cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Rock art

Rock art is a term in archaeology for any markings that were made on natural stone by human beings. They can be divided into:

Petroglyphs – carvings into stone surfaces
Pictographs – rock and cave paintings

In addition, there is rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones.  The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground.

Location
One can find petroglyphs and pictographs on the walls of a cave or on rock in open-air.

Similar terms 
Rock art has also been described as rock records, rock sculptures, rock inscriptions, rock carvings, rock paintings, rock engravings, rock drawings, rock pictures,

Gallery

Related pages 
Cave painting
Upper Palaeolithic

References

Further reading 
Malotki, Ekkehart and Weaver, Donald E. Jr., 2002, Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorao Plateau Rock Art, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, CA,  (cloth). For the "general public", this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times.
Rohn, Arthur H. and Freguson, William M, 2006, Puebloan ruins of the Southwest, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM,  (pbk, : alk. paper). Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.
Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, Indian Rock Art of the Southwest, School of American Research, Sana Fe, University of New Mexico press, Albuquerque, NM, . Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "Figures", 11 Maps, and 2 Tables.

Other websites 
 Ekaterina, Devlet. 2001. Rock Art and the material culture of Siberian and central Asian shamanism. In The Archaeology of Shamanism. 43-54. 01/04/2007. 
 Rock Art studies - A Bibliographic database at the Bancroft Library containing over 10,000 citations to the world's rock art literature.
 The website of Rock Art Foundation - Native American Rock Art
 Trust for African Rock Art
 British Rock Art Collection 
 ARARA American Rock Art Research Association.
 Rupestre.net A rock art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.
 EuroPreArt The database of European Prehistoric Art.
 Art and Archaeology of the Dampier Archipelago 
 Bradshaw Foundation Supports dissemination of information on rock art, migration, and the study of artistic man around the world.
Rock Art in South Africa http://rockart.wits.ac.za/origins/ 
 UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka

Art
Painting
Ancient history
Stone Age
Edward Teach

Edward Teach (1680 – 22 November 1718) was a pirate, often called "Blackbeard the Pirate". (It is not clear what his real name actually was; some historians think that his last name may really have been Thatch.)  He attacked ships in the Caribbean and the American colonies. His flagship ship was the captured French slave ship La Concorde which Blackbeard renamed Queen Anne's Revenge. About 1718 it ran aground near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina and was abandoned.

Blackbeard often fought wearing a big feathered tricorn hat, and with lots of  swords, knives, and pistols. Some pictures show him with lighted rope matches woven into his enormous black beard during battle. The matches burned slowly and gave of lots of smoke.  They were designed to make him look frightening.   He probably got the idea from seeing the burning rope was used to light the gunpowder in cannons and guns. (These old fashioned guns were called matchlocks, later a flint was used to make a spark, these were called flintlock guns). No one knows how many wives Blackbeard had. The book A General History of the Pirates says that he had as many as fourteen wives, but he was not legally married to most of them.

Early life 

Blackbeard is thought to have been born in Bristol, England. Teach went to sea when he was very young. He served on an English ship in the War of the Spanish Succession, privateering in the Spanish West Indies and along the Spanish Main. At the war's end in 1713, Teach, like many other privateers, turned to piracy. Blackbeard was born in a trade epicenter and he grew up knowing about sailing. Many merchant ships landed and traded there.

Blackbeard the Pirate

Teach began as a pirate under Benjamin Hornigold. In 1716, Hornigold retired, taking advantage of an amnesty offered to former privateers by the British government. Teach then took command of his own ship.

During the next two years Blackbeard attacked merchant ships, forcing them to allow his crew to board their ship. The pirates would seize all of the valuables, food, liquor, and weapons. Ironically, despite his ferocious reputation, there are no verified accounts of him actually killing anyone.

Capture and death 

The Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia, Alexander Spotswood sent two ships after Blackbeard.  On 18 November 1718, Lt. Robert Maynard sailed from Hampton, Virginia to Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina.  On 22 November 1718, Maynard and his men defeated Blackbeard and the pirates.  The most complete account of the following events comes from the Boston News-Letter: 

Teach was said to have been shot five times and stabbed more than twenty times before he died and was decapitated. Legends about his death immediately sprang up. His headless body, was thrown overboard, but swam three times around the ship before sinking. Teach's head was placed as a trophy on the bowsprit of the ship.  Captain Maynard had to keep the head to claim his prize when he returned home. Later, Teach's head hung from a pike in Bath, Somerset.

References 

1680 births
1718 deaths
Pirates
Mysterious people
Sizzler

Sizzler is a chain of steakhouse restaurants in the United States and other countries around the world.

American restaurants
1958 establishments in the United States
Breakfast at Tiffany's

Breakfast at Tiffany's is a 1961 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on Truman Capote's novella (short book), and starring Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. The movie won two Academy Awards. It was nominated for a total of five awards. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.

Summary of the story 

Breakfast at Tiffany's is about a young woman named Holly Golightly. Holly suffered an abusive childhood, along with her brother, Fred. She and Fred ran from the abuse, and were taken in by "Doc" Golightly, who married her when she was about fourteen. Soon after, the marriage was annulled, and Holly again ran in search of a happier life. She eventually landed in New York City, where she became a high society escort, trying to raise money to make a home for herself and her brother.                
Paul Varjak, an aspiring writer being kept by an older woman, moves into Holly's building. Paul is amused by Holly's madcap lifestyle, and Holly sees Paul as a sort of "kindred spirit" in that they both are engaged in questionable business pursuits. They quickly form a friendship, but at some point, Paul's feelings turn romantic. The romantic attraction becomes mutual after a day of high-spirited fun; however, Holly's fear of being "caged" leads her to reject the relationship. 
After some time passes and Holly suffers a series of setbacks, she is reunited with Paul, and has to decide whether she should keep running from commitment, or accept the love he offers. The movie ends with a very famous scene of Holly, her "no-name" cat, and Paul embracing in the rain.

Explanation of the title 

Holly suffers from bouts of anxiety (the "mean reds"), and finds spending time at Tiffany & Co. calming. She feels "nothing very bad" can happen to a person in such elegant surroundings. Though she clearly aspires to own beautiful and expensive things, it also seems she yearns for the sense of stability and protection she associates with wealth. She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the store. When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to Tiffany & Co., so they can look at all the fine jewelry, and he can experience one of her favorite places.

Other websites

 
 
 Breakfast at Tiffany's  at the TCM Movie Database
 Tiffany & Co., the jewelry story where the movie gets its name

Sources

1961 comedy movies
1961 drama movies
1961 romance movies
1960s comedy-drama movies
1960s romantic comedy movies
1960s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Blake Edwards

ja:ティファニーで朝食を#映画化
Juan Ignacio Molina

Juan Ignacio Molina. Born June 24 1740; Died September 12 1829; Chilean Naturalist.
He is usually referred to as Abate Molina (form of Abbott Molina). He wrote Compendio della storia geografica, naturale e civile del regno del Cile (1776), latter translated in English, French, German and Spanish. The journal Moliniana is dedicated in his honour.

Related pages
List of biologists

Source 
Charles E. Ronan: Juan Ignacio Molina. The World's Window on Chile.

Naturalists
Zoologists
Mescaline

Mescaline' (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a chemical substance. It occurs naturally in some cactuses, like the Peyote cactus,the Peruvian Torch cactus or the San Pedro cactus. Small amounts of it can also be found in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, like Acacia berlandieri.

The chemical can cause hallucinations. In has been used as a drug in Native American religious ceremonies. It is illegal in many countries. Some people use it as an illegal drug.

Mescaline is used primarily as a recreational drug and is also used to supplement various types of meditation and psychedelic therapy. It is classified as a schedule I drug in the U.S., making it illegal in all forms; however, it remains legal in certain religious ceremonies registered by the Native American Church Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.

Use and effects 

 visual hallucinations and radically altered states of consciousness (psychedelic experience)
 open and closed eye visualizations
 euphoria
 dream-like state
 slowed passage of time
 laughter
 a mixing of senses (synesthesia, such as "seeing a sound" or "hearing colors")
 pupil dilation

Side effects or risks 

 anxiety, fear
 racing heart beat (tachycardia)
 dizziness
 weakness
 diarrhea
 excessive sweating
 tremors
 nausea, vomiting
 headache
 accidental injury
 psychosis, panic or paranoia
 seizures
 amnesia (loss of memory)
 post hallucinogen perceptual disorder (flashbacks)
 rarely, suicidal thoughts or actions

Use in Pregnancy 
According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), researchers have found that mescaline found in peyote may affect the fetus of a pregnant woman using the drug.

References

Illegal drugs
Psilocybin

[[File:Psilocybe.mexicana.jpg|thumb|right|Psilocybin was first found in the mushroom Psilocybe mexicana]]

Psilocybin is a chemical substance. It can cause hallucinations when eaten, and has also been found to reverse psychological conditioning, grow brain cells and heal the brain. It occurs in many kinds of fungi and mushrooms, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms. Most of these are known as psychedelic mushrooms. It grows in Europe, South America, Mexico, and the United States. Mushrooms that contain psilocybin are known as magic mushrooms.

The substance is used as a recreational drug. It is illegal in many countries.

Psilocybin works by activating serotonin receptors, most often in the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain affects mood, cognition, and perception. Hallucinogens also work in other regions of the brain that regulate arousal and panic responses.

The hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin usually occur within 30 minutes after a person ingests it and last 4–6 hours. In some individuals, changes in sensory perception and thought patterns can last for several days.

In 2016, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers first reported that treatment with psilocybin under psychologically supported conditions significantly relieved existential anxiety and depression in people.

References

Drugs
Diazepam

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine which has a relatively long half-life. It is mostly used to treat anxiety, certain  forms of epilepsy, muscle spasms (where the muscle moves on its own, causing pain), and sleeping problems. Like with other benzodiazepines, there is a risk of addiction if used for long periods of this. For this reason the drug is used to treat acute cases (2-4 weeks maximum) to avoid dependence. According to the World Health Organization diazepam is an essential drug.  

Diazepam is marketed under a number of names; its original trade name was Valium. It has been the most prescribed medicine in the United States many times. It is sometimes used recreationally to cause a calming effect.

Drugs used in psychiatry
Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine hydrochloride is an antidepressant medication. It is used as a drug against various illnesses, like depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, and other illnesses. Fluoxetine is a one of a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is commonly known as Prozac.

There are newer drugs available to treat these conditions. Nevertheless, it remains very popular. Over 23.1 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United States in 2006. This makes it the third most prescribed antidepressant.

References

Drugs used in psychiatry

he:SSRI#תרופות ממשפחת SSRI
Portable Document Format

The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format for storing documents on a computer. Adobe created it in 1993 to make it easier to exchange documents. PDF is often used to make documents print-ready. PDF documents can have stylised text and images in them.

The document is stored in such a way that the content does not change the way it looks on different screens, computers and printers as can happen with other file formats. 

PDF is an open standard that was officially published on July 1, 2008 by the ISO.

PDF reader software is required to read PDF documents.

References 

Adobe Inc.
Ashmore and Cartier Islands

The Territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands () is the collective name for two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands. The islands are in the Indian Ocean north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti. The Australian mainland is about  to the southwest, the island of Timor (and Roti next to it) is about  to the north.

The territory includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island  east with, a total area of  within the reefs and including the lagoons, and  of dry land. They have a long coastline, over , but there are no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorage. Nearby Hibernia Reef,  northeast of Ashmore Reef, is not part of the territory, because it has no permanently dry land area, although large parts of the reef become exposed during low tide.

Government 

The territory is administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. Therefore, it is a dependency within the commonwealth. The islands are visited by seasonal caretakers.

Images

References

Commonwealth dependent states
States and territories of Australia
Islands of Australia
Australian Antarctic Territory

The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest part of Antarctica claimed by any nation. The area is about 6.119.818 km². Only the staff of research stations live in the territory.

History 
Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160 E and 45 E to Australia. On 13 February 1954 , Mawson Station was set up. It was the first Australian station on the continent proper. 

Australia's claim to sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory is recognised by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway  . As Australia is part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which accommodates differences of opinions over the status of Antarctic territorial claims which pre-dated the 1959 Antarctic Treaty - effectively placing claims in abeyance - Australia only exercises its sovereignty in ways that in its view are consistent with good relations under the Antarctic Treaty.

Postage stamps 

Australia issues postage stamps for the Australian Antarctic Territory. The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s. All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.

Telephone connections 
Assigned the country calling code +672, four Antarctic bases operated by Australia can be reached by direct calling from anywhere in the world. The area codes are 10-6 for Davis, 11-7 for Mawson, 12-8 for Casey and 13-9 for Macquarie Island, in each case followed by three additional digits.

Other websites 

 Australian Antarctic Division
 PDF-Map of the AAT 
 Australian Antarctic Gazetteer 
 Russian stations

Commonwealth dependent states
States and territories of Australia
Antarctic territorial claims
Postage stamps
British Antarctic Territory

The British Antarctic Territory is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom and is a British overseas territory. It is a triangle in Antarctica from the South Pole to 60° S latitude between longitudes 20° W and 80° W. The Territory was formed on March 3, 1962, although the UK first claimed this part of the Antarctic in 1908. Before 1962, the area now covered by the Territory comprised three separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands;
 Graham Land
 the South Orkney Islands and
 the South Shetland Islands.

The Territory overlaps other claims on Antarctica by Argentina and Chile

The Territory is inhabited largely by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations.

History 
The United Kingdom has had a presence in the South Atlantic since 1833 when it occupied the Falkland Islands. In 1908 the UK claimed the territory that is British Antarctic Territory today, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The territory was governed as three separate dependencies; Graham Land, the South Orkneys, and the South Shetlands, administered from Falkland Islands by the Governor.

Geography 

In addition to continental Antarctica, within which the BAT claim includes the Palmer Land peninsula, and the Ronne Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, the territory also includes the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands.

Administration 

It is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Head of the FCO's Overseas Territories Department.

The Territory has a full suite of laws, and legal and postal administrations. Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory. It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.

Research 

The British Antarctic Survey has three permanently staffed research stations in the Territory:
 Halley
 Rothera
 Signy

References

Other websites 
 UK Foreign Office homepage 
 British Antarctic Survey 

British overseas territories
Antarctic territorial claims
1962 establishments
1962 establishments in the United Kingdom
Establishments in Antarctica
British Indian Ocean Territory

The British Indian Ocean Territory is a dependency of the United Kingdom. It includes many small islands in the Indian Ocean. The territory is the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islandsmany very small. There is a total land area of . The largest island is Diego Garcia. 

Both India and Mauritius claim the territories, and do not recognise the United Kingdom's authority over the Chagos Archipelago. India does not recognise Anglo sovereignty over these "Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands" and has disputed their status since 1947.

The natives of these islands were deported (made to leave their homes) by the British government. They were sent to Mauritius and the Seychelles. This happened in 1968 to 1973, to allow the United States to build a joint UK/US military base. In 2000, the High Court of the UK first ruled that the natives had the right to return home, but the government have been fighting hard against this court decision, and many of the natives are still said to be trying to move back to the islands.

References 

Territorial disputes of India
Cocos (Keeling) Islands

The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands () is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group. The islands are in the Indian Ocean, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka.

History 
Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family. Slaves were brought to work the coconut plantation from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia by Alexander Hare who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java in 1811. A Scottish merchant seaman called Captain John Clunies-Ross, who had also served under Raffles in the takeover, set up a compound and Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross. 

On November 23 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955. In the 1970s, Australian government dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory purchase. By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. However, in 1983 the Australian government moved to dishonour this agreement, and told the former last ruler, John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that the government could not buy Oceania House.  Instead the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be given to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross lives in exile in Perth, Australia, but his successors still live on the Cocos.

In 2004 there were 629 people living on the Cocos (Keeling) islands. There are about 120 Europeans on West Island and 500 Malays on Home Island.  A Cocos dialect of Malay and English are the main languages spoken and 80% of Cocos Islanders are Sunni Muslim. India does not recognise Anglo annexation of these Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands as part of Australia and disputes it's status to counterbalance regional hegemonic sea power.

Government 

The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam (Home Island). Governance of the islands is based on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955

Other websites 
 Atoll Research Bulletin vol. 403 
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands Tourism website
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands  entry from the CIA World Factbook
 Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 Noel Crusz, The Cocos Islands mutiny, Reviewed by: PETER STANLEY, Principal Historian, Australian War Memorial 
 History of Cocos (Keeling) Islands 
 Areas of individual islets 
 The man who lost a 'coral kingdom'

References 

Notes

 
Commonwealth dependent states
Dependent territories
Territorial disputes of India
Heard Island and McDonald Islands

The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (abbreviated as HIMI ) is a territory of Australia. They are islands in the Indian Ocean. They are about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. 

The islands are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
The islands were discovered in 1833 by the British sailor Peter Kemp. They have been territories of Australia since 1947.

Geography
Big Ben is an active volcano.  The volcano is also known as "Mawson Peak".

The group's size is 372 km² in area.

References

Other websites

 "Heard and McDonald Islands" at CIA World Factbook 

Commonwealth dependent states
States and territories of Australia
Islands of Australia
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Protected areas of Australia
Ross Dependency

The Ross Dependency is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.

The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.

The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area – apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory.  The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways.  This allows wheeled and ski equipped aircraft to come and go, year round.

Jurisdiction 
The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper.  If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined. However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean.  It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.

The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.

In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel Southern Quest sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.

References

Other websites
 Government of the Ross Dependency  — official description
 Antarctica New Zealand — Crown entity charged with administering, developing and managing Ross Dependency
 50 years of Scott Base 
 History - From University of Canterbury
 http://www.south-pole.com/homepage.html
 Stamps of Ross Dependency 
 map of Ross Dependency (central part) 

Commonwealth dependent states
New Zealand
Antarctic territorial claims
Věž

Věž is a village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 796 people live in Věž. It covers 14.43 km².

Villages in the Czech Republic
Southern Lapwing

The southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) is a large long-legged bird. Lapwings are shorebirds. It is a common in Central and South America, except in the jungles of the Amazon and the Andes. It is the national bird of Uruguay.

Charadriiformes
Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete is concrete with long bars inside to make it stronger. The reinforcing material has greater tensile strength than concrete has. Usually the bars are steel. Galvanizing saves the steel from rusting and corrosion.  In rich countries, almost all concrete in buildings and roads is reinforced. Reinforced concrete is stronger, and can be even stronger if the steel is stretched to make prestressed concrete.

References 

Building materials
Courthouse

A courthouse is a building that holds a court. Some courthouses also have offices for the prosecutor and prosecutor's assistants. In small cities, some courthouses have other offices for local government officials.

Government buildings
Courts (law)
State (disambiguation)

State may mean:

Political science
 A state in politics, which is the same as a country or a nation.
 A city-state in politics, which is a city that is an independent nation.
 A nation state in politics, where the people living in a country have the same nationality.
 A sovereign state in politics
 A U.S. state, one of the 50 members of the United States. A U.S. state is like a province, prefecture, or district in another country.

Science
 A state of matter in chemistry. For example, solid, liquid, or gas.
 An equation of state in thermodynamics.
 An oxidation state in chemistry, referring to the number of electrons added or subtracted from an atom

Computing 
 State (computer science), a unique configuration of information in a program or machine
 Program state, in computer science, a snapshot of the measure of various conditions in the system
 State pattern, in computer science, a behavioral design pattern
 State (printmaking), a unique form of a print, caused by a deliberate change to a matrix
 State (software), animation software for YouTube and social media sites
Prosecutor

A prosecutor is a lawyer who argues in a court that the defendant should be found guilty of a crime. The prosecutor represents a client, which is sometimes the state (government). It is the prosecutor's job to do what he can to have criminals punished for their crimes.

Trials
Ibiza

Ibiza (in Catalan Eivissa) is an island which is part of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, which all belong to Spain. It is famed for its nightclubs and nightlife.

Other websites 
 Consell Insular d'Eivissa i Formentera (local government) 
 Official City Council Site

Balearic Islands
Phoenician colonies
Octave Mirbeau

Octave Mirbeau (1848–1917) was a French writer. His most famous novels are Le Jardin des supplices (in English: The Torture Garden) (1899) and Le Journal d'une femme de chambre (in English: Diary of a Chambermaid) (1900). His best known comedy is Les affaires sont les affaires (in English: Business is business) (1903).

Other websites 
  Société Octave Mirbeau.
  Dictionnaire Octave Mirbeau .

1848 births
1917 deaths
French novelists
French playwrights
Tumulus

A tumulus (one tumulus, several tumuli) is a certain type of grave. The word comes from Latin. This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. There are different layouts. Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave. There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers. Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.

Related pages
Kofun
Pyramid

History
Burial monuments and structures
Olmec

The Olmecs were a group of people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico. The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica. Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics.  

The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn. Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.

Overview
The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC. They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta. The Olmecs were able to thrive due to the fertile land around the Coatzacoalcos river basin. The reason for the fall of the Olmec empire is unknown. They developed many different cultures.

Art 
The Olmecs created a range of artwork such as altars, jade masks and stone carvings.

Colossal heads 
The Olmec colossal heads are the most recognized symbol of the Olmec civilization. The height and weights of the heads vary, but the largest head is about twice the height of an average human male. They include seventeen heads found in the southern Mexican cities of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tres Zapotes, and Rancho la Cobata. Each head shows a unique facial expression and wears a helmet bearing distinctive decorations.  No two are alike. The origins and meaning of the heads are mysterious, and they are the subject of much speculation among scholars and archaeologists.

Scholars have tried to explain how the Olmecs might have made and moved such big objects. The heads were sculpted out of a hard, dense rock called basalt. Archaeologists think the Olmecs found most of the basalt in the Tuxtlas Mountain range. According to this theory, the basalt heads were sculpted roughly in the mountains and then either floated or dragged by thousands of people from the construction site to the Olmec cities. 

Perhaps the most notable features of the sculptures – and a clue as to their meaning – are the helmets worn by all the Olmec heads. These helmets, and the rubber balls found near the sculptures, may be evidence that the Mesoamerican ball game originated with the Olmec civilization.  The Mesoamerican ball game was a team sport with profound religious and cultural significance for the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America. The Olmec heads were once thought to have represented Mesoamerican ball players who were sacrificed after losing a match.  The current theory, however, is that the heads honor Olmec rulers.

References 
 http://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html

History of North America
Native American
Mixe-Zoque languages

The Mixe-Zoque languages is a group of languages and dialects. They are currently all spoken in Mexico. There are about 350.000 people speaking one of the languages. Depending on who is asked, there are between 12 and 16 languages, with several dialects. Some languages that have become extinct are not counted in these.

Languages of Mexico
Mesoamerica
Step pyramid

Step pyramids are a form of pyramid. They are usually large. Several civilisations developed them.  Several step pyramids can be found in Egypt, what is now Mexico, and what is now Sudan.

Pyramids
Chichen Itza

Chichen Itza was a large Mayan city by the Maya civilization. It is on the Yucatán Peninsula, about 120 km to the east of Mérida. 

Some of the most famous parts of Chichen Itza include:
the temple of Kukultán, the Plumed Serpent (pictured). This is called El Castillo: in Spanish.  It has four sides, and each side has 91 steps.It is one of the seven wonders of the world.

There are many temples and pyramids in Chichen Itza. Tourists, or visitors, were once able to climb some of the pyramids, but it was quite challenging because the steps are very steep and small. Climbing is no longer permitted.

Temple of the Warriors is a big temple with hundreds of columns. The columns used to hold up the roof of the temple. These columns are carved on all four sides with figures of warriors wearing feathers.

The Great Ballcourt is the largest known ancient sports field in Central America. It is 545 feet in length and 225 feet in width. Each end has a raised temple area. The sounds in the ballcourt are remarkable: a whisper from one end can be clearly heard at the other.

Sacred Cenote (pronounced sen-O-tay): a cenote is an underground lake or river.  This cenote is where royalty gave gifts to the gods.

Chichen Itza means at the mouth of the well of enchanted water.

Maya civilization
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Yucatán (state)
Common sense

''For the pamphlet by Thomas Paine see Common Sense (pamphlet)

Common sense means what people would agree about. It is a personal judgement based on the facts of a situation. Common sense is usually the simplest and most direct account of a situation. It is the knowledge and experience which most people have, or should have. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way".

"Common sense" has at least two philosophical meanings. One is a capability of the mind to perceive things like movement and size. The second is our natural sense for other humans and the community. Both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge. Most people are expected to share these things naturally, even if they can not explain why.

It is quite possible for common sense to be wrong, and science often explains things in quite a different way from common sense. People lack any common-sense intuition of the universe at subatomic distances, or of speeds approaching that of light. Today it is well known that the Earth travels around the Sun but before the scientific revolution people thought that the Sun going around the Earth was common sense. 

According to the Simple English Wiktionary “Common sense is something that everybody knows and understands.”

Related pages 
Custom
Endoxa

References 

Everyday life
Philosophy
Magic User's Club

Magic User’s Club is an anime created by Junichi Sato. There were two manga released for it. One is for girls and the other is for boys.

Plot
A huge spaceship called "the Bell" comes to Earth. People try to stop the Bell, but they are not able to. A group of high school students called the "Magic User’s Club" fight the Bell using magic.

Characters
Sae Sawanoguchi: Sae is a new member in the Magic Club. She wants to do magic, but she is very clumsy. She loves Takeo, but she is too shy to tell him.

Nanaka Nakatomi: Nanaka is a new member of the Magic Club. She is Sae’s best friend. Nanaka does not want to be in the Magic Club. She stays in the Magic Club because Sae loves the Magic Club. Nanaka loves Aburatsubo, but she doesn’t think he will love her back.

Akane Aikawa: Akane is a new member of the Magic Club. She is rich and pretty. She thinks magic is easy. She works as a model. 

Takeo Takakura: Takeo is the leader of the Magic Club. He is a pervert. He loves Sae, but he is too nervous to tell her.

Ayanojyo Aburatsubo: Aburatsubo is a member of the Magic Club. He is good at magic. He is good at tennis and acting too. He loves Takeo, but Takeo doesn’t love him back.

Anime
Deryck Whibley

Deryck Whibley (born March 21, 1980) is a Canadian singer and musician from the band Sum 41. He was married to Avril Lavigne but on October 9, 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce.

References 

1980 births
Living people
Canadian singers
Canadian guitarists
Sum 41
People from Ontario
Glam rock

Glam rock is a genre of rock music that was popular in the early 1970s. It was made famous by acts such as David Bowie, Elton John, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Slade, Gary Glitter, Queen and Sweet. Glam fans (usually referred to as the "glitter people") and performers distinguished themselves from the denim-clad hippie-hordes with sci-fi/mythological/Hollywood glamour/ambisexual-inspired costumes, which were perceived as glamorous by the press. They symbolized that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes.  The music was characterised by languid, narcotic ballads and raunchy, high-energy Rolling Stones–influenced rock n‘ roll stylings.

Notable artists
T. Rex
David Bowie
Gary Glitter
Roxy Music
Mott the Hoople
Alice Cooper
Mud
Wizzard
Suzi Quarto
Slade
Sweet
Rolling Stones

Rock music
Culture
Polish Aviation Museum

The Polish Aviation Museum () is a big museum of old airplanes and airplane engines. It is in Kraków, Poland. It is in place of the no-longer used Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport.

Museum shows to people over 200 planes, and plane engines. Some of them one can see only there.

List of things shown in museum

Planes with wings and engine
 Aero Ae-145
 Aero L-60 Brigadýr
 Albatros B.II
 Albatros C.I
 Albatros H.1
 Avia B.33 (Czech-built Ilyushin Il-10)
 Aviatik C.III
 Bleriot XI (copy)
 Bücker Bü 131B Jungmann
 Cessna A-37B Dragonfly
 Cessna UC-78A Bobcat
 Curtiss Export Hawk II
 Dassault Mirage 5
 De Havilland 82A Tiger Moth II
 DFW C.V
 Farman IV
 Grigorovich M-15
 Halberstadt CL.II
 Ilyushin Il-14S (VEB)
 Ilyushin Il-28R
 Ilyushin Il-28U
 Yakovlev Yak-11
 Yakovlev Yak-12
 Yakovlev Yak-17UTI (Jak-17W)
 Yakovlev Yak-18
 Yakovlev Yak-23
 Yakovlev Yak-42
 Let L-200A Morava
 Levavasseur Antoinette
 LFG Roland D.VI
 Lisunov Li-2
 LVG B.II
 LWD Szpak-2
 LWD Żuraw 
 The MAK - 30 flying target which can fly faster than sound
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 PM
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 F-13
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 MF
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 bis
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PF
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PFM
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 R
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 U
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 UM
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 US
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 MF
 North American T-6G Texan
 Northrop F-5E Tiger II
 Piper L-4A Grasshopper
 Polikarpov Po-2 LNB
 PWS-26
 WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
 PZL M-4 Tarpan
 PZL P.11c
 PZL S-4 Kania 3
 PZL Szpak 4T
 PZL-104 Wilga
 PZL-105 Flaming
 PZL-106A Kruk
 PZL-130 Orlik
 RWD-13
 RWD-21
 Saab J 35J Draken
 Saab JASF37 Viggen
 Sopwith F.1 Camel
 Sukhoi Su-7 BKL
 Sukhoi Su-7 BM
 Sukhoi Su-7 UM
 Sukhoi Su-20
 Sukhoi Su-22 M4
 Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk XVIE
 Tupolev Tu-134A
 Tupolev Tu-2S
 WSK Lim-1
 WSK Lim-2
 WSK Lim-5
 WSK Lim-6bis
 WSK Lim-6M
 WSK Lim-6MR
 WSK MD-12F
 WSK SB Lim-2
 WSK SB Lim-2A
 TS-11 Iskra bis B
 TS-8 Bies
 WSK TS-9 Junak 3
 Zlin Z-26 Trener

Flying machines which do not have engine

 IS-1 Sęp bis
 IS-3 ABC
 IS-4 Jastrząb
 IS-A Salamandra
 IS-B Komar 49
 IS-C Żuraw
 S-1 Swift
 SZD-6X Nietoperz
 SZD-8 bis Jaskółka
 SZD-9 bis Bocian 1A
 SZD-10 bis Czapla
 SZD-12 Mucha 100
 SZD-15 Sroka
 SZD-17X Jaskółka L
 SZD-18 Czajka
 SZD-19-2A Zefir 2A
 SZD-21 Kobuz 3
 SZD-22 Mucha Standard
 SZD-25A Lis
 SZD-43 Orion
 WWS Wrona bis
 WWS-2 Żaba

Motor gliders

HWL Pegaz (SP-590)

Flying machines which do not have wings

 BŻ-1 GIL
 BŻ-4 Żuk
 JK-1 Trzmiel
 Mil Mi-4 A
 Mil Mi-4 ME
 WSK Mi-2 URP
 WSK Mi-2Ch
 WSK SM-1 (licence Mil Mi-1)
 WSK SM-2

Engines

Related pages
 glider
 helicopter

Other websites
Official www page of the museum (in English and Polish)
Satellite image from WikiMapia
Images from the museum on www.airliners.net

Aircraft museums
Kraków
Education in Poland
Buildings and structures in Poland
Monstera

Monstera is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 60 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America. 

The plants are herbs or evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix.   Some species have edible fruit.

Many people grow some of these species (esp. Monstera deliciosa) indoors as a houseplant. Monstera deliciosa is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.

In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.

Other websites

 Entry at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants 
Classification from the International Association for Plant Taxonomy

Vines
Araceae
Epiphytes
Vine

A vine is a climbing plant which use stems or runners. These runners trail on the ground, and will climb up when it is possible. It is a growth habit or life habit which makes use of trees to reach light in natural habitats. 

In the United Kingdom, the term "vine" applies almost exclusively to the grapevine, whereas the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.  The grapevine, genus Vitis, carries berries which can be made into wine. In the United States, all climbing plants are called vines or ivies or sometimes creepers (like the Virigina Creeper). 

Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory.

References 

 
Epiphytes
Aerial root

An Aerial root is a root which is above the ground. Different plants have grown them. They can have different functions:
For support: Sometimes such roots are grown for support. Ivy plants have them to cling to structures, such as stone walls, or other trees. The Banyan tree (also known as strangler fig) grows them downward from branches into the forwst floor. Eventually, the host tree dies. 
Roots for breathing: Some plants grow in environments where there is much water in the soil. They may then grow such roots (upwards) to breathe air. Black mangroves have such roots, for example.
As a parasite. Parasites sometimes grow these, into the host to get nutrients. One example of this is the mistletoe.
Roots to propagate: Some plants have above-ground roots. In some places, little plants (with leaves and roots) develop. They will drop off at some point, and develop into new plants (that are clones of the parent). Examples for this are strawberries or the spider plant.

Images

References 

Plant tissues
Brownsville, Texas

Brownsville is a city in the southern tip of Texas. As of 2005, 167,493 people lived there.

References

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Agar

Agar is a substance jelly-like jelly made from from red algae. It consists of agarose and a mixture of molecules known as agaropectin.

You can grow bacteria on agar plates: that is how bacteria are laid out for testing in hospital pathology departments. It is used as a place to grow bacteria in an microbiology laboratory. 

Domestically, it is used to make desserts, as a laxative, and in the process of brewing. 

The word "agar" comes from the Malay word agar-agar, a word which is used for "red algae", where the jelly comes from.

References 

Polymers
Microbiology
Laboratory equipment

min:Agar
new:आगर
Australian Air Force Cadets

The Australian Air Force Cadets (AAFC) is a youth organisation in Australia. The goal of the organisation it to help prepare young people for adult life. It was first created on July 11, 1941 with the name Air Training Corps. It was created to give training to young men (ages 14 to 20) who were interested in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The name was changed in 2001.

Other websites 
 Official AAFC website

Air force
Organisations based in Australia
Military of Australia
1941 establishments in Australia
Cable

A communication cable is made of many wires or optical fibers twisted together to make a larger wire. Each of these wires may be covered. Some cables contain both electrical wires and optical fibers. There are many kinds of cables, including coaxial cables which block out radio or magnetic interference from other wires or cables, by having one wire inside an insulated tube surrounded by a second wire, acting as a metal tube along the same axis.  

Electrical cables are usually made of copper, because electricity moves well through copper, but it is not as expensive as silver or other better conductors. Cables are sometimes made of aluminium because it is cheaper than copper.

The word "cable" is also used as ellipsis, or a short form, for "cable TV". 

Wire ropes are a common type of cable. A cable car is a trolley pulled by a cable.

Related pages
 Cable television

Hardware (mechanical)