cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Neufchâtel

Neufchâtel is a French cheese product from Neufchâtel-en-Bray, in Seine-Maritime, Normandy. It generally takes the form of a heart or a small brick. It has a salty taste, and a similar texture to Camembert cheese. It is made from unpasteurized cow's milk. This cheese is protected by an Appellation d'origine contrôlée - meaning that no other area can claim to make it.

French cheeses
Normandy
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was the fourth edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It was for young singers aged 8 to 15. The contest was broadcast live from Bucharest, Romania on 2 December 2006. It was the second time the contest had been held in a capital city. It was organised by the Romanian national broadcaster, Romanian Television (TVR), in co-operation with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). TVR won the rights to host the contest over AVRO of the Netherlands (who hosted the next contest). Croatia also showed an interest in hosting this contest.

Results

Score sheet

12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received:

 All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This is so no country gets nul points.

Commentators
  - Pavlo Shylko (DJ Pasha)
  - Fernando Argenta & Lucho
  - André Vermeulen (VRT), Maureen Louys (RTBF)
  - Olga Shelest
  - Adam Alsing (TV4)

Spokespersons 
 - Joana Galo Costa
 - George Ioannidies
 - Tess Gaerthe (Represented Netherlands in 2005)
 - Andrea Nastase
 - Assol
 - Lucia
 - Milica Stanišić
 - Jack Curtis
 - Dennis Dimoski
 - Amy Diamond
 - Alexandros Chountas
 - Liza Anton-Baychuk
 - Sander Cliquet
 - Lorena Jelusić
 - Roman Kerimov

References

Other websites
Official websites
Official Junior Eurovision Song Contest website
TVR website 

News sites
Junior Eurovision coverage by ESCKaz, in English and Russian
ESCToday.com news

2006 in music
Bucharest
21st century in Romania
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
2006 in Europe
Green Mansions

Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest is a book by W. H. Hudson (William Henry Hudson). It was published in 1904. The story is about a jungle-dwelling girl, Rima, and Abel, the man who loves her. The story has been adapted to opera, a movie starring Audrey Hepburn, and comic books.

More reading
.

1904 works
Books with jungle settings
British novels
English-language novels
1900s books
Radionuclide

A radionuclide is a naturally or artificially produced radioactive isotope of an element. They are often referred to as radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes. Radionuclides produce ionizing radiation. Some are used in nuclear medicine.

Nuclear physics
Kidnapped (book)

Kidnapped is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. It tells the story of the 18th-century "Appin Murder" following the Jacobite Rising. Some of the characters in the book were based on real people. The book has been adapted to movies many times and to comic books.

Related pages
 Kidnapped (movie)

References

1886 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
English-language novels
A Child's Garden of Verses

A Child's Garden of Verses is a book of poems by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1885. The book's subject is childhood. Well-known poems include "My Shadow", "The Swing", and "The Land of Counterpane".

Other websites
 "A Child's Garden of Verses" at Bartleby.com

1885 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
19th-century British poems
The Black Arrow

The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1888.  It has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

References

1888 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
Island Nights' Entertainments

Island Nights' Entertainments is a book of three short stories by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1893. It is also known as South Sea Tales. The stories are "The Beach of Falesá", "The Bottle Imp", and "The Isle of Voices". The book was one of the last books Stevenson wrote. He died in 1894.

References

1893 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British short stories
The Master of Ballantrae

The Master of Ballantrae: A Winter's Tale is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1889. It has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

References

1889 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
English-language novels
The Young Acrobat

The Young Acrobat of the Great North American Circus is a boys' book by Horatio Alger, Jr. It was first published in parts (serialization) in the magazine Golden Argosy in 1887. It was published as a book in 1888 by Frank A. Munsey of New York. The setting of the book was suggested to the writer by his friend, circus showman P. T. Barnum.

Story 
Kit, a young teen boy, is an orphan. He is cheated of his inheritance by his guardian. His guardian sends him off to work with a brutal, stupid blacksmith. The boy runs away. He joins the circus. He is followed by the blacksmith. The boy stays away from him. He becomes a big star in the circus. Later, he is restored to his rightful place with the help of a man who was his father's friend.

References

1888 books
Books by Horatio Alger, Jr.
Books first published in serial form
Books with circus settings
American novels
English-language novels
Children's books
Nintendo Direct

Nintendo Direct is an online presentation produced by Nintendo. It is used to give information about upcoming Nintendo content and products such as video games and consoles. It is hosted by different people depending on the country where it airs. In Japan, it was hosted by Nintendo president Satoru Iwata but ever since he died in July 2015, It has been hosted by Yoshiaki Koizumi. In North America, it is hosted by Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aime. In Europe, it is hosted by Nintendo of Europe president Satoru Shibata. It began in Japan on October 21, 2011. It started to air in other countries later on. There are five different types of Nintendo Direct presentations:

Nintendo Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about all different types of Nintendo products. They take place every two months.
Wii U Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about the Wii U.
Nintendo 3DS Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about the Nintendo 3DS.
Nintendo Direct Mini: A 5-10 minute presentation about all different types of Nintendo products.
Special Nintendo Direct editions: A 30-50 minute presentation about a specific Nintendo or third-party (not directly tied to Nintendo) franchise.

References

Nintendo
2011 establishments
2010s establishments in Japan
William Henry Hudson

William Henry Hudson (4 August 1841 – 18 August 1922) was a writer, naturalist, and ornithologist. He wrote ''Green Mansions.

Related pages
List of biologists

Other websites
  (plain text and HTML)

1841 births
1922 deaths
British writers 
British naturalists
British ornithologists
C-3PO

C-3PO is a fictional character in the Star Wars series. He is a translator droid/robot that speaks over 6 million languages. He has a humanoid form and is present in every movie of the saga with the exception of Solo. His companion is R2-D2. Anthony Daniels plays C-3PO and is the only person to appear in all 11 Star Wars films.

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars characters
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters
Jack and Jill: A Village Story

Jack and Jill: A Village Story is a children's book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1880.

Story
Jack Minot and Janey Pecq are best friends who live next door to each other.  They are always seen together. Janey gets the nickname of Jill, to mimic the old Jack and Jill rhyme.  Seriously injured in a sledding accident, they recover from their physical injuries, while learning life lessons along with their many friends. They are helped along their journey to recovery by various activities created by their mothers.

References

Other websites
Original text at Project Gutenberg
Literature Network
Daily Lit

1880 books
Books by Louisa May Alcott
Children's books
American novels
Neil Simon

Neil Simon (July 4, 1927 – August 26, 2018) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He wrote more than thirty plays and almost the same number of movie screenplays, most adapted from his plays. He has received more Oscar and Tony Award nominations than any other writer.

Simon was born on July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City to a Jewish family. He studied at New York University and at the University of Denver. Simon was married five times. The first four ended in divorce. He was married to Elaine Joyce from 1999 until his death in 2018. Simon had three children, including one adopted child. 

Simon died on August 26, 2018 of complications from pneumonia after being on life-support while hospitalized for renal failure in Manhattan, aged 91. He also had Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites

 
 
 video: "Neil Simon's Broadway", 6 minutes
 Neil Simon Theatre Festival
 PBS article, American Masters

1927 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
People with Alzheimer's disease
American playwrights
American television writers
Comedians from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
New York University alumni
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie producers from New York City
Pulitzer Prize winners
Screenwriters from New York City
Tony Award winners
Writers from the Bronx
Angus King

Angus Stanley King, Jr. (born March 31, 1944) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from the state of Maine.  A political independent, he served as the 72nd Governor of Maine from 1995 to 2003.

King won Maine's United States Senate election in Maine, 2012 and took office on January 3, 2013. For committee assignment purposes, he caucuses with the Democratic Party.

King was born on March 31, 1944 in Alexandria, Virginia. He studied at Dartmouth College and at University of Virginia. King has been married to Mary Harman since 1984. They have five children. He now lives in Brunswick, Maine.

References

Other websites

U.S. Senate website
Angus King for U.S. Senate official campaign site
 June 2006 Speech by Angus King on the Maine laptop program 
 King family site documenting the motorhome trip. (retrieved September 13, 2006)

1944 births
Living people
Lawyers from Virginia
Governors of Maine
United States senators from Maine
Independent politicians in the United States
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from Virginia
Lawyers from Maine
People from Alexandria, Virginia
Game (game theory)

A game in game theory is a mathematical model, which is used to describe a process, as follows:
There are several actors
Each actor can influence the state of the model by choosing one among several options
This choice influences the state of the system, and the choices the other actors have
This definition excludes all "games" where there is only one actor. Game theory developed from describing very specific games into a model that is used for strategic decision-making. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern first described game theory. Other people known for their work in game theory include Émile Borel.

Game theory
Archimedes' screw

Archimedes' screw is a machine. It is a type of pump used for raising water up. It is a screw inside a fairly tight-fitting cylinder. With the bottom end in water, the screw lifts water up to the top, where it pours out of a spout. The screw can be turned by hand, or by a windmill, or by an engine. The screw is often used for filling irrigation ditches.

Archimedes wrote about it when he was in Alexandria, Egypt. It is not known for certain whether he did invent it, but it is always attributed to him. The Archimedes screw is still much in use all over the world.

There is also a kind of reverse Archimedes' screw. Water poured in on top turns the screw. The turning drives an electric generator, which makes electricity. It is good for rivers with modest water drops ('low heads'). The reverse screw has the same benefits as using the screw for pumping: it can handle very dirty water and widely varying rates of flow, with high efficiency.

References 
 P. J. Kantert: „Manual for Archimedean Screw Pump“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .
 P. J. Kantert: „Praxishandbuch Schneckenpumpe“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .

Machines
Mechanics
History of technology
Archimedes
Ezra

Ezra (; , Ezra; fl. 480–440 BC), is a highly respected figure in Judaism.

Name
He is called Ezra the Scribe (, Ezra ha-Sofer) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra. In an early Greek translation of the bible, the Septuagint, the name is written as Esdras (), from which comes . His name may be an abbreviation of , "God-helps".

In Islam he is known as Uzair (). He was mentioned in the Qur'an.

Early bible history
The Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the history of Ezra,. Many of the other books they say are written by Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are written after that. Those books take the story from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Ezra was a member of the family of Seraiah the high priest. He lived in Babylon when in the seventh year (~ 457 BCE) of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, the king sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them.

Ezra led a large group of exiles back to Jerusalem. He discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women. He worked to stop this from happening again.

Some years later the king Artaxerxes sent a Jewish nobleman, Nehemiah, to Jerusalem. He had to rebuild the city walls. Once this was done, Nehemiah asked Ezra to read the Law of Moses (the Torah) to the people. The people and priests agreed to keep to this law and to separate themselves from all other peoples.

Later literature
The second book of Esdras was written a lot later, c. AD 100. In this book, Ezra talks with an angel or God three times and has four visions. At the end, he is taken up to heaven like Enoch and Elijah. Ezra is seen as a new Moses in this book.

Ezra in rabbinic literature

Judaism believes Ezra started the Great Assembly of scholars and prophets. Later, this would become the Sanhedrin, the authority when it comes to religious law.

It is said that Ezra was the writer of the Books of Chronicles.

Ezra's tomb
His tomb at Al-ʻUzair on the banks of the Tigris near Basra, Iraq, is a pilgrimage site for the local Marsh Arabs.

Related pages
Esdras -  about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah - the non-rabbinical tradition
1 Esdras and 2 Esdras - the Greek version of the texts

References

Other websites 

 Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Olga Prokhvatylo

Olga Borisovna Prokhvatylo (; July 18, 1968 – June 8, 2013) was a Russian actress and comedian most famous for her roles in Russian TV Series of 2000s.

Death 
After having back pains, Prokhvatylo died in Moscow on June 8, 2013 from heart failure.

References

Other websites

1968 births
2013 deaths
Russian comedians
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Deaths from heart failure
Turkana boy

Turkana boy, or Nariokotome boy, is the fossil KNM-WT 15000. It is a nearly complete skeleton of a hominid who died in the early Pleistocene 1.5 million years ago (mya), near present-day Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya. This specimen is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. It was first classified as Homo erectus; after much heated debate, it was re-classified as Homo ergaster.

His age at death has been estimated from 7 years six months to as old as 15 years. The most recent scientific review suggests 8 years of age. It was first thought that he would have grown to 1.85 m tall, but recently a height of 1.63 m was proposed. Research showed that his growth differed from that of modern humans: he would have had a shorter and smaller adolescent growth spurt.

The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya.

Adolescence and maturity 
The shape of the pelvis identifies that the specimen was a male. His estimated age at death depends upon whether the maturity stage of his teeth or skeletal is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or chimpanzees.

A key factor here is that while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early Homo. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.

Morphology
The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which might indicate more efficient running, whether to run down small game or to avoid predators. The Boy was relatively tall, which would have increased his surface area and helped him to lose heat.

Body hair may also have been thinner to hasten cooling. Body hair was lost in the shift towards savanna living. In equatorial Africa, modern humans evolved this trait an estimated one million years ago.

The skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in H. sapiens. The arms were slightly longer. Turkana Boy had a projecting nose rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.

References

Sources
 
  – Good popular level presentation
  – Technical papers
 

Hominins
Fossils
Archaeology
Kenya
Prehistoric Africa
Heinkel He 114

The Heinkel He 114 is a Nazi German two-seated biplane seaplane. It is used by Luftwaffe, and Romanian, Spanish, and Swedish air forces for aerial reconnaissance. Maiden flight was in 1936 and it started on unit on 1939. It was built by Heinkel.

Military aircraft
World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft
Short 330

The Short 330 is a British twin-engines airliner used for regional and domestic flights. It can carry about 30 passengers. It was built between 1974 and 1992 by Short Brothers in Belfast. It is used by the US Army and US Air Force as C-23 Sherpa. Short 360 is a modernized variant.

Short C-23 Sherpa
Short C-23 Sherpa
Civil aircraft
Short 360

The Short 360 is a twin-engines British airliner built by Short Brothers in Belfast. Used for domestic flights, it can carry about 30 passengers. It is a variant of the Short 330. Its first test flight was in 1981. It was built between 1981 and 1991.

Civil aircraft
Technical University Munich

The Technische Universität München (TUM; University of Technology, Munich; Technical University of Munich) is a research university with campuses in Munich, Garching and Freising-Weihenstephan. It was founded in 1868. The university alumni and professor list include 17 Nobel Prize winners. As of winter semester 2018 TUM has 41.375 students, 566 professors, and 10.501 staff members.

References

1868 establishments in Europe
Bavaria
Munich
Munich
1860s establishments in Germany
Raindrop Prelude

The Prelude Op. 28, No. 15, by Frédéric Chopin is known as the "Raindrop" prelude. It is one of the 24 Chopin preludes.  This is the longest of the preludes.  It lasts between five and seven minutes. The prelude is famous for its repeating A-flat. This note appears throughout the piece. It sounds like raindrops to many listeners. It is known for it's repetitive raindrop motif.

Composition
Some of the Preludes were written during Chopin and George Sand's stay at a monastery in Valldemossa, Majorca in 1838.  In her Histoire de ma vie, Sand told how one evening she and her son Maurice, returning from Palma, Majorca, in a terrible rainstorm, found a frantic Chopin who cried, "Ah! I knew well that you were dead." While playing his piano he had a dream:
"He saw himself  drowned in a lake. Heavy drops of icy water fell in a regular rhythm on his breast, and when I made him listen to the sound of the drops of water indeed falling in rhythm on the roof, he denied having heard it. He was even angry that I should interpret this in terms of imitative sounds. He protested with all his might – and he was right to – against the childishness of such aural imitations. His genius was filled with the mysterious sounds of nature, but transformed into sublime equivalents in musical thought, and not through slavish imitation of the actual external sounds."

Sand did not say which prelude Chopin played for her at that time. Most music critics think it was no. 15, because of the repeating A flat, with its suggestion of the "gentle patter" of rain. Peter Dayan points out that Sand accepted Chopin's protests that the prelude was not an imitation of the sound of raindrops, but a translation of nature's harmonies within Chopin's "génie". Frederick Niecks says that the prelude "rises before one's mind the cloistered court of the monastery of Valdemosa, and a procession of monks chanting lugubrious prayers, and carrying in the dark hours of night their departed brother to his last resting-place.

Description

The prelude opens with a "serene" theme in D flat. It then changes to a "lugubrious interlude" in C sharp minor, "with the dominant pedal never ceasing, a basso ostinato". The repeating A flat, which has been heard throughout the first section, here becomes more insistent. Following this, the prelude ends with a repetition of the original theme. Niecks says, "This C sharp minor portion...affects one like an oppressive dream; the re-entrance of the opening D flat major, which dispels the dreadful nightmare, comes upon one with the smiling freshness of dear, familiar nature – only after these horrors of the imagination can its serene beauty be fully appreciated.

Related pages
Preludes (Chopin)

References

Other websites
, performed by Martha Argerich
, performed by Valentina Igoshina

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
‪Solo piano pieces‬
Sisseton, South Dakota

Sisseton is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Roberts County, and 2,740 people lived there at the 2010 census. Sisseton became a city in 1907.

References

Other websites 
City of Sisseton website

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1907 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in South Dakota
GSSP

A GSSP, more fully a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point,  is an internationally agreed point which defines the start of a stage on the geologic time scale.

The work is done by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, a part of the International Union of Geological Sciences. As of 2012, 64 of the 101 stages that need a GSSP have been decided.

Rules for GSSP 
A geologic section has to follow the rules to be adapted as a GSSP by the ICS. The list below are the rules:

 A GSSP has to decide the lower boundary (start of a geological period) of a geologic stage.
 The lower boundary (start of a geological period) has to be decided using a primary (main) marker (usually first appearance datum of a fossil specie).
 There should also be secondary markers (other fossils, chemical, geomagnetic reversal).
 The horizon in which the marker appears should have minerals that can be radiometrically dated.
 The marker has to have regional and global correlation in outcrops of the same age
 The marker should be independent of facies.
 The outcrop has to have an acceptable thickness
 Sedimentation has to be constant without any changes in facies
 The outcrop should not be affected by tectonic and sedimentary movements, and metamorphism
 The outcrop has to be accessible to research and free to access.
 This includes that the outcrop has to be located where it can be visited quickly (International airport and good roads), has to be kept in good condition (Ideally a national reserve), in accessible terrain, extensive enough to allow repeated sampling and open to researchers of all nationalities.

List 

This list shows some of the GSSPs.

Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSAs)

Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more harder as one goes farther back in time.  Before 640 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as "Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages". The oldest GSSP is the one that marks the start of the Ediacaran at 635 million years ago.

References

Earth sciences
Geological periods
Neurodiversity

Neurodiversity is a word for differences in people's brains. It is a type of biodiversity (diversity in living creatures).

Examples of neurodiverse conditions include autism, Tourette syndrome, ADHD, and dyslexia.

Movement 
The neurodiversity movement is an approach to mental disability in which some neurological conditions are variations of the human genome. The term was first used in the late 1990s as a challenge to the idea that neurological differences are disorders instead of features. The movement believes that these variations should be recognised as a social category along with gender, human race and sexual orientation.

Some people claim that neurodiversity would not be good for individuals with severe disabilities, such as low-functioning autism.  They state that the difficulties are far greater than any potential strengths.

Related pages 
Autism rights movement
Biodiversity

References 

Controversies
Neurology
Luo Meizhen

Luo Meizhen (July 9, 1885 – June 11, 2013) was a Chinese woman who claimed to be the world's oldest person. It is unknown if Meizhen was the world's oldest person since there China did not keep birth certificates when she was born. She was allegedly the world's oldest woman. 

Meizhen died of natural causes at the claimed age of 127 on June 11, 2013 in Guangxi.

References

1885 births
2013 deaths
Chinese people
Longevity claims
Supercentenarians
Hampstead Heath

Hamstead Heath is a large park Hampstead, North London, which is taken care of by the City of London.

See
Website

City of London
Milt Schmidt

Milton Conrad Schmidt (March 5, 1918 – January 4, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre, coach and general manager, mostly for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. He was an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. From 2014 until his death in 2017, Schmidt was the oldest living former NHL player.

Schmidt was born on March 5, 1918 in Kitchener, Ontario. He was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Schmidt died on January 4, 2017 from a stroke in Needham, Massachusetts, aged 98.

References

1918 births
2017 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Deaths from stroke
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Toronto
Evelyn Kozak

Evelyn Kozak (née Jacobson) (August 14, 1899 – June 11, 2013) was an American supercentenarian who was the world's oldest living Jewish person, until her death at the age of 113 years, 301 days. She was also the oldest verified Jewish person in history after surpassing fellow American Adelheid Kirschbaum's age of 113 years and 83 days on November 6, 2012.

Kozak was born on August 14, 1899 in Manhattan, New York City. She died from a heart attack on June 11, 2013 in New York City, aged 113.

References

1899 births
2013 deaths
American Jews
American supercentenarians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Jewish supercentenarians
People from New York City
Gordon B. Hinckley

Gordon Bitner Hinckley (June 23, 1910 – January 27, 2008) was an American religious leader and author. He was the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from March 12, 1995 until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members. Hinckley was the oldest person to preside over the church in its history.

Hinckley was born on June 23, 1910 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at the University of Utah. Hinckley was married to Marjorie Pay in 1937. She died in 2004. They had five children. Hinckley died on January 27, 2008 in Salt Lake City, Utah from cancer, aged 97.

References

Other websites

Obituary in The Times, January 29, 2008
 Official Church History - Basic Facts about Gordon B. Hinckley
 A biography of three recent Church Presidents: Ezra Taft Benson, Howard W. Hunter and Gordon B. Hinckley
 Larry King Live - Gordon Hinckley: Distinguished Religious Leader of the Mormons (Aired December 26, 2004)
 Transcript: National Press Club Q&A with President Gordon B. Hinckley  (Questions from Jack Cushman, The New York Times)
 Feature story — President Gordon B. Hinckley on lds.org
 Official Church tribute to Gordon B. Hinckley
 Quotes, teachings, stories, and videos of President Hinckley
 Grandpa Bill's G.A. Pages: Gordon B. Hinckley
 

1910 births
2008 deaths
American activists
Cancer deaths in the United States
Writers from Salt Lake City, Utah
Misao Okawa

was a Japanese supercentenarian who was the world's oldest living person since the death of 116-year-old Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura on 12 June 2013 until her own death on 1 April 2015. She was the world's oldest living woman since the death of 115-year-old Japanese woman Koto Okubo on 12 January 2013 until 1 April 2015. She was the oldest verified Japanese and Asian person ever, until being exceed the record by Nabi Tajima in 2017.

Biography
Okawa was born on 5 March 1898, in the Tenma district (present-day Kita-ku) of Osaka, and in her latter years lived at a nursing home in Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka. She married Yukio in 1919, and had three children, two of whom were still alive at the time of her death. She also had four grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.

Longevity
On 27 February 2013, a few days before her 115th birthday, Misao Okawa was officially recognized by Guinness World Records as the oldest living woman in the world, and was presented with a certificate at her nursing home in Osaka.

References

1898 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Japanese supercentenarians
People from Osaka
World record holders
Happy Feet Two

Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family musical movie directed by George Miller. It is a sequel to Miller's 2006 movie Happy Feet. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski, and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first movie. Brad Pitt also stars in the movie.

References

2011 animated movies
2010s musical movies
2010s computer-animated movies
American animated movies
American musical movies
Movies about animals
Movies set in Antarctica
Australian movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by George Miller
Mario Kart 8

Mario Kart 8 (stylized as MARIOKART8) is a racing video game released on May 30, 2014 for the Wii U game console. It is part of the Mario Kart series.

The game is like the other Mario Kart games, where characters from the Mario series race each other in go-karts. Players are able to use items from item boxes to keep their opponents from winning. Along with go-karts, the game also has motorcycles. There are 12 players in a race. Like in Mario Kart 7, karts have hang-gliding attachments, and players are able to drive underwater. For the first time in the series, players are able to drive on walls and ceilings. There is one new types of vehicles: and four-wheel buggies. There is local and online multiplayer for up to 12 players. Players include Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, etc. The first DLC track pack was revealed in October 2014.

A port remake titled Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was released on the Nintendo Switch in 2017, having pre-installed and changed some in-game mechanics such as the battle mode.

Mario Kart 8 sold 8.45 million copies and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe sold 33.41 million copies.

References

2014 video games
2017 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Mario Kart games
Holden Monaro

The Holden Monaro was a sports car created by Holden. It was produced between 1968 and 1977 and again between 2001 and 2006. The Monaro was named after a region of New South Wales.

The 1968 Monaro came in 7 different models, ranging from a straight-six cylinder engine up to a V8 engine. The Monaro had eight different models over two generations.
The HK, HT and HG, were first generation models. It was also sold in South Africa as the Chevrolet SS. The HQ, HJ, HX, HX Limited Edition and HZ GTS form the second generation.

The 2001 Monaro came in two models over four years, with both platforms being based Holden Commodore that was produced at the time. It came with a 3.8-litre supercharged V6 engine or a 5.7-litre V8 engine. It was also sold in the United States as the Pontiac GTO and in England as the Vauxhall Monaro. It was also modified by Holden Special Vehicles and sold as the HSV Coupé.

Automobiles
Holden
Super Mario 3D World

Super Mario 3D World is a 2013 platform video game released for Wii U. It is part of the Mario series. It is the sequel to the 2011 Nintendo 3DS game Super Mario 3D Land. It was released in Japan on November 21, 2013, in North America on November 22, 2013, in Europe on November 29, 2013, and in Australia on November 30, 2013. A Nintendo Switch remaster, Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury was announced during a Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary themed Nintendo Direct and was released worldwide on February 12, 2021.

Gameplay
Players control Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad. Like in Super Mario Bros. 2, each character has their own unique abilities. Luigi can jump higher than other characters, Princess Peach can float in mid-air for a short time, and Toad can run fast. Rosalina also appears as a fifth playable character who needs to be unlocked in order to play as her. She can use the spin attack move that is seen in Super Mario Galaxy and Super Mario Galaxy 2, but is the slowest character. There is a new item called the Super Bell, that turns the player into their cat form, which allows players to climb up walls, run faster, perform unique attacks, and run up to the top of the goal pole at the end of each level. The game features multiplayer mode.

References

2013 video games
2021 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Mario platform games
Ann Turner Cook

Ann Turner Cook (born November 20, 1926) is an American mystery novelist, who was the model for the familiar Gerber Baby artwork seen on baby-food packages of the Gerber Products Company.

Cook was born on November 20, 1926. She studied at the University of Southern Florida. 

After retiring from teaching, Cook became a novelist. A member of the Mystery Writers of America, she is the author of the Brandy O'Bannon series of mystery novels set on Florida's Gulf Coast. The adventures of Florida reporter and amateur sleuth O'Bannon are detailed in Trace Their Shadows (2001) and Shadow over Cedar Key (2003).

Other websites
Ann Turner Cook's website
USF 50th Anniversary—College of Education Philanthropic Activities (with photo of Ann Turner Cook)

1926 births
Living people
American novelists
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Shane

Shane is a male first name, or a surname. It is a form of the Irish name Sean, or Shawn, which means John.

People
Paul Shane, English actor
Shane Warne, Australian cricketer
Shane MacDougall, Canadian comedian
Shane MacGowen, lead singer of The Pogues.
Shane McMahon, wrestler
Shane Mosley, boxer
Shane Johnson, ice hockey player
Shane Lechler, football player
Shane O'Connor, rugby player

Fiction
Shane (1953 movie), a Western starring Alan Ladd.

Given names
Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze

Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze is a platform video game for the Wii U game console. It was developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo. It is the seventh game in the Donkey Kong Country series. It is the sequel to the 2010 Wii game Donkey Kong Country Returns. It was released on February 21, 2014.

The story is about a group of Viking animals that invade Donkey Kong Island. Players are able to play as Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, and Cranky Kong. This game is the first game to have Dixie Kong as a playable character since Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! It has two-player multiplayer.

The music for this game was composed by David Wise. David Wise wrote the music for the original Super Nintendo Donkey Kong Country games a very long time ago. He was not involved in Donkey Kong Country Returns, which was released in 2010. A port was released for the Nintendo Switch on May 4, 2018.

References

2014 video games
2018 video games
Donkey Kong
Platform games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
The Pogues

The Pogues are an English Celtic punk band. They were founded in 1982 in London. Shane MacGowan is the lead singer. Joe Strummer also played with them. They are best known for their Christmas song "Fairytale of New York", recorded with Kirsty MacColl.

References

Other websites 
Band's web site

1982 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1980s Irish music groups
1990s British music groups
1990s Irish music groups
2000s British music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s British music groups
2010s Irish music groups
British punk bands
Musical groups established in 1982
Musical groups from London
Unpaid work

Unpaid work is work without pay. It may be provided by people who are members of a family; volunteer workers who work for charity or recreation; students who take internship or apprenticeship positions for experience. This may be different to forced labour, in which the worker is a prisoner or a slave.

References

Labor
Employment
Jeanne Tripplehorn

Jeanne Marie Tripplehorn (born June 10, 1963) is an American television and movie actress. She became known as Dr. Beth Garner in the 1992 violent thriller Basic Instinct. She played Abby McDeere for The Firm the following year.

Tripplehorn was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

American movie actors
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
1963 births
Living people
Outback Steakhouse

The Outback Steakhouse (or simply the Outback) an American restaurant chain. The chain has an Australian theme. The chain has casual dining restaurants. It opened in February 1988 in Tampa, Florida. Almost one thousand Outback restaurants are in operation worldwide as of mid 2012.

American food companies
1988 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Florida
May Disease

May Disease is a common kind of minor depression in Japan. Almost all students enter new schools or universities in April. Most new company employees also start in April each year. Then there is a long Golden Week holiday at the beginning of May. People return to  their new school or job after a holiday, and it is not new or exciting anymore. May Disease describes this common feeling of disappointment or being let down.

Japanese culture
Gravitational field

In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body has. The influence extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena (effects). It is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg). 

In the original Newtonian concept, gravity was a force between point masses. Following Newton, Laplace attempted to model gravity as some kind of radiation field or fluid. Since the 19th century explanations for gravity have in terms of a field model, rather than a point attraction. This revolution was brought about by Einstein's general theory of relativity. Most scientists believe that the gravitational field and its gravitational waves are the physical interpretations of Einstein's equations of general relativity.

In a field model, rather than two particles attracting each other, the mass of objects distort spacetime. This distortion is what is perceived and measured as a "force". In such a model matter moves in certain ways in response to the curvature of spacetime. One can say either there is no gravitational force, or that gravity is a fictitious force.

References 

Relativity
One Ok Rock

One Ok Rock (written as ONE OK ROCK) is a Japanese rock band formed in 2005. The band is composed of Taka, Toru, Ryota, and Tomoya. Originally there were five members in the band, but a guitarist Alex left the group in 2009, and it is a four-piece band now.

The band had various singles that entered the Oricon charts and their songs are getting more and more popular.

Members
 Taka – vocalist
 Toru – guitarist
 Ryota – bass guitarist
 Tomoya – drummer

History
2005
In April, Toru, Ryota, Alex, and Tomo started activities of One Ok Rock. In May, Toru invited Taka, and he started singing in the band.

2006
Tomo gave up his membership in One Ok Rock. On July 26th, they released the first album "ONE OK ROCK" and it became an indie rock band.

2007
In March, for the substitution of Tomo, Tomoya became a new member. In March 25th, they released the 1st single "naihishinsho", and that allowed this band to made a major debut.

2009
In April, Alex was accused of sexual assault(groping) on a train. Because of that, One Ok Rock made a statement that it would stop its activity for a while. In the next month, Alex dropped out of the band. However, the rest of the members decided not to quit working and they restarted the activity of One Ok Rock.

2010
In February, One Ok Rock released the fourth single "完全感覚Dreamer". On November twenty eighth, they did a live in Budoukan for the first time of their career.

Discography
Albums

2007.11.21 release
1st album "ゼイタクビョウ"

2008.5.28 release
2nd album "BEAM OF LIGHT"

2008.11.12 release
3rd album "感情エフェクト"

2010.6.9 release
4th album "Nicheシンドローム"

2011.10.5 release
5th album "残響リファレンス"

2013.3.6 release
6th album "人生×僕="

Singles

2007.4.25 release
1st single 内秘心書

2007.7.25 release
2nd single 努努-ゆめゆめ-

2007.10.24 release
3rd single エトセトラ

2010.2.3 release
4th single 完全感覚Dreamer

2011.2.16 release
5th single アンサイズニア

2011.7.20 release
6th single Re:make / NO SCARED

2012.8.22 release
7th single The Beginning

2013.1.9 release
8th single Deeper Deeper / Nothing Helps

Other websites 
 One Ok Rock's official website (Japanese) 
 One Ok Rock's official website(English)

References 

Japanese rock bands
Punk bands
2000s music groups
Bouquinistes

The Bouquinistes of Paris are small bookstores on each side of the River Seine. They are green boxes made of wood. They were classified as a World Heritage Site in 1991. 

The word bouquinistes is used only in Paris. The word comes from bouquin, book in French slang.

Paris
Books
Shops
World Heritage Sites in France
My First Story

My First Story (Written as MY FIRST STORY) is a Japanese rock band that formed in 2011.

Members
Hiro – vocalist. He is the younger brother of One Ok Rock's vocalist Taka)
Sho – guitarist
Teru – guitarist
Nob – bass guitarist
Kid'z – drummer

Discography

Albums

 2012.4.4 release, 1st album "MY FIRST STORY"
 2013.2.6 release, 2nd album "THE STORY IS MY LIFE"
 2014.10.29 release, 3rd album "NEUROSE"
 2016.6.29 release, 4th album "ANTITHESE"

Singles

 2013.7.3 release, 1st single "STORY" (Saishuukai STORY)
 2014.7.16 release, 2nd  single "Black Rail"
 2014.9.24 release, 3rd single "" (Fukagyaku Replace)
 2015.8.5 release, 4th single "ALONE"

References

Other websites 
My First Story's official website
My First Story's twitter
Japanese rock bands
2010s music groups
Asparagus officinalis

Asparagus officinalis is a perennial from the genus Asparagus of the Asparagaceae family. It is commonly grown as a vegetable, eaten in spring. When people talk about Asparagus as a vegetable, they usually mean this plant. It was once classified in the lily family, like its Allium cousins, onions and garlic, but the Liliaceae have been split and the onion-like plants are now in the family Amaryllidaceae and asparagus in the Asparagaceae. Asparagus officinalis is native to most of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia,<ref
 name=fe></ref><ref
 name=empp></ref><ref
 name=grin></ref> A. officinalis is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop.

References

Vegetables
Asparagales
Allium

Allium is a genus of flowering plants. It contains garlic, leek,  onions and chives. There are hundreds of species, some of which have been cultivated for much of human history. Today, about a dozen species are economically important. The type species of the genus is Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic. The taxonomy of Allium is difficult, because the boundaries between species are often unclear. For this reason, the number of recognised species varies between 260, and 860. Most people think there are about 750 species.

References

Allium
Marimekko

Marimekko is a textile design company. It was started in 1951 in Finland. It is famous for its original prints, for instance, prints of red and blue flowers. The company makes high-quality items, not only furnishing fabrics to tableware but also clothes, bags and other accessories. Its fabrics have been introduced inside the airplanes of Finnair.

Other websites
 Marimekko | We as a company

Fashion houses
Companies of Finland
1951 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
Yoshitaka Amano

is a Japanese artist. He designs characters and costumes. His works are delicate and mysterious. His works are exhibited in many places in the world.

Other websites 

Yoshitaka Amano's Official Blog (Japanese)
Yoshitaka Amano Museum  (Japanese)
Deva Zan Official website 

1952 births
Living people
Japanese artists
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
Environmental economics

Environmental economics is a domain of economics that looks at problems of the environment from an economical perspective.  Natural resources, such as clean water are  limited, because of pollution. They are also seen as free public goods. This means that if there are no rules on how to use these goods, they will be used too much. There are externalities for using these goods, and there is the problem of free riders. In this perspective, the solution is to convert these resources into economic goods, which are integrated in the market. This will lessen the problem of free-riding, and give incentives to use these goods sparingly. An example for this is a  tax which is tied to pollution. Proper legislation and observation of property right  on how to regulate the use of these public goods is also another important factor in ensuring that market inefficiencies don't result.

Related pages
Ecology
Green economy

References

Economic theories
Environment
Kate Flannery

Katherine Patricia "Kate" Flannery (born June 10, 1964) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Meredith Palmer in the NBC sitcom The Office. Flannery was born in Philadelphia.

Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American television actors
1964 births
Living people
Free rider problem

In economics, the term free rider refers to someone who benefits from resources, goods, or services without paying for the cost of the benefit. The term "free rider" was first used in economic theory of public goods, but similar concepts have been applied in to other contexts, such as collective bargaining, antitrust law, psychology and political science. Free riding may be considered as a free rider problem when it leads to under-provision of goods or services, or when it leads to overuse or degradation of a common property resource. 

Although the term originated in economic theory, similar concepts have been cited in political science, social psychology, and other disciplines. Some individuals in a team or community may reduce their contributions or performance if they believe that one or more other members of the group may free ride.

References

Market failure
Gauss-Bonnet theorem

The Gauss-Bonnet theorem is a theorem that connects the geometry of a shape with its topology. It is named after the two mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777-1855) and Pierre Ossian Bonnet (1812-1872) who both found it, independently of one another. The Curvature of the shape is used, as well as its Euler characteristic.

Mathematical theorems