cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Dominique Strauss-Kahn

Dominique Strauss-Kahn (born 25 April 1949) is a French politician and economist of Jewish descent. He studied economics and is a professor for economics at a university in Paris. He has held different posts in the French government, and was the head of the International Monetary Fund from 2007 to 2011. In France, his name is usually abbreviated DSK.

He is a full professor at the Paris Institute for Political Studies ("Sciences Po").He was a Professor of Economics at Paris West University Nanterre La Défense and Sciences Po, and was Minister of Economy and Finance from 1997 to 1999, as part of Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government. He belongs to the right wing of the Socialist Party (PS) (which is on the center-left of French politics). He was nominated in the 2006 primary elections of his party to become a candidate for the French presidential election in 2007. Ségolène Royal defeated him in these elections in November 2006.

On 14 May 2011, Strauss-Kahn was arrested and charged with sexually assaulting a woman in a hotel in New York. Strauss-Kahn denies all charges. A judge later approved his release on bail.

On 18 May 2011 he resigned from his post at the IMF, in order to be able to focus on his defense.

On 29 June 2011, French finance minister Christine Lagarde was elected IMF Managing director and took office on 5 July 2011.

From 1995 till 1997 he was mayor of Sarcelles.

Early Life 
Dominique Strauss-Kahn was born on 25 April 1949 in the wealthy Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine. He is the son of lawyer Gilbert Strauss-Kahn. Strauss-Kahn's father was born to an Alsatian Jewish father and a Catholic mother from Lorraine; Strauss-Kahn's mother is from a Sephardic Jewish family in Tunisia.

Political Life 
Strauss-Kahn was first an activist member of the Union of Communist Students, before joining in the 1970s the Centre d'études, de recherches et d'éducation socialiste (Center on Socialist Education Studies and Research, CERES) led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement, future presidential candidate at the 2002 election. There, he befriended the future Prime Minister of France Lionel Jospin (PS).

References

1949 births
Living people
French economists
French lawyers
French mayors
French Ministers of Finance
Jewish French academics
Jewish French politicians
Jewish French scientists
Jewish lawyers
Managing Directors of the International Monetary Fund
Politicians from Paris
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Gully

A gully is an area where rain and wind wash the topsoil away, leaving a deep channel in the ground. it may also make a hill that varies in looks.

Soil
Erosion
Abadeh

Abadeh is a  city in southwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 52,042 people living there. The city is the capital of Abadehy County.

References 

Cities in Iran
Fars Province
Rob Niedermayer

Robert Wade Niedermayer Jr. (born December 28, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 17 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons for the Florida Panthers, Calgary Flames, Anaheim Ducks, New Jersey Devils, and Buffalo Sabres.

References

Other websites
 
 

1974 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New Jersey Devils players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Go-Ahead London

Go-Ahead London is made up of lots of bus companies. It first opened in August 2008.
It is the largest bus operator in London. They have 115 routes given to them by Transport For London. Here are the different names of the companies that make up Go-Ahead London:

Companies
The following companies are part of Go-Ahead London.

London Central
London General
Docklands Buses
Blue Triangle
East Thames Buses

London bus operators
Doric order

Doric order was one of the three orders of architecture in Ancient Greece; the other two orders were Corinthian order and Ionic order. The order was named after the style of columns used in buildings. It included the base, the shaft, the top (capital), and the part supported at the top; the architrave, the frieze and the cornice. Each order has its own style.

Doric was the earliest style and used by the Greeks for most of their buildings and temples, including the Parthenon. It is believed that the style was first made using wood. The style features heavy columns, a saucer shaped capital on the top, and no base.

Doric style
The numbers refer to the picture on the right
The columns (17) are fluted (18), which means they have about 20 grooves cut into them. The top of the column, the capital (14) is made up of a group of annulets. The saucer shaped piece is called the echinus (16). Above this is a square piece of stone, called the abacus (15), on the top. This supports the entablature, which is about one third of the height of the column. This is made up of a plain architrave (13) and a frieze with triglyphs (8). Between the triglyphs are square spaces, called metopes (9), which can be used for sculptures. Above this is a cornice with large blocks called mutules (5), which overhang the frieze. The lower surface of these blocks are called the soffit. Above this the block of stone has a plain vertical face called the corona. It is finished on the top with more decorations.

Parts of the frieze sculptures from the Parthenon were removed in the 1800's and taken to the British Museum. They are known as the Elgin Marbles.

References

Ancient Greece
Architectural styles
Clint Malarchuk

Clint Malarchuk (born May 1, 1961 in Grande Prairie, Alberta) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 11 seasons in the NHL. He played 5 seasons with the Quebec Nordiques, 2 seasons with the Washington Capitals and 4 seasons with the Buffalo Sabres. He is probably best known for the serious throat injury that he received from a skate blade when Steve Tuttle of the St. Louis Blues and Uwe Krupp of the Buffalo Sabres became entangled when they were chasing the puck and they both crashed into Malarchuk's net, Tuttle's skate hit Malarchuk on the neck and severed his internal carotid artery which caused puddles of blood that collected on the ice. Malarchuk left the ice on his own two feet but he thought he was going to die so he said "All I wanted to do was get off the ice". "My mother was watching the game on TV, and I didn't want her to see me die." He knew that his mother was watching the game on TV and he had an equipment manager call and tell her he loved her. He also asked for a priest. His life was saved when the team's trainer, Jim Pizzutelli who was a former Army medic who had served in Vietnam. had reached into Malarchuk's neck and pinched off the bleeding. He did not let go until the doctors arrived to begin closing the wound. After the doctors spent 90 minutes and used over 300 stitches to close the wound he returned to practice four days later and was back in the net against the Quebec Nordiques after about a week. He said, "Doctors told me to take the rest of the year off, but there was no way", "The longer you wait, the harder it's going to be. I play for keeps". He made in time for the playoffs but the Sabres lost to the Boston Bruins 4 games to 1.

Other websites

1961 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Alberta
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
Portland Winterhawks players
Quebec Nordiques players
Washington Capitals players
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (; Pakistan Movement for Justice) is a political party in Pakistan.  PTI was founded by former Pakistani cricket captain and philanthropist Imran Khan (Pakistani cricketer).  The party's slogan is "Justice, Humanity and Self Esteem".

Founding

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was founded by [Imran Khan] on April 25th, 1996 in Lahore, Pakistan.  The constitution of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was approved on January 24th, 1999 by the CEC in Lahore, Pakistan.  

The PTI manifesto states "The PTI agenda of resurgence articulates the long neglected aspirations of our people and spells out the vision of a modern Islamic republic that advocates tolerance, moderation and freedom to practice the religion of one’s choice."

Political parties in Pakistan
1996 establishments in Asia
International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia

The International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia is held every May 17.

Origins 
On the 17th of May in 1990, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from the International Classification of Diseases, where it was listed as a mental illness.

International Day Against Homophobia started off in Canada in 2003 as the National day against Homophobia, and was initiated by Fondation Emergence .

In 2006 The Declaration of Montreal (pronounced in Montreal during the first Outgames) demanded all countries to recognize this day, and several countries, including the European Union and Brazil have already recognized it formally.

In 2014 Fondation Emergence changed the day's name from "international day against homophobia" to "international day against homohobia and transphobia" in order to include trans realities to its mission. As well in 2015 the day's name to "international day against homophobia, transphobia and biphobia" in order to include bisexual realities to the mission.

Campaigns 
Each year, since 2003, Fondation Emergence launches a campaign to fight homophobia and transphobia in the world with a particular angle such as homoparentality, allies, age and trans people.

Their last campaign has been translated into 18 languages.

Related pages
Homophobia
Transphobia
Biphobia
Transgender Day of Remembrance
Declaration of Montreal

References

LGBT
Human rights
Redwood

The redwoods are a subfamily of conifers, the Sequoioideae. They are in the Cypress family Cupressaceae. It is most common in the coastal forests of Northern California and is possibly the largest tree in the world. There are three living genera in the subfamily. There were once more species of redwood trees, but most have become extinct.

These trees are pyrophytes: they have adapted to survive forest fires. Because fire is common in the regions where they grow, redwood trees have developed thick, fire-resistant bark. Their cones open only after a fire. Because fire control is better these days, the trees are endangered because they do not reproduce so well.

Redwood trees can grow to be very large. The largest species, Sequoiadendron giganteum, can reach up to 94.8 m tall and 17 m across. The tallest tree in the world is claimed to be a Sequoia sempervirens named Hyperion. The largest tree in the world by volume is claimed to be a Sequoiadendron giganteum named the General Sherman Tree, after William Tecumseh Sherman.

Range

California, USA 
The native habitat of Sequoiadendron giganteum trees is only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range of California.
The native habitat of Sequoia sempervirens trees is only in the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion, on the Northern California coast and several miles into Oregon.

China 
Metasequoia glyptostroboides trees are so rare they were thought to be extinct, until rediscovered by a Chinese forester in 1943. They were found on mountainous slopes in remote parts of the Hubei region of China.

References 

Cupressaceae
Artesian aquifer

An artesian aquifer is an underground layer which holds groundwater under pressure. This causes the water level in the well to rise to a point where the pressure is equal to the weight of water putting it under pressure. This type of well is called an artesian well. Water may even reach the ground surface if the natural pressure is high enough, in which case the well is called a flowing artesian well.

An aquifer is a geologic layer which can hold water such as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is trapped between rocks or clay which causes the pressure. Water returns to the aquifers when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.

Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks.  This is similar to how many newly tapped oil wells are pressurized.

Origin
Artesian wells were named after the old province of Artois in France.  Many artesian wells were drilled there by Carthusian monks from 1126.

Location
There are artesian aquifers in many countries including Australia, the USA, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Fiji and Canada. The Great Artesian Basin is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, occupying 23% of the Australian continent.

References

Aquifers
Engineering
2010 Pakistan floods

The 2010 Pakistan floods began on 26 July 2010 and continued into the following month. They resulted from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan regions of Pakistan and affected the Indus River basin. Approximately one-fifth of Pakistan's total land area was underwater, approximately . According to government data, the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of 1,7811 in 2010

References

2010 disasters in Asia
2010s floods
2010 floods
August events
2010
July events
David Reed (American football)

Brandon David Reed (born March 22, 1987 in Dubuque, Iowa) is an American football wide receiver who currently plays for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Reed was drafted out of the University of Utah by the Baltimore Ravens with the 156th pick in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

Other websites
 David Reed at nfl.com

1987 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
American football wide receivers
Sportspeople from Iowa
People from Dubuque, Iowa
African American players of American football
Indianapolis Colts players
San Francisco 49ers players
Trevor Pryce

Trevor W. Pryce (born August 3, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American football defensive end that played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Pryce was drafted out of Clemson University by the Denver Broncos with the 28th pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft. He also played in the NFL with the Denver Broncos who he won Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII with. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens from 2006 to 2010 and the New York Jets in 2010. After the 2010 AFC Championship Game, he announced that he was retiring from professional football. He retired in 2011.

Other websites
Trevor Pryce at nfl.com

1987 births
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
New York Jets players
American football defensive ends
Sportspeople from New York City
Ben Grubbs

Benjamin Richard Grubbs (born March 10, 1984 in Eclectic, Alabama) is an American football offensive guard who currently plays for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Grubbs was drafted out of Auburn University by the Baltimore Ravens with the 29th pick in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft.

Other websites
Ben Grubbs at nfl.com

1984 births
African American players of American football
Living people
Baltimore Ravens players
American football offensive guards
Sportspeople from Alabama
London Central

London Central is a major bus company in London. It was made in 1988 and became part of Go-Ahead London in 2008.

London bus operators
London General

London General is a bus company operating services in Greater London. It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates buses under for Transport for London. The company was named in honour of the London General Omnibus Company, the principal operator of buses in London between 1855 and 1933.

London bus operators
Docklands Buses

Docklands Buses is a bus company operating in East London. It is part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services for Transport for London.

London bus operators
Blue Triangle

Blue Triangle is a bus company operating services in East London. It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services for  Transport for London. It is the operator of the East London Transit service.

References

 
London bus operators
USC Landhaus Wien

USC Landhaus is an Austrian women soccer club from Vienna. USC Landhaus is one of the oldest and most successful women clubs in Austrias football history.

History
USC Landhaus was founded in 1968 by Gerhard Traxler. The same year the team became a section of Union Landhaus. 1972 the first championship was organized by the Vienna Football Association and Landhaus played there. 2015 they started a cooperation with FK Austria Wien. From 2021 on the club plays under the Name of Austria Wien in the Frauenbundesliga. The 3rd team played in the Wiener Frauenliga and was promoted to the Second league as Union Landhaus.

Very important for the club are the young players. The club has a second squad in the second division of women football in Austria. There young players can practise their skills. 2010 the club has also 3 teams for U11, U13 and U15 which plays in regional tournaments

Current squad

Coaching staff
  Gerd Gonda Headcoach
 Markus Vinkovits Assistant coach
 Michael Straka   Goalkeeper coach

Honours
 12x Championship winner: 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001
 11x Cup winner: 1973, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002
 1x Supercup: 2002
UEFA Women's Cup:
2001/02 Group stage

References

Other websites
Club's website 

Landhaus Wien
Football clubs of Vienna
1968 establishments in Europe
Wulguru, Queensland

Wulguru is a small town about 11 km east of Townsville, Queensland. The word Wulguru comes from the Indigenous Australian tribe, Wulgurukaba, who lived in the area that is now Wulguru. During WW2 the Royal Australian Air Force built No. 3 Fighter Sector RAAF close to the Flinders Highway. This base comprised of the main rectangular bunker which was built into the hill. This building still remains today. The base had 62 buildings on the site with its own barracks, powerhouse, kitchen, showers and toilet blocks.

Towns in Queensland
Jamote Qaumi Movement

The Jamote Qaumi Movement is a political party in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

The Jamot Qomi movememt was founded by Mir Gul Hassan Manjhoo Let to provide a political platform for the Jamot people of Balochistan in 1996 in Dera Murad Jamali.  The party was created on the basis of the political philosophy of Mir Abdul Malik Shaheed and Mir Murtaza Abro Shaheed (the pioneers of the anti-feudal movement in Kachhi Balochistan)

The manifesto of the party is:
Struggle for the Jamot people in Balochistan
struggle against the Feudalism or the feudalism system based in Pakistan.
the party believes the Islamic system of social justice should be implemented in country.

References

Political parties in Pakistan
Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party

Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party (JKPP) is a political party in Azad Kashmir in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The main center of politics of JKPP is Azad Kashmir (including Gilgit Baltistan). Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was formed on 19 July 1990, after observing the changes in political situation of Azad Kashmir, by politicians of same school of thought, under the supervision of the founder of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan. The purpose of JKPP's formation was to provide a platform to the people, through which they can struggle for the Independence and betterment of the society. The First Convention of Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was held in Islamabad on 9 December, 1992. Keeping the Democratic principles in mind, The Central Council of 200 members elected the first President of the party. Since then, the party officially started its working.

Political parties in Kashmir
1990 establishments in Asia
Alex Kaleta

Alexander "Killer" Kaleta (November 29, 1919 – July 9, 1987) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers organizations. Kaleta is known for creating the hat trick tradition in hockey when he went into a Toronto shop to buy a hat but when he found one he liked he could not afford it. The shop owner made a deal with Kaleta and said that if he scored 3 goals in the next game he played he would just give him the hat free of charge. Kaleta not only scored three goals but four against the Toronto Maple Leafs.

References

Other websites
 

1919 births
1987 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
New York Rangers players
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir

The Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir is the Indian-administered Kashmir unit of the Islamist group, the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. Its organisation is distinct and separate from the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, the Indian branch of the Jamaat to claim the organisation's stance that Jammu and Kashmir is not a part of the Republic of India.

Political parties in Kashmir
Four Asian Tigers

The Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons are the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.  These regions were the first newly industrialized countries.  They are known because they had very high growth rates (they became rich very fast) and fast industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. Four economies are currently well rich economies (developed countries). 

All four Asian Tigers have a highly educated and productive work force compared to others in the region.

The economic success of South Korea and Taiwan were known as the "Miracle on the Han River" and the "Taiwan Miracle" respectively.

The four tigers has accomplished rapid economical growth in a short period of time.

All the Asian Tigers tried to export (sell) products to rich industrialized nations. They grew rich very quickly (they had double-digit economic growth) for decades. Each nation was not a democracy, and people were not very free in the early years.  All of these countries later became freer, and people now think Taiwan and Korea are liberal democracies.

References

Things you can read
 Ezra F. Vogel, The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).

Other websites 
 BBC report on the Asian Tigers in the aftermath of the 1997 Financial Crisis (includes map of the Asian Tigers)
 ASEAN tigers
 The Elephant at the Gate in China Economic Review 

Country classifications
Hong Kong
Economy of Singapore
Economy of South Korea
Economy of Taiwan
BRICS

{| class="infobox" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 35em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%; clear: right"
|-
!Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
|-
|BRICS Federative Republic of Brazil
 President (head of state and government): Jair Bolsonaro

 Russian Federation
 President (head of state): Vladimir Putin
 Prime Minister (head of government): Dmitry Medvedev

 Republic of India
 President (head of state): Ram Nath Kovind
 Prime Minister (head of government): Narendra Modi

 People's Republic of China
 President (head of state): Xi Jinping
 Premier (head of government): Li Keqiang

 Republic of South Africa
 President (head of state): Cyril Ramaphosa
 

|}BRICS is used to talk about the countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Many economists think that all these countries are at a similar stage of economic development. When people write about these countries, they usually write "BRICS" or the "BRICS''' countries".

The acronym was invented by Jim O'Neill, an economist who worked for Goldman Sachs.  In 2001, he wrote an article that he called "Building Better Global Economic BRICs".

Mexico and South Korea were the only other countries with economies that are like the BRICs.  But O'Neill did not include these countries because they were considered already more developed, as they were already members of the OECD.

Current leaders

References

Bibliography
 Elder, Miriam, and Leahy, Joe, et al., Who's who: Bric leaders take their place at the top table, Financial Times, London, September 25, 2008
 O'Neill, Jim, BRICs could point the way out of the Economic Mire, Financial Times, London, September 23, 2008, p. 28.
 
 

International organizations
Economics organizations
Economy of Africa
Economy of Asia
Economy of South America
Economy of Brazil
Economy of India
Economy of Russia
Economy of South Africa
China
Shih Tzu

The Shih Tzu is a breed of dog weighing  with long silky hair. The breed originated in China and is among the earliest breeds. Shih Tzu were officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1969

Appearance 
The Shih Tzu has a short muzzle and big, brown dark eyes. They have a silky, very long double coat. Some other Shih Tzu have shorter, more curly hair. ([Wikipedia Shih Tzus] Their fur comes in many colors.

Temperament 
These dogs are tiny, but they have a big personality. They are known for being affectionate, playful, and happy. They want to be your best friend. This tiny pup loves attention and is a perfect companion dog. If you are feeling sad, or need a hug, the Shih Tzu will always fluff you down with puppy hugs and kisses. [akc.org Shih Tzu] This dog requires a lot of attention, due to their connections to royalty.

Coat Colors and Quality 
The Shih Tzu is a good quality dog because of the shiny, welll groomed, silky coat and the Chinese valued Shih Tzu the most. [Wikipedia Shih Tzus] The coat colors come in light brown, black, white, black and white, black and gold, white and gold, dark brown, gold, red and black, and brown and white.

Etymology 
The Shih Tzu gets their name from the Chinese word for “little lion.” They are to be respected. [History of Shih Tzu - Shih Tzu club]

History 
Back then, only royalty could be seen with a Shih Tzu. The Shih Tzu was related to the Chinese Pug, who was respected. A powerful woman from the palace in China adored dogs, and she was interested in them. She had the staff breed some palace dogs and she watched every time. [www.theshihtzuclub.co.uk] This is why the Shih Tzu became known as the royal dogs.

Health 
Shih Tzus are usually healthy and live from 10 to 16 years, [www.akc.org] but they have a few problems Shih Tzus usually have. Eye problems, Brachycephalic Syndrome (A pathological condition which leads to severe respiratory distress), dental problems, ar

References 

Dog breeds
List of civil parishes in Suffolk

This is a list of civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Suffolk, England.

Babergh
The whole of the district is parished.

Forest Heath
The whole of the district is parished.

Ipswich
The former Ipswich County Borough is unparished.

Mid Suffolk
The whole of the district is parished.

St Edmundsbury
The whole of the borough is parished.

Suffolk Coastal
The whole of the district is parished.

Waveney
The former Lowestoft Municipal Borough is unparished.

References

Other websites 
 Office for National Statistics : Geographical Area Listings

Suffolk
Economic development

Economic development it is the growth of standard of living of nations from a poor economy  to a high-income economy.<ref,~Bornwell N Makowa, "Economic development," [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossar ~makowa's Glossary of International Economics ] online (click to E).</ref> When the local quality of life is improved, there is more economic  development.

When social scientists study economic development, they look at a lot of things.  They want to know about the way  economic development is discussed by historians.  They also want to know how development is happening today.  They may  want to know why people invest more money in some places than in others.  They also want to know why people are better at making things to sell in some countries rather than others.

Measuring Economic Development 

Same map for people with color blindness.

One way to measure economic development is human development.Human development is very important, and includes the health of the people and their education.  This usually goes together with economic growth. As people in a country become healthier and get better education, they also usually get richer, because healthy, educated workers are more productive (better at making things), and richer workers can afford health and education.
The Human Development Index looks at how long people live, how well people read, how many people go to school, and how much money people make.

Economists also look at the rate of growth'', which is how fast a country gets richer.

Related pages
 Developed country
 Developing country
 Development economics
 Economic sector
 Human Development Index
 Newly industrialized country
 Least developed country
 OECD
 BRICS
 Next Eleven
 Four Asian Tigers

References

Other websites

Economics
Newly industrialized country

The term newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification used by political scientists and economists to talk about several countries around the world.

NICs are countries who still are not developed countries but are doing better than other developing countries.   NICs have fast growing economies, and export a lot. In NICs many things in the country change quickly as people from the country move to the cities to take jobs in factories.

NICs usually share some other common features, including:
Increased social freedoms and civil rights.
Strong political leaders.
A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector.
An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world.
Large national corporations operating in several continents.
A lot of investment from foreign countries.
Political leadership in the part of the word they are in.
Fewer poor people

NICs often receive support from international organizations such as the WTO and other internationl support bodies. However, as environmental, labor and social standards tend to be significantly weaker in NICs, many fair trade supporters have advocated standards for importing their products and criticized the outsourcing of jobs to NICs.

Related pages
 Emerging markets
 Flying Geese Paradigm

Groupings:
 G8+5
 G20 industrial nations
 G20 developing nations
 BRICS
 Next Eleven

References

Country classifications
SV Neulengbach

USV Neulengbach is a football club from Neulengbach, Lower Austria. The club was founded in 1923. The men's team playes in Lower Austrian's 2. class. The women's team was founded in 1996 and plays in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the top level of Austrian women's football.

History
The history goes back to 1992. In this year women formed a team in Altlengbach and after the first matches they wanted to play on. They had sucess but after problems with officials of SV Altlengbach the team went to SV Neulengbach. 1996 the women's section of SV Neulengbach was founded. In the 1996/97 season they took over the place of SV Altlengbach in the 2nd League East where they became champion and were promoted to the Frauenliga. In their first year they reached the 5th place, the next season they were runners-up. The following years they became the dominant club in the Bundesliga. They won 12 titels in the league and 10 times the Cup. This dominant role ended in 2015.

In the sucessful years the team was formed almost totally of players of the Austrian women's football national team. But the most known playyer came from Brazil. Rosana  played for Neulengbach from 2005 till 2008. She had won the Silver medal with Brazil in 2004 Olympic games in Athens. Another famous player is Nina Burger who played 109 matches for the national team of Austria.

Current squad

Coaching staff
 Maria Gstöttner Headcoach
 Katja Gürtler Assistant coach
 Isabella Dujmenovic Assistant coach
 Wolfgang Tissauer Goalkeeper coach

Honours
 12 × Austrian Champion: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
 10 × Austrian Cup: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
  2 × Supercupsieger: 2003, 2004

References

Women's football in Austria
Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria
C2c

c2c is a British train operating company that is part of the National Express Group. It provides passenger rail services on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway line from Fenchurch Street railway station in the City of London to the northern Thames Gateway area of southern Essex including Grays and Southend-on-Sea. This route was called the Thameside franchise, and was renamed the Essex Thameside franchise in 2009. The main route from Fenchurch Street to Shoeburyness via Basildon is 39.5 mph and the fastest timetabled journey time from Fenchurch Street to Shoeburyness is 58 mph giving an average speed of 40.7 mph, although the route can be done in 47 mph, giving an average speed of 50 mph. The line currently has a maximum speed limit of , although the Class 357 Electrostar electric multiple unit trains which run on it are capable of a maximum speed of . Before July 2002, it traded under the name LTS Rail. The current director is Julian Drury.

Route

The normal off-peak service are of eight trains per hour (tph) coming and leaving Fenchurch Street:
4 tph to Shoeburyness going past Basildon
of which 2 trains do not stop at Limehouse, West Horndon and Pitsea 2 trains stop at all stations 
2tph to Grays via Rainham
2tph to Southend Central via Ockendon
Additional night services operate between Shoeburyness / Pitsea / Grays-Barking.

Additional morning peak services operate between Shoeburyness / Pitsea / Stanford-le-Hope - Grays.

Sources

Other websites

Official Web site
Unofficial c2c user site 
Google Maps showing stations, route and alternative diversion to Liverpool Street & Stratford
Hatton Cross station

Hatton Cross station is a underground station on the Piccadilly Line on the London Underground system. It is next to Hounslow West and Heathrow T4 & 123.

Railway stations in London
Turnham Green station

Turnham Green Station is a underground station on the Piccadilly Line and District Line  on the London Underground system. It is next to Chiswick Park, Gunnersbury and Stamford Brook.
Piccadilly Line services operate to this station Early Mornings and Late Evenings. If the District line is closed Piccadilly trains will stop here.
Railway stations in London
Fenchurch Street railway station

Fenchurch Street Station is a main London Terminal. It is operated by c2c. All c2c services arrive and depart from the station. It is the main London Terminus for c2c.

Railway stations in London
1841 establishments in Europe
1840s establishments in England
London station group

The London station group is a group of 18 railway stations in central London. They are part of the National Rail network. Most are terminal stations, meaning that they are at the end of the railway line. The station group is shown on tickets as London Terminals.

Group members

As of , the group is made up of:

Blackfriars
Cannon Street
Charing Cross
City Thameslink
Euston
Fenchurch Street
King's Cross
Liverpool Street
London Bridge
Marylebone
Moorgate
Old Street
Paddington
St. Pancras International
Vauxhall
Victoria
Waterloo
Waterloo East

Former members
Broad Street (closed 1986)
Holborn Viaduct (closed 1990)
Kensington Olympia (withdrawn 1994)
Kings Cross Thameslink (closed 2007)

Station statistics

Related pages
List of London railway stations

Footnotes
 for Thameslink from the north only
 for Thameslink from the south only
 does not include London Underground
 from 2008/2009, King's Cross Thameslink passengers are grouped with St Pancras. In addition, full Eurostar services began from St Pancras on 9 December 2007.

References
Fraternities and sororities

Fraternities and sororities are social groups for college students, though sometimes high schools have them too. They exist mostly in the United States and Europe. The words frater and soror are Latin for "brother" and "sister" and used to show closeness between members. They also denote whether the group is for men or women. Sororities are only for women. Fraternities are only for men. But there are some fraternities for women.

Fraternities and sororities often have groups at many different schools. Each fraternity or sorority is given two or three Greek letters to call themselves, for example, ΑΦ (Alpha Phi) or ΑΧΩ (Alpha Chi Omega). To tell the difference between groups at different schools, called chapters, each chapter is given another set of Greek letters. For example, a man in the Kappa Sigma fraternity who goes to the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is part of the fraternity's EX (Epsilon Chi) chapter. Chapters sometimes have houses on or near the campus of the college the members attend that members can live in.

Fraternities and sororities often participate in community service.

Joining

Fraternities and sororities are often exclusive, meaning people who want to join need to be invited to do so. This is done during a process called "rushing". During a rush, people who want to join a chapter will talk to current members. If the member think the person rushing is a good fit for the group, they will get an invitation, called a "bid", to join the chapter. If the person rushing accepts, they become a "pledge".

The pledging period is a time when the pledge is not yet a full member, and may leave or be refused membership at any time. Sometimes, members of the chapter will put the pledge through trials. Sometimes they are tests on the history of the fraternity they are trying to join, wearing a badge with the fraternity's letters on it at all times, or performing public service. Sometimes the trials are cruel, dangerous or humiliating. If the trials are cruel, it is called "hazing". Hazing is illegal in 44 states.

After the pledging period, the pledge becomes a full member of the chapter and fraternity or sorority.

References
Bernese mountain dog

The Bernese mountain dog is a breed of dog from Switzerland. 

These dogs are tricolour, which means their coat of fur is made up of three colors: black, white, and tan. They are gentle, loyal, and good with children. Bernese Mountain Dogs are very large dogs, weighing from 70 to 120 pounds (32 to 54 kilograms) as adults. They were first used to pull carts and worked as all-around farm dogs.

Dog breeds
Fire ecology

Fire ecology is about the effects of fire on the ecosystems where it occurs. The results of fire are studied, and also what causes the fires. 

In many ecosystems, fire helps keep the habitat healthy. Examples of such habitats are the North American prairie and chaparral ecosystems, and the South African savanna. In these ecosystems, fire helps renew the habitat. In theses places, many plants and trees have adapted and need fire to grow well, or for their seeds to germinate and start ecological succession.

If the fires are stopped, dry wood and dead plants accumulate. Bushes and trees that catch fire easily will start growing. When this area finally does catch fire, it will make the wildfire larger and more damaging, and be harder to control.

In the United States, campaigns have made people believe that wildfires are always bad for nature. This comes from the old belief that ecosystems grow towards a stable system, and disturbances like fires stop that, and destroy the harmony of nature.  But we have since learned that in some areas, fire is needed to make the system work properly; fire also helps biodiversity of many habitats. The plants and animals in these habitats have adapted to protect themselves from fire, and sometimes must have fire to survive.

Still, fire can kill people or burn down buildings.  Now, controlled burns are sometimes done to have fire where it is needed, but don't let it go where it can cause damage to people or their property.

Related pages 
Wildfire 
Bushfire

References

Ecosystems
Fire
Goldman Sachs

The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., or just Goldman Sachs is an investment banking and securities firm. They are involved with global investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services mainly with institutional clients. They are also known to be a primary dealer in the United States Treasury security market.

2017-Four have Goldman Sachs USD 7.830.000.000 ("deutsch 7,83 Milliarden Dollar").

References 

Business
Banks based in New York City
1869 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in New York (state)
The Province

The Province is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The Province was founded in 1898. The paper was bought in 1923 by a Southam family. The newspaper runs daily and is the most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Vancouver Sun coming in second place. The newspaper also had a radio station named CFCB and it relinquished its licence in February of 1940 after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation told it to.

The The province and  Vancouver Sun are both owned by Postmedia Network Inc.

References

Other websites

Newspapers published in Canada
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada‎
Vancouver Sun

The Vancouver Sun is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The Vancouver Sun was founded in 1912. The newspaper runs daily and is the second most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Province coming in first place. The newspaper has the largest newsroom in Vancouver although its staff of reporters has reduced in recent years. The Vancouver Sun is not a part of the Sun Media chain which has newspapers in Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton.

The Vancouver Sun is owned by Postmedia.

References

Other websites

Newspapers published in Canada
Vancouver
1912 establishments
1910s establishments in Canada
Rustavi

Rustavi () is a city in Georgia. It was founded in the 4th century by Trdat of Iberia. In the 13th century, it became empty. Rustavi was rebuilt in the 20th century. Rustavi has the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant. As of 2014, the city had 125,103 people.

Other websites 
 Official Site of City 

Settlements in Georgia (country)
Gaur

The Gaur is a bovine species, similar to the bison. Bos gaurus (or Indian bison) is the largest living bovine. It is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.  

The height up to the shoulder of the male is 175 to 195 cm. When the female is 165 to 185 cm. Has the same height. Length from head to body is 240 to 300 cm. And length 70 to 105 cm. Have. The flowering of horns, which are relatively short cylindrical and have a small roundness on the inside, is about 85 to 100 cm. Mating at any time of the year. New chicks are found especially during the months of November to March. Its gestation period is about 270 days.  

The pregnant female is separated from her group. Gives birth to a baby and keeps the baby moving around. The female takes constant care of him. Babies start walking a few minutes after birth. The female and cub reunite after being separated from their group for a few days.

The species is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986. Population trends are stable in well-protected areas, and are building up in a few areas which had been neglected.

The gaur is the tallest species of wild cattle. 
The Malayan gaur is called seladang, and the Burmese gaur is called pyoung.

The domesticated form of the gaur Bos frontalis is called 'gayal' or 'mithun'.

References 

Bovines
Mammals of Asia
Seed fern

The term seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta) are several distinct groups of extinct seed plants (spermatophytes). 

The oldest fossil evidence of plants of this type is from Upper Devonian strata, and they flourished particularly during the Carboniferous and Permian periods.  

Pteridosperms declined during the Mesozoic Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous, though some fossil pteridosperm-like plants seem to have survived into Eocene times in Tasmania.

History of the term 
The concept of the pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century when palaeobotanists came to realise that many Carboniferous fossils resembling fern fronds had anatomical features like cycads.  

British palaeobotanists made the critical discovery that some of these fronds were associated with seeds, and concluded that the fronds and seeds belonged to the same plants.  

Initially it was still thought that they were intermediate between the ferns and cycads, and especially in the English-speaking world they were referred to as "seed ferns" or "pteridosperms". Today, most palaeobotanists regard them as being only distantly related to ferns and that these names are misleading, but the names have nevertheless stuck.

Later during the 20th century, the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds. Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as Glossopteris and its relatives, which was clearly stretching the concept.  

The seed ferns were by far the earliest seed plants, and must have included the ancestors of the later plants. They are spread across a range of clades and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic 'grade-group'.

So, does the concept of pteridosperms have any value today?  Many palaeobotanists still use the term in an informal sense for the seed plants that are not angiosperms, coniferoids (conifers or cordaites), ginkgophytes or cycadophytes (cycads or bennettites).  

This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups, whose relationships are unknown. We can call them pteridosperms with no suggestion of being a clade.  Also, for curators or collectors, the term 'pteridosperm' is a useful shorthand for describing fern-like fronds probably produced by seed plants, which are often found in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras.

References 

Seed plants
Fossil plants
Extinct plants
John Riggins

Robert John Riggins (born August 4, 1949 in Seneca, Kansas) is a retired American football running back who used to play for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins of the NFL. He was nicknamed "The Diesel". He won Super Bowl XVII with the Washington Redskins where he was also the MVP and is a member of the Redskins Ring of Fame. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1992.

1949 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kansas
New York Jets players
Washington Redskins players
Glossopteris

Glossopteris  is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct seed ferns. They were typical plants of the coal forests or coal swamps which lasted from the Pennsylvanian (later Carboniferous) to the end of the Permian.

The coal swamps were world-wide because, for that long time, the continents were close together in Gondwana. Therefore they had similar wet, tropical climates.

History
The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian (~300 milliom years ago). Their distribution across several continents led Eduard Suess to suggest the southern continents were once together in a single supercontinent – Gondwana. 

These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian (~250mya). 

The only convincing Triassic records are very earliest Triassic leaves from Nidpur, India. Even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur. 

Some textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and, in some cases into the Jurassic. These are mistakes based on misidentification of similar leaves, such as those of Gontriglossa, Sagenopteris, or Mexiglossa. 

Glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass-extinction event.

References 

Seed plants
Fossil plants
Extinct plants
Gnetophyta

The Gnetophytes are a group of seed plants with three genera. Their evolutionary relationships are unclear, but it is now clear that they are related to each other.

The three genera are:
 Gnetum
 Welwitschia
 Ephedra

By looking at the structure of these organisms (morphology) and the DNA (molecular taxonomy), scientists have found that Gnetum and Welwitschia are more closely related to each other than to Ephedra.

References 

Gymnosperms