cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808. Later that year, Joseph Bonaparte became king.

Marriage and children
Charles IV married his first cousin Princess Maria Luisa, the daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma, in 1765. The couple had fourteen children, six of whom survived into adulthood:

Carlos Clemente of Spain (19 September 1771 – 7 March 1774) died in infancy.
Carlota Joaquina of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) married John VI of Portugal and had issue.
Maria Luisa of Spain (11 September 1777 – 2 July 1782) died in infancy.
Maria Amalia of Spain (9 January 1779 – 22 July 1798) married her uncle Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain no issue.
Carlos Domingo of Spain (5 March 1780 – 11 June 1783) died in infancy.
Maria Luisa of Spain (6 July 1782 – 13 March 1824) married Louis of Parma and had issues.
Carlos  Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 11 November 1784) died in infancy.
Felipe Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 18 October 1784) died in infancy.
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) succeeded his father as King of Spain.
Carlos of Spain, Count of Molina (29 March 1788 – 10 March 1855), later the first Carlist pretender.
María Isabella of Spain (6 June 1789 – 13 September 1848) married Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies and had issues.
Maria Teresa of Spain (16 February 1791 – 2 November 1794) died in infancy.
Felipe Maria of Spain (28 March 1792 – 1 March 1794) died in infancy.
Francisco Antonio de Paula of Spain, Duke of Cadiz (10 March 1794 – 13 August 1865)

Titles and styles

11 November 1748 – 10 August 1759 His Royal Highness the Prince of Taranto
10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788 His Royal Highness the Prince of Asturias
14 December 1788 – 19 March 1808 His Majesty the King
19 March 1808 – 20 January 1819 His Majesty King Carlos

Notes 

Kings and Queens of Spain
1748 births
1819 deaths
Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
Tapestry

Tapestry is art made with threads. It is woven by hand on a vertical loom. It is weft-faced weaving. This means all the warp threads (the ones that go up and down) are hidden in the completed work. In normal cloth weaving both the warp and the weft threads can be seen. 

In this way, a colourful pattern or image is made. Most weavers use a natural warp thread such as linen or cotton. The weft threads, which will be seen, are usually wool or cotton. They can also be made of silk, gold, silver, or other things.

Both craftsmen and artists have made tapestries. The 'blueprints' on cardboard (also known as 'tapestry cartoons') were made by artists, while actual weaving of the tapestries was done by craftsmen.

Function

The success of decorative tapestry can be partially explained by its portability (Le Corbusier once called tapestries "nomadic murals"). Kings and noblemen could roll up and transport tapestries from one residence to another. In churches, they were displayed on special occasions. Tapestries were also draped on the walls of castles for insulation during winter, as well as for decorative display.

The famous Bayeux tapestry is not actually a tapestry, but a decorated cloth. And it was probably designed and made in England by Anglo-Saxon artists.

References 

Weaving
Critically endangered species

A critically endangered species is a species of plant or animal, that has an extremely high risk of extinction in the future.

Critically endangered Mammals 
 The Christmas Island Pipistrelle is a very small bat which is listed as being a Critically endangered species. In February 2009 there were only about 20 left living on Christmas Island. Scientists think the bat became extinct at the end of 2009.
 European mink

Critically endangered amphibians
 The Corroboree Frog, a very small frog found only in the high mountains of south east Australia.

Critically endangered reptiles
 The Gharial, a crocodile like animal.
 The Orinoco crocodile is a crocodile that only lives in the Orinoco river

Critically endangered birds
 The Grenada dove is a dove that only lives on the island of Grenada

References
Yushi Soda

Yushi Soda (born 5 July 1978) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Consadole Sapporo.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="9"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||9||0||1||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|2002||23||4||1||0||6||0||30||4
|-
|2003||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||38||4||3||1||colspan="2"|-||41||5
|-
|2004||38||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||42||2
|-
|2005||40||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2006||35||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||40||1
|-
|2007||45||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||45||7
|-
|2008||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2009||J. League 2||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||1
232||20||15||1||7||0||254||21
232||20||15||1||7||0||254||21
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Koji Morisaki

is a former Japanese football player. His twin brother Kazuyuki Morisaki is also a former footballer.

Biography
Morisaki was born in Hiroshima on May 9, 1981. He joined Sanfrecce Hiroshima from their youth team in 2000. He played many matches as offensive midfielder from 2002 and became a central player of the club with his twin brother Kazuyuki Morisaki. In 2000s, although he played many matches, he suffered from occupational burnout in 2005 and chronic fatigue syndrome in 2009. In 2010s, although his opportunity to play decreased, the club won the champions 2012, 2013 and 2015 J1 League. He retired end of the 2016 season.

In June 2001, Morisaki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played 2 matches. In August 2004, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics. He played all 3 matches.

Statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="17"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||4||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2001||2||2||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||2
|-
|2002||22||6||4||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||31||7
|-
|2003||J2 League||37||10||4||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||13
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J1 League||25||7||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||29||7
|-
|2005||14||1||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
|-
|2006||30||4||2||1||5||3||colspan="2"|-||37||8
|-
|2007||32||2||5||3||6||0||colspan="2"|-||43||5
|-
|2008||J2 League||40||14||4||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||44||15
|-
|2009||rowspan="8"|J1 League||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2010||27||3||0||0||3||1||4||1||34||5
|-
|2011||30||5||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|-
|2012||28||7||1||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||34||9
|-
|2013||6||1||0||0||0||0||1||0||7||1
|-
|2014||21||1||2||0||4||0||2||0||29||1
|-
|2015||9||1||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||12||1
|-
|2016||5||1||1||0||2||1||1||0||9||2
335||65||25||9||46||7||8||1||414||82
335||65||25||9||46||7||8||1||414||82
|}

References

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
J1 League players
J2 League players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Kazuyuki Morisaki

Kazuyuki Morisaki (born 9 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="12"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||3||0||5||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2000||24||3||2||0||4||0||30||3
|-
|2001||26||1||2||0||3||0||31||1
|-
|2002||25||1||4||2||2||0||31||3
|-
|2003||J. League 2||41||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||28||5||1||0||5||0||34||5
|-
|2005||34||4||2||1||6||0||42||5
|-
|2006||26||2||2||0||1||0||29||2
|-
|2007||32||0||5||0||6||0||43||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||33||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||36||2
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||18||0||2||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
290||19||30||3||28||0||348||22
290||19||30||3||28||0||348||22
|}

References
Sanfrecce Hiroshima

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
Kota Hattori

Kota Hattori (born 22 November 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="15"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1997||18||0||2||0||5||0||25||0
|-
|1998||32||1||3||0||3||0||38||1
|-
|1999||28||1||4||0||1||0||33||1
|-
|2000||29||1||2||0||3||0||34||1
|-
|2001||28||0||0||0||5||1||33||1
|-
|2002||21||0||4||0||0||0||25||0
|-
|2003||J. League 2||44||1||4||1||colspan="2"|-||48||2
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||30||2||1||0||6||0||37||2
|-
|2005||34||0||2||0||6||0||42||0
|-
|2006||34||1||2||0||5||0||41||1
|-
|2007||34||2||5||0||7||1||46||3
|-
|2008||J. League 2||41||4||3||2||colspan="2"|-||44||6
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||34||2||2||1||4||0||40||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
408||15||34||4||45||2||487||21
408||15||34||4||45||2||487||21
|}

References
Sanfrecce Hiroshima

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Kohei Morita

Kohei Morita (born 13 July 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||19||0||1||0||0||0||20||0
|-
|2000||J. League 2||4||0||4||6||1||0||9||6
|-
|2001||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2001||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||7||1||6||1||0||0||13||2
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||32||4||3||1||colspan="2"|-||35||5
|-
|2003||28||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2004||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="7"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||14||1||1||0||2||1||17||2
|-
|2005||3||0||1||0||3||0||7||0
|-
|2006||19||0||2||0||4||2||25||2
|-
|2007||17||0||5||0||7||0||29||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||16||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||21||1||1||1||6||0||28||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
189||10||28||9||24||3||241||22
189||10||28||9||24||3||241||22
|}

References
Sanfrecce Hiroshima

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Aichi Prefecture
Dunga

Dunga (born 31 October 1963) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Now he is the coach of Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1982||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|1983||4||0||||||||||4||0
|-
|1984||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|1985||Corinthians||Série A||13||1||||||||||13||1
|-
|1986||Santos||Série A||16||1||||||||||16||1
|-
|1987||Vasco da Gama||Série A||17||1||||||||||17||1

|-
|1987/88||Pisa||Serie A||23||2||||||||||23||2
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Fiorentina||rowspan="4"|Serie A||30||3||||||||||30||3
|-
|1989/90||28||0||||||||||28||0
|-
|1990/91||33||1||||||||||33||1
|-
|1991/92||33||4||||||||||33||4
|-
|1992/93||Pescara||Serie A||23||3||||||||||23||3

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Stuttgart||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||27||4||||||||||27||4
|-
|1994/95||26||4||||||||||26||4

|-
|1995||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||25||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|1996||20||4||1||0||13||0||34||4
|-
|1997||26||5||0||0||11||1||37||6
|-
|1998||28||6||0||0||0||0||28||6

|-
|1999||Internacional||Série A||15||1||||||||||15||1
71||4||||||||||71||4
170||13||||||||||170||13
53||7||||||||||53||7
99||16||3||0||24||1||126||17
393||40||3||0||24||1||420||41
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1987||4||1
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||15||0
|-
|1990||6||1
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||0||0
|-
|1993||13||1
|-
|1994||13||1
|-
|1995||14||1
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||17||1
|-
|1998||9||0
|-
!Total||91||6
|}

References 

1963 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Ri Han-Jae

Ri Han-Jae (born 27 June 1982) is a North Korean football player. He plays for Consadole Sapporo.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="9"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||1||0||4||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2003||J. League 2||22||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||26||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||26||1||1||0||5||0||32||1
|-
|2005||19||1||1||0||0||0||20||1
|-
|2006||26||2||2||0||6||0||34||2
|-
|2007||6||0||2||0||3||0||11||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||37||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2009||J. League 1||14||1||2||0||3||0||19||1
|-
|2010||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
151||7||20||0||18||0||189||7
151||7||20||0||18||0||189||7
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||1||1
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
North Korean footballers
Clarence Seedorf

Clarence Clyde Seedorf (born 1 April 1976) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Botafogo and Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Ajax||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||12||1||colspan="2"|-||3||0||15||1
|-
|1993/94||19||4||colspan="2"|-||2||0||21||4
|-
|1994/95||34||6||colspan="2"|-||11||0||45||6

|-
|1995/96||Sampdoria||Serie A||32||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||34||4

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Real Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||38||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||38||6
|-
|1997/98||36||6||colspan="2"|-||11||0||47||6
|-
|1998/99||37||3||colspan="2"|-||8||3||45||6
|-
|1999/00||10||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0||16||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||20||3||5||2||0||0||25||5
|-
|2000/01||24||2||4||0||7||3||35||5
|-
|2001/02||20||3||2||1||10||0||32||4
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Milan||rowspan="8"|Serie A||29||4||3||2||16||1||48||7
|-
|2003/04||29||3||5||0||8||0||42||3
|-
|2004/05||32||5||4||1||13||1||49||7
|-
|2005/06||36||4||2||1||11||1||49||6
|-
|2006/07||32||7||5||0||14||3||51||10
|-
|2007/08||32||7||0||0||7||2||39||9
|-
|2008/09||33||6||1||0||7||0||41||6
|-
|2009/10||29||5||0||0||8||1||37||6
65||11||colspan="2"|-||16||0||81||11
348||52||33||8||101||12||482||72
121||15||colspan="2"|-||25||3||146||18
534||78||33||8||142||15||720||103
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||1||1
|-
|1995||7||3
|-
|1996||11||2
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||12||1
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||10||2
|-
|2001||4||1
|-
|2002||2||1
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||87||11
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
People from Paramaribo
Ryuta Matsushima

Ryuta Matsushima (born 12 November 1980) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Kashima Antlers.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture
Stuart Baxter

Stuart Baxter (born 16 August 1953) is an English footballer turned manager.

References

1953 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
People from Wolverhampton
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Hiroyoshi Kuwabara

is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="10"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="9"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||31||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|-
|1996||24||0||5||0||8||1||37||1
|-
|1997||32||0||2||0||5||1||39||1
|-
|1998||28||0||3||0||3||0||34||0
|-
|1999||26||0||5||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2000||30||0||1||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2001||28||0||2||0||6||0||36||0
|-
|2002||14||0||4||0||4||0||22||0
|-
|2003||J. League 2||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||0||0||0||5||0||29||0
|-
|2005||22||1||0||0||2||0||24||1
|-
|2006||New Wave Kitakyushu||Regional Leagues||14||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2006||Fagiano Okayama||Regional Leagues||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|New Wave Kitakyushu||Regional Leagues||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Football League||30||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|-
|2009||34||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|-
|2010||Giravanz Kitakyushu||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
371||3||32||0||41||2||444||5
371||3||32||0||41||2||444||5
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
People from Hiroshima
Giravanz Kitakyushu players
Claudio Ranieri

Claudio Ranieri (born 20 October 1951) is an Italian former football player and manager who was recently the head coach of Premier League club Watford.

Claudio Ranieri won the 2015–16 Premier League title with Leicester City.

Watford decided to sack Ranieri than less than four months in charge amid relegation battle.

References

1951 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Italian football managers
Sportspeople from Rome
Peppered moth

The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a species of night-flying moth. They are often used by educators as an example of natural selection: see peppered moth evolution.

The caterpillars of the peppered moth mimic the form and also the colour of the twig they rest on. The caterpillars can sense the twig’s colour with their skin and match their body colour to the background to protect themselves from predators.

References 

Geometridae
Papilionoidea

The superfamily Papilionoidea (from the genus Papilio, meaning "butterfly") has all the butterflies except for the skippers, which are in the superfamily Hesperioidea, and the  moth-like Hedyloidea.

Families of Papilionoidea
The six families of Papilionoidea are:
Swallowtails and Birdwings, Papilionidae
Whites or Yellow-Whites, Pieridae
Blues and Coppers or Gossamer-Winged Butterflies, Lycaenidae
Metalmark butterflies, Riodinidae
Hesperiidae, skippers
Brush-footed butterflies, Nymphalidae which contain the following 13 subfamilies:
 the snout butterflies or Libytheinae (formerly the family Libytheidae).
 the Danaids or Danainae (formerly the family Danaidae).
 the Tellervinae.
 the glasswings or Ithomiinae.
 the Calinaginae.
 the morphos and owls or Morphinae (including the owls as tribe Brassolini).
 the Browns or Satyrinae (formerly the family Satyridae).
 the Charaxinae (preponas and leaf butterflies).
 the Biblidinae.
 the Apaturinae.
 the nymphs or Nymphalinae.
 the Limenitidinae (especially the adelphas) (formerly the family Limenitididae).
 the tropical longwings or Heliconiinae.

Butterflies
Ditrysia

The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the Lepidopteran order. It contains both butterflies and moths. They are called ditrisians because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs.  

About 98% of described species of Lepidoptera belong to Ditrysia. The group can be divided into basal or incertae sedis "micromoths", and the Apoditrysia.  The Apoditrysia includes mostly the larger moths and the butterflies.

Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae

The Lycaenidae  are the second-largest family of butterflies, with about 6000 species worldwide. They are also called gossamer-winged butterflies.

The family includes many beautiful species. Some, like the Palos Verdes blue, are critically endangered. The Lycaenids were favourites of the Russian novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov.

References
Allotinus fabius

The Angled Darkie (Allotinus fabius) is a small butterfly.  It is found in India, Myanmar and South East Asia.  It belongs to the Lycaenidae family.

References

Lycaenidae
Allotinus

Allotinus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
 Allotinus drumila
 Allotinus fabius
 Allotinus horsfieldii
 Allotinus major
 Allotinus multistrigatus
 Allotinus subviolaceus

Lycaenidae
Nyssa (Doctor Who)

Nyssa is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. She is played by Sarah Sutton. Nyssa came from the planet Traken. Nyssa was created by writer Johnny Byrne for the Fourth Doctor serial The Keeper of Traken, but the production team later decided that she should join the Doctor on his travels. She returned in the next serial Logopolis, in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated, and remained as a  companion of the Fifth Doctor. She was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1983. Sutton was the youngest female actor to play a companion in the series.

Character history
Nyssa is a alien from the planet Traken, the daughter of Tremas (a consul of the Traken Union) and stepdaughter of Kassia. She helps the Doctor and Adric to defeat Master. During her journeys with Tegan and Adric aboard the TARDIS, Nyssa finds herself trapped in a mathematical equation by the Master – whom she hates as he is, of course, now using "that face" (her father's). She also encounters a race of androids and their insane ruler, helps foil the genocidal plans of a wounded Terileptil and incidentally start the Great Fire of London, and discovers her remarkable resemblance to Ann Talbot.

Appearances in other media
Nyssa's fate after she leaves the TARDIS is not known, although the spin-off novel Asylum, by Peter Darvill-Evans, reveals that she eventually leaves Terminus and settles down as an academic in a university on an unspecified planet. In Asylum, Nyssa shares an adventure with the Fourth Doctor from a time before he met her, leaving the Doctor with the knowledge that he will have to be extremely careful dealing with Nyssa when they eventually meet to avoid changing history.

Since then, Sutton has also voiced Nyssa in several audio plays alongside Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor, produced by Big Finish Productions.

List of appearances

Television
Season 18
The Keeper of Traken
Logopolis
Season 19
Castrovalva
Four to Doomsday
Kinda
The Visitation
Black Orchid
Earthshock
Time-Flight
Season 20
Arc of Infinity
Snakedance
Mawdryn Undead
Terminus
Season 21
The Caves of Androzani (cameo)
30th anniversary special
Dimensions in Time

Audio dramas
The Land of the Dead
Winter for the Adept
The Mutant Phase
Primeval
Spare Parts
Creatures of Beauty
The Game
Circular Time
Renaissance of the Daleks
Return to the Web Planet
The Haunting of Thomas Brewster
The Boy That Time Forgot
Time Reef & A Perfect World
The Darkening Eye

Novels
Virgin Missing Adventures
Goth Opera by Paul Cornell
The Sands of Time by Justin Richards
Cold Fusion by Lance Parkin
Past Doctor Adventures
Zeta Major by Simon Messingham
Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell
Asylum by Peter Darvill-Evans
Fear of the Dark by Trevor Baxendale
Empire of Death by David Bishop

Comics
"On The Planet Isopterus" by Glenn Rix (Doctor Who Annual 1983)
"Blood Invocation" by Paul Cornell and John Ridgway (Doctor Who Magazine Yearbook 1995)

Other websites
 Nyssa at The TARDIS Index File website
 Nyssa on the BBC's Doctor Who website

Doctor Who characters
Fire drill

A fire drill is a sudden practice event, where people leave a building. They are practicing what they would do if there was a fire in the building. The event is started when the fire alarm goes off. The fire alarm sound can either be a continuous metal bell, a horn or a two-tone siren. Some old alarms in the UK like the Chloride Gent Warbler will curve between the two tones. The entire building is evacuated and everybody leaves the building using the nearest fire exit. At a school, college or university, the teacher or the lecturer counts the people outside to find out if anyone is missing. Sometimes people are evacuated when a drill is not scheduled by the school. This is called a false alarm. There are rules and regulations in place where fire alarm devices should be tested on a weekly basis. If the fire alarm sounds and the building is not evacuated, this may be due to the a scheduled fire alarm test that people already know about.  

In the United Kingdom, the law recommends that all schools must do a fire drill every term.  But with the current UK government laws,  any organization in the UK should conduct a fire drill once a year. In addition to sounding the fire alarms for regular fire drills during term time, regular health and safety checks such as testing fire alarm systems and fire extinguishers must be done weekly. During half term holidays and breaks, these tests are often done during the day so that staff who work during term time know what the fire alarm sounds like. The fire alarm in the United Kingdom sounds either a continuous two tone buzzer or a beep similar to an electronic game beeping in test mode. Sometimes depending on the sounder used, the buzzer can curve between the two tones. In the United States, different states have laws that say how often schools must have fire drills. For example, in many states, schools must have one fire drill per month and fire alarms can either be continuous, or set to different codes such as code 3. 

Fire drills commonly take place in schools, colleges and public companies. In public transport such as cruise ships, it is called a muster drill. Fire drills aren't done on airplanes, but a safety demonstration  that shows the emergency procedures of the aircraft is done instead. If an aircraft is about to perform an emergency landing, the passangers on the aircraft are told to take the safety brace position on hearing the "brace" command.

Different ways of having fire drills
During fire drills, some schools block exits with a piece of cardboard or something else that is supposed to stand for a fire. This makes people practice finding another way out of the building.

References

Other websites
An example of state fire drill laws in the United States: Minnesota school fire drill laws

Safety
Fire alarm

A fire alarm is an electronic sounder or a bell. The alarm makes a loud, high pitched sound to notify people that there is a fire in the building. The sounders can be programmed to sound different tones. Most fire alarm sounders in Europe sound like a siren. The bell makes a continuous ringing sound.

There are also companies like HST Fire and KKmoon which produce fire alarms and pull stations. In every building, the fire alarms are hooked up to a main control panel, which allows the inspector or janitor to perform fire drills, do inspections on pull stations, and more.

Some examples of companies which make fire alarms are Wheelock, Simplex, Edwards, Gentex, Johnson Controls, Fire-Lite, and Notifier(Fire-Lite and Notifier both being owned by Honeywell). There is also Fulleon who are best known for their Roshni electronic sounder. These sounders are often used around Europe and they have 32 user selectable tones.  Sometimes, old-fashioned fire alarms are metal bells. Many fire alarm systems also have flashing lights, also known as strobes. These are important for deaf people who cannot hear the fire alarm. There are also special alarms which are less loud for sleeping areas, so that people are not startled, and white fire alarms for dark walls. In larger buildings, There are 2-step systems with a recorded message, which start off by stating the emergency and waiting for the security guards to be sure there is a fire, then asking for the occupants of the building to calmly evacuate. In smaller areas, there is an immediate alarm, without voice.

Fire alarms are often used in schools and other places during fire drills, or in the case of a real fire. If somebody activates a fire alarm for fun or without reason, it is called a false alarm. Setting off a false alarm is against the law in most places.

There are different systems, which can do the following:

 Automatically alert the fire department, there is a fire
 Alerting an internal security service, who is able to check if there is a false alarm, before alerting the fire department.
 Trigger an alarm to clear the building
 Start heat and smoke vents, fire sprinklers, emergency lighting, and similar systems
 Controlling elevators (Most elevators are not safe to use during a fire)

DIN 14675-1 is about fire safety.It has four levels of protection:

 Level 1: Complete protection (the whole building is protected)
 Level 2: Partial protection: There are one or more sections of the building that are protected
 Level 3: Fire escape paths are protected
 Level 4: Individual objects (e.g. valuables) are protected

References

Fire
Safety
Jiangxi

Jiangxi is a province of People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Nanchang.

Other websites
"Map of Jiangxi Province with Explanations" is an old map made between the years of 1573 and 1620

Provinces of China
In vitro fertilisation

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a way to let sperm fertilise egg cells outside of the womb. IVF is used so that infertile women may still have children. IVF is done by:
 Injecting a chemical drug to stop a woman's menstrual cycle
 Injecting FSH so that an ova is released from the woman's ovaries
 HCG is injected to loosen the ova
 The ova is removed from the vagina
 A sample of sperm is taken
 The sperm and egg are added together and a sperm will fertilise an egg
The fertilised egg (zygote) is then injected into the woman's uterus

Louise Brown, a female born in 1978 in Manchester, England, was the first ever person to be born as a result of in vitro fertilisation.

Some religious organisations believe that adoption is a better course of action for infertile couples. They think IVF is wrong because it is unnatural.

The success rate of IVF 
IVF success rate among young women worldwide is around 35-40%. In India this figure is around 30-35%. Overall, the success rate of having a baby in the first IVF cycle is around 33% which increases to 50-70% by the 8th cycle. This success rate is measured in terms of the number of live births.

References

Other websites 
 Guide to infertility (HFEA) 
 Test Tube Babies  on dab PBS
Who is suitable for IVF Treatment?
How to make IVF successful the first time?
Pregnancy test after IVF frozen embryo transfer

Reproductive system
Yehudi Menuhin School

The Yehudi Menuhin School is a private music school in Cobham, Surrey, England. It was started in 1963 by the violinist Yehudi Menuhin.

The school is very small: there are about sixty pupils who are boys and girls between the ages of eight and nineteen. The children must have extremely good musical talent.  They all play at least one musical instrument: either a stringed instrument or piano. They are taught other subjects as well, but music is the most important subject, and they are given lots of time to practise their instrument as well as music lessons to help them develop their special musical skills in classical music.  Famous musicians who were pupils at the school include Nicola Benedetti, Nigel Kennedy, Tasmin Little and Alina Ibragimova.

Ofsted rate the school as 'outstanding'.

References

Other websites
Official school website

1963 establishments in England
Schools in England
Surrey
Lee Hyori

Lee Hyo-ri  (b. May 10, 1979) is a South Korean singer and actress. She debuted as a leader of the girl group, 'FIN.KL' on May, 1998. The group was rival with another group named 'S.E.S'.

Lee Hyori became a sole singer in 2003. With her debut, her fashion and activity attracted public attention. She was so popular that 'Lee Hyori syndrome' was the highest keyword in Korea.

Lee Hyori acted the leading part in drama, named 'three-leaf clover'. Despite popularity of Lee Hyori, the acting ability was criticized.

'U-Go-Girl', her 3rd album's title music, gained public interest. And another music named 'Hey Mr.BiG' also became popular. These made Lee Hyori to the highest position. Now she is member of program which SBS broadcasts. She is a huge asset to the program called "Here come the 'family'", in which she was praised to have shown her cool, honest personality.

Other websites

 
 Hyolee World
 Lee Hyori discography at MusicTea
 Lee Hyori at the Korean Movie Database

1979 births
Living people
South Korean singers
South Korean actors
Pygmalion effect

Pygmalion was a sculptor who lived in Cyprus. Women who lived on Cyprus didn't stay virtuous, so Pygmalion decided to live alone and made a  sculpture, Galatea. During the Aphrodite feast, thanks to Pygmalion`s prayers, the sculpture turned into a real person. This was called The Pygmalion effect.

The Pygmalion effect shows that if we want something enough, we'll get it. It is named after the scholar who demonstrated it. It is also called "Rosenthal Effect" and is quoted when we refer to The power of affirmation and The power of praise.

Another example of the Pygmalion effect is in groups. If there are two groups, one group thought that their teacher was "good", the other group thought he was "not good". The teacher treated both groups the same, but the group with a positive expectations had better outcomes than the others; Simply because those with positive expectations made them perform better than other students.

The Pygmalion effect is also an important instrument in management theory. It makes managers be aware, that the success of their employees depends not only on qualification, personal qualities or working environment. Manager always has to believe in his people and expect them to achieve the best results. In such case the subordinates will always feel this trust and demonstrate their best skills and abilities in their work.

Psychology
Jet lag

Jet lag is a physiological condition, often occurring when humans travel from one time zone to another. It happens because of the time difference between two places. Some people suffer from jet lag more than other people do.

If the departure time (the original body clock) is not the same as the destination time, jet lag can occur. Traveling east is more likely to cause jet lag than traveling west. That is because a cycle of the human's biological time is usually more than 24 hours, and going east makes the day shorter, which is a more difficult adjustment.
 
Jet lag can have several symptoms. It usually takes the form of fatigue and insomnia. Also, headache, depression, even nausea may strike people. Sufferers can use caffeine or sleeping pills as a way of treatment. Using caffeine (such as in tea or coffee) is helpful, either in the morning when going westward or in the afternoon when going eastward. The hormone melatonin is said to help people sleep. Also, doing things like changing sleeping patterns several days before departure may help people adjust to the new time zone.

Health problems
Korean International Circuit

The Korean International Circuit is a racetrack being made in Yeongam County, South Jeolla Province, of South Korea. This is 400 kilometres from the capital, Seoul. This track will be 5.684 km long. This will be the longest track in Asia. The main purpose of this track will be Formula One (F1) races.  F1 will race at this track for at least 7 years starting in  2010. It will also be used for local races.

FIA approval 

Charlie Whiting, technical delegate for the FIA completed a two-day inspection on 10 October 2010. While much of the circuit facilities are still under construction, the circuit itself is ready for Formula One racing.

Special attention was given to the top layer of asphalt. This final layer was installed the week before the inspection.

FIA rules normally require approval at least 90 days before the race. The FIA had to stretch their own rules to allow the Korean Grand Prix to take place.

Track features 
German designer Hermann Tilke designed the track. The track has two parts. One permanent part (3.047 km) will be used for local races. One temporary part (2.643 km) will be joined to the permanent part and be used for F1 races. The track has 18 corners. The track will be next to a lake, so some people will be able to see the races from their boats.

Initial reception 
A number of problems were uncovered on the first day of practice. Drivers complained about the blind entrance to the pit lane. Jarno Trulli called it "very dangerous". A number of cars have bottomed out at turn 16. Charlie Whiting has asked that the corner be changed. The track was slippery and dusty. Lewis Hamilton said "It was the dirtiest circuit I have ever been on," and "It was so dusty it was incredible." The problems with the turn 16 was fixed before the qualifying session the next day.

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 Formula One official Korean Grand Prix page

Formula One circuits
Kim Hyun-Soo (baseball)

Kim Hyun-Soo (born Jan 12, 1988 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional baseball player. He plays with the South Korean baseball club Doosan Bears.  He bats left handed. He throws right handed. 

Hyun-Soo graduated from Ssang-Moon Elementary School, Shin-Il Middle School, and Shin-Il High School. When he was a high school student, he received the Lee Young-Min Award, for being the leading hitter in baseball at the high school level. He was slow for an outfielder. He was not selected in the rookie draft.

In 2007, Hyun-Soo played 99 games. His batting average was at 0.273. In 2008, he played 126 games, made 168 hits, his on base percentage was 0.509 and his batting average was 0.357. He was given titles for the highest on base percentage, hit and batting average. He also was given the Golden Glove award for outfielders.

Other websites 

Baltimore Orioles players
People from Seoul
1988 births
Living people
South Korean baseball players
Dangun

In Korean mythology, Dangun was the grandson of the gods, and the founder of Gojoseon, who set up the capital at Asadal. Legends say that around 4,340 years ago, Joseon was the name of the country that became Korea. So Dangun is believed to be an ancestor of the Korean nation. There was also a kingdom called Joseon later in Korean history, so Dangun's kingdom is called Go (meaning "Ancient") Joseon.

Once upon a time, Hwanung, the god Hwanin`s son, wanted to go down to the human world. Hwanin noticed that and let Hwanung go down to the human world with three amulets. Hwanung went to the Sindansu in Mount Taebaek, with his 3,000 followers. He managed the human world`s agriculture, morals, and 363 other fields of societal work. All these things went well.

One day, two animals visited Hwanung, begging him to change them to human beings. One was a tiger, and the other was a bear. Hwanung gave them an armful of divine wormwood and twenty cloves of divine garlic, and said: "Eat those for 100 days without being exposed to the sunshine. Then you will become human beings."

The two animals went to the cave and followed Hwanung`s orders. But during this process, the tiger could not endure this trial, and rushed out from the cave. On the other hand, the bear endured the trial and became a woman. But nobody was willing to marry her. So the bear woman prayed to conceive a baby at Sindansu. Then Hwanung transformed himself into human being for a while and married her. The bear woman gave birth to a baby. That baby was Dangun.

Dangun managed Gojoseon for 1,500 years, and after that long period, Giza succeeded to the throne. Dangun retired from the world and became a mountain god.

Other websites 
 (from Korea site 'Naver Encyclopedia')

Korea
Lee Soo-young

Lee Soo-young (born Lee Ji-yeon () April 12, 1979) is a Korean ballad singer. She started her singing career in 1999 in Korea with I Believe. She is well known for her lyrical and powerful voice. She has earned much popularity in Korea. She sang the song, "얼마나 좋을까"  ("Eolmana Joheulkka")which is added to the original soundtrack of Final Fantasy X in 2001. Lee has released 8 studio albums. She is one of the most popular ballad singer in Korea. 

Lee was born in Seoul, South Korea. She has a younger brother and a younger sister. Her father died from car accident when she was nine. After this, her mother earned money by working for restaurants and delivering milk bottles. She went to a church and she said it helped her a lot to maintain her life. After her mother died from car accident, she began her career as a singer.

She started to sell her albums in Japan in 2004. She released one studio album, and two single album. With these albums, she got only 125th position in Oricon chart.

Albums 
 1st - I Believe (1999/11/17)
 2nd - Never Again (2001/02/10)
 Concert Album - Thank You (그녀에게 감사해요), Lee Soo Young Live (2001/09/18)
 3rd - Made in Winter (2001/12/13)
 4th - My Stay in Sendai (2002/9/11)
 4½th - Special Album (2003/01/24)
 5th - This Time (2003/08/21)
 5½th - Classic (2004/01/12)
 6th - The Colors of My Life (2004/09/10)
 6½th - As Time Goes By (2005/01/10)
 Special Album - 2005 Special Album An Autumn Day (2005/10/20)
 7th - Grace (2006/01/21)
 8th - 내려놓음 Set It Down (2007/09/11)
 Mini-album Once (2008/11/13)

Resources
Official site  (Korean)
 (Korean)

1979 births
Living people
South Korean singers
People from Seoul
Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is an parasitic protozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba. It infects mainly humans and other primates. 

E. histolytica is estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide. About seventy thousand die each year, mostly from liver abscesses or other complications. The disease it causes is known as amoebiasis. A related species,  Entamoeba dispar, may be even more common.

References 

Protista
Yi Sun-sin

Admiral Yi Sun-sin was born in Geoncheon-dong, Seoul, Josun dynasty(Ancient name of Korea) on March 8, 1545. Owing to the poverty of his family, he moved to and grew up in his mother's hometown, Asan, in Chungcheongnam-do province. He became a warrior at the late age of 32, after failing the exam at the age of 28. When he arrived Jeolla-do province as the navy commander of western part of Jeolla-do province in 1591, he predicted the war with Japan. He disciplined the navy tightly and made the turtle ship, which had at least five different types of cannon and had a fully covered deck with iron spikes to shield from cannon fire and attempt to board the ship, for preparation of the war.

On April 13, 1592, the Imjin War broke out just as Yi had foreseen. Japan occupied nearly all the land of Josun dynasty which was not prepared for war and tried to supply military provisions through the sea route of Jeolla-do province. Yi had already prepared for war, so he led his navy to victory in every engagement he fought during seven years of war with the Japanese. In the battle of Hansan, using 'crane wing' formation he captured and sank fifty nine of the seventy-three Japanese ships. And in the battle of Myongnyang, he defeated 333 enemy ships with 13 ships his own. This victory has regarded as one of the miracle victories of the world.

Through his victories, Josun dynasty prohibited the Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi from governing Josun. However Yi Sun-sin was killed by enemy fire during the last battle of the war, Noryang, in 1592.

1545 births
1592 deaths
Korean military people
People from Seoul
Time Between Dog and Wolf

Time Between Dog and Wolf is a South Korean noir romance drama.

2007 television series debuts
South Korean television series
2007 establishments in South Korea
Cancer (constellation)

Cancer () is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. The name is Latin for crab. Its symbol is  (). Cancer is small and the stars are dim. It is between Gemini to the west and Leo to the east, Lynx to the north and Canis Minor and Hydra to the south.

Right in the middle of the constellation is M44, the Beehive Cluster, one of the nearest open clusters to Earth.

References 
 Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, by Richard Hinckley Allen, Dover. 
 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. . Princeton University Press, Princeton. .
 Dictionary of Symbols, by Carl G. Liungman, W. W. Norton & Company.

Other websites 

 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Cancer
 Star Tales – Cancer

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Dongdongju

Dongdongju is a traditional liquor in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Dongdongju was named because the grains of boiled rice float to the surface of the drink while it is brewed.  It is also called Buryuju(floating alcohol).

There are two ways to brew Dongdongju. One way is to brew with non-glutinous rice, yeast, wheat flour, and water. The other way is to brew with glutinous rice, yeast powder, and water. In the Korean book named Kyu Gon Si Ui Bang, the making process of Dongdongju is written very precisely.

In 1983, the Korean cultural assets office sent a report of investigation and designated Kwon O soo to the making vocational technician of Kyungi Dongdongju. According to him, with 100 kilogram of glutinous rice, 14L of water (14%), and 15 kg of yeast (15%), 240L of Dongdongju can be brewed about 15~20 days. It can be brewed any time, but especially from September to November is the right time to brew.

Korea
Alcoholic drink
Obelisk

An obelisk is a monument made out of stone, much like a column but supporting nothing.

Obelisks were erected by Ancient Egyptians for commemoration. Obelisks were usually made of a single piece of stone. 

A bird's eye view of obelisk is square and this structure has gradually tapering four sides and its ends in a pyramidal top.

Obelisks originated with the holy stone of sanctuary which served the sun god, Ra, in Heliopolis. There usually was a pair in front of a gate or sanctuary, and on each side of obelisk there were written hymns and some actions of the of king in hieroglyphics.

Obelisks can have interior spaces.

There are similar forms of obelisks in Europe and America, and some were taken from Egypt by Europeans and Americans. The Washington Monument is a large, modern, built obelisk.

Related pages 

 Stele

Monuments and memorials
Moonwalk

The moonwalk or backslide is a dance movement that was made popular worldwide by Michael Jackson. The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer appears to be moving forwards, but is actually moving backwards. It is Michael Jackson's signature move, and in an exclusive interview with Oprah Winfrey, he said that he just adapted the moves of little kids he saw dancing. Michael Jackson first performed the moonwalk onstage at a concert while singing his popular single "Billie Jean" on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983.[2]. He said later that after the performance, he was unhappy and cried backstage because he didn't quite master the dance move.

Reference 

Dances
Michael Jackson
Agnostic theism

Agnostic theism is a belief that uses ideas from both agnosticism and theism. Agnostic theists say that one or more gods exist, and so in that respect is not like agnosticism. However, it regards the basis of this belief as unknown.

Theology
Savannah, Georgia

Savannah is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the largest city in Chatham County. It is the largest city in that county.

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
St. Catherines Island

St. Catherines Island is an island off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia,  south of Savannah. About half the island is marshland and swamp. The island is owned by the St. Catherines Island Foundation, and is not open to the public. It covers an area of .

References

Islands of the United States
Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)
Hot Wheels

Hot Wheels is a brand of Toy cars from Mattel. It was made from 1968.

Other websites 
 

Toys
1968 establishments
Collecting
Hobbies