cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Carnivore

For animals of the mammal order, see Carnivora.

A carnivore is an animal which eats only meat.  Predators commonly hunt and kill their own prey. Scavengers are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves. Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are called insectivores. Carnivores which eat mainly or only fish are called piscivores.

The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order Carnivora. However, almost all animals in the Carnivora do eat meat, though a few do not.

List of living carnivores 

Mammals
 All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
 Almost all caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
 All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
 All bats except fruitbats
 The carnivorous marsupials, such as the Tasmanian devil

Birds
 All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
 All vultures, both old world and new
 Most waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons

Reptiles
 All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans
 All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
 Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
 Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles

Fish and amphibians
 All frogs and toads
 Almost all sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
 Most teleosts, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass

Invertebrates
 Most crustaceans, such as the coconut crab are mainly omnivorous, but eat some prey and carrion
 Many molluscs, such as octopus and squid, and some gastropods
 All arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
 Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
 All jellyfish and sea stars

Related pages 
 Theropod
 Insectivore
 Herbivore
 Omnivore

References
Cologne

Cologne (, Kölsch: Kölle) is a city on the Rhine River in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. About 1,060,000 people live there, making Cologne the biggest city in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in the southern part of the 'Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration' of cities with a combined total population of about 10 million people. This is one of the most densely populated areas of the world.

Cologne has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

History
The city was founded by the Romans in the year 50 AD. Before that, it was a Roman castle ("castellum") and a town inhabited by a local German tribe named Ubier at least for 100 years. Archaeologists have found out that the surrounding area was populated already during the Stone Age.

Traditionally, the city was always Roman Catholic. That changed only recently after the Second World War,as a result of massive immigration of Protestants from the East of Germany. Still the largest number of people, 41.6%, are Roman Catholic, compared to 17% Protestant. 10% of the people are Muslim.

Sights
The most interesting thing to see there is Cologne Cathedral. This church was built from about 1248 to about 1550, but completed only in 1880. The United Nations list it as 'World Cultural Heritage'. Cologne's archbishop Rainald von Dassel brought the relics of the biblical Three Wise Men there in 1164. They are kept in a very beautiful golden shrine in the cathedral. Three golden crowns in the coat of arms of the city symbolize them. They made Cologne a major place of pilgrimage.

The University of Cologne alone has more than 50,000 students. It was founded 1919 and is one of the biggest universities in Germany. There are several specialized Schools in addition to the university. The Hochschule für Musik is the biggest Academy of Music in Europe. Cologne has two Colleges of Arts and the Sports College again is one of the biggest institutions of its kind worldwide.

Cologne has 31 museums and has one of the busiest train stations in Europe. It is the only train station located next to a big cathedral.

Culture
People in Cologne and nearby have their own dialect. They call it Kölsch. During carnival time it even appears on nationwide broadcasts.

Cologne has a handful of broadcasting stations. The Westdeutscher Rundfunk, part of the network ARD, is the biggest producer of television and radio programs in Germany.

Cologne is also famous for Eau de Cologne (Kölnisch Wasser).

Related pages
 Berlin
 Bonn (nearby city)
 Düsseldorf (nearby city)
 Frankfurt/Main
 Hamburg
 Leverkusen (nearby city)
 Munich

References

Other websites 

 German page on the city
 German page of the University
 German page of the cathedral
 German page of the broadcasting station Westdeutscher Rundfunk

Cities with more than a million inhabitants
Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
 
1st-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Germany
50 establishments
Senegal

The Republic of Senegal (French République da Sénégal) is a country in West Africa. The capital is Dakar. 
Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres. It has population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy cold  season. Senegal was given independence by France in 1960.

Major industries are fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials, ship construction and repair. Peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, green beans, industrial tomato, cherry tomato, melon, and mango are important cash crops.

French is the official language. Since April 2012, Senegal's president has been Macky Sall.

History
In the 15th century, Portuguese people came to Gorée Island off the coast of Dakar. In the 17th century, French people and Dutch people came there, too. These European countries used the island as a trading post in slaves from the mainland, controlled by the Muslim Wolof Empires. Slavery was later made illegal by France, but soon after, around 1850, the French started to conquer the Wolof. By 1902 Senegal was a part of the French colony French West Africa.

In January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan became one to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on June 20, 1960, as a result of the independence and transfer of power agreement signed with France on April 4, 1960. This did not last long and Senegal and Mali broke apart into separate nations. Between 1982 and 1989, Senegal and The Gambia joined together to make Senegambia.

Geography
In the north of Senegal is the Senegal River. To the north of the river is Mauritania. The nation borders Mali in the east, Guinea-Bissau in the south, and Guinea in the south-east. The Gambia is another country inside of Senegal, along the Gambia River. It is about 300 km long.

The north of Senegal is part of the Sahel. The highest mountain is 581 m high. The rainy season is between June and October. The average temperature on the coast is about 24° C, and inland about 27° C.

Regions

 Dakar
 Diourbel
 Fatick
 Kaffrine
 Kaolack
 Kédougou
 Kolda
 Louga
 Matam
 Saint-Louis
 Sédhiou
 Tambacounda
 Thiès
 Ziguinchor

References

 
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1929

Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar. By January 1 of this year, every state in the entire world had adopted the Gregorian calendar, having abandoned the Julian calendar.

Events 
 February 20 – American Samoa becomes organized as a territory of the United States 
 July 16 – The first Oscar-event
 August 8 to August 29 – The German airship Graf Zeppelin makes a round-the-world flight. It was 49.000 km.
 October 24 – The Black Friday
 October 29 – The Black Tuesday

Births 
 January 15 – Martin Luther King Jr., civil rights leader
 January 31 - Jean Simmons, actress
 February 21 - Roberto Gómez Bolaños, actor, screenwriter, director, producer and comedian
 April 1 – Milan Kundera, writer 
 April 6 – André Previn, composer, conductor
 May 4 – Audrey Hepburn, actress
 May 25 - Beverly Sills, American soprano
 June 12 – Anne Frank, Dutch diarist of Jewish descent
 June 18 - Carlo Airoldi, Italian marathon runner 
 June 20 - Edgar Bronfman, Sr., Canadian-American businessman 
 July 25 - Manuel Olivencia,  Spanish lawyer and economist 
 July 28 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady of the United States, 1961-63
 August 2 – K.M. Peyton, English writer
 August 24 – Yasser Arafat, leader of the Palestinian Authority
 November 12 - Grace Kelly, actress and later Princess of Monaco
 November 14 – McLean Stevenson, actor
 December 13 - Christopher Plummer, Canadian-American actor

Deaths 
 February 8 – Maria Christina, Queen Regent of Spain 
 March 20 – Marshall Ferdinand Foch, (French)
 April 4 – Karl Benz, German automobile pioneer
 October 1 – Antoine Bourdelle, sculptor

Nobel Prize winners 
 Physics – Louis-Victor de Broglie, French physicist 
 Chemistry – Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin 
 Medicine – Christiaan Eijkman (Dutch physicist) and Frederick Gowland Hopkins 
 Literature – Thomas Mann, German writer 
 Peace – Frank Billings Kellogg

Hit songs 
 "Am I Blue?" by Ethel Waters
 "Button Up Your Overcoat" by Helen Kane
 "Heigh-Ho, Everybody, Heigh-Ho" by Rudy Vallee
 "I Want To Be Bad" by Annette Hanshaw
 "I'll Get By, As Long As I Have You" by Aileen Stanley
 "I'm The Medicine Man For The Blues" by Ted Lewis & His Jazz Band
 "If I Had A Talking Picture of You" by Johnny Hamp's Kentucky Serenaders
 "Louise" by Maurice Chevalier
 "Louise/So The Bluebirds And The Blackbirds Got Together" by Paul Whiteman's Rhythm Boys, featuring Bing Crosby
 "Makin' Whoopie" by Eddie Cantor
 "Maybe, Who Knows?" by Kate Smith
 "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" by Bessie Smith
 "Piccolo Pete" by Ted Weems & His Orchestra
 "Singin' In The Rain" by Cliff Edwards
 "Stardust" by Isham Jones & His Orchestra
 "What Did I Do To Be So Black and Blue?" by Louis Armstrong & His Orchestra
 "You'll Do It Someday, So Why Not Now?" by Rudy Vallee
1920s

The 1920s was the decade that started on January 1, 1920 and ended on December 31, 1929. This decade was known as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age.

The most important events 

 Golden Twenty
 1920 – Prohibition began in the United States.
 1922 – March on Rome
 1922 – Howard Carter discovered the tomb of the Egyptian King Tutankhamun.
 1922 – Southern Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom.
 1922 – The Soviet Union was founded.
 1929 – The Black Tuesday, which leads to Great Depression.

Important people

World leaders 
 Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Australia)
 Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada)
 President Sun Yat-sen (Republic of China)
 President Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China)
 President Friedrich Ebert (Germany)
 President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)
 Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia/Iran)
 Reza Shah Pahlavi of Pahlavi Dynasty (Iran)
 King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
 Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
 President W.T. Cosgrave (Irish Free State)
 President Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) (Turkey)
 Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
 Pope Pius XI
 Józef Piłsudski (Poland)
 Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
 Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
 King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
 King George V (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
 President Woodrow Wilson (United States)
 President Warren G. Harding (United States)
 President Calvin Coolidge (United States)
 President Herbert Hoover (United States)

 Charlie Chaplin (entertainer)
 Albert Einstein (German physicist)
 Paul von Hindenburg (president of Germany)
 King George V (King of the United Kingdom)
 Vladimir Lenin (leader of the USSR)
 Pope Pius XI (Pope in the 1920s)
 Joseph Stalin (leader of the USSR)
 King Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy)
Outer space

Space, also known as outer space, is the near-vacuum between celestial bodies. It is where everything (all of the planets, stars, galaxies and other objects) is found.

On Earth, space begins at the Kármán line (100 km above sea level). This is where Earth's atmosphere is said to stop and outer space begins.  This is not a natural boundary but is a convention used by scientists and diplomats.

However, the space near Earth is quite crowded by astronomical standards. A list of spaces goes like this: 
Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth; Geospace includes the upper region of the atmosphere and the magnetosphere.  The Van Allen radiation belt lies within the geospace. The space inside the magnetosphere is protected from radiation from the Sun. It has a low level of electrically charged particles.
Interplanetary space is the space around the Sun and planets of the Solar System. It has  the solar wind, a continuous stream of charged particles from the Sun. This stream creates a very thin atmosphere (the heliosphere) for billions of miles or kilometers into space. Interplanetary space has the magnetic field generated by the Sun.  Planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury and the Earth also have magnetospheres.  These magnetic fields can trap particles from the solar wind and other sources, creating belts of magnetic particles such as the Van Allen radiation belt. Planets without magnetic fields, such as Mars, have their atmospheres gradually stripped off by the solar wind.
Interstellar space is the physical space within a galaxy not occupied by stars or their planetary systems. It continues to the edges of the galaxy, where it fades into the intergalactic void. Most of the mass in this space is made up of single hydrogen atoms, fewer helium atoms and a few heavier atoms formed in stars. Supernovae blow some of their atoms huge distances. A number of molecules and tiny 0.1 μm dust particles do exist in interstellar space. About four new types of molecule are discovered each year. Large regions of higher density matter known as molecular clouds allow chemical reactions to occur. This includes organic polyatomic species. Much of this chemistry is driven by collisions.
Intergalactic space does have 'cosmic voids' between the large-scale structures of the universe.

Exploration 

Exploring space is very difficult because it contains no air and is so large that even the fastest ships can only explore a tiny part of it. It takes 3 days of traveling to reach the Moon and, depending on speed, it would take a long time to reach the closest star Proxima Centauri. 

Manned spacecraft are designed to keep good air inside them and to protect astronauts from extreme temperatures.

We gain most of our information about the items in space from different kinds of telescopes. Some of them are space telescopes, put in outer space for a better view. Space probes also explore planets, comets and other space objects that are not too far.

Related pages 
 Space-time
 Black hole
 Galaxy
 Universe
 Astronomy

References 

Astrophysics
Space
Centripetal force

Centripetal force is an accelerating force that acts on any body that revolves around a centre. This force contributes to keeping the body in rotation. This force is always directed towards the centre.

The opposite force (by Isaac Newton's third law of motion) is called centrifugal force. This is the force that acts on the body in a direction away from the centre, which contributes to making the body try to fly away. When you hold a rope with a heavy object attached to it, and rotate it around, the rope becomes tight and keeps the body from flying away. This is caused by centripetal force.

An example is a roller coaster which uses centripetal force to accelerate the carts so they will keep going in a circular motion. Even if an object changes direction but maintains at a constant speed it still counts as acceleration.

Geometric proof for uniform circular motion

In the figure to the right we define the displacement vector  to represent motion in a circle.  The magnitude of  is denoted as  and represents the radius of the particle's orbit.

Force
Mechanics
Treaty

A treaty is a written agreement between two or more parties. International treaties are covered by international law. The parties may be countries or other important groups. A treaty may be about any subject.

Two countries might agree to stop a war, or declare war on a common enemy. Very common are treaties where a country promises to come to the aid of another country if the other country is attacked. Treaties about trade are also common. They may allow allow each other's citizens or merchandise to cross borders freely. For example, the European Union is set up by treaties between most of the European nations. It arranges that trade of products and services is free between the member states of the European Union.

In general, treaties are usually used to settle disputes, or to avoid disputes.

Famous treaties 
 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas
 1783 - Treaty of Paris (1783)
 1814 - Congress of Vienna
 1840 - Treaty of Waitangi
 1919 - Treaty of Versailles
 1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact
 1935 - Roerich Pact
 1938 - Munich Agreement
 1944 - Bretton Woods Agreement
 1945 - United Nations Charter (not strictly a treaty)
 1947 - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty
 1955 - Warsaw Pact
 1957 - Treaty of Rome
 1968 - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
 1992 - Treaty of Maastricht
 1993 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
 1998 - Good Friday Agreement

Related pages
 Peace treaty
Luxembourg

Luxembourg is a country in Western Europe; its official name is the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ). It is a small country in land area. It was one of the first countries in the European Union. It is also a member of the Benelux. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. In 2015, its population was 569,700, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.

Timeline
 963 - Luxembourg was founded. Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier.
 1354 - The emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy.
 1437 - There were no people in the ruling family alive. The castle was given to the Habsburgs.
 1443 - Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.
 1482 - Mary of Burgundy died. Luxembourg was ruled by the Habsburgs again.
 1795 - After the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France. It became a département of France.
 1815 - Luxembourg became a grand duchy. It was ruled by the king of the Netherlands.
 1815-1866 - Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation.
 1890 - After the death of William III, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg.
 1914-1918 - Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I.
 1940 - The Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich.
 1944 - Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived.
 1945 - Luxembourg joined the United Nations
 1957 - Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community. That is now called the European Union.
 2020 - Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.

Government
Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.

Districts, cantons, and communes
Luxembourg is divided into 3 districts, which are further divided into 12 cantons and then 116 communes. Twelve of the communes have city status, of which the city of Luxembourg is the largest.

Districts
The districts are
Diekirch
Grevenmacher
Luxembourg

Related pages
List of rivers of Luxembourg
Luxembourg at the Olympics
Luxembourg national football team

References

 
European Union member states
Benelux
Current monarchies
French-speaking countries
German-speaking countries
Baden-Württemberg

Baden-Württemberg (, ; Alemannic German: Baade-Wiirdebäärg) is a federal state (Bundesland) in the southwestern region of Germany. It is the third largest German state by total area (after Bavaria and Lower Saxony) with a size of nearly 35,752 km² and population (after North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria) with over 11 million people as of 2017. It shares borders to the east with the state of Bavaria, to the north with the states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate, to the west with the country of France (along the river Rhine), and to the south with the countries of Switzerland and Austria. Its biggest cities are Stuttgart, the capital, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe. The Minister President is Winfried Kretschmann of the party Alliance '90/The Greens.

In 2017, Baden-Württemberg ranked 2 on the Human Development Index (HDI) among all states in Germany.

History 
In 1952, the three states of Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern joined together to found Baden-Württemberg.

Politics 
The Minister President is the chief of the government of Baden-Württemberg. The government is made up of ministers and state secretaries.

The CDU was the main political party in the state between 1953-2011, the Ministers President have all been members of the CDU. Between the years 1972 and 1992, the members of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg were mostly members of the CDU. But the state is also a stronghold of the "Grünen" which were founded in the early 1980s in Karlsruhe. The election results of the Grünen in Baden-Württemberg have always been above the election average for the party in Germany.

Since 2016 there have been 5 parties represented in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg:
 Greens
 Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 Free Democratic Party (FDP/DVP)

List of Ministers President since 1952:

Tourism 

The Black forest, the Swabian Alb and the Lake Constance are world famous holiday regions. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).

Other important cities for tourism in Baden-Württemberg besides the capital city of Stuttgart are: Freiburg, Heidelberg, Rastatt, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Ulm, Ravensburg and Heilbronn.

The Danube, the Neckar and the Rhine are important rivers which are in the state.

Economy 
Baden-Württemberg has the third largest economy in Germany after the economies of North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria. It had a gross regional product (GRP) of €524.33 billion in 2019.

Religion 
In the northern part of Württemberg and the Kurpfalz the majority are Protestants. But the other parts of the state, especially the south, the majority are Roman Catholics.

Statistics for Baden-Württemberg:

Sports 
Football is the most popular sport in Baden-Württemberg. The best clubs are the VfB Stuttgart and the Karlsruher SC (Karlsruher SC or KSC). Another popular sport is handball.

References

Other websites 
 www.baden-württemberg.de
 www.baden-württemberg.de/en/home
 Webportal Baden-Württemberg 

 
1952 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany
Telescope

A telescope (from the Ancient Greek τῆλε, tele "far" and σκοπεῖν, skopein "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, teleskopos) makes astronomical objects appear closer to the naked eye. It is an important tool for astronomy that gathers light and directs it to a single point. Some do this with curved mirrors, some with curved lenses, and some with both. Telescopes make distant things look bigger, brighter and closer. Galileo was the first person to use a telescope for astronomy, but he did not invent them. The first telescope was invented in the Netherlands in 1608. Some telescopes, not mainly used for astronomy, are binoculars, camera lenses, or spyglasses.

When telescopes are used with just your eye, an eyepiece has to be used. These use two or more smaller lenses to magnify an image. Without an eyepiece, an eye can not focus the image. When a telescope is used with a camera or other special scientific tools, eyepiece lenses are not needed.

Most big telescopes for astronomy are made for looking very carefully at things that are already known. A few are made to search for things, such as unknown asteroids. A telescope made to be used with a CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) camera instead of just your eye are sometimes called "Astrophotography". A Go-to telescope is needed to track Deep Sky objects and must be placed on a Alt-Azimuth Mount for the axis to point towards Polaris, this is called polar alignment.

The bigger the aperture (mirror) the more light the telescope collects. It makes faint objects appear clearer.

Telescopes can be used by normal people too, not just scientists. These are amateur telescopes, and they are usually smaller, and they don't cost too much for a normal person to buy. Some of the most popular amateur telescopes are Dobsonians, a type of Newtonian telescope.

The word telescope is usually used for light human eyes can see, but there are telescopes for wavelengths we cannot see. Infrared telescopes look like normal telescopes, but have to be kept cold since all warm things give off infrared light. Radio telescopes are like radio antennas, usually shaped like large dishes.

X-ray and Gamma ray telescopes have a problem because the rays go through most metals and glasses. To solve this problem, the mirrors are shaped like a bunch of rings inside each other so the rays strike them at a shallow angle and are reflected. These telescopes are space telescopes because little of this radiation reaches the Earth.  Other space telescopes are put in orbit so the Earth's atmosphere does not interfere.

Telescopes are mostly used for looking at celestial objects such as, the stars, planets, etc.

Related pages
 List of telescope types

Other websites 

 European Southern Observatory - OWL
 The Resolution of a Telescope 
 Image of a Telescope
 Telescope -Citizendium
States of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has 16 states (). The biggest is Bavaria and the smallest is Bremen. Most of them were created after the Second World War, although their historical roots can be traced back to the early Middle Ages in some cases.

State creation since 1949:

 1952: Three small states (Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, part of Germany since 1949) joined together to form Baden-Württemberg.
 1957: The Saar, which was put under French administration after World War II, joined the Federal Republic of Germany as the Saarland.
 1990: On German reunification, the reunited city of Berlin and the territory of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as six new states.

Population and area in km² as of November 2014.
1930s

The 1930s was the decade that started on January 1, 1930 and ended on December 31, 1939.

Events
 1933 – Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
1933 – Prohibition ends in the United States
 1939 – The start of World War II
 Nancy Drew books debut
The 1930s was a bad time because of the depression, where people were sad.

Important people

World leaders 
 King Faisal I (Iraq)
 King Ghazi (Iraq)
 King Faisal II (Iraq)
 President of the Executive Council W.T. Cosgrave (Irish Free State)
 President of the Executive Council Éamon de Valera (Irish Free State)
 Taoiseach Éamon de Valera (Éire)
 King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
 Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
 Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
 Emir Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (Kuwait)
 Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (Portugal)
 Sultan Mohammed V (Morocco)
 Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage (New Zealand)
 President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)
 Prime Minister James Barry Munnik Hertzog (South Africa)
 General Secretary Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
 President Alcalá Zamora (Spain)
 Prime Minister Manuel Azaña (Spain)
 Prime Minister Alejandro Lerroux (Spain
 President Bahij al-Khatib (Syria)
 Bey (Crown Prince) Ahmad II (Tunisia)
 President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Turkey)
 King George V (United Kingdom)
 King Edward VIII (United Kingdom)
 King George VI (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (United Kingdom)
 President Herbert Hoover (United States)
 President Franklin D. Roosevelt (United States)
 Holy Father Pope Pius XI (Vatican)
 Adolf Hitler, German politician
 Pope Pius XI, Pope in the 1930s
 George V, British king
 Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR
 Benito Mussolini, Italian politician
 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
 Louis Armstrong, Jazz musician
 Dionne Quintuplets, Canadian siblings, first quintuplets to survive infancy
1940s

The 1940s was the decade that started on January 1, 1940, and ended on December 31, 1949.

Events 
 1940 – Retreat at Dunkirk
 1941; Attack on Pearl Harbor, which followed by U.S join the war then.
 1944 – Normandy invasion
 1945 (August 6 and 9) – first use of the atomic bomb in warfare.
 1945 – World War II ends
 1945 – Start of the Cold War
 1945-1946 – Nuremberg Trials
 1946 – baby boom begins in the United States.
 1947 – Independence for India and other colonies.
 1947-1949 – Indo-Pakistani War
 1948-1949 – Arab-Israeli War
 1949 – Communists take power in China.

People

World leaders 
 Adolf Hitler, German politician
 Pope Pius XII, Pope in the 1930s
 George VI, British king
 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR
 Mahatma Gandhi, leader of India
 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
 Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States (until 1945)
 Harry S Truman, President of the United States
1950s

The 1950s was the decade that started on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959.

Events 
 1950–1953 Korean War.
 1953 – Structure of DNA published by James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins.
 1953 – Edmund Hillary is the first man on Mount Everest.
 1954 – Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends France's colonization of Vietnam and leads to division of Vietnam into North and South.
 1956 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956
 1956 – Suez Crisis
 1958 – Treaty of Rome
 1959 – Fidel Castro becomes the Prime Minister of Cuba.
 1957 – Sputnik launched.

Important people
 Konrad Adenauer, German chancellor
 Chuck Berry, American rock & roll musician
 Fidel Castro, president of Cuba
 René Coty, president of France
 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 James Dean, American actor
 Paul Newman, American actor
 Bo Diddley, American rock & roll musician
 Elizabeth II, British queen since 1952
 Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the US  1953–1961
 Ludwig Erhard, German chancellor
 Francisco Franco, Caudillo of Spain
 Charles de Gaulle, president of France
 George VI, British king until 1952
 David Ben-Gurion, prime minister of Israel
 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
 Alfred Hitchcock, writer
 Pope John XXIII, Pope from 1958
 Nikita Khrushchev, General Secretary of the Soviet Union
 Marilyn Monroe, American actress
 Gamal Abdel Nasser, president of Egypt
 Jawaharlal Nehru, prime minister of India
 Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia
 Juan Perón, President of Argentina
 Pope Pius XII, Pope until 1958
 Elvis Presley, American singer
 Buddy Holly, American singer
 Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Soviet Union
 Harry S. Truman, President of the US until 1953
 Kim Il-Sung, Supreme Leader of North Korea
 Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
Hamburg

Hamburg, or in full Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (, Low German: Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg), is a city in the north of Germany on the banks of the River Elbe, 18 km away from the North Sea. It is also one of the States of Germany.

With a population of about 1.85 million (1850000), it is the biggest German city after Berlin and the sixth largest city of the European Union. The religion is about 37% Protestant, 10% Catholic, 8% Muslim, 38% agnostic, 2% Pagan.

Since it was an important member of the Hanseatic League, the city's official name still includes Hansestadt (Hanseatic city). Other German cities that do the same today are: Lübeck, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin. The membership in this trade alliance has influenced the architecture of the city to a great extent. It has also left some marks in the region around the city. Strategic bombing in World War II devastated the city.

In 2017 a consulting company ranked it 17th for best place to live in the world.

The area of Hamburg is . It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Economy 
Hamburg's harbour is, by shipments, the second largest harbour in Europe (after Rotterdam) and among the ten largest in the world. It is a very important gate to the countries along the Baltic Sea and Eastern Europe.

There are about 120,000 businesses in Hamburg. The company Airbus has an assembly plant for large civil aircraft in Hamburg. 30,000 people are employed in Hamburg's aircraft industries. There are only two other locations worldwide in this scale, Seattle in the United States and Toulouse in France.

About half of Germany's nationwide newspapers and magazines are made in Hamburg. Germany's most-viewed television news Tagesschau is broadcast from Hamburg.

Hamburg's red-light district (in Sankt Pauli) is the largest in Europe.

Sister cities 
 , Saint Petersburg, since 1957
 , Marseille, since 1958
 , Shanghai, since 1986
 , Dresden, since 1987
 , León, since 1989
 , Ōsaka, since 1989
 , Prague, since 1990
 , Chicago, since 1994

Related pages
 Berlin
 Munich
 Cologne
 Frankfurt/Main
 Düsseldorf

References

 
Imperial free cities
Emphysema

Emphysema is a disease of the lungs. 

It is one of the diseases that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is a set of diseases where the flow of air in the lungs is obstructed. Emphysema is most often caused by smoking but can be caused by other diseases or have no known cause at all.

It occurs when the very small air sacs (called the alveoli) at the ends of the airways in the lungs start to break down from many sacs to form much bigger sacs. The alveoli are the areas of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged into and out of the blood. Emphysema makes it hard for people to blow air out of the lungs because air gets trapped inside the broken alveoli due to the collapse of the walls. The trapped air in the lungs creates the characteristic "barrel chest" of emphysema.

There is no cure for emphysema. Treatment includes stopping smoking and taking medicines ('broncho-dilators' and sometimes corticosteroids). Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest. It decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day, and may improve people's ability to exercise. In those with normal or mildly low oxygen levels, oxygen supplementation may improve shortness of breath. There is a risk of fires and little benefit when those on oxygen continue to smoke.

Associations
Emphysema is commonly associated with chronic bronchitis. As it is rather difficult to delineate "pure" cases of emphysema or chronic bronchitis they are classed together into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Other websites 
 Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 

Diseases
Pulmonology
1960s

The 1960s was the decade that started on January 1, 1960 and ended on December 31, 1969. Many things happened in the sixties, including the Space Race, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Vietnam War.

The 1960s term also refers to an era more often called the Sixties. This was a set of cultural and political trends around the globe. This "cultural decade" is loosely defined as beginning around 1963 and ending around 1974.

The social revolution of the 1960s was part of a wider counterculture. Old ways were changed, new ways taken up. Typical was the introduction of the birth control pill, and its effect on sexual activity, widespread use of certain drugs and a general disrespect for traditional ways.

Pop art also started in the 1960s.

Events 
 Decolonization of much of Africa
 1961 - Yuri Gagarin is first human in the space during Soviet Vostok 1 mission.
 1961 – Berlin Wall built.
 1961 – Bay of Pigs invasion.
 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis.
 1963 – Assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22.
 1965 – Indiainvades Pakistan on September 6.
1967 - Six-Day War.
 1968 – Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
 1969 – Under the Apollo 11 program Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first humans on the Moon.
 Unix created.

Significant people 
 Stanley Kubrick, director
 Orson Welles, director
 The Rolling Stones, English rock band
 Muhammad Ali, boxer
 The Beatles, British rock band
 Fidel Castro, president of Cuba
 Che Guevara, Argentine marxist, revolutionary
 Sean Connery, actor
 Bob Dylan, singer, songwriter, artist
 Joan Baez, American Folk Singer
 Jimi Hendrix, rock singer
 Yuri Gagarin, astronaut
 Alfred Hitchcock, filmmaker
 Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 Pope John XXIII, Pope until 1963
 John F. Kennedy, President of the United States from 1961-1963
Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States from 1963-1969
Richard Nixon, President of the United States from 1969-1974
 Martin Luther King Jr., a leader in the American Civil Rights Movement
 Nikita Khruschev, Soviet leader
 Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader
 Pope Paul VI since 1963
 Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
 Chiang Kai-shek, President of the Republic of China
 Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India
 Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India
 Ho Chi Minh, President of North Vietnam
 Charles de Gaulle, President of France
 Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor Germany
 Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor Germany
 Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Chancellor Germany
 Levi Eshkol, Prime Minister of Israel
 Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt
 Elvis Presley, American singer
 Mary Quant, fashion designer
 Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of John F. Kennedy
 James Earl Ray, assassin of Martin Luther King Jr.
 Thomas Hagan, assassin of Malcolm X

References
1990s

The 1990s was the decade that started on January 1, 1990, and ended on December 31, 1999.

Events 
 1990 - 1991 – Gulf War
 1990 – German reunification
 1991 – The end of the Cold War.
 1991 – Breakup of Yugoslavia.
 Yugoslav Wars
 1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union
 1992 – The European Union is founded.
 1993 – Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
 1994 – Genocide in Rwanda
 1994 – End of Apartheid in South Africa.
 1997 – Handover of Hong Kong

People 
 Pope John Paul II, Pope in the 1990s (the last full decade he would serve as Pope until his death in 2005)
 Andre Agassi, American tennis player
 Pete Sampras, American tennis player
 Michael Schumacher, German formula 1 driver
 Backstreet Boys, American boy band
 Slobodan Milošević, President of Serbia from 1989 to 2000
 Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990
 John Major, British Prime Minister from 1990 to 1997
 Tony Blair, British Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007
 George H. W. Bush, President of the United States until 1993
Bill Clinton President of the United States from 1993–2001
 François Mitterrand, President of France from 1981 to 1995
 Jacques Chirac, President of France from 1995 to 2007
 Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002
 Alberto Fujimori President of Peru 1990–2000
 Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008
 Elizabeth II, British queen since 1952
 Madonna, singer-songwriter
 The Prodigy, electronic dance group
 Britney Spears, American singer
 Spice Girls, music group
 Mariah Carey, singer
 Celine Dion, singer
 Whitney Houston, singer
 Mel Gibson, actor
 Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the USSR 1985–1991
 Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia from 1991 to 1999
 Michael Jordan, American basketball player
 Tom Hanks, American actor 
 Nicole Kidman, actress
 Sandra Bullock, American actress
 Tom Cruise, American actor
 Robin Williams, American actor and comedian
 Jim Carrey, Canadian-American actor and comedian
 George Clooney, American actor
 Brad Pitt, American actor
 Eddie Murphy, American actor and comedian
 Arnold Schwarzenegger, American actor
 Oprah Winfrey, American talk show host
 Ellen DeGeneres, American talk show host
 Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq 1979–2003
 Helmut Kohl, German chancellor until 1998
 Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa 1994–1999
 Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa 1999–2008
 Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli Prime Minister
 Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011
 Muammar al-Gaddafi, Libyan dictator from 1969 to 2011
 Nirvana, rock band
 Steven Seagal, American actor
 Julia Roberts, American actor/actress
 Gerhard Schröder, German Chancellor from 1998 to 2005
 Lech Wałęsa, President of Poland from 1990 to 1995
 Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader
 Kim Il-Sung, dictator of North Korea from 1948 to 1994
 Kim Jong-il, dictator of North Korea from 1994 to 2011
 Tupac Shakur, American rapper
 Diana, Princess of Wales
 Gianni Versace, fashion designer
 Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft
 Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple

Other websites 
Source for some items:
 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 
 http://m-w.com/
Computer program

A computer program is a list of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Everything a computer does is done by using a computer program. Programs stored in the memory of a computer ("internal programming") let the computer do one thing after another, even with breaks in between. John von Neumann, a mathematician born in Hungary, came up with this idea in the late 1940s. The first digital computer designed with internal programming capacity was the EDVAC (which means Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), built in 1949.

Some examples of computer programs:
 Operating system.
 A web browser like Mozilla Firefox and Chrome can be used to view web pages on the Internet.
 An office suite can be used to write documents or spreadsheets.
 Video games are computer programs. 

A computer program is stored as a file on the computer's hard drive. When the user runs the program, the file is read by the computer, and the processor reads the data in the file as a list of instructions. Then the computer does what the computer program tells it to do.

A computer program is written by a programmer. It is very difficult to write in the ones and zeroes of machine code, which is what the computer can read, so computer programmers write in a programming language, such as BASIC, C, or Java. Once it is written, the programmer uses a compiler to turn it into a language that the computer can understand.

There are also bad programs, called malware, written by people who want to do bad things to a computer. Some are spyware, trying to steal information from the computer. Some try to damage the data stored on the hard drive. Some others send users to web sites that offer to sell them things. Some are computer viruses or ransomware.

Related pages 
 Software
 Operating system
 Programming language
 Utility software

Other websites 
 Computer program Citizendium
Data

The word data means "known facts". Data especially refers to numbers, but can mean words, sounds, and images. Metadata is data about data. It is used to find data.

Originally, data is the plural of the Latin word datum, from dare, meaning "give". Datum is rarely used in English. So data often gets used as if it were a singular word. Some people like to say "data are", not "data is".

References 

Knowledge
Stuttgart

Stuttgart (; Swabian:  ) is a city in Germany. It is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg and of the Administrative District of Stuttgart (Regierungsbezirk). Stuttgart is on the river Neckar. In December 2011, 613,392 people lived there. This makes it the most populous city in Baden-Württemberg.

Stuttgart is the sixth largest German city and Stuttgart Region is the nation's third largest region. The city is divided into 23 city districts.

Stuttgart is the home of two car manufacturers: Mercedes Benz and Porsche. Porsche is in Zuffenhausen (North) and Mercedes in Untertürkheim (Southeast).

Stuttgart has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Population 
Stuttgart has 613,392 people within city limits. It is the 6th largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne and Frankfurt am Main. According to a 2005 estimate, the Stuttgart urban area had between 1,238,000 and 1,250,000 people. Its metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million (2008).

Education 
The University of Stuttgart is one of the city's higher education institutions.

References

Other websites 

 stuttgart.de
 pictures of metropolitan area stuttgart
Schwerin

Schwerin (, , ; Mecklenburgian Low German: Swerin; Latin: Suerina, Suerinum) is the capital city of the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It has a population of 97,000. It is the second biggest city (behind Rostock) in the state. It is the smallest capital of a German state.

History

Gallery

References 

States of the Holy Roman Empire
Urban districts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
German state capitals
Saarbrücken

Saarbrücken (;  ; Rhine Franconian: Saarbrigge [zaːˈbʁɪɡə]; ) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.

The city is also the capital of the Saarland. Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants and is on the river Saar.

References

Other websites

Saarbrücken (district)
States of the Holy Roman Empire
German state capitals
Saarlouis

Saarlouis is a town in the Saarland, Germany. It has 38,400 inhabitants and is on the Saar. From 1936 to 1945 it was called Saarlautern. Ford Motor Company has a plant here; it produces the Focus, C-Max and Kuga.

References

Other websites

Saarlouis (district)
Brandenburg

Brandenburg (Low Sorbian: Bramborska, Low German: Brannenborg) is a state (Bundesland) in Germany. It has been a state since 1990. It is 29,056 km² in area. It has about 2.6 million inhabitants.

Until 1945 it was the biggest province in Prussia, with 38,278 km² and 3 million inhabitants. From 1949 to 1952 it was a state in the German Democratic Republic. In 1952 it became divided into three Bezirke (Potsdam, Frankfurt and Cottbus). The capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.

Berlin is in the middle of Brandenburg. But it is not part of Brandenburg. It is a city state.

History 
 1373 Karl IV bought Brandenburg for his sons from the Wittelsbacher
 1539 Protestant Reformation
 1618 United with Prussia
 1815 Brandenburg became a province in Prussia
 1945 Brandenburg lost 32% to Poland
 1949 State in East Germany
 1952 Divided into three Bezirke (Districts)
 1990 State of the reunited Germany

Administration 
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen Kreise (districts):
 Prignitz
 Ostprignitz-Ruppin
 Oberhavel
 Uckermark
 Havelland
 Barnim
 Märkisch-Oderland
 Potsdam-Mittelmark
 Teltow-Fläming
 Oder-Spree
 Dahme-Spreewald
 Elbe-Elster
 Oberspreewald-Lausitz
 Spree-Neiße

Also Brandenburg has four Kreisfreie Städte (district-free city):
 Brandenburg
 Cottbus
 Frankfurt an der Oder
 Potsdam

List of Minister-Presidents 
 1945 - 1949: Karl Steinhoff
 1949 - 1952: Rudi Jahn
 1990 - 2002: Manfred Stolpe (SPD)
 2002 - 2013: Matthias Platzeck (SPD)
 since 2013: Dietmar Woidke (SPD)

Cities and counties 

Brandenburg is divided into fourteen (rural) counties (Landkreise),

and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte),

 Brandenburg an der Havel
 Cottbus
 Frankfurt (Oder)
 Potsdam
Census

A census is a way of getting information about every member of a population. It is usually used for a population of people, but can be used to mean a population of animals.
Both the United States and United Kingdom have a census every 10 years, or decade. But in Australia, Canada, Japan and New Zealand they have it every 5 years.

A census produces a large database and sometimes new information technology, such as the use of punched cards for data, has been invented to handle it.

The word comes from the Roman Republic when it meant a list of citizens.

Notes

Related pages
 Statistics
 United States Census

Other websites 
Statistics Bureau of Japan - Official website

Social sciences
Animals
Demography