cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
BBC Sports Personality of the Year

The BBC Sports Personality of the Year is an award that is given to a sportsperson in December every year. Only British or foreign sportspeople based in the United Kingdom are allowed to win the award. It started in 1954.

Winners
1954: Christopher Chataway (long-distance runner) 
1955: Gordon Pirie (middle-distance runner) 
1956: Jim Laker (cricketer) 
1957: Dai Rees (golfer) 
1958: Ian Black (swimmer) 
1959: John Surtees (motorcycle racer) and (Formula One racing driver) 
1960: David Broome (show jumper) 
1961: Stirling Moss (Formula One racing driver) 
1962: Anita Lonsborough (swimmer) 
1963: Dorothy Hyman (sprinter) 
1964: Mary Rand (long jumper) 
1965: Tom Simpson (cyclist) 
1966: Bobby Moore (footballer) 
1967: Henry Cooper (boxer) 
1968: David Hemery (athlete) 
1969: Ann Jones (tennis player) 
1970: Henry Cooper (boxer) 
1971: HRH The Princess Anne (three-day eventer) 
1972: Mary Peters (pentathlete) 
1973: Jackie Stewart (Formula One racing driver) 
1974: Brendan Foster (long-distance runner) 
1975: David Steele (cricketer) 
1976: John Curry (figure skater) 
1977: Virginia Wade (tennis player) 
1978: Steve Ovett (middle-distance runner) 
1979: Sebastian Coe (middle-distance runner) 
1980: Robin Cousins (figure skater) 
1981: Ian Botham (cricketer) 
1982: Daley Thompson (decathlete) 
1983: Steve Cram (middle-distance runner) 
1984: Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean (ice dancers) 
1985: Barry McGuigan (boxer) 
1986: Nigel Mansell (Formula One racing driver) 
1987: Fatima Whitbread (javelin thrower) 
1988: Steve Davis (snooker player) 
1989: Nick Faldo (golfer) 
1990: Paul Gascoigne (footballer) 
1991: Liz McColgan (long-distance runner) 
1992: Nigel Mansell (Formula One racing driver) 
1993: Linford Christie (100m sprinter) 
1994: Damon Hill (Formula One racing driver) 
1995: Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper) 
1996: Damon Hill (Formula One racing driver) 
1997: Greg Rusedski (tennis player) 
1998: Michael Owen (footballer) 
1999: Lennox Lewis (boxer) 
2000: Steve Redgrave (rower) 
2001: David Beckham (footballer) 
2002: Paula Radcliffe (long-distance runner) 
2003: Jonny Wilkinson (rugby union player) 
2004: Kelly Holmes (middle-distance runner) 
2005: Andrew Flintoff (cricketer) 
2006: Zara Phillips (three-day eventer)
2007: Joe Calzaghe (boxer)
2008: Chris Hoy (cyclist)
2009: Ryan Giggs (footballer)
2010: Tony McCoy (horse racing jockey) 
2013:Andy (tennis player)

BBC
Sports trophies and awards
Labyrinth

The Labyrinth was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. 

Its function was to hold the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cleverly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.

Pliny's Natural History mentions four ancient labyrinths: the Cretan labyrinth, an Egyptian labyrinth, a Lemnian labyrinth, and an Italian labyrinth.

Greek mythology
Buildings and structures
Madeleine L'Engle

Madeline L'Engle (November 29, 1918 – September 6, 2007) was an American writer. Her book A Wrinkle in Time won the Newbery Medal. A Wrinkle in Time was made into a movie in 2003.

L'Engle was born in 1918 in New York City, New York. She died at her home in Connecticut on September 6, 2007.

Selected books
A Wrinkle in Time
A Wind in the Door
A Swiftly Tilting Planet
Many Waters
An Acceptable Time

References

1918 births
2007 deaths
Writers from New York City
Henry Hudson

Henry Hudson (1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English explorer and navigator in the 1600s. He was well known for discovering the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay.

Hudson was trying to find a northwest passage to Cathay (present day China). He tried twice before he found it. Hudson discovered the Hudson Bay and Hudson River in North America. He claimed the Hudson Bay for England along with other pieces of land. He was working for the Dutch when he found the Hudson River. He found it in 1609 when he was looking for a way to get from North America to Asia by water. This was named the Northwest Passage. Hudson was believed to go to Harvard Law school where he learned a variety of subjects including navigation, seamanship, astronomy, mathematics and cartography.

References

1556 births
1611 deaths
English explorers
Sailors
Sales quote

A sales quote is an estimated amount that a person selling something gives to a customer. It is given to show them how much it would cost to have the work done. Many services do not have fixed prices for work. The cost can change depending on the tools, materials and how much work is needed to be done for each customer. The person calculates an estimated amount, and gives this to the customer, so that they can have an idea how much it will cost. A sales quote is simply a formal statement. However, it cannot be considered a legally binding contract. It is a mutual understanding in the form of document between the seller and the buyer. However, once the quote has been accepted, the customer is committed to making a purchase at the stated price. A quotation is a business document that is similar to an invoice and contains all the same elements. However, the purpose for both are different, to provide the customer with a detailed list of the product or service being offered, before the order is confirmed.

Sales quote is for example a quote given to the customer by auto insurance broker based on details like income, work position, criminal record and others.

The sales quote is figured from the information given by the potential customer, about the work they would like to have done.

References

Commerce
Mount Fuji

Mount Fuji (富士山, Fuji-san) is the tallest mountain in Japan, at 
 high. It is also a volcano. It is on the border between Shizuoka Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture. Mount Fuji is a famous cultural icon of Japan, as a lot of people have painted it and taken photographs of it. It became the 13th UNESCO World Heritage Site in Japan on June 22, 2013. The last time it erupted was from 1707 to 1708.

Active volcano
Mount Fuji is officially classified as an active volcano, but some describe Fuji as dormant or inactive.

The last major event was the Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji which started on December 16, 1707 (Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month) and ended about January 1, 1708 (Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month) during the Edo period.  Cinders and ash from Fuji fell like rain in Izu Province, Kai Province, Sagami Province, and Musashi Province.

Shinto
The mountain is thought to be named after Fuchi, the Buddhist fire goddess. The mountain is sacred in the Shinto religion and at the bottom of the mountain are shrines to the goddess Konohananosakuya-hime (コノハナノサクヤヒメ）).

Climbing
Many people climb Mt. Fuji every year. The official climbing season is in the summer: July 25 to August 25. There are three mountain-climbing routes on the Shizuoka side of Mt. Fuji. There is a post office on the top of Mt. Fuji which is open only in summer. The post office was built in 1909 and is the highest post office in Japan.

Mountain in art 
In 2009, Mount Fuji was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

Related pages  
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
 List of volcanos
 Extinct volcano

References

Other websites

 Nippon Archives, Nippon Archives - The history of Mount Fuji 
 Japan-guide.com, Mount Fuji
 Kawaguchi Lake Immersive Virtual Tour 
 Pictures of routes up Mount Fuji
 Mount Fuji climbing & sightseeing guide

Volcanoes of Japan
Shizuoka Prefecture
Yamanashi Prefecture
Nu metal

Nu metal is a style of metal music that uses elements of hip hop and heavy metal music, as well as the usual heavy metal instruments such as guitars, drums and bass. Nu metal bands often include electronic instruments such as DJ decks and keyboards. Nu metal was very successful in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The most successful bands of this genre include Linkin Park (with more than 100 million records sold around the world), Korn (with 35 million), Deftones, Limp Bizkit (with 35 million) and Slipknot (around 15 million records).

Bands (selection) 
 4LYN
 Crosscut
 Deftones
 Emil Bulls
 Exilia
 Guano Apes
 Ill Niño
 Korn
 Limp Bizkit
 Linkin Park
 P.O.D.
 Sevendust
 Slipknot

Rock music
Heavy metal subgenres
Ketsumeishi

Ketsumeishi is Japanese hip hop group. It is a four-man group. They are "Ryo" and "Ryoji" and "Daizo" and "DJKohno". The group started performing in 1993. They have four albums, three DVDs and 20 singles.

Japanese musical groups
Pop music groups
Hip hop bands
Subaru Impreza

The  is a Japanese car. It is made by Subaru, which is owned by parent Company Fuji Heavy Industries. The car was first made in 1992. The design of the car has been changed 3 times; the first version was the 1992 model, with it being redesigned in 2000, 2008, and 2015. The next redesign is expected to come in 2018.

Impreza
1990s automobiles
1992 establishments in Japan
Taka and Toshi

Taka and Toshi are a comedy pair from Hokkaido, Japan. Their favourite gag is "Obei ka!!"

Comedians
Japanese entertainers
People from Sapporo
Duos
Alain Prost

Alain Prost is a French retired automobile racer and Formula One World Champion. He was born February 24, 1955 in Lorette, France. His nickname is "Professor".

Prost is the one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He won the championship four times: 1985, 1986, 1989 and 1993. Only Lewis Hamilton (7), Michael Schumacher (7) and Juan Manuel Fangio (5) have won more times than Prost.

Formula One 

He started driving with McLaren in 1980. From 1981 until 1983, he was racing for Renault F1. Prost returned to McLaren in 1984 and raced for them until 1989. During this time he won his first three championships. Prost left McLaren to race for Scuderia Ferrari in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, Prost took a year off from racing. He returned to racing in 1993 with WilliamsF1. Prost retired from racing after winning his fourth title in that year.

Prost raced in 202 Grand Prix races between 1980 and 1993. He held the record for most wins with 51 until 2001. He was in the pole position in 33 of those races and had the fastest lap time in 41 races.

Career in numbers

Comparison with team-mates 
In his career, Prost beat nearly all his team-mates on total points, including five World Champions. Only in 1980 he lost by a point and in 1984 by half a point.

