cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Madama Butterfly

Madama Butterfly is an Italian opera in three acts with music by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica. It was based on a play by David Belasco. The opera was first performed in Milan, Italy, on February 17, 1904. Its revised version was performed in Brescia, on May 28, 1904. Although a fiasco at its premiere, it soon established itself in its revised version as one of the most beloved of operas.

Principal characters
 Cio-Cio-San - soprano
 Pinkerton - tenor
 Suzuki - mezzo-soprano
 Sharpless - baritone

Sources
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1989.

Compositions by Giacomo Puccini
1904 works
1900s operas
La Gioconda

La Gioconda is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Amilcare Ponchielli and libretto by Arrigo Boito, after Victor Hugo's play Angelo, Tyran de Padoue. It was first performed in Milan, on April 8, 1876. By far Ponchielli's most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed.

Principal characters

 Gioconda - soprano
 La cieca - contralto
 Enzo - tenor
 Barnaba - baritone
 Laura - mezzo-soprano
 Alvise - bass

Discography
 1931: Giannina Arangi-Lombardi (Gioconda), Camilla Rota (La cieca), Alessandro Granda (Enzo), Gaetano Viviani (Barnaba), Ebe Stignani (Laura), Corrado Zambelli (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala, Lorenzo Molajoli - (EMI Classics)
 1952: Maria Callas (Gioconda), Maria Amadini (La cieca), Gianni Poggi (Enzo), Paolo Silveri (Barnaba), Fedora Barbieri (Laura), Giulio Neri (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra della RAI Torino, Antonino Votto - (Cetra)
 1957: Anita Cerquetti (Gioconda), Franca Sacchi (La cieca), Mario del Monaco (Enzo), Ettore Bastianini (Barnaba), Giulietta Simionato (Laura), Cesare Siepi (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra della Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
 1957: Zinka Milanov (Gioconda), Belen Amparan (La cieca), Giuseppe di Stefano (Enzo), Leonard Warren (Barnaba), Rosalind Elias (Laura), Plinio Clabassi (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Fernando Previtali - (RCA Victor, later Decca/London)
 1959: Maria Callas (Gioconda), Irene Companeez (La cieca), Pier Miranda Ferraro (Enzo), Piero Cappuccilli (Barnaba), Fiorenza Cossotto (Laura), Ivo Vinco (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
 1967: Renata Tebaldi (Gioconda), Oralia Dominguez (La cieca), Carlo Bergonzi (Enzo), Robert Merrill (Barnaba), Marilyn Horne (Laura), Nicola Ghiuselev (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Lamberto Gardelli - (Decca)
 1980: Montserrat Caballé (Gioconda), Alfreda Hodgson (La cieca), Luciano Pavarotti (Enzo), Sherrill Milnes (Barnaba), Agnes Baltsa (Laura), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Alvise); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Bruno Bartoletti - (Decca)

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

operas
Europa (mythology)

Europa is a figure from Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Phoenician king Agenor and of Telephassa. Zeus falls in love with her. Because of his wife Hera, he has to take the shape of a bull. Hermes makes the herd of cattle with the bull Zeus graze near the beach near Sidon, where Europa is playing. That way, Zeus is able to abduct Europa on his back. He swims to Matala on Crete where he shows himself. The children of Europa and Zeus are Minos, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon. Because of a prophecy of Aphrodite, the new continent Europe is named after Europa.

The oldest telling of the story can be found in the Illiad by Homer. There, she is the daughter of Phoinix. Other ancient tellings include "Europa" by Moschos, and the Metamorphoses by Ovid.

Agenor sent his sons to search for Europa, but they could not find her. Cadmus asks the Oracle at Delphi and is told to give up the search, and found Thebes in Boetia instead.

According to other sources, Europa remained on Crete, were she married Asterion, and became queen. Asterion did not have any children, so he adopted her sons.

The oldest known paintings which clearly show Europa date from the 7th century BC.

References

Greek mythology
National personifications
Marot jar

A marot jar is a special kind of syphon or siphon device invented some time during the 1700s. The device is filled up water and lets it out in a special way so that the speed and amount of water that comes out is always the same, even if the jar is completely full or almost empty.

In the diagram (see right), an air-tight jar contains some water (blue) and some air (yellow). The green pipe is started as a siphon so that water starts flowing out of the pipe. Because the pipe lets out water, the pressure on the inside of the jar is less than the pressure outside, so it causes air to be sucked in through the orange pipe. Because the pressure is going to tend to being the same inside and outside of the jar, the water is going to flow out of the pipe at the same speed and amount.

Containers
Fluid mechanics
The Lorax

The Lorax is a children's book. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It was first published in 1971. The Lorax is a small orange creature. He speaks for the trees against the greedy Once-ler. The book is a fable about industrialized society and the danger it poses to nature. It has been made into a 2012 movie and a 1972 television show. Some people criticized the book. They thought it was gloomy. They thought it was not a good book for children. Some people thought it was unfair to the logging industry.

Story 
A young boy living in a polluted world visits a strange creature called the "Once-Ler". The boy asks about the poor state of the world. The Once-ler explains that the world was once beautiful. He made an invention that required him to chop down Trufulla trees. He says that everyone needed his invention. He made a profit from cutting down Trufulla trees. A small orange creature called the Lorax urged him to stop cutting down so many trees. He said that this was harming the environment. The Once-Ler ignored him. Eventually the supply of trees ran out. The land was left polluted. The animals left the forest.  The Once-Ler finishes his story. He gives the boy "the last [Truffula seed] of all." He tells him to plant the seed and it will grow into a forest.  

1971 books
Books by Dr. Seuss
English-language picture books
Andrew Castle

Andrew Nicholas Castle (born 15 November 1963) is a retired British tennis player. He became a television presenter. He was born in Epsom, Surrey. He retired from tennis in 1992.

He was a contestant on the 2008 series of Strictly Come Dancing and on the 2010 series of 71 Degrees North.

Other websites 
Official Website
ATP Tennis Player Profile

sports-reference 

1963 births
British male tennis players
English television presenters
Living people
Reality television participants
Sportspeople from Surrey
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Television personalities from Surrey
The Cat in the Hat

The Cat in the Hat is a children's book written by Dr. Seuss and was first published in 1957. Seuss wrote the book after being challenged to write a story beginning readers would love. He was given a list of 438 words beginning readers were expected to know. He was told these were the only words he could use. He used 223 words on the list.  The Cat would appear in other Dr. Seuss books. More than 11 million copies of the book have been printed. It has been translated into more than 12 different languages including Latin and Yiddish. The story has been made into a television special and a 2003 movie. The Cat appears in a Broadway musical called Seussical. He also is the host of the educational children's shows The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss and The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That. In 1958, a sequel to the book was released, which was called The Cat in the Hat Comes Back!. In 1998, a spin-off book series of both of the books was made, which was called The Cat in the Hat's Learning Library. The series has a total of 54 books. In 2003, a film based on The Cat in the Hat book was made.

Story 
Two children, Sally and Conrad, are left at home alone on a rainy day. They are visited by a cat wearing a red and white striped hat and a red bowtie. He performs all sorts of tricks. He balances a cup, a cake, an umbrella, and other things while standing on a ball. The Cat gets a box from outside. Inside are two creatures named Thing One and Thing Two. The Things begin to fly kites in the house. The children catch the Things with a net. The house is a mess. The Cat cleans it up. He leaves just before the mother comes home.

1957 books
English-language picture books
Books by Dr. Seuss
Les contes d'Hoffmann

Les contes d'Hoffmann (The Tales of Hoffmann) is a French opera. It has a prologue, three acts and an epilogue. The music was written by Jacques Offenbach. The libretto was written by Jules Berbier and Michel Carré. It is based on E.T.A Hoffmann's Dr Sandmann, Geschichte von Verloreren Spiegelbilde. The opera was first performed in Paris, on 10 February 1881. 

The opera was the last and perhaps greatest work of Offenbach. It was not quite finished when he died. The final score was completed by Ernest Guiraud. Guiraud also wrote the recitatives, though at first it was meant to have spoken-dialogue. The work was an immediate success and has remained so since its creation.

Principal characters
 Hoffmann - tenor
 Olympia - soprano
 Antonia - soprano
 Giuletta - soprano
 Stella -  soprano
 Dr Miracle - bass
 Dapertutto - bass
 Coppélius - bass
 Lindorf - bass
 Nicklaus - mezzo-soprano
 Spalanzani - tenor

 Ideally, the four soprano roles should be sung by the same singer as well as the four bass roles as they represent different aspects of two characters.

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

operas
The Song of Hiawatha

The Song of Hiawatha is an epic poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was first published in 1855. The poem was loosely based on the legends of Native American peoples. In 1857, Longfellow estimated that the work had sold 50,000 copies. 

The Song is about Hiawatha and his beloved Minnehaha. It is set along the south shore of Lake Superior. The poem was very popular, but critics did not like it. 

Composers and painters were inspired to create works based on the poem. A 2005 television movie was based on the poem.

Story  
Hiawatha's birth is foretold by a "mighty" peace-bringing leader named Gitche Manito. A woman named Nokomis falls from the moon. Nokomis gives birth to Wenonah. She grows to be a beautiful young woman. Nokomis warns her not to be seduced by the West Wind. She does not listen to her mother, and Hiawatha is born. 

Hiawatha has childhood adventures, falls in love with Minnehaha, slays the evil magician Pearl-Feather, invents written language, discovers corn, and other episodes. The poem closes with the approach of a canoe to Hiawatha's village. It contains "the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face." Hiawatha welcomes him with joy. 

The "Black-Robe chief" brings word of Jesus Christ. Hiawatha and the chiefs accept the Christian message. Hiawatha says good-bye to Nokomis, the warriors, and the young men. He says, "But my guests I leave behind me / Listen to their words of wisdom, / Listen to the truth they tell you." He endorses the Christian missionaries. He launches his canoe for the last time westward toward the sunset. Then he departs forever.

Gallery

Other websites
The Song of Hiawatha
Unabridged audiobook at LibriVox
2 short radio segments of Linen's writing from California Legacy Project Radio Anthology (scripts and audio) including San Francisco (in imitation of Hiawatha). 
Rena N. Coen, “Longfellow, Hiawatha and some 19th century painters”, Papers Presented at the Longfellow Commemorative Conference, April 1-3 1982, National Park Service, Longfellow National Historical Site

19th-century American poems
Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Epic poems
Ed Sullivan

Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American entertainment writer and television host. He was best known as the presenter of the television variety show The Ed Sullivan Show.  The program was shown on television from 1948 to 1971 (twenty-three years). It was one of the longest-running variety shows in United States history.

In 1996, Ed Sullivan was #50 on TV Guide'''s "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time".

Early life
Sullivan was born in New York City, New York. His mother was Elizabeth F. Sullivan (née Smith) and his father was Peter Arthur Sullivan. He was of Irish descent. Sullivan used to be a boxer. He began his media work as a sportswriter for The New York Evening Graphic.

Personal life
Sullivan was engaged to swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. He married Sylvia Weinstein on April 28, 1930. She died on March 16, 1973. They had a daughter, Betty Sullivan. Betty married the Ed Sullivan Show's producer, Bob Precht.

Sullivan reportedly called Sylvia after every program to hear what she thought about it.

Sullivan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Boulevard.

Death
In September 1974, Sullivan had x-rays done. They showed that Sullivan had esophageal cancer.  Only his family was told about it. Because the doctors did not give Sullivan a lot of time, the family chose not to tell him about it.  Sullivan thought that his illness was because of  ulcers. He died five weeks later, on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital. 3,000 people went to his funeral. It was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.

 References 

 More reading 
 Leonard, John, The Ed Sullivan Age , American Heritage, May/June 1997, Volume 48, Issue 3
 Nachman, Gerald, Ed Sullivan , December 18, 2006.
 Maguire, James, Impresario: The Life and Times of Ed Sullivan, Billboard Books, 2006
 Bowles, Jerry,  A Thousand Sundays: The Story of the Ed Sullivan Show, Putnam, 1980
 Barthelme, Donald, "And Now Let's Hear It for the Ed Sullivan Show!" in Guilty Pleasures'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974

Other websites 
 
 The Official Ed Sullivan Show Website
 About Ed Sullivan's life 

1901 births
1974 deaths
American screenwriters
American television presenters
American television producers
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Writers from New York City
Psychological nativism

In psychology, nativism is a theory that says that most basic skills are hard-wired in the brain at birth. This theory is the opposite of the theory called the blank slate, or tabula rasa. Blank slate theories said that humans have almost no skills or abilities at birth: they learn these skills over the course of their life. People who believe in nativism (within certain limits) include Jerry Fodor, Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. These psychologists believe that humans are born with a set of abilities that help them learn other skills, such as speech.

Some mammals do seem to inherit emotional reactions. Monkeys fearing snakes is an example. Most of the behaviour of insects, reptiles and birds is inherited in some detail. Mammals, however, show a greater ability for learning than other kinds of animals.
 
Charles Darwin, in The expression of emotions in man and animals (1872), showed that the way most emotions were shown was common between human cultures. He said this was inherited and had been the result of evolution. Behaviorism says that man's behaviour is affected by its results (operant conditioning). Behaviourists denied the importance of inherited behaviours, instincts, or an inherited tendency to behave. People who believe in evolutionary psychology think this is wrong. They think human behaviour has deep roots in our evolutionary past.

References

Related pages 
Evolutionary psychology
Unconscious mind#Adaptive unconscious
Human nature
Blank slate

Psychology
Syphon

The word syphon (, also spelled siphon) can refer to any device that conducts the flow of liquids through tubes. Used in the right way, the word refers to a tube in an upside-down U shape. The tube makes liquid flow up hill. It flows higher than the source of the liquid, to come out at a level lower than the surface of the source. The movement is done without pumps. It is powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity.

The syphon must touch the liquid in the (upper) reservoir (the source, where the liquid comes from) in order for it to work. This allows atmospheric pressure to push the liquid up the tube. The top of the tube is where the lowest pressure is, so the liquid will move towards that area in the same way as a barometer. The top of a syphon is the same as the height of a barometer, because they work in the same way. The lower pressure is caused by the liquid falling on the downhill side. A syphon can raise water to a height of 25 feet above the source elevation. New discoveries in Syphon Pump Metering allows for dispensing liquid above the source. United States Patent #5,358,000 was the first to teach this method.
A siphon can be used for irrigation purposes.  
When both ends of a syphon are at atmospheric pressure (equal pressure), liquid flows from high to low. However, if the lower end is pressurised, liquid can flow from low to high. Most syphons have water as a fluid. Other fluids, such as mercury, or organic liquids or even gasses like carbon dioxide can also be syphoned.

References

Fluid mechanics
Tools
The House of the Seven Gables

The House of the Seven Gables is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1851. The book is about an old New England family. Themes include guilt, revenge, and atonement. The supernatural and witchcraft are a part of the story. An old house in Salem, Massachusetts was used as background for the story. The house belonged to Hawthorne's cousin Susanna Ingersoll. He visited the house often. He was also inspired by his ancestors. They played a part in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The book was well received. The House of the Seven Gables has been adapted to movies and television shows.

Related pages
 House of the Seven Gables

Other websites 
Online editions
The House of the Seven Gables, available at Internet Archive (scanned color illustrated books, multiple editions and formats)
  (plain text)
 The House of the Seven Gables, available at Ria Press (PDF optimized for printing)
Study Guides
MonkeyNotes study guide
Sparknotes study guide
Classicnote study guide
Essays
"Illustrations of The House of the Seven Gables: A Help or a Hindrance?" by John L. Idol Jr.
Other
The House of the Seven Gables Map 

1851 books
American novels
Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Mandy Capristo

Mandy Grace Capristo (born March 21, 1990 in Mannheim) is a German pop singer-songwriter, model, presenter, and dancer. She was known as a singer of the band Monrose.

Biography
Mandy Capristo grew up in Bürstadt, Hesse. Her father is of Italian origin. Her mother Carmen is German. She has an older brother. She got her love of dancing and singing from her mother. In her late childhood, her parents split up.

Capristo had 6 years of ballet, gymnastics, dance lessons and piano lessons. At school, she appeared for the first time on a bigger stage with the musical Dracula. when she was 11, her teacher suggested that she apply for the Kiddy Contest in Austria. 2001 she won the contest with the song "Ich wünsche mir einen Bankomat". After that she appeared in TV shows like Tabaluga and 1, 2 or 3. The album got to number one in the Austrian charts.

2006: Popstars and the band Monrose
Capristo applied for the show Popstars when she was sixteen. Finally, in 2006 she was elected in the final by a telephone vote in addition to Bahar Kizil and Senna Guemmour of the band Monrose. They had seven top ten hits in the charts. Their previous albums were also successful.

2007-2010: Work as model
2007, readers of the German edition of FHM men's magazine chose Capristo as number 10 of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In August 2007 she was on the cover of the magazine. This success earned her the first jobs as a model. In 2009 she topped the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In addition she posed again in the June 2010 issue of German men's magazine FHM.

2011: Solo projects
When the Band Monrose split up in 2011, Capristo continued her solo projects. She was the face of the cosmetics brand BeYu. She worked on her own album. Capristo presented at the BeYu fair two songs with titles "Overrated" and "Be You". She also worked with Peter Maffay. They recorded the song "Die Zeit hält nur in Träumen" and presented the new one at Wetten, dass...? (a German TV-show).

In March 2012 Mandy announced that her new single "The Way I Like it" would appear on 13 April. The album carries her second name, Grace. Other titles are "Overrated", "Hurricane" and "It do not matter" The songwriter of "The Way I Like it" is called David Jost, who also produced Tokio Hotel and Keri Hilson.

References

1990 births
Living people
Entertainers from Hesse
German models
German pop singers
German television presenters
People from Mannheim
German musicians
German singers
Baia de Criș

Baia de Criș () is a commune in Hunedoara County, Romania. It is a collection of nine villages: Baia de Criș, Baldovin (Báldovin), Căraci (Karács), Cărăstău (Karasztó), Lunca (Lunka), Rișca (Riska), Rișculița (Riskulica), Țebea (Cebe) and Văleni.

The village of Țebea is where the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan started in 1784, and marks the death place and burial site of Avram Iancu.

References

Communes in Romania
Transylvania
Preamble

A preamble is an introduction to a document that describes the documents purpose. The word comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "amble" meaning walk. A preamble can contain facts about the document. The preamble of a law is not part of the law but explains its purpose. The preamble of a book is called a preface. The preamble of a musical composition is a prelude or overture. The preamble of a Wikipedia article walks before the sections, and is called the lede or introduction. 

A data packet has a preamble which the system needs but which goes before the data that the user will use.

Example 
One of the world's most famous preambles is the one in the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

Documents
Gil Jae

Gil Jae or Kil Jae(1353 - 1419) was a Korean Goryeo Dynastys scholars, politician, educators and Joseon Dynastys educator, writer, poet and thinker.

Work Book 
 Yaeunjip(야은집, 冶隱集)
 Yaeuneunhaengseupyu(야은언행습유, 冶隱言行拾遺)
 Yaeunjip(야은속집, 冶隱續集)

Related pages
 Jeong Do-jeon
 Jeong Mong-ju

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=30262
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=688666
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=551587

1353 births
1419 deaths
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Murder victims
Korean writers
Little Things (Good Charlotte song)

"Little Things" is the first single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called Good Charlotte. The song is also the first track off the album. The song was released on March 27, 2001 and was re-released in the United Kingdom on March 9, 2009. The song was featured in the movie Dude, Where's My Car? and the video game Project Gotham Racing.

Music video 
The video features Good Charlotte performing in a high school with the Joel Madden (the lead singer) breaking into the principle's office. Joel then announces over the school's loudspeaker that the song was dedicated to "every kid who ever got picked last in gym class," "every kid who never had a date to no school dance," and "everyone who's ever been called a freak." The video shows the band wreaking havoc on the school. The guitarist Billy Martin plugs the band's sound system into the principle's microphone and they perform with students running out of class to go see them. The video ends with the band rearranging the letters on the school's notice board to spell out the words "GOOD CHARLOTTE."

Chart rankings 
"Little Things" ranked No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks

References

2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
The Motivation Proclamation

"The Motivation Proclamation" is the second single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called Good Charlotte. The song is also the third track off the album. The song was released on August 7, 2001.

Music video 
The video features Good Charlotte waking up in a house while they do normal morning rituals (i.e. yawn, eat breakfast, etc.) When they finally set up their music equipment, they start to play but finish the song. The video also features the television show, Undergrads which plays on the TV in the house.

References

2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
Spaceballs

Spaceballs is a 1987 American science fiction comedy movie. It was directed by Mel Brooks. It starred Bill Pullman, John Candy, Mel Brooks and Rick Moranis. Its plot and characters parody the original Star Wars trilogy, as well as other sci-fi franchises including Star Trek, Alien, and the Planet of the Apes films.

Other websites 

1987 comedy movies
1987 science fiction movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
Movies set on fictional planets
English-language movies
MGM movies
Parody movies
Movies directed by Mel Brooks
Little Women

Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy is a book by Louisa May Alcott. Alcott drew on her own childhood experiences with her three sisters when writing the book. They lived in Concord, Massachusetts at Orchard House.

Little Women was the book that helped Louisa Alcott become a well-known author. It was not her favorite novel that she wrote. In the year 1994, the book was made in a movie.  Alcott’s writing skills were not the best, but she did have a lot of creativity. Her creativity shown through when she opened a school after getting a $40 donation. After she opened the school, she decided to go back to writing.  (link One)  

The book was originally published in two parts. Part one was called "Little Women". It was published in 1868. Part two was called "Good Wives". Part two followed the girls as they grew up and married. It was published in 1869. Both parts were very successful.

Story
The story is about the fictional March sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. They call their mother Marmee. The story is set during the American Civil War. Their father is serving as a chaplain in the Union Army. Each sister has a flaw. Amy is selfish, Beth is shy, Meg is vain, and Jo is outspoken and tomboy-ish. Their best friend is Laurie, the boy next door.

Alcott’s inspiration for Little Women came from her life experiences when she was younger. The setting is in Massachusetts, the state where she grew up. The characters in the story represent her sisters, mother, and herself. Each one was given the same traits/personality as her sisters. The mother was in charge of the household when the father was away. It tells of the hard times that they had growing up and had to overcome. The story takes place during the American Civil War. The sisters learned to grow up faster than they wanted to, so that they could support the family. It was not easy for them. Link 2

Little Women by Alcott is still a popular read across many different generations. It is read by all ages and is an American classic.  Link 3

References

Other websites

 
1-- https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/little-women-louisa-may-alcott/565754/

2--https://americanliterature.com/author/louisa-may-alcott/book/little-women/summary

3--https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/292282/little-women-by-louisa-may-alcott/9780143106654/

1868 books
1869 books
Books by Louisa May Alcott
Children's books
Works about sisters
19th-century American novels
Children's literature
English-language novels
Young adult novels
Mario Del Monaco

Mario Del Monaco (July 27, 1915 - July 16, 1982) was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with Italian heroic roles, notably Otello. One of the leading "tenore di forza" (dramatic tenor) of the 1950s, he possessed a voice of considerable range and power with a thrilling upper register.

Life and career

Born in Florence, Italy, he studied in Pesaro with Melocchi but was mostly self-taught. He began his operatic career in Pesero in 1940, as Turriddu in Cavalleria rusticana. He then sang widely in Italy and made his debut at La Scala in Milan in 1943, as Rodolfo in La bohème. After the war, he began to appear outside Italy, Barcelona, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, etc. He first sang at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1950, as des Grieux in Manon Lescaut.

Although mostly associated with the Italian repertoire (Ernani, Il trovatore, La forza del destino, Aida, Andrea Chénier, Tosca, La fanciulla del West, Turandot, etc.), he also enjoyed considerable success as Don José in Carmen and Samson in Samson et Dalila. He left several complete opera recordings, often with soprano Renata Tebaldi. 

Del Monaco was married to soprano Rina Filippini, who was also his vocal coach. Their son, Giancarlo (b. 1945), is an operatic stage director. Del Monaco died from nephritis in Mestre, near Venice, at the age of 67.

Sources
 Le guide de l'opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986. 

1915 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from nephritis
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Italian singers
Musicians from Tuscany 
Italian opera singers
People from Florence
Tenors
Thornhill (Alabama)

Thornhill is an old plantation house near Forkland, Alabama. The Greek Revival main house was built in 1833 by James Innes Thornton.  Thornhill was a cotton plantation in the early 1830s. It extended over 2,600 acres. By 1860, there were 156 slaves working on the plantation.  About a third of the slaves lived in quarters behind the main house. William Nichols is believed to be the architect. The house measures 55 feet wide. Inside is a 14 ft wide by 40 ft long central hall. There is a spiral staircase at the back. There are two rooms to either side. The left front room was the parlor. The dining room was behind it. On the front right was the master bedroom. The plantation office was behind it. Upstairs is a matching hall and four bedrooms. All eight rooms are 19.5 feet square. The downstairs rooms have 12-foot ceilings. The upstairs ceilings are 11 feet. There was once a brick kitchen behind the house. It later burned. Additions were made to the original house from 1890 to 1949. They were razed in 1994 and rebuilt to better match the original intent. The two-story portico with six Ionic columns was added about 1850. The plantation schoolhouse was constructed about 1845. The Thornton children and neighboring plantation children were taught there. Surrounding the schoolhouse are 230-year-old post oaks. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1984.

Gallery 

Plantations in the United States
Houses in the United States
1833 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Alabama
Stadtholder

A stadtholder is a political leader or governor who controls a region or area of land for someone else.

The title was used in the northern part of Western Europe during the 18th century. It was most commonly used in the areas that now are the countries of Belgium and the Netherlands. When a person ruled many different areas, they often could not take control of all of them at the same time. To deal with this problem, they would make a person a Stadthold of an area. That person would act as the ruler for that area. The stadtholder had total control of the area.

The stadtholder of the Dutch Republic was in practice a hereditary monarch in the 16th to 18th centuries. After the Napoleonic Wars they were called kings.

Related pages 
 William the Silent

References

Heads of state
History of Europe
The Click (song)

"The Click" is the third single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called Good Charlotte. The song was released in 2001. It didn't appear on the track listing of Good Charlotte but was on the track listing of the Japanese and 2003 re-release of Good Charlotte. The song was also the theme song for the television show Undergrads and the band have also been mentioned in numerous episodes and made an appearance in the 12th episode where they played "The Click".

References

2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
Reductionism

Reductionism is the idea that a system can be totally determined by looking at its parts, and by combining these using rules such as logic. Theories can be reduced to observations, concepts to things, and the laws of nature to the events that cause them.

Other page 
Holism (contrary notion)

Philosophy of science
Philosophical movements and positions
Sagami Bay

, also known as the Sagami Gulf or Sagami Sea, is an area of the Pacific coastline of the Japanese island of Honshu.   The bay is approximately  southwest of the capital, Tokyo.  

Underwater canyons extend out of Sagami Bay into the Pacific Ocean in a continuous slope called the "Sagami Trough".

Major cities on the bay include Odawara, Chigasaki, Fujisawa, Hiratsuka, Ito, and Kamakura.

History 
The center of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 was in Sagami Bay.

Related pages
 Shōnan
 Enoshima

References

Other websites

Bodies of water of Japan
Bays
OneDrive

Microsoft OneDrive (previously Microsoft SkyDrive, Windows Live SkyDrive and Windows Live Folders) is a free file hosting service. It lets users upload files to a cloud storage. The files can be accessed from a Web browser. It was part of the Windows Live range of services. To use the OneDrive service, a user needs a Microsoft account. OneDrive has support for Office Web Apps. It lets users change and make Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote files.

Devices 
OneDrive is a simple file hosting service, which comes with great advantages because now the users can upload their content from any electronic device.  The user can now upload or download their material from any mobile device, from any computer whether it may be Mac or PC it is fast and convenient without having to use any cables to download or upload any data.

References

Related pages
 Google Drive (The Google version of OneDrive)
 MediaFire (Cloud service similar to OneDrive)

Web software
Microsoft Office
File sharing
Otello

Otello is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto is by Arrigo Boito, based on William Shakespeare's play Othello. It was first performed at La Scala in Milan on February 5, 1887. The work is widely regarded as one of the greatest of music-dramas. Famous interpreters of the role have included Mario Del Monaco, Jon Vickers and Placido Domingo.

Principal characters

 Otello - tenor
 Desdemona - soprano
 Iago - baritone
 Lodovico - bass

Discography

 1931-32: Nicola Fusati (Otello), Maria Carbone (Desdemona), Apollo Granforte (Iago), Corrado Zambelli (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (Arkadia)
 1947: Ramón Vinay (Otello), Herva Nelli (Desdemona), Giuseppe Valdengo (Iago), Nicola Moscona (Lodovico); NBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Arturo Toscanini - (RCA Victor)
 1951: Ramón Vinay (Otello), Dragica Martinis (Desdemona), Paul Schöffler (Iago), Josef Greindl (Lodovico); Chor der Wiener Staatsoper, Wiener Philharmoniker, Wilhelm Furtwängler - (EMI Classics)
 1954: Mario Del Monaco (Otello), Renata Tebaldi (Desdemona), Aldo Protti (Iago), Fernando Corena (Lodovico); Orchestra e Coro dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Alberto Erede - (Decca)
 1960: Jon Vickers (Otello), Leonie Rysanek (Desdemona), Tito Gobbi (Iago), Ferruccio Mazzoli (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Tullio Serafin - (RCA Victor)
 1961: Mario Del Monaco (Otello), Renata Tebaldi (Desdemona), Aldo Protti (Iago), Fernando Corena (Lodovico); Wiener Staatsoperchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (Decca)
 1968: James McCracken (Otello), Gwyneth Jones (Desdemona), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Iago), Alfredo Giacomotti (Lodovico); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, New Philharmonia Orchestra, John Barbirolli - (EMI Classics)
 1974: Jon Vickers (Otello), Mirella Freni (Desdemona), Peter Glossop (Iago), José van Dam (Lodovico); Chor der Deutschen Oper Berlin, Berliner Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (EMI Classics)
 1978: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Renata Scotto (Desdemona), Sherrill Milnes (Iago), Paul Plishka (Lodovico); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
 1985: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Katia Ricciarelli (Desdemona), Justino Díaz (Iago), John Macurdy (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorin Maazel - (EMI Classics)
 1986: Neil Shicoff (Otello), Carol Neblett (Desdemona), Andreas Schmidt (Iago), Alexander Malta (Lodovico); Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado - (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1991: Luciano Pavarotti (Otello), Kiri Te Kanawa (Desdemona), Leo Nucci (Iago), Dimitri Kavrakos (Lodovico); Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Georg Solti - (Decca)
 1993: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Cheryl Studer (Desdemona), Sergei Leiferkus (Iago), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Lodovico); Chœur et Orchestre de l'Opéra-Bastille, Myung-Whun Chung - (Deutsche Grammophon)

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

Operas
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
The Watchtower

The Watchtower is a magazine produced on a monthly basis by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses as part of their ministry (preaching) work. It's full name is The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom. The Watchtower'''s stated aim is to "honor Jehovah God, the Supreme Ruler of the universe". It is the most widely circulated magazine worldwide, and its companion magazine Awake! is the second most widely circulated magazine worldwide, according to the article Top 5 World’s Best Magazines.

There is also a "Study Edition" of The Watchtower'' that is not distributed to the public. It is used by Jehovah's Witnesses at their weekend meetings.

References

Other websites 
 The Watchtower (Simplified Edition)

American magazines
Jehovah's Witnesses
Monthly magazines
Religious media
Cavalleria rusticana

Cavalleria rusticana is an Italian opera in one act. The music was written by Pietro Mascagni. The story and words (libretto) were written by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci. The opera was based on a play by Giovanni Verga.

The opera was first performed in Rome on May 17, 1890. The work marked the start of the verismo style in Italian opera. It is often paired with Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci to make a full evening. Both operas are just a little over one hour each.

Characters
 Santuzza, a peasant girl (soprano)
 Turiddu, a young villager (tenor)
 Lucia, his mother (contralto)
 Alfio, a carter (baritone)
 Lola, his wife (mezzo-soprano)

Sources
 Anderson, James. 1993. The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta. Wings Books.
 The Earl of Harewood. 1989. Kobbe's Illustrated Opera Book. Putnam's. . pages 110-112.

Operas
Arrietty

Arrietty (called  in Japan and  The Secret World of Arrietty in North America) is a 2010 Japanese animated fantasy movie directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi, written by Hayao Miyazaki and Keiko Niwa and produced by Studio Ghibli, based on Mary Norton's novel The Borrowers. The movie is about a young Borrower named Arrietty. The movie stars the voices of Mirai Shida as the titular character, Ryunosuke Kamiki as Sho, and Tatsuya Fujiwara as Spiller.

The North American version of the movie was made by Disney, and stars Bridgit Mendler as Arrietty, David Henre as Sho (renamed Shawn), and Moisés Arias as Spiller. It also has Will Arnett as Arrietty's father Pod, and Amy Poehler as her mother Homily.

References

Other websites 
  
  (UK)
  (US)
 
 
 
 
 

2009 movies
2010s anime
2000s fantasy movies
Disney movies
Studio Ghibli
Movies based on books
Cytokinin

Cytokinins are hormones in plants that are found both naturally and synthetically. They are used to make the process of cell mitosis quicken, and thus to make the plant grow faster.

Hormones
Plant physiology
Haskell (programming language)

Haskell  is a purely functional programming language. It is named after Haskell Brooks Curry, a U.S. mathematician who contributed a lot to logic. Haskell is based on lambda calculus and uses the Greek letter lambda as its logo. The main implementations are the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC), and Hugs, a Haskell interpreter.

Examples
The following is an example Hello World program in Haskell:
module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "Hello, World!"

One way to create an infinite list of Fibonacci numbers is this:
fib n = fibs !! n
        where fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)

Influence 

Haskell was influenced by many earlier programming languages. These were Clean, FP, Gofer, Hope and Hope+, Id, ISWIM, KRC, Lisp, Miranda, ML and Standard ML, Orwell, SASL, SISAL, and Scheme.

Haskell itself has influenced many later programming languages, such as Agda, Bluespec, C++11/Concepts, C#/LINQ, Cayenne, Clean, Clojure, CoffeeScript, Curry, F#, Isabelle, Java/Generics, Mercury, Perl 6, Python, Scala, Visual Basic 9.0.

References

Programming languages
Second Boer War

The Second Boer War (,  or Tweede Boereoorlog) was a war. It lasted from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. In the war, the British Empire fought against the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. Winston Churchill, who later became famous, was captured but escaped. At this time, the British made use of concentration camps. This weakened the Boers. It helped the British stop the war from lasting any longer.

The British troops won the war. As a result, both republics were annexed to the British Empire. Later, both were eventually  incorporated into the Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, in 1910. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but it is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation" or lit. "Second Freedom War") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).

The Second Boer War is a part of what are known as the Boer Wars.  These include the lesser known First Boer War that took place from December 1880 to March 1881.

References

Wars involving the British Empire
History of South Africa
Enoshima

is a small island in Sagami Bay on the Pacific Coast of the Japanese island of Honshu.  It is part of Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture.

Enoshima has an area of about 0.2 km². It is linked to the mainland by a bridge.

The island is at the mouth of the Katase River.

In 1927, Enoshima was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period.

History
 1047 (Eishō 2): Enoshima Engi was written by the Buddhist monk Kōkei.  The work is a history of the shrines on the island.
 1182 (Juei 1): Minamoto no Toritomo gave a statue to the Benzaiten shrine on the island. 
 1325 (Shōchū 2): Shōjōkō-ji was established.  It is the Buddhist temple on the island.
 1874 (Meiji 7): Samuel Cocking developed botanical gardens.
 1964 (Shōwa 39): Sailing competitions during the 1964 Summer Olympics were scheduled near the island.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Shōnan

References

Other websites

 Enoshima Shrine 
  Enoshima Engi

Islands of Japan
Henny Penny

Henny Penny, also known as Chicken Little or Chicken Licken, is a fable. It is about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end.

Other websites
 The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little printed in Boston between 1865-71.
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Site, Henny-Penny  as collected by Joseph Jacobs, 1890
 The Cock and Hen That Went to the Dovrefell  a Norwegian variant, 1888
 Happy Ending Version 

Fairy tales
Idioms
Donna Reed

Donna Reed (born Donna Belle Mullenger, January 27, 1921 – January 14, 1986) was an American actress. She was born in Denison, Iowa. 

Reed had a major role in It's a Wonderful Life. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in From Here to Eternity. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star - Female for her central role in The Donna Reed Show.

She died of pancreatic cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

Other websites 

 
 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Iowa
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1921 births
1986 deaths
Danny Dyer

Danny Dyer  (born 24 July 1977) is a British actor. He was born in Custom House, London. Dyer had major roles in Human Traffic, Borstal Boy, Goodbye Charlie Bright, The Football Factory, The Business, Severance and Outlaw.

Career 
Dyer has also acted in theatre and on television, including two episodes each of The Bill and Skins, as well as playing Mick Carter in EastEnders (2013–present).

Other websites 

Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
1977 births
Living people

Officers of the Order of the British Empire
The Bill

The Bill is a British police procedural television series. It ran from 1984 to 2010 on ITV and is set in the East End of London. It started with a pilot episode from 1983 called Woodentop and often featured guest stars who would later become more famous in other roles.

Other websites 

1984 television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1980s British workplace television series
1980s crime television series
1980s workplace drama television series
1990s British drama television series
1990s British workplace television series
1990s crime television series
1990s workplace drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2000s British workplace television series
2000s crime television series
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s British workplace television series
2010s crime television series
2010s workplace drama television series
British crime drama television series
British workplace drama television series
Crime drama television series
ITV television programmes
Police television series
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
The Courtship of Miles Standish

The Courtship of Miles Standish is a long poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in October 1858. It sold 25,000 copies in two months. 

It tells the story of early New England settlers Miles Standish, John Alden, and Priscilla Mullins. Miles Standish and John Alden are both in love with Priscilla.  

It is unknown whether the story was taken from real-life, or if it was an American folk tale. One critic liked some aspects of the poem. He complained about other aspects though. Longfellow wrote the poem in an unfamiliar meter, Greek hexameter, and used medieval words.

Other websites 
The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems, 1858 edition, at books.google.com.
 — includes this poem.
Plot summary and historic background 

19th-century American poems
Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow