cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Andrew Lewis (boxing)

Andrew Lewis (11 December 1970 – 4 May 2015), nicknamed "Six Heads", was a Guyanese professional boxer in the middleweight division. He was the WBA World Welterweight Champion.

Lewis was born in Georgetown. He died in a motorcycle accident, aged 44.

References

1970 births
2015 deaths
Boxers
People from Georgetown, Guyana
Road accident deaths
Sport in Guyana
Ryan McHenry

Ryan McHenry (13 December 1987 – 2 May 2015) was a Scottish movie director. He was best known for the movie Zombie Musical in which he received a nomination for the Best Director at the 2011 British Academy Scotland New Talent Awards. He also created the popular Ryan Gosling Won't Eat His Cereal series on Vine.

McHenry was born in Dumfries. He died from osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer), in Dumfries, aged 27.

References

Other websites
 

1987 births
2015 deaths
British movie directors
Cancer deaths in Scotland
Deaths from bone cancer
Scottish writers
Norman Thaddeus Vane

Norman Thaddeus Vane (July 7, 1928 – May 2, 2015) was an American screenwriter, producer, playwright and movie director. He served as writer for the 1968 movie Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter. 

Later he was writer and associate producer of the movie Lola. He wrote the screenplay for the 1972 movie, 1931: Once Upon a Time in New York. Vane went on to direct the 1983 movie, Frightmare.

Vane died on May 2, 2015 from heart failure in Hollywood, California at age 86.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1928 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American playwrights
Screenwriters from New York
Movie producers from New York
Movie directors from New York
Joshua Ozersky

Joshua Ozersky (August 22, 1967 – May 4, 2015) was an American food writer and historian. He is known for being the finding editor of New York magazine's food blog, Grub Street.

Other websites
Official Ozersky.TV 
 Meatopia.org

1967 births
2015 deaths
American historians
Writers from Miami, Florida
Macrococcus

Macrococcus is a genus of bacteria. The cells are coccoid or spherical. Macrococcus is gram-positive. It is catalase and oxidase-positive.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Ste-Anne Church (Ottawa)

Ste-Anne is a Catholic church building in the Lowertown neighbourhood of Ottawa, Canada. It was built in 1873 by architect J.P. LeCourt. It is built like churches in Quebec even though it is in Ontario. Ste-Anne is the home of St. Clement Parish, a  bilingual parish community that celebrates the Mass and other sacraments in Latin using the 1962 Roman Missal.

History
In the 1870s, the French Catholics in Ottawa were meeting at Notre-Dame Cathedral. This church was too small for them, so Bishop Joseph-Bruno Guigues decided to make a new church. The church was designed by J.P. LeCourt and built by Pierre Rocque. Bishop Guigues laid the cornerstone on May 4, 1873.

In April 2009, part of the roof fell down. The church was closed for 18 months while the roof was fixed. When the church was opened again, not many people were meeting there anymore, so the Archdiocese of Ottawa closed it again. Archbishop Terrence Prendergast gave the church to St. Clement Parish, who started to meet there on June 3, 2012.

Heritage Designation
Ste-Anne Catholic Church is an important building in the history of Ottawa. The province of Ontario lists it as a designated heritage property. The church has a plaque that describes the history of the church.

Architecture
The building is plain and made of stone. It has a round rose window like churches used to have in the Middle Ages. It has a steeple with four bells.

References

Roman Catholic churches
Ottawa
Frits Bolkestein

Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (; born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 January 1978, until 5 November 1982.

References

Other websites

  Prof.Dr.Mr. F. (Frits) Bolkestein (Parlement & Politiek)
 Frits Bolkestein at the European Commission
 Frits Bolkestein  at Leiden University

1933 births
Living people
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch academics
European Commissioners
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from Amsterdam
Writers from Amsterdam
Hans Jansen

Johannes Juliaan Gijsbert "Hans" Jansen (17 November 1942 - 5 May 2015) was a Dutch scholar of contemporary Islam and politician in the Netherlands. He was born in Amsterdam. Until his death he was a Member of the European Parliament for the political party Party for Freedom.

Jansen died of a stroke at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
His website, partially in English contains a list of publications and a CV.
Interview at religioscope site

1942 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from stroke
Dutch academics
Dutch Roman Catholics
Former MEPs
MEPs for the Netherlands
Party for Freedom politicians
Politicians from Amsterdam
Writers from Amsterdam
Austin St. John

Austin St. John (born Jason Geiger; September 17, 1974) is an American EMT and former actor and martial artist. He is best known for his role as Jason Lee Scott, the original Red Ranger and first leader of the Power Rangers on the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.

St. John holds a second-degree black belt in taekwondo, a first-degree black belt in judo, and is also a practitioner of kenpo. St. John has also worked as an emergency medical technician and firefighter in Washington, D.C. and on the East Coast.

He graduated from Concordia University.

Filmography

Television
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Jason Lee Scott/Red Power Ranger (1993–1994)
Power Rangers Zeo - Jason Lee Scott/Gold Zeo Ranger (1996)
Exposé - Detective Anderson (1998) (TV movie)
Power Rangers: The Lost Episode - Himself/Jason Lee Scott/Red Power Ranger (1999)
Power Rangers Wild Force - Jason Lee Scott/Red Power Ranger (2002)
Footsteps - Police Investigator (2003) (TV movie)

Movies
Encyclopedia of Martial Arts: Hollywood Celebrities - Himself (1995)
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie - Jason Lee Scott (1997)

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
Actors from New Mexico
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American martial artists
American movie actors
American television actors
Firefighters
River Avon

River Avon may refer to:

United Kingdom

England
River Avon, Devon, running from Ryder's Hill to Bigbury; also known as River Aune
River Avon, Warwickshire, running from Naseby to Tewkesbury (Also known as Shakespeare's Avon)
River Avon, Hampshire, running from Pewsey to Christchurch
River Avon, Bristol, running from Acton Turville to Avonmouth
Avon Water, Hampshire, running from Holmsley to Keyhaven

Scotland
River Avon, Falkirk, running from near Cumbernauld to Grangemouth
River Avon, Strathspey, running from Ben Macdui to Cragganmore
Avon Water, running from south of Darvel to Motherwell

Wales
River Avon, occasional anglicisation of the River Afan
Afon, the Welsh word for river, often anglicised to 'avon'

Canada
Avon River (Ontario)
Avon River (Nova Scotia)

New Zealand
Avon River (Canterbury)
Avon River (Marlborough)

Australia
Avon River (Gloucester), New South Wales
Avon River (Wollongong), New South Wales
Avon River (Gippsland, Victoria)
Avon River (Grampians, Victoria)
Avon River (Western Australia)

Related pages
 Avon
Avon River (Gippsland, Victoria)

The Avon River is a perennial river in the West Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia. When rain falls on the south eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range, the water flows down the river to form the Gippsland Lakes.

Location and features
The Avon River begins on the south eastern slopes of Mount Wellington, part of the Great Dividing Range. The river meanders to the south, then east, then south by southeast, before reaching its mouth to form Lake Wellington.  The Avon has ten tributaries including the Turton River and the Perry River. The Latrobe River also flows into Lake Wellington. This lake empties into Bass Strait through the Mitchell River south of Lakes Entrance. The Avon River drops  over its  course.

The upper parts of the river are inside the rugged, forested and largely inaccessible Avon Wilderness Park. The river then passes through hills covered in forest, and then through cleared farm land. Around Stratford the river is up to  across, flowing through sand and pebble banks. Along the edge of the river is the Macallister Irrigation District. The water from this irrigation area flows into the river along Nuntin Creek which joins  downstream of Stratford. 

The Avon does not have any large dams, and its water is mostly unused. Nearby, the Latrobe and Thomson Rivers supply Melbourne's drinking water, Australia's largest pulp and paper mill, the power industry in the Latrobe Valley, and irrigation, 

The Avon River was important to the indigenous Gunai/Kurnai people. At Knob Reserve,  south of Stratford, is the Gunai/Kurnai Bataluk Cultural Trail. This trail follows the paths used by the indigenous people of East Gippsland for 30,000 years.

Names
In the Australian Aboriginal Brataualung language the river has two names, the first, Dooyeedang, has no known meaning. The second name, Kutbuntaura-wurk, means "fire carriers" and wurk, meaning "land" or "country".

The river was named the Avoca River by the explorer Thomas Mitchell. It was named the Avon by Angus McMillan in about 1840.

Related pages
List of rivers of Victoria

References

Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
J. M. Coetzee

John Maxwell Coetzee (born 9 February 1940) is a South African-Australian novelist, essayist, linguist, literacy critic, activist and translator. He won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. He has won the Booker Prize twice for The Life and Times of Michael K (1983) and Disgrace (1999). He writes his works in English, Afrikaans and Dutch. He moved to Australia in 2002 and became a citizen in 2006.

Coetzee was born in Cape Town to Afrikaner parents. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Cape Town. He lives in Adelaide, South Australia with his partner Dorothy Driver. He was married to Philippa Jubber from 1963 to 1980. They had two children, son Nicholas (died 1989) and daughter Gisela.

References

Other websites

 

1940 births
Living people
Animal rights activists
Australian activists
Australian Nobel Prize winners
Australian novelists
Australian critics
Australian essayists
Australian linguists
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Adelaide
People from Cape Town
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African writers
Australian translators
White South African people
Québec En Alerte

Québec En Alerte (Alert Ready Quebec) is a public emergency communication system of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is also an additional system to those already used in the municipalities. This system will be used to distribute to the population of the province or a particular area the emergency notifications, or alerts, issued by the Ministry of Public Security and Environment Canada. The notifications are transmitted to the population via the television stations, the radio stations and the Internet.

At the moment, the system seems to be on trial.

Tests 
On May 5, 2015 at 13:58 EDT, a test was done. However, it was not successful. An other simulation will be planned soon.

Example of an emergency notification 
The messages are, at the moment, in French only.

Television 
A text in white on a red background interrupts the program. The message begins and ends with an audio signal, such as this one. In case of a test, there is a test message. In case of a real alert, there is a message including the information about the event and the instructions to the population.

