cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Barrow A.F.C.

Barrow A.F.C. are an English football team.  The club was founded in 1901.  It is based in the town of Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, England.  After they were promoted at the end of the 2007–08 season, they began playing in the Conference National. The club spent over fifty years in the Football League between 1921 and 1972, and have since spent their time in the top two levels of non-league football. Barrow have twice won non-league football's highest cup competition, the FA Trophy - in 1990 and 2010, becoming the only non-league club to have won the trophy at both old and new Wembley stadia.

The club colours are blue and white.  The combination of these has varied over time.  It has led to their nickname "The Bluebirds". Attendances at the club's Holker Street field vary - the home record of 16,874 was set against Swansea City in the FA Cup Third Round in 1954.  But during the 1990s and 2000s, the average remained between 800 and 1,500. Average attendance stood at 1,590 during the 2008-09 season.

The club won their second FA Trophy title on the 8th May 2010 after beating Stevenage Borough 2-1 in the final at Wembley Stadium.

Honours

Victories
 FA Trophy - Winners (2) 1989/90, 2009/10
 Lancashire Combination Division One - Champions (1) 1920/21;
 Lancashire Senior Cup - 1954-55
 Northern Premier League - Champions (3) 1983/84, 1988/89, 1997/98
 Northern Premier League Shield - Winners (1) 1984/85
 Northern Premier League President's Cup - Winners (2) 2001/02, 2003/04
 Northern Premier League Chairman's Cup - Winners (1) 2000/01
 Lancashire Junior Cup - Winners (1) 1980/81
 Chas Kendall Trophy

Promotions/Runners-Up
 Division Four - Promotion (3) 1966/67
 Conference North Play-off Winners 2008
 Lancashire Combination Division Two - Runners up (2) 1904/05, 1910/11
 Lancashire Combination Division One - Runners up (1) 1913/14
 Northern Premier League - Runners up (1) 2002/03
 Northern Premier League Challenge Cup - Runners up (1) 1987/88

Others

 Best league performance (football league) - 8th in Division Three 1967/68
 Best league performance  (non-league) - 8th in Alliance Premier League 1981/82
 FA Cup - Third Round eleven times (three times as a non-league club, last in 2009/10)
 League Cup - Third Round Twice

Other websites
 Official website 

English football clubs
1901 establishments in England
District 9

District 9 is a 2009 science fiction thriller movie directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell, and produced by Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham. The movie stars Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, and David James. The movie won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International movie, which is awarded by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing.

The plot is based on a 2005 short movie, Alive in Joburg, also directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of xenophobia and social segregation. The title and plot of District 9 were based on real-life events that took happened in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. The movie was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, showing fictional interviews, new stories, and videos from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the movie opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and made $37 million in its first weekend. Lots of people thought that the movie was a sleeper hit for its not very famous cast and modest-budget production, while having success and being popular while it was in theaters.

References

Notes

2009 science fiction movies
2009 thriller movies
American science fiction movies
American thriller movies
Multilingual movies
New Zealand movies
South African movies
American independent movies
Movies set in South Africa
Eyre Coote (British Army officer)

Eyre Coote (20 May 1762 – 10 December 1823) was a British soldier and politician who was born in Ireland.

He was known as General Sir Eyre Coote until 1816; GCB 1815 - 1816.

Background
He was the second son of the Very Rev. Charles Coote (1713 - 12 February 1776), DD, Dean of Kilfenora.  After studying at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, Coote bought a commission in the 34th Regiment of Foot - of which his uncle was colonel - in 1774.

He was soon sent to  North America to fight in the Revolutionary War.  He fought in the Brooklyn in August 1776, as well as at Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth Court House before finally being taken prisoner at the final Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Between 1790 and 1798, he represented Ballynakill in the Irish House of Commons. Then he sat for Maryborough until 1800.

He served in England and Ireland when they were threatened by French invasion and against the French on the Continent. He went on to serve in Holland, Egypt and eventually became Governor-General of Jamaica (1806–1808) where he possibly sired an ancestor of Colin Powell.

Scandal and death
Sir Eyre was removed from the service on the 21 May 1816 because of the scandal he caused in the Christ's Hospital school for boys. On 25 November 1815 he entered the school and offered some boys money for an opportunity to flog them. After that he asked them to flog him and gave them money. He was caught by the school nurse, and charged with indecent conduct before the Lord Mayor of London.  He was acquitted after giving £1000 to the school:  after that there was a military inquiry in April 1816 which stripped him of his rank and honours. He was appointed GCB 1815 and stripped of it 1816.

References

Other websites
@ Stephen Wood Research 

1762 births
1823 deaths
Irish politicians
British Army generals
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Former members of the Order of the Bath
Governors-General of Jamaica
Pilum

A pilum was a type of spear. It was used by the Roman army. Pila were generally 2 metres long. They were made up of a wooden shaft and an soft iron point.

References

Blades
Ancient Rome
Tree frog

Tree frogs are frogs that spend most of their life in trees. 

There are several lines of Neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. These groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. The result is that, today, there are species from different groups that look very much like each other. This is convergent evolution. It goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, the other does not. Their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of both groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared. 

They do not normally descend to the ground, except to mate and spawn. Some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. In some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.

Many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. Others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.

Tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. While some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs.  

Typical for "tree frogs" are the well-developed discs at the finger and toe tips; the fingers and toes themselves as well as the limbs tend to be rather long, resulting in a superior grasping ability. The genus Chiromantis is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.

Family
Tree frogs are members of these families or genera:

 Hylidae, or "true" tree frogs, are in the temperate to tropical parts of Eurasia north of the Himalayas, Australia and the Americas.
Rhacophoridae, or shrub frogs, are the tree frogs of tropical regions around the Indian Ocean: Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia east to Lydekker's line. A few are in East Asia.
Centrolenidae, or glass frogs, are potentially closely related to hylids; these translucent frogs are native to Central and South America.
Hyperoliidae, or reed frogs, are closely related to the burrowing Microhylidae; these small frogs are native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Boophis is a genus of highly arboreal frogs which evolved from the toxic terrestrial Mantellidae of Madagascar.
Pedostibes, or tree toad, is a genus of highly arboreal members of the typically terrestrial Bufonidae.

References 

Frogs
Madagascar (soundtrack)

Madagascar is the soundtrack to the 2005 Dreamworks film of the same name. It was released on May 24, 2005 by Geffen Records. It contains Hans Zimmer score, and songs from the movie.

Track listing
This is a list of Tracks from the soundtrack.

Song Listing
 Best Friends 2:24
 I like to Move it 3:51
 Hawaii Five-O 1:48
 Boogie Wonderland 4:48
 Whacked Out Conspiracy 2:12
 Chariots Of Fire 3:28
 Stayin' Alive 4:43
 What A Wonderful World 2:16

Score Listing
 Born Free 1:26
 Whacked Out Conspiracy 2:12
 Zooster's Breakout 1:41
 Best Friends 2:26
 The Foosa Attack 38 sec.
 Beacon Of Liberty 2:10
 End Credit 4 min.
 He Looks So Bad 43 sec.
 Where's The Private? 32 sec.
 Analysis! 42 sec.
 I am Walking Here 48 sec.
 Good Boy 1:26
 Help Me Guys! 27 sec.
 Storking Stuffer Operation 1:37
 Bad Dog 47 sec.
 Jingle End 12 sec.
 Jingle, Jingle, Jingle - Brian Setzer 1:48

2005 albums
Deportivo Cali

Asociación Deportivo Cali is a Colombian sports club in Cali, Colombia. It is famous for its football (soccer) team. Basketball, volleyball and swimming clubs are also sponsored by Deportivo Cali. Deportivo Cali is one of the best association football teams in Colombia and South America, having won nine national championships in 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005-II and 2015-I.

Estadio Deportivo Cali is the new stadium for Deportivo Cali can fit 55,000 people. It is the biggest football stadium in Colombia. Estadio Deportivo Cali was officially inaugurated on November 19, 2008. The old stadium, Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero could fit capacity for 50,000 people.

Adidas, Honda, Aguardiente Blanco del Valle, and Tigo ae the four largest sponsors of Asociación Deportivo Cali.

Colombian football clubs
Jeff Bezos

Jeffrey Preston Bezos (born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen; January 12, 1964) is the founder of Amazon.com, Inc. He was also the chairman, president, and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Amazon.com. However, Bezos said in a blog post he would soon step down from this position and become Executive Chair of the Amazon Board.

Education and career 
Bezos graduated from Princeton University as he was also a member of the Tau Beta Pi Association, he hired at D. E. Shaw & Co. as a financial analyst before founding Amazon.com in 1994.

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as the CEO of Amazon, to be replaced by Andy Jassy. Bezos became executive chairman on July 5, 2021.

On July 19, 2021 Blue Origin successfully conducts its first human test flight with Bezos going to space.

Net worth 
When markets opened on July 27, 2017, Bezos briefly became the world's richest person, surpassing Bill Gates with a net worth of just over $90 billion. He lost the title later in the day when Amazon's stock dropped, returning him to second place with a net worth just below $90 billion. On October 27, 2017, Bezos again surpassed Gates on the Forbes list as the richest person in the world.

In August 2020, Bezos became the first person in history to have a net worth of $200 billion, according to Forbes.

In January 2021, Elon Musk became the world's richest person. Since then, Bezos is now the world's second-richest person

Hacking claim 
In February 2019, Bezos published a blog post alleging that National Enquirer publisher American Media, Inc. had attempted blackmail and extortion in connection with Bezos' alleged affair with Lauren Sánchez.

References

Other websites

Businesspeople from New Mexico
Businesspeople from Seattle, Washington
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
1964 births
Living people
American inventors
American company founders
Amazon (company)
Space tourists
Final Cut Pro X

Final Cut Pro X (Final Cut Pro 10) is a video editing software developed by Apple Inc. that was Announced on April 12, 2011. It is an updated version of the non-liner editing software Final cut Pro 7. 

It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store and is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro

Features
Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie.

Improvements and New Features
 No need for Video Rendering
 Color Balancing 
 Better Organization 
 Improved Image Quality
 Support for 64-bit

References

Software
Laurussia

Laurussia was a minor supercontinent which formed in the Devonian period. It is often called the Old Red Sandstone Continent or Euramerica.

Laurussia included much of what is now northern Europe, Greenland and North America.

Lifespan

Laurussia formed when 3 continents Baltica, North America, and Avalonia collided with each other during the Silurian. Baltica and Avalonia collided with each other first in the Shelveian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. Then Avalonia and Baltica collided with North America in the Acadian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. This drift of Avalonia closed the Iapetus Ocean and opened the Rheic Ocean behind it.

Laurussia became part of Pangaea in the Permian. In the Jurassic, when Pangaea rifted into two supercontinents, Gondwana and Laurasia, Laurussia became part of Laurasia. The Atlantic ocean opened up in the middle of Laurussia, causing it to split into North America and Europe.

Supercontinents
Astro Boy

Astro Boy (鉄腕アトム, Tetsuwan Atomu, lit. "Iron Arm Atom") is a Japanese manga series first published in 1952 and television program first broadcast in Japan in 1963. The story follows the adventures of a robot named Astro Boy and a selection of other characters along the way.

Astro Boy is the first, most popular Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide as anime. It originated as a manga in 1952 by Osamu Tezuka, revered in Japan as the "God of Manga".

Worldwide date
April 3, 1952 (Japan)
November 16, 1952 (UK)
June 22, 1953 (France)
May 15, 1954 (USA)
July 26, 1955 (Australia)
December 21, 1955 (Brazil)
January 1, 1956 (Germany)
June 23, 1956 (Iceland)
November 23, 1956 (New Zealand)
March 3, 1957 (Ireland)
October 3, 1957 (Canada)

Manga
Fictional robots
RB Leipzig

RB Leipzig (RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V.) is a German football club from Leipzig.

History
The club was founded on 19 May 2009 by the Red Bull Company. It was formed out of the SSV Markranstädt. Due to the regulations of the DFB the name Red Bull Leipzig for marketing reasons  was forbidden so they were called RB (short for RasenBallsport). Also the logo was forbidden. 

The company was sure that there is a great chance to form a new club, because with the Zentralstadion (now Red Bull Arena) there was a good stadium and there is no club in professional football in the area. The club is now in the Bundesliga. Like in Salzburg many fans protested against this deal because they had the fear that the fanculture will vanish and football will be only a business. So they wanted a "normal" football club.

They started in the Oberliga Nordost-Süd(5th level) and became 1st in the 2009/10 season. But the next season they failed to gain promotion to the 3. Bundesliga. So the coach was changed, the new one is the Austrian Peter Pacult. The first match under the new coach was a 3:2 win in the German Cup (1st round) versus VfL Wolfsburg from the Bundesliga.

Players

Current squad

Players out on loan

Coach history

Notes
 Interim coach.

Honours
2010 Champion Oberliga Nordost

2017 DFB Pokal Runners up

2017 Bundesliga Runners up 

2016 Bundesliga 2 Champions 

2014 3.Liga Champions

References

2009 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Germany
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
German football clubs
Leipzig
Sport in Saxony
Arboreal

Arboreal is an adjective in biology for an animal which lives in the trees.

All forests have had animals living in them. Those animals have adaptations which enable them to live and move about in trees. The earliest one known is Suminia, a synapsid of the late Permian, about 260 million years ago.

References

Ecology
Botany
Lamrim

Lamrim (Tibetan: "stages of the path") is a Tibetan Buddhist text which presents the stages in the complete path to enlightenment as taught by Buddha. In Tibetan Buddhist history there have been many different versions of lamrim, presented by different teachers of the Nyingma, Kagyu and Gelug schools. However, all versions of the lamrim are elaborations of Atiśa's 11th Century root text A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment.

There is a project to expand the Lamrim Teachings with several translated texts.

References

Tibetan Buddhism
Norbulingka Institute

The Norbulingka Institute was founded in 1988, by the present 14th Dalai Lama at Sidhpur, near Dharamsala, India. The institute helps to preserve the Tibetan language and culture.

The institute is named after Norbulingka, the traditional summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, in Lhasa, Tibet.  The main building is a replica of the Norbulingka palace in Lhasa

References

Tibetan Buddhism
Mobile genetic elements

Mobile genetic elements (MGE) are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome. They include:
Transposons (also called transposable elements)
Retrotransposons
DNA transposons
Integrons
Insertion sequences
Plasmids
Bacteriophage elements, like Mu which integrates randomly into the genome
Group II introns
The total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the mobilome.

Barbara McClintock was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements".

Related pages
 Horizontal gene transfer

References

Miller W.J. and Capy P. (eds) 2004. Mobile genetic elements : protocols and genomic applications. Humana Press. 
Shapiro J.A. (ed) 1983. Mobile genetic elements. Academic Press. 

Genetics
DNA
Lineage (evolution)

When talking in terms of evolution, a lineage describes how a species developed from the species before it. The species adapted to its environment. Lineages are parts of the tree of life. Very often, genetic information is used to determine the lineage of a species.

Evolutionary biology
Dietrich Stobbe

Dietrich Stobbe (25 March 1938 – 19 February 2011) was a German politician from Weepers, East Prussia.

Stobbe served as Mayor of West Berlin from 2 May 1977 till 23 January 1981. From 1 November 1978 till 31 October 1979 he was also President of the Bundesrat.

Stobbe was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

He died on the 19 February 2011 at the age of 72 after long illness.

References

Other websites

 personal webpage of the late Dietrich Stobbe  

1938 births
2011 deaths
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Klaus Schütz

Klaus Schütz (17 September 1926 in Heidelberg – 29 November 2012 in Berlin) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Biography 
He was Mayor of West Berlin from 1967 to 1977, and was President of the Bundesrat in 1967/68. After his resignation he worked as German Ambassador to Israel until 1981 and Director General of the Deutsche Welle broadcaster from 1981 to 1987. He was also president of the German Red Cross.

Other websites

References 

1926 births
2012 deaths
People from Heidelberg
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Rabiu Afolabi

Rabiu Afolabi (born 18 April 1980 in Osogbo, Nigeria) is a Nigerian soccer player. He plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as defender.

Career
After playing good in the UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup in 1997 he went to Europe and played for Standard Liège. He signed 2000 for SSC Napoli in the Seria A but had no breakthrough. So he went back to Belgium. 2003 till 2005 the played the first time in Austria for FK Austria Wien. After his time in France( FC Sochaux 2005-2009) he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. 2011 he his in AS Monaco now playing in the League 2 in France

International
He started with the team of Nigeria in the 1999 African Youth Championship. The he was captain of the Nigerian team at the  1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, where they reached the quarter finals. On 17 June 2000, he made his first match in the senior team in a 2002 World Cup qualifing match against Sierra Leone. Rabiu Afolabi was member of the Nigerian team for the 2002 and 2010 World Cups.

References

Other websites
Official Website 
Players profile Official Website FC Red Bull Salzburg
Guardian football stats-Rabiu Afolabi 

Nigerian footballers
1980 births
Living people
Ulster Scots people

Ulster Scots are an ethnic group in Ireland, descended from Lowland Scots and English from the border of those two countries, were "Border Reivers".  These people first began to occupy Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, ordered by James I of England on land taken from the Irish nobility, mostly in the Province of Ulster. The term "Ulster-Scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the Gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest Scotland centuries earlier.

Ulster-Scots were largely descended from colonists from Galloway, Ayrshire, and the Scottish Borders Country, although some descend from people further north in the Scottish Lowlands and the Highlands. Ulster-Scots emigrated in significant numbers to the United States and all corners of the British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa — and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile in South America. 

Scotch-Irish is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who later emigrated to what is now the United States;  "Scots-Irish" is a more recent form of the American term, the term has usually been Scotch-Irish in America, as evident in Merriam-Webster dictionaries, where the term Scotch-Irish is recorded from 1744, while Scots-Irish is not recorded until 1972.  and is not to be confused with Irish-Scots, i.e., recent Irish immigrants to Scotland.

References
Dharamshala

Dharamshala is a city in northern India. It is the winter seat of government of the state of Himachal Pradesh and the district headquarters of the Kangra district.

McLeod Ganj, a village within Dharamshala municipality, is the home of the Dalai Lama and the exiled Tibetan government. It is a popular place for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.

Tibetan Buddhism
Cities in India
Geshe Sonam Rinchen

Geshe Sonam Rinchen was born in Kham in Eastern Tibet in 1933. In 1945, he joined Dhargyey Monastery, and entered Sera monastery in Lhasa in 1952, where he studied until he was forced to leave Tibet in 1959.

In India he completed his studies for the degree of Geshe Lharampa which he received in 1980. He also received the degree of Acarya from the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies in Sarnath. He was appointed resident teacher at the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala, India in 1978, where he teaches Buddhist philosophy and practice, mainly to westerners. He has also taught in Japan, Australia, Great Britain, South Korea, Ireland, New Zealand and Switzerland.

Books
 Atisha's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment, 
 The Bodhisattva Vow,  
 Eight Verses for Training the Mind,  
 The Heart Sutra,  
 How Karma Works,  
 Nagarjuna's "Seventy Stanzas", 
 The Six Perfections, 
 The Thirty-seven Practices of Bodhisattvas, 
 The Three Principle Aspects of the Path, 
 Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas,  
 Aryadeva's Four Hundred Stanzas on the Middle Way 
 Buddha Nature, 2003 Library of Tibetan Works & Archives,

Other websites
 Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
 Snow Lion Publications 

Tibetan Buddhism
Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden

Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden leads the Tibetan Buddhist Society in Australia. Geshe Loden established the Peaceful Land of Joy Meditation Centre in Victoria, and has written many books. In 2011, he was named Hume Citizen of the Year.

History
Born in 1924, Geshe Loden became a monk at the age of seven. Completing his study of all divisions of Buddhist philosophy, he was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree from Sera Monastery in Tibet, and an Acharya degree from Varanasi's Sanskrit university in India. He also gained a Master's qualification in Vajrayana Buddhism after six years' study at Gyudmed Tantric College. Geshe Loden originally came to Australia in 1976 as a Tibetan refugee.

Books
Geshe Loden has written many books on Tibetan Buddhism, including:

Great Treasury of Mahamudra (2009)
Essence of the Path to Enlightenment (1997)
Meditations on the Path to Enlightenment (1996)
The Fundamental Potential for Enlightenment (1996)
Path to Enlightenment in Tibetan Buddhism (1993)

Related pages
Dalai Lama
Gelug
Lam rim

References

Other websites
Tibetan Buddhist Society 
Tushita Publications 
Pursuit of happiness leads to Yuroke 

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
People from Victoria (Australia)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

The FPMT (Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition) is a group of Buddhist centers focusing on the Gelugpa tradition of Tibet. Founded in 1975 by Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who began teaching Buddhism to Western students in Nepal, the FPMT has grown to encompass 150 teaching centers, projects, and social services in 33 countries. Since the death of Lama Yeshe in 1984, the FPMT's spiritual director has been Lama Zopa Rinpoche.

Related pages
Dalai Lama
Lam rim

Tibetan Buddhism
Gerhard Tremmel

Gerhard Tremmel (born 16 November 1978 in Munich) is a German football goalkeeper. He plays for Swansea City in the Premier League.

Career
He played in the youth teams of Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich and was transferred to SpVgg Unterhaching where he made his senior debut. He left Bavaria in 2002 and played for Hannover 96, Hertha BSC Berlin (1st and 2nd team) and for Energie Cottbus. After four seasons with Cottbus he intended to go back to Berlin, but finally he signed one year for FC Red Bull Salzburg to replace the injured goalkeeper Eddie Gustafsson. He only got 13 goals in the 2010/11 season, this made him to the best goalkeeper in the Austrian Bundesliga.

In 2011 he went to Swansea City which plays in the Premier League.

Other websites

Official Website(German)
Club profile(german)

1978 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Munich
Macropodiformes

Macropodiformes is one of the three suborders of the large marsupial order Diprotodontia. Kangaroos, wallabies and allies, bettongs, potaroos and rat kangaroos are all in this suborder.

References 

 
Marsupials of Australia
Smoke (movie)

Smoke is an American independent movie released in 1995. It was produced by Hisami Kuroiwa, Harvey Weinstein and Bob Weinstein. It was directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster. Auster also wrote the screenplay.

Actors
Harvey Keitel, William Hurt, Victor Argo, Forest Whitaker, Ashley Judd, Stockard Channing and Harold Perrineau Jr. all appear in the movie.

Story
The movie follows the lives of several characters. Their lives are connected because they are all customers at a small tobacco shop in  Brooklyn, New York. The store manager is the main character, Auggie (Harvey Keitel). In the movie, the Brooklyn Cigar Co. was on the corner of 16th Street and Prospect Park West.

Sequel
Blue in the Face was the next movie by the same directors. It follows the lives of some of the same characters and new characters join the story.

Awards
Won
 Silver Bear (Wayne Wang) Berlin International Film Festival, 1995
 Danish Film Critics Bodil Award for Best American Film, 1995
 German Film Award for Best Foreign Film, 1995
 Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay (Paul Auster), 1995

Nominated
Stockard Channing – Best Supporting Actress – Screen Actors Guild

Other websites
 

1995 movies
American drama movies
Yew

A Yew is a coniferous tree. The name is most used for species of the genus Taxus, or for other members of the coniferous family Taxaceae.

Poison 
All species of yew contain highly poisonous alkaloids known as taxanes. All parts of the tree except the arils (red 'fruits') contain the alkaloid. 

The arils are edible and sweet, but the seeds are dangerously poisonous. Unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the taxanes into the body. This can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. 

The seeds and leaves will kill cattle and horses, but deer can break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. In the wild, deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are restricted to cliffs and steep slopes inaccessible to deer. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including the willow beauty moth.

Description 
Yews are slow growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 1-40 m, with trunk diameters of up to 4 m. They have reddish bark, spear-shaped flat, dark-green leaves 1-4 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem.

The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end. 

The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. 

The male cones are round, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

All of the yews are very closely related to each other, and often described together as Taxus baccata. 

Conifers
Wichita Falls, Texas

Wichita Falls is a city in Wichita Couty, Texas, United States. The population of Wichita Falls was 107,000 in 2006. The mayors of Wichita Falls are Glenn Barham, Linda Ammons, Michael Smith, Dorothy Roberts Burns, Rick Hatcher, Tim Ingle and Mary Ward. Wichita Falls was founded on Sept. 27, 1872 when the Choctaw Indians settled the area in the early 18th century and then white settlers arrived in the 1860s to form cattle ranches.

References

Other websites
Official city of Wichita Falls website

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Texas
Diastole

Diastole () is the time during a heart beat when the heart fills with blood after a contraction. The contraction of the heart is called systole and is the opposite of diastole. The term diastole comes from the Greek word διαστολη. This means expanding or opening.

Inside the heart
There are two types of diastole. 
Ventricular diastole is the time when the two lower chambers of the heart called the ventricles are relaxing to let the blood to flow in. 
Atrial diastole is the time when the two upper chambers of the heart called the atria are relaxing to allow the blood to flow in. 

During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the (left and right) ventricles drops. When the pressure in the left ventricle becomes lower than the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens. The blood then flows from the atrium into the ventricle. The speed at which the blood flows into the ventricles can be used to diagnose diastolic dysfunction.

Diastolic pressure
Because the heart relaxes during diastole, "diastolic pressure" is the lowest pressure within the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. The highest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle contracts, and is called systolic pressure.

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, diastolic pressure is the second number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure; for example: 120/80.

Related pages
Systole (medicine)
Blood pressure
Wiggers diagram

References

Other websites
 Auscultation of Diastolic Murmurs 
 Audio Examples of Heart and Lung Sounds 
Cardiology
Blood pressure
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
Systole

Systole is the last stage of a heart beat. It happens right after diastole, when the heart refills with blood. During systole, the heart's two ventricles contract (squeeze).  (The ventricles are the largest parts of the heart, which pump blood to the body and lungs.) 

During systole, the heart muscle gets an automatic electrical signal that tells the heart to contract (squeeze). This makes the blood flow out of the heart.

Phases 
Above the ventricles are smaller chambers (sections) of the heart called atria. They contract (squeeze) during the last part of diastole, and send blood down to the larger, lower ventricles. The atria have valves that close after this so blood cannot flow backward into the atria.  

When the ventricles are filled and the valves to the atria are closed, the ventricles contract. So, the atria and ventricles contract in sequence. The left and right atria feed blood into the ventricles. Then, the left and right ventricles contract. 

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.  This is why we have a pulse.

Systolic pressure 
Because the heart muscle contracts during systole, "systolic pressure" is the highest pressure in the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. (Blood causes the most pressure against the walls of the arteries when it is being pushed out during systole). The lowest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle relaxes, and is called "diastolic pressure".

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, systolic pressure is the first number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure.  For example, if a person's blood pressure is 120/80, 120 is the systolic pressure, and 80 is the diastolic pressure.

Related pages 
 Diastole
 Blood pressure
 Heart
 Circulatory system

References

Other websites

Blood pressure
Cardiology
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
Halite

Halite is the mineral a lot of people call "rock salt". It is a different form of sodium chloride (NaCl). It looks like it is made out of cubes.

References

Minerals
Psychoactive drug

A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Its action affects the central nervous system. It can affect the brain and change perception, mood, consciousness, cognition and behaviour. Hypnotics are often prescribed to help people sleep. Sometimes they are also used in rituals, or as illegal drugs. These drugs enable their users to change their consciousness. This can also help students when they are preparing their examinations. Certain therapies also use such substances. 

Psychoactive substances change the consciousness and mood of their user. The people using them may have pleasant feelings, such as euphoria or they may be more alert. For this reason, many psychoactive substances are abused: They are used outside the aims of the treatment. This may lead to the user developing a  psychological and physical dependence ("addiction"). It will get more difficult to interrupt the cycle of abuse. 

Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency; this is done with psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances: Acamprosate or naltrexone are examples of substances used to treat alcoholism, methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid dependency.  However, the reverse is also true in some cases, that is certain experiences on drugs may be so unfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try the substance again.  This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. datura) and dissociatives (e.g. salvia divinorum).

In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of a continuing philosophical debate. Many governments worldwide have placed restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.

References

Drugs
Mangalore

Mangalore is a city in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the capital city of Dakshina Kannada district. It is a port city. It is located on the Arabian Sea. It is the largest city in the Tulu Nadu region.

People in Mangalore speak many languages like Kannada, Tulu, Konkani and Beary.

Cities in India
Settlements in Karnataka
West Coast of the United States

The West Coast of the United States is a term that generally refers to the states of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. It also sometimes include the state of  Hawaii, even though it has little in common geologically with the continental states. Almost 50 million people live in these states. The region includes the cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Anchorage, Portland and San Diego.

Regions of the United States
Stryper

Stryper is a Christian glam metal band from Orange County, California. The group's lineup consists of Michael Sweet (lead vocals, guitar), Oz Fox (guitar), Tim Gaines (bass guitar), and Robert Sweet (drums). In 2004 Gaines left the band and was replaced by Tracy Ferrie (bass guitar) but rejoined in 2009.

Formed in 1983 as Roxx Regime, they would change their message and name to Stryper to go on to be the first Christian rock band to be recognized by the mainstream. In 1983 they were signed by Enigma Records and released their first album The Yellow and Black Attack. By the mid-1980s, Stryper saw their most successful period starting with the release of To Hell with the Devil which achieved Platinum sales status. Stryper would go on to release two more Gold albums before breaking up in 1992. In 2003 Stryper came out of retirement for a reunion tour and subsequently signed a multi-album contract with Big3 Records in 2005.

The name "Stryper" derives from the King James Version of the Bible. "But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities:
the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed." The reference, Isaiah 53:5, is frequently included as part of their logo. Stryper's drummer, Robert Sweet, also created a backronym for their name: "salvation through redemption, yielding peace, encouragement and righteousness".

Discography

The Yellow and Black Attack (1984)
Soldiers Under Command (1985)
The Yellow and Black Attack (Re-Issue) (1986)
To Hell with the Devil (1986)
In God We Trust (1988)
Against the Law (1990)
Reborn (2005)
Murder by Pride (2009)
The Covering (2011)

References

Other websites
Official Homepage
Michael Sweet's site
Stryper at Metal Archives
Stryper Expo 2000 
Stryper Expo 2001 
Kingdom Extreme Magazine interview with guitarist Oz Fox 2009 

1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
American heavy metal bands
Glam metal bands
Christian metal bands
American hard rock bands
American rock bands
Christian rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Enigma Records artists
Christian metal

Christian metal, also known as 'white metal',  is a form of heavy metal music which a Christian band makes to praise Jesus. Christian metal is typically performed by professed Christians, sometimes principally for Christians who listen to heavy metal music. It is often produced and distributed through various Christian networks.

Christian metal bands exist in all the subgenres of heavy metal music, and the only common link between most Christian metal bands are the lyrics. The Christian themes are often melded with the subjects of the genre the band is rooted in, regularly providing a Christian take on the subject matter. It has been argued that the marginal yet transnational Christian metal subculture provides its core members an alternative religious expression and Christian identity, and that the music serves the purpose of offering a positive alternative or counterbalance to secular metal music which is known for its generally dark and negative message.

Christian metal emerged in the late 1970s as a means of evangelism to the wider heavy metal music scene, and was pioneered by the American Resurrection Band and Swedish Jerusalem. Los Angeles' Stryper achieved wide success in the 1980s, otherwise the genre was mostly ignored by the mainstream. California's Tourniquet and Australia's Mortification led the movement in the 1990s. The metalcore groups Underoath, Demon Hunter, As I Lay Dying, and Norma Jean (dubbed by Revolver Magazine as "The Holy Alliance") brought some mainstream attention to the movement in the first decade of the 21st century, achieving ranks in the Billboard 200.
Jerusalem (rock band)

Jerusalem is a Swedish Christian rock band, founded in 1975 by Ulf Christiansson. It was one of the first bands to combine Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound.

History

Jerusalem's message was primarily aimed at youth, with their lyrics describing the band's relationship to God in an ordinary, but radical way. The band's purpose was expressly evangelistic. Their concerts have been described as a series of revival meetings which often included altar calls and occasionally exorcisms.¡When the band first toured in the mid-1970s in Sweden, their combination of Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound was very controversial. The band was only permitted to perform at a few churches.

Discography
For albums released in both Swedish and English versions, the English titles are in parentheses.

Studio albums
 Jerusalem (Volume 1) (1978/1980)
 Volym 2 (Volume 2) (1980/1981)
 Krigsman (Warrior) (1981/1982)
 Vi Kan Inte Stoppas (Can't Stop Us Now) (1983/1984)
 Dancing on the Head of the Serpent (1987/1988)
 Prophet (1994)
 Volym Tre (Those Were the Days) (1996/1997)
 Volüm Fyra (R.A.D.) (1997/1998)
 She (2010)

Live albums
 In His Majesty's Service - Live in USA (1985)
 Live - På Ren Svenska (1998)

Compilation albums
 10 Years After (1988)
 Klassiker 1 (Classics 1) (1993/1996)
 Klassiker 2 (Classics 2) (1993/1996)
 Classics 3 (1995)
 Tretti (2006)
 Greatest Hits (2006)

Other websites
 Jerusalem - Official Site
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Glam metal bands
Christian metal bands
Hard rock bands
Christian rock bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
Neobatrachia

Neobatrachia is a suborder of the Anura, which contains all frogs and toads. It is the most advanced (derived or apomorphic) and by far the largest of the three suborders. Its over 5,000 species make up over 96% of all living anurans. 

Frogs
Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is the total mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It is part of physical geography. The oceans, rivers, and lakes are all part of the hydrosphere. Some electricity is made by the hydrosphere. 

The total mass of the Earth’s hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1024 grams, which is about 0.023% of the Earth’s total mass. Around 2 × 1019 grams of this is the Earth’s atmosphere. In addition, 71% of the Earth’s surface, an area of 361 million square kilometers, is covered by ocean.

References 

Physical geography
Bohuslav Martinů

Bohuslav Martinů (born Polička, Bohemia, 8 December 1890; died Liestal, Switzerland, 28 August 1959) was a Czech composer. He wrote an enormous amount of music, including six symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and many orchestral, chamber, vocal and instrumental works. His music is often inspired by his native country.

His life 
Martinů was born in the tower of a town church and that is where he spent the first seven years of his life, away from the rest of the world. When he was old enough to go to school he had to climb the 193 steps down to the street every day. He started to have violin lessons from the local tailor. He was very shy because he was used to being all by himself with his family in the tower, but he made good progress and in 1905 gave his first violin recital.

Martinů soon started to compose music and nothing else interested him very much. He went to the Prague Conservatory to study the violin but he preferred going to the theatre and reading. In 1909 he changed to the organ school but he did no work and was expelled from school.

He managed to avoid fighting in the World War I by composing. After the war he became a member of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, playing second violin.

In 1923 he moved to Paris where he stayed for 17 years. He was very poor. He had some lessons with Albert Roussel and soon became known as a composer. He married in 1931 and his wife worked hard to earn money so that he could spend his time composing. He liked to use Czech folk stories and literature as inspiration for his music.

In 1940 he had to leave Paris to escape from the Nazis. He spent several months living rough, often sleeping on stationplatforms. In March 1941 he and his wife managed to get to New York.

Life in the United States was hard for him. He spoke no English and people there did not know his music. He had left all his scores behind. However, he worked hard and the famous conductor Sergei Koussevitsky asked him to write a symphony. His music still sounded very Czech. After World War II he very much wanted to go back to his own country, but the communist government made that impossible. He had a bad fall and it took him years to recover properly. He taught at Princeton University, then he retired to Nice in France. He died of cancer in Basle.

His music 
Bohuslav Martinů wrote a lot of music. He loved sitting down and writing music. Once he had finished a composition he was never very interested in hearing it performed or what happened to it. As a result, some of his music is very good but some of it is less interesting. One of his last works was called Řecké Pašije (The Greek Passion) which uses Greek folk melody and church chant. He was never influenced by American music, he preferred the modes, folktunes, bagpipe drones and mountain calls of his native country. His music can often be described as neoclassical in style.

Other websites 

 Bohuslav Martinů Foundation in Prague
 Catalogue of Martinů Works
 Bohuslav Martinu Centre in Policka

1890 births
1959 deaths
20th-century composers
Czech composers