cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Carl Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer. He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today. Psychology is the science of how people think and feel. His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or Jungian Analysis.

Jung worked for about seven years with Sigmund Freud early in his career, but they fell out over a theory and from 1913 went their separate ways. This was because they disagreed about what motivated people and how to understand psychology.

Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology. The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have. The test called the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on his ideas. He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.

Jung spent his life learning from observation and read exceptionally widely subjects as different as philosophy, science, anthropology, religion, literature, art and historical books relating to alchemy and the occult. He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them. He investigated them to find out what symbols they contained and how ancient people tried to make sense of the world around them. Alchemy is considered a precursor of modern chemistry.

He wrote in academic German, for doctors, psychologists and many other educated people. Most people who study Jung start with the book Man and His Symbols. It was written by colleagues of Jung so that people would be able understand him. Another useful introduction to his work is his Biography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, written mostly by his secretary, Mrs Aniela Jaffe, and to which he contributed three or four chapters.

Jung also created important terms called collective unconscious, archetypes, extraversion (outer world) and introversion (internal world).   

Jung died a widower in his mid-eighties in Kusnacht, Canton of Zurich Switzerland.

Biography 
Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.

In popular culture 

 The American rock band Tool was influenced by ideas of Jung for their album Ænima.
 The Lighthouse (2019) by American movie director Robert Eggers has many references to Jung.

Works 
Jung, C. G. 1953. Psychiatric Studies. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 1. 1953, ed. Michael Fordham, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index. Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.

References 

1875 births
1961 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
Psychiatrists
Psychoanalysts
Swiss psychologists
Swiss people
Fred Astaire

Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz (10 May 1899 – 22 June 1987), was an American dancer, singer and actor. He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his day.

Life
Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, and when she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers. After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television. He appeared in 32 movies. His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase. Their An evening with Fred Astaire won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.

Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so. He owed something to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.

Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer. He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the Great American Songbook. He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children. After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.

Sources

Astaire, Fred. Steps in Time, 1959, 
Billman, Larry. Fred Astaire — a bio-bibliography, Greenwood Press 1997, 
Freeland, Michael. Fred Astaire: an illustrated biography, Grosset & Dunlap, 1976. 
Thomas, Bob. Astaire, the man, the dancer. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985.

Other websites 

 (Astaire is the first biographical entry in the IMDB database.)
Fred Astaire biography at Allmovie Guide
 Fred Astaire tribute site.
Fred Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net 
Time.com: The Great American Flyer   Fred Astaire:1899-1987 
Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by Richard Corliss 
Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers 
Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy. (BBC Television - Realplayer required)
Fred Astaire at Find-A-Grave
"He's in Heaven..." - In Memoriam Fred Astaire

1899 births
1987 deaths
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from Nebraska
Game Boy Advance

The Game Boy Advance, commonly abbreviated as GBA, is a 32-bit handheld video game console. It was manufactured by Nintendo. The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.

The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on 21 March 2001. Nintendo later released it in North America on 11 June 2001, in Australia on 20 June 2001, and in Europe on 22 June 2001.

Other models

Game Boy Advance SP

The Game Boy Advance SP (announced in 2002) is one of the two Game Boy Advance variations, first released in Japan on February 14, 2003, in Europe on March 23, 2003, in North America on March 28, 2003, and in Australia on April 10, 2003. It is similar to the original model, but it has a "clamshell" design, meaning that it can be folded to open and close which was later used in all the DS and 3DS models except the original 2DS. The Game Boy Advance SP has a rechargeable battery, and it does not run on two AA batteries. The Game Boy Advance SP has a backlit screen, meaning it has a bright screen (older versions of the GBA SP have a frontlit screen). Like its predecessor, it is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games.

Game Boy Micro

The Game Boy Micro is one of the two variations of the Game Boy Advance and is the last model in the Game Boy Line (alongside the AGS-101 model of the SP) announced at E3 2005. Development of the Micro began in 2004. It is smaller than most handhelds and is designed to fit inside coin pockets. It retains a rechargeable battery and backlit screen from the Game Boy Advance SP. The Game Boy Micro removed backwards compatibility with original Game Boy and Game Boy Color games as it is not compatible with accessories made for the GBA and SP. It also is incompatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. The Game Boy Micro also has a removable face plate for alternative designs. The Micro did not sell well as it was overshadowed by its successor, the Nintendo DS, which also plays GBA games.

Size: 50×101×17.2 mm (2×4×0.7 in)
Weight: 80 g (2.8 oz)
Processor: 32-bit 16.8 MHz ARM processor (ARM7TDMI)
Colors: various
Screen: 51 mm / 2 inches, backlit with adjustable brightness.
Resolution: 240×160 pixels
Battery: built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery. It has up to five hours of battery life with top brightness and sound and eight hours with both features on default.
Headphones: standard 3.5mm headphone jack

The Game Boy Micro has a switch on its right side to make the volume lower or higher. If the player presses the L shoulder button, it can be used to adjust the backlit screen between 5 different brightness levels.

