cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1103



Events 
 April 27 – Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile after falling out with Henry I of England
 Amadeus III becomes Count of Savoy
 Bohemund I of Antioch is released from imprisonment among the Turks
 The Scandinavian city of Lund becomes a see within the Roman Catholic Church

Births 
 Emperor Toba of Japan
Sneeze

A sneeze is a reaction in the body that suddenly presses air out of lungs so it flows quickly out through the mouth and nose. Air and mucus (the liquid found in the nose) are forced out quickly. Sneezing often happens after breathing dust or other small things that irritate the membranes in the nose. The function of sneezing is to clean the space in the nose by removing the mucus and irritating things. Sneezing is mostly involuntary, which means that it happens without trying.

A sneeze consists of a deep inward breath that fills the lungs, a closing or partial closing of the throat, and a sudden increase in pressure in the lungs that forces air out. This increase in pressure is a result of muscles near the lungs that contract (tighten and shorten). Sneezing never happens during sleep because reflex signals do not pass to the part of the brain that causes muscles to move. When people sneeze, their eyes close. The speed of the air from sneezing is about 150 kilometers per hour or more.

Many animals sneeze, including human beings, cats, dogs, chickens and iguanas.

When a person sneezes, many small drops of saliva and mucus blow out from the nose and mouth. These tiny drops often contain viruses and bacteria. Some of these are germs, which can make other people sick. To keep this from happening as much, is important to block the sneezed air with something like cloth or tissue to catch the drops. It also helps to move away from other people, go outside, or face away.

A common thing to say to people when they sneeze is "Bless you!", or sometimes in the United States sometimes "Gesundheit!" (from German, meaning "Good health"). There is a story that the blessing started with Pope Gregory VII (540–604 AD). He said a blessing might stop people from getting the bubonic plague which was killing people in Rome at the time. There is a myth that when you sneeze your heart and all internal organs stop functioning.

The sound of a sneeze is written "achoo!" in English. Other languages write it differently. For example, in Swedish it is "atjoo!", in French it is "atchoum!" and in German it is "Hatschi!".

Some involuntary ways that people move air in or out of the lungs are: to sneeze, laugh, cough, hiccup, or yawn.

Related pages 
 Cough

References

Basic English 850 words
Physiology
Puma

Pumas (Puma concolor), also called cougars, mountain lions or brown panthers, are large wild cats that live in the western half of North America, along with Florida, and most of Central and South America. Pumas are mainly tan-color, and can be up to 9 feet long, although average length is 6 – 8 feet. They can weigh from 29 kilograms to 90 kilograms.  (The males are larger.)  Most pumas live up to 21 years. Although pumas are very large and some are larger than humans, the puma is classified as a small cat. That means that, in scientific terms, the puma is more closely related to the domestic cat than they are to lions. Unlike the big cats in the genus Panthera, the puma cannot roar. Instead, it can growl, hiss, screech, and purr. Since pumas are, in the biological sense, small cats, they are capable of purring continuously. The big cats can only purr while breathing out. 

Pumas are carnivores because they eat only meat. Pumas are apex predators. They hunt deer, raccoons, squirrels, foxes, rabbits and skunks.  They can also eat mice, beavers, coyotes, bobcats, birds, porcupines, cattle, goats, fish and bear cubs. They hunt at night. Cougars can see better at night than people can.  They can hear well too.  Pumas stalk their prey, which means they walk slowly and quietly, they hide and then when close, they jump or run fast to catch their prey by surprise.  They live and hunt alone. Female cougars take care of their babies until they are old enough to take care for themselves. Baby cougars are called cubs or kittens.

Pumas live in the mountains and forests far from people. However, encounters with humans happen sometimes. 26 people have been killed by cougars in North America in the last 30 years. However, many more cougars have been killed by humans. Cougars used to be found all in eastern North America, but they were hunted to extinction there by the beginning of the 1900s. Also, recent sightings of cougars have been reported from Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Indiana, Kentucky, and Vermont. For now, the only confirmed, population of cougars east of the Mississippi River is in Florida, where a subspecies of the cougar called the Florida Panther lives.

