cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Spontaneity (chemistry)

The spontaneity of a process refers to whether or not the reaction would occur without an input of energy, because of the value of the reaction's Gibbs free energy.

The Gibbs free energy is given by:

 

where  refers to the Gibbs free energy, to the enthalpy change,  to the temperature (in Kelvin) and  to the entropy change.

If the Gibbs free energy change is 0 or negative, the reaction is said to be spontaneous and can occur without an input of energy into the system. If the Gibbs free energy were above 0, the reaction would not be spontaneous and would require an input of energy in order for it to proceed.

In equilibrium reactions, a reaction one way will be spontaneous, while the reverse reaction will be non-spontaneous. Therefore, using a general formula for equilibria:

A <=> B + C

If the formation of compounds  and  from  were spontaneous, the formation of compound  from  and  would be non-spontaneous.

An example of a spontaneous process is the conversion of diamond into graphite, because graphite has a more thermodynamically stable structure. An example of a non-spontaneous process would be the combustion of methane in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, as this requires an input of energy.

References 

Chemical reactions
Physical chemistry
Peep and the Big Wide World

Peep and the Big Wide World (known as Peep) is an American-Canadian animated television show created by Kaj Pindal.

Peep and the Big Wide World was based on the 1988 short film Peep and the Big Wide World (of the same name) produced by the National Film Board of Canada, which itself is based on the 1962 short film The Peep Show, also produced by the National Film Board of Canada.

Peep and the Big Wide World premiered on April 12, 2004, on Discovery Kids and on TLC as part of their Ready Set Learn children's block, and on the same day on TVOKids and Discovery Kids produced by WGBH-TV, 9 Story Entertainment, Eggbox LLC, Alliance Atlantis (Seasons 1-3), Discovery Kids (Seasons 1-3), Sprout Originals (Seasons 4-5), and Echo Bridge Entertainment (Seasons 4-5).

Carriage on the Discovery children's networks ended on October 10, 2010 with the discontinuation of Ready Set Learn and the replacement of Discovery Kids with The Hub, and now, Discovery Family. It continues to be offered to public television stations via independent public television distributor Discovery Communications to the present day. Since January 1, 2018, the series is distributed by both Discovery Kids and APT. Throughout its run, it has been underwritten by the National Science Foundation, with Northrop Grumman underwriting season four in 2009.

Each episode consists of two 9-minute stories, which are animated segments, and two 2-minute live action segments, in which children explore and demonstrate the same topic presented in the animated segment.

References

2004 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2010s American animated television series
2000s American animated television series
Canadian animated television series
Canadian television series
Children's television series
Immobilized enzyme

An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme that is attached to an inert, insoluble material. This can provide a higher resistance to changes in condition such as pH or temperature.

Commercial use 
Immobilised enzymes can be important for commercial uses as they have many benefits to the cost and processes of the reaction such as:
 Convenience: small amounts of protein dissolve in the reaction so purification of the product is easier.
 Economy: The immobilized enzyme is easily removed from the reaction so it can be recycled. This is useful in the production of lactose-free milk as the milk can be drained from a container leaving the enzyme (lactase) inside for the next batch.
 Stability: Immobilised enzymes normally have a higher thermal and operational stability than the soluble form of the enzyme.
 Safety: In the past, biological washing powders contained proteases and lipases that would break down dirt but also irritate the skin if it was touched - immobilization prevents this from happening

Methods 
 Adsorption on glass: The enzyme is attached to a glass bead.
 Covalent bond: The enzyme is bound covalently to a support (such as silica gel).
 Cross-linkage: Multiple enzymes are bound together to create a matrix.
 Affinity-tag binding: Enzymes attached to a surface with protein tags.

References 

Cell biology
Enzymes
Microbiology
Stereochemistry
U.S. Route 56

U.S. Route 56 (US 56) is an east–west United States highway. It goes for  in the Midwestern United States. The highway's eastern endpoint is at U.S. Route 71 in Kansas City, Missouri. Its western endpoint is at Interstate 25 Business in Springer, New Mexico. Much of it follows the Santa Fe Trail.

Route description
The highway goes through New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri. It also touches a corner of Texas at a small road junction near the New Mexico/Oklahoma border.

References

Other websites
 Endpoints of U.S. Highway 56
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 160

U.S. Route 160 (US 160) is a 1,465 mile (2,358 km) long east–west United States highway in the Midwestern and Western United States. The western endpoint of the route is at US 89, five miles (8 km) west of Tuba City, Arizona. The eastern endpoint is at US 67 and Missouri 158, southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.

Its route was made famous in song in 1975. This is because the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs, Colorado in C.W. McCall's country music song "Wolf Creek Pass".

Related routes 
 U.S. Route 60
 U.S. Route 260
 U.S. Route 360
 U.S. Route 460

References

Other websites

 Endpoints of US 160
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 166

U.S. Route 166 (US 166) is a  west–east United States highway. This route and US-266 are the only two remaining parts of historic U.S. Route 66 (which was decommissioned in 1985), since US-666 was renumbered to US-491 in 2003.

US-166 meets the old route of US-66, now designated US-69 Alternate, in Baxter Springs in the southeast corner of Kansas.

Route description

|-
|KS||
|-
|MO||
|-style="border-top:2px solid #666; background-color:#eaecf0;"
|Total||
|}

Major intersections

References

Other websites

 
 Endpoints of US highway 166

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 69

U.S. Route 69 (US 69) is a major north–south United States highway.  When it was first created, it was only  long. It has been expanded into a Minnesota to Texas cross-country route. The highway's southern endpoint (as well as those of US 287 and US 96) is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87. Its northern endpoint is in Albert Lea, Minnesota at Minnesota State Highway 13.

References

Other websites

 Endpoints of U.S. Highway 69

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 270

U.S. Route 270 (US 270) is a spur of US 70. It goes for  from Liberal, Kansas at US 54 to White Hall, Arkansas at Interstate 530 (I-530) and US 65. It goes through the states of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It goes through the cities of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hot Springs, Arkansas, and McAlester, Oklahoma.

Route description

Kansas

US 270 starts in the southeast part of Liberal, Kansas. It is at an intersection with US 83 (running north–south through the intersection) and US 54. US 270 follows the south partg of this intersection, following US 83 south. US 270 only goes  in Kansas before it goes into Oklahoma. Seward County is the only Kansas county that US-270 is in.

References

Other website
 Endpoints of U.S. Highway 270

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 73

U.S. Route 73 (US 73) is a north–south United States highway. it goes for  from northeast Kansas to southeast Nebraska. The highway's southern endpoint is Bonner Springs, Kansas at I-70. Its northern endpoint is near Dawson, Nebraska at US 75.

Route description

Kansas

U.S. Route 73 starts at I-70 in Kansas City. It goes along with U.S. Route 24, U.S. Route 40, and K-7. Two miles north of its endpoint, US 24 and US 40 turn west; US 73 continues north with K-7. It goes north with K-7 through Lansing, where it intersects K-5. US 73 and K-7 then go through Leavenworth. It goes northwestern from Leavenworth. It meets K-192 near Easton. At Atchison, it turns west. At Atchison, K-7 ends. US 73 goes along with U.S. Route 59. It goes west. It then turns northwest near Lancaster at its intersection with K-9. It goes through Huron. It goes along with K-20 near Everest. It goes west into Horton, and it intersects U.S. Route 159. The two highways go north together, and they meet U.S. Route 36 at Hiawatha. After going northwest through Reserve, US-73 and US-159 turn north and enter Nebraska.

Notes

References

Other websites

 Endpoints of U.S. Highway 73

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 75

U.S. Route 75 is a major north–south U.S. Highway. It goes  in the central United States. The highway's northern endpoint is in Noyes, Minnesota, at the Canada–US border. Its southern endpoint is at Interstate 30 and Interstate 45 in Dallas, where it is called North Central Expressway.

U.S. 75 was a cross-country route. It went from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico at Galveston, Texas. However, the entire part south of Dallas has not been used in favor of Interstate 45. That part became Texas State Highway 75.

Related roads
 U.S. Route 175
 U.S. Route 275

References

Other websites

Endpoints of US highway 75 - at usends.com

U.S. Highways
Roberto Totaro

Roberto Totaro (born 1957 in Belluno) is an Italian cartoonist. He is famous for the comic Nirvana, also translated into Spanish.

Biography 
Roberto Totaro was born in 1957 in Belluno, in northern Italy, and studied at Artistic Liceo (High School) and L'accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia (University of Art in Venice). He started his career during the 80's, learning from the Disney author Luciano Gatto, and drawing comics for the italian magazine Topolino (italian for Mickey Mouse).

Cartoonists
Italian people
U.S. Route 77

U.S. Route 77 (US 77) is a major north–south United States highway. It goes for 1305 miles in the central United States. As of 2005, the highway's northern endpoint is in Sioux City, Iowa, at an interchange with Interstate 29. Its southern endpoint is in Brownsville, Texas, at Veteran's International Bridge on the U.S.-Mexico border.

The road does not have signs in and around Dallas, Texas. The route has major freeway parts in Oklahoma City. It includes the Broadway Extension part, which connects suburban Edmond to downtown Oklahoma City.

Route description

Kansas
US-77 goes for  in Kansas. It is a Blue Star Memorial Highway between the U.S. 40 junction and the Cowley County line. In Cowley County, it is called the Robert B. Docking Memorial Highway. Near Arkansas City, it is called the Walnut Valley Greenway.

From Nebraska to U.S. 24 and from K-15 to Arkansas City, it is part of the National Highway System.

References

Other websites

 Endpoints of U.S. Highway 77
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

U.S. Highways
Sio (cartoonist)

Simone Albrigi (born 8 October 1988, Verona, Italy) better known as Sio is an Italian cartoonist and youtuber.

Biography 
He was educated at Ca' Foscari University of Venice.

In 2006 he joined the group Shockdom and he pubblished his first Comic L'uomo scottecs. The English version of the comic was released in 2012.

Sio became a father in 2019, and on 30th May, he published his first videogame Super Cane Magic ZERO - Legend of the Cane Cane.

Italian people
1988 births
Cartoonists
Italian voice actors
Living people
U.S. Route 81

U.S. Route 81 or U.S. Highway 81 (US 81) is a major north–south U.S. highway. It goes for  in the central United States. It is one of the original United States Numbered Highways created in 1926 by the American Association of State Highway Officials.

The route of US 81 follows that of the old Meridian Highway which dates back as early as 1911. The highway has alternately (and unofficially) been known as part of the Pan-American Highway. In the part in the state of Oklahoma, the highway closely follows the old Chisholm Trail for cattle drives from Texas to railheads in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s.

As of 2004, the highway's northern endpoint is just north of Pembina, North Dakota, at the Canadian border.

Its southern endpoint is in Fort Worth, Texas, at an intersection with I-35W and US 287. Between 1926 and 1991, US 81's southern endpoint was at the Mexican border in Laredo, Texas. In 1991, the endpoint was moved to San Antonio.

References

Other websites

Endpoints of US 81

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 83

U.S. Route 83 (US 83) is a major north–south U.S. Highway. It goes  in the central United States. Only four other north–south routes are longer: U.S. Routes 1, 41, 59, and 87. The highway's northern endpoint is north of Westhope, North Dakota, at the Canada–United States border. The southern endpoint is in Harlingen, Texas.

References

More reading 
 Reynolds, David. Slow Road to Brownsville: A Journey Through the Heart of the Old West. New York: Greystone Books, 2014. Narrative of a journey along U.S. Route 83 from Swan River, Manitoba to Brownsville, Texas
 Magnuson, Stew. The Last American Highway: A Journey Through Time Down U.S. Route 83: The Dakotas: Volume 1 . Court Bridge Publishing, 2014. 
 Magnuson, Stew. The Last American Highway: A Journey Through Time Down U.S Route 83 Nebraska Kansas Oklahoma: Volume 2. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. 
 Magnuson, Stew. The Last American Highway: A Journey Through Time Down U.S. Route 83 in Texas: Volume 3. Court Bridge Publishing, 2017.

Other websites

Endpoints of U.S. Highway 83

U.S. Highways
U.S. Route 400

U.S. Route 400 (US 400) is a  mostly east–west U.S. Highway. It was created in 1994. The highway's western endpoint is in Granada, Colorado, at an intersection with US 385. The highway's eastern endpoint is southwest of Joplin, Missouri, near Loma Linda, at an interchange with Interstate 44. It originally ended in Garden City, Kansas; in 1996 it was made longer to its current western endpoint. Its route number does not follow the usual AASHTO numbering scheme, as there is no "parent" US 0.

Route description

Colorado
US 400 begins in Granada at an intersection with US 385. It then goes along with US 50 through Holly east to the Kansas border.

Kansas
US-400 and US-50 enter Kansas west of Coolidge. They go together through Garden City, where it intersects US-83. They separate at Dodge City. This is where it intersects US-56 and US-283. It goes southeast from Dodge City and first intersects US-54 at Mullinville.

US-400 and US-54 start going together at Mullinville. This goes through Greensburg, Pratt and Kingman before going into Wichita. While in Wichita, US-400 and US-54 intersect Interstate 235. It goes along with US-81 and Interstate 135. K-96 provides a short freeway connection to Interstate 35, which is also the Kansas Turnpike. At Augusta, US-400 and US-54 goes along with US-77. US-400 separates at Haverhill.

US-400 goes east through several small towns before turning southeast to go through the Fredonia area. It intersect US-75 at Neodesha. After going along with US-75, it turns east. It intersects U.S. Route 169 near Morehead and then US-59 near Parsons. Then it intersects US-69 south of Pittsburg. It then turns south with US-69. At Crestline, it follows US-69A south to Riverton. US-400 then turns east with US-166 at Baxter Springs. The two highways go eastward into Missouri.

Missouri
US 400, along with US 166, ends at I-44 about one mile (1.6 km) east of the Kansas-Missouri state line. It is three miles (5 km) west of Joplin.

Major intersections

Notes

References

Other websites
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Sanderson, Dale End of U.S. Highway 400 (with maps of US 400 and related routes)

U.S. Highways
Tyson Foods

Tyson Foods, Inc. is an American multinational corporation based in Springdale, Arkansas. It is in the food industry. The company is the world's second biggest processor and marketer of chicken, beef, and pork after JBS S.A.. Every year, it exports the biggest percentage of beef out of the United States. It operates major food brands, including Jimmy Dean, Hillshire Farm, Sara Lee, Ball Park, Wright Brand, Aidells, and State Fair. Tyson Foods ranked No. 80 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.

Profile
The company was created by John W. Tyson in 1935. World War II helped their business because chicken was not included in foods that were rationed. As of 2014, the company has 115,000 employees. They have more than 300 facilities, over 100 of which are in the US.

References

Other websites 

 Consumer web site for Tyson Foods
 Corporate web site for Tyson Foods

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
20th-century establishments in Arkansas
1935 establishments in the United States
American food companies
Companies based in Arkansas
National Beef

National Beef is an American food company. They are a beef processor. The company is headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. They make fresh, chilled, and further processed beef and beef by-products for customers worldwide. The company’s main focuses include branded box beef, consumer ready beef, portion control beef and wet blue leather.

Sales & Operations
National Beef is the United States’s fourth biggest beef processor. They make more than $7 billion every year.

Controversies
Between 1991 and 1994, several accidental and unrelated employee deaths happened. The company faced legal prosecution. The cases ended with settlements.

References

Companies based in Missouri
American food companies
Beef
1992 establishments in the United States
Saline River (Kansas)

The Saline River is a  tributary of the Smoky Hill River in the central Great Plains of North America. The entire river is in the U.S. state of Kansas in the northwest part of the state. The river got its name from the French translation of its Native name Ne Miskua. It refers to how salty the river is.

Geography
The Saline River starts in the High Plains of northwestern Kansas. The south tributary of the river rises near the Sherman County-Thomas County line. The north tributary rises in central Thomas County. The confluence of the two rivers are in Sheridan County roughly  northwest of Grinnell, Kansas. From this confluence, the Saline River goes east for  through the Smoky Hills region of north-central Kansas. It joins the Smoky Hill River about 1 mile south of New Cambria, Kansas in Saline County. The Saline is slow and can't be used for transportation. It has no major tributaries. It has a riverbed of sand and mud.

The Saline River goes through these counties:
 Thomas County, Kansas
 Sheridan County, Kansas
 Graham County, Kansas
 Trego County, Kansas
 Ellis County, Kansas
 Russell County, Kansas
 Lincoln County, Kansas
 Ottawa County, Kansas
 Saline County, Kansas

History
The first recorded reference to the Saline River was on October 18, 1724, by French explorer Etienne Venyard de Bourgmont. He wrote that he found a "small river where the water was briny." Bourgmont was on his way to discuss a peace treaty with the Padouca. Their "Grand Village" was on the Saline River's banks. In 1806, an American journey led by Zebulon Pike crossed the river on its way to visit the Pawnee. By 1817, the river was called the "Grand Saline."

The Pawnee and the Kansa, who used the area for hunting, had land along the Saline River. This was until the 1850s when American settlers started coming. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the Kansas Territory, which included all of the Saline River. By 1873, the U.S. government had removed the Kansa to a reservation in the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).

In August 1867, Cheyenne warriors killed a group of railroad workers in Ellis County. This led to a battle between the Cheyenne and Buffalo Soldiers from Fort Hays. It became known as "The Battle of the Saline River."

The Saline River flooded sometimes during the late 19th century. Particularly bad floods happening in 1858, 1867, and 1903. In 1964, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dammed the river in eastern Russell County for flood control, creating Wilson Lake.

Related pages
Smoky Hill River
Smoky Hills
Wilson Lake (Kansas)

References

Rivers of Kansas
Wilson Lake (Kansas)

Wilson Lake is a reservoir in the U.S. state of Kansas. It is on the border of Russell County and Lincoln County. It was built and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control. It is also used for wildlife management and recreation. Several parks are along its shoreline, including Wilson State Park.

History
The Corps of Engineers planned, designed, and built Wilson Dam. They completed it in 1964 for $20 million.

Geography
Wilson Lake is at  (38.9401464, -98.5567638) at an elevation of . It is in north-central Kansas in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. Most of Wilson Lake is in Russell County. A small part of its southeastern part goes into Lincoln County.

The reservoir is impounded at its northeastern end by Wilson Dam. The dam is at  (38.9666777, -98.4947876) at an elevation of . The Saline River is the reservoir's main inflow of water from the west. It is also the reservoir's main outflow to the east. Smaller tributaries include Elm Creek, which flows from the south into the western part of the reservoir, and Hell Creek, which feeds the reservoir's southeastern arm.

Kansas Highway 232 goes north-south along the reservoir's eastern shore. It also goes across the top of Wilson Dam. Shoreline Road, a paved county road, goes east-west parallel to the southern shore. It crosses the reservoir's southeastern part.

Hydrography
The surface area, surface elevation, and water volume of the reservoir changed based on inflow and local climate. When the reservoir is full, it has a surface area of , a surface elevation of , and a volume of .

Infrastructure
Wilson Dam is a dam that has a floor made of rock and soil. It is  tall and  long.

References

Other websites
 Wilson Lake, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 Wilson State Park, Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
 Wilson Wildlife Area, Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism

Geography of Kansas
Lakes of Kansas
Gerry Fairhead

Arthur Gerald "Gerry" Fairhead (March 23, 1923 – July 5, 2019) was a Canadian sailor. He placed eighth in the Star class at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

Fairhead died on July 5, 2019 at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1923 births
2019 deaths
Canadian Olympians
Godfried Toussaint

Godfried Theodore Patrick Toussaint (1944 – July 2019) was a Canadian computer scientist. He was a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Computer Science Program at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD). He did research on many aspects of computational geometry and discrete geometry.

He was a co-founder of the Annual ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry, and the annual Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry.

References

1944 births
2019 deaths
Canadian computer scientists
Miriam Butterworth

Miriam Butterworth (April 14, 1918 – July 9, 2019) was an American educator, activist, and politician. She was a Democrat. In the 1940s, she helped equalize representation in the Connecticut General Assembly. 

She was involved in the international peace movement and worked for peace to end the Vietnam War and later as a monitor for voting in Nicaragua. After teaching at independent schools, Butterworth was chair of the Public Utilities Control Authority. She was president of Hartford College for Women and was on the Town Council of West Hartford.

Butterworth died from heart disease on July 9, 2019 in Bloomfield, Connecticut, aged 101.

References

1918 births
2019 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
American historians
Educators from Hartford, Connecticut
American political activists
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
People from Bloomfield, Connecticut
Toy & Wing

Toy & Wing were an Asian-American tap dance duo. The duo were known as Dorothy Toy (real name Shigeko Takahashi, May 28, 1917 – July 10, 2019) and Paul Wing (real name Paul Wing Jew, October 14, 1912 – April 27, 1997). They were known as the "Chinese Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers". 

They were active in the 1930s and 1940s. They were the first Asian-Americans to enter the American tap dance scene.

Dorothy Toy was born on May 28, 1917 in San Francisco. She died on July 10, 2019 in Oakland, California at the age of 102. Paul Wing was born in Menlo Park, California on October 14, 1912 and died on April 27, 1997 at the Veterans Home of California located in Yountville California. He was 85 years old.

References

1917 births
2019 deaths
1912 births
1997 deaths
American centenarians
American dancers
Entertainers from California
People from San Francisco
Inger Berggren

Inger Berggren (23 February 1934 – 19 July 2019) was a Swedish singer. Her biggest hits were "Sol och vår" and "Elisabeth serenad", both in 1962. She participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1962. She was the mother of the actress Gunilla Röör. Berggren was born in Stockholm.

Berggren died on 19 July 2019 in Stockholm at the age of 85.

References

1934 births
2019 deaths
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Singers from Stockholm
Chaser (dog)

Chaser (April 28, 2004 – July 23, 2019) was a Border Collie with the largest tested memory of any non-human animal. Chaser worked with Professor John W. Pilley, at his home in Spartanburg, South Carolina, from eight weeks old, until Pilley's death in June 2018. She was trained in a formal research project. Chaser could identify and retrieve 1,022 toys by name.

On July 23, 2019, Chaser died from natural causes, at the age of 15 years, in her home in Spartanburg, South Carolina.

References

2004 births
2019 deaths
Individual dogs
Redding Municipal Airport

Redding Municipal Airport (IATA:RDD IACO:KRDD FAA:RDD) is a public airport that lies 11 kilometers southeast of Redding, California. The airport was first used by the United States Army Air Force in 1942, but the military use for the airport was ended 1949.

The airport is now used for both general and commercial flights with United Express, a small branch of United Airlines, having flights to San Francisco and Los Angeles.

Airline destinations

References

 
Airports in California
Shasta County, California
Michael Roth

Michael Roth (18 June 1936  – 23 July 2019) was a German engineer. He was professor of automation, specializing in microprocessor technology,  computer science and sociology as well as philosophy of science. He was one of the founders of computer engineering in Germany.

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
German engineers
German computer scientists
Insular area

Insular area is the name for one of the territories of the United States which are not a state of the union. People that live in these areas usually have no right to vote in US elections. Sometimes, they take part in preliminary elections. 

There are three areas in the Pacific Ocean: 

Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
American Samoa

The following areas are in the Carribean:

Puerto Rico
US Virgin Islands

Uninhabited islands 
The term is also used for many uninhabited islands, which the US claims as its territory. Most of these are in the Pacific:

Palmyra Atoll
Baker Island
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Atoll
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Wake Island (disputed with Marshall Islands)

Only a few are in the Carribean:

Navassa Island (disputed with Haiti)
Serranilla Bank (disputed with Colombia, Jamaica and Nicaragua)
Bajo Nuevo Bank or Petrel Islands (disputed with Colombia, Honduras and Jamaica)

Geography of the United States
Container garden

A container garden or pot garden is a garden that is in containers instead of in the ground.
A container in gardening may be of various sizes. It may or may not be easily portable. and is used for showing live flowers or plants. It may take the form of a pot, flower box, tub, pot, basket, tin, barrel or hanging basket.

Methods 
Pots, made of terracotta or sometimes plastic, and window boxes have been the most common containers. Terracotta containers are usual for long-term use in back yards. The reason is that they are porous, and water evaporates through the pores. This keeps the contents aerated. Plastic pots are usually for short-term use, and often sold complete with flowers and earth. Window boxes are shallow and open, and may be used for above-ground windows. 

Small pots are commonly called flowerpots.

References

Gardening
Flowers
Green roof

A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or totally covered with plants. It may also include layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are in pots, are not generally true green roofs. Although, this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another kind of green roof which are used to treat greywater. Vegetation, soil, drainage layer, roof barrier and irrigation system make up a green roof.

There are reasons why a building may have a green roof. The reasons include absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, increasing benevolence and decreasing stress of the people around the roof, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and go against the heat island effect. Green roofs are able to be added on old buildings as well as new buildings. They can be put on small garages or larger industrial, commercial and municipal buildings. They effectively use the natural abilities of plants to filter water and treat air in urban and suburban areas.

There are two types of green roof:
 intensive roofs: thicker, with a minimum depth of . They can support many different kinds of plants, but they are heavier and require more maintenance.
 extensive roofs: shallow, ranging in depth from  to . They are lighter than intensive green roofs, and they don't need as much maintenance.

References

Architectural elements
Civil engineering
Ecology
Energy conservation
Gardening
Renewable energy
Sustainability
Sustainable development
Urban planning
Anders P. Ravn

Professor Anders Peter Ravn (29 October 1947 – 1 August 2019) was a Danish computer scientist.

Between 1969–73, Anders Ravn was a teaching assistant in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Copenhagen (DIKU). From 1972–76, he was a systems programmer on minicomputers at the early Danish computer company A/S Regnecentralen. 

He returned to academia and rose from assistant professor (1976–80) to associate professor (1980–84) at DIKU.

Ravn died on 1 August 2019 in Copenhagen at the age of 71.

References

1947 births
2019 deaths
Danish writers
Computer scientists
David Berman (musician)

David Cloud Berman (born David Craig Berman; January 4, 1967 – August 7, 2019) was an American poet, cartoonist and singer-songwriter. He was best known for his work with indie-rock band the Silver Jews. 

In January 2009, Berman announced his retirement from music in hopes of finding a meaningful way of undoing the damage that his estranged father Richard (drug lobbyist) had done to society.

Berman had written and recorded with the Silver Jews, he has also released two books: Actual Air (1999) and The Portable February (2009). In early 2019, Berman returned to music under the new band name Purple Mountains, releasing an eponymous debut album in July 2019.

Berman lived in Chicago, Illinois. He was found dead at his Brooklyn apartment on August 7, 2019 at the age of 52. The cause of death was suicide by hanging.

References

1967 births
2019 deaths
Suicides by hanging in the United States
American poets
American cartoonists
Singers from Virginia
Writers from Virginia
Singer-songwriters from Chicago
Nakai

Nakai (Japanese: 中井, 中居) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with this name include:

Takenoshin Nakai - botanist
Hiroe Nakai - professional Shogi player
Rin Nakai - mixed martial artist
Yoshiki Nakai - footballer

Japanese-language surnames
Jorma Kinnunen

Jorma Vilho Paavali Kinnunen (15 December 1941 – 25 July 2019) was a Finnish athlete. He competed mainly in the javelin throw. He was born in Pihtipudas. He competed for Finland in the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City where he won the silver medal.

Kinnunen died after a long illness on 25 July 2019, aged 77.

References

1941 births
2019 deaths
Finnish Olympic silver medalists
Gergely Kulcsár

Gergely Kulcsár (10 March 1934 – 12 August 2020) a Hungarian javelin thrower. He competed at the 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 Olympics and won two bronze medals, in 1960 and 1968, and a silver medal in 1964.

He was the Olympic flag bearer for Hungary in 1964, 1968 and 1972.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
Hungarian sportspeople
Olympic silver medalists
Olympic bronze medalists
Patton Brothers

The Patton Brothers, comprising Jimmy Elliott (20 August 1931 – 25 July 2019) and Brian Elliott (born 4 September 1934), were an English comedy double act and the two older brothers of Barry and Paul Elliott, the Chuckle Brothers. They began their career as a double act in 1954.

Both Jimmy and Brian made appearances in the children's television series ChuckleVision, alongside their younger brothers Paul and Barry. Jimmy is known as No Slacking due to the catchphrase.

For three months, all four brothers appeared together on the game show 3-2-1 with Ted Rogers on 17 April 1982 (Season 4, Episode 13), and also on New Faces. Afterwards, Jimmy and Brian returned to being the Patton Brothers.

On 25 July 2019, Jimmy died of cancer at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
 
 

1931 births
1934 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cancer
English comedians
Duos
English television personalities
People from Kent
Arnie Brown

Stewart Arnold Brown (January 28, 1942 – July 26, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, New York Islanders, and Atlanta Flames.

After one season in the World Hockey Association (WHA), Brown retired in 1975.

Brown died on July 26, 2019 in North Kawartha, Ontario at the age of 77.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
Toronto Maple Leafs players
New York Rangers players
Detroit Red Wings players
New York Islanders players
Atlanta Flames players
Sportspeople from Ontario
American Hockey League players
World Hockey Association players
Memorial Cup winners
Ice hockey defencemen
Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino

Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino ( 18 October 1936 – 26 July 2019) was a Cuban prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Havana from 1981 to 2016. He was appointed to the College of Cardinals in 1994, the second Cuban to hold that job.

During negotiations to renew diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba, Cardinal Ortega, without public announcement, visited the White House and hand-delivered a letter from Pope Francis to President Barack Obama.

Ortega was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2018. He died on 26 July 2019 in El Cobre, Cuba at the age of 82.

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Cuban people
Kevin Roster

Kevin "Racks" Gene Roster Jr. (March 9, 1983 – July 26, 2019) was an American poker player and activist. He had terminal cancer who moved to California where he fought to protect the state's right-to-die legislation. He supports medical aid in dying.
 

He played in the 2019 World Series of Poker in the summer of 2019, and used the event as a platform to raise awareness about sarcoma and to encourage people to push for early detection and diagnosis.

Roster died via medical aid in dying in Rancho Cordova, California on July 26, 2019 at the age of 36.

References

1983 births
2019 deaths
Deaths by euthanasia
People with cancer
American activists
Poker players
People from New York City
Carlos Cruz-Diez

Carlos Cruz-Diez (17 August 1923 – 27 July 2019) was a Venezuelan artist. He was thought to be one of the greatest artist of the 20th century. He was best known for his kinetic and op art.

His teaching and art career was based between both Paris and Caracas. His work was represented in museums and public art sites internationally, such as Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; Tate Modern, London; Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; Centre Pompidou, París; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Colonia, and others.

Cruz-Diez died on 27 July 2019 in Paris at the age of 95.

References

Other websites 
Official Webpage

1923 births
2019 deaths
Artists
Venezuelan educators
People from Caracas
Biljana Plavšić

Biljana Plavšić (; born 7 July 1930) is a Serbian politician. She President of Republika Srpska who was indicted in 2001 by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for war crimes committed during the Bosnian War. 

She plea-bargained with the ICTY and was sentenced to 11 years in prison in 2003.

She was released on 27 October 2009 after serving two-thirds of her sentence. Plavšić is, together with Radovan Karadžić, the highest ranking Bosnian Serb politician to be sentenced.

References

1930 births
Living people
Presidents of Republika Srpska
Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Humphrey Mijnals

Humphrey Mijnals (21 December 1930 – 27 July 2019) was a Surinamese-Dutch footballer. He played international football for both the Netherlands and Suriname.

He also played 45 times in the Suriname national football team. In 1999, he was elected Surinamese footballer of the century. On 24 August 2008, Mijnals also received Sports Medal of the city of Utrecht.

Mijnals died on 27 July 2019 in Utrecht at the age of 88.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
Dutch footballers
Surinamese sportspeople
Mike Roarke

Michael Thomas Roarke (November 8, 1930 – July 27, 2019) was an American catcher and coach in Major League Baseball. He threw and batted right-handed. He stood  tall and weighed . Roarke played for the Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Cardinals and the San Diego Padres.

Roarke died on July 27, 2019 in West Warwick, Rhode Island at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
, or Retrosheet, or SABR Biography Project

1930 births
2019 deaths
American military personnel of the Korean War
Detroit Tigers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Rhode Island
People from West Warwick, Rhode Island
West Warwick, Rhode Island

West Warwick is a town in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 29,191 at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in Rhode Island
John Robert Schrieffer

John Robert Schrieffer (; May 31, 1931 – July 27, 2019) was an American physicist. With John Bardeen and Leon Cooper, he was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was known for developing the BCS theory. It was the first successful quantum theory of superconductivity. 

In 2005, Schrieffer fell asleep while driving and received a sentence of two years in prison for vehicular manslaughter which killed one, and injured seven other people.

Schrieffer died on July 27, 2019 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
American physicists
Criminals from Illinois
Scientists from Illinois
People from Oak Park, Illinois
Leon Cooper

Leon N Cooper (born February 28, 1930) is an American physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics  with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer in 1972. He helped developed the BCS theory of superconductivity. 

He is also the namesake of the Cooper pair and co-developer of the BCM theory of synaptic plasticity.

References

1930 births
Living people
American physicists
Scientists from New York City
Eduardo Gómez

Eduardo Gómez Manzano (27 July 1951 – 28 July 2019) was a Spanish actor and comedian. He was born in Madrid, Spain. He was know for his roles in Aquí no hay quien viva, La que se avecina and Butterfly's Tongue.

Gómez died from laryngeal cancer in Madrid on 28 July 2019 at the age of 68.

References

Other websites
Official Aqui No Hay Quien Viva Web Portal at Antena 3
Interview with Eduardo Gómez

1951 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from laryngeal cancer
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
Comedians
Actors from Madrid
Vladimir Kara-Murza Sr.

Vladimir Alexeyevich Kara-Murza (; 24 October 1959 – 28 July  2019)  was a Russian journalist and television host. He was born in Moscow. 

Kara-Murza died on 28 July 2019 in Moscow at the age of 59.

In 1992, with the onset of President Boris Yeltsin's democratic reforms, he joined the weekly Itogi programme on Channel One of Russian TV—first as editor, then as correspondent. 

In 1993, along with his colleagues, joined the newly created NTV, Russia's first independent television channel founded by Vladimir Gusinsky. In April 1995, Kara-Murza became the anchor of NTV's news programme Today at Midnight.

He was the father of opposition politician Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza.

References

1959 births
2019 deaths
Russian journalists
Television personalities
People from Moscow
Loek van Mil

Ludovicus Jacobus Maria "Loek" van Mil (; 15 September 1984 – 28 July 2019) was a Dutch professional baseball pitcher. At , he was one of the tallest players in the history of professional baseball.

He played for Curaçao Neptunus of the Honkbal Hoofdklasse and for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).

On the Netherlands national baseball team he was the team's closer in the 2013 World Baseball Classic and the 2015 Premier 12 and appeared in the 2007 Baseball World Cup.

van Mil died on 28 July 2019 from problems caused by a hiking injury at the age of 34.

References

1984 births
2019 deaths
Accidental deaths
Baseball players
People from Oss
Sportspeople from North Brabant
Deaths from head injury
Jaipal Reddy

Sudini Jaipal Reddy (16 January 1942 – 28 July 2019) was an Indian politician. He was the member of the Lok Sabha of India for five terms. 

He represented the Chevella constituency of Telangana and was a member of the Indian National Congress. 

He was a Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the I. K. Gujral cabinet in 1998. In 1999 he returned to Indian National Congress after 21 years. In 2004 he was re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha from Miryalaguda Lok Sabha Constituency and then he was a Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting and Union Minister for Urban Development in the United Progressive Alliance-1. 

In 2009 he was re-elected to the 15th Lok Sabha from the Chevella constituency and was a Union Minister for Urban Development and Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas. 

He was the Union Minister for the Ministry of Earth Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology from 29 October 2012 to 18 May 2014.

Reddy died on 28 July 2019 at a hospital in Hyderabad of pneumonia at the age of 77.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Indian politicians
Ruth de Souza

Ruth de Souza (May 12, 1921 – July 28, 2019) was a Brazilian actress. She was born in Rio de Janeiro. de Souza was known for her roles in The Landowner's Daughter, Macumba Love and in A Glass of Rage.

de Souza died of pneumonia on July 28, 2019 in Copacabana, Brazil at the age of 98.

References

Other websites 

1921 births
2019 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Rio de Janeiro
Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro

Copacabana () is a bairro (neighbourhood) located in the South Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is known for its 4 km (2.5 miles) balneario beach, which is one of the most famous in the world.

References

Neighborhoods
Rio de Janeiro
Egil Danielsen

Egil Danielsen  (9 November 1933 – 29 July 2019) was a Norwegian javelin thrower. He was born in Hamar, Norway. He competed at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics. He won the gold medal in 1956. Danielsen set a new world record at 85.71 m and won the gold medal. He could never reproduce that throw. For his Olympic victory and world record Danielsen was selected Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year in 1956.

He retired after the 1960 Olympics and focused on his family and work at the Hamar Fire Brigade. In the 2000s he was a minor political candidate for the Norwegian Pensioner Party.

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
Norwegian Olympians
Norwegian politicians
Living people
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Enrique Lafourcade

Enrique Eduardo Lafourcade Valdenegro (14 October 1927 – 29 July 2019) was a Chilean writer, critic and journalist. He was born in Santiago de Chile. Lafourcade published at least 24 novels (over 30 by some accounts) and over a dozen anthologies and collections of short stories and essays. His novel Palomita Blanca (1971) sold over a million copies, making it one of the all-time best sellers in Chile. He worked for the newspaper agency El Mercurio.

Lafourcade died on 29 July 2019 in Santiago at the age of 91.

References

1927 births
2019 deaths
Chilean writers
Critics
Chilean journalists
People from Santiago
Vasil Metodiev

Vasil Metodiev (; (6 January 1935 – 29 July 2019) was a Bulgarian football midfielder. He played for Bulgaria in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Lokomotiv Sofia. 

He was a coach of Levski Sofia, where he won three Bulgarian championships, two Bulgarian Cup titles, two Cup of the Soviet Army titles, including one treble. 

In 1984, as coach of Levski, he eliminated German champions VfB Stuttgart for the European Cup.

Metodiev died on 29 July 2019 in Sofia at the age of 84.

References

1935 births
2019 deaths
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgarian football managers
Mona-Liisa Nousiainen

Mona-Liisa Nousiainen (née Malvalehto; 20 July 1983 – 29 July 2019) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He  competed in the World Cup between 2002 and 2018. Nousiainen was born in Rovaniemi, Finland. In 1999, she won the Finnish Championship in accordion playing. She studied at the Sibelius Academy.

She announced her retirement from cross-country skiing after not being selected for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Nousiainen died on 29 July 2019 of cancer at the age of 36.

References

1983 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Finnish Olympians
Tuvya Ruebner

Tuvya Ruebner, also Rübner (; 30 January 1924 – 29 July 2019) was an Israeli poet, editor, translator and photographer. He was born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. He became a member of kibbutz Merhavia. For many years he was a schoolteacher and later lectured on literature at Haifa University.

References

1924 births
2019 deaths
Czechoslovak people
Israeli academics
Jewish academics
Jewish Israeli writers
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Bratislava
Photographers
Poets
Refugees from Nazism
Slovakian Jews
Teachers
Translators
Zdeněk Srstka

Zdeněk Srstka (26 September 1935 – 29 July 2019) was a Czech actor, stuntman and weightlifter. He starred in the movie Poslední propadne peklu under director Ludvík Ráža in 1982. He was born in Prague. He competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1960 Summer Olympics with the result of ninth place.

Srstka died on 29 July 2019 in Prague at the age of 83.

References

1935 births
2019 deaths
Olympians
Czech movie actors
Actors from Prague
Marcian Bleahu

Marcian David (Matty) Bleahu (14 March 1924, Brașov – 30 July 2019, Bucharest) was a Romanian geologist, speleologist, geographer, alpinist, explorer, writer and politician. He was well known for his scientific works to the development of the theories of global tectonics. He was a member of the Romanian Senate from 1990 to 2000.

Bleahu died in Bucharest on 30 July 2019 at the age of 95.

References

1924 births
2019 deaths
Geologists
European geographers
Romanian writers
Romanian politicians
Nick Buoniconti

Nicholas Anthony Buoniconti (December 15, 1940 – July 30, 2019) was an American professional football player. He was a middle linebacker in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). He played for the Boston Patriots and Miami Dolphins. He won two Super Bowls with the Dolphins. Buoniconti was added into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001.

Buoniconti died on July 30, 2019, in Bridgehampton, New York, at the age of 78.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
American activists
Miami Dolphins players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
People from Springfield, Massachusetts