cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Zimmermann Telegram

The Zimmermann Telegram (also called the Zimmermann Note) was a telegram sent to Mexico from Germany on January 16, 1917.  It was what made America enter World War I.  It is named for the German man who sent it, Arthur Zimmermann.  Zimmermann was the German Foreign Secretary (took care of things with other countries).  Zimmermann sent it to the German ambassador in the United States, Johann von Bernstorff. Bernstorff then sent it to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt.

The telegram's message was:
FROM 2nd from London # 5747.
"We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN

The telegram told the ambassador to ask the Mexicans to join the war on the German side by attacking America. Germany promised to help Mexico take back land the United States had taken from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. These places were Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Germany wanted Mexico to enter the war so America would be too busy to help the enemies of Germany.  Mexico was already busy with the Mexican Revolution and did not like the idea. 

The British secretly got the telegram. They were able to decode the telegram. They held on to the telegram until February 24, 1917. They gave it to President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America.  President Wilson published the telegram so the people would know about it.  The telegram made the American people angry.  Wilson asked  the United States Congress for a Declaration of war against Germany.  Congress accepted the request on April 2, 1917. The United States of America announced war on Germany on April 6, 1917. Americans were already angry over German submarines sinking ships, but this telegram is what made America come into the war.

Other websites 
 Failed Diplomacy: the Zimmermann Telegram 
 The life and death of Charles Jastrow Mendelsohn and the breaking of the code. 

World War I
Richard III (play)

Richard III is a history play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of Shakespeare's most famous and popular plays. Shakespeare probably wrote Richard III around the year 1593. The play was first printed in a book in 1597.

Like other history plays written by Shakespeare, Richard III is about people and events from earlier in English history. The real Richard III was king of England from 1483 to 1485. Shakespeare used the history books of his own time to create his play, though many modern experts do not think those early histories, or Shakespeare's play, are accurate and free of bias.

Richard III is different from many plays, because its leading character is a villain, not a hero. In his play, Shakespeare shows the king as a cruel tyrant who does many evil acts, before he is defeated in battle and killed by Henry Tudor. Tudor then becomes Henry VII of England, the next English king and the first of the Tudor dynasty. The play contains black comedy, especially because Richard III keeps telling people he is a good man despite behaving like a villain.

Shakespeare lived and wrote before modern ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of the press had become accepted. The English government of Shakespeare's day practiced censorship of books and plays. Elizabeth I of England, who was queen from 1558 to 1603, was the granddaughter of Henry VII and the last Tudor ruler. Her government saw Richard III as a villain and the man who replaced him, Henry VII, as a hero, and censored any other point of view. If Shakespeare had wanted to write a play with Richard III as a hero, he would not have been allowed to do so.

A famous movie version of Richard III was made in 1955. Laurence Olivier directed the movie and played the leading role. Other movie and television versions, and many modern stage productions, have also been done.

Plays by William Shakespeare
Plays based on British history
Annulment

Annulment is a method in the Roman Catholic Church of undoing a marriage, similar to divorce. However, the difference is that an annulment says that the marriage never really happened.

Reasons include:
At the time of the marriage, at least one was too young; the minimum age is set at 16 years for males and 14 for females. There may be higher limits though
Ligamen, being already married
The man was ordained, either as a priest, or as a member of a monastery.
People are closely related.

References

Family
Relationships
Roman Catholicism
Osroene

Osroene (also spelled Osrohene, Osrhoene, from the Greek ;  ), also known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historic kingdom located on the present-day border of Syria and Turkey. The kingdom was Assyrian and enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BCE to 244 AD.
It was a Syriac speaking kingdom, and according to an ancient legend King Abgar V of Edessa was converted to Christianity by Thaddeus of Edessa, or Saint Addai, one of the Seventy-two Disciples.  By 201 AD or earlier, under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state.

References 

Former countries in Asia
BRIT Awards

The BRIT Awards (often called just the Brits), are awards given yearly by the British Phonographic Industry (an association of British people who are professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in music.

Most successful acts
There have been many musicians that have won more than one award.  The table below shows those that have won more than four awards.

Other websites  
Official site

Music awards
Sound of the Underground

Sound of the Underground was a 2003 album by Girls Aloud. It was their first album. It was released in May 2003.

Songs on the album
 Sound of the Underground
 No Good Advice
 Some Kind of Miracle
 All I Need (All I Don't)
 Life Got Cold
 Mars Attack
 Stop
 Girls Allowed
 Forever and a Night
 Love/Hate
 Boogie Down Love
 Don't Want You Back
 White Lies
 Love Bomb
 Everything You Ever Wanted

The album was released again in December 2003. It had other songs too.

 Jump
 You Freak Me Out
 Girls on Film

Girls Aloud albums
Debut albums
2003 albums
Dance-pop albums
What Will the Neighbours Say?

What Will The Neighbours Say? was a 2004 album by Girls Aloud. It was their second album. Five singles were released from it. After the album was released Girls Aloud did their first tour, What Will the Neighbours Say? Live.

Setlist 
 "The Show"
 "Love Machine"
 "I'll Stand By You"
 "Jump"
 "Wake Me Up"
 "Deadlines and Diets"
 "Big Brother"
 "Hear Me Out"
 "Graffiti My Soul"
 "Real Life"
 "Here We Go"
 "Thank Me Daddy"
 "I Say A Prayer For You"
 "100 Different Ways"

Girls Aloud albums
2004 albums
Chemistry (album)

Chemistry was a 2005 album by Girls Aloud. It was their third album.

Songs on the album
 "Intro"
 "Models"
 "Biology"
 "Wild Horses"
 "See the Day"
 "Watch Me Go"
 "Waiting"
 "Whole Lotta History"
 "Long Hot Summer"
 "Swinging London Town"
 "It's Magic"
 "No Regrets"
 "Racy Lacey"

Girls Aloud albums
2005 albums
The Sound of Girls Aloud

The Sound of Girls Aloud was a 2006 album by Girls Aloud that featured all of their most popular songs so far. It was their fourth album.

Songs on the album 
 Sound of the Underground
 Love Machine
 Biology
 I'll Stand By You
 Jump
 The Show
 See the Day
 Wake Me Up
 Life Got Cold
 Something Kinda Ooooh
 Whole Lotta History
 Long Hot Summer
 Money
 I Think We're Alone Now

Girls Aloud albums
2006 albums
Tangled Up

Tangled Up was a 2007 album by Girls Aloud. It was their fifth album.

Songs on the album
 Call the Shots
 Close to Love
 Sexy! No No No...
 Girl Overboard
 Can't Speak French
 Black Jacks
 Control of the Knife
 Fling
 What You Crying For
 I'm Falling
 Damn
 Crocodile Tears

Girls Aloud albums
2007 albums
Pop albums
John Law

John Law (baptized 21 April 1671 - 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not have wealth in itself, and that national wealth depended on trade. He is said to be the father of finance, responsible for the adoption or use of paper money or bills in the world today.

Books
Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance  by Janet Gleeson (2000). ()
Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds by Charles Mackay. First published 1841, and still available.

Other websites

John Law
Project Gutenberg Edition of Fiat Money Inflation in France: How ...

People from Edinburgh
Economists
1671 births
1729 deaths
Edicts of Ashoka

The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as on large stones and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BCE. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism. According to the edicts, the extent of Buddhist proselytism during this period reached as far as the Mediterranean, and many Buddhist monuments were created.

Ashoka did not completely forbid the killing of animals; he wanted to control the number of 
animals that had to be killed for human consumption or sacrificing, protected some of them, and in general criticized violent acts against animals, such as castration.
He wrote these edicts on rock and pillar.

Edicts are royal orders or proclamations.These edicts were set up in different part of Ashoka's empire and spread the message of Ashoka's Dhamma.There are about 14 rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts currently found.

Edicts were written in local language. Most of the Ashoka's edicts are written in Brahmi Script and were discovered by James Prinsep, a British official in 1837. After this major breakthrough, historians and scholars were able to obtain information about Ashoka and his reign.

References 
"The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering" by Ven. S. Dhammika (The Wheel Publication No. 386/387) 
“Zen living” by Robert Linssen

Other websites 

The Edicts of King Ashoka (full text, electronic edition offered for free distribution)
The Edicts of King Ashoka  in Access to Insight
Edicts in original Gandhari
King Asoka and Buddhism. Historical and Literary studies 
Inscriptions of India -- Complete listing of historical inscriptions from Indian temples and monuments

Buddhist texts
Religion in India
Proselytism

Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and, particularly, another religion.  

The word proselytism comes from the Greek language prefix 'pros' (towards) and the verb 'erchomai' (I come). Historically in the New Testament, the word proselyte meant a person who had converted to the Jewish religion.  Though the word proselytism was originally used in Christianity, it is also used to refer to other religions' attempts to convert people to their beliefs or even any attempt to convert people to another point of view, religious or not.  Today, the connotations of the word proselytism are often negative.

Related pages
Religious conversion

References

Other websites  
 Everybody Proselytizes!  by Jorge Luis Gonzalo, 2008
   International Religious Liberty Association: "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights" by Natan Lerner.
 Pope Benedict XVI asks always for guarantees that Christian faith can be "proposed" and that it can be "freely chosen": When Civilizations Meet: How Joseph Ratzinger Sees Islam
 For a discussion of some of the legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism, see the article Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights, by Natan Lerner, PhD
Proselytism and Crypto-Christians in Cyprus 

Religious terminology
Religious conversion
Ken Hitchcock

Ken Hitchcock (born December 17, 1951 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian NHL ice hockey coach. He coaches the Columbus Blue Jackets. He has also coached the Dallas Stars and the Philadelphia Flyers in the past. Ken has won one Stanley Cup with the Dallas Stars in the 1998-99 NHL season.

1951 births
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Jack Adams Award winners
Living people
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Armistice

An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the parties agree to stop fighting. The word comes from the Latin arma, meaning weapons and statium, meaning a stopping. 

A truce or ceasefire usually refers to a temporary stop of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice. 
An armistice is not the same as a peace treaty, which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War armistice   is a major example of an armistice which has not yet been followed by a peace treaty. 

The United Nations Security Council often demands cease-fire of parties in modern conflicts. Armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law. 

The most famous armistice is the Armistice with Germany at the end of World War I, on 11 November, 1918, signed near Compiègne, France, and effective at the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month."

References

Other websites
 

War
Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)

The armistice treaty between the Allies, who fought Germany during World War I, and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on 11 November 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Allied Commander-in-chief, and Matthias Erzberger, Germany's representative were the most important persons who signed it.

The Armistice was agreed at 5 AM on 11 November, to come into effect at 11 AM Paris time. 

Acting German commander Paul von Hindenburg had requested arrangements for a meeting from Ferdinand Foch via telegram on 7 November. He was under pressure of imminent revolution in Berlin, Munich and elsewhere across Germany. 

This stopped the fighting, but it took much longer to get a complete settlement. The actual terms, largely written by Foch, included:
 ending hostilities, the withdrawal of German forces to behind the Rhine, 
Allied occupation of the Rhineland and bridgeheads further east, the surrender of aircraft, warships, and military materiel, 
the release of Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians, 
eventual reparations, no release of German prisoners and no relaxation of the naval blockade of Germany. 

Although the armistice ended the fighting on the Western Front, it had to be prolonged three times until the Treaty of Versailles. This took effect on 10 January 1920.

These terms were severe. The later abdication of the Kaiser, and the economic troubles of Germany in the 1920s, led towards the later rise of Adolf Hitler.

Main people 
For the Allies, the personnel involved were entirely military:
 Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch, the Allied supreme commander
 First Sea Lord Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss, the British representative
 General Maxime Weygand, Foch's Chief of staff

For Germany:
 Matthias Erzberger, a civilian politician;
 Count Alfred von Oberndorff, from the Foreign Ministry;
 Major General Detlev von Winterfeldt, the army;
 Captain Ernst Vanselow, the navy.

General Weygand and General von Gruennel are not mentioned in the (French) document.

The peace between the Allies and Germany that followed this armistice was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

References

Related pages
 Remembrance Day
 Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Other websites 

 La convention d'armistice du 11 novembre 1918 (in French)
 The Armistice Demands, translated into English from German Government statement The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library, accessed July 27, 2006

1918 in Europe
1910s in France
World War I
1910s in Germany
November events
Nationwide Arena

Nationwide Arena is a sports arena in Columbus, Ohio. The arena opened in 2000, and right now the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Columbus Destroyers of the Arena Football League (AFL) play there. The arena was built at the location of the old Ohio Penitentiary, a prison that was destroyed in 1998.

Sports buildings in the United States
Columbus Blue Jackets
Buildings and structures in Ohio
Arena Football League
2000 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Ohio
Albert Fert

Albert Fert (born 7 March 1938) is a French physicist. He discovered giant magnetoresistance which was used to make gigabyte hard disks much easier to build. He is a professor at Université Paris-Sud in Orsay and scientific director of a laboratory called Unité mixte de recherche. The laboratory is part of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Scientific Research Centre) and Thales Group. He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics together with the German physicist Peter Grünberg.

Studies
Fert graduated in 1962 from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He received his master's degree in 1963 at the University of Paris, and earned his PhD in 1970 at the Université Paris-Sud.

In 1988 Fert discovered Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in iron and chromium which began spintronics; GMR was also discovered by Peter Grünberg from the Jülich Research Centre but Peter Grünberg did not work with Fert. Since 1988, Albert Fert has helped to improve spintronics.

Awards
 American Physical Society International Prize for New Materials (1994)
 Grand prix de physique Jean Ricard of the French Physical Society (1994)
 International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award (1994)
 Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize (1997)
 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Gold Medal (2003)
 Wolf Prize in Physics (2006)
 Japan Prize (2007)
 Elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 2004
 Nobel Prize in Physics (2007)

References

Works 
 Fert, Albert. 2006. "Summary of Symposium D on "Magnetoelectronics". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 423, no. 1: 147.
 Fert, Albert, and Shang-Fan Lee. 1996. "Theory of the Bipolar Spin Switch". Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter. 53, no. 10: 6554.
 Fert, Albert, Jean-Luc Duvail, and Thierry Valet. 1995. "Spin Relaxation Effects in the Perpendicular Magnetoresistance of Magnetic Multilayers". Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter. 52, no. 9: 6513.
 Fert, Albert, Jean-Marie George, Henri Jaffres, Richard Mattana, and Pierre Seneor. 2003. "The New Era of Spintronics". Europhysics News. 34, no. 6: 227.
 Hueso, Luis E, Jose M Pruneda, Valeria Ferrari, Gavin Burnell, Jose P Valdes-Herrera, Benjamin D Simons, Peter B Littlewood, Emilio Artacho, Albert Fert, and Neil D Mathur. 2007. "Transformation of Spin Information into Large Electrical Signals Using Carbon Nanotubes". Nature. 445, no. 7126: 410.
 Fert, Albert, Jean-Luc Duvail, Tierry Henri. 2006. "Supersymmetric Spin Information is Contained in Large Spinning Carbon Nanotubes". Europhysics Lett.. 80, no. 3: 117.
 Levy, Peter M, and Albert Fert. 2006. "Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, Etc. - Spin Transfer in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Hot Electrons". Physical Review Letters. 97, no. 9: 97205.

Other websites
webpage of Albert Fert's lab 

1938 births
Living people
French academics
French Nobel Prize winners
French physicists
People from Occitanie
Wolf Prize winners
Easter eggplant

Easter eggplant is a plant of the nightshade family, related to aubergine (=S.melongena). The stem and leafstalks are green, or very faintly tinged with purple, and bear a few white spines. Leaves are wavy at the edges. Flowers are lilac, it is recognized by its oblong fruit, also grown as an ornamental plant, for covering walls or trellises.

Other websites  
http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ARN_AUD/AUBERGINE_diminutive_of_Fr_aube.html 
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV061
Solanaceae in stamps 

Easter eggplant
Vegetables
Fruits
Solanum
Sienna Guillory

Sienna Tiggy Guillory (said like "Gil-ir-ee" (IPA: [ˈɡɪlɜːɪ])) (born 16 March 1975) is an English actress and she used to be a model. She is famous for acting as Jill Valentine in Resident Evil: Apocalypse and as Elf Arya Drottningu in Eragon.

She is daughter of Isaac Guillory, an Anglo-Cuban folk guitarist, and his first wife, Tina. Guillory has acted in many British movies, and later in American movies. Not long ago, she acted in a number of science-fiction and fantasy movies written for teenagers.

While working on the 1996 movie The Future Lasts A Long Time, Guillory met English actor Nick Moran, and she was married to Moran from July 1997 until 2000. Later, she married Enzo Cilenti, in 2002, and Guillory wore her grandmother's wedding gown. In 2007, they moved to Los Angeles, California, USA.

1975 births
Living people
English models
English movie actors
English television actors
Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s

Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s is a video game for the PlayStation 2 consoles. It is part of the Guitar Hero series of games.  It was released on July 24, 2007 in the United States and in the European Union and on August 1 2007 in Australia.  The game features songs and music from the 1980s. The game features artists such as Quiet Riot, Ratt, Poison and Iron Maiden.

Guitar Hero
PlayStation 2 games
Super Mario Bros. 2

Super Mario Bros. 2 is the second game of the Mario series.  It is the name of two different games. In Japan, the game was created by Nintendo. Shigeru Miyamoto thought that the original Super Mario Bros. 2 was too hard for Americans, and decided to remake a Japanese game called Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic, and replaced the old characters with the Mario characters Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad.  The game was much different from other Mario games because of this.

Gameplay 

This game features four characters: Toad, Luigi, Mario, and Princess Peach.  Each one has different characteristics. Luigi can jump higher than the other characters, Peach can stay afloat for a few seconds longer than the others when jumping, Toad can pull items out of the ground quicker whilst Mario has generic all-round abilities.
The player can pick the character at the start of each level.

Unlike the regular Mario games, Mario and his friends have vegetables and can pick up some enemies and throw them.

1988 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Mario platform games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Research & Development 2 games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video game remakes
Virtual Console games
Sierra Mist

Sierra Mist is a lemon lime soft drink similar to 7 Up and Sprite.  It is made by the Pepsi Company.  It was released in 2000. Their rival soft drink is Sprite which is made by the Coca-Cola company.

Sierra Mist comes in many flavors such as:

 Sierra Mist (1999- )
 Diet Sierra Mist (2006- )
 Sierra Mist Free (2000-2006)
 Sierra Mist Cranberry Splash (Winter starting in 2006)
 Sierra Mist Free Cranberry Splash (Winter starting in 2007)
 Sierra Mist Lemon Squeeze (2007)
 Sierra Mist Undercover Orange (2008)
 Sierra Mist Free Undercover Orange (2008)
 Sierra Mist Ruby Splash (2009)
 Diet Sierra Mist Ruby Splash (2009)

Soft drinks
Khan (title)

In Turkic and Mongolic Languages, Khan means "ruler" or "commander". 

It may be from an Altaic language, probably a Mongolic language like Ruanruan.

Presently, khans exist mostly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. 

A female khan is called a Khatun or Khanum.

Khagan means 'Khan of Khans' but is often (incorrectly) 'shortened' to Khan. This is similar to how the Persian Shahanshah, 'King of Kings', is usually simply called the Shah. Genghis was also called the 'Great Khan' like how Ottoman Padishah was called the 'Great Sultan'.

Khans rule over Khanates. Khagans rule over Khaganates.

Name 
Khan ,  Khan is a popular South Asian last name (e.g. Salman Khan).

Khan now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. It is sometimes translated as king or prince (but khan is a bit different). Originally khans led small tribes.

Variations 
There have been several variations on the title used in modern times. Khan Bahadur or Khan Sahib was a title of honor, granted by India to Muslims who had done major deeds of valor, or service to the nation or government. The Hindu counterpart for this title was Rai Bahadur or Rai Sahib. This title was normally granted in addition to other awards and decorations and added either before or after a person's actual name as a prefix or suffix.

Mongol Empire 

It was used by the Mongols in their Mongol Empire.

The title "Khan" became well known when Mongol Temüjin conquered most of Eurasia and formed the Mongol Empire. It was the greatest land empire the world ever saw. 

He is often called Genghis Khan. But his real title was khagan. 

The Mongol empire branched into the Ilkhanate of Persia and the Chagatai Khaganate of Central Asia.

Köktürk Khaganate

Related pages 
 King
 Tsar
 Kaiser

Notes

Sources and references
 on-line encyclopaedia on all Bengal, in English
 Etymology OnLine
 RoyalArk – see under each present country
 WorldStatesmen – see under each present country

Feudalism
Heads of state
Birthmark

A birthmark is a mark on skin that some people are born with. Names given to types of birthmarks are: stork bites, Mongolian blue spots, strawberry marks, café au lait spots, nevus|congenital melanocytic nevi, and port-wine stains.

A birthmark was once thought of as the mark of the devil, and today it is often considered a birth defect. In some cases this mark is considered to be the mark of God applied to his chosen few.

Skin
Pskov

Pskov (, ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ (Pleskov)) is an old city in the northwest of Russia. It is about  east of the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River.

History
There was Pskov feudal republic depended of Novgorod.

Sister cities 
Pskov is twinned with the following cities: 
  
  Tartu, Estonia 
  Arles, France 
  Gera, Germany 
  Kuopio, Finland 
  Neuss, Germany 
  Nijmegen, Netherlands 
  Paderborn, Germany
  Perth, Scotland
  Roanoke, United States

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the City of Pskov Administration 

Capital cities in Russia
Perth, Scotland

Perth () is a city and the main part of the Perth and Kinross council area in Scotland, with around 43,450 people living there. The town was a large burgh before 1975.

Perth is named by some people as The Fair City, though the city status in the United Kingdom said that Perth was no longer a city, until 2012 when, along with Chelmsford (in Essex, England) and St. Asaph (in north Wales), it was given city status to mark Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
Scotland's other six cities are Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dundee, Stirling and Inverness.

Perth also has its own football team, St. Johnstone F.C., which plays in the Scottish Premiership, as the Scottish Premier League had its name changed in 2013.

Notes

Other websites 

 Perth City
 Perth History
 Perth and Kinross Council
 Perthshire Tourist Board

Cities in Scotland
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Nevermore

Nevermore is an American metal band from Seattle, Washington. Their style of metal is a mixture of many different types like Thrash metal, Groove Metal and Death Metal. They formed in 1991. The members right now are: Warrel Dane (vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Jim Sheppard (bass), Van Williams (drums).

Discography 
Nevermore (1995) 
In Memory (1996)
The Politics of Ecstasy (1996)
Dreaming Neon Black (1999)
Dead Heart in a Dead World (2000)
Enemies of Reality (2003)
This Godless Endeavor (2005)

Other releases 
Utopia (demo, 1992)
Demo 1994 (demo, 1994)
Believe In Nothing (single) (single, 2000)

Thrash metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington (state)
Machine Head

Machine Head is a metal band from Oakland in California. They play a mixture between Thrash metal and Groove metal. The band members right now are: Robb Flynn (guitars, vocals), Jared MacEachern (bass), Wacław Kiełtyka (lead guitar) and Matt Alston (drums).

Band members
Current lineup
 Robb Flynn – lead vocals, guitars (1991–present)
 Jared MacEachern – bass, backing vocals (2013–present)
 Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka – lead guitar, backing vocals (2019–present)
 Matt Alston – drums, percussion (2019–present)

Former
 Logan Mader – lead guitar (1991–1998; touring member 2019–2021)
 Adam Duce – bass, backing vocals (1991–2013)
 Tony Costanza – drums (1991–1992; died 2020)
 Chris Kontos – drums, percussion (1992–1995; touring member 2019–2021)
 Dave McClain – drums, percussion (1996–2018)
 Ahrue Luster – lead guitar (1998–2002)
 Phil Demmel – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–2018)

Timeline

Discography 
 Burn My Eyes (1994)
 The More Things Change... (1997)
 The Burning Red (1999)
 Supercharger (2001)
 Through the Ashes of Empires (2003)
 The Blackening (2007)
 Unto the Locust (2011)
 Bloodstone & Diamonds (2014)
 Catharsis (2018)

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
Nu metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Roadrunner Records
Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG

The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society is a science research group in Dahlem, Berlin, Germany. 

The original was called Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, and it was founded in 1911.  That became part of the Max Planck Society and took the name of the first director, Fritz Haber, in 1953.

The Institute has researched many kinds of physics including chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics, chemical physics and molecular physics, theoretical chemistry, and materials science.

During World War I and World War II, the Institute did much war work for Germany's military.

Some of the most important members in the Institutes past are: Herbert Freundlich, Paul Friedlander, Rudolf Ladenburg, Michael Polanyi, Ladislaus Farkas, Hartmut Kallmann, Robert Havemann, Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Rudolf Brill, Kurt Moliere, Jochen Block,  Heinz Gerischer, Rolf Hosemann, Kurt Überreiter, and Alex Bradshaw.

Nobel Prize winners involved with the Institute include Max von Laue (1914),  Fritz Haber (1918), James Franck (1925), Otto Hahn (1944), Eugene Wigner (1963), Ernst Ruska (1986), Gerhard Ertl (2007).

Other websites
The Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG website

Research organizations in Europe
Berlin
1911 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Microformat

A Microformat is an attempt to re-use existing content in HTML and XML documents. Such content may be information on how to contact someone, or it may be geographical coordinates, for example. This information can then be processed by software more easily.

Technically, this kind of information is already there. A microformat aims at making this information accessible more easily. That way, tags might be added to flag the information.

Example 
In this example, the contact information is presented as follows:

  <div>
   <div>Joe Doe</div>
   <div>The Example Company</div>
   <div>604-555-1234</div>
   <a href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
 </div>
 

With hCard microformat markup, that becomes:

  <div class="vcard">
   <div class="fn">Joe Doe</div>
   <div class="org">The Example Company</div>
   <div class="tel">604-555-1234</div>
   <a class="url" href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
 </div>
 

Here, the formatted name (fn), organisation (org), telephone number (tel) and web address (url) have been identified using specific class names and the whole thing is wrapped in class="vcard",  which indicates that the other classes form an hCard (short for "HTML vCard") and are not merely coincidentally named. Other, optional, hCard classes also exist. It is now possible for software, such as browser plug-ins, to extract the information, and transfer it to other applications, such as an address book.

Internet
VCard

vCard is a standard document format for electronic business cards. Very often, vCards are attached to E-Mail messages, but they can also be exchanged in other ways. There are also extensions to it, known as vCalendar or iCalendar. hCard is a broader format to do the same thing.

E-mail
Amber-coloured salamander

The amber-coloured salamander (Hynobius stejnegeri) is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.  It can only be found in Japan.  It likes to live in forests in rivers that are warm.  Because of habitat loss, it is losing its place to live.

Hynobius
Clouded Salamander

The Clouded Salamander (Hynobius nebulosus) is a type of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.  It can only be found in Japan.  The places they like to live are warm forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater springs, and land that is being watered.

Hynobius
Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilate ( or ; Latin: Pontius Pīlātus, , Pontios Pīlātos) was the governor of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26 until 36. 

He was the sixth Procurator of Judaea. In modern times he is best known as the man who presided over the Trial of Jesus and ordered his crucifixion.

Pilate appears in all four canonical Christian Gospels. Mark, showing Jesus to be innocent of plotting against Rome, portrays Pilate as extremely reluctant to execute Jesus. The Jewish hierarchy was responsible for his death. In Matthew, Pilate washes his hands of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death. In Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome but King Herod also finds nothing treasonous in Jesus' actions. In John, Jesus states: 'my kingdom is not of this world' when held by Pilate. (John 18:36)

Tacitus mentions in his Annales (15,44): "Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus".

Philo of Alexandria (Leg. ad Caj. 38) and Flavius Josephus (Antiq. 18:3, 4 and Bell. II:9, 2-4) also mention him.

Pilate's biographical details before and after his appointment to Judaea are unknown, but have been supplied by tradition, which include the detail that his wife's name was Procula (she is canonized as a saint in the Greek Orthodox Church).

Pilate's term serves as a reliable historical benchmark for Jesus' death.

Other websites 
 Pilate in history; the Tiberieum dedication block 
 The Administrative and Military Organization of Roman-occupied Palestine
 Pontius Pilate Texts and Jona Lendering's discussion of all sources
 Fresh translation of texts and analysis of evidence by Mahlon H. Smith
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Pilate, Pontius
 Catholic Encyclopedia (1911): Pontius Pilate
 Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911:  "Pontius pilate"
 The Hausen Legend of Pontius Pilate 
 Brian Murdoch, "The Mors Pilati in the Cornish Resurrexio Domini 
 Fictional Memoires of Pontius Pilate - at BBC Radio 4 by Douglas Hurd

References 

1st-century BC births
1st-century BC deaths
Roman people
New Testament people
Ezo salamander

The Ezo salamander or Hokkaido salamander (Hynobius retardatus) is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.  It can only be found in Japan.  The places where it likes to live are forests, shrubland, marshes, and swamps.

Hynobius
Asiatic salamander

The Asiatic salamanders (family Hynobiidae) are a primitive kind of salamander which can be found throughout Asia. Unlike other salamanders, Hynobiid salamanders do external fertilization, or "spawning". The females lay egg-sacs, and the males pour sperm onto the sacs.

They and the giant salamanders (family Cryptobranchidae), make up the suborder Cryptobranchoidea. About half of hynobiids are unique to Japan.

References 

Salamanders
Stockbroker

A stockbroker is someone who buys and sells stock on the stock exchange. They buy and sell stock, as a normal person cannot walk into the stock exchange for example, and ask to buy stock. They can also advise people the best way to manage their stock.

Financial occupations
Stock market
Kori salamander

The Kori salamander (Hynobius yangi) is a kind of salamander found in southeastern South Korea.  It has only been found around the rural areas of South Korea.

Salamanders
Hynobius amjiensis

Hynobius amjiensis is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.  It can only be found in China.  It lives in swamps and freshwater marshes.  It is very endangered and it could become extinct because of habitat loss. 

Hynobius
Zutphen

is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. It lies both in the Achterhoek and IJsselvallei regions, about 30 km northeast of Arnhem. It is on the east bank of the IJssel river, except for a small part. About 48,000 people were living in Zutphen in 2021.

Its history goes back over 1700 years. There are a lot of buildings in the city that show its long and rich history as a trading city as part of the Hanseatic League. Zutphen got city rights around 1200. It is linked to Deventer and Arnhem by rail. The Twentekanaal starts at the northern municipal border with Lochem. The Berkel river flows into the IJssel river in Zutphen city.

The municipality of Warnsveld joined Zutphen in 2005.

Twin towns 
  Satu Mare, Romania
  Tartu, Estonia
  Shrewsbury, England
  Villa Sandino, Nicaragua
  Horstmar, Germany

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Cities in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland
Municipalities of Gelderland
Achterhoek
IJsselvallei
Satu Mare

Satu Mare (pronunciation in Romanian: ; is a city with a population of 160,421 people and is the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania.

Twin cities 
  Nyíregyháza
  Rzeszów
  Schwaz
   Wolfenbuttel
  Zutphen

Famous people from Satu Mare 
  Ernest Klein
  András Domahidy
  Antal Bánhidi
  Gábor Darvas
  Horváth Zoltán
  Aaron Teitelbaum
  Moshe Dovid Winternitz
  Daniel Prodan
  Daniel David
  Ioan Mircea Paşcu
  Ovidiu Ioan Silaghi
  Ernie Grunfeld

Other websites 
 Satu Mare Official website

County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Schwaz

Schwaz is a city in Tyrol, Austria.  Schwaz can be found in the lower Inn valley, and it has a population of about 13,000 people.

Twin cities
 Bourg-de-Péage
 Mindelheim
 Tramin
 Trento
 Verbania
 Satu Mare
 Sant Feliu de Guíxols
 East Grinstead

References

Other websites 
 Web site of the municipality of Schwaz 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Philadelphia Phillies

The Philadelphia Phillies are a Major League Baseball team. They play in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at Citizens Bank Park in the National League East. The Phillies were founded in 1883. Their manager is Ryne Sanberg, and their general manager is Ruben Amaro, Jr. The Phillies were named for the city Philadelphia, which is often called "Philly", and have kept their name and city for over 125 years.

The Phillies' history has included several spans during which they played very poorly. Several years ago they became the first team to have lost 10,000 games overall. 

In 1980, the Phillies won their first World Series. In 1993, they made it once more to the Series, but they lost to the Toronto Blue Jays. They did not make the playoffs again until 2007 when they won the National League East division championship. However, they were swept by the Colorado Rockies in the National League Division Series. In 2008, the Phillies won their second World Series.

The Phillies' home uniforms are white with red pinstripes and a red hat with a white cursive "P". The hat is the same for them on the road, but they wear gray pants with one red stripe and a gray shirt. They also have an alternate uniform that has a blue hat with a red "P" and cream-colored jerseys.

References 

 
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Pennsylvania
Marc Dutroux

Marc Dutroux (born 6 November 1956 in Ixelles / Elsene) is a Belgian criminal. He has been convicted because he kidnapped and tortured six girls, between eight and 19 years old. He murdered four of them, two eight year old girls starved and died while he was in prison. He was arrested in 1989 for abducting and raping five young girls. For this he was imprisoned; he was released in 1992. He was imprisoned again, from December 1995 until March 1996. He was arrested one more time in August 1996 and has remained imprisoned since then. The court convicted him in June 2004 and sentenced him to serve life in prison for the three murders (girls of 17 and 18 years old, and of his accomplice who was a 43 years old man). His wife was convicted and sentenced to serve 30 years, for starving the 8 year olds.

Dutroux has committed many crimes, including theft, robbery and drug dealing. The media showed him mostly as a pedophile. The final report compiled by four doctors said he was not a pedophile, rather he was a psychopath, who had lost feelings when he was confronted with violence.

References

1956 births
Living people
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Child sexual abusers
Drug dealers
People with antisocial personality disorder
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Rapists
Robbers
Serial killers
Thieves
Trento

Trento, also anglicized as Trent; (Ladin: Trent; German: Trient, Bavarian: Treant, Cimbrian: Tria, Mócheno: Trea't)  is an Italian city in the Adige River valley in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

Twin cities 
  Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Germany, since 1966
  Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain, since 1987
  Kempten, Germany, since 1987
  Prague, Czech Republic, since 2002

Districts of Trento are twinned with:
  Schwaz
  Fließ
  Ergolding
  Herrsching
  Neufahrn bei Freising
  Znojmo

References

Other websites 

 Official homepage of Trento

Cities in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Regional capitals in Italy
Znojmo

Znojmo (; ) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, near the border with Lower Austria.

Cities in the Czech Republic
Candelaria Municipality

Candelaria is one of the 11 municipalities that make up the Mexican state of Campeche

Other websites 
 Ayuntamiento de Candelaria  Official website 

Municipalities of Campeche
1998 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in Mexico
Šilalė

Šilalė () is a city in Tauragė County, Lithuania. It is found 30 km north of Tauragė.

Cities in Lithuania
Rosignano Solvay

Rosignano Solvay (shortly just Rosignano) is a small town in the Italian comune of Rosignano Marittimo in the province of Tuscany, Livorno. Rosignano is 22 km from Livorno. About 20,000 people live there. The town is famous for the "white beaches" (formed by the Solvay a big industry of chemistry), the beaches are a "mix" of 90% limestone and 10% calcium chloride. Rosignano has a port for 750 boats.

History
The first villages in this area were those of the Etruscans  and Romans.  The history of the town begins at the beginning of the 20th century.

An early name for the town was "Paese Novo" (New Country in Italian). In 1917 the city changed name to Rosignano Solvay, where the name "Solvay" originates from the name of a big chemical factory from Belgium, the Solvay Group, which in 1914 built many buildings for treating and making chemicals, such as: Sodium hydroxide, Sodium bicarbonate and Sodium carbonate. 

Now the Solvay treats and producing this group of element:

Sodium carbonate
Sodium bicarbonate
Chlorine
Hydrochloric acid
Chloromethane
Plastic
Hydrogen peroxide

Since few years there is in the Solvay two big Gas Turbines for producing about 900 megawatts.

Theatre
Solvay's Theatre

Churches
Church of Santa Teresa del Bambino Gesù
Church of Santa Croce

Libraries
Library of Rosignano Solvay
Solvay's Library

Museums
Etruscan Museum of Rosignano Marittimo
Etruscan Museum of Castiglioncello
 Museum of Natural Sciences in Rosignano Solvay

Famous people born in Rosignano Solvay
Gabriella Pescucci
Rolando Filidei
Luigi Viola
Dino Lessi

Schools
The town has 11 (elementary and high schools) schools and 2 schools for childs.

Related pages
Rosignano Marittimo
Ernest Solvay

Collegamenti esterni
A website about the build of Solvay
Official website of Rosignano 
Website of UNEP 

Towns in Tuscany
Rolando Filidei

Rolando Filidei (Navacchio, 1914 – Rosignano Solvay, 1980) was an Italian artist. Filidei went to the school of art to Florence, until 1937 when he finished school. After school he became a soldier. After serving as a soldier he returned in Rosignano where he worked with wood, stone and bronze. Filiedei showed his art in more than 50 festivals and meeting about art in Italy and in many cities in the word. He worked too as a teacher from 1947 until 1977 in the school of "Ernesto Solvay of Rosignano".

Italian sculptors
1914 births
1980 deaths
Diplom

Diplom (from Greek  diploma) is a high level degree awarded for learning. It is awarded in European countries such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Estonia, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Belarus and Greece. It is a similar award to the Bachelor's and Master's degrees in other countries. 

The Diplom was first awarded when the Technische Hochschulen became a university. 

The diplom is slowly being replaced by a system that awards Bachelor's and Master's degrees. Bachelor's degrees, sometimes called Bakkalaureus in Germany, are thought of as a "small Diplom".

Germany / Austria 
 
The Diplom may be awarded by the two types of German university. At a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule), the diploma degree is called a Diplom (FH) and normally takes four years to study and gain work experience. At a Universität the degree is called a Diplom or sometimes a Diplom (Univ.) and takes four or five years.  These years are called "regular study time" (Regelstudienzeit) but study for the universität normally takes longer.

The Diplom is the first university award for many students. There has been no Bachelor's degree in the German/Austrian educational system. 

To win the Diplom certificate, a student must pass the tests for the Hauptstudium (main study time) after the Vordiplom, then one or more Studienarbeit (study research projects), and then write a Diplomarbeit (diploma thesis). The curriculum of diplom studies at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) is focused on using (applying) the science. The Universität is focused on learning.

A student must have a Diplom before studying for a PhD (Doctorate). The diplom qualifies a student to study for a doctorate in most other countries.

This chart is a guide to the number of years of university study needed in a diplom system to begin studying for a doctorate:

Note: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend two years with a company where he or she does not study before studying for a doctorate. These years are shown as "additional work" in the table.

Also note: A Diplom student can begin the doctorate without the additional work if their work has been good enough. Normally a Master's course is taken before a doctorate.

Related pages 
 Magister
 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

References

Education in Germany
Austria
Switzerland
Greece
Traralgon, Victoria

Traralgon is a regional city in the Latrobe Valley of the Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia.

References

Other websites
 Latrobe City Website

Cities in Victoria
Yerzin, Salih Yusupovich

Yerzin, Salih Yusupovich (circa 1830 - 1911) - prominent Tatar businessman and patron of the arts who financed the construction of the largest mosque in Moscow (built in 1904).

Tatars
Business people
1830 births
1911 deaths