cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of peace treaties, the Treaty of Osnabrück and the Treaty of Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III Habsburg, the other German princes, Spain, France, Sweden and representatives of the Dutch Republic. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of the overall accord.

Locations
The peace negotiations were held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50 km apart from each other, in the present day German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Sweden had favoured Osnabrück due to its Protestant background, France chose Münster due to its Catholic background. In any case two locations were required because Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet each other. The Catholics used Münster, while the Protestants used Osnabrück.

Results 
Spain accepted the independence of the Dutch Republic.

The power which Ferdinand III had taken for himself against the  Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped. That  meant that the rulers of the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.

All parties would now recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism.
Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. 

There were also territorial adjustments.

Related pages

Eighty Years' War
Thirty Years' War

Other websites
Treaty Text  
Treaty Text (Yale University)
Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text) 
Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text) 

1648
Diplomacy
Treaties
Eighty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
1640s in Europe
Holy Roman Empire
Münster
Osnabrück
Protestant Reformation
May events
October events

hu:Harmincéves háború#A vesztfáliai béke
Flanimals

Flanimals is a children's and adults' book written by comedian Ricky Gervais. The book was illustrated by Rob Steen. It has 35 different characters described as species of animal which form an imaginary world.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Pictures from the book in the BBC website
 Flanimals on Ricky Gervais's site
 Flanimals on Rob Steen's site 
 Faber and Faber  - UK publisher of all the 'Flanimals' books
 Flanimals on MySpace

2004 books
Children's books
Trolleybus

A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is a bus which runs on electricity. It gets its power for the electric motors that drive the wheels from a pair of power lines above the street.

On the roof of the bus are two "trolley poles" from which electric current flows between the wires and the bus. One wire is for the positive current and the other is for the negative (return) current.

Because trolleybuses do not usually have engines which burn diesel or other fossil fuels, they are much cleaner and quieter than "normal" buses. They also do not use tracks, so they are more flexible than trams. But as these buses often cannot run without power from the wires, their range is still limited compared to ordinary buses.

Trolleybuses cost more money to make than other types of buses, so there are not many companies that build this type of bus. Some of these companies are:
VanHool
MAN
Hess
Solaris
 Škoda Electric
Neoplan
Volvo

Buses
Van Hool

Van Hool is a Belgian company, which builds buses. It was founded in 1947 by Bernard Van Hool.

The headquarters are in Koningshooikt (Antwerp).

They have got 15 different buses for the city. 9 of them have got a normal engine, 4 have got an engine that works with gas, and 2 buses have got an electric engine, they are called Trolleybus.
List of all types of Low-Floor-Bus (Citybus):
A 308
A 320
A 300
A 360
A 330
AG 300
AG 500
AGG 300

A 300 CNG (gas engine)
A 320 CNG (gas engine)
A 330 CNG (gas engine)
AG 300 CNG (gas engine)

A 300 T (Trolleybus)

AG 300 T (Trolleybus)

Also they have got 13 different kinds of coachbuses.
List of all types of coachbuses:
913 CL
915 CL
915 TL
T 911 Alicron
T 915 Alicron
T 915 Acron
T 917 Acron
T 917 Astron
T 916 Altano
T 917 Altano
T 918 Altano
TD 924 Astromega
TD 927 Astromega

References

Other websites 
 Website of VanHool

Transport companies of Europe
Bus transport
Companies of Belgium
Antwerp (province)
Spirited Away

is a 2001 anime movie directed by Hayao Miyazaki. It was first released in Japan. The movie was a success, and went on to win an Academy Award for animation.

Based on 153 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes, it is the second-best animated movie, having a 97% rating on the site.  The movie occupies the rank of #60 on the IMDb Top 250 Movies list as of December 2008.  The Anime Critic gave it a 4 and 1/2 out of five stars.

Plot 
Chihiro Ogino and her parents are trapped in a spirit world, when they arrive. Chihiro meets a young apprentice named Haku, who tells him that she  must return to the human world. Chihiro meets Yubaba, the owner of the bathhouse and Haku's master. Yubaba allows Chihiro to stay by having her sign a contract, causing her name to change into Sen. After days of working and solving past memories, Chihiro returns to the normal world, after her parents reverted into humans.

