cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Nicole Vaidišová

Nicole Vaidišová  (born 23 April 1989 in Nuremberg) is a Czech professional female tennis player. 

She became a tennis professional in 2003, and debuted in several ITF tournaments. She measures at  and weighs . She enjoys reading, watching movies, yoga, and bike riding. Her favorite city is New York City. She speaks German, English, Czech, and is learning French.

WTA Tour Titles

Singles
 2004 Vancouver defeated Laura Granville
 2004 Tashkent defeated Virginie Razzano
 2005 Seoul defeated Jelena Jankovic
 2005 Tokyo defeated Tatiana Golovin
 2005 Bangkok defeated Nadia Petrova
 2006 Strasbourg defeated Shuai Peng

Singles Finalist
 2005 Istanbul lost to Venus Williams

ITF Titles

Singles
 2003 Plzen defeated Andrea Hlavackova
 2004  Columbus defeated Shuai Peng

Other websites
 Nicole Vaidisova profile on WTA Tour

1989 births
Living people
Czech female tennis players
People from Nuremberg
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Tatiana Golovin

Tatiana Golovin (born 25 January 1988 in Moscow, Russia) is a professional female tennis player. She moved to Paris, France and earned French citizenship. She won the 2004 French Open mixed-doubles event with Richard Gasquet. She lives in Miami, Florida. She speaks English and French.

WTA Tour titles

Singles
2007 Amelia Island defeated Nadia Petrova

Singles finalist
2004 Birmingham lost to Maria Sharapova
2005 Tokyo lost to Nicole Vaidišová
2006 Stuttgart lost to Nadia Petrova

Grand Slam titles

Mixed doubles
2004 French Open with Richard Gasquet defeated Cara Black and Wayne Black

Other websites 
 
 

1988 births
Living people
Russian female tennis players
Home row

The home row is the middle row on a standard computer keyboard. On a QWERTY keyboard, the home row consists of the letters ASDFGHJKL, and the characters ; (the semi-colon) and ' (the apostrophe).

Typography
en:Home row
Arzashkun

Arzashkun () was a capital city of the Kingdom of Urartu in the 9th century B.C. It is thought that the city was located north of Lake Van in what is now eastern Turkey. The city had two walls and towers. It was protected from attack, by a thick forest. An army could not easily travel through this forest. 

The nation of Urartu was at the headwaters of the river Tigris in the 9th century B.C. Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria thought that Urartu was a danger to Assyria. He started an expedition to Urartu in 857. He said that he destroyed the capital, Arzashkun. He also claimed that he traveled as far as Lake Van and left his inscription on Mount Irritia.

It is believed that the name Arzashkun is the Assyrian form of an Armenian name.

Related pages
 Lake Van
 Ancient Armenia

Ancient Armenia
Urartu
Former national capitals
9th century BC
Caucasus Mountains

The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range in Eurasia. They are in the Caucasus region between the Black Sea in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east. The Greater Caucasus divide Europe from Asia. The Lesser Caucasus are south of there.

Related pages 

 Languages of the Caucasus

Mountain ranges
Hayk

Hayk (Armenian:Հայկ, also known as Haik),  in Armenian legend, was the founder of the Armenian nation. His story is found mostly in the 5th century historian Moses Khorenatsi's book History of Armenia.

History 
According to Moses Khorenatsi, Hayk is the son of Torgom (Togarmah), the son of Gomer, the son of Japheth. Hayk is also called the founder of the Haykazuni dynasty. According to the historian Juansher, Hayk "was prince of the seven brothers and stood in service to the giant Nimrod (Nebrovt') who first ruled the entire world as king.<ref>[http://rbedrosian.com/gc2.htm The Georgian Chronicle]</ref>"

Hayk is also the name of the constellation Orion in the Armenian Bible (Job 38:31)

According to Moses Khorenatsi, after Hayk the son of Torgom became father to Armeneak while living in Babylon, because the arrogant Titan Bel (who is Nimrod, according to Moses) has made himself king of the world, Hayk moves with his family and 300 others to the land of Ararat, and starts a village called Haykashen. On the way, he leaves one area for his grandson, Cadmus. Bel sends one of his sons to give Hayk a message, saying that he must return to Babylon, but Hayk answers that he will not. Then Bel marches against him with a great army, but Cadmus warns Hayk that he is coming. Hayk gathers his own army on the shore of Lake Van and tells them they must either defeat Bel or die trying, so they will not become his slaves.

After that, he finds Bel's army on a mountain. Moses says this mountain is found at Dastakert. Bel himself is seen in front of his army. In the middle of the battle, Hayk kills Bel with a lucky arrow and Bel's army becomes confused and defeated.

According to other writers, this battle was fought at Dyutsaznamart around Julamerk, southeast of Lake Van, in the year 2501 BC. Hayk builds a castle called Haykaberd'' and the village of Haykashen. He names the country where the battle was fought "Hayk" after himself, and today the name of Armenia is called "Hayastan" and the Armenian people are called "Hay", in their language. Also, in the ancient writings of the Hittites, there was a country called Hayasa in the area.

Sources

Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia," Michigan, 1968 

History of Armenia
Mol

Mol is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 33060 people lived there.

It is at 51° 11 North, 05° 07 East.

References 

Municipalities of Antwerp
Maya (software)

Autodesk Maya (), commonly shortened to Maya, is 3D computer graphics software that runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux, originally developed by Alias Systems Corporation (formerly Alias|Wavefront) and currently owned and developed by Autodesk, Inc. It is used to create interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual effects. The product is named after the Sanskrit word Maya ( ), the Hindu concept of illusion.

Sources

Graphics software
Northern Ireland Assembly

The Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly was set up after the Belfast Agreement to allow the people of Northern Ireland to run their own government and pass some laws. The United Kingdom parliament can still abolish the assembly, because Northern Ireland is not an independent country, but a part of the United Kingdom. The assembly comes together in the city of Belfast. Speaker is Alex Maskey.

The assembly is elected using a form of proportional representation voting. The seats of each party after the 2017 election is shown in this table:

Other websites 
 Official website

 
Belfast
Northern Ireland Office

The Northern Ireland Office (NIO) was set up in 1971.  It is a ministry in the British Government which looks after the affairs of Northern Ireland. It head is the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.

The job of Secretary of State is less important now because the Northern Ireland Assembly and the ministers in the assembly do a lot of the work of the Northern Ireland Office. 

The devolution of police and justice in April 2010 transferred many of the NIO's previous responsibilities to the Northern Ireland Assembly and its devolved government, the Northern Ireland Executive. The Department of Justice (Northern Ireland) looks after those matters. This transfer of power resulted in a smaller Northern Ireland Office, similar to the Scotland Office and Wales Office.

Politics of Northern Ireland
Departments of the United Kingdom Government
Cyprian

Cyprian ( ; ;  210 – September 14, 258 AD) was bishop of Carthage. He was an important early Christian writer. He was probably born at the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage. At Carthage, he learned about classical (Paganism). After becoming a Christian, he became a bishop around the year 249. He died a martyr at Carthage.

References

Other websites 
 Joshua Burns, "Perception and persecution in the Roman Empire: The Edict of Decius" 
 Pontius the Deacon (Pontius Diaconis), "The Life and Passion of Cyprian, Bishop and Martyr"
 "The Plague of AD 251" 
 Cyprian on the nature of the Church and Papacy by Dom John Chapman 
 New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia article on Cyprian
 Works by Cyprian at the IntraText Digital Library, with concordance and frequency lists
 Acta proconsularia S. Cypriani

Christian saints
African people
Christian writers
3rd-century births
258 deaths
Flag of Cyprus

The flag of Cyprus is the flag of the European country Cyprus. It features a map of the whole island, with two olive branches below the map (a symbol of peace) on a white background. The map on the flag is a copper-yellow color to show Cyprus has large amounts of copper. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is a partially recognised state and  uses a different flag similar to the flag of Turkey.

Republic of Cyprus
Cyprus
Simon Barere

Simon Barere  (September 1, 1896–April 2, 1951) was a Russian pianist. He was born in Odessa, Ukraine.

Barere died of a massive bleeding in brain during a performance of Grieg's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall with Philadelphia Orchestra.

Other websites
 Simon Barere's Liszt, Rachmaninoff, Balakirev, Chopin on Remington Records.

Russian pianists
1896 births
1951 deaths
Tomsk

Tomsk (Russian: Томск) is a Russian city, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast. One of the largest cities in Siberia. Population 575 352 (2019).

History 
Established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604.

In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new governorate which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Altai, Krasnoyarsk and eastern Kazakhstan.

Education 
Tomsk State University is the first university in Siberia (founded in 1878, opened in 1888). The Tomsk State University Library book reserve is considered to be among the richest in Russia.

Tomsk Polytechnic University is the first (founded in 1896 and opened in 1900) technical university in Siberia.

Siberian Medical University is one of the oldest (founded in 1930) and highest rated medical schools in Russia.

Climate 
Continental climate, transitional from subarctic to sharply continental climate.

The annual average temperature is 0.9 °C. Winters are severe and lengthy (from the end of October to the beginning of April), and the lowest recorded temperature was −55 °C in January 1931.

References 

Capital cities in Russia
Siberia
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam

International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam (ASI) () is a Pakistan-based organisation. It was made in 1980 by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi. Its headquarters are in Kotri, Hyderabad, Sindh and Pakistan.

Purpose 
The purpose of this movement is to invite all man without any discrimination of caste, creed, nation or religion towards the divine love of God.

Method 
To serve this purpose, Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi visited places of worship of different types, including Mosques, Imam Bargahs, churches, Hindu temples, Sikh temples etc.

Organizational Structure 
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam is divided into two branches one for men only and other is for women only. The ladies wing is led by Mrs. Gulzar. However, the president of men wing is Mr. Wasi Muhammad Qureshi, who was nominated by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi as President of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam. Gohar Shahi himself is the Patrorn-in-Chief of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam.

Founding Members 
In 1980, when Shahi formed the movement it had only five members, who are called founding members. Following are the names of the founding members of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam:
 Muhammad Arif Memon (Late)
 Wasi Muhammad Qureshi
 Dr. Abdul Qayoom Shaikh(Late)
 Muhammad Anwar Qadri
 Maulana Saeed Ahmed Qadri

Other websites 
 International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam
 Web Portal of Gohar Shahi 
 Gohar Shahi web site 
Sarfrosh.org 

1980 establishments in Asia
Islamic organizations
Roman Curia

The Roman Curia (Latin Curia Romanae) is usually called "The Curia". It is the cabinet of Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church.

Parts of The Curia look after the independent country of the Vatican.  For example, The Curia includes the Vatican's courts.

Other parts of The Curia do jobs that are important for the Catholic Church.  For example, the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity is in charge of meeting other churches.

All of the parts of The Curia that are listed on the Vatican's website are explained in this table.

Related pages
 Vatican City
 The Holy See

References

Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
In God We Trust

In God We Trust is one of the national mottos of the United States. The other is E Pluribus Unum. In God We Trust has been put on American money since 1864 when it was added to a two-cent coin. A law passed in 1956 made it a national motto. It is also the motto of Florida.

State mottos of the United States
Florida
Mottos of the United States
Apostolic Nunciature

An Apostolic Nunciature is the embassy of the Holy See in a foreign country.  The nunciature protects the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Vatican City, and also liases between the Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church in that country.

The head of nunciature is called a Nuncio. The nuncio is the equivalent of an Ambassador, or a High Commissioner (Ambassador) in Commonwealth countries.

Some countries make the Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps (head of the group of ambassadors to its country).  This is allowed by the international agreement about diplomats.  Usually the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps is the longest serving ambassador in a country.

A pro-Nuncio was the name used for a Nuncio in countries which did not make a Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps automatically.  The Vatican stopped using the title in 1991.

An Apostolic Delegate represented the Holy See to the church, but not the government, in another country.

Notes 

Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
Software development

Software development is the process of creating a computer software. It includes the software release life cycle of preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs. The final goal is software release of a product that serves the wishes of users.

Software product is usually a result of research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities.

There are 3 main goals of software development:

 to meet specific needs of a specific client/business;
 to meet a need of some set of potential users;
 for personal use.

Process 
A software development process (model, methodology) is a system that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. Each model is defferent, more or less structured and is considered to be suitable to only some kinds of projects.

There are several stages of software development:

 Analyzing the problem
 Market research
 Gathering requirements for the proposed software
 Devising a plan or design for the software
 Implementation (coding) of the software
 Testing the software
 Deployment
 Maintenance and bug fixing

Activities

Understanding the need 
There are different sources of ideas for software products like market research. The next step is market evaluation. It includes a check of cost and time assumptions, economic feasibility, fit with existing channels distribution, effects on existing product lines, required features, fit with the company's marketing objectives.

This process is also connected with non-technical activities like human resources, risk management, intellectual property, budgeting, crisis management, etc.

Planning 
An important task in creating a software program is understanding the requirements. The software engineers must accept the client's idea and adapt it to the working process.

Designing 
After establishing the requirements, the engineers start creating a software design document. Design of the software means the high-level design of the main modules with a full picture of how the parts fit together. The language, operating system, and hardware components should be clear at this stage.

Implementation, testing and documenting 
There are 3 next processes which are combined:

 implementation — programming the code for the project.
 testing — looking for defects
 documenting — making documents of the inner design of software, API can be also included

Deployment and maintenance 
The deployment includes installation, customization, testing, and possibly a longer period of evaluation.

Software training and support are important because software is only effective if it is used rightly.

Maintaining and improving software is the stage to cope with new faults or requirements, it usually takes a lot of time and effort.

References

Other websites
 Software Development Magazine

Software
Computers
Gag reflex

Gag reflex, also called pharyngeal reflex, is a reflex contraction of the throat in humans that prevents anything to pass through the throat, except during normal swallowing. It is also named as pharyngeal reflex.

Touching the soft palate results in a very strong gag reflex in most healthy people. The gag reflex can also be caused by touching the roof of the mouth, or the back part of the tongue. The gag reflex can be used to make someone vomit as well.

References 

Reflexes
Flame

A flame is the visible part of a fire. It gives light and heat. It is the result of an exothermic reaction. The color and temperature of a flame depend on the type of fuel that is used to make the fire. A blue or white flame is often very hot, while a red, orange, or yellow flame is less hot.

Related pages 
 Eternal flame
 Fire

Fire
Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad (; ; German: ; ; briefly Russified as  Kyonigsberg) is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea. It is the westernmost Oblast of Russia.

It is surrounded by NATO and European Union members Poland and Lithuania and is geographically separated from the main part of Russia itself. Borderless connection is only possible by sea or air.

In 2002, it had a population of 430,003 people. This was more than in 1989, when the last census was done. At that time, the city only had a population of 401,280. About 78% of the people there are Russians, 8% Belarusians, and 7.3% Ukrainians.

It was named Königsberg originally. It was the capital city of the German province of East Prussia, the earlier Duchy of Prussia, and before that of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. The city had that name from 1254 to 1945. The people were mostly Germans but they were expelled and replaced during wars. 

One of the famous people from Königsberg was the philosopher Immanuel Kant.

References

 
Exclaves
Capital cities in Russia
Sargon of Akkad

Sargon was one of the first people in recorded history to create an empire, or multi-ethnic state. His empire included the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and part of what is present-day Turkey.

His capital was called  in the Akkadian language.

Sargon of Akkad may have been the same person as the first Sargon of Assyria (also known as Sharrukin or Sharru-kin). Sargon's empire would probably have included Assyria. He is listed in the Assyrian king list as the son of Ikunum and the founder of a dynasty. He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia.

The Empire 
Sargon's vast empire is known to have extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea, including Mesopotamia, parts of modern-day Iran and Syria, and possibly parts of Anatolia and the Arabian peninsula. He ruled from a new capital, Akkad, which the Sumerian king list claims he built on the left bank of the Euphrates. He is sometimes regarded as the first person in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, although the Sumerians Lugal-anne-mundu and Lugal-zage-si also have a claim. His dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half.

Akkadian language 
The Akkadian language was made the official language of international discourse. During Sargon's reign, Akkadian was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script, which was previously used for the Sumerian language. A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual.

References 

Mesopotamian people
Incubation period

An incubation period is the time it takes between the day a person is infected with a pathogen (something that causes a disease, like a virus), and the day that the person starts having symptoms of the disease.  For example, if a person is infected with the common cold, it usually takes about one to three days for the person to start having cold symptoms.  This means that the common cold's incubation period is one to three days.

With some diseases, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), a person can still give other people HIV during the incubation period.  Even though the person with HIV has no symptoms, the virus is making copies of itself during the incubation period.

What affects incubation periods
Many different things affect the incubation period for a disease.  These things include:
 How much of the pathogen a person got
 Whether the person was vaccinated against this pathogen, and if they were, which vaccine was used
 How fast the pathogen makes copies of itself once it is in the body
 How strong the person's immune system is

Examples of incubation periods 
Incubation periods are not exactly the same for everyone, because every person is different.  Because of this, an incubation period is always written as a range (for example, "one to three days").

For many conditions, incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants.

Some diseases have very short incubation periods.  Other diseases have incubation periods of many years.  For example:

References

Diseases
The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics. Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city. The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors. It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925. Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues. In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it).

The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger,  Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story The Lottery drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine.

References

Other websites 
 The New Yorker

American magazines
Magazines published in New York City
1925 establishments in the United States
Weekly magazines
Cataplexy

Cataplexy is a medical condition where people become limp when they are exposed to spontaneous emotions such as laughter, fright, anger, or sadness. People who have cataplexy will sometimes see that some of their muscles suddenly fail them. Cataplexy  often affects people who have narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. People with narcolepsy tend to suddenly fall asleep. They cannot control when they fall asleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures.

The term Cataplexy originates from the Greek kata, meaning down, and plexis, meaning a stroke or seizure.

Diseases
Brundtland Commission

The Brundtland Commission was created  by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development. 

The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development.

Brundtland Report
The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the Brundtland Report  can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report.

The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Notes and references

History of the United Nations
Sustainable development
1983 establishments
Mosleh Zamani

Mosleh Zamani (also referred as Moslah Zamani) was a young Kurdish man from Sanandaj, who was executed for adultery in December 2009 (under Iranian law, every sexual contact outside marriage, even if both people are unmarried, is adulterous).

Mosleh, who was arrested at age of 17 and spend four years in prison, was sentenced to death by hanging.

His case raised strong controversies, because of both nature of his crime and fact he was 17 year old (Iran, because of international obligations, is not permitted to sentence anyone to death for crime he or she had committed under age of 18).

The only person who could have commuted the death sentence is Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, the head of the judiciary.

Related pages
 Delara Darabi
 Reza Alinejad

Other websites 
 About Mosleh 

Iranian people
Climate change

Climate change recognises that the climate of Earth does change. Climate change is now seen as a problem. It is worth remembering that the Earth's climate has been both hotter and colder than it is today. It is not a fixed value: it is affected by variations in the Sun and in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and by activities of the planet's life-forms.

Climate change this century and last century is sometimes called global warming, because the average temperature on the surface has risen. 

At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the Ice Age ending about ten thousand years ago. 

Over longer time periods, climate change may be caused by variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. The Earth has certainly been much warmer and much cooler than it is today.

In common use, especially in environmental policy, "climate change" usually refers to rapid changes in the climate over recent decades. These climate changes are due primarily to human-caused generation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere (see global warming).

History of climate change studies 
Joseph Fourier in 1824, Claude Poulliet in 1827 and 1838, Eunace Foote (18191888) in 1856, Irish physicist John Tyndall (1820–1893) in 1863 onwards, Svante Arrhenius in 1896, and Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964) are credited with discovering the importance of CO2 in climate change. Foote's work was not appreciated, and not widely known. Tyndall proved there were other greenhouse gases as well. Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901 invented the term.

The Sun 

The Sun gets a little bit hotter and colder every 11 years. This is called the 11-year sunspot cycle. The change is so small that scientists can barely measure how it affects the temperature of the Earth. If the sun was causing the Earth to warm up, it would warm both the surface and high up in the air. But the air in the upper stratosphere is actually getting colder, so scientists do not think changes in the sun are causing the global warming which is happening now.

Related pages
Ecology

References.
Gro Harlem Brundtland

(IPA: ) (born 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician. She is an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She is a former Prime Minister of Norway. She was the Director General of the World Health Organization. In 2007, she became a Special Envoy for Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

Education 
Brundtland has a degree from the University of Oslo. She also has a master's degree from Harvard University.

References

Other websites

Harvard University alumni
Norwegian diplomats
Politicians from Oslo
Prime Ministers of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
1939 births
Living people
Mia Rose

Mia Rose (aka Miaarose) is a YouTube artist who sings. She was born on January 26, 1988. She has signed a record deal with NextSelection. Her real name is Maria Antónia Teixeira Rosa. She says she is Portuguese. She is currently recording songs with groups. Rose also works with Prez Wszeborowski, a 17-year-old music composer that has written "You're Pitiful" for Weird Al Yankovic, and also made beats for celebrities like Sean Paul, Busta Rhymes, Silva Sisters, The Millionairs, and The Anarckists.

Other websites 

Internet celebrities
1988 births
Living people
YouTubers
Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus.  Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease.

How is hepatitis A spread?
When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces.  Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces.  For example, hepatitis A can be spread by:
 Using ice that was made from contaminated water
 Eating fruits, vegetables, or other foods that are not cooked, which may have gotten contaminated when a person with hepatitis A prepared them 
 Foods that are not cooked are more likely to spread hepatitis A because cooking food will kill the virus
 Eating shellfish that lived in contaminated water, and were not cooked well enough to kill the virus

Hepatitis A can also be spread by having sex with someone who has hepatitis A.

Signs and symptoms
Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
Abdominal pain
Fever
Nausea and Vomiting
Fatigue
Anorexia (loss of the desire to eat)

Treatment and prognosis
There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own. In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months.

Unfortunately, a small number of patients develop Fulminant hepatic failure, which is very serious.

Prevention
A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A, and anti-hepatitis A immunoglobulin is also used.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Liver disease
Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus. The virus is not spread by food or casual contact. It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person.  A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth. It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it.

Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus. However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection.

Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly. Many people are infected for life. Usually they have few or no symptoms. Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure. A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver. Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver.

Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged. If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus. Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself. However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Sexually transmitted diseases
Liver disease
Mir

Mir was a space station created by the Soviet Union and later owned and operated by Russia. It existed from 1984 to 23 March 2001. When it was retired, it moved towards the Earth and burned up in its atmosphere. Mir is now replaced with the International Space Station. It was the first space station to be made out of multiple modules, unlike the previous Salyut series of space stations, which were only made out of one module.

Space stations
Mutual fund

A mutual fund is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund.

Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors.

There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.

Related pages
Stock
Bond (finance)

See Also

 Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

References

US SEC answers about mutual funds

Finance
Modular Audio Recognition Framework

Modular Audio Recognition Framework (MARF) is a computer program that tries to understand voice, sound, speech, text and human language in general. In MARF, scientists and programmers write algorithms using Java. MARF consists of Lego-like algorithm pieces that can be added or replaced easily. MARF itself can be piece in other computer programs or used for learning, education, and making MARF itself better. A few example programs are provided to show how to use MARF. There is also a lot of documentation of the project. MARF and its programs are published under a BSD-style license.

Related pages 
 Speech recognition

References 
 
 
 

Free software
Sound
Fullmetal Alchemist

Fullmetal Alchemist (in  ) is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) Monthly Shonen Gangan. The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga. A film, The Conqueror of Shamballa was made for the 2003 show, and The Sacred Star of Milos was created for the 2012 show.

Plot 
The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science. Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother. When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour. Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs. As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange.

Fullmetal Alchemist became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise.

Characters 
Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series. He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs. He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment. 

Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother. The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work. In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse. Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs.

References 

Anime
My Dying Bride

My Dying Bride is an English doom metal band. They are from West Yorkshire. The band formed in 1990.

Members 

 Aaron Stainthorpe - Vocals (1990-)
 Hamish Glencross - Guitar (1999-)
 Andrew Craighan - Guitar (1990-)
 Lena Abé - Bass (2007-)
 Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards (2009–present)

Past members
 Rick Miah – drums (1990–1997)
 Martin Powell – violin, keyboards (1991–1998)
 Calvin Robertshaw – guitar (1990–1999)
 Bill Law – drums (1998–1999)
 Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards (1998–2002)
 Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums (1999–2006)
 Adrian Jackson – bass (1991–2007)
 Sarah Stanton - Keyboards (2002-)
 Katie Stone – violin, keyboards (2008–2009)
 Dan Mullins – drums (2007–2012)

Albums 

 As the Flower Withers (1992)
 Turn Loose the Swans (1993)
 The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
 Like Gods of the Sun (1997)
 34.788%... Complete (1998)
 The Light at the End of the World (1999)
 The Dreadful Hours (2001)
 Songs of Darkness, Words of Light (2004)
 A Line of Deathless Kings (2006)
 For Lies I Sire (2009)
 Evinta (2011)
 A Map of All Our Failures (2012)
 Feel the Misery (2015)
 The Ghost of Orion (2020)

Other websites 
 My Dying Bride's website 

Musical groups established in 1990
English heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
Death metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Modular

Something is modular when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, Lego pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together.

Basic English 850 words
Framework

Framework is a term describing established practices in a society, science, software development, or hardware design that can be repeatedly applied to solving problems. The problems are solved uniformly (in the same or very similar way) in a framework.

Logic
Documentation

Documentation is something that people read for instructions or information on how to
do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page,
a file, and other media.

Written communication
Bobby pin

A bobby pin (also known as a kirby grip or a hair grip) is a clip that goes in one's hair to hold individual strands of hair in place.

Hair
Headgear

no:Hårspenne
Pre-production

Pre-production is the time before making a movie, play, or other performance when all the things that will be needed to make it are prepared.

In the movie industry, pre-production usually only starts when the script is ready, the studio has agreed to make it and money has been made available.  By this time, a project will almost always have a movie, a producer, cast members and a production team. 

Movie production
Flax

Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (Linum usitatissimum) is a type of  flowering plant.

The fibres of flax are used to make linen. High-quality paper used in banknotes is also made from flax fibres.
An oil (linseed oil) can be made from the dried ripe flax seeds. 
Flax has been used for a long time in such tasks as making bows and candles.

Toxicity
Flax seed and its oil are nontoxic and are safe for human consumption.

However, like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. This is nontoxic when eaten in normal amounts. It may be toxic when eaten in large quantities as with staple foods such as cassava. The small percentage of cyanide can be removed by special processing.

References

Other websites

Malpighiales
Edible nuts and seeds
Finite set

In mathematics, a finite set is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., n} and n must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements.

Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with n elements is called an n-set.

A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself.  (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself).  For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2n corresponds to n), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1).  This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.

Set theory
Cardinal numbers
Vikram Samvat

The Vikram era, or Vikram samvat is an Calendar System(mostly followed in Hinduism and Sikhism from people of Indian Subcontinent) starting in 57 BC. The Vikram Samvat calendar starts half a century before the Gregorian calendar and works on an Indian calendar cycle.

The calendar starts in the month of Vaishak, which usually falls in the Gregorian month of February/March.

The date marks the day when the King Vikramāditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started to honor this achievement.

The story 
The story of this event is told by a sadhu (Jain monk) called Mahesara Suri.

The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a sadhvi (Jain nun), who was the sister of the sadhu. The sadhu went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and captured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger.

Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the Vikrama era.

History of India
50s BC establishments
Calendars
Cardinality

In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set A = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as . 

Two sets have the same (or equal) cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. The cardinality of the set A is less than or equal to the cardinality of set B if and only if there is an injective function from A to B. The cardinality of the set B is greater than or equal to the cardinality of set A if and only if there is an injective function from A to B. 

The cardinality of a set is only one way of giving a number to the size of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way.

Notation

||A|| is the cardinality of the set A. Single vertical bars can also be placed around a set to mean cardinality, such as |A|.

Finite sets 

The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set A is n, then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality n+1 (for example, the set A ∪ {A}). If ||A|| ≤ ||B|| ≤ ||A ∪ {A}||, then either ||B|| = ||A|| or ||B|| = ||A ∪ {A}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality.

Infinite sets 

If the cardinality of a set is not finite, then the cardinality is infinite.

An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers ). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call  (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of —the cardinality of the continuum.

Related pages
Bijection
 Cardinal number
 Cantor's diagonal argument
 Cantor's theorem
 Continuum hypothesis
 Injective function

Notes and References 

Cardinal numbers
Set theory
Mitre

A mitre is a tall hat worn by leaders in some Christian churches. In the Roman Catholic church, it is worn by bishops, archbishops or cardinals (higher order). The front and back are the shape of a triangle. It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the owner is a bishop.

Mitres are also worn by some clergy in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.

Christian clothing
Headgear
Boňkov

Boňkov is a small village near Herálec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 58 people live in Boňkov. Its size is . It was first documented in 1305.

Other websites 
 Boňkov

Villages in the Czech Republic
Utopia (book)

Utopia is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia. This is usually translated to On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia.

The book is about an island with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word is used to refer to a society that is unrealistic, and impossible to make.

There were several attempts to create such perfect societies (They did not work). The word utopia can also refer to a society of such an attempt.

Religious utopias 
The ideas Christians, Jews and Muslims have of the Garden of Eden, and of Heaven can be seen as such utopias.

Other websites 
 Digitally reconstructed edition of the book
 A newer critical approach as to how to see the book (pdf)

Novels
16th-century books
Slavníč

Slavníč is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic by Highway D1. 40 people live in Slavníč. It covers 2,13 km². It was first documented in 1305.

Villages in the Czech Republic
Milan Nakonečný

Milan Nakonečný (* February 8, 1932, Horažďovice) is a Czech psychologist (professor of psychology) and historian. During the so-called normalization era in the Czechoslovakia, communists banned him from teaching and publishing books.

Books (selected) 
Motivace lidského chování (1997) 
Psychologie osobnosti (1998) 
Encyklopedie obecné psychologie (1997) 
Lexikon magie (1993) 
Lexikon psychologie (1995) 
Novodobý český hermetismus (1995) 
Psychologie osobnosti (1995) 
Základy psychologie osobnosti (1993) 
Úvod do sociální psychologie
Motivace pracovního jednání a její řízení (1992) 
Emoce a motivace (1973)
Sociální psychologie (1970)
Martinismus (1991) 
Základní otázky psychologie (1968)
Sociální psychologie  (1999) 
Základy psychologie (1998) 
Průvodce dějinami psychologie (1995) 
Lidské emoce (2000) 
Úvod do psychologie (2003) 
Psychologie téměř pro každého (2004) 
Sociální psychologie organizace (2005) 
Vlajka: k historii a ideologii českého nacionalismu (2001) 
Český fašismus (2006) 
Motivace lidského chování (1996) 
Magie v historii, teorii a praxi (1999) 
František Mareš (2007) 

1932 births
Living people
Czech psychologists
Czech historians
Skorkov

Skorkov is small village near in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of 77. It covers 6.2 km².

Villages in the Czech Republic
Antonín Klimek

Antonín Klimek (January 18, 1937 in Prague – January 9, 2005 in Prague) was a Czech historian. He wrote mainly about the Czechoslovakian First Republic.

Books 
 1989 – Diplomacie na křižovatce Evropy
 1989 – Jak se dělal mír roku 1919
 1995 – Československá zahraniční politika 1918-1938 (with Eduard Kubů)
 1995 – Vítěz, který prohrál, generál Radola Gajda (with Petr Hofman)
 1996–98 – Boj o Hrad I, II
 1998 – Říjen 1918
 2001 – Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIII. (1918-1929)
 2002 – Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIV. (1929-1938)
 2003 – Vítejte v první republice

Czech historians
Czech people
2005 deaths
1937 births