 "Emergency" - 4:00
 "Brighter" - 3:43
 "Here We Go Again" - 3:46
 "Never Let This Go" - 3:40
 "Whoa" - 3:21
 "Conspiracy" - 3:42
 "Franklin" - 3:18
 "My Heart" - 3:59

Japanese bonus tracks 

 "Oh, Star" - 3:50
 "Here We Go Again" (Acoustic)
 "Hallelujah" (Acoustic)

Music videos 

Paramore released three videos from this album. The first was for the single "All We Know", followed by "Pressure", and "Emergency".

Credits 
 Hayley Williams – vocals
 Josh Farro – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Zac Farro – drums, percussion
 Jeremy Davis – bass
 Jason Bynum – Rhythm guitar (He left the band in 2005)
 Taylor York – Rhythm guitar

Other websites 
 All We Know Is Falling at MusicBrainz

2005 albums
Paramore albums
Debut albums
Pop punk albums
Rock albums
Businessperson

A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who works at a job that focuses on making money. Very broadly it can mean anyone who works in industry or commerce. More narrowly, it is someone who works in the management (at high level, when the term is used even more narrowly) of a company. Sometimes the word means an entrepreneur or a merchant.

Many businessmen wear standard business clothes: a suit with collar, shirt, and necktie. However, this depends on the company, the local culture, and the country. In more informal places, neckties need not be worn.

Businesswomen clothes have gone through many changes. Dresses and suits are common today.

References 

Occupations
Werl

Werl is a town found in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography

Divisions of the town 
Werl is made up of the following districts:
 Blumenthal (48 inhabitants)
 Budberg (596 inhabitants)
 Büderich (3107 inhabitants) 
 Hilbeck (1339 inhabitants)
 Holtum (1049 inhabitants)
 Mawicke (521 inhabitants)
 Niederbergstraße (210 inhabitants)
 Oberbergstraße (363 inhabitants)
 Sönnern (870 inhabitants)
 Westönnen (2665 inhabitants)
 Werl (22151 inhabitants)

People
Werl was the birthplace of Franz von Papen (1879–1969), German soldier, politician and diplomat.

References

Other websites

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Soest Rural District
Tangent (geometry)

In geometry, a tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at one point. At the place where they touch, the line and the curve both have the same slope (they are both "going in the same direction"). For this reason, a tangent line is a good approximation of the curve near that point. The curve and the tangent line are almost exactly the same near the intersection point. 

A straight line which touches a circle at a single point is perpendicular to the circle's radius and is considered tangent to the circle.

Uses 
Tangent lines are useful in calculus because they can magnify the slope of a curve at a single point. The slope of some curve at the point P is often called the instantaneous rate of change of the curve at P. The instantaneous rate of change at a specific point on the curve can be found by evaluating the derivative function for the curve at that point.

Related pages
Derivative (mathematics)
Calculus
Trigonometric function

Geometry
Brentford F.C.

Brentford F.C. is an English football club.  They are based in Brentford in London and they play their home games at a stadium called Griffin Park. Brentford were formed in 1889 and have the nickname "The Bees".

League position

Former position

Other websites
Brentford F.C. official web site

References 

English football clubs
1889 establishments in England
Harry Redknapp

Harry Redknapp (born 2 March 1947) is an English association football manager. He was born in Poplar, London. He is now retired. he used to play football, mainly for West Ham.

He managed A.F.C. Bournemouth, West Ham, Portsmouth, Southampton, Portsmouth again, Tottenham, Queen's Park Rangers and Birmingham.

Redknapp is related to two Premier League stars. He is the father of Jamie Redknapp who played under him at Bournemouth and Southampton. He is also the uncle by marriage of Frank Lampard who played under him at West Ham United.

References

1947 births
Living people
English football managers
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
PDF (disambiguation)

PDF commonly refers to the Portable Document Format in computing.

Other uses could also mean:

In education 
 Postdoctoral fellow

In fiction 
 Planetary Defence Force in the Warhammer 40,000 universe

In the military 
 Panama Defense Forces
 P.D.F. (upper case) is an abbreviation of "Permanent Defence Forces" - the standing branches of the Irish Defence Forces
 People's Defence Force - the army of Grenada before the US led invasion in 1983.

In science 
 Atomic pair distribution function (Physics)
 Parkinson's Disease Foundation (http://www.pdf.org) (Medicine)
 Parton Distribution Functions (Physics)
 Planar deformation features (Geology)
 Polypeptide Deformylase (Chemistry)
 Powder Diffraction File (Physics)
 pdf and p.d.f. (lower case) can refer to "probability density function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)
 PDF and P.D.F. (upper case) can refer to "probability distribution function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)

In software 
 Package Definition File (Microsoft Systems Management Server)
 Portable Document Format
 Printer Description File, in earlier editions of Quark Xpress page layout software.

Additional uses 
 KPDF-CA, a television station in Phoenix, Arizona
 PDF417, a 2D barcode - PDF means Portable Data File
 PDF Solutions, a listed company headquartered in San Jose, California
 Peace Development Fund, a non-profit public foundation based in Amherst, Massachusetts
 Peak draw force in a Compound bow in Archery 
 Playa del Fuego, a Delaware art festival inspired by the annual Nevada Burning Man festival
 An abbreviation of Pretty Damned Funny
Cough

A cough, also known as tussis, is an action the body takes to get rid of anything that irritates the lungs or throat. To do this, muscles in the thoracic cavity contract to make air leave the lungs with a lot of force. Coughs often happen quickly and more than once, and are usually accompanied by a unique sound, also called a cough.

Coughs are more likely to happen when a person is sick, because infections often irritate breathing passages. Another cause of coughs is a person breathing air that is not clean, like air with dust or smoke.

Causes
Lung cancer
Influenza
Sarcoidosis
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Common cold
Smoking

Related pages 
Flu

References

Reflexes
Symptoms
Tarantula

Tarantula is the common name for a group of "hairy" and often very large spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae, of which approximately 900 species have been found.  Some tarantulas hunt prey in trees and some hunt on the ground. All tarantulas can make silk. They use silk to make shelters like tube tents in trees, to line burrows if they live on the ground, and they all use silk to wrap up prey before they eat it. It is easy to see a tarantula turning around and around in one spot with the prey in its mouth, but it is hard to see the silk coming out because it is small in diameter (thickness) and transparent. These spiders are found in warmer regions around the world. 
Tarantulas' predators are normally big snakes or creatures such as the Tarantula Eating Wasp. Defenses are camouflage and fangs.

References

Other websites 

International Societies
 American Tarantula Society Headquarters
 The British Tarantula Society
 German Arachnologic Society
 The Australian Tarantula Association 

American Societies
 SFBATS - San Francisco Bay Area Tarantula Society  
 N-TEC · Nebraska Tarantula Enthusiasts Club 
 MTTG · Middle Tennessee Tarantula Group

Other sites
 Tarantulas.us - Forums  - Tarantula Discussion Boards and Caresheets.
 Arachnoboards - Arachnid discussion board
 Tarantula care - Gallery of tarantulas and other arachnids.
 Tarantulas.us - Gallery  - Photo gallery of tarantula's species.
 How to Pick a tarantula and Care for a tarantula
 Birdspiders.com - Rick C. West's Site. Includes a gallery of tarantula pictures by species in alphabetical order.
 Caresheets of several tarantula species 
 Information on tarantulas, scorpions, and other invertebrates
 Stanley A. Schultz and Marguerite J. Schultz, "Common and scientific name correlations of the theraphosid tarantulas", University of Calgary 
 Tarantulas Photo Gallery Tarantula photos (Mexican Red Knee, Green Bottle Blue, Salmon Pink etc.)

Spiders
Venomous animals
Hunter-gatherer

A hunter-gatherer society is one who lives from edible plants and animals from the wild, by foraging and hunting. 

The line between hunter-gatherers and other people is often not clear-cut. Nomadic people often practice a mix of hunting, gathering and herding, and others spend some of their time in farming.

Related pages 
 Indigenous Australians 
 Pygmy
 Inuit
 Human migration
 Indigenous peoples
 Nomads
 Neolithic revolution
 Farming

Other websites 
 African Pygmies Culture and photos of these African hunter-gatherers.
 Reconstructed bone flutes, sound sample and playing instructions.
 A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths
 How Our “Hunter Gatherer” DNA Is Making Us Fat Now 

Anthropology
Everyday life
Hunting
File format

File formats are also known as file types. A computer stores data in a computer file in the shape of a file format. For example: images are stored in a different shape than music files. 

Also, most types of data (for example text, image or sound) have many varieties of file formats, all with their own special strengths and weaknesses.

There are, for example, more than five ways to store text as a file. Two of the most known ways are: the plain .txt format and the simplest of the HTML formats. The difference is that a .txt file can only store a sequence of characters but an HTML file can also store links to other files and the formatting of the text, for example whether the text is bold, underlined or italic (but usually HTML should say whether the text is very important, a link, or not very important; whether important text should be bold, italic or red is then specified using a file in a special format called CSS).

