cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
United States men's national basketball team

The USA Basketball Men's National Team, commonly known as the United States men's national basketball team, is the most successful team in international competition, winning medals in all eighteen Olympic tournaments it has entered, including fifteen golds. The team won Olympic gold medals in the professional time in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, and 2016.

1992 Men's Basketball Team (Barcelona) - The Dream Team 
In 1989, FIBA, international basketball's governing body, allowed professional NBA players to participate in the Olympics for the first time. Before the 1992 Summer Olympics, only European and South American professionals were allowed to play in the Olympics.

1992 roster
 Charles Barkley of the Phoenix Suns 
 Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics
 Clyde Drexler of the Portland Trail Blazers 
 Patrick Ewing of the New York Knicks
 Earvin "Magic" Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers and the 1995-96 season)
 Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls
 Christian Laettner of Duke University
 Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz
 Chris Mullin of the Golden State Warriors
 Scottie Pippen of the Chicago Bulls
 David Robinson of the San Antonio Spurs
 John Stockton of the Utah Jazz
 Coach: Chuck Daly of the Detroit Pistons
 Assistant Coach: Mike Krzyzewski
 Assistant Coach: Lenny Wilkens
 Assistant Coach: P.J. Carlesimo

2008 Olympics Roster - The Redeem Team 
The official 12-man roster:

 

|}
| valign="top" |
 Head coach
 
 Assistant coach(es)
 
 
 
 Team Physician
 
 Athletic Trainer
 
 

Legend
 (C) Team captain
 from field describes last pro club before the tournament
|}

Olympic medal record
 1936: 1st  
 1948: 1st  
 1952: 1st  
 1956: 1st  
 1960: 1st  
 1964: 1st  
 1968: 1st  
 1972: 2nd  (refused, never awarded)
 1976: 1st 
 1980: did not participate (1980 Summer Olympics boycott)
 1984: 1st 
 1988: 3rd 
 1992: 1st  1989 rule change by FIBA allowed USA Basketball to field teams with professional players
 1996: 1st 
 2000: 1st 
 2004: 3rd 
 2008: 1st 
2012: 1st 
2016: 1st

FIBA World Cup record 

 1950: 2nd 
 1954: Champion
 1959: 2nd 
 1963: 4th
 1967: 4th
 1970: 5th
 1974: 3rd 
1978: 5th
 1982: 2nd
 1986: Champion
 1990: 3rd
 1994: Champion
 1998: 3rd
 2002: 6th
 2006: 3rd
2010: Champion
2014: Champion
 2019: 7th

Related pages

 USA Basketball
 Basketball
 Basketball Hall of Fame
 Basketball in the United States
 United States women's national basketball team

Basketball
Summer Olympic sports
Nastia Liukin

Anastasia Valeri'yevna "Nastia" Liukina (simply credited as Nastia Liukin, born 1989, Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian born American artistic gymnast. She is daughter of Anna Kotchneva, former rhythmic gymnast and Valeri Liukin, a former artistic gymnast. He is also her coach. The family moved to America when Nastia was a baby. She trains in Texas. Liukin won the all-around Olympic gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. She is fluent in both Russian and American English.

References

Other websites

1989 births
Living people
American gymnasts
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Russian gymnasts
Sportspeople from Moscow
Sportspeople from Texas
Shawn Johnson

Shawn Machel Johnson East (born January 19, 1992)  is an American artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic women's balance beam gold medalist.

Johnson East is the daughter of Doug and Teri Johnson. Her parents put her in a gymnastics class after they saw her climbing up cabinets and jumping down from tables. When she was six, Liang Chow opened a gymnastics school in her city. She was one of Chow's first students when he opened the school.

References

Other websites

American Olympic gold medalists
American gymnasts
Sportspeople from Iowa
1992 births
Living people
Neuschwanstein Castle

Neuschwanstein Castle (, , Southern Bavarian: Schloss Neischwanstoa), which translates as New Swan Stone Castle, is a Romanesque palace that was made in the 19th century by King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The palace is in Bavaria in southern Germany. It is one of the most famous sites among tourists.

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Castles in Germany
Paul Kelly (musician)

Paul Maurice Kelly (born 13 January 1955 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and harmonica player. Kelly has led many groups including Paul Kelly and the Dots, Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls and Paul Kelly and the Messengers. Kelly is one of Australia's most well-known singer-songwriters. His importance was recognised in 1997 when he was added to the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame.

Works
Kelly writes and plays in many music styles, from bluegrass to reggae.  His main styles are folk, rock, and country. Kelly's Top 40 singles on the National charts were his 1980s songs "Billy Baxter", "Before Too Long", "Darling it Hurts", "To Her Door", "Dumb Things", and his 2000 single "Roll on Summer". "To Her Door", written by Kelly, was his best local hit. It got to Number 14 on the Australian singles charts in 1987. "Dumb Things" got to Number 16 on the US Billboard Modern Rock chart in 1988. He has also had success with his albums with Top 20 hits on the National charts for Gossip, Under The Sun and So Much Water So Close To Home from the 1980s; Comedy, Wanted Man, Songs from the South: Paul Kelly's Greatest Hits and Words and Music from the 1990s; and Nothing But A Dream, Ways & Means and Stolen Apples from the 2000s. The compilation album Songs from the South got to Number 2 in 1997. His highest charting studio album was Nothing But A Dream which got to Number 7 in 2001.

References

1955 births
Living people
Australian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Adelaide
Australian guitarists
Australian folk musicians
Prevalence

Prevalence is a measure from the statistics of epidemiology. The prevalence of a disease in a certain population tries to answer the question of how common the disease is. A simple way to do this is to see how many members of the population have the disease, and divide by the total number of people in the population.

Statistics
Apologetic proverb

Apologetic proverbs (also known as wellerisms), make fun of proverbs by showing that they are wrong, in some situations.

They have : 
a proverb  (or saying ), and
an  explanation (often humorous ).

They often have sardonic humor.

Examples

 A body can get used to anything, even to being hanged, as the Irishman said. (Lucy Maud Montgomery--Anne of Green Gables)

Phrases
Humor
Figures of speech
Ozone

Ozone, or trioxygen, is a chemical with the symbol O3. This means one molecule of ozone is made of three oxygen atoms. Ozone is rarely called trioxygen, even though this is its IUPAC systematic name.  Ozone is formed from oxygen gas (O2) by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. In total, ozone makes up only 0.6 ppm (parts per million) of the atmosphere by volume.

Ozone is important to life on planet Earth. There is a portion of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone, called the ozone layer. The ozone layer filters out damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, like a kind of sun screen. Without this ozone layer things would not have been able to live on the surface of our planet. The ozone layer also absorbs a lot of heat from the sun's rays.  

However, ozone is toxic to animals and plants above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. In humans, it can cause nasal and throat irritation, and nausea. Extended exposure can cause lung oedema. 0.100 ppm is the maximum allowable limit for industrial, public, or occupied spaces in England, Japan, France, the Netherlands and Germany. The Ozone layer is in  the 10 to 50 kilometer range of the Earth's atmosphere.

References 

Notes

Chemical elements
Environmental chemistry
Greenhouse gases
Muhammad Hashim Gazdar

Muhammad Hashim Gazdar () was a prominent politician of Pakistan. He was mayor of Karachi and a former member of the Bombay Legislative Council from Sindh constituency.

Early life
He was originally from Rajputana and led the Marwari group in Karachi politics. He was born in 1895 in Jaisalmer (present day India). His ancestral roots linked to Rajput Clans of Rajisthan from where his father immigrated and settled in Karachi after the Sindh was amalgamated in British empire since 1843. He completed his intermediate from Sindh Madressah-tul-Islam, Karachi in 1911. Later, he went to Maharashtar to study engineering in Pune. Later he shifted to Bombay where he joined the project to uplift the lower caste in Bombay but after it was unsuccessful,  he resigned along with a number of others from the project.

Political life
After he retired from the project, he returned to Karachi and worked as an engineer at the then District Local Board, Karachi. However, he later resigned from the job due to differences on policy matter with G. M. Syed, who was then the president of the Board.

Later, he joined politics and was elected a member of the Bombay Legislative Council from the constituency of Sindh in the 1934 election. Meanwhile he remained active in politics through the platform of the Sindh Ittehad party. He was also elected Mayor of the Municipality of Karachi for the term from May 1941 to May 1942. Afterwards, he joined Jinnah's All India Muslim League; that was launching a movement for establishment of an independent state for Muslim population of India within the sub-continent (which emerged as Pakistan later). Quaid e Azam led this movement and Hashim Gazdar was a friend of Muhammed Ali Jinnah on the platform of All India Muslim League to achieve the goal of a separate Muslim state. During this course, he was again elected a member of Legislative Assembly from Sindh; and remained the Deputy Speaker thereof.

Muhammed Hashim Gazdar was among the people who represented Sindh in the first session of Pakistan's initiating Constituent Assembly that was convened four days prior to the emergence of Pakistan, i.e. 10 August 1947 at Sindh Assembly Building, Karachi. Other members to represent Sindh were Muhammed Ayub Khoro, J. Ram Das Doulat Ram, and Pirzada Abdul Sattar Abdul Rehman.

As a former politician, the role played by Hashim Gazdar during the pre-partition and post partition era is highly acknowledged. Being an honest legislator, a veteran Muslim League politician, his role was significant as an ideological prominent figure on the scenario of Pakistan politics since its genesis. Being a commendable parliamentarian, he is highly appreciable with a view to transiting politics to the new stream in accordance with the changing necessities of times.

He died in 1966 and is buried in Muslim Marwari Graveyard Mewashah, Karachi.

Pakistani politicians
1966 deaths
1895 births
Jaisalmer

Jaisalmer, nicknamed "The Golden City", is a town in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The town is located on a ridge of yellowish sandstone which contains a palace and temples. It lies in the middle of the Thar Desert and has a population of about 78,000. It is the capital of Jaisalmer District. The city is named after Rawal Jaisal.

Gallery

References 

Cities in India
Settlements in Rajasthan
Treaty of Lahore

The Treaty of Lahore was signed on 9 March 1846 after the First Sikh War. After the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Sobraon the British were able to march into Lahore without any further battles. After the British reached the city of Lahore the treaty was signed.

The Sikhs (who had been defeated) were forced to sign the treaty with the British. As part of the treaty the Sikhs agreed to handover Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British. The treaty also resulted in the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond falling into British hands.

Gulab Singh, an Indian prince, negotiated between the British and the Sikhs over how the Sikhs would surrender. As well as handing over land to the British, the Sikhs had to allow a British Resident and a British army contingent at Lahore and troops in other cities.

Also, under the treaty, the Sikhs had to pay 1.2 million pounds to the British. As they were unable to pay Gulab Singh was able to take Kashmir from the Punjab government by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. The Sikhs were also forced to give up the territory between the Satluj and the Beas rivers to the British. The Sikh army was also reduced. Maharaja Duleep Singh was recognised as the new ruler of Punjab. The new rulers were forbidden to employ any European without the permission of the British.

Related pages
Treaty of Amritsar

References

British India
History of Pakistan
Lahore
Treaty of Amritsar

The Treaty of Amritsar was signed on March 16, 1846 to settle a dispute over territory in Kashmir after the First Sikh War with the United Kingdom.  The treaty was signed in the city of Amritsar.  As part of the treaty land was given to Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra. Gulab Singh was then able to rule over the lands to the west of the Ravi River including Chamba. Gulab Singh paid money to the British Government to get this land. The Treaty of Amritsar marked the beginning of Dogra rule in Kashmir, which was to end in 1948 after India got independence from Britishers.

Related pages
Treaty of Lahore

British India
Amritsar
1846
Amritsar

Amritsar (, meaning: The Lake of the Holy Nectar,) is the capital of the Amritsar District in the state of Punjab, India. According to the 2001 Indian census, over 1,500,000 people lived in the city.

Amritsar is in the state of Punjab, India, 32 km east of Lahore, Pakistan. The Harimandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, is there. The temple is the centre of the Sikh religion.

History 
In the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 under British Rule a large number of people were killed by British troops.  The city is also famous for Operation Bluestar, a military operation in 1984 that was ordered by the Prime Minister of India of the time, Indira Gandhi.  Many Sikhs were angered, as the holy Golden Temple of the Sikhs was damaged.

References 

Settlements in Punjab, India
Cities in India
Amritsar District

Amritsar district (Doabi:ਤਾਲੁਕਾ ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ) is one of 19 districts in the state of Punjab in  West India. It has a population over 3,000,000  and covers an area of 5075 km². The city of Amritsar is headquarters of this district.

History
During British Rule Amritsar was part of Lahore Division and was subdivided into 3 tehsils, there were - Amritsar taluka, Tarn Taran taluka and Ajnala taluka. However, as part of the partition of India in 1947 Amritsar district was separated from the rest of the division and given to India. During the partition period, the Muslim population of the district, some 46%, left for Pakistan while Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan settled in the district.

The Principle Jatt Sikh clans according to 1911 census are Aulakh,  Bhangu, Bhullar, Chahal, Chhina, Deo, Dhariwal, Dhillon, Shergill, Hanjra, Hayer, Hundal, Khaira, Kang, Mahal, Maan, Pannu, Randhawa, Sandhu, Sidhu, Sohal, Virk, Waraich.

Jatt population of Amritsar according to 1901 census 

Jatt Sikh 179,675                                      (Mainly Tehsil Amritsar, Tarn Taran and Southern part of Ajnala Tehsil).
Jatt Muslim 38,545                                    (Mainly Northern Part of Ajnala, towards Gurdaspur border).
Jatt Hindu 10,101                                      (Mainly found in around Mehta area of north eastern corner of Amritsar District).

 Total Jatt Tribe 228,321

References

Districts of Punjab, India
Lahore Division

Lahore Division () was a former division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. In 2000 the government of Pakistan ended divisions.

History
Lahore Division was also an administrative division of Punjab Province of British India. It extended along the right bank of the Sutlej River from the Himalaya to Multan, and was made up of the six districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, Montgomery, Lahore, Amritsar, and Gurdaspur. With the Partition of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947, Lahore Division was divided among the two countries.

 
Divisions of British India
Divisions of Pakistan

Pakistan, including the disputed territory of Kashmir, originally had 37 political divisions during the United Pakistan period, that was inherited by British India, then from 1971-2000 it was reduced to 33 since four were lost to the independence of Bangladesh'' 

The Divisions of Pakistan () used to be a subdivision of Pakistan's provinces. Pakistan's four provinces were split into divisions and the divisions were split into districts. However after the year 2000, the government of Pakistan abolished divisions.

Abolition 

In August 2000, local government reforms abolished the "Division" as an administrative tier and introduced a system of local government councils, with the first elections held in 2001. Following that there was radical restructuring of the local government system to implement "the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level". This meant devolution of many functions, to districts and tehsils, which were previously handled at the provincial and divisional levels. At abolition, there were twenty-six divisions in Pakistan proper - five in Sindh, six in Balochistan, seven in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and eight in Punjab. Abolition did not affect the two divisions of Azad Kashmir, which form the second tier of government.
Former subdivisions of Pakistan

The former subdivisions of Pakistan are states, provinces and territories of Pakistan. Most of which existed between 1947 and 1975.

History 
Pakistan's subdivisions originate from those of British India, during their rule the British had established provinces and chief commissioners. After 1947 Pakistan and India became independent when British India was divided.

From 1947 to 1971, Pakistan was split into two areas (East and West Pakistan) that were 1600 kilometres apart separated by India in the middle. The eastern wing had one province - East Bengal which included the Sylhet District from the former Indian province of Assam, and also the former district of East Pakistan province. The western wing was formed from three Governor's provinces (North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sind (historical), one Chief Commissioner's Province (Baluchistan), several Princely states and parts of occupied Kashmir.

Related pages
 History of Pakistan

Other websites 
 Government of Pakistan

 
Politics of Pakistan
Kalat Division

Kalat Division () originally it was called Baluchistan States Union, until the merger with West Pakistan in 1955 and was also an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.

 
Divisions of British India
BD

BD can mean:

Bipolar disorder
Blu-ray Disc
Makran

Makran () is a partly-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan. It is along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The Persian phrase Mahi khoran, fish-eaters (Mahi = fish + khor = eat) is believed to be the origin of the modern word Makran.

The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. The coastline is 1,000 km, 750 km of this is in Pakistan. The climate is very dry with very little rainfall.

History
According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name " and ENCYCLOPEDIA Iranika   Makran also Mekran and Mokrān  historically in persian and Arabic text was a vast area from Hormuz strait to the Sind River some mentioned as far as gujarat region.also the body of water in that region was called Macran Sea.The name Makrān has found a popular etymology in māhi-ḵᵛorān “fish eaters,” but more probable is a connection with the name Magan,or Maka of the Old Persian. 
Until the early Islamic period, eastern Makrān at least must have been within the sphere of Indian religion and culture.
On his way homewards from the Far East in 1290, Marco Polo (II, pp. 334-35) sailed along the Makrān coast, calling it KisMacoran (i.e. Tiz Makrān), considering it as the last province of India and attributing to it a ruler of its own. In the early 14th century, Ebn Baṭṭuṭa (II, pp. 341-2) records that, after the death of the Il-Khanid sultan (i.e. after 736/1335), a certain Malek Dinār took power in Makrān. It was during these centuries that Makrān was colonized by Baluch tribesmen moving southeastwards from Persia, so that it is today mostly Baluch-speaking. The boundary between Persian Makrān and that part coming within the British Indian province of Baluchistan (the easternmost part forming the Native State of Las Bela) and after 1947 within Pakistan, was demarcated by an Anglo-Persian Boundary Commission in 1870-72.

Notes 

Landforms of Pakistan
Regions of Pakistan
Landforms of Iran
Geography of Iran

The Geography of Iran contains mountains, rivers as well as plain land. Iran is a country of Southwest Asia, it borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries. 

Iran has an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres and is the sixteenth largest in size. Iran is bordered to the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. The border with these countries are more than 2,000 kilometres long and includes nearly 650 kilometres of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, ending at the Shatt al Arab (which Iranians call the Arvand Rud). The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the southern border (1,770 kilometres). To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the south. The distance from the Iran's border with Azerbaijan in the north-west to the border with Pakistan in the south-east is about 2,333 kilometres.

Other websites 
 Iran in Maps - BBC (population, land, infrastructure)
 "Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan" is an old map from 1897 of Persia, also known as Iran
Administrative units of Pakistan

Pakistan is a country in Asia. It is divided into five provinces and two territories. Pakistan also administers part of Kashmir. This part is divided into two separate areas. The rest of Kashmir is administered by India.

Provinces and federal territories

Local government

Each province of Pakistan is divided into zillas - zillah is an Urdu word () meaning district. There are 105 districts in Pakistan.

A district is divided into tehsils (). A tehsils is similar to a county. Tehsils are used in all provinces except in Sindh province where the word taluka () is used instead. Tehsils may contain villages or towns and cities.

Each tehsil is further divided into union councils. A union council is the smallest part of local government in Pakistan. They are sometimes made up of a few villages.

There are over 5,000 local government areas in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as mayor). Women have been allotted a minimum of 33% seats in these councils; there is no maximum limit to the number of women in these councils.

History 

In the 1960s, Pakistan was simply divided into two "units" these were East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Shortly before East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, West Pakistan reverted to a system with four provinces. The provinces consisted of subunits called "divisions", which were further subdivided into districts, tehsils, and villages or municipalities.

In August 2000, Pervez Musharraf's local government reforms abolished the "division" as an administrative tier. A system of local government councils was established, with the first elections being held in 2001. Since then Pakistan has had greatly changed the local government system. The government had a plan to allow devolution. This plan according to the government "follows the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level."

This means mean that decisions are made locally by people who live in the area and not in far away cities.

Other websites
 Government of Azad Kashmir
 Government of Balochistan
 Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas 
 Government of the Islamabad Capital Territory 
 Government of the Northern Areas 
 Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 
 Government of the Punjab
 Government of Sindh
 Decentralization Support Program 
 National Reconstruction Bureau
Subsidiarity

Subsidiarity is an idea that things should be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralised authority.

The idea is that the top authority should only do things which cannot be properly done at a lower or local level. It applies to many areas of life.

Law
Society
Government
Management
Just Dance

“Just Dance” is a 2008 song by American singer Lady Gaga, from her debut album, The Fame. Gaga sang this song with Colby O'Donis. The song was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2009 Grammy Awards. It reached #1 in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and the Netherlands.

References 

2008 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
Electro songs
Pop songs
R&B songs
Districts of Pakistan



Islamabad Capital Territory

Balochistan

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Punjab

Sindh

Federally Administered Tribal Areas

Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Gilgit–Baltistan

Before 2001

References
Automatix (software)

Automatix was a computer program to install software on Ubuntu in an easy way.

Automatix allowed the menu-driven installation of 56 different “capabilities”, including commercial closed source programs such as the Flash plugin, Acrobat Reader, multimedia codecs (DivX, MP3, Windows Media Audio) and fonts, and programming compilers.

Ultamatix was a fork of automatix.

References

Linux
British Indian Army

The British Indian Army, officially called simply the Indian Army (IA), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947). The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles overseas, particularly during the two World Wars.

The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies, especially after the Indian Mutiny. However, the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895. In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).

Between 1903 and 1947  the Army of India consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India. The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.

The Army of India defeated the Ottoman Empire and conquered Iraq in the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

Organization

The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company. Before that the company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.

The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh. These troops rebelled against the British in 1857.

After the rebellion, the British started recruiting what the British called the "martial races," particularly Punjabi Muslims, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Pashtuns, Garhwalis, Mohyals, and Dogras.

After World War II
After World War II, the British formations and units that had been part of the British Army of India were divided between India and Pakistan.

Soon after the Partition of India, both the newly formed armies fought each other in the First Kashmir War from 1947 - '48 which begun the bitter rivalry that has continued into the 21st century.

References

British India
Armies
Presidency armies

The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Mutiny, when the British government took over all three presidencies. Eventually all three presidency armies were merged into the Indian Army.

The presidency armies were named after the presidencies, these were:

 The Bengal Army
 The Madras Army
 The Bombay Army

Before the rebellion
From the mid-eighteenth century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘Presidencies’, in India at Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army, and Bombay Army were quite different, each with its own list of Regiments and European officers. All three armies had both European regiments in which both the officers and men were Europeans, and a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.

Also from the mid-eighteenth century the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the Company’s armies. These troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal regiments’.

After the rebellion
Following the Indian rebellion of 1857-58 and the end of the East India Company, its European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies  continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army rather than the British Army. However, the Presidency Armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also after the rebellion artillery was only to be used by the British Army and not by Indian troops.

In the 1890s, the separate Presidency Armies were joined together to form the Indian Army.

Related pages
Bengal Presidency
Bombay Presidency
Madras Presidency

British India
Maharaja

The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages of India have borrowed the word 'maharaja', there languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati. Its use is mainly for Hindu rulers. A female ruler is known as Maharani (or Maharanee) or great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.

British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some states called the ruler Raja or Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well. Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title. In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.

Monarchy
Titles
British India
Jallianwala Bagh

Jallianwala Bagh is a public garden in Amritsar city in Punjab province of India. It has a memorial to remember those people who were killed  in the Massacre of 13 April, 1919. This date was also the Punjabi New Year 2,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in the garden.

The memorial is managed by Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, which was established as per Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act passed by Government of India in year 1951.

Related pages
Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Other websites 
 Text of Jalliamwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951 

Punjab, India
Almaty

Almaty (; formerly known as Alma-Ata (Алма-Ата), also Verniy, (Верный)) is the largest city in Kazakhstan. It has a population of over 1,700,000 people (as of 2015). Eight percent of the population of the country live in Almaty. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1927 to 1998. Almaty is the major commercial center of Kazakhstan.

The city is close to China, and was once on the northern silk route between China and the Middle East. Its name derives from the Turkic languages.

The city is in an earthquake zone. There have been three quite serious earthquakes in the last 150 years.

History 
On 4 February 1854 the Russian Empire decided to build a fort Verniy on the west bank of the Malaya Almatinka river. Later Russian settlers arrived. In 1922 the Soviet Union renamed the city to Alma-Ata. In 1927 Alma-Ata became the capital of the Kazakh SSR.

Climate 
Almaty has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Architecture

TV tower 
Almaty TV tower is the highest TV tower above sea level (1130 m.). The tower is the highest building in the city (372 m.). This building able to withstand 10.0 magnitude.

Name 
The name "Almaty" comes from the Kazakh word for "apple" (алма). The name is often translated as a city "rich with apples".  The older Soviet-era Russian name for the city, Alma-Ata, comes from a mistake (the name literally means "Grandfather of apples"). In the area around Almaty, there are many different species of the wild apples. The region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple. A local species of apple, the wild Malus sieversii, may be the ancestor of the modern domestic apple.

References 

Cities in Kazakhstan
Banjo-Kazooie

Banjo-Kazooie is a video game made by Rare for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. The name of the game comes from the names of the two main characters, a bear called Banjo and an orange bird called Kazooie, who lives in Banjo's backpack. The story follows Banjo and Kazooie as they set out on a quest to rescue Banjo's sister who has been kidnapped by an evil witch named Gruntilda Winkybunion. It was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service in December of 2008.

1998 video games
3D platform games
Nintendo 64 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Halo Wars

Halo Wars is a real-time strategy video game for the Xbox 360. It was developed by Ensemble Studios. The game was released by Microsoft. It was released in Japan and Australia on February 26, 2009, in Europe on February 27, and in North America on March 3. It is based on the popular, award winning Halo series of video games, and is set in the year 2531, 21 years before the events of Halo: Combat Evolved. It's the first Halo game that is not a first person shooter.

Real-time strategy video games
2009 video games
Halo
Video game prequels
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Project Gotham Racing (series)

Project Gotham Racing often known as PGR is a series of driving video games published by Microsoft for the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles. 

There are four games in the series 

 Project Gotham Racing
 Project Gotham Racing 2
 Project Gotham Racing 3
 Project Gotham Racing 4

Microsoft video games
Video game series
Bydales School

Bydales School is a secondary school in Marske-by-the-Sea, England which has about 750 students. A new school building was opened on 2 November 2006. It is rated as 'outstanding' by Ofsted. It is a technology college. The school has a small wind turbine, solar panels and a hydrogen fuel cell.

References

Other websites 

The school's website 

Schools in England
In Love with a Girl (song)

"In Love with a Girl" is the #1 single by Gavin DeGraw on the album Gavin DeGraw. In Love with a Girl was released February 2008.

Charts

References

2008 songs
Vinje

Vinje is a municipality in Norway. It is in  the county of Telemark. The administration of this place is done from Åmot.

Notable people from Vinje
Terje Håkonsen, snowboarder
Aslak Brekke, kveder ( a type of folk musician )
Myllarguten, or Targjei Augundsson (1801-1872), Master fiddler / artist 
Odd Nordstoga,popular musician
Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, author 
Tarjei Vesaas, author 
Dyre Vaa, sculptor. Sculptures by him are found in Oslo and Vinje.
Aslaug Vaa, author

Places of interest   
Vinje is the home of folk musician Myllarguten. His home there is now a small museum. A  monument of Myllarguten is located near Kosi. Myllarguten was a 19th-century musician. He who played for kings and inspired Edvard Grieg.

History
Vinje was established in 1838 as a municipality. It is on the Hardangervidda and on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus.

Arabygdi lies  in the western part of Rauland. IT is on Lake Totak. The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, with huge boulders lying on the floor of the valley is here. "Urdbøuri", is the name of this famous place.

The name
The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse Vinjar), since the first church was built here. The name is the plural form of vin f 'meadow, pasture'.

Related pages
Vest-Telemark
Setesdal

Municipalities of Norway
1979–80 NHL season

The 1979–80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. This season saw the addition of four teams from the collapse of the World Hockey Association (WHA) the previous season as expansion teams. The Edmonton Oilers, Winnipeg Jets, New England Whalers (later renamed "Hartford Whalers" at the insistence of the Boston Bruins), and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL bringing a new total of 21 teams. The other two WHA teams (Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers) were paid to disband.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References

Hockey Database
NHL.com

1979 in North America
1980s in North America
Viola d'amore

The viola d'amore is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century. It is a kind of viola. The name is Italian and means “viola of love”. It can have 6 or 7 strings. It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin. Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries. Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it.

Structure and sound 
The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola. However, the shape is more like the shape of a viol. Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box. It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar. The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword.

The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin. In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings. These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter.

The notes it can play 

The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play. This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned). Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: A, d, a, d', f#', a', d'' (see music example. Notice the example uses the "viola clef")

Use 

The viola d’amore became very popular during the 17th century. However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over. The viola d’amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family. However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith.

The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments. It can be heard, for example in Bach’s St John Passion.

References 
 Grove Music Online (subscription)

String instruments
Early musical instruments
Sœur Emmanuelle

Sœur Emmanuelle (born Madeleine Cinquin, November 16, 1908 – October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun.

She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.

She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in İstanbul in 1930s.

In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.

Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this comparison). In 2003, French television broadcast Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman.

She died on 20 October 2008.

Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.

Other websites 
 95-year-old nun is France's favourite woman
  De Madeleine Cinquin à Sœur Emmanuelle 

1908 births
2008 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholics
Nuns
People from Brussels
1978–79 NHL season

The 1978–79 NHL season was the 62nd season of the National Hockey League. The 17 teams of the league played an 80-game season.

The Montreal Canadiens beat the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup finals four games to one for their fourth Cup in a row.

Regular season

Final standings
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs
All dates in 1979

Playoff bracket

Preliminary round
Vancouver Canucks vs. Philadelphia Flyers

Philadelphia wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1

Los Angeles Kings vs. New York Rangers

NY Rangers win best-of-three series 2 games to 0

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames

Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0

Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Buffalo Sabres

Pittsburgh wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1

Quarterfinals
Chicago Black Hawks vs. New York Islanders

NY Islanders win best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Boston Bruins

Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers

NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

Semi-finals
New York Rangers vs. New York Islanders

NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 2

Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3

Finals
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens

As of 2008, it is the last time two Pre-war clubs met in the Finals.

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1979 in North America
1934–35 NHL season

The 1934–35 NHL season was the 18th season of the National Hockey League. Nine teams each played 48 games. The Montreal Maroons were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Toronto Maple Leafs in three games in the final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1934
1935 in North America
David Paterson

David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and the 56th Governor of New York. He is the first black governor of New York and the first legally blind governor of any state. He became governor when Eliot Spitzer resigned. Due to Paterson becoming governor, two black governors are serving at the same time for the first time in more than 100 years; as Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts is also African American. He chose not to run for governor in February 26, 2010.

Other websites 
 Governor of New York  - Official Website of the Governor of New York
 Paterson for Governor - Official Website of Paterson For Governor
 Project VoteSmart - Senator Paterson Biography
  Accolades posted to Spitzer's 2006 gubernatorial campaign website.
 2008 Moment of Thanks video of Governor David Paterson thanking the troops

References 

1954 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Governors of New York
Columbia University alumni
1972–73 NHL season

The 1972–73 NHL season was the 56th season of the National Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 78 games. For the first time since the collapse of the Western Hockey League in 1926, the National Hockey League had serious competition. A new professional hockey league, the World Hockey Association, made its season debut with 12 new teams, many of which were based in the same cities as NHL teams. Unlike the Western Hockey League, though, the new World Hockey Association would not challenge for the Stanley Cup. In response to the new league, the NHL hastily added two new teams in an unplanned expansion, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames, in an attempt to exclude the WHA from newly constructed arenas in those markets.
The first thing the WHA did was sign Bobby Hull, and the Chicago Black Hawks sued, claiming
a violation of the reserve clause in NHL contracts. Others soon followed Hull to the
WHA, including Bernie Parent, J.C. Tremblay, Ted Green, Gerry Cheevers and
Johnny McKenzie. In the expansion draft, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames made their picks and eleven Islander players skipped off to the WHA. The California Golden Seals, chafing under the unorthodox ownership of the unpopular Charlie Finley, were
also a victim of the WHA, losing eight key players.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1972 in North America
1973
Justified (album)

Justified is the debut album by pop entertainer Justin Timberlake. The album has famous singles like "Rock Your Body", "Cry Me A River", and "Like I Love You". The album was released in November of 2002. The album also has various guest appearances featuring in Timberlake's songs.

Guest Artists 
"Like I Love You" - Timberlake featuring Clipse
"(And She Said) Take Me Now" - Timberlake featuring Janet Jackson
"Right For Me" featuring Bubba Sprarxxx

Track list 
 "Senorita" - 4:54
 "Like I Love You (feat. Clipse)" - 4:43
 "Oh No, What You Got" - 4:31
 "Take it from Here" - 6:14
 "Cry Me a River" - 4:48
 "Rock Your Body" - 4:27
 "Nothin' Else" - 4:58
 "Last Night" - 4:47
 "Still on my Brain" - 4:35
 "(And She Said) Take Me Now (feat. Janet Jackson)" - 5:31
 "Right for Me (feat. Bubba Sparxxx)" - 4:29
 "Let's Take a Ride" - 4:44
 "Never Again" - 4:34

2002 albums
Debut albums
Justin Timberlake albums
Pop albums
R&B albums
Rock Your Body

Rock Your Body is the 3rd single off the debut album by pop singer Justin Timberlake called Justified. It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes. He performed the single at the Super Bowl XXXVIII with Janet Jackson.

2002 songs
Justin Timberlake
R&B songs
Songs about sexuality
Disco songs