cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Alkaline battery

An alkaline battery is a primary cell (it cannot be recharged). It is very common. Duracell, Rayovac, and Energizer are common brands of alkaline batteries. They have replaced the Leclanche battery as the "everyday battery". They are marketed in many forms, such as AAA, AA, C, D, 9V, and little tiny cells for watches and calculators. In the battery, zinc is oxidized by manganese dioxide in a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.

Related pages
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Leclanche battery

A Leclanche battery or Leclanche cell is a primary cell (it cannot be recharged). It was invented by the French engineer George Leclanché around 1866. It used to be the "everyday battery", but it has been replaced by the alkaline battery. It has much lower power than the alkaline battery, but it is cheaper to make. It is lighter than the alkaline battery and can be easily found in general stores. It is normally marketed with the label "Extra Heavy Duty" or "Super Heavy Duty" on it, meaning that some of the electrolytes have been replaced to make it longer lasting. It works by the oxidation of zinc by manganese dioxide. It has a zinc chloride or ammonium chloride electrolyte.

Parts
 C = Carbon rod (positive terminal)
 MnO2 = Manganese dioxide (depolarizer)
 NH4Cl = Ammonium chloride (electrolyte)
 Zn = Zinc case (negative terminal)

Related pages
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Electrolyte

An electrolyte is a chemical that conducts electrical current. It is used in batteries to make the ions flow, producing current. Electrolytes ionize when dissolved in suitable solvents such as water. Most soluble salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. 

An electrolyte used in "electrolytic cells" carries the ions between the electrodes of the cell.  Electrolytic cells may be used to extract constituent elements and compounds contained in the solution.

A correct concentration of electrolytes is important to physiology.

Related pages
Cathode, includes anode
Electrolysis

References 

Electricity
Chemistry
Manganese dioxide

Manganese dioxide, also known as manganese(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound of manganese and oxygen. It contains manganese in the +4 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnO2. It is black and powdery. It is used as a depolarizer in alkaline batteries and Leclanche batteries. It is found naturally as the mineral pyrolusite.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Permanganate
Battery

References

Manganese compounds
Oxides
Ironic (song)

"Ironic" is a song written by Alanis Morissette and Glen Ballard.  It was produced by Glen Ballard for Morissette's third album, Jagged Little Pill.  It was released as the album's fourth single in 1996.  The song received a Grammy nomination in 1997 for Record of the Year.

Success 
"Ironic" became Morissette's second number-one hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States.  It stayed there for three weeks.  The song became Morissette's highest-charting hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it peaked at number four.  It is one of only two songs by Morissette to crack the top-ten on that chart, the other being "You Learn", backed with a live version of "You Oughta Know", which reached number six. Both songs were from Jagged Little Pill.  In other countries, "Ironic" wasn't as successful.  It was still a moderate Top 20 hit in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 11.  It is considered to be one of Morissette's biggest hits.  The song also received critical praise at the time of its release.  Ironic is still popular today, mainly because there are still debates surrounding the lyrics of the song, and whether the examples mentioned in the song actually qualify as being ironic.

Covers
The pop-punk band Four Year Strong covered the song in their 90's cover album "Explains It All."

Charts

Chart procession and succession

References

1996 songs
Alanis Morissette songs
Rock songs
Super Crazy

Francisco Pantoja Rueda (born on December 3, 1973 in Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico) is an Mexican professional wrestler who is best known for the time he spent the WWE under the ring name, Super Crazy.

Super Crazy has also worked for Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and it was there where he gained American attention.

Super Crazy is currently wrestling on the Independent circuit under the organization, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla.

1973 births
Living people
Mexican professional wrestlers
Hidalgo (state)
Permanganate

Permanganate is an ion that contains one manganese ion in an oxidation state of +7 and 4 oxide atoms. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Permanganates are purple-black. Permanganates stain because they are easily reduced to brown-black manganese dioxide.

Examples
Potassium permanganate

Related pages
Chromate, a similar ion
Manganese
Manganese dioxide

Sources

Manganese compounds
The Velvet Underground & Nico

{{Infobox Album
| name = The Velvet Underground & Nico
| type = studio
| artist = The Velvet Underground and Nico
| cover = 
| released = 
| recorded = April 1966, Scepter Studios, New York City, New York, United States; May 1966, T.T.G. Studios, Hollywood, California, United States; November 1966, Mayfair Studios, New York City
| genre = Art rockExperimental rockProtopunk
| length = 48:51
| language = English
| label = Verve
| producer = Andy Warhol; Tom Wilson
| Chronology  = The Velvet Underground
| prev_title =
& Nico(1967)
| next_title = White Light/White Heat(1968)
}}The Velvet Underground & Nico''' is the first album by American rock band The Velvet Underground. It is said to be one of the greatest albums ever made. Rolling Stone ranked it the 13th best album of all time. The album was produced by famous artist Andy Warhol. Some of the songs talked about drugs, prostitution and sex. They were very controversial back then that radio stations won't play any of their songs.

Songs from the albumAll songs written by Lou Reed unless otherwise noted.''

Side one
"Sunday Morning" (Reed, Cale) – 2:54
"I'm Waiting for the Man" – 4:39
"Femme Fatale" – 2:38
"Venus in Furs" – 5:12
"Run Run Run" – 4:22
"All Tomorrow's Parties" – 6:00

Side two
"Heroin" – 7:12
"There She Goes Again" – 2:41
"I'll Be Your Mirror" – 2:14
"The Black Angel's Death Song" (Reed, Cale) – 3:11
"European Son" (Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker) – 7:46

The Velvet Underground albums
Debut albums
1967 albums
Rock albums
Lithium battery

A lithium battery is a long-life, lightweight, high-power battery used in watches. It is normally in the shape of a coin. As the name suggests, the battery has lithium in it. The lithium is oxidized, providing the power for the battery. They are not rechargeable; once they are dead they should be thrown out. A lithium battery is different from a lithium-ion battery. They are rechargeable and are used in phones, portable computers, and other items like that. Lithium batteries come in several sizes. The size is indicated by a code. CR1216 is a small battery, while CR2012 is medium-sized and CR2450 is large. They are normally more expensive than other batteries.

Related pages
Lithium-ion battery
Lithium
Dry cell
CR2450 lithium-ion Battery
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Lithium-ion battery

A lithium-ion battery is a lightweight, high-power battery used in computers and mobile phones. It comes in several shapes, although a flat rectangle is most common. It is lighter than the nickel cadmium battery and the nickel metal-hydride battery. That makes it useful for devices that should be lightweight. Lithium-ion batteries work by the movement of lithium ions through a membrane (thin sheet that allows some substances to pass through). They are different from lithium batteries. Lithium batteries contain lithium metal and are not rechargeable (primary cells). Lithium-ion batteries do not contain lithium metal (only lithium compounds) and are rechargeable (secondary cells). They also do not last forever. Each lithium-ion battery will have an average of 600 charge cycles.

Other websites 
Lithium battery
High-power Lithium-ion battery
Lithium
Rechargeable battery
Ion
Table of batteries

References

Batteries
White Light/White Heat

White Light/White Heat is the second studio album by the American rock band The Velvet Underground.

Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed unless otherwise noted.
Side one
"White Light/White Heat" – 2:47
"The Gift" (Reed, Morrison, Cale, Tucker) – 8:18
"Lady Godiva's Operation" – 4:56
"Here She Comes Now" (Reed, Morrison, Cale) – 2:04

Side two
"I Heard Her Call My Name" – 4:38
"Sister Ray" (Reed, Morrison, Cale, Tucker) – 17:27

The Velvet Underground albums
1968 albums
Rock albums
Sweetness (song)

"Sweetness" is a 2002  song recorded by the alternative rock band Jimmy Eat World. "Sweetness" was featured on their 2001 album Bleed American and was also featured in the ice hockey video game, NHL 2003.

Charts

Sources

Other websites
 

2002 songs
Glycerine (song)

"Glycerine" is the fourth single by the post-grunge band Bush.  "Glycerine" reached number one for two weeks in December of 1996.  It was Bush's biggest pop hit, peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 24, 1996 and the Hot 100 Airplay on January 27, 1996.  The song is notable for not featuring any drums.

Chart procession and succession

References
 http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1996/mtvvmas.htm

1995 songs
The Velvet Underground (album)

The Velvet Underground is the third album by American rock group The Velvet Underground.

Songs from the album
All tracks written by Lou Reed.
Side one
"Candy Says" – 4:04
"What Goes On" – 4:55
"Some Kinda Love" – 4:03
"Pale Blue Eyes" – 5:41
"Jesus" – 3:24

Side two
"Beginning to See the Light" – 4:41
"I'm Set Free" – 4:08
"That's the Story of My Life" – 1:59
"The Murder Mystery" – 8:55
"After Hours" – 2:07

The Velvet Underground albums
1969 albums
Rock albums
Loaded (The Velvet Underground album)

Loaded is the fourth album by the Velvet Underground.

Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed (except for a song on the 2-CD version, "Ride into the Sun", which was written by Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker).

Side one
"Who Loves the Sun" – 2:50
"Sweet Jane" – 3:15
"Rock & Roll" – 4:47
"Cool It Down" – 3:05
"New Age" – 4:39

Side two
"Head Held High" – 2:52
"Lonesome Cowboy Bill" – 2:48
"I Found a Reason" – 4:15
"Train Round the Bend" – 3:20
"Oh! Sweet Nuthin'" – 7:23

The Velvet Underground albums
1970 albums
Rock albums
V8 engine

A V8 engine often just called a V8 is an internal combustion engine with 8 cylinders. The engine has four cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V" shaped angle. In most engines, the two banks are at a right angle (90°) to each other, but some engines use a narrower angle. All eight pistons turn a common crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, natural gas and alcohol.

Applications

Generally, V8s are only available on more powerful cars, pickup trucks, and SUVs. The traditional 90° large V8 engine is generally too wide and too long to fit easily in vehicles with a front-wheel drive layout, so its application is mostly limited to rear-wheel drive cars and trucks. 

V8s are common in purpose-designed engines for racing cars. They are a common engine configuration in the highest levels of auto racing. The V8 engine is used in the United States where it is required in IRL and NASCAR. V8s engines are also used in Australian auto racing, most notably in the V8 Supercars. Formula One began the 2006 season using V8 engines, which replaced the V10. Formula One made this change to reduce costs and lower power. However Formula One replaced V8 with V6 Turbo in 2014

V8 engines are also used in large truck and industrial equipment. V8s were an early choice for airplane engines. Modern aircraft seldom used V8s because the heavy weight reduces performance.

References

Other websites 

V8 Engines - The characteristics of V8 engines

Motors
Ammonium

Ammonium is an ion. It is an ammonia molecule, NH3, protonated  (with a hydrogen ion added) to make NH4+. It bonds with negative ions such as chloride to make salts such as ammonium chloride. Ammonium is slightly reducing so it can react with strong oxidizing agents.

References

Related pages
Ammonium chloride
Ammonia
Protonation
Hydrogen

Nitrogen compounds
Protonation

Protonation is the addition of a hydrogen ion to a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When the hydrogen atom is oxidized, it loses its electron, leaving a H+. The H+ is the same as a proton. Substances are protonated when hydrogen ions are added to them. For example, when ammonia (NH3) is protonated, it forms ammonium ions, NH4+. A substance is protonated by a substance more acidic than it. The acidic substance is deprotonated.

Related pages
Deprotonation
Proton
Hydrogen

Chemistry
Deprotonation

Deprotonation is the removal of a hydrogen ion from a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When it is oxidized, it loses the electron, turning it into a hydrogen ion. A hydrogen cation is the same as a proton. Substances are deprotonated by other substances more basic than themselves. The base itself is protonated.

Related pages
Proton
Hydrogen
Protonation

Chemical reactions
Stink bomb

A stink bomb is a packet that, when pressed, releases bad odors. A common ingredient in stink bombs is ammonium sulfide. They are used for practical jokes on other people. Some use it to imitate farting, and some use them to embarrass other people, by placing them in the seat of their pants. When the targeted person sits, the stink bomb releases bad odors, similar to menthol. Stink bombs do expire, since the longer they are not used the less effective they are. Stink bombs do have guides. Stink bombs are also lightly regulated, since some can have toxic waste inside. it is similar to an instant cold pack.

Related pages
Prank
Hydrogen sulfide
Whoopee cushion

Pranks
Ammonium chloride

Ammonium chloride is a chemical compound composed of ammonium and chloride ions. It is a colorless crystalline compound. It is used in soldering. It is also used as an electrolyte in the Leclanche cell, a type of primary cell. Ammonium chloride can be deprotonated by strong bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce ammonia gas.It is sublime compound.

Related pages
Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium
Ammonia

References 

Nitrogen compounds
Chlorine compounds
Necro (rapper)

Ron Raphael Braunstein is an American rapper, producer, director, and Label CEO better known by his stage name, Necro. His stage name is derived from the Slayer song, Necrophobic. Necro invented the term "death rap" which he describes as ultraviolent hip hop. Necro is the younger brother of other local rapper, Ill Bill. He is a Jew of Israeli and Romanian ethnicity.

Discography

Studio albums
Necro has released 9 studio albums:

Controversy
He has also been involved in controversy which includes a riot that erupted at one of his shows when he didn't show up in Vancouver, British Columbia, Necro being fined $3000 for fracturing a man's jaw in Perth, Western Australia, being sued by Ani DiFranco after he sampled one of her songs and his music was connected to a murder in London, Ontario because the murderer was a fan of Necro and was inspired by his song "Garbage Bag".

References

Other websites
 Necro's Official website
 Necro's Myspace

1976 births
Living people
Rap musicians from New York
Jewish American musicians
Movie directors from New York
Singers from New York City
Zinc chloride

Zinc chloride is a chemical compound. It contains zinc and chloride ions. The zinc is in the +2 oxidation state, the only oxidation state zinc has. Its chemical formula is ZnCl2.

Properties
It is a colorless crystal compound. It dissolves in water. It reacts with bases to make zinc hydroxide.

Preparation
Zinc chloride can be made by reacting zinc with hydrochloric acid. In this reaction, hydrogen gas is also produced. It can also be made by reacting zinc with chlorine.

Uses
It is used in the making of chemicals, textile processing, and the electrolyte of the Leclanche cell. Cells containing this chemical are marketed as "Super Heavy Duty" or "Extra Heavy Duty".

Safety
Zinc chloride irritates skin and the respiratory tract.

Related pages
Chlorine
Zinc
Leclanche cell
Chloride

Chlorine compounds
Zinc compounds
Wet cell

A wet cell is a cell that contains a liquid electrolyte. Most batteries have a paste electrolyte. Car batteries have a liquid electrolyte. They are inconvenient because the electrolyte can be spilled. Most early batteries had liquid electrolytes. People still use wet cells where they need high power, such as in cars.

Related pages
Dry cell
Secondary cell
Primary cell
Table of batteries

Batteries

en:Battery (electricity)#Wet cell
Mercury battery

A mercury battery is a primary cell. It has similar performance to, but is much cheaper than, silver oxide batteries. Its disadvantage is that it contains toxic mercury, which pollutes the environment. This battery uses the oxidation of zinc by mercury(II) oxide to generate electricity. It has either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. Mercury batteries used to be common but have become increasingly restricted.

Some advantages of mercury batteries are their very long life and steady voltage.

Related pages
Battery
Primary cell
Table of batteries
Dry cell

Batteries
Silver oxide battery

Silver oxide batteries are primary cells. They are generally found in small sizes. They are expensive because they contain silver, but do not have toxic mercury like the cheaper mercury battery. They generate electricity by oxidation of zinc with silver(I) oxide. It has a basic electrolyte, usually potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.

