cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Adam Smith

Adam Smith (16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, who is called the Father of Modern Economics.

The Wealth of Nations

His book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, was very important. People call the book just The Wealth of Nations. It stated some of the ideas on which modern economics is based off, especially market economics.

In the Wealth of Nations Adam Smith asks 'what can a person do that is best for his country?' He decides that if every person does what is best for themself and their little circle of family and friends, then the country will do better. This is because every person knows a lot about their own situation (what they need and what they want, what works and what does not work), much more than the government knows. This sort of thinking is called "liberal theory", a main part of liberalism.

He was also a philosopher who wanted to know why people thought (felt) that some things are good and others bad.

The Theory of Moral Sentiments
He wrote an earlier book, in 1759, called The Theory of Moral Sentiments. He thought that empathy was very important in ethics. Empathy is when you see how someone else is feeling, imagine what it feels like, and then end up feeling the same way: for Smith, empathy is like "putting yourself in someone else's shoes". For example, empathy makes us feel happy to see someone else who is happy, or feel sorry for someone who is sad. Empathy may even make us feel pain when we see someone in pain (as if we had been hurt or affected). Both Smith and his friend David Hume, who was another Scottish philosopher, wrote about the importance of sympathy in ethics.

References

Related pages
Political economy
Constitutional economics

Other websites 

 Wealth of Nations  from the Adam Smith Institute
  An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations  by Adam Smith. London : J. M. Dent & sons, ltd. ; New York : E. P. Dutton & co.
 Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith from the Online Library of Liberty
 The Theory of Moral Sentiments at the Library of Economics and Liberty 

1723 births
1790 deaths
18th-century British philosophers
British economists
Scottish scientists
Scottish writers
Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos was a famous Greek mathematician and philosopher ( ). He is known best for the proof of the important Pythagorean theorem, which is about right angle triangles. He started a group of mathematicians, called the Pythagoreans, who worshiped numbers and lived like monks. He had an influence on Plato.

He had a great impact on mathematics , theory of music and astronomy. His theories are still used in mathematics today. He was one of the greatest thinkers of his time.

Pythagoras was born in Samos, a little island off the western coast of Asia Minor. There is not much information about his life. It is said that he had a good childhood. Growing up with two or three brothers, he was well educated. He did not agree with the government and their schooling, so he moved to Crotone and set up his own cult (little society) of followers under his rule. His followers did not have any personal possessions, and they were all vegetarians. Pythagoras taught them all, and they had to obey strict rules.

Some say he was the first person to use the term philosophy. Since he worked very closely with his group, the Pythagoreans, it is sometimes hard to tell his works from those of his followers.

Religion was important to the Pythagoreans. They swore their oaths by "1+2+3+4" (which equals 10). They also believed the soul is immortal and goes through a cycle of rebirths until it can become pure. They believed that these souls were in both animal and plant life.

His beliefs 
Pythagoras' most important belief was that the physical world was mathematical and that numbers were the real reality.
that at its deepest level, reality is mathematical in nature,
that philosophy can be used for spiritual purification,
that the soul can rise to union with the divine,
that certain symbols have a mystical significance, and
that all brothers of the order should observe strict loyalty and secrecy.

Pythagorean theorem 

Pythagoras is most famous for his theorem to do with right triangles. He said that the length of the longest side of the right angled triangle called the hypotenuse (C) squared would equal the sum of the other sides squared. And so a² + b² = c² was born. There are many different proofs for this Pythagorean theorem.

References

Other websites 
 
 Pythagoras on Encyclopædia Britannica
 Pythagoras on Citizendium

580s BC births
496 BC deaths
Presocratic philosophers
Ancient mathematicians
Geometers
Emily Brontë

Emily Jane Brontë (30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was a British author and poet. She is most famous for her only novel Wuthering Heights (published in 1847). She wrote under the pen name Ellis Bell. Brontë had two sisters, Charlotte and Anne, who were also writers. Her brother, Branwell, was a painter. She co-wrote the poetry collection Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846), with her sisters. She was born in Thornton, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. She attended Cowan School with her sister Charlotte.

Brontë died of tuberculosis on 19 December 1848 in Haworth, West Riding of Yorkshire. She was 30.

References

Other websites 

 Poems of Emily Brontë at Poetseers.org

1818 births
1848 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
Disease-related deaths in Yorkshire
English novelists
English poets
Infectious disease deaths in England
Writers from Yorkshire
Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was one of the great English writers of the 19th century.

Early life 
Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England. His parents were John Dickens (1785-1851), a naval pay clerk, and Elizabeth Barrow (1789–1863).

When Dickens was born he had a rare disorder meaning he could not read or write properly like other kids. When Charles was twelve years old, his family moved to Camden, London. He worked in a blacking factory there while his father was in prison for debt. Dickens's hard times in the factory served as a foundation of ideas for many of his novels. Many like Oliver Twist soon became famous. When his great-grandmother died and transmitted money, Charles' father paid off his debts and was released from prison. Charles did not like working and wished to stop working after his father was released. However, his mother said that the family needed the money so Charles was forced to continue working. Charles then finished his schooling, and got a job as an office boy for an attorney. After finding that job dull, he taught himself shorthand and became a journalist that reported on the government. Dickens was a Unitarian.

