cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Pablo Cavallero

Pablo Cavallero (born 13 April 1974) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Vélez Sársfield||rowspan="3"|Primera División||0||0
|-
|1996/97||13||0
|-
|1997/98||1||0
|-
|1998/99||Unión||Primera División||34||0

|-
|1999/00||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||26||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="4"|La Liga||21||0
|-
|2001/02||32||0
|-
|2002/03||36||0
|-
|2003/04||32||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Levante||La Liga||0||0
|-
|2005/06||Segunda División||38||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|La Liga||5||0
|-
|2007/08||0||0

|-
|2008/09||Peñarol||Primera División||15||0
14||0
190||0
15||0
219||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1996||2||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
!Total||26||0
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Diego Placente

Diego Placente (born 24 April 1977) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Argentinos Juniors||Primera División||8||0
|-
|1996/97||Primera B Nacional||26||0
|-
|1997/98||Primera División||2||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|River Plate||rowspan="4"|Primera División||30||0
|-
|1998/99||29||1
|-
|1999/00||33||2
|-
|2000/01||18||2

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||12||0
|-
|2001/02||32||1
|-
|2002/03||23||1
|-
|2003/04||27||1
|-
|2004/05||29||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Celta Vigo||Segunda División||25||0
|-
|2006/07||La Liga||34||0

|-
|2007/08||San Lorenzo Almagro||Primera División||14||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||6||0
|-
|2009/10||||
160||5
123||3
59||0
6||0
348||8
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
!Total||22||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires
Claudio Husaín

Claudio Husaín (born 20 November, 1974) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993-94||rowspan="7"|Vélez Sársfield||rowspan="7"|Primera División||20||0
|-
|1994-95||18||0
|-
|1995-96||18||0
|-
|1996-97||28||1
|-
|1997-98||29||3
|-
|1998-99||22||0
|-
|1999-00||29||0
|-
|2000-01||River Plate||Primera División||9||0

|-
|2000-01||rowspan="2"|Napoli||Serie A||20||0
|-
|2001-02||Serie B||9||0

|-
|2001-02||River Plate||Primera División||12||1

|-
|2002-03||Napoli||Serie B||11||0

|-
|2002-03||rowspan="2"|River Plate||rowspan="2"|Primera División||12||1
|-
|2003-04||12||1

|-
|2004-05||Universitario Nuevo León||Primera División||16||2

|-
|2005-06||Newell's Old Boys||Primera División||23||1
|-
|2006-07||San Lorenzo Almagro||Primera División||15||0
|-
|2006-07||rowspan="2"|Newell's Old Boys||rowspan="2"|Primera División||17||0
|-
|2007-08||7||0
271||8
30||0
16||2
317||10
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||3||1
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||14||1
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Gustavo Adrián López

Gustavo Adrián López (born 13 April, 1973) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for the Argentinian national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991-92||rowspan="5"|Independiente||rowspan="5"|Primera División||18||2
|-
|1992-93||30||4
|-
|1993-94||10||1
|-
|1994-95||7||1
|-
|1995-96||9||1

|-
|1995-96||rowspan="4"|Real Zaragoza||rowspan="4"|La Liga||18||2
|-
|1996-97||33||5
|-
|1997-98||22||1
|-
|1998-99||32||5
|-
|1999-00||rowspan="8"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="5"|La Liga||31||6
|-
|2000-01||34||5
|-
|2001-02||29||3
|-
|2002-03||33||1
|-
|2003-04||30||2
|-
|2004-05||Segunda División||33||1
|-
|2005-06||rowspan="2"|La Liga||16||2
|-
|2006-07||31||3
|-
|2007-08||Cádiz||Segunda División||33||3
74||9
375||39
449||48
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||4||2
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||8||1
|-
|2000||9||1
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||32||4
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Kily González

Kily González (born 4 August 1974) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Rosario Central||rowspan="2"|Primera División||21||2
|-
|1994/95||30||5
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="2"|Primera División||36||3
|-
|1996/97||1||0

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Real Zaragoza||rowspan="3"|La Liga||30||3
|-
|1997/98||33||6
|-
|1998/99||29||6
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Valencia||rowspan="4"|La Liga||31||2
|-
|2000/01||22||3
|-
|2001/02||26||3
|-
|2002/03||13||0

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||21||0
|-
|2004/05||14||0
|-
|2005/06||16||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Rosario Central||rowspan="3"|Primera División||31||4
|-
|2007/08||24||4
|-
|2008/09||21||2
|-
|2009/10||San Lorenzo Almagro||Primera División||||
164||20
182||23
51||0
397||43
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||10||2
|-
|2000||10||0
|-
|2001||7||2
|-
|2002||7||0
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||12||4
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
!Total||56||9
|}

References 

1974 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Marcelo Gallardo

Marcelo Gallardo (born 18 January 1976) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|River Plate||rowspan="7"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|1993/94||4||0
|-
|1994/95||23||3
|-
|1995/96||21||5
|-
|1996/97||24||4
|-
|1997/98||19||5
|-
|1998/99||14||1

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Monaco||rowspan="3"|Division 1||28||8
|-
|2000/01||26||6
|-
|2001/02||22||3
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||27||1

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="4"|River Plate||rowspan="4"|Primera División||15||4
|-
|2004/05||25||6
|-
|2005/06||23||11
|-
|2006/07||14||4

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||13||2
|-
|2007/08||9||0

|-
|2008||DC United||Major League Soccer||15||4

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|River Plate||rowspan="2"|Primera División||10||3
|-
|2009/10||||
196||46
125||20
15||4
336||70
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||11||5
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||8||5
|-
|1998||9||0
|-
|1999||4||0
|-
|2000||2||1
|-
|2001||5||2
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
!Total||44||13
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Claudio Caniggia

Claudio Caniggia (born 9 January, 1967) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1985-86||rowspan="3"|River Plate||rowspan="3"|Primera División||1||0
|-
|1986-87||24||3
|-
|1987-88||28||5

|-
|1988-89||Hellas Verona||Serie A||21||3
|-
|1989-90||rowspan="3"|Atalanta||rowspan="3"|Serie A||31||8
|-
|1990-91||23||10
|-
|1991-92||31||8
|-
|1992-93||rowspan="2"|Roma||rowspan="2"|Serie A||15||4
|-
|1993-94||0||0

|-
|1994-95||Benfica||Portuguese Liga||23||8

|-
|1995-96||rowspan="4"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="4"|Primera División||29||12
|-
|1996-97||16||10
|-
|1997-98||17||5
|-
|1998-99||12||5

|-
|1999-00||Atalanta||Serie B||17||1

|-
|2000-01||Dundee||Premier League||21||7
|-
|2001-02||rowspan="2"|Rangers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||24||4
|-
|2002-03||26||8

|-
|2003-04||Qatar||Stars League||15||5
127||40
138||34
23||8
71||19
15||5
374||106
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1987||||
|-
|1988||||
|-
|1989||7||2
|-
|1990||10||2
|-
|1991||6||3
|-
|1992||5||1
|-
|1993||2||1
|-
|1994||6||3
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
!Total||50||16
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
José Chamot

José Chamot (born 17 May, 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Rosario Central||rowspan="3"|Primera División||19||0
|-
|1989/90||29||2
|-
|1990/91||11||0

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="3"|Pisa||Serie A||20||0
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Serie B||33||1
|-
|1992/93||34||0
|-
|1993/94||Foggia||Serie A||30||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="4"|Lazio||rowspan="4"|Serie A||28||1
|-
|1995/96||32||0
|-
|1996/97||29||0
|-
|1997/98||11||0

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||33||1
|-
|1999/00||12||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Milan||rowspan="4"|Serie A||13||0
|-
|2000/01||14||0
|-
|2001/02||22||0
|-
|2002/03||2||0

|-
|2003/04||Leganés||Segunda División||1||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Rosario Central||rowspan="2"|Primera División||1||0
|-
|2005/06||3||0
63||2
268||2
46||1
377||5
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1993||2||0
|-
|1994||10||1
|-
|1995||10||1
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
!Total||43||2
|}

References 

1969 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Roberto Bonano

Roberto Bonano (born 24 January 1970) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="6"|Rosario Central||rowspan="6"|Primera División||0||0
|-
|1991/92||19||0
|-
|1992/93||38||0
|-
|1993/94||36||0
|-
|1994/95||17||0
|-
|1995/96||0||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|River Plate||rowspan="5"|Primera División||21||0
|-
|1997/98||18||0
|-
|1998/99||29||0
|-
|1999/00||36||0
|-
|2000/01||19||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||27||0
|-
|2002/03||24||0
|-
|2003/04||Real Murcia||La Liga||10||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Deportivo Alavés||Segunda División||36||0
|-
|2005/06||La Liga||7||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||14||0
|-
|2007/08||0||0
233||0
118||0
351||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
!Total||13||0
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Marcelo Bielsa

Marcelo Alberto Bielsa Caldera (, nicknamed El Loco Bielsa , meaning "Madman Bielsa"; born 21 July 1955) is a former Argentine football player. He was most recently the head coach of Leeds United FC.

Managerial statistics

Notes

References 

1955 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentine football managers
Hyakunin Isshu

is list of wakas written by 100 famous waka poets.  They are cards that have writing on them. There are 200 cards divided into two groups – 100 Yomifuda cards and 100 Torifuda cards.

Hyakunin Isshu as a game 
Hyakunin isshu is a popular game in Japan. It is played often during the New Year season. A few games are possible using these cards.

Karuta is the most popular game. A reader reads Kaminoku (the upper words) and Shimonoku (the lower words), and the players compete to see how fast they can pick the matching card. The Kaminoku is not written on the cards, so the players who memorize the Kaminoku have an advantage. The player who can get the most cards wins.

The beginning words are 5,7,5 (about 17 characters), called Kaminoku. The second part are 7,7, called Shimonoku.