School Mascots 
Schools that have a cougar as their mascot include:
 Brigham Young University (Cougars)
 College of Charleston (Cougars)
 Chicago State University (Cougars)
 Eastern Illinois University (Panthers)
 Florida International University (Panthers)
 Georgia State University (Panthers)
 High Point University (Panthers)
 University of Houston (Cougars)
 University of Northern Iowa (Panthers)
 Pennsylvania State University (Nittany Lions)
 University of Pittsburgh (Panthers)
 Prairie View A&M University (Panthers)
 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (Cougars)
 Washington State University (Cougars)
 Alvarado Middle School (Cougars)
University of Sioux Falls (Cougars)

Related pages
Florida Panthers

Sources

Other websites 
 IUCN 

 Information on Pumas 

Felines
Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Armour

Armour (or armor U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.

Plastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets.  Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.

For vehicles 
Armour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.

Tanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank. 

Sometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked, e.g. film stars or presidents of major companies.

For animals 
In the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.

For sports
Many sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic. 

 
Military
Celtic

The words Celt and Celtic can have many meanings.  

Pronounced /kel-(tik)/:

Celt, either ancient or Modern Celts
Celtic languages, descending from the Proto-Celtic language, spoken by these people and their modern descendants
Celtic mythology
Celtici, Celts from ancient Lusitania (which is now Portugal). (See also Celtiberians for a Celtic people on the Iberian peninsula)
Irish music, folk music that started in "Celtic" cultures.
Celtic art, art from the "Celtic" culture
Celtic Christianity
Celtic calendar

The following should only be pronounced /selt(ik)/:

Boston Celtics professional basketball team
Celtic F.C. a football team in Glasgow
Manx language

Manx, or Manx Gaelic, (known in Manx as "Gaelg" or "Gailck"), is a language spoken in the Isle of Man. 

It is a Celtic languages of the Gaelic language family. It is in the same family as Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.

Manx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last of the old native speakers died in 1974.

Manx is protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

History 

Manx was beginning to differ from Middle Irish in about 900–1600 AD, and it is called Yn Ghaelg / Yn Ghailck by Manx speakers. There became fewer and fewer Manx speakers during the 19th century and the language was replaced by English. In 1901, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx but in 1921 the number dropped to only 1%. 

Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s pre-schools. Manx is taught as a 2nd language at all of the Island's primary and secondary schools.

Manx today 
There is now a school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. The census of 2001 said that 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54,000 second language Manx speakers, mainly in the Isle of Man.

References

Celtic languages
Languages of Europe
Manx cat

The Manx is a breed of domestic cat. It either has no tail at all, a "rumpy", or it has a very short tail, a "stumpy". This is because of a natural difference in spine length. The back legs are also longer than the front legs. The breed comes from the Isle of Man, where it was found as early as three hundred years ago.

The Manx's character is nervous. The Manx's appearance is round on the whole. They are skilled hunters.

Other websites 

Cat breeds
1104



Events 
 September 3 – St. Cuthbert reburied in the Durham Cathedral
 The Venice Arsenal, is founded in Venice.
 Alfonso I of Aragon becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.
 Historian Guibert of Nogent becomes abbot of Notre Dame de Nogent.
 Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Acre.
 Baldwin II, count of Edessa, is taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Harran; Tancred becomes regent.
 Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Rüm, starts a war with the Danishmends.
Crunk

Crunk is a sub-genre of hip hop music that started in the clubs of Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1990s. The word 'crunk' is the past tense version of the word 'crank' as in "crank the music up". It can also be used as an adjective. It is a mixture of Miami bass, Southern rap, and electronica with a lot of yelling and chanting. Lil Jon is the most popular crunk artist, and his song 'Get Low' with the Ying Yang Twins is the song that made crunk music mainstream. After this song came out, crunk became a really popular style of music and it saw it's heyday in the mid-2000s, but it eventually started to fade away and disappear, being replaced with trap music in the 2010s.

Hip hop genres
Allan Kardec

Allan Kardec  (Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail 3 October 1804  31 March 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher.

Works
He dedicated the last 15 years of his life to organise a philosophical doctrine called Spiritism. He spread the educational ideas  of Pestalozzi in the 19th century. He published books on grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France. He was a teacher of physiology, astronomy, physics and chemistry. The classes were at his home in Paris.

In 1854, Kardec started studying phenomena which some people call "paranormal" or "supernatural". This were quite common at that time.

In his philosophy the spiritual manifestations were useful to the social and moral improvement of men.

Other websites 

 Allan Kardec Educational Society 
 ALLAN KARDEC: spiritisme, spiritism...
  Allan Kardec Biographic Information 
 The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec
 Le Livre des Esprits  (PDF file)
 The Book on Mediums  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
 The Gospel According to Spiritism  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)

1804 births
1869 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French esotericists
Occultists
People from Lyon
Teachers
19th-century French philosophers
Deaths from aneurysm
Disease-related deaths in France
French educators
French writers
Parapsychology
Pseudonyms
Hyves

Hyves is a website where people can have contact with friends online. It can be used to make new friends or to stay in touch with old friends. It was started in 2004 and has over 9 million users; most of them are Dutch. That is the reason why it is very popular in the Netherlands.
Pictures and videos can be put and shared on it. Hyves is similar to Facebook or the German VZ Networks.

Link
 http://www.hyves.nl

Social networking
Laurence Olivier

Sir Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier,  (22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor.  He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be raised to the peerage. Olivier married English actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.

Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.

Olivier had many awards: twelve Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film Hamlet), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was awarded five Emmy Awards. He was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner. In 1976 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Olivier's ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

References

1907 births
1989 deaths
Actors from Surrey
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in England
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English theatre directors
Knights Bachelor
Order of Merit
People buried in Westminster Abbey
United Kingdom Life Peers
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
Alexa

Alexa is an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website. At Alexa.com, people can enter a website address and Alexa will show them how well-visited the website is. It can also tell them how its popularity has changed over time.
Alexa has 6 million unique visits monthly.

Alexa was created in 1996 by American businessman Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat.
In 1999, Alexa was bought by Amazon.com for about US$250 million in Amazon stock.
Alexa provides a free API that is used by services and toolbars all around the world to easily display Alexa Rating.

Some virus companies mark Alexa toolbar as adware (McAfee), trackware (Symantec) and potentially unwanted Program.

Alexa is an Alphabet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website.

Sources

Other websites
Alexa

Websites
Amazon (company)
Irish language

Irish, Irish Gaelic, or Gaeilge is a language spoken in the Republic of Ireland and (less commonly) in Northern Ireland. Irish is a Celtic language. This means that Irish is similar to Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Cornish, Manx Gaelic and Welsh. Many people who speak Irish can understand some Scottish Gaelic, but not Welsh, because the Celtic languages are divided into two groups. One group is called the p-Celtic languages and the other is called the q-Celtic languages. Irish and Scottish Gaelic are q-Celtic languages and Welsh is a p-Celtic language. Irish has no "yes" or "no" words.

There were great poets who wrote in Irish. Their poems became the songs of the people. People told stories about the heroes of old times. Many of the poems were about them. 

Queen Elizabeth I of England tried to learn Irish and Christopher Nugent, 9th Baron of Delvin, gave her an Irish primer. She also asked her bishops to translate the Bible into Irish, an unsuccessful attempt to split the Catholic people from their clergy.

Until the 19th century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish but that changed after 1801 when Ireland joined the United Kingdom. Ireland’s state schools then became part of the British system and had to teach or even allow only English. The Roman Catholic Church also began to discourage Irish as did Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell, although an Irish-speaker himself, saying that most job opportunities were in the English-speaking United States and wider British Empire.

