cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Dichlorphenolindophenol

DCPIP (its full name is 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) is a blue chemical used as a dye because when it is oxidized it is blue.  Once DCPIP is reduced (by addition of electrons) it does not have a color anymore. This reaction can be reversed, and the colourless DCPIP will turn blue again, when it is oxidized.

Purpose 
DCPIP is often used to measure the electron transport chain in plants. It has a higher redox potential (electron affinity) than the Fe-S complex in cytochrome b and will therefore "steal" electrons from it. This means that cytochrome c does not  receive them. The process cuts off the electron supply of  photosystem I. A common way to illustrate this change is by the addition of vitamin C solution. This reduces the 'jelly' by transforming it to a colourless mass. This experiment can be carried out to illustrate the effect of changing cell sizes on SA/V (surface area:volume ratio). This is known as Titration.

References 
Mathews, Ahern, Van Holde, Biochemistry, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 2000 pp534–5

Chemical compounds
Healthy diet

A healthy diet or balanced diet is a diet (what you eat) that contains the right amounts of all the food groups. It includes fruit, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and protein. It does not include too much or too little of any kind of food. Eating wrong amounts of a food group, whether it be too much or too little, is called an "unhealthy diet" or an "imbalanced diet". A healthy diet is one that includes more foods that come from plants and fewer convenience foods.

Basic nutrition 
What is known about nutrition and diet keeps changing as more is learned. However, basic nutrition remains much the same. The best advice is to talk to a doctor or dietitian for personalized information based on an individual's lifestyle, health, and food likes and dislikes.
 Basic nutrition begins with a diet based on the major food groups that includes vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products. It should also have lean protein such as beans, legumes, nuts and seeds plus healthy fats.
 A basic nutrition plan should include guidelines for how much food from each group to eat.
 Foods should be those that can be found in local grocery stores instead of specialty and gourmet food stores.
 A basic food plan should be based on an individual's budget, lifestyle and (healthy) preferences.
 Drink plenty of water. Drink fewer Soft drinks, energy drinks and sports drinks which usually have sugar.
 Read the food labels to see what is in the foods. For example, labels usually show what foods are lower in sodium such as in soup, bread, and frozen meals.
 A healthy diet should include seafoods (such as salmon, tuna, and trout) and shellfish (such as crab, mussels, and oysters). Seafood has protein, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids which are heart-healthy.
 Basic nutrition should contain balanced amounts of macronutrients for energy. Carbohydrates are one of the three macro-nutrients in the human diet (fat and protein are the other two).
 A healthy diet can replace dieting for weight loss. Eating healthy, along with physical exercise and practicing moderation, can lead to better health in the long run.

Special diets 
There are some diets made for people with some diseases. Here are some examples:

DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
 Gluten-free diet (Coeliac disease)
 Ketogenic diet (Epilepsy)

Related pages 
Food pyramid
Diet (nutrition)

References 

Nutrition
Diets
Dye

Dye is a substance used to color materials. It is often used to color the fabric used to make clothing. It has low solubility. A pigment won't do this because it won't stick to the fibers of the fabric and color them. A dye can be natural, usually made from plant material such as berries, or artificial, meaning that it is made by humans from chemicals such as petrochemicals.

Most natural dyes are gotten from different parts of a plant like the roots, fruits, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens. Most dyes are synthetic and are made from petrochemicals.

Classification
Dyes can be classified based on their solubility and chemical properties. 

 Acid dyes can dissolve in water.  They are used on fibers such as silk, wool, nylon.  Most food coloring that are made by man are acid dyes.  Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88, etc.
 Basic dyes can dissolve in water.  They are mainly used on acrylic fibers.  They may also be used on wool and silk.  Basic dyes are also used to make paper colourful.

Related pages 
Pigment
Food coloring#Natural food dyes
Hair coloring

References

Color
Cloth
Chemical compounds
Poetry

Poetry is a type of art form and a type of literature. 

Poetry uses the qualities of words, in different ways, to be artistic.

Poetry can be as short as a few words, or as long as a book.  A poem as short as one line is called a monostich.  A poem that is as long as a book is an epic.   

There are many "poetic forms" (forms of poetry). Some of forms are: Sonnet, Haiku, Ballad, Stev, Prose poem, Ode, Free verse, Blank verse, thematic, limerick and nursery rhymes.

Poetry can be used to describe (comparing, talking about, or expressing emotion) many things. It can make sense or be nonsense, it can rhyme or not. It can have many shapes and sizes; it can be serious or funny. 

"To say something poetically" means to give information in an artistic way.