There is often a choice between saving a file in a simpler versus a more complex file format. The simpler format will make a smaller file, but store less information. The more complex file format will usually be a larger file and more difficult to use, but can store more information; sometimes a faster computer might be needed in order to use a more complex file format.

File formats made for commercial proprietary software are sometimes a secret, so that people who do not work in the company which made the proprietary software cannot use their own and others' files in the format without buying their software. That action is called vendor lock-in, and can be used to make a monopoly. Because of that, it is sometimes a crime.
Lascaux

Lascaux is the name given to a cave in the Vézère Valley of southwestern France. The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings. 

There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne département. One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vézère Valley.

Montignac is about  from Périgueux, and about  from Sarlat-la-Canéda

Dating 
Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based. Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible. Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used. That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago. H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old.

Norbert Anjoulat looked at the style and the theme of the paintings, and found these were close to Solutréen, rather than Magdalénien.  

There are some disagreements about dating the site. The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago. Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older.  The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago.  

Most archaeologists believe that the age of about 17,000 years is accurate for the following reasons:  
 All the paintings seem to have approximately the same age  
 No object has been found that would allow to date the paintings to 22,000 years or older  
 The tools that were found in the cave correspond to those used 17,000 to 15,000 years ago  
 All radiocarbon datings show an age of about 17,000 years, which corresponds to the findings above.

Discovery and problems 
The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940. By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day. In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed. The cave paintings were restored and  replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public. 

In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.

As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight. Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment.

References 

Caves
Geography of France
World Heritage Sites in France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Archaeological sites in France
Bobby Charlton

Sir Robert Charlton,  (born 11 October 1937) is a retired English footballer who played for the England national team. He played over 600 times for Manchester United. He also played for England over 100 times and scored more goals than any other player. He played for England when they beat Germany in the World Cup final in 1966. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.

His elder brother is Jack Charlton.

He is the last survivor of the Munich air disaster, where his life was saved by fellow teammate Harry Gregg.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1956/57||rowspan="17"|Manchester United||rowspan="17"|First Division||14||10||2||1||0||0||1||1||17||12
|-
|1957/58||21||8||7||5||0||0||2||3||34||16
|-
|1958/59||38||29||1||0||0||0||0||0||39||29
|-
|1959/60||37||13||3||3||0||0||0||0||40||16
|-
|1960/61||39||21||3||0||0||0||0||0||42||21
|-
|1961/62||37||8||6||2||0||0||0||0||43||10
|-
|1962/63||28||7||6||2||0||0||0||0||34||9
|-
|1963/64||40||9||7||2||0||0||6||4||53||15
|-
|1964/65||41||10||7||0||0||0||11||8||59||25
|-
|1965/66||38||16||7||0||0||0||8||2||53||18
|-
|1966/67||42||12||2||0||0||0||0||0||44||12
|-
|1967/68||41||15||2||1||0||0||9||2||52||18
|-
|1968/69||32||5||6||0||0||0||8||2||46||7
|-
|1969/70||40||12||9||1||8||1||0||0||57||14
|-
|1970/71||42||5||2||0||6||3||0||0||50||8
|-
|1971/72||40||8||7||2||6||2||0||0||53||12
|-
|1972/73||34||6||1||0||4||1||0||0||39||7
|-
|1973/74||Preston North End||Second Division||38||8||4||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||45||10

|-
|1974/75||Waterford United||Premier Division||31||18||||||||||||||31||18
642||202||82||20||27||8||45||22||796||252
31||18||||||||||||||31||18
673||220||82||20||27||8||45||22||827||270
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1958||6||6
|-
|1959||8||6
|-
|1960||8||6
|-
|1961||9||6
|-
|1962||8||1
|-
|1963||9||6
|-
|1964||9||2
|-
|1965||5||2
|-
|1966||15||6
|-
|1967||4||2
|-
|1968||8||3
|-
|1969||8||1
|-
|1970||9||2
|-
!Total||106||49
|}

References 

1937 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Manchester United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Northumberland
Gary Lineker

Gary Lineker (born 30 November 1960) is an English retired footballer. He has played for the English national team. He scored 48 goals for the English national team. He is now on television on the BBC on Match of the Day.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1978/79||rowspan="7"|Leicester City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1979/80||19||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|-
|1980/81||First Division||9||2||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||3
|-
|1981/82||rowspan="2"|Second Division||39||17||5||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||19
|-
|1982/83||40||26||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||26
|-
|1983/84||rowspan="2"|First Division||39||22||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||22
|-
|1984/85||41||24||4||3||3||2||colspan="2"|-||48||29
|-
|1985/86||Everton||First Division||41||30||6||5||5||3||colspan="2"|-||52||38

