cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Battle of Baghdad (1258)

The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a victory for the Mongol leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. Baghdad was captured, sacked, and over time burned.

Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid Empire. This was an Islamic empire in what is now Iraq.  The Abbasid caliphs were the second of the Islamic dynasties.

The Mongol army, led by Hulagu (also spelled as Hulegu) Khan and the Chinese commander Guo Kan in vice-command, set out for Baghdad in November of 1257. Hulagu marched with what was probably the largest army ever fielded by the Mongols.  By order of Mongke Khan, one in ten fighting men in the entire Mongol Empire were gathered for Hulagu's army (Saunders 1971). The attacking army also had a large contingent of Christian forces and of Chinese military engineering troops.

The siege 

Hulagu demanded surrender; the caliph refused. Many accounts say that the caliph failed to prepare for the fight; he neither gathered armies nor strengthened the walls of Baghdad.

Hulagu divided his forces, so that they threatened both sides of the city, on the east and west banks of the Tigris.  The attacking Mongols broke some dikes and flooded the ground behind the caliph’s army, trapping them. Much of the army was slaughtered or drowned.

Under Guo Kan's order, the Chinese counterparts in the Mongolian army then laid siege to the city, constructing a palisade and ditch, wheeling up siege engines and catapults. The siege started on January 29. The battle was swift, by siege standards. By February 5 the Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall. Al-Musta'sim tried to negotiate, but was refused.

On February 10 Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept into the city on February 13 and began a week of massacre, looting, rape, and destruction.

Related pages
 Mongol Empire
 Abbasid Empire
 Baghdad
 Islamic Golden Age

References

Sources 
 Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281 (first edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.  .
 Morgan, David.  The Mongols. Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 1990.  .
 Nicolle, David, and Richard Hook (illustrator). The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane. London: Brockhampton Press, 1998. .
 Saunders, J.J. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. .
 Sicker, Martin. The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2000. .
 Souček, Svat. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. .

Other websites 
 An article  describing Hulagu's conquest of Baghdad, written by Ian Frazier, appeared in the April 25, 2005 issue of The New Yorker.
 Steven Dutch article 

1258
Baghdad
History of Islam
Baghdad
History of Iraq
13th century in Asia
Credo

The Credo () is part of Christian Mass.  Credo is Latin, and means I believe. It is a statement of faith. In Catholicism, the Nicene Creed is used very often; but there are others, such as the Athanasian Creed or Apostles' Creed.

Very often it is sung by the crowd, or by a choir; many people have written credoes. One of them is Antonio Vivaldi

Media (Vivaldi: Credo in E minor (RV 591)) 

Christian prayers
J. D. Salinger

Jerome David Salinger (January 1, 1919 – January 27, 2010), better known as J. D. Salinger, was an American writer of (partly) Jewish descent. He was best known for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye.

Early life
Salinger was born Jerome David Salinger in Manhattan, New York on January 1, 1919.

Career
Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school. In 1936, he went to work in Austria, but left 2 years later, just before Germany took Austria over.

Salinger published several stories in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. In 1948 he published the story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" in The New Yorker magazine, which also published most of his following work.

In 1951, his first novel The Catcher in the Rye was published. It became an immediate popular success.

Death
On January 27, 2010, Salinger died in his home in Cornish, New Hampshire of natural causes at age 91.

Personality
Salinger did not like publicity: He never published an original work after 1965 and was never interviewed after 1980. In fact, he told his agent to burn any mail that fans sent him. He also did not want his photograph on the jacket of his books.

Unpublished books
On November 28, 2013, scans of three unpublished Salinger stories were uploaded to the Internet. It was done by a user of What.CD, an invite-only BitTorrent tracker site. The file was quickly removed by administrators of the site. It is not currently clear how the unpublished material was uploaded, as the original gangster sources came from two different locations (the University of Texas and Princeton). This shows that the works may have been obtained on separate occasions and then put together. Salinger's unpublished works quickly spread over to open BitTorrent sites like The Pirate Bay and image-sharing sites such as Imgur.

Despite What.CD's quick response, Salinger's unpublished writings will forever be available on the internet.

Footnotes

References 

Salinger, Margaret (2000). Dream catcher: reflections on reclusion. Scribner, N.Y.

Other websites 

 The Letters to J. D. Salinger Web Site. 
 The J. D. Salinger "Bananafish" discussion list. 
 Implied meanings in J. D. Salinger stories and reverting (English Pdf)  (from http://www.tversu.ru/Science/Hermeneutics/1998-2.html  )
 Salinger.org - A Fan site
 Dead Caulfields. The early life and work of J.D. Salinger 

1919 births
2010 deaths
American novelists
Jewish American writers
Jews who converted to Christianity
Writers from Manhattan
Luca Toni

Luca Toni (born 26 May 1977 in Pavullo nel Frignano, Modena) is an Italian football player. He plays for Genoa and Italy national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Modena||rowspan="2"|Serie C1||7||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||2
|-
|1995/96||25||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||5
|-
|1996/97||Empoli||Serie B||3||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||1
|-
|1997/98||Fiorenzuola||Serie C1||26||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|1998/99||Cisco Roma||Serie C1||31||15||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||15
|-
|1999/00||Treviso||Serie B||35||15||4||1||colspan="2"|-||39||16
|-
|2000/01||Vicenza||Serie A||31||9||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||9
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Brescia||rowspan="2"|Serie A||28||13||4||1||2||0||34||14
|-
|2002/03||16||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Città di Palermo||Serie B||45||30||2||0||colspan="2"|-||47||30
|-
|2004/05||Serie A||35||20||1||1||colspan="2"|-||36||21
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||38||31||4||2||colspan="2"|-||42||33
|-
|2006/07||29||16||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||16

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||31||24||4||5||11||10||46||39
|-
|2008/09||25||14||2||1||8||3||35||18
|-
|2009/10||4||0||1||1||1||0||6||1

|-
|2009/10||Roma||Serie A||||||||||||||||
349||161||17||5||2||0||368||166
60||38||7||7||20||13||87||58
409||199||24||12||22||13||455||224
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||5||1
|-
|2005||10||5
|-
|2006||11||4
|-
|2007||5||4
|-
|2008||11||2
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
!Total||47||16
|}

Other websites 
 Official Website
  National Team statistics at FIGC official site

References 

1977 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Sara Gilbert

Sara Gilbert (born Sara Rebecca Abeles on January 29, 1975 in Santa Monica, California) is an American actress most famous for being Darlene Conner in Roseanne. She has guest-starred on many primetime programs such as The Simpsons and Will & Grace. She was in the cast of The Big Bang Theory. She is a vegetarian. She is openly lesbian and was in a relationship with Allison Adler from 2002 until their relationship ended in 2011. They have a son born in 2004, and a daughter born in 2007. She has been in a relationship with musician Linda Perry since 2011. The couple became engaged in April 2013. Gilbert was born in Santa Monica, California, the daughter of Barbara Cowan (née Crane) and Harold Abeles.

References

Other websites 

1975 births
Living people
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American child actors
LGBT people from California
American movie actors
American television actors
Lesbians
LGBT actors
Vegetarians
Alicia Goranson

Alicia Linda Goranson (born June 22, 1974, in Evanston, Illinois), also known as Lecy Goranson, is an American actress most famous for her role as Becky Conner in the TV show Roseanne.

1974 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
People from Evanston, Illinois
Ape Escape

Ape Escape, known in Japan as , is a platform video game for the PlayStation. It was made by Sony Computer Entertainment.

1999 video games
PlayStation games
PlayStation Portable games
Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift

is a tactical role-playing video game made by Square Enix for the Nintendo DS game console. It is a follow-up to Final Fantasy Tactics Advance.

2007 video games
2008 video games
Final Fantasy games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Ken Kesey

Kenneth Elton Kesey (September 17, 1935 – November 10, 2001) was an American writer best known for his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. He was born in La Junta, Colorado and moved to Springfield, Oregon in 1946.

References

1935 births
2001 deaths
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from liver cancer
Writers from Colorado
Writers from Oregon
Liver cancer

Liver cancer is malignant tumors on, or in, a liver. The most common form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which is more common in those with cirrhosis of the liver, which may be caused by alcohol abuse, Wilson's disease, or hepatitis. Hepatoblastoma occurs most often in children.

Cancer
Liver disease
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a novel. It was written in 1959 by Ken Kesey. It was published in 1962. It is set in a mental asylum in Oregon. It was made into a movie that was directed by Milos Forman. The movie stars Jack Nicholson. It was very popular, and won 5 Academy Awards. It was a very controversial book. It is still considered a classic.

1962 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels
Oregon
Suicide in fiction
Works about prostitution
Fred Thompson

Fred Dalton Thompson (Freddie Dalton Thompson; September 19, 1942 – November 1, 2015) was an American politician, actor, attorney, and lobbyist. 

Thompson became famous during the 1970s during the Watergate Scandal because he discovered the Watergate tapes which would lead to President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1973.

He starred on Law & Order as Arthur Branch, the District Attorney of New York. He quit the show to run as the Republican candidate for the United States presidency in 2008, but he did not become the candidate. He was also the host of The Fred Thompson Show, one of Westwood One's most popular talk shows.

On November 1, 2015, Thompson died from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), a form of cancer, at the age of 73 in Nashville, Tennessee.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Alabama
American lobbyists
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Tennessee
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
People from Sheffield, Alabama
Politicians from Alabama
2008 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Tennessee
Super OS

Super OS (formerly: Super Ubuntu) is a free Linux distribution. It is a modified version of Ubuntu made with reconstructor. Its main goal is to provide an ‘Out of the Box’ experience, containing various enhancements over Ubuntu. It has the goal of remaining compatible with Ubuntu.