Digital Poetry 
A more modern approach is digital poetry. Computers and webtechnology is used to express poetry and make it interactive. So called interdisciplinary poetry (wich means combination of different forms of poetry) are made possible by linking the poetic texts with audio, video or web-animation (e.g. with CSS) or among themselves via hyperlinks. Modern artists use digital poetry to not only express artistic intention, but also to design a layout around their texts. An example for this use of interdisciplinary art, which combines abstract text and abstract visuals is the german project "Schwarzer Flamingo". It uses digital poetry to collect pieces of written art but also to give different artists a plattform. So some projects of digital art can be described as a form of an artwork as well as an exhibition.

Related pages 

 Acrostic
 Sonnet 
 Poet
 Free verse
Literature

Literature is a group of works of art made up of words. Most are written, but some are passed on by word of mouth. Literature usually means a work of poetry, theatre or narrative. There are many different kinds of literature, such as poetry, plays, or novels. They can also be put into groups through their language, historical period, origin, genre, and subject. The word "Literature" comes from the Latin word "Literatura" (English: "Learning", "Writing", "Grammar").

Most of the earliest works were epic poems. Epic poems are long stories or myths about adventures. Ramayana and Mahabharta, two Indian epics, are still read today. Odyssey and Iliad are two famous Greek poems by Homer. They were passed down through speaking and written down around the 8th century BC.

Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is looked at for its artistic value.

Related pages
Branko Mikasinovich
English literature
Enid Blyton

References

Other websites 
 Wikisource
Imagination

Imagination is the ability to form images of things or events in one's mind. When someone imagines something, they are trying to picture something in their mind that they are not experiencing at the moment or that is not really happening. 
Imagination is a way to have fun, Imagination can also cause distress.

Relating pages 
Fiction
Science fiction
Fantasy

Everyday life
Psychology
Bolus

In biology, a bolus (from the Latin word for ball), is a ball-shaped living thing.

In medicine, a bolus is a large amount of a drug given to patients to raise the blood level before treatment.

A bolus can also refer to a ball of food after it has been chewed. It passes down the oesophagus by peristalsis.

Physiology
Medicine
Dental floss

Dental floss is a special type of thread. It is used for cleaning spaces between teeth which cannot be reached by toothbrushes. It is important to floss before brushing teeth and to floss at least once a day.  Tooth brushing will not clean food that is packed between teeth. This 'food packing' can lead to unhealthy teeth and gums. Bacteria grow in this 'packed food' between teeth. These bacteria cause the surface of teeth (enamel) to break down. Then the teeth and gums and sometimes even the jaw can become seriously diseased. 

These bacteria that come from the food on the teeth and between the teeth are called "plaque" or "bacterial plaque" and also can cause the gums to become less healthy. "Gingivitis" which means gum disease is one type of disease that flossing helps to prevent. Very serious diseases can start on the teeth and move to the bone of the jaw, damaging the jaw badly. Flossing your teeth reduces the danger of these serious diseases of the jaw bone. These hard-to-cure jaw bone diseases are called "periodontal disease". 

Food that is trapped between the teeth can be uncomfortable and even cause pain. Some food is hard, for example meat, apple. Ground meat is soft and so is apple sauce. Chicken and turkey meat are hard and full of fibres and very often get trapped between the teeth. When hard food is trapped between the teeth it can cause discomfort and sometimes pain. When hard food is pressed by the teeth against the gum it can cause pain. Some people use toothpicks to try to remove trapped food from between the teeth and other people use dental floss to do this.

Dental floss can do most things that a toothpick can do but dental floss is much thinner than a toothpick and can thus get to places that most toothpicks cannot reach. So floss presumably does a better job at getting bits of food out from between the teeth, relieving discomfort and pain quicker.

When a person first starts flossing, bleeding can happen. This is normal and happens because teeth and gums that are not flossed are less healthy. It will stop as the teeth and gums get healthier with flossing.

Hygiene
Teeth
Bile

Bile or gall is a green-yellow fluid. It is secreted from the liver of most vertebrate animals, and is often stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps digest fat.

The components of bile are
 Water
 Cholesterol
 Bile pigments
 Bile salts

The name gall comes from the Greek word cholè meaning green or yellow.
The term cholesterol and the illness cholera were named after gall.

Bile is also stored in bile ducts. Often after liver transplants, bile comes out of the body.

Physiology
Das Lied der Deutschen

Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the German people"), also known as Deutschlandlied, ("The Song of Germany"), is a song written by Joseph Haydn and Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Part of this song is the national anthem of Germany (German National Anthem).

A line from this song, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and justice and freedom") is the considered to be the unofficial motto of Germany.

History
The music was written by Haydn in 1797 as the anthem of Austria. It was called "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God protect our Emperor Franz"). The words which are used today were written by the poet August Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben in 1841. 

Today, the first line "Germany, Germany above all" sounds too strong for some people, and is often misunderstood. Fallersleben wanted a united Germany when he wrote it. At that time, Germany was not one country, but many small countries. So "Germany above all" meant that the most important thing to do was to have a unified Germany. Also, the poet was in Heligoland, where people spoke German but were ruled by the British.