Formula One results 
(Races in bold mean pole position, races in italics show fastest lap)

References

Other websites 

 Grand Prix History - Hall of Fame, Alain Prost
 Alain Prost statistics

1955 births
Living people
Armenian diaspora
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
K-1

K-1 is a kickboxing competition. It is a mix of Kickboxing, Kung fu, Karate and Boxing. It started in 1993. K-1 has fighters from many countries.

Martial arts
1993 establishments
2012 disestablishments
Kickboxing
Organisations based in Japan
Sport in Japan
Sports organizations of Asia
Implicit derivative

Implicit derivatives are derivatives of implicit functions. This means that they are not in the form of  (explicit function), and are instead in the form  (implicit function). It might not be possible to rearrange the function into the form . To use implicit differentiation, we use the chain rule, 

If we let , then,

Example

Which we can work out to be equivalent to, using the above,

Then we can isolate 

Then divide to get, 

Mathematical analysis
Howard Carter

Howard Carter (May 9, 1874 – March 2, 1939) was an English archaeologist. His mother was Martha Carter and his father was Samuel Carter. As a young man he worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service. Later, he was the man who found King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922. 

The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb was an accident. Howard Carter's waterboy stumbled across some steps leading under the desert surface. Lord Carnarvon, a sponsor of Carter's work, was impatient of the slow progress at this point, and if the discovery had not been made, then it likely would not have been discovered at all.

References

1874 births
1939 deaths
English archaeologists
Werder Bremen

The Sport-Verein Werder von 1899 e. V. Bremen is a German football club playing in the city of Bremen. The club was founded in 1899 as FV Werder by a group of sixteen high school students. The students had won a football as prize in a  tug of war competition. In 1920 the name was changed from FV to SV werder Bremen. In this year chess, baseball, cricket and  track and field athletics  became part of the club. But football was and still is the most important part of the club.

The name "Werder" is a not very common regional word which means "River peninsula". The first play ground of Werder Bremen was beside the Weser river. Today they play in the Weserstadion.

The club's first team plays in the German Second Bundesliga. The second team of Werder Bremen is playing in Germanys 4th league. The women team is playing in the Second Bundesliga. Their colors are green and white (Grün und Weiß).

Current squad 
Correct as of 25 September 2012

Coaching staff

League position

Former position

Honours

Germany
German Bundesliga (4): 1965, 1988, 1993, 2004
German Cup (6): 1961, 1991, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009

International
 Cup winner-Cup : 1992
UEFA-Cup-final: 2009

Manager history
Willi Multhaup  1963-1965  
Günter Brocker  1965-04.09.1967    
Fritz Langner  09.09.1967-1969    
Fritz Rebell  1969-16.03.1970  
Hans Tilkowski  17.03.1970-1970  
Robert Gebhardt  1970-26.09.1971  
Willi Multhaup  27.09.1971-24.10.1971   
Josef Piontek  25.10.1971-07.05.1972    
Fritz Langner  08.05.1972-1972    
Josef Piontek  1972/1975  
Herbert Burdenski  1975-28.02.1976    
Otto Rehhagel  29.02.1976-1976   
Hans Tilkowski  1976-22.12.1977    
Fred Schulz  02.01.1978-1978    
Wolfgang Weber  1978-29.01.1980    
Fritz Langner  20.02.1980-1980    
Kuno Klötzer  1980-1981    
Otto Rehhagel  01.04.1981-1995    
Aad de Mos  1995-09.01.96    
Hans-Jürgen Dörner  14.01.96 - 20.08.97    
Wolfgang Sidka  01.09.1997 - 22.10.1998    
Felix Magath  22.10.1998 - 09.05.1999    
Thomas Schaaf  10.05.1999 - 15.05.2013
Wolfgang Rolff 15.05.2013 -

Notable players
Frank Baumann ( 1999-2009)
Arnold Schütz (1955-1972)
Dieter Burdenski (1972-1988, goalkeeper coach 1997-2005)
Horst-Dieter Höttges (1964-1978)
Marco Bode (1988-2002)
Andreas Herzog (1992-1995)

Team records
Marco Bode 101 goals
Dieter Burdenski 444 matches in the German Bundesliga
Horst-Dieter Höttges 66 matches for the German football national team
Werder Bremen - DSC Arminia Bielefeld  8:1  (2007) Werder Bremen - Offenbacher Kickers  8:1  (1983) highest victory
Eintracht Frankfurt - Werder Bremen  9:2  (1981) highest score in lost match

References 

Werder Bremen
Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Werder Bremen
1899 establishments in Germany
2004 Redfern riots

The Redfern Riots on 14 February 2004 were started in the inner Sydney suburb of Redfern after the death of Thomas 'TJ' Hickey, a 17 year old Australian Aborigine. 

