Battle of Anzio

The Battle of Anzio, which is also called Operation Shingle (January 22, 1944) was an Allied sea landing in the Italian Campaign against German forces of Anzio and Nettuno, Italy.

The attack was commanded by American Major General John P. Lucas. He wanted to get around German forces on the Winter Line. Then he wanted to attack Rome. Making a sea landing in a marshland needed to be done quickly.

The landing surprised the Germans. The Allies even got near Rome. The Allies got their men ready on the beach. The German commander in the Put his guns around the beach.  The Germans also flooded the marsh with salt water.

After a month of heavy fighting,
the Allies finally got past the beaches in May. The Allies went north-west to Rome which was captured on 4 June.

The German Tenth Army at Cassino were able to go north of Rome. Then they got ready to defend the Gothic Line.

Background 
At the end of 1943, following the Allied invasion of Italy, Allied forces were stuck at the Gustav Line. Thid was defensive line across Italy. The land of central Italy helped the defence.

Operation Shingle was planned by Winston Churchill in December 1943. He planned to land two divisions at Anzio and capture Rome.

General Harold Alexander had thought of a plan using five divisions. However, the 5th Army did not have enough troops or a way to transport them.

The Anzio and Nettuno beaches are on marshland. When Truscott's 3rd Division was selected for the attack, he said everyone would die. Lucas was told lead the Fifth Army's U.S. VI Corps in a landing in the Anzio/Nettuno area.

Plan 
Planners thought that if German forces left the Gustav Line to defend against the Allied attack, then Allied forces would be able to break through the line. If troops were left on the Gustav Line, then the Allies could try to capture Rome.

The Allies planned to attack from the south. They wanted to capture a beach near Anzio, move forward, and be ready to go to Rome.

Availability of naval forces 
One of the problems with the plan was there was mot enough landing ships. 
Only enough tank landing ships (LSTs) to land a single division were available. Later, Churchill made sure enough were available to land two divisions.

Order of battle 
Allied forces in this attack consisted of 5 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 238 landing craft, 62+ other ships, 40,000 soldiers, and 5,000+ vehicles.

The attack consisted of three groups:

The British force ("Peter Beach"): This force attacked the coast  north of Anzio.
The northwestern U.S. Force ("Yellow Beach"): This force attacked the port of Anzio.
The southwestern U.S. Force ("X-Ray Beach"): This force attacked the coast  east of Anzio.

Southern attack 
The Fifth Army's attack on the Gustav Line began on January 16, 1944, at Monte Cassino.  The attack failed to break through. The Germans brought in new troops from Rome.

Battle

First landings 

The landings began on January 22, 1944. The Germans did not attack the landings except for a few Luftwaffe machine gun attacks. By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches.

Two Allied divisions landed. There were two or three times that many German defenders.

Response of Axis forces 
The Germans found out about the landings at 03:00 on January 22.  At 05:00 the Germans ordered the Kampfgruppe of 4th Parachute Division and the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to defend the roads leading from Anzio to the Alban Hills. The Germans had 40,000 troops in defensive positions.

Three days after the landings, the beach was surrounded by three divisions: The 4th Parachute Division to the west, the 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division to the center, the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to the east.

Von Mackensen's 14th Army took command of the defence on January 25. Parts of eight German divisions were put around the beach. Five more divisions were on their way to the Anzio area.

Allied offensive 
The arrival of U.S. 45th Infantry Division and U.S. 1st Armored Division, brought Allied forces total on the beach to 69,000 men, 508 guns and 208 tanks by January 29. The total defending Germans had risen to 71,500.

The Allies attacked on January 30. One group moved to Cisterna. A second group went northeast towards Campoleone.

German counterattacks 
By early February German forces in Fourteenth Army had 100,000 troops. 
Allied forces by this time were 76,400 
German forces launched a full attack at 23:00.

On February 16 the Germans launched a new attack. Both had 20,000 casualties each since the first landings. Also on February 18 while returning to Anzio the light cruiser  was struck by two torpedoes and sunk with a loss of 417 men.

Planning for Operation Diadem 

Both sides realised that no result could be achieved until the spring. The Germans built a new defence line, the Caesar C line.  The Allies planned an attack in May. This would include attacking the Gustav Line, which was called Operation Diadem.

In March, the 2nd Italian SS "Vendetta" Battalion and 29th Italian SS Rifle Battalion were sent to fight against the Allied forces at the Anzio/Nettuno beach. U.S. 34th Infantry Division arrived at Anzio in the same month. In May, U.S. 36th Infantry Division had arrived at Anzio. By late May, there were 150,000 Allied troops.

There were five German divisions. The Germans had prepared defenses, but they lacked officers.

The Allied planning for their attack was detailed. British 5th Division and 1st Division were to attack along the coast. The U.S. 45th Infantry, 1st Armored and 3rd Infantry Divisions would attack the German 362nd and 715th Infantry Divisions.

Breakout 
At 05:45 on May 23, 1944, 1,500 Allied artillery pieces started bombing. Then Allied infantry and armour moved forward. The first day's fighting was hard: 1st Armored Division lost 100 tanks and 3rd Infantry Division had 955 casualties. The Germans 362nd Infantry Division lost 50% of its fighting strength.

In the afternoon of May 25 Cisterna was captured by the 3rd Division. In the evening, the Allies turned ninety degrees to the left. On the new attack little progress was made until 1st Armored arrived on May 29.  On June 2 the Caesar Line broke and the 14th Army pulled back through Rome. Hitler ordered no defence of Rome.

Afterwards 
After the war, some experts said the Anzio plan was not good. It used just two infantry divisions with no armour.

Operation Diadem (during which U.S. 5th and British 8th Armies had 44,000 casualties) failed in its goal of destroying the German 10th Army.

References

1944 in Italy
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving the United States
European battles of World War II
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