References

Game Boy
Nintendo video game consoles
Amerie

Amerie or Ameriie (born Amerie Mi Marie Rogers, married name Nicholson, January 12, 1980), is an American R&B singer.

Early life
Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father. Her first language is Korean.

Personal life
In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson. On March 1, 2010, they were engaged. The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.

Albums 
 All I Have (2002) number 9 in US charts
 Touch (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
 Because I Love It (2007), number 7 in UK chart
 In Love & War (2009)
 Cymatika (2012)

Singles 
 "Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
 "Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
 "Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
 "1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.

References

1980 births
Living people
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Alaska
Singers from Alaska
American movie actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American bloggers
Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July 1954 in Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chancellor of Germany from 22 November 2005 to 8 December 2021.

She was born in Hamburg, at the time part of West Germany, and grew up in the former German Democratic Republic, where she lived until the reuniting of Germany in 1990. Merkel is now married to Joachim Sauer, a professor of chemistry. From 2000 to 2018, she was the chairperson (was in charge of) the German conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).

Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor on 22 November 2005 in a coalition of the two biggest German political parties, the CDU/CSU and SPD. After the next election in 2009, she formed a coalition with the German liberal party FDP. After the 2013 and 2017 Federal Elections, she again emerged as chancellor of a coalition government.

Her father was a Lutheran pastor and her mother was a school teacher. Before becoming a politician, she worked as a researcher in Physical Chemistry. In December 2015, she was named as Time magazine's Person of the Year. 

In October 2018, Merkel announced her permanent retirement from politics, as she said she would not seek reelection as leader of the CDU at the party convention in December 2018 and as Chancellor in 2021. After this, another female politician, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, replaced her as CDU leader.

References 

 
1954 births
Living people
Chancellors of Germany
East German people
German chemists
German Lutherans
Government ministers of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Time People of the Year
Women politicians
Chinese dragon

A Chinese dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China. The dragon in the Qing Dynasty came out on national flags.

Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories. Since people discovered dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China.

There are people inside Chinese dragons. Dragons are very popular in China.  The phoenix is a dragon that has five claws and was a powerful symbol for the emperors in China.

References 

Legendary creatures
Chinese culture
Motown

Motown is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy. It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups. Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
 Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
 The Temptations
 The Supremes
 The Jackson 5
 The Four Tops
 Gladys Knight and the Pips
 Marvin Gaye
 The Isley Brothers
 Rick James

"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.

Other websites

1959 establishments in the United States
American record labels
Detroit, Michigan
Music genres
1950s establishments in Michigan
Vanilla Ninja

Vanilla Ninja is a music group made up of four girls named Lenna Kuurmaa, Katrin Siska, Piret Järvis. Previous members are Triinu Kivilaan & Maarja Kivi.
The band has had some popular songs in Europe and they were in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005.

Discography 
 All released singles and their chart peak position: Estonia (EST), Germany (GER), Austria (AUT), Switzerland (SWI), Poland (POL), and Finland (FIN).

Albums

Singles

Music videos

DVDs 
 2004 - Traces of Sadness (Live in Estonia)
 2005 - Best Of: The Video Collection

Band members

Current 
 Lenna Kuurmaa – vocals, guitar
 Katrin Siska – keyboard, vocals
 Piret Järvis – guitar, vocals

Former 
 Maarja Kivi – vocals, bass (2002 - 2004)
 Triinu Kivilaan – bass, vocals (2004 - 2005)

Other websites 

 Vanilla Ninja Official Estonian Website
 Vanilla Ninja Official Latinoamerican Website 
 Vanilla Ninja Fansite in English 
 Vanilla Ninja Portaal 
 VN-VIP Community  (German)
 Vanilla Ninja Lithuania (Lietuva)
 Vanilla Ninja Argentina 
 Vanilla Ninja Mexico 
 Vanilla Ninja Chile 
  VN-LINN The International Vanilla Ninja Fanclub
 
 

 
Estonian musical entertainers
2000s music groups
Rock bands
Pop music groups
Vanuatu

Vanuatu is a country in the Pacific Ocean. The official languages of Vanuatu are Bislama, English and French. Vanuatu has a population of over 250,000 people. The capital of Vanuatu is Port Vila. The country was ruled as a colony by England and France. It got its independence in 1980. During the colonial time, it was named the "New Hebrides" or "Nouvelles Hebrides".

History 
Evidence shows, that people lived in Vanuatu by 1300 BC. Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós first discovered the islands in 1606. British explorer, navigator James Cook discovered the islands in 1774. Cook mapped the islands and named them New Hebrides.