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||41||21||1||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||50||22
|-
|1987/88||36||16||5||2||colspan="2"|-||9||2||50||20
|-
|1988/89||26||6||4||1||colspan="2"|-||8||4||38||11

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||24||1||0||6||2||colspan="2"|-||45||26
|-
|1990/91||32||15||6||3||5||1||colspan="2"|-||43||19
|-
|1991/92||35||28||2||0||5||5||8||2||50||35

|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1994||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
340||192||28||14||30||13||8||2||406||221
103||43||10||4||colspan="2"|-||25||6||138||53
18||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
461||238||38||18||30||13||33||8||562||277
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||9||6
|-
|1986||10||8
|-
|1987||7||9
|-
|1988||10||3
|-
|1989||9||3
|-
|1990||15||8
|-
|1991||11||10
|-
|1992||8||1
|-
!Total||80||48
|}

Other websites
 National Football Teams
 RSSSF

1960 births
Living people
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
English footballers
English sports commentators
Sportspeople from Leicester
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Geoff Hurst

Geoff Hurst (born 8 December 1941) is an English retired professional footballer. He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire and moved to Chelmsford, Essex when he was eight. He played football for West Ham United F.C. over 400 times. He also played for the England national football team and scored a hat trick (three goals) in the 1966 World Cup final which England won 4–2.

Club career statistics

|-
|1959-60||rowspan="13"|West Ham United||rowspan="13"|First Division||3||0
|-
|1960-61||6||0
|-
|1961-62||24||1
|-
|1962-63||27||13
|-
|1963-64||37||14
|-
|1964-65||42||17
|-
|1965-66||39||23
|-
|1966-67||41||29
|-
|1967-68||38||19
|-
|1968-69||42||25
|-
|1969-70||39||16
|-
|1970-71||39||15
|-
|1971-72||34||8
|-
|1972-73||rowspan="3"|Stoke City||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||10
|-
|1973-74||35||12
|-
|1974-75||35||8
|-
|1975-76||West Bromwich Albion||Second Division||10||2

|-
|1976||Seattle Sounders||North American Soccer League||24||9
529||212
24||9
553||221
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1966||11||7
|-
|1967||6||2
|-
|1968||6||2
|-
|1969||8||7
|-
|1970||11||3
|-
|1971||6||3
|-
|1972||1||0
|-
!Total||49||24
|}

References

1941 births
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
English autobiographers
English cricketers
English football managers
English footballers
Knights Bachelor
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Essex
Sportspeople from Lancashire
West Ham United F.C. players
Parliament of Scotland

The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland.

The parliament of Scotland had only one house (cf. House of Commons, House of Lords) and was mentioned for the first time during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting one knows of was in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.

The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates  the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (), met until the Acts of Union in 1707.

Related pages
Parliament of England
Parliament of the United Kingdom

Notes

Further reading
K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235-1560 (Edinburgh, 2004)

Other websites
The Records of the Scottish Parliament, The complete acts and proceedings of the Scottish Parliament, General Council  and much other parliamentary material from 1235 to 1707. The publication arose from the work of The Scottish Parliament Project
The First Scottish Parliament: the Middle Ages – 1707, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliamentary Tradition, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament Project - The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, University of St Andrews
Scottish Parliament records , National Archives of Scotland
Scotland's powerful parliament , abstract of The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, Dr Roland Tanner, Tuckwell Press, 
Original Scottish Parliament, The Scotsman

History of Scotland
Politics of Scotland
1707 disestablishments
Scotland
1700s disestablishments in Europe
Coco Islands

Coco Island is a tropical island. The island covers . It has two bays in the north. It is  southwest of Costa Rica. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 for its animals and its beauty. 

Today, the only people who live there are four national park guards who patrol the park. Ships leave from Puntarenas, a port in the Pacific Ocean. The island is one of the world's best diving spots. It is famous for its massive schools of different fish, hammerhead sharks, manta rays, and whale sharks. The island is also famous because of the legend about pirates.  It is said that this island was chosen by them to hide their treasures. Many people have gone there to look for this hidden treasures but they didn’t find any.

The island has waterfalls, some of them  high. There are also a few animals which were brought from other places because there are no native mammals.  Also some birds were brought. The island has just one kind of butterfly and two lizard species. The highest point, called Mount Iglesias, is  high.

National parks in Costa Rica
Islands of Central America
World Heritage Sites in North America
Decoritidae

Decoritidae is one of five families of the Gastriocerataceae superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Goniatitina
Gastrioceratoidea

Gastrioceratoidea is one of 17 superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder.  They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Goniatitina
Goniatitina

Goniatitina is one of 2 suborders of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Goniatitina
Cephalopods
Alf Ramsey

(Sir) Alf Ramsey (22 January 1920 - 28 April 1999) was an English footballer and football manager.  He was born in 1920 and played for Southampton F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C.  He also played for the England national football team 32 times and scored three goals.  Alf Ramsey was in charge of Ipswich Town F.C. for nearly ten years, Ipswich are the only team to win the First Division title in their first season in the top flight the season after winning the second division. Ramsey then became manager of the England team.  He was manager when England beat Germany 4–2 in the World Cup final at Wembley Stadium. He is the only England manager to win a World Cup.

In recognition of his achievement in leading England to victory in the World Cup Alf Ramsey was knighted in 1967.

He died of a heart attack.

In tribute to Ramsey, Ipswich Town F.C. commissioned a life-size statue of him which is positioned directly in front of Portman Road (home ground of Ipswich Town F.C.).

Club career statistics 

|-
|1946-47||rowspan="3"|Southampton||rowspan="3"|Second Division||23||1
|-
|1947-48||42||5
|-
|1948-49||25||2
|-
|1949-50||rowspan="6"|Tottenham Hotspur||Second Division||41||4
|-
|1950-51||rowspan="5"|First Division||40||4
|-
|1951-52||38||5
|-
|1952-53||37||6
|-
|1953-54||37||2
|-
|1954-55||33||3
316||32
316||32
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1948||1||0
|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||9||0
|-
|1951||7||1
|-
|1952||7||0
|-
|1953||7||2
|-
!Total||32||3
|}

References 

1920 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English football managers
English footballers
England national football team managers
Sportspeople from Essex
Qom Province

Qom is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with an area 11,237 km².  About 2 million people live in the Qom Province.  The capital of the province is Qom.

Sights 
The following lists some of the sights of the Qom Province of Iran that are the most visited:
 Kahak Cave
 Vashnuh Cave
 Howz e Soltan Salt Lake
 Namak Great Salt Lake
 Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.
 Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum
 Qom Bazaar
 Feyzieh Seminary
 Jamkaran Mosque
 Qom Jame' Mosque
 Qom Atiq Mosque
 A'zam Mosque
 Shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh

Provinces of Iran
Qom County

Qom County (Persian: قم) is a county of the Qom Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Qom.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province

Markazi (Persian: استان مرکزی) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The word markazi means central in Persian.  There are about 1,350,000 people living in the Markazi Province currently.

Some of the biggest cities of the province are: Saveh, Arak, Mahallat, Khomein, Delijan, Tafresh, Ashtian, and Shazand.

Counties
The Markazi Province is split into 10 different counties:
Ashtian County  
Arak County   
Delijan County
Khomein County   
Komeijan County   
Mahallat County   
Saveh County   
Shazand County  
Tafresh County 
Zarandieh County

References

Other websites
Official website of Markazi Governorship
Ashtian County

Ashtian County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Ashtian.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Arak County

Arak County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Arak.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Delijan County

Delijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Delijan.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Khomein County

Khomein County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Khomein.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Komeijan County

Komeijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Komeijan.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Mahallat County

Mahallat County (Persian: شهرستان محلات) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Mahallat.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Saveh County

Saveh County (Persian: شهرستان ساوه) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Saveh.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Shazand County

Shazand (Persian: شهرستان شازند) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shazand.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Tafresh County

Tafresh County (Persian: شهرستان تفرش) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tafresh.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Zarandieh County

Zarandieh County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Zarandieh.

Counties of Iran
Markazi Province
Tocharians

The Tocharians were an ancient people who lived in the Tarim Basin. They spoke an Indo-European language. The region they live in was closer to the Far East than that of any other Indo-European-speaking regions.

References

Other websites
Tocharian alphabet
Tocharian alphabet
Modern studies are developing a Tocharian dictionary
Mark Dickens, 'Everything you always wanted to know about Tocharian' 
Mysterious Mummies of China  by Nova on Google Video

Tocharians
International Mathematical Olympiad

The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a six-question two-day math competition for students that have not yet gone to college and are under 20 years old. Any country may take part in it by sending a team of six students to compete.

History
The IMO has been held every year since 1959. It takes place in a different country (which is called the "host country") from year to year. However, it is often seen that this competition is dominated by the US and China.

