cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Exclamation mark

An exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark. It is used to show strong emotion at the end of a sentence or after an interjection.

Putting a space before an exclamation mark is incorrect.

In coding, "!" sometimes means not. In mathematics, the use of an exclamation mark can be used for the factorial function (for example, ).

Related pages
 Ampersand
 Punctuation
 Question mark
 Quotation mark

References 

Punctuation
Yupik

The Yupik (in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, Yup'ik, plural Yupiit) people are a group of native people who mainly live in certain parts of Alaska, somewhere near Fairbanks.  The 1918 influenza pandemic killed many of the indigenous people in Alaska. Many died during famines and the culture suffered when the Soviet government made villagers move. Some of the Yupi'k people's traditions are celebrating the dead. They celebrate by having ceremonies with a shaman, where they connect with the dead. They also name the next child born after the most recent person who has died.

References

People from Alaska
Ethnic groups in the United States
Sk8er Boi

Sk8er Boi is a single by pop-punk singer Avril Lavigne. It is one of her most famous songs.

Song information
In this song, she tells the story of a relationship between a "sk8er boi" (skater boy) and a more preppy girl who does ballet. Although both of them "want" each other, the girl rejects him against her own secret feelings because of peer pressure. In the end, the skater boy becomes famous and is with another punk girl (Avril sings in that girl's point of view) who cares for him, leaving the preppy girl behind.

Track listing
"Sk8er Boi"
"Get Over It"
"Nobody's Fool (live)"
"Sk8er Boi" (video)

Music video
The music video begins with what may be the "Sk8er Boi" in the alley of a city with a bunch of spray paint on the ground. The music video goes along with posters that have a star on them advertising a concert Avril hosts, where people use their cars and amplifiers to have the concert on the streets. The concert gets so wild the police come in trying to stop it. At the end of the video, Avril crashes her guitar into the car windshield. A police helicopter comes in, leaving a mystery as to what they will do.

Movie adaptation
In 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film. However, as of December 2006, the film has apparently been abandoned or is stuck in development hell.

Charts

References

2002 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
Graduated cylinder

A graduated cylinder (also called measuring cylinder) is a piece of laboratory glassware used to measure the volume of liquids. It is used to accurately measure the volume of chemicals for use in reactions. 

Often, the biggest graduated cylinders are made of polyethylene or other stiff plastic, making them lighter and less fragile than glass, but more difficult to sterilize.

Laboratory equipment
Edmond Keosayan

Edmond Keosayan (; Leninakan, now Gyumri, October 9, 1936 - Moscow, April 21, 1994) was an Armenian Soviet movie director and musician. From 1954 to 1956 Keosayan studied in Plekhanov Moscow Institute of Economy. From 1956 to 1958 he studied in Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. In 1964, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK (E.Dzigan's master class). Since 1964 Keosayan has been a director at Mosfilm Studio. He has worked worked a few times for Armenfilm Studio.
He was also a Master of Ceremonies of the Soviet State Variety Orchestra. 
His films are mainly in the Armenian and 
Russian languages.

Filmography
1964: Where are you quiet Maxim? (Gde ty teper, Maxim?)
1966: The Elusive Avengers (Neulovimye mstiteli/Неуловимые мстители)
1968: The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (Novye priklyucheniya nuelovimykh/Новые приключения неуловимых)
1971: The Crown of the Russian Empire or Once again the Elusive Avengers (Korona Rossiyskoy imperi, ili snova neulovimykh
1973: Tghamardik (Russian: Muzhchiny, English The Men)
1975: Moratsvatz heqiatneri kirtche (Russian: Ushchele pokinutykh skazok, English: The Canyon of Deserted Tales)
1975: When September comes (Kogda nastupayet sentyabr)
1978: Huso Astgh (Star of Hope, Russian: Zvezda nadezhdy, alternative Armenian title: Mkhitar sparapet)
1980: Legend tzaghratzui masin (Russian: Legenda o skomorokhe, English: Legend of the Clown)

References

Armenian movie directors
1936 births
1994 deaths
Amerigo Vespucci

Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1451- 22 February 1512) was an Italian merchant, explorer and cartographer. He was the first person to explain that the New World discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was not the eastern area of Asia, but an unknown continent (the Americas). 

America was named after Amerigo Vespucci. North and South America get this name from a feminized and latinized version of his first name, Americus.

Vespucci died of malaria.

References

Other websites 

 Canaday, James A. The Life of Amerigo Vespucci .
 Account of 'The First Voyage', 1497: Letter of Amerigo Vespucci To Pier Soderini - Fordham University (U.S.) Internet Modern History Sourcebook
 A scale model  - A scaled wooden model of the Amerigo Vespucci.
 
 'I am America.' - New York Times: Five hundred years ago, our continent was given a name.

1454 births
1512 deaths
Deaths from infectious disease
Italian explorers
People from Florence
Rip Slyme

Rip Slyme is a Japanese hip hop group formed in 1994. It has 5 members - 4 MCs and 1 DJ.