Today, Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland but in practice English still has a dominant position in government. It is not spoken by most Irish people outside the Gaeltacht in day-to-day life, although many speak it when among friends or family. It also must be taught in all schools in Ireland.

The newest Gaeltacht in Ireland is on the Falls Road in Belfast City, where the whole community now tries to use Irish as their first language. This area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.

Figures 
There are around 2 million speakers. The places where Irish is spoken a lot are called Gaeltacht areas or in Irish, Gaeltachtaí. Around 70% of the people in these areas speak Irish.

Common words and phrase 
 aon = one (a-n)
 dó = two (doe)
 trí = three (tree)
 ceathair = four (cacahuete)
 cúig = five (coo-igg)
 sé = six (shay)
 seacht = seven (quatre)
 ocht = eight (uk-ed)
 naoi = nine (kinee
 deich = ten (de)
 céad = one hundred
 dhá chéad = two hundred
 Dia Dhuit = Hello (literal translation is "God be with you")
 Céad Mile Fáilte = One hundred thousand welcomes
 Ceist ag éinne? = Anyone have a question?
 Éire = Ireland
 go maith = good
 Slán = goodbye
 Leabhar = book
 Madra = dog

References 

Celtic languages
Ireland
Languages of Europe
Max and Ruby

Max and Ruby is a Canadian children's television series created by Rosemary Wells. The series originally aired on Nick Jr. on Nickelodeon in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. It is aimed at a preschool children. The series was created by children's book author / illustrator Rosemary Wells. It is based on the fictional world of her Max and Ruby books. The episodes show stories about three year old Max, an anthropomorphised toddler bunny, and his big sister, seven year old Ruby, a patient young lady. The show has a good message for its audience by showing Max and Ruby playing together and using respect and love in solving their problems.

Cast 
 Katie Griffin - Ruby
 Billy Rosemberg - Max

Max gets into trouble in almost every episode, but Ruby gives him a helping hand.

2002 establishments in Canada
2010s disestablishments in Canada
2002 television series debuts
2019 television series endings
Children's television series
English-language television programs
Nickelodeon television series
Television shows about rabbits and hares
Television series about siblings
1716



Events 
 August 5 – In the Battle of Peterwardein 40.000 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha
 Pirate Edward Teach the "Blackbeard" raids shipping in the Caribbean
 Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded.
 Crieff, Scotland burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
 Kangxi Dictionary published this year. This dictionary lays the foundation of most references to Han characters studies nowadays.
Advaita Vedanta

Advaita Vedanta is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore Advaita know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.

History 
Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (a = not, dvaita = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was "Atman is Brahman."

Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, maya, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit. 

Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.

This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)

References

Other websites 
 Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal

Hinduism
Parthenon

The Parthenon is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years, and originally had a huge idol to her. The name Parthenon means the virgin's place in Greek. It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles. It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments. 

The building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble. The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side. 

In 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759. They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816.

References

Ancient Greece
Buildings and structures in Athens
Ancient Greek and Roman temples and shrines
Jackal

Jackals are canid species found in Africa and Asia. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time. Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and proficient scavengers.

Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.

Jackals are not a clade.  They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes.
There are three species of jackals:
Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats;
Golden jackal (Canis aureus) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta) - live in central and Southern Africa;

A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.

References 

Canids
Milwaukee

Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin. Milwaukee is also the 31st largest city in the United States. The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago. As of 2009, about 604,133 people lived in Milwaukee. Part of Milwaukee is in Washington County. Cavalier Johnson has been the acting mayor since 2021.

The city got its name from the Indian word "millioke", which is thought to mean "the good land" or "gathering place by the water".

References

County seats in Wisconsin
Marx and Engels Internet Archive

The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a volunteer-based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors, socialists, and others on their website.

The texts are available in many different languages.

References

Other websites 

Websites
Politics
Marxism
Non-profit organizations
Andrei Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21 1921 – December 14 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

Life 
Sakharov was a very clever scientist. He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government. Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s. But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.

The bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident. He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests.  He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need. He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech.  The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist. Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.

Persecution only made him speak out more.  He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail. The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him. After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour.  "Do you want to kill us?" cried Sakharov's wife. "We can do worse things than kill you," they replied. After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it. The police did not really care.

The only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union. The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR. But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky. There he was watched by the police outside his apartment. He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything. The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).

Sakharov kept on asking for glasnost (openness). In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be glasnost, let the dissident scientist return home. Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. . But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. .

References 

1921 births
1989 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Human rights activists
Nuclear physicists
Russian physicists
1149



Events 
 Castle of Carimate destroyed.
 Nur ad-Din defeats the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab.
Equidae

Equidae is a family of odd-toed ungulate that are only one surviving genus: Equus.  Horses, donkeys and zebras belong in this genus. Animals of the Equus genus can have hybrid offspring, but they are usually sterile. They can have many different colours.
Lynx

The Lynx is a small cat. It is a genus with four species. The four species are in Eurasia, Spain, Canada and America, and do not overlap much.

Appearance 
Lynx have short tails, and usually some hair on the ears. They have large paws (feet) padded for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the face. The color of the body is from light brown to grey and is sometimes marked with dark brown spots, especially on the legs. They weigh about 5 kg or about 11 pounds (approximately the size of a large domestic cat) and can weigh up to about 30 kg (66 pounds). They are between 70 and 150 cm long, with a relative short tail - 5-25 cm. They live for about 20 years.

Lynx are similar to a regular house cat, but larger. They have a powerful body on short, furry legs attached to hefty feet, and a bobbed, black-tipped tail. The fur is spotted and yellowish-brown to grey. It has a collar of fur around the face, giving a triangular shape. They also have long black ear tufts.

Habitat 
Lynx live in the high altitude forests with many shrubs, reeds and grass. They hunt only on the ground, but can climb trees and swim.

They can be found in the some places in northern Scandinavia, in North America and also in the Himalayas. Since the 1990s people try to move part of the population of the Eurasian lynx to Germany. They can also be found in Białowieża Forest (northeastern Poland), and southern Spain.

The Colorado Division of Wildlife tried to move other wild Lynx populations from Canada back to the United States.

Behaviour 
Lynx are usually solitary, although a small group may travel and hunt together occasionally. Mating takes place in the late winter and once a year the female gives birth to between two and four kittens. The young stay with the mother for one more winter, a total of around nine months, before moving out to live on their own as young adults.

Lynx make their dens in crevices or under ledges. They feed on a wide range of animals from white-tailed deer, reindeer, roe deer, small red deer, and chamois, to smaller, more usual prey: snowshoe hares, fish, foxes, sheep, squirrels, mice, turkeys and other birds, and goats. They also eat ptarmigans,voles, and grouse.

The genus Lynx 
 Genus Lynx
 Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis
 Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx
 Iberian lynx or Spanish Lynx, Lynx pardinus
 Bobcat, Lynx rufus

Conservation 
The Iberian lynx is the most endangered feline in the world. There are only two populations (together, 300 animals), in the southern Spain.
Hunting lynxes is illegal in many countries.

References

Other websites 

 Canada Lynx in the Southern Rockies 
 The Iberian Lynx The natural history of the Iberian lynx
 Hopes raised by Spain lynx births

Felines
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia
Barenaked Ladies

Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian band. They formed in Toronto, Canada in 1988. The band is made up of four men. In 1991, the band was taken off the program for a New Year's Eve concert in Toronto because someone thought the name was bad. The band started as a duo with Ed Roberstson and Steven Page. Lead singer Page left the band in 2009 to begin a solo career. He was also arrested in 2008 for having the illegal drug cocaine.

