cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Frances Cress Welsing

Frances Cress Welsing (Frances Luella Cress; March 18, 1935 – January 2, 2016) was an American afrocentrist and psychiatrist. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. Welsing is known for her views on white supremacy. According to Welsing, White people are the result of genetic mutation and are the children of Africans. She is the author of the well-known The Isis Papers (1991).

Welsing suffered a stroke on January 1, 2016. She was placed under critical condition at a Washington, D.C.-area hospital. Welsing died a few hours later on the morning of January 2, 2016. She was 80 years old.

References

Other websites
 Ortiz de Montellano, B. (2001) Magic Melanin: Spreading Scientific Illiteracy to Minorities.

1935 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Educators from Chicago
American psychiatrists
Writers from Chicago
Scientists from Chicago
Steve Gohouri

Lohoré Steve Ulrich Gohouri (8 February 1981 – December 2015), better known as Steve Gohouri, was an Ivorian professional footballer. He played as a defender from 1998 until his death. He played for Paris Saint-Germain, Vaduz, BSC Young Boys, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Wigan Athletic, Maccabi Tel Aviv and Bologna.

Gohouri was born in Treichville, Abidjan.

Gohouri went missing in December 2015 in Germany. He was found dead on 31 December 2015 in the river Rhine. His death was announced on 2 January 2016. He was 34.

References

Other websites
 
 

1981 births
2015 deaths
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Ivorian footballers
Trypophobia

Trypophobia is a fear of an irregular pattern of holes or bumps. 

Some people feel the holes are "disgusting and gross." Others feel nauseated and itchy, have panic attacks, sweat or feel their heart pound. It may be that some brain responses associate the holes with danger.

References

Phobias
Roland Alpha Juno

Roland Alpha Juno is a series of synthesizer keyboards. They were made by the Roland Corporation from 1985 to 1986. Two main models were released: the Alpha Juno 1 (JU-1) (1985–1986) and the Alpha Juno 2 (JU-2) (1985–1986).

The JU-2 added one octave of notes and a slot for cartridges.

Electronic musical instruments
Decathlon

A decathalon is a sporting event. It has ten track and field events. It consists of 4 runs, 3 jumps and 3 throws

The word decathalon comes from the Greek language. It has two parts; δέκα (déka, meaning "ten") and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning "feat").

Events in athletics
Summer Olympic sports
Naan

Naan bread is a type of bread made with flour. It is a flatbread that is baked in a tandoor. Naan bread often looks like a tear drop. It is often covered in herbs and spices such as garlic to change the taste.

Naan bread is made from basic bread ingredients like wheat flour, a leavening agent (either yeast, yogurt, baking powder, or all), salt, and butter or ghee. It also is made with yogurt and milk. The yogurt is what makes naan bread taste so much different than other kinds of bread.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Bread

Indian food
Flatbreads
Laundry

Laundry is the washing of clothing. Laundry is often done in a special room called a laundry room. Some shared homes have shared laundry rooms. Businesses that wash clothes are called laundromats or launderettes.

Laundry is done by washing with soap and water or detergent and water. The clothing is stirred roughly in the soapy water, and then moved to be rinsed in clean water. Washing can be done by hand or with a washing machine. The clothing is dried in a clothes dryer or on a clothesline. Sometimes after the clothes are dry, they are ironed or pressed.

References 

Clothing
Hygiene
Rooms
Clothes dryer

A clothes dryer or tumble dryer is a machine that is used to remove water from clothing after it is washed. A dryer has a rotating cylinder called a "drum' that holds clothes and lets hot air in to evaporate the water. Then the heated air and water vapor exit through a vent. The drum spins so that the clothing stays apart making the hot air work better. Dryers can use electricity to both operate the machine and create heat to dry the clothes. Others use natural gas to create the heat.

Ventless clothes dryers work differently since they cannot vent the hot air. The two types of ventless dryers are condensation dryers and heat pump dryers. Condensation dryers heat the air the same as a regular dryer, but use a heat exchanger. The air is cooled and the water goes down a drain. A heat pump dryer works similarly but passes the air a heat pump. The water either goes down the drain or into a collection tank.

References 

Home appliances
Clothing
Storyboard

A storyboard is a way of planning animated films, movies, or television shows. A storyboard shows examples of what the artist wants to make before they are animated. It also lets artists organize their stories before they start to make the animation. Storyboarding, in the form it is known today, was developed at Walt Disney Productions. It was first used in the 1928 animated short film, Plane Crazy." The 1939 movie Gone with the Wind was the first to be completely storyboarded.

References

Other websites 
 Storyboard from the Movie Gone With the Wind
 Storyboards from Ten Popular Films

Movies
Animation
Graphics
Margaret Tudor

Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541) was the wife of James IV of Scotland. She was Queen Consort of Scotland from 1503 until James IV died in 1513. After that, she was regent for their son James V. Margaret and James IV were grandparents of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Margaret was born at Westminster Palace. She was the oldest surviving daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.