Charles Dickens was once involved in a train crash near Staple ford, Kent.

Writer 
His first book was Sketches by Boz in 1836, a collection of the short pieces he had been writing for the Monthly Magazine and the Evening Chronicle. This was followed by The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club in 1837. Both these books became popular as soon as they were printed.

Charles Dickens died of a stroke on June 9, 1870. He was buried in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Books 
Charles Dickens wrote many books, including:
 Sketches by Boz (1836)
 The Pickwick Papers (1837)
 Oliver Twist (1838) 
 Nicholas  Nickelby (1838)
 The Old Curiosity Shop (1840)
 Barnaby Rudge (1841)
 Martin Chuzzlewit (1843)
 A Christmas Carol (1843)
 Dombey and Son (1846—1848)
 David Copperfield (1849—1850)
 Bleak House (1851—1853)
 Hard Times (1854)
 Little Dorritt (1855—1857)
 A Tale of Two Cities (1859)
 Great Expectations (1861)
 Our Mutual Friend (1865)
 The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1869—1870) (unfinished)

References

Other websites 

 
 Charles Dickens mobile ebooks 
 Charles Dickens at the British Library
 
 

Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from stroke
English novelists
Unitarians
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Portsmouth
Writers from Hampshire
1812 births
1870 deaths
Portsmouth

Portsmouth is a city in the south of England, in the county of Hampshire. About 280,536 people live there (As Of 2017). It is a port and is the home of the British Royal Navy. It's the second-largest city in the county of Hampshire, behind Southampton. It is one of the most densely populated cities in Europe. Portsmouth is on Portsea Island and is narrowly separated from the mainland by a creek.

For centuries the city was one of the world's biggest places of shipbuilding. Some of its most famous ships that people can still see are HMS Victory and the HMS Warrior. People also visit Portsmouth to see the old ship Mary Rose. This was Henry VIII of England's ship, and it was under the water for a long time, from 1545 to 1982. Tourists also go to see Cumberland House, the birthplace of Charles Dickens, a British author (writer).

Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, all British authors, are famous people who lived in Portsmouth.

It is home of the Football League Two side Portsmouth F.C. They play at Fratton Park.

Portsmouth has one university, the University of Portsmouth.

North of the city is Cosham.

Other websites

 Portsmouth City Council
 Official Portsmouth City Guide
 University of Portsmouth
 University of Portsmouth Students' Union

References

 
Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom
HMS Victory

HMS Victory is the oldest ship still in use. It is in Portsmouth, England with the HMS Warrior and the remains of the Mary Rose, a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England. 

Her most famous captains are Horatio Nelson, who died on the ship during the Battle of Trafalgar, and Samuel Hood.

Other websites 
 HMS Victory Royal Navy website
 Pictures of HMS Victory 
 Restoration of HMS Victory  Society for Nautical Research website
 HMS Victory Model 
 Google Maps Image of HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour
 Local.Live.com Bird's Eye View of HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour
 Nelson's Victory 
 Life onboard HMS Victory 
 HMS Victory datasheet
 Royal Naval Communications Association, Communications History - The First Signal Schools 
 MaritimeQuest HMS Victory Photo Gallery
 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

Victory
Portsmouth
1603



Events 
 April 28 – Funeral of Elizabeth I of England

Births 
 March 18 – John IV of Portugal
 Abel Tasman

Deaths 
 March 24 – Elizabeth I of England
Tower of London

The Tower of London is an ancient Norman stone fortress in London, England. It stands on the bank of the River Thames, in the oldest part of the city.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
The fortress was built by William the Conqueror, King William I, starting in 1078. The moat was built by Richard I, using water diverted from the River Thames.

The Tower had many uses. Its main function was to protect Norman rule in the years after the conquest. It was a prison, and a place of execution. Today, the Crown Jewels are kept there. This is the collection of jewels owned by the British state, and sometimes worn by the monarch. There is also a museum of armour.

Only the most important people were executed (by axe) inside the Tower of London. Among the most famous were:

George, Duke of Clarence (1478)
Anne Boleyn, Queen of England (1536) wife of King Henry VIII
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (1540)
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (1541)
Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford (1542)
Catherine Howard, Queen of England (1542), wife of King Henry VIII
Lady Jane Grey (1554)
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1601)

The Tower of London has a collection of ravens, large black birds of the Crow family. They are taken care of by the staff who work there. The ravens' wing feathers are kept short so they cannot fly away. This is because a legend (story) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, the Tower and the Kingdom will fall.

The closest Underground station to the Tower of London is Tower Hill.

Escape attempts 
Ranulf Flambard: 1100, successfully escaped.  Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth: 1244, fell from the tower and died during escape attempt.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 Tower of London website

London, Tower of
Buildings and structures in London
Royal residences in the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Towers in the United Kingdom
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Valladolid

is a city in Spain, with a population of 316,564. It is the capital of Castile and León, and one of the historical capitals of the Spanish Kingdom.

On 19 October, 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married secretely in the Palacio de los Vivero. Also, Christopher Columbus died in the city on 20 May, 1506.

The river that runs through the city is known as the Pisuerga. Valladolid has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).

Capital cities in Spain
Elizabeth Gaskell

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865) was an English writer.

She was born in Chelsea, London. After her mother died, she lived with her aunt in Knutsford, Cheshire. She married William Gaskell, a priest, in 1832. They lived in Manchester, where several of her books are set. She died of a heart attack in Holybourne, Hampshire.

Her most famous books are Mary Barton, Cranford, North and South, and Wives and Daughters. She also wrote a book of the life of her friend, writer Charlotte Brontë. Some of her books have been made into movies and television programmes.

References

Other websites 
 The Gaskell Society

1810 births
1865 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English novelists
Writers from Cheshire
Writers from London
Naples

Naples is a southern Italian city with a port. It faces the Mediterranean Sea and is near Mount Vesuvius. Its name in Italian is Napoli which came from its Greek name Neapolis, meaning new city.  It has a population of about 1 million.  About 3 million live in the area around Naples (including Naples itself).

There is one airport in the city, Naples International Airport at Capodichino.

History 

Ancient Greeks settled Naples in the 6th Century B.C. There were so many Greeks there, the Romans called it Magna Graecia, which means "Greater Greece." Later the Romans conquered southern Italy and took Naples.  When the Roman Empire fell to invaders in the west, Naples came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire.

Naples became independent later and but was combined with the Kingdom of Sicily during the Middle Ages. By 1500 it was ruled by Aragón, which was a kingdom in eastern Spain. Later Naples became part of Spain when Aragon and the other kingdom in Spain called Castile became one country. Naples was part of this Kingdom of Spain until the Austrian Empire got it in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714.

In the 19th century it was the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.  The Duchy of Savoy, or kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, conquered Naples in 1861.  That kingdom became the Kingdom of Italy.  Naples was heavily bombed when Italy fought in World War Two and British/American armies tried to capture it.

Today Naples is the capital of Campania and the largest city in southern Italy.

Climate 

The average temperature in the summer is 24°C. In the winter, the average can be as low as 8°C. There is usually around 40 inches of rain in the city every year.

Economy 

Naples is Italy's fourth-largest economy, with a 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The Port of Naples is one of the most important and busy ports in the Mediterranean. The city, however, still has a lot of organized crime and political corruption, but it is also famous for its musical, theatrical and cinematographic culture.

Naples is a popular city for tourists. It was rated the 166th-most-visited city in the world in 2008.

Recently, more people work in the service industry than in agriculture. In 2003, 31% of people worked in public services, 18% in manufacturing, 14% in commerce, 10% in construction, 8% in transportation, 7% in financial services, 5% in agriculture, 4% in the hotel business and 3% work in other fields.

Related pages
Neapolitan Mastiff
Charles III of Spain

References

Other websites 
 official website 
 TrekEarth Gallery of Photos
 Time Out Tourist Guide to Naples 
 Naples -Wikivoyage

 
Regional capitals in Italy
6th-century BC establishments
Milan

Milan (Italian: Milano; ancient Medhelan Mediolanum (City in the middle of the lands)) is a city in northern Italy. Milan is the capital of the Milano Provence and of the Lombardy Region. It is populated by 1,308,735 inhabitants.
It is the most populated province in Italy, and it is the second biggest city in Italy (after Rome).

Milan is the fashion capital of the world and its important influence on design, economics, opera, and the media make it amongst the world's top 18 Global cities, along with Moscow, Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur.

History 
Mediolanum was founded by Insubres, a Celtic people. It was captured by the Romans in 222 BC. Milan became very successful under the Roman Empire.

Milan was ruled by the Spanish in the 1500s and the Austrians in the 1700s. During the Renaissance and the Romantic periods, Milan was a major cultural center in the whole of Europe, famous for its literature and opera.

During the war, the city was badly affected by Allied bombings and during the 50s and 60s the city grew into being the wealthy and industrial metropolis it is today.

References 

 
Regional capitals in Italy
Tintagel Castle

Tintagel Castle is in Cornwall, a county in England.

Reginald, Earl of Cornwall built the castle on Tintagel Head (a piece of land by the sea) in about 1150. In Cornish legend, this is the place where the old Kings of Cornwall lived. Reginald built the castle for propaganda, not for military use; he wanted people to think of Camelot when they thought about him. Some people say King Arthur was born at the castle, because traditional stories say the King of Cornwall looked after him when he was a child.

The modern village of Tintagel was first called Trevena. Then, in the 1850s, it got a new name, to bring in tourism because of the King Arthur and Camelot legends. Tintagel is only the name of land by the sea.

Castles in England
Jennifer Garner

Jenny Anne Garner (born April 17, 1972) is a Golden Globe Award- and SAG Award-winning and Emmy Award-nominated American movie and television actress, and producer. She first became famous for her role as Sydney Bristow on Alias, a CIA agent. She was also in Juno, Pearl Harbor, and Dude, Where's My Car.

Garner joined the Ban Bossy campaign in 2014.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Self magazine interview transcript (June, 2005)
 Cinema Confidential interview (January 10, 2005)
 Get Lippy interview  (January, 2005)
 Moviehole interview  (April 15, 2004)
 1UP interview (April, 2004)
 Dark Horizons interview  (February 3, 2003)
 TRL interview transcript (Friday, November 16, 2001)
 Elle Magazine Cover Story January 2007 

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Houston, Texas
Actors from West Virginia
American movie producers
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Heather Graham

Heather Joan Graham (born January 29, 1970 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actress.

Her father is a retired FBI agent. Her mother is a writer of books for children.  Her sister, Aimee, is an actress and writer. Graham's parents are Catholics. They did not want their daughter to make any movies about sex. She does not talk to her parents.

Graham was a student at the University of California, Los Angeles. She met James Woods when she was a student. She stopped going to college so she could become an actress.

Graham was in the movie Drugstore Cowboy in 1989. In 1997, She was in the movie Boogie Nights.  She played a character called "Roller Girl".  She played the character called "Felicity Shagwell" in the movie Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me in 1999.  She was in the movie From Hell in 2001, in which she played a character called "Mary Kelly".

She was in several episodes of the television series Scrubs in 2004 and 2005.

Graham appeared in advertisements for Garnier hair care products and for Skyy vodka.

Graham has dated several famous men. These include UK musician/actor Adam Ant, actors James Woods, Kyle McLachlan and Heath Ledger, and directors Stephen Hopkins and Edward Burns.

Filmography

References

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1970 births
Living people
Christina Ricci

Christina Ricci (born February 12, 1980) is an American actress.  She was born in Santa Monica, California and grew up in Montclair, New Jersey.

Filmography

Film

Television

Other works

Music
 2005: "Hell Yes" – Beck

Music videos
 1990: "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – Cher
 1991: "Addams Groove" – MC Hammer
 1993: "Addams Family (Whoomp!)" – Tag Team
 2000: "Natural Blues" – Moby

Video games
 2008: The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon as Cynder
 2008: Speed Racer: The Videogame as Trixie

Audiobook
 Gossip Girl – Narrator
 Gossip Girl "You Know You Love Me" – Narrator

Other websites

 

1980 births
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Living people
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Julia Roberts

Julia Fiona Roberts (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She is best known for her roles in the movies Steel Magnolias (1989), Pretty Woman (1990), Runaway Bride (1998) and Erin Brockovich (2000). Roberts regularly plays characters of attractive powerful women. She has been among People Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People in the world eight times. 

It is commonly mistaken that Julia's birth name is "Julie". Roberts has said in interviews that "Julie" was a nickname given to her by classmates in elementary school, and she never took well to it. She reverted to her original name "Julia Roberts" when she discovered that a "Julie Roberts" was already registered with the Screen Actors Guild. Roberts originally wanted to be a veterinarian (an animal doctor), but later studied journalism. When her brother, Eric Roberts, achieved success in Hollywood, Julia decided to try acting. Her first breakthrough came when she played in two youth-oriented movies called Mystic Pizza and Satisfaction, both filmed in 1987. Roberts' sister Lisa Roberts Gillan and niece Emma Roberts are actresses.

Early life and family
Roberts was born in Smyrna, Georgia, to Betty Lou (née Bredemus) and Walter Grady Roberts She is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and Swedish ancestry. Her father was a Baptist and her mother a Roman Catholic, and she was raised a Catholic. Her older brother, Eric Roberts, from whom she was estranged until 2004; sister Lisa Roberts Gillan; and niece Emma Roberts, are also actors.

Personal life
Roberts' first marriage was to musician Lyle Lovett; they divorced. She and her husband Danny Moder have three children. She gave birth to twins, Hazel Patricia and Phinnaeus Walter, in 2004. In 2007, she gave birth to a son, Henry Daniel.

Roberts is a convert to Hinduism.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 The Julia Roberts Community

American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1967 births
Living people
Angelina Jolie

Angelina Jolie (; née Voight, formerly Jolie Pitt, born June 4, 1975) is an American actress, movie producer, screenwriter, and author. She is the daughter of Jon Voight, who is also an actor and former actress/model Marcheline Bertrand. Her full name is Angelina Jolie Voight, but she decided to go by Angelina Jolie. She grew up in Los Angeles and attended the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute. She began acting at about 12 years old, and since then has starred in many movies, including the Tomb Raider movies. She has also been in the movies Hackers, Gathering Evidence (U.S. title), and Gone in Sixty Seconds.

Early life
She was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of actors Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand. She is the sister of actor James Haven, niece of singer-songwriter Chip Taylor, and goddaughter of actors Jacqueline Bisset and Maximilian Schell. On her father's side, Jolie is of German and Slovak descent, and on her mother's side, she is of primarily French Canadian, Dutch, and German ancestry. Like her mother, Jolie has stated that she is part Iroquois, although her only known Native American ancestor was a Huron woman born in 1649.

Career
Jolie played her first leading role in the 1993 movie Cyborg 2. In 1999 Jolie played Lisa Rowe in Girl, Interrupted.

She was awarded an honorary damehood by the British government in 2014 in recognition of her work in preventing sexual violence. She was presented with the award by Queen Elizabeth II. As an American citizen, she cannot be called "Dame Angelina", but she can use the letters "DCMG" after her name.

Awards
She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Girl, Interrupted.

Marriage and family
Jolie self-identifies as bisexual. She has been married to Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton.

She has three adopted children. She lives with actor Brad Pitt. Pitt and Angelina are called 'Brangelina' by the media. They have three biological children. On May 27, 2006, Jolie gave birth to a girl, Shiloh. In 2008, she also gave birth to twins, Vivienne Marcheline and Knox Leon. On August 28, 2014, Jolie married Pitt in France. In September 2016, they separated and she filed for divorce. Jolie is currently battling for full custody of her six children.

Personal life
She said in May 2013 that she had undergone a preventive double mastectomy after learning she had an 87% risk of getting breast cancer. Jolie has a defective BRCA1 gene resulting in a very high risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Jolie said she might have her ovaries removed to prevent cancer.

Movies

References

Other websites

1975 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT people from California
LGBT producers
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Saturn Award winners
Lisa Kudrow

{{Infobox actor
| name               = Lisa Kudrow
| image              = Lisa Kudrow 2.jpg
| caption            = Lisa Kudrow in 2009
| birth_date         = 
| birth_place        = Encino, Los Angeles, California
| awards             = Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series  1998 Friends
| known_for          = Acting roles:Phoebe Buffay and Ursula Buffay in FriendsMichele Weinberger in Romy and Michele's High School ReunionValerie Cherish in The ComebackUrsula Buffay in Mad About You| spouse             = Michel Stern (1995 - present) 1 child
}}
Lisa Valerie Kudrow (b. March 30, 1963 in Encino, California) is an Australian actress. She was best known for her roles as Ursula on Mad About You and Phoebe on Friends. Friends'' has been very popular lately and is still selling many copies, beating many popular shows even though it finished a long time ago. She also starred in P.S. I Love You playing the role Denise Hennessey.

References

Other websites

 

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Webby Award winners
Grace Kelly

Grace Kelly (November 12, 1929 – September 14, 1982) was an American actress. She later married Prince Rainier III of Monaco and became Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco. With Prince Rainier, she had 3 children:
 Hereditary Princess Caroline Louise Marguerite, born January 23, 1957, and now heiress presumptive to the throne of Monaco
 Albert II, Prince of Monaco, born March 14, 1958
 Princess Stéphanie Marie Elisabeth, born February 1, 1965

Kelly's father was an Irish American; her mother was a German American Her movies included three by Alfred Hitchock: Dial M for Murder, Rear Window, and To Catch a Thief. In 1955 she won an Academy Award for The Country Girl. She was the first actress to appear on a postage stamp. She was also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We didn't start the fire" and in Mika's song "Grace Kelly" (2007). The classic head-cover of a silk scarf crossed under the chin and knotted at the side or nape of the neck is universally known as the "Grace Kelly." This chic look is still copied by many female Hollywood stars when they wish to retain a degree of anonymity in the public eye.

Kelly suffered a stroke which caused her to crash her car.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Road accident deaths
Deaths from stroke
1929 births
1982 deaths
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Princes and princesses of Monaco
Hilary Swank

Hilary Swank (born July 30, 1974) is an Academy and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress. The is the second woman in the world to win two Oscars before thirty (the first one was Jodie Foster). Swank's movies include Million Dollar Baby and Freedom Writers. She will play Gail Getty in the 2018 television series Trust.

Swank was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. When she was nine she played her first role as Mowgli in her school's version of  "The Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling. Afterward she often was in school and university performances.

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Nebraska
American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
BBC 100 Women
Louvre

The Louvre is a museum in Paris. It has has millions of visitors every year because of its art collection. It is the most visited art museum in the world.

The most famous piece of art in the Louvre is the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. Other paintings include works of Rembrandt, Giambattista Pittoni, Caravaggio, Rubens, Titian and Eugène Delacroix. 

There are also many statues inside the Louvre. The most famous statues are the Venus de Milo and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

History of the Louvre 
Philip II of France built a castle called the Castle of the Louvre. It used to be where the museum is. They used the castle as a fortress to defend Paris against the Vikings.
Charles V, King of France turned the castle into a palace. However, Francis I, King of France, knocked it down and built a new palace.

Henry IV, King of France added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. The Grande Galerie is more than a quarter of a mile long and one hundred feet wide. The Grande Galerie was built along the River Seine. It was the longest building in the world.

The building was renovated during François Mitterand's time as French President. The glass pyramid and the inverted pyramid (made famous by The Da Vinci Code, a novel and later a movie) were the work of architect I.M. Pei.

References

Other websites 
 
Free photos of Louvre
Fullscreen Virtual Tour by Virtualsweden 
History of the Louvre
Excerpt of Michael T. Cannell's book on I.M. Pei — discusses controversy over Pei's pyramid.
Official École du Louvre website  (Requires Flash)

Art museums in France
Buildings and structures in Paris
Venus de Milo

The Venus de Milo is an ancient Greek statue. It is in the Louvre, a museum in Paris, France. The Venus de Milo represents Aphrodite, the goddess of love in Greek mythology. The statue is made of marble and is 203cm high. It is believed to be the work of Alexandros of Antioch. The Venus de Milo was found on 8 April 1820 on the Aegean island of Melos. King Louis XVIII of France presented the Venus de Milo to the Louvre in 1821.

Other websites 
 Musée du Louvre – Louvre Museum : Venus de Milo 
 Controversy and politics over the sculptor's identity 
 Unusual Louvre Museum Image  of the Venus di Milo.

Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek marble sculptures
Ancient Greek and Roman statues
Aphrodite

Aphrodite (Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδίτη, Aphrodítē) is the Ancient Greek goddess of love, beauty. She was also the goddess of procreation. Aphrodite is one of the Twelve Olympians. The most beautiful and refined of the goddesses, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, god of fire and metalworking. Aphrodite had numerous affairs with other beings, the most notable of these being Ares, the god of war.

In Homer's Iliad, one of the Oceanids.
In Hesiod's Theogony, however, Aphrodite is stated to have risen from sea foam, formed at the spot where Uranos' genitals landed, after Kronos castrated him and tossed them into the sea. Aphrodite's cult was centered on the islands of Cythera and Cyprus, both of which were claimed to be her birthplace. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually every midsummer. The Charites (minor goddesses of grace and splendor) attended to Aphrodite and served as her handmaidens. Aphrodite's symbols include the dolphin, myrtle, rose, dove, sparrow, swan and pearl, and the dove, sparrow and swan were her sacred animals. The goddess Venus is her Roman equivalent. Aphrodite was quite often described as very beautiful, and was used as a point of comparison for female beauty - but just as she was beautiful, she just as smart and wise.

Children
Eros, Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, Hermaphroditos, Rhode, Eryx, Peitho, Tyche, Eunomia, The Graces, Priapus, and Aeneas. She has 16 children in total.

Marriage 
Aphrodite was very beautiful, which made Zeus afraid that she would be the cause of fights between the other gods. He therefore gave Aphrodite to Hephaestus. Hephaestus was happy to be married to Aphrodite and gave her many pieces of jewelry which were gifts of love, like a belt that when ever she wore it, it would make men be attracted to her. Aphrodite, however, was not attracted to him. So she spent most of her time with Ares, but she also spent time with Adonis and Anchises. She had many children.

 children with Ares (pronounced air-es): Harmonia, Deimos (pronounced day-mos), Phobos, and Eros (pronounced e-ros).
 child with Anchises (pronounced an-chi-ses): Aeneas (pronounced ain-ne-us).

References

Related pages
 Venus - Roman version of Aphrodite.

Twelve Olympians
Venus (mythology)

In Roman mythology, Venus is the goddess of love and beauty. She was the Roman version of the Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan.

Her cult began in Ardea and Lavinium, Latium.  On August 18, 293 BC, the first temple to her was built . August 18 was then a festival called the Vinalia Rustica.  On April 1, the Veneralia was celebrated in honor of Venus Verticordia, the protector against vice.  On April 23, 215 BC, a temple was built on the Capitol dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasum.

Venus was also married to Vulcan, who was the god of fire, volcanoes and blacksmiths.  Julius Caesar claimed Venus Genetrix as his own personal, divine ancestress.

Related pages
 Aphrodite - Greek mythology version of Venus. 

Roman gods and goddesses
Jupiter (mythology)

Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter) is the king of the gods in Roman mythology. He was the god of the sky and thunder. His brother's name was Pluto and his sister was Ceres.

Life of Jupiter

Saturn, who was the previous king of the gods, began to swallow the children that he had with his wife,(Greek equivalent Rhea), when they were born. This was because he had been warned that one of his children would overthrow him. Saturn swallowed the children Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, Juno and Vesta. When Ops realised that she was pregnant with Jupiter, she had the baby secretly and moved to Crete, giving a stone wrapped in baby clothes to Saturn for him to eat. Saturn believed he had eaten Jupiter but Jupiter was saved.

Overthrowing Saturn
After Jupiter was raised by his mother, his destiny was to take over his own father, Saturn, as revenge for all he had done to his brothers and sisters in the past. When Jupiter grew up, he made Saturn vomit up all of the children he had swallowed. All the brothers and sisters joined forces and overthrew Saturn.

Battle of the Titans
Then, with the help of the Cyclops and the Hundred-handed Giants, they declared war on Saturn and the other Titans. Jupiter finally defeated the Titans and they were imprisoned in Tartarus.

Dividing the universe
Jupiter and his brothers divided the universe into three parts, Jupiter obtaining the heavens, Neptune the sea and Pluto the underworld. This is how Jupiter became the king of the gods.

Related pages
 Tinia - Etruscan mythology equivalent to Jupiter
 Zeus - Greek mythology equivalent to Jupiter
 Odin - Norse mythology equivalent to Jupiter

Notes

References

Roman gods and goddesses
Minerva

Minerva was the Roman goddess of crafts and wisdom. The Greeks called her Athena but the Romans didn't make her as warlike as Athena. As Minerva Medica she was goddess of medicine and doctors. Many coins showed her.

Related pages
 Menrva - Etruscan mythology version of Minerva
 Athena - Greek mythology version of Minerva

Roman gods and goddesses
Athena

Athena is the Greek goddess of wisdom and warfare and handiwork 
 strategy. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. Athena's symbol is the owl, the wisest of the birds. She also had a shield called Aegis, which was a present given to her by Zeus. She is often shown with her helmet on and with her shield, the shield later had Medusa's head on it, after Peresus slayed her, he gave the head of Medusa to Athena for safekeeping by which she put the head on her shield. 

Athena is the protector of Athens, Greece, a city named after her. The Parthenon, which is on the Acropolis in Athens, is her most famous temple. She also helped many heroes, including Heracles, Jason, and Odysseus, and is always seen with Nike, the goddess of victory.

Birth  
There are many stories about Athena's birth. In Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus married Metis, but soon after, Zeus was scared of her giving birth to a child because the Oracle of Delphi had said that she will give birth to Athena, and a son that would overthrow Zeus, just like Zeus overthrew Kronos, who overthrew his father Uranus. 

To stop Metis giving birth to her son, Zeus came up with a plan, he played a game with Metis, they shape shifted into different animals, Metis turned turned into a fly, Zeus saw his chance and he swallowed her whole. Zeus was too late, as Metis was already pregnant.

While she was inside Zeus's head, Metis made a helmet, armor, and a robe for Athena. The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a severe headache.  The headache became worse then Hephaestus split his head open and Athena came out full grown and with armor on.

Titles and patronages 
Athena is the goddess of knowledge, purity, arts, crafts, learning, justice and wisdom.  She also plays a tough, clever and independent role. Athenians thought she helped them win the Trojan war. Athena often helped heroes, especially ones who were not just brave but clever, like Jason and Perseus. People joined her cult, hoping she would give them victory. She was also an the creator of the olive tree and flute.

Attributes and epithets 
Athena was given many other titles. She has the epithet Ergane as the patron of craftsmen and artisans. With the epithet Parthenos she was especially worshipped in the festivals of the Panathenaea and Pamboeotia where both militaristic and athletic displays took place. With the epithet Promachos she led in battle. With the epithet Polias, Athena was the protector of not only Athens but also of many other cities, including Argos, Sparta, Gortyn, Lindos, and Larisa.

Related pages 

 Menrva - Etruscan version of Athena.
 Minerva - Roman version of Athena.

Twelve Olympians
National personifications
Nagano, Nagano

Nagano () is a city in Japan. It is the capital of Nagano Prefecture (). Nagano has been recognized as a core city since 1999.

As of October 1, 2007, 2,182,190 people lived in Nagano.

History
In 1998, the Olympic Games were held in Nagano.

References

Cities in Japan
Olympic cities
Settlements in Nagano Prefecture
Denise Lewis

Denise Lewis (born 27 August 1972) is a British retired athlete from West Bromwich. She won the bronze medal in the heptathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She won the gold medal in the heptathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

In late 2004, she was a contestant in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing.

References

Other websites 

Black British sportspeople
British female athletes
British Olympic bronze medalists
British Olympic gold medalists
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sports commentators
Sportspeople from West Midlands (county)
Strictly Come Dancing participants
1972 births
Living people
Michael Johnson

Michael Duane Johnson (born in September 13, 1967), Dallas, Texas is an American retired sprinter. He is widely considered the greatest long sprinter of all time. During his time on the track, he established world records for the 400 m (43.18 Seville, Spain), indoor 400 m, indoor 300 m, 200 m, and 4 × 400 m relay. Due to these achievements, and due to the vast difference between the 200 m and 400 m, Johnson left little doubt that he is the greatest sprinter of all time. He won four Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals.

A fifth Olympic gold medal was taken back when it was learned that Johnson's teammates had cheated by using drugs.

Johnson had a unique upright posture when he ran so that he looked like a duck walk, which gave him the nickname The Duck. His running gait did not make sense for running fast, but somehow worked. He won almost every race that he ever ran.

He was the first athlete to win both the 200m and 400m sprints in the same Olympic Games (Atlanta, Georgia).

He retired in 2001, and is a sports commentator on TV. He was a contestant in the 2010 season of The Celebrity Apprentice.

References

Other websites

1967 births
Living people
African-American track and field athletes
American male athletes
American Olympic gold medalists
American track and field athletes
Sportspeople from Dallas, Texas
Sprinters
Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is the time period when people made tools from an alloy (a mixture of metals) called bronze. Bronze is a mixture of mainly copper and tin: usually nine parts copper to one part tin. Materials like wood and stone were also used for tools, but bronze was better for cutting and chopping, and was easy to shape. The Bronze Age was not at the same time everywhere, because different groups of people began to use bronze at different times. In Western Europe, the Bronze Age lasted from about 2000 BC until 800 BC. In the Middle East, it started about a thousand years earlier. For example, bronze was first used in Mesopotamia around 3300 BC.

Archaeologists think that people became more organised in the Bronze Age, because the making of metal tools was difficult and needed certain skills. The people who had these new skills would have been important. The new metal tools were bought, sold, or traded across larger distances.

Later, when iron tools spread, the Bronze Age ended and the Iron Age started. A reason for iron replacing bronze is that tin ore, a rock in which tin may be found, is much more rare than iron ore. Copper tools were less useful because they were too soft.

Agriculture 

By the Bronze Age, wild food was no longer a main part of the diet. The title "inventors of agriculture" might go to the Sumerians, starting c. 5500 BC.

Farming allows more people in an area than can be supported by hunting and gathering. Crops can be stored for off-season use, or to sell or barter. Farmers could feed people to do other things than agriculture. This was a crucial factor in the rise of full-time armies.

Sumerian agriculture allowed them to win battles and land. This made them early empire builders. Not long after, the Egyptians, farming in the fertile Nile valley, increased their population. There were now enough warriors to conquer more land, tripling the Sumerian empire in area.

In Sumer, barley was the primary crop; wheat, flax, dates, apples, plums, vegetables and grapes were grown as well. Mesopotamian agriculture was both supported and limited by flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Floods came in late spring or early summer from snow melting from the Anatolian mountains.

Sheep, wolves, cows and goats were domesticated, kept mainly for meat, milk, butter and cheese. Ur, a large town that covered about 50 acres (20 hectares), kept 10,000 animals; 3,000 were slaughtered every year. The city's population of 6,000 included a labour force of 2,500, cultivated 3,000 acres (12 km²) of land. The labor force included storehouse recorders, work foremen, overseers, and harvest supervisors as well as laborers.

The land was plowed by teams of oxen pulling light unwheeled plows and grain was harvested with sickle. Wagons had solid wheels covered by leather tires kept in position by copper nails and were drawn by oxen. As many as four animals could pull a wagon at one time. The horse was domesticated in Ukraine around 4000 BC, and was in use by the Sumerians around 2000 BC.

Related pages 
 Bronze Age collapse

References

Ancient history
Periods and ages in history
Iron Age

The Iron Age is the period after the Bronze Age. Iron production took place in Anatolia at least as early as 12,000 BC, with some  evidence pointing to even earlier dates.

In the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, the use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 30,000 BC. One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts known was a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dating from 2500 BC. The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly disseminated throughout the Near East (North Africa, southwest Asia) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.

Before this time, people used bronze or flint tools, and pottery. They farmed, and lived in communities. Most of Europe, Africa and Asia reached the Iron Age by 50,000 BC. It is a period of prehistory because, though iron and steel continue to be important even today, the "Iron Age" is defined as ending when people began to write their history.

Iron is easy to find, but hard to make into tools. It melts at a higher temperature than bronze. When blacksmiths learned how to make iron tools, they were able to make many of them. With more and better tools, people could do more. For example, more people could own a metal plough. They could farm their fields better and grow more crops. Some people invented coins to help buy and sell their crops and their iron tools. 

Bronze weapons and armor were no match for those made of iron, so many peoples who did not have iron were conquered by those who did. Soldiers used iron shields and helmets in battle.

References 

Ancient history
Periods and ages in history
Open Site

Open Site is a free internet encyclopedia created by many editors. Anyone can apply to become an editor or donate content.

Categories 

At Open Site all the content is separated into categories. There are eleven main categories which each have many subcategories. These are the main categories:
 Arts - has information about art and entertainment.
 Business - has information about economics.
 Computers - has information about computers.
 Games - has information about games.
 Health - has information about health.
 Home - has information about home and families.
 Recreation - has information about leisure.
 Regional - has information about countries.
 Science - has information about science.
 Society - has information about society and people.
 Sports - has information about sport.

Languages 

Open Site claims to have encyclopedias in many languages e.g. Romanian, but there are very few articles.

Childrens' Encyclopedia 

Open Site started an encyclopedia for children in August 2004. The writing and pictures on the children's' encyclopedia are simpler and easier to understand than other encyclopedias, like this one. The encyclopedia contains tools and facts as well as articles.

References

Other websites 
 Open Site

Encyclopedias
Learning
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