Fallersleben's music was very popular in Germany during the second part of the 19th century. This song was not a national anthem then, but a patriotic song supporting a united German state. In 1918, it replaced the anthem of the German Empire "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" ("Praise to the war-winner"), when the Emperor Wilhelm II lost power at the end of the First World War. In 1921, a "fourth stanza", a new part or verse, was written by poet Albert Matthai with words about the difficult life in Germany at that time.  This verse was rarely used.

During the time of Hitler, only the first part of the song was used. This was often followed by a Nazi party song.  This offended the international audience as the first stanza supports Germany holding colonial powers in non-consenting nations.

After the Second World War, Germany was divided into two countries. In 1949, the new Western Germany tried to get a new song for the national anthem. Another song was chosen, written by poet Rudolf Alexander Schröder. It was not very popular. Finally, the third part of the Fallersleben song was made into the national anthem.

In the other part of Germany, the Eastern Germany, the words of poet Johannes R. Becher ("Auferstanden aus Ruinen" - "Re-built from the Ruins") were used with a song written by Hanns Eisler. It was not very popular, and from the 1970s the words were not sung, because of the line "Germany, [our] unified fatherland".

After East and West Germany united again in 1990, the Fallersleben song again became the national anthem of Germany but only the third part is used. Today, the first part of the song is popular with nationalist extremists.



Related pages
German National Anthem

Germany
National anthems
Mottos
Evidence

Evidence is something that is used to support an argument.  It gives examples of why something is true. 

For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk. If a witness saw the cat spilling the milk, her testimony would also be evidence.

References 
Law
Criminal investigation
Air space

Air space is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation. You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane. The air traffic controllers make sure the planes go in the right place and do not hit each other or something else. Some countries are very protective of their air space.

Aviation
Geography
Swamp cooler

Swamp coolers are simple type of air conditioning device that can cool a room of a house or a car by using the cooling effect of the evaporation of water. Swamp coolers can cool the air temperature in a small space by drawing the air through wet pads (some are made of aspen wood) using an electric fan.

Swamp coolers work best in dry climates such as the American Southwest and the American South.  They are usually much cheaper to buy and operate than refrigerated air-conditioning devices.

This type of air conditioner was first used thousands of years ago in ancient Iran

Home appliances
Saskatoon

Saskatoon is a city in Saskatchewan, Canada.  Saskatoon is the biggest city in Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, though, is not the capital of Saskatchewan. Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan.   The South Saskatchewan River flows through the centre of the city and many people enjoy boating, biking and walking in this area.  The University of Saskatchewan is also in Saskatoon.

The name Saskatoon [in Cree: sâskwatôn, "Saskatoon"] comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina "saskatoon berries", which refers to the sweet, violet-coloured berry that grows in the area.

Other websites 
Saskatoon City Information

References
Suffix

A suffix is a few letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.  It is a type of affix mostly used to show Inflection

Verb examples:
 -ed
 -er
 -ing
 -s
 -ing
 walk
 walked
 walker
 walking
 walks

Adjective examples:
 -er
 -est

 easy
 easier
 easiest

Compare to prefix. Prefixes are letters put at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.

References 

Grammar
Flavor

Flavour or flavor (US English) is the main quality of anything which affects the taste. When someone remarks on the flavor of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.

Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something. This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in processed food there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors.

Food and drink
Characteristics

hu:Aroma
Arrow

An arrow is a projectile fired with a bow. A bow and arrow is a weapon used before medieval times and later.  For thousands of years, people all over the world have used bows and arrows for hunting and for defense.  Arrows have a sharp point at one end and usually a flight at the other end. The flight is usually made of feathers and helps the arrow go through the air straight. Someone who makes arrows is a fletcher.

A picture of an arrow is often used to point to something. Arrows look may like this: -->. "Double-headed" arrows look like this: <-->.

Archery
Weapons
Spirituality

Spirituality is a name given to matters of the spirit. These can be any kind of meaningful personal activity or peaceful experience. There is not one agreed upon way to explain what happens. It is a concept so people can see and understand it in different ways. Some people believe spirituality is a part of religion. Others who are not religious, still seek and have spiritual experiences.

Matters of the spirit 

"Matters of the spirit" may include the meaning in a person's life (or in all life), and how to find and improve on it. They may also include someone's search for God, the supernatural, a divine influence in their lives, or information about the afterlife, and how to best deal with each. "Matters of the spirit" may also include how to live among others as a group, or in a certain environment.

"Spiritual, but not religious" 
Some who do not believe in an organized religion may still be interested in the "spirits" of humanity or of nature and live a certain way, or worship ancestors or creation because it gives them a sense of happiness to do so. This is referred to as spiritual but not religious.

Another common usage refers to people who ascribe to ideals "greater than themselves." For many, this leads to a pursuit of some form of enlightenment, often through meditation, yoga, philosophy or, in some cases, a study of Metaphysics.

Many philosophers work to find answers to spiritual questions, although some may deny the existence of a 'god' or any supernatural influences. Throughout the world however, philosophers have often had ideas about spirituality. The following are a few 20th century examples:

Arne Naess - the founder of deep ecology
Gregory Bateson - philosopher
Jiddu Krishnamurti - renowned Indian thinker
Osho/Shri Rashneesh - Indian scholar who, while a critic of religion, worked to create a new spiritual movement
Felicitas Goodman- researched the subject of trance

Related pages
 List of religions and spiritual traditions
 Mysticism
 Piety

References

Other websites

Religion
Spirituality
2002

2002 (MMII) was .

Events 
 January 1 – The Treaty on Open Skies, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force.
 January 1 – Euro notes and coins started to be used in France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Austria, the Republic of Ireland, and the Netherlands.
 January 5 – A light aircraft crashes into a Tampa, Florida building, bringing fear of a repeat September 11, 2001 attacks.
 January 10 – Enrique Bolaños became the President of the Republic of Nicaragua.
 January 16 – The UN Security Council agreed to forbid selling arms to Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaida, and the Taliban and freezes their assets.
 January 17 – Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo erupts, leaving about 400,000 people without a home.
 January 23 – Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl is kidnapped in Pakistan, accused of being a CIA agent.
 January 31 – A large section of the Antarctic Larsen Ice Shelf begins breaking up, eventually consuming about 3,250 km² (1,254 miles²) after 35 days.
 February 8-24 – The 19th Olympic Winter Games were held in Salt Lake City, Utah.
 April 28 – Green Party of Pakistan is formed
 May 20 – Independence of East Timor.

Nobel prize winners 

 Chemistry – John B. Fenn
 Chemistry – Koichi Tanaka
 Chemistry – Kurt Wüthrich
 Economics – Daniel Kahneman
 Economics – Vernon L. Smith
 Literature – Imre Kertész
 Medicine – Sydney Brenner
 Medicine – H. Robert Horvitz
 Medicine – John E. Sulston
 Peace – Jimmy Carter
 Physics – Raymond Davis Jr.
 Physics – Riccardo Giacconi
 Physics – Masatoshi Koshiba

Deaths 
 January 8 – Dave Thomas, founder of Wendy's fast food chain (b. 1932)
 February 13 – Waylon Jennings, American country music singer (b. 1937)
 April 5 – Layne Staley, American singer (Alice in Chains) (b. 1967)
 May 18 – Davey Boy Smith, British professional wrestler (b. 1962)
 June 27 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (b. 1944)
 October 13 – Stephen E. Ambrose, American historian and biographer (b. 1936)
 December 22 – Joe Strummer, British musician (The Clash) (b. 1952)

References
2003

2003 (MMIII) was .

Events 
 January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
 February 1 – Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed during re-entry. All seven astronauts on board died.
 February 4 the Hindu minority of Bnagladesh declare the sovereign state of Bangabhumi, recognised by UNPO.
 July 10 – Wikibooks, a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, was created.
 October 30 – Wicked has its first show at the Gershwin Theatre in Broadway.

Nobel prize winners 

 Chemistry – Peter Agre 
 Chemistry – Roderick MacKinnon 
 Economics – Robert F. Engle III 
 Economics – Clive W.J. Granger 
 Literature – J. M. Coetzee 
 Medicine – Paul C. Lauterbur 
 Medicine – Sir Peter Mansfield 
 Peace – Shirin Ebadi 
 Physics – Alexei A. Abrikosov 
 Physics – Vitaly L. Ginzburg 
 Physics – Anthony J. Leggett

Deaths 
 January 12 – Maurice Gibb, British musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
 January 17 - Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
 January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
 February 1 – Crew of Space Shuttle Columbia: Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, Michael P. Anderson, Ilan Ramon, Kalpana Chawla, David M. Brown, Laurel Clark
 February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
 June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
 June 26 – Strom Thurmond, U.S. Senator (b. 1902)
 June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
 July 25 – John Schlesinger, English movie director (b. 1926)
 August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator
 September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
 September 23 – Shawn Lane, American musician
Common year

A common year is a year that is not a leap year.  In the Gregorian calendar, a common year has 365 days. This means a common year has 52 weeks and one day.  So if a certain year started on a Monday, the following year will start on a Tuesday.  Stated differently, a common year always begins and ends on the same day of the week. (For example, in 2021 (the previous year), both January 1 and December 31 falls on a Friday.) 

In the Gregorian calendar, 303 out of every 400 years are common years. In the Julian calendar, 300 out of every 400 years were common years. All the other years are special and known as leap years.

2000, a leap year, began on a Saturday.
2001 began on a Monday.
2002 began on a Tuesday.
2003 began on a Wednesday.
2004, a leap year, began on a Thursday.
2005 began on a Saturday.
2006 began on a Sunday.
2007 began on a Monday.
2008, a leap year, began on a Tuesday.
2009 began on a Thursday.
2010 began on a Friday.
2011 began on a Saturday.
2012, a leap year, began on a Sunday.
2013 began on a Tuesday.
2014 began on a Wednesday.
2015 began on a Thursday.
2016, a leap year, began on a Friday.
2017 began on a Sunday.
2018 began on a Monday.
2019 began on a Tuesday.
2020, a leap year, began on a Wednesday.
2021 began on a Friday.
2022 began on a Saturday.
2023 will begin on a Sunday.
2024, a leap year, will begin on a Monday.

Months 
These are the 12 months in a year.

 January has 31 days.
 February has 28 days.
 March has 31 days.
 April has 30 days.
 May has 31 days.
 June has 30 days.
 July has 31 days.
 August has 31 days.
 September has 30 days.
 October has 31 days.
 November has 30 days.
 December has 31 days.

There are 7 months with 31 days. There are 4 months with 30 days. There is 1 month with 28 days. In the Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, every 4 years there are 29 days in February, which is called a leap year. This happens because every year is 365 and 1/4 days but instead of us having a spare quarter of a day in each year we add them all up every 4 years and make an extra day to avoid confusion and make things easier for everyone.
In the Gregorian Calendar, which was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, because the Julian calendar added slightly too many years, three leap years were removed for every 400 years. These are those that are multiples of 100, but not multiples of 400. Thus, in the Gregorian calendar, 2020 is a leap year, but not 2019 and 2021, 1900 is not a leap year even though 1904 and 1896 are, and 2000 is a leap year even though 1900 and 2100 are not.  

Years
Decade

A decade (pronounce: DEK-aid) is a period of 10 years. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word for ten: "deka". 10 decades make a century, while 100 decades make a millennium. A decade is any 10 year period: There are different ways to refer to different groupings of ten years. For example, the period from 2001 to 2010 can be described as the 1st decade of the 21st century. An individual who has been alive two full decades is referred to as being in their 20s for the next decade of their life, from age 20 to 29. Decades are also considered specific groups of ten years sharing the same tens digit, identified by name, as in the nineteen-eighties (1980s) referring to the period from 1980 to 1989 and the nineteen-nineties (1990s) referring to the period from 1990 to 1999. This is the sense meant when someone refers to decades without other context, for example saying 'next decade' in any year between 2020 and 2029 would indicate the 2030s. Sometimes this is shortened to just the decade, where the context is clear, as in the eighties (80s) or the nineties (90s). No apostrophe is used before the s in the names of these decades. 

Some decades also have nicknames, such as the Roaring Twenties (1920s), the Gangsta Rap Nineties (1990s) (US), the Naughty Nineties (1890s) (UK), and the Swinging Sixties (1960s).  

Units of time
21st century

The 21st century started on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100.  It is the current century.

Years 
Note: movie years before or after the twenty-first century are in italics.
Ijtihad

Ijtihad is the process of reaching a legal decision on the basis of one's own interpretation of Islamic law. The word is related to the better-known jihad. 

Ijtihad appeared  among the Muhammad's companions. 

Islam
Jungle

The jungle is a place in a rain forest where the forest floor is crowded with plants. Like other rainy places, they have many rivers or streams. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. When people talk about jungles, they sometimes mean the whole rainforest.

The crowding in a jungle leaves little room to walk. This may make it dangerous to people.

Forests
Biomes
Rain

Rain is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. It is measured by a rain gauge. Rain is part of the water cycle.

Clouds will often absorb smoke to create rain, commonly referred to as "nature's laundry" due to this process.

Some places have frequent rain. This makes rainforests. Some have little rain. This makes deserts.

A rainstorm is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause flash floods in valleys. Heavy rain for a long time may make floods that destroy houses and drown people. Also, landslides may happen.

Convectional rain 
When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. Convection makes the air rise and  cool. When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows.This usually occurs on flat land. This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.

Relief rain 
Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapour condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain.  On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. The rainiest places in the world are places that have relief rainfall.

Frontal rain/Cyclonic rain 

Frontal rain happens when cooler air and warmer, humid air meet in a weather front.  The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds grow and eventually create rain. In some places on the northern temperate zone the cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.

Collection 
Some people collect rain in a rainwater tank. People use rainwater for watering plants, cleaning the house, bathing, or drinking. It is not always safe to drink rainwater. It can have bacteria, parasites, viruses, and chemicals that could make people sick.

