cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Spoken language

Spoken language is language in its spontaneous form.  It is different from written language. Many spoken languages have no written form. The term spoken language is sometimes used for oral language.  This is not quite right because sign language is also sometimes said to be 'spoken'.

Children get their first language from whichever language is spoken around them.  Usually this comes from their mothers. Spoken language is much richer than written language.  Spoken language can have different rules than written language.

References

Language
Nancy Allen

Nancy Allen (born on June 24, 1950) is an American movie and television actress. She was born in Yonkers, New York. Her movies include RoboCop (1987) and Carrie (1976)

References

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York
People from Yonkers, New York
Josef Korbel

Josef Korbel (born 20 September 1909 as Josef Körbel – died 18 July 1977 in the United States) was a Czechoslovakian diplomat and U.S. professor.

Korbel is of Jewish descent and was born in Kyšperk (now Letohrad). His daughter is Madeleine Albright, former United States Secretary of State. His student was Condoleezza Rice, also former Secretary of State.

In 1957 he became an American.

1909 births
1977 deaths
Czech Jews
Czechoslovak people
Diplomats
Jewish American academics
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Educators from Colorado
Heather O'Rourke

Heather O'Rourke (December 27, 1975  February 1, 1988) was an American movie child actress who acted in the movie Poltergeist (1982). She also worked in television.

But she's an adult now.

References

1975 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from sepsis
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in San Diego County
Brenda Russell

Brenda Russell (born Brenda Gordon, April 8 1944) is an American R&B singer. She was born in Brooklyn, New York. She has had many hit songs on several musical charts. Her singing genres include R&B and pop.

References

American R&B singers
American pop musicians
Singers from New York City
1949 births
Living people
Mastère en sciences

The Mastère en sciences (MSc) is a French degree in higher education accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and for owners of a Bachelor's degree or a first year of a Master's degree. Created in 2002, this degree certifies that the training is consistent with various quality criteria (selectivity, English language education, number of hours, length of program, research, etc..).

According to the rules, only the schools members of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles may issue the diploma.

References 

Education in France
Qualifications
François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician. He was the President of France. This means he was also the Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017. He was born in Rouen. He ran for the Socialist party. Before becoming president, he was a deputy for the Corrèze, and the mayor of Tulle. He studied law in Paris. He also studied at the École des hautes études commerciales de Paris and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. He was among the best in his studies at the École nationale d'administration. He was elected President of France on 6 May 2012, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy. There were two rounds of voting. In the first, 28% of the people voted for him. In the second round, with only two candidates, 51% did.

He left office on 14 May 2017 being replaced by Emmanuel Macron.

Other websites 

Official website

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
French lawyers
French mayors
People from Rouen
Presidents of France
Social democrats
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles

The Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles (BADGE) is a French degree created in 2001 by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and primarily intended for owners of a two-year degree after the end of secondary studies.

The BADGE program necessarily includes a number of common elements: at least 200 hours of instruction, including theoretical, practical work, team projects and possibly distance learning and a final validation test.
The program takes place over a period of 7 weeks to 24 months maximum, subject to alternating training / business where the period exceeds 6 months.

References

Other websites 
 BADGE on Conférence des grandes écoles website 

Education in France
Qualifications
2001 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in France
Andromeda XIX

Andromeda XIX is a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy, and is part of the Local Group, like the Milky Way Galaxy. Andromeda XIX is said to be "the most extended dwarf galaxy known in the Local Group", and has a half-light radius of 1.7 kiloparsec (kpc). It was found by the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, and it is a dwarf galaxy.

History 
The MegaPrime/MegaCam 1 deg2 (camera) on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) had mapped the M31 stellar halo (one quarter) up to ~150 kpc.  The observation, which had proved the uneveness of Andromeda's stellar halo, had shown that multiple other dwarf galaxies exist. They are: Andromeda XI, XII, XIII, XV, XVI, XVIII, XIX, and XX.

Related pages
Andromeda Galaxy
Local Group

References 

Local galaxies
Dwarf galaxies
Brussels Airlines

Brussels Airlines is the main Belgian airline. It flies from Brussels Airport to destinations in Europe, Africa and North America.

History 
Brussels Airlines was created as the result of the merger of SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express in March 2006. SN Brussels Airlines had been created from Sabena, the former Belgian flag carrier, that had ceased operations on 7 November 2001. SN Brussels Airlines started its operations only five months later. Virgin Express was a low-cost airline, owned by the Virgin Group. In 2004, SN Airholding took over Virgin Express, and in 2006 it was announced that both companies would merge and fly under the Brussels Airlines brand. In 2008, the Lufthansa group bought 45% of Brussels Airlines' shares, and Brussels Airlines joined the Star Alliance.

Fleet 
Brussels Airlines has the following aircraft in its fleet:

Cooperation 
It is a member of the Star Alliance.

The company has codeshare agreement with many companies such as Air Canada, Air Malta, All Nippon Airways, Austrian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Croatia Airlines, EgyptAir, Etihad Airways, Hainan Airlines, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, TAAG Air Angola, TAP Portugal, TAROM, Thai Airways, United Airlines and others.

In 2019, Brussels Airlines made agreements with Africa World Airlines and  Aeroflot Russian Airlines.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Official website

2006 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Star Alliance
Companies of Belgium
Transport in Belgium
Brussels
IATA members
Castel Goffredo

Castel Goffredo is a city in north of Italy. Castel Goffredo is in the province of Mantua, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Castel Goffredo.

References

Other websites

Cities in Lombardy
Yugoslavs

Yugoslavs  is a national name used by a small number of South Slavs across the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Some say this name is for all people of South Slav heritage, including those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the presently disputed region of Kosovo, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.

References

Slavic peoples
Rhetorical question

A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question.  It is a question that is asked in order to make a point: it does not need a reply.

The question is used as a rhetorical device or tool.  The question is posed for the sake of persuasion, or to encourage the listener or reader to consider a message or viewpoint.

Suggested dialogue 
Rhetorical questions suggest a dialogue which does not really exist.  The speaker both asks and answers the question himself. A rhetorical question is often a statement in the form of a question.

For example, in "Can't you do anything right?", the words are not intended to start an investigation or to invite any response at all. What the words actually mean could change according to circumstance. It could be a little joke between friends, or it could be an insulting criticism. Generally, it would be taken to mean "You can't seem to do anything right".

The role of context is always important if someone asks "What does that mean". Consider this question: "Do you think this treatment is just?". There is no way of knowing whether this is a genuine question or not, because we do not know what the circumstances are. This is true of many kinds of communication, that what they mean varies according to circumstance.

On the other hand, "Is it right for a murderer to be allowed out of prison after only ten years?" clearly asks for the reply "No!". This is because the questioner has signalled what answer is expected. A neutral way to describe the situation might be: "A convicted murderer spends at least ten years in jail".

Related pages
Thought experiment

References

Other websites
What is a rhetorical question?
A short definition of the term

Rhetoric
Tenpyō-jingo

was a  after Tenpyō-hōji and before Jingo-keiun.  This period started in January 765 and ended in August 767.   The reigning monarch was .  This was the same woman who had reigned as the former .

Events of the Tenpyō-jingo era

 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 2nd month): The empress raised the Buddhist priest Dōkyō  to the position of daijō-daijin zenji.
 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1): Fujiwara  no Toyonari died at age 62. He had held the office of Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.
 766 (Tenpyō-jingo 2,  1st month): Fujiwara-no Matate is named uddaijin; and Kibi no Makibi becomes a major counselor (dainaigon).

Related pages
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
765 establishments
760s establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
767 disestablishments
Engi (era)

was a  after Shōtai and before Enchō.  This period started in July 901 and ended in April 923.  The reigning emperors were .

Events of the Engi era
 1 February 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the Sun.
 901 (Engi 1): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed; but more details cannot be known.  Emperor Daigo ordered that diaries and records were burned.
 May 905 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with a collection of waka poetry called the Kokin Wakashū.
 909 (Engi 9, 4th month):  Fujiwara no Tokihira died at age 39. He had held the office of Miniser of the Left (sadaijin).

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
901 establishments
10th-century establishments in Japan
923 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
President of Austria

The President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria. Even though the constitution says the President has a lot of power, in practice the President is mostly a figurehead. The President of Austria is elected once in every six years. His or her offices are in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace, in Vienna.

Many former Presidents have had a lot of popularity while in office.  No incumbent has ever lost a bid for re-election. Since 2017 the President has been Alexander Van der Bellen.

List of presidents
 Karl Seitz
 Michael Hainisch
 Wilhelm Miklas
 Anschluss
 Karl Renner
 Theodor Körner
 Adolf Schärf
 Franz Jonas
 Rudolf Kirchschläger
 Kurt Waldheim
 Thomas Klestil
 Heinz Fischer
 Alexander Van der Bellen

Government of Austria
Chancellor of Austria

The Federal Chancellor is the head of government and chief executive of Austria. His or her deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.

The Chancellor is chosen by the President of Austria.

References

Government of Austria
List of presidents of the National Council of Austria

List of presidents of the National Council of Austria. 

Below is a list of office-holders in the First Republic:

Below is a list of office-holders in the Second Republic:

References
Parliament website

Government of Austria
Austria
presidents
Jeffrey Masson

Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (born March 28, 1941 as Jeffrey Lloyd Masson) is a psychotherapist and historian of psychotherapy who wrote a controversial book, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory, about Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. In the book, Masson accuses Freud of hiding evidence that some patients were sexually abused by their parents.

Masson was research director of the Sigmund Freud Archives in New York City. He was removed from the job after saying Freud was responsible for "the present-day sterility of psychoanalysis throughout the world."

References

1941 births
Living people
American psychologists
American historians
Writers from Chicago
Scientists from Chicago
Barbara Prammer

Barbara Prammer (11 January 1954 – 2 August 2014) was an Austrian politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. 

She was President of the National Council of Austria serving from 30 October 2006 until her death in 2 August 2014. She was its Vice President from 2004 to 2006. Prammer was Federal Minister for Women Affairs and Consumer Protection from 1997 to 2000.  She was elected to the National Council in 1999.

She had two children.

Prammer died of pancreatic cancer on 2 August 2014.

Honours 
 Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria

References

Other websites 
 Barbara Prammer

1954 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Austria
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Government ministers of Austria
People from Upper Austria
Social democrats
First Austrian Republic

The Republic of Austria is the period of Austrian history after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 1919. It went through the settlement after the end of World War I which put an end to the Republic of German-Austria. It continued up to World War II. Austria was a de-facto republic, but its official name was the Federal State of Austria. 

This period was had a lot of conflict between the left and the right. The July Revolt of 1927 was an example. The Constitution of Austria was started in 1920 and changed in 1929. The Federal State (sometimes called the First Republic) came to an end with the Anschluss to Nazi Germany in 1938.  Some people say the end came with the start of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War. 

1919 establishments in Europe
1934 disestablishments in Europe
20th century in Austria
Former republics
Euro sign

The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro.  The euro is the official money of the Eurozone in the European Union (EU). The international three-letter code for the euro is EUR.

The old currencies that were replaced by the Euro was marks, pesetas, francs, lira, escudos and guilders.

Currency symbols
Telephone numbers in Austria

This article is about the use of telephone numbers in Austria.

Country Code: +43
International Call Prefix: 00
Trunk Prefix: 0

There are no standard lengths for either area codes or subscribers' numbers in Austria.  So some subscribers' numbers may be as short as three digits. Larger towns have shorter area codes allowing longer subscriber numbers in that area.

Special / Service codes

References 
Austrian Numbering Plan

Austria
Austria
Austrian Sign Language

Austrian Sign Language (German: Österreichischer Gebärdensprache or ÖGS) is the sign language used by the Austrian deaf community. There are about 10,000 people who use it and it was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005. Learning ÖGS is based on the german spoken language in Austria and shares a similar grammatical structure to German Sign Language.

Sign languages
Austrian culture
Second Viennese School

The Second Viennese School is a group of composers.  It was made of Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna.  Schoenberg lived and taught there between 1903 and 1925. Their music was first like late-Romantic.  Later it was a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre. Later still was Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique. 

The main members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.

Austrian composers
20th century in Austria
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia and consists of the area of Korea.

It has an area of 220,847 km², and is governed by both North and South Korea.

The whole Korean Peninsula is claimed by both countries on the peninsula.

Peninsulas
Jean-Louis Vaudoyer

Jean-Louis Vaudoyer (10 September 1883  20 May 1963) was a French novelist, poet, essayist, and art historian. He was administrator general of the Comédie-Française (1941–1944). He was a member of the Académie française (1950–1963). He wrote the libretto for Le Spectre de la rose, a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1911.

Other websites 
Académie française 

1883 births
1963 deaths
French novelists
French poets
French essayists
French historians
Librettists
Members of the Académie française
Léon Bakst

Léon Samoilovitch Bakst (10 May 1866 – 27 December 1924) was a Russian painter. He designed the sets and costumes for some of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes productions. These were Cleopatra (1909), Scheherazade (1910), Carnaval (1910), Narcisse (1911), Le Spectre de la Rose (1911), and Daphnis et Chloé (1912). Bakst died in 1924 in Paris. In late 2010, the Victoria and Albert Museum presented an exhibition of Bakst's costumes and prints.

Ballets Russes costume designs

Notes

Sources 
 Marc Chagall, My Life, St.-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000,

Other websites 

 Leon Bakst (official website) 
 Working for Diaghilev
 BAKST at www.rollins.edu
 Leon Bakst (1866 - 1924) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews  at wwar.com
 Works by Leon Bakst at the Russian Art Gallery
 youtube
 Art Signature Dictionary - See Léon Bakst's signature, although the police seizure of counterfeit
 Baskt theatre and performance collection  at the Victoria and Albert Museum
 Evergreen collections that include original stage sets, costume designs, and other related works. 

1866 births
1924 deaths
Russian artists
Russian painters
Set designers
Ballet shoe

Ballet shoes are lightweight shoes designed for and used in ballet dancing. They're usually made from soft leather or satin and have thin and flexible soles. Females are usually given pink colored shoes; males usually get black or white.

Pointe shoes are a special type of ballet shoe. They let dancers stand on their toes.

Related pages
Ballet flat

Footwear
Ballet
Cannibalism in animals

In zoology, cannibalism is where an animal eats its own species. It has been recorded for more than 1500 species. It is quite common with insects, spiders and scorpions. There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sexual intercourse.  Many types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species. Even, vetebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed.

References

Further reading 

 

Carnivores
Cannibalism
Curtsey

A curtsey (also spelled curtsy or courtesy) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures.  The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".

According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century. Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop. The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.

When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her. She may also use her hands to hold her skirt out from her body. In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight. Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down. In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side.   

Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow. Today this practice has become less common. In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family.  This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep. Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers. 

Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience. At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them. According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance. Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig). Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz. In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.

Related pages
Bowing

References

Other websites

How to Curtsey 
The Lady's Courtesy in the Victorian Ballroom

Dance
Non-verbal communication
Isaac Butt

Isaac Butt (1813–1879) was an Irish nationalist political leader and president of the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain, which sought to achieve Home Rule for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Irish politicians
1813 births
1879 deaths
Adam Yauch

Adam Nathaniel Yauch (August 5, 1964 - May 4, 2012) was an American rapper and movie director. He was a member of the Beastie Boys.

Yauch was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In 2009, he was diagnosed with salivary gland neoplasm. He died of the disease in New York City.

References 

1964 births
2012 deaths
American rap musicians
Deaths from salivary gland cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
Musicians from Brooklyn
Zoosemiotics

Zoosemiotics is a branch of semiotics (and of biosemiotics) that studies sign processes and communication in animals.

Semiotics
Juri Lotman

Juri M. Lotman (28 February 1922 – 28 October 1993) was a semiotician and a professor in Russian literature, semiotics of and history of culture in the University of Tartu.

He established the semiotics school in Tartu, Estonia.

1922 births
Semioticians
1993 deaths
Świętochłowice

Świętochłowice is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 55,000 people and 13.31 km². The city is on the Rawa River.

Cities in Poland
Schnitzel

Schnitzel is a traditional German and Austrian dish.  It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried. It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine. In Austria, the dish called Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.  

The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal.  It is now often made of pork. When made of pork, it is often called Schnitzel Wiener Art in Germany.  In Austria, by law it has to be called Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein to show it is different it from the original. In Austria and Germany, the term Wiener Schnitzel is protected by law.  Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal. 

In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country). In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.

References

German food
Austrian food
Meat dishes
Kaiserschmarrn

Kaiserschmarrn is a well-known Austrian dessert.  It was popular in the former Austria–Hungary as well as in Bavaria. The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzršmorn". In Hungary it is called "császármorzsa" or simply "smarni".

Overview
Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake.  It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways.  When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff. Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added.  The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation.  It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.

Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with Zwetschkenröster, a fruit compote made out of Plums.

References

Austrian food
Desserts
Baked foods
Knödel

Knödel or Klöße are large round poached or boiled potato or bread dumplings, made without yeast. They are normal parts of Austrian, German, Hungarian and Czech cuisine.  They come in many different forms. They can be made from flour, potatoes, old bread, semolina, etc. In most types, they are used as a side dish for meat. They can also be served as a dessert or in a soup.

Names and varieties
In Hungary, they are called gombóc; in the Czech Republic, knedlík; in Luxembourg, Kniddel(en), cnigle in Bukovina; and, in Italy, canederli. In some parts of the United States, klub is used to mean potato dumplings. 

Klöße are large dumplings, steamed or boiled in hot water, made of dough from grated raw or mashed potatoes, eggs and flour. Similar semolina crack dumplings are made with semolina, egg and milk.  They are called Grießklößchen.
Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons or ham. In Austria and Hungary they make large sweet dumplings or plum dumplings called Zwetschkenknödel. Gombotzen are made with flour & potato batter, by wrapping the potato dough around whole plums or apricots.  They then are boiled and rolled in hot buttered caramelized bread crumbs. Topfenknödel are  made with quark cheese (Topfen) and are traditionally topped with cinnamon sugar and served with apple sauce or with streusel.

Königsberger Klopse are not dumplings, they are made from ground meat and are related to Frikadeller.

References

German food
Austrian food
Hungarian culture
Czech culture
Tafelspitz

Tafelspitz is boiled beef in broth Viennese style.

The dish 
Tafelspitz - boiled tri-tip - is a typical Austrian dish. The beef is simmered with root vegetables and spices in the broth. It is usually served with roasted slices of potato and a mix of minced apples and horseradish or sour cream mixed with horseradish. 
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, was a great lover of Tafelspitz.  Tafelspitz is said to be the national dish of Austria.

The cut

Tafelspitz is the name of the meat cut which is used.  It is usually from a young ox. The meat for Tafelspitz is well-aged pieces of beef, a cut of beef from the bottom sirloin primal cut.  This cut is typically known in the  United States as the tri-tip.
Austrian butchers gave almost every muscle of beef a separate name.  The hind leg alone is parted into 16 cuts.

References

Austrian food
Meat dishes
Schönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn Palace is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important cultural monuments in the country. Since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna. The palace and gardens show the tastes and interests of Habsburg monarchs.

Early history
In the year 1569, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river.  It was between Meidling and Hietzing. The emperor had the area to be fenced and put game there such as pheasants, ducks, deer and boar.  This was the court's recreational hunting ground. In a small separate part of the area, "exotic" birds such as turkeys and peafowl were kept. Fishponds were built, too.

The name Schönbrunn (meaning "beautiful spring") is from an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.

During the next century, the area was used as a hunting and recreation ground. Eleonora Gonzaga, who loved hunting, spent much time there.  She was given the area as her widow's residence after the death of her husband, Ferdinand II. From 1638 to 1643, she added a palace to the Katterburg mansion.  In 1642 it was called "Schönbrunn" for the first time. The start of the Schönbrunn orangery seem to go back to Eleonora Gonzaga as well.

Gardens 

The sculpted garden space between the palace and the Sun Fountain is called the Great Parterre. The French garden, a big part of the area, was planned by Jean Trehet in 1695. It has a maze.

Western parts were turned into English garden style in 1828–1852. At the outmost western edge, a botanical garden was made in 1828.

Sculptures 
Lining the Great Parterre are 32 sculptures, which represent deities and virtues.

Recent history
After the end of the monarchy in 1918, the new Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace.  They made it a museum.

Later it was used for important events such as the meeting between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1961.

UNESCO catalogued Schönbrunn Palace on the World Heritage List in 1996, together with its gardens, as a remarkable Baroque ensemble and example of synthesis of the arts.

References

Gallery

Other websites

Palaces
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Museums in Europe
Buildings and structures in Austria
Former royal residences
Hoher Dachstein

Hoher Dachstein is an Austrian mountain,.  It is the second highest mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps. It is at the border of Upper Austria and Styria in central Austria.  It  is the highest point in each of those states. Parts of it are also in the state of Salzburg.  Because of this it is sometimes called the Drei-Länder-Berg ("three-state mountain").

The Dachstein has a rich cave system. The Dachstein is famous for its fossils, including megalodonts.

References

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Alps
Mountains of Austria
Styria
Upper Austria
Salzkammergut

The Salzkammergut is a resort area in Austria. It goes from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range. The main river of the region is the Traun. The name Salzkammergut means "Estate of the Salt Chamber".  This is from the Imperial Salt Chamber, the group who ran the precious salt mines in the Habsburg empire.

With its many lakes and mountains, the Salzkammergut has many opportunities for water sports, bathing, hiking, cycling and golf.

Parts of the area around Hallstatt were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1997. The World Heritage Site includes the towns Hallstatt, Obertraun, Gosau and Bad Goisern.

References

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Regions of Austria
Salzburgerland
Styria
Upper Austria
Semmering railway

The Semmering railway is a railway in Austria.  It starts at Gloggnitz and leads over the Semmering to Mürzzuschlag.  It was the first mountain railway in Europe built with a standard gauge track. It is commonly called the world's first true mountain railway.  This is because of the very difficult terrain and the large altitude difference. It is still fully functional as a part of the South railway.

The Semmering railway was built between 1848 and 1854.  There were about 20,000 workers.  The director was Carl von Ghega. There are 14 tunnels, 16 viaducts and over 100 curved stone bridges as well as 11 small iron bridges. 

In 1998 the Semmering railway was added to the list of the UNESCO World Heritage sites.

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Transport in Austria
Rail transport in Europe
Eggenberg Castle, Graz

Eggenberg Palace in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace in Styria, Austria. Schloss Eggenberg is among the most valuable cultural assets of Austria.  It was the home of the House of Eggenberg.  In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The palace is on the western edge of the Styrian capital of Graz in the Eggenberg (Graz) district. The northern corner of the palace grounds has the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium of Roman stonework.  There is a collection of over five centuries of European art history from the medieval to early modern period of European art history.  These are in the palace itself.

References

Museums in Europe
Castles
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Buildings and structures in Austria
Graz
1630s establishments in Europe
David Cronenberg

David Cronenberg (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian director, producer, screenwriter and actor. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is of Jewish descent. 

Genre of his films is body horror. Many of them are considered classic of this genre. 

Cronenberg's work includes: Rabid, The Brood, Scanners, Videodrome, The Fly, Dead Ringers, Crash, A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method.

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Cinematographers
Jewish actors
Jewish businesspeople
Movie editors
Yoko Shimomura

is a Japanese composer who makes video game music. She has worked with Capcom and Square Enix. She is best known for composing music for the Kingdom Hearts and Mario & Luigi series. Many of her works have been performed in video game music concerts. She left Square in 2002 and currently works as a freelancer but has or is working on six Kingdom Hearts games and the Mario & Luigi series. Shem is also working on Final Fantasy Versus XIII.

Video game Soundtracks 
 Samurai Sword (1988)
 F-1 Dream (1989)
 Final Fight (1989) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
 Adventures in the Magic Kingdom (1990)
 Mizushima Shinji no Daikoushien (1990)
 Code Name: Viper (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
 Gargoyle's Quest (1990) (with Harumi Fujita (uncredited))
 Adventure Quiz 2: Capcom World (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi, Manami Matsumae, Junko Tamiya, H. Takaoka, and G. Morita (uncredited))
 Mahjong School: The Super O Version (1990) (with Masaki Izutani (uncredited))
 Buster Bros. (PC Engine) (1991) (with Tamayo Kawamoto)
 The King of Dragons (1991)
 Street Fighter II (1991) (with Isao Abe (credited as Pii♪))
 Block Block (1991) (with Masaki Izutani)
 Varth: Operation Thunderstorm (1992) (with Masaki Izutani and Toshio Kajino)
 The Punisher (1993) (with Isao Abe, Toshio Kajino, Syun Nishigaki and  Nobu. Oouchi)
 Breath of Fire (1993) (with Bun Bun, Minae Fujii, and Mari Yamaguchi)
 Live A Live (1994)
 Front Mission (1995) (with Noriko Matsueda)
 Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars (1996)
 Tobal No. 1 (1996) (with many others)
 Parasite Eve (1998)
 Legend of Mana (1999)
 Hataraku Chocobo (2000)
 Kingdom Hearts (2002)
 Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2003)
 Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories (2004)
 Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time (2005)
 Kingdom Hearts II (2005)
 Pop'n Music Carnival (13) (2005) (with many others)
 Monster Kingdom: Jewel Summoner (2006) (with Shinji Hosoe, Hitoshi Sakimoto, Yasunori Mitsuda, Kenji Ito, Masaharu Iwata, Tsukasa Masuko, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Ayako Saso, and Takahiro Ogata)
 Heroes of Mana (2007)
 Luminous Arc 2 (2008) (with Akari Kaida, Yoshino Aoki, and Shunsuke Nakamura)
 Little King's Story (2008) (with Yutaka Minobe)
 Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days (2009)
 Kingdom Hearts coded (2009)
 Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story (2009)
 Pop'n Music The Movie (17) (2009) (with many others)
 Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
 Last Ranker (2010)
 Xenoblade (2010) (with ACE+, Manami Kiyota, and Yasunori Mitsuda)
 The 3rd Birthday (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Mitsuto Suzuki)
 Kingdom Hearts Re:coded (2010)
 Radiant Historia (2010)
 Half-Minute Hero II (2011)
 Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance (2012) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
 Demons' Score (2012)
 Mario & Luigi: Dream Team (2013)
 Exstetra (2013) (with many others)
 Final Fantasy XV (TBA)
 Kingdom Hearts III (TBA)
 "Future Mana Project" (TBA)

References

Other website 
Official website 

1967 births
Living people
Japanese composers
Japanese musicians
Video game composers
Women composers
People from Hyōgo Prefecture
Wachau

The Wachau is an Austrian valley.  It has pretty landscape formed by the Danube river. It is one of the biggest tourist places of Lower Austria.  It is midway between the towns of Melk and Krems. It is  in length.  People lived here in prehistoric times.  

A well-known place and tourist attraction is Dürnstein.  This is where King Richard the Lion-Heart of England was held captive by Duke Leopold V. 

The Wachau is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  This is for its architectural and agricultural history.

References

Valleys
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Regions of Austria
Lower Austria
Lake Neusiedl

Lake Neusiedl is the second largest steppe lake in Central Europe.  It goes across the Austrian and Hungarian border. The lake covers 315 km². 240 km² is on the Austrian side and 75 km² on the Hungarian side. The lake's drainage basin has an area of about 1,120 km². From north to south, the lake is about 36 km long.  It is between 6 km and 12 km wide from east to west. The lake is no more than 1.8 m deep.

Most of the lake is surrounded by reeds which serve as a home for animals.  The lake is an important resting place for migratory birds.

In 2001 the national parks in Austria and Fertő-Hanság in Hungary were together accepted as a World Heritage Site.

References

Biosphere reserves
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Neusiedl
Neusiedl
Geography of Hungary
Burgenland
Eurobeat

Eurobeat is electronic music from Italy and Japan.

Eurobeat artists 
 Ennio Zanini
 Maurizio De Jorio
Maureen Stapleton

Maureen Stapleton (June 21, 1925 – March 13, 2006) was an American television, movie and theater actress. She had a limited movie career. She died on March 13, 2006 from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

People from Troy, New York
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
1925 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from COPD
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
Tango & Cash

Tango & Cash is a 1989 American buddy cop movie starring Sylvester Stallone and Kurt Russell. The movie is directed by Andrei Konchalovsky.

Stallone plays Ray Tango and Russell plays Gabriel Cash, LAPD narcotics detectives who are framed for murder by crime lord Yves Perret, played by Jack Palance. The officers have to work together to prove their innocence.

Other websites 

1989 comedy movies
1989 crime movies
1989 action movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American action movies
American criminal comedy movies
Buddy cop movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies set in Los Angeles
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Andrei Konchalovsky
March of Azerbaijan

Azərbaycan marşı (cyrl. Азәрбајҹан Маршы, arab. آذربایجان مارشی, pron. [ɑ̝ːz̪æ̞ɾbɑ̝jˈd͡ʒɑ̝n mɑ̝ɾˈʃɯ̞] "ah-zar-bahy-JAHN mahr-SHIH"; en. 'Azerbaijan March' or 'The March of Azerbaijan') is the national anthem of Azerbaijan. It was composed by Üzeyir Hacıbəyov and the lyrics were written by Əhməd Cavad. The anthem was officially adopted by the government of Azerbaijan in 1920, and then again in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

A part of the song is written on the back of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.

Lyrics
The Cyrillic script was used in Soviet Azerbaijan between 1939 and 1991, and it is still used in the Republic of Dagestan in Russia. The Perso-Arabic script is used by the Iranian Azerbaijanis in Iranian Azerbaijan, and it has been once used by all Azerbaijanis until the Soviet Latinisation campaign in Soviet Azerbaijan during the 1920s.

Phonetic transcription

Former alphabets
Since the anthem's existence, Azerbaijani had been written in a number of alphabets.

Unofficial translations

Trivia
In accordance with Azerbaijani law, there are no official translations for this song.
The anthem's composer, Üzeyir Hacıbəyov, also composed the music for the Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.
Because the anthem has existed since 1920, the lyrics were written in various different scripts.

References 

Azerbaijan
National anthems
National symbols of Azerbaijan
Access network

An access network is the part of a telecommunications network that connects subscribers to their immediate service provider.

Networks
Electronics
Azerbaijani people

The Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijani Turks, or Azeris are Turkic people living mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and in northwestern Iran, as well as in Georgia, Russia (Dagestan), Turkey and formerly Armenia. 

After the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), the land of the Iranian Qajar dynasty in the Caucasus were given to the Russian Empire which makes up the present territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Lands which Iran kept are now known as Iranian Azerbaijan. Even though they live on two sides of an international border, the Azerbaijanis are a single ethnic group. However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution of Iranian Azerbaijanis and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Turkish, and the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen, all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages. The Azerbaijanis are mostly Shi'a Muslim.

Related pages 
 Iranian Azerbaijanis

Other websites 
 Azerbaijan -Citizendium

References
Constitutional republic

A constitutional republic is a state where the chief executive and representatives are elected, and the rules are set down in a written constitution. 

The head of state and other representatives are elected but they do not have uncontrolled power. What their power is limited to is written in the constitution. If there is dispute about what the constitution means, this is decided by a court system that is independent from the representatives.

Constitutional republics usually have a separation of powers. The separation of powers means that no single officeholder gets unlimited power.  John Adams said that a constitutional republic was "a government of laws, and not of men".

Supporters of such a republic argue that it is meant to be a safeguard against "tyranny". No office holder can get to a position of absolute power. However, some have argued that a constitution can be written in such a way that it lets tyranny arise, and that a constitution is therefore not a fail proof safeguard against tyranny.

Aristotle was the first to write about the idea in his works on politics.

Constitutional monarchies are a special case: even though the monarch is not elected, the people still elect other governing bodies. The constitution also limits the power of the monarch.

Comparisons 
Comparisons can be made. There are countries which nominally are constitutional republics, but which have become (in effect) dictatorships. There are also countries which have no written constitution, and are monarchies, but which act in a similar way to constitutional republics.

References

Related pages
constitutionalism
constitutional economics
democracy
rule of law

Forms of government
Artur Rasizade

Artur Tahir oglu Rasizade (born 26 February 1935 in Ganja) was the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from 2003 until 2018. Rasizada was a long-time Communist Party member during the Azerbaijan SSR period. He was Prime Minister from July 20, 1996 until August 4, 2003.  He quit due to health reasons.  This let President Heydar Aliyev's son Ilham Aliyev become Prime Minister. Rasizada continued to act as Prime Minister for Ilham Aliyev.  He formally returned to the job on November 4, after Ilham Aliyev was elected as president.

Awards
Rasizade was awarded with Istiglal Order for his contributions to economic development of Azerbaijan by President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on February 23, 2005.

References 

1935 births
Prime Ministers of Azerbaijan
Living people
Caucasian Albania

Albania (usually called Caucasian Albania not to be confused with the modern state of Albania) is name is for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus. The native name for the country is unknown. It was on the land of present-day  Azerbaijan and partially southern Dagestan.

References

Caucasus
Former countries in Europe
History of Azerbaijan
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
4th-century BC establishments
8th-century disestablishments
Enchō

was a  after Engi and before Jōhei.  This period started in April 923 and ended in April 931.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Enchō era
 929 (Enchō 7, 8th month): Floods devastated the country and many died.
 24 July 930 (Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month): Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.  Fuijwara no Kiyotsura and Taira no Mareyo and many others were killed.  The deaths were interpreted as an act of revenge by the spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane.
 16 October 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 34th year of Daigo's reign, the emperor fell ill; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 23 October 930 (Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month): Emperor Daigo  died at the age of 46.

Gallery

In Enchō 8, the thunder and lightning of a great storm were believed to show the angry spirit of Sugawara Michizane

Related pages 
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
923 establishments
10th-century establishments in Japan
931 disestablishments
930s disestablishments in Asia
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
1223


Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 March 25 – Sancho II is crowned King of Portugal
 May 31 – Battle of the Kalka River: The Mongol armies of Genghis Khan defeat the Russian warriors.
 August 6 – Louis VIII is crowned King of France.
 The Franciscan Rule is approved by Pope Honorius III.
 Failure of an attempt by the Sicilian fleet to reconquer Jerba.

Births 
 John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel (d. 1267)
 Baibars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277)
 Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (d. 1265)
 Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Last Native Prince of Wales (d. 1282)

Deaths 
 March 8 – Wincenty Kadłubek, Polish bishop and historian (b. 1161)
 March 25 – King Afonso II of Portugal (b. 1185)
 July 14 – King Philip II of France (b. 1165)
 Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (b. 1192)
 Giraldus Cambrensis Cambro-Norman clergyman and chronicler (b. 1146)
 Mstislav III of Kiev
 Mukhali, Mongol general
 Unkei, Japanese sculptor (b. 1151)

References
Singapore Standard Time

Singapore Standard Time (abbreviation: SST; ) or Singapore Time (abbreviation: SIN; ) is the time zone used in Singapore, 8 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:00).

History 
Singapore is situated 103° 51' 16" East of Greenwich and lies within the UTC+07:00 time zone. Before 31 May 1905, the local time was UTC+06:55:25 ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

During World War II, when the Japanese occupied Singapore, UTC+09:00 was used, to follow Japan time, while UTC+07:20 and UTC+07:30 were used for daylight saving time. When Peninsular Malaysia moved its standard time 30 minutes ahead from UTC+07:30 to UTC+08:00 on 31 December 1981, Singapore shifted too.

The city state started using UTC+08:00 on 1 January 1982 and the country celebrated New Year's Day half an hour earlier.

Other websites 
 Why is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?
Singapore Standard Time 
 National Metrology Centre 

Singapore
Singapore