cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Quantum tunnelling

Quantum tunnelling is a part of the theoretical branch of physics known as quantum mechanics. It states that  electrons can behave like both particles and waves, and can cancel the effects of an energy barrier if the energy barrier is thin enough, due to quantum mechanics being  dependent on probability. In other words, particles can travel through walls, doors, etc. if the door or wall is thin enough. The particle—usually a subatomic or quark particle such as an electron or photon—can become a wave to focus a great deal of energy on the barrier, ultimately negating it. There is also a non-zero chance that it could be found inside the barrier. However, this only noticeably works for subatomic particles, as the chance for macroscopic objects to do this is very, very low, small enough to not be thought about much.

Quantum mechanics
Caazapá Department

The Caazapá department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Caazapá. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-06.

Its name comes from Guarani ka´aguy jehasapá, that means "beyond the forest".

People from the department are calle Caazapeño (women: Caazapeña).

Geography
The Caazapá department is in the southeast of the Oriental region. It has an area of . , the department has a population of 151,415 ( of the population of the country) for a population density of .

The Caaguazú mountain range crosses the department from east to west and divides the department in two regions: the northwestern region, with flat lands, and southeastern region, with small hills with forests.

The Tebicuary river flows from east to west in the south of the department; it serves as limit with the Itapúa department. The Tebicuary–mí river serves as limit with the Paraguarí department.

The protected areas in the department are the National park Caaguazú, the Golondrina Private Reserve and the Protected Wildlife Area Susu Island.

Limits
 To the north: Guairá and  Caaguazú departments.
 To the east: Alto Paraná department.
 To the south: Itapúa department.
 To the west: Paraguarí and Misiones departments.

Climate
, the total amount of precipitation in the city of Caazapá was . The month with the most precipitation was October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Caazapá was . The warmest month, on average, was January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is June, with an average temperature of .

Districts
The department is divided in 11 districts:

Economy
Farming is the main economic activity in the department. The main crops are cotton and soybean. But cattle raising is the most important activity.

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Caazapá website 
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
 Secretaria Nacional de Turismo 

Departments of Paraguay
Olmec figurine

Olmec figurine is the name for figurines which were produced in Central America, from about 1000 BCE to about 500 BCE. Many come from the Olmec heartland, which is the gulf region of modern-day Mexico. Olmec figurines show the influence of the Olmec culture. In 2016, it is not known how far this influence extended. It is therefore possible that some of these figurines were produced by other people, who were influenced by the Olmec. 

Many of the figurines were found in household waste and in landfill used for construction. Outside the Olmec heartland they were also found in graves. Looters often took these figurines. It is impossible to tell where the looted figurines are from. 

Most of the figurines are made from terracotta. Since terracotta is fragile, most only survive in parts. Wooden busts have been discovered in the submerged site El Marati, but no figurines made of wood have been found. 

The figurines best known to the public are made of stone or minerals,such as jade, serpentine, greenstone or basalt. Figurines of stone or minerals are often carved, while those made of terracotta are simpler in design.

Motifs 
The figurines found show different motifs or designs:
"Baby face": This is a common motf for the Olmec culture, and often occurs, at least in the early period.
"Elongated man": This shows a human figure in an artificial pose, with thin limbs. The head is often deformed. 
"Were-jaguar": This is theme that can be found in all of Olmec art, there are also figurines with the motif.
Transformation figurines: They show how an animal transforms into human form, or humans with animal masks.
Small humans, in a naturalistic pose
Dwarf figurines

Gallery

References

 

Pre-Columbian cultures
Sigismund II Augustus

Sigismund II Augustus (1520-1572) was a Polish king, the last member of the Jagiellon dynasty. He was also the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1548 to 1572.

Biography 
Sigismund II Augustus was born in Kraków on 1 August 1520. He was the only son (he had sisters) of king Sigismund I the Old and his wife, Italian princess Bona Sforza. His great grandfather was Wladislaw II Jagiello, the founder of the dynasty. Sigismund II Augustus was crowned as a child on 20 February 1530 when his father was still alive (in Latin vivente rege). From 1544 he ruled in Lithuania. He was married three times but remained childless. He died on 7 July 1572 in Knyszyn. He was a Roman Catholic, but was known for his tolerance for Protestants.
 
When king Sigismund II Augustus received diplomats or made important decisions, he did so in the audience hall in the royal castle. This room was also called "Under the Heads" for the carved heads set in the ceiling. One of these was a woman's head. The legend says whenever he would make a decision she would speak in Latin (using rhyme and alliteration): Rex Auguste, iudica iuste ("King August, judge justly"). He followed her advice but after that her mouth was covered with a ribbon so she would never again interfere in royal decisions.

References

Other sources 
 Stanisław Cynarski, Zygmunt August, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1988 (in Polish).

Other websites 
 Sigismund II Augustus

1520 births
1572 deaths
Kings of Poland
Yoshinori Ohsumi

(born 9 February 1945) is a Japanese cell biologist. He won the 2016 Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of how cell autophagy works.

Autophagy is the process that cells use to break down and recycle cellular components. This allows the orderly recycling of cellular components.

Ohsumi is a professor in Tokyo Institute of Technology's Frontier Research Center. He got the Kyoto Prize for Basic Science in 2012.

References 

1945 births
Living people
Cell biology
Japanese academics
Japanese biologists
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
Autophagy

Autophagy (which means "eating itself"), is one of the basic cell mechanisms. It allows the controlled breaking down of cell parts which do not work, or are not needed. The cell parts can then be recycled as required. 

There are several ways this happens. Targeted cell parts may be isolated from the rest of the cell in an autophagosome (a double-membraned vesicle). The autophagosome fuses with lysosomes and the contents are broken down and recycled. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.

The name "autophagy" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963. The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s let researchers figure out the mechanisms of autophagy. This led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.

References 

Cell biology
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński

Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński (c. 1550 – c. 1581) was a Polish nobleman and poet. He is generally regarded as one of the most important Polish writers and the first representative of Baroque in Poland.

Biography 
Little is known about life of Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. He was born around 1550 in the village of Zimna Woda near Lviv (today in Ukraine, then in the Kingdom of Poland). He was a member of Protestant family. He was the son of Joachim Sęp called Szarzyński. He studied abroad in Germany at universities of Wittemberg and of Lepzig. Then he continued his studies at the University of Padua in Italy.

Szarzyński is believed to have become a Roman Catholic, but some scholars are not convinced of that.

Szarzyński's poems were written probably in the years 1568-1581. They were published by the poet's brother in 1601. The book was named Rytmy abo wiersze polskie (Rhythms or Polish Verses).

Works 
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński did not write many poems. All his published works can be printed on one hundred pages. He wrote in Polish and in Latin. He wrote six sonnets and some other poems, cantos and epitaphs. His poetry focuses on religious themes. Thus it is similar to Sebastian Grabowiecki's work.

Szarzyński shaped his sonnets according to a French scheme that is abba abba cdcd ee. Julian Krzyżanowski, editor of Szarzyński's poems, points out the use of alliteration in them.

Szarzyński's poems were translated into English by Steven Clancy and Richard Sokoloski.

References

Further reading 
 Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish Literature. Second edition, University of California Press, Berkeley 1983.

1581 deaths
Polish writers
1550s births
Great Green Wall

The Great Green Wall of Africa is a strip of trees being planted across Africa to stop the Sahara desert from moving south. The Sahara desert moving south is affecting countries such as: Niger, Chad, Sudan, Mali and many more. The expansion of desert areas may affect the lives of up to 19 million people, including more than 1 million children. 

The strip of trees is planned to be about 15 kilometers wide. 

Unfortunately some people, when they see these trees, gather wood as timber for them to make fire or other uses.

References

Forestry
Africa
California's Gold

California's Gold is a public television travel program that explores the natural, cultural, and historical features of the state of California. The series ran for 18 seasons from 1994 to 2012 and was produced and hosted by Huell Howser for its entire run. The minimal production allowed locations and people to remain the focal point of the program. The series ceased production after Howser's death in 2013, although reruns have continued to air after his death.

The series' theme song varies between several renditions of "California, Here I Come," but was most often played on the series by local musicians Eddie Enderle and Richard Chon.

References

Other websites
 Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University
 California's Gold
 Video Podcast Feed - California's Gold 
 
 California's Gold episodes available free on iTunes

1990s American television series
Taurine

Taurine is an organic compound. It is up to 0.1% of total human body weight, and is a main constituent of bile. Taurine is essential for the heart, the skeletal muscles, the retina, and the nerves. The body makes it from the amino acid cysteine.

Taurine comes from the Latin /taurus/ which means bull or ox. It was first extracted it from ox bile in 1827.

Food
Taurine is in fish and meat. The daily intake is around 58 mg (range from 9 to 400 mg). It is low or negligible from a strict vegan diet. Taurine intake is generally less than 200 mg/day.

Energy drinks
Synthetic taurine is used to make some "energy drinks".  Many contain 1000 mg per serving, and some as much as 2000 mg.

References

Other websites 
 Taurine MS Spectrum
 Taurine bound to proteins in the PDB

Physiology
Wladyslaw I of Poland

Wladyslaw I of Poland (1261-1333) was the ruler who united Polish lands into one state at the beginning of 14th century.

Biography 
Władysław was born probably in 1261. He was a son of duke Casimir of Kuyavia. He was the step-brother of duke Leszek the Black. He was called Łokietek, that means "the Short" or "Elbow-high".

At the time of his birth Poland was divided into many independent states. For years Władysław struggled to unite Poland into one strong state. He was at war with a powerful king of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II. His lands were also in danger of the Teutonic Knights who had seized the town of Gdansk. Despite all odds, Władysław united Greater Poland and lesser Poland and was crowned in 1320.

He had still to fight in defence of the country. In 1331 he defeated the Teutonic knights in the battle at Płowce. He was seventy then. He died two years later. His only son, Casimir III of Poland, succeeded him. Wladyslaw I was buried in the cathedral at Wawel Castle.

An anecdote 
At the time of Władysław's reign many Germans lived in Polish towns. They opposed him and rioted against him. After the riot of Lord Mayor Albert Władysław ordered his soldiers to expel all Germans from the town. One of them asked Władysław, how to recognise a German. The duke ordered them to make everyone speak aloud the words Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn (that means Lentil, wheel, grinds, mill). A man who could not speak it correctly was regarded as a German.

References

Bibliography 

 Paweł Jasienica, Polska Piastów, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1960.
 Henryk Samsonowicz, Łokietkowe czasy, Krakowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1989.

1333 deaths
Kings of Poland
Piast dynasty
1261 births
Polish Roman Catholics
Simone Biles

Simone Arianne Biles (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Biles is the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault and floor gold medalist. She was part of the gold medal-winning team dubbed the "Final Five" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. She also won the bronze medal for the balance beam during the Olympics. Biles is a three-time world all-around champion (2013–15), three-time world floor champion (2013–15), two-time world balance beam champion (2014, 2015), four-time United States national all-around champion (2013–16), and a member of the gold medal-winning American teams at the 2014 and 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

Having won a combined total of nineteen Olympic and World Championship medals, Biles is the most decorated American gymnast. She took this over from Shannon Miller, who had held this record since 1996. With her win in Rio, Biles became the sixth woman to have won an individual all-around title at both the World Championships and the Olympic Games.  With four Olympic gold medals, Biles set a new American record for most gold medals in women’s gymnastics at a single game.

References 

1997 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists
Olympic bronze medalists
BBC 100 Women
Corps of Topographical Engineers

The U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers was established by the United States Congress in 1838. It was made up of only officers who were hand-picked graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Their main purpose was to map and make military surveys for routes to the Pacific. They were at the center of the westward expansion of the United States between the War of 1812 and the American Civil War. They mapped the frontier regions of the West encouraging Americans to move into those areas. They laid out trails, roads, railroad routes and waterways. During the Civil War, the functions of the Corps of Topographical Engineers were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers.

Background 
From 1777 to 1863, topographical engineers were used in the United States Army. In 1813, Congress authorized eight officers to be a part of the general staff. Each was to have the brevet rank and pay of a major in the U.S. Cavalry. They also authorized eight assistants, each with the brevet rank and pay of a captain in the U.S. Infantry. They formed the Topographical Bureau as a branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

In 1829, John James Abert, became the head of the Topographical Bureau. In 1838, he used his political influence to persuade Congress to form an independent army unit separate from the Corps of Engineers called the Corps of Topographical Engineers. Informally they became known as “topogs".

Accomplishments 
Their first priority was to explore the American West to make it accessible. Early on they worked to make the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers navigable. The work of charting these rivers actually started under the Topographical Bureau over a decade before the establishment of the Corps of Topographical Engineers. During the mid-1800s, they worked on floodind issues of major rivers. They designed lighthouses, mapped navigational routes and worked on many other federal projects. The General Survey Act gave them the authority to survey all canals and roads in the United States. They surveyed the National Road that connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers. This was a main transport path to the West for thousands of settlers.

During the 1840s and 1850s, the Corps was very active. John C. Frémont led several western explorations starting in 1841. He led an exploration of the North Platte River. He next explored west to what is now Pueblo, Colorado. His next exploration was south going through Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River. With Kit Carson as his guide, Fremont began a two year journey that greatly expanded the knowledge of what lay to the west. It took him as far as the Sacramento Valley in early 1846. They were also involved in surveying boundary lines, especially in Texas during the Mexican–American War. Until they were merged with the Corps of Engineers in 1863, they surveyed and built roads bridges and forts for the Union Army during the Civil War.

References

Other websites 
 Library of Congress, Maps, U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers

United States Army
1838 establishments in the United States
1860s disestablishments in the United States
1863 disestablishments
Lluta River

The Lluta is a river in the Atacama Desert. It is the most northern of the great transversal Chilean rivers that start in the Andes and flow into the Pacific Ocean. It flows through the Arica y Parinacota region.

It has a broad estuary near the port city of Arica that forms a wetland, a habitat used by many water birds (birds that live on or near water).

Geography
The Lluta river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Lluta river starts on the Andean mountain slopes near the border with Peru and Bolivia, at an elevation of about , in the place called Humapalca, comuna of General Lagos, Parinacota province, Arica y Parinacota.

The river is formed by the confluence of two streams:
 Caracarani. It starts on the eastern side of the Tacora volcano. It has a discharge of  with an average discharge of .
 Azufre. This river is formed by several streams that come from the southwestern side of the Tacora volcano. It is around  and a discharge of about .

Along its first , the river flows southeast and then slowly begins to turn towards the west. In its descent to the lower elevations of the valley, the river starts to run through a canyon formed by the same river; in some parts, the canyon could be  deep.

Near the village of Socoroma (in the comuna of Putre), the river turns directly west and, after getting out of the canyon, the river begins to widen. Near the village of Chironta, about  from the sea, appear the first farms.

Finally, the river flows in the Pacific Ocean north of the city of Arica, in the sector Chacalluta, near the airport.

The Lluta river only flows through small villages except Putre, a small town with only 1,977 inhabitants (2022 census).

Wetland of the Lluta river
The mouth of the Lluta river in the Pacific Ocean covers more of . The resulting coastal wetland is the most important of its kind in the region with extensive vegetation and many water birds, including migratory birds.

Main tributaries 
Because the Lluta river flows throug a very arid region, the Atacama desert, there are very few permanent tributaries, and most of them join the Luta by its left side; some of them are Allane, Putre, Socoroma and Colpitas.

Water quality
Apart from its problems of salinity and acidity, the river has very high levels of boron, arsenic, and sulfate, among other pollutants, which limit the agricultural activities that can be developed along the river.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Chile

References

Other websites

 Cuenca del río Lluta  

Rivers of Chile
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-1547) was an English nobleman and poet.

Biography 
Henry Howard was born in Hunsdon, Hertfordshire in 1517, during the reign of Henry VIII. His father was Thomas Howard. His mother was Elizabeth Stafford. He took the title of Earl of Surrey in 1524. Today he is known chiefly under that name. In 1532 he married Frances the Vere, who was fourteen years old at the time. Then he became a soldier and fought in Scotland in 1542 and in France and Flanders from 1543 to 1545. He was wounded in the siege of Montreuil. After he came back to England he was accused of treason, as was his father. Henry Howard was executed by beheading in the Tower of London at the age of thirty on 19 January 1547. His father was sentenced to death, too. He was however saved, as the king Henry VIII died. He was kept in prison for some years. He was set free by queen Mary.

Works 
Henry Howard is known mainly for two reasons. First, he wrote sonnets. He is often regarded as one of the fathers of English sonnet. He introduced a new rhyme pattern for English sonnet that runs abab cdcd efef gg. Today it is called Shakespearian sonnet, but Surrey was first to use it. Second, he invented blank verse that is unrhymed iambic pentameter. This metre was later used by Thomas Kyd in drama and by John Milton in epic poems. Everyone knows blank verse from Shakespeare's works. Henry Howard used blank verse in his translations from Virgil.

References 

1517 births
1547 deaths
English poets
Executed English people
People executed by decapitation
Writers from Hertfordshire
Harry Hamlin

Harry Robinson Hamlin is an American actor. He is well known for his breakout role as Perseus in the 1981 fantasy movie Clash of the Titans. He also played Michael Kuzack in L.A. Law.

1951 births
American movie actors
Cancioneiro Geral

Cancioneiro Geral (that means "The General Book of Songs") is an anthology (collection) of Portuguese poetry organized by the poet Garcia de Resende (1470-1536). The book was published in 1516. It contains poems by Portuguese authors of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the largest collection of Portuguese poetry, written mostly in Portuguese but also in Castilian. It contains about 1000 poems by 286 authors and covers a variety of subjects. It is the main source for history of early modern Portuguese poetry, as it was the first collection of poetry printed in Portugal, and the main repository for poetry at the time. The book was republished in 1846 Stuttgart, Germany. It was edited by Eduard Heinrich von Kausler. Francisco de Sá de Miranda's poems were included into Cancioneiro Geral. Cancioneiro Geral can be compared to Carmina Burana or Tottel’s Miscellany.

The Songbook follows the models of Castilian poems compilations performed earlier, as the Songbook of Baena 1445 and the General Songbook of Hernando del Castillo, published in 1511. [ 2 ] Garcia de Resende (c.1470-1536), who was a poet , chronicler and courtier in the court of D. Manuel I , gathered a set of almost a thousand poems of 286 authors, of which about 150 are written in Castilian and the rest in Portuguese. [ 2 ] The production period of poems ranges from the mid-fifteenth century to the early sixteenth century. [ 3 ]Unlike the Castilian songbook of 1511, the poems of the Portuguese work are not arranged by themes. [ 4 ]

The work of Resende was published for the first time in 1516, in the workshop of Hermão de Campos , and is dedicated to Prince John, future John III of Portugal . [ 3 ] The themes reveal a palatial character of poetry, on the day to day in court, and other religious themes, loving, elegiac , and some attempts to epic poetry . [ 3 ]Unlike the time troubadour , when poetry was meant to be sung and bailada, the poems of Cancioneiro are autonomous, and the pace is achieved by the sound of words and the Organizationverses and stanzas . [ 2 ]

Among the many authors include João Roiz de Castel-Branco , Sá de Miranda , Bernardim Ribeiro and Garcia de Resende himself. [ 2 ]

References 

Portuguese culture
Poetry
16th-century books
Research and development

Research and development (R&D) refers to a wide range of activities by businesses, governments and academic institutions designed to gather knowledge and test new ideas. This often leads to the development of new products or new ways of doing things. R&D generally has three main activities. These are: basic research, applied research and development. Basic research is aimed at getting new knowledge with no immediate use or purpose in mind. Applied research is just the opposite. It is research for a definite purpose or product. Development has more to do with adding features to a product. Often, development is a process of eliminating all but the best idea to arrive at the best solution. Basic and applied research costs are often written off as expenses while the costs of development are added to the cost of the product. R&D often results in owning intellectual property such as patents. In Europe, R&D is called research and technical/technological development (RTD). 

In 2015, Volkswagen was the world's leading spender in R&D

References

Other websites 

 Project Management for Research and Development; YouTube

Economics
Research
Innovation
Institut d'optique Graduate School

Institut d'optique Graduate School (SupOptique) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur SupOptique (SupOptique Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Masters Recherche & Doctorat (PhD doctorate studies )
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at SupOptique.

Research labs 
Research activities at SupOptique relate to the following topics:
 Optics
 Metrology
 Imaging
 Photonics
 Nanotechnology

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities
Colleges and universities in France
1917 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in France
Mary Sidney

Mary Sidney (1561-1621) was an English poet. She was the sister of more famous poet Philip Sidney.

Biography 
Mary Sidney was the daughter of Henry Sidney and Mary Dudley. She was born on 27 October 1561 at Tickenhall near Bewdley in Worcestershire. She was well educated, which was unusual for a girl at the time. She knew French, Italian, Latin and Greek.  When she was fifteen, she married Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. Thus she became Countess of Pembroke. She had four children, Katherine, Anne, William and Philip. She died of smallpox in London on 25 September 1621. She is buried in the cathedral in Salisbury.

Works 
Mary Sidney was a poet and translator. She translated 107 Psalms, using 128 different verse forms. She wrote also the poem for her brother, named To the Angel Spirit of the Most Excellent Sir Philip Sidney. She is said to have been the most important woman poet in 16th century England save the queen.

References

Further reading 
 Margaret P. Hannay, Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621).

English poets
1561 births
1621 deaths
Vladimír Holan

Vladimír Holan (September 16, 1905 – March 31, 1980) was a Czech poet.

Biography 
Vladimír Holan was born in 1905 in Prague. He got his high-school certificate in 1926 and started to study law. However, he was not much interested in it and left the university quickly. He worked in an office and after some years abandoned it because of ill health.

In 1926 Holan published his first book of poetry named Blouznivý vějíř (A Thoughtful Fan). The poet himself was not much pleased with the book. In 1930 he published another book which was more successful, named Triumf smrti (The Triumph of Death). Many other books followed that. The most important work by Holan is Noc s Hamletem (A night with Hamlet). Holan wrote poems till 1977 when his only daughter died. After it he wrote nothing more. Holan was awarded many times and nominated for Nobel prize. The poet died in Prague in 1980. He was buried at Olšany Cemetery in Prague.

Work 
Holan's poems are different and usually regarded as difficult. The poems are full of symbols and images that can be understood in different ways. He used classical verse forms and free verse as well. He is also known to have employed alliteration and puns. Holan was also a translator. He translated European literature into Czech.

Criticism 
 Úderem tepny. Sborník ze semináře k interpretaci básnického díla Vladimíra Holana, Edited by Vladimír Justl, Viola, Praha 1986

References

Bibliography 
 James Partridge, The Narrative Poetry of Vladimír Holan, 1939-1955, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
 Józef Waczków, Vladimír Hola [in:] Literatury zachodniosłowiańskie czasu przełomów 1890-1990, Vol. 2, Katowice 1999 (in Polish).

Other websites 
 Vladimír Holan's poems at Art of Europe.

Czech poets
1905 births
1980 deaths
Writers from Prague
John Fitchett

John Fitchett (1776-1838) was an English poet.

Biography 
John Fitchett was born on 21 September 1776. He became an orphan very early. He studied law and became an attorney. He lived in Warrington, England.  In 1796 he published his first work named Bewsey, a Poem. John Fitchett never married. He died on 20 October 1838.

King Alfred 
John Fitchett is remembered as the author of an epic poem named King Alfred. It was published in the years 1841-1842. It took forty years to write it. It tells about English King Alfred the Great, who lived during the 9th century and fought against the Vikings. The poem is a literary curiosity. It is probably the longest poem ever written in English. John Fitchett left it unfinished, but his friend Robert Roscoe finished and published it. King Alfred is over 131 000 lines long. 2585 more lines were added by Roscoe.

References 

Epic poems
English poets
1776 births
1838 deaths
Currituck County, North Carolina

Currituck    County is the northeastern-most county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,547. Its county seat is Currituck. The county was formed in 1668 as a precinct of Albemarle County and later gained county status in 1739. The name is "traditionally said to be an Native American word for wild geese; Coratank."

Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. It is in the northeastern section of the state and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County and the state of Virginia. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Today the words "Court House" have been dropped and only Currituck is used as the town name.

References 

North Carolina counties
1730s establishments in North Carolina
1739 establishments
Tyrrell County, North Carolina

Tyrrell County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,407 making it the least populous county in the state. Its county seat is Columbia. The county was created in 1729 as Tyrrell Precinct and gained county status in 1739.

Tyrrell County is included in the Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area.

References 

1730s establishments in North Carolina
1739 establishments
North Carolina counties
Gates County, North Carolina

Gates County is a small, rural county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of North Carolina, on the border with Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,197. Its county seat is Gatesville.

Gates County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is part of the Albemarle Sound area of the Inner Banks.

References 

North Carolina counties
1779 establishments in North Carolina
Vittoria Colonna

Vittoria Colonna (1490-1547), marchioness of Pescara, was an Italian noblewoman and poet.

Biography 
Vittoria Colonna was born at Marino, Lazio, Italy in 1490. She was a daughter of Fabrizio Colonna and Agnese di Montefeltro. In 1509 she married Francesco Ferrante D'Avalos, who was the Marquis of Pescara. He was a knight and was often absent from home. He took part in many battles and wars. He was taken prisoner by the French in 1512. In 1525 he died from wounds after the battle of Pavia. From that time Colonna, a childless widow, lived in a nunnery although she did not become a nun. She was the most admired woman poet in Italy during the Renaissance. Vittoria Colonna died in Rome in 1547.

Works 
The first edition of Colonna's book of poems, named Rime (Rhymes) was published in 1538. They turned out to be very popular. There were twelve editions of the book published before she died. Vittoria Colonna was admired for her poetry by Ludovico Ariosto. She was a friend of many other poets and artists, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione and especially Michelangelo. Colonna wrote sonnets, canzone (songs) and short poems in ottava rima. She wrote also a longer poem named Capitolo del trionfo di Cristo (The chapter about the Triumph of Christ).

References

Other websites 
 Poems by Vittoria Colonna (In Italian).
 

1490 births
1547 deaths
Italian poets
Kordshuli

The Kurdshuli are a nomadic and pastoral tribe of the Fars Province in Iran.They speak Luri language.

References

Iran
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Anil Kumble

Anil Kumble (full name:Anil Radhakrishna Kumble)is a retired Indian cricketer who captained Indian national cricket team for a few matches.Anil Kumble is a right arm leg spin bowler.One of the best bowler in world cricket.

Birth
Anil Kumble was born in Bangalore,Karnataka to Krishnaswamy and Saroja.Anil Kumble has a brother named Dinesh Kumble.Kumble studied his studies in Holy Saint English School.He started playing cricket in streets in Bangalore.Kumble completed B.E in Rashtriya Vidhyalaya College of Engineering in 1991-92.

Cricket
Anil Kumble made his first-class debut against Hyderabad on 30 November 1989 playing for Karnataka. He took 4 wickets in the match.Anil played his debut Test match against England national cricket team.He picked 3 wickets in the second match of the series.Anil picked 18 wickets with the average of 25.94 at the economy rate of 1.84 in the four match series against South Africa in 1992.He picked 21 wickets against the series with England in the same year.In the third match of the series he picked 7 wickets for 165 runs and was awarded the Man of the Match award. On November 27 1993, Kumble picked 6wickets/12 runs against West Indies in the final match of Hero Cup. This record was broke by Stuart Binny against Bangladesh.Kumble picked 15 wickets in 1996 World Cup and became the leading wicket taker in the tournament.He picked 61 wickets in that single year.Anil along with Jim Laker are the persons who picked all the ten wickets in a single Test inning. He achieved this against Pakistan in the year 1999.Kumble had bowled over 40850 balls totally in his international cricket career, stands after Muttiah Muralidharan.

Awards
 Arjuna award, a sports award from the Government of India, in 1995
 One of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year, in 1996.
 Among the 16 cricketers shortlisted for the Wisden Indian Cricketer of the 20th Century, in 2002  (Kapil Dev won)
 Padma Shri, a civilian award from the Government of India, in 2005.
 A prominent intersection in M. G. Road, Bengaluru has been named after Anil Kumble.
 ‘Best breakthrough performance IPL 2009’ for his five-for-five against Rajasthan Royals in IPL 2009.
 ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, a sports award from the ICC, in 2015.

References

Indian cricketers
Canindeyú Department

The Canindeyú department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Salto del Guairá. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-14.

Its name comes from Tupi Kaninde - macaw; ju - yellow, blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna).

Geography
The Canindeyú department is in the northeast of the Oriental region. It has an area of . , the department has a population of 191,447 ( of the population of the country) for a population density of .

The Amambay and Mbaracayú mountain ranges are in the department and form the limits with Brazil.

Limits
 To the north: Amambay department.
 To the east: Brazil.
 To the south: Caaguazú and Alto Paraná departments.
 To the west: San Pedro department.

Climate
, the total amount of precipitation in the city of Salto del Guairá was . The month with the most precipitation was April with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Salto del Guairá was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

Districts
The department is divided in 13 districts:

Economy
Farming is the main economic activity in the department. The main crops are soybean, tobacco and maize. Cattle raising is also an important activity.

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Atlas Censal del Paraguay - Canindeyú 
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
 Secretaria Nacional de Turismo 

Departments of Paraguay
Guido Guinizelli

Guido Guinizelli (c. 1230–1276) was an Italian poet. He is best remembered as the founder of Dolce Stil Novo.

Biography 
Guido Guinizelli (or Guinizzelli) was born around 1230 in Bologna. He was a son of Guinizzello da Magnano, a famous judge. He studied law and became a lecturer at the university of Bologna. He died in Monselice in 1276.

Works 
Guido Guinizelli wrote canzone and sonnets. He introduced into Italian poetry a new style which was named Dolce Stil Novo that is The Sweet New Style. Dante Alighieri called him "padre mio" ("my father"), regarding him as his teacher of poetry.

References

Bibliography 
 A. Bongioanni, Guido Guinizelli e la sua riforma poetica, Leo S. Olshki, Venezia 1896.

Other websites 
 Guido Guinizelli's poems at Italian Wikisource.

1276 deaths
Italian poets
1230s births
Church of St. Anthony in Jerzmanice-Zdrój

The Church of St. Anthony located in Jerzmanice-Zdrój, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland is a Roman Catholic church. The date of build is assessed on the 14th century.

The scheme of the church is very untypical as a Lower Silesian customs building. Since 1527 until 1945 the church was used by Protestants. In 1945, after the World War II, the church was taken by the Roman Catholic Church.

The Catholic temple was significantly affected by the fight, that took place for example during the Thirty Years' War and Napoleonic campaigns.

Roman Catholic churches
Buildings and structures in Poland
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Poland
Philip Sidney

Philip Sidney (1554–1586) was an English poet, diplomat and soldier .

Biography  
Philip Sidney was born on 30 November 1554. He was the son of Henry Sidney and his wife, Mary, née Dudley. On 17 October 1564 he was enrolled in Shrewsbury School. One of the boys that began their learning on that day was Fulke Greville, First Lord Brooke, who became Philip Sidney's friend. Much later he became his biographer, too. After he finished school, at the age of 13, Philip Sidney went to Oxford to study at Christ College. He did not however get any scholarly degree. He went to France when he witnessed the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. He also travelled to Germany, Austria and Hungary.  He was in Italy, too. He went as a messenger from Queen Elizabeth to Prague, where the emperor Maximilian II ruled. Then he went to a war in Netherlands. There he was wounded in the thigh 23 September 1586 at Zuphen. Because of that he got an infection and died at 17 October 1586 at Arnhem. He was buried on February 16, 1587 at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.

Works 
Philip Sidney is generally regarded as best English lyrical poet of the Renaissance. He was also considered a hero after his death Phillip Sidney wrote both poetry and prose. He is famous for his sonnets. They were edited in the sequence named Astophil and Stella. He also wrote Arcadia and The Defence of Poesy. Philip Sidney's poems were translated into many languages, among others into Czech. 

Philip Sidney's sister was the poet and translator Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621).

References

Other websites 
 Philip Sidney, Astrophil and Stella. The text of each poem with a line by line paraphrase, and occasional explanatory notes by A. S. Kline.

English poets
British diplomats
1554 births
1586 deaths
Technologist

A technologist/technician is a person who specializes in using technology. A technologist/technician is someone who completely understands the technology and other technologies that can be applied. In the field of health care, for example,  may be called a "lab tech".  The lab technologist is the project manager who supervises the lab.

Role of a technologist 
A technologist may be known by different job titles in various organizations. For example, a Director of Information Technology is often a technologist. The same is true for a Technology Project Manager. Smaller organizations may use a technologist to perform many functions. In some cases, a project may be started using a staff member or technician, then handed off to a technologist as the project progresses. The technologist is a specialist in how technologies can be used to meet the goals of the project owner. In Canada, engineers with training from other countries may find themselves working as an engineering technologist.

Related pages 
 Applied Science Technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and applied science technology 
 Architectural technologist, a specialist in the technology of building design and construction
 Cardiovascular technologist, a health specialist who uses imaging technology to help diagnose cardiac and vascular ailments
 Chemical technologist, a worker who provides technical support or services in chemical-related fields
 Civic technologist, a specialist capable of satisfying societal needs by exploiting technologies
 Educational technologist, a specialist in tools to enhance learning
 Electrical technologist, a person whose knowledge lies between that of an electrical engineer and an electrical tradesperson
 Engineering technologist, a specialist who implements technology within a field of engineering
 Industrial technologist, a specialist in the management, operation, and maintenance of complex operation systems
 Information technologist, a specialist who works on computers for a variety of companies
 Medical technologist, a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analysis on a variety of body fluids
 Polysomnographic technologist, a health specialist who administers overnight polysomnograms 
 Professional technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and technology related fields
 Radiologic technologist, a medical professional who applies doses of radiation for imaging and treatment 
 Surgical technologist, a health specialist who facilitates the conduct of invasive surgical procedures
 Technologist, a European science magazine

References

Other websites 
 Medical Technologist Interview; YouTube
 Starting as a Technologist (engineering): YouTube

Technology
South Jamaica, Queens

South Jamaica is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is located south of Jamaica Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, New York. Its border to the west is the Van Wyck Expressway. Its border to the east is Guy R. Brewer Boulevard. Its border to the south is the North Conduit Expressway.

Queens (New York City)
Neighborhoods of New York City
Egolzwil

Egolzwil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Lucerne
Ettiswil

Ettiswil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On January 1, 2006 the municipality of Kottwil.

It is south of the Wauwilermoos.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 
 

Municipalities of Lucerne
Fischbach, Switzerland

Fischbach is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Lucerne
Gettnau

Gettnau is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Lucerne
Gandria

Gandria is a quarter and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello merged into the city of Lugano.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Viganello

Viganello is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Until 2004, it was a municipality on its own. Then it was created to Lugano.

References

Other websites 

 Official site of the quarter 
 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Linares Province

Linares () is one of four provinces of the central Chilean region of Maule (VII). The provincial capital and largest city is Linares.

History
In 1873, the province of Linares was created from the old province of Maule; it had three departments: Linares, Parral and Loncomilla.

In 1927, Linares is eliminated as a province and became part of the new province of Maule but, in 1936, Linares was made again a province. When the regions were created in 1975, the Maule region was formed with the Curicó, Linares, Maule and Talca; later, the province of Cauquenes was added.

Geography
Linares is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) with an area of , the largest province in the Maule region.

The province is at the very center of mainland Chile, and its capital is at  south of Santiago and  south of Talca, the regional capital, in the middle of a rich agricultural area and with many vineyards.

Linares is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered to the north by the Talca province, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Ñuble province (Bío Bío region) and to the west by the Cauquenes province.

Population
 (last national census), there were 253,990 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km². The urban population was 139,742 persons ( of the total).

The largest city of the province is Linares, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 65,133 inhabitants, followed by the cities of Parral (26,397 inhabitants) and San Javier (20,524 inhabitants).

Administration
As a province, Linares is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 8 communes (comunas). The city of Linares serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

Gallery

Related pages
 Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional del Maule  Official website 
 Province of Linares website 

Provinces of Chile
Names for ordinal numbers

Here are some words for small ordinal numbers. Words in bold are irregular.

When writing other numbers between 21 and 99, only use the cardinal form of the last number. Also, you must use a hyphen (-).
 21: twenty-first
 64: sixty-fourth
 99: ninety-ninth

The ordinal number 100 is written as "one hundredth", but sometimes people say "the hundredth".

To write a number from 100 to 999:
  First write how many hundreds.
  If nothing is left over, write the word "hundredth".
  If anything is left over, write the word "hundred", then write whatever is left over. Some times people use "and" to show the left overs.
Examples:
 101: one hundred first
 102: one hundred second (or one hundred and second)
 175: one hundred seventy-fifth
 200: two hundredth
 300: three hundredth
 512: five hundred twelfth
 987: nine hundred eighty-seventh

You can also write ordinal numbers by writing the number, then the ending (-st, -nd, -rd, or -th) from above.
 1st
 2nd
 3rd
 4th
 15th
 63rd
 80th
 987th
 2001st

Related pages
 Names of numbers in English

Numbers