cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ōan

, also romanized as Ō-an, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Jōji and before Eiwa. This period started in February 1368 and ended in February 1375.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and   The Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and .

Events of the Ōan era 
 29 March 1368 (Ōan 1, 21st day of the 2nd month): Emperor Go-Murakami died; and his oldest son received the succession.
 1370 (Ōan 3): Imagawa Sadayo sent to subdue Kyūshū.
 1373-1406 (Ōan 6 – Ōei 13): Embassies between China and Japan.
 1374 (Ōan 7): En'yū became the head of the Northern Court.

Southern Court nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370
 Kentoku, 1370–1372 
 Bunchū, 1372–1375

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1368 establishments
1360s establishments in Japan
1375 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Gérard Rozenknop

Gérard Rozenknop (born 23 January 1950 in Paris 19e), is a French aerospace engineer.
He was head of the French Civil Aviation University from the 6th of January 1999 to the 28th of November 2008.

Graduate from the École Polytechnique (1969) and the French Civil Aviation University (1972), he has done a career at the French civil aviation authorities and at the International Civil Aviation Organization before becoming head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Further reading 

 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

References 

1950 births
Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French aviators
Heads of the French Civil Aviation University
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Eiwa

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ōan and before Kōryaku. This period started in February 1375 and ended in March 1379.   The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Eiwa era
 1375 (Eiwa 1, 3rd month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visits the Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū where he offers a sword for the shrine's treasury, gold foil for the shrine's decoration, and a racehorse for the shrine's stable.
 1375 (Eiwa 2, 4th month): For the first time, Shogun Yoshimitsu is permitted to enter the Imperial quarters at the Imperial palace.
 1377 -- Goryeo diplomatic envoy Jeong Mongju met with the  in Kyūshū, Imagawa Ryōshun. The diplomats discussed steps to control pirates (wakō).
 1378 (Eiwa 4, 3rd month): Yoshimitsu moved into his new home in Muromachi; and the luxurious house and grounds are called Hana-no-Gosho

Southern Court  nengō
 Tenju, 1375–1381

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1375 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1379 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Crotalinae

The Crotalinae, also known as the "pit vipers" or "crotaline snakes", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in Asia and the Americas.

There are 18 genera and 151 species which are currently found: 7 genera and 54 species in the Old World, and 11 genera and 97 species in the New World. They are the only known vipers found in the Americas. Some of the snakes which belong in this group are the rattlesnakes, lanceheads and Asian pitvipers.

Description
Pit vipers range in size from the hump-nosed viper, Hypnale hypnale, which grows to the length of around 30–45 centimetres (12–18 in), to the South American bushmaster, Lachesis muta, which is known to grow to a length of 3.65 metres (12.0 ft), making it the longest venomous snake in the New World. Some pit vipers are arboreal (meaning they live in trees), some are terrestrial (meaning they live on the ground), and one species is even semi-aquatic: the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus.

Where they live
This subfamily of snakes is found from eastern Europe, eastward through Asia to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In the Americas, they are found from southern Canada, southward to Central America to southern South America. Members of this group are found in deserts and rainforests.

Reproduction
Pit vipers are mainly viviparous, meaning the females give live birth. It is believed that all oviparous Pit vipers guard their eggs. Many young pit vipers have brightly coloured tails which is different to the rest of their body.

Genera
Moccasins, (Agkistrodon) 	
Jumping pitvipers, (Atropoides) 		
Palm-pitvipers, (Bothriechis) 
Forest-pitvipers, (Bothriopsis) 
Lanceheads, (Bothrops) 	
Malayan pitviper, (Calloselasma)
Montane pitvipers, (Cerrophidion)  	
Rattlesnakes, (Crotalus) 
Hundred-pace pitviper, (Deinagkistrodon) 
Asian moccasins, (Gloydius) 
Hump-nosed pit vipers, (Hypnale) 	
Bushmasters, (Lachesis)    
Mexican horned pitvipers, (Ophryacus) 	  
Mountain pit vipers, (Ovophis) 		
Hognose pit vipers, (Porthidium)  	
Ground rattlesnakes, (Sistrurus) 
Asian lanceheads, (Trimeresurus)   
Temple vipers, (Tropidolaemus)

References

Other websites

Vipers
Zephir (disambiguation)

Zephir may refer to:

 a fictional character associated with Babar the Elephant
 rail-road shunting vehicles manufacturer, see Rail car mover 
 A Laser Doppler anemometer called ZephIR developed by QinetiQ and licensed to a Renewable Energy consultancy called Natural Power
 "Zefir (confectionery)", a Russian type of confectionery, made in a similar way to marshmallows with addition of more sugar and egg whites

Related pages
 Zephyr (disambiguation)
Guaviare River

The Guaviare is a river in Colombia. It flows into the Orinoco River.

Other websites
 Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website 

Rivers of Colombia
Litovel

Litovel (; ) is a town in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. There are some historical monuments like the Town hall or the Bridge of Saint John. In the town is brewery which makes beer with the same name as the name of the town.

Main sights 
 Town Hall is in Přemysl Otakar II Square. The town bought it in 1557. In 1572 it was rebuilded and they builded there the tower, which is directly over the Morava river.
 Plague column was builded by Václav Render in 1724 in memory of plague epidemy in 1714 and it is near the Town Hall in Přemysl Otakar II Square.
 Bridge of Saint John is stone bridge over the Morava river. They builded it in 1592 and it is the third oldest bridge in the Czech republic and the oldest in Moravia now.

Administrative parts 
 Březové
 Chořelice
 Chudobín
 Litovel
 Myslechovice
 Nasobůrky
 Nová Ves
 Rozvadovice
 Savín
 Tři Dvory
 Unčovice
 Víska

Twin towns 
  Revúca, Slovakia
  Littau, Switzerland
  Wieliczka, Poland

Towns in the Czech Republic
Ohio Valley Wrestling

Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) is an American developmental professional wrestling promotion. It is  based in Louisville, Kentucky. OVW was a part of the National Wrestling Alliance from its inception in 1997 until 2000. It then became the main company for World Wrestling Entertainment to train new talent. OVW remained in this role from 2000 until 2008.  In November 2011, it became the official and current developmental territory for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. As of December 2011, over 100 people trained at OVW had appeared in WWE. OVW is now run by owner Danny Davis.

Other websites
Official website

American professional wrestling promotions
Impact Wrestling
WWE
Companies based in Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
1997 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Kentucky
Kōryaku

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eiwa and before Eitoku. This period started in March 1379 and ended in February 1381.  The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Kōryaku era
 1379 (Kōryaku 2): Shiba Yoshimasa became Kanrei.
 1380 (Kōryaku 3): Kusunoki Masanori rejoined Emperor Go-Kameyama.
 26 July 1380 (Kōryaku 2, 24th day of the 6th month): Former pretender Emperor Kōmyō died at age 60.

Southern Court nengō 
 Tenju, 1375–1381

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1379 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1381 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
Eitoku

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōryaku and before Shitoku.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in February 1384.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and    Their Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Eitoku era
 1381 (Eitoku 1, 3rd month): The emperor traveled in procession to visit Ashikaga Yoshimitsu at his home.
 1381 (Eitoku 1, 7th month): Nijō Yoshimoto was given the position of Prime Minister (daijō daijin).
 1382 (Eitoku 2, 1st month): Yoshimitsu is raised to the court position of Minister of the Left (sadaijin), and several days later, he was named General of the Left (sadaisho).
 1383 (Eitoku 3''): Emperor Go-Kameyama received the succession in the Southern Court.

Southern Court nengō.
 Kōwa (Muromachi period), 1381–1384

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1381 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1384 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
National Archives of Japan

The , also known by the acronym NAJ, is a Japanese public institution which preserves government documents and historical records.

History
The National Archives Law No. 79 (1999) established NAJ's core function of preserving government documents and records. 
 
Before the creation of the National Archives, there is almost no tradition of preserving "grey-area" records, such as records which show the process which led to the formation of a specific policy.

Independent Administrative Institution
The National Archives became an Independent Administrative Institution on April 1, 2001.

Since 2005, the NAJ website has offered high-resolution images of some of its holdings, including those named as Important Cultural Properties of Japan.

Related pages
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
 National Diet Library

References

Other websites
 National Archives of Japan ;  
 Japan Center for Asian Historical Records 

National archives in Asia
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan
Four temperaments

Four temperaments is a theory of psychology about personality. It suggests that there are four bodily fluids that affect human personality traits and behaviour. The temperaments are sanguine, choleric, melancholy, and phlegmatic.

Humours
 
Galen, a doctor from the Roman empire added characteristics to bodily fluids:
Mucus - Cold and damp
Black bile - Cold and dry
Yellow bile - Warm and Dry
Blood - Warm and damp

Galen thought that to cure illness you need to rebalance the fluids. If you, for example, have too much blood, you will need a remedy which is the opposite of warm and damp; something cold and dry.

Personalities

Sanguine
A sanguine person is an energetic person. They are friendly, talkative, encouraging and creative. They like to be noticed by others and to have fun.

But they tend to forget things they are supposed to do and to be late for dates or appointments. If they feel that they are not appreciated, they can become depressed (sad). They tend to lose interest in new hobbies as soon as it is no longer a fun thing to do.

Choleric
A choleric is a bossy, ambitious and critical person. They tend to be good leaders, but when they don't have power over everyone, they can get into a bad mood.

They can be bossy to people of the other temperaments. They are able to make good plans and do things well by not losing interest.

Melancholy
A melancholic or melancholy person is a thinker and perfectionist. They tend to prefer to spend time alone instead of being in social situations. They go by a schedule and are truthful (say what they mean). They can become depressed because of their perfectionist traits. They might suffer in silence and not complain. They are independent and able to do things for themselves.  Melancholics can be creative in artistic areas such as poetry and music.

People tend to say "Melancholic" instead of "Melancholy". The term "Melancholic" in the incorrect way of saying one of these four traits.

Phlegmatic
A phlegmatic is a quiet, kind and peaceful person. They like giving and receiving affection, although they might be shy. They can be content to go along with situations as they are, instead of trying to change them.  They may tend to be relaxed, lazy and not have a lot of energy.

Psychology
Human behavior
Richard Tsien

Richard Winyu Tsien (born 3 March 1945) is a noted American neurobiologist (or neuroscientist). Tsien has received many honours and awards.

Biography

Richard Tsien was born in Tating, Kweichow, China. He is the eldest of three brothers. Tsien's youngest brother Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist, won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is a descendant of the King Wuyue Tsien Liu. He is the son of Hsue-Chu Tsien, a famous aeronautical mechanic who became the chief engineer for Boeing.

Soon after his birth, Tsien's family moved to the United States. Tsien received BS in 1965 and MS in 1966 both in electrical engineering and both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Tsien then won the Rhodes Scholarship and studied in the United Kingdom at Wadham College, Oxford from 1966 to 1969.  Tsien obtained PhD in biophysics from Oxford in 1970. 

From 1968 to 1970, Tsien was a Weir Junior Research Fellow at University College, Oxford. From 1969 to 1970, Tsien was a teaching fellow at Balliol College, Oxford.

In 1970, Tsien went back to the United States, became an assistant professor in the Department of Physiology at Yale University School of Medicine from 1970 to 1974. From 1974 to 1979, Tsien was an associate professor in the same department, and promoted to full professor in 1979 until 1988.

In 1988, Tsien went to Stanford and founded the Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, where he also served the first chairman. From 1991 to 2001, Tsien was the Director Silvio Conte - National Institutes of Mental Health Center for Neuroscience Research. Since 1988, Tsien has been the George D. Smith Professor of Stanford Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology. And since 2000, Tsien has been the Co-Director for the Stanford Brain Research Centre. 

Tsien did important work on calcium channels, their mechanisms and roles in cell signaling pathways. Tsien's research also helps us understand the long-term plasticity of synapses.

From 1987 to 1988, Tsien was the President of the Society of General Physiologists. In August 2000, Tsien also served the Section Chair of Neurobiology of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Awards
1985 - Kenneth S. Cole Award (for contributions to membrane biophysics)
1991 - 1995, 1999, Kaiser Award for Outstanding and Innovative Teaching, from Stanford University
1993 - Magnes Prize, from Hebrew University, Jerusalem
1994 - elected to the United States Institute of Medicine
1996 - Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award, from the American Physiological Society
1996 - elected to the Academia Sinica
1997 - elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
1998 - elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1999 - elected Charter to the Biophysical Society

References

Chinese biologists
1945 births
Living people
American biologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Contemporary R&B

Contemporary R&B is a music genre of R&B. It mixes rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, electronic and dance. Contemporary R&B is currently a dominant music genre for the Top 40 radios. Artists of this type of music includes,Whitney Houston, Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, and Stevie Wonder. Contemporary R&B became a popular music genre after the disco era in the 1980s. Contemporary R&B is an African American type of music, however, there has been other artists who are not African American that record contemporary R&B.

R&B music
Guy du Merle

Guy du Merle (1 January 1908 – 6 June 1993) was a French aerospace engineer, pilot and writer. He was the first head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Du Merle graduated from the École Polytechnique (1927) and the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (1932). He began his career as a military pilot, from 1933 to 1935, on more than hundred types of aircraft. From 1940 to 1950, he taught aerospace engineering at the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace. In 1948, he became the first director of the French Civil Aviation University, until 1951.

A roundabout of the city of Toulouse bears his name.

