cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Red herring

A red herring is something that misleads or distracts from an issue.

There are two ways in which it is used. One, it may be used as logical fallacy during an argument so that someone arguing does not have to answer a difficult question. For example, if a journalist asks a politician if the politician used any taxpayer money for his or her personal use, the politician may instead talk about the importance of increasing the pay of government officials without ever answering the question.

Two, it can be used as a literary device that tricks readers or audiences into thinking that something is true when it really is not. It is common in stories like detective mystery books. For example, a character may own or hold a weapon similar to the weapon used to kill a character, but then it turns out that character was not the killer. The weapon was only a red herring.

It has long been thought that the phrase came from kippers (a strong-smelling smoked fish) to train dogs to follow a scent, or to distract them from the correct route when hunting. However, most researchers today believe that the term was probably invented in 1807 by English polemicist William Cobbett. He may have have been talking about a time which he had used a kipper to distract dogs from chasing a hare, and that hunters never actually used kippers to train dogs. The phrase was later borrowed to give a formal name for the logical fallacy and literary device.

References

Logical fallacies
Appeal to popularity

An appeal to popularity, also called argumentum ad populum (Latin for "appeal to the people"), is a logical fallacy. It happens when someone tries to argue that something is right because lots of people believe in it.

An example is saying "many people buy extended warranties, therefore we should buy one for our new computer".

Related pages
 Argumentum ad hominem

References

Logical fallacies
Twann-Tüscherz

Twann-Tüscherz () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

References

Other websites

  

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Bern
Utzenstorf

Utzenstorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is regionally famous for its medieva castle, Landshut Castle.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Utzenstorf 
 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Inwil, Switzerland

Inwil (Swiss German: Eibu) is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Lucerne
Lieli, Switzerland

Lieli is a village and former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

Since 2007, it is part of the municipality of Hohenrain.

Villages in Lucerne
Former municipalities of Lucerne
Feigned retreat

A feigned retreat is a military tactic where a force will pretend to be defeated, fake a retreat, then while they are being pursued, turn and ambush the enemy. It can be used to cause confusion in the enemy ranks or to force some to leave and weaken their battle formations. Battlefield commanders have had to use this tactic carefully so the feigned retreat did not become a real retreat. It was a tactic used in ancient history and is still being used today. Sun Tzu wrote about it in his book The Art of War. He warned his readers: "When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure."

In history 
 At the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, the Ancient Greeks were fighting a sea battle with the more numerous Persian navy. Themistocles, the Greek leader, leaked information that was taken back to the Persians that the Greeks were ready to flee and that if the Persians acted right away, they could claim a huge victory. While not an actual feigned retreat but more a rumored one, it worked just as well, as the Persians were defeated.

 At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, Hannibal weakened his center on purpose to get the Roman army to attack that point in his lines. As the center fell back slowly, the two stronger wings of the Carthaginian army folded onto the unsuspecting Romans. For the rest of the day, the Carthaginians slaughtered the trapped Romans.

 William the Conqueror ordered two feigned retreats according to William of Poitiers. That was a difficult tactic to use once without causing a complete rout and so it is unlikely he did it twice. It is more likely that William's troops broke ranks and were rallied back into the fight by their leader.The cavalry scene in the Bayeux tapestry shows William with his helmet off with the Latin words Hic est dux Wilelmus (here is Duke Willliam). That supports the theory that the Normans retreated because they believed William had been killed. He pulled his helmet off to show his face and to rally his men back to the battle. Calling it a feigned retreat may have been a politically correct way of saying their army ran away and had to be called back. Nonetheless, many Anglo-Saxon soldiers were foolish enough to chase after William's retreating men but were then killed in the counterattack.

Related pages 
 Flanking maneuver
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Turning movement
 Ambush
 Envelopment
 Flanking maneuver
 Rearguard
 Attrition warfare
 Preemptive war
 Oblique order
 Shock tactics

References

Other websites 
 The Battle of Cannae 216 BC; YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
Magnicharters

Magnicharters is a low cost, charter airline from Mexico. It's headquarters are in Monterrey, Mexico. It was founded in 1994 by the Mexican tourist agency, Magnitur.  The airline currently focuses on transporting Mexicans to domestic beach destinations. It also goes to a few destinations in the United States. It has a fleet of 9 Boeing 737 airplanes.

Gallery

References

Mexico
Airlines
Constructive proof

In mathematics, a constructive proof is a method of proof that shows the existence of a mathematical object—by giving a method on how to create the object. The other type of proof is called non-constructive proof, or existence proof: It shows that an object must exist, but does not give a way how to construct it.

A non-constructive proof is rejected by the so-called constructivists, who choose to interpret existence in a stricter way.

Related pages 

 Proof by contradiction

References 

Mathematics
Vauffelin

Vauffelin was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Vauffelin and Plagne merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

Other websites

 Official website of Vauffelin 

Former municipalities of Bern
Involuntary celibacy

Involuntary celibacy or inceldom means being unable to get sex or a romantic partner. An incel or incelibate is a person who is in this situation. Female incels are sometimes called femcels. Homosexual incels are sometimes called gaycels. Transgender people going through inceldom are called transcels.

Discussions on the incelosphere (incel websites) are mostly by heterosexual males. But female incels and gay incels also exist. Incels, especially male incels, are often misogynistic and seem to feel a sense of entitlement to sex, with some supporting arranged marriage. Some incels even support violence against women, such as rape, and violence against romantically successful men (some of which are often refered to as "Chads"), who are resented.The Southern Poverty Law Center has described the subculture as "part of the online male supremacist ecosystem", and says self-described incels have committed several mass murders in North America.

The word "incel" was invented in 1993 by a college student 'Alana' from Toronto, Ontario. She made a website to discuss her sexual inactivity with others.  The website, titled "Alana's Involuntary Celibacy Project", was used by people of all genders to share posts about the topic. During her college career and after, she realized she was queer, and became more comfortable with her identity. She later gave the site to a stranger. After reading about the 2014 Isla Vista killings, she wrote, "Like a scientist who invented something that ended up being a weapon of war, I can't uninvent this word, nor restrict it to the nicer people who need it". Another notable incel was Christine Chubbuck. She committed suicide on live tv in 1974. /r/incels on Reddit was one of the biggest Incel forums. On November 7, 2017, Reddit decided to get rid of it because of their new site rules. 

There are many subgroups of incels. For example lesbocels are a subgroup of gaycels meaning lesbian involuntary celibates. Some femcelish lesbians call themselves incelbians. Or for example disabledcels and mentalcels are subsets of inceldom whose involuntary celibacy is caused by them being disabled. Femcels who believe that their inceldom condition is permanent call themselves trufemcel or truefemcel. They call the state of being unable to get romance or a partner as femceldom. The largest inceldom-related forum at the turn of the 2020s decade was the subreddit trufemcels, a platform for femcels.

Many incels take views from fields like evolutionary psychology. Some incels believe that male incels have no chance against more attractive males, and women have things easier because of feminism and cosmetics. Incels may believe their lack of success is because of being shy, poor body image, penis size, or their appearance, and believe that having lots of money is the only chance to find an attractive partner.

Words used by incels 
Chad: A sexually successful man.

Stacy: A sexually active woman who is considered attractive.

Roastie: A woman who had sex with many men.

Black pill: The real or perceived socially unspoken realizations that come from being a longtime incel.

References

Internet memes
Sexuality
Sauge

Sauge is a new municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Plagne and Vauffelin merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Sauge 

Municipalities of Bern
2014 establishments in Switzerland
Jailhouse Rock (movie)

Jailhouse Rock is a 1957 American musical movie. It was directed by Richard Thorpe. Jailhouse rock stars Elvis Presley, Judy Tyler, and Mickey Shaughnessy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and is based on a story written by Nedrick Young. The movie is about a young man sentenced to prison for manslaughter. There he is mentored in music by his prison cellmate who realizes his musical abilities. After his release from jail, while looking for a job as a club singer, the young man meets a musical promoter who helps him start his career. As he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star, his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships. Jailhouse rock is considered one of Elvis Presley's best movies. When James Dean died in 1955, Hollywood began looking for a new actor to replace him. There were a lot of young actors trying to act tough and be rebellious. Presley was considered a replacement for Dean. He could sing and dance. He was good-looking and was a decent actor.

References

Other websites 
 Jailhouse Rock Official Trailer (1957); YouTube

1957 movies
Elvis Presley
1950s musical movies
English-language movies
Vechigen

Vechigen is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Berne. In 2014, 5075 people lived there. It consists of the villages: Sinneringen, Boll, Dentenberg, Utzigen, Lindental, Berg, Littewil and Radelfingen.

References

Municipalities of Bern
Villeret, Switzerland

Villeret is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois of the Swiss canton of Berne.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Villeret 

Municipalities of Bern
Vinelz

Vinelz () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Webpage of Vinelz 
 

Municipalities of Bern
Thun (administrative district)

The administrative district of Thun in the Swiss canton of Bern has 35 municipalities in an area of 322 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Thun
Shock tactics

Shock tactics are those military tactics designed to overwhelm an enemy with fear, causing panic and confusion. Shock tactics are as old as warfare itself. The Mongols got their reputation for being invincible by the use of shock tactics. Numbers of Medieval knights mounted on their warhorses made coordinated shock attacks into the ranks of enemy soldiers. Robert E. Lee saw the advantage of the shock attack as not so much killing enemy soldiers, but to "create a panic and virtually destroy the [enemy] army." The disadvantage of a shock attack is that the attacker may suffer heavy casualties. During World War I, for example, Germany suffered great losses with its use of the shock attack.

Historic examples 
 
Ancient armies often defeated their enemy through through the psychological impact of shock tactics.

 The Hittites and Ancient Egyptians used the first mobile tool for shock tactics; the war Chariot. Charioteers were the elite branch of most armies of the time. But by the beginning of the classical period they were no longer effective. Armies had developed ways to defeat the chariots in battle. Even the infamous scythed chariots used by Darius I of Persia  could be easily defeated by the infantry. They changed to a wider spacing of their phalanx formation. This allowed the soldiers to avoid the blades and let the scythed chariots to go right through. They then ran directly into the long pike formations directly behind each phalanx which impaled the chariots and their riders.

 Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great depended on their elite Companion cavalry for their shock tactics to help win nearly every one of their battles. While the Macedonian phalanx units would engage the enemy, the cavalry was held in reserve. Once the phalanx broke up the lines, the Companion cavalry would act as shock troops and scatter the enemy soldiers.
 
 The German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) of World War II was a shock tactic that was used to great effect against their enemies. The Blitzkrieg concentrated its forces behind offensive weapons such as tanks, artillery and airplanes to quickly push through enemy lines. The tanks would then be free to cause shock and confusion behind the enemy lines. They would interrupt supply lines, and prevent reinforcements from sealing the breach in their lines. The Germans would then envelop the enemy troops and force them to surrender (military).

Notes

Related pages 
 Flanking maneuver
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Turning movement
 Ambush
 Envelopment
 Pincer movement 
 Rearguard
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Preemptive war
 Oblique order

References

Other websites 
 Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics; YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
Renegotiations: The Remixes

Renegotiations: The Remixes is a remix EP by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. It was originally released on iTunes on March 21, 2006 by Interscope Records. All the songs were originally from the groups fourth studio album Monkey Business (2005).

Track listing

References

2006 albums
Remix albums
The Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Azadliq (newspaper)

Azadliq () a daily political newspaper in Azerbaijan. It is one of the most popular newspapers in Azerbaijan.

References

Other websites

 www.azadliq.info 

Newspapers published in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani-language newspapers
1989 establishments
20th-century establishments in Azerbaijan
Free Media Award winners
Behind the Front

Behind the Front is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on June 30, 1998 by Interscope, The original members of the group were rappers will.i.am, Taboo and apl.de.alp as well as R&B singer Kim Hill, although Hill was a member of the group her photo wasn't included on the album and she only appeared on a few of the songs on the album. Some of the songs were demos from will.i.am and apl.de.alp's group Atban Klann's scheduled debut album Grass Roots which was never released, with additional raps added by Taboo.

Track listing

Sample credits
"Fallin' Up" contains a sample from "Comanche" by Jorge Ben.
"Clap Your Hands" contains a sample from "Handclapping Song" by The Meters and "Tenement Yard" by Jacob Miller.
"Joints & Jam" contains a sample from "Grease" by Frankie Valli and "Love Till the End of Time" by Paulinho da Costa.
"The Way U Make Me Feel" contains a sample from "Here We Go (Live at the Funhouse)" by Run-DMC and "Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)" by Stephanie Mills.
"Karma" contains a sample from "El Raton" by Cheo Feliciano and The Joe Cuba Sextet and "One Way or Another" by Blondie.
"Be Free" contains a sample from "White Horse" by Laid Back.
"Say Goodbye" contains a sample from "Heaven and Hell Is on Earth" by 20th Century Steel Band.
"What It Is" contains a sample from "Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)" by Tom Browne.
"A8" contains a sample from "O Homem Da Gravata Florida" by Jorge Ben.
"Positivity" contains a sample from "Cinco Minutos" by Jorge Ben.

Personnel
Black Eyed Peas
will.i.am - vocals on all tracks; m.p.c 3000 on tracks 1-3, 5, 6, 8-13, 14 and 16; rhodes on tracks 8 and 16; hammond b3 organ on tracks 2, 10 and 13; moog on track 9; theremin on track 12; marimbas on track 9; melody phone on track 16
apl.de.ap - vocals on all tracks except 4
Taboo - vocals on all tracks except 4, 7, 9 and 15
B.E.P. musicians
Kevin Feyen - guitar on tracks 1, 5, 6, and 8-16
Mike Fratantuno - bass on tracks 1-3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 16
Terrence Yoshiaka - drums on track 5; percusions on tracks 1 and 6
Brian Lapin - rhodes on tracks 1, 5, 9, 11, 12 and 15; hammond b3 organ on track 11; bass on track 9; moog on tracks 9, 11 and 16
Additional musicians
Ramy Antoun - congas on track 6
Darell Cross - drums on track 15
J. Curtis - guitar on track 4
DJ Drez - turntables on track 15
Carlos Guacio - rhodes and bass on track 4
Peter Kim - bass on track 15
DJ Motiv8 - turntables on tracks 3 and 8
Matt Nabours - violin on track 14
Tommy O. - flute on track 14
Paul Poli - turntables on track 3 and 7
Miles Tackett - bass on track 14 and cello on track 5
Guest Vocalists
Kim Hill - vocals on tracks 4, 7 and 11
Dawn Beckman - vocals on tracks 2 and 8
Einstien Brown - vocals on track 6
Ingrid Dupree - vocals on track 3
Redfoo - rap on track 9
Macy Gray - vocals on track 14
Sierra Swan & Planet Swan - vocals on track 1