The boy was riding home on his bicycle from his girlfriend's house when he saw a police car and thought it was chasing him. Police were searching him, but police have said that the police car was looking for a different person. While the chase Hickey lost control of his bicycle rode into a spiked fence.

Friends and relatives came together at The Block to be sad. Fliers were given out, which said that it was the fault of the police that the boy died and unhappy aboriginal youths arrived from other parts of Sydney at the Redfern railway station. The police closed the entrance to the station but the crowd had turned violent and began to throw bottles, bricks and Molotov cocktails. The violence became into a full riot around The Block, during which Redfern railway station was burning for a short time and was heavily damaged. The riot went on into the early morning, until police used Fire Brigade water hoses to get the crowd apart. One car, stolen in a western suburb, was burnt, and 40 police officers were hurt.

Related pages
 2005 Macquarie Fields riots
 2005 Cronulla riots

Other websites 
 Redfern riots special  (Sydney Morning Herald) - several stories about the riots and its endings.

2004 crimes
2000s in Sydney
Crime in Australia
Law enforcement in Australia
Police misconduct
Riots
LZ 129 Hindenburg

The LZ 129 Hindenburg was a large German airship, built in 1936. It was named in honor of the  German field marshal and statesman Paul von Hindenburg. Such airships are called Zeppelin. Along with another Zeppelin, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin, it was the biggest airship in the world at the time it was built.

The Zeppelin gained lots of publicity and became very famous. The boxer Max Schmeling flew on it back to Germany after defeating Joe Louis in the United States. It was also present during the opening ceremony of the 1936 Summer Olympics which were held in Berlin. This attention was part of the Zeppelin company's plan to offer a fleet of their airships for trans-atlantic service.

The disaster 
On May 6, 1937, the Hindenburg was landing in New Jersey after a transatlantic flight, when it burst into flames. 36 people died and many were injured.  The Hindenburg was destroyed by the burning of the hydrogen that was inside it.  There are many opinions on what started the fire.   

An announcer, Herbert Morrison reported the landing and then screamed and said, "Oh the humanity" after it caught on fire. Morrison's line is now famous around the world as well as photos and film footage of the disaster.

The rock group Led Zeppelin used a picture of the fire for the cover of their self-titled debut album.

1937
1930s in the United States
Airships
Disasters in the 20th century
20th century in New Jersey
Aviation disasters in the United States
1936 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Germany
Gonadotropin

Gonadotropins (or Gonadotrophins) are hormones. The two main hormones of the group are Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Gonadotropins are hormones that tell the testicles to make sperm or the uterus to release an egg.

Hormones
De Lorean Motor Company

The DeLorean Motor Company was a car manufacturer formed by John DeLorean in 1975.  The company only made one car during its existence - the DMC-12, which has featured in the science fiction series Back to the Future as a time machine created by Doc Emmett Brown.

In 1957, John Z. DeLorean decided to create his own sport car.  It was one of his childhood dreams.  He created the DeLorean Motors Company near Belfast, Northern Ireland, and his project was helped by the British government.  His first car, the DMC-12, was produced in 1981.  When the car was publicly launched, the car was a success, and 6,539 DMC-12s were produced in 1981.  The car was expensive, and regarded as underpowered for its cost.

Production of the DMC-12 continued until 1983, when the DeLorean Motors Company had money problems.  John Z. De Lorean was later arrested by police for trafficking cocaine. Production of DeLorean cars was stopped.

At present, 6000 De Lorean are used regularly by their owners, and a big majority is in the USA.

References 

1975 establishments in the United States
American automobile companies
Defunct companies of the United States
1983 disestablishments in the United States
Companies based in Detroit, Michigan
Stargate SG-1

Stargate SG-1 is a science fiction television program. It takes place after the movie Stargate. The show started on July 27, 1997 on the TV channel Showtime, from 1997-2002, and then on the TV channel Sci Fi, from 2002-2007. The first episode,  "Children of the Gods" was two hours long and was rated R because of a scene of nudity. It is the only episode in the series that was rated. The show ended with the episode, "Unending" on March 13, 2007.

The show follows the missions of a secret military operation known as the Stargate Program. It is run out of a base under Cheyenne Mountain, known as Stargate Command (commonly called the SGC). The plot of the show revolves around the flagship team, called SG-1. The team is made up of Colonel Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson), Dr. Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks), Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping), and Teal'c (Christopher Judge).

Related pages
 Stargate Atlantis
 Stargate Universe

Other websites 
 SciFi Channel Stargate Website 
 Stargate SG-1 Official Site
 
 GateWorld

1997 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American science fiction television series
Stargate
English-language television programs

et:Tähevärav SG-1#Sarja tootmine
Enchilada

Enchilada is a traditional Mexican dish. The words comes from enchilar, which means add Chili peppers to something. The traditional enchilada sauce mainly consists of Chile peppers. The basis for the enchilada is tortilla, made from maize. After that,a certain kind of meat (usually birds, like chicken or turkey) is added. Some people also add onions and cheese.

Recipes
Easy Enchiladas
Enchiladas Suiza
Enchiladas Verde(Green Enchiladas)
Breakfast Enchiladas 
Enchilame 

Mexican food
Byzantine art

Byzantine art is a form of Christian Greek art of the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. (The Roman Empire during this period is known as the Byzantine Empire.)

But the term can also be for other the art of countries who shared their culture with the Byzantine Empire. This can include Bulgaria, Serbia, and Rus. The Republic of Venice and Kingdom of Sicily, can also be included even though they were part of western European culture. Art produced by Balkan and Anatolian Christians who lived in the Ottoman Empire is often called "post-Byzantine." Certain traditions that began in the Byzantine Empire, particularly icon painting and church architecture, are still current in Greece, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries.

Related pages
 Icon 
 Basilica 
 Tempera 
 Mosaic 
 List of Renaissance artists

References

Other websites 
 The Glory of Byzantium. Exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Art
Christian art
Bohrium

Bohrium is a chemical element. At the periodic table of the elements it is at position 107.

The element is named in honor of Niels Bohr.

Mendeleev predicted that Bohrium would exist. He called the element eka-rhenium because of its location was near Rhenium in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of bohrium is like the chemistry of rhenium.

Other websites 

WebElements.com - Bohrium

Chemical elements
Fermium

Fermium (symbol Fm) is a chemical element. It has an atomic number of 100, which makes it at position 100 at the periodic table. Fermium cannot be found in nature; it has to be made.  Scientists can create it by combining plutonium with neutrons at very high speeds and temperatures.  It is named after Enrico Fermi.

History 
Albert Ghiorso and other scientists at the University of California, Berkeley first discovered fermium.  They found the element in the fallout from the explosion of the first successful hydrogen bomb test.  This test was on November 1, 1952.  In the fallout, scientists also discovered another new element, Einsteinium.  Because of the Cold War, the US military did not allow the scientists to publish their results in a scientific journal.  However, they conducted other studies and published their research in 1954.  The studies of nuclear fallout were declassified and published in 1955.

A group in the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm also discovered isotopes of this element before the research of the Berkeley scientists was published.  However, most agree that the Berkeley scientists were the first to discover fermium.

Chemical elements
Potash

Potash is a generic term for a chemical compound. It means the mixture of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate left over in ashes. The wood was burnt to produce ashes, which were dissolved in water. The potash was then reacted with fat to produce soap.

Related pages
Potash alum

Chemicals
Tibetan language

The Tibetan language is a language spoken in Tibet, a region of China. It is one of the main Han–Tibetan languages. 

It is also spoken in other parts of the Himalaya region, including northern Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Ladakh).  

It has been spoken for many centuries (since at least the 6th century, possibly earlier).  

Tibetan has many dialects. People who speak different dialects often cannot easily communicate with each other orally.  

The Tibetan written language is not known by most Tibetans and is not taught in many Tibetan areas.

References

Sino-Tibetan languages

bn:তিব্বতি ভাষা
Most Valuable Player

In sports, a Most Valuable Player award is an honour given to the player or players of a team that performed better than the other players throughout a league or contest. It was first used in professional sports, but is now used a lot in amateur sports and other things unrelated to sports, such as business and music awards. A similar award used in sports, often in soccer, is man of the match.

Sports words
Super Nintendo Entertainment System

The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (often shortened to SNES or Super NES) is a 16-bit video game console created by Nintendo, released first in 1990. It is the sucessor to the NES. It was called the Super Famicom in Japan, and the Super Comboy in South Korea.  The console can display 2D graphics, with some limited support for 3D graphics with the Super FX chip.  Super NES games are loaded from a cartridge. The major competitor for the Super Nintendo was the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, but it also competed with the Panasonic 3D0.

Notable Games 
 Super Mario World
 Super Castlevania IV
 Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars
 Super Metroid
 Donkey Kong Country
 EarthBound
 The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past
 Super Mario Kart
 Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island
 F-Zero
 Star Fox

Nintendo video game consoles
Sega Saturn

The  is a 32-bit video game console made by Sega.  It was released in Japan on November 22 1994, in the United States on May 11 1995, and in Europe on July 8 1995.  Games were released on CD-ROMs. It is followed by the Dreamcast. The Saturn was the first Sega video game console which can display 3D graphics.  Accessories were available for the Sega Saturn, including a gun controller which was used to play Virtua Cop, and an analog controller.

The console was called Saturn because it was Sega's sixth games console, and Saturn is the sixth planet of the solar system.

Japanese models 
The Sega Saturn was quite popular in Japan, because of the commercial with Segata Sanshiro, a man who devoted his life to the Sega Saturn. The Japanese Sega Saturn was black, and it was later changed to gray.

