cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Circuito de Jerez

Circuito de Jerez is a Spanish race track near Jerez de la Frontiera. It opened on December 8, 1985, and started holding motorcycling events and the Spanish Grand Prix in Formula One. The race was held in Jerez until 1990, since the circuit was in a remote (rural) area, and the Spanish Grand Prix was moved to Circuit de Catalunya in 1991.

However, in 1994, when the Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez was not finished for it's grand prix, known as the Argentine Grand Prix, Jerez hosted the European Grand Prix that year. As well, a chicane was added in Turn 11 to slow down the cars and to avoid possibly fatal (deadly) accidents, such as the one suffered by Roland Ratzenberger at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. The European Grand Prix returned in 1997, this time being the final race of the season, and the championship was going to be decided between Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve. However, during the podium celebrations, Jerez's Mayor Pedro Pacheco disrupted the podium celebrations by presenting a trophy that was supposed to be presented by a dignitary from Daimler-Benz, which was related to Mercedes, an engine supplier who won the race. This incident resulted on the track being temporarily banned from hosting a Grand Prix. It has never hosted another Grand Prix, but still holds winter testing during the pre-season, and still remains very popular.

As of 2010, the circuit still holds the Spanish Motorcycle Grand Prix, and has done so since 1990.

Formula One circuits
1985 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Spain
Bhangra

Bhangra started in the Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, and began as a folk dance which was conducted by Punjabi farmers of all creeds, Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus, to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. 

Bhangra became popular in Britain in the 1980s and the artists of Bhangra were selling over 30,000 cassettes a week in the UK even though not one of the artists made their way into the Top 40 UK Chart. Bhangra is also popular in Canada where singer, Jazzy B sold over 55,000 copies of his third album, Folk and Funky and became one of the best-selling Punjabi folk artists in the world. 

The outfits for Bhangra are Turla or torla, Pag, which is a turban that is a sign of pride/honor in Punjab and is tied differently than the traditional turbans that the Sikhs and other people wear on the street, Kurta which is a silk shirt, with about four buttons and is very loose with embroidered patterns, Lungi or chadar which is a loose loincloth tied around the dancer's waist, Jugi which is a waistcoat with no buttons, and Rumāl which are small scarves that are worn tied on to the fingers.

Other websites 

Bhangra website

References 

Dances
Dance in India
Pakistani culture
Kia Sorento

The Kia Sorento is a mid-size crossover SUV that is built by the Kia Motors company. The Sorento has had 2 generations during its time. The assembly for the Nissan Cube is in South Korea, United States and Kazakhstan. The current generation Sorento shares the same platform with the Hyundai Santa Fe.

Other websites
Kia Sorento at kia.ca

Kia automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin

Chippewa Falls is a city in west central Wisconsin near Eau Claire, Wisconsin.

Cities in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Ausonius

Decimius Magnus Ausonius (ca. 310–395) was a Latin poet and rhetorician, born at Burdigala (Bordeaux).

Biography
Ausonius was born in Bordeaux in ca. 310. His father was a noted physician of Greek ancestry.

Ausonius had a strict upbringing by his aunt and grandmother and received an excellent education, especially in grammar and rhetoric, but said his Greek was not good. Having completed his studies, he trained for some time as a lawyer, but he preferred teaching. In 334, he established a school of rhetoric in Bordeaux, which was very popular. His most famous pupil was St. Paulinus of Nola, who later became Bishop of Nola.

After thirty years of this work, he was ordered by Valentinian to the imperial court to teach Gratian, the heir-apparent. The prince greatly respected his tutor, and after his accession bestowed on him the highest titles and honours that any Roman (besides from the royal family) could attain, culminating in the consulate in 379.

After the murder of Gratian in 383, Ausonius retired to his estates near Burdigala (now Bordeaux) in Gaul. These supposedly included the land now owned by Château Ausone, which takes its name from him. He appears to have been a late and perhaps not very enthusiastic convert to Christianity. He died about 395.

References

Other websites

 Works by Ausonius at the Internet Archive
 Latin text of Mosella and the Septem Sententiae
 Ausonius' Opera Omnia: IntraText Digital Library
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina
 wiki text and translation of Moselle

310s births
395 deaths
French poets
People from Bordeaux
Triumvirate

A triumvirate is a group of three men. A duumvirate is a group of two.

The word is often used to mention a historical event or in talks of government. The word troika is Russian for triumvirate, and the term was used in the Soviet Union after V.I. Lenin died. Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev, and Grigory Zinoviev teamed up to gain power of the government. In the Soviet Union, troikas were usually considered to be three main people in the government: Party leader, head of state, and head of government.

In Ancient Rome,  Julius Caesar was a member of the first triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. In 43 B.C.E. after he was dead, Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian formed a second triumvirate to rule the Roman Empire.

Sources

Politics
Party leader

In politics, the party leader is the most powerful official within a political party. The party leader is typically responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public. As such, he or she b.v.will be the person in the party the most responsible for convincing the electorate to vote for the party.

In many representative democracies, party leaders compete directly for high political office. For example, leaders of parties in presidential and semi-presidential republics will often run for President. In parliamentary systems of government, party leaders typically seek to become prime minister. In these countries, the party leader will try to be elected to the legislature, and, if elected, to simultaneously serve as the party's parliamentary leader.
Antlia

The constellation Antlia is a group of stars in the southern sky. Its name means "pump" and comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀντλία. It represents an air or vacuum pump. The stars that make Antlia are not bright or easy to see. The constellation was not created until the 18th century. Beginning at the north, the other constellations near Antlia are Hydra the sea snake, Pyxis the compass, Vela the sails, and Centaurus the centaur.

People who live in the northern parts of the world can see it in latitudes to 66 degrees north and people who live in the southern parts of the world can see it 50 degrees south from January through March.

References

Constellations
Boysetsfire

Boysetsfire is an American post-hardcore rock band from Newark, Delaware. Boysetsfire has five members in the band; the current band members are Nathan Gray, Chad Istvan, Robert Ehrenbrand, Josh Latshaw and Matt Krupanski.

Band members 

Current
Nathan Gray – lead vocals, keyboard 
Josh Latshaw – guitar, backing vocals
Chad Istvan – guitar, backing vocals, piano, keyboard 
Robert Ehrenbrand – bass guitar, backing vocals
Matt Krupanski - drums 

Former
Rob Avery - Bass guitar
Darrell Hyde - Bass guitar

Discography 
So far as of 2014, Boysetsfire has released 5 Studio albums:

Albums
The Day the Sun Went Out (1997)
After the Eulogy (2000)
Tomorrow Come Today (2003)
The Misery Index: Notes from the Plague Years (2006)
While a Nation Sleeps... (2014)

Other websites 
Official website

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2010
2010 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Delaware
University of Colorado Boulder

The University of Colorado Boulder is a public university in Boulder, Colorado. The university has about 30,196 students. It was founded in 1876.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Buffaloes. They have 14 varsity teams and they compete in the Pacific-12 Conference, which they joined in July 2011.

Law school 
The Law School at University of Colorado, Boulder, is ranked #40 by U.S. News & World Report. This is for the 2016 rankings and is out of 196 law schools.

References

Other websites
The University of Colorado Boulder

Association of American Universities
Pac-12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
1876 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Colorado
Battenberg cake

Battenberg cake is a light sponge cake. It is long, square faced cake, covered in marzipan.  

When cut in open one can see four more squares alternately coloured pink and yellow. These coloured sections are made by dyeing half of the cake mixture pink, and half yellow, then cutting each resultant sponge into two long, uniform cuboids, and joining them together with apricot jam, to form one cake. Established variations are for coconut flavouring to the sponge cake and lemon curd or raspberry jam in place of apricot jam.

The cake was probably named in honour of the marriage, in 1884, of Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine Queen Victoria's granddaughter  to Prince Louis of Battenberg, with the four squares representing the four Battenberg princes: Louis, Alexander, Henry and Francis Joseph.

References

Other websites 

A recipe for Battenberg cake

Cakes
Murphy Brown

Murphy Brown is an American situation comedy. It aired beginning November 14, 1988 until May 18, 1998 and revived in 2018. on CBS. The show covered multiple subjects, including single parenting. Candice Bergen played the title character.

American sitcoms
1988 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
2018 television series endings
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Manuae (Cook Islands)

Manuae is an uninhabited atoll in the southern group of the Cook Islands, 100 kilometres south-east of Aitutaki. It is administratively part of Aitutaki, but does not belong to any district or tapere of Aitutaki. It is, however, part of Arutanga-Reureu-Nikaupara Constituency.

Manuae is a true atoll sitting on the peak of a submerged volcano which descends 4000 meters to the ocean bed. It is made of two horseshoe-shaped islets, Manuae to the west and Te Au O Tu to the east, with a total area of 6.17 km²on either side of a lagoon about 7 km x 4 km. Manuae has an area of 2.1 km², and Te Au O TU of 3.9 km². The lagoon is 13 km² in size, shallow and subject to large shifting sand banks. A coral reef surrounds the atoll and there is no passage through the reef.

The island is a marine park and is an important breeding ground for seabirds and marine turtles in the Central Pacific. The offshore waters of Manuae are good fishing grounds. 

Captain James Cook sighted Manuae on September 23 1773. It was the first of the Cook Islands he voyaged to. Initially he named it Sandwich Island but changed it to Hervey Island in honor of Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, then a Lord of the Admiralty when he decided instead give the name of "Sandwich Islands" to the Hawaiian Islands. This name was later corrupted to Hervey's Island, or Hervey's Isle, and later applied to the entire southern group, as the Hervey Islands.  This name remained popular until 1824 when the islands were renamed the Cook Islands by the Russian cartographer von Krusenstern, in honor of Capt. Cook who had died in 1779. 

In April/May 1965 the population briefly increased to 120 when the island was visited by six expeditions (from Australia, N.Z., Japan, U.K., U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.) to observe the total solar eclipse of 1965 May 30.

Norwegian author Erlend Loe writes humorously about an expedition to Manuae in his 1999 novel "L".

The island once supported a small copra industry with a settlement established next to the small reef passage less than one kilometer northeast of Turakino, the westernmost point of the atoll.  The passage, at the sea entrance, is less than 4 metres wide and in a swell is exceedingly dangerous without local knowledge.

The island has an airfield that has been out of use for several years.
Fishermen from Aitutaki occasionally organise trips to Manuae. All regulations applicable to Aitutaki, apply to Manuae as well.

The population peaked with 32 at the 1956 census, but twenty years later the island was abandoned:

1956: 32
1961: 18
1966: 16
1971: 2
1976: -

References 

Cook Islands
Atolls
Lancia Thesis

The Lancia Thesis was a car produced by Lancia from 2002 to 2009. It is a large car with retro styling, similar to the Rover 75.

Engines 
 2.0 TB 136 kW (185 hp)
 2.4 125 kW (170 hp)
 3.0 V6 158 kW (215 hp)
 3.2 V6 169 kW (230 hp)
 2.4 JTD 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.4 Multijet 125 kW (170 hp) and 136 kW (185 hp)

Thesis
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
Hold It Against Me

"Hold It Against Me" is a 2011 single by Britney Spears. The song comes from her seventh studio album Femme Fatale. The song was released on January 11, 2011 to positive reviews.

2011 songs
Britney Spears songs
Looting

Looting (also known as sacking, plundering, despoiling, despoliation, and pillaging) is to steal, especially as part of war, riot or other group violence. It may involve forcible robbery, but is not the same as robbery.

Property crimes
Iowa State University

Iowa State University of Science and Technology or as it is better known, Iowa State University is a public university in Ames, Iowa. The university has about 33,000 students. It was founded in 1858. The president of the university is Wendy Wintersteen. George Washington Carver was a student at Iowa State.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Cyclones. They have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the Big 12 Conference.

Other websites
Iowa State University's Official website

Association of American Universities
Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Iowa
1858 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Iowa
University of Idaho

The University of Idaho is a public university in Moscow, Idaho. The university has about 11,957 students. It was founded in 1889. The current president of the university is M. Duane Nellis.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Vandals. They have 16 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Big Sky Conference. After playing football as an independent (not in a conference) in 2013, Idaho moved its football team to the Sun Belt Conference in 2014.

Other websites
University of Idaho's Official website

Western Athletic Conference
Colleges and universities in Idaho
1889 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Idaho Territory
San José State University

San José State University is a public university in San Jose, California. The university, part of the California State University system, has about 31,280 students. It was founded in 1857. The current president of the university is Don W. Kassing. The university was originally called the Minns' Evening Normal School before the California legislature voted to change the school's name to San Jose State University in 1974.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Spartans. They have 12 varsity teams and they compete in the Mountain West Conference.

References

Other websites
San José State University's Official website

California State University
Mountain West Conference
San Jose, California
1857 establishments in California
Absorbing a blow

In boxing and other fighting, absorbing a blow is when one person is hit without being badly hurt or stopped from continuing the fight. Sometimes a boxer will absorb a blow they could have avoided so that they can counterattack straight afterwards.

Sources 
 Georges Blanchet, Boxe et sports de combat en éducation physique, Ed. Chiron, Paris, 1947
 Alain Delmas, 1. Lexique de la boxe et des autres boxes (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Aix-en-Provence, 1981-2005 - 2. Lexique de combatique (Document fédéral de formation d’entraîneur), Toulouse, 1975-1980.
 Jack Dempsey, Championship fighting, Ed. Jack Cuddy, 1950
 Gabrielle & Roland Habersetzer, Encyclopédie des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient, Ed. Amphora, Paris, 2000
 Louis Lerda, J.C. Casteyre, Sachons boxer, Ed. Vigot, Paris, 1944
 Marcel Petit, Boxe: technique et entraînement, Paris, Ed. Amphora, Paris, 1972

Other websites 
  Antenna WKA-France - Lexicon of the boxes pieds-poings (Rubric "Formations", onglet "Ceinture noire")
  Lexicon of Netboxe.com  
  Practical folios of Netboxe.com  
  BoxRec Boxing Encyclopaedia

Martial art techniques
White matter

The central nervous system is made of two types of tissue: white matter and grey matter. Grey matter contains nerve cell bodies, and white matter is made of the  nerve fibres. 

When a sample is freshly cut, it usually slightly pink in appearance (for both types). When preserved in formaldehyde, white matter appears to be almost white. White matter consists mostly of myelinated axons:. Myelin is a lipid tissue (a fat) with capillaries. It helps to keep the electrical in the nerve fibre. This is important for fast and accurate sending of signals. In the brain white matter is surrounded by grey matter most of the time. In the spine, white matter is outside, and grey matter inside: the myelin sourrounds the nerve cells, and helps the transmission of nerve signals.

White matter is used to connect different areas of grey matter. If a section of white matter is damaged, the brain may be able to find a different route to replace the lost connection. The brain contains a third kind of tissue, which appears darker. It is called substantia nigra, a part of the brain that is involved in pleasure & reward, addiction and movement. 

Anatomy of the nervous system
Animal tissues
Fefe Dobson

Felicia Lily Dobson (born February 28, 1985) is a singer and songwriter from Canada. She has had several records, most notably her self titled debut album.

1985 births
Living people
Singers from Toronto
Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is a form of Dwarfism. It is part of the chondrodystrophies or osteochondrodysplasias family which makes bones in a human's skeleton be too short or grow too slowly. It often affects the femur and humerus. It is caused by a dominant allele. That means only one parent has to have the gene. This gives a child a 50% chance of getting the condition. If both parents have the gene the chances are increased to 75%, but in 25% of the cases, it is very unlikely that the child would live more than a few months. However, the condition can also occur without either parent having the gene. Achondroplasia is caused by a change in the DNA for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. This change affects the making of cartilage. Now that the part of the DNA that causes the condition is known, there is hope that new treatments may be developed.

Genetic disorders
Growth disorders
Mason Jewett Field Airport

Mason Jewett Field  is a public airport in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is one mile (1.85 km) southeast of Mason, in Ingham County.  The airport is owned and operated by the Capital Region Airport Authority.  The airport covers .  The elevation is  above sea level.  The airport has one asphalt runway.  There is no scheduled commercial airline service.

History
On December 16, 1943, Arthur Jewett bought  of land for the airport.  In 1944, the runway was built.  In 1949 lights were installed on the runway.  In March 1977, the Capital Region Airport Authority purchased the airport from Arthur Jewett.

Related pages

 Mason, Michigan
 Capital Region International Airport

References
Notes

Bibliography

Smith, Bartlett. Mason Jewett Airport , Experimental Aircraft Association Chapter 55 Wingtips, eaa55.org, March 2001, retrieved 2010-Apr-22

Other websites
 Mason Jewett Field , official site
 Capital Region Airport Authority

Airports in the United States
Transport in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Michigan
Working Girl

Working Girl is a 1988 American romantic comedy-drama movie starring Melanie Griffith as a Staten Island-raised secretary working in a New York City bank. Also starring are Harrison Ford, Alec Baldwin, and Sigourney Weaver.

Other websites 

1988 romance movies
1988 comedy-drama movies
1980s romantic comedy movies
1980s romantic drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Manhattan in fiction
Movies directed by Mike Nichols
Movies set in New York City
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Office comedies
State capitalism

State capitalism is an economic system where the state government controls most or all steps of making a product. Capitalism is an economic system calling for the private ownership of factories and everything needed to make a product - called the "means of production". 

In Free-market capitalism, "private ownership" means that one, or a few, private owners who own a business have control over the means of production, even though the workers are the people who make the products. 

Capitalism
Patrick Stump

Patrick Vaughn Stump (born Patrick Martin Stumph on April 27th, 1984) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer, guitarist and composer of the American rock band Fall Out Boy. With the band he achieved widespread popularity and success. On January 2010 he announced he was working on a solo album after his band took a break in late 2009. He released his first solo song "Spotlight (song)" in two versions, "Spotlight (Oh Nostalgia)" and "Spotlight (New Regrets)" on November 29, 2010. On February 22, 2011, he released his first EP, Truant Wave. He released his debut album called Soul Punk on October 18, 2011, of which he wrote every song, played every note, self-produced, and funded by himself. 

On May 6, 2011 he leaked a track off his album Soul Punk called "Explode", uploading it to his YouTube channel. On July 26, 2011 he released the first single "This City" featuring Lupe Fiasco on iTunes.

Fall Out Boy
Fall Out Boy formed in 2001. They released their mini-album Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend in 2003 and Take This to Your Grave in the same year.
In 2003, Stump and his band mates went on to sign with Island Records, and released the acoustic-based EP My Heart Will Always Be the B-Side to My Tongue CD and DVD in 2004. This was followed with their third studio album, From Under the Cork Tree, which went double-platinum in 2005 and reached the top ten of the US chart, going on to sell over three million copies around the world. Their fourth studio album, Infinity on High, was released in 2007 to continued commercial success. It started at number one on the US music album chart and in the top five around the world. Fall Out Boy's most recent album, Folie à Deux, was released on December 23 and 16, 2008 in the United States/worldwide, respectively.

On February 6, 2010, E! Online reported that bassist Pete Wentz had told them "We're just on a break," and that he is more focused on being a father right now than he is on Fall Out Boy. Pete lastly added, "...I think I'll be OK. It's too soon to say that we'll be back. We just got burned out."

Discography

Studio albums
 Soul Punk (2011)

Extended plays
 Truant Wave (2011)

Singles
 "This City" (2011)

1984 births
Living people
American guitarists
American punk musicians
American funk singers
American rock musicians
American R&B singers
American R&B musicians
American funk musicians
Musicians from Illinois
Singers from Illinois
Multi-instrumentalists
Maureen O'Hara

Maureen O'Hara (17 August 1920 – 24 October 2015) was an Irish-American actress and singer. She was born in Ranelagh, Dublin and was a naturalised American citizen. She starred in many movies. She is noted for usually playing fiercely passionate heroines in her movies.

O'Hara died in her sleep at her home in Boise, Idaho at the age of 95. She was buried next to her husband at Arlington National Cemetery.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Dublin
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Irish movie actors
Irish stage actors
Irish television actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Singers from Dublin
1920 births
2015 deaths
Soul Punk

Soul Punk is the first studio album by American musician Patrick Stump. The album was released on October 18, 2011. Stump's solo project was officially revealed in January 2010 and was later titled Soul Punk. It is the first major musical project undertaken by Stump since Fall Out Boy's hiatus. The album is scheduled for release on October 18, 2011 through Island, with Stump officially announcing the release on July 25 via Twitter and the internet. The track "Explode" from the album was leaked on May 6, 2011 for promotion purposes.

The album's first single "This City" was released on July 26, 2011. The music video for the single will be released on September 20, 2011. The track features rapper Lupe Fiasco.

Track listing

2011 albums
Debut albums
Pop albums
Porcelain (song)

"Porcelain" is a song by American electronica musician Moby. It is the third track from his album Play. It was the sixth single from that album. The song was released on June 12, 2000 in the UK. It reached number 5 in the UK charts. This is Moby's highest chart position there so far. The song was released in the U.S. two months later, on August 22. It was in the 1998 movie Playing by Heart before it was released in the U.S.  It was also on the soundtrack to the 2000 movie The Beach.

Chart positions 

(I): In Australia, the song was released as an A-side with "Honey".

References 

2000 songs
Ken Starr

Ken Starr (born July 21, 1946) is a U.S. lawyer, a former federal U.S. Court of Appeals Judge and a Solicitor General. He was Independent Counsel (which was a special office that investigated government officials) while Bill Clinton was the President of the United States. 

Starr filed the Starr Report, which accused President Clinton of lying in court about having an affair with an intern at the White House.

References

Other websites
The Starr Report 

United States Solicitors General
American judges
1946 births
Living people
Politicians from Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from Texas
Norman Smiley

Norman Anthony Smiley (born February 28, 1965 in Northampton, England) is an English professional wrestler who is best known for the ring names, Norman Smiley and for wrestling for WCW. Smiley is currently working as a trainer and an on–air authority figure for Florida Championship Wrestling and WWE. 

Smiley was the WCW Hardcore Champion two times during his career.

References

1965 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English professional wrestlers
People from Northampton
Linda B. Buck

Linda Diane Brown (born January 29, 1947) Is an American biologist. She is most well known for the work she has done to research the olfactory system.

Life 
She changed her name to Linda Brown Buck after getting married to Roger Brent. She studied psychology and microbiology at the University of Washington in Seattle, graduating in 1975. Buck received her Ph.D. in immunology from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas in 1980. She researched more at Columbia after her studies in doctoral research . There, she met Richard Axel. They worked together from 1984 to 1991, when Buck left New York for a teaching job. They researched primarily on the genetic and cellular mechanisms relating to an organism’s sense of smell. When she left New York, Buck worked at Harvard until 2002. She then joined the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

Career 
In 2004, Buck won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for her research on the sense of smell. She shared her Nobel Prize with Richard Axel. The two scientists made many new discoveries about Genetic and cellular Mechanisms responsible of the sense of smell in human beings and other organisms. In a series of experiments Buck (working independently from Axel) discovered how people separate different smells in their nose. She learned that people detect smells from odor in the air. Odors are released through many different substances. These molecules stimulate olfactory response cells in the nose. They send signals to the brain. Buck discovered that there are 350 smell receptors in the nose.

References

1947 births
Living people
Scientists from Seattle, Washington
American Nobel Prize winners
American biologists
Richard Axel

Richard Axel (born July 2, 1946 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American neuroscientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2004 for working on the olfactory receptors which he shared with Linda B. Buck.

References

1946 births
Living people
American biologists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Scientists from Brooklyn
David Baltimore

David Baltimore (born March 7, 1938 in New York City) is an American biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975 for discovering reverse transcriptase. He shared the prize with Howard Temin and Renato Dulbecco.

The discovery of reverse transcriptase was made at the same time as Howard Temin. It overturned the central dogma of molecular biology because it showed that genetic information could traffic both ways between DNA and RNA. They published these findings in back-to-back papers in the journal, Nature.

References

1938 births
Living people
Scientists from New York City
American Nobel Prize winners
American virologists
Clifford the Big Red Dog

Clifford the Big Red Dog is a PBS Kids TV series.  It is based on the book series Clifford the Big Red Dog. It is about a dog that is big and red. He gets into trouble sometimes and has 2 best friends, Cleo and T-Bone. His owner, Emily Elizabeth, loves him very much and takes excellent care of him. In fact that's how he got so big.

Books

Current
Clifford's ABC (1983)
Clifford and the Big Parade (1998)
Clifford the Big Red Dog (1963, 1985)
Clifford at the Circus (1977)
Count on Clifford (1987)
Clifford's Family (1984)
Clifford the Firehouse Dog (1994)
Clifford's First Autumn (1997)
Clifford's First Christmas (1994)
Clifford's First Valentine's Day (1997)
Clifford Goes to Hollywood (1980)
Clifford's Good Deeds (1988)
Clifford's Manners (1987)
Clifford's Pals (1985)
Clifford's Puppy Days (1989)
Clifford's Riddles (1974)
Clifford's Sports Day (1996)
Clifford's Tricks (1969, 1986)
Clifford's Word Book (1990)

Clifford Go!
Clifford's Best Friend (1999)
Clifford's First School Day (1999)
Clifford's First Snow Day (1998)
Clifford Grows Up (1999, Clifford's Family, Clifford's First Christmas, Clifford's Puppy Days, Clifford the Small Red Puppy, Clifford's First Valentine's Day, Clifford's First Autumn, Clifford's First Halloween and Clifford's First Snow Day)
Clifford's Happy Mother's Day (2001)
Clifford Keeps Cool (1999)
Oops, Clifford! (1998, Clifford's Sports Day, Clifford the Big Red Dog, Clifford's Manners, Clifford's Tricks, Clifford and the Big Storm, Clifford's Family, Clifford at the Circus and Clifford We Love You)
Clifford to the Rescue (2000, Clifford's Kitten, Clifford and the Big Parade, Clifford at the Circus, Clifford's Riddles, Clifford's Birthday Party, Clifford the Firehouse Dog and Clifford Goes to Hollywood)
Clifford Visits the Hospital (2000)
Clifford We Love You (1991)

Former
Clifford and the Big Storm (1995)
Clifford's Birthday Party (1988)
Clifford's First Halloween (1996)
Clifford Gets a Job (1965, 1985)
Clifford and the Grouchy Neighbors (1985, See Clifford on TV)
Clifford's Halloween (1966, 1986)
Clifford's Hanukkah (1984)
Clifford's Happy Easter (1992)
Clifford's Kitten (1984)
Clifford the Small Red Puppy (1972)
Clifford's Spring Clean-Up (1997)
Clifford Takes a Trip (1966, 1985)
Clifford's Thanksgiving Visit (1993)

Animated television series
2000 television series debuts
2003 television series endings
Fictional dogs
PBS Kids shows
Television characters
English-language television programs
Nathaniel Gorham

Nathaniel Gorham (May 27, 1738 – June 11, 1796) was the fourteenth President of the United States in Congress. He was also one of the signers of the United States Constitution. He was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts. His father was Nathaniel Gorham and his mother was Mary Soley. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1782 until 1783, and also from 1785 until 1787. Gorham died in Charlestown, Massachusetts in June 11, 1796.

References 

1738 births
1796 deaths
American Calvinists
Congregationalists
Politicians from Massachusetts
Rafflesiaceae

Rafflesiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the Malpighiales order. They are parasitic plants found in east and southeast Asia, including Rafflesia arnoldii, the plant with the largest flower of all plants.

Rafflesiaceae
Righteous Kill

Righteous Kill is a 2008 crime thriller movie. Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, John Leguizamo and Donnie Wahlberg are in the movie. Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson also appears. The movie received mostly negative reviews from the critics.

2008 crime movies
2000s crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
Movies directed by Jon Avnet
English-language movies
China Airlines

China Airlines is the largest airline in Taiwan, and is the flag carrier of the Republic of China. It takes passenger and cargo to over 90 cities world-wide. Its main base or hub is at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. Mandarin Airlines, a sister airline and wholly-owned subsidiary of China Airlines, flies places in China and Asia.

History

China Airlines was started in 1959 as a company fully owned by the Republic of China Government. It had two PBY Amphibians when it just started.

References

Airlines of Asia
Airlines of Taiwan
Companies of Taiwan
Mandarin Airlines

Mandarin Airlines is an airline from Taiwan. It takes passenger and cargo to over 34 cities world-wide. Its main base is at Taichung International Airport.

Airlines of Asia
Airlines of Taiwan
Companies of Taiwan
Taipei Taoyuan International Airport

Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport () is the largest international airport in the Republic of China where most international flights depart and arrive everyday. Taipei Songshan Airport is in Taipei. It used to be the international airport of Taiwan. However as the number of people grew and a bigger airport was needed, there was no room to build more. In order to solve the problem, construction for new airport that can run 24 hours and meet the growing needs started. Taoyuan International Airport is in Taoyuan City.

Airports in Asia
Buildings and structures in Taiwan
Taichung International Airport

Taichung International Airport is an international airport in Taiwan.

Related pages

 Civil Aeronautics Administration (Taiwan)
 Transportation in Taiwan
 List of airports in Taiwan

Other websites
Taichung International Airport Official Website

Airports in Asia
Transport in Taiwan
Chagas disease

Chagas disease is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease is also known as American trypanosomiasis.  It is common in Central and South America. 

Carlos Chagas first described it in 1909. Humans are usually infected because they are bitten by a blood-sucking bug of the subfamily Triatominae. The disease can also be spread by blood transfusion, organ transplantation, or by eating food contaminated with the parasite. Pregnant women may spread it to the fetus. 

The disease has four stages. It can be cured by anti-parasitic drugs. Between eight and eleven million people may suffer from the disease, but many do not know they are infected. Strategies of controlling the disease are mostly focused on eliminating the insect vector, and on preventing contamination from other sources.

Footnotes

Diseases spread by insects
Raymond Dart

Raymond Arthur Dart (4 February 1893 – 22 November 1988) was an Australian anatomist and anthropologist, who worked for much of his life in South Africa.

In 1924 he discovered the first fossil of an Australopithecine, at Taung in Northwestern South Africa (now Botswana). It was Australopithecus africanus, an extinct hominid closely related to humans. This was a great event in the study of human evolution.

Early life
Dart was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, the son of a farmer and tradesman. He studied at the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney and University College London, before taking a position as head of the newly established department of anatomy at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1922.

Career
Because he was an Australian, and not a part of the scientific establishment, and because he found the fossil in Africa, and not Europe or Asia, where the establishment looked to for man's origins, his findings were initially dismissed.

Dart's closest ally was Robert Broom whose discoveries of further Australopithecines (and Wilfrid Le Gros Clark's support) eventually vindicated Dart. So much so that in 1947, Sir Arthur Keith said "...Dart was right, and I was wrong."

References

Other websires 
Brain C.K. Raymond Dart and our African origins, in A century of Nature: twenty-one discoveries that changed science and the world, Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, eds.

1893 births
1988 deaths
Anthropologists
Anatomists
Australian social scientists
Australian biologists
South African scientists
Alumni of University College London‏
People from Brisbane
Metamorphosis (Hilary Duff album)

Metamorphosis is the second album by Hilary Duff. It was released in 2003. The album became Duff's first number one album in the United States.

2003 albums
MuchMusic

"MuchMusic" is a Canadian TV channel. MuchMusic is dedicated to music, music-related programs, pop and youth culture. One of its popular program is the Top 30 Countdown.It is similar to MTV. 

Music media
Canadian television channels
Slant Magazine

Slant Magazine is an online magazine which includes reviews of movies, music, TV, DVDs, theater, and video games. It also has interviews with actors, directors, and musicians.

Magazines
Chris Applebaum

Chris Applebaum is an American music video director. He has filmed music videos for many famous musicians including Rihanna, Hilary Duff, and Britney Spears.  Twenty-one of his music videos have become #1 on MTV.

References

Other websites
Official page
IMDB page

American movie directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Trypanosomiasis

Trypanosomiasis is the name for several diseases, caused by parasites of the genus Tryposoma:
African typanosomiasis or Sleeping sickness, caused by 'Trypanosoma brucei and spread by the Tsetse fly
American typanosomiasis  or Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and spread by various bloodsucking bugs of the subfamily Triatominae
There are also various diseases that only affect animals, caused by such parasites, amongst others:
Nagana, or Animal African trypanosomiasis; the animal counterpart of sleeping sickness
Surra
Covering sickness or douring (which affects horses)

Diseases caused by protozoa
Parasites
Al-Waleed bin Talal

Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (; born 30 July 1954) is a member of the Saudi Royal Family. He is the nephew of the Saudi Arabian King Abdullah. An entrepreneur and international investor but without real political power within the House of Saud or in Saudi Arabia, he has amassed a fortune through investments in real estate and the stock market.As of March 2010, his net worth is estimated at US$19.4 billion, up from $13.3 billion, according to Forbes, making him the 19th richest person in the world on their list published in March 2010.  He has been nicknamed by Time magazine as the Arabian Warren Buffett.

Talal bought the super yacht Kingdom5KR. It had been owned by Donald Trump and called the "Trump Princess". The yacht, built in 1979, was used in the James Bond movie, Never Say Never Again. It has 11 cabins, can take 22 guests and has a crew of 31.

On 4 November 2017, he was arrested in Saudi Arabia, in an anti-corruption raid,  together with, among others, Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim and Saleh Abdullah Kamel.
Al-Waleed was released from detention on 27 January 2018, following a financial settlement of some kind, after nearly three months in detention. In March 2018 he was dropped from the World's Billionaires list due to lack of current information.

Early life and education
Al-Waleed was born in Jeddah on 30 July 1954 to Prince Talal bin Abdul-Aziz, long-time-known as The Red Prince, and Mona Al Solh, daughter of Riad Al Solh (Lebanon's first prime minister).

Honours

Saudi Arabian national honours

Foreign honors

Personal life

Al-Waleed has been married four times.

References

Further reading
 John Rossant, The Prince: A Biography of Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal (HarperCollins, 2001) 
 Riz Khan, Alwaleed: Businessman, Billionaire, Prince (HarperCollins, 2005) 

Saudi Arabian people
Princes and princesses
1954 births
Living people
Robert Broom

Professor Robert Broom (Paisley, 30 November 1866 – 6 April 1951) was a Scottish, and later South African, doctor and palaeontologist.

He qualified as a medical practitioner in 1895 and received his DSc in 1905 from the University of Glasgow. In 1893 he married Mary Baird Baillie.

From 1903 to 1910 he was Professor of Zoology and Geology at Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, and subsequently he became keeper of vertebrate palaeontology at the South African Museum, Cape Town.

Contributions 
Broom was first known for his study of mammal-like reptiles. After Raymond Dart's discovery of the Taung Child, an infant australopithecine, Broom's interest in palaeoanthropology was heightened. Broom's career seemed over and he was sinking into poverty, when Dart wrote to Jan Smuts about the situation. Smuts put pressure on the South African government, and managed to get a position for Broom. In 1934 he joined the staff of the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria as Assistant in Palaeontology.

In the following years, he and John T. Robinson made a series of spectacular finds, including fragments from six hominids in Sterkfontein, which they named Plesianthropus transvaalensis, but which was later classified as an adult Australopithecus africanus, as well as more discoveries at sites in Kromdraai and Swartkrans.

In 1937, Broom made his most famous discovery of Paranthropus robustus. These discoveries helped support Dart's claims for the Taung species.

The remainder of Broom's career was devoted to the exploration of these sites and the interpretation of the many early hominid remains discovered there. For his volume, The South Africa fossil ape-men, the Australopithecinae, in which he proposed the Australopithecinae subfamily, Broom was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1946. He continued to write to the very last. Shortly before his death he finished a monograph on the Australopithecines and remarked to his nephew:
"Now that's finished ... and so am I".

Assessment of his work 
"More than any scientist before or since, Broom's work on Australopithecus fundamentally revised the study of fossil man... The significant point is that Broom assigned all except one of these to a single zoological subfamily  the australopithecines, and made it quite clear that [they] were good candidates for the ancestry of mankind".

Books 
Broom R. 1930. The origin of the human skeleton: an introduction to human osteology. Witherby, London.
Broom R. 1932. The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa, and the origin of mammals. Witherby, London.
Broom R. 1946. The South Africa fossil ape-men, the Australopithecinae.
Broom, R. 1950. Finding the missing link. Watts, London.

References 

1866 births
1951 deaths
Anthropology
Scottish scientists
South African scientists
British palaeontologists
Francisco J. Ayala

Francisco José Ayala was born March 12, 1934 in Madrid, Spain. He is a Spanish-American biologist and philosopher at the University of California, Irvine.

He is a former Dominican priest, ordained in 1960, but left the priesthood that same year.

After graduating from the university of Salamanca, he moved to the United States in 1961 to study for a PhD at Columbia University. There, he studied for his doctorate under Theodosius Dobzhansky, graduating in 1964. He became a U.S. citizen in 1971.

He has been president and chairman of the Board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Books 
Ayala has published 950 papers and 30 books. Recently published books include:
 Ayala F.J. 2010. Am I a monkey? Six big questions about evolution. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD.
 Ayala F.J. and Robert Arp eds. 2009. Contemporary debates in Philosophy of Biology. Wiley-Blackwell: London. 
 Avise J.C. and F.J. Ayala eds. 2007. In the Light of evolution: adaptation and complex design. National Academy Press: Washington DC. 
 Cela Conde C.J. and F.J. Ayala. 2007. Human evolution: trails from the past. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
 Ayala F.J. 2007. Darwin’s gift to science and religion. Joseph Henry Press: Washington, DC.
 Ayala F.J. 2006. Darwin and intelligent design. Fortress Press: Minneapolis, MN.
 Hey J; W.M. Fitch and F.J. Ayala eds. 2005. Systematics and the origin of species. On Ernst Mayr’s 100th Anniversary. National Academies Press: Washington DC. 
 Wuketits F.M. and F.J. Ayala eds. 2005. Handbook of evolution: the evolution of living systems (including Hominids), Volume 2. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany. 292 pp. 2005. 
 Ayala F.J. 2004. Human evolution: biology, culture, ethics. Pearson Education: Upper Saddle River.

References 

American biologists
Spanish scientists
American philosophers
Columbia University alumni
1934 births
Living people
The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 movie)

The Sorcerer's Apprentice is a 2010 American fantasy adventure movie starring Nicolas Cage and Alfred Molina. The movie is named after The Sorcerer's Apprentice part in Disney's Fantasia

Plot

Balthazar Blake (Nicolas Cage) is a master sorcerer in modern-day Manhattan trying to defend the city from his arch-nemesis, Maxim Horvath (Alfred Molina). Balthazar can not do it alone, so he recruits Dave Stutler (Jay Baruchel), a seemingly average guy who demonstrates hidden potential, as his reluctant protégé. The sorcerer gives his unwilling accomplice a crash course in the art and science of magic, and together, these unlikely partners work to stop the forces of darkness. It'll take all the courage Dave can muster to survive his training, save the city and get the girl as he becomes The Sorcerer's Apprentice.

References

Other websites

 
 

2010 movies
2010s adventure movies
2010s fantasy movies
2010s American adventure movies
2010s American fantasy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Jon Turteltaub
Kevin Dineen

Kevin William Dineen (born October 28, 1963 in Quebec City, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He lived in Cape Elizabeth, Maine and moved Florida in 2010. He played a career total of played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Hartford Whalers, Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes, Ottawa Senators, and Columbus Blue Jackets. He is currently the assistant coach of the Chicago Blackhawks. He was the head coach of the Florida Panthers from 2011–2013.

Dineen also scored the last goal ever for the Hartford Whalers in a 2–1 win against the Tampa Bay Lightning.

On January 6, 2006, He had his playing number 11 retired by the American Hockey League's Hartford Wolf Pack.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1963 births
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Ottawa Senators players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Sportspeople from Quebec City
American Hockey League players