Geography
Vanuatu is an island archipelago.  It has about 82 small islands.  The islands were made from volcanoes. 65 of the islands are inhabited. There is about  north to south distance between the outermost islands. Two of the islands (Matthew and Hunter) are also claimed by France. Fourteen of Vanuatu's islands have surface areas of more than .

The highest point in Vanuatu is Mount Tabwemasana, at , on the island of Espiritu Santo.

Flora and fauna
Even though it has tropical forests, Vanuatu has a small number of plant and animal species. There are no large mammals. The 19 species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snake, found only on Efate. The Fiji Banded Iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) was introduced as a feral animal in the 1960s. There are 11 species of bats and 61 species of land and water birds.

The region is rich in sea life. There are more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs. Coneshell and stonefish carry poison that will kill humans. The giant East African land snail arrived only in the 1970s but already has spread from the Port-Vila region to Luganville.

There are three or possibly four adult saltwater crocodiles living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population.  It is said the crocodiles reach the northern part of the islands after cyclones.   This is because of the island chain's closeness to the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, where crocodiles are very common.

Cuisine
The national dish of Vanuatu is the lap lap.

Locations
There are six provinces in Vanuatu. They are Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea and Torba.

Some of the cities are:
Bunlap
Forari
Ipikil
Ipota
Isangel
Lakatoro
Lamap
Loltong
Longana
Lorevilko
Luganville
Lénakel
Port Olry
Port Vila - Capital
Rovo Bay
Sola
Sulphur Bay
Whitesands

Gallery

References

 
Commonwealth member states
Least developed countries
1980 establishments in Oceania
Jack

Jack is a male given name. It might also mean:

Jack (1996 movie), a 1996 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Robin Williams
Jack (Tekken), a character in the Tekken series of video games
Jack (tool), a tool used for lifting
A playing card that has a J on it
A Phone connector
Crayola

Crayola is an American brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk and colored pencils. The company used to be called "Binney & Smith Company". It is based in Northampton, Massachusetts. Since 1984, it has been owned by the company Hallmark Cards.

History
Binney and Smith made industrial products before 1900, but in 1903 started to make Crayola crayons.  The name came from a word used by the wife of Mr. Binney.  The first box had eight colors: blue, green, red, yellow, black, brown, orange and violet.  They became well-known because they were the best crayons at that time.  Later, the company made more products, including boxes of 48, 64, 96, 120 and 200 Crayons, colored pencils and markers.

References

Art
Ringo Starr

Sir Richard Starkey MBE (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English actor and musician. He is known as a former member of the Beatles. He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer Pete Best. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "Yellow Submarine", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "Octopus's Garden".

After the group broke up he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with George Harrison), "You're Sixteen" (featuring Paul McCartney and Harry Nilsson), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with John Lennon and again with Nilsson).

Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including The Magic Christian (1969), That'll Be The Day (1973), Caveman (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the children's show Shining Time Station, during its first season (1989). (Comedian George Carlin later took over the role). He also narrated the children's show Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends for the first two seasons (1984-1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called A Hard Day's Night in 1964. He guest starred in the first episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog as an Alien Duck.

Discography
Studio albums
 Sentimental Journey (1970)
 Beaucoups of Blues (1970)
 Ringo (1973)
 Goodnight Vienna (1974)
 Ringo's Rotogravure (1976)
 Ringo the 4th (1977)
 Bad Boy (1978)
 Stop the Smell the Roses (1981)
 Old Wave (1983)
 Time Takes Time (1992)
 Vertical Man (1998)
 Ringo Rama (2003)
 Choose Love (2005)
 Liverpool 8 (2008)
 Y Not (2010)
 Ringo 2012 (2012)

References

Other websites
Ringo Starr's official website

 
1940 births
Living people
Academy Award winners
Actors from Liverpool
English drummers
English movie actors
English movie producers
English voice actors
Grammy Award winners
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Liverpool
The Beatles members
Oslo

Oslo is the capital city of Norway. It is Norway's largest city, with a population of 647,676 people in 2015. The area near the city has a total population of 1,546,706. The city government of Oslo and the county are the same thing.

Oslo today 
The city is an economic and cultural epicenter. Many important institutions are in Oslo. Among these are the Norwegian government and parliament, the University of Oslo and Ullevål Stadium, the stadium of Norway's soccer team. The city also has many museums, theaters and concert venues. Some good cultural places are Frognerparken, the Oslo Opera, the National Museum and the National Theatre. Travelling inside the city is easy with public transportation. Using tram, subway and bus is easy.

Oslo feels divided into to two parts. West end and East end, with the West traditionally being the upper/middle class area and the East end being a working class and poor area. This has faded in the last 50 years. Fewer people are manual workers and more people are employed in better paid middle-class jobs. Oslo is a very expensive city, with high prices in bars and restaurants, as well as high prices for houses and apartments.

Currently, the mayor of Oslo is Marianne Borgen from The Socialist Left Party.

Oslo has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

History
The Saga of Norwegian Kings (written by Snorre Sturlason) says that king Harald III Sigurdsson founded Oslo around 1048. Recent archaeological research has found Christian graves from before 1000. Because of these two facts, Oslo celebrated its 900-year anniversary in 1950 and its 1000-year anniversary in 2000.

One of the more famous landmarks in Oslo is Akershus Fortress. It was first built around 1290. Oslo was destroyed in fire in 1624, and the fortress was rebuilt closer to Akershus Fortress by the order of King Christian IV of Norway. The king gave the new city the name Christiania, which later also written as Kristiania. In 1925 the name of the city was changed back to Oslo.

Other websites 
Oslo Kommune official website

Olympic cities
 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Norway
Lincoln Thompson

Lincoln Thompson (June 18, 1949 - January 23, 1999) was a Jamaican reggae musician, songwriter and Rastafarian. He spent 2 years in the Tartans as a teenager before working under Coxsone Dodd in the early 1970s. In 1974 he released his first record, Humanity. The album had popular singles but it did not sell many copies until Thompson made a deal with Ballistics Records, a part of the record label United Artists, in 1979. This album was released commercially and there were 2 other albums recorded with Ballistics. These albums were recorded in 1979 and 1980. Experience was recorded in Jamaica. The next album, Natural Wild, was recorded in England with Joe Jackson. Ballistics went bankrupt, and Thompson returned to Jamaica. There, he recorded the album, Ride with the Rasses in 1982. The next year, he took his family to live in London where he recorded a 5th album, Rootsman Blues. He then set up an Ital grocery shop named The Rasses Fish and Grocery Store in London. Thanks to an American sponsor, a 6th album came out in 1996, called 21st century. He died in 1999 of cancer.

Other websites 
 Album lyrics

1949 births
1999 deaths
Jamaican entertainers
Reggae musicians
Rastafari
Songwriters
Tom Hanks

Tom Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and writer.

Career
Many of Hanks' early movies were comedies. He was made famous by his roles in Splash and Big. He made his way into drama with A League of Their Own and Philadelphia. He combined the two genres with Forrest Gump. Hanks has starred in many more famous movies since, including Apollo 13, Saving Private Ryan, Toy Story (only his voice was used), Cast Away, The Terminal, The Da Vinci Code, The Green Mile, Captain Phillips, Sully, Bridge of Spies and The Post.

Hanks played Fred Rogers in Marielle Heller's biographical movie A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019), a role which earned him a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.

Hanks has won several awards for acting. He won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Philadelphia. He also won a Golden Globe, an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a People's Choice Award for Best Actor for his role in Forrest Gump.

In 2014, he received a Kennedy Center Honor and, in 2016, he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, as well as the French Legion of Honor.

Personal life
For his role in Saving Private Ryan, Hanks was honored as an honorary member of the United States Army Rangers Hall of Fame.

In December 2019, he was naturalized as an honorary Greek citizen by the President of Greece.

On March 12, 2020, Hanks announced that he and his wife Rita had tested positive for COVID-19 while shooting Elvis in Australia.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music video appearances

Stage

References

1956 births
Living people
Actors from Contra Costa County, California
American Christians
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Concord, California
People's Choice Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from California
Sir Mix-A-Lot

Sir Mix-a-Lot (born Anthony Ray on August 12, 1963) is an American rapper and producer.

His style of music is called "hip-hop." He was born in Seattle, Washington. He is best known for his hit song "Baby Got Back". That song has catchy phrases and cheap humor, and it talks about liking women with big buttocks. This made it popular in the United States during the 1990s.

Sir Mix-a-Lot is not actually a peer of the realm but has assumed the title 'Sir' for humorous or ironic effect.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 

Actors from Seattle, Washington
African American actors
American movie actors
American rap musicians
African-American rappers
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Seattle, Washington
1963 births
Living people
James Earl Jones

James Earl Jones (born Todd Jones on January 17, 1931) is an American actor. He is famous for doing the voice of Darth Vader in the Star Wars movies, for doing the voice of Mufasa in The Lion King and in the 2019 remake, and for the CNN tagline ("This...is CNN").  He starred in Lincoln Portrait which has music by Aaron Copland.

Jones has won two Tony Awards for his live theatre work on Broadway. He won an Emmy Award for his role on the television series Gabriel's Fire.

He is a son of actor Robert Earl Jones.

