cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Oscar II

Oscar II (21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907), baptised Oscar Fredrik, was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until 1905. The third son of King Oscar I of Sweden and Josephine of Leuchtenberg, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden through his mother.

Early life
When he was born on January 21, 1829 in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed junior lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. On 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

From 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs (his son had died in infancy in 1854). His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852.

King of Sweden and Norway

He succeeded his brother Charles XV and IV on 18 September 1872, and was crowned as king of Norway in the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 18 July 1873.  At the accession he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel ("The Welfare of the Brother Peoples"). While the King and the Royal Court resided mostly in Sweden, Oscar made the effort of learning to be fluent in Norwegian and from the very beginning he realized the essential difficulties in the maintenance of the union between the two countries.

Later life
The political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and renounced the Norwegian throne on 26 October.

Personal life
On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, youngest daughter of Duke William of Nassau.

Death
His health declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 from unknown causes.

References

Other websites

 Ducal House of Nassau 
 The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav - H.M. King Oscar II the former Grand Master of the Order 

1829 births
1907 deaths
Unexplained deaths
Kings and Queens of Norway
Kings and Queens of Sweden
People from Stockholm
Rob Corddry

Robert William "Rob" Corddry (born February 4, 1971) is an American movie, television, voice actor, television director and producer, writer and comedian who is known for his roles in Hot Tub Time Machine and in Childrens Hospital. He has won an Emmy Award in 2012 for Children Hospital.

Corddry was born on February 4, 1971 in Weymouth, Massachusetts. He studied at Weymouth North High School and at University of Massachusetts Amherst.

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television directors
American television producers
Actors from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
Emmy Award winning actors
Malayalam Wikipedia

The Malayalam Wikipedia () is the Malayalam language edition of Wikipedia, a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia. It was launched on December 21, 2002. Now this project is the leading Wikipedia among other South East Asian language Wikipedias in quality. It has grown to be a wiki containing more than 31,000 articles .

History 

The Malayalam language Wikipedia has been available in the wikipedia.org domain since 21 December 2002. A user Vinod Menon M. P. had taken the initial tasks for it. After its creation he was the key person for the next 2 years. Almost all the early users of Malayalam Wikipedia were Malayalees (speakers of the Malayalam language). The growth of the Wikipedia during these times was very slow due to technical issues such as browser problems, font problems, and other problems.

References 

Wikipedias
Phil Silvers

Phil Silvers (born Philip Silver, May 11, 1911 – November 1, 1985) was an American entertainer, comedian, movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor who is known for his role as Sergeant Bilko in The Phil Silvers Show. He has won two Tony Awards and an Emmy Award.

Silvers was born on May 11, 1911 in Brooklyn, New York. Silver was married to Jo-Carroll Dennison from 1945 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was married to Evelyn Patrick from 1956 until they divorced in 1966. Silvers had five children with Evelyn. Silvers died on November 1, 1985 in Century City, California from heart failure, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1911 births
1985 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York City
Emmy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Wade Williams

Wade Andrew Williams (born December 24, 1961) is an American movie, television, and voice actor who is best known for his role as Brad Bellick in Prison Break.

Williams was born on December 24, 1961 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He studied at Rutgers University and at the University of Tulsa.

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Gary Collins

Gary Ennis Collins (April 30, 1938 – October 13, 2012) was an American movie, television, radio, stage, voice actor, and television host. He is known for his roles in The Sixth Sense, Angel in my Pocket, The Wackiest Ship in the Army, Born Free, Hangar 18, and in The Home Show. He is also known for being the host of Miss America from 1982 through 1990. He has won an Emmy Award for Best Television Host in 1983.

Collins guest-starred on dozens of television shows since the 1960s, including Perry Mason, The Virginian, Hawaii Five-O, The Six Million Dollar Man, The Love Boat, Charlie's Angels, Friends, and JAG.

Collins was born on April 30, 1938 in Venice, California. Collins was raised in Biloxi, Mississippi. He studied at Santa Monica City College. He was married to Susan Lechman from 1964 until they divorced in 1967. Then he was married to Mary Ann Mobley from 1967 until his death in 2012. Collins died on the morning of October 13, 2012 in Biloxi, Mississippi from natural causes, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Mississippi
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Biloxi, Mississippi
Tom Berenger

Tom Berenger (born Thomas Michael Moore; May 31, 1949) is an Emmy Award-winning American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in Hatfields & McCoys, Platoon, Major League, Inception, and The Big Chill. He has won an Emmy Award and an Golden Globe Award.

Berenger was born on May 31, 1949 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Missouri. Berenger was married to Barbara Wilson from 1976 until they divorced in 1984. Then he was married to Lisa Williams from 1986 until they divorced in 1997. Then he was married to Patricia Alvaran since 1998. He has six children.

References

Other websites

Tom Berenger Online

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Chicago
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Julio Alemán

Julio Méndez Alemán (November 29, 1933 – April 11, 2012) was a Mexican movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor.

Alemán was born in Morelia, Michoacán on November 29, 1933. He was married to Esperanza Martínez. They had six children.

Alemán died in Mexico City on April 11, 2012. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer. His remains were cremated and a memorial service was held on April 12, 2012, in Mexico City.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican stage actors
Mexican radio actors
People from Michoacán
List of cities in Turkey

This is a list of cities in Turkey by population. The total population of Turkey is 79,749,461 according to the 2012 estimate. This makes it the 17th most populated country in the world.

Cities with more than 7,000 people

Turkey
Turkey
Turkey-related lists
Turkey
List of cities in the United Arab Emirates

This is a list of the most important cities of the United Arab Emirates, in alphabetical order:

 Abu Dhabi
 Ajmān
 Al Ain
 Al Awdah
 Al Fahlayn
 Al Fulayyah
 Al Fara'
 Al Ghabah
 Al Ghabam
 Al Ghashban
 Al Hamraniyah
 Al Hamriyah
 Al Haybah
 Al Hayl
 Al Hayr
 Al Hayrah
 Al Hulaylah
 Al Jaddah
 Al Khari
 Al Khashfah
 Al Mahamm
 Al Masafirah
 Al Mataf
 Al Mu'amurah
 Al Naslah
 Al Qir
 Al Quwayz
 Al Usayli
 Al Yahar
 Ar Rafa'ah
 Arthaban
 Athabat
 Ash Sha'm
 As Sur
 Awanat, Ras al-Khaimah
 Baqal
 Bidiyah
 Daftah
 Dhadna
 Dibba Al-Fujairah
 Dibba Al-Hisn
 Dubai
 Fujairah
 Kalba
 Kawr Fakkān
 Mīnā' Jabal 'Alī
 Mīnā' Şaqr
 Mīnā' Zāyid
 Ras al-Khaimah
 Umm al-Qaiwain
 Quţūf
 Ruwais
 Sharjah
 Sila

United Arab Emirates, List of cities in the

United Arab Emirates
List of cities in Uruguay

This is a list of cities in Uruguay. There are many places that have a large number of people that are not called a "City" in Uruguay. 

Uruguay, List of cities in

Uruguay
List of cities in Uzbekistan

This is a list of cities in Uzbekistan. The names of many places have been changed during the last century, sometimes more than once. Wherever possible, the old names are on the list and linked to the new names.

Largest cities 

The native Uzbek name of each city is listed in parenthesis.

Alphabetical list 

 Afrasiab
 Ak-Dar'ya
 Akkula
 Akmal-Abad
 Andijon
 Angren
 Aqbaytal
 Aqrabat
 Asaka
 Baxt
 Bekobod
 Beruniy
 Bukhara (Buxoro)
 Buzaubay
 Chimboy
 Chirchiq
 Chortoq
 Dashtobod
 Denov
 Fergana
 Guliston
 G‘uzor
 G‘ijduvon
 Haqqulobod
 Jangeldi (Dzhangeldy)
 Jizzax
 Juma
 Kattaqo‘rg‘on
 Karakapalkiya
 Khiva
 Kogon
 Kokand
 Kosonsoy
 Kungrad
 Margilan
 Mashiquduq
 Minchuqur
 Mo‘ynoq (Moynaq, Muynaq, Muynak)
 Namangan
 Navoiy
 Nukus
 Nurota
 Ohangaron
 Olgaing
 Olmaliq
 Oqtosh
 Piskent
 Qarshi
 Qorako‘l
 Qorasuv
 Quva
 Quvasoy
 Rishdan
 Samarqand (Samarkand)
 Shahrisabz
 Shahrihon
 Shirabad
 Shirin
 Sirdaryo
 Tashkent (Toshkent) - Capital
 Taxiatosh
 Termez
 Tomdibuloq
 To‘ytepa
 Turtkul
 Uchqo‘rg‘on
 Uchquduq
 Urganch
 Urgut
 Vobkent
 Xonobod
 Xo‘jayli
 Yangiobod
 Yangiyer
 Yangiyo‘l
 Yasliq
 Zarafshon

Uzbekistan, List of cities in
Uzbekistan
List of settlements in Armenia

The Municipalities of Armenia are called communities. Each community is self-governing and has one or more settlements. As of 2007, Armenia includes 915 communities. 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community.

Urban communities

References

 
Armenia
Armenia
Chris Dodd

Christopher John "Chris" Dodd (born May 27, 1944) is an American lawyer, lobbyist, and Democratic Party politician. He was a United States Senator from Connecticut for thirty-years.

Early life and career 
Dodd was born in Connecticut. He is a graduate of Georgetown Preparatory School in Bethesda, Maryland, and Providence College. His father, Thomas J. Dodd, was a United States Senator from Connecticut from 1959-1971.  Chris Dodd served in the Peace Corps for two years before going to law school at the University of Louisville. While he was in law school, he was also a member of the United States Army Reserve.

Dodd won the election in 1974 to be the Representative from Connecticut's 2nd congressional district. He was reelected in 1976 and 1978.  He was elected United States Senator in the elections of 1980. He was the longest-serving senator in Connecticut's history.

Dodd was the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1995 to 1997. He served as Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee until his retirement. In 2006, Dodd decided to run for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. He left the race to become President after running behind several other competitors. In January 2010, Dodd said that he would not run for re-election in the 2010 elections. Dodd was replaced by Richard Blumenthal. On March 1, 2011, the Motion Picture Association of America said that Dodd will be in control of that organization.

References

1944 births
Living people
American chief executives
Lawyers from Connecticut
American lobbyists
Businesspeople from Connecticut
2008 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Connecticut
United States senators from Connecticut
US Democratic Party politicians
Ronald Neame

Ronald Elwin Neame (23 April 1911 – 16 June 2010) was an English movie director and producer, screenwriter, and cinematographer who is known for his works in The Poseidon Adventures, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, Brief Encounter, and In Which We Serve. 

Neame was born on 23 April 1911 in London, England. He studied at University College School and at Hurstpierpoint College. Neame was married to Beryl Heanly from 1933 until they divorced in 1992. Then he was married to Donna Friedberg from 1993 until his death. With Heanly he had a son, Christopher. Neame also had three grandchildren. Neame died on 16 June, 2010 in Los Angeles, California from complications of an accidental fall, aged 99.

References

Other websites
 

1911 births
2010 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
British cinematographers
English screenwriters
English movie producers
Movie directors from London
Tyrone Power

Tyrone Edmund Power, Jr. (May 5, 1914 – November 15, 1958) or Ty Power, was an American movie, television, radio and stage actor who appeared in dozens of movies from the 1930s to the 1950s, but is mostly known for his roles in The Mark of Zorro, Blood and Sand, The Black Swan, Prince of Foxes, The Black Rose, and Captain from Castile.

Power was born on May 5, 1914 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Power was married to Annebella from 1939 until they divorced in 1948. He was married to Linda Christian from 1949 until they divorced in 1956. He was married to Debbie Ann Minardos from 1958 until his death in 1958. He had two children with Christian, and one with Minardos. Power died on November 15, 1958 in Madrid, Spain from a heart attack, aged 44.

References

Other websites

Tyrone Power, King of 20th Century-Fox

1914 births
1958 deaths
Actors from Cincinnati, Ohio
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Anomalocaris

Anomalocaris ("abnormal shrimp") is an extinct genus of anomalocaridid, which are, in turn, thought to be closely related to the arthropods. The first fossils of Anomalocaris were discovered in the Ogygopsis shale by Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, with more examples found by Charles Doolittle Walcott in the famed Burgess Shale.

Arthropods
Fossils
Michael Murphy

Michael George Murphy (born May 5, 1938) is an American movie, stage, voice and television actor who is known for his roles as Yale Pollack in Manhattan and as the Mayor in Batman Returns. He has won an Gemini Award.

Murphy was born on May 5, 1938 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of California at Los Angeles. Murphy was married to Wendy Crewson from 1988 until they divorced in 2009. They had two children.

References

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Wendy Crewson

Wendy Jane Crewson (born May 9, 1956) is a Canadian movie, television, voice, and stage actress who is known for her role in The Santa Clause, The Santa Clause 2, The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, Better Than Chocolate, Air Force One and Room. She won an Gemini Award.

Crewson was born on May 9, 1956 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. She studied at Queen's University and at Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. Crewson was married to Michael Murphy from 1988 until they divorced in 2009. They had two children.

Crewson openly came out as a lesbian in 2014.

References

Other websites

 

1956 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian LGBT people
Lesbians
Actors from Hamilton
Jeffrey Jones

Jeffrey Duncan Jones (born September 28, 1946) is an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor who is best known for his roles as Emperor Joseph II in Miloš Forman’s Amadeus, Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice, and Dean of Students Edward R. Rooney in the 1986 John Hughes movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off.

Jones was born on September 28, 1946 in Buffalo, New York. He studied at Lawrence University and at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. He has a son from a last relationship. In 2002 Jones was arrested; he was later convicted of a sex offense and will serve four years in jail and 250 hours of community service.

References

Other websites

1946 births
Living people
American movie actors
American sex offenders
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People convicted of child pornography offenses
Criminals from New York
Actors from Buffalo, New York
List of cities in Venezuela

This is a list of cities, towns and communities in Venezuela.  Capitals of states are marked with a *.

References

 Largest cities in Venezuela
 Instituto Nacional de Estadística  - Publicaciones/Demografica/Cuadro3

Venezuela, List of cities in
Venezuela
List of cities in Vietnam

This is a list of cities in Vietnam.

Centrally-controlled municipalities

There are five centrally-controlled municipalities in Vietnam.

Provincial municipalities

Here is a list of provincial municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh) in Vietnam.

References

Vietnam, List of cities in
Vietnam
List of cities in Western Sahara

The following are cities in Western Sahara, listed by population. Due to an ongoing conflict over the territory, most are controlled by Morocco. The eastern and southern parts are controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).

References

Western Sahara
Western Sahara
List of cities in Yemen

Here is a list of cities in Yemen:

 
Yemen, List of cities in
Yemen
Terrence Howard

Terrence Howard (March 11 1969) is an American actor and singer who has starred in many movies. He did Hustle & Flow and Crash (2004). His acting career began around 1992. He was born in Chicago and raised in Cleveland, Ohio.

Filmography

American movie actors
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Cleveland, Ohio
Singers from Chicago
Singers from Cleveland, Ohio
1969 births
Living people
Catherine O'Hara

Catherine Anne O'Hara,  (born March 4, 1954) is a Canadian-American movie, television, stage, voice actress, writer and comedian. She is well known for her roles in SCTV, and her roles in movies such as in After Hours, Beetlejuice, Home Alone, and The Nightmare Before Christmas. She has won an Emmy Award.

O'Hara is also known for her role as Moira Rose in the award-winning series Schitt's Creek.

O'Hara was born on March 4, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. O'Hara studied at Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute. She has been married to Jo Welch since 1992. They have two children and currently reside in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian television writers
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian comedians
Writers from Ontario
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American television writers
American television personalities
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Toronto
Emmy Award winners
Christopher Guest

{{Infobox person
|name            = Christopher Guest
|image           = guest4.jpg
|imagesize       =
|image_alt       =
|caption         = Guest speaking at Vancouver Film School in 2008
|pseudonym       =
|birth_name      = Christopher Haden-Guest
|birth_date      = 
|birth_place     = New York City, New York, US
|death_date      =
|death_place     =
|occupation      = Actor, comedian, director, musician, screenwriter
|education       = The High School of Music & Art
|alma_mater      = New York University

|years_active    = 1971–present
|nationality     = British-American
|citizenship     = United StatesUnited Kingdom
|subject         =
|spouse          = Jamie Lee Curtis (1984–present; 2 children)
|domesticpartner =
|relations       = Tony Curtis (father-in-law),Janet Leigh (mother-in-law),Kelly Curtis (sister-in-law)
|notable_works   = This Is Spinal TapThe Princess BrideBest In ShowA Mighty WindFor Your Consideration
|signature       =
|website         =
|footnotes       =
|current_members =
|past_members    =
|module          =
}}
Christopher Haden-Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest (born February 5, 1948), usually simply known as Christopher Guest, is an English-American actor, comedian, director, musician, and screenwriter. He is known for his work in This Is Spinal Tap, The Princess Bride, Best in Show, A Mighty Wind, and in For Your Consideration''. He has won an Emmy Award.

Early life
Guest was born on February 5, 1948 in New York City, New York. He studied at The High School of Music & Art and at New York University.

Marriage and family
Guest married Jamie Lee Curtis in 1984. They have two adopted children.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
American composers
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English comedians
English composers
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Lipid bilayer

Lipid bilayers form cell membranes. They form a continuous sheet around all cells, and they surround most cell organelles. Lipid bilayers form automatically from phospholipids by self-assembly.

The phospholipids have  heads which mix with water and tails which reject water. So the tails come together in the centre of the double layer, and the heads on the outside are surrounded by water. 

The lipid bilayers stop most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules passing through. They also stop most ions.

In cells, proteins are put in the bilayer by enzymes. The proteins decide which molecules come in and which go out of the cell. For example, cells control salt concentrations and pH by pumping ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps. 

Biochemistry
Cell biology
Plant anatomy
John Letford

John Letford MBE (born 29 August 1935) is a Scottish politician.  He was the Lord Provost of Dundee from 2003 to 2012. The new Lord Provost is Bob Duncan.

On 24 March 2009, Letford resigned from the Labour Group on Dundee City Council. He became an independent councillor.

References

1935 births
People from Aberdeen
Scottish politicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
Alcester Grammar School

Alcester Grammar School is a grammar school in a town called Alcester, in the county of Warwickshire. It is a local authority school, which means it is not fee-paying. It is, however, selective. This means it is meant for pupils of above average intelligence.

The youngest children are 11. The oldest are 18. Children join when they are 11 or when they are 16. When they are 11 they take a test to get in. The test is called the Eleven plus. 16 year old children can join if they have good GCSE exam grades elsewhere.

Children at Alcester Grammar School take the GCSE exams. GCSEs are exams that all children who live in England take.

About the school 
Alcester Grammar is a very successful, selective, rural, grammar school. It offers courses at National Curriculum and post 16 levels. The school has a large VI form and offers one of the widest ranges of both 'A' and 'AS' levels in the country.

The school website says: The school sets out to provide a relaxed and constructive atmosphere, in which pupils are encouraged to develop their individual talents. Since it is school, boys and girls are jointly involved in most aspects of school life. We have no doubt that co-education is a fitting preparation for life. 

There are about 1000 children.

School Awards
Alcester Grammar School got an 'outstanding' rating in their OFSTED inspection.

Famous people who went to Alcester Grammar School
 Sarah Douglas, actress
 Simon Davis, comics artist
 Andrew Pozzi, Olympic hurdler

Notes

Other websites
 Alcester Grammar School's Website
 Alcester Grammar School Sixth Form Website
 The Warwickshire County Council page for AGS 
 The OFSTED page for AGS, including their Inspection Report

Schools in England
1499 establishments
15th-century establishments in England
Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria, with about 100 species.The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). 

Mycobacteria can colonize their hosts without the hosts showing any adverse signs. Many people around the world have infections of M. tuberculosis without showing any signs of it.

Mycobacterial infections are difficult to treat. The organisms are tough due to their cell wall. In addition, they are naturally resistant to a number of antibiotics that disrupt cell-wall building, such as penicillin. With their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to acids, alkalis, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by complement, and many antibiotics. 

Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged.

The Greek prefix myco means "fungus". When they are cultured on the surface of liquids, mycobacteria growth is  similar to that of moulds, a kind of fungus.

References 

Bacteria
Mantoux test

The Mantoux test is a test developed to detect tuberculosis. In the year 1890, Robert Koch developed tuberculin, as a treatment for tuberculosis. The substance proved ineffective to treat the disease, today it is commonly used to detect it, though. Tuberculin is a substance based on the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Charles Mantoux, a French physician, developed a test method, based on the work of Koch. 

A positive test result simply says that the immune system came in contact with Mycobacteria - this does not necessarily mean that people with a positive test result have been infected with tuberculosis. Such a result, which shows as positive, even though the outcome should be negative is called false positive. 

The test shows the reaction of the immune system to tuberculin. This requires an intact immune system: People whose immune system is weakened, for example those with a HIV infection, may also show a false negative: Their immune system may simply be too weak to react. Similarly, the use of certain substances, such as steroids may lead to false negatives.

Immunization
Dermatology
Medical tests
Radiology

Radiology is a field of medicine that uses medical imaging methods to detect and treat diseases. Examples include ultrasound, X-rays, Computed tomography, Positron emission tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging.

Notable people
William Frates (1934-2019), American radiologist.

Medical specialties
Medical imaging
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Bacillus Calmette–Guerin is a vaccine against tuberculosis. It is often abbreviated BCG. The vaccine is based on a bovine strain of the bacterium. It was developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in the 1930s. It looks like the vaccine can also be used to treat certain forms of bladder cancer.

References

Immunization
Mobutu Sese Seko

Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Desiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997) () was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country was known as Zaire for much of his rule.

Mobutu is commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko. While in office, he formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal gain, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence. He was an anti-communist.

During the Congo Crisis, Mobutu led a coup against the nationalist government of Patrice Lumumba. He wanted to take control of the government of Congo-Léopoldville. He soon became the army chief of staff. In 1965 he led a second coup to be Prime Minister. Then in 1967 he established a presidential form of government headed by himself. As part of his program of “national authenticity,” Mobutu changed the Congo's name to Zaïre in 1971. He changed his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko in 1972. Mobutu established a one-party state and a cult of personality.

During his reign, Mobutu built a highly centralized state. He amassed a large personal fortune through economic exploitation and corruption. Because of this some people called his rule “kleptocracy.” The nation suffered from uncontrolled inflation, a large debt, and massive currency devaluations. By 1991 economic deterioration and unrest led him to agree to share power with opposition leaders. He used the army to stop this change. In May 1997 rebel forces, led by Laurent Kabila, removed him from the country.

Mobutu Sese Seko is notorious for the corruption, nepotism, and embezzlement of billions of dollars that took place during his reign. He also had extravagances such as Concorde-flown shopping trips to Paris. Mobutu presided over the country for some four decades, despite many reports of abuses and human-rights violations. As such, many have described him as the "archetypal African dictator".

Mobutu died in 1997 of prostate cancer in Morocco.

References

1930 births
1997 deaths
African military people
Anti-Communists
Generals
Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Roman Catholics
Mike Rowe

Michael Gregory "Mike" Rowe (born March 18, 1962) is an American actor, singer, television host, and narrator. He is best known for his voice-over work on commercials and as the host of the television program Dirty Jobs. Rowe has acted on television, stage and movies as well as radio. He does a large amount of work as a narrator and has even been an opera singer.

Rowe was born on March 18, 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Overlea High School, at Essex Community College, and at Towson State University. He now lives in San Francisco, California.

References

Other websites

 Mike Rowe's official website
 

1962 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
American activists
Actors from Baltimore
Singers from Maryland
Bryan Singer

Bryan Jay Singer (born September 17, 1965) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. Singer is known for his works in The Usual Suspects, the X-Men movies and Superman Returns. He has won a Saturn Award.

Singer was born on September 17, 1965 in New York City. He was adopted and raised in West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He studied at West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South, at School of Visual Arts, and at the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles. Singer is openly gay.

On April 16, 2014, Singer was accused of sexually abusing a 17-year-old boy in a federal lawsuit filed in Hawaii. The accuser said Singer provided him with drugs and alcohol to encourage him to have sex on more than one occasion in 1999.

References

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1965 births
Living people
American adoptees
American television directors
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Gay men
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Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New Jersey
Movie producers from New York City
Saturn Award winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New York City
People accused of child sexual abuse
James Marsden

James Paul Marsden (born September 18, 1973) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor, singer, and a former model. Marsden is known for his role as Scott Summers or Cyclops in the first three X-Men movies. He is also known for his roles in Hop, Superman Returns, Hairspray, Enchanted, The Notebook, and in 27 Dresses.

Marsden was born on September 18, 1973 in Stillwater, Oklahoma. He studied at Hefner Middle School, at Putnam City North High School, and at Oklahoma State Univerity. Marsden was married to Lisa Linde from 2000 until they divorced in 2011. They had two children.

References

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1973 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Models from Oklahoma
Actors from Oklahoma
Singers from Oklahoma
Brandon Routh

Brandon James Routh (born October 9, 1979) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor and former fashion model who is known for his roles as Daniel Shaw in Chuck and as Superman in Superman Returns. He won a Saturn Award in 2006.

Routh is also known for his roles in Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.

In 2013, Routh voiced David "Hesh" Walker in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts. In 2014, he starred on Arrow as Ray Palmer/Atom which spun off into a guest role on The Flash and a starring role on Legends of Tomorrow.

Routh was born on October 9, 1979 in Norwalk, Iowa. Routh studied at the University of Iowa for a year to be a writer. During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition fee.

Routh has been married to Courtney Ford since 2007. They have a son, Leo James.

References

Other websites

 
 Interview 

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Models from Iowa
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Saturn Award winners
Dick Durbin

Richard Joseph "Dick" Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from Illinois. He is also the Senate Majority Whip, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate.

Durbin was born on November 21, 1944 in East St. Louis, Illinois. He graduated from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Georgetown University Law Center. Durbin is married to Loretta Schaefer. They had three children. In 2008, their daughter died from heart problems.

Working in state legal counsel throughout the 1970s, he made an unsuccessful run for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1978. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, representing the Springfield-based 20th congressional district.

In 1996 he won election to the U.S. Senate by an unexpected 15 points. He became the Senate Democratic Whip in 2005. From January 3, 2007 to January 3, 2015, he was the Senate Majority Whip because his party had the majority.

Durbin is the only the fifth United States senator from Illinois to serve the position of United States Senate Minority Whip.

References

Other websites

 United States Senator Dick Durbin official U.S. Senate site
 Dick Durbin, U.S. Senator official campaign site

1944 births
Living people
US Democratic Party politicians
United States representatives from Illinois
United States senators from Illinois
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Finger painting

Finger painting is a form of artwork done by using ones fingers to make a piece of art.  The paint usually comes in pots.  Finger painting is generally done by children.

Painting
Madison Bumgarner

Madison Bumgarner (b. August 1, 1989) nicknamed "MadBum" or "Big Country" is a Major League Baseball player for the San Francisco Giants. He was born in Hickory, North Carolina. He is a left handed pitcher.

Bumgarner was selected in the first round in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft.  He was named a starting pitcher on Baseball America's 2010 All-Rookie Team.

References

1989 births
Living people
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Tedy Bruschi

Tedy Lacap Bruschi (born June 9, 1973) is a former NFL New England Patriots player. Bruschi won three Super Bowl rings and was a two-time All-Pro selection.

Bruschi joined ESPN as an analyst after leaving football.

References

1973 births
Living people
New England Patriots players
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Benjamin Kogo

Benjamin Kogo (30 November 1944 – 20 January 2022) was a Kenyan athlete. His main sport was 3000 metre steeplechase running. He won a silver medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

He won gold at the first All-Africa Games held in 1965 in Brazzaville.

Kogo was born in Arwos, Nandi District. He died from prostate cancer on January 20, 2022 at the age of 77.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
Kenyan sportspeople
Olympic silver medalists
Deaths from prostate cancer
African sportspeople
Leslie Mann

Leslie Jean Mann (born March 26, 1972) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in Funny People, ParaNorman, This Is 40, Knocked Up, and in The Change-Up.

Mann was born on March 26, 1972 in San Francisco, California. She studied at Corona del Mar High School. She has been married to Judd Apatow since 1997. They have two children. She is the older sister of Anderson Mann

References

Other websites

 

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Francisco
Polio vaccine

Polio vaccines are vaccines that prevent poliomyelitis (or polio). Two types of polio vaccines are used throughout the world.

The first type was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it is an injection of inactivated (dead) poliovirus. The second type was an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin, using attenuated poliovirus. An attenuated virus is a much less harmful strain of the same virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962. 

There is no long term carrier for poliovirus (carriers are people who carry the virus but have no symptoms of the disease), and polioviruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature. The virus cannot survive in the open environment for a long time.  Therefore, interruption of person to person transmission of the virus by vaccination is the key step in removing polio entirely. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. Polio worldwide has dropped from about 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1,652 cases in 2007.

References 

Immunization
Nick Frost

Nicholas John "Nick" Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for his roles Spaced, as Ed in Shaun of the Dead, Danny Butterman in Hot Fuzz, Clive Gollings in Paul, and as Ron in Attack the Block. He is also well known for working with Simon Pegg.

Frost was born on 28 March 1972 in Dagenham, East London, England. He studied at Bell High School. He is married to Christina Frost.

References

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1972 births
Living people
Actors from London
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English movie actors
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List of cities in the Bahamas

This is a list of cities in the Bahamas.

The following table lists the city or town name, the geographic coordinates, the population as of the 1990 census, an estimate of the population as of 2009, and the island name.

References

The Bahamas
Bahamas
Bahamas
Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (August 8, 1605 – November 30, 1675), was a member of the English nobility who started the colony of Maryland in the British colonies. He was the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. Before that, he was the ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland (in what is today Canada). His father was George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. George Calvert was chosen to be the proprietary governor of both Maryland and Newfoundland, but he died before he could take the position.

He was called "Cecil Calvert." Cecil was a Roman Catholic and the colony of Maryland was officially Catholic. He managed Maryland from his home in England. Maryland was known for its religious toleration. At the time, there was a lot of religious persecution in England. Many Catholics fled (ran away to) Maryland because their religion was accepted there. Calvert was governor of Maryland for forty-two years. He died in England on November 30, 1675, aged 70 years. The city of Baltimore is named for him.

Sources 

Baltimore
Colonial Americans
British Barons
Gabourey Sidibe

Gabourey "Gabby" Sidibe (born May 6, 1983) is an American movie and television actress who started her career in the 2009 movie Precious as Claireece "Precious" Jones, for which she won many awards and was nominated for an Academy Award.

Sidibe was born on May 6, 1983 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City. She studied at Borough of Manhattan Community College, at City College of New York, and at Mercy College.

References

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1983 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
America Ferrera

America Georgine Ferrera (born April 18, 1984) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and  television producer. She is best known for her role as Betty Suarez in Ugly Betty. For her role as Betty Suarez, she won an Golden Globe Award, Emmy Award, and an Screen Actors Guild Award.

Ferrera was born on April 18, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She studied at the University of Southern California. She is married to Ryan Piers Williams since 2011. Ferrera is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

References

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1984 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
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Democrats (United States)
Actors from Los Angeles
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Bill Hader

William Thomas "Bill" Hader Jr. (born June 7, 1978) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer.

He is best known for his roles in Saturday Night Live, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Superbad, Hot Rod, Tropic Thunder, Adventureland, Paul, Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, Inside Out, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, The BFG and as adult Richie Tozier in It – Chapter Two.

He married Maggie Carey in 2006 and they had 3 children. Hader and Carey separated in 2017 and Hader later filed for divorce several months later in December 2017. The divorce was finalized in 2018.

References

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1978 births
Living people
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Comedians from Oklahoma
American movie actors
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Jack Gilford

Jack Gilford (July 25, 1908 – June 4, 1990) was an American movie, television, stage actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in Cocoon, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Movie, Caveman, They Might Be Giants, and in Catch-22.

Gilford was born on July 25, 1908 in New York City, New York. He was married to Madeline Lee from 1949 until his death in 1990. Gilford died on June 4, 1990 in New York City, New York from stomach cancer, aged 81.

References

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1908 births
1990 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York City
Berry Gordy

Berry Gordy Jr. (born November 28, 1929) is an American entrepreneur and producer. He founded Motown Records. He is associated with musical acts, such as Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross, The Supremes, and Stevie Wonder. His son Kennedy Gordon was signed to Motown. Gordy was born in Detroit.

References

African American musicians
American R&B musicians
Musicians from Detroit, Michigan
1929 births
Living people
Tchoukball

'Tchoukball'  is an indoor team sport. It was created in the 1970's by Swiss biologist Hermann Brandt. Brandt believed that "The objective of all physical activities is not to make champions, but make a contribution to building a harmonious society". He wanted to create a team sport which did not involve the injuries which he saw as being a problem in other sports.

The sport is usually played on an indoor court that is  by }. At each end, there is a 'frame' (a device similar to a trampoline off which the ball bounces). This frame measures . There is also a semicircular D-shaped area measuring  in radius around the frame which players can not enter. The game is played with two teams of 12 players on each team. Of the twelve players on a team, seven may be on the court at any one time. Each team can score on both ends on the field. In order to score a point, the ball must be thrown by an attacking player, hit the frame and bounce outside the 'D' without being caught by the defending team. Physical contact is not allowed, and defenders may not try to stop the attacking team's passes. Players may take three steps with the ball and can hold the ball for at most three seconds. Teams may not pass the ball more than three times before shooting at the frame.

Tchoukball has become an international sport. It is played in Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. It is governed by the Féderation Internationale de Tchoukball (FITB, founded in 1971). Taiwan hosted the 2004 World Championships and won both the women's and junior championships. The Swiss won the men's championship. The 2006, European Championships were held in Switzerland. Great Britain won both the Men's and Under-18's titles. Switzerland won the Ladies event.

Team sports
David Spade

David Wayne Spade (born July 22, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and television personality, known for his roles as Dennis Finch in Just Shoot Me!, Marcus Higgins in Grown Ups, and Russell Dunbar in Rules of Engagement. He is also known as the voice of Kuzco in The Emperor's New Groove and Kronk's New Groove.

Spade was born on July 22, 1964 in Birmingham, Michigan. Spade moved to Scottsdale, Arizona at age four. He studied at Arizona State University. Spade has a daughter named Harper. The mother is Jillian Grace, a Playboy Playmate.

Movies

References

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1964 births
Living people
American voice actors
American screenwriters
American radio personalities
American radio actors
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People from Scottsdale, Arizona
Actors from Arizona
Actors from Michigan
Comedians from Arizona
Comedians from Michigan
List of cities in Brazil

This is a list of the largest cities in Brazil.  Capitals are in bold.

Brazil
Brazil
Lee Dong-hae

Lee Dong-hae () (born 15 October 1986 ), commonly known as just Donghae (), is a South Korean singer,  songwriter and actor. He is best known as a member of the K-pop boy band Super Junior and its subgroup, Super Junior-M and Super Junior-Donghae & Eunhyuk. He is also one of the first four Korean artists to appear on Chinese postage stamps.

References

1986 births
Living people
South Korean singers
South Korean actors
J-pop singers
K-pop singers