cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1119


Year 1119 (MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Asia 
 June 28 – Battle of Ager Sanguinis: Ilghazi, the ruler of Aleppo, wipes out a Crusader army from the Principality of Antioch.
 August 14 – Battle of Hab: Baldwin II of Jerusalem's Crusaders defeat Ilghazi's army, saving Antioch.

 Europe 
 August 20 – Battle of Bremule: Henry I of England routs Louis VI.
 September 19 – Severe Earthquake in Gloucestershire & Warwickshire, England.
 Robert Bruce, 1st Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, grants and confirms the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg (Middlesbrough) to Whitby.

 By topic 
 Religion 
 February 2 – Pope Callixtus II succeeds Pope Gelasius II as the 162nd pope.
 Knights Templar Founded by Hugh de Payns.
 Councils of Toulouse and Reims. 
 The archbishop of Tarragona, Oleguer Bonestruga, preaches about a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.
 In Toulouse, condemnation by the Church of the Petrobrusian heresy.

 Technology 
 In his Pingzhou Table Talks published in this year, the Song Dynasty Chinese writer Zhu Yu writes of the earliest known use of separate hull compartments in ships.
 Zhu Yu's book is the first to report the use of a magnetic compass for navigation at sea, although the first actual description of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays published in 1088.

Births 
 July 7 – Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)
 Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1176)

Deaths 
 January 24 – Pope Gelasius II
 July 17 – Baldwin VII of Flanders
 Alan IV, Duke of Brittany
 Roger of Salerno, regent of Antioch
 Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick

References
1090


Year 1090 (MXC) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.

 Europe 
 Third expedition of the Almoravid army in al-Andalus who subdue the taifas kingdoms. Córdoba, Seville, Grenada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

 By topic 

 Arts and culture 
 Troubadours begin playing in Provence.

 Technology 
 Song Dynasty Chinese writer Qin Guan writes the Can Shu (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.

Births 
 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
 Eliezer ben Nathan of Mainz
 Qin Hui, Chinese Song Dynasty Prime Minister (d. 1155)

Deaths 
 June 26 – Jaromír (Bishop of Prague)
 July 3 – Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen (b. c. 1060)
 October 6 – Saint Adalbero

References
1089

Year 1089 (MLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By area

Asia 
 Rama Varma Kulashekhara is crowned in Kerala.
 Palmyra is destroyed by an earthquake.

Europe 
 Northumbria is divided by the Normans into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.
 August 11 – A powerful earthquake is recorded in Britain.
 June 22 – Gaston IV of Bearn and the Frankish crusaders take the Aragonese city of Monzón from the emir of Zaragoza.

By topic

Religion 
 Cîteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is founded in southern France.
 The Synod of Melfi under Pope Urban II issued decrees against simony and the clerical marriage.

Births 
 Dahui Zonggao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1163)
 Han Shizhong, Chinese general (d. 1151)

Deaths 
 May 24 – Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury
 May 31 – Sigwin von Are, Archbishop of Cologne
 September 29 (or 30) – Theobald III, Count of Blois
 November 11 – Saint Peter Igneus, Italian Benedictine monk

References 

1089
Years
Argonautica

Argonautica is a Greek epic poem by Apollonius of Rhodes. It was written in the 3rd century BC. It tells the story of Jason and the Golden Fleece. 

Ancient Greece
Epic poems
1091


Year 1091 (MXCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Europe 
 King William II of England invades Normandy.
 Ladislaus I of Hungary occupies Slavonia.
 King Stjepan II of Croatia, the last member of the Trpimirović dynasty, died without leaving anyone to inherit his thrown and title.

 British Isles 
 October 17 – London Tornado of 1091: A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in St Mary-le-Bow of London, England; the storm destroys London Bridge.
 Henry, the third son of William the Conqueror, is forced to give up his property of Cotentin in Normandy after his two older brothers, William Rufus and Robert Curthose, make a peace agreement. 
 King Malcolm III of Scotland makes an unsuccessful attempt to invade English territory, but is finally forced to give a public statement of allegiance to King William II of England. 
 Cardiff Castle is built.

 Mediterranean 
 April 29 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs surround and attack Constantinople, but are defeated so completely by Emperor Alexius I that they are completely eliminated.
 February; With the taking of Noto, the Normans complete the 30 year long takeover of Sicily from the Islamic rulers.
 The Islamic Abbadid dynasty ruling in Spain falls when the Almoravids storm Seville. Faced with this new threat, the king of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas, got the support of Castile in exchange for the Muslim positions on the Tagus river — Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon.
 Roger Guiscard takes Malta.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 Athanasius VI bar Khamoro becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

Deaths 
 June 17 – Dirk V, Count of Holland
 July 5 – Abbot William of Hirsau
 August 25 – Sisnando Davides, military leader
 December 19 – Adelaide of Susa, margravine of Turin
 date unknown –
Robert D'Oyly, first Lord of Oxford Castle

References
1092


Year 1092 (MXCII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 May 9 – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.
 High tides cause great flooding in England and Scotland. The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin flooded and are now known as the Goodwin Sands
 The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and statesman Su Song publishes his Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower built in Kaifeng, China. It also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps.
 Kingdom of England annexes Cumbria from the Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde.

Births 
 Adélaide de Maurienne, queen of France (d. 1154)
 Foulques V, Count of Anjou and King of Jerusalem

Deaths 
 January 14 – King Vratislaus II of Bohemia
 May 7 – Remigius de Fécamp, first Bishop of Lincoln
 September – Jordan of Hauteville, military commander in Sicily
 September 6 – Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia
 October 14 – Nizam al-Mulk, Seljuk vizier (b. 1018)
 November 19 – Melik Şah I, Seljuk Sultan

References
1074


Year 1074 (MLXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 February 7 – Battle of Montesarchio: Prince Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed fighting the Normans.
 November 25 – Magreb brings the Tengizi islands together, and becomes the first king of the Kingdom of Tengiz.
 The Liao Dynasty emperor says no to the idea of all Khitan people using surnames.

Births 
 February 12 – King Conrad of Germany and Italy (d. 1101)
 Edgar of Scotland (d. 1107)

Deaths 
 April 25 – Hermann I, Margrave of Baden

References
1075


Year 1075 (MLXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 February – Pope Gregory VII holds a council that publishes a decree against lay investiture.
 April – Pope Gregory VII publishes the Dictatus Papae (Sayings of the Pope, aka the Dictates of Hildebrand), in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.
 Revolt of the Earls: Three earls rebel against William I of England (William the Conqueror), in the last serious act of resistance to the Norman Conquest.
 First Battle of Langensalza: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Saxon nobles and subjugates Saxony.
 The Liao Dynasty version of the Buddhist Tripitaka is completed (approximate date).
 Anund Gårdske is removed as king of Svealand and king Håkan the Red of Gothenland makes himself king of all Sweden.
 The Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem from the Fatimids.
 Lý dynasty forces under Lý Thường Kiệt defend Vietnam against invasion by Song Dynasty China.
 The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo solves a border dispute with the Liao Dynasty by finding old diplomatic records; he argues Emperor Daozong of Liao's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern Pingquan in Hebei), and reestablishes the Song's borders.

Births 
 June 9 – Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1137)
 Saint Magnus Erlendsson (d. 1116 or 1117)
 Adelaide del Vasto (d. 1118)
 Orderic Vitalis, monk and historian (approximate date)

Deaths 
 June 10 – Ernest of Austria (b. 1027)
 August 2 – Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople
 December 4 – Anno II, archbishop of Cologne
 December 19 – Edith of Wessex, queen of Edward the Confessor of England
 John Xiphilinus, Byzantine historian
 Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King of Gwynedd
 Peter Krešimir IV, King of Croatia

References
1077

Year 1077 (MLXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By area

Africa 
 The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain.

Asia 
 The Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea and Jerusalem.
 Suleyman I of Rûm becomes the leader of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in modern Turkey.
 Anush Tigin Gharchai becomes, as a Seljuk vassal, leader of the Khwarezmid Empire.

Europe 
 January 26 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication.
 January 28 – Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.
 April 3 
 The first Parliament of Friuli is created.
 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia.
 Robert Curthose starts his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror, in Normandy.
 The kingdom of Duklja is founded.
 The first recorded Trial by combat is held in England.
 Vsevolod of Kiev becomes the prince of Kievan Rus'.
 Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Coria.
 Pope Gregory VII places the island of Corsica under the secular rule of the archbishop of Pisa.
 Hugh of Burgundy supports the king of Aragon in his conquest of the castle of Muñones from the emir of Zaragossa.

By topic

Arts 
 The Bayeux Tapestry is made.

Religion 
 The first English Cluniac Benedictine priory is established, at Lewes.
 Paul of Caen becomes Abbot of St Albans in England; the building of St Albans Abbey Church commences.
 Pope Christodolos of Alexandria ends his reign as Coptic Pope.
 Dionysius V Lazaros becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

Births 
 Joseph ibn Migash, rabbi (d. 1141)

Deaths 
 April 25 – Geza I of Hungary
 Agnes de Poitou, wife of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor and regent (b. 1020)
 King Anawrahta of Burma (b. 1044)
 Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (b. 995)
 Shao Yong, Chinese philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian (b. 1011)
 Zhang Zai, Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1020)

References 

1077
Years
Shawn Drover

Shawn Drover (born May 5, 1966) is a Canadian musician. He is best known as the drummer of the American heavy metal band Megadeth.

He also played for the Canadian power metal band Eidolon with his brother Glen Drover.

Megadeth
Drover joined the band in 2004 five days before "Blackmail The Universe Tour" and replaced Nick Menza who wasn't able to prepare for the physical demands of a full US tour. Drover also plays guitar and he played guitar during the "Blackmail The Universe Tour" in Kawasaki, Japan on April 3, 2005. He also played in the band with his brother Glen Drover and switched instruments with him during the songs "Paranoid" and the second half of "Peace Sells".

After Glen quit the band, Shawn suggested that Chris Broderick replace Glen. Drover showed videos of Broderick playing both the classical and electric guitar to Dave Mustaine and Mustaine got in contact with Broderick. Broderick was named the new guitarist for Megadeth two weeks after.

On November 25th, 2014, he announced that he leaving Megadeth. He announced this one day before guitarist Chris Broderick announced that he was leaving the band as well.

References

Other websites

1966 births
Canadian drummers
Canadian musicians
Heavy metal musicians
Living people
Megadeth
People from Montreal
Open All Hours

Open All Hours is a British television sitcom written by Roy Clarke. It was broadcast by the BBC from 1973-1985. It is set in a small grocery shop in Balby, Doncaster, South Yorkshire. It stars Ronnie Barker as the owner Albert Arkwright and David Jason as his nephew Granville, who works for him. Lynda Baron plays nurse Gladys Emanuel, whom Arkwright is strongly attracted to.

It was followed in 2013 by Still Open All Hours.

Other websites 

1973 television series debuts
1985 disestablishments in Europe
1970s British sitcoms
1970s British workplace television series
1970s establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s workplace comedy television series
1980s British sitcoms
1980s British workplace television series
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s workplace comedy television series
BBC television sitcoms
British workplace comedy television series
South Yorkshire
Television series about families
Television shows set in Yorkshire
English-language television programs
1079


Year 1079 (MLXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Persian astronomer, Omar Khayyám, determined the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days which has been the most accurate calculation of old times. Khayyam also wrote Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produced a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric answers.
 Murder of Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów (pol. Stanisław ze Szczepanowa) by Polish King Bolesław II the Bold
 Upon the death of Håkan the Red, Halsten returns as king of Sweden, jointly with his brother Inge the Elder.
 Ladislaus Herman succeeds Boleslaus II in Poland.
 William I of England establishes the New Forest.
 Constance of Burgundy founds a monastery in Burgos.

Births 
 August 8 – Emperor Horikawa of Japan (d. 1107)
 Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher (d. 1142)

Deaths 
 April 11 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, bishop of Kraków
 Håkan the Red, king of Gothenland since 1070 and king of Sweden since 1075

References
Intel Atom

Intel Atom (made as Intel Centrino (2003-2010) in 2003) (formerly called Centrino Atom (2008-2009)) is a low-power x86 Microprocessor.  It was created by Intel for netbooks, smartphones, tablet computers, and embedded systems. It was created to compete with the ARM CPU. Its performance per watt is still not as good as the ARM, although the overall performance is better. For a given clock speed, the performance is about the same as a Pentium 4, but the power consumption is much lower.

Intel processors
1069


Year 1069 (MLXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Harrying of the North: King William of England (William the Conqueror) reacts to rebellions made by his Anglo Saxon subjects against him. He rides through the north of England with his army and burns houses, crops, cattle and land from York to Durham, which results in the deaths of over 100,000 people, mainly from starvation and winter cold.
 William the Conqueror founds the Norman Selby Abbey.
 Abbad III al-Mu'tamid succeeds his father on the throne of Sevilla.
 Shenzong appoints Wang Anshi as his chief counsellor.
 Wang Anshi, chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, implements the New Policies, which include financial reforms, raising the salaries of officials to reduce corruption, institution of the baojia system, etc.
 Start of Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam.
 Magnus II of Norway dies and Olav III becomes sole King of Norway.
 The Seljuk Turks fail to capture Iconium, following a Byzantine counter-attack launched from Syria.

Deaths 
 Aldred, archbishop of York
 Ibn Hazm, Muslim philosopher and theologian

References
1065


Year 1065 (MLXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 December 28 – Westminster Abbey is declared sacred.
 The kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal become independent under the rule of Garcia.
 Sima Guang, high chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, heads a team of scholars in initiating the compilation of an enormous written universal history of China, known as the Zizhi Tongjian.

Deaths 
 Ferdinand I of León

References
Aries (constellation)

Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac.  It is in the Northern Hemisphere.  Aries is Latin for ram - a male sheep.  Its symbol is  (), which represents a ram's horns.  Aries had the meaning of a ram four thousand years ago in Babylonia.  It represents the ram whose fleece (hair) became the Golden Fleece in Ancient Greek Mythology.   The astronomer Ptolemy listed Aries when he made a list of 48 constellations.

References

Notes

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
1063


Year 1063 (MLXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Europe 
 Successful Pisan naval assault upon Muslim-ruled Palermo led by Giovanni Orlandi to support the ambitions of Roger of Hauteville.
 May 8 – The allied Muslim and Christian troops of the king of Castile and the emir of Zaragoza, maybe led by El Cid, defeat the Aragonese army at the battle of Graus. The king of Aragon, Ramiro I, is killed, his son succeeds him.
 The River Thames is frozen for 14 weeks.

 By topic 

 Architecture 
 The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (177 ft) tall.
 The construction of present building of St Mark's Basilica is begun.

 Religion 
 Anselm, later to become Archbishop of Canterbury, becomes prior at the Abbey of Bec.
 The Bishopric of Olomouc is founded.

Births 
 Yuanwu Keqin, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1135)
 Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec Lord and founder of the pre-Columbian city of Tututepec.

Deaths 
 March 21 – Blessed Richeza of Lotharingia, wife of King Mieszko II of Poland (990–1034)
 April 30 – Emperor Renzong of Song (b. 1010)
 August 5 – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd
 September 4 – Toghrül, Turkish conqueror of Persia and Baghdad
 King Bela I of Hungary
 King Ramiro I of Aragon

References
Auriga (constellation)

Auriga is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is the Latin word for "charioteer" - someone who drives a vehicle that is pulled by an animal.  The astronomer Ptolemy listed Auriga in the 2nd century when he was writing a list of 48 constellations.

References
Citations

References

 
 
 
 
 

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Boötes

Boötes, pronounced with both 'O's as 'boötez', is one of the 88 modern constellations in the northern sky. The name is from the Greek word , which means herdsman  someone who takes care of animals.

Shape 
The constellation's shape is like a kite.  Boötes has the third brightest star in the night sky, called Arcturus (α Bootis). The astronomer Ptolemy listed it in the 2nd century when he made a list of 48 constellations.

The Cloverleaf quasar is visually in Bootes.

Main stars 
 α Bootis (Arcturus) is the brightest and most important star of the constellation, with a magnitude of -0.04, the 3rd brightest star of the sky. It is an orange giant star
 β Bootis (Nekkar), yellow giant with magnitude 3.49  and 219 light years from the Earth
 y Bootis (Ceginus), Delta Scuti variable with magnitude 3,04
 δ Bootis (Princeps), another yellow giant.

Deep-sky objects 

 NGC 5248, spiral galaxy, 10º south of Arcturus
 NGC 5466, globular cluster, 9º northwest of Arcturus, near M3, a globular cluster in the constellation Canes Venatici.

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
1064


Year 1064 (MLXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Americas 
 Sunset Crater Volcano (present-day Arizona) first erupts.

 Asia 
 The Seljuk Turks storm Anatolia, taking Caesarea and Ani, marking the beginning of Turkish invasions into Anatolia.

 Europe 
 June 9 – Coimbra is taken by King Ferdinand of Castile.
 European warriors go to Spain to participate to the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is approved by the Pope and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.
 Harold II is shipwrecked at Ponthieu, Normandy and taken captive by Count Guy.
 Construction of the Duomo at Pisa in Tuscany begins.

Births 
 Borivoj II of Bohemia, a Duke of Bohemia
 Robert Fitz Richard, a Norman landowner in England
 Niels of Denmark, a King of Denmark

Deaths 
 Abu Muhammad 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa`id Ibn Hazm
 Ottokar I of Styria
 Rabbi Yaakov ben Yakar
 Yi Yuanji – Chinese Northern Song painter famous for his realistic paintings of animals (b. 1000)

References
1059


Year 1059 (MLIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January 24 – Pope Nicholas II takes over for Pope Stephen IX as the 155th Pope. He was placed in opposition to Antipope Benedict X.
 August – Robert Guiscard signs the Treaty of Melfi with Pope Nicholas II.
 Anselm settles at the Benedictine monastery of Le Bec in Normandy.
 The Lateran Council makes the College of Cardinals the sole voters in the election of popes.
 Muhammed ben Da'ud, known as Alp Arslan, becomes second sultan of the Seljuk Turks.
 Peter Krešimir IV is crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia
 Isaac I Comnenus resigns as Byzantine Emperor, appointing Constantine Ducas as his replacement.

Births 
 Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler historian of the First Crusade

Deaths 
 August 30 – Peter Urseolo of Hungary
 Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople

References
Robert Eddison

Robert Leadam Eddison OBE (10 June 1908 –14 December 1991) was a British actor who was known for his role as the Grail Knight in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

Eddison was born on 10 June 1908 in Yokohama, Japan to British parents. His grandparents were from the United States. He was raised in London, England. Eddison died on 14 December 1991 in London, England from pneumonia, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 
 

1908 births
1991 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
British voice actors
British radio actors
Actors from London
Actors from Yokohama
1061


Year 1061 (MLXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 January – Robert de Grantmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I of Sicily), and eleven monks of Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche are forced to leave Normandy and head to the Mezzogiorno.
 October 1 – Pope Alexander II replaces Pope Nicholas II as the 156th pope.
 The Normans take over Messina in Sicily.
 Construction of the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany, begins.
 Vratislav II becomes duke of Bohemia.
 Most of West Frisia (later part of the county of Holland) is taken over by imperial German armies and given to the Bishop of Utrecht.
 Estonians destroy the castle of Yuryev in Tartu and carry out raids in the Pskov region in Russia.

 Africa 
 Yusuf ben Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest.

Deaths 
 January 28 – Duke Spytihněv II of Bohemia (b. 1031)
 July 18 or July 27 – Pope Nicholas II

References
1058


Year 1058 (MLVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 March 17 – King Lulach of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, who later becomes King as Máel Coluim III.
 September 20 – Agnes de Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary met to talk about the border-zone in present-day Burgenland.
 Antipope Benedict X is crowned pope, but is later removed.
 Pope Nicholas II is elected pope in December and started working in the position the following year.
 Boleslaus II takes office as duke of Poland.
 Construction begins on the Cathedral of Parma, Italy.
 Aldred becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
 The Almoravids take over the Berghouata.

Births 
 Al-Ghazali, Muslim theologian, jurist and mystic.
 probable year of birth of Godefroy de Bouillon, the main leader of the First Crusade

Deaths 
 March 17 – King Lulach of Scotland
 March 29 – Pope Stephen IX
 Casimir I of Poland (b. 1015)
 Saint Alfwold

References
1057


Year 1057 (MLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Africa 
 The Banu Hilal take Kairouan. The Zirid dynasty has to move to Mahdiya.

 Asia 
 King Anawrahta of Burma takes over Thanton in northern Thailand, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country.

 Europe 
 King Macbeth of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm III of Scotland. He is replaced as King of Scotland by his stepson Lulach.
 William the Conqueror defeats a Franco-Angevin army at the mouth of the Dives River, Normandy in the Battle of Varaville.
 Ferdinand I of Castile takes Lamego and Viseu from Christian lords allied to the Muslim taifas.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 August 2 – Pope Stephen IX (sometimes referred to as Stephen X) replaces Pope Victor II as the 154th pope.

Births 
 Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1093)

Deaths 
 Jōchō, Japanese sculptor
 March 1 – Ermesinde of Carcassonne, countess and regent of Barcelona (b. 972)
 July 28 – Pope Victor II
 August 15 – King Macbeth of Scotland
 Late August – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England
 August 31 – Leofric, Earl of Mercia

References
Caelum

Caelum is a constellation in the southern sky. It is hard to see because it is not very bright. It means "the chisel" in Latin. Before, people called Caelum Scalptorium, which means "the engraver's chisel". It was created and named by the French astronomer named Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 1750s. The brighest star in Caelum has a magnitude of 4.45. This means that all of the stars in Caelum are too dark for people who live in cities to see.

References

Constellations
1054


Year 1054 (MLIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Chinese astronomers see a supernova being created in the Crab Nebula 
 February – Battle of Mortemer: The Normans defeat a French army as it is caught stealing. King Henry I of France removes his main army from Normandy as a result.
 April 30 – Rosdalla, Kilbeggan Ireland: Earliest known European tornado. 
 July 4 – The SN 1054 supernova is seen by the Chinese, Arab and possibly Native Americans near the star ζ Tauri. For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Whats left of it form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952).
 July 16 – Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other excommunication. Most historians look to this act as the final step in the initiation of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches. In 1965, those excommunications are cancelled by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras when they meet in the Second Vatican Council. However, to this day each church claims to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and each denies the other's right to that name. (See East-West Schism)
 July 27 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against Macbeth, who took the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, King Duncan. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.
 Lý Nhật Tôn, third king of the Lý Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam and changes the country's official name to Đại Việt.
 East-West Schism in the Christian church, where the churches got separated and became the Catholic and the Orthodox christian churches.

Deaths 
 February 20 – Yaroslav the Wise, prince of Kievan Rus
 April 19 – Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
 September 24 – Hermannus Contractus

References
1053


Year 1053 (MLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 June 18 – Battle of Civitate: 3,000 horsemen of Norman Count Humphrey defeat the troops of Pope Leo IX.
 Byōdō-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, is built. Heian period (approximate date).
 Jōchō makes Amida Buddha, Byodo-in. Heian period (approximate date).

Births 
 July 7 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)
 St-Hugues, Bishop of Guenette (d. 1132)
 Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (d. 1124)
 Vladimir Monomakh, Prince of Kiev (d. 1125)
 Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona
 Berenguer Ramon II, Count of Barcelona

Deaths 
 April 15 – Godwin, Earl of Wessex (b. 1001)
 October 25 – Count Enguerrand II of Ponthieu

References
1051


Year 1051 (MLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Godwin, Earl of Wessex, is forced to leave England by King Edward the Confessor for refusing to take action against the townspeople of Dover. He returns the following year.
 Hilarion of Kiev becomes the first native metropolitan of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus.
 May 19 – Henry I of France marries Anne of Kiev at the cathedral of Reims.
 William of Normandy fights for his life and crown in Normandy.
 Heregeld is ended by King Edward the Confessor of England.

Births 
 Edgar Atheling, uncrowned King of England, 1066, after the Battle of Hastings
 Mi Fu, Chinese poet, painter, and calligrapher (d. 1107)

Deaths 
 January 22 – Ælfric Puttoc, archbishop of York
 Bi Sheng, Song Dynasty Chinese inventor of movable type printing
1049


Year 1049 (MXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Africa 
 Beginning of the Banu Hilal invasions in the Maghrib. They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid dynasty to punish their former Zirid vassals.

 Asia 
 A truce is declared between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks.
 Construction of the large Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty.

 Europe 
 The Pisans successfully complete the take over of Sardegna upon the Andalusian occupiers.
 Viking Irish raiders ally with Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent in raiding along the River Usk. Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester, is unsuccessful in driving them off.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 February 12 – Pope Leo IX replaces Pope Damasus II as the 152nd pope.

Deaths 
 Eustace I of Boulogne

References
1047


Year 1047 (MXLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Battle of Val-ès-Dunes: William the Conqueror, with assistance from King Henry I of France, takes control of Normandy by defeating the rebel Norman barons at Caen. 
 Harald III becomes sole king of Norway.
 Sweyn II is crowned king of Denmark.
 Pope Clement II is replaced by Pope Benedict IX as the 150th pope.
 Revolt of Leo Tornikios in the Byzantine Empire

Births 
 Judith of Swabia, daughter of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

Deaths 
 October 9 – Pope Clement II
 October 25 – King Magnus I of Norway (b. 1024)

References
Camelopardalis

Camelopardalis is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is hard to see because it is not very bright.  It is also very large.  It was created and named by the Dutch astronomer named Petrus Plancius in 1612.  It represents a giraffe.  Its brightest star, β Cam, has a magnitude of only 4.03.  This means that Camelopardalis is very dark.  People who live in cities cannot see Camelopardalis.

References

Constellations
Callinectes

Callinectes (Blue crabs) is a genus of crabs. Sixteen species are in this genus. These species include the Atlantic blue crab, C. sapidus:

Callinectes affinis Fausto, 1980
Callinectes amnicola (Rochebrune, 1883)
Callinectes arcuatus Ordway, 1863
Callinectes bellicosus Stimpson, 1859
Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879
Callinectes danae Smith, 1869
Callinectes diacanthus
Callinectes exasperatus (Gerstaecker, 1856)
Callinectes gladiator Benedict, 1893
Callinectes marginatus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861)
Callinectes ornatus Ordway, 1863
Callinectes pallidus (Rochebrune, 1883)
Callinectes rathbunae Contreras, 1930
Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896
Callinectes similis Williams, 1966
Callinectes toxotes Ordway, 1863

References

Other websites

Portunidae
Canes Venatici

Canes Venatici is a constellation in the northern sky.  It means "the hunting dogs" in Latin.  It was named and created by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius in 1687.  The astronomer named Ptolemy included it in Ursa Major when he made a list of 48 constellations in the 2nd century.  Canes Venatici is not a very bright constellation.

Deep-sky objects
 Messier 3
 Messier 106
 Sunflower Galaxy
 Whirlpool Galaxy

References

Constellations
Callinectes exasperatus

Callinectes exasperatus (common name: rugose swimming crab) is a species of swimming crab. They can be found in the western Atlantic Ocean. This species of crab mainly only eats carrion (dead bodies of other animals). This species is not commercially fished.

References

Portunidae
1044


Year 1044 (MXLIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 King Anawrahta takes over the throne of Pagan, Myanmar.
 Benedict IX gives up his role as pope. Sylvester III becomes the new pope after him.
 The Chinese military essay of the Wujing Zongyao is written and built by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德) during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult). It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariners compass. Although making clear the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow and ability of crossbowmen to eliminate charging units of nomadic cavalrymen.

Births 
 Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid (d. 1099)

Deaths 
 Gothelo I, Duke of Lotharingia

References
1043


Year 1043 (MXLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 October 31 – Venus occults Jupiter
 Rus'-Byzantine War (1043).
 Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.
 Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor marries Agnes de Poitou.
 The revolt of George Maniaces against Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX ends when Maniaces is killed in battle near Thessalonica.
 The Ziyarid dynasty of Persia is destroyed by the Seljuks.
 In Song Dynasty China, the politicians Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan start the Qingli Reforms, which are halted by 1045.
 The Norman brothers, William Iron Arm and Drogo de Hauteville, take power in Apulia.
 The first king of the Kingdom of Nri, Eze Nri Ìfikuánim is created in West Africa.

Births 
 Fulk IV of Anjou
 Abu Muhammad Baghawi, Persian traditionalist
 El Cíd Campeador of Castile

Deaths 
 George Maniaces, Byzantine general
 Gisela of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (b. 989)

References
1041


Year 1041 (MXLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Africa 
 The Zirid dynasty turns down Shi'ite obedience and Fatimid rule and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.

 Europe 
 December 10 – Empress Zoe of Byzantium raises her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V.
 Worcester rebels against the naval taxes of Harthacanute.
 Edward the Confessor returns from exile to inherit Harthacanute. He reduces the Navy from 60 to 32 ships this year due to the tax burden.

 Asia 
 The number of enlisted soldiers in the Song Dynasty Chinese military reaches well over 1,250,000 troops, an increase since 1022 when there were a million soldiers.

Deaths 
 December 10 – Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1010)

References
1038


Year 1038 (MXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 The name of Versailles, then a small village, appears for the first time in a Medieval charter.
 In the Muslim kingdom of Zaragoza, the ruling Banu Tujibi family is removed by Suleiman Al-Mustain I ibn Hud who starts the Huddid dynasty which rules over the region for a century (possibly 1039).

 Asia 
 The Western Xia declare their independence from Liao China.

Deaths 
 August 15 – Saint Stephen I, first king of Hungary
 October 29 – Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Alhazen, Persian mathematician
 William VI of Aquitaine

References
1037


Year 1037 (MXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 Construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is ended.
 Ferdinand I becomes the king of Castile and Leon.
 Harold I takes control of the crown of England from his half-brother Harthacanute.
 George Maniaces begins a war against the Arabs in Sicily.

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty Chinese rime dictionary of the Jiyun is published.
 Seljuq dynasty starts.

Births 
 Su Dongpo, Chinese poet (d. 1101)

Deaths 
 March 16 – Robert I, Archbishop of Rouen
 September 4 – King Bermudo III of León (b. 1010)
 Avicenna, Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist (b. 980)
 Duke Boleslaus III of Bohemia

References
1032


Year 1032 (MXXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 October 21 – Benedict IX replaces John XIX, as the 145th pope.
 The first mention of the city of Kursk.

Births 
 February 16 – Emperor Yingzong of China (d. 1067)
 King Vratislav II of Bohemia (d. 1092)
 Cheng Hao, Song Dynasty China Neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1085)

Deaths 
 October – Pope John XIX
 Bezprym, duke of Poland (murdered)

References
1033


Year 1033 (MXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 February 2 – Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy.
 Panic spreads throughout Europe that the end of the universe may be near, on the supposed 1,000th anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ, due to some unusually harsh spring weather. The Book of Revelation predicts the end of the earth after a 1000 year period.

Births 
 Saint Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1109)
 Cheng Yi, Song Dynasty China Neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1107)
 King Donald III of Scotland, Scottish royal, brother of King Malcolm III of Scotland (d. 1097)
 probable
 Robert I, Count of Flanders, nobleman (d. 1106)

Deaths 
 Ibno Al-Thahabi, Spanish Moorish encyclopedist
 Queen Cunigunde of Luxemburg

References
1026


Year 1026 (MXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 Archbishop Ariberto crowns Conrad II King of Italy in Milan.
 Pietro Barbolano becomes Doge of Venice.
 Henry VI becomes king of Bavaria (later Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor).
 The Battle of the Helgeå is fought in Scandinavia.

 Asia 
 A Zubu revolt against the Liao Dynasty is stopped, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute.

Births 
 Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria (approximate date) (d. 1066)

Deaths 
 Henry of Luxemburg, king of Bavaria

References
1023


Year 1023 (MXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 The Judge-Governor of Seville takes advantage of the break up of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and takes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.
 Abd ar-Rahman V becomes Caliph at Córdoba.

 Asia 
 The Ghaznavid Empire occupies Transoxiana.

 Africa 
 Soon after returning from Mecca, the Tarsina king of Zanata, a mountain kingdom between Algeria and Morocco, is killed in battle.

Births 
 William VII, Duke of Aquitaine (d. 1058)

Deaths 
 Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York
 Oda of Haldensleben, wife of Mieszko I of Poland
 Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King of Gwynedd
 Sitt al-Mulk, regent of the Fatimid Caliphate (1021 to 1023) for ʻAlī az-Zāhir, the Seventh Caliph (1021 to 1036)
1022


Year 1022 (MXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Europe 
 Upon the death of Olof Skötkonung, he is replaced by his son Anund Jakob as king of Sweden.
 Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, marches with his army down the Tyrrhenian coast to lay siege to Capua. The citizens open the gates and surrender the city to the imperial army.

 Asia 
 Al-Muizz ibn Badis begins to rule Ifriqiya in his own right.
 The Song Dynasty Chinese military has one million registered soldiers, an increase since the turn of the 11th century when the Song military only had nine hundred thousand soldiers.

 By topic 
 Religion 
 Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, is received at Rome.
 Several Catharists are killed in Toulouse.
 The Synod of Pavia issues decrees against non-celibate clergy and against simony.
 Robert II the Pious burns some canons of St. Croix in Orléans, for holding that the world is inherently evil.

Births 
 Harold Godwinson

Deaths 
 September 2 – Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, king of Mide and High King of Ireland
 November 20 – Bernward of Hildesheim
 December 20 – Elvira Mendes, queen of Alfonso V of Castile (b. 996)
 Olof Skötkonung, King of Sweden since 995 (b. c. 980)
 Emperor Zhenzong of China

References
1020


Year 1020 (MXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Asia 
 Goryeo and the Liao Dynasty exchange embassies following a seven-year territorial disagreement.
 The massive Kandariya Mahadeva Hindu Temple is completed in the Chandela capital of Khajuraho.

 Europe 
 The city of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is founded.
 Henry II of Germany starts his third Italian military campaign .
 Canute the Great establishes the laws of England.

Births 
 Zhang Zai, Song Dynasty Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher and cosmologist (d. 1077)
 Su Song, famous Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and engineer (d. 1101)

Deaths 
 June 12 – Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Ferdowsi Tousi, Persian epic poet (b. 935)
 Leif Ericson, Icelandic explorer
 Fan Kuan, Chinese landscape painter

References
1029


Year 1029 (MXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 July 2 – Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. 1094)
 Alp Arslan, second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty (d. 1072)
 Edith of Wessex, Queen of England (d. 1075)
1010


Year 1010 (MX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 The city of Yaroslavl is said to have been founded.
 Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, replacing Muhammad II al-Mahdi.
 Allied to Muslim rebels, the count of Barcelona robs and destroys Cordoba.

 Asia 
 The Lý Dynasty is started in Vietnam (or 1009) and moves the capital to Hanoi.
 Persian poet Ferdowsi finishes writing The Shahnameh (Book of Kings).
 The Goryeo king is unseated in a revolt, resulting in an invasion by the Liao Dynasty and the burning of the Korean capital Gaegyeong in the Second Goryeo-Khitan War.
 Song Zhun of Song Dynasty China completes the work of the earlier geographer Lu Duosun, a huge atlas of China that is written and illustrated in 1,556 chapters, showing maps of each region, city, town, and village. The atlas took 39 years to complete.

 Americas 
 Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America (approximate date).

 By topic 

 Art 
 The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, ends. Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period.
 Rajaraja I and His Teacher, detail of a wall painting in the Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Chola Dynasty. Early Medieval period (approximate date).

 Literature 
 Lady Murasaki writes The Tale of Genji in Japanese (approximate date).
 Beowulf is written by an unknown writer (approximate date).

 Technology 
 Eilmer of Malmesbury attempts flight in a glider of his own construction.

Births 
 May 30 – Emperor Renzong of China (d. 1063)
 June 2 – Benno, bishop of Meissen (d. 1106)
 King Bermudo III of León (d. 1037)
 Ali Ahmad Nasawi, (d. 1075)
 Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1041)
 Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg (d. 1088)
 Otto of Savoy (d. 1060)
 Adalbero of Würzburg, Bishop of Würzburg and Count of Lambach-Wels (d. 1090)

Deaths 
 John Curcuas, Byzantine catepan of Italy
 Ælfric of Eynsham, English abbot
 Aimoin, French monk and chronicler

References
1013


Year 1013 (MXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was one thousand years before 2013.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 July  Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, having invaded England, is declared King within the Danelaw.
 December 25  Sweyn is declared King of England in London, forcing Æthelred the Unready to flee to Normandy.
 Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a peace treaty at Merseburg with Duke Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland who recognizes him as overlord.
 Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, gathers an army at Augsburg to begin his second Italian military campaign.
 The Jews are thrown out of the caliphate of Córdoba.
 The Poles leave from Pomerania (approximate date).

 Asia 
 Estimation: Kaifeng, capital of China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Córdoba in Al-Andalus.
 The largest of the Four Great Books of Song, the Song Dynasty Chinese encyclopedia Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau (which had been compiled since 1005), is completed in 1,000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 Lyfing is appointed by Æthelred the Unready as Archbishop of Canterbury.
 The Al-Hakim Mosque is completed in Cairo.
 Beauvais changes from a county to a bishopric (approximate date).

Births 
 Sancha of León, wife of Ferdinand I of León
 Rabbi Isaac Alfasi (Rif),Moroccan Talmudist and posek(d. 1103)

Deaths 
 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, scholar of medicine
 Antipope John XVI

References