cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Escape the Fate

Escape the Fate is an American post-hardcore band from Las Vegas, Nevada.

The band was formed in 2004, in 2005 they won a radio competition to open for My Chemical Romance which led to a signing to Epitaph Records. In the year 2006 the band released debut album, Dying Is Your Latest Fashion. With the new frontman Craig Mabbitt (Former Blessthefall vocalist) the band released the album This War Is Ours in October 2008. In 2010, the band released the third album, Escape The Fate, in November.

The lead vocalist Ronnie Radke left the band in 2008 due to legal issues. Radke left the jail in December 2010 and is currently a vocalist in the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse. In 2012, founding member Max Green was kicked out due to drug abuse and missing shows and he was permanently replaced by Thomas "TJ" Bell, formerly of Motionless In White and Micheal Money, brother of Bryan "Monte" Money was introduced as official rythmn guitarist.

Band members

Current members
 Craig Mabbitt (2008 - present) lead vocals
 Robert Ortiz (2004 - present) - drums, percussions, backing vocals
 Thomas "TJ" Bell (2012 - present)- rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals
 Kevin "Thrasher" Gruft (2013 - present) - lead guitar

Touring members
 Kevin Thrasher (2011-Filling In For Monte's On The Uproar Tour)

Former members
 Omar Espinosa (2004 - 2007) - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 Carson Allen (2005 - 2006) - vocals, synthesizers
 Ronnie Radke (2004 - 2006 ; 2006 - 2008) - lead vocals
 Max Green (2004 - 2011, 2013-2014) backing vocals, bass
 Bryan "Monte" Money - lead guitar, backing vocals (2004-2013)
 Michael Money - bass, backing vocals (2004-2012, 2013-2014)

Discography
 Albums
 Dying Is Your Latest Fashion - September 26, 2006
 This War is Ours - October 21, 2008
 Escape The Fate - November 2, 2010
 Ungrateful - May 14, 2013
Hate Me- October 30, 2015
I am Human- March 30, 2018

 Demos
 Escape The Fate Demo - 2005

 EPs
 There's No Sympathy for the Dead - May 23, 2006
 Situations - November 20, 2007
 Issues Remixes - January 11, 2011

Videography
 Not Good Enough for Truth In Cliché (2005) - demo version
 There's No Sympathy for the Dead (2006)
 Not Good Enough for Truth In Cliché (2006)
 Situations (2007)
 The Flood (2008)
 Something (2009)
 10 Miles Wide (2009)
 The Guillotine Part II (2010)
 Massacre (2010) - without video
 Issues (2010)
 City Of Sin (2010)
 Gorgeous Nightmare (2011)
 Ungrateful (2013)
 You're Insane (2013)

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 
 Official Fan Site 
Escape The Fate Benelux 

Post-hardcore bands
Emo bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Nevada
Musicians from Las Vegas, Nevada
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Post-hardcore

Post-hardcore is a musical genre that evolved from hardcore punk, itself a part of the broader punk rock movement. One of the main influences on this genre is the band Fugazi. 

Post-hardcore uses elements of hardcore, along with emo, metal, alternative rock or whatever, to create a more experimental sound. It can be more melodic than normal hardcore, but sometimes is heavier.

Post-hardcore contributors
 Fugazi
 Thrice
 Enter Shikari
 Underoath
 Silverstein
 The Used
 Les Savy Fav
 Letter Kills
 Rites of Spring
 Hawthorne Heights
 Pierce the Veil
 Escape The Fate
 Sleeping with Sirens
 Moose Blood
 Touche Amore

Music genres
Outflow (meteorology)

Outflow is a term for the air that flows away from a thunderstorm. Lots of outflow show that a storm is "healthy".

The "edge" of the outflow boundary can often be detected by weather radar. Convergence occurs along the leading edge of the downdraft. Convergence of dust, aerosols, and bugs at the leading edge will lead to a higher clear air signature. The signature of the leading edge is also influenced by the density change between the cold air from the downdraft and the warm environmental air. This density boundary will increase the number of echo returns from the leading edge. Clouds, hydrometeors and new thunderstorms can also develop along the outflow's leading edge. This makes it possible to locate the outflow boundary when using precipitation mode. The image to the right depicts a particularly strong ouflow boundary ahead of a line of storms. Often, the outflow boundary will bow in the direction it is moving the quickest.

References

Meteorology
Mellotron

The Mellotron is a musical instrument, which appeared in the 1960s. It was the world's second sampled keyboard after the Chamberlin. Mellotrons contained  strips made from the sounds of other musical instruments. Instead of sounding exactly like the original instruments, the Mellotron had a unique sound.

Mellotrons did not travel well, and had to be carefully set up every time they were moved. They became popular in recording studios, and with musicians who could leave them in one location.

The Beatles liked the sound of the Mellotron, and used it in many of their songs, like "Strawberry Fields Forever". John Lennon, a member of the Beatles, owned a Mellotron that he kept in his home studio. Paul McCartney and George Harrison, also members of the band, owned Mellotrons and used them in their solo recordings. Harry Nilsson also used a Mellotron on some of his recordings.

Mellotrons are largely obsolete but are still being made in small quantities. Today, digital instruments have mostly taken their place. Digital keyboards are portable, and can be used to make similar sounds anywhere. While digital keyboards have been used since the 1980's to replicate the sounds of many other instruments, they cannot accurately replicate the nuances and idiosyncrasies of the Mellotron because of complex physics involved in the tape playback system. This acknowledged drawback has led to the production of new Mellotrons since 1999. 

Keyboard instruments
Punta Cana

Punta Cana, named after a local cape, is a region in the easternmost tip of the Dominican Republic. Covering about 4,200,000 m2 (about 1,100 acres), the region is home to a coastline of sandy white beaches and to a town of the same name. A region once named Punta de Borrachón was merged with Punta Cana by the founding investors in 1969.

Geography of the Dominican Republic
Bayernliga

The Bayernliga (English: 'Bavaria League') is a German football league. It is the one of the German 5th divisions, and is the 2nd division of football in Bavaria. It was founded in 1945, as the Landesliga Bayern, which was an amatuer league in Bavaria. In 1963, it became the 3rd division of German football. It remained the 3rd division until 1994, when it became the 4th division, after being replaced by the Regionalliga Süd. It remained the 4th division until 2008, when it became the 5th division.

Champions of Bavarian League (Oberliga Bayern)

FC Augsburg is the most successful team.  It has won the league seven times.  Before 1969, it was called BC Augsburg.  The next best teams are SpVgg Bayreuth with six titles and 1860 München with five titles, although two were won by the second team, TSV 1860 München Amateure.

Football in Germany
Football leagues
Sport in Bavaria
Gavialidae

Gavialidae is a family of reptiles within the order Crocodilia.  There are only two surviving species, the Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and the False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), which are each the sole living representatives of the two Gavialidae genera.

Other websites
Franck Ribéry

Franck Ribéry (born 7 April 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Fiorentina and France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Boulogne||||9||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||1
|-
|2001/02||Championnat National||20||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||5
|-
|2002/03||Olympique Alès||Championnat National||18||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|-
|2003/04||Stade Brestois||Championnat National||35||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||37||4
|-
|2004/05||Metz||Ligue 1||20||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||2

|-
|2004/05||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||14||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||35||6||6||3||7||1||48||10
|-
|2006/07||25||5||7||1||5||1||37||7

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="6"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||28||11||7||5||10||3||45||19
|-
|2008/09||25||9||3||1||8||4||36||14
|-
|2009/10||19||4||4||2||4||2||30||7
|-
|2010/11||25||7||3||2||4||2||32||11
|-
|2011/12||32||12||4||2||14||3||50||15
|-
|2012/13||27||10||2||0||11||1||41||11
162||23||4||1||colspan="2"|-||166||24
14||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||1
156||53||21||10||55||14||235||80
332||75||43||16||72||18||450||112
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||9||1
|-
|2008||9||3
|-
|2009||8||2
|-
|2010||7||0
|-
|2011||8||0
|-
|2012||14||4
|-
|2013||10||5
|-
|2014||1||0
|-
!Total||81||16
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
French footballers

People from Hauts-de-France
False gharial

The false gharial or Malayan gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a fresh-water reptile. It looks like  a crocodile with a very thin and long snout, like that of the gharial. That is where the name of the species is from.

It has long been classed in the family Crocodylidae. However, recent immunological studies show it is more closely related to the gharial than was originally thought. So now classed in the family Gavialidae, after all.

The animal is native to six river systems in Sumatra and Malaysia. It can also be found in Borneo, Java, Vietnam, Thailand (not seen since 1970), and possibly Sulawesi. Fossils finds in southern China indicate that, at some point in the past, the species occurred there.

The false gharial, like all other crocodilians, lays eggs. It is a mound nester. Females usually mature at 2–3 m. Mated females will lay a clutch of 30-60 eggs in a mound of dry leaves or peat.  Once the eggs are laid, and construction of the mound is completed, she abandons her nest.  Unlike most other crocodilian species, the young receive no parental care and are at risk of being eaten by predators like wild boar, mongooses, big cats such as tigers and leopards, civets, and wild dogs. The young hatch after 90 days and are left to look after themselves.

The false gharial is threatened with extinction throughout most of its range. The drainage of its freshwater swamplands and clearance of surrounding rainforests removes its habitat. The animal is hunted frequently for its skin and meat and the eggs are often taken for human consumption. However, positive steps have been taken by the Malaysian and Indonesian governments to prevent its extinction in the wild.

References

Sources 
  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used

Other websites 

 BBC News: 'Match-making' for rare male croc

Gharials
Prime lens

A prime lens is a lens which has a fixed "zoom" or focal length. It is easier to make fixed focal lenses than to include them in a variable focus lens. Therefore, fixed focal lenses usually have a larger opening, known as an aperture, than comparable variable focus lenses. They are usually also of a higher optical quality.

Camera lenses
Aperture

In optics and photography, an aperture is a hole where light can pass through.

In photography

The aperture of a photographic lens is a hole that can be adjusted to different sizes, using the aperture ring. This ring is behind the lens, but in front of the shutter.  The aperture ring is a flat circle with a small hole in the centre. The small hole is called the aperture. The size of the aperture can be changed. When the aperture is very small only a small amount of light can enter the camera. When the aperture is big, a lot of light can get in.

This lets the photographer control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. The aperture is changed along with the  shutter speed to control the amount of light that enters the camera.  This amount of light is called the exposure.  Typically, a fast shutter speed will not let much light in (meaning the picture could come out too dark), so the photographer will use a larger aperture to correct for this.  A slow shutter speed will need a smaller aperture to stop the picture coming out too bright.

The size of the aperture is described as an "f-stop."  This is a number that describes the size of the hole in relation to the focal length of the lens.  A low number (such as f1.4 or f2.8) means the aperture is wide open, and lets in a lot of light.  A high number (such as f8 or f11) means that the aperture is small, and does not let in as much light.
Optics
Photography
Zoom lens

A variable focus lens (also called zoom lens) is a camera lens that can vary its focal length. 

In general, such lenses have a lower aperture than comparable fixfocus lenses. Depending on the manufacturer common zoom lenses (in the 30–100mm focal range, for film photography) usually have a varying aperture, from 4 to 5.6, perhaps 3.3 to 5.6. There are also some zoom lenses with a fixed maximal aperture (to take the example from before: of 2.6 or 2.8, maximum). In contrast, fix-focus lenses in that range have maximum apertures of 1.4 to 2.

Digital zoom

Digital cameras sometimes have a function called  digital zoom. This is a mathematical method which simply enlarges a part of the picture. The result is not as sharp as that of the optical zoom. When an optical zoom changes its focal length, this will also change the angle of view. Digital zooms simply make a small part of an image bigger, without changing the angle of view. 

Camera lenses
Belinda (moon)

Belinda is a closer moon to Uranus, a planet in the solar system. Belinda was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986, and it was given the designation S/1986 U 5. It is named after the heroine of Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock. It is also designated Uranus XIV.

Belinda belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, radius of  45 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Belinda appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The moon is very stretched, with its short axis 0.5 ± 0.1 times the long axis. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Belinda Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Normal lens

In photography, the phrase normal lens  is used for camera lenses that have a focal length which is roughly the diagonal of the image projected inside the camera.  Camera lenses with a shorter focal length are called wide-angle lenses, those with a longer one telephoto lenses. 

This gives a natural perspective.

In Digital photography the situation is more complex. The sensor type diameter is not the sensor diameter:
 (*) refers to tv-tube diameters that were standards in the 50's. The normal lens focal length is roughly 2/3 of the TV tube diameter.
 (**) this is a mathematical calculation because most of the cameras have zoom lenses.

In cinematography a focal length roughly equivalent to twice the diagonal of the image projected within the camera is considered normal.

Camera lenses
The Ren & Stimpy Show

The Ren and Stimpy Show is an American cartoon created by John Kricfalusi, which aired from 1991 to 1999. The main characters are Ren Höek (Maurice LaMarche), a chihuahua, and Stimpson J. Cat (Billy West) (Stimpy for short).

The show premiered on Nickelodeon on Sunday, August 11, 1991, and aired new episodes on the channel from 1991 to 1996.

The series ended on October 20, 1996, with the episodes "Sammy and Me" and "Last Temptation".

It was also shown on MTV, and was shown in other countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and most of Europe.

People who make cartoons think that Ren and Stimpy is famous because of its classic cartoonish style and gross humor that is different from other animated shows at the time, and then became a cult following. John Kricfalusi got fired after only one year of working on his show. He did not send his work on time and often fought with his friends at Nickelodeon, so they fired him. He made other shows but none were as popular as Ren and Stimpy.

Reruns of Ren and Stimpy currently air on the Nicktoons Network.

Cast 
 John Kricfalusi as Ren Hoek (seasons 1-2)
 Billy West as Stimpy and Ren Hoek (seasons 3-5)
 Harris Peet as Muddy Mudskipper
 Michael Pataki as George Liquor

Related pages
 List of The Ren and Stimpy Show episodes

1991 television series debuts
1996 television series endings
Animated television series
Nickelodeon television series
The Ren & Stimpy Show
English-language television programs
Perdita (moon)

Perdita is a closer moon to Uranus. Perdita's discovery was not simple. The first pictures of Perdita were taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986, but it was not seen on the photographs for more than ten years. In 1999, the moon was noticed and reported.

Because no further pictures could be taken to confirm its existence, in 2001 it was thought to be non-existent. However, in 2003, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope managed to pick up an object where Perdita was supposed to be. This proved its existence at last.

After its discovery in 1999, Perdita was labelled S/1986 U 10. she was the daughter of Leontes and Hermione in William Shakespeare's play The Winter's Tale. The moon is also called Uranus XXV.

Perdita belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Belinda. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  15 km, and geometric albedo of 0.08, almost nothing is known about it.

References

Other websites
Perdita Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
135 film

135 film is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934 It was made for making pictures, rather than films. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called 35mm film. 

It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today.

Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film.

References 

Photographic film formats

fr:Format 35 mm#Utilisation en photographie
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty that was adopted in 1992.

It was designed by the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. It applies only to languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties that are very different from the majority or official language. The treaty does not protect languages that are used by recent immigrants from other countries. Also, the treaty does not protect local dialects of the official or majority language.

To be protected, a language must be spoken either by the people living in a region or area of the country or by a minority in the country as a whole (languages such as Yiddish and Romani are covered by the treaty even if there is no "Romani region").

National official languages are not covered by the treaty, but some regional official languages are. For example, Catalan is official only in a region of Spain and so can benefit from the treaty. However, Irish cannot because it is an official language in Ireland even if it is a minority language. However, Irish is protected in Northern Ireland because it is not an official or national language of the United Kingdom.

France has signed the treaty, but the French constitution does not allow the government to support a language other than French.

There are two levels of protection. Every country that signed the treaty must give all qualifying languages the lower level of protection. Countries may decide to give some languages the higher level of protection. Countries then must do 35 things.

Languages protected under the Charter 

Here are the countries that have ratified the Charter and the languages for which the ratification was made:

Related pages
 European languages
 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
 Languages of the European Union
 Language policy in France
 Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights
 Vergonha

References

Other websites 

 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages page (Legal Affairs, Council of Europe)
 More information

Languages

European Union
Finger Eleven

Finger Eleven is a  Canadian rock band. it was formed in 1989. They are from Burlington, Ontario. There they had achieved minor success as a cover band, then as a full fledged band.

Discography

Albums
1995 Letters From Chutney (as Rainbow Butt Monkeys)
1997/1998 Tip
2000 The Greyest Of Blue Skies
2003 Finger Eleven
2007 Them vs. You vs. Me
2010 Life Turns Electric

Other websites 
Official Website
U.S. Street Team 
Canadian Street Team 
Finger Eleven on JBTV 
Audio Interview  recorded February 2007
Interviews and Music Videos 
Finger Eleven Pagina En Español

1990s music groups
1994 establishments in Canada
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Post-grunge bands
Alternative metal bands
Canadian hard rock bands
Nefertiti

Nefertiti (pronounced at the time something like *nafratiːta) (c. 1370 BC  c. 1330 BC) was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. She was the mother-in-law and may have been stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. After her husband died, Nefertiti may have also ruled as pharaoh under the name Neferneferuaten.   However, some archaeologists do not think Nefertiti was Neferneferuaten.

Her name in English means "the beautiful (or perfect) woman has come". Nefertiti was one of the most powerful queens in Ancient Egypt.

Background 
Nefertiti was the first and most loved wife of Akhenaten. He had a total of eight wives, but she was different from the rest. Ramses was devoted and obsessed with her beauty. Nefertiti reigned beside the pharaoh toward the eighteenth dynasty. While she reigned she was known as Ankhkheperure Neferneferuatan. Nefertiti was such an educated woman, she was able to read and write hieroglyphs. It was a rare skill that barely anyone had. While being married she had six daughters, and no matter how old Nefertiti was, Akhenaten still loved her deeply.

Mystery 
There are many tales about Nefertiti being born as a royal and her father being pharaoh Ay, but they are not confirmed. So it would be unlikely that she did become a pharaoh without royal blood. Her daughter Meritaten was born a royal, so she had more of a chance of becoming a pharaoh. Her parenthood is still a mystery. The only detail known is that they were nobles.

Disappearance 
Two of her daughters became queens of Egypt. In the 12th year of Akheneaton rule many of the princesses died, but what was more confusing was that Nefertiti vanished. So everyone assumed that she died like the other princesses. There was no record of Nefertiti’s death and no evidence that she was ever buried.

Bust 
She is best known for her bust, which is in the Altes Museum in Berlin, Germany.  This bust is considered to be a beautiful example of Egyptian art.

A man called Ludwig Borchardt with a team of people discovered a portrait bust of Queen Nefertiti. This bust captured all her beauty even though one of the eyes was damaged. The famous bust that everyone began knowing Nefertiti was displayed at the museum of Berlin in the 1920’s. The queen's bust became very known around the world. This caused Nefertiti to become one of the most recognized and beautiful queens in ancient Egypt before Cleopatra.

References

Other websites 
 Row over Nefertiti bust continues
 Do We Have the Mummy of Nefertiti?  by Marianne Luban, 1999 (predates Joann Fletcher's work).
 J. Kluger, A. Dorfman, Nefertiti found?, Time, June 16, 2003; online edition 
 Tracking Nefertiti Discovery article on Joann Fletcher's work.
 King Tut tut tut The Sunday Times on Joann Fletcher's work.
  Spinning Nefertiti 
 Discussion on the Nefertiti found? program 
 The Encyclopedia of El Amarna, examining her time and connections
 Nefertiti, a musical based on the Egyptian queen.
 Altes Museum, Berlin 
 "Queen Nefertiti, Images & History"
  Reconstruction of  Nefertiti's Face
 "M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection"

Ancient Egyptian queens
Wide-angle lens

A wide-angle lens is a lens that has a focal length that is shorter than that of the normal lens. Normal lenses have an angle of view of between 40° and 50°. Wide-angle lenses have an angle of view that is bigger. 

For the 135 film format (the most popular photographic film type), normal lenses are 50mm focal length. 35mm (with an angle of view of 63 degrees) and 28mm (75°) are slight wide-angle lenses. 

24mm (84°), 20mm (94°), 17mm (104°) and 14mm (114°) offer more extreme views (for 35mm film). 

This is different for digital photography. Many digital cameras use smaller sensors. This means that the focal lengths have an angle of view that is smaller. That way, an 18mm lens mounted on a digital camera of this type gives an angle of view of the 28mm wide-angle lens, namely 75 degrees, for a multiplier of 1.5.

One kind of wide-angle lens is a fish eye lens.

Telephoto lens is the opposite. It has a long focal length, and a narrow angle of view.

Camera lenses
Grand Duchy of Hesse

The Grand Duchy of Hesse () was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. It was formed in 1806 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the actions of Napoleon, who then elevated the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt to the level of grand duchy. For this reason, this state was occasionally known simply as Hesse-Darmstadt.

History
Because Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to give up a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, was given to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.  

The Grand Duchy changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine () in 1816.

Subdivisions of Hesse

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was divided into three provinces:
 Starkenburg: (Capital: Darmstadt) Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main
 Rhenish Hesse, (Capital: Mainz) Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the Congress of Vienna
 Upper Hesse (Capital: Giessen) North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the Free City of Frankfurt, which was later annexed by Prussia in 1866.

Other websites
Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918
Großherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910

References

Former states in Germany
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the German Empire
States of the North German Confederation
1806 establishments in Europe
1800s establishments in Germany
1918 disestablishments in Germany
Puck (moon)

Puck is a closer moon to Uranus. Puck was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on December 30, 1985, and was given the designation S/1985 U 1.

In Celtic mythology and English folklore, a Puck is a mischievous sprite, imagined as an evil demon by Christians; the moon is named after the Puck who appears in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which he travels around the globe at night with the fairies. It is also designated Uranus XV.

Puck is the biggest of the small closer moons to Uranus. It is in the middle in size between Portia and Miranda, the smallest of the five bigger moons. Puck's orbit is also located between these two moons. Little is known about it aside from its orbit, its radius about 81 km, and its geometric albedo approximately 0.11.

Of the moons found by the Voyager 2 imaging team, only Puck was found early enough that the probe could be programmed to take pictures of it in some detail. Images showed that Puck has a shape of a slightly prolate spheroid (ratio between axises is 0.97 ± 0.04). Its surface is heavily cratered and is grey in color. There are three named craters on the surface of Puck. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Puck.

References

Other websites
Puck Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Page that includes a reprocessed version of the Voyager Puck image 

Uranus' moons
Schinus

Schinus is a large genus of Anacardiaceae. They are commonly known as pepper trees. They prefer tropic subhumid zones.
Californian pepper tree S.areira native from Mexico to South America. Various species grown as ornamental, e.g. S.areira, and Brazilian pepper S.terebinthifolius.

Other websites
weed behaviour 
Germplasm Resources Information Network
USDA

References

Trees
Anacardiaceae
Mab (moon)

Mab is a closer moon to the planet Uranus. It was found by Mark R. Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope. It was named after Queen Mab, a fairy queen from English folklore who is noted in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet.

Because the moon is small and dark, it was not seen in the images taken by Voyager 2 during its Uranus flyby in 1986. However, it is brighter than another moon, Perdita, which was discovered from Voyager's photos in 1997. This led scientists to look at the old photos again, and the moon was finally found in the images.

If it is as dark as Puck, then it is about 24 km in diameter. On the other hand, if it is brightly coloured like the neighbouring moon Miranda, then it would be even smaller than Cupid and comparable to the smallest farther moons.

Mab is heavily perturbed, meaning its movement is not only caused by the gravity of another large thing. The actual source for perturbation is still unclear, but is probably one or more of the nearby orbiting moons.

Following its discovery, Mab was given the code name S/2003 U 1. The moon is also known as Uranus XXVI.

References

Other websites
  Hubble Uncovers Smallest Moons Yet Seen Around Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2003-09-25)
  Hubble Discovers Giant Rings and New Moons Encircling Uranus – Hubble Space Telescope news release (2005-12-22)

Uranus' moons
Telephoto lens

In photography, a telephoto lens is a lens. There are two different uses of the word. The less specific use is to mean a lens that has a longer focal length than a normal lens. Their angle of view is smaller than that of a normal lens. With telephoto lenses things look closer than they really are.

The other meaning of telephoto lens applies to lenses that are constructed in a special way so they can be shorter than their focal length.

For 35 mm film, 50 mm is a normal focal length. Typical telephoto lenses are 85 mm (28°50') and 100 mm (24°). They are used for portraits mostly. Other telephoto lenses that are used often are 135 mm (18°), 180 mm  and 200 mm. Many are zoom lenses.

Longer focal lengths (300 to 1200 mm) are used in sports and nature photography.

Different focal lengths
Effect of different focal lengths on photographs taken from the same place:

The above photos were taken using a 35 mm camera, using lenses of the given focal lengths.

Camera lenses
Umbriel (moon)

Umbriel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as Ariel.

Name 
The name "Umbriel" and the names of all four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848. Umbriel is the 'dusky melancholy sprite' in Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock, and the name suggests the Latin umbra, shadow. The adjectival form of the name is Umbrielian.

It is also designated Uranus II.

Physical characteristics 
So far the only close-up images of Umbriel are from the Voyager 2 probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.

Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects only about half as much light as Ariel, Uranus' brightest moon. It has far more and bigger craters than do Ariel and Titania and is also the least geologically active.  It is mostly made of water ice, with the balance made up of silicate rock, and other ices such as methane.  Methane can break down and form reddish-black organic compounds such as tholins when bombarded by high-energy particles.  Near-IR spectra of Ariel and Umbriel clearly show that water ice dominates the spectra of these objects.

Craters 
Craters on Umbriel are named after many different demons from various mythologies.

Other websites 
 Umbriel Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 William Lassell, Astronomical Journal 2 (1851) 70
 AN, 33 (1852) 257/258
 AN, 34 (1852) 325/326
 Uranus and moons  as seen by the VLT in August 2007

Notes

References 

Uranus' moons
Titania (moon)

Titania is the biggest moon of Uranus and the eighth biggest moon in the Solar System.

Discovery 
Titania was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel. He reported it and Oberon the same year. He later reported four more moons, which turned out to be spurious.

Name and pronunciation 
The names of Titania and the other four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel's son John Herschel in 1852 at the request of William Lassell, who had found Ariel and Umbriel the year before. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848.

All of the moons of Uranus are named for characters from Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. Titania was named after Titania, the Queen of the Faeries in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Shakespeare's character's name is pronounced , but the moon is often pronounced , by analogy with the familiar chemical element titanium. 

It is also designated Uranus III.

Physical characteristics 
So far the only close-up images of Titania are from the Voyager 2 probe, which photographed the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.

Although what its interior is made up of is uncertain, one model suggests that Titania is made of about 50% water ice, 30% silicate rock, and 20% methane-related organic compounds.

Surface features 

Surface features on Titania are named for characters from plays by William Shakespeare. Chasms on Titania are called chasmata. Escarpments here are called rupes. They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen. craters on Titania are named after female characters in the plays.

A major surface feature is a huge canyon that dwarfs the scale of the Grand Canyon on Earth and is in the same class as the Valles Marineris on Mars or Ithaca Chasma on Saturn's moon Tethys.

Occultation 
On September 8, 2001, Titania occulted a faint star; this was a chance to both refine its diameter and ephemeris, and to detect any extant atmosphere.  The data revealed no atmosphere to a surface pressure of 0.03 microbars; if it exists, it would have to be far thinner than that of Triton or Pluto.

Other websites 
 Titania Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Notes

Other websites
 USGS: Titania nomenclature

Uranus' moons
The 20 Hunchakian gallows

The 20 Hunchakian gallows (or Ksan Gakhaghan, also "The 20 Martyrs", "The 20s") is the common name for the group of Hunchakian activists who were hanged in the Sultan Bayazid square of Constantinople in June 15, 1915.

History
The 7th General Convention of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party which was held in Constanţa, Romania, in 1913, had a unique and great importance not only for the Hunchaks, but in the history of the Armenian people as a whole. During the Convention, members stressed their concern of the Ittihad (Young Turk) government's blatant disregard of the Armenian lives who resided in Historic Armenia. The Hunchaks feared that this disregard would only escalate as time past. The Hunchaks also stressed the importance of a United Independent Armenia which would be impossible under the racist and dictatorial Young Turk government's rule of the Ottoman Empire.

Thus the convention adjourned with two main objectives:

I - As stated in its original program, the party was to move from licit to illicit activities, thus becoming once again a covert organization.

II - To plan and assassinate the leaders of the Ittihad (Young Turk) party, the same leaders that carried out the Adana massacres of 1909, and thus the same leaders who at that moment were planning the annihilation of the Armenian people. 
  
Unfortunately, these secret objectives were passed on to the Turks by an Armenian agent for the government; consequently as soon as the delegates arrived in Constantinople, they were arrested. By the end of the year a total of one hundred and forty Hunchak leaders were arrested.

After spending two years in terrible conditions in Turkish prisons, and undergoing lengthy mock trials, twenty prominent figures - Paramaz, Dr. Benne, Aram Ach'ekbashian, Vanig and others were sentenced to death by hanging. A few weeks after the beginning of the Armenian Genocide on June 15, 1915, all twenty men were hanged in the central square of Constantinople, known as Sultan Bayazid Square. Paramaz's last words before his hanging were, "You can only hang our bodies, but not our ideology. ...You will see tomorrow on the Eastern horizon a Socialist Armenia." 

Since their execution, the Twenty Martyrs have been a source of inspiration for thousands of young Armenians throughout the world.

In 2001 the monument of Paramaz and his 19 Hunchakian comrades was opened in Meghri town, Armenia.

The list of hanged Hunchakians
 Paramaz,
 Dr. Benne (Bedros Torosian, Kharpert), 
 Aram Achekbashian (Krikor Garabedian, Arabkir),
 Kegham Vanig (Van), one of the editors of "Gaidz" youth journal,
 Mourad Zakarian (Mush),
 worker Yervant Topuzian,
 Hagop Basmajian,
 Smpat Keljian,
 Roupen Garabedian,
 Armenag Hampartsoumian,
 Apraham Mouradian,
 Hrand Yegavian,
 Karnig Boyajian,
 Hovhannes Yeghiazarian,
 Mgrdich Yeretsian,
 Yerevia Manoukian,
 Tovmas Tovmasian,
 Karekin Boghosian,
 Minas Keshishian,
 Boghos Boghosian.

Two other prominent Hunchakian activists, Stepan Sabah-Goulian and Varaztahd, were condemned to death in absentia.

Other websites
 The Twenty Hunchakian Gallows

References

Armenian people
1915 deaths
Executed people
Allowance

An allowance is usually an amount of money that a parent gives to his/her child.

Possible reasons why allowance is given:
The parent might have extra money so he/she shares or gives it to the child(ren).
The parent might want to teach the child how to manage money.
The parent might want the child to help him/her to do chores with or without allowance.

Income
Inverter

An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy (e.g. movement) into alternating current.

Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels. When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.

An inverter usually also increases the voltage. In order to increase the voltage, the current must be decreased. So, an inverter will use a lot of current on the DC side when only a small amount is being used on the AC side.

Inverters are made in many different sizes. They can be as small as 150 watts, or as large as 1 megawatt (1 million watts). Smaller inverters often plug into a car's cigarette lighter socket and provide 120 or 240 volt AC power from the car's 12 volt supply.

The earliest inverters consisted of a DC motor connected mechanically to an AC generator. A later design often used with vacuum tube car radios consisted of a rapidly switching relay. Modern inverters are based on MOSFET or IGBT transistors.

Types 
 Sine wave inverters produce good-quality AC power. They use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to produce a true sine wave, which makes them expensive.
 A modified sine wave inverter produces a lower quality of AC power, with strong power system harmonics but is cheaper. The output of a typical modified sine wave inverter is a square wave with a pause between the change in direction. Various modulation strategies are used in cascaded multilevel inverters to reduce the harmonic contents. Modified sine inverters reduce the performance of some appliances, such as microwave ovens and appliances containing electric motors, and are known to damage some equipment including smoke detectors and some battery chargers.

Electricity
Machines
1994 FIFA World Cup

The 1994 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in USA from June 17 to July 17, 1994. 24 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after Roberto Baggio from Italy famously missed the last penalty in a penalty shootout.

Participants

Africa 
 Cameroon (CMR) • Squad
 Morocco (MAR) • Squad
 Nigeria (NGA) • Squad

Asia 
 Korea Republic (KOR) • Squad
 Saudi Arabia (KSA) • Squad

Europe 
 Belgium (BEL) • Squad
 Bulgaria (BUL) • Squad
 Germany (GER) • Squad
 Greece (GRE) • Squad
 Italy (ITA) • Squad
 Netherlands (NED) • Squad
 Norway (NOR) • Squad
 Republic of Ireland (IRL) • Squad
 Romania (ROU) • Squad
 Russia (RUS) • Squad
 Spain (ESP) • Squad
 Sweden (SWE) • Squad
 Switzerland (SUI) • Squad

North and Central America 
 Mexico (MEX) • Squad
 United States (USA) • Squad

South America 
 Argentina (ARG) • Squad
 Bolivia (BOL) • Squad
 Brazil (BRA) • Squad
 Colombia (COL) • Squad

Results

Round 1

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Knockout stage

Final
 won the championship.

References 
 FIFA 

|

FIFA World Cup tournaments
1994 in association football
1994 in the United States
Soccer in the United States
Francisco (moon)

Francisco is the closest non-spherical moon of Uranus. 

Francisco was found by Matthew J. Holman, et al. and Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003 from pictures taken in 2001 and given the designation S/2001 U 3.
Confirmed as Uranus XXII, it was named after a lord in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

 Ephemeris IAU-NSES
 Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 Francisco profile  by Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches

Warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.

Watch
A tropical storm watch is issued by the National Hurricane Center when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 48 hours. Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h). Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.

Warning
A tropical storm warning is issued when tropical storm effects are expected within 36 hours or less.  Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.

Other websites
 NHC - watches and warnings

Tropical cyclones
Kingston, Jamaica

The City of Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. It is on the southeastern coast of the island country. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).

References

Other websites 

 Extract from Tour Jamaica by Margaret Morris
 Jamaica Library Service: brief history of Kingston 
 2001 Census 
 Accounts of 1907 Earthquake in The Times 
 Kingston City Guide
 Jamaican Affairs - Kingston 
 Kingston Guide 

National capitals in North America
Cities in the Caribbean
Settlements in Jamaica
1693 establishments in North America
Establishments in Jamaica
Caliban (moon)

Caliban is the second biggest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.

Caliban was found on 1997-09-06 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale telescope together with Sycorax and given the designation S/1997 U 1.

Designated Uranus XVI it was named after the monster fictional character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Stephano to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diameter is estimated at 72 km (assuming albedo of 0.04), making it the second biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, half the size of Sycorax, the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus.

The light curve suggests Caliban's rotation period is 2.7 hours.

Related pages
List of Uranus' moons

References

Ephemeris IAU-NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites
Caliban Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewiit pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Tropical cyclone forecast model

A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast where tropical cyclones will go and how strong they will be. Models use powerful supercomputers and mathematical modeling software. There are two general types: statistical and dynamic. There are two main types of forecasts: track and intensity.

Other websites
 Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide, Chapter 5
 Model Analyses and Forecasts from NCEP 

Tropical cyclones
Villalba, Puerto Rico

Villalba  (vee-YAHL-bah) is a municipality of Puerto Rico. It is in the central region, northeast of Juana Díaz; south of Orocovis; and west of Coamo. Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

Municipalities of Puerto Rico
1917 establishments in the United States
Establishments in Puerto Rico
Stephano (moon)

Stephano is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 1999, and given the designation S/1999 U 2. 

Confirmed as Uranus XX, it is named after the drunken butler in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

 Ephemeris IAU-NSES
 Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 Stephano Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Trinculo (moon)

Trinculo is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Holman, et al. on 2001-08-13, and given the designation S/2001 U 1. 

Confirmed as Uranus XXI, it was named after the drunken jester Trinculo in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

Ephemeris IAU-NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 David C. Jewitt pages
 Scott S. Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons