cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Gerry Davey

John Gerald Davey (September 5, 1914 – February 12, 1977) is a former ice hockey player who played in the English National League (ENL). He also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team which won the gold medal at the 1936 Winter Olympics (see Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics). He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

Career
Although born in Barking, England, Davey learned to play ice hockey in Port Arthur, Ontario with the Elmwood Midgets after his family emigrated there when he was a child.

Club
When he was 16-years-old, Davey's mother returned with him to England in 1931. He got a place with the Princes club playing in the English League with the help of a London newspaper. After a short time with ZSC Lions in Switzerland, he returned to the UK to play with Streatham in 1933 before eventually moving on to play with the Falkirk Lions in the Scottish National League between 1938 and 1940, whom he also coached in 1938–39.

During World War II, Davey joined the Royal Canadian Navy continuing to play ice hockey in the Toronto Services League. After the war in 1946, Davey returned to Streatham where he took up playing in defence having previously played right wing. Davey then moved the Wembley Lions the following year for the 1947–48 season. Davey then turned his hand to refereeing before returning to playing for a brief spell during the 1949–50 season with the Streatham Royals in the Intermediate League.

International

After arriving in England, Davey made an immediate impact with the Princes club and was selected to play for the GB national team in the 1932 European Championships held in Berlin. The team finished the tournament in seventh position with Davey scoring seven of the team's eleven goals.

Davey went on to play for the GB national team at all the international tournaments between 1932 and 1939, most notably the team which took part in the 1936 Winter Olympics. Having fallen ill, Davey came back from his sick bed to score 40 seconds into the game against Canada – which GB won 2–1 – helping the team along the way to securing the gold medal.

Davey also helped the GB team to a bronze medal in the 1935 World Championships, which also earned a silver medal in the European Championships, and a silver medal in the 1937 and 1938 World Championships. Following World War II, Davey again represented GB at the 1948 Winter Olympics when they finished in sixth place.

Davey scored a total of forty-three goals for the GB national team, a record which still stands.

Awards
Olympic gold medalist in 1936.
World Championship silver medalist in 1937 and 1938.
European Championship gold medalist in 1937.
Inducted to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1949.

Records
Most goals scored for the GB national team with 43.

Footnotes

References
A to Z Encyclopaedia of Ice Hockey
Ice Hockey Journalists UK

Other websites
A to Z Encyclopaedia of Ice Hockey entry 
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame entry 

1914 births
1977 deaths
English ice hockey players
People from Thunder Bay
Sportspeople from London
K1A1 tank

The K1A1 is a remodeled and upgraded version of K1, the main battle tank of the South Korean army. It looks similar to the K1 tank. The first test model, made by Hyundai, was shown to the public on April 3, 1996. It went through performance tests for two years from 1999 to 2001. Production began on October 13, 2001. It is planned to produce 484 of them by 2010. The K2 Black Panther is planned to replace it after that.

The reason for the upgrade was to increase the fire power of the K1. The main 105mm gun was replaced with the M256 120mm gun. The M256 122mm has 1.5 times the range and 1.7 times stronger fire power than the older gun. It also changed its armor, called Korean Special Armor Plate (KSAP), which greatly improved its side shield.

The K1A1 weighs about 53.2 tons and can seat four people. Besides the main gun, there are two kinds of machine guns, 12.7mm K6 and two 7.62mm M60s as secondary arms. Guns and a turret are able to move independently of the main body. This improves its accuracy rate.

The K1A1 is designed for Korea’s mountainous land. It provides a smoother ride as well as higher speed driving on a sloping hill, compared to the K1. The maximum speed is around 65km/h on the level ground, 40km/h on the mountains. Its fire control system involves KCPS (Korea Commander’s Panoramic Sight), KGPS (Korean Gunners Primary Sight), digital ballistic calculator, and some minor factors. The notable fact is that the development of this system was mostly done by Korean technology.

References

Tanks
Military of South Korea
Art Child

Arthur John Child (September 15, 1915 – June 30, 1996) was a British goaltender who played professional ice hockey in the United Kingdom. He was the backup goaltender for the GB national ice hockey team which won gold at the  1936 Winter Olympics (see Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics). Child himself did not take to the ice during the tournament and was not awarded a gold medal. He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

References
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame entry 

1916 births
1996 deaths
English ice hockey players
Sportspeople from Essex
Freddie Dunkelman

Frederick F. "Freddie" Dunkelman (February 5, 1920 – July 23, 2010) was a British ice hockey player who competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics. In St. Moritz he was a member of the British team that placed fifth in the ice hockey tournament. He was born in East Ham, Greater London and was a member of the Harringay Greyhounds. In 1946 he founded Dunkelman & Son Ltd, now known as Dasco Shoe Care, in Battersea to manufacture and sell ice hockey sticks, but moved into the shoe trade in 1950 and to a new location in Desborough in 1969. He retired from the business after 61 years in 2007.

References

1920 births
2010 deaths
English ice hockey players
Sportspeople from London
Zhuyin

Zhuyin Fuhao, often shortened as zhuyin and commonly called bopomofo, is a type of sound-based writing for the Chinese language. In Chinese, "bo", "po", "mo" and "fo" are the first four of the conventional ordering of available syllables. As a result, the four syllables together have been used to refer to many different phonetic systems. For Chinese speakers who were first introduced to the Zhuyin system, "bopomofo" means zhuyin fuhao.

The zhuyin characters are represented in typographic fonts as if drawn with an ink brush (as in Regular Script). They are encoded in Unicode in the bopomofo block, in the range U+3105 ... U+312D.

History 
After the overthrow of China's last emperor during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the new government in China created Zhuyin to help the common people read more easily. However, the Chinese Communist Party, including Mao Zedong himself, wanted to ban writing Chinese characters altogether and replace them with the Latin alphabet. When the People's Liberation Army defeated the Kuomintang (the founding party of the Republic of China) in 1949 and sent them off to exile in Taiwan, the use of Zhuyin dropped in mainland China because the CPC was interested in using the Latin alphabet for writing Chinese phonetically. However, Zhuyin is still widely used in Taiwan as it is used to type Chinese on computer and phone keyboards.

Features 
Zhuyin was made to closely represent the sounds of Mandarin Chinese. Symbols are divided into two categories, the initials (the first sounds in a syllable) and the finals (the main vowel, the glide consonants ([y/i; IPA:/j/] and [w/u; IPA:/w/]) that come before the main vowel and all the sound that comes after it). There are 4 tone marks to represent the 5 Mandarin tones.

References

Chinese language
Heo Jeong

Heo Jeong (Hangul:허정, Hanja:許政, April 8, 1896 – September 18, 1988) was a South Korean politician and independence activist. In 1948 he was the second Transportation Minister of South Korea. In 1950 he was Social Affairs Minister, in 1951 Prime Minister (Acting) of South Korea, and in 1952 Government Services Minister.

In 1957 he was the eighth Mayor of Seoul City until 1959. On April 19, 1960, he became Foreign Affairs Minister. On April 25 his ministries involved being Acting President of South Korea. In June 1960 he became the sixth Prime Minister of South Korea. His nickname was YooYang (우양).

Related pages 
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Kyu-Sik
 Yun Poson
 Chang Myon

1896 births
1988 deaths
Anti-Communists
Mayors of Seoul
People of the Korean War
Presidents of South Korea
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Köpenick

Köpenick part of the German capital city of Berlin.  It is at the meeting place of two rivers, the Dahme and Spree.

It is known for the famous imposter Wilhelm Voigt, the Captain of Köpenick.

Köpenick was an independent town until 1920. It then became a borough of Berlin, with an area of , making it Berlin's largest borough. In 2001, the borough of Köpenick was merged with that of Treptow to create the current borough of Treptow-Köpenick.

Geography

Overview
A lot of Köpenick's area is covered with forests and water, such as the Müggelsee lake.

The Spree connects Köpenick with the Müggelsee and the Berlin city centre. The Oder-Spree Canal links the Dahme, at nearby Schmöckwitz, with the Oder river, at Eisenhüttenstadt, thus providing a navigable connection between Köpenick and the Oder.