References

1998 albums
Debut albums
The Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
Alternative hip hop albums
Bridging the Gap (Black Eyed Peas album)

Bridging the Gap is the second studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on September 26, 2000. This is their last album as Black Eyed Peas, before they changed their name to "The Black Eyed Peas" and the last album with Kim Hill as a member.

Track listing

Chart positions

Album

Singles

References

2000 albums
The Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
Alternative hip hop albums
Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department

There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Vienne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Haute-Vienne are:

History
Since its creation, the Charente department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the Haute-Vienne department with six districts: Limoges, Le Dorat, Bellac, Saint-Junien, Saint-Yrieix and Saint-Léonard. Limoges was the capital of the department.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bellac, Limoges, Rochechouart and Saint-Yrieix.
 1926 : the arrondissement of Saint-Yrieix was eliminated.

References

Related pages
Arrondissement of Limoges
Arrondissement of Bellac
Arrondissement of Rochechouart
List of arrondissements of France

Haute-Vienne
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit

Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit is a bookstore owner from Thailand. She also helped start Creating Awareness for Enhanced Democracy (CAFÉ Democracy), an organization for political ideas. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Wattanapanit graduated from Payap University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. She raised money for conservation of forests. She worked for Community Forest Support group, a non-governmental organization. When Wattanapanit received the award in 2016, she was 49 years old.

Work 
 
In October 2011, Wattanapanit started the bookstore Book Re:public with Pinkaew Luangaramsri, an anthropology scholar from Chiang Mai University. After the May 2014 coup, the government closed her bookshop.  They took her to military camps twice.  They wanted her to sign an agreement not to work for political activities.  The first time, they took her to Kawila Army Camp in Chiang Mai. The second time it was the Army Central Command.

After one year, she opened the bookshop again.  The shop is a place for neighbors to meet and talk about social and political problems.

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

1967 births
Living people
Activists
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Vicky Ntetema

Vicky Ntetema or Vicky Alice Ntetema (born c. 1958) is a journalist from Tanzania. She hid her identity to find out about the deaths of albino people. She is the director of Under the Same Sun, an NGO for the rights of albino people.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 
Ntetema received a bachelor's degree in the former Soviet Union in 1985.  She studied journalism at Byelorussian State University in Minsk.  She received a Master of Science in Information Systems Development from the University of London.

Work 

Ntemtema started work at the BBC in 1991 as a Swahili translator.  In 2005, she returned to Tanzania, and became the head of the BBC World Service in Tanzania. She worked at the BBC from 1991 to 2009.

In November 2007, Ntetema wanted to know about a series of albino murders and their connection with witchdoctors.  More than 90 percent of Tanzanians believe in witchcraft, so witch doctors are important in traditional African life. According to Ntetmea, more than 50 albinos were killed since 2007.  Often, witchdoctors pay people to kill albinos. The police protect the killers.

In July 2008, Ntetema's story was on the BBC.  She received threats, so the BBC told her to get out.  She went to London. Later she went to Kenya.

In 2010 she received the Courage in Journalism Award.

Awards 

In 2010, Ntetema received the Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women’s Media Foundation.
In 2016, Ntetema received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. department of State.

Other websites 

Under the Same Sun
 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

Human rights activists
Living people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Journalists
Tanzanian people
1958 births
Arrondissement of Bellac

The arrondissement of Bellac is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bellac.

History
When the Haute-Vienne department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Bellac was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Bellac is the most northern arrondissement of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the northwest and north by the Vienne department, to the east by the Creuse department, to the south by the arrondissement of  Limoges, to the southwest by the arrondissement of Rochechouart and to the west by the  Charente department.

