cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Glasgow International Airport

Glasgow International Airport ()  (used to be called Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport) is an international airport in Scotland. It is  west of the Glasgow city centre. The airport is near Paisley and Renfrew in Renfrewshire. In 2011, almost 6.9 million passengers passed through the airport. This was 5.1% more than 2010. This makes Glasgow the second busiest airport in Scotland (Edinburgh Airport is the busiest). It is also the eighth busiest airport in the United Kingdom. Glasgow Airport is the primary airport of Greater Glasgow.

The airport is owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited owns four other UK airports. ADI Limited owns Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. The airlines which use the airport the most are British Airways and Loganair (as Flybe). Loganair uses Glasgow as a hub. Other big airlines using Glasgow as a base include BMI Regional, Flybe,  EasyJet, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways.

Glasgow Airport was first opened in 1966. First, the only flights which took off from there flew to other places in the United Kingdom and Europe. The British Airports Authority (BAA) took control of the airport in 1975. In the 1980s, flights from Glasgow began to go to other places in the world.

On 30 June 2007, Glasgow Airport had a terrorist attack. A Jeep Cherokee filled with propane canisters was driven into the main terminal building. It caused some damage, killed one person (the terrorist) and injured four people.

References

Airports in Scotland
Glasgow
1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Mikhail Chigorin

Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin  (Gatchina, Russia, 12 November 1850 – Lublin, Poland, 25 January 1908) was a leading Russian chess player.

He was a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet school of chess", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

Chigorin was for a while one of the world's top four players. He twice challenged Wilhelm Steinitz for the World Chess Championship. Both matches were held in Havana. In 1889 Steinitz won 10½–6½, and in 1892 by 12½–10½. Chigorin drew an 1893 match with Siegbert Tarrasch in Saint Petersburg (11–11); Tarrasch was probably the world #2 at that time.

Chigorin made a number of contributions to the theory of chess openings. The most important were the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 Na5) and the Chigorin Defence to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6).

Chigorin gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns. He subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death.

His early death was caused by diabetes, for which there was no remedy at the time.

References 

1850 births
1908 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Russian chess players
Fran Drescher

Francine Joy "Fran" Drescher (born September 30, 1957) is an American television, movie, musical theatre and voice actress, television director and producer, comedian, screenwriter, model, health, LGBT rights and political activist. She is of Jewish descent.

Her acting career began around 1977 when she acted in the movie Saturday Night Fever. She is best known for playing Fran Fine from the sitcom The Nanny. Her other notable movie roles include Jack (1996) and Beautician and the Beast (1997).

Drescher wrote her memoirs and is a Universal Life Church minister. She was born in New York City.

She is a uterine cancer survivor. She is a Democrat and a critic of capitalism. In 1985, she was raped by armed robbers.

In September 2021, Drescher was elected President of SAG-AFTRA.

References

Other websites
 

1957 births
Living people
Presidents of SAG-AFTRA
Actors from Queens
American autobiographers
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American political activists
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American writers
Jewish models
Models from New York City
Musicians from Queens
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Queens
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Democrats (United States)
American crime victims
Cancer survivors
En Vogue

En Vouge are an American female R&B and pop quartet. Four members-Cindy Herron, Terry Ellis, Dawn Robinson and Maxine Jones-make up this female group. En Vogue released their first record Born to Sing during 1990. They won many awards in the 1990s and 2000s, including seven MTV Video Music Awards and four Soul Train Awards.

Discography
Studio albums
 1990: Born to Sing
 1992: Funky Divas
 1997: EV3
 2000: Masterpiece Theatre
 2002: The Gift of Christmas
 2004: Soul Flower

EPs
 1991: Remix to Sing
 1993: Runaway Love

American R&B bands
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States
Smart Technologies

Smart Technologies is a company that was started in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 1987. It is most famous for its invention of the Smart Board, which is the most popular interactive whiteboard in the world. 

Smart Technologies has received over 15 awards, including the 2009 EdNET Pioneer Award.

In 2016, SMART Technologies Inc. was acquired by Foxconn for $200 million.

References

Technology companies of Canada
Icing (ice hockey)

Icing in ice hockey is a rule the happens when a player shoots the puck across at least two red lines, the other team's goal line being the last, and the puck remains untouched but it is not icing if the player shoots the puck from behind the halfway line of the ice into the goal. If the goal went into the net it would be counted as a goal. There is also automatic or no-touch icing which is used mostly in lower-level professional hockey leagues like the ECHL and Central Hockey League, It was enforced in 1990 after Luděk Čajka, a Czech player rushed to get to the puck in an icing situation, he crashed into the boards, suffered severe spinal injuries, and died a few weeks later. Sometimes the goaltender will raise his hand for icing also.

If icing is waved off by a referee it is either because:

The team committing the icing is shorthanded, (penalty killing).
The linesman believes that a player on the other team (other than the goalkeeper) could have played the puck before it crossed the goal line.
In the NHL, the linesman deems the icing is the result of an attempted receivable pass.

Ice hockey words
Copenhagen interpretation

The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in physics. It was developed by Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and Albert Einstein in Copenhagen in 1927. It is based on an idea called Born's law of the wave function by the Nobel Prize laureate Max Born. It is one of the first usable models of quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics
Cam Fowler

Cam Fowler (born December 5, 1991 in Windsor, Ontario) is an American-Canadian NHL ice hockey defenceman for the Anaheim Ducks. He was picked by the Anaheim Ducks with the twelfth overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the Windsor Spitfires. He holds dual citizenship because his mother is a native of Michigan and his father is a native to Newfoundland.

Awards 
 He won the gold medal at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
 He was part of the Memorial Cup All-Star Team in 2010.
 He won the gold medal at the 2010 IIHF U18 Championships.
 He was named the IIHF World U18 Championships Best Defenseman in 2009.
 He was part of the IIHF World U18 Championships All-Star Team in 2009
 He won the silver medal at the 2008 World U-17 Hockey Challenge.
 He was part of the World U-17 Hockey Challenge All-Star Team in 2008.

Other websites 
 Cam Fowler's NHL Player Page

1991 births
Ice hockey people from Ontario
American ice hockey players
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Living people
United States Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Memorial Cup winners
Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. The name comes from the  (staphylē) which means "bunch of grapes" and κόκκος (kókkos) which means "granule". Under a microscope they appear round, because they are cocci. They form in grape-like clusters.

The Staphylococcus genus includes at least forty species. Of these, nine have two subspecies and one has three subspecies. Most are harmless and live normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms. Found worldwide, they are a small component of soil microbial flora.

Related pages

 Staphylococcus aureus
 Staphylococcal infection

Gram-positive bacteria
Streptococcus

Streptococcus is a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. They are cocci, meaning that they are shaped like spheres or circles. Cellular division occurs along a single axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name from Greek στρεπτος streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted, like a chain (twisted chain). Contrast this with staphylococci, which divide along multiple axes and generate grape-like clusters of cells. Streptococci are oxidase and catalase-negative, and many are facultative anaerobes.

Gram-positive bacteria
Kimberley Locke

Kimberley Dawn Locke (born January 3, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter and model. Locke first came to national attention when she was a contestant on American Idol.

Locke was born in Hartsville, Tennessee.

References

1978 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
Models from Tennessee
American Idol contestants
BlackBerry

BlackBerry is a line of mobile phones made by the Canadian company BlackBerry Limited (originally known as Research In Motion, or RIM, NASDAQ:BBRY). It does many different things like a computer but is small enough to fit in someone's hand. It is a mobile phone; it makes calls without wires. It can access the Internet as well. It also has a calendar and camera, and can send text messages. The BlackBerry started out as a pager and later turned into a mobile phone. The BlackBerry has a PIN which is an eight character hexadecimal identification number which is given to every BlackBerry phone. The President of The United States Barack Obama uses and supports the BlackBerry.

References

Other websites 
BlackBerry - Official website

Mobile phones
Messaging
Penélope Cruz

Penélope Cruz Sánchez (; ; born 28 April 1974 in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish television and movie actress. She has starred in many movies of many different genres, including Vicky Cristina Barcelona. Cruz got her start when she was picked from 300 other girls in a talent agency audition at age 15. This led to acting jobs in television and in commercials. Her movie debut was in 1992. She has been married to Javier Bardem since 2010. They have two children.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Madrid
Spanish movie actors
Spanish stage actors
Spanish television actors
Spanish voice actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Spanish models
Spanish television personalities
Mount Rowan (Victoria)

Mount Rowan is a small extinct volcano on the edge of the city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. It was also known as Waldies Hill. It is 518 metres above sea level. The lava flows from the volcano are thought to be from 2.1 million to 2.9 million years ago. It is one of the 123 volcanoes in the Ballarat and Daylesford area. These are part of the Western Victorian Volcanic Plains. In 2009, a geologist, Professor Bernie Joyce warned that the volcanoes around Ballarat could become active again.

References

Volcanoes of Australia
Mountains of Victoria (Australia)
Laura Branigan

Laura Branigan (July 3, 1952 – August 26, 2004) was an American singer, songwriter and actress. She was best known for her 1982 platinum hit "Gloria". She also starred on several television shows. Branigan's songs were featured in soundtracks for the movies Flashdance and Ghostbusters.

Early life
Branigan was born on July 3, 1952 in Brewster, New York, United States. Her father was an account executive and mutual funds broker. In 1970, she graduated from high school and attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.

Career 
Branigan toured Europe as a backup singer with Leonard Cohen. She started her solo career in 1982. Her first album, Branigan, was released in 1982. A song "Gloria" from that album stayed on top of the pop charts for 36 weeks. It reached number six on the British pop charts. It was a remake of an Italian song from the 1970s. The song got her a nomination for a Grammy for best female pop singer. She was nominated for three more during her career. She released seven more albums. She co-wrote the song How Am I Supposed To Live Without You? with a then unknown Michael Bolton. In 1981 Branigan appeared on German television in An American Girl in Berlin. She was a guest on the American TV show, CHiPS. She starred in the movie Mugsy's Girls in 1984. She also appeared in the 1988 movie Backstage. In 2002 she starred in the Off-Broadway production of Love, Janis, playing Janis Joplin. She received rave (very good) reviews for her performance.

Personal 
In 1981, Branigan met Larry Kruteck, an attorney, at a party in Manhattan. They married that same year, when she was 24 years old and he was 44. In 1994 her husband was diagnosed with colon cancer. She quit singing to take care of him full time. Kruteck died in 1996. In 2001, as she was just returning to singing again, she fell from a ladder at her home and broke both her legs. Branigan was in physical therapy for six months.

On August 26, 2004, Branigan died of a brain aneurysm. She died in her sleep at her home in East Quogue, New York. She was 52 years old.

References 

1952 births
2004 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Singers from New York
Bangladesh-South Korea relations

Bangladesh–South Korea relations are foreign relations between Bangladesh and South Korea. Bangladesh is the nation which established both relations among two Koreas. North Korea made its official diplomacy with Bangladesh in 1973.

In 1974, South Korea opened its embassy in the capital Dhaka while her counterpart in 1987.

South Korea
Bangladesh
Aalten

Aalten is a town and municipality in the eastern Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It lies in the Achterhoek region near the German border.

The former municipality of Bredevoort merged into Aalten in 1818 and that of Dinxperlo in 2005. Aalten village had about 17,400 inhabitants and Aalten municipality about 27,000 inhabitants in 2021.

Settlements 

 Aalten (town)
 Barlo
 Bredevoort
 Dale
 Dinxperlo

 Haart
 Heurne
 IJzerlo
 't Klooster
 Lintelo

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

 
Settlements in Gelderland
Calico sheep

Calico sheep is a kind of sheep with more than one color in its coat.<ref>"A Piebald Mutation in Sheep: And a Suggested Interpretation," Journal of Heredity (1950), Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 39-40; retrieved 2012-8-19.</ref>  It is a mutation, but not a recognized breed.

History
Calico sheep are not related to the black and white sheep that are native to ancient Sudan and to South Africa.  

The modern mutation was developed by breeding the Shetland sheep with Barbadian Black Belly Sheep.    
 The rams have a curled horn similar to Rocky Mountain Sheep. 

 The rams generally weigh up to about .  

The ewes will range in about the  range.

Related pages
 Calico cat
 Piebald sheep

References

 Further reading
 Richardson, Tracey. "Sheep earn their keep at winery,"  Owen Sound Sun Times (Canada). July 17, 2012; retrieved 2012-8-19. 
 "Moose on the loose in Northwest Alberta," Global News'' (Canada). March 11, 2012; retrieved 2012-8-19.

Caprids
Peat

Peat, or turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, mires, and swamps.

Formation
Peat forms when plant material, usually in marshy areas, is inhibited from decaying fully by acidic and anaerobic conditions. It is composed mainly of marshland vegetation: trees, grasses, fungi, as well as other types of organic remains, such as insects, and animal remains. Under certain conditions, the decomposition of the latter (in the absence of oxygen) is inhibited.

Peat formed in very wet conditions accumulates faster, and is less decomposed, than that in drier places. This allows climatologists to use peat as an indicator of climatic change. The composition of peat can also be used to reconstruct ancient ecologies by examining the types and quantities of its organic constituents.

Under the proper conditions, peat is the earliest stage in the formation of coal. The coal measures of the Pennsylvanian period were laid down in a gigantic tropical river basin, and later squeezed and heated to form the metamorphic rock we call 'coal'.

Most modern peat bogs formed in high latitudes after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age some 9,000 years ago. They usually grow slowly, at the rate of about a millimetre per year.

The peat in the world's peatlands has been forming for 360 million years and contains 550 Gigatonnes of carbon.

Uses 
Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world. By volume, there are about 4 trillion m³ of peat in the world covering a total of around 2% of global land area (about 3 million km²), containing about 8 billion terajoules of energy.

Peat is soft and easily compressed. Under pressure, water in the peat is forced out. Upon drying, peat can be used as a fuel. It has industrial importance as a fuel in some countries, such as Ireland and Finland, where it is harvested on an industrial scale. In many countries, including Ireland and Scotland, where trees are often scarce, peat is traditionally used for cooking and domestic heating. Stacks of drying peat dug from the bogs can still be seen in some rural areas.

Peat's insulating properties make it of use to industry.

Peat fires are used to dry malted barley for use in Scotch whisky distillation. This gives Scotch whisky its distinctive smoky flavour, often called "peatiness".

Although peat has many uses for humans, it also presents problems. When dry, it can be a major fire hazard, as peat fires can burn almost indefinitely (or at least until the fuel is exhausted). Peat fires can even burn underground, reigniting after the winter, provided there is a source of oxygen. Peat deposits also pose major difficulties to builders of structures, roads, and railways, as they are highly compressible under even small loads. When the West Highland Line was built across Rannoch Moor in western Scotland, its builders had to float the tracks on a mattress of tree roots, brushwood and thousands of tons of earth and ashes.

References 

Fuel
Sedimentary rocks
Civilization (series)

Civilization is a series of computer games made by Sid Meier. In it, you make a virtual civilization going from thousands of years ago to the near future. The game is played by doing certain things each turn. You can move units or make them do stuff, build or change cities, and negotiate with other civilizations. These civilizations are controlled by a computer. You win by taking over other civilizations, building a spaceship, or getting the highest score.

At the beginning, you chose which civilization to play. Each one has its own characteristics (something that makes it different from the others). Cities are very important. You need them to build buildings that improve the city, and units. The units can attack other units, build more cities, and improve the land. You can also research technologies. Technologies allow you to do more things. 

There are five main games in the series, called Civilization I-VI (1-6). Some of them have expansion packs. There is also Civilization Revolution, which is like Civilization 1-6, but it works on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and iPhone. The first version, Civilization, was released in 1991, and games have been released ever since. Civilization has existed since 1989

Related pages
These are the versions of the game. They are in order from oldest to newest.

 Civilization III
 Civilization IV
Unreliable narrator

An unreliable narrator in literature, movie, or theatre,  is a narrator (storyteller) who cannot tell a story with a neutral point of view. The term was made in 1961 by Wayne C. Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction.

Literary terms
Narrator

A narrator is a person who tells a story to an audience. Narrators occur in face-to-face story-telling, and in literary works, movies, and plays. They can be fictional, or they can be real people. When the narrator is also a character within the story, he or she is sometimes known as the viewpoint character. The narrator is one of three parts in any story-telling. The others are the author and the audience; in literature, the latter is the reader. 

The author and the audience both live in the real world. It is the author's function to create the universe, people, and events within the story. It is the audience's function to understand and interpret the story. The narrator only exists within the world of the story and presents it in a way the audience can grasp. In non-fiction the narrator and the author may be the same person, since the real world and the world of the story may be the same.

Related pages 
 Unreliable narrator
 Narrative

Literary terms
Ace of Base

Ace of Base are a Swedish pop-rock group. The beginning of this group was in 1990. There have been changes in the members of Ace of Base many times. They had four studio albums between 1993 and 2002.

Discography

Studio albums
 Happy Nation / The Sign (1993)
 The Bridge (1995)
 Flowers / Cruel Summer (1998)
 Da Capo (2002)
 The Golden Ratio (2010)

1980s Swedish music groups
1990s Swedish music groups
2000s Swedish music groups
2010s Swedish music groups
Musical groups from Gothenburg
Musical groups established in 1987
Swedish pop music groups
Minnie Driver

Amelia Fiona J. Driver, aka Minnie Driver (born 31 January 1970), is an English movie and television actress and singer. She was born in Finsbury Park, London. Her notable motion pictures include Good Will Hunting.

Other websites 

Actors from London
English movie actors
English singers
English television actors
1970 births
Living people
Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal

Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal is an expansion pack developed by Cyberlore Studios, released in 1996 by Blizzard Entertainment for their award winning real-time strategy computer game Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness. As with most computer game expansion packs, Beyond the Dark Portal requires a full version of the original game to run.

Blizzard video games
Burkholderia gladioli

Burkholderia gladioli is a species of bacteria that needs oxygen (aerobic) and is shaped like a rod. It causes disease in humans and plants and can live in symbiosis with plants and fungi. It is found in soil, water, the rhizosphere, and in many animals.

Gram-negative bacteria
United Football League

The United Football League is an American Football league that was founded (created) in 2007. The first season was played in 2009. The Las Vegas Locomotives have won both seasons so far.

American football
2007 establishments in the United States
Classics

Classics or classical studies is a branch of the humanities which studies classical antiquity. It includes many fields of study such as history, philosophy, history, art, languages, literature, and archaeology. In the Western world, it focuses on Mediterranean cultures such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome. A person who works in classical studies is called a classicist. The study of classical literature was traditionally the main focus of the humanities.

Humanities
Chase & Status

Chase & Status are an electronic production duo from London consisting of Saul "Chase" Milton and Will "Status" Kennard.

History

2006–2009: Debut album
Chase & Status have had three number one tracks on the UK Dance Chart in 2007 with the double A-side "Hurt You"/"Sell Me Your Soul", and in 2008 with "Take Me Away"/"Judgement (Informer)". On 5 October 2008, they reached number 70 on the national singles chart and number one on the UK Dance Chart again with their single "Pieces" with vocals by Plan B. In 2009, they made number 45 with "Against All Odds" which had UK rapper Kano on vocals.

Chase & Status' first album, More Than Alot, debuted in the UK album charts at number 49 on 19 October 2008 and entered the UK dance album chart at number 2.

Their album More Than Alot received the Best Album Award at the 2009 Drum and Bass awards, Birmingham, UK.

2009–present: No More Idols
Following the success of their last album the band wanted to gain a more global success. After meeting with a long time favourite of theirs, Cloud9, they decided to move in a different direction. Together they agreed that the band should do more pop collaborations in order to achieve a more better fanbase. Soon afterwards they quickly began working on the album. On 8 November 2009, the duo entered the UK Top 40 for the first time with the track "End Credits". The track was released on 2 November 2009 and featuring British musician Plan B managed to reach a peak of number 9 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was written for the movie Harry Brown, which also starred Ben Drew, aka. Plan B.

The duo then released "Let You Go" on 15 August 2010, revealing it to be the second official single to be released from their second studio album, named No More Idols according to posters outside their album launch show at the HMV Forum in Kentish Town on October 21. The single had vocals from Mali and debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 11; marking the duo's second Top 40 hit in a row. "Hypest Hype" featuring Tempa T was confirmed in October 2010 to be the third single from the album and was released as a free download from their website on 8 November 2010; meaning it did not qualify to chart. The fourth single from the album is the dubstep-flavoured Blind Faith, which features Nottingham-born soul singer/songwriter Liam Bailey was released on January 24, 2011. The new album also contains a new single 'Heavy' with Dizzee Rascal.

Weblinks

References

Electronic music
ESC/P

ESC/P is a printer control language developed by Epson. The language was popular with dot-matrix printers. It uses escape codes, a command starts with the escape character. As an example, ESC E will switch on bold, and ESC F will switch it off. There are different versions of the protocol, which was also used by other printer manufacturers. Today, ESC/P is rarely used any more; modern printers use page description languages like Postscript, PCL or PDF.

Computing
Shirred eggs

Shirred eggs (also known as baked eggs, or in ) are eggs cooked in a manner which results in a firm white but soft or runny yolk. The name comes from the dish in which the eggs are cooked.

Process 
The eggs are placed in small dishes called ramekins with a knob of butter on top and baked at 180°C (350°F) until the white is set, but the yolk remains soft, which takes around 15 minutes.

Variations 
Variations involve replacing the butter with various types of cream. Provence and Normandy have their own versions.

Related pages 
 Boiled egg#Soft-boiled eggs

More reading 
 

Egg dishes
Printer Command Language

The Printer Command Language (often shortened to PCL) is a page description language, developed by Hewlett-Packard. As of 2011, most modern printers understand PCL. Its complexity is between pure ASCII text, such as in ESC-P, and for example Postscript. There are different versions of the language. Common versions:
PCL3, PCL3+: Can use raster description of fonts, grayscale, 300 dpi output maximum
PCL3c,PCL3c+: Supports color, in addition to PCL3/PCL3+
PCL3GUI: Allows compression of raster images, is not compatible with other PCL standards
PCL4: Macros, bigger bitmaps, introduction of graphics
PCL5: Supports graphics in HPGL/2, fonts can be resized
PCL5e: Supports bidirectional communication with the printer, supports the windows fonts
PCL5c: Color version of PCL5e, supports different color palettes, and the option to select different colors
PCL XL later renamed to PCL6 enhanced: Allows compression to increase throughput. This is a stack-based object oriented programming language similar to Postscript
PCL 6 standard: Either PCL5e or PCL5c, for backwards compatibility
Jet Ready: Lowcost version of PCL XL. Only supports JFIF images. Allows to build printers without raster image processor, and without a lot of memory. The Rasterization is done in the computer, the printer only "prints images".

Except where stated, PCL versions are downwards compatible. A printer that supports PCL6 can also be programmed using PCL3, for example. 

PCL is a very efficient way of coding. For this reason, certain manufacturers build high-volume printers that support different versions of PCL. Such printers can do more than 1000 pages per minute. 

Computing
Graphics Device Interface

The Graphics Device Interface is an API of Microsoft Windows used for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices, such as printers and monitors.

GDI is responsible for tasks such as drawing lines and curves, rendering fonts and handling palettes. It is not directly responsible for drawing windows, menus, etc.; that task is reserved for another subsystem built on top of GDI. Other systems have components that are similar to GDI, for example Macintosh's QuickDraw and GNOME/GTK's GDK/Xlib.

Perhaps the most significant capability of GDI over more direct methods of accessing the hardware is its scaling capabilities, and abstraction of target devices. Using GDI, it is very easy to draw on multiple devices, such as a screen and a printer, and expect proper reproduction in each case. This capability is at the center of all What You See Is What You Get applications for Microsoft Windows.

Simple games that do not require fast graphics rendering use GDI. However, GDI cannot animate properly as it has no notion of synchronizing with the framebuffer, and lacks rasterization for 3D. Modern games usually use DirectX or OpenGL instead, which give programmers the capabilities to use features of modern  hardware.

Microsoft Windows software
Ramekin

A ramekin or  is a small glazed ceramic or glass serving bowl used for preparating and serving various food dishes. The word is from French (as ramequin), and before that Middle Dutch and Middle Low German.

Details 

Ramekins usually have a volume of , and are dishes commonly used for serving a variety of dishes such as crème brûlée, French onion soup, Molten chocolate cake, moimoi, cheese or egg dishes, poi, potted shrimps, ice cream, soufflé, baked "cocottes", crumbles, or scallops or used to serve side garnishes and condiments alongside an entree.

Traditionally circular with a fluted exterior, ramekins can also be found in novelty shapes, such as flowers, hearts or stars.

Ramekins are built to withstand high temperatures, as they are often used in ovens, or in the case of crème brûlée, exposed to the flame of a cooking torch.

References 

Cookware and bakeware
Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre

Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre (Turkish: Muratağa, Sandallar ve Atlılar katliamı) was a massacre of totally 126 Turkish Cypriots in the villages of Maratha (Muratağa), Santalaris (Sandallar) and Aloda (Atlılar) in Cyprus. It happened on 14-16 August 1974. The massacre was committed by EOKA-B.

89 (or 84) people were killed in Maratha and Santalaris. Another 37 people were killed in Aloda. Old people and children were also killed. Only three people could escape from the massacre in Aloda. A bulldozer buried people into mass graves. People from Maratha and Santalaris were buried in the same grave.

References 

Massacres
Anti-Turkism
Cyprus
August events
1974
1970s in Europe
Susan Sullivan

Susan Michaela Sullivan (born November 18, 1942) is an American movie and television actress. She played Lenore in the soap opera Another World. She also starred in the soap Falcon Crest (1981–1989) and the television sitcom Dharma & Greg. Sullivan was born November 18, 1942.

1942 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Guangdong

Guangdong () is a province on the southern coast of China. The meaning of the name in Chinese is "east of the expanse" or "expanse's east". It has a higher population and GDP than any other province in China. Its capital city is Guangzhou. Guangdong has 49 districts, 30 county-level cities, 42 counties, and three autonomous counties. 

Guangdong has an area of 177,900 km2 (68,700 sq mi) and is the 15th biggest province in China. In 2008, more than 95,440,000 people were living in Guangdong. They speak several different kinds of dialects. More than half of the people speak Yue Chinese, which is also the main dialect in the neighboring Hong Kong, while Min Chinese and Hakka Chinese each has about 20% of the total speakers.

The shortened name for Guangdong is Yue (粤), since Guangxi also shares the first word "Guang" (广), meaning "expanse".

 
Provinces of China
List of foods named after people



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References

 
named after people
Elly Jackson

Eleanor Kate "Elly" Jackson is an English singer and songwriter. She is the lead singer of the electropop duo La Roux. She was born on 12 March 1988 in London. She is the younger daughter of actress Trudie Goodwin.

1988 births
Living people
Electronic musicians
English singer-songwriters
Singers from London
Booker T. & the M.G.'s

Booker T. & the M.G.'s are a rhythm and blues (R&B) band that are important in the history of soul music. They started in 1960 when they played instrumental music for singers. They did not sing themselves. They worked at Stax Records, and played music on hundreds of important records by famous singers such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas and Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor.

They also make their own records. As they do not sing, these are instrumental records - music without singing.  In 1962 they made a record called "Green Onions" which was a single, and this was a success. People liked the sound of their music, and by the mid-1960s, bands in America and in Great Britain were trying to copy their sound.

People liked them so much and felt they were so important they were given an award of being named in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992.

Persons in the band
Persons in the band when they started in 1960 were Booker T. Jones (organ and piano), Steve Cropper (electric guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass guitar), and Al Jackson, Jr. (drums).

Steinberg left the band in 1965, and Donald "Duck" Dunn joined the band. Since Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, the band have used several drummers.

References

American R&B bands
Musical groups from Tennessee
Musical groups established in 1962
1962 establishments in the United States
Atlantic Records artists
Stax Records

Stax Records is an American record company, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. The band Booker T. & the M.G.'s were employed by the company to play music on records by many singers, including Wilson Pickett and Otis Redding.

History

1957–1960: Early years as Satellite Records
Stax Records, originally named Satellite Records, was founded in Memphis in 1957 by Jim Stewart, initially operating in a garage. Satellite's early releases were country music, rockabilly records or straight pop numbers, reflecting the tastes of Stewart (a country fiddle player) at the time.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Official Stax Records site
 Stax Museu

American record labels
Matt Ellison

Matthew Ellison (born December 8, 1983 in Duncan, British Columbia) is an Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays in the Kontinental Hockey League for Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod. He was picked by the Chicago Blackhawks with the one hundred and twenty-eighth overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. e played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks before being traded to the Philadelphia Flyers along with a 3rd-round pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft for Patrick Sharp and Éric Meloche. He signed a one-year contract on July 4, 2008 to play in Latvia with the Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League before signing with HC MVD.

Other websites 
Matt Ellison's NHL Player Page

1983 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Philadelphia Flyers players
Red Deer Rebels players
Fernando Pisani

Fernando Antonio Pisani  (born December 27, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He was picked by the Edmonton Oilers with the 195th overall pick in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. He formerly played for the Edmonton Oilers from 2002 to 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks in 2011 and also played for the SCL Tigers of the National League A and the Asiago Hockey A.S. of the Serie A during the 2004-05 NHL lockout.

Other websites 
Fernando Pisani's NHL Player Page

1976 births
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
Living people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Sportspeople from Edmonton
American Hockey League players
Tracy Beaker Returns

Tracy Beaker Returns was a British television series for children starring Dani Harmer. It was first broadcast on 8 January 2010, on CBBC and BBC HD. It won the BAFTA award. It was replaced by a new series called The Dumping Ground in 2013.

References

Other websites

BBC Television programmes
Children's television series
BAFTA Award winning programmes
20th century in literature

Literature of the 20th century refers to world literature produced during 1900 through the 1990s. The best-selling works of the 20th century are thought to be Quotations from Chairman Mao (1966, 900 million copies), Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997, 120 million copies), And Then There Were None (1939, 115 million copies) and The Lord of the Rings (1954/55, 100 million copies). The Lord of the Rings was also voted "book of the century" in various surveys. Perry Rhodan (1961 to present) boasts as being the best-selling book series, with an estimated total of 1 billion copies sold.

Literature
Conodont

Conodonts are an extinct class of the phylum Chordata. They are now regarded as vertebrates, though the issue is still a live one.

For many years conodonts were known only from their feeding apparatus, which fossilises well. This is because most of the conodont animal was soft-bodied, so everything but the teeth were not fossilised in normal circumstances.

It was not until early 1980s that the conodont teeth were found with trace fossils of the host organism. It came from the Lower Carboniferous lagerstätte near Edinburgh, Scotland.

Conodont 'elements' 
The 'teeth', called conodont 'elements', are very common in the fossil record, and have been used in biostratigraphy.

They are also used as palaeothermometers. This is because under higher temperatures the phosphate undergoes colour changes, which are measured with the conodont alteration index. This has made them useful for petroleum exploration in rocks dating from the Cambrian to the Upper Triassic.

Description of the animal 
Eleven fossil imprints of conodont animals are known. They depict an eel-like creature with 15 or, more rarely, 19 elements forming a bilaterally symmetrical array in the head. This array was a feeding apparatus different from the jaws of modern animals.  

There are three forms of teeth, coniform cones, ramiform bars, and pectiniform platforms, which may have performed different roles.

The organisms range from a centimeter or so to the giant Promissum, 40 cm in length. It is now widely agreed that conodonts had large eyes, fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and a notochord.

The entire class of Conodonts, or at least what was left of them at the time, were wiped out by the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, which occurred roughly 200 million years ago.

References 

Agnatha
Fossils
Love Like This

"Love Like This" is an R&B song by singer Natasha Bedingfield featuring Sean Kingston. The song was released in North America on October 2, 2007 as part of Pocketful of Sunshine, the second studio album by Natasha Bedingfield which was released in 2008. The song was commercially successful upon its release in the United States and reached into the Top 20 on many musical charts.

Songs by Natasha Bedingfield
2007 songs
Unwritten (song)

"Unwritten" is a 2004 single by singer Natasha Bedingfield, although the song was not released in the United States until 2006. The song is from her debut record, also titled Unwritten. This song hit number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Bedingfield's first top ten hit single in the United States. This single and "Pocketful of Sunshine" are among Bedingfield's most successful singles.

Songs by Natasha Bedingfield
2004 songs
Backlash (2004)

Backlash (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on April 18, 2004 at the Rexall Place in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was the sixth annual Backlash PPV. It was a Raw-only event and was the first Backlash event that was held outside of the United States.

Results

References

Other websites 
Backlash Official Website
Official Backlash PPV History

2004 in professional wrestling
Sport in Edmonton
WWE Backlash
2004 in Canada

es:WWE Backlash#2004
fr:WWE Backlash#2004
ja:WWE・バックラッシュ#第6回大会（2004年）WWE RAW's Backlash 2004
ro:WWE Backlash#2004
ru:Backlash#2004
James River

James River is a 410 miles long river in the state of Virginia in the United States. It is the 12 longest river in the United States that is only in one state. The river starts at the Allegheny Mountains and goes into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Rivers of Virginia
Gucci Mane

Radric Delantic Davis (born February 12, 1980), known professionally as Gucci Mane, is an American rapper and record executive. He is currently signed to 1017 Brick Squad Records.

Gucci Mane has a large tattoo of an ice cream cone tattooed onto his face which he got after he was released from the hospital.

Discography

Studio albums
 2005: Trap House
 2006: Hard to Kill
 2007: Trap-A-Thon
 2007: Back to the Trap House
 2009: Murder Was the Case	
 2009: The State vs. Radric Davis
 2010: The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted
 2011: The Return of Mr. Zone 6
 Trap God
 2015: Trap House 3
 Trap House 4
 Trap House 5: The Last Chapter
 2016: Everybody Looking
 2016: The Return of East Atlanta Santa
 2017: Mr. Davis
 El Gato: The Human Glacier
 2018: Evil Genius

Collaborative albums
 2011: Ferrari Boyz (with Waka Flocka Flame)
 2011: BAYTL (with V-Nasty)
 TBA: Glacier Boyz (with Migos and Lil Yachty)

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Writers from Atlanta, Georgia
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Musicians from Atlanta, Georgia
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Singers from Birmingham, Alabama
African American musicians
Rap musicians from Georgia
African-American rappers
Western Victorian Volcanic Plains

The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains in Victoria, Australia, also known as the Newer Volcanic Province, are the third largest volcanic plains in world. The biggest is the Deccan Plateau in India and the Snake River Plateau in the USA. The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains cover an area of 2.3 million hectares, more than 10% of the state. The basalt plains were formed by volcanoes over the last 6 million years with the most recent eruption being at Mount Napier 7,200 years ago. There are only a few rivers which flow across the plains, these are the Barwon, Hopkins, Leigh, Maribyrnong, Wannon and Werribee Rivers and the Mount Emu Creek. More than 90% of the plains have been cleared for farming.
Over 400 volcano sites have been found on the plains. Near Ballarat the volcanoes are quite close together. The plains have built up over time with many small lava flows. The average depth of the lava is about 60 metres. Many of the features are stand out on the flat plains.

The Indigenous Australians must have seen some of the eruptions as they told stories about rocks and fires coming from some mountains. Stone tools have been found buried in volcanic ash near Warrnambool. Major Thomas Mitchell was the first European to describe the Western Volcanic Plains. He climbed Mount Napier in 1836 and wrote that it looked as if the volcano had been active not that long ago. Early settlers liked the plains as they could easily grow crops in the rich, fertile soil. They used the volcanic stones to build dry stone walls around their farms.

The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains have been quiet for thousands of years. There have been no earthquakes, no hot springs or other signs of activity. It is not known why the volcanos stopped, and some scientists believe that the volcanos on the plains are not extinct, but dormant.

Volcanic features

 Bald Hill, north of Craigieburn
 Blue Mount
 Brocks Monument
 Camel's Hump
 Granville Hill
 Green Hill, near Wallan
 Green Hill near Buninyong
 Green Hill near Pootilla
 Green Hill near Snake Valley
 Hanging Rock
 Happy Valley
 Hardie Hill
 Hayes Hill near Donnybrook
 The Jim Jim
 Lake Bullenmerri
 Lake Keilambete
 Lake Purrumbete
 Lake Terang
 Larundel Hill
 Magnet Hill (45 metres)
 Melbourne Hill (75 metres)
 Mount Aitken
 Mount Blackwood
 Mount Bullengarook
 Mount Buninyong
 Mount Cotterell
 Mount Eccles
 Mount Elephant
 Mount Franklin
 Mount Fraser (120 metres)
 Mount Gisborne (100 metres)
 Mount Hamilton
 Mount Holden (75 metres)
 Mount Kooroocheang
 Mount Koroit (60 metres)
 Mount Lawaluk
 Mount Leura
 Mount Mercer
 Mount Moorookyle
 Mount Napier
 Mount Noorat
 Mount Pisgah
 Mount Porndon (278 metres)
 Mount Rouse
 Mount Rowan (Victoria)
 Mount Shadwell
 Mount Warrenheip
 Mount Widderin
 Organ Pipes
 Pretty Sally Hill
 Red Rock near Alvie
 Red Rock near Gisborne
 Tower Hill
 Wallinduc Hill

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Active volcano

References

Geography of Victoria, Australia
Regions of Australia