There are so many forests and parks in Köpenick is sometimes called the "green lungs" of Berlin. The Müggelberge hills in the south-east of Köpenick reach , making them the highest natural point of Berlin.

Subdivision
Köpenick is divided into 8 zones:
Altstadt
Kietzer Vorstadt
Dammvorstadt
Köpenick-Nord
Siedlung Dammfeld
Elsengrund
Uhlenhorst
Wolfsgarten
Amtsfeld-Kämmereiheide
Salvador-Allende-Viertel
Köllnische Vorstadt
Spindlersfeld
Wendenschloß
Siedlung Kietzer Feld

Panorama

History

For many years Köpenick was an independent town. Its was first mentioned as a stronghold in 1209.  This means Köpenick is older than Berlin-Cölln, which was first mentioned in a 1237 deed. For the most part of Köpenick's history, the town was known as Cöpenick.

In 1631, during the Thirty Years' War, the emissaries of George William, Elector of Brandenburg went to Köpenick to meet the approaching army of Gustav Adolph, King of Sweden, to try to stop the  devastation of Brandenburg.

In 1906, a shoemaker called Wilhelm Voigt pretended to be a Prussian officer and took over the town hall of Köpenick. A play was made about the event, and later several films and television shows.

Sport
The Stadion An der Alten Försterei is home of the 1. FC Union Berlin football club.

References

Other websites

 Köpenick official site
 Köpenick page on www.berlin.de
Clotilde of France, Queen of Sardinia

Marie Clotilde of France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) was Queen of Sardinia as wife of Charles Emmanuel IV. She was the sister of Louis XVI. On 10 April 1808, Pope Pius VII, declared Queen Clodile a Venerable the causes of her beatification and canonization continue.

Life

Baptied as Marie Adélaïde Clotilde Xavière, she was born at Versailles and known as Madame Clotilde. She was a daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France, only son of Louis XV, and Maria Josepha of Saxony. Because she was overweight, Marie Clotilde was nicknamed Gros-Madame. She was raised with her sister Élisabeth.

Marriage

On 27 August 1775, Louis XVI had his sister Marie Clotilde married in Versailles to Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, eldest son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and of his wife Maria Antonia of Spain. Marie Clotilde had been taught Italian while at Versailles. In Savoy, jokes were made about her weight. Although the union was political, Marie Clotilde and Charles Emmanuel were devoted to each other. However they had no children.

In 1796, her husband became king. Marie Clotilde and her husband fled to Naples and lived as guests of the wealthy Colonna. Marie Clotilde died on 7 March 1802. Charles Emmanuel later abdicated on 4 June 1802 in favour of his younger brother, Victor Emmanuel. Marie Clotilde was buried in the Church of Santa Caterina a Chiaia in Naples.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles 
23 September 1759 – 27 August 1775 Her Royal Highness Marie Clotilde de France, Grand daughter of France
27 August 1775 – 16 October 1796 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piedmont
16 October 1796 – 7 March 1802 Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia

References

Other websites

1759 births
1802 deaths
People from Versailles
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Brooks Orpik

Richard Brooks Orpik (born September 26, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He most recently played for the Washington Capitals where he was an alternate captain. He has also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Orpik played 3 years of college hockey at Boston College with the Eagles.

He was drafted with the 18th overall pick by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. His made his NHL debut with the Penguins during the 2002–03 NHL season, playing in 6 games and recording no points. On July 2, 2008, the Penguins signed Orpik to a six-year, $22.5 million contract. On June 12, 2009, Orpik was able to win the Stanley Cup with the Penguins when they defeated the Detroit Red Wings in Game 7.

On July 1, 2014, Orpik was signed to a 5-year, $27.5 million contract by the Washington Capitals.

On June 25, 2019, Orpik announced his retirement from professional hockey following 15 NHL seasons.

References

Other websites 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey players
American Olympic silver medalists
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals players
Ice hockey defencemen
Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV)

Louis of France (Louis Ferdinand; 4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Marie Leszczyńska. He was the Dauphin of France all his life. He was the father of three kings of France, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X.

