cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Nigel Lawson

Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby PC (born 11 March 1932) is a British Conservative politician. He was born in Hampstead, London, and is of Jewish descent.

He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he got a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He was a journalist during the 1960s. Lawson was a Member of Parliament from 1974-1992. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983-1989. Lawson was made a life peer in 1992.

Lawson has six children. They are: Dominic (a journalist), Thomasina (who died of breast cancer), Nigella (a food writer), Horatia, Tom and Emily.

References

Other websites 

1932 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Chancellors of the Exchequer
English Barons
English journalists
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Jewish British politicians
Jewish British writers
People from Hampstead
Politicians from London
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
Aeronautical teaching certificate

The Aeronautical teaching certificate (CAEA) (in French Certificat d'aptitude à l'enseignement aéronautique) is the French national degree needed to teach aviation to high school and university students.

It was created in 1999. The exam to earn the degree is in five subjects. These subject cover all of aeronautics.

References 

Aviation licenses and certifications
Commission des titres d'ingénieur

The Commission des titres d'ingénieur (CTI) (in English engineering accreditation institution) is the French administration that deals with accreditation of Master's degree in the engineering school (engineering Grandes écoles). It was created in 1934.

Historic French Engineering School acredited

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Education in France
Frank Borman

Frank Borman (born March 14, 1928) was an American astronaut and the commander of Apollo 8. He received a Bachelor of Science at West Point and a Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology. Apollo 8 was the first mission to fly around the Moon. The other members of Apollo 8 were Jim Lovell and Bill Anders.

After leaving NASA, he was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Eastern Air Lines from 1975 to 1986. Borman was a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

References

American astronauts
Apollo astronauts
1928 births
Living people
Scientists from Indiana
Scientists from Tucson, Arizona
People from Gary, Indiana
William Anders

William Alison Anders (born October 17, 1933 in Hong Kong) is a former United States Air Force officer, NASA astronaut, businessman, and engineer. He is was a member of the Apollo 8 space mission. Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell were some of the astronauts the to leave the orbit of the Earth and go to the Moon.

The crew took the first pictures taken of the earth from the Moon.

The Anders crater on the Moon is named in his honor.

He has a wife named Valerie E. Hoard. He has six children, Alan, Glen, Gregory, Eric, Gayle and Daina.

He was a fighter pilot and an air defence commander. He received a Bachelor of Science degree and a Master of Science degree in Nuclear Engineering. He graduated from Naval Academy. In 1964, NASA selected him as an astronaut with important responsibilities.

References

American astronauts
Businesspeople from Maryland
Scientists from Maryland
People from Annapolis, Maryland
Engineers from Maryland
1933 births
Living people
Apollo astronauts
Palazzo Pitti

Palazzo Pitti (in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace) is a palace in Florence, Italy. It is from the Renaissance period. The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549. It became the main home of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It was the centre of government for the 300 years that Tuscany was a monarchy. Later the palace was used as a base by Napoleon. During the Risorgimento, for a short time it was the royal palace of the newly united Italy.

The palace and its contents were given to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919. Its doors were opened to the public as one of Florence's largest art galleries. It is the largest museum complex in Florence. It is divided into several main galleries or museums: the Palatine Gallery, the Royal Apartments, the Gallery of Modern Art, the Silver Museum, the Porcelain Museum, the Costume Gallery and the Carriages Museum.

Behind the Pitti palace there is the Boboli's Garden. It is a historical park visited every year by about 800,000 tourists. The park is famous for the beauty of the flowers and for the very old sculptures.

Buildings and structures in Florence
Palaces in Italy
Former royal residences
Atlas cedar

The Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) is a large coniferous tree of the cedrus genus and is native to the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. It is conical in shape when younger and is a more open shape when mature. It grows to 40m in height. The bark is silvery grey with deep cracks. The leaves of the Atlas cedar are 2.5 cm long, pointed, usually 4 sided and dark green to glaucous blue in colour. The female cones are 6–10 cm long, barrel-shaped, green when young, becoming brown as they mature.

References

Morocco
Conifers
Cedrus libani

Cedrus libani, the cedar of Lebanon or Lebanon cedar is a large coniferous tree of the cedrus genus, it is native to the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Lebanon to Turkey. The tree grows to a maximum height of 40m and 10m wide, with a trunk of 2.5m covered in thick, scaly, black, grey-brown bark. When young it is conical in shape but as it matures it becomes flatter on top and more open in structure. The pointed, needle-shaped leaves are glaucous-blue to dark green in colour, 4 sided and about 2.5 cm long. The female cones are a dullish green when young, maturing to brown, 6–10 cm long and barrel-shaped.

The Cedar of Lebanon has great landscaping value and is widely planted in park and large gardens.

References

Conifers
Erykah Badu

Erica Abi Wright (born February 26, 1971), better known by her stage name Erykah Badu (), is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. She rose to fame in 1997 when she released her critically well liked first album, Baduizm. For this album she received two Grammy Awards. Badu has won a total of four Grammy Awards out of nineteen nominations. Her songs include parts from R&B, hip hop and jazz. Badu is best known for her role in the rise of the neo soul sub-genre, and for her eccentric, creative musical stylings and sense of fashion. She is known as the "Queen of Neo-Soul".

Personal life
Badu has three children.

Discography

Studio albums
 Baduizm (1997)
 Mama's Gun (2000)
 Worldwide Underground (2003)
 New Amerykah Part One (4th World War) (2008)
 New Amerykah Part Two (Return of the Ankh) (2010)

Live albums
 Live (1997)

References

Other websites 

 Erykah Badu  – official website
 

1971 births
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Singers from Dallas, Texas
American movie actors
Actors from Dallas, Texas
Kara Tointon

Kara Louise Tointon (born 5 August 1983) is a British actress. She was born and raised in Essex. She is best known for her role from 2005-2009 as Dawn Swann in EastEnders. She and Artem Chigvintsev won the 2010 series of Strictly Come Dancing. Her younger sister Hannah is also an actress.

Other websites 

Curtis Brown

1983 births
Living people
Actors from Essex
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Army cadet force

The Army Cadet Force is a youth organisation in Great Britain, where members train in military skills.

It was founded in 1859, and had its official 150th birthday in 2010, marked by the Cadet 150 celebrations.

The ACF gives a lot of youth in the UK an ability to change their lives with the opportunieties it offers for the little money, they offer a lot of courses you can do on summer camps etc. for example the Summer Mountain Foundation Course (SMF) this is a CCAT course which is very cheap for the cadets to do and a challenge for them as well, a lot of these courses can be used in the civilian lives where they can be put down on their CV's.

in the army cadets you will progress through a rank structure which will improve the cadets team work and their thinking skills while they are under pressure.

References 

Youth organizations
Cantor set

The Cantor set is a subset of real numbers with certain properties that are interesting to mathematicians. These properties relate to topology, measurement, geometry, as well as set theory. Some of them are:
When represented geometrically, the set is a fractal, it has a Hausdorff dimension which is not an integer
It has the same cardinality as the set of real numbers
It is self-similar
The set is named after Georg Cantor. Henry John Stephen Smith discovered it in 1875, and Cantor first described it in 1883.

The set is made by starting with a line segment and repeatedly removing the middle third.  The Cantor set is the (infinite) set of points left over.  The Cantor set is "more infinite" than the set of natural numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).  This property is called uncountability.  It is related to the Smith–Volterra–Cantor set and the Menger Sponge. The Cantor set is self-similar.

Related pages 
 Fractal
 Set theory
 Smith–Volterra–Cantor set
 Cantor dust
 Menger Sponge

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Cantor set at PRIME

References

Fractals
Set theory
Kisarazu Air Field

is a Japanese military air field of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.  It is also known as . 

The air field is north northwest of Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture. Private charter jets also use the airport

Operations
JGSDF Kisarazu is home to the JGSDF 1st Helicopter Brigade.  These forces are part of the Central Readiness Force. 

The immediate JGSDF response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami included helicopters from the 1st Helicopter Unit.

After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, helicopters from Kisarazu sprayed seawater from above the plant onto the damaged reactor.

History
Kisarazu Air Field was originally established in 1936 as a base for the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the Yokosuka Naval District.

After the end of World War II, the base was used by the United States Air Force (USAF) as "Kisarazu Air Base".

In 1955, the runway was expanded to multiple jet bomber operational length. 

In 1956, control of the base was officially transferred to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).  Some USAF units remained.

By the 1960s, the US only used Kisarazu to repair United States Navy jets stationed on aircraft carriers in the Pacific. The US military units at this air field were withdrawn. 

In 1968, the JASDF relocated to Iruma Air Base, and Kisarazu was transferred to JGSDF.

Related pages
 List of airports in Japan

References

Airports in Japan
Lucretius

Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 98 BC – ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. He is known for De rerum natura (in English:"On the Nature of the Universe"). It is an epic philosophical work about the beliefs of Epicureanism.

There are not any details about his life. Saint Jerome tells of how he became insane because of a love potion and wrote his poetry in between fits of insanity. Modern scholarship thinks this was just used to explain how he behaved. The De rerum natura had a large affect on the Augustan poets, including Virgil and Horace. The work were lost for a time. It was later found in a monastery in Germany. This work played an important part both in the development of atomism and in the efforts of many people of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.

90s BC births
1st-century BC deaths
Ancient Roman writers
Philosophers
Robert Wilson

Robert Woodrow Wilson (born 10 January 1936) is an American Nobel Prize-winning astronomer. He found part of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964. He was working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey on an antenna with Arno Penzias. This antenna picked up any background 'noise' they could not get rid of. Their findings were justified by others predictions. Fourteen years later, they won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery.

References 

Living people
1936 births
American Nobel Prize winners
American astronomers
Scientists from Houston, Texas
Bruce Forsyth

{{Infobox person
| name               = Sir Bruce Forsyth
| post-nominals      = CBE
| image              = Bruce Forsyth1 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize          = 220px
| caption            = Bruce Forsyth in 2006
| birth_name         = Bruce Joseph Forsyth-Johnson
| birth_date         = 
| birth_place        = Edmonton, Middlesex, England, UK
| death_date         = 18 August 2017 (age 89)
| death_place        = Wentworth Estate, Surrey, England, UK
| death_cause        = 
| other_names        = Brucie, Brucey, Bruce Johnson, Bruce Forsyth Johnson, Boy Bruce, the Mighty Atom, Mr Entertainment, Sir Brucie, Sir Brucey| occupation         = Television presenter, Game show host, Comedian, Dancer, Singer
| years_active       = 1939–2014
| spouse             = Penny Calvert (1953–1973, divorced)Anthea Redfern (1973–1979, divorced)Wilnelia Merced (1983–2017)
| children           = 5 daughters, 1 son
}}
Sir Bruce Joseph Forsyth-Johnson CBE (22 February 1928 – 18 August 2017) was an English television personality, actor and dancer. He has presented Sunday Night at the London Palladium, Play Your Cards Right, The Generation Game, You Bet? and The Price Is Right. He presented Strictly Come Dancing from 2004 to 2013.

Forsyth was born in Edmonton, Middlesex. He was educated at The Latymer School.

In 2008 he was awarded the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. He received a Royal Television Society Lifetime Achievement Award on 17 March 2009. On 26 January 2011 he received the National Television Awards special recognition award.

Personal life
From 1953 to 1973, Forsyth was married to Penny Calvert.  They had three daughters: Debbie, Julie and Laura. According to his autobiography, he dated Miss World 1964 Ann Sidney during her reign. In a 2009 interview, Kathy Kirby said she was Forsyth's lover and that he proposed marriage. From 1973 to 1979, he was married to Anthea Redfern, who was the hostess on The Generation Game''.  They had two daughters: Charlotte and Louisa. He fell in love with his fellow judge, Wilnelia Merced, at the 1980 Miss World competition. They married in 1983, and had one son together, Jonathan Joseph Forsyth Johnson (born 1987). By his six children, he had eight grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

On 18 August 2017, Forsyth died at his home in Surrey, England of complications of bronchopneumonia, aged 89.

Television and movies

Discography

References

Other websites 

1928 births
2017 deaths
BBC television presenters
British game show hosts
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Disease-related deaths in England
English dancers
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
ITV presenters
People from Middlesex
London Heliport

London Heliport  at Battersea, London is the capital's main and busiest heliport. 

It is on the south bank of the River Thames, 3 nautical miles (3.5 miles or 5.6 km) southwest of Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster. It is on a jetty between Wandsworth Bridge and Battersea Railway Bridge. The nearest railway station is Clapham Junction, and the nearest tube station is Fulham Broadway.

The heliport, once owned by Westland and then Harrods, is a very small site. It uses a concrete surface on a jetty as a helipad for take-off and landing. There is onshore parking for between three and four aircraft, usually just the smaller helicopters. The heliport has landing, parking and refuelling services between 08:00 and 21:00. Flights are permitted between 07:00 and 23:00. 

In 2012 it was bought by the Reuben Brothers, for £35 million. In 2016, the heliport's official name became the NetJets London Heliport, after the private jet company signed a branding deal with the owners.

The nearest main line railway station is  and the nearest London Underground station is .

References 

Airports in England
London Borough of Wandsworth
Bioleaching

Bioleaching is getting metals from their ores by using living organisms. This is much cleaner than the traditional method using cyanide. Bioleaching is one of several methods used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt. 

Bioleaching uses certain types of bacteria to produce a solution called a "leachate". By leaving these bacteria with a low-grade metal ore, they can produce leachates which have a compound of that metal. Because this is in a solution it can be used in electrolysis to make the pure metal. This only produces small amounts each time, and is repeated to make it economically viable.

References

Metals
Francesco Guicciardini

Francesco Guicciardini (March 6, 1483 – May 22, 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. He is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance and the Father of Modern History. He was a friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli.

Biography 

His family was illustrious and noble; after the usual education of a boy in grammar and elementary classical studies, his father, Piero, sent him to the universities of Ferrara and Padua, where he stayed until the year 1505. In 1512, he went to the court of the King of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic as ambassador.

In 1515 he became working for the Pope Leo X, who made him governor of Reggio Emilia in 1516 and of Modena in 1517.

Works 

 Storie fiorentine (1508–1510)
 Diario di Spagna (1512)
 Discorso di Logrogno ("Discourse of Logrogno"; 1512)
 Relazione di Spagna (1514)
 Consolatoria (1527)
 Oratio accusatoria (1527)
 Oratio defensoria (1527)
 Del reggimento di Firenze or Dialogo e discorsi del reggimento di Firenze ("Dialogue on Florentine Government" or "Dialogue on the Government of Florence"; 1527)
 Considerazioni intorno ai "Discorsi" del Machiavelli sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio ("Observations on Machiavelli's Discourses"; 1528, or possibly 1530)
 Ricordi or Ricordi politici (as the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to it) or Ricordi civili e politici (the name given by Giuseppe Canestrini when he first published (1512-1530)
 Le cose fiorentine (second "History of Florence"; 1528–1531)
 Storia d'Italia ("History of Italy"; 1537–1540)

1483 births
1540 deaths
Italian writers
Italian politicians
People from Florence
Cyprus cedar

The Cyprus cedar (Cedrus brevifolia) is a large coniferous member of the cedrus genus and is native to Cyprus where it grows in the Troödos Mountains. It is thought by some experts to be either a variety or a subspecies of the Cedar of Lebanon.

It grows to 25m in height and up to 12m in width. When young it has a conical shape but as it matures it becomes broader with a flattened top. It has bark that is silvery-grey, becoming thickened, with deep cracks as the tree ages.  The needle-shaped leaves are grey-green to mid-green, but sometimes bluish-green and they are attached singly to long shoots and in dense cluster of 20-30 on short shoots. The cones are cylindrical, 7–10 cm long and green when young but maturing to a pale brown when they shed their scales and winged seeds.

References

Conifers
Glaucous

Glaucous is a colour that is bluish-green or bluish-grey. In botany it refers to a pale bluish waxy or powdery layer on a surface such as a leaf or a fruit. In birds it refers to a pale bluish grey colour of the feathers, legs or some other part of the bird.

Glaucous appears in the name of some plants and birds. For example, - Glaucous Gull, (Larus glaucescens) or Glaucous Macaw, (Anodorhynchus glaucus). In botany there is the Glaucous Sedge, (Carex flacca) and the Glaucous Michelmas Daisy, (Symphyotrichum laeve).

Often grapes, plums and other fruit have a glaucous waxy or powdery layer on the surface of their skin. That layer protects the fruit from water. It can be easily rubbed off.

References

Color
Cliff Richard

Sir Cliff Richard  (born Harry Rodger Webb; 14 October 1940) is a British singer, musician and actor. He is the only male solo artist to have had number one singles in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. His most recent album, Music... The Air That I Breathe was released in 2020.

Early life
Richard was born in Lucknow, India. In 1948, he and his British parents moved from India to England, first moving to Carshalton, Surrey, then to Waltham Cross, followed by Cheshunt, both in Hertfordshire.

Career
Richard began his music career in 1958 and is still performing. His name Richard comes from Little Richard. His backing group are The Shadows. He performed the United Kingdom entry at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1968 and in 1973.

In 1980 Richard was given an OBE. In 1995, he became a Knight. This means that he has a 'Sir' in front of his name. A person is given a Knighthood by The Queen.

Between 1960 and 1963 Richard presented The Cliff Richard Show.

In 2008 a book that he wrote about his life so far, My Life My Way was published. It was also released as an audiobook.

Personal life 
Richard is a devout Christian.

In August 2013, Richard's Berkshire home was searched by police over a claim of sexual assault on a boy aged under 16 in 1985. He was not arrested or charged.

References

Other websites 
Official website 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from Hertfordshire
Brit Award winners
British autobiographers
Christian music singers
English Christians
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English rock musicians
English singers
English television actors
Knights Bachelor
Musicians from Hertfordshire
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Guido Cavalcanti

Guido Cavalcanti (1259 – August 1300) was an Italian poet from Florence. He was the best friend of Dante Alighieri as well as an influence on his thinking. Cavalcanti is one of the most important poets of Dolce stil novo, and he is widely regarded as the first major poet of Italian literature.

Biography 
Cavalcanti was born into a noble Guelph family; his father was Cavalcante de Cavalcanti. In 1267 he got married to Bice, daughter of Farinata degli Uberti, leader of the Florentine Ghibellines. In 1284 he became a member of the general council, together with Brunetto Latini and Dino Compagni. On June 24 1300 he was exiled, so he went to Sarzana. On August 19 of the same year he could return in Florence, but he died after a few days, on August 29.

Works 
Guido Cavalcanti wrote sonnets and ballads. Only fifty two poems by the poet are known today. Hist best works are the canzone Donna mi prega (A lady asks me), the ballad I' prego voi che di dolor parlate (I ask you that speak about suffering) and the sonnet L’anima mia vilment’ è sbigotita (My soul is in distress).

Translations 
Cavalcanti's poems were translated into English by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ezra Pound and A.S. Kline.

References

Bibliography 
 Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti with translations of them and an Introduction by Ezra Pound, Stephen Swift and Co. Ltd., London 1912.

Other websites
 Guido Cavalcanti's poems translated by A. S. Kline.

1259 births
1300 deaths
Italian poets
Medieval poets
People from Florence
Kadena Air Base

is a United States Air Force base in Japan.

The military base is in the towns of Kadena and Chatan and the city of Okinawa in Okinawa Prefecture.

History
During the invasion of Okinawa in 1945, the airport was bombed by the US.  The damage was repaired and it became a US air base.  

The American air base on this Japanese island is controversial.

Related pages 
 List of airports in Japan

References

Other websites 
 
  Kadena Air Base

Airports in Japan
Suruga Province

was an old province in the area that is today the central part of Shizuoka Prefecture. It was sometimes called . 

Suruga had borders with Izu, Kai, Sagami, Shinano, and Tōtōmi provinces. The province had access to the Pacific Ocean at Suruga Bay.

History

Suruga was one of the original provinces of Japan. It was established in the Nara period as part of the Taihō Code reforms. 

During the Kamakura period, Suruga was controlled by the Hōjō clan.

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Suruga.
 
Tokugawa Ieyasu lived in Sumpu Castle in Suruga when he retired from the role of Shōgun.  He died at Sunpu. 

During the Edo period, the chief shogunate official in Sumpu was the Sunpu jōdai.

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the last Tokugawa Shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu retired to Suruga.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s. Being located near Mt. Fuji made Suruga a popular place to make maps during the Meiji period.

Shrines and Temples
Sengen jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Suruga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
 View of Entire Suruga Region

Former provinces of Japan
Shizuoka Prefecture
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey

The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey is a 2012 epic fantasy and adventure movie. It is the first part of the Hobbit trilogy.

The movie took in over $1 billion overall.

Plot
Bilbo Baggins gets a request from Gandalf to go on a journey. Later that night, a group of dwarves visited Bilbo's house.

Cast
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf
 Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
 Richard Armitage as Thorin
 Ken Stott as Balin
 Graham McTavish as Dwalin
 William Kircher as Bifur/Tom Troll
 James Nesbit as Bofur
 Stephen Hunter as Bombur
 Dean O'Gorman as Fili
 Aidan Turner as Kili
 John Callen as Oin
 Peter Hambleton as Gloin/William Troll
 Jed Brophy as Nori
 Mark Hadlow as Dori/Bert Troll
 Adam Brown as Ori
 Ian Holm as Old Bilbo
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
 Christopher Lee as Saruman
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
 Barry Humphries as Great Goblin
 Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
 Mike Mizrahi as Thrain
 Lee Pace as Thranduil
 Manu Bennett as Azog
 Conan Stevens as Bolg
 John Rawls as Yazneg
 Stephen Ure as Fimbul/Grinnah
 Bret McKenzie as Lindir
 Kiran Shah as Goblin Scribe
 Benedict Cumberbatch as Necromancer
 Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
 Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
 Brendan Casey as Thranduil's Lieutenant
 Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant

Other websites
 

2010s fantasy movies
2010s action movies
2012 movies
The Hobbit (movie series)
New Zealand movies
American fantasy movies
American action movies
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
New Line Cinema movies
Prequel movies
Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro
The Hobbit (movie series)

The Hobbit is a three-part fantasy movie. These parts are The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013) and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014). The movies are based on J. R. R. Tolkien's book The Hobbit.

The movie trilogy 
 The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
 The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)

Cast 
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf
 Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
 Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield
 Aidan Turner as Kíli
 Dean O'Gorman as Fíli
 Graham McTavish as Dwalin
 Ken Stott as Balin
 John Callen as Óin
 Peter Hambleton as Glóin
 William Kircher as Bifur
 James Nesbitt as Bofur
 Stephen Hunter as Bombur
 Mark Hadlow as Dori
 Jed Brophy as Nori
 Adam Brown as Ori
 Billy Connolly as Dain
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug and Necromancer
 Lee Pace as Thranduil
 Orlando Bloom as Legolas
 Evangeline Lily as Tauriel
 Stephen Fry as Master of Lake-town
 Ryan Gage as Alfrid
 Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman
 John Bell as Bain
 Peggy Nesbitt as Sigrid
 Mary Nesbitt as Tilda
 Ian Holm as old Bilbo Baggins
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
 Christopher Lee as Saruman
 Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn
 Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
 Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
 Antony Sher as Thrain
 Barry Humphries as the Great Goblin
 Manu Bennett as Azog
 Conan Stevens, Lawrence Makoare and John Tui as Bolg
 Stephen Ure as Fimbul
 Ben Mitchell as Narzug
 Allan Smith as Ragash
 Bret McKenzie as Lindir
 Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
 Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
 Branden Casey and Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant
 Craig Hall as Galion
 Robin Kerr as Elros
 Eli Kent as Lethuin
 Simon London as Feren

Other websites 

2012 movies
English-language movies
2010s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
The Hobbit (movie series)
New Zealand movies
Middle-earth
Series of movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
New Line Cinema movies
Variety (botany)

In botany, variety is a rank (like species or subspecies) or a taxon in that rank. Like a subspecies, a variety gets a three-part name (a trinomial); such a variety name will include the name of the species and the variety epithet. The term "variety" is often shortened to "var."  Some examples of this use are:
 Acer palmatum var. atropupureum (Purple Japanese maple)
 Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Corkbark fir)
 Hosta undulata var. undulata (Plantain lily)

A variety is a plant that is different in some way, and continues to be different, from the rest of the species but is not different enough for it to be classified as a new species or as a sub-species. This difference will usually be bigger than those of a form; a form will have one or more small differences, for example, different coloured flowers, lack of thorns, variegation or different coloured leaves. These variations come about by natural evolutionary process to which most plants are subject. However, a taxonomist can use his own judgement as to at what rank he wants to recognize a different plant. What one taxonomist will call a variety, another will call just a form, or will decide not to recognize as being distinct.

Different varieties of a species will be able to breed together if given the opportunity (just like subspecies, and forms, or for that matter many species).

Not to be confused 
A variety is not to be confused with a cultivar, which is something else entirely. The name of a cultivar can be recognized because it includes an epithet that is written with initial capital letters, in a different font and is set in single quote marks as shown in these examples:

 Helleborus foetidus 'Wester Flisk' 
 Fuchsia magellanica 'Riccartoni' 
 Dryopteris affinis 'Crispa Congesta'

References

Plant taxonomy
Iced tea

Iced tea (also known as ice tea) is cold tea (drink) usually served in a glass with ice.

Kinds of iced tea
Sometimes, sugar is added to iced tea. This is sometimes called "sweet tea". Sometimes, fruit flavors like lemon, peach, or raspberry are added to the tea.

Many kinds of iced tea can be bought in bottles or cans. 

Tea
Drinks
Walt Whitman

Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. He was an important American poet of the 19th century.

His most famous collection of poems is Leaves of Grass, which was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person. Whitman kept adding to this book right up until he died of pneumonia, in 1892. It was controversial because readers thought it was obscene. It included some sexuality.

Whitman was either bisexual or homosexual. However, there is disagreement about whether Whitman had actual sexual experiences with men.

Whitman was deeply influenced by deism. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally.

Leaves of Grass

Whitman first tried writing in many different popular genres. In 1850, he began writing Leaves of Grass, a collection of poetry which he would continue working on until his death. Whitman wanted to write an epic that was clearly American, using free verse. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the first copies of Leaves of Grass. His brother George "didn't think it worth reading".

Whitman paid for the publication of the first version of Leaves of Grass himself and had it printed at a local print shop. A total of 795 copies were printed. The first page was an image of Whitman, but he doesn't write his name until 500 lines into the body of the text. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a kind five-page letter to Whitman and praised the book to friends. The first edition of Leaves of Grass was very popular, but was some people didn't like the "obscene" or offensive parts of the poetry.

In the months after the first edition of Leaves of Grass, people became more upset about the sexual themes. Because of this, the publisher almost did not release the second edition. In 1856, 20 new poems were added. Different versions of Leaves of Grass continued to be published throughout the rest of Whitman's life. Many famous writers like Amos Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau liked the work enough to visit Whitman.

References 

19th-century American poets
American journalists
LGBT people from New York
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
LGBT journalists
LGBT poets
Writers from New York
1819 births
1892 deaths
People from Camden, New Jersey
Boyar

A boyar was a member of the ruling nobility in medieval Russia and some other Slavic countries such as Bulgaria.  The boyars held the most important jobs in the army.  They met in a group called the duma and gave advice to the ruling prince or, in later times, the tsar.  In the 13th and 14th centuries they were rich landowners who could advise the prince, but they were free to go and work for another prince if they wanted to.

In Moscow from the 15th to the 17th centuries they were a closely bonded aristocracy.  There were about 200 boyar families.  Their ancestors were former princes, or Moscow boyar families or foreign aristocrats.  They were not nobility in the European sense.  Many of them had bad manners and not many of them could read.  They did not travel, and they were suspicious of anything foreign

In the 17th century they started to lose power. In the early 18th century Tsar Peter the Great abolished the title of boyar.

References 

 
History of Russia
Pretender

A pretender is someone who says that he or she has the right to be ruler.  The word is often used to describe someone who claims that they have the right to be king, queen, emperor etc.  They claim that the ruler who is on the throne should not be there. 

Sometimes people call such a person a "claimant". The person may be an imposter (someone who is pretending to be someone else).  Often they are pretending to be a prince or other royal person who is missing or whom people think is dead.  However, they may have a genuine right to the throne.  The word pretend comes from the French word prétendre (from the Latin praetendo lit. "to stretch out before").  It means: to profess, to make a loud statement.  In modern English the word pretend  means "to claim falsely".

Related pages
War of the Roses
Boris Godunov
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

References and notes

Royalty and nobility
Politics
Native American mythology

Native American mythology is the body of traditional stories associated with Native American religion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Native American
Mythology
Low Earth orbit

A low Earth orbit (LEO) is usually described as an orbit inside the area which comes from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of . Other definitions use other numbers such as orbital eccentricity and orbital period. Satellites in LEO go around the Earth many times per day.  

Satellites are put in low Earth orbit if the things they do must be done in outer space but need not be far away. Some satellites are in LEO to photograph the Earth, for example some weather satellites and Earth resource satellites. Most space telescopes are in LEO since they only have to be above the Earth's atmosphere. The International Space Station is in LEO. 

Spaceflight
Bornu Empire

The Bornu Empire (1380-1893) was an African state of Nigeria from 1380 to 1893.

References

1380 establishments
1893 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Africa
Establishments in Nigeria
Tōtōmi Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Shizuoka Prefecture. It is also known as . 

The province had borders with Mikawa, Suruga and Shinano Provinces.

History

Tōtōmi was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code. 

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between Kyoto and Edo.  The road passed through Tōtōmi.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Oguni jinja and Kotonomamahachimangū were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Tōtōmi.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Shizuoka Prefecture
Focus city

In the airline industry, a focus city is an airport that is important to one airline but is not a hub.  An airline has daily flights from the Focus city to many destinations that are also not its hubs.  Even though the word "city" is part of this term, it means a city's airport, not the city. 

An example of an airline's focus city is US Airways (now part of American Airlines) at Washington National Airport in Arlington, Virginia.   Focus city airports can have some of the same facilities that hubs have.  For example, the airline may repair or clean their aircraft at a focus city because it is cheaper. They might also have places and equipment to handle cargo.

Many low-cost carriers that mostly fly point-to-point use focus cities more than hubs. Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, JetBlue Airways, Allegiant Air and WestJet in the Americas, and Ryanair, EasyJet, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Wizz Air in Europe are examples.

References

Other websites
Map of AirTran's routes and indicator of their focus cities
JetBlue route map with "key cities" 

Airlines
Standing wave

In physics, a standing wave – also called a stationary wave – is a wave that oscillates in one constant position.

The word oscillate simply describes the vibrating movement of particles in a medium when acted upon by a wave, or the regular up and down motion shown in the animation. Oppositely to a progressive (moving) wave, stationary waves do not transfer energy in a given direction when they oscillate.

When a guitar string is plucked, for example, a stationary wave is formed. This happens because on releasing the string, two progressive waves move down the string in opposite directions. When they reach the point where the string is tied down, they cannot move beyond this boundary. At the boundary, the wave is reflected and travels back in the opposite direction. The two reflected waves meet and interfere with one another. Superposition occurs, the opposing directions of the reflected waves cancel out resulting in one stationary wave.

Wave physics
Mexico–United States border

The United States–Mexico border is the international border between the United States and Mexico. 

It runs from Imperial Beach, California, and Tijuana, Baja California, in the west to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas, in the east. It covers a variety of terrains, ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts. 

From the Gulf of Mexico it follows the course of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) to the border crossing at El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Westward from there it crosses vast tracts of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert. Then it crosses the Colorado River Delta, west to San Diego and Tijuana before reaching the Pacific Ocean. The US-Mexican border is considered an open border.

The border's total length is , according to figures given by the International Boundary and Water Commission. It is the most frequently crossed international border in the world, with approximately three hundred fifty million (350,000,000) crossings per year.

References 

Geography of the United States
Geography of Mexico
Valeri Bure

Valeri Bure (born 1974) is a retired NHL hockey player for the Montreal Canadiens. He is Russian.

1974 births
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Dallas Stars players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Russian ice hockey players
Spokane Chiefs players
St. Louis Blues players
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport

Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , often called Dallas Airport and DFW Airport, is between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. It is the busiest airport in Texas. It serves the larger  metropolitan area. Regional, national and international flights use this airport. Flights go to 144 domestic and 47 international destinations.

In 2010, it was the fourth busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft movements with 652,261. it was the eighth busiest airport in the world when measured by passenger traffic, with 56,906,610 passengers in 2010. It is the main hub and largest hub for American Airlines.

The airport is in the cities of Coppell, Euless, Grapevine, and Irving.  The land for DFW was purchased by both Dallas and Fort Worth  in 1966, and construction began in 1969.

Airlines
These airlines go to DFW Airport: 
Aeroméxico
Air Canada
Alaska Airlines
American Airlines
American Eagle Airlines
Avianca
Boutique Air
British Airways
Cayman Airways
Delta Air Lines
Delta Connection
Emirates Airlines
Etihad Airways
Frontier Airlines
Interjet
Japan Airlines
JetBlue Airways
Korean Air
Lufthansa
Qantas
Qatar Airways
Spirit Airlines
Sun Country Airlines
United Airlines
United Express
VivaAerobus
Volaris
WestJet

Gallery

References

Airports in the United States
Dallas, Texas
Transport in Texas
Tarrant County, Texas
German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association

The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association () —  an association of German insurers of the nuclear industry in Cologne. The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association also is involved in the reinsurance industry.

History 
The first associations of insurers of the nuclear industry in Europe were founded in Sweden and England in 1955. The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association was founded shortly thereafter in 1957. Throughout the association's history, it has only once had to pay a claim; the claim amounted to about €10,000 to €15,000.

Functions and tasks 
Despite the slight probability of losses resulting from an insured event in the nuclear industry, in the event of an insured event does occur the possibilities for damages are considerable. As such a single insurance company is unable to bear such risk alone. Under German law, the transfer of a nuclear risk of an insurer to a reinsurer is prohibited. In 1998 the Atomic Energy Act established the maximum insurance liability of nuclear insurer at about €2.5 billion; for damages above that cap the Federal Government is liable  according to § 34 of the Atomic Energy Act. If the total damage exceeds the stipulated maximum sum of €2.55 billion, the German Federal Government pays the German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association for the excess losses. The insurance payments include the cost of evacuating people.

DKVG and Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant 
Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant was insured for some tens of millions of euros with German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association. Under the terms of the insurance policy, the policyholder was not insured for damage caused by earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Therefore the German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association had no resulting liability to Tokyo Electric Power Company, the owner of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, because of Fukushima I nuclear accidents.

References 

Insurance
Nuclear energy
1957 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany

nl:Atoompool#Duitsland
Impact of Christianity on western civilization

Christianity has been historically intertwined with Western civilization. However, it is difficult to decide what its effects were.

Through its long history, the Church has been a major source of social services such as schooling. Several universities were founded by the Church. Some historians of science, have argued that the Church had a significant, positive influence on the development of science. Some of the Church's priests have contributed to science. In various ways the Church has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. It has, over many centuries, promulgated the teachings of Jesus within the Western World and remains a source of continuity linking modern Western culture to classical Western culture.

Influence 
The Bible and Christian theology have also strongly influenced Western philosophers and political activists.  Long held Christian teachings on sexuality and marriage have also been influential in family life.

The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. Festivals like Easter and Christmas are marked globally as public holidays; Pope Gregory XIII's Gregorian Calendar has been adopted internationally. Year numbering in the West is taken from the assumed date of the birth of the Church's founder, Jesus of Nazareth. In the list of the 100 most influential people in human history there are 65 Christian figures from various fields.

Science 
Copernicus, a Catholic priest, delayed publication of his work on heliocentrism until the year of his death. The theory attracted some attention among scientists. Decades later, Galileo Galilei took an interest in astronomy, and raised the question more prominently. This brought the attention of the Committee for Propaganda of the Catholic Church, otherwise known as the Inquisition. He was tried, convicted, and forced to retract his published belief in heliocentrism.   

Centuries later, the Catholic church had lost interest in subjecting natural philosophy to dogma. The relation of the now separate Church of England to evolution was complicated by the lack of the centralised authority of a Pope. Many conservative clerics opposed evolution fiercely, whilst few liberal clerics saw conflict with their beliefs. Before he published the On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin feared the reaction of the church, and spent years collecting evidence as defence to the expected criticism. Long after heliocentrism was all but universally accepted, some Protestant leaders continued to resist evolution.

References

History of Christianity
Jean-Pierre Houël

Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houël (28 June 1735 – 14 November 1813) was French artist. He was painting at the time of the French Revolution. One of his well known paintings is the "Prise de la Bastille" (The Storming of the Bastille), 1789. The capture of the Bastille prison was an important event in the Revolution, and remembered with a celebration and holiday on the anniversary, known as Bastille Day.

References

1735 births
1813 deaths
French painters
Sagami Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of central and western Kanagawa Prefecture. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Izu, Musashi, Suruga provinces.  Its Pacific Ocean border included Sagami Bay. 

The ancient capital city of the province was near  Hiratsuka.

History

Sagami was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code. 

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between Kyoto and Edo. The road passed through Sagami.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

All of Sagami became part of the new Kanagawa Prefecture in 1876.

In 1906, the Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Sagami was named after the province.

Shrines and Temples
Samukawa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hōki.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kanagawa Prefecture