Members
The current band members are:
 Ed Roberston - guitar and vocals
 Jim Creegan - vocals and bass
 Kevin Hearn - vocals, keyboard, accordion and guitar
 Tyler Stewart - vocals and drums

Television
Ed Robertson is also the host of a television programme, called Ed's Up. On the programme, he travels around Canada by airplane. A plane he was flying crashed into trees in 2008. Roberston and the other passengers were not hurt.

The theme song to the television series The Big Bang Theory is performed by Barenaked Ladies.

Recordings
The band have made 14 albums:
 Gordon (1992)
 Maybe You Should Drive (1994)
 Born on a Pirate Ship (1996)
 Rock Spectacle (1996)
 Stunt (1998)
 Maroon (2000)
 Disc One: All Their Greatest Hits (2001)
 Everything To Everyone (2003)
 Barenaked For The Holidays (2004)
 Barenaked Ladies Are Me (2006)
 Talk To The Hand: Live In Michigan DVD (2007)
 Barenaked Ladies Are Men (2007)
 Snacktime! (2008)
 All In Good Time (2010)

References

Other websites
 Ed's Up TV pages 

1980s Canadian music groups
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups
2010s Canadian music groups
Canadian rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Ontario
1988 establishments in Canada
Paul Revere & the Raiders

Paul Revere & the Raiders were an American pop group who were popular in the 1960s. They started in Portland, Oregon in 1960.

American rock bands
Musical groups from Oregon
Musicians from Idaho
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Singers from Idaho
Singers from Portland, Oregon
Musical groups established in 1958
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oregon
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
1976 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
Nintendogs

is a video game for the Nintendo DS. In Nintendogs, the player has dogs. At the start of the game one can choose a type of dog and give it a name. They give the dogs food and drinks if a dog is good one might get to feed them a dog biscuit or a jerky treat. The dogs can be washed, taken for a walk, taught to do tricks and put into contests. The contests are: agility trial, disc competition and obedience trial. One can find out how to compete in these contests by looking at their care books, under Supplies.

There are four versions of the game each with different breeds.
They are: Dalmatian and Friends, Chihuahua and Friends, Labrador and Friends and Dachshund and Friends. All breeds are unlockable in every version and a player can unlock dogs by increasing his trainer points. However, the player can only have three dogs at home. To get more the player must drop off one at the Dog Hotel. Every player can only drop off five dogs at a time.

If the player does not play the game for a long period of time, the dog may run away. So players need to play with their dogs daily.

A sequel, Nintendogs + Cats, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011.

References

Other websites
 Official website

2005 video games
Cancelled Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Leonid Brezhnev

Leonid Illich Brezhnev (19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982) was a leader of the Soviet Union. Born in 1906, Brezhnev was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, effectively the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. During the Second World War, Brezhnev was a Political Commissar, supervising various military units. There, he became a friend of Nikita Khrushchev. 

Unlike Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union before him, Brezhnev did not agree with the process of destalinization, and did not support reform. Under Brezhnev, the Soviet economy mostly consisted of military spending. Because the country's resources were going to the armed forces, as they had under Joseph Stalin in wartime, consumer wants were ignored. The standard of living began to fall.

Brezhnev died of a heart attack on November 10, 1982.

1906 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former dictators
People of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian communists
Russian politicians
Soviet politicians
Approximation

An approximation is a version of a piece of information that does not describe it exactly, but is close enough to be used. An approximation may be used either when the exact piece of information is not known, or when it's too long or complicated and people need something simpler.

For example, if you wanted to add 2.0002 and 2.0003, you can add 2 and 2, and it would be an approximation.
If you are left with a balance of Dollar 78.23 you might want to say you are left with 80 dollars. In mathematics, this is written using the  symbol (e.g., ).

Archimedes used polygons to approximate a circle, and to calculate an approximation for  as shown below:

Related pages 

 Approximation theory
 Diophantine approximation
 Estimation

References 

Measurement
Mathematical approximation
World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the United Nations (UN), working on international public health, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO was established by the UN on April 7, 1948. In the previous year they had already started an epidemiology service. WHO World Health Day is celebrated on April 7.

Other websites 

World Health Organization

1948 establishments
Geneva
Medical and health organizations
United Nations specialized agencies
Jerboa

A jerboa is a small desert rodent of Asia and northern Africa. It looks like a mouse, but it has a long tail and very long back legs. The jerboa moves by jumping. Jerboas have long tails, long hind legs, and short front legs.

Rodents
Arabic words and phrases
Mammals of Africa
Mammals of Asia
Camembert

Camembert is a village in France. It is in Normandy. It is in the Orne département of the Lower Normandy region in France. It is most famous as the place where Camembert cheese originated. In 1999, 199 people lived there.

Communes in Orne
Camembert cheese

Camembert cheese, more generally known as Camembert, is a French soft cheese. It originated in the village of Camembert in Normandy. Since 1983, the name Camembert de Normandie has been protected as Appellation d'Origine controlée (AOC).

Production 
Camembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds Penicillium candida and Penicillium camemberti for at least three weeks. It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.

Characteristics 
When fresh, it is quite crumbly and relatively hard, but it characteristically ripens and becomes more runny and strongly flavoured as it ages.

Camembert can be used in many dishes, but it is popularly eaten uncooked on bread or with wine or meat, to enjoy the subtle flavour and texture which do not survive heating.

History 

Camembert was reputedly invented in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialisation of the cheese-making process at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel invented the wooden box which was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.

Before fungi were properly understood, the colour of Camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.

The cheese was famously issued to French troops in the First World War, becoming firmly fixed in the French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.

The cheese is said to have inspired Salvador Dalí to create his famous painting, The Persistence of Memory. Its "melting" watches were inspired by the sight of a melting wheel of over-ripe Camembert.

The Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983.

Related pages
 Brie, a similar cheese from a different region

References 
Camembert: A National Myth by Pierre Boisard  claims that Camembert was one of the first globalised, homogenised and standardised foods.

Other websites 
 Camembert website 
 Camembert AOC 
 Joseph Knirim, Marie Harel and the camembert cheese
 Castello's Camembert
 Saga Blue's Camembert

French cheeses
Normandy
Childbirth

Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section. In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally.

About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks.

Birth rate is important in determining the population growth rate.

Related pages
Premature birth

References

Life
ASCII art

ASCII art is art made out of ASCII characters. This can be simple art like "<3" (it looks almost like a heart if you turn your head sideways), or it can be more complex, with characters carefully placed out, containing many lines of characters. 
ASCII art was originally used to "draw" pictures on computers that only allowed ASCII characters. 
Smilies are considered ASCII art.

Other websites 
ASCII Art Wiki Community

Graphics
Computing
Novalis

Novalis is the pseudonym of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (May 2, 1772 – March 25, 1801), who was a writer and philosopher of the early German Romanticism.

1772 births
1801 deaths

German writers
Body piercing

Body piercing or just piercing is a form of body modification, where humans of either gender pierce their skin to put jewellery through the hole later. There are many different reasons some people have piercings, such as religious or other cultural purposes. Many people, especially in North America and Europe, choose to be pierced for ornamental, or sexual pleasure.

History
In early records, it was not common to discuss the use of piercings or their meanings. However, body adornment and modification are estimated have been around for more than 5000 years, found in mummies like Ötzi the Iceman, Europe's oldest natural mummy estimated to be about 5,300 years old. Piercing of the ears, nose, and tongue have a long history in many ancient cultures, and lip piercing and stretching were more common in African tribes, especially for cultural identification.

Piercings in the 20th & 21st century 
Body piercings of any kind were not popular in Western cultures in the beginning of the 20th century. After World War II, the gay subculture used piercings as a fashion statement. Other subcultures, such as "hippie" and the punk movement also began to use piercings as a form of expression in the 1960s and 1970s. Genital piercing is becoming more common. Sometimes people get genital piercings to create interest or attract attention. Some types of genital piercing are supposed to increase sexual pleasure.

References 

Body art
Elonka Dunin

Elonka Dunin (; born December 29, 1958) is an American video game developer. Her job is to make computer games at Simutronics Corporation, in Missouri.  She also knows a lot about famous puzzles, especially a puzzle called Kryptos, which no one knows all the answers to yet.

In 2006, she wrote a book with hundreds of puzzles in it, called The Mammoth Book of Secret Codes and Cryptograms.

References 
 Elonka Dunin's website (biography)
 Simutronics corporation

1958 births
Living people
Writers from Missouri
Designers
Albert II, Prince of Monaco

His Serene Highness Prince Albert II of Monaco (born 14 March 1958) is the ruler of Monaco. He became ruler after his father Prince Ranier III died in April 2005. He is the only son and the middle of three children of Rainer and his wife Grace Kelly.

Titles and styles
Albert has held three positions:
14 March 1958–6 April 2005: His Serene Highness, The Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Baux.
31 March 2005–6 April 2005: His Serene Highness, The Prince Regent of Monaco.
6 April 2005–present: His Serene Highness, The Sovereign Prince of Monaco.

Legitimate children
Prince Albert and his wife Charlene had twins:
Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès. (10 December 2014–present)
Prince Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco. Heir to the throne of Monaco. (10 December 2014–present)

Health
On 19 March 2020, amid the large-scale outbreak of COVID-19, it was officially announced that Albert II had tested positive. This made Albert II the first monarch and head of state to have tested positive for COVID-19. On 31 March, it was announced that he had made a full recovery.

Ancestry

References

1958 births
Living people
Princes and princesses of Monaco
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Current national leaders
Zapotec people

The Zapotec are a native tribe of people from Mexico. People think there are between 300.000 and 400.000 people. Most of them live in the state of Oaxaca. Most of them speak either Zapotec dialect continuum or the Chatino language. Before Christopher Columbus came to America, the Zapotec civilisation was highly developed. It also included a system of writing.

References
Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna, ed. (1998); "Zapotec" in The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes; Gale Research, Detroit, Michigan.

Other websites 
 Zapotec Culture  (in English and Spanish)
 Zapotec Language  (including variants, in English and Spanish)

Mexico
Native American
Esotericism

Esotericism is about secret knowledge for a small group of people.   Esotericism also describes mystical, spiritual or occult viewpoints (point of view). Esotericism studies Gnosticism, Yoga, Alchemy, Magic, Spiritualism, Hypnosis, Astrology, Meditation, Mysticism, and Occultism. Many followers of Abrahamic faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, have criticized Esotericism as black magic. Esotericism in religion is called "obscurantism".

Esotericism can also be about understanding symbolism and hidden meanings of many different books.  They include religious books, philosophy books and books about history.  They use these books as their texts.

Esoteric groups 
 Alawites
 Anthroposophy
 Freemasons
 Hermeticism
 Kabbalah
 Knights Templar
 Rosicrucians
 Theosophy
Illuminati

References

More reading
Guénon, René (2001) Insights Into Islamic Esoterism and Taoism
Borella, Jean (2004) Guenonian Esoterism and Christian Mystery
Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh (1980) An Introduction to Buddhist Esoterism
Guénon, René (2005) Insights Into Christian Esoterism
Schuon, Frithjof (2000) Survey Of Metaphysics And Esoterism World Wisdom Books, Incorporated
Hugh Cook (science fiction author)

Hugh Walter Gilbert Cook (9 August 1956 – 8 November 2008) is a science fiction author. Cook was born in Essex, England, and moved to New Zealand. Then in 1997 he moved to Japan.

1956 births

English writers
Sect

A sect is a small religious or political group that separates from a larger group. Sects have many of the same beliefs and practices as the original group, but often have some different doctrines. In contrast, a denomination is a large religious group.

Related pages

 Cult
 New religious movement

Religion
Sociology