The arrondissement of Bellac is the second arrondissement of the department, after the arrondissement of Limoges, in area, , and population (39,744 inhabitants). It has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Bellac, the canton of Bellac and the canton of Châteauponsac have all their communes. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Bellac has 62 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 
 Arnac-la-Poste (87003)
 Azat-le-Ris (87006)
 Balledent (87007)
 La Bazeuge (87008)
 Bellac (87011)
 Berneuil (87012)
 Bessines-sur-Gartempe (87014)
 Blanzac (87017)
 Blond (87018)
 Breuilaufa (87022)
 Le Buis (87023)
 Bussière-Poitevine (87028)
 Chamboret (87033)
 Châteauponsac (87041)
 Cieux (87045)
 Compreignac (87047)
 La Croix-sur-Gartempe (87052)
 Cromac (87053)
 Darnac (87055)
 Dinsac (87056)
 Dompierre-les-Églises (87057)
 Le Dorat (87059)
 Droux (87061)
 Folles (87067)
 Fromental (87068)
 Gajoubert (87069)
 Les Grands-Chézeaux (87074)
 Jouac (87080)
 Lussac-les-Églises (87087)
 Magnac-Laval (87089)
 Mailhac-sur-Benaize (87090)
 Montrol-Sénard (87100)
 Mortemart (87101)
 Nantiat (87103)
 Nouic (87108)
 Oradour-Saint-Genest (87109)
 Peyrat-de-Bellac (87116)
 Rancon (87121)
 Razès (87122)
 Roussac (87128)
 Saint-Amand-Magnazeix (87133)
 Saint-Barbant (87136)
 Saint-Bonnet-de-Bellac (87139)
 Saint-Georges-les-Landes (87145)
 Saint-Hilaire-la-Treille (87149)
 Saint-Junien-les-Combes (87155)
 Saint-Léger-Magnazeix (87160)
 Saint-Martial-sur-Isop (87163)
 Saint-Martin-le-Mault (87165)
 Saint-Ouen-sur-Gartempe (87172)
 Saint-Pardoux (87173)
 Saint-Sornin-la-Marche (87179)
 Saint-Sornin-Leulac (87180)
 Saint-Sulpice-les-Feuilles (87182)
 Saint-Symphorien-sur-Couze (87184)
 Tersannes (87195)
 Thiat (87196)
 Thouron (87197)
 Val-d'Issoire (87097)
 Vaulry (87198)
 Verneuil-Moustiers (87200)
 Villefavard (87206)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Bellac
Awadeya Mahmoud

Awadeya Mahmoud or Awwadah Mahmoud Koko (Arabic: عوضية محمود كوكو ) is a tea seller and activist from Sudan.  She started the Women’s Food and Tea Sellers’ Cooperative and the Women’s Multi-Purpose Cooperative for Khartoum State.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work 
Mahmoud lived in southern Kordofan.  Because of war in south Sudan, she moved to Khartoum.   She started to sell tea by the side of the road. Every day, the local police harassed her and threatened her.  She could not go to the government, so she organized women.  She helped them talk to politicians and use the media to get attention for their problems. The police put her in jail for four years.  Finally the courts of Sudan said she was free. With the help of the Sudanese Development Association, an NGO, she started an organization to help the women who sell tea.

At first there were three cooperatives.  During 2015, the project increased to 36 cooperatives in seven areas of Khartoum region.  Now there are more than 7,500 women in the original three cooperatives.

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Sudanese people
Activists
Forever Marilyn

Forever Marilyn is a giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson. The statue is made to look like one of the most famous images of Monroe, taken from the movie The Seven Year Itch. The statue was created in July 2011. It has been displayed in the United States and Australia.

Design and location 
The 26-foot-tall sculpture is a super-sized tribute to Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from Billy Wilder's 1955 comedy, The Seven-Year Itch. It shows the instant a blast of air from a New York City Subway grate raises her white dress.

The statue was displayed at Pioneer Court in Chicago, Illinois, before it was moved to Palm Springs, California in 2012.

It left Palm Springs on March 27, 2014. It was moved to the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture in New Jersey in 2014 to honor Seward Johnson. Due to its popularity, the statue remained on display at the GFS through September 2015.

The statue was next displayed in 2016 in Australia in connection with the Bendigo Art Gallery's Marilyn Monroe exhibition.

Reception 
In 2011 the statue was vandalized three times, being splashed with red paint. According to the executive director of the Chicago Public Arts Group, this was because the statue is controversial.

The public, however, generally liked the statue: "Forever Marilyn journeyed back to Hamilton in April 2014, arriving at the Grounds for Sculpture on a truck as two dozen people cheered and took pictures. During the cross-country journey, people snapped photos of the sculpture in parking lots and along highways and posted them on social media."

There is at least one full size counterfeit. The discarded sculpture was photographed in a dump in China.

References

Statues
Hysterical strength

Hysterical strength or superhuman strength is a display of extreme strength by humans beyond the normal. Hysterical strength usually occurs in life or death situations. The usual explanation is a sudden release of adrenaline (epinephrine). There have been numerous reports of people exhibition hysterical strength while feeling negitive side effects on drugs like LSD, Phencyclidine and flakka and even fighting with the police.

In life or death situations 
In 1982, in Lawrenceville, Georgia, Tony Cavallo was repairing a 1964 Chevrolet Impala automobile from underneath. The vehicle was propped up with jacks, but it fell. Cavallo's mother, Mrs. Angela Cavallo, lifted the car high enough and long enough for two neighbours to replace the jacks and pull Tony from beneath the car.

