cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Whip (instrument)

In music, a whip or slapstick is a percussion instrument.  It consists of two pieces of wood joined by a hinge.  The pieces of wood are slapped together. This makes a noise like a whip.   There is a handle on each of the pieces of wood so that the player can hold it and slap them together without trapping his fingers.

The whip is often heard in modern orchestras, bands and percussion groups.  Examples of a whip in classical music can be heard at the beginning of Ravel's Piano Concerto in G Major (1st movement), and in Britten's Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra.

There is another type of whip, in which one plank is longer than the other.  It can be played with one hand.  The player shakes the instrument quickly and the small plank moves away from the large one, then slaps back onto it.  It makes a different kind of sound from the whip, and is properly called a slapstick.   It has been used by several composers including Mahler, Richard Strauss, Ravel, Mussorgsky and Hindemith. The first whip was designed in the 14th century.

References
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments published by Konemann, 

Percussion instruments
First Epistle to the Thessalonians

The First Epistle to the Thessalonians is the fifty-second book in the Christian Bible, and the thirteenth in the New Testament.

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica in modern-day Greece. It is likely the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52 (however, some scholars believe the Epistle to Galatians may have been written at an earlier date: AD 48).

Composition
Most New Testament scholars believe Paul wrote this letter from Corinth, most of the letter has personal information, with only the last two chapters teaching things about what Christians are to believe. Paul's main goal is to encourage and reassure the Christians there. Paul tells them to go on working quietly while waiting in hope for the return of Christ.  Paul also teaches that the dead will be resurrected prior to those still living, and both groups will greet the Lord (Jesus) in the air. These verses are often read at funerals of Christians to comfort their families.

Unlike later Pauline epistles, 1 Thessalonians does not focus on faith or questions of Jewish–Gentile relations, things that are covered in all his other letters. Many scholars see this as an indication that this letter was written before the Epistle to the Galatians, where Paul's teaching on these matters were given.

References

Other websites 
I Thessalonians (NIV)
I Thessalonians (KJV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians is the fifty-third book in the Christian Bible, and the fourteenth in the New Testament.

Why it was written
This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica a part of ancient Greece.  Thessalonica was the second city in Europe where Paul taught and left a Christian church. After the first letter was sent, probably soon, some of the Thessalonians were not sure that those who had died would share in the Second Coming of Jesus. This letter was written to answer this concern.

When it was written
Many believe it was written around 51–52 AD, shortly after the First Epistle. Others think a date of around 80–115 AD is more likely. These are scholars who say that the second letter is quite different from the First Epistle to the Thessalonians and may have been written by someone else.  Those who believe Paul wrote Second Thessalonians also note how Paul signed it himself: "I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand, which is how I write in every letter.".

What was written in the letter

The first part of the letter praises this church for keeping their faith even though others were against them.

The letter has a whole chapter mainly about the Second Coming of Christ. Someone had told the Thessalonians that Christ had already returned. Paul says this is not true. (chapter 2, verses 1 to 12),  He tells the Thessalonians that a great tribulation (time of trouble) must occur before Christ's return. Since this  has not yet happened, Christ cannot have returned yet. He then gives thanks that his readers were chosen by God for salvation and saved by His grace through faith, and so would not be deceived by false teachings. (Chapter 2, verses 13 and14)

The letter then tells the Thessalonian church to stand firm in their faith, and to "keep away from every brother who leads an unruly(evil) life and not according to the tradition which you received from us... do not associate (stay) with him, so that he will be put to shame. Yet do not regard him as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother" (Chapter 3, verses 6,7, 14 and 15).

How people have used the teachings of this letter

A passage from this book reading "For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat", (Chapter 3, verse 10), was later adapted by Vladimir Lenin as an rule of the Soviet Union, "He who does not work, neither shall he eat" .

Christian groups who work with poor people sometimes also use the verse to help people to help themselves instead of just taking help from others. They try to help them find a job instead of just giving them food.

References

Other websites 
II Thessalonians (NIV)
II Thessalonians (KJV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
First Epistle to Timothy

The First Epistle to the Timothy is the fifty-fourth book in the Christian Bible, and the fifteenth in the New Testament. 

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Timothy. It  is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible that are called the Pastoral Epistles, along with Second Timothy and Titus. These letters are called "pastoral", because the are sent to persons who are pastors of Christian churches.Timothy was a pastor in Ephesus (Chapter 1, verse 3). The letter gives advice on the organization of the Church and how the leaders in it should act. They are also told to be faithful to the truth even though all around them were false ideas.

Background
For many years Paul was a mentor to Timothy. Timothy is first mentioned in chapter 16 of the Book of Acts. His mother Eunice, and his grandmother, Lois, are mentioned in 2 Timothy Chapter 1, verse 5. All that we know of his father is that he was a Greek, not a Jew.

