cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Thomas Robert Malthus

The Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834), was a British writer on political economy and population. Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent, and was the first to use the phrase struggle for existence.

Views on population

Malthus is famous for his theories about population: its increase or decrease in response to various factors. There were six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population, published from 1798 to 1826. He said that sooner or later population gets checked, by famine, disease, and widespread mortality.

He wrote in opposition to many who saw society as improving, and (in principle) as perfectible.viii William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract.

Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would prevent endless progress towards a utopian society: 
"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man".p13
As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour.p104–105 Believing that one could not change human nature, Malthus wrote: 
"Must it not then be acknowledged by an attentive examiner of the histories of mankind, that in every age and in every State in which man has existed, or does now exist,
 that the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, 
 that population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and, 
 that the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice".p61

Economic views

Malthus placed the longer-term stability of the economy above short-term expediency. He criticised the Poor Laws,p39-45 and (alone among important contemporary economists) supported the Corn Laws, which introduced a system of taxes on British imports of wheat.pxx He thought these measures would encourage domestic production, and so promote long-term benefits.

Influence

Malthus became hugely influential, and controversial, in economic, political, social and scientific thought. Many evolutionary biologists read him, especially Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. For both of them, Malthusianism became a stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. Malthus is still a writer of great significance and controversy.

References

Other websites

1766 births
1834 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British economists
Demography
English Anglicans
English priests
English scientists
Writers from Surrey
Littoral zone

The littoral zone refers to that part of a sea, lake or river which is close to the shore. In coastal environments the littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely under water, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged. It always includes this intertidal zone and is often used to mean the same as the intertidal zone. However, the meaning of "littoral zone" can extend well beyond the intertidal zone.

In oceanography and marine biology, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the continental shelf.

Oceanography
Habitats
Chromium(II) chloride

Chromium(II) chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CrCl2. It is a white crystalline chemical. It dissolves in water to produce a bright blue solution. It is a strong reducing agent. If the water has a little acid in it, hydrogen is produced. If the water has a little base in it, chromium(II) oxide is produced. The water needs to be very pure. 

It is made by reacting chromium(III) chloride and hydrogen at a high temperature. It can also be made by reduction of chromium(III) chloride with zinc. It is used in science research.

Related pages
Chromium(III) oxide
Chromium(VI) oxide

Chlorine compounds
Chromium compounds
Sodium dichromate

Sodium dichromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Cr2O7. It consists of sodium and dichromate ions. It is an orange crystalline solid. It is an intermediate in making chromium. It is used to make leather. It is also used in making organic chemical compounds. It is a strong oxidizing agent and a toxic carcinogen.

Related pages
Potassium dichromate
Sodium chromate
Chromate

Sodium compounds
Chromium compounds
Chrome

Chrome may refer to:

Materials 
Chromium, a chemical element
Chrome plating, putting a surface of chromium on metal objects
Chrome alum, a sulphate of chromium previously used in tanning leather

Computing 
Google Chrome, a web browser
Google Chrome OS, the operating system of the browser
Chromebook, the laptop that runs the operating system
Chrome plating

Chrome plating is the coating of a metal object with a thin layer of chromium metal, also known as chrome. It is normally plated by electrolysis. It can be used to reduce corrosion or for a decorative effect.

Related pages
Electrochemistry
Decoration

Physical chemistry
Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside)

Mount Carmel Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery in the Chicago suburb of Hillside, Illinois. The cemetery is near the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) at Wolf and Roosevelt Roads.  It is close to three other cemeteries. They are Queen of Heaven Cemetery, Catholic Cemetery, and Oakridge Glen Oaks Cemetery.

The cemetery is  in size.  There are over 226,275 people buried at Mount Carmel.

The Bishop's Mausoleum is in Mount Carmel Cemetery. It was designed by William J. Brinkmann. It is the burial place of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago. Cardinal Joseph Bernardin was buried there after his 1996 death. Also on the cemetery grounds are the burial places of some organized crime figures. There are over 400 family mausoleums on the cemetery grounds.

People Buried At Mt. Carmel
Below is a short list of people buried at Mt. Carmel Cemetery.
 Julia Buccola Petta - also known as "The Italian Bride"

Religious people
 Samuel Stritch
 John Cody
 Joseph Bernardin
 James Edward Quigley
 William Quarter
 Patrick Feehan

Criminals
 Al Capone
 Vincent Drucci
 Sam Giancana
 Joseph Giunta
 Genna Brothers - Sam, Vincenzo, Pete, "Bloody" Angelo, Antonio, and Mike "The Devil".
 Antonio Lombardo
 "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn
 Frank Nitti
 Dean O'Banion
 Frank Rio
 Roger Touhy
 Earl "Hymie" Weiss
 Phillipo Catalano

Other websites
 Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago
 Mount Carmel page on Graveyards of Chicago

Cemeteries in the United States
Buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
Al Capone
Mercury(II) chloride

Mercury(II) chloride, also known as mercuric chloride and corrosive sublimate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgCl2. It has mercury and chloride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid.  It is very toxic. It can be made by reacting chlorine with mercury. It is not ionic, like most metal-nonmetal chemical compounds are. For example, it evaporates easily when heated, while ionic compounds like sodium chloride stay solid. It dissolves in water, but much better in hot water than in cold water. It also dissolves in chloride solutions. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make mercury(II) oxide.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting mercury(I) chloride or mercury metal with chlorine. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with hydrochloric acid or by reacting mercury(II) sulfate with sodium chloride.

Uses
It is used as a catalyst in making plastics. It is also used to make an amalgam with metals such as aluminum. It was used in the past to preserve various things and as a medicine. It is too toxic to be used as a medicine anymore. It was used in photography.

Related pages
Mercury(I) bromide
Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(II) sulfide

Mercury compounds
Chlorine compounds
Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury(I) chloride, also known as calomel and mercurous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2Cl2. It has mercury and chloride ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white to pale yellow crystalline solid. It is toxic, but not as toxic as mercury(II) chloride because it does not dissolve in water. It turns back into mercury and mercury(II) chloride when reacted with ammonia or exposed to ultraviolet light. The black color that came from the reaction with ammonia gave its name "calomel" (beautiful black). It is a weak reducing agent. It is the most common mercury(I) compound.

Occurrence

Calomel is sometimes found as a mineral, but it is quite rare.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury with mercury(II) chloride. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with sources of chloride, such as sodium chloride.

Uses
It is used in electrochemistry as a reference electrode. Reference electrodes are used to find the electrode potentials (ability to be oxidized and reduced) of other chemical substances. Since it decomposes when light is shined on it, it is used to see how many photons are in a light beam. It was used as medicine in the past, although it was toxic.

Related pages
Chlorine
Electrolysis
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) bromide

Mercury compounds
Chlorine compounds

ca:Calomelà
sk:Kalomel
Mercury(I) nitrate

Mercury(I) nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2(NO3)2. It has mercury and nitrate ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white solid. It is a weak reducing agent in air. It oxidizes to mercury(II) oxide and mercury(II) nitrate. It reacts slowly with water when it is dissolved in water. This makes a basic mercury(I) nitrate and some nitric acid. The basic mercury(I) nitrate is yellow. Mercury(I) nitrate can kill you if you eat or inhale it.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury with a dilute solution of nitric acid. A concentrated solution of nitric acid makes mercury(II) nitrate.

Related pages
Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury(I) chloride

References

Nitrogen compounds
Mercury compounds
Amalgam

An amalgam is a solution of a metal in mercury. Many metals can dissolve in mercury. Amalgams are used in tooth fillings. Platinum and iron cannot form amalgams. Gold can dissolve in mercury, which is used to separate gold from its ore. Aluminum forms an amalgam which can react with water because the thin oxide coating on the aluminum is dissolved.

Related pages
Chemical compound
Mixture

Chemicals
Mercury(II) nitrate

Mercury(II) nitrate, also known as mercuric nitrate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg(NO3)2. It contains mercury and nitrate ions. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(II) nitrate is a white crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury with concentrated nitric acid; dilute nitric acid would make mercury(I) nitrate.

Uses
It was used to make felt from fur. People would get poisoned when using it to make hats, making the term "mad hatter".

Related pages
Mercury(I) iodide
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) chloride

\

Nitrogen compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury(II) iodide

Mercury(II) iodide, also known as mercuric iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgI2. It has mercury and iodide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a red crystalline compound. It turns yellow when heated and turns red again when it is cooled. It is insoluble in water. It is highly toxic like all mercury compounds.

Preparation
Mercury(II) iodide is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt such as mercury(II) chloride with a source of iodide ions. This makes a bright red precipitate.

Occurrence
It is found as the very rare mineral coccinite.

Uses
It was used as a medicine, but it poisoned people who took the medicine. It is also used to demonstrate how some things change color when heated and change back when cooled. It can be used to test for ammonia and as a semiconductor.

Related pages
Mercury(I) iodide
Iodine
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) bromide

Mercury compounds
Iodine compounds
Mercury(I) iodide

Mercury(I) iodide, also known as mercurous iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2I2. It has mercury and iodide ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow solid. When light is shined on it, it breaks down (by disproportionation) to mercury(II) iodide and iodine. It is toxic, as are all mercury compounds.

Preparation and use
It is made by reacting mercury and iodine. It was once used as a medicine.

Related pages
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) chloride

Mercury compounds
Iodine compounds
Stroopwafel

A stroopwafel () (English translation: syrup waffle or treacle waffle) is a waffle made from two thin layers of baked batter.  It has a caramel-like syrup filling in the middle.  They were first made in the town of Gouda in the Netherlands, in 1784. Bigger versions are sold in the streets as a snack.

References 

Sweet breads
Gouda
Dutch food
Anthony Rolfe Johnson

Anthony Rolfe Johnson, CBE (born 5 November 1940; died 21 July 2010) was an English operatic tenor.  He was especially famous for singing the music of Monteverdi, Mozart and Benjamin Britten.  He sang many of the operatic roles which Britten had written for Peter Pears to sing.

Life

Anthony Rolfe Johnson was born in Tackley in Oxfordshire.  When he was a child he enjoyed singing, but did not think of taking it up as a career.  He started to work in farm management.  Then, in his late twenties, he decided to study singing at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He started his singing career by singing in operas in the chorus and in small roles at the Glyndebourne Festival between 1972 and 1976. His first big operatic part was Vaudémont in Tchaikovsky’s Iolanthe in 1973 with the English Opera Group.  Then he sang the part of Albert Herring in Britten’s opera.

In 1978, he joined English National Opera.  He sang several roles in Mozart and Monteverdi operas, then he sang the Male Chorus (a solo part) in Britten’s The Rape of Lucretia and Aschenbach in Death in Venice.  Later he sang the title role in Peter Grimes.   He sang in opera houses all over the world, including including the English National Opera, Royal Opera House, La Monnaie in Brussels, La Scala, Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Vienna State Opera, and the Paris Opera.

Rolfe Johnson sang other music besides operas.  He sang in several oratorios, and he sang the role of Evangelist in J. S. Bach's St John Passion and St Matthew Passion, as well as in Britten’s War Requiem.  He also sang on the concert platform, and he gave recitals of Lieder.  He helped find a group called “The Songmakers’ Almanac” who sang classical songs. .

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992. 

He died of Alzheimer's disease on 21 July 2010.

References
”Anthony Rolfe Johnson” – obituary in The Independent, 29 July 2010 viewspaper p. 9

1940 births
2010 deaths
Tenors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English opera singers
Guildhall School of Music and Drama

Guildhall School of Music and Drama is a school for music and drama in London, England. It was founded in 1880. Students can study Music, Opera, Drama, Stage Management and Technical Theatre.

History
The first Guildhall School was in an old warehouse, but it was soon too small. A new building was especially built and opened in 1886. Before 1935 it was known as the Guildhall School of Music. Since 1977 it has been next to the Barbican Arts Centre in the Barbican Complex.

The Guildhall School does not just teach students at the school. They also organize music examinations in the whole of Britain for anyone learning musical instruments. In 2004 these examinations joined with those of Trinity College London to form Trinity Guildhall Examinations. Today, Trinity Guildhall offers qualifications in performing and teaching in music, speech and drama, and dance to external students (students who are not studying at the school).

Today the school has a 308-seat drama and opera theatre, concert hall, lecture / recital hall and a small studio theatre. The students of the school regularly perform all over London. In 2008 work began on a large extension to the School. It will cost about £90 million.

Famous musicians who studied there include the trumpeter Alison Balsom, the composer Thomas Adès, the flautist Sir James Galway, the pianist Paul Lewis, the violinist Tasmin Little and the singers Kate Royal and Bryn Terfel.

References

Other websites
 Guildhall School of Music and Drama website
 City selects preferred Milton Court developer  (June 2006)
 Guildhall School seeks new extension  (February 2006)
 Trinity Guildhall at the Trinity College, London 

Music schools
Colleges and universities in London
Mercury-vapor lamp

A mercury-vapor lamp is a kind of gas discharge lamp.  It makes light from mercury.  The mercury atoms release ultraviolet and visible light.  In some bulbs, the ultraviolet light shines on phosphors which make white light from it, although not all mercury-vapor lamps use phosphors. The EU wants to ban them because they contain large amounts of mercury and are not efficient like fluorescent bulbs. They last much longer though.

They are the bluish streetlights. Depending on the quality of the bulb, age of the bulb, phosphor used, and other chemicals added to the mercury, the color of the light can vary from blue-white to green-white, to almost pure white. A green tint usually indicates an older bulb, although it doesn't necessarily mean that the bulb is about to burn out. The metal halide lamp is an improved version of the mercury vapor lamp that contains a metal halide (usually sodium iodide) in addition to the mercury. The metal halide produces orange light, which combines with the blue-white light from the mercury to produce a very pure white light.

Related pages
Sodium vapor lamp
Incandescent bulb

Lamps
Sodium vapor lamp

A sodium vapor lamp is a kind of gas discharge lamp. Streetlights are a major use. There are two types; the high pressure lamp and the low pressure lamp. The older low pressure one gives yellow light. It is still used where the ability to show different colors is not very important. The newer high pressure sodium vapor light emits a broader spectrum, often appearing orange but letting people see different colors. 

These lights contain sodium metal in them. They operate by a spark through a tube that contains the sodium. The sodium emits a yellow color, which produces the light. Because the lamp contains highly flammable sodium as well as toxic mercury, it should not be placed in the trash and must be disposed of properly at the end of its life.

Related pages 
 Mercury-vapor lamp

Lamps
Streetlight

A streetlight is a light bulb on a pole used for lighting streets. Streets can be lit for safety or visibility reasons, so people can see where they are walking at night. Streetlights are normally either orange or blue. The blue ones are mercury-vapor lamps. They are older and last longer. The orange ones are sodium vapor lamps. They are newer and more efficient.

Related pages
Incandescent bulb, rarely used in streetlights
Fluorescent bulb

Light sources
Aluminium oxide

Aluminium oxide, also known as aluminum oxide, is a chemical compound made from aluminium and oxygen. Its chemical formula is Al2O3. It is a normally white, powdery solid. It does not exist in a particular form. It can dissolve in acids and bases. It is used as an abrasive (sandpaper is an abrasive). It comes in bauxite and corundum. It does not melt easily. It is dissolved in a cryolite melt and electrolyzed to make aluminium.

Natural occurrence
Corundum is the most common naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminium oxide. Rubies and sapphires are types of corundum. The reason why they have different colors is because there are other elements in it.

Properties

Al2O3 is an electrical insulator but it has a high thermal conductivity (). Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. Its most common occurring crystalline form, called corundum or α-aluminium oxide.

Aluminium oxide is the reason why aluminium cannot corrode. When aluminium reacts with atmospheric oxygen, a thin layer of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface. This layer protects the metal from more oxidation.

Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric substance, meaning it can react with both acids and bases, such as hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide.

References

Related pages
Aluminium chloride
Calcium oxide
Corundum

Aluminium compounds
Oxides
Abrasive

An abrasive is something that is very hard. It is also rough. It is used to rub things so they get smooth. When abrasives are glued to paper, it makes sandpaper. Aluminium oxide is a common abrasive. Abrasives are used to make the ends of wood pieces smooth and to smooth the cut ends of metal. The hardest natural abrasive is diamond. Diamond is commonly used in saw blades designed to cut tile or stone.

Construction
Sandpaper

Sandpaper is a piece of paper with an abrasive glued to it. Sandpapers come in various types. Some are very rough, while others are very smooth. They are used to clean wood and metal and make them smooth. Some sandpaper is made to go on a machine that rubs very fast, while other sandpaper is used by hand.

Construction
Corundum

Corundum is a mineral. It is very hard, with a Mohs hardness of 9 (diamond is 10). It is usually clear. Its chemical formula is aluminium oxide, Al2O3. Sometimes some of the aluminium atoms get replaced with chromium atoms. It then becomes ruby. Other impurities can make sapphire.

Related pages 
Bauxite
Aluminium
Chromium(III) oxide

References

Minerals
Aluminium chloride

Aluminium chloride (AlCl3), is a chemical compound. It is a white or yellow crystalline solid. It melts at a low temperature. It is made by reacting aluminium oxide with hydrochloric acid. The anhydrous (without water) form may be made by reacting aluminium and chlorine. It is used in the making of chemicals. It is also used in deodorants. It can cause slight irritation.

Related pages
Calcium chloride
Deodorant
Sodium bromide

Sources

Chlorine compounds
Aluminium compounds
The Salt Lake Tribune

The Salt Lake Tribune is a newspaper based in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was founded in 1871 and was known as Mormon Tribune by some former LDS Church members William Godbe, Elias L.T. Harrison and John Tullidge.

Other websites
Official website

Newspapers in the United States
Salt Lake City
1871 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
Joey Ramone

Joey Ramone (born Jeffery Hyman, May 19, 1951 – April 15, 2001) was an American punk musician and founder member of the Ramones, in which he was lead singer, along with Dee Dee Ramone, Tommy Ramone, and Johnny Ramone.

Early life
Joey Ramone's mother encouraged both his and his brothers' interests in music. He was a fan of The Beatles, The Who, Iggy and The Stooges and David Bowie, among other bands. He was also a fan of Phil Spector produced records as well. He took up the drums at 13 and played throughout his teen years. He idolized Pete Townshend of the Who.

Death
Joey Ramone died at the age of 49 on April 15, 2001 of lymphoma.

1951 births
2001 deaths
American drummers
American punk musicians
American rock guitarists
Singer-songwriters from New York
Deaths from lymphoma
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
Rashad Evans

Rashad Anton Evans (born September 25, 1979 in Niagara Falls, New York) is an American mixed martial artist. He currently fights for the UFC and fights out of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Evans is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship and was the winner of The Ultimate Fight season 2 in the heavyweight division. Evans holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Gaidojutsu

Other websites
Rashad Evans' Official website

Sportspeople from New York
American mixed martial artists
1979 births
Living people
Georges St-Pierre

Georges St-Pierre  (born May 19, 1981 in Saint-Isidore, Quebec) (often called GSP for short) is a semi-retired Canadian mixed martial artist that fights for the UFC and fights out of Montreal, Quebec. St-Pierre has won the UFC Welterweight Championship 3 times. St-Pierre is a 3rd degree black belt in Kyokushin, a black belt in Gaidojutsu and a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was vacating the championship and was taking time off from MMA.

References

Other websites
Georges St-Pierre's Official website 
Georges St-Pierre at ufc.com 

1981 births
Living people
Mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Quebec
Trish Stratus

Patricia Anne Stratigias (born December 18, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler, fitness model, and fitness guru, actress and television personality. She is best known for her time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) where she wrestled under the ring name, Trish Stratus. Stratus is a former one-time WWE Hardcore Champion, seven-time WWF/E Women's Champion and was named Babe of the Year from 2001 to 2004 and was also named Diva of the Decade. She returned to the WWE on February 20, 2011 after she made a surpise appearance at the 2011 Elimination Chamber pay-per-view. She will also be a trainer on the 2011 revival of Tough Enough.

She was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Stephanie McMahon in 2013. The next year, Stratus inducted Lita in the Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites 

Trish Stratus' Official website

1975 births
Canadian models
Canadian professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Living people
People from Ontario
WWE Hall of Fame
Alberto Del Rio

José Alberto Rodríguez (born May 25, 1977) is a Mexican professional wrestler, former mixed martial artist and luchador enmascarado. He is currently signed to the WWE and competes under the ring name Alberto Del Rio. He has also wrestled for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Ring of Honor (ROH) and Lucha Underground (LU). He competeed in AAA under the ring name El Patrón Alberto ("The Boss Alberto") and in ROH and LU under the name Alberto el Patrón.

In 2006 Pro Wrestling Illustrated ranked Alberto Del Rio #45 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500. On January 30, 2011, Del Rio won the 2010 Royal Rumble by last eliminating Santino Marella.

On August 7, 2014, it was announced that Del Rio had been fired from the WWE after he slapped an employee who allegedly made a racist joke.

On August 17 at Triplemanía XXII, El Patrón and his father Dos Caras returned to AAA. He spoke about returning to AAA and he addressed the WWE, claiming that they were racist. They were interrupted by the Los Perros del Mal stable.

On December 11, 2014, Ring of Honor (ROH) announced that they had signed Rodríguez and that he would make his debut for them on January 3, 2015. In his debut match, he defeated Christopher Daniels.

On January 17, 2015, Lucha Underground announced that they had signed Rodríguez. He debuted for them at their television tapings in Los Angeles, California later that same day.

On October 25, 2015, Del Rio made a surprise return to the WWE at Hell in a Cell with Zeb Colter as his manager. At Hell in a Cell, Del Rio answered John Cena's United States Open Challenge. He defeated Cena to win his first United States Championship.

Championships
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
AAA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Técnico of the Year (2014)

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
La Copa Junior (2006)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #6 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2011.

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
World Heavyweight Championship (two times)
WWE Championship (two times)
WWE United States Championship (one time)
Money in the Bank (Raw 2011)
Royal Rumble (2011)
Bragging Rights Trophy (2010) (with Team SmackDown (Big Show, Rey Mysterio, Jack Swagger, Edge, Tyler Reks, and Kofi Kingston))

World Wrestling League
WWL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

'''Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Gimmick (2010)

References

Other websites

1977 births
Living people
Mexican professional wrestlers
Mixed martial artists
San Luis Potosí
Former WWE wrestlers
Chris Masters

Christopher Todd "Chris Masters" Mordetzky (born 8 January, 1983) is an American professional wrestler of Polish ancestry. His dad was Polish and English. His mother was American. He began his career at age 21. He had been a bodybuilder since he was 14 years old.

References

1983 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from California
People from Santa Monica, California
Mirko Filipović

Mirko Filipović (born 10 September 1974 in Zagreb, Croatia) is a Croatian mixed martial artist who currently fights for the UFC. He is known by his nickname Mirko Cro Cop, which he gained when he was in the Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit. Filipović also fought for the Pride Fighting Championships where he won a PrideFC 2006 Openweight Grand Prix Tournament.

Other websites
 

1974 births
Living people
Croatian sportspeople
Mixed martial artists
People from Zagreb
Giancarlo Volpe

Giancarlo Volpe (born 31 July 1974 in Tacoma, Washington) is an Italian American animator and director.  He graduated from the School of Visual Arts in 1997.  He started his career at Humongous Entertainment.

Career

Computer games 

"Pajama Sam"
Putt-Putt Enters the Race

Animated series 

King of the Hill
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Green Lantern: The Animated Series

Other TV series 

Star Wars: The Clone Wars

Other websites
 MobyGames profile
 deviantART Profile

American animators
1974 births
Living people
People from Tacoma, Washington
Paramount Parks

Paramount Parks was an operator of theme parks and attractions. In 1994, the Paramount Parks became a part of Paramount Pictures.

Other websites  

Cedar Fair official website
Gilroy Gardens (Formerly Bonfante Gardens)
Canada's Wonderland
Coney Island
Carowinds
California's Great America
Kings Dominion
Kings Island
Star Trek The Experience

Viacom
1994 establishments in the United States
Companies based in North Carolina
Theme park companies
Burbank, California

Burbank is a city in the southeastern end of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County, California. Located just 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Downtown Los Angeles, Burbank is well known for being home to Walt Disney Studios and Warner Bros Studios, as well as having the largest IKEA in the United States. The population at the 2010 census was 103,340.

Notable people

 Sterling Beaumon (b. 1995), actor, musician
 Tyler Blackburn (b. 1986), actor, singer
 Kelly Blatz (b. 1987), actor, model
 Scott Borchetta (b. 1962), president/CEO of Big Machine Records
 Tim Burton (b. 1958), film director, producer
 Paul Cameron (b. 1932), football player
 Glenn Davis (1924–2005), football player, Heisman Trophy winner
 Debbe Dunning (b. 1966), actress
 Masiela Lusha (b. 1985), actress, writer, humanitarian
 Andrew Gold (1951–2011), singer-songwriter, born in Burbank
 Mark Harmon (b. 1951), actor
 Jason Hirsh (b. 1982), professional baseball player
 Ron Howard (b. 1954), actor, director
 Ryan Lavarnway (b. 1987), major league baseball catcher (Baltimore Orioles)
 Blake Lively (b. 1987), actress
 Chris Marquette (b. 1984), actor
 Cady McClain (b. 1969), actress
 Garry Marshall (1934–2016), director, actor
 Hayley McFarland (b. 1991), actress
 Sandy Neilson (b. 1956), Olympic swimming gold medalist
 Greg Plitt (1977–2015), fitness model, actor.
 Eve Plumb (b. 1958), actress
 Debbie Reynolds (1932–2016), actress, singer
 Randy Rhoads (1956–1982), musician, guitarist
 Jason Ritter (b. 1980), actor, raised in Burbank
 John Ritter (1948–2003), actor, TV personality, born and raised in Burbank
 Adam Schiff (b. 1960), U.S. Congressman – House of Representatives
 Kendall Schmidt (b. 1990), actor, singer, formed band Heffron Drive in Burbank with Dustin Belt – part of Big Time Rush (band).
 Ryan Shore (b. 1974), film composer
 Daniel Steres (b. 1990), professional soccer player
 Frank Sullivan (b. 1930), Major League baseball pitcher-active 1953–63
 Wil Wheaton (b. 1972), actor
 Anton Yelchin (1989–2016), actor

References

Books
 Brief History of Burbank, California (Burbank Chamber of Commerce, 1961)
 Of Men and Stars, A History of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation (Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1957–1958)
 Ranchos de Los Santos, The Story of Burbank (The Burbank Branch of the Security Trust and Savings Bank, 1927)
 The Story of Burbank from Her Eventful Pioneer Days (The Magnolia Park Chamber of Commerce, 1954)
 Your Burbank Home (Burbank Merchant's Association, 1928)

Other websites

 City of Burbank - official
 Burbank Water & Power - official
 Burbank Unified School District 
 Burbank Chamber of Commerce
 Bob Hope Airport - official 
 Burbankia (Burbank history and lore)
 Burbank.com - Your online guide to Burbank, California
 Burbank Community Book, 1944
 A History of Burbank, 1968
NHS Alliance

The NHS Alliance is a National Health Service group, which is made up of doctors, hospital managers and others working in health care in England, Scotland and Wales in the United Kingdom.  It is not a part of the government or a political party. It holds an annual conference. Dr Michael Dixon has been Chairman of NHS Alliance since 1998, with Michael Sobanja as its Chief Executive.

Other websites
NHS Alliance website

References

Medical and health organizations in the United Kingdom
Cryolite

Cryolite is a rare mineral that consists of sodium fluoride and aluminium fluoride bonded. It is used in the production of aluminium. It is first melted and then aluminium oxide is dissolved in it. Then the solution is electrolyzed. If it is immersed in water, it becomes invisible although it does not dissolve. It used to be found in large quantities in Greenland, but it has been all used up. Now it is made from fluorite artificially.

Related pages
Pyrolusite
Sodium chloride
Aluminium chloride

Minerals
Sodium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Aluminium fluoride

Aluminium fluoride, also known as aluminum fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlF3. It is used to process aluminium. It can be made by reacting aluminium with hydrofluoric acid. It is also made by reacting hexafluorosilicic acid with aluminium oxide.

Related pages
Aluminium chloride
Sodium fluoride, the other part of cryolite
Fluoride

Fluorine compounds
Aluminium compounds
Hydrofluoric acid

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Its chemical formula is HF. It is a very dangerous acid, being very corrosive and extremely toxic. It can dissolve glass to make hexafluorosilicic acid. If it gets on the skin, it can kill you. It is made by reacting fluorite with sulfuric acid. It is used in the processing of petroleum. It is also used to make various other chemicals containing fluorine, such as teflon (the coating in a frying pan), freon (the cooling agent in an air conditioner), and fluorocarbons (used as propellants in aerosol cans). It is used to clean metals. It is very toxic because it bonds with calcium ions in the body and makes them so they cannot be used. As an acid, it can be deprotonated to produce fluorides, which are also the salts of hydrofluoric acid.

If someone gets hydrofluoric acid on them, medical attention is needed, as just small amounts are very toxic.
(Flesh eater)

Related pages
Hydrochloric acid
Fluoride
Hydrobromic acid

References

Other websites
 International Chemical Safety Card 0283
 National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet 
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 Hydrofluoric Acid Burn, The New England Journal of Medicine Acid burn case study

Acids
Fluorine compounds
DR Movie

DR Movie is a Korean animation studio. It was organised in Seoul in 1990. It often works with Japanese companies on anime titles.

Other websites
 DRMovie official site
 

Anime
New York Comic Con

The New York Comic Con is a festival that takes place in New York City for fans of comics, graphic novels, anime, manga, video games, toys, movies, and television.

Past conventions

Gallery

References

Other websites
New York Comic Con website
NYCC YouTube page
Videos and photos from New York Comic Con 2007 
AMCTV.com's Sci-Fi Department's video coverage of the 2008 New York Comic Con 
Midtown Comics, New York

Entertainment in New York City
Festivals in the United States
Comics
Hexafluorosilicic acid

Hexafluorosilicic acid is a chemical compound that is an acid. Its chemical formula is H2SiF6. It is made by the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with silicon dioxide when the hydrofluoric acid is produced. It can be reacted with bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce a fluorosilicate salt such as sodium fluorosilicate. It is used to make artificial cryolite. It releases hydrogen fluoride when it is heated, so it is toxic like hydrofluoric acid. It is used in fluoridation of water.

Related pages
Silicate
Silicon
Fluoride

Acids
San Diego Comic-Con

San Diego Comic-Con International, also known as Comic-Con International: San Diego (as given on its website), and as Comic-Con or the San Diego Comic-Con, was created in 1970 from Shel Dorf and a group of San Diegans. It was set up to celebrate comic books and for fans to meet creators, experts and other fans.

References

Notes 

 San Diego Comic Convention Souvenir Book 1994 (offline)
 The "Secret Origin" of San Diego's Comic-Con International

Other websites 

 
 The early days of Comic-Con, Variety, July 11, 2008
 Comic-Con 2010: Best Pics  - slideshow by Life magazine
 Comic-Con 2010 - slideshow by The First Post
 Comic-Con's Dorf watches sadly from the sidelines as T-shirts trump talent, San Diego Union Tribune July 16, 2006
 Keeping the intangibles  Maggie Thompson's memories of Comic-Con, Comics Buyer's Guide, Jan. 2009
 Comic-Convention Memories
 Crashing the Con  A Documentary on San Diego Comic-Con International 2008

Comics
Hydrogen fluoride

Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound. It is a highly toxic colorless gas. Its chemical formula is HF. It dissolves in water to produce hydrofluoric acid, a strongly toxic corrosive acid. It is used to make fluorine. It is used as a catalyst. It is much more easily liquified (made into liquid) than any other hydrogen halide.

Related pages
Hydrogen chloride
Fluoride
Hydrogen bromide

Fluorine compounds
Catalysts
Hydrogen halide

Hydrogen halides (or hydrohalic acids) are inorganic compounds that contain a hydrogen ion and a halide ion. The halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Astatine does not make a stable hydrogen halide, so it is not included.

The hydrogen halides are diatomic molecules with no tendency to ionize in the gas phase. Chemists therefore distinguish hydrogen chloride from hydrochloric acid.  The former is a gas at room temperature that reacts with water to give the acid. Once the acid has formed, the diatomic molecule can not easily be regenerated.

Hydrogen compounds
Hydrobromic acid

Hydrobromic acid is an acid. Its chemical formula is HBr.  It is a very strong acid. It is used to make bromides by reaction with metals or metal oxides. 

It can be made by reacting bromine, sulfur dioxide, and water. This reaction makes hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid. It is made by dissolving hydrogen bromide in water. It can also be made by reacting bromine with sulfur and phosphorus. It can also be made by electrolysis of a bromide solution. It can be made by reacting bromides with non-oxidizing acids, because oxidizing acids would turn the bromides into bromine.

Related pages
Hydrochloric acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrofluoric acid

Acids
Bromine compounds

pl:Bromowodór#Kwas bromowodorowy
Hydrogen bromide

Hydrogen bromide is a chemical compound. It dissolves in water to produce hydrobromic acid. Its chemical formula is HBr. It is a stinky colorless gas. It is used to make other bromides. It is made by reacting hot hydrogen and bromine with a catalyst. It can be made by reacting bromides with non-oxidizing acids, such as phosphoric acid. Bromine can be reduced by phosphorous acid to make hydrogen bromide.

Related pages
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride

Bromine compounds
Hydrogen iodide

Hydrogen iodide () is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HI. It is a colorless odorous gas. It reacts with oxygen to make iodine and water. It can be made by reducing iodine with hydrazine. It can also be made by reacting iodides with non-oxidizing acids such as phosphoric acid. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with iodine. Very pure hydrogen iodide can be made by combining hydrogen and iodine, but this is very slow. It will break down if exposed to air. It can be used to make illegal drugs and various chemical compounds of iodine. It dissolves in water to produce hydroiodic acid. Hydroiodic acid is a strong acid that is used to make iodides.

Related pages
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen bromide

References

Other websites
International Chemical Safety Card 1326

Acids
Iodine compounds
Seal script

Seal script (Chinese: Simplified: 篆书 ;Traditional: 篆書; pinyin: zhuànshū) is an ancient style of Chinese calligraphy.

Books

 Chén Zhāoróng (陳昭容) Research on the Qín (Ch'in) Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing (秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察) (2003). Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology Monograph (中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊). . (in Chinese)
 Qiú Xīguī (裘錫圭) Chinese Writing (2000). Translation of 文字學概要 by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of  Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. .

Other websites

 Script translation
 Richard Sears on seal script

Writing systems
Chinese language
Clerical script

The clerical script (; pinyin: lìshū; Japanese: 隷書体, Reishotai;) is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy.

Other websites

Writing systems
Chinese language
Guzheng

The guzheng, also spelled gu zheng or gu-zheng (, with gu 古 meaning "ancient"; and also called zheng 箏) is a Chinese plucked zither.

Books

Han Mei. "Guzheng." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).

Chinese music
Pipa

The pipa () is a four-stringed Chinese musical instrument, belonging to the plucked category of instruments (弹拨乐器/彈撥樂器).

Books

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).

Other websites
 "Kishibe's diffusionism theory on the Iranian Barbat and Chino-Japanese Pi' Pa'," from The Shayda Institute-Iranian Classical Music site 
 An article on the historical development of pipa
 The Pipa on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Pipa Performance by Gifted Musician in United States

Chinese music
Royal charter

A royal charter is a legal document issued by the monarchy which gives certain rights to an organization.

When an organization, for example: a university, is founded there has to be an official document which lists the basic laws (the constitution) of the organization. If this document is given to the organization by the king or queen it is called a Royal charter.

In Europe Royal charters have been used to create towns ever since the Middle Ages. The date when the charter was made is thought of as the date when the town was founded (started), even if there had been people living there many years before.

Many groups such as the British East India Company were formed by Royal charter. Most British university operate under Royal Charters. This gives them the right to give degrees to the students at the end of their studies. 

The BBC operates under a Royal Charter which lasts for a limited period of ten years, after which it is renewed.

Charities may also have Royal charters. They do not need to have one, but they are likely to be more successful if they have a Royal charter.

Law
Monarchy
Documents
Aluminium sulfate

Aluminium sulfate, sometimes spelled aluminum or sulphate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Al2(SO4)3. It is a white crystalline solid. It can be made by dissolving aluminium oxide in sulfuric acid. It is used to remove particles from water when it is processed for drinking. It is also used in making paper. It is used in baking powder, deodorants, slug killer,  and to make garden soils more acidic.

Related pages
Aluminium chloride
Sulfate
Aluminium

Sulfur compounds
Aluminium compounds
George Grove

Sir George Grove (born Clapham in South London, 13 August 1820; died Sydenham on 28 May 1900) was an English engineer and musician.  

He wrote books about classical composers and is particularly famous for his big musical dictionary Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians. This dictionary continued to be updated and published after his death. It has now gone through seven editions. The latest edition is available online.

Life

George Grove was born in Clapham in South London. His father sold fish. His mother was into musicals. He learned to be an engineer and was sent out to Jamaica to help to build a lighthouse.  

He worked on the building of the Britannia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait.  He married the daughter of a clergyman. He became secretary of the Society of Arts and he wrote many articles for a Dictionary of the Bible.  He spent seven years doing this.  It gave him the idea of doing something similar for music.

Grove went to many concerts. He bought sheet music and studied it. He wrote programme notes for concerts, writing about the music that was being played.  He wrote about a lot of music by Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn and Schumann.

Career 
He wrote detailed essays about the symphonies of Beethoven and was a good friend of Clara Schumann.  He travelled with the composer Arthur Sullivan to Vienna where he met many great musicians including Brahms and discovered some music by Schubert that had been forgotten.   He spent several years writing his Dictionary of Music which was published in four volumes.

Grove worked very hard to get enough money to found the Royal College of Music which was opened in 1883 by the Prince of Wales.  Grove got many great musicians to come and teach there, including the world-famous singer Jenny Lind who was already retired, and Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and others.  

The prime minister William Gladstone gave him a knighthood for what he had done for music.  The new students included many who were to become famous.  

These include Hamish MacCunn and Charles Wood.  He became very fond of the student Edith Oldham and had an emotional attachment to her for the rest of his life.  His wife was not interested in his work.  He called his students his "children" and persuaded them to have a broad education.  

He wanted them to read a lot.  He was director of the RCM for eleven years, retiring in 1894, just after the RCM moved into a new building which is situated on the south side of the Royal Albert Hall.  The RCM is still there today.

George Grove was a very influential man for English music.  Although he was not trained as a musician he became extremely knowledgeable and was an excellent musicologist. The RCM setup a George Grove Memorial Scholarship in his memory.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; 

Musicologists
1820 births
1900 deaths