cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Kansas State Wildcats

The Kansas State Wildcats (variously "Kansas State", "K-State", or "KSU") are the athletic teams for Kansas State University. The official color of the teams is Royal Purple. This makes Kansas State one of very few schools (as well as Syracuse and Harvard) that have only one official color; white and silver are generally used as complementary colors.

Sports sponsored

Football 

Kansas State's football team officially started playing in 1896 with a 14–0 loss to Fort Riley on November 28, 1896.

Championships

* Not counting titles earned in the Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association, through the 1912–13 school year. Kansas State captured at least ten championships in the old Kansas Conference, in track (1906, 1908, 1909), baseball (1907, 1908), football (1909, 1910, 1912), and basketball (1910, 1913).

References

Kansas State University
Missouri Tigers football

The Missouri Tigers football program represents the University of Missouri (often referred to as Mizzou) in college football. It competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Since 2012, Missouri has been a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is currently in its Eastern Division. Home games are played at Faurot Field ("The Zou") in Columbia, Missouri.

References

College football
1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game

The 1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game was a college football game between the University of Kansas and the University of Missouri. It was played on November 25, 1911 at Rollins Field in Columbia, Missouri. It is considered to be the first college football homecoming game ever played.

References

College football
1890 Kansas vs. Baker football game

The 1890 Kansas vs. Baker football game was an American college football game. It was between the  team of the University of Kansas and the  team of Baker University. It was played on November 22, 1890 in Baldwin City, Kansas. The game ended with Baker winning 22–9.  It was the first college football game played in the state of Kansas.

References

College football
1905 Cooper vs. Fairmount football game

The 1905 Cooper vs. Fairmount football game was a college football game. It was between Cooper College (now the Sterling College) and  (now Wichita State University). It was played on October 6, 1905, at Association Field in Wichita. The game was played at night under gas lamps as a demonstration by the Coleman Company. It was the first night football game played west of the Mississippi River. Fairmount won by a score of 24–0.

References

College football
1939 Nebraska vs. Kansas State football game

The 1939 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1939 college football season. The Wildcats finished the season with a 4–5 record with a 1–4 record in conference play. The Wildcats scored 107 points and gave up 108 points.

Schedule

Homecoming game against Nebraska
Kansas State played  the Nebraska Cornhuskers on October 28, 1939. This game was the first college football homecoming game ever shown on television. It was also the second ever televised college football game and the first televised game west of New York City.

Kansas State scored first with a field goal. Two minutes later Nebraska took the lead. Nebraska won the game 25–9.

Nebraska entered the game a 12–5 favorite. The matchup was considered to be important to the outcome of the Big Six Conference championship.  Nebraska ended the game as one of ten college teams in the nation that were unbeaten up to that point.

References

College football
Asma al-Assad

Asma Fawaz al-Assad (, Levantine pronunciation: ; , : ; born 11 August 1975) is the First Lady of Syria since 2000.

She was born and raised in London to Syrian parents. She is married to the 19th and current President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad.

References

1975 births
British businesspeople
British people
First Ladies
Living people
People from Damascus
People from London
Syrian people
Syrian politicians
Black Sunday (storm)

Black Sunday refers to a very bad dust storm that happened on April 14, 1935. The storm happened as part of the Dust Bowl. It was one of the worst dust storms in American history. It caused a lot of economic and agricultural damage. It is estimated to have moved 300 million tons of topsoil from the prairie area in the US.

References

Disasters in the 20th century
1935 in the United States
Natural disasters in the United States
Texas
Jesus water miracle

Jesus water miracle is the so called miracle in which statue of Jesus was weeping at Mumbai. People rushed to collect the 'holy water' and thus, police were called to manage the situation. Later, Indian rationalist, Sanal Edamaruku had proved that the so called holy water was actually weeping due to faulty sewage system.

References 

Superstitions
Asian culture
Sainte-Périne - Rossini - Chardon-Lagache Hospital

The Hôpital Sainte-Périne - Rossini - Chardon-Lagache is a well-known hospital in Paris. It was created in 1807. It is a partner of Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

References

Further reading 
   Hôpital Sainte-Périne - Rossini - Chardon-Lagache

19th-century establishments in France
1800s establishments in Europe
1807 establishments
Hospitals in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
Windshield

The windshield (North American English) or windscreen (Commonwealth English) is the front window of a vehicle. It lets drivers see out while at the same time protecting passengers and the driver from weather. Aircraft, cars, buses, motorbikes or trams can all have windshields. 

Windshields on cars and aircraft are designed to protect the vehicle against wind and flying debris (such as dust, rocks, and insects). Windshields on motorbikes are designed to shield the driver from wind, though it doesn't protect as much as other vehicle windshields do.

Modern windshields are generally made of laminated safety glass, a type of treated glass. The laminated safety glass used for vehicles is made of two curved sheets of glass with a plastic layer between them. This laminated safety glass is then joined into the window frame. 

Motorbike windshields are different to the ones found on cars or aircraft. Motorbike windshields are often made of high-impact polycarbonate or acrylic plastic.

History

Before laminated safety glass, vehicles used ordinary window glass as a windshield. However, ordinary window glass can shatter if the vehicle had a massive physical impact, which would produce flying sharp pieces of glass that can injure people. On 1917, Henry Ford developed the laminated safety glass from the French, which would help prevent broken glass from shattering. Modern windshields were developed from Ford's developments.

Other websites

Vehicles
Windows (architecture)
Archaic period (North America)

In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America, the Archaic period or "Meso-Indian period" in North America, starts from about 8000 BC, and it ends at about 1000 BC. In the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages, is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development.  
The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies. These economies were supported through the use of nuts, seeds, and shellfish. Because it ended when people started using sedentary farming, this date can be different by a lot across the Americas.

The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period.

Classifications
This classification system was first proposed by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in the widely accepted 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology.
 
In the organization of the system, the Archaic period is after the Lithic stage. THe Archaic period is before the Formative stage.
 The Lithic stage
 The Archaic stage
 The Formative stage
 The Classic stage
 The Post-Classic stage

References

More Reading

History of North America
Thatching

Thatching is building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, reeds, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, heather, or palm branches. The vegetation is put on top of each other so as to make sure water stays away from the inner roof.

Architecture
Construction
Natural materials
Orzens

Orzens is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Vaud
Provence, Switzerland

Provence is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Vaud
Rances, Switzerland

Rances is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Vaud
Fort Orleans

Fort Orleans (sometimes referred to Fort D'Orleans) was a French fort in colonial North America. It was the first fort on the Missouri River built by any Europeans on the Missouri River. It was built near the mouth of the Grand River near present-day Brunswick. The fort was occupied from 1723 to 1726. It was the first multi-year European settlement in what is today the U.S. state of Missouri.

History
The fort was built on November 9, 1723. 40 French soldiers were supposed to be there.

References

Other websites
 Drawing c. 1745 of the fort 
 Kansas City Public Library Quarterly, Vol. IX, No. 3 (July 1909), p. 78
 "Plan for Fort Orleans" , Louisiana Digital Libraries
 Historic marker

History of Missouri
Forts in the United States
Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont

Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont (April 1679 – 1734) was a French explorer. He wrote about his travels on the Missouri and Platte rivers in North America. He made the first European maps of these areas in the early 18th century. He wrote two accounts of his travels, which included descriptions of the Native American tribes he encountered. In 1723, he built Fort Orleans, the first European fort on the Missouri River, near the mouth of the Grand River and present-day Brunswick, Missouri. In 1724, he led an expedition to the Great Plains of Kansas to create trading relations with the Padouca (Apache Indians).

Other websites
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Bourgmont, Etienne Veniard de 

1679 births
1734 deaths
Villars-sous-Champvent

Villars-sous-Champvent was a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The former municipalities of Essert-sous-Champvent and Villars-sous-Champvent merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Champvent.

References 

2010s disestablishments in Switzerland
2012 disestablishments in Europe
Former municipalities of Vaud
Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

Sainte-Croix is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Vaud
Suscévaz

Suscévaz is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Vaud
Treycovagnes

Treycovagnes is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Vaud
Tony Xia

Tony Xia () is a Chinese businessman and the current chairman of English football team, Aston Villa F.C.
Tony is 48 years old

1976 births
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Ursins

Ursins is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Vaud
Valeyres-sous-Rances

Valeyres-sous-Rances is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Vaud
Lyle Yost

Lyle E. Yost (March 5, 1913 – April 5, 2012) was an American agriculture equipment manufacturer and inventor.

Yost was the designer and inventor of the 1947 unloading auger, the catalyst for the development of Hesston Manufacturing in Hesston, Kansas. The device was used to unload grain from farm combines.  The company's controlling stake was sold to Italian corporation Fiat Trattori in 1977. Fiat Trattori bought the rest of Hesston Manufacturing in 1987.  In 1991, a year after being created, AGCO Corporation bought the rights to Hesston Manufacturing.

Yost's success in the agriculture industry led to multiple awards and accolades. This included articles of his success in Fortune and Forbes.

References

Other websites
 
 Uncovering the Hesston Story: Lyle Yost AGCO official website and blog

1913 births
2012 deaths
AGCO

AGCO Corporation is an American agricultural equipment manufacturer. Their headquarters are in Duluth, Georgia, United States.

History

AGCO was created in 1990 when executives at Deutz-Allis bought out Deutz-Allis North American operations from the parent corporation KHD (Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz). KHD was a German company that owned the Deutz-Fahr brand of agriculture equipment. KHD had bought parts of the Allis-Chalmers agricultural equipment business five years earlier.

In March 1991, AGCO bought the Hesston Corporation. Because of this, they gained hay and forage equipment as well as technologies such as the grain auger (used to unload grain quickly from combines), invented in 1947 by Lyle Yost. Hesston had a 50 percent joint venture with Case International, now a part of CNH Global. AGCO bought the White Tractor line from the Allied Corporation's White-New Idea company. In 1993, AGCO bought the rest of White-New Idea, gaining New Idea hay equipment and manure spreaders, and White planters. White New Idea had a big manufacturing plant in Coldwater, Ohio, USA.

In 2013, AGCO’s GSI acquired Johnson System, a manufacturer of catwalks and towers. 

In 2017, AGCO acquired Precision Planting, LLC, a planting equipment and technology business.

References

Other websites
 
 AGCO (official website)
 AGCO SEC Filings

Companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Manufacturing companies
1990 establishments in the United States
Valeyres-sous-Ursins

Valeyres-sous-Ursins is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Vaud
Vallorbe

Vallorbe is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Vaud
Vaulion

Vaulion is a municipality of the district Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Vaud
Vuiteboeuf

Vuiteboeuf is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Aerial views
 

Municipalities of Vaud
Yvonand

Yvonand is a municipality in the Jura-Nord vaudois district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official municipality website 
 Municipality Information 
 
Geography and History of Yvonand
 Aerial photographs of the village
 VD8 Campsite

Municipalities of Vaud
Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne

Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of Lausanne.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Vaud
Epalinges

Epalinges is a municipality of the district of Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  

Municipalities of Vaud
Jouxtens-Mézery

Jouxtens-Mézery is a municipality in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  

Municipalities of Vaud
Le Mont-sur-Lausanne

Le Mont-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne.

References

Other websites 

 Official Homepage 

Municipalities of Vaud
Romanel-sur-Lausanne

Romanel-sur-Lausanne is a municipality of the district Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne.

References

Other websites 

 Official Homepage 

Municipalities of Vaud
1951 Central Missouri State vs. Southwestern football game

The 1951 Central Missouri State vs. Southwestern football game was a college football game between the Central Missouri State Mules and the Southwestern Moundbuilders. It was played on September 14, 1951. The game was played at Sonner Stadium in Winfield, Kansas. The game is known for a team rejecting a touchdown awarded by the game officials.

Central Missouri's head coach Tate C. Page called it "the finest act of sportsmanship" that he ever saw. In the third quarter, Southwestern halfback Arthur Johnson completed a long run down the sidelines nearest Southwestern's bench. The referee signaled a touchdown. The crowd of 2,000 cheered.

Southwestern's head coach Harold Hunt ran out on the field to shout, "Southwestern rejects the touchdown!" He then told the officials that Johnson had stepped out of bounds. This would undo the touchdown. None of the referees had seen this happen, but they agreed to undo the touchdown. They put the ball back to the place where Coach Hunt said Johnson had stepped out. A photo of the run later showed Coach Hunt was correct. It was published in the Winfield Daily Courier.

Referee W. P. Astle noted that there had been only three officials at the game instead of the regulation four.  He later said, "If the fourth official had been present to cover what was impossible for me to cover ... I would never have discovered the ‘biggest’ man I ever met."

Southwestern's Coach Hunt was nominated for "Football's Man of the Year" by This Week magazine. This was because he showed so much sportsmanship.

References

College football
Southwestern Moundbuilders

The Southwestern Moundbuilders are the athletic teams that represent Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas. They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). They compete in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC).

Accomplishments
The school boasts the following accomplishments:
 143 KCAC Championships in 10 different sports since 1960
 15 NAIA All-America Scholar-Athletes in 2005–06
 SC finished 77th out of nearly 300 NAIA institutions in the United States Sports Academy Directors Cup for all sports in 2006.
 Seven KCAC Championships this past year in Softball, Men's Golf, Men's and Women's Track, Men's Basketball, and Men's and Women's Cross Country.
 NAIA Region IV titles in Men's Cross Country, Men's and Women's Golf to advance to NAIA National competition.
 Men's Basketball won the KCAC Post-Season tournament and advanced to the National Tournament.
 Women's Track and Men's Track each had National Champions in 2004.
 An SC student-athlete was featured in Sports Illustrated's "Faces in the Crowd" in 2006.
 Women's Tennis and Women's Cross Country were NAIA Region IV runners-up in 2005–06.
 In excess of 170 NAIA All-America Scholar Athletes since 1981, an honor requiring a 3.5 GPA.
 Women's Basketball advanced to the "Sweet 16" of the 2004 NAIA National Tournament.
 Conference champions in football in 1997, 1998, 1999.
 Men's and Women's soccer teams advanced to the semi-finals in the 2003 KCAC Post-Season tournament.

References

Sports organizations of the United States
1905 Washburn vs. Fairmount football game

The 1905 Washburn vs. Fairmount football game was a college football game between Fairmount College (now called Wichita State University) and the Washburn Ichabods. It was played on December 25, 1905, in Wichita, Kansas. It was the first experiment with the forward pass. It was also the first experiment with the ten-yard requirement for first downs. It is unclear if the game was considered "regular season", "post season", or "exhibition" in classification.

Game play
Fairmount college was coached by Willis Bates. The head coach for Washburn that season was John H. Outland. However, since he was officiating, it is likely that the coaching job was given to assistant coach (and next year's head coach) Garfield Weede. The game ended in a 0–0 tie.

The weather for the game were good, but neither side was able to get close to the other team's goal except by a punt. Only seven first downs were made the entire game—four by Washburn and three by Fairmount. Most of the game was played in the middle of the field. The fans were upset.

New rule test

Safer but not "conducive"
Both teams had played a previous game that same season. What made this second game different was that it was a test of a different way to play. During the game, each team's offense was required to gain ten yards in three downs instead of four to earn a new first down.

The experiment was considered a failure. Football legend John H. Outland officiated the game and said, "It seems to me that the distance required in three downs would almost eliminate touchdowns, except through fakes or flukes."  The Los Angeles Times said that there was much kicking and that the game was considered much safer than regular play, but that the new rule was not "conducive to the sport."

Impact
Three days later, 62 schools met in New York City to discuss rule changes to make the game safer. As a result of that meeting, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later named the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), was created. Several other rule changes were made to make the game safer for players, including the addition of the forward pass.

First forward pass

In his history of the sport of football, David M. Nelson said that "the first forward passes were thrown at the end of the 1905 season in a game between Fairmount and Washburn colleges in Kansas."  Nelson says that Washburn did three passes, and Fairmount did two. Credit for the first pass goes to Fairmount's Bill Davis, who did a pass to Art Solter.

References

College football
Harold Hunt (coach)

Harold Seymore Hunt (December 12, 1907 – November 1, 1992) was an American football and basketball coach.  He got nationwide exposure as an example of sportsmanship when he rejected a touchdown that would have won a game for his team.

Football
Hunt was the 13th head football coach for the Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas. He was coach for three seasons, from 1949 to 1951, and compiled a record of 6–18–3

Related pages
1951 Central Missouri State vs. Southwestern football game

References

1907 births
1992 deaths
Washburn Ichabods

The Washburn Ichabods are the athletic teams that represent Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas. They are named after Ichabod Washburn. The Ichabods are a member of the NCAA Division II and the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association.

Sports sponsored

References

Sports organizations of the United States
Independence Producers

The Independence Producers were a minor league baseball team based in Independence, Kansas, United States. They played from 1921 to 1925 and from 1928 to 1932. From 1921 to 1924, they played in the Southwestern League, and in 1925 they played in the Western Association. They played in the Western Association from 1928 to 1932 as well. The 1921 Producers were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time. Perhaps their most notable alumnus was Cy Blanton. Glenn Wright, another notable Producer, made an unassisted triple play when playing Major League Baseball in 1925.

History
A historical marker says that the first night game in organized baseball was played in Independence on April 28, 1930, between the Independence Producers and the Muskogee Chiefs.

References

Baseball
Sterling Warriors

The Sterling Warriors are the athletic teams that represent Sterling College in Sterling, Kansas. They are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). They compete in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KCAC).

Football
Football at Sterling finished the 2009 season with a fourth-place finish in the conference. They had a 6–4 record.  Chuck Lambert is the program's current head coach, succeeding his brother Andy, the new coach at Southern Nazarene, Okla.  Notable former athletes include actor Clarence Gilyard.

During the 1905 season, the Coleman Company set up temporary gas-powered lighting for a night game against Fairmount College (now called Wichita State University). It was the first night football game played west of the Mississippi River. Fairmount won the game 24–0.

References

Sports
AGA cooker

The AGA cooker is a heat storage stove and cooker. The heavy frame is made of cast iron and  absorbs heat from a low-intensity source. Originally, AGAs burnt coke or anthracite. Later versions used gas as the heat source.

The heat is used for cooking. It was invented and initially produced in Sweden. From 1957 all production has been in the United Kingdom.

The cast-iron parts were cast at the Coalbrookdale foundry in the 1940s.  They were still made there by the Aga Rangemaster Group until November 2017 when the company closed the site.

Owners often talk about how the AGA actually makes their homes more energy efficient. The AGA does a number of jobs: it replaces several radiators, a tumble dryer, electric kettle and toaster. It is not just a cooker.

The company which makes AGAs also makes other stoves, such as the Rayburn range.  It is the Aga Rangemaster Group, which was taken over by the US company Middleton Corporation in 2015.

Related pages 
Kitchen stove

References 

Cooking appliances
El Quartelejo Ruins

El Quartelejo, or El Cuartelejo (from Spanish cuartelejo, meaning far quarter or district), is the name given to the archeological ruins of the northernmost Indian pueblo. It is the only known pueblo in Kansas. It is in Lake Scott State Park. The ruins of the stone and adobe pueblo are north of Scott City, Kansas, on Ladder Creek.

References

Other websites
El Quartelejo Museum - Local museum named after the ruins
El Cuartelejo – “The Home Far Away”
Text of highway historical marker

National Register of Historic Places
United States House Committee on Territories

The United States House Committee on Territories was a committee of the United States House of Representatives from 1825 to 1946 (19th to 79th Congresses). Its job was to report on a variety to topics related to the territories. This would include legislation about them, and their admission as new states.

References

United States House of Representatives
Gossens

Gossens was a municipality in Yverdon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It became part of neighbouring Donneloye on 1 January 2008.

It is on the main road between Yverdon and Moudon. The economy is mostly agricultural.

References 

2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Former municipalities of Vaud
Villages in Vaud
Mézery-près-Donneloye

Mézery-près-Donneloye was a municipality in Yverdon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2008 it joined together with Donneloye and Gossens to become one municipality called Donneloye.

References 

2000s disestablishments in Switzerland
2008 disestablishments in Europe
Former municipalities of Vaud
Villages in Vaud
Berlin Tegel Airport

Berlin Tegel Airport ()  was the main international airport of Berlin, the capital of Germany. It formerly served West Berlin. The airport had the IATA Airport Code TXL. It was referred to as the "Frequent Flyer Airport".

The airport was named after Otto Lilienthal and was the fourth busiest airport in Germany, with 20.5 million passengers in 2017 and about 22 million in 2018. The airport was a hub for Eurowings as well as a base for EasyJet. It is in Tegel, a part of the northern borough of Reinickendorf,  northwest of the city centre of Berlin.

The airport had its last flight on 8 November 2020.  Traffic was redirected to the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport until this date. Tegel was decomissioned on 4 May 2021.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1948 establishments in Germany
Airports in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Thierrens

Thierrens was a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Chanéaz, Chapelle-sur-Moudon, Correvon, Denezy, Martherenges, Neyruz-sur-Moudon, Peyres-Possens, Saint-Cierges and Thierrens joined together to become one new municipality called Montanaire.

References 

2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Vaud
Montilliez

Montilliez is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Dommartin, Naz, Poliez-le-Grand and Sugnens joined together to become one new municipality called Montilliez.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Montilliez 

2011 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities of Vaud
William Levada

William Joseph Levada (June 15, 1936 – September 26, 2019) was an American  cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. 

From May 2005 until June 2012, he was Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith under Pope Benedict XVI. He was the Archbishop of Portland (Oregon) from 1986 to 1995, and then Archbishop of San Francisco from 1995 to 2005. 

Levada died on September 26, 2019, in Rome at the age of 83.

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
American Roman Catholics
People from San Francisco
People from Portland, Oregon
Vytautas Briedis

Julius Vytautas Briedis (27 August 1940 – 22 September 2019) was a Lithuanian rower. He finished fifth and third at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics.

Briedis died on 22 September 2019 in Vilnius.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
Lithuanian sportspeople
Olympic bronze medalists
Rowers
Topeka Constitution

The Topeka Constitutional Convention met from October 23 to Nov 11, 1855 in Topeka, Kansas Territory at Constitution Hall. It wrote the Topeka Constitution that would have made slavery in Kansas illegal. The convention was organized by Free-Staters to go against the pro-slavery Territorial legislature elected March 5, 1855. The territorial legislature was elected in polling that had a lot of electoral fraud and the intimidation of free state settlers.

The Topeka Constitution was the first effort to create a Kansas governmental structure and write its basis in law. Free-State people passed the constitution on December 15, 1855. The constitution was sent to Washington. They really wanted the U.S. Congress to pass it. President Pierce hated the document. It was presented in the Senate by Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan and in the House by Representative Daniel of Indiana. It passed the House by two votes on July 2. However, it was held in committee by the Senate. On July 8, Senator Stephen A. Douglas took up the Topeka Constitution in a bill counter to Senator Cass. Cass sent the issue back to the people of Kansas to follow the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Related pages
Lecompton Constitution
Wyandotte Constitution
Bleeding Kansas

References
 Cutler, William G. (1883). "History of the State of Kansas".

Other websites

 Transcript of PBS documentary

Bleeding Kansas
Leavenworth Constitution

The Leavenworth Constitution was one of four Kansas state constitutions written during the era of Bleeding Kansas.  The Leavenworth Constitution was written by a convention of Free-Staters. It was the most progressive of the four proposed constitutions. Important parts of this Constitution were a Bill of Rights that referred to "all men" (making no distinction between the rights of white men and black men), making slavery in the state illegal, and a basic framework for the rights of women.

The constitutional convention that wrote the Leavenworth Constitution was provided for by an act of the Territorial Legislature passed in February 1858, while the Lecompton Constitution was being debated in Congress. The constitution was adopted by the convention at Leavenworth April 3, 1858. It was also chosen by the people at an election on May 18, 1858.

The Leavenworth Constitution did not have a big impact on the history of Kansas since the US Senate did not approve of the laws in the document.  The other proposed state constitutions were the Topeka Constitution (1855), the Lecompton Constitution (1857) and the Wyandotte Constitution (1859).

Related pages
Topeka Constitution
Lecompton Constitution
Wyandotte Constitution
Bleeding Kansas

More reading
 Wilder, D.W., "The Annals of Kansas". 1886.
 William G. Cutler, "History of the State of Kansas" 1883

Other websites
 The Kansas Constitution
  The Leavenworth Constitution

Bleeding Kansas
1858
Rachel Bloom

Rachel Leah Bloom (born April 3, 1987) is an American comedian, writer, actress and singer-songwriter. She played the lead role of Rebecca Bunch in the CW comedy-drama series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. For this, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress-Television Series Musical or Comedy. For that same act, she also won a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series.

In May 2013, Bloom released her first musical comedy album Please Love Me.

Bloom was born in Los Angeles.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1987 births
Living people
Mid-Continent oil province

The Mid-continent oil field is a big area that has hundreds of oil fields in Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. The area, which has various geological strata and diverse trap types, was discovered and used during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the crude oil found in the onshore mid-continent oil field is the mixed base or intermediate type (a mix of paraffin base and asphalt base crude oil types).

Other websites
Energy Information Administration (DOE)
U.S. Energy Information Administration (DOE) , "Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production"

Oil fields
Bud Fowler

John W. "Bud" Fowler (March 16, 1858 – February 26, 1913) was an African-American baseball player, manager, and club organizer. He is the earliest known African-American player in organized professional baseball; that is, the major leagues and minor leagues.

Early life
The son of a fugitive hop-picker and barber, Bud Fowler was christened John W. Jackson.

Professional baseball career

Early career
Fowler first played for an all-white professional team based out of New Castle, Pennsylvania in 1872. He was 14 years old. He is documented as playing for another professional team on July 21, 1877. He was 19. On April 24, 1878, he pitched a game for the Picked Nine, who defeated the Boston Red Caps, champions of the National League in 1877. He pitched some more for the Chelsea team, then finished that season with the Worcester club.

References

1858 births
1913 deaths
Baseball players
Baseball color line

The color line, also known as the color barrier, in American baseball stopped players of black African descent from playing Major League Baseball and its affiliated Minor Leagues until 1947 (with a few notable exceptions in the 19th century before the line was firmly established). Racial segregation in professional baseball was sometimes called a gentlemen's agreement. This means an understanding, as there was no written policy at the highest level of organized baseball, the major leagues. There was minor league's vote in 1887 against allowing new contracts with black players within its league. It sent a powerful message that eventually led to blacks not being allowed to play at all.

The color line was broken for good when Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers organization for the 1946 season.

Origins

The beginning of segregation followed the baseball season of 1867. On October 16, the Pennsylvania State Convention of Baseball in Harrisburg denied admission to the "colored" Pythian Baseball Club.

References

Other websites
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Playing for Keeps: Philadelphia's Pythian Base Ball Club. 

African-American history
History of baseball
Leavenworth Soldiers

The Leavenworth Soldiers was the first professional baseball team from Leavenworth, Kansas. The club played in the Western League from 1886 to 1888. Their first year, they tied the Lincoln Tree Planters for last place at 31-49. In 1887, the Soldiers were 27-27 when they disbanded on July 8 due to poor attendance. In 1888, Leavenworth returned to the loop and went 7-7 under L. M. Cretors. They were in second place when the league stopped operations on June 21. A J. Curran was leading the club in batting average at .300.

References
The Western League: A Baseball History, 1885 through 1999 by W.C. Madden and Patrick Stewart. .

Baseball
Western League (original)

The Western League of Professional Baseball Clubs, also called the Western League, was a minor league baseball league. It created on February 11, 1885. It focused on the Midwestern United States.

History
Before its most famous version in November 1893, the Western League existed in various forms. The League was created as a minor league on February 11, 1885. The original clubs were in Indianapolis‚ Kansas City‚ Cleveland‚ Milwaukee‚ Toledo and Omaha/Keokuk, Iowa.

References

Baseball
Barn raising

A barn raising, also historically called a raising bee or rearing in the U.K., is a collective action of a community, in which a barn for one of the members is built or rebuilt by members of the community. Barn raising was common in 18th- and 19th-century rural North America. A barn was a necessary building for any farmer. Yet a barn was also a big and expensive building. Building a farm needed many people than a typical family could provide. Barn raising addressed the need by getting members of the community, unpaid, to help in the building of their neighbors' barns. Because each member was entitled to recruit others for help, the favor would eventually return to each participant.

One or more people with experience or with specific skills are chosen to lead the project. Young people helping for the first time have watched many barn raisings and know what is expected of them.

References

Construction
Greensburg, Kansas

Greensburg is a city in,  Kiowa County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Kiowa County. In 2010, 777 people lived there. Before the tornado, in 2000, 1,544 people lived there.

In the evening of May 4, 2007, Greensburg was hit by an EF5 tornado that traveled quickly through the area. It destroyed at least 95 percent of the city. It killed eleven people between the ages of 46 and 84.

Greensburg today is a model "green town". It is often described as the greenest in America. The hospital, city hall, and school have all been built to the highest certification level issued by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Greensburg is also home to the world's largest hand-dug well.

History

21st century

At 9:45 p.m. CDT on May 4, 2007, during a deadly tornado outbreak, Greensburg was hit by an EF5 tornado. The tornado was estimated to be  in width — wider than the city itself — and traveled for nearly . Tornado sirens sounded in the city twenty minutes before the tornado struck, and a tornado emergency was issued, which undoubtedly saved many lives.

Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius and President George W. Bush both declared Kiowa County a disaster area, which opened up the affected areas for national and international aid. The tornado killed 10 people in Greensburg and two more in neighboring towns.

Geography
Greensburg is at  (37.6027963, -99.2926131). The United States Census Bureau says taht the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

Demographics

2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 777 people, 355 households, and 212 families living in Greensburg.

Education
Greensburg is served by USD 422 Kiowa County Schools. The Kiowa County High School mascot is Mavericks.

References

Other websites

Official sites
 City of Greensburg
 Greensburg - Directory of Public Officials

2007 tornado
 Damage: Article 1, Article 2, Article 3
 Recovery: Article 1, Article 2, Article 3, Article 4 , Article 5 
 Before: Photos before 2007 tornado
 , from Hatteberg's People on KAKE TV news

Other sites
 The Big Well and Pallasite Meteorite
 Kiowa County Signal
 USD 422, local school district
 Greensburg City Map

Cities in Kansas
County seats in Kansas
Kiowa County, Kansas
Coronado, Kansas

Coronado was an unincorporated community in Wichita County, Kansas, United States. It was platted in 1885. Coronado was involved in the bloodiest county seat fight in the history of the American West. The shoot-out on February 27, 1887, with boosters—some would say hired gunmen—from nearby Leoti left several people dead and wounded.

Coronado had a post office from 1886 until 1899.

References

War in Wichita County (see bottom of page)

Ghost towns in Kansas
County seat war

A county seat war is an American phenomenon that happened mostly in the Old West as it was being settled. Although, there were similar events elsewhere, such as in southeastern Ohio. As new towns were created and county lines were drawn, there was intense competition for the status and tax benefits received by becoming a county seat. These "wars" often involved nothing more than lining up at the ballot box. However, sometimes people from a particular town would use voter fraud, intimidation or violence.

References

Other websites
West Virginia newspaper clips about county seat wars

History
Transcontinental railroad

A transcontinental railroad is a network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass. It must be continuous. It has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, or over those owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route.

References

Other websites
 The Old Transandino
 Trans-Asian Railway Project
 Uniting the States of America

Trains
Pacific Railroad Acts

The Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 were a series of acts of Congress that supported the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" (the Pacific Railroad) in the United States. This happened through authorizing issuing government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. The War Department under then-Secretary of War Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress in 1853 to do surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi. These surveys ranging from north to south and submitted a massive twelve volume report to Congress with the results in early 1855. However, no route or bill could be agreed upon and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants. This change when the secession of the southern states in 1861 ended their opposition to a central route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 () was the original act. Some of its provisions were changed, expanded, or repealed by four more amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865 (), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 ().

The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 started federal government land grants directly to corporations; before that act, the land grants were made to the states, for the benefit of corporations.

1862 in the United States
1864 in the United States
Trains
Pee Wee Gaskins

Donald Henry "Pee Wee" Gaskins Jr. (March 13, 1933 – September 6, 1991) was an American serial killer.  He was executed by electrocution by South Carolina in 1991.

Gaskins was born in South Carolina, the last in a string of illegitimate children.  Due to his smallness, he was nicknamed "Pee Wee".  His youth was characterized by considerable neglect; for instance, when he was one year old, he drank a bottle of kerosene.  He grew to 5 foot 2 inch and 130 pounds.

Gaskins' serial crime began before the concept was even realized, as a juvenile, which included along with a group of other youths: robberies, assaults and a gang rape.  In prison, he was regularly raped.  He escaped from prison in 1955 by sitting in the back of a garbage truck and fled to Florida; he was re-arrested, remanded and paroled in August 1961.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Gaskins murdered several teenaged girls and young women.  He was later found guilty of eight counts of murder and sentenced to death by South Carolina.  While on death row, Gaskins murdered a fellow death row inmate, earning him the title "Meanest Man in America".  Gaskins was put to death in the electric chair by South Carolina on September 6, 1991.

Related pages
Albert Fish
Harvey Glatman

1933 births
1991 deaths
Executed American serial killers
People executed by electric chair
People from South Carolina
American cannibals
American robbers
American rapists
American people convicted of attempted murder
Harvey Glatman

Harvey Murray Glatman (December 10, 1927 – September 18, 1959) was an American serial killer active during the late 1950s. He was known in the media as "The Lonely Hearts Killer" and "The Glamour Girl Slayer". He would use several pseudonyms, posing as a professional photographer to lure his victims with the promise of a modelling career.

Glatman was later found guilty of two counts of first-degree murder by California and sentenced to death, a sentence that he accepted willingly.  He specifically asked the warden to do nothing to save his life.  He was executed in the gas chamber of San Quentin State Prison on September 18, 1959.

Related pages
Pee Wee Gaskins

1927 births
1959 deaths
Jewish American criminals
Executed American serial killers
American rapists
American kidnappers
People from the Bronx
Tony Costa

Antone Charles "Tony" Costa (August 2, 1944 – May 12, 1974) was an American carpenter who achieved notoriety for committing serial murders in and around the town of Truro, Massachusetts in 1969.  Costa preyed on either teenaged girls or young women, although it is unclear which, which resulted in the victims' deaths.  Costa would then remove the corpses' hearts and dismember the corpses.  Costa was convicted of two of the murders and sentenced to life imprisonment by Massachusetts.  Four years into his imprisonment, Costa hanged himself in his prison cell.

References 

1944 births
1974 deaths
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American serial killers
Murderers who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging in the United States
Tomiris (movie)

Tomiris is a commercial movie about  Queen Tomiris.  This historical drama is about the ruler of the Massagetae in the sixth century B.C.  

The movie was released in September 2019.  Its plot is based on material from Herodotus as told through Al-Farabi.  It tells how Tomiris led her nomadic people to victory over Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire when he invaded her land. 

The movie's director was Akan Satayev.  "The historical drama was filmed based on order of the Kazakh Ministry of Culture and Sports."  The producer was Aliya Nazarbayeva.   The movie was made by the  Kazakhfilm Film Studio with participation of Sataifilm.  The movie's director of props was Kuat Tleubaev.  It cost 2.259 billion tenge (about 6,500,000 US$) to make.   It was filmed in Kazakhstan. 

Running time is 155 minutes. 

According to the Astana Times online, the movie "earned 480 million tenge (US$1.2 million) by the end of October and was screened more than 800 times throughout Kazakhstan."  

Tomiris was one of three Kazakhstani movies in the Golden Globes long list of candidates for the Foreign Language Film category.  

At France’s 26th L’Étrange Festival, 20202, it won the Nouveau Genre Great Prize in the International Feature Film Competition. 

The movie was scheduled to be released in Turkey in April 2020.

Languages 
The narrative is in Russian with Kazakh subtitles.  The characters speak in ancient Turkic and Persian languages.

Cast
 Almira Tursyn     as Tomiris
 Aizhan LighG      as Princess Sardana
Gassan Massoud as Cyrus the Great 
 Murat Bisenbin     as Spargap, Tomiris's father and the Chief
Adil Akhmetov       as Tomiris's husband Argun
 Azamat Satybaldy  as Kavaz
Berik Aitzhanov       as  Kurtun
 Ayan Otepbergen 
 Asylkhan Tolepov
 Erkebulan Dairov      as Khoman
Sain Ferhad            as Immortelle

References

2010s historical movies

Other web sites
 https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7985648/?ref_=nv_sr_1?ref_=nv_sr_1
 Official flim page: http://sataifilm.kz/9-filmy/32-tomiris 
 Review: https://asianmoviepulse.com/2020/09/film-review-the-legend-of-tomiris-2019-by-akan-satayev/