Albums

Indies albums
Lip's Rhyme (1995)
Talkin' Cheap (1998)

Warner albums
Five (2001)
Tokyo Classic (2002)
Orchestra Plus (2003) - a recorded album completely of orchestra songs & poetry recitals from celebrities
Time To Go (2003)
Masterpiece (2004)
Epoch (2006)
FUNFAIR (2007)

Musical groups from Kanagawa Prefecture
Hip hop bands
Acetylene

Acetylene is a hydrocarbon, belonging to the alkyne group. It is the simplest type of alkyne, as it has only two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. Acetylene is an unsaturated organic compound because its four atoms are triple bonded through a covalent bond. It was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy. The chemical symbol is C2H2.

80% of all acetylene produced yearly in the United States is used for chemical synthesis. It is a toxic chemical; breathing the substance causes dizziness, headache and nausea.

Hydrocarbons
Ralf Schumacher

Ralf Schumacher (born 30 June 1975) is a retired German Formula one driver. He was born in Huerth, North Rhine-Westphalia and is the younger brother of Michael Schumacher. He drove for Jordan, Williams and Toyota.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete Formula Nippon results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Complete DTM results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

1975 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Auto racing

Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, autosport or motorsport) is a sport involving racing cars. Auto racing began in France in 1895 and is now one of the world's most popular spectator sports.

Types of auto racing 
Formula One is the top level racing championship worldwide. Formula One cars have no fenders or quarter panels like regular passenger cars. At the front and back of each car there is a spoiler, or wing, which uses air to push the car onto the ground and give it more grip to go faster. Each Formula One race takes place in a different country. These races are called Grands Prix (French for "grand prize"). 

Indy Cars look very similar to Formula One cars, but race on oval tracks that have only banked left-hand turns, and more complex road courses which have both left and right hand turns.

Endurance races are a type of race involving heavily modified cars called touring cars and purpose-built race cars called sports prototypes. Each race team has more than one driver because endurance races last for several hours, so drivers take turns. The world's most famous endurance race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans in France.

NASCAR is an American organization that runs races on oval tracks with many cars or pickup trucks. The cars, called stock cars, look like passenger cars, but have plenty of racing upgrades.

Related pages

Motor sports
Lascelles Abercrombie

Lascelles Abercrombie (January 9, 1881 – October 27, 1938) was a British poet and critic of Literature, and he was a member of a group of famous poets called "Dymock poets".  He was born in Ashton upon Mersey and studied at the University of Manchester.  

Before the First World War, he lived for a time at Dymock in Gloucestershire.  In 1922, they gave him the job of Professor of English at the University of Leeds.  In 1929 he moved on to the University of London, and in 1935 to the University of Oxford.  He wrote many poems, that were  put together in a book called 'Poems' (1930). In the same year he wrote his most important poem, The Sale of Saint Thomas in six Acts.  He was the brother of the architect Patrick Abercrombie, and his son was the scientist Michael Abercrombie.

Sources

Other websites

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Lascelles Abercrombie

English poets
1881 births
1938 deaths
Eliza Acton

Elizabeth "Eliza" Acton (17 April 1799 – 13 February 1859) was an English poet and cook. She was born in Battle, Sussex and raised in Suffolk. She wrote one the first cookbooks for cooking at home, not for professional cook or chef, Modern Cookery for Private Families. In this book she started the use of listing the ingredients and suggested cooking times with each recipe, like all the world does now. Modern Cookery was sold for a long time after her death, until 1914 and can still be found at many libraries. Her recipes are still very famous.

Other websites 

Biography at foodreference.com
Poems by Eliza Acton 

1799 births
1859 deaths
British chefs
English poets
Writers from Suffolk
Writers from Sussex
Ralph Fiennes

Ralph Fiennes (born 22 December 1962 in Ipswich, Suffolk, England) is an English actor. He won the Tony Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for his work in Steven Spielberg's movie Schindler's List, and the Genie Award. His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. His brothers and sisters are Joseph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and Jacob Fiennes.

References

Other websites 
 

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Suffolk
Actors who played M
BAFTA Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Ipswich
Tony Award winning actors
Wellington Koo

Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo (Chinese: 顾维钧；Pinyin: Gù Wéijūn; Wade-Giles: Ku Wei-chün) (January 29, 1887–November 14, 1985) was a Chinese diplomat. He was a representative at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. His wife was Chinese-American diplomat Juliana Koo.

Born in Shanghai in 1887, he went to the United States in 1904 and studied Western culture in order to help China with the problem of imperialism. He spoke perfect fluent English, and came to be interested in China's position in international society.

Other websites

 Biography from Columbia University

Koo, Wellington
1887 births
1985 deaths
Wade-Giles

Wade-Giles (), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for the Chinese language. It is based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing. The system was produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century. It was fully developed in Herbert Giles's 1892 Chinese-English dictionary.

Wade-Giles was the main system of transliteration in the English-speaking world for much of the 20th century. It is used in several standard reference books. It is also used in all books about China published before 1979. It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that was common until the late 19th century. Wade-Giles has been replaced by the Pinyin system today. It still remains in use in Taiwan (Republic of China).

One well-known feature of Wade-Giles is that it uses the apostrophe to mark aspirated consonants, or breathy consonants. For example, ping in Pinyin would be written as p'ing in Wade-Giles, but bing in Pinyin would be written as ping. Sounds are written this way because Chinese does not have voiced stop consonants, fricatives, or affricates like in English. Chinese only distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated sounds. Therefore, an apostrophe is used instead of using a different letter.

However, the apostrophe was not well understood by people who do not know the Wade-Giles spelling, so many people who read the apostrophe ignored the apostrophe when reading or copying Chinese words down. This had lead many non-Chinese to say Chinese words incorrectly, including Tao, tai chi, and kung fu. Wade-Giles spellings where the apostrophe is completely ignored are called bastardized Wade-Giles.

Comparison chart

Sample sentences of Wade-Giles 
Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Pinyin, and Wade-Giles with English translations.

References

Other websites 
 Chinese Romanization Converter - Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
 Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin conversion table 
 Pinyin → Wade-Giles → Zhuyin conversion table 
 Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin → Word list 
 A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade-Giles to Pinyin
 Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade-Giles
 Pronunciation Guide

Wade-Giles
Prince (disambiguation)

A prince is a member of the highest aristocracy

Prince may refer to:

The Prince, a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli in the 16th century
The Little Prince, a novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
PRINCE2, a project management method
Prince (album), the second album by Prince
The Prince (song), the first single by Madness
Prince (cigarette), a brand of cigarettes
Prince Sports, Inc., a maker of sporting goods
Prince Motor Company, a maker of automobiles in Japan from 1952 until they joined with Nissan in 1966
Prince XML, a software product from YesLogic
The Prince (Pournelle), a book by Jerry Pournelle and S.M. Stirling.
 Prince, a South Devon Railway 2-4-0ST steam locomotive
Princes (company), a food manufacturing company based in the United Kingdom
The Prince, song by Dimond Head, made famous by Metallica

People 

Prince (musician), stage name of pop music artist Prince Rogers Nelson, known from 1993 to 2000 as  (or informally, "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince") 
"Prince" Naseem Hamed, British boxer
Bonnie Prince Geoffie the reluctant, the McGillicuddy Serious Party's pretender to the throne of New Zealand
Oldest son of Michael Jackson
Prince Johnson, Liberian politician
Mahesh Babu, a popular Indian movie actor from Tollywood who was given the title "Prince" by his fans after his first film
Prince Polley a Ghanaian footballer

Fictional characters 
The Prince from Prince of Persia
The Prince, Katamari Damacy'''s main character
Eileen Prince, mother of Severus Snape in the Harry Potter series
Short name for "Demon Prince" for Beelzebub (Sand Land) in Sand LandIsambard Prince from LEXX''

Related pages 
 Princess (disambiguation)
Democratic Progressive Party

The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; abbreviated to  or ; Pinyin: Mínjìndǎng) is a major political party in the  Republic of China (Taiwan). The party has been linked with the pan-green coalition and de jure Taiwan independence movement. The DPP is a member of Liberal International and a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. The DPP represented Taiwan in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation.

List of Chairpersons 
 Chiang Peng-chian (1986–1987)
 Yao Chia-wen (1987–1988)
 Huang Shin-cheih (1988–1992)
 Hsu Hsin-liang (1992–1994, 1996–1998)
 Shih Ming-teh (1994–1996)
 Lin Yi-hsiung (1998–2000)
 Frank Hsieh (2000)
 Chen Shui-bian (2000–2008)
 Tsai Ing-wen (since 2008)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Political parties in Taiwan
Liberal parties
Social democratic parties in Asia
Nationalist organizations in Taiwan
1986 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Taiwan
President of the Republic of China

The President of the Republic of China is the head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the democratic country known officially as the  Republic of China. The Republic of China government has controlled Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other islands after the Nationalist lost the war and moved the government from mainland China in 1949. 

The presidential office was created in 1948 under the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China.

In the previous Kuomintang administration, the title of "President of the Republic of China" was used (). The current Democratic Progressive Party administration refers to the President as the "President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)" ().

List of Presidents

Presidents of the Republic of China, 1912-1928

Presidents of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 1948-present

References

Politics of China
Anastas Mikoyan

Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (, Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan; ;  – 21 October 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years.

It was told that, during Khrushchev time, he was the second most powerful man in the Soviet Union.

1895 births
1978 deaths
Armenian people
Communists
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Mitanni

Mitanni was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. 1500 BC.

Mitanni is often associated with Kurdish nobility.

Other websites 
The Hurrian Culture
Vyacheslav Ivanov
Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia," Michigan, 1968
Dutch excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad 
Excerpts from the text of the Shuppililiuma-Shattiwazza treaty
Mitanni Simple article.
Armenian Highland

Assyria
Mesopotamia
Russians in the United Kingdom

There may be many as 300,000 Russians in the United Kingdom. About half of these were born in Russia. Some of the others are citizens of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). Since they joined the EU in 2004, they are free to live in other EU countries, including the UK. There are many Russian language schools in London and the South East. These schools were founded by immigrants from Russia to the United Kingdom. They send their children to the schools so the children can learn about their parents' culture.

Other websites 
Russian shops in the United Kingdom 
British Russian Society  
Понаехали тут! (Ponaehali tut!) Forum 
http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/02/12/russians_feature.shtml 
http://www.guardian.co.uk/russia/article/0,2763,1190191,00.html
Russian London
Gazeta.UK

Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Larry Griffin

Larry Griffin (September 23, 1954 - June 21, 1995) -  was a man accused of killing 19-year-old Quintin Moss. The alleged crime happened in Saint Louis, Missouri, on June 26, 1980. On June 21, 1995, the State of Missouri executed Griffin by lethal injection. He is one of the few people who were put to death partly based on the testimony of a witness who had been at the crime scene. There were others including Garay Graham who was executed on June 22 2000 when Texas Governor George Bush & the Texas appeals board refused to give him life in prison instead.  He maintained his innocence until he was executed for the crime. There are groups to this day trying to reopen his case, prove him innocent.

Other websites
 Article from NY Times
 Another article from NY Times

American criminals
People from Missouri
1954 births
1991 deaths
Nassau County, New York

Nassau County is a suburban county in the New York Metropolitan area east of New York City and west of Suffolk County, in the U.S. state of New York. In 2000, 1,334,544 people lived there. It and Suffolk County are together referred to as Long Island. Until 1899 Nassau County was part of Queens County. Along with Suffolk, it was named the safest county in the United States in 2005 by Forbes.

Hamlets in Nassau County include Manhasset, New York.

New York (state) counties
1899 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New York (state)
First Nagorno-Karabakh War

The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was a war that happened between February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the mostly ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Other websites 
Military Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh

1988 in Asia
1990 in Asia
1991 in Asia
1992 in Asia
1993
1994 in Asia
Anti-Armenianism
Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
20th century in Armenia
20th century in Azerbaijan
Nagorno-Karabakh
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
1989 in Europe
1990 in Europe
1991 in Europe
1992 in Europe
1994 in Europe
SMAP

SMAP is a Japanese boy band. Their music is produced by Johnny's. SMAP was formed in April 1988. Now, the group has five members but at the beginning it had six members. They held their first concert at Nippon Budokan in January 1991. They released their first album Can't Stop!!-LOVING on September 9, 1991.

SMAP is an acronym. It is a short way of writing Sports Music Assemble People.

They officially disbanded on 31 December 2016.

Members 
 Masahiro Nakai (born August 18, 1972) from Kanagawa Prefecture
 Takuya Kimura (born November 13, 1972) from Tokyo.
 Goro Inagaki (born December 8, 1973) from Tokyo.
 Tsuyoshi Kusanagi (born July 9, 1974) from Saitama.
 Shingo Katori (born January 31, 1971) from Kanagawa.

Katsuyuki Mori withdrew from the group in 1996 to be an auto racer.

Related pages 
 J-Pop
 Johnny & Associates

Japanese boy bands
Kick the Can Crew

Kick the Can Crew is a Japanese hip-hop group. The style is 3MC and 1DJ. The group was started by 1996, but it broke up in 2004.

Japanese musical groups
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1996
2004 disestablishments
1996 establishments in Japan
21st-century disestablishments in Japan
2000s disestablishments in Asia
Judy and Mary

Judy and Mary is a Japanese rock band. This group began in 1992. The members were YUKI, Yoshihito Onda, Kota Igarashi and TAKUYA. They were very famous, but this group ended in 2001. Their famous songs include "Sobakasu," "Lucky Pool" and "Sanpomichi". Their songs have been sung by many Japanese people at karaoke.

Japanese rock bands
Angela Aki

Angela Aki (born September 15, 1977) is a J-pop singer-songwriter. Her former Japanese name is Aki Kiyomi. 

Aki was born in Itano of Tokushima prefecture. Her father is Japanese and her mother is Italian-American.  She is bilingual in English and Japanese. She was raised in Japan, but she moved to Hawaii when she was fifteen. 

Then she went to university at George Washington University. She released an indie album in the United States in 2000, called "These Words". Now she is signed under Sony Japan.

References 

Japanese singers
Japanese songwriters
1977 births
Living people
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Viceroyalty of New Spain

The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America and its peripheries in Asia from 1521 to 1821.  New Spain was the name that the Spanish gave to the area that today is central and southern Mexico, and since the capital city of the Viceroyalty was in Mexico City, the name was also used for the viceroyalty.

The Viceroyalty of New Spain's territory included what is the Bay Islands (until 1643), Cayman Islands (until 1670), Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica until 1821), Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola (including Haiti until 1700), Jamaica (until 1670) Mariana Islands, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, nearly all of the southwestern United States (including all or parts of the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida).  Spain claimed areas as far north as British Columbia and Alaska, but the northern boundary of New Spain was redefined by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819.  New Spain also included Venezuela before it was annexed to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. 

The territories were separated into provinces. Provinces were led by a governor, who was responsible for the administration of the province and often also led the province's army and militias.  The provinces were grouped together under five high courts, called Audiencias in Spanish, at Santo Domingo, Mexico City, Guatemala, Guadalajara and Manila.  Both the high courts and the governors had autonomy from the viceroy and carried out most duties on their own.  Only on important issues did the viceroy become involved in ruling the provinces directly.

In 1821, Spain lost continental territories when it recognized the independence of Mexico, as well as Santo Domingo when it was invaded by Haiti that same year. However, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spanish East Indies (including Mariana Islands and the Philippines) remained a part of the Spanish crown until the Spanish–American War (1898).

Related pages
Mexico

References 

 MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA--PART I: The Settlement of New Spain  at mexconnect.com
 Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain  at Texas A&M University
 1492 -- Middle America at ibiblio.org the public's library and digital archive

History of Spain
Viceroys
1520s establishments in North America
1820s disestablishments in North America
1821 disestablishments
Matt LeBlanc

Matthew Steven LeBlanc  Kember (; born March 25, 1967)  is an Australian  actor. He has been nominated for an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award. He is famous for his role as Joey Tribbiani on the television sitcoms Friends (1994-2004) and on its spin-off series Joey. In 2000, he won "Editor's Choice" in TV Guide Awards (as Friends). In 2002, he won "TV - Choice Actor - Comedy" at the Teen Choice Awards (as Friends). In 2005, he won "Favorite Male Television Star" at the People's Choice Awards. He stars in Episodes as a fictional version of himself. He has hosted Top Gear since 2016.

References

Other websites 
 Matt LeBlanc at Mattleblanc.net
 

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
People's Choice Award winners
Tango

The Tango is a dance which was created in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The musical style that was created with the dance is also called 'tango'. It is danced today in two versions. Neither version is 'better' than the other; they are rather different in style.

Argentine tango 
The first tango dances and music was called tango criollo, or simply tango. Today, there are various tango dance styles, including Argentine tango, Uruguayan tango and vintage tangos. The Argentine tango is probably closer to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay, though no details survive of its original form.

International tango 
The tango is a standard dance in international ballroom dancing. This version was developed in England before WWII, mainly as a result of the work of Monsieur Pierre, a French dance teacher who lived in London.

The Tango is now danced in international competitions to a style first set out in English ballroom texts and regulations.

Other sources 
Thompson, Robert Farris 2005. Tango: the art history of love. Knopf, New York. . 
Thomson is Professor of Art at Yale University. He started his career with an article on Afro-Cuban dance and music published in 1958, and has devoted his life to the art history of the Afro-Atlantic world.

Collier, Simon and Artemis Cooper 2007. Â ¡Tango!: the dance, the song, the story. Thames & Hudson, London. 
Denniston, Christine  2007. The meaning of tango: the story of the Argentinian dance. Anova.

Other websites 
Basic figures in the International version of the tango. The demonstrators are Marcus and Karen Hilton, nine times World Professional Ballroom Champions. 
Basic tango demo by Mirko and Alessia. 
Basic tango hold and style, by Andy & Wendy, The Grand Ballroon, Richmond, British Columbia.

References 

Dance music
Ballroom dances
Latin dances
Cracking (chemistry)

In chemistry terms, cracking is a process in which complicated organic molecules (such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are broken down into simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by breaking their carbon-carbon bonds. How fast the cracking process is and how long it takes for the end products to form are very dependent on the temperature and any existing catalysts. Cracking, also referred to as pyrolysis, is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and an alkene.

Cracking is used in petroleum to form "light" products such as LPG and gasoline.

It usually produces a short chain alkane and a long chain alkene.
Hydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Chemical processes
Organic reactions
Phosphine

Phosphine is a chemical compound. Its chemical name is phosphorus hydride. Its chemical formula is PH3. It is also called phosphane and phosphamine. It contains phosphide and hydrogen ions.

Properties
It is a colorless, flammable gas. It is highly toxic; it can easily kill, even when concentration levels are low. It smells like fish. It can ignite without a spark. When it burns, it makes a white cloud of phosphorus(V) oxide, which is irritating.

Preparation
It is made when hypophosphites and phosphites are heated. It is also made when white phosphorus reacts with warm alkali.

Uses
The gas is used for pest control. It is also used in making semiconductors.

Related pages
Ammonia

Phosphorus compounds
Planetary ring

A planetary ring is a ring made of dust and other particles orbiting around a planet in a flat-disc shaped region. The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the only planets known to have rings, with the rings of Saturn being the most spectacular system of rings.

The rings sometimes have "shepherd satellites". These moons orbit either in between ring gaps or the outside edge of a ring. The moons' gravity maintain the rings current shape with a well defined edge. Any material that drifts closer to a Moon's orbit, it can either move back into the body of the ring, deflect out into space, or is added onto the Moon's surface.

The rings can be made of silica or water ice. It is not known how any of the rings were formed. They are usually inside the Roche limit where large satellites cannot form.

Planets
Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It began in the 9th century: it was called County of Castile and was a vassalage depending from the Kingdom of León. It was one of the kingdoms that existed before the Kingdom of Spain.

History

9th to 11th centuries: The beginnings 

The first Count of Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordoño I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias. In 931 the county was unified by count Fernán González, who made his lands subject to a hereditary succession, independent of the kings of León.

11th and 12th centuries: Expansion and union to the Kingdom of León 
In 1028 Sancho III the Great, of Navarre, married the sister of count García Sánchez and inherited title to the County of Castile after his brother-in-law's death. In 1035 he left the county to his son Fernando. Fernando I was married to Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León. Fernando I began a war with León and in the battle of Tamarón against a coalition of Castile and Navarre the king of León was killed, leaving no offspring. His brother-in-law Fernando took the crown of León for himself and their three sons took the kingdoms of León (Alfonso VI), Galicia (García) and Castile, Sancho, becoming king and borning the Kingdom of Castile.

Notes 

History of Spain
Luigi Galvani

Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 – December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician who lived and died in Bologna (Italy). In 1771, he found out that the muscles of dead frogs twitched when hit by a spark. He was a pioneer in modern obstetrics, and discovered that muscle and nerve cells produce electricity. He is well known as the inventor of chemical cells.

Galvani invented batteries which is probably the most important thing which he has made. He also discovered that nerves and muscles produce electricity, and he was a very intelligent man in many different other ways.

This also links to the story of Frankenstein this story is based on a scientist giving life to a body made from different people's limbs by using the same procedure as Luigi Galvani, by sending an electrical current form lightening.

References

Related pages 
Galvanic isolation
Galvanizing
Galvanometer

Italian physicians
Italian scientists
1737 births
1798 deaths
Lorem ipsum

Lorem ipsum is a dummy text used to replace text in some areas just for the purpose of an example. It can be used in publishing and graphic design. It is used to demonstrate the graphics elements of a document, such as font, typography, and layout.

Background 
The lorem ipsum text is usually a section of a Latin text by Cicero with words altered, added and removed to make it nonsensical. Lorem ipsum text is used in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product. This is often called greeking. The text is derived from Cicero's De finibus bonorum et malorum (On the Ends of Goods and Evils, sometimes the title is translated as [About] The Purposes of Good and Evil ). The words "Lorem ipsum..." make no sense. 

The text was frequently used in desktop publishing templates. To experiment with the text, it can be copy-pasted into the desktop publishing software, and the typeface and its setting can be tried out. The distribution of letters in Lorem Ipsum is close to that in English language. This way, you can see what your own text would look like in that graphic format.

Text 
There are many Lorem ipsum text generators available, including free versions and online sites.  The algorithm and source files for some versions are in the public domain.  Most generators will start the first paragraph with "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, " and then words selected from its word list according to model sentence and paragraph structure rules, so as to approximate the distribution of English word, sentence and paragraph lengths.

Related pages
 List of Latin phrases

References

Other websites 

 The original De finibus bonorum et malorum (Book 1) from Cicero, on Latin WikiSource.

Typography
Latin phrases
Planetary core

The planetary core is the innermost layer or layers in a planet. The terrestrial planets (planets with a rocky surface) have a core mainly made of iron and could be a solid or a liquid layer. The Earth's core is partially liquid, while the cores of Mars and Venus are thought to be completely solid, because the cores do not make a magnetic field.

The gas giants also have a core made of iron. Their cores are very small, in proportion to their large size. However, the gas giants are so large that their cores can still be larger than the Earth's core. Jupiter's core is estimated to be 12 times the mass of the Earth's.

A core's size can vary from each planet or other object. The moon's core is 20% of its radius, but Mercury's core is 75% of its radius.

Geology
Planets
Redox

Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have an increase or decrease in oxidation number (oxidation state).

An oxidation number is a number assigned to an element in chemical combination that represents the number of electrons lost (or gained, if the number is negative), by an atom of that element in the compound.

The term redox comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms:
Oxidation describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Reduction describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion

Whether an electron is gained or lost can be easily memorised by the abbreviation OIL RIG, which stands for, "Oxidation Is Loss," or losing electrons, and "Reduction Is Gain," or gaining electrons. Redox reactions can also happen by sharing electrons to form a product by covalent bonding.  

In an oxidation reduction reaction, the cation gives an electron to the anion because both ions will have a different charge to attract each other with. In an oxidation reduction reaction, the oxidizing reagent pulls an electron from the other atom to have a net positive charge. The reducing reagent gives an electron to have a net negative charge. However, there are exceptions.

Chemical process 
Redox is a chemical process. It can be described in chemical formulas. This example describes the process that occurs in a blast furnace, where iron (Fe) reacts with carbon (C):

Now elementary iron has been processed.

Related pages
 Electrochemistry

Notes

Other websites 

 Redox reactions calculator
 Redox reactions at Chemguide
 Online redox reaction equation balancer, balances equations of any half-cell and full reactions

Chemistry
Van Resistance

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Van ResistanceVan Uprising/Van AyaklanmasıVan Resistance/Վանի Հերոսամարտ
| partof      = the Caucasus Campaign of World War I
| image       = Van Defenders.jpg
| caption     = Armenian troops holding a defense line against Ottoman forces in the walled city of Van in May 1915.
| date        = 19 April – 17 May 1915
| place       = Van, Ottoman Empire
| result      = Ottoman retreat, Armenian victory
| combatant1  = 
| combatant2  = Armenian residents of Van
| commander1  =  Djevdet Bey Halil Bey Köprülü Kâzım Bey Rafael de Nogales
| commander2  = Aram Manukian
| strength1   = 3rd Army5,000
| strength2   = 1,300<ref>Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol II Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, Palgrave, 1997, , p 251.</ref>
| casualties2 = 55,000 civiliansBalakian, 207
}}

The Siege of Van, Resistance at Van, ( Vani Herosamart'', ) or Van Rebellion, Van Revolt (), Armenian Revolution at Van () was a resistance during the World War I against Ottoman Empire.

Related pages
 Armenian Genocide

Sources

Armenian Genocide
100 (number)

100 (also written as one hundred) is the natural number after 99 and before 101. It is the first three-digit number above zero. The number 100 is an abundant number. The letter C is the old Roman numeral for 100.

Usage
100 m running competition.
In binary and bcd -code, 100 means number four.

19E02 100
Square numbers
1021

1021 (MXXI) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-first year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 The Moorish taifa (state) of Valencia (in modern Spain) becomes independent, after being ruled by Slavic soldiers for about ten years.
 Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni, king of Vaspurakan (Greater Armenia), surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire. He receives in return Sebasteia and becomes governor of Cappadocia.

References
1332



Events 
 February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1329).
 August 10-11 – Battle of Dupplin Moor in Scotland
 November 7 – Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
 December 16 – Battle of Annan in Scotland.
 The city of Târgu Mureş (Romania) was first documented in the papal registry under the name Novum Forum Siculorum.
Wasabi

Wasabi is a spice traditionally prepared from a plant from the cabbage family. Its root is used as a spice and has a very strong flavor. The root is smashed up into paste and used as a condiment. Its hotness is more like hot mustard or horseradish than chili pepper, because it irritates the nose more than the tongue. Eating too much wasabi can cause a very painful feeling in the nose. The plant grows naturally in Japan. It is often eaten with sushi.

Wasabi needs clean water and a cool climate. It is difficult to grow wasabi. There are two ways to grow wasabi. One way is to grow wasabi in water. The other way is to grow wasabi in a field.
 
Major sources of wasabi are Shizuoka, Nagano, Shimane, Yamanashi, and Iwate prefectures in Japan. Other source of wasabi include China, New Zealand, Taiwan.

Because the wasabi plant is so hard to grow, real wasabi is very rare and expensive, most wasabi is a green paste that is really made from horseradish, mustard and food coloring. 

Wasabi is also known for how spicy, or hot it is.

References 

Spices
Brassicaceae
Condiments
Prion disease

A prion disease (also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) is a disease which is caused by prions. Prions are structurally altered versions of small proteins that are normally expressed in cells.  Unlike diseases that are caused by a mutation of the gene resulting in the expression of a mutant protein, prions are able to replicate and transmit diseases through physical contact with the normal proteins resulting in a structural change from the normal state to the prion state. 

Unlike bacteria, prions are not considered to be alive because they do not have their own metabolism, they do not possess genes and cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell.  Prion diseases are very rare, and no treatment is available for most of them.

Almost all of the known prion diseases are neurologic diseases. There are two common signs which are seen in typical prion diseases:
 Ataxia or disequilibrium, is when a patient cannot stand or walk well because he cannot maintain his equilibrium. This is usually because of a disease in the cerebellum.
 Dementia or loss of mentality, is a progressive loss of cognitive functions.

Prion diseases 
Few types of prion diseases are known. The most important ones are:
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - A person can get the disease by eating of BSE-infected beef, having a blood tranfusion from a person with the disease, injection of Human Growth Hormone extracted from bodies with the disease, or through infected surgical instruments. Patients suffer from ataxia, dementia and usually die after one year.
 Kuru disease - This disease is seen in people living in New Guinea who eat the brains of dead people. Patients present with ataxia, dementia and inability in moving their eyes. They will usually die within two years.
 Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome - This is a very rare syndrome which presents with ataxia and dementia. The patients usually die after one year.

Prion diseases are very rare. With Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which makes up about 85% of the cases, there are about 1 to 1.5 cases per one million people per year.

Related pages
 Prion
 Encephalopathy

Infectious diseases
Neurology
Dementia
Help!

Help! is a 1965 movie starring The Beatles, and also the name of the movie's theme song, and of its soundtrack album. The movie was directed by Richard Lester, the same as their first movie, A Hard Day's Night. While A Hard Day's Night was filmed in black-and-white, Help! was in color. George Martin produced the Beatles's songs for the album, and all their recordings for the movie.

Movie 
Help! is a fantasy story, that makes fun of spy movies, which were popular at the time. A religious cult has lost a special ring, worn by people they plan to sacrifice to their goddess, Kaili. It turns out one of their members sent the ring to Ringo Starr (drummer for the Beatles, who loved to wear rings). When the cult finds out, they try to capture Ringo, and either sacrifice him to Kaili or get their ring back. He tries to give it back, but the ring will not come off his finger. The other Beatles try to help, but also end up in danger. A defector (quitter) from the cult tries different ways to remove the ring, and a scientist also tries to steal it. Scotland Yard hides the Beatles at Buckingham Palace, but the cult even sneaks in there. The band escapes to the Bahamas in disguise, but are followed. Tired of running, the Beatles finally face down the cultists.

The movie's co-stars were Leo McKern, Eleanor Bron, Roy Kinnear, and Victor Spinetti. Spinetti also appeared in A Hard Day's Night, and later in Magical Mystery Tour. The movie was going to be called Eight Arms to Hold You, but the title was changed when John Lennon wrote a song titled "Help!" that suited the movie's theme.

Help! was filmed partly in England, partly in Austria, and partly in the Bahamas. The Beatles started a company in the Bahamas, as a tax shelter, but it did not work out. While they were filming, a Hindu believer gave each Beatle a book about reincarnation. George Harrison resonated very strongly with Hindu ideas and beliefs, and ended up becoming a follower of Hinduism. He also enjoyed the Indian classical music featured in Help!, bought a sitar, and took music lessons with Ravi Shankar.

Soundtrack album 
Help! was the fifth album by The Beatles. The first seven songs appeared in the movie. The album includes the title song, "Ticket To Ride", George Harrison's "I Need You", and Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", the song with the most versions by other artists of all time. Help! was the last Beatles album with songs written by other people.

Songs on the album 

The album is ranked number 332 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney unless noted otherwise.

References

General

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

The Beatles albums
1965 albums
Rock and roll albums
Folk albums
Please Please Me

Please Please Me is the first studio album by the English band The Beatles. It was produced by George Martin and was released in the United Kingdom on 22 March 1963 on EMI's Parlophone record label. Eight of the fourteen songs were written by Lennon–McCartney. Please Please Me was voted 39th on Rolling Stones list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2012.

Track listing

References

The Beatles albums
Debut albums
1963 albums
Rock and roll albums
Pop albums
Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen

The Musée Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen (English: Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen) is a museum in France. It is about the history of the port of Rouen, which is one the greatest ports of France. The main themes are:
 the history of the port with photos
 the infrastructures of the port
 the greatest sail ships of Rouen
 the merchant navy
 river navigation
 ship building
 whale hunting
 the history of the submarines, with a reproduction of the interior of the Nautilus from Robert Fulton

It is possible to see a 38 meter long barge which can be visited, trawler and barge motors and a whale skeleton.

The museum is in a former hangar of the port, not far from the new bridge.

Other websites 
 'Musée Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen  Official site.

Museums in France
Rouen
Echternach

Echternach () is a commune in eastern Luxembourg, capital of the Echternach canton.  It is the oldest town with city rights in Luxembourg.

History

The town grew around the walls of the Abbey of Echternach, which was founded in  698  by St. Willibrord, an English monk from Ripon, Northumbria (in present-day North Yorkshire, England), who became the first bishop of Utrecht and worked to Christianize the Frisians.

The abbey were closed during the French revolution in 1797. Echternach was given city rights in the year 1236.

Geography
Echternach is in the east of the country near the border with Germany, on the banks of the Saar River.

The commune has an area of . The altitude is  high. At the city hall, the altitude  is  high.

Echternach is surrounded by four communes of Luxembourg: Rosport to the east and south, Bech to the southwest, and Berdorf and Consdorf to the west. To the north, the commune borders the Echternacherbrück municipality of the  Bitburg-Prüm district in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate; and to the northwest the Bollendorf municipality, also in the Bitburg-Prüm district of the Rhineland-Palatinate.

Population
There were 5,530 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in Echternach

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website 
Tourist attractions in Echternach 
Surroundings of Echternach
Harmonie Municipale Echternach
Intramuros asbl. - For the development of the historical center of Echternach 
Everything about Echternach

Communes in Luxembourg