Related pages 
 Water cycle

References

Other websites 

BBC article on rain-making.

Basic English 850 words
Precipitation
Gambling

Gambling is a contest where a player bets on the result of an event. The bet is generally in the form of money. The rules and the amount of money bet have to be decided on before the event happens.

History
Playing cards appeared in the 9th century AD in China. Records trace gambling in Japan back at least as far as the 14th century.

Poker, the most popular U.S. card game associated with gambling, derives from the Persian game As-Nas, dating back to the 17th century.

The first known casino, the Ridotto, started operating in 1638 in Venice, Italy.

Types
There are three variables common to all gambling.
 The amount of the bet.
 The predictability, or probability, of something that would happen in the event.
 The odds agreed upon by the players.

There are many types of gambling. Casino games, sports betting (especially horse racing), and state lotteries are some of the most common forms of gambling. Investments, such as stocks, bonds and real estate, are also sometimes considered forms of gambling. Generally, the odds are not in favor of the gambler.

Issues
Many people gamble for fun and entertainment. For others it becomes an addiction and a financial burden. Gambling addiction is a serious mental health issue that can become life-threatening. People with a gambling problem should seek help. Research shows that older people are more vulnerable and how the brain can get addicted to gambling.

Rules
Gambling regulation differs in different countries. Some have established specific legal institutions. However, some countries have only overseeing laws. A well-known executive institution is The Gambling Commission in the UK. Its main function is controlling commercial gambling in partnership with people in charge of licensing. An example of strict ruling is the Gambling Law in the USA. The law decides gaming rules for local, state, and federal businesses. In the United States, gambling is restricted almost everywhere, except in Las Vegas and in Atlantic City, New Jersey. New Jersey, legalised online gambling and poker in November 2013.In 2018, Swiss citizens voted that gambling should also be allowed on the Internet in the future. A convincing 73% voted in the referendum, in which 1.8 million Swiss people took part. The new Gaming Act was put into effect by the Federal Gaming Board on January 1, 2019. Since then, it has been completely legal for Swiss citizens to play games of chance on the Internet.

In some places, such as mainland China, gambling is illegal. Chinese people cannot do so inside their country, so they go outside of it, such as to Macau, which is known as the "gambling capital of the world" because of its many big casinos. Other countries and local governments, such as Hong Kong, have some kind of gambling control board to make sure people don't gamble too much while allowing them to gamble.

Gambling has been banned in Brazil since 1946.

References

Other websites
 Gambling legislation and regulations
Market

A market is a place where people go to buy or sell things. When people have products to sell, they set up a market place.  There may be a special building for the market place, or the market may be held in an open space where the sellers can put up a stall (like a kind of tent) and then take the stall down at the end of the day.

The word market can also have a more general meaning in the economy.  It can mean the way things are bought or sold.  "There is a big market for dishwashers" means that lots of people want to buy dishwashers, so therefore a business that makes dishwashers is likely to be able to make a lot of money.  When things are sold, people buy the product, and this "stimulates the economy" (helps people to spend and earn money). The market needs to balance supply and demand. There is no point in supplying (making) lots of dishwashers if people do not want them.  In the market prices may change quickly if supply or demand changes.

Competition 
If a seller of a good cannot supply what customers want or ask for too high of a price, other sellers may try to supply that good. If other sellers enter the market for that good, in competition, that will tend to fulfill demand and lower prices.  Sellers who do not like competition may try to kill the competition. This would establish a monopoly, and many countries have laws to protect the free market against such practices.

Related pages 
 Market forms
 Shop

Basic English 850 words
Monday

Monday is a day of the week. In some countries, it is the second day of the week. In other parts of the world, including some countries in Europe, Monday is the first day of the week.

The International Standards Organization considers Monday the first day of the week.

Other websites

01
Tax

Tax is money that people have to pay to the government.

The government uses the money it gets from taxes to pay for things. For example, taxes are used to pay for people who work for the government, such as the military and police, provide services such as education and health care, and to maintain or build things like roads, bridges and sewers.

Types of taxes 

There are many different kinds of taxes. They may be direct tax or indirect  tax.
 Taxes that are based on how much money a company earns are called corporate taxes 
 Taxes that are based on how much money a person earns are called income taxes. 

 Taxes that are based on how much a person buys are called sales taxes. 
 Taxes that are based on how much a person owns are called property taxes. Things like houses have a property tax on them.
 Taxes that are paid when official documents are approved are called stamp duties (because in the past the document would have a stamp put on it). Changing who owns a house will often need a document approving. 
 Taxes that are paid when somebody dies are called inheritance or estate taxes.

Taxes can also be split into 3 groups:
 Flat taxes: Everybody pays the same percentage. Russia has a flat income tax and everybody in Russia has to pay 13% of the income.
 Progressive taxes: The more money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Most countries have progressive income taxes.
 Regressive taxes: The less money a person makes, the higher percentage of their income they have to pay. Sales taxes are usually called regressive as poor people spend a higher percentage of their money than rich people.

Paying lots of different taxes 
Often because different parts of governments use taxes for different things, people end up paying lots of taxes.

In the United States, for example, the national government has an income tax; most states have an income tax or a sales tax, or both; and cities and towns may have a sales tax or a property tax. In some states such as Ohio, the sales tax is different in each county.

Before Taxes 
In ancient times, people from one city or area would attack another place, and make the people there pay tribute. Tribute meant that the attacked people would pay money (or other things), and the attacker would stop attacking them. A famous tribute was the Danegeld, when people from Denmark conquered part of England and made the English pay thousands of silver coins.

Groups who are against taxes 
Anarchists and Libertarians are against all taxes or against high taxes. As people are paying them unwillingly and under the threat of sanctions, they say that taxation is the same as robbery.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Eric Idle

Eric Idle (born 29 March 1943) is an English actor, comedian, composer, musician, singer-songwriter and writer. He is one of the members of Monty Python. Monty Python is a British comedy team.

Eric Idle was born on 29 March 1943 in South Shields, County Durham, England. He studied English at Pembroke College, Cambridge.

Eric is known for his songwriting and singing skills. His songs were important parts of the Monty Python television programme and movies. He wrote the song "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life". This song was written as the closing song of the 1979 movie Life of Brian.

Eric lives in Studio City, California.

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from County Durham
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English comedians
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Grammy Award winners
Monty Python
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Adelaide

Adelaide is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and it has an approximate population of 1.2 million people.

It is the fifth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. Adelaide was founded in 1836 by Colonel William Light, who named it after Queen Adelaide.

Adelaide is near the Southern Ocean and is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula. It has a river going through it called the River Torrens. Many festivals are held there. Adelaide has a hot-summer and cool-wet-winter Mediterranean climate. Grapes for wine production are grown in the Barossa Valley about 50 kilometres (30 miles) northeast of Adelaide, in the McLaren Vale about 30 kilometres south of Adelaide and parts of the Mt Lofty Ranges to the east.

References

Other websites 

 Adelaide Airport

1836 establishments
 
1830s establishments in Australia
Yoshi

Yoshi is a fictional dinosaur who appears in the Mario series of video games made by Nintendo. The character was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. 

Yoshi's best-known ability is his ability to eat enemies. He has a long tongue which he uses to grab enemies and eat them. In some games, after Yoshi eats enemies, they turn into eggs, which can be thrown.  One of Yoshi's best friends is Mario who helps Yoshi throughout the dangerous situations. Sometimes, Mario can ride Yoshi. 

Yoshi also can jump very high, and can also float in the air a little bit by kicking his legs. He can also ground pound enemies by quickly jumping on them.

Yoshis are usually green, but can come in many other colors. These other colors include green, red, cyan, blue, pink, yellow, brown, black, or white. Blue Yoshi is especially in Super Mario World. In Super Mario 64 DS,  Rec Room there's a light blue color in one of Yoshi's minigames Tox Box. In Vs Mode. Multiplayer, it has a dark blue color and the third player can play him.

In some games, Yoshi gains powers, like flying or shooting fireballs, by eating the shells of enemies known as Koopalings, which look like turtles.

Yoshi first appeared in the game Super Mario World (SNES), which was released in 1990 in Japan and 1991 in the United States.

Main playable appearances
Mario Kart 64 (N64)
Mario Kart: Super Circuit (GBA)
Mario Kart DS (DS)
Mario Kart Wii (Wii)
Mario Kart 7 (3DS)
Mario Party series (N64, GCN, DS, and Wii)
Super Mario 64 DS (DS) (Vs Mode multiplayer only, the one with the game card is Green Yoshi, others are Red, Blue, and Yellow Yoshi.
Super Mario Kart (SNES)
Super Mario Sunshine (GCN)
Super Smash Bros. (N64)
Super Smash Bros. Melee (GCN)
Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (GCN)
Mario Power Tennis (GCN)
Super Mario Strikers (Wii)
Super Mario World (SNES)
Yoshi's Island (SNES), (GBA)
Yoshi's Island DS (DS)
Yoshi Touch & Go (DS)
Yoshi Topsy-Turvy (GBA)
Yoshi's Story (N64)
Mario Strikers Charged Football (Wii)
Super Smash Bros. Brawl (Wii)
Super Mario Galaxy 2 (Wii)
New Super Mario Bros. U (Wii U)

Reception
Yoshi is a very well-known character in the Mario series. Yoshi is also seen a lot in Mario toys, games, and shirts. Yoshi was in two of the Mcdonald's Happy Meal Mario toy promotions, which only starred Mario, Donkey Kong and Yoshi himself. In a 2008 poll, Yoshi was voted as the third favorite video game character in Japan. Cloud Strife and Mario were second and first place, in that order.

