cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Viral life cycle

Viruses are near the same to living organisms, however there are differences.  One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to make more of themselves. A virus cannot survive on its own. It is only active when reproducing within a host, using a hosts' resources and food. Once inside a host, a virus's main purpose is to make as many copies of itself, and infect other host cells; everything it does is to benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring.

Overview 
The viral life cycle is dependent on a host cell. A virus is not able to replicate on its own or use "raw" materials on which to survive. A virus will remain dormant until it is able to infect the next host, activate and replicate. Some viruses can live in an open place for a short time, in some cases, only a few hours. Viruses use the most efficient method to locate a host, create copies, and spread to other hosts.

Exposure of host 
Usually viral infections occur when a virus enters the host:

 through a physical breach (a cut in the skin)
 direct inoculation (e.g.mosquito bite moves the virus from the mosquito mouth into the human, or animal host.) )
 direct infection of the surface itself (the animal or human breathes (inhales) of the virus into trachea)
It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to cells in order to invade.

Viral Entry 

In order for the virus to make copies and infect, it must enter cells of the host animal and use those cells' materials. In order to enter the cells, proteins found on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or , occurs between the viral part and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where viral reproduction may start.

Viral replication 

Next, a virus must take control of the host cell's replication mechanisms. It is at this stage a distinction between susceptibility and permissibility of a host cell is made. Permissibility determines how the infection will progress. After control is taken by the virus and the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself, replication occurs quickly.

Viral shedding 

After a virus has made many copies of itself, it usually has used up the cell's resources. The cell is now no longer useful to the virus, therefore it must find a new host. The process by viral copies are released to find new hosts, is called shedding. This is the final stage in the viral life cycle.

Viral latency 

Some viruses can "hide" inside another cell, either to defend itself against the host cell defenses or immune system, or because it is not in the best interest of the virus to make more copies at the time.  This hiding is called latency. During this time, the virus will not produce any copies, it will remain inactive until external stimuli (such as light or stress) prompts it into activation, or the restart of the life cycle.

References 

Virology
Colias palaeno

The Colias palaeno (also known as Moorland Clouded Yellow, Palaeno Sulphur, or Pale Arctic Clouded Yellow) is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. As most Colias-species, it can fly very fast.

Pieridae
Rod Taylor

Rodney Sturt "Rod" Taylor (11 January 1930 – 7 January 2015) was an Australian actor of movie and television. He appeared in over 50 movies, including leading roles in The Time Machine, Seven Seas to Calais, The Birds, Sunday in New York, Young Cassidy, Dark of the Sun, The Liquidator, and The Train Robbers.

Taylor suffered a heart attack and died on 7 January 2015 in Los Angeles, California, United States, at the age of 84.

Filmography 

King of the Coral Sea (1953) (film debut)
Long John Silver (1954)
Top Gun (1955)
World Without End (1956)
The Catered Affair (1956)
Giant (1956)
Raintree County (1957)
Separate Tables (1958)
Ask Any Girl (1959)
The Time Machine (1960)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) (voice-Pongo)
The Birds (1963)
A Gathering of Eagles (1963)
The V.I.P.s (1963)
Sunday in New York (1963)
Fate Is the Hunter (1964)
36 Hours (1965)
Young Cassidy (1965)
The Liquidator (1965)
Do Not Disturb (1965)
The Glass Bottom Boat (1966)
Hotel (1967)

Chuka (1967)
Dark of the Sun (a.k.a. The Mercenaries) (1968)
The High Commissioner (a.k.a. Nobody Runs Forever) (1968)
Zabriskie Point (1970)
Darker Than Amber (1970), as Travis McGee
Powderkeg  (1971) (TV)
Family Flight  (1972) (TV)
The Train Robbers  (1973)
Trader Horn  (1973)
The Deadly Trackers  (1973)
A Matter of Wife... And Death (1976)
The Oregon Trail (1976) (TV)
The Picture Show Man (1977)
Cry of the Innocent  (1980)
A Time to Die  (1982)
Terror in the Aisles (1984)
Time Machine: The Journey Back  (1993) (documentary)
Point of Betrayal  (1995)
Welcome to Woop Woop  (1998)
The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy (1998) (TV)
KAW  (2007)  (TV)
Inglourious Basterds  (2009)

TV shows
Taylor has had several lead roles in television, from the early 1960s to the early 2000s.  Among his TV shows are:
The Twilight Zone (1959, CBS)
Hong Kong with co-star Lloyd Bochner (1960, ABC)
Bearcats! (1971, CBS)
The Oregon Trail as Evan Thorpe, a widower taking his three children from their Illinois farm to the Pacific Northwest by way of the Oregon Trail (1977, NBC)
Masquerade (1983)
Outlaws (1986)

References

Other websites 

Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Radio actors
1930 births
2015 deaths
Pop (television channel)

Pop is a UK children's channel that airs many children’s cartoons. It has won a lot of awards and prizes.

History 
Pop was called Toons & Tunes sometime before 2003, but in June 2003, it changed its name to Pop. At first it was just music videos but in early 2004 it started to show cartoons. These include things like Archie's Weird Mysteries, The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 etc.; The music videos were kept but all disappeared in mid 2006. They were brought back in 2007 but only during a slot called Pop Party. Also changes have been made to the logo throughout the years. To start with, it showed letters being replaced by balloons, it was all in lower case, and it had no exclamation mark but in October 2006, a change was made. It was now white letters on an orange background. They were in 3D now. The exclamation mark was added and the letters were now all done in upper case. Due to copyright reasons on the music that got changed in 2007. In 2008 Pop's logo yet again changed. It used to be coloured letters on a blue background but the background disappeared and the letters were now all red. This is its current logo but the old one is still on the pop website.

Programming 
Pop Aires many cartoons, so here they are:
Backyard Science (March 2009-Present) (Now on Nicktoons)
Clang Invasion (February 2010-February 2011)
Cosmic Quantum Ray (August 2009-December 2010)
Erky Perky (February 2010-January 2012)
Fairly Tale Police Department (September 2009-May 2011)
Kong:The Animated Series (July 2008-November 2010)
NanoBoy (October 2009-September 2011)
Oggy And The Cockroaches(January 2008-December 2014)
Pet Alien (September 2010-September 2011)
Pop Party (January 2008-January 2009)
Captain Biceps (October 2010-January 2012)
Tootuff (Season 1+2 October 2006- November 2010,Season 3 October 2008-January 2012)
SamSam (October 2010)
Sonic The Hedgehog(February 2004)
Adventures Of Sonic The Hedgehog (September 2003-May 2005)
Sonic Underground (January 2004-September 2008)
Super Mario Brothers(September 2003-February 2005)
The Adventures Of Super Mario Bros 3(November 2006)
Captain N And The New Super Mario World(November 2010)
Tracey McBean (August 2010-January 2012)
Trap Door (August 2010-February 2011)
Winx Club (April 2009-January 2012)
Former Shows
Ruby Gloom (September 2008-November 2010)
The Shawn Mendes Show (October 2009-July 2011)

Popfun.co.uk 

Not long after the launch of Tiny pop's website, Pop had its own channel launched too. It features a fun and games bit, a what's on bit, a competitions page, and the logo. The games are things like Oggy Moshi, and things like that.

British television networks
Quantum of Solace

Quantum of Solace is a James Bond movie, featuring lead actor, Daniel Craig. Bond fights with business man Dominic Greene. A "quantum of solace" is a complicated way of saying "A small moment of peace".

Other websites 

2008 action movies
2000s adventure movies
2000s crime thriller movies
2000s spy movies
James Bond movies
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in South America
English-language movies
Movies directed by Marc Forster
Tonian

The Tonian was the first geological period in the Neoproterozoic era. It lasted from 1000 million years ago (mya) to 720 mya. The supercontinent Rodinia began breaking in this period. Acritarchs radiated during the Tonian.

References 
 

Neoproterozoic
Geography of the United States

The United States is the third or fourth biggest country in the world. Only Russia and Canada are bigger. If you do not count the area of the Great Lakes, China is also bigger. Its geography varies a lot. The area is about 3,717,000 square miles, or about 9,629,000 square kilometers. The highest point is Mount McKinley, Alaska and the lowest point is Death Valley, California.

 There are meadows and forests on the East Coast,
 The Appalachian Mountains in the east
 The Great Plains in the middle of the country,
 The Mississippi-Missouri river, in the middle
 The Rocky Mountains west of the plains
 Deserts and coastal areas west of the Rocky Mountains
 Forests in the Pacific Northwest
 Arctic regions of Alaska
 Volcanic islands in Hawaii, which is not geographically part of the Americas.

The geographic center is in Butte County, South Dakota. The geographic center of the 48 states is in Smith County, Kansas.

Physical geography 
There is a general rule of thumb which explains why so much of the land is close to sea level in the East, and so mountainous in the West. It is as follows.

The Americas have been moving west for over 100 million years. The movement has buckled up and collected geological plates in the West, and spread out the land in the East. This has resulted in a series of mountain ranges all down the West of the Americas, and mostly low-lying land in the East. In fact, the only high land in the East of the U.S. is where there is a very ancient ground-down mountain range known as as the Allegheny Mountains. What is now the Alleghenys was once part of the great Appalachian orogeny (mountain building) about 300 million years ago. What remains now is just the ground-down roots of this ancient mountain chain. In the top-most physical map the red-brown areas are high land.

Climate
The climate varies along with the geography, from tropical (hot and wet in summer, warm and dry in winter) in Florida and Hawaii to tundra (cold all year) in Alaska. Large parts of the country have warm summers and cold winters. Most of the northern U.S. gets snow in winter. Some parts of the western United States, like parts of California, have a Mediterranean climate. The southeastern United States can get hurricanes. Parts of the southern United States are subtropical (hot in summer and cool in winter). Tornadoes happen a lot in the Midwest.

The highest recorded temperature is 134 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) and the lowest recorded temperature is -80 degrees Fahrenheit (-62 degrees Celsius).

Gallery

Sources
Wilhelm Röntgen

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845  10 February 1923) was a German physicist who discovered X-rays. In 1901, he was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Early life
Röntgen was born at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. His father was a manufacturer and dealer of cloth. His mother was of an old Lennep family which had settled in Amsterdam. Röntgen was three when his family moved to Apeldoorn in The Netherlands.

Education
In Apeldoorn, he attended the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, a boarding school. In 1862, he attended a technical school at Utrecht, but was expelled. He then entered the University of Utrecht in 1865 to study physics.

He entered the Polytechnic at Zurich as a student of mechanical engineering. He worked in the laboratory of Kundt. In 1869 he graduated Ph.D. at the University of Zurich. He became Kundt's assistant and went with him to Würzburg. Three years later, they went to Strasbourg.

Career
Röntgen held positions in various European universities, but his fame rests with his discovery of (what he called) x-rays. He received many honours and awards, doctorates, and honorary doctorates. He was a modest man who enjoyed the outdoors and mountain climbing.

Personal
Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig (m. 1872, d. 1919) and had one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig. The child was adopted at age 6, in 1887. She was the daughter of Georges's brother.

Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine in Munich, Germany, aged 77.

References 

1845 births
1923 deaths
German academics
German Nobel Prize winners
German physicists
Henri Becquerel

Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with Marie Curie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity in 1896. This happened when a piece of pitchblende ruined some photographic film and he investigated. Other scientists had seen film similarly ruined but did not discover why.

The SI unit becquerel named after him. One becquerel (Bq) is equal to one radioactive decay process per second. He was the third person in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

References 

1852 births
1908 deaths
French academics
French Nobel Prize winners
French nuclear physicists
Scientists from Paris
Philosophical skepticism

Philosophical skepticism (Greek σκέψις - skepsis meaning "enquiry") is a school of philosophical thought of skepticism that began in Ancient Greece and a method that crosses many different cultures. Many skeptics examine the meaning systems of their times, and this can often result in a position of doubt. This skepticism can be either disbelief in philosophical solutions, agnosticism, or even rejecting the reality of the outside world. One kind of scientific skepticism talks about looking into claims that lack evidence that can be seen.

In Islamic philosophy, philosophical skepticism was started by Al-Ghazali, known in the West as "Algazel", as a part of the orthodox Ash'ari school of Islamic theology. It has been said that Rene Descartes' ideas in Discourse on the Method may have been influenced by Al-Ghazli.

References 

Philosophical movements and positions

pl:Sceptycyzm#Sceptycyzm filozoficzny
List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2009–14

This is a list of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) for the United Kingdom in the 2009 to 2014 session.  They are listed in order by their last name.

Full MEPs

Current members 
This table can be sorted by constituency, party or party group: click the symbol at the top of the column for each.

 
British politicians
Lists of politicians
United Kingdom-related lists
King River (Victoria)

King River is a river in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It flows into the Ovens River and which then joins the Murray River at Echuca. The King River is used for kayaking with many level two and three rapids.  In 2008 it was the site for the Victorian and Australian Downriver Championships. The King Valley is a beautiful, cool climate wine grape growing area.

King Valley History
The King Valley has been described as a little part of Italy, set in the hills of north east Victoria, south of Wangaratta. This area has a history which includes bushrangers, the Chinese and Italians. The Chinese came from the gold fields in the mid 1800s and worked as farmers growing vegetables and tobacco. The were also Chinese merchants, selling their goods as they moved around the valley in horse pulled wagons. Roads in the valley today carry the names of the more important families like Mahlooks, Honey and Fosangs.

The Italians came to the area in the 1940s and 50's and like the Chinese grew tobacco. They soon saw that it was a good place to grow wine grapes. The valley has become famous for its different wines, such as sangiovese, nebbiolo and barbera. The vineyards have Italian names like Pizzini, Dal Zotto, Corsini, Sartori, Ciccone and Politini. The King Valley has some of the highest altitude vineyards in Australia. 

Whitfield and Moyhu are the major towns in the King Valley along the road from Wangaratta or Mansfield. 

Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
Placoderm

The Placoderms (Placodermi: Greek = plated skin) were a class of armoured prehistoric fish, which lived from the mid Silurian to the end of the Devonian period. Their head and thorax were covered by armoured plates; the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish, the Gnathostomata. A 380 million year old fossil of one species is the oldest-known example of live birth.

The placoderms were hugely successful in the Devonian period, which is sometimes called the 'Age of Fish'. In the Upper Devonian, a series of extinction events devastated the marine fauna. As the placoderms were predators, this caused a swift decline in their numbers, and the class was entirely extinct by the end of the Devonian.

The main source of placoderm fossils is the Old Red Sandstone continent. This, in the Devonian, was a united North America and western Europe and the continental shelf areas around it. Fossils from these strata in Scotland were collected since the 18th century, and Louis Agassiz wrote the first survey of fossil fish. A century later, Eric Stensiö showed that placoderms were genuine jawed fish.

Remarkable fossils have more recently been found in the Gogo formation of northern Western Australia. This is a former Upper Devonian reef system, where well-preserved fossils of 25 species have been found. The relationship between the placoderm and other jawed fish is still not clear. Most placoderms were benthic predators, near the bottom of the water column. The largest types, such as Dunkleosteus and Gorgonichthys were 6 metre-long top predators in the middle and upper pelagic zones.

Related pages 
 Materpiscis

References 

Fossils
Ixia

Ixia is a genus of plants in the family Iridaceae.

All of these plants are herbs with corms. The plants grows in South Africa. In total, there are 40-60 species.

Common names for this kind of flower are Corn lily and African Corn-Lily and Wand flower.

The leaves look like swords. The flowers look like stars.

Some species of Corn lilies are cultivated as garden plants and houseplants.

References

Other websites 

 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Ixia 
 ITIS: Ixia
 NCBI: Ixia

Iridaceae
Teleost

Teleosts are the dominant fish of the present day. They arose in the Mesozoic era, and include 20,000 living species. The oldest teleost fossils date back to the late Triassic. They evolved from fish like bowfins in the clade Holostei. During the Mesozoic and Cainozoic they diversified. 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts.

They are, in order of evolution, vertebrates, jawed fish (Gnathostomata), bony fish (Osteichthyes) and ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii).

Teleosts have a movable jaw and changes in the jaw muscles. These changes make it possible for them to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth. This adaptation improves their ability to grab fast-moving prey.

Date of origin 
The date of origin of the teleosts is a difficult problem. Two kinds of evidence are available. There is evidence from the fossil record, in which the first teleost comes from the late Triassic period.

This date is somewhat later than molecular divergence time estimates (molecular clock). A recent paper finds that fossil dates and molecular clock dates are similar to each other. These researchers atate:
"Divergence times estimated from relaxed-molecular clock analyses yield a comprehensive time-scale of actinopterygian diversification that is remarkably close to ages inferred from the fossil record".

Teleost superorders 
Teleostei
 Osteoglossomorpha (freshwater elephantfish, mooneyes, Arapaima)
 Elopomorpha (eels)
 Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
 Ostariophysi (carp, goldfish, minnows, catfish, piranha, electric eels)
 Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
 Stenopterygii (marine hatchetfish)
 Cyclosquamata (Bombay duck. lancetfish)
 Scopelomorpha (lanternfish)
Lampridiomorpha (ribbonfish)
 Polymyxiomorpha (beardfish)
 Paracanthopterygii (cavefish, cod, anglerfish)
 Acanthopterygii (mullet, silverside, dory, flyingfish, stickleback, seahorse)
 16 Orders, and especially the Order Perciformes (40% of all fish): bass, cichlid, mackerel, tuna, perch, filefish, pufferfish, flatfish, goby, blenny, whiting, wrasse)

References
Fresh water

Fresh water (also 'freshwater' or 'fresh-water') is water that does not have a lot of salt in it.

When people say 'fresh water', they usually mean water from the lakes, rivers, snow, and ice, which is not salty.  It also can mean water that people can drink. The oceans and seas are made up of salt water, which people cannot drink.   

People cannot drink all fresh water, because it might be contaminated. It might have harmful bacteria in it, or poisonous because of chemicals it contains. Water from a tap has been tested and treated so that it is safe to drink. This applies to most countries, but in some place the water needs to be boiled first to kill the germs and drunk after it has cooled down.

Fresh water that people can drink safely is called 'potable water'.  Desalination can turn salt water into drinkable water.

What causes water scarcity is the mismatch between fresh water demand and availability. What this means is that there is fresh water available, but not always where it is most needed.

In many countries the water used by people is recycled water. People pay for water supply which is safe to drink. Water theft also happens. Thames Water thinks water loss by theft is significant. Waste water (sewage) is treated to purify the water. That is why people are charged for the supply of pure water.

Related pages 
 Sewage treatment
 Water cycle
 Salinity
 Snow

References 

Water
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is a video game made by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released in 2002, for the PlayStation 2 and for personal computers. It is part of the Grand Theft Auto series of video games. It takes place in the 1980's in a fictional place called Vice City. This fictional city is based on the real-life city called Miami which is in Florida.

Gameplay 
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is an action-adventure game played from a third-person view. The player controls criminal Tommy Vercetti and completes missions to progress through the story. Players can freely walk around the game's open world and can complete side missions too. Vice City has two main islands and some smaller islands. The islands are unlocked for the player as the story progresses.

The player can run, jump, and drive vehicles. The player uses melee attacks, firearms and explosives to fight enemies. 

During the story, Tommy meets different gangs. As the player completes missions for different gangs, some gang members will defend the player and some rival gang members will see the player and shoot them. 

As Tommy builds his criminal empire, the player can buy a number of buildings in the city, some are where weapons can be collected and vehicles can be stored. There are also businesses which can be purchased. 

Each building has a number of missions, once all missions are complete, the building begins to generate an ongoing income for the player.

Characters 

Tommy Vercetti
Lance Vance
Ken Rosenberg
Kent Paul
Sonny Forelli
Juan Gàrcia Cortez
Mercedes Cortez
Ricardo Diaz
Avery Carrington

Umberto Robina
Auntie Poulet
Earnest Kelly
Stephen Scott
Mitch Baker
Phil Cassidy
Hillary King
Cam Jones

References 

2002 video games
Grand Theft Auto
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
MacOS games
PlayStation 2 games
Windows games
Xbox games
WrestleMania XXVII

WrestleMania XXVII was the twenty-seventh yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia.

Production 

In September 2009, it was reported that the city of Atlanta was wanting to have WrestleMania XXVII at the Georgia Dome. A press conference was held on February 1, 2010 at the Georgia Dome to officially announced the event for Atlanta; this will be the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Georgia. Along with WrestleMania XXVII, a group of events known as "WrestleMania Week" will be held in the week before the event including WrestleMania's yearly WrestleMania Axxess fan convention, the 2011 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony, the fourth yearly WrestleMania Art showing and auction, and a Celebrity Pro-Am Golf tournament. According to the president of the Atlanta Sports Council, Gary Stokan, WrestleMania Axxess is planned to be held at the Georgia World Congress Center, while the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony will take place either at the Fox Theatre or at Philips Arena.

Between 15 and 20 cities were thought of to host the event, with fewer than half of the people thought of invited to explain why they should hold the event at WWE's headquarters at Stamford, Connecticut. Atlanta's main rival to hosting the event was the city of Miami, Florida who wanted to host the event at Sun Life Stadium along with WrestleMania Axxess at the Convention Center and the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the American Airlines Arena. Miami was later given WrestleMania XXVIII.

Attendance record controversy 
During the pay-per-view, Justin Roberts announced a new Georgia Dome entertainment attendance record of 71,617. But a Billboard.com article claims a Backstreet Boys concert had 73,337 people in attendance. WWE says in their official press release that the Backstreet Boys concert only had 65,658 people in attendance. WWE's number was later confirmed by officials at the Georgia Dome.

Matches

References

Other websites 
 The Official Website of WrestleMania

2011 in professional wrestling
Sports in Atlanta, Georgia
WrestleMania
21st century in Atlanta, Georgia
2011 in the United States
2010s in Georgia (U.S. state)
Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a concept used in science and engineering when heat and work need to be calculated. The name comes from the Greek word "enthalpos" (ενθαλπος), meaning "to put heat into". The idea and the word were made up by the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909.

When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work was added or removed from the substance.

Enthalpy is similar to energy, but not the same. When a substance grows or shrinks, energy is used up or released. Enthalpy accounts for this energy. Because of this, scientists often calculate the change in enthalpy, rather than the change in energy.

Consider a system containing a fixed amount of gas. Any heat energy entering the system will:

1) Increase the Internal Energy of the gas

or

2) Lead to some work being done to expand the system.
The work done is the product of pressures and volume. Enthalpy takes both these factors into account, therefore:
    Enthalpy (H)= Internal Energy (E) + (Pressure(P) x Volume (v)); H = E + (P x V)

Enthalpy and chemical reactions
When a chemical reaction happens, a substance can become warmer or colder. As a result, heat will flow to things around it, or from things around it, until its temperature is the same again. If the pressure stays the same, this amount of heat tells how much the enthalpy changed.

For example, if gasoline is burned in the open air, heat is released by the gasoline. If we suppose 100 kilojoules of heat were released, then the enthalpy of the gasoline was reduced by 100-kilo joules. Therefore the change in enthalpy for this reaction was ∆H = –100 kJ.

If a chemical reaction gives off heat (warming its surroundings), then the enthalpy of the reaction is said to have decreased. The value of ∆H is negative. This kind of reaction, like the example above, is called exothermic.

If a chemical reaction absorbs heat (cooling its surroundings), then the reaction's enthalpy has increased. The value of ∆H is positive. This is called an endothermic reaction.

Related pages
Thermodynamic potential
Entropy
Gibbs free energy

Thermodynamics
MRSA

MRSA is a strain of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This is a bacterium which causes infections in different parts of the body. It is tougher to treat than other strains of Staphylococcus aureus – or 'staph' – because it is resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. In fact, it is now resistant to all forms of penicillin and cephalosporin.

The symptoms of MRSA depend on where the infected is. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, causing pimples, boils or pus. However, it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

Though most MRSA infections are not serious, some can be life-threatening. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it is hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug".

Causes 
Garden-variety staph are common bacteria which may live on our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it. In fact, 25-30% of us have staph bacteria in our noses.

But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia.

Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics that once destroyed it. MRSA was first discovered in 1961. It's now resistant to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and many other antibiotics.

While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a tough time keeping up.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Colony (biology)

A colony in biology refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together. 

Usually the members of a colony are genetically linked by common heredity. Sometimes, as in bryozoa, they are genetically identical clones, sometimes as in eusociality, they are members of an extended family. Sometimes, as with the Portuguese Man o' War, the members of the colony are joined together as one individual, which operates as a single unit.

Most of the colonies in the groups listed below build a common structure or nest. Sometimes they are linked only by their behaviour. The close integration of termites, ants, bees and wasps is called eusocial.

The term applies mostly to animals, though there are some protists and prokaryotes which live as colonies.

Groups with colonial species 
Bryozoa
Choanoflagellata
Cnidaria
Corals
Portuguese Man o' War
Entoprocta
Graptolites
Insecta
Isoptera
Hymenoptera
Ants
Bees
Wasps
Phoronida
Sponges
Tunicates

Zoology
Scale model

A scale model is a copy of an object that is bigger or smaller than the real size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the real object and used as a guide to making the object in full size. Scale models are made or collected for many reasons. You can also use it with math. 

Architecture
Modeling
Give It All

"Give It All" is a song by the punk band Rise Against. It was released as a single from the album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture, in 2004. It is a fast paced song with a slower, chant-along bridge, running at two minutes and fifty seconds. It got to number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.

Rise Against
Bavarian State Library

The Bavarian State Library  (Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, BSB) in Munich is the state library of Bavaria. It is an important universal library. In mid 2012, there were about 9.3 million books in the library. The oldest of them are from the Middle Ages.  

There are also about 90,000 manuscripts in the library. Among these are the Codex Aureus, an illustrated gospel book from the 10th century, one of the three surviving versions of the Nibelungenlied, and the Carmina Burana. It also contains about a third of the surviving early prints, known as Incunables. Among them is the Gutenberg Bible. 

A law was introduced in 1639. This law says that two copies of each book published in Bavaria must be given to the state library for free.

Buildings and structures in Munich
Libraries in Germany
Chris Hardwick

Christopher Ryan Hardwick is an actor/comedian. He is best known for performing with Mike Phirman in Hard 'n Phirm, hosting Singled Out, Wired Science, Web Soup, and The Nerdist Podcast, and the current voice of Otis in Back at the Barnyard. He often shows up at G4TV studio as a guest on Attack Of The Show. He also does the Nerdist podcast which is a podcast discussing daily life, comedy, pop culture, and includes interviews with other celebrities. In 2011 he began hosting a live half-hour talk show on the AMC network, Talking Dead.

Personal life
Hardwick gave up drinking alcohol in 2003. He dated singer Lisa Loeb in 2004. He was in a relationship with actress Janet Varney from 2004 until 2011. Hardwick is married to Lydia Hearst.

References

1971 births
Living people
Comedians from Kentucky
American voice actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
American television actors
American movie actors
Nontheism

'Nontheism' is a term that describes anyone who is not a theist. In other words, a nontheist is anyone who does not have a specific belief in a god or deity. It usually refers to anyone who does not have any religious belief. This is a lot like atheism, but the two terms are often used in different ways.

Origin of the term 
The term "nontheism" was first used by G. J. Holyoake in 1852,. He used it because of the bad associations with the term atheism.
"Mr. [Charles] Southwell has taken an objection to the term Atheism. We are glad he has. We have disused it a long time [...]. We disuse it, because Atheist is a worn-out word. Both the ancients and the moderns have understood by it one without God, and also without morality. Thus the term connotes more than any well-informed and earnest person accepting it ever included in it; that is, the word carries with it associations of immorality, which have been repudiated by the Atheist as seriously as by the Christian. Non-theism is a term less open to the same misunderstanding, as it implies the simple non-acceptance of the Theist's explanation of the origin and government of the world."

Nontheism in society 
Today, about 2.3% of the world's population describes itself as atheist. About 11.9% is described as 'nontheist'. Between 64% and 65% of Japanese describe themselves as atheists, agnostics, or non-believers, and up to 48% in Russia. The percentage of such people in European Union member states ranges between 6% (Italy) and 85% (Sweden).

Related pages 
 agnosticism
 atheism
 secularism
 antitheism
 theism

References 

Religion
Philosophical movements and positions
Bleach (anime)

is an anime series based on Tite Kubo's manga of the same name. It ran from 2004 to 2012 and has some episodes not based on the manga. The Anime is currently catching up on the books and will be putting out the rest of the episodes.

Anime
Re-Education (Through Labor)

"Re-Education (Through Labor)" is the first single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's fifth studio album, Appeal to Reason. The single was released digitally to digital stores and radio stations on August 25, 2008. A music video was released on the same day.

A limited physical version of the single was released on 7" vinyl and can be gotten only by pre-ordering Appeal to Reason. This version also has a B-side titled "Minor Threat", which is a cover of the  song by Minor Threat.

References

Rise Against
Appeal to Reason

Appeal to Reason is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against. After touring in support of their last album, The Sufferer & the Witness, Rise Against began to record Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. Recording and production were finished in June, and the album was released in North America on October 7, 2008. The album is the band's first release with current guitarist Zach Blair.

Appeal to Reason is Rise Against's highest-charting album, getting to number three on the Billboard 200 chart and selling 64,700 copies in its first week of release. It got mostly good reviews from critics. The album produced three singles: "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".

Track listing

Rise Against
2008 albums
Punk albums
Audience of One

"Audience of One" is a song by the American punk rock band Rise Against, written by the band's vocalist Tim McIlrath. It is the second single from their 2008 album Appeal to Reason. Getting to number four on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, "Audience of One" is Rise Against's third-highest charting single, behind the last single from Appeal to Reason, "Re-Education (Through Labor)", which got to number three and the third single "Savior".

In mid-October 2008, the L.A. radio station KROQ began playing "Audience of One." Its video was told to be shot with director Brett Simon on December 9. On January 15, the video for "Audience of One" was first seen on MySpace. The single was released on CD and 7" vinyl on March 3, 2009 in the UK. The song is also used in Guitar Hero World Tour.

References

Rise Against
Kris King

Kris King (born February 18, 1966 in Bracebridge, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Phoenix Coyotes and the Winnipeg Jets.

Other websites

1966 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
Ontario Hockey League players
Joe Principe

Joe Principe (born November 14, 1974) is the bass guitarist, co-composer and co-founder of the punk rock band Rise Against. He is known for his complex bass patterns in their songs. He is also a strict vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with his band.

Biography
Joe started his musical career at age 15, learning to play by ear and influenced during his formative years by Bad Religion, Minor Threat, Bad Brains, the Descendents and other similar bands. Starting out in Chicago punk band 88 Fingers Louie. After 6 years of touring and releasing records with the band, Joe made Rise Against with singer/guitarist Tim McIlrath, former 88 Fingers Louie guitarist Mr. Precision, and drummer Brandon Barnes. In 2002, Mr. Precison left and was replaced by Todd Mohney, who was replaced by Chris Chasse in 2004, who was later replaced by guitarist Zach Blair in 2007. Rise Against released their first two records (The Unraveling, and Revolutions Per Minute) on Fat Wreck Chords, and their next two (Siren Song of the Counter Culture, and The Sufferer & the Witness) on Geffen.

References

Living people
1974 births
Rise Against
Bassists
Musicians from Chicago
Colonel

A colonel is a rank of officer in the military. It is usually the highest or second highest rank before General and Field Marshal, but many of the countries represents this post as the highest military officer like Gambia, Libya, Niger, Suriname etc. A colonel is usually in charge of a regiment.

The word comes from the Latin word columnella which means column, but it was first used in Italy as the name for the officer in charge of a column. It came into English from French. It is usually said like the word kernel.

Military ranks
Cy Thomas

Cyril James Thomas (August 5, 1926 – January 2, 2009) was a Welsh NHL ice hockey winger who played 2 seasons for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs.

Other websites

1926 births
2009 deaths
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Welsh ice hockey players
Denis Savard

Denis Joseph Savard (born February 4, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. Savard played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

He was drafted with the 3rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He was known for his trademark move, the 'Savardian Spin-o-rama', a move where Savard whirled around with the puck in a full rotation which allowed him to beat defenders and goaltenders. The term was actually coined by Danny Gallivan, referencing the move performed by Serge Savard.

On June 29, 1990, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Savard to the Montreal Canadiens for star defenceman Chris Chelios and a second-round pick (Mike Pomichter). The trade was considered to be largely in the Blackhawks' favor as Chelios would produce some of his best seasons as a Blackhawk while Savard's career was on the decline. Savard won the Stanley Cup with the Canadiens in 1993.

In the Summer of 1993, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Lightning, where he played 1½ seasons. On April 6, 1995, he was traded back to the Blackhawks, for a 1996 sixth-round pick (Xavier Delisle). He retired from playing professional ice hockey on June 26, 1997. His jersey number #18 was retired by the Chicago Blackhawks on March 19, 1998 and he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 13, 2000.

After he retired, he became the 36th head coach in Chicago Blackhawks history on November 27, 2006. He was fired in 2008.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Juniors players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Sami Helenius

Sami Helenius (born January 22, 1974 in Helsinki, Finland) was a professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Pelicans of the SM-liiga and has played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Dallas Stars, Calgary Flames, Tampa Bay Lightning and the Colorado Avalanche. He was the team captain of the SM-liiga team Jokerit.

Finnish ice hockey players
1974 births
Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Dallas Stars players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Living people
American Hockey League players
Sportspeople from Helsinki
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ice hockey defencemen
Jeff Hackett

Jeff Hackett (born June 1, 1968 in London, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Blackhawks, New York Islanders, San Jose Sharks, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins and the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Other websites

1968 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Islanders players
Ontario Hockey League players
People from London, Ontario
Philadelphia Flyers players
San Jose Sharks players
5150: Home 4 tha Sick

5150: Home 4 tha Sick is the first EP by American rapper, Eazy-E. It was released on December 28, 1992. The producers of the album were Naughty by Nature, Cold 187um and Bobby "Bobcat" Ervin. The EP was certified Gold on February 9, 1993 by the RIAA. The EP is now out of print and all the songs that were included the EP are on the remastered version of Eazy-Duz-It. The only single released on the EP was "Only If You Want It".

Songs

References

1992 albums
Eazy-E albums
Latin Kings

The Latin Kings is an organized Hispanic street gang based in Chicago and New York City.

Gangs
People from Chicago
People from New York City
Hitler Youth

The Hitler Youth was an organization in Nazi Germany for children from ages 10 to 18. The girls split off from the Hitler Youth when they were 14 to join The League of German Maidens. All German children between these ages whom Adolf Hitler considered to be "pure-blooded" Germans, were required to join, and parents who stopped their children from joining could be sent to prison for a  long time. In order to get rid of any distractions or other groups that might keep children from being involved with the Hitler Youth, Hitler banned all other youth groups or clubs. The Hitler Youth also prepared boys for the army and taught them how to use weapons.

The purpose of the Hitler Youth was to train children to accept values such as duty to the Nazi Party and to Hitler, and to teach them to be prepared even to give their lives for their country.  Many children died because of the Hitler Youth, because they became soldiers, which was one of its main purposes.

References 

http://www.wolfhildehitleryouthdiary.com

Other websites 
History of the Hitler Youth

Nazism
Youth organizations
1922 establishments in Europe
1945 disestablishments in Germany
1920s establishments in Germany
Cookie cutter

A cookie cutter is a piece of equipment to cut dough from cookie dough to cut the dough into pieces to make cookies.

Shapes 
Many cookie cutters have a shape. Most of them are shaped like a square, star, or a triangle. Also, cookie cutters may come in a circle shape.

Foods 
Cookie cutters can also be used to make foods other than cookies.They can be used to make small sandwiches, square crackers, and others.

Sizes 
Most cookie cutters are small. There are some that may be big. On November 8, 2019, it was announced Target had started selling big cookie cutters. Cookie cutters in bigger sizes can cut more things like cookie dough. Small cookie cutters are often 2 inches long. Medium-sized cookie cutters are often 3 inches long. Big-sized cookie cutters are often 4 inches long. Walmart also sells big cookie cutters. Smaller cookie cutters cost less, while bigger cookie cutters cost more.

References 

Kitchenware

fr:Emporte-pièce
Esa-Oke

Esa Oke is a town in the African country of Nigeria.

Other websites
http://www.oscotech.edu.ng/ 
http://www.maplandia.com/nigeria/osun/obokun/esa-oke/

Towns in Africa
Settlements in Nigeria
Beating heart cadaver

A beating heart cadaver is the body of a dead person that has been connected to a medical ventilator. This will keep the organs of the dead body, including the heart, functioning and alive for a few days. Such a body still functions physically, but the person it belonged to is dead by the law and medicine's definition because there is no longer any conscious brain function possible.

Care
The procedure for caring for a beating heart cadaver is the same as caring for a normal patient. The body must be monitored at all times, and if necessary, "life saving" procedures must be taken. Since the brain does not work, the hormone levels and blood pressure must be controlled by doctors to keep the organs alive. Measures must be taken to prevent infection and maintain normal tissue oxygenation.

Organ recovery
A beating heart cadaver is kept alive in order to keep its organs from decaying before they can be transplanted. Surgeons will remove the organs, one after the other, and give them to their patients.  The entire recovery process is usually completed within four hours.  This process was formerly known as an "Organ Harvest", but the name has since changed to the milder "Organ Recovery."  Many organs can be used, and many lives can be saved by one body.  The bodies are generally organ donors, who have agreed beforehand to donate their organs. Some donated organs are taken from non-heart-beating donors. Organs from brain deaths, however, have a better success rate, and currently most organ donation is from these deaths.

Social issues
A beating heart cadaver is often disturbing and confusing. Because the heart is beating and the body is warm, people may have difficulty believing it is dead.  Families often like to see the body once it has been removed from the machines and put to rest.

Related pages
 Organ donation

References

Medicine
Death