cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tortoise

A tortoise is a reptile of the order Testudines which lives on land.  Like their aquatic cousins, the sea turtles, tortoises are shielded from predators by a shell. Most are quite small, but island tortoises have several times evolved to a large size: those on the Galapagos are famous. Darwin made one of his rare mistakes when he did not note which island each of them came from. Later it became clear that they were slightly different on different islands.

Further reading 
 Chambers, Paul. A sheltered life: the unexpected history of the giant tortoise. John Murray (Publishers), London. 2004. .
 Gerlach, Justin.  Giant tortoises of the Indian Ocean.  Chimiara publishers, Frankfurt.  2004

Gallery

Related pages
 Turtle
 Sea turtle

Other websites 

 Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society* Tortoise World - Several Types of Tortoises 
 Chelonia: Conservation and Care of Turtles.
 Infotortuga

Turtles
Tortoise (disambiguation)

Tortoise may mean:

 Tortoise, a large land-dwelling reptile protected by a shell
 TortoiseCVS, a GUI integrated CVS client for the Microsoft Windows platform
 TortoiseHg, a GUI integrated Mercurial client for the Microsoft Windows platform
 TortoiseSVN, a GUI integrated Subversion client for the Microsoft Windows platform
 TortoiseGIT, a GUI integrated GIT client for the Microsoft Windows platform
 Tortoise (band), a US post-rock band formed in 1990
 Tortoise (tank), a British heavy assault gun
 Tortoise formation, a defensive formation employed in ancient and mediaeval warfare
 Tortoise, a derogatory name for the Ford Taurus automobile
 Tortoise, a popular brand of Turnout Motor for Model Railways
 Tortoises, a 1921 short volume of poetry by D H Lawrence containing poems later collected in Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923).

Also see 
Hare (disambiguation), for Tortoise and Hare stories
Sea turtle

Sea turtles (Chelonioidea) are turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans. The term is US English. In British English they are simply called "turtles"; fresh-water chelonians are called "terrapins" and land chelonians are called tortoises.

The earliest known turtles are from the Middle Jurassic. So, turtles are one of the oldest surviving reptile groups: they are more ancient than snakes or crocodiless. 

There are seven species of sea turtle: Kemp's ridley sea turtle, the olive ridley, the flatback, the green, the loggerhead, the hawksbill and the leatherback. 

All but the leatherback are in the family Chelonioidea. The leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member. The leatherback sea turtle is the largest, measuring six or seven feet (2 m) in length at maturity, and three to five feet (1 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 2000 pounds (about 900 kg).  Most other species are smaller, being two to four feet in length (0.5 to 1 m) and proportionally less wide. The flatback turtle is found only on the northern coast of Australia.

References

Further reading 
Spotila, James R. 2004. Sea turtles: a complete guide to their biology, behavior, and conservation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 
Davidson, Osha Gray. 2001. Fire in the turtle house: the green sea turtle and the fate of the ocean. United States: United States of Public Affairs. 
Witherington, Blair E. 2006. Sea turtles: an extraordinary natural history of some uncommon turtles.

Other websites 

 SWOT – The state of the world's sea turtles – The most up-to-date information on global sea turtle populations
 Oceana scientists are tracking turtles in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic to find out more about their habits in the deep sea
 Conserving Turtles on a Global Scale
 Underwater video  of turtles in the Red Sea, Egypt
  Preserving Turtles

Turtles
Marine reptiles
Baykal (port)

Baykal (port) () is a rural locality in Russia, Irkutsk oblast, Sliudanskyy region.

Geography
The village is near Lake Baikal and setted in left coast of river Angara. In the right coast is Listvianka. The administrative centre Irkutsk is 60 kilometers north. There is an automobile ferry to Listvianka.

Population
In 2005, there were 400 people living in Baikal village. In USSR times there were about 10000 humans.

Settlements in Russia
Rudder

A rudder is used to steer ships, boats, submarines, aircraft, hovercraft or other conveniences that move through air or water.

