cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Genealogy

Genealogy is the study of family history. It is the study of family relationships and ancestry (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc.). It is a popular hobby in the United States and in many other countries.

Some people show their family history using a family tree. A family tree is a diagram of the members of a family. With a family tree you use lines to show how people are related, for example, people who are married or have children. 

Some people keep track of their family history data in a genealogy database on their computer. Examples of data that a person would save are dates and places of births, marriages, and deaths. Other information that might be saved are records of military service, census records which show where ancestors lived at a certain time, immigration data, education, occupations, and even photos of the ancestors. The person building the database can usually decide to save many kinds of data—news articles, stories that were told in the family (oral history), information on religious ceremonies, wills or inheritances, information from family letters, customs, or how world or local events affected the family. The advantages of using a genealogy database are that it helps to keep the data organized, especially when relationships change; it can generate several types of charts or tables with the data filled in; it may make it easier to share data with others; and it takes up less room than paper and notebooks.

People study genealogy (family history) for many reasons. 
 They may want to help someone be reunited with their family after war, natural disasters, foster care, or adoption, or find living relatives. 
 They may have an interest in history and want to know how and where their family lived during interesting times of history. 
 They may want to track hereditary diseases that may be passed from parents to their children. (This would overlap with the study of genetics.)  
 The Mormons believe that they can give baptisms and other religious rites to their ancestors to help them in the afterlife.  This belief drives them to find as many of their ancestors as they can, and they have collected many genealogy records from around the world.
 Some people use genealogy to keep track of money, land and power so that they can inherit what belongs to their family. These people use genealogy to help it stay in the family and prevent false claims to the wealth, land or power.

References 

Family
Social sciences
Niels Bohr

Niels Bohr (7 October 1885  18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who helped discover quantum physics, the structure of the atom, and the atomic bomb. Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for, in short, discovering the quantization of atomic energy levels. He worked also in a project of physicists known as Manhattan Project. He married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912. One of his sons was Aage Bohr, who was also an important physicist. Aage won in 1975 his own Nobel prize. Niels Bohr worked also with Albert Einstein. He is also considered one of the most important physicists of the 20th century. Niels Bohr is also known for winning an award of smelling elephants anus tubes.

Biography 
Niels Henrik David Bohr, or Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark,1885 as the son of Christian Bohr, who was also professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen. Bohr's mother was Ellen Adler Bohr and was Jewish with a rich family of bankers and politicians. Niels was also the brother of Harald Bohr. Bohr was a mathematician, a physicist, and funnily enough, was a football player of the national team.  

In 1903 Bohr began studies of philosophy and mathematics at the Copenhagen University. 

In 1905 the Royal Danish Academy of Science organized a competition. Niels Bohr participated with some experiments in surface tension. He used the laboratory of his father in the university, because he knew it since he was a boy. 

His work won the prize. For this reason, he decided to stop the studies of philosophy and mathematics and changed to physics. 

He received his doctorate in 1911. 

Bohr did experiments in the Trinity College in Cambridge under the direction of J.J. Thomson. After it, he went to the University of Manchester under the direction of Ernest Rutherford. On the basis of the theories of Rutherford, he published his theory of electrons. He introduces the theory of electrons traveling in orbits around the nucleus of the atom in 1913 and the chemical properties of the orbit.

He introduced the idea that an electron can drop from a higher energy orbit to a lower one. Then it can emit a photon of discrete energy. This is the basis of quantum theory. 

Niels Bohr and his wife Margrethe Nørlund Bohr had four sons. Their oldest died in a tragic boating accident and another died from childhood meningitis. The others went on to lead successful lives, including Aage Bohr, who became a very successful physicist and, like his father, won a Nobel Prize in physics, in 1975.

1885 births
1962 deaths
Danish Jews
Danish physicists
Jewish scientists
Nuclear physicists
Scientists from Copenhagen
Theoretical physicists
Danish Nobel Prize winners
Świnoujście

Świnoujście  () is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with about 42,000 people (). It is situated on the Swina river, which flows into the Baltic Sea. In Świnoujście is the largest and longest beach in Poland. Świnoujście is also a health resort and has a modern harbour.

The port can handle of dry bulk and general cargo (especially coal, ore and chemical materials).

The ferry terminal (run by the Polish Baltic Shipping Company) provides ferry berths and facilities for passenger services to Sweden and Denmark. There are lines to Malmo in Sweden, Copenhagen and Ronne (Bornholm) in Denmark.

There are also facilities for deep-sea fishing, fish processing, and ship repair services.

Other websites

 Official website of Świnoujście 
 Tourist Information for Swinemünde 

Towns in Poland
Sky Odyssey

Sky Odyssey (or The Sky Odyssey in Japan) is an action/adventure flight simulator (or flight videogame) for the SonyPlayStation 2.  It was made by Cross, published by Activision and was sold in store’s in the year 2000.

The games story is a Indiana Jones-like adventure in which the person playing the game flies an airplane in a fictional (or not real) world collecting very old objects as well as pieces of a map.

The game's music was made by Kō Ōtani, who also made the music for Shadow of the Colossus, different types of Gamera films, and many other anime.

It is one of the few videogames that you can fly the Japanese Shinden and Shinden Kai, the Shinden is the airplane shown on the game's box.

Other websites 
Official website 

Simulator video games
2000 video games
Activision games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in Japan
Landform

A landform is a word that describes a form of land. Each type of landform is defined by its size, shape, location, and what it is made of.

List of landforms

Slope landforms
alas
bluff
cliff      
cuesta
dale
dell
escarpment (scarp)
glen
gully
hill
knoll
mountain
plain
plateau
ravine
ridge
rock shelter
terrace & terracettes
vale
valley
valley shoulder

Coastal and oceanic landforms
abyssal fan
abyssal plain
arch
archipelago
atoll
confluence
barrier island
bay & gulf
baymouth bar
headwaters
beach & raised beach
beach ridge
bight
boondock
cape
cave
cliff
coast
coral reef
cove
delta
dune system
estuary
fjord
headland
isthmus
island, islet, island arc, archipelago & atoll
lagoon
machair
meadow
notch
ocean
Ocean ridge & oceanic trench
peninsula
ria
salt marsh
sea
shoal
sound
spit
stack & stump
tombolo
cut landform
Wave cut platform

Fluvial landforms
Landforms that are related to flowing water.
ait
anabranch
arroyo
bar
bayou
Carolina Bay
basin
beach
cave
cliff
gully
island
lake
levee
marsh
meander
oasis
ox-bow lake
pond
pool
riffle
river
spring
stream
stream terrace
swamp
valley and vale
waterfall
watershed

Mountain and glacial landforms
arête
cirque
crevasse
corrie or cwm
dirt cone
drumlin
drumlin field
esker
fjord
U-shaped valley
glacial horn
glacier
hanging valley
inselberg 
kame
kame delta
kettle
moraine
mountain & mountain range
outwash fan and outwash plain
pingo
stream terrace
summit
tunnel valley
valley

Volcanic landforms
Butte
Caldera
Cinder cone
Geyser
lava dome
lava flow & lava plain
mesa
Mid-ocean ridge
Oceanic trench
Vent
Volcanic island
Volcano, shield volcano &  composite volcano (or stratovolcano)

Erosion landforms
Landforms made by erosion and weathering usually occur in coastal or fluvial areas, and many are listed under those headings.  Some other erosion landforms that are not listed in those categories include:
canyon
cave
lavaka
limestone pavement
rock formations
tea table

Deposition landform -- landforms produced by deposition of load or sediment (usually coastal or fluvial).
Eolian landform - landforms produced by wind weathering.

Other websites 
Landform Design
Piri Reis map

The Piri Reis map is a map of the world drawn on a parchment of gazelle skin by a Turk named Piri Reis (Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) in 1513. This map has been used to support claims for a pre-modern exploration of Antarctica.

Sources 

Cartography
Shadow of the Colossus

Shadow of the Colossus is a Japanese-made action-adventure video game made and sold by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCEI) for the PlayStation 2. The game was sold in North America and Japan in October 2005, and was then sold in Europe and Oceania in February 2006. The game was made by SCEI's International Production Studio 1, the same video game makers that made the game Ico.

The game is about a person called Wander, a young man who must travel across a large area on a horse and destroy sixteen giant creatures called the colossi to bring back the life of a dead girl. The game is not a normal action-adventure type of game because there are no towns or dungeons to explore, no characters to talk to, and no enemies to destroy other than the colossi. Shadow of the Colossus has been described as a puzzle game, because each colossus has a weakness which must be found and somehow used to defeat the colossi.

Remake 
A remake game title Shadow of the Colossus (2018) released for PlayStation 4.

2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developped in Japan
Verbandsgemeinde

A Verbandsgemeinde (plural Verbandsgemeinden) is an administrative unit unique to the German Bundeslands (federal states) of Rhineland-Palatinate and, since 2009, Saxony-Anhalt.

Rhineland-Palatinate
There are 163 Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate, which are grouped into the 24 districts and subdivided into nearly 2200 Ortsgemeinden.  
Most of these Verbandsgemeinden were established in 1969. Formerly the name of the administrative units was Amt.  Most of the functions of municipal government for several villages are consolidated and administered centrally from a larger or more central village among the group, while the individual villages (Ortsgemeinden) still maintain a limited degree of local autonomy.

Districts

The 24 districts:

Settlements in Rhineland-Palatinate
Settlements in Saxony-Anhalt
Collective municipalities in Germany
Osburg

Osburg is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is near Trier. As of 31 December 2018, 2,422 people lived there.

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg
Farschweiler

Farschweiler is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 802 people lived there.

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg
Middle C

Middle C is the name given to the musical note C which is in the middle of the piano keyboard.  It is not actually quite the middle note of the keyboard, but very nearly, and of all the Cs on the piano it is the one nearest to the middle.

When writing Middle C in music notation it is just below the stave when using the treble clef and just above the stave when using the bass clef.  This is shown in the first and last notes of the musical example below.  The Middle C sits on a ledger line (an extension of the stave written just for one note).

On the piano the Middle C key is C4. 

When starting to learn the piano, most books make their easiest pieces start on Middle C.  This is because the right hand can then play tunes using 5 notes (C to G) using white notes only (no sharps or flats).  It is also easy to recognize Middle C in notation.  It is also a help to find the correct place to sit at the piano (Middle C is opposite the player's "middle" (tummy)).  One problem can be that young children learning the piano may think that all pieces start on Middle C.  Pieces can start anywhere on the keyboard.

Middle C is the lowest note of the flute.  It is a fairly low note for a child or woman to sing, but a fairly high note for a man to sing.

Middle C vibrates at 262Hz.

Musical terminology
Musical notation
Principality

A principality (sometimes also called princedom) is a country which is ruled by a prince or princess. Principalities were common in the Middle Ages. Some principalities that still remain today are Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein. Examples of subnational principalities are Asturias (Spain).

Some states claim to be principalities but are not recognised by other countries: Sealand (a Sea Fort off the English coast), Seborga (a small town in Italy), the Principality of Hutt River in Australia and the Principality of Minerva in the Pacific. These states are examples of micronations.

Sometimes the word is also used to mean dependent territories in  Africa, Asia and India, pre-Columbian America and Oceania. For these, the word princely states is generally preferred, especially if they came under the authority of a European colonial power.

Forms of government
Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent is a historical region in the Middle East that includes the Levant, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. These countries on a map together have a shape that is similar to a crescent, so archaeologist James Henry Breasted spoke of the "Fertile Crescent" because he wanted to show the similarities of the cultures of this region in ancient times.

All these lands are watered by important rivers: Nile, Jordan, Euphrates and Tigris. Together they cover some 400-500,000 square kilometers, and the region extends from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea around the north of the Syrian Desert and through the Jazirah and Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf. These areas are in present-day Egypt, Israel, West Bank, Gaza strip, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, south-eastern Turkey and south-western Iran. The population of the Nile River basin is about 70 million, the Jordan River basin about 20 million, and the Tigris and Euphrates basins about 30 million, giving the present-day Fertile Crescent a total population of around 120 million, or at least a quarter of the population of the Middle East.

The Fertile Crescent has a very long record of past human activity.

Related pages 
Mesopotamia
Ancient Egypt 

Middle East
Ancient history
Crescent

In art and symbolism, a crescent is generally the shape produced when a circular disk has a segment of another circle removed from its edge, so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points (usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle). 

The crescent was long used as the symbol of Byzantium. Now it is the main symbol for the religion Islam.

Other websites 

The origin of the Islamic crescent
MathWorld article on geometric "Lune"
Worldwide Moon Sighting Reports

Symbols
Religious symbols
Moons
The Levant

The Levant is a term in geography that refers to an area in the Middle East. It includes the historic areas of Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel and Syria. 

The Levant is bounded by the Taurus Mountains to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, the northern Arabian Desert to the south and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. 
 
The word "Levant" entered the English language in the 16th century, together with the first English merchant adventurers in the region. English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("capitulations") with the Grand Turk in 1579 (Braudel).

Today, the word "Levant" is usually used by archaeologists and historians  who are talking about the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades. The term is also used sometimes to refer to modern or contemporary events, peoples, states, or parts of states in the same region, such as Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestinian territories.

Regions 
 Iraq
 Syria
 Palestinian territories
 Israel
 Lebanon
 Jordan
 Egypt
 Cyprus
 Turkey

Related pages 
 Canaan
 Palestine
 Land of Israel
 Mesopotamia

References
Braudel, Fernand, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II
http://www.levantine.plus.com/index.htm . Levantine Heritage Site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families.

Other websites
France and the Levant from 1920

Middle East
Jordan River

The Jordan River ( ,  ) is a river in Southwest Asia that flows through the Great Rift Valley into the Dead Sea. Many people think it is one of the world's most sacred rivers.

It is  long. Its tributaries are:
 The Hasbani (senir,  hasbani), which flows from Lebanon.
 The Banias ( hermon,  banias), that comes from a spring at Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon.
 The Dan ( dan,  leddan) with its source at the foot of Mount Hermon.
 The Ayoun ( ayoun,  ayoun), which flows from Lebanon.

The four rivers join to form the Jordan in northern Israel, near kibbutz Sede Nehemya. The Jordan drops quickly in a 75 kilometer run to Lake Hula, which is a little below sea level in the Galilee sea. Then it drops much more in about 25 kilometers to the Sea of Galilee. The last section has less gradient, and the river begins to twist before it enters the Dead Sea, which is about 400 meters below sea level and has no outlet. Two major tributaries enter this last section from the east: the Yarmouk River and Jabbok River.

In 1964, Israel began operating a dam that takes water from the Sea of Galilee, a major Jordan River water provider, to the national water carrier. Also in 1964 Jordan built a channel that takes water from the Yarmouk River, a main tributary of the Jordan River. This caused great damage to the ecosystem. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters.

In modern times, 70% to 90% of the waters is used for human purposes and the flow is much smaller. Because of this, and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, the sea is shrinking. All the shallow waters of the southern end of the sea have been drained in modern times, and are now salt flats.

The water from the Jordan is a very important resource to the dry lands of the area. It is a source of conflict between Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestine.

In the Bible 
In the Hebrew Bible, the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility to a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), called "the garden of God" (Genesis 13:10). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible.
The New Testament states that John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan (Matt. 3:13).

Symbolic importance 
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk, gospel, and spiritual music, or in poetic or literary works.

Because the Israelites made a difficult journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in The Promised Land, the Jordan can be a symbol of freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete. Also, the Jordan can mean death itself, with the crossing from life into Paradise or Heaven.

References

Other websites 

 SMART - Multilateral project for sustainable water management in the lower Jordan Valley
 An old map of the Jordan River from the 1800s

Rivers of Israel
Geography of Jordan
Rivers of Syria
West Bank
List of coats of arms of the districts in Rhineland-Palatinate

List of coats of arms of the 24 districts and the 12 urban districts in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

The State of Rhineland-Palatinate

Districts

Urban districts

Germany-related lists
Rhineland-Palatinate
Coats of arms of Germany
Proselyte

Proselyte, from Greek /proselytos, is used in the Septuagint for "stranger", i.e. a newcomer to Israel; a sojourner in the land, and in the New Testament (Strong's G4339 ) for a convert to Judaism from Paganism. It is a translation of the Hebrew word /ger (Strong's H1616 ).

Two kinds of proselyte in Judaism
There are two kinds of proselyte:
 Ger tzedek (righteous proselytes, proselytes of righteousness, religious proselyte, devout proselyte)
 Ger toshav (gate proselyte, proselytes of the gate, limited proselyte, half-proselyte)
A righteous proselyte was a Gentile who had converted to Judaism, was bound to all the doctrines and precepts of the Jewish economy, and was considered a full member of the Jewish people.

A gate proselyte was a "resident alien" who lived in the Land of Israel and followed some of the customs.

Proselytes in early Christianity
The "religious proselytes" spoken of in Early Christian writings were righteous proselytes, as distinguished from gate proselytes.

References

Related pages
Proselytism

Other websites 
Petrine Proselytes 
Catholic Encyclopedia: Proselyte
Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
Free Online Book: 'The Path of the Righteous Gentile' 
Proselyte in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

Biblical people
Judaism
Oriental Orthodoxy

Oriental Orthodoxy means the group of Eastern Christian Churches that accept only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and do not accept the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. These Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches. Oriental Orthodox churches are different from the churches that call themselves Eastern Orthodoxy.

The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the spiritual leader of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. This is because the Pope of Alexandria is also Patriarch of all Africa on the Holy See of St. Mark the Apostle.

The spiritual leadership is not understood in the same sense as among the Eastern Orthodox Churches to the Church of Constantinople. It is in the spirit of respect and honour for the Apostolic Throne of Alexandria. It does not give any special rights to the Church of Alexandria.

History 
The schism (division) between Great Church Orthodox and Catholic and the Oriental Orthodox Churches happened in the 5th century after the Council of Chalcedon.

Bibliography 
 Betts, Robert B., Christians in the Arab East, Lycabbetus Press (Athens, 1978)
 Charles, R. H. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, 1916. Reprinted 2007. Evolution Publishing, .

References

Other websites 
 Website on the unity between Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches
Dogma

A dogma is something that should not be disputed or doubted. Most often, this means the basic beliefs and doctrines of a religion.  What a majority of followers of an ideology or any kind of organization believe in can also be a dogma. 
 
In the context of religion, the term has a neutral meaning. Outside of religion for most people the term means something negative, because it accepts only a particular point of view. If someone disputes a religious dogma, they can be accused of heresy.

In Christianity, the Resurrection of Jesus is a basic dogma.

References

Other websites 
Dogma - Catholic Encyclopedia
Dogma - Strong's N.T. Greek Lexicon

Christian theology
Ecumenical council

An Ecumenical Council (also sometimes Oecumenical Council) or general council is a meeting of the bishops of the church of the whole world who have come together to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice.

The word is from the Greek language "", which means "inhabited", and was originally an other name for the territory of the Roman Empire, because the earliest councils were all called in by Roman Emperors. In later times it was used in the sense of "world-wide" or "general."

List of ecumenical councils

The first seven Ecumenical Councils

The period of Christianity from the First Council of Nicaea (325) to the Second Council of Nicaea (787) is called the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils.

 1. First Council of Nicaea, (325) adopted the Nicene Creed.
 2. First Council of Constantinople, (381); changed the text of the Nicene Creed into present form.
 3. Council of Ephesus, (431); proclaimed the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos (Greek Η Θεοτόκος, "God-bearer" or more commonly "Mother of God").
 4. Council of Chalcedon, (451); declared the doctrine of monophysitism to be wrong and adopted the Chalcedonian Creed. This and all following councils are not recognized by the Oriental Orthodox Communion.
 5. Second Council of Constantinople, (553)
 6. Third Council of Constantinople, (680–681); affirmed that Christ had both human and divine wills.
 Quinisext Council (= Fifth and Sixth) or Council in Trullo, (692); this council is accepted by the Eastern Orthodox Church as a part of the Third Council of Constantinople, but is rejected by Catholics.
 7. Second Council of Nicaea, (787); restoration of the veneration of icons and end of the first iconoclasm. It is rejected by many Protestant denominations, who instead prefer the Council of Constantinople of 754, which condemned the veneration of icons.

Further reading
 Tanner, Norman P.  The Councils of the Church, .
 Tanner, Norman P.  Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, .

Other websites 
 The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Select Online Resources
 All Catholic Church Ecumenical Councils - All the Decrees 
 The Eighth and Ninth Ecumenical Councils 
 Council in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
 Catholic Encyclopedia: The 21 Ecumenical Councils
 Catholic Encyclopedia: General Councils
 Ecumenical Councils
 All Catholic Church Council Decrees including Trent and Vatican II
Criss Angel

Criss Angel (born Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos, December 19, 1967) is an American illusionist, stuntperformer, and musician. He has done many illusions. Examples of these include walking on water, making an Asian elephant vanish and then reappear several episodes later, and floating between two buildings. Angel has had a television program on the American network A&E called Criss Angel Mindfreak. The program has stunts and street magic, as well as public service announcements about scams that are popular around the United States. 

Angel was the guest host of the March 8, 2010 version of WWE Monday Night Raw.

References

Other websites 
 Official Criss Angel website
 Official Criss Angel Mindfreak website at A&E
 Official Criss Angel MySpace profile
 
 Videos of Criss Angel 

1967 births
Living people
Entertainers from New York
American magicians
Psyche (mythology)

Psyche (pronounce: SY-kee) is a former mortal woman and goddess of the soul in Greek mythology. She is the wife of Eros (Cupid) and the mother of Hedone.  She is always pictured with butterfly wings. Today, Psyche is known from a story called The Golden Ass, written by Lucius Apuleius in the 2nd century.

Related page 
16 Psyche

Other websites

Greek gods and goddesses
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (December 10, 1787 - September 10, 1851) was an American teacher and the founder of the American School for the Deaf. He founded the school in 1817.

History
Gallaudet was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He went to Yale University. He got his bachelor's degree in 1805 and master's degree in 1808. He wanted to do many things for example,  study law or study religion. In 1814, Gallaudet became a preacher.  

Gallaudet chose not to become a preacher when he met Alice Cogswell, the nine-year-old deaf daughter of a neighbor, Dr. Mason Cogswell. He taught her many words by writing them in the dirt. Cogswell asked Gallaudet to go to Europe to learn ways for teaching deaf people. 

While in Great Britain, he met Abbé Sicard, head of a school for deaf people in Paris, and two of its deaf teachers, Laurent Clerc and Jean Massieu. Sicard asked Gallaudet to go to Paris to study the school's ways of teaching the deaf. Gallaudet studied with Sicard. He learned sign language from Massieu and Clerc, who were both graduates of the school.

Gallaudet asked Clerc to go back to America with him. The two men toured New England and got money to create a school for deaf students in Hartford, Connecticut which later became known as the American School for the Deaf. Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States.

1787 births
1851 deaths
American teachers
Yale University alumni
Educators from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Annelid

Annelids are a phylum of invertebrate worms. They are the segmented worms, with over 17,000 known species.

Well known species are earthworms and leeches. Annelids can be found in most wet environments. Some of these species are parasitic or mutualistic. This means they live together with (or inside) another organism. A mutualistic relationship is beneficial to both organisms. Their size varies from under a millimetre to about 3 metres. The largest known species is the seep tube worm (Lamellibrachia lymnesi), which is related to the giant tube worm.

Annelids are made of one or more body segments. Each segment has one or more rings. These rings are called annuli (singular: 'annulus' = 'little ring'). Annelids reproduce sexually by hermaphroditic cross-fertilization. They can regenerate cut off pieces of their body, unlike sponges, which can come back together if ripped apart. They have a hydrostatic skeleton, a one-way digestion system, and bilateral symmetry.

Nervous system 
Annelid worms have a nervous system. The brain forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections.

The rest of the central nervous system is usually 'ladder-like', with a pair of nerve cords that run along the bottom part of the body cavity. In each segment there are paired ganglia linked by a cross-connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body.

Main groups 
Polychaetes: about 12,000 species, free-living
Clitellates: about 5,000 species
Oligochaetes
Hirudinea
Echiura

References
Lugworm

The lugworm (Arenicola marina), also known as the sandworm, is a large marine worm of the phylum Annelida. Lugworms make the coiled tubes of sand that are a familiar sight on a beach at low tide. The lugworm itself is not seen except by people who dig them up from curiosity or to use as fishing bait.

The lugworm lives in a U-shaped tube in the sand, and filters out its food from the water.

Arenicola marina can grow to about 5 inches long (13 cm). Its body is segmented, like that of an earthworm. It has bristles in the middle of its body. It is a polychaete. It also has well-developed blood-vessels, and gills to breathe in the water. 

Although the textbook example is usually Arenicola marina, there is a second species, Arenicola defodiens, which lives a similar life. It grows to about 9 inches long (23 cm)

References

Annelids
Alitta succinea

Alitta succinea, also known as the pile worm or clam worm, is a common polychaete worm.  

It is a species of ragworm or sandworm. The terms can refer to any one of a number of other species.  

This worm can reach up to 15 centimeters (6 inches) in length.  Most specimens are smaller than this. It is brown coloured at the rear, and reddish-brown on the rest of its body. It has a head with four eyes, two sensory feelers or palps, and eight tentacles. It is a freeswimming polychaete, scavenging on the bottom of shallow marine waters. 

Clam worms are an important food source for bottom-feeding fish and crustaceans. They can protect themselves by secreting a mucous substance which hardens to form a sheath around them.

Planktonic larvae develop, grow into adults and eventually sink to the bottom of the water.

References 

Annelids
Protozoa

Protozoa are small (but not simple) organisms. They are single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes, which eat bacteria and other food sources.

It is an old term, and the wider term protist is generally preferred today.  However, 'protozoa' is often used for convenience, especially in junior education.  It is a convenient hold-all term, and most systems of taxonomy  classify 'protozoa' into several different phyla.

The term is problematic because modern biochemical and genetic techniques show that it includes several quite different kinds of cells. They are found only in moist or aquatic habitats. Many protozoan species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of soil bacteria and algae. About 30,000 protozoan species are known.

Related pages 
 Protist
 Eukaryote
 Amoeba
 Paramecium

References
Hematophagy

Hematophagy is the habit of certain animals to feed on blood. Blood is rich in proteins. Examples of animals that feed on blood are mosquitoes, vampire bats and leeches.

Parasitism
Crinoidea

The Crinoids are a  class of Echinoderms. They have two forms, the sea lilies, stalked forms attached to the sea floor, and the feather stars, which are free-living.

All crinoids are marine, and live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters. The basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognized, but most crinoids have many more than five arms. Crinoids have a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms.

The crinoids have a long history. They were the first echinoderms to appear in the fossil record, and have kept their early structure throughout their long career. They were extremely common in the Palaeozoic, and some rocks from the Carboniferous consist almost entirely of fossil crinoids.

Anatomy 
Crinoids' mouths faces up towards the surface of the ocean, and the stalked forms feed on the detritus which comes down to the bottom. The mouth is surrounded by many feathery tentacles. They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth.

History  

The crinoids were almost wiped out by the extinction event at the end of the Palaeozoic era. Four whole classes became extinct, and the few that survived became the only living class, the Articulata. The stalked members of the class sufered from heavy predation in the Mesozoic. and now all the remaining sea lilies are in deep water, where the competition is less fierce. The feather stars have been much more successful.

In 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off the Grand Bahama Island. The recording showed a crinoid moving at much faster speeds than was thought possible.

Feather stars 

The free-living feather stars first appear in the Upper Triassic. They are related to starfish. As juveniles, they are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk, as their ancestors were. In the adult stage they break away from the stalk and can move about. Some can swim by undulating movements of the arms. Usually, feather stars creep about by using projections at the bottom of the crown, called cirri. They are the only crinoids in shallow water, and are all in the Order Comatulidae. Their flexible arms and ability to choose their feeding grounds was undoubtedly important in their success and survival.p293

During the day, they roll into a ball. But at night, they spread out their arms to catch plankton.

Feather stars arrange themselves so the fan faces the flow of the  current. The posture serves to present the maximum area of food-collecting surfaces to the incoming water flow, so that more particles will settle on them. They are found mostly in shallow water.

References 

Echinoderms
Yorkshire Dales

The Yorkshire Dales (also known as the "Dales") is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales District National Park, created in 1954. The "Dales" is one of the twelve National parks of England and Wales. The area is so called because it is a collection of river valleys ("dale" comes from a Danish word for valley), and the hills in between them.  The area is mainly in the historic county of Yorkshire, but today is partly in three modern counties : North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and Cumbria.

List of Dales

 Arkengarthdale
 Birkdale
 Bishopdale
 Coverdale
 Dentdale
 Garsdale
 Langstrothdale
 Littondale
 Malhamdale
 Nidderdale
 Ribblesdale
 Swaledale
 Wensleydale
 Wharfedale

Related pages
 Bolton Castle
 Skipton
 Settle-Carlisle Railway
 List of peaks in the Yorkshire Dales

Other websites 

 Yorkshire Dales Society 
 Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority
 Photos of The Yorkshire Dales on Flickr

North Yorkshire
Suwanee, Georgia

Suwanee is a city in the American state of Georgia. It is in Gwinnett County. In 2005, about 12,500 people lived in Suwanee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.6 km² (9.9 mi²).  25.4 km² (9.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (0.71%) is water.

Gwinnett County, Georgia
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cumming, Georgia

Cumming is a city in the American state of Georgia. The city is the county seat of Forsyth County. About 5,800 people live in Cumming. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.3 km² (5.9 mi²).  15.3 km² (5.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it (0.34%) is water.

Other websites 
 City of Cumming website

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Athens, Georgia

Athens is a city in the American state of Georgia.

It is the county seat of Clarke County.

The University of Georgia is in Athens.

References

Other websites 
Athens-Clarke County: Unified City/County Government Official Site
Athens Convention & Visitors Bureau
Athens Stuff Guide 
The University of Georgia

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Anaerobic digestion

Anaerobic digestion is the way microorganisms break down organic matter without oxygen. This process happens naturally, but it is called anaerobic digestion when it is supported and contained. 

An anaerobic digester is an industrial system that supports this process. Biodegradation to treat waste is one of the main purposes. Generating biogas to provide fuel is another. It also produces soil improving material.

References

Other websites 
Digestion archives 
European Anaerobic Digestion Network
Independent Anaerobic Digestion Website
Thermophilic Anaerobic Digesters 
Methane (Biogas) from Anaerobic Digesters
Application of anaerobic digesters 
Anaerobic Biodigester Design for Small Tropical Producers

Energy
Zoology
Physiology
Clarke County, Georgia

Clarke County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Clarke County is Athens, Georgia. Clarke county was formed on December 5, 1801 and named after Revolutionary War hero Elijah Clarke. The University of Georgia is in Clarke County. Clarke county has 104,439 people.

References

Other websites 
 Official site

Georgia (U.S. state) counties
1801 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Forsyth County, Georgia

Forsyth County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Forsyth County is Cumming, Georgia. Forsyth County has one of the fastest growing populations of any county in the United States. The number of people has grown from 98,407 to 140,393 between 2000 and 2005. The county was made in 1832 and is named after John Forsyth. The county has five main high schools including; North Forsyth, West Forsyth, Lambert High, Forsyth Central, and South Forsyth.

Other websites 
Government site
Forsyth County Georgia, Local Web Portal and Directory
John Forsyth, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
History and Records, Forsyth County, GA
North Forsyth High School
West Forsyth High School
Lambert High School
Forsyth Central High School
South Forsyth High School

Georgia (U.S. state) counties
1832 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Johns Creek, Georgia

Johns Creek is a city in the American state of Georgia. It was only made a city on December 1, 2006. It is a suburb in the northeast of Atlanta. Johns Creek has about 75,000 people living in it. It is a part of Fulton County. Johns Creek is the 10th largest city in Georgia.

References

Other websites 
Official site 

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Fulton County, Georgia
The Black Parade

The Black Parade is a 2006 album by the band My Chemical Romance. It is the third album from the band. The album is a concept album. The songs on this album follow the life of The Patient, a man dying of cancer. The album takes the listener into The Patient's mind, fears, regrets, and accomplishments. 

Much like their first two albums, The Black Parade offers a message of hope. 

The Black Parade is: Ray Toro, Mikey Way, Gerard Way, Frank Iero, and Bob Bryar.

Track listing
"The End." – 1:52
"Dead!" – 3:15
"This Is How I Disappear" – 3:59
"The Sharpest Lives" – 3:20
"Welcome to the Black Parade" – 5:11
"I Don't Love You" – 3:58
"House of Wolves" – 3:04
"Cancer" – 2:22
"Mama" – 4:39
"Sleep" – 4:43
"Teenagers" – 2:41
"Disenchanted" – 4:55
"Famous Last Words" – 4:59
"Blood" (hidden track) – 2:53 (starts at 1:30)

B-sides
"Heaven Help Us" – 2:54
"My Way Home Is Through You" – 2:59
"Kill All Your Friends" – 4:28

Sales

References

My Chemical Romance
2006 albums
Biogas

Biogas is a gas produced by the digestion in an oxygen free (anaerobic digestion) or fermentation of organic matter. The organic matter can be manure, sewage, municipal waste, compost, food waste or any other biodegradable raw material. Biogas is mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Depending on where it is produced, biogas is also called:

 swamp gas  
 marsh gas
 landfill gas
 digester gas

Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or to generate electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration.

Biogas and anaerobic digestion 

Anaerobic digestion is much used to make biogas from biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.  The methane in bio gas burns more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide.  The harvesting of bio gas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide.  The carbon in bio gas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.

Biogas typical composition range 

The composition of biogas varies depending on how it is made.  Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4.

 often 5% of air is introduced to get rid of sulfur microbiologically

Related pages 
 Producer gas

Other websites 
 AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Lille  (PDF)
 AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Stockholm  (PDF)
 University of Adelaide - An Introduction to Biogas
 Biogas in Rural Costa Rica
 Solid Waste Association of North America
 Landfill Gas Symposium

References 

Biofuels
Liturgy

A liturgy is a ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular group or event. In religion, it may mean an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as the Muslim Salats. Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. The open or waiting worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.

Related pages
Christian liturgy

Notes

References
Bowker, John, ed. (1997) Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. .
"What Do Quakers Believe?". Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

Other websites 
Catholic Encyclopedia article
Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy 
Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy
Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website History, theory, practice

Worship
Piri Reis

Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) (about 1465 – 1554 or 1555) was an Ottoman-Turkish admiral and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 in Gallipoli on the Aegean coast of Turkey. Today, people remember him because of the maps he made. He made the first Ottoman map to show parts of the Americas, the Piri Reis map, in 1513. He drew a second map in 1528. Only a fragment of that map survives today. That fragment however, shows parts of North America, including Greenland. It goes from the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland in the north, to Florida,Cuba and parts of Central America in the south. Therefore, some people believe he drew a map of the Arctic about 200 years before it was discovered.

1460s births
1554 deaths
Admirals
Cartographers
Asian explorers
Turkish military people
Walter Sutton

Walter Stanborough Sutton (5 April 1877 – 10 November 1916) was an American biologist and surgeon. Sutton was born in Utica, New York and raised in Russell, Kansas. He got Bachelors and Masters degres from the University of Kansas. Sutton then went to Columbia University and got his doctorate in medicine in 1907.

In 1903 Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Edmund B. Wilson (1856–1939), Sutton's teacher, and the author of one of the most famous text-books in biology, called this the Sutton–Boveri hypothesis.

References 

American biologists
American physicians
Cell biology
Columbia University alumni
scientists from New York
Scientists from Kansas
1877 births
1916 deaths
People from Utica, New York