cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rashidun Empire

Rashidun Empire, Islamic Empire ()  or Rashidun Caliphate () are the terms used to describe the empire that was controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad (the "Rightly Guided" caliphs). The empire was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 and lasted until 'Ali's death in 661. At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.

Origin 
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar were debating who -among them- should succeed prophet Muhammad in running the affairs of the Muslims.  They chose Abu Bakr. So he became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and started a campaigns to for the Muslim Religion. At first he  the Arabian tribes which had left the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title. His three successors also never claimed a title as monarch.

The first general of the empire was Khalid ibn Walid. During his campaign against the Persian Empire(Iraq 633 - 634) and Byzantine Empire (Syria 634 - 638) Khalid developed brilliant tactics. The Caliph Abu Bakr's way was to give his generals their mission, the geographical area in which that mission would be carried out, and the resources that, could be made available for that purpose. He would then leave it to his generals to accomplish their mission in whatever manner they chose, on the other hand Caliph Umar in later part of his Caliphate used to direct his generals as to where they would stay and when to move to the next target and who will be commanding the left and right wing of the army in the particular battle, this made the phase of conquest comparatively slower but provided well organized campaigns. Caliph Uthman used the same method as of Abu Bakr, he would give missions to his generals and then leave it to them how they accomplish it. Caliph Ali also followed the same method.

Religion 
The state religion was Islam. The non-Muslim people were allowed to practice any religion they want to follow. But the Sharia Law was practiced in the state.
Islam was the guiding force of the Caliphate. Any act of state was first to be approved by the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammed. If there were no such guide lines available then wisdom or Hikmat was used, after which if the act would go against the established principals, norms,system etc. it was not carried on with.

References 

Notes

History of the Middle East
History of Egypt
Caliphates
632 establishments
661 disestablishments
7th-century establishments in Africa
7th-century establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Africa
7th-century disestablishments in Asia
African penguin

The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), also known as the Black-footed or Jackass penguin, is found on the south-western coast of Africa. It lives in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay, near Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The largest colony on Dyer Island, near Kleinbaai. Two colonies were established by penguins in the 1980s on the mainland near Cape Town at Boulders Beach near Simon's Town and Stony Point in Betty's Bay. Mainland colonies probably only became possible in recent times due to fewer predators, although the Betty's Bay colony has been attacked by  leopards. The only other mainland colony is in Namibia, but it is not known when this was established.

The African penguin may live up to 20 years. It grows up to 65 cm tall and weighs up to 3 kg. They eat fish, crabs and squids. The breeding time is 38 days.

Boulders Beach is a tourist attraction, for the beach, swimming and the penguins. The penguins will allow people to approach them as close as a meter (three ft). 

The closest relatives of the African Penguins are the Humboldt and Magellanic penguins found in southern South America and the Galápagos Penguin found in the Pacific Ocean near the equator.

Other articles
Penguin Town

References

Penguins
United States Department of the Treasury

The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the treasury of the United States government. It was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue.  The first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton. He almost single-handedly worked out the nation's early financial system, and for several years was a major presence in Washington's administration as well.  His statue still stands outside the Treasury building.

Other websites
 United States Department of the Treasury website
 Department Of The Treasury Meeting Notices and Rule Changes  from The Federal Register RSS Feed

References
"Enough Wise Men, The Story of Our Constitution" by Forrest McDonald -- Published by the Dominion of Canada and by Longmans Canada Limited, Toronto 1970

United States Department of the Treasury
1789 establishments in the United States
Loose (album)

Loose is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado. It was released on 9 June 2006. It is her most successful album, selling more than 8 million copies worldwide. The hip-hop producer Timbaland helped Furtado recording this CD. It featured many hits including the U.S. number-one singles  "Promiscuous" and "Say It Right" and the European hit "All Good Things (Come to an End)".

Track listing
All lyrics written by Nelly Furtado, except "Promiscuous" (lyrics written by Tim "Attitude" Clayton, Furtado and Tim Mosley) and "Maneater" (lyrics written by Furtado with additional lyrics by Jim Beanz).

Notes
  signifies a vocal producer

2006 albums
Nelly Furtado
Pop albums
All Good Things (Come to an End)

"All Good Things (Come to an End)" is a pop song by the Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado. It was released at the end of 2006. It hit number-one in the European charts.

2006 songs
Nelly Furtado
Pop ballads
Puklice

Puklice is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 760 people live there. It covers 10,92 km². Puklice was first documented in 1318.

Villages in the Czech Republic
Gump Worsley

Lorne John "Gump" Worsley (May 14, 1929 in Montreal, Quebec – January 26, 2007 in Beloeil, Quebec) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. Born and raised in Montreal, he was given his nickname due to friends deciding he looked like comic-strip character Andy Gump. He died of a heart attack.