In 1514, Margaret married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Margaret and Douglas were grandparents of Lord Darnley, the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots.  Margaret's great-grandson, King James VI of Scotland, became the king of England and Ireland after Elizabeth I of England died in 1603.

Ancestry

Other websites

A short profile of Margaret alongside other influential women of her time
Margaret Tudor Gallery
http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/MargaretTudor(QueenScotland).htm

House of Tudor
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
1489 births
1541 deaths
Regents
Byzantine calendar

The Byzantine calendar was a calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from the year 691 A.D. to 1728. It was also used by the Byzantine empire from 988 A.D. to 1453, when the empire fell, and by Russia from 988 A.D. to 1700. The Byzantine calendar is like the Julian calendar, but the year starts on 1 September instead of 1 January. Year one of the Byzantine calendar is from 1 September, 5509 B.C. to 31 August, 5508 B.C.

Background 
The Great Schism, dated to 1054, created two religions from what was formerly one. The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. At that time the Roman Catholic church used the Julian calendar. In 1453 the Byzantine Empire collapsed ending the use of their calendar. But others still used it, notably Russia. Numbering differences began to appear when the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

Other differences 
The Roman calendar did not include dates for Old Testament prophets. The Byzantine calendar does.

Russia 
Peter the great became tsar of Russia in 1682. At the time the Russians used a form of the Julian calendar with Byzantine influence. The calendar year started on 1 September and not 1 January. The years were numbered from the date given as earth's creation and not from the birth of Christ. Peter changed the calendar to start on January 1 and numbered the years from Christ's birth. But he continued basing the calendar on the Julian system instead of the Gregorian calendar. By the early 1800s the Russian calendar was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar used by western Europe. So dating something between the two systems became a problem. Dating notations such as 1 March O.S. (meaning Old Style, Julian or Russian) were used. Another example is 16 May 1582 N.S. (New Style or Gregorian calendar). Other notations included both: 25 October/6 November 1917, trying to show how the same day appeared in different calendars. 

On 1 January 1700, by decree of Peter the Great, the Russian/Byzantine calendar was no longer used.

References

Calendars
Byzantine Empire
Loopback

The loopback address is a computing term that is a special IP address of a computer's ethernet network. It is used to allow software on a computer to send information to the same computer using the TCP/IP stack. The special IP address is known as 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (::1, IPv6).

References

Computer networking
File allocation table

A file allocation table (FAT) is a way that computers look up stored data on a storage device. These include floppy disks, USB flash drives, SD cards and other high capacity storage devices. 

A FAT is a list of clusters that show where a computer file is stored. These clusters are not necessarily right next to each other but can be scattered over the disk or storage medium. The FAT is always located in the first few clusters of a storage device.There are always two identical copies, one being a backup of the other.

The FAT file system is a legacy file system that is both simple and robust. It works well even in lightweight uses. But it cannot deliver the same speed, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is, however, supported for compatibility reasons by nearly all currently developed operating systems for personal computers. It is also supported by many mobile devices and embedded systems. That makes it a well suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981 up to the present.

History 
It was originally designed in 1977 for use on floppy disks. FAT was soon adapted and used almost universally on hard disks throughout the DOS and Windows 9x eras for two decades. As disk drives improved, the capabilities of the file system have been extended accordingly. This has resulted in three major file system variants: FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software.

With the introduction of more powerful computers and operating systems FAT is no longer the default file system for use on Microsoft Windows computers.

Modern use 
FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, USB sticks, flash and other solid-state memory cards. DCF uses FAT as the standard file system for digital cameras. FAT is also utilized in the boot stage of EFI-compliant computers.

References

Other websites 
 File Allocation Table; YouTube
 FAT
 FAT File Systems, Microsoft

Computer file formats
Cheque

A cheque (or check) is a paper used to give money from one person or business to another person or business. To the person getting the cheque, it is a paper that allows them to go to a bank and get money. To the person writing the cheque, it is a promise to pay the bank that is giving the money to the person who turned the cheque in.

Cheques must be written to a person or business. A cheque that is not written to anyone can be very bad because if it is lost, anyone who finds it can get the money. A cheque that is written to a person but does not have the amount of money written is a blank cheque.

Cheques have been used since over a thousand years ago. However, they became popular in the 20th century for paying money without using cash.

Parts of a cheque 
The four main parts of a cheque are:
 Drawer, the person who makes the cheque
 Payee, the person who gets the money
 Drawee, the bank that pays the money for the cheque
 Amount, the amount that has to be paid
When more people started to use cheques, more things were added to make them more secure and easy to track. They started to require the drawer's signature to be confirmed. The signature on a cheque is the main way to tell if a cheque is real. Cheques also started to need the amount written in words and numbers. This made it harder to make mistakes and harder to change the cheque after it was already written.

Issue dates have also been added to cheques. A cheque is invalid if a long time has passed since the issue date. A cheque with an issue date in the past is called an antedated cheque. A cheque with an issue date in the future is called a post-dated cheque. Usually, a person cannot get money from a post-dated cheque until after the issue date has passed.

Cheque numbers are also used often. Every cheque has a different cheque number. This is to make sure people can't get money twice from one cheque.

Accounting
Banks
Commerce
Currency
Documents
Legal terms
Money
Trade
Michel Delpech

Jean-Michel Delpech (26 January 1946 – 2 January 2016), better known as Michel Delpech, was a French singer-songwriter and actor. He began his career in 1964. He released thirteen albums and over 50 singles. He appeared in the movie The Beloved (2011).

Delph was born in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine. He was married to Chantal Simon until their divorce in 1976. He later married Geneviève Garnier-Fabre in 1985. He had three children.

Delph died from throat cancer on 2 January 2016 in Puteaux. He was 69.

References

Other websites

 

1946 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Ile-de-France
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from throat cancer
French movie actors
French singers
French songwriters
Musicians from Ile-de-France
Gisela Mota Ocampo

Gisela Raquel Mota Ocampo (13 March 1982 – 2 January 2016) was a Mexican politician. She was a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). She was the mayor of Temixco from 1 January 2016 until her death the next day. She was born in Morelos, Temixco.

Mota Ocampo was shot dead at her home on 2 January 2016 in Pueblo Viejo, aged 33.

References

1982 births
2016 deaths
Mayors
Mexican politicians
Murders by firearm
City of Bones

City of Bones is the first novel of Cassandra Clare. It was first published March 27, 2007 in United States by Simon & Schuester, who publishes her other works as well. This is the first book of her main series The Mortal Instruments.

Creation

Cassandra Clare was a fanfiction author, publishing her Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings stories online. One day, in 2004, a friend of hers took her to a tattoo shop, where she saw those footprints in the ceiling, and after that, she started developing the story of  race of warriors, called Shadowhunters, who were burdened with the job to protect humans from demons. 
After some rejections, in 2007 Cassandra could get her book to be published by the name of City of Bones, by Simon & Schuester, in the US. Her books have been published and have been bestsellers throughout the years. In UK, her publisher is Walker Books.

Fantasy books
2007 books
Marcel Barbeau

Marcel Christian Barbeau  (February 18, 1925 – January 2, 2016) was a Canadian artist. His best known works are Fenêtre sur l'avenir and Fenêtre sur l'avenir, both in Montreal.

Barbeau was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied with Paul-Émile Borduas. In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. He had two children. Barbeau died on January 2, 2016 at the age of 90.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Canadian painters
Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Esperanto alphabet

The Esperanto alphabet is the alphabet which is used to write the Esperanto language. It has 28 (twenty-eight) letters.

The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Roman alphabet (which the English alphabet is also based on). Unlike the English alphabet, it does not have the letters q, w, x or y, but it has 6 (six) letters that use a diacritic (a special mark above a letter): ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ and ŭ.

Alternative writings 
Because Esperanto uses letters with diacritics, there was (and sometimes still is) the need to write text in Esperanto even if the special letters are not available.

L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, proposed the so-called h-system (h-sistemo in Esperanto). Instead of diacritics, the letter h is added, with the only exception being ŭ. For example, ĝ becomes gh, ĥ becomes hh and ŭ becomes u. Words which appear to have a diacritic but do not actually can be "broken" with a hyphen or an apostrophe. For example, flughaveno (airport) becomes flug-haveno or flug'haveno.

Another system used to replace diacritics is the x-system (x-sistemo in Esperanto). The letter x is not used in the Esperanto alphabet, but it can be used to write diacritics. The x-system, unlike the h-system, does not treat ŭ differently from the other letters. For example, ĝ becomes gx, ĥ becomes hx and ŭ becomes ux. flughaveno remains the same, as there is no ambiguity.

Unicode and HTML 
The whole Esperanto alphabet is part of the Latin-3 and Unicode character sets, and it is included in WGL4. 
The code points and HTML entities for the special Esperanto characters in Unicode are:

Criticism 
Some people say that use of the diacritics (the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) makes the language less natural than it would be using only the basic letters of Latin alphabet. The letters ĉ, ĝ,  ĥ, ĵ  are not used in any other language in the world.

According to some people, the phonetic system of Esperanto is too similar to the Polish dialect of Białystok, home town of Zamenhof.

Several people consider using the Latin alphabet not to be neutral. In fact, many native languages on each continent (except for Antarctica) use the Latin alphabet to write: for example, German (Europe), Swahili (Africa), Vietnamese (Asia), Tahitian (Oceania), Cree (North America) and Apalaí (South America).

References 

Esperanto
Esperanto
Bradycardia

Bradycardia (also called bradyarrhythmia) is a slow heart rate.  In adults, bradycardia is defined as a heart rate that is under 60 beats per minute (bpm) while the person is resting.  Bradycardia is a type of cardiac arrhythmia.

There are many types of bradycardia.  Some are caused by problems with the heart.  Bradycardia can also be caused by medicines, drugs, and many other things.

Symptoms
The symptoms of bradycardia depend on how slow the heart rate is and what kind of problem the heart is having.  For most people, bradycardia is not a serious problem.  But it can become a serious problem if it signals a major problem with the heart.  Also, if bradycardia gets very bad, the heart will be unable to pump enough blood and oxygen to the body.  Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive.  If bradycardia is bad enough, it can cause organ damage, brain damage, and death.

Causes
 Problems with the heart's electrical system.  There are two atria (upper chambers) in the heart: the right atrium and the left atrium.  For the heart to beat normally, special parts of the right atrium have to send electricity through the heart to make it squeeze out blood.  The electricity has to start in a certain place and pass through a certain route in the heart.  If this does not happen correctly, the heart will not beat correctly.
 Medications, like beta blockers
 Depressant medications or drugs

References

Heart disease
Matt Hobden

Matthew Edward "Matt" Hobden (27 March 1993 – 2 January 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He played for Cardiff MCCU (2012–2013) and Sussex (2013–2016).

Hobden was born in Eastbourne, East Sussex. He was educated at Millfield School and Eastbourne College.

Hobden died after accidentally falling on 2 January 2016 in Forres, Scotland. He was 22.

References

Other websites
 Matt Hobden at ESPNcricinfo
 Matt Hobden at CricketArchive

1993 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
English cricketers
People from Eastbourne
Sportspeople from Sussex
Shigeji Kaneko

Shigeji Kaneko (, 13 August 1931 – 2 January 2016) was a Japanese featherweight boxer during the 1950s. He fought Gabriel "Flash" Elorde four times, winning them all. He was also a boxing promoter from the 1980s until the early 2000s. He was born in Tsubame, Niigata.

Shigeji died from progressive supranuclear palsy on 2 January 2016 in Tokyo. He was 84.

References

Other websites
 Shigeji Kaneko at BoxRec

1931 births
2016 deaths
Boxers
Deaths from progressive supranuclear palsy
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Japanese sportspeople
People from Niigata Prefecture
Precision (numbers)

In mathematics, precision describes the level of exactness in a number's digits, such as number 54.6 having precision 1 (one decimal digit). A number with end zeroes ("00") has a negative precision, such as 500 having precision -2, or 4,000 as precision -3. A whole number (not ending in "0") has precision 0.

The level of precision differs from the word "accuracy" of a number, which means the correctness or truth of a number as used to describe an item or count.

Mathematics
Acid2

The Acid2 test is a test of web browsers to see if they can show parts of the internet correctly. It uses CSS and HTML to put things in the right places. It uses the PNG format for the images it uses in the test. A company's web browser that works with the Acid2 test is able to show most of the internet correctly and is a modern web browser.

References

Computers
Web browsers
Web design
Folding@home

Folding@Home is a distributed computing project that helps doctors at Stanford University learn about and cure diseases. When parts of the human body do not work right, they make people sick. Folding@Home looks at the parts called proteins. When these proteins do not work right, they can make people sick with things like Alzheimer's, Mad Cow disease, and many types of cancer.

The project uses the idle processing resources of thousands of personal computers owned by volunteers who have installed the software on their systems. Instead of using an expensive supercomputer many user's computers can do the same work. The software was first available for the Sony PlayStation 3. It can also run in a Google Chrome window. It is now available for a wide variety of Android mobile devices.

References

Research organizations in the United States
Medicine
Computing
Qualia

Qualia is a term philosophers use for bits of perception or subjective, conscious experience. It is in the field called the philosophy of psychology, or philosophy of mind.

Examples of qualia include the pain of a headache, the taste of wine, or the perceived redness of an evening sky. It is a separate bit of experience, different from thinking about propositions or stream of consciousness thought.

Daniel Dennett (b. 1942), American philosopher and cognitive scientist, says qualia is "an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us".

References 

Philosophy
Consciousness
Stream of consciousness

Stream of consciousness refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious mind. It was a term used by the American psychologist and philosopher William James in 1890.  James said:
"Consciousness, then, [is not] chopped up in bits. Such words as 'chain' or 'train' do not describe it fitly as it presents itself in the first instance. It is nothing jointed; it flows. A 'river' or a 'stream' are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described". (James, p239)

The idea (but not the term) had been noted before James, by the philosopher William Hamilton in his lectures of 1838/9. He described thought as "a series of acts all... connected".

A similar idea occurs in early Buddhist writings, and is sometimes called the mindstream.

Related pages 
Consciousness
Thought
Qualia
Stream of consciousness writing

References 

Psychology
Philosophy
Metaphors
Consciousness
Oscar Isaac

Oscar Isaac (born Óscar Isaac Hernández Estrada; March 9, 1979) is a Guatemalan American actor and musician. He is known for his lead film roles in the comedy-drama Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination, the crime drama A Most Violent Year (2014) and the science fiction thriller Ex Machina (2015). He had a role in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens. He has also recorded music in Guatemala. He won a Golden Globe Award in 2016.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Podcasts

Theatre

New Japan Pro Wrestling (1989-1995)

Vsto debuted in 1989 at the PvP (NjPW Crash) and carried on his career at NjPW.

Visto (1996)

Visto made a impact on showing up at WCW Monday Nitro in a battle royal.

Mincho (1997)

Visto disappeared on WCW Monday Nitro and appeared on WCW Monday Nitro as Mincho .

References

Other websites

Golden Globe Award winning actors
1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Guatemalan people
Jeannie Mai

Jeannie Camtu Mai (born January 4, 1979) is an American television personality. She is a known fashion expert for the television series How Do I Look?. She has been a presenter for the Miss Universe pageant as well.

References

Living people
1979 births
Alexandra Nilsson

Alexandra "Kissie" Nilsson (born Alexandra Barbara Nilsson, 18 April 1991) is a Swedish blogger and television personality.   She has two siblings, who are younger than her. 

She started her blog in January 2007. In 2011, she had the most visited blog in Sweden with about 170,000 visitors.  She also has a Youtube channel called Alexandra "Kissie" Nilsson. It has very many subscribers.

In late summer of 2010, Kissie tried to start a career in music by recording a song, called "Success". It was released a month later. However, the song didn't get very much attention, and most of her readers didn't buy the song. That caused the website that sold "Success" to shut down two weeks after it's publicity.

In autumn 2010, Kissie and her friend were traveling to a Swedish city called Västerås, where they were going to host DJ at a nightclub. She said on her blog that she would meet her readers at the train station, but when she got there, she was attacked by some readers who threw some eggs and flour at her.

References

Swedish entertainers
1991 births
Living people
Bloggers
Swedish television personalities
Swedish writers
Svetlana Alexievich

Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich (born 31 May 1948 in Ukraine) is a Belarusian investigative journalist and non-fiction writer who writes in the Russian language. She won a Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015.

References

1948 births
Living people
Belarusian writers
Nobel Prize in Literature winners
Honda CR-V

The Honda CR-V is a compact SUV, manufactured since 1997 by Honda. It was loosely based on the Honda Civic. It debuted in Japan in 1996. 

In 1997 the five-passenger compact utility vehicle was introduced in North America. At first it was available only as a four-wheel drive model. It was powered by a 126-horsepower 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine. Honda first began producing the CR-V in Sayama, Japan, and Swindon, UK, for worldwide markets. It added North American manufacturing sites in East Liberty, Ohio, in 2007; El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico, in late 2007; and Alliston, Ontario, Canada, in 2012. 

The CR-V also is produced in Wuhan (Hubei province) for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company. They are a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The CR-V is Honda's second smallest utility vehicle, slotting between the smaller HR-V and the larger Pilot. In 2015 the CR-V was named Motor Trend SUV of the year.

References 

CRV
Piña colada

A piña colada is a special kind of mixed cocktail. It is usually made of rum, coconut cream, and pineapple juice. It is usually served either blended or shaken with ice. It may be garnished with either a pineapple wedge, a maraschino cherry, or both. Piña colada is the national drink of Puerto Rico. 

There are many claims to be the first to invent the piña colada. Bartender Ramon “Monchito” Marrero is claimed to be the inventor over fifty years ago by the Puerto Rican government. But there are three places in Puerto Rico that claim to be the home of the Piña Colada. There was also a version made in Cuba as early as 1922.

References 

Alcoholic drink
Griot

A griot or Jeli is a West African historian, storyteller, musician, genealogist, spokesperson, diplomat, teacher, praise-singer and more. There is really no word in the English language that fully explains what a Griot does. Not every griot does all these things, but these are some examples of what their function is.

Their role 
A griot was a public servant, an artist, and a royal counselor. His fate depended on the prosperity and survival of the king or queen he served. He preserved the oral history of his tribe or people. In the Caribbean and the Americas he was the link to their African culture and history. The griot was the only person that could keep their past history in Africa alive. Troubadour and poet, diplomat and diviner only begin to describe his functions. Each clan, village, and warrior-family had a griot. They kept track of all births, marriages, deaths, battles and other tribal histories. Griots were also said to have the ability to see one's future. They could memorize the history of every member of a clan or tribe going back for centuries.

Who could become a griot 
The position of a griot was traditionally passed down from father to son. A griot was born into and trained by a griot family. For those not born into griot families, sometimes there was a master griot who taught the arts associated with the position. Today there are state-sponsored and private schools that teach griot arts. But they focus on the musical aspects and not the verbal skills.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Griot Tradition
 What is a Griot? 
 Griots and Storytellers. Ancient Africa for Kids

Oral tradition
African traditional religions
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a department of ICANN. IANA is a nonprofit corporation that handles many Internet-related symbols and numbers.

Responsibilities 
IANA is in charge of allocating numbers like IP addresses used in Internet protocols. These protocols are published in Request for Comments (RFC) documents. IANA works with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the RFC editorial team.

Assigning IP addresses and domain names needs more administration. IANA delegates these to smaller administrations because of the many layers involved.

