cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1000 Ways to Die

1000 Ways to Die is an American docufiction black comedy series which was first shown on the television channel Spike on May 14, 2008. It shows unusual deaths and uses black humor.

Cast 
 Thom Beers in the Pilot of the U.S. broadcast
 Ron Perlman in the Seasons 1, 2, 3 & 4 of the U.S. broadcast
 Alisdair Simpson in the Pilot & series 1, 2, 3 & 4 of the UK broadcast

Sources

Other websites 
 1000 Ways to Die at Spike.com

2008 American television series debuts
American comedy television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
Black comedy
English-language television programs
Crisis

A crisis is a situation which is difficult, unexpected, or an emergency. It is often an important "turning point", where a decision must be taken, affecting many people. Very often, this decision must be taken in relatively little time. The word is related to the Greek κρίσις (krisis). Examples include the sudden threat of war, or the occurrence of a natural disaster.

According to Steven Fink, a crisis manager, crises may: 
 be difficult to control 
 the focus of mass media, or government attention
 interfere with regular business 

Crises occur in different fields. People may develop post-traumatic stress disorder, because they cannot deal with a crisis situation. Many countries and associations offer help lines, which can help people deal with a crisis situation.

Other page 
Existential crisis 

Security
Events
Dust storm

A dust storm, or sandstorm, is a storm of small particles of sand and dirt. Dust storms happen when a strong wind front blows loose sand and dust from a dry surface. Particles are picked up and suspended in the air, causing soil erosion where they were. The wind drops them in another place where they can form loess, a kind of silt.

Winds
Jabiru

The Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria) is a large stork found in the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, except west of the Andes. It is most common in the Pantanal region of Brazil and the Eastern Chaco region of Paraguay. It is the only member of the genus Jabiru. The name comes from the Tupi-Guaraní language and means "swollen neck".

Birds of South America
Ciconiiformes
Greensboro, North Carolina

Greensboro is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It has about 260,000 people and is growing. Greensboro is near Winston Salem and High Point in an area called The Triad. It is in Guilford County.

History
Greensboro was started in 1808. It was built in the middle of Guilford County. It grew slowly, but was rich because of cotton. In the 1840s, a railroad was built going through Greensboro, making it grow faster. The Civil War did not hurt Greensboro much.

In the early 1900s, Greensboro grew a lot because of textiles. They also became rich.

A lot of stuff happened during the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s in Greensboro, including a sit-in at a counter in a restaurant.

Now, Greensboro continues to grow, and is located at the intersection of two big freeways, Interstate 40 and I-85.

References

 
County seats in North Carolina
Christie Brinkley

Christie Brinkley (born February 2, 1954) is an American model, actress, writer and designer. She was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe, Michigan. She moved to Los Angeles, California and changed her surname to that of her stepfather, writer Don Brinkley (1921–2012). She has appeared on magazine covers many times and has a long contract with CoverGirl (the longest of any model in history). All her four marriages ended in divorce. Her second marriage was to singer Billy Joel and lasted from 1985–1994. Their daughter Alexa Ray Joel (born 1985) is her eldest child and is a musician. Brinkley also has a son by her third husband and a daughter by her fourth.

Other websites 

Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Michigan
American activists
American movie actors
Models from Los Angeles
Models from Michigan
1954 births
Living people
Mike Bibby

Michael "Mike" Bibby (born May 13, 1978 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) is a retired American basketball player who played with the Sacramento Kings of the NBA for most of his career. He attended college at University of Arizona where he played basketball with the Wildcats. Mike Bibby started his NBA career when he was drafted by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the 1998 NBA Draft with the 2nd pick in the 1st round. Bibby played 3 seasons with the Vancouver Grizzlies, 7 seasons with the Sacramento Kings, 3 seasons with the Atlanta Hawks and two games with the Washington Wizards before having his contract bought out by the Wizards on February 28, 2011.

References

Other websites 
Mike Bibby's Official website
Mike Bibby's NBA player profile

1978 births
American basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Living people
Miami Heat players
New York Knicks players
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Vancouver Grizzlies players
Washington Wizards players
Vancouver Grizzlies

The Vancouver Grizzlies were a Canadian professional basketball team that played in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team started playing in 1995. They started with the Toronto Raptors, as part of the NBA's expansion into Canada. They relocated to Memphis, Tennessee in 2001 and became the Memphis Grizzlies. The Grizzlies played their home games at the General Motors Place (Now Rogers Arena). The Grizzlies were originally going to be called the Vancouver Mounties but were forced to find a new name because the RCMP objected it.

The team had struggled in their early years and they finished last in their division in five of their six seasons. Over their six seasons, they had an overall record of 101 wins and 359 loses and were never able to make it to the playoffs.

After the 1998–99 lockout, the team suffered low attendance and a weak Canadian dollar was making the owner Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment lose money on the franchise. After they failed to sell the team to Bill Laurie, it was instead sold to Michael Heisley. At the time, Heisley said that he was going to keep the team in Vancouver, but he then immediately started looking for a suitable relocation city in the US. He would eventually move the team to Memphis, Tennessee for the 2001-02 season.

References

Other websites 
Official website (Archived)
Vancouver Grizzlies history at sportsecyclopedia.com

1995 establishments in Canada
2001 disestablishments in Canada
Defunct sports teams
Sport in Vancouver
Rango (2011 movie)

Rango is a 2011 American computer-animated action comedy movie that was produced by Gore Verbinski, Graham King and John B. Carls and was directed by Gore Verbinski. Rango was released on March 4, 2011 in North America. Rango was positively received from audience. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.

Cast 
Johnny Depp as Rango
Isla Fisher as Beans
James Ward Bykrit as Waffles
Abigail Breslin as Priscilla
Alfred Molina as Roadkill
Bill Nighy as Rattlesnake Jake
Harry Dean Stanton as Balthazar
Maile Flanagan as Boo
Ray Winstone as Bad Bill
Nika Futterman as Akiano
Claudia Black as Angélique
Ned Beatty as Tortoise John
Timothy Olyphant as The Spirit of the West
Alanna Ubach as Fresca
Lew Temple as Furgus
Ian Abercrombie as Ambrose
Stephen Root as Doc and Merrimack
John Cothran, Jr. as Elgin
Beth Grant as Bonnie
Gil Birmingham as Wounded Bird
Blake Clark as Buford
Joe Nunez as Rockeye
Daisy Eckersley as Melonee
Alex Manugian as Spoons
Logan Grove as Mouse Boy #1
Kwesi Boakye as Mouse Boy #2
Kyla Rae Kowalewski as Mouse Girl

Other websites 
Rango's Official website

2011 comedy movies
2011 animated movies
2010s action comedy movies
American animated movies
American action comedy movies
Computer-animated movies
English-language movies
Academy Award winning movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Movies set in deserts
Abigail Breslin

Abigail Kathleen Breslin (born April 14, 1996) is an American actress. Breslin was born in New York City, New York. She first appeared in the 2002 science fiction movie, Signs. Breslin had her breakthrough role in the 2006 comedy-drama Little Miss Sunshine where she played Olive Hoover. At age 10, she was one of the youngest people to be nominated for an Academy Award.

Movies

References

Other websites 
 

Actors from New York City
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1996 births
Living people
Dicastillo

Dicastillo is a village in Navarre. There are 691 people in Dicastillo. Festivals are held on August. These festivals are celebrated on San Blas, 3rd of February, or on the Asparagu's day, which is in spring. There is a music band called Banda Bizkarra, formed by 30 musicians.

Municipalities in Navarre
Desiccation

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. 

A desiccant is a hygroscopic (water-attracting) substance that causes desiccation in a moderately sealed container.

Biology 
Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions. 

Plants and animals living in arid or periodically arid environments such as temporary streams or ponds may face desiccation, therefore physiological or behavioural adaptations are necessary to ensure survival. In particular, insects occupy a wide range of ecologically diverse niches and so have a variety of strategies to avoid desiccation. 

Desiccation resistance in insects is generally measured by the change in mass during dry conditions.  The overall mass difference between measurements before and after aridity exposure is attributed to body water loss.

Extreme cases 
Cryptobiosis refers to the state of an organism that has no detectable metabolic activity, resulting from extreme and unfavorable environmental conditions. Anhydrobiosis refers to the state of surviving the loss of (almost) all body water.

Tardigrades  
Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals. In 2007, scientists discovered that some tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water.

Rotifers 
Rotifers are specialists at living in habitats where water dries up regularly. 

The Monogononta, which have males, produce fertilised 'resting eggs' which can resist desiccation (drought) for long periods. 

The Bdelloids, who have no males, contract into an inert form and lose almost all body water, a process known as cryptobiosis. Bdelloids can also survive the dry state for long periods: the longest well-documented dormancy is nine years. After they have dried, they may be revived by adding water.

References 

Physiology
Ecology
Space Jam

Space Jam is a 1996 American live-action/animated sports comedy movie directed by Joe Pytka, produced by Ivan Reitman, Joe Medjuck, and Daniel Goldberg, and stars former basketball star Michael Jordan and the Looney Tunes. The movie won a Grammy Award in 1997 for Best Song Written Specifically for Motion Picture or for Television for R. Kelly's "I Believe I Can Fly". The stand-alone sequel Space Jam: A New Legacy,  starring current NBA star LeBron James, was theatrically released on July 16, 2021.

Cast

Live-action 
 Michael Jordan as a fictional version of himself
 Bill Murray as himself
 Wayne Knight as Stan Podolak
 Thom Barry as James Jordan, Michael Jordan's father
 Theresa Randle as Juanita Jordan
 Kenn Michael as Adult Jeffrey Jordan
 Faizon Love as Adult Marcus Jordan
 Reagan Gomez-Preston as Adult Jasmine Jordan
 Manner Washington as Jeffrey Jordan
 Eric Gordon as Marcus Jordan
 Penny Bae Bridges as Jasmine Jordan
 Dan Castellaneta as a basketball fan
 Patricia Heaton as a basketball fan
 Trey Parker as a basketball fan
 Matt Stone as a basketball fan
 Noah Segan as a young boy
 Julia McIlvaine as a young boy
 Cedric Ceballos as himself
 Vlade Divac as himself
 Jeff Malone as himself
 Anthony Miller as himself
 A.C. Green as himself
 Sharone Wright as himself
 Alonzo Mourning as himself
 Charles Barkley as himself
 Muggsy Bogues as himself
 Patrick Ewing as himself 
 Larry Johnson as himself  
 Shawn Bradley as himself
 Larry Bird as himself

Voices 
 Billy West as Bugs Bunny / Elmer Fudd
 Dee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck / Tasmanian Devil
 Danny DeVito as Swackhammer
 Bob Bergen as Porky Pig / Tweety / Marvin the Martian
 Bill Farmer as Sylvester the Cat / Foghorn Leghorn / Yosemite Sam
 Maurice LaMarche as Pepe le Pew
 Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny
 Colleen Wainwright as Nerdluck Nawt, and Sniffles
 Jocelyn Blue as Nerdluck Pound
 June Melby as Nerdluck Bang
 Charity James as Nerdluck Blanko
 Catherine Reitman as Nerdluck Bupkus
 T.K. Carter as Monstar Nawt
 Darnell Suttles as Monstar Pound
 Joey Camen as Monstar Bang
 Steve Kehela as Announcer, and Monstar Blanko
 Dorian Harewood as Monstar Bupkus
 June Foray as Granny, and Witch Hazel
 Frank Welker as Charles the Dog

References

Other websites
 Space Jam's Official website
 
 

1996 movies
1990s comedy movies
Alternate history movies
Basketball movies
Space Jam
Grammy Award winners
English-language movies
Movies featuring the Tasmanian Devil (Looney Tunes)
Movies set in New York City
Warner Bros. movies
DeMarcus Cousins

DeMarcus Cousins (born August 13, 1990 in Mobile, Alabama) is a professional basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His position is center. The Kings chose Cousins with the fifth pick in the first round of the 2010 NBA Draft. Cousins played basketball at the University of Kentucky with the Wildcats.

Career highlights
 He was selected to the McDonald's All-American team selection in 2009.
 He was selected to the Jordan Brand High School All-American team selection in 2009.
 He was named the 2009–10 SEC Freshman of the Year.
 He was named the Rookie of the Month in July of 2010.

1990 births
African-American basketball players
American Olympians
American Olympic gold medalists
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Golden State Warriors players
Living people
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
New Orleans Pelicans players
People from Mobile, Alabama
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from Alabama
American basketball players
Fettuccine Alfredo

Fettuccine Alfredo is a pasta dish made from fettuccine pasta tossed with Parmesan cheese and butter.

This is an old and simple recipe, in Italy it is simply called Fettuccine al burro ().  The Italian restaurateur Alfredo Di Lelio doubled the amount of butter used.  Alfredo invented his recipe in 1908 in the “trattoria” run by his mother Angelina in Rome, Piazza Rosa. This made it easier for his pregnant wife Ines to eat.  He then in 1914 started selling his variation at his restaurant Alfredo" in via della scrofa in Rome. 
Alfredo Di Lelio's family since 1950 continue to serve the fettuccine Alfredo in the restaurant "Il Vero Alfredo" in Piazza Augusto Imperatore in Rome.

Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks ate in 1927 at Alfredo alla Scrofa on their honeymoon, and this helped make the restaurant, and Fettuccine alfredo, popular with tourists.

American version 
In U.S. cuisine, cream is used as a sauce base. it may be mixed with other ingredients such as broccoli, parsley, garlic, shrimp, or chicken. Fettuccine Alfredo has now become ubiquitous in Italian-style restaurants in the United States and internationally, although in Italy this dish is not popular at all, as wrongly believed, and it is better known if called "Fettuccine al burro" instead of "Fettuccine Alfredo".

History
Fettuccine Alfredo is named for Alfredo di Lelio, an Italian restaurant owner. He ran a restaurant in Rome in the first half of the 20th century.

In 1914, his wife, who was pregnant, was having difficulty eating so he adapted a meal of pasta and butter, pasta al burro, for her. Later, he put the dish on the menu at his restaurant, the Alfredo alla Scrofa, and called his version Fettuccine Alfredo.  Hollywood celebrities Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks visited his restaurant on their honeymoon and eat the dish. When they returned home, they talked often about the dish. This caused the restaurant and the dish to become popular with American tourists.

In 1943, Di Lelio sold the restaurant but kept the right to the name and menu. In 1950, Alfredo Di Lelio reopened a new  restaurant "Il Vero Alfredo" in Rome, Piazza Augusto Imperatore 30. He worked there until his death in 1959. "Il Vero Alfredo" is now managed by his nephews Alfredo and Ines, with the famous “gold cutlery”” (fork and spoon gold) donated in 1927 by two well-known American actors Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks (in gratitude for the hospitality).

References

Dishes named after people
Pasta
Knockout mouse

A knockout mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been turned off by a gene knockout. 

Knockout mice are important animal models for studying the role of genes which have been sequenced but whose functions are not yet known. By causing a specific gene to be inactive in the mouse, and observing any differences from normal behaviour or condition, researchers can infer its probable function.

Mice are currently the most closely related laboratory animal species to humans for which the knockout technique can easily be applied. They are widely used in knockout experiments, especially those genetic questions which relate to human physiology. 

Gene knockout in rats is much harder and has only been possible since 2003.

The first knockout mouse was created by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies in 1989, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.  

A detailed explanation of how knockout (KO) mice are produced is at the website of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007.

Aspects of the technology for generating knockout mice, and the mice themselves have been patented in many countries by private companies.

References 

Genetic engineering
Eleocharis dulcis

The Chinese water chestnut (or simply water chestnut) is a plant. The corms of the plant are the water chestnuts and is a crispy white flesh and can be eaten raw, slightly boiled, grilled, pickled, or tinned. This plant comes from China. They are grown in flooded paddy fields.

References 

Poales
Gene knockout

A gene knockout is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is switched off or replaced by one which does not work. 

The organisms, such as knockout mice, are used to learn about a gene that has been sequenced, but whose function is unknown or incompletely known. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals. Knockout is often abbreviated as KO.

Gene knock-in is the opposite term. There a gene is switched on, or a working gene inserted.

Method
Knockout is accomplished through a combination of techniques. It starts in the test tube with a plasmid, or other DNA construct, and proceeding to cell culture. 

Individual cells are genetically transformed with the DNA construct. Often the goal is to create an animal that has the altered gene. 

If so, embryonic stem cells are genetically transformed and inserted into early embryos. Resulting animals with the genetic change in their germline cells can then often pass the gene knockout to future generations.

Genetic engineering
Molecular biology
Stewart-Haas Racing

Stewart Haas Racing is a NASCAR racing team based in Kannapolis, North Carolina. The team is co-owned by Tony Stewart and Gene Haas. There are currently four Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series drivers on the team: Kevin Harvick, Aric Almirola, Clint Bowyer, and Kurt Busch. Two Xfinity Series drivers drive for the team: Harvick and Chase Briscoe.

References

NASCAR
Temple Square

Temple Square is a National Historic Landmark and religious center in Salt Lake City, Utah, and is owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).  Temple Square contains the Salt Lake Temple, Salt Lake Tabernacle, Salt Lake Assembly Hall, the Seagull Monument and two visitors' centers.  With 3 million to 5 million visitors a year, Temple Square is the most popular tourist attraction in Utah.

Other websites
 Official website - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 Official Site - Temple Square at lds.org

References

Mormonism
Buildings and structures in Utah
Salt Lake City
Town squares
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
DNA construct

A DNA construct is an artificially constructed segment of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell.  

It often contains a DNA insert, which contains the gene sequence encoding a protein of interest. The DNA insert has been subcloned into a molecular biology vector. 

A DNA construct may express wildtype protein, or prevent the expression of certain genes by expressing competitors or inhibitors. It may express mutant proteins, such as deletion mutations or missense mutations. A DNA construct is often used in molecular biology to analyze macromolecules such as proteins or RNA in more detail.

Molecular biology vectors 

A molecular biology vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. 

The main types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages and other viruses, and artificial chromosomes. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker. 

The vector itself is generally a DNA sequence that consists of an insert (transgene) and a larger sequence that serves as the 'backbone' of the vector. The backbone will include bacterial resistance genes for growth in bacteria, and promoters for expression in the organism.  

The purpose of a vector which transfers genetic information to another cell is typically to isolate, multiply, or express the insert in the target cell. 

Insertion of a vector into the target cell is usually called transformation for bacterial cells, or transfection for eukaryotic cells. Insertion of a viral vector is often called transduction.

DNA
Genetic engineering
This Hour Has 22 Minutes

This Hour Has 22 Minutes is a Canadian comedy television series created by Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Michael Donovan, Jack Kellum, Gerald Lunz and George Anthony. In Canada reruns are shown on The Comedy Network and new episodes are shown on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

On a 2004-05 episode, Carolyn Parrish was shown stomping on a George W. Bush doll and performing voodoo on its head which ultimately lead to her dismissal from the Liberal caucus.

Websites
This Hour Has 22 Minutes at cbc.ca

References

Canadian television series
1993 television series debuts
Comedy television series
1993 establishments in Canada
English-language television programs
Arnold Bennett

Enoch Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 – 27 March 1931) was an English novelist.

He started as a journalist, and during World War I was in charge of propaganda in France.

Bennett was born in Hanley in the Potteries district of Staffordshire, and his best known books were about life in this area.  He changed the names of the five towns in the district, but their names are easy to recognise.

Food
When in London, Bennett liked to eat at the Savoy Hotel's Grill.  He often ate an omelette made with smoked haddock, and this has become known as the Omelette Arnold Bennett.  The Omelette Arnold Bennett has remained a Savoy standard dish ever since.

References

1867 births
1931 deaths

English writers
People with foods named after them
George Wald

George Wald (November 18, 1906 – April 12, 1997) was an American scientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 for his discoveries in vision. He was born on November 18, 1906 in New York City and died on April 12, 1997 in Cambridge, Massachusettes, United States.

References

1906 births
1997 deaths
scientists from New York City
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Passions (soap opera)

Passions was a television soap opera which aired starting July 5, 1999 until September 7, 2007 on NBC and on DirecTV from September 17, 2007 to August 7, 2008. This show focused toward the romantic and paranormal issues of Harmony, a fictional New England town. The storylines centered around multi racial families (the white Cranes and Bennetts, the black Russells, the Hispanic Lopez-Fitzgeralds). It also focused on Tabitha Lenox, a town witch.

Soap operas
NBC network shows
American drama television series
1999 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Gene targeting

Gene targeting is a genetic technique for replacing an existing gene with a mutated (changed) one. It can be done in lab mice or some other model organism.

The method can be used to delete a gene, remove control sections, add a gene, and introduce point mutations. 

Gene targeting can be permanent or conditional. Conditions, for example, can be a specific time during development in the life of the organism or limited to a specific tissue.

To date, this method has been applied to a number of species including Drosophila melanogaster, tobacco, corn, human cells. mice, and rats.

2007 Nobel prize
Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on "principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells", in other words, gene targeting.

Method for mice 
First a DNA construct is made, usually in bacteria. The construct has the mutated gene or part of it, and a reporter gene, which may be a selectable marker. Mutated DNA is put into a stem cell genome derived from an embryo.

To target genes in mice, the construct is inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells in tissue culture. Cells with the correct insertion can be selected, because they carry a visible marker (such as a gene for white fur where the normal is brown). The treated cells can be added a mouse's tissue by embryo injection. Finally, chimeric mice where the modified cells make up the reproductive organs are selected for breeding. After breeding to others of the same kind, the entire body of the offspring mice has the altered gene.

In practice, large numbers of the injected mice are mated, which produces a few white mice (this only occurs when there are white-type cells in the germ line). Cross-breeding the white mice produces 50% of offspring which are homozygous for the marker, and so pure-bred for the experimental gene being inserted. Tests on the mice with the gene insertion can now take place.

References 

Genetic engineering
Developmental biology
Pipit

The pipits are a cosmopolitan genus Anthus, of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. Along with the wagtails and longclaws, the pipits make up the family Motacillidae. The genus is widespread, occurring across most of the world, except the driest deserts, rainforests and the mainland of Antarctica.

They are slender, often drab, ground-feeding insectivores of open country. Like their relatives in the family, the pipits are monogamous and territorial. Pipits are ground nesters, laying up to six speckled eggs.

Passeriformes
Anonymous work

Anonymous works are works, such as art or literature, made by someone who is anonymous. Some authors or artists choose to keep their identity a secret; others cannot reveal their names for legal reasons. In 2007, The Washington Post published an article by an anonymous author describing the use of national security letters by the FBI. In this case, the author, who would have preferred to be named, could not reveal his or her identity because it was against the law. 

Some anonymous works are not created by people who choose to be anonymous, but their creators are unknown (not by choice). With some very old or ancient works, the creator's name may simply be lost over the course of history, or historians are not sure. In such cases the author is often referred to as Anonymus, the Latin form of "anonymous". In the United States it is legally defined as "a work on the copies or phonorecords of which no natural person is identified as author."

Related pages
Pseudonym

Literature
Intellectual property law
2011 Tucson shooting

The 2011 Tucson shooting was a mass murder in Tucson, Arizona. 

The mass shooting happened on January 8, 2011. Nineteen people were shot. Six of the nineteen people died. Another person was injured.  

U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords was holding a public meeting in the parking lot of a Safeway store.  

Giffords was shot through the head from a very short distance. Her condition was said to be very bad just after the shooting. The six killed included John Roll, a chief judge for the District of Arizona. 

22 year old schizophrenic Jared Lee Loughner was arrested at the scene with five charges filed against him. Loughner pleaded guilty to 19 crimes. He never gave a reason for the shooting. In November 2012, Loughner was sentenced to life in prison.

References

2011 in the United States
2010s in Arizona
2010s murders in the United States
January 2011 events
Mass murder in the 2010s
Mass murder in the United States
2010s mass shootings in the United States
Murder in 2011
Murders by firearm in the United States
2011 shooting
Nintendogs + Cats

Nintendogs + Cats is a video game sequel of Nintendogs. It was released in North America on March 26, 2011. This game has a total of 3 versions. It is made for the Nintendo 3DS.

On April 26, 2011, just one month after this game was released in North America, Nintendogs + Cats have sold 1.7 million copies of the game.

Ratings 
Common Sense Media gave this game 5 out of 5 stars.

Features 
Nintendogs + Cats has more features than Nintendogs, like a RoboDog and cats.

References 

2011 video games
Trey Songz

Tremaine Aldon Neverson (born November 28, 1984 ), better known by his stage name Trey Songz. 
Songz was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and raised in a military family,  He did not intend having a musical career as a child due to his shyness, saying "Singing wasn't a reality for me, until other people started noticing I sounded good." He recognized his vocal abilities at the age of 14 in 1998 (jobs). 
A
Some refer to him as 'The Prince of R&B'. His 2010 album, Passion, Pain and Pleasure, entered the Billboard magazine charts at Number 2 in September 2010. the song "Bottoms Up" from the album got into the Top Ten songs.

Recordings
 Step Up 3D - Soundtrack Appearance  
 I Gotta Make It - 2005
 Trey Day- 2007
 Ready - 2009
 Passion, Pain and Pleasure - 2010
   Chapter V - 2012
   Trigga - 2014
   Tremaine: The Album - 2017

References

Other websites
 Trey Songz website

1984 births
Living people
Singers from New Jersey
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
American R&B singers
African American musicians
Singers from Virginia
Mad About You

Mad About You is an American situation comedy. It began on NBC on September 23, 1992. It ended on May 24, 1999. It stars Paul Reiser and Helen Hunt. They play a married couple living in New York City. Near the end of the sitcom's run, the couple have a baby, Mabel.

Other websites 

1992 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s romance television series
1990s American sitcoms
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Romantic comedy television series
Television series about marriage
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Go Ask Alice

Go Ask Alice is a controversial book from 1971. The book is said to be the actual diary of an anonymous teenage girl who became addicted to drugs. The diarist's name is never given in the book. The title is from the lyrics to the Jefferson Airplane song "White Rabbit". Grace Slick wrote the song based on drug references in the classic novel Alice's Adventures In Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.

The story caused a sensation when published and remains in print as of 2011. Revelations about the book's origin have caused much doubt as to its authenticity and factual accounts, and the publishers have listed it as a work of fiction since at least the mid-late 1980s. Although it is still published under the byline "Anonymous", press interviews and copyright records suggest that it is largely or wholly the work of its purported editor, Beatrice Sparks. Some of the days and dates referenced in the book put the timeline from 1968 until 1970.

The teenage girl is insecure and wants more friends. She does this by taking drugs. Because of this she gets all kind of problems and is not a 'real' child anymore.

Plot 
A 15-year-old girl begins keeping a diary. With a sensitive, observant style, she records her thoughts and concerns about issues such as crushes, weight loss, sexuality, social acceptance, and difficulty relating to her parents. The diarist's father, a college professor, accepts a teaching position at a new college. After the move the diarist feels like an outcast at the new school, with no friends. She then meets Beth and they become best friends. When Beth leaves for summer camp the diarist returns to her hometown to stay with her grandparents. She reunites with an old school neighbor, Jill. Jill is impressed by the diarist's move to a larger town, and invites her to a party. At the party, bottles of sodas—some of which are labeled with LSD—were served. The diarist was not known about LSD and has an intense and pleasure trip. Over the following days the diarist continues friendships with the people from the party and willingly uses more drugs. She loses her virginity while on LSD. She worries she may be pregnant, and her grandfather has a small heart attack. Gullets and lies were overwhelming her.

1971 books
National Climatic Data Center

The United States National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in Asheville, North Carolina is the world's largest active archive of weather data.  The center became established in late 1951, and moved into a new facility  in early 1952. The center collects data on climate change, science, and transportation.

References

North Carolina
Climate change
Scientific organizations based in the United States
1951 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in North Carolina
Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is studied over many years, building up a lot of knowledge about it in order to understand fundamental biological phenomena. The hope is that discoveries made in the model will give insight into how other organisms work.

In particular, model organisms are widely used in animal testing to explore potential causes and treatments for human disease when experimenting on humans would be impossible or less ethical.

This strategy is made possible by the similarities of all living organisms. They are similar because of their common descent and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genes  over the course of evolution.

Model organisms in genetics

Drosophila melanogaster 
Drosophila melanogaster was one of the first animals used for genetics. Today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best-known of all eukaryotic organisms.

All organisms use common genetic systems; understanding  transcription and replication in fruit flies helps to understand these processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.

Studies of X-linked traits confirmed that genes are found on chromosomes. Studies of linked traits led to the first maps of genetic loci on chromosomes. The first maps of Drosophila chromosomes were done by Alfred Sturtevant.

Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most studied organisms in biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. Its complete genome was sequenced and first published in 2000.

Because great deal is known about its development from egg to larva to adult, it is a key model for developmental genetics, or evo-devo. The hox genes, or homeobox, which control development in metazoa, were worked out first of all in Drosophila.

Escherischia coli 
In 1946, Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum first described the phenomenon known as bacterial conjugation using Escherichia coli as a model bacterium.

E. coli was an integral part of the first experiments to understand phage genetics, and early researchers, such as Seymour Benzer, used E. coli and phage T4 to understand the topography of gene structure. Before Benzer's research, it was not known whether the gene was a linear structure, or if it had a branching pattern.

E. coli was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of E. coli K12 was published by Science in 1997.
 
The long-term evolution experiments using E. coli, begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of major evolutionary shifts in the laboratory.

Other model organisms 
 Viruses 
 Phage Lamda
 Tobacco Mosaic Virus
 Protists
 Emiliana huxlei: coccolithophore alga, extensively studied as a model phytoplankton species
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
 Fungi
 Aspergillus nidulans
 Neurospora crassa
 Plants
 Arabidopsis thalliana
 Zea mays Maize
 Pisum sativum, Pea
 Animals
 Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode
 Tribolium castaneum, flour beetle
 Drosophila melanogaster
 Mus musculus, the mouse
 Rattus norvegicus, the Norwegian rat

References 

Cell biology
Genetics
 
Experiments
John McGraw

John Joseph McGraw (April 7, 1873– February 25, 1934) was a Major League baseball player/manager from 1894-1932. He was a player for the Baltimore Orioles and the New York Giants from 1894 until 1906. McGraw died one year after he stopped managing for the Giants.

1873 births
1934 deaths
American Roman Catholics
Baltimore Orioles players
New York Giants (NL) players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
St. Louis Cardinals players
HuffPost

HuffPost (used to be called The Huffington Post) is an American news website and political blog. It was founded in 2005 by Andrew Breitbart, Arianna Huffington, Kenneth Lerer, and Jonah Peretti. The website prints news stories and columns (called blogs) by celebrities, politicians, academics, and other well known people who have been invited to write for them.

HuffPost has around 25 million visitors each month and is the most well known political blog in the world. Der Spiegel calls The Huffington Post the most important source of information for millions of Americans.

On February 7, 2011, AOL announced it would acquire The Huffington Post for US$315 million.

Contributors

HuffPost has both staff writers, and other individuals they have invited to write for them, from politicians and celebrities to academics and policy experts, who contribute on a wide range of topics. The term blog is used for columns written by both staff and invited columnists.

References

Other websites
 

 
American websites
2005 establishments in New York (state)
Denim

Denim is a very strong kind of cloth. Denim has been used in the United States since the late 18th century.  The word comes from the name of a cloth called serge.  Serge was first made in the French town of Nîmes (de Nîmes)), by the André family.  First called serge de Nîmes, the name was soon shortened to denim.

Denims are highly popular throughout India.  Before in celebrations, formal wear was obvious.  These days in many functions and even in workplaces, there is no shortage of people donning denims.  International brand skinny jeans available in Asia and the market sees introduction of new styles.
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Denim was usually colored blue with indigo dye to make blue "jeans," though "jean" meant a different, lighter cotton textile.

Jeans vehicles
Between 1973 and 1975, Volkswagen made the Jeans Beetle, which had all-denim trim. They did this again in some later models.

References

Woven fabrics
Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez

The Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez is a Mexican Formula One circuit near Mexico City. It was named after racing driver Ricardo Rodríguez (the brother of Pedro Rodríguez, a Formula One driver). It was finished in 1962 and held its first Formula One race there in the same year, though it did not count for the championship. A year later, the Mexican Grand Prix started, and continued from 1963 to 1970, where F1 did not return until 1986, and left once again 1992. The track still hosts various events, and even hosted the Nationwide Series from 2005 to 2008, before leaving once again.

Formula One circuits
1962 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Mexico
Andromeda

Andromeda may refer to:
 Andromeda (mythology), a woman in trouble in Greek mythology
 Andromeda (constellation), a group of stars
 The Andromeda Galaxy
 HMS Andromeda, one of several warships of the Royal Navy

In arts and literature:
 Andromeda (play), play by Euripides
 Andromeda (novel), by Ivan Yefremov
 The Andromeda Nebula, Russian 1967 science fiction film based on Andromeda
 Andromeda (TV series), science fiction TV series
 Andromeda (English band), a 1960s psychedelic rock band from Britain
 Andromeda (Swedish band), a 2000s progressive metal band from Sweden

In comics:
 Andromeda (Marvel Comics), character native of Atlantis in the Marvel comics universe
 Laurel Gand codenamed Andromeda, character of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the DC comics universe
 Andromeda Shun, character in the Saint Seiya universe
Andromeda (constellation)

Andromeda is a constellation in the northern sky. It is named after the princess Andromeda in Greek mythology. It is sometimes called "Princess of Ethiopia" or "the Chained Woman" in English. It has also been called Persea ("Perseus's wife") or Cepheis ("Cepheus's daughter").  The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Andromeda when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is also one of the 88 constellations made by the International Astronomical Union.

The Andromeda Galaxy is inside Andromeda.  It is the closest spiral galaxy to Earth, at about 2.2 million light-years from Earth (estimates range up to 2.5 million light-years).  The brightest star in Andromeda is called Alpha Andromedae, which is a binary star.

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Local galaxies
K.d. lang

Kathryn Dawn Lang, better known as k.d. lang (born November 2, 1961), is a Canadian country and pop singer-songwriter and guitarist. Her best known hit is "Constant Craving". She has contributed songs to many movie soundtracks.

Lang was born in Edmonton, Alberta. She is openly lesbian and is an activist for LGBT rights.

References 

1961 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Country musicians
Canadian activists
Entertainers from Edmonton
Lesbians
LGBT rights activists
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Canadian pop singers
Country singers
Warner Bros. Records artists
List of Premiers of the Soviet Union

The Premier of the Soviet Union was the head of government.  Most western countries use the term "Prime Minister".  In the former Soviet Union the job had many names:

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1946)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1991)
Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (1991)
Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee of the USSR—Prime Minister of the Economic Community (1991)

List of Premiers

Notes

References

Soviet Union
Loretta Lynn

Loretta Lynn (born April 14, 1932 known as The First Known Lady of Country Music) is an American country music singer and songwriter born in Kentucky. She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville during the 1960s; in 1967 she charted her first of 16 number 1 songs overall. Certain country music radio stations would not play her songs, however, due to subject matter. Despite that, she had become the "First Known Lady of Country Music" and continues being one of the most successful vocalists of all time.

Personal life
She is named after film star Loretta Young. Lynn's sisters are Crystal Gayle and Peggy Sue, who are also country singers. She was married to Oliver Lynn (August 26, 1926-August 22, 1996).

Discography
Singles
"Coal Miner's Daughter" (1970)

Studio albums

Loretta Lynn Sings (1963)
Before I'm Over You (1964)
Songs from My Heart.... (1965)
Blue Kentucky Girl (1965)
Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be  (1965)
Hymns (1965)
I Like 'Em Country (1966)
You Ain't Woman Enough (1966)
Country Christmas (1966)
Don't Come Home a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind) (1967)
Singin' Again  (1967)
Singin' with Feelin' (1967)
Who Says God Is Dead! (1968)
Fist City (1968)
Your Squaw Is on the Warpath (1969)
If We Put Our Heads Together  (1969)
Woman of the World/To Make a Man (1969)
Wings Upon Your Horns (1970)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1971)
We Only Make Believe  (1971)
I Wanna Be Free (1971)
You're Lookin' at Country (1971)
Lead Me On  (1972)
One's on the Way (1972)
God Bless America Again (1972)
Here I Am Again (1972)
Entertainer of the Year (1973)
Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man  (1973)
Love Is the Foundation (1973)
Country Partners  (1974)
They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy (1974)
Back to the Country (1975)
Feelins'  (1975)
Home (1975)
When the Tingle Becomes a Chill (1976)
United Talent  (1976)
Somebody Somewhere (1976)
I Remember Patsy (1977)
Dynamic Duo  (1977)
Out of My Head and Back in My Bed (1978)
Honky Tonk Heroes  (1978)
We've Come a Long Way, Baby (1979)
Diamond Duet  (1979)
Loretta (1980)
Lookin' Good (1980)
Two's a Party  (1981)
I Lie (1981)
Making Love from Memory (1982)
Lyin', Cheatin', Woman Chasin', Honky Tonkin', Whiskey Drinkin' You (1983)
Just a Woman (1985)
Who Was That Stranger (1988)
Honky Tonk Angels  (1993)
Making More Memories (1994)
All Time Gospel Favorites (1997)
Still Country (2000)
Van Lear Rose (2004)
Full Circle (2016)
White Christmas Blue (2016)
Wouldn't It Be Great (2018)
Still Woman Enough (2021)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Kentucky

References

Other websites
Official website

1932 births
Living people
Country musicians
Singers from Kentucky
Microbial mat

A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. They were first described by Paracelsus (~1519),p1 but their full significance was not realised until the last quarter of the 20th century.

Microbial mats grow mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. They colonize environments ranging in temperature from –40 °C to +120 °C. A few are endosymbionts of animals.

Although usually only a few centimetres thick, microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. They consist of layers of microorganisms that can feed on or tolerate the chemicals at their level. In moist conditions mats are held together by slimy substances (polysaccharides) secreted by the microorganisms.118; 1671-7 Some of the micro-organisms form tangled webs of filaments which make the mat tougher. The best known physical forms are flat mats and stubby pillars called stromatolites, but there are also spherical forms.

Microbial mats are the earliest form of life on Earth for which there is good fossil evidence, from 3500 million years ago, and were for a long period the most important members of the planet's ecosystems.

Originally they may have depended on hydrothermal vents for energy and chemical "food". The development of photosynthesis gradually liberated them from the 'hydrothermal ghetto' by proving a more widely-available energy source, sunlight, although initially the photosynthesizing mats still depended on the diffusion of chemicals emitted by hydrothermal vents. The final and most significant stage of this liberation was the development of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, since the main chemical inputs for this are carbon dioxide and water.

As a result microbial mats began to produce the atmosphere we know today, in which free oxygen is a vital component. At around the same time they may also have been the birthplace of the more complex eukaryote type of cell, of which all multicellular organisms are composed. Microbial mats were abundant on the shallow seabed until the Cambrian substrate revolution, when animals living in shallow seas increased their burrowing capabilities and thus broke up the surfaces of mats and let oxygenated water into the deeper layers, poisoning the oxygen-intolerant micro-organisms that lived there. Although this revolution drove mats off soft floors of shallow seas, they still flourish in many environments where burrowing is limited or impossible, including rocky seabeds and shores, hyper-saline and brackish lagoons, and are found on the floors of the deep oceans.

Because of microbial mats' ability to use almost anything as nutrients, there is considerable interest in industrial uses of mats, especially for water treatment and for cleaning up pollution.

References 

Ecology
Microbiology