cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Paper size

Paper comes in different sizes. There are names for the different sizes of paper. In different parts of the world, different sizes and names are used.

There are also envelope sizes made to fit different kinds of paper. Envelope sizes are normally wider to fit the paper inside.

International sizes 
In most of the world an international system of paper sizes is used. The normal size of paper is called A4. It is measured in metric units. It is 210 millimetres wide and 297 millimetres long. This is about the size of US letter, but it is a little narrower, and a little longer. The Deutsches Institut für Normung chose this standard in 1922 and other countries soon followed. 

The other common size of paper in Europe is called B5. It is 176 millimetres wide by 250 millimetres long. This is about the same as executive size in the United States. It is sometimes used for writing personal letters to people.

There are also many other paper sizes used for writing notes, for big posters, for books, and for other things.

In the international paper size system, the sizes are based on mathematical formulas. A0 is the biggest at 1 square metre. A1 is half as big as A0. A2 is half as big as A1, and so on. The sizes with "B" and "C" in their name are in between the "A" sizes.

Sizes in United States and Canada
In the United States and Canada the normal size of paper is called letter size, or sometimes US letter. It is  inches wide and 11 inches long (216 × 279 mm).

The other common size of paper in the US is called legal, or sometimes US legal. It is also  inches wide, but it is 14 inches long. It is similar to the size called foolscap in Britain.

Another size is called executive. It is  inches wide by  inches long. It is not very common. It is sometimes used for writing personal letters to people.

There is also a size called tabloid. It is 11 inches wide, and 17 inches long. That is the same size as two pieces of letter size put next to each other.

There are also many other paper sizes used for writing notes, for big posters, for books, and for other things.

Paper sizes and computer printers 
Most printers used with computers are designed to fit US letter and A4, and smaller paper sizes. Sometimes they can fit US legal also. For larger paper sizes, printers at professional printing businesses may be needed.

Details 
Below are charts showing all the different sizes of paper that are usually made, listed in increasing order of size. Dimensions are shown width first, then length.

If a company wants to make something with a different size of paper than these, they have to have it specially cut for them.

Paper
Envelope

An envelope is a form of packing. Envelopes are used for sending letters or documents using regular postal mail. Envelopes are usually made of paper or hardened paper.

An envelope may be small enough to make you need to fold the paper going into it, or it can be as large as the paper so that you do not need to fold it. A large envelope is called a manila envelope, usually colored a color in between yellow and orange, and is used to send several pages of papers when a regular envelope would be too small. Another reason a manila envelope would be used would be to send important papers (e.g. birth certificates) that are better left unfolded.

To pay to send the mail, a stamp is usually attached to the envelope.

Related pages 
 Electronic mail
 Letter (paper)
 Letter box
 Postcard
 Telegram

Other websites 

 

Postal service
Stationery
Paper
Yasser Arafat

Yasser Arafat  (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004) is best known as the first leader of the Palestinian people. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004. In 1993, he also became president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).

Arafat was born in Jerusalem, Gaza or Cairo. He studied civil engineering at Cairo University. He worked as an engineer in Kuwait.

In 1994, Yasser Arafat was one of the three recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. The others were Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres. They got the prize for their peace efforts in the Middle East when Palestinian National Authority was formed.

The views of him are somewhat divided. Some people see him as a hero, who fought for the cause of the Palestinian people. Others see him as a terrorist, who promoted the use of violence to reach his goals. Still others think he was a charismatic leader, but he made too many concessions to the Israeli government. 

Yasser died in Paris from a cerebral hemorrhage. The next day he was buried at his compound, with a hasty funeral in Ramallah on November 12. He was reburied on November 13, about 3:30 am. He was buried in a special casket, with the hope of being reburied in Jerusalem one day when an independent State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital would be established.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Life in Palestine after Arafat, Situation worse, not what Bush and Sharon planned 
 The Real Obstacle to Peace was Ariel Sharon, not Yasser Arafat
 Death of Arafat, burial and reburial November 13 2004
 Dr. Fathi Arafat, brother of Yasser Arafat

1929 births
2004 deaths
Asian military people
Billionaires
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Engineers
Muslim terrorists
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian nationalists
Palestinian politicians
Palestinian terrorists
People from Cairo
People from Jerusalem

Presidents (government)
Time People of the Year
Yitzhak Rabin

Yitzhak Rabin (March 1, 1922 – November 4, 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. He was born in Jerusalem. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel from 1974 until 1977 and again from 1992 until his assassination in 1995 by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist who had strongly opposed Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords and to peace with Palestine. He was the first local-born Prime Minister of Israel, the only Israeli Prime Minister to be killed and the second to die in office (following Levi Eshkol).
Yitzhak Rabin was one of the three recipients of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.  The others were Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. All three got the prizes for trying to make peace in the Middle East.

He died in Tel Aviv in 1995 after being assassinated. He was buried Helkat Gdolei Ha'uma in  Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

References

Other websites 

1922 births
1995 deaths
Assassinated people
Burials at Mount Herzl
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Israeli former political leaders
Israeli generals
Israeli Nobel Prize winners
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish military people
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Murder victims
Murders by firearm
People from Jerusalem
Prime Ministers of Israel
Time People of the Year
Kettle

A kettle is a type of pot that is used in a kitchen. It is used to make water hot or to boil water. It comes from the Latin word catillus ("deep pan or dish for cooking").

In the past, kettles were made of metal bins like copper. Kettles were put on a rack or a hook above the fire to become hot. Now, metal kettles are put on the stove or rangetop. Sometimes they are made of ceramic or clay.  

Now, some people have electric kettles. These kettles plug into the wall and use electricity to generate heat. They are usually plastic or metal. They heat water faster than kettles on a stove. Kettles are often used to make tea. 

They are more common in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth than other places like the United States.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Cooking appliances
Herbicide

A herbicide is a poison that kills plants. There are many kinds of herbicides, from weedkillers for gardens to Agent Orange which was used to destroy forests in the Vietnam War.

Agriculture
Chemical compounds
Hugh Hefner

Hugh Marston Hefner (April 9, 1926 – September 27, 2017) was the founder of Playboy Magazine and its Editor-in-Chief.

Birth and education
Hefner was born into a Methodist family, to Glenn Hefner, an accountant, and Grace (Swanson) Hefner, a teacher, on April 9, 1926 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Woodlawn, Chicago. Hefner served in the US Army (1944 - 1946). He attended the Art Institute of Chicago (1946), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, earning a BA in Psychology (1949), and Northwestern University, 1949.

Marriages and children
Hefner married Mildred Williams (June 25, 1949 - 1959, divorced); Kimberley Conrad (July 1, 1989 - September 2009, divorced); and Crystal Harris (December 31, 2012 - 2017, his death).

Hefner has several children. With Mildred, he has David Paul (August 30, 1955) and Christie Ann (November 8, 1952). With Kimberley, he has Cooper Bradford (September 4, 1991) and Marston Glenn (April 9, 1990).

Hefner was a distant relative of George W. Bush and John Kerry.

Career

Hefner owned a multi-million mansion called the Playboy Mansion. He was also the executive producer of Roman Polanski's 1971 movie version of Macbeth. Hefner also appeared in cameos of himself in some movies.

When nude photographs of Jayne Mansfield on the set of Promises! Promises! were published in the June 1963 issue of Playboy, Hefner was brought into Chicago city court on obscenity charges.

In 2013, Hefner announced that his youngest son, Cooper, would succeed him and eventually help run the Playboy Empire.

Hefner supported legalizing same-sex marriage. He said that a fight for gay marriage is "a fight for all our rights. Without it, we will turn back the sexual revolution and return to an earlier, puritanical time."

Hefner owned a burial plot next to Marilyn Monroe's grave in Los Angeles.

Death
Hefner died at his home in Beverly Hills, California on September 27, 2017 after suffering from a cardiac arrest and sepsis caused by respiratory failure and an e. coli infection the age of 91.

References

Other websites

Hugh M. Hefner Foundation

1926 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American chief executives
American civil rights activists
American editors
American journalists
American LGBT rights activists
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
American sex industry businesspeople
American socialites
Businesspeople from Chicago
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Magazine founders
Military people from Chicago
Publishers
Writers from Chicago
Urination

Urination (peeing) is how animals and humans remove urine from their bodies.  Urine is the scientific term for "pee", the liquid bodily waste filtered out of the bloodstream by kidneys and from the liquids that a person drinks.  The bladder temporarily holds the waste fluid.  

Urinary system
Nyctalopia

Nyctalopia (Greek for Night blindness) is a disease of the human eyes.The eyes of people who are night-blind cannot adapt to situations where there is relatively little light; as a result, they have trouble seeing in such situations. 

There are a number of conditions that can cause this; most commonly:
lack or deficiency of Vitamin A
Several genetic conditions, most notably retinitis pigmentosa
Wounds of the eye

Diseases
Martinique

Martinique is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 1,128 km². Nearly 400,000 people live there.

Martinique was known by indigenous peoples of the Caribbean as Madiana or Madinina. It was colonized by the French in the 17th century, and they introduced racist slavery there as they spread it all around the world. France still claims to own the island today, even though there has been an independence movement.

The capital city is Fort-de-France. Other towns include Sainte-Anne and St. Pierre (which was destroyed by a volcano named Mont Pelée in 1902 and killed 30,000 people).

Martinique is well known for its zouk music. Artists such as Kassav' have made it famous over the years. Frantz Fanon, an important anti-colonial revolutionary, was born there.

The ethnic makeup of the country is: 90% African and Mixed African with anything from Chinese, East Indian or White. and 10% White, Amerindian, Chinese and East Indian.

Related pages
 Guadeloupe, another French island in the Caribbean

Other websites

 Martinique Tourism Authority
PHP

PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a scripting language that helps people make web pages more interactive by allowing them to do more intelligent, complex things. PHP code is run on the web server.

A website programmed with PHP can have pages that are password protected. A website with no programming cannot do this without other complex things. Standard PHP file extensions are: .php .php3 or .phtml, but a web server can be set up to use any extension.

Its structure was influenced by many languages like C, Perl, Java, C++, and even Python. It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation.

History 
PHP was first created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. It is now developed and improved by a large team of people. Its name at first stood for Personal Home Page, but it was later changed to PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor; using its old acronym in the new name.

Example 
An example Hello World program:

<?php
echo "Hello, World!";
?>

It is common to put PHP code inside a HTML document, for example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
	<head>
		<title>Hello World</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<?= '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?>
	</body>
</html>

References

Other websites 
 Official PHP website
 PHP Tutorial  for beginners
 PHP Tutorial for beginners
[./Https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/07/php-what-is-php-in-hindi-technology.html  https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/08/How-to-learn-PHP.html ] what is PHP

 PHP.orgPHP tutorials for beginners

Programming languages
Web design
Hello world program

A Hello world program is usually a program made by computer programmers that are new to a programming languages, or to test if the compiler for this language is working correctly. It will simply put the text Hello, World! on the screen. 
One way to do the Hello World program is shown below, in the C programming language.
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
}

On Python programming language:print("Hello World")On Pascal programming language
program helloworld;
begin
     WriteLn('Hello World');
end.

On Lua programming language:print("Hello World")

On C++ programming language:#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  std::cout << “Hello World” << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

Other websites 
helloworld.org
 The Hello World Collection
 codepad.org  - Can compile some of the programs

Programming languages
Software
2030s

The 2030s (pronounced "twenty-thirties") will begin on January 1, 2030 and will end on December 31, 2039.

The decade as a whole 

This decade will be called "the twenty-thirties". The Roman number will be MMXXX.

Events to happen 
 Voyager 2 will stop transmitting back to Earth.
 January 19, 2038 - 32-bit clocks will return to 1970.
 September 1, 2039 will be the 100th anniversary of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland (the start of World War II).

References
XML

The Extensible Markup Language (short XML) is a markup language like HTML but is extensible. It's created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML defines rules for the construction of a document. XML adds context to the information in a document. It does not say how this should be displayed.

Some programs get information out of an XML-document. To do that, they need an API.  There are many APIs for XML.

You can write a description of an XML document in a way that is useful for programmers. There are several languages for this; the best known is called DTD.

Syntax 
XML uses less than (<) and greater than (>) to show tags. For example, a paragraph in HTML would be <p>.

A closing tag is a tag used to enclose the value of the tag. The tag has a slash (/) before its name. For example, </p>

A tag which is empty can be represented as an opening tag but with a slash before the >. For example, <p />

The XML specification defines a valid XML document as a well-formed XML document which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).

Languages 
The following languages are based on XML.

Text 
 XSL-FO
 DocBook
 DITA
 XHTML (HTML based on ALL)
 TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
 NITF (News Industry Text Format)

Images 
 SVG (vector graphics)
 X3D (3D modelling language)
 Collada (Language to change informations between different 3D programs)

Earth 
 Geography Markup Language (GML)
 GPS Exchange Format (GPX): XML for GPS informatons
 Keyhole Markup Language (KML): coordinates for Google Earth
 OpenImmo : XML for Houses with position informations

Multimedia 
 SMIL (Informations with times from multimedia)
 MPEG-7 (for MPEG-7)
 Laszlo (LZX)

Safety 
 SAML (describe and send informations about safety)
 XML Signature
 XML Encryption

Other 
There are a lot more languages that use XML. A couple of them are:
 RSS
 WAP/WML

Sources

Other websites 
 XeML.net
 W3C XML Page

Markup languages
World Money Fair

The World Money Fair is an international bourse of coins. A bourse is where dealers, collectors and the public to buy, sell and trade coins. 

In 1970 A. M Beck founded in Muinch the "Organisation of European Coins-Bourses", "Organisation Europäischer Münzen-Börsen" (OEMB) in German. He had the idea to build up a stronger market for the collecting of coins.

Two years later the organisation organized in Basel the 1st international bourse of coins. During the time it was developed to the "World Money Fair". Today more than 40 nations are members of this organisation. In 2006, the bourse is at the 1st time in Berlin. At the start the German Secretary of State Karl Diller presented the new German 2 Euro Coin. It shows the Holstentor of Lübeck.
Money
Autocracy

Autocracy is a form of government.  In an autocracy, a single person has all legal and political power, and makes all decisions by himself or herself. The person who holds the power is called an autocrat.

When there is a monarch ruling a country as an absolute monarchy, this is also called an autocracy. Having an autocratic government does not mean the country is governed well or governed poorly. It is just a description on how it is set up.The two types of Autocracy are Absolute monarchy and Dictatorship 

In modern times, most autocrats gain power as part of a larger nationalist, communist, or fascist movement. Once in power, they eliminate all other kinds of authority in the country, such as judges, the legislature, and political parties.

Historical examples of autocracies include: The Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, in it, the Aztec Emperor functioned as both the sole ruler of the Empire himself, as well as of its military, he also was the religious figurehead behind the empire's aggressive foreign policy (In this time, the priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice, and the nobility consisted mainly of warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites), Eastern Han under Dong Zhuo, the Empire of Japan under Hirohito, and the Roman Empire, in 27 B.C., Augustus founded the Roman Empire following the end of the Roman Republic.  Augustus officially kept the Roman Senate while effectively consolidating all of the real power and influence in himself.  In recent years dictators have been called autocratic.

Related pages
 De facto rule, government
 Absolute monarchy
 Byzantine Empire
 Theocracy
 Totalitarianism

References

Forms of government
Oligarchy

Oligarchy is a form of government. In an oligarchic system, all the power is held by a small group of people. It is usually the most powerful people who govern the state. It was used in Sparta, where the kingship alternated between three leading families.

Rule by the best 
An oligarchy where the best rule is called Aristocracy.

Rule by the rich 
If the richest people rule the country, this is called Plutocracy.

Other websites 
 Online Text: Leonard Whibley, Greek Oligarchies: Their Character and Organisation  (1896), still the only full-scale treatment of oligarchy in Classical Greece.

Forms of government
Land

Land can mean some territory, forming part of a country. Roughly 22% of the surface of Earth is land, while the rest is covered with water. Land can have different types of soil; it may be covered with stones, sand, dirt, etc. Sometimes it is not clear where land ends and a body of water begins.

Related pages
 Geology
 Landscape
 Land (economics)

Other websites
 Conserving Land for People

References 

Basic English 850 words
Earth
Geology
Geography
Navigation
1784



Events 
The Congress of the United States signs a treaty to end the American Revolutionary War.
The Methodist Church is started by John Wesley.

Births 
October 13 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain
November 24 – Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States

Deaths 
August 28 – Junípero Serra, Spanish missionary
December 26 – Seth Warner, American Revolutionary War leader
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

The following is a list of Atlantic hurricane seasons. All began on June 1 in their respective years. They ended on November 30. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the Atlantic Ocean.

The Atlantic hurricane season is the time of year that hurricanes form in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The season starts on June 1 and ends November 30. There is an average of ten tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two or three major hurricanes in the Atlantic.

The National Hurricane Center helps watch for hurricanes in the northern Atlantic and makes forecasts about were the storms will go.

Before 1800s 
 Before 1600
 17th century
 18th century

1800s 
1800–1809 
1810–1819 
1820–1829 
1830–1839 
1840–1849 

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1870 
1871–1879

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1900s 

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2000s 
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2020
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Related pages 
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Weather lists
List of Pacific hurricane seasons

The following is a list of Pacific hurricane seasons. They all began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the central Pacific in their respective years. There, they end on November 30. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes is extremely unreliable. Most east Pacific storms are of no threat to land.

1900s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959

1960
1961
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2000s
2000
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2010
2011
2012

Related articles
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
List of Pacific typhoon seasons

Weather lists
Sildenafil

Sildenafil is an aphrodisiac. It is a medication that is also called Viagra, Revatio and (in the Indian subcontinent) Caverta. 

Sildenafil makes the blood vessels become wider. This lowers the blood pressure. Sildenafil mostly works in the penis and in the lungs. This medicine increases blood flow to the penis. This helps the penis become erect during sexual intercourse. Sildenafil also helps pulmonary hypertension. Because this medicine makes the blood vessels wider, it makes it easier for blood to flow. Sildenafil was patented in 1996 and first made to sell in 1998.

Related pages
 Adverse effect

References 

Human sexuality
Pharmacology
1825



Events 
January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies and is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies.
 February 12 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west
March 4 – John Quincy Adams officially succeeds James Monroe as President of the United States.
 July 6 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later became the Royal House of Greece, Denmark and Norway.
 July 30 – Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) discovered. 
 August 6 – Bolivia gains independence from Peru as a republic with the instigation of Simón Bolívar
 August 25 – Uruguay declares independence from Brazil (See Uruguay's independence)
 September 27 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens in England.
 October 26 – The Erie Canal opens – passage from Albany, New York to Lake Erie
 December 1 – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.
 Decembrist Revolt in Russia.
 The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London
 First roller skates
 Aluminium discovered
 City of Brisbane founded – see History of Brisbane
 The electromagnet was invented by William Sturgeon

Deaths
 May 2 – Michail Leontievich Bulatov, Russian military
Sylvester McCoy

Percy James Patrick Kent-Smith or Sylvester McCoy (born 20 August 1943) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing the seventh incarnation of the Doctor on Doctor Who from 1987–1989, he also briefly played the Doctor in beginning of the 1996 TV movie.

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Georgia O'Keeffe

Georgia O’Keeffe (November 15 1887 – March 6 1986) was an American artist. She was born near Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, U.S. O'Keeffe studied art at the Art Institute of Chicago, Art Students' League, University of Virginia, Charlottesville and Teachers College.

She is mainly known for her modernist paintings. These paintings use both abstract and concrete elements.
 Concrete means that objects can be recognized. For example, she painted flowers, rocks, shells, animal bones and landscapes.
 Abstract means that there may be colors and forms, but nothing real can be seen in the pictures.

Family 
Georgia O'Keeffe married Alfred Stieglitz in 1924. Stieglitz was a famous photographer and he helped O'Keeffe gain success in her career. He owned the first studio her art was displayed in. Georgia and Alfred evidently wrote over 25,000 love letters to each other.

Auction record 
O'Keefe holds the world auction record for a painting by a woman (November 2014). Her Jimson Weed/White Flower No 1 sold for $44.4m (£28.8m) at the O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico. O'Keeffe's large-format depictions of flowers which she painted as if they had been seen in close-up.

Gallery

References

1887 births
1986 deaths
American painters
People from Wisconsin
Genesis (band)

Genesis is an English progressive rock group. They formed in 1967. They have sold about 150 million albums all over the world. This puts them among the top 30 best-selling recording artists of all time. The group's members have included Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins. Both of them were successful as solo artists as well.

Members of the group 
Over the years, Genesis has changed members more than once. The first line-up was Peter Gabriel (vocals), Anthony Phillips (guitar), Tony Banks (keyboards), Mike Rutherford (bass & guitar), and Chris Stewart (drums).

Other drummers until 1970 were John Silver and John Mayhew. In August 1970, Phil Collins began playing drums for Genesis. In some songs, he also sang. The same year Phillips left, and Steve Hackett joined as a guitarist in 1971.

The band also made a song called "Supper's Ready" which is almost 23 minutes long. Many fans call it their best because it has many different parts.

After the release of the album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974), Gabriel left the band. Collins took over the singing. He was singer for Genesis from 1976 to 1996. When Hackett also left, in 1977 there were only three members left. The 1978 album was called ...And Then There Were Three... because of this.

The band ended up making lots of well-known songs, like Abacab, Invisible Touch and No Son of Mine.

The last studio album with Collins was We Can't Dance in 1991. He left the band in 1996 and was replaced with singer Ray Wilson. Because the album Calling All Stations (1997) with Ray Wilson was not very successful, the group disbanded.

After a break of eight years, Genesis started a world tour in 2006. The members now are Phil Collins, Mike Rutherford and Tony Banks. The band disbanded again at 2011 due to Collins retiring and Collins came back from retiring at 2015.

Genesis were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

Band members 
 Peter Gabriel – Lead vocals (1967–1975)
 Tony Banks – Keyboards (1967–1998, 2006–2011)
 Mike Rutherford – Bass guitars, guitars, backing vocals (1967–1998, 2006–2011)
 Anthony Phillips – Guitars (1967–1970)
 Chris Stewart – Drums (1967–1968)
 John Silver – Drums (1968–1969)
 John Mayhew – Drums (1969–1970)
 Phil Collins – Drums, lead vocals, backing vocals (1970–1996, 2006–2011)
 Mick Barnard – Guitars (1970–1971)
 Steve Hackett – Guitars (1971–1977)
 Ray Wilson – Lead vocals (1996–1998)
 Nir Zidkyahu – Drums (1996–1998)

Discography
Studio albums
 From Genesis to Revelation (1969)
 Trespass (1970)
 Nusery Cryme (1971)
 Foxtot (1972)
 Selling England by the Pound (1973)
 The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway (1974)
 A Trick of a Tail (1976)
 Wind & Wuthering (1976)
 ...And Then There Were Three... (1978)
 Duke (1980)
 Abacab (1981)
 Genesis (1983)
 Invisible Touch (1986)
 We Can't Dance (1991)
 Calling All Stations (1997)

1967 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
 
Musical groups established in 1967
Progressive rock bands
Surrey
Atlantic Records artists
Deadly nightshade

Deadly nightshade or belladonna (Atropa belladonna) is a well-known, hardy perennial shrub. It is a member of the nightshade family. 

Originally, it grew in Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It has also been seen in North America, but is far less common there. Usually it grows in the shade. The plant does not like direct sunlight. Often it grows in places where the soil is rich in limestone.

Belladonna is poisonous 
Most parts of the plant are known to be very poisonous. Children have died from eating as few as three berries. One leaf contains enough poison to kill an adult. The root usually contains the most poison.

The poison present in the plant is called atropine.

Effects of the poison 
The effects of atropine are dilated (big) pupils, hallucinations, and difficulty in seeing (the vision may not be as sharp as always, it may be difficult to focus on some object). Problems keeping upright, feeling like one is flying, and being confused are also symptoms.
The pulse of the victim grows faster and faster, and the rate at which the heart is beating will go up. Toxic reaction to atropine causes fever, delirium, stupor and rash on head, neck and upper trunk. There may be agitation, difficulty in speaking and swallowing. Coma and convulsions usually come before death.

Nightshades
Perennials
Perennial

A perennial is a plant that bears leaves and perhaps flowers every year.  Some plants only bear leaves and flowers once, then they die. Such plants are called annual. Other plants live for two years. They are called biennial.

Most trees and shrubs are perennial plants.
Evergreen

An evergreen is a plant which keeps its leaves throughout the year. Which is Different with deciduous plants, which lose their leaves during the winter or wet seasons. There are many different kinds of evergreen plants, both trees and shrubs.

Types of plants
Shade

A place is called in the shade when the sun is shining, and some object, a tree for example, blocks the direct sunlight. So the sunlight can not reach the spot. The dark image, which the object casts on the ground (or on another object) is called shadow, not shade.

Shade can also mean a darker or lighter color of the same base color. For example: in a picture of a tree's shadow, the grass in the shade will be a darker shade of green than the grass out of the shade.

Basic English 850 words
Optics
Shadow

A shadow is a dark area on a bright surface. It is caused by something blocking a source of light. A shadow's outline, called a silhouette, will have the same shape as the object blocking the light.

Depending on the light source, or sources, a wide range of effects can be produced. A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra". A "penumbra" is the region in which only a portion of the light source may be blocked. If there is more than one light source, there will be several shadows, with the overlapping parts darker, and various combinations of brightness or even colors. The more diffuse the lighting is, the softer and more indistinct the shadow outlines become, until they disappear. The lighting of an overcast sky produces few visible shadows,

Astronomical shadows are usually sharp.  This is because in space the light usually does not go through an atmosphere.

Light
1768



Events 
 January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus (London)
 May 10 –  John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for the North Briton severely criticizing King George III. This action provokes rioting in London
 Secretary of State for colonies appointed in Britain
 Massachusetts Assembly dissolved for refusing to assist collection of taxes.
 Boston citizens refuse to quarter British troops
 France buys Corsica from Genoa
 Gurkhas conquer Nepal
 First of the weekly numbers of the Encyclopædia Britannica are published; 100 are planned
 James Cook's first voyage: 1768-1771

Births 
 12 February 1768 Francis I of Austria

Deaths 
 3 March 1768 Nicola Porpora
The Sims

The Sims is a video game released in 2000 . It is a life simulator that imitates real life. Sims can get jobs, have needs, and can get married. It was the third best selling computer and video game of all time (it mostly sold well on the computer).

The Sims was so successful it has created three sequels, (The Sims 2 in 2004, The Sims 3 in 2009, and The Sims 4 in 2014) along with many other spin-offs of the series.

History
The Sims was created by Will Wright, who worked at Maxis, which was owned by EA Games. It was first released in February 2000. His intention was to make an open-ended game without a set objective. This feature was the reason why it attracted so many gamers.

Gameplay
The first part of the game is to make a family, or play one of the preexisting families. Every family can have children and adults. A player can choose what they look like from many different clothes and hair styles. Each family must include at least one adult.

Each family starts with $20,000, regardless of how many sims are in the family.  After the family is made, the player can move them into a lot.  Some lots are empty while other lots have houses on them.

There are many different floor coverings, wall coverings and doors to choose from when building a house. After building, the player can purchase objects, such as a refrigerator, bed, or other things.

Players control the Sims in Live Mode.  The main goal is to keep the Sim's eight needs up and in the green.  These needs eventually go down as time goes by.  If Sims have no energy, they will fall to the ground.  If they are swimming and run out of energy they will drown.  If they are too hungry, they will die of starvation.

Other goals include making money (called Simoleons in this game).  Sims must get jobs to get more money so they can pay bills, buy new objects, and expand the house.  If they do not go to work two days in a row, they will be fired.  Each Sim has eight skill levels to work towards.  Each skill level has 10 points.  For instance, in the military job, the ultimate requirement is 10 body points.  Jobs also require a certain number of friends to receive a promotion.  The higher they go, the more money they make per day.

Children must go to school.  If they do not keep their grades up, they will be sent to military school and will never return.  They can read books to study.

Expansion packs
The Sims is well known for having many expansion packs, or smaller games that add onto the main game.  The player must own the original game to buy and install these packs. The Sims has 7 official expansion packs.

Other Sims games

After it sold well on the computer, it was put on other platforms such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, GameCube and Xbox. The console releases are:

 The Sims (Console Game)
 The Sims Bustin' Out
 The Urbz: Sims in the City
 The Sims 2 (console Game)

These all follow a different concept. They are more objective-based rather than free-willed and have not been as popular as the original PC editions.

References

The Sims
2000 video games
Y-intercept

The y-intercept of a line on a graph is where the line touches (or intercepts) the y-axis (the numbered line going straight up).

The equation for straight lines is .  "" is the -intercept.

Related pages
 Algebra

Mathematics
1241

1241 is a year in the 13th century.

Events 
 April 5 – Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz
 April 27 – Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Sajo.
681



Events 
 August 9 – The Bulgars win the war with the Byzantine Empire; the latter signs a peace treaty, which is considered as the birth-date of Bulgaria
 Wilfrid of York is expelled from Northumbria by Ecgfrith and retires into Sussex
1593



Events 
 May 18 – Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
 June 22 – Ottoman Empire defeated in Battle of Sisak, their first defeat in Europe.
 July 25 – King Henry IV of France returns to Catholicism, and is recognized as King in most of France.
 Outbreak of the Long War in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
 Mihai Viteazul becomes prince of Walachia.
1721



Events 
 Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope
 Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos
 April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 September 10 – Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War
 November 2 – Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias

Births 
 April 19 - Roger Sherman, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d.  1803)

Deaths 
 July 18 - Antoine Watteau, French painter (b. 1684)
 September 2 - Kwon Sang-ha, Korean writer
 September 17 - Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
 December 13 - Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (original "Robinson Crusoe") (b. 1676)
Serbia and Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Србија и Црна Гора, Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated as "SCG") was the name of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. They used to be two separate Yugoslav republics. In 2006, they became their own countries. 

It was on the west-central Balkan Peninsula, next Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia on the western sides, Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, North Macedonia to the south and Albania to the southwest, with just over 200 km of coast on the Adriatic.

Serbia and Montenegro worked together in only some political areas. The states had separate economic policies and currencies (money). Although both the states now had more freedom to do as they pleased than they did as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro was still a Sovereign State united under one government.

The people of Montenegro still wanted independence though, on 21 May 2006 they held a vote to ask the Montenegrin's whether they still wanted to stay in the union. The vote for independence won by 55.5%. On 3 June 2006 Montenegro declared independence; followed by Serbia's deceleration of independence two days later on the 5 June.

Former countries in Europe
Former federations
Former republics
1992 establishments in Europe
2006 disestablishments in Europe
Minister (government)

A Minister can be a Member of Parliament, or a Clergyman (person who works as a Minister in the Church). This article talks about a Minister as a Member of Parliament.

What is a minister?
A Minister is a Member of Parliament who has a special role dealing with a certain area of Government.  In the British Government, there are Ministers for lots of different things, like Children, Work & Pensions and Culture, Media & Sport.  There are descriptions (things that describe) of what these people do at the bottom of this page.

Ministers in the government report to the Prime Minister, who also tells them what they need to do in relation to their jobs.  The Deputy Prime Minister also reports to the Prime Minister.

Other Ministers, even though they are not called Ministers, include the Foreign Secretary, and the Home Secretary.

What describes these jobs?

Minister for Children

The Minister for Children looks after children's rights - these are laws which take care of how children are treated by their parents or guardians (a guardian is someone who looks after a child when their parents are not able to), and their care in society.  The job means that this Minister has a special role in the lives of all children in the UK.

Minister for Work and Pensions

This Minister looks after jobs (Employment) and money given to people who are in need (Welfare Benefits).  They set the rules saying what people who have no job must do to try and get one, and how much money people who have no job or are in need, get to live on.  The Minister also sets rules about what happens to people who do not do enough to find a job, or who break the law by working while they are getting Welfare Benefits.

Minister for Culture, Media and Sport

This Minister has a special role which means they promote (make popular) British Culture and Traditions.  They also take care of Broadcasting laws and laws about what newspapers and television stations can and cannot do.  Also, they have a duty to promote sporting activities which take place in Britain and help the government attract major sports events to Britain (the recent decision to let Britain host the Olympic Games in 2012 is an example of this).

There are a lot of other Ministers in the Government, and you can find out about them by writing to the Houses of Parliament in London.  Their address is:The Houses of ParliamentWestminsterLondonSW1A 0AA'

What about other countries?

Other countries also have Ministers who, like those in Britain, deal with special things related to how people live.  You can find out about them by looking at the Wikipedia in your own country.

References

Government occupations

id:Menteri#Menteri di Indonesia
Rembrandt

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (Leiden, 15 July 1606 – Amsterdam, 4 October 1669) was a famous Dutch painter and artist.

He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history, and the most important in Dutch history.p420 His contributions to art came in a period that historians call the Dutch Golden Age.

After his success as a young portrait painter, he had personal tragedy and financial hardships in his later years. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, and his reputation as an artist remained high.p427 For twenty years he taught nearly every important Dutch painter.p203

Rembrandt's greatest creative work is seen in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. His self-portraits are a unique biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity.p420

Personal life 
He went to the University Leiden but he liked painting better so he became a painter. In 1631 he went to live in Amsterdam, because people there had heard of him and wanted him to paint their portraits. He married a woman called Saskia van Uylenberg in 1634. They had four children, but three of them died very young. Only their fourth child, Titus, who was born in 1641, survived into adulthood. Saskia died in 1642 soon after Titus's birth, probably from tuberculosis.

During Saskia's illness, a nurse was hired, who probably also became Rembrandt's lover. She later charged Rembrandt with breach of promise and was awarded 200 guilders a year.p28 When Rembrandt learned she had pawned Saskia's jewellery, which Rembrandt had given her, he had her committed for twelve years to a poorhouse (a 'bridewell') at Gouda.

Rembrandt then lived with a young woman called Hendrickje Stoffels from Bredevoort who had been his maid. They had a daughter called Cornelia. Rembrandt died in Amsterdam on 4 October 1669.

Works 
Rembrandt painted many famous pictures. The portraits use light and dark colors; people sitting in the pictures are often shown in a calm or thoughtful appearance. He was such a good painter, that many of his pictures make people feel as if they are taking part in what is happening. Paintings by Rembrandt can be seen in art galleries all over the world.

Throughout his work Rembrandt used colour which darkens as it approaches the edge of the painting, and lighter towards the center. There is always a certain person, or event, or group of people that is near the center, and they are shown to be brighter than the rest of the picture. The dark backgrounds are painted to be very interesting and important. In most of his paintings, there are deep whites and blacks which shows contrast between different parts of the work.

References

Other websites

1606 births
1669 deaths
Dutch painters
Dutch Protestants
People from Leiden
Printmakers
Major movie studios

Big Five are the United States's major movie production studios which also distribute their product. All of them have historic flagship production facilities near Hollywood.

All Big Five major studios (Walt Disney Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Columbia Pictures) are parts of much larger business enterprises, with their corporate headquarters offices far from Hollywood.

The group of major studios long numbered seven, but was reduced to six with the fading from importance of MGM in the 1980s.

They became five when, on November 6, 2017 - Disney announced its deal to buy Fox for $52.4 billion.

The American major studios

Current
Majors
 Universal Pictures - NBCUniversal / Comcast
 Paramount Pictures - ViacomCBS
 Warner Bros. Pictures - WarnerMedia / AT&T
 Walt Disney Pictures / 20th Century Studios - The Walt Disney Company
 Columbia Pictures / TriStar Pictures - Sony Pictures Entertainment

Mini-Majors
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - Amazon
 Lionsgate Pictures - Lions Gate Entertainment
 Amblin Partners
 Amblin Entertainment
 DreamWorks Pictures
 ErosSTX
 Eros International
 STXfilms

Former
Major
 RKO Radio Pictures - Defunct since 1957.
 United Artists - acquired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1981.
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - filed for bankruptcy in 2010.
 20th Century Fox - bought by The Walt Disney Company in 2019 and renamed as 20th Century Studios in 2020.

Other
 Embassy Pictures - sold to Coca-Cola in 1985.
 Vestron Pictures - folded into Live Entertainment in 1991.
 New Line Cinema - acquired in 1993 by Turner Broadcasting System; TBS merged with Time Warner in 1996.
 Miramax Films - acquired in 1993 by The Walt Disney Company, Filmyard Holdings in 2010 and beIN in 2016.
 Artisan Entertainment - folded into Lions Gate Entertainment in 2003.
 DreamWorks Pictures - now became a label of Amblin Partners since 2015.
 The Weinstein Company - filed for bankruptcy in 2018 but bought by Lantern Capital.

The European major studios

Current
 Gaumont Film Company 
 Pinewood Studios
 Nordisk Film
 BBC Films
 Pathé Frères
 Constantin Film
 SF Studios

Former
 Titanus - closed down in 1964; revived as a small studio in 1970.
 Sheperton Studios - sold to Pinewood Group in 2001.
 Rank Organisation - bought by The Rank Group in 1996; motion picture involvement ended in 2006.
 Optimum Releasing - bought by StudioCanal in 2006; later renamed as StudioCanal UK in 2011.

Movie studios