cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Free radical

A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron. The molecule is reactive and seeks another electron to pair. Free radicals are involved in the mechanisms of damage associated with disease development. Examples are hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. 

A radical is an atom or group of an (?) which possesses electric charge. There are two types of radicals: Cation and anion. Cation are positively charged while anion are negatively charged. Examples of cation are Calcium (Ca2+), Potassium (K+), Hydrogen (H+). Examples of anion are Iodide (I-), Chlorine (Cl-) and Hydroxide (OH-).  

The need for antioxidants in peoples’ daily life is becoming more critical with increased exposure to free radicals. Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness and stress can increase our exposure.

References 

Chemistry
Dracunculus

Dracunculus is a genus of plants in the family Araceae. They have a large purple spathe and spadix, and a foul smell.

There are only three species of  Dracunculus. Dracunculus vulgaris grows in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. Dracunculus canariensis grows in Canary Islands and Madeira.<ref>Bricknell, Christopher (ed) 1996. The RHS encyclopedia of garden plants. Dorling Kindersly, London. p379 </ref>

All of these plants are herbs with tubers. The individual flowers flowers are tiny: they are gathered in an inflorescence.

Common names for this plant are Snake Lily, Dragon Arum, Black Dragon, Voodoo Lily, Ragons, Black Arum, Dragonwort and Stink Lily.Dracunculus vulgaris'' is cultivated as a garden plant.

References

Other websites 

 ITIS: Dracunculus
 NCBI: Dracunculus

Araceae
Poughkeepsie Bridge

The Poughkeepsie Bridge (sometimes known as the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge or the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge) is a cantilever bridge over the Hudson River. It goes from Poughkeepsie, New York on the east side to Highland, New York on the west side. It was built for trains and was completed on January 1, 1889. It closed down on May 8, 1974 after a bad fire. It became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. On October 3, 2009, the bridge was opened to the public as a pedestrian bridge and New York State Park. It is now known as the Walkway Over the Hudson. It cost $39 million to improve it.

References

Bridges in New York
Hudson River
Steel bridges
Cantilever bridges
Poughkeepsie, New York
1889 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
1974 disestablishments in the United States
1970s disestablishments in New York (state)
2009 establishments in New York (state)
Shehnai

A Shehnai  is a South Asian music instrument which is normally played at marriages and other ceremonies, rites and rituals. The word itself is of Turkish origin, combining 'Sheh' (or 'Shah') 'Royal' and '-Nai' or 'Ney', a type of Flute. A version of the Shehnai, the Surnai, is also played in the Northern and North-western areas of India and Pakistan, in particular at traditional Polo matches.

Also referred as Nadasvaram in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is usually made of wood and it has to be blown like a flute to play it. 

Ustaad Bismillah Khan is considered as the maestro of Shehnai.

References

Flutes
Verne Troyer

Verne Jay Troyer (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) was an American actor, director, stuntman, voice artist, and comedian. He was  tall. He was best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers movies. Troyer also guest-hosted WWE Raw on November 30, 2009.

On April 21, 2018, Troyer died in Los Angeles, California while being hospitalized with alcoholism complications and a failed suicide attempt. His manner of death was ruled as suicide. His cause of death was alcohol poisoning.

References

Other websites

 Verne Troyer's Official website 

1969 births
2018 deaths
Drug-related suicides in the United States
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Michigan
Participants in American reality television series
People with dwarfism
Brandon Barnes

Brandon Barnes (born October 10, 1972) is an American musician and producer from Denver, Colorado. He is best known as the drummer and co-composer for the hardcore punk band, Rise Against. Brandon Barnes currently lives with his wife, son and daughter in Colorado.

Biography
Brandon studied music in college and played drums in the University of Colorado music program. He knew then he wanted to make music his career. By listening to his favorite drummers such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Terry Bozzio, Peter Erskin, and Dave Lombardo, Brandon got the style of playing he has used in many bands over the last 10 years.
Brandon joined Rise Against in 2000 after the breakup of "Pinhead Circus" and was on the 2001 release and tour of The Unraveling. Since then, Brandon Barnes is continuing to play in Rise Against and has made drum tracks for all six of their albums.

Discography

Pinhead Circus
Everything Else Is Just a Far Gone Conclusion (1999)

Rise Against
The Unraveling (2001)
Revolutions Per Minute (2003)
Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004)
The Sufferer & the Witness (2006)
This Is Noise (2007)
Appeal to Reason (2008)
Endgame (2011)

References

1972 births
Living people
Rise Against
Musicians from Colorado
American punk musicians
American rock musicians
American drummers
Newgrounds

Newgrounds is an American website hosted in Glenside, Pennsylvania, United States. Created in 1995, the site has Adobe Flash animations and games, but also features a music and art portal. The site was started and is owned by Tom Fulp. Newgrounds is different from most other Flash websites by its automated submission and rating system. It was the first website in history to produce a fully automated user-made content system.

References

Related pages
Adobe Flash

Websites
Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin, usually just called the Kremlin, is a fortress in the center of Moscow, where most of the Russian government works.  It is where the President of Russia lives. It is on the left bank of the Moskva River and southwest of Red Square.

The Kremlin and Red Square are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Buildings and structures in Moscow
Castles
World Heritage Sites in Russia
Samson (disambiguation)

Samson is a person from the Bible known for his strength.

Samson may also refer to:

Music
'''Samson (band), a British rock band formed in 1977
Comune

The  (; plural:  ) is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.
Pavlova (food)

Pavlova is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. It is  a cake with a crispy crust and soft, light inside. 

People believe the dessert was made to celebrate one of the dancer's tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The two countries have argued for a long time over where it was created.

The dessert is very popular in both countries and often eaten on special occasions. It is usually served with cream and fruit.

History
Research shows that the pavlova was first made in New Zealand. Keith Money wrote that a New Zealand chef in a hotel in Wellington, New Zealand, created the dish when Pavlova visited as part of her world tour in 1926.

Professor Helen Leach, who studies the history of food at the University of Otago in New Zealand, collected 667 pavlova recipes.  Her book, The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History, says that the first Australian pavlova recipe  was made in 1935, and the recipe in the rural magazine NZ Dairy Exporter Annual was made in 1929. 

The Australian website "Australian Flavour" gives an even earlier date, 1926, when Home Cookery for New Zealand by E Futter had a recipe for “Meringue with Fruit Filling.” The recipe was almost the same as a pavlova.

References

Desserts
Ice cream
Meringue

A meringue () is a type of dessert made from whipping egg whites and sugar. Some meringue recipes also ask for cream of tartar or cornstarch to hold it together. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla and a small amount of almond or coconut extract. They are light, airy and sweet.

History 

People do not agree whether meringue was invented in the Swiss town of Meiringen by an Italian chef named Gasparini. They are more sure that the name meringue was first seen in 1692, in a cookbook by François Massialot. The word meringue was first used in English in 1706 in an English translation of Massialot's book. There are two English recipe books that have a recipe for meringue, but it is called "white biskit bread" in the book of recipes started in 1604 by Lady Elinor Fettiplace, or called "pets" in the manuscript of collected recipes written by Lady Rachel Fane.

Type of meringue 
There are many types of meringue. The usual type is dry and crisp.

One type is the half-cooked type on queen of puddings, key lime pie, and lemon meringue pie. There are also uncooked meringues, and other types of meringues cooked in different ways.

Cooked meringue cannot be refrigerated or it will become soggy. They will keep for at least a week if stored in an airtight container.

Meringue is also used as a topping on other desserts, such as angel food cake, pavlova, and baked Alaska.

Notes

Desserts
French food
Egg dishes
Faggot (slang)

Faggot (or fag) is a derogatory term for a homosexual human. It is usually used to refer to gay men, but may also be used for lesbian women. Many people, especially homosexuals, see it as hate speech. Typically, they prefer the term gay, or sometimes queer; queer having been reclamed by the LGBTQ+ community despite the term's pre-existing negative connotation.

Younger generations (including by LGBT people) often use the term "gay", "fag" and "faggot" as an insult towards people that annoy them without actually linking the word to homosexuals.

References

LGBT
Pejoratives
English profanity
Gay slang
Homophobia
Slurs
Zach Blair

Zach Blair (born December 26, 1974) is the lead guitarist and co-composer for Chicago-based hardcore punk band Rise Against. Before joining Rise Against in early 2007, Blair was a member of hardcore punk group called Only Crime along with his brother, Doni Blair who currently plays with the Toadies. He has also been a 2nd touring guitarist for The Loved Ones and was the 2nd guitarist on the instrumental band "The Mag Seven's" album "The Future Is Ours, If You Can Count".

Blair is a vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with the other members of Rise Against. Their newest release, Appeal to Reason is Rise Againsts' first album with Blair.

References 

Rise Against
American guitarists
American composers
Musicians from Texas
American punk musicians
American heavy metal musicians
Living people
1974 births
Sawfly

A sawfly is an insect belonging to suborder Symphyta of the order Hymenoptera. The sawflies are a group of largely plant-eating (herbivorous) insects. The group is less specialised than the ants, bees and wasps.

Sawflies differ from most other Hymenoptera by their broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax, and by their caterpillar-like larvae. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. Large populations of certain sawfly species may cause  economic damage to forests and cultivated plants. 

As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine superfamilies (one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which Tenthredinidae is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.

Xyelidae 
The Xyelidae is a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 living species in five genera, with an extensive fossil record. They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, some 200 million years ago. 

Most species occur in the Northern hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species. Most are associated with conifers (esp. Pinus and Abies), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.

References 

Hymenoptera
Catarina Pereira

Catarina Pereira (born June 13, 1990) is a Portuguese singer and actress. She competed with her song, "Canta por mim" (Sing for me), for the chance to sing for Portugal at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. She had the lead role in the Portuguese production of "High School Musical".

Recordings
 On the album The Best of the World (iplay), Catarina Pereira and Filipa Azevedo sang "Carousel Paper."
 From the soundtrack album for Love Spell (BSO) (Lighthouse Music), Catarina Pereira sang "Mais que Perfeito"
 On the album Feelings (BSO) (Lighthouse Music) Catarina Pereira sang "Believe Me".

1990 births
Living people
Portuguese singers
Actors
Captain Planet and the Planeteers

Captain Planet and the Planeteers is an American animated environmentalist television program, based on an idea by Ted Turner and produced by Andy Heyward, Robby London, Barbara Pyle and Nicholas Boxer. The series was developed and co-produced by Turner Program Services along with the partnership of DiC Entertainment and ran new episodes from September 10, 1990 until December 5, 1992. A second series, The New Adventures of Captain Planet, ran for three seasons and was produced by Turner Broadcasting and then-corporate sibling Hanna-Barbera Productions. Both programs continue today in syndication.

Related pages
Captain Planet

Animated television series
1990 television series debuts
1992 television series endings
English-language television programs
Protectionism

Protectionism means that a country has laws or other rules that make it easier for their own products and brands to sell by making goods from foreign countries more expensive or harder to get.

The idea of protectionism is to stop imports (when people buy goods from other countries instead of from their own). Mercantilism is one kind of protectionism.

For example, if farmers from Argentina are selling wheat at a lower price than French farmers are, French people would buy more wheat from Argentine farmers than from French farmers, and French farmers would not get so much money.

The benefits to protectionism is that some people in a country would make more money because they would be able to sell things at higher prices, but on the other hand, other people would lose money because they wouldn't be able to buy the things from other countries that sell them cheaper.

Many protectionists (people who believe in protectionism) support big tariffs (taxes on a trade involving a foreign country) because the government can get a lot of money from the tariffs.

When a country raises a tariff on another country, usually the other country raises their tariffs on that country to get even.  This is called a trade war.

Tariffs were popular in the United States during the 1800s, but when the United States made the Hawley-Smoot Tariff a law in 1930, it raised tariffs very high on Europe.  In response, Europe raised its tariffs on the United States, which resulted in a trade war.  Many economists and historians believe that the tariffs made the Great Depression worse.

Protectionism is no longer popular now.  Instead, people support free trade (the opposite of protectionism where the government makes it easier for the country to trade with other countries).

Related pages 
 Developmentalism

Other websites 
 What is protectionism? at wisegeek.com

Economic history
Led Zeppelin (album)

Led Zeppelin is the first album from English rock band Led Zeppelin, released on 12 January 1969. The album was recorded in 1968 and is notable for being one of the most influential albums of all time, especially inspiring future heavy metal and hard rock bands. The album did not get good reviews by critics in 1969 but the album still sold many copies, today, the album is generally seen as a rock classic. 
On the album, guitarist and producer Jimmy Page used many different techniques to get a unique sound. For example, he recorded the instruments from far away instead of putting the microphone right in front of the amplifier or drum set, this gives a different sound, like it sounds in the room when it was played.

Song listing

Other websites 
Official website 

Led Zeppelin albums
Debut albums
1969 albums
Blues rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Early Christianity

Early Christianity is known as the Christianity of around the three centuries (1st, 2nd, 3rd, early 4th) between the time of the Crucifixion of Jesus (c.26-36) and  the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

Since the 19th century, historians have learned more about the early Christian community. Books written early in the time period, such as the Didache (in second-millennium copies) and the Gospel of Thomas (in two manuscripts dated as early as about 200 and 340) as well as parts from the Jewish-Christian Gospels have been found again in the last 200 years

History
At the beginning of Christian history, the church was in Jerusalem, in an "upper room" perhaps where the Cenacle is today, and leaders included James, Peter, and John. The major source for the Apostolic Age (c.30-c.100) is the Acts of the Apostles. Following the Great Commission, the missionary actions of the Apostles, including Paul of Tarsus who said the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles", spread Christianity to cities in the Hellenistic world, such as Alexandria and Antioch, and also to Rome and even beyond the Roman Empire. The term "Christian" was first applied to members of the church at Antioch according to . The New Testament includes letters written by Paul to churches, such as those in Thessalonica and Corinth, during the years 50-62, see also Seven Churches of Asia. Early Christians continued the Jewish practice of respect for the Jewish Scriptures, using the Septuagint translation of Hellenistic Judaism that was in general use among Greek-speakers, or the Targums in use among Aramaic-speakers, but added to it their own writings.

References
Hops

Hops are the flowers of the hop plant, which are in the humulus genus. Hops look like little cones, and are used to make beer. They give the beer a bitter flavor. They have been used to make beer for many centuries, and were used by the Romans in the Roman Empire.

References

Cannabaceae
Priscilla Ahn

Priscilla Ahn (born 1984) is an American singer-songwriter. 

In 2008, Blue Note Reco.rds released her first full-length album, A Good Day.  Ahn went on a national tour that June.  Ahn has toured with Willie Nelson, Amos Lee, Ray LaMontagne, Devotchka and Joshua Radin.  Ahn's songs have been on television shows and movies.  She has made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Dancing with the Stars and NPR.

Discography

Albums 
A Good Day, Blue Note Records, June 10, 2008.
When You Grow Up, Blue Note Records, May 3, 2011
Natural Colors, EMI Music Japan, June 27, 2012
Home ~ My Song Diary, EMI Music Japan, October 31, 2012
This Is Where We Are (Korean Version), Universal Music, July 25, 2013

EPs
Priscilla Ahn (2007, self-released)
Live Session, (2008, iTunes)
Sweet Hearts, (2012, With Charlie Wadhams)

Singles
"Dream" (2008, Blue Note)
"I'll Never Smile Again" (2009)
"I Am Strong" Tiesto feat. Priscilla Ahn (2009)

Music videos
"Dream"
“Red Cape”
“Vibe So Hot”
“I Don't Have Time To Love”
“When You Grow Up”
“Torch Song”

References

Other websites
 
 

1984 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
Musicians from Los Angeles
Swastika

The Swastika is a cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either left-facing or right-facing forms. It is a widely-used religious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The symbol was also used in pre-Christian Europe. The word "Swastika" became part of the English language in the nineteenth century with the British conquest of India. In the 1920s, the Nazi party chose the swastika as its symbol and it is for this association that it is best known in the Western world.

Religious use

The Swastika is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. It is also a sign of spiritual purity. The swastika was a letter in the ancient Sanskrit language. It meant luck or  well being. It is also found on Byzantine buildings, Ancient Greek coinage and in Native American burial sites.

In Nazi Germany 
The swastika was a symbol used by the Nazi Party in Germany, and later by the Third Reich.  Adolf Hitler chose it as the symbol of the German Workers Party after he joined.  Before Hitler, members had already worn swastika armbands. (They believed they were adopting an ancient European symbol; they were seemingly unaware of its continued use in the East.)  Hitler was responsible for its red, white and black coloring.  From 1935 – 1945 it was used on the German flag.  The symbol became stigmatized because of its association with Nazi war crimes.

Since shortly after World War II, it has been illegal in Germany and Austria to display the swastika and other Nazi symbols. The swastikas on Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples are exempt from this law, because religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany.

Naming dispute
Since at least the early 2000s, Hindus, Buddhists and Jains have become more and more upset and annoyed to see their holy symbol being used as a badge of hatred by racists and neo-Nazis. One way that they have tried to reestablish their symbol as one of peace and good fortune is to try to encourage use its name in German, Hakenkreuz (hooked cross), when writing about the Nazis' version of it. (Although the Asian religions usually show the symbol in vertical/horizontal orientation and the Nazis usually showed it diagonally, neither group (especially the Nazis) did so consistently.) As of 2022, it does not seems that this campaign has achieved success yet: the Western media continue to use the name "swastika" when writing about neo-Nazi use of it.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 The History of the Swastika

Symbols
Religious symbols
Hinduism
Nazism
Nazi Germany
Hartford Whalers

The Hartford Whalers were a professional ice hockey team from Hartford, Connecticut. The Whalers played in the National Hockey League for 18 seasons. The team began playing in the NHL and were originally called the New England Whalers before being renamed the Hartford Whalers in 1979. The Whalers were relocated to Raleigh, North Carolina and were renamed the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997.

1979 establishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in the United States
1997 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Connecticut
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Disestablishments in Connecticut
Sports in Hartford, Connecticut
World Hockey Association teams
Winnipeg Jets

The Winnipeg Jets are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. The team plays in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada at Canada Life Centre. They were founded in 2011 when the Atlanta Thrashers were bought by Winnipeg-based company, True North Sports and Entertainment and were moved back to Winnipeg. The team announced the Winnipeg Jets as their name when they selected 7th in the first round of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft on June 25, 2011. Kevin Cheveldayoff was named its first General Manager on June 8, 2011 and Claude Noel was named the new head coach of the Jets on June 23, 2011.

The first Winnipeg Jets played in the NHL from 1972 to 1996. This team is now known as the Arizona Coyotes.

References

Other websites
Official website

Ice hockey teams in Canada
Sport in Manitoba
Saab 9-3

The Saab 9-3 is a car produced by Saab since 1998. It is the successor of the 900, and it is now in its Second generation.

9-3
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Saab 9-5

The Saab 9-5 is a car produced by Saab since 1997. It is the successor of the 9000, and it is now in its Second generation.

9-5
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Saab 9000

The Saab 9000 was a car produced by Saab from 1985 through 1998. It was successed by the 9-5.

9000
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Saab 900

The Saab 900 was a car produced by Saab from 1978 through 1998. It was succeeded by the 9-3.

900
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Easter Bunny

The Easter Bunny (or Easter Hare) is a character depicted as an anthropomorphic rabbit. In old stories, the creature brings baskets filled with colored eggs, candy and toys to the homes of children on the night before Easter. The Easter Bunny will either put the baskets in a certain place or hide them somewhere in the house for the children to find when they wake up in the morning.

The Easter Bunny is similar to Christmas's Santa Claus, as they both bring gifts to good children on the night before the holidays they are related to.

One theory of the Easter Bunny's origins is that it stemmed from early pagan celebrations around the vernal equinox. Pagans celebrated the springtime renewal of life as well as the goddess of dawn and fertility, Eostre, who was often represented by the hare or an egg. As Christianity spread throughout Europe, the celebrations around the vernal equinox may have merged with the observance of Christ's resurrection, since they both occurred around the same time. Missionaries were said to blend pagan traditions with Christian holidays to make the transition smoother, so it is possible that the celebrations of Eostre and the resurrection of Christ became one.

The first Easter Bunny legend was documented in the 1500s. Around 1680, the first story about a rabbit laying eggs and hiding them in a garden was published. These legends were brought to the United States in the 1700s, when German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania Dutch country, according to the Center for Children's Literature and Culture.

The tradition of making nests for the rabbit to lay its eggs in soon followed. Eventually, nests became decorated baskets and colorful eggs were swapped for candy, treats and other small gifts.

References 
Easter traditions
Alberto Núñez Feijoo

Alberto Núñez Feijoo (born September 10, 1961) is a Spanish politician. He is the 7th and current President of the Regional Government of Galicia since 2009. He is the leader of the Galician PP, the main conservative political party which defeated the socialists in the elections of 2009 and again in the elections of 2012. Feijoo is a strong admirer of Manuel Fraga, although he does not govern Galicia in the same manner.

Núñez Feijoo studied law in Santiago de Compostela. He is married to the journalist Carmen Gámir.

1961 births
Living people
Presidents of the Regional Government of Galicia
Lincoln Logs

Lincoln Logs is the name of a children's toy.  They are small logs made for children to build with. They were invented in Chicago, Illinois by John Lloyd Wright, son of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

Lincoln Logs were added into the United States National Toy Hall of Fame in 1999.

Toys
Chicago, Illinois
History of Chicago
Led Zeppelin II

Led Zeppelin II is the second album by the American rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on October 22, 1969, it was recorded in 1969 in many different studios. The album sounds a lot like the first album with a few hard rock songs and blues covers, but they also did some new things with the love song "Thank You" and the drum solo "Moby Dick". The most famous song from the album is "Whole Lotta Love", the riff is one of the most well known in the rock genre. Guitarist and producer Jimmy Page worked with engineer Eddie Kramer to create many unusual sounds, for example, on "Whole Lotta Love", they used a technique known as backward echoing.

Song listing

Sources 
Jimmy Page's recording techniques

Other websites 
Official website 

Led Zeppelin albums
1969 albums
Hard rock albums
Blues rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Led Zeppelin III

Led Zeppelin III is the third album from the band Led Zeppelin, released on October 22, 1970. Many of the songs were written while Jimmy Page and Robert Plant visited a cottage in Wales, in a place called Bron-Yr-Aur. The musicians were inspired by the Welsh countryside, and because of this, many songs on the album are written in the style of folk and country. This upset many fans at the time who said that the band should focus on making more rock music, but there were still some rock songs on the album, such as "Immigrant Song" and "Celebration Day”.

Song listing

Sources 
Jimmy Page interview on Led Zeppelin III

Other websites 
Official website 

Led Zeppelin albums
1970 albums
Hard rock albums
Folk albums
Blues rock albums
Avalon (song)

"Avalon" is a popular song. It was written by Al Jolson, Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose in 1920. It was first recorded by Jolson and used in the musicals Sinbad and Bombo. Jolson's version became #2 on the American singles chart. It is possible that Rose wrote the song alone, and that Jolson's name was used in the credits because he was a popular artist and helped make the song popular. At first only Rose and Jolson were marked as the writers, and DeSylva's name was added later.

Many jazz artists have recorded the song, for example Cab Calloway (1934), Coleman Hawkins (1935) and Eddie Durham (1936). Benny Goodman played the song in his concert in Carnegie Hall in 1938. The song was also played in the films The Jolson Story (1946) and The Benny Goodman Story (1956).

The melody at the beginning of the song was taken from Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca, and Rose changed it only a little. Because of this, a court later decided that Jolson and Rose had to pay Puccini's publishers $25,000 and all later profits from the song.

Versions 

Red Nichols and His Five Pennies (27 February 1928)
George Monkhouse and his Cambridge University Quinquaginta Ramblers (12 March 1930)
Spike Hughes and his Dance Orchestra (23 May 1930)
Joel Shaw and his Orchestra (August 1932)
Billy Cotton and his Band (21 July 1933)
Casa Loma Orchestra (16 August 1934)
Cab Calloway and his Orchestra (4 September 1934)
Scott Wood and his Six Swingers (18 December 1934; 1 September 1936)
Joe Venuti and his Orchestra (26 December 1934)
KXYZ Novelty Band (29 January 1935)
Coleman Hawkins (2 March 1935)
Quintette of the Hot Club of France (July 1935)
Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra (30 September 1935)
Harry Roy and his Orchestra (8 November 1935)
Val Rosing and his Swing Stars (18 November 1935)
Ballyhooligans (7 July 1936)
Benny Goodman Quartet (29 June 1937; 28 September 1937; 16 January 1938)
Joe Daniels and his Hotshots (28 September 1937)
Alix Combelle et son Orchestre (4 October 1937)
Harry James and his Orchestra (13 July 1939; 8 November 1939)
Willie Lewis and his Negro Band (27 June 1941)

Notes

1920s songs
1920
Phoney War

The Phoney War was a name for the eight months during World War II from Poland being defeated in September 1939 to France being invaded in May 1940. 

During this time, there were no important military operations in Europe. The British and French declared war and blockade against Germany.  Germany did likewise, beginning the Battle of the Atlantic, and German submarines destroyed many Allied ships.  The Royal  Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany, and Canadian troops began to arrive in Britain. 

In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway.  Both sides began to fight each other again.  Britain and France needed many weapons quickly and so they began to buy them from American weapon companies.  The American government remained neutral but helped Britain and France by selling weapons cheaply and then by Lend-Lease of military equipment and supplies.

1939 in Europe
1940 in Europe
1940s in France
World War II
Jason Bonham

Jason John Bonham (born 15 July 1966) is an English rock drummer who is noted for being the son of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham, as well for his own music. He has played with bands like Foreigner and UFO, and he has also played with the surviving members Led Zeppelin on several band reunions, such as the reunion in 2007 at the London 02 Arena. He has a close relationship with former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, and they have toured together in the 80's when Page released his solo album, Outrider. In 2010, Bonham will be working with his new band, Black Country.

Other websites 
Official website

Sources 
Bonham in Black Country 

1966 births
Living people

Led Zeppelin
English drummers
Radiolaria

Radiolaria are amoeboid protists which produce mineral skeletons. The skeletons, usually of silica (SiO2), have a central capsule. This divides the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. 

Radiolaria are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor as radiolarian ooze. Radiolaria have existed since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. They take their name from the radial symmetry of most species. They are valuable markers or diagnostic fossils, because they have a rapid turn-over of species. This helps to identify strata, and to correlate strata at different sites.

Radiolaria are heterotrophs (eat other things), but also may include protist algae as endosymbionts.

Structure 
The skeletons of radiolarians are generally organized around spicules, or spines, which extend from the main skeletal mass. Formed from the fusion of many of these spines is the outermost skeleton, the shell or test. Connecting this shell to the many concentrically organized inner shells are bars or beams, which strengthen and support the structure.

The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae which provide much of the cell's energy. Not much is known about the living amoebae because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory.

Other websites 
 NHM rotating glass model

References 

Protista
Led Zeppelin IV

Led Zeppelin IV is the fourth album from the rock band Led Zeppelin, the real title of the album is , but since it's impossible to say these symbols, it is normal just to say Led Zeppelin IV. Some people also say The fourth album, 'Zoso', Symbols or simply call it Untitled. It was released on November 8, 1971 and recorded at a big house called Headley Grange in 1971. The album is the band's most famous and most successful album, and also has their best known song, "Stairway to Heaven". For this album, the band used many different genres and recording techniques, they had rock and roll songs, acoustic songs and heavy blues songs. Many fans and critics think that "Stairway to Heaven" is one of the best songs of all time, if not the greatest, as well as the album itself. There are also many other notable songs on the album, "Rock and Roll" was played in almost every concert the band did after the release of the album, while songs such as "Black Dog and "Going to California" were played for most of the shows. All of the songs have become regulars on American rock radio.

The four symbols 
For this album, the band chose to not have a normal name for their album, so that people would just listen to the music without caring about the title and get wrong expectations. Jimmy Page got the idea that each member of the band should choose their own symbol to represent them on the album title. Each band member have been closely associated with their symbol during and after the career of Led Zeppelin, and they have all used them after the release of the album. For example, John Bonham used to have the three rings on his bass drum and Jimmy Page has used the Zoso symbol on his amplifier as recent as the reunion concert in 2007 at the London 02 Arena.

Other websites 
Official website

Sources 
Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV

Led Zeppelin albums
1971 albums
Heavy metal albums
Folk albums
Squeeze

Squeeze are a British rock/new wave band from London.  They were active from 1974 to 1982 and 1985 to 1999. They reunited in 2007.

1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English punk bands
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups from London
New wave bands
Houses of the Holy

Houses of the Holy is the fifth album from rock band Led Zeppelin, released on March 28 1973, but recorded in 1972. This album has many different music styles on it, like reggae, funk, acoustic songs and folk-like rock songs. Many fans and critics thought when the album was released, that it was not as good as the album they made two years earlier, Led Zeppelin IV, but today it is seen as one of their best albums. Songs like "The Song Remains the Same", "No Quarter", "Over the Hills and Far Away" and "The Rain Song" were performed for almost all tours after the release of the album. "The Song Remains the Same" is also the title of their 1976 movie, but recorded in 1973 and 1974.

Song listing

Other websites 
official website

Sources 
Houses of the Holy info

Led Zeppelin albums
1973 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Blues rock albums
Heat lamp

A heat lamp is a lamp (light) with the main purpose of making heat.  This is commonly infrared light but white light incandescent lightbulbs are also used.  Sometimes the glass of the light bulb is colored to cut out yellow and even higher frequency light (to let the infrared light through, which has most of the heat).

Humans can use these lamps to keep warm, to warm a part of the body that is injured and needs gentle heat, etc. These lamps are also frequently used to keep baby chickens, piglets or other baby animals warm.

Heat
Maltese lira

The Maltese lira was the type of money that was used in Malta before it was replaced by the euro in 2008.

Former currencies of Europe
Malta
Walnut Hills High School

Walnut Hills High School is a high school in Cincinnati, Ohio. According to Newsweek, Walnut Hills is the best school in Ohio. It helps prepare you for college. The school colors are blue and gold. The motto is "Sursum ad summum", which is Latin for "Rise to the Highest". The mascot is the eagle, and the sports teams are known as "The Eagles". They have a newspaper that comes out every month and have a magazine that comes out every year.

Cincinnati, Ohio
Schools in Ohio
Wrongful life

Wrongful life is a legal action in which someone is sued for not stopping the birth of a severely disabled child.  In this type of lawsuit a child and the parents will sue a doctor or a hospital.  The doctor or hospital is sued for not giving information about the disability during the pregnancy.  The doctor or hospital may have not provided all the information on a genetic case before the pregnancy.  The parents argue that if the mother had known this information, she would have had an abortion, or chosen not to become pregnant at all.

In the past, only parents could sue for their own damages the occurred as a result of the birth of a disabled child (e.g., the mother's own pregnancy medical bills and cost of psychiatric treatment for both parents' emotional  resulting from becoming aware that their child was disabled).  This cause of action is known as wrongful birth.  But the child could not sue for his or her own damages, which were often much more in terms of money and harm.

In four U.S. states, the child is allowed to start a wrongful life cause of action for damages.  In 1982, the Supreme Court of California was the first state supreme court to permit the child's right to sue for wrongful life, but in the same decision, limited the child's recovery to special damages.  

Most other jurisdictions, including England and Ontario, have not allowed the wrongful life cause of action.

Related pages
Wrongful birth
Wrongful abortion
Bioethics

References

Further reading 
 Appel, Jacob M.   Physicians, Wrongful Life and the Constitution, Medicine & Health, Rhode Island Volume 87, Number 2.  February 2004.  Retrieved October 28, 2008.

Other websites 
Sydney Morning Herald article from May 2004
Article on wrongful life in the Cornell Law Review.

Abortion
Intensity (physics)

In Physics, intensity can usually be understood as the strength of something like a beam of light. To figure out (i.e., compute) the exact intensity of a beam of light or a fire hose spraying water, we need to know how many units of light or water are coming to some area in some period of time. A factory might have an "intensity" of 100 cars per day delivered to the loading dock. A fire hose might have an intensity of 100 buckets of water per minute per open window of a certain size in a burning building. 

Usually, when talking about intensity, you are talking about the amount of energy of particles or radiation per unit area. Since each particle spreads out from the source in a sphere, the area is measured as the surface area of this sphere, or , where  is the distance from the source to the observer. 

Physical quantity
Baked Alaska

Baked Alaska is a dessert made of ice cream on top of slices of sponge cake or Christmas pudding and covered with meringue. The whole dessert is then baked in a very hot oven for just long enough to cook the meringue.  The meringue is a good insulator, and the short cooking time prevents the heat from getting through to the ice cream.

Its name, but not the recipe, was made at Delmonico's Restaurant in 1867 to honour the new American territory of Alaska.

February 1 is Baked Alaska Day.

Variations
A slightly changed dessert called Bombe Alaska came from Noel, Alaska. Some dark rum is splashed over the Baked Alaska, and the whole dessert is flambéed while being served.

References

Baked foods
Ice cream
Dean Koontz

Dean Koontz (born July 9, 1945 in Everett, Pennsylvania) is a writer from the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. He is known for writing in the suspense thriller genre. Many of his books have been New York Times Bestsellers.

Other websites

1945 births
Living people
Writers from Pennsylvania
Everett, Pennsylvania

Everett is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. The population is 1,850 as of the July 2008.

Writer Dean Koontz was born here.

Cities in Pennsylvania
Christmas pudding

Christmas pudding or plum pudding is a steamed dessert that originated in the 1420s and is served on Christmas Day (December 25). It tastes like steamed pudding, with lots of dried fruits and nuts, and made with suet (animal fat). It is eaten in large amounts during the Christmas holidays. It is a traditional food to have at Christmas.

Other websites
Christmas pudding Nutrition facts 

Desserts
Anna Bergendahl

Anna Henrietta Bergendahl (born December 11, 1991) in Katrineholm, Sweden is a singer and former Idol 2008 contestant. Bergendahl won Melodifestivalen 2010 and represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo. Her song This Is My Life is currently at number one on the Swedish single chart. In Idol 2008 she finished in fifth place.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Nordic skiing

Nordic skiing is a sport in the Winter Olympics.  It is called that because it comes from the Nordic countries.  It includes cross-country skiing, which involves skiing over very long distances.  It also involves ski jumping.

Skiing
Winter Olympic sports
Gene McEver

Eugene T. "Gene" McEver (September 15, 1908 - July 12, 1985) was a Hall of Fame college football player for the University of Tennessee.  He was born in Bristol, Virginia in 1908.

Playing career 
McEver was the first ever All American for the Tennessee Volunteers football team.  He played for them in 1928, 1929, and 1931 for coach Robert Neyland.  McEver missed the 1930 season with a knee injury.  McEver scored 130 points for the Volunteers in 1929, helping them to a 9-0-1 record. The total led the NCAA in scoring that year. That total is still the record for most points in one year at Tennessee.  McEver also holds the record for career scoring at Tennessee among non-kickers.

McEver finished his career with 44 touchdowns and 12 points after touchdown for 276 points. He was named to the All-Southern team in 1928, 1929, and 1931, with teammates Bobby Dodd and Herman Hickman. McEver was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954.

Coaching career 
McEver coached at Davidson College in North Carolina from 1937 through 1943. His record there was 16-43-4. McEver also coached the University of North Carolina to a 1-7-1 record in 1944. He was an assistant coach at Virginia Tech from 1944 to 47.

Sources 

 College Football Hall of Fame Bio 
 2006 University of Tennessee Football Media Guide

American football running backs
Sportspeople from Birmingham, Alabama
1908 births
1985 deaths
United States Football League

The United States Football League was a football league in the 1980's. The spring and summer is when the USFL would play football. Entrepreneur Donald Trump owned some parts of the league. John Bassett was the late owner of the Tampa Bay Bandits, of the USFL.

Other websites 
 History

American football
Whistler, British Columbia

Whistler is a village in the British Columbian province of Canada. The population as of 2006 is 9,248 and the mayor of Whistler is Nancy Wilhelm-Morden. It is located on the Sea to Sky Highway (Highway 99), which goes from the Peace Arch Border Crossing in Surrey, British Columbia to the Cariboo Highway (Highway 97) 10 kilometres north of Cache Creek, British Columbia. Over two million people visit Whistler annually, and it is usually for alpine skiing and mountain biking at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort. Whistler was the host Mountain Resort of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympic Games.

Other websites
Whistler's Official website
Whistler Tourism

Ski areas and resorts in Canada
Settlements in British Columbia
Bundeswehr

The Bundeswehr (German for "Federal Defence Force"; ) are the German Armed Forces. The German armed forces are for the unified Germany itself and do not have several parts for the States of Germany.

There are five sections: three bigger ones: Heer (Army), Marine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force) form one unified force, not three separate fighting forces. And two smaller ones: Joint Support Service (Streitkräftebasis) and Central Medical Services (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst).

In peace-time the commander-in-chief is the Federal Minister of Defence, and in wartime the Chancellor of Germany. This is unlike most countries where the head of state is commander in chief.

In March 2012, there were about 207,000 soldiers serving in the Bundeswehr; there are another 200,000 in reserve. Conscription for the Bundeswehr has been abolished in July 2011.

Related pages
 NATO
 Luftwaffe
 Wehrmacht

Sources 

Military of Germany
Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award

The Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award is college football award given every year to the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision head coach whose team does well on the field, in the classroom, and in the community.  The award is named for Bobby Dodd.  Dodd was head football coach at Georgia Tech.  The award was made in 1976 to honor the values that Dodd held.  Coaches who win the award are chosen by a committee of college football experts and all previous winners.  The winner is announced during half-time of the Chick-fil-A Bowl on December 31 in Atlanta, Georgia.   A formal presentation is held later, usually on the university campus of the winner.

Winners
Only Joe Paterno of Penn State has received the award twice, in 1981 and in 2005.  Four schools have had two different coaches given the award: Michigan with Bo Schembechler in 1977 and Lloyd Carr in 2007; Air Force with Ken Hatfield in 1983 and Fisher DeBerry in 1985, Georgia Tech with Bobby Ross in 1990 and George O'Leary in 2000 and TCU with Jim Wacker in 1984 and Gary Patterson in 2009.

Other websites
 Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation official website

College football coaches
Sports trophies and awards
Shane Mosley

Shane Andre Mosley (born September 7, 1971) is a retired American professional boxer from Pomona, California. Mosley has held world titles in three weight divisions.  He held the IBF Lightweight Championship, WBC & WBA (Super) Welterweight Championships and WBC, WBA (Super) & The Ring Light Middleweight Championships.

References 
 official website
 Sugar Shane Mosley record 

American boxers
Living people
1971 births
People from Pomona, California