cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark

Mary Donaldson, Crown Princess of Denmark (5 February 1972) was born in Hobart, Tasmania. She is the youngest daughter of John Dalgleish Donaldson, a professor of applied mathematics, and Henrietta Clark Donaldson. Her parents were Scots. She has two sisters and one brother. She graduated from University of Tasmania in 1994 with a bachelor's degree in Commerce and Law.

On May 14, 2004, Princess Mary and Prince Frederik of Denmark were married in Copenhagen Cathedral. They have four children: HRH Prince Christian, HRH Princess Isabella, HRH Prince Vincent and HRH Princess Josephine. The Crown Prince Couple live both in Frederik VIII’s Palace at Amalienborg and in the Chancellery House at Fredensborg Palace.

References

1972 births
Living people
Danish royalty
People from Hobart
Princes and princesses
Choice

A choice is the act of choosing. It is the selection of an optional act, in other words, it has to be an act which allows us a choice. A choice is a decision between alternatives.

We all make choices everyday, from what we are going to have for breakfast to whether we drive or walk to work. 

The field of economics examines how people make choices about how to use scarce resources and goods, such as their money or free time. Some ways of thinking such as existentialism argue that people's choices and decisions are very important.

Social sciences
Causality
Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a denomination within the Christian religion.

The namesake who led the Lutherans in their protest against the Roman Catholic Church was Martin Luther. He began this protest against the Catholic Church in the 14th century. Luther was a German priest, theologian, and university professor in Wittenberg. He worked to improve the theology and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, primarily indulgences and abuses of power by the Bishop of Rome. This overall movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.

Lutheranism started when Martin Luther and his followers were excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. Luther’s ideas helped begin the Protestant Reformation. Other reformation leaders who separated from the Roman Catholic Church agreed with Luther on some things, but criticized him for not separating himself far enough from Roman Catholic doctrine (see John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli).

Lutherans believe the Bible is the first and only authoritative source for Christian faith and teaching. Like other Christians, they believe in the Trinity, that Jesus Christ was both God and man, that all humans are sinful since Adam and Eve (see original sin), and that humans are saved by Jesus' death on the cross. Lutherans believe that the central idea to all of their beliefs is that humans are saved by grace alone through faith alone because of Jesus Christ alone (see Justification (theology)). The main points of Lutheran theology were summed up in 1530 by Philip Melanchthon in the writing called The Augsburg Confession.

Similarities with the Roman Catholic faith include (but are not limited to) liturgy, doctrine of the real presence of the Eucharist, baptism, and Original Sin. Unlike Roman Catholicism, Lutheran pastors and bishops are allowed to marry, do not pray for intercession with the saints (including Mary), reject the authority (and infallibility) of the Pope or Magisterium, and more.

Major American denominations include the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA), the Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod (LCMS), and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), and the North American Lutheran Conference (NALC).

References 

Protestantism in Germany
 
Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
Plow

A plow or plough is a simple machine used in farming. A plow is pulled across the ground by a human or animal. When pulled across the ground, the plow lifts up dirt and makes two lines of dirt behind it. The dirt lifted by the plow is more loose than before. Ground that has been plowed is a good place for a farmer to grow food.

History 

Early in the agricultural revolution, simple hand-held digging sticks or hoes would have been used in areas with good soil, such as the area near the Nile River in Africa. At the Nile, the annual flood makes the soil better by rejuvenating it, to create places where seeds could be planted. To help crops grow in areas where floods were rare, the soil had to be rejuvenated in a different way. This is when plowing was first used, and hoes were the first plows.

Basic English 850 words
Agricultural machinery
Farming tools
Madeline

Madeline is a popular children's book series. It was written by American author Ludwig Bemelmans. The first book in the series, Madeline, was published in 1939. The book was very successful. In the 1940s and 1950s, Bemelmans wrote many more sequels to the original. Bemelman’s grandson, John Bemelmans-Mariano, writes the series of books to this day. There are 16 Madeline books. The books were later made into a television series and a movie.

In two straight lines...
The books and the television show describe the adventures of  Madeline's life in the late 1940s in France.  Madeline is the smallest and youngest girl at her school. She is also the liveliest and the most popular. Madeline is not afraid of anything. She laughs at tigers in the zoo and taunts bullies. She even runs away to join a circus. She is also a very kind friend to the rest of the children at her school, and never loses her smile. Madeline attends a convent school in the heart of France with eleven other students. They leave the house at half past nine every morning in rain or shine. Miss Clavel is their teacher and a nun. The girls of her school mean more to her than anything. Miss Clavel is worried about Madeline because she is an orphan and has no family.

Although Madeline is set in France, with French accents, it is very popular all over the world, especially in the United States and in the Philippines, where a Filipino version was aired in the TV station ABS-CBN. Madeline has many internet pages including an official website and fan club.

Other websites 
 Official Madeline website
 
 
 

Series of books
Children's books
1939 books

es:Madeline
Apartment

An apartment (US English) or flat (British English) is a place to live that is only part of a larger building. Usually it is a group of rooms on one floor of a highrise building in a city, where land is too expensive for people to have separate houses. An apartment that people own is called a condominium or "condo". A proper apartment has an owner called a landlord who charges money ("rent money" or "rent") from the people who live there ("tenants").

An apartment building or block of flats may have a few or many apartments. Each apartment is a separate room or set of rooms for people to live in. Sometimes an apartment will only be one small room, and tenants will have to share other rooms like the bathroom and kitchen. Other times, tenants will only share an entrance hallway with different doors leading to each apartment. This shared area is often cared for by a janitor or caretaker.

An apartment complex or housing estate is a group of apartment buildings. In an apartment complex, all of the apartment buildings are usually made in a similar way.

In many apartments, the tenants only pay the landlord for renting the apartment, and they have to pay other people to provide utilities like electricity and heat. In some apartments, especially the ones in apartment complexes, the tenants will have to pay more to rent the apartment, but in return the landlord will give them things like utilities, laundry rooms (where people wash their clothing), exercise rooms, and parking spaces for bicycles, motorcycles, and cars.

Apartment buildings are more common in cities than single apartments or houses, because there is less room in a city to fit buildings. Building a house for one family in a dense city would cost an enormous amount of money compared to building a house outside of a city.

Kinds of apartments

In a studio apartment, there is a single large room instead of separate rooms for the living room, bedroom, and other areas. Usually the bathroom is a separate room.

A garden apartment building is usually no more than three stories high and grouped around a courtyard. Sometimes a garden apartment has its own building entrance and a one car garage underneath it.

Accommodations
Gilmore Girls

Gilmore Girls is an American television series. It is about a single mother Lorelai Victoria Gilmore (Lauren Graham) and her teenage daughter Lorelai “Rory” Leigh Gilmore (Alexis Bledel). They live together in a fictional small town called Stars Hollow, Connecticut. The show aired on television from October 5, 2000 until May 15, 2007. Gilmore Girls was created by Amy Sherman-Palladino. She also acted as the executive producer during the first six series with her husband Daniel Palladino. The show first aired on The WB network and moved to the CW network when the WB merged with UPN.

Gilmore Girls episodes are an hour long. It has very witty storylines that explored family, generational divides, love, and friendship. It has the makings of a comedy because of the fast paced dialogue, the wild references and sense of humour that was in the program. Gilmore Girls is set in Stars Hollow, a fictional town where everyone knew each other and many strange types of people walked the streets.

Characters

Other websites 
 Official Site 
 
 Episode reviews and comments  from TelevisionWithoutPity.com

2000 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American drama television series
American teen drama television series
Connecticut
Television series about families
Television series set in Connecticut
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
Daniel Radcliffe

Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989) is a British actor. He is most famous for playing Harry in the movies based on J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter books.

Career
Radcliffe started acting in school plays when he was in primary school. When he was ten years old, he played the part of the young David Copperfield in the TV show David Copperfield. 

In 2001, he played Mark Pendel in the movie Tailor of Panama. Later that year, he was chosen to play Harry Potter in the movie Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (called Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in the United States). He has also played Harry in the other Harry Potter movies.

Filmography
 2001: The Tailor of Panama
 2001: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
 2002: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
 2004: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
 2005: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 2007: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
 2007: December Boys
 2009: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
 2010: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part I
 2011: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II
 2012: The Woman in Black
 2013: Kill Your Darlings
 2013: Horns

References

Other websites
 
 DanRadcliffe.co.uk 
 DanRadcliffe.com 
 Daniel Radcliffe interview for Order of the Phoenix at TheCinemaSource.com

British atheists
British child actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
1989 births
Living people
Disinfectant

Disinfectant is a liquid used to destroy and kill unwanted germs and parasites. It is often used in the activity of cleaning, especially in bathrooms and kitchens, as they are the areas most likely to be contaminated with dangerous microorganisms.  Disinfectants are dangerous liquids and should be used carefully because they can be deadly to humans and animals when in large amounts; it is also different to antiseptics for this reason - disinfectants can only be used on non-living things, while antiseptics are not strong enough to combat the germs disinfectant fights. 

Types of Disinfectant
Disinfectant types are classified based on various types of applications. 
Different disinfectants are used differently. 

Four types of disinfectant:
 Air Disinfectant – These types of disinfectants are applicable in hospitals.
 Phenols – These are household types of disinfectants.
 Alcohol – These are surface disinfection type.
 Oxidizing Agents – These are water treatment types of disinfectants.  

Healthy lifestyle
Floor

A floor is a horizontal surface inside a building. People walk on a floor. A floor can be made of many different materials, including concrete, tiling, or wooden floorboards. People often put carpets on a floor. 

The word "floor" can also mean the level in a building. Another word for this is "storey".

The way these levels are numbered may be different in different countries. In Britain and most of Europe, the ground level floors are called the "ground floor", the next level is called the "first floor". In most of the United States, Russia and China, the floor at ground level is called the "first floor", the next level is called the "second floor". This can be confusing for people visiting other countries.

Gymnasts also perform an event on floor. The women perform a routine to music, and the men perform a routine without music.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Ateneo de Manila University

The Ateneo de Manila University (also called "Ateneo de Manila" or simply "the Ateneo") is a private university run by the Society of Jesus in the Philippines. Its main campus is at Loyola Heights in Quezon City, Metro Manila. It offers elementary, secondary, undergraduate, and graduate level education. It teaches many things, for example Arts, Humanities, Business, Law, Social Sciences, Theology, and Pure and Applied Sciences.

Institution 
The Ateneo de Manila University has three campuses in Metro Manila. Several thousand teachers teach students of different ages, from elementary to postgraduate. The Loyola Schools have around 7,500 undergraduate students and around 3,000 graduate students, making the Ateneo small, in number of students, compared to many other Philippine universities.

The University began in 1859 when the City of Manila turned over the Escuela Municipal, a public primary school in Intramuros, to Spanish Jesuits. The school took the name Ateneo when it began teaching secondary education in 1865, and it has since grown into a university.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines
Jerry Seinfeld

Jerry Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954) is an American comedian and actor.

Seinfeld is known by many people for his television show, Seinfeld, which he created, wrote and acted in. The show won many awards. These included the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards.

Seinfeld wrote the movie Bee Movie. He was the voice of Barry B. Benson.

Seinfeld was born in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. His father, Kalmen Seinfeld (1918–1985), was of Austrian Jewish background. His mother, Betty (1915- ), is of Syrian Jewish descent.

Work

Film

Television

Stand-up home video appeareances

Video games

Discography 
Comedy specials

Directing

Bibliography 
SeinLanguage (1993)
Halloween (2002)
Is This Anything? (2020)

Writing credits for Seinfeld

The list below only includes episodes mainly written by Seinfeld, as he (and Larry David in Seasons 1 through 7) rewrote the drafts for each episode.

References

1954 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Seinfeld
Cyanide

Cyanides are chemicals that contain the cyano-group C≡N. Organic compounds that contain the CN group are called nitriles. In that group a carbon atom has three chemical bonds to a nitrogen atom. The group is present in many substances. Those substances that can release the compound CN are highly poisonous.

Certain bacteria, fungi and algae are able to produce cyanides. Cyanides are also found in certain foods or plants, such as cassava. The cyanides serve as a defense against being eaten by herbivores. 

In popular culture, cyanides are said to be highly toxic. There are some cyanides that  are, but others that are not. Prussian blue, a cyanide compound, is given as a treatment to poisoning with thallium and caesium, for example.

The poisons referred to are usually hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the chemicals which are similar to it, like potassium cyanide (KCN), and sodium cyanide (NaCN). They are derivatives of hydrogen cyanide. The single most hazardous compound is hydrogen cyanide, which is a gas and kills by inhalation.

Antidote 
Hydroxocobalamin reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This antidote kit is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006.

References 

Chemical compounds
Poisons
Kindergarten

Kindergarten, literally meaning "children's garden", is the first stage in the move from home to formal education. Children learn through play. In most countries kindergarten is part of the pre-school system. In North America and some parts of Australia kindergarten is the first year of school. Kindergarten children are usually between three and seven years of age. Kindergarten ages vary from country to country. In Malaysia, for example, kindergarten children are six and when they are seven years old they go to primary school.

The name kindergarten was coined by Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852). His work influenced early-years education around the world. 

Sometimes, children go to pre-kindergarten for a year, before they go to kindergarten. Pre-kindergarten is more common in United States, Canada, and Turkey than other countries.

Education
Elbląg

Elblag ( ) is a city in northern Poland on the eastern edge of the Żuławy region with 124,257 inhabitants (December 31, 2011). Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province and in Poland.

Geometry
Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east of Gdańsk and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city is a port on the river Elbląg, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km (6 mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is located on the river Elbląg connecting Lake Drużno to the Vistula Lagoon, about 10 km (6 mi) from the lagoon and 60 km (37 mi) from Gdańsk.

Famous people who live there
 Hans von Bodeck (1582–1658), diplomat and Chancellor of Brandenburg
 John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), educator
 Ursula Karusseit (1939– ), actress

Cities in Poland
Balaton

Balaton is the largest lake in Hungary and in Central Europe. Every year many tourists come to Balaton from Germany. There are many places to be visited. Balaton is a shallow lake, because its average depth is 3.2 meters and its maximum depth is 12.2 meters. The northern part of Balaton is deeper than the southern part.

The so-called capital of the Lake Balaton is Siófok. During the summer the streets are full of life, and at night there are several discos.

Images

References

Lakes of Europe
Geography of Hungary
Ceres (dwarf planet)

Ceres, also known as 1 Ceres (symbol: ), is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt.

It was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres, as the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.

With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. It was once thought to be smaller than Vesta, which is brighter.  The asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta. In 2015, Dawn became the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before NASA's New Horizons spacecraft visited Pluto, another dwarf planet.

Ceres has an unusual crater, Occator which contains bright salts.

Images

Related pages 
 Ceres
 List of planets

References 

Ceres
Ronin

Ronin (浪人) is the word used to describe a kind of samurai without a master. Hundreds of years ago in Japan, it was very important for every samurai to have a master.

It also refers to somebody who has failed their university entrance exams and is studying for the next year's exams.

Japanese culture
Coat of arms of Russia

The coat of arms of Russia (Russian: Герб России/Transkription Gerb rossi) was used since the year 1993 as coat of arms of Russia. Since the year 2000, the coat of arms was defined by court decision to the coat of arms of Russia. It is based on the coat of arms used before the Soviet Union. The coat of arms has been changed many time, but can be traced back for centuries.

Objects

Double Eagle
The double eagle was added Ivan IIII after his marriage with the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleologue. She was the niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor. The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Byzantine Empire. The orb and scepter held by the eagle are heraldic symbols of sovereign power and autocracy.

Other part
The horse's rider is Saint George fighting a dragon. The three crowns were added in 1625.  Through time, their meaning has changed. They have been seen as the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, or as the coming together of 'All the Russias' - Grand Russia (Russia), Little Russia (today's Ukraine) and White Russia (Belarus). In the modern time, they became the symbol for the three parts of government: Executive, legislative and Judiciary.

Russia
Russia
Metallica (album)

Metallica (also known informally as The Black Album) is the fifth studio album by thrash metal band Metallica. It was released in 1991 by Elektra Records. It debuted at #1 in the Billboard 200, making Metallica the band's first album to do so. Currently, Metallica has sold over 15 million copies in the United States alone. It is the band's most successful album.

The album was hard for the band to make. Ulrich, Hammett and Newsted got divorces with their wives because of the stress.

Six singles were released from the album: "Enter Sandman", "The Unforgiven", "Nothing Else Matters", "Wherever I May Roam", "Sad but True", and "Don't Tread on Me". "Enter Sandman" was the best-selling. It won Best Metal Video at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.

The album won a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992.

In 2012 Metallica played the whole album in their 2012 European Black Album Tour from the end to the start.

Track listing 
 "Enter Sandman" - 5:29
 "Sad But True" - 5:24
 "Holier Than Thou" - 3:47
 "The Unforgiven" - 6:26
 "Wherever I May Roam" - 6:42
 "Don't Tread On Me" - 3:59
 "Through the Never" - 4:01
 "Nothing Else Matters" - 6:29
 "Of Wolf And Man" - 4:16
 "The God That Failed" - 5:05
 "My Friend of Misery" - 6:47
 "The Struggle Within" - 3:51

Metallica albums
1991 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Rainbow trout

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of fish. It is farmed in some places. Like species of trout, the rainbow trout is related to salmon. The rainbow trout is one of many different kinds of trout. It is called a rainbow trout because its scales are colorful and shiny.

Other websites

Map showing endangered species status of West Coast steelhead 

Teleosts
Edible fish
Goku

Goku is a major character in the manga and anime Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama. He is a Saiyan who likes having a great challenge towards enemies.

Appearances 
Goku is the main protagonist of the dragon Ball franchise. He starts off as young boy and meets a teenage girl named Bulma.

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Flowers for Algernon

Flowers for Algernon is a book written by Daniel Keyes in 1960.

The main character of the book is Charlie Gordon, an unintelligent but lovable person. Charlie is used in part of a new experiment to triple his IQ.  He becomes intelligent, and learns to read and enjoy the world around him better.  But later, people stop liking him as much because he makes them feel bad.  He learns that it is more important to be a good person than a smart person. He frequents a class for feeble minded folks taught by a teacher named Miss Kinnian. While Charlie's IQ grows so does his love for her. He finds himself in a state of depression, unhappy and unsatisfied with his new artificial IQ.

The title of the book comes from a mouse in the story named Algernon who also has the experiment done on him.

Flowers for Algernon is on many schools' lists of books that students must read.

References 

1960 books
Fiction books
20th-century American novels
Science fiction
Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in which they decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between the two of them, no matter who was already living there. Pope Alexander VI, who was Spanish, was the Pope at the time of the treaty. The Pope drew an imaginary line on a map 2,193 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile were the rulers of Spain at the time and together they signed this treaty in Tordesillas, Spain, which is how the treaty got its name. This also changed Spanish and Portuguese exploration of the New World, which in part explains why the Portuguese-speaking part of South America became one country called Brazil and the Spanish-speaking colonies split up into many different independent countries including Argentina, Colombia, and many others.This treaty took place during the age of discovery and was one a very important part of it.   

This was the justification of Spain for occupying the French colony of Port St Louis established on the Falklands Islands in 1764, saying it was on their side of the world.   

Spain governed the territories West of the line and Portugal governed the territories east of the line.

After Great Britain (1600) and the Netherlands (1602) joined the Portuguese and Spanish in exploring the world at the beginning of the 17th century, the Treaty was breached and more or less 'cancelled'. By this time, Portugal's limited resources had already reduced its ability to hold its Asian colonies and trade superiority. In time, the French, Danes, Swedes and eventually the Americans joined the earlier Europeans in looking to have a presence in South and East Asia. 

15th century in Spain
History of South America
Tordesillas
1494
History of Portugal
Oder River

The Oder River (; Czech/) is a river in Central Europe. It starts in the Czech Republic and flows through Poland and Germany. It forms 187 kilometers of the border between Poland and Germany. The river is 854 kilometres long and ends in the Szczecin Lagoon in the Baltic Sea.

Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police. The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Names 
The Oder River has different names in different languages. Most of these names are very similar, or almost the same:
 English and 
 Czech, Polish, and 
 
 
These names come from the Latin language names. In Medieval Latin the river was called Od(d)era. In Renaissance Latin, which was invented in 1534, the river was called Viadrus.

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the name of the river was Vjodr.

Geography 
The Oder is 854 km long. 112 km pass through the Czech Republic. 742 km pass through Poland. 187 km make up part of the border between Germany and Poland.

The Oder is the second-longest river in Poland. (The Vistula is the longest river.)

It begins in a watershed in the Oder Mountains that is 118,861 km². This basin is mostly in Poland, but a little bit is in the Czech Republic and Germany. The river runs through five voivodeships in Poland, and two states in Germany.

The river ends in the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. Here the Oder splits into three other rivers: the Dziwna River, the Świna River, and the Peene River. These three rivers start in Szczecin Lagoon and end Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.

The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław in Lower Silesia, Poland.

Cities 

The Oder passes through 28 major cities and towns. These are:
 Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Kostrzyn – Cedynia  – Schwedt – Vierraden – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police

After the river splits, the Dziwna River branch passes through 3 towns:
 Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów

The Świna River branch passes through:
 Świnoujście

The Peene River branch passes through:
 Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast

These towns sit on the Szczecin Lagoon:
 Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde

Related pages

 Oder-Neisse line

References 

Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Poland
Lecture

A lecture is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting.  It is like a lesson.  At college or university students go to lectures to learn things.  The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the lecturer.  The lecturer may accept questions from the audience.

Sometimes we say that someone was "given a lecture".  This means that he was told off for doing something wrong.

Learning
Clara Schumann

Clara Schumann (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann. She was a famous pianist and composer.

Clara was born Clara Wieck. Her father taught her the piano. She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.

She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university. Robert Schumann’s family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician. He took piano lessons from Clara’s father, Friedrich Wieck.

Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition. By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.

Clara’s father did not want them to marry. He did everything he could to stop the marriage. For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.they married by court permission

They had a happy marriage and had eight children. Clara played her husband’s piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano). She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing. Life was not always easy. When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him. Robert often had depression. They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.

Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum. Clara was left with seven small children to bring up. Nevertheless, she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert’s piano works. She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.

Clara’s own compositions are all from her early years. She was a very gifted composer. In those days people thought that women should not be composers. Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer. Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband’s music.

Clara’s compositions include more than 20 piano works, a piano concerto, some chamber music and several songs.

German composers
Romantic composers
Women composers
German pianists
1819 births
1896 deaths
Four Noble Truths

The Four Noble Truths are a Buddhist teaching. They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.

The Four Noble Truths

The First Noble Truth

The first noble truth is called Dukkha, which means suffering. It says that life is full of suffering. To say it a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death. People can not keep what they want. People can not avoid what they do not want. If that is all a person learns, they suffer.

The Second Noble Truth

The second noble truth is Samudaya, which says that there is a reason for the suffering in the world. It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things. It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real. They do this because they are ignorant. People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real. Those evil actions lead to suffering.

The Third Noble Truth

The third noble truth is Nirodha. It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.

The Fourth Noble Truth

The fourth noble truth is called Magga. It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules. The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.

The Eightfold Path
See main article: Noble Eightfold Path

The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way. A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path. The eight parts are these:

Right Vision. A person should try to see things the way they really are.
Right Values. A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
Right Speech. A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
Right Actions. A person should try to do good things. If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
Right Livelihood. A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
Right Effort. A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
Right Mindfulness. A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
Right Meditation. A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.

Other websites
The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide

The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths

Buddhist terminology
Anna Politkovskaya

Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist. Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper Novaya Gazeta. She was born in the New York City, United States. Her parents were diplomats and her mother was Ukrainian. Her birth name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa (Russian:Анна Степановна Мазепа).

Journalism 
She was best known for her thoughts about the war in Chechnya, a Russian state. She was also against the leader of Russia, president Vladimir Putin. Many of her texts asked for human rights.

In 2002 Politkovskaya won the Courage in Journalism Award.

In 2007 her set of memoirs A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia was published in English.

Death 
On 7 October 2006, she was shot dead at her house in Moscow. It is possible she was murdered for political reasons. Some Western countries have asked for a thorough investigation of her death. They see it as an attempt to end opposition to the current Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia. The Noyava Gazeta has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.

Related pages
American people of Ukrainian descent
Boris Berezovsky

References 

1958 births
2006 deaths
Activists
Russian journalists
Murders by firearm in Russia
Russian murder victims
Russian writers
Unsolved murders
Writers from New York City
Bengali language

Bengali is the most eastern Indo-Aryan language from South Asia. It developed from a language called Pali. 

Bengali is spoken in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura. 

There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh.

Almost all of the people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous books and poems are written in Bengali. Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali. Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were written in this language.

References 

Indo-Aryan languages
Peso

The peso is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines. Originating in Spain, the word peso translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines).

The silver peso worth eight reales was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries.

Countries that use pesos

Current

Former

Relared pages 
 Thaler

Currency
Pauline Fowler

Pauline Fowler was a character in EastEnders. She was played by English actress Wendy Richard (1943-2009).

In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square. She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin. Mark died in 2004 of AIDS.

She was married to a man called Joe Macer in 2006, and she also had three grandchildren called Vicki, Mark and Rebecca and a dog called Betty.

When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale. She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who was the father of her children. He died in 1996.

Pauline's father Albert and mother Lou Beale are both dead. She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie. Pete and Ronnie are both dead.

Pauline worked at a launderette with her best friend Dot Branning.

Pauline was in the show since it started in 1985 until her death at Christmas 2006.

EastEnders characters
Will Young

Will Young (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor. He was born in Berkshire.

He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, Pop Idol. Since then, he has had a successful music career.

Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He acted in the film Mrs. Henderson Presents.

He is openly gay.

Discography 

Albums
From Now On
Friday's Child
Keep On

Singles

"Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
"Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Official Myspace
 Will Young interview at musicOMH.com 
 

Actors from Berkshire
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
Musicians from Berkshire
1979 births
Living people
Nightshade

The nightshades (Solanaceae) are a family of flowering plants. 

Many members of the family contain strong alkaloids, and some are very toxic. Well-known members of this family are chili peppers, petunias, deadly nightshade, mandrakes, potatoes, tomatoes, aubergines (eggplants) and tobacco.

Because it is thought that nightshades can cause or increase swelling and pain, many people do not eat them. The poisons in the plants are defence against animals that might eat them.

 
Plant families
Solanaceae
Chessmaster

Chessmaster is a series of chess-playing computer games. It is made by Ubisoft. It is the best-selling chess franchise in history, with more than five million games sold . The first version of the game, Chessmaster 2000, was released in 1986. This first version and the next one, Chessmaster 2100, were produced by the now-defunct Software Toolworks company.

The Chessmaster chess engine is called "The King". It is written by Johan de Koning of the Netherlands. It was introduced in Chessmaster 4000. Earlier releases had a chess engine written by David Kittinger. One version of the game, Chessmaster 9000, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known American chess grandmaster and former multiple U.S. champion.

Timeline
1986-88: The Chessmaster series started with Chessmaster 2000 by The Software Toolworks. It was published for Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Macintosh and DOS on a 3.5 disk in February of 1988. 
1988: Chessmaster 2100 was published for the Apple IIGS.
1989: Chessmaster 2100 was published for DOS.
1990: The Chessmaster was published for the NES.
1991: The Chessmaster was published for the SNES.
1991: Chessmaster 3000 was published for DOS, Windows 3.x.
1993: Chessmaster 4000 Turbo was published for Windows 3.x.
1995: Chessmaster 4000 was published for Windows 95.
1995: Chessmaster 3D for PlayStation had the Chessmaster 4000 engine.
1996: Chessmaster 5000 was published for Windows 95.
1997: Chessmaster 5500 was published for Windows 95.
1998: Chessmaster 6000 was published for Windows 95 and Windows 98.
1999: Chessmaster 7000 was published for Windows 98 and Chessmaster II was published for PlayStation.
2000: Chessmaster 8000 was published for Windows 98.
2002: Chessmaster 9000 was published for Windows 98/ME/XP
2004: Chessmaster 10th Edition was published for Windows XP.
2007: The current version, Chessmaster XI, was released for PC (titled Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition) and Nintendo DS (titled Chessmaster: The Art of Learning) on 30 October.

References

Other websites 
chessmaster (2000) on chessgames
Chessmaster XI website
Chessmaster 9000 at Feral Interactive

1986 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Game Boy games
Mobile games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Game Gear games
Ubisoft games
Francis of Assisi

Saint Francis of Assisi (September 26, 1181 – October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint. He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action. He was born in Assisi, Italy where a large basilica was built in his honor. 

On his feast day, October 4, many churches have a ceremony for people to bring their pets and working animals to church.

Early life
Saint Francis was born to Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant, and his wife Pica. He was originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone.  In his youth, he was first interested by French troubadours, known as wanderers who improvised songs on a stringed instrument. He later planned a career in military. When he was serving in the war between Assisi and Perugia in 1202, at the battle of Ponte Saint Giovanni,  he was captured and imprisoned for a year. 

When Francis returned to Assisi he had a religious conversion experience, including a reported message from Christ calling him to leave this worldly life.  He began taking his Christianity faith seriously.  He acted towards people as if the Gospels were his law, taking Jesus Christ as a literal example for loving one another.  He dressed in rough clothes, ask and begged for his sustenance, and preached purity and peace.  His family disapproved, and his father disinherited him, so Francis renounced his wealth and inheritance. After that Francis started visiting hospitals and caring for the sick including of leprosy. 

In 1209 Francis started to attract followers, and with a blessing from the pope, he founded the Franciscans based on a simple statement by Jesus: “Leave all and follow me”. In 1219, he went to Egypt to convert the Sultan so the conflict of the Crusades could end.

References 

1182 births
1226 deaths
Christian saints
Franciscans
Italian Roman Catholics
The Dark Side of the Moon

The Dark Side Of The Moon is an album by the band Pink Floyd. The album has sold over 45 million copies. It is believed to be one of the best-selling albums ever, behind Thriller. It is also widely considered one of the greatest albums of all time.

History 
It was released in 1973 and is their ninth album. It is one of the most famous albums of all time, frequently placing in the top five whenever a rock music authority makes a list of the greatest albums of all time.

Cover 
Its cover, which features a ray of white light going through a prism, is also one of the most famous album covers of all time. Analysts say that statistically, Dark Side Of The Moon is always playing somewhere on planet Earth. It is one of the most famous concept albums (albums where all the songs are about a central theme. Some concept albums tell a specific story), and used to be the best-selling album of all time. There is an album-pressing plant in Germany that does nothing but create copies of Dark Side Of The Moon.

Wizard of Oz

Some say that when synchronized with the movie The Wizard of Oz, there are many similarities between the two.

Sales
The Dark Side of the Moon became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It is in the top 25 of a list of best selling albums in the United States.  It held the number one spot in the US for only a week. But, it remained in the Billboard album chart for a total of 778 weeks (nearly 14 years). This is the longest any album has spent on the Billboard charts. The album came back on the Billboard charts when the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart was introduced in May 1991. It has stayed there since then.  In the UK it is the sixth-best-selling album of all time.

Track listing

References 

1973 albums
Pink Floyd albums
Concept albums
Progressive rock albums
John Curtin

John Joseph Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was Prime Minister of Australia from 1941-1945. He went to St Abrose's School. His background is Irish 

1885 births
1945 deaths
Curtin, John
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from Western Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Governor-General of Australia

The Governor-General of Australia is the representative in Australia of Australia's head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. The current Governor-General is David Hurley.

The Governor-General of Australia is a powerful person in the country. The Governor-General is leader of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Forces.

List of governors-general

Living former governors-general
 there are five living former governors-general of Australia. The most recently deceased governor-general, Michael Jeffery (2003–2005), died on 18 December 2020.

Other websites
 Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia

References

 
australia
Australia-related lists