Features 
Includes an easy way to run executable files and scripts.
Multimedia support: It is prepackaged with support for MP3 files and video-DVDs.
Internet codecs: It includes an additional web browser (Opera), Adobe Flash Player, and more communication software (aMSN and Skype).
Additional software: It also includes, Wine, the GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall, and other software installed by default.

Tools and software

App Runner 
App Runner is a script included in Super OS that allows any kind of executable or script to be launched without having to use the command line. App Runner was also subject of an article by Lifehacker, saying "App Runner would come in handy" and "there's plenty of scripts and closed-source apps that this would be useful for".

Live USB 
There is also a Windows tool called cd2usb to create Ubuntu and Super OS Live USBs. The program is already included in the DVD of Super OS.

RUNZ Framework
The RUNZ Framework  is a tool that allows the use of portable apps and something called SuperDebs (an installer with a .deb file + its dependencies that can be installed offline) in Super OS. It is already included in Super OS 9.04 SP 0.1+

Software repository
In addition to the official Ubuntu repositories, Super OS also includes its own repositories, which include third-party software like Adobe Reader, Skype, Real Player, TrueCrypt, PeaZip, Google Chrome or Ubuntu calendar, but also include tools/software developed by hacktolive, like App Runner and RUNZ.

Reception and adoption 
Super OS has been received mainly with positive reviews, with softpedia saying "it is a distribution with super powers […] [due to] the inclusion of applications, tools and technologies that are missing from a standard Ubuntu". Super OS (still with the name Super Ubuntu at the time), was also Lifehacker's featured download saying "It's basically just a re-compiled version of the official Ubuntu distribution, but with a whole bunch of features included that save you the time of grabbing them yourself".Super OS is also the OS that the Helios project  (a non-profit organization to give away computers to children without the money to buy them) pre-loads on most of the computers they give away. , Super OS is in the top 100 of the page hit ranking of DistroWatch,.

Related pages
List of Ubuntu-based distributions

References

Other websites 

Official website  
Super OS coverage and reviews 
Official blog 
Super OS at DistroWatch
Super OS Archive

Linux software
Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives
Linux distributions
Live CD
Remastersys

Remastersys is a free software/open source (GPL) script for Linux distributions that allows a person to:
 Create a customized Live CD/DVD of Ubuntu and derivatives.
 Backup all the system, including user data to an installable Live CD/DVD.

Uses
It is a very useful and easy way to create a customized Live CD/DVD version of Ubuntu, once the system is installed and configured with programs, updates, etc... the user just has to:
Download and install the latest version of remastersys from: http://remastersys.klikit-linux.com/repository/remastersys/ 
Open the program (a shortcut is created on the desktop) and then choose the dist or backup option, and then the iso of the Live CD will be automatically created.
The resulting iso can also be installed on a USB pendrive, creating a Live USB distro, using either a command-line approach or a graphical tool such as UNetbootin.

It has a command line version and a GUI version.  It currently works with Ubuntu, and possibly more Ubuntu-based distributions. 
The latest version of Ubuntu (8.04) is already supported.

Related pages
Reconstructor

References

Other websites
 Remastersys forums 
 Wiki of Remastersys project
 How to make a customized Ubuntu Live CD/DVD with remastersys 

Live CD
Debian-based Linux distributions
The Unknown Comic

Murray Langston (born 1945, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada) is a Canadian comedian and writer. His television work includes The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, Make Me Laugh, and The Gong Show.

Langston is best known, oddly enough, as The Unknown Comic – a comedian who appears onstage wearing a paper bag over his head. He first appeared as the Unknown Comic on The Gong Show. He did not want his true identity known, because an appearance on an amateur show could have hurt his comedy career, when he was already well-known.

Audiences liked the Unknown Comic, and Langston began to appear as that character on other shows, and in live performances. In time, Langston was as famous for the character as for himself. When he was finally unmasked in public (on a television show called Real People), the two careers became one. Langston has performed both as himself and as the Unknown Comic ever since.

Langston partly retired from his career during the 1990s, to focus on raising his daughter.

References

1945 births
Living people
Canadian television actors
Canadian comedians
Australopithecine

The term Australopithecine ('australos' for short) refers to any species in the related genera  Australopithecus or  Paranthropus. These genera occurred in the Pliocene–Pleistocene era, and were bipedal. The arrangement of their teeth, especially the dental arcade, was similar to humans. They did not have the large canine teeth characteristic of present-day apes.

They had a brain size not much larger than modern apes, lacking the large brain of the genus Homo. They were mainly bipedal, but probably capable of climbing and living at least partly in trees. Their arms were longer in proportion to their bodies, and this also suggests their inherited capacity to move above the ground. The efficiency of their walking is difficult to estimate, but they were not so well adapted to bipedalism as humans. The males were much larger than the females, which suggests a family arrangement with a dominant male and several females, as with modern apes. Nothing is known for certain about their use of tools.

They are in the hominins,and appeared in the late Miocene.

