cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Bee Train

Bee Train Production Inc. (ビィートレイン株式会社, Biītorein Kabushikigaisha?) usually referred to as Bee Train is a Japanese anime studio, founded by Koichi Mashimo and his colleagues in 1997. It is most famous for showing strong female characters with a light lesbian attraction.

History
Mashimo worked around Japan as a director on his own (not employed to a single company) with a group of other artists. He started a studio that would encourage and help young artists. He and his friend worked at Production I.G. The company president agreed to help Mashimo with his plan and helped start it. The first few years the two studios worked together on anime based on popular video games then Bee Train studio grew big enough to work more on its own. The studio was given a project of short videos to tie in with a new video game series called .hack (said as dot hack). In addition to the new set of videos the studio was also given a 26 episode television series. The next years would be met with new additions to the game series and the studio's famous "girls-with-guns" trilogy. Bee Train became independent in 2006. The two studios still have a good relationship with each other and work together on projects occasionally. From 2009 to 2010, the studio expanded to include two new areas called C-Station and D-Station. Bee Train also has another small office called Studio Road.  Studio Road does the color work for anime.

References

Other websites
  
Bee Train at Anime News Network.com
Bee Train at IMDb.com

Anime
Companies of Japan
1997 establishments in Japan
Give a Little More

"Give A Little More" is the second single released by Maroon 5 on August 17, 2010, from the album Hands All Over. The music video for the single was released on September 1, 2010, on VEVO. The song hit radio airplay on October 12, 2010. The song was produced by Phantom Planet's Sam Farrar.

Maroon 5 songs
Stutter (song)

"Stutter" is a song performed by American pop rock band Maroon 5 from their third studio album Hands All Over released on September 15, 2010. The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, Matt Flynn, and Sam Farrar. It was recorded and produced in Vevey, Switzerland in early 2010 by producer and music engineer Robert John "Mutt" Lange.

Background

The song itself premiered during the band's nationwide summer tour in late July 2010 by featuring it on their set list to perform live. The track gained much gratitude and was demanded as a single, however was released along with the album, Hands All Over, on September 15, 2010. Several amateur videos were uploaded to YouTube and other video-sharing social networks prior to its full-length studio release. On E! News' online website it was said that the group would release the song as a third single, following up the second single "Give a Little More", released on October 12, 2010, in late December or early January the next year. However, "Never Gonna Leave This Bed" ended up being the third mainstream single from the album, being released under A&M Records on February 5, 2011.

Chart rankings

The track gained a great number of digital downloads around the time of the album's release in late September, 2010 pursuing "Stutter" to debut and peak at number eighty-four on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. It became the biggest selling song on the album that wasn't a single.

2010 songs
Maroon 5 songs
Amphora

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, amphoras were used to transport liquids or grain. Amphores had two handles, used for carrying. Amphoras existed in different sizes, between 5 litres and 50 litres. They were made of clay, or metal.  Cargo ships for liquids were full of amphorae.

Most of the amphoras that now exist were made in old times  of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. However, many were made long before then. Some amphoras date from as far back as 4500 BCE.  Some varieties have been found in ancient China.

References

Ancient Rome
Ancient Greek pottery
Mac OS X Lion

Mac OS X Lion is an operating system. It is the eighth major release of Apple's Mac OS X software line. It is made for Macintosh desktops, laptops, and servers. It was released on 20th July 2011 via the Mac App Store.

Lion was unveiled to the public at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event on October 20, 2010. It brings developments from iOS (Apple's mobile operating system for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad), such as the App Store, to the Mac.

New or changed features
Some new features were announced at the "Back to the Mac" keynote, however more features are expected to be revealed closer to the release date.

 Mac App Store — An application store similar to the iOS App Store. It will be made available to Macs running Mac OS 10.6 "Snow Leopard" on January 6, 2011. Like in iOS, it will provide many ways for shoppers to discover apps, one-click installation, and one-click updates of all or selected installed applications.
 Launchpad — An application launcher that presents an iOS-like icon grid of installed applications. Multiple pages and grouping apps in folders will be supported.
 Full-screen apps — Native, system-wide support for full-screen applications.
 Mission Control — Overview of running applications, putting together other Mac OS features including Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen apps.
 Multi-touch gestures — Similar to iOS, gestures performed using a multi-touch input device (e.g. Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad) will allow the user to scroll, swipe to different pages, and enter Mission Control.
 Auto save — Documents automatically save, so users will not have to save their work.
 Apps resume when launched — Applications resume in the same state when reopened.
 Autohiding Scrollbars — Scrollbars appear in the content area of the window and autohide when not scrolling (similar to iOS).
 Removal of "Aqua" UI — The "Aqua" look used in OS X since 2000 (first used in "iMovie 2") was replaced with a flatter, grey look.

References

Other websites

Mac OS X Lion at Apple.com

MacOS
Planck time

The Planck time is the length of time at which no smaller meaningful length can be validly measured due to the indeterminacy expressed in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Theoretically, this is the shortest time measurement that is possible. Planck time is roughly 10−44 seconds. However, to date, the smallest time interval that was measured was 10−21 seconds, a "zeptosecond."
One Planck time is the time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to cross a distance equal to one Planck length.
 
It is calculated from the Planck constant, which was first thought of by the physicist Max Planck in 1900. This work by Planck asserts that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, and their relation can be put in terms of familiar units such as the joule by using the proportionality constant Planck gave us. Heisenberg's original quantum theory was improved by his teacher and colleague Max Born.

Born put Heisenberg's equation into a matrix form. Born immediately noticed that to calculate using these matrices, one matrix had to be multiplied by another matrix. In matrix multiplication, multiplying matrix P by matrix X gives a different result from the one obtained by multiplying matrix X by matrix P. He further noticed that the difference between the two matrices involves h, the Planck proportionality constant. It shows that one can never pin down things like P (momentum) and X (location) exactly. As a result, we cannot pin down a time any better than we can pin down a place or a momentum. We get closer and closer and then we reach the "Planck time."

Notation 
Planck time is usually noted tP, symbol made of the latin letter t lowercase, initial of latin word tempus ("time"), in italic, followed to the right and subscript, by the latin letter P uppercase, initial of the last name of Max Planck.

Definition 
Planck time is defined by :
,
where :
  is the Planck constant ;
  is the gravitational constant ;
  is the speed of light in a vacuum ;
  is Planck length.

Value 
In the International System of Units, the recommended value  for the Planck time is :
 s,
with a relative error of 10-4.

Related pages
Planck length

References

Physics
Units of time
Silva Kaputikyan

Silva Barunaki "Sirvard" Kaputikyan (, 20 January 1919 in Yerevan, Republic of Armenia - 25 August 2006, Yerevan) was a 20th century prominent Armenian poet, writer, academic, and public activist. 

In February 1988, during a reception in Kremlin, Mikhail Gorbachev said that he and his wife, Raisa, greatly admired Kaputikyan's poetry. She appeared as herself in the 1992 documentary Parajanov: The Last Spring, about Sergei Paradjanov, a legendary film-maker of Armenian descent who was persecuted by Soviet authorities (Sayat Nova).

Awards 
Awards won by Kaputikyan during her career included:
 Named "Renowned Master of Arts" by the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1971)
 Named "Renowned Worker of Arts" by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1980) 
 Received state prizes of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1952) and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1988)
 Received the Nosside Italian prize
 Awarded Ordens of St. Mesrob Mashtots (in Yerevan, Armenia) and Knyaginia Olga

Kaputikyan was also a member of International PEN.

1919 births
2006 deaths
Armenian writers
Pointillism

Pointillism is a way of painting in which small separate dots of pure color are used to form images. The artist paints the picture with hundreds of tiny dots, mainly of red, yellow, blue and green, with white. The eye and mind of the viewer mix the colours to make different shades of these colours, as well as orange, purple, pink, and brown depending on the way the dots of colour are arranged. 

Georges Seurat, at first an Impressionist painter, and Paul Signac, developed this technique in 1886. Other important artists were Camille Pissarro and, in some paintings, Vincent van Gogh.  Art critics who saw their work, laughed at it and called it "Pointillism" as an insult. This name is still used, but is no longer thought of as an insult.

Traditionally, artists blend pigments (mix colours) on a palette. Pointillist painters do not mix the colours on the palette at all  they just use the colours straight from the tube. Traditional painters, and also impressionist painters, use many types of brushstrokes, and many textures of paint. The surface of the painting may have flat colour, lines, squiggles and dabs of paint. In a pointillist painting, every part of the picture is done in tiny dots, and most of the dots are about the same size. Pointillism is usually done in oil paints, because they are thick and do not run into each other when they are painted on the canvas.

Printing and television
Many colour printers and large printing presses use four colours to print in tiny dots of cyan (blue), magenta (red), yellow, and black. Televisions and computer monitors use a similar technique to show many different colors using only red, green, and blue.

Music
The name Pointillism is also given to a style of 20th-century music. Different musical notes are made separately from each other, giving a sound texture similar to pointillism. This type of music is also known as "punctualism" or "klangfarbenmelodie".

Gallery

Related pages
 Impressionism
 Post-Impressionists

References

Painting
Baud

In telecommunications, Baud is the unit to measure the symbol rate. If one symbol can be transmitted per second, this is equal to one Baud. The unit is named after Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot a French telecommunications engineer who invented the Baudot code. The Baud rate is different from the gross bit rate, measured in bits/second. 

Various electric signal schemes invented in the 20th century such as Phase-shift keying can make bit rates much higher than signal rates. In another example, gigabit ethernet has a symbol rate of 125MBd. Gigabit ethernet uses pulse-amplitude modulation and can transmit two bits of payload data per symbol. Gigabit ethernet uses four balanced pairs for transmission.

It can transmit .

Telecommunications
Yun Chi-Young

Yun Chi-Young (Hangul: 윤치영, February 10 1898 - February 9 1996) was a Korean Independent Activist and politician, educators, diplomats. His nickname was 'DongSan' (동산, 東山). 1st Interior Minister (1948) of South Korea, 1st, 2nd and 3rd the National Assembly of South Korean. Younger Half-Uncle was Yun Bo-seon, 4th president of South Korea.

2nd  Republic of Korea Ambassador to French  1950 to 1951, 13th Mayor of Seoul City at December 17, 1963 to March 30, 1966.

Book 
 『Yun Chi-young's 20c』(윤치영의 20세기)

Related pages
 Yun Posun
 Rhee Syngman
 Yun Chi-ho
 Park Chung-hee
 Chang Myon
 Kim Gu

References 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=520742

1898 births
1996 deaths

Korean educators
Korean people
Anti-Communists
South Korean politicians
Korean writers
Sodium periodate

Sodium periodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be NaIO4 (sodium metaperiodate) or Na5IO6 (sodium orthoiodate). It has sodium and periodate ions in it.

Properties
Sodium periodate is a colorless solid. It reacts with acids to make periodic acid. It breaks down when heated to make sodium iodate and oxygen gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It can be made by oxidation of sodium iodide with sodium hypochlorite in a nitric acid solution.

Uses
Sodium periodate can oxidize cellulose. It is also used as a biodegradable chemical in the human body. It is also used in organic chemistry reactions.

Related pages
Potassium iodate
Perbromic acid
Potassium perchlorate

Sodium compounds
Iodine compounds
7 Up

7 Up is a product of a lemon-lime flavored caffeinate-free soft drink. The rights to the brand are held by Dr Pepper Snapple Group in the United States, and PepsiCo (or its licensees) in the rest of the world, including Puerto Rico. The origin of the name is unclear. It has been reformulated several times since its launch in 1929. 7-Up Soft Drink contains no caffeine and now has no artificial ingredients or preservatives, and only half the sodium as before. It is distributed by the 7-Up/Dr. Pepper company. The company promotes the product as having a crisper, more refreshing lemon-lime taste than before.

7 up is type of goods from the Dr Pepper company, it started produce at 1987. At other country, 7 up is goods from Pepsi Co. It first produced in Missouri, St.Louis.

References 

Soft drinks
Periodic acid

Periodic acid (pronounced as per·io'·dic acid) is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO4 or H5IO6. It has hydrogen and periodate ions in it.

Properties
Periodic acid is found as a colorless solution. It is a strong oxidizing agent, like perchloric acid. It breaks down when heated to iodine pentoxide and oxygen, as well as water. It does not form I2O7. It is found as HIO4 in dilute solution and H5IO6 in concentrated solution. When H5IO6 is heated, it turns into HIO4.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a periodate with a strong acid.

Uses
It is used to look at the structure of certain organic compounds.

Related pages
Perbromic acid
Sodium perbromate
Iodic acid

Iodine compounds
Acids
Periodate

Periodate is an ion. Its chemical formula is either IO4- (metaperiodate) or IO65- (orthoperiodate). They are the salts of periodic acid. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state. Periodates are similar to perchlorates. They are strong oxidizing agents. Sodium periodate is the most common periodate.

Related pages
Iodate
Hypoiodite

Iodine compounds
Potassium periodate

Potassium periodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO4. It has potassium and periodate ions in it.

Properties
Potassium periodate is a white solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium perchlorate. It does not dissolve good in water. It makes potassium iodate and oxygen when heated.

Preparation
It is made by reacting potassium iodide with a strong oxidizing agent.

Uses
It is used to find out how much potassium is in something because it is one of the few potassium compounds that do not dissolve easily in water.

Related pages
Sodium periodate
Periodic acid
Iodic acid

Potassium compounds
Iodine compounds
Rey, Iran

Rey, Rayy, Ray, Rhages or Rages (; ; ) also known as Shahr-e-Rey (), is the oldest city in the state of Tehran, Iran. Rey today has been added into the Greater Tehran city. It is linked by the Tehran Metro to the rest of Tehran and has many industries and factories in use. A settlement began here c 6,000 BCE as part of the Central Plateau Culture. The settlement was used as a capital by the Medes called Rhaga. In classical Roman geography it was called Rhagae. Its name dates back to the pre-Median.

Cities in Iran
Iodine heptafluoride

Iodine heptafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF7. It contains iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a colorless gas with a moldy, stinky odor. Its melting point is at , and its boiling point is at . This means that it has a very narrow liquid range. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is very irritating to the skin. It is an interhalogen.

Preparation
It is made by reacting iodine pentafluoride with fluorine gas.

Related pages
Iodine trifluoride
Iodine pentoxide
Periodate

Iodine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Hypoiodous acid

Hypoiodous acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO. It has hydrogen and hypoiodite ions in it.

Properties
Hypoiodous acid is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodine and iodic acid. It is a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with iodine.

Uses
It is too unstable to be used, although people think that this is what makes iodine a disinfectant.

Related pages
Iodic acid
Periodic acid

Acids
Iodine compounds
Hypoiodite

Hypoiodite is an ion. Its chemical formula is IO-. It is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodide and iodate. It is made by reacting iodine with a base. The iodine is in its +1 oxidation state. It is the salt of hypoiodous acid.

Related pages
Iodine monochloride
Iodine trifluoride

Iodine compounds
Iodine trifluoride

Iodine trifluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF3. It has iodine and fluoride ions in it. The iodine is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Iodine trifluoride is a yellow solid. It breaks down above -28°C. It is made by reacting very cold fluorine with iodine.

Related pages
Iodine tricloride
Iodine pentafluoride
Iodine heptafluoride

Iodine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Iodine trichloride

Iodine trichloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ICl3. It has iodine and chloride ions in it. The iodine is in the +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Iodine trichloride is a yellow solid. It melts at . It conducts electricity when it melts. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is an interhalogen.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a lot of cold iodine with liquid chlorine. It can also be made by heating liquid iodine with chlorine gas at .

Related pages
Iodine pentafluoride
Iodine monochloride
Iodine heptafluoride

Iodine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Silver iodate

Silver iodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgIO3. It has silver and iodate ions in it. The silver is in the +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Silver iodate is a colorless solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is an oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting silver nitrate with sodium iodate.

Related pages
Potassium iodate
Sodium periodate
Sodium bromate

Silver compounds
Iodine compounds
SemEval

SemEval (Semantic Evaluation) is a series of workshops that focus on evaluating computer systems that  interpret the meaning of human language (aka  Computational Semantic systems). 

Computers
Iodate

Iodate is an ion. Its chemical formula is IO3-. The iodine is in the +5 oxidation state. It can be made by reduction of periodate. They are similar to chlorates. They react with acids to make iodic acid. They are salts of iodic acid. An example would be sodium iodate.

Related pages
Iodine compounds

Iodine compounds
Iodine pentafluoride

Iodine pentafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF5. It has iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Iodine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is an interhalogen. It is also a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid.

Preparation
Iodine pentafluoride is made by burning iodine in fluorine gas.

Uses
It is used in organic chemistry (amine to nitrile conversion after hydrolysis).

Related pages
Iodine heptafluoride
Iodine trifluoride

Iodine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Iodine pentoxide

Iodine pentoxide, also known as iodine(V) oxide and diiodine pentoxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is I2O5. It has iodine and oxide ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Iodine pentoxide is a white solid. It breaks down to iodine and oxygen when heated. It reacts with carbon monoxide to make carbon dioxide and iodine. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make iodic acid.

Preparation
Iodine pentoxide is made by heating iodic acid to  in dry air.

Uses
It is used to see how much carbon monoxide is in a sample of gas.

Related pages
Iodine pentafluoride
Iodine trifluoride
Iodine monochloride

Iodine compounds
Oxides
Potassium iodate

Potassium iodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO3. It has potassium and iodate ions in it.

Properties
Potassium iodate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium bromate and potassium chlorate. It reacts violently with many reducing agents.

Preparation
Potassium iodate is made by reacting iodic acid with potassium hydroxide or by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide. This second reaction makes the iodide and the iodate.

Uses
Potassium iodate is used to add iodine to salt. It is better than potassium iodide because it does not oxidize to iodine and evaporate like potassium iodide does. It is sometimes used in flour just like potassium bromate. 

It is also used for radiation protection. A nuclear explosion can make radioactive iodine, which goes into the thyroid and can make cancer. Eating potassium iodate makes the thyroid full of nonradioactive iodine and prevents radioactive iodine from going in. It lasts longer than potassium iodide.

Related pages
Potassium periodate
Periodic acid
Hypoiodous acid

Potassium compounds
Iodine compounds
Sodium iodate

Sodium iodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaIO3. It has sodium and iodate ions in it.

Properties
Sodium iodate is a colorless solid. It is similar to sodium chlorate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with sodium hypochlorite to make sodium periodate. It can catch things on fire.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving iodic acid or iodine in sodium hydroxide solution. Iodine dissolving also makes sodium iodide.

Uses
It is used to make sodium periodate.

Related pages
Potassium iodate
Potassium periodate
Potassium chlorate

Potassium compounds
Iodine compounds
Copper(I) iodide

Copper(I) iodide, also known as cuprous iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuI. It has copper and iodide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Copper(I) iodide is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It easily turns tan or brown. It is a reducing agent. The iodide easily oxidizes to iodine. Copper does not form a stable copper(II) iodide; copper(II) iodide breaks down right away to make copper(I) iodide and iodine. It dissolves in concentrated iodides like potassium iodide. When it is diluted, it makes copper(I) iodide again.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting iodine and copper in concentrated hydroiodic acid. Another way would be to react copper(II) sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which as said before breaks down right away to make iodine and copper(I) iodide.

Uses
It is used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make clouds rain. It is used to make nylon resistant to heat. It can be used to put iodine to foods.

Related pages
Copper(I) bromide
Copper(I) chloride

Copper compounds
Iodine compounds
Copper(I) bromide

Copper(I) bromide, also known as cuprous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Copper(I) bromide is a colorless solid. It turns green when in air. It does not dissolve in water. It is a reducing agent.

Preparation
Copper(I) bromide is made by reacting copper(II) bromide with any sulfite and any bromide salt. This reaction makes hydrogen bromide gas.

Uses
It is used in organic chemistry. It is used to make organic compounds that have copper in them.

Related pages
Copper(I) iodide
Copper(I) chloride

Copper compounds
Bromine compounds
Copper(II) bromide

Copper(II) bromide, also known as cupric bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr2. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Copper(II) bromide is a grayish-black solid. Most copper(II) compounds, except for the oxide, are bright blue or green. It can be reduced to copper(I) bromide.

Preparation
It can be made by dissolving copper(II) oxide in hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting copper and bromine.82

Uses
Copper(II) bromide is used in lasers. It is also used to add bromide ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry.

Related pages
Copper(II) chloride
Copper(I) iodide

References

Copper compounds
Bromine compounds
Starlight (Warriors)

Starlight is the fourth book in the second series of Warriors, The New Prophecy.

This book, and all following books in this series, takes place around a fictional lake. The lake has a small island in the southern end of it, and it has moorland, pine forest, deciduous forest (trees that lose their leaves in the winter), marsh, and some wooded area with more streams.

Plot

Leafpool 
Leafpaw has to care for her Clan along with Cinderpelt, and she has a medium part in the novel. She stays with the rest of the Clans when the journeying cats went around the lake, finding some suitable territory. She does find the Moonpool in the middle of the book, earning her her name, Leafpool. Also, she loves Crowfeather (which is forbidden, as Leafpool is a medicine cat and Crowfeather is a cat in another Clan), and eventually gets caught in the next book. But back to the point. Leafpool discovers that Brambleclaw had been talking with Hawkfrost and Tigerstar in dreams. She wonders if he is loyal to the Clan.

Squirrelflight 
Squirrelpaw gets her name sooner than Leafpool, and her name is Squirrelflight. She goes around the lake, and she is the one to find an ideal camp for ThunderClan. Once the Clan reaches the camp, Squirrelflight starts liking Ashfur instead, due to Brambleclaw speaking with his halfbrother at Gatherings. She, like Leafpool, wonders if Brambleclaw is loyal to ThunderClan. Eventually, though, they come to like each other again.

Brambleclaw 
Brambleclaw goes around the lake. Later, he starts having dreams. In those dreams, he talks with Tigerstar and Hawkfrost.

Warriors books
Mike Epps

Michael Elliot "Mike" Epps (born November 18, 1970) is an American actor. His movies include Next Friday, Friday After Next, and Open Season 2. Epps' trademark is a voice similar to Martin Lawrence in the original Open Season. He replaced Lawrence as the voice of Boog in Open Season 2, but was replaced by Matthew J. Munn in Open Season 3.

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
African American actors
Actors from Indiana
Comedians from Indiana
Proposition

A proposition is a term in philosophy and logic. It is a statement which has a truth value, meaning it can be proved to be true or false. For a proposition to be valid, it must be possible to prove the proposition is either true or false. Many teachers and students of logic use the term statement and proposition to mean the same thing. Propositions are also often represented by capital letters such as ,  and .  

It is possible to express the same proposition in many way. Proposition are only concerned with actual meaning, not the way the proposition is expressed. Propositions can look different, yet still mean the same thing. When two different propositions mean the same thing, they are said to be synonymous, meaning each statement has the same meaning. 

For example, "Snow is white" (in English) and "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) are different sentences, because they are written in different languages. However, they mean exactly the same thing: snow is white. No matter what language the statement is written in, it will mean the same thing. As a result, these statements are synonymous. 

In Aristotelian logic, a proposition is a specific kind of sentence that confirms or denies an action or predicate took place through a subject. Aristotelian propositions take forms like "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man". In each sentence, the subject (men, Socrates) has a status (are mortal, is a man) which can be regarded as true or false.

In logical positivism, a proposition whose truth value cannot possibly be decided is meaningless (Quine, for instance, believes that propositions generally have no clear criterion of identity). For example, statements about the existence of deities cannot be proved under logical positivism. Because the statements have no truth value, a logical positivist would consider propositions about deities (such as "God exists" or "God does not exist") to have no logical meaning.

Related pages 
Axiom
Propositional logic
Predicate logic

References 

Philosophy
Logic
Karst

Karst is a geological system of rocks where water has eroded (dissolved) the bedrock. If it is very extensive, karst can be a geographical or topographical feature. It is classed as a badland if it difficult to travel through the environment, which it often is.

Almost always, karst is formed in carbonate rocks, such as limestone or dolomite. Since carbonate sedimentary rocks are very common, karst areas occur all over the world.

Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with sinkholes being the most common. However, karst surface features may be absent where the soluble rock is mantled (covered), such as  by a non-soluble rock strata on top of the carbonate strata. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, and the water is generally underground.

The world's largest karst area is the Nullarbor Plain, part of the area of flat, almost treeless, dry country of southern Australia. It is on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single exposure of limestone bedrock, and occupies an area of about . At its widest point, it stretches about  from east to west across the border region between South Australia and Western Australia.

Sinkholes 
Many parts of the world suffer from sinkholes which form when karsts are underground. Beneath the flat surface of the land in Florida, Guatemala City and elsewhere are vast systems of limestone. Water running through the limestone is dissolving the limestone away, leaving huge caverns. Without warning, huge holes appear in the surface, causing great damage. Practically the whole of Florida is sitting on a gigantic karst system, as are several countries in Central America. The area round Tampa is especially at risk, and there is a huge karst system under Mexico City. According to a senior geochemist, there are as many as 15,000 sinkholes in Illinois.

The world's deepest sinkhole is China's Xiaozhai Tienkeng at 2172ft (662m). 

The Qattara Depression in Egypt is part of the Libyan Desert. It is roughly 50 miles (80km) by 75 miles (121km) in surface area. It is the world's largest natural sinkhole. It lies below sea level and is covered with salt pans, sand dunes and salt marshes.

Related pages 
Aquifer
Limestone

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Badlands
PubMed Central

PubMed Central is a free database of scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences. It is on the Internet. It grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system.  PubMed Central was developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) as an online archive of biomedical journal articles. It was started in 2000. As of 2021, it had over 7 million science papers in it.

All the words in the PubMed Central articles can be read freely. Some publishers, though, do not show their articles for some time after they publish them on paper (usually about six months).

History

PubMed Central was started in 2000.  At first, it only had papers from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Molecular Biology of the Cell.  People can add older papers to PubMed Central.  The oldest papers in PubMed Central are from the 1700s.

As of September 2004, PubMedCentral, PubMed, and related NLM services had about 1,300 hits every second, and gave 1.3 terabytes of data every day. The Library of Congress and the British Library showed support for the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has also been popular with journal service providers.

PubMed Central and PubMed

PubMed Central is different from PubMed. The regular PubMed has papers' titles and abstracts, and PubMed central has the whole paper.  Scientists call this "full text."

PMCID

The PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID) is an ID tag for papers written by scientists and doctors.  It is like an ISBN is for books.  It shows the reader where to find the paper in the PubMed Central database.

References

Other websites 
PubMed Central
PubMed Central FAQ
National Institutes of Health Submission System (NIHMS)
NIH Public Access Policy

Public databases
Science websites
2000 establishments
Medical University of Innsbruck

The Medical University of Innsbruck (German: Medizinische Universität Innsbruck) is a university in Innsbruck, Austria. It used to be one of the four historical faculties of the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, but it became an independent (by itself) university in 2004.

History 
The medical tradition dates back long before the university began. The first hospital began in the silver-mining city of Schwaz nearby in 1307. Because people grew as years went by, a medical faculty was added to the university, begun in 1669 by Emperor Leopold I, making it the first of its kind in the Alpine region.

Nobel Prize laureates 
 Fritz Pregl, 1923 (chemistry - for his contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis) 
 Adolf Windhaus, 1928 (chemistry - for his work on sterols and their relation to vitamins)
 Hans Fischer, 1930 (chemistry - for the synthesis of haemin)

Other websites 
 
 Study in Austria: A Guide 

Colleges and universities in Europe
Innsbruck
2004 establishments in Europe
Dolomite

Dolomite is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 

As a mineral, it is found in crystals. Dolomite rock  (or 'dolostone') is mostly made of the mineral dolomite. 

Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is referred to as dolomitic limestone. In the old U.S. geologic literature it is called magnesian limestone. Dolomite was first described in 1791 for exposures in the Dolomite Alps of northern Italy.

Carbonate rocks
Minerals
Sedimentary rocks
Gravel

Gravel is small, loose, rock particles. It is any loose rock that is larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in its smallest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 64 mm (2.5 in).

Small gravel is composed of granules (>2 to 4 mm/0.079 to 0.16 in). Large gravel is called pebbles (>4 to 64 mm/0.16 to 2.5 in). 

Particles smaller than gravel are sand, larger particles are cobbles.

Gravel and sand are used for road surfaces, and for cement and Tarmac. Mixtures of gravel and sand mixed with various crushed material, are known as aggregate in the trade. This is used for drainage in the basement of roads, and other purposes. Mixture of stones and resin is also used to pave footpaths, driveways, etc. This mixture is known as Resin Bonded Gravel.

Origin 
Natural gravel comes from ancient beaches which have not consolidated (turned into solid rock). In effect, beaches from (for instance) the Jurassic are dug up in quarries. The material is then sifted into size categories. The gravel and sand is then sold on to engineering companies. Most natural sand and gravel is silica, SiO2, in its chemistry. This is very hard-wearing.

However, if the material is originally in hard rock form, then it is first crushed. This enables the industry to offer other materials such as granite or limestone, originally solid rock, as gravel.

The open-cast mining and processing of gravel, sand and aggregate is a huge world-wide industry, sometimes called "conglomerates".

References 

Rocks
Mining
Cornet

A cornet is a brass instrument that is similar to the trumpet. It is part of the higher-brass family, together with trumpets and French horns.

Other websites

Brass instruments
Spice trade

People have been using spices for thousands of years. Often they wanted ones that didn't grow near them, so they got them from far away. One of the biggest spice routes was a route between Asia and Europe. 

Only a few spices grew in Europe, so the others had to be brought from Asia. People made a route to go from Europe to Asia to buy spices. The route was very difficult and so the spices were expensive. People tried to find ways cheaper than the spice route, including going the other way around the world. This made the Age of Discovery, when they found places that they didn't know about, such as the Western Hemisphere.

Countries traded spices for gold and other things. They did this so they could get new spices or gain money and gold by selling their own. Sometimes people traded the spices because their country is running out of that certain spice.

Trade routes
Nuclear winter

Nuclear winter is a theory stating the possible effects of the use of nuclear weapons during a nuclear war; which could include reduced sunlight, extreme cold, and the presence of large amounts of smoke and soot in the Earth's atmosphere. 

Fears are rising that World War III could go nuclear and lead to a nuclear winter

Nuclear physics
Meson

Mesons are incredibly small subatomic particles that are made of one quark and one antiquark. Antiquarks are the antimatter counterpart of a regular quark. Since antimatter quarks have the opposite spin of regular quarks, their spins can cancel each other out, which forms a particle similar to a Higgs Boson. The name meson comes from Greek "mesos", meaning middle. This is because the masses of the first mesons discovered were between the mass of light particles like electrons, called leptons, and heavy particles like protons, called baryons.

Mesons' spin
Mesons are hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. Since quarks have different fractional charges, mesons can have a charge. However, the charges of the quarks may cancel out, forming an uncharged meson. The rest of the hadron family are known as baryons, which are made of three quarks. Since quarks all have a spin of 1/2, three of them will never add up to an integer spin. An integer spin is simply 0, 1, or 2. Particles with an integer spin are called bosons, which obey Bose-Einstein Statistics. This means that more than one boson can actually be in the same point in space at the same time. However, a meson is made of one quark and one antiquark, which each do not have an integer spin. Particles which do not have an integer spin have a spin of 1/2 or 3/2. These particles with 1/2 spin are called Fermions because they obey Fermi-Dirac Statistics. This means that no more than one fermion can be in the same point in space at the same time. All known baryons and quarks (and antiquarks) are fermions, and all mesons are bosons. This can get very confusing because this means that more than one meson can exist in the same point in space at the same time, but the quarks that make up mesons cannot exist in the same point in space at the same time.

Creation of Mesons
The most common natural way that we find mesons are through the interactions of cosmic rays with matter. This process can be duplicated in particle accelerators, which smash high-energy quarks and antiquarks. However, the mesons are very unstable and quickly turn into other particles. Charged Mesons can decay into electrons and neutrinos, and uncharged mesons can decay into photons. Since antimatter is destroying matter, a large amount of energy is given off. The energy follows the equation E=mc2.

Quantum mechanics
Subatomic particles
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex KCVO ADC(P) (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984) is a member of the British royal family. He is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales and is the younger brother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and is sixth in the line of succession to the British throne. Harry was a pupil at Eton College.

Harry launched the Invictus Games in 2014, and remains patron of its Foundation. He also gives patronage to several other organisations, including the HALO Trust, the London Marathon Charitable Trust, and Walking with the Wounded.

Early life
Harry was born in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, on 15 September 1984 at 4:20 pm as the second child of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to Queen Elizabeth II, and Diana, Princess of Wales.

Education
Like his father and brother, Harry was educated at independent schools. He started at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London.

Marriage
Prince Harry began dating Meghan Markle in June 2016. They became engaged in November 2017. The couple married at Windsor Castle on 19 May 2018. The couple's first child, Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor, was born on May 6, 2019. In November 2020, Markle revealed in an opinion piece for The New York Times that she suffered a miscarriage in July of that year. On 4 June 2021, the couple's daughter Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor was born in Santa Barbara, California.

Ancestry

Notes

References

Other websites

 The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the British Monarchy
 The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the Prince of Wales
 
 

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1984 births
Living people
House of Windsor
People educated at Eton College
Princes and princesses
Royalty from London
Meccan sura

The Meccan suras are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad when he was in Mecca. They are usually shorter than the Medinan suras and are usually placed after them in the Qur'an.

References

Islam
Mecca
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Religious texts
Chris Hansen

Christopher Edward "Chris" Hansen (born September 13, 1959) is an American television personality most famously known for his role on Dateline NBC. He was on a part of the show called To Catch a Predator, where he tries to catch people who are trying to meet minors aged 13–15 on the Internet for sexual activity. Hansen has done other investigative reporting, and has won seven Emmy Awards for his reporting.

Career
He went to Brother Rice High School in Bloomfield Hills Michigan. Hansen became a reporter for Lansing NBC affiliate WILX in 1981 during his senior year at Michigan State University. He then reported for WFLA in Tampa, various radio stations and newspapers in Michigan, WXYZ in Detroit, and WDIV as an investigative reporter and anchor from 1988. In May 1993, Hansen joined NBC News as a correspondent for the newsmagazine Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric.

Dateline NBC
Hansen's notable work for Dateline includes coverage of the Columbine massacre, the Oklahoma City terrorist attack, the Unabomber and the TWA Flight 800 disaster; as well as investigative reports on Indian child slave labor and on counterfeit prescription drug sales in China. Hansen was responsible for most of Dateline's coverage of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as well as stories on terrorist groups and the operations of Al-Qaeda. He exposed how a group linked to Osama Bin Laden had tried to buy missiles and nuclear weapons components, and he also worked on an exclusive report detailing an attempted 1994 terrorist attack in France. His series on the lack of security at airports resulted in the Federal Aviation Administration opening an investigation and ultimately revising its policies.

Awards
Hansen has received seven Emmy Awards, four Edward Murrow awards, three Clarion awards, the Overseas Press club award, an IRE, the National Press Club award, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists Award; as well as awards for excellence from the Associated Press and United Press International.

Personal life
Hansen was born in Chicago, Illinois but grew up in northern Detroit suburbs of West Bloomfield and Birmingham. In an interview with the Lansing City Pulse, Hansen said that watching the FBI and police investigate the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa when he was fourteen inspired him to want to become a journalist. He graduated from Michigan State University College of Communication Arts and Sciences in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in telecommunications. 

He is married to Mary Joan Hansen; the couple has two sons. The family resides in Connecticut.

References

1959 births
Living people
American journalists
Writers from Michigan
Emmy Award winners
Metriacanthosauridae

Metriacanthosaurids were a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. They tended to be large predators, and some were 30 ft (10 m) long. 

Metriacanthosaurids are carnosaurs. At first they were classified in the Megalosauridae or Allosauridae, now they are put in their own family. A gigantic tooth, which may come from a giant metriacanthosaurid, was described recently (2008).

Classification 
The Metriacanthosauridae is a monophyletic group. Cladistically it includes Metriacanthosaurus parkeri and species closer related to Metriacanthosaurus than to Allosaurus fragilis, Carcharodontosaurus saharicus, or to birds. These theropods are close to the ancestors of the allosaurs.

Metriacanthosauridae is often referred to as "Sinraptoridae", but Metriacanthosauridae is the correct name under ICZN rules, since Metriacanthosaurus was the first member of the family to be described and named. 

The cladogram here follows a study by Benson and colleagues.

References

Other websites

Taxon Search - Sinraptoridae 
Carnosauria

Carnosaurs
Bella Akhmadulina

Bella Akhatovna Akhmadulina (10 April 1937 — 29 November, 2010) was a Russian poet. Her poems used metaphors, and were described by Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky as a "treasure of Russian poetry. 

Her first poems were published in 1955. The government of the Soviet Union said her poems were too personal and emotional. She died in Pereldelkino, near Moscow, from a heart problem.

Books
 The String (1962)
 Fever (1969)
 The Candle (1977)
 Dreams of Georgia (1978)
 The Secret
 Music Lessons (1969)

References

1937 births
2010 deaths
Russian writers
Russian poets
Mario Monicelli

Mario Monicelli (May 15, 1915 in Rome, Italy — 29 November 2010, Rome, Italy) was an Italian movie director famous for his comedy movies of the 1940—1960s. He was twice nominated for an Oscar award. One of his movies, The Great War (1959), won a Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. In 1991 the Venice Film Festival gave him a lifetime achievement award.

Suffering from terminal prostate cancer, Monicelli jumped to his death from a fifth floor hospital window in Rome. He was 95 years old.

Movies
 The Boys of Paul Street (1935)
 Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958)
 The Great War (1959)
 I Compagni (1963)
 Casonova 70 (1965)

References

1915 births
2010 deaths
Italian movie directors
People from Rome
People with cancer
Suicides by jumping