Chemical background 
Some chemical reactions happen during discharging:
 Reduction: 
 Oxidation: 
 Redox: 
 All:

Related pages 
Mercury battery
Dry cell
Primary cell
Table of batteries

Batteries
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial (video game)

E.T. the Extra Terrestrial is a 1982 adventure video game that was developed, published and distributed by Atari, Inc. It is based on the movie of the same name. The game was for the Atari 2600 and was planned for the Atari 5200 but was cancelled. E.T. is often considered to be one of the worst video games of all time, and was claimed to be the reason for Atari's massive financial losses during 1983 and 1984. The unsold cartridges of the game were buried in a landfill in New Mexico and was cited as one of the reasons for the video game industry crash of 1983. In 2014, many of the cartridges were excavated from the landfill.

Related pages 
Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing, another game that has been considered the worst

Other websites 
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial at mobygames.com

1982 video games
Atari 2600 games
Video games based on movies
Mercury(II) oxide

Mercury(II) oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgO. It has mercury and oxide ions. The mercury is in the +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a red or yellow solid. It is very toxic and corrosive. It reacts violently with some reducing agents, as it is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make other mercury(II) salts like mercury(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make mercury and oxygen.

Preparation
It can be made by heating mercury and oxygen at . It can also be made by heating mercury(II) nitrate. This makes the red form. The yellow form is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt with a strong base.

Uses
It can be used to make other mercury(II) salts. It is used in mercury batteries. It is much cheaper than the silver(I) oxide used in silver oxide batteries.

Related pages
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(I) nitrate

Mercury compounds
Oxides
Silver(I) oxide

Silver(I) oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ag2O. It is a fine black or dark brown powder. It is composed of silver in the +1 oxidation state. It is used in silver oxide batteries to oxidize the zinc, providing the electrical current. It is more expensive than the mercury(II) oxide used in mercury batteries but much less toxic and less damaging to the environment. It can react violently with reducing agents.

Related pages
Silver
Oxygen
Silver oxide battery
Table of batteries

Silver compounds
Household ammonia

Household ammonia is a marketed substance that consists of a dilute solution of ammonia in water. About 7% of the solution by weight is ammonia. It is used for cleaning. It can also be known as ammonium hydroxide, but it really exists in the form NH3 + H2O rather than NH4+ + OH-.

Related pages
Ammonium
Ammonia
Housecleaning

Chemicals
Crankshaft

The crankshaft, sometimes casually called the crank, is the part of an engine which changes the up and down motion of the pistons into rotation. To convert the motion, the crankshaft has one or more offset shafts. The pistons are connected to the crankshaft by these shafts. When the piston moves up and down, it pushes the offset shaft. This in turn rotates the crankshaft.

The pistons cause a pulsing affect in the rotation. A crankshaft usually connects to a flywheel. The flywheel smooths out the rotation. Sometimes there is a torsion or vibration damper on the other end of the crankshaft. This helps reduce vibrations of the crankshaft. 

Large engines usually have several cylinders. This helps to reduce pulsations from individual firing strokes. For some engines it is necessary to provide counterweights. The counterweight is used to offset the piston and improve balance. While counterweights add a lot of weight to the crankshaft, it provides a smoother running engine. This allows higher RPMs to be reached and more power produced.

Other websites 
The FOUR-STROKE CYCLE / OTTO CYCLE 
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.

Motors
Motorboat

A motorboat is a boat which is powered by an engine (also commonly called a motor). Some motorboats are made with inboard engines; others have an outboard motor installed on the outside, containing the internal combustion engine, the gearbox and the propeller in one portable unit.

An inboard/outboard contains a hybrid of a powerplant and an outboard, where the internal combustion engine is installed inside the boat, and the gearbox and propeller are outside.

Boats
Don't Look Back in Anger

"Don't Look Back in Anger" is a song by English rock band Oasis.  It was released in 1996 as the fourth single from their second album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?. The song was written by the band's former guitarist and main songwriter, Noel Gallagher. The song became the band's second single to reach #1 in the UK Singles Chart.  It also went platinum. "Don't Look Back in Anger" was also the first Oasis single to feature Noel on lead vocals instead of his brother, Liam Gallagher.

Release
The single cover is showing respects to the incident where Ringo Starr briefly left The Beatles during the recording of The White Album.

The B-side "Step Out" was originally intended for the (What's the Story) Morning Glory? album but was taken off after Stevie Wonder requested 10% of the royalties as the chorus like his hit "Uptight (Everything's Alright)".  Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy received credit for writing the song along with Noel.

Reception

Don't Look Back in Anger was met with high critical praise and it became a commercial hit.

 Billboard said "Noel Gallagher reveals a deft sense of timing and craft that turn his improprieties into masterful pop gems."

 "Don't Look Back in Anger" is Oasis's sixth biggest Billboard hit in the US, reaching the number 10 spot on the US Modern Rock Chart for the week of June 22, 1996. 

 It was the 10th biggest selling single of 1996 in the UK.

 In a 2006 readers' poll conducted by Q magazine, "Don't Look Back in Anger" was chosen as the 20th best song of all time.

 In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Don't Look Back in Anger" at number 14 in its list of the "50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever".

Charts

Chart procession and succession

References

Oasis (band) songs
1996 songs
Rover 800 Series

The Rover 800 Series is a car produced by Rover. It replaced the SD1 in 1986 and launched first as a saloon with a liftback appearing in 1988. It was given a minor redesign in late 1991 with a coupe model added in early 1992, it was replaced in 1999 with the 75. The 800 Series was based on the platform of the Honda Legend.

Engines

Petrol 
 820 e 88 kW (120 hp)
 820 i/Si 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 820 ti 132 kW (180 hp) and 147 kW (200 hp)
 825 Si 129 kW (175 hp)
 827 Si/SC 124 kW (169 hp)
 827 Sterling/Vitesse 130 kW (177 hp)

Diesel 
 825 D 87 kW (118 hp)

800 Series
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Edward Bairstow

Sir Edward Bairstow (born Huddersfield, 22 August 1874; died York 1 May 1946) was an English composer and organist.  He was an important influence in 20th century Anglican church music.

Bairstow learned the organ at Balliol College, Oxford, and while articled under Frederick Bridge of Westminster Abbey he was taught by Walter Alcock. He studied organ and theory at the University of Durham.  His first jobs were at the parish churches of Wigan and then Leeds. In 1913 he became organist of York Minster (the cathedral in York).  He kept this job until his death.  He was knighted in 1932.

Compositions
Most of Bairstow's compositions are for church services. He wrote 29 anthems. It includes the famous Blessed city, heavenly Salem  It has a very dramatic organ accompaniment.  It is about the heavenly city where the souls of people who have died will go.  Two other popular anthems  I sat down under his shadow and Let all mortal flesh keep silence, both of which are for unaccompanied choir. He also composed service settings, psalm chants, hymn tunes, and a cantata, The Prodigal Son, for choir and chamber orchestra.

References
Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; 

1874 births
1946 deaths
English composers
English organists
Musicians from Yorkshire
People from Huddersfield
Neutralization

Neutralization occurs when a base is reacted with an acid. The OH- ions in the base react with the H+ ions in the acid to form H2O, water. In this reaction, the base is protonated and the acid is (deprotonation|deprotonated). To neutralise a substance (e.g alkali substance), you must put an equal amount of an acid into the alkali in order for it to become neutral(also known as pH 7). Titration uses neutralization to measure chemical concentrations.

Related pages
Base (chemistry)
Acid
Protonation
Deprotonation
Alkali

Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Thermodynamics
Chloralkali process

The chloralkali process is a process used to create sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen from sodium chloride and water. It is normally conducted in a tank separated by a membrane, although there are other methods, such as using mercury. If potassium chloride or calcium chloride is used instead, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are produced. When the membrane is not in place, hypochlorites are formed. If it is heated, chlorates are formed. 

The process is fueled by electrolysis. It can be done in the laboratory.

Related pages
Chlorine
Sodium hydroxide
Electrolysis

Chemical processes
Electricity
Calcium hydroxide

Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime, is a chemical compound with the formula Ca(OH)2. It dissolves slightly in water. It is a base. It can be made by the chloralkali process. It can be dehydrated (remove the water) to calcium oxide by heat. It can be used to neutralize acidic soils.

Related pages
Calcium
Hydroxide
Calcium chloride

Calcium compounds
Calcium oxide

Calcium oxide is a chemical compound of calcium and oxygen. Its chemical formula is CaO. It is known as quicklime. It is made in a lime kiln. It releases heat when dissolved in water and changes into calcium hydroxide. It is a white powder.

It is also a base. It reacts with acids to make calcium salts. Quicklime is an important ingredient of cement.

Related pages
Calcium
Oxygen
Calcium hydroxide

References

Calcium compounds
Oxides
Sealed lead acid battery

A sealed lead acid battery or gel cell is a lead acid battery that has the sulfuric acid electrolyte coagulated (thickened) so it cannot spill out. They are partially sealed, but have vents in case gases are accidentally released for example by overcharging. They can be used for smaller applications where they are turned up side down. They are more expensive than normal lead acid batteries, but they are also safer.

They use different chemicals than dry cells, so they are rechargeable.

Related pages
Battery
Lead acid battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Lead acid battery

A lead acid battery is a secondary cell, meaning that it is rechargeable. It is very common in cars and trucks. It contains plates of lead and lead(IV) oxide in a sulfuric acid solution. The lead(IV) oxide oxidizes the lead plate, making an electrical current. 

Lead-acid batteries are the cheapest rechargeable batteries and can produce much power. They contain toxic lead, though, and should be recycled. They are wet cells, and the dangerous acid can spill out. Sealed lead acid batteries are batteries where the sulfuric acid is in a gel which stays in, even when the battery is turned up side down.

Reactions: 

 lead(IV) oxide + sulfuric acid + extra hydrogen ions → lead(II) sulfate + water at cathode
 lead + extra sulfate ions → lead(II) sulfate at anode

These reactions are reversed when the battery is charged.

Related pages
Wet cell
Table of batteries

Batteries
List of Avatar: The Last Airbender episodes

Avatar: The Last Airbender had 54 full episodes, 61 with 7 being in parts and it is an Emmy-winning American television series. It was written and created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. It was first shown on television on 21 February 2005 with a one-hour series premiere, and ended its run with a two-hour TV movie on 19 July 2008. The Avatar franchise calls each season a "Book", in which each episode is called a "chapter". Each "Book" takes its name from one of the elements that the protagonist (Aang) must control: Water, Earth, and Fire. The show's first two seasons each had 20 episodes, while the third season had 21. In addition to the three seasons, there were two recap episodes and three "shorts". The first recap summarized the first seventeen episodes while the second summarized season two. The first self-parody was released via an online flash game. The second and third were released with the Complete Second Season Box Set DVD. The entire series has been released on Region 1 DVD (USA), but only part of the series has been released for Region 2 (Europe).

In the Avatar world, there are people who are able to control, or "bend", the four elements: Air, Water, Earth, and Fire. Along with the four elements, there are four nations that correspond with each element. Not everyone can bend an element, and those that can are only able to bend one. However, The Avatar is able to control all four elements as well as communicate with the spirits. The Avatar is also born into one nation, and after dying, is reincarnated into another nation following the pattern of Air, Water, Earth, Fire. The series takes place 100 years after the Fire nation started a war against all other nations and has killed off all air benders in search of finding the avatar who has been reincarnated as an air bender, Aang. The avatar, trapped in ice for 100 years knows nothing of the war. The series starts with Aang being accidentally freed by Katara and Sokka. The series then primarily follows the adventures of Aang and his companions, Sokka, Katara, and later Toph, as he tries to master all four elements and defeat the fire nation. There is also a strong secondary focus on Zuko, banished and disinherited crown prince of the Fire Nation. Zuko was burned by his own father, the Fire Lord Ozai. Zuko then tries to capture Aang in order to regain his peerage and honor, but in the end he help Aang to master the fire.

Series overview

List of episodes

Book One: Water (2005)

Book 2: Earth (2006)

Book 3: Fire (2007-2008)

DVD releases

Region 1 (USA)

Region 2 (Europe)

Region 4 (Australia)

References
General
 
 
 
 
 
Specific

Notes

Lists of animated television series episodes
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Nickel cadmium battery

A nickel cadmium battery is a secondary cell. It is also known as Nicad or Ni-Cd. It was used for many applications, such as rechargeable phones, flashlights, and other things. Now the nickel metal-hydride battery is being used. Nickel cadmium batteries contain toxic cadmium metal in them. It works by the oxidation of cadmium by nickel(III) oxide. Potassium hydroxide is used as an electrolyte.

Related pages
Nickel
Cadmium
Nickel(III) oxide
Rechargeable battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Nickel(III) oxide

Nickel(III) oxide is a chemical used in nickel cadmium batteries. Its chemical formula is Ni2O3. It is not well known. It is gray. It has nickel in the +3 oxidation state.

Related pages
Nickel
Oxide
Secondary cell

Nickel compounds
Oxides
Lead(IV) oxide

Lead(IV) oxide, also known as lead dioxide, is a chemical compound. It is composed of lead in its +4 oxidation state. It is an oxidizing agent. It is a dark brown toxic powder. It is used in the lead acid battery to oxidize the lead, which generates electricity. Its chemical formula is PbO2.

Related pages
Lead
Lead acid battery

Lead compounds
Nickel-metal hydride battery

A nickel-metal hydride battery, also known as NiMH, is a secondary cell. They are used in cameras and other electronic devices. They come in a few sizes; AA is the most common. They do not contain toxic chemicals like the nickel cadmium battery does. They work by the oxidation of hydrides, such as lanthanum hydride, by nickel(III) oxide. Older ones die quickly when they are not used, but newer ones are made to hold a charge. They have longer shelf life and are more durable than the lithium-ion battery, but are not as powerful for their size, although the best Ni-MH batteries are very close. They used to be more expensive than nickel cadmium batteries, but now the cost is similar.

Related pages
 Nickel(III) oxide
 Secondary cell
 Table of batteries

Batteries
Hydrogen chloride

Hydrogen chloride is a colorless irritating gas. It can dissolve in water to make hydrochloric acid. It was first  prepared by Glauber. He called it 'spirit of salt'.It reacts with ammonia to make a white smoke of ammonium chloride. It is used in the making of plastics. It can form mists in air if it absorbs water. It can be made by reacting sodium chloride with sulfuric acid. It can be made by reacting hydrogen and chlorine, but the reaction is violent unless the reaction takes place in presence of diffused sunlight.It is commomly known as muriatic acid.It is heavier than air. It is a polar covalent compound and exists as molecule. It is non combustible and non supportor of cumbustion. It is highly soluble in water.

Related pages
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen
Chlorine

Chlorine compounds
Chemical burn

A chemical burn is an uncomfortable sensation caused by the destruction of body tissue. It is destroyed by various chemicals. For example, concentrated sulfuric acid makes very bad chemical burns. Hydrochloric acid makes milder burns. There are several ways to protect against chemical burns, such as wearing gloves and a lab apron when working with chemicals. Each chemical has its own way to remove it from the skin, but normally drenching the burn with water should help.

References

Related pages
Chemicals
Burn

Burn, Chemical
Dermatology
March (music)

In music a march is a piece of music with a strong marching rhythm.  Marches are often written especially so that soldiers can march to them.  Other marches may not be intended for marching, but they still have a strong, regular beat so that people could, if they wanted to, march to the music.  Marches are usually 2/4 time (One - two - one - two - left - right - left- right) or 4/4 (the same as two bars (measures)) although other time signatures are possible.

Marches can be slow marches or quick marches.  A slow march may be a funeral march.

John Philip Sousa was a composer whose marches became extremely popular (e.g. Colonel Bogey's March).

In classical music many composers wrote marches which are not intended to be marched to, but still give the mood of a march.  Some famous examples of funeral marches include the second movement of Beethoven's Eroica Symphony, the Marche funèbre (Funeral March) in Chopin's Piano Sonata in B flat minor, and the Dead March in Handel's oratorio Saul.

Gustav Mahler often wrote marches in his symphonies.  Marches often occur in operas (e.g.Verdi's Aïda), ballets (e.g. Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet) or, indeed, any kind of music.

Music composed for marching uses instruments that soldiers play in marching bands, such as brass instruments, woodwind instruments including fife, snare drum and bass drum.  Composers writing marches in classical music may imitate the sound of military bands by using these instruments.

March music is often composed for special ceremonial occasions such as coronations.  Edward Elgar and William Walton both wrote march music for coronations.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie 

Music genres
Roll with It (Oasis song)

"Roll with It" is a song by the rock band Oasis.  It is written by their former lead guitarist Noel Gallagher.  The song was released on August 14, 1995 as the second single from their second album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?.  It reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. The songwriting started off as a copy of early Beatles songs, mainly "She Loves You" and "From Me to You".

"Roll with It" received a lot of attention when Food Records, the label of Britpop rivals Blur, moved the original release date of single "Country House" to match  "Roll with its release date", sparking what came to be known as "The Battle of Britpop".  The British media had already reported an intense rivalry between the two bands.  This clash of releases was seen as a battle for the number one spot.  In the end, Blur's "Country House" single sold 274,000 copies to Oasis' 216,000 copies of "Roll with It".  The singles charted at number 1 and number 2, respectively.

The song is like other Oasis songs, such as "Supersonic", because it tells the importance of being yourself.

The melody for this song appears in The Lemonheads' song "Purple Parallelogram", which was co-written by Gallagher and Evan Dando.

Charts 

It was the 20th biggest selling single of 1995 in the United Kingdom.

References

1995 songs
Oasis (band) songs
Potassium chlorate

Potassium chlorate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KClO3. It has potassium and chlorate ions.

Properties
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It gives off oxygen when heated. Sometimes manganese(IV) oxide is used to make the oxygen come faster. It can explode when mixed with a strong reducing agent. It can make many things burn that don't normally burn.

Preparation
It is made by electrolysis of a hot solution of potassium chloride. This is similar to the chloralkali process. It can also be made by reacting concentrated sodium chlorate with potassium chloride.

Uses
It is used in fireworks. It is a part of Armstrong's mixture, a sensitive explosive. It is also used to make oxygen gas in high school and college labs. It can burn sugar when mixed with sugar and concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also replace potassium nitrate in gunpowder. It is used in oxygen candles. Oxygen candles made oxygen when burned. They are used in spaceships.

Safety
Potassium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent and can catch many things on fire. When it is mixed with sulfur or phosphorus, it burns very easily. Many other chemicals can make dangerous mixtures with potassium chlorate.

Related pages
Oxidizing agent
Potassium chloride
Perchlorate

Potassium compounds
Chlorine compounds
The Masterplan (song)

"The Masterplan" is a song by English rock band Oasis. It was written by lead guitarist, Noel Gallagher.

The song was first released as a B-side to the CD version of their hit single "Wonderwall" in October 1995.  "The Masterplan" was also released with the Stop the Clocks EP in November 2006.  It also shares the name with the 1998 B-side compilation album, The Masterplan, on which it is featured as the last track.

Noel Gallagher has regularly declared "The Masterplan" as one of the best songs he has ever written.  However, he regrets the fact that it was first released as a B-side, admitting he was "young and stupid", when he made that decision. He also claims that Creation Records boss, Alan McGee, upon hearing the song, told Noel it was "too good" to be a B-side. Noel reportedly replied, "Well, I don't write shit songs!".

"The Masterplan" is sung by Noel, and features all band members except for Liam Gallagher, in addition to an orchestra.  The song features a backwards guitar solo after the first chorus.  Approximately 30 seconds from the end of the song, Noel can be heard singing the chorus from "Octopus's Garden" by The Beatles.

The song is included in Oasis' album Stop the Clocks.  An animated video was created to promote the album.

Related pages
The Masterplan (album)

Notes

Oasis (band) songs
1995 songs
Hypochlorite

Hypochlorite is an ion. It can be found in household bleach, sodium hypochlorite. It is unstable, meaning that it breaks down easily. Hypochlorites react with acids to produce chlorine. Their chemical formula is ClO-. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It contains chlorine in its +1 oxidation state. They are the salts of hypochlorous acid.

Related pages
Chlorate
Sodium hypochlorite
Potassium chlorate

Chlorine compounds
Chlorate

Chlorate is an ion. Its chemical formula is ClO3-. It contains chlorine in the +5 oxidation state. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It exists in chemical compounds such as potassium chlorate. Many chlorates produce oxygen when they are heated. Chlorates are salts of chloric acid.

Related pages
Hypochlorite
Potassium chlorate

Chlorine compounds
Armstrong's mixture

Armstrong's mixture is a very sensitive explosive. It is made of a mixture of potassium chlorate and phosphorus. Some sulfur is added. It is used in pop guns.

Related pages
Explosive
Potassium chlorate

Chemicals
Pop gun

A pop gun is a toy that makes a bang and a puff of smoke when the trigger is pulled. It contains small amounts of Armstrong's mixture, which, when pressed, detonate, making the noise.

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Toy
Gun
Potassium chlorate

Toys
Detonation

Detonation is the explosion of an explosive. When an explosive detonates, it compresses the air around it, making a shock wave that can knock down buildings and kill people. The shock wave is made from the gases released when the explosive detonates.

Related pages
Gunpowder
Explosive

Explosives
Perchlorate

Perchlorate is an ion. Its chemical formula is ClO4-. It contains chlorine in its +7 oxidation state. It is present in chemical compounds like ammonium perchlorate. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Related pages
Chlorate
Hypochlorite
Chloride

Chlorine compounds
Iodide

Iodide is an ion of iodine. It contains iodine in its -1 oxidation state. It is a weak reducing agent. Exposure to oxygen converts it to iodine. It is the normal form of iodine for the human body. It is present in compounds such as potassium iodide. Its formula is I-.

Related pages
Fluoride
Chloride
Bromide

Iodine compounds
Potassium iodide

Potassium iodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KI. It has potassium and iodide ions in it.

Properties
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is a weak reducing agent. It reacts with chlorine to make iodine and potassium chloride. It turns yellow when in air. This is because it reacts with oxygen and carbon dioxide to make iodine and potassium carbonate. It reacts with iodine to make the triiodide ion. That is why a solution of potassium iodide dissolves iodine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting iodine or hydriodic acid with potassium hydroxide.

Uses
It is used to supply iodine in the form of vitamin tablets or pills. It can be added to table salt to prevent a deficiency of iodine. It is also used to make silver iodide. It can be used to add iodine to organic compounds. It is used to prevent thyroid cancer by filling up the thyroid with normal iodine. After a nuclear explosion there normally is radioactive iodine in the air. The radioactive iodine collects in the thyroid and causes cancer. When the person takes potassium iodide it fills up the thyroid with iodine so no radioactive iodine can come in.

Related pages
Potassium chloride
Potassium nitrate

Potassium compounds
Iodine compounds
Ammonium perchlorate

Ammonium perchlorate is a chemical compound composed of ammonium and perchlorate ions. It is a colorless crystalline chemical. It is a strong oxidizing agent and contains chlorine in its +7 oxidation state. It breaks down when heated slowly and detonates when heated strongly. It is made by the reaction of ammonia with perchloric acid. It is not very toxic. It is used in rocket propellants.

Related pages
Potassium chlorate
Sodium hypochlorite

.

Nitrogen compounds
Chlorine compounds
Perchloric acid

Perchloric acid is an acid that contains the perchlorate ion. It is produced by the oxidation of chlorate by electrolysis. The chlorate came from the chloralkali process. It is used to make ammonium perchlorate, which is used in rockets. It is a strong oxidizing agent and very corrosive. It is a colorless liquid.

Related pages
Perchlorate
Potassium chlorate
Ammonium

Acids
Chlorine compounds
List of number-one singles in 1996 (New Zealand)

This is a list of Number 1 singles in 1996 in New Zealand, starting with the first chart dated, January 12, 1996.

Summary

Chart 

There was no chart recorded from January 1-11 and December 21-31 1996

Other websites
 The Official NZ Music Chart, RIANZ website 

Record charts
1996
1996 in music
Lists of songs
Wonderwall (movie)

Wonderwall is a 1968 British movie by then first-time director Joe Massot.  It starred Jack MacGowran, Jane Birkin, Richard Wattis, Irene Handl, and Iain Quarrier, and had cameos by Anita Pallenberg and Dutch designers The Fool (who were also set designers for the movie).

Plot
The story of the movie revolves around the reclusive, eccentric scientist Oscar Collins (MacGowran), whose next-door neighbours are a pop photographer and his girlfriend/model (Birkin), named Penny Lane. Discovering a beam of light streaming through a hole in the wall between them, Collins follows the light and spots Penny modelling for a photo shoot. Intrigued, he begins to make more holes, as days go by and they do more photo sessions. Oscar gradually becomes infatuated with the girl, and feels a part of the couple's lives, even forsaking work to observe them. When they quarrel and the couple split, Penny takes an overdose of pills and passes out, but Oscar comes to her rescue.

Cast
 Jack MacGowran as Prof. Oscar Collins
 Jane Birkin as Penny Lane
 Irene Handl as Mrs. Peurofoy
 Richard Wattis as Perkins
 Iain Quarrier as Young Man
 Beatrix Lehmann as Mother
 Brian Walsh as Photographer
 Sean Lynch as Riley
 Bee Duffell as Mrs. Charmer
 Noel Trevarthen as Policeman

Other websites

''Wonderwall at Allmovie

1968 drama movies
British drama movies
Shareholder

A shareholder is a person that has  invested their own money in a particular company. This means they have partial ownership of the company.

Shareholders can vote for board of directors who are responsible for company's corporate governance.  

Finance