Contestants
The list (below) shows for each team: the sum of how many contestants there have been since the first time the competition was held. The list also shows how many awards have been given to members of a team:

Other countries have had teams in competition: 
Angola, since 2019
Benin, since 2009 
Brunei, since 2000	 
Dominican Republic, since 2019 
Gambia, since 2014	 
Jamaica, since 2016 
Kenya, since 2016 
Laos, since 2016 
Madagascar, since 2016 
Mauritania, since 2009 
Mozambique, since 2004 
Oman, since 2020 
Rwanda, since 2021 
Northern Cyprus, since 1993 
United Arab Emirates, since 2008 
Zimbabwe

References

Mathematics competitions
International competitions
Hattem

Hattem is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands.

Hattem became a city in 1299. That is one year before Amsterdam.

Hanseatic League
Cities in the Netherlands
Municipalities of Gelderland
Settlements in Gelderland
IJsselvallei
Alex McLeish

Alex McLeish is a Scottish association football manager. He was born in 1959 and is currently manager of Aston Villa F.C. after his reign in Birmingham City F.C.. He also managed Rangers F.C. and the Scotland national football team.

1959 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Óscar Arias

Óscar Arias Sánchez (born 13 September 1940 in Heredia, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He was President of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts to end civil wars in Central America. He is also a winner of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

In 2003, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Criminal Court's TrustFund for Victims. He is also a member of the Club de Madrid. It is a nonprofit organization. It is made up of 81 former leaders of democratic nations. They work to strengthen democracy.

Arias started his political career in the 1970s.

In January 2005 Arias was selected as the candidate for the National Liberation party. He was reelected as president of Costa Rica. There was a lot of criticism for his support towards the Free Trade Agreement process in Costa Rica. Because of his political background and determination, many Costa Ricans still trust and respect Arias.

References

1940 births
Living people
Presidents of Costa Rica
Universal history

Universal history, world history or global history examines history from a global perspective.

It looks for common patterns that one can find across all cultures. Universal historians use a thematic approach. That means they look at history from two viewpoints: On the one hand they look at processes of world history that have drawn people of the world together, on the other hand they want to find out how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience.

The study of universal or global history is in some ways a product of the current period of accelerated globalization. This period has two tendencies: it integrates various cultures and it shows their differences when people of different cultures and civilizations have to live with each other.

To discuss "the history of the world" in a unified framework is not that new. For example, it was a genre popular in the 19th century, and with Christian historians going back to at least the 4th century.

Related pages
Natural history

Notes

Other websites
 World History Network
Bridging World History 
China and Europe 
Journal of World History
The Changing Shape of World History, William H. McNeill, Paper originally presented at the History and Theory World History Conference, March 25-26, 1994
World History Connected 
World History For Us All  - World History Model Curriculum 	 
World History Matters  	 
WWW-VL World History Index 	 
World History Blog - World History blog. 	 
World History Today  - World History blog.
Five Epochs of Civilization Ends regional bias by focusing on communication technologies shared throughout the earth

+
Brewery

A brewery is a building, where beer is made or a business (brewing company) whose trade is the production and sale of beer.

Breweries can take up several city blocks, or be a collection of equipment in a homebrewer's kitchen. The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. Typically a brewery is divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.

The oldest brewery in the world still in operation is believed to be the Bavarian State-owned brewery Weihenstephan, found in the German city of Freising, which can trace its history back to 1040.  Although the Zatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove paying beer tax in 1004.

References 

 : Technology Brewing and Malting, Wolfgang Kunze, 1999, 2nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.  Available at their website 
 : Technology Brewing and Malting, Wolfgang Kunze, 2004, 3nd revised edition, VLB Berlin.  Available at their website 
 http://www.beertown.org/craftbrewing/statistics.html : Craft Brewery definitions at the bottom of the page

Beer
Butane

Butane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with four carbon atoms. It is used as a fuel (sometimes with propane) and in aerosol cans.

Uses of Butane 
Butane is sold in canisters, for cooking and camping. It is also used as fuel in cigarette lighters, and as propellant in aerosol sprays or deodorants. Some kinds of Butane are used in refrigerators.

Mixtures with Propane are known as LPG.

Dangers 
Butane can be hazardous. Inhalation can lead to death by asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen in the lungs. Contact with the skin can lead to frostbite. If the gas is mixed with air and ignighted it is prone to explode like many other fuels that are volatile

References

Other websites 
 International Chemical Safety Card 0232
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 n-Butane  Molecule of the Month
 Molview from bluerhinos.co.uk  See Butane in 3D
 Computational Chemistry Wiki 
 World LP Gas Association (WLPGA)
 LP Gas Association: Propane and Butane in the UK
 Global BioSciences In-Situ Bioremediation utilizing Butane
 Butane Viscosity as function of  temperature and pressure

4
Fuel
Liquefied petroleum gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (also known as LPG, LP Gas or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases. It is commonly used in the household, for example for cooking, or as fuel for heating. LPG is replacing Chlorofluorocarbons more and more, also because it is less harmful to the ozone layer.

Very often, mixes of propane and butane are sold.

Other websites
Pixie Gas  LPG Supplier based in the United States

Chemical compounds
Aerosol spray

Aerosol spray is a system used in certain containers, like spray cans. The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized. The can has a valve. When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out. It will emerge as an aerosol or mist. Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant. When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container. That way the pressure in the container is kept constant.

History 

Around 1790, it was discovered that a carbonated beverage was pushed out of a container in France.

In 1837, the syphon was invented.

In 1862, several experiments with liquid spraying using compressed gas were held.

In 1927, Norwegian engineer Eric Rotheim proposed the first usable aerosol balloon construction.

In 1943, Americans Lyle Goodhugh and William Sullivan, commissioned by the US government, developed a bug bomb (World War II was going on, and it was necessary to find a way to quickly spray insecticide in order to control insect-borne diseases). This date is considered to be the beginning of the mass production of aerosol balloons.

In 1947, aerosolized insecticides appeared on the mass market.

In 1949, Robert Abplanalp invented the modern spray valve. In the same year, Edward Seymour started the production of spray paint.

Safety 
The instructions for most aerosols warn that it is forbidden to spray it near open flames, electric stoves, and so on.

It is also forbidden to overheat balloons and put them in the sun in hot weather, as well as on heaters. There were many cases of balloon explosions in hot weather, as well as pyrotechnic entertainment of detonating aerosols on fires, which is a rather dangerous activity.

In detail 
 A - Donut (indicating the color of the paint)
 B - Valve system
 C - Safety ring
 D - Mixture balls (characteristic for paint cans)
 E - The valve itself

Related pages 
 Graffiti
 Pepper spray

Tools
Air pollution
Art materials
Environmental issues
Max Born

Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British physicist and mathematician who was important in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of important physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born became a British subject in 1939. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics.

He was of Jewish descent.

Born's descendants include his grandaughter Olivia Newton-John and his great-granddaughter Chloe Rose Lattanzi.

References

Other websites 

 American Institute of Physics History Search: Max Born 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Max Born - full article
 Annotated bibliography for Max Born from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
 Freeview video of Gustav Born (son of Max) with conversation and film on Gustav's memories of his father by the Vega Science Trust
 Max Born’s Life 
 Max Born information from Nobel Winners site
 Nobel Laureate biography 
 Papers of Professor Max Born (1882-1970) Held at the Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections Division
 Recollections of Max Born, by Emil Wolf, in  Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 227, Numbers 1-2. (Biographical tribute)
 Kuhn, Thomas S., John L. Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen Sources for History of Quantum Physics  (American Philosophical Society, 1967)

1882 births
1970 deaths
British mathematicians
British Nobel Prize winners
German mathematicians
German physicists
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
British nuclear physicists
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
Refugees from Nazism
British theoretical physicists
German Nobel Prize winners
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is a branch of the United Nations General Assembly. UNOOSA creates, maintains and carries out the General Assembly's rules about space.

The building for UNOOSA is located in the United Nations Office in Vienna in Austria.

UNOOSA operates the Programme on Space Applications and maintains a list of objects sent into space - the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space. UNOOSA also helps developing nations develop space technology to help their economies.

Other websites 
 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
 International Space Law
 United Nations Treaties and Principles on Space Law

United Nations
Spaceflight
Vicar of Bray

"The Vicar of Bray" is a satirical song about the career of the Vicar of Bray and how he changes his principles so that he can keep his job in a changing world. Changes are taking place in the state religion through the course of several English monarchs.

Songs
History of England
Berkshire
Bristol City F.C.

Bristol City F.C. are an English football club. They are based in the city of Bristol. They play at Ashton Gate Stadium. They were formed in 1894.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1894 establishments in the United Kingdom
Chesterfield F.C.

Chesterfield F.C. are an English football club. They started in 1867 and are based in Chesterfield in the county of Derbyshire. They play at a stadium called the Recreation Ground.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1867 establishments in England
Doncaster Rovers F.C.

Doncaster Rovers F.C. are an English football club.  They started in 1879 and play their home games at a stadium called Keepmoat Stadium.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1879 establishments in England
Huddersfield Town F.C.

Huddersfield Town F.C. are an English football club.  They started in 1908 and are based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire.  The club plays their home games at a stadium called the Kirklees Stadium.

League position

Former position

References 

English football clubs
Huddersfield
1908 establishments in England
Sanskara

In Hinduism and Buddhism, Sanskaras are the faint memories left on your mind by experiences you had in your present life or in past lives. Sanskaras change how you look at things in the future and how you act.

Hinduism
Buddhist terminology
Supernanny

Supernanny is a British and American television program about a nanny, or babysitter, named Jo Frost who helps parents in taking care of their often disruptive or ill-behaved children. The UK version ran from 2004 to 2012. The US version ran from 2005 to 2011. 
Jo no longer does Supernanny as she has moved on to similar shows helping families.

2004 British television series debuts
2005 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2012 British television series endings
2000s American television series
2000s British television series
2010s American television series
2010s British television series
American reality television series
Channel 4 reality television programmes
English-language television programs
Rhythm guitar

The term rhythm guitar refers to the style of playing guitar chords, and sometimes playing repeated riffs instead of using the guitar to play melody lines or solos (this kind of playing is called lead guitar). Rhythm guitarists add to the sound of a band, whether they play rock and roll, or other kinds of music.

John Lennon of The Beatles usually played rhythm guitar for the band, with George Harrison playing lead guitar. However, Lennon sometimes played keyboards, and once in a while took the lead guitar role, as he did in the songs "You Can't Do That" and "Get Back".

Sheet music for rhythm guitar is usually written above the classical notes. It is written in Guitar chord format.

References 

Music
Pachelbel's Canon

Pachelbel's Canon (also known as Canon in D major or just Canon in D) is the most famous piece of music by Johann Pachelbel. It was written in or around the time period of  1680, as a piece of chamber music for three violins and basso continuo, but it has been arranged for many other instruments since then.   It is well known for its chord progression.

Pachelbel's Canon is often played at weddings.

Listen 
This is Pachelbel's Canon played on a piano:

Chamber music compositions
Damme

Damme is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders, six kilometres northeast of Brugge (Bruges). It is made up of the city of Damme proper and the towns of Hoeke, Lapscheure, Moerkerke, Oostkerke, Sijsele, Vivenkapelle, and Sint-Rita.

In 2007, 10853 people lived there.

It is at 51° 15 North, 03° 17 East.

References 

Municipalities of West Flanders
Hit record

A hit record is a recording (either a single or an album) that becomes very popular, through large sales of copies, repeated airplay on the radio. or presence in the media. One aspect usually promotes one or more of the others.

The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Eagles and Michael Jackson all had many hit records. They are among the biggest-selling musical acts of all time. Not every recording artist has a hit record. Many artists and groups lose their recording contracts, if their records do not become hits.

Not all hit records feature music. Some spoken word records also become hits, including comedy recordings. Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Cheech & Chong are comedians who have all had hit records. A recording of speeches by the late American President John F. Kennedy became one of the biggest-selling albums of the 1960s.

Music industry
Pauline epistles

The Pauline epistles are the fourteen New Testament books which most Christians think were written by the Apostle Paul. Some of them are the earliest Christian documents. They show many of the beliefs and controversies of Christianity. Many Christians think these letters are very important for theology and ethics.

The First Timothy, Second Timothy, and Titus are sometimes known as the pastoral epistles.

In the order they appear in the New Testament, the Pauline epistles are:
Romans
First Corinthians
Second Corinthians
Galatians
Epistle to the Ephesians
Epistle to the Philippians
Epistle to the Colossians
First Thessalonians
Second Thessalonians
First Timothy
Second Timothy
Titus
Philemon

Notes
Viljandi

Viljandi (, ) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia. As of 2012, 19,150 people lived there. It is the capital of Viljandi County. The town was first mentioned in 1283, after being given its town charter by Villekinus de Endorpe.

Settlements in Estonia
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is famous sermon that was preached by Jonathan Edwards in 1741. He was an important Calvinist minister. The sermon is often used in American high schools and college English classes as an example of the Puritan writings.

Edwards taught the sermon many times. The first time was in Northampton, Massachusetts, but it did not get much attention. But on the second time in Enfield, Connecticut, it made many people weep, swoon, cry out, and have convulsions.

Deuteronomy 32:35 says, "Their foot shall slide in due time." That verse was the main focus of the beginning of the sermon. As was normal in 18th century New England, the sermon was printed and many copies were made. It has proven to be the main reason of his theology and preaching that was taught by many people in the first Great Awakening.

Other websites 

Original Sermon

Speeches
Puritanism
1741