cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Endosperm

Endosperm is a food reserve tissue inside the seeds of most flowering plants. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch. It may also have oils and protein.

The endosperm of cereal plants can be a source of energy for humans. Wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread. With whole wheat bread the bran (cover of seed) and the germ is also in the flour. Barley endosperm is the main source for beer production. Other examples of edible endosperms are coconut 'meat' and coconut 'water', and corn, including popcorn. Some plants, like the orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds.

Origin of endosperm
Primitive (basal) flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and big endosperms. The evolutionary development of flowering plants tends to show a trend towards plants with seeds with little or no endosperm. In more derived flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is not developed or consumed before the seed matures. In these plants, the cotyledons contain the food reserve.

Double fertilization
Endosperm is formed when the two sperm nuclei inside a pollen grain reach the inside of an ovule or embryo sac. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote, while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with the two polar nuclei at the center of the embryo sac. This makes the first endosperm cell, which develops into the endosperm. Because it is formed by a separate fertilization, the endosperm is an organism distinct from the embryo (though placed next to it in the seed).

About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid. These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes) but can vary widely from diploid (2n) to 15n.

References 

Plant physiology
Teen movie

A teen movie is a movie that are made for teenagers or has teen actors. The plots of teen movie are about coming of age, first love, conflicts with parents, and bullying by other teens. Movies in this movie genre are usually set in high school. In some movies, there may be some sexual scenes.

Types 
Teen drama (like The Black Balloon)
Teen comedy (like American Pie series)
Teen horror (like Halloween)
Teen musicals (like High School Musical)
Teen romance (like Gidget)
Teen sci-fi (like Back to the Future)

Other websites 
Entertainment Weekly's 50 Best High School Movies 
High School Reunion Collection 
LIKE THE 80S - THE 80S TEEN MOVIE SITE
Wet 'n Wild Orlando

Wet 'n Wild Orlando was a water park in Orlando, Florida. It was founded by Sea World creator George Millay on March 13, 1977. Wet 'n Wild Orlando is the first major water park in the United States. Millay won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the World Waterpark Association. They later named him "Father of the waterpark". The water park has 8 single-person rides, 6 multi-person rides, 1 kids park (a miniature version of all the rides in the park), and 3 other activities (lazy river, volleyball, and surfing).

It was announced on June 17, 2015 that the park would permanently close on December 31, 2016.

It was replaced by Volcano Bay in 2017.

References

Other websites 

Official Facebook pages
Wet 'n Wild Guide

1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
2016 disestablishments in the United States
Orlando, Florida
Theme parks in Florida
2010s disestablishments in Florida
Terry and June

Terry and June is a British sitcom that was shown on BBC One from 1979 until 1987. It stars Terry Scott and June Whitfield as Terry and June Medford, a middle class, middle aged, married couple who live in Purley, London.

Other websites 

1979 television series debuts
1987 television series endings
1970s British sitcoms
1980s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Television series about marriage
Television series about suburbia
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
Yukio Mishima

was a Japanese writer, poet, playwright, actor and film director. One of is closed friends was Yasunari Kawabata. On November 25, 1970, he tried to make a coup d'état for military force but in vain and killed himself be seppuku.

Early life
Mishima studied at the elite . When he was child, he stuttered. 

In 1941, Mishima wrote his first notable story.  In , he described a feeling that his ancestors lived within him.

Mishima graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1947.

Career
Mishima worked in the Japanese Ministry of Finance.  At the same time, he was writing. 

In 1949, he published his first major novel, Confessions of a mask.

Selected works
In a summary based on writings by and about Yukio Mishima, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 1,700+ works in 4,400+ publications in 40+ languages and 56,600+ library holdings.
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Confessions of a mask, 1949
 The sound of waves, 1952
 The temple of the golden pavilion by Yukio Mishima, 1956
 The sailor who fell from grace with the sea, 1959
 After the banquet, 1960
 Death in midsummer, and other stories, 1966
 Spring snow, 1968
 Runaway horses, 1969
 The temple of dawn, 1969
 The decay of the angel, 1971

References

Other websites

 Books and Writers bio 
 Mishima chronology, with links

1925 births
1970 deaths
Japanese novelists
Japanese poets
Writers from Tokyo
Zeami Motokiyo

, also lnown as , was a Japanese  actor and playwright.

Career
His career in Noh theater was supported by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. After Yoshimitsu's death, the later Ashikaga shoguns were less supportive.

Sado Island
In 1434, Zeami was exiled to Sado Island.  He returned only a few years before his death.

Selected works
In a summary based on writings by and about Zeami, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 1,700+ works in 4,400+ publications in 40+ languages and 56,600+ library holdings. 
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Kadensho, 1420-1430
 Hagoromo
 Shunkan
 Takasago
 Tadanori
 Kinuta
 Izutsu

References

1363 births
1443 deaths
Japanese writers
Playwrights
People from Aichi Prefecture
The Exorcism of Emily Rose

The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a horror-drama movie of 2005. Laura Linney and Mary Beth Hurt star. This horror movie got mixed reviews.

Other websites

2005 horror movies
2005 drama movies
American horror movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Religious horror movies
Frugality

Frugality is a quality of spending money very carefully and in limited amounts. This decision can be made for various reasons. Some are: to save money, make costs smaller and get the most possible value from purchases.

Examples 
Some ways of attempting to be frugal could be to make less waste, stop doing things (such as travel or entertainment) with high costs and having control over spending desires. Also, being careful to get all the use out of an item before replacing it and not agreeing with customs that have high costs. More ways could be using zero cost choices, using barter (trading without money), and having a good knowledge of prices. 

Some people will use a discount store to find low cost things. Some will buy things used by other people in thrift stores, garage sales, flea markets, or from classified advertising in a newspaper or on the internet from a site similar to Craigslist.

Philosophy
Frugality in some philosophies is when a person does not agree with experts who say they know what is good for everybody. This is a special use of the word for philosophers. 

Many religions think frugality is important and good. The Quakers and Puritans are two examples of Christian religions that put high value on frugality. The base of this idea is that people should store money to use when any person (not only friends) needs help. 

Environmentalists think that being frugal is good. They think because ancient humans did not need many things and were able to get happiness from nature it is more natural to be frugal than to agree with the customs of modern living.

Philosophy
Economics
Virtues
Tineidae

Tineidae (or clothes moth) is a family of moths. They are known as fungus moths or tineid moths. There are more than 3,000 species in over 300 genera. Most of the tineid moths are small or medium-sized. They have wings over their bodies. They are common in the Palaearctic. Others found elsewhere were introduced

Tineids will eat living plants, fungi, lichens, and detritus. The most known members of the family are the clothes moths. They eat on stored fabrics. The most widespread species are the Common Clothes Moth (Tineola bisselliella), the Case-bearing Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella) and the Carpet Moth (Trichophaga tapetzella). The Brown-dotted Clothes Moth (Niditinea fuscella) will feed on feathers in a bird's nest. The genus Ceratophaga, members will eat on dead animals such as mammals and the shells of dead tortoises.

Books 
Dugdale, J.S., 1988. Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue and keys of family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand, 14: 1-262.
Gaedike, R. 1983. Zur Kenntnis der paläarktischen Tineiden Die Gattung Infurcitinea Spuler, 1910 (Lepidoptera). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, 46: 121-150.
Gaedike, R. 1985. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der paläarktischen Tineiden: Gattung Obesoceras Petersen, 1957 (Lepidoptera). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, 48: 167-181.
Hinton, H.E. 1956. The larvae of the species of Tineidae of economic importance. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47: 251-346.
Leraut, P., 1985. Mise a jour de la liste des Tineides de la faune de France. Entomologica Gallica, 1(4): 319-325.
Petersen, G. 1957-8. Die Genitalien der paläarktischen Tineiden. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 7: 55-176, 338-380, 557-595; 8: 111-118, 398-430.
Robinson, G.S. 1979. Clothes-moths of the Tinea pellionella complex: a revision of the world's species (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 38: 57-128, figs 1-103.
Zagulajev A K. 1988 English translation (original 1975). Clothes Moths (Tineidae) (English translation of Nastoyaschie Moli (Tineidae)).Akademiya Nauk SSSr, Zoologicheskii Institut, New series No. 108

References

 Global Taxonomic Database of Tineidae
 Common Clothes Moth
 A Caterpillar that Eats Tortoise Shells 
 Tineid of Korea
 Fauna Europaea

Moths
Tanisha Thomas

Tanisha Thomas (born on August 28, 1985 in Brooklyn, New York) is an African American reality television participant. She first appeared on the Oxygen show Bad Girls Club in 2008. She was on the second season to become a role model for young women and change her bad behavior. She became a fan favorite for her catchphrase "Pop Off!". After the show was done airing, Thomas was called the "godmother" to all "bad girls". Thomas later hosted the spin-off dating game show Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too starting with its second season in 2011. She also competed on the VH1 show Celebrity Fit Club: Boot Camp 2. Thomas was on the show to loose weight. Her team the "blue team" won and took home $17,500 each.

A year later, Thomas was given her own show on Oxygen. It was called Tanisha Gets Married. The show was about Thomas' and her fiancee
s journey on planning their wedding. It aired in May 2012 and beat all the key demos of Oxygen that were set in April 2012. Thomas along with her ex-husband appeared on first season of the show Marriage Boot Camp, which aired on May 30, 2014.

References 

1985 births
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
American television personalities
Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too

Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too is a reality television show. It first premiered on Oxygen on March 16, 2010. Its a spin-off show from the Bad Girls Club. American comedian Bret Ernst was the host of the first season. The show was renewed for its third season Second season of Bad Girls Club Tanisha Thomas began hosting the season starting with the second season. There has been three complete seasons of Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too'. The show is about past season "bad girls" looking for love.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Bad Girls Club
American reality television series
English-language television programs
Wide Sargasso Sea

Wide Sargasso Sea is a 1993 erotic drama movie in which Rachel Ward, Karina Lombard and Naomi Watts star. Wide Sargasso Sea is rated NC-17 because of sexual content. It is based on the 1966 Jean Rhys book of the same name.

The movie is about love and lust in 1840s Jamaica, shortly after Britain freed the slaves in its Caribbean colonies.

The movie received mixed reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie three and a half stars.

References

Other websites
 
 

1990s drama movies
1993 movies
English-language movies
NC-17 rated movies
Alejo Carpentier

Alejo Carpentier y Valmont (December 26, 1904 – April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist.  He greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous "boom" period. Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Carpentier grew up in Havana, Cuba and Paris. Carpentier always said he was Cuban. He traveled a lot, mostly in France, and to Mexico. He sided with revolutionary movements, such as Fidel Castro's Communist Revolution in Cuba in the mid-century. Carpentier was jailed and exiled for his leftist political philosophies.

Carpentier studied and understood music. He wrote a book La música en Cuba in the music of Cuba.  He put in musical themes and literary techniques in his writing. Although Carpentier wrote many types of writing, such as journalism, radio drama, playwrighting, academic essays, opera and libretto, he is best known for his novels. He was among the first to use magical realism. He explored the fantastic quality of Latin American history and culture. 

Carpentier's writing style used the Baroque style which had become popular again.  It was called New World Baroque.  It was a style that Latin American artists took from the European model. Carpentier also brought the Surrealist theory to Latin American literature. Carpentier had parts of Latin American political history, music, social injustice and art in his writings. His writing influenced younger Latin American and Cuban writers like Lisandro Otero, Leonardo Padura and Fernando Velázquez Medina.

Carpentier died of cancer in Paris in 1980. He was buried in Havana's Colon Cemetery.

Major works
Carpentier's major works include:

Ecue-yamba-o! (1933) 
La música en Cuba (1946) (The Music of Cuba), an ethno-musicological study of Cuba starting from the sixteenth century, the arrival of European explorers, till the present day of publication, the mid twentieth century.
El reino de este mundo (1949) (The Kingdom of this World)
Los pasos perdidos (1953) (The Lost Steps)
El acoso (1956) (Manhunt)
Guerra del tiempo (1958) (War of Time)
El siglo de las luces (1962) (Explosion in a Cathedral)
El Recurso del método (1974) (Reasons of State)
Concierto barroco (1974) (Concierto barroco; English: Baroque Concert), based on the 1709 meeting of Vivaldi, Handel and Domenico Scarlatti, with cameo appearances by Wagner and Stravinsky, and fictional characters from the new world who inspire the Venetian composer's opera, Motezuma.
La consagración de la primavera (1978) (The Rite of Spring; Le Sacre du Printemps, ballet by Igor Stravinsky)
El arpa y la sombra (1978) (The Harp and the Shadow) dealing with Columbus.

1904 births
1980 deaths
Communists
Cuban writers
Deaths from cancer
Disease-related deaths in Paris
Musicologists
Novelists
People from Havana
Writers from Paris
People from Lausanne
Sean Penn

Sean Justin Penn (born August 17, 1960) is an American slag, screenwriter, movie director, producer and activist.

Penn won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Mystic River and an Academy Award for Milk (movie).

Penn was married to  Madonna from 1985 until they divorced in 1989. He and Robin Wright had a daughter in 1991 and a son in 1993. The couple married in 1996 and divorced in 2010.

As of February 24, 2022, Penn is in Ukraine doing (or filming) a documentary movie about the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Penn went to press briefings in Kyiv, met with officials and spoke to journalists and military personnel about the Russian invasion.

Early life
He was born in Los Angeles, California, the middle son of actor Leo Penn (1921-1998) and actress Eileen Ryan (born 1928). His brothers are musician Michael Penn (born 1958) and actor Chris Penn (1965-2006).

Filmography
Penn has starred in many movies, including: Taps, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Colors, Casualties of War, We're No Angels, Carlito's Way, Dead Man Walking, U Turn, The Game, The Thin Red Line, Being John Malkovich, The Weight of Water, I Am Sam, Mystic River, 21 Grams, The Assassination of Richard Nixon, The Interpreter, All the King's Men, Persepolis, Milk, Fair Game, The Tree of Life and This Must Be the Place.

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American activists
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Madonna (entertainer)
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Screenwriters from California
1960 births
Living people
Clifford D. Simak

Clifford Donald Simak (August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He received three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award.  He was named the third Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) in 1977.

Biography
Simak was born in Millville, Wisconsin to parent's John Lewis and Margaret (Wiseman) Simak. He married Agnes Kuchenberg on April 13, 1929.  They had two children, Scott and Shelley. Simak attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  He later worked at various newspapers in the Midwest. He began to work with the Minneapolis Star and Tribune (in Minneapolis, Minnesota).  This went from 1939 to his retirement in 1976.

Writing career
Simak became interested in science fiction after reading the works of H. G. Wells as a child. He started writing for science fiction pulp magazines in 1931. The only science-fiction piece that he published between 1933 and 1937 was The Creator (Marvel Tales #4, March–April 1935).

In late 1937, Simak returned to science fiction.  He was a regular contributor to Astounding Stories during the Golden Age of Science Fiction (1938–1950). His first publications, such as Cosmic Engineers (1939), were in the style of the earlier superscience type. He soon made his own style, which is usually described as gentle and pastoral. During this period, Simak also published a number of war and western stories in pulp magazines. His best known novel may be City, a collection of short stories with a common theme of mankind's eventual leaving from Earth.

Simak continued to write award-nominated novels during the 1950s and 1960s. Helped by a friend, he continued writing and publishing science fiction and, later, fantasy, into his 80s.

Awards
 International Fantasy Award for best fiction book (1953) for City
 Hugo award for best novelette (1959) for The Big Front Yard
 Hugo award for best novel (1964) for Way Station
 Minnesota Academy of Science Award for distinguished service to science 1967
 First Fandom Hall of Fame award 1973
 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award 1976
 Jupiter Award for best novel (1978) for A Heritage of Stars
 Hugo award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Nebula award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Locus Award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Analog Analytical Laboratory award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement award 1988

References

1904 births
1988 deaths
Writers from Minnesota
Writers from Wisconsin
American science fiction writers
Hugo Award winning writers
Nebula Award winning writers
Jerry Mathers

Gerald Patrick "Jerry" Mathers (born June 2, 1948) is an American actor and writer. He played Beaver Cleaver in the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver. In 1998 he wrote a book called  ...And Jerry Mathers as "The Beaver". In the movie version the Beaver was portrayed by Cameron Finley. In Beaver's BIG Day, he was Malia Ashley Kerr.

References 
 

American television actors
1948 births
Living people
Kasai River

The Kasai River (called Cassai in Angola) is a river in central Africa. The river begins in Angola.  It makes a border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).  It joins the Congo at Kwamouth. The Kasai's tributaries include the Fimi, Kwango, and Sankuru rivers. 

Geography of Angola
Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rivers of Africa
Tony Dow

Tony Dow (born April 13, 1945 ) is an American actor, director, and movie producer. He played Wally Cleaver in the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver (1957-1963). Dow was born in Hollywood, California.

References

American television actors
Actors from Hollywood
1945 births
Living people
Ubangi River

The Ubangi River, also spelled Oubangui, is a river of Central Africa. It is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River. It begins where the Mbomou and Uele Rivers come together.  It flows west, then bends to the southwest and passes through Bangui. Then the river flows south to the Congo at Liranga. The Ubangi's length is about . The Ubangi's drainage basin is about .  The basin includes parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, and Republic of Congo. 

Together with the Congo River, it important for transportation for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville.

Some people want the water from the Ubangi to go to the Chari River.  The Chari River empties into Lake Chad. They say this will help with fishing and make agriculture better.

Central African Republic
Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geography of the Republic of the Congo
Rivers of Africa
Benue River

The Benue River is a river in Africa.  It is the major tributary of the Niger River. The river is about 1,400 km long.  People can travel on it for nearly the whole length in the summer months.  It is an important transportation route in the places it flows through.

It starts in the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon. It flows west, and through the town of Garoua and Lagdo Reservoir, into Nigeria south of the Mandara mountains.  Then it goes through Jimeta, Ibi and Makurdi before meeting the Niger at Lokoja.

Large tributaries are the Gongola River and the Mayo Kébbi. Other tributaries are Taraba River and River Katsina Ala.

References

Cameroon
Geography of Nigeria
Rivers of Africa
Rivers of Nigeria
Regina Duarte

Regina Blois Duarte (born February 5, 1947]) is aBrazilian actress. From March to May 2020, she served as Special Secretary of Culture, a cabinet position in President Jair Bolsonaro's administration.

References

Other websites 

Brazilian actors
Living people
1947 births
Anna Muzychuk

Anna Muzychuk  (born 28 February 1990) is the third-rated woman chess player in the world. She earned the title of Woman Grandmaster in 2004, and the title of
Grandmaster in 2012. In 2004 she became a member of the Slovenian chess federation, where she is the strongest female chess player. Her younger sister Mariya  is an International master.

Muzychuk has played on first board for the Slovenian team since 2004. In 36th Chess Olympiad, she defeated, among others, the former Women's World Chess Champion grandmaster Antoaneta Stefanova. In the 37th Chess Olympiad she helped the Slovenian women's team, seeded 17th, to finished tenth.

References

Other websites 

 Chessbase.com: An interview with Anna Muzychuk
 Interview with Anna Muzychuk
 Chessgames.com: The chess games of Anna Muzychuk
 World champion in 2005 (girls U16) - photo 

1990 births
Living people
Slovenian people
Ukrainian chess players
Bionics

Bionics (also known as biomimetics) is the science about studying nature to create modern technology with biological method.

History 
The name "biomimetics" was coined by Otto Schmitt in the 1950s. The term "bionics" was coined by Jack E. Steele in August 1958. He was then working at the Aeronautics Division House at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. However, terms like biomimicry or biomimetics are more preferred in the technology world in efforts to avoid confusion between the medical term "bionics." Coincidentally, Martin Caidin used the word for his 1972 novel Cyborg, which inspired the series The Six Million Dollar Man. Caidin was a long-time aviation industry writer before turning to fiction full-time.

Methods 

The study of bionics often emphasizes implementing a function found in nature rather than imitating biological structures. For example, in computer science, cybernetics tries to model the feedback and control mechanisms that are inherent in intelligent behavior, while artificial intelligence tries to model the intelligent function.

Related pages 
Biophysics

References

Other websites
Herschel Space Observatory

The Herschel Space Observatory is a European Space Agency instrument. It is the largest infrared telescope ever put into orbit. Herschel is named after Sir William Herschel, the discoverer of the infrared spectrum, double stars, and planet Uranus.

The device is sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre short wavebands. It has a single mirror of  in diameter.

The observatory was carried into orbit in May 2009. It is at the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system. At these points, 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 miles)  from the Earth, gravity balances, so the object stays in place.

The Herschel Observatory can record ('see') the coldest and dustiest objects in space. For example, dusty galaxies just starting to form new stars. The United States, through NASA, is working with in the ESA-built and operated observatory. It is the fourth 'cornerstone' mission in the ESA science program, along with Rosetta, Planck, and Gaia.

The instrument has four main aims: 
 Galaxy formation in the early universe and the evolution of galaxies;
 Star formation and its interaction with the interstellar medium;
 Chemical composition of atmospheres and surfaces of Solar System bodies, including planets, comets and moons;
 Molecular chemistry across the universe.

References

Other websites 

ESA Herschel Science Centre
ESA Information on Herschel
NASA Herschel website
ESA Herschel operations page
ESA video on YouTube
Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy: Herschel/SPIRE team 

ESA spacecraft
Telescopes
Frances Bavier

Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American actress. She played Aunt Bee in the sitcom television series The Andy Griffith Show. She played the same character in the sequel series Mayberry, R. F. D.. Bavier won two Emmy Awards. She retired from acting and moved to Siler City, North Carolina. She is buried there.

Early life and career
Born in New York City, Bavier originally planned to become a teacher after attending Columbia University. She first appeared in vaudeville, later moving to the Broadway stage.

Sources

American television actors
1902 births
1989 deaths
Emmy Award winners
Leptodactylidae

Leptodactylidae is a family of frogs. They are believed to have been on Earth since the Cenozoic era or at the end of the Mesozoic. There are 1,100 species in 50 genera. The Eleutherodactylus is the largest genus with over 700 different species. Leptodactylidae frogs lives in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. The family includes terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, and arboreal frogs.

Some of the frogs lay their eggs in foam nests. They will lay their eggs in crevices, on the surface of water, or on the forest floors. For tadpoles that are laid on the forest floors will remain there until they become frogs. They will not eat anything. In the genus Elutherodactylus, the eggs will automatically become small frogs. They will not go through the tadpole stage. Leptodactylids can be found in fossil records. One specimen, was found preserved and is thought to be 37 million years old.

References

Other websites 
 Leptodactylidae, from the Tree of Life Web Project 
 Leptodactylidae taxonomy, from the NCBI taxonomy browser
 Leptodacylidae classification, from Animal Diversity Web
 Leptodactylid description, from AmphibiaWeb 

Frogs
Eleutherodactylus

Eleutherodactylus is a genus of frogs in the Eleutherodactylidae family. There are 185 species of Eleutherodactylus. Many of them are commonly called "rain frogs" or "robber frogs". This is because of their sharp, high-pitched, and insect-like calls.

The common coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is the best known species. They are a national symbol of Puerto Rico. They are also an invasive species in the US state of Hawaii. Two Eleutherodactylus species, E. limbatus and E. iberia, belong to the smallest known frogs. They measure only 8½ mm in length.

References 

Frogs
Red-eared slider

The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a semi-aquatic turtle. It belongs to the family Emydidae. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States. It lives in Southern United States. It is also found in many other places as an invasive species. They can be found in the US state of California where it was introduced. Rhubarb leaves are poisonous for them. Overfeeding may cause diseases for the turtles.

Other websites 

 Red-ear slider
 Discovery Channel's Animal Planet: Red-eared slider
 Information on aquatic turtles & tortoises including a few articles specific to Red-eared Terrapin 
 Gulf Coast Turtle & Tortoise Society: Natural History: Red-eared slider

References 

Turtles
Reptiles of North America
Americanisation

Americanisation means that a culture (often a country) is heavily influenced by so-called anglicisms. These anglicisms are American-based. Anglicisms can be institution, values, ways and behaviours, but can also be symbols and pictures.

In Americanisation, the transferring of American culture is only one-way. A culture is being Americanised, but the United States aren't affected by the other culture in return.

Other websites 

United States
Culture
Cultural assimilation
Bletchley Park

Bletchley Park is an estate in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It was the site of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking team during World War II. Now, Bletchley Park is home to the National Codes Centre and The National Museum of Computing.

The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and Station X, a secret radio interception station, was also at Bletchley Park. The information gained by workers at Bletchley Park was very important for the Allied war effort.

In 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish military showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma. They promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. Having an actual Enigma machine, and knowing how to use it, was a much-needed start for the British work at Bletchley Park. Dilly Knox and Alan Turing were later joined by many other codebreakers and engineering staff.

The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park codenamed Ultra, gave crucial help to the Allied war effort. It was vital during the Battle of the Atlantic, when the German U-boat submarine fleet sank merchant shipping in an attempt to starve Britain of supplies. Winston Churchill was later to say:

The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.

Sir Harry Hinsley (a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War) said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years. The outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.

Location
One of the reasons for choosing Bletchley Park for this task was its location. By train, it is about  north-west of London,  from Oxford and about  from Cambridge all-important university cities. Bletchley railway station is close-by, on the junction of the West Coast Main Line and the Oxford–Cambridge Varsity Line. Apart from the railway lines, Bletchley Park was not near any other likely bombing target.

References 

Cryptography
World War II
Museums in England
1938 establishments in the United Kingdom
1930s establishments in England
Guyot

A guyot is an underwater mountain  or seamount with a flat top. This geologic feature is also called a tablemount.  In general, the guyot or tablemount is over 200 meters (660 feet) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat underwater summits may be more than .

History
The existence of flat-topped mountains below the surface of the ocean was established in 1965. Harry Hammond Hess used echo-sounding equipment to map the floor of the ocean.  The research revealed that some undersea mountains had flat tops.

Hess called these undersea mountains "guyots" because they reminded him of Guyot Hall at Princeton University. The flat roof was a special feature of this building.  Guyot Hall was  named after the 18th century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot.  In other words, the geology term "guyot" comes from his name.

Description 
Guyots show evidence of having been above the surface at one time. The exposed area was shaped by erosion caused by rain, wind and waves. 

The Hawaiian islands plus former islands which are now beneath the sea make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, and five of the peaks in the chain are guyots.

Related pages 
Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
Hotspot (geology)
Atoll
Seamount

References

Other websites
 Texas A&M University, Figure 3.8: Wilde guyot map 

Plate tectonics
Seamounts
Hazel (TV series)

Hazel is a sitcom television series. It was on television from September 28, 1961 to September 5, 1966. It was shown on NBC. It moved to CBS for its last year. The series' first year was made in black and white.  The next four years were in color. The show's first season was fourth in the 1961-1962 Nielsen's ratings.

The series is based on a single-panel comic strip by Ted Key. This comic that ran for many years in The Saturday Evening Post. It was usually on one of the last pages.

The series stars Shirley Booth as Hazel Burke. Hazel is a live-in maid for the Baxter family. Don Defore plays her boss George "Mr. B" Baxter (a lawyer). Whitney Blake plays his wife Dorothy "Missy" Baxter (an interior decorator). Bobby Buntrock plays their young son Harold "Sport" Baxter. The Baxter's have a big, shaggy dog named Smiley.

Other characters were in the series. These characters include George Baxter's client Harvey Griffin (Howard Smith), Rosie, another live-in maid in the neighborhood (Maud Prickett), and postman Barney Hatfield (Robert Williams). Other characters include Hazel's taxi-driving boyfriend Mitch (Dub Taylor), George Baxter's snobby sister Deirdre Thompson (Cathy Lewis), and the Baxter's mixed-up neighbors Herbert and Harriet Johnson (Donald Foster and Norma Varden).

The series is set in a white, upper middle class household. Typical episodes are about Hazel's day-to-day life and work. She might put together a special dinner, or make a home for a stray dog. In one episode, she gets her boss to buy a color television set for her bedroom. Sometimes she comes into conflict with "Mr. B". She gets her way by giving him tiny portions of her delicious desserts.

In the last year, "Mr. B" is sent to the Middle East on a job assignment. Hazel and Harold move in with his brother Steve (played by Ray Fulmer) and his wife Barbara (Lynn Borden) and their daughter Susie (Julia Benjamin). This arrangement lasted for only a year before the series was cancelled. Booth was ill. She did not want to continue to work. Booth won two Emmy Awards for her performance as Hazel (1962 and 1963). She was nominated for a third in 1964.

American sitcoms
1960s television series
1961 television series debuts
1966 television series endings
English-language television programs
2 Broke Girls

2 Broke Girls is an American television sitcom on CBS. It began on September 19, 2011 and ended on April 17, 2017. It is set in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City. It is about two waitresses in their twenties who work together at a diner. Kat Dennings plays Max Black, who is from a poor, underclass background. Beth Behrs plays Caroline Wesbox Channing, who until recently was rich.

Garrett Morris plays Earl, the cashier at the diner. He is an elderly African-American former jazz musician. Jonathan Kite plays Oleg, the diner's cook, a hypersexual Ukrainian who lacks social skills. Matthew Moy plays Han Lee, the diner's owner, a very short Korean. Jennifer Coolidge plays Sophie, Max and Caroline's histrionic Polish neighbor. The show was created by comedian Whitney Cummings.

Other websites 
Official website

2011 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace television series
2010s workplace comedy television series
American workplace comedy television series
Brooklyn in fiction
CBS network shows
Television series about friendship
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Dennis the Menace (TV series)

Dennis the Menace is a sitcom television series. It is based on the comic strip Dennis the Menace by Hank Ketcham. The four-season series aired from 1959 to 1963 on CBS. The show stars Jay North as Dennis Mitchell, Herbert Anderson as his father Henry, Gloria Henry as his mother Alice, Billy Booth as his friend Tommy Anderson, and Jeannie Russell as his friend Margaret Wade. Dennis wore the same costume in every episode: a striped tee-shirt, a pair of bib overalls with a slingshot in the back pocket, a pair of sneakers, and an enormous blond cowlick. Viewers complained about the slingshot and it was eventually removed. The bizarre costume put Dennis outside the realistic mise en scene of the show, making it difficult to "relate" to him in spite of North's brilliant performance. Margaret had the same problem with her ringlets, eyeglasses, and ever-present patent leather shoes. These clothes were not the sort of things kids were wearing during the shows years on the air.

Margaret wanted to marry Dennis. This was a running gag in both the comic strip and the television show. She pushed a baby carriage through the neighborhood. "Playing house" was something she pressured Dennis to do. When Dennis needed a penny or two, she gave it to him but only after he promised to play house with her. If he turned her down, she would hit him with one of the rag dolls in the baby carriage and prance on her way.

Other players in the show are Joseph Kearns as Dennis's neighbor George Wilson, Sylvia Field as George's wife Martha, and Gale Gordon as Mr. Wilson's brother John. George Wilson was a retired fussy sort of man who gardened, collected coins, did household fixit jobs, and watched birds. Many episodes were about Dennis making a mess of Mr. Wilson's hobbies. Dennis's comic strip dog Ruff was cut from the TV story, but Mr. Wilson was given a little dog named Fremont. Maud Prickett, Irene Tedrow, Dub Taylor, Mary Wickes, and other familiar 1950s TV faces showed up often as minor characters. Ron Howard appeared in several episodes as Dennnis' friend Stewart while also playing Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show.

Dennis the Menace is about a happy little (but trouble-prone) middle class boy named Dennis Mitchell. He would like to be helpful but his attempts always end in disasters. He bothers a lot of people, but mostly his neighbor George Wilson. Actor Joseph Kearns played George Wilson but died while the show was in production. Gale Gordon joined the show as John Wilson, George's brother. Viewers were told that George and his TV wife Martha were taking a long journey and that George's brother John would be living in and taking care of their house. The show ended in 1963 when North became too old (11 years) to play the part of Dennis.

American sitcoms
1950s television series
1959 television series debuts‏‎
1963 television series endings
Black and white television series
English-language television programs
The Huckleberry Hound Show

The Huckleberry Hound Show is a 30-minute animated television series. It had four seasons and was first aired between April 2, 1958 and April 24, 1962. It is the work of Joseph Barbera and William Hanna. In 1961, The Huckleberry Hound Show became the first animated television series to win an Emmy Award.

Each episode has three 7-minute cartoons. The first cartoon stars Huckleberry Hound; the second stars Yogi Bear and his friend Boo Boo Bear, and the third stars Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks. Yogi Bear was the most loved character of the show. He was given his own series in 1961. Hokey Wolf took Yogi's place in the series.

Daws Butler was the voice actor who played Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Dixie, Mr. Jinks, and Hokey Wolf. Don Messick gave voice to Boo Boo Bear, Ranger Smith, and Pixie.  Julie Bennett voiced Yogi's girlfriend Cindy Bear and Doug Young voiced Hokey Wolf's friend Ding-A-Ling.

References

1950s television series
Animated television series
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
Barbara Billingsley

Barbara Billingsley (December 22, 1915 – October 16, 2010) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. She played June Cleaver on the television series Leave It to Beaver (1957–1963). She played the same character in the sequel series Still the Beaver (1985–1988).

References

1915 births
2010 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Disease-related deaths in California
Submarine volcano

Submarine volcanoes are volcanoes which are under the surface of the world's oceans.  These volcanoes occur in a range of forms.  Many create cone-shaped seamounts or flat-topped guyots. 

 
Volcanoes in the ocean develop from cracks or holes in the earth's undersea surface.  Changes in the ocean floor are caused when magma flows or erupts from a site which is under water. 

The presence of water alters the characteristics of a volcanic eruption.

Related pages
 Seamount
 Guyot

References

Other websites

 United States Geological Survey, Submarine Volcanoes, Vents, Ridges, and Eruptions
 Oregon State University, Submarine volcanoes 

Volcanoes
Seamounts
Hugh Beaumont

Eugene Hugh Beaumont (February 16, 1909 – May 14, 1982) was an American actor, television director, and a Methodist minister. He was born in Lawrence, Kansas. He played Ward Cleaver on the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver (1957–1963). He directed many of the show's episodes. In his retirement years, he became a Christmas tree farmer. He died of a heart attack in Munich, Germany while visiting his son.

1909 births
1982 deaths
Actors from Kansas
American television actors
American television directors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American Methodists
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Republicans (United States)
American stage actors
Ken Osmond

Kenneth Charles "Ken" Osmond (June 7, 1943 – May 18, 2020) was an American actor and LAPD police officer. He played Eddie Haskell in Leave It to Beaver (1957-1963). He was born in Glendale, California.

Osmond died at his home in Los Angeles on May 18, 2020 of problems caused by COPD and peripheral artery disease at the age of 76.

References

Other websites

Ken Osmond at TVGuide.com
Ken Osmond  at TVLand.com

Actors from Glendale, California
American movie actors
American child actors
American television actors
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from peripheral artery disease
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
American police officers
1943 births
2020 deaths
Sue Randall

Marion Burnside "Sue" Randall (October 8, 1935 — October 26, 1984) was an American actress. She played Beaver Cleaver's school teacher Miss Landers on the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver (1957-1963).

American television actors
1935 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Baffin Bay

Baffin Bay (,) is a marginal sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is between Baffin Island and the southwest coast of Greenland.  It connects to the Atlantic by Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea. A narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean.

People lived in the bay area from around 500 BC. First there were the Dorset and then Thule and Inuit people. It was reached by Europeans in 1585.  William Baffin described the bay in detail in 1616. He is who the bay and the island are named after. People cannot travel on the bay most of the year because of the ice cover and large amount of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas. 

Baffin Bay was the epicenter of a 7.3 magnitude earthquake in 1933. This is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle.

Wildlife

The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton.  There are many animals. Of about 20,000 Beluga whales living in the Baffin Bay, some 15,000 are around the North Water. Other animals of the region include walrus, narwhal, Harp Seal, bearded seal, ringed seal and polar bear. 

There are about 400 plant and tree species on the bay shores, including birch, willow, alder and plants adapted to salty soils, as well as lyme grass, mosses, and lichens. These serve as food for caribou and rodents, such as lemming. Resident fish species include polar cod, Arctic flounder (Pleuronectidae, Liopsetta), four-horned sculpin and capelin. The birds of the bay are the Little Auk, Snowy Owl, Willow Ptarmigan, Rock Ptarmigan, Gyrfalcon, Arctic Redpoll and guillemots. Most of them migrate to the south during the winter.

References

Bays of Canada
Atlantic Ocean
Nunavut
Geography of Greenland
Bragi

Bragi is one of the newest gods in the mythology of the Vikings.  He is often represented with a harp. He is shown as an old man with long gray hair and a long gray beard. He dies at the tusks of the Dwarven battle-boar at Ragnarok. His wife is Iðunn, keeper of the apples of the Gods. Bragi is also the god of music and the harp. He wakes the world up in the morning with his harp music.

Other websites

Norse gods and goddesses
Barents Sea

The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Norway and Russia. It was called the Murman Sea in the Middle Ages.  The new name is from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents.  It is a rather deep shelf sea. The average depth is  and maximum depth is . It is bordered by the Norwegian Sea in the west, the islands of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in the northeast and east. Novaya Zemlya separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. A lot of fossil fuel energy resources are in the Barents Sea area.

Geography
The southern half of the Barents Sea stays ice-free year round due to the warmth brought by the North Atlantic drift. This includes the ports of Murmansk in Russia and Vardø in Norway. In September, the entire Barents Sea is mostly ice-free.  Until the end of the Winter War, Finland's territories reached the Barents Sea.  This made the harbor at Petsamo Finland's only ice-free winter harbor.

Ecology

Due to the North Atlantic drift, the Barents Sea has a lot of plants and animals compared to other oceans of similar latitude.  The spring bloom of phytoplankton can start quite early close to the ice edge. The fresh water from the melting ice makes up a water layer on top of the sea water. The phytoplankton bloom feeds zooplankton. The animals that eat zooplankton include young cod, capelin, polar cod, whales, and Little Auk. The capelin is a main food for animals such as the North-East Arctic cod, harp seals, and seabirds such as Common Guillemot and Brunnich's Guillemot.  The fisheries of the Barents Sea, in particular the cod fisheries, are of great importance for both Norway and Russia.

References

Other websites

Seas of the Arctic Ocean
Geography of Norway
Geography of Russia