Radio 
The notification begins and ends with an audio signal. The message is read by a person or a special system.

References 
 Official website of the Ministry of Public Security (French)
 Le Journal de Québec (French)

Emergency services
Communication
Quebec
Errol Brown

Lester Errol Brown MBE (12 November 1943 – 6 May 2015) was a British-Jamaican singer and songwriter. He was best known as the frontman of soul band Hot Chocolate. Hot Chocolate's hits included "You Sexy Thing", "Emma", "So You Win Again" and "Brother Louie". Brown was born in Kingston, Jamaica.

Brown died of liver cancer at his home in the Bahamas on 6 May 2015, aged 71.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1943 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
British singer-songwriters
People from Kingston, Jamaica
William Broomfield

William S. "Bill" Broomfield, (April 28, 1922 – February 20, 2019) was an American politician. He represented the U.S. state of Michigan in the United States House of Representatives from 1957 through 1993.

Broomfield died on February 20, 2019 in Kensington, Maryland at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
H.R. 4884 renaming post office for Broomfield

1922 births
2019 deaths
United States representatives from Michigan
US Republican Party politicians
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Arno Schmidt

Arno Schmidt (18 January 1914 – 3 June 1979) was a German author and translator.  He was born in Hamburg, Germany.  He is considered to be one of the most important postwar German authors.  His writing "ranges from (seemingly) straightforward stories to writing that assails the reader with a literary and linguistic density of the highest degree."
To make his most famous work, Zettels Traum [Bottom's Dream], Schmidt wrote 130,000 note cards (Zettel). The novel is written in an unusual way.  The text is written in three columns on each page.  Each column has a different theme.  In addition, Schmidt used physical constructs in the novel that had to be added by hand.

Further reading
 Langbehn, Volker Max, 2003, Arno Schmidt's Zettel's Traum: An Analysis (Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture)

References

Other websites 
 Arno Schmidt at the complete review
 Arno Schmidt, German author

German writers
1914 births
1979 deaths
German translators
People from Hamburg
Spelt

Spelt (Triticum spelta), sometimes called dinkel wheat or hulled wheat, is a type of wheat. It has been cultivated since 5000 BC. It is a hexaploid wheat, which means it has six sets of chromosomes.

Spelt was an important staple food in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times. It is still grown in Central Europe and northern Spain. Spelt originated before common wheat (Triticum aestivum), and that bread wheat is derived from spelt. 

Spelt has become more popular as a type of bread in recent years. Spelt costs more than modern wheats. One reason is that it is a minority product. It also needs an extra stage to remove its husks before milling (grinding).

Spelt needs less pesticide than normal wheat. Nutritionally, wholemeal spelt is similar to normal wholemeal wheat, with higher protein content.  

People with celiac disease should avoid eating spelt.

References 

Grains
Lyceum

The Lyceum was originally a public meeting place in classical Athens. It became the meeting place for the discussion group or "school" of Aristotle. He founded the Peripatetic school there in 334/335 BC. The school was called "peripatetic" because they used to walk around as they discussed things. It was more like a college for young adults than what we now call a school.

The word "Lyceum" now means a school in most parts of Europe. Usually, it covers the last two or three years and prepares the pupils for university.

Aristotle's school and library 
The school started when Athens fell under Macedonian rule, and the 50-year old Aristotle returned from Asia. Aristotle had been the tutor of Alexander of Macedonia, Alexander the Great. 
In Athens, he began teaching regularly in the morning in the Lyceum. The group of scholars who took part came to be known as the Peripatetics.

Aristotle encouraged cooperative research.  His students were given projects as part of their studies. The school was also student run. They elected a new student administrator every ten days, which allowed the students to become involved in turn.  

During his conquests of Asian regions, Alexander collected plant and animal specimens for Aristotle’s research. Aristotle developed the first zoo and botanical garden in existence. Alexander may also have given money to the Lyceum.  In 322 BC, Aristotle was forced to flee Athens with his family when the political leaders reacted against the Macedonians. Aristotle's published works supporting Macedonian rule left him a target. He passed on his Lyceum to Theophrastus and died later that year near his hometown.

References 

Ancient Athens
Education
Schools
Smoking (cooking)

Smoking is a treatment for food, to make it last longer. It is mainly used for meat and fish. The food which is either cured or salted is exposed to the smoke of a fire. This will reduce the amount of water by between ten and forty percent. It also changes the texture and adds flavour. It is not one of the most effective ways of adding any preservation

Food preservation
Guy Carawan

Guy Carawan (July 27, 1927 –  May 2, 2015) was an American folk musician and musicologist. He served as music director and song leader for the Highlander Research and Education Center in New Market, Tennessee. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Carawan died in New Market, Tennessee at the age of 87.

Other websites
Guy and Candie Carawan Homepage 
Highlander Center, official web site
Heatcar Productions, official web site, Heather Carawan
Carawan Discography on Folkways
Profile of Guy Carawan from the Association for Cultural Equity

1927 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Musicians from Tennessee
Singers from Tennessee
New Market, Tennessee

New Market is a town in Jefferson County, Tennessee. It is part of the Morristown, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,234 at the 2000 census and 1,334 at the 2010 census.

Towns in Tennessee
Salting (food)

Salting is a treatment for food to make it last longer. Salting means that the food is treated with table salt. 

Salting is similar to pickling. In pickling, food is treated with brine. The main types of food that are salted are  fish and meat. Bacon is an example of salted meat. It was discovered in the 19th century that salt mixed with nitrites (saltpeter) would color meats red, rather than grey, and consumers at that time then strongly preferred the red-colored meat. The food hence preserved stays healthy and fresh for days avoiding bacterial decay.

Salting is one of the ancient ways to preserve food.

References 

Food preservation
Jesús Hermida

Jesús Hermida Pineda (27 June 1947 – 4 May 2015) was a Spanish journalist. He worked as a U.S. correspondent for Televisión Española in New York City. Hermida was born in Ayamonte, Huelva.

Hermida died from a stroke in Madrid at the age of 77.

References

1947 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Madrid
Deaths from stroke
Spanish journalists
People from Andalusia
Port Gibson, Mississippi

Port Gibson is a city in Claiborne County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,567 at the 2010 census. Port Gibson is the county seat of Claiborne County.

References

Cities in Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi
Pickling

Pickling is a method of making food last longer. In pickling, the food is put either into vinegar, or in salt water (called brine). This food is often put in an airtight jar. Pickling also changes the flavour of the food. 

The key to pickling is that it produces low pH, 4.6 or lower. This kills most bacteria. Pickling can preserve perishable foods for months. Anti-microbial herbs and spices, such as mustard seed, garlic, cinnamon or cloves, are often added.

Common pickled foods include eggs, onions and other vegetables.

References

Other websites

Food preservation
Pickles
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa

The Archdiocese of Ottawa () is a Catholic archdiocese in Canada. It includes part of the province of Ontario. It is also in charge of three other smaller dioceses: Hearst, Pembroke, and Timmins. Its leader is Archbishop Terrence Prendergast. It became an archdiocese on June 8, 1886.

 As of 2004, there are 111 parishes, 177 active diocesan priests, 102 religious priests, and 400,000 Catholics in the Archdiocese of Ottawa.There are also 848 women religious, 147 religious brothers, and 60 permanent deacons.

Diocesan bishops
Here is a list of the bishops and archbishops of Ottawa:
Joseph-Eugène-Bruno Guigues (1847–1874)
Joseph-Thomas Duhamel (1874–1909)
Charles-Hughes Gauthier (1910–1922)
Joseph-Médard Émard (1922–1927)
Joseph-Guillaume-Laurent Forbes (1928–1940)
Alexandre Vachon (1940–1953)
Marie-Joseph Lemieux (1953–1966)
Joseph-Aurèle Plourde (1967–1989)
Marcel André J. Gervais (1989–2007)
Terrence Prendergast (2007–)

References

Bibliography

Archdiocese of Ottawa page at catholichierarchy.org  retrieved July 13, 2006
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online - Guigues 
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online - Duhamel

Other websites 
Official site

Religion in Canada
Ottawa
1886 establishments in North America
1880s establishments in Canada
Curing (food preservation)

Curing refers to several processes of food preservation where salt, nitrates, nitrites or sugar is added to make the food last longer. Curing is usually applied to fish, meat and vegetables.

Food preservation
Take-out

Take-out or takeout (also called "carry-out", "take away" or "parcel") is food prepared in a restaurant that is eaten somewhere else. A concept found in many ancient cultures, take-out food is now common worldwide. There are any number of different cuisines and dishes to choose from.

The concept of prepared meals to be eaten elsewhere dates back to antiquity. Market and roadside stalls selling food were common in both Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In Pompeii, archaeologists have found a number of thermopolia. These were service counters opening onto the street, which provided food to be taken away and eaten elsewhere. There is a distinct lack of formal dining and kitchen area in Pompeian homes. This suggests that eating, or at least cooking, at home was unusual. Over 200 thermopolia have been found in the ruins of Pompeii.

References 

Restaurants
Fast food
Emil Jones

Emil Jones, Jr. (born October 18, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) was the President of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to 2009. A Democrat, Jones served in the Illinois Senate from 1983 to 2009, where he served as President of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to the end of his term. He was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 until 1983.

Jones was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Loop Junior College (now Harold Washington College) and at Roosevelt University. He was married twice. His first wife, Patricia Jones died. He had four children with her. He is now married to Lorrie Jones.

References

Other websites

Illinois General Assembly - Senator Emil Jones Jr. (D) 14th District — official IL Senate website
Bills Committees
Project Vote Smart - Senator Emil Jones Jr. (IL)  profile
Follow the Money — Emil Jones Jr
2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions
Illinois State Senate Democrats - Senate President Emil Jones, Jr.  profile

1935 births
Living people
African American politicians
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
John Cullerton

John J. Cullerton (born October 28, 1948) is an American politician. He is a Democratic member of the Illinois Senate. He represents the 6th district since his appointment in 1991. He was elected President of the Illinois Senate in 2009.

References

Other websites
Biography, bills and committees at the 98th Illinois General Assembly
By session: 98th, 97th, 96th, 95th, 94th, 93rd
Illinois Senate President John Cullerton legislative website
Senate President John J. Cullerton  at Illinois Senate Democrats

Collected news and commentary at the Chicago Tribune

1948 births
Living people
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Ruud Lubbers

Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (; 7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 until 22 August 1994. He was the youngest and longest serving Prime Minister in Dutch history.

In January 2001, Lubbers became the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. He resigned in February 2005 after a worker accused Lubbers of sexual harassment.

Lubbers died on 14 February 2018 in Rotterdam, at the age of 78.

References

Other websites

  Dr. R.F.M. (Ruud) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek
  Drs. R.F.M. Lubbers Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

1939 births
2018 deaths
Catholic People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch academics
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch diplomats
Dutch economists
Dutch Roman Catholics
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from Rotterdam
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
United Nations High Commissioners for Refugees
Dries van Agt

Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt (; born 2 February 1931) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977, until 4 November 1982.

References

Other websites

  Mr. A.A.M. (Dries) van Agt Parlement & Politiek
  Kabinet-Van Agt I Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Van Agt II Rijksoverheid
  Kabinet-Van Agt III Rijksoverheid

1931 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the Netherlands
Catholic People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch academics
Dutch activists
Dutch jurists
Dutch lawyers
Dutch lobbyists
Dutch Roman Catholics
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from North Brabant
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Writers from North Brabant
Ray Bourque

Raymond Jean Bourque (born December 28, 1960) is a former Canadian ice hockey player. He played for the Boston Bruins team. Bourque is also an Olympian. He played for 21 seasons for the Boston Bruins. He was their longest-serving captain. On March 6, 2000 the Bruins traded Bourque to Colorado with Dave Andreychuk for Brian Rolston, Martin Grenier, Samuel Pahlsson and New Jersey's 1st round choice (previously acquired by Colorado) in 2000 Entry Draft. Bourque finished his career with the Colorado Avalanche. There he won his only Stanley Cup in his final NHL game. He officially announced his retirement on June 26, 2001.

Honors

Bourque was awarded the Norris Trophy as the NHL's best defenseman five times (1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994) . His jersey, #77 for both the Boston Bruins and the Colorado Avalanche, was retired by both teams in his honor. In his first year of eligibility, 2004, Bourque was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Complete List of Career Awards:

QMJHL First All-Star Team (1978, 1979)

NHL First All-Star Team (1980, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2001)

NHL Second All-Star Team (1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1995, 1999)

James Norris Memorial Trophy (1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994)

King Clancy Memorial Trophy (1992)

Lester Patrick Trophy (2003)

References

1960 births
Boston Bruins players
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Colorado Avalanche players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
Trois-Rivières Draveurs players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Thaliacea

Thaliacea are free-floating animals with a ton-like appearance. Thaliaceae are Tunicates. They are filter feeders and live from plankton. Their reproduction is special, there is alternation of generations: One of the generations reproduces sexually, the following does not. Some of them form colonies.

Invertebrates
Zeki Alasya

Zeki Alasya (18 April 1943 – 8 May 2015) was a Turkish actor and director. He began his acting career in the 1970s on television and movies, and directed about 20 movies. He also worked with comedian Metin Akpınar.

Alasya was born Istanbul and was of Turkish Cypriot ancestry. He died from liver disease, aged 72.

References

Other websites

 

1943 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Istanbul
Deaths from liver disease
Disease-related deaths in Turkey
Turkish stage actors
Turkish movie actors
Turkish movie directors
Turkish screenwriters
Turkish television actors
Józef Pazdur

Józef Pazdur (22 November 1924 – 7 May 2015) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1951. He was later named auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław in 1984, and retired in 2000.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Polish people
Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic priests
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is the name for the government that ruled Afghanistan between 2004 and 2021. In August 2021 during the Fall of Kabul, most of the city fell to the Taliban, and president Ashraf Ghani escaped from Afghanistan. On August 31, the Taliban had also taken the airport in Kabul.

History 
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was founded following the United States invasion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in the earlier phases of the War in Afghanistan. In 2014, Ashraf Ghani was elected to be the President of Afghanistan. On 15 August 2021, the city of Kabul fell to the Taliban.

Related pages
 Cabinet of Afghanistan

References 

2004 establishments in Asia
21st century in Afghanistan
Asian countries
Central Asian countries
Former countries in Asia
Former countries in Central Asia
Former countries in South Asia
Former republics
Governments in exile
Landlocked countries
Least developed countries
Occupied territories
Politics of Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan (since 1978)
Atanas Semerdzhiev

Atanas Georgiev Semerdzhiev (21 May 1924 – 8 May 2015) was a Bulgarian politician. He served as the Vice President of Bulgaria from 1 August 1990 to 22 January 1992, under Zhelyu Zhelev. He was Army Chief of Staff from 1962 until the fall of communism in 1989. He was a member of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP).

Semerdzhiev was born near Velingrad. He was a soldier during World War II.

Semerdzhiev died on 8 May 2015, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Bulgarian politicians
European military people
Generals
Military personnel of World War II
Vice presidents
Menashe Kadishman

Menashe Kadishman (lrm;; 21 August 1932 – 8 May 2015) was an Israeli sculptor and painter. He presented his artworks in central locations in Israel, such as Habima Square. His paintings can be found in many different galleries in Israel. He is most famous for his metallic sculptors and colorful paintings of sheep. In 1995, he won the Israel Prize.

Kadishman was born in Tel Aviv. He was divorced and had two children.

Kadishman died on 8 May 2015 in Ramat Gan, aged 82.

References

Other websites

 

1932 births
2015 deaths
Israeli Jews
Jewish artists
Israeli painters
People from Tel Aviv
Israeli sculptors
Zhivko Gospodinov

Zhivko Gospodinov (; 6 September 1957 – 4 May 2015) was a Bulgarian footballer. He was an attacking midfielder and playmaker. He played for Spartak Varna, Vatev Beloslav, Spartak Pleven, AD Fafe, Cherno More Varna and Beroe Stara Zagora from 1974 to 1992.

Gospodinov was born in Vladimirovo. He died on 4 May 2015 in Varna, aged 57.

References

1957 births
2015 deaths
1986 FIFA World Cup players
Bulgarian footballers
Kava

Kava is a plant of the pepper family. It comes from Polynesia and other lands in the Pacific Islands.

The roots of the plant are used to make a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Kava is used in many cultures in the Pacific Ocean, besides its native Polynesia. These include Hawaii, Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia. 

Kava is pain-relieving, calming. and is usually taken as a drug to relax without losing mental clarity in thinking and remembering . Evidence collected in studies show it is likely to be more effective than a placebo at helping calm some mild anxiety.

References 

Medicinal plants
Opioids
John Dixon (cartoonist)

John Dangar Dixon (20 February 1929 – 7 May 2015) was an Australian comic book artist and writer. He was best known for his comic strip creation, Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors, which ran from 1959 until 1986.

Dixon was born in Newcastle, New South Wales. He moved to the United States in the 1980s. In 2012, he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia (LBD), a type of dementia related to Parkinson's disease. He was married to Sue and had two children.

Dixon had a stroke on 18 April 2015 at his home in the U.S. state of California. He died on 7 May, aged 86.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies
Artists from New South Wales
Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Cartoonists
Comics artists
Deaths from stroke
Illustrators
Writers from New South Wales
Lo Wing-lok

Lo Wing-lok  (; 13 September 1954 – 9 May 2015) was a Hong Kong doctor and politician. He was a member of the Legislative Council for Medical from 2000 to 2004.

Lo was born in British Hong Kong. He graduated from the University of Hong Kong. His wife, Anna Yung Hiu-yan, died in 2013. They had a son.

Lo died from lung cancer on 9 May 2015 in Hong Kong, aged 60.

References

1954 births
2015 deaths
Chinese politicians
Deaths from lung cancer
Politicians from Hong Kong
Physicians
Leif Holger Larsen

Leif Holger Larsen (27 January 1954 – 8 May 2015) was a Norwegian diplomat. From 2014 until his death in 2015, he served as Norway's ambassador to Pakistan.

Larsen was born in Stavanger. He was married and had a son. Larsen died on 8 May 2015 in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. He was 61.

References

1954 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths
Aviation deaths
Ambassadors of Norway
Domingo Lucenario, Jr.

Domingo D. Lucenario, Jr. (3 September 1960 – 8 May 2015) was a Filipino diplomat. From 2013 until his death, he was the Ambassador to Pakistan.

Lucenario was born in Manila. He was married and had three children.

Lucenario died on 8 May 2015 in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. He was 54.

References

1960 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths
Ambassadors
Aviation deaths
Asian diplomats
Filipino politicians
People from Manila
2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash

The 2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash happened on 8 May 2015 when a Pakistan Army helicopter crashed in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Of the 17 passengers and three crew, eight people died, including ambassadors Domingo Lucenario, Jr. from the Philippines, Leif Holger Larsen from Norway, and Burhan Muhammad from Indonesia.

References

2015 aviation disasters
2015 disasters in Asia
Aviation disasters in Asia
2010s disasters in Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
May 2015 events
Transport in Pakistan
Phil Skoglund

Philip Charles "Phil" Skoglund  (20 June 1937 – 8 May 2015) was a New Zealand lawn bowls player. He competed in three Commonwealth Games (1974, 1978, 1990). He competed in five World Championships (1966, 1972, 1980, 1984, 1988), winning a gold medal (triples 1988).

Skoglund was born in Palmerston North. He was the son of politician and cabinet minister Philip Oscar Skoglund and nephew of champion lawn bowls player Pete Skoglund.

Skoglund died on 8 May 2015 in Palmerston North, aged 77.

References

1937 births
2015 deaths
New Zealand businesspeople
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from North Island
Maurice Flanagan

Sir Maurice Flanagan  (17 October 1928 – 7 May 2015) was a British businessman. He was the founding CEO of Emirates. He was also the Executive Vice-Chairman of The Emirates Group.

Flanagan was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He was married to Audrey Bolton from 1955 until his death. They had three children. He lived in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Flanagan died on 7 May 2015 in London, aged 86.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English businesspeople
People from Lancashire
Michael MacKellar

Michael John Randal MacKellar  (27 October 1938 – 9 May 2015) was an Australian politician and agricultural scientist. He was the Liberal Member for Warringah from 25 October 1969 until 18 February 1994.

MacKellar was born in Moree, New South Wales. He had a partner and had three children. He died at the age of 76.

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
Australian scientists
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Order of Australia
Politicians from New South Wales
.5: The Gray Chapter

.5: The Gray Chapter is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band, Slipknot. .5: The Gray Chapter was released on October 17, 2014 through Roadrunner Records. 

It is Slipknot's first album to not feature bassist Paul Gray who died on May 24, 2010. It also did not feature drummer Joey Jordison who was fired from the band in December 2013.

The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200, #18 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, and at #2 on the Top Rock Albums. In 2014, the song "The Negative One" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance.

Songs

References

Other websites 
 

2014 albums
Slipknot albums
My Immortal

"My Immortal" is the third single off American rock band Evanescence's first studio album Fallen. The song was released in December 8, 2003. 

The song was written by guitarist Ben Moody except for the bridge. It is a piano and power ballad. The lyrics of the song are about a spirit that haunts the memory of a grieving loved one. It is based on a short story that Moody had written before.

On the Billboard charts, "My Immortal" was able to peak at #7 on Hot 100, #2 on the Mainstream Top 40, #1 on the Adult Top 40, and #19 on the Adult Contemporary charts. In 2005, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

References

Other websites
"My Immortal" on YouTube

2003 songs
Evanescence songs
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
Nagoya University

, also known as , is a university in Nagoya, Japan. Its first name was "Nagoya Imperial University".

Six alumni and faculties of Nagoya University have received the Nobel Prize.
Hiroshi Amano, 2014 Physics.
Isamu Akasaki, 2014 Physics
Makoto Kobayashi, 2008 Physics.
Toshihide Maskawa, 2008 Physics.
Osamu Shimomura, 2008 Chemistry.
Ryōji Noyori, 2001 Chemistry.

Related pages

 List of national universities in Japan

Colleges and universities in Japan
Nagoya
Igor Gorynin

Igor Vasilievich Gorynin (; 10 March 1926 – 9 May 2015) was a Russian metallurgist and politician. He was the creator of many new titanium and aluminium alloys, and reactor steels. He was also the inventor of the radiation hardened steels. He was the director of the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials (CRISM).

Gorynin was born in Leningrad. He died after a long illness on 9 May 2015 in Saint Petersburg, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Russia
Russian engineers
Russian inventors
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Soviet politicians
Mind control wasp

Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider Plesiometa argyra. The wasp modifies the spider's web building behavior to make a web of very strong lines. This supports the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain.

Reproduction 
The adult female wasp temporarily paralyzes the spider and lays an egg on its abdomen. The egg hatches into a larva. The larva sucks the spider's blood through small holes, while the spider goes on about its normal web building and insect catching behavior.

When the larva is ready to pupate, it injects a chemical into the spider. This causes the spider to build a web whose design is completely different from any it has ever made. Then the spider sits still in the middle of the web.

The wasp larva then moults, kills the spider with a poison and sucks its body dry before discarding it and building a cocoon that hangs from the middle of the web the spider has just built. The larva pupates inside the cocoon, then emerges to mate and begin the cycle over again.

References 

Wasps
Parasitoids
Don Getty

Donald Ross "Don" Getty, (August 30, 1933 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian politician and football quarterback. He served as the 11th Premier of Alberta between 1985 and 1992.

Career 
A member of the Progressive Conservatives, he served as Energy Minister and Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister in the government of Peter Lougheed before leaving politics for the private sector in 1979.

Before entering politics, Getty had been a quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.  He passed for more than eight thousand yards over his ten-year career, and was put on the team's Wall of Fame in 1992.

Getty died of heart failure at a hospital in Edmonton, Alberta on February 26, 2016 at the age of 82.

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Premiers of Alberta
People from Westmount, Quebec
Politicians from Quebec
Sportspeople from Quebec
Glyptapanteles

Glyptapanteles is a genus of endoparasitoid wasp found in Central and North America. The larvae of the members of Glyptapanteles manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards.

Reproduction 

Female Glyptapanteles stick their ovipositor into caterpillar hosts. The eggs hatch inside the caterpillar. The caterpillar feeds and grows normally until the 4th or 5th instar. Then up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate.

Behaviour changes 
After the larvae of Glyptapanteles emerge, the caterpillar takes up position near the cocoons of the pupae, arches its back, and ceases to move or feed. It will occasionally spin silk over the pupae. However, when disturbed, it begins to thrash violently. This behavior is to strike at and repel possible predators of the pupae, so improving the survival odds of the wasp pupae. Only about one in twenty non-parasitized caterpillars responded in this fashion. In 60% of cases, the parasitized caterpillars successfully warded off these potential predators. No longer eating, the affected caterpillar eventually dies.

Mortality rates for pupae not guarded by parasitized caterpillars were significantly higher.

Mechanism
In the course of Grosman's research, it was discovered that not all larval Glyptapanteles emerge from their caterpillar host. One or two remain behind and active. Probably these larvae manipulate the host. It is a kind of altruism, since these larvae miss their own chance of pupating in order to protect the brood.

References 

Wasps
Parasitoids
Jacques Parizeau

Jacques Parizeau, GOQ, (; August 9, 1930 – June 1, 2015) was a Canadian economist and noted Quebec sovereigntist. He was born in Montreal. He was the 26th Premier of the province of Quebec from September 26, 1994, to January 29, 1996.

References

Other websites

 Political blog  (in French)

1930 births
2015 deaths
Canadian economists
Premiers of Quebec
Politicians from Montreal
Polydnavirus

The polydnaviruses (PDV) are a family of insect viruses. There are two genera: ichnoviruses (IV) and bracoviruses (BV). The ichnoviruses occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses in braconid wasps.  

The genome of the virus is composed of multiple segments of double-stranded DNA packed in capsid proteins and a double or single layer envelope. The sequences are quite different between BV and IV, suggesting that the two types evolved independently.

Biology 

These viruses are part of a unique biological system with three parts: a parasitoid wasp, an insect (usually lepidopteran) larva, and the virus. The full genome of the virus is integrated into the genome of the wasp and the virus only replicates in a particular part of the ovary of pupal and adult female wasps. 

The virus is injected with the wasp egg into the body cavity of a host caterpillar and infects cells of the caterpillar.  The infection does not lead to replication of new viruses, rather it affects the caterpillar's immune system. Without the virus infection, phagocytic haemocytes (blood cells) will kill the wasp egg. The immune suppression caused by the virus allows the wasp egg to survive. It hatches and develops in the caterpillar.  Also, genes from the polydnavirus in the host alter host development and metabolism to be good for the growth and survival of the parasitoid larva. Thus the virus and wasp have a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship.

References 

Viruses
Bill Davis

William Grenville "Bill" Davis, (July 30, 1929 – August 8, 2021) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Toronto. He was the 18th Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1971 to 1985. 

In a 2012 edition, the Institute for Research on Public Policy's magazine, Policy Options, named Davis the second-best Canadian premier of the last forty years, beaten only by Peter Lougheed.

Davis died on August 8, 2021 in Brampton, Ontario at the age of 92.

References

1929 births
2021 deaths
Premiers of Ontario
Dave Barrett

David Barrett (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018), commonly known as Dave Barrett, was a Canadian retired politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th Premier of British Columbia for three years between 1972 and 1975. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

In 2014, it was announced that Barrett had Alzheimer's disease and was living in a care facility in Victoria, British Columbia. He died o 2, 2018, aged 87.

References

1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
People from Vancouver
Premiers of British Columbia
Howard Pawley

Howard Russell Pawley (November 21, 1934 – December 30, 2015) was a Canadian politician and professor. He was born in Brampton, Ontario. He moved to Winnipeg at age 17. He was the 18th Premier of Manitoba from 1981 to 1988.

Pawley died in a hospital in Windsor, Ontario from a short-illness on December 30, 2015 at the age of 81.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Premiers of Manitoba
Politicians from Ontario
Roger Stuart Bacon

Roger Stuart Bacon (June 29, 1926 – October 4, 2021) was a Nova Scotia politician. He was born in Upper Nappan, Nova Scotia. He was the 21st Premier of Nova Scotia from 1990 to 1991. He was also a member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly between 1970 until 1993. Bacon was a member of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia.

Bacon died on October 4, 2021 in Amherst, Nova Scotia at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2021 deaths
Premiers of Nova Scotia
Gerald Regan

Gerald Augustine Paul Regan  (February 13, 1928 – November 26, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He served as the 19th Premier of Nova Scotia from 1970 to 1978.

Acquitted sex crimes
On October 27, 1993, CBC News revealed that the RCMP were investigating Regan for sexual misconduct. In March 1995 and May 1995 he was charged with a total of nineteen counts of sexual offences. Regan faced trial on eight charges including rape and attempted rape, for crimes committed in 1956 and 1969 against victims aged 14 and 18 at the time. 

On December 18, 1998, he was acquitted on all eight charges by a jury.

Death
Regan died on November 26, 2019 in Bedford, Nova Scotia at the age of 91.

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
People acquitted of rape
Canadian lawyers
Premiers of Nova Scotia
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Martin Nag

Martin Nag (30 July 1927 – 2 May 2015) was a Norwegian literary historian, literary critic, poet, essayist, translator and biographer. He was born in Stavanger. Nag was known for his books Uro, Rød lørdag (1976) and Steingjerde (1991).

Nag died of a severe stroke in Oslo at the age of 88.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Norwegian historians
Norwegian writers
People from Stavanger
Poets