cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Luiz Carlos Guarnieri

Luiz Carlos Guarnieri (born 4 December 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||Football League||24||7||1||0||colspan="2"|-||25||7
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||25||1||3||1||12||1||40||3
|-
|1997||23||1||0||0||6||0||29||1
72||9||4||1||18||1||94||11
72||9||4||1||18||1||94||11
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Richard Witschge

Richard Witschge (born 20 September 1969) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||2||0
|-
|1987/88||10||1
|-
|1988/89||14||0
|-
|1989/90||28||2
|-
|1990/91||33||0

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||23||0
|-
|1992/93||17||2

|-
|1993/94||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||27||1

|-
|1994/95||Blackburn Rovers||Premier League||1||0

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||17||1
|-
|1995/96||33||7

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||21||3
|-
|1997/98||29||2
|-
|1998/99||32||2
|-
|1999/00||20||2
|-
|2000/01||15||2

|-
|2001/02||Deportivo Alavés||La Liga||26||1

|-
|2002/03||Ajax||Eredivisie||22||1
|-
|2003/04||Den Haag||Eredivisie||0||0

|-
|2004||Oita Trinita||J. League 1||9||0
226||15
66||3
77||9
1||0
9||0
379||27
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1990||11||0
|-
|1991||6||1
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||7||0
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||31||1
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Carlos Alberto Santos

Carlos Alberto Souza dos Santos (born December 9, 1960) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||3||2||10||3||13||5
|-
|1993||32||8||5||0||6||0||43||8
|-
|1994||22||4||1||0||1||1||24||5
|-
|1995||25||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||5
|-
|1995||rowspan="6"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||18||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||3
|-
|1996||27||1||3||0||15||1||45||2
|-
|1997||31||3||3||3||6||0||40||6
|-
|1998||30||4||4||2||5||1||39||7
|-
|1999||27||1||3||0||4||0||34||1
|-
|2000||27||4||5||1||5||4||37||9
|-
|2001||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||26||0||0||0||3||0||29||0
|-
|2003||Thespa Kusatsu||Regional Leagues||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
271||33||29||8||55||10||355||51
271||33||29||8||55||10||355||51

1960 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Philippe Senderos

Philippe Senderos (born 14 February 1985) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Everton and the Swiss national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Servette||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga A||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|2002/03||23||3||||||||||||||23||3

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Arsenal||rowspan="5"|Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004/05||13||0||6||0||3||0||1||0||23||0
|-
|2005/06||20||2||2||0||5||0||7||0||34||2
|-
|2006/07||14||0||4||0||5||0||2||0||25||0
|-
|2007/08||17||2||3||0||3||0||9||0||32||2

|-
|2008/09||Milan||Serie A||14||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||20||0

|-
|2009/10||Arsenal||Premier League||0||0||0||0||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2009/10||Everton||Premier League||||||||||||||||||||
26||3||||||||||||||26||3
64||4||15||0||18||0||19||0||116||4
14||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||20||0
104||7||16||0||18||0||24||0||162||7
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||9||2
|-
|2006||7||1
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||7||2
|-
!Total||38||5
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Sportspeople from Geneva
Stanisław Wojciechowski

Stanislaw Wojciechowski was born on March 15, 1869 in Kalisz, and died near Warsaw on April 9, 1953 at the age of 84.

1869 births
1953 deaths
Aleksey Alekseyevich Brusilov

Aleksey Alekseyevich Brusilov (1853-1926) was a Russian general. He was a commander in World War I. He is most well known for his tactics used in what was later called the Brusilov Offensive of 1916. This is said to be one of the best military feats for the Russians during the war.

1853 births
1926 deaths
Military personnel of World War I
Russian generals
Jesse Brown

Jesse Brown (March 27, 1944 – August 15, 2002) was the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.

Early life
Jesse Brown was born on March 27, 1944, in Detroit, Michigan, but grew up in Chicago. He attended The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. and Roosevelt University in Chicago, and graduated from the City Colleges of Chicago.

Military service
He joined in the United States Marine Corps in 1963, and served as a Marine in the Vietnam War, where he was seriously injured in 1965 near Da Nang – his right arm shattered and partially paralyzed.

Veterans service

DAV
In 1967, Brown joined the staff of Disabled American Veterans (DAV), a service and advocacy organization.  He served in many different supervisory roles with the DAV in the 1970s and 1980s:
 1973 – supervisor of National Service Office in Washington, D.C.
 1976 – supervisor of National Appeals Office
 1981 – Chief of Claims, National Service and Legislative Headquarters
 1983 – Deputy National Service Director
In 1989, Brown became the DAV's first African-American director, serving until 1993.

Secretary of Veterans Affairs
In January 1993, Brown was picked by President Bill Clinton to the position of Secretary of Veterans Affairs,
serving until 1997. He was the first African American to hold that post. During his time as Secretary, Brown offered more services to female veterans, homeless veterans and veterans who were sick because of chemical exposures in Vietnam or the Gulf War. After he resigned as Secretary, Brown founded a consulting firm, Brown and Associates.

Death
Brown died in Warrenton, Virginia on August 15, 2002 of lower motor neuron syndrome – being diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, commonly known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, since 1999.  He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

References

Other websites 

United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from Michigan
Deaths from motor neurone disease
1944 births
2002 deaths
Dryfe Water

The Dryfe Water is a river in Scotland about 18 miles in length which flows into the River Annan at , near Lockerbie. It starts at  on the southern slopes of Loch Fell, near Moffat, and then flows along a narrow valley to the Annan.

Dryfe Water gives its name to the parish, Dryfesdale, and the common Scottish surname, Drysdale. A second name is the much less common surname Dryfe (or Drife). The meaning of the word Dryfe is unknown. It may be from the Norse, Anglo-Saxon or Brythonic languages which were all used at different times in Dumfriesshire.

References

Rivers of Scotland
Anton Ivanovich Denikin

Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин; December 16, 1872 – August 8, 1947) was Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army (1916) and one of the foremost generals of the White Russians in the civil war.

1872 births
1947 deaths
Sea of Azov

The Sea of Azov ( - Azovskoye more;  - Ozivs'ke  or Azovs'ke more) is the world's shallowest sea, linked by the Strait of Kerch to the Black Sea to the south. It is bounded on the north by Ukraine, on the east by Russia and on the west by the Crimean peninsula. The Don River flows into it.

Other websites

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Ukraine
Geography of Russia
Bellingshausen Sea

The Bellingshausen Sea is an area along the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, between Alexander Island and Thurston Island. It takes its name from Admiral Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who explored in the area in 1821.

Antarctic region
Seas of the Southern Ocean
Flathead Lake

Flathead Lake is a lake in Montana. It covers .

Lakes of the United States
Geography of Montana
Neva

The Neva is a river in northwestern Russia. It is  long. It flows into the Gulf of Finland. The city of Saint Petersburg is on its delta.

Rivers of Russia
Kariba Dam

The Kariba Dam is a hydroelectric dam in the Kariba Gorge of the Zambezi river basin between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is one of the largest dams in the world at 128 m high and 579 m long.

References 

Dams in Africa
1950s establishments in Africa
1959 establishments

sr:Кариба (језеро)
Antonio Villaraigosa

Antonio Ramon Villaraigosa (born Antonio Ramon Villar, Jr. on January 23, 1953) was the mayor of Los Angeles, California from 2005 to 2013. He was elected on May 17, 2005, defeating the mayor in office, James Hahn. He was then re-elected for a second term in 2009. Before his mayoral experience, Villaraigosa was the California State Assemblyman for the 45th District, the Speaker of the California State Assembly, and the Los Angeles City Councilman for the 14th District.

Before being elected to public office, Villaraigosa was a labor organizer. Villaraigosa served as a national co-chairman of Hillary Rodham Clinton's 2008 Presidential campaign, and as a member of President Barack Obama's Transition Economic Advisory Board. In 2013, he could not run for a third term because of term limits under California law. Eric Garcetti succeeded him on July 1, 2013.

References

Other websites

 
 Mayoral campaign 
 Schmal, John P. "The Four Latino Mayors of Los Angeles ," HispanicVista, May 23, 2005

Mayors of Los Angeles
1953 births
Living people
American Roman Catholics
US Democratic Party politicians
Legislative speakers
State legislators of the United States
Juan Crespi

Father Juan Crespí (March 1, 1721–January 1, 1782) was a Spanish priest who explored what is now the state of California.  He entered the Franciscan order at the age of seventeen. He came to America in 1749, and joined Francisco Palóu and Junípero Serra in exploring. In 1767 he went to the Baja Peninsula and was placed in charge of the Misión La Purísima Concepción de Cadegomó. In 1769 he joined the Portola expedition of Gaspar de Portolà and traveled by land, while Father Serra went by boat and got there 8 days later to occupy Monterey; he was the first to write about Franciscan friars meeting with people who already lived there. Later, he went through the area known today as Ventura County, in January and Orange County on July 22 of that year.  He was priest of the expedition to the North Pacific led by Juan José Pérez Hernández in 1774. His diaries, first published in H. E. Bolton's Fray Juan Crespi (1927, repr. 1971), and published in the original Spanish with facing page translations as A Description of Distant Roads: Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1796-1770 (2001) provided valuable records of these expeditions. One chapel he built, at the Misión San Francisco del Valle de Tilaco in Landa, is reported as still standing.

References

Other websites

1721 births
1782 deaths
Spanish explorers
Spanish Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic priests
Missionaries
People from Palma de Mallorca
Franciscans
Find a Grave

Find A Grave is a website that has a database of cemetery records.

History 
It was started by Jim Tipton, in 1995 to help people who wanted to visit the graves of famous people. After some time, an online forum was created on the site. The site claims to have over 121 million burial records from all over the world.

Content and features 
The site's FAQ says they hope to list all the burial places of everyone in the world.

The website has lists of cemeteries and graves from all around the world. The American cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries. Each grave record can contain: dates and places of birth and death, information about the person, cemetery and plot information, photographs (grave marker, the person, etc.), and information about who added it to Find A Grave.

Members can place on-line memorials for family and friends for no cost. Users can edit the memorials. Members may also request photos of graves which Find A Grave volunteers can add.

References

Other websites

Further reading 
 Colker, David, Web site answers grave concerns about stars, Los Angeles Times, 26 August 1997
 Johnstone, Nick, Why I love ... findagrave.com, The Guardian, 14 July 2004
 Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service, Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, The Orlando Sentinel, 12 July 2001
 Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service, Find VIPs (and others) who R.I.P. through online cemetery, The Philadelphia Inquirer, 1 August 2005

Websites
Cemeteries
Jim Nicholson (U.S. politician)

Robert James "Jim" Nicholson (born February 4, 1938) is an attorney, real estate developer, and a former Republican Party chairman. He was the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs from January 26, 2005 until October 1, 2007.

Political career
Nicholson has never held elected office, but has long been active in the Republican Party. In January 1986, he was elected committeeman from Colorado for the Republican National Committee (RNC). In 1993, he was elected Vice-Chairman of the RNC, and was the "surprise pick" for GOP national chairman in January 1997. He served in that position through the 2000 presidential election.

Between 2001 and his appointment to the position of Secretary of Veterans Affairs, he served as United States Ambassador to the Holy See (the Vatican).

Business career
Before becoming active in civilian government service, he worked as a lawyer in Denver, Colorado, specializing in real estate, municipal finance and zoning law. In 1978 he founded Nicholson Enterprises, Inc., a developer of planned residential communities, and in 1987 he bought Renaissance Homes, a custom-house builder.  He now works in the Washington, D.C. office of Brownstein Hyatt Farber & Schreck LLP.

Military service
He is a 1961 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and served eight years in active duty.  He was a paratrooper and Ranger-qualified Army officer.  He fought in the Vietnam War, where he earned the Bronze Star, Combat Infantryman Badge, the Meritorious Service Medal, Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry and two Air Medals.

After thirty years of working in the Army, he retired in 1991 with the rank of Colonel.

Personal life
Nicholson was born on a farm near Struble, Iowa.  Nicholson has described his childhood as "growing up dirt poor in a tenant house without plumbing and sometimes without food". His brother is Vietnam War general John W. Nicholson.

Nicholson has a Master's degree in Public Policy from Columbia University.  He received a law degree from the University of Denver in 1972. In May 2005, he was given the Distinguished Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy Award.

Nicholson is married to the former Suzanne Marie Ferrell of Highland Falls, New York, who is an artist. They are the parents of three adult children.

References

Other websites 
Official biography  from the Department of Veterans Affairs website

1938 births
Living people
Real estate developers
Politicians from Iowa
Columbia University alumni
United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from Iowa
Anthony Principi

Anthony Joseph Principi (born April 16, 1944) was the 4th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was picked by President George W. Bush on January 23, 2001, and resigned on January 26, 2005. He is a lobbyist for Pfizer and chairman of QTC Management, a company that works on contracts for the Veterans Affairs Department.

Early life
Principi is a 1967 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and first saw active duty aboard the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy. He later served in the Vietnam War, commanding a River Patrol Unit in the Mekong Delta.

Principi earned his Juris Doctor degree from Seton Hall in 1975 and was assigned to the United States Navy's Judge Advocate General Corps in San Diego, California. In 1980, he was transferred to Washington as a legislative counsel for the Department of the Navy.

Career
Principi has worked on national policy issues and has held several executive-level positions in federal government throughout his career. He chaired the Federal Quality Institute in 1991, and was chairman of the Commission on Servicemembers and Veterans Transition Assistance established by Congress in 1996.

Principi served as Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs, VA's second-highest executive position, from March 17, 1989, to September 26, 1992, when he was picked Acting Secretary of Veterans Affairs by President George H. W. Bush. He served in that position until January 1993. After that, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services.

From 1984 to 1988, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs. He was the Veterans Administration's assistant deputy administrator for congressional and public affairs from 1983 to 1984, following three years as counsel to the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee.

References

1944 births
Living people
American lobbyists
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Politicians from New York City
United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
Entelodont

Entelodonts were a family family of pig-like omnivores widespread in forests of North America, Europe, and Asia.

They flourished for about 20+ million years from the middle Eocene to the early Miocene epochs. 

It is thought that they included omnivores, carnivores and scavengers.

Even-toed ungulates
Abou Diaby

Abou Diaby (born 11 May 1986) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Auxerre||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0||7||0
|-
|2005/06||5||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0||7||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Arsenal||rowspan="5"|Premier League||12||1||1||0||1||0||2||0||16||1
|-
|2006/07||12||1||4||0||1||0||1||0||18||1
|-
|2007/08||15||1||2||0||5||1||6||2||28||4
|-
|2008/09||24||3||5||0||0||0||7||1||36||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
10||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||4||0||14||1
63||6||9||0||10||1||16||3||98||10
73||7||9||0||10||1||20||3||112||11
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2007||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References 

1986 births
Living people
French footballers
Sportspeople from Paris
Tranquillo Barnetta

Tranquillo Barnetta (born 22 May 1985) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen and Switzerland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|St. Gallen||Nationalliga A||30||5
|-
|2003/04||Super League||30||7

|-
|2004/05||Hannover||Bundesliga||7||2
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||31||6
|-
|2006/07||30||1
|-
|2007/08||32||6
|-
|2008/09||31||4
|-
|2009/10||||
60||12
124||17
184||29
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||10||3
|-
|2007||10||3
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||9||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||49||6
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Cha-cha-cha

Cha-cha-cha is the name of a Latin American music and dance, of Cuban origin. It is dance music introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrín in 1953. The rhythm was developed from a previous dance, the danzón, by a split fourth beat. The name is  derived from the shuffling of the dancers' feet.

Music 
Many consider the Orquesta Aragón and the orchestra of José Fajardo to have been particularly influential in the development of the cha-cha-cha. Outside Cuba, the big bands of Tito Puente (in New York), and Pérez Prado (in Mexico City and California) introduced the Cha-cha-cha to a much wider audience.

Dance 
Musically, the Cha-cha-cha was perhaps not a great innovation. However, it became hugely popular because people found it easy to dance to. Monsieur Pierre and his colleagues went to Cuba in the early 1950s to study it. They came back to London and codified the dance (sorted it out and wrote it down). It became a standard dance in Latin American ballroom dancing. It is one of the five Latin dances in international competitions governed by the World Dance Council. Today it is still popular as a dance, and is still danced in Cuba.

Other web-sites 
Former Latin World Champions Bryan Watson and Karen Hardy give a demo.

References 

Dance music
Latin dances
Parlour

Parlour (or parlor), comes from the French word parloir, from parler, which means "to speak". The parlour is a room in a house where people could meet. In Turkey it is called a kiosk. The Bible (Judges 3:20), talks about the "summer parlour", a small room built on the roof of the house, with open windows to catch the breeze. It has a door to the outside by which visitors can enter.

In parts of Great Britain and the United States, parlour is a common name for certain types of restaurants such as "ice cream parlour" and "pizza parlour". There are also "Beer parlors", wine parlors, or, in at least one case, a "spaghetti parlor." The word parlour has even been used to describe a coffee shop as the "coffee parlor." It can also mean a special service business, such as a tattoo parlour.

The "inner parlours" in 1 Chronicles 28:11 in the Bible were the small rooms or chambers which Solomon built all round two sides and one end of the Temple (1 Kings 6:5). Some people think the inner parlours may have been the porch and the holy place.

In medieval Christian usage, the parlour was one of two rooms in a monastery. The 'outer parlour' was the room where the monks or nuns could meet a visitor and do business with people from outside the monastery. It was generally in the west range of the buildings of the cloister, close to the main entrance. The 'inner parlour' was found off the cloister, next to the chapter house in the east range of the monastery. Most religious orders wanted silence in the cloister, which was the place where the monks studied. The inner parlour was a place where the monks could talk without disturbing the others in the cloister.

In modern use, the parlour is a formal sitting room in a large house or mansion. In the late 19th century, it was often a formal room used only on Sundays or special occasions, and closed during the week. The family kept their best furniture, works of art and other things on display in the parlour. The body of someone who died would be put on show in the parlour while funeral was being organized. During the 20th century, architects and decorators have changed the use of the room. In most homes the parlour has been replaced by the living room.

References

Other websites
 Victorian Parlour,  Oxford, Ohio
 Interior of Mt. Auburn, Cincinnati parlour in 1886 

Rooms
Celluloid

Celluloid is the name of a group of compounds made from nitrocellulose and camphor, plus dyes and other agents. It was the first thermoplastic. It was first called Parkesine in 1856,  then Xylonite in 1869 and then Celluloid in 1870. Celluloid is easily molded and shaped. 

It was first widely used as an ivory replacement, in billiard balls for example. In the early 20th century it was used in most photographic film. Celluloid catches fire very easily and also easily breaks down, and is no longer widely used. Its most common uses today are for making table tennis balls and guitar picks.

References

Chemical compounds
Dune (novel)

Dune is a fictional story set in a space empire far in the future. It is written by Frank Herbert. The book focuses on how politics, religion, technology and many other things interact.

In the world of the Dune series, computers are banned (they are not allowed anywhere). Some humans are taught how to think as fast as computers; they are known as 'Mentats'. The ruler of a planet is controlled by a House. The Houses must obey House Corrino, because the leader of House Corrino is also the Emperor.

Dune focuses on Paul Atreides, the 15-year-old heir to House Atreides. His family is forced by the Emperor who rules the Known Universe to leave the planet Caladan and to take control of the planet Arrakis. Arrakis is currently controlled by House Harkonnen, and is the only place that a spice called Melange is found. Melange is the most important thing in the universe. It lets you see the future and think much faster. If you take melange, you live much longer, sometimes even hundreds of years longer. It also lets you travel far distances at great speeds.

Arrakis is a planet that is almost covered in desert. This large desert is very dangerous because it does not have potable (drinkable) water, but mainly because giant worms live in the sand. There are many groups of native humans living there - they are called the Fremen. The Fremen have many rituals that keep water safe. This is important, or they would all die of dehydration (too little water to stay alive).

After his father is killed, Paul and his mother escape and take refuge with the Fremen. They use their abilities to achieve power over the Fremen and eventually use them to attack the Harkonnen armies, who have taken back control of the planet.

In the books, there are the Bene Gesserit sisterhood, a religious group with only women as its members. This is because men do not have the right kind of mind to learn their ways correctly. They have much more control over their minds and bodies than normal people. Their goal is to protect the human race forever. They have a secret goal, which they want to achieve by their breeding program. It is to make a man that can be a Bene Gesserit. They call him the Kwisatz Haderach. They want to use the Kwisatz Haderach to control people more easily. Paul's mother, Lady Jessica, is a member of the sisterhood and trains her son to use mental and physical powers.

Multiple films and TV series have been based on the Dune series, such as the 1984 film version directed by David Lynch.

Other websites

 Official website for Dune and its sequels
 DuneAudio.com - The Official Dune Audiobook Site  ~ news and contests for Dune audiobooks
 Complete Book Summary of Dune .

1965 books
Dune universe
Hugo Award winning books
Series of books
American novels
English-language novels
Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws requiring racial segregation in the United States. These laws were enforced in different states between 1876 and 1965. "Jim Crow" laws provided a systematic legal basis for segregating and discriminating against African Americans. The laws first appeared after the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era and were enforced through the mid-twentieth century. They were about segregating black and white people in all public buildings. "Jim Crow" was a racist term for a black person. Black people were usually treated worse than white people. This segregation was also done in the armed forces, schools, restaurants, on buses and in what jobs blacks got. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled that such segregation in state-run schools was against the US Constitution. The decision is known as Brown v. Board of Education. The other Jim Crow laws were abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought against the Jim Crow laws.

Background

After the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to enforce the rights of ex-slaves in the South through a process called Reconstruction.  However, in 1876, Reconstruction ended.  By the 1890s, the Southern states' legislatures were all-white again.  Southern Democrats, who did not support civil rights for blacks, completely ruled the South.  This gave them a lot of power in the United States Congress.  For example, Southern Democrats were able to make sure that laws against lynching did not pass.

Starting in 1890, Southern Democrats began to pass state laws that took away the rights African Americans had gained.  These racist laws became known as Jim Crow laws.  For example, they included:
 Laws that made it impossible for blacks to vote (this is called disenfranchisement).  Since they could not vote, blacks also could not be on juries.
 Laws that required racial segregation - separation of blacks and whites.  For example, blacks could not:
 Go to the same schools, restaurants, or hospitals as whites
 Use the same bathrooms as whites or drink from the same water fountain

In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case called Plessy v. Ferguson that these laws were legal.  They said that having things be "separate but equal" was fine.  In the South, everything was separate.  However, places like black schools and libraries got much less money and were not as good as places for whites.  Things were separate, but not equal.

Photo gallery

References

 "Jim Crow Laws". Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Student Resources In Context. Web. November 7, 2013.

African-American history
Discrimination
United States federal legislation
History of the United States
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small breed of dog of the spaniel type. Unlike their larger spaniel cousins, they are not now used for hunting and are mostly kept as pets.

History
These dogs were developed in England about 100 years ago and are closely related to their even smaller relation the King Charles Spaniels (known in the United States of America as Toy Spaniels).  One of the main people involved in creating this breed was the British general and politician John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. They were developed to resemble dogs  that were kept as pets and hunting dogs by many members of the royal family in England during the 16th century. King Charles II liked that breed, so this is how the dog was named.

Colour
There are four different colours that this dog breed come in which are:
 Black and a brown colour called Tan in dogs.
 Ruby, which is a dark red.
 Blenheim, which is brown and white.
 Tricolour, which is black, white with some tan markings.

Temperment
Cavaliers are usually happy dogs that like to stay very close to their human minders, they also like lots of exercise as they still keep some of their gundog family instincts.

Health issues and lifespan
Cavaliers typically live about ten years. Heart problems are common in Cavaliers.

References

Spaniels
Sturm und Drang

Sturm und Drang (also called Storm and Stress) was a time in German literature that was popular from 1770 to 1784. It is named after a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger.

German literature
Flag of Angola

The national flag of Angola came into use at independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half.

References 

Angola
Angola
Joe Thornton

Joseph Eric Thornton (born July 2, 1979) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Florida Panthers.

Other websites

1979 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Florida Panthers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
San Jose Sharks players
Ontario Hockey League players
Oleg Kononenko

Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko () is a Russian cosmonaut.

1964 births
Living people

Cosmonauts
Ville Peltonen

Ville Peltonen (born May 24, 1973 in Vantaa, Finland) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward. He plays for the HC Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

1973 births
American Hockey League players
Finnish ice hockey players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
Swedish Hockey League players
Vantaa
Alexei Yashin

Alexei Valeryevich Yashin (; born November 5, 1973) is a former Russian professional ice hockey player. Yashin played in the NHL for the Ottawa Senators and the New York Islanders.

Other websites

 

1973 births
Ice hockey centres
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
New York Islanders players
Ottawa Senators players
Russian ice hockey players
Tochigi Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kantō region on the island of Honshu, Japan. The capital is the city of Utsunomiya.

History 
Tochigi was made from the lands of Shimotsuke Province.

There is a World Heritage Site in Nikkō. It is called Nikko Toshogu.

Geography
Tochigi shares borders with Ibaraki Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, and Fukushima Prefecture.

National Parks
National Parks are in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Futarasan jinja and Futarayama jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Tochigi S.C.

References

Other websites 

 Tochigi Prefecture website ;
Hato Mayor del Rey

The Dominican city of Hato Mayor del Rey, or usually just Hato Mayor, is the head municipality of the Hato Mayor province.

In English, Hato Mayor del Rey means the largest cattle ranch of the King.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 44,900: 22,225 men and 22,675 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
The town grew around a small church built in 1520 in lands given by the Dávila family; for that reason, in old times the town was called Hato Mayor de Dávila.

It was made a municipality by the Haitian government in 1843. After the Dominican independence in 1844, Hato Mayor was not a municipality until 1848 when it was made one in the El Seibo province.

In 1984, when the Hato Mayor province was made, the city of Hato Mayor del Rey became its capital city.

Geography
Hato Mayor del Rey has a total area of . It has three municipal districts (a subdivision of a municipality): Guayabo Dulce, Mata Palacio and Yerba Buena.

Hato Mayor del Rey is at  to the northwest of Santo Domingo and at  to the west of El Seibo. It is at an elevation of  above sea level.

The municipality is  in the eastern part of the country, just to the south of the Cordillera Oriental (in English, "Eastern mountain range") in the region known as Llano Costero del Caribe (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain").

Hato Mayor del Rey has the municipality of El Valle to the north, the El Seibo province to the northeast and east, the San Pedro de Macorís province to the south and the Monte Plata province to the west.

Climate
Hato Mayor del Rey has a tropical monsoonal climate (Köppen climate classification : Am), with a dry season and a heavy monsoon the rest of year.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of rainfall, followed by May with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is January with .

Hato Mayor del Rey is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Hato Mayor del Rey has three municipal districts:

Economy
Farming is the only economic activity in the municipality, except for some small industries. Cattle raising is very important in the region because there are many savannas with grasses around the city and to the south of it; the dairy industry is important, with an important production of different types of cheese.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1520s establishments in North America
16th-century establishments in the Spanish Empire
3 World Trade Center

3 World Trade Center (also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is the name for a new skyscraper, as part of the World Trade Center reconstruction in New York City. The new Three World Trade Center that opened in June 2018 is located at 175 Greenwich Street's pinnacle height. It is taller than the Empire State Building's roof and it is the fourth tallest building in New York City as measured to its pinnacle.

References

Skyscrapers in New York City
September 11 attacks
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
4 World Trade Center

4 World Trade Center (also known by its street address, 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the World Trade Center site reconstruction in New York City. The lowest floors are retail space; the rest are office space.

References 

Skyscrapers in New York City
September 11 attacks
2014 establishments in New York (state)
2010s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
5 World Trade Center

Five World Trade Center, also referred to as 130 Liberty Street, is a planned building to be located in New York City. It was planned to be on the site of the Deutsche Bank Building. The original building was demolished in 2002 after it was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks. In June 2007, it was announced that financial service JPMorgan Chase planned to develop the building as a new J.P. Morgan Investment Bank world headquarters. The bank changed their mind and the site became a parking lot in 2014.

Sources 

Skyscrapers in New York City
September 11 attacks
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
John Tavares

John Tavares (born September 20, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the current captain of the Maple Leafs.

Other websites 

 
 

1990 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Islanders players
Ontario Hockey League players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ralph Fletcher

Ralph Fletcher (born March 17, 1953) is a writer of children's picture books, young-adult fiction, and poetry as well as books for both children and teachers on the art of writing.

Biography
Ralph Fletcher grew up in Marshfield, Massachusetts.  He is the oldest of nine children.  Each of his parents were one of eight children.  He got his B.A. degree from Dartmouth College in 1975 and his M.F.A degree in writing from Columbia University in 1983.  In college he studied in Tonga in the South Pacific and Sierra Leone, South Africa.  After getting his masters degree, Ralph worked in New York City classrooms as part of the Teacher College writing project.  Fletcher now lives in Lee, New Hampshire.  He is married to JoAnn Portalupi, with her he has written several books for teachers. Together they have four sons.

Awards
His young adult novel Uncle Daddy won a Christopher Medal in the Books for Young People, ages 10-12 category in 2002.  Fig Pudding, a young adult book by Fletcher, was recommended as one of the ten best books of 1995 by the American Library Association.  Fletcher's poetry book I Am Wings was chosen by School Library Journal as one of their best books of 1994.

Books

Children's picture books
Twilight Comes Twice - illustrated by Kate Kiesler (1997)
Grandpa Never Lies - illustrated by Harvey Stevenson (2000)
The Circus Surprise - illustrated by Vladimir Vagin (2001)
Hello, Harvest Moon - illustrated by Kate Kiesler (2003)
The Sandman - illustrated by Richard Cowdrey (2008)

Poetry books
The Magic Nest (1980)
Water Planet (1991)
I Am Wings (1994)
Ordinary Things (1997)
Buried Alive (book) (1998)
Room Enough for Love (1998) - Compilation of I Am Wings and Buried Alive
Relatively Speaking (1999)
Have You Been to the Beach Lately? (2001)
A Writing Kind of Day (2005)
Moving Day (book) (2007)

Memoir
Marshfield Dreams: When I Was a Kid (2005)

Young adult books
Fig Pudding (1995)
Spider Boy (1997)
Flying Solo (1998)
Tommy Trouble and the Magic Marble (2000)
Uncle Daddy (2001)
The One O'Clock Chop (2007)

Books for teachers
Walking Trees (1991)
What a Writer Needs (1993)
Breathing In, Breathing Out (1996)
Craft Lessons: Teaching Writing K-8 (with JoAnn Portalupi) (1998)
Nonfiction Craft Lessons (with JoAnn Portalupi) (2001)
Writing Workshop (with JoAnn Portalupi) (2001)
Teaching the Qualities of Writing with JoAnn Portalupi (2004)
Lessons for the Writer's Notebook with JoAnn Portalupi (2005)
Boy Writers: Reclaiming Their Voices (2006)

Books on writing for children
A Writer's Notebook (1996)
Live Writing (1999)
How Writers Work (2000)
Poetry Matters (2002)
How to Write Your Life Story (2007)
Reflections: Author at Work (2007)

Notes

Other websites
Ralph Fletcher's website

1953 births
American novelists
American poets
Living people
Columbia University alumni
writers from Massachusetts
Werner Naumann

Werner Naumann (16 June 1909 in Guhrau - 25 October 1982 in Lüdenscheid) was a German State Secretary in the Propaganda Ministry during the Third Reich. He was appointed head (minister) of the Propaganda Ministry by Hitler in his political testament. This was because Goebbels was promoted to be the Chancellor of Germany.

He was a member of the NSDAP and the SA. During the war he was also engaged in battle activities, first as an officer in the Luftwaffe, later on in the Waffen-SS and the SS in general.

Naumann was in the Führerbunker during the last days of Hitler in April 1945.

1909 births
1982 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
Hedingen

Hedingen is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 

Municipalities of Zürich
Typhus

Typhus is unrelated to both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever

Typhus is the name for a number of diseases, caused by bacteria called Rickettsiae. These bacteria are parasites that cannot survive outside their host organism. Depending on the species the host organisms are, fleas (on rats), harvest mites (on several rodents and humans), or lice (on humans). It is an epidemic disease.

When the term is commonly used, it usually means endemic typhus, which is spread by lice. The name typhus comes from Greek, where it means smoky or hazy. This was the word used to describe the state of mind the patients are in. 

Typhus can be treated with antibiotics.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Troglodytae

The Troglodytae () or Troglodyti (meaning "cave goers"), used to be a group of people talked about by many old Greek and Roman historians and map makers.  The early references call them Trogodytes, which looks like it was changed from the Greek trōglē meaning "cave". They were either placed in the desert along the African side of the Red Sea coast or North of Greece in what they called Getae.

References 

Ancient history
Hershel W. Gober

Hershel Wayne Gober (born December 21, 1936)  is a former government official and Vietnam War veteran. He served as acting United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) two times during the Clinton administration. The first time was from July 1, 1997 until January 2, 1998 between the resignation of Secretary Jesse Brown and the appointment of Togo D. West, Jr. as Acting Secretary.  The second time came on July 25, 2000 and lasted until January 20, 2001 after the resignation of Secretary West; this time Gober served in the post until the end of the Clinton presidency.

He started out in the VA as Deputy Secretary, serving from February 4, 1993 until August 10, 2000.  Gober was also Secretary-designate, when Clinton named him on July 31, 1997 to replace Jesse Brown. However, the nomination was withdrawn before Senate action began. That happened on October 27 the same year. 

During his time as Secretary, Gober headed a delegation that traveled to Vietnam to try to find information about missing veterans there. He also worked to improve health care and create more clinics for veterans. 

Before serving in the VA, Gober was Director of the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs from January 4, 1988 to February 4, 1993 during President Clinton's time as Governor.

In Vietnam
Gober served two tours in Vietnam. He also worked with an American/Vietnamese team that made Vietnamese songs. Later, in 1969, he was hurt while serving as a company commander.

References

Other websites 
Department of Veterans Affairs biography of Acting Secretary Gober
Profile at American President: An Online Reference Resource 

United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
Politicians from Arkansas
1936 births
Living people
Purple Heart recipients
Hazel R. O'Leary

Hazel Reid O'Leary (born May 17, 1937) was the seventh United States Secretary of Energy, from 1993 to 1997. She is the first and only woman and first and only African American to hold the position.

Early life and education
Born Hazel Reid in Newport News, Virginia, she was the daughter of doctors Russell E. and Hazel Reid. She has two sisters, Edna Reid and Marina Morse; and two brothers, Louis and William Morse.

After earning a bachelor's degree at Fisk University in Nashville, O'Leary earned her law degree from Rutgers School of Law—Newark.

Marriage and family
Reid married John F. O'Leary on April 24, 1980. He was a former deputy energy secretary and  died in 1987.  They have a son named Carl.

Career
O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey and later worked for the consulting/accounting firm of Coopers & Lybrand.  During the Carter Administration, O'Leary was made assistant administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, general counsel of the Community Services Administration, and administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration at the Department of Energy.  

In 1981, O'Leary and her husband established the consulting firm of O'Leary & Associates, where she served as vice president and general counsel.  From 1989 to 1993, she worked as an executive vice president of the Northern States Power Company.  

In 1993 President Bill Clinton picked O'Leary as Secretary of Energy.  

In 2004, O'Leary was selected as President of her undergraduate alma mater, Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.

1937 births
Living people
US Democratic Party politicians
United States Secretaries of Energy
Politicians from Virginia
People from Newport News, Virginia
Mount Whitney

Mount Whitney or Tumanguya is a mountain in eastern California. The mountain is about 14,505 feet (4,421 m). This makes Mount Whitney the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States. Mount Whitney is only 76 miles from Badwater in Death Valley National Park, which is the lowest point in the United States. Mount Whitney is in the Sierra Nevada. Mount Whitney was named by the California Geological Survey in 1864, they named it after Josiah Whitney.

References

Mountains of California
Inyo County, California
Tulare County, California