cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Ice sledge hockey

Sledge hockey (known as sled hockey in the United States) is a sport that is designed to allow players who have a physical disability to play sport. 
Ice sledge hockey was invented in Sweden in the 1960s at a rehabilitation center.

Ice sledge hockey and ice hockey differences
Team is composed of 5 players and one goalkeeper. This is same as in normal hockey.
In each team could be maximum 5 healthy players. In one moment there could be maximum 2 of them.
The benches and penalty bench are in the ice
Ice rink is same too. Hockey rinks  follow the International Ice Hockey Federation specifications, which are given in metric units (the Imperial units given are approximations): 60 m × 30 m (197 ft × 98.5 ft) with a corner radius of 8.5 m (28 ft). The distance from the end boards to the nearest goal line is 4 m (13 ft). The distance from each goal line to the nearest blue line is 17⅔ m (58 ft). The distance between the two blue lines is also 17⅔ m (58 ft). There are two widths of lines painted on a hockey rink: thick lines – 12 in (30 cm) wide – and thin lines – 2 in (5 cm) wide.

Difference is in player´s equipment. Players have full-face cover. 
Normal hockey is played for 3 times 20 minutes. In sledge hockey it is from 12 to 20 minutes. 
In normal hockey there are 3 referees. There are 2 in sledge hockey.

Ice sledge hockey equipment
Sled - Each player has his own sled. This sled is designed on his body.

Stick - The sticks for ice sledge hockey players have a blade curved as in normal ice hockey.
On the other side it has six to eight metal teeth for maneuvering and propulsion. Movement is done by using the metal teeth. The metal teeth cannot be longer than 1 centimeter beyond the stick, to help stop damage to the ice or injure of other players.

Ice sledge hockey in Kolín  
People who live in Kolín see ice sledge hockey as a normal sport. Kolín's team are on the top of table. Kolín's ice hockey players won last season. Many of Kolín's players play in Czech republic's representation.

Other websites

Leagues and Associations
 British Sledge Hockey Association 
 Czech Sledge Hockey League 
 Japan Ice Sledge Hockey Association 
 Northeast Sled Hockey League (USA)
 Ontario Sledge Hockey Association (Canada)
 Sledge Hockey of Eastern Ontario (Canada)
 Hockey Alberta - Sledge Hockey (Canada)

Equipment Manufacturers

 Canwinsportsm
 HandiNor AS
 Mobility Sports, LLC
 Passvilan
 Spokes n' Motion 
 Unique Inventions
 SWERD

National Teams
 Canada
 Czech Republic
 Estonia
 Germany
 Japan 
 Norway 
 Sweden
 United States 
 Italy 

Sports for the disabled
Ice hockey
Winter sports
1960s establishments in Sweden
Paleozoology

Paleozoology is one of the branches of biology that deals with animal fossils and ancient animal life. The animal fossils are thoroughly studied and the process of evolution of animals is found out.

References

Branches of zoology
President of Azerbaijan

The country of Azerbaijan is a republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. The Constitution of Azerbaijan makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the President of Azerbaijan has more powers than the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

The President is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and can be re-elected without any limit. The President cannot be put on trial or put in prison during his term.

The President can call a national referendum for important issues for the country, such as changing the articles of the Constitution, because a referendum is necessary for changing the Constitution. The Constitution also allows the President to be a member of a political party.

The current President of Azerbaijan is Ilham Aliyev. The list includes all the presidents that lead the country after it became independent in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed the same year. This is a complete list of the Presidents of Azerbaijan.

Presidents of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-Present)
For leaders before independence, see List of leaders of Azerbaijan

Related pages
 Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

Other websites
The President of Azerbaijan 

President of Azerbaijan

Government of Azerbaijan
Digital certificates

Digital certificates are electronic 'credit cards' that establish your credentials when doing a business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users' public keys.
 

Classes of digital certificate:
• The class 1 defines the certificate that do not hold any legal validity as the validation process is based only on a valid email ID and involves no direct verification.

•The class 2 category states that a person's identity is to be verified against a trusted,pre-verified database.

•The class 3 requires the person present himself or herself in front of the registration authority and prove his or her identity.
Date Masamune

was a Japanese daimyo in the Tōhoku region during the Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period. He was known as the  because he lost the use of an eye.

Date clan
In the Edo period, the Date clan were identified as one of the tozama or outsider clans, in contrast with the fudai or insider daimyō clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

Date sent troops which fought with the Tokugawa during the Battle of Sekigahara.

Sendai-kō
The feudal daimyō were sometimes identified with the suffix "-kō" (servant) combined with the name of a place or a castle.  

In 1601, Date built the Sendai castle; and the modern-day city of Sendai developed around it. Sendai-kō was one of the ways Date Masamune was described.

Keichō Embassy
In 1613-1620, Date send Hasekura Tsunenaga on a diplomatic mission to the courts of Philip III of Spain in Madrid and Pope Paul V in Rome.

This historic visit is called the .

Legacy
In 1991, a minor planet or main-belt asteroid  6859 Datemasamune was named after this Edo period historical figure.

References

Other websites 

 Aoba-jo (Sendai Castle) 

1567 births
1636 deaths
Daimyo
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Laura Feiersinger

Laura Feiersinger (born 5 April 1990 in Saalfelden, Austria) is an Austrian football player. She plays for FC Bayern München as a striker. Her father, Wolfgang Feiersinger, was a player for Borussia Dortmund and the Austrian women's national football team.

Career
She started playing football for the SV Oftering. From 2001 till 2008 she played for 1. SK Saalfelden and later vor FC Pinzgau Saalfelden, a club coming out of the fusion between 1. Saalfeldner SK und ESV Saalfelden, the second club in Saalfelden. 2008 she went to USK Hof, the champion of the 2nd league west and played in the play off matches versus  SV Groß-Schweinbarth. Together with Hof she was promoted to the ÖFB Frauenliga.

In 2010 she went to Germany and joined Herforder SV, which was, in this season, promoted to the Bundesliga. 2011/12 she went to FC Bayern München and debuted on 21 August 2011 versus Bayer Leverkusen. 2016 she went on to SC Sand. 2018 she went to 1. FFC/Eintracht Frankfurt.

Laura Feiersinger played for the Austrian U17 and U19 team and since 2010 in the Austrian women football national team.

References
The article uses information from de.wikipedia.org.

Austrian footballers
Austrian women's footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1990 births
Living people
Quadruped

A quadruped is a vertebrate which walks on four legs. This is the basic locomotion of amphibia, reptiles and mammals. Those which walk on two legs or those which fly have evolved from the basic pattern. The scientific term for quadrupeds is Tetrapoda.

Tetrapods
Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III (; c. 1100 – 30 August 1181), born Orlando Bandinelli, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 171st Pope. He was Pope from 1159 to 1181.

Early life
He was born in Siena.  He was a member of the Bandinelli family.

Cardinal
In 1150, Pope Eugene III made Bandinelli a  Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Bandinelli was elected pope on September 7, 1159; and he chose the name Alexander III.  His papacy was disputed by Antipope Victor IV, Antipope Paschal III, Antipope Calixtus III and Antipope Innocent III.

Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Alexander's support for Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, did not resolve conflicts with the Henry II of England.  After Becket was murdered, Alexander canonized him.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 GCatholic, Pope Alexander III
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Bandinelli

Italian popes
People from Siena
1100s births
1181 deaths
Pope Clement VII

Clement VII (; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 220th Pope from 1523 to 1534.

Early life
Giulio di Medici was born in Florence one month after his father's death. He was the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and he was a cousin of Pope Leo X.

Bishop
Leo X made Medici the Archbishop of Florence.

Cardinal
On 23 September 1513, Medici was made cardinal.

Pope
In 1523, Cardinal Medici was elected pope. He chose to be called Clement VII.

Pope Clement was involved in Italian and European political disputes.[3]

Clement ordered Michelangelo's painting of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Medici family

References

Other websites

 
 "Clement VII (Pope)," Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes Clement VII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici

Italian popes
House of Medici
People from Florence
1478 births
1534 deaths
Suzanne Somers

Suzanne Somers (born October 16, 1946) is an American actress, singer and business woman. She was born in San Bruno, California.

She is notable for starring in many television series. Somers is best known for playing the part of Chrissy Snow on the first five seasons of Three's Company, she left due to a contract dispute with ABC. She later made her comeback with the shows "She's the Sheriff" (which was syndicated) and "Step by Step" (which aired on ABC). She has written many bestselling books.

Somers was diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer in 2000. She had a lumpectomy and has recovered. She been criticized for her strong views about medical subjects. Her promotions of alternative cancer treatments have been subject to criticism from American Cancer Society.

In 1977, she married Canadian producer Alan Hamel.

Other websites 

Actors from San Mateo County, California
Businesspeople from California
American television actors
Breast cancer survivors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Singers from California
1946 births
Living people
Cape Mendocino

Cape Mendocino is a geographic feature of the northern Californian coastline.  It is the westernmost point of the coast of California in Humboldt County.

The cape was named in the 1540s.  The name honors Antonio de Mendoza. He was the Viceroy of New Spain.

History
This It has been known as a landmark since the 16th century. Spanish ships crossed the Pacific Ocean by following the Pacific trade winds. The North Equatorial Current brought them to the North American coastline.  After landfall, the Manila galleons would sail down the coast to Acapulco in Mexico.

Francis Drake sighted Cape Mendocino in 1576.

Hasekura Tsunenaga's sailed from Japan to Cape Mendocino in 1613.  Hasekura was on a diplomatic mission.  He was traveling to the courts of Philip II of Spain and Pope Paul V.

Geology
The Cape Mendocino region is an active earthquake zone. In April 1992, three big earthquakes were centered near the cape.

The Mendocino Triple Junction is to the west of Cape Mendocino under the Pacific Ocean. It is a geologic triple junction where three tectonic plates come together. The San Andreas Fault, a transform boundary, runs south from the junction, separating the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. To the north is the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Gorda Plate is being subducted under the edge of the North American plate.  Running west from the triple junction is the Mendocino Fracture Zone, the transform boundary between the Gorda Plate and the Pacific Plate.

References

Other websites
 United States Geological Survey (USGS), M7.2 – Cape Mendocino, 1992
 Bruke Museum, Cascadia tectonic history with map

Landforms of California
Capes of the United States
Humboldt County, California
Cavaquinho

The cavaquinho (pronounced [kavɐˈkiɲu] in Portuguese) is a small string instrument of the European guitar family with four wire or gut strings. Its standard tuning is D, G, B, D. Other tunings include D-A-B-E (Portuguese old tuning, made popular by Júlio Pereira) and G-G-B-D and A-A-C#-E. Guitarists often use D-G-B-E tuning to imitate the highest four strings of the guitar. The G-C-E-A tuning is sometimes used to imitate the soprano/tenor ukulele, an instrument developed from the cavaquinhos that the Portuguese took to Hawaii in the late 19th century.

Guitars
Gower

Gower is a peninsula in Wales. It is near Swansea. It has many scenic sights like caves.

Geography of Wales
Peninsulas
David Heath

David William Heath (born February 16, 1969) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for competing with the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name, Gangrel. 

As Gangrel, he was known for forming the professional wrestling stable, The Brood. He portrayed a vampire gimmick and would wear fangs, come down to the ring with a goblet of blood and drink from it and gave other wrestlers blood baths.

Championships
All Pro Wrestling
APW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Billy Blade)

All Star Wrestling
ASW Trans-Canada Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Atlantic Wrestling Council
AWC Heavyweight Championship (one time)

European Wrestling Promotion
EWP World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
EWP Ironman Title Hardcore Knockout Tournament (2003)

International Pro Wrestling Association
IPWA Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Rusty Brooks)

Legends Pro Wrestling
Inducted into the LPW Hall of Fame (January 23, 2010)

Maximum Pro Wrestling
MXPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

NWA Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)

National Wrestling League
NWL Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was awarded the PWI Rookie of the Year award in 1993.

Pro Wrestling Revolution
PWR Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Stampede Wrestling
Stampede International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)

Tri-State Wrestling Alliance
TWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Blackheart Destruction)

United States Wrestling Association
USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Other websites
Gangrel  on Online World of Wrestling

American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Florida
People from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1969 births
Living people
Raven's Nest

Raven's Nest (also known as Raven's Flock) was a professional wrestling stable that was active in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1997 which was led by Raven. The stable was also active in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

Championships
Extreme Championship Wrestling
ECW World Tag Team Championship (two times) (Raven and Stevie Richards)
ECW World Heavyweight Championship (two times) (Raven)

World Championship Wrestling
WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (one time) (Raven)
WCW World Television Championship (one time) (Saturn)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Raven and Saturn)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Vampiro and Muta)

Professional wrestlers
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Circus (album)

Circus is the 6th album by Britney Spears. It consists of electropop and dance pop. This hit record was released on November 28, 2008. The album debuted on Billboard 200 near the top; it sold half a million copies during its 1st week and received positive review from critics. The album's lead single was "Womanizer". Other singles released were the title track, "If U Seek Amy", and "Radar."

2008 albums
Britney Spears albums
Fingerpicking

Fingerpicking is a technique used on all plucked string instruments. Some plucked stringed instrument players may prefer using a pick, some may prefer fingerpicking.

Plucked string instruments
Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth is a city in northeast Minnesota next to Lake Superior and next to Superior, Wisconsin. It is the westernmost U.S. city on the Great Lakes. The harbor at Duluth is accessible to ocean-going vessels from the Atlantic Ocean  away via the Great Lakes and  Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Duluth is the county seat of Saint Louis County. It is the fourth largest city in Minnesota. At the 2010 census, Duluth had 86,265 people. Duluth is the second largest city on Lake Superior after Thunder Bay, Ontario. It has the largest metropolitan area on Lake Superior.  The Duluth MSA had 279,771 people in 2010.

Bob Dylan was born in Duluth.

Duluth forms a metropolitan area with Superior, Wisconsin called the "Twin Ports".  These two cities share the Duluth–Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes' largest port transporting coal, iron ore (taconite),  and grain.

As a tourist destination for the Midwest, Duluth has America's only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium. Duluth is known for the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor. People also visit Minnesota Point (known as Park Point locally), one of the world's longest freshwater sand spits, that is  long.  People come to the city to start vehicle trips along Minnesota's famous North Shore. Each year, 16,000 people come to Duluth to run the "Grandma's Marathon". The 610' long William A Irvin is a museum ship that used to be the flagship of the United States Steel ore carrier fleet.

The city is named after Daniel Greysolon, Le Sieur du Luth, the first known European explorer of the area.

References

Other websites

 
City of Duluth – Official Website
Vintage Pictures of Duluth

 
County seats in Minnesota
1857 establishments in the United States
The Partridge Family

The Partridge Family was an American situation comedy. It was about a widowed mother and five children who become involved in music. The series was shown from September 25, 1970 to August 31, 1974 on ABC Network. It was produced by Paul Junger Witt.

Cast
 Shirley Jones as Shirley Partridge
 David Cassidy as Keith Partridge
 Susan Dey as Laurie Partridge
 Danny Bonaduce as Danny Partridge
 Jeremy Gelbwaks as Chris Partridge (season 1)
 Brian Forster as Chris Partridge (seasons 2-4)
 Suzanne Crough as Tracy Partridge
 Dave Madden as Reuben Kincaid
 Ricky Segall as Ricky Stevens

1970s television series
1970 television series debuts
1974 television series endings
ABC network shows
American sitcoms
Fictional families
Television series about families
English-language television programs
List of national capitals

This is a list of national capital cities in alphabetical order. It includes territories and dependencies, non-sovereign states including associated states, and entities whose sovereignty is disputed. Sovereign states are shown in bold text.

Notes
a.  That is, the State of Brunei Darussalam.
b.  See also List of historical capitals of China.
c.  Unrecognized, self-declared country.
d.  See Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
e.  The Spanish name is "México D.F." or just "D.F." (for "Distrito Federal").
f.  Plymouth was abandoned after the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano in 1997. Government offices since then have been moved to Brades Estate, which is in the northwestern part of Montserrat.
g.  Also known as "Kotte". Until the 1980s, the capital was Colombo, where many important governmental institutions still remain and which is still designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
h.  Also known as the "Holy See" for diplomatic and religious purposes.
i.  See Positions on Jerusalem.
j.   Kosovo proclaimed independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 by temporary governing institutions. That independence is against the current UNSC's resolution regarding Kosovo (1244).

References

Lists of settlements
Lists of cities
Testimonial

A testimonial is when a company uses a celebrity or famous person or a member of the public to endorse a product so the consumer wants it too. For example a professional football player recommends a particular brand of shirts. The idea behind this is for the consumer to think "Oh! That famous person likes that shirt, I think I'll get it too!".

Marketing
Behind These Hazel Eyes

"Behind These Hazel Eyes" is a hit single from 2005 by singer Kelly Clarkson from her 2004 album Breakaway. The song is about a relationship in which a man breaks a girl's heart and doesn't care how much he hurts her.

Pop songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
2005 songs
Nightwing

Nightwing is a name that has been used by several fictional characters in the DC Comics Universe. The name was used early on with characters related to Superman. Superman was the first to use the name. The most well know use of the name for a character was the original Robin, Dick Grayson. The Comic book Nightwing, about this version of the character was printed from 1996 until 2009. A new volume of the comic has been published from 2011 and is still being published today.

Batman characters
DC Comics superheroes
Frustration

In psychology, frustration is a common emotional way to act when things go wrong. It is a feeling of being angry and sad when something one wants or wishes for does not happen.  

In physics, frustration (or geometrical frustration) is a property of water molecules in ice when a freezing crystal is formed. The presence of random or conflicting atoms stop the ice from being completely frozen. It is called "water ice".

Psychology
Physics

ar:إحباط
Long Buckby

Long Buckby is a village and civil parish in Northamptonshire, England, midway between Northampton and Rugby. In the 2001 census the parish of Long Buckby (which includes the hamlet of Long Buckby Wharf) had a population of exactly 4,000.
It is a part of the Daventry district. In the local elections of 2007 the Conservatives retained the seat but with a smaller majority than previous elections.

References

Villages in Northamptonshire
Malay Wikipedia

Malay Wikipedia (Malay: Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, Jawi script: ويکيڤيديا بهاس ملايو, abbreviation: mswiki) is the Malay version of Wikipedia. Started in October 2002, currently has over 126,168 articles as in November 2011.

It is the 29th largest edition.

References

Other websites 

 :wiktionary:en:Category:Malay language
 :oldwikisource:Category:Bahasa Melayu
  Mobile version of Malay Wikipedia

Wikipedias
Atmel AVR

The AVR microcontroller architecture was developed by Atmel in 1996. It is based on the Harvard microcontroller architecture. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

Many people think that AVR stands for Alf (Egil Bogen) and Vegard (Wollan)'s Risc processor".

This architecture replaces older MCS-51 architecture. One machine cycle of MCS-51 takes 12 clock cycles and most of  instructions are executed in one machine cycle.

AVR microcontrollers (MCUs) can execute most of instructions in single machine cycle too, but one machine cycle takes only one clock cycle. Performance per clock cycle is 12 times higher with AVR.

The core has 32 general purpose registers directly connected to ALU. It allowing two independent
registers to be accessed and instruction with them executed in one machine cycle.

Basic families 
tinyAVR
0,5-8 kB program memory
up to 0,5 kB SRAM
up to 0,5 kB EEPROM
up to 20 MHz
6-32 pin package

megaAVR
4-256 kB program memory
0,5-16kB SRAM
0,5-4 kB EEPROM
up to 20 MHz
20-100 pin package

XMEGA
16-384kB program memory
2-32 kB SRAM
external Bus Interface for up to 16M bytes SRAM of SDRAM
1-4 kB EEPROM
up to 32 MHz
44-100 pin package

Features 
Every AVR has some input/output ports. The port has up to 8 physical pins on its package. Every pin can be configured as input or output. If a pin is used for input, it can turn on built-in pull-up resistors through register PORTx. If a pin is configured as output, it can handleup to 40mA of load per pin and max 100mA for all pins on the port.

A/D converter
10-bit (tinyAVR, megaAVR) with multiplex up to 8 channels
12-bit (XMEGA) with multiplex up to 16 channels

Timers/counters (8-bit or 16-bit)
Users can configure it asi PWM, counter or timer.
In simple PWM mode, the counting register runs without stopping and is compared to another register. If the counting register is higher than second register pin Ocx is set to „1“. In other time is pin Ocx set to „0“.
Counter have some external source like photo sensor and can count amount of people which pass photo sensor.
Timer gives pulses in exact time. It is used for programing clock applications.

TWI – Two Wire Interface
This uses the same protocol as I2C and can be used as I2C interface

UART/USART
The UART can be used for RS232/RS485 communication.

SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface
very fast serial bus which is used for data transfer of communication with devices
you can burn/read program into/from program memory or EEPROM through this bus

USI - Universal Serial Interface
used for two or three wire synchronous data transfer

JTAG
interface for online debugging

D/A converter
12-bit (only XMEGA) with multiplex up to 2 channels

Related pages
 Arduino

References

Other websites

Primary Sources
 Atmel AVR homepage
 AVR Freaks community
 Atmel AVR Serial Port Programmer
 Atmel AVR USBasp USB Port Programmer
 Arduino community
 , numerous AVR links
 Why you need a clock source for the AVR?
 AVR Basics - AVR guide for beginners

Computers
Vienna Circle

The Vienna Circle (in German: der Wiener Kreis) was the name of a group of philosophers who began meeting around the University of Vienna in 1922.

Many famous philosophers were members. Some of its members were:

 Gustav Bergmann,
 Alex Robinson
 Rudolf Carnap, 
 Herbert Feigl, 
 Philipp Frank, 
 Kurt Gödel, 
 Hans Hahn, 
 Tscha Hung, 
 Victor Kraft, 
 Karl Menger,
 Richard von Mises, 
 Marcel Natkin, 
 Otto Neurath, 
 Olga Hahn-Neurath, 
 Theodor Radakovic, 
 Rose Rand, 
 Moritz Schlick (chairman),
 Friedrich Waismann
 Ludwig Wittgenstein. 

Most followed the philosophy that came to be known as logical positivism.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's, 1921 book Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus formed the basis for the group's ideas. Wittgenstein himself insisted that they did not understand him correctly and took to quietly reading poetry to himself during their meetings. 

The Vienna Circle was broken up when the Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, many of its members moved to the USA, where they became teachers in several universities. 

The Vienna Circle's influence on 20th century philosophy was very large.

References

Philosophers
University of Vienna

The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien) is a public university in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. It is the largest university in Austria and one of the largest in Europe.

Colleges and universities in Europe
Vienna
1365 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Austria
National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe

National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe (in Italian: "Giorno del Ricordo") is Italian celebration in memory of ethnic cleansing's victims in massacres of Foibe and exiles from Dalmatia, Istria and "Venezia Giulia".

Official comment
Italian president Giorgio Napolitano took an official speech in which he stated:

Cause of step
Step for this celebration was allowed by the end of communist totalitarian regimes in Balkan nations because culpability of these crimes is of old politicians. Celebration was instituted in 2004 and first Memorial Day was held in 2005.

Related pages
 Massacres of Foibe
 Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
 Venice and Dalmatia
 Italian language in Croatia
 Italy
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

References

Italy
History of Italy
Pope Alexander IV

Pope Alexander IV (;  c. 1185 – 25 May 1261), born Rinaldo Conti di Segni, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 182nd Pope from 1254 until his death.

Early life
Rinaldo Conti di Segni was born into the family of the counts of Segni.  His relations included Pope Innocent III  and Pope Gregory IX.

Cardinal
In 1227, Gregory IX made Conti a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Conti was elected pope on December 12, 1254. He chose to be called Alexander IV.

Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.  The pope tried and failed to affect politics in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 GCatholic,  Pope Alexander IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Conti di Segni

Italian popes
1180s births
1261 deaths
Keichō

was a  after Bunroku and before Genna.  This period started in October 1596 and ended in July 1615. During this time, the emperors were  and .

The nengō Keichō means "Eternal Jubilance" or "Eternal Jubilance".

Events of the Keichō era

 1596 (Keichō 1): Japanese invasion of Korea (also known as the Imjin War).
 18 September 1598 (Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month): Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at the age of 63.
 21 October 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month): Battle of Sekigahara, which was known as . 
 1603 (Keichō 8): Tokugawa Ieyasu was named Shogun.
 1605 (Keichō 10): The first major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.
 1609 (Keichō 12): Satsuma invades Kingdom of Ryukyu; King Shō Nei travels to Edo. 
 20 May 1610 (Keichō 15, the 27th day of the 3rd month):  Toyotomi Hideyori came to Kyoto to visit the former-Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu; and the same day, the emperor announces his intention to resign in favor of his son Masahito.
 9 May 1611 (Keichō 16): Go-Yōzei abdicated; and his son received the succession (senso); and soon after, Emperor Go-Mizunoo's role as monarch is confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 1612 (Keichō 17): The oldest clock in Japan was received by Tokugawa Ieyasu as a gift from Philip III of Spain. 
 1613 (Keichō 18): Hasekura Tsunenaga headed a diplomatic mission to the Americas and Europe.  
 1614 (Keichō 19): Siege of Osaka.
 18 October 1614 (Keichō 19, 25th day of the 10th month): A strong earthquake shook Kyoto.
 1615 (Keichō 20): Osaka Summer Battle

Related pages 
 Momoyama period
 Edo period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Okinawa Prefectural Archives, http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/publication/2009/04/post-168.html 

 

Japanese eras
1596 establishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
1615 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
Senedd

The Senedd (), also called the National Assembly building, contains the debating chamber and 3 committee rooms for the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff. The building is 5,308 square meters (57,100 sq ft) large.

History 
After 2 selection processes were held, it was decided a new debating chamber for Wales was to built on a new site, Site 1E, at Capital Waterside in Cardiff Bay.

Design 
Richard Rogers, an architect who had won the Pritzker Prize, won the international competition to design the building. It was designed to be sustainable, with renewable technologies, and to be energy efficient. The building was awarded an "Excellent" certification by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, the highest ever certification to be awarded in Wales, and was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize. The Senedd is now a symbol of Cardiff, and Wales.

Building the Senedd 
The Senedd was constructed in two phases, the first in 2001 and the second starting in August 2003, until it was handed over to the National Assembly in February 2006.

Between the phases, the National Assembly changed contractors and the management structure of the project, but kept Rogers as architect.

Once finished, the building cost almost 6 times more than expected, and was finished 4 years and 10 months late (compared to estimates in 1997).

The cost grew because of the extra security that had to be added after the September 11 attacks, and because the National Assembly did not have an independent estimate of the project's cost until December 2000, three years after the original estimate. The costs of the second phase grew by less than 6% over budget, and was 6 months late, because of ICT problems.

It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 March 2006 and it cost £69.6 million, which included £49.7 million in construction costs. The Senedd is part of the land owned by the National Assembly that includes Tŷ Hywel and the Pierhead Building.

References

Politics of Wales
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Wales
June Christy

June Christy (November 20, 1925 in Springfield, Illinois - June 21, 1990) was an American singer. She started her singing career with the Stan Kenton Orchestra. Her solo career began in 1954. She was active until 1988.

Christy died in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California from renal failure. After her death, people called her one of the finest and most neglected singers of her time.

1925 births
1990 deaths
American jazz singers
American jazz musicians
Deaths from renal failure
Singers from Illinois
Musicians from Springfield, Illinois
Pall Mall

Pall Mall is a street in the  City of Westminster, London. It is parallel to The Mall. Pall Mall East leads into Trafalgar Square.

The street's name is taken from a game called 'pall mall'. The game was a mallet-and-ball game played in the early 17th century.

Pall Mall is probably best known for its many gentlemen's clubs.

Related pages 
Westminster
London

Other websites 
Introductory page from the Survey of London
Pall Mall on TourUK 
Panoramic photograph of Pall Mall 
19th Century Gentleman's Clubs on Pall Mall (including photographs)
The Institute of Directors' 116 Pall Mall

Roads in London
119 (number)

119 (One hundred [and] nineteen) is the natural number that comes after 118 and comes before 120. In Roman numerals, it is CXIX.

Mathematics 
 119 is the sum of five primes in a row (17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31). It is a highly cototient number.
 119 is the order of the largest cyclic subgroups of the Monster group.

Telephony 
 1-1-9 is the emergency telephone number in some countries.
 A number to report children / youth at risk in France

References 

19E02 119
Seneca

Seneca may mean many different things:

People
Seneca the Elder
Seneca the Younger

Places
Seneca Gardens, Kentucky
Jo Stafford

Jo Stafford, (November 12, 1917 - July 16, 2008) was an American singer for traditional pop (or called standard pop) and for jazz standards. She was born in Coalinga, California. Her career began during the late 1930s and lasted until the early 1960s. Stafford was strongly admired for the purity of her voice; she was one of the most versatile singers (or vocalists) of that era. In 1961 she won Grammy Awards for Best Comedy Album. She died of congestive heart failure in Century City, Los Angeles.

Other websites 

Jo Stafford - record album "Jo + Jazz" at YouTube

1917 births
2008 deaths
Actors from Fresno County, California
American television actors
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Singers from California
Hilaire Belloc

Hilaire Belloc (27 July 1870–1953) was a French-born English writer, poet, satirist and politician . He wrote many different poems which he put into the book Cautionary Tales for Children. That book included the famous Matilda. This poem was about a girl who told lies and was burned to death. Belloc was one of the most poductive writers in 1902.

Belloc was a politician as well as a writer. He was a Member of Parliament from 1906 until 1910. While he many things in addition to writing, he is best known for his writing. These poems included characters such as Jim, who ran away from his nurse and was eaten by a lion and Matilda who told lies and was burnt to death. Belloc was also well known as a speaker, man of letters and political activist

References

1870 births
1953 deaths
English writers
English poets
French writers
French poets
British politicians
FC Dinamo Tbilisi

FC Dinamo Tbilisi is a football club from Tbilisi, Georgia. The club was one of the best in the Soviet Top League, but after the Soviet Union broke up, the club joined the newly created league, the Umaglesi Liga. The team won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, Soviet Top League, Soviet Cup, Umaglesi Liga, Georgian Cup, Georgian Super Cup and the CIS Cup.

Honours 

 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
1981
 Soviet Top League: 2
1964, 1978
 Soviet Cup: 2
1976, 1979
 Georgian League: 13
1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008
 Georgian Cup: 9
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2004, 2009
 Georgian Super Cup: 5
1996, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2008
 CIS Cup winner: 1
2004

References

Football clubs
Sport in Georgia (country)
Tbilisi
1911 establishments
Boris Paichadze Stadium

The Boris Paichadze Stadium is a stadium in Tbilisi, Georgia built in 1976. The stadium is home to FC Dinamo Tbilisi and the Georgia national football team.  The stadium is used for football and rugby. The stadium can hold around 56,000 people.

Football stadiums
Sport in Georgia (country)
Tbilisi
1976 establishments in Europe
Alejandro García Casañas

Alejandro García Casañas (born on 14 January 1970 in Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish retired professional footballer and a current coach. He played as a defender. As a player, he only got 278 appearances for his 13 years of clubs. He currently coaches FC Dinamo Tbilisi.

Career statistics 

Spanish football managers
Sportspeople from Barcelona
Spanish footballers
1970 births
Living people
Wiki Conference India

Wiki Conference India was a event held in India for users of Wikimedia projects. It was hosted by the Mumbai users of Wikimedia and Wikimedia India Chapter
 with the help of the Wikimedia Foundation. The conference is a national event happening every year for Wikimedia in India and people from all nations can participate in it. Its basically for things about India on Wikipedia and other sister projects in English and Indian languages.

Related pages
 Wikimania

References

Other websites 

 "Wiki Conference India 2011" at Meta-Wiki, a Wikimedia project coordination wiki

News reports
 "Wikipedia eyes India for language growth"  Agence France-Presse November 09, 2011
 "WikiConference comes to town" Times of India November 10, 2011
 "Mumbai to host first WikiConference in India" Deccan Herald November 09, 2011

Hashtags
 #wci11

Wikis
Wikimedia Foundation
Kate Smith

Kathryn Elizabeth Smith, better known as Kate Smith (May 1, 1907 – June 17, 1986) was an American singer and musician. She is best known for being plus sized and for singing "God Bless America". Her radio, television and recording career began around 1930. It reached its best during the 1940s. She died from complications of diabetes in June 1986.

1907 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Singers from Virginia
Harley-Davidson

Harley-Davidson, or H-D for short, is an American motorcycle maker that started making motorcycles in Milwaukee in 1903. The company makes heavyweight motorcycles that are designed for cruising on the highway; they're called Harleys. Harley-Davidson is one of two big U.S. companies that made motorcycles that was still in business after the Great Depression; the other closed down in 1953.

Harleys have a special look and sound.  Most new Harleys, except the V-Rods, are made to look like old Harleys. Harley-Davidson made small motorcycles in the US and in Italy, but they didn't sell well enough. They stopped making small motorcycles in the US in 1966 and in Italy in 1978.

Harley-Davidson and their motorcycles have many fans.  The fans can join clubs and go to events or to Harley-Davidson's museum.  Apart from selling motorcycles, Harley-Davidson also charges fees for companies to put Harley-Davidson's logos on the things they make. Less than one-hundredth of the money Harley-Davidson made in 2010 came from these fees.

Labor Hall of Fame

William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson, Sr. were inducted into the Labor Hall of Honor. They were given the award for their good work for the H-D company and its workforce.

References 

1903 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Eduard Kainberger

Eduard "Edi" Kainberger (born 20 November 1911 in Salzburg, died 7 March 1974) was an Austrian football player. He played as goalkeeper for SAK 1914 and the Austrian amateur footballteam. With this team he won the silver medal at the 1936 Olympic football tournament.

Career
Together with his younger brother Karl he played for Salzburger AK 1914 in the Salzburger football league. He won several titles with the club and played for the first time in the national team in 1933 versus Hungary. At the 1936 Olympic games he won with the Austrian squad the silver medal and played 4 matches during the tournament. In 1938 he went to TSV 1860 München. Till his 42th year he played 1200 times as goalkeeper.

Honours
1936 Olympic games:silver medal
Austrian amateur championship-runner-up:: 1934, 1935, 1937

Austrian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
1911 births
1974 deaths
People from Salzburg
Hurricane Dolly

Hurricane Dolly was the first United States hurricane of 2008. The storm struck south central Texas with winds of around 100 miles an hour. Dolly caused no deaths within Texas. Damage, however, was estimated between $1 billion and $2 billion. The storm hit in July 2008. Despite the extensive damage, the name Dolly was not retired.

Hurricanes in Texas
Ultralight material

Ultralight materials are very light substances. They include silica aerogels, carbon nanotube aerogels, metallic foams, polymeric foams, and metallic microlattices. The density of air is about 1.275 mg/cm3, which means that the air in the pores greatly lowers the density of the material.

The lightest material ever made was invented in 2011. It is made out of a microscopic micro-lattice of hollow tubes – a criss-cross diagonal pattern with open spaces between the tubes. The researchers say the material is 100 times lighter than Styrofoam and is very strong. The material is low density: it has a density of 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimetre. Silica aerogels, the world's lightest solid materials, are only as low as 1.0 mg per cubic cm. The metallic micro-lattices are 99.99% air and only 0.01% solid. The metal used is nickel.

"The trick is to fabricate [make] a lattice of interconnected hollow tubes with a wall thickness of 100 nanometers, 1,000 times thinner than a human hair", said Tobias Schaedler.

The material is not just light: it has some elastic properties. When it is squashed, the little tubes are also squashed, but when the pressure is removed, they rebound. A sample squashed to half its height rebounds 98% when the pressure is lifted. That makes the material similar in some ways to elastomers: they are materials used to cushion against shock.

References

Materials
Venona project

The Venona project was a long time secret plan which started in February 1943 by the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service. The project was transferred to the National Security Agency and had many names. However, VENONA was the last name that was used. The word VENONA is usually in capital letters (VENONA) but some writings use lowercase letters (Venona). VENONA was made to decrypt secret communications of Soviet intelligence agencies including NKVD, KGB and GRU. Decryption was possible because the encrypting one-time pads were reused.

The Venona project was most famous for the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case known as LIBERAL and it ended in both of them being executed. VENONA exposed other spies including Klaus Fuchs and Alger Hiss. 

In July 1995, the first six documents were shown which included had 49 messages about the Soviets trying to get information on the United States atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project. In the next five more years, about 3,000 VENONA messages were made public.

Related pages
 Cryptanalysis
 KGB
 Cold War
 McCarthyism

References 

20th century in the United States
Renaud

Renaud, popular name of  Renaud Séchan (born 1952, Paris) is a French singer and songwriter. He sang Dans mon H.L.M., Laisse béton, Les Bobos, Manhattan-Kaboul, Marche à l’ombre, Mistral gagnant, Molly Malone and Mon beauf’. In the 90s,  he was a contributor for the satirical weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo.

1952 births 
French singers
French songwriters
Living people
Mars Science Laboratory

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a NASA mission to land and control a rover named Curiosity on the surface of the planet Mars. The MSL was launched on November 26, 2011. The MSL successfully did the first-ever precision landing on Mars. It landed on Mars at Gale Crater on August 5, 2012 and began exploring the surface.

The goal of the Curiosity rover is to study the history of Mars. It was to see whether Mars has, or ever had, an environment able to support microbial life.  It indeed did that, finding evidence that 3 Billion years ago there was once water and an environment that could support life.  This means it found that life could have existed, but not that it certainly did.  It will also carefully look at samples scooped up from the soil and drilled powders from rocks.

Curiosity is five times as heavy as the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit or Opportunity and carries more than ten times their mass of scientific instruments . It was launched by an Atlas V 541 rocket. Curiosity will be expected to work for at least 1 Martian year (668 Martian sols/686 Earth days), but may live a lot longer than that. It will explore Mars with greater range than any other rover.

Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The program is a long-term mission of robotic exploration of Mars. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology manages the program for NASA. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.3 billion.

References

More reading

Other websites

 MSL Home Page
MSL - Mission Summary - Animated/Extended Video (11:20)
MSL - Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) - Animated Video (02:00)
MSL - Gale Crater Landing Site - Animated/Narrated Video (02:37)
MSL - NASA/JPL News Channel Videos
MSL - NASA/JPL Virtual Tour - Rover 
MSL - Construction - Recorded Video
 Send Your Name To Mars
 MSL - Demo , reported by The Planetary Society.
 MSL - Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) - Description.  (PDF)
 ChemCam Mounted with LIBS for Classifying Carbonate Minerals on Mars  (PDF)
 MSL Press Kit

NASA spacecraft
Mars