cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy is a controversy about a series of cartoons. They were first published in a Danish newspaper. The publication led to an outcry, and sparked violent protests in the Islamic world, with many people dying. The cartoons were drawn and created by Kurt Westergaard.

The crisis began after cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on September 30, 2005. Danish Muslim organizations staged protests in response. As the controversy has grown, some or all of the cartoons have been reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. The protests got worse when fake cartoons were released.

One of the cartoons showed Muhammad with a bomb in his turban. Some people thought this was saying that all Muslims are terrorists. But other cartoons made fun of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper. One insulted the editors of the newspaper, by using the language Farsi. 

Critics claims that the cartoons are culturally insulting, Islamophobic, blasphemous, and intended to humiliate a "marginalized" minority. However, supporters of the cartoons claim they illustrate an important issue and their publication exercises the right of free speech. They have also claimed that similar cartoons are made relative to other religions, arguing that Islam and its followers have not been targeted in a discriminatory way.

Related pages
Jesus with erection

References

Other websites
 The page in Jyllands-Posten that contains Muhammad cartoons

Controversies
History of Islam
2005
Brie

Brie is a type of soft cheese with a yellowish interior and a white layer (the "rind") on the outside of the cheese. The rind is eaten as well as the inside of this cheese. Like other cheeses, Brie is a dairy product made from cows' milk. Brie cheese may be served with fruit as a dessert at the end of a meal, or with a relish.

The cheese is sometimes served slightly melted or baked, in a round, lidded ceramic dish, and topped with nuts or fruit, or both.

How it is made 
Brie is a French cheese, and protected by AOC (Appellation d'origine contrôlée). This means only this cheese from this region (near Paris) can properly call itself "brie". This is ignored by some countries outside Europe, but the system of AOC is used in the wine business, so many parts of the world do honour it, and have similar arrangements.

The milk of soft cheeses (à pate molle in French) is not heated during the production of the cheese. Talleyrand said about this kind of cheese that it was the king of cheeses. He said that in the 19th century. This kind of cheese has been made for at least 1000 years.

In Europe this cheese is usually not treated chemically, so it might change in consistency or color. It will go bad if it is not kept cool. If that means it is kept in a refrigerator, note that it should not be eaten that cold. It is best eaten when it is somewhat below normal room temperature. In most countries, brie-style cheeses are made with Pasteurized milk.

Brie can be aged, that is, carefully treated for up to a year. Then it has a darker colour and a stronger taste. This is rarely seen outside of France.

Types of Brie

The following kinds of Brie exist:

 Brie de Meaux, from Champagne (region), AOC since 1986. The 1998 production was 7683 tonnes.
 Brie de Melun, from Ile-de-France, AOC since 1980. 264 tonnes produced in 1998.

Other French Bries are:

 Brie fermier, Île-de-France
 Brie de Melun bleu
 Brie petit moulé
 Brie laitier
 Brie de Coulommiers

Bries from outside France:

 Somerset Brie, England
 Brie Manoir, Québec
 Bleubrie, Québec

Brie de Meaux
Cheeses are made into round loaves, of about 36 cm in diameter. The cheeses then weight about 2.5 kilograms. It is best tasted from April to October, after a ripening period of 8 to 10 weeks. About 2% of the production occurs on farms.

Brie de Melun
The Brie de Melun is smaller than the Brie de Meaux, but more salt is added to it. The ripening period is 10 weeks. It is best consumed April to September, but it can be found March to November, in some locations. About 5% of production occurs on farms.

What Brie should look like
When people buy Brie, they should make sure that it has the following traits:
It is soft.
Brie is covered in a white layer. There may be reddish patches in the layer.
The interior of the cheese should be yellowish.
The cheese has a distinct smell which is often considered to be good.
It should taste slightly nutty.

French cheeses
1028

1028 (MXXVIII) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-eighth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 November 12 – Dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.
 November 15 – Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.
James A. Michener

James Albert Michener ( or ; February 3, 1907 – October 16, 1997) was an American writer. His books include Tales of the South Pacific, Hawaii, The Drifters, Texas, and Poland. Most of his 40 books are very large sagas. They are about the lives of many generations in a particular place. His non-fiction writings include the 1992 book The World is My Home and Sports in America.

Michener wrote that he did not know who his parents were or exactly when and where he was born. He was raised by an adoptive mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Some have argued that Mabel was his birth mother. He graduated from Swarthmore College, where he played basketball, in 1929. He later studied at the Colorado State Teachers College. He taught there for several years. He also taught at Harvard University. 

His writing career began during World War II. He was assigned to the South Pacific Ocean as a naval historian. He used his time there as the basis for Tales of the South Pacific, his first book. This book was the basis for the musical South Pacific.

Michener met his wife Mari while in Japan. His novel Sayonara is autobiographical.