Early life and education

Louis was born at the Palace of Versailles. As the heir apparent to the throne of France, he was given the traditional title of Dauphin of France.

Louis' governess was Madame de Ventadour. From an early age Louis took a great interest in the military arts. He was very close to his three oldest sisters.

Marriages

In 1744 Louis XV negotiated a marriage between his fifteen year old son and the nineteen year old Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. The marriage contract was signed 13 December 1744 and the marriage was celebrated by proxy at Madrid 18 December 1744 and in person at Versailles 23 February 1745. Louis and Maria Teresa Rafaela were well matched and had a real affection for each other. They had one daughter Princess Marie Thérèse who died before reaching adulthood and killed her mother. 

On 10 January 1747 Louis was married by proxy at Dresden to Maria Josepha of Saxony, the fifteen year old younger daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Prince-Elector of Saxony and King of Poland and his wife, Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria. A second marriage ceremony took place in person at Versailles on 9 February 1747.

Louis died of consumption at Fontainebleau in 1765 at the age of thirty-six. Louis was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne in Sens his heart being buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis.

Children
Marie Thérèse of France (19 July 1746 – 27 April 1748). Named after her mother, she died young. 
Marie Zéphyrine of France (26 August 1750 - 1 September 1755) died in young. 
Louis Joseph of France, Duke of Burgundy (13 September 1751 - 22 March 1761) died young.
Xavier of France, Duke of Aquitaine (8 September 1753 -22 February 1754_
Louis XVI of France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) married Marie Antoinette and had children.
Louis XVIII of France (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824) married Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy, no children.
Charles X of France (9 October 1757 - 6 November 1836) married Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy and had children
Marie Clotilde de France (23 September 1759 – 7 March 1802) married Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, no children.
Élisabeth of France (3 May 1764 – 10 May 1794) died unmarried. 

1729 births
1765 deaths
People from Versailles
House of Bourbon
Deaths from tuberculosis
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Theo Ratliff

Theophilus Curtis Ratliff (born April 17, 1973 in Demopolis, Alabama) is a retired American basketball player that played a total of 20 seasons in the NBA.

He went to University of Wyoming for college where he played basketball with the Cowboys. During his NBA career, Ratliff played for the Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks, Portland Trail Blazers, Boston Celtics, Minnesota Timberwolves, San Antonio Spurs, Charlotte Bobcats and the Los Angeles Lakers.

Other websites
Theo Ratliff at NBA.com

1973 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Boston Celtics players
Charlotte Bobcats players
Detroit Pistons players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Philadelphia 76ers players
Portland Trail Blazers players
San Antonio Spurs players
Sportspeople from Alabama
American basketball players
Marie Leszczyńska

This is the correct spelling of the surname in modern Polish; various other spellings are also used in English and French.

Marie Leszczyńska (Trzebnica, 23 June 1703 – Versailles, 24 June 1768) was a queen of France as wife of Louis XV. In France, she was referred to as Marie Leczinska. She was the longest serving Queen consort of France.

Background

Born Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa, she was the second daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński and his wife Katarzyna Opalińska.

Marriage

Maria was on a list of 99 eligible European princesses to marry the young king. The marriage by proxy took place on 15 August 1725 in the cathedral of Strasbourg, Louis XV being represented by his cousin Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans. She had nine children. Marie had a very close relationship to her children.

Issue

On 4 September 1725, she married Louis XV of France. They had eleven children:

Louise Élisabeth of France (14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) married Philip, Duke of Parma and had issue.
Henriette of France (14 August 1727 – 10 February 1752) died unmarried.
Louise of France (28 July 1728 – 19 February 1733) died in childhood.
Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) married Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain; had issue then married Marie Josèphe of Saxony and had issue.
Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou (30 August 1730 – 17 April 1733) died in childhood.
Marie Adélaïde of France (23 March 1732 – 27 February 1800) died unmarried.
Victoire of France (11 May 1733 – 7 June 1799) died unmarried.
Sophie of France (17 July 1734 – 3 March 1782) died unmarried.
Stillborn Child  (28 March 1735 – 28 March 1735).
Thérèse of France (16 May 1736 – 28 September 1744) died in childhood.
Louise Marie of France (5 July 1737 – 23 December 1787) was a nun.