Paul's second visit to Lystra, a city in Asia Minor is when Timothy first met Paul; (). Paul not only brought Timothy into the faith but he was Timothy’s main mentor in Christian leadership (). They preached and started churches together. Timothy would have received his authority to preach in churches directly from Paul who of course was the greater known and accepted of the two and an apostle.

Content of the letter

The most important things in the letter are the use of The Law (), warnings against false teachings, instructions for prayer (), roles of women in the church, qualifications for leaders of the church (), and the treatment of widows, elders, masters, youth, and church members in general. The verse about women teaching, Chapter 2,verse 12 is much talked about in churches that do or do not allow women to be pastors.  There are many different ideas about what this verse means.

Other websites 
 I Timothy (NIV)
 I Timothy (KJV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Second Epistle to Timothy

The Second Epistle to the Timothy is the fifty-fifth book in the Christian Bible, and the sixteenth in the New Testament. 

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Timothy. It is thought to be the last letter Paul wrote before his death although some think is was written by one of Paul's followers some time after his death.

Content

In the letter, Paul tells Timothy not to have a "spirit of fear" and not to "be ashamed to talk openly about our Lord (Jesus)" (Chapter 1, verses 7 and 8). He also tells Timothy to come to visit him before winter, and to bring Mark with him (cf. Philippians Chapter 2, verse 22).  He thought that "the time of his death was at hand" (Chapter 4 ,verse 6), and he tells his "son Timothy" to work hard and be strong in the face of false teachings, and to be faithful in all the duties of his office of pastor (Chapter 4, verses 1 to 5), knowing that he would someday stand before the Judge of the living and the dead (God).

Paul thinks he will soon be killed and talks about that. In Chapter 4, verses 6 to 8 he writes "For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand.  I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course(race), I have kept the faith: in the future there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing."

Other websites 
 II Timothy (NIV)
 II Timothy (KJV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Frederick Soddy

Frederick Soddy was a Nobel Prize winning English chemist and physicist. 

He graduated from Merton College, Oxford with a degree in chemistry. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921.

His work on the theory of how atoms worked was very important. He proved, amongst other things, the existence of isotopes and how radioactivity causes changes in atoms. Throughout his career he worked closely with another important atomic physicist, Ernest Rutherford.

References

1877 births
1956 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British Nobel Prize winners
English chemists
English physicists
People from Eastbourne
Epistle to Titus

The Epistle to Titus is the fifty-sixth book in the Christian Bible, and the seventeenth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Titus. Titus was a pastor and church leader.  The letter tells what church leaders should be like and lists their duties.  These leaders are called elders and bishops. This letter is one of three "Pastoral epistles"  since it was sent to a pastor and is mainly about pastors.

Who was Titus?
Titus was mentioned in Galatians (Chapter 2, verses 1 and 3) where Paul wrote of going to Jerusalem with Barnabas, along with Titus. He was then sent to Corinth, Greece, where he helped the Christians there to follow Paul's teachings. Titus was later left on the island of Crete to help organize the Church, and later met back with the Apostle Paul in Nicopolis. He soon went to Dalmatia (now Croatia). Then he served as the first bishop of Crete.

Content of the letter

False teachers
In Chapter 1, verse 9, Paul says that some among the Jewish Christians are false teachers. Paul says the false teachers are rebellious, empty talkers who claim to teach the law "without understanding" They cause the Christians to believe false things. Calvin wrote that vain (empty) talking (Greek: mataiologia) is not the same as useful doctrine. The false teachings don't help people to show piety and fear of God.

How different groups should act

In Chapter 2, Paul tells how the people in the church should act. He talks about older men, older women, younger women, young men, and slaves.  Each group is given their proper way to live. All are told to live for God while they wait for the return of Jesus who died to buy us back from evil living and make us into good people.

More about right living

Chapter 3 tells the Christians to obey the government leaders and to live a good life and be gentle.  The adds that Jesus has saved us not because of the good things we had done, but through his grace and mercy and now wants to make us into people always who do good things. The letter ends with a final warning against those who stir up fights and some personal greetings.

Epimenides paradox

In the Epistle to Titus it says in chapter 1 verse 12 and 13 "One of the Cretans, a prophet of their own, said, 'Cretans are always liars'". This is called a logical paradox since if a member of a group says that all members of the group are liars we can't know if what he says is true since he must also be a liar. Students of logic think about this and try to find an answer. The one who said this was Epimenides, so it is named for him.

References

Other websites 
Titus (NIV)
Titus (KJV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Epistle to Philemon

The Epistle to Philemon is the fifty-seventh book in the Christian Bible, and the eighteenth in the New Testament. Almost everyone agrees that letter was written by the Saint Paul to Philemon. It is the shortest of Paul's letters, consisting of only 335 words in the Greek text.

Why Paul wrote the letter

Paul wrote this letter on behalf of Onesimus, who may have been a runaway slave who had wronged his owner Philemon. We don't know what Onesimus had done, but perhaps he ran away after stealing money. Paul says in verse 18 that if Onesimus owes anything, Philemon should charge it to Paul's account. It is thought that Philemon lived in Colossae; in the letter to the Colossians, Onesimus (the slave who fled from Philemon) and Archippus (whom Paul greets in the letter to Philemon) are said to be members of the church there.

Paul says that Onesimus has been very helpful to him while he was in prison in Rome.  He would like for Philemon to free him and send him back to Rome.  Paul says that Philemon should receive him not as a slave but as a brother. Paul did not seem to think that Onesimus should be punished, even though Roman law allowed the owner of a runaway slave to punish or even kill them.

Importance

Some see this letter as a step towards thinking of slaves as fully human. Before Paul, Ruden argues, a slave was considered subhuman, and entitled to no more consideration than an animal.  Others think that Paul and the early Christians should have done more to combat the evil of slavery. In history, some Christians used the book to justify slavery. Pope Benedict XVI refers to this letter in the Encyclic, Spe salvi, to tell of the power of Christianity to improve society. He says that Christianity was very important to the large decrease of slavery during the Middle Ages and after.

References

Notes 

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
First Epistle of Peter

The First Epistle of Peter is the sixtieth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-first in the New Testament.  This book is believed to be a letter from Peter to fellow Christians. The traditional Roman Catholic belief is that was written during his time as Bishop of Rome or Bishop of Antioch but that is not said in the letter, which says that it was written from Babylon. In the Book of Revelation Babylon is used as a code word for Rome. The letter was sent to Christian churches in Asia Minor that were being persecuted for their faith.

Who sent the letter

Many students of the book believe that Peter was not the author of the letter because it seems been written by someone who had learned rhetoric and philosophy, and had studied the Greek language, none of which would be usual for a Galilean fisherman. Others believe that Peter used an educated secretary to help him write the letter or that he studied relevant subjects in the decades-long period between Jesus' death and Peter's writing of the letter.

To whom it was sent

1 Peter was sent to the “elect resident aliens” living in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. These were Roman provinces in Asia Minor. In Chapter 1, verse 17, they are told to “live in reverent fear during the time of your exile". Peter calls them "strangers", in the first verse of the letter.  This could mean Christians wishing for their home in heaven, or people in a different place from where they were born. While local people may have been unkind to the Christians, Peter tells them to stay loyal to both their religion and the Roman Empire (Chapter 2, verse 17).

What Peter tells the Christians
 
(1) to keep faithful even when other treat them badly. (Chapters 1 and 2) 
(2) to live a holy life in every day ways. (Chapter 2 and 3)
(3) He uses the example of Jesus Christ and other reasons to be patient and holy in Chapters 3 and 4.
(4) He concludes with advice to pastors and people (Chapter 5).

References

Other websites 
I Peter (NIV)
I Peter (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles
Second Epistle of Peter

The Second Epistle of Peter is the 61st book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-second in the New Testament. This book is believed to be a letter from Peter, who was a disciple of Jesus.

When it was written

Since Peter was killed in about 69 A.D. by Nero, the emperor of Rome, if Peter is the author it was written about 65 to 69 A.D.  In the letter the writer says,  ("since I know that the putting off of my body will be soon, as our Lord Jesus Christ made clear to me").  Chapter 1, verse 14  Some think that the book was written by a later unnamed follower of Peter, and it could have been any time between 60 and 160 A.D. In both ancient and modern times, people have disagreed about this but the letter was finally accepted as part of the Bible by most Christians.

The content of the letter

In both content and style this letter is very different from 1 Peter.

The epistle mentions many verses in the Old Testament. In Chapter 3, verses 15 and 16 one of Paul's letters is mentioned. This is probably 1 Thessalonians chapters 4 and 5. Peter calls Paul's writings scripture and mentions that they are hard to understand so that some people try to change their meaning.

The letter begins with a greeting. Next the writer tells the Christians to live a good life of faith, knowledge, self control, and love. In Chapter 2, there are warnings about false teachers.  In Chapter 3 are teachings about the Second Coming of Jesus. The letter ends by saying again that the Christians should live properly. Then there is a final blessing.

References

Other websites 
II Peter (NIV)
II Peter (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles
First Epistle of John

The First Epistle of John is the sixty-second book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-third in the New Testament.

This book is believed to a letter from John.

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

This letter was probably written in Ephesus in AD 95–110. It was written to show that Jesus really came "in the flesh", and not only as a spirit, as some false teachers were saying. John says they are "anti-Christ", meaning against Christ. This false teaching is known as docetism. It says that Jesus only seemed to be a human person with a real body. John's letter says that Christians can tell if teachers are true. True teachers will say that say that Jesus came in the flesh. True teachers are also known by their ethics, and by their love.

John wrote the letter so that the joy of his readers would "be full" (Chapter 1, verse 4).
Also he says that as true Christians they would "not practice sin" (keep sinning) (Chapter 2, verse 1); that "we should love one another" (Chapter 3, verse 11); and that "you who believe in the name of the Son of God... may know that you have eternal life." (Chapter 5, verse 13). So we see that the aim of the letter was to make the Christians more full of joy, and also to help readers to know if they are really saved.

References

Other websites 
I John (NIV)
I John (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles
Second Epistle of John

The Second Epistle of John is the sixty-third book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-fourth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a short letter from John. In number of verses, it is the shortest book in the bible.

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

To whom it is written

The letter is sent to "the elect lady and her children" (some bibles translate this phrase as "elder lady and her children"), and closes with the words, "The children of your chosen sister greet you."

The lady has often been seen as a picture of the church, the church being the body of Christians as a whole and as local congregations. It is also possible the letter was sent to a real lady who John knew, and the children are real children, not members of the church.

What is written

What this letter says is similar to the Third Epistle of John.  The traditional view is that all the letters are by the hand of John the Apostle, and the language and words used and arguments made all seem to support this idea.

The letter also warns against people who say that Jesus was not a flesh-and-blood figure: "For many deceivers are entered into the world, who say that Jesus Christ has not come in the flesh." This shows that, from the time the epistle was first written, there were those who had docetic ideas about Jesus, believing that the human person of Jesus was really a pure spirit or did not come at all. John says that these people are deceivers and even calls them Antichrist that is against Christ. He says Christians should not receive such people.

References

Other websites 
II John (NIV)
I John (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles
Third Epistle of John

The Third Epistle of John is the sixty-fourth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-fifth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a short letter from John. In number of verses, it is the shortest book in the bible, except for Second John.

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

To whom it is written 

This book is believed to a letter from John to his friend Gaius.

What is written

What this letter says is similar to the Second Epistle of John.  The traditional view is that all the letters are by the hand of John the Apostle, and the language and words used and arguments made all seem to support this idea.

The letter commends Gaius for keeping strong in his faith in Jesus.  It tells Gaius to help people who are working along with him to spread the gospel message.  It says that Diotrephes doesn't like John's message and John hopes to come to visit and to tell others that Diotrephes is wrong when he doesn't accept the Christian message and people who are telling that message.  John also says that Demetrius is living properly.  We don't know much about either of these men.

References

Other websites 
III John (NIV)
III John (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles
Epistle of Jude

The Epistle of Jude is the sixty-fifth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-sixth in the New Testament. It is one of the shortest books in the Bible, at only 25 verses long.

Who wrote it

The writer calls himself Jude.  This may not be the same person as Jude the Apostle. This Jude calls himself a brother of James, who was a leader in the church at Jerusalem.  Both Jude and James were probably half brothers of Jesus. They did not believe that he was the Christ, until after the Resurrection. (John chapter 7, verse 5)  The book may have been written between 60 and 80 A.D. and was sent to many places.  This is called a "General" epistle.

The content of the letter

The writer of this book seems to have a good knowledge of the Old Testament books and also of some of the other books that were known as Jewish writings, but which are not in the bible. 

He warns of "people who change the message about the grace of God in order to excuse their immoral ways" (verse 4).  He says this is not the faith "once delivered to the saints". He warns that we have stories in the bible of people who turned from trusting God to evil.  He lists the fallen angels, those saved from slavery in Eqypt and the people of Sodom and Gomorrah.  He also mentions individuals such as Cain who killed his brother, Balaam, and Korah.  

He tells everyone to keep their faith, keep praying, love others, and wait for the second coming of Jesus.  The letter closes with a blessing that is sometimes used to end church meetings.  "Now to the one who is able to keep you from falling, and to cause you to stand, rejoicing, without blemish before his glorious presence, to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, power, and authority, before all time, and now, and for all eternity. Amen." ( Verses 24 and 25)

Other websites 
Jude (NIV)
Jude (KJV)

New Testament books
General Epistles
General Epistles

General epistles (also called Catholic Epistles) are books in the New Testament in the form of letters.  The letters attributed to Paul are not included.  Paul's letters are named for the church or person addressed.  The General Epistles are named for their author instead of the church or person to whom they were written.   Most of the General Epistles are written to all Christians.  The second Epistle of John may have been written to an unnamed lady and the Third Epistle of John was written to his friend Gaius.

Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the General Epistles are

Epistle of James
First Epistle of Peter
Second Epistle of Peter
First Epistle of John
Second Epistle of John
Third Epistle of John
Epistle of Jude

Related pages 
Epistle

Other websites
Catholic Encyclopedia: Catholic Epistles
Augustine Volcano

Augustine Volcano is a  high volcano in southwestern Cook Inlet, about  southwest of Anchorage, Alaska. More than half the people of Alaska live no more than about  from it. It has erupted six times since the 1812 eruption; 1883, 1935, 1964-65, 1976, 1986. and 2006. The 1976 and 1986 eruptions started with a series of vent-clearing explosions. There were clouds of volcanic ash that went straight up into the sky. These were followed by eruptions of rocks and mud slides down the side of the volcano. In 1812, 1935, 1964-65, 1976, and 1986, unlike some prehistoric eruptions, the top of the mountain did not collapse. However, in the 1883 eruption, a part of the top of the volcano broke loose starting an avalanche that flowed down to the sea. The avalanche started a small tsunami that reached the Kenai Peninsula at English Bay,  east of the volcano.

Clouds of volcanic ash are a major problem to jet aircraft using Anchorage International and other local airports. Ashfall from future eruptions could disrupt oil and gas operations and shipping activities in Cook Inlet. Eruptions like the historical and prehistoric eruptions are likely in Augustine's future.

References

Islands of Alaska
Mountain ranges of Alaska
Volcanoes of the United States
Ace Frehley

Paul Daniel "Ace" Frehley (born April 27, 1951) is an American guitarist best known as one of the first members of the rock band Kiss. He was the lead guitar player in the band. When the band started wearing costumes and face paint onstage Frehley chose paint that made him look like he was from outer space. Frehley played with the group from 1973 until 1982.  

When he left Kiss he started making his own music as a solo musician. In 1996 he went back to playing with Kiss. His second time playing with Kiss stopped in 2002 when he left the band at the end of their world tour.

He went back to his solo career. His last album was finished in September, 2009.

Other websites
 Ace Frehley Official Website

1951 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American songwriters
Musicians from New York City
American heavy metal musicians
Kiss
Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat

Sagwa is the name of a siamese cat in the children's book Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat by Amy Tan. Sagwa's popularity with children prompted an educational animated series of the same name on PBS Kids. In the series, which is set circa 1900 during the Qing dynasty, Sagwa has fun in her day-to-day life while learning and teaching valuable life lessons. The show is notable for its setting and messages about family and loyalty.

Voice cast
 Holly G. Frankel as Sagwa Miao
 Oliver Grainger as Dongwa Miao
 Jesse Vinet as Sheegwa Miao
 Rick Jones as Fu-Fu
 Arthur Holden as Baba Miao
 Ellen David as Mama Miao
 Hiro Kanagawa as The Foolish Magistrate
 Khaira Ledeyo as Tai-Tai
 Kathy Tsoi as Ba-Do
 Leanne Adachi as Luk-Do
 Rosa Yee as Huang-Do
 Raugi Yu as the Cook
 Russell Yuen as the Reader
 Sonja Ball as Nai-Nai
 Neil Shee as Yeh-Yeh

Cast notes
 Holly G. Frankel, Oliver Grainger, and Sonja Ball previously worked together on two other animated series: Arthur and Mona the Vampire. Grainger is also one of the original voices of D.W. Read in Arthur.

Season 1: (2001-2002)
 101 "How Sagwa Got Her Colors"
 102 "New Year's Clean Up" / "Firefly Nights"
 103 "Royal Cats" / "Acrobat Cats"
 104 "Tung, the Singing Cricket" / "Sagwa's Lucky Bat"
 105 "Cat Burglar" / "Sagwa's Good Deed"
 106 "Harvest Festival Race" / "The Foolish Magistrate's New Robes"
 107 "Fur Cut" / "Magistrate Loses His Post"
 108 "Sagwa's Swan Song" / "Tribal Cats"
 109 "Stinky Tofu" / "Cat and Mouse"
 110 "The Foolish Magistrate's Aching Tooth" / "Sheegwa and the Blizzard"
 111 "By the Light of the Moon" / "Treasure Hunters"
 112 "Fraidy Cats" / "The Tortoise and the Cat"
 113 "Cats of a Different Class" / "Alley Cat Opera"
 114 "Fu-Fu and the Whistling Pigeon" / "Princess Sheegwa"
 115 "Ciao, Meow" / "Sagwa Rules"
 116 "Explorer's Club" / "Time for Everything"
 117 "Not-So-Purrfect Patient" / "Comic Opera"
 118 "Panda-monium" / "Festival of Lanterns"
 119 "Snagged by a Thread" / "Master of Mistakes"
 120 "Collar of Time" / "The Birds, the Bees, and the Silkworms"
 121 "Invention By Mistake" / "Dongwa the Sailor"
 122 "New Cook in the Kitchen" / "Cool Fu-Fu"
 123 "Tough Guy Dongwa" / "The Competition"
 124 "Lord of the Fleas" / "A Precious Gift"
 125 "My Fair Kitty" / "The Favorite"
 126 "Tea for Two Monkeys" / "Luck Be a Bat"
 127 "Sagwa the Stray" / "...And Action"
 128 "Ba-Do and the Lantern Festival" / "Fu-Fu's Full Moon Flight"
 129 "A Catfish Tale" / "Wedding Day Mess"
 130 "Spreading Rumors" / "Up, Up and Away"
 131 "The Jade Rabbit" / "Dongwa's Best Friend"
 132 "The Zodiac Zoo" / "The Four Dragons"
 133 "Lost and Found" / "Three Graces"
 134 "All Grown Up!" / "The Cat and the Wind!"
 135 "Too Close for Comfort! / Sister Act!*
 136 *Sick Day / The Name Game"
 137 *Shei-Hu's Secret / Homesick Jun"
 138 *The Return of the Rat / Great Balls of Fire*
 139 *Catsitter / On the Run"
 140 "Cha-Siu Bow Wow/Mutt That Would Be King"

Other websites
 
 Sagwa's author Amy Tan's Homepage
 
 

Canadian animated television series
Children's television series
Fictional cats
2001 television series debuts
2002 television series endings
2009 Pacific hurricane season

The 2009 Pacific hurricane season started on May 15, 2009 and ended November 30, 2009. In this season there were 12 tropical storms, 3 hurricanes, and 5 major hurricanes. This season featured Hurricane Rick, which was the second strongest hurricane recorded in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Another storm to remember was Hurricane Jimena, which caused over $50 million in damage when it made landfall in Baja California.

Storms 
Tropical Depression One-E 
Hurricane Andres 
Tropical Storm Blanca 
Hurricane Carlos 
Tropical Storm Dolores 
Tropical Storm Lana 
Tropical Storm Enrique 
Hurricane Felicia 
Tropical Depression Nine-E 
Tropical Storm Maka 
Hurricane Guillermo 
Tropical Storm Hilda 
Tropical Storm Ignacio 
Hurricane Jimena 
Tropical Depression Two-C 
Tropical Storm Kevin 
Hurricane Linda 
Tropical Storm Marty 
Tropical Storm Nora 
Tropical Storm Olaf 
Tropical Storm Patricia 
Hurricane Rick 
Hurricane Neki

Storm names 
This are the names that were set aside for the 2009 Pacific hurricane season. Names that did not get used are marked in .

These are the name that were set aside for the Central Pacific, which is close to Hawaii. Again, names that did not get used are marked in .

Related pages
2009 Atlantic hurricane season

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
The Bourne Identity (2002 movie)

The Bourne Identity is an action-thriller movie released in 2002. It is based on the novel by Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Identity, which was published in 1980. The movie is directed by Doug Liman. It stars Matt Damon as the main character, Jason Bourne.

In the movie, as Jason Bourne recovers from his gunshot wound, he find that he lost his memory. As he recovered his memory, he learns he was involved with an international spy agency. The movie is set in Europe, in places such as Prague, Paris, and Italy. It shows thrilling gunfights, car chases, and action scenes. After release, the box-office profit was successful. Two sequels, The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum were released in 2004 and 2007.

Plot
An unidentified man is rescued from the sea by fishermen. But because of amnesia, he cannot remember who he is. He cannot remember why he was drowning in the sea, how the gunshot wound on his back was made, how he can speak many languages or how he has martial arts skills. He only knows the number to his Swiss bank safe which was hidden in his skin.

In the safe, he finds a huge amount of cash, and passports for each country. He saw the name "Jason Bourne" on his U.S. passport and he believes that is his name. After he has some trouble at the U.S. embassy in Zurich, he moves to Paris with the help of a woman named Marie Kreutz. Wherever he moves, the police and assassins chase him and Marie. In continuous chasing between Bourne and the killers, he notices that some unknown big power threatens his existence. To find his identity and the reason why they are trying to kill him, Bourne gradually gains access to the unknown agency.

Cast
Matt Damon as Jason Bourne
Franka Potente as Marie Kreutz
Chris Cooper as Alexander Conklin
Clive Owen as The Professor
Brian Cox as Ward Abbott
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Nykwana Wombosi
Gabriel Mann as Danny Zorn
Walton Goggins as Research tech
Josh Hamilton as Research tech

Release Dates

Critics

After the movie was released in the U.S., the movie got generally good reviews from several critics, especially for the acting of Matt Damon and the direction of Doug Liman. Peter Howell of the Toronto Star said, "An entertaining thriller that eschews most of the usual spy gimmicks in favour of old-fashioned sleuthing." Eric Harrison of the Houston Chronicle praised the direction of Liman: "The Bourne Identity shouldn’t be half as entertaining as it is, but director Doug Liman and his colleagues have managed to pack it with enough action to satisfy the boom-bam crowd without a huge sacrifice of character and mood." Matt Damon also got praise from Stephen Hunter of the Washington Post: "Great fights. You wouldn’t think of Damon as a tough guy, but he’s worked really hard on the physical stuff here and it shows."

References

Other websites
Official website 

2002 action movies
2002 thriller movies
2000s action thriller movies
2000s American action movies
American spy movies
American thriller movies
German movies
2000s Czech movies
French action movies
French thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Doug Liman
Antarctic

The Antarctic is the area around the Earth's South Pole. It is opposite the Arctic region which is around the North Pole.  The Antarctic includes the continent of Antarctica and the ices, waters and islands in the Southern Ocean.

References
Defenceman

Defence (defense in the U.S.) in ice hockey is a player position whose main job is to stop the other team from scoring. They are often called defencemen, defensemen, D, or "blueliners" (a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which is boundary of the offensive zone; defencemen generally stay along the line to keep the puck in the zone).

In regular play, two defencemen play with three forwards and a goaltender on the ice. Exceptions include overtime and when a team is shorthanded (i.e. has been assessed a penalty), in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender.

Ice hockey positions
Pool (cue sports)

Pool, also known as pocket billiards, is the general term for a family of cue sports. These games are played on a pool table with six holes cut into them called pockets, into which balls are deposited as one of the main goals of play.

History

Outside the billiards industry, the various games played on these tables are very often called  "pool". This is due to an association with the "poolrooms" where gamblers "pooled" together their money to bet on horse races. Because these places often provided billiard tables, the term "pool" became linked to billiards. Though the original "pool" games were played on pocketless carom billiards tables, the name stuck to pocket billiards as it gained in popularity. The traditional view of billiards as a refined and noble pastime did not blend well with the low-class connotations of gambling. Because of this, the billiards industry's attempts to distance itself from the term "pool" beginning in the late 19th century. They were largely unsuccessful.

There are hundreds of pool games. Some of the more well known include eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool, and one-pocket. The game of snooker is played on a table with pockets but is considered separate from pool. It is governed internationally by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (professional) and the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (amateur). There are also hybrid games combining traits of both pool and carom billiards, such as English billiards, American four-ball billiards, cowboy pool and bottle pool.

As a competitive sport, pool is governed internationally by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), which has national affiliates such as the US Billiard Congress of America (BCA), and which represents pool in the World Confederation of Billiard Sports, which in turn represents all forms of cue sports in the International Olympic Committee.

Equipment

Pool uses different equipment from carom billiards. In addition pool tables having pockets, the balls for pool are generally smaller and range from  in diameter to  in diameter. By comparison, carom billiard balls are generally , or . While UMB, the International Olympic Committee-recognized world carom billiards authority, permits balls as small as , no major manufacturer produces such balls any longer. For that reason the normal standard is . Modern pool tables range in size from  by , to  by .  Modern cue sticks are generally  long for pool while cues prior to 1980 were designed for straight pool and had an average length of , while carom billiards cues are generally  long.

References

Shamos, Michael Ian. 1993-1999.  The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards.  .

Cue sports
Jason Mraz

Jason Mraz (born June 23, 1977) is an American singer and songwriter. He has put out five albums, Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002), Mr. A-Z (2005),  We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things (2008),  Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012), and "Yes!"(2014). Jason Mraz became internationally famous after the release of the single "I'm Yours" from the album We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.

Jason Mraz was born and grew up in Mechanicsville, Virginia. His grandfather was ethnic Czech and moved to the United States from Austria-Hungary in 1915. Mraz's surname means "frost" in the Czech language. ().

Discography
Waiting for My Rocket to Come (2002)
Mr. A–Z (2005)
We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. (2008)
Love Is a Four Letter Word (2012)
"Yes!" (2014)

Sources 

1977 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Virginia
Troup County, Georgia

Troup County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.  As of 2000, 58,779 people lived there. The 2007 census estimate showed 63,535 people living there. The county seat is LaGrange.

History
The land that makes up Troup County as well as other (Lee, Muscogee, Coweta and Carroll) was taken from the Creek people in 1825. This was done through a treaty called the Treaty of Indian Springs. The counties' area were created by the Georgia General Assembly on June 9, 1826. They were not named until December 14, 1826.

The county is named for George Troup. Troup was the thirty-fourth governor of Georgia, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and a U.S. senator.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 446 square miles (1,155 km²). Of this area, 414 square miles (1,072 km²) is land and 32 square miles (83 km²) of it (7.19%) is water.

Major highways
 Interstate 85
 Interstate 185
 U.S. Highway 27
 U.S. Highway 29
 Georgia State Route 14
 Georgia State Route 18
 Georgia State Route 54

Adjacent counties
Coweta County (northeast)
Meriwether County (east)
Harris County (south)
Chambers County, Alabama (southwest)
Randolph County, Alabama (northwest)
Heard County (north-northwest)

Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 58,779 people, 21,920 households, and 15,607 families residing in the county. The population density was 142 people per square mile (55/km²). There were 23,824 housing units at an average density of 58 per square mile (22/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 65.80% White, 31.87% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. 1.71% of the people were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 21,920 households. Of these, 34.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.10% were married couples living together, 17.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.80% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the county the people were spread out with 27.90% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 28.40% from 25 to 44, 21.90% from 45 to 64, and 12.60% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 91.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,469, and the median income for a family was $41,891. Males had a median income of $31,863 versus $22,393 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,626. About 12.20% of families and 14.80% of the people were below the poverty line, including 20.70% of those under age 18 and 14.00% of those age 65 or over.

Cities and towns 
Hogansville
LaGrange
West Point
Mountville, Georgia (Unincorporated)
Harrisonville, Georgia (Unincorporated)

References 

Georgia (U.S. state) counties
1826 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Whitespace (computer science)

Whitespace are "blanks", characters that represent space between other characters. The space, tab, carriage return and line feed characters are all whitespace. You can’t see white characters.

Writing
Carriage return

A carriage return, sometimes known as a cartridge return and often shortened to CR, <CR> or return, is a control character or mechanism used to reset a device's position to the beginning of a line of text. It is closely associated with the line feed and newline concepts, although it can be considered separately in its own right.

Computers

In computing, the carriage return is the name of a computer character that directs a printer or screen display to return to the start of a line when printing or displaying text. The origin of its name is as you'd expect: it told a teletype that its print carriage (the cylinder that held the paper) should return to the beginning of a line. On some systems, such as older Macintoshes, it also creates a new line, like the line feed character.

Control characters
Newline

Line feed is the name of a computer character that directs a printer or screen display to advance one line of text.  The word "feed" refers to its original use: causing paper to be fed through a teletype, one line at a time.  On some systems, such as the Unix family, it also returns to the beginning of the line, like the carriage return character.

Control characters
Ardashir I

Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, was ruler of Istakhr (since 206?), then of an important part of Persia (since 208?), and finally "King of Kings of Persia" (since 226). The dynasty Ardashir founded would rule for four centuries until overthrown by the Rashidun Caliphate in 651.

Ardashir is also known as Ardashīr-i Pāpagān "Ardashir, son of Pāpağ", and other variants of his name include Latinized Artaxares and Artaxerxes.

Ardashir was born in the late 2nd century in Istakhr, what is present-day Fars in Iran. At that time is was a vassal kingdom of Parthia. 
In conclict with  Artabanus IV, who ordered his vassal, the ruler of Khuzestan, to confront Ardashir. It was Ardashir who emerged victorious in that battle.
In 226, Artabanus IV himself invaded Fars to defeat the rebelling Ardashir. But the Parthian army was completely defeated, and Artabanus IV was killed. According to one account, Ardashir and Artabanus fought in close combat on horseback. Ardashir pretended to flee, turned around in the saddle and shot Artabanus through the heart.

Ardashir I was crowned in 226 as the Šāhān šāh Ērān "king of kings [of] Iran" (his consort Adhur-Anahid took the title "Queen of Queens"), Ardashir finally brought the over 400 year-old Parthian Empire to an end and began four centuries of Sassanid rule.

Legacy
Ardashir I was an energetic king, responsible for the resurgence not just of Persia but of Iranian-speaking peoples as a unified nation, the strengthening of Zoroastrianism, and the establishment of a dynasty that would endure for four centuries. While his campaigns against Rome met with only limited success, he achieved more against them than the Parthians had done in many decades and prepared the way for the substantial successes his son and successor Shapur I would enjoy against the same enemy.

Notes

References
 Christensen, A. 1965: "Sassanid Persia". The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery (A.D. 193–324). Cook, S.A. et al., eds. Cambridge: University Press, pp 109–111, 118, 120, 126–130.
 Oranskij, I. M. 1977: Les Langues Iraniennes. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, pp 71–76. .\

Other websites

 Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babak
 R.N. Fye, "Babak" in Encyclopædia Iranica 
 J. Wiesehöfer, "Ardasir" in Encyclopædia Iranica 

Persian people
Middle East
Artabanus IV

Artabanus IV of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire (c. 216 – 224). He was the younger son of Vologases V who died in 209. Artabanus rebelled against his brother Vologases VI, and soon gained the upper hand, although Vologases VI maintained himself in a part of Babylonia until about 228. 

The Roman emperor Caracalla, wanted to make use of this civil war for a conquest of the East and attacked the Parthians in 216. He crossed the Tigris and destroyed the towns, but when Artabanus advanced at the head of an army, he retired to Carrhae. There he was murdered by Martialis on April 8, 217. Caracalla's successor, the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard Macrinus, was defeated at Nisibis and in a peace with Artabanus he gave up all the Roman conquests and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians. 
 	
At about this time, the Persian Great King Ardashir had already begun his conquests in Persia. When Artabanus tried to subdue him his troops were defeated. The war lasted several years; at last Artabanus himself was killed in 226. Thus the 400-year rule of the Arsacid Dynasty came to an end.

References

 
 Dio Cassius, vii, 12; lxxviii, 26.

History of Iran
216 births
224 deaths