Australopithecus, about four million years ago (mya)
Paranthropus, about 2.7 mya

When used alone, the term refers to both genera together. Australopithecus is sometimes referred to as the "gracile (slender) australopithecines", while Paranthropus are also called the "robust australopithecines".

Other genera:
Kenyanthropus (3.5 to 3.2) mya is either a separate genus of australos, or a species of Australopithecus.
Ardipithecus (5.6 and 4.4) mya, is a Miocene hominin. It had a grasping big toe, and therefore could live in trees as well as on the ground. The term "facultative biped" is used. 
Sahelanthropus, also a Miocene hominin, lived about seven million years ago (mya). The relationships of this species to the australos is unclear.
Orrorin, at 6.1 to 5.7 mya is known from 20 pieces of bone, and its relationships are unclear. Orrorin is both earlier, by almost 3 million years, and more similar to modern humans than is A. afarensis. The main similarity is that the Orrorin femur is morphologically closer to that of H. sapiens than is Lucy's; there is, however, some debate over this point.

A likely ancestor of the australopithecines is the Ardipithecus genus, which lived in East Africa. The genus Homo (humans), appears about 2.4 million years ago with Homo habilis. Australos moved into mixed savannah/woodland habitats as the climate cooled in the later Miocene. This explains their adaptations to walking or walking plus climbing. It also explains the changes to their diet and teeth, though not in detail. The great increase in brain size of modern man began with the genus Homo: it did not start with the australos.

The australopithecines according to Briggs & Crowther.
Australopithecina 
Australopithecus
A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. anamensis
A. bahrelghazali
A. garhi
Paranthropus
P. robustus
P. boisei
P. aethiopicus
Ardipithecus
A. ramidus
Orrorin
'Orrorin tugenensis
Sahelanthropus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis

References 

 
Miocene
Sahara pump theory

The Sahara Pump Theory attempts to explain how plants and animals from Africa moved into the Middle East and then Europe and Asia. 

At the time, Africa was rainier than it is today, and the Sahara was wetter, with bigger lakes and more rivers. 

African rainy periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers exist.  This causes changes in the type of animals found in the area. 

Regardless of the aridity of the greater Sahara, migration along the river corridor was halted when, during a desert phase 1.8-0.8 million years ago, the Nile ceased to flow completely and possibly flowed only temporarily in other periods due to Nubian Swell uplift.

During the periods of a wet Sahara, the Sahara and Arabia become a savanna grassland and African flora and fauna become common. During the following dry period, the Sahara reverts to desert conditions usually as a result of the retreat of the West African Monsoon southwards. Evaporation exceeds precipitation, the level of water in lakes like Lake Chad falls, and rivers become dry wadis.  

Flora and fauna previously widespread retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains, southwards into West Africa, or eastwards into the Nile Valley and thence either south-east to the Ethiopian Highlands and Kenya or north-east across the Sinai into Asia. This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates, forcing them to adapt, possibly giving rise to speciation (species splitting).

The Saharan pump has been used to date four waves of human emigration from Africa, namely:

 Homo erectus (ssp. ergaster) into Southeast and East Asia
 Homo heidelbergensis into the Middle East and Western Europe
 Homo sapiens sapiens Out of Africa theory
 The spread of Afro-Asiatic languages.

References

Geography
Evolutionary biology
Prehistoric Africa
US Airways

US Airways, Inc. was an airline that used to be owned by the US Airways Group, Inc. US Airways was previously known as USAir. It was the sixth largest airline in the United States.  Its headquarters were in Tempe, Arizona. US Airways owned 357 large jet aircraft and 329 smaller planes that flew to 240 places in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, Hawaii, and Europe. In May 2008, US Airways had 36,632 people working for them in the world and flew 3,512 flights each day.  The US in US Airways stands for United States.

Flights
US Airways had many flights from Charlotte, North Carolina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Phoenix, Arizona. US Airways also ran smaller numbers of flights from Washington, DC, Las Vegas, Nevada, New York, New York, and Boston, Massachusetts.

Affiliates
The airline also had the US Airways Shuttle. It's a brand which operates frequent flights between cities in the northeast part of the United States. Other companies operate short flights for US Airways, which are called US Airways Express. After the AA combination, the brand is now known as the "American Shuttle".

History
In 2005, US Airways combined with America West Airlines, but they kept the US Airways name.

In 2013, US Airways announced it was going to be combined with American Airlines.  The combination was completed on April 8, 2015,  with the new airline keeping the "American Airlines" name.  US Airways had it's last flight on October 16, 2015.

Gallery

References

 

Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Arizona
Tempe, Arizona
1937 establishments in the United States
Star Alliance
Northwest Airlines

Northwest Airlines, Inc. (often abbreviated NWA) is a subsidiary of Delta Air Lines, Inc., and was a major United States airline. It was headquartered in Eagan, Minnesota, near Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport in the United States. Northwest had three major hubs in the United States: Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, and Memphis International Airport. Northwest also operated flights from a small hub in Asia at Narita International Airport near Tokyo and also operated transatlantic flights in cooperation with their partner KLM from Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam. It also had focus city operations at Indianapolis International Airport and Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.

