cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Emperor Seiwa

was the 56th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Seiwa's reign started in 858 and ended in 876.

Traditional history
This prince's personal name (imina) was  before he became the monarch.  In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito" 仁 in his name.

Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku.  His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.

Events of Seiwa's life
Prince Korehito became emperor at the age of 8, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.
 10 July 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): In the 8th year of Montoku-tennō 's reign (文徳天皇8年), the emperor abdicated.  The succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Then Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 15 December 858 (Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month): When Prince Korehito became emperor at age 9, his grandfather became regent (sesshō).  This was the first time that this role was given to a member of the Fujiwara family.  Also, it was the first time that someone so young became emperor.
 859 (Jōgan 1): Construction begins on the Iwashimizu Shrine in honor of Hachiman, the Shinto war god.
 859 (Jōgan 1, 1st month): Mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku was nationwide.
 869 (Jōgan 10): Yōzei was born, and he is named Seiwa's heir in the following year.
 876 (Jōgan 17, 11th month): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, he abdicated.
 878 (Gangyō 2):  Seiwa becomes a Buddhist priest.
 31 December 878 (Gangyō 2, 4th day of the 12th month ): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 31. He became known as emperor as Mizunoo-no-mikado or Minoo-tei.

After his death
The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum.  It is formally named Minooyama no misasagi.  From the site of his tomb, he was sometimes referred to as Mizunoo (水尾).

The kami of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.

Eras of reign
The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Ten'an       (857-859)
 Jōgan  (859-877)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Mizunoo

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
850 births
880 deaths
Standard ML

Standard ML is a functional programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language). It is sometimes used for writing compilers and in theorem provers.

Example 
Here is an example of a factorial function written in a simple, non-tail recursive, style.

fun fac (0 : int) = 1    (*  the : int part means that 0 and n are integers *)
 |  fac (n : int) = n * fac (n - 1)

Programming languages
Droste effect

The Droste Effect is the name for a picture which contains a smaller image of itself, which in turn contains a smaller image of itself, etc.  It is named after an advertisement.  It is an example of recursion. In art, this is known as mise en abyme. In theory, the recursion goes on forever, but in practice, the number of recursions is limited by the resolution of the image. In practice, there are few iterations, until the size falls below 1 x 1 = 1 px. The reason for this is that this is a geometric progression, and each iteration reduces the size of the image.  It is a visual example of a strange loop, a self-referential system of instancing which is the cornerstone of fractal geometry.

References 

Recursion
Already Gone

"Already Gone" is a song by the recording artist Kelly Clarkson from her 2009 record All I Ever Wanted. This was the third single from that album to be released. The song is about the breakup of a relationship. Its release was surrounded by controversy: Clarkson said the arrangement used for the song was strongly similar to the 2008 song Halo from singer Beyoncé and feared the public would say Clarkson had stolen it. Despite this, however, the song received strong praise from critics, and Already Gone became one of the highlights from All I Ever Wanted. On the Billboard Hot 100 the single peaked at #13.

2009 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
De Morgan's laws

In boolean algebra, DeMorgan's laws are the laws of how a NOT gate affects AND and OR statements:

They can be remembered by "break the line, change the sign".

Truth tables 

The following truth tables prove DeMorgan's laws.

References 

Algebra
Logic gates
Tiberius Gracchus

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163/162 BC- 133 BC) was an important Roman Tribune of the plebs. He proposed a reform called the "Lex Sempronia Agraria". This was meant to reduce the number of poor and homeless people by allowing the rich to have only a certain amount of land. The rest of the land would be given to homeless veterans of the Roman military. But the Roman Senate did not like his plan. They convinced another tribune, named Marcus Octavius, to oppose Tiberius Gracchus. Eventually, enough tension built up that some of the Senators beat Tiberius to death with their chairs and threw his dead body into the Tiber. Tiberius' death is seen as the first death caused by political problems in the Roman government.

Tiberius' brother, Gaius Gracchus, also tried to reform the Roman government and was also killed. Together, the two are called the Gracchi. Their attempts at reform had a lasting effect on Rome, because later on the Senate used some of the ideas from their reforms in their own laws.

Further reading

References

Roman people
Roman Republic
2nd-century BC births
2nd-century BC deaths
Random walk

A random walk is made by taking random steps.

References 

Mathematics
Constrictor knot

A constrictor knot is a type of knot that is tied around another rope.  It is a secure knot, but it can be difficult to untie after it is tightened.

Related pages
 List of knots

Binding knots
Waiting to Exhale

Waiting to Exhale is a 1995 American romance movie. It came out in December 1995. The cast for the movie includes Angela Bassett and Whitney Houston. The movie is about four women who live in Phoenix, Arizona and their relationships with men. Waiting to Exhale is unusual because it has an all African-American cast.

Other websites 

1995 movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Arizona
Herbert Art Gallery and Museum

Herbert Art Gallery and Museum is a is a museum, art gallery, archive, learning centre and creative arts facility in Jordan Well, Coventry, United Kingdom.

It is named after Sir Alfred Herbert, a local business owner who gave money for the original building. Work on it began in 1939, with an interruption by the Second World War, and The Herbert opened in 1960. In 2008 it reopened after a £20 million refurbishment.

It is free to get in and the museum in run by a charity. Its only income is from donations, sales at the museum shop, and hiring out  the buildings the charity owns. In 2010, the museum had over 300,000 visitors. This makes it one of the most popular free tourist attractions in the West Midlands.

References

Other websites 

Herbert Media website 

Museums in England
Art museums in the United Kingdom
Zipf's law

Zipf's law is an empirical law, formulated using mathematical statistics, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who first proposed it. Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So word number n has a frequency proportional to 1/n.

Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc. For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852). Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.

The same relationship occurs in many other rankings, unrelated to language, such as the population ranks of cities in various countries, corporation sizes, income rankings, etc. The appearance of the distribution in rankings of cities by population was first noticed by Felix Auerbach in 1913. 

It is not known why Zipf's law holds for most languages.

References 

Statistics
Linguistics
Steve Jones

Stephen Philip "Steve" Jones (born 3 September 1955) is an English rock guitarist, singer and actor, best known as the guitarist and founding member of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols.

References 

1955 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
Musicians from London
Sex Pistols
Peter Tatsuo Doi

was a Japanese priest of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the first Japanese person to become a Cardinal.

Early life
Doi was born in Sendai.  He studied in Rome.

Priest
Doi was ordained as a priest in 1921.

In 1934, he was made Secretary of the Apostolic Delegation to Japan.

Bishop
He was named Bishop of Tokyo in 1937.

He was Apostolic Administrator of Roman Catholic Diocese of Yokohama from 1945 to 1947.

Cardinal
In 1960, Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal of Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana.

In 1965, Doi was among those who read the closing messages of the Second Vatican Council.

References

Other websites 
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Doi, Peter Tatsuo 
 Catholic-Hierarchy,  Peter Tatsuo Cardinal Doi
 http://www.tokyo.catholic.jp/eng_frame.html ;  

1892 births
1970 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
People from Sendai
Roman Catholic bishops
Stronger (Kelly Clarkson album)

Stronger is the fifth studio album by recording artist Kelly Clarkson. The album had been originally planned for a release in 2010, however the release date was pushed back multiple times, and the album was released in late October 2011. The hit single "Mr. Know It All" was released on September 5, 2011.

Pop albums
2011 albums
Henry Cooper

Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook. People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer). He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times. He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966. 

After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality. He was popular in Britain. He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood.  He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.

Cooper married an Italian Catholic woman and converted to her faith.

References

Other websites
 Remembering Clay v Cooper  East Side Boxing, 14 November 2006

1934 births
2011 deaths
British boxers
English Roman Catholics
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from London
Sierpinski triangle

A Sierpinski triangle or Sierpinski triangle gasket is a fractal resulting from doing the following:
 Start with an equilateral triangle.
 Remove center part.
 Do the same for the three largest equilateral triangles left in this one.
If this is done, the first few steps will look like this:

If this is done an infinite number of times, its area will be 0.

They can also be 3D:

References 

Fractals
Morquio syndrome

Morquio syndrome is a very rare inherited disease. It is called mucopolysaccharidosis because the body cannot break down mucopolysaccharides which make up mucous. It has very serious effects, but can be helped by a synthetic version of the enzyme which is not working.

References 

Syndromes
Genetic disorders
My Life Would Suck Without You

"My Life Would Suck Without You" is a song from American singer Kelly Clarkson. It was the first single from her fourth studio album, All I Ever Wanted. It was her second number-one hit in Canada and the United States and her first chart-topper in the UK. This song was released on January 31, 2009.

The song has the largest jump to number one in Billboard Hot 100 history.  It was also the biggest leap on the chart ever until 2019, when Taylor Swift broke this record.  "My Life Would Suck Without You" entered at #97 and moved to the top the following week.

In 2017, in a radio interview with Z100 in New York City, Clarkson discussed Dr. Luke (who was involved in a lawsuit with singer Kesha for reported assault).  She claimed:

Clarkson also said that she usually asks for writing credits if she knows she created a fair-sized portion of a song.  She says she lost "millions" of dollars in royalties by not being listed on the writing credits of the song.

References

2009 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Cyclops (character)

Scott Summers also known as Cyclops is a mutant and leader of the X-Men. He can shoot lasers from his eyes as his special power. He was in love with Jean Grey. He tried to save her while she was taken over by the Phoenix Force.

Marvel Comics superheroes
Because of You

"Because of You" is a pop rock single from singer Kelly Clarkson off her second studio album Breakaway. It was first released in 2005. The single  made Clarkson the only winner in American Idol history to have a fourth song from the same album in Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2007 Because of You was reprised in a duet alongside the country music artist Reba McEntire; the reprised version produced the first appearance of Clarkson in the Billboard Hot Country charts, where the single  hit Number 2.

2005 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
2000s ballads
Fast chess

Fast chess is similar to a normal game of chess, but played at a faster than usual rate. The player who runs out of time first (or is checkmated, whichever happens first) loses the match.

Fast chess versions, always played with a chess clock:
 Rapid: 15 to 60 minutes per player.
 Blitz: less than 15 minutes per side.
 Bullet: (unofficial category) 2 to 3 minutes per player.

References 

Chess competitions
Tawny owl

The tawny owl or brown owl (Strix aluco) is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia.  There are eleven recognised subspecies, and some variation in the colouring. 

The nest is usually in a tree hole where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators. This owl is resident through the year, and highly territorial. Many young birds starve if they cannot find a vacant territory once parental care ceases.

This nocturnal bird of prey hunts mainly rodents, usually by dropping from a perch to seize its prey, which it swallows whole; in towns its diet includes a higher proportion of birds. Vision and hearing adaptations and  silent flight aid its night hunting. The Tawny is capable of catching smaller owls, but is itself vulnerable to the Eagle owl or Northern Goshawk. Red foxes are an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young.

Although many people believe this owl has exceptional night vision, its retina is no more sensitive than a human's. Rather, it is its asymmetrically placed ears that are key to its hunting. They give the Tawny owl excellent directional hearing. Like most owls, it hunts at night. It has a rather strange, but easily imitated, call.

References 

Strigiformes
Wheeling, West Virginia

Wheeling is a city in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is in both Ohio County and Marshall County. It is the county seat of Ohio County. Wheeling is the main city of the Wheeling Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city had 28,486 (31,059 in Ohio County, 360 in Marshall County) people as of the 2010 census. It was previously home to the Wheeling Stogies minor league baseball team.

References

Other websites
City of Wheeling, West Virginia Official Site
Wheeling Convention and Visitor's Bureau

Cities in West Virginia
County seats in West Virginia
1769 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Ocean acidification

Ocean acidification is the decrease in the pH (scale of acidity and alkalinity) and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans. It is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans have put into the atmosphere. More than 30% of the carbon dioxide in the air goes into the oceans. Therefore, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the carbon dioxide in the ocean increases, too.
 
When carbon dioxide enters the oceans, it makes it more acidic.

Problems
The skeletons and shells of many sea animals need what is known as calcium carbonate minerals. Due to ocean acidification, there are fewer of these minerals and there are species that could no longer produce or keep their shells. With more carbon dioxide in the ocean, this problem becomes worse and many species will be at risk. As a result, if humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, ocean life will be in severe danger. Also, coral is at risk, as it is being eroded by the acid in the ocean.

Between 1751 CE and 1994 CE the ocean's pH on the surface went from 8.25 to 8.1.

Other websites 
 The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the effects of climate change

Acidification
Environmental issues
Climate change
William Wallace Barron

William Wallace "Wally" Barron (December 8, 1911 – November 12, 2002) was a Democratic politician in West Virginia. He was the state's 26th Governor from 1961 to 1965. He later went to jail for corruption.

Barron's governorship was corrupt. Many officials were convicted of criminal charges including bribery, making false records, conspiracy and tax evasion. In 1971 Barron was convicted of jury tampering in an earlier trial. Barron was sentenced to 5 years in prison.

He died on November 12, 2002 in Charlotte, North Carolina.

References

Other websites 
 Biography of William W. Barron 
 Inaugural Address of William W. Barron 

1911 births
2002 deaths
Turk Telekom Arena

Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi - Türk Telekom Arena is a new multi-purpose stadium in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey. It became the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K. in 2011, replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium. The stadium has an all seated  capacity of 52,652.

Dimensions 
Stadium: 195,000 m² - 228m x 190m x 70m
Playing level: 120 m x 83 m
Gross grass area: 111 m x 72 m
Playing field: 105 m x 68 m

Construction 
Total concrete used during stadium construction: 190,000 m³
Total steel used during stadium construction: 35,000 tonnes
Total steel used for the roof: 5,500 tonnes

Football stadiums in Turkey
Istanbul
2011 establishments in Asia
Emperor Junnin

was the 47th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 758 and ended in 764.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was Ōi-shinnō (Ōi-no-ō).  The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji.

He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu. His father died when he was at the age of three, and he was given no rank nor office of the court.

In the older Japanese documents, he was often referred as the .

Events of Junnin's life
His fate was changed in 757 when Empress Kōken named him as her heir (crown prince).

 7 September 758 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by her adopted son.  Then Emperor Jimmu is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 760 (Tenpyō-hōji 4): New coins were minted.

 764 (Tenpyō-hōji 8): Junnnin was sent in exile to Awaji.
 
 10 November 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 23rd Day of the 10th Month):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.

Junnin caused grain storage centers (Jōheisō) to be established in the provinces.  The government stored rice from the years of good harvests.  This rice was used to control higher prices when harvests of rice were not good.  The Jōheisō were abolished during the Kamakura period.

After his death

The actual site of Junnin's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Awaji. 

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum.  It is formally named Awaji no misasagi.

In 1870, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name and title by which he is now known.

Era of Junnin's reign
The years of Junnin's reign are identified by a single era name.
 Tenpyō-hōji  (758-765)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan
733 births
765 deaths
Macaroni

Macaroni is a pasta food which is made of wheat and flour. It is from Italy. It is in the shape of a small tube.  It can either be straight or curved. The curved type is called elbow macaroni.

Macaroni is almost never eaten by itself. It is usually eaten with another food or covered in a sauce. A very popular type of macaroni is "Macaroni and cheese", which is macaroni covered in melted cheese.

In Libya, macaroni is called Macroona Imbakbaka. Libya has Italian food because it used to be an Italian colony.

References 

Pasta
Fried chicken

Fried chicken are pieces of chicken that have been either battered or floured and then pan fried, pressure fried or deep fried. The breading adds a crisper crust to chickens' exterior. The chicken is cut at the joints with the bones and skin being left. Some fast food restaurant chains serve fried chicken, most notably Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeyes and Chick-fil-A.

Fried chicken is stereotypically associated with black people but anybody can eat it. There have been a number of public controversies about remarks that people have made about fried chicken and black people that have been considered racist.

The term fried chicken was first used in the 1830s.

Scottish people were the first European people who were frying chicken, although it was not seasoned or battered. People in West Africa were the ones who seasoned it. However, the first dish which was deep fried was fritters. Fritters were popular during the Middle Ages.

Some fried chicken is marinated in buttermilk and pickle juice before battering.

References

Chicken as food
Pope Paul I

Pope Paul I (; 700 – 28 June 767) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 94th Pope from May 29, 757 to June 28, 767.

Early life
He was the brother of Pope Stephen II.

Deacon
Paul was ordained as a Roman deacon.

Pope
After Pope Stephen's death, Paul was elected in 757.

Paul's papacy was troubled by disputes with the Lombards.  He had good relations with Pepin, who was king of the Franks.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Paolo 

700 births
767 deaths
Paul 1
Rick Santorum

Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.

Early life
Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia. He is of Italian American descent.  He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.  He went to college and to law school at Penn State University.  Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.

U.S. senate (1995-2007)
Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995.  With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate.  He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007.  In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage.  Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II.  After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.

2012 presidential campaign
In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries. He based his campaign on social issues. He dropped out of the race in 2012. Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.

2016 presidential campaign

Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses. He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.

Personal life
Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990. Together, they have seven children.

References

Other websites

 Rick Santorum for President
 Column archives at Townhall.com

Lawyers from Virginia
American political commentators
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Virginia
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
United States senators from Pennsylvania
2012 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
1958 births
Living people
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Pope Paul II

Pope Paul II (;  23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 212th Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.

Early life  
Pietro Barbo was born in Venice.  He was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV.

Cardinal 
Barbo became a cardinal in 1440.  He was sometimes called the Venetian cardinal.

Pope 
Barbo was elected Pope on 30 August 1464; and he chose to be called Paul II.  

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

The Cardinals' right to wear the red biretta was granted by Paul II.

After his death
The accounts of histories written soon after his death were unfavorable.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

More reading
 Pastor, Ludwig. (1894).  The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, Vol. IV, Chapter I.  London, J. Hodges. OCLC 64083707

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul II
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Barbo ; "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)"

1417 births
1471 deaths
Paul 2
Rechtsstaat

Rechtsstaat is an idea in continental European thought. It is that in a country, the state's power is limited by the laws. This might either be the laws agreed upon, or natural law.  It is similar to the idea of the rule of law. 

Law
Chatterbot

A chatterbot is a computer program that responds to input in a natural language. An example is ELIZA.  ELIZA was one of the first chatterbots.  Every year, there is a contest for chatterbots called the Loebner prize.

References 

Software
Loebner prize

The Loebner prize is an award given out every year to a chatterbot.  The winner is chosen by a Turing test: Each judge talks (text-based) to a chatterbot and to a human.  The judge guesses which is which.  The contest started in 1990 by Hugh Loebner.  The first winner was "Whimsical Conversation".

References

Other websites 
 

Science awards
Software
Tetration

Tetration is the hyperoperation which comes after exponentiation.   means y exponentiated by itself, (x-1) times. List of first 4 natural number hyperoperations, the inverse of tetration is the super root shown in the example
Addition
                                                                         1.subtraction
a succeeded n times.                                                          a- n={aiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii….}n
Multiplication                                                                                   2.division      a/n={a-a-a-a}n
                                     
a added to itself, n times.
Exponentiation.                                                                                      3.root
                                                                             \/NTa={a/a/a}n
a multiplied by itself, n times.  4.Tetration.                                                       4.super root        VNTas ={vantage…}n

Note (operator associativity): 
a exponentiated by itself, n-1 times.

The above example is read as "the nth tetration of a".

Example 
For the example, addition is assumed.

27

References 

Hyperoperations
Who Knew

"Who Knew" is a single from American pop rock singer Pink, off her fourth album I'm Not Dead. It's about losing a friend due to abusing drugs. The song was released in 2006, although it was not until 2007 that the single became a hit after being released again following success of Pink's other song U + Ur Hand
2006 songs
Pink songs
Songs about drugs
Pope Paul IV

Pope Paul IV (; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559), born Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 23 May 1555 until his death.

Early life
Giovanni Pietro Carafa was born in Capriglia Irpina in a noble family of Naples.

Bishop
Pope Leo X sent Carafa as ambassador to England and then as papal nuncio in Spain.

In 1524, Pope Clement VII allowed Carafa to retire from diplomacy to head a monastery. 

Pope Paul III recalled him to Rome.

Cardinal
In 1536, Carafa was made Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples.

He reorganized the Roman Inquisition.

Pope
Cardinal Carafa was elected popein 1555; and he chose to be called Paul IV.  

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Paul IV quarrelled with Philip II. of Spain, who sent the Duke of Alba with an army from Naples to invade the Papal States. At the gates of Rome, a peace was concluded in 1557.

In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.

After his death
He was buried in St. Peter's Basilica but was later transferred to Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Carafa

1476 births
1559 deaths
Paul 04
Hyperoperation

A hyperoperation is a generalization of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, tetration, etc.  They are often written using Knuth's up-arrow notation.  Natural number level hyperoperations can be defined recursively as a piecewise function:

Hyperoperations
Marry the Night

"Marry the Night" is the fifth and final single off Lady Gaga's second studio record Born This Way. It was written and produced by Gaga. "Marry the Night" is a dance-pop song influenced by house and electropop. It additionally fuses elements of disco and rock, with a funk rock-inspired breakdown. The song's lyrics are a homage to New York City and to the city's nightlife.  The song reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100, and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.  On March 27, 2012, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song Gold for sales and shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US.

Music video 
The music video for the song has autobiographical elements, showing Gaga after she was dropped from Def Jam Records. The video starts off in a hospital, and shows scenes of the singer dancing on top of a car and with a dance troupe.

References 

2011 songs
Joe Strummer

John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), better known by his stage name, Joe Strummer, was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist of the British punk rock band The Clash.

He was also member of The 101ers, Latino Rockabilly War, The Mescaleros and The Pogues, in addition to his own solo music career. Strummer's work included acting, creating film scores, songwriting, radio broadcasting, and a position as a radio host. He is one of the most iconic figures of the British punk movement.

He died of heart disease at his home in Broomfield, Somerset, England.

1952 births
2002 deaths
British punk musicians
British rock musicians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
English guitarists
English singers
The Clash
Premise

A premise is a statement which an argument claims will justify a conclusion. The proof of a conclusion depends on both the truth of the premises and the validity of the argument.

Aristotelian logic 
Aristotle held that any logical argument could be reduced to three premises and a conclusion. Premises are sometimes left unstated in which case they are called missing premises, for example:

Socrates is mortal, since all men are mortal.

It is understood that Socrates is a man.  The fully expressed reasoning is thus:

Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal.

In this example, the first two independent clauses before the comma (namely, "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man") are the premises, while "Socrates is mortal" is the conclusion.

Mathematical logic 
In logic, an argument requires a set of two declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises, with another declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion. This structure of two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure.

More complex arguments can use a series of rules to connect several premises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises. An example of this is the use of the rules of inference found within symbolic logic.

Related pages
 Apples and oranges
 False dilemma
 Falsifiability

References 

Logic
Arturo Vidal

Arturo Erasmo Vidal Pardo (born 22 May 1987) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Bayern Munich and the Chile national team.

1987 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
People from Santiago
Simone Pepe

Simone Pepe (born 30 August 1983) is an Italian footballer who plays for Serie A club Juventus.

1983 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Quill

A quill pen is a tool used for writing, made from a flight feather of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before other pens were invented. They are still used in calligraphy sometimes. Today, most paper is made from wood plulp. Such papers use the quill rather rapidly.  The hollow shaft of the feather (the calamus) acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip by capillary action. 

Writing tools
Flag of Kentucky

The Flag of Kentucky was adopted on March 26, 1918. It has a blue background, with Kentucky's seal in the middle. The seal shows a picture of two men hugging each other. Legend says that the two men were Daniel Boone and Henry Clay. Above their heads says "United We Stand". By their toes says "Divided We Fall". The phrase "United We Stand, Divided We Fall" is Kentucky's motto.

References

Other websites
Kentucky's State Flag 

Kentucky
Kentucky
Illustrissimi

Illustrissimi (To the Illustrious Ones) is a book written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice. 

The book is a collection of letters which were first published in the Italian Christian paper Messaggero di S. Antonio between 1972 and 1975.  They were re-printed in book form in Italy in 1976. 

The work was first published in English in 1978 when Cardinal Luciani was elected Pope, but it only reached the public after the death of John Paul I.

The letters
The 40 letters in all are addressed to people in Italian history and fiction, including

Charles Dickens
Mark Twain
G. K. Chesterton
Maria Theresa of Austria
Charles Peguy
Trilussa
St Bernard of Clairvaux
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
King David
Penelope
Figaro
The Pickwick Club
Pinocchio
Paolo Diacono
Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova
St Bernardino of Siena
St Francis de Sales
St Romedio's Bear
P.I. Chichikov
King Lemuel
Sir Walter Scott
The Unknown Painter at the Castle
Hippocrates
St Thérèse de Lisieux
Alessandro Manzoni
Casella
Luigi Cornaro
St Bonaventure
Christopher Marlowe
St Luke
Quintilian
Guglielmo Marconi
Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli
Félix Dupanloup
Petrarch
St Theresa of Avila
Carlo Goldoni
Andreas Hofer
Jesus

References

1978 books
Self-similarity

Something is self-similar if it is similar (or very close) to a part of itself.  For example, the Mandelbrot set is self-similar as it contains an infinite number of almost exact copies of itself.

References 

Fractals
Space Launch System

The Space Launch System (SLS) is a NASA rocket. It is a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. It is the second most powerful rocket ever built, less powerful than Starship. The SLS is a replacement for the retired Space Shuttle.  Many parts are modified versions of parts designed for the Space Shuttle. Others are new designs.

The first flight of the SLS will be in November 2021.However, the first crewed (carrying people) flight will be in 2023.

Types 

The Space Launch System comes in many different types meant to launch different kinds of missions.

Block 1 
The least powerful kind of the SLS is the Block 1. The core stage will use the parts of the Space Shuttle External Tank. It will also use four Space Shuttle Main Engines. The rocket boosters are connected to the sides are the 5-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. The top stage will use is the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS).

Block 1B 
Block 1B is similar to the Block 1. The top stage will change with Exploration Upper Stage (EUS). A crew version and a cargo version will be made.

Block 2 
Block 2 is similar to Block 1B. The 5-segment SRBs will be changed with advanced boosters.

Related pages 
 Artemis program
 NASA
 Orion (spacecraft)

References 

Artemis program
Orion program
Rockets
Knuth's up-arrow notation

Knuth's up-arrow notation is a way of expressing very big numbers.  It was made by Donald Knuth in 1976.  It is related to the hyperoperation sequence.  The notation is used in Graham's number. 

One arrow represents exponentiation, 2 arrows represent tetration, 3 for pentation, etc.:
Exponentiation

a multiplied by itself, b times.
Tetration

a exponentiated by itself, b times. 
Third level 

etc

This notation is used to describe the incredibly large Graham's Number.

References 

Hyperoperations
Bernie Madoff

Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff (; April 29, 1938 – April 14, 2021) was an American former investor, former stockbroker and former non-executive chairman for NASDAQ Stock Market. He was the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme which is the largest financial fraud in United States history.

Ponzi scheme
In March 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies and admitted to turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme. Thousands of investors lost billions of dollars. Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s. However, federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the 1970s. The people who are hunting for the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate. The amount missing from client accounts, including fabricated gains, was almost $65 billion. The court-appointed trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $18 billion. On June 29, 2009, he was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed.

Personal life
Madoff was of Jewish descent. He was married to Ruth. The elder of their two sons committed suicide by hanging in 2010. The younger son died of lymphoma in 2014.

Health
In December 2013, Madoff suffered from a heart attack. In January 2014, he said he had stage 4 kidney cancer.

Death
Madoff died on April 14, 2021 at a prison medical center in Butner, North Carolina after suffering from kidney disease for many years, at the age of 82. His cause of death was hypertension caused by heart and kidney disease.

References

Other websites

Criminal complaint, transcripts of hearings and other documents from the United States Department of Justice
Archive of the Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities website
Madoff's current location within the Bureau of Prisons system 
The Independent: Madoff reveals his suffering

1938 births
2021 deaths
American fraudsters
American prisoners
Businesspeople from New York City
Criminals from New York City
Deaths from kidney disease
Jewish American criminals
Jewish businesspeople
People from Queens
People with cancer
People who died in prison custody in the United States
Stockbrokers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in North Carolina
Deaths from hypertension
Duckboards

Duckboards are wooden walkways. They are usually put over muddy ground. Doing this means that people can walk on the dry duckboards instead of the muddy ground.

Hiking 
Duckboards are used to allow hikers to walk over wet and/or muddy ground, like a swamp or shores of a lake. Very wide duckboards are used sometimes so that wheelchair users can use them. Duckboards can be nailed into logs with wooden stakes.

World War I 
During World War I, duckboards were put along the ground of trenches on the Western Front. This is because the trenches usually flooded. Mud and water would stay in the trenches for months. The boards helped to keep the soldiers' feet dry. It also helped stop soldiers get a disease called trench foot. Trench foot is caused by standing on wet, muddy ground for a long time. They also helped soldiers move along the trenches faster. Sometimes, falling from duckboards could be deadly. Some unlucky soldiers drowned in mud because of their heavy equipment.

Other websites 

World War I
Twenty Questions

20Q is a game where somebody thinks of an object and the goal is to figure out what it is in 20 questions or fewer.  It is available as a handheld game, a website, and a game show.  It usually starts out by asking whether the object is an "animal, vegetable, mineral, or other".

Other websites 
20Q website

Games
English-language television programs
Jingle Bells

"Jingle Bells" is a popular American winter song about riding through the snow in a sleigh. It was written by James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) of Medford, Massachusetts. It was published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857. It was written to be sung for Thanksgiving. It is also sung at Christmas. It is sung at Christmas so much that most people believe it is a Christmas song, but it is not.

Gallery

19th-century American songs
I'll Be Home for Christmas

"I'll Be Home for Christmas" is a holiday song written via Buck Ram, Walter Kent and Kim Gannon. It was first sung by Bing Crosby beginning in 1943. It's been covered by many other artists, such as The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant and Jordin Sparks throughout the years.

Christmas music
Jingle Bell Rock

"Jingle Bell Rock" is a popular Christmas song.  It was first sung by Bobby Helms in 1957. It is often played on the radio during the Christmas season. "Jingle Bell Rock" was composed (written) by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967) and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).

Since 1957, other singers have recorded their own versions of this song including, Jessica Simpson, Hilary Duff, Johnny Mathis, Hall & Oates and Brenda Lee.  Many others have done so as well.

In popular culture

It is the opening song from the 1987 film Lethal Weapon.
 Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed the song in the 1987 Christmas television special A Muppet Family Christmas.
 Helms' original recording is featured in the film Cookie (1989).
 The song was featured in the 1992 film Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.
 Jingle Bell Rock is an animated (cartoon) Christmas special first seen in 1995 on ABC, which featured Milton Berle as one of the voice actors.
 In the 2004 teen comedy film Mean Girls, the song is performed by several characters in their annual Christmas talent show.

References

Christmas music
Sam P. Chelladurai

Sam Chelladurai () (born 7 December 1952) is the Senior Pastor of the Apostolic Fellowship Tabernacle, a church in Chennai, India. His sermons at the church are televised in both Tamil and English. Also, all his church services are "webcast" live on his website, www.revsam.org. He also leads the Full Gospel Bible Institute and an Evangelistic Outreach Program (Campaign India). He prints a Monthly Magazine in Tamil (Vettriyum Vaazhvum). He speaks at Teaching Seminars throughout South India.

Sermon Titles
Sam Chelladurai taught on many different topics, including the following:
 The Law of Faith (Continues)
 God's Kingdom
 Amazing Grace
 Who we are, What we have and What we can do 
 Authority of the Believer
 Abundant Life
 Establishing your heart on God's word
 The Book of Ephesians (A verse-by-verse Exposition) (Continues)
 Prayer
 The God-Kind of Faith 
 Living Under an Open Heaven
 Biblical Parenting
 Fatherhood
 God's laws of Increase
 God's laws of Success
 Divine Healing
 Faith To Change Your Circumstances
 Elijah
 The Glory Of The Cross
 Husbands and Fathers
 The Innerman
 Believer's Prosperity
 The Blessing of the Lord
 Sermon on the mount 
 Renewing of the Mind
 Righteousness
 Joy
 Knowing Jesus Christ
 Knowing the Heavenly Father
 Guidance of the Holy Spirit
 Life of Excellence
 Long Life
 Meditation
 Nature of Man
 Paul's Prayer
 Potential
 Importance of God's word
 Power of Purpose
 God's Will
 Family
 God Is Good
 Psalm 23
 Psalm 91
 Knowing the Holy Spirit
 Principles from the Beginnings
 Rapture
 Revelation
 Spiritual Depression
 The blood of Jesus
 The Cross
 The Doctrine of Man
 Who we are in Christ
 The Winning Husband
 Word of God 
 The Book of Romans (A verse-by-verse Exposition)
 Prosperity: God's will for you

References

Other websites
Official Website  

Living people
1952 births
Indian people
Christian clergy
Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree

"Rockin' around the Christmas Tree" is an extremely popular Christmas song first performed by Brenda Lee. It was released in 1958 and 1959, although it was not until 1960 that the song became popular. Other musicians have covered the song through the years, including, however not limited to Amy Grant, Jessica Simpson, LeAnn Rimes and Miley Cyrus.

Christmas music
Seydou Keita

Seydou Keita (born 16 January 1980 in Bamako) is a Malian footballer who plays for FC Barcelona and the Malian national team. He also holds a French passport.

1980 births
Living people
Malian footballers
People from Bamako
Ibrahim Afellay

Ibrahim Afellay (born 2 April 1986 in Utrecht, Netherlands) is a Moroccan-Dutch footballer. He plays for Stoke City and the Netherlands national team.

References

1986 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)
Pope Paul

Pope Paul may mean:
Pope Paul I (757–767)
Pope Paul II (1464–1471)
Pope Paul III (1534–1549)
Pope Paul IV (1555–1559)
Pope Paul V (1605–1621)
Pope Paul VI (1963–1978)

See also:
 Pope John Paul I (1978)
 Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)

Paul

id:Paulus#Paus Katolik Roma
Pope Pius II

Pope Pius II (; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), born Enea Silvio Piccolomini ,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 211th Pope from August 19, 1458 until his death in 1464.

Early life
Pius II was born at Corsignano, which is near Siena.  He was the oldest of 18 children.

He studied at the University of Siena.

He was ordained in 1446.

Bishop
In 1447, Pope Nicholas V made Piccolomini Bishop of Trieste.  In 1450, he was made Bishop of Siena.

Cardinal
In 1456, Pope Calixtus III raised Bishop Piccolomini to the rank of cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope in 1458.  The pope chose to be called "Pius" because of the adjective pious which recurs in the phrase "pius Aeneas" in Virgil's  Aeneid.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

According to Niccolò Machiavelli, "Pius showed himself mindful above all of the welfare of Christendom and of the honour of the Church, independent of any private passion or interest of his own."

St. Catherine of Siena was canonized during his reign.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Pope Pius II, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 20+ works in 30+ publications in 5 languages and 120+ library holdings.
 De miseria curialium (1485)
 Epistolæ in pontificatu editæ (1487)
 Aeneas Siluius in Europam (1490)
 Eneas siluius de remedio amoris Somniu fortune eiusdem (1490)
 Epistolae familiares (1492)
 Lystoire de Eurialus et Lucresse, vrays amoureux (1493)
 Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae temporibus suis contigerunt (1584)

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
 Tomb of Pius II 
 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius II
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Piccolomini
  "The Piccolomini Library"

1405 births
1464 deaths
Italian popes
Peanut milk

Peanut milk is a type of plant milk. It is made by blending peanuts, water and optional flavours.

Peanuts
Plant milks