cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Flash Gordon

Flash Gordon is a science fiction adventure story that began as a comic strip in 1934. Since then, the Flash Gordon story has been made into movies, TV shows and a radio show. 

In the story, Flash Gordon and Dale Arden blast off into space in a rocket invented by the strange Dr. Hans Zarkov. They travel to the planet Mongo, where the evil Emperor Ming plans to take over the Earth. Flash, Dale and Zarkov have to make friends with the other people on Mongo, to battle Ming and stop his plans.

A new Flash Gordon TV show premieres on the Sci Fi Channel in August 2007.

Other websites

Science fiction
2 (number)

2 (Two; ) is a number, numeral, and glyph.  It is the number after 1 (one) and the number before 3 (three). In Roman numerals, it is II.

In mathematics 
Two has many meanings in math. For example: . An integer is even if half of it equals an integer. If the last digit of a number is even, then the number is even. This means that if you multiply 2 times anything, it will end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.

Two is the smallest, first, and only even prime number. The next prime number is three. Two and three are the only prime numbers next to each other. The even numbers above two are not prime because they are divisible by 2.

Fractions with 2 in the bottom do not yield infinite.

Two is the framework of the binary system used in computers. The binary way is the simplest system of numbers in which natural numbers (0-9) can be written.

Two also has the unique property that 2+2 = 2·2 = 22 and 2! + 2 = 22.

Powers of two are important to computer science.

The square root of two was the first known irrational number.

References 

Integers
Prime numbers
Regina, Saskatchewan

Regina is the capital and second largest city of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is in the eastern prairie region of Western Canada. It is nicknamed "The Queen City" because it was named after Queen Victoria, i.e. Victoria Regina, in 1882, by her daughter Princess Louise, who was the wife of the then-Governor General the Marquess of Lorne.

Regina was also previously the seat of government for the North-West Territories, which were once formed part of today's Saskatchewan and Alberta provinces, and also of the District of Assiniboia. Regina is expected to enter a new period of strong economic growth due to Saskatchewan's agricultural and mineral resources coming into new demand.

The Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League are the only professional sports team in Regina. They play their home games in Regina at Mosaic Stadium. Regina also has the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League and the University of Regina's Regina Cougars/Regina Rams of the CIS.

Regina Stations

CBKT CBC

CKCK CTV Television Network

CFRE Global Television Network

Saskatchewan Communications Network

References

Other websites 

 Regina.ca - Official Regina website
Success

Success may mean:
 a level of social status
 achievement of an objective or goal
 the opposite of failure
achievement of freedom

Geography 
 Success, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in Australia
 Success, Arkansas, United States
 Success, Missouri, United States
 Success, New Hampshire, United States

Basic English 850 words
United States Capitol

A capital is a city that is home to a government. A capitol is a building where the legislature meets. For the capital of the United States, see Washington, D.C.

The United States Capitol is the building where the United States Congress meets.  It is the center of the  legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is in Washington, D.C., on top of Capitol Hill at the east end of the National Mall.

The capitol has a large dome in the center, above a rotunda—a large space that is shaped like a circle.   There are two wings that are connected to the rotunda on opposite sides. The north wing is where the Senate meets and the south wing is where the House of Representatives meets.  These wings are also called chambers.  On the top floors of the chambers are galleries'', or balconies where people can watch the Senate and House of Representatives from above.

The Statue of Freedom is on top of the capitol.

History 
The first capital city of the United States was New York City.  At this time, Congress met in City Hall (Federal Hall) from 1785 to 1790.  When the capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1790 to 1800, the Philadelphia County Building (Congress Hall) became the capitol. In 1800, the capital moved again to Washington, D.C., and a new capitol building was built.

The capitol was designed by William Thornton.  Construction started in 1793, but it was not completely finished until almost twenty years later.  The Senate started to meet in the capitol in 1800, when the Senate wing was finished.  The House started to meet in the capitol in 1807, even though the House wing was not finished until 1811.

At that time, it was not as big as it is now. The dome in the center of the building was smaller and made of wood. In 1814, the capitol was set on fire by the British Army during the War of 1812. In the 1850s and 1860s, the capitol was fully repaired, and the wooden dome was replaced with a larger iron dome. The walls of the Senate wing were painted with many murals  about events in American History. Inside the rotunda, a large fresco was also painted on the ceiling during the repair.

The Supreme Court also met in the Capitol until its own building was completed in 1935.

The Capitol Dome is 8,909,200 pounds (4,009 tonnes) of cast-iron with 108 windows, and was constructed between 1855 and 1866.

On January 6, 2021, supporters of US President Donald Trump stormed into the capitol. This caused a lockdown in the building.

References

Citations

Books

Other websites 
 United States Capitol Historical Society
 United States Capitol Visitor Center

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Buildings on the National Mall
Historic district contributing properties
Strut bar

A car's strut bar or strut brace is to prevent body roll by bracing the top of the strut towers together.

Auto parts
Front-wheel drive

Front-wheel drive, or FWD, is a car setup, where the car's power is at the front wheels. This makes the car safe in wet and snowy conditions, because it has better traction, or grip, to the road. But, FWD can cause uneven weight, which may cause brakes to fail if used for large periods of time.

Automotive technologies
Rear-wheel drive

Rear-wheel drive, or RWD, is when a car uses its rear wheels to move. This is good for dry roads, and for acceleration, or how fast you move forward, as the weight is pushed backwards on the back wheels. But, RWD cars can spin out, also called oversteer or fishtail. This can cause crashes if the driver is new and not familiar with RWD cars.

Automotive technologies
Wireless

The word wireless is used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is done without a "hard wired" connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of wires. The distances involved may be short (when using a television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications).

Uses
One of the most popular wireless technology is the mobile phone, with more than 6.8 billion subscriptions worldwide as of 2013. The term wireless technology is generally used for mobile information technology (IT) equipment. Examples include mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), Global Positioning System (GPS) units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.

History
The world's first wireless telephone conversation happened in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented photophone, a telephone that made conversations wirelessly using light beams.    In 1946, a driver in Saint Louis, Mo. placed the first cell phone call in history. The cell phone was invented by Bell Labs and future AT&T CEO, H.I Romnes.

References

Related pages
Radio wave

Technology
Radio

de:Funkverkehr
Centrifuge

A centrifuge is a device with a motor in it, which is used to spin an object with high speed. This high speed spinning forces the object outwards. This force is used for several purposes:

 a uranium centrifuge is used to separate two isotopes of uranium (named U-235 and U-238) from each other;
 in medical laboratories, serum is separated from the blood samples using a centrifuge;
 in chemical laboratories, centrifuges are used to subtract solid parts of an emulsion from its liquid parts.
 large centrifuges are used by NASA to expose astronauts to high forces for their training.

References 

Laboratory equipment
Shah

Shah () is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country. This word is used in different countries in the world, including Iran, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Presently the term "Shah" is used as a surname commonly by many people in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan who  are Hindu, Moslem and Jain. Many Indian names which have Shah in them; the most famous of them is Shah Jahan, who as the Emperor of India ordered the creation of Taj Mahal. One possible etymology of the chess term checkmate is the Persian shah mat, meaning "the king cannot escape"

The term "Shah" often means Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran from 1949 to 1979.

References 

Heads of state
Approval voting

Approval voting is a voting system used for elections. In approval voting, each person can vote for any number of candidates they like. The votes for each of the candidates are counted, and summed up. The candidate or candidates with most votes are chosen as the winners of the election.

Supporters argue it to be better than plurality voting because voters can vote for the lessor of evils advertised by the media but also for their favorite candidates. If their goal is just to vote against a candidate, they can do so more forcefully by approving all other candidates. Ballots can easily be hand counted if voters do not trust computers, which might be needed for Instant Runoff Voting. Vote spoiling is not an issue with approval voting, so many candidates may run for office.

Opponents argue that voters still have some of the problems of plurality voting, which is that they do not know if they will need to compromise their vote or not(tactical voting). Giving approval to a compromise candidate could result in that compromise candidate winning, when their favorite would have won had they not given approval to the compromise candidate. It is possible for 51% of voters (a majority) to view a candidate as their first choice but for that candidate to lose to a compromise candidate because many of those voters approved the compromise candidate as well. Not knowing whether or not to compromise is a problem with all voting systems when at least three strong candidates run.

Voting systems
Agar plate

An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains agar and some nutrients (food for the microorganisms). It is used to grow microorganisms. For example, a blood sample of a patient may be put on agar plate, to let the bacteria that made the patient sick grow. These bacteria can then be identified using a microscope to let the doctor choose the appropriate treatment of the patient.

When microorganisms grow on the agar plate, they form colonies. Each colony has similar genetic characteristics. 

There are many types of agar plates that are used, but the two main types are defined and undefined. An undefined plate's nutrients aren't exactly known, but everything in a defined plate is accounted for.

Related pages 
Tissue culture

Laboratory equipment
Mansur Al-Hallaj

Abū al-Mughīth Hossein ibn Manūr Al Hallāj (c. 858 - March 26, 922) () or Hallaj was a Persian poet and writer. Hallaj was born in Shūshtar, Iran. Hallaj memorized the Quran when he was young. He taught Sufism in Baghdad. Muslim scholars were against his teachings. He was imprisoned in Baghdad for eleven years. In the end, he was tortured and he was beheaded by Abbasid rulers.

References 

Persian poets
858 births
922 deaths
Again

"Again" is the name of many songs:
 "Again" (1949 song), recorded by many singers, with Doris Day, Vic Damone and Vera Lynn
 "Again" (1993 album), by Alan Stivell
 "Again" (Alice in Chains song), by Alice in Chains
 "Again" (2002 song), by Archive
 "Again" (2004 song), by Earshot
 "Again" (2005 song), from the album The First Lady by Faith Evans
 "Again" (2006 song), by Yui Sakakibara
 "Again" (Lenny Kravitz song), the 2001 song by Lenny Kravitz
 "Again" (Janet Jackson song), from the album janet. by Janet Jackson

Basic English 850 words
Conical measure

A conical measure is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to store and mix liquids.

Structure 
A conical measure is a conical, or in the shape of a cone. It has a wide top so that liquids can be poured in more easily and marks on the side of it to help measure the amount of liquid more easily. They can be made of plastic or glass.

Uses 
A conical measure can be used in any pouring, measuring or mixing of liquids. This means that it is useful in:
Pharmacies
Schools
Laboratories
Hospitals
They are also useful in homes as a measuring cup for cooking.

Conical measures are not very accurate, but are easy to use and to mix liquids in.

Other websites
A conical measure manufactorer  - See for picture
Experiment using conical measures 

Laboratory equipment
Unsuri

Abu Al Qasim Hasan ibn Ahmad Unsuri Balkhi (d. 1039/1040) () or Unsuri was a Persian poet. He was born in Balkh, in modern Afghanistan. He became the poet of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mahmud Ghaznavi called him "King of Poets". All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan.

Persian poets
1039 deaths
Ali Shariati

Ali Shariati Mazinani (1933-1977) (Persian: علی شريعتی مزینانی) or Shariati was an Iranian Muslim philosopher, sociologist, poet and writer.

Shariati's life 
Shariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran. He studied sociology in the University of Paris. He returned to Iran in 1964. When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons. He was released in 1965. Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad. He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967. The Shah regime arrested him again. When he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything. Shariati decided to leave the country for England. Three weeks later he died in Southampton under suspicious circumstances. He was buried in Damascus, Syria.

Shariati's most important books 
  Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
 Where Shall We Begin?
 Mission of a Free Thinker
 The Free Man and Freedom of the Man
 Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources
 Martyrdom (book)
 Arise and Bear Witness
 Ali
 An approach to Understanding Islam
 A Visage of Prophet Muhammad
 A Glance of Tomorrow's History
 Reflections of Humanity
 A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
 Selection and/or Election
 Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
 Expectations from the Muslim Woman
 Horr (Battle of Karbala)
 Abu-Dahr
 Hossein Heir of Adam
 Islamology
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Jihad and Shahadat
 Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
 A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers
 Art Awaiting the Saviour
 Fatemeh is Fatemeh
 The Philosophy of Supplication
 The Fall
 One, in front of it,Zeros to eternity
 Father,mother,we are culprits
 The Tale, My brother
 The Three Idols
 History of Civilization
 Man and Islam - see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
 Religion versus Religion

Other websites
Dr Ali Shariati
Dr Ali Shariati PDF Books
History of Iran & Persian
Persian poets

1933 births
1977 deaths
20th-century philosophers
Iranian philosophers
Kisai Marvazi

Abul Hasan Abu Ishaq Kasa'i Marvazi (or Marvzi) (953 - 10th century) 
() or Kasai is a Persian poet. He was born in Marv. He was a poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. He converted to Shia Islam. He has praised Ali ibn Abi Talib many times in his poems. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Diwan.

953 births
10th-century deaths
Persian poets
Farrokhi Sistani

Abul Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani (c. 980 - 1037 or 1038) () or Farrokhi is a Persian poet. Farrokhi was the best poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan.

10th-century births
1037 deaths
Persian poets
Mu'izzi

Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet. He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar. He was from the village of Nisa. He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.

He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His divan of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain). Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.

Example 
Ghazel of Mu'izzi in Tajik:

Эй руйи ту рахшандатар аз киблаи Зардушт,
Бе руйи ту чун зулфи куж аст маро пушт.
Ишки ту маро кушту хавои ту маро сухт,
Чаври ту маро хасту чафои ту маро кушт.
Харчанд хама чавру чафои ту кашидам,
харгиз накунам мехру вафои ту фаромушт.
Бархезу биё то зи руху зулфи ту имшаб,
Пурлола кунам доману пурмушк кунам мушт

translation -

Hey your face is brighter than qibla of Zarostra
Without your face and ringlets crooked in my back
Your love killed me and your air burnt me
I have your oppression and your cruelty killed me
Whatever your oppression and cruelty I suffered from
Never I will forget your kindness and loyalty
Get up and come this night
I will make you full of tulips...

Notes 
  Granville, E. G. (1997) A Literary History of Persia

References 
 Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 . 
 The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany

1048 births
1125 deaths
Persian poets
Khaqani Shirvani

Afzal ad- Din Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Nadjar Khaqani Shirvani (1120-1190) () or Khaghani Shirvani was a Persian poet. His most famous poem is The Arch of Madain(). He wrote the poem book Tohfat-ul Iraqein (in Persian: تحفه العراقين meaning A Gift from the Two Iraqs) in his journey to Mesopotamia. The Shirvanshah ordered his officers to imprison him. Khaghani was in prison for nearly five years. In prison, he wrote the poems called Habsiyye (, meaning The Prison Book). After he was freed, he moved to Tabriz. Khaghani died in Tabriz.

1120 births
1190 deaths
Persian poets
Sohrab Sepehri

Sohrab Sepehri (; October 7, 1928 - April 21, 1980) was an Iranian poet and painter. He was born in Kashan, Iran. His poems are in Persian. His most famous poetry book is Hasht Ketab (Eight Books). His poems have been translated to French, English, Arabic, Italian, Swedish, Hindi and Russian. Sohrab Sepehri died in Tehran.

Persian poets
1928 births
1980 deaths
Shabestari

Mahmud Shabestari (1288-1340; ) is a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in the city of Tabriz. His most famous poem is called Gulshan-i Rāz (Persian:  meaning "A Secret Rose Garden"). Gulshan-i Rāz is an important Sufi text.

Persian poets
1288 births
1340 deaths
Jami

Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (,  August 18, 1414–November 19, 1492), or Jami, was a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in Jam, Persia. He studied science, Arabic literature, natural sciences, Islamic philosophy and Indian literature in Herat University. He went to Samarqand and completed his studies there. Jami wrote eighty seven books, in Persian and Arabic. Some of his books have been translated to English. His poems are collected in a Divan.

1414 births
1492 deaths
Persian poets
Saadi

Sheikh Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif-ibn-Abdullah Saadi Shirazi (1184-1291) () or Saadi was a Persian poet. He was born in Shiraz, Iran. He went to Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences in Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. He travelled to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. His most famous poetry book is the Bostan (, meaning The Orchard). He also wrote the Golestan (, meaning The Rosery). His poems are in Persian and Arabic.

1184 births
1291 deaths
Persian poets
Saint-Paul, Réunion

Saint-Paul, Réunion is the second largest city in Réunion. The largest is Saint-Denis. In 2008, a train which connects Saint-Paul to Saint-Denis and the main international airport in Réunion will be completed.

References

Other websites

  (in French)

Paul
Communes in Réunion
Subprefectures in France
Iraj Mirza

Jalalolmamalek pesar-e Gholam-Hossein Mirza (October 1874 - 14 March 1926) () or Iraj Mirza () was an Iranian poet. He was born in Tabriz, Iran.

His most famous poems are Satan (in Persian: Ebleess), Mother (in Persian: Maadar), Woman's picture (in Persian Tassvir-e-Zan), Story of the Hijab (in Persian Daastaan-e Chaador) and the story of Zohreh and Manouchehr (in Persian: Daastaan e Zohreh o Manouchehr).

He died in Tehran on 14 March 1926. His tomb is in Shemiran, north of Tehran.

1874 births
1926 deaths
Persian poets
Federalism

Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of people are bound together, with a governing head. In a federation, the authority is divided between the head (for example the central government of a country) and the political units governed by it (for example the states or provinces of the country).

Several countries in the world have a federal government; examples are United States of America, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, India, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. The European Union can be called a sort of federal government as well.

In the United States Constitution for example, the federal government and state governments both have power. When states and the federal government do not agree on something, the Supreme Court can decide who is right.

References 

Politics
Federation

A federation is a union of a number of self-governing states or regions, which are joined together under a central government.  The central government is not able to do a lot of things that central government in more centralized states can.  These things are done by the states (or regions) in a federalized state.

The United States of America is a federation. The federal (central) government has the highest executive role. However, state governments can exercise any powers as long as those powers are not assigned to the federal government (by the United States Constitution) and if those powers are not prohibited by the states themselves.

Australia became a Federation in 1901.

After the 1971 civil war, Pakistan became a Federation adopted in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan.

Other examples of federal states are Austria, Argentina, Belgium (since 1993), Canada, Germany, Russia and Switzerland.

References
Federal republic

A federal republic is a federation of states, with a republican form of central government. It differs from a unitary state in that in a federal republic, the authorities of the state governments cannot be taken back by the central government.

A republic is a country belonging to the people, whereas a federation is a form of government where by regional divisions are not branches of the central government. Thus, a federal republic has power divisions and regional governments fall under the power domain of the national government. 

Many countries have a federal republic government; for example, the Republic of Austria, the Federal Republic of Brazil, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of India, the United Mexican States, the Swiss Confederation, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and the United States of America.  As this list shows, some of these countries use "Federal Republic" in their name, and some do not. Federal Republics usually have presidents.

There can be more than one type of Federal republic. For example, the United States is a Constitutional Democratic Federal Republic. Ethiopia also has a Federal Republic government

History of the American Federal republic 

The American Federal republican system has grown over the past 225 years.

References

Republics
Square (disambiguation)

A square is a shape with four equal sides and four equal angles.

Square may also mean:

Mathematics 
To square, to multiply a number by itself
Unit square
Square wave
Square root
Square matrix
Square number

Units of Measure 
Square inch
Square foot
Square yard
Square mile
Square metre
Square kilometre
Square (building area)

Engineering and drafting 
Carpentry square
Combination square
Machinist square
Speed square
Steel square
Set square
T-square
Try square

Locations 
A town square or market square is an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town. Notable squares include:

 Dundas Square
 Harvard Square
 Naghsh-i Jahan Square
 Piłsudski Square, Warsaw
 Red Square, Moscow
 Tiananmen Square
 Times Square
 Trafalgar Square
 Triple Cross Square, Warsaw
 Union Square
 Victoria Square, Montreal

Other locations called "Square" include:
Square Lake, Maine
The Square Shopping Centre (Tallaght, Ireland)

Military 
Infantry square, a military tactical formation
Pike square, a military tactical formation
Square Division

Music 
Square (band)

Sport and leisure
a modifier adjective, used when describing fielding positions in cricket
an adjective or noun, used when describing two positions parallel with one another relative to the goal in football

Other 
Square (slang), a cigarette
Square (slang), an unhip person
Square (cipher), a cryptographic block cipher
Square (album) by Buck 65
Square Enix, a video game company
Square Co.
Square Electronic Arts
Square Pictures
Square dance
Square engine
Mandarin square, a Chinese insignia
Square rig, a sailing term
Reef knot, also known as a square knot
An astrological aspect of 90 degrees
"■", written character
Square (algebra)

In mathematics, a square of a number means the result of multiplying the number by itself. For example, the square of 6 is 6×6 = 36.

It is named this because squaring a number gives the area of a square.

Squaring a number can also be written as 62 = 36. Squaring is the same as raising to the power of 2.

Many of the units of area are squares. For example, a square meter means the area equal to the area of a rectangle which is one meter tall and one meter wide.

Related pages
 Square number

Algebra
Pan (moon)

Pan is a moon of Saturn. It is the closest moon to the planet, orbiting 133,600 km above Saturn's cloud tops. It was discovered in 1990 by Mark Showalter. He discovered Pan when he was analysing the photos taken by Voyager 2. It orbits inside the Encke gap which it has made Saturn's A Ring.

Pan was named after the Greek god Pan on 16 September 1991. It is also known as .

Its mass is in the range .

References 

Saturn's moons
Atlas (moon)

Atlas is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Terrile from photos taken by Voyager 1 in 1980. It was named after the Atlas in Greek mythology. It orbits just outside Saturn's A ring.

Saturn's moons
Prometheus (moon)

Prometheus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Stewart Collins from Voyager 1 photos in 1981. It was named after the god of the same name in Greek mythology. The moon acts as a shepherd satellite for the inner part of Saturn's F ring.

Saturn's moons
Chris Daughtry

Christopher Adam "Chris" Daughtry (born December 26, 1979) is an American singer. He is best known for being the fourth-place finisher on American Idol. He is also the lead singer of Daughtry. His band released their first album in 2006.

Other websites 
 Official website
 Chris Daughtry at WikiMusicGuide
 

1979 births
Living people
American Idol contestants
Singers from North Carolina
Pandora (moon)

Pandora is a moon of Saturn. The moon is named after Pandora in Greek mythology. It is the outer shepherd satellite of Saturn's F ring, the inner satellite being Prometheus. Pandora has many craters in its surface.

Saturn's moons
Daphnis (moon)

Daphnis is a moon of Saturn. It is a tiny moon, measuring 6 to 8 km in diameter. It is discovered by the Cassini-Huygens space probe in 2005. It orbits inside the Keeler Gap in Saturn's rings.

Saturn's moons
Melinda Doolittle

Melinda Marie Doolittle (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer. She was a third-place finalist on American Idol.

Discography

EPs

Other websites
Biography on American Idol 

Doolittle's credits on All Music Guide
Doolittle's MySpace site
Melinda's Backups - her support association
Melinda's Management Company

Singers from Tennessee
American Idol contestants
1977 births
Living people
Epimetheus (moon)

Epimetheus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966. At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn. It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.

Saturn's moons
Janus (moon)

Janus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966. Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same as Janus. Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit.

Saturn's moons
Enceladus (moon)

Enceladus  is a moon of Saturn. It is the sixth largest of Saturn's moons, and it has a diameter of 500 km. Enceladus is within Saturn's E ring and likely contributes material to it. The moon is made mostly out of water ice, so it reflects light very well. It reflects almost 100% of the sunlight that strikes the moon.William Herschel discovered Enceladus on August 28, 1789. In 2014, NASA reported that its Cassini spacecraft found evidence for liquid water on Enceladus. Scientists now think that there is a large underground ocean of liquid water, around 10 km thick, near Enceladus' south pole. There are also cryovolcanoes (cold volcanoes) near the south pole. These volcanoes shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles, and some solid particles like sodium chloride crystals and ice particles into space. Some of these substances become part of Saturn's E ring.

References and notes

Saturn's moons
Tethys (moon)

Tethys (pronounced TEE-this) is a large moon of the planet Saturn.

Discovery 
It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684. It was one of the first Saturnian moons discovered.

Physical characteristics

Mass, density and volume 
Tethys' mass is 617,551,805,221,061,000,000 kg, its density is 0.973 g/cm3 and its volume is 634,264,255 km3.

Craters and valleys 
It has a very large crater on its surface, called Odysseus. It is named after a Greek warrior king in Homer's two great works, The Iliad and The Odyssey. There is also a very long valley called Ithaca Chasma. It is 100 km wide and 2000 km long.

Orbit and rotation 
Tethys takes 45.3 hours to orbit (go around) Saturn and orbits Saturn 294,660 km away. Tethys is tidally locked in phase with its parent planet - one side always faces toward Saturn.

References 

Saturn's moons
Thread

Thread could mean:
A kind of thin yarn, thin fibers spun together, for sewing
Screw thread, a ridge running in a spiral down the length of a screw
Threaded discussion, a group of messages to a newsgroup, mailing list or Internet forum on a single topic
Thread (computer science), a sequence of instructions which may execute in parallel with other threads
Threads, a 1984 BBC docudrama concerning the after-effects of a nuclear attack on Sheffield
Thread, a destructive mindless alien spore in the Dragonriders of Pern series of science fiction novels
"Threads", a Season 8 Stargate SG-1 episode
Thread (unit of measurement), a cotton yarn measurement, equal to 54 inches
Thread, a 1999 album by Wideawake
 Thread, a sugar stage in candy cookery
Thread (business technology), a connection made to publicly record the quality of a business transaction
 

Basic English 850 words
Single

Single can mean the following:

Single person, a person who has no mate
Single (music), a song that is not part of an album
Download single
Vinyl single
Single (baseball), a type of baseball hit

Basic English 850 words
Cartridge (electronics)

A cartridge means an object that adds different functions or content to an electronic device (like a video game cartridge), or that refills something the device needs (like an ink cartridge for a printer).

A cartridge is easy to use. For example, an ink cartridge is easier to use than a bottle of ink. This is because all the ink is inside the cartridge.

A cassette is a small cartridge. The words have similar meanings.

Electronics
Storage devices
EFL Cup

The EFL Cup, known for most of its history as the Football League Cup and also known in the past by several sponsored names, is a national association football competition in England, with a few clubs in Wales also playing. It is like the FA Cup, but has fewer teams, and starts and ends earlier in the season.

Unlike the FA Cup, which is open to hundreds of clubs belonging to The Football Association, which runs football in England, the EFL Cup is open only to the 92 teams in the top four divisions of English football—those playing in the top-level Premier League and the English Football League, which includes the next three lower divisions.

Winners 
Note: * means after extra time

1961–1966 (two legs)

Since 1967 (single game)
The Football Association

The Football Association (the FA) is the organisation that controls English football.

Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world. It is responsible for overseeing the amateur and professional game in England and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.

The FA is a member of FIFA and UEFA and has a seat in the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which is responsible for the Laws of the Game. The FA is also a member of the British Olympic Association, which means that they also have control over the Great Britain Olympic football team.

The FA has only a little bit of control of the Premier League and the English Football League, although all professional teams in England are members of the FA.

Competitions 
Some Competitions the FA runs are:

 FA Cup
 FA Trophy
 FA Vase
 FA Women's Cup
 FA Youth Cup
 FA Community Shield
 FA Futsal Cup

Related pages
 English Premier League
 Scottish Premier League
 FA Cup
 Football League Cup
 FA Community Shield

References

Other websites 
 The FA web site

1863 establishments in the United Kingdom
 
UEFA
Büchner funnel

A büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid. It is named after an industrial chemist called Ernst Büchner.

Structure 

A Büchner funnel can be made out of porcelain, glass or plastic. On the top there is a container with a hole in the bottom. This container is put on top of a Büchner flask with a hole in the top and a hole in the side. In between the container and the Büchner flask there is a piece of filter paper which lets through liquids but not any solids. Attached to the hole in the side there is a vacuum which sucks the air out of the Büchner flask. This means that when any mixture is poured into the top, the liquid is sucked through the filter paper and the solid is left stuck in the filter paper.

Uses 
A Büchner flask is used in chemistry to take unwanted solids out of any liquids. The advantages of using a Büchner flask over just a piece of filter paper held over a beaker is that the solid is dried as more and more liquid is sucked off of it by the vacuum. Most of the time it needs to be dried again in an oven, but sometimes no further drying is needed.

Related pages
Büchner flask

Other websites
A Büchner funnel manufacturer 
Experiment using Büchner funnels
More examples of Büchner funnels

Laboratory equipment
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) were one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. He is said to have built the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media. She wanted to see the trees and plants of her homeland. The hanging gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BC.

Existence 
Some people do not believe the Hanging Gardens were real. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by Berossus, a Chaldean priest. He lived in the late 4th century B.C. Greek historians later wrote more about them.

Recent archaeological digs of the palace in Iraq have uncovered evidence of a building with vaults and a well nearby. However, the place of the palace complex is different from where Greek historians said they were, which was on the banks of the Euphrates River. Also recently, there have been digs on the banks of the Euphrates River of some large 25 meter-thick walls.

References

Other websites 

 Seven Wonders of the World: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 
 Technology and Culture. 44, 1, 2003 Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the water screw: the context of invention in the ancient world"

Seven Wonders of the World
Mesopotamia
Botanical gardens
Statue of Zeus at Olympia

The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece was designed by Phidias about 432 BC. Phidias built his workshop at Olympia to construct this statue and probably stayed there the rest of his life. The statue was housed in the Temple of Zeus. With the base, it stood seven times larger than life or about 12.40 meters. The face, arms, and feet were made of ivory. The robe, sandals, the beard and hair were made of gold. He wore a silver olive wreath on his head. The throne was made of gold, bronze, ebony, ivory, and gems. It was decorated with scenes from mythology. This Zeus was the kindly Zeus rather than the fierce and powerful Zeus. The Roman emperor Caligula wanted the statue sent to Rome. He planned to take the head off and replace it with an image of his own. The statue does not survive. It was probably shipped to Constantinople about 393 AD and destroyed in a fire there in 475 AD. The statue was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

References

Other websites 

 "The Statue of Zeus at Olympia" 
 Colin Delaney, "A Wonder to Behold: The Statue of Olympian Zeus" 
 Archaeopaedia: Statue of Zeus  With bibliography
 (Ellen Papakyriakou) Olympia: Art: the chryselephantine statue of Zeus
 Michael Lahanas, "The colossal Zeus statue of Pheidias" 

Zeus at Olympia
Zeus at Olympia
Zeus at Olympia
Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis

The Temple of Artemis (, Artemision, Latin: Artemisium), also known as the Artemision, was a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis (or Cynthia). It was completed around 350 BC at Ephesus (in present-day Turkey) under the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. Only ruins of the temple remain. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Location 

The Temple of Artemis was near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50 km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey.

Architecture and art 
Most of the description of the Temple of Artemis comes from Pliny, though there are different accounts that give different sizes.

Pliny said the temple was 115 meters long and 55 meters wide. He said it was made almost completely of marble. It was about three times as big as the Parthenon by area. The Temple has 127 Ionic-styled columns. Each is 17.5 meters in height.

The Temple of Artemis had many fine artworks. Bronze sculptures by famous Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon were in the temple. Paintings and gilded columns of gold and silver were also in it. The sculptors often competed at creating the best sculpture. Many of these sculptures were of Amazons, who are said to have founded the city of Ephesus.

Pliny said that Scopas, who also worked on the Mausoleum of Mausollos, worked carved reliefs into the temple's columns.

Athenagoras of Athens names Endoeus, a student of Daedalus, as the sculptor of the main statue of Artemis in Ephesus.

Cult and influence 
The Temple of Artemis was at a flourishing region. It was used as a religious institute. Merchants and travellers came to it from all over Asia Minor. The temple was influenced by many beliefs. It can be seen as a symbol of faith for many different peoples. The Ephesians worshiped Cybele. They joined many of their beliefs into the worship of Artemis. Artemisian Cybele became very different from the Roman goddess Diana. The cult of Artemis attracted thousands of worshipers from far-off lands. They all gathered at the site and worshipped her.

References 
 Anton Bammer, "A Peripteros" of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus" Anatolian Studies 40 (1990), pp. 137–160.
 Lynn R. LiDonnici, "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration" The Harvard Theological Review 85.4 (October 1992), pp 389–415.

Other websites 

 UnMuseum's The Temple of Artemis
 Seven Wonders' Temple of Artemis 
 Florence Mary Bennett, Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons: (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
 James Grout: Temple of Artemis, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
 Diana's Temple at Ephesus (W. R. Lethaby, 1908)

Seven Wonders of the World
Ancient Greece
Büchner flask

A Büchner flask (also called a vacuum flask, a filter flask, a side-arm flask or a kitasato flask) is a flask made of glass.

Structure 
A Büchner flask has thick walls so that a pressure change will not break it. It has a hole in the top where a Büchner funnel can be put and a small tube in the side where a vacuum can be attached. The small tube has barbs on it so that the vacuum will not weaken.

Uses 
A Büchner flask can be used with a Büchner funnel for separating solids and liquids. Water is poured into the Büchner funnel and the liquid passes through filter paper and is sucked up by a vacuum attached to the side of the Büchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Büchner funnel.

The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus, or vice versa.

History 
It is commonly thought to be named after the Nobel Laureate, Eduard Buchner, but it is actually named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner.

Related pages
 Büchner funnel

Other websites
 A Büchner funnel manufacturer 
 Experiment using Büchner funnels
 More examples of Büchner funnels

Laboratory equipment
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, or Tomb of Mausolus, was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey). It was built   for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his wife and his sister.

The building was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene.< It was about 45 meters (135 feet) tall. Each one of the four sides was decorated with sculptural reliefs created by one of four Greek sculptors — Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus. It was such an accomplishment that Antipater of Sidon said it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The word mausoleum has come to be used generically for any grand tomb.

Related pages 
 Seven wonders of the world

Further reading 
 Kristian Jeppesen, et al. The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos, 6 vols.

References

Other websites 
 penelope.uchicago - The Tomb of Mausolus (W.R. Lethaby's reconstruction of the Mausoleum, 1908)

Seven Wonders of the World
Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge iron and bronze statue of the Greek god Helios. It was built on the Greek island of Rhodes (approximate coordinates 36°27'04"N, 28°13'40"E). It was built by Chares of Lindos, a student of Lysippos. It was built between 294 and 282 BC. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Before being destroyed in an earthquake, the Colossus of Rhodes was 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100 feet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.

Construction 
Chares of Lindos was commissioned to build the statue after the lifting of Demetrius I Poliorcetes' siege of Rhodes (305BC). It had a bronze core and was reinforced by iron. It stood 70 cubits (105 feet [32 metres]) high and stood beside Mandrákion harbour, perhaps shielding its eyes with one hand, as a representation in a relief suggests. It is technically impossible that the statue could have straddled the harbour entrance, and the popular belief that it did so dates only from the Middle Ages. Construction started in 294 BC and finished 12 years later.

Destruction 
The statue was an intelligent "advertising" of the city that erected it, a tangible proof of its wealth and technology. Unfortunately, in 222 BC, about 60 years after its unveiling, the Colossus collapsed as its knees were wrecked by an earthquake.  Falling wreckage is said to have demolished 30 homes.

Despite its terrible fall, the statue did not cease to belong to the great wonders of the ancient world. Even after a hundred years its destruction, Antipater of Sidon , a writer of Greco-Spanish origin, included the Colossus in his catalog of the seven wonders of the world. 

In 654 AD, 900 years after the collapse of the Colossus, the Saracens plundered Rhodes and sold the metallic remains of the colossus. It is said that the buyer used 900 camels to transport the fragments to Syria . Thus the image of the god who once saved the city from the foreign invasion had a fate similar to that of the siege machines of Demetrius, which when sold financed the construction of the Colossus.

Notes

References 
  page 75

Further reading 
 Herbert Maryon, "The Colossus of Rhodes" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 76 (1956), pp. 68–86. A sculptor's speculations on the Colossus of Rhodes.
 D. E. L. Haynes, "Philo of Byzantium and the Colossus of Rhodes" The Journal of Hellenic Studies 77.2 (1957), pp. 311–312. A response to Maryon.
 M. H. Gabriel, BCH 16 (1932), pp 332–42.

Other websites 
 Rhodes Guide
 http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/colossus.html 

Seven Wonders of the World
Ancient Greece
Buildings and structures in Greece
Statues
Ancient Greek and Roman statues
Ancient Greek bronze sculptures
Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Lighthouse of Alexandria, or the Pharos, was a tall tower built between 285 and 247 BCE. It was built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to serve as a lighthouse for sailors. The top of the tower had a mirror that reflected sunlight during the day; a fire was lit at night.

The word for "lighthouse" in some languages is pharos or its  equivalent.

Construction 
Legend holds that Ptolemy I Soter would not allow Sostratus to put his name on the tower, but the architect left the following inscription on the base's walls:
<blockquote>ΣΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ΔΕΞΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΚΝΙΔΙΟΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΣΩΤΕΡΣΙΝ ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ ΠΛΩΙΖΟΜΕΝΩΝ</small>. (Sostratus of Cnidus, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods protecting those upon the sea.)</blockquote>
These words were hidden under a layer of plaster, on top of which was chiseled another inscription honoring Ptolemy the king as builder of the Pharos. After centuries the plaster wore away, revealing the name of Sostratus.

With a height estimated at between 115 and 145 meters (384 – 469 ft), it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries. It was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by Antipater of Sidon. It was the third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra). It was destroyed by earthquakes.

Recent archaeological research 
Divers discovered remains of the lighthouse in fall 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour. Some of these remains were brought up and were lying at the harbour on public view at the end of 1995. An episode of the PBS television series Nova chronicled the discovery. Later satellite imaging has revealed further remains. It is possible to go diving and see the ruins.

References 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Egypt
Seven Wonders of the World
Alexandria
Lighthouses
Transport in Egypt
3rd-century BC establishments
Establishments in Egypt
Telesto (moon)

Telesto is a tiny moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a number of astronomers in 1980, based from some observations from the Earth. It was named after Telesto in Greek mythology. Telesto orbits around Saturn together with much larger moon Tethys. Thus, Telesto is also known as a Trojan moon. The moon leads at a point 60 degrees in front of Tethys in its orbit. Another small moon, Calypso, orbits with Telesto.

Saturn's moons