cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Janelle Monáe

Janelle Monáe (born December 1, 1985), is an American R&B singer. In 2010 she released her first album, The ArchAndroid. Critics liked it and it got nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2011 Grammy Awards. On February 11 2012 she released the first single from the album, "Tightrope". Big Boi rapped in it. It was nominated for Best Urban/Alternative Performance at the same Grammy Awards show. It won Best Track at the NME Awards.

In March 2012 Monáe had her first Billboard Hot 100 top ten hit and No.1, as a singer on Fun's single "We Are Young".

In August 2012 she became the model for CoverGirl.

In October 2012 she performed at the BET Black Girls Rock! Awards and won the Young, Gifted & Black Award.

Monáe voice-acted in the American Dad! episode "The Boring Identity", which was shown 21 Apr. 2013.

On September 6, 2013 her second studio album Metropolis: Suites IV and V - The Electric Lady was released. It got good reviews. It reached No.5 in the Billboard 200. Three singles have been released from it: "Q.U.E.E.N.", "Dance Apocalyptic", and "Primetime". The album includes songs that she did with Solange, Prince, Erykah Badu, and Esperanza Spalding.

On October 26 Monáe performed on Saturday Night Live.

In November 2013 she won Video of the Year honor for “Q.U.E.E.N.” at the Soul Train Awards.

On December 12 2013 she gave the Rising Star Award at the 2013 Billboard Women in Music event in New York.

In April 2018, she came out as pansexual.

Monáe was born in Kansas City, Kansas. She moved to New York to study theatre at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy because she wanted to be a Broadway actress. She changed her mind, and in 2001 she moved to Atlanta. She met Big Boi from Outkast there. They made the Wondaland Arts Society. Monáe released her first EP The Audition in 2003. Big Boi told his friend Diddy about Monáe. In 2006 she was signed to his record label Bad Boy.

References

1985 births
African-American rappers
Rap musicians from Missouri
Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
Living people
Singers from Kansas City, Missouri
Nostalgia, Ultra

{{Infobox album
| name = Nostalgia, Ultra
| type = mixtape
| artist = Frank Ocean
| released = February 16, 2011
| recorded = 2010–11
| genre = PBR&B
| length = 
| label = Self-released
| producer = Tricky Stewart, Midi Mafia, Bei Maejor, Happy Perez, TROY NoKA, James Fauntleroy II
, Ultra(2011)
| next_title = Channel Orange(2012)
| misc = }}Nostalgia, Ultra''' is the debut mixtape album by recording artist Frank Ocean. It was released in February 2011 as a free digital download on Ocean's website. It featured the successful singles "Novacane" and "Swim Good". It was supposed to be reissued as an extended play, but this was cancelled. The mixtape caught the attention of rappers Kanye West and Jay-Z, who got Ocean as a featured artist on their Watch The Throne'' album. The mixtape caused controversy in March 2012 because of the track "American Wedding", which is a remake of "Hotel California" by The Eagles.

Tracklisting

References

2011 albums
R&B albums
Odd Future

Odd Future is a group of hip hop musicians from Los Angeles, United States. It was formed in 2007 by Tyler The Creator.

Other websites 
 Official website

2000s American music groups
2007 establishments in California
2010s American music groups
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 2007 
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Nothing Was the Same

Nothing Was the Same is the third studio album by Drake. It was released in September 2013. It was promoted by the hit songs "Started From the Bottom" and "Hold On, Were Going Home". It is very different from Drake's previous album Take Care.

2013 albums
Drake albums
Mole (food)

Mole is a spicy chocolate made for Día de Muertos (Day of the Dead). It is usually made out of chili peppers, spices, and chocolate.

Mexican food
Nicos Anastasiades

Nicos Anastasiades (born 27 September 1946) is a Cypriot politician who has been President of Cyprus since 2013. Previously, he was leader of the center-right political party Democratic Rally (DISY).

Anastasiades was born on 27 September 1946 in Pera Pedi, Cyprus. He studied at National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and at the University College London. Anastasiades is married to Andri Moustakoudes.

Anastasiades was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1981 and has been leader of his party since 8 June 1997.

Anastasiades earned 673 votes (86.73%) and MEP Theocharous 103 (13.27%). On the first round of the presidential election on 17 February 2013, Anastasiades won 45% of votes, while Stavros Malas and George Lillikas earned 26.9% and 24.9%, respectively. He won in the second round with 57.48% of the vote.

References

Other websites

 Presidency of Nicos Anastasiades 

1946 births
Living people
Presidents of Cyprus
Current national leaders
Demetris Christofias

Demetris Christofias, also spelled Dimitris Christofias ( ; 29 August 1946 – 21 June 2019), was a Cypriot politician. He was the sixth President of Cyprus from 2008 to 2013. Christofias was the General Secretary of AKEL, the communist party of Cyprus, and was the European Union's and Cyprus' first, and so far only, communist head of state.

He won the 2008 Cypriot presidential elections in the second round of voting. Throughout the election campaign, he promised to restart talks with Turkish Cypriots in order to find an answer to the Cyprus dispute and reunify the island. He has also supported the closure of the British military bases on Cyprus.

On 20 May 2019, Christofias was hospitalized in Nicosia due to an acute respiratory infection and was under critical condition. He died a month later on 21 June 2019 from respiratory failure at the age of 72.

References

Other websites

Profile in House of Representatives web site 

1946 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Presidents of Cyprus
Presidents of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)
President of Cyprus

The President of Cyprus is the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Cyprus. The office was created in 1960, after Cyprus gained its independence from the United Kingdom. The current President of Cyprus is Nicos Anastasiades.

Living Former Presidents

List of presidents

Other websites
Presidency of Cyprus
Tassos Papadopoulos

Tassos (Efstathios) Nikolaou Papadopoulos (; 7 January 1934 – 12 December 2008) was a Cypriot politician. He served as the fifth President of the Republic of Cyprus from February 28, 2003 to February 28, 2008.

Papadopoulos died on 12 December 2008 from a type of lung cancer in Nicosia, Cyprus, aged 74.

References

Other websites

 Cyprus Elections & Politics

1934 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Presidents of Cyprus
Nicosia
Presidents of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)
Glafcos Clerides

Glafcos Ioannou Clerides (; 24 April 1919 – 15 November 2013) was a Greek-Cypriot politician. He was the fourth President of Cyprus. He was the oldest living former President of the Republic of Cyprus.

Early life
Clerides was born on 24 April 1919 in Nicosia, Cyprus. He studied at the King's College London in London, England.

During World War II, he served in the British Royal Air Force. In 1942 his airplane was shot down over Germany and he was captured. He remained a prisoner of war until the end of the war. His name was mentioned in dispatches for distinguished services. Clerides was also one of the last European leaders who saw active service in World War II.

Career
He was the acting President of Cyprus 7 December 1974, the day of the return of Archbishop Makarios, President of the Republic, who was forced to flee on 16 July 1974.

From 1961 to 1963 he held the position of President of the Cyprus Red Cross. In recognition of his outstanding services he was awarded a Certificate of Honour and Life Membership in recognition of distinguished services to the Red Cross.

In 1976 he founded the right wing Democratic Rally (Demokratikos Synagermos). He was a candidate for the presidency of Cyprus six times and elected to two five-year terms, in 1993 and in 1998. In 1998 his main opponent was Georgios Iakovou. He was defeated in the 2003 presidential election by Tassos Papadopoulos.

During his presidency, Clerides helped his country of Cyprus to become part of the European Union.

Personal life
Clerides was the eldest son of lawyer and statesman Ioannis Clerides. Clerides was married to Lila-Irene. They have a daughter, Katherine, who is a member of the House of the Representatives for the Democratic Rally Party.

Death
Clerides died on 15 November 2013 from unexplained causes in hospital in Nicosia, Cyprus. Before his death, Clerides suffered many health issues. He was 94 years old.

References

Other websites
Official web site of Democratic Rally
Biography (Greek)
 Cyprus Elections & Politics

1919 births
2013 deaths
Nicosia
Presidents of Cyprus
Presidents of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)
Ceolwulf I of Mercia

Ceolwulf I was the King of Mercia, East Anglia and Kent from 821 to 823. He succeeded his brother Coenwulf of Mercia. There was a great deal of disagreement among his noblemen during his short reign. He was deposed and exiled from Mercia by Beornwulf of Mercia who claimed the throne himself.

King of Mercia

He was the son Cuthbert, a Mercian nobleman. His brother Coenwulf ruled Mercia before him. At his brother's death the Mercians were attacking Wales. Ceolwulf continued where Coenwulf left off. The Annales Cambriae for the year 822 said the 'Saxons' attacked and destroyed the fortress at Deganwy and then controlled Powys. Welsh poems of the time confirm Mercia was attacking Powys. On 17 September 822 he was consecrated king by Archbishop Wulfred. In charters issued by Ceolwulf he styled himself  This shows he had authority in Kent. But his rule in Mercia was marked by discord among his noblemen. He was removed from the throne in 823. After being deposed Ceolwulf left Mercia for Rome. By this time he was older, probably in his fifties. He was the last of the Iclingas dynasty who had ruled Mercia for over three centuries. Beornwulf who replaced him was from a family little is known about.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Kings of Mercia 

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Kings and Queens of Mercia
Machine pistol

A machine pistol is a typically a handgun-style firearm that can fire fully automatic or burst fire. Fully automatic means that the gun will continue to fire very rapidly so long as the trigger is pressed and held. Burst fire means that when you pull the trigger, a number of shots determined by the shooter will be fired (for some guns, this is three shots, fired very quickly). Machine pistols fire pistol cartridges. Machine pistols usually have the cartridges fed into the gun with a magazine, which is a rectangular box which holds the cartridges.
Machine pistols are usually self-loading, which means that the gun automatically loads a new cartridge into the chamber after a shot is fired.

History

The first true machine pistol was the German MP-18 introduced in 1918. It fired the 9mm Parabellum cartridge. It used a side-loading magazine that held 20 cartridges. 

The Germans converted some pistols, like the Luger, into machine pistols. They invented a type of Luger called the Luger P08 in World War I to German artillery crews. It had a longer barrel and a 32 round magazine shaped like a round drum. It was given to artillery crews so they could defend themselves.

In 1951 the Russian army developed the Stechkin APS, which could fire in burst fire or in fully automatic fire. When the gun was used in burst or automatic fire, users were told to use the wooden stock so that they can control the weapon better. One of the problems with machine pistols is they tend to rise up when being fired, making the bullets miss their target.

1990s2000s 
In the 1990s and 2000s, as  more soldier began wearing bulletproof vests with hard ceramic armor, the machine pistol became less useful in a military setting. The low-powered pistol ammunition was not able to penetrate ceramic-plated Kevlar military vests. As a result, armies began to issue a new gun, the personal defense weapon or PDW. The PDW fires armor-piercing, higher-powered ammunition which can go through bulletproof vests.

References

Related pages 
 Submachine gun

Other websites
 Article on Glock 18, a fully automatic pistol

Pistols
Law enforcement equipment
Vassos Lyssarides

Vassos Lyssarides (13 May 1920 – 26 April 2021) was a Cypriot politician. He was an important figure in Cyprus politics since the island's independence. In 1969, he founded EDEK, the first Socialist political party of Cyprus.

He was born on May 13, 1920 in the village of Lefkara. He was educated at the Pancyprian Gymnasium and then studied medicine at the University of Athens.

On 30 August 1974, an attempt was made against his life; during the attack, EDEK youth leader Doros Loizou was killed. Lyssarides was elected and served as President of the House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991.

Lyssarides died at his home in Nicosia, Cyprus on 26 April 2021, less than one month before his 101st birthday.

References

1920 births
2021 deaths
Centenarians
Presidents of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)
Chief executives
George Vassiliou

Georgios Vasos Vassiliou (; born May 20, 1931 in Famagusta, Cyprus) is an Cypriot politician. He was the third President of the Republic of Cyprus from 1988 to 1993. He was also the founder and leader of the Cypriot United Democrats party (EDI) and a highly successful businessman.

He elected as president of United Democrats and remained president until 2005. In the Parliamentary Elections of 2001 his party lost one of its seats and he wasn't re-elected. In 2004, he resigned from the presidency of United Democrats.

He has also served as Chief Negotiator for the accession of Cyprus to the European Union from 1998 to 2003.

References

Other websites
http://www.touringcyprus.com/historical.htm 
http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/50.htm
http://www.britannica.com/facts/10/40930281/February-21-1988-George-Vassiliou-a-millionaire-businessman
http://www.cyprus-mail.com/opinions/new-era-cyprus-challenges-and-opportunities/20100228 

1931 births
Living people
Presidents of Cyprus
Business people
Spyros Kyprianou

Spyros Achilleos Kyprianou (or Cyprianou) (; 28 October 1932 – 12 March 2002) was an Cypriot politician. He was one of the most important politicians of modern Cyprus. He served as the second President of the Republic of Cyprus from 1977 to 1988.

Spyros Kyprianou died on 12 March 2002 after a long fight with prostate cancer.

References

1932 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Presidents of Cyprus
Presidents of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)
Makarios III

Makarios III (), born Michail Christodolou Mouskos (; August 13, 1913 – August 3, 1977), was the archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church (1950–1977). He was the first President of the Republic of Cyprus (1960–1974 and 1974–1977). In his three terms as President of Cyprus (1959-1977), he survived four assassination attempts.

Makarios died from a heart attack on August 3, 1977 in Nicosia, Cyprus, aged 63.

References

Other websites
 Text of Makarios III’s famous interview  with Oriana Fallaci, given in 1974
 A series of stories from the BBC relating to Makarios
Your Beatitude, Mr President - interviewing Makarios 1964.
 The Makarios Legacy in Kenya

1913 births
1977 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Presidents of Cyprus
Nicosia
Open Season

Open Season may refer to:

 Open season (hunting), a hunting term
 An annual enrollment period
 Open Season, a book in The Hardy Boys series, #59
 Open Season (movie series), a series of animated movies
 Open Season (movie), released in 2006
 Open Season 2, sequel released in 2008
 Open Season 3, a second sequel released in 2010
Salem, South Dakota

Salem is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of McCook County, and it became a city in 1880. At the 2010 census, 1,347 people lived there.

References

Other websites
City of Salem website

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Jorge González

Jorge González (January 31, 1966 – September 22, 2010) was an Argentine professional wrestler and basketball player. He is known for competing in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He also competed for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW).

Before becoming a professional wrestler, González played basketball. He was the tallest Argentine basketball player in history, standing at 2.29 m (7 ft 6.25 in).

He was drafted in the 1988 NBA Draft by the Atlanta Hawks in the third round. González along with Hernán Montenegro (who was drafted 3 spots after him) became the first Argentine players drafted in the NBA. He was not able to adapt to the physical demands of NBA basketball because of a serious knee injury.