European/North American models
In North America, the Saturn was not nearly as popular as it was in Japan. When it was first released, there were only a few games available, because the console's strange technology made it difficult to program for. That caused the PlayStation to be more popular in Europe. Another problem was that Sega released the Saturn sooner than they intended to, but did not tell shops about the new release date, meaning that many of them did not sell the Saturn at all out of anger. Sega had also made other consoles to try and be the first to use new technology, such as the Sega CD (an early console with games that came on CDs) and the Sega 32X (with better graphics than Sega's previous consoles), leaving some gamers without enough money to buy all three systems or angry at Sega for abandoning the 32X when the Saturn was released.

Notes

Saturn
Oronzio Maldarelli

Oronzio Maldarelli was an Italian born American sculptor and artist. He was born in 1892. He came to the United States from Naples, Italy as a child. He died in 1963 at the age of 71.

At age fourteen, he took lessons in drawing and clay modeling. After two years, he started to study at the National Academy of Design with Leon Kroll, Ivan Olinsky, and Hermon McNeil. In 1912, he entered the Beaux-Arts Institute. It was there that Jo Davidson and Elie Nadelman helped him out. He was a great artist at everything. In 1935, he started doing mostly just sculpture. Maldarelli is best known for sculptures of female forms that have great detail. Some of them took as long as 13 years. In 1941, Maldarelli won the Logan Prize ($500) for a detailed sculpture of a limestone head. He was a teacher at Columbia University for many years, teaching the art of sculpting.

1892 births
1963 deaths
American artists
People from Naples
Italian wine

Italian wines are those produced in Italy, the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Italy. Many Italians drink it with every meal and in-between, and offer it to guests as soon as they arrive.

History 
Depending on the vintage, Italy is the world's largest or second largest producer of wine, along with France (each country is generally the source of around 1/5 of the world's overall production).

Statistics 
In 2005, Italy was second globally, producing about 20% of the global production of wine compared to France, which produced 22%.

In 2005, Italy's share in dollar value of table wine imports into the U.S. was 32%, Australia's was 24%, and France's was 20%. Italian and Australian share has rapidly increased in recent years.

Source 
Grapes are grown in almost every part of Italy, with more than 1 million vineyards under cultivation. Each region is proud of its carefully tended, neatly pruned vines.
 
Italian wines tend to be acidic, dry, light-to-medium bodied, with lots of flavour and smell.  Because of these characteristics, Italian wines are, in general, better drunk with food than they are beverages to be enjoyed on their own.

Vineyards 
In some places the vines are trained along low supports. In others they climb as slender saplings. The people of each region are also proud of the wine they make from their own grapes.

Winemaking 
Most winemaking in Italy is done in modern wineries. But villagers, you need to stick a banana on your head for being proper while making wine for their own use, sometimes tread the grapes with their bare feet until the juice is squeezed out. They believe this ancient method still makes the best wine.
SG Essen

The SG Essen (German: Startgemeinschaft Essen) is a swimming club in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). It is a union of the swimming sections of 13 sports clubs. The SG Essen is one of the most successful swimming clubs in West Germany. The women's team is in the first Bundesliga (national league), the men's team in the second.

The SG Essen's breaststroke swimmers are well known: Mark Warnecke, Anne Poleska, and Rebecca Horstmann. The chief trainer is Horst Melzer.

Other websites 
 Homepage of the SG Essen(in German)

Essen
Sports clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
Swimming
Western civilization

Western civilization,  western culture or the West is made up of European culturally derived societies (most notably in the Classical Roman heritage,Western Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), Democracy and Liberalism). This at least includes Western and Central Europe, English speaking North America, Australia and New Zealand. The identities of places such as Latin America, South Africa, Israel, the Philippines and Singapore are disputed due to those countries being a blend of both western and non western cultures.    

Until the process of secularization in the west began with the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century, Western civilization was also called Christendom meaning the area where the Christian religion is in the majority (a view held by historian Arnold Toynbee).  By this definition, most parts of Africa would now also be part of Western civilization since many Africans have been converted to Christianity since the 1950s.

Westernization is the transformation of a non western culture to Western standards, with historical examples being the Romanization of "barbarian" europe in the classical period, the Hispanization of South America, Central America and the Philippines in the 1500s, the Anglicization of North America and Australia in the 1700s, the Francization of North and West Africa in the 1800s and the current Americanization of many first world nations such as Singapore and Israel through Hollywood/ American popular culture.  

Though there are many supporters of westernization, there are also many people who oppose it it expanding at the expense of local cultures.

Related pages 
 Western world
 Western Europe

References

Society
Culture
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe. Originally, it referred to the countries that were under the influence of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople during the middle ages, which was in contrast to the West which referred to the countries under the influence of the Roman Catholic and later Protestant Churches. Later during the Cold War it meant the European countries that belonged to the Soviet Union, a definition that still persists today in these post-soviet states. Others describe Eastern Europe as a region of predominantly Slavic cultures, though other ethnic groups live there as well. Eastern Europe has a large Roma gypsy population.