Queen

Queen Marie never managed to acquire any political influence. Marie was a devout Roman Catholic. She was also a great lover of music and painting and the protector of many artists. Marie died at Versailles on 24 June 1768, six years before her husband. Her family sincerely grieved her death. She was buried at the Basilica of St Denis, and her heart was deposed at the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours in Nancy (Lorraine).

1703 births
1768 deaths
Polish people
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Photocatalysis

Photocatalysis is using light as a catalyst to increase the rate of a photoreaction.  Most known photoreactions begin when light creates a free radical in the reaction system.  Light can have a lot of energy and is able to break chemical bonds.  For example some things fade or lose their color when left in sunlight. When light breaks the chemical bonds, free radicals are produced. A free radical is a molecule, atom or an ion that needs an electron. The free radical will take electrons from other molecules or atoms and this starts chemical reactions.

Terms and background 

Photo- is a prefix showing that light is involved.
Photolysis is when light cuts (breaks bonds) of a molecule.
In a chemical reaction there are reactants also called reagents that you begin with.  Once the reaction takes place you have products. In the example below methane 
(CH4) and oxygen (O2) are the reactants and carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the products.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Catalysis
Catalysis is using a catalyst to change the rate of a chemical reaction.  For the reactants to become the products the reaction must overcome an energy barrier. This energy barrier is known as the activation energy (Ea). For example, when you lit the methane gas you are providing the activation energy to burn(react).

Rate
Rate is how fast or slow a chemical reaction happens.

Catalyst
Catalyst is a substance present but not consumed in a reaction like the other reagents while increasing the rate of the reaction. The graph below shows the catalyst’s effect on the activation energy. The Y (vertical) axis shows the activation energy while the x (horizontal) axis shows the reaction over time.  With no catalyst present (black line) the reaction has a higher energy to overcome. In the presence of a catalyst (red line) the activation energy is reduced.

Light
In a vacuum light travels at c, c= 2.99792458X108 m/s that’s 186,000 miles in one second.

The up and down pattern is how we show light. The high points are called crests and the low are called troughs.  Light has three characteristics that we use to describe it.  Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two peaks that are next to each other. Frequency (ν) is the number of times a unit of light can pass by a point over time. Amplitude is the vertical distance between a peak and the next trough.

Research and uses

Photocatalysis is getting more attention from the scientific community due to the “green movement”  
An example of organometallic research is mimicking photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to make sugar for food. Plants use only carbon dioxide gas from the air, water and sunlight. Plants actually have an organometallic molecule containing Mn that helps them perform this reaction.  Scientists hope to make an organometallic molecule that can make organic products like fuels using only carbon dioxide, water and light. If this process could be harnessed it could dramatically reduce pollution, because the carbon you make your fuel with is the carbon dioxide from the air.

References

Chemistry
X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is a way to see the three-dimensional structure of a molecule. The electron cloud of an atom bends the X-rays slightly. This makes a "picture" of the molecule that can be seen on a screen. It can be used for both organic and inorganic molecules. The sample is not destroyed in the process.

The technique was jointly invented by Sir William Bragg (1862–1942) and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971). They won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915. Lawrence Bragg is the youngest to be made a Nobel Laureate. He was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson , Francis Crick , Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin in February 1953.

The oldest method of X-ray crystallography is X-ray diffraction (XRD). X-rays are fired at a single crystal and the way they are scattered produces a pattern.  These patterns are used to work out the arrangement of atoms inside the crystal.

X-ray analysis of crystals 

Crystals are regular arrays of atoms, meaning that the atoms are repeated over and over in all three dimensions. X-rays are waves of electromagnetic radiation. When X-rays meet atoms, the electrons in the atoms cause the X-rays to scatter in all directions. Because the X-rays are emitted in all directions, an X-ray striking an electron produces secondary spherical waves emanating from the electron. The electron  is known as the scatterer. A regular array of scatterers (here the repeating pattern of atoms in the crystal) produces a regular array of spherical waves. Although these waves cancel one another out in most directions, they add up in a few specific directions, determined by Bragg's law:

Here d is the spacing between diffracting planes,  is the incident angle, n is any integer, and λ is the wavelength of the beam. These specific directions appear as spots on the diffraction pattern called reflections. Thus, X-ray diffraction results from an electromagnetic wave (the X-ray) hitting a regular array of scatterers (the repeating arrangement of atoms within the crystal).

Related pages
Crystallography
Electron crystallography
Spectroscopy

References

Chemistry
Physics
Technology
Molecular biology
NMR spectroscopy

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy that allows chemists to see the structure of a molecule. Certain atoms' nuclei have certain magnetic properties when placed in a strong magnetic field. Atoms like carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine can be detected in this way.

How an NMR works
A chemical sample is prepared by placing a tiny amount of the sample in an NMR tube. It is dissolved in a special solvent like heavy water (see deuterium) or chloroform-d, then the tube is placed into the NMR machine. The machine is a large magnet, like an MRI. Some atoms in the sample will become excited when it is in the magnet, and when the sample is removed, the atoms will go back to a lower energy state. A computer connected to the NMR can detect this change in excitement and it will cause different peaks and bumps to appear on the NMR diagram. A chemist can print this diagram and study the various peaks. 

Most NMR machines can only detect excitement from one type of atom. For example, an 1H NMR can only "see" hydrogen atoms. A 13C NMR can only see activity from carbon atoms.

NMR Diagram
An NMR diagram displays an x-axis with units of parts per million, or "shift." Peaks that occur farther to the left in the diagram (these peaks are said to be shifted downfield) represent hydrogen atoms that are closer to electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, or connected to an aromatic (benzene) ring. Hydrogen atoms that are adjacent to other hydrogen atoms can split peaks as well. If there are n hydrogen atoms "next door" to a single one, that single one's peak will be split into n+1 peaks. For example, if a hydrogen atom is adjacent to three others, that hydrogen atom will be split into 4 smaller peaks, called a quartet. Hydrogen atoms that are part of O-H or N-H bonds won't be split, but they will appear on the diagram as a rounded lump, called a broad peak. By looking at all these factors in a diagram, a chemist can figure out what compounds are in his or her sample, and they can determine if the compound they have made is pure. 

 
Physical chemistry
Spectroscopy
Mercury(I) sulfate

Mercury(I) sulfate, also known as mercurous sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2SO4. It has mercury and sulfate ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(I) sulfate is a whitish-yellow solid. It is not soluble in water. It does dissolve in dilute nitric acid.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving a large amount of mercury in concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with any sulfate or sulfuric acid.

Related pages
Mercury(II) sulfate
Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury compounds
Sulfur compounds
Italian Renaissance art

Italian Renaissance art is a style of painting and sculpture that began in the late 13th century (1200s) with the work of the painter Giotto and a sculptor Nicola Pisano. The Renaissance way of painting and sculpting did not become the usual style until about 100 years later. From 1400 to about 1600 many artists in Italy used and developed the style. Leonardo da Vinci is a very famous example of an artist in this style.  

The city of Florence is a birthplace of the Renaissance and in particular, of Renaissance art. 

Italian Renaissance painting can be divided into four periods: 
 Proto-Renaissance, 1300–1400.
 Early Renaissance, 1400–1475.
 High Renaissance, 1475–1525.
 Mannerism, 1525–1600. 

The Proto-Renaissance begins with the works of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna and Altichiero and the sculptor Nicola Pisano. 
The Early Renaissance was the time of the painters Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Uccello, Piero della Francesca and Verrocchio, and the sculptors Ghiberti and Donatello. 
The High Renaissance was the time of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Titian as well as Michelangelo who was famous as a sculptor and as a painter.
The Mannerist period was the time of Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo and Tintoretto and the sculptors Giambologna and Cellini.

