cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Cross-cultural psychology

Cross-cultural psychology is the study of the difference cultures can have on psychology. The environment, societal customs and changes in the overall structure of different countries may affect the psychology of individuals distinctly. It has relations in anthropology and sociological psychology.

Branches of psychology
Evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a branch of psychology which investigates behaviour which has evolved. It is similar in this respect to ethology, which has always used ideas from evolutionary biology.

Abstract
This field seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. Evolutionary psychology usually focuses on behaviour most people share. Some of the more common areas evolutionary psychology is focused on are sex, and social behaviour. Events like violent behaviour need explanation in evolutionary terms.

Evolutionary psychology is related to other fields of science like sociobiology, social psychology, and sociocultural anthropology. Evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behaviour is the result of adaptations which evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments.

The adaptationist approach is steadily increasing as an influence in the general field of psychology. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviours or traits which occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations. This includes our ability to infer others' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, and cooperate with others. They report successful tests of theoretical predictions related to such topics as infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price and parental investment.

"The recognition that psychological mechanisms are evolved adaptations connects evolutionary biology to psychology in the strongest possible fashion, allowing everything we know about the study of adaptations to be applied to the study of psychological mechanisms".

Books 
Barkow, Jerome H; Cosmides, Lena & Tooby, John (eds) 1992. The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press. 
Buss, David 2011. Evolutionary psychology: the new science of the mind. 4th ed, Pearson.

Related pages 
Adaptive unconscious
Sociobiology
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

References

Other websites 
 Frans de Waal 2012 Moral behavior in animals 

Branches of psychology
Evolutionary biology
University of Waterloo

The University of Waterloo is a school that you attend after high school.  It is in the Southwest of Ontario. This university is marked the 5th best university in Canada. This university is very large. It was founded in 1957.

Contests
The University of Waterloo holds many contests in mathematics for students in high school.  Some contests let you choose the correct answer out of many wrong answers ( multiple choice ), and for other contests one must write the whole answer and how it was found. Anybody in Canada can take these contests.  Each contest is named after famous mathematicians, such as Galois or Fermat.

Notable people
Walter Benz
David Johnston
Robert Mundell
Donna Strickland

Related pages 
One instruction set computer

References
cemc.uwaterloo.ca
http://www.4icu.org/ca/
http://www.4icu.org/reviews/618.htm
Tarja Turunen

Tarja Turunen (b. August 17, 1977 near Kitee) is a Finnish singer and songwriter. She is a mezzo and lyric soprano and has a vocal range of eight octaves. People know her for her work with symphonic metal band Nightwish. She was the first singer of the band. She was dismissed from the band in the end of 2007, due to musical differences. and started making her own music. Because of her soprano voice, she even sings heavy metal songs in a classical way. She was one of the first singers to do this, which made other people want to make similar music.

In 2006 she made a wonderful Christmas album, called "Henkäys Ikuisuudesta". In November 2007, she came out with her first metal album, My Winter Storm, which had a lot of different music types on it like rock and heavy metal. In 2010 she made "What Lies Beneath", her second metal album without Nightwish. She played some concerts in Europe, and was in well known heavy metal festivals. She made a whole tour for these two albums. In August 2013, she made her third metal album, "Colours in the Dark", which is a very optimistic album and in August 2016, she made her fourth metal album, "The Shadow Self", which is also very optimistic. In December 2017, she made her second magical Christmas album, called "From Spirits and Ghosts (Score for a Dark Christmas)".

References

1977 births
Living people
Finnish singers
Sopranos
Gerontocracy

Gerontocracy is a system of government in which old people make the policies and control the country. It may be ageist as much as it may be conservative.

Forms of government
Ageism

Ageism is when a person is treated badly only because of their age. Ageism can be discrimination by one person or by a part of society as a group. Discrimination is when a person is left out or abused by somebody who does not like something about them. For example,  their facial features, their height or their skin.

There have been many issues at the British broadcasting company, BBC, dealing with people saying that they have issues with ageism. Ageism is often common in the entertainment industry where what a person looks like is felt by many to be important.

There are two targets for age discrimination: old people (also called senior citizens) and young people. Discrimination against old and young people can happen at places like job interviews. For example, a company might hire a worker who is about 30 years old instead of someone who is about 50 years old, or someone who is around 20 years old, regardless of skill level. Another common example of ageism is not allowing "minors", or young people, to vote, drink, drive, work, marry, gamble, or give sexual consent.

References

Discrimination
Physiocracy

Physiocracy is (or was) a government basing its economical policies on natural order. The economists thought that wealth came mostly from agriculture. It is also an economic theory developed by the physiocrats.

Forms of government
Green politics
Stratocracy

Stratocracy is a system of government in which the military control the country.

Forms of government
Technocracy

Technocracy is a government by scientific method and controlled by technical people. These people include engineers, (who make, build, and maintain engines, machines, public works, and other technologies). "Technocrats" want to improve social and political problems based on technical and "scientific" (technological) solutions. They promise to help solve these problems concerning industries (big business), trade, and how to create and distribute wealth using scientific management. A method of study that uses time and motion to work out the most efficient ways to do something, mainly repeated, routine motions. The man that made the theory of Scientific Management was named Frederick W. Taylor. 

However, Scientific Management was still trying to fix social and political problems with technical solutions. Many of the technological solutions may have solved one problem, while creating many more. Technocrats believed that management could replace politics. Administration is based on the application of rules that make certain outcomes, there are too many different points of view for the management approach to work.

See also
Meritocracy

Forms of government
Timocracy

Timocracy is the rule of only people who have property. It can also mean that the rulers are motivated by honour (where 'timo' comes from, in Greek).

Other page
Plutocracy

Forms of government
Potassium nitrate

Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound. It has the chemical formula KNO3. It contains potassium and nitrate ions. It is often called saltpeter.

Properties
Potassium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It is a common source of the nitrate ion. Potassium nitrate is a strong oxidizer. It decomposes to potassium nitrite and oxygen when heated. Its pH is almost neutral. It burns with a lilac flame.

Production
It can be made by reacting ammonium nitrate with potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by reacting potassium chloride with ammonium nitrate. It might be made by reacting potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with nitric acid.

Occurrence
Saltpeter is a mineral form of potassium nitrate. It is only found in very dry areas. It is one of the few minerals that have nitrogen in them.

Uses 
Potassium nitrate is used in explosives. Oxygen from the air is the most common chemical that is used for oxidation, which is how most fires and explosions happen. Some explosions will use up oxygen so quickly, though, that there is not enough to finish the reaction, and the explosion is not very strong. Potassium nitrate replaces the need for oxygen and takes up much less space, which lets the explosion be stronger and faster. It is a main ingredient of gunpowder.

Potassium nitrate is also used in rocket fuel for the same reason as in explosives, except that the goal is to let the fuel burn longer, not faster. Potassium nitrate is used as a fertilizer, to help plants grow faster and grow in more places where it might be hard for them to grow otherwise. It can also be used to decay tree stumps.

Safety
Potassium nitrate is a poison and will cause permanent injury when improperly handled. It also can start fires and explosions easily.

Related pages
Potassium permanganate

Potassium compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Endoxa

Endoxa was a concept Aristotle talked about. It refers to the opinion not of individuals (which he contrasts by naming that 'doxa') but the consensus of the population and wise people with a supposed more valid opinion than that of the individual.

Other page 
Common sense

Philosophy
Pluralism

Pluralism is a concept used in many fields and mostly means that things are done in many parts or ways (as opposed to just a single way/thing in a system or dualism).

In political science it supports more than either one political party or two major dominant parties and thinks that even very minor parties are important.

In philosophy it contrasts monism and favours multiple ideas that could possibly form a structure than a reduced number of entities.

Social sciences
Politics
Corpus

Corpus (plural corpora) is Latin for body. It can mean:

 Corpus Christi (disambiguation)

 Corpus (linguistics)
 Text corpus, a large set of text, usually organized by topic or by where the text came from
 Speech corpus, a similar large set of audio files/recordings
 Corpus callosum, a structure in the brain
 Corpora cavernosa, a pair of structures in human genitals
 Habeus corpus, a legal term that stops police from holding a suspect for too long
 Corpus delicti, a legal term meaning "body of the crime."
 Corpus luteum, a hormone gland in mammals
Delegation

Delegation is when an authority or someone generally needed to do something (like in diplomacy) asks someone else to go instead who could do the same job (it could be a deputy or a 'proxy', in politics mostly).

Politics
Marina Rikhvanova

Marina Rikhvanova is a Russian ecologist and leader of the Baikal Ecological Wave (BEW) organization which protects Siberia’s Lake Baikal from ecological damage. Lake Baikal, the world’s biggest reservoir of fresh water, is currently under threat from industrial pollution. In 2008, Rikhvanova was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize.

Related pages
List of ecologists

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ecologists
Environment
Icelandic Wikipedia

The Icelandic Wikipedia () is the Icelandic-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in December 2003. It has over 50,000 articles.

References

Other websites 
 Icelandic Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Kleptocracy

Kleptocracy ('klepto' meaning 'theft' in Ancient Greek) is the ruling of possibly any kind of government that uses its power to steal from its people.  This rarely-applied word was used by Charles Krauthammer, the nationally syndicated Washington Post columnist and political commentator on Fox-TV, on Saturday, March 2, and Sunday, March 3, 2014.  He referred to Russia as a kleptocracy in a TV panel discussion about its influence in the revolution in the neighboring Ukraine in late February.  His political column added another derivation of this word: kleptocratic.

"Kleptocratic" is used by Krauthammer in the following quote: "But surely the West has more financial clout than Russia's kleptocratic extraction economy that exports little but oil, gas and wisky."

Related pages
 Group of States Against Corruption
 International Anti-Corruption Academy
 International Anti-Corruption Day
 United Nations Convention against Corruption
 Transparency International

Politics
Fairfield, Wisconsin

Fairfield is a town of Sauk County in the state of Wisconsin, United States.  About 1,000 people lived in Fairfield as of 2000.  Fairfield is the place where the "sand farm" was bought by Aldo Leopold in 1935.  Fairfield has an area of 35.6 square miles.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Sauk County, Wisconsin
Dahlia

Dahlia is a genus of plants with large brightly-colored flowers. They are from Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. There are at least 36 species of Dahlia. Dahlia are often grown in flower gardens. This flower grows well away from strong, direct sunlight.

Flowers
Asteraceae

cs:Dahlia
Millbury, Massachusetts

Millbury is a town of Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts, United States. About 12,800 people lived in Millbury as of 2000.

Towns in Massachusetts
1716 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Shot glass

A shot glass is a small cup that people use to drink alcoholic drinks with.  Spirits are usually drunk out of shot glasses.  A person usually swallows everything in the glass at once.

Containers
Alcoholic drink

de:Trinkglas#Schnapsglas
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI is a private university in Troy, NY. It was made in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer because he wanted there to be schools that taught science and engineering. It is the oldest engineering school in America. Lots of students from RPI get jobs that pay a lot of money after they leave RPI. Some people who went to RPI have started big companies like NVIDIA, John Wiley and Sons, and Texas Instruments. George Low, an American who helped get spaceships into space, went to RPI.

What RPI focuses on has changed a lot since it was first made.  There still is a lot of engineering at the school, but now there is growing arts and social studies teaching at the school. A big concert hall called EMPAC was opened in 2008 at RPI.

Most of RPI's sports teams play in NCAA Division III, which does not allow athletic scholarships. The men's and women's ice hockey teams play as Division I teams in ECAC Hockey. The hockey teams are can award scholarships because of a special NCAA rule.

References

Other websites 

 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 Institute Archives and Special Collections
 Not the Rensselaer Wiki 
 A Postcard History of RPI

Colleges and universities in New York
Rpi
1824 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in New York (state)
Jack Russell Terrier

The Jack Russell Terrier is a small dog with a white coat that can be smooth or rough-coated. Some have a broken coat that is also called "wire-haired".

This terrier is good at fox hunting.

History 
The Jack Russell terrier were originally bred in England by the Reverend John Russell from about 1819. The Jack Russell is sturdier than the standard terrier. It is a fast runner, has a great nose and can hunt the fox even when it goes underground. It can also be used as a work dog.
"Difficulty in telling the terrier from the creature it was bolting out of its den brought about the desire for a more white-bodied dog. In all probability the English Black and Tan Terrier was crossed with the Old English White Terrier (both now extinct) to achieve the type of coat and colouring we have today in our Jack Russell Terriers".

Variants 
As with other domesticated animals, there are numerous variations. Differences in naming were caused by the different regulations of different kennel clubs. Some dog clubs make a difference between what they call "Parson Jack Russell Terriers", which are over 12" (inches) at the shoulders, and "Jack Russell Terriers" which are under 12" in height. Other clubs do not. They are broadly the same type of dog. It is easy to change the height of dogs by selective breeding, and the reason working dogs come in different sizes is to make them better at a particular job. Taller terriers were used for hunting foxes, and smaller terriers were used for hunting rabbits and rodents.
"So historically the Jack Russell and the Parson are the same breed with their breed standards written by different groups of enthusiasts in different countries. Today, the only actual difference is leg length".

References

Other websites 
 Jack Russell Terrier Clubs
 Jack Russell Terrier Club of America
 Jack Russell Terrier Club of Canada

 Other websites
 A Pictorial History of Working Terriers
 Terrier Work Basics
 Jack Russell Rescue Australia, the only Jack Russell Terrier Rescue group in Australia
 Jack Russell Terrier Pictures & Info
 Jack Russell Training and Raising Information

Terriers
Mach number

A mach number is a number that describes speed. It is a measure of the speed of an object compared to the speed of sound. Mach number is given as a percentage compared to the local speed of sound. For example, half the speed of sound = Mach 0.5.

 

Where v is the speed of the object, and a is the speed of sound.
 

It is named after the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach. When writing a speed as a Mach number, the number comes after "Mach." For example, the Concorde airplane could fly at Mach 2, and a satellite re-enters the Earth's atmosphere at about Mach 25.

References

Fluid mechanics
Measurement
Transonic

Transonic means breaking the sound barrier by travelling faster than the speed of sound (1,236 kph or 768 mph).

The speed of flight is divided into four groups based on speed.
Subsonic
Transonic
Supersonic
Hypersonic

Transonic means going from subsonic to supersonic.  Subsonic ends and supersonic begins at mach 1, so transonic goes from mach 0.8 to 1.2.  When you are going through transonic speeds, drag increases and it is really hard to go any faster.  This is the sound barrier.

Aviation
Sound
Massively multiplayer online game

Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) are video games where players play together over the internet. These games are different from other online video games because they have very many players all playing with each other at the same time. Other online video games have fewer players playing with each other at the same time. The most popular kind of MMOG is the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). Examples are RuneScape, World of Warcraft (WOW), Roblox and Transformice.

Related pages 
 Metaverse

Online games
Video game genres
Baton

A baton is a stick.  Different batons are used by different people, for different things.

Policemen often carry batons, which can be used as weapons. These batons are also sometimes called "nightsticks."

Runners pass batons to one another in relay races.

Musical conductors use batons to lead an orchestra.

Various people in a parade or marching band might twirl batons for people to see.

Tools
Mark D. Maughmer

Mark D. Maughmer (born January 18, 1947) is a Professor of Aerospace Engineering in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University. He is famous for designing the first type of airplane wing tips for better glider performance. He has won many awards for being a good teacher and for having an influence in aerospace.

References

Engineers from Illinois
1947 births
Living people
Aerospace engineering
Triskaidekaphobia

Triskaidekaphobia is the fear of the number thirteen.  The number 13 has been linked to bad luck in the western superstition. Buildings in the United States does not have the "13th floor".

The term was first used by Isador Coriat in Abnormal Psychology.

There is also a fear of Friday the 13th.  This fear is called paraskevidekatriaphobia or friggatriskaidekaphobia.

13 is not unlucky. People have no reason to fear it.

Related pages
 Tridecagon

Notes

References

Phobias
Superstitions
Psychology
Magnoliales

Magnoliales is an order of flowering plants.

Classification 
The Magloliales includes six families:
 Annonaceae (custard apple family, over 2000 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas; mostly tropical but some temperate)
 Degeneriaceae (two species of trees found on Pacific islands)
 Eupomatiaceae (two species of trees and shrubs found in New Guinea and eastern Australia)
 Himantandraceae (two species of trees and shrubs, found in tropical areas in Southeast Asia and Australia)
 Magnoliaceae (about 225 species including magnolias and tulip trees)
 Myristicaceae (several hundred species including Nutmeg)
Bobsleigh

Bobsled or bobsleigh is a team sport played during the Winter Olympic Games. It is played by riding on iced tracks with a sled. Modern tracks are made of concrete, coated with ice. Artificial bobsleigh tracks are also available.

International bobsled competitions are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT).

The first bobsleds were built in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in the late 19th century by rich tourists from Britain who were staying at the Palace Hotel owned by Caspar Badrutt.

Related pages
Sking
Ski jumping

Notes

Other websites

Bobsleigh at the Official website of the Olympic Movement
Images for bobsleigh
Videos for bobsleigh
Bobsleigh crash

Winter Olympic sports
Winter sports
Pulp (band)

Pulp are an English band from Sheffield, South Yorkshire. The lead singer, Jarvis Cocker, started the band in 1978. For a long time, Cocker found life as a musician hard. However, in 1994, he and his band became famous when their album called his "His and Hers" became popular in the United Kingdom. They had three more albums and a number of singles before the band split up in 2001.

Albums by Pulp 
1983 - It 
1987 - Freaks 
1992 - Separations 
1994 - His 'N' Hers (Number 9 in the UK music charts) 
1995 - Different Class (Number 1 in the UK music charts)  
1996 - Countdown 1992-1983 (Number 10 in the UK music charts)  
1998 - This Is Hardcore (Number 1 in the UK music charts) 
2001 - We Love Life (Number 6 in the UK music charts)

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English punk bands
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from Sheffield
+44 (band)

The +44, or Plus 44, was a punk rock group that formed in 2004. It was started by former Blink-182 members Mark Hoppus and Travis Barker, with guitarist Craig Fairbaugh from the band Transplants, and Shane Gallagher from the Nervous Return. The name of the band is the title of the telephone code for the UK, +44. The band broke up on January 13, 2009, when Blink-182 reformed.

Members 
 Mark Hoppus (vocals, bass)
 Travis Barker (drums, keyboards)
 Craig Fairbaugh (rhythm guitar, vocals)
 Shane Gallagher (lead guitar)

Discography 
 2006 - When Your Heart Stops Beating

References

Other websites 
 

American punk bands
Musical groups from California
2000s American music groups
Johns Hopkins University

The Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland in the United States. Johns Hopkins opened in 1876 as part of a seven million dollar donation to start a number of institutions under his name. Johns Hopkins does more than 1.5 billion dollars of science research every year. During the pandemic, the university has been doing researching on the outbreak.

References

Other websites
 Johns Hopkins University

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Maryland
Baltimore
1876 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
Trap door

A trap door or trapdoor is a door in the ground or in a floor,  that one enters vertically. Some can open when someone is standing on it. People typically put small doors disguised as something normal to scare a person falling into a trapdoor. They can be used for malicious purposes like murder. However, they can be used to hide things from other people.  

Trap doors are popular in mystery themed movies. The victim who falls down the trap door often is met with danger or a hidden treasure. A standard cliché deals with the victim finding himself in an alligator filled swamp (most famously seen in Scooby Doo cartoons).

Infrastructure

fi:Kattoluukku
Pane sciocco

Pane sciocco (also called in Tuscany "pane toscano" ) is a variety of bread very common in Tuscany and in Umbria, two regions in Italy. Pane sciocco does not contain salt, because when it was first made in the 1600s, salt was very rare and very expensive. Pane sciocco is often eaten with typically Tuscan ham or sausages, famous for being salty.

Related pages
Tuscan food

Italian food
Breads
The Black Pearl (Scott O'Dell)

The Black Pearl is a book for teens by Scott O'Dell first published in 1967. It is about the son of a pearl dealer living in the Lower California peninsula. It won the Newbery Honor in 1968.

Story 
The story is about a Mexican teenager named Ramon Salazar who works with his father finding and selling pearls. One day, Ramon went diving in an underwater cave in search of pearls and found a pearl bigger than his fist. It was so shiny and big that he thought that it was called the Pearl of Heaven. The pearl was found in a lagoon that belonged to an Indian who warned Ramon that the pearl belonged to the Manta Diablo.

Movie adaptation 
In 1977, Saul Swimmer directed the U.S.-Spanish co-production The Black Pearl, also known in Spanish as La Perla Negra.

Related pages
Herman Melville: Moby-Dick (1851)
John Steinbeck: The Pearl (1947) (also set among the pearl divers of La Paz)
Ernest Hemingway: The Old Man and the Sea (1952) (aging Cuban fisherman struggling with a giant marlin)

1967 books
Newbery Honor books

1977 drama movies
American drama movies
Spanish movies
Hot air balloon

A hot air balloon is a type of aircraft. It is lifted by heating the air inside the balloon, usually with fire. 

Hot air weighs less than the same volume of cold air (it is less dense), which means that hot air will rise up or float when there is cold air around it, just like a bubble of air in a pot of water. The greater the difference between the hot and the cold, the greater the difference in density, and the stronger the balloon will pull up. This means that balloons can carry more weight on a cold day, or if the air inside the balloon is very hot. At higher temperature, the air molecules move faster. This causes the molecules to spread out and therefore hot air is less dense than cooler air.

History

The hot air balloon is the oldest form of flying technology that can successfully carry people. The earliest use of hot air to make objects fly was made in Ancient China. Paper lanterns were sent into the air for signalling.

The first hot air balloon to carry a person was made by the Montgolfier brothers. On 19 September 1783, they demonstrated their invention for King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette at the French court in Paris. The passengers were a sheep, a duck and a rooster. They flew for 480 metres.  The first flight carrying a person was on 15 October 1783. It carried Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier. The balloon was attached to the ground by a rope. The first free flight, without being attached to the ground, was a few weeks later, on 21 November 1783. It carried Marquis François d'Arlandes and Pilatre de Rozier.

How it works
The air is made up of molecules. When the air is cold, these molecules are closer together. When the air is hot, they move away from each other. So, in the same space, there are fewer molecules in hot air. Hot air is therefore lighter than cold air. This makes it rise and carry up the balloon when the air inside it is heated. The air is heated in the balloon with a burner, which uses bursts of fire to keep the air hot. The fire is fuelled by propane.

The heated air is kept inside the balloon by its fabric. This is called the "envelope". It is usually made of nylon.

The passengers and the pilot stand in the basket, which is attached to the balloon by ropes. The basket is usually made of wicker. Baskets can come in many sizes. It can have enough places for up to 36 people. It depends the size of the balloon to carry that much weight.

Festivals 

A hot air balloon festival is a type of air show. It is where ballooners display and fly their balloons together. During these events, they fly in the morning and in the evening if the conditions allow it. People can enjoy a balloon flight if they pay. There are many activities. Sometimes, the balloons are lit up against the night sky.

At these festivals, people can see different shapes of balloons. Usually, they are kind of round but they may have forms.

References

Other websites
 Hot air ballooning
 Hot air balloonat Library Think Quest 

Aircraft
Gaius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (20 BC–4 AD) was one of two brothers adopted by the first Roman emperor, Augustus. Both died in their early twenties, clearing the path for Tiberius. Gaius Caesar had achieved the rank of Consul before his death.

References 

Roman people
20 BC births
4 deaths
Biplane

A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft that has two fixed wings.  The lower wing is often attached to the body of the aircraft and the top wing is raised above.  Most early airplanes were biplanes because they have a stronger structure than a monoplane.  When engineers found how to makes strong monoplanes, biplanes became rare because they produce more drag.  

Famous biplanes include the Polikarpov Po-2, Sopwith Camel, Avro Tutor, Antonov An-2, Beechcraft Staggerwing, Boeing Stearman, Bristol Bulldog, Curtiss JN-4, de Havilland Tiger Moth, Fairey Swordfish, Hawker Hart, Pitts Special and the Wright Flyer.  The Stearman is particularly associated with stunt flying with wing-walkers.

References

Aircraft
White chocolate

White chocolate is a type of chocolate. White chocolate is made of cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. In the United States, white chocolate must be at least 20% cocoa butter, at least 14% total milk solids, at least 3.5% milk fat, and less than 55% sugar or other sweeteners. 
In the European Union, there must be at least 20% cocoa butter, at least 14% total milk solids and at least 3.5% milk fat.

Food ingredients
Chocolate
Sea plane

A seaplane is a fixed-wing aircraft that can take off and land on water.

References 

Aircraft
Paraglider

A paraglider is a free-flying, foot-launched aircraft. 
In mountain areas, pilots usually take off from great height to fly down to the valley. In flat areas, a winch is used to tow the paraglider to a height of up to 400 meters before it is released. It is also possible to soar on the coast in laminar sea breeze. Some more advanced pilots also launch from hot air balloons or helicopters. 

Aircraft
Blank slate

For the book see here

Blank slate, or tabula rasa (which means the same thing) was a philosophical idea of John Locke. It had, like much of philosophy, a history which went as far back as Aristotle, but it was Locke who made it known to our modern world:
"Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it to be furnished? ... To this I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE".

Humans, when born, are thought not have mental experience or knowledge, and that everything is learned after they grow. In particular, Locke thought all knowledge came from sense data, and the mind is empty at the beginning. By 'sense data' is meant the process of hearing, seeing, touching etc.

Locke's idea was immediately picked up by others:
"Children are a sort of raw material put into our hands... [Their minds are] like a sheet of white paper".
"Our virtues and our vices may be traced to the incidents which make the history of our lives, and if these incidents could be divested of every improper tendency, vice would be extirpated [cut out] from the world".—The economist and social liberal William Godwin (1756–1836), who argued for human perfectibility and enlightenment.

Many have held similar views. The founder of behaviourism, John B. Watson (1878–1938):
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors".

Throughout the 20th century the influence of evolution and genetics ran against these liberal ideas. Ethology proved that much animal behaviour was inherited, instinctual, (innate and permanent). Konrad Lorenz argued that the aggression so obvious in the history of mankind was a playing out of behaviour which had evolutionary advantage in our past. The field of evolutionary psychology set out to examine the role played by evolution on our mental life. If humans share a common evolutionary history with the other animals, it is likely that we inherit mental traits from our evolution. The human ability to learn a language is inherited, and is of huge practical importance. Very important also (though less obvious) is the way that our unconscious mind helps us get through life. The apparatus which performs that mental activity is certainly inherited. These are some reasons why a number of recent publications have rejected Locke's idea.

Related pages 
Adaptive unconscious
Behaviourism
Empiricism
Human nature
Nature versus nurture
Psychological nativism
Sociobiology

References 

Psychology
Lined paper

Lined paper is paper with lines printed on it. The lines are commonly parallel to each other, uniformly spaced with a larger space at the top. The horizontal lines are meant to separate lines of hand-written text. Lined paper is thinner than other types of paper

Paper
Coypu

The coypu (or nutria, Myocastor coypus) is a large, plant-eating, rodent which lives in wetlands. The nutria first came from South America including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Animals were taken to Louisiana in the 1930s to be farmed for their fur. Some of these animals escaped and are now living in the Louisiana coastal wetlands. They have become a pest and have damaged the environment.

References

Rodents
Animals of South America
Poincaré conjecture

The Poincaré Conjecture is a question about spheres in mathematics. It is named after Henri Poincaré, the French mathematician and physicist who formulated it in 1904.

The sphere (also called the 2-sphere, as it is a 2-dimensional surface, although it is usually seen as inside a three dimensional space) has the property that any loop on it can be contracted to a point (if a rubber band is wrapped around the sphere, it is possible to slide it down to a point). Mathematicians say that the 2-sphere is simply connected. Other spaces do not have this property, for example the donut: a rubber band that goes around the whole donut once cannot be slid down to a point without it leaving the surface.

Mathematicians knew that this property was unique to the 2-sphere, in the sense that any other simply connected space that does not have edges and is small enough (in mathematician terms, that is compact) is in fact the 2-sphere. It is no longer true if we remove the idea of smallness however, as an infinitely large plane is also simply connected. Also, a regular disk (a circle and its interior) is simply connected, but it has an edge (the bounding circle).

The conjecture asks whether the same is true for the 3-sphere, which is an object living naturally in four dimensions. This question motivated much of modern mathematics, especially in the field of topology. The question was finally settled in 2002 by Grigori Perelman, a Russian mathematician, with methods from geometry, showing that it is indeed true. He was awarded a Fields Medal and the $1 million Millennium Prize for his work, both of which he declined.

The Poincaré conjecture can also be extended to higher dimensions: this is the generalised Poincaré conjecture. Surprisingly, it was easier to prove the fact for higher-dimensional spheres: In 1960, Smale proved it to be true for the 5-sphere, 6-sphere and higher. In 1982, Freedman proved that it was also true for the 4-sphere, for which he was awarded a Fields Medal.

Geometry
Megafauna

Megafauna are large animals. The word is most used for the Pleistocene megafauna  the large land animals of the last ice age, such as mammoths. It is also used for the largest living wild land animals, especially elephants, giraffes, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, elk, condors, etc.

Its use is connected with the discussion about the Holocene extinctions after the ice age. Most of the large land animals which were alive 12,000 years ago are now extinct, and there is much discussion as to what has caused this. The two main theories are hunting by humans, and climate change. Together, these reasons are enough to explain why these previously successful animals are now extinct. Elephant birds on Madagascar were certainly hunted to extinction, as were the Moas in New Zealand.  Archaeological sites with evidence of moa hunting are all over New Zealand. The moas became extinct about five hundred years ago. The moas had survived being hunted by Haast's Eagle, but they did not survive being hunted for food by the Maoris.

For many others the climate changes may have been the main reason for their extinction.

References
90482 Orcus

90482 Orcus (symbol ), originally known by the provisional designation 2004 DW, is a Kuiper belt object (KBO). It is also a dwarf planet. It was found by Michael Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz on February 17, 2004. It was also seen in pictures from November 8, 1951. Like Pluto it is in orbital resonance with Neptune but it stays on the opposite side of the Sun from Pluto.

Moon 

A moon of Orcus was found on  22 February 2007.

The satellite was found at 0.25 arcsec from Orcus with magnitude difference of 2.7. Assuming an albedo similar to that of the primary, the magnitude suggests a diameter of about 220 km. It is thought to be a smaller KBO that was captured.

Other websites 
 MPEC 2004-D09 announcing the discovery but attributing it to Raymond J. Bambery, Steven H. Pravdo, Michael D. Hicks, Kenneth J. Lawrence, Daniel MacDonald, Eleanor F. Helin and Robert Thicksten / NEAT
 MPEC 2004-D13 correcting MPEC 2004-D09
 Chad Trujillo's page on 2004 DW 
 First BBC article
 First New Scientist article
 Updated orbital elements from Lowell Observatory 
 AstDys orbital elements
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

References 

Possible dwarf planets
Kuiper belt objects
Comfortably Numb

Comfortably Numb is a rock song by Pink Floyd. It was released on their album The Wall in 1979. The song is about a rock star who is visited by a doctor. The doctor gives him medicine allowing the rock star to perform again. The lyrics were written by Roger Waters and the music was mostly written by David Gilmour. This song became very popular and became part of every Pink Floyd tour since 1981. It was even played by Roger Waters and David Gilmour on their individual solo tours. In 2004 Scissor Sisters released a disco version of the song. It reached number ten in the UK Singles Chart.

1979 songs
Pink Floyd songs
Intramuros

Intramuros is a district of the city of Manila in the Philippines. It is surrounded by fortified walls built in the 16th century.

Manila
Cucurbitales

The Cucurbitales is an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropic and temperate regions. The order includes various shrubs and trees, together with many herbs and climbing plants.

One of major characteristics of the Cucurbitales is the presence of unisexual flowers, with thick pointed petals (whenever present). The pollination is usually performed by insects, but wind pollination, where flowers use the wind to move pollen from one flower to the next, is also present (in Coriariaceae and Datiscaceae).

The order consists of roughly 2600 species in eight families. The largest families are Begoniaceae (begonia family) with 1400 species and Cucurbitaceae (gourd family) with 825 species.

The large families of Cucurbitales include several economically important plants. Specifically, the Cucurbitaceae are responsible for some food species, such as squash, pumpkin (both from Cucurbita), watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), melon and cucumber (both Cucumis). The Begoniaceae are known for their horticultural species, of which there are over 130.

References
Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbitaceae is a plant family commonly known as melons, gourds or cucurbits. It includes crops such as cucumbers, squashes (including pumpkins), luffas, melons and watermelons. The family is predominantly distributed around the tropics. Its edible fruits were amongst the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds.
Grapevine, Texas

Grapevine is a city of Tarrant County in the state of Texas in the United States.

References 

Cities in Texas
Settlements in Dallas County, Texas
Settlements in Tarrant County, Texas
1914 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Texas
Air pump

A air pump is a pump that is used to inflate things, like a basketball. The pump often has a needle at the end and can be used to inflate other objects as well. Bicycle tires are normally filled with air. With extensive use, the tires may lose air and need to be inflated.

Mechanics
Tools
Bruce Campbell

Bruce Lorne Campbell (born June 22, 1958) is an American actor, producer, screenwriter and director. He is known for his starring role in the 1981 horror movie Evil Dead. He has since become a B-movie icon. He starred as Sam Axe in Burn Notice on the USA Network. He played Ronald Reagan in season 2 of the FX original series Fargo in late 2015.

References 

1958 births
Living people
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
Actors from Michigan
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Nachos

Nachos are a snack food made with tortilla chips and cheese. Sometimes they have jalapeños, sauce, beans, guacamole or meat on them.

Ignacio "Nacho" Anaya created nachos at the Victory Club in 1940 when Mamie Finan, a regular customer, asked if Anaya could bring her and three other women a different snack than usual. Anaya went to the kitchen and spotted freshly fried pieces of corn tortillas. In a moment of culinary inspiration, he added melted cheese and pickled jalapeño strips. After tasting the snack Anaya created, Finan asked what it was called. Anaya responded, "Well, I guess we can just call them Nacho's Special." The dish was so popular, the owner of the Victory Club, Roberto de los Santos, put Nacho's Special on the menu and the snack quickly spread throughout the world. When the Victory Club closed in 1961, Anaya opened his own restaurant, Nacho's.

References

Snack foods
Test bay

A test bay is an area used in engineering. It can be a hall, laboratory or even a department. At these places, the produced materials are tested before delivery. To test them, testing guidelines of industry or this firm are used. The test bay is part of the quality management. The protocols written during testing are evidences in case of insurance issues, say.

Engineering
Tests
Unicycle

A unicycle is a pedal vehicle. It is like a bicycle, but it has only one wheel. It has a seat and pedals, but no chain or gears. There is no handlebar, it is steered by gripping the seat with the legs and twisting the body.  A rider keeps their balance by moving their arms, and controlling their speed. It is usually used for acting and performing. A unicycle is more expensive than a cheap bicycle, because unicycles are far less common.

There are two kinds of unicycles; giraffe unicycles and traditional unicycles. Giraffe unicycles are much taller than traditional unicycles, and use a chain so that the performer's legs do not have to stretch very far. Giraffe unicycles are mostly used by performers in circuses.  

Unicycles are often used while the performer is simultaneously juggling or plate spinning. To do this, performers usually rock back and forth on the unicycle. This is called "idling". It lets the performer pay attention to what they are doing in their hands, instead of to the ground in front of them. To "idle" a unicycle, performers usually press one foot down, anchoring it in the bottom position of the wheel. This foot both provides support and completes the rocking motion that is necessary to keep the unicycle balanced.

Many other tricks can be done when riding a unicycle.  This includes going backwards, riding up and down steps, pedaling with only one foot, hopping in place, wheel-walking (putting the feet on the tire instead of on the pedals) and riding over obstacles.

References
 

Human-powered vehicles
Cycling
Chaiyaphum Province

Chaiyaphum (Thai: ชัยภูมิ) is one of the Isan (north-eastern) provinces (changwat) of Thailand. As of 2000, 1 million people live there, and has an area of 12,778.3 km². The Governor is Thawon Phrommichai.

Geography
 Chulabhorn Dam

Administrative divisions 

The province has 16 districts (amphoe); 124 subdistricts (tambon) and 1393 villages (muban).

Provinces of Thailand
Chulabhorn Dam

Chulabhorn Dam (เขื่อนจุฬาภรณ์) is a dam in Thailand. It is named after a princess, Chulabhorn Walailak. The dam is in Tambon Thung Lui Lai, Amphur Kon San, Chaiyaphum Province on the Nam Phrom River.  It is 700 metres long and 70 metres high.  It holds a reservoir of 31 square kilometres.

Other websites 
 Chulabhorn Dam in Chaiyaphum  

Dams in Asia
Buildings and structures in Thailand
Matthew Perry (actor)

Matthew Langford Perry (born August 19, 1969) is a Golden Globe and Emmy nominated Australian-Canadian movie and television actor. He is best known for his work as Chandler Bing in the sitcom Friends.

Early life and education 
Matthew Perry was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts. His mother, Suzanne Jane Louise Morrison (née Langford), is a Canadian journalist and was a press secretary to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and his father, John Bennett Perry, is an American actor and was a model. Matthew Perry holds US and Canadian citizenship. He is very good at French. His parents divorced (broke-up) before his 1st birthday and his mother is re-married to Keith Morrison, a broadcast journalist. Matthew Perry was raised by his mother in Ottawa. While growing up in Ontario, Matthew Perry was very interested in tennis and started playing and soon became a top-ranked junior player (he has been good friends with professional tennis player Jennifer Capriati). The schools he went to were Rockcliffe Park Public School, Lisgar Collegiate Institute, and Ashbury College, all of which are in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

References

Other websites 
 
  Variety announces Matthew Perry in Studio 60
 Matthew Perry interview 

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Massachusetts
Actors from Ottawa
American movie actors
American television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Caspar David Friedrich

Caspar David Friedrich (September 5, 1774 – May 7, 1840) was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter.

He is best known for landscapegifeowFGYpfvf[vf0[F7qfdyipyUSDGS[DSFQd79wfdgD[9FWQGDYFIGwf9uf[g[9EFG8C[9UGDC97UDGQASF9U[CQgef80q[eugF9E[wugfu9ewagu9egfpuaewogf9euos, which typically feature lonely figures against night skies, morning mists or Gothic ruins.

Related pages

German art

1774 births
1840 deaths
German painters
Alexander Stepanovich Popov

Alexander Stepanovich Popov () ( – ) was a Russian physicist and inventor who first showed how to use electromagnetic (radio) waves, although he did not apply for a patent for his invention.

References

1859 births
1906 deaths
Popov, Alexander
Russian inventors