He was known for wearing a full body suit that featured airbrushed muscles with bushy hair attached. He debuted in the WWF at the Royal Rumble in January 1993, where he eliminated The Undertaker from the Royal Rumble match even though he was not an official participant. González challenged The Undertaker at WrestleMania IX but lost by disqualification when he knocked Undertaker unconscious by using chloroform. This win for The Undertaker remains the only instance where he did not have a decisive victory in his WrestleMania streak.

Championships
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #112 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991.

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1966 births
2010 deaths
Argentine sportspeople
Basketball players
Deaths from diabetes
Former WWE wrestlers
Professional wrestlers
Expected value

In probability theory and statistics, the expected value of a random variable  (represented by the symbol ) is the average value the variable will take, that is, assuming that the experiment is repeated an infinite number of times, and the mean (or weighted average) of all the values is calculated along the way. 

By definition, the expected value of a discrete random variable  is calculated by the formula , where  is the probability that  equals , and  ranges over all possible values of .

The Law of large numbers describes how this happens.

Relationship to weighted average
It is possible to think of the expected value as a weighted average, where the weights,  are equal to .  The sum over all probabilities, equals one ().  This allows us to write the weighted average as:

Related pages 
 Weighted average
 Standard deviation
 Variance

Statistics

References
Canaletto

Giovanni Antonio Canal (18 October 1697 – 19 April 1768) was an Italian painter from Venice. Today, he is mostly remembered for his landscape paintings. Some of these landscape paintings which resemble the views found on modern-day postcards are known as Vedutes today. He was also an important printmaker in etching.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

1697 births
1768 deaths
18th-century Italian painters
Wikipediocracy

Wikipediocracy is an Internet forum in English. It was founded in March 2012. It lets people who sign up talk about Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation. It is like the Wikipedia Review, another website for talking about how people feel about Wikipedia and the organisations and people that run it.

History
Wikipediocracy was created by users of the website the Wikipedia Review in March 2012. It says it shows how Wikipedia works and that there are problems with Wikipedia. It says there is corruption at Wikipedia and also  that there are problems with the way it was built. A reporter for The Daily Dot, which is an online newspaper, has written that Wikipediocracy exposes the bad side of Wikipedia.

In 2013, users of the website gave personal information about "Qworty", a Wikipedia user, to a writer for Salon, an online newspaper. They revealed his offline identity, along with bad things he had been doing, and the writer published it on Salon.

References

Wikis
2012 establishments
Wikimedia
Olga Syahputra

Yoga Syahputra (8 February 1983 – 27 March 2015) was an Indonesian actor, comedian, and singer.

Career 
Yoga was born to Nur and Nurhida Rachman. He was the oldest of their seven children. His first job as an actor was in Lenong Bocah. Because he did not have enough money, Olga sold a refrigerator to pay his school fees to take classes at Studio Ananda.

Filmography
 Tina Toon dan Lenong Bocah The Movie (2004)
 Susahnya Jadi Perawan (2008)
 Mau Lagi? (2008)
 Basahhh... (2008)
 Cintaku Selamanya (2008)
 Mas Suka, Masukin Aja-Besar Kecil I'ts Okay (2008)
 Pacar Hantu Perawan (2011)
 Kung Fu Pocong Perawan (2012)
 Taman Lawang (film) (2013)

References

Other websites
 

1983 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Jakarta
Comedians
Indonesian singers
Television actors
Janet Carroll

Janet Carroll (24 December 1940 – 22 May 2012) was an American movie and theater actress. She acted in many movies, including Talent for the Game (1991), Forces of Nature (1999) and Destiny Turns on the Radio (1995). She also did several TV acts, including Murphy Brown. She is perhaps best remembered as the mother of Joel (Tom Cruise) in the 1983 film Risky Business.

Carroll was born in Chicago. She died from brain cancer at age 71, in New York City.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from Illinois
1940 births
2012 deaths
Bernardo Bellotto

Bernardo Bellotto (1721 or 1722 – 17 October 1780) was an Italian urban landscape painter or vedutista, and printmaker in etching. Today, he is mostly remembered for his vedute of European cities (Dresden, Vienna, Turin and Warsaw). He was the pupil and nephew of Canaletto and sometimes used the latter's illustrious name, signing himself as Bernardo Canaletto.  In Germany and Poland, Bellotto called himself by his uncle's name, Canaletto.

In his paintings, Bellotto paid great attention to the way he represented works of architecture and how the light illuminated the scene. It is plausible that Bellotto, and other Venetian masters of vedute, may have used the camera obscura in order to achieve superior precision of urban views.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

1720s births
1780 deaths
18th-century Italian painters
Roger Schmidt

Roger Schmidt (born 13 March 1967 in Kierspe, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German football manager.  He is manages of PSV Eindhoven in the Eredivisie of the Netherlands. 

His original profession is engineer. As player he played for SC Verl and SC Paderborn as midfielder. He started his career as manager with Delbrücker SC, went on to Preußen Münster and then to Paderborn 07. Since his time with Münster he is a professional manager.

His last manager job is with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Bundesliga, the top level league in Austrian football. Although the team gained goal and point record they finished only second. Being in danger to lose his job a lot of the fans declared their solidarity.

In 2014, he transferred to Bayer 04 Leverkusen. In June 2017 Schmidt joined Chinese Super League Beijing Sinobo Guoan.  On 31 July 2019, he was sacked by Beijing Sinobo Guoan.  On 11 March 2020 he became new manager of PSV Eindhoven.

References

Other websites
 

1967 births
Living people
German footballers
German football managers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Eredivisie managers
 FC Red Bull Salzburg managers
Dornier Do 17

The Dornier Do 17 is a Nazi German military aircraft. It was used for the World War II as a bomber, night fighter, and reconnaissance plane. It's a twin-engines aircraft. It was used by Luftwaffe for Battle of France and after Battle of Britain. Maiden flight in 1934. More than 2100 examples were built. Do 217 and Do 317 are modern variants of it.

It was nicknamed the “flying pencil” for its thin fuselage. It’s successors, the Do-215 and Do-217, would inherit this nickname.

Bibliography 

 

World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft
Ernest W. Burgess

Ernest W. Burgess (May 16, 1886–December 27, 1966) was an urban sociologist. He was born in Tilbury, Ontario, Canada. Burgess received his education at Kingfisher College in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. He did his graduate studies in sociology at the University of Chicago. In 1916, he returned to the University of Chicago, as a member of the faculty. Burgess was hired as an urban sociologist at the University of Chicago. He was the 24th President of the American Sociological Association (ASA). He made the Burgess model to show how big Chicago will grow in 1923. The Burgess model is also called the Concentric zone model.

References

Other websites
 American Sociological Association (ASA)

1886 births
1966 deaths
People from Ontario

American sociologists
Beornwulf of Mercia

Beornwulf († 826) was a Mercian nobleman who became the King of Mercia. Although not of the Mercian royal family himself he usurped the throne from Ceolwulf in 823. He ruled Mercia until his death three years later.

King of Mercia 

Little is known about Beornwulf's family. He played a large part in Ceolwulf I losing the throne in 823. He succeeded Ceolwulf as king in the summer of 823. Beornwulf continued the campaign against Powys started by Coenwulf and his brother Ceolwulf I. By the end of 823 Powys was being controlled by Mercia. By 825 Beornwulf had extended his authority over Kent, Essex and Middlesex. In 825 Beornwulf invaded Wessex. In what Frank Stenton called "one of the most decisive battles of Anglo-Saxon history" Egbert defeated Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellandun. This was the end of the Mercian kings dominating England. Egbert sent his son Athelwulf with an army to overthrow Baldred, the Mercian sub-king. As a result, all of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and East Anglia submitted to Egbert of Wessex. Egbert was cautious though. He kew Mercia had a powerful army and did not attack Mercia directly. Instead he instigated the East Anglians to revolt against Beornwulf. When Beornwulf tried to recover East Anglia in 826 he was killed in the attempt. He was succeeded by one of his ealdormen, Ludeca of Mercia.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 The Kings of Mercia 

Year of birth unknown
820s deaths
Kings and Queens of Mercia
French Resistance

The French Resistance is the name used to refer to the different French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German military occupation in France during World War II (1939–1945).  Résistance cells were small groups of armed men and women who killed German soldiers, published secret underground newspapers, collected information about the German army, and helped Allied soldiers and pilots who were trapped in France to get back to Great Britain. The men and women of the Résistance came from all levels of society and many different religions.

The Allied armies helped the French Resistance by providing them with guns and explosives. It was very dangerous to be a member of the French resistance. Members who were caught by the Germans were often tortured and killed. When the Resistance killed a German officer, sometimes the Nazi army would kill large numbers of innocent civilians as a punishment.

The French Resistance helped the Allied armies to advance through France following the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, and the invasion of Provence on 15 August by providing information about the German defenses. The resistance also sabotaged the electrical power grid, transportation methods, and telecommunications networks. During the Nazi occupation of France, the resistance was an inspiring example of patriotic behavior and bravery.

When the war was over, the Resistance executed about 9,000 people who were collaborating with the Nazi occupiers. This included many members of the Milices, a fascist organization that helped Nazi Germany.

Resistance movements of World War II
Rebellions in Europe
20th century rebellions
1930s in France
1940s in France
Juraj Dobrila University of Pula

The Juraj Dobrila University of Pula () is a university in the city of Pula, Croatia. It was created in 2006. As of 2011, the university had about 2,465 students.

Faculties and Departments
The Juraj Dobrila University of Pula is an entirely integrated university, consisting of five departments:
 Faculty of Economics and Tourism "Dr. Mijo Mirković"
 Department of Humanities
 Department of Information Technology
 Department of Music
 Department for Studies in the Italian Language
 Teacher training department

References

Other websites 
 University of Pula website

Colleges and universities in Europe
Croatia
Establishments in Croatia
2006 establishments in Europe
Paul Baum

Paul Baum (22 September 1859 – 15 May 1932) was a German painter. At first he was an Impressionist painter, but later developed to be a Post-Impressionist. He was one of the main post-impressionist German artists. He worked as a teacher at different art schools. Today, he is mostly known for his landscape paintings. Most of the landscapes were from Flanders or the Netherlands.

1859 births
1932 deaths
German painters
Rhythm section

A rhythm section is the group of musicians in a rock music, jazz, or country music group who play their instruments to set out the pulse or beat of the music. This is played in accompaniment to the rest of the band. Some of the rhythm section instruments, such as the guitar and the piano, also play the chord progression (sequence of chords) that a song is based upon. Some rhythm section instruments, such as the drums and percussion, are just used to set out the beat. Most rhythm sections include a bass instrument, such as the bass guitar or the double bass, which plays the deep, low notes of the chord progression.

References 

Music
Middle Angles

The Middle Angles were an important ethnic group in the kingdom of Mercia during the Anglo-Saxon period. It is probable that Angles moved into the Midlands from East Anglia early in the 6th century. The area they occupied is now centred around modern Leicestershire and Northamptonshire. They were in place before the reign of Penda (c.626-655). He made his eldest son, Peada, King of the Middle Angles in 653. For some time they kept their own identity in Mercia. The Middle Angles had their own bishop based in Leicester.

References

Other websites

 The Middle Angles, Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, The History Files

Anglo-Saxons
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Lap dance

A lap dance is a type of sex work performed in some strip clubs (clubs in which women or men take off their clothes as they dance to music). In this, a dancer performs an erotic dance either contacting their body (contact dancing) with a seated patron or within a very short distance of a seated patron.

The dancer may be naked, topless or wearing a bikini top and bottom, depending on the laws in the jurisdiction of the strip club and the club's policies. With full-contact lap dances, the stripper may engage in contact with the patron, such as pressing his or her body against the patron. Different types include a couch dance, which is a lap dance where the customer is seated on a couch, and bed dance where the customer lies down on a bed. 

In some clubs, a "block session" of lap dances (usually half an hour to an hour) can be booked in a "champagne room", which is a private room in the back of a club. In many clubs, the duration of a lap dance is measured by the length of the song being played by the club's DJ. Charges for lap dances vary.

Depending on the local jurisdiction and community standards, lap dances can involve touching of the dancer by the patron, touching the patron by the dancer, neither, or both. In some clubs, any touching by the patron is forbidden. On the other hand, if a club does not enforce its rules, levels of contact may be negotiable between the participants. Clubs vary widely with regard to whether they enforce their rules or ignore any violations.

Critics of lapdancing say that some club owners, by installing dark private booths and charging dancers high stage fees to work at the club, are encouraging the sale of sexual acts between customers and dancers.  According to the UK paper The Guardian, "Research shows that the majority of women become lap-dancers through poverty and lack" of other jobs.

References

Sex industry
Dance types
Ludeca of Mercia

Ludeca († 827) was a Mercian nobleman and ealdorman. At the death of Beornwulf in 826 he became the King of Mercia. He ruled what was left of Mercia after Beornwulf's defeat by Egbert of Wessex at the Battle of Ellandun. He ruled Mercia until his own death, barely a year later.

King of Mercia 
In 824 two charters of King Beornwulf are witnessed by Ludeca, then a member of his court. His title on those charters is . Nothing else is known of Ludeca. At Beornwulf's death he became king. But the kingdom Ludeca now ruled was just Mercia, Lindsey, Middle Anglia and the Mercian provinces of the Hwicce and Magonsæte. All of southern England was in disorder. Egbert of Wessex now had control of Essex and Kent. He had instigated the revolt by the East Anglians that resulted in Beornwulf's death. The East Anglians saw this as a chance for their independence from Mercia. A few months later Ludeca led his army against them but he was killed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 825 (actual year 827) recorded: "In this year Ludecan, king of the Mercians, was slain, and his five aldormen [ealdormen] with him, and Wiglaf succeeded to the kingdom."

Notes

References

Other websites 

 The Kings of Mercia 

Year of birth unknown
820s deaths
Kings and Queens of Mercia
Chamberlain, South Dakota

Chamberlain is a city in the central part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Brule County, and it is located along the Missouri River, across from Oacoma. It became a city in 1881, and 2,387 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Chamberlain website 

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1881 establishments in Dakota Territory
Strip club

A strip club is a type of club that has performers who dance while removing their clothes and have security protect strip club. Most strip clubs are also bars which serve alcohol. Many communities have rules on strip clubs, such as rules on how many strip clubs are allowed to exist in the community, rules on the minimum distance that must be kept between dancers and customers, or rules on what clothing cannot be taken off (e.g. panties).

Some strip clubs offer lap dancing, which is a type of sex work that typically involves a female dancer pressing her body against a male customer for a fee.

Strip clubs can be a source of debates in a community. Iceland banned strip clubs for feminist reasons while in Britain there is still discussion about whether they are positive for women.

References

Entertainment venues
Sex industry
Paul Mantee

Paul Mantee (January 9, 1931 – November 7, 2013) was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles in Cagney & Lacey, Simon & Simon, Barnaby Jones, and in Quincy, M.E..

Early life and career 
Mantee was born Paul Marianetti in San Francisco, California on January 9, 1931. He studied at San Mateo Junior College. Mantee enlisted in the U.S. Navy for four years during the Korean War that made him decide on acting as a career.

Personal life 
He was married to Suzy Davis Mantee. He was formerly married to actress Ann Newman. Mantee died on November 7, 2013 in his Los Angeles, California home from prostate cancer, aged 82.

References

Other websites
 
Paul Mantee at Allmovie
Notice of death 

1931 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from San Francisco
Scott Carpenter

Malcolm Scott Carpenter (May 1, 1925 – October 10, 2013) was an American test pilot, astronaut, and aquanaut.  He was one of the original seven astronauts selected for NASA's Project Mercury in April 1959. Carpenter was the second American to orbit the Earth and the fourth American in space, following Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, and John Glenn.

He was married to feminist columnist Rene Carpenter.

Carpenter had a stroke and entered The Denver Hospice Inpatient Care Center at Lowry, Denver, Colorado where he died on October 10, 2013. He was 88 years old.

References

Other websites

NASA Biography
Spacefacts biography of Scott Carpenter
Personal Web Site
NYTimes obituary

1925 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American astronauts
People from Boulder, Colorado
Regions of the Philippines

In the Philippines, regions (Tagalog: rehiyon) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces (lalawigan) of the country for administrative convenience. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, usually (but not always) in the city that is the regional center.

The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor.

List of regions
The Philippines has 17 administrative regions. Fourteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The National Capital Region, Cordillera Administrative Region, and Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao do not have numerical designations.

These regions are geographically combined into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Following is a list of the regions in their island groupings.

The regions CALABARZON, MIMAROPA, and SOCCSKSARGEN are written with upper case characters because they are acronyms that stand for their component provinces or cities. CALABARZON stands for CAvite, LAguna, BAtangas, Rizal and QueZON; MIMAROPA stands for Occidental and Oriental MIndoro, MArinduque, ROmblon and  PAlawan; and SOCCSKSARGEN stands for SOuth Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, SARangani and GENeral Santos.

References

Related pages
 Provinces of the Philippines

Other websites

National Statistical Coordination Board 
National Statistics Office
Luciano Vincenzoni

Luciano Vincenzoni (7 March 1926 – 22 September 2013) was an Italian screenwriter, known as the "script doctor". He wrote for some 65 movies between 1954 and 2000. He is known for his works in For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in 1966, but he also wrote for a number of other Spaghetti westerns.

References

Other websites

Official web site about the documentary based on the Vincenzoni's life 

1926 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Italian screenwriters
People from Veneto
Poseur

Poseur (or poser) is a negative term used by some subcultures. It describes a person who copies the style or mannerisms of a subculture, but who is not considered to belong to it. It implies that the person is fake, and is considered not to share or understand the values or philosophy of that culture.

A person may copy the style of a particular subculture to be accepted within that group or for popularity among various other groups.

The term is often used in the punk, heavy metal, hip hop, and goth subcultures, or the skateboarding and surfing communities. For example, in the hardcore punk scene, older punks may view a young punk with an "anarchy" symbol on their shirt as a poseur if the older punks think the young punk does not understand what the symbol means.

Slang
Subculture
Merton College, Oxford

Merton College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1264 by Walter de Merton, who was the Chancellor to Henry III and Edward I.  It claims to be the oldest college in Oxford, although Balliol College and University College also claim to be the oldest.

Construction of the college at its present location began in the 1270s. Its buildings are among the oldest in Oxford.  Mob Quad at Merton College was built in the 14th Century. It is often said to be the oldest quadrangle at Oxford or Cambridge. Other quadrangles at Oxford and Cambridge, however, may be older.

J.R.R. Tolkien was a professor of English Language and Literature at Merton College.

References

University of Oxford
1264 establishments
1260s establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in England
Blunt trauma

Blunt trauma is a kind of trauma that usually results from being hit by something dull and firm (like a car, a fist, or the ground).  It is also called blunt force trauma. This is different from penetrating trauma where an object, such as a bullet enters the body.

Common types of blunt force trauma include:
 Being in a car accident (this is the most common cause of blunt force trauma)
 Being hit by another person with a fist or with something that is not sharp, like a bat
 Falling and hitting the ground (like falling down the stairs)
 Jumping or falling from a high place

What kinds of problems can blunt force trauma cause?

If blunt force trauma is not too severe, it may cause only cuts (lacerations), bruises (contusions), and scrapes (abrasions).  However, bad blunt force trauma can cause many serious problems, like:
 Head and brain injuries
 Spinal cord injuries
 Crushing of the airways, making it difficult or impossible for air to be breathed in
 Damage to organs (for example, collapsed lungs)
 Broken bones
 Severe bleeding, which can be internal (inside the body)

References

Symptoms
Christopher Koch

Christopher John Koch AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist. He is best known for his 1978 novel The Year of Living Dangerously, which was made into an award-winning movie. 

