cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Johann Georg Albrechtsberger

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (born 3 February 1736 in Klosterneuburg near Vienna; died 7 March 1809 in Vienna) was an Austrian composer, organist, music theorist and music teacher.  He is most known today because he was Beethoven’s teacher for a time.

Life
From the age of seven, Albrechtsberger was a choirboy.  He had lessons in organ and music theory.  As an adult, he had several jobs in churches in small towns.  He became Kapellmeister at St Stephen’s Church, Vienna in 1793.  This was the best job for a church musician in the empire.

Writing music
Albrechtsberger wrote hundreds of compositions. He wrote most of them before he got the job in Vienna.  He wrote in a classical style. Albrechsberger enjoyed doing things with music which were not normally done. He would ask string players to tune their strings in different ways (called “scordatura”). He would also write slow movements with muted strings.  As well as classical sonatas he wrote lots of fugues.  Several people, including Mozart, thought of him as the greatest organist in the world.

Teaching
Albrechtsberger was a very important music teacher.  Joseph Haydn thought he was the best teacher in Vienna.  He was very interested in contrapuntal music of the Baroque period. He copied many fugues by Bach and other composers.

When Beethoven was a young man, he had some composition lessons from Joseph Haydn.  When Haydn was going to travel to England for several months, he asked Albrechtsberger to teach Beethoven while he was gone. These lessons took place from 1793 to 1795.  A few years later, Albrechtsberger said about Beethoven that “he learned absolutely nothing and will never accomplish anything decent”.  Beethoven said that Albrechtsberger was a “musical pedant”.  However, Beethoven still studied Albrechtsberger’s books on music theory.  The string quartets which Beethoven wrote near the end of his life show the influence of Albrechtsberger.

References 

1736 births
1809 deaths
Austrian composers
Classical era composers
Music theorists
Organists
People from Lower Austria
Für Elise

"Für Elise" (German for For Elise) is the common name of the "Bagatelle in A minor", written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1810. The song is thought to be written for Therese, a woman that Beethoven wanted to marry in 1810, however his handwriting was misspelt undergoing transcription, allowing the piece to be known as Fur Elise rather the Fur Therese. Therese did not want to marry him.

The piece of music, which was written for the piano, was not published until 1865, a long time after Beethoven’s death. It is one of the most well-known pieces of piano music in the world.

Form 
The piece is in rondo form. There is a main section (A) which appears three times. Between these three sections there are two other sections (B and C), so the form of the piece can be described as: A B A C A.

The main section has a time signature of 3/8. It is based on arpeggios which flow from one hand to the other. This is the section that many beginner pianists want to play. The two middle sections are harder to play at the correct speed. They have fast scales, arpeggios and left hand demisemiquavers (32nd notes).

References
 Woodstra, Chris. et al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. p. 104. 
https://www.classicfm.com/composers/beethoven/fur-elise-meaning-who-is-elise/

Other websites 
Für Elise - and other Beethoven resources (includes the free sheet music)

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Solo piano pieces
Teplice

Teplice  (German name: Teplitz) is a city in Bohemia, the western area of the Czech Republic.  Teplice (pronounced in Czech: “Tep-li-tse”) is a famous spa town where, in earlier times, lots of famous people went for holidays to improve their health.  Goethe, Beethoven, Chopin, Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner all stayed there.

Teplice lies between Prague and Dresden in a mountain area called Krušné hory (Iron Mountains).  In the year 762 hot springs were found there.  The waters from these springs helped people who were ill to get better so it became a spa town.

Since 1990 many buildings have been restored.  The Krušnohorské divadlo (Krušnohorské theatre) is now being refurbished.  The North Bohemia Philharmonic Orchestra give concerts there in the open air.  There is a museum and many restaurants, wine bars and cafés.  In the winter the mountain slopes are good for skiing.

Other websites 
Official website

Spa towns in the Czech Republic
Cities in the Czech Republic
Symphony No. 9 "Choral" (Beethoven)

Symphony No. 9 in D minor op 125 (Choral Symphony) by Ludwig van Beethoven is one of the most famous pieces of music ever written.

A symphony is a piece of music for orchestra. Beethoven wrote nine symphonies. This one, the last one he wrote, is very unusual because the last movement also has singing in it: there are four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and a choir. This is why it is known as the “choral” symphony (“choral” means: “for choir”). It is a very long work, lasting more than an hour. This, too, was unusual.

This symphony has four movements. The first movement is in sonata form. The second and third movements come the other way round from the usual order: the second movement is the scherzo and the third movement is the slow movement. It is a theme and variations. The last movement sets the words of a poem by Friedrich Schiller, a famous poet who had only recently died. The poem was called Ode an die Freude (in English: Ode to Joy). The poem has a strong message to all mankind: it is about living in peace and harmony together. It was written at the time of the French Revolution when these ideas were becoming very important in Europe.

The main tune of the last movement (sung to the words: “Freude, schöne Götterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium”) is one of the best known tunes in the world. Many children like to play it on instruments because the first part of the tune only uses five notes (it can be played on C, D, E, F, G). When the tune comes the first time in the symphony it is played by the cellos and double basses.

The Ode to Joy was adopted as Europe's “National anthem” in 1972, with an official arrangement for orchestra written by Herbert von Karajan.

Beethoven had been interested in Schiller’s famous poem since he was young. In 1817 he started to write the first two movements of the symphony. In 1822 he decided to use Schiller’s poem in the symphony. Most of the rest of the symphony was written in 1823 and he finished it in 1824. It was first performed in May of that year. Beethoven conducted the performance. The story is told that he wondered why the audience were not applauding when it had finished. They were applauding, but Beethoven was deaf so he could not hear. Someone made him turn round, and he saw that people were applauding enthusiastically.

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven No 9
Mersenne prime

In mathematics, a Mersenne number is a number that is one less than a power of two.

Mn = 2n − 1.

A Mersenne prime is a Mersenne number that is a prime number. This however, is not sufficient. Many mathematicians prefer the definition of a Mersenne number where exponent n has to be a prime number.

For example, 31 = 25 − 1, and 5 is a prime number, so 31 is a Mersenne number; and 31 is also a Mersenne prime because it is a prime number. But the Mersenne number 2047 = 211 − 1 is not a prime because it is divisible by 89 and 23. And 24 − 1 = 15 can be shown to be composite because 4 is not prime.

Throughout modern times, the largest known prime number has very often been a Mersenne prime. Most sources restrict the term Mersenne number to where n is prime, as all Mersenne primes must be of this form as seen below.

Mersenne primes have a close connection to perfect numbers, which are numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors. Historically, the study of Mersenne primes was motivated by this connection; in the 4th century BC Euclid demonstrated that if M is a Mersenne prime then M(M+1)/2 is a perfect number. In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler proved that all even perfect numbers have this form. No odd perfect numbers are known, and it is suspected that none exist (If it exist, it would have to be greater than 101500).

It is currently unknown if there is an infinite number of Mersenne primes. Most mathematicians who have studied the question think there are an infinite number of Mersenne primes. Carl Pomerance, Samuel S. Wagstaff Jr. and Hendrik Lenstra developed a formula which they think should say about how many Mersenne primes there are under a given number.

The binary representation of 2n - 1 is n repetitions of the digit 1.

For example, 25 - 1 = 11111 in binary.

The first four Mersenne primes were known by the Ancient Greeks. They are 3, 7, 31 and 127. The next, 8191, was discovered in 1456. Some people like trying to find big primes. Since there are tricks and algorithms to finding Mersenne primes quickly, the largest known primes are also Mersenne primes.

As of December 21, 2018, 51 Mersenne primes have been found. The largest known prime is a Mersenne prime, .

References

Classes of prime numbers
The Settlers II

The Settlers II is a real-time strategy (RTS) computer video game. It was released by Blue Byte Software in 1996.

1996 video games
Real-time strategy video games
de:Die Siedler#Die Siedler II – Veni, Vidi, Vici
Granule (cell biology)

In cell biology, a granule can be any structure barely visible by light microscopy. The term is most often used to describe a secretory vesicle.

Leukocytes
A group of leukocytes called granulocytes contain granules and play an important role in the immune system. The granules of certain cells, such as Natural killer cells, contain components which can lead to the lysis of neighboring cells.

Platelets
The granules of platelets are classified as dense granules and alpha granules.

Cell biology
Cytosol

The cytosol (also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm) is the internal fluid of the cell, and a part of cell metabolism occurs here.

Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways and glycolysis.

Cytosol mostly consists of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as protein). It contains about 20% to 30% protein.

Normal human cytosolic pH is (roughly) 7.0 (i.e. neutral), whereas the pH of the extracellular fluid is 7.4.

The texture of cytosol being described as granular can be attributed to the fact that in order to study the texture, an electron microsope must be used, which requires a process of dehydration prior to study.

References
Life: the science of biology. Purves, Sadava, Orians, Heller. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2004.  (ILM USA)

Biochemistry
Joan Jett

Joan Jett (born February 1958) is an American singer and guitarist. She is best known for her number one single "I Love Rock n Roll". Jett has a punkish, tomboy appearance and is a Democrat.

In 2015, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

References 

1960 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Singers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Pennsylvania
American punk musicians
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Marble

For the toy, see marbles
Marble is a metamorphic rock that developed from limestone. Most of the material is calcite (a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3) and dolomite. It is often used for sculpture, as a building material, and for many other purposes.

The word 'marble' is also used for other stones that can be polished well and for ball shaped objects used for child games. 

'Faux marble' is a wall painting technique that imitates the color patterns of real marble (not to be confused with paper marbling). Marble dust can be combined with cement or synthetic resins to make reconstituted or cultured marble.

Marble has been used in construction for thousands of years. It was widely used by Greek and Roman sculptors and architects. Places named after the stone include Marble Arch, London; the Sea of Marmara; India's Marble Rocks; and the towns of Marble, Minnesota; Marble, Colorado; and Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York. The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures from the Parthenon that are on display in the British Museum.  They were brought to Britain by the Earl of Elgin.

Construction marble 

In the construction trade, the term "marble" is used for any massive, crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone.

Examples 
Purbeck marble is a fossiliferous limestone found in the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula in south-east Dorset, England. It has been quarried since at least Roman times as a decorative building stone. The industry is no longer active.

Tennessee marble is really a massive, highly fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician dolostone, known as the Holston Formation by geologists.  "Tennessee marble" is not true marble.  Its crystalline nature gives it a resemblance to marble, especially when polished. 

Carrara marble is a genuine marble. It is white or blue-grey and of high quality, popular for use in sculpture and building decor. It is quarried at the city of Carrara in the Lunigiana, the northernmost tip of modern-day Tuscany, Italy. The illustration shows the Pietà, which is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture by Michelangelo. It is in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, and is the only piece Michelangelo ever signed.

Industrial use of marble 
Colorless marbles are a very pure source of calcium carbonate, which is used in a wide variety of industries.  Finely ground marble powder is a component in paint, toothpaste, and plastics; calcium carbonate can also be reduced under high heat to calcium oxide (also known as "quicklime"), which has many uses including being a primary component of most cements.

Related pages
list of minerals
limestone
granite
sandstone

Other websites

Inlaid marble  
Tips for cleaning marble 
Learning to carve by Marc Levoy.

References

Metamorphic rocks
Building materials
Carbonate rocks
Fan fiction

Fan fiction or fanfiction (also known as fanfic) is a name for fiction created by fans instead of the original author.

Fanfiction writers take fictional characters and settings from fictional (or sometimes historical) stories that were created by other people, and write original stories about them. People write fan fiction for many different book, television series, and movie fandoms.

When fanfiction first began, it was often only published in fan magazines. Today fanfiction, like many fandom activities, can be usually found on the internet. This has created many fanfiction communities. People in these communities post their fanfiction and receive feedback (reviews) from other community members.

There is also fan art (also called fanart), which is often drawings or other visual art based on a fandom.

Related pages
Fandom
Fictional universe

Other websites 

Fanfiction.net

Fiction
Fandom
Three Laws of Robotics

The Three Laws of Robotics are three rules which Isaac Asimov thought should be programmed into robots. The rules assume that robots will be human-type machines, able to walk about and do things. Asimov called these robots positronic robots. The laws are presented in his 'Robot' series of short stories and novels.

The first mention of the laws is in Asimov's short story Runaround (written in 1942). 
 A robot may not injure a human being or, by failing to act, allow a human being to come to harm.
 A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where carrying out those orders would break the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence, as long as the things it does to protect itself do not break the First or Second Law.

Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are changed one by one so that there can be no reason for a robot to break the Zeroth Law. .

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the passage in Asimov's short story "Liar!" (1941) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word robotics. Asimov was not aware of this at the time; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with mechanics, hydraulics, and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge.

The Three Laws form a theme in his Robot series and the other stories linked to it, as well as his Lucky Starr series of science fiction for children.  Other authors working in Asimov's fictional universe have adopted them, and references (often parodic) appear in science fiction and other genres. Technologists in the field of artificial intelligence have speculated upon the role the Laws might have in the future.

References

Other websites 
 Worley, Gordon.  "Robot Oppression: Unethicality of the Three Laws".
 "Frequently Asked Questions about Isaac Asimov", AsimovOnline 27 September 2004.
 Ethical Considerations for Humanoid Robots: Why Asimov's Three Laws are not enough.

Science fiction
Isaac Asimov
Nathuram Godse

Nathuram Vinayak Godse (, May 19, 1910 – November 15, 1949) was the man who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi.

Nathuram Godse was born at Baramati, Pune District, British India. His father was Vinayak Vaman Rao Godse, his mother was Lakshmi (Godavari before marriage). His father was a fifteen-rupee-a-month employee of the post office.

Godse's political career 
Godse dropped out of high school and became an activist with the Hindu Mahasabha. 
The Hindu Mahasabha had initially backed Gandhi's campaigns of civil disobedience against the British government.
But Godse and his mentors later rejected Gandhi. They felt that Gandhi was sacrificing Hindu interests in an effort to please Muslim groups. They blamed Gandhi for the Partition of India, which killed hundreds of thousands of people.

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

Motive 
The immediate motive for the assassination is usually ascribed to Gandhi's January 13, 1948 decision to fast to the death unless the Indian central government reversed a decision to withhold the transfer of 55 crore (550 million) rupees to the government of Pakistan. The transfer had been specified in the partition agreement, but the Indian government had refused to complete it, complaining of continued Pakistani rebel occupation of disputed parts of Kashmir.

The Indian government immediately reversed its decision to withhold the funds, which infuriated Godse and his fellow Hindu nationals.

The decision to assassinate Gandhi was taken by Godse alone. The Mahasabha resolutely denied all complicity, and Godse took full responsibility. 

Godse assassinated Gandhi on January 30, 1948, approaching him during the evening prayer, bowing, and shot him three times at close range. Godse was convicted of murdering Gandhi, for which he was executed by hanging.

Other websites 
 Godse's deposition in court 
 A pro-Godse site  with interviews and links
 Time Magazine's Feb 2000 interview of Gopal Godse 
 Rediff's Jan 1998 interview of Gopal Godse
 Article discussing pro-Godse play
 Eyewitness to Gandhi assassination 
 Eyewitness gives VIDEO account of Gandhi Assassination

1910 births
1949 deaths
Assassins
Indian Hindus
Indian criminals
Indian activists
People executed by hanging
Political activists
Cradle of Filth

Cradle of Filth is an extreme metal band from England. Some people say the band’s musical style is black metal, others say that it is gothic metal, extreme metal, or many other different styles. Cradle of Filth had many different members. It was founded by Dani Filth in 1991. He is still the leader of the band. Cradle of Filth is very well known and has enjoyed success on TV and the radio.

Albums 
 The Principle of Evil Made Flesh - (1994)
 Dusk and Her Embrace - (1997)
 Cruelty and the Beast - (1998)
 Midian - (2000)
 Damnation and a Day - (2003)
 Nymphetamine - (2004)
 Thornography - (2006)
 Godspeed on the Devil's Thunder (2008)
 Darkly, Darkly, Venus Aversa (2010)
 The Manticore and Other Horrors (2012)
 Hammer of the Witches (2015)
 Cryptoriana - The Seductiveness of Decay (2017)

Members 
 Dani Filth - Vocals
 Paul Allender - Guitar
 Charles Hedger - Guitar
 Dave Pybus - Bass
 Martin Skaroupka - Drums
 Sarah Jezebel Deva - Backing Vocals
 Rosie Smith - Live Keyboards

English heavy metal bands
Makoto Sakurai

is the leader and founder of the very right-wing hate group Zaitokukai (). It is one of the largest hate groups in Japan, with over 14,000 members as of March 2014. The name means "Citizens’ League to Deny Foreigners in Japan Special Rights." As the leader, Sakurai participates in demonstrations, appears in videos, and blogs.

Sakurai was arrested for spitting on another person at a protest. The United States Department of State criticized his actions with Zaitokukai.

References

Other websites 
 Sakurai's blog (Japanese)

1972 births
Japanese activists
Bloggers
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Living people
George Adamski

George Adamski (April 17, 1891 – April 23, 1965) was a Polish-born American who became known in ufology circles after he said he photographed ships from other planets, met with aliens, and took flights with them. He considered himself to be a "philosopher, teacher, student and saucer researcher."

References 

1891 births
1965 deaths

Writers from California
Writers from Oregon
Writers from New York City
Writers from Wyoming
Efficiency

Efficiency could mean:

 Energy efficiency, useful work per quantity of energy
 Energy conversion efficiency, desired energy output per energy input
 Energy conservation, reducing the use of energy
 Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed
 Fuel efficiency, converting energy in fuel to kinetic energy or work
 Specific impulse, in propulsion systems, a measure of fuel-efficiency
 Volumetric efficiency, in internal combustion engine design
 Lighting efficiency, visible light from a light source per unit of power, in lumens per watt
 Mechanical efficiency, the effectiveness of a simple machine, mechanical advantage over ideal mechanical advantage
 Thermodynamic efficiency, useful work per change in heat
 Exergy efficiency, measure of 2nd-law themodynamic loss
 Thermal efficiency, useful work per the higher heating value of the fuel
 Radiation efficiency, ratio of radiated power to power absorbed at the terminals of an antenna
 Efficiency (aerodynamics), for fixed wing aircraft the Lift-to-drag ratio
 Efficiency (economics), a general term, to capture the amount of waste or other undesirable features
 Pareto efficiency, making one individual better off, without making any other individual worse off
 Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, like a less stringent Pareto efficiency
 Allocative efficiency, an optimal distribution of goods
 The optimisation of a social welfare function
 Efficiency wages, paying workers more than the market rate for increased productivity
 Efficiency (statistics), a measure of desirability of an estimator
 Efficiency ratio, expenses as a percentage of revenue, etc.
 Efficiency Movement, of the Progressive Era 1890-1932, advocated efficiency in the economy, society and government
 Material efficiency, compares material requirements between construction projects or physical processes
 Textual efficiency, density of a message
 Algorithmic efficiency, the speed and space requirements of a computer program
 Quantum efficiency, a measure of sensitivity of a photosensitive device: the percentage of photons hitting the photoreactive surface that will produce an electron–hole pair
Manga Kenkanryu

is a Japanese manga book.

References

Related pages
The Truth about Nanjing

Manga
Korea
History of Japan
Donkey Kong

Donkey Kong is a Nintendo video game character. He was first seen in a video game in 1981. He is a large gorilla who lives deep in the jungles of his very own island. Since 1994 he has worn a red necktie with his initials "DK" in yellow, his only piece of clothing. He appears as both the hero and villain of the Donkey Kong games.

Appearances in video games
 Donkey Kong
 Mario Kart 64
 Super Smash Bros.
 Mario Kart: Double Dash!!
 Mario Power Tennis
 Super Mario Strikers
 Super Smash Bros. Melee
 Mario Strikers Charged
 Donkey Kong Country
 Super Smash Bros. Brawl
 Donkey Konga
 Donkey Kong Jungle Beat

Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in 1981
Mario series characters
Donkey Kong
Sharin Yamano

is a Japanese manga artist. He is well known for his books, Manga Kenkanryu (Hate Korea Wave) and Manga Kenchogokuryu (Hate China Wave). He is thought to be anti-Korean and anti-Chinese, but the detail of his profile is not known well.

References

1971 births
Living people
Japanese manga artists
Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism is a word that describes a society where many different cultures live together. It is the simple fact of cultural diversity.

In a multicultural society, there is not an official (decided by the people in charge) culture that every person must be a part of. Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other.

A multicultural society can result when people from many different countries migrate to one place, or an empire conquers many countries. Tolerance is a big help for multiculturalism. Xenophobia makes it difficult. 

A multicultural society would be composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds and cultures living and working together. In society when people from different backgrounds link with each other's culture shows the acceptance of each other's culture and background.

Related pages 
Multiculturalism in Canada
Multilingualism
Toleration

Sociology
Comfort women

Comfort women were women and girls forced into sexual slavery. These women, mostly Korean, were forced by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II. Estimates of the number of these "comfort women" range up to 20,000 while two-fifths of them were Japanese. Some Chinese scholars claim it to be as much as 410,000.

References

Military of Japan
World War II
Prostitution
Sexuality
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a metabolic process in most organisms. It is the first stage in cellular respiration. It allows both aerobic  and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis releases only a small amount of energy. The word "glycosis" comes from the Greek words γλυκύς (meaning "sweet") and λύσις (meaning "rupture").

Glycolysis is thought to be the archetype of a universal metabolic pathway. It occurs, with variations, in almost all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis shows that it is one of the most ancient known metabolic pathways.

Glycolysis has ten intermediate compounds, catalysed by ten different enzymes. Only the broad outline is described here.

Process

Preparatory phase 
The first half of glycolysis is the preparatory phase. It starts off by adding a phosphate group to glucose (Glucose 6-phosphate). Next, the Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into Fructose 6-phosphate. Another phosphate group is added turning it into fructose -1,6- biphosphate. The fructose -1,6-biphosphate is then split in two, one part turning into G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into G3P, leaving us with the two G3P triose sugar molecules used in the Pay-off phase.

Pay-off phase 
The second half of glycolysis is known as the 'pay-off phase', by the net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. Since glucose leads to two triose (G3P) sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the glycolytic pathway per glucose molecule.

Summary: 2ATP → 4ATP + 2(NADH + H+) + 2 pyruvate (net production of 2ATP)

Aerobic respiration 
Cells performing aerobic respiration (respiration using oxygen) synthesize much more ATP, but not as part of glycolysis. These further reactions use the pyruvate from glycolysis. 

Eukaryote aerobic respiration produces about 30 additional molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many cells.

Related pages 
Cellular respiration (overview)
Link reaction
Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)
Electron transport chain (ETC)

References

Other websites 
 The Glycolytic enzymes in Glycolysis 
 Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 
 Notes on glycolysis 

Cellular respiration
Metabolism
Archetype

In psychology, an archetype is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.

In the analysis of personality, the term archetype is often broadly used to refer to
 a stereotype—personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type; or
 an epitome—personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.

But in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining example of a personality type. In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities.

Archetypes have been present in mythology and literature for hundreds of years. The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century. The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior.

Etymology 
The word archetype appeared in European texts as early as 1545. It derives from the Latin noun archetypum via the Greek noun arkhetypon and adjective arkhetypos, meaning "first-moulded". The Greek roots are arkhe- ("first" or "original") + typos ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").

References 
 Jung, C. G., (1934–1954). The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious. (1981 2nd ed. Collected Works Vol.9 Part 1), Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. 
 Arrien, Angeles (1992). Signs Of Life:  The Five Universal Shapes And How To Use Them.  Sonoma, CA, USA:  Arcus Publishing Company.

Notes

Other websites
 Einführung in die Archetypen des Unbewussten nach C.G. Jung

Psychology
Prototype

A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of some thing.  It serves as a typical example or standard for things of the same category. Some prototypes are used to find defects or to test an idea.

Different kinds

Prototypes are built for different reasons:
Proof of principle prototype (or model): Shows that something can be done.  These kinds of prototypes are built to test a part of the design. These prototypes do not look like the finished product, in most cases. Such prototypes are used to show that certain design choices will work or will not work.
Form-study prototype (model): This tries to show what the finished design will look like, but without the function. Such prototypes allow to take decisions about the exact shape, size, or ergonomic properties.  This lets a designer see if things fit together, and will feel right.
Visual prototype: These will look like the actual product, and are used for market research. They do not have any of the functionality of the final product. An example is a concept car at a car show.  It may look like a new car but may not even have an engine.
Functional prototype: These will behave and act like the final product as much as possible. For cost reasons, they may be smaller in size, or they may not have the final look of the product.

Manufacturing

fr:Étalon (modèle)
Archetype (disambiguation)

Archetype can mean:
 An original model or prototype of which all other similar persons, objects, or concepts are developed.
Archetype, traditionally defined in the field of psychology as the idealized model of a person or personality
Stock character, standard character types seen in fiction and literature
Archetype (information science), a formal re-usable model of a domain concept
Archetype (album), an album by Fear Factory
Becoming the Archetype, a Christian metalcore band
Microdon

Flies in the genus Microdon are a type of hoverfly. Microdon and its subfamily are different from most other flies because they are myrmecophiles. This means they live in ant colonies (nests). There are more than 350 species of Microdon in the world. Some of these will be split off in time because Microdon has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species. Most Microdon live in the tropics; 30 species live in North America.

What they look like 
Microdon adults are very hairy and look like bees. They are 8 to 15 mm long. The antennae are almost as long as the fly's face. These flies have black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and their bodies are either black or metallic green or blue.

The larvae of Microdon flies look strange. They are very round and look like stout little slugs. At first scientists thought they were mollusks and scale insects. They move slowly.

What they do 
Adult Microdon flies do not hover around flowers such as many other hoverflies; instead they remain close to the ant colonies where they grew up.

Larvae may be found very deep in ant nests. Some Microdon larvae eat ant larvae (Duffield 1981); others are scavengers, which means they eat dead plants or insects in the ant colony. Most Microdon larvae can only live in the colony of one kind of ant.

References 

Flies
Pattern

A pattern is an idea, a concept or a model. The model is usually abstract, and can then be applied to the domain where it is used. Pattern matching is checking if a certain pattern is present. Many patterns can directly be recognised by the senses. 

Some patterns are based on the fact that there are repetitions, that a certain thing occurs over and over again. An example of a simple pattern might be the tiling of a floor. For example, lots of bathrooms have a paisley or floral tiling pattern on the floor. In computer science, design patterns are model solutions for problems that occur often. Sometimes people see patterns when there are none. This is called pareidolia.

Mathematical patterns 
In Mathematics, there are many different patterns. For example, the Fibonacci sequence is a complex type of pattern. There are some simple ones like:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...

In this pattern, the next number is the product of the previous number multiplied by 2. Basically a mathematical pattern is a sequence of numbers which follows one rule.

Everyday life
Computer science
Bean

Bean is the name used for the seeds of several plants. Most of these plants are known as legumes. Their scientific name is Fabaceae. Common beans, lentils, soybeans, peas are some types of beans.  Beans contain a lot of fibre. They are also high in protein. Vetches and lupins are all in that group of plants but not all legumes are edible. Laburnums for example are very poisonous as are some lupins.  

The seeds of other plants (which are not Fabaceae), are sometimes also called beans. This is mostly because they look like true beans. Example for such beans are Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, and Vanilla beans.

Gallery
Luxembourg franc

The Luxembourg Franc was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999. Belgium was another country that used the Luxembourg Franc. The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr. or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€). 1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.

Coins 
There were different types of Luxembourg Francs, like 25 cent, 1, 20, and 50 Francs.

Related pages
Belgian franc

Luxembourg
Former currencies of Europe
Belgian franc

The Belgian franc was a type of money. It is nearly the same as its partner, the Luxembourg franc. The Belgian franc was founded in 1848 in Belgium. The symbol for the Belgian franc is fr. or F. It was replaced by the euro (€) on January 1, 1999. One euro has the same value as about forty Belgian francs.

Coins
The different types of coins used were 1, 5, 20, and 50 francs. 50 cents was another type of coin, but is not common.

Banknotes
The different types of banknotes used were 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 10000 francs.

Related pages
 Luxembourg franc

Other websites
    

Former currencies of Europe
Economy of Belgium
1848 establishments in Europe
1999 disestablishments in Europe
Paradise Island

Paradise Island is an island in the Bahamas. The island is just north of the island of New Providence, Bahamas. There are two bridges connecting the two islands. One was built in 1999 and the other one was built in the late 1990s.

Description
Paradise Island (and all of the Bahamas) is known for its sandy white beaches and all year round warm climate. The island is also is known for Atlantis, a hotel and casino.

Movies
Paradise Island is a hot spot for filming movies. The Beatles film Help! and James Bond movie Casino Royale are only some of the movies filmed on Paradise Island.

Related pages
 Caribbean

Other websites
 Paradise Island official website
 Atlantis official webstite
 Bahamas tourist site

Islands of the Bahamas
Eddie Izzard

Edward Jonathan "Eddie" Izzard (born 7 February 1962) is an English actor and stand-up comedian. She has acted in movies and television. She is known for her strange comedy and for being a transvestite (she often wears men's clothes when working and in her personal life). Before going into entertainment, she had a successful career in clinical research where she was widely regarded as the 'Queen of risk-based monitoring'.

Personal life
Izzard has described herself as "a lesbian trapped in a man's body".

Other websites 
Izzard's website

References

British stand-up comedians
British television producers
Drama Desk Award winners
English comedians
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
English LGBT people
1962 births
Living people
Emulator

An emulator is a computer program or software that makes one kind of computer behave like a different one, so that it can use the same programs or do the same things as the other one. They are best for using old software and games on newer computers. They can be hardware that you add to the computer, or software that you use on it. Some types of emulators require newer computers that have the right system requirements. For example, you need a processor that is fast enough to meet the demands of the emulator. Memory (both RAM and hard drive space) may be another factor to help it run smoothly and more accurately. With the more advanced emulators, if your computer is too old, the emulator or even the operating system may crash.

Types of emulators 
The simplest type of emulator is called an interpreter, and it runs the foreign program one step at a time. This is the slowest type of emulator but it is easy to debug and port to new platforms. Another type is called the dynamic recompiler, and it takes foreign code a block at a time and recompiles (converts) it into native code. Foreign code that has already been converted is kept, so if the foreign program uses that code again, the emulator does not have to recompile it again. This type of emulator is much faster than the interpreter. Another type is the virtualizer, which only makes slight modifications to the foreign code, and runs it directly on the host processor. The virtualizer requires that the guest (foreign) and host systems use the same type of CPU.

Software
Computer science
ReactOS

ReactOS is a project to develop an operating system that is compatible with software for Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and its successors. In 2018, the project is still in its first stage of development. ReactOS is not based on Linux or Unix. ReactOS uses some code from the Wine project.

Other websites 
 ReactOS official website
 
 
 ReactOS Google+ page
 ReactOS SourceForge page
 
 ReactOS VKontakte page 
 

Operating systems
MenuetOS

MenuetOS (also known as MeOS) is an operating system for architecture computers for x86 and x86-64 processors, by Ville Mikael Turjanmaa.  It is a very small system, which can be run from a floppy disk.  It is written in only assembly code, and works fast because of these differences and because it has less "code overhead".
It is available in English, Russian, Czech, Serbian, and Chinese.

Operating systems
SkyOS

SkyOS is a privately-owned operating system currently in production. SkyOS is mostly POSIX-compliant. It comes with the core of the open source GNU tools, including GCC.

Due to its level of POSIX-compliance and port of the GTK+ widget toolkit, many Linux or other UNIX applications have been ported, including AbiWord and Gaim, as well as a few games, such as Quake.

It was made by Robert Szeleney.

Other websites 
 SkyOs official website 

Operating systems
Jodie Foster

Jodie Foster (born Alicia Christian Foster; November 19, 1962) is an American actress, movie director and producer. She has starred in many movies like Bugsy Malone, Taxi Driver, The Silence of the Lambs and Panic Room. She has won many awards including two Oscars. 

Foster began directing movies in 1991. These include Little Man Tate; Home for the Holidays  and The Beaver.

Foster is openly lesbian and is married to photographer Alexandra Hedison. Hedison is the daughter of actor David Hedison.

Movie work
1976: Taxi Driver as Iris Steensma
1976: Bugsy Malone as Tallulah
1988: The Accused as Sarah Tobias
1991: The Silence of the Lambs as Clarice Starling
1997: Contact as Dr. Ellie Arroway
2002: Panic Room as Meg Altman
2021: The Mauritanian as Nancy Hollander

References

Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Lesbians
LGBT actors
LGBT directors
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT producers
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
President of the French Republic

The President of the French Republic is the head of state of France. The current President is Emmanuel Macron since 14 May 2017 defeating Marine Le Pen in the second round of the presidential election on 7 May 2017.

List of French presidents (Fifth Republic)

Living former presidents of France
There are two living former French presidents:

Notes

References

Other websites
Official Website

 
Princes of Andorra
Context

The word Context have a couple of meanings:

 Context (language): the text in which a word or passage appears and which affects its meaning; also the words and social setting which surrounds a spoken word or passage.

 ConTeXt, a macro package for the TeX typesetting system
 ConTEXT, a Windows text editor
 Context (computing), the virtual environment required to suspend a running software program
 Archaeological context, an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record
 the Context Science Fiction Convention, held every fall in Columbus, Ohio

Context may also be used for:

 Context analysis, analysis of the environment in which a business operates
 Context awareness, ability for computers to adjust to the natural environment
 Context menu, usability improvement based on context awareness
 Context mixing, a type of data compression algorithm
 Context principle, philosophy of language
 Context Sensitive Solutions, transportation
 Context theory, theory of how environmental design and planning of new development should relate to its context
 Contextualization, a translation approach that is not literal; predominately used in regards to Bible translations
 Trama (context or flesh), the mass of non-hymenial tissues that composes the mass of a fungal fruiting body
 Low context culture
 High context culture

Related pages
 Locality (disambiguation)
 State (disambiguation)
 Natural environment
 Causality
 Context free
 Context-sensitive
 Opaque context
Orthodoxy

Orthodoxy means right belief or purity of faith. Orthodoxy is established by an absolute authority. 

The term "orthodoxy" or "orthodox" is typically used to label or identify a specific kind of theology and doctrine of religion.

Orthodoxy or "correct" belief is not subjective.

References

Related pages 
 Orthodox Judaism
 Orthodox church

Other websites
 History of Orthodox Christianity
 Orthodox Christian Information Center

Theology
Christian terminology
Corn Pops

Corn Pops is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's. It was originally called Sugar Pops in 1951, and then changed Sugar Corn Pops, and then to "Corn Pops" and in January of 2006 the name of the cereal was changed to Pops, only to be changed back to Corn Pops several months later. In the middle of 2007, Corn Pops made a new kind of cereal called "Peanut Butter Pops".

Canadian variant
Canadian Corn Pops are round, while the American Corn Pops are flat and longer.
Canadian and American Corn Pops taste very different; it has been suggested that the American type is sweeter. They also have a different texture. Canadian Corn Pops are closer to Kix cereal.
Canadian and American Corn Pops contain no trans-fat.

Taglines 
Sugar Corn Pops Are Tops! (pre-1980s)
Gotta get... POPS! (1981 - 1988)
Gotta have my pops. (1988 - 2000)
It's hard to stop when it's pops. (1995 - 1999)

References

Other websites 
Kellogg's

Breakfast cereals
Końskowola

Końskowola   is a village in Southeastern Poland. It is the capital of a separate commune within Puławy County and the Lublin Voivodeship. It has 2,188 inhabitants (as of 2004).

History 
The town was established on June 8, 1532. Końskowola served as a center of the foodstuffs trade for the surrounding area. Several textile production factories were also located there. 
During World War II, on September 15, 1939, Końskowola was taken by German troops and occupied. During the course of WWII, the Germans set up a POW camp and camps for slave labor in the town. The POW camp was soon stopped, but a labor camp continued in operation through 1943. 

A ghetto was established in the town, to which many groups of Jews were relocated, including Jews from Slovakia. On May 8, 1942, the Nazis conducted an Aktion in which many Jews were rounded up and transported to a death camp. In October 1942, the ghetto's population was killed in a massacre carried out by German troops. Some 800-1000 Jews, among them women and children, were taken to a nearby forest and killed. The ghetto's remaining inhabitants were moved to another camp.

With the approach of Soviet Union forces in the summer of 1944, the Germans had plans to burn the town. On July 25, 1944, the German occupation forces were attacked by fighters of the Polish resistance. The town was soon freed from the Germans.

Villages in Poland
Bellinzona

Bellinzona ([] in French Bellinzone [] and Bilitio [] in Latin) is the capital of the Swiss Canton of Ticino. Its German name Bellenz [] is no longer in use. With about 17.300 people living there, it is the second biggest city of the canton (after Lugano, with about 52.000 people).

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites 

 Bellinzona official website 
Rabadan carnival
UNESCO

Municipalities of Ticino
Capital cities in Switzerland