cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Astatine

Astatine is a radioactive, chemical element. Its atomic number is 85, and its atomic weight is 210. It is part of the Group 17 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.3 hours.

History 
The first creation of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek estates (ἄστατος), meaning "unstable".

Chemistry 
Astatine is highly radioactive and all its isotopes have half-lives of approximately 8 hours or less, the longest being astatine-210 with a half-life of a bit over eight hours. Some of its isotopes may be found in nature, but because it is so unstable, only about an ounce exists in the Earth's crust at any point in time. Chemists say it is the rarest element in the Earth's crust. Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the halogens. Only a few compounds with metals have been found, in the form of astatides of sodium, palladium, silver, thallium, and lead.

Uses 
It can be used for cancer treatment and in radioactive tracers.

References 

Chemical elements
Halogens
United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is a part of the United States (U. S.) Congress. Congress is the legislature of the U. S. government and makes federal laws. The other part of Congress is the U. S. Senate. There are maximum 435 members in the United States House of Representatives. These members are called U. S. Representatives or just representatives. 

The number of representatives from each state depends on the number of people in that state, the population, but there is at least one U. S. representative from each of the 50 states. Every 10 years, the United States Census Bureau counts the population of the United States. States gain or lose Representatives based on the count. The House of Representatives is in one of the two wings in the U.S. Capitol building. The other wing is for the Senate. Sometimes the House of Representatives is informally called the House. The chairman/chairperson in the U.S. House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House. The current Speaker is Nancy Pelosi. 

According to the U.S. Constitution, all bills about raising revenue, which includes taxes, must start in the House of Representatives. Also, the House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach certain officials, such as the president or federal judges. According to the U.S. Constitution, the House of Representatives can expel, or impeach, one of its representatives by a vote of at least two-thirds of its members.

Notes

Other websites
 
Clerk of the House of Representatives
 Chief Administrative Office of the House
 Office of the majority leader
 Office of the speaker of the House
 Official list of current members
 Rules of the House
 Legislative information and archives for US House and Senate, via Congress.gov
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present
 A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 
 Complete Downloadable List of U.S. Representative Contact Information, via AggData LLC]
 Information about U.S. Congressional Bills and Resolutions
Lourdes Flores Nano

Dr.Lourdes Celmira Flores Nano (born October 7 1959) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. She is the leader of the Christian People's Party. She tried to become the mayor of Lima in 2010.

Flores Nano was born in Lima in 1959. She studied law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She studied for a Phd in Law from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, one of the world's oldest universities in Madrid, Spain. She was a member of the Lima Municipal Council and then a member of the National Congress of Peru. In 2001 and 2006 she was a candidate in election for the President of Peru.

References

Peruvian politicians
1959 births
Living people
People from Lima
Oak Lawn, Illinois

Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, USA. It is a suburb of Chicago.

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Fossil fuel

Fossil Fuels    

Fossil fuels are fuels that come from old life forms that decomposed over a long period of time.  The three most important fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas.     

Oil and gas are hydrocarbons (molecules that have only hydrogen and carbon in them).  Coal is mostly carbon. These fuels are called fossil fuels because they are dug up from underground. Coal mining digs up solid fuel; gas and oil wells bring up liquid fuel. Fossil fuel was not much used until the Middle Ages. Coal became the main kind of fuel with the Industrial Revolution.

Uses 
Most of the fuels people burn are fossil fuels. A big use is to make electricity. In power plants fossil fuels, usually coal, are burned to heat water into steam, which pushes a fan-like object called a turbine. When the turbine spins around, magnets inside the turbine make electricity. 

Crude oil can be separated to make various fuels such as LPG, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuel.  These substances are made by fractional distillation in an oil refinery.  They  are the main fuels in transportation. That means that they are burned in order to move cars, trucks, ships, airplanes, trains and even spacecraft.  Without them, there wouldn't be much transport.  

People also burn fossil fuels to heat their homes. They use coal less for this than they did long ago, because it makes things dirty. In many homes, people burn natural gas in a stove for cooking.

Fossil fuels are widely used in construction.

Origin 
All fossil fuels come from the periods in Earth's history when the Earth had huge tropical forests. In those periods, plants lived, grew and died, faster than they decayed. In other words, they were times when much of the dead vegetation did not entirely decompose. Instead it became coal and related substances such as peat.

The times of the great wetlands which produced coal and peat were in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), continuing in the first part of the Permian; the Jurassic and Eocene periods. Virtually all the worlds' coal dates to those periods.

Problems 

Most air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels. This can be reduced by making the combustion process more efficient, and by using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases. This pollution is responsible for causing the earth to get warmer, called global warming. They are also non-renewable resources, there is only a limited amount of coal, gas, and oil, and it is not possible to make more. Eventually all the fossil fuels will be used. Some scientists think that coal will have run out by 2200 and oil by 2040. 

Renewable energy sources like biomass energy such as firewood are being used.  Countries are also increasing the use of wind power, tidal energy, and solar energy to generate electricity.  Some governments are helping automobile makers to develop electric cars and hybrid cars that will use less oil.

References

Other websites 
 The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on fossil fuels and their impact on climate change (includes Global Warming)
Boston Bruins

The Boston Bruins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They were the first American team in the NHL, in 1924.  They have won six Stanley Cup championships, and they lost against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals after winning in 2011.

History

Early years 
In their early years, the Bruins won three Stanley Cups:  1929, 1939, and 1941.  Ralph "Cooney" Weiland won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1930.  Aubrey "Dit" Clapper was also a star player around this time.  Then Eddie Shore came along, a huge star in the league on defense.  Shore won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) four times:  in 1933, 1935, 1936 and 1938.  Only Gordie Howe and Wayne Gretzky have won it more often.  Cecil "Tiny" Thompson was the team's star goaltender.

In the 1940s and 1950s the Bruins had new stars.  Milt Schmidt and Bill Cowley were great centers and both won scoring championships and MVP trophies.  They were helped by Woody Dumart and Bobby Bauer on wing, and Frank Brimsek replaced Thompson in goal.

The 1960s were not so good for the Bruins.  Schmidt retired to become the team's coach and the team did not have many stars.  They finished in last place six times out of seven years and did not make the playoffs eight straight seasons.  Left wing John Bucyk was their best player.

Later years 
Bobby Orr began as a defenseman with Boston in 1966.  After his rookie (first) season, he won the Norris Trophy as best defenseman in the NHL eight times in a row, and the Bruins became a top team again.  He joined with centers Phil Esposito and Derek Sanderson, Bucyk and goalie Gerry Cheevers to lead the Bruins to the Stanley Cup in 1970 and 1972.  Orr won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs both years.  He also won the Hart Trophy in 1970, 1971, and 1972; Esposito won it in 1969 and 1974.  Esposito won five Art Ross Trophies:  1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974.  Orr won it in 1970 and 1975, the only defenseman ever to win the scoring title.  The Bruins continued to be a strong team through the late 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s.  

Ray Bourque, who won the Norris Trophy five times, was the team's greatest star in the 1980s and 1990s.  He is the team's top career scorer, and the highest scoring defenseman in NHL history.  The Bruins won the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1983 and 1990, and made the Stanley Cup finals in 1988 and 1990.  Cam Neely was an important player until the mid-1990s, and Joe Thornton was a top scorer until he was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 2005.  The Bruins won the Stanley Cup championship in 2011. In the 2018-2019 season the Bruins made the Stanley Cup final once again, losing to the eventual Stanley Cup Champion St. Louis Blues in 7 games.

References

Other websites
Official website

Boston Bruins
1924 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Massachusetts
George Morrow

George Morrow (c. 1934 - May 7, 2003) was part of the early microcomputer industry in the United States. Morrow  promoted (make popular) and improved the S-100 bus used in many early microcomputers. Morrow was also a member of the Homebrew Computer Club.

Starting in 1976, he designed and sold computers, computer parts, and accessories under several company names, including Morrow Designs. Morrow's companies built microcomputers that used the CP/M operating system. When IBM started selling their IBM PC personal computer in 1981, Morrow and other CP/M computer makers had trouble competing. Morrow Designs filed for bankruptcy in 1986.

References

American computer scientists
Scientists from Detroit, Michigan
1934 births
2003 deaths
Cleveland, England

Cleveland was a non-metropolitan county that existed between 1 April 1974 and 31 March 1996. It was in North East England. The districts which made up the county are now all unitary authorities.

References 

1974 establishments in England
1996 disestablishments in England
Historic counties of England
North East England
Rochester, New York

Rochester is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of New York. It has a little over 200,000 people living in it and over a million people living in the metropolitan area. It is on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. It is between the cities of Buffalo and Syracuse.

Media 

WHEC NBC

WROC CBS

WXXI PBS

WOKR American Broadcasting Company

WUHF Fox Broadcasting Company

WGBT UPN

Geography 
Rochester is on the shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. Also, the Genesee River flows through it. In the area near Rochester, there are many streams, large hills called drumlins, and lakes, such as the Finger Lakes. The weather in Rochester is warm in the summer and cold in the winter, with a lot of snow falling in the winter and early spring.

Economy and education 
Rochester is the headquarters of Eastman Kodak, a company that makes cameras and camera film. Rochester is also the home to universities such as the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology.

Other websites 
 City of Rochester 
 Interesting Sights in Rochester 
 Downtown Rochester
 Rochester's Deaf Community

 
County seats in New York
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (movie)

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American drama movie based on Ken Kesey's novel of the same name, directed by Milos Forman and starring Jack Nicholson. It is set on a locked psychiatric ward in 1963 Oregon. It was the first movie to win all five main Academy Awards since It Happened One Night. These awards included Best Picture, Best Actor (Nicholson), Best Actress (Louise Fletcher), Best Director (Forman), and Best Adapted Screenplay. The movie was the 20th best ever, according to the American Film Industry's AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The novel's writer, Kesey, disliked the movie, because it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (a more important character in the book than in the movie). The screenplay was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

Other websites 

 Talk of the movie's characters and themes 
Greatest Films
Roger Ebert's Great Movies review 

1975 drama movies
American drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies based on books
Movies set in Oregon
Movies set in the 1960s
Murder in movies
Suicide in movies
Movies directed by Miloš Forman
American independent movies
Dr. Strangelove

Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (better known as only Dr. Strangelove) is a 1964 British-American black comedy movie directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick, and starring Peter Sellers.

The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general, George C. Scott as General Buck Turgidson. He orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President, his advisers, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a Royal Air Force (RAF) officer as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. It separately follows the crew of one B-52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload.

The key to the film is the acting of Peter Sellers, who played three main roles:

Dr. Strangelove, the President's Scientific Adviser in the War Room. This role is the key to the film's success. Strangelove, a wheelchair-using former Nazi scientist, has become a naturalized U.S. citizen. His former role slips into the film via his right arm, with its black-gloved hand. The arm persists in giving the Nazi salute, and Strangelove occasionally refers to the President as Mein Fuhrer. The accent is a brilliant copy of such German-origin Americans as Edward Teller, the "father of the H-bomb".
President Merkin Muffley, played as a decent midwesterner, such as Adlai Stevenson.
Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF, one of the minor roles.

During the movie's ending, the world is blown up by a Soviet deterrence weapon, the  Cobalt-Thorium G  "doomsday machine", whose existence had not been announced. Vera Lynn's recording of "We'll Meet Again" is played as the world meets its end (it was a famous song of World War II).

This is sometimes said to be a film of the book  Peter George's thriller novel Red Alert (1958). But in this book Strangelove's character does not appear. It seems the director Stanley Kubrick had intended to use ideas from the book, but as the film developed the influence of tragi-comedy and the genius of Peter Sellers changed its direction.

In 1989, the United States Library of Congress chose this movie to be kept in the National Film Registry. This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies.

Release dates

References

Other websites 

Happy Birthday, Dr. Strangelove! April 3, 2014 Issue of The New York Review of Books

1964 comedy movies
American comedy movies
British comedy movies
BAFTA Award winners
English-language movies
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
United States National Film Registry movies
Multilingual movies
Black comedy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Apocalyptic movies
Walt Disney World Resort

The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World or Disney World, is an entertainment complex near Orlando, Florida. It opened on October 1, 1971 with only the Magic Kingdom theme park. It has since added Epcot (October 1, 1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (May 1, 1989) and Disney's Animal Kingdom (April 22, 1998). It also has 2 water parks, 23 hotels, a campground, and Disney Springs, which is a shopping area with souvenir shops, restaurants, and sports activities. It covers an area of  and is the largest theme park in the world. 

The resort was inspired by the dreams of Walt Disney and his creation of Disneyland in California. Its original theme park, Magic Kingdom, is designed similarly to Disneyland. Walt Disney created "Disney World" to have a vacation resort that was much different from Disneyland's one-day visit; this includes a much wider variety of sports, recreation, themed resort hotels and entertainment. The theme parks come with lots of different and fun rides and you can go swimming at the water parks. Sometimes, Disney characters walk around the parks to enjoy the younger ones. The rides are related to the books and films that Disney created.

Attractions 
The resort is approximately as large as San Francisco and twice the size of Manhattan. It has many exciting destinations including theme parks, water parks and more.

Theme Parks 
There are 4 theme parks in Walt Disney World. Each of them have numerous rides, restaurants and entertainment activities to witness. You can meet Disney characters there and have fun viewing different parades.
 Magic Kingdom, opened October 1, 1971
 Epcot, opened October 1, 1982
 Disney's Hollywood Studios, opened May 1, 1989
 Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened April 22, 1998

Water Parks 
There are 2 water parks:
 Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened June 1, 1989
 Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened April 1, 1995

Others 
 Disney's Boardwalk
 Disney Springs, opened March 22, 1975 (Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village, Disney Village Marketplace, and Downtown Disney)
 La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil, opened December 23, 1998, and is to close after December 31, 2017.
 Disney's Wedding Pavilion, opened July 15, 1995
 ESPN Wide World of Sports, opened March 28, 1997

Former attractions
 Discovery Island — an island in Bay Lake that was home to many species of animals and birds. It opened on April 8, 1974, and closed on April 8, 1999.
 Disney's River Country — the first water park at the Walt Disney World Resort. It opened on June 20, 1976, and closed on November 2, 2001.
 Walt Disney World Speedway — a racetrack at Walt Disney World and included the Richard Petty Driving Experience. It opened November 28, 1995, and closed on August 9, 2015.
 DisneyQuest  — an indoor interactive theme park that featured many arcade games and virtual attractions. It opened June 19, 1998 as part of an unsuccessful attempt to launch a chain of similar theme parks. It closed on July 2, 2017 to be replaced by the NBA Experience.

References

Other websites

Disney - Orlando
1971 establishments in Florida
1472



Events 
 February 20 – The Orkneys and Shetlands are annexed to the crown of Scotland
 Possible discovery of Bacalao (possibly Newfoundland, North America) and João Vaz Corte-Real.
 Beginning of extensive slave trade in modern Cameroon, as the Portuguese sail up the Wuori River.
 Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.
 Banca Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena, the world's oldest bank, is founded.
Kassam Stadium

Kassam Staudium is an arena in Oxford, England. It is where Oxford United F.C. plays. It is the biggest arena in the blue square premier league conference national

Football stadiums in England
Voting

Voting is when a group of people decide something by saying what they want. It can be for electing a leader or representative, passing a law, and other things. When people are done voting, the votes are counted (often by machines) and the winner is determined.

Voting can be done in small groups (friends deciding what to do over weekend), societies (building committee deciding on whether to paint a building), nations (voting for president or - in some cases - voting for independence) and global (United Nations deciding how to limit nuclear weapon development). 

Usually the side that gets most votes will win. This is called majority rule. The right to vote is called suffrage.

In some cases, a certain percentage may be needed to win a vote. This is often the case when voting to change the constitution of a country, or when electing a government official. When choosing a government official, there may be several rounds. In the first round, votes can be cast for all candidates. In the second round, only the two or three candidates with the most votes can be chosen.
Voting is done in democratic government.

Images

Related pages 
 Election

 
Law
Joule

A joule ( or sometimes ) is a unit in the SI system. It measures energy; usually in scientific or electrical appliances . It is named after James Prescott Joule. 

A joule refers to the amount of energy transferred to an object when a force of 1 newton is applied on it over a distance of 1 metre (1J = 1N × 1m). It is related to the watt (a unit of power): one watt equals one joule per second.

It can also be understood as the work done for passing one ampere of electric current through an electric circuit of external resistance equivalent to one ohm for one second. 

SI units
Carl Friedrich Gauss

Carl Friedrich Gauss (pronunciation: , Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a famous mathematician from Göttingen, Germany. Gauss contributed to many areas of learning. Most of his work was about number theory and astronomy.

Childhood 
He was born in Braunschweig. That city was then part of the duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Today the city is part of Lower Saxony. As a child, he was a prodigy, meaning he was very clever.  When he was 3 years old, he told his father that he had incorrectly measured something on his complicated payroll.  Gauss was correct.  Gauss also taught himself to read.

When he was in elementary school, his teacher once tried to keep the children busy, telling them to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. Gauss did it quickly, like this: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, and so on. There were a total of 50 pairs, so 50 × 101 = 5,050. The formula is . According to this archived website, the problem given to Gauss was actually more difficult to do.

The Duke of Brunswick gave Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum, where he attended from 1792 to 1795. This meant that the Duke paid for the education of Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Collegium. After this, Gauss went to the University of Göttingen, from 1795 to 1798.

Adulthood 
When Gauss was 23, scientists spotted the asteroid Ceres but they did not see it for long enough to know its orbit. Gauss made calculations that let them locate it.

Later in life Gauss stopped working on pure math and turned to physics. He did work in electromagnetism and made an early electrical telegraph.

Work 

Gauss wrote Disquisitiones Arithmeticae which is a book about number theory. In that book he proved the law of Quadratic reciprocity. He also was the first mathematician to explain Modular arithmetic in a very detailed way. Before Gauss, mathematicians had used modular arithmetic in some cases but did not know much about using it broadly.

Gauss made important discoveries in Probability theory.

Related pages 
 Heptadecagon
 Gauss's law
 Normal distribution
 

1777 births
1855 deaths
German number theorists
Child prodigies
German physicists
Alberto Fujimori

Alberto Fujimori (born July 28, 1938) was the President of Peru from 1990-2000.  A controversial figure in Peruvian politics, his government is credited with the creation of Fujimorism, defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability. He is still remembered in Peru for defeating Shining Path, the peace with Ecuador and recovering the economy after the presidency of Alan García.  Even amid his prosecution in 2008 for crimes against humanity relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.

In 2001, Fujimori's head of intelligence, Vladimiro Montesinos, was accused of doing illegal things. People thought that Fujimori was also involved. 

After that, Fujimori went to Japan, because he has Japanese ancestors, thus is a citizen there. Japan protected him from Peruvian law since they do not find any valid accusation. Fujimori resigned the Presidency of Peru. Valentín Paniagua was elected president by the Congress soon after Fujimori resigned. 

In 2005 Fujimori was detained in Chile. After his extradition in 2007 the Peruvian government put him on trial and convicted him. He was sentenced to several years in prison. On 24 December 2017, President Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds but in 2019 he was put back in prison.

His daughter, Keiko is also a politician and ran for president three times, the most recent being is 2021.

Notes

References 

1938 births
Anti-Communists
Living people
Presidents of Peru
Extradition
List of presidents of Peru

This is a list of presidents of Peru.

Republic of Peru (1839–present)
The Republic of Peru was reestablished on August 25, 1839.

References

Lists of politicians
New York Rangers

The New York Rangers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They play in Madison Square Garden in New York City.  The team began in 1926, and has won four Stanley Cup championships.

History

Early years 
The Rangers were started by a promoter named Tex Rickard. Newspapers began calling the new team "Tex's Rangers", a play on the famous police force known as the Texas Rangers. The team picked up on the nickname, and have been called "Rangers" ever since.

The Rangers were successful in their early years, winning the Stanley Cup in 1928, 1933, and 1940.  Bill Cook won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring leader in 1927 and 1933, and Bryan Hextall won it in 1942.  "Babe" Pratt was a star defenceman around this time.

Later years 
The Rangers did very poorly in the mid-1940s, but improved by 1950, when they lost the Stanley Cup final in overtime of the deciding game seven to the Detroit Red Wings.  Buddy O'Connor won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1948, goaltender Chuck Rayner won it in 1950, and Andy Bathgate won it in 1959.

The team did not make the finals again until 1972, when they lost to the Boston Bruins.  They were led by players such as Jean Ratelle, Brad Park, Ed Giacomin, and Rod Gilbert.  The Rangers made the finals again in 1979, losing to the Montreal Canadians.

Rivalry 
There was another team in New York, the Americans.  The Americans felt that the Rangers were favoured by Madison Square Garden, and that their team folded in 1942 because of the Rangers.  The Americans' coach and general manager, Red Dutton, claimed the Rangers would never win another Stanley Cup as long as he lived.  This became known as Dutton's curse.

Comeback 
Red Dutton died in 1987, and his curse came true.  Finally, the Rangers improved, winning the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1992 and 1994.  Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1992, and Brian Leetch won two Norris Trophies as best defence.  They led the Rangers to the Stanley Cup in 1994, after 54 years of not winning.

Problems and Today 
Recently, the Rangers have been a poor team, missing the playoffs many years in a row.  However, in 2005-06, the team has improved again, much due to the play of star Jaromír Jágr and rookie (first year) goalie Henrik Lundqvist. They reached the Finals in 2014 and lost to the Kings in 5 games.

Related pages 
List of New York Rangers players

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1926 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
Headstone

A headstone, gravestone or tombstone is a marker, normally made from stone, that is used to identify a person who is buried beneath it (in the grave).

These markers can be plain or beautifully carved with writing (epitaph or inscriptions) and pictures, but at times some gravestones can be unmarked, leaving a dead person unidentifiable.

Other websites

References 

Burial monuments and structures
Blood plasma

Blood plasma is the yellow liquid part of blood. In normal blood, the blood cells are suspended in the plasma.

Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is mostly water (90% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Plasma is the transport medium for excretion.

In hospitals, blood plasma is prepared like this. An anti-coagulant stops the blood clotting. Then tubes of blood are spun very fast in a centrifuge. The blood cells go to the bottom of the tubes. The plasma is poured into another container.

Hospitals may give patients:
Saline solution (pure water plus salt) for blood volume. This can be done quickly in an emergency.
Blood plasma.
Packed red cells.
Whole blood.

Blood serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors (that is, whole blood minus both the cells and the clotting factors).

Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy which involves taking out blood plasma, treating it, and putting it back in the patient.

Storage 
Whole plasma may be stored frozen, or it may be stored dry. Dried plasma can be flown anywhere in the world, and is vital for the armed forces. The method was invented in the USA in 1940, and used widely in World War II. The Army/Navy standard pack was two tin cans, each with 400cc bottles inside. One held the plasma, the other distilled (pure) water. The plasma could be restored in three minutes, and remained fresh for about four hours.

References 

Blood
Mi Reflejo

Mi Reflejo is the first Spanish-language album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on 2000. There are 11 songs in this album. Six of them are new songs. Five of them are from her first album Christina Aguilera but in Spanish.

This album was nominated Grammy Award as Best Latin Pop Album in 2001. It was the Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album.

Track listing

References 

2000 albums
Latin Grammy Award-winning albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Behaviour

Behaviour (or behavior) is what an animal does or how it acts. Behaviours may be conscious or unconscious. They may be inherited or learnt. The term is also used for systems and for machines which interact with their environment. The term is not well-defined.

In experiments, behaviour is the observed reaction which occurs when an organism is given a stimulus. Some organisms are more complicated than others and may be more aware of their surroundings. If their behaviour is conscious it means that they know what they are doing. If they are not aware of what they are doing this is unconscious behaviour.

Humans will pull their hand back without thinking if they accidentally touch something hot. This is done because we (and other animals) inherit nervous system reflexes which cause us to pull away from the thing that is causing the pain.

Behaviour is linked to the nervous system as well as the endocrine system. The nervous system reacts, and notices what happens. The hormone system is much slower. It makes some kinds of behaviour more, or less, likely. A simple example is the change from being a child to an adult. This involves a whole range of hormones which affect growth and behaviour.

Behaviour is also linked to learning. Organisms which are more complicated can learn better than those that are simpler. However, even the simplest animals show habituation, which is a primitive kind of learning. For organisms, learning means that they change their behaviour because they remember having been in that situation before and know how to react.

People often use the word "behaviour" to mean the way people interact with (behave towards) one another. Children are taught what is good behaviour and what is bad behaviour. Good behaviour is about being polite and thoughtful to other people. It is the kind of behaviour that people in a society expect from others.

References

Relating pages 
Behaviorism

Basic English 850 words
Ethology
Psychology
Michelle Bachelet

Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria AC (; born 29 September 1951) is a Chilean politician. She served as the President of Chile from 11 March 2014 to 11 March 2018. She was also President of Chile from 11 March 2006 to 11 March 2010. She was the first woman president of Chile.

In 2010, Bachelet became the president of UN Women. In 2013, she resigned from that position.

Bachelet is a socialist. Her father was general Alberto Bachelet (1923–1974) and her mother was archaeologist Ángela Jeria (1926–2020).

In 2018, Bachelet became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

She was named after the French actress Michèle Morgan.

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Santiago
Presidents of Chile
Socialists
Politician

A politician (from Classical Greek πόλις, "polis") is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government.  In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office.  In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues.    

Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government.  Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people.  The word politician is sometimes replaced with the euphemism statesman.  Basically, a "politician" can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution.

Politicians have always used language, as in speeches or campaign advertisements.  They use common themes to develop their political positions in terms familiar to the voters.  Politicians become experts at using the media   With the rise of mass media in the 19th century they made heavy use of newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters.  The 20th century brought radio and television, and television commercials became the single most expensive part of an election campaign.  In the 21st century, they have become increasingly involved with social media based on the Internet and smartphones.

Common political offices 

 Alderman
 Assemblyman
 Chancellor
 City manager
 Congressperson
 Councillor
 County executive
 Governor
 Lieutenant governor
 Mayor
 Deputy mayor
 Member of Parliament
 Minister
 President
 Vice President
 Prime Minister
 Representative
 Senator

References

Other websites 
 Noam Chomsky - Why Do Politicians Lie? YouTube
 Professor Colin Hay on 'Why we hate politics'; YouTube
Saturated fat

Saturated fat is a kind of fat. It has no double bonds. It has carbon atoms that are fully saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. They have no double bonds, while unsaturated fat has one or two. Due to no double bonds, their oxidation process is slow.

Health 
Is saturated fat a risk factor for heart disease (CVD)? This is a question with many controversial views.  Although most in the mainstream heart-health, government, and medical communities hold that saturated fat is a risk factor for CVD, some recent studies have produced conflicting results.

For a long time scientists have believed that eating saturated fat was a leading cause for heart attack, cancer, or other diseases. However, new research have shown that there is no connection between how much saturated fat you eat and heart diseases. This is still a controversial question.

Things like butter, coconut, lard and meat have lots of saturated fat.

Compound 
Saturated means that it holds all the hydrogen atoms that it can, meaning that all of the carbon (c) atoms have two hydrogen (H) atoms attached to it.

Types 
Stearic acid
Palmitic acid
Myristic acid
Lauric acid
Caproic acid
Caprylic acid
Capric acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid
Acetic acid

Related pages 
 Unsaturated fat
 Polyunsaturated fat

Other websites 
Foods high in saturated fat.

References 

Lipids
Health
Mackinac Bridge

The Mackinac Bridge is a 5-mile-long (8-km.-long) bridge that carries a four-lane interstate highway, Interstate 75.  It was built by the U.S. state of Michigan and connects that state's Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula together.

The Mackinac Bridge passes over a strait of water that connects two Great Lakes, Lake Michigan (to the west of the bridge) and Lake Huron (to the east).  

At the center of the Mackinac Bridge is a long suspension span, in which the bridge, made of steel and concrete, hangs from wires that run down from two huge, curved cables.

The government agency that runs the Mackinac Bridge charges motor vehicles a toll to drive over it.  In 2020, the toll was $4.00 for a passenger car.

The government hangs colored lights from the big cable, and turns them on at night so that the bridge can be seen from many miles away.

The Mackinac Bridge was opened in 1957, and this started a major economic boom in northern Michigan as tourists drove from all over North America to see the bridge, the Great Lakes, and the northern forests.

References

Other websites 

Bridges in the United States
Transport in Michigan
Concrete bridges
Steel bridges
Buildings and structures in Michigan
Suspension bridges
1957 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Michigan
Cusco Region

Cusco is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cusco.

Cusco Region is home to Machu Picchu, one of the most famous landmarks in South America.

Regions of Peru
Andy Richter

Paul Andrew "Andy" Richter (born October 28, 1966) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for his former role as Conan O'Brien's sidekick on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Richter was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is the second of four children. He was raised in Yorkville, Illinois. While attending Columbia College, Chicago, he played in several Chicago comedy groups, including the Annoyance Theatre, before getting on Late Night.

Richter left Late Night in 2000. He said he wanted to focus on an acting career. His first major work was FOX's critically acclaimed but little watched Andy Richter Controls the Universe. It was cancelled after two short runs. His next FOX sitcom, Quintuplets, was not liked by the critics. It lasted only one season. He is married to actress Sarah Thyre. They have two children.

In addition to his television work, Richter has appeared in movies such as Seeing Other People, Olsen Twins' New York Minute, Madagascar, and Cabin Boy.

1966 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American television presenters
Comedians from Michigan
Comedians from Chicago
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Jennifer Granholm

Jennifer Granholm (born February 5, 1959) is a Canadian born American politician. Granholm is the 16th United States Secretary of Energy since 2021 under the Joe Biden administration. She was the Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011.  Granholm was born in Canada and raised in California.  She ran for governor of Michigan in 2002, even though she had lived in the state for less than 15 years.

On December 15, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Granholm to be Secretary of Energy. Her nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 2021 with a 64-35 vote.

References

1959 births
Governors of Michigan
Living people
People from Vancouver
Politicians from California
21st-century American politicians
American political commentators
Naturalized citizens of the United States
United States Secretaries of Energy
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Michigan
CNN people
People from Anaheim, California
Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was the first woman to serve as justice on the Supreme Court, as well as the first from Arizona.

One of her ideas on the Supreme Court was the endorsement test. It was a way to check if the government was supporting religion.

Life
O'Connor was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan. Reagan said while running for president that he wanted a woman to be on the supreme court and promised to nominate a woman for the job the first chance he got. One of her biggest supporters was Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, who helped make sure that all 100 Senators voted to confirm her. While on the Supreme Court, she was involved in several major supreme court decisions including: Bush v. Gore, which had to do with a disputed election; Planned Parenthood v. Casey which involved a woman's right to privacy. She was also involved in Lawrence v. Texas, a case about whether burning a US flag was free speech. She retired from the court in 2006. Sam Alito was chosen to replace her. On August 12, 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This is the highest civilian honor of the United States. It was given by President Barack Obama.

In October 2018, O’Connor announced her effective retirement from public life after disclosing that she was diagnosed with the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.

Things named after her
She has a school named after her in North Phoenix, Arizona.

Sources

Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court. Penguin Books.
Montini, E.J. (2005) "Rehnquist is No. 1, O'Connor is No. 3, Baloney is No. 2.", The Arizona Republic. Retrieved August 21, 2009.

Other websites

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1930 births
Living people
People with Alzheimer's disease
Chancellors of the College of William & Mary
United States Supreme Court justices
American autobiographers
Politicians from El Paso, Texas
Writers from El Paso, Texas
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from El Paso, Texas
Lawyers from Phoenix, Arizona
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
Antonin Scalia

Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was a Conservative jurist on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an Associate Justice. Scalia was put on the Court in 1986 by Ronald Reagan and was the longest-serving justice on the Court. Before becoming a justice, he was on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and was a law professor. He was a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents. He was the first Italian-American on the Court.

Early life
Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey, but grew up in Queens, New York. Scalia went to Georgetown University, the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and Harvard Law School. He began his career in Cleveland, Ohio and traveled to Chicago, Illinois during his early life.

Supreme Court Justice
Scalia was noted for holding a conservative approach to the law. He also believed in originalism. This means he wanted the Constitution interpreted exactly as its framers had wanted it. Scalia and fellow judge Clarence Thomas often had the same viewpoints. He was friends with justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Death
Scalia died in his sleep on February 13, 2016 at a ranch in Shafter, Texas at the age of 79. His death left a split in the court with 4 conservatives and 4 liberals. President Barack Obama said he would choose Scalia's successor in "due time". President Obama, former Governor of Texas Rick Perry, Governor of Ohio John Kasich, former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Senators Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Bernie Sanders, and Vice president Joe Biden all reacted to his death.

Replacement
On March 16, 2016, President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace Scalia. After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, his nomination expired in January 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Gorsuch was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies.

Honors
In November 2018, Scalia received a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump.

References

Other websites

 Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues
 

Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
United States Supreme Court justices
American conservatives
American Roman Catholics
People from Trenton, New Jersey
People from Queens
Politicians from Cleveland, Ohio
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Chicago
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from New Jersey
Lawyers from New York City
Lawyers from Cleveland, Ohio
David Souter

David Hackett Souter (; born September 17, 1939) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He served from October 1990 until his retirement in June 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat left by William J. Brennan, Jr., Souter sat on both the Rehnquist and Roberts courts and came to vote reliably with the court's liberal members.

Pre-Supreme Court
He was the only Justice during his time on the Court with court experience outside of a federal appeals court. He served as a prosecutor (1966–1968), in the New Hampshire Attorney General's office (1968–1976), as the Attorney General of New Hampshire (1976–1978), as an Associate Justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire (1978–1983), as an Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1983–1990) and briefly as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990).

Retirement
Following Souter's retirement announcement in May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor as his replacement.

Related pages
Supreme Court of the United States

References

United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Massachusetts
1939 births
Living people
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from Massachusetts