He won the Miles Franklin Award twice; The Doubleman in 1985, and Highways to a War in 1996. In 1995 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature.

Koch was born in Hobart, Tasmania in 16 July 1932. He was educated at Clemes College, St Virgil's College, Hobart High School and the University of Tasmania.

Koch died at his home in Hobart on 23 September 2013, aged 81. He had been diagnosed with prostate cancer twelve months earlier.

References

Other websites

Christopher Koch at Random House Australia 
Podcast of Christopher Koch discussing “Crossing the Gap: Asia and the Australian Imagination” at the Shanghai International Literary Festival 

1932 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Australian novelists
People from Hobart
Order of Australia
Stein Grieg Halvorsen

Halvor Bernt Stein Grieg Halvorsen (19 October 1909 – 11 November 2013) was a Norwegian stage actor.

Halvorsen was born in Oslo, Norway on 19 October 1909. He was married to Elizabeth Thaulow from 1940 until her death in 1968. Then he was married to Vibeke Falk from 1971 until his death in 2013.

His son, Stein Johan Grieg Halvorsen, is half of the comedy duo Erlend & SteinJo, who rose to fame in the 1990s. 

Halvorsen died of natural causes on 11 November 2013 in his Oslo, Norway home. He died three weeks after his 104th birthday.

References

Other websites

1909 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Centenarians
Norwegian entertainers
Norwegian stage actors
Actors from Oslo
Shirley Mitchell

Shirley Mitchell (November 4, 1919 – November 11, 2013) was an American radio, movie, and television actress. She was known for her role as Marion Strong in I Love Lucy in which she appeared in only three episodes. 

Mitchell was born in Toledo, Ohio on November 4, 1919. She studied at the University of Toledo and at the University of Michigan. Mitchell was married to Julian Frieden from 1946 until they divorced in 1974. Then she was married to Jay Livingston from 1992 until his death in 2001. She had two children with Frieden. Mitchell died on November 11, 2013 in Westwood, California from natural causes, aged 94.

References

Other websites

1919 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from natural causes
University College, Oxford

University College is one of the colleges of Oxford University. The full name of University College is "The Masters and Fellows of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford". It is commonly called simply "The Univ".

According to legend, the college was founded by Alfred the Great in 872. Most historians agree, however, that the college originated in 1249 from a bequest by William of Durham. The college claims to be the oldest at Oxford. Balliol College and Merton College also claim to be the oldest college in Oxford.

The current buildings of the college were begun in the 17th Century.

Famous former students include British Prime Ministers Clement Attlee and Harold Wilson, American President Bill Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, authors Percy Bysshe Shelley, C.S. Lewis, and V. S. Naipaul, and physicist Stephen Hawking.

In 1979 The Univ started letting female undergraduate students study there.

Other websites
Official website

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1249 establishments
1240s establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in England
Al Ruscio

Alfred Ruscio (June 2, 1924 – November 12, 2013) was an American actor who appeared in many television series and movies. He was known for his roles in Showgirls, The Godfather Part III, MacGyver, The A-Team, and in Seinfeld.

Ruscio was born on June 2, 1924 in Salem, Massachusetts to Italian parents. He studied at Salem High School and at the Neighborhood Playhouse. Ruscio was married to Kate Williamson from 1954 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Ruscio died on November 12, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from renal failure, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 
 

1924 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Massachusetts
People from Salem, Massachusetts
Grace Jones (supercentenarian)

Grace Adelaide Jones (7 December 1899 – 14 November 2013) was a British supercentenarian, who at the age of 113 years, 342 days,
was the oldest verified living person in the United Kingdom. She was the world's sixth-oldest living person until her death in November 2013. Until her death she was the last known living British person to have been born before 1900. 

Jones was born in Bermondsey, London, on 7 December 1899. She never married, but was engaged before her fiancé Albert Rees was killed in World War I at the age of nineteen. 

On 14 November 2013, following a fall a few weeks previously, Jones died at St Thomas' Hospital in London. Her death was confirmed by MP Simon Hughes.

On Jones' death, Ethel Lang became the UK's oldest living person.

References

1899 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
British supercentenarians
People from London
Karla Álvarez

Karla Mercedes Álvarez Báez  (15 October 1972 – 15 November 2013) was a Mexican actress. She was best known for her roles including Maria Mercedes and Alma Rebelde and as a contestant for Big Brother VIP in 2003. 

Álvarez was born on 15 October 1972 in Mexico City, Mexico. She was married to Alexis Ayala until they divorced. On 15 November 2013, Álvarez was found dead at her apartment in Mexico City due to respiratory failure. She was rumored to have suffered from alcoholism and allegedly had an eating disorder.

References

Other websites
 

1972 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Actors from Mexico City
Harrisburg, South Dakota

Harrisburg is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Lincoln County, about three miles south of Sioux Falls. It became a city in 1873, and 4,089 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Harrisburg website 

Cities in South Dakota
1873 establishments in Dakota Territory