In 2006, in Tucson, Arizona, Tom Boyle watched as a Chevrolet Camaro hit 18-year-old Kyle Holtrust. The car pinned Holtrust, still alive, underneath. Boyle lifted the Camaro off the teenager, while the driver of the car pulled the teen to safety.

In 2011, in Tampa, Florida, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), 295 lb (134 kg; 21.1 st) University of South Florida college football player Danous Estenor lifted a 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) car off of a man who had been caught underneath. The man was a tow truck driver who had been pinned under the rear tire of a 1990 Cadillac Seville, which had lurched forward as he worked underneath it. The man suffered only minor injuries.

In 2015, in Vienna, Virginia, Charlotte Heffelmire was able to momentarily use incredible strength to free her dad from a GMC pick-up truck.

Under the influence of drugs 
In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase physical strength, acceleration, stamina, and endurance, while reducing reaction time.  Like methylphenidate and bupropion, amphetamine increases stamina and endurance in humans mainly through  the release of dopamine, and other central nervous system effects.

References 

Physiology
India (disambiguation)

India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य ) is a country in South Asia.

India may also refer to:

Geography and culture
 The entire Indian subcontinent, including all the India's neighboring countries
 The Indies, a former name used for all of south and southeast Asia
 The Indies or East Indies, the islands of Greater India
 The West Indies, the islands of the Caribbean

History
The term India has historically also been used to refer to:
Hindustan, a name used for medieval India and still sometimes used for modern India  
British Raj, officially known as the Indian Empire

Related pages 

Indian (disambiguation)
Pot calling the kettle black

The pot calling the kettle black is an informal fallacy also called Tu quoque. 
Another name is appeal to hypocrisy. 

It happens when a person is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another.

A fable, perhaps by Aesop, has a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight, and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done.

A present-day example:

Peter: "It is morally wrong to use animals for food or clothing".
Bill: "But you are wearing a leather jacket and you have a roast beef sandwich in your hand! How can you say that using animals for food and clothing is wrong?" 

It is a fallacy because a person's actions or character do not affect the logic of the argument.

References

Logical fallacies
Association fallacy

An association fallacy  is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone says that a quality of one thing must apply to another just because they both share a similar quality or belief. It can be used in a positive or negative way.

It follows the general outline, A is a B, A is also a C, therefore, all Bs are Cs.

An example of an association fallacy being used in positive way (called pro hominem, or honour by association) is as follows:
 Citizens of Country X won more Nobel Prizes, gold medals, and literary awards than citizens of Country Y. Therefore, a citizen of Country X is superior to a citizen of Country Y.

An example of an association fallacy being used in a negative way (called guilt by association) is as follows:
 John is a shoplifter. John has black hair. Therefore, all people with black hair are shoplifters.

References

Logical fallacies
Arrondissement of Rochechouart

The arrondissement of Rochechouart is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Rochechouart.

History
When the arrondissements were created in 1800 in France, the arrondissement of Rochechouart was one of those in the Haute-Vienne department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Rochechouart is the most western arrondissement of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the west and north by the Charente department, to the northeast by the arrondissement of  Bellac, to the east by the arrondissement of  Limoges and to the south by the Dordogne department.

The arrondissement of Rochechouart is the smallest arrondissement of the department, with area of only , and it is the one with fewest people living in it with a population of 37,877 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are only two cantons in the arrondissement of Rochechouart and both have all their comunes in the arrondissement. These cantons are:
 Rochechouart, with 22 communes; and
 Saint-Junien, with 8 communes.

Communes
The arrondissement of Rochechouart has 30 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Chaillac-sur-Vienne (87030)
 Champagnac-la-Rivière (87034)
 Champsac (87036)
 Chéronnac (87044)
 Cognac-la-Forêt (87046)
 Cussac (87054)
 Dournazac (87060)
 Gorre (87073)
 Javerdat (87078)
 La Chapelle-Montbrandeix (87037)
 Les Salles-Lavauguyon (87189)
 Maisonnais-sur-Tardoire (87091)
 Marval (87092)
 Oradour-sur-Glane (87110)
 Oradour-sur-Vayres (87111)
 Pensol (87115)
 Rochechouart (87126)
 Saillat-sur-Vienne (87131)
 Saint-Auvent (87135)
Saint-Bazile (87137)
 Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne (87140)
 Saint-Cyr (87141)
 Saint-Junien (87154)
 Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre (87158)
 Saint-Martin-de-Jussac (87164)
Saint-Mathieu (87168)
 Saint-Victurnien (87185)
 Sainte-Marie-de-Vaux (87162)
 Vayres (87199)
 Videix (87204)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Rochechouart
Rajasthani language

Rajasthani language belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages group. It is estimated to be spoken by 80 million speakers throughout the world. Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Gujarat are the states where Rajasthani language is spoken. In Pakistan, Provinces of Sindh and Punjab. Rajasthani language is thought to be emerged or descended from the Old Gujarati language.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
LoveWave

"LoveWave" is a song by Armenian-German singer Iveta Mukuchyan. It was released as a single on March 30, 2016. It represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The video for "LoveWave" premiered on March 2, 2016.