As of 2006 Northwest was the world's sixth largest airline in terms of domestic and international scheduled passenger miles flown and the U.S.'s sixth largest airline in terms of domestic passenger miles flown. In addition to operating one of the largest domestic route networks in the U.S., Northwest carries more passengers across the Pacific Ocean (5.1 million in 2004) than any other U.S. carrier, and carries more domestic air cargo than any other American passenger airline. It is the only U.S. combination carrier (passenger and cargo service) operating dedicated Boeing 747 freighters. The airline, along with its parent company, Northwest Airlines Corporation and subsidiaries, operated under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection which, in the United States, allows continued operation during the reorganization effort, not stopping flights as in the case in some countries. Northwest emerged from bankruptcy protection on May 31, 2007.

Northwest Airlines' regional flights were operated under the name Northwest Airlink by Mesaba Airlines, Pinnacle Airlines, and Compass Airlines. Its frequent flyer program was WorldPerks. Northwest Airlines' tagline was "Now you're flying smart." 

On April 14, 2008, Northwest announced it would be merging with Delta Air Lines, subject to regulatory review. The merger was officially completed on January 31, 2010.

References 

Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Minnesota
1926 establishments in the United States
2010 disestablishments in the United States
JetBlue Airways

JetBlue Airways is an American low-cost airline owned by JetBlue Airways Corporation. The company is headquartered in Long Island City, a neighborhood in New York City.  Its main base is John F. Kennedy International Airport. 

In 2001, JetBlue began a focus city operation at Long Beach in Los Angeles County, California. Another was opened at Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts in 2004. It also has focus city operations at Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport, Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, and Orlando International Airport. The airline mainly serves destinations in the United States, along with flights to the Caribbean, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Mexico. As of February 2021, JetBlue has 267 airplanes, with 8 on order, and flies to 99 cities.

Gallery

References 

Airlines of the United States
Companies based in New York City
Low-cost airlines
1999 establishments in the United States
Erich Wasicky

Erich Wasicky (May 27, 1911 in Vienna, Austria - May 28, 1947 in Landsberg) was a pharmacist at the Mauthausen concentration camp. He was responsible for killing many inmates.

Wasicky joined the NSDAP and the SS (he had the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer). From 1941 to 1944, he worked in the concentration-camp Mauthausen. He was in charge of choosing victims to be killed, and of poisoning them with the gas Zyklon-B. He also drove trucks that were used for killing people by exhaust gas. Up to 15,000 people had been killed at Mauthausen as well as neighboring Hartheim.

After the end of World War II he was charged with murder by an US-military tribunal, found guilty, and was hanged on May 28, 1947.

References

Other websites 
 Erich Wasicky
 Dachau trials 
 Jewish Virtual Library

1911 births
1947 deaths
Austrian people of World War II
Austrian physicians
Austrian war criminals
Executed Austrian people
Executed Nazis
Holocaust perpetrators
Majors
People executed by hanging
Scientists from Vienna
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
Pharmacists
Indie pop

Indie pop is a genre of alternative rock which originated in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Originally and often still a form of independent music, it is closely associated with indie rock, both genres are similar, yet there are differences between both. Indie rock tends to be edgier, rougher and harsher-sounding, contrasting the more melodious indie pop. Indie pop additionally takes influences from 1960s girl group music and power pop, often giving it retro elements, and makes usage of jangly guitars.

In 1986, British music magazine NME released a cassette called C86, which included indie pop and indie rock music; the artists in C86 made music which was described by About.com as "a twee, amateurish form of home-made music drawing deeply from sunny '60s acts like The Byrds and the Velvet Underground."

Early indie pop bands include The Shop Assistants or The Pastels. More recent bands in the genre include Point blank, Travis, The Research and Maritime.

References

Rock music
Alternative music
Travis

Travis are a Scottish Indie pop rock band. They have released many albums including The Man Who, The Invisible band and  The Boy with No Name. 

Their latest album was released in September of 2013 and is called Where You Stand

They are best known for their single "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?" from their 1999 release The Man Who.

History 
Travis were formed in 1993 

1990 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British pop music groups
Indie bands
Musical groups from Glasgow
Scottish rock bands
1990s establishments in Scotland
The Boy with No Name

The Boy with No Name is an album by Indie pop band Travis and was released in May 2007. The name of this record came from the fact it took Francis Healy (singer) a long time to name his son.

