cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Space Shuttle Challenger

Space Shuttle Challenger (OV-099) was the second space shuttle used by NASA to fly into outer space. The shuttle broke up 73 seconds after take-off from Cape Canaveral on 28 January 1986.
All seven astronauts who were on it at the time were killed. The crash happened because a rubber tube called an o-ring did not expand to fill a gap in one of the booster rockets, due to cold weather.

The Challenger was named after a Royal Navy ship that explored the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from 1872 to 1876. Challenger was also the name of the Apollo 17 Lunar Excursion Module.

Crew 

 Francis "Dick" Scobee (46)
 Michael John Smith (40)
 Judith Resnik (36)
 Ellison Onizuka (39)
 Ronald McNair (35)
 Gregory Jarvis (41)
 Christa McAuliffe (37), first teacher in space

Missions

References

1986 in the United States
Florida
Challenger
January events
New Horizons

New Horizons is a space probe launched by NASA on 19 January 2006, to the dwarf planet Pluto and on an escape trajectory from the Sun. It is the first man-made spacecraft to go to Pluto. Its flight took nine years.  It arrived at the Pluto-Charon system on July 14, 2015.  It flew near Pluto and took photographs and measurements while it passed. At about 1 kilobit per second it took 15 months to transmit them back to Earth.

Instruments include a  Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), a Ralph telescope of 75 mm aperture, an Alice ultraviolet imaging spectrometer, a Particle Spectrometer Suite  to study solar wind and particles, a student dust counter (VBSDC), and a Radio Science Experiment (REX)

The primary mission of New Horizons is to study Pluto and its system of moons. The secondary mission is to study any objects in the Kuiper Belt, if something became available for a flyby.

The space probe set the record for the fastest man-made object ever launched, with the Earth-relative speed of about 16.26 km/s, although, arguably, the Helios probes got a faster Sun-relative speed. It used a gravity assist from Jupiter to get its high speeds without having to burn as much monopropellant (weak rocket fuel) as needed to fly directly to Pluto.

On January 1, 2019 the probe flew by 486958 Arrokoth, a small Kuiper Belt object also called 2014 MU69  and nicknamed "Ultima Thule". Propellant is now scarce, but a target for a third flyby might be found. It will continue to report about its environment.

References 

NASA spacecraft
Simlish

Simlish is a made-up language spoken in the Sims video games.  It was created because changing the Sims' words into the players' language would cost a lot of money and would make the Sims say the same words all the time.  Simlish is spoken by Sims, the characters in The Sims, The Sims 2, The Sims 3 and The Sims 4. Simlish is a language

Sentences in Simlish 
All of these phrases are from The Sims.
Male Sims speaking - "Homina blastima."
Female Sims speaking - "Enama polap."
Child Sims speaking - "Sizzaza Za" and "The sungoos keekaf terweek."
Female Sims playing arcade games - "Itwack, itcack."
Adult Sims speaking on the telephone - "A beboo."
Child Sims getting on a bus - "Yabba doochia."
Adult male Sims saying goodbye - "Mal-Mal."

Written Simlish 
Written Simlish is seen on The Sims 2, The Sims 3, and ‘‘The Sims 4’’. It looks similar to Zodiac symbols taken from the Wingdings font on a computer.  Text such as the names of Sims, hints and tips and on-screen messages are all in the selected language (i.e. English, French, Spanish), and are usually written in the Comic Sans MS font.

Speaking Simlish

References

Other websites 
The Sims official website 

Constructed languages

da:The Sims 2#Simlish
de:Die Sims#Sprache
Antonio Tejero

Antonio Tejero Molina (born Alhaurín el Grande, Malaga, Spain, 1932) was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Civil Guard ().

On 23 February 1981, he stormed into the parliament building with fellow military and Civil Guard officers, and held the Spanish government hostage During that time, Spain was going from dictatorship to democracy. Tejero did not want democracy and wanted Spain to stay in the dictatorship. 

His coup failed thanks to King Juan Carlos I. Tejero thought the King would support him because the King had been  trained by Spain's old dictator, Francisco Franco.  Instead King Juan Carlos I went on television dressed in his uniform as commander-in-chief of the Spanish Army and said the coup was wrong.  The coup soon stopped, and Spanish television had pictures of the coup leaders trying to escape by climbing out of the windows of the parliament building

1932 births
Living people
Spanish people
Conanthera

Conanthera is a genus of 3-4 species of small Chilean bulbous plants with small panicles of blue, purple or white and purple flowers. The plant reproduces by offsets or seed.

Other websites
Pacific Bulb Society

Asparagales
Fátima, Portugal

Fátima () is a city in Portugal. It is famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917. The town itself has a population of 10,302 (2001). It is in the municipality of Ourém, in the Centro Region and sub region of Medio Tejo. It is in the district of Santarém and included in the urban agglomeration of Leiria, in central Portugal,  south of Porto and  north of Lisbon.

Related pages
 Our Lady of Fatima

Other websites

 Sanctuary of Fátima
 Pilgrims of Fátima

Cities in Portugal
Bodyguard

A Bodyguard is a security guard who physically protects a person against injury. Very often, important people, like heads of state, religious leaders (i.e. the Pope), actors, and powerful or rich people have bodyguards. 

Personal service occupations
Security
Mehmet Ali Ağca

Mehmet Ali Ağca (born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish criminal. He is known for shooting and wounding Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981. For this assassination attempt, he served 19 years of his life sentence in prison in Italy for attempted murder. In 2000, he was extradicted to Turkey, where he was convicted of two robberies he committed in 1979. He was sentenced to seven years four months for the robberies, and continued serving his sentence for the murder of Abdi İpekçi (1929-1979), a left-wing journalist whom he shot. Ağca has described himself as a mercenary with no political orientation. He has made many different claims about the shooting of the Pope. He used to be a member of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves organization. He was released on January 18, 2010 and diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

References 

1958 births
Living people
Murderers
People convicted of attempted murder
People with antisocial personality disorder
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Robbers
Roman Catholics
Turkish people
1980s crimes
Extradition
Bayonet

A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon. It is designed to be attached to a rifle barrel or similar weapon. This will turn the gun into a spear. It is a close-combat or last-resort weapon.

Bayonet charge
18th and 19th century military tactics included the use of a bayonet fixed on the infantryman's musket. These were used with massed troop formations. One of the more notable of these was the bayonet charge. This was an attack by a formation of infantrymen with fixed bayonets, usually over short distances. It was to overrun enemy strong points, capture artillery batteries, or break up enemy troop formations.

With the use of the bayonet, the pike was no longer used because infantry could now defend themselves from cavalry without sacrificing firepower per man. The Russian Army used the bayonet frequently during the Napoleonic wars. A Russian saying coined by Russian General Alexander Suvorov was "The bullet is foolish, the bayonet wise". Given Russia's often poorly trained armies and inaccurate smoothbore muskets, Russian officers preferred to use the bayonet charge instead of musket volley fire where possible.

References 

Blades
Marcel Lefebvre

Marcel-François Lefebvre (November 29 1905 – March 25 1991), better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French Roman Catholic bishop. For a long time, he worked as a missionary in Africa with the Holy Ghost Fathers. After returning, he started to be against the changes within the Church. These changes were introduced after the Second Vatican Council.

In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), which is still the world's largest Traditionalist Catholic priestly society. In 1988, Lefebvre made four new bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. He took this step against the orders of Pope John Paul II. Because of this, the Holy See announced the following day that he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Those who supported Lefebvre think, this declaration was not valid.

1905 births
1991 deaths
Roman Catholic archbishops
Missionaries
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Second Vatican Council

The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. An Ecumenical Council is a meeting of the bishops of the Church to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice. Pope John XXIII started Vatican II in 1962 and it lasted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI ended it. Four future popes took part in the council's opening session: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II. Father Joseph Ratzinger, who was only 35 at the time, was there as a theological consultant. More than forty years later, he became Pope Benedict XVI. 

Different things were discussed. These aimed at modernising the church, and opening a dialogue with other religions. Many people see these meetings as the most important event in the Catholic Church in the 20th century. They let Mass be said in different languages, instead of just Latin.

Other websites 
 Documents of the council, at the Website of the Vatican

Vatican 2
Roman Catholicism
1960s
Veronica Guerin

Veronica Guerin (5 July 1958 - 26 June 1996) was an Irish journalist who was born in Dublin. She was murdered by Irish drug dealers. Her death made many Irish people angry, which brought down many drug dealers on the island. The criminal John Gilligan was later convicted of her murder and sentenced to 28 years in prison, though Gilligan said in High Court that it was his friend John Traynor who murdered Guerin.

References

Journalists
Murder victims
Murders by firearm
People from Dublin
1958 births
1996 deaths
CPJ International Press Freedom Award winners
Umayyad Mosque

The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque (Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير, transl. Ğām' Banī 'Umayyah al-Kabīr), is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.It is in one of the holiest sites in the old city of Damascus. It is also very important because of its architecture.

The mosque holds a shrine which is said to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya), honored as a prophet by Muslims and Christians alike. The head was supposedly found during the excavations for the building of the mosque. The tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining the north wall of the mosque.

In 2001, Pope John Paul II visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque.

Images 

Damascus
Holy places in Islam
Mosques in Asia
Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria

The Orthodox Church of Alexandria () is one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches.  
It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In Egypt, members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also known as Melkite, because they remained in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople after the schism that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

Eastern Orthodox Church
Lourdes

Lourdes () is a town and commune in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyrénées department. It is in the first Pyrenean foothills in the Occitanie region, in southwestern France.

Lourdes was originally a small unremarkable market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees. At that time the most prominent feature was the fortified castle which rises up from the centre of the town on a rock. Following the claims that there were apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858, Lourdes has developed into a major place of Christian pilgrimage.

Today Lourdes has a population of around 15,000 inhabitants but is able to take in some 5,000,000 pilgrims and tourists every season. Lourdes has the second greatest number of hotels in France after Paris with about 270 establishments.

It is the joint seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes.

Geography
Lourdes is overlooked from the south by the Pyrenean peaks of Aneto, Montaigu, and Vignemale (3,298m), while around the town there are three summits reaching up to 1,000 m, which are known as the Béout, the Petit Jer and the Grand Jer.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Population
The inhabitants of Lourdes are known, in French, as Lourdais (women: Lourdaises).

Lourdes has a population, in 2014, of 14,361, and its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Images

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Argelès-Gazost
 Communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department

References

Other websites

 La Ville de Lourdes website 
 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes 
 Lourdes tourism website

Communes in Hautes-Pyrénées
Marian shrines
Palindromic prime

A palindromical prime number is a prime number that reads the same when reversed.

Palindromical prime numbers include:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, and 19991.

Out of the above list, 2 is the only number that is not an odd number. Almost all palindromic numbers are composite, for any base.

11 is the only palindromic prime with an even number of digits because all palindromic numbers with an even number of digits can be divided by 11, which means they are not primes.

Related pages
Palindrome
List of prime numbers

Classes of prime numbers
Shrine

A shrine is a holy or sacred place with something important inside it, such as the tomb of a religious person. Shrines are built in the surroundings of the grave of pious men. These are built to show respect and love for the one who died. People visit the shrines to pray for themselves and also for the dead. Shrines are common in Muslim countries. However other countries also have shrines; in Japan, Shinto 'Jinja' are called shrines in English.

Originally, the word "shrine" referred to a container, usually made of gold or silver and was used to store relics.

The most famous type of shrines are the Buddhist shrines
Embargo

An embargo is when a government refuses to trade with a country or a certain part of a country. This is usually because of a political problem inside the country. It differs from a blockade in not requiring a state of war or obliging other countries to stop trading. 

As with other economic sanctions, an embargo stops trade between countries. This means that the countries in question will get poorer.  The hope is that the problem within the country will stop.

Economic policy
Supreme Governor of the Church of England

The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title which British Monarchs have to show their leadership over the Church of England. The title was first granted to Queen Elizabeth I after she passed the Act of Supremacy, which required all officials in the Church of England to state an oath of allegiance to her. 

Anglicanism
History of the United Kingdom
British monarchy
Protestant Reformation
Havelland

Havelland is a district in Brandenburg, Germany.

History 
The district was established in 1993 by joining the old districts of Nauen and Rathenow.

Havelland is the name for the regions on the banks of the Havel river between the city of Berlin and the Elbe river. This region also includes the cities of Brandenburg and Potsdam, that are not part of the district. The Havelland district mainly consists of the areas north of the Havel river.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
Official website 
Touristical website

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Knock, County Mayo

Knock (An Cnoc in Irish, meaning The Hill – but now more generally known in Irish as Cnoc Mhuire, "Hill of (the Virgin) Mary") is a small town in east County Mayo in Ireland. Knock's notability comes from the Knock Shrine Apparition of 1879. At 8:00PM on 21 August 1879, it was reported that the Virgin Mary, together with St Joseph and St John the Evangelist, appeared to local people.

In the 20th century it became one of Europe's major Roman Catholic Marian shrines, alongside Lourdes and Fatima. One and a half million pilgrims visit Knock Shrine annually.  It was visited by Pope John Paul II, a supporter of devotion to the Virgin Mary, in 1979 to commemorate the centenary of the apparition.

Towns in Ireland
Marian apparitions
County Mayo
Licheń Stary

Licheń Stary is a village. 1200 people live there. It is on the Lichen Lake in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, 15 km north of Konin, Poland. It is often referred to as simply Licheń. Legends trace the name to the ancient Slavic pagan deity Licho, whose sanctuary was allegedly located nearby.

It is the home of the famed Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń hosting Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland.

Villages in Poland
Märkisch-Oderland

Märkisch-Oderland is a Kreis (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

Geography
Much of the district is mainly agricultural land, but there is a swampy area along the Oder called the Oderbruch.  The Oderbruch is about  in length and  in width. It was partially drained in the 18th century, and people started to live in the new area.

History
The districts of Lebus and Oberbarnim were both created in 1816. In 1952, the districts were split into three parts, the districts Bad Freienwalde, Seelow and Strausberg. In 1993 the three parts were joined together to form the current district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Oberhavel

Oberhavel is a Kreis (district) in the northern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The district was formed  on 6 December 1993 by joining the old districts of Gransee and Oranienburg.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 website  

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Oberspreewald-Lausitz

Oberspreewald-Lausitz (Low Sorbian: Wokrejs Górne Błota-Łužyca) is a Kreis (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

Geography 
The Spree river runs through the district; along its banks there is the Spreewald, a wooded area and home of several rare animals. The district is part of the historic region of Lusatia.

History 
The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Calau and Senftenberg and small part of the district Bad Liebenwerda.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria

The Eastern Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa is the head of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. This has been Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria since 2004.

Patriarchs
Oder-Spree

Oder-Spree is a Kreis (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The district is named after the two major rivers in the district - the Spree, and the Oder river which is the eastern border.

History
The district was created in 1993 by joining the districts of Eisenhüttenstadt, Beeskow and Fürstenwalde, and the independent city Eisenhüttenstadt.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Website Beeskow 
 Website Eisenhüttenstadt 
 Website Fürstenwalde 
 Website Schöneiche 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Cockburn Island, Ontario

Cockburn Island is an island in the Canadian province of Ontario, found in the Manitoulin District.  It has the least number of people living in it while still being a municipality of Canada.  It had a population of 2 people in 2006.  There is an Indian reservation, or place where Indians live, on Cockburn Island.

Settlements in Ontario
Islands of Canada
Ostprignitz-Ruppin

Ostprignitz-Ruppin is a Kreis (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The modern district was made in 1993 by joining the old  districts Kyritz, Neuruppin and Wittstock. The district roughly covers the same territory as the two historic districts Ostprignitz and Ruppin.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Thomas Morley

Thomas Morley (born at Norwich?,  1557 or 1558; died at London, October 1602) was an English composer, music theorist and organist.  He was  the most important English composer of madrigals.  He studied the madrigals by Italian composers and  created the tradition of the English madrigal, a tradition that became extremely popular, but which only lasted about 30 years.