References

Other websites

 
 
 James Earl Jones  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
 
 James Earl Jones at Emmys.com
 TonyAwards.com Interview with James Earl Jones 
 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof All African-American Production Website 

1931 births
Living people
Actors from Mississippi
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Lesbian

A lesbian is a homosexual woman. This means a woman who is sexually attracted to other women, and not to men.

The word lesbian comes from Lesbos (), an island in Greece. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Sappho wrote mostly poems about love. Many of her love poems are written to women. So her name and the island where she lived make people think about women who love women. Sometimes lesbians are also called Sapphists from the name Sappho. Sapphic can be used as an umbrella term for love between women, regardless of their sexual or romantic orientation.

Lesbians and feminism
Lesbians were involved in the early feminist (a movement of women who want to be treated equally to men) movement. Feminism is the political and social movements that promote women's equality and rights. However, there was conflict between lesbians and straight (heterosexual) women in the feminist movement. In the 1960s and 1970s some straight (women who like men) feminists wanted the lesbians out of the women's rights movement. They wanted feminism to be accepted by society. They believed lesbians were less accepted by society and might hurt the feminist movement.

Eventually, the women's rights movement accepted its lesbian members. Now many important feminist leaders are out (out means that they make it known that they are lesbians) lesbians.

Lesbians as parents
Many lesbian couples want to have children of their own. In order to raise children, they sometimes adopt. However some places do not allow homosexual couples to adopt children, so many of them want to be able to adopt children.

Some lesbian couples also have their own biological children. To do this they may have artificial insemination. This is when sperm from a donor male is placed in a woman to make a pregnancy. Some lesbian women do this at home with a friend they choose to be the donor. However many may use sperm banks. These are medical businesses that match couples who need donor sperm with men who will donate. Sometimes this is done anonymously which means the couple does not know the donor. Sometimes this is done with the donor known and even chosen by the couple.

Law and religion

Unlike gay sex between males, lesbian sex is not against the law in as many places. Some religions that condemn gay male sex say nothing about lesbian sex. Abrahamic religions usually see gay as well as lesbian relations as immoral. Saint Paul in Epistle to the Romans 1:26 describes lesbianism as 'unnatural' and 'shameful'. There are some religions, however, mostly new religious movements that accept lesbian relations.

In most parts of the world lesbian couples cannot marry. This means they do not have the legal benefits and protection of marriage. This can cause lesbians, and gay men, many problems. A lesbian relationship wherein one of the partners is underage is called korephilia.

Related pages 

 Homosexuality

References

LGBT variations
1884



Births 
 May 8 – Harry S. Truman
 October 11 – Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1962)
 December 30 – Hideki Tōjō, 40th Prime Minister of Japan, Led the Attack on Pearl Harbour (d. 1948)

Deaths 
 January 25 – Johann Gottfried Piefke, German conductor and composer (b. 1815)
 March 21 – Ezra Abbot, American Bible scholar (b. 1819)
 April 4 – Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian artist (b. 1858)
 May 12 – Bedrich Smetana, Czech composer (b. 1824)
 May 13 –  Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (b. 1809)
 June 25 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (b. 1858)
 July 1 – Allan Pinkerton, American detective (b. 1819)
 July 10 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
 November 25 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (b. 1818)
Niuatoputapu

Niuatoputapu is an island in Tonga. It has a population of about 1200 people. Niuatoputapu is located in the north of the country, near to Samoa.
Tonga
Samoa

The Independent State of Samoa is a country in the Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. It has two islands, including Upolu and Savai'i. The capital of Samoa is Apia. It is on the island of Upolu. The head of the country is Va'aletoa Sualauvi II. 

The languages spoken in Samoa include Samoan and English. 

The sport that is most popular in Samoa is Rugby, and many Samoan people play Rugby.

Samoa was admitted to the United Nations on 18 September 1962.

A measles outbreak began in October 2019 and continued through December. As of December 28, there were 81 deaths out of 5667 cases.

Districts
Samoa has eleven political districts.  These are called itūmālō. These are the traditional eleven districts that were made well before European arrival.

1 including islands Manono, Apolima and Nu'ulopa
2 including the Aleipata Islands and Nu'usafe'e Island
3 smaller parts also on Upolu (Salamumu (incl. Salamumu-Utu) and Leauvaa villages)

Geography

Samoa is south of the equator.  It is about halfway between Hawai‘i and New Zealand in the Polynesian part of the Pacific Ocean. The main island of Upolu is home to nearly three-quarters of Samoa's people

The two large islands of Upolu and Savai'i are 99% of the total land area.  There are eight small islets. These are the three islets in the Apolima Strait: Manono Island, Apolima and Nu'ulopa. There are four Aleipata Islands off the eastern end of Upolu.  They are: Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Namua, and Fanuatapu.  And there is Nu'usafe'e.

East of Samoa is a group of islands called American Samoa. They are part of the United States, but they are similar to the country Samoa, because they also speak Samoan.

Samoa used to be east of the international date line. In 2011, the line changed, so that Samoa would be to the west of the date line. This change took effect on the night of 29 December.  Friday was skipped altogether and the following day was Saturday 31 December.

Demographics

Samoa has 194,320 people. 92.6% are Samoans, 7% Euronesians (people of mixed, European and Polynesian ancestors) and 0.4% are Europeans.

Religion in Samoa includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 35.5%, Roman Catholic 19.6%, Methodist 15%, Latter-day Saints 12.7%, Samoan Assemblies of God 10.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.5%, Worship Centre 1.3%, unspecified 0.8%.There is also about 522 Jehovah's Witnessses in Samoa since 1931. Samoa has one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world. It is in Tiapapata.
 
Many people say that Samoan people are related to Māori people because lots of the language words are very similar to Maori language.

As with other Polynesian cultures (Hawai'ian, Tahitian and Māori), Samoans have two gender specific and culturally important tattoos. For males, it is called the Pe'a,  It is intricate and geometrical patterns tattooed on areas from the knees up towards the ribs. A male who has such a tatau is called a soga'imiti. A Samoan girl or teine is given a malu.  It covers the area from just below her knees to her upper thighs.

References
Davy Jones (musician)

David Thomas "Davy" Jones (December 30, 1945– February 29, 2012) was an English singer and actor. He was born in Manchester, England. 

His father wanted him to be a jockey, but he wanted to be a performer. He appeared in the television programme, Coronation Street and in the London and Broadway versions of Oliver!. In 1966, he joined The Monkees, a musical group created for a television series of the same name. The series was cancelled in 1968 and the group disbanded in 1970. 

Jones continued to perform until his death from a heart attack caused by atherosclerosis in 2012 in Stuart, Florida.

References

Other websites

Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Musical theater actors
Musicians from Manchester
1945 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from atherosclerosis
Michael Nesmith

Robert Michael Nesmith (December 30, 1942 – December 10, 2021) was an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman and philanthropist.

Nesmith was born in Dallas, Texas on December 30, 1942. His mother, Bette Nesmith Graham invented Liquid Paper in 1951 and made the family very rich.

In the 1960s, Nesmith moved to Los Angeles to start a recording career. He wrote the song "Different Drum" which was a hit for Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys. In 1966, he became a member of the Monkees, a made-for-TV rock band. He left the group in 1969 and started a solo career.

Nesmith is considered one of the forefathers of the country-rock movement of the 1970s with his song Joanne. He also worked as a producer and is considered one of the pioneers of the music video industry. Nesmith's 1981 video-movie Elephant Parts won the first Grammy Award for a music video

Nesmith died from heart failure at his home in Carmel Valley, California on December 10, 2021, at the age of 78.

References

Musicians from Texas
American songwriters
American television actors
American rock musicians
Grammy Award winners
Actors from Dallas, Texas
1942 births
2021 deaths
American philanthropists
Deaths from heart failure
American country guitarists
Peter Tork

Peter Tork (February 13, 1942 – February 21, 2019) was an American actor and musician. His real name was Peter Halsten Thorkelson. He was born in Washington, D.C. He started as a folk musician in Greenwich Village. In 1966, he became famous as a member of The Monkees. He was recommended for the group by his friend Stephen Stills. Shortly after The Monkees television series ended 1968, he left the band. He played with the other members of the group at times, but often played with his own bands and tours.I

Tork died on February 21, 2019 in Mansfield, Connecticut, aged 77. He suffered from a rare form of throat cancer in the years before his death.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American guitarists
American pop musicians
Micky Dolenz

George Michael Dolenz, Jr. (born March 8, 1945), better known as Micky Dolenz is an American actor, singer, director, and voice artist. He is most famous as a member of The Monkees.

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Dominique de Villepin

Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (born November 14, 1953), simply known as Dominique de Villepin, was Premier (or Prime Minister) of France from 31 May 2005 to 17 May 2007. He was made Premier by Jacques Chirac after the French President removed Jean-Pierre Raffarin from the premiership. Raffarin failed to gain the support of the French people for the European Constitution.

Dominique de Villepin said that his government's most important task would be job creation. He knew that the French people were concerned about the condition of the French economy. This was one of the reasons they had voted against the European Constitution in the referendum on 29 May 2005.

On 15 May 2007, the last full day of President Jacques Chirac's term, Villepin gave his resignation from the office of Prime Minister and it was accepted by the President. He was replaced two days later by François Fillon.

References

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
French diplomats
French lawyers
Government ministers of France
Prime Ministers of France
Francis Drake

Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (1540 – 27 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. He was born in Tavistock and grew up in Kent, where he learned to be a sailor. Soon he was a shipmaster (captain). Queen Elizabeth I awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581, which he received on the Golden Hind in Deptford. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He also carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580 during which he attacked towns of the Spanish Empire. He had always been a powerful enemy to the Spanish.

He died of dysentery in January 1596 after he had unsuccessfully attacked San Juan, Puerto Rico.

His exploits were legendary. He was a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards. King Philip II was reported to have offered a reward of 20,000 ducats, today worth about £4,000,000 (about US $6,5000,000) for him to be killed.

References 

1540 births
1596 deaths
Admirals
English businesspeople
English explorers
Sailors
Slavers
Deaths from dysentery
House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The term House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is made up of Members of Parliament elected by the people. Sometimes it is called the 'lower house'. (The 'upper house' is called the House of Lords.) Other countries also have a bicameral parliament with a House of Commons working in the same way.

In the British parliament, there are 650 Members of Parliament or MPs. Each MP represents a constituency, which covers an area of the country. The people of each constituency vote at a general election or a by-election to choose one person to represent them in the House of Commons. Usually, the people choose someone who belongs to a political party. When all the parties get together, the party or coalition with the most members is the government and runs the country. The leader of that party is called the Prime Minister. 

The House of Commons hold their meetings in the Palace of Westminster.  Their chief officer is the Speaker of the House who elected by MPs. The current Speaker is Lindsay Hoyle, who was elected in 2019. The Clerk of the House of Commons is the Principal Adviser to the Speaker. The Serjeant-at-Arms is in charge of the security.

Election Results Since 1945 

United Kingdom
Government of the United Kingdom
Hank Aaron

Henry Louis Aaron (February 5, 1934 – January 22, 2021) was a professional baseball player who played right field.  He played baseball professionally for 22 years and hit 755 home runs. Even though he has 755 home runs in his career, he never hit 50 or more in a season. He was selected for 25 All-Star games.  He was put into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982. Hank Aaron was born in Mobile, Alabama.

Aaron said he got the COVID-19 vaccination on 5 January 2021. A few weeks later, he died in his sleep on January 22, 2021, two weeks before his 87th birthday, in Atlanta.

References

Other websites 

Hank Aaron at Baseball Aha 

1934 births
African-American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
2021 deaths
Milwaukee Braves players
Milwaukee Brewers players
National League All-Stars
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Sportspeople from Alabama
Money laundering

Money laundering is something some criminals do to hide the money they make from crimes. Criminals do money laundering to make it hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

One way criminals launder money is by using the money earned from illegal activities to buy things (like gold and silver, shares or casino chips, other legitimate business activities like food or liquor stores) and then selling those items to get the money back. If a criminal buys and sells things many times it is hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

Some countries have laws to try to stop money laundering. These laws help the police to find out when criminals try to do money laundering. Under the laws in some countries, business people must:
tell the Government when someone pays them a lot of money (for example $10,000) or when someone puts a lot of money in their bank
tell the Government if they think someone is doing money laundering, and
write down on paper, or on a computer, every time someone gives them a lot of money or they give someone a lot of money.

In 1989, some countries set up a group of people from different Governments to tell countries the best ways to stop money laundering. This organization is called the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. The following countries have joined the Financial Action Task Force (FATF/GAFI):

Argentina
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahrain
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Curaçao 
Denmark
European Commission
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong, China
Iceland
India
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Kuwait
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Oman
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea  
Russian Federation
Saint Maarten
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States

Money laundering in Canada

In Canada money laundering is a serious issue. The government of Canada has allocated more than $70 million to fight money laundering.

The province of British Columbia announced it is holding a public inquiry into this issue.

References

Organized crime
Types of crime
Money
Zeus

Zeus is the god of the sky, lightning and the thunder in Ancient Greek religion and mythology, and ruler of all the gods on Mount Olympus. Zeus is the sixth child of Cronos and Rhea, king and queen of the Titans respectively. His father, Cronos, swallowed his children as soon as they were born for fear of a prophecy which foretold that one of them would overthrow him. When Zeus was born, Rhea hid him in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete, giving Cronos a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow instead. When Zeus was older he went to free his brothers and sisters; together with their allies, the Hekatonkheires and the Elder Cyclopes, Zeus and his siblings fought against the Titans in a ten-year war known as the Titanomachy. At the end of the war, Zeus took Kronos' scythe and cut him into pieces, throwing his remains into Tartarus. He then became the king of gods. 

