cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
List of counties in Michigan

There are 83 counties in the U.S. state of Michigan.

List of counties

Former counties
 Brown County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Brown County, Wisconsin.
 Keskkauko County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Renamed Charlevoix County in 1843. Annexed to Emmet County in 1853. Reformed as Charlevoix County from Emmet County in 1869.
 Crawford County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory when Michigan Territory was expanded to include area west of Lake Michigan upon formation of ths state of Illinois. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Crawford County, Wisconsin.
 Des Moines County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Des Moines County, Iowa.
 Dubuque County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Dubuque County, Iowa.
 Iowa County: formed in 1830 from part of Crawford County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Iowa County, Wisconsin.
 Isle Royale County: formed in 1875 from part of Keweenaw County. Returned to it in 1897.
 Manitou County: formed in 1855 from parts of Emmet County and Leelenau County. County was ended in 1895 and added to Charlevoix County and Leelanau County.
 Milwaukee County: formed in 1834 from part of Brown County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
 Omeena County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Grand Traverse County in 1853.
 Wyandot County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Cheboygan County in 1853.

References

More reading
 
 County histories published in Michigan History Magazine. Some back issues that include these histories are still available for purchase.
 
 
  at Google books
 
 
 

Michigan
Numerical analysis

Numerical analysis studies different algorithms to get approximations for  problems of mathematical analysis. Approximations are used for the following reasons:
There are no known ways to solve a problem using calculus. Examples for such problems are the Navier–Stokes equations or the Three-body problem
There is a way to solve a problem using calculus. Getting an exact solution is impractical though, because it requires a long time, or many resources. An example for this is calculating Power series.

One of the earliest known uses of numerical analysis is a Babylonian clay tablet, which approximates the square root of 2. In a unit square, the diagonal has this length. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle is extremely important, for instance, in carpentry and construction.

Numerical analysis continues this long tradition of practical mathematical calculations. Much like the Babylonian approximation of , modern numerical analysis does not seek exact answers, because exact answers are often impossible to obtain in practice. Instead, much of numerical analysis is concerned with obtaining approximate solutions while maintaining reasonable bounds on errors.

Numerical analysis naturally finds applications in all fields of engineering and the physical sciences, but in the 21st century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted elements of scientific computations. Ordinary differential equations appear in star movement; optimization occurs in portfolio management; numerical linear algebra is important for data analysis; stochastic differential equations and Markov chains are essential in simulating living cells for medicine and biology.

Computers greatly helped this task. Before there were computers, numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables. Since the mid 20th century, computers calculate the required functions instead. These same interpolation formulas nevertheless continue to be used as part of the software algorithms for solving differential equations.

Famous numerical software
In order to support numerical analysts, many kinds of numerical software has been created:
 MATLAB - made by MathWorks
 GNU Octave, Scilab - open source versions of MATLAB
 SageMath
 SciPy
 Wolfram Mathematica - made by Wolfram Research

References

Researchers

Related pages

Further reading

Fields of mathematics
Technology
Computer science
List of counties in Texas

The state of Texas is divided into 254 counties.  This is more than any other U.S. state.

List

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References

 - Counties, county seats, county formation, and areas
 - populations
 - official sites

Texas
Barbara Windsor

Dame Barbara Windsor DBE (born Barbara Ann Deeks, 6 August 1937 – 10 December 2020) was an English actress. She was born in Shoreditch, London. She was best known for her roles in the Carry On movies and for playing Peggy Mitchell from 1994–2010 in soap opera EastEnders. 

She was made a Dame in the 2016 New Year Honours.

On 10 May 2018, it was announced that Windsor was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in April 2014. She died from the disease on 10 December 2020 in London, aged 83.

References

Other websites 

1937 births
2020 deaths
Actors from London
English voice actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
List of counties in Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 39 independent cities, which are considered county-equivalents for census purposes.

List

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References

Virginia
Ryōgoku Bridge

connected  Musashi Province and Shimōsa Province in the Edo period of Japan.  The bridge crossed the Sumida River in the area of modern Tokyo.

History

Timeline
 1659 (Manji 2): Building began on the Ryōgoku Bridge.
 September 1, 1923 (Taishō 12, 1st day of the 9th month):  The bridge was damaged during the Great Kantō earthquake.
 1932 (Shōwa 7): Bridge re-building completed.

References

Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Wooden bridges
Bridges in Japan
List of counties in Missouri

There are 114 counties and one independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri.

In Missouri, the county level of government level comes between those of the city and the state. Its main responsibilities include maintaining roads, providing security, prosecuting criminals, and collecting taxes. Elected officials at this level include a sheriff, prosecuting attorney, and assessor.

