cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Jarvis Island

Jarvis Island (; formerly known as Bunker Island) is an uninhabited island owned by the United States.  The small island is a part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a group of mostly uninhabited islands.

Jarvis Island was officially made part of the United States in 1858. People used to mine guano there, but they then abandoned it. The United States treats it as a nature reserve. 

Located 25 miles south of the equator, Jarvis Island, is an uninhabited coral island located in the South Pacific Ocean. Jarvis has no known natural freshwater sources, and very little rain. This creates a very bleak, flat landscape with plants no larger than shrubs. Jarvis Island has no ports or docks, other than a reef the guano miners blew up in order for the cargo boats to be able to drop anchor. Its grass, vines and low-growing bushes are primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for wildlife. The island has a tropical desert climate, with high temperatures in the day, constant wind, and a very hot sun. There is no evidence that the island has ever supported a native human population, but on August 30, 1913, the Amaranth was carrying a cargo of coal from Newcastle, New South Wales, to San Francisco when it crashed on Jarvis' southern shore. Ruins of ten wooden buildings, and a two-story house among them, could still be seen by the Amaranth crew, who left Jarvis aboard two lifeboats. Also, Settlers were moved to Jarvis Island in 1935 to maintain a weather station and plan a landing field. A settlement called Millersville was established on the west coast of the island because of it was the highest elevation. The Japanese shelled the island in 1942 and the men living on Jarvis were evacuated soon afterward. The United States claimed possession of Jarvis under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. The Act gave American citizens the right to claim any unclaimed, uninhabited islands for the purpose of mining guano. Because at the time guano was a very valuable asset used for fertilizer.

References

Other websites
 Jarvis Island Home Page Website with photos, weather, and more.
 Jarvis Island information website  Has several photos of the old Millersville settlement, together with more modern photos of the island.
 WorldStatesmen Offers brief data on Jarvis island.
 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge The Jarvis Island refuge site.

United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Uninhabited regions
1830s



Events 
 Ayya Vaikundar appeared after the incarnation, above the sea of Thiruchendur.
 Croquet invented in Ireland.
 Mormon religion founded in New York.
 Belgium founded. 
 Ecuador declares independence. 
 Queen Victoria becomes ruler of Great Britain.

World leaders 
 Emperor Francis II (Austria)
 Emperor Ferdinand I (Austria)
 Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
 King Louis-Philippe (July Monarchy France)
 Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
 Pope Gregory XVI
 Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
 King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
 King William IV (United Kingdom)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Grey (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (United Kingdom)
 President Andrew Jackson (United States)
 President Martin Van Buren (United States)
 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Fath Ali Shah, 1797–1834
 Mohammad Shah Qajar, 1834–1848

Births 
 Emily Dickinson, writer
 Gustave Eiffel, engineer
 Johannes Brahms, German musician
 Alfred Nobel, inventor
 Grover Cleveland, politician

Deaths 
 Simón Bolívar, leader
 Jean-François Champollion, Egyptologist
 Sir Walter Scott, writer
 James Weddell, explorer
 Alexander Puskin, writer
1820s



Events 
 Greek War for Independence
 Much of South America declares independence from Spain.

World leaders 
 Emir Dost Mohammad Khan (Afghanistan)
 Supreme director José Rondeau (Argentina)
 Acting supreme director Juan Pedro Julián Aguirre y López de Anaya (Argentina)
 President Bernardino Rivadavia (Argentina)
 President Vicente López y Planes (Argentina)
 General Manuel Dorrego (Argentina)
 General Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)
 Emperor Francis II (Austria)
 Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
 Sheikh Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
 Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
 Administrative leader Tendzin Drugdra (Bhutan)
 Administrative leader Choki Gyaltshen (Bhutan)
 President Simón Bolívar (Bolivia)
 President Antonio José de Sucre (Bolivia)
 President José María Pérez (Bolivia)
 President José Miguel de Velasco (Bolivia)
 President Pedro Blanco (Bolivia)
 President Andrés de Santa Cruz (Bolivia)
 Emperor Pedro I (Brazil)
 Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (Brunei)
 Sultan Muhammad Alam (Brunei)
 Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (Brunei)
 King Ang Chan II (Cambodia)
 President Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile)
 President Agustín Eyzaguirre (Chile)
 Provisional triumvirate of the three provinces Congreso de Plenipotenciarios (Chile)
 Interim Supreme Director Ramón Freire (Chile)
 Acting Supreme Director Diego José Benavente (Chile)
 President Manuel Blanco Encalada (Chile)
 President Francisco Antonio Pinto (Chile)
 President Francisco Ramón Vicuña (Chile)
 President José Tomás Ovalle (Chile)
 Emperor Daoguang (China)
 President Simón Bolívar (Greater Colombia)
 King Frederick VI (Denmark)
 Governor Muḩammad ‘Alī (Egypt)
 Emperor Iyoas II (Ethiopia)
 Emperor Gigar (Ethiopia)
 Emperor Baeda Maryam III (Ethiopia)
 President José Cecilio del Valle (Federal Republic of Central America)
 President Manuel José Arce (Federal Republic of Central America)
 President José Francisco Barrundia (Federal Republic of Central America)
 King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
 King Charles X (Restoration France)
 Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias (Greece)
 King Henri Christophe (Haiti)
 President Jean Pierre Boyer (Haiti)
 Pope Pius VII
 Pope Leo XII
 Shogun Tokugawa Ienari (Japan)
 Khan Omar Beg (Kokand)
 Khan Mohammed Ali (Kokand)
 Emperor Sunjo (Korea)
 Emir Jaber I Al-Sabah (Kuwait)
 Emperor Agustín de Iturbide (Mexico)
 President Guadalupe Victoria (Mexico)
 President Vicente Guerrero (Mexico)
 President José María Bocanegra (Mexico)
 President Pedro Vélez (Mexico)
 Sultan Slimane (Morocco)
 Sultan Abderrahmane (Morocco)
 Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 King Frederick William III (Prussia)
 Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
 Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
 King Victor Emmanuel I (Sardinia)
 King Charles Felix (Sardinia)
 King Rama II (Siam)
 King Rama III (Siam)
 King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
 Pasha Yusuf Karamanli (Tripoli)
 King George IV (United Kingdom)
 King William I (United Kingdom of the Netherlands)
 President James Monroe (United States)
 President John Quincy Adams (United States)
 Emperor Minh Mang (Vietnam)

Births 
 Clara Barton
 Louis Pasteur

Deaths 
 Carl Maria Von Weber
 Thomas Jefferson
 John Adams
Isaiah

Isaiah was a prophet of God in Judaism, Islam, Christianity and Bahá'í. He lived from about 740 to 681 BC. The name Isaiah means "the Lord is salvation" in the Hebrew language. 

Isaiah is also the name of a book in the Old Testament of the Bible, which tells the story of the Israelites in Isaiah's time.  According to Christianity, Isaiah predicted in this book, the birth and then death of Jesus, hundreds of years before it actually happened.  Judaism does not agree with that interpretation.

Isaiah was known to be the Shakespeare of the Bible due to his good education and the quality of the passages he wrote. He was cut in half by King Manasseh which led to his gruesome death. Most of Isaiah's Bible passages begin with 'God's message to'.

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Leopold Poetsch

Leopold Poetsch was a German antiSemitic professor and a high school teacher of Adolf Hitler who influenced the future leader's later views. 

Poetsch came from the southern German border area. There, political fights between Slavs and ethnic Germans angered him and made him one who was for the Pan-German movement. He started to teach in Maribor, Slovenia and later moved to Linz, Austria to teach history.

Hitler was very interested in what Poetsch said. Poetsch hated the Habsburgs and argued that all ethnic Germans should be united by a single government. He said that the Aryan race was stronger, in better health, and more fit to rule than all other people. Poetsch said that Jews and Slavs were what he called "inferior races". (This view was held a lot in Germany after World War I.)

Hitler began reading an anti-Semitic newspaper in his area. In his later years, Hitler spoke of Poetsch as a "great man." As dictator of Germany, Hitler tried to get all German-speaking people together and persecuted Slavs, Jews, Gypsies, and others. Hitler later tried to kill them all in the "Final Solution."

References
Shirer, William L. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon & Schuster, 1990. ISBN 0-671-72868-7

German people
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The prime minister of the United Kingdom or British prime minister is the head of government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister controls the Government of the United Kingdom through the cabinet. The prime minister is the chairman of the British cabinet and a member of the Privy Council. It is normal for the prime minister to be the leader of the political party that has a majority in the House of Commons. 

The prime minister is not the head of state, but is the most important politician in the British politics. By tradition, the monarch of the United Kingdom chooses as prime minister. The monarch chooses the leader of the political party with enough votes to get the Parliament of the United Kingdom's approval for the British monarch's speech from the throne.

Boris Johnson (Conservative Party) became prime minister after the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election.

Background
The prime minister is usually the leader of the political party which wins most seats after a general election. There are 650 are available in the United Kingdom. Voters vote for their own local member of parliament, not for the prime minister. Voters in their constituency choose their member of parliament. The prime minister is a member of parliament, and only voters in one constituency can vote for them.

The first prime minister was Robert Walpole in the eighteenth century. He was known as the "First Lord of the Treasury".  The first person to be use the title "prime minister" officially was Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905.

Well-known prime ministers in the 20th century include Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair. The prime ministers usually live and work at 10 Downing Street or Chequers while in office. Chequers was donated to the country by Winston Churchill.
	
There are several other official residences, some owned by the government, others held by trusts. The  Chevening House estate, in Kent is an example. Dorneywood is another.