The supreme deity of the Greek pantheon, Zeus was universally respected and revered throughout Ancient Greece; the ancient Olympic Games were held at the site of  Olympia every four years in honor of him. Highly temperamental, Zeus was armed with the mighty thunderbolt, said to be the most powerful weapon among the gods. Zeus was married to his sister, Hera, though he was infamous for his infidelity, taking on an almost innumerable amount of lovers and consorts, both mortal and divine including Karis and Hercules' mother. Zeus was known for throwing thunderbolts at people. 

The god of honor and justice, Zeus was the one who both established and enforced law, and served as the standard for kings to follow, ensuring they did not abuse the power of their position. His symbols were the thunderbolt, a sceptre, an oak tree, and the eagle and bull were his sacred animals. His Roman equivalent is Jupiter. Zeus was the strongest Greek god, the ruler of all gods. He also had a lot of children that he was not supposed to have.

Related pages 
 Tinia - Etruscan mythology version of Zeus
 Jupiter - Roman mythology version of Zeus
Indra - Hindu mythology version of Zeus

References

Twelve Olympians
1767



Events 
 July 2 – Pitcairn Islands discovered (found) by Captain Philip Cartaret in HMS Swallow

Births 
 March 15 – Andrew Jackson
 July 11 – John Quincy Adams
Lenny Kravitz

Leonard Albert "Lenny" Kravitz (born May 26, 1964) is an American actor, rock singer, songwriter and musician. Some of his biggest hit songs include "It Ain't Over Til It's Over", "Again", and "Fly Away". He sung on "(I Can't Make It) Another Day" Michael Jackson's 2010 album Michael. He also wrote and produced the song.

Early life
He is of African-American, Afro-Bahamian and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Russia and Ukraine) descent. His mother, Roxie Roker (1929-1995), was an actress on The Jeffersons in the 1970s and His daughter Zoë Kravitz who is also an actress.

The family of his father Sy Kravitz has Ukrainian roots

Albums

Singles
 1989 Let Love Rule
 1990 I Build This Garden for Us
 1990 Be
 1990 Mr. Cab Driver
 1990 Does Anybody Out There Even Care
 1991 Always on the Run 
 1991 It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over
 1991 Fields of Joy
 1991 Stand by My Woman 
 1991 What the Fuck Are We Saying?
 1991 Stop Draggin' Around
 1991 What Goes Around Comes Around
 1993 Are You Gonna Go My Way
 1993 Believe
 1993 Heaven Help
 1993 Spinning Around Over You
 1993 Is There Any Love in Your Heart
 1993 The Buddha of Suburbia(with David Bowie)
 1994 Deuce
 1995 Rock and Roll Is Dead
 1995 Circus
 1996 Can't Get You Off My Mind 
 1996 The Resurrection
 1998 I Belong to You
 1998 If You Can't Say No
 1998 Thinking of You
 1998 Fly Away
 1999 Black Velveteen
 1999 American Woman
 2000 Again
 2001 Dig In
 2002 Stillness of Heart
 2002 Believe in Me
 2002 If I Could Fall in Love
 2002 Yesterday Is Gone (My Dear Kay)
 2004 Show Me Your Soul(with P. Diddy, Loon and Pharrell)
 2004 Where Are We Runnin'?
 2004 California
 2004 Storm(with Jay-Z)
 2005 Calling All Angels
 2005 Lady
 2005 Breathe
 2007 Bring It On
 2007 I'll Be Waiting
 2008 Love Love Love
 2008 Dancin' Til Dawn
 2011 Come On Get It
 2011 Stand
 2011 Rock Star City Life
 2011 Black and White America
 2011 Push
 2012 Superlove
 2014 The Chamber
 2014 Sex

Related pages
Ukrainian Americans

References

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Manhattan
African American actors
African American musicians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
American Christians
American drummers
American pianists
American R&B musicians
American rock guitarists
American soul musicians
Musicians from Manhattan
Singer-songwriters from New York City
1900

1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian Calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian Calendar.  It was the last year of the 19th century.

Art, music, theatre, literature 
 May 17 – The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum is published.

Events 
 February 9 – The Boers defeat the British at Ladysmith, South Africa.
 The Olympic Games took place in Paris.

Births 
 March 29 – John McEwen, eighteenth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)
 April 16 – Polly Adler, Russian writer (d. 1962)
 April 26 – Charles Richter, American geophysicist and inventor (d. 1985)
 June 17 – Martin Bormann, Nazi-German politician (d. 1945)
 August 4 – Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, queen of George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 2002)
 October 7 – Heinrich Himmler, Nazi official (d. 1945)
 November 14 – Aaron Copland, American composer (d. 1990)

Deaths 
 June 5 – Stephen Crane, American writer (b. 1871)
 August 25 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher and writer (b. 1844)
 November 22 – Sir Arthur Sullivan. English composer (b. 1842)
 November 30 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (b. 1854)