cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ozzy Osbourne

John Michael '"Ozzy"' Osbourne (born 3 December 1948) is an English heavy metal singer.

Osbourne was born in Marston Green, England. He grew up in Aston, Birmingham, England. He has dyslexia. He was convicted of burglary when he was a teenager, for which he was fined. He was sent to prison for not paying the fine.

Osbourne was the lead singer for Black Sabbath between 1968 and 1978. He joined again in 1997 for occasional tours. He bit the head off of a bat on stage once. Osbourne wrote a song called 'Suicide Solution' that was heavily ridiculed claiming it was about suicide, which coincided with the words shoot shoot whispered in the song. It was really a tribute to his friend Bon Scott, lead singer of AC/DC, who died of alcohol poisoning.

He and his wife Sharon have three children together: Aimee Osbourne, Kelly Osbourne and Jack Osbourne. He also has three children from his first marriage to Thelma Riley: Elliot, Jessica, and Louis.

Osbourne released his first solo album, Blizzard of Ozz in 1980.

He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in February 2019, which he publicly revealed in January 2020.

Other websites 
The Official Ozzy Osbourne Website
Ozzy Osbourne - Discography
Metal Storm - Ozzy Osbourne - Discography

References

British burglars
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Birmingham
Actors from Birmingham
Writers from Birmingham
English artists
English rock singers
English movie actors
English television personalities
People with Parkinson's disease
1948 births
Living people
Bryan Adams

Bryan Guy Adams  (November 5, 1959) is a Canadian rock musician. He is known for the songs Summer of '69 and (Everything I Do) I Do It For You.  He has performed with many other musical artists such as Def Leppard, Tina Turner, Sting, Rod Stewart, Bonnie Raitt, Barbra Streisand and Melanie C. His best-selling albums are Reckless, Waking Up the Neighbours and 18 til I Die.

Discography

References

 
Canadian rock musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Ontario
1959 births
Living people
Roy Orbison

Roy Kelton Orbison (April 23, 1936 - December 6, 1988) was an American singer. In 1987, he was named into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Orbison was popular in the 1960s. He became less popular in the 1970s, but began to make a career comeback in the 1980s. However, as he was becoming more popular again, he died of a heart attack at the age of 53 in Henderson, Tennessee.

Discography
Singles

"Pretty Paper" (1963)

Studio albums
Lonely and Blue (1960)
King of Hearts (1992)

References

American rock singers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Tennessee
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Singers from Texas
1936 births
1988 deaths
Taylor Dayne

Taylor Dayne (born as Leslie Wunderman on March 7, 1962) is an American singer. She is best known for her song, "Tell it to my heart".

1962 births
Living people
Singers from New York
Stephen Stills

Stephen Arthur Stills (born January 3, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most famous as a member of the groups Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills & Nash. In 2003, Rolling Stone listed him at #28 on a list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

References

Singer-songwriters from Texas
Singers from Dallas, Texas
Writers from Dallas, Texas

1945 births
Living people
Seafood

Seafood is food made from fish or other sea animals (such as shrimp and lobsters). The harvesting (collecting) of seafood is called fishing.

Seafood is rich in protein, and is usually thought as healthy food.

Seafood
Jonathan Ke Quan

Jonathan Ke Quan (born August 20, 1971 as Ke Huy Quan) is a Vietnamese-American former child actor.

In the 1980s, he appeared in several movies. His best known roles were as Short Round in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) and Data in The Goonies (1985). He now works as a stunt coordinator on many movies, for example X-Men.

In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, he was an orphan in the streets of Shanghai when he becomes Indy's(Harrison Ford) friend. They end up in India where Indy, Short Round and night club singer Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw) fight Indians, save children, and participate in a mine car chase.

After their adventures in India, Short Round disappeared temporarily. He later grew up to become an archeologist. He went on an adventure in search of the Peacock Stone, the same diamond lost at the begining of "Temple of Doom".

1971 births
Living people

Vietnamese people
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Pilgrimage

A pilgrimage is when people travel to a place of worship that is usually far away. They may have to go to a different city or country. Usually a pilgrimage is done for spiritual or religious reasons. The purpose of Christian pilgrimage was summarized by Pope Benedict XVI this way:

There are also non-religious pilgrimages; they include for example:
 Seeing the Mausoleum of Vladimir Lenin on the Red Square in Moscow, or 
 Visiting the birthplace of Elvis Presley.

Related pages
 Holy Land
 World Youth Day

References

Religious behavior and experience
Religious places
Watermelon

A watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a plant which was first domesticated in Africa. It is a cultivated edible fruit worldwide, there are more than 1000 varieties. 

About 6% of a watermelon is sugar, which makes it  very sweet. There are many different types of watermelon. Some have a green rind on the outside and a red-pink flesh on the inside, with brown seeds. Some can have yellow flesh, and some can be seedless.  The green rind on the outside is not usually eaten, though it can be used as a vegetable. It can also be stewed or pickled. Most watermelons are oblong or spherical. In Japan, watermelons are grown in different shapes, such as hearts and squares.

Health 
Watermelons are a great source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B6.  They also contain potassium, magnesium, carotenoid antioxidant, and lycopene. The watermelon flesh is healthy to eat.

References

Melons
Monrovia

Monrovia is the capital of Liberia. It is Liberia's most populous city with a population of 1,010,970. The city is named after 5th U.S. President James Monroe.

Monrovia was founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society. They wanted free slaves. Liberia has the word liberty in it and it was meant for slaves for slaves to free from America.

References
ConAgra Foods, Inc.

ConAgra Foods, Inc. is a food packing company that packs food for supermarkets, restaurants, and other businesses. It is located in North America.

Sources

Other websites 
ConAgra Foods, Inc.

American food companies
Companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
1919 establishments in North America
IPod

The iPod is a range of portable music players designed by the company Apple Inc. in California. The iPod comes with computer cables so that the user can put music from their computer onto the iPod, and play music from it using headphones. Newer iPods allow a user to play games, view pictures, watch videos and use the internet, too.

The first iPod was simply named the iPod. This was released in 2001. Apple made iPods like this until 2014, but they were then called "iPod classic".

Apple made a smaller iPod called the iPod mini. It was much smaller than the iPod, but did not hold as many songs. It used flash memory, a special kind of memory for very small electronics, instead of a hard drive. It was replaced by a version of the iPod called the iPod nano.

Another type of iPod, called the iPod shuffle, was very small, and it used flash memory, like the iPod mini but it had no screen. It was the least expensive iPod.

The most expensive iPod is called the iPod touch. It has a touch screen, like the iPhone. The first iPod touch was released in 2007 and is still available today.

iPods often contain songs downloaded from an online music store, using a program called iTunes. (The name of Apple's music and video store is the iTunes Store.) Songs are sold in AAC file format, not MP3 or WMA. These are popular formats for compressing (making smaller) music until it does not take up much space and can easily be put on a media player such as the iPod.

The App Store is an online shop that is run by Apple Inc. where people can buy software for their iPhone or iPod Touch. It opened on July 11, 2008. Over 2 million applications (or apps for short) are available for people to buy. Some apps are available for free.

Models

Timeline

References

Other websites 

 Apple iPod—Official website
 Apple's 21st century Walkman—Brent Schlender, Fortune, October 2001
 iPod Nation—Steven Levy, Newsweek, July 2004
 Behind the Music—Ken Aaron, Cornell Engineering, 2005
 The Perfect Thing—Steven Levy, Wired, November 2006
 Đồng hồ công cộng, November 2008

IPod
Dalida

Dalida (real name: Iolanda Cristina Gigliotti) (January 17, 1933 - May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian-born Italian/French biggest international singing icon and actress. She was born in Cairo to an Italian family. She had Italian citizenship all her life. From 1961, she also had French citizenship. She died in 1987. She is still today the most loved singer in France.

1933 births
1987 deaths
Actors who committed suicide
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Drug-related suicides
French movie actors
French singers
French television actors
Italian movie actors
Italian singers
Italian television actors
Musicians who committed suicide
People from Cairo
Suicides in France
Britcom

"Britcom" is short for "British sitcom". It is a situation comedy show produced in the United Kingdom. This is what they are called especially in the United States and Australia, where they have cult followings. Some of them like Till Death Do Us Part and Steptoe and Son were remade as American comedy TV shows (All in the Family and Sanford and Son).

Some famous Britcoms

 Dad's Army
 Dinnerladies
* Fawlty Towers
* The Good Life
* Last of the Summer Wine
* Mr. Bean
* Only Fools and Horses
Kris Kristofferson

Kristoffer "Kris" Kristofferson (born June 22, 1936) is a Scottish actor, musician, and writer. He is known for writing country songs for other people or singing them himself. He is also a well-known actor and appeared in films like Star is Born, Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, Blade, He's Just Not That Into You, and Planet of the Apes.

He is the author of a number of country standards, such as "Me and Bobbie McGee" and "Sunday Morning Coming Down".

1936 births
Living people
People from Edinburgh
Country musicians from California
Scottish movie actors
Rhodes scholars
British singer-songwriters
Leaning Tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a building in Pisa, Italy.  It is a bell tower.  It is famous because it is not vertical.  In 1990 the tower was leaning at 5.5 degrees and increasing.  After that, much restoration work has been done to stop it from falling over completely.  There was scaffolding all around the tower for 20 years.  On 26 April 2011, the last bit of scaffolding was removed so that the tower can be seen properly again.

The height of the tower is about 56 metres from the ground. Its weight is about 14,500 tonnes. It now leans at about 3.99 degrees. The tower has 294 steps.

When the second floor was built in 1178, the tower started to lean. This was because it had a small three-meter foundation in soft soil. The design of this tower was bad from the beginning. Construction was stopped for almost 100 years because the people of Pisa were often at war with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.

There is an old story that Galileo Galilei used the Tower for a physics experiment.

References

Buildings and structures in Italy
Towers in Europe
Pisa
Tower

A tower is a tall structure. Towers are different from buildings because people do not live in them. Many castles have towers. Today, towers are very tall. Some things they are used for are to send radio signals, for observation, or to hold up bridges.

 

sq:Kulla
Polytheism

Polytheism means believing in many gods. A person that believes in polytheism is called a polytheist. A religion with polytheism can be called a polytheistic religion.

Polytheism is well documented in historical religions of classical antiquity, especially those of ancient Greeks and Romans. Other ancient people who were polytheists include German pagans, Ancient Egyptians, the Celts and the Norse. 

There are various polytheistic religions practiced today. Examples include Sanamahism (Meitei paganism), Shinto, Chinese folk religion, Thelma, Wicca, Druidism, Taoism, Asatru and Candomblé.

Usually, a polytheistic religion has a set of stories about the gods. This is called mythology. 

The opposite of polytheism is monotheism, which is the belief in only one god, practiced by the monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, etc.
 

Religion
Nelvana

Nelvana is a Canadian animation studio. It was founded in 1971 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert, and Clive A. Smith. The company is now owned by Corus Entertainment. It is named after a local comic book superheroine of the 1940s.

It specialises mainly in the field of child-friendly TV shows and movies. Some of them are:

Programming

1970s
Small Star Cinema (1974–1975) – live action/animation series

1980s
Mr. Microchip (1983) – live-action
20 Minute Workout (1983–1985) – live-action
The Edison Twins (1983–1986) – live-action
Mr. Dressup (1983–1996; co-production with CBC Television)– live-action
Inspector Gadget (1983) (Series 1 only, co-production with DIC Audiovisuel, Field Communications and LBS Communications (now Fremantle (company))
The Get Along Gang (1984, pilot episode) – co-produced with DIC Audiovisuel
Star Wars: Droids (1985–1986)
Star Wars: Ewoks (1985–1987)
The Care Bears Family (1986–1988)
Madballs (1986–1987)
Cricket's Club (1986–1987) – direct-to-video series co-produced with Hi-Tops Video
My Pet Monster (1987)
T. and T. (1988–1990) – live-action
Clifford the Big Red Dog (1988) – direct-to-video release
Babar (1989–1991; 2000)
Beetlejuice (1989–1991; co-production with The Geffen Film Company and Warner Bros. Television)

1990s
Little Rosey (1990)
The Adventures of Tintin (1991–1992) (co-production with Ellipse Programme)
Rupert (1991–1997)
Fievel's American Tails (1992–1993; co-production with Amblin Television and Universal Animation Studios)
Dog City (1992–1994; co-production with The Jim Henson Company)
Eek! The Cat/Eek! Stravaganza (1992–1999) (co-production with Savage Studios and Fox Children's Production)
Family Dog (1993; co-production with Universal Television, Warner Bros. Television and Amblin Television)
Cadillacs and Dinosaurs (1993–1994)
Tales from the Cryptkeeper (1993–1999)
The Legend of the North Wind (1994; distribution licensing)
RoboCop: The Series (1994) – "Commander Cash" animated sequences
Free Willy (1994; co-production with Regency Enterprises, Warner Bros. Animation, Le Studio Canal+, Warner Bros. Television)
Wild C.A.T.s (1994–1995) (co-production with WildStorm Productions)
The Magic School Bus (1994–1997; co-production with Scholastic Productions)
Nancy Drew (1995) – live-action
The Hardy Boys (1995–1996) – live-action
The Neverending Story (1995–1996) (co-production with CineVox Entertainment and Ellipse Animation)
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1995–1997; co-production with Morgan Creek Productions and Warner Bros. Television)
Jake and the Kid (1995–1999) – live-action
Little Bear (1995–2003)
Tales from the Crypt (1996) – "The Third Pig"
Robin (1996)
Gargoyles: The Goliath Chronicles (1996–1997) (animation production for Walt Disney Television Animation)

2000s

2010s

2020s

Upcoming

References

Other websites 
 

Canadian animation studios
Toronto
1971 establishments in Canada
Auckland

Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand. About 2 million people live in the Auckland region. For a short time in New Zealand's history it was the capital city. Now Wellington is the capital city.

Auckland is in the north of the North Island. It is  on two harbours: the Manukau and Waitemata harbours. It is known as the "City of Sails" because there are many sailing boats in the city. The Hauraki Gulf has many different islands and provides safe anchorage and good sailing that is recognised around the world. It has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Auckland is built on a series of dormant volcanos. The youngest and largest of these is called Rangitoto. Rangitoto is an island just a few kilometres from the city centre. It has many pohutukawas, native trees also known as the New Zealand Christmas tree because of their brilliant red flowers which bloom in December.

In 2010, Len Brown became the 1st Mayor of Auckland. In 2016, he was replaced by Phil Goff.

Climate

According to the NIWA, Auckland has a subtropical climate, with warm, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. Under Köppen's climate classification, the city has an oceanic climate (Cfb). It is the warmest main centre of New Zealand and is also one of the sunniest, with an average of over 2000 sunshine hours per annum. The average daily maximum temperature is  in February and  in July. The absolute maximum recorded temperature is , while the absolute minimum is . High levels of rainfall occur almost year–round with an average of  per year spread over 136 rain days, but is most frequent in Winter. Snowfall in Auckland is extremely rare; recorded instances include 27 July 1939 and 15 August 2011, although without any accumulation.

The early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853: "In all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails...". Many Aucklanders use this time of day to walk and run in parks.

Auckland occasionally suffers from air pollution due to fine particle emissions. There are also occasional breaches of guideline levels of carbon monoxide. While maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as smog, especially on calm winter days. The west of Auckland is slightly wetter and cooler                                                                      than the eastern side, with the gulf islands being warmer and drier still.

References
Strawberry Shortcake

Strawberry Shortcake is a doll. The doll has red hair and smells like strawberries. Kenner products created the first Strawberry Shortcake doll in 1979. At that time she resembled a typical rag doll, complete with freckles, a mop of red yarn hair, and a strawberry printed bonnet but the unique selling point was that, she smelt of strawberries. The Strawberry Shortcake line of characters each had their own fruit or dessert-themed name with clothing to match, and they each had a dessert or fruit-named pet. Like the Strawberry Shortcake doll, all the other characters’ dolls had hair scented to match their dessert theme.

There was Apple Dumpling, the baby and Raspberry Tart who, in the television programs, was capable of the odd cutting remark. This is what Apple Dumpling looked like back in the 1980s.

She first appeared on cards by American Greetings, and there soon were a series of dolls (each that smell like a different fruit and had a pet) and several TV specials produced by DIC and Nelvana. The characters in the collection from the 1980s were:

Strawberry Shortcake (with Custard the cat)
Huckleberry Pie (with Pupcake the dog)
Apple Dumplin' (with Teatime Turtle)
Blueberry Muffin (with Cheesecake mouse)
Raspberry Tart (with Rhubarb monkey)
Orange Blossom (with Marmalade the butterfly)
Lemon Meringue (with Frappe the frog)
Apricot (with Hopsalot the bunny)
Lime Chiffon (with Parfait Parrot)
Cherry Cuddler (with Gooseberry the goose)
Butter Cookie (with Jelly Bear)
Angel Cake (with Souffle' the skunk)
Mint Tulip (International friend from the Netherlands, with Marsh Mallard, the duck)
Crepe Suzette (International friend from France, with Eclair the poodle)
Cafe Ole (International friend from Mexico, with Burrito the burro)
Almond Tea (International friend China, with Marza Panda)
Lem 'n Ada (Twin International friends from the United Kingdom, with Sugar Woofer the dog)
Plum Puddin' (with Elderberry Owl)
Peach Blush (with Melonie Belle the lamb)
The Peculiar Purple Pieman of Porcupine Peak (with Captain Cackle the berry bird) villain
Sour Grapes (with snake Dregs) villain

2000s revival
In 2002, after other 1980s toys (Care Bears, G.I. Joe,etc.) were brought back for youndger kids and parents who played with them and new line of dolls was released and along with several direct-to-DVD specials. 
The new dolls are:
Strawberry Shortcake - with pets Custard and Pupcake
Apple Dumplin'- with pet Apple Ducklin' 
Ginger Snap - with pet Chocolate Chipmunk
Angel Cake - with pet Vanilla Icing the lamb
Orange Blossom - with pet Marmaladebutterfly
Huckleberry Pie - with pet Shoofly frog 
Blueberry Muffin  - with pet Cheesecake mouse
Rainbow Sherbet - with pet Triple Ripple Toucan 
Seaberry Delight - with pet Kiwi Sea Turtle 
Coco Calypso - with pet Papaya Parrot

References 

Dolls
Chicken

Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a term which refers to the male of a number of poultry. It is raised in many places for its meat and eggs. They are usually kept by humans as livestock. Some breeds of chickens can fly for a short distance. Some sleep in trees (if there are trees around).

A male chicken is called a rooster or a cock(erel). A female chicken is called a hen; a young chicken is called a chick. Like other female birds, hens lay eggs. The eggs hatch into chicks. 

When raising chickens, a farmer needs a chicken coop (like a little house) for the chickens to roost (sleep) in. They also need a run or yard where they can exercise, take dust baths, eat and drink. The chickens also need to be protected from predators such as foxes. Fences are often used for this. 

Chickens can also be farmed intensively. This lets farms make a lot of chicken meat and eggs.

a rooster does not have a penis.

Chicken and chickenpox 
Chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens. When chickenpox was first described, people thought that the pox spots looked like chickpeas placed upon the skin. The Latin word for chick peas is cicer. That is the original word that chickenpox got its name from.

Eggs

Chickens are well known for their eggs. Many people eat them for their breakfast. The eggs can be prepared in many different ways.

Meat 

Because of the low cost, chicken meat (also called "chicken") is one of the most used kinds of meat in the world. Americans eat 8 billion chickens every year. Some popular dishes with chicken are: Buffalo wings, butter chicken, chicken rice, chicken balls, chicken pot pie, chicken soup, fried chicken (see picture), roasted chicken and tandoori chicken.

Cuts 
There are different cuts of chicken. Chicken meat can also be bought whole. The leanest part is known as the breast. Sliced pieces of the breast are known as the tender(loin). There is also wings, thighs, and legs (also known as drumsticks).

Gaming 

In some parts of the world people breed chickens to fight. They bet money on which of two birds will win. In many places this is illegal.

References

Other websites

Phasianidae
Domesticated animals
Floppy disk

The floppy disk (or a 3 1/2 floppy for today's standard) is a removable magnetic storage medium.  Floppy disks are used for moving information between computers, laptops or other devices. Some early digital cameras, electronic music instruments and older computer game consoles use floppy disks.  Floppy disks are inserted in to a floppy disk drive or simply floppy drive to allow data to be read or stored.

Floppy disks store much less data than a CD-ROM disk or USB flash drive. A normal 3½ inch disk can store 1.44 megabytes of data.  This is usually enough for simple text documents.

A special type of floppy disk was made in the late 1980s.  It could store 2.88 MB of data.  They did not become popular. Larger size floppy disks became available in the 1990s.  The two most popular were the Zip drive and the Jaz drive, both made by Iomega.

Floppy disk technology has been around since the early 1970s (the 8-inch floppy was the first). Today, floppy disks have been replaced by other storage media, like USB flash drives. Floppy disks and drives are no longer manufactured, but are still widely-available as new old stock.

The floppy drive 

A floppy drive (often called drives “A” and “B” on a computer running DOS or Windows) can be connected to or installed in a personal computer (PC). It is the part of a computer that reads and writes the disk that can be removed. A disk, often called a floppy disk, is used to store files and carry them from one computer to another by using the floppy drive. The floppy drive reads the disk (or diskette) and the user is then able to open and change the files saved on the disk.

Capacities 

Storage devices
Voice of America

The Voice of America (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government. It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting. Along with English, VOA broadcasts in many other languages. VOA's broadcasts are made to share a positive view of the United States with the world. Americans in the United States are not part of VOA's intended audience, but many Americans do listen to the program.

History 

VOA was organized in 1942 under the Office of War Information with news programs aimed at Europe and North Africa occupied by Germany. VOA began broadcasting on February 24, 1942, but VOA noted in its site that it began broadcasting on February 1, 1942. Transmitters used by VOA came from shortwave transmitters used by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Voice of America began to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union on February 17, 1947.

During the Cold War, VOA's budget was reduced. On August 1, 1953, VOA was separated from the Department of State and it was included under the Information Agency. VOA moved its headquarters from New York to Washington, DC. next year. In 1959 VOA started "Special English" programs. In the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, Radio Marti and TV Marti.

One of VOA's famous programs was remembered as "Jazz Hour" presented by Willis Conover.This program continued for 40 years, and its record remains at the National Museum of American History, also known as ""Smithsonian".

Languages
The Voice of America broadcasts in 46 different languages. Television broadcasts are marked with a star:

Related pages
Special English

Notes

Other websites 
 Voice of America website

Communication
Radio
1942 establishments in the United sisterStates
464 BC



Events 
 Earthquake in Sparta.
Diphthong

A diphthong (pronounced "DIF-thong" or "DIP-thong") is a vowel where the speaker has to move their mouth into two different positions to make. It is a vowel where two different vowel qualities can be heard. Examples are:
waist, die, noise, road, house, fierce, bear, sure. Each of these is a different vowel sound.

A monophthong is a simple vowel sound that a person does not have to move his or her mouth to make, like the "oo" sound in "book." In a diphthong, the person combines two different monophthongs, as with the "oi" sound in the word "oil". The speaker starts with the mouth in the position to make an "o" sound, then quickly moves the mouth to make a hard "e" sound. Another example is the "ou" sound in the word "house". The mouth starts out making a sound like the soft "a" sound in "flat", then moves to make the a hard "oo" sound like the one in "caboose".

Just like with every other part of language, the exact way to pronounce a diphthong is a little different for different accents.

The word diphthong is derived from the old Greek language. Here, di means two or double, while the part -phthong means sound or tone, from the basic word phthalein, which means speak, creating sound by the voice. 

A diphthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it may be one syllable, but rarely.

References 

Language
Monophthong

A monophthong (pronounced "Mono-F-thong") is simply a vowel. The word monophthong comes from the old Greek language. Mono means one or single, and the -phthong means sound or tone, from the basic word phthalein, which means to speak, create sound with the voice. The word monophthong shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position. For example, when you say "teeth", then while you are creating the sound of the "ee", nothing changes for that sound.

A monophthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it can as well be a syllable. There is no shorter syllable than a single monophthong.

Related pages
 Diphthong

Language
Ornithology

Ornithology is the study of birds. A person who studies birds is called an ornithologist.

Aspects
Several aspects of ornithology differ from other disciplines, because they are easy to see and are often attractive. Many studies of birds have been done by amateurs working in a scientific manner.

History
Konrad Gesner wrote his Vogelbuch and Icones avium omnium around 1557. Later, England developed a tradition of ornithology. Francis Willughby, John Ray, Gilbert White, John Gould (who studied the birds of Australia) and Peter Scott are good examples.

 
Branches of zoology
Rod Stewart

Sir Roderick David Stewart,  (born 10 January 1945) is a British pop singer, known professionally as Rod Stewart. He was born in London to an English mother and Scottish father. When he started singing in the 1960s, he was player for Brentford F.C., a football team. He started singing in local R&B groups, in the 1970s he began a solo career which made him very famous.

==References==

1945 births
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from London
Warner Bros. Records artists
1666



Events 
 September – The Great Fire of London destroys most of London.
The Specials

The Specials were an English new wave/ska band. They were originally from Coventry, England and formed in 1977. They were part of the ska revival in Britain in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

During the ska revival, bands began playing 1950s-style Jamaican ska music. The Specials often mixed other popular music styles from the 1970s and 1980s into their music, such as pop music and rock and roll.

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Coventry
English musical groups
Musical groups established in 1977

New wave bands
KC & the Sunshine Band

KC & The Sunshine Band was a disco group, that was popular in the 1970s. They formed in Miami in 1973.
Hits are "That's the Way (I Like It)", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty", "Give It Up", "Get Down Tonight", and "Please Don't Go".

Album discography 
 Do It Good (1974)
 KC and the Sunshine Band (1975) US #4, UK #26
 The Sound of Sunshine (1975) US #131
 Part 3 (1976) US #13
 Who Do Ya Love (1978) US #36
 Do You Wanna Go Party (1979) US #50
 Space Cadet (1981)
 The Painter (1981)
 All in a Night's Work (1982)
 KC Ten (1983) US #93
 Oh Yeah! (1993)
 I'll Be There For You (2001)
 Yummy (2007)

Other websites 
 Official Website (includes lyrics)

American pop music groups
R&B groups
Disco groups
Funk bands
Musical groups from Miami, Florida
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
1983 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in Florida
Roberta Flack

Roberta Flack (born February 10, 1937) is an American R&B singer. She was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She has released nineteen studio albums. She has had three number one singles. "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" was her first number one. It won the 1973 Grammy Record of the Year. In 1974 Flack performed "When I Grow Up" with Michael Jackson. In 1999 a star was put in the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her.

Early life
Roberta Flack was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She was raised in Virginia. Howard University gave her a music scholarship because she was good at playing piano. When she was fifteen she became a student there.

Career
Flack released her first album First Take in 1969. The album went to number one in the US album chart. It was her most successful album. In 1970 Flack's second album Chapter Two was released. It was less successful. In 1972 Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway was released. In 1973 Killing Me Softly was released. In 1980 Flack's second album with Donny Hathaway was released.

References

1937 births
Living people
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Singers from North Carolina
Arad, Romania

Arad (pronunciation in Romanian: ; Hungarian: Arad; Serbian: Арад, Arad) is the capital city of Arad County, in the western part of Romania, in Crişana, Ardeal.  It is found on the Mureş River.

Twinnings

Sister cities 
  Atlit, Israel
  Fushun, China
  Gyula, Hungary
  Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
  Giv'atayim, Israel
  Pécs, Hungary

Partner cities 
  Kirklees, United Kingdom
  Ditzingen, Germany
  Würzburg, Germany
  Trencin, Slovakia
  Tatabánya, Hungary
  Zrenjanin, Serbia

References

County capitals of Romania
Coventry

Coventry is a city in England. It is the 9th biggest city in England. It is also a metropolitan borough. It is in the West Midlands county. It used to be in Warwickshire. 

During the 19th century Coventry became a great manufacturing area, especially for bicycles. In the 20th century it made many motor cars. It also made aeroplanes. It was badly bombed in World War II. During the November 1940 bombing, the city's cathedral was destroyed. A new cathedral was built after the war.

The city has two universities. Coventry University is in the city centre. The University of Warwick is in the south of Coventry.

The local football team is Coventry City F.C..

Coventry will be UK City of Culture in 2021.

References
Billy Preston

Billy Preston (September 2, 1946 - June 5, 2006) was an American R&B musician. He is best known for his piano and organ playing.

Preston began playing piano when he was three years old. He worked with many other musicians including Aretha Franklin, Sammy Davis Jr., Quincy Jones, Eric Clapton, the Jackson 5 and the Rolling Stones.

He worked on The Beatles's last album, Let It Be, in 1969, including the song "Get Back". Many people thought that Preston would join the group, but the Beatles broke up shortly afterwards. He later worked with George Harrison, who had been a Beatle.

Preston's biggest success also came from working with another musician. He did a  with Syreeta Garrett on "With You I'm Born Again" in 1979. It sold over a million copies and reached Number 2 in the United Kingdom singles chart.

Preston was gay. He died of respiratory failure after being in a coma from a heart infection.

References 

African American musicians
American funk musicians
American gospel musicians
American pianists
American R&B singers
American rock musicians
American soul musicians
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from myocarditis
Disease-related deaths in the United States
LGBT African Americans
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Houston, Texas
The Beatles
1946 births
2006 deaths
Hades

Hades (, Háidēs) is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld in ancient Greek religion and myth. He is the eldest son of the Titans Kronos and Rhea and brother to Zeus, Poseidon, Hestia, Hera, Demeter and Chiron. 

As the lord of the dead, Hades was greatly feared by the Greeks, and he had few temples or shrines dedicated to him. He was married to the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades’ symbols were the cornucopia, a sceptre, the cypress, narcissus, poplar and his Helm of Darkness; the screech owl was his sacred animal. His sacred fruit was the pomegranate, the fruit that Persephone ate one- third of when she was kidnapped and in the underworld.

Hades’ Roman equivalent was Pluto, whose name is merely a Latinization of the Greek Plouton.

Other websites 

Greek gods and goddesses
Afterlife
Learning disability

Learning disabilities, also called learning difficulties, are conditions that make it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. Some people with learning difficulties also find it hard to fit in with other people because there are many things that people must know to live in society that are not easy to learn.

Learning difficulties can be things that people can learn to live with on their own, like dyslexia (a difficulty with reading) and dysgraphia (a difficulty with writing). They can also be big things that mean a person needs more help (like autism). People with learning disabilities may have average intelligence. Learning disabilities are not the same as mental illnesses. They can often deal with their difficulties by doing things in different ways.

Related pages
Down's syndrome

References

Disability
Learning
Cold

Cold is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective warm (opposite of cold). Because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. The temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of hot.  

The coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °C, which can be expressed as -459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale. This is called absolute zero. Absolute zero is also 0 K on the Kelvin scale and 0 °R on the Rankine scale

Cooling
Cooling is when an object gets cold, or lowers in temperature. This can happen by taking away heat, or by putting something in a place with a lower temperature. Fluids used to cool objects are called coolants.

Air cooling is making the temperature of an object lower using air. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object. The process will work better if there is more surface area on the object or if the item's mass can be made smaller.

Other ways to cool objects include using ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen. This works by convection; the heat  is taken from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.

Cold  locations and objects
The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest known place in the universe. Scientists believe the temperature is 1 K (kelvin) (−272.15 °C/−457.87 °F). 
 Herschel Space Observatory equipment is kept at temperatures below 2 K, using  a large helium tank for cooling.
 Neptune's moon Triton has a surface temperature of −235 °C (−390  °F).
Uranus has an atmospheric temperature  of −215 °C (−355 °F).
Saturn has a temperature of −175 °C (−285 °F) at cloud tops.
Mercury, even though it is close to the Sun, is actually cold during the  night. It has a temperature of about −170 °C (−275 °F). Mercury is cold at night because it has no atmosphere to trap in heat from the Sun.
Jupiter has a temperature of −145 °C (−230 °F) at the cloud tops.
Mars has a temperature of about −125 °C (−195 °F).
The coldest continent on Earth is Antarctica.  The coldest place on Earth is the Antarctic Plateau, an area of Antarctica around the South Pole that has an altitude of around 3000 meters. The lowest measured temperature on Earth, , was recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.

References

Basic English 850 words
Caribert of Laon

Caribert of Laon, son of Martin of Laon, was the grandfather of Charlemagne. He was the father of Charles's mother, Bertrada of Laon. In 721, he signed, with his mother Bertrada of Prüm, the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. In 744, his daughter Bertrada of Laon (by Bertrada of Cologne) married Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks. He died before 762.

French people
Year of birth unknown
8th-century deaths
First Lady of the United States

The First Lady of the United States of America sometimes abbreviated as (FLOTUS) is the wife of the President of the United States. If the President is not married, or his wife is unable to do the jobs of First Lady, a family member such as daughter or sister usually is considered the First Lady. The current first lady is Jill Biden.

Some famous former first ladies include Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, Mary Lincoln, Edith Wilson, Lou Hoover, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jacqueline Kennedy, "Lady Bird Johnson", Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, Michelle Obama and Melania Trump.

What the First Lady does 
The First Lady is not chosen by the people of the United States, and there are no jobs she is officially required to perform. Though she is not paid for being the First Lady, her role includes involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championing social causes and representing the President at official and ceremonial occasions. First ladies have focused on different causes and have had a strong influence in a range of sectors, from public opinion on policy to fashion.

Living former First Ladies
As of January 20, 2021, there are five living former First Ladies, as seen below.

Politics of the United States
Korean language

The Korean language is spoken mainly in North and South Korea. It is spoken by more than 78 million people (most are North or South Koreans).

In South Korea, it is called hangukmal (한국말) or hangugeo (Hangeul: 한국어, Hanja: 韓國語). In North Korea, however, it is called choseonmal (조선말) or choseoneo (조선어, 朝鮮語). They are named differently because the common names for North and South Korea are different. Additionally, Koreans usually call their language urimal (Hangeul: 우리말) or urinara mal (Hangeul: 우리나라 말), meaning "our language" or "our country's language."

Writing 
Korean uses two different writing systems. One is Hangul, the main alphabet. In North Korea, only Hangeul (Known as Choseongeul in North Korea) is used by law. In South Korea, only Hangeul should be used in most public areas like education, but the other system, Hanja, is still used in some newspapers and professional areas. Hanja is the system of Chinese characters that are used in Korean. It was the only way to write Korean before the creation of Hangeul in the 15th century, and it was common in novels before the 19th century.

Although King Sejong the Great led the development of Hangeul to allow literacy to spread among common people and to create a writing system that represented the language more accurately than Hanja, it was not adopted by the upper classes of Koreans. Hanja would continue to be the official writing system until the late 19th century. Although it was rejected by the elite classes, Hangeul was used often by lower classes as a way to write down Korean literature and for lower classes to communicate.

References

 
Language isolates
James Buchanan

James Buchanan Jr. (April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States.

He was the only president not to have married. His niece, Harriet Lane, stood in as First Lady. He was an experienced politician, and became president in 1857. His stances on slavery, and actions before the Civil War broke out, have been criticized by scholars.

Early life
James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, into a prosperous merchant family. He had four sisters and three brothers, and studied at the Old Stone Academy before entering Dickinson College in 1807. There he studied law and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar Association in 1812.

Buchanan was engaged to Anne C. Coleman, but she died early, and he never had children. He is the only U.S. president who was never married.

Buchanan served in both the House and Senate, representing Pennsylvania, as well as the Minister to Russia, under Andrew Jackson, before stepping taking the presidential career.

Presidency

During the beginning of his presidency, he called slavery an issue of little importance. This was clearly not the case at the time; Northerners and Southerners were very divided on slavery, almost to the point of war.

The Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not American citizens and that the states were allowed to keep slavery legal.  James Buchanan supported that decision because he did not want the pro-slavery states to stop being part of the United States.

Buchanan supported the rights of slave owners to keep their slaves and wanted Kansas to adopt a constitution that allowed slavery.  Because of that, the Democratic Party was divided on that issue and after the 1858 Congressional election, there were more Republicans in Congress than Democrats.  He did not get along with the Republicans.
 
He ordered troops to fight against Utah based on untrue information that Utah was planning a revolt.  Buchanan later realized that he made a mistake and apologized.

During his term, the country was becoming more and more divided over the slavery issue.  A few months before his term ended, some of the southern states decided that they were going to not be a part of the United States any more.

Buchanan believed that it was a bad thing, but he did nothing about it because he felt that using force against the south was against the Constitution.  He did not even prepare the country for war.

Legacy
At the end of his term, he left the next president, Abraham Lincoln, to face the greatest crises in United States history, the Civil War.

Some historians think that Buchanan was the worst president, because he did nothing to prevent the Civil war.

References

Other websites
 Buchanan's White House biography 

1791 births
1868 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
 
United States senators from Pennsylvania
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
United States Secretaries of State
US Democratic Party politicians
American diplomats
19th-century American politicians
Rule

When something always does the same thing, one can say that there is a rule that it does what it does.

The word "rule" has many uses, including the following:

 A means of measurement (such as a slide rule.)

 A law or regulation.

 A precedent or conclusion drawn from experiments.

A "rule" in mathematics is a formula which allows a person to work out parts of the solution if he or she has certain information. For example, Pythagoras' theorem is a rule which states that if a person knows the lengths of two sides of a right-angled triangle he or she can work out the length of the third.

Rules, however, can also means laws created aby people in power - for example, school rules are the "laws" of a specific school.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics

Law