IP addresses 
IANA gives IP addresses in blocks to regional internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR assigns addresses for a different part of the world. All the RIRs formed the Number Resource Organization to coordinate with each other.

RIRs split their address pools into smaller chunks and give them to Internet service providers in their region. IANA assigns addresses with a /8 prefix for IPv4. It also assigns IPv6 addresses with /23 and /12 prefixes. These IPv6 addresses come from the 2000::/3 IPv6 address block. Because IPv4 addresses have run out, IANA does not assign them any more.

Domain names 
IANA also manages the top layer of the Domain name system (DNS). It works with many different server operators and policy makers from ICANN.

IANA also manages .int domains for international organizations, and .arpa for reverse DNS.

Protocol parameters 
IANA is also involved in Internet Engineering Task Force protocols, like uniform resource identifier (URI) schemes. It also recommends character encodings to use on the Internet. IANA has to listen to the Internet Architecture Board when doing this.

Time zone database 
IANA also has a database containing time zone differences and rules. Computers everywhere use the information in this database to keep time correctly.

IANA has been responsible for the database since October 16, 2011. The original FTP server holding the database was shutdown because of the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. court decision.
Internet standards
Internet-related organizations
Organizations based in the United States
1988 establishments in the United States
Roommate

A roommate is a person who shares a room, apartment (British flat) or house with others. A housemate (mainly British) is someone who shares a house with others. For students living on a university campus, having at least one roommate is a traditional arrangement. Most college and university dormitories are designed for two roommates. There is a new trend among college students to request a room to themselves. Many colleges and universities are very willing to give what is called a 'super single' to one student who wants privacy.

The reason many get one or more roommates is to save money. As rents keep increasing, they are sometimes going up faster than wages in an area.

References 

Relationships
Bernocchi

Bernocchi might mean:

People 
 Antonio Bernocchi - Italian businessman
 Nicola Bernocchi - entrepreneur, philanthropist and financier Italian

Products 
 Luminator Bernocchi, the first prototype of Italian industrial design objects

Companies  
 Cotonificio Bernocchi - Italian clothing company

Sports 
  Coppa Bernocchi  - cycling road race Men Online

Place names
 Casal Bernocchi - fraction of Roma Capitale
 Via Bernocchi - Road Legnano (Varese)
 Via Bernocchi - Rome
Ostwald process

The Ostwald process is a chemical process for making nitric acid (HNO3). The Ostwald process provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. It is closely associated with the Haber process. It is named after Wilhelm Ostwald, who developed the process and patented it in 1902.

Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in two stages. 

1) It is oxidized in the presence of platinium as catalyst at about 900 degrees Celsius to form nitric oxide and water.

    4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

2) Nitric oxide is oxidized again to form nitrogen dioxide and then it reacts with water to form dilute nitric acid whereas some portion of the nitrogen dioxide is reduce back to nitric oxide. 

    2 NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO2
    3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g) 

 Alternatively if the nitrogen dioxide reacts with oxygen.

    4 NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) → 4 HNO3

References

Chemical processes
2014 FIVB Volleyball World Championship

The 2014 Volleyball World Championship was held in Poland from 30 August to 21 September 2014. The tournament featured 24 teams to determine the world champions in men's volleyball. In addition to the host nation Poland, 23 teams qualified for the tournament by means of continental and regional competitions. The matches took place in seven venues across seven Polish cities, with the final being held at Spodek, Katowice.

Other websites

Official website 
Official website 
Final Standing
Awards
Formula and Prize Money
Statistics
Highlights World Championship 

Volleyball
2014 in sports
Marion Maréchal

Marion Maréchal-Le Pen (born 10 December 1989) is a French politician. She is the granddaughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and the niece of Marine Le Pen. She is a member of Front National and an MP for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency since 2012. Twenty-two years old at the time of her election, she became France's youngest MP in modern political history.

References 

1989 births
Living people
National Front (France) politicians
Politicians from Ile-de-France
Cornway College

Cornway College (or simply Cornway) is a private, day and boarding school for boys and girls in Mount Hampden, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe, Africa. It is  from the Harare central business district. Cornway College was opened on January 23, 2006. It has a preparatory school (Cornway Junior College) and a high school (Cornway Senior College). The language used to communicate within the school is English.

Cornway College was ranked as one of the top 10 high schools in Zimbabwe in 2014.

Academics

Junior College
Students at the Junior College are taught the primary schools curriculum developed by Cambridge International Examinations or CIE (an exam board in the United Kingdom) and ZIMSEC (an exam board in Zimbabwe). The children learn the following subjects:
 Agriculture
 Computer Literacy
 English
 General Paper
 Mathematics
 Science
 Shona
In Grade Seven, children write tests for the Cambridge Primary certificate by CIE (for English, Mathematics and Science subjects) and Grade Seven exams by ZIMSEC (for English, General Paper, Mathematics and Shona subjects).

Senior College
Students in Form One and Form Two (Year 8 and Year 9) are taught several subjects according to the Zimbabwe Junior Certificate curriculum.

In Form Three and Form Four (Year 10 and Year 11), students are taught according to the curriculum of CIE and ZIMSEC. In Form Four, the students then write tests for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (given by CIE) and the GCE Ordinary Level certificate (given by ZIMSEC).

In the Sixth Form (that is, Lower Six and Upper Six, or Year 12 and Year 13), students learn a minimum of three subjects according to the Advanced Level curriculum of CIE and ZIMSEC. In Lower Six, students can choose to write tests for the Cambridge International AS Level certificate (half the content of Advanced Level is tested, the certificate is given by CIE) then write tests again in Upper Six for the full Cambridge International A Level certificate. Another option is to write the Cambridge International A Level and or the ZIMSEC GCE Advanced Level tests in Upper Six.

Sports

Junior College
Sports at the Junior College include:
 Athletics
 Basketball
 Chess
 Cricket
 Cross-country
 Hockey
 Netball
 Rugby
 Soccer
 Swimming
 Tennis
 Volleyball

Senior College
Sports at the Senior College include:
 Athletics
 Basketball
 Chess
 Cricket
 Cross-country
 Handball
 Hockey
 Netball
 Rugby
 Soccer
 Swimming
 Tennis
 Volleyball

References

Other websites
  Official website
  on Pindula

Zimbabwe
Schools
2006 establishments
2000s establishments in Africa
Orizuru

An orizuru (折鶴 ori- "folded," tsuru "crane"), or paper crane, is a classically designed paper Japanese origami. Red paper cranes is a representation of the Japanese red-crowned crane which is special in Japanese culture. The orizuru is often is used restaurant table decoration.  Senbazuru (千羽鶴), which means "thousand cranes," are one thousand paper cranes strung together.

References

Origami
Cranes
Out of the Woods (song)

"Out of the Woods" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift.  It is the sixth single from her album, 1989.  It was co-written and co-produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff from the American alternative band Fun.  The two produced the song along with Swedish songwriter and producer Max Martin.  The song is the fourth track on the album.  It became her sixth top-20 hit in a row on the US Billboard Hot 100.

The music video for the song was released on December 31, 2015, live on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on ABC stations in the United States.

2014 songs
Pop songs
Taylor Swift songs
Point Break

Point Break is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and it was produced by Peter Abrams and Robert L. Levy. Point Break was released on July 12, 1991.

In the movie, a gang of robbers called the "Ex-Presidents" wear face-masks of former Presidents of the United States (Ronald Reagan, Richard Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter) to hide their true identities.

The movie got mixed and positive reviews from critics. It has a 68% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four. In his review, he wrote that "Bigelow is an interesting director for this material. She is interested in the ways her characters live dangerously for philosophical reasons. They aren't men of action, but men of thought who choose action as a way of expressing their beliefs."

A remake was released on December 25, 2015 and received negative reviews.

Cast 
 Patrick Swayze as Bodhi
 Keanu Reeves as FBI Agent Johnny Utah
 Gary Busey as FBI Agent Angelo Pappas
 Lori Petty as Tyler Endicott
 John C. McGinley as FBI Agent Ben Harp
 James LeGros as Roach
 John Philbin as Nathaniel
 Bojesse Christopher as Grommet
 Lee Tergesen as Rosie
 Julian Reyes as FBI Agent Alvarez
 Daniel Beer as FBI Agent Babbit
 Vincent Klyn as Lupton "Warchild" Pittman
 Chris Pedersen as Bunker Weiss
 Dave Olson as Archbold
 Anthony Kiedis as Tone
 Christopher Pettiet as 15
 Sydney Walsh as Miss Deer
 Peter Phelps as Australian surfer
 Tom Sizemore as DEA Agent Dietz (uncredited)

References

Other websites

 

1991 action movies
1991 crime movies
1991 thriller movies
1990s action thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
American action thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
American heist movies
English-language movies
FBI in fiction
Movies set in Los Angeles
C. B. Forgotston

Charlton Bath Forgotston, Jr. (January 19, 1945 – January 3, 2016), known as C. B. Forgotston, was an American attorney, political pundit and state government watchdog from Newellton, Louisiana.

For seven years, he was the chief counsel of the Appropriations Committee of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He was an outspoken fiscal conservative and critic of legalized gambling, unconstitutional legislation and political corruption.

Forgotston committed suicide by firearm early in 2016, sixteen days before his 71st birthday in Hammond, Louisiana.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
American critics
Lawyers from Louisiana
American political activists
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Bill Plager

William Ronald "Bill" Plager (July 6, 1945 – January 3, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He was born in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. Plager started his National Hockey League career with the Minnesota North Stars in 1967.  He also played for the St. Louis Blues and Atlanta Flames. He left the NHL after the 1976 season.

Plager died on January 3, 2016 in Peterborough, Ontario, aged 70.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
2016 deaths
Atlanta Flames players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota North Stars players
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey defencemen
Peter Naur

Peter Naur (25 October 1928 – 3 January 2016) was a Danish computer science pioneer and Turing award winner. He helped the creation of the ALGOL 60 programming language. 

He began his career as an astronomer for which he received his PhD degree in 1957. From 1969 to 1998 Naur was a professor of computer science at University of Copenhagen. Naur won the 2005 ACM A.M. Turing Award for his work on defining the ALGOL 60 programming language.

Naur died on 3 January 2016 after a short illness in Herlev, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Computer scientists
Danish scientists
Disease-related deaths in Denmark
Turing Award winners
Robert Stigwood

Robert Stigwood (16 April 1934 – 4 January 2016) was an English-Australian music entrepreneur and impresario. He was best known for managing Cream and the Bee Gees. He relocated to England in 1954.

In the 1960s and 1970s he was one of the most successful figures in the entertainment world, through his management of music groups like Cream and The Bee Gees, theatrical productions like Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar and movie productions including the hugely successful Saturday Night Fever and Grease.

Stigwood died on 4 January 2016 in London at the age of 81.

References

Other websites
Robert Stigwood Organisation official site 

Joseph Brennan: Gibb Songs website http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beegees/67.first.html 
The Knitting Circle: Popular Music http://myweb.lsbu.ac.uk/~stafflag/popularmusic.html 
Disraeli Gears Cream website http://twtd.bluemountains.net.au/cream/gears/disraeligears1.htm 

1934 births
2016 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian movie producers
People from Adelaide
Igor Sergun

General Igor Dmitrievich Sergun (28 March 1957 – 3 January 2016) was a Russian military officer. He was Director of the GRU, the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, since December 26, 2011.

He worked in military intelligence since 1984, and served in various positions in the Main Intelligence Directorate. He speaks several foreign languages and was awarded state awards. In 1998 as a colonel, he served as a RF Military Attaché in Tirana, Albania. In December 2011, he was appointed as Head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Sergun died suddenly on 3 January 2016 in Moscow at the age of 58.

References

1957 births
2016 deaths
Russian generals
Soviet generals
Michel Galabru

Michel Louis Edmond Galabru (27 October 1922 – 4 January 2016) was a French actor. He was known for his roles in Subway (1985), Belle époque (1992) and as Abraracourcix in Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar (1999).

Galabru was born in Safi, Morocco to French parents. He was raised near Paris, France. He appeared in over 250 movies mostly directed by Bertrand Blier, Jean-Luc Godard, Luc Besson and Costa-Gavras. Galabru died on 4 January 2016 in his home in Paris, France at the age of 93.

Other websites

 

1922 births
2016 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
Actors from Paris
Bertrand Blier

Bertrand Blier (born 14 March 1939) is a French screenwriter and movie director. His 1978 movie Get Out Your Handkerchiefs won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards.

He is the son of famous French actor Bernard Blier. His 1996 movie Mon Homme was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival. His 2005 film How Much Do You Love Me? was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver George for Best Director.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
Living people
French screenwriters
French movie directors
Safi

Safi (Berber: Asfi, ⴰⵙⴼⵉ; , Portuguese: Safim) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Safi Province, it has a population of 282,227 (2004 census). Safi is the main fishing port for the country's sardine industry, and also exports phosphates, textiles and ceramics.

References

Other websites

Entry in Lexicorient 

Cities in Morocco
Shaykh al-Islam

Shaykh al-Islam () ( is a title of respect for outstanding scholars of Islam. The title may also be used for the chief expert in Islamic Law of a city or kingdom. 

The title shaykh al-Islam was reserved for very few scholars. Usually those with the greatest merits. Al-Sakhawi defines it as follows:

Scholars 
There were not many scholars known as shaykh al-Islam. The title was used for the following scholars:
 Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (396-481 A.H.)
 Ibn Surayj (249–306 A.H.)
 Al-Daraqutni (306–385 A.H.)
 Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (336–430 A.H.)
 Abu Hamid al-Isfarayini (344–406 A.H.)
 Al-Bayhaqi (384–458 A.H.)
 Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (393–476 A.H.)
 Al-Juwayni (419–478 A.H.)
 Ibn al-Jawzi (509/510–597 A.H.)
 Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (544–606 A.H.)
 Al-'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam (577–660 A.H.)
 Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (625–702 A.H.)
 Al-Nawawi (631–676 A.H.)
 Ibn Taymiyyah (661–728 A.H.) 
 Taqi al-Din al-Subki (683–756 A.H.)
 Taj al-Din al-Subki (727–771 A.H.)
 Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (773–852 A.H.)
 Zakariyya al-Ansari (823–926 A.H.)
 Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (909–974 A.H.)
 Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (724–805 A.H.)
 Shihab al-Din al-Ghazzi (000–822 A.H.)
 Shihab al-Din al-Ramli (000–957 A.H.)
 Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (1296–1392 A.H.)
 Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (1328–1397 A.H.)

Additional reading 
 Al-Dhahabi, Siyar a'lam al-nubala' ('Biographies of Noble Personalities').

References

Other websites 
 Shaykh Al-Islam

Islam
Arabic words and phrases
Muslims
Religious leaders