Living former prime ministers
There are five living former British prime ministers:

Related pages 
List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

References 

 
 
Politics of the United Kingdom
River Forth

The River Forth is a river in Scotland. 

The source is Loch Ard, in Kinlochard. The river flows through the city of Stirling, and the city of Edinburgh is on the south of the Firth of Forth estuary.

Rivers of Scotland
Alejandro Toledo

Alejandro Toledo is a former president of Peru. He won the 2001 election for president. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000.

Early life
He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of San Francisco and Stanford University. He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.

Political career
He entered politics when he founded the País Posible party, participating for the first time in the 1995 general election. In 2000, he managed to become in the largest opposition leader to the government of Alberto Fujimori, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time. After the transition stage and the return of democracy in Peru, he participated for the third time in the 2001 elections against Lourdes Flores of National Unity and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.

Arrest
On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States. On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.

Personal life
He is from the town of Chimbote in Ancash Region, Peru. He is married to Eliane Karp of Belgium.

References

Presidents of Peru
1946 births
Living people
Fall Out Boy

Fall Out Boy (often shortened to FOB) is an alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois, USA. The members are Pete Wentz (bassist), Patrick Stump (vocals), Andy Hurley (drums), and Joe Trohman (guitar). They have written successful songs, including "Thnks fr the Mmrs", "Sugar, We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance".

Overview 
Their music is mostly like the pop-punk style, or genre, of music. The band got the name "Fall Out Boy" from a character who appeared in one episode of The Simpsons. "Sugar, We're Goin' Down" was the first single from their album From Under the Cork Tree. It has peaked at number eight on the Billboard charts. The second single was "Dance, Dance" which picked up major airplay in the U.S. The third single was "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More Touch Me." Their third album is Infinity on High and it had lots of success around the world. 

Two songs from the album were very popular across the world. They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". The second song's title is "Thanks for the Memories" without the vowel letters, which is meant to look as if it were from a text message. 

The third single from Infinity on High is called "The Take Over, The Breaks Over". The fourth is "I'm Like a Lawyer With the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)". Their fourth album Folie à Deux, was released on December 16, 2008. "I Don't Care" was the first song released from the album. In late 2009 the band took a rest. Patrick Stump went solo and released his debut album Soul Punk on October 18, 2011. 

His EP Truant Wave was released on February 22, 2011. Bassist Pete Wentz formed the electropop band Black Cards. Guitarist Joe Trohman and Andy Hurley formed a rock band The Damned Things with people from Anthrax and Every Time I Die.

Fall Out Boy came off hiatus in 2013, releasing a new single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" and an album Save Rock and Roll, along with a supporting tour, They went on the Save Rock and Roll Arena Fall Tour September of 2013 with fellow rock band Panic! at the Disco in support of the album as well. In September 2014, they released a new single, called "Centuries".

Discography
 Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend (2003)
 Take This to Your Grave (2003)
 From Under the Cork Tree (2005)
 Infinity on High (2007)
 Folie à Deux (2008)
 Save Rock and Roll (2013)
 PAX AM Days (2013)
 American Beauty/American Psycho (2015)
 Make America Psycho Again (2015)
 MANIA'' (2018)

References

Other websites

Fall Out Boy's MySpace Profile
Official Website

2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Illinois
American pop rock bands
American punk bands
 
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups from Chicago
Pop punk bands
Good Charlotte

Good Charlotte is an American punk music band. They are from Waldorf, Maryland. They have many popular songs, including "The Anthem", "Girls and Boys", and "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous".  

Their third album is unique. The Chronicles of Life and Death came in two different versions: the Life version, and the Death version.  The only difference between them is the last song on the CD.  The Life version has "Falling Away", and the Death version has "Meet My Maker".

The lead singer of the band is Joel Madden.  His twin brother, Benji, is also in the band. But besides them, there is Billy (guitarist), Paul (bassist) and Dean (drums).

Discography
Studio albums
 Good Charlotte (2000)
 The Young and the Hopeless (2002)
 The Chronicles of Life and Death (2004)
 Good Morning Revival (2007)
 Cardiology (2010)
 Youth Authority (2016)

Other websites 
Official Site
Good Charlotte Fan Site 
Official Good Charlotte Myspace
Interview: Joel Madden of Good Charlotte

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
 
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Maryland
1996 establishments in Maryland
Grand Rapids, Michigan

Grand Rapids is a large city in western Michigan, United States. About 200,000 people were living here in 2018.

Former American president Gerald Ford grew up in Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids is also the birthplace of Amway and the Meijer store chain.

Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County. It is the second largest city in the state, after Detroit. The third largest is Warren.

The city has many attractions, including the Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park and John Ball Park, which is a zoo. Grand Valley State University has a campus in downtown Grand Rapids.

Many Reformed Christians from Dutch ancestry live in Grand Rapids.

