cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Jahangir

Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir (birth name was Shahzada /Prince Salim or Selim)  (30 August 1569 – 28 October 1627 in Jodha bai) was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627.

Jahangir was the eldest son of Emperor Akbar the Great. He was married to Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence. she handled court matters and coins were issued in her name. He is especially well-known because of his memoirs, the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri (also called the Jahangir-name by some). His eldest son was Shah Jahan. Prince Khurram, future tatty Shah Jahan rebelled in the last years of his reign. The efforts of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, to marginalize him were unsuccessful.
In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur tatty Golconda. After his tatty Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. As with the insurrection of his eldest son Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power. He died on his way back from Kashmir. After his death, Nur Jahan isolated herself and never talked to anyone.

He has buried at Lahore city, now in Pakistan. After his death, by his son and successor Shah Jahan came to power. Shah Jahan killed his father for his desire to be the ruler of the world but couldn't succeed, still military campaigns started by Akbar continued. 

He also consumed excessive amounts of tatty and opium, at one point employing a special servant just to manage his supply of intoxicating drugs. 

He was also famous for the Chain Of Justice 

Indian people
Mughal emperors
Mughal Empire
1569   births
1627 deaths
Shah Dara

Shah Dara or Shahdara or Shahdara Bagh (Urdu: شاہدره), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. It is near the Ravi River. 

The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites. These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan. Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times. 

Present day Shahdara is a busy area with a market and factories nearby. 

Settlements in Pakistan
Shakir Ali

Shakir Ali (1916 – 1975) was a famous modern Pakistani artist and art teacher. 

He was the principal of the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, from 1962 onwards for a long time and did much to develop and modernise this institution. He had a huge following of students, many of whom also later became well-known artists in Pakistan.

Museum
Before he died, Shakir Ali donated many of his own paintings and artworks to a private, non-profit trust for a museum to be established. The Shakir Ali Museum was established by the Pakistan National Council of the Arts (PNCA) after Shakir Ali died in 1975. The PNCA decided on a plan of buying the house of teacher and painter Shakir Ali, and of converting into a museum.

The museum is in Lahore. It is a fine museum with a good art collection and is a very useful learning site for art students and teachers. PNCA is in charge of the museums exhibitions and programs and the day-to-day management.

Some of his other paintings can also be seen at the Lahore Museum.

Other websites
Posthumous tribute to Ten Great Painters by Pakistan Post

1916 births
1975 deaths
Pakistani educators
Pakistani painters
People from Lahore
Sher Shah Suri

Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545) (birth name Farid Khan, but also known as Sher Khan), was the founder of the short lived Pashtun Suri or Sur, kingdom in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Delhi. 

The title 'Sher Khan' was impressed upon him after he wins against a lion while serving under Afghan noble Bahar Khan Lohani. Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier.His father Hasan Khan Sur was a jagirdar under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi. Sher khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar and soon, rebels and successfully overthrows the Mughal Empire Emperor Humayun in 1540. He ruled 
until his death in 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion. He left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah, who ruled for nine years and was succeeded by his son Feroz Khan who was murdered.  His son and followers could not keep for long the control of the kingdom and in 1555 the Mughal prince Humayun recaptures the territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah this ending the Suri dynasty.

Military Campaigns 
Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal ruler Humayun twice and captured Delhi. Soon after becoming king Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Achievements 
Sher Shah was a good general and administrator. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia'. He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long. Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practised tolerance and welfare.

1486 births
1545 deaths
Indian leaders
Khattak

The Khattak (not to be confused with the Punjabi Khattars) are a tribe of Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. They are a large tribe, and spread out over various places from Akora Khattak, on the banks of the Indus River, to Malakand District and Karak District of the above province. 

A colony of the Khattaks are also settled at Saghri village, Jand Tehsil, Attock District of Punjab (Pakistan). 

The famous Pashto language poet of the 17th century AD, Khushal Khan Khattak, also belonged to this tribe.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khushal Khan Khattak

Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1689), was a famous Pashtun poet, warrior and tribal chieftain of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns. He lived at Akora Khattak, a village on the Indus River, in India under the Mughal Empire. 

He wrote many Pashto language poems during the 17th century. Some of his poetry is of a Romantic type but most is nationalistic, advising the various Pashtun tribes to unite as one nation against the Mughals.

History of India
1613 births
1689 deaths
Kulgam

Kulgam () is unit part of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Bethesda Softworks

Bethesda Softworks is an American video-games company. It was founded in the city of Bethesda, Maryland, but the headquarters are in Rockville, Maryland.

History
Bethesda Softworks created its first video game in 1989, named Gridiron. From this game, they got a contract to make more popular games such as Terminator and the Wayne Gretzki series. A few games made by Bethesda won the Game of the Year Award, such as Fallout and The Elder Scrolls series. This second series consisted of 6 games: Arena, Daggerfall, Redguard, Morrowind, Oblivion and Skyrim.

Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Game Studios (BGS) is the award-winning, in-house development team at Bethesda Softworks led by game director and executive producer Todd Howard.

In the past, not all BGS titles were published by the Softworks division. However, beginning with The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion for the PlayStation 3, Bethesda Softworks began publishing all Bethesda Game Studios games.

References
UESPWiki's Bethesda Article.
Youtube - Todd Howard Interview (2008)

Other websites
 
 Moby

1986 establishments in the United States
American video game companies
Bethesda, Maryland
20th-century establishments in Maryland
2012 NATO Summit in Chicago

The 2012 Chicago Summit was a meeting of leaders of countries that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was held at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois from May 20-21, 2012.

This was the first NATO summit in the United States that was not in Washington, D.C. Chicago was chosen because it was President Barack Obama's home town.  It was going to happen after the 2012 G8 summit in Chicago. The G8 summit was held at Camp David instead.

People at the summit talked about the Arab Spring, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the global financial crisis, transition for NATO forces in Afghanistan, and a missile shield system for Europe.

The summit cost the city of Chicago almost $15.6 million.

At least 38 countries around the world came to the summit. After the summit, Chicago's security system was improved.

References

Other websites

Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration
NatoProtest.org, protest website
Full news coverage  at NATO Review

2012 in the United States
Diplomatic conferences
2010s in Chicago
1968 Democratic National Convention

The 1968 Democratic National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August 26 to August 29, 1968. Because President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, the reason of the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic Party's candidate for the office. The keynote speaker was Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii). 
 
Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine, were nominated for president and vice president.
 
The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the assassination of Democratic presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, who had been murdered on June 5. Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running against the eventual Democratic presidential nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Another candidate was Senator of South Dakota George McGovern.
 
Chicago's mayor, Richard J. Daley, intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago police during what was supposed to be, in the words of the Yippie activist organizers, “A Festival of Life.” Rioting and protesting took place between demonstrators and the Chicago Police Department, who were assisted by the Illinois National Guard. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. Network newsmen Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were both roughed up by the Chicago police while inside the halls of the Democratic Convention.

References

Other websites
1968 Democratic National Convention  at Smithsonian Magazine
Chicago '68: A Chronology
Chicago '68: An Introduction, by Dean Blobaum (2000)

Democratic National Convention
1960s in Chicago
United States presidential nominating conventions
United States Democratic Party
August events
Sereno Peck Fenn

Sereno Peck Fenn (April 25, 1844 – January 3, 1927) was an American businessman. He was one of three main people who started the Sherwin-Williams Company. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A gift of $100,000 was left to Fenn College. It is now called Cleveland State University. He is buried in Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years. He founded the YMCA building in Cracow, 8th Street Krowoderska, Poland.

Other websites
Where, oh where, did the Fenn money go? 
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FENN, SERENO PECK
Fenn on Findagrave.com

1844 births
1927 deaths
Businesspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
John Andrews

John Andrews (b. 1821) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean Expedition.

Medal of Honor citation
Andrews' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in action against Korean forts in June 1871. At the front of his a small boat, he measured the depth of shallow waters while under a heavy fire.

The words of Andrews' citation explain:
On board the USS Benicia in action against Korean forts on 9 and 10 June 1871. Stationed at the lead in passing the forts, Andrews stood on the gunwale on the Benicia's launch, lashed to the ridgerope. He remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire.

References 

United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
1821 births
Year of death unknown
Government College University

Government College University, Lahore (formerly Government College, abbreviated GCU) is a co-ed public university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 

The original College was opened during the British Raj on 1 January 1864, and is thus one of the oldest higher educational institutes in the country. Its first principal was Professor Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

In 1882, it was affiliated to the University of the Punjab but in 2002 was given a separate charter as a university itself. The word "college" is still attached to the name because of its historical importance.

References 

Education in Pakistan
Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Lahore
Kinnaird College for Women

Kinnaird College for Women is a women's-only college in Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It was founded in 1913 by Christian missionaries during  the British Raj.

The college is the oldest full-fledged women's college in Pakistan and is now a semi-government institute recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The early students were mostly Christian. Now most of the students are Muslims.

Other websites
Official website

Education in Pakistan
Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Lahore
Gawalmandi Food Street

Gawalmandi Food Street in Gawalmandi, Lahore, is a centre of traditional Pakistani food. It is located near the old walled part of the city and is surrounded by centuries-old buildings.

The Food Street is open to traffic in the morning but is closed to motorized vehicles at sunset. Visitors come and stay until late at night, enjoying some of the best local food available in the country. 

It is one of the unique tourist attractions in Lahore. It is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, except during the holy Muslim month of Ramadan when food is not served during the day. 

Buildings and structures in Lahore
Fakir Khana

Fakir Khana is a private museum owned and run by the Fakir Family of Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It is in Bhaati Gate, a section of the old Walled city of Lahore. It contains many valuable art treasures such as old manuscripts, paintings, carpets, Mughal valuables, Chinese porcelain, arms and weapons, furniture and much more.  

Lahore
Museums in Pakistan
Nur Jahan

Begum Nur Jahan (also Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc.) (1577–1645), also known as Mehr-un-Nisaa Khanam, was a Mughal Empress and wife of the Emperor Jahangir. She was also an aunt of the later Empress Mumtaz Mahal.  

She is buried in Shah Dara, near Lahore, Pakistan.

With Nur Jahan's help, her father and brother became the chief advisers to the emperor, and soon the three of them were in practice running the empire. Eventually,  Nur Jahan signed the laws,  her name appeared on the coins,  and she was in effect the empress.  She did great charitable works, but her extravagances at court greatly strained the royal treasury. 

1577 births
1645 deaths
Indian people
Emperors and empresses
Mughal Empire
Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner

Professor Dr. Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner or Gottlieb William Leitner (14 October 1840, Budapest – 22 March 1899, Bonn) was a British Jewish orientalist of Hungarian roots.

From a very early age, he was a brilliant linguist. He is said to have learnt some fifty languages by the age of eighteen, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek. At twenty-three, he was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim studies, at the King's College London. 

In 1864, he was asked to become Principal of the new Government College Lahore in British India  (now in Pakistan) and he accepted and went there.  In 1882 he succeeded in helping establish the University of the Punjab. He dedicated himself fully to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he also helped establish many schools, libraries and literary associations in the Punjab region. He also travelled to a number of remote places such as Dardistan and Baltistan, and wrote several books.

He retired from educational service in India in 1886.

He is mentioned by MARC DAVID BAER in his article "Muslim Encounters with Nazism and the Holocaust: The Ahmadi of Berlin and Jewish Convert to Islam Hugo Marcus," p. 150.

1840 births
1899 deaths
Hungarian Jews
Jewish British academics
British linguists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Budapest
People of British India
Stansted Mountfitchet

Stansted Mountfitchet is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 5533 people living in Stansted Mountfitchet.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Chrishall

Chrishall is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 507 people living in Chrishall. It has a church called Holy Trinity. Other names for Chrishall include Chrisshall, Cresshall, and Cryotissale.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Little Bardfield

Little Bardfield is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 237 people living in Little Bardfield. It has a church called St Katharine. It includes the hamlets of Hawkspur Green and Oxen End.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Great Hallingbury

Great Hallingbury is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 679 people living in Great Hallingbury. It has a church called St Giles.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Stebbing

Stebbing is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1290 people living in Stebbing.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tilty

Tilty is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 98 people living in Tilty. It has a church called St Mary the Virgin.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Lindsell

Lindsell is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 220 people living in Lindsell. It has a church called St Mary the Virgin. It includes the hamlets of Holder Green and Bustard Green.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Nemmersdorf massacre

The Nemmersdorf massacre was an event during World War II in which soldiers of the Red Army killed many civilians. During the war, Nemmersdorf was a village in East Prussia (it is now called Mayakovskoye, in Kaliningrad Oblast). The people living there were ethnic Germans. It was captured by the Red Army in October 1944. On 21 October, the Russian soldiers shot and killed women and children. The total number killed is not known: reports talk of between 50 to 100 people. The event has been labelled a war crime.

References 
 Brandenburg, Christel Weiss and Dan Laing. Ruined by the Reich: Memoir of an East Prussian Family, 1916-1945. McFarland & Company. 
 Dönhoff, Marion. Namen die keiner mehr nennt. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbücher Verlag, 1962.
 Fisch, Bernhard. Nemmersdorf, Oktober 1944: Was in Ostpreußen tatsächlich geschah. Berlin: 1997. 
 Samuel, Wolfgang. "War on the Ground", in The War of Our Childhood: Memories of World War II, University Press of Mississippi. 
 Thorwald, Jürgen.Wielka ucieczka (Große Flucht). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1998.

Further reading 
 Gerd R. Ueberschaer, (Hrsg.): Orte des Grauens. 2003
 Thorsten Hinz: Eines der düsteren Kapitel - Nemmersdorf: Neue Aspekte eines Verbrechens, in www.jungefreiheit.de 47/97 14. November 1997 
 Joachim Reisch: Ein Storchennest als Mahnmal - Ostpreußen: Ein Augenzeuge erinnert sich an das Massaker von Nemmersdorf, in www.jungefreiheit.de 08/98 13. February 1998 
 Archived website mirroring various reports about Nemmersdorf 
 German TV channel ZDF: Die Wahrheit über Nemmersdorf  

1944 in Europe
1940s in Germany
Massacres in Europe
Massacres during Word War II
October 1944 events
Alaska Peninsula

The Alaska Peninsula is a peninsula of southwestern Alaska. It is between the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.

Other websites 
Alaska Peninsula on Thefreedictionary.com

Geography of Alaska
Peninsulas
King Island, Alaska

King Island is an island in the Bering Sea, west of Alaska.

In 2005 and 2006 the National Science Foundation (NSF) paid for a research project. They brought a few King Island people back to the Island. Some of the people had not been back in 50 years.

James Cook was the first European to see the island in 1778. He named the island after a person in his group called James King. It is part of the Bering Sea piece of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge.

Other websites 
 Ancient mask returned to Alaska ghost village, MSNBC, January 18, 2008
 Photogallery of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of King Island, Alaska , Oregon State University, October 28, 2008
 Munoz photographs - King Island early 1950s
 Survey of a King Island kayak 

Pacific islands
Islands of Alaska
National Institutions House

National Institutions House () is the house of the national Zionist institutions of Israel. It was built in 1930, and is located in Jerusalem. Next to it is a memorial to victims of Antisemitism around the world, that was built in 2008.

Other websites 

  The National Institutions House  in the Haganah website.

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
1930 establishments
Bible Lands Museum

The Bible Lands Museum ( - ) is a museum dedicated to the ancient countries and cultures in the Jewish Bible. The museum is located in Jerusalem, next to the Israel Museum and The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel in Givat Ram.

Other websites 

  The Bible Lands Museum
 The Bible Lands Museum  at ilMuseums.com

Ancient Israel and Judah
Museums in Jerusalem
Jack Williams

Jack Williams (October 18, 1924 – March 3, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
Williams' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to a marine who was wounded in a grenade battle. Williams dragged the man to a shallow hole in the ground; and he remained in the area to care for another marine who was also wounded.

The words of Williams' citation explain:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the 3d Battalion 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during the occupation of Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, March 3, 1945. Gallantly going forward on the frontlines under intense enemy small-arms fire to assist a marine wounded in a fierce grenade battle, Williams dragged the man to a shallow depression and was kneeling, using his own body as a screen from the sustained fire as he administered first aid, when struck in the abdomen and groin 3 times by hostile rifle fire. Momentarily stunned, he quickly recovered and completed his ministration before applying battle dressings to his own multiple wounds. Unmindful of his own urgent need for medical attention, he remained in the perilous fire-swept area to care for another marine casualty. Heroically completing his task despite pain and profuse bleeding, he then endeavored to make his way to the rear in search of adequate aid for himself when struck down by a Japanese sniper bullet which caused his collapse. Succumbing later as a result of his self-sacrificing service to others, Williams, by his courageous determination, unwavering fortitude and valiant performance of duty, served as an inspiring example of heroism, in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

Namesake
Jack Williams is the namesake of the USS Jack Williams (FFG-24) which was named in his honor.  The ship was in service from 1981 to 1996.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 

1924 births
1945 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Pharmacists
John Willis

John Harlan Willis (June 10, 1921 – February 28, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Medal of Honor citation
Willis' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima.  He was killed while giving frontline first aid to the many marines wounded in fighting.

The words of Willis' citation explain:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Platoon Corpsman serving with the 3d Battalion, 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during operations against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 28 February 1945. Constantly imperiled by artillery and mortar fire from strong and mutually supporting pillboxes and caves studding Hill 362 in the enemy's cross-island defenses, Willis resolutely administered first aid to the many marines wounded during the furious close-in fighting until he himself was struck by shrapnel and was ordered back to the battle-aid station. Without waiting for official medical release, he quickly returned to his company and, during a savage hand-to-hand enemy counterattack, daringly advanced to the extreme frontlines under mortar and sniper fire to aid a marine lying wounded in a shellhole. Completely unmindful of his own danger as the Japanese intensified their attack, Willis calmly continued to administer blood plasma to his patient, promptly returning the first hostile grenade which landed in the shell-hole while he was working and hurling back 7 more in quick succession before the ninth exploded in his hand and instantly killed him. By his great personal valor in saving others at the sacrifice of his own life, he inspired his companions, although terrifically outnumbered, to launch a fiercely determined attack and repulse the enemy force. His exceptional fortitude and courage in the performance of duty reflect the highest credit upon Willis and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

Namesake
John Willis is the namesake of the destroyer escort ship USS John Willis (DE-1027) which was named in his honor.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 

1921 births
1945 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Pharmacists
Prophylaxis (chess)

Prophylaxis is a term in chess, as well as being a general idea. It was introduced by the grandmaster Aaron Nimzovich in his book My system in the 1920s. The term refers to actions taken by a player to anticipate and thwart the opponent's plans, and moves of these type are often called prophylactic moves.

Example #1 
One simple example of a prophylactic move is when a player moves a rook's pawn forward h3 or h6 to prevent a back rank mate, and at the same time prevent an enemy bishop or knight from occupying g4 or g5. In the example, mate was not an issue, but h3 was still played by world champion Karpov.

Example #2 
Other examples are so subtle that club players would probably never think about them as possible moves. In the second example Nimzovich himself was playing black. In general, he wanted to turn his KP into a passed pawn by advancing it. However, the direct ...e5 does not work well, because the black king gets pushed back:
1....  e5
2.fxe5 fxe5
3.g4+ hxg4
4.hxg4+ Ke6
5.Rd6+ and the black king is kept out of play.

Nimzovich found another way to go:

1....  Rf8! and now after
2.Be1  g5! is best because
3.fxg5 fxg5
4.g4+  hxg4
5.hxg4+ Ke5+ wins the white rook.

To avoid this, White himself neeeds to play a prophylactic move, namely:
2.Kg1. This would prevent the discovered check on the f-file. Nimzovich's opponent did not find this, and Black went on to win the game. The game was won and lost on the players' relative awareness of prophylactic moves.

References 

Chess
Atlantic mackerel

The Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), is a pelagic schooling species of mackerel found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. The species is also called Boston mackerel, or just mackerel.

The Atlantic Mackerel is by far the most common of the ten species of the family that are caught in British waters. It is extremely common in huge shoals migrating towards the coast to feed on small fish and prawns during the summer.

Abundant in cold and temperate shelf areas, it forms large schools near the surface. They overwinter in deeper waters but move closer to shore in spring when water temperatures range between 11° and 14°C.

In north-east Atlantic: North Sea (east) and British Isles (west). The North Sea stock decreased dramatically in the 1960s because of direct overfishing.

Male and female Atlantic mackerel grow at about the same rate, reaching a maximum age of about 20 years and a maximum fork length of about 47 centimetres (19 in). Most Atlantic mackerel are sexually mature by the age of three years.

Perciformes
Edible fish
Lester Archer

Lester Archer (1838 - October 27, 1864) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

Biography
Archer was born in Fort Ann, New York sometime in 1838. He served in the American Civil War in the 96th New York Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on April 6, 1865 for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. He died before the Medal could be presented to him so it was received posthumously.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

Gallantry in placing the colors of his regiment on the fort.

References

Other websites

Military Times

1838 births
1864 deaths
People from New York
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
George L. Banks

George Lovell Banks (October 13, 1839 - August 20, 1924) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

Biography
Banks was born in Lake County, Ohio October 13, 1839. He served in the American Civil War in the 15th Indiana Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on February 18, 1891 because of his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

As color bearer, led his regiment in the assault, and, though wounded, carried the nag forward to the enemy's works, where he was again wounded. In a brigade of 8 regiments this flag was the first planted on the parapet.

References

Other websites
 
 Military Times

1839 births
1924 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Ohio
Bullet (typography)

A bullet (  •  ) or bullet point is a symbol in typography.  It is a symbol or glyph used to introduce the parts of a list.  Bullets are used to draw attention to specific information.

Usage

There are no fixed rules about how to use bullets. Bullet points may be short phrases or single sentences or paragraphs. 

Bullets are most often used in technical writing, reference works, notes and presentations. For example, see bullet points in the box at the right.

When bullets are overused, the emphasis given to each point is less.  

A numbered list is a kind of bullet format.

References

Other websites

Punctuation
Typography
Richard Dennis

Richard Dennis (born 1826, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, because of his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Born in 1826 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, Dennis was living in Boston when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a boatswain's mate on the USS Brooklyn. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he operated the ship's torpedo catcher (an early naval minesweeping device). He helped fire the bow chase gun during heavy fire. Because of this action, he was given the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

Dennis's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern, Dennis displayed outstanding skill and courage in operating the torpedo catcher and in assisting in working the bow chasers throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

References 

1826 births
Year of death unknown
People from Massachusetts
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Keigo Higashino

is a Japanese author. He is best known for writing mystery novels.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Higashino, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 274 works in 530+ publications in 12 languages and 4,700+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 放課後 1985
 卒業―雪月花殺人ゲーム 1986
 魔球 1988
 鳥人計画1989
 眠りの森 1989
 分身 1993
 パラレルワールド・ラブストーリー 1995
 どちらかが彼女を殺した 1996
 悪意 1996
 白夜行 1999
 Naoko, 1998
 探偵ガリレオ 1998
 白夜行 1999
 私が彼を殺した 1999
 嘘をもうひとつだけ 2000
 予知夢 2000
 ゲームの名は誘拐 2002
 手紙 2003
 殺人の門 2003
 幻夜 2004
 The devotion of suspect X, 2005
 赤い指 2006
 使命と魂のリミット 2006
 夜明けの街で 2007
 The secret, 2008
 ガリレオの苦悩 2008
 流星の絆 2008
 聖女の救済 2008
 新参者 2009
 プラチナデータ 2010
 麒麟の翼 2011
 真夏の方程式 2011
 虚像の道化師 ガリレオ7 2012
 禁断の魔術 ガリレオ8 2012

References

Other websites
 Keigo Higashino at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 

1958 births
Living people
Japanese writers
People from Osaka
Takahiko Kozuka

is a Japanese figure skater.

Personal life 
Kozuka was born in Nagoya. His grandfather, father, mother and aunt were figure skater so he was called "thoroughbred".  He studied sports education at Chukyo University.  His coach is Nobuo Sato and Kumiko Sato. He has very good skating skills. He is in good terms with Mao Asada, Miki Ando, Daisuke Takahashi and so on. He likes karaoke and goes to karaoke with Mao Asada frequently. His favorite food is grilled meet.

Program

2012-2013
SP   Exodus
FS   Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso(Saint-Saëns's)

2011-2012
SP   Inner Urge
FS   Fantasia for NAUSICAA

2010-2011
SP   Soul Man Medley
FS   Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)

2009-2010
SP   Bold as Love(Jimi Hendrix)
FS   GUITAR CONCERTO(Michael Kamen)

2008-2009
SP   Take Five
FS   Romeo and Juliet (Nino Rota)

Career
In 2006, he won the gold medal at the Junior World Figure Skating Championships. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics and placed 8th. In 2011, he was the Japanese national champion. He won the silver medal (in 2008) and the bronze medal (in 2010) at  Grand Prix Final. He won a silver medal at the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships.

References

Other websites

1989 births
Living people
Japanese figure skaters
People from Aichi Prefecture
Thomas Ryan

Thomas John Ryan, Jr. (August 5, 1901 – January 28, 1970) was a career American naval officer who rose to the rank of Rear Admiral.  He received the Medal of Honor during peacetime.

Medal of Honor citation

Ryan's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in Japan during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

The words of Williams' citation explain:
For heroism in effecting the rescue of a woman from the burning Grand Hotel, Yokohama, Japan, on 1 September 1923. Following the earthquake and fire which occurred in Yokohama on 1 September, Ens. Ryan, with complete disregard for his own life, extricated a woman from the Grand Hotel, thus saving her life. His heroic conduct upon this occasion reflects the greatest credit on himself and on the U.S. Navy, of which he is a part.

References 

1901 births
1970 deaths
People from New Orleans, Louisiana
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Abraham Cohn

Abraham Cohn (June 17, 1832 in Guttentag, Prussia, June 2, 1897 in New York City)  was an American Civil War Union Army soldier of Jewish descent. He received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. Cohn earned the award for his actions in combat at the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia on May 6, 1864, and the Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, Virginia on July 30, 1864.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Sergeant Major, 6th New Hampshire Infantry
Place and date: At Wilderness, Virginia, May 6, 1864; At the mine, Petersburg, Virginia,  July 30, 1864
Entered service at: Campton, New Hampshire
Birth: Guttentag, Prussia
Date of issue: August 24, 1865

Citation:
During Battle of the Wilderness rallied and formed, under heavy fire, disorganized and fleeing troops of different regiments. At Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864, bravely and coolly carried orders to the advanced line under severe fire.

References

Further reading

1832 births
1897 deaths
American Jews
German Jews
Jewish military people
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Prussia
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
1100 New York Avenue

1100 New York Avenue is a high-rise office building in Northwest, Washington, D.C. in the United States. The 12-floor building was designed by Keyes Condon Florance Eichbaum Esocoff King and completed in 1991. It is  high. The art deco appearance at the north entrance of the building is a former Greyhound Lines bus station originally constructed in 1940. The office structure was built on top of the bus station. A small display on antique buses is located in the north lobby.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Dick Adkins

Richard Earl Adkins (March 3, 1920 – September 12, 1955) was a professional baseball player.  He was a shortstop for one season (1942) with the Philadelphia Athletics. For his career, he had a .143 batting average in 7 at-bats.

He was born and later died in Electra, Texas at the age of 35.

Other websites
 

1920 births
1955 deaths
Sportspeople from Texas
American baseball players
Richard Barrett

First Sergeant Richard Barrett (1838 – March 20, 1898) was an Irish-born American officer in the U.S. Army. He served with the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment during the Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor during the Apache Wars. He voluntarily led a group of troops against a group of hostile Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon on May 23, 1872.

Biography
Richard Barrett was born in County Mayo, Ireland in 1838. He eventually moved to the United States and settled in Buffalo, New York. It was there that Barrett enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to Company A of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment. By 1872, he had risen to the rank of first sergeant. On May 23 of that year, while posted to the Arizona Territory, Barrett volunteered to lead a group of soldiers against a group of renegade Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon. He was cited for "conspicuous gallantry" and recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions which he received on April 12, 1875. Barrett moved to Washington, D.C. after his retirement from military service. He died there on March 20, 1898, at the age of 60. He was interred at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company A, 1st U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Sycamore Canyon, Ariz., 23 May 1872. Entered service at: --. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 12 April 1875.

Citation:

Consplcuous gallantry in a charge upon the Tonto Apaches.

References

Further reading
Konstantin, Phil. This Day in North American Indian History: Important Dates in the History of North America's Native Peoples for Every Calendar Day. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002.

Other websites

1838 births
1898 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from New York
Alkali Ridge

Alkali Ridge, also known as Alkali Point, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture. They represent a period of change from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle. These multi-story buildings and kivas have yielded high-quality ceramics. They form the type location for the Pueblo II period (ca. 900 CE - ca. 1100 CE).

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

References

Other websites
BLM page  on the Alkali Ridge area

Utah
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Archaeological sites in the United States
Ren Höek

Ren Höek is a fictional character from the Nickelodeon series The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Spike series Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon". He is one of the main characters. Ren is the main protagonist/antagonist of the series. He first appeared in the pilot episode "Big House Blues". He is a friend of Stimpy

Ren is a 40 year old "Asthma-Hound" Chihuahua. He has a long, rat-like, pink tail. His tail disappears often to the point of it not being seen in the later series.

Fictional dogs
Fictional characters introduced in 1991
The Ren & Stimpy Show characters
Angelica Pickles

Angelica Pickles is a fictional character in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats and All Grown Up!. She was voiced by Cheryl Chase in both the original  and reboot version. Angelica is one of the series' original characters. She is the cousin of Tommy and Dil Pickles. Angelica is the main antagonist of the TV series. In movies, she is more of an antihero who would side with the babies near the end against the villains. In 2002, TV Guide listed Angelica Pickles as 7th in their list of "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".

References

Television characters
Movie characters
Animated characters
Lav

Lav or Lava, in Hindu mythology, was the son of the deity and hero Rama (see the classical Indian epic poem Ramayana) and his wife, Sita. According to legend, Lav founded the ancient South Asian city of Lahore, now in Pakistan; while his brother Kash, or Kashava, founded the nearby city of Kasur.

Hindu mythology
John J. Clausey

John Joseph Clausey (May 16, 1875- September 9, 1951) was a chief gunner's mate serving in the United States Navy. He received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

Biography
Clausey was born May 16, 1875 in San Francisco, California. He joined the navy where he was stationed aboard the USS Bennington as a chief gunner's mate. On July 21, 1905 one of the USS Bennington’s boilers exploded while it was in San Diego, California. Because of his actions he received the Medal January 5, 1906.
 
He died September 9, 1951. He is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery San Bruno, California. His grave is in section C, grave 121-B.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Chief Gunner's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 16 May 1875, San Francisco, Calif. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 13, 5 January 1906.

Citation:

On board the U.S.S. Bennington for extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion of a boiler of 
that vessel at San Diego, Calif., 21 July 1905.

References

Other websites

1875 births
1951 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
People from San Francisco
Larry Hagman

Larry Martin Hagman (September 21, 1931 – November 23, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as J.R. Ewing in Dallas and as Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson in I Dream of Jeannie. His mother was actress Mary Martin. His father was of Swedish descent.

Hagman was born on September 21, 1931, in Fort Worth, Texas. Hagman was raised in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Black-Foxe Military Institute, at Weatherford High School, and at Bard University. Hagman was diagnosed with cirrhosis in 1992.

He received a liver transplant in 1995. Hagman was married to Maj Axelsson from 1954 until his death in 2012. They had two children. Hagman died on the morning of November 23, 2020 in hospital in Dallas, Texas from acute myeloid leukemia, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 Larry Hagman Official website
 
 
 
 

1931 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Actors from Fort Worth, Texas
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Organ transplant recipients
J. K. Simmons

Jonathan Kimble "J. K." Simmons (born January 9, 1955) is an American actor. He played Emil Skoda in Law & Order, J. Jonah Jameson in Spider-Man, Spider-Man 2, Spider-Man 3 and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Mac MacGruff in Juno, Terence Fletcher in Whiplash and Commissioner Gordon in Justice League and Batgirl.

He also voiced Tenzin in The Legend of Korra between 2012 to 2014.

Simmons was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Columbus, Ohio and in Missoula, Montana. Simmons studied at the University of Montana originally to be a composer. He married Michelle Schumacher in 1996. They have three children. He won a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in Whiplash. In 2022, he was nominated for another Academy Award for his role as William Frawley in Being the Ricardos.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Video games

References

Other websites

 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Satellite Award winners
1955 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American musical theatre actors
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
Actors from Montana
People from Missoula, Montana
Ganga Ram

Sir Ganga Ram,  KCSI (1851 – 1927) was a famous civil engineer and philanthropist of the Punjab, in British India. He was born in Mangtanwala, a small village of Punjab province in British India (now in Punjab (Pakistan)).

Biography 
He was especially well known for designing many of the fine buildings in colonial Lahore, which city he settled in and called home. These included the Lahore General Post Office, the Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (now the National College of Arts), Ganga Ram Hospital, Lady Mclagan Girls High School, the chemistry department of the Government College University, the Albert Victor wing of Mayo Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram High School (now Lahore College for Women), the Hailey College of Commerce (now Hailey College of Banking & Finance), Ravi Road House for the Disabled, the Ganga Ram Trust Building on the Mall and others.

He built Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore (1921), the Lady Mclagan School and some other structures and public facilities with his own money.

Further reading
 Bedi, Baba Pyare Lal, Harvest from the desert. The life and work of Sir Ganga Ram, NCA, Lahore 2003 ISBD 969-8623-07-8 (reprint version)

1851 births
1927 deaths
People of British India
Kim Il-yeop

Kim Il-yeop (April 28, 1896 - May 28, 1971) was a South Korean writer, journalist and feminism activist. He was also a Buddhist monk. Il-yeop was his Buddhist name (; ; ). His real name was Kim Wom-ju (, ).

Books 
One think of a monk ()
Fire shout to Manhood ()
The middle of happiness and unhappiness ()

References

Other websites 
 Buddhist nun Il-yeop 
 Revisiting the women who changed Korea with their pens 
 Buddhist nun Il-yeop - koreatimes 

1896 births
1971 deaths
Feminists
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
South Korean journalists
Autobiographers
Amrita Sher-Gil

Amrita Sher-Gil (30 January 1913 – 5 December 1941) was a famous Indian artist and painter. She was born to a Punjabi Sikh father and a Hungarian mother. Because of her life and work, she is sometimes known as 'India's Frida Kahlo'.She was born into  Majitha royal family. She is considered an important woman painter of 20th century India. 

She died in 1941 in Lahore city, now in Pakistan, at the age of 28.

1913 births
1941 deaths
Indian artists
Punjabi people
Alhamra Arts Council

The Alhamra Theatre Complex or the Alhamra Arts Council Cultural Complex or Alhamra Art Galleries and Hall is a multi-purpose cultural theatre and performing arts venue in Lahore, Pakistan.  It was completed in 1992. It is situated on The Mall, a big old avenue  from British Indian times. 

The Council also has a new venue of the same type, named the Alhamra Gadaffi Stadium  Complex, which is located near Lahore's main sports stadium and which was made more recently.

Buildings and structures in Lahore
1992 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Pakistan