Soundtrack listing

Original soundtrack listing

Image album track listing 
  by Umi (3:54)
  by Joe Hisaishi (4:25)
  by Shizuru Otaka (3:55)
  by Tsunehiko Kamijō (3:56)
  by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)
  by Monsieur Kamayatsu (3:41)
  by Rieko Suzuki and Hiroshi Kondo (3:49)
  by Joe Hisaishi (3:22)
   by Rikki (3:33)
  by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Spirited Away at Metacritic
 Spirited Away at Rotten Tomatoes
 Spirited Away at SparkNotes 
 Spirited Away at the Japanese Movie Database 

2001 movies
Japanese movies
Anime
Studio Ghibli
Movies directed by Hayao Miyazaki
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Rachel Weisz

Rachel Hannah Weisz (born 7 March 1970) is an Academy Award-winning English actress; she is also a fashion model. She became famous after her roles in the Hollywood movies The Mummy and The Mummy Returns, and has since continued appearing in major movie roles.

She is of Jewish descent.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

References

Other websites 

 
 

1970 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Jewish British actors
Jewish models
Models from London
Old French

Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. It was then known as the langue d'oïl. This was different from the langue d'oc (Occitan language, also then called Provençal), whose territory bordered that of Old French to the south.

The Old Frankish language added many words to Old French after the conquest by the tribe of the Franks, of the portions of Roman Gaul that are now France and Belgium, during the Migration Period.

References

French language
Deborah Sampson

Deborah Sampson was a woman who dressed as a man, so that she could join the American soldiers in the Revolutionary War. The Revolutionary War was a war between Great Britain and the thirteen original colonies. Deborah Sampson came from a poor family. She worked as an indentured servant from the age of eight to the age of eighteen. She worked for no pay for a family, but that family let her study with and spend time with their sons.

Sampson wanted to serve in the war against the British, but the American Army would only take men. She dressed as a man, and she got into the Continental Army. She went by the name of Robert Shurtleff. 
She later got married. She worked as a teacher. She also spoke in public about her experiences in the war.

During her time in war she went to extremes to keep her identity a secret. She once got slashed in the head by an enemy, yet bandaged it up herself. She also got shot in the leg twice. But, in order to not let people find out who she was, she pulled the bullets out of her own leg. In war, she collapsed from fever. She went to the hospital because of it and this is where her peers and boss found out about her being a woman.

Even if she lied to get into the army, her bravery was recognized and she was honored by her General and Congress as well.

In books 
 Alma Bond and Lucy Freeman, America's First Woman Warrior: The Courage of Deborah Sampson
 Susan Casey, “Women Heroes of the Revolution"
 Samuel Willard Crompton, “Deborah Sampson"
 Ann McGovern and Katherine Thompson, The Secret Soldier: The Story Of Deborah Sampson

References

1760 births
1827 deaths
American revolutionaries
People from Massachusetts
Groundskeeper Willie

Groundskeeper Willie is a fictional character in the long-running cartoon show The Simpsons.

Role in The Simpsons 
Willie works at Springfield Elementary as the head janitor or groundskeeper. He is portrayed as an angry Scotsman. He shows some hate towards Principal Skinner and Bart Simpson. He lives in a shack in the grounds of Springfield Elementary.

The Simpsons characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1991
Dialectic

In philosophy, dialectic is an argument or debate between different people. In Medieval Europe, dialectics (or logic) was one of the three beginning liberal arts all together known as the trivium; the other members were rhetorics and grammar.

The goal of the dialectical process (dialectic or dialectics) is to try to resolve the disagreement through rational talk, and the search for the truth in the matter.

Dialectics has three main ideas:
 1: Everything is made out of opposing forces/opposing sides.
 2: Gradual changes lead to turning points, where one force overcomes the other.
 3: Change moves in spirals not circles.

Related pages 
Text grammar
Discourse analysis
Dispute
Socratic method

References 

Philosophy
Hans Luther

Hans Luther (10 March 1879 – 11 May 1962) was a German politician. He was a Chancellor of Germany. a law of July 1925 extended workmen's compensation coverage to all accidents from and to places of work, and vocational care was introduced that same month. In addition, a decree of May 1925 established compensation for occupational diseases.<ref>

Luther was born in Berlin and started in politics by becoming a town councillor in Magdeburg. From 1918 to 1922 he was mayor of Essen.

In 1922 he became government minister of food and agriculture, and in 1925 Minister of Finance.

From January 1925 to May 1926 he was Chancellor. During a brief period he was also acting President.

Luther ran the Reichsbank from 1930 to 1933 and later became ambassador to the United States from 1933 to 1937.

References

1879 births
1962 deaths
Bankers
Chancellors of the Weimar Republic
Ambassadors of Germany
German lawyers
German mayors (Weimar Republic)
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Berlin
Presidents of the Weimar Republic
Crossover (music)

A crossover is a term in music. It is when a piece of music appears on music charts for different types of music. For example, a song might be on music charts for both pop music and country music.

Music industry
Crossover

A crossover (CUV) is a marketing term for a vehicle that is built on a car platform. The term was first used in 1996 by Toyota for its new RAV4. CUVs mix some of the features of SUVs and station wagons or hatchbacks. They frequently use unibody construction typical of many cars. A crossover usually uses a light-duty all-wheel drive. Unlike SUVs (which are usually four-wheel drive), crossovers are generally capable of only light off-road use. Examples of crossovers include Ford Explorer and Hyundai Santa Fe. Crossovers have begun to replace minivans (a market that has been dwindling in the U.S. since 2005), as well as compact and mid-sized SUVs.

Advantages
CUVs have three advantages over SUVs:
 CUVs are often lighter than SUVs and therefore offer better fuel efficiency.
 CUVs are lower to the ground than SUVs, are safer, and have better road handling.
 CUVs are generally cheaper to produce.

References

Other websites
 SUV vs. Crossover: What?s the Difference?
 Here Come the Crossovers

Land vehicles
Automobile body styles
Du gamla, du fria

"Du gamla, du fria" (pron. [dʉː ˈɡâmːla dʉː ˈfrîːa] "doo GAHM-lah doo FREE-ah"; en. 'Thou ancient, thou free'), originally titled "Sång till Norden" ('Song to the North'), is the Swedish title and incipit of a 19th-century patriotic song which serves as the de facto national anthem of Sweden – it is therefore unofficial. The lyrics (words) were written by Swedish jurist and antiquarian Richard Dybeck in 1844, and its melody is based on a traditional folk tune which was later rearranged by Swedish composer and librarian Edvin Kallstenius nearly a century later.

Unlike Norway's national anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet", the Swedish anthem has not been made official yet—the Swedish constitution has yet to mention a national anthem.

Lyrics and translation

References

Other websites
Listen to this song

National anthems
Swedish music
Gospel of Matthew

The Gospel of Matthew is a book of the Bible. (Its full name is the Gospel According to Matthew, but it is often called the Gospel of Matthew or just Matthew).  It is one of the four gospels of the New Testament that tell the story of Jesus' life and teachings. 

It is not thought to have been written by the apostle Matthew, who was one of Jesus' twelve apostles (see below). The Gospel of Matthew is called one of the synoptic gospels because it has some of the same stories and language as the Gospels of Mark and Luke.

Matthew wrote the gospel mainly for the Jewish people, to show them that Jesus is really the Messiah. Like the Gospels of Mark and Luke, Matthew tells many stories about Jesus' life. Matthew's gospel also talks about Jewish scripture.

Date 
Early Christian tradition attributes the gospel to the apostle Matthew. This is now rejected by modern scholars.

Related pages 

 Bible
 Beatitudes

References 

1
New Testament books
Gospel of Mark

The Gospel of Mark is a book of the Bible. It is the second book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew even though it may have been written before it. The writer is believed to have been John Mark, a friend of Simon Peter, who was one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus. 

The four gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospel of Mark moves quickly, and the story shows how much Jesus worked during his short 3-year ministry. Mark's gospel tells many things about Jesus which are also found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.  Matthew, Mark and Luke are called "Synoptic gospels" for this reason. 

Most scholars date Mark AD 65-75. It is thought to be the first of the gospels to be written.  Mark's gospel may have been written with Gentiles in mind.  It gives the meaning of some of Jesus' words in Greek that would have been known to Jews but not to other people.  Mark's leaves out many details in the other gospels, such as the stories about the birth of Jesus.  He includes many stories of Jesus doing miracles, more than any other Bible writer.

In telling about the arrest of Jesus to be crucified, the book mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards, but who slipped out of his robe and got away.  Some think this young man was Mark himself, since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.  If it was Mark, means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw him crucified and come back to life after three days. 

The last chapter of Mark has some verses after verse 8 that may not have been part of the original gospel, as they are missing is some early hand written copies of the book.  However, they give further information about what Jesus said after his resurrection. These sayings  are similar to what the other gospels record.

Related pages

 Jesus 
 Bible 
 Christianity

References

 

2
New Testament books
Gospel of Luke

The Gospel of Luke is a book of the Bible. Like the other gospels, the Gospel of Luke tells the stories of the life and teachings of Jesus. It is the third and longest book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark. The gospel is believed to be written by Luke, who was a friend of the Apostle Paul. 

Luke was a doctor. He wrote his gospel for a man he calls 'most excellent Theophilus' (1:3). Luke wrote another book which is fifth in the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles which tells what Jesus' disciples did after his rise back to Heaven.

Unlike the gospel writers Matthew, Mark and John, Luke was probably not Jewish but was Greek. He wrote the gospel mainly for non-Jewish people, (who were called Gentile by the Jews). Luke wrote to prove that Jesus is the Son of God. Luke's gospel contains many similar stories of Jesus. He tells more about the Virgin birth of Jesus than the other gospel writers.

Related pages

 Jesus 
 Bible 
 Christianity 
 Christmas
 Emmaus

3
New Testament books
Gospel of John

The Gospel of John is a book of the Bible. It is one of the four "gospels" at the beginning of the New Testament. The four gospels tell the life of Jesus. The Gospel of John is the fourth book of the New Testament, after the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

In the gospel, it is says that the book was written by "the disciple whom Jesus loved".  It is believed that John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee, wrote the gospel. He was probably the youngest of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. John lived a long life and was imprisoned on the Island of Patmos in his old age. He also wrote the last book of the New Testament, called the "Book of Revelation". 

The Gospel of John tells many of the stories of Jesus' life that are in the other three gospels, but also contains a lot of different information. The Gospel begins by calling Jesus "the Word" (the Communication of God). It says "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God." In John's Gospel, the writer shows that Jesus was part of God, who came to live among humanity so that they could "hear His voice" and have the power to become true "children of God". 

According to the gospel, the accounts are written so that the reader "may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in His name". (TNIV; John 20:31)

The book follows a pattern.  There are seven "signs" leading up to the raising from the dead of Lazarus (this anticipates the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discussions, leading up to Thomas saying that the risen Jesus is "my Lord and my God" 

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote the Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

In popular culture 
The phrase "born again" comes from the third chapter, and was the title of a book by Chuck Colson who was a lawyer for President Nixon but after being in jail became a prison reformer.   The phrase was used later for any person who had a dramatic change in their life. 

Chapter 3, verse 16 is perhaps the best known verse in the entire New Testament.  "For God loved the world so much that He gave his only son (Jesus), so that whoever believed in Him, would not die but live forever". This verse was searched on the internet by millions of people after Tim Tebow, an American football player wrote "Jn 3:16" on his face in an important football game.

Related pages

 Jesus
 Bible
 Christianity

References

 
 

4
New Testament books
Sofia Rotaru

Sofia Mihailovna Evdokimenko-Rotaru (born in Marshintsy, Novoselitskiy Rayon, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine on August 7, 1947), simply known as Sofia Rotaru, is a popular Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and formerly Soviet singer, actress and producer.

Rotaru now lives in Ukraine. She has made many albums over the years; some of the more famous ones are Ballade About Violins, Lavender (Lavanda), and I Still Love You.

1947 births
Living people
Ukrainian singers
Ukrainian actors
Soviet actors
Soviet singers
Epistle to the Romans

The Epistle to the Romans or Letter to the Romans, is one of the letters written by the Apostle Paul to churches in different cities. Here, the letter is addressed to the early church in Rome, Italy.

Paul wrote the letter to the Romans to explain a very important point in Christianity. He proves, by quoting the Old Testament, that all humankind is guilty of sin before God.  People whom God calls righteous can only do so by trusting in God's ways, and not by their own effort. Only by believing in Jesus, who is the Christ and who died for humanity for their sins, can people be saved.  

Once this belief is had, the believer receives the Holy Spirit, who helps the believer live a new life.  Paul asks the Romans to observe Christian ethics and submit themselves to authorities.

The letter remains very influential in explaining to non-Christians and new Christians what their Christian belief is all about.

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Moe Szyslak

Moe Szyslak is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria. He is the bartender of Moe's Tavern. He speaks with a rough voice.

Role in The Simpsons 
Moe is the owner and only worker at Moe's Tavern. On some occasions he has had temporary help. The most notable of these occasions being in "Homer the Moe". His two most loyal customers are Barney Gumble and Homer Simpson.

Other websites

The Moe Szyslak File  at The Simpsons Archive
 

The Simpsons characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
First Epistle to the Corinthians

The First Epistle to the Corinthians, or the First Letter to the Corinthians, is a long letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth.

Paul wrote to the Corinthian church for a number of reasons.  He realizes the church at Corinth is divided and explains that although himself and a few disciples had helped start the church, the church was really headed by Christ Jesus Himself.  "I planted the seed, Apollos watered it, but God has been making it grow." (TNIV) 

Paul scolds the church members there for sexual immorality and asks for these immoral people to be thrown out of the church.  

He gives instructions for marriage, against worshipping worthless idols (idolatry), for spiritual gifts like prophecy. Paul praises the superior way of love and urges the church to be united.  

At the end, Paul states that the resurrection of Christ is true.  He supports it with testimonies from "more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters" and it is this very truth which makes certain the believers will have eternal life.

Finally Paul tells of his plans to visit the Corinthians, and that Timothy, his co-worker, is coming to their church very soon.

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Epistle to the Hebrews

The Epistle to the Hebrews or Letter to the Hebrews is one of the letters of the New Testament. Although it is believed by many to be written by the Apostle Paul, many others think it might have been written by one group of early Christians to a general group of Jews (also called Hebrews), or to a church with Jewish members.

The letter explains that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the perfect sacrifice for human sinners. He is superior to angels and is our High priest in the order of Melchizedek. Jesus is the Messiah whose coming gives us the superior New Covenant, as compared to the Old Covenant of Abraham and
Moses. The writers state that if the Old Covenant was faultless, God would not have sent his Son to start a new one.

By stating that people are called righteous through their faith and belief in God's ways, the writers urge the readers to receive God's grace by accepting Jesus Christ.

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Alan Kuo

Alan Kuo () is a Taiwanese rock singer and actor.

Biography
Alan is the son of the late Taiwanese stuntman-actor Blackie Ke. For his father, he wrote two songs, each in one of his albums in the same number of track. Wake Up and I Miss You, these two songs shows his relationship with his father, how much his father had changed him. Before actually starting to receive the chance to release his first album he went through a lot of hard work. First of all, he started from a guitar, up to writing songs and lyrics. When he first entered Alpha Music, Jay Chou told him that he should know how to write his own songs, so that people would want to listen to his music, influenced by this Alan began writing his own songs. Secondly, he wrote more than hundreds of songs just to make the world hear his voice. For this purpose, Alan Kuo’s music director requires him to edit and edit his songs, every year, every month, every week, and every day. He kept on working on his songs for perfection. Finally, he edited his songs and made new songs in the 6 years of preparation, just for the best 12 songs for all the people anticipating for his music. In the meantime, during the 6 years of hard work for his first album, his courage was being challenged, his father died of an accident, but it did not stop him. In fact he continued going after his first album, trying to show us how hard he worked and especially to show his father in heaven. As a result, on 8/19/2005, Alan Kuo’s first album came out with 12 songs that rocked the listeners, the music that shows you the 6 years of hard work and effort he gave on his music, Alan Kuo. In 2007, Alan changed his Chinese name from 柯有倫 to 柯有綸. It still has the same pronunciation though.

Filmography

TV series
 Sonic Youth
 Y2K+01
 Mars
 Sweet Relationship
 K.O 3an Guo

Movies
 Life Express
 The Legend Of Wisely
 About Love

Other websites
 TFL.ORG APPROVED ALAN KUO FANLISTING.  
 ALAN in SONY MUSIC
 Alan Kuo in YesAsia

1981 births
C-pop singers
Living people
Singers
Songwriters
Taiwanese actors
Taiwanese singers
Cleo Lemon

Cleotha Lemon, Jr. (born August 16, 1979 in Greenwood, Mississippi) is an American football quarterback. He currently plays for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He started playing in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens in 2002. Lemon played for the San Diego Chargers from 2003 to 2005. He then played for the Miami Dolphins until the 2007 season. He played college football at Arkansas State.

1979 births
Living people
African American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Baltimore Ravens players
Sportspeople from Mississippi
Reformed churches

The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced schisms into multiple denominations.

History 
The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

Form of doctrine 
Reformed doctrine is expressed in various texts]. Some of them are used by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. Some of the confessions still commonly in use are (with year of writing):
 French Confession (1559),
 Scots Confession (1560), 
 Three Forms of Unity
 Heidelberg Catechism (1563), 
 Belgic Confession (1566), 
 Canons of Dordrecht (1619), 
 Second Helvetic Confession (1566)
 Westminster Standards 
 Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)
 Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)
 Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)
 Baptist
 London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689)

Form of governance 
Reformed churches have two main forms of ecclesiastical polity:
 Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of ordained officers.
 Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregationalist churches

Other websites 
 World Communion of Reformed Churches
 * World list of Reformed Churches
 Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
 Leben, a journal of Reformed Life
 Reformed Online - Comprehensive resource

Calvinism
Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the most important confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. The Augsburg Confession is normative to all Lutheran Churches everywhere and in all times. It is also one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530.

Other websites 

 The Augsburg Confession (1530) in Latin with a parallel English translation and with notes on the differences in the 1540 edition; from Philip Schaff's Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
 The Roman Confutation (1530) , in an English translation, compares each articles of the confession to Catholic beliefs.
 An Orthodox Response - Summary of Orthodox Patriarch Jeremias II's letter of 15 May 1576, in which he compares each article of the confession to Orthodox Christian beliefs.

1530
Augsburg
Protestantism in Germany
History of Germany
Lutheranism
Protestant theology
Christian creeds
16th-century works
Norbert Brainin

Norbert Brainin (March 12, 1923 in Vienna – April 10 2005 in London) was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most famous string quartets.

Because of Brainin's Jewish origin, he was driven out of Vienna after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938, as were the violinist Siegmund Nissel and violist Peter Schidlof. Brainin and Schidlof met in a British internment camp.  Like many Jewish refugees who came to the UK for safety, they became "aliens" and were kept in confinement.

Brainin was made free after a few months, but Schidlof stayed in the camp, where he met Nissel. Finally Schidlof and Nissel were freed, and the three of them were able to study with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. It was through Rostal that they met cellist Martin Lovett, and in 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet, which was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948.

The Amadeus was one of the best-known quartets of the 20th Century, and its members were given many honours, including: 

The Order of the British Empire, presented by the Queen.
Doctorates from the Universities of London, York, and Caracas.
The highest of all German awards, the Grand Cross of Merit.
The Austrian Cross of Honour for Arts and Sciences.

The quartet stopped playing together in 1987 after Schidlof died, because the others thought that no other violist would fit in to the group so well.  Norbert Brainin continued to perform as a soloist, often performing with pianist Günter Ludwig.

His instruments included the "Rode" Guarnerius del Gesu of 1734, the "Chaconne" Stradivarius of 1725 and the "Gibson" Stradivarius of 1713.

Other websites 
 Martin Lovett remembering Norbert Brainin 

1923 births
2005 deaths
Austrian Jews
British violinists
Jewish British musicians
Musicians from Vienna
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Refugees from Nazism
Amadeus Quartet

The Amadeus Quartet was a world famous string quartet founded in 1947. First violin - Norbert Brainin, second violin - Siegmund Nissel, viola - Peter Schidlof, cello - Martin Lovett.

Violinists Norbert Brainin, Siegmund Nissel and  Peter Schidlof were forced to leave Vienna for London because of their Jewish origin after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938. When World War II broke out they were sent to internment camps because they were "enemy aliens" (foreigners from a country that Britain was fighting against).  The three violinists met up in camp and spent a lot of time playing music together.  Soon they were set free because they were "distinguished artists" (actually they were unknown at the time). They studied with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. Another student of Rostal was Suzanne Rozsa, who was married to the cellist Martin Lovett.  Peter Schidlof changed to playing the viola, and they played string quartets together.  In 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet.  Nissel then thought of the name "Amadeus Quartet".  He thought it sounded better than calling the group by the name of the first violinist.  The quartet was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948 (Amadeus was one of Mozart's names).

The group gave its first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London on Jan. 10, 1948. They were soon performing in concerts, festivals and masterclasses all over the world.  The quartet made about 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W. A. Mozart. They also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet especially for them).

The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century.

They had always agreed that if one of them became ill or died, the quartet would not play with any other person.  The quartet stopped playing in 1987 after the death of the violist Peter Schidlof.

Norbert Brainin died in 2005 and Siegmund Nissel in 2008.

More information 

Muriel Nissel, Married to the Amadeus: Life with a String Quartet, [], Giles de la Mare Publishers Limited
'The Amadeus Forty Years in Pictures and Words' compiled by Suzanne Rozsa-Lovett available from beares1@btconnect.com

References
 Siegmund Nissel; Obituary: The Independent, 26 May 2008 p. 33

String quartets
Partisan Review

Partisan Review was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937.  It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv.  It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to New Masses, the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin.  Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture.  Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94.  The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.

In 1949, Partisan Review awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Classic stories and articles first published in Partisan Review:

 Saul Bellow's "Two Morning Monologues"
 two of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets"
 Leslie Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag’in, Huck Honey"
 Clement Greenberg's "Avant-Garde and Kitsch"
 George Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys"
 Delmore Schwartz's "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
 Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool"
 Susan Sontag's "Notes on "Camp""

Bibliography
Bloom, Alexander, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World, Oxford University Press, 1986.

Other websites
 http://slate.msn.com/id/2081610 
 http://chronicle.com/free/2003/04/2003041603n.htm
 Partisan Review online Archive 1996–2003 

American magazines
Blue-eyed soul

Blue Eyed Soul is a term used to describe Soul and R&B music sung by white people. The term was first used in the 1960s about white artists performing music which was similar to the music being performed by Motown artists. It is sometimes called white soul.

Famous singers 
The Animals
David Bowie
Hall & Oates
Taylor Hicks
Elton John
Justin Timberlake
Robert Palmer
Rick Astley
Tom Jones
Lonnie Mack
George Michael
The Rascals
The Righteous Brothers
Dusty Springfield

Notes

Soul music
R&B music
Recherswil

Recherswil is a municipality in the district Wasseramt, in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn
Boston, Lincolnshire

Boston is a town and small port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England.

Boston, Lincolnshire
Stade

Stade is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the seat of the district which is named the same as the city . The city was founded in 994 when it was called "Stethu". A city on the banks of the Lower Elbe it became an important market town, and a port. It was given a town charter in 1209. From 1645 to 1712, the Stade was controlled by Sweden, who made it an important military town. On May 26, 1659, the "Great Fire" destroyed more than half the city.

References

Towns in Lower Saxony
Stade (district)

Stade is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. The district's seat is Stade.

Cities and municipalities

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
Hasselt, Netherlands

Hasselt is a small city seven km north of Zwolle city, in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 7,400 people were living there in 2021.

Hasselt was also a municipality. In 2001, it became a part of the new created municipality of Zwartewaterland, of which Hasselt is the seat.

Hasselt got city rights in 1252, and joined the Hanseatic League about 1350.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Former municipalities of Overijssel
Zwartewaterland
Chain letter

A chain letter is a message that tries to cause the person who gets it to make copies of the letter and then pass them on to as many people as possible. A chain letter can be a type of meme. Common ways used in chain letters include stories that make the recipient feel sorry for the person, get-rich-quick pyramid schemes, and the use of superstition to threaten the recipient with bad luck, physical violence or death if he or she "breaks the chain" and does not follow the instructions given in the letter.

E-mail
Postal service
Stanisław Ulam

Stanisław Marcin Ulam (April 13, 1909 – May 13, 1984) was a Polish mathematician who took part in the Manhattan Project and proposed the design used for most thermonuclear weapons.  

He also proposed using nuclear explosions to propel rockets, and he developed several mathematical tools in number theory, set theory, ergodic theory and algebraic topology. Above all, he is known by being a coauthor (with Nicholas Metropolis) of the Monte Carlo algorithm.

Ulam was of Jewish descent.

References 

1909 births
1984 deaths
American mathematicians
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish Jews
Reichsuniversität Straßburg

The Reichsuniversität Straßburg was founded 1941 by the National Socialists in Alsace. The purpose was to create a university continuousness to Universität Straßburg that existed till the 1. World War. Also, it was important for the German invaders to propagate the „pure German knowledge“ of National Socialistic character in occupied France. The Reichsuniversität was dissolved in 1944.

References 
Teresa Wróblewska: Die Reichsuniversitäten Posen, Prag und Strassburg als Modelle nationalsozialistischer Hochschulen in den von Deutschland besetzten Gebieten. Marszalek, Toruń 2000, 
Wechsler Patrick: La Faculté de médecine de la «Reichsuniversität Strassburg» (1941-1945), medical PhD, Nr. 191, Université Louis-Pasteur Straßburg, 1991 
Jens Th. Marx: Die vertagten medizinischen Fakultäten zu Straßburg in ihren historischen, politischen, universitätskonstitutionellen und wissenschaftlichen Kontexten 1538 - 1944, Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2008

Nazism
Strasbourg
Strasbourg
1941 establishments in Europe
1944 disestablishments
1940s establishments in France
20th-century disestablishments in France
1940s disestablishments in Europe
Schandmaul

Schandmaul is a medieval folk rock band from Munich, Germany. They formed in 1998. The members right now are: Thomas Lindner, Birgit Muggenthaler, Anna Kränzlein, Martin Duckstein, Stefan Brunner, Matthias Richter. 
The first song (Teufelsweib) was recorded in 1998. In the following year they released their very first Album "Wahre Helden". In 2000 the Album "Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken" has been redorded and released. In 2001 the band was discorvered by a record label, which led to the rerelease of "Von Spitzbuben und Halunken".

Discography
Albums
 Wahre Helden (1999)
 Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken (2000)
 Narrenkönig (lit. Jester's King) (2002)
 Wie Pech & Schwefel (2004)
 Mit Leib und Seele (2006)
 Anderswelt (2008)
 Traumtänzer (2011)
 Unendlich (2014)
 Leuchtfeuer (2016)
 Artus (2019)

Live albums
 Hexenkessel (2003)
 Kunststück (2005)
 Sinnfonie (2009)

EPs
 Bin Unterwegs (June 2005)
 Kein Weg zu weit (February 24 2006)

DVDs
 Hexenkessel (2003)
 Kunststück (2005)
 Sinnbilder (2008)
 Sinnfonie (2009)
 Schandfilm (2011)

References

German rock bands
Folk metal bands
Flash (tattoo)

A flash (also known as a tattoo flash) is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo. They often come in sets like a poster (called flash sheets), and can be seen in most tattoo shops.

Tattoo flashes are often drawn for general use, rather than being a custom made piece like some personal tattoos. However, some flashes have space for personalisation, for example space for the person to include a name in their tattoo.

Tattoo flashes come in a variety of different designs, and are divided into categories such as celtic, heart, arm band tattoos e.t.c. A person wanting a tattoo made from a flash chooses which design they like best. Then the tattooist uses a stencil to draw the basic design onto the skin of the person being tattooed, and afterwards starts to make the tattoo.

Related pages
Tattoo

Body art
Itch

Itch (Latin: pruritus) is an unpleasant sensation that leads to the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has many similarities to pain and both are unpleasant sensory experiences but their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a reflex withdrawal while itch leads to a scratch reflex. Nerve fibers for itch and pain both are in the skin, but information for them is sent centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle.

Historically, the sensations of itch and pain have not been considered to be independent of each other until recently where it was found that itch has several features in common with pain but has important differences.

Causes

The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical (histamine) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove parasites that land on their skin.

Itching can be caused by:
Food poisoning
Xerosis. This is the most common cause, frequently seen in winters.   Associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high temperature and low humidity environments.
 Skin conditions (such as psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, athlete's foot, hidradenitis suppurativa and many others). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
 Insect bites, such as those from mosquitos or chiggers.
 Allergic reactions to contact with specific chemicals, such as Urushiol from Poison Ivy or Poison Oak.
 Hodgkin's disease
 Jaundice (bilirubin is a skin irritant at high concentrations)
 Polycythemia, which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamine
 Scabies or infection with lice or worms
 Thyroid illness
 Shaving, which may irritate the skin
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Dandruff (an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation)
 Iron deficiency anemia
 Parasitic infections
 Psychiatric
 Medication:
 Allergy - (due to reaction of an individual's immune system to certain chemical compounds)
 Photodermatitis – (sun)light reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites
 Directly (e.g. morphine and other opiates)
Cholestasis
 Related to pregnancy:
 Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP)
 Gestational pemphigoid

Treatment

A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available.  Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not.  Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation.

Sometimes scratching relieves isolated itches, hence the existence of devices such as the back scratcher.  Often, however, scratching can intensify itching and even cause further damage to the skin, dubbed the "itch-scratch-itch cycle".

References
 Andrew D, Craig AD (2001). Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch. Nature Neuroscience Jan;4(1):9-10.
 National Cancer Institute (2003) "Pruritus" Retrieved Aug. 22, 2005.

Symptoms
Tony Hibbert

Tony Hibbert (born 20 February 1981 in Liverpool) is an English footballer. He plays for Everton F.C. in the FA Premier League.

He is a defender who plays on the right side. He is well known at Everton for his tackling but his passing and crossing has let him down on more than one occasion.  He made his debut for Everton against West Ham United F.C.. In this game he won a penalty for Everton.  Hibbert has been at Everton for all of his career.

English footballers
Sportspeople from Liverpool
1981 births
Living people
Premier League players
Leighton Baines

Leighton Baines (born 11 December 1984) is a retired English footballer. He was known for his time at Everton and the England national football team.
 
Baines started his career with Wigan Athletic. He was a defender who plays on the left side. He wears the number 3 on his Everton shirt. He has played for England at under-21 and senior levels. He has scored only one goal while playing for England. He scored four times while at Wigan.

References

1984 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Merseyside
Premier League players
Joseph Yobo

Joseph Yobo (born 6 September 1980) is a Nigerian football player who plays for Everton in the Premier League.

He is a defender who normally plays in the centre, but can play on the right of defence or in midfield.

He signed from French side Olympique Marseille in 2001 and has become a favourite at Everton ever since.

He is the Everton vice-captain and first captained Everton against Larissas in a 3-1 victory in the UEFA Cup, replacing the injured Phil Neville.

Yobo is also captain of the national Nigerian side.

When he first joined Everton he wore the number 20 on his shirt, but this changed to 4 when Alan Stubbs left for Sunderland

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Standard Liège||rowspan="4"|First Division||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1998/99||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1999/00||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2000/01||30||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||30||2

|-
|2001/02||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0

|-
|2001/02||Tenerife||Segunda División||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Everton||rowspan="8"|Premier League||24||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|2003/04||28||2||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2004/05||27||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||0||0||1||0||4||1||34||2
|-
|2006/07||38||2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2007/08||30||1||0||0||2||0||7||0||39||1
|-
|2008/09||26||1||0||0||1||0||2||0||29||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
48||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||48||2
23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0
0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
202||7||5||0||12||0||13||1||232||8
273||9||5||0||12||0||13||1||303||10
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||10||2
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||10||2
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||62||4
|}

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References 

1980 births
Living people
Nigerian footballers