Songs

All songs written by Fran Healy, except where noted.
 "3 Times and You Lose" (Healy, Andy Dunlop) – 4:14
 "Selfish Jean" – 4:00
This track uses several lyrics and the overall theme from the 1997 B-side "Standing on My Own" (which was included on the single release of "Tied to the 90's").[3]
 "Closer" – 4:00
 "Big Chair" (Healy, Dunlop) – 4:07
 "Battleships" – 4:11
Backing vocals provided by Julia Stone.
 "Eyes Wide Open" – 2:59
 "My Eyes" – 4:08
 "One Night" – 4:00
 "Under the Moonlight" (Susie Hug) – 4:00
Backing vocals provided by KT Tunstall.
 "Out in Space" – 3:35
 "Colder" (Healy, Dougie Payne) – 4:06
 "New Amsterdam" – 2:37
 "Sailing Away" (hidden bonus track) – 3:31
 Starts at 5:52 into last track (5:38 on UK and Mexican release).
 "Perfect Heaven Space" (UK bonus track) – 3:50
 "Say Hello" (iTunes bonus track) - 3:33 (Only available on the release date)

"Closer" was the first single the band released from this album.

2007 albums
Life expectancy

Life expectancy is how long a person is expected to live. It is based on many factors such as country and life style including smoking, diet, and exercise.

There are great changes in life expectancy between different parts of the world, mostly caused by differences in public health, medical care and diet. Much of the excess mortality (higher death rates) in poorer nations is due to war, not enough food, and medical conditions or diseases (AIDS, Malaria, etc.). 

Over the past 200 years, countries with black or African populations have generally not had the same improvements in mortality rates that have been enjoyed by other peoples. Even in countries with a majority of white people, such as USA, Britain, Ireland and France, black people tend to have shorter life expectancies than their white counterparts (although the statistics are often not analysed by race). For example, in the U.S. white Americans are expected to live until age 79, but African Americans only until age 75 (as of the year 2013).

Climate may also have an effect, and the way data is collected may also influence the figures. According to the CIA World Factbook, Macau has the world's longest life expectancy of 84.4 years.

There are also significant differences in life expectancy between men and women in most countries, with women typically outliving men by around five years. Economic circumstances also affect life expectancy. For example, in the United Kingdom, life expectancy in the expensive areas like Kensington is several years longer than in the poorest areas such as Glasgow. This may reflect factors such as diet and lifestyle as well as access to medical care. It may also reflect a selective effect: people with chronic life-threatening illnesses are less likely to become wealthy or to live in expensive areas.

References 

Demography
Gerontology
Autrans

Autrans is a village near Grenoble. About 1,541 people live there. It is a well-known ski resort. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Autrans-Méaudre-en-Vercors.

References 

Communes in Isère
Former communes in France
Claron McFadden

Claron McFadden (born 1961) is an American soprano singer. She became known because she sang in the opera Lulu by Alban Berg, at Glyndebourne Festival Opera.

1961 births
Living people
Singers from New York City
Sopranos
American opera singers
Demosthenes

Demosthenes (384–322 BC, , Dēmosthénēs) was a well-known Greek statesman and orator from ancient Athens. His speeches show the height of classical Athenian skill at speaking. They also show us lots about the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators.  He delivered his first law court speeches when he was twenty. He argued effectively to gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speech-writer and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.

At the age of 21, Demosthenes took the job of the commander of warships in Athens.

Demosthenes grew interested in politics during the time he wrote speeches for others. In 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches. He went on to devote his most productive years to opposing Macedon's expansion. He idealized his city and tried throughout his life to restore Athens' supremacy and motivate the rest of the Athenians against Philip II of Macedon. He sought to preserve his city's freedom and to establish an alliance against Macedon, in an unsuccessful attempt to impede Philip's plans to expand his influence southwards by conquering all the Greek states. After Philip's death, Demosthenes played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new King of Macedon, Alexander the Great. However, his efforts failed and the revolt was met with a harsh Macedonian reaction. To prevent a similar revolt against his own rule, Alexander's successor, Antipater, sent his men to track Demosthenes down. Demosthenes took his own life, in order to avoid being arrested by Archias, Antipater's confidant.

The Alexandrian Canon compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace recognized Demosthenes as one of the ten greatest Attic orators and speech writers. According to Longinus, Demosthenes "perfected to the utmost the tone of lofty speech, living passions, copiousness, readiness, speed". Cicero acclaimed him as "the perfect orator" who lacked nothing, and Quintilian extolled him as "lex orandi" ("the standard of oratory") and that "inter omnes unus excellat" ("he stands alone among all the orators").

References 

384 BC births
322 BC deaths
European politicians
Ancient Greek philosophers
Mexicali

Mexicali is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from California in the United States. It is the capital city of Baja California. Mexicali is the farthest north city of Latin America. About 903,000 people live there. Many of them are Hispanic.

Capital cities in Mexico
Baja California (state)
Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs

Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs is an animated movie. It's the sequel to Futurama: Bender's Big Score, and is the second Futurama movie. It takes place right after the events of Bender's Big Score, and is about a giant monster who is in love with the entire universe. It has two sequels that were released, the first called Futurama: Bender's Game, and then Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder.

Plot summary 

Everyone is worried and afraid of the rift in space that was opened at the end of Bender's Big Score.

Cast

Other websites

2008 movies
2008 animated movies
2000s science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Futurama movies
Movies based on TV series
Mobile (song)

Mobile is a song by Avril Lavigne. It was only released in Australia and New Zealand.

Charts
"Mobile" was only released in Australia and New Zealand. "Mobile" started its chart position at #36 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, climbing up to #26 in its fifth week. The song was also released in South Africa as an airplay single.

References

Avril Lavigne songs
2003 songs
Don't Tell Me

Don't Tell Me is a 2004 song by Avril Lavigne. It is from her album Under My Skin. On April 27 2004, it was released as the first single off of that album.

Song listing 
Australian CD single(82876614112; Released April 14, 2004)
 "Don't Tell Me"
 "Don't Tell Me" (acoustic)
 "Take Me Away"

International Maxi CD single
 "Don't Tell Me"
 "Don't Tell Me" (acoustic)
 "Take Me Away"
 "Don't Tell Me" (music video)

UK Pt. 2/FR/German single
 "Don't Tell Me"
 "Don't Tell Me (acoustic)

Japan CD single
(BVCA-29607; Released April 28, 2004)
 "Don't Tell Me"
 "Take Me Away"

EU/BR/Japan/Mex/US promo
 "Don't Tell Me" (album version)

Charts 
The song did well on charts, climbing to number twenty-two in the United States, at number ten in Australia, at number six in Spain, at number five in the UK.

References 

Avril Lavigne songs
2004 songs
EasyJet

EasyJet Airline Company Limited, styled as easyJet, is a British low cost airline founded in 1995. Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou started the airline in 1995. He was in charge of EasyJet until 2002.  Starting in 2003, EasyJet opened many bases at airports throughout Europe.  As of 2016, EasyJet is based at London Luton Airport. EasyJet currently has 26 bases and its largest base is at London Gatwick Airport.  It is the second largest low-fare airline in Europe. It flies domestic and international scheduled services. It has 387 routes between 104 European and north African airports.

EasyJet was featured in the television series Airline.

Gallery

References 

1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
Airlines of the United Kingdom
Low-cost airlines
Joystick

A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick.

The joystick has been the principal flight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets, where center stick or side-stick location may be employed.

Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones.  

 
Data input
Nobody's Home

"Nobody's Home" is Avril Lavigne's third single from her second album Under My Skin. Daniel Stern played guitar for it. It was produced by Lavigne and Don Gilmore.

The song was written by Lavigne and Ben Moody, ex-member of Evanescence. It is a "rock ballad".

Charts

References 

2005 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
Futurama: Bender's Big Score

Futurama: Bender's Big Score is a 2007 American direct-to-video adult animated comedy movie, and the first Futurama movie. It was followed by Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs, and will have two more sequels called Futurama: Bender's Game and Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder. It was the first thing done with Futurama since it was cancelled in 2005.

Cast

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2007 movies
2007 animated movies
American animated movies
American science fiction movies
Christmas movies
Futurama movies
Movies based on TV series
Futurama: Bender's Game

Futurama: Bender's Game is the third movie in the Futurama movie series after Futurama: Bender's Big Score and Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs. The fourth movie is called Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder. It's about the characters of Futurama getting trapped in a medieval world in a board game based on Dungeons & Dragons.

Cast

Other websites
 

2008 movies
2008 animated movies
American animated movies
English-language movies
American fantasy movies
American science fiction movies
Futurama movies
Movies based on TV series
Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder

Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder is the fourth and last movie in the Futurama movie series. The first three are Futurama: Bender's Big Score, Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs, and Futurama: Bender's Game. Not much is known yet.

Cast

Other websites
 

2009 movies
2009 animated movies
2009 science fiction movies
Futurama movies
Harpo Marx

Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx), also called Harpo Marx (November 23, 1888 – September 28, 1964), was one of the Marx Brothers. While acting, he did not speak, and only used horns, whistles, and other props. He taught himself to play the harp and became a good player. This is why he was nicknamed "Harpo". He played the harp in most of his movies and also wore a red wig.

He died after a heart attack.

1888 births
1964 deaths
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
American movie actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Jewish American actors
Mimes
Klaus Barbie

Klaus Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was an SS-Hauptsturmführer, soldier, and Gestapo member. He is known as the "Butcher of Lyon" because of the war crimes he committed in France during World War II. He lived in Bolivia from 1951 until he was extradited (moved by government order) to France in 1983. From 1984-1987, he was tried and convicted of, and sentenced to life imprisonment for, crimes against humanity. He remained in prison until he died of leukemia in Lyon.

References
 

1913 births
1991 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from leukemia
Extradition
German prisoners
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Prussia
People who died in prison custody
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
RSHA people
SS officers
Mega Man X2

Mega Man X2, called  in Japan, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Super NES game console.

1995 video games
Mega Man games
Capcom games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Mega Man X (video game)

Mega Man X, called  in Japan, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Super NES game console. It is the first game in the Mega Man X series, a spin-off of the Mega Man series.

