cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is a chromosome that decides the sex in most mammals, including humans. It contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development, so making an animal male or female.

Normal females have two X chromosomes, and normal males have one X and one Y. An egg always carries a single X, while sperms carry either an X or a Y. That is how sex is determined in humans.

Related pages 
Sex determination 
Karyotype
Chromosome
J1 (Y-DNA)

References

Other websites 
 Genetic Genealogy: About the use of mtDNA and Y chromosome analysis in ancestry testing
 Human Genome Project Information — Human Chromosome Y Launchpad
 On Topic  — The Y Chromosome - From the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
 Nature — focus on the Y chomosome
 National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) — Use of Novel Mechanism Preserves Y Chromosome Genes
 Ysearch.org - Public Y-DNA database 
 Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 

Biological reproduction
Chromosomes
Ćevapčići

Ćevapčići (plural form of Ćevapčić)  or Ćevapi () is a skinless meat sausage. They originally were made in the Balkans. it’s from Bosnia and Herzegovina and it can be found in the countries of what was Yugoslavia. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria and the Italian provinces of Trieste and Gorizia. Ćevapčići are served on a plate or in a flatbread (lepinja or somun). Chopped onions, sour cream, kaymak, ajvar, cottage cheese, and similar sauces are often added.

Macedonian ќебапчиња/ḱebapčinja; from Skopje are made of equal parts of beef and pork, minced together, seasoned, grilled and served on a plate with fries and fresh minced onions, accompanied with sour cream and spices. It can also be served in a thin bun called lepinja, similar to the Turkish Pide. The traditional, and preferred, way of grilling ćevapčići is to use glowing coals beneath a grill. The expressions ćevapčići or Kebapi are both common in parts of North Macedonia, whereas in Skopje, the capital, from where ćevapčići spread all over the world, ćevapčići is the only traditional expression.  Although ćevapčići is a formal diminutive, ćevapčići from Leskovac are longer (10–12 cm) than Bosnian ćevapi (5–8 cm). The Leskovac recipe was the one that became popular in Belgrade during the 19th century and then spread all over Yugoslavia, Europe and United States. 

Bosnian ćevapi from the Baščaršija district of Sarajevo and Banja Luka is probably the most famous ćevapi. Travnik and Tuzla are known for their ćevapi made of beef stewed with spices. This dish is very popular in some parts of what was formerly Yugoslavia as well. The stew is poured on lepinja or somun flatbread with a few chunks of. Banja Luka is known for ćevapi which are multiple rolls (usually four) joined together. Bosnian ćevapi are made from two types of minced beef meat, hand mixed and formed with a funnel. Once they are formed, ćevapi are grilled. 
Bulgarian ḱebapi (ќебапи) are made of both pork and beef.  A serving usually consists of 5-10 pieces, served with white bread, minced red pepper, salt and onions. 

In Romania, the Ćevapčići are called Mititei.

In Czech Republic/Slovakia čevapčiči is generally served with mustard, raw onions and potatoes.

Etymology
The word comes from the Arabic , sometimes with the South Slavic diminutive ending -čići (, ćevapčići/ćevapi; , ḱebapi; , Croatian, Bosnian: ; ). For more on the word's history, see the etymology section of kebab.

References

Other websites
An essay on ćevapi in BH Dani  (in Bosnian)
Branislav Nušić (1864-1938) on ćevapčići-culture in Belgrade and former Yugoslavia  
Recipe for ćevapi 

Albanian culture
Bosnia and Herzegovina culture
Croatian culture
Kosovo
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Serbian culture
Slovenian culture
Meat dishes
Louise Farrenc

Louise Farrenc (born Paris, 31 May 1804;  died 15 September 1875) was a French composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.  She was very well-known during her lifetime, but her best compositions are not very well known.  This is because the way to become a famous composer in France in the 19th century was by writing operas, but Farrenc never wrote operas.  Her best compositions are chamber music.

Life 
Her name when she was born was Jeanne-Louise Dumont.  Her father was a successful sculptor.  She was very young when she started to learn the piano.  Her teacher had been a pupil of Muzio Clementi.  Soon she was having piano lessons with famous teachers such as Ignaz Moscheles and Johann Nepomuk Hummel.  She loved composing, so her parents let her study composition with Anton Reicha at the Paris Conservatoire.  At that time women were not allowed to go to composition classes at the Conservatoire, so she probably had her lessons privately.  She met a flautist (flute player) called Aristide Farrenc. He was ten years older than she was.  They often performed together and they married in 1821. She stopped her studies and travelled with her husband around France giving concerts.  He soon grew tired of the concert life and decided to open a publishing house in Paris, which was called Éditions Farrenc. It became one of France’s most important music publishers for nearly 40 years.

Farrenc returned to her studies with Reicha.  Then she started giving many concerts and became famous.  She was so successful that in 1842 she was made Professor of Piano at the Paris Conservatoire.  She stayed in that job for 30 years.  Although it was a very good job she was paid less than the male teachers.  When her nonet was performed it made her famous.  Joseph Joachim was one of the performers.  After this success she was paid the same salary as the male professors.  Several other chamber works were very successful, but after her death people forgot about them.

Music 

At first, during the 1820s and 1830s, she just wrote for piano. Several music critics, including Schumann, thought they were very good. In the 1830s, she wrote chamber music and orchestral music. Her chamber music includes most of her best compositions.

1804 births
1875 deaths
Romantic composers
French composers
Women composers
French pianists
Musicians from Paris
Musicologists
64 Studio

64 Studio is a free Linux distribution based on Debian made for creative users on x86-64 and legacy 32-bit hardware architectures.  It is made to serve as an all-in-one solution for audio and video recording, editing, and other forms of media production.

Since 64 Studio is distributed with a free software license, anyone with a 64-bit computer can install it on their computer (in place of or alongside the well-known Windows operating system). An alternative installer is available for systems with 32-bit processors.

Differences with Debian 
The major differences between this distribution and basic Debian is a custom kernel with realtime patches applied, some pre-configuration and a custom package selection designed to meet the needs of creative desktop users. Other packages may also be modified to some extent, as are the basic GNOME desktop themes.

Releases 
The project released the first beta of 64 Studio, version 0.9.0 code-named 'Toe Rag', on the August 1, 2006. The release was named in honour of the all-analogue Toe Rag Studios in London, England.

After eighteen months of development, the project made its first stable release available for free download on 2006-11-29. It is named Olympic in recognition of the work of Glyn Johns and Eddie Kramer at
Olympic Studios in London.

The second stable release, version 2.0 codename 'Electric', was announced on 27th July 2007. This latest release is named after Electrical Audio, the studio founded by sound engineer Steve Albini in Chicago, USA.

Related pages
 Ubuntu Studio - a multimedia production-oriented distribution based on Ubuntu
 List of Linux distributions
 GNU/Linux
 Debian
 Ubuntu

References

Other websites 
Official website
64 studio summary
X86-64 Linux distributions
Free software
Debian-based Linux distributions
AbulÉdu

AbulÉdu is a French Linux distribution made for classrooms. It is based on Debian and it includes the Linux Terminal Server Project and a large number of educational applications.

Related pages
 GNU/Linux
 Debian
List of Linux distributions

Other websites 
 Official site (in French)

Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
Utah State University

Utah State University (USU) is a public university in Logan, Utah, United States. The university was started in 1888.

Other websites 

Utah State University website
Athletics website

Colleges and universities in Utah
Mountain West Conference
1888 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
British Medical Journal

The British Medical Journal (BMJ) is a popular peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is published by the BMJ Publishing Group in London. There is an online version.

Related pages 
The Lancet

Other websites 
BMJ Online

Journals
Weekly magazines
DNA (newspaper)

Daily News and Analysis (DNA) is an English language newspaper published from Mumbai. It was launched on July 30, 2005. DNA is Mumbai's fastest growing newspaper. The newspaper has a liberal outlook.

Other websites 
 Official Website

DNA
2005 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in India
Baltix

Baltix GNU/Linux is a Linux distribution aimed to be a complete, user-friendly operating system for Lithuanian and Latvian people, based on Debian and Ubuntu. Supported languages include Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, English, Norwegian and others near and around the Baltic region. The main language is Lithuanian.

It uses the GNOME desktop environment and is distributed as an installable Live CD.

The first public versions of Baltix GNU/Linux were released in 2003 and were based on Knoppix Live CD and Debian software packages, and later, on the Ubuntu operating system.

Additional software 
Baltix has software packages not present in Ubuntu:

 Educational software for kids and adults, including GCompris, TuxPaint, Atomix, etc.
 Interesting and funny games, including Pingus, Chess, PlanetPenguin Racer
 Vector graphic, CAD and diagram drawing software, including Inkscape, QCAD and Dia
 Support for most video and audio formats, including DVD, DivX, AVI, MPEG, Xvid, Theora, Ogg Vorbis, MP3
 Lightweight Desktop Environment - LXDE + PCManFM (older versions had IceWM as lightweight Window Manager)
 Possibility to run lots of software, compiled for MS Windows OS (through Wine compatibility layer)
 Clipart, CAD and office documents templates
 Lots of other packages, which are useful for Lithuanians and other Baltic people, including 
 universal dictionary software OpenDict
 various spelling and hyphenation dictionaries, etc.

Baltix can run directly from its live-usb, without installation to a computer's permanent storage (hard disk, solid state drive, etc.), but also can be installed into a computer's Linux or Windows partition(s).

Baltix Goals 
 Easy and right away ready for majority of Lithuanian, Latvian and Russian home/office users (no need to install additional software for multimedia support or office work, e.g. spelling dictionaries or templates)
 Possibility to run software, compiled for most popular operating systems, like Windows
 Possibility to work comfortably on older computers (starting from 64 MB RAM and 200 MHz CPU), little resources consuming desktop environment is included (currently LXDE)
 Comfortable for computer manufacturers (Baltix 0.8.x, 1.x and 20.04) has a noninteractive automatic installation (autoinstall) feature - OS can be installed into computer in about 10 minutes without user intervention.

Related pages
 GNU/Linux
 Debian
List of Linux distributions

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Developers project

Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
Baltic states
Latvia
Lithuania
The Times of India

The Times of India is an English language newspaper published in India. On November 3, 1838 the newspaper was founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce, and, in 1861, it was renamed The Times of India. The newspaper has a conservative outlook.

With about 2.6 million copies sold each weekday, The Times of India is the bestselling newspaper in the world. The second bestselling newspaper in the world, USA Today, sells about 2.25 million copies each weekday.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Times of India epaper 

English-language newspapers published in India
Hindustan Times

Hindustan Times is an English language newspaper published in India. It has simultaneous editions from New Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Patna, Ranchi and Kolkata. The newspaper has a centrist outlook.

References

Other websites
Official Website
Download epaper Hindustan Times

Hindustan Times
The Statesman

The Statesman is an English language newspaper published in India. It is published simultaneously from Kolkata, New Delhi, Siliguri and Bhubaneshwar.

Other websites
Official Website

English-language newspapers published in India
Live CD

A Live CD, Live DVD, or Live Distro is a special way of creating a computer operating system so that it is able to run without installing anything on the computer first. This special operating system is used when the computer is booting up, and runs all its programs off the object it is put on. The name of the operating system usually has something to do with the object, such as "Live CD" for CDs, "Live DVD" for DVDs, or "Live USB" for USB flash drives.

"Distro" is short for Distribution, and is used because different types of Linux operating systems are called Linux Distributions, and Linux Distros were the first operating systems to be made into Live CDs. A "Live Distro" is used to refer to all different kinds of these special operating systems, instead of just the ones on a certain object.

The word "live" is used to describe the special way that the operating system is set up so that it can run on a computer without needing to install anything first.

History 
The first Linux-based Live CD was Yggdrasil Linux (it stopped being made in 1995), but it did not work well because back then CD drives could not read CDs fast enough. in 2003, a Live CD based on Debian called Knoppix was released. Many people liked to use Knoppix, both as an operating system, and as a way of fixing a computer. Many more people have started using Live CDs since then, because of programs like Linux Live scripts and remastersys which make it very easy to make your own personalized Live CD.

Uses 
Some Live Distros are made to demonstrate how an operating system would work on a computer, without making you install it first.

Other Live Distros come with a variety of software which help fix different problems that can happen with a computer, such as if they get a computer virus, or if a person forgets their password.

People also create Live Distros to demonstrate new ways of making operating systems, or proving that an operating system can run on a new type of computer.

Screenshots 
Here are some images/screenshots of live CDs:

Related pages
 remastersys, a simple tool to create a customized ubuntu Live CD/DVD
 List of Linux distributions

Other websites 
 FreeBSD LiveCD
 Linux Live scripts
 Build your own Custom Live CD
 Bootable CDROM HowTo
 LiveDistro.org: Extensive build/remaster howtos, tools and release announcements.
 Guide: Howto remaster a sidux live CD
 The Live CD List links & information on over 300 Live CDs
 Long list of LiveCDs at the Knoppix Wiki
 The magic of live CDs  Article published on Free Software Magazine about LiveDistros
 Live CD News
 Live CD Build Scripts 
 Pondering Live CDs - A BSD perspective on the concept of Live CDs 
 Darknet 10 Best Security Live CD Distros for pen-test, forensics, and recovery
Deccan Herald

The Deccan Herald is an English language newspaper published in Karnataka. The newspaper started in 1948.

Other websites
Official Website

Deccan Herald
1948 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in India
PSV Eindhoven

Philips Sport Vereniging (English: Philips Sports Union), widely known either as PSV or PSV Eindhoven, is a sports club from Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is best known for its professional football (soccer) section.

Honours

National
Eredivisie: 24
 Winners: 1928–29, 1934–35, 1950–51, 1962–63, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1996–97, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
KNVB Cup: 9
 Winners: 1949–50, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1995–96, 2004–05, 2011–12
Johan Cruyff Shield: 11
 Winners: 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2016 (Record)

International
European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 1
 Winners: 1987–88
UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League: 1
 Winners: 1977–78

Current players

First-team squad

Players out on loan

League position

Former position

References

1910s establishments in the Netherlands
1913 establishments in Europe
Dutch football clubs
Eindhoven
BeatrIX

BeatrIX is a GNU/Linux,live CD-based Linux distribution started by Steven Watsky, it was designed to look very simple, in order to be as easy to use as possible to new users. A new BeatrIX desktop has just four icons (e-mail, instant messaging, word processing and web browser). Hence, anyone who has some computer experience will be able to use BeatrIX.

BeatrIX is a small operating system, taking up only 200MB. The liveCD fits into 80 mm discs that can store up to 184 MB of data.

BeatrIX uses Linux 2.6.7 and GNOME 2.8 as its GUI desktop. It has productivity tools such as OpenOffice.org 1.1.2, Mozilla Firefox (version 1.0) web browser, Gaim (version 1.0), etc.

BeatrIX has been discontinued since 2005 due to Steven Watsky's lapse in health. Another distro called BeaFanatIX is using the code of BeatrIX and continuing development.

Related pages
 GNU/Linux
List of Linux distributions

Other websites 
Softpedia BeatrIX Linux
BeaFanatIX home page 
Download BeatriX

Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
DeMuDi

DeMuDi (Debian Multimedia Distribution) was a Linux distribution based on Debian with improvements for music, sound and video production. 

DeMuDi was developed by the AGNULA Project, a European Union funded project to improve access to multimedia software, and was also known as A/DeMuDi, with A standing for Agnula.

When funding stopped volunteers continued to work on the project for a short time, but now it is part of the Debian Multimedia Project.

Related pages
 Debian
 Ubuntu Studio

Other websites 
 DeMuDi website
 Debian Multimedia Project

Free software
Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
Dreamlinux

Dreamlinux was a Linux distribution, a collection of computer programs that is designed for the use of the Linux operating system on a computer.  The Dreamlinux distribution was made in Brazil, and is based on Debian, another commonly-used Linux distribution.  Dreamlinux can be used in Portuguese.

Methods of booting

There are several ways to use Dreamlinux to run the Linux operating system on a computer.
 Using a compact disc called a live CD, the computer user can start up (or boot) the operating system straight from the disc without installing anything on the computer.
 The user can boot Dreamlinux in the same way from an external flash drive containing the programs, connected to the computer through a USB port.
 The user can install the programs in Dreamlinux on a computer's internal hard drive and run them from there.

Graphical User Interface
Most operating systems have a graphical user interface, or GUI, which allows the user to interact with the programs using a graphical display.  The GUI which Dreamlinux uses looks similar to the one used by Apple's Mac OS X operating system, with a toolbar in the center.  The user can also download the "Engage" theme, which gives the toolbar some animated aspects.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions
 Xfce

Other websites 
 Official Dreamlinux site 
 Official English forum

Debian-based Linux distributions
Cluniac Reforms

The Cluniac (Clunian) Reform was a series of changes within medieval monasticism. The reforms focused on restoring the traditional life in the monasteries. Monasteries should encourage the production of artworks. They should also care for the poor. 

The reform is named after the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy. It started in the Benedictine order there. The reform was largely carried out by Saint Odo. It spread through France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), England and much of Italy and Spain.  

The reform was stated, because there was corruption in the Benedictine order. People thought this corruption came because people that were not priests and that came from outside the monasteries interfered with them. A Benetictine monastery needed land. This land was given by a Feudal lord. By giving the land, the lord would become the patron of the monastery.  However, he would often demand the right to interfere in the business of the monastery. The Cluny reform was an attempt to change this practice. A more independent abbot would have better success at enforcing the Rule of the order, it was thought.  William of Aquitaine formed the first Cluny monastery in 910 with the novel stipulation that the monastery would report directly to the pope rather than to a local lord. This meant essentially that the monastery would be independent, since the pope's authority was largely theoretical at that distance.   
    
During its height (about 950–c.1130) the Cluniac movement was one of the largest religious forces in Europe. Among the most notable reform supporters were Pope Urban II, Lambert of Hersfeld and Abbot Richard of Saint Vannes at Verdun. The Cluniacs were supporters of the  Peace of God concept, as well as pilgrimages to the Holy Lands.

Notes

References 
Southern, R.W., Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages, London: Penguin Books, 1970.

Roman Catholicism
Middle Ages
Feather Linux

Feather Linux, created by Robert Sullivan, is a Knoppix-based Linux distribution which  fits in under 128 MB (while older versions were made to fit within 64 MB). It boots from either a CD or a USB Flash Drive, into a Fluxbox desktop environment. It has a wide range of desktop and rescue software, and can load entirely into RAM  or be installed to a hard drive. Feather Linux contains many GTK+ applications, such as AbiWord and Pidgin. Feather linux has tried to include software that people would frequently be using on their desktop.

With its most recent release being on 2005-07-04, Feather Linux is now not under development. This distribution is partly inspired by Damn Small Linux.

Related pages
Damn Small Linux
List of Linux distributions

References

Other websites 
Official website

Knoppix
Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
Trutnov

Trutnov is a city in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic.

Trutnov
Rose window

Rose window is a word used to describe a round window design, which  is similar to the many petals of a rose. Most often the term is used to describe the round windows of some churches, especially those built in Gothic style.

Windows (architecture)
Ageing

Ageing or aging is the many changes that happen in an individual over time. In living things, ageing includes most physical and psychological changes which happen after adulthood.

Senescence is the biological process which leads to ageing. There have been many attempts to answer the question: why do animals (especially humans) age?

In one way, ageing begins at birth, because cell division and growth is fastest then, and gradually slows down as time goes on.

In another way, ageing starts when the likelihood of death increases. Actuarial tables show the likelihood of death at each stage of life. These tables are used by insurance companies to assess the rates of insurance on life policies and pensions. It turns out that we are least likely to die when we are young adults. For girls this is as early as 14. The reason suggested by biologists (such as Peter Medawar and George C. Williams) is that this is the time most significant for reproduction, or was in mankind's past. The assumption is that the peak age of reproduction in mankind's history was lower than today. A gene can be expressed at various stages of life. Any allele of a gene which interfered with reproduction would have less chance of passing on to the next generation. The number of such genes in the population would automatically be reduced. Thus natural selection would virtually eliminate any inherited effect which reduced fertility.

However, later in life, inherited defects would have little or no effect on the population as a whole. In fact, during life our cells collect damage to their DNA which is random, but causes us to become gradually less fit as we age. And we have some cell types which never, or rarely, divide during adult life. Muscle cells and most neurons never divide in adult life. Obviously, they collect damage, and not just to the DNA. Also, we inherit various genetic conditions which have effect later in life, like Huntington's chorea. The twin effects of delayed heredity and buildup of damage is what makes us age. Protists do not age: they divide, and the next generation is just as good as the last. Why do even our dividing cells collect damage? The answer to that question is not known, but may be connected to a a cell division phenomenon.

Related pages
Apoptosis
Gerontology
Hayflick limit
Death
Old age
Supercentenarian

References 

Biology
Gerontology
Physical attractiveness

Physical attractiveness means the different characteristics of someone's physical appearance that different people consider to be beautiful in other humans. Physical attractiveness can also include sexual attractiveness, ideas about beauty, proportions, muscular development, and appearance. 

Physical attractiveness means different things to different people and to different human cultures. There is no single definition of physical attractiveness.

In men, physical attractiveness may include slim waist and height. Female physical attractiveness might include youth, waist-hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference, body mass proportion and facial symmetry.

References 

Society
Fitness
Souvenir

A souvenir (from French, for memory), memento or keepsake is an object a traveler brings home for the memories created during a trip. It can be a postcard, statue, magnet or little things that represent the place. Often bought as a gift for family or friends to share the memory with them.

Online gift shops
Online gift shops are websites which sell products online that will be given to other people.

Related pages 
Retail
Online shopping

Tourism
Jammu

Jammu is a city in Jammu and Kashmir.  It is on the banks of the Tawi River which is a tributary of the Chenab River. The Dogri language is spoken here among Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. Jammu is called ‘city of temples’ because the Hindu temples are in huge numbers there.

There is an archeological site called Manda in Jammu.

References

Other websites

Cities in Jammu and Kashmir
Capital cities in India
St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau

St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna is also called Stephansdom

St. Stephan's Cathedral  is a baroque Cathedral. It was finished in 1688 in Passau, Germany.  It is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Passau and the main church of his diocese.

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Cathedrals in Germany
Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Binomial expansion

Binomial expansion uses an expression to make a series. It uses a bracket expression like . There are three binomial expansions.

The formulas 
There are basically three binomial expansion formulas:
{|
|-
| 
|   
| 1st (Plus)
|-
| 
|
|2nd (Minus)
|-
| 
|
|3rd (Plus-Minus)
|}

We can explain why there are such 3 formulas with a simple expansion of the product:

Using Pascal's triangle 

If  is an integer (), we use Pascal's triangle.

To expand :

 find row 2 of Pascal's triangle (1, 2, 1)
 expand  and  so the  power goes down by 1 each time from  to 0 and the  power goes up by 1 each time from 0 up to 
 times the numbers from Pascal's triangle with the right terms.

So 

For example:

So as a rule:

where  is the number at row  and position  in Pascal's triangle.

Examples 

Mathematics
Pashto language

Pashto (Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It is the provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.  

Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. It has two main dialects, western dialect and eastern dialect. The small difference between these two dialects is in the use of sounds.

Related pages
Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Pakistan

References

Further reading

Morgenstierne, Georg. "The Place of Pashto among the Iranic Languages and the Problem of the Constitution of Pashtun Linguistic and Ethnic Unity." Paṣto Quarterly 1.4 (1978): 43-55.

Iranian languages
Languages of Pakistan
Pashto
Languages of Afghanistan
Shina language

Shina (also known as Tshina) is a Dardic language spoken by a some people in Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan.

References

Dardic languages
Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Boudry Department

Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Boudry. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 82,690.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Kogho Department

Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Kogho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 15,524.

References 

Departments of Burkina Faso
Méguet Department

Méguet is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According to 1996 estimates, it has a population of 34,668.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Mogtédo Department

Mogtédo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 44,668.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Salogo Department

Salogo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Salogo. According 2006 estimates, it has a population of 21,405.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Leh

Leh is a city in the Leh District of Ladakh. It was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh. Leh is at an altitude of , at a distance from the right bank of the Indus River.

The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former home of the royal family of Ladakh. The palace resembles a mini version of the Potala Palace in Tibet. Leh and other places of Ladakh are renowned for Buddhist culture and monasteries. The wonders of this land include golden statue of Buddha, high class paintings, ancient manuscripts and the monasteries. The famous moasteries include Hemis, Aalchi, Chuglamsar, Mulbekh, Shey, Spitak, and Thiksey. The mosque of Leh was built by prince Namgyal Singe in 1594. The mosque is a fine model of Turkish and Iranian architecture.

The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, Sultan Sadruddin was a Ladakhi. His real name was Gialpo, (Prince) Renchan. He came down to Kashmir Valley in the reign of Raja Sahdev and acquired a place in the courtiers of the army Chief Ram Chandra. By and by he succeeded in rising to the throne in 1324. He married Ram Chandra's daughter Kotarani who later on proved to be a courageous and enterprising lady. King Renchan embraced Islam at the hands of a Muslim saint and preacher Abdur Rehman, Bulbul Shah and adopted the name of Sultan Saruddin for himself. He died in 1327 after ruling the country far a short period of 3 years.

A Mughal chieftain Haider Douglat attempted to invade Kashmir for the first time in 1542 through Ladakh. In June 1715, two Italian priests Epo Lito and Emanuel Khariray reached Leh from Rome via Srinagar. There is a small community of Christians in Leh now. In the past, Leh has been an important centre for trade between India and the states of Turkestan. A road leads to Central Asian countries from here through the Karakoram Pass.

Jammu and Kashmir
Zam Department

Zam is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zam. According to 1996 estimates, it has a population of 39,259.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Zorgho Department

Zorgho is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zorgho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 49,648.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Srinagar

Srinagar (, ) is a city in Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern Indian occupied Kashmir region. It is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

 
Capital cities in India
Zoungou Department

Zoungou is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zoungou. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 29,753.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Ganzourgou Province

Ganzourgou is a province of Burkina Faso. The province is divided into 8 departments:

References

Provinces of Burkina Faso
Anantnag

Anantnag (Kashmiri: اننتناگ /Anaṁtnāg/, meaning abode of springs and lakes), is a city and a municipality located in the Anantnag District in the union territory  of Jammu and Kashmir, India. About 180,000 people live in Anantnag.

Anantnag is the third largest city of the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by population and largest according to area. It is also regarded as the commercial and financial capital of the Valley of Kashmir. It is the largest business and trading center of the valley.

References

Cities in Jammu and Kashmir
Religions of Pakistan

Pakistan's official national religion is Islam, and about 97% of the people in Pakistan follow Islam.  But there are people of many other religions living in Pakistan.

Christianity 
Christians are the largest minority group in Pakistan. They live all over the country.  Pakistani Christians belong to many ethnic groups and speak many languages.  There are many different churches, and many different types of churches, in most cities in Pakistan. 

Although Pakistani Christians do not only do one type of job, they have often done a lot of work in areas like health care, education, railways and the police force. They are also starting to do a lot of work in the civil and defence services.

Hinduism 
Hindus are the second biggest minority in Pakistan. 

These are people (and children of people) who followed the Hindu religion during the days when Pakistan and India were together. In those days, they were part of the lowest caste. They were called "untouchable," and had to do work that no one else would do.

In a "caste system," there are different groups of people who are thought of as more or less important than each other.  People would become a member of their caste when they were born, because their parents were part of that group. The lowest caste was thought of as the least important of all.

In Pakistan today, the law says that people are not allowed to treat this group badly. But people still do treat them badly, and make them do jobs that do not pay much money.  Now some of these low-caste people are going to school and getting better jobs. 

The Hindus of Pakistan are mostly found in Sindh, where they do a lot of farming. In the larger cities (like the city of Karachi), Hindus do a lot of buying and selling. They celebrate the Hindu holy days with all their traditional colour.

Ahmadiyya 
The Ahmadis follow the things Mirza Ghulam Ahmad taught at the end of the 1800s. Their doctrine (religious beliefs) is very close to Islam on most points. However, the Ahmadis do not believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet.  

The Ahmadis do not call themselves non-Muslim. Only in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan written by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto after the secession of East Pakistan they were declared non-Muslim.  

Ahmadis are mainly of Punjabi origin (from the Punjab area of India and Pakistan). They do all kinds of Humanitarian work not only in Pakistan, but all over the world.

Zoroastrianism 
The Parsis or (Zoroastrians) are a very small minority who live mostly in Pakistan's larger cities. Almost all of them work in business. Some of Pakistan's most successful shipping businessmen are Parsis. The richer members of this community are well-known for their philanthropic activities (giving money to people or organizations, with the goal of helping them or doing good).

Buddhism 
There are very few Buddhists in Pakistan.  However, their ancestors' culture made a difference in Pakistan. Many ancient Buddhist temples, schools, and cities have been found by archaeologists in Pakistan.
Creston, Iowa

Creston is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,597 at the 2000 census.

Population

References

Other websites 
City website
County website

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Fate (opera)

Fate (in Czech: Osud), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček. 

Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera Jenůfa which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story.

The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in Jenůfa, so the people in the story of Fate belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society.

The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real.

Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote.

Story of the opera 
The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it. 

In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country. The two lovers now want to forget their unhappy past and live together with their little son Doubek.

Act II takes place several years later. They have been living together happily. Míla’s mother lives with them but has gone mad. While the lovers read the story of an opera which seems to tell of their own lives, the mother screams and Živný tears up the music of the opera. The mother grabs her daughter and throws herself and Míla down the steep staircase.

Act III takes place in a music conservatory eleven years later. Živný’s students, one of whom is their son Doubek, are singing music from an opera that Živný has composed. Živný himself is like the hero of his opera. The last part of the opera has not yet been composed. The students act out a scene from Doubek’s childhood and make fun of it. Živný talks about his opera. A storm comes up and he is killed by lightning. His opera will never be finished. 

Compositions by Leoš Janáček
Dwarf Allosaur

Dwarf Allosaur is a bone from a theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia about 106 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. It may be related to Allosaurus but is smaller and lived 30 million years after all other allosaurs had gone extinct. As it is known only from a single bone nothing more can be said.

Besides its poor fossil record, it is famous for appearing in the BBC television series Walking with Dinosaurs.

It is only known from an ankle bone, making it impossible to figure out its genus. The bone may have belonged to Australovenator.

Other websites
Walking with Dinosaurs - Fact File: Dwarf allosaur

Theropods
Dinosaurs of Australia
Social network service

A social network is a website or service where people talk to, connect with another people. Social Network Service can connect people with the same interests (like football, schools, dogs) and friends. Most Social Networks will let you create a profile page with your pictures and information about yourself.

Social Networking was first proposed in the early development of the World Wide Web.

The most popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are helping to speed up the process of communication. Phone and mail services are slowly becoming less popular thanks to a quick and easy way of sharing messages through such networks.

A social network is used for people to get to know each other more and create new friends/connections. Social networks are also used to share things with other people.

Many Social Networks are available on phones and smartphones. Some companies are blocking access to such websites due to concerns over employees spending too much time on them.

A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social networking service.

List of popular social networks 
Facebook
Flickr
Google+ 
Instagram 
Kik 
LinkedIn
MySpace
Twitter
Pinterest
Reddit
Snapchat
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Yahoo! Groups
YouTube
TikTok

References

Social networking
Technology
List of Major League Baseball players

This is a list of Major League Baseball players by last name.

A 
David Aardsma
Hank Aaron

B 
Josh Beckett
Barry Bonds
Ron Brand
George Brett

C 
Roger Clemens
Ty Cobb
Billy Cox

D 
Joe DiMaggio
Adam Dunn

G 
Eddie Gaedel
Lou Gehrig

H 
Josh Hamilton

J 
Derek Jeter

L 
Denny Lemaster

M 
Mark McGwire
Manny Ramirez

O 
Magglio Ordóñez
David Ortiz

R 
J. R. Richard
Cal Ripken, Jr.
Jackie Robinson
Alex Rodriguez
Babe Ruth

S 
Johan Santana
Curt Schilling
Grady Sizemore
Alfonso Soriano
Casey Stengel
Billy Sunday

T 
Frank Thomas

W 
Walt Walsh
Ted Williams

Y 
Cy Young
Pete Young

Lists of sportspeople
Baseball lists
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc

Vallon-Pont-d'Arc is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Communes in Ardèche
Gap

Gap or The Gap may refer to: Heath has a gap that is as big as a cave. You can walk in and explore.

General 
 Gap (clothing retailer), a chain of clothing stores
 Gap (ecology), a spacing between large trees in a forest
 Gap (landform), a mountain pass, often carved by a river
 Gap year, a prolonged period between a life stage
 Gäp, the Tatar-based cant language
 Gaap, a mighty Prince and Great President of Hell in demonology
 Gap coverage, a type of vehicle insurance
 Band gap or energy gap, the energy interval in which particles cannot propagate

Places 
 Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France
 Gap, Pennsylvania, United States
 The Gap, Brecon Beacons, an ancient mountain trail in the Brecon Beacons, Wales
 The Gap, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 The Gap, New South Wales, an ocean cliff at Watsons Bay, New South Wales, Australia
 Darién Gap, a large swath of undeveloped swampland and forest separating Panama and Colombia
 Loughborough Gap, a disused section of the Great Central Railway in England
 Fulda Gap, an area in Germany of strategic importance during the cold war
 Mid-Atlantic Gap, in World War II, an area in the Atlantic Ocean with no air coverage

Entertainment 
 The Gap Band, an American music group
 Gap Mangione, jazz pianist and bandleader
 The Gap (album), a 2000 album by Joan of Arc
 The Gap Cycle, a science fiction novel series by Stephen Donaldson
 El Boquete (The Gap), a 2006 Argentine film
 Gap FC, a French football club

Acronym 
 .45 GAP, the "Glock Automatic Pistol" cartridge
 GAAP, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, standard guidelines for financial accounting
 GAP, Good Agricultural Practices, any collection of value-based agricultural practices
 GAP, Generic access profile, an interoperability protocol used in wireless telephony
 GAP, Genocide Awareness Project, a movable pro-life display
 GAP, Government Accountability Project, a nonprofit organization
 GAP, Great Ape Project, an international organization advocating legal rights for great apes
 GAP computer algebra system (Groups, Algorithms and Programming), a software package
 GAP, Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (Southeastern Anatolia Project), a land reform project in Turkey
 GAP, the license plate code for Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
 GAP, Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (Partisan Action Group), an Italian terrorist group founded by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
 Graph automorphism problem
 Air Philippines (ICAO designator)

Chemistry 
 GaP, Gallium(III) phosphide, a semiconductor material
 GAPs, GTPase activating proteins, a biochemical compound
 GAP, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a 3-carbon molecule metabolite important in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle
Tautavel man

Tautavel man is the name of an extinct hominian. They lived about 300.000-450.000 years ago.,, It is named after fossils found in a cave on the site named Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel, France. The first fossils were found there in 1971. The fossils date from between 300.000 and 450.000 years ago. They consist of over 80 fragments; the skull found (pictured) belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighted around 45–55 kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20–25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. Bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (some kind of bovine), deer, and reindeer have been found in the cave.

There is an ongoing debate if this hominid is directly related to the Neanderthal. If they are not, they would be Homines erecti. If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis. It has been proposed to classify them as Homo erectus Tautavelensis.

References

Hominins