On January 10, 1977, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Gerald R. Ford.

In his final years, he lived in Austin, Texas, where he died of kidney failure on October 16, 1997 at the age of 90.

Books by James A. Michener 
 Alaska
 The Bridge at Andau
 The Bridges at Toko-Ri
 Caravans
 Caribbean
 Centennial
 A Century of Sonnets
 Chesapeake
 Collectors, Forgers - And A Writer: A Memoir
 The Covenant
 Creatures of the Kingdom
 The Drifters
 The Eagle and The Raven
 The Fires of Spring
 The Floating World
 Hawaii
 Iberia
 Japanese Prints
 Journey
 Kent State: What Happened and Why
 Legacy
 Literary Reflections
 Mexico
 Miracle in Seville
 The Novel
 Pilgrimage: A Memoir of Poland and Rome
 Poland
 Presidential Lottery
 The Quality of Life
 Rascals in Paradise
 Recessional
 Return to Paradise
 Sayonara
 Six Days in Havana
 The Source
 Space
 Sports in America
 Tales of the South Pacific
 Texas
 The World is My Home
 This Noble Land
 Ventures in Editing
 The Voice of Asia
 Years of Infamy

References 

1907 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers from Hawaii
Writers from Austin, Texas
Harvard University faculty
Educators from Pennsylvania
Educators from Hawaii
Educators from Austin, Texas
Chandigarh

Chandigarh, also called "The Beautiful City", is a city in India. It is a union territory, because it is the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. As a territory it does not belong to either state. Before 1 november,1966 it was capital of Punjab, but after formation of Haryana on 1 November, 1966 it become a union territory.There are many tourism places in Chandigarh like Rock garden, Rose garden and Sukhna lake.

Chandigarh came into existence in 1952 when its first stone was laid. It is one of the modern cities of India, designed by a French architect Le Carbusier. It was the dream city of India's first Prime Minister, Sh.Jawahar Lal Nehru.

It is well known for its mixed cultural background and its fast development in the field of Information Technology. It has outlets of many famous multinational companies established here and is emerging as a hub for business development. The territory covers an area of 44 mi² or 114 km², it is bigger than Montserrat but smaller than Jersey. It's also the proposed capital of Khalistan.

Territorial symbols of Chandigarh

Capital cities in India
Punjab, India
Haryana
Territories of India
Chipmunk

A chipmunk is a small squirrel-like rodent. It is in the Sciuridae family. About twenty-three species fall under this title, with one species in North America.

The name may have originally been spelled "chitmunk" (perhaps from a Native American word meaning "red squirrel"). However, the earliest form comes from the Oxford English Dictionary (in 1842) as "chipmonk". Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck". 

Chipmunks are hoarders, meaning they store food for winter.

Popular culture 
Chip 'n Dale, two Disney cartoon characters, are famous chipmunks in pop culture. Another such trio is Alvin, Simon and Theodore (created by Ross Bagdasarian).

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Squirrels
Mammals of North America
Vicente Mondéjar Piccio

Major General Vicente Mondéjar Piccio (1 March 1927 – 28 April 2015) was a Filipino soldier. He was Chief of the Philippine Air Force during the last years of the dictatorship of Marcos, notably during the 1986 People Power Revolution.

Other websites
Biography from the Philippine Air Force website 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Filipino military people
Generals
Donald Duck

Donald Duck is a cartoon character created by Walt Disney. He is a white duck with an yellowish-orange bill and legs. He usually wears a sailor cap, a blue sailor shirt and a black or red bow tie. He first appeared on-screen in "The Wise Little Hen" on 9 June 1934. Donald is Scrooge McDuck's nephew. His girlfriend is Daisy Duck. His nephews are Huey, Dewey and Louie. Donald appeared in animated shorts, comic books, and newspaper comic strips. Donald Duck appears frequently in The Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.

Donald Duck is the third most popular cartoon character of all time, after Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny.  Donald Duck has had a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame since 2004.

References

Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Duck, Donald
 
Kingdom Hearts characters
Montevideo

Montevideo is the capital and the largest city in Uruguay. It was founded by the Portuguese in 1717. Its best neighbourhood is called Carrasco. This neighbourhood is very exclusive due to its architectural styles.

References

Other websites

 
1726 establishments
18th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
18th-century establishments in Uruguay
Rifle

The rifle is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves.  The grooves are called rifling and make bullets spin as they fly through the air. Rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets using different amounts of gunpowder.  Rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets at long ranges. Modern rifles are made for many different purposes. Some are made for hunting animals. Some are made for soldiers to use in war. Others are made for police to have in case they need them. Some rifles are made for target shooting.

Types 
 
Rifles can work in different ways. Some rifles have what is called a bolt action. A small handle is used to move a part of the rifle called a "bolt". By moving the bolt backward, then forward, allows the shooter put a bullet in the chamber ready for firing. It also ejects any spent shells still in the chamber from any previously fired rounds. The rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. Some rifles are semi-automatics, where a bullet is loaded (automatically) and fired each time the trigger is pulled. Some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger. The automatic rifle stops firing when the trigger is released or it runs out of ammunition.

Related pages
Assault rifle
Battle rifle
CornerShot

References

Other websites 
Quick Guide to Olympic Shooting
Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Bolt Action Rifles
Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Automatic Rifles
UK Air Rifles 
Israeli Special Forces Rifles at isayeret.com
 On the AK-47's social and military effect on history  
WW2-era Small Arms
ShootingWiki.org Competition Arms Database
1748



Events 
 July 25 - A Solar eclipse happened.  It was one of the reasons Charles Messier became an astrologer.

 February 15-Jeremy Bentham
Nicobar Islands

The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are part of India.

The Nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. The largest one is Great Nicobar. The total land area of the chain is 1841 km². The highest point on the Nicobars is Mount Thullier at 642 m. The population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the Nicobarese and Shompen peoples, listed among the Scheduled Tribes of India), and 35% migrants from India and Sri Lanka.

The Nicobars are located southeast of the Indian subcontinent.They are separated form the subcontinent by the Bay of Bengal by about 1,300 km and are separated from the Andaman Islands to the north by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel and are 189 km from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea. Until the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Indira Point, south of Great Nicobar, was the southernmost point in India.

The islands cluster into three groups. The northern group includes Car Nicobar (127 km²) and uninhabited Batti Malv (2 km²). The central group includes Chowra (8 km²), Teressa (101 km²), Poahat (13.3 km²), Katchal (174 km²), Camorta (188 km²), Nancowry (67 km²), and Trinket (86 km²); the Isle of Man and Tillangchong (17 km²) are uninhabited. Tillangchong is a wildlife sanctuary. The southern group includes Great Nicobar (1045 km²), Little Nicobar (157 km²), Kondul (4 km²) and Pulomilo (1 km²); the islets of Meroe, Trak, Treis, Menchal, Cubra, Pigeon, and Megapod are uninhabited. Megapod is a wildlife sanctuary.

Administratively the Islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union territory of India. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is Port Blair on South Andaman. The Union Territory is divided into two districts, Andaman district and Nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the Nicobars). The Indian Government presently restricts access to the Nicobars by special permit, and in general non-Indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the Nicobar Islands.

Islands of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Kazan

Kazan (; ) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Kazan lies at the meeting of the Volga (İdel) and Kazanka (Qazansu) rivers in central European Russia.

Name 
The origin of the name is unclear. The literal translation of Tatar qazan is a boiler or cauldron. Or, it may have come from qazğan, Tatar for dug [ditch].

"Qazan" is originally a name for a special cooking pan, a kind of a wok, but heavier. It was believed that the city of Kazan is named after this object because of its geographical similarity with a "qazan"-pan; namely the city is in a U - shape lowland.

Another, more romantic legend tells a story of a Tatar princess Söyembikä, who dropped a golden dish (golden qazan) into the river on which the city is located while washing it.

Nevertheless, Chuvash legends refer to Bulgarian prince Khusan (Chuvash rendering of Muslim name Hassan) and Chuvashes call this city Хусан after the name of this prince.

History 
In 2021, nine people were killed in a mass shooting.

Images

References

Other websites

Tatarstan
Magnet

A magnet is a very special metal. When a magnet goes near a special kind of metal or other magnets, and the poles (sides) touching are opposite, it will pull, or attract the other metal or magnet closer. Also, if the two poles are the same, the two magnets will push away, or repel, from each other. This is called magnetism. Magnets can make some other metals into magnets when they are rubbed together. 

Soft magnets (or impermanent magnets are often used in electromagnets.  These increase (often hundreds or thousands of times) the magnetic field of a wire that carries an electrical current and is wrapped around the magnet.  The field also increases with the current. 

Permanent magnets have ferromagnetism. They occur naturally in some rocks, particularly lodestone, but are now commonly manufactured. A magnet's magnetism decreases when it is heated and increases when it is cooled. It has to be heated at around . Like poles (S-pole and S-pole/N-pole and N-pole) will repel each other while unlike poles (N-pole and S-pole) will attract each other.

Magnets are only attracted to special metals. Iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic. Metals that have iron in them attract magnets well. Steel is one. Metals like brass, copper, zinc and aluminum are not attracted to magnets.  Non-magnetic materials such as wood and glass are not attracted to magnets as they do not have magnetic materials in them. 

Neodymium iron boron magnets and Alnico magnets are two kinds of permanent magnet.

Natural magnets 
Natural/permanent magnets are not artificial.  They are a kind of rock called lodestone or magnetite. 