The city of St. Louis is an independent city, and is not within the limits of a county. Its residents voted to secede from Saint Louis County in 1876. Throughout the United States, St. Louis is one of three independent cities outside the state of Virginia (the other two are Baltimore, Maryland and Carson City, Nevada).

Counties

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Former county names

References

Missouri
List of counties in Tennessee

There are 95 counties in the State of Tennessee. A county is a local level of government smaller than a state and typically larger than a city or town.

Alphabetical list 
Click on the double triangles at the top of a column to sort the table by that column.

Former counties
There are two former counties in Tennessee:
 James County (1870–1919) - Now part of Hamilton County. The county seat was Ooltewah. 
 Tennessee County (1788–1796) - When Tennessee achieved statehood, the previous Tennessee County in North Carolina became Tennessee County, Tennessee, and was divided into Montgomery and Robertson Counties.

Consolidated counties
Three Tennessee counties operate under consolidated city-county governments, a city and county that have been merged into one jurisdiction. As such, these governments are simultaneously a city, which is a municipal corporation, and a county, which is an administrative division of a state.
 City of Nashville and Davidson County
 City of Lynchburg and Moore County
 City of Hartsville and Trousdale County

References 

Tennessee
List of counties in Nebraska

There are 93 counties in the U.S. state of Nebraska.

Nebraska's postal abbreviation is NE and its FIPS state code is 31.

County list

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Former counties of Nebraska
 Clay (1855-64) Formed from un-organized and dissolved into Gage and Lancaster County.
 Jackson (1855-6) Formed from un-organized and dissolved to the Fillmore County and un-organized.
 Johnson (1855-6) Formed from un-organized and dissolved to un-organized
 Blackbird (1855-88) Formed from Burt County and dissolved to Thurston County
 Loup (1855-6) Formed from Burt and un-organized and then dissolved Madison, Monroe and Platte Counties
 Jones (1856-66) Formed from un-organized and dissolved into Jefferson County.
 Grant, Harrison, Jackson, Lynn, Monroe and Taylor counties listed in 1870 (But no proof on where)

Notes 

Nebraska
Boyzone

Boyzone are an Irish boy band. The group is a quartet, its members are Keith Duffy (born 1974), Mikey Graham (born 1972), Ronan Keating (born 1977) and Shane Lynch (born 1976). Stephen Gately (1976-2009) was also a member until his death. The band were formed in Dublin by Louis Walsh in 1993. They split in 2000 and reformed in 2007.

Other websites 
Official website

1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Boy bands
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups from Dublin
Musical quartets
Musical quintets
1993 establishments in Europe
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
List of counties in Ohio

There are eighty-eight counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The elected county officials include three commissioners, a sheriff (the highest law enforcement officer in the county); prosecutor (equivalent of a district attorney in other states); coroner, engineer, auditor, treasurer and clerk of courts.

List of counties

References

 
 

Ohio
List of counties in Minnesota

There are 87 counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Alphabetical listing

|}

References 

Minnesota
List of counties in Pennsylvania

There are sixty-seven counties of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States of America. The city of Philadelphia shares boundaries with Philadelphia County, and governmental functions have been shared since 1854.

FIPS code
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. FIPS codes are five digit numbers, for Pennsylvania the codes start with 42 and are completed with the three digit county code. The FIPS code for each county in the table links to census data for that county.

Alphabetical list

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References

Pennsylvania
Dorothy Gish

Dorothy Elizabeth Gish (March 11, 1898 – June 4, 1968) was an American actress. She was born in Dayton, Ohio. She was very young when her father abandoned the family. Dorothy, her older sister Lillian, and their mother entered the theatrical profession to support themselves.

In 1912, actress Mary Pickford introduced them to director D. W. Griffith. The sisters began acting at Biograph Studios. Dorothy and Lillian Gish both debuted in Griffith's An Unseen Enemy. Dorothy would star in over 100 short movies and feature movies.

Dorothy married actor James Rennie in 1920. They divorced in 1935. Dorothy never remarried. She died in 1968 from bronchial pneumonia in Rapallo, Liguria, Italy. She was laid to rest in Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City.

Her sister Lillian was later laid to rest beside her. Dorothy Gish was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6385 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, California. Dorothy and Lillian both appeared in D. W. Griffith's Orphans of the Storm in 1921.

