cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Daylight Saving Time

Daylight Saving Time (DST) or Summer Time (ST) is a time to time keep during summer. During the summer months, the sun stays visible for a longer time, and sunset happens late in the day. For this reason, certain countries advance the time by one hour near the start of summer, and put it back one hour during autumn.

DST helps stores that sell to people after they get off work, and it doesn't hurt farmers and others whose hours are set by the sun. It cuts traffic accident rates. Sometimes it can reduce energy costs, but it can also increase them.

Most of the world's countries do not use DST, but it is common in Europe and North America.

The United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada and many other countries have DST. These countries also have regions that do not have DST:
United States: most of Arizona and Hawaii
Australia: Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory
Canada: Saskatchewan except for a few locations with the border with Alberta and Manitoba, and the Yukon Territory

Iceland, Russia, Belarus, and some parts of Ukraine are countries in Europe without DST.

US dates and UK Time 
Since 1971 all clocks in the European Union, of which the UK is a member state, have changed on same dates and at the same time, 06:00 GMT.

Against are many farmers in northerly latitudes, because sunrise would occur in winter at about 10:00 in the morning. However, in March 2010 the National Farmers Union said that it was not against Single/Double Summer Time, and is in fact relatively neutral, with many farmers expressing a preference for the change

Automatic adjustment 
Some computers connected to the Internet will automatically adjust their clocks for DST. Most newer computers will not adjust or will adjust the time incorrectly or on the wrong date. Also, computers with more than one operating system may be incorrectly adjusted twice or more when each operating system boots.

References

Other websites 
 Daylight Saving Time – Time Change. TimeAndDate.com
 About Daylight Saving Time - History, rationale, laws & dates. WebExhibits

Time zones
Laser printer

A laser printer is a printer for computers. It uses laser or LED-technology to get small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper.  Very often, this costs less to use than the ink of inkjet printers.  Laser printers often print text more neatly than inkjet printers, but print photos less clearly. Printing on photo paper or coated paper designed for inkjet printers can damage the laser printer's drum and fuser unit.

The laser printer was first invented by a team at Xerox in 1969. The first laser printer was called the Xerox 2000.

Process 
Laser printing is a process which typically involves seven steps:

 Raster Image Processing: the processor inside the printer converts the data to be printed from its current file format, into a bitmap of the page to be printed - this is then stored in raster image memory.
 Charging: An electrostatic charge is then projected onto a revolving photosensitive drum inside the printer.
 Writing: A laser beam is directed at a rotating polygonal mirror, which redirects the beam onto the photosensitive drum. The rasterized data in memory is now read, and used to control whether the laser is on or off, as the beam sweeps across the drum - where the laser beam strikes the drum the charge is reversed, creating a latent electrical image on the surface. Some laser printers use an array of tiny LEDs instead of a sweeping laser beam.
 Developing: The surface of the drum is then exposed to negatively charged particles of toner, which are attracted to the areas where the laser wrote the latent electrical image. The toner will be repelled by the negative charge on areas of the drum where the laser beam did not strike, and hence remove the charge.
 Transferring: The drum is now rolled over paper, transferring the image from the drum to the paper (to aid in this process there is a positively charged roller behind the paper, which pulls the toner off the drum and onto the paper).
 Fusing: The paper is then passed through a fuser, where rollers provide heat and pressure to bond the toner to the paper.
 Cleaning: An electrically uncharged blade and a discharge lamp remove any toner and all the charge remaining on the drum (this will all happen in one revolution of the drum). 

Printers

tr:Yazıcı (bilgisayar)#Lazer yazıcılar
Lawrencium

Lawrencium is a chemical element. It is also named eka-lutetium by some people. It has the symbol Lr. It has the atomic number 103. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Lawrencium is made from californium. The isotope that has the longest half-life (262Lr) has a half life of about 3.6 hours.

No uses for lawrencium are known. What lawrencium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

Is a Block-D Group3 Period 7 element. Discovered by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers in 1961, in California. Named after Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a research instrument with which several new elements have been found/made.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

Chemical elements
Darmstadtium

Darmstadtium is a chemical element. It has been named ununnilium (Uun) or eka-platinum but is now named darmstadtium. It has the symbol Ds. It has the atomic number 110. It is a transuranium element.

The element is named in honor of German city Darmstadt.

Darmstadtium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The isotopes with an atomic mass from 267 to 273 have very short half-lifes. The half life of these isotopes is measured in milliseconds. Isotopes of darmstadtium with an atomic mass of 279 and 281 were synthesised after the other isotopes. Ds-279 and Ds-281 decay more slowly. The isotope with an atomic mass of 279 has a half life of 180 milliseconds and Ds-281 has a half life of 11.1 seconds.

No uses for darmstadtium are known. What darmstadtium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

History 
Darmstadtium was first made on November 9, 1994. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Only a few atoms of it were made. It was made by bombarding a lead target with nickel. A nuclear fusion reaction happened and made the element.

This is shown by the equation below that is the reaction that happened. Pb is the symbol for lead, Ni is the symbol for nickel and n is the symbol for a neutron.

Pb + Ni→ Ds + n

The element was named for Darmstadt which was the place of its discovery. The GSI is in Wixhausen, a part of the north of the city of Darmstadt. The new name (darmstadtium) was given to the chemical element by the IUPAC in August 2003.

References

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Darmstadtium
 IUPAC: Element 110 is named darmstadtium 
 Apsidium - darmstadtium

Chemical elements
Darmstadt
Wampanoag

The Wampanoag were a Native American tribe. They lived in what is now the American region of New England. The Wampanoag tribe helped the English settlers to survive, after they arrived in the Mayflower.

They caught a bacterial infection called leptospirosis or Weil's syndrome in the early 17th century. It caused a many deaths and damaged their society greatly, though their descendents still survive today.

Native American
Mandir

Hindu temple or Mandir is referred to a place where Hindus go to worship gods in the form of various deities. Many Hindu temples are filled with wooden and stone arts like pashupatinath temple. A mandir is a spiritual place for Hindus. It is the landmarks around which ancient arts, community celebrations and economy were developed. as well as this the mandir has been recognised for

It is believed that the Murtis are stone or wooden images of idols ceremonially infused with the divine presence of God. They worship with arts and other ceremonies.

Purpose 
Hindus believe that gods and goddesses will answer the prayers of the faithful and inspire spiritually. For them, the temple also acts as a contact between the gods and goddesses and the worshipers. They also believe that the gods and goddesses will grant their wishes and protect them from danger.

Appearance 
In Hinduism gods are represented in various forms. Sometimes gods or goddesses are represented in a human form like Shiva, Vishnu, Saraswati or Kali. Sometimes there are gods goddesses in human and animal fused form like Ganesh. Sometimes they are also represented in plants and non-living form like Tulsi and Shaligrams. Murtis are made according to the prescriptios of the ilpasastra, and then installed by priests through the prana pratishtha ceremony. Afterward the divine personality is believed to be present in the Murtis.

Method 
To show respect, Hindus give gifts and food to the murtis. They are treated with respect and worshipped everyday. If a temple is a family temple it is treated as part of the family. Some Hindus also offer a part of their daily food to the god or goddess. They are given clothes and are changed at certain times. When people..

Images of Mandirs

References

Hinduism
Kitchener, Ontario

Kitchener is a city in Ontario, Canada. Kitchener is in Southwestern Ontario and is near Toronto, Hamilton, Mississauga and London. It is in Waterloo Region. Other cities in Waterloo Region include Waterloo and Cambridge. Sometimes Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge are known as the "technology triangle". It is on the Grand River, which leads to Lake Erie.

History 
At first, Kitchener was called Berlin. When World War I started it seemed like a bad idea to have a city named after the capital of Germany. The city was renamed Kitchener, after a British general, Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener then slowly became a prosperous city as it is today.

Future 
A rapid transit system is planned to be added in the Waterloo Region.

Media 
CKCO CTV Television Network

CIII Global Television Network

CKKW 1090

CKWR 98.5

Other websites 
 City of Kitchener
 Centre in the Square 
 The Record Newspaper (Serving Waterloo Region)
 Satellite image courtesy of Google Maps
 Grand River Transit (serving Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge)
 Grand River Monorail (competing proposal for a Rapid Transit line through Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge) 

Cities in Ontario
Thorium

Thorium is a chemical element in actinide group. It is a weakly radioactive metal. It has a shiny, silvery white color. It has the chemical symbol Th and the atomic number 90. Natural thorium has an atomic weight of 232. Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. Its ores are found in nature, especially in India, the United States, and Australia. 

Many scientists believe thorium would make a good source of nuclear fuel because it makes much less waste and is four times as common as uranium, and does not undergo the wasteful process of enrichment. It makes 3,200,000 times as much energy as coal and 200 times as much energy as uranium, because natural uranium is mostly non-fissile isotopes. Scientists believe that there is enough of it to power the world for thousands of years. Thorium has been used for various purposes since the 19th century. It is an alloying agent in magnesium and is also used as an industrial catalyst.

Thorium is safer than uranium. This is because thorium cannot undergo fission on its own. Usually, plutonium is need to start and maintain a reaction. This is why thorium is considered better for nuclear reactors. Also, nuclear waste from thorium reactors contains far smaller amounts of dangerous transuranic elements than waste from uranium reactors.

Other websites
EnergyFromThorium.com
Thorium - WebElements.com
Thorium - World-Nuclear.org

Actinides
Chemical elements
Laserdisc

A Laserdisc, like a DVD, can play video of a higher quality than VHS. A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD. To play Laserdisc movies, a LaserDisc player is needed. LaserDisc was also known by the names DiscoVision and LaserVision.

Laserdisc was first produced by MCA in 1978, and became well known in the 1980s. Movie companies stopped making Laserdisc movies when DVDs became well known in the late 1990s. Today some of the better Laserdisc players still sell for $1,000 USD or more.

Technology
Laser Discs work like a regular CD-ROM or DVD. The surface of the disc is covered with small holes that are read by a laser. This sequence of holes and no holes is turned into pictures and sound by the Laserdisc player. Most Laserdiscs can hold about 30 minutes to an hour of video per side for a total of 1 to 2 hours per disc.

The early Laserdisc players used a Helium-Neon laser to read the disc, but the later models used infrared lasers. The first units that were made with the infrared laser had some problems such as skipping, strange colors spots, and fuzziness. These problems were fixed in later models.

Some of the later Laserdisc players made were ones that could play Audio CDs as well as Laserdiscs. In Japan, one of the last models to be produced even had the ability to play DVDs as well as CDs and Laserdiscs.

Optical discs
Video Discs

el:Μέσο αποθήκευσης δεδομένων#Laserdisc
Californium

Californium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Cf. It has the atomic number 98. Californium is a transuranium element.  Californium does not have many uses. It was discovered by bombarding a curium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Californium is named after the US State of California, where it was discovered, in the University of Berkeley.

Californium is produced in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators. 
There are 20 known isotopes. The most stable is californium-251, which has a half-life of 898 years. This short half-life means the element is not found in the Earth's crust. Californium-252, whose half-life is 2.645 years, is the most common isotope used.

Compounds of californium are mostly of californium(III), which can take part in three chemical bonds. Californium can be used to help start up nuclear reactors, and is used as a source of neutrons. It can be used in making higher mass elements. Ununoctium was synthesized by bombarding californium-249 atoms with calcium-48 ions.

Safety 
When californium is used, workers must be protected from the element's ability to disrupt the formation of red blood cells.

References 

Actinides
Chemical elements
Torgau

Torgau is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. The town is well known as the place where during the Second World War, United States Army forces met with forces of the Soviet Union during the invasion of Germany on April 25, 1945.

This marked the beginning of the line of contact between Soviet and American forces, but not the occcupation zones. In fact the area surrounding Torgau at first occupied by U.S. forces was later, in July 1945, given over to Soviet forces.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.torgau.de
 http://www.torgau-oschatz.info 

Nordsachsen Rural District
Chemical bond

Chemical bond is a type of attraction force which holds together different chemical species. Atoms bonded stay together unless the needed amount of energy is transferred to the bond. 

In general, strong chemical bonding comes with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases are held together by chemical bonds. 

There are two types of bonds; covalent and ionic. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Ionic bonding is the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Chemical bonds are negatively charged electrons that are pulling protons into each other.

Because atoms and molecules are three-dimensional, it is difficult to use a single method to indicate orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulas the chemical bonds between atoms are indicated in different ways depending on the type of discussion.

A common way chemists describe chemical bonds is through the number of electrons each atom has on itself. Each atom is drawn with the number of electrons as dots or lines to form a maximum of eight.  If the electrons form a chemical bond then a line is drawn between the two electrons. The number of bonds developed increases the number of lines.

Bonds can be double bonds or triple bonds

Related pages 
Chemical formula
Double bonds

References 

Quantum chemistry
Energy
Concept

A concept is an idea that is applied to all objects in a group. It is the way people see and understand something. The name used to identify a concept (the concept's label) is a "term". For example, the word "Dog" is the term to identify the concept of what a dog is. Everything that a person knows about a dog is the concept of the term dog. 

Different terms can be used to identify the same concept. Car and Automobile are synonyms for the same concept. Different languages have different terms for the same concept. This is what makes translation possible. The terms may be different in each language, but the concept is the same. The concept of jumping is the same to a person from England and a person from Italy, but one person uses the term "Jump" to mean the concept and the other person uses "Salto".

Language
Philosophy
Kenpo

Kenpo or kempo is the descriptive name of various Japanese martial arts with Chinese origins, and also of hybrid martial arts: the Japanese ones and the Chinese ones. Kenpo is similar to karate and includes more punches and kicks than holds or joint locks of wrestling.

More known styles of Kenpo  
 American Kenpo 
 Kajukenbo 
 Seishindo Kenpo
 Shorinji Kenpo (Kenpo of Shaolin) 
 Kempo Tai Jutsu 
 Tracy Kenpo 
 Kenpo Jiu-Jitsu 
 Kenpo Kai

Kempo is a Japanese Martial Arts form. However, unlike Karate, its origins are linked back to China and still have very strong influences from Chinese systems. 
It is not uncommon for a Kempo artist to both use traditional Japanese and Chinese style techniques. The difference lies in that because of the Chinese influence, the Japanese moves tend to emphasize more fluidity than most of the other Japanese styles. And because of the Japanese influence, there is a stronger focus for shorter stances and movements than other Chinese styles.
For the same reason that many other styles are sometimes simply listed as "karate", Kempo has long been strongly linked under the general banner of "karate". Kempo is known for its near explosive, short-ranged attacks that often move faster than the opponent can see. 
Kempo has a very strong presence in Hawaii, the home base for many of the systems under Kempo that exist today in the United States. Throughout each of the histories of the different groups there are strong signs of the continued merging of both Chinese and Japanese influences.

