cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pavement

Road surface or pavement (American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended for vehicle  or foot traffic. It is used primarily as a road surface. Pavement, (British English) generally refers to a sidewalk or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used. These surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways.

History 
In 1984 Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of Little House on the Prairie, while traveling in a wagon with her parents, wrote about the first time she saw pavement:
 

The first paved roads were created by the Carthaginians about 600 BC. The ancient Romeand destroyed Carthage but may have borrowed the idea of paved roads. They went on to build over  of roads throughout their empire.

Thomas Telford (1757–1834) was a Scottish civil engineer. He is noted for building flat roads that required fewer horses to pull the wagons. His roads were well designed and supported heavy loads. John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836), was a Scottish engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface that drained quickly. His roads were more durable and less muddy than soil-based roads.

Asphalt 
By 1870, in the United States roads were being built using asphalt spread with rakes and made compact by steam rollers. In 1894, Clifford Richardson, an American engineer, determined that roads paved with asphalt did not contain enough coarse gravel. He produced a specification for the most durable pavement of the time.

By 1907, 1907 natural asphalt was being used less than petroleum-based asphalt for roads. Automobiles became more popular and more roads were needed. This created new methods of producing asphalt. World War II created a need for better and stronger pavement on which to land heavy aircraft.

Concrete 
The ancient Romans were the earliest large-scale users of concrete. But after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, concrete was only used rarely. Concrete as a building material was redeveloped in the mid-18th century. One of the most significant uses of concrete pavement came about in the 1950s with the start of the Interstate Highway System in the US. There are about 45,000 miles of interstate highway in the US. About 60 percent is concrete.

References 

Road transport
Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) is a Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ministry's headquarters are still in Bonn and the second office is in Berlin.

History 
The Federal Ministry of Health Services () was formed in 1961. Between 1969 and 1991 it was part of the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, and Health or Youth, Family, Women and Health

It became independent again as the Federal Ministry of Health in 1991. In 2002 it took over control of Social Security, but the in Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security () only lasted for three years. In 2005 it was reduced to just health, and the Social security part of its work went to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs ()

Ministers

Jobs of the BMG 
Some of the jobs of the federal Ministry of Health are:
 Keeping efficient the
 legal health insurance system
 nursing insurance system
 Protecting and improving the quality of the health service
 Protecting the interests of the patients
 Keeping membership rates
 Promote good health and prevention, including
 :Infection protection law

Other agencies
The BMG oversees:
 Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Products ()(BfArM) in Bonn
 Federal Centre for Health Education ()(BZgA) in Cologne
 German institute for medical documentation and information () (DIMDI) in Cologne
 Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Pei), (Federal Office of Serums and vaccines) ()in Langen (Hesse.)
 Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) in Berlin

Other health ministries 
 The European commission deals with health matters through either the health and consumer protection office or the office for occupation, social matters and equal opportunities
 The state health ministries in Germany are often part of the state Department of Social Security. *In Austrian health is part of the Federal Ministry of Health and Women
 In Switzerland the health department is part of the Ministry of the Interior in Bern.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Villa Los Almácigos

Villa Los Almácigos is a city and municipality of the Santiago Rodríguez province, in northwestern Dominican Republic. It is also called Los Almácigos, or just simply Villa.

History
On 6 March 1863, there was a meeting in this town of the leaders of the Restoration War against Spain. The Dominicans had lost the first battles and in this meeting they decided to stop the fight for a moment and they went to Haiti to prepare for the next battles.

In 1937, it was named Villa Generalísimo in honor of the dictator Trujillo but in 1962 the town got again its old name.

Villa Los Almácigos was elevated to the category of municipal district of San Ignacio de Sabaneta by the law 659 of 2 May 1974. It is municipality since 19 September 1996.

Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 11,183: 6,069 men and 5,684 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

Geography
Villa Los Almácigos is on the northern side of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range") and has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of Santiago Rodríguez. The city is an elevation of , and at  to the west of Sabaneta, the capital of the province.

It does not have any municipal district (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality).

The municipality of Villa Los Almácigos has the municipality of Sabaneta to the north and east, the Elías Piña province to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1996 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Epic Records

Epic Records is an American record label with several sub-companies around the world. It is currently owned by Sony BMG, but was originally owned by CBS. The company started in 1953, and over the years has signed artists and bands such as Fiona Apple, Michael Jackson, Céline Dion, Pearl Jam,  KISS, AC/DC, Rage Against the Machine, Heart, Boston  and Modest Mouse.

Imprint labels 
The following is a list of labels Epic Records has distributed:

Current
 Beluga Heights (2008–present)
 Collective Music Group (2012–present)
 DC Flag Records (2004–present)
 Freebandz (2012–present)
 Immortal Records (1994–present)
 Glowworm Records (2002–present)
 Battery Records (2004–present)
 Verity Gospel Music Group (2008–present)
 Vested in Culture (2012–Present)
 Volcano Entertainment (2006–present)

Former
 550 Music (1993–2000)
 Beluga Heights Records (2006–2008)
 Blue Sky (1974-1982)
 Caribou Records (1976-1985)
 Cold Chillin' Records (1993–1999)
 Date Records (1960s)
 Epic Records Nashville (? - May 2006)
 Epic Street (1993–1998)
 Cleveland International Records (1976-1983)
 CTI Records (1980)
 Tuff City Records (1983–1984)
 Hidden Beach Records (1998–2007)
 Gamble (1972-1975)
 Glacial Pace (mid-1990s)
 Invictus Records (1973-1976)
 Jet Records (1978-1983)
 Kirshner Records (1974-1983)
 LaFace Records
 MJJ Music (1991–2001, 2010)
 Nemperor Records (1977-1990)
 Ode Records (1967–1969, 1976–1979)
 OKeh Records (1965–1970, 1994–2000)
 Pasha Records (1979-1990)
 Philadelphia International Records (1971–1984)
 Portrait Records (1976–1992)
 Ruthless Records (1999-2009, defunct)
 Scotti Brothers (1979-1988)
 SOLAR Records (1989–1993)
 T-Neck Records (1972-1984)
 Tabu Records (1978–1991)
 TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia) (1975-1977) (1981-1982)
 Work Records (1994–2000)
 Virgin Records (1976-1978), (1982-1986)

Epic Records artists

Current artists 

A Great Big World
Andre 3000
Avril Lavigne (Internationally with Epic; Domestically with Columbia UK)
Bando Jonez
Big Boi
Bobby Shmurda
Casey Veggies
Cashius Green
Chevelle
Ciara
Curtis Fields
Charlotte Church
Dead Sara
Dragana Mirkovic
Example
Fifth Harmony
Fiona Apple
Florrie (UK)
Future
Glee Cast. (UK)
In Flames
Janelle Monae
Joe Satriani
Jonn Hart
Jon Jonsson
Judas Priest
JLS (US)
Kat Dahlia
Kevin McHale
King L
Kongos
Mariah Carey 
Meghan Trainor
Michael Jackson 
Modest Mouse
Morgan James
Melanie Amaro
Mr. Probz
New Hollow
Nicole Scherzinger
Olly Murs (UK)
Outkast
Ozzy Osbourne
Paloma Faith (RCA Records Label in the UK) 
Quadron
Rough Copy
Rowdy Rebel
Sade
Sara Bareilles
SBOE
Sean Kingston
Snootie Wild
Tamar Braxton
TeeFLii
Tinashe (UK)
Tink
The Airborne Toxic Event
The Fray
The Last Internationale 
TLC
Travi$ Scott
Vinny Cha$e 
Wallpaper
Watch The Duck
We Are Toonz
Yo Gotti
Zara Larsson
Zaya

Related pages
List of record labels
Epic/Sony Records (Japanese branch of Epic Records)
RCA Records
Columbia Records

References 

American record labels
1953 establishments in the United States
Aniwa, Wisconsin

Aniwa is a village in Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 272 people as of 2000.  Aniwa has an area of 2.1 square miles, of which .04 square miles is water.

References

Villages in Wisconsin
Shawano County, Wisconsin
Mumpf

Mumpf is a municipality of the district Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Murgenthal

Murgenthal is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Limerick

Limerick () is a city and the county seat of County Limerick in the historical province of Munster, in the midwest of Ireland. The city lies on the River Shannon, with three main crossing points near the city centre and has a 2006 population of 91,000 inhabitants within its urban area.

References

Other websites 
 
 Limerick City Council 
 LimerickPride 
 Architecture of Limerick 
 Various online history resources from Limerick City Library 

 
County towns in Ireland
9th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in the Republic of Ireland
Wexford

Wexford (coming from Old Norse Veisafjǫrðr meaning "mudflat, stagnant pool", also Irish: Loch Garman, Latin: Menapia) is the county town of County Wexford in the Republic of Ireland. It is found near the south-eastern tip of Ireland, close to Rosslare Europort. 

The town is connected to the capital, Dublin, via the N11 National Primary Route (European route E1), and the national rail network. It also has a major ferry port with modern terminal, Rosslare Europort. The port is located in South East Wexford.

County towns in Ireland
Drogheda

Drogheda ( or ) (Droichead Átha in Irish, meaning "Bridge of the Ford") is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, 56 km (35 mi) north of Dublin. 

Within legally defined boundaries, Drogheda is the second largest town in Ireland, behind its county neighbour, Dundalk; however, the town's total population (including suburbs and environs) is recorded to be 35,090, five inhabitants more than Dundalk.

References

Other websites 
 Drogheda Tourism
 Drogheda Borough Council
 Architecture of Drogheda 
 Photo Survey of Navan Drogheda existing railway line
 Drogheda Port
 Drogheda Chamber of Commerce
 IDA Ireland, Drogheda profile 
 Drogheda's Municipal Art Gallery
 Drogheda United FC
 Droichead Arts Centre 

Towns in Ireland
County Louth
Hallstadt

There is also a village in Austria, called Hallstatt. It is pronounced the same way

Hallstadt is a town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg. It is on the left bank of the river Main, 4 km north of Bamberg. The town has a population of about 8500 people.

References

Other websites

Bamberg (district)
Muri

Muri is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It was best known for the Muri Abbey, which dissolved in 1841.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Straffan

Straffan () is a village in County Kildare, Ireland on the banks of the River Liffey, 25 km upstream of the Irish capital Dublin. 

With a population (according to the census of 2006) of 439 – an increase since 2002 of 32.2% – Straffan is the 31st most populous centre in County Kildare.

Other websites
 Development Plan
 Local area plan 
 Straffan Steam Museum Website 

Villages in Ireland
County Kildare
2006 Ryder Cup

The 36th Ryder Cup Matches were held between 22 and 24 September 2006 at The K Club, Straffan, Co. Kildare, Ireland. Team Europe won the competition by a score of 18½ to 9½, equalling their record winning margin of 2 years earlier. This was the first time Europe had achieved three successive victories. Swedish rookie Henrik Stenson made the winning putt, just moments after Luke Donald had sunk a putt to ensure Europe retained the trophy.

Other websites
 Official Ryder Cup site for Team USA 
 Official Ryder Cup site for Team Europe 
 Ryder Cup  Discussion
 Ryder Cup Diary
 Official K Club website

References

2006 in sports
Golf tournaments
Sport in the Republic of Ireland
County Kildare
2000s in the Republic of Ireland
2006 in Europe
Dawlish

Dawlish () is a town on the south coast of Devon, South West England. It is 12 miles from the County town of Exeter. The town has a population of around 13,000 people. During the eighteenth century, it grew from a small fishing port to become a well-known seaside resort.

Other websites 
 infodawlish.co.uk  An informative look at the Town & Businesses of Dawlish                     
 Dawlish (DMOZ.org) 

Towns in Devon
Newquay

Newquay () is a town, civil parish, seaside resort, and fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, South West England. It is bounded to the west by the River Gannel and its associated salt marsh, and in the east by the Porth Valley. The town has been expanding inland (south) since it was founded. According to the 2001 census it had a permanent population of 19,423. It is the largest holiday resort in Cornwall and is served by Newquay Airport. The large beach provides very good conditions for surfing. There are numerous shops varying from the usual charity shops to shops selling many different brands of surf clothing.  There are many places to enjoy eating within the town.

Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and South West England, Newquay experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest Met Office weather station is St. Mawgan/Newquay Airport, about 3.5 miles to the north east of the town centre. Temperature extremes in the area since 1960 vary from  in June 1976 and August 1995  down to  during January 1987.

References

Other websites 

 Newquay Town Council
 Treninick entry in the Domesday Book
 1st Newquay Scout Group
 Newquay Nightlife - Guide to bars, hotels, restaurants, beaches and more

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Cairnryan

Cairnryan is a small Scottish village overlooking Loch Ryan and is notable today for its large modern ferry port, operated by P&O, which links Scotland with Larne in Northern Ireland. The village has been of vital importance in maritime history.

Other websites
 Larne Ferry Web - for news & history of ferries to Larne

Villages in Scotland
Stranraer

Stranraer (Gaelic: An t-Sròn Reamhar, ) is a town in the south of Scotland in the west of the region of Dumfries and Galloway and in the county of Wigtownshire. It was formerly the ferry port connecting Scotland with Belfast in Northern Ireland.  Ferries now leave from Cairnryan.

References

Towns in Scotland
Coleraine

Coleraine () is a very large town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland near to the mouth of the River Bann. It is  northwest of Belfast and  east of Derry City, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. George Best Belfast City Airport to the south–east, City of Derry Airport,  to the west, and the main regional airport, Belfast International Airport, to the south are all relatively accessible from Coleraine.

Notable people 
Famous people who have lived in Coleraine include the actor James Nesbitt, Andrew Bonar Law who was Prime minister of the United Kingdom for a short period in the 1920s, and also suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams.

References

Other websites
 Coleraine Borough Council
 Coleraine Community Safety Partnership 
 Coleraine Youth Forum 

Towns in Northern Ireland
County Down

County Down, (Contae an Dúin in Irish - meaning the Fort) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of the nine counties of the ancient province of Ulster

The county forms an area of 2,448 km² (945 square miles). The estimated population in 1992 was 416,600, a more recent approximation puts it at about 516,000. The county town is Downpatrick, and the largest town is Bangor.

References

Further reading
 Harris, Walter (attributed). 1744. The Ancient and Present Stare of the County of Down...'''Dublin.
 The Memoirs of John M. Regan, a Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC, 1909–48'', Joost Augusteijn, editor, District Inspector, Co. Down 1930s, 1919, .

Other websites
 County Down website
 Armagh and Down Tourism
 Culture Northern Ireland - Industrial Heritage of County Down 
 Down Gaelic Athletic Association/Cummann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste An Dún
 Genealogy indexes for County Down
  Ardglass Fishing port on East Down coast
Rostrevor

Rostrevor (in Irish: Ros Treabhair, i.e. Trevor’s Wood, also Caislean Ruairi, i.e. Rory's Castle) is a village in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on Carlingford Lough and the hill of Slieve Martin, at the base of the Mourne Mountains and on the Kilbroney River. It had a population of 2,444 in the 2001 Census. The town is known for its folk music festival, Fiddler's Green Festival. It is in the Newry and Mourne District Council area. The name 'Rostrevor' first appeared circa 1618 and was named after Rose Ussher (the daughter of Henry Ussher, the Anglican Archbishop of Armagh) by her husband Edward Trevor (who came from Brynkynallt in Wales).

References 

Villages in Northern Ireland
County Down
1610s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Northern Ireland
Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

Saint Thomas is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). The territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie is on the island. As of the 2000 census, Saint Thomas had 51,181 people, about 47% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of 80.9 km² (31.24 sq mi).

Other websites 
Official sites
United States Virgin Islands  - Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau 

Map
St. Thomas USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. Thomas, USVI

US Virgin Islands
Saint John, United States Virgin Islands

Saint John is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). It is the smallest of the three main USVI islands.

St. John is about 4 miles east of Saint Thomas, and 4 miles south and west of Tortola, part of the British Virgin Islands. It is 50.8 km² (19.61 sq mi) in area. It has a population of 4,197 (2000 census).

Other websites 
Official sites
 St. John  - Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
 Cruz Bay Visitor Center  - Virgin Island National Park, U.S. Department of the Interior
 St. John, USVI  - Official site for the US Virgin Islands Hotel & Tourism Association
 VINP Archaeology -Friends of the Virgin Islands National Park Archaeology blog (provides weekly updates of National Park excavations on St. John)

Map
 St. John USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. John, USVI

References

US Virgin Islands
Neuenhof, Aargau

Neuenhof is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Niederlenz

Niederlenz is a municipality in Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Niederrohrdorf

Niederrohrdorf is a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Niederwil, Aargau

Niederwil is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberbözberg

Oberbözberg was a municipality, in the new municipality of Bözberg and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Aargau
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Oberentfelden

Oberentfelden is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberflachs

Oberflachs is a former municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Oberflachs and Schinznach-Dorf merged into the new municipality of Schinznach.

Other websites
Official Website of Oberflachs

Former municipalities of Aargau
Oberhof, Switzerland

Oberhof is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Ministry of Finance of Germany

The Federal Ministry of Finance () (BMF) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is based in Berlin and Bonn. It is led by the Minister of Finance, whose office is in the Detlev-Rohwedder House in Wilhelmstraße, Berlin. This was the old Reich Air Ministry Building. The ministry is supported by a scientific advisory board.

Responsibility
The ministry works out how much the government can spend each year, and how to raise that money, in income tax and other taxes.

To help it do this, the ministry controls :
 the Federal Forestry Commission, Bundesforstverwaltung
 Federal Spirits Monopoly Administration, Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein
 Federal Portfolio Management, Bundesvermögensverwaltung, and

Federal Ministers of Finance since 1949

Between 1990 and 1993, the senior civil servant () was Horst Köhler (CDU) who went on to become Federal President in, 2004.
Oberhofen, Switzerland

Oberhofen was a municipality, in the new municipality of Mettauertal and district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Aargau
Oberkulm

Oberkulm is a municipality in Kulm, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberlunkhofen

Oberlunkhofen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Obermumpf

Obermumpf is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official website of the municipality of Obermumpf

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberrohrdorf

Oberrohrdorf is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Heat wave

A heat wave is a period of unusually warm or very hot weather, and may be accompanied by high humidity. "Heat wave" is not an exact term: Any weather that feels warmer than people expect, might be called a heat wave. For example, temperatures normal for a warmer climate might be called a "heat wave" by people living in a place that is usually cooler.  So a "heat wave" could mean a little warm weather, (like "several days as hot as summer, but in winter"), or temperatures so high they make history, (such as, "the hottest summer in a hundred years").

References

Other websites
 FEMA: Extreme Heat
 Hot Weather Tips
 Marble Bar heatwave, 1923-1924 

Weather
Ray Nagin

Clarence Ray Nagin, Jr. () (born June 11, 1956) was the mayor of New Orleans. He was first elected on March 2, 2002, to succeed his fellow Democrat, Marc Morial. Nagin gained international attention in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the New Orleans area.

In 2014, Nagin was convicted on twenty of twenty-one charges of wire fraud, bribery, and money laundering related to bribes from city contractors before and after Hurricane Katrina and was sentenced to ten years in federal prison.

References

Other websites
 BBC NEWS | Americas |Profile: Ray Nagin, BBC News
 Nagin calls for rebuilding 'chocolate' New Orleans, CNN 1/17/2006
 The City of New Orleans 
 Campaign contributions made by Ray Nagin 
 Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan 
 Mayor to feds: 'Get off your asses', CNN transcript and the audio  of WWL-AM radio interview.
 Profile on CityMayors.com
 Southeast Louisiana Evacuation Plan Supplement 
 New Orleans “overrun” by Mexicans 
 Profile of Ray Nagin in Tulane University Magazine
 Nagin Works Both Sides of Aisle for Aid The Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2006
 The Tavis Smiley Show - interview with Ray Nagin, January 13, 2006
 Ray Nagin's Redemption, by William Robinson, Washington Post, May 23, 2006
 Labou Movie - Independent Film In Which Ray Nagin stars as the Mayor of New Orleans.

1956 births
Living people
African American politicians
Mayors of New Orleans
US Democratic Party politicians
New York Mercantile Exchange

The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) is the world's largest physical commodity futures exchange. It is in New York City. Its two principal divisions are the New York Mercantile Exchange and the New York Commodities Exchange (COMEX) which were once independent companies but are now merged.

Other websites
 National Futures Association
 New York Mercantile Exchange Official Website

Companies based in New York City
Stock market
1882 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
Saba

Saba (spoken as "Sah-ba") is the smallest island of the Caribbean Netherlands and the former Netherlands Antilles. It is a special municipality (public body) of the Netherlands. It lies at . It is mostly made up of Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Scenery is a dormant volcano.

Saba has a land area of 13 km² (5 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, 1,349 people lived there. In 2004, about 1,424 people lived there.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Saba's Tourist Bureau homepage
 Saba Conservation Foundation's homepage
 Saba Ferry Dawn II
 Saba (N.A.): Bos en nationale parken. 54pp. 
 Saba University School of Medicine
Sint Eustatius

Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, or Saint Eustace, is one of the islands which make up the Caribbean Netherlands and formerly the Netherlands Antilles. It is in the northern, Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, some distance southeast of the Virgin Islands. It forms part of the inner arc of the Leeward Island chain, lying immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba at . The regional capital is Oranjestad. It is named after the legendary Catholic Saint Eustace.

Sint Eustatius is a special municipality (public body) of the Netherlands. 

Sint Eustatius has a land area of 21 km² (8.1 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 2,292 inhabitants, which means a population density of 109 inh. per km². In 2004, the population was estimated at 2,498 inhabitants.

References

Other websites 
 Sint Eustatius Tourist Office's homepage 
 Sint Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website
 Sint Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research

Caribbean special municipalities of the Netherlands
Geography of the Netherlands Antilles
Royal Caribbean International

Royal Caribbean International () is a Norwegian-American cruise ship company based in Miami, Florida.

Other websites
 Official site
 RCI ship history at Fakta om Fartyg (only in Swedish)
 F/Y 2006 Report for Royal Caribbean from 10kwizard.com
 Independent Royal Caribbean Cruise resource 

American transport companies
Companies of Norway
Companies based in Miami, Florida
Transport in Florida
1968 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in Norway
Inagua

Inagua is the southernmost district of the Bahamas.  It is the islands of Great Inagua and Little Inagua.

Great Inagua is the third largest island in the Bahamas at 596 square miles (1544 km²) and lies about 55 miles (90 km) from the eastern tip of Cuba. The island is about 55 × 19 miles (90 × 30 km) in extent, the highest point being 108 ft (33 m) on East Hill. It encloses several lakes, most notably the 12-mile long Lake Windsor (also called Lake Rosa) which occupies nearly ¼ of the interior. The population of Great Inagua is 969 (2000 census).

The island's capital and only harbour is Matthew Town.

There is a large bird sanctuary in the centre of the island.  There are more than 80,000 West Indian Flamingoes and many other exotic birds such as the native Bahama Parrot, the Bahama woodstar hummingbird, Bahama pintails, Brown pelicans, Tri-colored herons, Snowy egrets, Reddish egrets, Stripe-headed tanangers, Cormorants, Roseate spoonbills, American kestrels, and Burrowing owls.

Districts of the Bahamas
Islands of the Bahamas
1999 establishments in the Bahamas
Acklins and Crooked Islands

Acklins and Crooked Islands was a district of the Bahamas until 1996, and as Acklins, Crooked Island and Long Cay until 1999. The islands are at .

The population of Acklins was 428, and Crooked Island 350, at the 2000 census.

Since 1999, Acklins and Crooked Island are separate districts.

References

Islands of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas
1996 disestablishments in North America
1999 disestablishments
Mayaguana

Mayaguana is the most easterly island and district of the Bahamas.  It is one of only two Bahamian islands which retain their Arawak names, the other being Inagua. The population of Mayaguana in the 2000 census was 259 and is currently about 312. It has an area of about 110 square miles.

Other websites
 Islands of the Bahamas: Mayaguana 
 Bahamas Getaway: Mayaguana 
 Images of Mayaguana 

Districts of the Bahamas
Islands of the Bahamas
Indie rock

Indie rock is a subgenre of alternative rock music which originated in the United Kingdom and North America in the early 1980s. Initially a form of independent music, it was based on small labels with low budgets which produced lo-fi rock records. Indie rock, as a genre, is very diverse; indie rock has several subgenres, and each vary greatly in style. Nevertheless, indie rock distinguishes itself from indie pop as it is generally rougher and more hard-edged. 

Indie rock and alternative rock are often used interchangeably. Nevertheless, there are some differences between the genres. Initially, the term "indie" was used for British-based music, whilst "alternative" for American. In 1986, British magazine NME released a cassette, C86, which defined much of the sound of what is today regarded as "indie" music, notably the usage of jangly guitar sounds, retro elements borrowing from 1960s rock bands, and a DIY, amateur-like sound.

According to About.com, the term indie has two different general meanings in the UK and North America. In the UK, "indie" is a term used to describe "melancholy" and "non-rock" ballad-based music; in North America, on the other hand, "indie" is often used to refer to retro-sounding, "twee" and "Anglophilic" music.

Today, indie rock has been able to find some commercial success. Popular indie rock acts and artists include R.E.M., Pavement, Regina Spektor and Superchunk, to name a few.

Additionally, indie rock has fused to create several new genres and subgenres. Indietronica, or indie electronic music, is a genre which fuses elements of indie rock, pop and electronic music, and often makes usage of synthesizers and drum machines. Alternative dance music, or indie dance, is also a genre which fuses elements of electronic dance music, alternative rock, indie rock and New Wave, usually incorporating elements of the rock genres and using them in a dance-based context.

References

Alternative music
Catabolism

Catabolism is a kind of metabolism 

Catabolism is what happens when you digest food and the molecules break down in the body for use as energy. Large, complex molecules in the body are broken down into smaller, simple ones. An example of catabolism is glycolysis. This process is almost the reverse of gluconeogenesis.

And it's the process of breaking the chemical bonds among the atoms of macromolecules to extract the chemical energy that is stored in them, such as releasing the energy that results from the glucose oxidation (during Cellular respiration process).

Related pages
Metabolism
Anabolism

Metabolism
Cellular respiration
Acetic acid

Acetic acid, or ethanoic acid, (CH3COOH) is a carboxylic acid, which is the main compound of vinegar, other than water. It tastes and smells sour; it has no color. Its melting point is 16.5 °C(61.6 °F) and boiling point is 118.1 °C(244.5 °F). It has a pH of 2.4.

Acetic acid is commoblyused as a food additive. It has the E numbers E 260 (acetic acid). Potassium acetate (E 261), sodium acetate (E 262), and calcium acetate (E 2639 are salts of acetic acid; they are comonly used in preserving food, usually vegetables. In sourdough, ethanol fermentation is used.

References

2
Acids
Boris Becker

Boris Franz Becker (born 22 November 1967) is a  German retired tennis player. He was born in Leimen, Germany. At the age of 17, he became the youngest ever winner at Wimbledon in 1985. He won the contest while being unseeded. That means that he had not achieved enough to be assigned within an order of the better players at the start of the tournament.

He became a very successful player, winning the Wimbledon title again in 1986. Becker also helped West Germany win its first Davis Cup in 1988. In 1989, he won the Wimbledon, the US Open and another Davis Cup.

In 1991, he reached the World number 1 ranking by winning the Australian Open. Becker defeated Jim Courier in straight sets to win the 1992 Association of Tennis Professionals Tour World title. His final Grand Slam title was in 1996, where he beat Michael Chang for another Australian Open title in four sets.

Becker completed at the 1992 Summer Olympics where he won a gold medal in the men's doubles event.

Throughout his career, Becker won 49 singles titles and 15 doubles titles. He is known for his rivalry with certain players, including Ivan Lendl, Stefan Edberg and Michael Stich.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1967 births
Australian Open champions
German Olympic gold medalists
German Roman Catholics
German tennis players
Living people
Male tennis players
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
GCE Advanced Level

The General Certificate of Education Advanced Level (commonly shortened to A-Level) is a set of exams taken worldwide.  They are usually taken during the end of secondary school.  In the UK, they are usually taken two years after the students have completed GCSE or IGCSE exams.  

A-Levels are usually split into six parts, each with its own exam.

Most people study three A-Levels, and one AS-Level.  An AS-Level is the first half of an A-Level.  An AS-Level can be studied on its own, but to get an A-Level the second half must also be completed.  The second half of an A-Level is an A2-Level. A student might opt to appear for his AS (Advanced Subsidiary) and A2 together in one go.

A Levels are a requirement for most universities if the student wishes to proceed to degree level education.

Education in the United Kingdom
Examinations
Suite (music)

In music, a suite (pronounce "sweet") is a collection of short musical pieces which can be played one after another. The pieces are usually dance movements. The French word “suite” means “a sequence” of things, i.e. one thing following another.

In the 17th century many composers such as Bach and Handel wrote suites. They were collections of dances: usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue. Sometimes other dances were included as well, e.g. a minuet, gavotte, passepied or bourree. Sometimes the first movement was not a dance movement but an introduction. It may have been called a prelude or even overture. Some of Bach’s suites were called Partitas. The French composer François Couperin called his suites Ordres.

Bach wrote suites for orchestra which he called "overtures". Handel wrote two very famous collections of dance movements for orchestra: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks. These are also suites although they are not given that title. He also wrote 22 suites for keyboard, and Bach wrote "French Suites", "English Suites" and "Partitas" for keyboard as well as partitas for unaccompanied violin and suites for unaccompanied cello.

Earlier composers, e.g. Renaissance composers, had also written suites, but the word “suite” was not used until around the middle of the 17th century.
By the 1750s composers had stopped writing suites. They were more interested in the symphony and concerto, 

In the late 19th century, the word "suite" started to be used again. Composers who had written opera's or ballets with lots of popular dance movements often made an arrangement of these movements for orchestra so that it could be played at concerts. Tchaikovsky wrote the "Nutcracker Suite" which includes the most popular dances from his ballet "The Nutcracker". Some composers used the word "suite" for pieces with movements which had a common theme: Gustav Holst called "The Planets" a suite, as each movement is about one of the planets. French composers of the Impressionist period such as Ravel and Debussy wrote suites for piano.
Michael Chang

Michael Te-Pei Chang (; born February 22, 1972) is an American retired tennis player. He was the youngest-ever male winner of a Grand Slam singles title, when he won the French Open in 1989 at the age of 17.

Chang was often in the Top 10 in the Association of Tennis Professionals world rankings for several years in the 1990s. His highest ranking (that is, the order in which it is shown how good he is in the sport at a certain time) was World No. 2.

When he won the French Open in 1989, Chang had a well known semi-final match with Ivan Lendl.  Before the match, many people thought the unseeded Chang would lose to the No. 1 ranked Lendl.  At first Chang was losing, but he won the important third set.  Starting then, Chang began to have leg cramps, but won the match through determination.  Today, many people remember this game as one of his best matches when the name Michael Chang is mentioned.

Chang was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, United States. His parents are Taiwanese. Chang is a Christian. With his family he started the Chang Family Foundation in 1999 "to introduce the Good News of Jesus Christ to the world".

References

1972 births
American Christians
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Living people
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Catalão

Catalão is a Brazilian city in the state of Goiás. It has 75.623 inhabitants. It covers . It was founded in 1833 and is today an important industrial center of state of Goiás.

Cities in Goiás
1833 establishments
19th-century establishments in Brazil
1830s establishments in South America
Equus (genus)

Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae. It includes horses, asses, and zebras. Equus is the only living (extant) genus of horses, and there are seven living species. They are the one-toed horses, and are adapted for living in various types of grasslands.

The term equine refers to any member of this genus. Equus has many extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies) and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers with simpler digestive systems than ruminants. They can live on low-quality vegetation.

Feral equine populations are widespread, but wild equines are found only in Africa and Asia. Wild populations may have a harem system. In this case one adult male or stallion, several females or mares and their young or foals. Otherwise they live in  a territory where males control territories with resources that attract females. In both systems, females take care of the foals, though males may play a role as well. Equines communicate with each other visually and vocally. Human activities have threatened wild equine populations and out of the seven living species, only the plains zebra is still widespread and abundant.

The one-toed horses of the grasslands developed from smaller three-toed horses which lived more in forests and wooded savannahs. Before the coming of humans, horses were much more varied and widespread, though the number of species is not known.

Living horses 
There are seven species of living horses in the wild. They are:
E. africanus—African wild ass
E. ferus—wild horse
E. grevyi—Grévy's zebra
E. hemionus—onager
E. kiang—kiang
E. quagga—plains zebra
E. zebra—mountain zebra

This is not counting the many types of horse which mankind has modified by breeding. Equus ferus has been the species used by man as the basis of the various breeds of horse.

References 

Horses
216 Kleopatra

216 Kleopatra is a Main belt asteroid found by Johann Palisa on April 10, 1880 in Pola. It is named after Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt.

Kleopatra is an unusual object. Its odd shape was revealed by adaptive optics on the ESO 3.6m telescope at La Silla. By bouncing radar signals off the asteroid, a team of astronomers at the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico were able to develop a more detailed computer model of its shape, which confirmed the dog-bone like shape. A favored explanation is that Kleopatra is a contact binary: two similarly-sized asteroids that have hit and stuck together instead of breaking apart.

Kleopatra is a fairly big asteroid, measuring 217 × 94 × 81 km. It is believed to be a loosely packed metallic object, based on its radar albedo.

Other websites 
 Bilobated shape of 216 Kleopatra
 Astronomers Catch Images of Giant Metal Dog Bone Asteroid – NASA article
 An Asteroid for the Dogs

References 
 The Asteroid Orbital Elements Database
 Minor Planet Discovery Circumstances
 Asteroid Lightcurve Data File

Asteroids
Ministry of Defence of Germany

The Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg) is a Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. At present the headquarters of the ministry are still in Bonn with 3230 working in the Hardthöhe. The second office employs about 500 people in the Bendlerblock in Berlin.

Organisation
The BMVg is at the highest Federal authority and the highest command authority of the defence forces. The BMVg has civilian and military departments:
 the General staff (Führungsstab)of the defence forces, under the Inspector General of the Federal Armed Forces
 the top staffs of the 3 forces (Army, Navy and Air Force)
 the armaments department the department of defence administration, infrastructure and environmental protection
 the personel, social and central department
 the legal department
 the Budget department
 the department for modernisation.

Operatively the General Staff of the Defence Forces (or "FÜ S", which is short for ) is the most important, it has seven sections divided into 42 smaller sections

The press and information staff and the planning staff work directly under the minister

Federal Minister of Defence
In peace time the Federal Minister of Defence is commander in chief of the Armed Forces, not the Federal President.

If Germany is attacked, or about to be attacked, command passes to the Chancellor.

History 
In 1950 Chancellor Konrad Adenauer gave Theodor Blank the job of preparing for the time when Germany could have an army. In December 20 people where working in the "Blank Office". On 7 June 1955 it had 1300 employees, and it became the Federal Ministry for  Defence.

It was renamed in Federal Ministry of defence on December 1961 and was seen as one of the "classic departments" . At German reunification the National People's Army (Nationale Volksarmee) of East Germany was made part of the Federal Armed Forces. Not long after this, Germany's army took part in the war in Kosovo. This was the first time that Germany's army had been sent to fight outside Germany since the end of World War II

Federal Ministers of Defence since 1955

References
Angstrom

An angstrom or ångström (symbol Å) is a unit of length that equals 0.1 nanometer (nm). It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−10 m (normalized notation) or  (exponential notation) — both mean . It is sometimes used to express the sizes of atoms, lengths of chemical bonds and visible-light spectra, and dimensions of parts of integrated circuits. For example, a single atom is about two ångströms wide, and a human hair is about a million ångströms thick.

History 
The ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), one of the founders of spectroscopy who is known also for studies of astrophysics, flow of heat, the earth's magnetic field, and the aurora borealis. 

In 1868, Ångström created a spectrum chart of solar radiation that expresses each wavelength in the spectrum of sunlight in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre, or 1 metres. This unit of length later became known as the ångström, Å.

Human beings can see light having wavelengths ranging from about 4,000 ångströms (violet) to 7,000 ångströms (deep red), so the ångström was a convenient unit of measurement. Because of its closeness to the scale of atoms and molecules it was also popular in chemistry and crystallography.

Today, the use of the ångström as a unit is less popular than it used to be, and the nanometre (nm) is often used instead (The ångström is officially discouraged by the International Committee for Weights and Measures, and by the American National Standard for Metric Practice.)

References 

Units of length
Angstrom (disambiguation)

Ångström or angstrom can also mean:
Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), Swedish physicist
Ångström, a unit of length equal to 0.1 nanometre
Ångström (crater), a lunar crater
Ångström distribution, a Linux distribution
Oberrüti

Oberrüti is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Municipalities of Aargau
Obersiggenthal

Obersiggenthal is a municipality of the district of Baden, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oberwil-Lieli

Oberwil-Lieli is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Aargau
Oeschgen

Oeschgen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities of Aargau
Oftringen

Oftringen is a city and municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Aargau
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

The Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English  :Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) is a trilogy, written by Isaac Newton and published on 5 July 1687. The three-book work describes physics and mathematics. It states Newton's laws of motion and the derivation of Kepler's Laws, and observations on gravity.

17th-century books
Mathematics books
Physics
Olsberg, Switzerland

Olsberg is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Olsberg

Municipalities of Aargau