References

Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in 1990
Mario series characters
Fictional dinosaurs
Lake

A lake (from Latin lacus) is a large body of water (larger and deeper than a pond) within a body of land. As a lake is separated from the ocean, it is not a sea. Some lakes are very big, and people in the past sometimes called them seas. Lakes do not flow like rivers, but many have rivers flowing into and out of them.

Most lakes on the surface of the Earth are fresh water and most are in the Northern Hemisphere. More than 60% of the lakes of the world are in Canada. Finland is known as The Land of the Thousand Lakes (there are 187,888 lakes in Finland, of which 60,000 are large).

Many lakes are man-made reservoirs built to produce electricity, for recreation, or to use the water for irrigation or industry, or in houses.

If there are not rivers flowing out of the lake (see Endorheic basin), or they are few and small, the lake loses water only by evaporation or because the water flows through the soil pores. Where the water evaporates rapidly and the soil around the lake has a high salt level, as in very dry places, the water of the lake has a high concentration of salt and the lake is called a salt lake. Examples of salt lakes are the Great Salt Lake, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and the Dead Sea.

Largest lakes by continent 

 Africa - Lake Victoria, also the second largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa.
 Antarctica - Lake Vostok.
 Asia - Lake Baikal is the largest lake that is completely in Asia. The Caspian Sea, the largest lake on Earth, is on the Europe-Asia border (an artificial border) and so both continents share this lake.
 Australia - Lake Eyre, that most of the time is without water; it takes water when it rains a lot.
 Europe - Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both in northwestern Russia.
 North America - Lake Superior.
 South America - Lake Maracaibo but it is like a bay because it has a wide opening to sea. The largest freshwater lake of South America is Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest body of water on Earth at 3,821 m (12,507 ft) above sea level where boats can travel.

Notable lakes 
 The largest lake in the world by area is the Caspian Sea, with 394,299 km². The largest freshwater lake by area is Lake Superior (82,414 km²), part of the Great Lakes.
 The longest freshwater lake is Lake Tanganyika, with a length of about 660 km. Lake Baikal is the second longest (about 630 km from tip to tip).
 The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia, with a bottom at 1,637 m (5,371 ft). Lake Tanganyika (1,470 m) is the second deepest lake.
 The highest lake of the world is a small lake (pond) without a name on Ojos del Salado at 6,390 m (20,965 ft). But the highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,812 m (12,507 ft).
 The lowest lake of the world is the Dead Sea, bordering Israel and Jordan at 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level. It is also one of the lakes with highest salt concentration.
 Lake Enriquillo in Dominican Republic is the only saltwater lake in the world where crocodiles live.

Related pages
 List of lakes

References 

 
Biomes
East

East is one of the 4 main directions on a compass (called cardinal directions). East is normally to the right on most maps. For example: Japan is east of China, which is itself east of Pakistan. When “The East” is described: it usually refers to the countries of Asia (especially from Pakistan eastwards like China and India). The sun and moon are also seen to rise in the east.

Basic English 850 words
Compass directions
Population

A population is the number of living people that live together in the same place. A city's population is the number of people living in that city. These people are called inhabitants or residents.  The population includes all individuals that live in that certain area.The world population was estimated to have reached 7.5 billion in April 2017.  Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants being 60% of the world population.  The most populous country is China with 1.4 billion people.

Population density is the average number of people in a place. Urban areas such as big cities have a high population density. People there live close to each other. In areas with a low population density, people usually live far away from each other, such as in rural areas out in the countryside.

Usually population refers to the number of humans in a certain area. The maximum population that can be supported in an area is called the carrying capacity.

Population trends 
Global population is going up, but the population growth rate is declining all over the world.  Growth in poor countries is faster than in rich ones; some rich countries have a population pyramid that is nearly square. Urbanization is also common, and urban areas usually have lower birth rates. In population growth, births exceed deaths. In the modern world this is due to reduction of infant deaths, control of infectious diseases, and improved agriculture so more people can eat.

The change in population from 2010 to 2015 was:
 World: +420 million
 Africa: +146 million
 Asia: +223 million
 Europe: +3 million
 Latin America and Caribbean: +35 million
 Northern America: +14 million
 Oceania: +2.9 million

Human population control is the practice of altering the rate of growth of a human population. Concerns about overpopulation and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation, and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates.

Related pages 
 Population growth
 Overpopulation
 Census

References

Further reading 

 YAN Kun(2011). The tendency equation of the population and its limit value in the United Kingdom (Brief annotation of the connection equation(R)), Xi'an: Xi'an Modern Nonlinear Science Applying Institute.

Social sciences