Other websites
 European Kenpo Kai Organization Website

Martial arts
Edge

Edge can mean:
In geometry, an edge is where two surfaces meet.
In graph theory, an edge is a connection between two nodes (or vertices)
In geology, it describes an escarpment
It can stand for Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution. This is a way to make mobile phones transmit data faster than with GSM
Microsoft Edge, an internet browser.
The Edge (born 1961), Irish musician, member of U2
Edge (wrestler) (born 1973), ring name of Canadian retired professional wrestler Adam Copeland.

Basic English 850 words
Tyr

Tyr is a god in Norse mythology. In the Eddas, he is either the son of Odin or Hymir. He is the god of single (man-to-man) combat. Tyr only has one hand.

How Tyr lost his hand 

At one point in time, the gods decided that the wolf Fenrir (also called Fenriswolf) could no longer go free. They wanted to lock him up onto a chain. But he broke every chain they tried to put on him. Finally, they had the dwarves make a magical chain. But Fenrir sensed what the gods would do. So Fenrir asked that one of them put his hand into his mouth. Knowing that if Fenrir was left unfettered, he would have grown strong enough to kill all the God's and destroy the world. Tyr was the only one who had the courage. When Fenrir sensed he had been tricked, he bit off Tyr's hand. Tyr remained handless forever.

Fenrir will remain bound until Ragnarök. Then, Tyr's opponent will be Garm, the guard dog of Hel.

Norse gods and goddesses
Loki

Loki (, often Anglicized as ) is a god in Norse mythology. Loki is  the son of Fárbauti  and the brother of Helblindi and Býleistr. Loki is married to Sigyn. They have a son, Narfi and/or Nari.  Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent Jörmungandr.  WHile in the form of a horse, Loki was impregnated by Svaðilfari and gave birth to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. Loki is referred to as the father of Váli in Prose Edda. This source also refers to Odin as the father of Váli twice and Váli is only said to be a son of Loki once.

Loki's relation with the gods varies by source. Loki sometimes helps the gods and sometimes behaves badly towards them. Loki can change his shape. He has appeared in the form of a salmon, a mare, a fly, and possibly an old woman named Þökk . Loki's good relations with the gods end with his role in causing the death of the god Baldr. During Ragnarök, Loki is said to fight against the gods among the forces of the jötnar. He will fight the god Heimdallr, and they two will kill each other.

Loki is talked about in the Poetic Edda,  the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, the Norwegian Rune Poems, in the poetry of skalds and in Scandinavian folklore. Loki may be shown on the Snaptun Stone, the Kirkby Stephen Stone, and the Gosforth Cross. Scholars disagree about Loki's origins and role in Norse mythology. Some have described him as a trickster god.

Other media
Loki has been used in many different forms of media in modern popular culture. Most notable of this is his use in Marvel Comics and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Tom Hiddleston has played Loki in the movies Thor, Thor: The Dark World, Thor: Ragnarok, The Avengers and Avengers:Endgame. He also played versions of Loki in the TV series Loki on Disney+.

Norse gods and goddesses
Æsir

The Æsir (Old Norse: singular ǫ́ss or áss; feminine ásynja, plural ásynjur) are the principal group or tribe of deities in Norse mythology. Including Odin, Frigg, Thor, and Baldr, the Æsir reside in the realm of Asgard, situated at the top of Yggdrasil's highest branch. Alongside the Æsir exists a second family of gods known as the Vanir, who joined with the Æsir to form a single, unified pantheon after the devastating war between the two tribes of deities. The Vanir were native to Vanaheimr, the god Njörðr and his children, Freyr and Freyja chief among them. The Æsir gods were usually connected with power and war, while the Vanir were associated with fertility and nature.

Norse mythology
The things that happened between the Æsir and the Vanir are an interesting part of Norse mythology. While other cultures have had "elder" and "younger" generations of gods, as with the Titans and the Olympians of ancient Greece, the Æsir and Vanir were portrayed as contemporaries. The two tribes fought battles, concluded treaties, and exchanged hostages; Freyr and Freyja were said to be hostages. Some believe that events that occurred between the Æsir and Vanir were a reflection of events common between different Norse clans at the time.

The Æsir did not grow old, instead remaining young by eating the apples of Iðunn. While they did not age, they could be killed. It was said that most of them will die at Ragnarök.

List of Æsir 
 Baldr—God of light and radiance, he is the most beloved of the gods. He is the son of Odin and Frigg and younger brother of Thor.
 Frigg—Wife of Odin and goddess of marriage, she rules Asgard as queen alongside the All-Father.
 Heimdallr—Known as the All-Seeing, he is the guardian of the rainbow bridge Bifröst.
 Höðr—God of winter and darkness; a blind god, he is the son of Odin and Frigg.
 Iðunn—Goddess of youth, she was keeper of the apples that grant the gods their phenomenal longevity and youth.
 Loki—Though oftentimes referred to as the god of trickery and mischief, Loki is not counted among the Æsir. The son of the (female) jötunn Laufey and Fárbauti (Old Norse: “cruel striker”), he is Odin’s blood brother.
 Odin—God of wisdom, poetry and war, he is chief of the Æsir and ruler of Asgard.
 Sif—Goddess of agriculture and fertility, she is the beloved wife of Thor, known across the Nine Worlds for her golden hair, which was sheared by Loki.
 Thor—God of thunder and lightning, he is Asgard's greatest champion. He is the eldest son of Odin, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.
 Týr—God of law and heroic glory, he is one-handed. Either the son of Odin or the jǫtnar Hymir and Hroðr (Old Norse: “famed”).
 Ullr—God of the hunt and archery, he is the son of Sif and Thor's stepson.
 Viðarr—God of vengeance, he is the son of Odin and the female jötunn Gríðr.

Other websites 
 W. Wagner's "Asgard and the Home of the Gods" e-book 
 Peter Andreas Munch's "Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes" e-book 

Norse gods and goddesses
Braveheart

Braveheart is an American historical movie war drama movie starring Mel Gibson and Sophie Marceau. It is loosely based around the life of 13th century Scottish warrior William Wallace, who fought against the English when they occupied Scotland.

Actors in Leading Roles
 Mel Gibson - as William Wallace
 Sophie Marceau - as Princess Isabelle
 Patrick McGoohan - as King Edward I

Release dates

Other websites 
 
 

1990s biographical movies
1995 drama movies
1990s war movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
American war movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Historical movies
Movies set in Scotland
Movies directed by Mel Gibson
Curium

Curium is a synthetic chemical element in the periodic table that has the atomic number 96. It has the chemical symbol Cm and it is a radioactive metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Curium is a transuranic element. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Curium has a silver color and it is made by bombarding a plutonium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Curium was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre.

Uses 
Curium is used currently in rovers and space machinery.

References 

Actinides
Chemical elements
Monty Python's Life of Brian

Monty Python's Life of Brian is a 1979 comedy movie by Monty Python. It is about the life of Brian Cohen (Graham Chapman), a young man born on the same night and the same neighbourhood as Jesus Christ.

Other websites 

1979 comedy movies
British comedy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Fiction set in the past
Monty Python
Movies set in Asia
Satirical movies
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Foundry

A foundry is a place where molten (melted) metals are poured into casts, to make metal things of a certain shape.

Manufacturing buildings
Call of Duty series

Call of Duty was a game series started in the early 2000s. The shorter form of the name; typically used, is CoD. The first 6 games are about World War II, but the series began branching out beginning with Modern Warfare. The series now spans World War II, the Cold War, the present, the near future, and the far future. The Modern Warfare series takes place in present times and is developed by Infinity Ward. Infinity Ward also created Infinite Warfare. The Black Ops series takes place in the secret missions of the Cold War and in the future, and is developed by Treyarch. The majority of the games have been developed by Infinity Ward and Treyarch, with studio Sledgehammer Games developing Advanced Warfare and WWII. Many smaller studios have also assisted with development duties.  

The Call of Duty games are on the Gamecube, Xbox, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S, PC, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, and the Nintendo DS. The games are rated Teen or Mature for blood, violence and strong language.  

The games in the series are: 
 Call of Duty - 29 Oct, 2003
 Call of Duty: Finest Hour - Dec 3, 2004
Call of Duty 2 - Oct 25, 2005
 Call of Duty 2: Big Red 1 - Nov 1, 2005
 Call of Duty 3 - Nov 7, 2006
 Call of Duty 3: Roads to Victory - Mar 13, 2007
 Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare - Nov 7, 2007
 Call of Duty: World at War - Nov 11, 2008
 Call of Duty: World at War Final Fronts - Nov 10, 2008
 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 - Nov 10, 2009
 Call of Duty: Black Ops - Nov 9, 2010
 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 - Nov 8, 2011
 Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 - Nov 12, 2012
Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified - Nov 13, 2012
 Call of Duty: Ghosts - Nov 5, 2013
 Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare - Nov 4, 2014
 Call of Duty: Black Ops III - Nov 6, 2015
 Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare - Nov 4, 2016
 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered - Nov 4, 2016
 Call of Duty: WWII - Nov 2, 2017
 Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 - Oct 12, 2018
Call of Duty: Mobile - Oct 1, 2019
 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019) - Oct 25, 2019
 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Campaign Remastered - Mar 31, 2020 (PS4); Apr 30, 2020 (Xbox One, PC)
Call of Duty: Warzone - March 10, 2020
 Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War - Nov 13, 2020
 Call of Duty: Vanguard - Nov 5, 2021

Other websites 

 Official website

Call of Duty series
Hafnium

Hafnium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Hf. It has the atomic number 72. It is a metal. It is silver gray. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of hafnium is similar to zirconium.

Hafnium is found in zirconium minerals. 

Hafnium is used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes. It is also used as a neutron absorber in control rods in nuclear power plants.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Lutetium

Lutetium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Lu. It has the atomic number 71. It is a metal and a rare earth element. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Lutetium can also be grouped with the lanthanides because it is near the lanthanides in the Periodic Table. Its physical properties are like the lanthanides.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

Chemical elements
Metals
Transition metals
Anaheim Ducks

The Anaheim Ducks are an ice hockey team from Anaheim, California. They are in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Ducks changed the name on June 22, 2006. They used to be the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The name comes from the Disney movie The Mighty Ducks.

History
The team was created in 1991 and started playing in the 1993 season. The Ducks were originally owned by The Walt Disney Company. In 2005, Disney sold the Ducks to Susan and Henry Samueli

They are in the Western Conference's Pacific Division. They play their home games at Honda Center, in Anaheim, California. Their team colors are black, gold, and orange. Dallas Eakins is the team's head coach. Ryan Getzlaf is the captain of the team. 

To date, they have won one Stanley Cup. It was in the 2006-2007 season. The Anaheim Ducks won the conference championship in the 2002-03 season and 2006-2007 season. They have won 6 Pacific division titles.

References

Other websites 

Official website

 
1991 establishments in California
Kerosene

Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colourless flammable liquid, usually used for fuel. Kerosene is made by fractional distillation of petroleum. It may be used as fuel for lamps, in some kinds of cooking stoves, and in heaters. Kerosene is mainly used in the fuel for jet engines. The most common consumer use for kerosene in Canada and the US is lighting camp lamps. Kerosene is used as cooking fuel in some places, such as South Asia. Kerosene is also used to store sodium and other alkali metals.

Fossil fuels
Crystallization

Crystallization is the way that atoms link up in a regular structure. The structure is held together by chemical bonds or connected groups.  Crystallization can be from a melt or from a solution, and can be natural or artificial.  Rarely, crystal can form directly from a gas. Faster crystallization makes smaller size crystals as in basalt, and slower can make bigger crystals, as in granite. 

Crystallization occurs in two major steps. The first is nucleation. This is the appearance of a crystalline phase from a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is crystal growth. This is the increase in the size of particles: it leads to a crystal state. Loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open pores, cracks, etc.

Artificial crystallization is a technique to get solid crystals from a homogeneous solution. For crystallization to occur the solution should be supersaturated. Put simply, the solution should contain more solute molecules than it would under ordinary conditions. This can be achieved by various methods—solvent evaporation, cooling, and chemical reaction.

To make things clear we can use a simple example. We take a bowl of water to which we add sugar crystals. We keep adding sugar to it until we reach a stage when no more crystals can be dissolved. This solution is now a saturated one. It is interesting to note that we can dissolve more crystals to this particular saturated solution by heating it. Solubility of solutes increases with increase in temperature, but there are exceptional cases. This increase in temperature causes more sugar crystals to dissolve (so forming a supersaturated solution), but when the temperature of the solution cools down, the solubility of the solute decreases This is because the temperature of the solution has decreased, and the 'excess' sugar crystallizes out. This process illustrates the simplest of supersaturation techniques. 

'Drowning' is the addition of a nonsolvent in the solution that decreases the solubility of the solid. Alternatively, chemical reactions can also be used to decrease the solubility of the solid in the solvent, thus working towards supersaturation.

Crystallization can be divided into stages  primary nucleation is the first. It is the growth of a new crystal. In turn this causes secondary nucleation – the final stage if removal of the crystals is not an issue. Secondary nucleation needs existing crystals to continue crystal growth. In our sugar example, we had got such nuclei when the 'excess' sugar had just about crystallized out. Secondary nucleation is the main stage in crystallization for this is what causes the 'mass production' of crystals.

Chemical processes
Physical chemistry
Cairns, Queensland

Cairns is a city in Queensland, Australia. 120.000 people live there. Cairns is about 1720 km (1,069 miles) north of Brisbane and about 2500km (1,553 miles) from Sydney by road. It is built on the shores of Trinity Bay.

Cairns is an important travel destination for tourists because it is warm all year round and is near many attractions. The Great Barrier Reef is only one-and-a-half hours away by boat. The Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation, about 130km north of Cairns, are popular areas for experiencing a tropical rainforest. It is also a starting point for people wanting to see Cooktown, Cape York Peninsula, and the Atherton Tableland.

History
Captain James Cook named Trinity Bay when he arrived there in his ship HM Bark Endeavour on Trinity Sunday, 1770. The first Europeans to settle arrived in 1876 when gold was found near Cairns. It was named after the Governor of Queensland, Sir William Cairns.

References

Cities in Queensland
Ytterbium

Ytterbium is a chemical element.  It has the chemical symbol Yb.  It has the atomic number 70.  It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides.  Ytterbium is a rare earth element.  It is soft and silver in colour.

Ytterbium is found in minerals named gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime.  In nature it is found as a mix of seven stable isotopes. Ytterbium is used in some steels and is also used to make lasers.

Related pages
Periodic table
List of common elements

Chemical elements
Lanthanides
Metals
Heart transplant

A heart transplant is a type of surgery where someone's heart is removed and another one is put in because theirs is not working properly. The new heart is taken from a dead person who does not need it any more. The first heart transplant on a human was done by Christiaan Barnard in December 1967.

References

Other websites 
 Heart transplant website built by heart transplant patient, John Fisher

Surgery
Heart
Transplants
Joan Baez

Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer and activist. Baez is known for her very individual vocal style. She is a soprano with a three-octave vocal range. Many of her songs talk about social issues.

She is best known for her 1970s hits "Diamonds & Rust" and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". She is also known for "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "Joe Hill."  She sang these songs at the 1969 Woodstock festival and the songs became famous. She is also well known due to her relationship with Bob Dylan and her love for activism in areas such as nonviolence, civil and human rights and the environment.

Music 
Baez has performed for nearly fifty years. She has released over thirty albums. She has recorded songs in over eight languages. Baez is considered a folksinger, but after the 1960s her music became a lot different from folk. She sings many kinds of music, including rock, pop, country, and gospel. Baez is famous for singing other peoples' songs very differently. She sang songs by The Beatles, Jackson Browne, Paul Simon, The Rolling Stones, Stevie Wonder and many others.

Activism 
Baez protests against social and environmental problems. She did not support the Vietnam War. She did not want people to pay taxes that paid for the Vietnam War. Baez did not want men going to fight in the war. She did not perform in places where people of color were treated differently. In addition, Baez helped found the Resource Center for Nonviolence. The Resource Center for Nonviolence is an organization whose goal is to make social change without violence.

References

Other websites

1941 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from New York
Singers from New York City
Nonviolence advocates
Quakers
Vercingetorix

Vercingetorix ( in Gaulish) born c.82 BC, died 46 BC. was a chieftain of the Gallic tribe of the Arverni.  

He led the Gauls in 52 BC against the Roman army in Gaul led by Julius Caesar. Vercingetorix's name in Gaulish means "over-king of the marching men"; the "marching men" would now be called "infantry".

Vercingetorix was probably one of the first to unite some tribes of Gaul against a common enemy. This was the last major uprising of the peoples of Gaul against the Roman invaders.

After the celebration of Caesar's triumph was over, Vercingetorix was executed.

72 BC births
46 BC deaths
History of Europe
European people
Roman Republic
Monica Bellucci

Monica Bellucci (born on 30 September 1964  is an Italian actress. She was born in Città di Castello, Umbria. Bellucci started modelling at 16.  She is the daughter of Maria Gustinelli, a painter, and Luigi Bellucci, who owned a trucking company.  She used to be a fashion model.   She speaks Italian, French, and English fluently and has acted in each of these languages, as well as Aramaic. She is currently considered as an Italian sex symbol. Bellucci is married to Vincent Cassel and has a daughter named Deva (born 12 September 2004). In 2004, while pregnant with her daughter, Bellucci posed nude for the Italian "Vanity Fair" Magazine in protest against Italian laws that allow only married couples to use in-vitro fertilization and that prevent the use of donor sperm.

Filmography 

 Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
 L'appartement (1996)
 Dobermann (1997), Nat the Gypsy
 Under Suspicion (2000)
 Malèna (2000)
 Le Pacte des Loups (2001)
 Astérix & Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre (2002)
 Irréversible (2002)
 Tears of the Sun (2003)
 Ricordati di me (2003)
 The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
 The Matrix Revolutions (2003)
 The Passion of the Christ (2004)
 She Hate Me (2004)
 The Brothers Grimm (2005)
 Shoot 'Em Up (2007)
 Heart Tango (2007)

 ''Spectre (2015) - Lucia Sciarra

Other websites 

1964 births
Living people
Actresses who played Bond girls
Italian models
Italian movie actors
Allmänna Idrottsklubben

AIK (which stands for Allmänna Idrottsklubben), is a sports club from Sweden. It is one of the biggest and one of the oldest in the country. It was founded in 1891. The name means Common (or Public) Sports Club. It has departments for many different sports including football, ice hockey, bandy, golf, table tennis, bowling, and handball.

Other websites

Official website

Sports clubs in Sweden
1891 establishments in Sweden
Network Ten

Network Ten is one of three major television networks in Australia.  It started broadcasting television in 1965, when they were called Independent Television Network.

Shows 
Shows that Network Ten buy from other countries and broadcast in Australia include:
The Simpsons
The O.C.
Jericho
The Biggest Loser
House
The Bold and the Beautiful
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Everybody Hates Chris
Futurama
Law & Order
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
JAG
NCIS
Medium
NUMB3RS
Smallville
Supernatural
Veronica Mars
World Poker Tour

Shows made in Australia for Network Ten include:
Australian Idol
Before The Game
Big Brother Australia
The Biggest Loser
Neighbours
Rove Live
David Tench Tonight
Jamie's Kitchen Australia
Joker Poker
Real Stories
The Ronnie Johns Half Hour
Thank God You're Here
The Wedge
9am with David and Kim
Tripping Over

Other websites 
 Network TEN

Australian television networks
Seven Network

Seven Network is one of three major television networks in Australia.  It started broadcasting in 1956. In recent years, it has grown into a diversified media company.  Seven Network's main shareholder is Kerry Stokes.

Seven Network's studio headquarters are in a converted warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney.  Its headquarters for its news department are in Martin Place, Sydney.  Seven's major production facilities are at Epping in Sydney's northern suburbs.  Seven Network are planning to move their production facilities to a specially built site at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern.

Other websites 
 Yahoo!7
http://seven.com.au/Seven

Australian television networks
Des Lynam

Desmond Michael Lynam (born 17 September 1942) was an British television and radio presenter.  He was born in Ennis, County Clare, Republic of Ireland. He was best known for  presenting the BBC's sport coverage such as Grandstand.

Lynam also presented Countdown on Channel 4 from 2005-2006. He was replaced by Des O'Connor.

Other websites 

Game show hosts
Irish television personalities
People from County Clare
Irish radio personalities
Irish television presenters
1942 births
Living people
Carbonate

A carbonate is a chemical compound that has the carbonate ion, .  This ion is made of carbon and oxygen. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–)2 of carbon and oxygen.  They have a valency of 1.

When added to an acid, a carbonate will produce carbon dioxide, water and a chemical salt. Sedimentary rocks containing calcite and other carbonates are plentiful in the earth.

Related pages
Bicarbonate
Calcium carbonate
Polycarbonate
Sodium carbonate
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 – 30 August 1723; last name pronounced 'Layvenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is best known for his work to improve the microscope.

Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels. Van Leeuwenhoek did not write books, but sent letters to the Royal Society in London. The letters were published in the Royal Society's journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

In his youth van Leeuwenhoek was apprenticed to a draper. Later, a civil service position allowed him to give time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects. His simple microscopes were skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality. He looked at protozoa in rainwater, pond water and well water. He also looked at bacteria in the human mouth and intestine. In 1677, he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans.

His observations laid the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. He was the first to see bacteria, protists, spermatozoa, the cell vacuole, blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves.

Dobell, Clifford (1960) [1932]. Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "little animals": being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines. New York: Dover Publications reprint of original edition by Harcourt, Brace and Company.

Related pages
List of biologists

Other websites
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

1632 births
1723 deaths
Dutch scientists
Microbiologists
People from Delft
Bora Bora

Bora Bora is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Vaitape is the largest city on the island with 4,000 people. There is an airport on an islet where residents can fly to other islands in French Polynesia.
Bora Bora has one main road which runs around the island.

Other websites 

 Bora Bora Pictures Bora Bora Photos
 Bora Bora entry on WorldAtlas.com
 Bora Bora Islands Pictures Pictures of the Islands

Islands of French Polynesia
Appalachian Mountains

The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a large group of North American mountains. They are partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States. They form an area from  to  wide, running  from the island of Newfoundland in Canada to central Alabama in the United States. 

The individual mountains average around 3,000 ft (900 m) in height. The highest is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina (6,684 ft or 2,037m). Mt. Mitchell is also the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River as well as the highest point in eastern North America.

The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel. Ridgelines and valleys run north-south and travelers must climb them again and again. Only a few mountain passes run east-west. The Erie Canal was built through one of them. In most places the Appalachians are the watershed between the drainage basins of the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean.

The term Appalachia is used to refer to the mountain range and the hills and plateau region around it.  The term is often used to refer to areas in the central and southern, but not northern, Appalachian Mountains.  These areas usually include all of West Virginia and parts of the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, and sometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, and as far west as southeastern Ohio. In 1965 the United States Congress  created an Appalachian Regional Commission to include these areas and more, as far west as Mississippi.

The Appalachian Trail in the US is about 3,500km (2,190 miles) long and goes through 14 states from Georgia to Maine.

History of the range 

The Appalachians today are the worn-down remains of a once huge mountain chain. They first formed about 480 million years ago during the Ordovician. They once were as high as the Alps, the Rocky Mountains and the Atlas Mountains. 

The birth of the Appalachian ranges, some 480 million years ago (mya), was the first of several mountain-building plate collisions as the supercontinent Pangaea formed. The Appalachians were at the center of the newly formed Pangaea. North America and Africa were connected, and the Appalachians were part of the same mountain chain as the "Anti-Atlas" or Little Atlas Mountains in Morocco. This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, from the North America/Europe collision (see Caledonian orogeny).

References

Other websites