cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tatars

Tatars refer to a number of Turkic-speaking peoples, which include (but are not limited to) the Volga Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Siberian Tatars. But do not include the Crimean Tatars. Most Tatars live in Russia (forming the majority in Tatarstan), as well as in countries as Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

Crimean Tatars live in Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.

Smaller minorities of Tatars live in Israel, France, Canada, Australia, the United States, Finland, and Japan.

The Tatars mostly practice Sunni Islam.

Their closest relatives are the Bashkirs, and they are also related to the Azerbaijanis, Kazakhs, Chuvash people, and the Turkish people.

History
Historically, the word "Tatar" might have referred to the Tatar confederation, which eventually became part of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan joined the various Eurasian steppe tribes into one empire. The term "Tatars" was spelled as "Tartars" on occasion. In the past, this term was used to refer to anyone coming from North and Central Asia dominated by many predominantly Turco-Mongol empires and kingdoms. Neighbouring non-Turkic peoples called any Turkic-speaking people Tatar. Nowadays, this term is used to refer to certain Turkic peoples.

Russian historian D. Iskhakov wrote in 2000: “the real history of Tatars, of the people in every respect historical, is not written yet”.  However, a  book by independent Tatar historian Galy Yenikeyev about the unwritten history of the Tatars
claims to have new facts.

Sources
Gupta Empire

The Gupta Empire was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 AD and covered most of North-central India. The time of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.

The Guptas most probably came from Bengal. 
At the beginning of the 4th century the Guptas ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Uttar Pradesh.

We get plenty of information about this dynasty through coins, inscriptions, monuments and Sanskrit writings. 
The Gupta rulers were great conquerors and good administrators. This brought on a series of invasions which weakened the empire, but many of their cultural and intellectual achievements were saved and transmitted to other cultures and live on today. Fa Hien visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II and stayed in this country for several years. 

People led a simple life. Commodities were affordable and all round prosperity ensured that their requirements were met easily. They preferred vegetarianism and shunned alcoholic beverages. Gold and silver coins were issued in great numbers which is a general indicative of the health of the economy. Trade and commerce flourished both within the country and outside. Silk, cotton, spices, medicine, priceless gemstones, pearl, precious metal and steel were exported by sea.

Gupta dynasty 
The Gupta dynasty ruled the Gupta Empire of India, from around 320 to 550.

Some of its main rulers were:
 Samudragupta
 Ramagupta
 Chandragupta II
 Kumaragupta I
 Skandagupta
 Narasimhagupta
 Buddhagupta
 Purugupta
 Vishnugupta
 Pushpak

Further reading 
 Karls, Farah. World History The Human Experience.

Other websites 

 Frontline Article on Gupta Period Art 

+Golden Coins
The Guptas were the first to introduce a coinage across their empire.This showed both their wealth-as some coins were trying to unify the empire by using the same coins over the empire.

History of India
History of Bangladesh
Royal dynasties
4th-century establishments
6th-century disestablishments
Establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Asia
North Melbourne Football Club

The North Melbourne Football Club is an Australian football club. It is nicknamed "The Kangaroos".

Australian Football League
England national football team

The England football team are a team who play football for England. They play their matches in England at Wembley Stadium. 

They played their first game in 1872 against Scotland.

They won the FIFA World Cup in 1966 when they beat West Germany by 4 goals to 2 at the old Wembley Stadium.

Most appearances

Top scorers

Honours

Senior team 
 FIFA World Cup
 Winner (1): 1966
 Fourth Place (2): 1990, 2018

 UEFA European Championship
 Third Place (1): 1968
 Semi-finals (1): 1996

 British Championship
 Winners (54)  (including 20 shared)

 Olympic football tournament
 Gold medal (2): 1908, 1912

Recent Games 

  Green means that the team won.
  Yellow means the team had a draw.
  Red means the team lost.

Minor tournaments 

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

References

European national football teams
Football in England
The Football Association
UEFA
English football clubs
Norwich City F.C.

Norwich City F.C. is an English football club based in Norwich, Norfolk.  The club was started in 1902 and as of the 2021-22 season play in the Premier League. The manager is Dean Smith.

League position

Former position 

Premier League clubs
Norwich
Queens Park Rangers F.C.

Queens Park Rangers Football Club is an English football club from London. Their players wear a blue and white hooped shirts for home games which they play at a ground called Loftus Road.  The club are also known as QPR.

League position

Former position

Managers

Honours

League

Championship Winners 2010–11
Division One Runners-up 1975–76

Division Two Champions 1982–83
Division Two Runners-up 1967-68, 1972-73

Division Three Champions 1966-67
Nationwide Division Two Runners-up 2003-04

Division Three (South) Champions 1947-48

Cup

FA Cup Runners-up 1981–82

League Cup Winners 1966-67
League Cup Runners-up 1985-86

FA Community Shield Runners-up 1907-08, 1911-12

References

Premier League clubs
1882 establishments in England
List of Bangkok universities

This is a list of colleges and universities in Bangkok, Thailand.

Public

 Chulalongkorn University
 Kasetsart University
 King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang 
 King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok
 King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 
 Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University 
 Mahamakut Buddhist University
 Mahidol University
 National Institute of Development Administration
 Rajamangala University of Technology
 Ramkhamhaeng University
 Silpakorn University
 Srinakharinwirot University 
 Sukhothai Thammathirat University
 Thammasat University

Private

 Assumption University 
 Bangkok University 
 Dhurakijpundit University 
 Dusit Thani College
 Kasem Bundit University 
 Mahanakorn University of Technology 
 Rangsit University 
 Ratana Bundit University 
 SAE Institute Bangkok
 Saint John's University
 Siam University
 Sripathum University
 University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce

Bangkok

Bangkok
List of palaces in Bangkok

Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, has many palaces:

Thai royal family private residences 
Grand Palace 
Chitralada Palace (New Palace)
Sukhothai Palace
Srapratum Palace
Nonthaburi Palace
Chakri Bongkot Palace
Le Dix Palace
Dusit Palace

Former private residences of the Thai royal family 
Vimanmek Palace (Vimanmek Mansion) - Now a museum
Suan Pakard Palace - Now a museum
Front Palace - Now Bangkok National Museum
Chankasem Palace - Now a part of education ministry building
Rear Palace - Now a part of Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok
Phya Thai Palace - Now a part of Phramongkutklao Hospital
Phetchabun Palace - Now CentralWorld
Saranrom Palace - Now Saranrom Park
Varadis Palace - Now a museum
Old Palace - Now the headquarters of the Royal Thai Navy
Thapra Palace - Now Silpakorn University
Bang Khun Phrom Palace - Now the Bank of Thailand
Tewawes Palace - Now the Bank of Thailand
Sunantalai Palace - Now the Suan Dusit Rajabhat University
Ldawan Palace - Now the Royal Crown Property Bureau
Burapha Phirom Palace - Now a market
Chakrabongse Palace - Now a private resort

Palaces in Bangkok
Bangkok
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Thai culture
Thailand-related lists
List of sport venues in Bangkok

Bangkok, Thailand, is home to a number of stadiums and sport clubs:

 Impact, Muang Thong Thani
 Mahanakorn UNI Stadium
 Mee Suwan Stadium
 Osotsapa Stadium
 Rajamangala Stadium
 Suphachalasai Stadium
 Tarua Stadium
 Thai Army Sports Stadium
 Thai-Japanese Stadium
 Thammasat Stadium
 Thupatemee Stadium
 Chulalongkorn Stadium
 Kasetsart Stadium
 Rajadamnern Stadium
 Lumpini Stadium
 Royal Bangkok Sports Club
 Royal Turf Club

Bangkok
Venues in Bangkok
Sport in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Thailand-related lists
Watford F.C.

Watford F.C. are an English football club who play in Watford, near London.  

They wear yellow and black shirts and black shorts when they play at their home ground, Vicarage Road. For away games they wear green shirts and shorts. The club was founded in 1881.  Claudio Ranieri is the current manager.

History
The club was at first called "Watford Rovers." It changed its name to "West Hertfordshire" in 1893, and "Watford F.C." in 1898. Watford won the Southern League in 1915 and joined the Football League in 1920. They stayed in the Football League's bottom division until 1960 when they were promoted to the Third Division as champions. Watford played in the Second Division for the first time in 1969 when Ken Furphy was the manager.  

Watford are best known for what they did between 1977 and 1987. Singer Elton John bought the club and made Graham Taylor manager in 1977. The team won the Fourth Division in 1978. They then came 2nd in the Third Division in 1979, and 2nd in the Second Division in 1982. Finally, they came 2nd in the First Division in 1983, and Luther Blissett was the league's top scorer. Watford also got to the FA Cup final in 1984. John Barnes, Nigel Callaghan, Tony Coton and Ross Jenkins were among Watford's star players during the period.

Taylor left Watford in 1987 and Watford were relegated to the then Second Division the following year. In the last 30 years they have mostly played in the second tier of English football. However, they enjoyed two seasons in the Premier League under Taylor, in his second spell as manager (1999/2000), and Aidy Boothroyd (2006/07), before Slaviša Jokanović again led them to promotion in 2015 to begin their current spell in the top flight.

League position

Former position

References

English football clubs
Watford
1881 establishments in England
Sheffield United F.C.

Sheffield United F.C. is an English football club who play in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England.  They play their home games at a stadium called Bramall Lane and have the nickname "Blades". Their nickname comes from Sheffield's reputation for producing steel.

League position

Former position

References 

English football clubs
Sheffield
1889 establishments in England
Barnsley F.C.

Barnsley F.C. is an English football club who play in Barnsley, Yorkshire. The club was founded in 1887 and play its home games at a stadium called Oakwell.

Name 
 1887–1897 Barnsley St. Peter's F.C.
 1897–present Barnsley F.C.

League position

Former position

Managers 
   Arthur Fairclough (1898–01)
  John McCartney (1901–04)
   Arthur Fairclough (1904–12)
   John Hastie (1912–14)
   Percy Lewis (1914–19)
   Peter Saint (1919–26)
  John Cummins (1926–29)
   Arthur Fairclough (1929–30)
   Brough Fletcher (1930–37)
  Angus Seed (1937–53)
   Tim Ward (1953–60)
  Johnny Steele (1960–71)

  John McSeveney (1971–72)
  Johnny Steele (1972–73)
   Jim Iley (1973–78)
   Allan Clarke (1978–80)
   Norman Hunter (1980–84)
  Bobby Collins (1984–85)
   Allan Clarke (1985–89)
   Mel Machin (1989–93)
   Viv Anderson (1993–94)
  Danny Wilson (1994–98)
  John Hendrie (1998–1999)
   Eric Winstanley (Caretaker) (1999)

  Dave Bassett (1999–2000)
  Eric Winstanley (Caretaker) (2000–2001)
  Nigel Spackman (2001)
    Glyn Hodges (Caretaker) (2001)
  Steve Parkin (2001–2002)
    Glyn Hodges (2002–2003)
  Gudjon Thordarson (2003–2004)
  Paul Hart (2004–2005)
  Andy Ritchie (2005–2006)
    Simon Davey (2006–2009)
  Mark Robins (2009–2011)
  Keith Hill (2011-2012)
  Thomas Wade(Caretaker) (2012- 2015)

Club records 
 Record League Victory: 9–0 v Loughborough Town, Second Division, 28 January 1899  
 Record Cup Victory: 6–0 v Blackpool, FA Cup First Round, 20 January 1910  
 Record League Defeat: 0–9 v Notts County, Second Division, 19 January 1927
 Record Cup Defeat: 1–8 v Derby County, FA Cup First Round, 30 January 1987
 Highest League Scorer in Season: 
 Most League Goals in Total Aggregate: Ernie Hine, 123, 1921–1938
 Most Internationals Caps: Gerry Taggart, 35, Northern Ireland
 Most League Appearances: Barry Murphy, 514, 1962–1978
 Record Transfer Fee Received: £4,500,000 from Blackburn Rovers for Ashley Ward, December 1998
 Record Transfer Fee Paid: £1,500,000 to Partizan Belgrade for Georgi Hristov (1997) and £1,500,000 to QPR for Mike Sheron (1999)
 Record Attendance: 40,255 v Stoke City, FA Cup 5th Round, 15 February 1936
 Youngest ever Football League player: Reuben Noble-Lazarus 15 years and 45 days

References 

English football clubs
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in England
Burnley F.C.

Burnley F.C. are an English football club who play in Burnley, Lancashire.  They were created in 1882 and play their home games at the Turf Moor stadium.

Burnley have been Football League Champions twice, in the 1920–21 season and 1959–60 season.

Players

First-team squad

Other players under contract

Out on loan

League position

Former position

Notable former players

Past and present Internationals
  
  
Albania
 Besart Berisha

Cameroon
 André Bikey

England 
 John Angus
 William Bannister
 Tommy Boyle
 Jack Bruton
 Ralph Coates
 John Connelly
 Jimmy Crabtree
 Jerry Dawson
 Martin Dobson
 Billy Elliott
 Bert Freeman
 Gordon Harris
 Jack Hill
 Jack Hillman
 Bob Kelly
 Colin McDonald
 Brian Miller
 Eddie Mosscrop
 Louis Page

 Brian Pilkington
 Ray Pointer
 George Waterfield
 Billy Watson
 John Yates
 Adam Halstead
Greece
 Nikolaos Michopoulos
 Dimitrios Papadopoulos

Iceland
 Joey Gudjonsson

Ireland
 William Emerson
 Hugh Flack
 Andy McCluggage
 Tommy Morrison
 Tom Willighan

Jamaica 
 Micah Hyde

Northern Ireland
 Tommy Cassidy
 Terry Cochrane
 Michael Duff
 Alex Elder

 Phil Gray
 Billy Hamilton
 Willie Irvine
 Steve Jones
 Kyle Lafferty
 Jimmy McIlroy
 Martin Paterson
 Sammy Todd

Scotland
 Jock Aird
 Graham Alexander
 Adam Blacklaw
 Steven Caldwell
 Steven Fletcher
 Willie Morgan
 Chris Iwelumo

Trinidad and Tobago
 Ian Cox

Wales
 Stan Bowsher
 Danny Coyne
 Brian Flynn
 Leighton James
 Billy Morris
 Gareth Taylor

References

Premier League clubs
1882 establishments in England
Sport in Lancashire
Cardiff City F.C.

Cardiff City F.C. is a Welsh football club who play in Cardiff.  They play at the Cardiff City Stadium, (formerly at Ninian Park) and have the nickname "The Bluebirds".

They are the only non-English side to win the FA Cup, in 1926-27.  They were also runners up in 1924-25 and 2007-08.

Name 
 1899-1902 Riverside F.C.
 1902-1908 Riverside Albion F.C.
 1908-present Cardiff City F.C.

League position

Former position

References 

Welsh football clubs
Cardiff
1899 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in Wales
Colchester United F.C.

Colchester United F.C. are an English football team who play in Colchester, Essex.  They were started in 1937 and play games at their stadium which is called Colchester Community Stadium.  They currently play in the Football League One.
Their only major honour was in 1998 when they won the F.A. trophy

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1937 establishments in England
Coventry City F.C.

Coventry City F.C. is an English football club.  They play in Coventry in the West Midlands.  They first played football in 1883 and have the nickname "Sky Blues" named after the colour of the shirts they wear.  They play their home matches at the Ricoh Arena stadium.

Coventry City won the FA Cup in 1987 against a team from London, Tottenham Hotspur F.C..

Name 
1883-1898 Singers F.C.
1898-present Coventry City F.C.

League position

Former position

References 

Coventry
English football clubs
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Crewe Alexandra F.C.

Crewe Alexandra F.C. is an English football club from Crewe, Cheshire. The club's chairman is Charles Grant.

History 
The club was founded in 1877 and named after Alexandra of Denmark. 

From 1983 to 2007, Crewe Alexandra F.C. was led by Dario Gradi. He became the longest-serving coach in the English Football League. 

Since December 2008, the club has been coached by Icelander Gudien Thordarson, but he soon left his post. 

In the 2011-2012 season, the team won the playoffs and advanced to EFL League One.  

In the 2012-2013 season, the club took 13th place. It played 46 games, gaining 64 points, the difference between goals scored and conceded is 54-62. 

In the 2012-2013 EFL Trophy, the team reached the final, where they beat Southend United Football Club 2-0 in the decisive match. 

Crewe has played mostly in the lower divisions of England. Crewe Alexandra F.C. won the Wales Cup twice and became the winner of the Milk Cup.

In the 2020-2021 season, the club will play in EFL League One, the third division in the English football league system.

Name 
Since 1877, the club was named Crewe F.C.

Later, it was re-named as Crewe Alexandra F.C. It is also known with a nickname "railway workers", which is associated with the location of the city on a large railway junction.

League position

Former position

Other websites
Official website

References

1877 establishments in England
Crewe
English football clubs
Crystal Palace F.C.

Crystal Palace Football Club (Crystal Palace) is an English football club. It is based in South Norwood in the London Borough of Croydon. The club was founded in 1905. The home stadium of the club is Selhurst Park.

Crystal Palace has played in the Premier League since 2013. They were runners-up in the FA Cup in 1990 and 2016.

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Seasons 

Notes

References

Premier League clubs
Football clubs in London
1905 establishments in England
Hull City A.F.C.

Hull City A.F.C. are an English football club who are based in Kingston upon Hull.  They started in 1904 and currently play in the Football League Championship. Their stadium is called the KC Stadium.

On 24 May 2008 Hull City achieved promotion to the Premier League by beating Bristol City 1-0 in the Football League Championship play-off final at Wembley stadium. Dean Windass scored the winning goal in the 38th minute.

Hull made a remarkable start to their first ever season in the Premier League and reached as high as 2nd in the table in October 2008. They recorded impressive wins away from home against established Premier League teams- Newcastle, Arsenal and Tottenham.

League position

Former position 

1904 establishments in England
English football clubs
Kingston upon Hull
Golden Age of India

Many periods have been called golden periods in the History of India, because there were different important achievements at different times.

Gupta Empire

The period between the 4th century and 6th century AD is known as the Golden Age of India because of the large achievements Indians made in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, sculpting and painting during the Gupta Empire. Significant contributions to the decimal numeral system, including the concept of zero happened during this period in India. The Golden Age in India came to an end when the Hunas invaded the Gupta Empire in the 6th century AD.

Chola Dynasty

South India in the 10th and 11th century AD under the imperial Chola Dynasty has been called Golden Age as well. The period saw extensive achievements in architecture,  literature, sculpture and bronze working, maritime conquests with extensive trade, and quasi-democratic reforms.

References

Other websites
 GUPTA DYNASTY, GOLDEN AGE OF INDIA 
 The Golden Age of Classical India 
 Gupta and Harsha: The Classical Age
 Frontline Article on Gupta period Art 

History of India
Enoch Powell

John Enoch Powell, MBE (16 June 1912 – 8 February 1998) was a British politician in the Conservative Party.

Early life
Powell was born on June 16, 1912 in Birmingham, England and raised there. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and at School of Oriental and African Studies.

Before becoming a politician, Powell was a professor of Ancient Greek at Sydney University, Australia. When World War II, started he joined the British Army in 1939 as a private but, by 1945, had been promoted to Brigadier.

Political career
He was elected to the House of Commons in 1950, and was a government minister in 1957-1958 and again between 1960 and 1963.

He made a speech in 1968 in which he said that if the United Kingdom let too many immigrants live there, there would be fighting in the streets.

In 1974 he left the Conservative Party before the February election, and became an MP in Northern Ireland for the Ulster Unionist Party in October 1974.

Personal life
Powell was married to Pamela Wilson from 1952 until his death in 1998. They had two daughters.

Death
Powell was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1992. He died on February 8, 1998 in London, England from the illness, aged 85. He is buried at Warwick Cemetery, Warwick, Warwickshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 Enoch Powell: Life and Views

1912 births
1998 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British academics
British Army people
British military personnel of World War II
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
English Anglicans
English poets
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Former members of the British House of Commons for Northern Irish constituencies
Politicians from Birmingham
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
University of Sydney faculty
Writers from Birmingham
Monetarism

Monetarism is the belief that the right way for a government to manage a country's economy is to control how much money it prints.  The most famous monetarist economist was Milton Friedman.

Macroeconomics
Super Mario All-Stars

Super Mario All-Stars is a video game made by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console.  It was released in 1993. It is a remake of four old games into one package. The four games are Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 2, Super Mario Bros. 3, and Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels.  The Lost Levels was originally called Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan and was the original sequel to Super Mario Bros.. The old games feature new graphics and improved sound. It was later re-released in 1994 with Super Mario World as Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World.

25th Anniversary Re-release

In 2010, Nintendo released Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition for the Nintendo Wii in celebration of Mario's 25th anniversary. It includes a port of Super Mario All-Stars. It also includes a Mario history book and a CD with music from the series. It was released on October 21, 2010 in Japan, on December 3, 2010 in Europe, and on December 12, 2010 in North America.

1993 video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Compilation video games
Leeds United F.C.

Leeds United Football Club is an English Association football club in Leeds, West Yorkshire.  They play their home matches at Elland Road. The club has spent much of its time since it was founded in the highest division of English football.

History
Leeds United was established in 1919, having previously been known as Leeds City.

Leeds United have won the League Cup.

Leeds United have won the FA Cup.

League position

Former position

Rivalries
Leeds United currently holds rivalries with Manchester United, Chelsea FC, Liverpool FC, Hull City, and other clubs that could be considered as rivals are Manchester City FC, , Sheffield Wednesday FC, Doncaster Rovers, Millwall FC and Barnsley FC.

Related pages 
 Football League Championship
 List of Leeds United A.F.C. players

References

Other websites

  Leeds United website 

English football clubs
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
1910s establishments in England
Acts of Union 1707

The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed in 1706 and 1707 by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, to make effective the Treaty of Union which had been negotiated between the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland which had been separate states before, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch into a single United Kingdom of Great Britain. At that time the Union Flag became the national flag.

For over a hundred years since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, the two had been in personal union  The Acts of Union took effect on 1 May 1707.

References 

 Herman, Arthur. How the Scots Invented the Modern World. Three Rivers Press, 2001.

Related pages

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Other websites 
Act of Union 1707 , the UK Parliament
The Treaty of Union , the Scottish Parliament
Articles of Union 1707  at the Parliamentary Archives
Image of the Treaty of Union  courtesy of the National archives of Scotland, published by the Scottish Council on Archives
Union with England Act and Union with Scotland Act - Full original text 
Treaty of Union and the Darien Experiment, University of Guelph, McLaughlin Library, Library and Archives Canada

1707
18th century in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
1700s in Europe
El Paso, Guyana

El Paso is a village in the Potaro-Siparuni region of Guyana.  It can be found to the west of Tumatumari Landing.

Villages
Settlements in South America
Guyana
Provinces of Iran

Iran is divided into 31 provinces (Persian: استان ostān, plural استان‌ها ostānhā).  Each is ruled from a local center.  These local centers can usually be found in the biggest local city, called the capital (Persian: مرکز markaz) of that province.

Information
The following is a table with information on the provinces of Iran:

References

Other websites
 Statistical Centre, Government of Iran
Tehran Province

Tehran Province (Persian: استان تهران;) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran.  It has an area of 18,909 square kilometers. It can be found to the north of the center plateau in Iran.  As of June 2005, this province contains 13 townships, 43 municipalities, and 1,358 villages.

Counties and municipalities

Counties

Municipalities 
Absard, Andishe, Baghershahr, Baghestan, Boumehen, Chahardangeh, Damavand, Eshtehard, Eslamshahr, Ferdowsieh, Firouzkouh, Garmdarreh, Gharchak, Ghods, Golestan, Shahriar, Hashtgerd, Hashtgerd New City, Javadabad, Hassan Abad, Kahrizak, Kamalshahr, Karaj, Kilan, Lavasan, Mahdasht, Malard, Meshkindasht, Mohammadshahr, Nasimshahr, Nazarbad, Owshan Fasham Meygoun, Pakdasht, Pardis, Pishva, Robat Karim, Roudehen, Sabasharh, Safadasht, Shahedshahr, Shahriar, Sharifabad, Tehran, Vahidieh, Varamin,

Other websites 

Official website of Tehran Governorship 

Provinces of Iran
Leicester City F.C.

Leicester City F.C. are an English football club.  They are based in Leicester in the county of Leicestershire. Leicester won the 2015–16 Premier League, their first Premier League title.

Their most famous players were and are Gary Lineker, Peter Shilton and Jamie Vardy. They have won three Football League Cups, and they hold the record for appearing in the most FA Cup finals without ever winning one. Their present manager is Brendan Rodgers.

They won the Premier League title in the 2015/16 season.

Name 
1884-1919 Leicester Fosse F.C.
1919-present Leicester City F.C.

League position

Former position

European record

Notes
Goals by Leicester are listed first.
PR: Preliminary round
1R: First round
GS: Group stage
R16: Round of 16
QF: Quarter-final

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Honours

League
 First Division/Premier League(first tier)
Champions: 2015–16
 Runners-up: 1928–29
Second Division/First Division/EFL Championship (second tier)
Champions (7): 1924–25, 1936–37, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1970–71, 1979–80, 2013–14
 Runners-up: 1907–08, 2002–03
Play-off winners: 1993–94, 1995–96
Third Division/Second Division/EFL League One (third tier)
Champions: 2008–09

Cup
 FA Cup
 Winners: 2020–21
 Runners-up: 1948–49, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1968–69

 League Cup / EFL Cup
 Winners: 1963–64, 1996–97, 1999–2000
 Runners-up: 1964–65, 1998–99

 Charity Shield / FA Community Shield
 Winners: 1971,  2021
 Runners-up: 2016

Regional competitions
 War League South
 Champions: 1942
 Wartime Midland Cup
 Winners: 1941

References 

English football clubs
Leicester
1884 establishments in England
Damavand County

Damavand County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Damavand.

Counties of Iran
Eslamshahr County

Eslamshahr County (Persian: اسلام‌شهر) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Eslamshahr.

Counties of Iran
Firouzkouh County

Firouzkouh County (Persian: فیروزکوه) is a county in the east of the Tehran Province in Iran. In English it can also be spelt as Firuzkuh. The capital of the county is Firouzkouh. About 39,284 people live in the county. It is a mountain area with many lakes and rivers. It is famous for its mineral water.

References

Counties of Iran

de:Firūzkuh
Karaj County

Karaj County () is a county of the Alborz Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Karaj.

Counties of Iran
Luton Town F.C.

Luton Town Football Club are an English football club that are based in Luton in the county of Bedfordshire.  They started in 1885 and play their home games at a stadium called Kenilworth Road.

League position

Former position

Sources

1885 establishments in England
English football clubs
Luton
Millwall F.C.

Millwall F.C. are a English Association football club in London. They play their home games at a stadium called The New Den which is in London.  The club started in 1885 and their nickname is "The Lions".

History
Millwall was founded in 1885.

Name 
 1885-1893 Millwall Rovers F.C.
 1893-1910 Millwall Athletic F.C.
 1910-present Millwall F.C.

League position

Former position

Players

Current squad

As of 23 July 2013.

Notable former players
The following is a list of important footballers who have played for Millwall. The list includes players who have been honoured in Millwall's Hall of Fame.

|-
|valign="top"|
Algeria
 Hameur Bouazza

Australia
 Tim Cahill
 Dave Mitchell
 Kevin Muscat
 Lucas Neill
 Jason van Blerk

Barbados
 Michael Gilkes
 Paul Ifill

Canada
 Marc Bircham
 Adrian Serioux
 Josh Simpson

England
 Sam Allardyce
 Chris Armstrong
 Herbert Banks
 Mark Beard
 Gordon Bolland
 Ray Brand
 Les Briley
 Peter Burridge
 John Calvey
 Jimmy Carter
 Steve Claridge
 Jack Cock
 Jimmy Constantine
 Colin Cooper
|width="33"| 
|valign="top"|
 Harry Cripps
 Ian Dawes
 Marvin Elliott
 John Fashanu
 Jack Fort
 Freddie Fox
 Paul Goddard
 Len Graham
 Neil Harris
 Brian Horne
 Gordon Hill
 Richard Hill
 Terry Hurlock
 Bryan King
 Barry Kitchener
 Matthew Lawrence
 Dave Mangnall
 Alan McLeary
 Stuart Nethercott
 Derek Possee
 Andy Roberts
 Henry Roberts
 Barry Rowan
 Neil Ruddock
 John Seasman
 Paul Shaw
 Teddy Sheringham
 James Smith
 Reg Smith
 Alex Stepney
 Keith Stevens
 John Willie Sutcliffe
|width="33"| 
|valign="top"|
 Tony Witter
 Tony Towner
 Phil Walker
 Keith Weller
 Dennis Wise
 Steve Wood

Ghana
 Kim Grant

Jamaica
 Darren Byfield

New Zealand
 Chris Wood

Northern Ireland
 Tom Brolly
 Bryan Hamilton
 Edward Hinton
 Billy McCullough
 Josh McQuoid
 Anton Rogan

Republic of Ireland
 Keith Branagan
 John Byrne
 Tony Cascarino
 Kenny Cunningham
 Eamon Dunphy
 Jon Goodman
 Joe Haverty
 Charlie Hurley
 Mark Kennedy
 Mick McCarthy
|width="33"| 
|valign="top"|
 Kevin O'Callaghan
 Steven Reid
 Richard Sadlier
 Dave Savage
 Pat Saward
 Gary Waddock

Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Bobby Bowry

Scotland
 Willie Carr
 Stephen Crawford
 Paul Hartley
 Duncan Hean 
 John McGinlay
 Alex Rae

Trinidad & Tobago
 Tony Warner

United States
 Kasey Keller
 John Kerr
 Bruce Murray
 Zak Whitbread

Wales
 Malcolm Allen
 Walter Davis
 Steve Lovell
 Steve Lowndes
 Steve Morison
 Ben Thatcher

Related pages 
 Football League Championship
 List of Millwall F.C. players

References

Other websites

 Millwall F.C. website 

English football clubs
1885 establishments in England
Nazarabad County

Nazarabad County (Persian: نظرآباد) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Nazarabad.

Counties of Iran
Pakdasht County

Pakdasht County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Pakdasht.

Counties of Iran
Preston North End F.C.

Preston North End F.C. are an English football club. They are based in Preston, Lancashire. They play in the Football League Championship at their stadium which is called Deepdale. The club began in 1880. It has the nicknames "The Lilywhites", "PNE" and "The North End".

History
Preston North End was part of the twelve football teams that made up the English Football League in 1888, and were the first team ever to win the English Football League. Preston North End and Arsenal are the only two teams ever to win the Championship without losing a match.

They have played in the FA Cup final seven times and won twice.

The last time they won a major trophy was the FA Cup in 1938 and the club has not been in the Premier League for many years, but they are one of the most successful Championship clubs and regularly finish high up in the league.

League position

Former position

1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
City of Preston, Lancashire
English football clubs
Sport in Lancashire
Rey County

Rey County (Persian: ری) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Rey.

Counties of Iran
Robat-Karim County

Robat-Karim County (Persian: رباط‌کریم) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Robat-Karim.

Counties of Iran
Savojbolagh County

Savojbolagh County (Persian: ساوجبلاغ) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Hashtgerd.

Counties of Iran
Shahriar County

Shahriar County (Persian: شهریار) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shahriar.  The county has a population of 400,000 people.

Counties of Iran
Shemiranat County

Shemiranat County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shemiranat.

Counties of Iran
Tehran County

Tehran County (Persian: شهرستان تهران) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tehran.

Counties of Iran
Varamin County

Varamin County (Persian: ورامین) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Varamin.

Counties of Iran
The New Den

The New Den is a stadium in London, England. It is the stadium where Millwall F.C. are based.

Football stadiums in London
Les Cayes

Les Cayes (Kréyòl: Okay; ) is a town in southwest Haiti near the river Ravine du Sud, on the Caribbean coast. It is the capital of the Sud Département.

Les Cayes is at about 196 km southwest of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) with the same name. The arrondissement has six communes (a commune is like a municipality): Les Cayes, Camp-Perrin, Chantal, Île à Vache, Maniche and Torbeck.

Name
The town had the name of Aux Cayes ("On the cays") because the small Île à Vache island and other cays (Grande Caye and Petite Caye) are near the town. Now the name is just Les Cayes; Kréyòl still keeps the old name.

History
In 1504, Diego Velázquez founded the town of Salvatierra de la Sabana (or Salvatierra de la Zabana) where is now Les Cayes. From here, he left for Cuba to take control of that island on 7 November 1511.

But people left completely the town in 1540 and the French Monsier de la Lance founded the modern town of Les Cayes in 1726. The town was destroyed by two hurricanes in 1781 and 1788.

On 28 December 1815, Simón Bolívar came to Les Cayes looking for help to fight against the Spanish government in South America. Bolívar left Haiti on 10 April 1816 for Venezuela, but came back in September of that year to this Haitian town when he lost some battles in South America. He went back to South America in December of the same year.

Economy
Les Cayes is one of the most important port of Haiti, where coffee, sugar, bananas and timber are sent to other countries and other parts of Haiti. There is also an airport, Antoine Simon Airport, with the name of a president of Haiti that was born in Les Cayes.

People born in Les Cayes
1761: Laurent Geffrard, officer during the Haitian Revolution
1761: André Rigaud, a mulatto chief during the Haitian Revolution
1785: John James Audubon, who studied and made paintings of birds in United States
1789: Charles Riviere-Hérard, president of Haiti from 1843 to 1844
Michel Domingue, president of Haiti from 1874 to 1876
1815: Lysius Salomon, president of Haiti from 1879 to 1888
1832: Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, president of Haiti from 1876 to 1879
1843: François C. Antoine Simon, president of Haiti from 1908 to 1911

Images

References

Other websites
Les Cayes Portal 
 The Louverture Project: Les Cayes
 Picture of Downtown Cayes, Haiti

Cities in Haiti
1726 establishments
18th-century establishments in Haiti
1720s establishments in North America
Spitz (dog)

Spitz-type breeds of dog have a long thick coat of fur that is often white, and pointed ears and noses. Many times, the tail is over the dog's back.

Origins
No one knows where Spitz-type dogs came from, though most seen today live in the Arctic. There is no archaeological signs showing stages between the wolf and Spitz-type dogs, but Spitz-like skeletons have been found up to 5,000 years old.

Though it is not certain for how long wolves have bred with Spitz-type dogs, it is known that humans have bred Spitz types with wolves in more recent times to get wolf-like breeds such as the Alaskan Malamute.

About 3000 years ago, dogs began to migrate from the Arctic into temperate Europe, North America, Asia, and sometimes Africa. Skeletons from around 2,000 years ago in Switzerland show that Spitz-type dogs have lived in central Europe for thousands of years. These dogs are the ancestors of the European Spitz-types, such as the German Spitz and Schipperke. Many Spitz-types also migrated into Korea and China. Later, many of these dogs were moved by humans to Japan, most likely from Korea. These Asian Spitz types are the ancestors of today's breeds such as the Chow Chow and the Akita Inu.

Uses

Through special breeding, Spitz types have evolved to help humans in three ways: hunting, herding, and pulling sleds. Smaller breeds such as the Finnish Spitz and the Lundehund were used in Scandinavia to hunt birds and smaller mammals. Larger breeds such as the Karelian Bear Dog and the Norwegian Elkhound were used for hunting large animals like moose and elk. The largest of all the Spitz types, notably the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog, were used to pull sleds up until the 19th century.

Spitz types are good at living in cold northern climates. They often have a warm, water-proof layer of fur that is thicker than the outer layer of fur. Small ears help reduce the risk of frostbite, and thick fur that grows on the paws protects the dogs from sharp ice.

Many Spitz-type breeds behave like wolves in their independence and aggression towards new humans and animals. They may need much training before they become friendly. Some, like the Karelian Bear Dog, are not friendly enough to ever become companion dogs.

The cuteness of the Spitz-type have caused people to create companion dog breeds from them. The very small Pomeranian was at first a much larger dog similar to a Keeshond before being bred to make a small court animal. The Keeshond, is a friendly and loyal, though very lively, pet. Other companion Spitz-type dog breeds is the American Eskimo Dog, and the intelligent Japanese Spitz.

Dog breeds
Southampton F.C.

Southampton F.C. is an English football club. They were founded in 1885 and play their home games at St Mary's Stadium.

Name 
 1885-1894 St. Mary's Y.M.A. F.C.
 1894-1897 Southampton St. Mary's F.C.
 1897-present Southampton F.C.

League position

Former position

References 

Premier League clubs
Southampton
1885 establishments in England
Southend United F.C.

Southend United F.C. are an English football club. They are based in Southend-on-Sea in the county of Essex. They started in 1906 and play their home games at a stadium called Roots Hall.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1906 establishments in England
Stoke City F.C.

Stoke City F.C. is an English football club based in Stoke-on-Trent. They started in 1863 as "Stoke Ramblers" which makes them the second oldest Football League club in the world. Stoke City play their home games at a stadium called the bet365 Stadium.

One of Stoke City's most famous players was Stanley Matthews.

Name
1863–1878 Stoke Ramblers F.C.
1878–1925 Stoke F.C.
1925–present Stoke City F.C.

League position

Former position

References

1863 establishments in England
Premier League clubs
Stoke-on-Trent
Stanley Matthews

Sir Stanley Matthews CBE (born 1 February 1915 – 23 February 2000) was an English footballer. He was born in Stoke-on-Trent. Matthews played football for Stoke City and Blackpool. He was knighted in 1965 and died in 2000.

Club career statistics

|-
|1931/32||rowspan="11"|Stoke City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1932/33||15||1||0||0||15||1
|-
|1933/34||rowspan="9"|First Division||29||11||4||4||33||15
|-
|1934/35||36||10||1||1||37||11
|-
|1935/36||40||10||5||0||45||10
|-
|1936/37||40||7||2||0||42||7
|-
|1937/38||38||6||3||0||41||6
|-
|1938/39||36||2||2||0||38||2
|-
|1939/40||3||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|1945/46||colspan="2"|-||8||0||8||0
|-
|1946/47||23||4||5||1||28||5
|-
|1947/48||rowspan="15"|Blackpool||rowspan="15"|First Division||33||1||6||1||39||2
|-
|1948/49||26||3||3||0||29||3
|-
|1949/50||31||0||3||0||34||0
|-
|1950/51||36||0||8||0||44||0
|-
|1951/52||18||1||1||0||19||1
|-
|1952/53||20||4||7||1||27||5
|-
|1953/54||30||2||7||0||37||2
|-
|1954/55||34||1||1||0||35||1
|-
|1955/56||36||3||1||0||37||3
|-
|1956/57||25||2||4||0||29||4
|-
|1957/58||28||0||1||0||29||0
|-
|1958/59||19||0||6||0||25||0
|-
|1959/60||15||0||0||0||15||0
|-
|1960/61||27||0||1||0||28||0
|-
|1961/62||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1961/62||rowspan="4"|Stoke City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||18||2||3||1||21||3
|-
|1962/63||31||1||0||0||31||1
|-
|1963/64||rowspan="2"|First Division||9||0||4||1||13||1
|-
|1964/65||1||0||0||0||1||0
701||71||86||10||787||81
701||71||86||10||787||81
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1934||2||1
|-
|1935||1||0
|-
|1936||0||0
|-
|1937||3||4
|-
|1938||8||4
|-
|1939||3||0
|-
|1940||0||0
|-
|1941||0||0
|-
|1942||0||0
|-
|1943||0||0
|-
|1944||0||0
|-
|1945||0||0
|-
|1946||0||0
|-
|1947||6||1
|-
|1948||6||1
|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||2||0
|-
|1951||1||0
|-
|1952||0||0
|-
|1953||3||0
|-
|1954||5||0
|-
|1955||5||0
|-
|1956||5||1
|-
|1957||3||0
|-
!Total||54||12
|}

Other websites 
A Short Profile 
Biography (in spanish)

References

1915 births
2000 deaths
1950 FIFA World Cup players
1954 FIFA World Cup players
British military personnel of World War II
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Disease-related deaths in England
English autobiographers
English footballers
English football managers
Knights Bachelor
People from Stoke-on-Trent
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Blackpool F.C.

Blackpool F.C. is an English football club. They currently play in League One. The club is based in Blackpool in the county of Lancashire.  They started in 1887 and play their home games at a stadium called Bloomfield Road.  The club won the FA Cup in 1953.

League position

Former position

References

Other websites 
 Blackpool F.C. official website

1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in England
Blackpool
English football clubs
Computer file

A computer file is a means to store information that belongs together. Computer files can be opened (read and written) by computer programs. Usually they are stored on some kind of file system.

There are different kinds of computer files that hold different kinds of data (information):

 Text files
 Audio files (e.g. for songs, voice recordings)
 Video files (e.g. for movies)
 Images (pictures)
 Other binary data

The way the information is organized in a file is called the file format.

Computing
File (tool)

A file is a tool used to shape materials, by wearing away some of it. Today, files are usually made of a steel bar that has a rough surface. By rubbing the surface against a material, some of the material is scraped away.  There are also nail files used to shape a person's fingernails. Files can also make a surface smooth so that there are no gaps, which is useful when two surfaces need to be attached to each other. A file is "blunt" if it is the same size on both ends, and "tapered" if one end is smaller than the other.

Cutting tools
Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is an English football club. They are based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. They play their home matches at a stadium called Hillsborough Stadium. They originally played at a stadium called Olive Grove Stadium and were called The Wednesday.

The club plays in the English Football League Championship.

Fans of Sheffield Wednesday are referred to as Owls. The team's symbol is an owl.

Name 
 1867-1929 The Wednesday C.C./F.C.
 1929-present Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

League position

Former position

Other websites 
 Sheffield Wednesday website

References 

English football clubs
Sheffield
1867 establishments in England
De Wallen

De Wallen ("thin walls") are the biggest and most famous red-light district in Amsterdam. It is in the very old (14th century) part of the city around the Oude Kerk and Oudezijds Achterburgwal/Vorburgwal.

In December 2007, the mayor of Amsterdam and his government decided to buy many of brothelhouses within De Wallen. By doing this, the area used for prostitution and coffee shops gets smaller and smaller.

References

Amsterdam
Red light districts
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.

Wolverhampton Wanderers are an English association football club.  They are based in Wolverhampton, West Midlands.  The club started in 1877 and play their home games at a stadium called Molineux Stadium.  They have never won the FA Cup.

In 2009 they won the Football League Championship.  This meant they were promoted into the Premier League for the following season.  Also promoted were runners-up Birmingham City F.C., and Burnley F.C. from the play-offs.

Name 
 1877-? St. Luke's F.C.
 ?-present Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.

League position

Former position

References 

English football clubs
1877 establishments in England
A.F.C. Bournemouth

A.F.C. Bournemouth are an English football club.  They are based in Bournemouth and play their home games at a stadium called the Vitality Stadium.  They started in 1899 and have had Harry Redknapp as a manager and his son Jamie Redknapp as a player. In the 2020–2021 season, Bournemouth are playing in The English Football League Championship.

Name 
1899–1923 Boscombe F.C.
1923–1971 Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic F.C.
1971–present A.F.C. Bournemouth

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

League position

Former position

Other websites 
Official A.F.C. Bournemouth website

References

Premier League clubs
Bournemouth
1899 establishments in England
Jamie Redknapp

Jamie Redknapp (born 25 June 1973) is an English footballer. He was born in Barton on Sea, Hampshire. He played for Liverpool F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., A.F.C. Bournemouth and Southampton F.C..  His father, Harry Redknapp, is the manager of Portsmouth F.C.

Redknapp married R&B singer Louise Nurding in 1998.

1973 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Hampshire
Louise Redknapp
Premier League players
Bradford City A.F.C.

Bradford City A.F.C. is an English football club.  They are based in Bradford, West Yorkshire.  They began in 1903 and play their home games in a stadium called Valley Parade.

League position

Former position

References

Bradford
English football clubs
1903 establishments in the United Kingdom