According to the widest contemporary definitions - including those used by the UN Statistics Division, several other UN organizations and EuroVoc (the multilingual thesaurus of the EU) - the following states are in Eastern Europe:

 
 
 
 
  Was western in the middle ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
  Was western in the middle ages
  Was western in the middle ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
  
  Was western in the middle ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
  Was western in the middle ages
  Was western in the middle ages
 
 
 
  Was western in the middle ages
 
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
 
  Was western in the middle ages
  Was western in the middle ages
  Geologically in Europe and Asia
 

Partly recognized:
  (part of Western Asia) 
 
  (part of Western Asia)

Alternatives 
Since January 1993 some groups have changed their definitions of Eastern Europe. Although the list above is still the most popular and widely accepted definition of this region, some experts divide the region further into subsections. According to such theories: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia are in Central Europe (the western sections of Belarus and Ukraine are also sometimes listed as Central European) or East-Central Europe. Finally, the countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania and Slovenia are occasionally grouped with a number of other countries into Southern Europe, but more often referred to as Southeast (or Southeastern) Europe.

Other websites 
 Civic Education Trends in Post-Communist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe
 Information about Eastern European People 
 Business portal for Central and Eastern Europe
 Slavic and East European Resources
 The Slavonic and East European Review 
 The Slavic Review
Eastern Bloc

The term Eastern Bloc referred to the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the countries of the Warsaw Pact, along with Yugoslavia and Albania, which were not aligned with the Soviet Union after 1948 and 1960 respectively. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) arranged economic cooperation among the members. Although officially independent countries, they were Soviet satellite states.

Communist governments were initially installed, mostly in places that had been controlled by the Axis countries and occupied due to the victories of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front (World War II). The process included extensive political and media controls, along with a Soviet approach to restricting emigration. Events such as the split of Josip Broz Tito and Berlin Blockade prompted stricter control. While certain oppositional factions in the Bloc had revolts, such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika experienced inefficiencies and stagnation throughout much of the Bloc preceding the Bloc's dissolution. Counterrevolutions in 1989 dissolved the Soviet Bloc.

A 2009 Pew Research Center poll showed that 72% of Hungarians and 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy.

References

20th century in Europe
Communism
Western Bloc

The Western Bloc during the Cold War means the powers allied with the United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. 

Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact were called the Eastern Bloc. This term was rather common, while the governments and press of the Western Bloc used to speak of themselves as the Free world. 

Politics
Free world

The Free World is a term that was used during the era of the Cold War. It was often used by non-communist nations to describe themselves. It was used to describe the greater personal freedom that the people of non-communist countries (such as the United States and European democratic countries) had compared to the communist Soviet Union and its Communist Bloc allies. 

On the other hand, many of the non-communist countries that were allied with the "Free World" during the Cold War repressed people and sometimes had dictators as their leaders. This included countries in South America, Asia and Africa.

The President of the United States was often called  the "leader of the Free World". This was very common especially in the United States itself. The President of the U.S. is sometimes still called this.

Neil Young sang a song called "(Keep on) Rockin' in the Free World".

Politics
Democracy
Warsaw Pact

Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about financial liability in air travel, and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the People's Republic of Poland.
The Warsaw Pact, officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was an organization of Central and Eastern European socialistic and people’s democracy states. The states were all allies and would fight together if one of them was attacked. While in theory all the countries in the organisation were equals, the smaller countries were controlled by the Soviet Union. 

It was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland in response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO). The treaty was signed in Warsaw, on 14 May 1955 and official copies were made in the languages of Russian, Polish, Czech and German. The Pact lasted until the end of the Cold War when some members quit in 1991, following the collapse of the Eastern bloc and political changes in the Soviet Union.

Members 

 Soviet Union (main contributor)
 East Germany 
 Czechoslovakia
 Bulgaria
 Hungary
 Poland
 Romania
 Albania (withdrew its support in 1962 over ideological differences, formally left in 1968)

References

Notes

1955 establishments in Europe
1991 disestablishments in Europe
International organizations
Political organizations based in Europe
Military alliances
1950s treaties
Communism
Cold War
History of the Soviet Union
20th century in Europe
Politics of Europe
Warsaw
Central Europe

Central Europe is the region around the Alps and Carpathian Mountains lying between the areas of Eastern and Western Europe. The understanding of the concept of Central Europe varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. 

The region usually means: 
 Austria
 Czech Republic
 Germany
 Hungary
 Liechtenstein
 Poland
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 Switzerland

Alternative Definitions 
If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half.  When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in Eastern Europe: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered Western Europe instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the UN and EU also make use of them.

In addition, other countries such as Croatia and the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively.

Regions of Europe
Four-wheel drive

A Four-wheel drive (also called 4WD and 4x4) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward. This is as opposed to a two-wheel drive vehicle. 4WDs are often used off road. Part-time and full-time four wheel drive vehicles uses a transfer case as part of the drivetrain to direct power to one or both axles. By having a transfer case the driver can shift the vehicle into either "two-wheel-drive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode (part-time systems). Many transfer cases also have a low power range that multiplies the engine power when in four-wheel drive (called four-wheel low gear).

Types 

There are basically four types of four-wheel drive.

Part-time 4-wheel drive 
Part-time systems are the most basic type. They are also still the most popular type for using off-road. The can be shifted (mechanically or electrically) from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive. This gives them the versatility to operate both on and off-road. When the four-wheel drive system is engaged, the two axles turn at the same speed. There usually is no center differential. For that reason part-time four-wheel drive should not be used on dry pavement. If operated for any distance on dry pavement tire damage and drivetrain damage is very possible. Because it operates off-road, the vehicle typically has a higher Ride height. This is to go over obstacles on uneven ground without damage. Even when operated in two-wheel drive on-road, this system will not get the fuel economy of a comparable two-wheel drive vehicle. Locking hubs are available on some models. They help to get better fuel mileage by disengaging the front axle differential.

Full-time 4-wheel drive 
This is the original four-wheel drive. It was and still is designed for serious off-roading. Common on full-time four-wheel drives are locking differentials. These prevent one wheel slipping on the same axle if the other has traction. These systems do not get good gas mileage due to their typical weight.

All-Wheel Drive 
All-wheel drive (AWD) uses a center differential to direct a percentage of the power to both axles, depending on conditions. All wheel drive is not designed specifically to go off road but is for traction in rain, snow or ice on the road. Body-on frame SUVs are typically designed for off-road use. Unibody crossovers are usually only equipped with the lighter-duty all-wheel drive. However the unibody built Grand Cherokee and newly designed Durango are available with four-wheel drive.

Part-Time All-Wheel Drive 
Part-time All-wheel drive (AWD) operate as a front-wheel drive under normal conditions. When traction is lost for any reason, the system automatically sends a portion of the engine's power to the rear wheels. As soon as the system detects good traction, it disengages the rear wheels and shifts back to front drive. This is a less expensive system that adds less weight to the vehicle (usually a car). This makes it popular on compact vehicles. It typically gets better fuel economy than all-wheel drive vehicles. They do not have a low range or a transfer case.

References 

Automotive technologies
2D

2D or two-dimensional objects have two measurements: width and length, like a square. Two-dimensional objects do not have depth, like a cube. It's a mathematics tool, but it's also used in video games, and computer science. 

Throughout maths, it is used in geometry and other categories.

In video games, it is used as a perspective, like in Grand Theft Auto 1 and 2.

Computing
Mathematics
Microraptor

Microraptor is a basal theropod related to Velociraptor and Deinonychus. It had flight feathers, and could glide and probably fly. About two dozen well-preserved fossil specimens have been found in Liaoning, China. They are from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, 125 million years old. 

Adult specimens are 42–83 centimeters (1.4–2.7 ft) long, so Microraptor was one of the smallest dinosaurs.

Flight

Context 
Microraptor is one of a number of 'dinobirds' found in the same area of China. They were buried in volcanic ash during huge eruptions.
"The evolution of powered flight in birds from theropod dinosaurs is recognized as the key adaptive breakthrough that contributed to the biological success of this group... Hundreds of small, exquisitely preserved, feathered theropods were discovered in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of northeastern China as they died some 125 million years ago, smothered in the "Cretaceous Pompeii"... Both anatomy and phylogeny strongly suggest that these theropods... offer new insights into the origins of feathers and flight, favoring the arboreal ('trees-down') over the cursorial ('ground-up') hypothesis".

Details 
Microraptor was among the first non-avian dinosaurs discovered with the impressions of feathers and wings. Three specimens of M. zhaoianus have been described in detail, in addition to two specimens of M. gui and three specimens of M. sp. described by Xu and colleagues in 2003, from which most feather impressions are known.
 
Unusual even among early birds and feathered dinosaurs, Microraptor is one of the few known bird precursors to sport long flight feathers on its feet as well as its forearms and hands. This led Xu Xing to describe it as a "four winged dinosaur", and to speculate that it may have glided using all four limbs for lift. Their bodies had a thick covering of feathers. A diamond-shaped fan on the end of the tail gave stability during flight. 

Sankar Chatterjee found that, in order for Microraptor to glide or fly, the fore and hind wings must have been on different levels (as on a biplane) and not overlaid (as on a dragonfly). Using this biplane model, he calculated possible methods of gliding, and determined that Microraptor most likely launched itself from a perch, swooped downward in a deep 'U' shaped curve and then lifted again to land on another tree. The feathers not directly employed in the biplane wing, like those on the tibia and the tail, could have been used to control and alter the flight path. The hind wings would also have helped control the gliding flight. 

Chatterjee also used computer algorithms to test whether or not Microraptor was capable of true, powered flight, in addition to gliding. The data showed that Microraptor could sustain some level powered flight, so it is possible that the animal flew as well as glided.

References 

Dromaeosauridae
Fossils
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs