cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Nina Burger

Nina Burger (born 27 December 1987 in Tulln, Austria) is an Austrian football player. She plays for the Austrian National football team and SV Neulengbach in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the highest level in Austrian Women´s soccer. She is a striker.

Career
She started playing at the age of seven for the youth teams of FC Hausleiten. She started her club career with SV Langenrohr from Lower Austria. 2005 she went to SV Neulengbach. There she is still playing.

National team
as September 2011
A-team  34 matches  15 goals
U 19- team 18 matches  13 goals

Honours
Champion with SV Langenrohr (NÖ Landesliga 02/03)
 U-18 Champion 2005
 UEFA Women's Champions League
 Champion and Cupwinner with Neulengbach (05/06, 06/07, 07/08, 08/09, 09/10, 10/11)
 Topscorer ÖFB Frauenliga (06/07 - 38 goals, 07/08- 33 goals, 08/09- 23 goals, 09/10-22 goals, 10/11- 29 goals )
Bruno award "Best player 2010"

References

Austrian footballers
Austrian women's footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1987 births
Living people
Focal length

The focal length tells how strongly a lens, a curved mirror or another optical device brings light together or spreads it out. If rays of light go straight into a lens and the focal length is positive, the focal length is the distance to the point behind the lens where the rays will be brought to a focus. If the focal length of the lens is negative, the focal length is the distance at which the light has spread to twice its original size. Light from a large distance produces an image at F (focal point). The distance from the centre of the lens to F is the focal length.

Optics
Photography
Heijō-kyō

Heijō-kyō (, also known as  Heizei-kyō) was twice the ancient Imperial capital of Japan from 710 to 784.  It was where Nara is today.

History
In 710, Empress Gemmei moved the Imperial capital from Fujiwara-kyō which is about 18 km south.

Timeline
 707 (Keiun 4): Emperor Mommu orders construction of a new capital city, but the work is not complete before his death.
 710 (Wadō 3, 3rd month):  Empress Gemmei moves from Fujiwara-kyō to Heijō-kyō.  The palace of the empress was named Nara-no-miya.
 784 (Enryaku 3): Capital is moved briefly to Nagaoka
 794 (Enryaku 13): Capital was moved to Heian-kyō and the palace was named Heian no Miya.
 November 17, 794 (Enryaku 13, 21st day of the 10th month): The emperor traveled by carriage from Nara to Heian-kyō in a grand procession.   This marks the end of the Nara period and the beginning of the Heian period in Japanese history.

Architecture
The Heijō Palace and some of the Buddhist temples at Heijō-kyō are named together as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, including 
 Daian-ji (大安寺)
 Yakushi-ji (薬師寺)
 Kōfuku-ji (興福寺)
 Gangō-ji (元興寺)
 Suzakumon (朱雀門, reconstruction) 
 Saidai-ji (西大寺)
 Tōdai-ji (東大寺)
 Daikokuden (大極殿, reconstruction)

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

 Jô-Bô System of Heijô-Kyô
 Nara (Heijô-kyô) — The Capital of Japan in the 8th Century

Former capitals of Japan
8th century in Japan
First Spaceship on Venus

First Spaceship on Venus is a science fiction movie that came out in 1959. It is rated PG for parental guidance. It is 130 minutes long. It is directed by Kurt Maetzig.

Other websites 

1959 movies
1950s science fiction movies
German-language movies
Sribhargavaraghaviyam

Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam () (2002), meaning Of Parashurama and Rama, is a Sanskrit epic poem (Mahākāvya) made by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya (1950–) in 2002. It is made of 2121 verses in 40 Sanskrit and Prakrit metres and is separated into 21 cantos (Sargas) and each contains 101 verses. The epic is the story of the two Rama Avatars – Parashurama and Rama. This is found in the Ramayana and other Hindu books. Bhārgava is used for Parashurama, as he was born in the family of the religious teacher Maharishi Bhrigu, while Rāghava is used for to Rama as he was born in the royal family of king Raghu. The poet was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit in 2005, and many other awards for this work.

A copy of the epic with a Hindi commentary by the poet himself was published by the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh. The book was released by the then prime minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee on October 30, 2002.

Notes

Works cited

Other websites
 A Sanskrit only text of the epic 
 A list of corrections in the published version 
 The single consonant verses from the epic with the Sanskrit commentary by the poet

Epic poems
Sanskrit
Capital of France

This article is about the French national capital in general. For the current capital, see Paris.

The capital of France is Paris.  In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Paris.

History

List of capitals of France
Tournai (before 486)
Soissons (486-ca. 900)
Paris (900-1419) The residence of the kings of France, but they were consecrated at Reims.
Orléans (1108) One of the few consecrations of a French monarch to occur outside of Reims occurred at Orléans, when Louis VI the Fat was consecrated in Orléans Cathedral by Daimbert, archbishop of Sens and from 13 December 1560 to 31 January 1561, the French States-General met here. 
Troyes (1419–1422) For a short time during the Hundred Years' War, the town was the seat of the royal government.
Bourges (1422–1444) Charles VII was forced to flee from Paris.
Tours (1444—1527) Louis XI made château de Plessis-lez-Tours his residence.
Paris (1528—1588) Francis I had established his court in Paris
Tours (1589—1594) faction of parliamentarians, faithful to the king was sitting at Tours.
Paris (1594—1661)
Paris (1661-1682) Paris is the official capital, but Louis XIV disputed that Versalles will be the politic centre.
Versailles (1682–1715) In 1682, Louis XIV made Versailles his residence. 
Paris (1715–1722)
Versailles (1722–1789) On October 5 and 6, 1789, a throng from Paris invaded the castle and forced the royal family to move back to Paris. The National Constituent Assembly followed the king to Paris soon afterward, and Versailles lost its role of capital city.
Paris (1789–1871)
Versailles (1871–1879) The French Third Republic established Versailles as its seat of government in March 1871 after the Paris Commune took control of Paris.
Paris (1879–1914, 1914-1940)
Bordeaux (September 1914) The French government was relocated from Paris to Bordeaux very briefly during World War I, when it was feared that Paris would soon fall into German hands. These fears were alleviated after the German Army was pushed back at the First Battle of the Marne
Tours (10–13 June 1940) Tours served as the temporary capital of France during the Second World War after the government fled Paris due to the German advance. 
Bordeaux (June 1940) The French government was relocated from Paris to Tours then Bordeaux very briefly during World War II, when it became apparent that Paris would soon fall into German hands.
Vichy (1940-1944) The Parliament abolished the French Third Republic here and replaced it with the French State.
Paris (1944–present) With the liberation of Paris in 1944, Charles de Gaulle established the Provisional Government of the French Republic, restoring Paris as the French capital.

References

 
History of France
Protein Data Bank

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a collection of information about the three dimensional (3-D) structure of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Biologists and biochemists from around the world send in the data. Most data comes from X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy. Anyone can access the PDB for free online. The Worldwide Protein Data Bank, wwPDB, manages the PDB.

The PDB is useful for scientists studying structural biology and structural genomics. Many scientists have to send their information to the database. Major scientific journals and some funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health in the United States have rules telling scientists to send the data to the PDB. The PDB has the original or primary data. Hundreds of other databases reuse the data. These secondary databases organize the information in different ways. For example, both SCOP and CATH put structures into groups organized by type of structure and ideas about how they are related through evolution. Gene ontology puts the data into groups based on genes.

References

Related pages
 Database of Molecular Motions
 The Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) – parent site to regional hosts (below)
 RCSB Protein Data Bank (USA)
 PDBe (Europe)
 PDBj (Japan)
 BMRB, Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank (USA)
 wwPDB Documentation – documentation on both the PDB and PDBML file formats
 Looking at Structures  – The RCSB's introduction to crystallography
 PDBsum Home Page – Extracts data from other databases about PDB structures.
 Nucleic Acid Database, NDB – a PDB mirror especially for searching for nucleic acids
 Introductory PDB tutorial sponsored by PDB 

Chemistry
Proteins
Dhok Padhal

Dhok Padhal () is a village in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan.

Geography
The village is at 32° 58' 40" North, 73° 30' 40" East and has an altitude of 275 metres (905 ft) Falling Rain Genomics and has an area of about .It lies 10 km west of Dina, 5 km north of Rohtas and 30 km north east of Tilla Jogian.

Related pages
Dhok padhal map
school name

Villages in Pakistan
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani: Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист РеспубликасыAzərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası; Russian: Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика [АзССР] Azerbaydzhanskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika [AzSSR]), also known as the Azerbaijan SSR for short, was one of the republics that made up the former Soviet Union.

It was founded on April 28, 1920 as the Azerbaijan SSR. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR together with the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR. In December 1922, the Transcaucasian SFSR became part of the newly established Soviet Union. The Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR was approved by the 9th Extraordinary All-Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets on March 14, 1937. On November 19, 1990, the Azerbaijan SSR was renamed the "Republic of Azerbaijan" while still a part of the Soviet Union for another year before its collapse and the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991.

References

20th century in Azerbaijan
Political history of Azerbaijan
Modern history of Azerbaijan
Republics of the Soviet Union
Azerbaijani republics
1920 establishments in Azerbaijan
1990 disestablishments
1920 establishments in the Soviet Union
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Plitvice Lakes

Plitvice Lakes is a World Heritage Site and National Park in Croatia. 
Waters flowing over the limestone and chalk have deposited minerals, and created natural dams. The result is a series of beautiful lakes, caves and waterfalls. The forests in the park are home to bears, wolves and many rare birds.

Plitvice is the oldest national park in southeast Europe and the largest national park in Croatia. It was founded in 1949 and is in the mountainous karst area of central Croatia, at the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 1979, Plitvice Lakes was one of the first natural sites added to the UNESCO World Heritage register. Each year, more than 900,000 visitors are recorded.

The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from azure to green, grey or blue. The colours change constantly depending on the quantity of minerals or organisms in the water and the angle of sunlight.

Wildlife

Plants 
The area includes forests, meadows and water plants; ecologically it ranges from Alpine to Mediterranean conditions. Of over 1,000 types of plant, 75 are endemic, found naturally only here, and 55 are species of orchids.

Animals 
The park is home to a wide variety of animal and bird species. Rare fauna such as the European brown bear, wolf, eagle, owl, lynx, wild cat, capercaillie and many bats are there, with many more common species. 
157 species of birds have been recorded, 70 of which nest in the area. 12 amphibian species and lizards, snakes and turtles are there also.

References 

Geography of Croatia
World Heritage Sites in Europe
National parks in Europe
Jaat

Jaat or Jat or Jatt or Jut or Jutt or  Jet  or  Gét  or  Jit  or  Jít  (Hindi: जाट or जट्ट, Punjabi: ਜੱਟ)
is a community of northern India and Pakistan.
They are meant to be part of Jutes or Scythian tribe.

History
Jats occupy the most fertile land of India and dominate Northwest India. 
"Jat" is a label of a wide-ranging non-elite community, which had its origins in pastoralism in the lower Indus valley of Sindh.
"... (North India) contained large numbers of non-elite tillers.Like many similar titles used elsewhere, this was not so much a caste name as a broad designation for the man of substance in rural terrain. … To be called  Jat has in some regions implied a background of pastoralism, though it has more commonly been a designation of non-servile cultivating people".

Many Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment.[69].

Distribution
Jaats inhabited throughout the Punjab region, Sindh and some other northwestern parts of Subcontinent Jats are commonly called as 
“Thakur” ,”Choudhary” ,“Zamindar“ or “Sardar” being synonymous with landlord.

Famous people
Raja HarshVardhan Virk
YashoDharman Virk
Sir Chotu Ram
Maharaja Suraj Mal
Nawab Kapur Singh Virk
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana
Baba Shahmal Tomar
Phogat Sister
Sushil kumar 2 times Olympic medal winner
Sakshi Malik Olympic medal winner wrestler
Saina Nehwal
Baba Deep Singh
Bhagat Singh
Chaudhary Charan Singh
Dara Singh
Bhupinder Singh of Patiala
Ammy Virk
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Duleep Singh
Raja Nahar Singh
Gokula
Randeep Hooda
Ravi Kumar Dahiya
Virendra Sehwag
Abhinav Bindra

References

Further reading
 Census Of India 1911 Volume XIV Punjab Part 2 by Pandit Narikishan Kaul
 'A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province' by H.A. Rose, Page 354, published in 1919.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in India
Sapote

Sapote (from Nahuatl tzapotl) is a word for a soft, edible fruit. The word is part of the names of several plants from Mexico, Central America and northern parts of South America that have fruits. 

Some but not all sapotes come from the family Sapotaceae:

 Sapotaceae sapotes:
 Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) is native to Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Belize, and possibly El Salvador. 
 Yellow sapote (Pouteria campechiana) is from Mexico and Central America.
 Mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) is from southern Mexico to northern South America.
 Green sapote (Pouteria viridis) is native to lowland southern Mexico.

 Ebenaceae sapotes:
 Black sapote (Diospyros digyna) is from eastern Mexico south to Colombia. This is probably the original Aztec tzapotl.
 Chapote (Diospyros texana) is from the lower Rio Grande valley region in Texas and Mexico

 Other sapotes
 White sapote (Casimiroa edulis: Rutaceae) is from northern and central Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala.
 South American sapote (Quararibea cordata: Malvaceae) is from the Amazon rainforests of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

References

Fruits
Hansel and Gretel

"Hansel and Gretel" () is a fairy tale from Germany. The Brothers Grimm heard it from Dortchen Wild in Cassel and published it in their Children's and Household Tales in 1812. The Grimms revised the tale over the years. They gave the children names, changed the mother to a stepmother, and introduced Christian motifs. Their final version is dated 1857. The tale has been adapted to many media, most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck. A stop-motion animated movie based on the opera was made in the 1950s.

Story 
Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister who learn their parents intend to abandon them in the forest. Despite their situation, Hansel and Gretel’s spirits remained high.They find their way home by leaving a trail of pebbles. One day, however, their parents succeed. The children wander the forest and come upon a house made of cake and candy. It belongs to an old woman who makes the children prisoners. Although, she intends to eat them, she fails. Gretel outwits her. She pushes the old woman into the oven and slams the door. The two poor kids scaped and lived happily ever after.

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 236-7.
 Tatar, Maria. 2002. The Annoted Classic Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 44-5.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2002. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 225-6.

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Hurricane Hattie

Hurricane Hattie was a very powerful and deadly Atlantic storm in the western Caribbean Sea in autumn 1961. The storm struck Belize and parts of nearby countries, killing more than 300. This hurricane, because of how strong it was, would have been a Category Five on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The name Hattie was later retired.

Deadly storms
Hurricanes
1961 in North America
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Singapore at the Olympics

Singapore has sent athletes to most Summer Olympic Games held since 1948. The country was created as a separate British Crown Colony from the Straits Settlements about three months before the start of the 1948 Summer Olympics. It sent a team to the Games until 1964. 

At that time, Singapore was part of Malaysia. The team from Malaysia included people from Singapore. When Singapore became independent from Malaysia in 1965, the country began sending its own team again. It sent a team for every summer games after then, except in 1980. The country boycotted the 1980 games along with many other countries. No athletes from Singapore have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

Olympic medals 
The country has won four Olympic medals. The first medal was won by Tan Howe Liang, who won a silver medal in lightweight weightlifting in 1960. In table tennis, Jing Jun Hong and Li Jiawei came close to winning medals in Sydney in 2000. They finished in fourth place. They also finished fourth in the 2004 Athens Olympics. Singapore sent many athletes to the 2008 Beijing Olympics. It was felt that this was their best chance of winning a medal since 1960. This proved to be true.

In the Beijing, Li, together with Feng Tianwei and Wang Yuegu, beat the South Korea Women's Table Tennis team in the semi-finals. Because of this, they made it to the final match and would win at least the silver medal. Singapore lost to host China in the gold medal final.

Medalists

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

  Singapore profile at London2012.com

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Philip Showalter Hench

Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 – March 30, 1965) was an American physician.  Hench won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950. He won the award along with his Mayo Clinic co-worker Edward Calvin Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein . They won it for finding the hormone cortisone and its use for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."

Hench went to university at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. He was trained as a physician at the United States Army Medical Corps and the University of Pittsburgh.  Hench began working at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He later became the head of the Department of Rheumatology.

Early life and education
He attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. At Lafayette, he earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1916. After that, he served in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and the reserve corps to finish his medical training. He got a doctorate in medicine from the University of Pittsburgh in 1920.  After getting his medical degree, Hench spent a year as an intern at St. Francis Hospital in Pittsburgh. Next, he became a Fellow of the Mayo Foundation.

In 1928 and 1929, Hench studied at Freiburg University and the von Müller Clinic in Munich.

Medical career
Hench started his career at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He worked in the Department of Rheumatic Diseases. In 1926, he became the head of the department.  While at Mayo Clinic, Hench worked mainly on arthritic diseases. This lead him to believe that steroids lessened the pain caused by the disease.  During this time, biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall has found several steroids created by the adrenal gland cortex.  After several years of work, Hench and Kendall decided to use one of these steroids on patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  Testing of the hypothesis was delayed because the synthesis of Compound E was costly and time-consuming, and Hench served in the military during World War II. The tests were conducted successfully in 1948 and 1949.  The steroid they used was named Compound E at the time. It later become known as cortisone.

Hench, Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."  As of the 2010 prizes, Hench and Kendall are the only two Nobel winners who worked with Mayo Clinic.  
During his career, Hench was one of the founding members of the American Rheumatism Association. He was its president in 1940 and 1941. 

Hench has also gotten the Heberdeen Medal (1942), the Lasker Award (1949), the Passano Foundation Award (1950), and the Criss Award.  Lafayette College, Washington and Jefferson College, Western Reserve University, the National University of Ireland and the University of Pittsburgh given Hench honorary doctorates.

References

Other websites
Nobel Biography
Biography 

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
Scientists from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1896 births
1965 deaths
DFC LUV Graz

The DFC (Damen Fußball Club) LUV Graz is a women´s football club from the Styrian capital Graz. The club plays in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the highest level in Austrian women soccer.

History
The club started as women team of the football club LUV Graz which was founded in 1959. They played from 1978 on in the Damenliga Ost, which was then the highest class in Austrian women´s soccer. In 1982 the ÖFB started the Frauen Bundesliga, which is now the ÖFB-Frauenliga. LUV Graz played from the beginning in this league. 1979 the club won the Cup. 1984 till 1986 the club reached the Cup-final but was beaten all three times. In the 1986 season the club reached the second place in the Championship. After the 1988/89 season the club stopped playing in the top level league.

In 1998 the club was restarted as independent women soccer club. They started in the Landesliga Steiermark, which was then the second level of women soccer. 2001 they returned to the ÖFB-Frauenliga. Since then LUV Graz is part of the league. They reached mostly places in the middle of the table, but in 2007 they were runner-up in the league. The second team of the club is playing in the Styrian Landesliga (3rd level). The club has also an U19 team.

Honours

as part of LUV Graz
Austrian Cup: 1979
Austrian Cup runner-up: 1978, 1984, 1985, 1986
Runner up Frauenliga: 1986

as DFC LUV Graz
Austrian Cup runner-up: 2006, 2007
Runner up Frauenliga: 2007

2011/12 team

Mariella Rappold is member of the National football team. Kerstin Fernitz, Katrin Hornbacher and  Simona Koren are playing in the U19 national team. Sophie Maierhofer  is member of the U17-team.

Second team
AKSENTIC, Simona
BRANDTNER, Julia
ETTL, Selina
HALILI, Florijana
HIEBLER, Alexandra
HORATSCHEK, Anna Lena
KANZ, Stefanie
MARKO, Annika Lena
MEYER, Jutta
RAPPOLD, Lisa-Marie
RAPPOLD, Sonja
RATIU KISS, Antonia
RUIZ, Maria

Coaches
First team:Gerhard Vidovic
Second team:Joachim Springer

References

Austrian football clubs
Women's football in Austria
DFC LUV Graz
Hurricane Ophelia (2005)

Hurricane Ophelia was a long-lived Atlantic hurricane. It was mostly remembered for its very erratic and slow track off the United States' East Coast in September 2005. This storm brushed eastern North Carolina on September 14 and 15, 2005, causing $70 million in damages. Minor damage was also reported in eastern New England and Atlantic Canada when Ophelia brushed them as a strong tropical storm.

Hurricanes in the United States
2005 in weather
September 2005 events
2005 in Canada
2005 in Florida
2000s in North Carolina
2000s in Massachusetts
Jo Dee Messina

Jo Dee Messina is an American country music artist. She was born in Massachusetts on August 25, 1970. She has had nine #1 songs on the United States Billboard Country Music Charts. As late as 2008 she had a song on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. 

She has been honored under the Country Music Association. In the past, she was nominated for two Grammy Awards. She was the first female country artist to score 3 multiple-week number one singles. Messina relocated to Nashville, Tennessee around age 19.

Singles

"Bye, Bye" (1998)
"I'm Alright" (1998)

Studio albums

 Jo Dee Messina (1996)
 I'm Alright (1998)
 2000: Burn
 2002: A Joyful Noise
 2005: Delicious Surprise
 2014: Me

References 

1970 births
Living people
Singers from Massachusetts
American country singers
American singer-songwriters
Winnipeg General Strike

Winnipeg General Strike happened during March of 1919 in Winnipeg. Although many Canadian companies had enjoyed large profits following World War I, contracts, wages and working conditions were bad. Some protesters rioted.

1919 in North America
1910s in Canada
20th century riots
Protests in the 1910s
Winnipeg
Shoeshine

Shoeshine is a drama movie made in 1947. It has some violence in it. It is 90 minutes long. It is an Italian movie directed by Vittorio De Sica. It was nominated for best picture by the National Board of Review.

Other websites 
Overview at allrovi 

1947 movies
1940s drama movies
Multilingual movies
Italian drama movies
Movies set in Rome
Movies directed by Vittorio De Sica
Sejo of Joseon

Joseon Sejo (; September 29 1417 – September 8 1468) was the Korean Joseon Dynasty's seventh king (1455 – 1468). He was the second son of Sejong the Great.

In 1429 his peerage was Grand Prince Sooyang. When his father Sejong the Great died in 1450, his elder brother Munjong was crowned. Two years later Munjong died, and Munjong's son Danjong was crowned.

In 1455, he produced a coup d'état and became king of Joseon himself. Sejo's nephew Danjong was expelled after he was murdered in 1455.

Work book 
  Seokbosangjeol ()
  Wolilsukbo ()
  Yukdaebyungyo ()

Related pages 
 Cheukuki
 Yeonsangun of Joseon

References

Other websites 
 Sejo of Joseon:Navercast
 Sejo of Joseon
 조선 세조대 정치를 보는 시각과 생육신 (논문) 
 나한님 옆 바위틈에 ‘물방울 종소리’ 청아해라 불교신문 2008년 06월 14일자 
 선 굵은 선조… 개성 넘치는 정조… 
 (이성무의 선비 이야기) <15> 세조와 이계전  

1417 births
1468 deaths
Kings of Joseon
Kaštanka

Kaštanka is a forest. It has one of the highest lying sets of chestnuts in central Europe. It is in a small town called Nasavrky. Nasavrky is in eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. It is about 25 km south of county seat Pardubice.

History 

Jan Adam von Auersperg came back from Italy with six seedlings of chestnut at the end of 18th century.  He ordered that the seedlings were planted on the north side of Nasavrky hill. This happened between 1776 to 1778. The plants were the start of Kaštanka. In passing time, the set was expanded a lot. Kaštanka had over 110 trees in the turn of 19th and 20th century.
Kaštanka was made a nature monument on 1 December 1990. At that time, Kaštanka had over 138 trees. One of the first planted trees survives to this day. It was named "Knížák" in honor of prince Auersperg.
The chestnut became the sign of Nasavrky. It became the main motive in the emblem of the city Nasavrky, and the flag of Nasavrlky in 1996.

Main information

Kaštanka is natural monument which was declared as special protection area on 1st December 1990. The set of chestnuts is on a slight rise north ward. This area is in a built-up area about 100 meters from the city square. Kaštanka is at an altitude of 472 – 486. The area of set is 1,088 hectares large and all trees are chestnut trees expect a few that are on the edge.

Inspired by Kaštanka

Kaštanka was main theme of many artists like painters, sculptors and writers. Some writers wrote novels about Kaštanka. Two of the authors that did this were Marie Doležalová and Alois Stanislav Novák. Kaštanka gave Věra Vovsová, Jiří Poláček and Karel Pavlík the inspiration to make art. Vovsová said this about Kaštanka:

References 

Forests of Europe
Geography of the Czech Republic
Patty Duke

Anna Marie "Patty" Duke (December 14, 1946 – March 29, 2016) was an American stage, television and movie actress. She was born in Manhattan, New York City. Duke was married to actor John Astin and had two children; Mackenzie Astin and Sean Astin. 

In 1963, at age 16, Duke won the Academy Award for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for playing Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker. At the time, she was the youngest person to win the award. 

On March 29, 2016, Duke died of sepsis from a ruptured intestine in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. She was 69 years old.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Queens
American activists
American autobiographers
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Deaths from sepsis
Disease-related deaths in Idaho
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
People with bipolar disorder
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Prequel

Prequel is a term in drama and literature: it means the opposite of sequel. When a story is told in several stages, it is natural to tell it in order of time. For example, a series of books on the Second World War started with the 1930s, and ended up in 1946. 

For various reasons, this does not always happen. In the movie series Star Wars, the first movie was Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977). It was followed by three prequels, which were Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999); Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005).

For correct use, the term 'prequel' is only applied when work is part of a series, and when the later publication refers to an earlier time. It is an old idea, but one which is often used today for drama on movie and television. The Cypria, a work of Ancient Greek literature, is a prequel to Homer's Iliad. A related idea is the back-story, which is the background story of a main story or character.

References 

Drama
Literature
Movie industry
Talking past each other

Talking past each other is an idiom.

The phrase describes a situation in which people communicate at cross purposes.

The idiom explains what happens when there is a mismatch.  Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

The idiom applies to disputes in which neither side addressed any of the issues raised by the other.  In talking past each other, two different concepts which need not have been disputed are somehow confused or conflated.

In fictional dialogue, when characters talk past each other, the result is an exchange with flaws or defects.

In common use 
The phrase is used in many contexts.  For example,

1917 — Albert Einstein and David Hilbert had dawn-to-dusk discussions of physics; and they continued their debate in writing, although Felix Klein records that they talked past each other, as happens not infrequently between simultaneously producing mathematicians."(italics added)
2009 — After U.S. President Barack Obama's 2009 speech in Cairo, PBS experts discussed the President's words:
According to David Brooks:  "... I liked it on the whole. You know, if you cover the Middle East, you know that there's a lot of shouting there, a lot of people talking past each other. Famously, every group has their own historical narrative which they emphasize while ignoring everyone else's narrative. And I thought Obama did the right thing, which was to go there and give everybody -- everybody's narratives melded into one. Now, it meant he had to squeeze history here and there, but that's fine. He melded it into one so everyone could have a common conversation." (italics added)

References

More reading
 Anderson, Philip Warren.  "Twenty years of talking past each other: The theory of high Tc," Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, v. 460-462, iss. 0, p. 3-6.
 Fleisser, Marieluise and David Horton. (1992). Pioniere in Ingolstadt. Manchester, New York: Manchester University Press. ; ;  OCLC 24376759
 Gutting, Gary. (1980). Paradigms and Revolutions: Appraisals and Applications of Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy of Science. South Bend, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. OCLC 163461098

Idioms
Viveiro

Viveiro (sometimes called Vivero) is a town and municipality. It is in the province of Lugo. Lugo is in the northwestern part of Galicia, Spain. As of 2010, over 16,000 people live in Viveiro.

Festivities 
The calendar of Viveiro holds several festivals, both religious and not.

Carnival 
Viveiro has the oldest Carnival in Galicia. It is celebrated during the four days before Lent, from Saturday until Shrove Tuesday. It finishes on Tuesday with many floats travelling through the streets.

Saint James' day 
Viveiro celebrates the St. James' Day Battle on July 25 at the Port of Celeiro. It has marines moving through the estuary of Viveiro in a well organised and orderly way, similar to a march.

Twinned towns 
 Lannion, France
 Old Havana, Cuba
 Perth, Australia

Other websites 

 Ferrol-San Cibrao Port Authority  

Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Galicia
Blind men and an elephant

The Blind men and an elephant is an idiom.

The story of the blind men and an elephant comes from India. It is about a range of truths and mistakes.  It is also about the need for communication and the need for respect for different perspectives.  

The idiom shows the effects of observation and bias. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

Story
A group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an elephant to learn what it is like. Each one feels a different part, but only one part.  For example, one touches only the side and another touches only the tusk. 

The blind men discover that they disagree when each describes what he has learned from touching the elephant.

Poem
A famous poem — "The Blind Men and the Elephant" by John Godfrey Saxe (1816–1887).

The poem begins:
It was six men of Indostan
To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind

They conclude that the elephant is like a wall, snake, spear, tree, fan or rope, depending upon where they touch.  None of blind men's description is correct for the whole elephant.

Related pages
 Is the glass half empty or half full?

References

Other websites

 Story of the Blind Men and the Elephant  from www.spiritual-education.org 
 All of Saxe's Poems including original printing of The Blindman and the Elephant 
 Buddhist Version as found in Jainism and Buddhism. Udana hosted by the University of Princeton 
 Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi's version as translated by A.J. Arberry
 Jainist Version hosted by Jainworld 
 John Godfrey Saxe's version hosted at Rice University 

Idioms
Elephants
Fables
Parables
Epistemology
Oral tradition
Internal Troops of Azerbaijan

The Internal Troops of Azerbaijan () also known as Interior Troops or Interior Guard is the uniformed gendarmerie-like paramilitary force in Azerbaijan.

The Internal Troops are under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who also control the police. The Internal Troops are the descended from the Soviet Union's Internal Troops. They are used to deal with internal emergencies such as natural disasters, restoring public order, internal armed conflicts and to protect important facilities. During wartime, the Internal Troops fall under the jurisdiction of the Azerbaijani Land Forces, and can be involved in local defense and security of the country, along with the army.

Its equipment includes Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns.

Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Azerbaijani National Guard and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan and its Coast Guard branch.

Related pages
Military history of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Armed Forces
Azerbaijani Land Force
Azerbaijani Air Force
Azerbaijani Navy
Azerbaijani National Guard
State Border Service of Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs 

Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
Military of Azerbaijan
Law enforcement agencies
Windsor, Vermont

Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is built on the banks of the Connecticut River. The population was 2,066 at the 2010 census. The Constitution of Vermont was written and signed in the town. It is known as the birthplace of Vermont. It was the first capital until 1805.  Then Montpelier became the official capital.

History

The first settler in Windsor was Captain Steele Smith who arrived with his family in August 1764. The Constitution of Vermont was written and signed in 1777 at a tavern, now called Old Constitution House. This constitution declared that Vermont was an independent republic, and no longer part of the British Empire. By 1820, Windsor was the largest town in Vermont. It had factories making guns, machinery, tinware, furniture and harness. A dam built across Mill Brook in 1836 provided water power for these factories.

References

Other websites

Further reading
 A. J. Coolidge & J. B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England, Boston, Massachusetts 1859
 Hayward's New England Gazetteer of 1839
 English and American Tool Builders.  Joseph Wickham Roe, 1916 by Yale University Press and 1987 by Lindsay Publications Inc., Bradley IL 60915.   paper

Towns in Vermont
Vermont
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Vermont
Avarua

Avarua is a town and district in the north of Rarotonga Island. The name means "Two Harbors" in Cook Islands Māori. It is the national capital of the Cook Islands.

The downtown area of Avarua is located at sea level. It is below the peaks of Rarotonga (altitude: ). The town has several supermarkets, two banks and several restaurants. It has other shops which sell black pearls and other handicrafts. The town has an open air market on Saturday. The market sells items including brightly coloured pare'u (wrap around dresses), flower garlands, fresh fish and tropical fruits. The town is served by Rarotonga International Airport (IATA Airport Code:  RAR). In 2006 there were 5,445 people living in Avarua. They mainly make their living from tourism, trade, fishing and agriculture. There is one main road in Avarua. It is called Ara Maire Nui. It is also known as Marine Drive or Main Street. It turns into the island-circling ring road called Ara Tapu at both ends of town.

References

Other websites
Photo of Government Radio Station Rarotonga c1950

Capital cities in Oceania
Cook Islands
Psychopathy

Psychopathy is a personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder. Psychopaths are unemotional. They do not care about the emotions or rights of others. They show almost no empathy, and do not try to conform to social norms. They lack a conscience and do not feel guilt. A similar term is sociopathy.

Many psychopaths are charming and often manage to have superficial ties with other people. They use other people for their own benefit. Psychopaths often show other antisocial behaviour as well, including sadism, violence and deception. They are very selfish and discard people whom they have no further use for. They tend to have many children by many partners.

The definition of psychopathy has varied. Different definitions are used. They only partly overlap and sometimes seem contradictory.

There are efforts to use behaviour therapy to treat psychopaths; very often, this is done in prisons.

Some people are mislabeled as psychopaths, but have no problems with social norms, but they are good at influencing people.

References 

Personality disorders
Azerbaijani National Guard

The Azerbaijani National Guard () is a paramilitary force in Azerbaijan. The Internal Troops is under the authority of the Government of Azerbaijan  and operates as a semi-independent entity. The Azerbaijani National Guard was definitely active in December 1996 but has been united into the Special State Protection Service. The guard was established on the December 25, 1991.

The Special State Protection Service (SSPS) of Azerbaijan is a military unit directly under the authority of the President of Azerbaijan. Its responsibilities include the protection of the President of Azerbaijan, the protection of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (Parliament), the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan, the Constitutional Court, the Central Election Commission and other public bodies as well as the protection of important foreign leaders visiting Azerbaijan.

One of the most important tasks of the SPSS is the safety of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan petroleum and natural gas pipeline and the South Caucasus petroleum pipeline. NATO is supporting the service with several helicopters and military vehicles in order to protect the pipelines.

During wartime, the Azerbaijani National Guard operates together with the Azerbaijani Land Forces, and can be involved in local defense and security of the country, along with the army.

Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan and its Coast Guard branch.

Related pages
Military history of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Armed Forces
Azerbaijani Land Force
Azerbaijani Air Force
Azerbaijani Navy
Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
State Border Service of Azerbaijan

References

Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
National Guard
Woody Stephens

Woody Stephens (September 1, 1913 – August 22, 1998) was an American horse racing trainer that was put into the hall of fame in 1976.

Other websites 
Woody Stephens at Infoplease

1913 births
1998 deaths
Horse racing
Sportspeople from Kentucky
Road Town

Road Town, on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is next to the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. About 9,400 people lived there in 2004.

The name comes from sailing. "The roads" means a place less sheltered than a harbor but where ships stop. Its marina made Road Town a popular place in the Caribbean for chartering yachts. Cruise ships often dock here. Road Town also has tourism.

The Harbour is the dock for many of the ferries servicing the island. The ferry terminal is at the southwest end of Road Town. Ferries run during the day every day of the week. A 28 hectare (70 acre) development called Wickham's Cay, is on two areas of man-made land. The HM Prison on Main Street is the oldest building in Road Town. It was built in the 1840s. People disagree about where the borders of the town are.

History
The Emancipation Proclamation was read on 1 August 1834. This gave slaves their freedom, even though slavery had been officially abolished in 1807.

In 1853, a fire destroyed nearly every building in Road Town. Angry rioters spread the fire to protest an increase on the cattle tax. Rioters burned most of the plantations across the island.

References

Other websites
Ferry Schedule
Tortola Map & Guide
Detailed map of Road Town
Article from Encyclopedia Britannica
Real Travel/Frommer's Travel Guide to Road Town 

National capitals in North America
British Virgin Islands
State Border Service of Azerbaijan

The State Border Service of Azerbaijan Republic () also known as Border Guard of Azerbaijan is a governmental law enforcement paramilitary agency in charge of protecting the borders of Azerbaijan.

History
The State Border Service of Azerbaijan was established on July 31, 2002 by the order of the President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, by taking of the border troops from jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan. The main function of the border guard is to guard the Azerbaijani borders against any illegal acts, and to prevent illegal weapons, drugs and human trafficking in the country. 

Chief of State Border Service and Commander of Border Troops is General-Lieutenant Elchin Guliyev.

Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the Azerbaijani National Guard.

Maritime Brigade (Azerbaijani Coast Guard)

The Azerbaijan Coast Guard is an Azeri law enforcement agency which is a part of the State Border Service. It has been getting U.S. Coast Guard help including the buying of a Point-class cutter.

The commander is Major General Ilham Mehdiyev.

The Coast Guard was established within the State Border Service by presidential order in 2005. The Coast Guard’s new base was built in Türkan district of Baku within the State Program on “Technical development of security of state borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2006-2010”. 

The Maritime Brigade/Coast Guard has one Point class cutter, S 14 (ex Point Brower, transferred 28 February 2003), one Osa class missile boat, S 008, which has had its SS-N-2B missiles removed, 3 Stenka class patrol boats, S 005, S 006, and S 007, all with sonar and torpedo tubes removed, 1 Zhuk class patrol craft, P 222, and two  long Silver Ships small craft, S 11 and S 12. (Jane's Fighting Ships 2010)

Related pages
Military history of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Armed Forces
Azerbaijani Land Force
Azerbaijani Air Force
Azerbaijani Navy
Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani National Guard

Other websites
 Official website 
Azerbaijantoday.com. Azerbaijan border service has covered a long way of development, 07.09.2009
News.az. State Border Service ships rescue Russian ship 
Defenselink.mil. Caspian Guard initiative

References

Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
Military of Azerbaijan
Couvade

Couvade (French, from couver, 'to hatch', from Latin cubare 'lie down) describes the imitation of a pregnancy. It is performed by a man. The anthropologist E. B. Tylor was the first person that made use of the name couvade.

Practise 
To do so, the father carries out the same restrictions as the mother. These usually start closer towards the end of the pregnancy. It often proceeds for various amounts of time after childbirth. Restrictions: certain food taboos, staying only in the village or at home, avoiding certain places, no consumption of alcohol, cigarettes or stimulants or handling with sharp instruments. In some cases, the man copies the woman’s behaviour and pains during childbirth.

Occurrence 
The couvade is known throughout history, for example in the ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, in the Basque Country and in the south of France. These days, it still exists in various cultures around the world among indigenous people in India, Thailand, Indonesia, China, Africa, North America and South America.

Reasons 
These range from the spiritual and physical protection of the child, bonding of father with child as well as wife, the public recognition of fatherhood and support and relief of mother so she can maintain the household after the childbirth. The reasons for couvade are in some cultures linked to certain myths that give instructions and show what can go wrong if the parents do not follow them.

Consequences of not doing couvade 
It is believed to have huge impacts on the child such as illness, disability, death and the transformation into other creatures.

References 
E. B. Tylor (1878) Researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilization. Boston : Estes & Lauriat 
H. Ling Roth (1893) ‘On the Signification of Couvade’. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 11: 204-243
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/couvade
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Couvade+Syndrome

Culture
Elizabeth City, North Carolina

Elizabeth City is a city in northeastern North Carolina close to the Virginia state line. The region is vulnerable to tropical cyclones because of its location. Elizabeth City is located in Pasquotank and Camden counties. Elizabeth City is the county seat and largest city of Pasquotank County.

Elizabeth City is the birth city of Nikita Pavlunenko.

Cities in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina