cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pentatonic scale

In music, a pentatonic scale is a scale with five notes in each octave. Pentatonic scales are very common and are found in folk music from all over the world.

Any scale using five notes is "pentatonic" ("penta" is Greek for "five"). However, the pentatonic scale which is used in most Western music uses notes which do not have any semitones. A pentatonic scale starting on C will use the notes C,D,E,G,A (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th notes of a major scale).. An easy way to find such a pentatonic scale is by using all the black notes of a keyboard.

Using the pentatonic scale is a good way for children to make up their own tunes. It does not matter too much which note is used for the start and the finish, because there is no feeling of a clear key. The notes always sound good when played together.

Many folk songs are pentatonic, or nearly pentatonic. Well-known songs such as "Land of the Silver Birch" or "Auld Lang Syne" are pentatonic tunes.

Classical composers have sometimes used pentatonic scales, especially Claude Debussy. His piano piece La fille aux cheveux de lin has a tune which is pentatonic except for one note. Maurice Ravel used it to write music which sounded Chinese, and in his Mother Goose suite (Ma Mère l'Oye) which sounds like a fairy tale.

The pentatonic scales used in Indonesian gamelan music are called slendro and pelog.

pentatonic song:
sing out your melody
sing out your song
sing a pentatonic scale
starting on lah
lah
doh
ray
meh
soh
lah!

Difficult words: Octave - An octave is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.

Folk music - Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music.

Semitones - A semitone, also called a half step or a half tone, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically. It is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale (e.g. from C to C♯). This implies that its size is exactly or approximately equal to 100 cents, a twelfth of an octave.

Major scale - The major scale or Ionian scale is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales. Like many musical scales it is made up of seven notes: the eighth duplicates the first at double its frequency so that it is called a higher octave of the same note (from Latin "octavus", the eighth). 

Music theory
Major scale

In music theory, the major scale or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is made up of seven separate notes, plus an eighth which is the same as the first an octave higher. In solfege these notes correspond to the syllables "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti/Si, Do". The simplest major scale to write or play on the piano is C major, the only major scale not to require sharps or flats, using only the white keys on the piano keyboard:

Shape

A major scale is a set of steps in the order "Whole:Whole:Half:Whole:Whole:Whole:Half" (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone). Western scales do not skip any line or space on the staff, and they do not repeat any note  with a different accidental. This means that the key signature of the scale will feature just sharps or just flats.

Names of scale degrees

1st – Tonic- key note
2nd – Supertonic
3rd – Mediant
4th – Subdominant
5th – Dominant
6th – Submediant
7th – Leading Tone
8th – Tonic ( or Octave)

The circle of fifths 
The Circle of Fifths was first described in 1728 by Johann David Heinichen in his book Der General-bass. It has been used ever since as a way to show the relations between scales.

The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circle depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, which is six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys (Drabkin 2001). Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major and C major) that are more easy to spell with five flats or sharps (as D major or B  major).

Harmonic properties 
The major scale is used more often than the minor scale in Western music because of its unique harmonic properties. For example, the major third is much stronger in the harmonic series (it is the 5th, 10th and 20th harmonic – see below) than the minor third (the 19th harmonic).

Related pages
Minor scale
Enharmonic
Equal temperament
Just intonation
Lydian mode
Major and minor
Music theory
Tetrachord

References 
Bower, Michael. 2007. "All about Key Signatures ". Modesto, CA: Capistrano School (K–12) website. (Accessed 17 March 2010)
Drabkin, William. 2001. "Circle of Fifths". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Jones, George Thaddeus. 1974. Music Theory: The Fundamental Concepts of Tonal Music Including Notation, Terminology, and Harmony. Barnes & Noble Outline Series 137. New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Barnes & Noble. 
 Kennedy, Michael. 1994. "Key-Signature". Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, associate editor, Joyce Bourne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. .

Other websites 
 Proper fingering of the major and minor scales on the piano
 Listen to and download harmonised Major scale piano MP3s
 The major and pentatonic scales on the guitar  in several positions
 The major scale for guitar in one position, with derivation
Yeast

Yeast are microorganisms. They are single-celled  fungi. There are about 1,500 different species of yeast. Most reproduce asexually, by budding. Some use binary fission to reproduce asexually.

A particular species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used for thousands of years. It is used for baking bread because the yeast makes carbon dioxide as a by-product of it eating sugar, which helps the bread rise (leaven). Yeast is also used for making beer and other alcoholic drinks by a process known as fermentation. This process produces both ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is also used as fuel, and to make other organic chemicals. 

Yeast can be used to make electricity.  Yeast is also a model organism for studying cell biology. Some yeasts can cause infections in humans (they are  pathogens).

Related pages
 Mycorrhiza
 Mould
 Slime_mould
 Lichen
 Candida
 Fungus

References

Other websites

Fungi
Budding

Budding is a method of asexual reproduction. With budding, a new organism grows on another one. It stays attached, while it grows. Only when it is fully grown does it detach from the parent organism. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. This method (asexual reproduction) is done in favourable conditions

Budding is very common in plants and fungi. Sometimes it can also be found with animals, for example with hydras or sponges.

Biological reproduction
Binary fission

Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual reproduction.  It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the Paramoecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.

In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two pools. After replicating its genetic material, the parent cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells. The genetic material is replicated, then equally split. The daughter cells are genetically identical (unless a mutation occurs during replication).

During binary fission, the DNA molecule divides and forms two DNA molecules. The cell then grows to create room for each molecule to move towards the opposite side of the bacterium. At the same time, the cell membrane divides to form 2 daughter cells. After division, the new cells grow and the process repeats itself.

Binary fission occurs in eukaryotic tissue cells, but the process is more complicated: see mitosis.      

Basically, a cell copies its DNA, and then splits down the middle, creating two daughter cells.

References

Methods of reproduction
Bacteria
Charisma Carpenter

Charisma Lee Carpenter (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character Cordelia Chase in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off Angel.

Personal life 
Carpenter was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. At 15, her family moved to Rosarito B.C., Mexico. Later, they moved to Chula Vista (a suburb of San Diego). After graduating high school, she was a San Diego Chargers cheerleader in 1991 before beginning her Hollywood career. She had also sky-dived. She married Damian Hardy on October 5, 2002. She gave birth to their son Donavan Charles Hardy on March 24, 2003.

Filmography 
 Josh Kirby... Time Warrior (TV series) (1995)
 Malibu Shores (1996) (TV series)
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series) (1997-1999)
 Angel (TV series) (1999-2003)
 The Groomsmen (2001)
 See Jane Date (TVM) (2003)
 Miss Match (TV series) (2003)
 Charmed (TV series) (2004)
 Voodoo Moon (2005)
 Veronica Mars (TV series) (2005-2006)
 Flirting with Danger (TVM) (2006)
 Cheaters Club (TVM) (2006)
 Relative Chaos (TVM) (2006)
 Desperate Housewives 2009 : "Allison"

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
Whedonverse
Actors from Las Vegas, Nevada
Actors from San Diego, California
Models from Nevada
American television actors
Paul Watzlawick

Paul Watzlawick PhD (July 25, 1921 – March 31, 2007) was a theoretician in communication theory. He also commented in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. He lived and worked in California until his death in 2007 in Palo Alto.

He formulated five axioms. They are:
 It is not possible to not communicate. Every behavior is some kind of non-verbal communication. 
 Every communication has a content. In addition, there is 'metainformation', which says how the communicator wants to be understood.
 All parters involved in a communication process also interpret their own behaviour during communication.
 Human communication involves both verbal and non-verbal communication. In addition to the spoken words, there are is also a non-spoken part (gestures, behavior, intonation..) which is part of the communication.
 Communication between humans is either symmetric or complementary. This is based on whether the relationship of those communicating is based on differences or parity.

Works
Watzlawick is author of 18 books (in 85 foreign language editions) and more than 150 book articles and book chapters. Books he has written or on which he has collaborated include:
 Invented Reality: How do we know what we believe we know? (Contributions to constructivism)
 Pragmatics of human communication 
 The situation is hopeless, but not serious 
 Ultra-solutions: how to fail most successfully 
 How real is real?
 Change
 The language of change

Other websites 
http://www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Theory/watzlawick/

American psychologists
Austrian people
People from California

1921 births
2007 deaths
Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They send information between neurons by crossing a synapse. Electrical signals are not able to cross the gap between most neurons. They are changed into chemical signals to cross the gap. Neurotransmitters act mostly on chemical synapses. Once they reach the next neuron they are absorbed. The neuron then changes this chemical signal back into an electrical signal called an action potential. The action potential passes across the next neuron and to the next synapse.

Many neurotransmitters are made from amino acids, which are part of your diet and it takes only a few steps to convert them. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Scientists do not yet know exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been identified.

Each neurotransmitter has a different function. For example: dopamine is used in reward and pleasure and noradrenaline is used in an animal's "fight or flight" response. Neurotransmitters also regulate the passing of messages. This is because an action potential must be a certain strength before the neurotransmitters are released. The strength required to release the neurotransmitter is called a threshold.

The most common transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is called GABA, which inhibits at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate.

Neurotransmitters are transported within neurons by small "sacks" called vesicles. When these vesciles come into contact with the neuron's cell membrane, it opens. This releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Discovery
Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations by Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), a 20 to 40 nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of the gap suggested chemical messengers moved across the synaptic cleft. In 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873–1961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. By experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve.

Loewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Otto Loewi also discovered acetylcholine (ACh)—the first known neurotransmitter. Some neurons do, however, communicate by electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, which allow specific ions to pass directly from one cell to another.

References 

Neuroscience
Hard rock

Hard rock is a variation of rock music with roots in early 1960s garage rock and psychedelic rock.  The term "hard rock" may be used several genres such as punk rock and grunge in order to distinguish them from the more radio-friendly pop rock genre.

Notable Artists 
The Beatles (such as Helter Skelter, I Want You (She’s So Heavy)
Status Quo
The Who
AC/DC
Aerosmith
Black Sabbath
Deep Purple
Grand Funk Railroad
Guns N' Roses
Kiss
Led Zeppelin
Mountain
Thin Lizzy
Van Halen

References
Sally Beamish

Sally Beamish (born London,  26 August 1956) is an English composer.  She has written music for orchestra, chamber music, vocal and choral music.

Sally studied the viola at the Royal Northern College of Music.  Later she also studied in Germany and Italy.

Sally started her career playing the viola in a chamber group called the Raphael Ensemble.  The experience of playing in small groups was important for her development as a composer.  Her music often combines and contrasts solo instruments, exploring the sounds they can make.

She has written works for the Swedish and Scottish Chamber Orchestras and has had works performed at the BBC Proms.  Her trumpet concerto, written for Håkan Hardenberger and the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland was performed at the Proms in 2003 with Martyn Brabbins conducting.  She has also written concertos for the flute, viola, saxophone, percussion and accordion and is planning to write concertos for  viola (her third), saxophone quartet and cello.

She has written a stage musical about the Scottish Highlands.  She lives in Scotland with her husband and young daughter.

Other websites 
Sally Beamish  – official website

1956 births
20th-century English composers
21st-century English composers
Living people
Women composers
Nakhodka

Nakhodka (Russian Находка) is a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is one of the most eastern cities in Russia. Nakhodka is a port on the Japan Sea. It is located around Nakhodka Bay. Nakhodka means "Lucky find" in Russian.

The village Amerikanka was the first permanent settlement at the location of the current city. It was founded in 1907. Nakhodka became an urban-type fishing settlement in 1941. It received  city status on May 19, 1950. This date is now called City Day.

Economy
The economy of the city is based mainly on the port and port-related businesses. This include processing and canning fish. In Soviet times, Nakhodka was the only Soviet port in the Far East open to foreign vessels. After Vladivostok started being used by foreigners in 1991, the port of Nakhodka is not used as much as before. Economic activity in the city has become much less because of this..

Nakhodka is still an important international port. It is the center of the coastal trade. Exports include timber, coal, fluorspar, honey, fish and seafood.

References

Cities in Russia
Sumatra

Sumatra, known also as Sumatera, is the sixth largest island in the world. It is in western Indonesia. It is to the west of the Sunda Islands, and is bordered by the Indian Ocean. Sumatra contains the provinces of Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung Islands, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, and West Sumatra. Sumatra has an area of about 443,066 km².

Other websites
 Sumatera Online
Whigs

The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Tories. The British prime minister was usually from one of the two parties.

The Whigs played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders, who were Roman Catholic. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715. They held it until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760, allowed Tories back in. 

When they held power, the Whigs purged (got rid of) the Tories from all major positions in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal profession and local officials. 

Their most famous leader was Robert Walpole, who kept control of the government from 1721 to 1742.

References

Other websites

Karl Marx on the Tories and the Whigs (1852)

Former political parties in the United Kingdom
1678 establishments
1868 disestablishments
1670s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in England
19th-century disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK)
Harrison Birtwistle

Sir Harrison Paul Birtwistle CH, (born Accrington, July 15, 1934) is one of Britain's most important composers today.

Early life
In 1952, Birtwistle entered the Royal Manchester College of Music in Manchester on a clarinet scholarship. While there he met other young composers like Peter Maxwell Davies and Alexander Goehr. Together with pianist John Ogdon and conductor Elgar Howarth, he formed the New Music Manchester group, which put on performances of modern music, especially music using serialism. 

Birtwistle left the college in 1955, then studied at the Royal Academy of Music and afterward made a living as a schoolteacher. In 1965 he got a Harkness Fellowship which gave him the opportunity to study composition in the United States.

In 1975 Birtwistle became musical director of the new Royal National Theatre in London, a post he held until 1983. He was given a knighthood in 1988 and was made a Companion of Honour in 2000. From 1994 to 2001 he was Henry Purcell Professor of Composition at King's College London.

Music 
His music is quite complicated and modern in style.  Sometimes it reminds one of Igor Stravinsky and Olivier Messiaen.  Sometimes he uses blocks of sound like Edgard Varèse.  His first opera Punch and Judy is quite different from a traditional Punch and Judy children's entertainment.  It is very serious and quite violent. He has written other operas: The Mask of Orpheus (1984), Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1990),  The Second Mrs Kong (1994), and The Last Supper (2000), .

When Gawain was performed in 1994 at the Royal Opera House a group of hecklers booed and whistled loudly.  However, this only made the opera more famous as lots of people read about it and came to hear it.  He wrote a piece called Panic for alto saxophone, jazz drum kit and orchestra.  

It was a very loud, harsh piece and it was a shock for the audience when it was first performed at the Last Night of the Proms, a concert at which people normally expect to hear music with easy, sing-along tunes.

References 

1934 births
Living people

20th-century English composers
21st-century British composers
Companions of Honour
Knights Bachelor
Lorsch

Lorsch is a small town in southwest Germany ( south of Frankfurt am Main) in the Kreis Bergstraße district of the state of Hessen. More than 12,000 people live in the town.

It is the site of a Benedictine abbey, which used to be one of the greatest centers of Carolingian art. Several Carolingian kings of Germany were buried there. The abbey is also famous for the Lorsch Codex, which was produced there around the end of the 12th century. The abbey has been declared a World Heritage Site. The Nibelungenlied identifies Lorsch as the birthplace of Siegfried.

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Germany
Bergstraße (district)
Scottish

Scottish usually refers to something from or related to Scotland, a country in northern Europe.

These may include:

Language
Scottish English, the accents and dialects of English spoken in Scotland
Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language native to Scotland
Scots language, a Germanic language spoken in lowland Scotland

People
Scottish people
Ulster Scots people

Related pages 
 Scotts (disambiguation)
Dominic Monaghan

Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan (born 8 December 1976) is an English actor. He is well known for playing Merry Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's movie trilogy of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. He is also well known for playing Charlie Pace on the television series Lost.

Personal life 
Monaghan was born in Berlin to British parents. He has a tattoo on his right arm of the English word "nine" written with the Tengwar script.  It means that his character was one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring in The Lord of the Rings. Many other cast members also got similar tattoos during the making of the movie. On his left arm is a tattoo that says "Living is easy with eyes closed", a line from The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields Forever". On Lost, Charlie's tape/bandage finger-rings with letters spelling out words were Monaghan's idea. He thought that because Charlie is an artist, he would still want to be creative even when trapped on an island. Monaghan also actually plays the guitar on Lost.

Dominic dated Evangeline Lilly while the two of them were on Lost. The two broke up in 2007.

References

Other websites 
 
 The Dominic Monaghan Resource 
 Dominic Monaghan interview 

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Berlin
English movie actors
English television actors
Crazy Horse (cabaret)

The article about the Sioux leader is at Crazy Horse

Le Crazy Horse Saloon or Le Crazy Horse Paris is a nightclub in Paris, founded in 1951. It is famous for its cabaret, which features nude female dancers. It was opened by Alain Bernardin, who also managed it until his suicide in 1994. Today the cabaret is run by Bernardin's children.

The franchise includes Crazy Horse Paris for one in Las Vegas (formerly La Femme), at the MGM Grand. 

Other cabarets with similar names are separate enterprises.

Buildings and structures in Paris
Theatres in France
Cnidaria

Cnidaria is a phylum with about 11,000 species of animals. All of them are simple and aquatic, and most of them live in the sea. Some are colonial, composed of zooids which may be clones. Cnidarian zooids may take the form of polyps or medusae at different phases of their life.

Cnidaria take their name from special cells which have organelles that sting: the nematocysts. This device is largely responsible for their success: it is their main specialised and distinctive cell type.

Pronunciation 
The word Cnidaria is spoken without the initial "C", and with a long "i". So it sounds like "Naidaria". In a similar way, the term Ctenophore is pronounced as "Teenophore". Originally, a Greek kappa was in front of the words, and it was pronounced. The name comes from Greek language knidi, "nettle", thus mening "nettle-like animals" as all cnidarians have stinging cells like nettles.

Subdivisions 
There are five classes in the group. Jellyfish occur in four of the classes. 
 Subphylum and class Anthozoa: the sea anemones and corals.
 Subphylum Medusozoa: the jellyfish 
 Class Scyphozoa: the 'true' jellyfish.
 Class Cubozoa: the box jellies.
 Class Hydrozoa: the hydroids: (Hydra; Portuguese man o' war).
 Class Staurozoa: the stalked jellyfish.

Unranked, but now known to be cnidarians, is the parasitic group Myxozoa.

Basic body forms
Adult cnidarians are usually either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps. Many alternate between the two forms. Both forms are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively.

Most have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges. Medusae usually have an inner ring of tentacles around their mouth. Some hydroids may be colonies of zooids which serve different purposes: defence, reproduction and catching prey. The mesoglea of medusae is a thick and springy jelly, so it returns to its original shape after muscles around the edge have contracted. This makes a sort of jet propulsion.

Skeletons
In medusae the only supporting structure is the jelly inside their cell layers. Hydra and most sea anemones close their mouths when they are not feeding, and the water in the digestive cavity then acts as a kind of skeleton, rather like a water-filled balloon. Other polyps such as Tubularia use columns of water-filled cells for support. Sea pens stiffen the mesogleal jelly with calcium carbonate spicules and tough fibrous proteins, rather like sponges.

In some colonial polyps, a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps. Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons. A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments, which they attach to their outsides. Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles.

Fossil record 
There is a long fossil record for the corals, and soft-bodied forms appear in some exceptional strata. Some are believed to be among the Ediacaran biota.

References
Trebuchet

A Trebuchet was a device used in wars and sieges in the Middle Ages. It could be used to throw stones at ramparts, trying to break them down. It could also be used to throw things over the walls of a city. These could be corpses of animals or people that had died of the plague. Trebuchets were more accurate than other medieval catapults.

How it works
The trebuchet works in a simple way. The basket of the trebuchet is filled with heavy rocks.  This acts as a counterweight for the other end, which is usually filled with one large rock.  Several men arm the trebuchet by raising the counterweight up and the firing arm down.  At this point the arm is released, the heavy basket swings down and the arm swings up, launching the rock far and fast.
The sling adds an additional 10-15 feet of arm length and gives the projectile a whip like speed then releases. The sling gives the projectile most of its speed.

Other websites  

 Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (building of and history of trebuchets), from the NOVA website
 article on Trebuchet Mechanics  (in PDF format)
 The Finnish Trebuchet 
 Homemade Trebuchet 
 Homemade Spring Trebuchet 
 Medieval Trébuchet 
 Animated Trebuchet
 Evolution of Sling Weapons

Weapons
Tarascon

Tarascon, sometimes called Tarascon-sur-Rhône, is a city in the south of France. The city is about 20 km from either Arles or Avignon. The city was founded by the Romans in the year 48. Some people know the city from the book Tartarin de Tarascon by Alphonse Daudet. There is also a castle near the city. About 14.000 people lived in Tarascon in 2003. 

Cities in France
Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Kurdistan

Kurdistan is a mountainous area in the Middle East, that is mainly inhabited by Kurds.

The Kurdish population is estimated to be around 35-40 million people.

In Iranian Kurdistan, the cities of Piranshahr & Mahabad are the two main cities of Mokrian district.

 Northern Kurdistan (Turkey) 
 Southern Kurdistan (Iraq)
 Western Kurdistan (Syria)
 Eastern Kurdistan (Iran)

References 

Iraq
Iran
Turkey
Syria
Aigues-Mortes

Aigues-Mortes (French for "dead waters") is a city in the south of France. It is in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It was originally founded by the Romans in the year 102 BC. The first records mentioning it under its current name date from the 10th century. Louis IX of France rebuilt the port in the 13th century. It was the only French port of the Mediterranean at that time. The city is laid out as a bastide. It was the starting point for the Seventh Crusade (1248) and Eighth Crusade (1270). Due to changes of the coastline, the city is several miles from the sea. It is linked to the sea through a canal, nowadays. It has well-preserved city walls. In 1999, about 6.000 people lived there. Aigues-Mortes is about 35 km from Nîmes.

Bastides
Communes in Gard
3 BC

Year 3 BC was a common year starting on Wednesday or Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Messalla.

Events
 King Maroboduus of the Marcomanni made a confederation of Germanic tribes, with the Hermunduri, Lombards, Semnoni and Vandals.
 Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus leads the Roman army in Germania and crossed the Elbe

Births 

 Seneca, Roman statesman (d. AD 65)
 Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman Emperor (d. AD 69)

Deaths 

 Imperial consort Fu of the Chinese Han Dynasty
6 BC

Year 6 BC was a common year starting on Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Balbus and Vetus.

Events
 Caesar Augustus sends ferrets to the Balearic Islands to control rabbits
 Tiberius is sent to Armenia. He then retires to Rhodes.

Deaths 
 Consort Ban, Chinese concubine of Emperor Cheng of Han, also a poet and scholar (b. 48 BC)
 Consort Feng Yuan (b. c. 48 BC)
 Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar (b. 77 BC)
Leopold II of Belgium

Leopold II (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was King of the Belgians. Born in Brussels the second (but oldest surviving) son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans.  He succeeded his father to the throne on 17 December 1865 and was king until his death.

Biography 
Leopold is mainly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State.  He lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He treated the people badly in order to make money. His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five to 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. Despite owning and ruling it as a dictator, Leopold II never visited the Congo Free State and Africa.

Personal life
Leopold II married Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria, in Brussels on 22 August 1853.

On 15 November 1902, Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino tried to assassinate Leopold. Rubino fired three shots at the King. The shots missed Leopold and Rubino was immediately arrested. Leopold II had a wedding ceremony with Caroline Lacroix, a prostitute, on 14 December 1909, five days before his death.  This was not legal under Belgian law.

He was succeeded as King of the Belgians by his nephew Albert, son of his brother Philippe.

Titles and styles
9 April 1835 – 17 December 1865 His Royal Highness The Duke of Brabant, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Duke in Saxony. 
17 December 1865 – 17 December 1909 His Majesty The King of The Belgians. Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony.

References

 

1835 births
1909 deaths
Kings and Queens of Belgium
Human rights abuses
Knights of the Golden Fleece
People from Brussels
Candy

Candy, also called a sweet, is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. 
The word candy comes from the Persian word for "cane sugar",(نیشکر), and probably also from Sanskrit khanda, which means "piece (of sugar)".

Candy is found in almost any store because they are made in many companies. Candy can also be made at home. Many people like candy and think it tastes good. Other people do not like it. Candy contains lots of sugar, so it is not very healthy, but can be eaten sometimes. It is the most common snacking food, and there are hundreds of flavors, shapes, and sizes.
Candy is not limited to being sweet. Candy can be spicy in different cultures.

Related pages 
Confectionery

References
Loanword

A loanword is a word that is adopted by a language that comes from another language. Since people who speak different languages often need to talk to each other, it is actually very common for languages to "borrow" words from other languages. 

Examples of this can be seen in the English language because it has many loanwords. When the Normans took over England during the Norman Conquest in 1066, they made French the official language of England. Since then, many French words later became English words. For example, the English words beef, pork, poultry, and mutton are loanwords based on the Norman French names of the animals cow, swine, chicken, and sheep in that same order. In English, the loanwords mean the meat of those animals specifically. Since later the British Empire took over many different countries and people, they also borrowed many words from the languages of the people they took over. An example of this is the word "jungle", which is a Hindi word that has been adopted into English. 

Languages often use loanwords because cultures learn about new ideas and inventions from people of the languages they borrow from.  For example, in English the names of meats and wines often come from French, musical terms often come from Italian, and philosophical terms often come from German.  Although native English speakers are now familiar with Chinese ideas and inventions, they are often called by their Japanese names in English because these were introduced to Americans through Japan. China, on the other hand, was closed off from the world when its ideas and inventions spread throughout the world because its communist government stopped communication with most outside countries, including America.  

The names of food are some of the most common loanwords across languages because people may not have any idea of what the food is like when they are first introduced to a certain culture. For example, Italian food usually has Italian names like spaghetti and pasta, Japanese food has Japanese names like sushi and tempura, and Mexican food has Spanish names like tacos and carnitas.

Related pages
Calque
Gairaigo

Language
Words
Moray eel

Moray eels is a family of eel. Sometimes they are also called by their Latin name Muraenidae. Moray eels can be found all over the world. There are 200 different species in 15 genera. 

Typically, moray eels grow to a length of about 1.5 metres. The largest known moray eel is the Slender giant moray, which can reach 4 metres in length. Moray eels live in coral reefs and rocky areas, at a depth of about 200m. 

These reefs are usually in tropical or subtropical waters. They spend most of their time inside deep cracks in rocks. they are very dangerous and have big teeth Morays are carnivores. They prey on other fish, cephalopods, mollusks, and crustaceans. Groupers, other moray eels, and Barracudas are amongst their predators.They have razor sharp teeth which can pierce your skin.

References

 

Teleosts
Anguilloidei

The Anguilloidei are a suborder of the order Anguilliformes (the eels) containing three families:

Anguillidae (freshwater eels)
Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels)
Nemichthyidae (snipe eels)

This suborder used to have included several other families that have recently been moved to new suborders: 
Chlopsidae (false morays), Heterenchelyidae (mud eels), Moringuidae (worm eels), Muraenidae (moray eels), and Myrocongridae (thin eels).

References

 

Bony fish
Villeneuve-sur-Lot

Villeneuve-sur-Lot (Gascon: Vilanuèva d'Olt) is a town and commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department. The commune was formerly named Villeneuve-d'Agen.

It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and of 2 cantons in the department: Villeneuve-sur-Lot-1 and Villeneuve-sur-Lot-2.

History
The region where the city is was first populated by the Romans. In the 11th century, a Benedictine abbey was constructed near where is the city now. There was a small village of potters and farmers around the abbey. Between 1254 and 1263, Alphonse of Poitiers had a bastide built. He also gave the bastide city rights. The bastide has a rectangular look, with a central square.

Because of its privileged geographical situation on the river lot, the city played an important role in wars of the region:
 In the Hundred Years' War
 In the Huguenot wars
 In the Fronde, a civil war in France.

Geography
The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Villeneuve-sur-Lot is surrounded by the communes Lédat, Castelnaud-de-Gratecambe, La Sauvetat-sur-Lède, Monflanquin, Savignac-sur-Leyze, Saint-Aubin, Trentels, Saint-Sylvestre-sur-Lot, Penne-d'Agenais, Hautefage-la-Tour, Pujols and Bias.

The Lot river flows through the city of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. The Lède river, a tributary of the Lot, flows through the northern part of the commune.

Climate
The climate of Villeneuve-sur-Lot is an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Villeneuve-sur-Lot are known, in French, as Villeneuvois (women: Villeneuvoises).

With a population of 23,263, Villeneuve-sur-Lot has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Villeneuve-sur-Lot

Administration
Villeneuve-sur-Lot is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and the administrative centre () of 2 cantons:
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot-1, formed with a part of Villeneuve-sur-Lot-Nord and the commune Lédat, with 16,376 inhabitants (2014).
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot-2, formed with a part of Villeneuve-sur-Lot-Sud and the communes Bias, Hautefage-la-Tour, Pujols, Saint-Antoine-de-Ficalba and Sainte-Colombe-de-Villeneuve, with 17,055 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Grand Villeneuvois ().

Twin towns 
Villeneuve-sur-Lot is twinned with:
  Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
  Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
  Neustadt bei Coburg, Germany
  San Donà di Piave, Veneto, Italy
  Troon, Scotland

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot
 Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Villeneuve-sur-Lot - Official site 
 Departamental Council of Lot-et-Garonne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Bastides
Subprefectures in France
Communes in Lot-et-Garonne
Agen

Agen is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department and the capital of the arrondissement of Agen.

The Agenais, the region where is the commune, is a natural region of the old province of Aquitaine, now in Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Geography
Agen is in the southeast of the Lot-et-Garonne department, on the right (eastern) side of the Garonne river and close to the Canal de Garonne. The city is at about  from Toulouse and  from Bordeaux.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Agen is surrounded by the communes Colayrac-Saint-Cirq, Foulayronnes, Pont-du-Casse, Bon-Encontre, Boé and Le Passage.

Climate
The climate of Agen is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Agen are known, in French, as Agenais (women: Agenaises).

With a population of 34,126, Agen has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Agen

Agen forms, together with other 15 communes, the urban area of Agen with a population of 81,110 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Agen, formed by 64 communes, with a population of 112,801 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration
Agen is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1790. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Agen and the administrative centre () of 4 cantons:
 Agen-1, formed with a part of Agen and the communes Bajamont, Foulayronnes and Pont-du-Casse, with 16,720 inhabitants (2014).
 Agen-2, formed with a part of Agen and the communes Boé and Bon-Encontre, with 13,830 inhabitants (2014).
 Agen-3, formed with a part of Agen, with 16,606 inhabitants (2014).
 Agen-4, formed with a part of Agen and the commune Le Passage, with 18,686 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Agen ().

Twin towns 
Agen is twinned with:
  Tuapse, Russia
  Dinslaken, Germany
  Llanelli, Wales, United Kingdom
  Toledo, Spain
  Corpus Christi, United States

Miscellaneous
Agen is the "capital of the prune", a local produce sold as a sweet (stuffed with prune purée) or as an after-dinner delight (prunes soaked in Armagnac – a type of brandy). Every September, the Prune festival organizes rock concerts, circuses and prune tasting.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Agen
 Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

References

Other websites

 Ville d'Agen - Official site 
 Tourist Office of Agen 
 Departamental Council of Lot-et-Garonne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Cities in France
Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Lot-et-Garonne
Libourne

Libourne (;  ) is a commune in the Gironde department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.

It is the wine-making capital of northern Gironde and lies near Saint-Émilion and Pomerol, both known for their wines.

History
Libourne was created as a bastide by Roger de Leybourne in 1270. The original name of Leybourne changed to the present Libourne. Its original aim was to be a port to ship wine of the Dordogne valley to England.

Geography
Libourne is at the confluence of the Isle and Dordogne rivers. The city is at about  from Bordeaux and  from Arcachon.

It has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Libourne is surrounded by the communes Les Billaux, Lalande-de-Pomerol, Pomerol, Saint-Émilion, Moulon, Génissac, Arveyres, Fronsac and Saillans.

Climate
The climate of Libourne is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Libourne are known, in French, as Libournais (women: Libournaises).

With a population of 24,595, Libourne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Libourne

Administration
Libourne is a sub-prefecture of the Gironde department since 1790. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Libourne and the administrative centre () of the canton of Le Libournais-Fronsadais with 53,307 inhabitants (2014).:

It is part of the intercommunality Le Libournais ().

Twin towns 
Libourne is twinned with:
   Morocco 
   Berne, Switzerland
  Morocco Casablanca, Morocco

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Libourne
 Communes of the Gironde department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Libourne - Official site 
 Departamental Council of Gironde 
 Prefecture official website 
 Agence de Développement Touristique de la Gironde  
 Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine 

Bastides
Subprefectures in France
Communes in Gironde
Wine regions of France
Mirepoix (Ariège)

Mirepoix is a city in the south of France. Today, about 3.000 people live there. It was founded as a bastide. Though it is not a bastide in the sense that it is a planned city. It was rebuilt following complete destruction after the local river overboarded. This reconstruction was done according to the 'bastide' idea. 

Bastides
Communes in Ariège
Kiss (album)

Kiss is the self-titled first album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on February 8, 1974.

Track listing 
 Strutter
 Nothin' to Lose
 Firehouse
 Cold Gin
 Let Me Know
 Kissin' Time
 Deuce
 Love Theme from Kiss
 100,000 Years
 Black Diamond

Kiss albums
1974 albums
Debut albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Hotter Than Hell

Hotter Than Hell is the second album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 22, 1974.

Track listing 
 Got To Choose
 Parasite
 Goin' Blind
 Hotter Than Hell
 Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll
 All The Way
 Watchin' You
 Mainline
 Comin' Home
 Strange Ways

References

Kiss albums
1974 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Dressed to Kill

Dressed to Kill is the third studio album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 19, 1975.

Track listing 
Room Service
Two Timer
Ladies in Waiting
Getaway
Rock Bottom
C'mon and Love Me
Anything for My Baby
She
Love Her All I Can
Rock and Roll All Nite

Kiss albums
1975 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Alive!

Alive is the fourth album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It is also their first live album. Released on September 10, 1975.

Track listing 
 Deuce
 Strutter
 Got To Choose
 Hotter Than Hell
 Firehouse
 Nothin' To Lose
 C'mon And Love Me
 Parasite
 She
 Watchin' You
 100,000 Years
 Black Diamond
 Rock Bottom
 Cold Gin
 Rock And Roll All Nite
 Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll

Kiss albums
1975 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Destroyer (album)

Destroyer is the fourth studio album and fifth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 15, 1976.

Track listing 
 "Detroit Rock City"
 "King Of The Night Time World"
 "God Of Thunder"
 "Great Expectations"
 "Flaming Youth"
 "Sweet Pain"
 "Shout It Out Loud"
 "Beth"
 "Do You Love Me"

Kiss albums
1976 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
12-hour clock

The 12-hour clock is a way of dividing the 24 hours of the day into two sections. The two halves are called ante meridiem (a.m.) and post meridiem (p.m.). 

Both names are from Latin, and numbered from 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Time from midnight to noon is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the 24-hour clock. Most places in the world use a 12-hour clock for their normal working lives. 

Clocks
Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show

The Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show is an annual showcase of rides, country music, carnival food, expensive contraptions, and horses that takes place in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada.  The fair has been held in Norfolk County since the 19th Century. Simcoe Composite School people enjoy the competitions and cheerleading that goes on in the grandstands.

Festivals in Canada
Ontario
19th-century establishments in Canada
Bootylicious

Bootylicious is a song sung by R&B girl group Destiny's Child. It is on their third album Survivor 2001 and was the second single from the album. It was their fourth U.S. number-one single and reached the top-five in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The music video was directed by Matthew Rolston.

The word "bootylicious" is a combination of "booty" (buttocks) and "delicious".

2001 songs
Destiny's Child songs
Songs about sexuality