cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
The Leeds Studios

The Leeds Studios are a complex of television studios in the Burley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire.  They are used as the headquarters of Yorkshire Television and also for other ITV filming purposes.  Until 2009, when it moved to The Manchester Studios, Countdown was filmed here by Yorkshire Television for Channel 4.

ITV
Leeds
Mouse deer

The chevrotain, also known as mouse deer, is a small even-toed ungulate that make up the family Tragulidae

Mouse deer live in Asia. They are about the size of a hare, with short, thin legs. They stamp their small feet to signal to each other. Mouse deer are extremely nervous. When they are surprised, they freeze immediately, and then run away in a zig-zag through the forest.

References 

Even-toed ungulates

ml:കൂരമാന്‍
Crab spider

Crab spiders are the Thomisidae family of spiders. The group has 170 genera with over 2000 species.

They have two front pairs of legs angled outward and bodies that are flattened and often angular. Also, like crabs, Thomisidae spiders can move sideways or backwards. 

Crab spiders are hunters and ambushers. Some species sit on or among flowers, bark, fruit or leaves where they grab visiting insects. Crab spiders use their powerful front legs to grab and hold onto prey while paralyzing it with a venomous bite.

They are camouflaged: several different types are known. Even at a close range, it is difficult to see the spider. Some species are disguised as birds' droppings resting on a leaf.  Crab spiders live in rainforests all over the world. They get their name from the way they scuttle around like small crabs.

Images

References 

Spiders
Dino Bravo

Adolfo Bresciano (August 6, 1948 – March 10, 1993) was an Italian-born Canadian professional wrestler. He was better known by his ring name Dino Bravo. He was self-proclaimed as "Canada's Strongest Man" and later the "World's Strongest Man". Bravo is best known for his time wrestling in World Wrestling Federation (WWF). During his time there, Bravo was a one-time WWWF World Tag Team Champion with Dominic DeNucci and was the only wrestler to ever hold the short-lived WWF Canadian Champion.

On March 10, 1993, Bravo was found dead in his apartment by his wife. Bravo was hit by 17 bullets, 7 to the head and 10 to the torso, while he was watching ice hockey in his Vimont, Laval, Quebec home. He had an alleged role in illegal cigarette smuggling in Canada which is what is popularly believed to have led to his unsolved murder.

References

1948 births
1993 deaths
Canadian professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Murder victims
Murders by firearm
Unsolved murders
Our Lady Peace

Our Lady Peace is a Canadian Alternative rock band. They formed in 1992 in Toronto. The members of the group are Raine Maida, the singer, who also plays the rhythm guitar, Jeremy Taggart, who plays the drums, Duncan Coutts, who plays the Bass guitar and Backing vocals and Steve Mazur, who plays the guitar and Backing vocals. A Decade is the name of their greatest hits album. They have a live audience DVD out also. They have many Billboard awards.

Discography

Studio albums
1994: Naveed
1997: Clumsy
1999: Happiness... Is Not a Fish That You Can Catch
2000: Spiritual Machines
2002: Gravity
2005: Healthy in Paranoid Times
2009: Burn Burn
2012: Curve

Live and compilation albums
 2003: Live
 2006: A Decade
 2009: The Very Best of Our Lady Peace

Other websites
Our Lady Peace's official website

1990s music groups
1992 establishments in Canada
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Katie Weatherston

Katherine Marie Weatherston (born April 6, 1983) is a Canadian women's ice hockey player.

Playing career
Born in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Weatherston played for Dartmouth College in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from 2002 to 2007. She began playing international hockey for Canada at the 2004 Four Nations Cup. She played for Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics, held in Torino, Italy.

She played part of the 2007–08 season for the Ottawa Senators (CWHL) in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL), but finished the season skating for the Montréal Stars.

Personal
Her parents' names are David and Anna, and she has two brothers. While at Dartmouth, she majored in psychology.

Career stats

Dartmouth

Hockey Canada

Awards and honours
 2003 ECAC All-Rookie Team
 2003 All-Ivy Rookie Team
 2003 ECAC All-Star Honourable Mention
 New England Writers Association Team, 2004–2005
 Second team All-Ivy, 2004–2005
 Third team All-USCHO, 2004–2005
 2006-07 ECAC Coaches Preseason All-League Selection
 2006-07 ECAC Media Preseason All-League Selection
 Canadian Women's Hockey League Eastern Division All-Star (2008)
 Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Rookie Team (2008)
 2007 ECAC Tournament Most Valuable Player

References

1983 births
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
People from Thunder Bay
Council of Constance

The Council of Constance was a council in the 15th century. It was held between 1414 and 1418. It took place in Constance (today known as Konstanz) in Switzerland. 

The result of this ecumenical council by the Roman Catholic Church was a new Pope. His name was Pope Martin V.

References

Other websites 

Christianity in Germany
Constance
History of Germany
Konstanz
Roman Catholicism
1410s
History of Switzerland
Pythagorean triple

In mathematics, a Pythagorean triple is a set of three positive integers which satisfy the equation (make the equation work):

This equation is known as  the Diophantine equation, and is related to Pythagoras' theorem.
The lowest Pythagorean triple is [3, 4, 5] because:

 So, 
The next highest triple is [5, 12, 13] then [7, 24, 25], and so on.
There is an infinite number of Pythagorean triples.

A Pythagorean triple always consists of: 

•	all even numbers, or

•	two odd numbers and an even number.

A Pythagorean triple can never be made up of all odd numbers or two even numbers and one odd number.

Mathematics

no:Pythagoras’ læresetning#Pytagoreiske tripler
Summer of 4 Ft. 2

"Summer of 4 Ft. 2" is the last episode of the 7th season of The Simpsons. It was first shown on television on May 19, 1996. In this episode, Ned Flanders has to do Jury duty, and therefore can't go to his beach house. He allows the Simpsons to use it for 2 weeks. Lisa, realizing that she is unpopular in Springfield, decides to try to make friends in this new place. After getting a new wardrobe, she meets some new kids and befriends them by not being herself. Bart, jealous of Lisa's new popularity, shows her new friends that Lisa is not cool. Lisa is furious at Bart, but gets happier when her friends accept her for who she is.

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 7) episodes
1996 television episodes
Homerpalooza

"Homerpalooza" is the 24th episode of the 7th season of The Simpsons. It was first shown on television on May 19, 1996.

In this episode, Otto, the school bus driver, accidentally crashes the bus. Homer starts driving a carpool for the school kids. After Bart complains about his music tastes and a disappointing trip to the music store, Homer decides to try to become more in touch with music by taking the kids to Hullapaloosa. After getting hit by an inflatable pig, Homer is recruited in the freak show to get blasted by cannonballs. After touring for a while successfully, Homer feels sick right before a performance for Springfield. He finds out that he could die if he gets hit by one more cannonball. Homer, determined to perform, decides to do it anyway. However, right before the cannonball hits him, he jumps out of the way. He is booed by the crowd, but his family is happy.

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 7) episodes
1996 television episodes
United States presidential doctrines

The United States presidential doctrines are policy decisions toward other countries made by Presidents.

Examples of Presidential Doctrines 
The first and most important presidential doctrine was the Monroe Doctrine by President James Monroe stated that the United States declared the right to have influence over Latin America and the U.S. threatened war to any European country which interfered.
 
President Theodore Roosevelt expanded on the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary.

The Truman Doctrine by President Harry Truman during the Cold War stated that the United States will give aid to Turkey and Greece to help them resist the spread of communism.

The Carter Doctrine by President Jimmy Carter stated that the U.S. would use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

The Reagan Doctrine was the name for Reagan's policy of giving weapons and money t who wanted to fight against communism.

President George W. Bush's policy of invading Iraq without being provoked was called the Bush Doctrine.=

History of the United States
Jens Böhrnsen

Jens Böhrnsen (born 12 June 1949 in Bremen) is a German politician of the SPD. From 2005 to 2015, he served as the President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, that is, the head of government of the city-state of Bremen. He became President of the Federal Council in 2009, and as such, he was acting head of state (31 May - 30 June 2010) following the resignation of German President Horst Köhler .

He is a lawyer by profession and served as a judge in Bremen from 1978 to 1995, when he became a full-time politician.

1949 births
Living people
German judges
German lawyers
Mayors of Bremen
Politicians from Bremen (state)
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Moncrabeau

Moncrabeau  is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

Communes in Lot-et-Garonne
Claude Bernard

Claude Bernard (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist. He has been called "one of the greatest of all men of science". He was one of the first to suggest blind experiments to get scientific observations more free of bias. He was the first to define the term milieu interieur, which is now known as homeostasis, a later term coined by Walter Cannon.

Bernard made animal experimentation a part of the standard scientific method. He famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lit hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen".

He was born in 1813 in Saint-Julien near Villefranche-sur-Saône. He wrote comedies and other plays. When he was 21 he went to Paris with his play and went to a critic. But the critic suggested for him to study medicine instead of literature.

In 1845 Bernard married Françoise Marie (Fanny) Martin for her money. Her money helped him in his experiments, but she was firmly against his methods, and founded the first French society for anti-vivisectionists. When he died Bernard was given a public funeral. This was something which had never been given by France to a man of science before.

References

Other websites 

 

1813 births
1878 deaths
Physiology
French scientists
Vivisection

Vivisection (from Latin vivus ("alive") + sectio ("cutting")) is a doing a surgery as an experiment on a living organism, usually animals. It is sometimes used to mean animal testing itself (see animal testing). The word is often used by people or organizations who dislike animal experimentation

References

More reading 
 Yarri, Donna. The Ethics of Animal Experimentation, Oxford University Press U.S., 2005

Surgery
Wednesday Morning, 3 AM

Wednesday Morning, 3 AM is the name of the first album by Simon and Garfunkel. It came out in 1964. Some of the songs on the album were written by Paul Simon, but others were written by other people. The songs "Wednesday Morning, 3 AM", "The Sounds of Silence", "Bleecker Street" and Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'" are on the album. The album did not sell well, though the song "The Sounds of Silence" was later released as a successful single in 1966.

1964 albums
Folk albums
Three 6 Mafia

Three 6 Mafia is a rap group from Memphis, Tennessee. They became a band under the name Triple 6 Mafia in 1991 and released their debut studio album Mystic Stylez in 1995. They are signed to Sony Music Entertainment, Hypnotize Minds and Columbia Records. Their song "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2006. The song "Somebody's Gonna Get It" is the current entrance theme song of WWE superstar Mark Henry.

Albums 
 Mystic Stylez (1995)
 Chapter 1: The End (1996)
 Chapter 2: World Domination (1997)
 When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1 (2000)
 Choices: The Album (2001)
 Da Unbreakables (2003)
 Choices II: The Setup (2005)
 Most Known Unknown (2005)
 Last 2 Walk (2008)
 Laws of Power (2014)

References

Other websites 
Three 6 Mafia's Official website 

Musical groups from Tennessee
American rap music groups
Hip hop bands
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Tennessee
Hotspot (geology)

In geology, a hotspot or hot spot is a portion of the Earth's surface which experiences volcanism. This may be caused by a rising mantle plume or some other cause. Hotspots may be far from tectonic plate boundaries. 

A volcanic hotspot is where magma pushes up from deep in the Earth's crust or mantle and creates a volcano. The earth's plates can move along, creating a new volcano above the hotspot while moving the older volcanoes away. This creates a chain of volcanoes, such as in Hawaii.

Discussion

Standard account of volcanic activity 
Most volcanoes are explained by the collision or splitting apart of continental plates. This explains the long mountain ranges which have many volcanoes, such as the western edge of the Americas. It also explains the huge rift valleys such as the East African Rift Valley. Most Earth scientists accept that the cause of these great features is plate tectonics. 

The problem arises with volcanoes which are not at the edges of plates. In the United States, the Yellowstone Caldera is obviously active. It has geysers caused by constant geothermal energy activity, and the floor of the crater moves up and down as much as 50 meters in a few years. The Pacific Ocean has six or seven chains of islands formed by volcanic activity. Most of these cannot be explained simply as being on the edge of two or three plates.

Hotspot theory 
J. Tuzo Wilson suggested in 1963 that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a fixed hot spot deep beneath the surface of the planet. Hotspots are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up from the Earth's core–mantle boundary called a mantle plume. 

Other geologists think it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism. They think lithospheric extension (stretching of the Earth's crust) allows melt to rise from shallow depths.

Geologists have identified some 40–50 such hotspots around the globe. Those under Hawaii, Réunion, Yellowstone, Galápagos Islands, are the most active at present.

References 

Geological formations
Beautiful Girls (movie)

Beautiful Girls is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It stars Rosie O'Donnell, Matt Dillon, Mira Sorvino and Natalie Portman. The movie was released in February 1996. It is about a reunion. Ted Demme directed the movie. Also starring are Annabeth Gish, Lauren Holly, Michael Rapaport and Uma Thurman.

Other websites 

1996 romance movies
1996 comedy-drama movies
1990s romantic comedy movies
1990s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Teimour Radjabov

Teimour Radjabov, born 12 March 1987 in Baku, Azerbaijan, is the leading Azerbaijani chess player. 

Radjabov earned the title of Grandmaster in March 2001 at the age of 14, making him the second-youngest grandmaster in history at that time (to Bu Xiangzhi).  Radjabov's playing style has been described as attacking and tactically influenced.

Radjabov came second in the FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010, qualifying him for the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship of 2012.

Radjabov is the youngest player ever to make the FIDE Top 100 Players list.  His rating of 2599 in January 2002 ranked 93rd in the world while he was still 14 years old.

In 2003, Radjabov defeated Garry Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand, and Ruslan Ponomariov with the black pieces.  He is probably the first player ever to beat three former and reigning FIDE World Chess Champions with the black pieces in one year.

Radjabov reached the semi-finals (earning a bronze medal) at the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004.

Position from Kasparov  Rajabov 
In this key position play went:
21... Ngxe5!?
22. Qe3 Nd7 
23. Qxe6 Bh4 
24. Qg4 g5 
25. Bd2 Rde8 and Black eventually won.

If Kasparov had taken the knight play would have gone:
22. Bxe5 Nxe5
23. dxe5 d4!
and Black comes through the centre.

References 

1987 births
Living people
Azerbaijani chess players
People from Baku
Chess grandmasters
Rumble Fighter

Rumble Fighter is a computer game. It is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) where it is possible to play different classes such as the Striker, Soul Fighter, Elementalist, Alchemist or Shaman. The game is usually played player vs. player (PVP), but a new mode called Adventure Mode makes it possible to fight monsters, single play or party play.

References

Online games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Peak oil

Peak oil is the idea that at some point an oil well, an oil field, a country, or the world, will be producing the most crude oil it can ever produce at one time.  After this point, less oil will be produced and therefore people will have to use less oil because it will cost more money.  Many scientists and governments are concerned about what will happen when there is less oil to go around.

The first person to come up with this idea was M.K. Hubbert in the 1950s and 1960s, who said that a graph of oil production looks like a curve (which we now call Hubbert's Curve).  Hubbert drew a graph in 1956 that predicted that the United States would reach its peak oil in the early 1970s.  The United States did indeed reach its peak oil in the early 1970s.  

It is unclear as to when the world's peak oil will happen, though many scientists agree that it was reached in the early 2000s or before 2020. For example, in 2010 the International Energy Agency (IEA) has said that peak oil may have happened in 2006.

References

Energy
Corgi

The corgi (or Welsh corgi) is a small breed of dog. It comes from Wales.

There are two breeds: the Pembroke Welsh corgi and the Cardigan Welsh corgi. Queen Elizabeth II has kept pet Pembroke Welsh corgis since she was seven years old.

Corgis have a long torso and short legs, large bones, and a very short tail. Corgis were originally bred as herding dogs. They are very active and like exercise. They are intelligent and have good memories.

Culture 

Outside Wales, corgis have been made popular by Queen Elizabeth II. She usually had at least four as pets and once as many as thirteen. Her first corgi was named Susan. She mated Susan and her current dogs are still offspring of that breeding. She now has two corgis who are about twelve years old. Some portraits of Queen Elizabeth II show her holding a corgi or a few around her.

References 

Dog breeds
Dave Bolland

Dave Bolland (born June 5, 1986 in Etobicoke, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs.

He began his hockey career when he played for the Queensway Canadiens at Mimico Areana, the local arena in Mimico. He then played minor hockey for the Toronto Red Wings of the Greater Toronto Hockey League from 2000 until 2002. When he played for the Red Wings, they won the OHL All Ontario Bantam Championship.

He was selected eighth overall in the first round of the 2002 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection by the London Knights. He played 4 seasons with the Knight before he was drafted with the 32nd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

On June 24, 2013, He scored the game-winning goal in the final minute of game 6 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals to help the Blackhawks win their fifth cup and the second cup in four years (2010).

During the 2013 NHL Entry draft, the Blackhawks traded Bolland to the Maple Leafs in exchange for the 51st pick, the 117th pick and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry draft.

On June 28, 2014, Bolland was signed as a free agent by the Florida Panthers to a five-year, $27.5 million  contract.

Dave Bolland has yet to play a NHL game since December 16, 2015 due to back injury although he was traded to Arizona Coyotes for a conditional second round pick.

References

Other websites 

1986 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Memorial Cup winners
Middlesex

Middlesex is one of the historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. The county once contained the rich and politically independent City of London on its southern boundary. The county was affected by the expansion of London in the 18th and 19th centuries. From 1855 the south east was administered as part of London. When county councils were initially introduced in England in 1889 around 20% of the area of Middlesex, and a third of its population, was transferred to the County of London.

In the interwar years urban London further expanded, with the expansion of public transport, and the setting up of new industries outside inner London.  

After a Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London, Middlesex was absorbed by an enlarged Greater London in 1965. Despite its disappearance as an administrative county, Middlesex is still used as an area name. It was kept as a postal county; it is an optional component of postal addresses. It is still regarded by many as a meaningful area, with its own teams in County cricket, rugby and other sports and pastimes.

References
Ernst Heinrich Meier

Ernst  Heinrich  Meier (17 May 1813 in Bückeburg – 2 March 1866 in Tübingen) was a German Orientalist. He published an Indian play, Sakuntala or the Lost Ring. He also published a collection of German folk songs.

References

1813 births
1866 deaths

German people
Chico Slimani

Chico Slimani (born 2 April 1971) is a Moroccan-Welsh pop singer based in the UK and Morocco. He has been active since 2005 when he reached the quarter-finals of the 2005 UK series of talent show The X Factor. He has had 3 hit singles as of 2010, Number 1 hit "It's Chico Time", which was number 3 in Ireland, Number 24 hit "Disco" which was number 39 in Ireland and Number 45 hit "Curvy Cola Bottle Body" which failed to chart in Ireland he charted at number 85 with "It's England Time". He is part of Sony BMG record label. His album is Lights, Camera, Action. He is a contestant in the seventh series of Dancing on Ice, which began in January 2012. He is also known as Chico.

References

Dancing on Ice participants
Moroccan entertainers
The X Factor contestants
Welsh pop musicians
Welsh singers
1971 births
Living people
Recaredo Santos Tornero

Recaredo Santos Tornero (October 14, 1842 – July 26, 1902) was a Chilean editor and journalist. He was the director of El Mercurio de Valparaíso and founder of El Comercio.

Biography 
Tornero was born in Valparaíso, on October 14, 1842. His parents were Carmen Olmos de Aguilera Orrego, and the Spanish immigrant José Santos Tornero Monteros, who was also the owner of the first public library in Chile. Recaredo Tornero studied at the National Institute of Santiago, and later attended the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, in France. He came back to Chile in 1860. In 1866, he succeeded his father as the director of El Mercurio de Valparaíso. He married Elena Stuven Olmos, and they had four children: Carmela, Recaredo, Teresa and Enrique.

His father's businesses included the Spanish Library (), the printing house of El Mercurio and the Valparaíso newspaper of the same name. The enterprise remained in the family's possession for 33 years. In 1866, Tornero and his brother Orestes bought the enterprise from their father.

Orestes took care of the library and its other parts, while Recaredo continued running the printing house and the newspaper. Later, they formed the Tornero & Sons Society () with his father, who was living outside Chile.

Tornero was the only editor of El Mercurio de Valparaíso from 1867 to 1870. In 1870, he partnered with Camilo Letelier. Blanco Cuartín became the main editor of the newspaper later and suggested that it focus on culture and literacy

He published Chile Ilustrado in 1872, the first illustrated album of Chile, with a descriptive guide, historic, politic, industrial, social and statistical review of the country and a rich graphic backup, with more than 200 wood engravings and 10 litographs. He was given a prize for this book at the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition.

After running it for nine years, he sold his part of the newspaper to Camilo Letelier. He revisited Europe in 1875, and bought machinery to create the first paper mill in Chile in 1880. At that time, he also started to publish foreign works translated into Spanish.

After his return to Valparaíso, Tornero founded a library and a printing house in Almendral. His brother Orestes died in 1881, and Tornero he took over the Mercurio library, which was mainly focused on editing teaching material and works translated from French.

President José Manuel Balmaceda had a bad relationship with the Chilean press. For this reason, Recaredo started the newspaper El Comercio to support him.

Recaredo died in Santiago on July 26, 1902.

References 

People from Valparaíso
Chilean journalists
1842 births
1902 deaths
Addictive personality

People who have a personality with many traits that make them prone to addiction are said to have an addictive personality. An addiction is a physical or psychological dependency that influences the life of that person negatively. Very often, such people use illegal drugs, but this does not have to be the case: many can also be addicted to smoking, gambling, food, exercise, work, video games, pornography or relationships. This is called codependency. People with an addictive personality tend to plan their lives around the addiction. Addictive personality is difficult to treat.

Personal life
Addiction
British Film Institute

The British Film Institute is a charity which helps to promote movies. They call them films rather than movies. It runs several cinemas including the IMAX, in London. It also runs the annual London Film Festival, which has movies, and the Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, which also has movies. The BFI has a large archive with more than 50,000 fiction movies (though they call them films), over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes.

British movies
Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)

The Leader of the Opposition in New Zealand is the politician who leads the MPs that are not in government in the New Zealand Parliament. In the debating chamber the Leader of the Opposition sits directly opposite the Prime Minister. At present, the Leader of the Opposition is Judith Collins of National since 14 July 2020.

Role
Usually, the Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest party of the Opposition.

The Leader of the Opposition does not have a large official role, but there are several ways in which the Leader of the Opposition takes part in affairs of state. Often, these relate to national security matters, which are supposed to go past party politics - the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, for example, has to talk to the Leader of the Opposition as well as the Prime Minister about certain matters.

The Leader of the Opposition also receives a higher salary than other members of the Opposition, being paid the same amount as a Cabinet Minister.

References

Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Politics of New Zealand
Premier of Victoria

The  Premier of Victoria  is the head of the Government of Victoria, Australia. The Premier does the same job at a state level as the Prime Minister of Australia does at a national level. Formal power is held by the Queen who is represented in Victoria by the Governor of Victoria. The Governor acts on the advice given to him by the Premier. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.

Victoria is governed under the Westminster  system of parliamentary government. It is a bicameral system with two elected houses. The lower house is called the Legislative Assembly and the upper house is called the Legislative Council. After an election, the State Governor appoints as Premier, the leader of the party who can control a majority of the elected members in the lower house. The Premier must resign if they no longer have a majority in the  Legislative Assembly. This can happen if they lose seats at an election, or if their own political party does not support them.

Victoria was a British colony, and power was held by the  Governor. In 1855, Britain allowed Victoria to have its own parliament, and the power was passed to the Premier.

List of  Premiers of Victoria
El Mercurio de Valparaíso

El Mercurio de Valparaíso is the oldest newspaper of Chile, and the oldest one in the world in Spanish language that is still being published –the first newspaper in Chile was La Aurora de Chile. It is from Valparaíso, and it was founded in 1827 by typographers Thomas G. Wells, Ignacio Silva Medina and Pedro Félix Vicuña. The first edition was published in September 12, 1827.

It is claimed that newspaper El Peruano is the oldest one in Spanish language.

References

Other websites 
 El Mercurio de Valparaíso homepage

Newspapers in South America
Valparaíso
1827 establishments
19th-century establishments in Chile
1820s establishments in South America
Valparaíso (disambiguation)

Valparaíso may refer to:

Brazil
 Valparaíso - town in the São Paulo state
 Valparaíso - river in the Acre state
 Valparaíso de Goiás - town in the Goiás state
 Valparaíso - neighborhood in Blumenau, Santa Catarina
 Valparaíso - neighborhood in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro
 Valparaíso - neighborhood São Carlos, São Paulo

Chile
 Valparaíso - city in Chile
 Greater Valparaíso - a conurbation
 Region of Valparaíso - a region of Chile
 Province of Valparaíso - a province of Chile

Colombia
 Valparaíso - city in the department of Antioquia
 Valparaíso - city in the department of Caquetá

Spain
 Valparaíso, Cáceres, a town in the province of Cáceres, now disappeared, but that originated the most of the American toponyms.
 Valparaíso de Abajo, town in the province of Cuenca.
 Valparaíso de Arriba, town in the province of Cuenca.
 Valparaíso, town in the province of Zamora.

United States
 Valparaiso - city in the Indiana state
Valparaíso

Valparaíso is a city in Chile, in the central coast del Litoral Central. It's also the capital of the province and region, and the legislative capital of the country. The city is part of the Greater Valparaíso conurbation.

The Chilean House of Representatives, the Command in Chief of the Chilean Army, the Fishing Undersecretary, the Fishing National Service, amidst other organizations, are in this city. The historical part of the city was declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO, in 2003.

References
Azoximer bromide

Azoximer bromide is a macromolecular compound with high-molecular weight and not proved immunomodulating activity. It is using in 
CIS countries for treatment and prophylaxis of diseases connected with damage of immune system. It is a N-oxidized polyethylene–piperazine derivative. Azoximer bromide is sold under the trade name Polyoxidonium.

Polyoxidonium is registered in US Patent-5503830 from 1996, in the Russian Federation from 1996, under registration number 96/302/9, FS 42-3906-00.

References 

Immunology
Biochemistry
Ray Traylor

Raymond Washington Traylor, Jr. (May 2, 1963 – September 22, 2004) was a professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with the WWF under the ring name (The) Big Bossman and with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the name many different ring names. 

During his time with the WWF, he won the WWF Hardcore Champion four times where his fourth reign is credited as being the longest in WWF/E History. He also won the WWF Tag Team Championship one time with Ken Shamrock.

He died of a heart attack in his Acworth, Georgia home on September 22, 2004.

References

Other websites 
The Big Boss Man's profile at WWE.com
Ray Traylor (Big Bossman) at Findagrave.com

American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former WWE wrestlers
1963 births
2004 deaths
Chilliwack

Chilliwack is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. 

The population of Chilliwack was 77,936 in 2011. The mayor of Chilliwack is Ken Popove.

The Stó:lō people lived in the area between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago. The population grew from 1857 to 1859 when gold was found in the Fraser Canyon. Over 40,000 gold miners had traveled to the goldfields and many of them traveled through the Chilliwack area. Chilliwack was incorporated as a town in 1873 and was the third municipality in British Columbia.

References

Other websites
 Official city website

Cities in British Columbia
1873 establishments in Canada
Whitesnake

Whitesnake are an English hard rock band formed in Middlesbrough, Cleveland in 1978. The members of the group are David Coverdale, the singer, Doug Aldrich, who plays the guitar, Reb Beach, who plays the guitar, Timothy Drury, who plays the keyboard and Brian Tichy, who plays the drums.

Studio albums
Snakebite (1978)
Trouble (1978)
Lovehunter (1979)
Ready an' Willing (1980)
Come an' Get It (1981)
Saints & Sinners (1982)
Slide It In (1984)
Whitesnake (1987)
Slip of the Tongue (1989)
Restless Heart (1997)
Good to Be Bad (2008)

Other websites
Whitesnake's official website

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from Yorkshire
Printer (publishing)

In publishing, printers are the companies that supply printing services and persons who operate directly printing presses.

After the invention of the moveable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, printers were made popular throughout Europe.

Today, printers are found throughout the world. They include:

 Newspaper printers, that are often owned by newspaper publishers
 Magazine printers, that are usually independent of magazine publishers
 Book printers, often not directly connected with book publishers
 Stationery printers
 Packaging printers
 Commercial printers, often offering digital and traditional printing services

An artist that operates a printing press to do their own works, especially by hand, is usually named by the term printmaker.

Famous printers
 Johannes Gutenberg
 John Baskerville
 Jodocus Badius
 Henry Estienne
 William Caxton
 Benjamin Franklin
 Colard Mansion
 Aldus Manutius
 Francysk Skaryna
 Ottaviano Petrucci
 Christoffel Plantijn
 Johann Froben
 Hieronymus Froben
 Wright Brothers
 Charlotte Guillard
 William Bradford
 Jacob Meghapart
 Grigor Marzuantsi
 Mkhitar Sebastatsi
 Voskan Yerevantsi

Printers

diq:Neşırxaney
Kris Aquino

Kristina Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino (born February 14, 1971) is a Filipino actress and television host. She is the fourth daughter of Former President Corazon Aquino and Former senator Ninoy Aquino and sister of president Benigno Aquino III.

1971 births
Living people
Filipino actors
Corazon Aquino
List of infectious diseases

List of human infectious diseases arranged by name.

List of infectious diseases in humans

Related pages
 Lists of diseases
 Infectious disease
 Virus diseases
 List of infectious diseases causing flu-like syndrome
 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
 List of ICD-9 codes 001-139: infectious and parasitic diseases

References 

 Chin J. B., ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. APHA [American Public Health Association] Press; 2000. 
 Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 2009. American Academy of Pediatrics. 28th ed. 
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov. Retrieved on August 4, 2009.

Infectious diseases
Fabiano Caruana

Fabiano Luigi Caruana, (born 30 July 1992 in Miami, Florida), is a chess grandmaster. He has dual citizenship of Italy and the United States. Fabiano plays for Italy in team events.

He became a grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 11 months and 20 days, making him the youngest grandmaster in the history of Italy and the United States.  Fabiano won the 2018 Candidates Tournament, which gave him the chance to play Magnus Carlsen for the title of World Chess Champion.
Caruana and Carlsen played 12 games using Classical time controls. All of these games ended in a draw. This is the only time in the history of the world chess championship that all classical games have ended in a draw. On 28 November, rapid chess was used as a tie-breaker; Caruana lost three games in a row, and Carlsen kept his title as World Chess Champion.

References 

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Miami, Florida
American chess players
Italian people
Chess grandmasters
Twig

A twig is a small, thin branch. people can study twigs to identify plants, especially in winter when they have no leaves.

References 

Trees
Growth ring

A Growth ring is the ring of growth found in some living organisms, such as trees. Some animals such as shells and corals also have annual growth rings.

Counting the growth rings shows how old the organism is, or was when it stopped growing.  For example, the growth rings in furniture, walls and other wooden items can be counted.

How tree rings are developed 
Tree rings grow under the bark, and the bark is pushed out while the tree is growing. The inner part of a growth ring is formed early in the growing season, when growth is fast and is known as early wood. The outer portion is the late wood, and is denser than early wood. Many trees in places with hot summers and cold winters make one growth ring a year.

For the entire life of a tree, a year by year record or ring pattern is formed that reveals the climate conditions in which the tree grew.  If a tree grows in a dry place, you can tell its age better than when it grows in a wet place.  Switching in between bad and good conditions can result in several rings forming in one year.  Tree ring growth patterns are affected by the climate, weather, rain, temperature, soil pH, plant nutrition, carbon dioxide concentration, and sunspots.

Rings happen because of the change in growth speed through winter, spring, summer and fall, so one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. Tree rings are more visible in places where the seasons change between hot and cold. Enough moisture and a long growing season result in a wide ring. A dry year may result in a very narrow ring. Trees from the same area will tend to grow the same pattern of rings.  

Tree growth rings can tell us about the ancient climate and growth rings can be used to tell the age of a tree. Growth rings can also be used to date the wood in old buildings, ships and frames for paintings. Tree rings are used to make radiocarbon dating more accurate.

Some perennial herb species form annual growth rings in their roots that basically follow the same principles as growth rings in trees.

Related pages 
 Dendrochronology

Climate
Trees

en:Dendrochronology#Growth rings
Albert Esch

Albert Esch (2 April, 1883 in Eisgrub, Mähren – 26 September, 1954 in Vienna) was an Austrian landscape architect in the 20th century.

1883 births
1954 deaths
Austrian painters
Czech people
Painters
José Manuel Balmaceda

José Manuel Balmaceda (1838 – 1891) was a Chilean politician, who eventually became President of the Republic of Chile.

Biography 
Balmaceda was born in Bucalemu, in 1838. In 1865, he became one of the representatives of the government of Chile at the South American General Congress at Lima, and after his return, he obtained great distinction as an orator in the national assembly.

He became Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior under the presidency of Domingo Santa Maria. He was elected President in 1886. On January 1, 1891 he claimed his intention to terminate an "intolerable situation", by refusing to convoke the assembly, and he ordered to continue the collection of taxes. This action provoked the Chilean Civil War of 1891, which ended with the overthrow of President Balmaceda, who later committed suicide on September 18, in the anniversary of his elevation to the Presidency.

References 
 Article on 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

1838 births
1891 deaths
Presidents of Chile
Ozymandias

Ozymandias  is a sonnet by Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was published in 1818 in the 11 January issue of The Examiner, a journal in London. It is probably Shelley's most famous short poem.

The poem has been noted for its skillful diction, and its powerful themes and imagery. The central theme of Ozymandias is the inevitable (unavoidable) ruin of leaders and empires. The message is that all leaders and the empires they build will always end up as nothing, however mighty they are.

The name Ozymandias comes from a transliteration into Greek of the throne name of Ramesses II. The sonnet paraphrases (copies in different words) the writing on the base of a statue of Ramesses. The statue is called Younger Memnon and it is from Thebes (it is now in the British Museum). The writing on the statue was recorded by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica. It reads: "King of Kings am I, Osymandias. If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works".

References

Other websites 

 Audiorecording of "Ozymandias" by the BBC.
 LibriVox recording of "Ozymandias", selection 22, read by Leonard Wilson.
 Representative Poetry Online: Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), "Ozymandias"  (text of poem with notes)

19th-century British poems
ESCP Europe

ESCP Business School is an European higher studies establishment. The school is in 6 places, in Paris, France, in the United Kingdom (London), in Spain (Madrid), in Italy (Torino), in Poland (Warsaw), and in Germany (Berlin), where it is a university. It is the oldest business school in the world established in 1819.    and therefore presents itself as "The World's First Business School".

ESCP is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management.

References

Further reading 
 ESCP website

Education in France
Norwich International Airport

Norwich International Airport  is an airport in the city of Norwich, United Kingdom.
Norwich has regular flights to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, ran by KLM, which have been operating for many years. Other services, run both internationally (normally via Schiphol), or within the British isles.

References

Norwich
Norwich
International Air Transport Association airport code

An IATA airport code, is a three-letter code that can be used to identify airports. This removes the need to write the name of the airport in full every time it is needed, instead an IATA code can be used.

An important use of these codes is on baggage tags. They will display the IATA code for the airport which the bags should be heading to, should they get lost.

References

Airports
Geocodes

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International Civil Aviation Organization airport code

An ICAO code is the code used by pilots and air traffic controllers to identify airports simply and easily.

The code is made up of four numbers or letters. These are not the same as IATA codes, which are often simpler, and are made to sound like the airport's name. For example, people who fly from Heathrow airport, are likely to know it best as either Heathrow, or by its IATA code: LHR. They are less likely to know its ICAO code: EGLL.

Airports
Geocodes
Parti Québécois

The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a political party that wants sovereignty for the province of Quebec. The party wants Quebec to become its own country, or secede from Canada.

History
The Parti Québécois, or PQ was founded by René Lévesque. PQ's main goals are to get independence for Québec. In the provincial election of 1976, the Parti Québécois was elected to the government of Québec for the first time and René Lévesque, became the premier of Quebec. Many French people in Québec were happy to see the Lévesque as premier, while many English people were not happy..

The PQ passed a bill called Bill 101. This bill is a law that makes French the languages used most in Quebec, even though English and French are the languages spoken in Canada. The party was elected again in the 1981 election, but in November 1984 founder René Lévesque left the party and the PQ lost the 1985 election.

The Parti Québécois  started the first Quebec referendum, having the citizens vote to decide to either leave Canada or stay a part of the country. 60 per cent of the people who voted decided to stay in Canada. The PQ had a second referendum in 1995. The citizens once again voted to stay in Canada. The leader of the party, Jacques Parizeau, quit after the referendum failed.

The current Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe was the first to announce that he would to try to become the leader of the PQ, on May 11, 2007. Pauline Marois also said she was going to try to become leader, but Duceppe changed his mind on the 12th leaving Marois the only candidate. On  June 26, 2007 Marois won the leadership. Pauline Marois is the current leader of the PQ. She has said that the PQ plans to have another referendum in the future. On September 4, 2012, Marois led her party to minority victory in the Quebec general election, thus becoming the first female premier in the province's history. After an electoral defeat in 2014, she resigned. The current leader of the PQ is Jean-François Lisée, elected in 2016.

Relationship with the Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois is a federal political party in Canada that was made in 1990 by future PQ leader Lucien Bouchard. The Bloc also wants sovereignty for Québec. The two parties help each other during elections.

References

Other websites
 Parti québécois website
 Parti québécois' parliamentary group website 

Nationalist organizations in North America
Social democratic parties
Political parties in Canada
Quebec
Wheel gymnastics

Wheel gymnastics is a form of gymnastics which originated in Germany.

Wheel gymnasts do exercises in a large wheel known as the Rhönrad, gymnastics wheel, gym wheel, or German wheel.

There are three main categories of exercise in wheel gymnasts. They are: straight line, spiral, and vault.

History
While being a child, Otto Feick, the son of a blacksmith from Reichenbach, Germany, used to roll down a hill in two wagon tires which inspired him later to invent the wheel gymnastics between 1920-1922. The current wheel gymnastics obtained its final shape in 1974 with the introduction of the PVC coating. Now, it's a competitive sport practiced in Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland, Japan, and United States of America.

Other websites
 USA Wheel Gymnastics
 Japan Rhoenrad Association

References

Gymnastics