References

Further reading
 Guy du Merle, Construction des avions, Souchier, 1942, 283 p.
 Guy du Merle, Construction des avions, Dunod, 1947, 857 p.
 Guy du Merle, Aviation quand tu nous tiens, 23 p., École nationale de l'aviation civile, 1986 (English version )
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

1908 births
1993 deaths
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
French aviators
French writers
Heads of the French Civil Aviation University
People from Toulon
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Trey Lorenz

Trey Lorenz (born Lloyd Lorenz Smith; January 19, 1969) is an American singer and songwriter. He has been a backing vocalist for Mariah Carey and Selena. His 1992 single "Someone to Hold", reached number 19 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number five on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs and number 65 on the UK Singles Chart.

Discography 
Trey Lorenz (1992)
Mr. Mista (2006)

References

1969 births
Living people
Singers from South Carolina
American R&B singers
African American musicians
Gordian knot

The Gordian Knot is a  legend of associated with Alexander the Great.  It is often used as a metaphor for a problem which has no easy or obvious solution.

Myth story
In Phrygia (modern Turkey), there was a legendary prophesy about a unique knot which could only be loosened by the man who would rule all of Asia.  It was called the "Gordian" knot because it was preserved in Gordium.  It supposed to have been created by a man named Gordius.

The knot was complex and tangled.  This mythical knot was tied around the part of a wooden cart or wagon.

According to traditional version of the story, Alexander the Great cut the knot with his sword.

In another version of the story, Alexander took away the wooden part which was at the center of the knot; and in this way, the knot was undone.

Alexander solved the problem in a way no one had expected. Then he went on to lead Greek armies which conquered much of the known world.

Meaning 
Today the phrase implies "make it happen" or "get things done".

"Cutting the Gordian knot" has come to mean resolving a difficult problem with one forceful action.

It may mean a problem that has no solution.

Related pages
 Excalibur

References

Other websites

Greek mythology
Metaphors
Puzzles
Top 40

The Top 40 is a radio format that measures the top forty songs in any music genre. The Top 40 became a dominant radio format in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

Music charts 
Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
Pop Songs (Billboard)
UK Singles Chart
Dutch Top 40 (is a Dutch music chart)
Los 40 Principales (in Spain)
Ö3 Austria Top 40 (the official Austrian music chart)

Books 
 Pete Battistini, "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem The 1970s", Authorhouse.com, January 31, 2005.  
 Susan Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination (New York: Times Books, 1999)
 
 
 Ben Fong-Torres, The Hits Just Keep On Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 1998)
 Elwood F. 'Woody' Goulart, The Mystique and Mass Persuasion: Bill Drake & Gene Chenault’s Rock and Roll Radio Programming (2006)
 David MacFarland, The Development of the Top 40 Radio Format (New York: Arno Press, 1979)

Other websites 
Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 
Public Radio documentary featuring a history of Top 40

Pop music
Record charts
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers

The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP protects its members' musical copyrights. They do this by monitoring public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC).

Books 
Blume, Jason (2006).  This Business of Songwriting.  Billboard Books (New York City).  .
 Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011
Passman, Donald S. (2003).  All You Need to Know about the Music Business.   Free Press (New York City).  .
Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990).  This Business of Music.  Billboard Books (New York City). .

Related pages 
Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)

Other websites 
ascap.com, official website
ascap.com/about/history, history module of ASCAP at its official website
ascap.com/playback, Playback magazine module at ASCAP's official website

American music
Organizations based in the United States
Ali-Ollie Woodson

Ali-Ollie Woodson (September 12, 1951 – May 30, 2010) was an American R&B singer, songwriter, keyboardist and actor. He was known for singing with The Temptations, starting in 1984. He has also worked with Aretha Franklin and Bill Pinkney. Woodson was diagnosed with throat cancer. He died in southern California after battling with leukemia for 18 months.

Other websites 
Ali Ollie Woodson interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2001 (reprinted June 2010)
Ali Ollie Woodson feature with an interview at Soul Express
Ali Ollie Woodson, Singer in Temptations, Dies at 58

1951 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
African American musicians
American soul musicians
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
Deaths from leukemia
My Heart Will Go On

"My Heart Will Go On" is a hit song by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It was in the movie Titanic. Its music was composed by James Horner. The lyrics were written by Will Jennings. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

The song reached number one in over 10 countries. It became Dion's signature song. It helped her become a popular singer. It was one of the best selling singles worldwide. It was the best-selling single of 1998.

Track listing

European CD single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Because You Loved Me" – 4:33

European CD single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21

French CD single
"The Reason" – 5:01
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40

French CD single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Southampton" – 4:02

French CD single #3
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21

Japanese CD single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04

UK cassette single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"I Love You" – 5:30

US CD single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Rose" (instrumental) – 2:52

Australian/Brazilian/European/UK/Korean CD maxi single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"Because You Loved Me" – 4:33
"When I Fall in Love" – 4:19
"Beauty and the Beast" – 4:04

Australian CD maxi single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18
"Misled" (The Serious mix) – 4:59
"Love Can Move Mountains" (Underground vocal mix) – 7:10

Brazilian CD maxi single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" (Cuca's radio edit) – 4:22
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem edit) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable edit) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran's anthem vocal) – 9:41

European CD maxi single #2 / UK 12" single
"My Heart Will Go On" – 4:40
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18

Japanese/Korean CD maxi single
"My Heart Will Go On" (Tony Moran mix) – 4:21
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones mix) – 4:15
"My Heart Will Go On" (Soul Solution) – 4:18
"My Heart Will Go On" (Richie Jones unsinkable club mix) – 10:04
"My Heart Will Go On" (Matt & Vito's unsinkable epic mix) – 9:53

UK CD maxi single #2
"My Heart Will Go On" (soundtrack version) – 5:11
"Have a Heart" – 4:12
"Nothing Broken But My Heart" – 5:55
"Where Does My Heart Beat Now" – 4:32

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

End of year charts

References

1997 songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Celine Dion songs
Tokio Hot 100

, also known as McDonald's Tokio Hot 100, is the official music chart program of J-Wave. It is also the flagship program of the Japan FM League's Hot 100 music chart series. It ranks the most popular 100 songs every week. It is published on Billboard magazine.

Songs of the Year
1988: U2 — "Desire"
1989: Prince — "Batdance"
1990: Madonna — "Vogue"
1991: Stevie B — "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
1992: Shanice — "I Love Your Smile"
1993: Mariah Carey — "Dreamlover"
1994: Big Mountain — "Baby I Love Your Way"
1995: Diana King — "Shy Guy"
1996: Eric Clapton — "Change the World"
1997: Jamiroquai — "Cosmic Girl"
1998: Celine Dion — "My Heart Will Go On"
1999: Jamiroquai — "Canned Heat"
2000: Madonna — "Music"
2001: Janet Jackson — "All for You"
2002: Underworld — "Two Months Off"
2003: Beyoncé Knowles featuring Jay-Z — "Crazy in Love"
2004: Avril Lavigne — "Don't Tell Me"
2005: Def Tech — "My Way"
2006: Daniel Powter — "Bad Day"
2007: Ne-Yo — "Because of You"
2008: Coldplay - "Viva la Vida"
2009: Madonna — "Celebration"
2010: Maroon 5 - "Misery"
2011: Maia Hirasawa - "Boom!"

Other websites 
 

Japanese music
Record charts
Helmet (band)

Helmet is an alternative metal band from New York. The band was formed in 1989 by vocalist and lead guitarist Page Hamilton, who is their only constant member.

Helmet became popular when they released their 1992 major-label debut Meantime, which peaked at number 68 on the Billboard 200 and featured their best known songs "Unsung" and "In the Meantime". Meantime is also Helmet's only album to go gold in the United States. They made two more albums before breaking up in 1998. However, Helmet reformed in 2004 and released a new album later that year. The album was called Size Matters and was their last release on their longtime label Interscope Records. Helmet was briefly signed to Warcon Records, who released their next album Monochrome in 2006, but today, they are signed to Work Song Records. That label released their latest album Seeing Eye Dog in 2010.

Discography
So far, Helmet has released seven full-length studio albums, which include:

 Strap It On (1990)
 Meantime (1992)
 Betty (1994)
 Aftertaste (1997)
 Size Matters (2004)
 Monochrome (2006)
 Seeing Eye Dog (2010)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Alternative metal bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups from New York
Spock

Spock is a character in Star Trek. He is often called Mr. Spock by others. He has been played by Leonard Nimoy and by Zachary Quinto. Jacob Kogan played Spock when he was a child in the 2009 movie Star Trek. Spock is half Vulcan and half human.

Spock first appeared in Star Trek: The Original Series and he was in many of the Star Trek movies. He also appeared in two episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. 

Spock's signature gesture was the Vulcan salute.

Star Trek: The Original Series characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1966
Anting

Anting is a behavior in which birds rub insects (usually ants) on their feathers. This releases liquids with chemicals such as formic acid onto the bird's feathers. Instead of ants, birds can also use millipedes. Over 200 species of bird have been known to ant.
We do not know why birds ant. Birds may ant because the chemicals released by the insects kill parasites on their feathers. Another reason is that it releases the chemicals the ants make onto the bird's feathers. The bird can then eat the ant without being hurt by the chemicals.

There are two forms of anting: active anting and passive acting. Active anting is when a bird picks up ants in its bill and wipes them on its feathers. Passive anting is when the bird lies down in a group of ants and opens up its wings so that the ants will crawl up into its feathers.

References 

Birds
Bug spray

Bug spray is a chemical in a spray can that is used for killing bugs or keeping them away.

Bug killer
Some bug sprays are sprayed at the bug to kill it. Other bug sprays are sprayed around a house or picnic area. Bugs that come too close to this kind of bug spray will usually die.

Bug repellent
Bug repellent is never sprayed at a bug. Bug repellents can be used to keep bugs from coming into a house or picnic area. Some kinds of sunscreen have bug repellent that keeps mosquitos away. Some bug repellents are spread over the skin of a person.

Insects
Poisons
Epigynum

Epigynum (plural epigyna) is the sex organ on a female spider. It is found on the underside of her abdomen. A male spider covers its pedipalps in sperm and puts them inside the female spider's epigynum.

Spiders
Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Fang

A fang is a sharp tooth used for catching prey found on many animals, such as wolves and spiders. Spiders, tarantulas, and venomous snakes have hollow fangs. Venom glands fill these hollow fangs with venom so that when these animals catch their prey with their fangs, they paralyze the prey to make it easier to eat. The fangs on a snake can be folded under the skin like a cat's claws. Spider and tarantula fangs are found outside of their mouth instead of inside it.

Teeth
Animal anatomy
Woke Up This Morning

"Woke Up This Morning" is a song by Alabama 3 (also known as A3) from their 1997 album Exile on Coldharbour Lane. The song is best known as the opening theme music for the HBO drama series The Sopranos which used the "Chosen One Mix".

There are two versions of the song, the mix The Sopranos used and the original.

Other websites
"Woke Up This Morning" lyrics at Metrolyrics.com 

1997 songs
Crafoord Prize

The Crafoord Prize is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger and Anna-Greta Crafoord. It is administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The prize is for "international basic research in the disciplines Astronomy, Mathematics, Geosciences, and Biosciences, with particular emphasis on ecology, and rheumatoid arthritis" (the disease from which Holger severely suffered in his last years). According to the Academy, "these disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prizes are awarded."

Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics; then geosciences; then biosciences. A Crafoord Prize is only awarded for arthritis when a committee decides that substantial progress in the field has been made. On Crafoord Day in April, the prize is presented by the King of Sweden, who also presents the Nobel Prize Awards at the ceremony in December. The prize is to fund further research by the prize winner. In 2012 it is US$600,000.

Winners

References 

Science awards
1980 establishments
David Petraeus

David Howell Petraeus (pronunciation: /pɨˈtreɪ.əs/; born November 7, 1952) was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He was sworn in on September 6, 2011. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus was a four-star general serving over 37 years in the United States Army. On November 9, 2012, Petraeus resigned as CIA director following a marital scandal.

References

Other websites

Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
1952 births
Living people
American generals
People from New York
Leon Panetta

Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) was the 23rd United States Secretary of Defense from 2011 until 2013. Before that, he served as director of the CIA from 2009 to 2011 and as Bill Clinton's White House Chief of staff from 1994 to 1997.

Panetta was born on June 28, 1938 in Monterey, California to an Itallian-American family. He studied at Santa Clara University. He served in the army from 1964 until 1966. He had won an Army Commendation Medal for his services in the force. Panetta is married to Sylvia Panetta.

References

Other websites

 Office of the Secretary of Defense 
 Biography of the Central Intelligence Agency (archived)

 Biography of Panetta, Hartnell University
 Conversations with History – Interview with Leon Panetta, UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies
 The Panetta Institute for Public Policy

1938 births
Living people
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
White House Chiefs of Staff
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
United States Secretaries of Defense
Politicians from California
American military people
US Democratic Party politicians
April Bowlby

April Michelle Bowlby (born July 30, 1980 in Vallejo, California ) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Kandi in the sitcom Two and a Half Men.

References

American television actors
1980 births
Living people
Actors from California
Vallejo, California
Denton Burn

Denton Burn is an area of housing in the city of Newcastle, United Kingdom. The area has 3 schools and has many shops and take-aways. It is close to Benwell and Scotswood.

Newcastle, Tyne and Wear
Crop protection

Crop protection is a branch of horticulture, aimed at protecting crops. This is done so that the yield of the crop does not diminish. Common approaches are:
Using pesticides, these are on a chemical basis
Using biological pest control, using the natural enemies of the pests to control them.
Using barriers, such as nets
Using psychology, for example to scare birds
Using biotechnology, selective breeding and genetic engineering

Related pages
Farming
Ecology

Agriculture
Leeds Trinity University College

Leeds Trinity University College is a university in Horsforth, Leeds, England. It has about 3,000 students. It is one of the smallest universities in the country.

Colleges and universities in England
Leeds
Batasuna

Batasuna (formerly Herri Batasuna) was a political party in Spain. Herri Batasuna was founded after the fall of the Franco regime, in 1978. In 2001, the party changed its name into Batasuna. In 2003, the party was outlawed in Spain, but it continues to be a political party in France. The party was suspected to have close ties with ETA. The party was active in the Basque Country,  and Navarre. It wanted to form an independent state of the Basque country. The region where Basque is spoken is split between the Basque country, Navarre in Spain and the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in France. The area is known as Euskal Herria (literally,: Basque country). 

Spain, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Union see Batasuna as the political wing of ETA. 

Because it was outlawed, the party has had different names, such as Euskal Herritarrok, Sozialista Abertzaleak, Ezker Abertzaleak and AUB, Aukera Guztiak.

Bastasina sees itself as a nationalist, left-wing party.  It is also called socialist (with Marxist and Libertarian tendencies). Other ideas of the party include to fight for feminism, and to be seen as envirnomentalist. Batasuna is the only party in the did not condemn the violent attacks carried out by ETA. According to Batasuna, it is sterile and hypocritical to condemn only one form of violemce; by the same token, the violence of Spain should be condemned, which oppresses the Basque people. According to the Spanish state, there were no violations of human rights after the fall of the Franco regime, and the use of violence for political reasons is inacceptable. 

Batasuna has run in elections in the French part of the Basque country, in Ustaritz, about 12 km from Bayonne.

The party dissolved in January 2013.

References

Political parties in Spain
Political parties in France
Nationalist organizations in Europe
2013 disestablishments in Europe
1978 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Spain
Simon Amstell

Simon Marc Amstell (born 29 November 1979) is a British comedian, television presenter, writer and actor.

Amstell was born and raised in Gants Hill, London in a Jewish family. He is openly gay.

Amstell has presented Popworld and Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He writes and stars in Grandma's House.

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References

Other websites 
 

Official website

Actors from London
Comedians from London
English LGBT people
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
Gay Jews
Jewish British actors
Jewish British writers
Jewish comedians
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
LGBT writers
People from the London Borough of Redbridge
Writers from London
1979 births
Living people
Laboratory for analysis and architecture of systems

The Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes), LAAS, is one of the big research laboratories of the French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS) in Toulouse, France, and is usually named LAAS-CNRS. It is associated with the six founding members of the University of Toulouse: The Paul Sabatier University, the National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (INP toulouse), the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE), which is the merger between ENSICA (the National Superior School of Aeronautic Construction Engineers) and SUPAERO (National Superior School of Aeronautics and Space), the University of Toulouse II Mirail and the Toulouse 1 University Capitole.

Related pages

 Official website

Research
Toulouse
Laboratory equipment
Irgun

The Irgun (), (full title: Irgun Zevai Leumi) (from , "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel"), was a Zionist paramilitary group in Palestine between 1931 and 1948.

History

Irgun is best known for the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in 1946.

In the 1940s, Irgun was labelled as a terrorist organization.

Legacy
Irgun is considered an early version of Ḥerut which was an Israeli political party.  Irgun is also an early version of today's Likud political party in Israel.

Reference

Other websites

1931 establishments
1948 disestablishments
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
National liberation movements
Terrorism
Zionism
Arab–Israeli conflict
20th century in Israel
History of Palestine
Would I Lie to You? (TV series)

Would I Lie to You? is a British comedy panel game shown on BBC One. It began on 16 June 2007. The first two series were presented by Angus Deayton. Since then it has been presented by Rob Brydon. There are two teams of three people, a team captain and two celebrity guests. The captains are David Mitchell and Lee Mack.

During each episode, the contestants take turns to make statements about themselves. The other team try to work out whether the statement is true or false, by questioning the person who has made the statement.

Other websites 

2007 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
British comedy television series
British television game shows
Panel games
English-language television programs
Potentiometer

Potentiometers are variable resistors. Potentiometers are resistors where the resistance can be changed using a knob or a slider. Potentiometers are used to control many things, including how bright or dim the lights in your house are and the volume controls on your television. Some are used in voltage dividers.

The idea of a device that could be used to control the amount of electricity going to a component was thought by many people, but the carbon potentiometer we commonly use today was invented by Thomas Edison in 1872 at the age of 25. He called this device a "coiled resistance wire rheostat". His patent for this device was issued in 1872. Carbon resistors, as said above, are the most commonly used resistors today. They are used in radios to control the volume, in televisions to control picture brightness, contrast, and color response.

Different types
There are many different types of potentiometers. These different types include carbon potentiometers, plastic potentiometers, and wire potentiometers. Carbon potentiometers are the most common potentiometers that we use today because they are inexpensive to make and are easy to put together. Wire potentiometers are the most powerful type out of the three listed above. The wire inside the potentiometer is wound so that it has more power. Plastic potentiometers have the same amount of power that carbon potentiometers do, but are of a higher quality. They are made of a special kind of plastic that conducts electricity just as effectively as carbon potentiometers. It as a better life than carbon potentiometers do. Trimmer potentiometers are small. They are adjustable with a screwdriver.

References 

Electronic components
Supélec

École Supérieure d'Électricité, commonly known as Supélec, is a French university in electric energy and information sciences.

Founded in 1894 and initially located in the 15th district of Paris, it was moved to Gif-sur-Yvette in 1975. After that, two more campuses were established in Rennes in 1972 and Metz in 1985. It is a member of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles.

Notable Alumni
 Hervé Laborne, former head of the École spéciale de mécanique et électricité.

References

Other websites 
 Official website in English

Technical colleges and universities in France
1894 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in France
Shitoku

Shitoku (至徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eitoku and before Kakei.  This period started in February 1384 and ended in August 1387.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu' Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Shitoku era
 1384 (Shitoku 1, 3rd month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu gave up his position in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1385 (Shitoku 2, 8th month): Yoshimistu made a public visit to Kasuga-taisha.
 1385 (Shitoku 2): The forces of the Southern Court were defeated at Koga.
 1386 (Shitoku 3, 7th month''): Yoshimitsu authorized the Five Mountain System for ranking state-sponsored Buddhist temples; and Nanzen-ji was ranked at the top and in a class of its own.

Southern Court nengō 
 Genchū, 1384–1393

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1384 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1387 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
Electrical filament

An incandescent light bulb has a small thin wire with two bigger wires holding it up. This wire is called a filament. The filament is the part of the light bulb that produces light.

Filaments in incandescent light bulbs are made of tungsten. Whenever an electric current goes through the filament, the filament glows. It may also be known as the electron emitting element in a vacuum tube. To make the bulb produce more light, the filament is usually made of coils of fine wire, also known as the coiled coil.

Electricity

en:Incandescent light bulb#Filament
Kakei

Kakei (嘉慶) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Shitoku and before Kōō.  This period started in August 1387 and ended in February 1389.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Kakei era
 1387 (Kakei 1, 1st month): Nijō Yoshimoto is removed from his position as sesshō and daijō daijin in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1387 (Kakei 1, 2nd month): Konoe Kanetsugu is named sesshō.
 1388 (Kakei 2, 3rd month): The sesshō Konoe Kanetsugu dies at age 29; and Yoshimoto re-assumes this role.
 1388 (Kakei 2, 6th month): Yoshitomo dies at age 69; and his son Nijō Morotsugu succeeds him with the title of kampaku. 1389 (Kakei 3''): Yoshimitsu pacifies Kyūshū and distributes lands.

Southern Court nengō
 Genchū, 1384–1393

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1387 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1389 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
Kōō (Nanboku-chō period)

, also romanized as Kō-ō, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kakei and before Meitoku.  This period started in February 1389 and ended in March 1390.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Kōō era
 1389 (Kōō 1): Yoshimitsu  opposed by Kamakura kanrei Ashikaga Ujimitsu.
 1389 (Kōō 1, 7th month): Saioinji Sanetoshi died at the age of 56. He ha held the office of Minister of the Right (udaijin'').

Southern Court nengō
 Genchū, 1384–1393

Related pages 
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1389 establishments
1390 disestablishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1390s disestablishments in Japan
Meitoku

Meitoku (明徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōō and before Ōei.  This period started in March 1390 and ended in July 1394.  After October 1392, Meitoku replaced the Southern Court's nengō (Genchū).  The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino until 1392 was {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}..

Events of Meitoku era
 1391 (Meitoku 2): Yamana Ujikyo attacked Kyoto.
 1392 (Meitoku 3), also known as Genchū 9'': Northern and Southern courts were reunited under Go-Komatsu.

Southern Court nengō
 Genchū, 1384–1392

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1390 establishments
14th-century establishments in Japan
1394 disestablishments
1390s disestablishments in Japan