cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Willard Scott

Willard Herman Scott, Jr. (March 7 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, author, television personality, clown, comedian, radio personality and occasional actor. He was best known for creating and originally playing Ronald McDonald in the McDonald's commercials.  He was on The Today Show for many years.

Scott died on September 4, 2021, of natural causes in Delaplane, Virginia at the age of 87.

Writings
Scott has published several fiction and non-fiction books:

 The Joy of Living
 Down Home Stories
 Willard Scott’s All-American Cookbook
 America Is My Neighborhood
 The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune
 If I Knew It Was Going To Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become A Grandparent First

He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:

 Murder Under Blue Skies
 Murder in the Mist

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
2021 deaths
People from Alexandria, Virginia
American television actors
Actors from Virginia
American television news anchors
American television personalities
Comedians from Virginia
American radio personalities
Clowns
Northern Calloway

Northern James Calloway (January 22, 1948 - January 9, 1990) was an American actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is  best known for playing David on Sesame Street from 1971 through 1989.

On January 9, 1990, Calloway died of cardiac arrest.

References

Other websites
 

American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
1948 births
1990 deaths
Actors from New York City
Robert Doisneau

Robert Doisneau (14 April 1912 – 1 April 1994) was a French photographer. In the 1930s he used a form of camera called a Leica on the streets of Paris. He and Henri Cartier-Bresson were pioneers of photojournalism.

As a young man Doisneau attended the École Estienne in Paris to learn the crafts involved in the book trade, but he always claimed that the streets of the working-class neighbourhood of Gentilly provided his most important schooling. In 1929, in an effort to improve his draftsmanship, he began photographing, just as Modernist ideas were beginning to promote photography as the prime medium for advertising and reportage.

1912 births
1994 deaths
French photographers
Luther Ingram

Luther Thomas Ingram (November 30, 1937 – March 19, 2007) was an American R&B singer-songwriter. He had  many hit songs during his career. His song (If Loving You is Wrong) I Don't Want to be Right was released in 1972. He died from heart failure.

1937 births
2007 deaths
Singers from Tennessee
American soul musicians
American singer-songwriters
People from Jackson, Tennessee
American R&B musicians
Honey War

The Honey War was a bloodless border dispute in the 1830s between Iowa (first as a part of Wisconsin Territory, then Iowa Territory) and Missouri over their border.

The Honey War was caused by a disagreement over a  wide piece of land covering the entire border (see map).  The disagreement was caused because 3 things were not easy to understand: the Missouri Constitution's part about borders, the survey of the Louisiana Purchase, and treaties with the Native Americans.  The United States Supreme Court ended the dispute in Iowa's favor.  It said that the almost-straight border of Iowa would follow the Des Moines River south for about  until it reached the Mississippi River near Keokuk.

During the War, the state militias faced each other, a Missouri sheriff collecting taxes in Iowa was arrested, and three honey trees were cut down.

References
[http://supreme.justia.com/us/48/660/case.html State of Missouri v. State of Iowa], 48 U.S. 660 (1949).
Everett, Derek R. (2008, Fall). To Shed Our Blood for Our Beloved Territory: The Iowa-Missouri Borderland. The Annals of Iowa'', 67(4), 269–297.
The Territorial Militia - History of The Iowa National Guard by Stephen N. Kallestad 
Stories of Iowa for Boys and Girls by Bruce E. Mahan - 1931 - reprinted on Iowa History Project
Country Facts and Folklore By Andy Reddick (republished on rootsweb) 

History of Iowa
19th century in Missouri
Territorial disputes
Conflicts
United States Supreme Court cases
1830s in the United States
2nd millennium conflicts
Daniel Day-Lewis

Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis (born 29 April 1957) is a retired British actor. He won three Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. 

He was born in London, England on 29 April 1957. He had dual citizenship - British and Irish. He is the youngest of Cecil Day-Lewis' four children and the younger of Jill Balcon's two children. His sister, Tamasin Day-Lewis, is a television chef. Day-Lewis married Rebecca Miller (the daughter of Arthur Miller) in 1996. From another relationship Day-Lewis has one son. With Miller, he has two sons.

He starred in most movies, such as My Left Foot, There Will Be Blood and Gangs in New York. He played Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's 2012 biopic movie Lincoln. He won an Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award for his performance. He retired from acting after starring in his final movie Phantom Thread.

References

Other websites

1957 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
British movie actors
British stage actors
British television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Richard Harris

Richard St John Harris (1 October 1930 – 25 October 2002) was an Irish movie, stage, television actor, writer, movie, stage producer, singer-songwriter, and a movie director who is known for his roles as King Arthur in Camelot and as Albus Dumbledore in the first two Harry Potter Movie Series. He was lifelong friends with Irish actor Peter O'Toole. 

Harris was born in Limerick, Irish Free State on 1 October 1930 to an Irish Catholic family. Harris studied to become an actor at the Crescent College and at The Royal Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Harris was married to Elizabeth Rees-Williams from 1957 until they divorced in 1969. Harris remarried in 1974 to Ann Turkel until they divorced in 1982. Harris has three sons: Jamie Harris, Jared Harris, and Damian Harris. 

Harris died on 25 October 2002 from Hodgkin's lymphoma in his London, England home, aged 72. He was replaced in the role of Dumbledore by Michael Gambon.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Richard Harris, Peter O'Toole & Munster Rugby 

1930 births
2002 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from Hodgkin's lymphoma
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Irish movie actors
Irish radio actors
Irish rugby union players
Irish singers
Irish stage actors
Irish television actors
Irish voice actors
Irish writers
People from Limerick
Dolphy

Rodolfo Vera Quizon, Sr. (July 25, 1928 – July 10, 2012) was a Filipino, director, comedian, movie, television, stage, and radio actor. He is also known for his comedy works earning him the nickname as "The King of Comedy". 

Dolphy was born on July 25, 1928 in Tondo, Manila, Philippines on July 25, 1928. He has 17 children and one adopted child by his partner Zsa Zsa Padilla. Dolphy died on July 10, 2012, aged 83, in Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines from multiple organ failure after suffering pneumonia and renal failure.

References

Other websites

1928 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from renal failure
Filipino actors
People from Manila
Buddy Ebsen

Christian Rudolph "Buddy" Ebsen, Jr. (April 2, 1908 – July 6, 2003) was an American dancer, movie, voice, television, radio, and stage actor. He was known for his roles as Jed Clampett in The Beverly Hillbillies and as Barnaby Jones in Barnaby Jones. Ebsen was the oldest voice guest star in television history with his voice role as Chet Elderson in King of the Hill.

Ebsen was originally cast to play the Scarecrow in The Wizard of Oz.  However, Ray Bolger, who was playing the Tin Man, convinced Ebsen to trade roles for a rehearsal.  Ebsen had a very bad allergic reaction to the aluminum dust in the Tin Man's makeup.  He had to go to the hospital.  He was so sick that Jack Haley replaced him as the Scarecrow.

Ebsen was married to Ruth Cambridge from 1936 until they divorced in 1942. He was later married to Nancy Wolcott from 1944 until they divorced in 1985. Ebsen was last married to Dorothy Knott from 1985 until his death in 2003. Ebsen had 2 children with Cambridge, 5 with Wolcott, and one with Knott.

Ebsen died on July 6, 2003 in the Torrance Memorial Medical Center in Torrance, California from respiratory failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95 years old. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.

References

Other websites

The official Buddy Ebsen Virtual Museum
The official Buddy Ebsen web site
Fan tribute site

1908 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American dancers
People from Belleville, Illinois
Comedians from Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Chris Evans

Christopher Robert "Chris" Evans (born June 13, 1981) is an American television, voice, and movie actor. He is known for his roles as Johnny Storm/Human Torch in Fantastic Four and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer and as Captain America in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2011-2019). Evans was born in Sudbury, Massachusetts on June 13, 1980.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Video Games

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Massachusetts 
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Mark Ruffalo

Mark Alan Ruffalo (born November 22, 1967) is an American director, screenwriter, producer, movie, television, and voice actor. He is known for his role as Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2012-today). Ruffalo was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin on November 22, 1967. Ruffalo has been married to Sunrise Coigney since 2000. They have three children.

In November 2017, Ruffalo and Senator Bernie Sanders, who Ruffalo supported in the 2016 United States presidential election, were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for their narration of the Sanders's memoir Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In.

References

Other websites

1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
People from Kenosha, Wisconsin
Actors from Wisconsin
American people
Chris Hemsworth

Chris Hemsworth  (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian movie, television, and voice actor. He is known for his role as Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2010-today). Hemsworth was born on 11 August 1983 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He has been married to a singer and business woman Robyn Rihanna Fenty since 2020.

References

Other websites

1983 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Actors from Melbourne
Officers of the Order of Australia
Stellan Skarsgård

Stellan John Skarsgård (born June 13, 1951) is a Swedish movie, television, stage, and voice actor.

He is known for his roles as Bootstrap Bill Turner in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End and as Dr. Erik Selvig in Thor, The Avengers, and Thor: The Dark World.

Skarsgård was born in Gothenburg, Sweden on June 13, 1951.

Skarsgård was married to My Skarsgård from 1975 until they divorced in 2007. They had six children: Alexander (b.1976), Gustaf (b.1980), Sam (b.1982), Bill (b.1990), Eija (b.1992) and Valter (b.1995).

Three of them became actors- Alexander is best known as 1000 years vampire in True Blood HBO series, Gustaf played Hamlet in Stockholm theater and Bill beginning actor. Their daughter Eija is a model.

Skarsgård has been married to Megan Everett since 2010. They have two sons: Ossian (b.2009) and Kolbjörn (b.2012) .

References

Other websites

 

1951 births
Living people
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Swedish stage actors
Swedish voice actors
People from Gothenburg
Paul Bettany

Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is an English movie, voice, television, and stage actor. He voiced J.A.R.V.I.S. in the movies Iron Man, Iron Man 2 The Avengers, and Iron Man 3. He played the fictional character Vision in Avengers: Age of Ultron and Captain America: Civil War. Bettany was born in Shepherd's Bush, London, England. He has been married to Jennifer Connelly since 2003. They have three children.

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Cartesian product

In mathematics, sets can be used to make new sets. Given two sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A with B is written as A × B, and is the set of all ordered pairs whose first element is a member of A, and whose second element is a member of B. 

For example, let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b}. Then:

The set of a Cartesian product can be visualized as a two-dimensional table, with its entry being its elements.

Related pages 

 Cross product
 Product (mathematics)
 Relation (mathematics)

References 

Set theory
Clark Gregg

Robert Clark Gregg (born April 2, 1962) is an American director, screenwriter, actor and voice artist. He has acted in both television and movies. Gregg is known for his role as Phil Coulson in Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Thor, and The Avengers.

Gregg was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Gregg has been married to Jennifer Grey since 2001. They have a daughter, Stella Gregg.

References

Other websites
 
 

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Boston, Massachusetts
Actors from North Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Movie directors from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Cobie Smulders

Jacoba Francisca Maria Smulders (born April 3, 1982) is a Canadian-American model, actress and voice artist. She has acted in movies and television. She played Robin Scherbatsky in the TV series How I Met Your Mother. She plays Maria Hill in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Smulders was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Smulders has been married to Taran Killam since 2012. They have two daughters, Shaelyn Cado Killam (born 2009) and Janita Mae Killam (born 2015).

References

Other websites

 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Magma (mathematics)

In mathematics, a magma is kind of algebraic structure. It is a set with a binary operation on that set.

A binary operation works by taking two elements from a set (that do not have to be different) and returning some other element of that set.

If we give the set a label (such as X) and the binary operation a label (such as •). Then we give the magma the label (X, •).

Examples

The natural numbers with addition form a magma. Because the set of natural numbers is written as  and addition is written as  the magma is written as . The name of the magma would be "The natural numbers under addition".

The integers with multiplication form a magma. Because the set of integers is written as  and multiplication (in abstract mathematics) is written as  the magma is written as . The name of the magma would be "The integers under multiplication".

The real numbers under division do not form a magma. This is because numbers cannot be divided by 0. A binary operation requires that any two elements can be taken from the set (in this case in order) to produce another element from the set. The real numbers without 0 is written as . It can be shown that the  is a magma.

Algebra
Set theory
Joseph Maher

Joseph Maher (December 29 1933 - July 17 1998) was an Irish-American movie, television, voice, and stage actor. He is best known from his acting in the television series Goode Behavior and the movies Heaven Can Wait, Mars Attacks and Sister Act. He played the character Mr. Chambers in 1984 short Frankenweenie. Maher won a Drama Desk Award in 1986.

Maher was born in Westport, County Mayo, Ireland on December 29, 1933. Maher was openly gay. He was a naturalized US citizen. Maher died on July 17, 1998 in Los Angeles, California from a brain tumor. He was 64 years old when he died.

References

Other websites

Photo

1933 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Irish voice actors
Irish stage actors
Irish radio actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
LGBT actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Toby Jones

Toby Edward Heslewood Jones (born 7 September 1966) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Arnim Zola in Captain America: The First Avenger, Dobby in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, as Claudius Templesmith in The Hunger Games, Irving Paul Lazar in Frost/Nixon, as Percy Alleline in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, as Gunnar in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and as Owl in the 2018 Disney movie Christopher Robin.

Jones was born in Hammersmith, London, England on 7 September 1966 to Freddie Jones and Jennifer Heselwood.

References

Other websites

1966 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Hammersmith
Dianne Feinstein

Dianne Feinstein, born Dianne Emiel Goldman, (born June 22, 1933) is the senior United States Senator from California.  She is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party and has been in Senate since November 4, 1992. She was also the 38th Mayor in San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.
 
She is the first woman to have presided over a U.S. presidential inauguration.

Early life
She was born in San Francisco, California. Feinstein is of Polish-German-Russian-Jewish descent.

References

1933 births
Living people
Jewish American politicians
Jewish women politicians
Mayors of San Francisco
United States senators from California
US Democratic Party politicians
John Lithgow

John Arthur Lithgow (born October 19, 1945) is an American movie, stage, voice, television actor, poet, author, and musician. He began acting in 1972. He was in the movies The World According to Garp, Footloose, Terms of Endearment, Shrek, Rise of the Planet of the Apes, and in The Campaign. Lithgow was nominated for an Academy Award for each movie. 

He played Arthur Mitchell on Showtime's Dexter and won Golden Globe and Emmy Awards for his acting. He played the protagonist Dick Solomon in sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun.

Lithgow was born on October 19, 1945 in Rochester, New York and studied at Harvard University. Lithgow was married to Jean Tayton from 1966 until they divorced in 1980. Lithgow has been married to Mary Yeager since 1981. Lithgow has three children, Ian, Phoebe, and Nathan Lithgow.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
  

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American poets
Musicians from New York
Musicians from New Jersey
Actors from New York
Writers from New York
Actors from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
Saturn Award winners
People from Rochester, New York
Paul Gleason

Paul Xavier Gleason (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor who is known for his role as Dwayne T. Robinson in the 1988 action movie Die Hard.

Gleason was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on May 4, 1939 and raised in Uleta, Florida. Gleason was married to Candy Moore from 1971 until they divorced in 1978. Later, he was married to Susan Kehl from 1995 until his death in 2006. Gleason died on May 27, 2006 from lung cancer in a hospital in Burbank, California. He was 67 years old.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Photos of burial place at Findagrave

1939 births
2006 deaths
Actors from Miami, Florida
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Reginald VelJohnson

Reginald VelJohnson, Jr. (born August 16, 1952) is an American writer and actor who is known for his role as Sgt. Al Powell in Die Hard and Die Hard 2. VelJohnson was born in Queens, New York on August 16, 1952 and studied at New York University.

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
David S. Goyer

David Samuel Goyer (born December 22, 1965) is an American screenwriter, movie director, and a book and comics writer. Goyer is known for his work on Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and The Dark Knight Rises. He also worked on the movie Man of Steel. Goyer was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

References

Other websites

 

1965 births
Living people
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Writers from Michigan
Saturn Award winners
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Jet (lignite)

Jet is a geological material considered to be a minor gemstone. It is originally a wood product called lignite, squeezed and heated by geological processes. The older definition of mineral did not apply to organic material. Therefore, jet was not called a mineral, but instead a mineraloid. However, this view is changing, as so many crystalline materials have organic origin.

The English noun "jet" comes from the French word for the same material: jaiet. Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions, which are of brassy colour and metallic lustre. The adjective jet-black, meaning as dark a black as possible, comes from this material.

References 

Minerals
Gemstones
Sylvia Sidney

Sylvia Sidney (born Sophia Kosow; August 8, 1910 – July 1, 1999) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actress who is known for her role in the crime-drama movies. She is also known for playing Florence Norris in Mars Attacks! and as Juno in Beetlejuice. Sidney won a Golden Globe Award and a Saturn Award.

Sidney was born in The Bronx, New York on August 8, 1910 to Russian-Jewish immigrant parents. Sidney was married to writer Bennett Cerf from 1935 until they divorced in 1936. She married actor-director Luther Adler in 1938. The couple had a son named Jacob (1939–1987), and divorced in 1946. She was married to Carlton Alsop from 1947 until they divorced in 1951.

Sidney died on July 1, 1999 in New York City from throat cancer. She was 88 years old.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1910 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from New York City
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Saturn Award winners
Glenn Shadix

William Glenn Shadix (April 15, 1952 – Septmber 7, 2010) was an American movie, television, and voice actor who is known for his role as Otho in Beetlejuice and as the Mayor of Halloween Town in The Nightmare Before Christmas. Shadix was born on April 15, 1952 in Bessemer, Alabama and studied at Birmingham-Southern College. Shadix was openly gay. Shadix died on September 7, 2010 from a blunt trauma in his Birmingham, Alabama home after he accidentally fell. He was 58 years old.

References

Other websites
 Official site
 
 

1952 births
2010 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Actors from Alabama
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Bessemer, Alabama
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Alabama
Leslie Cochran

Albert Leslie Cochran (June 24, 1951 – March 8, 2012) was an American activist and homeless man. Cochran is known for his activism on the city of Austin, Texas. He might have created the motto "Keep Austin Weird". 

Cochran was born in Miami, Florida on June 24, 1951. He was married from 1985 through 1986. 

On October 1, 2009, police officers found him unconscious outdoors. He was taken to the University Medical Center Brackenridge in critical condition. He claimed he was attacked by a group of people after commenting about the dangers of drug abuse. 

Cochran died on the morning of March 8, 2012 from a head trauma in Austin, Texas, aged 60.

References

Other websites

Photos of Leslie throughout the years , Austin American-Statesman
In Memoriam: Leslie Cochran, 1951-2012 (KUT News)
"'Leslie', Austin's icon of weird, dies" , KXAN reportage
Leslie Cochran's grave

1951 births
2012 deaths
American activists
American crime victims
People from Miami, Florida
Deaths from head injury
Great Oxygenation Event

The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) was the introduction of free oxygen into our atmosphere. It was caused by cyanobacteria doing photosynthesis. It took a very long time, from about three billion years ago to about one billion years ago.

Photosynthesis was producing oxygen both before and after the GOE. The difference was that before the GOE, organic matter and dissolved iron chemically captured any free oxygen. Earth has much iron, and iron has higher solubility than its oxides, so the oceans had much dissolved iron. It became iron oxide and made huge deposits as banded iron rock from the Archaean and Proterozoic eras. When not enough iron remained to capture more oxygen, free oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere. This was the GOE.

Oxygen was toxic to most of the Earth's anaerobic inhabitants at the time. As cyanobacteria produced oxygen, and built their stromatolites, they changed the environment for other protists. Since the other protists had no way to deal with oxygen, most would have become extinct. Another consequence was the effect of free oxygen on atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas. The reaction removed the methane and caused the Huronian glaciation, possibly the longest snowball Earth episode ever. Free oxygen has been an important part of the atmosphere ever since.

Timing 
The evidence is that free oxygen was first produced by photosynthetic organisms (prokaryotic, later eukaryotic) which emitted oxygen as a waste product. These organisms lived long before the GOE, perhaps 3500 million years ago (mya). The oxygen they produced would have quickly been removed from the atmosphere by the 'mass rusting' which led to the deposition of banded-iron formations. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities shortly (~50 million years) before the start of the GOE. Without a draw-down, oxygen would accumulate very rapidly. At today's rates of photosynthesis (which are much greater than those in the land-plant-free Precambrian), modern atmospheric O2 levels could be produced in around 2,000 years.

Summary:
3,500 mya Archaean eon: production of oxygen by cyanobacteria in stromatolites.
Oxygen causes deposit of iron as iron oxides in banded iron formations.
c. 2,400 mya Palaeoproterozoic era: free oxygen escapes into atmosphere, mostly absorbed on the land.
c. 850 mya Neoproterozoic era: oxygen starts to accumulate in the atmosphere. Continues to increase during the Palaeozoic era to present levels.

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Proterozoic
Atmosphere
Protista
Edmund Gwenn

Edmund John Kellaway (September 26, 1877 – September 6, 1959) was an English movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Santa Claus in Miracle on 34th Street. Gwenn won an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards.

Gwenn was born in Wandsworth, London, England on September 26, 1877. He studied at St. Olave's School and King's College London. Gwenn was married to Minnie Terry for one day in 1901. They divorced the same day they married. Gwenn died on September 6, 1959 from pneumonia cause by a stroke in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles home, aged 81.

References

Other websites

 

1877 births
1959 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
British silent movie actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
People from Wandsworth
Pete van Wieren

Pete van Wieren (October 7, 1944 – August 2, 2014) was a former American sportscaster.  He was the voice of Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves along with Skip Caray.

Van Wieren was born in Rochester, New York.

He also called games for the Atlanta Hawks, Atlanta Falcons preseason, and Atlanta Flames. Van Wieren also was employed for Turner Sports calling college football games on TBS and NBA games for TNT and TBS. He unexpectedly announced his retirement in 2008 after the death of fellow broadcaster Skip Caray.

Early in 2010, Van Wieren was diagnosed with lymphoma. Van Wieren died from the disease in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 69.

References

National Hockey League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Deaths from lymphoma
2014 deaths
1944 births
People from Rochester, New York
Dan Hicks

John Daniel "Dan" Hicks (born June 2 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is a sportscaster with NBC. 

He currently calls golf tournaments for NBC. He also is a fill-in for Notre Dame Football on NBC when Tom Hammond is not there. Hicks called swimming and figure skating in the Olympics. He called NFL games for NBC, as well as NBA games. Hicks called the 2012 Pro Bowl with analysts Mike Mayock and Doug Flutie and sideline reporters Alex Flanagan and Randy Moss. In the 2012 preseason game between the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, Hicks called an NFL game for the first time since 1997. Hicks filled in for Al Michaels because Michaels took a break after anchoring the 2012 London Summer Olympics.

Hicks is married to ESPN sportscaster Hannah Storm.

References

Living people
1962 births
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Spero Dedes

Spero Dedes (born February 27, 1979) is a Greek-American sportscaster employed by MSG, CBS, and NFL Network. He is the host of NFL Total Access.

Dedes was born in Panamus, New Jersey. Before working with CBS, he called NFL games on Fox in 2004 as well as the New Jersey Gladiators of the Arena Football League. Dedes was the radio voice of the Los Angeles Lakers from 2005-2011. He was expected to replace Joel Meyers, but signed a contract with the New York Knicks instead.

Meyers now calls games for the New Orleans Hornets. While at NFL Network, he has called BCS games and NFL Preseason Games for the network. He called the 2004 Summer Olympics on NBC for field hockey at the age of 25.  This made him the youngest member of an Olympic Game broadcast for NBC. He also called college football and basketball games for Westwood One.

References

College basketball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from New Jersey
1979 births
Living people
Verne Lundquist

Merton Laverne "Verne" Lundquist, Jr. (born June 17, 1940) is a longtime sportscaster with CBS Sports and formally with Turner Sports and ABC Sports. 

He backed up Chris Schenkel for ABC'S covering of bowling. He also called college football games for ABC. He started his career as the voice of the Dallas Cowboys.  During his time at Turner Sports, he called college football, NFL, and NBA games for TNT and/or TBS. Lundquist replaced Gary Bender as play-by-play announcer for TNT Sunday Night Football before ESPN took over for Sunday Night Football full-time. 

Lundquist currently calls SEC games and other college football games for CBS with Gary Danielson and sideline reporter Tracy Wolfson. Lundquist also calls college basketball and golf tournaments for CBS. He used to call NFL and NBA games for the network. 

Lundquist is a native of Duluth, Minnesota.  He graduated from Texas Lutheran College.

References

Boxing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
Bowling broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
1940 births
Living people
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Toll-like receptor

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are proteins which act in the innate immune system and the digestive system. They are membrane-spanning, that is, they reach from the outside of the cell to the inside. 

TLRs recognize molecules which come from microbes. Once microbes get through physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs. The TLRs set up an immune cell response.

TLR signalling leads to the induction or suppression of genes that orchestrate the inflammatory response. In all, thousands of genes are activated by TLR signalling, and the TLRs are one of the most important means of gene modulation.

Toll-like receptors have also been shown to be an important link between innate and adaptive immunity through their presence in dendritic cells.

Extended family 
Most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of Toll-like receptors. Thirteen TLRs (TLR1 to TLR13) have been identified in humans and mice, and similar ones have been found in other mammalian species. TLRs are not identical in all mammals. For example, a gene coding for a protein like TLR10 in humans is present in mice, but seems to have been damaged at some time by a retrovirus.  On the other hand, mice express TLRs 11, 12, and 13, none of which is present in humans.  Other mammals may express TLRs that are not found in humans.  Non-mammalian species may have TLRs different from mammals.

History 
They got their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the Toll gene identified in Drosophila in 1985 by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. The gene in question, when mutated, makes the Drosophila flies look unusual. The researchers were so surprised that they spontaneously shouted out in German "Das ist ja toll!" which translates as "That's great!".

Toll-like receptors are now counted among the key molecules that alert the immune system to the presence of microbial infections. In 1996, Toll was found by Jules A. Hoffmann and his colleagues to have an essential role in the fly's immunity to fungal infection. It worked by activating the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. Plant homologues were discovered in 1995 (rice XA21), and 2000 (Arabidopsis FLS2).

TLR 4 function as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensing receptor was discovered by Bruce A. Beutler and colleagues. These workers proved that mice which could not respond to LPS had mutations which abolished the function of TLR4. This identified TLR4 as one of the key components of the receptor for LPS.

References 

Cell biology
Bill Macatee

Bill Macatee (born November 17, 1955) is a television sportscaster. 

He currently is with Tennis Channel and CBS Sports calling tennis tournaments, golf tournaments, and NFL games. He is paired with John McEnroe and Mary Joe Fernandez for tennis, Ian Baker-Finch for golf, and Steve Tasker for NFL games. 

He was sports director at KMBD-TV. Macatee was a sports correspondent for The Today Show and sports anchor at NBC News at Sunrise and Sunday Today. He was formally with NBC Sports and USA Sports. At NBC, he provided live reports and did studio hosting for NBC's coverage of NFL, college football, Major League Baseball, tennis, and college football. At USA, he covered PGA Tour, figure skating, boxing, and the 2006 Winter Olympics. Macatee also called college basketball games for CBS as well as Clash of Champions; a bowling program part of CBS Sports Spectacular.

Macatee was born in Rome, New York, and grew up in El Paso, Texas with his childhood friend Nick Rolen Macatee was once married to actress India Allen.

References

Tennis broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
1955 births
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Bowling broadcasters
Jim Nantz

James William Nantz, III (born May 17, 1959) is a personality with CBS Sports. He currently partners with Clark Kellogg and Steve Kerr for college basketball games, Nick Faldo for golf tournaments, and Phil Simms for NFL games. 

His jobs include these:
NFL on CBS play-by-play/studio host
PGA Tour on CBS play-by-play
Olympics on CBS anchor
NBA on CBS play-by-play
NFL on CBS Radio play-by-play
College Basketball on CBS lead play-by-play/studio host
College football on CBS lead play-by-play
Tennis on CBS play-by-play
PGA Tour on BBC Open Championship play-by-play
BYU Cougars football play-by-play
Utah Jazz play-by-play
KSL-TV sports anchor in Salt Lake City Utah

Nantz has been honored with the NSSA’s National Sportscaster of the Year award five times (1998, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009).
In 2011, Nantz was named as a recipient of the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

References

Tennis broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Living people
1959 births
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Kevin Burkhardt

Kevin Burkhardt (born March 2, 1974) is a television field reporter for the New York Mets on SportsNet New York. Burkhardt works with Gary Cohen and Keith Hernandez or Ron Darling. He has also called New York Mets spring training games and New Jersey Jackals. In June of 2012, he filled in for Gary Cohen for the first time during regular season. He appears on Mets shows doing hosting and reporting for Mets Hot Stove, Mets Pre-Game Live, Mets Post-Game Live, and Mets Year in Review. Outside of baseball, he was a beat reporter for the New York Jets and provided sports reporting for Time-Warner Cable and WCBS-AM. Burkhardt also called college football and Dallas Cowboys games for the Compass Media Networks. Burkhardt was paired with Danny White. He now calls games for the NFL on Fox with John Lynch and Erin Andrews.

Major League Baseball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Living people
1974 births
Kenny Albert

Kenny Albert (born February 2, 1968) is a sportscaster employed by MSG and Fox Sports. Kenny is the son of Marv Albert, a veteran basketball announcer.

Early work
In the 1990s, he was the voice of the Baltimore Skipjacks in the American Hockey League and the Washington Capitals in the NHL. He also called college basketball games for ESPN Plus and part-time games for the Washington Bullets. Albert was also the lead voice for NHL Radio. He also worked on Westwood One with Marv Albert, his dad, as a sideline reporter for Monday Night Football.

FOX Sports
He does NFL games for Fox and also called NHL games for Fox. He also called BCS games on Fox, mainly the Sugar Bowl and Orange Bowl and the 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic. Albert also works on occasional Major League Baseball games on Fox and does the same role when MLB television was picked up by Fox Sports 1.

Turner Sports
Starting in 2012, Albert began calling select NBA games for TNT.

MSG Network
Albert is also employed by MSG. He is the radio voice of the New York Rangers and calls select games for the New York Knicks. He also called high school basketball, college basketball, and games for New York Liberty.

Other work
Albert calls Washington Redskins preseason with Joe Theismann. He also filled in for TV coverage for the Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles. He called Ice Hockey at the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Winter Olympics and called NHL games for OLN, Versus, NBC, and NBC Sports Network.

Broadcasting partners
Brian Baldinger
Daryl Johnston
Tony Siragusa
Mark Grace
Tim Green
Ron Pitts
Dave Maloney
Joe Theismann
Anthony Munez

Horse Racing broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
1968 births
Living people
Paul Burmeister

Paul Burmeister (born March 10, 1971) is an analyst for the NFL Network. He hosts shows like College Scoreboard, Path to the Draft and Playbook.

Burmeister was an American football quarterback at the University of Iowa. He led his team to the Alamo Bowl. He was a throwing quarterback at the 1994 NFL Scouting Combine.

Before he worked for the NFL Network, Burmeister was a sports anchor for KWWL in Waterloo, Iowa. There, he worked with Rick Coleman and Chris Kolkhorst.

References

Other websites
 Iowa Hawkeyes football bio 

Sportspeople from Iowa
People from Waterloo, Iowa
1971 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American television personalities
Steve Albert

Steve Albert is an American former sportscaster. He is the younger brother of Marv Albert and Al Albert and the uncle of Kenny Albert. He was the lead play-by-play voice of Showtime Championship Boxing. He has been sports anchor for three New York local television affiliates - WNBC-TV, WWOR-TV, and WCBS-TV. He has been a play-by-play voice for the New Jersey Nets, New Orleans Hornets, Phoenix Suns, Cleveland Cavaliers, New York Mets, New York Jets, New York Rangers and New York Islanders. He is the current television voice of  the Phoenix Suns starting in 2012.

Living people
1950 births
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Boxing broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Vince Cellini

Vince Cellini (born June 10, 1959) is a sportscaster. He was the preseason play-by-play announcer for the Atlanta Falcons. He also was a studio host for Golf Channel and is a reporter/interviewer for Golf on TNT. Cellini started his career at WJW-TV as a sports anchor. He also hosted Calling All Sports and CNN Sports Illustrated and was an anchor on CNN Sports Illustrated. He was also a studio host for NFL on TNT, NBA on TNT, and the NBA on TBS. He currently is a studio host for NBA TV. He hosted two shows on NASCAR.com: Fantasy Showdown and The Preview Show. In the summer of 2011, he co-hosted Par Three Shootout. He has also hosted Hawks Live, a pregame show for the Atlanta Hawks since 2010 and covered the Atlanta Braves and Atlanta Thrashers.

Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
1959 births
Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio
Living people
Chris Myers

Chris Myers (born March 28, 1959) is a personality with Fox Sports and formally with ESPN and Tennis Channel. 

For ESPN, he anchored SportsCenter, Baseball Tonight, and Up Close. For ESPN, he also covered, the National Basketball Association, college basketball, golf, and horse racing. He is a play-by-play announcer for Tampa Bay Buccaneers preseason games. He is a play-by-play for the NFL on Fox. He also does reporting for MLB on Fox and BCS on Fox. He also hosts Inside NASCAR. Myers called his first Major League Baseball game for Fox in July of 2012. 

He was born in Miami, Florida now lives in Los Angeles.  His son Christopher died in a car crash on February 16, 2012.

References

Living people
1959 births
Major League Baseball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Motorsports broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
SportsCenter anchors and reporters
Don Criqui

Don Criqui (born May 5, 1940 in Buffalo, New York) is an American sportscaster. He currently works for CBS Sports. He is most famous for calling Tom Dempsey's 63 yard field goal. 

Criqui's duties include occasional television coverage of National Football League games, women's and men's college basketball, occasional college football and radio play-by-play of ISP Sports' coverage of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Since 1995, he has been the voice of the New England Patriots pre-season football with Randy Cross.
He also worked for NBC Sports calling the CFL, NFL, college football, college basketball, tennis, golf, the Olympics, and NHL games

References

1940 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York
College basketball broadcasters
Motorsports broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Golf broadcasters
Mike Crispino

Mike Crispino is an American sportscaster.  He is the radio play-by-play announcer for the New York Knicks. 

He called Boston Celtics games during the 1989-1990 season. He called New England Patriots pre-season games in 1992.  From 1988-92, he called the play-by-play for college basketball games on ESPN and SportsChannel, while also calling college football, boxing, baseball, and lacrosse for the New England Sports Network.  He has also been play by play announcer for the New York Giants, New York Jets, New York CityHawks, PGA Golf, and Bridgeport Bluefish.

References

Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Lacrosse announcers
National Football League broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
College football broadcasters
Tennis broadcasters
Living people
People from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)
Earl Gillespie

Earl Gillespie (July 25, 1922-December 12, 2003) was a sportscaster. He called games for the Milwaukee Braves, Green Bay Packers, Wisconsin Badgers football and basketball, and Marquette Golden Eagles basketball. He also called games nationally for DuMont, NBC Radio, and Mutual Radio.

References

1922 births
2003 deaths
College basketball broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
College football broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Eli Gold

Eli Gold (born December 1953) is a broadcaster best known for calling play-by-play of NASCAR. 

He currently calls races for the Motor Racing Network. He also called NASCAR races for CBS and TNN. Gold also called hockey games for the St. Louis Blues, Nashville Predators, and the Birmingham Bulls. He hosted shows Calling All Sports and Sports Talk with Eli and was sports director at WBRC-TV. Gold is currently the voice of the Alabama Crimson Tide football.  He called college football games for the Sports USA Radio Network. Gold also calls National Football League Games for the network. He was the men's basketball play-by-play announcer for the UAB Blazers and the baseball Birmingham Barons. Gold also called Arena Football League games for TNN and NBC.

According to NASCAR driver Kenny Wallace, Gold "is one of the most recognizable voices in NASCAR and in all of sports broadcasting."

References

1953 births
Living people
People from New York City
Motorsports broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Dick Stockton

Dick Stockton (born November 22, 1942 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American sportscaster. He currently works for Fox Sports and Turner Sports as a football, baseball, and basketball play-by-play announcer.

1942 births
Bowling broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
IPhone 5

The iPhone 5 is a smartphone made by Apple. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone, the next smartphone after the iPhone 4S and before the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. It was revealed on September 12, 2012 and then released on September 21, 2012.

References

Other websites

IPhone
Mobile phones released in 2012
Apple products released in 2012