cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Managed services

Managed services is the practice of outsourcing day-to-day management work. It is a calculated way for improved operations inclusive of production support and life cycle build/maintenance activities. The business owner or administrator, who has direct oversight of the organization or system being managed, is referred to as the client, or customer. The person or organization that manages and provides the service is regarded as the service provider.

Overview 
A managed services provider (MSP) is usually a services organization or company. They manage and take liability for managing and handling an agreed set of business operations of their clients. Most service providers usually bill either a fixed charge, hourly rate or fixed monthly fee. They generally benefit their clients by providing them with predictable support costs.

Areas 
 Applications
 Accounts Work
 Databases
 Data Entry Work
 Transportation
 Web Development & Design
 Training & Coaching 
 Courier
 Registered Post
 Security
 Information Services 
 Data Backup & Storage
 24/7/365 Monitoring
 Network Management
 Systems Management
 Software - Production Support and maintenance
 Business-to-Business Integration 
 Supply Chain Management
 Communication Services 
 Internet (provided by an Internet service provider)
 Supply Chain Management Services
 Customer Care
Information Technology

Related pages 

 Outsourcing

References

Business
Management
Marketing
Biscarrosse–Parentis Airport

Biscarrosse - Parentis Airport (ICAO code: LFBS) is located at Parentis-en-Born in Landes departement of Nouvelle-Aquitaine region at 3.5 km south-east of Biscarosse.

A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located on the aerodrome.

References 

Airports in France
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Castelnaudary - Villeneuve Airport

Castelnaudary - Villeneuve Airport (ICAO code: LFMW) is located at Villeneuve-la-Comptal in Aude departement of Occitanie region at 2.5 km south-east of Castelnaudary.

A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located on the aerodrome.

References 

Airports in France
Occitanie
Peace of Paris (1814)

The Peace of Paris (1814) was a peace accord that ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition (Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain and a number of German states). Napoleon was defeated and driven into exile on Elba. The peace restored the Burbons in France and defined most of the country's borders.

19th century in France
1810s treaties
19th century in Sweden
1810s in the United Kingdom
Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport

Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport (ICAO code: LFMX) is located at Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence departement of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region at 4 km south-west of Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban.

A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located on the aerodrome.

References 

Airports in France
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Apollo 9

Apollo 9 was a mission in NASA's Apollo program. It was the third crewed mission in the Apollo program and was the first flight of the Command/Service Module (CSM) with the Lunar Module (LM). The crew was Commander James A. McDivitt, Command Module Pilot David R. Scott, and Lunar Module Pilot Russell L. Schweickart. The mission was launched on March 3, 1969. The mission tested several things which were important for landing on the Moon, including the LM engines, backpack life support systems, navigation systems, and docking maneuvers.

References 

Apollo program
Carcassonne Airport

Carcassonne Airport ()  is an airport serving Carcassonne and the south of Occitanie. The airport is located on the western part of the city,  from the city center, in the Aude department. It is also known as Salvaza Airport, Carcassonne Salvaza Airport or Carcassonne Airport in Pays Cathare (Aéroport de Carcassonne en Pays Cathare).
 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is also located at the airport.

References 

Airports in France
Occitanie
Alpes–Isère Airport

Alpes–Isère Airport (formerly known as Grenoble-Isère Airport) , is an airport serving Grenoble.  It is 2.5 km north-northwest of Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs and 40 km northwest of Grenoble.  Both are communes in the Isère, département of France. It is also known as Grenoble - Saint-Geoirs Airport.  The name, Isere, refers to the department of Isère.

A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is also at the airport.

References

Airports in France
Grenoble
Saint-Yan Airport

Saint-Yan Airport ()  , also known as Charolais Bourgogne Sud Airport, is an airport in Saint-Yan, a commune of the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of France. A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located on the airport.

References

Airports in France
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Treaty of Paris (1259)

The Treaty of Paris was a treaty between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England, agreed to on December 4, 1259. It is also known as Treaty of Albeville.  It was mainly about territories that England had obtained in 1180, in Normandy. Philip II of France had conquered many of these territories. England lost the Battle of Bouvines in 1214, and was weakened on the European mainland. Louis VII of France strengthened this position. The English were left with Gascony and Bordeaux. The treaty also gave the Channel Islands to England. Henry gave up control of  Maine, Anjou and Poitou, which had been lost under the reign of King John but remained Duke of Aquitaine and was able to keep the lands of Gascony and parts of Aquitaine but only as a vassal to Louis.

In exchange, Louis withdrew his support for English rebels. He also ceded to Henry the bishoprics and cities of Limoges, Cahors and Périgueux and was to pay an annual rent for possession of Agenais.

References

Paris 1259
History of France
13th century in England
Normandy
Channel Islands
1259
December events
Treaty of Paris (1303)

The Treaty of Paris was signed on May 20, 1303, between England and France. In the Treaty of Paris (1259), Gascony was given to England, as a fief. On all occasions when there was a change of monarch in France or England, the vassal England had to give praise to its lord, France. Edward I of England did this, in the years 1272 and 1285, and also reminded France that it had the same duties. 1294, the treaty was broken. Philip IV of France occupied Guyenne, in Gascony. The English king made it an Allodial title, and was prepared to go to war over it.  Philip was only able to keep Guyenne until 1303. With the Treaty of Paris, Edward obtained Guyenne, as well as the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne. Edward II of England gave allegiance to the French King, and married his daughter, Isabella.

14th century in France
1300s in England
Paris 1303
1303
May events
Melun Villaroche Aerodrome

{{Infobox airport
| name         = Melun Villaroche Aerodrome
| nativename   = 
| image        =
| IATA         =
| ICAO         = LFPM
Location of airport in France
| type         = Public
| owner        =
| operator     = SYMPAV (Syndicat Mixte du pôle d'activités de Villaroche)
| city-served  = Melun, France
| location     =
| elevation-f  = 304
| elevation-m  = 93
| coordinates  = 
| website      =
| metric-rwy   = y
| r1-number    = 10/28
| r1-length-m  = 1,975
| r1-length-f  = 6,480
| r1-surface   = Asphalt
| r2-number    = 01/19
| r2-length-m  = 1,300
| r2-length-f  = 4,265
| r2-surface   = Asphalt
| footnotes    = Sources: French Aeronautical Information Publication,<ref name="AIP">AIP France Melun Villaroche</ref> Union des Aéroports Français, DAFIF
}}Melun Villaroche Aerodrome''' ()  is an aerodrome  north of Melun.  Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

The airport is  east-southeast of Moissy-Cramayel and  southeast of Paris. A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile'' (French civil aviation university) is also in the aerodrome.

References

Airports in France
Île-de-France
Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport

Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport or Aéroport de Montpellier - Méditerranée , also known as Fréjorgues Airport, is an airport in southern France. It is 7 km east-southeast of Montpellier in Mauguio. The airport carries the 10th largest number of passengers in France (over 1.180 million in 2010). A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is also located at the airport.

References 

Airports in France
Montpellier
Otradnoye

Otradnoye (, 59°47'N 30°49'E) is a town in northwestern Russia near Saint Petersburg. Its population is about 23,900 (2011). The territory of Otradnoye is about 70 square kilometers.

Other websites

Towns in Russia
South Eleuthera

South Eleuthera is one of the districts of the Bahamas.  It is on the island of Eleuthera.

Districts of the Bahamas
Spanish Wells

Spanish Wells is one of the districts of the Bahamas. It is a small town on the island of St. George's Cay   It is  wide by  long. About 1,500 people live here. Spanish Wells has a bridge to neighboring Russell Island. Spanish Wells is so small that many people get around the island using golf carts instead of full-sized cars.  

The area had a lot of property damage during a direct hit from Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and Floyd in 1999.

References

Districts of the Bahamas
1996 establishments in the Bahamas
West Grand Bahama

West Grand Bahama is one of 31 districts of The Bahamas. The district covers the entire western part of Grand Bahama island.  It does not include the city of Freeport, which is its own district.  Communities within West Grand Bahama include the settlements of Mack Town, Hunters, Lewis Yard, Pinder's Point, Eight Mile Rock, Hepburn Town, Bartlett Hill, Hanna Hill, Pine Dale, Martin Town, Russell Town, Jones Town, Sea Grape, Holmes Rock, Bootle Bay  and the westernmost settlement of West End.

Subdivisions 

West Grand Bahama is divided into four town areas or townships. Each township has its own chairperson. They are:
Township of West End
Township of Eight Mile Rock West
Township of Eightmile Rock East
Township of Pinder's Point

Districts of the Bahamas
1996 establishments in the Bahamas
Airexpo

Airexpo is a French airshow created in 1987. It is the third most important airshow of France. It is organized by the students of the universities École nationale de l'aviation civile and those of the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace. It is yearly organized and most of the time on the Muret - Lherm Aerodrome.

Presentation 
The aircraft are representative of the world of aviation, from the Supermarine Spitfire to the F-18 Super Hornet, through the little Robin DR400. Proof of its quality and originality, the airliners are also regularly represented with the participation of Airbus and ATR, with the Airbus A380 and A340-600 or the ATR 72-500.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Aviation in France
Festivals in Europe
French Civil Aviation University
1987 establishments in France
Green Turtle Cay

Green Turtle Cay is an island in The Bahamas. It is in the "Abaco Out Islands".  It is  long and 1/2 mile wide. It was named after the many green turtles that live in the area. There are about 450 people.  The main town is New Plymouth.

Islands of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas
King Fahd Causeway

The King Fahd Causeway is a causeway joining Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The idea to make the causeway was to improve the links and bonds between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Surveying began in 1968. Construction began in 1981.  In 1986 it was opened to the public.

In 2008 there was an average of 48,600 passengers per day.

References 

Buildings and structures in Saudi Arabia
Buildings and structures in Bahrain
Bridges
1986 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Saudi Arabia
Greater Kashmir

Greater Kashmir is an English-language newspaper published in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The newspaper started as a weekly newspaper in 1987. Since 1989, it is published daily. It is among the most widely read English-language newspapers in the state.

References 

Kashmir
English-language newspapers published in India
Qatar Bahrain Causeway

The Qatar Bahrain Causeway (also called the Qatar Bahrain Friendship Bridge) is a planned causeway between the two Arab states of Qatar and Bahrain. It was announced on the 13th of December 2008 that construction would start in early 2009. As of November 2010, construction had not started. On April 27, 2011, an announcement was made that building the causeway would start in 2011 for completion in 2015.

References 

Qatar
Buildings and structures in Bahrain
Bridges
Flag of Bahrain

The national flag of Bahrain is a white band on the left, with a red area on the right split by five triangles.

Red is the traditional colour for flags of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The five points are for the five pillars of Islam.

It is very similar to the flag of Qatar.

History
The oldest known flags of Bahrain were plain red. In 1820, Bahrain made a treaty with the United Kingdom.  A white stripe was added to show the truce. In 1932, a serrated edge was added to make the flag of Bahrain different from its neighbours.

The flag first had twenty-eight white points. This was changed to eight in 1972. In 2002 the number was changed to five.  This was so that each of the points could stand for one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

Flag
Bahrain
Coat of arms of Bahrain

The current coat of arms  of Bahrain is a coat of arms that was originally designed in 1932 by Charles Belgrave, the British adviser to the then-Shaikh of Bahrain. The design has undergone slight modifications since then, namely in 1971 in 2002 when mantling and the indentations of the chief were modified respectively, but the influence of the original design is still clearly visible in the modern blazon.

The arms act as a governmental and national symbol in addition to being the personal arms of the king; only the king, however, may display the royal crown ensigning the coat of arms.

History
The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 gave Bahrain protected status (not as a protectorate of the United Kingdom). In 1932, the advisor to the Ruler, Charles Belgrave, designed a coat of arms for the Ruler, Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa. The original heraldic achievement was red with a white chief dancetée of three ensigned by an heraldic ancient crown of eight points, with five being visible in renditions.

After the United Kingdom withdrew from Bahrain in 1971, red mantling with a white lining was added to the coat of arms as a symbol of the island nation's newly acquired independent sovereignty. The mantling is displayed around the shield without a helm or torse, in a manner unusual to traditional heraldic practice. The Princely coat of arms still displayed the Crown when used as the personal arms of Emir, though the Crown was modified to have smaller points displayed between the space of each point. The arms displayed with the mantling sans Crown became the arms of dominion for Bahrain.

The heraldic device has been most recently altered in 2002, when the emirate was declared a kingdom by Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa. The shield remains red, but the white chief dancetée now includes five indentations to represent the five pillars of the Muslim faith, rather than the three as was originally assumed in 1932.
 
The design on the shield is nearly identical to the design of the national flag, the only difference being that the whole of the design is rotated so that the chief of the shield appears as the hoist of the flag. The current coat of arms  of Bahrain was made in 1932 by Charles Belgrave.

Related pages 
Flag of Bahrain

References

Bahrain
Bahrain
Bahrainona

"Baħrajnonâ", which means "Our Bahrain", is the national anthem of Bahrain. 
Several changes were made to this song by a national police band which was formerly led by Colonel Moħammed Ṣedqi Għajâẋ. The lyrics (words of the song) were written by Jusef Għaṭṭeja ar-Rimâwi. The melody comes from at least the 1940s, but its composer remains unknown. It was later rearranged by singer and composer ‘Aħmad al-Ġomajri.

Lyrics

Arabic original

Literal English translation
Our Bahrain,
Our King
The symbol of harmony.

High-ranking in its Constitution
Thy Charter represents the Shari'a way, Arabism, :and the values
Long live thy Kingdom of Bahrain!

Thy country of nobles
and cradle of peace.

High-ranking in its Constitution
Thy Charter represents the Shari'a way, Arabism, and the values
Long live thy Kingdom of Bahrain!

References

National anthems
Bahrain
Constitutional monarchy

A Constitutional Monarchy is a form of government, in which a king or queen is the official head of state, although their powers are limited by a constitution and often lack much real power, as the legislative branch is the primary governing body. A constitutional monarchy differs from an absolute monarchy in that in an absolute monarchy the monarch is able to rule with unchecked power, and are able to change the laws at their whim.

Creation 
Constitutional Monarchy first emerged in England. Initially the British monarchy was absolute, however, the nobility under King John felt that the king had abused his power, and had forced him to sign a document called the Magna Carta. This document limited the powers of the king and made him somewhat responsible for the wellbeing of his subjects. The document, however was more focused on maintaining the ability of the nobles to have a say in what the king did.

Contemporary constitutional monarchies include the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms, Belgium, Bhutan, Bahrain, Cambodia, Denmark, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Eswatini, Sweden, and Thailand.

List of current reigning monarchies
The following is a list of reigning monarchies. Except where noted, monarch selection is hereditary as directed by the state's constitution.

References

Monarchy

hu:Monarchia#Alkotmányos monarchia
Teide National Park

Teide National Park is the most visited National Park in Spain and also one of the most visited National Parks in the world. 

Located in Tenerife (Canary Islands), it is centered around 3718m Mount Teide, the highest mountain of Spain and the islands of the Atlantic (it is the third largest volcano in the world from its base). It was declared a National Park on 22 January 1954, making it one of the oldest national parks in Spain. 

The park has an area of 18,990 hectares and was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 28 June 2007. Since the end of 2007, it has also been one of the 12 Treasures of Spain. Midway up the mountain are the telescopes of the Observatorio del Teide. Territorially, it belongs to the municipality of La Orotava.

Other websites

Canary Islands
National parks in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
1954 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Spain
King of Bahrain

The King of Bahrain is the monarch and head of state of Bahrain. Between 1783 and 1971, the Bahraini monarch held the title of Hakim. From 1971 until 2002 the title was Emir. On 14 February 2002, the then-Emir of Bahrain, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, said Bahrain was a kingdom.  He made himself the first king.

List of monarchs

Hakims of Bahrain (1783–1971)
The Arabic title of the Hakim was Hakim al-Bahrayn. The Hakim also held the honorific title of sheikh.

Emirs of Bahrain (1971–2002)
The Arabic title of the Emir was Amir dawlat al-Bahrayn. The Emir also held the honorific title of sheikh.

King of Bahrain (2002–Present)
The Arabic title of the King is Malik al-Bahrayn. The King also holds the honorific title of sheikh.

Bahrain
Politics of Bahrain
Bahraini people
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa

Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (born 28 January 1950) is the King of Bahrain.  He became King on 14 February 2002.  He was also Emir from 6 March 1999. He is the son of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the previous Emir. He was proclaimed Crown Prince on June 27, 1964.

References

1950 births
Arab people
Bahraini people
Living people
Kings and queens
Current national leaders
Synecdoche

Synecdoche  is a figure of speech.  It uses a part for the whole thing, or the whole for one of its parts. Examples:
"Boots" meaning soldiers
"America" for the United States
"Number 10" for the Office of the Prime Minister
These three examples, and most other cases, use the part for the whole. But an expression like "The West" might just mean the U.S.A. It depends on context.
"The Government made a statement on the issue yesterday".
The Government did not actually make the statement: a spokesperson did.

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy, because it refers to its target by using a related term. It is similar to metaphor in its use in prose.

Related pages
 Eponym
 Euphemism 
 Metonymy
 Newspeak
 Pun
 Trope

References

Communication
Rhetoric
Figures of speech
Metonymy

Metonymy  is a term for a figure of speech.   Metonymy a thing or concept is indirectly named.  It is not called by its own name, but by the name of something which is closely related or implicit in the context. 

One of the most common metonyms is the use of the capital city of a country to mean the government of that country, which is usually in the capital city. For example, mass media uses the word "Washington" to talk about the federal government and national politics of the United States, Other examples of metonyms often use place names to mean major industries which are based there. For example, the stock markets of the US are located on Wall Street in New York City, so "Wall Street" is used as a general word for the US economy. Here is a list of some well-known metonyms:

 Brussels as a metonym for the European Union 
 Casa Rosada ("Pink House") as a metonym for the President of Argentina
 Élysée Palace as a metonym for the President of France 
 Hollywood as a metonym for US cinema
 Westminster as a metonym for the Parliament of the United Kingdom
 White House used as a metonym for the President of the United States

Related pages
 Eponym
 Euphemism 
 Newspeak
 Pun
 Synecdoche
 Trope

References

Communication
Rhetoric
Figures of speech
Salman, Crown Prince of Bahrain

Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Crown Prince of Bahrain (born 21 October 1969) is the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Bahrain. He is deputy supreme commander of the Bahrain Defense Force. Prince Salman is the oldest son of the current king of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and his first wife Queen Sabika bint Ibrahim Al Khalifa.

Salman went to high school at Bahrain School. He went to American University in Washington D.C. (1992). Then he got a MPhil degree from the University of Cambridge, England (1994).

On 11 November 2020, he became the Prime Minister of Bahrain following the death of Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa.
He is a soldier in the British Army, formally 2020 when he got a debut for Chelsea FC soccer club.

References

1969 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Bahrain
Princes and princesses
Prime Minister of Bahrain

In Bahrain, the Prime Minister is the head of government of the country. According to the Constitution of Bahrain, the Prime Minister is selected by the King.  They do not need to be an elected member of the Council of Representatives.

Bahrain's current Prime Minister of Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Before him, the country had only one Prime Minister since the country's independence, Khalifah ibn Sulman al-Khalifah until his death in November 2020.

Prime Ministers of Bahrain (1971-Present)

Politics of Bahrain
 
Bahrain
Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa

His Royal Highness Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa  (20 November 1935 – 11 November 2020) was a Bahraini royal and politician. He was the unelected 1st Prime Minister of Bahrain from 1971 until his death in 2020.  He was the longest-serving prime minister in the world. 

Khalifa is the uncle of the King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.

Khalifa died at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota on 11 November 2020, just two weeks before his 85th birthday.

References 

1936 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Prime Ministers of Bahrain
National Assembly of Bahrain

The National Assembly is the name of both chambers of the Bahraini parliament.  This is in the Constitution of 2002.

It has 80 seats.  There are 40 elected members of the Council of Representatives (the lower house).  There are 40 royally-appointed members of the Consultative Council (the upper house).

It is chaired by the Speaker of the Consultative Council.  If that person is gone the chair is the Speaker of the Council of Representatives.

1973 establishments in Asia
Bahrain
Politics of Bahrain
History of Bahrain
Bahraini dinar

The dinar (sign: .د.ب or BD; code: BHD) is the currency of Bahrain. It is divided into 1000 fils. The name dinar is from the Roman denarius. The dinar was started to be used in 1965.  Before Bahrain used the Gulf rupee.

Other websites 
 Banknotes of Bahrain 

Bahrain
Currency of Asia
Telephone numbers in Bahrain

Telephone numbers in Bahrain are usually eight digits long. Most of the fixed land line numbers start with 1. Cellular (Mobile) phone numbers and pager numbers start with 3* or 663* or 669* depending on the service provider.  

The country code is +973. There is no area code in Bahrain. The two digit numbers after the land line prefixes are for different cities or regions in Bahrain.

Batelco is the main service provider for land lines. Mobile users commonly subscribe to Batelco, Zain or Viva.

Telephone numbers
Bahrain
Dilmun

Dilmun is a land mentioned by Mesopotamian civilizations.  It was a trade partner, a source of the metal copper, and an entrepôt of the Mesopotamia-to-Indus Valley Civilization trade route. Although the exact location of Dilmun is not known, it was most likely located in the islands of Bahrain and Failaka island, Kuwait. Dilmun had a presence in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and nearby Iranian coast in the Persian Gulf. Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Dilmun appears first in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets from the end of fourth millennium BC.

References

History of Bahrain
Archaeological sites in Asia
History of the Middle East
Tylos

Bahrain was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos.  It was the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. From the 6th to 3rd century BC Bahrain was in the Persian Empire. The Greek historian, Theophrastus, states that much of the islands were covered in cotton trees. Tylos was famous for selling walking canes that were carried in Babylon.

It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire.  Alexander planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists. The upper classes spoke Greek. Tylos became a site of Greek athletic contests.

With the lessening of Greek power, Tylos was added into Characene or Mesenian. From the third century BC to the arrival of Islam in the seventh AD, Bahrain was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties of Parthians and Sassanids.

References

History of Bahrain
Awal

Awal is the old name of Bahrain, an island country in the Persian Gulf. The name Awal was used for eight centuries. Awal is from the name of a god that was worshiped by people of the islands before Islam. Awal looked like the head of an ox. The god Awal is very similar to the god Nandi of the Hindus. 

History of Bahrain
23rd century BC

The 23rd century BC is a century which was from the year 2300 BC to 2201 BC.

Events

2334 BC – 2279 BC: (short chronology) Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Mesopotamia.
 2333 BC: Beginning of the Gojoseon, the first dynasty and government system in Korea.
c. 2300 BC: Bronze Age starts.
c. 2300 BC – 2184 BC: Disk of Enheduanna, from Ur, (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) is made. It is now in University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
c. 2300 BC – 2200 BC: Head of a man from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq) is made. It is now in Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
c. 2300 BC: Canal Bahr Yusuf (current name) is made when the waterway from the Nile to the natural lake (now Lake Moeris) is widened and deepened to create a canal.
c. 2288 BC – 2224/2194 BC: Pepy II and his mother, Queen Merye-ankhnes, Sixth dynasty of Egypt, is made. It is now at The Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York City.
c. 2285 BC: Enheduanna, high priestess of the moon god Nanna in Ur, was born.
c. 2278 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II starts to rule (other date is 2383 BC).
c. 2254 BC – 2218 BC: Stela of Naram-Sin, probably from Sippar, discovered in Susa (modern Shush, Iran), is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
c. 2250 BC Earliest proof of growing maize in Central America.
c. 2240 BC: Akkad, capital of the Akkadian Empire, becomes the largest city in the world
c. 2220 BC Scord of Brouster farmstead made in Shetland, Scotland
c. 2215 BC:  Comet Hale-Bopp appeared. A Guti army swept down from the Zagros Mountains and defeated the Akkadian army. They took Agade, the capital of Akkad, and destroyed it.
c. 2300 BC: Metals started to be used in Northern Europe.

Significant persons
 Sargon of Akkad, founder of the Akkadian Empire and the earliest empire builder in recorded history
2279 BC—Death of Sargon I

References

-7
24th century BC

The 24th century BC is a century which was from the year 2400 BC to 2301 BC.

Events

c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
c. 2360 BC: Hekla-4 eruption.
c. 2400 BC: 2000 BC- Large painted jar with birds in the border (Indus valley civilization)  now at the Boston Art Museum.
c. 2350 BC: End of the Early Dynastic III period in Mesopotamia.
c. 2350 BC: First destruction of the city of Mari.
c. 2345 BC: End of Fifth Dynasty. Pharaoh Unas died.
c. 2345 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt starts (other date is 2460 BC).
c. 2340 BC – 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire.
c. 2334 BC – 2279 BC: Semitic chieftain Sargon of Akkad's conquest of Sumer and Mesopotamia.

City of Lothal founded under the Indus valley civilization.

Significant persons
Urukagina
c. 2332 BC—Sargon of Akkad starts to rule
Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon, priestess and the first author known by name
Ptahhotep, ancient Egyptian Vizier, author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep

Inventions, discoveries and introductions
The first official mentioning of beekeeping in Egypt
The first documented use of an organized courier service for distributing written documents in Egypt

In popular culture
In modern South Korean national mythology, the character Dangun founded the state Gojoseon in 2333 BC.  Danjun ruled it for about 2000 years.

References

-6
22nd century BC

The 22nd century BC is a century which was from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC.

Events

4.2 kiloyear event – the land became very dry, an event that probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC and caused the end of several Old World civilizations.
2217 BC – 2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of Akkad.
2200 BC: Sixth dynasty of Egypt ended.
c. 2190 BC: Caused by a severe drought, Old Kingdom finished in Ancient Egypt. Start of First Intermediate Period. 7th–10th Dynasties.
c. 2184 BC: Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare dies (other date is 2289 BC?).
c. 2181 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
c. 2181 BC: First Intermediate Period starts in Ancient Egypt (other date is 2190 BC).
2181 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Nitocris died. End of Sixth Dynasty, start of Seventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkara I started to reign.
2180 BC: Old Kingdom ends in Ancient Egypt. First Intermediate Period of Egypt starts.
c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire fell under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast.
2173 BC: Egypt: End of Seventh Dynasty, start of Eighth Dynasty.
2160 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Neferirkara died. End of Eighth Dynasty, start of Ninth Dynasty. Pharaoh Neferkare started to reign.
c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.
c. 2150–2030 BC: Gilgamesh epic was written.
c. 2150 BC: Lagash.
c. 2144 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, started to reign.
2138 BC: Babylon: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occurred and are believed to be the double eclipse that took place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.
2130 BC: Egypt: End of Ninth Dynasty, start of Tenth Dynasty. Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt started.
c. 2125 BC – 2055 BC: "Model of a house and garden, from Thebes". Eleventh dynasty of Egypt. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
2124 BC: Gudea, the ruler (ensi) of the city of Lagash, died.
c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) was made. It is now in the Musée du Louvre.
2119 BC – 2113 BC: (middle chronology), Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur.
2116 BC – 2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war.
2112 BC – 2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu.
2104 BC – 2103 BC: Date of the Biblical flood according to the Hebrew Calendar.

Significant persons
 Gudea
 Ur-Nammu

-8
29th century BC

The 29th century BC is a century which was from the year 2900 BC to 2801 BC.

Events

c. 2900 BC – 2400 BC: Sumerian pictographs evolve into phonograms.
2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
c. 2900 BC – 2600 BC: Votive statues, from the Square Temple, Eshnunna (modern Tell Ashmar, Iraq) was made. It is now in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Excavated 1932–1933.
2897 BC: Hùng Vương established the Hồng Bàng Dynasty in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang). 
2890 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Qa'a died. End of First Dynasty, start of Second Dynasty. Pharaoh Hotepsekhemwy started to rule.
2880 BC: Estimated germination of the Prometheus Tree
c. 2874 B.C.: The 365-day calendar year was started in ancient Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days.
2852 BC: The beginning of the period of the Three August Ones and Five Emperors in China.
2832 BC: Estimated germination of the Methuselah Tree, the oldest known living organism
2807 BC: Possible date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a solar eclipse on May 10, based on flood stories. Possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron.
Ur becomes one of the richest cities in Sumer

References

-1
Pacific Northwest tree octopus

The Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus is a fake animal created in 1998 by Lyle Zapato. Zapato's website says the tree octopus is real, and that it lives on both land and water.  Zapato created this website about the fake tree octopus to show how important it is to think carefully about whether things on the Internet are true or not.

The original website that described the fake species is commonly used as an example in internet literacy classes to teach students to check more carefully if sources of information are reliable.

The text included other hoax species and organizations, mixed with links to pages about real species and organizations. Despite the falsehoods shown on the site, all 25 seventh-grade students involved in one well-publicized test believed the content. All but one of the 25 rated the site as "very credible".

References

Other websites 
Official site

Hoaxes
Internet
26th century BC

The 26th century BC is a century which was from the year 2600 BC to 2501 BC.

Events

c. 2900 BC – 2334 BC: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
c. 2600 BC: The Harappan civilization rises to become a powerful civilization.
c. 2600 BC: Pre-Palace Period, phase I, in Crete 
c. 2600 BC – 2500 BC: Wild horses still provide hunting feasts in Denmark. )
c. 2600 BC – 1900 BC: Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization, Harappan, is made.
c. 2589 BC: Pharaoh Khufu starts to rule (other date is 2601 BC).
c. 2578 BC: Khufu died.
c. 2575 BC: Old Kingdom in Egypt 4th Dynasty Snofru is Pharaoh. 
c. 2570 BC: Khafra started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2566 BC: Pharaoh Khufu dies (other date is 2578 BC).
c. 2558 BC: Pharaoh Khafra starts to rule (other date is 2570 BC).
c. 2550 BC: Completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
c. 2550 BC: Egyptian rulers contact Western Desert oases, such as Dakhla Oasis.
c. 2550 BC: About this time, Mesannepada is king of Ur (followed by his son, A-annepadda) who founds the First dynasty of Ur and overthrows the last king of Uruk, as well as Mesalim of Kish. 
c. 2550 BC – 2400 BC: Great Lyre with bull's head, from the tomb of King Meskalamdug, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq, is made. It is now kept at University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.
c. 2544 BC: Khafra died.
c. 2533 BC: Menkaura started to rule in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2532 BC: Pharaoh Khafra dies (other date is 2544 BC).
c. 2532 BC: Pharaoh Menkaura starts to rule (other date is 2533 BC).
c. 2515 BC: Menkaura died.
c. 2510 BC – 2460 BC: Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt, tomb of Ti, Saqqara, Fifth dynasty of Egypt, is made. Discovered by French archeologist Auguste Mariette in 1865.
c. 2503 BC: Pharaoh Menkaura dies (other date is 2515 BC).
c. 2500 BC: The legendary line of Sanhuangwudi rulers of China is founded by Huang Di.
c. 2500 BC: The construction of the stone circle at Stonehenge begins and continues for the next five hundred years.
c. 2500 BC: "Menkaura and a Queen, perhaps his wife, Queen Khamerernebty II" sculpture, later found at Giza. Fourth Dynasty. It is now in Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Significant people
c. 2601 BC–2578 BC—reign of Pharaoh Khufu of Egypt's Fourth Dynasty

2599 BC—Huni is Pharaoh. 
2575 BC—Old Kingdom in Egypt; 4th Dynasty; Sneferu is Pharaoh. 
2528 BC—Ra'djedef is Pharaoh. 
2520 BC—Khep-heren (Ra'kha'ef) is Pharaoh.

Deaths
Khufu dies

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Rock drawings at Rødøy in Norway show the use of skis
Bactrian Camel and Dromedary are domesticated

-4
Xenon difluoride

Xenon difluoride is a chemical compound with the formula XeF2. This noble gas compound can be used as a good fluorinating agent. Xenon difluoride is the most stable compound of all xenon compounds.

The compound shows a trigonal bipyramidal pseudostructure or a linear real structure in VSEPR theory.

Xenon difluoride is solid in state of matter. It is achromatic (without color) and in crystal form. Under high pressure and temperature, the compound can be produced from xenon and fluorine directly.

Xenon difluoride is used in organic syntheses as fluorinating agent.

Xenon difluoride can be destroyed by heating. It then results in the pure substances fluorine and xenon. This reactions happens explosively, even though that the enthalpy of reaction is negative (). That is because the reaction changes the state of matter from solid to gas. The gas needs more space in room.

Further readings 
 Synthesis, Properties and Chemistry of Xenon(II) Fluoride 

Fluorine compounds
600s BC (decade)



Events and trends
 609 BC—The Babylonians defeat the Assyrian army of Ashur-uballit II and gain Harran. Ashur-uballit, the last Assyrian king, disappears from history.
 609 BC—King Josiah of Judah dies in the Battle of Megiddo against Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt, who is on his way north to aid the Assyrian state of Ashur-uballit II. Jehoahaz succeeds his father Josiah as King of Judah.  He is quickly deposed by Necho, who puts Jehoahaz's brother Jehoiakim in his place.
 607 BC—Death of Zhou Kuang Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 606 BC—Zhou Ding Wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty.
 605 BC—Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon defeats the army of Necho II of Egypt, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria. The Babylonians pursue through Syria and Palestine.
 605 BC—Nebuchadnezzar II succeeds his father Nabopolassar as King of Babylon. 
 601 BC—Foundation of Perinthus by settlers from Samos.
 600 BC— Foundation of Marseille by Focei winners in a naval clash on Carthaginians; It was the beginning of Greek-punic Wars. 
 600 BC—Radiocarbon dating for first circular inhabitation enclosure at Emain Macha.
 600 BC—Creation of Armenia.
 600 BC—Foundation of Capua.
 600 BC—Foundation of Milan by Celts (approximate date).
 600 BC—Smyrna sacked and destroyed.
 600 BC—Nebuchadnezzar builds the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 
 c. 600 BC—Orientalizing period of vases ends in Ancient Greece.
 c. 600 BC—Archaic period of sculpture starts in Ancient Greece.
 c. 600 BC—Pitcher (container) (olpe), from Corinth, is made. It is now at The British Museum, London.
 c. 600 BC—Kouros is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
 c. 600 BC–580 BC—Temple of Artemis, Korkyra (Corfu) is built.
 c. 600 BC—Pompeii is founded.
 c. 600 BC—Zarathustra's religion becomes popular in Persia.
 c. 600 BC—Beginning of the construction of the largest Mound at Cahokia, near East St. Louis, Illinois. Construction continues until AD 200.
 c. 600 BC—The Etruscans take the settlement of Rome, making it into a prosperous trading centre.
 c. 600 BC—Athens had severe economic problems.
 c. 600 BC—Doric order and Ionic order are well developed.
 c. 600 BC - 500 BC - Calendrical system appears in areas with strong Olmec influence in Mesoamerica.

Significant people
605 BC—Death of Nabopolassar, first ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
c. 600 BC—Birth of King Cambyses I of Anshan, head of the Achaemenid dynasty.
c. 600 BC—Thales, Greek philosopher.
580s BC



Events and trends
 589 BC—Apries succeeds Psamtik II as king of Egypt.
 588 BC—Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon begins siege of Jerusalem; the opera Nabucco sets the date at 587 BC.
 587 BC—Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians, ending the Kingdom of Judah. The conquerors destroy the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem and exile some of the land's inhabitants.
 586 BC—Death of Zhou ding wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 28 May 585 BC—A solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes II is battling Cyaxares. This leads to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated.
 585 BC—Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, defeats the Sabines, takes the town of Collatia, and celebrates a triumph for his victories on 13th September.
 585/584 BC—Astyages succeeds Cyaxares as King of the Medes.
 585 BC—Zhou jian wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 585 BC—Fall of the Kingdom of Urartu following a Median invasion. (The Scythians ruined the Kingdom of Urartu.)
 582 BC—Military battle of the major Classical antiquity powers Egypt and Babylon.
 582 BC—Pythian Games reorganised at Delphi. (This is the traditional date.)
 581 BC—Isthmian Games founded at Corinth.
 580 BC—Cambyses I succeeds Cyrus I as king of Anshan and head of the Achaemenid dynasty. (approximate date)
 c. 580 BC—Gorgon Medusa, detail of sculpture from the west pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Korkyra, is made. It is now at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
c. 580 BC—Standing Youth (Kouros) is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Significant people
 Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon
 585 BC—Birth of Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (d. 525 BC)
 585 BC—Death of Emperor Jimmu of Japan
 582 BC—Birth of Pythagoras in Samos, Greek philosopher and mathematician (d. 496 BC)
 580 BC—Death of Cyrus I of Anshan (approximate date)
200


Year 200 (CC) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

World 
 Human population reaches about 257 million.

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Septimius Severus visits Syria, Palestine and Arabia.
 Palestine, benefiting from the kind policies of Severus, sees a big economic return.
 The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province.

India 
 Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India.

Asia 
 Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu.
 In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans.
 Empress Jingu sends a Japanese fleet to invade Korea. The Koreans surrender at the sight of the huge multi-oared ships and offer tribute.

America 
 The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).
 The Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end (around this year).

By topic

Art 
 Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

Religion 
 Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi puts together tracts of the Mishnah.  This begins the making of Talmudic law.
 Clement of Alexandria says to not use musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music.
 Brahmanism changes into Hinduism (approximate date).

Births 
 Fei Yi, an official of Shu (approximate date) (d. 253)
 Ma Jun (d. 265)
 Wang Ling, general of Wei (d. 250)
 Sun Shao, general of Wu (d. 242)
 Zhou Fang, general of Wu (d. 240)
 Diophantus, Greek mathematician
 Marcus Claudius Tacitus, Roman Emperor (d. 276)
 Valerian I, Roman Emperor

Deaths 
 Chunyu Qiong (executed by Yuan Shao)
 Dong Cheng (executed by Cao Cao)
 Gan Ji, Taoist priest
 Han Juzi, general under Yuan Shao
 Ji Ping (executed by Cao Cao)
 Ju Shou (officer of Yuan Shao)
 Lü Weihuang
 Mi Heng, renowned scholar and friend of Kong Rong (executed by Huang Zu) (b. 173)
 Sui Yuanjin
 Sun Ce, 25, elder brother of the founder of Wu Kingdom, Sun Quan (b. 175)
 Tian Feng (executed by Yuan Shao)
 Wen Chou, general under Yuan Shao
 Xu Gong
 Yan Liang, general under Yuan Shao
 Zheng Xuan (b. 127)

References
496 BC


Year 496 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Greece 
 Hipparchos, son of Charmos wins the archonship of Athens.

Roman Republic 
 The former Etruscan King of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus, who was exiled by the Romans in 508 BC, and his ally Lars Porsena, the King of Clusium, are defeated by the new Roman Republic army in the Battle of Lake Regillus, near Frascati. This battle begins Roman supremacy over the Latins.
 Carthage and Rome make a treaty.

China 
 King Goujian of Yue defeats King Fuchai of Wu.  This made a short peace in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period.

Births 

 Sophocles, Athenian dramatist and statesman (d. 406 BC)

Deaths 

 Sun Tzu, military philosopher and author of The Art of War (b. 544 BC)
 King Helü of Wu, king of the Chinese State of Wu
 Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the exiled last King of Rome
253


Year 253 (CCLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire. 
 Aemilianus is called "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate. 
 Aemilianus rules for 3 months the Roman Empire.  He promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus. 
 Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium. Publius Valerianus made new emperor by the Rhine legions. 
 Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two.
 Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats the Roman army (70,000 men) under Valerianus I at Barbalissos in Syria.

By topic

Religion 
 Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.
 June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.
 Lucius is arrested almost immediately after his election and also exiled.

Births

Deaths 
 Pope Cornelius
 Aemilianus, Roman emperor
 Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor
 Volusianus, Roman emperor
 Saint Babylas, Patriarch of Antioch
 Fei Yi, general-in-chief of the Shu Kingdom
 Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, nephew of Zhuge Liang, officer of the Wu Kingdom (b. 203) 
 Sun He, son of Sun Quan
 Ehe Shaoge, a general of Qiang

References 

250s
Viktor Troicki

Viktor Troicki (pronounced , , , ; born 10 February 1986 in Belgrade) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Viktor became pro in 2006. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Viktor play tennis right hand, two hand backhand.

Sources

Other websites

 
 
 
 Troicki`s official website

1986 births
Living people
Male tennis players
Serbian tennis players
People from Belgrade