cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Benzylpiperazine

Benzylpiperazine, commonly referred to as BZP is an recreational drug. It is also available with trade names such as "A2", "Frenzy" and "Nemesis", It is a stimulant and may cause Euphoria. People believe it works in a way similar to MDMA. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. Side-effects include acute psychosis, problems with the kidneys
Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis and seizures. It does not appear to be very addictive and no deaths have been reported following taking BZP once. There have been at least two deaths  which resulted from the combination of BZP and MDMA. Its sale is banned in a few countries, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand and in parts of Europe. However, its legal status is currently less restrictive in some other countries such as Ireland and Canada. The European Union is currently changing its laws to regulate this substance more.

References 

Drugs
Turkish new lira

The Turkish new lira () is the currency of Turkey and the unrecognised Turkish Northern Republic of Cyprus. The new lira is subdivided into 100 new kurush (yeni kuruş), the equivalent of American Cents or British Pennies. The symbol for the currency is YTL.

In the last few years the Turkish lira stabilised and even rose against the U.S. Dollars and the Euro.

In late December 2003, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a law that allowed for the removal of six zeroes from the currency, and the creation of the new lira. It was introduced on 1 January 2005, replacing the previous lira (which remained valid in circulation until the end of 2005) at a rate of 1 new lira = 1,000,000 old lira.

The official name of the currency is "New Turkish Lira". According to the Central Bank, the word "new" (yeni) is only a "temporary" measure. The "new" was be removed on January 1, 2009. The banknotes have "different shapes and sizes to prevent forgery".

References

Turkish currency
Oedipus

Oedipus is a mythical or fictional king in Greek mythology. He is adopted as a baby. Without knowing who they are, he marries his biological mother, Then they have a baby, But before this, he kills his biological father. The psychologist Sigmund Freud had a theory and he called it the Oedipus complex, after this story.

Oedipus Tyranos, or Oedipus the King, is a well-known tragedy by Sophocles.

Oedipus has 4 children, Antigone, Polynices, Ismene and Eteocles. All of these are by his mother Jocasta. Later, they find out they are related to each other. Jocasta hangs herself and Oedipus rips out his eyes in disgust.

Ancient Greece
Incest in fiction
Mythology
Gundam

Gundam is the collective name for all the different Japanese anime series about giant fighting robots called Mobile Suits. There are many series, movies, comic books and video games based on the Gundam franchise. Gundam started what is called the Real Robot genre of anime, where the robots are more like machines than in Super Robot anime.

Anime
Guildford

Guildford is the county town of Surrey, in England.  It is also the seat for the borough of Guildford.

References

Other websites 

 Guildford Borough Council

Towns in Surrey
County towns in England
Socratic method

The Socratic Method (or Method of Elenchus or Socratic Debate), is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a form of philosophical questioning.

The central technique of the Socratic method is called an elenchus. It means argument to disprove or refute (prove wrong).

Socrates in Plato's dialogues 
Our knowledge of Socrates comes mainly from Plato, who was one of his pupils. No writing by Socrates survives. 

Socrates was famous for not answering questions in a direct manner. "I know that I know nothing", he said. Socrates's stated position (as presented in Plato's dialogues) was that other person already knew the answer to a question. He (S.) only drew out what was already in the other's mind. 

In Plato's early dialogues, the elenchus is the technique Socrates uses to investigate ethical concepts, such as justice or virtue. According to one scholar, it has the following steps:

Socrates' student or partner asserts a thesis, for example "Courage is endurance of the soul". 
Socrates secures his agreement to further premises, for example "Courage is a fine thing" and "Ignorant endurance is not a fine thing".
Socrates then argues, and the partner agrees, that these further premises imply the opposite of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: "courage is not endurance of the soul".
Socrates then claims that he has shown that his partner's thesis is false and that its opposite is true.

The exact nature of the elenchus is subject to a great deal of debate. In particular, whether it is a positive method leading to knowledge, or a negative method used solely to refute false claims to knowledge.

According to W.K.C. Guthrie, the Socratic method was intended to demonstrate one's ignorance. Socrates, unlike the Sophists, did believe that knowledge was possible, but believed that the first step to knowledge was recognition of one's ignorance. Guthrie writes, "[Socrates] was accustomed to say that he did not himself know anything, and that the only way in which he was wiser than other men was that he was conscious of his own ignorance, while they were not. The essence of the Socratic method is to convince the interlocutor that whereas he thought he knew something, in fact he does not".

References 

Human communication
Philosophy
Bill Maher

William "Bill" Maher, Jr., (; born January 20 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, actor,  and author. He hosted the late-night television talk show Politically Incorrect on Comedy Central and ABC, and is currently the host of Real Time with Bill Maher on HBO. The show has been nominated for more than ten Emmy Awards. On June 1, 2006, he also began hosting an Internet-exclusive talk show on Amazon.com entitled Amazon Fishbowl.

In 2013 Maher became the producer of a HBO TV series called Vice.

Views of Bill Maher
Mahrer is a supporter of the pro-animal welfare group, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.  He has said that marijuana should be legal. He feels that more problems are caused by it being illegal than would be caused if it were legal.

Maher has disagreed with many religious beliefs. He says that they can create problems for society. He was the host of the documentary, Religulous that dealt with religion and how it affects society in the United States. Maher is also the creator of the website Disbeliefnet. He has said that morality and religion are not the same thing and that religion is used as a reason to oppose gay rights.

References

Other websites
Official Bill Mahrer website
Real Time with Bill Maher website

Real Time with Bill Maher website
Disbeliefnet 

1956 births
Living people
American stand-up comedians
American political commentators
American television talk show hosts
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York City
Friedrich Hund

Friedrich Hund (4 February 1896  31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. He worked at the Universities of  Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt am Main, Göttingen and was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

He had published more than 250 papers and essays and made contributions to quantum theory about the structure of the atom and the structure of molecular spectra. The Hund's rule was named after him and in 1926 he discovered the later so-called tunneling effect.

His life

Hund worked with well known physicists as Schrödinger, Dirac, Heisenberg,  Max Born, and Walter Bothe. At that time, he was Born's assistant, working with quantum mechanics.

After his studies of mathematics, physics, and geography in Marburg and Göttingen, he worked as a private lecturer in theoretical physics at Göttingen  in 1925, professor at Rostock in 1927, Leipzig in 1929, Jena in 1946, Frankfurt/Main in 1951 and from 1957 again in Göttingen. Additionally he stayed in Copenhagen (1926) with Niels Bohr and lectured on the atom at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1928.

On the occasion of his 100th birthday, the book: Friedrich Hund: Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe [history of physics terms] (Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford), Spektrum, Akademie Verlag 1996,  was published. A review was also written by Werner Kutzelnigg.

Friedrich Hund became an honorary citizen of Jena, and a street in Jena was named after him. Since June 2004, a part of the new building of the Physics Department was given the Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 address. The same name was chosen for the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen.

Hunds cases
The Hund's cases, which are particular regimes in molecular angular momentum coupling, and the Hund's rules, which govern electron configurations, are important in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. In chemistry, the first of Hund's rules is especially important and is often referred to as simply Hund's rule.

References

Other websites 

 curriculum vitae of Friedrich Hund, papers by Friedrich Hund, diploma, honours, medals and decorations, photography, films and cassettes

1896 births
1997 deaths
German academics
German physicists
People from Karlsruhe
Ubuntu Live USB creator

Ubuntu Live USB Creator is an official tool to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from an iso image. The tool is already included in the repositories of Ubuntu 8.10.

Features
Optional persistence (all changes made to the system are saved, unlike a Live CD)
Progress indicator
Does not format the device

Related pages
List of tools to create Live USB systems

Other websites 
Project page at Launchpad
cd2usb - Similar tool (for Microsoft Windows) 

Linux software
Shigella

Shigella is a genus of bacterium. It belongs to a small group of pathogens (including E. coli and Salmonella) that can infect the gut after the ingestion of relatively few organisms. The bacteria can cause sudden and severe diarrhea in humans.

Gram-negative bacteria
Puppet

Puppets are objects used in theatrical performances. They are similar to dolls. They often use strings or other means to make the puppet move and look alive. Some puppets are very simple, but others are more complicated and need skill to use. The person who works the puppet and makes it move is called a puppeteer. The audience cannot usually see this person but some, like a ventriloquist and dummy, are in full view of the audience. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.

Types of puppets 

Finger Puppet: A very simple type of puppet where the puppet is placed on a finger and worked by moving the finger.  

Sock puppet: A sock or similar garment worn as a glove, with the thumb acting as a jaw.  

Hand Puppet: Similar to a finger puppet, but  larger. The puppeteer uses his or her fingers and hand to work the puppet. Punch and Judy are famous glove puppets.

Pop-up puppets: A cone with a rod through and a puppet inside. When the rod is pushed up, the puppet appears.

Paddle Puppet: The puppet is on the end of a paddle. When the puppeteer steps on the paddles back end the other end lifts up, making it seem that the puppet moves by itself.

Jumping Jack: A puppet where the arms and legs of the puppet are joined to a string. When the string is pulled down, the arms and legs go up.

Rod Puppet and Bunraku: The puppet is worked with rods joined to the puppets arms and legs, while another puppeteer moves the head and sometimes the mouth. Bunraku is a special type of Japanese rod puppetry.

Shadow Puppet: Another very simple puppet. A cut out figure on a rod is held in front of a light. Its shadow is projected onto a screen. The puppeteer moves the puppet around, giving it some life. Sometimes coloured paper is used to give a certain amount of colour to the puppet.

Marionette or String Puppet: This puppet is moved around with strings that hang from above the theatre. This is one of the more complex types of puppetry and is hard to master as some marionettes can have up to thirty strings.

Ventriloquist Figure or Dummy: This puppet is one of the few where the audience sees the puppeteer. The puppeteer moves the puppets head arms and mouth with his hands as well as with levers. The performance usually takes the shape of a conversation between the dummy and the puppeteer. The puppeteer speaks normally, then puts on a different voice when the puppet is supposed to be talking. His voice seems to be coming from his stomach (Latin: "venter").  His lips are not moving, but the puppet's lips may move, so it seems as if the puppet is talking.

Ticklebug: A type of Hand Puppet; a person uses their fingers as body parts to look like their hand is an animal. The center finger becomes the animal's head, the first and third fingers become the front legs, and the thumb and last finger are used as back legs.
Lake Toba

Lake Toba is a lake in the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is  long and  wide, and  at its deepest point.

It is in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra with an elevation of about . The lake stretches from  to . It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world.

Related pages 
Toba catastrophe

References 

Geography of Indonesia
Fatimah Jinnah Park

Fatima Jinnah Park, sometimes known as F-9 park (pointing out the fact that the covered area is spread out through the entire sector), is a public recreational park in sector F-9 of Islamabad, Pakistan. The park is one of the largest in area in South-central Asia. It was named after the revered "Madre Millat" (Mother of the Nation) Miss Fatima Jinnah- younger sister of the founder of Pakistan.

Islamabad
Parks in Pakistan
Hazratbal Shrine

The Hazratbal Shrine (Kashmiri: حضرت بل, literally: Majestic Place), is a Muslim shrine in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir.The name of the shrine comes from the Arabic word Hazrat, meaning holy or majestic, and the Kashmiri word bal, meaning place.

The shrine is on the left bank of the Dal Lake, Srinagar and is considered to be Kashmir's holiest Muslim shrine. The Moi-e-Muqqadas (the sacred hair) of Mohammed is believed to be preserved here. The shrine is known by many names including Hazratbal, Assar-e-Sharief, Madinat-us-Sani, or simply Dargah Sharif.

Mosques in India
Srinagar
Jama Masjid, Srinagar

The Jama Masjid is a mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. The Jamia Masjid of Srinagar is at Nowhatta, in the middle of the old city. It was built by Sultan Sikandar shah kashmiri shahmiri in 1394 AD. Later, the son of Sultan Sikandar, Zain-ul-Abidin had the mosque extended. The measurement of the mosque is 381 feet by 384 feet. The attractions of the Jamia Masjid with its unique architecture, majestic courtyard, and 378 wooden Deodar pillars supporting a wooden ceiling with 346 pillars of 21 feet in height and 5 feet in girth, and 32 pillars with 48 feet in height and 6 feet in girth. The masjid has a fountain also measurement of 33 feet by 34 feet which is also used for wadu (ablution)   Thousands of Muslims assemble at the mosque every Friday to offer their prayers. This Jamia Masjid of Kashmir, has seen a number of destructions till date. It got ruined three times in a fire and was reconstructed every time. The last restoration was carried out during the reign of Maharaja Pratap Singh.

Mosques in India
Srinagar
1394 establishments
14th-century establishments in India
Dachigam National Park

Dachigam National Park is a national park in India. It is  from Srinagar, the capital city of Jammu and Kashmir. The park covers an area of . The name of the park means "ten villages".

History
The park has been a protected area since 1910. It was first created to ensure a supply of clean drinking water for the city of Srinagar. It was declared a National Park in 1981.

National parks in India
Hemis National Park

Hemis National Park (or Hemis High Altitude National Park) is a high altitude National Park in the Eastern Ladakh area of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.  It is the only national park in India north of the Himalayas.

The park is home to about 200 snow leopards. Hemis is the only refuge in India with the Shapu. The Tibetan Wolf,the Eurasian Brown Bear, and the Red Fox are also in Hemis.

References

National parks in India
Kishtwar National Park

Kishtwar National Park is a national park in the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, Northern Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan
Salim Ali National Park

Salim Ali National Park (formerly the City Forest National Park) is a national park in Jammu and Kashmir in Asia. It covers 9.07 km² and is located in the proximity of the capital city of Srinagar. The Srinagar airport is 12 km from the park.

National parks in Pakistan
Ulysses (spacecraft)

Ulysses was a spacecraft (or space probe). It was a joint mission by NASA and ESA. The spacecraft was launched on October 6, 1990. Its main aims were to study the Sun and the planet Jupiter.

References

NASA spacecraft
ESA spacecraft
Dual-tone multi-frequency

Dual-tone multi-frequency or DTMF is the group of special sounds a telephone makes when you push the buttons.  Each number button makes a different sound.  Telephone company equipment hears each sound and turns it back into a number.  When all the numbers in a phone number are pushed the telephone company equipment will make the other person's telephone play a loud sound so they can answer their telephone and talk to you. 

Telephones also have a star (*) button and a pound (#) button. These buttons also make different DTMF sounds.  These buttons can be used for other things like 'go' or 'do over'.  But they are not part of the phone number.

A few telephones have the letter buttons A B C and D. They also make different DTMF sounds. 

Pushing the number buttons is called dialing the telephone. When a telephone makes a loud sound for you to answer, it is called ringing.

Telephone
Equilibrioception

Equilibrioception is the sense of balance. This is what prevents a person or animal from falling over while walking or doing other physical activity.

In humans
In humans, equilibrioception is mainly sensed by the detection of acceleration, which occurs in the vestibular system. Other senses play roles as well, e.g. the visual system and proprioception. The importance of visual input for balance is illustrated by its being harder to stand on one foot with eyes closed than with eyes open.

The sense of balance often gets worse as a person ages. After a stroke, it may be improved with the help of special training.

Related pages
 Inner ear
 Calisthenics
 Training
 Yoga
 Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood

References

Sensory system
Health
Fitness
Violence in ice hockey

Violence is often common in the sport of Ice Hockey. Originally a sport played by richer people, when the sport became popular it got more violent. Up until the 1950s deaths were not uncommon in Ice Hockey.

References 

Ice hockey
Gerard K. O'Neill

Gerard Kitchen “Gerry” O’Neill (February 6, 1927–April 27, 1992) was an American scientist. He taught physics at Princeton University. He invented a machine for holding subatomic particles. He also invented the mass driver, a machine used to launch things into outer space. He wrote about building cities in space.
His space station design is known as the O’Neill cylinder. He started the Space Studies Institute (SSI). SSI is a group focused on learning about space manufacturing and colonization.

In 1954 O'Neill finished school at Cornell University. Then he began his work on particle physics at Princeton.
Two years later he wrote about a device to hold very fast moving subatomic particles. In 1965 he used his device to shoot two beams of particles at each other for the first time. This experiment was done at Stanford University. Scientists used the experiment to discover the size of the electron.

While he was teaching, O’Neill became excited about humans living in outer space. He wrote about the O’Neill cylinder in “The Colonization of Space”. This was his first paper about people living in space. He met with other scientists at Princeton in 1975. There he talked with them about manufacturing in outer space. O’Neill built his first mass driver with help from scientist Henry Kolm in 1976. Mass drivers were part of his plan to mine the Moon and asteroids. His book The High Frontier won an award and got people excited about outer space. He died in 1992 after a seven year fight against leukemia.

Books

References 
 

1927 births
1992 deaths
American physicists
Cornell University alumni
Scientists from New York City
Rosary

The Rosary is a Catholic form of prayer using beads.  It is a cycle of repeated formal prayers, such as the Lord's Prayer and the Hail Mary, done while thinking about important events in the lives of Jesus and Mary.  This is called "saying the Rosary" or "praying the Rosary." A rosary can also be the series of joined beads that a person holds while saying these prayers.

The Church has always recognized the efficacy of this devotion John Paul II said “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer. Pope John Paul II, Rosarium virginis Mariae, 16 October 2002, Libreria Editrice Vaticana

Prayer is for every person to obtain graces and consolations for oneself or for others, for the diffusion of good actions in the world, for the solution of international conflicts, for conversion and spiritual growth. Prayer, in the room of your home or into the church, at any time of the day,  is a moment of peace and serenity that distracts from the worries of the day and it is a moment of communication with Divine Mercy through the most beautiful prayers. The graces result from the experience not only of saints and religious but also of ordinary people who have left public witness of the graces received requested to the Virgin Mary.

A person who says a Rosary usually thinks about certain events from the Bible.  Each day has a traditional list of these events, called "Mysteries of the Rosary."

Related pages
 The Lord's Prayer
 The Hail Mary
 Roman Catholicism

References

Roman Catholicism
Kazakh language

Kazakh is a Turkic language that is spoken in Kazakhstan, a country in central Asia. It, along with Russian, is one of Kazakhstan's official languages.

History
The Kazakh language had been written in the Cyrillic alphabet since the Russian Empire started to occupy that country in the 19th century. In 1917, people began to use the Arabic alphabet, but the Russians were not able to make them use Cyrillic.

After World War I, the Turkic countries started to use the Latin alphabet, led by Kemal Atatürk of Turkey. Because of this, from 1927 to 1939, Kazakhstan, then part of the Soviet Union, changed from the Arabic to the Latin alphabet. But Stalin made a law in 1940 that all the countries that were part of the Soviet Union had to use Cyrillic, in order to bring Kazakhstan and the rest of the countries in Central Asia in line with the Russian style.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly-independent Republic of Kazakhstan allowed the old Latin alphabet to be used, but continued to use Cyrillic as the main alphabet. In 2006, president Nursultan Nazarbayev started a project to introduce a standard form of the Latin alphabet as the official script of his country. A version of the new Latin alphabet, which used apostrophes for certain sounds, was created in April 2017, but was replaced with another one in February 2018 which instead uses diacritics on certain letters. If all goes as planned, the Cyrillic alphabet will be fully replaced with Latin by 2025.

Kazakh letters 

The proposed Kazakh Latin alphabet has 38 letters:

Sources

Other websites

Website of the government of Kazakhstan 

Languages of Asia
Dunfermline Athletic F.C.

Dunfermline Athletic Football Club are a Scottish football team based in Dunfermline, Fife, commonly known as just Dunfermline. They play at East End Park and are nicknamed The Pars.

They are currently managed by Allan Johnston who was given the job on a permanent basis in May 2015.

References

Scottish football clubs
1885 establishments in the United Kingdom
1880s establishments in Scotland
Greenock Morton F.C.

Greenock Morton Football Club are a football team, who currently play in the Ladbrokes sponsored Scottish Championship. The club was founded as Morton Football Club in 1874, making it one of the oldest senior Scottish clubs.

Greenock Morton are popularly known as "The Pride of the Clyde" - a tradition which pre-dates the club's renaming in 1994 to celebrate the links with its home town of Greenock. The club has a traditional local rivalry with St Mirren F.C.

Name 
 1874-1994 Morton F.C.
 1994-present Greenock Morton F.C.

References 

Scottish football clubs
1874 establishments in Scotland
Livingston F.C.

Livingston Football Club is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian. They currently play in the Scottish Premiership.

Name
1943-1974 Ferranti Thistle
1974-1995 Meadowbank Thistle
1995-present Livingston

Managers
 Jim Leishman (1995–1997)
 Ray Stewart (1997–2000)
 Jim Leishman (2000–2003)
 Marcio Maximo Barcellos (2003)
 David Hay (2003–2004)
 Allan Preston (2004)
 Richard Gough (2004–2005)
 Paul Lambert (2005–2006)
 Alec Cleland (Caretaker, 2006)
 John Robertson (2006–2007)
 Dave Bowman (Caretaker, 2007)
 Mark Proctor (2007–2008)
 Roberto Landi (2008–)

Famous players
  Neil Alexander
  Rab Douglas
  David Bingham
  John Robertson
  Marvin Andrews
  David Fernández
  Javier Sánchez Broto
  Stuart Lovell
  Quino
  Oscar Rubio
  Davide Xausa
  Jamie McAllister
  David McNamee
  Hassan Kachloul
  Paul Dalglish
  Paul Lambert
  Guillermo Amor
  Rolando Zarate

Current squad 
As of August 26, 2008

Scottish football clubs
1943 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Scotland
Queen of the South F.C.

Queen of the South Football Club is a Scottish professional football club founded in 1919. It is in Dumfries in southwest Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish First Division.

Officially nicknamed The Doonhamers, but usually referred to as Queens and sometimes as QoS (as also listed on the club badge), they have played their entire existence based at Palmerston Park on Terregles Street. 

The club has won national honours, namely the 1950-51 B Division, the 2001-02  Scottish Second Division and the 2002-03 Scottish Challenge Cup. While Queens topped Scotland's top division until Christmas in season 1953-54 their highest-ever finish in the Scottish top flight was fourth in 1933-34. Their longest cup run was in the 2007-08 Scottish Cup, in which they reached the final and finished runners up.

The club is currently managed by Gordon Chisholm.

Sources

Scottish football clubs
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Ross County F.C.

Ross County F.C. are a Scottish professional football team who currently play in the Scottish Football League. They play their home matches at Victoria Park in the Highland town of Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty. 

Their manager, up until October 2005, was former Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Heart of Midlothian manager John Robertson. He left the club on the 24 October 2005, due to differences of opinion on a number of fundamental issues with the chairman. Gardner Spiers, a former Aberdeen coach, was appointed caretaker manager, but he too left in April 2006 after being told he would not be considered for appointment on a permanent basis. Director of Football George Adams took temporary charge before former Motherwell player Scott Leitch was appointed on 18 April 2006. Leitch, after winning the Challenge Cup but suffering relegation, stood down at the end of the 2006-2007 season, almost exactly one year after his appointment. Former Partick Thistle manager Dick Campbell was announced as his replacement in May 2007. However, after a good run of results to start their Division 2 campaign, Campbell and the Ross County board decided to part company on 2 October 2007. Derek Adams (son of George Adams) took over as caretaker, and was confirmed as permanent manager a month later, after the side's good form continued.

References 

Scottish Premier League clubs
1929 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Scotland
Irn-Bru

Irn-Bru is a carbonated drink made by Barrs in Scotland, United Kingdom. It was invented in Glasgow in 1901. It is a bright orange colour, and is nicknamed "Scotland's other national drink" – a reference to whisky.

Recipe 
The recipe remains a secret today, with competing drinks trying to make their own copy of Irn-Bru, with little success.

One notable advertising slogan was "Made in Scotland from Girders". Although not made from girders, Irn-Bru does actually contain iron: it has an ammonium ferric citrate content of 0.002%.

In 1999, Irn Bru was included in the book Oxford Companion to Food along with caviar, quail and smoked salmon as one of the world's great foods. The drink's inclusion was because it is "important for its symbolic value as well as its refreshing qualities".

Sponsorship 

Irn-Bru is a sponsor of the Scottish Football League. It currently sponsors the Scottish First Division, Scottish Second Division and the Scottish Third Division.

References 

Soft drinks
Scottish Football League First Division

The  Irn-Bru Scottish Football League First Division (or Scottish First Division) is a professional football competition in Scotland. It is found on the second level of the Scottish football system, below the Scottish Premier League. It is the top level of the Scottish Football League.

Promotion and relegation
The club who wins the Scottish First Division is promoted to the Scottish Premier League (SPL), if they meet stadium criteria. They must have at least 6,000 seats in their stadium. The team who finishes last in the SPL is relegated to the Scottish First Division.

The bottom club in the First Division is relegated to the Second Division. While the second bottom club goes to a play-off with the second, third and fourth placed clubs from the Second Division.

The teams play each other four times with three points for a victory and one point each for a drawn game.

Sponsorship
On July 20, 2007, it was announced that the Scottish Football League would be sponsored by Scottish soft drink company Irn-Bru for the next three seasons.

Teams
The following is a list of the managers for the 2011–12 season in the Scottish First Division.
Airdrie
Cowdenbeath
Dumbarton
Dunfermline Athletic
Falkirk
Greenock Morton
Hamilton Academical
Livingston
Partick Thistle
Raith Rovers

Related pages
Scottish Premier League
Scottish Football League Second Division
Scottish Football League Third Division

Scottish Football League
1890 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in Scotland
Rain gauge

A rain gauge is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to measure  liquid precipitation (rain) in a certain amount of time. It is usually measured in millimetres and inches. Rain gauge is a meteorological instrument for determining the depth of precipitation (usually in mm) that occurs over a unit area (usually one metre square) and thus measuring rainfall amount. One millimetre of measured precipitation is the equivalent to one litre of rainfall per metre square. 

Usually a tapering funnel of copper or polyester of standard dimension allows the rain water to collect in an enclosed bottle or cylinder for subsequent measurement. The gauge is set in open ground with the funnel rim up to 30 cm above the ground surface. Some gauges are calibrated to allow the amount of rainfall to be read directly; with others it must be calculated from the depth of water in the container and the dimensions of the funnel.

The second type of rain gauge is the autographic gauge which can be either of the tilting-siphon type or the tipping-bucket type. The recording chart on an autographic rain gauge is mounted on a drum which is driven by clockwork and typically rotates round a vertical axis once per day. For a tilting-siphon rain gauge, the rainwater in a collector displaces a float so that a marking pen attached to the float makes a continuous trace on the paper. The two buckets in a tipping-bucket rain gauge rest on a pivot so that when one bucket has received 0.2 (or 0.5 mm) of rain it tips by gravity, empties the rainwater and allows the other bucket to start collection. During the tip, an electrical switch is closed and triggers a nearby autographic recorder to register each 'tilt', thus giving a fairly continuous record of precipitation and, in a more sophisticated form, even rainfall intensity. Rain gauges must be sited in as representative a location as possible, but the choice of location is difficult, since many precipitation events are highly aggregate. King Sejong the Great was the man who introduced rain gauge to the world. There are advantages and disadvantages of this instrument.

Measuring tools
Zürich S-Bahn

Zürich S-Bahn (German S-Bahn Zürich) is a suburban rail system that links Zürich to its metropolitan area. The system started in 1990, when it was the first suburban rail system to begin operating in Switzerland.

Mid 2008, there were 380 kilometres of railway track, 171 stations and 28 lines. In 2007, about 355’653 passengers used the system every day.

Each line generally has two trains an hour. 

Since 2002, there are also 7 lines that run at night during weekends, in the nights Friday-Saturday, and Saturday-Sunday. Usually, there is one train per hour. Some lines only have one train every two hours. There are also some bus lines. Usually, traveling with these night lines requires an extra fare, which has to be bought in addition to the normal ticket.

Between 75 and 80 million people use the system every year. About 70% of the people living in the area use the system. Plans include gradually introducing 4 trains per hour on most lines, and to extend the offer to 4 trains per hour between Zürich and Winterthur during the whole day, and not just during rush hour. A new tunnel was built in Zürich main station. This tunnel allows a direct connection from Zürich main station to Oerlikon and the airport, without a change of direction.

References 

Rapid transit systems
Zürich
Transport in Switzerland
Thousand Foot Krutch

Thousand Foot Krutch is a Canadian Christian hard rock band who formed in 1997.

They have released a number of albums, (including 2 remix albums)the latest being Exhale, sequel to Oxygen: Inhale.

While TFK had rap influences, obvious with Trevors vocals in earlier TFK albums, "The Flame In All Of Us" and "Welcome To the Masquerade" have moved away from that, and used a more rock based sound. But "The End Is Where We Begin" returns to the band's Rap roots.

While "The Last Song" from "The Flame In All Of Us", has been thought by some to be an outro from the band, TFK still continues touring, and Trevor has said that they were very tired and it's only a sarcastic "Here it all is: love it or hate it".

Touring 

The band is known for a lot of touring. They usually do 200 concerts in a year.

Spring 2008 (march to may) is when TFK went on the comatose Tour (see Concert) and performed in over 30 cities. They have toured with bands such as skillet.

About the band 

The name Thousand Foot Krutch came from the belief that God is a crutch you can lean on, even if your problems pile a thousand feet high. What they mean is, you can ask God for help even if you have very serious or many problems in your life.

They have gone through certain line-up changes. For example, Steve Augustine has not always been a part of the band, and Christian Harvey was their original drummer.

Studio albums

 That's What People Do - 1997
 Set it Off - 2001
 Phenomenon - 2003
 The Art of Breaking - 2005
 The Flame in All of Us - 2007
 Welcome To The Masquerade - 2009
 The End Is Where We Begin - 2012
 Made In Canada: The 1998-2010 Collection - 2013
 Oxygen: Inhale - 2014
Exhale - 2016

References

2000s music groups
1990s music groups
Christian music bands
Canadian rock bands
Nu metal bands
Rosh Hashanah

Rosh Hashanah (, literally "head of the year," Biblical: , Israeli: , Yiddish: ) is a Jewish holiday commonly referred to as the "Jewish New Year."  It is observed on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The festival lasts for two days.

Rosh Hashanah is the first of the High Holidays or Yamim Noraim (), or Asseret Yemei Teshuva (The Ten Days of Repentance) which are days specifically set aside to focus on repentance that conclude with the holiday of Yom Kippur. The story of Rosh Hashanah is about Abraham and his belief in God when he was told to sacrifice his son.

It is customary to send "A Good and Happy Year" greetings on Rosh Hashanah to friends and family.

Years 
Jewish year and Gregorian year:
 5778 = 2017-2018
 5779 = 2018-2019
 5780 = 2019-2020
 5781 = 2020-2021
 5782 = 2021-2022

References

Jewish festivals and holidays
Mass noun

In linguistics, a mass noun is a common noun that refers to an amount, not an item or unit. Common mass nouns are water, chocolate, meat, time, and space. Mass nouns are always singular and uncountable. The set of uncountable nouns and mass nouns is not identical. There are uncountable nouns, such as scissors which refer to an item, are plural, and are not mass nouns.

In some languages like English, mass nouns have different grammar than countable nouns. Their requirements for determiners, for example differ. Other languages, such as Japanese, do not treat mass nouns in any special way.

Grammar
Dianthus

Dianthus is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, found mainly in Europe and Asia, with a few species found south to north Africa, and one species (D. repens) in Arctic North America. Common names include carnation (D. caryophyllus), pink (D. plumarius and related species) and sweet william (D. barbatus). The name Dianthus is from the Greek words dios ("god") and anthos ("flower"), and was mentioned by the Greek botanist Theophrastus.

Selected species

Caryophyllaceae
American Dream

The American Dream is the hope that in the United States of America, anyone can become successful if they work hard and try their very best.

Immigration 
Many migrants, people who come to America from other countries, come to America because they hope for a better life. America is attractive to migrants, because often there is more freedom to become rich or famous than the country that they leave. The standard icon of the American Dream is the Statue of Liberty.

To Live Freely 
American Dream also meant to live freely and equally with all other people in the United States. 

The American Dream is also a main theme in the book by John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men. The two friends George and Lennie dream of their own piece of land with a ranch, so they can "live off the fatta the lan'" and just enjoy a better life. 

But the symbolism shows this is futile due to the fact that it will never happen, and Lennie ends up being shot in the back of the head as a mercy killing, like Candy's dog. This shows that not everyone can achieve the American dream, thus proving by contradiction it is not possible.

The Great Gatsby 
Although it is possible to achieve the American dream for few. A lot of people follow the American dream to achieve a greater chance of becoming rich. This was easier in the 1900s and now it is really hard to achieve the American dream because of all the competition and hard work required to achieve this dream. This is also shown in The Great Gatsby.

References 

Dream
Jason Upton

Jason Upton (born December 15, 1973) is an independent Christian worship leader and musician. He has a large underground following. 

He has released 12 albums since the year 2000:
Key of David (2000)
Faith (2001)
Jacob's Dream (2002)
Dying Star (2002)
Remember (2003)
Trusting the Angels (2004)
Great River Road (2005)
Open Up the Earth (2005)
Beautiful People (2007)
Between Earth and Sky (2007)
1200 FT Below Sea Level (2008)
On the Rim of the Visible World (2009) w/ the Good Land Band

1973 births
Living people
Singers from Minneapolis, Minnesota
American singer-songwriters
Christian music singers
Richard Dean Anderson

Richard Dean Anderson (born January 23, 1950, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American television actor. He is best known for his role as the title character in the television series MacGyver, and for his role as Jack O'Neill in the television series Stargate SG-1.

References

Other websites

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Minneapolis, Minnesota
Ohio University alumni
Michael Shanks

Michael Garrett Shanks (born December 15, 1970, Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actor, writer and director. He became famous for his role as Dr. Daniel Jackson on the television series Stargate SG-1. He also provided the voice of the character Thor for this show. He is a film and television actor.

Other websites
 Michael Shanks Online - The Official Michael Shanks Website

 Michael Shanks TV Guide Blog 

1970 births
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Living people
People from Vancouver
Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium leprae is a bacteria. It causes the disease, leprosy, also known as Hanson's Disease. The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by a Norwegian doctor named Gerhard Armauer Hansen. M. leprae is a gram-positive, aerobic rod surrounded by the characteristic waxy coating unique to Mycobacteria. In size and shape, it closes resembles  M. tuberculosis. Due to its thick, waxy coating, stains with carbol-fuchsin are used, rather than with the traditional Gram staining method.

Gram-positive bacteria
Smells Like Teen Spirit

"Smells Like Teen Spirit" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana, from their second album Nevermind. It is their most famous song, and one of the most famous songs ever. Many people thought the song represented the ideas of the people in Generation X (people born in the United States between 1965 and 1980.)

Writing the song 
The song was written by all three members of Nirvana. It was written to sound like a song that the Pixies (a band that Kurt Cobain enjoyed) wrote. It was originally a much faster song than the final version was. The title "Smells Like Teen Spirit" came from when Cobain's friend Kathleen Hanna spray painted "Kurt Smells Like Teen Spirit" on his wall. "Teen Spirit" was the name of the deodorant that Cobain's girlfriend Tobi Vail wore. But Cobain thought it was a symbol for a "revolutionary" song or a "punk rock anthem."

People's opinions of the song 
Smells Like Teen Spirit was released in 1991. It was the first single from Nevermind. Nirvana expected the song to not become very famous. They expected the next single, "Come as You Are", to be their big hit. However, radio stations in Seattle played Smells Like Teen Spirit, and it became a hit. Come as You Are was not as popular.

Many people who listened to the song were not able to understand what Kurt Cobain was singing. This was because he mumbled throughout the song, and the lyrics did not make sense to them. Because of this, "Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of the song called "Smells Like Nirvana".

1991 songs
Nirvana songs
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis was first described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. The bacterium was first called the "tubercle bacillus", and is now also known as Koch's bacillus. This disease is spread by the air and from getting coughed or sneezed on by an infected patient.

Tuberculosis used to kill over half the people who were infected. The bacterium was almost wiped out by antibiotics, but is now a threat again because strains have appeared which are resistant to all the usual antibiotics.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Billabong (clothing)

Billabong is an Australian brand of surf clothing which is popular with young people, in particular the Australian surf community, however, more recently of the skating, and other sporting communities.

History 
Billabong started in the Gold Coast in 1973 when surfing culture in Australia was popular. Surfers Gordon and Rena Merchant wanted to create board shorts that were strong enough to withstand the weather conditions of surfing. The name Billabong comes from the Wiradjuri word 'bilaban', which means a creek that runs during the rainy season. 

Billabong is known for their brand mottos "Life's better in boardshorts" and "A bikini kinda life".

References

Companies of Australia
Clothing companies
Type 23 frigate

The type 23 frigate or "Duke" class frigate is a warship operated by the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom and by the Chilean Navy of Chile.

British warships
Military of Chile
Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws is the name for three (historically: two laws) that were set into practice in Germany in 1935, and that were valid until 1945. They are named after the city of Nuremberg where the legislative assembly met.

They were:
 Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre (Often called Blutschutzgesetz, law concerning the protection of German blood and honour). This law made it illegal for Jews to marry non-Jews. It also made it illegal for these people to have sex with each other. The law provided for long prison terms for men who did not obey it. Women could go away without prison term (if they told about it). This law also forbade Jews to show the national flag, and guaranteed their right to show Jewish symbols.
 Reich Citizenship Law : This law basically said that only people of German or closely-related blood could become citizens - in other words: Jews (and some others) could not. All Jews employed by the government had to quit their job. They also lost their right to vote and to be in the army.
 Reichsflaggengesetz Strictly speaking this flag law is not one of the Nuremberg Laws, but it was published with the others. It made the swastika the official flag of Germany.
On the 14th of November 1935, the Nuremberg laws were expanded prohibiting Roma (Gypsies), Blacks or any of their offspring from engaging in marriage or sexual relations with 'Those of German or German related blood'.History of Germany
Legislation
Thrice

Thrice is an American experimental rock band formed in 1998. They are always changing their sound from different albums. The four members in Thrice are the same four people as when they started 10 years ago.

In 2004, the band released a DVD about the band. In the DVD, it talks about the members. They talk about experiences with touring and being in the band. They also talk about their ideas about the future direction of the music.

Dustin Kensrue, the lead singer for the band, released a solo album in 2007.

Most recently, Thrice have released a four disc album titled The Alchemy Index (volumes Earth, Fire, Water and Air). At the end of each disc, there is a song written in a similar poem style. The  last line in that song is always sung in the same way.

Albums
 First Impressions (1999)
 Identity Crisis (2001)
 The Illusion of Safety (2002)
 The Artist in the Ambulance (2003)
 Vheissu (2005)
 The Alchemy Index, volumes: Fire and Water (2007)
 The Alchemy Index, volumes: Earth and Air (2008)

References

American rock bands
Musical groups from California
Irvine, California
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California
Sidewalk

Pavement redirects here. For the American rock band, see Pavement (band).

A sidewalk is a path for pedestrians that runs along the side of a road. It is called a sidewalk in American English, but can also be called a pavement (mainly British English and  South African English), a footpath (Australian English, Irish English, Indian English and New Zealand English) or footway (Engineering term).

Pedestrians use sidewalks to keep them safe from vehicles on the road. Sidewalks can be made of bricks or from tarmac.

Transport infrastructure