A compass uses the Earth's magnetic field, and points to the North magnetic pole. A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet. However, the north side of the compass points to the north pole, this can only mean that the "north pole" is really the magnetic south, and the "South magnetic pole" is really the magnetic north.

The first people to discover naturally magnetic rocks were the Chinese.  At first, the Chinese used the stones to carry out fortune-telling and magic tricks. Later on they used these "lodestones" to invent the compass.

Related pages
Electromagnet
Alnico
Rare-earth magnet

References 

Magnetism
Tools
Comic book

Comic books are books with comics, with  pictures that make a story. Comics were started in the 1900s. Some famous examples are Spider-Man and Batman. Some comic companies are Marvel Comics and DC Comics.  Many comic books are about superheroes, but many others are about other things.  Very often, characters in books, video games, movies and television  appear in comics, and sometimes comic book characters are used in movies, TV shows or video games. 

There are three different kinds of comic books: single issues that are usually 32 pages long are called comic books. These are printed and bound like a magazine, with the pages folded and stapled together through the centerfold. Several comics may be put together in a trade paperback. These have spines like a book and are glued together. A bigger comic book that is bound like a trade paperback but is all new, instead of collecting older comics, is called a graphic novel.

In English speaking countries, you read the speech bubbles left to right. Then you read the row below it left to right. This is different from Japanese comics, called manga.
Some famous comics are:

Superman
Batman
Spider-Man
Wonder Woman
Captain America
Fantastic Four
X-Men
Spawn
The Beano
The Adventures of Tintin
Sailor Moon
Naruto
Death Note

References

 
Magazines
Peanuts

Peanuts was a comic strip written and drawn by Charles M. Schulz. It was about a boy named Charlie Brown, his dog named Snoopy who is his best friend, and the lives of their best friends named Linus, Schroder, Sally (Charlie Brown's little sister), Lucy, Patty, Peppermint Patty, Marcie and Woodstock. It started in 1950 and ended in 2000 when Schulz died. The Peanuts characters and concepts were adapted to several half-hour animated television programs over the years.

Cast and characters in adaptations

1960s

Other websites
 Snoopy.com: Official Peanuts Website
 Snoopy's Home: Charles M. Schulz's home page
 Peanuts Collector Club
 Peanuts Collectible Ornaments Guide 
 AAUGH.com: Peanuts Book Collecting Guide
 Peanuts Animation and Reprints Page
 Charles M. Schulz Museum website
 NCS Awards
 Fantagraphics Books - The Complete Peanuts series 
 Peanuts Gang Wikia

Comic books
American comic strips
Eddie Cantor

Eddie Cantor (January 31, 1892 - October 10, 1964) was an American comedian, singer, actor, songwriter. Familiar to Broadway, radio and early television audiences, this "Apostle of Pep" was regarded almost as a family member by millions because his top-rated radio shows revealed intimate stories and amusing anecdotes about his wife Ida and five daughters. His eye-rolling song-and-dance routines eventually led to his nickname, Banjo Eyes, and in 1933, the artist Frederick J. Garner caricatured Cantor with large round and white eyes resembling the drum-like pot of a banjo. Cantor's eyes became his trademark, often exaggerated in illustrations, and leading to his appearance on Broadway in the musical Banjo Eyes (1941). He was the original singer of 1929 hit song "Makin' Whoopie".

References

Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
American stage actors
Comedians from New York City
American Jews
Actors from New York City
Singers from New York City
American television actors
American radio actors
1892 births
1964 deaths
Days of Our Lives

Days of Our Lives is a popular American television show on the NBC television network. It is one hour long and is broadcast during the day. Betty and Ted Corday made the show in 1965. Two companies, Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television make Days of Our Lives. In November 2005, the show celebrated 40 years on TV. It is currently in its 47th season with 11,855 episodes (as of June 1, 2012). They began filming the show in HD in 2010.

Days of Our Lives takes place in the city of Salem. The main families on the show are the Bradys, the DiMeras and the Hortons. Many good and bad things happened to the Brady family and the Horton family. One character named "Stefano DiMera" does some of the bad things that happen to characters on this show.

Characters
 Stefano DiMera is the head of the DiMera family. He is the villain in Salem and has done many bad deeds to the Brady family, mainly Marlena.
 Maggie Simmons Horton has been played by actress Suzanne Rogers since August 20, 1973. Maggie was created by scriptwriter William J. Bell, and executive producer Betty Corday.
Marlena Evans, mother of DJ, Sami, Eric and Belle. She has been taken over by the Devil twice and everyone thought she was a serial killer in 2004. 
 Sami Brady, daughter of Roman and Marlena Brady. She has a twin brother Eric, and her half sister is Carrie. She is the mother of Will, Allie, Johnny and Sydney, and she believed that Grace as she had been swapped at birth.

Couples
Here is a list of some of the main couples on the show:
 John and Marlena Black
 Bo and Hope Brady
 Abe and Lexie Carver
 Stefano and Kate DiMera 
 Jack and Jennifer Devereux
 Austin and Carrie Reed (Austin is Kate's son, Carrie is Roman's daughter)
 EJ DiMera and Nicole Walker 
Ciara Brady and Ben Weston

Cast

References

1960s American television series
1960s drama television series
1970s American television series
1970s drama television series
1980s American drama television series
1980s soap operas
1990s American drama television series
1990s soap operas
2000s American drama television series
2000s soap operas
2010s American drama television series
2010s soap operas
American soap operas
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
1067



Events 
 On the death of her husband Constantine X, Eudocia Macrembolitissa becomes regent of the Byzantine Empire.
 Work begins on the building of the Tower of London.
 Trencavel family takes over in Carcassonne.
 The Wartburg castle, according to Legend, built in Thuringia.
 Winchester Castle built
 Vorša was first mentioned in the chronicles.
Unforgiven

Unforgiven is a 1992 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood. It stars Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris. It ranks #98 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies and won the Best Picture Academy Award. It is set in the 1880s in Wyoming and Kansas about an aging outlaw and killer.

Other websites 

1992 movies
1990s western movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies about revenge
Movies set in Kansas
Movies set in the 19th century
United States National Film Registry movies
American western movies
Movies set in Wyoming
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Bucharest

Bucharest is the capital city of Romania. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 1.9 million people. It is made up of 6 "sectors". It has a humid continental climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). It became the capital of Romania in 1862. It is the centre of Romanian media, culture and art. Bucharest is the 6th largest city in the European Union by population within city limits.

According to European standards, Bucharest is an old city. The first mention of it appears in 1459. Its eclectic architecture is a mixture of historical, transitional, Communist and modern styles. In the period between the two World Wars, thanks to the elegant urban architecture and ingenuity of the urban elite, Bucharest was named "Paris of the East", or "Little Paris" (Micul Paris).

References 

 
Cities with more than a million inhabitants
1459 establishments
15th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Romania
Foot (unit)

The foot is a unit for measuring length. It is one of the Imperial units and U.S. customary units. The shortest way of writing the unit "foot" is by the abbreviation "ft" (or "ft."), or by a prime symbol ( ′ ).

One foot contains 12 inches. This is equal to 30.48 centimetres. It is called a foot, because it was originally based on the length of a foot.

History 
The foot was a common unit of measurement throughout Europe. It often differed in length not only from country to country but from city to city. Because the length of a foot changed between person to person, measurements were not even consistent between two people, often requiring an average. Henry I of England was attributed to passing the law that the foot was to be as long as a person's own foot. This was one of the first times a standard unit of measurement was put into place.

In 1959, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom all signed a treaty known as the 'International Yard and Pound Agreement'. This standardised the avoirdupois weight and length of all nations. Those standards are still officially used in both the Imperial system and U.S customary units.

Usage 

Road signs with height restrictions in the United States and the United Kingdom are in feet and inches. They are less commonly seen in Canada and Ireland. In the U.S. and the UK, people usually measure a person's height in feet and inches. If a person is "five foot eleven", this means that person is 5 feet and 11 inches, or about 180 centimeters. The height is written 5′ 11″

Many people born before metrication in a number of Commonwealth nations still use feet and inches. Altitude measurements are still sometimes given in feet, even in metricated nations.

Length 

Imperial units
Units of length
Erfurt massacre

The Erfurt massacre was a mass shooting that happened at the Gutenberg Gymnasium in Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany, on 26 April 2002.  

A boy that had been expelled from the school 2 months earlier, 19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser, was the person who did all the shooting. In anger, he came into the gymnasium, and shot dead 12 teachers, a secretary, two students, and a police officer. After a teacher caught him and put him in an empty room, Steinhäuser shot himself dead. In total, 17 people were killed.

References

2002 in Europe
2000s in Germany
2000s murders in Europe
April events
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2000s
Attacks on schools in Europe
Massacre

Mass murder in Germany
Mass murder in the 2000s
Mass shootings in Europe
Mass shootings in the 2000s
Massacres in Europe
Murder in 2002
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in Germany
School shootings
Suicide in the 2000s
Suicides by firearm in Germany
Huascarán

Huascarán is the highest mountain in Peru, and the fourth-highest mountain in South America. The top of it is 22,205 feet (6,768 meters) high.

The mountain is located in the Ancash Region of Peru.  Huascarán has turned into a tourist attraction for mountain climbers.

Huascarán is all that is left of an extinct volcano.  It has been getting smaller and smaller.  As recently as 1970, the Ancash Earthquake caused a big part of the mountain to crumble and fall off.  That part of the mountain was all rock and ice, and it killed almost 17,000 people in small towns around the mountain.

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Active volcano
 Dormant volcano

References 

Andes
Volcanoes of South America
Geography of Peru
1571



Events 
 January 11 – Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion.
 October 7 Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria defeat the Turkish fleet of Ali Monizindade Pasha.
 The Ottoman Empire captured the city of Nicosia on the island of Cyprus.

Births 
 February 15 – Michael Praetorius, German composer (d. 1621)
 October – Tirso de Molina, Spainish dramatist and poet (d. 1648)
 December 27 – Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (d. 1630)
Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, better known as Cardinal Richelieu (9 September 1585–4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. His full name was Armand Jean du Plessis. He was later created the Duke of Richelieu and duke of Fronsac.

In order to keep the diocese of Luçon, Armand Jean needed to become a monk. He joined the Grande Chartreuse, the main monastery of the Carthusian order. This monastery is in the Isère département, near Grenoble. As a comparison, Luçon is near La Roche-sur-Yon.

He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607. For this he obtained a dispensation of the pope; at age 21, he was too young to become a bishop.  He later entered politics and became a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state. He became a cardinal in 1622. He became King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; then Jules Cardinal Mazarin became chief minister.

The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister". As a result, he is sometimes said to be the world's first Prime Minister. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strongly centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty; although a Roman Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers. With these alliances, he tried to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.

As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the keeping of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec to French rule under de Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of French-speaking culture in North America.

Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters of the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.

1585 births
1642 deaths
French Roman Catholics
French nobility
French politicians
Dukes and duchesses
South Vietnam

South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975. It occupied in the southern of what is now Southern Vietnam. The country was south of the local Demilitarized Zone.

History
South Vietnam establised on 26 October, 1955 after the 1955 Referendum. It was first ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem until 1963. After the 1963 coup, South Vietnam was run by a military government. It lasted until 1967. From 1967, On 1 April, 1967, the Second Republic was established. This Second Republic lasted until the Fall of Saigon when the president Duong Van Minh surrendered to Viet Cong. South Vietnam ceased to exist on 30 April, 1975. This day is also known as Black April to Vietnamese anti-communists.

Related pages
State of Vietnam

References

Notes

1955 establishments in Asia
1976 disestablishments in Asia
20th century in Vietnam
Former countries in Southeast Asia
States and territories established in the 20th century
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
1170s



Events and trends 
 1170 – Assassination of Thomas à Becket
 1171 – Saladin ends the Islamic ruling of Fatimid, bringing back Sunni rule in Egypt.
 1179 – Third Council of the Lateran condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics (people who turn away from certain religious beliefs); reformation of clerical life

Significant people
Arab people

The Arabs ( ʻarab) are an ethnic group widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. Arabic is one of the Semitic languages, which is also the name of the ethnic family which they belong to.

Who is an Arab 
There are three points which decide whether someone is considered Arab or not:
 Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or the Arab World); this definition covers more than 450 million people.
 Linguistic: whether their main language is Arabic; this definition covers more than 423 million people.
 Genealogical: whether they can trace their ancestry back to the people who first lived on the Arabian Peninsula.

Minorities are the Iraqi Turkmens in some Arab countries. The Iraqi Turkmen are often considered Arab, but they are an Turkic ethnic group with their own language and culture. The same goes for Berbers and Bedouins.

There are many people who can be called Arabs by these points, but who do not think of themselves as Arab.  Examples include modern Egyptians (Coptics) and the Syriacs (Aramaics/Assyrians). Although they live in countries like Syria or Egypt which is part of the Arab League and speak the official language-Arabic, they are different cultural groups. They have their own languages, culture, identity and churches, such as the Coptic Church and the Syriac Catholic and Orthodox churches. Even though many have assimilated to Arab society, they have their own heritage that spans 3,000 years.

Traditional genealogy 
In Islamic and Jewish tradition, Arabs are a Semitic people who trace their ancestry from Ishmael, a son of the ancient patriarch Abraham and Hagar. Medieval Arab genealogists separate the Arabs into two groups: the "original Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan (identified with the biblical Joktan) and the "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of North Arabia, descending from Adnan who is descended from Ishmael.

Religion
Most Arabs today follow the religion of Islam, whose greatest prophet is Muhammad. Christianity makes up the largest religious minority - most of the Christians that do consider themselves Arabs belong to the Greek Orthodox Church with smaller numbers of Roman Catholics.

While Coptic and Maronite Catholic Christians are native Arabic-speakers, many reject the Arab pan-ethnicity, but are still considered Arab by outsider sources.

There are some small communities practicing Judaism and polytheism (the worship of many gods).  Yazidis are sometimes counted as Arabs.

References

Other websites 
 A is for Arabs: What the world owes Arabs and Muslims 
 Maps of the Arab World 
 News from Arabic countries
 Business news from Arab countries
 Arabia in ancient history - with a discussion of the ancient usage of the word Arab
 Araboo.com - Arab Guide
 Arabic Search  - Arabic ThroughSearch

 
Ancient history
Mebibyte

A mebibyte is a unit of measure. It represents 1024 * 1024 bytes. 

A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, symbol MiB.

1 MiB = 220 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 kibibytes

The mebibyte is closely related to the megabyte (MB). This can either be a synonym for mebibyte, or refer to 106 bytes = 1,000,000 bytes, depending on context (see binary prefix for background). The two numbers are relatively close together, but mistaking the two has nevertheless led to problems. 

The unit MiB was defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in December 1998.  Use of mebibyte and related units is strongly endorsed by IEEE and CIPM and is becoming more common.

One mebibyte equals 1024 (= 210) kibibytes, and 1024 mebibytes equal one gibibyte.

Mibibyte is a common misspelling, presumably from the "i" in the abbreviation or confusion about how the surrounding prefixes (i.e. "kibi" and "gibi") were actually formed.  The "i" is actually from the end of the prefix.  Tebi- and pebi- are similarly abbreviated Ti- and Pi-, but they are not usually misspelled, as storage sizes (and corresponding terms) currently are only this large in specialized situations.

Related pages
Megabyte
Kibibyte
Gibibyte
Tebibyte

Other websites 
NIST Prefixes for binary multiples

Computing measurement
Acre (state)

Acre is a state in the Northern Region of Brazil. It borders other two states, Amazonas and Rondônia. It also borders two countries, Bolivia and Peru. Its capital city is Rio Branco. Other important cities are: Cruzeiro do Sul, Tarauacá, Sena Madureira, and Brasiléia.

The state is mostly covered by the Amazon Rainforest. There are many rivers in Acre. Some of the rivers are the Juruá, Purus River, Acre River, Tarauacá, Muru, Embirá, and Xapuri.

The economy is based on agriculture, cattle animal husbandry, and rubber production.

Until the start of the 20th century, Acre was a territory of Bolivia. Since the 19th century, most people from Acre were Brazilian people, and they created an independent state.

In 1889, the Bolivians tried to control the area again and there were fights.

On November 17, 1903, Acre become a Brazilian territory. On June 15, 1962, it was unified and became a state.

References

 
States of Brazil
Zimbabwean dollar

The Zimbabwe dollar was a currency for Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2009. Zimbabwe had the highest rate of inflation in the world. The rate of inflation grew to 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.

Because of hyperinflation, or inflation that is out of control, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had to print banknotes with higher values to cope with the rising cost of living. In January 2009, Zimbabwe released a banknote for one hundred trillion dollars, or $100,000,000,000,000.

The Zimbabwe dollar had to be revalued three times due to the rising cost of living: in August 2006, August 2008 and February 2009. In August 2006, the first revaluation dollar was violent and too quick, meaning that many people lost their savings because they were unable to convert it into the new currency without fear of violence and corruption.

Since 12 April 2009, Zimbabwe stopped using the Zimbabwean dollar and adopted currencies from other countries, such as the United States Dollar and the Euro.

References
Notes

Sources

Zimbabwe
Bahia

Bahia is a state in the northeast area of Brazil on the Atlantic Ocean coast.

Geography
The capital city of Bahia is Salvador. Other cities where many people live are Feira de Santana, Vitória da Conquista, Itabuna, Ilhéus, and Juazeiro. Almost all of Bahia is 200 m above the sea level. The São Francisco River is the longest river in Bahia. Salvador was the capital of Brazil from 1549 until 1763.

Economy
Bahia is the sixth richest Brazilian state. The economy of Bahia is based on industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism, mining and services.

Culture
Bahia is said to have the greatest and most African influence, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil.  Some of these are the martial art of capoeira and African-derived music such as samba, afoxé, and axé.

Acarajé is a popular street food. It is one of the symbols of the culture of Bahia.

References

 
States of Brazil
Body modification

Body modification (or body alteration) is when a person changes their body in a way that lasts forever or for a long time. There are many different kinds of body modification, like piercing, circumcision, or tattoos. Almost all cultures do some kind of body modification.

Arguments
People who do not like body modification sometimes call it "disfigurement" or "mutilation." They believe that if someone changes their body, it is wrong and they are doing something dangerous or unethical.

Why people do body modification
Body modification is done for different reasons. Religions might tell people that they should change their bodies to look a certain way. Other people with body modifications might just like the way the body modifications look, or how they feel good during sex.

Kinds of body modification

Common body modification

 Body piercing is when a hole is made through the skin, and a piece of jewelry is put into the hole. Some piercings can be stretched so they fit larger, thicker kinds of jewelry.
 Tattooing is when ink is put under the skin to make a picture. Whole body tatooing and tattooing of the lips and eyes would be thought extreme by some.
 Scarification is when part of the skin is removed to create a scar.
 Branding is when the skin is burned to create a scar.

"Extreme" body modification
 Tongue splitting is when a person's tongue is split in two like a snake's.
 Subdermal implant is when a small object is placed right underneath a person's skin.
 Transdermal implant is when a small object is placed underneath a person's skin, but part of it pokes out of the skin and is visible.
 Extra ocular implant (eye jewellery) is when a tiny chip of metal is placed in someone's eye.

Other body modification
 Amputation is when a body part is cut off

Health
Body art
World Wide Fund for Nature

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international environmental organization. It was founded as the World Wildlife Fund, which is still its official name in Canada and the United States. 

Most of its offices are in Switzerland. Their mascot, or logo, is the Giant Panda. It is the world's largest independent wildlife management organization. It has over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries. WWF supports 15,000 conservation and environmental projects around the world. It is a charity. About 90% of its fundraising money is from donations by private individuals and businesses.

The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the destruction of our natural environment". Much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change. The organization runs more than 1,200 field projects worldwide each year.

References 

International environmental organizations
Companies of Switzerland
Conservation
Charities
Deforestation

Deforestation is when forests are destroyed by cutting trees (logging) and not replanting them.  The most common reason is to clear the land to make farms and ranches.  They also cut trees for firewood and lumber and to make room for cities.  Deforestation destroys the habitat of many animals, leading to their death.  The loss is more severe in so called primary forests, which are forests that have yet been untouched by humans.  Deforestation also releases sequestered carbon. 

Restoring trees in deforested places is called reforesting.

Causes of deforestation 
Land has other uses besides growing trees.  The biggest uses of land that was once forested are for farming and ranching.  Some land is also used for roads and buildings, especially in urban areas.  As the population grows, people need to remove more trees.  They also use the wood from the trees as lumber to make buildings and other things, or they burn the trees as firewood.

Forests have the following functions:
 regulation of the water cycle
 production of soil
 providing habitat for animals
 providing most of our oxygen
 maintain the oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) 
 balance in the atmosphere
 regulation of temperature
 prevention of soil erosion
 tree diseases 

Forests are often planted to protect against natural disasters.  When forests are lost, very often the soil they protected is also lost.  This loss of soil is called erosion.  

Trees are also important for carbon sequestration.  When the trees burn or rot, the carbon in them returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.  Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, deforestation causes global warming.  Tropical deforestation is responsible for about 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2020, a team of scientists studied worldwide deforestation efforts and found they were not working.  They said the idea of everyone working toward the same goal had to change because different groups of people had different reasons for cutting down forests.

References

Related pages
Desertification

Other websites
APP & APRIL announces end to deforestation in Indonesia

Forests
Environmental issues
Capillary

A capillary is a blood vessel. It does not have the muscular/elastic tissue of other blood vessels. It has a single celled wall to help substances be transported through organisms.
Capillaries are small, and smaller than any other blood vessels. They are about 5-10 μms big, which connect arteries and venules, and enable the moving of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, as well as many other nutrients and waste chemicals  between blood and surrounding tissues.

Anatomy 
Blood moves from the heart to arteries, which branch and narrow into smaller arteries, and then branch more into capillaries. After oxygen has been moved to the tissue, capillaries join and widen to become small veins and then widen more to become veins, which return blood to the heart.

The "capillary bed" is the network of capillaries supplying an organ. The more metabolically active the cells, the more capillaries it will require to supply nutrients and carry away waste products. 

Special arteries connect between arterioles and venules and are important in bypassing the flow of blood through the capillaries. True capillaries come from mainly from metarterioles and provide movement between cells and the circulation. The width of 8 μm forces the red blood cells to partly fold into bullet-like shapes in order to bypass them in single file.

Precapillary muscles are rings of smooth muscles at the start of true capillaries that handle blood flow into true capillaries and control blood flow through a body part or area.

Physiology 

The capillary wall is a one-layer tissue so thin that gas and other items such as oxygen, water, proteins and fats can pass through them driven by pressure differences. Waste items such as carbon dioxide and urea can move back into the blood to be carried away for removal from the body. 

The capillary bed usually moves no more than 25% of the amount of blood it could contain, although this amount can be increased through auto regulation by making the smooth muscle relax in the arterioles that lead to the capillary bed as well as metarterioles making themselves smaller.

The capillaries do not have this smooth muscle in their own wall, and so any change in their width is passive.  Any signaling molecules they release (such as endothelin for constriction and nitric oxide for dilation) act on the smooth muscle cells in the walls of nearby, larger vessels, e.g. arterioles.

Capillary's ability to move items can be increased by the release of certain cytokines, such as in an the body defending itself from germs.

Related pages
Alveolar-capillary barrier
Blood brain barrier
Capillary action
Hagen-Poiseuille equation

References

Other websites 
 

Blood vessels