cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
From Me to You

"From Me to You" is a song by The Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Released in 1963 as a single, it was their first big hit, staying on top of the chart for seven straight weeks. "From Me to You" comprises five verses and two bridges. It lasts less than two minutes.

The Beatles songs
1963 songs
Epistle to the Ephesians

Ephesians, is the forty-ninth book in the Christian Bible, and the tenth in the New Testament. This book is thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the people of Ephesus while he was imprisoned in Rome, around 62 A.D.  However, the words "in Ephesus" do not appear in the best and earliest hand copies of the letter, leading most textual critics, like Bart Ehrman, to regard the words "in Ephesus" as a later addition. Copies of the letter may have been sent to other churches also, since it contains no personal references to people at Ephesus.

The Church at Ephesus

Paul's first short visit of three months to Ephesus is recorded in Acts Chapter 18, verses 19–21. The work he began then was continued by Apollos (Acts Chapter 18 verses 24–26) and Aquila  and Priscilla. On his second visit early in the next year, he stayed at Ephesus "three years", and from there visited the western parts of Asia Minor. From Ephesus the gospel spread abroad "almost throughout all Asia Minor."

On his last journey to Jerusalem, the apostle landed at Miletus and, called together the leaders of the church from Ephesus, and said "good bye" to them expecting to see them no more. (Acts Chapter 20, verses 18–35)

Content of the letter

Frank Charles Thompson,  says that the main theme of Ephesians is to tell the newly converted Jews not to separate themselves from their Gentile fellow Christians. The unity of the church, especially between Jew and Gentile believers, is the main thing in the book. The purpose of the epistle, and to whom it was written, are matters of much speculation. It was regarded by C.H. Dodd as the "crown of Paulinism." meaning the most important part of Paul's teachings.

The author strongly tells the church again and again to have a certain view of salvation, which he then explains. Chapter 2, verse 6, states "By grace you have been saved through faith and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works so that no one should boast"

In Chapter 6 Paul tells about how families should treat each other.  He says that children should love their parents, fathers should not make their children angry, servants should serve their masters, and masters should not threaten their servants, since God does not favor any group above another.

The ending of the letter mentions truth, peace, salvation and prayer as "armor of God". that will enable the Christians to stand firm.

References

Other websites 
Ephesians (KJV)
Ephesians (NIV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Endymion

Endymion is a human character in Greek mythology.

His story is told by various ancient authors. In most versions he is a shepherd, and a young man of unusual handsomeness – so much so that the Moon goddess Selene falls in love with him. She uses her divine power to keep him asleep forever, preserving his youth and beauty.

The Endymion story has been re-told by poets and playwrights. The English playwright John Lyly wrote one version; and the poet John Keats used the story as the basis for his long poem Endymion.

The name also inspired Prince Endymion, the name of Momaru Chiba's (Darien in the English version) past life character and the lover of the reincarnated Princess Serenity, Usagi (Serena) Tsukino from the popular anime and manga Sailor Moon. In the future he becomes King Darien (キング・エンディミオン King Endymion), ruler of Crystal Tokyo, husband of Neo Queen Serenity and father of Rini.

People in Greek mythology
Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet. Together with his friend William Wordsworth, Coleridge is often said to have started the Romantic movement in English literature. He was also a literary critic, philosopher and theologian. 

Coleridge was born in Ottery St Mary, Devon. He was the son of a minister, and the youngest of ten children. He attended the University of Cambridge, Jesus College, though he never earned his degree. He met Wordsworth, another young poet, in 1795. They became close friends, and in 1798 they published their poems in a book called Lyrical Ballads, which many critics consider a key event in English Romanticism. Most of the poems in the book were written by Wordsworth, though it also contained Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which many people call his masterpiece and one of the great poems in English. (In it, Coleridge used old-fashioned spellings, like "rime" for "rhyme," to give the poem an antique feeling.)

In 1796, Coleridge wrote his poem Kubla Khan — along with the Ancient Mariner, it is his best-known work. At about the same time, in the later 1790s, Coleridge became addicted to opium. At that time the drug was legal, and was widely used as a painkiller. Coleridge's addiction to opium marked the rest of his life. His health suffered, and he had trouble supporting his wife and children. He also had a hard time finishing the writing projects he started.

Coleridge had a reputation as a great talker, and people often invited him to their dinner parties to hear him speak. He was a successful lecturer at times in his later life. He gained a reputation as a thinker and philosopher as well as a poet. He died in Highgate, Middlesex.

Scholars and critics of English literature have regarded Coleridge as a major figure. In his 1927 book The Road to Xanadu, John Livingston Lowes used Coleridge's poetry, especially Kubla Khan, to study the working of the human imagination. Critics have argued about the role that opium addiction played in the poet's life and work. In his 1971 book Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel, Norman Furman showed that Coleridge was guilty of plagiarism in many of his later works. His opium addiction may have left Coleridge unable to tell when he was repeating the work of other writers that he had read.

1772 births
1834 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English Anglicans
English poets
Royal Society of Literature
Writers from Devon
With the Beatles

With the Beatles is The Beatles' second UK album. It was recorded four months after the band's first album, Please Please Me and was released on 22 November, 1963. The album sold so well in England, it qualified to enter the hit singles charts.

Most of the songs were used again in the first American Beatles album issued by Capitol Records, Meet The Beatles! Other songs appeared on The Beatles' Second Album. In 2003, the album was ranked number 420 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Album songs

References

The Beatles albums
1963 albums
Rock and roll albums
Pop albums
Beatles for Sale

Beatles for Sale is The Beatles' fourth album.  It was released in late 1964. Many of its songs went into an American release, Beatles '65, from Capitol Records, while the rest went into Beatles VI, a compilation album.

John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who wrote most of the band's songs, had filled their earlier album, A Hard Day's Night, with original songs. The band began recording their next album only a week after finishing A Hard Day's Night, and they had little time to compose new music. The band filled the album with cover versions, of songs they had performed live in Hamburg, Germany and the Cavern in Liverpool, their hometown, before the Beatles were famous. Press agent Derek Taylor explained in the album's liner notes that all the recordings on Beatles for Sale were how the band played the music onstage.

The original songs on the album were praised, for showing Lennon and McCartney had grown and improved as writers. "I'm A Loser" was compared to Bob Dylan's work. "I'll Follow The Sun" was an early song, that was given a rewrite. "What You're Doing" imitated the musical style of The Byrds, who were just becoming popular.

Several live versions of the album's songs have since appeared, that the Beatles played in Germany, and for BBC Radio.

Album songs
"No Reply" +
"I'm a Loser" +
"Baby's in Black" +
"Rock and Roll Music" (Chuck Berry) +
"I'll Follow the Sun" +
"Mr. Moonlight" (Roy Lee Johnson) +
"Kansas City" (Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller)/"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey" (Richard Penniman) ++
"Eight Days a Week" ++
"Words of Love" (Buddy Holly) ++
"Honey Don't" (Carl Perkins) +
"Every Little Thing" ++
"I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" ++
"What You're Doing" ++
"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" (Carl Perkins) +

All songs by Lennon/McCartney, unless credited differently

+ Also appeared on Beatles '65 in the United States
++ Also appeared on Beatles VI 

The Beatles albums
1964 albums
Rock and roll albums
Folk albums
Rubber Soul

Rubber Soul is the sixth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 3 December 1965 in the United Kingdom, on EMI's Parlophone label. The double A-side single "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" was released at the same time. The first North American version of the album from Capitol Records had ten of the fourteen songs from the British Parlophone version. Rubber Soul was very popular with critics. It was at the top of sales charts in Britain and the United States for many weeks. The album proves the Beatles were starting to use LSD and marijuana.

The album was recorded in London over four weeks in October–November 1965. Most call it a folk rock album, especially in its Capitol (North American) version. Rubber Soul has a mix of pop, soul and folk musical styles.

The songs show the Beatles' improving as songwriters. They also used brighter guitar tones and new instrumentation such as sitar, harmonium and fuzz bass.

Track listing

Everywhere except North America

North America

Sources

References

The Beatles albums
1965 albums
Folk albums
Pop rock albums
Abbey Road

Abbey Road is the twelfth official album recorded by The Beatles. It was released in September 1969. Side one consisted of hits, while side two consisted of short songs to make up a story.

Album songs

Notes
"Her Majesty" is a hidden track. Between "The End" and "Her Majesty" is 14 seconds of silence. Later releases of the album included the song on the track listing.
One cassette tape version in the US had "Come Together" and "Here Comes the Sun" swapped so that Harrison's song starts the album. All other versions (including the CD) have restored the track listing to its original order.
Tracks 9 through 13 are sometimes noted as one song (medley) called "The Abbey Road Medley".
Tracks 14 through 16 are sometimes noted as one song called "The Golden Slumbers Medley".

All songs written by Lennon/McCartney unless credited differently.

The Beatles albums
1969 albums
Rock albums
Hyperinflation

In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is "out of control," when prices increase very fast as money loses its value. 

One example of hyperinflation is in Germany in the 1920s. In 1922, the largest bank note was 50,000 Reichsmark, In 1923 the largest bank note was 100,000,000,000,000 Mark. In December of 1923 the exchange rate was 4,200,000,000,000 Marks to 1 US dollar. These bank notes were so worthless that people would burn them in fires to keep them warm. The notes would burn longer than the amount of wood you could buy with them. Sometimes the rate of inflation was so high that prices doubled every two days. The Rentenmark was introduced to stop this problem. The exchange rate was set at 4.2 Rentenmarks to 1 US Dollar.

In Zimbabwe, the inflation rate was 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.

References

Inflation
Brian May

Brian Harold May  (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician, songwriter and astrophysicist, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. He uses a guitar he built himself with the help of his father. The guitar they built is called the "Red Special". 

Apart from music, May earned his PhD in astrophysics in 2007 and is currently the Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University. Together with Patrick Moore and Chris Lintott, he wrote a book called Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

May was ranked 39th in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."
Biography

Early life 
Brian Harold May, the only child of Harold and Ruth May, was born on 19 July 1947 in Hampton, Middlesex and attended Hampton Grammar School (now Hampton School). During this time he formed his first band with vocalist and bassist Tim Staffell named Nineteen Eighty-Four after George Orwell's novel of the same name. He graduated from Hampton Grammar School with ten GCE Ordinary Levels and four Advanced Levels in Physics, Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Additional Mathematics.

May's father Harold worked as a draughtsman at the Ministry of Aviation and had been a long-time cigarette-smoker. As a result, May dislikes smoking, even to the point where he has prohibited smoking indoors at his more recent concerts.

Marriage and children 
From 1974 to 1988, May was married to Chrissie Mullen, who is the mother of his three children: Jimmy, who was born on 15 June 1978; Louisa, who was born on 22 May 1981 and Emily Ruth, who was born on 17 February 1987. Chrissie and Brian separated in 1988.

Personal life and other musical collaborations 
He has stated in interviews that he suffered from depression in the late 1980s, even to the point of contemplating suicide, for reasons having to do with his troubled first marriage and his perceived failure as a husband and a dad, his father Harold's death, and Freddie Mercury's illness. May is married to former Eastenders actress Anita Dobson, whom he met in 1986, and who gained fame in the 1980s for providing vocals to the theme tune to the aforementioned soap, entitled "Anyone Can Fall in Love". May himself produced the song, which reached #4 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1986.

References 

1947 births
Living people
British astrophysicists
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
English physicists
Musicians from Middlesex
John Deacon

John Richard Deacon (born 19 August 1951) is a retired English musician. He is best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band Queen.

He lives in Putney in Southwest London with his wife Veronica Tetzlaff. They were married on 18 January 1975. He is the father of six children.

References

1951 births
Living people
Bass guitarists
Musicians from Leicestershire
Roger Taylor

Roger Meddows Taylor  (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen.

1949 births
Living people
English rock drummers
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Entertainers from Cornwall
People from Norfolk
Le Béage

Le Béage is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Beauchastel

Beauchastel is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

History
The name of the village comes from the "Bel Castrum" castle, built in the 12th century by the Lords Retourtour and Briand. It was ruined during the French Wars of Religion, and today only the tower remains. 
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Beauchastel was one of the last salt stores (grenier à sel) of the country.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Beaulieu, Ardèche

Beaulieu is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Paul Rodgers

Paul Rodgers (born 17 December 1949) is an English rock singer and songwriter.  He is best known for being a member of Free and Bad Company. He has recently toured and recorded with Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen in a group called Queen + Paul Rodgers.

1949 births
Living people

English singers
English songwriters
Beaumont, Ardèche

Beaumont is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Beauvène

Beauvène is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Rouffiac-des-Corbières

Rouffiac-des-Corbières is a village in France. It is just below the castle of Peyrepertuse. In 2004, 97 people lived there.

Communes in Aude
Berrias-et-Casteljau

Berrias-et-Casteljau is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Berzème

Berzème is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. In 2015, it had a population of 180 people.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Bessas

Bessas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Bidon

Bidon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Boffres

Boffres is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Bogy

For other meanings, see Bogey.

Bogy is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France. Bogy can be found about 10 km from Annonay, and 50 km from Valence.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Borée

Borée is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. In 2008, the town had a population of about 167.

Related pages
 Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Borne, Ardèche

Borne is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages

 Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Boucieu-le-Roi

Boucieu-le-Roi is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Boulieu-lès-Annonay

Boulieu-lès-Annonay is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Bourg-Saint-Andéol

Bourg-Saint-Andéol is a small commune of the Ardèche département in the Rhône Valley in the southern part of France.  It is the capital of a canton in the arrondissement of Privas, with a population of about 8,000 as of the year 1999.

Twin cities
Monschau in Germany (Eifel) since 1975
Albertirsa in Hungary since 1998
Gaggiano in Italy since 2002

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Bozas

Bozas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Brossainc

Brossainc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Burzet

Burzet is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Cellier-du-Luc

Cellier-du-Luc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Chalencon

Chalencon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Le Chambon, Ardèche

Le Chambon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Chambonas

Chambonas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Peyrepertuse Castle

Peyrepertuse Castle is a castle in France. It is one of the Cathar castles. It was built before the 11th century. It is Aude, in Occitanie. It is built in a strategic position, on a cliff, about 30-40m high. The castle is first mentioned in the year 806, but the site seems to have been occupied since Roman times. At that time, it belonged to a Catalan count. It later changed hands, first to the Count of Barcelona, then to that of Narbonne.

When the Treaty of Corbeil is signed in 1258, the border between France and Spain is right to the south of the castle. In the year 1240, after the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, the castle becomes French. It is extended, and there is a garrison placed there; it protects against invasions until the 16th century when Roussillon becomes a French territory.

Today, the ruins of the castle attract about 100.000 visitors a year. There is a vineyard nearby.

Images

Other websites 
Official website of the castle (French)
Peyrepertuse on cathares.org (French)
Images of climbers (French)
Article with photos on Peyrepertuse (French)

Castles in France
Occitanie
Remlingen, Lower Saxony

Remlingen is a former municipality of the district Wolfenbüttel. Since 1 November 2016, it is part of the municipality Remlingen-Semmenstedt. Remlingen is close to Wittmar what is an old village from miners in the Asse. The inhabitants' of Remlingen
are 1953 in three villages. The mayor is named Klaus-Günter Warnecke.

Other websites
 Samtgemeinde Asse

Former municipalities in Lower Saxony
Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez

Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez (b. 18 August 1985) is a Costa Rican soccer (European football) player. He was born in San José.

Life 
At the age of twelve, Gonzalez started playing for Liga Deportiva Alajuelense minor leagues. He quickly became known as a skilled player.  In 2003, at the age of 18, he began playing first division football.  He would eventually become a professional soccer player with the same team.

Career 
During his first tournament, Gonzalez played well.  He soon became an important member of his team.  He played in many important games, like “El Clásico” (The Classic), when Alajuela plays their biggest enemy, Saprissa. In his second year Gonzalez's team won the CONCACAF Champion's Cup.

Though Gonzalez had only been a professional soccer player for a short time, he was asked to represent his country by playing on the Costa Rica National Team.  He played well and was celebrated by the public.

Suddenly, in 2006, Gonzalez was invited to play for a soccer team in Belgium. The team, K.A.A. Gent, wanted to sign him to a four-year deal. Gonzalez accepted.  He became a popular player in Belgium by becoming the best scorer on his team.  He also got a hat-trick.

His success gained Gonzalez a lot of attention and popularity.  He was asked again to play with the Costa Rican national team. He returned to Costa Rica and played well for the national team. Afterward, he hoped to get signed by a good European team.

In 2009, Gonzalez played with FC Twente Enschede in Holland, where is team won the Cup.  In 2010, he began playing for the UEFA Champions League Cup.

References

Other websites

1985 births
Living people
Costa Rican footballers
People from San José, Costa Rica
Jacó, Costa Rica

Jaco Beach Costa Rica is on the west central coast of Costa Rica's Puntarenas province, on the Pacific Ocean side of the country.  What started as a small surfing village popular with Costa Ricans from all over the Pacific coast, has developed into the most popular and visited tourism destination in the whole country. As the closest and most developed beach town from Costa Rica's Juan Santa Maria International Airport in San Jose, Jaco is only a 1 hour and 10 minute ride from the airport.

Jaco is home to the largest selection of hotels, vacation rental condos and private vacation rental homes than any other beach town in Costa Rica, as well as 3 casinos, over 75 restaurants, 3 major grocery stores, surf shops, pharmacies, souvenir and artesan shops, bakeries, dentists, emergency care, and an 18-hole championship golf course. The region is also home to Costa Rica's  best zip line canopy tours, ATV tours, white water rafting, surfing and the fishing capital of Costa Rica at the Los Suenos Resort & Marina, in Herradura Beach directly next to Jaco Beach.

To the immediate south of Jaco is the surf town of Playa Hermosa (Hermosa Beach). 1 hour and 15 minutes to the south of Jaco Beach is the Manuel Antonio National Park and Wildlife preserve offering visitors a first hand glimpse of Costa Rica's famed wildlife species such as white face monkeys, howler monkeys, sloths, pizotes, iguanas, butterflies, frogs, insects, and exotic jungle plants native to Costa Rica.

Other websites
Jaco information
Costa Rica Fishing Experts

Cities in Costa Rica
Irazu Volcano

Irazu Volcano National Park has one of the most active volcanos of Costa Rica. It is in the central mountain range at 31 km to northwest of the city of Cartago, 3,435 meters above sea level. It last erupted in 1963 and 1965. 

Irazu Volcano National Park offers many types of craters, some having small lakes. The park also includes 2,309 hectares of rain forest. From the highest point in the park, on a clear day, you can see both, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea at the same time.

The Crater Principal lake has an unusual greenish yellow coloring caused by rainfall dissolving the minerals along the craters walls. It has also been known to change colour to rust-red depending on the minerals present. The inactive, dry Diego de la Haya crater sits just up to the right of the Crater Principal and is filled with volcanic ash.

The park is the site of a reforestation project to restore the area which was destroyed by the eruptions. The forest is made up of conifers and other exotic and native species. There is a native forest consisting mainly of oaks and alder, protecting the watershed of the Reventado River.

The vegetation of the park has been changed by the constant eruptions, but it is very beautiful and diverse.

Other websites 
Irazu Volcano National Park

National parks in Costa Rica
Puerto Viejo de Talamanca

Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a coastal town in Talamanca in Limón Province. It is in southeastern Costa Rica and is known simply as Puerto Viejo to the people who live there. Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a tourist destination. The beaches Playa Chiquita, Playa Negra, and Punta Uva are close to Puerto Viejo.

Many tourists stop in Puerto Viejo when going to Panama at Sixaola. This border crossing is popular with people going to and from Bocas del Toro.

References 

Limón Province
Cities in Costa Rica
List of Cantons of Switzerland by area

The following is a list of Cantons of Switzerland, by area:

Switzerland-related lists
Cathar castles

Cathar castles (Châteaux cathares in French) is a term used by the French tourist industry. It is used for castles in the Languedoc-Roussillon, usually built by the enemies of the Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade.

The true Cathar castles
The Cathars built fortified homesteads, but not castles.  The legend of Cathar architects and builders is no more than a myth.  The cathar church did not build anything.  For this reason, the only ones which can claim the description "Cathar" are the small castles, often totally unknown to the public. Their unspectacular ruins are often far-away from tourist routes.

The royal citadels
Because Raimond II was unable to recapture Carcassone in 1240, the city walls were strengthened by the French King. He  also destroyed small castra in the Corbières region and built citadels to protect the border with the kingdom of Aragon.

These five castles are often called the cinq fils de Carcassonne (five sons of Carcassonne):
 Château d'Aguilar
 Peyrepertuse castle
 Puilaurens castle
 Quéribus castle
 Château de Termes

These five fortresses resisted various assaults led by the Aragonese army.

The abandonment of the citadels
In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees. The French king also married the Infanta Marie Therese.  The treaty changed the borders. It gave Rousillon to France and moved the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, where it is now. The fortresses therefore lost their importance.  Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they slowly fell into decay, often becoming sherpherds' shelters or bandits hideouts.

Other "Cathar castles"

 Château d’Arques
 Château de Durfort
 Châteaux de Lastours
 Château de Montségur
 Château de Padern
 Château de Pieusse
 Château de Puivert
 Rennes-le-Château
 Château de Roquefixade
 Château de Saissac
 Château d'Usson

Sources and further reading

Castles in France
Château d'Usson

The Château d'Usson is one of the Cathar castles in southwestern France.  It is in the commune of Rouze, in the Ariège département.

Castles in France
Occitanie
Sertab Erener

Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964 is a Turkish pop music singer. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in Turkey. Erener is said to be one of the divas of Turkish pop music. 

She released her first album which produced by Sezen Aksu, Sakin Ol (Calm Down) in August 1992. Her debut song "Sakin Ol" became greatly popular. Next album Lal (Ruby) released in October 1994. Lal was important for her career, because songs in the album such as "Rüya" (Dream), "Sevdam Ağlıyor" (My Love is Crying), "Mecbursun" (You Have to), "Gel Barışalım Artık" (Let's Make Peace) and "Lal" became hit quickly. 

In May 1997, Sertab released her third album, Sertab Gibi (Like Sertab). She stopped working with Sezen Aksu and she worked with Demir Demirkan in this album. Although album's sales were very low, album is the favorite album of fans. "Aşkolan Aşktır" (Love Matters), "Seyrüsefer" (Navigation) and "İncelikler Yüzünden" (Because of the Niceties) were the important songs from the album. Sertab Erener released self-titled fourth album in March 1999. Albums hit were "Yanarım" (I Burn), "Zor Kadın" (Hard Woman) and Vur Yüreğim (Hit, My Heart). Vur Yüreğim's video clip was including real scenes from shocking and afflictive events such as martyr funerals, atomic bomb and natural disasters.

In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song Every Way That I Can.

1964 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Musicians from Istanbul
Pop singers
Turkish singers
Book of Leviticus

Leviticus (lih-vih-tih-kus) is the third book of both the Bible, and the Torah. In Hebrew it is known as Wayiqra' (וַיִּקְרָא), meaning 'And He will declare.' It was written by the Old Testament Patriarch Moses. Leviticus was written to the Hebrew people of Israel. The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the priests. These priests are sometimes known as Levites (what this book is named after).

When was it written 
It was likely developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian empire (Yehud Madinata) between 538-332 BCE. Tradition says this book was written around 1300 B.C. by Moses.

Summary 
God gives more instructions to Moses. God asks Moses to repeat what He said to Moses' people, the Israelites. 

Continuing from Exodus the Israelites are escaping Egypt. They reach the Biblical Mount Sinai. In Exodus, Moses learned from God how to build the holy tabernacle (a tent for praying and worshiping). In Leviticus God teaches Moses and the Levites how to make sacrifices and how to behave in a good way.

The first few chapters show God's laws for offering sacrifices for various reasons, such as for the forgiveness of sins.

Then Moses makes Aaron a priest of God. Details about how the priests are to make sacrifices to God are given.  This is sometimes called the "ceremonial law".  Two sons of Aaron were destroyed for doing the work of the priest in the wrong way. 

Then God teaches the people how to eat right and be clean. Examples of food that are forbidden are pork and shrimp. Meat is also not to be eaten with milk at the same time. Beyond that, eaten meat is to be taken from animals that were slaughtered in a specific way. The meat must not contain blood either, as this is seen as representing life in the face of the animal having died. Regarding staying clean, laws are given about menstruation (the monthly period), sexual relations, skin disease, and how dead bodies are to be disposed of. 

The rest of the book describes how priests, the Levites, should be ordained, should dress, carry out rituals, and act (for example on the Day of Atonement, and other important Holy Days).

References

Related pages 
Liberty Bell

Other websites 
 Leviticus (KJV)
 Leviticus (NIV)

Old Testament books
Book of Joshua

The Book of Joshua is the sixth book of the Christian Bible, and also the sixth book of the Hebrew Tanakh. It is not clear who wrote the book, although most of the Jewish tradition believe it was Joshua, son of Nun. It is the first of the books of the Tanakh (Old Testament) covering the history of Israel from the arrival in the Promised Land to the Babylonian captivity.

It is not known when the Book was written, but it cannot have been written before roughly 1200 BC, as the events described in the book occur then. Some scholars believe it was written much later, perhaps in 550 BC, at the time of the Babylonian exile, when there was a desire to remember and retell their own history.

Summary 
After the death of Moses, God put Joshua in charge of the people. Joshua sent two spies to spy on the city of Jericho. A woman prostitute called Rahab hid these two men and told the enemies they had already left. She hid them on top of her roof, underneath stalks of flax. The spies later promised that they would keep the oath that Joshua made with them.

Jericho fell when the people of Israel, instructed by God, circled around the wall of Jericho seven times and blew their ram's horns, and on the seventh time, they all shouted with a great shout, causing the wall to fall.

Joshua told the spies to go to Rahab's house and bring out her family and belongings. The spies did as they were told, as they kept the oath. Joshua saved Rahab's life, and she went to live in Israel.

Later, God told Joshua to invade the city of Ai. After they did this, the people of Gibeon tricked Joshua into a treaty.

However, three days later, the people of Israel realized that they really made a treaty with Gibeon's neighbors, the Hivites. The Hivities became cursed, but the people of Gibeon promised that they would do whatever the Israelites say.

After making peace with the Hivites, they went to lay siege to Gibeon. The Gibeonites sent a message to Joshua saying he needs to save the people of Gibeon. So, God killed many of the Amorites by making large hailstones. Then Joshua made the sun stay over Gibeon, and the moon over Ajalon. Joshua later got very old and died.

Quotes
No one will be able to stand against you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so too I will be with you; I will not fail you nor forsake you. (1:5)

Decide today whom you will serve, the gods your ancestors worshipped in Mesopotamia or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you are now living. As for my family and me, we will serve the LORD. (24:15)

Other websites 
 Book of Joshua (KJV)
 Book of Joshua (NIV)

Old Testament books
Home education

Home education or homeschooling is a form of education where the parent or guardian is the instructor. The reason for this form of education is usually the guardian is not happy with the nearby schools, or sometimes for religious or moral purposes. Many people also want to protect children from bullying and violence. In recent years, it became popular in many countries.

Before starting homeschooling, it can be a good idea to deschool first. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, any homeschool arrangement must by law satisfy inspectors that the children's education is sound. This is because, under the Education Act of 1944, parents or guardians are legally obliged to send children to school. The possibility of other methods has been added as a possibility, subject to certain checks.

A common situation is for several families to come together to provide the skills needed. This serves two purposes. First, the range of knowledge and skills is wider, and the schooling has a more social angle, which itself is good for the development of children.

In most countries, homeschooling is a legal alternative to going to a school.

Unschooling is a very free type of homeschooling.

History and publications 
The idea of home schools came to life in the 1960s, when the effectiveness of classroom education was challenged. There were a number of critical publications:
Skinner B.F. 1968. The technology of teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. This includes a valuable discussion of the weaknesses of classroom teaching.
Illich, Ivan 1971. Deschooling society. . A radical critical discourse on education as practised in modern society. Hugely influential in its day. Illich was motivated by leftist political ideas. One of his main objections to traditional schooling was its tendency to train young people to fit in to the existing society.
Holt, John 1963. How children fail. 2nd ed 1982. According to him, schooling does more harm than good to a child's ability and desire to truly learn. A million-plus best-seller.
Holt, John 1963. How children learn. 2nd ed 1983.

Alternatives and dangers 
Some private schools try to achieve similar objectives by other means. Summerhill attempts to make a school more flexible and responsive to the needs of individual children.

Dangers of home education include the possibility of it being used for religious and political propaganda, and the vulnerability of children to unsupervised adults.  Education may be uneven, leaving children with a patchy grasp of many subjects.  The children would also get to know fewer other children than they would ordinarily. Also, it is obvious that some parents are better placed to organise home education than others.

In theory, visits by the inspectors of schools might be able to identify problems. However, at least in the United Kingdom, schools are not inspected every year. If we cannot inspect all schools annually, how can we expect to monitor individual families?

Related pages
Deschooling
Fushūgaku

References

Other websites
National Home Education Research Institute

Education
Shinjuku Station

is a railway station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan. According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is the busiest train station in the world.

Adjacent stations

Other websites

 JR East Shinjuku Station
 
 Keio Shinjuku Station
 
 Odakyu Shinjuku Station
 Tokyo Metro Shinkuku Station
 Toei Shinjuku Station

References

Railway stations in Tokyo
Epistle to the Galatians

The Epistle to the Galatians (or Galatians) is the forty-eighth book in the Bible (and ninth in the New Testament), written by the Apostle Paul. The book was written to the people of Galatia, a part of modern day Turkey, with whom Paul had earlier preached and founded the congregation in their area.

It is not known for sure, but most believe that the book was written around 57 A.D. One of the curious verses in the letter is where Paul says "See with what large letters I am writing this in my own hand". (Chapter 6, verse 11).  This is understood to mean that normally Paul used a secretary to write down as he spoke his letters.  However he wanted the Galatians to be sure it was he himself that was the author of the letter they would receive so he wrote a few lines himself. Some believe he had poor eyesight and so had to write with "large letters".

Content

Paul's letter is to settle an important question of that day.  It is if the gentile Christians must first join the Jewish religion and keep the Law of Moses. Paul says that the gentile Galatians do not need to keep the old Laws such as the need for  circumcision, which is the removal of some skin around the male sex organ, done by Jews and Muslims as an act of religious obedience to God. Paul says that this is no longer important since Jesus has come. Paul says it is not good that the community has turned from the gospel (Chapter 1, verses 6–10) He says there is only one gospel and one way of being saved through faith in Christ and that adding to that makes it another gospel. He talks about his early life as a Jew, (Chapter 1, verses 13–14), how he met Christ, often called the conversion of Paul, (Chapter 1, verses 15–16), and his early work (Chapter 1 verses 17–24). He tells about meeting with the other Christian leaders in Jerusalem as reported in Acts chapter 15, verses 2:1–10. He says that they agreed with him that the gentiles did not need to be become practicing Jews first. In Chapter 2 he tells about a meeting with Peter where he told Peter that he was not acting properly towards the gentile Christians by not eating with them. Then he says that Jews, like Gentiles, are not made right with God by keeping the old Law but by trusting in what Jesus did for them when He died on the cross. Later in the book he tells that the Law was given to show us how sinful we are so that we would see the need for forgiveness.  He says that when we love others we have fulfilled the true meaning of the Law. He writes that when we have faith, God sends the Holy Spirit who helps us live a good life and keep from bad things. He gives a list of those bad and good actions.  (Chapter 5)

Importance

The  Epistle to the Galatians has been very important in the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul.

The book contains some of the most known Bible teachings, such as that all have need of salvation (Galatians 3:28-29), and the Fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23).

References

Other websites 
Galatians (KJV)
Galatians (NIV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Label

A label can have several meanings:

A category or classification - a term used to identify something or someone
A brand or a trademark
A strip or narrow piece of something, especially one used to identify something
 promotional tab used in  philately
A molding over a door or window

hu:Etikett (egyértelműsítő lap)
Oldenzaal

Oldenzaal is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 32,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region.

Oldenzaal got city rights in 1249.

People 
 Gert Timmerman (1935-2017), a singer and musician ("Gert and Hermien")

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
Twente
Paramilitary

Paramilitary is a way to describe forces that are organised like military forces, but not part of the Armed Forces. Examples for such forces would be police forces guarding the borders of a country. There are paramilitary groups that are run by a country, and others that are not.

The name comes from Greek para (which means beside) and Latin miles (which means soldier).

Military compared to paramilitary

Though a paramilitary is not a military force, it is usually equivalent to a military's light infantry force in terms of intensity, firepower, and organizational structure. A paramilitary may also commonly fall under the command of a military, even despite not being part of the military or play an assisting role for the military in times of war. Paramilitary forces can also include private military company missions.

Quasi-military compared to Paramilitary
Although similar, a quasi-military organisation has more near-identical to military aspects (i.e., militia, private army, etc.) whereas a paramilitary is its own (i.e., internal security, SWAT, etc.).

Examples of Paramilitary Organizations

Law Enforcement 
 Police departments of many countries are organized in a manner similar to military forces.
 SWAT teams of some American police departments: trained to handle high-risk situations that regular police officers are not as qualified to handle such as hostage rescue, counter-terrorism missions, and arresting particularly dangerous criminals.

Government Agencies
 Special Activities Center of the Central Intelligence Agency: a unit of the CIA whose missions often require a great deal of secrecy and carefulness. Most members of this unit are recruited from special forces units from all over the United States military. Their main mission is to collect intelligence on countries hostile to the United States; most CIA operatives killed in the line of duty have been members of the Special Activities Division.

Political
 The SS and SA of Nazi Germany: the SS was the successor to the SA, but for the most part, both groups handled the same responsibilities. They were originally bodyguards to Adolf Hitler, but as the war heated up, they were assigned to oversee concentration camps as guards and administrators. While not an official part of Germany's military, the SS had an armed branch that was trained as a regular military unit.

References

Military
Champagne, Ardèche

Champagne is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Champis, Ardèche

Champis is a commune in the Ardèche département in southeast France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Chandolas

Chandolas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Chanéac

Chanéac is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Charmes-sur-Rhône

Charmes-sur-Rhône is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Charnas

Charnas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. About 715 or 722 people lived there in 2008.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

 INSEE

Communes in Ardèche
Bolas

Bolas (from Spanish bola, "ball", also known as boleadoras) are a throwing weapon made of weights on the ends of interconnected cords, designed to capture animals by entangling their legs. They are used by the gauchos in South America today, but have been found in excavations of pre-Hispanic settlements, especially in Patagonia, where indigenous peoples used them to catch guanaco and ñandu.

Use 

Gauchos use boleadoras to capture running cattle or game. The thrower gives the balls momentum by swinging them and then releases the boledoras. The weapon is usually used to entangle the animal's legs, but when thrown with enough force might even break the bone.

Design 
There is no uniform design; most bolas have two or three balls, but there are versions of up to 8 or 9 balls. Some bolas have balls of equal weight,othes vary the knot and cord. Gauchos use bolas made of leather cords with wooden balls or small leather sacks full of stones in the ends of the cords.

Bolas can be named depending on the amount of weights used:
 Perdida (1 weight)
 Avestrucera or ñanducera (2 weights)
 Boleadora (3 weights)
 Ka-Lum-Ik-Toun (Inuit name for bolas with 10 or more weights)

Other websites 

 Inuit Bolas 
 Boleadoras

Weapons
Cord

Cord may refer to:

 Cable, in electronics, such as power cord or extension cord
 Twine, string or rope
 Cord (band),  a British rock group
 Cord (movie), a 2000 movie starring Daryl Hannah and Jennifer Tilly
 Cord (sewing), a trimming made of multiple strands of yarn twisted together
 cord (unit of volume), used to measure firewood
 Cord Automobile, a former American car marque founded by Errett Lobban Cord
 Mycelial cord, a structure, used by fungi to transfer nutrients over larger distances
 spinal cord
 Umbilical cord, a tube that connects a developing embryo or fetus to its placenta
 Vibrating string

Related pages
 Chord

Basic English 850 words