cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mount Bures

Mount Bures is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. It is above the River Stour, north-west from Colchester and south-east of Sudbury.

Mount Bures takes its name from the "Mount" or "Mound" which is at the centre of the village, and "bur" which means building or dwelling. Mount Bures was previously called Bures Saint John, Little Bures or Bures Sackville to distinguish it from Bures Hamlet and Bures Saint Mary.

The railway opened in 1848 and runs through the centre of the village. The nearest railway station is at Bures Hamlet. The village has a church called St John's Baptist Church. It is close to the mount.

The parish has no main focus of settlement, but many scattered small settlements around tyes or greens; for example, Downing Tye, Mount Green, Janks Green, and Piotts Green. In 2011, there were 249 people living in Mount Bures.

Mount Bures has a rich historical background in relation to the Boudiccan revolt. The motte (mound) of Mount Bures is most commonly recognised as Boudicca’s Mount; due to the ideology that the queen’s warriors were buried here.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Bookmaker

A bookmaker, bookie or Turf Accountant is person or company that collect bets for sporting events. Bets are placed and winnings are paid when the chosen team wins or event happens. The most popular bet will be for winning team. If chosen team wins - person betting will win their money back with some earnings.

Bookmakers are very popular in UK and Ireland. The person betting can chose from many variations. Most bets are made in sports like football, horse racing and rugby. Some bets can be placed for events too, like Oscar or presidential winners.
The first bookmaker was Harry Ogden opened in 1790s.

References

Gambling
Financial occupations
Origen

Origen (or Origenes, also Origen(es) Adamantius) was an early Christian scholar. He lived in Alexandria in the 3rd century. He was born in the year 185 or 186, and proably died around the year 254. Today, he is regarded as one of the Church Fathers, but not as a Saint. This is probably because he had some ideas, which were declared to be false later on. These ideas included that the human soul existed before conception, and entered the human body before birth (generally known as pre-existence). Another idea was that of the souls  entering a different human body after death. A third idea, called Apocatastasis, is that the reign of god would be restored when the world ends. These ideas were discussed by church fathers, but it was decided that they were false beliefs. The Ecumenical Council  of Constantinople in 453 CE posthumously excommunicated Origen, and the 2nd Council of Constantinople in 553 CE declared apocatastasis as heresy. However, in recent years the idea has found some reconsideration especially among Restorationist Christian groups.

His writings are included in the general collection of early Church Fathers. However, unlike many church fathers, Origen was never canonized by the Catholic Church, because some of his teachings (for example, that every man and woman, and even the devil and his demons, would ultimately be saved) directly contradicted the teachings and actions of the apostles.

Origen wrote about many branches of theology, including textual criticism, biblical exegesis and hermeneutics, philosophical theology, preaching, and spirituality. Some of his teachings, however, quickly became controversial. Notably, he frequently referred to his hypothesis of the pre-existence of souls. In the beginning all intelligent beings were united to God. In his writingas, Origen also considered the possibility, that in the end all beings, perhaps even the arch-fiend Satan, would be reconciled with God in what is called the apokatastasis ("restitution"). 

Origen saw the Son of God as subordinate to God the Father. Even though this view of the Trinity was common at the time, it became controversial during the Arian controversy of the fourth century. A group who came to be known as Origenists, and who firmly believed in the preexistence of souls and the apokatastasis, were declared anathema in the 6th century. This condemnation is attributed to the Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (553), though it does not appear in the council's official documents.

References 

180s births
250s deaths
Christian theologians
Egyptian Christians
People from Alexandria
Ancient Roman writers
Angels & Insects

Angels & Insects is a 1995 romantic drama movie. The movie stars Mark Rylance, Kristin Scott Thomas and Patsy Kensit. It got good reviews from the critics.

1990s romantic drama movies
1995 movies
English-language movies
Before Sunrise

Before Sunrise is a 1995 romantic drama movie. The movie stars Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy. In the movie, a man named Jesse (Hawke) and a woman named Celine (Delpy) meet on a train and get off the train in Vienna. A romantic encounter begins from there. Before Sunrise was released January 27, 1995. It was very well liked by critics.

It was followed by sequels Before Sunset and Before Midnight.

Other websites 

1995 movies
1990s romantic drama movies
Multilingual movies
Vienna
American independent movies
Movies directed by Richard Linklater
Pope Lando

Pope Lando (913-14) (; died 914) was the 122nd Pope from July or August in 913 until February or March in 914.

History
Little is known about the short period during which Pope Lando was the head of the church.

Legacy
Lando was to be the last pope with a name that was completely unique until Pope Francis's election. Since then, there has not been another pope with the name Lando.

Until Pope John Paul I in 1978, Pope Lando was the last pope to use a papal name which had not been used by an earlier pope.

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence

Italian popes
Year of birth unknown
910s deaths
Point Place, Louisiana

Point Place is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. Point Place is the suburb of Natchitoches.

References

Census-designated places in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Sosúa

Sosúa is a Dominican municipality in the Puerto Plata province, on the north coast of the country.

Sosúa is a taíno name of the small river (Sosúa River) that crosses the city and ends in the Atlantic Ocean, on the western part of the Sosúa Bay.

Location
The municipality is surrounded by the Espaillat province to the east and to the south, the municipality of Puerto Plata to the west and the municipality of Villa Montellano to the northwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north of Sosúa.

Population
The city had, in , a total population of 29,653: 14,796 men and 14,857 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

Geography
Sosúa is along the Sosúa Bay, a small bay with two headlands: to the east is Punta Sosúa ("punta" is a Spanish word that means, in this case, a headland) that was named as Punta Seca ("Dry headland") by Columbus in his first visit to the island; and to the west is Punta Payne, in front of the Sosúa Beach.

The bay is divided in two smaller bays:
The western small bay, or Puerto Chiquito; it is the smaller of the two divisions of the bay and is where the Sosua River ends.
The eastern part, Puerto Grande or commonly named Puerto Sosúa, is larger and it was used as a port in the past; the Sosúa beach is here.

Sosúa has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of Puerto Plata . The city is about  from the Puerto Plata International Airport.

History
At the beginning of the 20th Century, the United Fruit Company began to grow bananas around the present Sosúa to send the fruits to the United States. The company had over 1.5 million banana plants, and in the year 1900 they sent thousands of fruits to the United States alone. Many people came to live here and to work with the company. United Fruit later closed the Sosúa banana operations in 1916.

Seven hundred and fifty German and Austrian Jews refugees came to the Dominican Republic between 1940 and 1945 to live in Sosúa. Here they created a dairy and cheese factory named "Productos Sosúa" that is still working. When the World War II ended, some of this refugees went to live to United States but many of them stayed in Sosúa.

On March 27, 1958, Sosúa became a Municipal District and later, on August 12, 1978, a municipality.

With the development of tourism in the mid 1980s in the country, Sosúa came to be one of the most important places for tourism in the northern coast.

Administrative division
The municipality of Sosúa has two municipal districts:

Economy
Even if agriculture and fishing were very important activities in the past, since the mid 1980s tourism has come to be most important economic activity, with several important hotels in the city and in places near Sosúa and Cabarete.

References

Other websites

Sosua Virtual Museum
Tropical Zion: General Trujillo, FDR, and the Jews of Sosúa  by Allen Wells 
Sosúa, Dominican Republic
Records of the Dominican Republic Settlement Association (DORSA) 1939-1977  American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1978 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Now and Then (movie)

Now and Then is a 1995 comedy-drama movie. It is about four women in two different time periods: 1970 and 1991. Demi Moore plays Samantha Albertson, Christina Ricci and Rosie O'Donnell play Roberta Martin, Thora Birch and Melanie Griffith act as Tina "Teeny" Tercell. Lolita Davidovich plays Samantha's mom. It was released on October 20, 1995. Reviews for this comedy-drama were very negative, although Now and Then has since become a classic.

1995 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Perseus Arm

The Perseus Arm is one of two major spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy. The second major arm is called the Scutum–Centaurus Arm.

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with two major arms and a number of minor arms or spurs. The Perseus Spiral Arm, with a radius of about 10,700 parsecs, is between the minor Cygnus and Carina–Sagittarius Arms. It is so named because it is seen in the same direction as the constellation Perseus.

The local spur known as the Orion–Cygnus Arm, which includes the Solar System and Earth, may be a branch of the Perseus Arm, but this is unconfirmed.

The Perseus Spiral arm contains a number of Messier objects:
The Crab Nebula (M1)
Messier 36
Messier 37
Messier 38
Messier 52
Messier 103
It also contains a star 100 times larger than the sun. AC130

References 

Local galaxies
Jack Greene

Jack Greene (January 7, 1930 - March 14, 2013) was an American country musician. His nickname was the "Jolly Green Giant" because of his height and deep voice. Greene was a long-time member of the Grand Ole Opry. He was nominated for three Grammy Awards.

Greene was born on January 7, 1930, in Maryville, Tennessee, he learned to play guitar at age ten. He was married to Barbara Stidham the mother of his 5 children, Wayne Greene, Lynn Greene (deceased), Tony Greene, Jan Greene & Marty Greene. Greene died on March 14, 2013 in his home in Nashville, Tennessee from Alzheimer's disease, aged 83.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 Profile at the Grand Ole Opry 

1930 births
2013 deaths
Country musicians from Tennessee
American singer-songwriters
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Beverly D'Angelo

Beverly Heather D'Angelo (born November 15, 1951) is an American actress. She acts mostly in movies. She first became well known in the 1983 movie National Lampoon's Vacation. She also acted in many other movies, particularly comedy movies. She was born in Columbus, Ohio.

D'Angelo was in the 1980 movie Coal Miner's Daughter. She shared the Country Music Association award for Album of the Year for that movie's soundtrack.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Ohio
1951 births
Living people
Staten Island Ferry

The Staten Island Ferry is a free ferry service that runs between the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Manhattan. The service started in 1817 as the Richmond Turnpike Company. It leaves and arrives in Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal near Battery Park City. In Staten Island, it leaves and arrives from the Saint George Ferry Terminal near Richmond Terrace. The trip takes around 25 minutes each way. Service is provided 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Late-night service is one trip per hour and, during rush hours, four per hour.

The ferry carries bicycles.  The ground entrance to the ferry is only for bicycle riders.  Automobiles were also carried for a fee of $3.00 per automobile.  This ended after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Over 21 million people ride the Staten Island Ferry a year. Around 75,000 ride on a weekday.

Other websites 

Staten Island Ferry

Transport in New York City
Ferry
Manhattan
1817 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in New York (state)
You Belong with Me

"You Belong with Me" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was written by Swift and Liz Rose, producer by Nathan Chapman and Swift.The song was released in 2009 in the United States. It is about a boyfriend having an argument with his girlfriend. The reviews of this song were mixed to positive. The song was also covered by Selena Gomez.

2009 songs
Taylor Swift songs
This Is 40

This is 40 is a 2012 American comedy drama movie. It is a spin-off to the movie Knocked Up. The movie stars Paul Rudd and Leslie Mann. Megan Fox and Melissa McCarthy also appear. It was released in December 2012 and received mixed reviews from critics.

Other websites 

2012 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Midlife crisis movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about marriage
Movies set in Los Angeles
My Girlfriend's Boyfriend (2010 movie)

My Girlfriend's Boyfriend is a 2010 romantic comedy movie. It is about a novelist and problems around him.  The movie stars Alyssa Milano, Beau Bridges and Carol Kane. It was released in May 2010 in the United States. The movie received very positive reviews from the critics.

2010s romantic comedy movies
2010 movies
English-language movies
Corcovado National Park

Corcovado National Park is a national park in Costa Rica. It was established on 24 October 1975. It has an area of 425 km² (263 mi²). National Geographic called this park "the most biologically intense place on Earth in terms of biodiversity". The park very popular with tropical ecologists. Visitor can see a lot of wildlife.

National parks in Costa Rica
Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica

The Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica is unicameral. It is the legislative branch of the government of Costa Rica. The Legislative Assembly's building is in San José city.

Costa Rica
Costa
Cruelty to animals

Cruelty to animals is when a person harms or even kills an animal or pet. There is a fine in some countries and in more serious cases one can go to jail. The animal that suffers could be stolen, or it could be the owner abusing their own pet. Some ways in which people could abuse the animal would be by locking it, keeping it tied to a chain, giving it little or no  food or water, kicking and hurting it, yelling and scaring it or leaving it outside in cold or hot weather for a long period of time. Sometimes people will also abandon their pet. Some examples of animal cruelty are neglect, hoarding, or physical abuse.

Related pages
Animal welfare
Animal rights
Veganism

Other websites
 Brute Ethics: animal ethics encyclopedia         
  
Animal rights
Types of crime
Rand Paul

Rand Paul (born January 7, 1963) is an American politician. He is the United States Senator from Kentucky (serving with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell). He is a Republican and the son of Ron Paul.

Paul is a member of the Tea Party movement.

Paul used to be a doctor. 

Paul was diagnosed in 2020 with the coronavirus, one of the first senators with it.

U.S. senator (2011-present)
Paul was sworn in on January 5, 2011, along with his father, who simultaneously served in the House of Representatives.

Rand was assigned to serve on the Energy and Natural Resources, Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, Homeland Security and Government Affairs, and Small Business committees. Paul also formed the Senate Tea Party Caucus.

For the 113th Congress, Paul was added to the Foreign Relations committee and retained his spot on the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, Homeland Security and Government Affairs, and Small Business committees.

On March 6–7, 2013, Paul engaged in a filibuster to delay voting on the nomination of John O. Brennan as the Director of the CIA. Paul  questioned the Obama administration's use of drones and the stated legal justification for their potential use within the United States. Paul held the floor for 12 hours and 52 minutes.

In the beginning of 2015, Senator Paul re-introduced the Federal Reserve Transparency Act.  Senator Paul also introduced the FAIR Act, or Fifth Amendment Integrity Restoration Act, which would restrict civil forfeiture proceedings.

On May 20, 2015, Paul spoke for ten and a half hours in opposition to the reauthorization of Section 215 of the Patriot Act. Sections of the Patriot Act were prevented from being reauthorized on 1 June.

2016 presidential race

Paul officially announced his candidacy for the 2016 U.S. presidential election on April 7, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016. His run to be the president only received 1 delegate. His campaign was under the Republican Party.

Personal life
Paul married Kelley Ashby in 1990. Together, they have three children.

On November 3, 2017, Paul was assaulted in his home by his 59-year old neighbor. The neighbor was arrested by state troopers, and was subsequently charged with one count of 4th degree assault. Although initial announcements stated that Paul had only minor injuries, subsequent news reports explained that he sustained five broken ribs.

Paul announced on March 22, 2020, that he had tested positive for coronavirus (COVID-19).

References

Other websites

 Senator Rand Paul official U.S. Senate website
 Rand Paul for President official campaign website

1963 births
Living people
American Presbyterians
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2016 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Kentucky
US Republican Party politicians
Irssi

irssi is an command-line IRC client. It is commonly used on Unix machines, but is also available for Windows.

Other websites 
 irssi website

IRC clients
Greedy (movie)

Greedy is a 1994 comedy movie. It is about greed between relatives of a business tycoon. Nancy Travis plays Robin and Michael J. Fox plays Danny. This comedy had mixed reviews and a weak box office revenue when it was released.

1994 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Lynn
Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian Academy of Sciences (, shortened to , RAN) is a network of scientific research institutes across the Russian Federation. consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the country. It also includes other scientific and social groups like libraries, publishing units and hospitals.

Like the French Academy of Sciences and unlike The Royal Society in Britain, the Russian Academy of Sciences has two types of membership. The top-level members are academicians (820 scientists, as of November 2021). The next-level members are corresponding members (1047 scientists). There are also professors of the RAN (603 scientists). 3 professors became academicians and 137 professors became corresponding members. These are now counted twice: as professors and as members. The last elections were organized in November 2019. To be elected to the Academy is a great honor for any researcher.

Other websites 

 RAS website
 Website of RAS management 
 RAS Institutes in the Ranking Web of Research Centers 
 Russian Space Science Internet Network
 Open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin from the Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
 Satellite photo of the RAS Main Building
 Satellite photo of the RAS Old Building

Buildings and structures in Moscow
Companies of Russia
National academies of sciences
Big Business (1988 movie)

Big Business is a 1988 American comedy movie set in  Two pairs of identical twin girls are switched at birth in West Virginia and go into two different settings in New York City. Bette Midler acts as Sadie, Lily Tomlin plays Rose. This movie was released in June 1988. It received lukewarm reviews by critics, although it performed quite well at the box office.

1988 comedy movies
1980s buddy movies
American buddy movies
1980s American comedy movies
English-language movies
Female buddy movies
Movies about sisters
Movies about twins
Movies based on plays
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1940s
West Virginia
Movies directed by Jim Abrahams
Solar car

Solar cars (or solar vehicles) are a special type of electric vehicle that only get their power from the sun.  They use solar cells on the surface of the car to produce electricity and the electricity makes a motor turn, and that turns the wheels.  They are not useful for normal driving, but once built, they can drive all day and not make any pollution.   There are also some solar-powered vehicles for unusual cases, like the first rovers on Mars.

Also, there are electric vehicles that can be charged from separate solar panels, and those panels can be as big as needed.  This can work to power an electric car for most daily needs.  But this is not called a solar car, since it doesn't have the solar panels right on the car.

History

The first competition was a trip from Sydney, Australia to Perth in 1983.

Competitions
There are now several competitions to see who can build the best solar-powered car.  Some of these are for college students, some are open to anybody.  It is not easy to build a good solar car. This is a good test of engineering skills, and helps improve the efficiency of cars and test solar equipment.
 World Solar Challenge - the biggest and toughest race is still in Australia 
 American Solar Challenge - cross country and race track races in the United States

References

Other websites

Race your own car 

Electric vehicles
Solar energy
Laws of Attraction

Laws of Attraction is a 2004 Irish-British-German romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about two high-profile divorce lawyers in New York City. It stars Julianne Moore, Pierce Brosnan and Parker Posey. The movie got bad reviews from critics when it was released, but it earned back its budget revenue.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

2004 romance movies
2004 comedy movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
British romantic comedy movies
Irish movies
German romance movies
German comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Don Keefer

Donald H. "Don" Keefer (August 18, 1916 – September 7, 2014) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in Death of a Salesman, Creepshow, The Twilight Zone, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Gunsmoke, and in Liar Liar.

Keefer was born on August 18, 1916 in Highspire, Pennsylvania. He studied at The Actors Studio. Keefer was married to Catherine McLeod from 1950 until her death in 1997. They had three children: Donald, John and Thomas.

Keefer died from natural causes on September 7, 2014 in Sherman Oaks, California. He was 98.

References

Other websites
 

1916 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
Deaths from natural causes
People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Fritz Weaver

Fritz William Weaver (January 19, 1926 – November 26, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his guest-star roles in The Twilight Zone, Night Gallery, The X-Files, Matlock, and Demon Seed. He was also known for his role as Dexter in Creepshow. He won a Tony Award in 1970.

Weaver was born on January 19, 1926 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Weaver studied at Peabody High School. He was married to Sylvia Short from 1953 until they divorced in 1979. Then he married Rochelle Oliver in 1997. Weaver had two children with Short.

From 1995 until his death, Weaver has worked primarily as a voice actor, providing narration for programs on the History Channel.

Weaver died at his home in Manhattan on November 26, 2016, aged 90.  No cause of death was immediately available.

References

Other websites

 

1926 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American television personalities
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Tony Award winning actors
Hans Schnitger

Henri Carel Willem "Hans" Schnitger (August 5, 1915 – March 2, 2013) was a Dutch field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Schnitger was a member of the Dutch field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played all five matches as forward.

Schnitger was born in Enschede, where he lived until his death on March 2, 2013 from natural causes, aged 97.

References

Other websites
profile
Hans Schnitger's obituary  

1915 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Dutch Olympic bronze medalists
Field hockey players
People from Enschede
Sportspeople from Overijssel
Chemtrail conspiracy theory

A chemtrail is a trail of chemicals left by an airplane at a high altitude. According to a conspiracy theory, the chemicals are said to be deliberately sprayed for reasons that are kept secret by the government. Most scientists and workers in the aviation industry say that the trails left by planes are just a form of condensation. These are called contrails (condensation trails).

People who believe the theory have speculated about what purpose chemtrails may serve. Some say it is to change the weather or stop global warming. Others say that it is to control the population by spreading chemicals that are harmful to the human reproductive system. Some more recent versions of the theory say that chemtrails are being spread by companies that make genetically-modified (GMO) crops. The chemtrails supposedly contain herbicides that will only kill normal (organic) crops and will not affect the genetically-modified crops.

Some claim that specially modified planes, supposedly owned and operated by the government, are necessary to create a chemtrail. The chemicals are said to either come from the engine or from special nozzles on the plane. In some versions of the theory, the chemical is said to be barium or a barium compound, but in other versions it is aluminum oxide, or a mixture of barium compounds and aluminum oxide.

Chemtrails are not to be confused with the spraying of chemicals over short distances at a low altitude, such as aerial firefighting or crop-dusting.

False evidence of chemtrails 

Several photographs on the Internet have been claimed to show the inside of planes that spread chemtrails. They show ballast barrels installed on the inside of the plane. In reality, these are photographs of test planes or firefighting planes. The real purpose of the barrels is to simulate the weight of passengers or cargo. The barrels are filled with water, and the water can be pumped from barrel to barrel to test different weight distributions while the aircraft is in flight.

References

Other websites 
 Chemtrail aircraft photos debunked

Conspiracy theories
Aviation
Robert Conquest

George Robert Acworth Conquest  (15 July 1917 – 3 August 2015), known as  Robert Conquest, was an English-American historian and poet. He was best known for his influential works of Soviet history. They include The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purges of the 1930s. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in November 2005.

Conquest was born on July 15, 1917 in Great Malvern, Worcestershire, England. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford. 

He was married to Joan Watkins from 1942 until they divorced in 1948. Then he was married to Tatiana Mihailova from 1948 until they divorced 1962. Then he was married to Caroleen MacFarlane from 1964 until they divorced in 1978. Then he was married to Elizabeth Neece Wingate from 1979 until his death in 2015. He had two sons from Watkins and one step-daughter from Wingate. 

Conquest died in Stanford, California from respiratory failure caused by Parkinson's disease at the age of 98.

References

Other websites
 Scourge and Poet, a profile of Robert Conquest
 articles by and about Robert Conquest at the New York Review of Books
 Where Ignorance Isn't Bliss, article by Robert Conquest at National Review Online 
 His biography  at the Hoover Institution
 Great Terror at 40 

1917 births
2015 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American historians
American poets
British historians
Deaths from respiratory failure
People with Parkinson's disease
English poets
Disease-related deaths in California
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Worcestershire
Alan Greenspan

Alan Greenspan (born March 6, 1926) is an American economist.

Early life
Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926 in New York City, New York to a Romanian-Hungarian-Jewish family. He studied at George Washington High School and at New York University.

Career
He was the Chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in November 2005.

Greenspan was first appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987. He was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006 after the second-longest tenure in the position.

Personal life
Greenspan was married to Joan Mitchell from 1952 until they annulled their marriage in 1953. He married Andrea Mitchell in 1997. He now lives in New York City and in Washington, D.C..

References

Other websites

Alan Greenspan's political donations  at NewsMeat.com
Statements and Speeches of Alan Greenspan
1996 speech by Greenspan about the challenges of central banking
2003 speech by Greenspan about "Market Economies and Rule of Law"
Greenspan Warns on Protectionism, BBC News, August 26, 2005
Alan Greenspan vs. Naomi Klein on the Iraq War, Bush’s Tax Cuts, Economic Populism, Crony Capitalism and More , Democracy Now, Sep 24, 2007

1926 births
Living people
American chief executives
American economists
Bankers
Chairs of the Federal Reserve
Businesspeople from New York City
Jewish businesspeople
Libertarians
New York University alumni
Republicans (United States)
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Ed Harris

Edward Allen "Ed" Harris (born November 28, 1950) is an American actor, writer, and director. He is best known for his roles in Pollock, Appaloosa, The Rock, The Abyss, A Beautiful Mind, A History of Violence, Enemy at the Gates, The Right Stuff, Gone Baby Gone, and Paris Trout. He won an Golden Globe Award, an Drama Desk Award, and an Screen Actors Guild Award.

Harris was born on November 28, 1950 in Inglewood, New Jersey. He was raised in Tenafly, New Jersey. Harris studied at Tenafly High School and at Columbia University. He married Amy Madigan in 1983. They have one daughter, Lily Dolores, born in 1993. Harris now lives in Los Angeles, California. His father was actor Bob L. Harris.

References

Other websites

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
Actors from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Drama Desk Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Module (mathematics)

In abstract algebra, a module is the generalization of a vector space. Modules are defined with respect to a ring. A vector space uses vectors and scalars, it defines the operations of additions and multiplication of these two. 

Modules also generalize the idea of abelian group. Abelian groups are modules over the ring of integers.

Mathematics
Moravia (canton)

Moravia is a canton in San José Province of Costa Rica.

References

San José Province
Cantons of Costa Rica
1914 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Costa Rica
Wild Orchid (movie)

Wild Orchid is an 1989 erotic suspense movie. It was directed by Zalman King. The movie stars Mickey Rourke, Carré Otis, Jacqueline Bisset, Bruce Greenwood, Oleg Vidov and Assumpta Serna. Wild Orchid deals with stalking, deception and blackmail in Rio de Janeiro. The first version of the movie was too sexual for an R rating. The MPAA threatened give the movie an X rating. King edited the movie down to get the R rating. The movie got very bad reviews by critics, including Roger Ebert, but it was successful in terms of international box office earnings.

References

Other websites 

1989 movies
1980s romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Rio de Janeiro
Amphitrite

Amphitrite was the Greek goddess of the sea springs and ocean life. Married to Poseidon, usually said to be a Nereid but sometimes said to be an Oceanid.

Greek gods and goddesses
Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology

The Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology (German: Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen) is an academic seminary in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

History
The school was founded in 1926 by the Society of Jesus.

Sank Georgen established a Jesuit theology program in 1951. 

In 1986, Pope Francis he began work on a doctorate degree at Sankt Georgen.

References

Other websites
Sankt Georgen website

1926 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Frankfurt
Colleges and universities in Germany
Education in Hesse
1920s establishments in Germany
Isthmus of Tehuantepec

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is an isthmus in Mexico. It is the shortest route between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Before the Panama Canal opened, it was a major shipping route known as the Tehuantepec Route

Geography of Mexico
Laura Chinchilla

Laura Chinchilla Miranda (born 28 March 1959) served as the President of Costa Rica from 2010 to 2014. She is Costa Rica's first female president. She is the sixth woman to be elected president of a Latin American country. She was one of Óscar Arias Sánchez's two vice presidents. She was his administration's Minister of Justice. She was the governing PLN candidate for President in the 2010 general election. She won with 46.76% of the vote.

Personal life
Chinchilla was born in Carmen Central, San José in 1959. Her father was Rafael Ángel Chinchilla Fallas. He was a former comptroller of Costa Rica. Her mother was Emilce Miranda Castillo. She married Mario Alberto Madrigal Díaz on 23 January 1982 and divorced on 22 May 1985. She had a son in 1996 with José María Rico Cueto, a Spanish lawyer who has a Canadian citizenship; Chinchilla married him on 26 March 2000. He died in April 2019, aged 84.

Political career
Chinchilla graduated from the University of Costa Rica. She received her master's degree in public policy from Georgetown University.
Before politics, Chinchilla worked as a NGO consultant in Latin America and Africa. She specialized in judicial reform and public security. She served in the José María Figueres Olsen administration as vice-minister for public security (1994–1996) and minister of public security (1996–1998). 

From 2002 to 2006, she served in the National Assembly as a deputy for the province of San José.

Chinchilla was one of two vice-presidents elected under the second Arias administration (2006–2010). She resigned the vice-presidency in 2008 in order to prepare her run for the presidency in 2010. On 7 June 2009 she won the Partido Liberación Nacional (PLN) primary with a 15% margin over her nearest rival, and was thus endorsed as the party's presidential candidate.

Her term ended in 8 May 2014.

References

1959 births
Presidents of Costa Rica
Living people
People from San José, Costa Rica
Finding Bliss

Finding Bliss is a 2009 movie. It is a romantic comedy about the adult film industry. The movie stars Leelee Sobieski, Denise Richards and Kristen Johnston. It was released in June 2010 in the United States. The movie was given very negative reviews by critics.

References

2000s romantic comedy movies
2009 movies
English-language movies
Battle of the Plains of Abraham

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was a battle between French and British soldiers that happened on September 13, 1759. It was part of the French and Indian War, which was part of the big Seven Years' War.  

The battle took place on a plateau close to the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec City. The plateau was on land that was once owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin. For this reason, the land was named “the Plains of Abraham.” 

Each side had about 4500 troops in the battle. The French soldiers, led by Louis de Montcalm, wore blue uniforms. The British soldiers, led by James Wolfe, wore red. Both leaders were young men. Both died in the battle. 

The French had a fort on the Plains of Abraham. From rumors and spies, they knew that the British were coming. But when the British arrived in June, the French were not prepared, and they did not have all their troops with them. Many of the French troops were not trained as well as the British troops. The British started a siege, which continued for three months.  

On September 13, the French attacked. The British resisted the attack. Eventually the British took control of the battle. The French retreated, and surrendered on September 18, 1759. 

The war continued in 1760, and the British captured Montreal and New France was defeated.  This took Canada away from France and made it part of the British Empire.  However, in North America, France still controlled the Louisiana Territory. 

Plains of Abraham
History of Canada
Quebec
1759
Seven Years' War
18th century in North America
September events
E. G. Marshall

E. G. Marshall (Everett Eugene Grunz; June 18, 1914 – August 24, 1998) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Lawrence Preston on The Defenders and as David Craig on The Bold Ones: The New Doctors. He won two Emmy Awards in 1962 and in 1963. He was also known for his roles in 12 Angry Men and Creepshow.

Marshall was born on June 18, 1914 in Owatonna, Minnesota to a Norwegian-German family. He studied at Carleton College and at the University of Minnesota.

Marshall was married to Helen Wolf from 1939 until they divorced in 1953. Then he was married to Emy de Haze Winkelman until they divorced. Then he was married to Judith Coy until his death in 1998. He had five children. Marshall died on August 24, 1998 in Bedford, New York from lung cancer, aged 84.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1914 births
1998 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
Actors from Minnesota
Emmy Award winning actors
Death Wish (series)

The Death Wish movie series is a series of action movies. It was created by Michael Winner in 1974. It is based on the book of the same name by Brian Garfield, written in 1972.

Main character 
The series is about Paul Kersey (played by Charles Bronson). Kersey kills criminals, including gangsters, drug dealers, murderers, and rapists. He kills them either because he is hired to do so by another person or for revenge. His wife, daughter, and some of his friends were killed by criminals. Their death made Kersey want to kill criminals. Many cops think that he is a criminal. Others think that he's helping. The movies are set in either New York City, Chicago or Los Angeles. The entire series lasted for twenty years. Bronson played Kersey in all five movies.

Kersey was born in New York City of the early 1920s. Kersey's father was an English-American who originated from Norman England. His mother comes from Provo, Utah. Kersey's Norman English ancestor, Pierre Whítmoré Keèrsye, changed his name to Kersey. Kersey served in World War II from 1944 to 1945. In 1953, he served in the Korean War in the medical corps. In the late 1950s, he went to New York City to settle down.

Movies

Movies
 Death Wish (1974) (directed by Michael Winner)
 Death Wish II (1982) (directed by Michael Winner)
 Death Wish 3 (1985) (directed by Michael Winner)
 Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1987) (directed by J. Lee Thompson)
 Death Wish V: The Face of Death (1994) (directed by Allan A. Goldstein)
 Death Wish (2018) (directed by Eli Roth)

References

Other websites 

Series of movies
American action movies
American crime thriller movies
Adrienne Barbeau

Adrienne Jo Barbeau (born June 11, 1945) is an American actress, singer, and writer. She is known for her roles in Creepshow, Grease, and in Escape from New York. She is known for her television roles in Maude and in Batman: The Animated Series.

Barbeau was born on June 11, 1945 in Sacramento, California. Her ancestry include Armenian, German, Irish, French, and Canadian. Barbeau was raised in San Jose, California. She studied at Del Mar High School. 

Barbeau was married to John Carpenter from 1979 until they divorced in 1984. Then she married Billy Van Zandt in 1992. She had one son with Carpenter and twin sons with Zandt. She now lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

General Hospital Happenings Interview, A Word with Adrienne Barbeau  (April 27, 2010)

Adrienne Barbeau website

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Singers from Sacramento, California
Writers from Sacramento, California
People from San Jose, California
Actors from Sacramento, California
Lame duck

A lame duck is an elected politician who is about to leave office, either because of term limits or because he/she lost an election.  Lame duck politicians sometimes don't get much accomplished. They sometimes make controversial decisions because they know it won't make them lose an election.

Politics
Cantons of Costa Rica

This is a list of the cantons of Costa Rica.

Costa Rica's seven provinces (provincias) are divided into 81 cantons. Cantons divided into districts (distritos).

Related pages
 Provinces of Costa Rica
 Districts of Costa Rica

References

 
Geography-related lists
Edge of Darkness (2010 movie)

Edge of Darkness is a 2010 drama thriller movie. It is about a detective who gets involved with the murder of his political activist daughter and gets caught up in conspiracy. The movie stars Mel Gibson. It was released in January 2010 in the United Kingdom and the United States. The reviews for this were mixed.  It earned $81 million in the box office.

References

2010 thriller movies
2010 drama movies
2010s drama thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
British thriller movies
British drama movies
English-language movies
Political movies
Going the Distance (2010 movie)

Going the Distance is a 2010 American romantic comedy movie directed by Nanette Burstein. It stars Drew Barrymore, Justin Long and Christina Applegate. It is about Erin, a graduate school student from San Francisco who meets a man in New York City and tries to keep the relationship going when she returns home. The movie was released in September 2010. It received mixed reviews from critics, but did very well at the box office.

Other websites 

2010 comedy movies
2010 romance movies
2010s romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in San Francisco
Gyroscope

A gyroscope is a device used to measure or maintain an angular position. It works using the principles of angular momentum. The gyroscope is made up of a spinning wheel or disc, as well as (in some cases) many other moving parts. It helps with navigation, and plays a part in such things as a gyrocompass and artificial horizon.

Machines
Measuring tools
Heart Attack (song)

"Heart Attack" is a 2013 single from singer Demi Lovato. It is about heart issues being caused from lovesick feelings. This single became a hit in certain areas and a strong charting song overall. It received good reviews from music critics.

2013 songs
Pop songs
Areyonga, Northern Territory

Areyonga (also called  in Pitjantjatjara) is a small town in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located about 220 km west of Alice Springs. About 300 people live in the town, most of whom are Aboriginal. The people are mostly Pitjantjatjara, with some Arrernte and Walpiri families. The town is governed by Areyonga Aboriginal Community.

Areyonga was founded during the 1920s. A long drought forced Pitjantatjara families to leave Kaḻṯukatjara and other places in the Petermann Ranges. They originally moved to Hermannsburg and then set up a new community at Areyonga. A Lutheran mission was established in the settlement in the 1940s. In the 1970s, many people from the mission moved back to the community at Kaḻṯukatjara. The Lutheran mission at Areyonga was closed in 1990, and the land was given back to the native people as part of the Haasts Bluff Aboriginal Land Trust.

References

Other websites
Community profile  on the MacDonnell Shire website
Areyonga School 

Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Ross and Cromarty

Ross and Cromarty is an area of the Highlands of Scotland. It has many mountains and few people.

Related pages
Wester Ross

Other websites
Ross and Cromarty Heritage

Geography of Scotland
Irrunytju, Western Australia

Irrunytju (also called Wingellina) is a small Aboriginal community  in Western Australia. It is located in the Goldfields-Esperance region, about  southwest of the Surveyor Generals Corner (where the borders of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory meet). There are about 150 people living in the community, most of whom are Ngaanyatjarra.

The town is surrounded by the Wingellina Hills, a set of large granite hills with mulga and mallee growth. The name of the community, , comes from the name of a sacred site located in the hills to the south.

History 
The area was part of the Central Australia Aboriginal Reserve when the reserve was created in 1922. In 1955, however, the borders of the reserve were moved to allow for mining and prospecting, mostly of nickel. Mining camps were set up in the area around what is now Irrunytju. In response, Aboriginal families moved to settle around these camps. Some got jobs with the miners and were paid in food rations; others were simply there to protect places of spiritual importance from outsiders. Some companies took steps to make sure their miners respected these sites; other companies did not, and several sacred sites were damaged during this period. The area was made part of the reserve again in 1972.

Once the miners left, the Aboriginal families stayed and built a permanent settlement using what was left from the mining camps (shelters, bores, etc.). The community was also given money from the federal government to help establish a permanent settlement. The community became incorporated in 1976. It became a member of the Ngaanyatjarra Council in 1981.

Irrunytju has remained on Aboriginal land since 1972. Economic activities in the area are governed under the Ngaanyatjarra Indigenous Land Use Agreement, formed in 2006. The community maintains many traditional activities, such as hunting and gathering bush tucker. The community has had its own art centre, Irrunytju Arts, since 2001.

References

Other websites 
Irrunytju Community Resource Centre 
Profile from the Ngaanyatjarra Council website

Towns in Western Australia
Indigenous Australian communities