cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Patriarch Kirill of Moscow

Kirill or Cyril (, secular name Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyayev, ; born 20 November 1946) is a Russian Orthodox bishop. He became Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church on 1 February 2009.

Before becoming Patriarch, Kirill was Archbishop (later Metropolitan) of Smolensk and Kaliningrad from 26 December 1984. He was also Chairman of the Russian Orthodox Church's Department for External Church Relations and a permanent member of the Holy Synod beginning in 1989.

Other websites

 Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad
 Patriarch Kirill in the social network VKontakte (official profile)

1946 births
Living people
Christian religious leaders
People from Moscow
Burr–Hamilton duel

The Burr–Hamilton duel was a duel fought between two well-known American politicians. It was between the former secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton and sitting vice president Aaron Burr. It took place on July 11, 1804. The duel was caused by a long and bitter rivalry between the two men. At Weehawken, in New Jersey, Burr shot and wounded Hamilton. Hamilton was carried to the home of William Bayard on the Manhattan shore, where he died the next day. The duel ended Burr's political career.

References

1804 in the United States
Violence
History of New Jersey
July events
Girls (TV series)

Girls is an American comedy-drama television series. The show began on HBO on April 15, 2012. It was created by Lena Dunham, who plays Hannah.

The show is about the lives of four young women living in Brooklyn, New York City.

Awards won

References

2012 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
2010s American drama television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s comedy-drama television series
2010s LGBT television series
American comedy-drama television series
American LGBT television programs
BAFTA Award winning programmes
Brooklyn in fiction
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
HBO television series
LGBT comedy television series
LGBT drama television series
Television series about friendship
Television series set in New York City
Works about cousins
English-language television programs
Brachial plexus

The brachial plexus is a group of nerves. It runs from the vertebral column to the arm.

Structure
The brachial plexus is divided into five roots, three trunks, six divisions, three cords, and five branches.

Roots
The five roots come out of the spinal cord. They are each named after the part of the spinal cord they come out of: C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.

Trunks
These roots join to form three trunks:
 "upper" (C5-C6)
 "middle" (C7)
 "lower" (C8-T1)

Divisions
Each trunk then splits into two divisions:
 anterior (front) divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks
 posterior (back) divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks

Cords
These six divisions join up again to become the three cords. 
 The posterior cord is formed from the three posterior divisions of the trunks (C5-C8,T1)
 The lateral cord is formed from the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks (C5-C7)
 The medial cord is simply a continuation of the anterior division of the lower trunk (C8,T1)

Diagram

Nerves
The nerves that come out of the brachial plexus include:
 Radial nerve
 Axillary nerve
 Musculocutaneous nerve
 Median nerve
 Ulnar nerve

Related pages 
Brachial artery

Nervous system
Triangle Marsh

Triangle Marsh is a wetland in the San Francisco Bay area. It is at the base of Ring Mountain at the north end of the Tiburon Peninsula in Marin County, California.

References

Other websites
 C. Michael Hogan (2008) Ring Mountain, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
 Marin Audubon Society Restoration Page 

Marin County, California
Geography of California
Wetlands
University of Tromsø

University of Tromsø (UiT, "The arctic university of Norway") is a university in Norway. The main campus is in Tromsø. It also has campuses in Alta, Hammerfest, Harstad and Narvik. The main campus is located north on the Tromsø island in Troms county.

The university was founded in 1971 by the Norwegian government. It has had four mergers since then:
 with Tromsø University College in 2009
 with Finnmark University College in 2013 
 with Harstad University College in 2016
 with Narvik University College in 2016

When UiT merged with Tromsø University College it became the oldest school in Norway. Tromsø University College was founded on 7 February 1826. It was then called Trondenes seminar.

References

Education in Norway
Tromsø
Juramaia

Juramaia is the earliest known eutherian mammal. It is a small shrew-like mammal of body length about 70100 mm. It is an extinct genus  from the Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China. 

A nearly complete skeleton, with an incomplete skull with full dentition was found. It was collected in the Daxigou site, Jianchang, from the Tiaojishan Formation. It is dated at about 160 million years ago.

The discovery of Juramaia provides new insight into the evolution of eutherian mammals. It shows their lineage diverged from that of the marsupials 35 million years earlier than previously thought.  Furthermore, its discovery fills gaps in the fossil record and helps to calibrate modern, DNA-based methods of dating the evolution. 

The forelimb bones have climbing adaptations, so it is suggested  that the basal stock of Eutheria was arboreal.

Related pages 
 Eomaia
 Sinodelphys

References 

Mammals
Fossils
Jurassic
Nishagandhi Puraskaram

Nishagandhi Puraskaram () is an award given out by the government of Kerala in India. It is given out every year by the Tourism department. It is awarded to artists in the fields of dance and music.

The award comes with 1,50,000 rupees, a citation and a statuette. It is awarded as  part of the Nishagandhi Dance and Music Festival, which is held in January every year. This is a cultural annual programme of the Tourism department of Kerala. The award ceremony takes place at the Nishagandhi theatre in the Kanakakkunnu Palace ground in Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala. The award was introduced to make the festival more popular on a national and international level. 

The Nishagandhi Puraskaram was first awarded to the classical dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai in 2013. Hindustani musician Lalith J Rao and Bharata Natyam artist Padma Subrahmanyam won the awards in the next years (2014 and 2015).  The most recent recipient of the award in 2016 is the music director Ilayaraja.

Laureates

References 

Art awards
Kerala
Vanity (singer)

Denise Katrina Matthews, also known as Vanity (January 4, 1959 – February 15, 2016), was a Canadian-American singer, songwriter, actress, dancer and model. She was the lead singer of the female trio Vanity 6 between 1981 until it disbanded in 1983. The group was well known for their 1982 hit song "Nasty Girl".

Vanity also had a successful acting career, starring in movies, including Action Jackson and The Last Dragon. 

In 1994, Vanity converted to Christianity.

Vanity was born in Niagara Falls, Ontario. She died of complications from peritoneal dialysis in a Fremont, California hospital. She was 57.

References

Other websites

1959 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Ontario
Canadian movie actors
R&B musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian television actors
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in California
Singers from Ontario
Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Seventh Amendment (Amendment VII) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. This amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases. It also stops courts from overturning a jury's verdict. The Seventh Amendment's provision for jury trials in civil cases has never been incorporated (applied to the states). However, the rights to civil jury trials are found in nearly every state constitution.

The prohibition of overturning a jury's verdict applies to federal cases, state cases involving federal law, and to review of state cases by federal courts. United States v. Wonson (1812) established the "historical test", which interpreted the amendment as relying on English common law to determine whether a jury trial was necessary in a civil lawsuit. The amendment thus does not guarantee trial by jury in cases under maritime law, in lawsuits against the government itself, and for many parts of patent claims. In all other cases, the jury can be waived by consent of the parties. The amendment also guarantees a minimum of six members for a jury in a civil trial.

Text

Background 
The 7th Amendment was ratified on December 15, 1791 as one of ten amendments in the Bill of Rights. But the background for its passing began in England during the 12th century. At the time juries were made up of 12 men who gave their opinions in a trial. The 12-man jury originally included the accusers against the defendant, a supposed enemy of the king. Eventually this led to a system where the jury made a verdict based on evidence. The practice followed English colonists to the American colonies. But juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restriction were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. These sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists. The king, angered at these lawbreakers going free, created new courts that did not allow juries. This was a breach of common law practice and infringed on their rights as British citizens. After the American Revolutionary War, the Seventh Amendment was written to expressly limit the powers of the executive and the Judicial branches of the new federal government.

Notes

References 

07
Eddie Barry

Edward Thomas "Ed" Barry (October 12, 1919 – February 12, 2016) was an American professional ice hockey player. Barry also played for the Boston Olympics of the Eastern Hockey League and the Boston Bruins, and later became the coach at Boston State College. He has been a member of the Northeastern University athletics Hall of Fame since 1976, and a member of the UMass Boston Hall of Fame since 2003.

Barry died on February 12, 2016 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was under hospice care in Needham, Massachusetts at the time. He was aged 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
Boston Bruins players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Christopher Zeeman

Sir Erik Christopher Zeeman FRS (4 February 1925 – 13 February 2016), was a British mathematician. He was known for his work in geometric topology and singularity theory. Zeeman's main contributions to mathematics were in topology, particularly in knot theory, the piecewise linear category, and dynamical systems.

Other websites
 
 Interview in CIM Bulletin 2001 
 Three references for further reading 
 Bibliography 
 Zeeman's Catastrophe Machine
 Zeeman's Catastrophe Machine in Flash 
 AMS — The Catastrophe Machine
 Doctor Zeeman's Original Catastrophe Machine
 "The Cusp of Catastrophe: René Thom, Christopher Zeeman and Denis Postle" in Maps of the Mind Charles Hampden-Turner.  Collier Books, 1981. 
 Mathematics into Pictures , Christopher Zeeman's 1978 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Japanese scientists
British geometers
People from Oxfordshire
Topologists
Arnold Rüütel

Arnold Rüütel OIH () (born May 10, 1928) is an Estonian politician. 

He served as the last Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR from April 8, 1983 to March 29, 1990, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR (from May 8, 1990: Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia) from March 29, 1990 to October 6, 1992 and was the third President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006. 

He was the second President since Estonia regained independence in 1991. Rüütel also served as one of fifteen Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Other websites

 About Arnold Rüütel in The President of the Republic of Estonia homepage
 Biography of Arnold Rüütel 

1928 births
Living people
Presidents of Estonia
Zhu Rongji

Zhu Rongji (; born 1 October 1928) is a Chinese politician. He served as Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991. He then served as Vice Premier and then fifth Premier of the People's Republic of China from March 1998 to March 2003.

References

Other websites
Profile at China Vitae

1928 births
Living people
Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Bill Dana

Bill Dana (October 5, 1924 – June 15, 2017) was an American comedian, actor and screenwriter. He often appeared on television shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show. He was known for appearing as a heavily accented Bolivian character named José Jiménez.  Dana often portrayed the Jiménez character as an astronaut.

Dana died at his home in Nashville, Tennessee on June 15, 2017 at the age of 92.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American screenwriters
Actors from Massachusetts
Comedians from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
Annie Glenn

Anna Margaret "Annie" Glenn, (née Castor; February 17, 1920 – May 19, 2020) was an American activist and philanthropist. She was the widow of former astronaut and Senator John Glenn. She was added into the National Stuttering Association Hall of Fame.

She was known for her works to raise awareness of children and adults with disabilities such as stuttering. She suffered from it during her early years until it went away when she was in her 50s.

Glenn was born in Columbus, Ohio. She studied at Muskingum College. Glenn married John Glenn in 1943. Together, they had two children. Glenn died at a nursing home in St. Paul, Minnesota on May 19, 2020 at the age of 100. The cause of death was COVID-19.

References

1920 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
American civil rights activists
American centenarians
American philanthropists
People from Columbus, Ohio
Li Peng

Li Peng (20 October 1928 – 22 July 2019) was a Chinese politician. He served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998. He also served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body from 1998 to 2003.

For much of the 1990s, Li was ranked second in the Communist Party of China (CPC) hierarchy behind then General Secretary Jiang Zemin. He retained his seat on the CPC Politburo Standing Committee until 2002.

Li died on 22 July 2019 at the age of 90 from an illness at a hospital in Beijing.

References

Other websites
Li Peng human rights lawsuit
Li Peng biography @ China Vitae, the web's largest online database of China VIPs

1928 births
2019 deaths
Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Chinese communist politicians
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
The Selfish Gene

The Selfish Gene is a book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. It builds upon the work of George C. Williams's  book: Adaptation and Natural Selection, and helped popularize W.D. Hamilton's work. 

Dawkins used the term "selfish gene" as a way of expressing the "gene-centred view of evolution". From the gene-centred view, it follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense (at the level of the genes) it makes for them to behave selflessly with each other. 

An organism evolves to maximise its inclusive fitness—the number of copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular individual). 

Dawkins proposes the idea of the "replicator":
"[About] the central role in natural selection... One way of sorting this whole matter out is to use the terms ‘replicator’ and ‘vehicle’. The fundamental units of natural selection, the basic things that survive or fail to survive, that form lineages of identical copies with occasional random mutations, are called replicators. DNA molecules are replicators. They generally, for reasons that we shall come to, gang together into large communal survival machines or ‘vehicles’."
— Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, p. 253 (Anniversary Edition)

The book also coins the term meme for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene.

References 

Biology books
Evolutionary biology
1976 books
Miss Israel

Miss Israel is a beauty contest. It has been held every year since 1950. The winner competes in the Miss Universe contest and the second place competes in the Miss World contest.

Beauty pageants
Israeli culture
Panzerchrist

Panzerchrist is a Danish blackened death metal band. It was formed in 1993–1994 by Michael Enevoldsen (after he left Illdisposed) and Danish artist Lasse Hoile.

History 
Panzerchrist recorded a few demos and was signed by Serious entertainment. Six Seconds Kill was released by Serious Entertainment in 1996, and in 1998 they released Outpost Fort Europa. In 2000, Panzerchrist was joined by drummer Reno Killerich (ex-Exmortem, Vile, etc.) and Bo Summer (also of Illdisposed). They recorded Soul Collector, which focused on World War II and had German lyrics. Soul Collector was released by Mighty Music in 2000.

In 2002, the band was joined by Frederik O'Carroll and Rasmus Henriksen. They began work on the violent Room Service. It featured compositions that were very loud and fast, including a cover of the Metal Church classic "Metal Church". Room Service was recorded at Tue Madsen's "Antfarm Studios" (The Haunted, Illdisposed, Mnemic etc.) and was released by Mighty Music in 2003. The name of each song on the album Room Service are the first word(s) to be sung on each song. Each song on the album Room Service ends with the words "Death, forever panzer" – except the song "Metal Church", since it is a cover.

In 2006, Panzerchrist drummer Killerich and Karina Bundgaard, now on keyboards, rejoined for the recording of Battalion Beast. This was released by Neurotic Records in 2006. This album features the words "Christ, thy name is panzer" at the end of each song.

References

Danish musicians
Death metal bands
Politburo of the Communist Party of China

The Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China is a group of 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. It is formally called the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. It was previously called the Central Bureau () before 1927. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in the Politburo Standing Committee. The members of the Politburo are nominally elected by the Central Committee.

The power of the Politburo is mostly due to the fact that its members generally also hold positions within the government of the People's Republic of China. It also appoints people to high-ranking jobs. The topics for discussion at the meetings appears to be controlled by the General Secretary. Decisions are made by consensus rather than by majority vote.

Politics of the People's Republic of China
State Council of China

The State Council is the cabinet of the People's Republic of China. Currently, the council has 35 members: the premier, four vice premiers, five state councilors (of whom two are also ministers), and 25 additional ministers and chairs of major agencies. Constitutionally, the State Council is the same as the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments).

In the politics of China, the Central People's Government forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China.

References

Politics of the People's Republic of China
National People's Congress

The National People's Congress (usually abbreviated NPC) is the national legislature of the People's Republic of China. It had 2,987 members in 2013. It is the largest parliament in the world. Under China's current Constitution, the NPC is unicameral; it is not divided into a lower house and an upper house. It the power to legislate, to oversee the operations of the government, and the power to elect the major officers of state.

Politics of the People's Republic of China
China
Laser pointer

A laser pointer (or laser pen) is a small device that shines a low-powered laser light. The pointer is usually powered by a battery. It contains a laser diode that emits a very narrow laser beam of visible light. When pointed at an object, it shines a small bright spot of colored light. The pointer is held in a hand. It is used to highlight something of interest. Power is restricted in most jurisdictions not to exceed 5 milliwatts.

Light
Machines
Hu Chunhua

Hu Chunhua (; born April 1963) is a Chinese politician born in Hubei Province.

In 1979, Hu was admitted to Beijing University. He graduated from Beijing University in 1983. After graduation, Hu volunteered to work in Tibet autonomous region. During 1988 ~ 1992 he worked in Tibet, Hu Jingtao was the local Communist Party chief. In 1997, he left Tibet and worked as leader in Communist Youth League of China.

In 2001, Hu Chunhua returned back to Tibet. This time he worked there as senior party and government official. After 5 years of rich experience, in December 2006, he was promoted to the chief of Communist Youth League of China in Beijing.

In March 2008, Hu was appointed as deputy party chief of CPC in Hebei province; and nominated to be the candidate of provincial governor. In April, he was appointed as Hebei governor; and officially elected as governor in January 2009.

In November 2009, Hu was appointed as CPC party chief on Inner Mongolia autonomous region.

In November 2012, Hu was promoted to the powerful Communist Party's Politburo. He was assigned the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong province, the province's top political office. Hu and another Communist Party's Politburo member Sun Zhengcai Hu were seen as promising candidates in the 'sixth generation' of Chinese leadership. However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the traditional power transfer rule. While Hu was not as unfortunate as Sun who was charged and sentenced (in 2018) due to corruption, he failed to enter the leadership core of CPC - the Politburo Standing Committee.

References

1963 births
Living people
Chinese communists
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Upsala-Lenna Jernväg

Upsala-Lenna Jernväg (ULJ) is a railway line in Sweden. It runs from the city of Uppsala to various small towns in Uppsala Municipality. It is  long. It is a part of the Roslagen network. It is a heritage railway.

Rail transport in Europe
Transport in Sweden
Sun Zhengcai

Sun Zhengcai (; born September 25 1963) was a Chinese politician and senior regional official before his fall from power in 2017. 

Sun joined Communist Party of China (CPC) in July 1988. He was a member of the CPC Central Committee since 2007. Since November 2012, Sun has been the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Before that, he served as the Party Secretary of Jilin province, and Minister of Agriculture of China. 

Sun is the youngest member of the 18th Politburo, and one of only two members born after 1960, the other being Hu Chunhua. As such, Sun and Hu were considered to be a leading candidate for a top leadership position in the "6th Generation of Chinese leadership". However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the game by abandoning the successors designated by his predecessors.

In July 14, 2017, Sun was removed from the post of Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, and investigated for wrong-doings. On July 24, the Chinese official news agency reported that Sun violated CPC's disciplines. On September 29, Sun was stripped of his CPC membership, fired from his government position, and charged for crime. On May 8, 2018, Sun was sentenced for life in prison.

References

1963 births
Living people
Chinese communists
Chinese politicians
Communist politicians
Undue burden standard

The undue burden standard is a constitutional test created by the Supreme Court of the United States. The test, first developed in the late 19th century, is widely used in American constitutional law. In short, the Undue Burden standard says the legislature cannot make a particular law that is too burdensome or restrictive of one's fundamental rights.

One use of the standard was in Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946). In a 7-to-1 ruling, Associate Justice Stanley Forman Reed fashioned an "undue burden" test to decide the constitutionality of a Virginia law requiring separate but equal racial segregation in public transportation. "There is a recognized abstract principle, however, that may be taken as a postulate for testing whether particular state legislation in the absence of action by Congress is beyond state power. This is that the state legislation is invalid if it unduly burdens that commerce in matters where uniformity is necessary—necessary in the constitutional sense of useful in accomplishing a permitted purpose."

More recently, the standard has been used in cases involving state restrictions on a woman's access to abortion. The standard was applied by Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her dissent in City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 US 416 (1983). O'Connor used the test as an alternative to the strict scrutiny test applied in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

References 

Legal terms
United States Constitution
Castillo

Castillo may refer to:

Places

Dominican Republic 
Castillo, Dominican Republic, a town in Duarte Province, Dominican Republic

Spain 
Castillo, Álava, a village in the Basque Country
Castillo-Albaráñez, a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha
Castillo de Garcimuñoz, a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha
Castillo-Nuevo, a town in Navarre
Montealegre del Castillo, a municipality in Albacete, Castile-La Mancha

Nicaragua 
El Castillo (municipality), a municipality in the Río San Juan department
El Castillo (village), a village in the Río San Juan department
Castillo-Albaráñez

Castillo-Albaráñez is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 28.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Castillo de Garcimuñoz

Castillo de Garcimuñoz is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 209.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
El Oasis

El Oasis is a rural community in Ojinaga Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico. It had a population of 475 inhabitants at the 2010 census. It is also situated at 1,204 meters above sea level.

References

Settlements in Chihuahua
February 2016 Ankara bombing

The February 2016 Ankara bombing was a car bombing in Ankara, Turkey, in the afternoon of 17 February 2016. It set several vehicles alight. An operation was launched against the suspected attackers.

References

2016 disasters in Asia
2016 in Turkey
2010s explosions in Asia
2010s fires
2010s murders in Asia
February 2016 bombing
Car and truck bombings in Asia
Crime in Turkey
Explosions in 2016
February 2016 events
Fires in Asia
Mass murder in 2016
Mass murder in Asia
Suicide bombings in Asia
Suicide bombings in the 2010s
Suicide car and truck bombings

Terrorist incidents in 2016
Terrorist incidents in Asia in the 2010s
April Winchell

April Winchell Foley (born January 4, 1960) is an American voice actress, writer, talk radio host, commentator and comedian. She is best known for voicing Clarabelle Cow in Mickey Mouse ClubHouse and various other Disney projects.

She is the daughter of comedian and ventriloquist, Paul Winchell.

She was married Mick Kuisel until they divorced. She has been married to John Foley since 2013.

Filmography

References

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American radio personalities
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Bursitis

Bursitis is a painful condition. Small sacs called bursae get inflamed. Bursae are pockets between your muscles and your bones. Your bursa help you move without pain. In bursitis, the inflammation is often caused by extra fluid in the bursae. The most common places to have bursitis are in your hip and shoulder. You can also have bursitis in your elbow, knee and toe.

Symptoms 
One of the most common symptoms of bursitis is pain. It can also cause stiffness and swelling. Pain happens when you move your joints.

Causes 
The most common cause of bursitis is moving your joints too much. Swelling can happen when the joint locks.

Treatment 
There are a few ways to treat bursitis. The best way to treat bursitis is to rest the joint and to lift it up. You can also put a medicine called cortisone into the hurt bursa. You should put it on ice for twenty minutes three to four times a day.

References 

Diseases
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal

Mohamed Hassanein Heikal (23 September 1923 – 17 February 2016) was an Egyptian journalist. For 17 years (1957–1974), he was editor-in-chief of the Cairo newspaper Al-Ahram. He was a commentator on Arab affairs for more than 50 years. He was born in Cairo, Egypt.

Heikal died in Cairo, Egypt from renal failure on 17 February 2016. He was aged 92.

References

Other websites

Various articles, Al-Ahram Weekly

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Egyptian journalists
People from Cairo
Akbar Kakkattil

Akbar Kakkattil (7 July 1954 – 17 February 2016) was an Indian short-story writer and novelist. He was born in Kerala state. His works are known for their unique narrative style which has been seen as full of humour. His work, "Sarga Sameeksha", a creative and critical interface of a young writer with the iconic writers of the old generation is perhaps the first of its kind among Indian languages.

Kakkattil died in a hospital in Kerala from lung cancer on 17 February 2016. He was aged 62.

References

Other websites
 The Hindu Thursday, February 26, 2009 : – Award for Malayalam writer Akbar Kakkattil 
 http://qa.in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail.html?news_id=46429 
 The Hindu Sunday, Feb 08, 2004-Akbar Kakkattil wins best novelist award 
 

1954 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Indian writers
People from Kerala
Andrzej Żuławski

Andrzej Żuławski (; 22 November 1940 – 17 February 2016) was a Polish movie director and writer. He was born in Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine). 

In the late 1950s, he studied filmmaking in France. His second movie The Devil (1972) was banned in Poland, and Żuławski went to France. After the success of That Most Important Thing: Love in 1975, he returned to Poland where he spent two years making On the Silver Globe (1988). After that, Żuławski moved to France where he became known for controversial and violent art-house movies. Żuławski is also known for his work with actresses including Romy Schneider, Isabelle Adjani and Sophie Marceau.

Żuławski died of pancreatic cancer in Warsaw on 17 February 2016. He was aged 75.

References

Other websites

 
 Andrzej Żuławski atCulture.pl

1940 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish movie directors
Polish writers
Mies Bouwman

Maria Antoinette "Mies" Bouwman (31 December 1929 – 26 February 2018) was a retired Dutch television presenter. She was born in Amsterdam. She started her career on the very first broadcasting evening of the Dutch broadcasting association KRO (Catholic Radio Broadcaster) on 16 October 1951.

Bouwman developed and hosted Eén van de acht. It was known in the UK as The Generation Game. She hosted many talk shows, as well as the Dutch version of This Is Your Life. She stopped her regular work after falling sick but has occasionally returned for special programs.

Bouwman died on 26 February 2018 in Elst, Netherlands of cardiomyopathy at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
Dutch television presenters
People from Amsterdam
Ludwig (surname)

Ludwig is German name. It can be a given name for males or a surname. It means "famous warrior".

 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German American architect
 Ludwig von Mises, an Austrian economist
 Ludwig I of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1825–1848)
 Ludwig II of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1864–1886)
 Ludwig III of Bavaria, last king of Bavaria (1913–1918)
 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), German composer and pianist
 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian philosopher
 Ludwig Erhard, a West German chancellor
 Ludwig Beck, a general in Nazi Germany
 Ludwig Leichhardt, a Prussian explorer
 Alexander Ludwig (born 1992), Canadian actor

Related pages
 

Given names
Casas

Casas may refer to:

People
Casas (surname)

Places

Argentina 
 Casas, locality in the province of Santa Fe.

Mexico 
 Casas Municipality, Tamaulipas
 Casas Grandes, prehistoric archaeological site in Chihuahua
 Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
 Casas Grandes Municipality
 Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
 Nuevo Casas Grandes Municipality

Spain

Andalusia 
 Benalup-Casas Viejas, municipality in the province of Cádiz;
 Casas Bajas, locality in the province of Granada.

Castilla-La Mancha 
 Casas de Juan Núñez, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas de Lázaro, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas de Ves, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas-Ibáñez, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas de Benítez, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Fernando Alonso, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Garcimolina, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Guijarro, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Haro, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de los Pinos, municipality in the province of Cuenca

Extremadura 
 Casas de Don Antonio, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Don Gómez, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Millán, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Miravete, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas del Castañar, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas del Monte, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Don Pedro, municipality in the province of Badajoz
 Casas de Reina, municipality in the province of Badajoz
Casas de Haro

Casas de Haro is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 910.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de los Pinos

Casas de los Pinos is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 531.

References 

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de Guijarro

Casas de Guijarro is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 135.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de Garcimolina

Casas de Garcimolina is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 39.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de Fernando Alonso

Casas de Fernando Alonso is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,405.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de Benítez

Casas de Benítez is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,118.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Yacouba Sawadogo

Yacouba Sawadogo is a farmer from Burkina Faso, a country in West Africa. He has been using a traditional farming technique called Zaï to help soil damaged by drought. He is notable for spreading an improved soil and water conservation practice in Burkina Faso.

Early Life

He went to a religious school where the students often didn't have enough to eat. Since he was the smallest and youngest, he was the one who had to go without.

Background

The northern parts of Burkina Faso are very dry and often have droughts. The most recent big drought in happened in the 1970s, resulting in a famine (lack of food) which killed a lot of people.

The drought caused a lot of desertification. There were also other problems like overgrazing, bad land management, and overpopulation. These problems meant that a lot of land could not be used to grow food. 

Together with Mathieu Ouédraogo, another local farmer, Yacouba Sawadogo tried different ways of fixing bad soil in about 1980. He uses simple traditional things: cordons pierreux (lines of stones) and zaï holes. Both Sawadogo and Ouédraogo have tried to get other people to do the same things.

Cordons pierreux (stone lines)
Cordons pierreux are thin lines of fist-sized stones laid across fields. They catch water. When rain falls, it pushes silt (special dirt) across top of the field. The rocks slow down the water so it soaks into the ground more. The silt also makes a good place for seeds of local plants to grow. The plants slow the water even more, and their roots break up the soil, so it's easier for more water to soak in.

Zaï holes

Zaï holes are holes dug in the soil. They also catch water, but in a different way. They used to only be used a little bit to make land better for growing plants. Yacouba Sawadogo had the idea to fill the holes with manure and other things to make food for the plants. The manure attracts termites, whose tunnels help break up the soil even more. He also made the holes slightly bigger than the traditional ones. Zaï holes have been used to help cultivate trees, and crops like sorghum and millet.

Education
Yacouba Sawadogo holds "Market Days" to get other people to do these things, especially zaï holes. People come to share seeds and learn from each another.

Problems with Burkina Faso Government
Yacouba Sawadogo's work with zaï holes helped him make a forest of about fifty acres (20 hectares). The nearby city of Ouahigouya took the land to make money.  Sawadogo and his family members each get one tenth of  out of the plot, and don't get any other payment.

Sawadogo is trying to get $20,000 ( American dollars) to buy the land.

References

20th-century births
Living people
Agriculture
Burkinabé people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Zaï

Zaï is a technique used in agriculture. Holes are dug in the soil to catch water. They have been used in the western Sahel area to make soil healthier and grow more plants.

Yacouba Sawadogo, a farmer from Burkina Faso, is bringing back zaï holes. He came up with the idea of filling them with manure and compost as food for plants. The manure attracts termites, whose tunnels help further break up the soil. He also made the holes slightly bigger than the traditional ones. Zaï holes help trees, sorghum, and millet make up to 500% more food or wood.

References

Agriculture
Jury trial

A jury trial or trial by jury is a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact. This is called a verdict. The judge usually follows the jury's verdict in his ruling. It is distinguished from a bench trial, in which a judge or panel of judges make all decisions.

History 
William the Conqueror brought to England a system of having witnesses who had any knowledge of a crime, tell the court what they knew. They did this after first swearing an oath. The word juror in English comes from the French jurer (to swear). In the 12th century juries were used by the king to discover and present facts. Usually this was in answer to questions posed by the king or his ministers who made the final decision in the case. Eventually this led to a system where the jury made a verdict based on evidence. In the late colonial period, juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restriction were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. These sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists. The king, angered at these lawbreakers going free, created new courts that did not allow juries. This was a breach of common law practice and infringed on their rights as British citizens. After the Revolutionary war, the Seventh Amendment's right to a jury trial was written to limit the powers of the executive and the Judicial branches of the new federal government.

Criminal trials 
Jury trials are changing worldwide. In 2008 Russia abolished jury trials in cases of treason and terrorism. Britain, where juries got their start, is using them less in cases of serious fraud and may ban them from some inquests. In many asian countries, their legal systems are moving towards using the jury trial more. In the United States jury trials are on the decline. In federal courts

Civil trials 
The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. The Seventh Amendment prevents judges from overturning a jury verdict in federal cases where the finding of fact is reasonably supported by the evidence. In addition, the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury in criminal trials.

References

Other websites 

 US Jury System 
 The Good, The Bad and the Ugly of a Jury Trial
 Why Trial by Jury is Usually a Better Choice than a Bench Trial
 Should I Waive a Jury Trial and Instead Have a Bench Trial?

Legal terms
Trials
Lacrimal bone

The lacrimal bone is the smallest bone in the face; about the size of the little fingernail. It is at the front of the inside wall of the eye socket. 

The lacrimal bone is involved in crying. It is part of the tear duct, where tears drain from the eye. The lacrimal sac is where tears flow when you cry. The tears then go down a duct inside the nose. This is why you can get a runny nose from crying.

More images

References

Bones of the skull
Civil law (common law)

Civil law is a branch of the law in common law countries. The other branch of common law is criminal law. Civil law is concerned with the duties individuals owe to other people or to their government. This excludes the duty not to commit crimes. The American form of civil justice is considerably different from European systems. Two features stand out, class actions and the awarding of punitive damages in tort cases. Many people in other countries are amazed at the number of civil cases in the United States. Americans sue in a wide variety of cases for compensation and medical expenses that are covered in other countries by national health insurance and government compensation programs.

Civil cases 
Civil law is concerned with cases such as divorce, child custody and support and related lawsuits. Contract cases, tort cases (when someone is hurt and seeks compensation) and crimes which are tried in a criminal court and then tried in a civil case. Examples would be cases resulting from drunk driving or hit and run.

Civil cases use a lower preponderance of the evidence standard of proof whereas criminal cases use the higher standard of beyond a reasonable doubt. An example of the differences and that the same crime can result in both criminal and civil trials is the O. J. Simpson trials. In his criminal trial a jury decided the evidence did not meet the higher standard so he was acquitted of murder charges. But in the civil wrongful death trial he was found guilty.

Civil jury trials 
The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. Where juries are used, the presence of a jury has changed the form of civil proceedings. A jury has to be impaneled, they must hear witnesses and go over evidence before reaching a verdict. The verdict, in turn, must follow the instructions given by a judge.

Civil bench trials 
Bench trials in civil cases are usually conducted differently than jury trials. Judges usually prefer settlements to trials and prefer bench trials because they save time. A judge can streamline a case by asking for what he wants to see and hear, not what is presented for the benefit of a jury.

Bench trials have several advantages. They are usually much less formal than a jury trial. Attorneys for both sides can usually agree on the facts of a case before the trial starts. This can save a great deal of time otherwise spent on hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence. This can save on the costs of a trial. In a jury trial, the judge is required to give instructions to the jury before they deliberate. If a judge makes an error in his instructions, this is called a reversible error and can be used as a basis for an appeal. In a bench trial, the judge gives no instructions since there is no jury. This means the judge cannot be reversed due to an error in the instructions.

Related pages 
Civil code
Administrative law
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

References

Law
CBGB

CBGB was a New York City music nightclub. The letters "CBGB" stand for country, bluegrass, blues. The club was opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal. CBGB, soon afterward, became a place where new wave and punk rock bands played. These included Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Ramones and Talking Heads. From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk.

One store next to CBGB became the "CBGB Record Canteen", a record shop and café. In the late 1980s, CBGB Record Canteen was changed into an art gallery and second performance space. The name was "CB's 313 Gallery." CB's Gallery was played by artists of milder sounds, such as acoustic rock, folk, jazz or experimental music. On the other side, CBGB had a small cafe and bar in the mid 1990s. The cafe served classic New York pizza.

In October 2006, the original CBGB closed after its final concert. The concert was by Patti Smith. CBGB Radio started on the iHeartRadio platform in 2010. In 2013, its previous building, 315 Bowery, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Bowery Historic District.

References

1973 establishments in New York (state)
2006 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in New York (state)
Entertainment venues
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
National Register of Historic Places
2015–16 UEFA Champions League – Group stage

The 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage began on 15 September and ended on 9 December 2015. A total of 32 teams competed in group stage to decide the 16 places in the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League.

Groups

Group A

Group E

Group F 

UEFA Champions League
2015 in association football