cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Paul Bunyan

Paul Bunyan is a fictional giant lumberjack.  James MacGillivray wrote about Bunyan in 1910, which is the earliest writing about Bunyan that we know about.  A few years later, in 1916, William Laughead was writing an advertisement, and decided to use Bunyan in what he was writing, and decided to make him a giant.

Origin of Paul Bunyan 

James Stevens wrote a book called Paul Bunyan in 1925. This book said that French Canadians people made up the Paul Bunyan stories during the Papineau Rebellion of 1837, when they were fighting against England. This would explain why Paul Bunyan's last name is "Bunyan", because "Bunyan" sounds like the French-Canadian slang word "Bonyenne", which is something that they might say when they are surprised, like how people who speak English might say "Good Grief" or "My Goodness". People told other people stories about Bunyan, and the stories would change a little bit as they spread from person to person. Often, Paul Bunyan is shown in pictures with a giant blue ox named Babe. Historians think that Babe was not created until the 20th century for advertising.  Other theories is that the Paul Bunyan was based on the legendry "Big Joe Mufferaw" [aka French-Canadian lumberjack Joseph Montferrand [1802-1864].  or on a French-Canadain lumberjack in Michigan named Fabian "Joe" Fournier  [1845-1875]

Legends about Paul Bunyan 
According to legend, when Bunyan was born, it took three storks to carry him. (In some stories storks carry babies and drop them off at their parents' houses.). When he became older, he broke every window in the house when he clapped or laughed. When he was seven months old, he sawed the legs off his parent's bed in the middle of the night. Paul and his friend, Babe the Blue Ox, dug the Grand Canyon when Paul was carrying his axe and dragging it behind him. Babe, Bunyan's friend, was a large and very strong animal.

Many different towns say that they are the "home" of Bunyan. Some of these towns are in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, although there are towns in other states, too.

In the town of Kelliher, Minnesota, there is a park called Paul Bunyan Memorial Park, where there is a grave site that says that Paul Bunyan is buried there.

References

Notes

Other websites 

 "The Story of Paul Bunyan", Paul Bunyan Trail
 Paul Bunyan: How A Terrible Timber Feller Became the Legend , History of the Paul Bunyan Legend
 Roadside statues and other tributes to the Great Tree-Biter, Paul Bunyan, Roadside America
 Animated stories of Paul Bunyan

Fictional characters
American folklore
Japanese era name

The , also known as , is a traditional calendar system which began during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku in the 7th century. This calendar has been in use in Japan since the beginning of the 8th century.

The historical Japanese calendar system defines and parses time in terms of ordinal numbers.

Usage 

Each new  was usually started soon after the beginning of the reign of a new emperor. Era names were also changed due to other events.  Starting in the reign of Emperor Yōzei, the tradition of naming eras because of good omens changed.  Instead, the name of an era might be chosen to ward off something bad.

The first day of the  started whenever the emperor decided. This first year continued until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.

To change a Japanese year to a Western or Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the nengō (see list below). When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Shōwa period (Shōwa 23) was 1948:

ILLUSTRATION: 1926 − 1 = 1925 ..., and then  1925 + 23 = 1948 ... or Shōwa 23.

Timeline of Japanese era names

Related pages 
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese Imperial year
 Japanese calendar

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
 NengoCalc

Eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
Appomattox Court House

Appomattox Court House is a place in Virginia (It is now called Appomattox, Virginia).  It is where General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army on April 9, 1865, ending the American Civil War.  Though the place is called Appomattox Court House, the surrender took place at the McLean House, a private home. 

American Civil War
Base isolation

Base isolation is a collection of a building’s units resting on its foundation to provide separation of the building from shaking ground thus improving seismic performance.

Basic parts of base isolation system
Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components, where:

1. Isolation units are the basic elements of base isolation system which provide the mentioned separation effect to a building structure.

2. Isolation components are the connections between isolation units and other parts of the building having no separation effect of their own.

Famous base-isolated buildings

History
From the very beginning, the theory of base isolation rested on two pillars: heavy damping and frequency separation. Unfortunately, nobody paid any attention that the heavy damping was a sort of a strong connection between a substructure and superstructure, and that the idea of decoupling them with the help of such connections was of no good. Anyway, to virtually test-drive any design concept of base isolation, some online help is available now.

Earthquake engineering
Shōō (Kamakura period)

, also spelled as Shō-ō, was a  after Kōan and before Einin.  The period started in April 1288 and ended in August 1293.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Shōō era
 1288 (Shōō 1): The future Emperor Go-Fushimi was born.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

 

Japanese eras
1288 establishments
13th-century establishments in Japan
1293 disestablishments
13th-century disestablishments in Japan
Vibration control

In earthquake engineering, vibration control is a set of technical means for decreasing seismic loads and improving seismic performance of building structures.

Types of vibration control devices 
All vibration control devices may be classified as passive, active  or hybrid. The first kind is the simplest one and, therefore, widespread. Passive control devices represent different types of base isolators and seismic dampers.

Base isolators restrict penetration of potentially damaging seismic waves into a building structure while dampers decrease destructive effect of those waves.

Other websites

References

Earthquake engineering
Mechanical vibrations
Telephone card

A telephone card, calling card or phone card for short, is a small plastic card that is used to pay for telephone calls. They usually hold a set value of credit. Some cards can be recharged with more credit.

Telephone
Alexandra Kosteniuk

Alexandra Kosteniuk (born Perm, Volga, 23 April 1984) is a Russian chess Grandmaster and former Women's World Chess Champion. She lost her title in 2010.

Alexandra is married, and lives with her husband and daughter in Key Biscayne, Miami, Florida.

Kosteniuk is now ranked 31st in the current FIDE rating list for women. She is no longer playing regularly. The highest rated woman, Judit Polgar (Hungary), never plays in female events. The second highest rated woman is Humpy Koneru (India); she has never won the women's world championship.

Some data

Notable games 
 Alexandra Kosteniuk vs Alexander Onischuk, Corus, Group B 2005, Spanish Game: Classical Variation (C65), 1–0
 Anna Ushenina vs Alexandra Kosteniuk, WWCh. 2008, Nimzo-Indian Defense: Classical, Noa Variation (E34), 0–1

Other websites 

  Interview with Grandmaster Alexandra Kosteniuk on LatestChess site 
 Photo collection of Kosteniuk 
 ChessBase: Alexandra Kosteniuk is Women's World Champion
  The crowning of Kosteniuk as a World Champion

References 

 

Russian chess players
1984 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
King's Sutton railway station

King's Sutton railway station serves the village of King's Sutton in Northamptonshire, England.  It is also the nearest railway station to the town of Brackley. It was opened on 1 December 1873 by the Great Western Railway. The station is managed by Chiltern Railways, who provide services along with First Great Western. It was heavily renovated in 2009, with new fencing, a new shelter and a bridge being added to it.

References

Trains
Northamptonshire
Railway stations in England
Akbash Dog

The Akbash Dog is a large breed (type) of dog which comes from Turkey. It has a white coat of fur. It was bred to protect sheep in the field from thieves and predators. While this dog has been used for this job in Turkey for many hundreds of years, it is not often found outside of Turkey. The Akbash Dog is closely related to other large, white dogs used to protect sheep, such as the Komondor and the Aidi.

Dog breeds
Clapping

Clapping is when you hit your hands together which makes a sound. The harder you hit, the louder the sound, the softer you hit, less the sound.
If hitting by means of hand to hand contact it will make a different sound than if you were to clap against another object, say, your leg. 

Sound
Strung Out

Strung Out is a punk rock band from Simi Valley, California, United States. They formed in 1992. They are known mostly for their musical style, which has both aspects of punk rock and heavy metal to make their main sound. They have made seven albums on Fat Wreck Chords and appeared on many compilations and skate/surf videos. They have played on the Warped Tour and continue to tour around the world.

American punk bands
Musical groups from California
Simi Valley, California
Reading and Leeds Festivals

The Reading and Leeds Festivals are two yearly music festivals. They take place in Reading and Leeds in the United Kingdom. They are run by Festival Republic (itself owned by Live Nation and MCD). The festivals take place one at a time on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday. They take place on the August of bank holiday weekend. They share the same bill. Between 1998 and 2007, the two festivals were known as the "Carling Weekend", until parting ways with their sponsor Carling in November 2007.

Other websites

Music festivals in England
Circa Survive

Circa Survive is a rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They formed in 2004. The band has vocalist Anthony Green. He was a singer of Saosin and members of the now-defunct This Day Forward.

Their first album, Juturna, was released on April 19, 2005 by Equal Vision Records, which got mixed reviews. However their second album, On Letting Go, released on May 29, 2007, garnered big reviewer acclaim. Their upcoming album, Blue Sky Noise, will be released on April 20, 2010 on Atlantic Records as the band has finished their term with Equal Vision Records.

Studio albums 
 Juturna (2005)
 On Letting Go (2007)
 Blue Sky Noise (2010)
 Violent Waves (2012)
 Descensus (2014)
 The Amulet (2017)

American rock bands
musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Pennsylvania
The Blind Side (movie)

The Blind Side is a 2009 American drama sports movie directed by John Lee Hancock. It is based on the novel The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game, which was written by Michael Lewis. It stars Sandra Bullock, Tim McGraw, Quinton Aaron, and Kathy Bates.

The movie is based on a true story. The story follows football player Michael Oher's life, from growing up in a very poor neighborhood, to being adopted by a rich family, and then going to play for Ole Miss and eventually the Baltimore Ravens.

Bullock won an Academy Award for Best Actress, Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Drama and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.

Other websites 

2009 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s sports drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American sports drama movies
English-language movies
Memphis, Tennessee
Movies based on books
Warner Bros. movies
Lahaul and Spiti district

The district of Lahaul-Spiti in the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul and Spiti.

Local government in India
Himachal Pradesh

he:ספיטי
Presidency division

Presidency Division is a division in the Indian state of West Bengal. It has 5 districts:

 Howrah district 
 Kolkata district 
 Nadia district 
 North 24 Parganas district 
 South 24 Parganas district

References

Divisions of West Bengal
Burdwan division

Burdwan Division is a division in the Indian state of West Bengal. It consists of 4 districts:

 Birbhum district
 Paschim Bardhaman district
 Purba Bardhaman district
 Hooghly district

References

Divisions of West Bengal
List of presidents of the United States

This list includes all people who have been sworn as President of the United States.

Presidents

References

Notes

Other websites

 Whitehouse.gov: The Presidents
 The Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies –Grand Valley State University
 POTUS: Presidents of the United States – Internet Public Library

United States
Jalpaiguri division

Jalpaiguri Division is a division in the Indian state of West Bengal. It consists of 5 districts:

 Jalpaiguri district 
 Darjeeling district 
 Cooch Behar district 
 Alipurduar district 
 Kalimpong district

References

Divisions of West Bengal
Shani

Shani is one of the Navagraha  which are the nine main celestial beings in Hindu astrology, or Jyotiṣa. Shani is embodied in the planet Saturn. Shani is the Lord of Saturday; the word Shani also denotes the seventh day or Saturday in most Indian languages.

Hindu mythology
American Foxhound

The American Foxhound is a kind of dog breed. The foxhound came from the United States. It is a type of hound.

Dog breeds
Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm

"Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm" (pron. [mu ˈisɑ.mɑː mu ˈɤnʲ jɑ ˈrɤːm], "moo EE-sah-mah moo UHN yah RUHM"; en. 'My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy') is the incipit of the national anthem of Estonia, first adopted in 1920.

This song has been around since the 19th century; its lyrics (words) were written in 1869 by Estonian poet Johann Voldemar Jannsen, and its melody—the same one used in Finland's national anthem "Maamme"—was composed in 1848 by Friedrich Pacius.

When the Soviets took control of Estonia in 1940, this anthem was banned, then four years later when the small Baltic country became part of the Soviet Union, a regional Soviet anthem was adopted. In May 1990, shortly before the Soviet Union fell, the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the "Republic of Estonia" and this anthem was adopted again.

Lyrics

Estonian lyrics

Poetic English translation
My native land, my joy – delight,
How fair thou art — how bright!
For nowhere in the world around
Can ever such a place be found
So well belov'd, from sense profound,
My native country dear!

My tiny crib stood on thy soil,
Whose blessings eased my toil.
May my last breath be thanks to thee,
For true to death I'll ever be,
O worthy, most belov'd and fine,
Thou, dearest country mine!

May God in Heaven thee defend,
My own beloved land!
May He be guard, may He be shield,
For ever bless and guardian wield
Protection for all deeds of thine,
My own, my dearest land!

Trivia
This anthem uses the same tune as "Maamme", the national anthem of Finland.

References

Estonia
National anthems
V sign

The V sign is a hand gesture that means victory or peace.  It is made by raising the first and second fingers on the hand, and putting down the other fingers.  

Peace
Symbols
Non-verbal communication
Emperor Ankō

was the 20th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ankō to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Ankō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations. 
No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki record that Ankō was the second son of Emperor Ingyō.

Some accounts report that Ankō murdered his own father.

Events of Ankō's life 
Very little is known about the events of Ankō's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

 462: According to Chinese records, a delegation from the Japanese monarch was received in the court of the southern Sung Dynasty.  The "king" mentioned in these documents probably would have been Emperor Ankō.

It is believed that Ankō was murdered in the third year of his reign.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ankō.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan
Building code

A building code is a set of rules set to govern a a building's design, construction, testing, inspections, and maintenance to protect public health, safety and welfare. Building codes are adopted and enforced by the government, who may inspect buildings to make sure they follow the rules.

A building code may provide rules for many different things and is influenced by materials manufacturers, firefighters, and building officials. The building may need to follow rules about providing parking or affecting traffic. There will be rules about making the building safe during disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, and tornadoes.

The rules used on a specific building may be very different depending on where the building is and what it is used for. For example, a house will have extra rules about making sure people can live there, while a hotel will have extra rules about fire exits. Many public buildings have a "maximum occupancy" for some rooms, which is how many people may be allowed into that room at once.

Earthquakes
Any building code has either some minimum requirements for seismic loads  (prescriptive code) or some seismic performance rules (performance-based code).

Seismic design is based on procedures meant to protect structures that may experience earthquake impact. However, a design which blindly follows seismic code rules does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.

Related pages
 Building Code Reference Library

References 

Buildings and structures
Earthquake engineering
Supply-side economics

Supply-side economics or trickle-down economics is a theory that if taxes were cut on the richest people in society, rich people would use their extra money to invest in the economy, but if taxes were increased, the wealthy would leave the country and invest somewhere else where the tax rates are lower.  People who support supply-side economics believe that taxes punished productivity and if they were lowered, people would produce more goods and services.  Many supporters of supply-side economics also support things such as limited government spending, low inflation, and regulating the economy less.

Economist Arthur Laffer supported supply-side economics with a theory called a Laffer Curve.  The theory stated that government will get no money if taxes were too high—nobody would pay them—and that the government would not get enough money if taxes were too low.  The theory also stated that if taxes were too high, the economy would be less productive and it would give the government less money and that if taxes were low, the economy would be productive and the government would get more money. 

Supply-side economics was used while Ronald Reagan was president during the 1980's.  Income taxes on the wealthiest Americans were cut from 70% to 50% to 28% during his two terms.  Also, capital gains taxes were cut.  Supporters of supply-side economics mention that those tax cuts have resulted in economic recovery during the 1980's and the strong economic boom in the 1990's and first decade of the 21st century.

Critics of supply-side economics say that the wealthy gain a lot of money in the hope that a very small amount of it will trickle down to the poor, and they call it voodoo economics.  Many critics say that supply-side economic policies are bad because they result in a bigger gap between the rich and the poor.  They also criticize that the reduction in taxes results in the cutting of programs for the poor people who need it.  Other critics point out that large supply-cuts tax cuts,  in combination with increases in military spending, has resulted in the government being in a large amount of debt.

Economic policy
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Vaan

Vaan is a fake character in the Final Fantasy series. He is also the main character of Final Fantasy XII.

Development 

In the beginning of the making of Final Fantasy, Basch was set to be the main character; but it was switched to Vaan. The team who made the game decided that a big, strong man would not be popular to the public.

The person who plays as Vaan in Final Fantasy XII is Bobby Edner in the English game and Kouhei Takeda in the Japanese game.

Appearance 

Vaan is the main character in Final Fantasy XII. He is an orphan. His parents died in from being sick when he was 12. He lost his brother, Reks, two years before the game starts. He makes money by doing things for his friend Migelo. He wants to be a sky pirate when he grows up.

During the game Final Fantasy Revenant Wings, Vaan owns the ship called Galbana.

References 

Video game characters
Final Fantasy
Vielle

The vielle is a bowed stringed instrument. It is a European instrument. It was used in the Medieval period. It is similar to a violin. It has a longer and deeper body than the violin. The vielle was also called a fidel or a viuola. Vielle is the French name for the instrument. It was one of the most popular instruments of the Medieval period. The vielle possibly came from the lira. The lira is a Byzantine bowed instrument. It is closely related to the Rebab. The Rebab is an Arab bowed instrument.

References

String instruments
Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum. It is sometimes called The Met. It is found on the eastern edge of Central Park in New York City. It has a collection of more than two million works of art.

The main building is one of the world's largest art galleries, at about  in area. The Met is the most popular art museum in the United States with more than 5 million visitors each year. There is also a much smaller second location, the Cloisters. The Cloisters museum and gardens, which opened to the public in 1938, is a branch of the Museum. It is located in Inwood, in northern Manhattan. It has medieval art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes its Main Building on Fifth Avenue and the Cloisters in northern Manhattan, dates back to 1866.

People are asked to donate to the museum upon admission. However, one can choose not to donate. The museum suggests a $25 donation per person.

History

In 1866, a group of Americans in Paris, France, agreed to create a "national institution and gallery of art". Their goal was to bring art and art education to the American people.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day, who wanted to open a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue.

Collections
The museum has art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from European artists, and a large collection of American and modern art.  There is also a large number of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine, and Islamic artwork.  The museum has collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world.

References 

Museums in New York City
Art museums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
1870 establishments in New York (state)
Be (disambiguation)

Be could mean:

Existence
The symbol for Beryllium in Chemistry
Be (Cyrillic), the second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet

Acronyms
Basic English
British English
30 Minut

"30 Minut" () is a song by t.A.T.u. that was first released on 200 По Встречной, and released as single in September 2001. It has an English counterpart named "30 Minutes".

Music video 
The music video starts out with Yulia Volkova in a stall at the fair, while many other girls start talking. They leave, and Yulia comes out, washes her hands, and sighs. She then goes back into the stall. We then see Lena Katina laughing and then a kid walking by with his parents. We then see why Lena is laughing: she is with a man. Yulia is building a time bomb in the stall, while the man puts his hands down her pants, squeezing her butt and her pulling down her pants. Yulia comes out to see Lena putting her unexposed breasts on the man's chest, and then putting her shirt down. Yulia then waits for the bomb to go off, and then we see the bomb explode, and we see bits of the carousel flying into the camera. At the end, bits of the carousel fall to the ground burnt. A censored version of the video was made without the part with Lena's exposed breast. Also, there's less time at the end of the explosion.

2003 songs
Sc

Sc can mean the things below:

 Sharia court, a venue for sharia rulings
Scandium, a chemical element
Einin

was a  after Shōō and before Shōan.  This period started in August 1293 and ended in April 1299. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Einen era
 1293 (Einin 1):  Major  earthquake and tsunami hit Sagami Bay and Kamakura, killing 20,000+ people.  
 1298 (Einin 6, 7th month): Emperor Fushimi abdicated in the 11th year of his reign; and his son was named to be the new emperor.
 1299 (Einin 7): Emperor Go-Fushimi is enthroned and the nengō was changed.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

 

Einin
Scouting for Girls

Scouting for Girls are a British pop rock band formed in London in 2005 by Roy Stride, Greg Churchouse and Peter Ellard. Stride met Ellard at Cub Scouts and he then met Churchouse at school. In September 2007 Scouting for Girls released their first album Scouting for Girls. It was number one in the UK Albums Chart for two weeks.

Band members 
Current members
 Roy Stride - lead singing, guitar, keyboards (2005-present)
 Greg Churchouse - bass, backing singing (2005-present)
 Pete Ellard - drums, percussion (2005-present)

Current touring members
 Peter Clements - guitar
 Matt Simmons - keyboards (2010-present)

Session
 Martin Owen - horn on Scouting For Girls (2007)
 James McMillan - trumpet on Scouting For Girls (2007)

Personnel
 Andy Green - Producer of Scouting For Girls (2007)

Discography 
 Scouting for Girls  (2007)
 Everybody Wants to Be on TV (2010)

2005 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British pop rock bands
English pop music groups
English rock bands 
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups from London
Musical trios
Božidar Bandović

Božidar Bandović (Serbian Cyrillic: Бoжидap Бaндoвић; born August 30, 1969) is a Serbian football manager and former player, currently employed by Greek club Olympiacos FC as a head coach and manager. He lead the team, with Andreas Niniadis as his assistant, after Zico left. Bandovic had also taken control of the team temporarily before Zico came as a caretaker coach after Temuri Ketsbaia was fired.

As a player, while playing for the 1991 European and World Champions Red Star Belgrade, he won one national Championship in 1994-95 and two national cups in 1993 and 1995.

He is the younger brother of another ex-Red Star footballer, Nebojša Bandović.

References

Football managers
Serbian people
1969 births
Living people
Enthronement

An enthronement is a ceremony of inauguration, involving a person —usually a monarch or religious leader — who is formally seated for the first time upon a throne. 

The throne is seen as a symbol of authority.

This ritual is different from a coronation because there is no crown. However, the term "coronation" and the term "enthronement" are often used to mean the same thing.

Ceremonies
Détente

Détente (pronounced day-tont) is a word that means less tension and a better relationship between two countries.

The main example of a détente was during the Cold War. In the 1970's, the United States and the Soviet Union improved relations. Both signed several treaties which made less amount of nuclear weapons each country had. During this time period, as China began to dislike the Soviet Union, the United States tried to make friends with China, giving the Soviet Union a disadvantage during the Cold War. This was often called “playing the China card.”

Détente primarily was concerned with relation between USA and USSR but other countries like China, West Germany and most of the European states also played their role in developing it. Their motives were mixed. The US proposed this because they did not want to have to go to war with USSR which would lead to all out nuclear warfare.

The literal and original use of the word, meant to undo a crossbow, the detention of the cord that launched the arrow.  Which is why this old word was so appropriate in the above description.

International relations
Castoreum

Castoreum is the liquid released from the castor sacs of the beaver. It is a yellowish liquid. It is mixed together with the beaver's urine. It is used to mark territory. Both male and female beavers have two castor sacs. They have two glands in two empty spaces under the skin. They are between the pelvis and the base of the tail. The castor sacs are not glands.

Today, castoreum is used to trap animals. It is used also to make perfumes. It is also used as a drug.

Uses

Castoreum in perfume 
Castoreum is used in perfume-making. It is used to describe the solution from the alcohol-tinted and dried beaver castor. Dried beaver castor sacs are aged for two or more years. They are aged to soften. They are also aged for their harshness to vanish. In the science of perfume, castoreum is mainly used as a smell for leather. It is often used with other ingredients. There are some classic perfumes that use castor. They are Emeraude, Coty Chanel Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Carven, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many "leather" perfumes.

Castoreum in medicine 
Modern use of castoreum is rare in medicine. However, the dried pair of castors may still be worth more than the beaver's fur. Castoreum appeared in medicine until the 1700s. It was used to treat many different sicknesses. Some of the sicknesses it helped treat are headache, fever, and hysteria. The Romans believed the smells made by burning castoreum could bring about an abortion. Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of seizures. Medieval beekeepers used it to make more honey.

Other uses 
Castoreum is also used to add to the flavor and smell of cigarettes.

References

Other websites 
 The International Perfume Museum: Castoreum 
 http://www.hyraceum.com

Chemical compounds
Organic compounds
Fitzwilliam Virginal Book

The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book is an important source of early keyboard music from England. Its name comes from Viscount Fitzwilliam who gave the book to Cambridge University in 1816.

Music media
Blue Ridge Mountains

The Blue Ridge Mountains are mountains that go across the eastern United States. They go through Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and West Virginia. Its highest point is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina. The first mountain or best known mountain, is Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a part of the Appalachian Mountains.

The blue haze which covers the mountains is caused by isoprene. It is produced by the trees and other plants.

Mountains of the United States
Appalachian Mountains
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
Mount Mitchell

Mount Mitchell is a mountain in North Carolina. It is  tall, the tallest in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The top of the mountain is the highest point in the United States east of the Black Hills in South Dakota. The mountain was named after Elisha Mitchell, a professor at the University of North Carolina, who determined its height in 1835. Mitchell later fell to his death at nearby Mitchell Falls in 1857, having returned to verify his earlier measurements. The ascent of Mount Mitchell is now rather easy, since a 4.6 mile (7.4 km) road (NC 128) off the historic and scenic Blue Ridge Parkway runs nearby, and a 980-foot (300 m) trail leads through a conifer forest to the summit. The 40-foot (12 m) stone observation tower on the summit was torn down in late 2006. A new observation deck was constructed and opened to visitors in January 2009.[3] Also on the summit is the tomb of Dr. Mitchell.

Mountains of the United States
Geography of North Carolina
Appalachian Mountains
Sweet Home Alabama

Sweet Home Alabama is a song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from the album Second Helping. It was released in 1974 and reached the #8 spot on the American music charts.

Meaning
The song was made in response to two songs that Neil Young had made about racism in the Southern United States, called "Southern Man" and "Alabama". The band felt that Young was being unfair to Alabama and the South, so Sweet Home Alabama includes the positive things about the state including the beautiful whether ("where the sky's always blue") and the music heritage (Now Muscle Shoals has got the Swampers / And they've been known to pick a song or two"). The song also protests then-Alabama Governor George Wallace, who was known for his racist views.

References

1970s songs
Face to Face (band)

Face to Face (first known as Zero Tolerance) is an American punk rock band from Victorville, California  formed in 1991 by frontman Trever Keith.

American punk bands
Musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2004
2004 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2008
2008 establishments in California
Geffen Records

Geffen Records is an American record label, owned by Universal Music Group. It was made in 1980 by David Geffen. It is worked as one third of UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M label group.

.

1980 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in New York (state)
American record labels
Companies based in New York City
Fast Forward Weekly

Fast Forward Weekly (FFWD) is a news and entertainment weekly which has news, alternative viewpoints, entertainment information, review articles and specialized advertising. It is distributed throughout Calgary, Banff and Canmore. It is owned by Great West Newspapers, LP. With an assessed readership of 70,000 upon a distributed circulation of 30,000, the paper is one of the most widely read and well-liked newspapers in Canada.

Newspapers published in Canada
Seismic performance

Seismic performance is an execution of a building structure's ability to sustain its due functions, such as safety and serviceability, at and after a particular earthquake. A structure is, normally, considered safe if it does not endanger the lives and wellbeing of those in or around it by partially or completely collapsing. A structure may be considered serviceable if it is able to fulfill its operational functions for which it was designed.

Ancient builders believed that earthquakes were a result of wrath of gods (in Greek mythology, e.g., the main "Earth-Shaker" was Poseidon) and, therefore, could not be resisted by humans.

Nowadays, the people's attitude has changed dramatically though seismic loads, sometimes, exceed ability of a structure to resist them without being broken, partially or completely.

Related pages
 Richter scale
 Tsunami
 Volcano

Notes 

Earthquake engineering
Silent majority

A silent majority is a large group of people who support something, but choose not to express their opinions publicly.

This term was made popular by US President Richard Nixon in a speech he gave on November 3 1969, about the Vietnam War. Nixon said "And so tonight, to you, the great silent majority of my fellow Americans; I ask for your support." The opposite of the silent majority were a noisy minority, a small group of people, who Nixon said tried to get their way by holding demonstrations in the streets.
The speech on this link does not contain these words. Read it for yourself. It only references the term “Silent Majority” which had been described during his campaign in other speeches.
  I might add that we are a Republic, and a “Silent Majority” is probably the most dangerous threat to the Constitution that we face.
-Sam Molloy

Examples

Nazi Germany
During WWII many German citizens claimed they had no idea of what was happening with the concentration camps. However many citizens felt opposed but did not stand up and fight them.

Other websites
 The full text and an mp3 of Nixon's speech

References

Politics
1960 United States presidential election

The 1960 United States presidential election happened on November 8, 1960. This election was between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon. Kennedy won the election like many people expected, but it was a much closer election than most people thought it would be.

Incumbent President Dwight D. Eisenhower was not allowed to run again due to serving two terms.

This was the first presidential election in American history in which both candidates debated against each other on television. On television, Kennedy appeared calm while Nixon appeared nervous. More television viewers thought that Kennedy won the debate, while more radio listeners thought that Nixon won the debate.

This election was the last to not count District of Columbia as an electoral vote until the 1964 election.

Senator John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for president on January 2, 1960. Vice President Richard Nixon announced his candidacy on January 9, 1960.

This was the last election where Ohio voted for the losing candidate until 2020.

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates
 John F. Kennedy, U.S. senator from Massachusetts.
 Lyndon B. Johnson, U.S. Senate Majority Leader from Texas.
 Stuart Symington, U.S. senator from Missouri.
 Adlai Stevenson, former governor of Illinois.
 Hubert Humphrey, U.S. senator from Minnesota.
 Wayne Morse, U.S. senator from Oregon.
 Pat Brown, Former governor of California.

Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates
 Richard Nixon, U.S. vice president from California.
 Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York.
 Barry Goldwater, U.S. senator from Arizona.

Candidates gallery

References

presidential election
United States presidential elections
Emperor Ingyō

was the 19th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ingyō to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Ingyō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki record that Ingyō was the fourth son of Emperor Nintoku. He was the younger brother of Emperor Hanzei.

Ingyō made one of his brothers his heir, but this plan did not unfold as planned.  Instead, his brother's sons would attain the throne.  Ingyō would be followed by his nephews, Emperor Ankō and Emperor Yūryaku.

Events of Ingyō's life
Very little is known about the events of Ingyō's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

The earliest recorded earthquake in Japan was in 416. The Imperial Palace in Kyoto was destroyed.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ingyō.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun). Ingyō is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Fujiidera, which is a city near Osaka.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Emperors of Japan
Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien and Sedition Acts were acts of Congress signed by United States president John Adams in 1798, during a naval (sea) conflict against France.  

There were four acts.  

The first three acts were about immigration. They set required time for an immigrant to become a citizen, and allowed the president to send illegal immigrants back to their home country if their home country is at war with the United States or they are considered to be dangerous to the US. The fourth act made it a crime to publish bad things about the government.

The acts were very controversial. Many people did not like them because they felt that they violated the First Amendment. 

The acts made many people dislike John Adams. For that reason, Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party were able to defeat John Adams and the Federalist Party in the elections of 1800. Three of the acts were repealed. The Alien Enemies Act, however, is still United States law. 

1790s in the United States
United States federal legislation
John Adams
1798
Pak Hon-yong

Pak Hon-yong or Park Heon-young (Hangul: 박헌영, Hanja:朴憲永, 28 May 1900 – 18 December 1955) was a Korean independence activist, politician, thinker, Communist, and leader of the Korean Chosen Communist Party. His other names are 'Kim Seongsam' (김성삼) and "Ijeong", () which is his pen name. He served in North Korea as the Foreign Minister and Vice Prime Minister, August 1948 to 1953.

He was executed by the North Korean regime on the accusation of being an American spy.

Works 
 Modern society and our duty
 historical viewed of Christian inner 

1900 births
1955 deaths
Executed people
Korean activists
Korean feminists
North Korean politicians
People executed by firearm
South Korean politicians
Shogi

is also known as Japanese chess. It is a two-player board game in the same family as International chess, and Chinese Xiangqi. Shogi is the most popular of a family of chess variants, and is native to Japan. Shōgi means general's (shō) boardgame (gi). In early years, however, shogi was written 象棋 (the same as Xiangqi, "elephant chess").

The earliest predecessors of the game, chaturanga, originated in India in the 6th century AD, and spread from China to Japan, where it spawned a number of variants. Shogi in its present form was played as early as the 16th century, while a direct ancestor without the "drop rule" was recorded from 1210 in a historical document Nichūreki, which is an edited copy of Shōchūreki and Kaichūreki from the late Heian period (~1120).

According to ChessVariants.com, "Perhaps the enduring popularity of Shogi can be attributed to its 'drop rule'; it was the first chess variant wherein captured pieces could be returned to the board to be used as one's own. This has the consequence that few games are drawn, which is a weakness of international chess. David Pritchard credits the drop rule to the practice of 16th century mercenaries (ronin) who switched loyalties when captured—no doubt as an alternative to execution".

 History of chess

Famous players
 Hiroe Nakai, Ichiyo Shimizu, Kana Satomi - One of the strongest women shogi players in Japan

References 

Chess variants
Japanese culture
1964 United States presidential election

The 1964 United States presidential election happened on November 3, 1964. It was between Democrat Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States, and his running mate Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, against Republican Barry Goldwater, a Senator from Arizona, and his running mate, Congressman William Miller of New York.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated and Johnson (his vice president) became president of the United States.

Lyndon Johnson campaigned to continue many of Kennedy's policies and ideas such as civil rights. He supported a series of programs called the "Great Society" to improve the quality of living for poor people which included programs like Medicare, Medicaid, and environmental programs.

Barry Goldwater had the opposite belief that the government should be smaller and he was against government programs. During his campaign, actor Ronald Reagan made a famous speech called "A Time For Choosing" in support of Goldwater. Goldwater, during the campaign, was portrayed as an extremist who condoned the actions of the KKK and would cause nuclear war. His beliefs were radical at the time, but they would later influence many libertarian and conservative politicians.

Lyndon Johnson won the election by a landslide, and this was the last presidential election where Democrats carried any of 8 particular states.

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates:
Lyndon B. Johnson, President of the United States from Texas
George Wallace, governor of Alabama
Pat Brown, governor of California

Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
John W. Byrnes, U.S. representative from Wisconsin
Hiram Fong, U.S. senator from Hawaii
Barry Goldwater, U.S. senator from Arizona
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., former U.S. senator and 1960 vice-presidential nominee from Massachusetts
Richard Nixon, former vice president and 1960 presidential nominee
Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor and candidate for the 1960 nomination from New York
Margaret Chase Smith, U.S. senator from Maine
William Scranton, governor of Pennsylvania
Harold E. Stassen, former Minnesota Governor and candidate for the 1944, 1948 and 1952 nominations, running from Pennsylvania

Candidates gallery

Other websites
 1964 Presidential General Election Results

presidential election
United States presidential elections
1980 United States presidential election

The 1980 United States presidential election happened on November 4, 1980. Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Governor of California, won the election. He defeated the incumbent president, Jimmy Carter, who was a Democrat, and John B. Anderson, a notable third party candidate who was an Independent.

The country had a lot of problems during the election. The economy was bad (it was in a recession). Inflation was very high. There was an energy crisis. Iran, after the Iranian Revolution was holding 52 Americans hostage.

Reagan campaigned for to cut income taxes and to reduce government spending overall while increasing defense spending to challenge the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Carter campaigned for more government programs and mentioned the importance of human rights and preventing nuclear war.

Ronald Reagan won the election by a landslide, meaning that he had a lot more votes than his opponent.  

Ronald Reagan's victory resulted in the Republicans gaining more power for the next few decades.

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates:
Jimmy Carter, President of the United States from Georgia
Ted Kennedy, U.S. senator from Massachusetts
Jerry Brown, governor of California
Cliff Finch, former governor of Mississippi

Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
 Former Governor Ronald Reagan of California
 Former CIA director and United States Representative George H. W. Bush of Texas
 Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois
 Senate Minority Leader Howard Baker of Tennessee
 Representative Phil Crane of Illinois
 Former Governor John Connally of Texas
 Senator Bob Dole of Kansas
 Former Special Ambassador to Paraguay Ben Fernandez of California
 Former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota
 Senator Lowell Weicker of Connecticut
 Senator Larry Pressler  of South Dakota

Candidates gallery

References

1980 in the United States
1980 elections
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
1980