Other websites 

County seats in Michigan
Bali tiger

The Bali tiger, or Balinese tiger (Panthera tigris balica) is one of the three extinct sub-species of the tiger. They became extinct in 1937. They lived on Bali. This was the first sub-species of tiger to become extinct.

The Bali was also the smallest tiger sub-species. There is no record of a Balinese tiger ever being held in a zoo collection. The Balinese tiger's close sub-species were the Javan tiger and the Caspian tiger, which are now also extinct. The Balinese and Javan tigers were once the same, but during the Ice Age, Bali became isolated from Java by the Bali Strait. This split the tigers into two groups which then went onto develop alone. 

The killing of the very last wild Balinese tiger is usually thought to have been at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September, 1937. It was an adult tigress. So the government of Bali made a strict law on killing tigers, but by then it was too late, because the Bali tiger had already become extinct.

References 

Tigers
Extinct species
192



Deaths 
December 31 – Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull (about 1831 – December 15, 1890), real name Tatanka Yotanka, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux. At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow (warriors).
At the age of 10, however, he killed his first buffalo.
He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom of Native Americans. He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won. They are the most deadly tribe.

He was shot and killed by Red Tomahawk, a police sergeant, during an attempt to arrest him.

References

1831 births
1890 deaths
Native American people
Michelle Kwan

Michelle Kwan (born July 7, 1980) is a retired American figure skater.  She has won five world championships and nine U.S. championships.

Birth and childhood 

Michelle Kwan was born on July 7, 1980, in Torrance, California. Kwan showed interest in figure stating when she followed Ron and Karen, her brother and sister, onto the ice, saying that all she could remember was "every day, tying up my skates and a big smile on my face, excited to go on the ice". She attended public school until eighth grade, when she began being homeschooled in 1994.

Junior world champion 

Kwan won the world junior championship in 1994.  The same year, at the age of 13, she came in the top 10 in the world senior championship.  She became world champion in 1996, when she was 15.

Diplomatic career
On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he planned to nominate Kwan to be United States Ambassador to Belize.

Olympics 

 World Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003
 Olympics:  1998 - silver; 2002 - bronze
 U.S. Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

References

Other websites 
 
 
United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) Athlete Biography 
International Skating Union (ISU) Skater Biography 
US Olympic Committee Biography
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (1) 
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (2)

Figure skaters from California
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
1980 births
Living people
Frank Jack Fletcher

Frank Jack Fletcher (29 April 1885 - 25 April 1973) was an Admiral in the United States Navy. He was born at Marshalltown, Iowa, of the same family line as Captain Frank "Pat" Fletcher and of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, noted men in the Navy. He attended the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and had jobs on many warships. In 1914 he got the Medal of Honor at Vera Cruz. Then he was in control of a destroyer in World War I received the Navy Cross. Later he took Naval and Army War College training, became chief of staff Asiatic Fleet, aide to Secretary of the Navy Swanson, and Commanding Officer of battleship New Mexico. He became Rear Admiral in control of Cruiser Division 3 in 1939. He was Commander of Cruisers, Pacific Fleet at the time
of Pearl Harbor. In the very bad, first six months of the war, he was Task Force Commander at the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Eastern Solomons. Vice Admiral Fletcher then became Commander North Pacific Forces where he took the surrender of the Imperial Northern Fleet. After the war he became Chairman of the Navy General Board till he retired. Admiral Fletcher rests at Arlington National Cemetery.

"Frank Jack Fletcher, was the best fighting commander in the U.S. Navy in the twentieth century. He came out best in all three aircraft carrier battles in which he fought -- there were only five such fights in of all history. Admiral Fletcher was outnumbered at all times and when the other side was at its highest point in the early years of the Pacific War. He did not let the other side take Australia, Midway, and Guadalcanal. He put down six of the ten Japanese carriers with four of the six great carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor. His acts were completely his own, because there was no such thing as carrier fighting experience before him to learn to fight ships from the air. He kept the Pacific safe which let much support to go to Europe and started the Allied victory in World War II."

References 

1885 births
1973 deaths
Admirals
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Iowa
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Lu Chen

Lu Chen (Simplified Chinese: 陈露, Traditional Chinese: 陳露, Chen Lu in Chinese) (born November 24, 1976, in Changchun) is a Chinese figure skater. She was world champion in 1995.

Chen's mother played table tennis and her father coached ice hockey. She started skating at the age of five in Jilin, and also took ballet dancing. She won the bronze medal at the world junior championship in 1992, and came third at the world senior championships the same year, at the age of 16.

Her nickname is "Lulu," and she is also known as "Butterfly on Ice." She is admired for her artistic ability.

Chen skated for the professional show Stars on Ice for two years. Now she runs an ice skating club in Shenzhen. This club is named after her.

 World Championships: 1991 – 12th, 1992 – 3rd, 1993 – 3rd, 1995 – 1st, 1996 – 2nd
 Olympics: 1992 – 6th, 1994 – 3rd, 1998 – 3rd
 Chinese National Figure Skating Competition: first from 1990 to 1995

Source 
 Figure Skating: A Celebration by Beverly Smith

1976 births
Living people
Chinese sportspeople
Figure skaters
Oksana Baiul

Oksana Baiul (born November 16, 1977 in Dnipropetrovsk) is a Ukrainian figure skater. She came first at the 1993 world championships and at the 1994 winter olympics.

Baiul's grandfather gave her first skates to her when she was three years old. When her mother died, she became an orphan (had no parents). But she kept skating, and won the world championships when she was only 15 years old. She became famous for her artistic ability when she skated as "the swan" to win the Olympics when she was 16. 

She has skated for many professional shows such as Champions on Ice and Stars on Ice. A T.V. movie was made about her - A Promise Kept: The Oksana Baiul Story. She now lives in New Jersey. She still skates professionally, and also makes figure skating clothes.

Amateur competitions 
 World Championships: 1993 - 1st
 Winter Olympics: 1994 - 1st
 European Championships: 1993 - 2nd, 1994 - 2nd

References

Other websites 
 OksanaStyle.com Official Website
 Golden Skate - Interview
 View Zone - Interview
 oksanabaiul.com - Additional info

1977 births
Living people
Ukrainian sportspeople
Figure skaters
Indochinese tiger

The Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) is one of the six living tiger subspecies, and is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southwestern China. The Indochinese tiger is also known as the Corbett's tiger, named after Jim Corbett. It has been listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In Myanmar it is the National animal of the country.

Description
Males are around 8–9 ft (2.4-2.7 meters) long, and weigh around 330 to 430 pounds. Females are around 7–8 ft (2.1-2.4 meters) long, and weigh around 221 to 287 pounds. Indochinese tigers are darker in colour than the Bengal tiger, and have narrow stripes which usually break up into a row of spots. Their belly, chin and cheeks are white in colour.

Where they live
The Indochinese tiger is found throughout Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma and Vietnam. It also lived in China, but no Indochinese tiger has been seen in China since 2007.
It is found mostly in lowland and highland tropical deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The Indochinese tiger is also found in hilly and mountainous areas.

Feeding
Indochinese tigers feed mainly on medium-sized and large-sized wild ungulates. Sambar deer, wild pig, serow, and large bovids such as banteng and young gaur make up most of the Indochinese tiger's diet. Some of its prey, like the  kouprey and Schomburgk's deer, are extinct, but some, like the Eld's deer, hog deer and wild water buffalo, are still living but rare. Indochinese tigers also feed on muntjac deer, porcupines, macaques and hog badgers. 
They have been known to supplement their diet with birds, fish, monkeys and reptiles.

Reproduction
Female Indochinese tigers are pregnant for around 3–4 months, before giving birth to about 5 cubs. Newborn Indochinese tigers weigh around 1 kg (2 lb), and are blind and helpless. The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the Indochinese tiger cubs are introduced to meat. Indochinese tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.

References

Tigers
Konstantin Chernenko

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian language: Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was the leader of the Soviet Union for a short time. He became the leader in 1984. He had emphysema, hepatitis and cirrhosis. He ruled for 13 months until his death in from heart failure in Moscow in 1985. Chernenko had a son called Albert.

References 

1911 births
1985 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in the Soviet Union
Former dictators
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian politicians
Soviet politicians
Shetland Sheepdog

A Shetland Sheepdog is a kind of small dog whose ancestors came from the Shetland Islands.   Many people call them "Shelties". They are popular pets in many countries. Shelties have the same origins with Rough Collie and Border Collie. Shelties are a working dog and are sometimes used for herding.

A Sheltie can have a mix of several colors in its coat. Most shelties are sable and white (brown and white) or tri-color (black, white and tan). Their fur is long and they shed twice a year.  Shelties range in size from 13 to 16 inches.  They usually weigh about 25-30 pounds.

Shelties are very energetic dogs that run and bark a lot. They are great with children. 
It was said that Shelties were sheep dogs so they try to please their master and have a strong sense of responsibility. They do not need very much discipline. Shelties rank in the top ten smartest dogs. They learn new things very quickly and remember them well. Shelties make great family pets as long as you do not mind a dog that barks.

Dog breeds
Shetland
Belief

A belief is a firm thought that something is true, often based on revelation. Belief is usually a part of belonging to a religion. It is different to scientific knowledge that can be tested, but belief is not able to be tested. For example, a person may believe in God or gods.
The word is also used to describe what a person expects will happen based on limited information. For example, "I believe Amy will come around today". Belief is also something you believe in but you cannot prove exactly.

Related pages
Faith
Evidence
Epistemology
Karl Popper

Basic English 850 words
Religion
Social sciences

References
German Shepherd

The German Shepherd (), also known as the Alsatian, is a breed of medium-large dog. It was first developed in Germany. They are often used as police dogs, but they have many other uses. They have been used as herding dogs, guard dogs, military dogs, eyes for the blind and as pets between others. Because of their intelligence, speed, drive, eagerness and balance, they are now called 'multi-terrain' dogs as well as 'most complete dog breed' also considered the most versatile breed both in adaptability and suitability.

An important modern use is the dog's ability to perform search and rescue. In former times the American Rescue Dog Association only used air-scenting Alsatians to locate people who are missing or lost. They search in wilderness, disaster, human body remains and water search and rescue and recovery missions. The breed is smart, athletic and can live in a wide variety of climate conditions. 

Male German Shepherds usually weigh around . Females usually weigh around .

The term Alsatian wolf dog, instead of German Shepherd dog, was first popularly used by the British in the First World War. This was because the country was at war with the German Empire. Adolf Hitler, a German dictator, was also known to have German Shepherds as companions.

The German Shepherd Dog breed, as it is currently known, was developed by the founder and the first president of the Association for the German Shepherd Dog breed Max Emil Friedrich von Stephanitz at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.

Gallery

References 

Dog breeds
Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back

Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back is a science fiction movie and the second film in the Star Wars saga. The movie was released in 1980. It includes action, romance and drama.

Cast 
 James Earl Jones as Darth Vader
 Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
 Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
 Kenny Baker as R2-D2
 Frank Oz as Yoda

Plot 

The Rebels hide from the Empire on the icy planet Hoth. The Empire finds the Rebels and they have to leave the planet after a battle.
Luke Skywalker finds Yoda, a 900-year-old Jedi Master and begins the training to become a Jedi. Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and C-3P0 are caught by the Empire and Solo is frozen in carbonite. In his Jedi training, Luke gets a vision that his friends are in danger and tries to help them. He has to confront Darth Vader, and the two of them fight. When Luke fights Vader, he cuts off Luke's hand and Luke also learns that Vader is his father. His hand is replaced with a prosthetic one, including nerves, muscles, and some other stuff.

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 
 
 The Empire Strikes Back The Movie Database

1980 movies
1980 science fiction movies
Christmas movies
Empire Strikes Back, The
United States National Film Registry movies
Googol

Googol officially known as ten-duotrigintillion or ten thousand sexdecillion  is the number 10100 (or Ten duotrigintillion) (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000).

A 9-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, first used the word googol. Sirotta made this word in 1937, for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.

The company Google was named after the number "googol."  Its creators originally called it BackRub because it used backlinks to tell how important each page was.  Someone suggested "googolplex." They shortened it to "googol" and then spelled the word wrong when looking for a domain name that was not taken yet.

Related pages 
 Graham's number 
 Googolplex, which is 10googol

References

Integers
Super Bowl

The Super Bowl is a special American football game played every year to decide the winner of that National Football League (NFL) season. The best team from the National Football Conference plays the best team from the American Football Conference to win the Vince Lombardi Trophy, which was named after the first coach to win a Super Bowl. For most American football fans, it is a very special event.

Some people who do not like American football still watch it for the television advertisements and the half-time show. The TV advertisements during Super Bowl are the most expensive in the world in per second value. Because of the high cost of advertising, companies usually produce unique advertisements. As a result, watching advertisements has been a well publicized event in itself.

The Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots are the teams with the most Super Bowl Wins with six victories each. The San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys currently are tied for the second-most Super Bowl wins with five. The Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars have never played in a Super Bowl. The New York Jets have not played in the Super Bowl since the American Football League (AFL) and the NFL joined together in 1970.

Champions

AFL-NFL World Championships

NFL Championships

Notes

References

Other websites 
Official website of the Super Bowl
America's Game  - America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions, an NFL Films documentary of all Super Bowl winning teams

 
Sports in the United States
We Will Rock You

"We Will Rock You" is a song by Queen. It is one of their most famous songs. It is used at a lot of sports events. The main song has the band stamping their feet twice, and clapping once. At the end, a short guitar part is played.

Musicians:
 Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
 Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
 Roger Taylor - backing vocals, handclaps, footstamps
 John Deacon - handclaps, footstamps

Queen songs
1977 songs
Rock songs
Lagos

Lagos is the second largest city in Africa and the most populous city in Nigeria and in West Africa. There are about 12.5 million to 18 million people living in Lagos, which makes it one of the biggest cities in Africa. Lagos is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The city is made of several local government areas. Some of these areas are Somolu Koshofe, Ifelodun, Surulere, Agege, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Ajegunle, Oshodi, and Maryland.

Each Local government area has a presence of the central government with the establishment of general hospital, judiciary and police stations.

Lagos was the capital of Nigeria until 1992, when the capital became Abuja. Lagos is still the commercial capital of Nigeria and a gateway to West Africa. Lagos is made up of different islands like Victoria island, Bananna island, Snake island, and the mainland

Notes

References 

Former national capitals
 
15th-century establishments
Establishments in Africa
Infinitive

The infinitive is a verb form. It has no person, number, mood, or tense.

The infinitive in English 
In English, there are two main forms of the infinitive:

 the full infinitive (to-infinitive) has the word to at the beginning. For example: I want to run 
 the bare infinitive does not have the word to. For example: I must go.

After a modal verb you must use an infinitive. For example, I must go, he must go (he must goes is not correct)

To express time relationships, here are 6 types of infinitives:
 
 simple infinitive, for example, to write
 continuous infinitive, for example, to be writing
 perfect infinitive, for example, to have written
 perfect continuous infinitive, for example, to have been writing
 passive infinitive, for example, to be written
 passive perfect infinitive, for example, to have been written

The infinitive in other languages 
 In German, the infinitives end with -en, -eln or -ern. There are 2 exceptions -  (to be) and  (to do). 

In Esperanto, the infinitives end with -i, for example  (to sleep)

References 

Grammar
Album

An album is a collection of sound recordings. It is usually made by a musician, and is sold in stores. Albums were originally a collection of gramophone records, each having one or two songs. Today an album is usually in the form of a compact disc, although many artists also release their albums on vinyl records.

Types of albums 
There are two main types of albums, studio albums and live albums. Studio albums are recorded at a recording studio. Live albums are normally recorded while the musicians are performing for an audience. Live albums are usually recorded at concerts. 

Other types of albums include:
 Compilation album: Compilation albums are usually made of songs that first came from many different albums. These songs can all be from the same musicians (often called "Greatest Hits" albums) or they can each be from different musicians.
 Debut album: the first album from a musician or musical group.
 Solo album - A solo album is an album by a single musician. This often happens when a singer or musician who is a part of a band creates an album without the rest of the band. It may also happen when the person leaves the band and starts performing alone. For example, most of Beyoncé's albums after she stopped performing with Destiny's Child are solo albums.  
 Tribute album: Tribute albums or "cover albums" are albums where a second group or musician plays songs which were first played by another, often more famous, group or musician.  The second group is usually called a "Tribute band" when most or all of the music they play is from another band.  For example, a Slipknot tribute band would mostly play songs that were written and played by the band Slipknot.
Live album: Live albums are made from songs that are performed live, such as during tour.

Tracks 
Albums are normally separated into Tracks. Each track is a part of the album which has one song in it. The term is often used to mean a specific song on the album by number. For example, the "fourth track" or "track four" from an album is the fourth song on the album when it is played from the beginning.

Related pages
 Extended play
 Single (music)
Baker Island

Baker Island is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is just above the equator. It belongs to the United States. The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island. It is called the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge. 

The island has no trees. The island is surrounded by a coral reef. This makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of uninhabited regions

References

Other websites 

 Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge

Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Uninhabited regions
1810s



Events 

 The War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States.
 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo in Belgium. (1815)
 Denmark lets Norway go; Norway declares independence.
 Congress of Vienna changes Europe.
 Volcano Mount Tambora explodes in the Dutch East Indies (1815)
 Year without a Summer (1816)

Births 
 James Strang, Mormon. (1813)
 John A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada (1815)
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (1815)
 Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States
 Frederick Douglass, writer. (1818)

World leaders 
 Emperor Francis II (Austria)
 Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
 King Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
 Jiaqing Emperor (China)
 Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
 King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
 Pope Pius VII
 Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
 King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
 King George III (United Kingdom).
 President James Madison (United States)
 President James Monroe (United States)
 Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)

Deaths 
 Paul Revere, silversmith. (1818)
 Jemima Wilkinson, preacher. (1819)
Mammary gland

Mammary glands are the part of the female body designed for the making milk for baby mammals to drink. In humans they are in the breasts.

Integumentary system
Glands
Breasts
Year without a Summer

The Year without a Summer was 1816.  The year before that, in 1815, a volcano had erupted in the Dutch East Indies.  The volcano's name was Mount Tambora.  The volcanic ash from the eruption spread across the world.  It darkened the sky, and made the Earth's surface colder.  

In much of Europe and northern North America, summer never came. In New England and Germany, there were frozen lakes in the middle of June.  Flowers never bloomed, and every day was cold. These places and China suffered famine.

1816
Weather
San Jose, California

San Jose (officially San José) is a city in Santa Clara County, California in the United States. 

It is the third biggest city in California, after Los Angeles and San Diego. It is the tenth biggest city in the United States. It is south of San Francisco. The city has nearly 2,000,000 people. It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb in the Koeppen climate classification).

By the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for high tech and internet industries, making it California's fastest-growing economy.

References

Other websites 

 City of San Jose Web site

 
County seats in California
Venus, Texas

Venus, Texas is a town in the United States. Around 2,960 people lived there (about 1,981 males and 979 females) in 2010.

References 

Cities in Texas
Evergreen, Colorado

Evergreen, Colorado is a community in the United States, about 30 miles from Denver, Colorado.

The historic section of Evergreen has a charming strip of small shops and restaurants. Before the town became a hot spot for outdoor recreations, the town used to be a hunting ground for the Ute Indians. 

By 1860 settlers had converted the land to farms and ranches and the people created an economy based on lumber trade. Eventually, Evergreen became known for its proximity to nature and scenic landscape. It was a popular getaway for celebrities of Old Hollywood including Greta Garbo and Teddy Roosevelt.

References 
Cities in Colorado
Montreal Canadiens

The Montreal Canadiens are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Their nickname is the "Habs" (short for the French "Habitants", early settlers in Quebec from France).  They have won the Stanley Cup championship 24 times, more than any other team.

History 
The Canadiens (who use the French spelling of "Canadian") were formed in 1909, as part of the National Hockey Association.

Early games 
They won their first Stanley Cup in 1916, with star players such as Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde and goaltender Georges Vezina.  The Canadiens joined the NHL in 1917; Canadien Joe Malone won the first NHL scoring title (Art Ross Trophy).  They won the Cup again in 1924, with players such as Billy Boucher. Howie Morenz was a big star in the early years of the NHL.  He was a great skater.  Morenz won the Hart Trophy, as the league's top player, three times.  Goalie George Hainsworth played at the same time, and along with others such as Aurel Joliat, they won the Stanley Cup in 1930 and 1931.

It took 13 years before they won the Cup again.  A young Maurice "The Rocket" Richard, star goalie Bill Durnan,Hector "Toe" Blake, and Elmer Lach led the Canadiens to the cup again in 1944, as well as 1946.  Richard scored 50 goals in a 50-game season in 1944-45.  No one did that again for 36 years.  He led the NHL in goals five times.

Later games 

The Canadiens became a very powerful team in the 1950s.  Led by legendary center Jean Beliveau, Doug Harvey (who won seven Norris Trophies as best defence, six on Montreal), Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Dickie Moore, Jacques Plante (who won seven Vezina Trophies for goalies), and Richard (along with his younger brother, Henri, the "Pocket Rocket"), the team won the Cup in 1953, and five times in a row, 1956 through 1960.  They won again in 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969.

New members 
New players led the team in the 1970s:  Guy Lafleur, Ken Dryden, Bob Gainey, Larry Robinson, and Yvon Cournoyer led them to the cup in 1971, 1973, and four times in a row, 1976 through 1979.  By 1979, they had won the Stanley Cup 16 times in 27 years.

Related pages
List of Montreal Canadiens players

References 

Notes

Other websites
Official website

 
1909 establishments in Canada
Hockey

Hockey is a type of sport in which players try to get points by hitting an object into the other team's goal with a stick. Others believe hockey came from the French word “hoquet” which means shepherd's stick. James Creighton, an engineer who learned how to play the game of hockey while living in Nova Scotia, is credited for bringing the game to a new level. He taught his friends at McGill University in Montreal how to play the game. There are three main ways that hockey is played.

Field hockey is played with a ball on grass or astroturf. there are eleven players in each team . Field hockey is usually played outdoors, but there is indoor field hockey. Field hockey is played in the Summer Olympic Games.
Ice hockey is played on ice. Players on each team wear ice skates. They try to hit a small rubber disc called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are up to 6 players on the ice at a time for each team. It can be played indoors or outdoors. Professionals play indoors in arenas. Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is played in the Winter Olympic GamesThe modern game was invented in the mid-1850´s by British soldiers based in Canada. Rules were set by students at McGill University in Montréal, Canada, in 1879, and many amateur clubs and leagues were organized in Canada by the late 1880´s. The game is believed to have been 1st played in the USA in 1893.
Roller hockey is played on a roller hockey rink, usually inside. Players on each team wear roller skates. They try to hit a small plastic disk called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are 5 players on each team. There is no contact.
Evidence exists that shows ancient Aztecs, Greeks and Romans played similar forms of the game. The modern game of field hockey came to fruition in the mid-19th century in Great Britain. The British army brought the game to its colonies, and the first international competition took place in 1895.
Death grunt

A death grunt is when a singer uses a scream which is very low and deep. It is used in many types of music, but usually death metal. In many people's opinions, it is hard to understand the death grunt. However, some people who listen to them a lot think they are not so hard to understand. Some people believe that death grunts in music sound "scary", so they do not like them.

Bands that use death growls include Necrophagist, Morbid Angel, Opeth, and many more.
Bands that use higher screams that come from the throat include Escape the Fate, Alesana and Greeley Estates.

Other terms for death grunts are death growls, harsh vocals, and unclean vocals.

References 

Music
Clique

A clique is a small group of people who like the same things.  Sometimes, people use the word clique to talk about groups of young people.  The word is also used to talk about groups of adults, usually groups of politicians.

In a clique there are leaders and followers.  A clique may also have people they do not like. Such people are called outcasts. The outcasts were followers, then they were not liked.
 

Relationships
Sociology