Achievements
 Stanley Cup Champion 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969(with Montreal)
 Won the Vezina Trophy in 1966 and 1968.
 Named to the NHL First All-Star Team in 1968.
 Named to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 1966.
 Played in the All-Star Game in 1961, 1962, 1965 and 1972.
 Owns the record for the most career losses in the NHL with 352.
 Currently 7th in all time games played, 15th in career wins and 24th in shutouts.

References

They Call Me Gump by Lorne "Gump" Worsley with Tim Moriarty
The Trail of the Stanley Cup, Volume 3 by Charles L. Coleman
The Complete Encyclopedia of Hockey edited by Zander Hollander
Hockey Hall of Fame Obituary

Other websites

Subject of The Weakerthans song, Elegy for Gump Worsley  

1929 births
2007 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Calder Trophy winners
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Quebec
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Minnesota North Stars players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Michel Larocque

Michel 'Bunny' Larocque (April 6, 1952 - July 29, 1992) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers, and St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League.

Playing career
Larocque would help win four Vezina Trophies. During that time, the trophy was given to the main goaltenders on the team allowing the fewest goals in the regular season.  The first three were mostly because of the all-star play of Ken Dryden.  The final trophy was with Denis Herron and Richard Sevigny in 1981.  He would win four Stanley Cups with Montreal in 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979.

Career statistics

Other websites

1952 births
1992 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Philadelphia Flyers players
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vezina Trophy winners
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ontario Hockey League players
Lorne Chabot

Lorne "Chabotsky" Chabot (October 5, 1900 in Montreal, Quebec – October 10 1946 in Montreal, Quebec) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender. Lorne played in the National Hockey League from 1926 to 1937.  During this time, he played for the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Maroons, and New York Americans.  Lorne won the 1935 Vezina Trophy for the being the league's best goaltender. He was the first hockey player to appear on the cover of Time Magazine.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1900 births
1946 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Deaths from nephritis
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Maroons players
New York Americans players
New York Rangers players
People from Montreal
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vezina Trophy winners
Normie Smith

Norman "Normie" Smith (March 18, 1908 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada – February 2, 1988) was a Vezina-winning goaltender for the Detroit Red Wings. Smith did not let in a goal by the Montreal Maroons in the NHL's longest game, a 176-minute, 30-second game, on way to a Stanley Cup championship in 1936. After suffering an arm injury, his quality of play dropped in 1937–38 and the Red Wings finished last. During a game in 1939, he did not show up, causing problems with Jack Adams. Normie Smith retired rather than report to the minor leagues. He returned to play briefly with the Detroit Red Wings when World War II left a vacuum of players in the NHL.

Other websites
Normie Smith biography 
 

1908 births
1988 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Falcons players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Maroons players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Dave Kerr

David Alexander Kerr (January 11, 1910 in Toronto, Ontario – May 11, 1978) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 427 games in total, 327 of them with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Playing career
He played amateur hockey before joining the NHL, winning the Allan Cup in 1930 with the Montreal AAA senior men's team. The next season was his first in the NHL, playing for the Montreal Maroons. The next season he played in the IHL and after that played two more for the Maroons.

On December 14, 1934, Kerr was acquired by the Rangers. It is with the Rangers where he is most notable for playing. He played six seasons for them, becoming the Rangers first regular goalie. He led New York to a Stanley Cup victory in 1940. That year, because of his 1.54 GAA and eight shutouts he was a First Team All-Star and won the Vezina Trophy. He also was a second team All-Star in 1938.

References
http://www.newyorkrangers.com/tradition/alumnispotlight.asp?Alumni=Kerr 

1910 births
1978 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Maroons players
New York Americans players
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Johnny Mowers

Johnny Mowers (October 29, 1916 in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada - December 7, 1995) was an ice hockey goaltender who played for the Detroit Red Wings, winning the Vezina Trophy in 1943. Born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Mowers played goal for the Red Wings on their way to the Stanley Cup in 1943, shutting out the Boston Bruins twice in the four games.

1916 births
1995 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
Harry Lumley

Harry "Apple Cheeks" Lumley (November 11, 1926 – September 13, 1998) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League.

Born in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada, Lumley starred for several years with the Owen Sound Mercurys and later with the Owen Sound Orphans and then the Barrie Colts. He also played with the Indianapolis Capitals of the American Hockey League, a minor league team of the Detroit Red Wings. Lumley made his professional start in the National Hockey League, however, with the New York Rangers in the 1943–44 season, when he was loaned to the Rangers for a single game. He was the youngest goaltender to play in the NHL, as he was 17 years old.

Awards and achievements 
Stanley Cup Championship (1950)
NHL First All-Star Team Goalie (1954 & 1955)
Vezina Trophy Winner (1954)
Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1980

Other websites 

Picture of Harry Lumley's Name on the 1950 Stanley Cup Plaque 
Harry Lumley Bayshore Community Centre

1926 births
1998 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vezina Trophy winners
Denis DeJordy

Joseph Denis Emile DeJordy (born November 15, 1938, in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada), is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender.  He played goal for four NHL teams, most notably the Chicago Black Hawks.

Playing career
Denis DeJordy was a goaltender with the Chicago Black Hawks, Los Angeles Kings, Montreal Canadiens and Detroit Red Wings over 12 seasons in the National Hockey League.  He shared the Vezina Trophy with Glenn Hall in 1967.  During the 1966 – 1967 season he played 44 games, posting a 2.46 Goals Against Average.

Awards
1959 OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team
1959–60 Best Rookie - Sault Thunderbirds (EPHL)
1961 Stanley Cup Championship  (Chicago)
1962–63 Les Cunningham Award - Buffalo Bisons (AHL)
1962–63 Harry (Hap) Holmes Memorial Award - Buffalo Bisons (fewest goals against)(AHL)
1963 AHL First All-Star Team
1966 CPHL First All-Star Team
1966–67 Vezina Trophy - Chicago Black Hawks (shared with Glenn Hall) (NHL)
1974 AHL Second All-Star Team

References

Detroit Red Wings Facts Book 1973–74
Denis DeJordy's Name on the 1961 Stanley Cup 

1938 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Montreal Canadiens players
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Carl von Clausewitz

Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz () (July 1, 1782 in Burg bei Magdeburg  – November 16, 1831 in Breslau) was a Prussian general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. He joined the Russian Army to fight against the French invasion of Russia. Later, he wrote about war and the military.

He wrote the book On War, in which he said that "War is the continuation of politics by other means." In his book, On War, Clausewitz wrote how to win a war, how to build an army, and what war is.  He did not think war was an art or a science.  Instead, war was about people, money, and land.

References

Related pages
Niccolo Machiavelli
Sun Tzu

Other websites 
Clausewitz homepage , much information about him.

 Paul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz. Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013.  http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf

1782 births
1831 deaths
German generals
German writers
People from Prussia
People from Saxony-Anhalt
Rogatien Vachon

Rogatien "Rogie"  Vachon (born September 8, 1945 in Palmarolle, Quebec) was a French-Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Los Angeles Kings, Detroit Red Wings, and Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League.

Vachon shared the 1968 Vezina Trophy with Gump Worsley while with the Canadiens, along with three Stanley Cups. Vachon was traded to the Kings in 1971, where he achieved his greatest individual success.  He was added to the NHL's second all-star team in 1975 and 1977.

Achievements
 Stanley Cup Champion 1968, 1969, 1971 (with Montreal)
 Canada Cup Champion 1976

1945 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Stanley Cup champions
Vezina Trophy winners
1927–28 NHL season

The 1927–28 NHL season was the eleventh season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The New York Rangers won the Stanley Cup beating the Montreal Maroons becoming the first United States based team since the start of the NHL to win it and first since the Seattle Metropolitans won in 1917. This season saw the reintroduction of the O'Brien Trophy, which used to go to the NHL league champion. It was originally retired in favour of the Prince of Wales Trophy. The reintroduced O'Brien Trophy went to the winner of the Canadian Division while the Prince of Wales Trophy went to the winner of the American division.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Finals
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Maroons

New York wins best-of-five series 3–2

NHL awards

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1927–28 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Dit Clapper, Boston Bruins
Norman Gainor, Boston Bruins
Cy Wentworth, Chicago Black Hawks
Charlie Gardiner, Chicago Black Hawks
Larry Aurie, Detroit Cougars
Marty Burke, Montreal Canadiens
Jimmy Ward, Montreal Maroons
Joe Lamb, Montreal Maroons
Marty Barry, New York Americans
Allan Shields, Ottawa Senators
Joe Primeau, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1927–28 (listed with their last team):
Sprague Cleghorn, Boston Bruins
Corb Denneny, Chicago Black Hawks
Frank Foyston, Detroit Cougars
Jack Walker, Detroit Cougars
Billy Boucher, New York Americans
Odie Cleghorn, Pittsburgh Pirates

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1927 in North America
1928 in North America
Polk County, Florida

Polk County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2000, 483,924 people lived there. The U.S. Census Bureau 2006 estimate for the county is 561,606. The county seat is Bartow, Florida. Its largest city is Lakeland.  The center of population of Florida is in the town of Lake Wales.

References 

Florida counties
1861 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Florida
1928–29 NHL season

The 1928–29 NHL season was the twelfth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. This was the first Stanley Cup playoffs ever that saw two United States based teams compete for the cup. The Boston Bruins won over the New York Rangers two games to none in a best-of-three final.

Regular season

Final standings 
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders 
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

First Games 
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1928–29 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
 Tiny Thompson, Boston Bruins
 Cooney Weiland, Boston Bruins
 George Owen, Boston Bruins
 Johnny Gottselig, Chicago Black Hawks
 Mush March, Chicago Black Hawks
 Herbie Lewis, Detroit Cougars
 Georges Mantha, Montreal Canadiens
 Armand Mondou, Montreal Canadiens
 Baldy Northcott, Montreal Maroons
 Dave Trottier, Montreal Maroons
 Earl Robinson, Montreal Maroons
 Red Horner, Toronto Maple Leafs
 Andy Blair, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games 
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1928–29 (listed with their last team):
 Cy Denneny, Boston Bruins
 Duke Keats, Chicago Black Hawks
 Dick Irvin, Chicago Black Hawks
 Red Green, Detroit Cougars
 Herb Gardiner, Montreal Canadiens
 Punch Broadbent, New York Americans

Related pages
 List of Stanley Cup champions
 1928 in sports
 1929 in sports

References 
 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

1929 in North America
1928 in North America
Georgetown University

Georgetown University is a Catholic university in Washington, D.C.  It was started in 1789 by the Jesuit priest John Carroll. It is the oldest Catholic university in the United States of America. In the 19th century, the university sold more than 300 slaves in order to pay for its expansion.

References

Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities
Big East Conference
Colleges and universities in the District of Columbia
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
18th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
1789 establishments in the United States
Jack Adams Award

The Jack Adams Award is awarded annually to the National Hockey League coach "adjudged to have contributed the most to his team's success." It has been awarded 33 times to 28 different winners. The winner is selected by a poll of the National Hockey League Broadcasters Association at the end of the regular season. Many coaches have won the award numerous times. Pat Burns has won three times, the most of any coach.

Winners

References
General

Specific

Ice hockey coaches
National Hockey League trophies and awards
Bagpipes

The bagpipes are a musical instrument. They are sometimes just called "pipes". They have a bag that holds air. The player keeps the bag full of air by blowing into it with a tube or pumping it with a bellows. To make music, the bag is pressed and the air comes out through a kind of flute or "chanter". There are usually one or more other tubes coming from the bag that make sounds whenever the bag is squeezed, called "drones". Each drone normally plays a different note, and stays on the same note the whole time it is playing, to play a harmony with the "chanter". The sounds are made by a single or, more commonly, double reed which vibrates when air is blown over it.

Scotland is traditionally linked to the bagpipes, and many pipe tunes come from there. Many, many other places, however, also have different types of bagpipes: over all of Europe, some of North Africa, and into the Middle East such as the Ottoman Empire.

The Scottish pipes, the Great Pipe, or piob-mohr, first had only one drone pipe. The second pipe was added in the mid 1500s and the third pipe was added in the 1700s.

References

Woodwind instruments
Entertainment Software Rating Board

The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is an organization that rates video games. Rating is voluntary. Game publishers do not have to submit their games for ratings. There are seven ratings: E (Everyone), E10+ (Everyone 10+), T (Teen), M (Mature 17+), AO (Adults Only), and RP (Rating Pending). Some retailers make people show identification to prove their age if they want to buy M-rated games. Many retailers will not buy and sell AO games so it is very hard for gamers to find AO-rated games.On the back of each game's box, the ESRB also rates elements of the game. The back of Super Princess Peach has the words "comic mischief" on it to tell parents that it contains comic mischief.'''

Ratings

Unrestricted

Restricted

Unsure

Controversy

The AO rating

Some critics come to believe that the ESRB only rates games AO if they have sex in them, regardless of how explicit the language, violence or even blood is. This also lead them to think the ESRB is not doing its job. Twenty-three games have received and kept adult ratings, but apparently twenty (almost all) games were given it for sexual themes and content. Two had violence, and the other one was given the "Adult" rating for real gambling.

"Tone Down" controversy

Some publishers of games decide to tone down the game's explicitness in order to qualify for an "M" rather than an "AO" rating. For example, the game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas had an original M rating, but the game that could be unlocked by bypassing the patch, called "Hot Coffee", seemed to spark major controversy  with the game, because it features sex and erotica. Thus, the ESRB decided to re-rate the game as an AO. Rockstar Games then chose to leave the game out of the release, then release an exploit fix that completely disallowed access to the game. However, other games have trouble being "toned down". Thrill Kill, for instance, was given an AO, and then Electronic Arts decided to purchase the publisher, Virgin Entertainment. The release of the game was then canceled, and the game never was toned down.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Video game ratings
1929–30 NHL season

The 1929–30 NHL season was the thirteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens upset the heavily favoured Boston Bruins two games to none for the Stanley Cup.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs
After defeating the Montreal Maroons and after losing more than one game in a row games all season, the Boston Bruins were defeated by the Montreal Canadiens two games to none in a best-of-three series. The Canadiens then won the Cup with a 4–3 victory in game two. The Canadiens went 5–0–1 in the playoffs, making them one of the few Cup winning teams in history to not lose a game in the playoffs.

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1929–30 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Tom Cook, Chicago Black Hawks
Ebbie Goodfellow, Detroit Cougars
Syd Howe, Ottawa Senators
Busher Jackson, Toronto Maple Leafs
Charlie Conacher, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1929–30 (listed with their last team):
Mickey MacKay, Boston Bruins
Jimmy Herberts, Detroit Cougars
Clint Benedict, Montreal Maroons
Frank Nighbor, Toronto Maple Leafs

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1929 in North America
1930s in North America
1930–31 NHL season

The 1930–31 NHL season was the fourteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens beat the Chicago Black Hawks three games to two in a best-of-five Stanley Cup final for their second Cup win in a row.

Art Ross bitterly complained about the Stanley Cup final setup. His team had been beaten in two games in a row by the Montreal Canadiens in 1929–30. As a result, the Board of Governors decided to make the final a best of five series.

Regular season

Final standings
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs
On 26 March, during the second game of the best-of-five series between the Bruins and Canadiens, Art Ross of Boston pulled his goaltender for an extra player while down 1–0 with 40 seconds left in the final period. This marked the first time in NHL history that a goalie was pulled for an extra attacker.
  
In the finals, the Chicago Black Hawks took an early two games to one lead in the newly expanded best-of-five Stanley Cup finals but the Montreal Canadiens came back and won the series three games to two for their second consecutive Stanley Cup win.

Playoff bracket

Finals
Montreal Canadiens vs. Chicago Blackhawks

Montreal wins best-of-five series 3–2.

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1930–31 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Art Chapman, Boston Bruins
Doc Romnes, Chicago Black Hawks
John Sorrell, Detroit Falcons
Johnny Gagnon, Montreal Canadiens
Paul Haynes, Montreal Maroons
Dave Kerr, Montreal Maroons
Alex Levinsky, Toronto Maple Leafs
Bob Gracie, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1930–31 (listed with their last team):
Frank Fredrickson, Detroit Falcons
Bert McCaffrey, Montreal Canadiens
Joe Simpson, New York Americans
Babe Dye, Toronto Maple Leafs

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1931 in North America
1930
National Hockey League awards

The National Hockey League presents lots of annual awards and trophies to recognize its teams and players.  The oldest, and most notable, is the Stanley Cup.  First awarded in 1893, the Stanley Cup is awarded to the NHL's playoff champion.  The Stanley Cup is the third trophy to be used as the league's championship, as for the first nine years of the NHL's existence, it remained a multiple league challenge cup.

History
The NHL's first championship trophy was the O'Brien Trophy, which was created by the National Hockey Association in 1910 and was acquired by the NHL in 1918, after which it was awarded to the playoff champion until 1923. The O'Brien Trophy was retired in favour of the Prince of Wales Trophy in 1924, which became the league's championship until the end of the Western Hockey League following the 1926 season, leaving the Stanley Cup exclusively in the hands of the National Hockey League.

The Prince of Wales Trophy remains an active award.  It is presently awarded to the playoff champion of the Eastern Conference, while the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl, created in 1967, is currently awarded to the Western Conference champion.  The youngest team trophy is the Presidents' Trophy, which has been awarded to the NHL's regular season champion since 1986.

The first individual trophy was the Hart Trophy, first awarded in 1924 to the league's most valuable player.  The Lady Byng Trophy followed a year later, awarded to the most gentlemanly player in the league.  Two years later, the Vezina Trophy was created for the NHL's top goaltender.  The Conn Smythe Trophy was first awarded to the NHL's playoff most valuable player in 1965.  Presently, the NHL has 17 annual individual trophies and awards, the most recently created being the Mark Messier Leadership Award, first awarded in 2007.

Team trophies

Individual trophies and awards

The league has also given some short-lived awards over the years, including:
NHL/Sheraton Road Performer Award – awarded to the player who accrued the most road points during the regular season.  It was awarded to Joe Sakic of the Colorado Avalanche in 2004 and not subsequently.
Scotiabank/NHL Fan Fav Award – awarded to a National Hockey League player based on fan voting.  It was awarded to Roberto Luongo of the Vancouver Canucks in 2010 and not subsequently.
NHL Lifetime Achievement Award – awarded to a National Hockey League veteran in recognition of their overall contributions to the league and sport. It has been awarded twice, first to Gordie Howe in 2008 and then to Jean Béliveau in 2009.

Related pages
Lester Patrick Trophy - presented, in part by the NHL, for contributions to hockey in the United States, but not considered an NHL award
Hockey Hall of Fame

References

Other websites
NHL trophies at nhl.com
NHL trophies at legendsofhockey.net
Pizmonim

Pizmonim (, singular pizmon) are Jewish songs and melodies sung to praise God.

Judaism
Music genres
Luca Marenzio

Luca Marenzio  (born Coccaglio, near Brescia, Italy, 18 October? 1553?;  died Rome, 22 August  1599) was an Italian composer who lived in the late Renaissance. He was one of the best known composers of madrigals.

Life
Marenzio may have been born in 1553.  We think this because his father once wrote down his son’s age.  The date may have been 18 October because that was his saint’s feast day.

He had his early education in Brescia possibly in Mantua.  Then he moved to Rome, where he worked as a singer for Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo.  After the cardinal's death he worked at the court of Cardinal Luigi d'Este.  Here he started to become known as a composer.  By 1581 his music had become extremely popular.  His books of madrigals were often reprinted.  His madrigals were often included in published collections.

In 1587 he moved to Florence where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici for two years; in 1589 he returned to Rome, where he spent most of his last years, except for a trip to Poland from 1596 to 1597, during which time he worked at the court of Sigismund III Vasa in Warsaw.  It seems from what some people wrote that his trip to Poland ruined his health, and he died in Rome in 1599, shortly after returning from Poland.

Music
Marenzio wrote some religious music: motets, and madrigals based on religious texts.  However, most of his famous music consists of secular (not religious) madrigals.  They were written during a period of twenty years, and they vary a lot in style.

Marenzio published at least fifteen collections of music, mostly madrigals but also canzonette and villanelle.  These were similar to madrigals but very light in character.  Some of his later works are very chromatic: they use harmony that was unusual for the time.  He often makes the music fit the meaning of the words.  This is called word-painting.  For example: the phrase "sinking in the sea" is sung to notes which go lower and lower.

Influence
Marenzio’s music had a lot of influence on composers in Italy, as well as in the rest of Europe.  There were several of his madrigals in Musica transalpina, a collection of madrigals published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge  in England.

References
Article "Luca Marenzio", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  

1550s births
1599 deaths
Renaissance composers
Italian composers
Nicholas Yonge

Nicholas Yonge (born about 1560; buried October 23, 1619) was an English singer and publisher (his name is an old spelling of the word "Young" and pronounced the same way).  He is most famous for publishing a collection of music called Musica transalpina in (1588).

Music publishing was quite a new thing in those days. Musica transalpina was a collection of Italian madrigals.  The Italian words of the madrigals were also translated into English.  Musica transalpina had 57 separate pieces by 18 Italian composers, including Alfonso Ferrabosco and Luca Marenzio.  Ferrabosco was living in England at the time.

The publication of this book had a huge influence on music in England.  It made madrigals very popular in England and during the next twenty years composers such as Thomas Morley, John Wilbye and Thomas Weelkes composed a large number of English madrigals.

In 1597 Yonge published a second book of Musica transalpina which was also very influential.

The title Musica transalpina  means: "music from across the Alps" because the music came from Italy which was the other side of the Alps.

References
David Brown, "Nicholas Yonge".  The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  

1560s births
1619 deaths
English singers
Treehouse of Horror (The Simpsons episode)

Treehouse of Horror is the third episode in season 2 of The Simpsons. It was first shown on October 25, 1990. It is the first-ever "Treehouse of Horror" episode and has since been followed by a yearly "Treehouse of Horror" episode.  This episode features three stories. The last one is the famous The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe.

Other websites 

1990 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 2) episodes
Treehouse of Horror
WWE Divas Championship

The WWE Divas Championship was a championship in WWE competed for by women, called Divas by WWE. It was established in 2008 and Michelle McCool was the first champion. It was deactivated in 2016 in favor of the new WWE Women's Championship. Charlotte was the final champion.

History
As a result of the WWE Brand Extension in 2002, the WWE Women's Championship was made exclusive to the Raw brand. Thereafter, only Divas on the Raw brand were able to compete for the WWE Women's Championship, while the Divas on the SmackDown brand were unable to compete for a women's-exclusive championship. The ruling was, however, ignored on rare occasions as Melina and Ashley have been the only divas who were on the SmackDown brand to challenge for the title. This led to the creation of the WWE Divas Championship, which was announced on June 6, 2008 during an episode of SmackDown by SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero. In order to determine the competitors for the new title, two 'Golden Dreams matches', the object of which was to retrieve a star that was hanging on a pole above one corner of the ring, were held. The first Golden Dreams match was won by Natalya, and the second by Michelle McCool. The championship belt was officially unveiled on the July 4, 2008 episode of SmackDown prior to the second Golden Dreams match. Natalya and McCool competed against each other at The Great American Bash, which McCool won and became the inaugural champion.

At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, 2016, Lita announced that a new WWE Women's Championship would be created. In the process, the Divas Championship would be retired. Later in the night, the Divas Champion Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new Women's Championship.

Reigns 

There were 26 reigns and 1 vacancy. The first champion was Michelle McCool. She beat Natalya to win the title at The Great American Bash on July 20, 2008. The last champion was Charlotte. She beat Nikki Bella at Night of Champions. At WrestleMania 32, Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new WWE Women's Championship, retiring the WWE Divas Championship in the process.

Related pages
WWE
WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)
WWE Women's Championship

References

Other websites 

 Official WWE Divas Championship history

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
2008 establishments
2016 disestablishments
Alain Vigneault

Alain Vigneault (b. May 14, 1961) formerly coached the Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks, and New York Rangers. He is currently coach of the Philadelphia Flyers.

1961 births
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Jack Adams Award winners
Living people
Lindy Ruff

Lindy Ruff (born February 17, 1960) is the current head coach of the New Jersey Devils. He is currently the longest-serving coach in the NHL, being Buffalo's coach since 1997.

Other websites 

1960 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Jack Adams Award winners
Lethbridge Broncos players
Living people
New York Rangers players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
John Tortorella

John Robert Tortorella (born June 24, 1958 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American ice hockey coach currently with the Columbus Blue Jackets. 

He coached the Tampa Bay Lightning and won both the Jack Adams Award and the Stanley Cup, with the Lightning, in 2004. He coached the New York Rangers from February 23, 2009 to May 29, 2013. He was fired by the Rangers after a disappointing playoff run. He was hired to coach for the Vancouver Canucks for only one season before being relieved of duty after failing to qualify for the playoffs. He is currently with the Columbus Blue Jackets as their coach.

NHL coaching record

References

1958 births
Ice hockey coaches
Jack Adams Award winners
Living people
Sportspeople from Boston, Massachusetts
Stanley Cup champions
Geographic Names Information System

The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) contains name and location information about more than two million physical and cultural features in the United States of America and its Territories. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names.

Other websites 
 U.S. Board on Geographic Names website
 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

Geography of the United States
Geocodes
United States Department of the Interior
12 Rounds

12 Rounds is a British rock band that was started by Atticus Ross and singer Claudia Sarne.

Albums 
 1996: Jitter Juice (Polydor)
 1998: My Big Hero (Nothing)
 1998:  My Big Hero (Interscope)

Other websites 
 Official site

English rock bands
Emigration

Emigration is leaving one's country or area to go live in another. Emigration (leaving) from one country is usually followed by Immigration (coming into) into another. The difference between the two is the perspective (or point of view) of which country a person is leaving and which country they are going to. 

The urge to migrate is a part of human nature. People migrated well before we had written history. Emigrants from a place are its diaspora.

People who move around all the time are called nomads.

Reasons 
Emigration happens for different reasons:
 People think that they benefit from moving elsewhere, because they have a better job, or they have a better chance of economic success, or they are economically better off. This kind of migration is generally called economic migration.
 The climate, or climatic events force people to move. Climatic events include floods, droughts, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.  This kind of migration is generally known as environmental migration. As an example, people left Plymouth, on the Island of Montserrat, after a series of volcanic eruptions in 1995.
 People have disadvantages where they live, often because they have special views or opinions, or they disagree with the majority or those in power.  Often they face persecution, for example because of special religious views or because they belong to an ethnic group. Many people emigrated from Europe to what was the "New World" because they had religious beliefs that were different from the majority.
 People who emigrate (or flee) from one country to another, for reasons including armed conflicts or wars are usually called refugees, once they arrive in another country.
 Very often people move to where the rest of their family lives.
International law handles the different groups of migrants differently.

Images

Related pages
Political asylum
Deportation
Diaspora
Immigration
Exile
Human migration
Refugee
Migrant worker

References 
 

Countries
Migration
World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum is a foundation based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is known for holding a yearly meeting in Davos in the mountains of Graubünden. Important leaders from politics (such as presidents) and the economy are given an opportunity to talk about subjects that concern everyone. Very often, these subjects concern globalization. Usually the Swiss army helps secure the area.

These meetings are often critizised because they are seen as a vehicle to further capitalism in the world by anti-capitalists and supporters of antiglobalization. There is an organisation called Public Eye On Davos that organizes public information during the meeting. During the meetings, which invole the G8, access to the village of Davos is heavily controlled. A small demonstration happens every year in Davos during these meetings. This is one of the rights given by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bigger demonstrations are normally in the other cities in Switzerland during the World Economic Forum.

References

Other websites 
Official homepage of the WEF 

Economics organizations
1971 establishments in Europe
Geneva
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija

The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, or in ; in Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Kosovës dhe Metohisë, commonly known as Kosovo and Metohija, or in ; in Albanian: Kosova dhe Metohija, or Kosovo, or in ; in Albanian: Kosova, for short, and abbreviated as KiM  or Kosmet from Kosovo and Metohija;  means the area of Kosovo as the Constitution of Serbia says. The land is disputed between Serbia and the self-declared Republic of Kosovo, which currently has actual control over the land. Before the Republic of Kosovo, the area was controlled by Serbia (while Serbia was part of Yugoslavia) between 1912 and 1999.

The Constitution and laws of Serbia say that Kosovo in the southern part of Serbia and covers the areas of Kosovo and Metohija. The capital is Pristina. In the past, Kosovo was an autonomous province of Serbia when Serbia was part of Socialist Yugoslavia (1946–1990). When Socialist Yugoslavia ended in 1990, Kosovo became part of Serbia until the Kosovo War (1998–99). After the war, it became a United Nations (UN) controlled area due to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 but legally it was still part of Serbia. In that time, the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) governed. In 2008, some Albanian politicians said that Kosovo would be its own country. 98 member countries of the United Nations agree, but Serbia does not. It still thinks that Kosovo is part of it.

In 1990, when Kosovo was part of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milošević's Anti-bureaucratic Revolution happened. This meant that Kosovo's government became less powerful and that Serbia had more control, like in 1971–74. That year, Kosovo's Albanian majority and also the Republic of Albania agreed with the declaration of independence of the Republic of Kosova. Because of the Kosovo War in 1999, the Serbian army was kicked out of Kosovo.

In February 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence. Serbia does not agree, but in the Brussels agreement of 2013, it got rid of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija government.. Kosovo's independence is currently recognized by 95 UN member states. In 2013, the Serbian government said it was getting rid of the Serb minority councils it had made in northern Kosovo, in order to allow the Kosovo Serb minority to become more like the general population of Kosovo.

References

Serbia
Kosovo
Autonomous areas
Former countries in Europe
Geography of Serbia
Territorial disputes
Assembly of Kosovo

The Assembly of Kosovo (, Skupština Kosova) is an institution linked to governing the territory of Kosovo. The Assembly was created by the United Nations to provide for a democratic form of government.

Structure 
The assembly has 120 seats. 100 seats are filled with people directly elected into the assembly. The remaining 20 are always assigned as follows:
 10 seats for the representatives of the Serbs.
 4 seats for the representatives of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians.
 3 seats for the Bosniaks.
 2 seats for the Turks.
 1 seat for the Gorans.

Kosovo
Kosovo
Boogie-woogie

Boogie-woogie is a solo piano-style that became very popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Boogie-woogie was developed in the southern parts of the USA. Boogie-woogie is connected with dancing. 

It has a regular bass figure, an ostinato and simple examples of shifts of level.

Notable players
 Albert Ammons
 Deanna Bogart  
 James Booker
 Eddie Boyd
 Eden Brent
 Cleo Patra Brown
 Leroy Carr
 Cow Cow Davenport
 Champion Jack Dupree
 Big Joe Duskin
 Erwin Helfer
 Jools Holland
 Dr. John
 Pete Johnson
 Meade Lux Lewis
 Memphis Slim
 Big Maceo Merriweather
 Amos Milburn
 Piano Red
 Pinetop Perkins
 Martin Pyrker
 Ann Rabson
 Mike Sanchez
 Pinetop Smith
 Otis Spann
 Speckled Red
 Roosevelt Sykes
 Montana Taylor
 Hersal Thomas
 Sippie Wallace
 Vince Weber
 Katie Webster
 Mitch Woods
 Jimmy Yancey
 Axel Zwingenberger

Other websites 
 The Boogie Woogie Foundation (contains extensive article on the history of Boogie Woogie)
 Boogie Woogie Piano Articles
 All Things Boogie

Festivals 
 International Boogie Woogie Festival Netherlands
 International Boogie Woogie Festival Switzerland

Blues music