History of the rudder
Oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BC in Persia and Ancient Egypt in artwork, wooden models, and even parts of actual boats of that times. An early example of an oar mounted on the stern is found in the Egyptian tomb of Menna (1422-1411 BC). Stern-mounted oars were also quite common in Roman river navigation as proved from reliefs more than a millennium later.

A depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years. The technology of stern-mounted rudder in Europe and Islam World, which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages, was transferred from China

Foot notes

Literature
 Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.

Ship building
Exploration of Neptune

The Exploration of Neptune started on August 25, 1989, when Voyager 2 became the first and so-far only spacecraft to visit the planet. Like the other gas giants, Neptune has no solid land on its surface so landing on Neptune would be impossible. 

NASA is thinking to send another spacecraft known as the Neptune Orbiter to study more about Neptune; the spacecraft is planned to be probably launched on 2035. It would release atmospheric probes, and possibly release a Triton Lander. NASA has said the earliest possible launch date is 2030. Budget cuts may eliminate this proposal.

Voyager 2

In Voyager 2's last visit with a planet before leaving the solar system, Voyager 2 came 3000 miles (5000 km) above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it made to any planet after it left Earth. Voyager 2 studied Neptune's atmosphere, its rings, its magnetosphere, and its moons. Several discoveries were made, including the discovery of the Great Dark Spot and Triton's geysers.

Voyager 2 found that Neptune's atmosphere was very active, even though it gets only 3% of the sunlight Jupiter receives. Voyager 2 discovered an anticyclone called the Great Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. However, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared. Also seen in Neptune's atmosphere at that time was an almond-shaped spot called "D2", and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks named Scooter.

Voyager 2 also found four rings of Neptune and found proof for ring arcs, or incomplete rings around Neptune. Neptune's magnetosphere was also studied by Voyager 2. The planetary radio astronomy instrument found that Neptune's day is sixteen hours, seven minutes. Voyager 2 also discovered auroras, like on Earth, but much more complicated.

Voyager 2 discovered six moons orbiting Neptune, but only three were photographed in detail: Proteus, Nereid, and Triton. Proteus turned out to be an ellipsoid, as large as an ellipsoid could become without turning into a sphere. Proteus is very dark in color. Nereid, although discovered in 1949, is still not well known even after Voyager 2 passed by. Triton was flown by at about 25,000 miles (40,000 km) away, and became the last object Voyager 2 would ever explore. Triton was shown to have extraordinary active geysers and polar caps. A very thin atmosphere was found, as well as thin clouds.

Related pages
 Neptune (planet)
 Voyager 2
 NASA

Other websites
 NASA Voyager website
 More information on the Neptune Orbiter 

Neptune
Kinder Scout

Kinder Scout is a plateau about 600 metres above sea level. It is in Derbyshire, England, roughly between the villages of Hayfield to the west, Edale to the southeast, and the town of Glossop to the northwest.

The gritstone rock under the plateau is covered by a thick layer of peat, cut by a dense network of streams which flow off it. One of the main streams is the Kinder River, which drops off the Western edge at Kinder Downfall. Plants on the plateau are mainly heather, with some mosses and bilberry. Bracken grows on the slopes around the plateau. The highest point is Kinder Low at .

It can be approached from the southeast up a steep track called Jacobs Ladder. It is crossed by the  Pennine Way long-distance footpath which starts in nearby Edale. Several sections of the path have been surfaced with large stone slabs in this area, to try to minimise environmental damage to the delicate moorland ecosystem by the large number of hikers it attracts all year round.

In the 1930s, Kinder Scout was the scene of the first mass trespasses by ramblers (Sunday, 24 April 1932) protesting at the lack of public access to the open moorland in many parts of northern England, which were then kept for grouse shooting by the estates of a number of stately homes. Public rights of way were established later, and the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act set a new legal framework in which the bulk of Kinder Scout is now "Access Land" where the public has a right to roam freely.

Plateaus
Geography of England
Stern

The stern is the rear part of a ship or boat. 

The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder,  tiller, ship's wheel, etc.), and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers. In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most opulent part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations. That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.

Other features of the stern included lanterns and the ensign.

Gallery

Related pages
Bow

Ship building
Urbain Le Verrier

Urbain Le Verrier (March 11, 1811 – September 23, 1877) was a French mathematician who was famous for co-discovering the planet, Neptune.

1811 births
1877 deaths
French mathematicians
French astronomers
John Malkovich

John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) American actor, producer and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award, and he also won an Emmy Award.

He was in the Robert Zemeckis' movie, Beowulf. That movie also starred Anthony Hopkins and Angelina Jolie.

Malkovich was married to actress Glenne Headly from 1982 until they divorced in 1988.

On June 6, 2013 in Toronto, Malkovich rescued a man after he was sliced in the neck. Malkovich helped the man until the paramedics arrived.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Fisk:Why does John Malkovich want to kill me? 
 Profile: John Malkovich
 Life and taxes
 Finch and Partners (John's Management in the UK)
 John's official clothing design web site 
 Photographs of John Malkovich

1953 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
Movie directors from Illinois
Movie producers from Illinois
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Glenn Close

Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American movie and stage actress. Close has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, for her acting in both movies and theater.

Awards

Oscar Nominations 
 1983 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The World According to Garp
 1984 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Big Chill
 1985 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Natural
 1988 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Fatal Attraction
 1989 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Dangerous Liaisons

Emmy Award/Nominations 
 1995 Emmy Award: Lead Actress/ Miniseries - Serving in Silence
 2002 Emmy Nomination: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, Will & Grace

Golden Globe 
 2005 Golden Globe Award: Best Actress/ Miniseries - The Lion in Winter

Tony Awards 
 1984 Best Actress/ Play - The Real Thing
 1992 Best Actress/ Play - Death and the Maiden
 1995 Best Actress/ Musical - Sunset Boulevard

Other 
 1988 People's Choice Award - Favorite Motion Picture Actress
 1992 Golden Camera/ Germany - Best International Actress
 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award/ Outstanding Actress, Television - The Lion in Winter

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Glenn Close biography at thespiannet
 Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
 Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video atAmerican Theatre Wing.org, April 1986
 TonyAwards.com Interview with Glenn Close 

American movie actors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Greenwich, Connecticut
Tony Award winning actors
1947 births
Living people
People's Choice Award winners
Blaqk Audio

Blaqk Audio is an electronic band, made by Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI. Blaqk Audio features Davey Havok as lyricist and vocalist, with Jade Puget writing all music and programming the synthesizers. Blaqk Audio was recently signed to Interscope Records, and their first album, CexCells, was released on August 14, 2007. The band describes themselves as "Two boys in love with synthesizers and software".

Related pages
 AFI (band)

References

Other websites
 Official Blaqk Audio Website 
 Official Interscope Blaqk Audio Site 
 Official Blaqk Audio MySpace
 Jade Puget's blog 

Musical groups from Oakland, California
Electronic music bands
James Caan

James Langston Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his role of Sonny Corleone in 1972's The Godfather and for his role as Ed Deline on Las Vegas. He has been nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe.

He is the son of Sophie (née Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany.

References

Other websites
 
 

1940 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from New York City
James Coburn

James Harrison Coburn (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American actor. He became famous in the 1960s when he made many Western movies, such as The Magnificent Seven. But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor. He was very ill in the 1980s and he almost did not make any more movies in that decade. However, he got better and started acting again in the 1990s. He won an Academy Award in 1998.

References

Other websites 

 Find-A-Grave profile for James Coburn
 Gesprengte Ketten - The Great Escape, Behind the scenes , Photographs of cameraman Walter Riml. Helma Türk & Christian Riml, eds. House Publishing 2013, English/German

1928 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Nebraska
American television actors
People from Compton, California
Animal liberation movement

The animal liberation movement or animal rights movement (sometimes called the animal personhood movement and animal advocacy movement), is the movement of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals in research, as food, as clothing, or as entertainment.

History 

In some form or another, the concept of animal rights has been around for thousands of years. In Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism, the concept of ahiṃsā, meaning non-violence, is a central principle. Jainism stresses non-cruelty towards animals, prohibiting adherents from working at a zoo, cutting trees, or using any fabrics, including silk, which are produced through harming other living beings. In Islam, cruelty towards any animal is a punishable sin.

Within Europe and North America, there were many precursors of the modern-day animal rights movement. The first animal cruelty legislation was passed in 1635, which prohibited tearing wool off of living sheep. In 1822, Richard Martin, known as “Humanity Dick”, passed Martin’s Act aimed at preventing cruelty towards cattle. Martin went on to be one of the founding members of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the world’s first animal welfare charity, in 1824.

References

Further reading 
 , undated, retrieved September 4, 2005
 "Burning Rage"  by Ed Bradley, CBS 60 Minutes, November 5, 2005
 "FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism", by Terry Frieden, CNN, May 19, 2005
 Animal Liberation Through Trade Unions? 
 Allegations of sexism within the animal liberation movement 
 Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994). 
 Gary L. Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996). 
 Harold D. Guither, Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998). 
 James M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest (New York: The Free Press, 1992). 
 Peter Singer, Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998).

Other websites
 Brute Ethics: animal ethics encyclopedia
 Cruelty-Free Kitty a website that discusses products and weather or not they test on animals or not

Animal rights
Sex symbol

A sex symbol is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people. Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.

Other websites 
 BBC: Men pip for the Posh type
 Google Zeitgeist  has a list of the most searched for female celebrities on Google

Feminism
Marketing
Sociology
Symbolism
Breakfast cereal

Breakfast cereal is a breakfast food made from cereal grains.It is a common breakfast meal. This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States. It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit. There are many kinds of cereals.  Some names of breakfast cereal include Cheerios, Kellogg's, Cocoa Puffs and various other brands.  Most breakfast cereals are made for children, but there are many for adults as well.  Some adult cereals are made for diets or other health benefits.

History 
In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber. But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.

This brought up the creation of Granula. The name Granula comes from granulates, formed of grain. In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.

Related pages
 Corn
 Wheat
 Grain

References

Other websites 

 Cereal site - All About Cereal
 Cereals  by the Vegetarian Society
 Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals

Breakfast foods
Grains
Sexual attraction

Sexual attraction is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity. In many species this does not always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.

In humans 
What is sexually attractive to humans may change by culture or place. The sexual attraction of one person to another depends on both people. 

Much of human sexual attractiveness is physical (see beauty). This involves the impact one's appearance has on the senses, especially in the beginning of a relationship:

 Visual perception (how the other looks); 
 Olfaction (how the other smells, naturally or artificially; the wrong smell may be repellent);
 Audition (how the other's voice and/or movements sound).

Related pages
Love
Lust

Other websites 
 Sexual Attraction Among Humans 
 FaceResearch – Scientific research and online studies on the role of faces in sexual attraction
 Reunions Set Off Sex Urges, Article on sexual attraction among birth relatives.
 www.lookism.info deconstruction of attraction and beauty standards

Human behavior
Human sexuality
Sexuality
Cheerios

Cheerios is a popular brand of cereal. It is manufactured by General Mills. It was founded in 1941 as CheeriOats, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal. They are still making cereal, and it is produced worldwide.

References

Other websites
Cheerios Official Site
Cheerios Ratings for Health, Environmental and Social Impact on GoodGuide 

Breakfast cereals
Rehearsal

A rehearsal is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other performance. The group of  will get together to rehearse. They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.

A dress rehearsal is the last rehearsal before the performance. It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes. When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up. It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.

Orchestras often have section rehearsals or sectionals. This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together. This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.

An open rehearsal is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch. In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal. The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance. The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed. Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").

A technical rehearsal in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.

Performing arts
London Symphony Orchestra

The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the most famous orchestras of the world.  They are based in London's Barbican Centre, but they often tour to lots of different countries.

The LSO started in 1904.  Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra.  They left that orchestra when Henry Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts.  The LSO was set up as a self governing organization.  This means that the players themselves organize everything: they decide how much they are going to be paid, who can be in the orchestra, etc.

The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904 with Hans Richter conducting. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year.  Some of the world's most famous conductors have conducted the orchestra.  Since January 2007 Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor.  André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor).  In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas.  Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO.  The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.

The LSO was the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906. The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS Titanic for a concert in New York.  Fortunately they had to change the booking at the last minute.  They did tour the USA and Canada that year, and were the first British orchestra to do so.

In 1966 the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.

For many years the LSO refused to allow women to become members because they thought the sound would not be so good. 

The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920.  Since then they have made many recordings.

Principal Conductors

British orchestras
Obtuse angle

An obtuse angle is an angle of greater than 90° and less than 180°. It is bigger than an acute angle. It is smaller than a straight angle, which measures 180°. Angles are measured with a protractor obtuse angle is specifically present in hexagon and pentagon and others.

Related pages
 Acute angle
 Right angle
 Reflex angle

Angles
London Philharmonic Orchestra

The London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.

The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.

At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.

In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there.  Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.

In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra.  The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.

During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.
 
After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed.  When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.

Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries.  They only got paid for the work they did.  In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.

In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer.  They continue to do this today. 

In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.

Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.

Principal Conductors
Sir Thomas Beecham (1932–1939)
Eduard van Beinum (1947–1950)
Sir Adrian Boult (1950–1957)
William Steinberg (1958–1960)
Sir John Pritchard (1962–1966)
Bernard Haitink (1967–1979)
Sir Georg Solti (1979–1983)
Klaus Tennstedt (1983–1990)
Franz Welser-Möst (1990–1996)
Kurt Masur (2000-2007)
Vladimir Jurowski (since 2007)

Other websites 
London Philharmonic Orchestra official website

British orchestras
Vladimir Jurowski

Vladimir Jurowski (born 4 April 1972 in Moscow) is a Russian conductor.  He is one of the most important young conductors of today. Jurowski studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1990, he moved with his family to Germany, where he continued to study music in Dresden and Berlin.

In 1995 he conducted at the Wexford Festival and in 1996 at the Royal Opera House.  He continued conducting in Berlin and Bologna.

In August 2000, Jurowski was named the Music Director of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera.  He is now the Principal Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

In May 2007, Jurowski received the 2007 Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award for Conductor of the Year.

Jurowski, Vladimir
1972 births
Living people
Pim Fortuyn

Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn (, 19 February 1948 – 6 May 2002) was a Dutch sociologist and politician. He was born in Driehuis. He was the leader of the LPF (Lijst Pim Fortuyn), a right-wing political party. He was very popular and was expected to win the 2002 elections. Fortuyn did not agree with some things the religion of Islam does, and did not want to let criminal Muslims from other countries come to the Netherlands. He was Roman Catholic and openly gay.

Nine days before the elections, Fortuyn was assassinated during the 2002 Dutch national election campaign by Volkert van der Graaf, who is an extreme environmentalist and animal rights activist. In court at his trial, van der Graaf said he murdered Fortuyn to stop him from exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak members of society" in seeking political power.

Early life and education
Fortuyn was born on 19 February 1948 in Driehuis, as the third child to a Catholic family. His father worked as a salesman and his mother was a housewife. In 1967 he began to study sociology at the University of Amsterdam but transferred after a few months to the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In 1971 he ended his study with the Academic degree Doctorandus. In 1981 he received a doctorate in sociology at the University of Groningen as a Doctor of Philosophy.

References

Other websites
  Bio at Parlement.com

1948 births
2002 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch columnists
Dutch councillors
Dutch LGBT people
Dutch murder victims
Dutch party chairs
Dutch Roman Catholics
Dutch scientists
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Gay men
LGBT academics
LGBT Christians
LGBT politicians
LGBT scientists
LGBT writers
Murders by firearm
People from Rotterdam
People murdered in the Netherlands
Pim Fortuyn List politicians
Politicians from North Holland
Sociologists
Writers from North Holland
Cyrus the Great

Cyrus the Great (, Kurosh e Bozorg, c. 590 BC or 576 — August 530 BC), was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in today's Iran. He was chosen as the leader of Persian people in Anshan, he defeated the Medes and was chosen as the Shah of the Persian Empire in 599 BC. Cyrus fought with the Lydian Empire and the Babylonian Empire. Before leaving Babylon, Cyrus also freed the Israelites who were imprisoned by Babylonians and allowed Jews to return to their native land.

Cyrus was the first king who put an end to slavery in all his territory. He allowed his people to continue worshipping their own gods. Cyrus died, probably in battle, in Pasargadae. His tomb remains in Pasargadae in Iran. Cyrus was famous for justice and kindness.

References

6th-century BC births
530 BC deaths
Shahs of Iran
Rafał Wiechecki

Rafał Sylwester Wiechecki (born September 25, 1978 in Piotrków Trybunalski) is a Polish politician.

He is member of the League of Polish Families. From May 5 2006 to August 13 2007 was the minister of Polish government. He was the youngest cabinet minister in Polish history.

Other websites 
 Rafał Wiechecki

1978 births
Living people
Polish politicians
Relative density

Relative density is the ratio of the densities of two materials.   The term specific gravity is similar but not the same.  In specific gravity, the reference material is water. Mathematically, relative density is found with:

Other websites 
Weight Per Cubic Foot And Specific Gravity

Basic physics ideas
Čejov

Čajev is small village near Humpolec in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 473 people live there and it has 7,98 km².

Villages in the Czech Republic
Satsuma

Satsuma / sat-soo-muh/ .n. is a variety of tangerine with a loose skin. 
It is named after the former Satsuma Province of Japan.  In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.

Footnotes

Other websites 

 The Satsuma Tangerine - University of Florida 
 PLANTanswers - Texas Cooperative Extension

Mikan ('Citrus unshiu Marc.)
Relief

Relief is a way of making sculptures or carvings. You start with a flat stone or wooden base, and take small parts away until you have made the art you want.

Reliefs are found around the world. They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples. Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals.

In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away.  The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes. An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material. This can be very detailed.

Famous reliefs

Famous reliefs include:

 Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
 Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon
 Temple of Karnak in Egypt
 Angkor Wat in Cambodia
 Lion Capital of Ashoka, the national symbol of India
 glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization
 The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
 Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia
 The Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon now housed at the British Museum.
 The representation of Monticello on a US nickel.

Gallery

Sculpture
Relief (disambiguation)

A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form projects out from a flat background.

Relief could also mean:
Relief (music), the curvature of the neck of a guitar or similar instrument
Relief print, art techniques in printmaking
Relief map, a map depicting elevation
Relief pitcher, a baseball pitcher who is brought into a game in progress
 Six ships of the US Navy, listed at USS Relief

Other 
 Analgesic
 Humanitarian aid
Frieze

In architecture the frieze is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain or– in the Ionic or Corinthian order – decorated with bas-reliefs.  

Architectural elements
Entablature

An entablature (IPA [ɛnˈtæblətʃə]; Latin, and tabula, a tablet) is a major piece of classical architecture. It is the big part of the building made of moldings and bands that sits flat above the columns, resting on their capitals (tops).  

An entablature is made of three parts: 
 the architrave - the bottom part which runs right above the wall or columns below
 the frieze – an unmolded strip that may or may not be decorated
 the cornice - the top part which sticks out below the pediment.

The entabulature is an improvement on the older and less advanced lintel, which also sits between two posts and holds up roof rafters.

Related pages
 Frieze

References
 

Architectural elements
Flickr

Flickr is a photo sharing website and web services suite. It was founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake in 2002.It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.

Users can upload any photo to their website. The user will then be asked to release the photo under many licenses available. Some licenses allow other people to reuse it, which makes it possible for Wikimedia Commons to transfer free files from Flickr to their website.

Any person that has a Yahoo! ID can register their Flickr account in a few seconds.

Service 
Flickr provides a free service for users to share their photos online with other people. However, free users have a limit of 300 MB of uploads per month, 15 MB per photo and 150 MB per video. However, users can upgrade to the pro account where they can get unlimited uploads at $24.95 per month.

Tools 
Flickr also has a set of tools for users to upload their photos from their desktops. However, they can only be used on Windows and Mac computers.

References

Other websites 
Flickr
FlickrBlog 
Ludicorp corporate website
Flickrbits, a repository for third party plug-ins and API-based tools

Websites established in 2004
Social networking
Norton AntiVirus

Norton AntiVirus (NAV) is a popular product of Symantec Corporation. It is one of the most widely used antivirus programs. Norton AntiVirus is sold as a standalone product. It is also included as part of Norton Internet Security and Norton SystemWorks. There is also a standalone corporate edition version called Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition.

Other websites 
 Official website

Software
Haemophilia

Haemophilia is a blood condition that means bleeding does not stop. The bleeding occurs because the blood does not clot. People with hemophilia lack proteins in the blood that make scabs and blood clots. A person with a small cut or internal bleed (bruise) could bleed to death. They do not bleed more than a normal person, but they bleed for much longer. The word comes from the Greek words haima ("blood") and philia ("to love"). To treat this, an affected person can get a blood donation from someone without hemophilia. The donor’s blood  has the clotting proteins and can temporarily make a normal scab. 30% of hemophilia A and B cases are the first person in their family to have hemophilia which is the result of an unexpected mutation (this means that there is an unexpected change in the body).

It usually affects males. It is passed from mother to child through genes.

There are 3 types of haemophilia:
 Haemophilia A - about 90% of cases. There is no blood clotting ability.
 Haemophilia B - not as severe, but much less common. There is not enough blood clotting ability.
 Haemophilia C - caused by not one, but two recessive (weak) genes.

Haemophilia A happens in about 1 in 5,000–10,000 male births. Haemophilia B happens in about 1 in every 20,000–34,000 male births.

Genetic defects on the X chromosome affect males because they have only one X chromosome. In females, a recessive gene is usually masked by a normal gene on the other X chromosome. The Y chromosome does carry some genes, but far fewer than the X chromosome. Defects of this type are called "sex-linked" in genetics. There is no cure for this disease but there are different treatments available around the world.

A person with haemophilia is called a haemophiliac.

Related pages
Nicholas II of Russia

References 

Diseases
Genetic disorders
Otis Bowen

Otis R. Bowen, M.D. (February 26, 1918 – May 4, 2013), was the governor of the American state of Indiana from 1973 to 1981. He was the first governor of Indiana to serve two consecutive terms.  He was also the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services on the cabinet of President Ronald Reagan.

Early life
Bowen was born in a farmhouse in Fulton County, Indiana.  He raised his family, practiced medicine, and began his political career while living in Bremen, Indiana, where he still lives today.

Career
On Labor Day weekend in September 1973, Governor Bowen declared amnesty for a group of inmates that took hostages and rioted at the Indiana State Prison. Although his decision to give "blanket amnesty" was a controversial one, it proved to be the correct decision as all the hostages, who were not only guards, but also a few select inmates who were otherwise weak and preyed upon, were released without harm. The guards who were subsequently released after a short meeting took place between the leaders of the riot and Governor Bowen in front of b-block....the inmate negotiation took only a few minutes between the governor and a group of inmates led by one Thomas D Brown (ISP#37151) serving 10 years for armed robbery, and was compelling enough to cause Gov. Bowen to declare a successful "blanket amnesty".

The governor's action preceded a "domino effect" of changes made in all aspects of the Indiana Department of Corrections. The changes involved personnel, regulations and conditions within areas of the system, e.g. medical, food, access to media, and disciplinary aspects of every day life.

Death
Bowen died on May 4, 2013 in his home in Donaldson, Indiana at the age of 95. The cause of death has not been disclosed.

References

1918 births
2013 deaths
Governors of Indiana
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
US Republican Party politicians
Guacamole

Guacamole (called Guacamol in Central America and Cuba) is a Mexican dip made of avocados, salt and sometimes tomatoes. Various herbs can be added too, such as chives. It is depicted as a green, creamy dip or garnish.  It is often served as a dip or garnish with Mexican foods such as tacos and tortilla chips.

Related pages 

 Wasakaka

Other websites
Guacamole recipes and avocado information 

Condiments
Mexican sauces
Avocados
Gordan Nikolitch

Gordan Nikolitch (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist.  He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven.  He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland.  He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág.  He became particularly interested in Baroque music and contemporary music.

Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d’Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.  He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known.  He often plays chamber music.  The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.

Other websites
Home website 

Nikolitch, Gordan
Concertmasters
Nikolitch, Gordan

1968 births
Living people
1085

This page lists things that happened in the year 1085.

Events 
 Start of reign of Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I, Seljuk Ruler in Syria

Deaths 
 May 25 - Emperor Shenzong of China (b 1048)
 May 25 - Pope Gregory VII
 July 15 - Robert Guiscard, Norman adventurer.
Literal translation

Literal translation is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original. For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms. For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children," but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade.

Related pages
Machine translation
Interlinear text

References 
 Literal translation
 Example of a literal translation of bible text compared with normal translation (at the right) (pdf)

Linguistics
Machine translation

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the acronym MT, is part of computational linguistics. It looks at the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. 

At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for words in another (see: Literal translation).

Current machine translation software often allows to adapt the translation to subject or profession (such as weather reports) — to improve output by limiting the  allowable substitutions. This technique is very effective in domains where formal or formulaic language is used. It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more readily produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.

Quotes 
In the words of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT):

Related pages
 Translation
 Literal translation

Notes

References

Other websites 
 International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)
 Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)
 European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)
 Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (APAMT)
 Association for Computational Linguistics
 Machine Translation, an introductory guide to MT by D.J.Arnold et al. (1994)
 Machine Translation Archive  by John Hutchins. An electronic repository (and bibliography) of articles, books and papers in the field of machine translation and computer-based translation technology
 Machine translation (computer-based translation)  — Publications by John Hutchins (includes PDFs of several books on machine translation)
 NIST 2006 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results 
 NIST 2005 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results 
 Machine Translation and Minority Languages 
 John Hutchins 1999 
 SMT  An article on statistical machine translation in general and Language Weaver in particular
  Free online machine translation powered by PROMT Supports 24 language directions and the following languages: English, Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.
  How the Computer Translates  An article on machine translation from the founder of PROMT . broken link

Software
Linguistics
Languages
786



Events 
 A council is organized in Constantinople, but disturbed by soldiers
 Beatus of Liébana, Spanish monk, publishes his Commentary on the Apocalypse.
 September 14 — Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad upon the death of his brother al-Hadi, and appoints Salim Yunisi as the Abbasid governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley. Harun al-Rashid rules until 809.

Births 
 Emperor Saga, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Junna, emperor of Japan
 Hirohito, emperor of Japan
Interlinear text

Interlinear text is text on several lines where additional lines  give explanations of the main text.  That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.

Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.

Related pages
Literal translation

Other websites
 Example of interlinear text (Matthew) (pdf)
 Interlinear Glossed Text Standards (E-MELD)
 Interlinear Glossed Text Levels (E-MELD)
 Toward a General Model of Interlinear Text (E-MELD)
 Interlinear Morphemic Glosses 
 The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses 
 Online Interlinear of Biblical Greek Scriptures (New Testament) text - Requires Adobe Acrobat

Language
Transcription

Transcription may mean:

Transcription (linguistics), the conversion of spoken words into written language.  Also the conversion of handwriting, or a photograph of text into pure text
Transcription (genetics), the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP)
Transcription (music), either notating an unnotated piece, common in ethnomusicology, or rewriting a piece, either simply recopying (as for clarity), or as an arrangement for another instrument
Medical transcription, documentation of patients medical records
Piano transcription, a piece of music played on one or more pianos that is an approximation of a source piece of music
in computer speech recognition, transcription is the process of having a speech recognition system/software listen to prerecorded voice and then make it insert the recognizable words into a document for later correction

Related pages 
Transcript (disambiguation)
Transcript

Transcript could mean:

 Transcript (molecular biology) refers to a strand of messenger RNA
 Transcript (education), a copy of a student's permanent academic record
 Transcript (medical), the documented medical record of patients
 Film Transcript, a transcript needed for dialogue
 Transcript (law), a record of all court proceedings
 Transcript programming language, a computer programming language
 Adobe Transcript, a commercial troff tool from Adobe Systems
 The Transcript, Ohio Wesleyan University's student-run newspaper

Related pages 
Transcription (linguistics)