Sources 
 David W. Menefee, The First Female Stars: Women of the Silent Era (Connecticut: Praeger, 2004) 
 Harold Casselton (ed.),Remembering Dorothy Gish (Minneapolis: The Society for Cinephiles, 1986)
 Homer Croy, Star Maker: The Story of D. W. Griffith (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1959)
 Dorothy Gish, "And So I am a Comedienne", Ladies Home Journal (July 1925)
 Lillian Gish, Dorothy and Lillian Gish (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973)
 Lillian Gish, The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me (New York: Prentice Hall, 1969)
 Anthony Slide, The Griffith Actresses (New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1973)
 Margaret L. Talmadge, The Talmadge Sisters (New York: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1924)

Other websites

 
 

 The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Film Theater 
 Extensive Dorothy Gish gallery
 The Dorothy Gish Project 

1898 births
1968 deaths
American child actors
American movie actors
American silent movie actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Episcopalians
Actors from Dayton, Ohio
Nihonbashi

, also romanized as Nihombashi, is a business district of Chūō in Tokyo, Japan. The district grew up around the bridge of the same name. The bridge connects two sides of the Nihonbashi River.  A series of bridges at the same site have had the same name since the 17th century.

Traditionally, all distances in Japan are measured from the centerpoint of the Nihonbashi Bridge.  This custom began in the Edo period.

History

In the Edo period, the Nihonbashi Bridge was the start of Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. The earliest Nihonbashi Bridge was made of wood.  It was completed in 1603. The current bridge is made of stone.  It was completed in 1911.

In 2009, Nihonbashi was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

Timeline
 1603 (Keichō 8): Wooden bridge built.
 1605 (Keichō 10): The first official map of Japan was ordered with distances  measured from Nihonbashi. 
 1911 (Meiji 44): Bridge was re-built using stone.

Related pages
 Nihombashi Station
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
 List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

Tokyo
Japanese culture
Stone bridges
Bridges in Japan
List of counties in South Dakota

There are 66 counties in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

Todd County and Oglala Lakota County are two counties in South Dakota that do not have their own county seat. Hot Springs in Fall River County is the administrative center of Oglala Lakota County. Winner in Tripp County is the administrative center of Todd County. 

South Dakota's postal abbreviation is SD and its FIPS state code is 46.

Table of counties 

|}

Former names 
 Shannon County: renamed Oglala Lakota County in 2015

Former counties 
 Armstrong County (1883–1952): Created by Dakota Territory as Pyatt County in 1883 from Cheyenne, Rusk (Dewey), and Stanely Counties. Renamed Armstrong in 1895. Dissolved into Dewey in 1952.
 Boreman County (1873–1909): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands in 1873. Lost territory to North Dakota when South Dakota became a state in 1889. Ended in 1909 when it became part of Corson County.
 Lugenbeel County (1875–1909): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands and Meyer and Pratt Counties in 1875. Ended in 1909 when it became part of Bennett and Todd Counties.
 Nowlin County (1883–1898): Created by Dakota Territory in 1883 from Cheyenne and White River Counties. Ended in 1898 when it became part of Lyman and Stanley Counties.
 Pyatt County (1883–1895): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands in 1883. Renamed Armstrong in 1895.
 Schnasse County (1883–1911): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands and part of Boreman County in 1883. Lost territory to North Dakota when South Dakota became a state. Ended in 1911 when it became part of Ziebach County.
 Sterling County (1883–1911): Created by Dakota Territory from Cheyenne County. Ended in 1911 when it became part of Ziebach County.
 Washabaugh County (1883–1983): South Dakota's most recent county to be eliminated. Created by Dakota Territory in 1883. Endd in 1983 when it was merged with Jackson County.
 Washington County (1888-1943): Ended in 1943 when it was merged into Jackson, Pennington and Shannon Counties.

References 

 
 

South Dakota
List of counties in New York

There are 62 counties in the State of New York. Five of New York's counties share boundaries with the five boroughs of New York City and do not have functioning county governments, except for a few borough officials. New York City is considered the county seat of these five counties: New York County (Manhattan), Kings County (Brooklyn), Bronx County (The Bronx), Richmond County (Staten Island), and Queens County (Queens).

Alphabetical list

Defunct counties

Proposed new counties

References

New York
New York-related lists
List of counties in Montana

There are 56 counties in the U.S. state of Montana. Montana has two consolidated city-counties—Anaconda with Deer Lodge County and Butte with Silver Bow County.  The portion of Yellowstone National Park that is in Montana was not part of any county until 1978.  Then part of it was added to Gallatin County, and the rest of it to Park County.

Montana's postal abbreviation is MT and its FIPS state code is 30.

Counties

|}

References

Montana
List of counties in West Virginia

There are 55 counties in the U.S. state of West Virginia.

List

|}

References

West Virginia
List of counties in North Dakota

There are 53 counties in the U.S. state of North Dakota. 

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. North Dakota's code is 38, which when combined with any county code would be written as 38XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

List

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References

North Dakota
List of counties in South Carolina

The U.S. state of South Carolina is made up of 46 counties.  This is the maximum allowable by state law.

History
In the colonial period, the land around the coast was divided into parishes.  The parishes matched the Church of England. There were also several counties that had judicial and electoral functions. As people settled the backcountry, judicial districts and additional counties were formed. This structure continued and grew after the Revolutionary War. In 1800, all counties were renamed as districts. In 1868, the districts were changed back to counties. The South Carolina Department of Archives and History has maps that show the boundaries of counties, districts, and parishes starting in 1682.

Alphabetical list

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Former parishes, counties and districts

Parishes
 St. Luke's Parish formed by the Colonial Assembly on 23 May 1767, located on Hilton Head Island and the adjacent mainland.

Counties
 Craven County formed in 1682 by the Lords Proprietors
 Granville County formed in 1686 by the Lords Proprietors
 Orange County (1785-1791)
 Lewisburg County (1785-1791)
 Winton County is present-day Barnwell County
 Liberty County is present-day Marion County
 Winyah County is the former name of Georgetown County
 Claremont County
 Salem County

Districts
 Cheraw District formed in 1769
 Camden District formed in 1769
 Ninety-Six District formed in 1769
 Pinckney District (1791-1798)
 Washington District (1785-1798)
 Pendleton District formed in 1789 from Cherokee lands

References

South Carolina
List of counties in Washington

There are 39 counties in the U.S. state of Washington. Washington came from the western part of Washington Territory.  It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. The first counties were created from unorganized territory in 1845.

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. The FIPS code links in the table point to U. S. Census "quick facts" pages for each county.

List

|}

Former county names 
 Sawamish County, originally named for the Sahewamish Native American tribe, was renamed Mason County in 1864.
 Slaughter County, originally named for Lieutenant William A. Slaughter who was killed during the Indian Wars, was renamed Kitsap County in 1857.

Former counties 
 Ferguson County, named for Washington legislator James L. Ferguson, was formed on January 23, 1863 from Walla Walla County and ended on January 18, 1865. Yakima County was formed in its place.

References 

Washington
Sanjō Ōhashi Bridge

is in Kyoto.  The bridge connects two sides of the Kamo River in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.  The bridge is part of Sanjō-dōri (三条大通り Third Avenue).

History
In the Edo period, the Sanjō Ōhashi Bridge Bridge was the end of Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

The current concrete bridge is made of concrete.  It was built in 1950.

Related pages
 List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō
The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

Bridges in Japan
Concrete bridges
Gay icon

A gay icon is a prominent person (either living or dead) who is liked by the gay community. Gay icons are often glamourous and even flamboyant. They show strength through adversity. They often show a blend of masculine and feminine traits. Sometimes they show no gender traits at all. Gay icons can be male or female. They can be gay, straight, bisexual, or asexual. If they are gay, they can be openly gay or not. Sometimes living gay icons support LGBT causes, sometimes they do not. Some gay icons from history are tragic figures like Saint Sebastian, Oscar Wilde, or Judy Garland. Some more modern gay icons are entertainers like Ellen DeGeneres, Beyoncé, Lady Gaga,Cher, Barbra Streisand, Liza Minnelli, and Freddie Mercury.

Related pages
 Judy Garland as gay icon

Other websites 
 GLBT Historical Society
 Gay men and women should just be themselves
 Christina up close
 Sophie Morris. From the tragic to the bland // New Statesman, August 1, 2005 
 "Pink doesn't mean fluffy" John Howard. The Independent, (UK), August 4, 2005

Popular culture
LGBT
Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)

The Afternoon of a Faun () is a modern  ballet. It was choreographed by Nijinsky to a short symphonic work by Claude Debussy called Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune. Both the music and the ballet were inspired by the poem L'après-midi d'un faune by Stéphane Mallarmé. It was Nijinsky's first choreographed work. The ballet was first performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 29 May 1912. The costumes and sets were designed by Léon Bakst. Nijinsky danced the role of the faun. 

Grace Robert writes in The Borzoi Book of Ballet that Bakst was responsible for the choreography. Nijinsky simply carried out his directions. However, Nijinsky's sister alleged that Bakst and Diaghilev were not involved with the choreography and were admitted to rehearsals only in the last stages. The truth will never be known; those involved are dead. The choreography however caused a scandal, especially the ending. Here, the Faun appears to climax upon a Nymph's scarf. Gaston Calmette, the editor of Le Figaro, attacked the choreography on moral grounds. Sculptor Auguste Rodin defended it. The furor assured the public's interest in the ballet, then and now. 

The first American performance occurred in New York City on January 17, 1916. The Catholic Theatre Movement decided the ending should be modified. The ending was duly altered. Diaghilev told the head of the Metropolitan Opera House, "America is saved." Thereafter, the ballet saw a variety of manifestations until 1936 when a close facsimile of the original was presented at the Metropolitan by Colonel W. de Basil's Ballets Russes. Grace Robert believes the original ballet was produced as an aesthetic antidote to Isadore Duncan's copycats and their Greek dances.

Story 
Lincoln Kirstein describes the story: "A faun lolls on a hillock ... Seven nymphs in chain step shuffle past him ... Curious, the Faun descends to watch. Curious, then alarmed, they flee, to return shyly. The Faun tries to play with them, but they are frightened by this half-boy, half-beast. The least shy ... returns; they link arms. Contact frightens her; she escapes, dropping her scarf ... she is eager to stay, but the creature seems too theatening. Leaping onto his rock, he carries her scarf ... Arching his body, he thrusts his length into it."

References 

 Robert, Grace. 2005. The Borzoi Book of Ballet. Kessinger Publishing.  
 Kirstein, Lincoln. 1984. Four Centuries of Ballet: Fifty Masterworks. Dover.

Other websites 
 , , ,  : Nijinsky as the faun, photographs by Adolf de Meyer.

Ballets Russes productions
Ballets starring Nijinsky
Ballets choreographed by Nijinsky
Kintai Bridge

is in Iwakuni.  The bridge crosses the Nishiki River in Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan.

History
The Kintai Bridge was built in 1673.  It has five wooden arches at the base of Mount Yokoyama.

The bridge was eclared a National Treasure in 1922.

Kikkou Park, which includes the bridge and Iwakuni Castle, is a popular tourist destinations.

In 2009, the Kintai Bridge was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

References

Other websites

 Iwami-kanko.jp, Kintai Bridge 
 Kintaikyo.jp, Kintai-kyō 
 Iwami-kanko.com, Kintai Bridge 

Bridges in Japan
Wooden bridges
Japanese culture
Civil religion

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, civil religion is the foundation that keeps modern society together. It provides the state with sacred authority. In his book The Social Contract Rousseau states the dogmas of civil religion:
Deity
life to come
the reward of virtue and the punishment of vice
 the exclusion of religious intolerance.

References

Religion
Politics
List of counties in Oregon

There are 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. 

Oregon's postal abbreviation is OR and its FIPS state code is 41.

County information

|}

References

Oregon
List of counties in New Mexico

There are 33 counties in the U.S. state of New Mexico. First there were nine counties formed in 1852. 

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. New Mexico's code is 35. When added with any county code it would be written as 35XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

List

References
 

New Mexico
List of counties in Utah

There are 29 counties in the U.S. state of Utah.

Counties

|}

Former counties
There were ten counties in the Territory of Utah that were added into other states or Utah counties.

References

Utah
List of counties in Wyoming

There are 23 counties in the U.S. state of Wyoming. First there were five counties in the Wyoming Territory.  They were Laramie and Carter, formed in 1867; Carbon and Albany formed in 1868; and Uinta, an added portion of Utah and Idaho, extending from Montana (including Yellowstone Park) to the Wyoming-Utah boundary. On July 10, 1890, Wyoming was admitted to the Union with thirteen counties.

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. Wyoming's code is 56.  When combined with any county code it would be written as 56XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

List

References

Wyoming
List of counties in New Jersey

There are 21 counties in the U.S. state of New Jersey. These counties together have 566 municipalities, or administrative entities composed of clearly defined territory; 250 boroughs, 52 cities, 15 towns, 245 townships, and 4 villages. In New Jersey, a county is a local level of government between the state and municipalities. County government in New Jersey includes a Board of Chosen Freeholders, sheriff, clerk, and surrogate (responsible for uncontested and routine probate),. All of these jobs are elected officials.  Counties are responsible for the maintenance of jails, parks, and certain roads. The site of a county's administration and courts is called the county seat.

FIPS code
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. FIPS codes are five digit numbers. For New Jersey the codes start with 34 and are completed with the three digit county code. The FIPS code for each county in the table links to census data for that county.

Counties

References

New Jersey
List of counties in Nevada

There are sixteen counties and one independent city in the U.S. state of Nevada. On November 25, 1861, the first Nevada Territorial Legislature formed nine counties. When Nevada joined the United States on October 31, 1864 it had eleven counties.

Alphabetical list

Former counties
 Bullfrog County, Nevada, formed in 1987 from part of Nye county. Creation declared unconstitutional and it was ended in 1989.
 Lake County, Nevada, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861. Renamed Roop county in 1862. Part became Lassen County, California in 1864. The rest was added in 1883 to Washoe county.
 Ormsby County, Nevada, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861. In 1969 added to Carson City, Nevada.  It formed an independent city.

References

Nevada
Ragheb Harb

Ragheb Harb (1952-1984) was one of the Shia resistance leaders in Lebanon against Israel's occupation in Southern Lebanon. He was assassinated by Israelis on 16 February 1984.

He was one of the founders of Hezbollah.

References

1952 births
1984 deaths
Assassinated people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanese terrorists
Muslim terrorists
List of counties in New Hampshire

There are 10 counties in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. Five of the counties were formed in 1769.  This was when New Hampshire was still an English colony and not a state. 

The FIPS county code is the five-digit Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code which uniquely identifies counties and county equivalents in the United States.  The three-digit number is unique to each individual county within a state. The code for New Hampshire is 33. The links in the column "FIPS County Code" are to the Census Bureau Info page for that county.

List

References

New Hampshire
List of counties in Rhode Island

It has a rich history, and is known as The Plantation State, The Ocean State, or Little Rhody.
This is a list of the five counties in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Rhode Island is tied with Hawaii for having the second lowest number of counties of any U.S. state. Delaware has fewer, with three counties. Although Rhode Island is divided into counties, it does not have any local government at the county level. Instead, local governance is provided by the eight cities and thirty-one towns. 

Within Rhode Island, Washington County is often referred to as South County.

The colony of Rhode Island was formed in the 17th century.  It was the first of the thirteen original American colonies to declare independence from British rule in 1776.  The counties were all established before the Declaration of Independence.

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. Rhode Island's code is 44. When combined with any county code is written as 44XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

Alphabetical list

References

Rhode Island
Chillin

"Chillin'" is the debut single from Wale. It features guest vocals from Lady Gaga. It reached No.12 in the UK Singles Chart.

2009 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Federal University of Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, short UFMG) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Established in 1927, it is the largest university in Minas Gerais as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Belo Horizonte
1927 establishments in South America
1920s establishments in Brazil
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais

Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, short Cefet-MG) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Established in 1909, it is the second largest university in Minas Gerais as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.

Related pages
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca

References

Other websites
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Minas Gerais
1909 establishments in Brazil
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana

State University of Feira de Santana (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, short UEFS) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Bahia. Established in 1976, it is the second largest university in Bahia as well as one the most prestigious universities in this state. 

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Bahia
1976 establishments in Brazil
Universidade Federal da Bahia

Federal University of Bahia (Universidade Federal da Bahia, short UFBA) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Bahia. Established in 1946, it is the largest university in Bahia as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Bahia
1946 establishments
1940s establishments in Brazil
Théâtre du Châtelet

The Théâtre du Châtelet () is a theatre and opera house in Paris seating 2,500 people. It was designed by Gabriel Davioud. It was built between 1860 and 1862. It was named the Théâtre Impérial du Châtelet. It was built on a site where a châtelet (small castle) once stood. The theatre has undergone remodeling and name changes over the years. The theatre sits on the Place du Châtelet facing the Théâtre de la Ville. At the centre of the plaza is a fountain is a sphinx fountain, erected in 1808, which celebrates Napoleon's victory in Egypt.

The Théâtre du Châtelet was originally used for drama performances.  In April 1876, the stage version of Around the World in Eighty Days began a run spanning sixty-four years and 2195 performances. The theatre was used for operettas, variety and ballet performances, and for concerts. It was also, for a time, a movie theatre.  Petrouchka premiered in the theatre on 13 June 1911, and Parade on 18 May 1917. Tchaikovsky, Mahler, and Richard Strauss made appearances here.

The theatre has been operated by the City of Paris since 1979. It has undergone a major restoration. It re-opened under the name of the Théâtre Musical de Paris in 1980. It was acoustically re-modeled again in 1989. It returned to the Théâtre du Châtelet name. In 1995, the theatre received additional improvements in acoustics and sightlines. Today, the theatre is mainly used for opera performances and concerts.

Sources 
Allison, John, ed.(2003). Great Opera Houses of the World, supplement to Opera Magazine, London.
 Wild, Nicole (1989). Dictionnaire des théâtres parisiens au XIXe siècle: les théâtres et la musique. Paris: Aux Amateurs de livres. .  (paperback).

Other websites 

Official website
Floormic Profile

Opera houses in France
Theatres in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
Serial Mom

Serial Mom is a 1994 dark comedy that stars Kathleen Turner as the "serial mom", Sam Waterston as husband Eugene, Matthew Lillard as Chip and Ricki Lake as Misty. It was released April 13, 1994. The "serial mom", named Beverly, is a typical housewife from Baltimore raising her kids, although she tends to kill on just the mildest criticism or the slightest insult. She also performs obscene telephone calls. Serial Mom got mixed reviews, though it has become a cult classic over the years. Serial Mom was directed by John Waters.

1994 movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Oresund Bridge

The Øresund Bridge (, , joint hybrid name: Øresundsbron) is a bridge and tunnel across the Øresund strait. It connects Denmark and Sweden.

History 
The construction of the Øresund Bridge began in 1995.  When it was finished in 1999, Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden met in the middle.

The official opening was on 1 July 2000. Queen Margrethe II and King Carl XVI Gustaf led the ceremonies together.

Related pages
Great Belt Bridge

References

Other websites 

 Øresundsbron website 
 Structurae,  Øresund Bridge,  Øresund Tunnel
 Road Traffic Technology, Øresund bridge project information
 

2000 establishments in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Denmark
Concrete bridges
Copenhagen
Malmo
Bridges in Sweden
John Waters

John Waters (born April 22, 1946 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American writer, stand up comedian and movie maker. He first became famous during the 1970s. He is the director of many movies. These include Hairspray, Serial Mom, Sixteen Candles and Pretty in Pink. Waters has written books. In 1986 Crackpot: The Obsessions of John Waters was published. Waters has acted in several movies. He did the voice of a gay man called "John" in an episode of The Simpsons called "Homer's Phobia".

Waters is openly gay.

References

Other websites

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Baltimore
American cinematographers
American LGBT people
American movie actors
American movie editors
American stand-up comedians
American television actors
American television writers
American voice actors
Comedians from Baltimore
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT directors
LGBT producers
LGBT writers
Movie directors from Maryland
Movie producers from Maryland
Screenwriters from Maryland
Writers from Baltimore
Morell Bridge

The Morell Bridge is a bridge over the Yarra River in South Yarra, Melbourne, Australia. It was built in 1899 by John Monash and J. T. N. Anderson. It was the first bridge in Victoria to be built using reinforced concrete.

It has decorations on the three arch spans, including large dragons, and Victorian era lighting. The drains on the bridge are cobbled bluestone, with a single vehicle lane in the middle. The bridge is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. It was built on dry land, and the course of the Yarra River was later changed to flow under the bridge.

It was first called the Anderson Street bridge, but it was named the Morell Bridge in 1936 after Sir Stephen Morell
who was Lord Mayor of Melbourne between 1926 and 1928.

On June 7, 1998 the bridge was closed to motor vehicles as part of the CityLink project. It is now used by cyclists and people, joining the Royal Botanic Gardens to the Olympic Park areas.

References

Bridges in Australia
Concrete bridges
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
1899 establishments
1890s establishments in Australia
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge

The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (also referred to as the Verrazzano Bridge, locally as the Verrazzano, and formerly as the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge or Narrows Bridge) is a suspension bridge in New York City.  It connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn.

The bridge is named for the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano.  His ship was the first to enter New York Harbor.

When construction was finished, the Verrazzano-Narrows was the longest suspension bridge in the world until the Humber Bridge surpassed that length in 1981.

References

Other websites

 New York City MTA,  Verrazano-Narrows Bridge 
 Structurae,  Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
 Transportation Alternatives,  Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, bike-pedestrian path

Bridges in New York
Steel bridges
Staten Island
Brooklyn
Suspension bridges
1964 establishments in New York (state)
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New York (state)
Great Belt Fixed Link

The Great Belt Fixed Link (also called the Great Belt Bridge) (), is the bridge and tunnel across the strait between the main Danish islands of Zealand (Sjælland) and Funen (Fyn).

This waters between the two Danish islands is called the Great Belt ().

Related pages
Oresund Bridge

Notes

Other websites

http://www.storebaelt.dk/english , http://www.storebaelt.dk/omstorebaelt 
Structurae,  Great Belt East Bridge,  East Tunnel,  West Bridge

1998 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Denmark
Concrete bridges
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
Bleeding

Bleeding, technically known as haemorrhaging (Brit.) or hemorrhaging (US) is the loss of blood or blood escape from the circulatory system. 

Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or externally, either through a natural opening such as the vagina, mouth, nose, ear or anus, or through a break in the skin.

Desanguination is a major blood loss.  Exsanguination is losing enough blood to cause death.  A person does not have to lose all of their blood to die.  People can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood.

Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties, and blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume.

The World Health Organization (WHO) established a scale to measure different degrees of blood loss, from level 0 to 4. Level 0 indicates no blood loss, whilst level 4 represents the highest level of hemorrhaging, with a risk of fatality.

References 

Blood
Rumpelstiltskin

"Rumpelstiltskin" () is a fairy tale. It was first published by the Brothers Grimm in their Children's and Household Tales of 1812. There are many similar tales such as "Tom-Tit-Tot". Maria Tatar points out that the Rumpelstiltskin plot hinges on greed and deception, and has little moral value for children.

Story 
A poor miller tells the king that his daughter can spin straw into gold. The king locks her in a castle room to test her. She cries because the task is impossible. A little man appears. He spins the straw into gold. He takes a trinket in payment. The king is delighted. He does not know the girl has had supernatural help. He tests the girl again the next night. Once more, the little man does the task and receives a trinket. On the third night, the girl promises to give the little man her first-born child in payment for again spinning the straw into gold. The king marries the girl. She gives birth to a child. The little man comes to claim the child. He gives the queen the chance to keep her baby if she can guess his name. A courtier spies on the little man and learns his name is Rumpelstiltskin. The queen confronts the little man with his name. He rages and tears himself in two.

References 
 Tatar, Maria. 2002. The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 123-4.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. p. 429.

Other websites

 Free version of translation of "Household Tales" by Brothers Grimm from Project Gutenberg
 The Brothers Grimm's 'Rumpelstiltzkin' 
 'Tom Tit Tot: an essay on savage philosophy in folk-tale' by Edward Clodd (1898)
 Web Essay on the Origin of Rumpelstiltskin 

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Edward Thorndike

Edward Lee "Ted" Thorndike (August 31, 1874 – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist. He spent most of entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. He worked on ethology and the learning process. This led to the theory of connectionism, and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology.

Thorndike also worked on industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing. He was a member of the board of the Psychological Corporation, and served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1912.

Thorndike's law 
The law of effect basically states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation”.

Books 
Thorndike's textbooks were widely used in psychology courses for teacher training in the first part of the twentieth century.

1903 Educational psychology. New York, Lemcke & Buechner. Revised and enlarged 1910, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York.
1904 Introduction to the theory of mental and social measurements. New York: Science Press. 
1905  The elements of psychology. New York: Seiler.
1911. Animal intelligence: experimental studies. New York: Macmillan. 
1913. Education psychology: briefer course. New York: Routledge.
1921 The teacher's word book. 1932 A teacher's word book of the twenty thousand words found most frequently and widely in general reading for children and young people. 1944 (with J.E. Lorge) The teacher's word book of 30,000 Words.
1922 The psychology of arithmetic. New York, Macmillan. 
1927 The measurement of intelligence. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University.
1931. Human learning. New York, Century.
1932 The fundamentals of learning. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University.

References 

1874 births
1949 deaths
American psychologists
Harvard University alumni
Columbia University alumni
American atheists
Scientists from Massachusetts
Ethologists
Nasty Party

The term Nasty Party was first used by Theresa May where in October 2002 she described the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom as "There's a lot we need to do in this party of ours. Our base is too narrow and so, occasionally, are our sympathies. You know what some people call us -- the Nasty Party."

The term "Nasty Party" applied to Conservative Party members with traditional conservative stances which included being anti-gay, anti-minorities, and pro-business, and lacking concern for the poor.

Many conservatives felt this one the reasons the Conservative Party lost the last three general elections and needed to broaden their traditional base to have a chance of reelection.

References

Slang
Conservatism
Conservative Party (UK)
Argentan

Argentan is a French city in the Orne department, in Lower Normandy. 17 327 people live there. The size is . The river Orne flows through Argentan. The forests of Gouffern and Ecouves are nearby.

Argentan was built at the beginning of the 12th century by Henry II. Henry was a Normandy duke and also the king of England.

There are three churches: Saint Martin, Saint Germain and Saint Michel.

Communes in Orne
Subprefectures in France
Guru Har Krishan

Guru Har Krishan ( ; 23 July 1656 – 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the ten gurus of Sikhism. He became Guru on 7 October 1661, on the death of his father, Guru Har Rai. Due to the smallpox epidemic that was happening at that time, Guru Har Krishan died at the young age of 7. His grand-uncle, Guru Tegh Bahadur, became the next Guru of the Sikhs.

Deaths from smallpox
Religious leaders
Sikhism
Punjabi people
Spiritual teachers
Adachi, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards within Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Adachi City" in English.

Geography
Adachi is in northern Tokyo. It borders Arakawa on the south.  Kita is on the ward's western border. Saitama Prefecture is on the norther border.
Katsushika is on the east.

Related pages 
 List of special wards of Tokyo
 Capital of Japan

References

Other websites

 Adachi website 
 Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards 

Wards of Tokyo
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Academy Award for Best Actress

The Academy Award for Best Actress is awarded for best performance by an actress in a leading role in a movie. The award is presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.  Meryl Streep for her role in The Iron Lady.

Winners 
Winners are listed first in colored row, followed by the other nominees.

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Actress
Tallit

A tallit is a prayer shawl worn by Jewish men from the age of thirteen. Jewish men are often buried in their tallit.

Judaism
Religious clothing
Paul-Louis Arslanian

Paul-Louis Arslanian is the former head of the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (1995-2009). Mr Arslanian is Officier of the Légion d'honneur, graduates from École Polytechnique (promotion 1965) and École nationale de l'aviation civile (promotion 1970).

Biography 
Paul-Louis Arslanian starts his career as civil aviation engineer at the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation and then at the Inspection générale de l'aviation civile et de la météorologie (IGACEM). He became head of the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile in 1995. He is replaced by Jean-Paul Troadec in 2009.

References

Further reading 
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 38, Arslanian, Paul-Louis

Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French aviators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the École Polytechnique