Card games
Japanese railways

Japanese railways are used in Japan for mass and high-speed travel between major cities and for commuter transport in metropolian areas.

Management System of Japanese railways 
There are two types of Japanese trains:
 Japan Railways Group (Japan Railway companies)
 JR is made up of seven companies in following areas: Hokkaido, Higashi-Nihon, Tokai, Nishi-Nihon, Shikoku, Kyushu and freight
 Private railway (私鉄 Shitetsu)
 Private railway can be classified as Shitetsu for narrow gauge railways (私鉄), and Koei (公営) for public railways, such as the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Transportation.

Classification of Japanese railways by structure 

 Shinkansen（新幹線, meaning "New main line"）(width of rail track  is Standard Gauge (1,435mm); speeds of up to 300km/h)
 Zairaisen（在来線, meaning "Older railway line"） (width of rail track is usually Cape gauge (1,067mm); slower speeds)
 Subway（地下鉄）
 Tram（路面電車）
 Monorail（モノレール）
 Trolley bus（トロリーバス)
 Funicular（ケーブルカー）
 Others

History of Japanese trains
1872 - October, 14: The first Japanese train was started between Shinbashi and Yokohama.
1874 - Osaka-Kobe was opened.
1877 - Kyoto-Osaka was opened.
1880 - Temiya-Sapporo was opened.
1889 - Tōkaidō line is completed (Shinbashi-Kobe)
1927 - Subway (Ueno-Asakusa) was opened.
1964 - The Shinkansen was opened.
1975 - Tōkaidō-San'yō Shinkansen completed.
1976 - All steam locomotives were retired.
1982 - Tōhoku, Joetsu shinkansen opened.
1987 - Japan national railway was dissolved, when JR was created.

Japanese railways
Usability

Usability or User-friendly is a term meaning easy-to-use. It is used when talking about simple user interfaces.

Terminology
Electro-optic modulator

An Electro-optic modulator is an optical device. It is made of a material that has a so-called electro-optical effect. This means that the material changes its optical properties when there is an electric field. One example is then when there is no electricity, light can pass through, and when there is, it cannot, and is reflected. 

Tools
Liquid crystal

Liquid crystals are special substances that are usually liquid, but that show certain properties of a solid crystal. A liquid crystal (LC) may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be rotated in a crystal-like way. There are many different types of liquid crystal phases. Different phases are different because their optical properties are different. Using a microscope and a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phases will have different textures. This is also shown in the image. 

The contrasting areas in the texture each correspond to a domain where the LC molecules are rotated in a different direction. Within a domain, however, the molecules are well ordered. LC materials may not always be in an LC phase (just as water is not always in the liquid phase: it may also be found in the solid and gaseous phase).

Liquid crystal displays use the optical properties of liquid crystals to control light.

Physics
Thermometers
Turing complete

Turing complete is a term used in computability theory to describe abstract machines, usually called automata. Such an automaton is Turing complete, if it can be used to emulate a Turing machine. It is also called computationally universal.

Most modern programming languages are Turing-complete. There are languages that are used to classify and describe the contents of documents; for example HTML. HTML is not Turing complete, because it cannot actively change the state of the system. HTML can be combined with a technology such as JavaScript; both together can be made Turing complete. The standard regular expressions, which most programming languages use, are not Turing complete either. Most regular expression engines have been adapted to include back-references. The problem with this is that a finite automaton cannot handle back references.

Theoretical computer science
River Trent

The River Trent is one of the major rivers of England. It is the third longest river in the United Kingdom. It starts in Staffordshire. It flows through the centre of England until it joins the River Ouse to form the River Humber (estuary) which empties into the North Sea.

The name "Trent" comes from a Celtic word possibly meaning "strongly flooding". More specifically, the name may be a contraction of two Celtic words, tros ("over") and hynt ("way"). 
 
It is unusual amongst English rivers in that it flows north (for the second half of its route), and is also unusual in exhibiting a tidal bore, the "Aegir". The area drained by the river includes most of the northern Midlands.

Navigation Today
The river is legally navigable for some  below Burton upon Trent.  However for practical purposes, navigation above the southern terminus of the Trent and Mersey Canal (at Shardlow) is conducted on the canal, rather than on the river itself.

Trent Aegir
At certain times of the year, the lower tidal reaches of the Trent experience a tidal bore which can be up to five feet (1.5m) high.

References

Other websites

 Photographs along the Trent in Nottingham from Nottingham21

Rivers of England
Kirkcudbrightshire

Kirkcudbrightshire is a Scottish county on the Solway Firth in the south-west of Scotland.

Its county town is Kirkcudbright.

Kirkcudbrightshire was known by other names in the past: East Galloway because it is the eastern part of the old Kingdom of Galloway, and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, because it was once governed by a steward employed by the Lord of Galloway and not a sheriff appointed by the king. 

Kirkcudbrightshire is named after the town of Kirkcudbright, which means "Cuthbert's church".

Towns 
 Kirkcudbright, county town
Castle Douglas
Dalbeattie
Gatehouse of Fleet
Maxwelltown
Minnigaff
New Galloway
St John's Town of Dalry

Villages 
Auchencairn
Balmaclellan
Carsphairn
Carsethorn
Creetown
Crocketford
Kirkbean
Kirkgunzeon
Laurieston
New Abbey
Ringford
Springholm
Twynholm

For local government, the county is in the Dumfries and Galloway council area.
Kirkcudbright

Kirkcudbright is the county town of Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland.

Kirkcudbrightshire
Photographic filter

A photographic filter is a lens that is used in photography to filter the light. There are different kinds of filters:
Clear filters, commonly known as window glass are put in front of a lens to protect the camera lens.
UV filters are used to reduce the haziness, strong UV filters can be used for warming up certain types of color photos in the shade. They can also correct some of the purple haze on certain digital cameras
Filters are used for color correction; the main use there is to be able to use daylight-type film indoors, or indoor-type film outdoors.
Filters are used to enhance contrast. Examples for this are color filters (red, orange, green,..) in black and white photography or polarizing filters in color photography. 
Polarizing filters remove light with a certain polarity to reduce or increase glare, particularly from window reflections or water.
Neutral Density filters reduce light without changing the color.
Color filters remove light of a particular color.
There are special filters that must be used with film that is sensible to infrared light.
So called diopters or close-up lenses make the image bigger. They are a cheaper way to do macro photography
A diffusion filter shows a subject softer, by adding some 'fuzziness'; this can be wanted in some cases, usually portraits of a person.

Filters can be cheap or expensive. Glass (or plastic) that is treated or coated in different ways usually costs more. Some filters can be screwed in front of a lens that is made for this. Others can be placed in the back of the lens, or in special filter holders screwed in at the front.

References

Photography
List of diplomatic missions in Russia

This page lists the Diplomatic missions in Russia. The Russian Federation hosts a huge clout of embassies in its capital Moscow. 146 embassies are resident.

Embassies in Moscow

Other posts in Moscow
  (Delegation)
 Georgia (consulate)
 (special mission)

Honorary Consulates in Moscow

Consulates in other parts of Russia
Astrakhan

Irkutsk

Kaliningrad

Kazan

Khabarovsk

Kyzyl

Murmansk

Novorossiysk

Novosibirsk

Omsk

Petrozavodsk

Pskov

Rostov-On-Don

Saint Petersburg

Sovetsk

Tyumen

Ulan Ude

Vladivostok

Yekaterinburg

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Non-resident embassies
 (Andorra la Vella)
 Antigua and Barbuda (Geneva)
 Botswana (Stockholm)
 Botswana (Berlin)
 Djibouti (Embassy of France)
 Dominica (Geneva)
 El Salvador (Berlin)
 Gambia (Paris)
 (London)
 Honduras (Paris)
 (Berlin)
 Lesotho (Copenhagen)
 (Embassy of Germany)
 Malawi (Berlin)
 Niger (Berlin)
 Papua New Guinea (Bonne)
 Rwanda (Berlin)
 (San Marino)
 Seychelles (Paris)
 Suriname (The Hague)
 Tonga (London)

Other websites
Diplomatic missions resident in the Russian Federation

Russia-related lists
Nadia Comăneci

Nadia Elena Comăneci (born November 12, 1961) is a Romanian former gymnast. 

She is famous for scoring the first ever perfect 10 in Olympic gymnastics history in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Comaneci scored six perfect scores in Canada. She was coached by Béla Károlyi. She is married to former American gymnast Bart Conner, who is a commentator for the sport.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Romanian gymnasts
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists
Olympic gold medalists
Olympic silver medalists
History of post-Soviet Russia

Because of the end of the Soviet Union, Russia went through a large change politically, economically, and militarily. First off the Soviet Union became the Russian Federation. People now consider that the Federation is a follow up of the Soviet Union. However, Post-Soviet Russia lacked the military and political power of the former USSR. Now that communism died, Russia could elect a President. In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected as the first president of Russia.

Change in Economy
Boris Yeltsin told his people that he would help the economy. One thing he did was help improve trade with other countries. However, not all his ideas would be good. When Yeltsin lifted price controls, a sudden increase in prices occurred (hyperinflation). Because the military was hit hard during the fall of the Soviet Union, many plants laid off workers because the Government was not sending the plants any new orders. This led to large unemployment.

In August 1998 the Russian government devalued the ruble and defaulted on their debt. This was called the 1998 Russian financial crisis. This was due in part to the Asian financial crisis and the war in Chechnya. Many banks were forced to close down. The government stopped making payment of wages, pensions and when workers were paid, it was often with goods rather than rubles.
Despite this, Russia came back from the August 1998 financial crash with speed. This was because the price of oil went up. Having the prices of oil go up, the exportation of the oil form Russia would cost more, this would bring in lots of money for the economy.

A series of privatizations occurred.

Relationships with Countries
Unlike in the Cold war, Russia now said that the West was considered an ally. In June 1998 they joined the NATO peace-keeping forces. The Russians also have begun relationships with China. In 1997 the Russians made a treaty with Belarus

Today
Russia in the 21st century has gone through many changes. In 2000 Vladimir Putin was made President of Russia. Through his term he had good and bad approval ratings. In 2001-2002 Putin took over several media stations. Issues like this have also occurred with print media. However Putin has done good things for Russia, Indeed, during real GDP grew on average 6.7% a year, average income increased 11% annually, and a positive balance of the federal budget now let the government to cut 70% of its debt during his term.

History of Russia
Charles Stewart Parnell

Charles Stewart Parnell (27 June 1846 – 6 October 1891) was an Irish member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He led the Irish Parliamentary Party. He played an important part in the fight for Home Rule for Ireland.

Background 
Charles Stewart Parnell was born in Avondale, County Wicklow.  His family was upper class. He was the seventh child of John Henry Parnell and his American wife Delia Tudor Stewart. Parnell's great-grandmother was in the Tudor family so he was related to the British Royal Family.

His parents separated when he was six. He was sent to different schools in England, where he was unhappy. His father died in 1859 and he inherited his fortune. He then studied at Cambridge University (1865-9) but never graduated. He was Sheriff of his county, Wicklow, prior to being an MP (member of the House of Commons).

Member of Parliament 
Charles Stewart Parnell was first elected to the House of Commons, as a Home Rule League MP for Meath, on 21 April 1875. During his first year Parnell mostly stayed quiet and watched.  He first drew attention in 1876 when he said a group of Irish rebels called Fenians (accused of killing a police officer) did not kill anyone.

Home Rule 
Parnell fought for Ireland's right to be self-governing Home Rule Movement.  At first he met with Fenians, but he later decided to work with Michael Davitt.  He was elected president of Davitt's movement, (called the "Land League") on 21 October 1879.  After becoming the MP for Cork City, he formed a new group with ideas from many other groups called the Irish National League which later became the Irish Parliamentary Party. Although Ireland did not become independent for many years, Parnell's work in Parliament pushed Ireland much closer to their goal by unifying Irish politics.

Personal life

Katherine O'Shea 
On 24 December 1889 Captain William O’Shea decided to divorce his wife Katherine O'Shea. O'Shea had already separated from his wife, but would not divorce her as she was expecting a substantial inheritance.

O'Shea at last filed for divorce. He claimed she had an affair and three children with Parnell.  Parnell did not reply to the claim, and the divorce was granted.  Because divorce is not allowed by Catholics, many Catholics who supported Parnell did not like him anymore and he became less popular.

Parnell married Katherine after her divorce. The damage from his affair caused many people to lose respect for him, and he became less powerful.  Many members of his party left him. He died on 6 October 1891 of a heart attack and in the arms of his wife. He was 45 years old.

References 

1846 births
1891 deaths
Irish politicians
People from County Wicklow
Haruki Murakami

is a Japanese author and translator. He was born on January 12, 1949 in Kyoto, Japan. In 2006 he won the Franz Kafka Prize for his book Kafka on the Shore.

Works

Novels
 Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
 Pinball, 1973 (1980)
 A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
 Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
 Norwegian Wood (1987)
 Dance Dance Dance (1988)
 South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
 The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1995)
 Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
 Kafka on the Shore (2002)
 After Dark (2004)
 1Q84 (2009)
 Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)

References

Other websites

Living people
1949 births
Japanese translators
Writers from Kyoto Prefecture
Sinhala language

Sinhala or Sinhalese, earlier referred to as Singhalese, is the language of the Sinhalese. They are largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family.

Sinhala has two varieties/forms - Spoken and Written, the former being the most popular form. Spoken Sinhala is easier to learn and use because it is so much relaxed in grammatical formality and rigidity. 

Sinhala is spoken by about 19 million people in Sri Lanka, about 16 million of them are native speakers. It is one of the constitutionally-recognised official languages of Sri Lanka, with Tamil. Sinhala has its own writing system (see Sinhala script) which is an offspring of the Indian Brahmi script.

The oldest Sinhala inscriptions were written in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC; the oldest existing literary works date from the 9th century AD.

The closest relative of Sinhala is Dhivehi, the language of the Maldives, .

The word order of Sinhala language is SOV (subject-object-verb) just like Japanese, Korean and many other languages in Asia. It would be easy for people from that particular language style to learn Sinhala with a little time and practice.

Ex 1 : 
       I     home   go
       Mama  gedara yanawa.
Ex 2 : 
       beautiful  dress
       Lassana    anduma

Morphologically, the words are built with the stem followed by a particle. The particle can vary so that it adds more grammatical change into the word connecting it to the whole sentence. 

pusa yanawa -
 kitten is going.
pusath yanawa - 
 kitten is also going.

ballata denawa -
 giving (it) to the dog
ballatath denawa 
 giving it to the dog as well
ballatama denawa 
 giving it to the dog itself.

If you really take a good look at these sentences, you may easily find the stem of the words: pusa, pusath; ballata, ballathath, ballatama.

pusa- is the stem of the subjectival phrase. (kitten)

Pusa + th - as well

pusa + ta - to kitty

pusa + ta + th - to kitty as well

pusa + ta + ma - to kitty itself
^^

Writing system

References
Dhivehi

Dhivehi, Divehi or Mahl is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 350,000 people in the Republic of Maldives and Suvadives and also in the disputed island of Minicoy (Maliku), claimed by Maldivians that is annexed by neighbouring India, where it is known by another name, the Mahal language or Mahl (). In the Maldives, it is the official national language.as in different atols the words may change but have the same meaning.
Talking about the Maldives languages, Dhivehi is the main language spoken in Maldives. The language is widely used for conversing with people. Since, it involves the use of many English, Hindi and Arabic words, it seems to resemble various languages spoken in Sri Lanka, South East Asia and North India. Read on to know more about the common languages of Maldives
In the earlier times, people spoke "Elu", a language that was basically a form of ancient Singhalese language. This language underwent a lot of transformations and gave rise to the Dhivehi language of today. Dhivehi is written from left to right. In the olden days, the language was inscribed on the copper plates, popularly known as the "Loamaafaanu". 
Other languages spoken in Maldives include English, which is also recognized as the second main language. Initially, Dhivehi was used as the medium of teaching in schools, but the need to promote higher education led to the conversion of syllabus in English. Now, English is widely spoken by the locals of Maldives.

References 

Indo-Aryan languages
Maldives
Dera Ghazi Khan Division

Dera Ghazi Khan Division () was an administrative division of the Punjab province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. During British rule Dera Ghazi Khan Division was a district of Multan Division, after independence from Britain Dera Ghazi Khan was made into a division in its own right until abolition in 2000.It contained the following Districts: Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rajanpur, Layyah.

References
Multan Division

Multan Division () was an administrative division of the Punjab of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.

History
Multan Division was created during British Rule in the subcontinent. The division lay between 28°25' and 33°13 N and 69°19' and 73°39 E, the Sutlej divided it from Bahawalpur on the south-east, while the Indus flowed partly through the Division and partly along its border to the west. The headquarters of the Commissioner were at Multan, or,  in the hot season, at. Fort Munro. The Division was abolished in 1884, but reconstituted in 1901. According to the 1881 census of India the population of the area now included was 2,036,956, in 1891 it
had risen to 2,277,605, and in 1901 to 3,014,675. The total area was 29,520 square miles, the division was composed of the following districts:

References 

 
Divisions of British India
Sahiwal Division

Sahiwal Division () is an administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It was created in November 1988.

References
Bannu Division

Bannu Division () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. The division was created in the 1990s when it was removed from Dera Ismail Khan Division, at abolition it contained the districts of Bannu and Lakki Marwat.

Districts of British India
Dera Ismail Khan Division

Dera Ismail Khan Division () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.

Until the 1990s it also contained Bannu Division, at abolition it contained the districts of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank.

 
Divisions of British India
Malakand Division

Malakand Division () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.

History 
In 1969, the princely states of Chitral, Dir and Swat were incorporated into West Pakistan as the new division of Malakand with Saidu as its capital.

Related pages
 Chitral District
 Dir (Pakistan)
 Swat District

 
2000 disestablishments
2000s disestablishments in Asia
Mardan Division

Mardan Division () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 got rid of the third tier of government. It was made up of the present-day districts of Mardan and Swabi.

Divisions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Peshawar Division

Peshawar Division () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. At independence in 1947, the North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955) was split into two divisions, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar. Until 1976, Peshawar Division contained the districts of Hazara and Kohat, when they both became divisions themselves.

History
Peshawar Division was originally a district of the North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955) of British India. Later it reverted to Pakistan (1972–2000). The district was administratively subdivided into five tehsils:

Peshawar
Charsadda
Mardan
Swabi
Nowshera

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the tehsil of Peshawar became the new district of Peshawar. At that time the old district became a division.

Related pages
 Hazara Division
 Kohat Division
 Peshawar District

References 

 
Divisions of British India
Hyderabad Division

Hyderābād District (), is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. Before, it was an administrative division of the Sindh called the Hyderabad Division. However, reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. Its capital is the city of Hyderabad. The Kirthar National Park is in the Hyderabad district. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 4,339,445 of which 50.07% were urban (lived in a city). This makes it the second-most urbanised district of Sindh.

References

 
Divisions of British India
Bacchus

Bacchus was the Roman god of agriculture, wine and fertility, equivalent to the Greek god Dionysus. Dionysius was said to be the last god to join the twelve Olympians. Supposedly, Hestia gave up her seat for him. His plants were vines and twirling ivy. He carried a pine cone-topped staff, and his followers were goat-footed Satyrs and Maenads, wild women who danced energetically during this festivals. Bacchus is the son of Jupiter.

Mythical history 
Bacchus was the child of Jupiter and Semélé, a human whom Juno had tricked into asking to see Jupiter as he really was. Since she was a mortal, she was burned up by the sight of Jupiter in his divine form. So Jupiter sewed the infant Bacchus into his thigh, and gave birth to him nine months later. As a child, Bacchus was tutored by Silenus, who was a great lover of wine and often had to be carried on the back of a donkey. Before he took his place at Olympus, Bacchus wandered the world for many years, going as far as India to teach people how to grow vines.

Further reading 
 Mythology by Lady Hestia Evans, published by Candlewick Press.

Related pages

 Dionysus - Greek mythology version of Bacchus

Roman gods and goddesses
SportsCenter

SportsCenter is the daily sports news program of ESPN. It is widely spread out in the whole world, with famous citations in movies and international editions, as the SportsCenter Brasil (the Brazilian edition), the SportsCenter Asia and the Sportscentre (Canada). The SportsCenter Brasil has recently completed 3000 editions.

English-language television programs
Mythology (book)

Mythology: Greek Gods, Heroes, & Monsters is a book written by Dugald Steer and published in 2007. It written as the "travel journal" of the fictional Lady Hestia Evans. It records a trip to Greece that she took in 1825. The book is more similar to an encyclopedia than a story. It talks about the wonders of the ancient world and the gods and heroes of ancient mythology. It has notes added by John Oro, another fictional character who is a friend of Lady Hestia and also traveled to Greece.

References

Non-fiction books
2007 books
Tom Boonen

Tom Boonen (; born 15 October 1980) is a Belgian road bicycle racer. He won the 2005 World Cycling Championship. Boonen is a member of the  team, He is a sprinter.

References

1980 births
Living people
Belgian cyclists
People from Antwerp (province)
Sukkur Division

Sukkur Division (), originally Khairpur, was a division of Pakistan until the divisions of Pakistan were dissolved in 2000.

 
Divisions of British India
Baluchistan States Union

The Baluchistan States Union existed between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955 in modern southwest Pakistan. It was formed by the states of Kalat, Kharan, Las Bela and Makran with the capital at the town of Kalat. The area of the Union was roughly the western half of the modern province of Balochistan. The Union was separate from the Chief Commissioners Province of Baluchistan which comprised areas to the northeast of the Union. The Union did not include the enclave of Gwadar City which was part of the Sultanate of Oman. The four state rulers continued in office but some matters became the responsibility of the Council of Rulers.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
20th century in Pakistan
Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province)

The Chief Commissioners Province of Baluchistan was a former province of British India. It was in the northern parts of the modern Pakistani province of Balochistan.

British India
Interwar period

The interwar period was a time in history from 1918 to 1939, between the two world wars, World War I and World War II.

The period began with many changes internationally. The League of Nations was created, which was made to bring peace to the world, but did not prevent problems with Nazi Germany, which soon left the League. Also occurred was the growing threat of Japan, which invaded China. Soon the Soviet Union and Italy had begun to rise as international powers. All of that happened in the 21 years and soon triggered World War II.

Related pages
 League of Nations

References 
 McDonough, Frank (1997). The Origins of the First and Second World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

World War I
World War II
1910s
1920s
1930s
Victorian era

The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was a time of Queen Victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901. This time was very prosperous for the British people. Trade was at its best. A well educated middle class ruled the country and the British Empire. Other countries also prospered but Britain became the greatest great power.

The Industrial Revolution continued to increase productivity and prosperity, especially in the middle and later parts of Victoria's reign. Making iron and steel was a basic industry. The furnaces were fired with coal. Shipbuilding was a major industry. Canals and steam railways connected all parts of the country, and British steamships connected the world. Cotton and wool were made into cloth and exported. Ceramics were also a major industry.

One important change in the Victorian era was the making of the sewage system in London. In 1829 photography was invented. Gas lighting was important too. Streetlights became common first, followed by lights in public buildings and at home. In the 1880s people began making power stations and distribution systems to feed the new electric lightbulbs.

Economic changes 
Britain began ruling its trading colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. The British Empire now extended all over the world. It used new technologies like the railways and electric telegraph to communicate across these regions. Many British citizens moved to the colonies to make their fortune.

Industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class. They were not aristocrats and landowners, but on the other hand they were not unskilled workers. They were the people who created, managed and ran the new industrial factories.

Social changes 
In the Victorian era, the middle class people owned their own houses. The family home often included three generations.  The concept of "privacy" became a mark of the middle class life. What went on in those homes was the themes of many mid-century novelists.

The printing press became faster in the nineteenth century and paper was cheaper too. The "taxes on knowledge" on newspapers and printed advertisements were lifted. This made magazines and newspapers cheaper. The government tried to improve literacy rates by starting schools for the poor. More books were written for, and read by, the newly educated middle classes.

Entertainment  
More theatres opened in London. Orchestras and symphonies played, and operas were widely attended. Gambling at cards and new casinos became popular during the period. In the middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, and showed the greatest creations of the century.

Related pages
 Imperialism
 Colonialism

References 

History of the United Kingdom
De-Stalinization

De-Stalinization is the way that the Soviet Union tried to undo Joseph Stalin's politics and the heroic image he created of himself using propaganda.

After Stalin died, a group led the Soviet Union for a while. Georgi Malenkov was the Premier of the Soviet Union; Lavrentiy Beria, head of the Ministry of the Interior; and Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the Central Committee. 

Because Stalin had so prominent a control over the Soviet Union,  he was placed on a pedestal both at home and among communists abroad. In the years 1953–1955, a period of "silent de-Stalinization" took place, as the revision of Stalin's policies was done in secret, and often with no explanation.

Revisionism 
In 1954, Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union. He attempted to reform the Soviet government and change how socialism in the country should be ran. In order to do this, he had to change the way the public thought of Stalin, this is called revisionism. He removed Stalin's corpse out of the mausoleum in Red Square and he changed the name of Stalingrad (which was named after Stalin) to Volgograd. Some people disliked Khrushchev’s foreign policies, calling it imperialistic. Those who oppose revisionism are called anti-revisionist.

References 

1950s in the Soviet Union
1960s
Politics of Russia
Pomelo

The Pomelo (Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis), is a citrus fruit from South East Asia. It is pale green or yellow when ripe. Its flesh is sweet and white. The rind is very thick and spongy. It is the largest citrus fruit, usually  in diameter. It weighs .

Other names for the pomelo are pummelo and pommelo.

Sources 

Citrus
Leiden University

Leiden University (Dutch: Universiteit Leiden), shortened to LEI, is a public university in Leiden, a city in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands.

Leiden University was established on 8 February 1575 and is the oldest university of the Netherlands.

It has about 29,500 students.

Its focus is on all sorts of sciences.

Related pages 
Leyden jar

Other websites 

   

1575 establishments
Colleges and universities in the Netherlands
Leiden
Establishments in the Netherlands
1570s establishments in Europe
University of Amsterdam

The University of Amsterdam (Dutch: Universiteit van Amsterdam), shortened to UvA, is a public university in Amsterdam, a city in the province of North Holland and also capital to the Netherlands.

The University of Amsterdam was established in 1877 (its predecessor in 1632).

It has about 31,000 students.

Its focus is on all sorts of sciences.

Other websites 

   

1877 establishments in Europe
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
19th-century establishments in the Netherlands
Wouter Bos

Wouter Jacob Bos (born July 14, 1963) was a Dutch minister of finance, deputy Prime Minister and leader of the Dutch Labour Party. He won the election of Dutch Labour Party leader, defeating Jouke de Vries. He led the party until March 12, 2010, the day he left. His successor is Job Cohen, who used to be the mayor of Amsterdam. He left because he wanted to spend more time with his family.

He left as minister of finance and deputy Prime Minister because the government felt over the decision of Uruzgan. The Dutch Labour Party was in the coalition, together with Christen Democraten Appèl and the ChristenUnie, both Christian parties. The Dutch Labour Party did not agree and stepped out of the coalition.

References 
 Bio at Parlement.com

1963 births
Living people
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Former leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Former members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
People from Vlaardingen
Politicians from South Holland
Hughes Medal

The Hughes Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of London for original discoveries in electricity and magnetism or their applications.

The medal was first given to J.J. Thomson in 1902 "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases". It has been awarded over a hundred times. At first it was awarded annually, now it is every two years.

Unlike some other Royal Society medals, the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same person more than once. Only one woman has won it: Michele Dougherty in 2008, who was awarded the medal "for innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System".

The medal has been awarded to more than one person at once; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles", in 1981 by Peter Higgs, Thomas Walter and Tom W. B. Kibble "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory", in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine for explaining the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which then led to the plate tectonic hypothesis, and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M.J. Whelan for their work on the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its use in the study of lattice defects in crystals.

List of recipients

References 
General

Specific

Other websites 
Royal Society: Hughes Medal

Science awards
Physics
Royal Society
1902 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the United Kingdom
J. J. Thomson

Sir Joseph John "J.J." Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He discovered the electron and isotopes, and invented the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. John Joseph Thomson in 1893 said: "There is no other branch of physics which affords us so promising an opportunity of penetrating the secret of electricity." 

In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle of very small mass compared to its electric charge. It was later called the electron and was the first subatomic particle to be found. Thomson also found the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, while studying anode rays (positive cations). 

In atomic theory he hypothesized that atoms were spheres of evenly spread positive charge, where an individual negatively charged electron resided. He later concluded there was more than one negatively charged particle in an atom.

Many of the young men who studied and worked with him at University of Cambridge also became famous physicists.

1856 births
1940 deaths
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
British nuclear physicists
Order of Merit
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Presidents of the Royal Society
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf

Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (March 27, 1824 – November 28, 1914) was a German physicist who was born in Bonn and died in Münster, Germany. He was the first to compute the electric capacity of charged atoms and molecules (ions).

1914 deaths
1824 births
German physicists
People from Bonn