Eurovision Song Contest
On 25 January 2016, Armenia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2016, and was announced to perform in the first half of the show. Mukuchyan performed "LoveWave" in position 7, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from San Marino. The song gained second place in the first semi-final and competed in the final on May 14, 2016, where she performed the song last, following the entry from United Kingdom. The song achieved 7th place with 249 points.

Charts

References

Other websites

2016 songs
Eurovision Song Contest
Haut-Bocage

Haut-Bocage is a commune in the Allier department of central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

The town hall is in Maillet.

History
The Haut-Bocage was established on 1 January 2016 with the former communes of Maillet, Givarlais and Louroux-Hodement.

Geography
Haut-Bocage is in the western part of the Allier department, in the valley of the Cher river at  to the north of Montluçon, the subprefecture of the arrondissement.

It has an area of  with an altitude of .

Composition
The commune is formed by:

Related pages
 Communes of the Allier department
 Arrondissement of Montluçon

References

Communes in Allier
Miami Lakes, Florida

Miami Lakes is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. At the 2015 U.S. Census, 30,791 people lived in Miami Lakes.

Towns in Florida
Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016

Armenia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "LoveWave" written by Lilith Navasardyan, Levon Navasardyan, Iveta Mukuchyan and Stephanie Crutchfield. The song was performed by Iveta Mukuchyan, who was selected internally by the Armenian broadcaster Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV) to represent Armenia in the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden. Mukuchyan's selection as the Armenian artist was announced on 13 October 2015, while the song "LoveWave" was later presented to the public on 2 March 2016.

Points awarded to Armenia

Points awarded by Armenia

Split voting results
The following five members comprised the Armenian jury:
Hayko (Hayk Hakobyan) – Chairperson – musician, songwriter, producer, represented Armenia in the 2007 contest
Naira Gyurjinyan – musician, songwriter
Erik (Erik Karapetyan) – singer, songwriter
DJ Dale (Vardan Babayan) – DJ, producer, head of "Armenian DJs Association", "The Sunside Band" owner
Miqayel Voskanyan – musician, composer

References

Other websites

 

Eurovision Song Contest
21st century in Armenia
2016
Social issue

A social issue (or social problem, social conflict, or social illness) is a issue which affects many people in a society. 

Examples of social issues are economic issues. However, some issues, such as immigration, have both social and economic aspects. Racism, unemployment, poverty, violence, human rights are examples of social issues.

Social issues
Poplar

Poplar may refer to:

Trees
 Populus, a genus of tree

Places

United Kingdom
 Poplar, London
 Poplar DLR station

United States
 Poplar Bluff, Missouri
 Poplar Forest, the retreat home of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States 
 Poplar Hills, Kentucky
Martin Ryle

Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918, Brighton, Sussex  14 October 1984, Cambridge) was a British radio astronomer. 

Ryle developed revolutionary radio telescope systems. He used them for accurate location of weak radio sources. With improved equipment, he observed the most distant known galaxies of the universe. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. That was the first Nobel Prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.

Nobel Prize in Physics winners
1918 births
1984 deaths
People from Brighton
Monte Cimone

Monte Cimone is the highest mountain in the northern Apennines, in Italy

Geography
The Monte Cimone,  high, in the province of Modena, comuni of Fiumalbo, Sestola, Fanano and Riolunato. It is the highest point in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It can be seen from very far away.

It has the form of a low pyramid with a flat summit on its top. The pyramid has three sides with the three ridges pointing towards the west, northeast and south. There is road on the northeastern ridge that gets to the summit.

The Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese, also known as Parco regionale del Frignano, is near Monte Cimone.

History
On the top of Monte Cimone, Roman objects have been found, indicating that the mountain has been climbed very early on. The first touristic climb has been recorded in 1567, when Guidinello Montecuccoli, a local nobleman got to the top. Later, the Jesuits made several trips to study the atmospheric conditions at an elevation of more than .

In 1908 a chapel was built dedicated to Madonna delle nevi ("Our Lady of the Snow"). On the very summit, there is a statue of the Madonna facing south.

Skiing
It is a frequented winter ski resort. In the peak there are 31 ski trails for a total length of more than  (the longest trail is ) served by 26 ski lifts. Ski season starts usually at the beginning of December (often in the last weekend of November) and ends in the middle of April.

Gallery

Related pages
List of Italian regions by highest point

References

Other websites

 Europe Ultra-Prominences
 Mount Cimone GAW Global Station
 Consorzio Stazione Invernale del Cimone 
 Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese  

Mountains of Italy
Emilia-Romagna
Richie Rich (comics)

Richie Rich is a fictional character created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer, and published by Harvey Comics in the 1950s.  Richie Rich is called the poor little rich boy, or also the richest kid in the world. He appeared in comic book titles such as Richie Rich Millions (1961) and Richie Rich Dollars & Cents (1963).

References

Other websites 
 Richie Rich  at the Internet Movie Database

Comics characters
Preemptive war

A preemptive war is one in which a country takes military action against another country or group that poses a real threat of waging a war against them. The purpose is to stop the threat before the country or group has a chance to strike. This is an old philosophy of war or of preventing a war. Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese general, military expert and philosopher, advised using preemptive war to make sure your enemy does not attack first. A declaration of war may or may not come before a preemptive first strike.  Preemptive war is thought of as a defensive act. This is true when it is clear an enemy is threatening an attack and that attack will do great harm. Also, a country which preemptively attacks another to defend itself can claim it was a moral act and avoid the label of an aggressor.

Preemptive vs preventive war 
There is often confusion between preemptive war and a preventative war. A preemptive war is one in which striking first gives a country an advantage over an enemy whose intentions are clearly to strike and do great harm. An example is the 1967 Six-Day War. When it became clear that Egypt and Syria were about to attack, Israel attacked them first in a preemptive strike.

To satisfy the justification for a first strike, certain conditions should exist including:
 The enemy shows an obvious intention to do harm.
 The enemy is actively acting on the intentions so as to become a clear danger.
 By not striking first it will greatly increase the chances of being defeated.

A preventive war is one in which a country attacks another in order to prevent them from having the capability of making war. A preventive war is one based on the idea that it is possible to tell with certainty what future events will take place. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter recognizes “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs”. For example, under the Bush Doctrine the United States can attack any nation or group that may attack them in the future even if they do not currently have this capability. By calling it "preemptive" it does not change if from being preventive.

There are a few cases where a preventive war may have been justified. For example, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he openly said he would rearm Germany and would seize the lands necessary for German "living space." Nazi Germany claimed they only wanted what was due them and once they obtained it they would live in peace. But many in Europe saw this was not true. By the beginning of World War II nearly everyone realized the earlier statements had not been true. But by this time it was too late and a costly and destructive war was necessary to finally stop Hitler.

Related pages 

 Attrition warfare
 Shock tactics
 Rearguard
 Blockade
 Ambush

References

Other websites 
 Noam Chomsky - 'preemptive war'; YouTube
 THE BEST DEFENSE: Preventive War:YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
2006 Lebanon War

The 2006 Lebanon War was fought between Israel and Hezbollah from 12 July - 14 August 2006.

2006 in Asia
21st century in Israel
2006 War
August events
Golan Heights

July 2006 events
Wars involving Israel
2006
Howard Wolowitz

Howard Joel Wolowitz is a character on the sitcom The Big Bang Theory. He is played by Simon Helberg.

Television characters
Vladimir Grbić

Vladimir "Vanja" Grbić (born 14 December 1970) is a retired Serbian volleyball player. He is  tall. He played as passer-side attacker.

Grbić was born in Klek in Socialist Republic of Serbia, Yugoslavia. He is Nikola Grbić's brother. He is a member of the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
With the national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, he won a gold medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in 1996 at Atlanta. His international victories include a silver medal in the 1998 World Championship and a gold medal in the 2001 European Championship.

Grbić Yugoslav Olympic Committee has declared him for the best sportsman of the year in 1996 and 2000. In 1999 and 2000, he received a Golden Badge, award for best athlete in Yugoslavia.

References

 FIVB profile 

1970 births
2004 Summer Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists
Olympic gold medalists
Serbian volleyball players
Sportsmen
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Judy Martz

Judy Martz (July 28, 1943 – October 30, 2017) was an American politician who was the 23rd Governor of Montana from 2001 to 2005. She was elected Governor of Montana on 7 November 2000. She was the first woman to be elected Governor in Montana. She served only one term in office, from January 1, 2001 to January 3, 2005.

History
Judy Martz was born on July 28, 1943 in Big Timber, Montana. She graduated from Butte High School in 1961. She also attended Eastern Montana College.
She was a member of the US Olympic speed skating team and competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics. She married her husband, Harry Martz, in 1965.

Governorship
Judy Martz was the 22nd Governor of Montana.

After leaving office
On April 1, 2005, Judy Martz was appointed to the board of directors of TASER International. As of September of 2016, she was still on the board.

Illness and death
On November 11, 2014, it was announced that Judy Martz had stage 2 pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment in Arizona. She died of the disease on October 30, 2017 in Butte, Montana at the age of 74.

References

1943 births
1964 Winter Olympics
2017 deaths
American Olympians
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Governors of Montana
People from Butte, Montana
Speed skaters
Sportswomen
US Republican Party politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Montana