1994 video games
Windows games
Mega Man games
Capcom games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Gebenhofen

Gebenhofen is a village near Augsburg, Germany. It looks like people settled there in the Merowingian era (7th century). Today, about 500 people live in the village. It is a member of the gemeinde Affing and can be found in the Landkreis Aichach Friedberg (Regierungsbezirk Schwaben).

Villages in Bavaria
Brassicaceae

Brassicaceae is a family of plants including mustard, wasabi, and horseradish. They are also called the mustard family, or cabbage family. Some plants in this family are hot when you eat them, so they are used as spices. Another group includes the cabbages, where there are broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage. Another name for this family is Cruciferae.

The flowers of this family have four petals and look like a cross. The name comes from the genus in it, Brassica.

Image gallery 

Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Amputation

Amputation is the act of cutting off a part of the human body, sometimes because of medical reasons. In some countries, amputation of the hands, feet or other body parts was used as a form of punishment for people who committed crimes. A person who has had an arm or leg removed is known as an amputee.

Other websites 
 Amputation Prevention Center  
 Artificial Limb & Appliance Service of Wales
 Limb Amputation: Reasons, Procedure, Recovery

Surgery
Ned Kelly (2003 movie)

Ned Kelly is a 2003 Australian movie directed by Gregor Jordan. The movie shows the life of Ned Kelly who was a famous bushranger in Australia. The movie is based on Robert Drewe's book Our Sunshine.

Most of the filming was done at the Little River Earth Sanctuary, Mount Rothwell, near Geelong. Street scenes were filmed in Clunes and Ballarat. Other locations include Broadford, Glenfern, Hepburn Springs and Melbourne.

Related pages
Ned Kelly
Ned Kelly (1970 movie)
The Story of the Kelly Gang

Other websites
Official site

Boxoffice information

References

Australian biographical movies
Australian crime movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Ned Kelly
Western movies
Movies set in Australia
Turban

The turban is a piece of clothing - a type of headwear based on cloth winding. It is worn by people of the Sikh religion.

Headgear
Sikhism
Religious clothing

pa:ਪਗੜੀ
Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah

Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah a.k.a Said ibn Husayn (Arabic: عبيد الله بن الحسين المهدي) is considered the founder of the Fatimid dynasty, the only major Shi'ite caliphate in Islam.  He established Fatimid rule throughout much of North Africa.  He ruled from 909 to 934.

After establishing himself as the first Imam of the Fatimid dynasty he made claim to genealogic origins dating as far back as Fatimah, the daughter of the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, through Husayn, Fatimah's son, and Ismail. It was at this time as well that he changed his name to Ubaydallah Al-Mahdi.

Links and references 

 
 Imam al-Mahdi, the 11th Fatimi Imam. 
 Institute of Ismaili Studies London. 

Year of birth unknown
934 deaths
Caliphs
750



Events

By Geography

Asia 
 After the defeat of his army in the Battle of the Zab the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, is overthrown and killed. Al-Saffah is proclaimed the first Abbasid Caliph. The capital of the Caliphate will later moved from Damascus to Baghdad, within the territory of the former Persian Empire; this transfer will prove to be a momentous event for Baghdad, which develops into a centre of international trade and culture.

Africa 
 The Ghana Empire begins.

750
Amir al-Mu'minin

Amir al-Mu'minin () is usually translated Commander of the Faithful, but Leader of the Believers might be a better translation. It is the Arabic style of Caliphs and other independent sovereign Muslim rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders.

Use
Abu Bakr, the First Rashidun Caliph, is not reported to have ever conferred this title. He had the title of Khalifa Rasulullah rather than Amir al-Mu'minin. On his accession in 634, Umar ibn Khattab, the Second Rashidun Caliph, was given the title. According to At-Tabaqat al Kubra, When Abu Bakr died, Muslims of the time said: “We are the Mu'minin (Believers/Faithful) and Umar is our Amir (Commander).” After this, the title Amir al-Mu'minin was held by Umar ibn Khattab who was also the first caliph to be given this title. Some Shia Muslims claim that Amir al-Mu'minin was used for Ali during Muhammads era. It has also been adopted by various Caliphs of the succeeding Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, as well as by some contemporary Arab monarchs.

Defunct offices that officially used this title
 Various Caliphs.
 The Taliban leader Mohammed Omar took the title while he was in control of Afghanistan.

References

Islam
Middle Persian

Middle Persian is the Iranian dialect of southwestern Khuzestan, Lorestan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces in Iran. During the Sassanid times (224-654 CE) it became a prestige dialect. It came to be spoken in other regions as well. Middle Persian is classified as Western Iranian language. It comes from Old Persian and is the ancestor of Modern Persian. 

The native name for Middle Persian (and perhaps for Old Persian also) was Pārsik. The word is the origin of the native name for the Modern Persian language.

Persian, Middle
Persian, Middle
Devil's Dyke

Devil's Dyke, or Devil's Ditch is an earthwork in Cambridgeshire, England. A few parts of Bronze Age broken pots have been found there.

Monuments and memorials in England