Life
Morley’s father was a brewer who lived in Norwich, so it is likely that Morley was born there.  He may have been a choirboy in Norwich Cathedral.  We know that in 1583 he got the job of organist there.  In a book he published later in his life he said that William Byrd was his master.  If this means that he had lessons from Byrd he must have travelled away from Norwich.   In 1588 he got a degree from Oxford, and soon afterwards he became an organist at St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published a book called  Musica transalpina.  It was a collection of Italian madrigals with words translated into English.  Soon after this Morley started to publish his own madrigals.  In 1592 he became a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.

In London Morley lived near Shakespeare.  We do not know whether the two men worked together, but Morley did set Shakespeare’s words "It was a lover and his lass" from As You Like It.  We do not know whether it was ever used in a performance of Shakespeare's play.  It is quite possible, because Morley was well-known.

From 1593 onwards Morley published a great deal of music and also made a lot of money out of music publishing, both of his own and other composers’ music.

It is thought that Morley died in October 1602.

His music

Morley wrote sacred music as well as madrigals.  His church music is strongly influenced by William Byrd.  

His madrigals are his most important works.  They are often very lively and have tunes that are easy to sing.  One of his best known madrigals is called Now is the Month of Maying.  He started by using the Italian style and changed it to make it sound English. The madrigals of Thomas Weelkes and John Wilbye are usually more serious. 

As well as madrigals, Morley wrote music for instruments, including keyboard music.  Some of his pieces are in the famous collection called Fitzwilliam Virginal Book). He also wrote music for the typically English combination of two viols, flute, lute, cittern and bandora.

Morley wrote a book about music theory called  Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke.  It was published in 1597 and was read by many people for two centuries after his death.  It tells us a lot about how music was performed in Morley’s

English composers
Renaissance composers
Music theorists
English organists
1550s births
1602 deaths
Hans Sebald Beham

Sebald Beham (1500–1550) was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver. He also designed woodcuts, painted and worked as a miniaturist. He is one of the most important of the "Little Masters", a group of German artists making old master prints in the generation after Albrecht Dürer.

His name is often given as Hans Sebald Beham, although there is no documentary evidence that he ever used this  additional forename.

Life 

Beham was born in Nuremberg in 1500 into a family of artists. In 1525, he and his brother were banished from Nuremberg because they were thought to have not accepted the Churches ideas (heresy) and blasphemy. They came back to the city in 3 months, but Beham was banished again in 1528 for publishing a book which was plagiarised from an unpublished manuscript by Albrecht Dürer.

From 1532 he lived mostly in Frankfurt until he died in 1550.

Most people know him as "Sebald Beham". However, he signed some of his prints before 1532 with "HSP". After he moved to Frankfurt, he signed his prints with "HSB".

Work 
Beham made about 252 engravings, 18 etchings and 1500 woodcuts. He worked on small, very detailed engravings (sometimes as small as a postage stamp). This makes him part of the German printmaking school called the "Little Masters", since their works were so small. He created and published his works himself, but his larger works were mostly commissioned work to be sold.

He also made prints to be used as cards, wallpaper, coats of arms, designs for other artists and designs for stained or painted glass. He also painted a table top (now in the Louvre ) for Cardinal Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz.

Beham mostly engraved pictures of peasants and scenes from myths or history, sometimes with erotic scenes as well. Since he was working at the same time as Dürer, the most recognised artist at the time, one of his early woodcuts, "Head of Christ", was thought to have been done by Dürer. Beham also worked with his brother Barthel, and shared ideas with him. Later, he re-drew some of Dürer's works like gus Melancholia of 1539.

Books 
After publishing a book about drawing horses, for which he was exiled, he wrote a book on drawing the human figure. His book was mostly just a simplified book of Dürer's own books, but his book was easier to use and cheaper than Dürer's books, so artists preferred to buy his.

Other websites 

 Links to online images of prints by Beham
 Hans Sebald Beham at Artcyclopedia

References 

1500 births
1550 deaths
German painters
People from Nuremberg
Engravers
German printmakers
Potsdam-Mittelmark

Potsdam-Mittelmark is a Kreis (district) in the western part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The district was created in 1993 by joining the old districts Belzig, Brandenburg-Land and Potsdam-Land.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Skinny jeans

Skinny jeans are a style of denim jeans that have straight legs and tend to crumple around the ankles. They are called skinny jeans because they give you a thin figure. This style was started in the 1980s to make a retro-punk look. This style came to life again in late 2006 by Avril Lavigne in one of her music videos. They are usually used for a gothic-punk look or retroand hip-hop 

Trousers and shorts
John Wilbye

John Wilbye (pronounce: “WIL-bee”), (born Diss, Norfolk, baptised 7 March 1574; died Colchester, between September and November 1638), was an English composer who was famous for his madrigals.

Wilbye was the son of a tanner. He was supported financially by a rich family called Kytson. The Kytsons were very musical and had lots of musical instruments and sheet music in their house. It is thought that he went with Elizabeth Cornwallis to Hengrave Hall near Bury St. Edmunds in around 1594 when she married Sir Thomas Kytson the Younger. When Elizabeth died, Wilbye moved to Colchester where he lived with Elizabeth’s youngest daughter with whom he had a long friendship. When Wilbye died he was quite rich.

His music
A book of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608. It is often called the finest book of English madrigals. There were a total of 64 madrigals in these two books.

Wilbye was influenced by Morley’s madrigals, and also learned directly from the madrigals of Italian composers such as Alfonso Ferrabosco. He wrote many madrigals which have become extremely popular, including Weep, weep o mine eyes and Draw on, sweet night. He was very good at making his music match the meaning of the words. He often used a mixture of major and minor modes.

References
 groves music online

1574 births
1638 deaths

English composers
Renaissance composers
People from Norfolk
Prignitz

Prignitz () is a Kreis (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The present district was formed in 1993 by joining the old districts of Pritzwalk and Perleberg and some municipalities from the district of Kyritz. The westernmost part of the district was a part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and changed to be part of Brandenburg on August 1, 1992.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
Official website
Portal site for Prignitz 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Spree-Neiße

Spree-Neiße (Lower Sorbian: Wokrejs Sprjewja-Nysa) is a Kreis (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. 
The district-free city of Cottbus is completely surrounded by the district. To the east is Poland.

The district was started in 1993 by joining the old districts Cottbus-Land, Forst, Guben and Spremberg.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Shurat Islam

Shurat Islam, formerly known as Kharijites, was a branch of Islam. It was one of the three main branches of Islam, along with Shia Islam and Sunni Islam. Though, the branch has no followers today, the Ibadi movement is seen as a moderate current demonization of Shurat Islam. However, Ibadis reject themselves being Shuratis.

Initially, Muslims were divided into two groups, Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. After caliph Uthman's death, Ali and Muawiya I were having a war. At this time, the Shurati Muslims emerged, who did not pledge allegiance to Ali or Muawiya I. Rather than allegiance, Shurati Muslims decided to attack Ali and Muawiya I's followers.

Sometimes, the term Kharijite (or Neo-Kharijite) is also used for some Islamic terrorist groups. Examples of such groups are the Groupe islamique armé in Algeria, or the Takfir wal-Hijra in Egypt.

Islamic denominations
Thomas Weelkes

Thomas Weelkes (baptised in Elsted, Sussex,  25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist.  He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music.

Life
Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576.  His father may have been the rector at that church. There is no information about Weelkes' childhood.

We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College.  He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live.  He stayed there for two or three years. 

During his time in Winchester Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in  1598 and 1600. He got his B. Mus. Degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral.. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings.  The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children.

Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.  However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job.

In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In 1609 he was in trouble because he was absent from work.  In 1616 he was in trouble again for swearing.  In the end he lost his job because he was drunk at the organ and used bad language during the service.  However, he got his job back, but his behaviour was still bad.

Thomas Weelkes died in London in 1623, a year after his wife died.  He was buried in St Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London.  In Chichester Cathedral there is a memorial stone to him.

Music
Thomas Weelkes is best known for his vocal music, especially his madrigals and church music. Weelkes wrote more Anglican services than any other important composer of the time, mostly for evensong. Many of his anthems are verse anthems, which would have suited the small choir he was writing for at Chichester Cathedral.

Weelkes was friends with the madrigalist Thomas Morley.  When Morley died in 1602, Weelkes wrote an anthem called A Remembrance of my Friend Thomas Morley, (also known as "Death hath Deprived Me".)  Weelkes’s madrigals are very chromatic and use counterpoint and unusual rhythms.

References
grovesmusic online

1576 births
1623 deaths

English composers
English organists
Renaissance composers
Baroque composers
Teltow-Fläming

Teltow-Fläming is a Kreis (district) in the southwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was made in December 1993 by joining the old districts of Luckenwalde, Jüterbog and Zossen, but also including small parts from other former districts such as Luckau.

Fläming-Skate is a 160 km long route specially for inline skating, the only such route in Germany.

Curiously, the town of Teltow is not a part of the district Teltow-Fläming, just as the town of Dahme is not a part of the district of Dahme-Spreewald.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Fläming-Skate 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Uckermark

Uckermark is a Kreis (district) in the northeastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district has the biggest area of any district in Germany.

The current district Uckermark was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Angermünde, Prenzlau and Templin and the city of Schwedt.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Touristical website 
 city-map and Internet Market Place 
 online-shop for specialities and arts and crafts 

Rural Districts of Brandenburg
Black Knight

A black knight is a character fictional stories. They are soldiers or knights who do not have a lord, or the lord is secret. They do not have any heraldic standards or have painted them over with black paint. In these stories, black knights are usually evil knights that are good at fighting and usually work alone. 

In Arthurian legend Black Knight was a magical knight summoned by Sir Calogrenant. The Black Knight never told his name. He defeated Sir Calogrenant. Later The Black Knight was killed unfairly by Yvain in a act of revenge for his cousin, Sir Calogrenant.

Knights
Paladin

A paladin or paladine was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe.

The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century.

In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor.

History

Ancient Rome
The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae.

In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars.

Holy Roman Empire
After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the comes palatinus, the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law.

During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines.

Modern usage
In the early days of England, the word palatinate, or county palatine, was also used in counties of lords who could use powers normally used by the crown.

In Britain and Germany, paladin was an official rank and was a very good title for one in the service of the emperors. It was a Knight with additional honours, they were allowed to use powers normally used by the crown.

Present day
The word "paladin" is still used to describe a good, heroic person, or a defender of a good cause.

Some role playing games now use paladins as a character class that you can choose when starting a new game.

References

Knights
Paladin (disambiguation)

Paladin can mean:

Geography
 Rhineland-Palatinate, one of the 16 federal states of modern Germany (Bundesländer)
 Electorate of the Palatinate, a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, with the count palatine being an elector of the HRE
 Palatine Hill, center most of the seven hills of Rome
 Tavola dei Paladini, a temple near Metapontum, Italy, dating from 570 to 480 BC, where, according to legend, Pythagoras died
 Palatine, Illinois, United States, a town near Chicago
 Palatine, New York, United States, a town in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
 Palatine Bridge, New York, a village in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
 Palatine, County Carlow , a hamlet in County Carlow, Ireland

Fiction
 Paladin (role-playing game)
 The Paladin, a 1988 fantasy novel by C. J. Cherryh
 The Paladin (novel), a 1979 novel by Brian Garfield with Christopher Creighton
 Paladin (comics), a Marvel Comics character

Other
 A Paladin (see above top), literally, in its dictionary sense, is a chivalrous knight, a medieval warrior or champion etc. 
 Nissan Paladin, a sport utility vehicle
 The Paladins, a roots-rock or rockabilly band from San Diego, California circa 1981
 M109 PALADIN, or M109 howitzer, a piece of artillery
IC50

The IC50 is a measure of how  effective a drug is.  It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half minimal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the pIC50 scale (-log IC50), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro.
It is comparable to an EC50 for agonist drugs. EC50 also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect in vivo.

References

Chemistry
Komitas Vardapet

Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan - Komitas Vardapet (also Gomidas Vartabed) (September 26 1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - October 22 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music teacher and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music. 

He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title Vardapet (or Vartabed), meaning a priest or a church scholar.

He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, to the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here he studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title doctor of musicology and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing.

His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy. 

He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder.

On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested. The next day he was put on a train with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was sent back to the capital. In autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic Villejuif in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon. 
 
The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also a world famous string quartet named after Komitas.

Other websites 
 Virtual Museum of Komitas Vardapet 
 Biography #1
 Some songs in .rm format 
 New release of 36 Komitas-songs on SACD by the German independent label AUDITE
 Rita Soulahian Kuyumjian, Archeology of Madness: Komitas, Portrait of an Armenian Icon

References

1869 births
1935 deaths

Armenian composers
Musicologists
Oberägeri

Oberägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

It can be found on a plain on the northern shore of the Ägerisee.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Unterägeri

Unterägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Menzingen

Menzingen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Baar, Switzerland

Baar is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

  Official website  

Municipalities of Zug
Cities in Switzerland
Cham, Switzerland

Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official city website 
 Photosite with facts & figures 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Zug
Hünenberg

Hünenberg is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Steinhausen, Switzerland

Steinhausen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Zug
Risch-Rotkreuz

Risch-Rotkreuz is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Risch-Rotkreuz is well known because of the headquarter of Roche Diagnostics, two nice castles, Buonas and Freudenberg, the one of the most important train station in Switzerland, and of the Swiss Guard.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Zug
Cities in Switzerland
Walchwil

Walchwil is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Zug
Neuheim

Neuheim is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Women's rights

The women's rights  movement is a feminist movement, where women act to get what men have but what women have been denied. The women's rights movement has fought for things such as letting women vote, giving women access to jobs (such as doing construction work) that only men were allowed to do before, and even the right to same-sex marriage. Women and men can both stand for this movement. Women's rights leaders such as Susan B. Anthony encouraged many women to join the women's rights movements. In different societies throughout history, women have had different amounts of rights. The movement fighting for women's rights to vote is called women's suffrage. While there has been a ton of progress, many countries still do not allow women to vote, among other basic rights.

Related pages 
Gender equality
UN Women
Human rights
International Women's Day
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Olympe de Gouges

Feminism
Activism
Canton of Solothurn

Solothurn is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.

Districts 
There are 10 districts in Solothurn:
 Bucheggberg, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg
 Dorneck, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein (unofficially Schwarzbubenland)
 Gäu, Amtei Thal-Gäu
 Gösgen, Amtei Olten-Gösgen (unofficially Niederamt)
 Lebern, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
 Olten, Amtei Olten-Gösgen
 Solothurn, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
 Thal, Amtei Thal-Gäu
 Thierstein, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein
 Wasseramt, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg

Municipalities 
The canton has 125 municipalities:

References

Other websites 
Official site  
Official statistics
Pickup truck

A pickup truck is a type of vehicle that is designed to move things.

Form 
The back of the truck is open, like some other types of trucks. It is very powerful for its small size. Pickup trucks have different shapes, sizes, and uses. Sometimes people would go ride in the back of the trucks to work. The back of the truck where the goods are placed is called a cargo bed. The cargo bed may be covered with a tonneau cover made of cloth, metal or plastic, to protect the cargo from rain and dirt.

Pickup trucks are easy to load and unload. They are especially popular in the countryside, where they are used to carry various agricultural cargo or tools.

Pickup trucks often have the same chassis as vans. Usually, pickup trucks are same size as normal cars. You usually may drive a pickup truck with the same driver's license as an ordinary car, but heavy pickup trucks may require a light truck license. The smallest pickup trucks are made from scooters by replacing the rear seat and rear wheel with an axle and cargo bed, and some have only three wheels.

A pickup truck can be turned into an improvised military vehicle by installing a machine gun or a light cannon on the cargo bed. Such cars are called "technicals", and they are especially popular in Africa.

Related pages
 Van
 Truck