Background

The Medici
Cosimo de' Medici was intelligent, deeply religious, very rich, and wanted to be remembered as a man who did great things for Florence. He was a great patron of the arts and learning. He paid artists to make many beautiful paintings and sculptures. He collected many books, that were given to the Friary of St Mark so that a library could be made and many people could use them. After Cosimo, his sons Piero and Giovanni, and his grandsons Lorenzo and Giuliano continued to be patrons of the arts and of learning. They gathered a group of philosophers, poets and artists together in the "Medici Academy".

Related pages
 Renaissance 
 Renaissance architecture 
 Mannerism
 List of Renaissance artists 
 Giorgio Vasari
 Duecento
 Trecento
 Quattrocento
 Cinquecento

Painting
Renaissance
Cunard Line

Cunard Line is a shipping company that was founded in 1840 and runs cruise ships all over the world.

History
Cunard was formed in 1840 by Samuel Cunard after he decided to start a company that would carry mail from England to the United States. England paid for the costs of this service, since the country wanted a more regular service than the sailing ships of the time could do.  Cunard started with four steam ships that made crossings of the Atlantic Ocean once a week.  The company became known for its record of good safety–while ships of other companies often sank, killing many people, these sorts of things rarely happened to Cunard.

By the early 1900s, though, Cunard was faced with many other ships from several countries also competing with it for passengers going across the Atlantic.  This caused the company to build three new ships, larger and faster than the ones before them.  They were named RMS Mauretania, RMS Lusitania and RMS Aquitania.  Theses ships made Cunard back into a leading shipping line, even though Lusitania was sunk during World War I by a German submarine, killing 1,200 people.

In 1934, another big Cunard ship, the RMS Queen Mary, began service. She was the largest ship ever built at that time. During World War II, Queen Mary and another new ship like her, Queen Elizabeth, carried many soldiers to support England and the US.

By the 1960s, people preferred to cross the Atlantic by jet airplanes rather than by ships, so Cunard sold most of their ships, or made them cruise ships instead of ocean liners.  Cunard still decided to build one new ocean liner, though, RMS Queen Elizabeth 2. She started service in 1969 and became a very popular ship because she made both cruises and crossings of the Atlantic.

In 1998, Carnival Corporation bought Cunard.  Soon after, the company decided to build a new ocean liner that would make both cruises and Atlantic crossings like Queen Elizabeth 2, but would be bigger.  This ship entered service in 2004 and is named RMS Queen Mary 2.

Fleet
Cunard operates three ships as of 2010, and has operated many more in the past.  The three that are in service are RMS Queen Mary 2, MS Queen Victoria, and MS Queen Elizabeth.

References

British transport companies
1840 establishments in the United Kingdom
Emulsifier

An emulsifier is an additive which helps two liquids mix. For example, water and oil separate in a glass, but adding an emulsifier will help the liquids mix together. Some examples of emulsifiers are egg yolks and mustard. An emulsifier consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail. The hydrophilic head is directed to the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic tail to the oil phase. The emulsifier positions itself at the oil/water or air/water interface and, by reducing the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.

Operation 
Emulsifiers belong to the surfactants, usually with a grease-loving (lipophilic) and a water-loving (hydrophilic) part, which can nest around boundary layers between aqueous and greasy parts. Grease and water repel each other, making an emulsion without emulsifier easily fall apart. An emulsifier prevents this rejection because it projects the water-loving side towards the water and the fat-loving side towards the fat. The extent to which the hydrophilic or lipophilic character dominates is represented by the HLB value of the surfactant (HLB = Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance). A high HLB value (10 to 18) indicates a hydrophilic substance suitable for emulsifying fats or oils in water. Substances with a low HLB (3 to 8) are lipophilic and suitable for water-in-oil emulsions.

Emulgators are used in cosmetics for example in creams and bath oils. A cream consists largely of an emulsion of fat in water or of water in fat, while a bath oil often contains an emulsifier to partially distribute the oil in the water. Without an emulsifier, the oil would float on the water. Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetic products are glyceryl monostearate, Polysorbate 20, accasia, tragacanth agar, and pectin.

Emulsifiers are often used in food technology, for example to keep products moist or greasy (such as cakes and bread) or to mix fat-soluble substances with water, such as margarine.

An example of an emulsifier in food is lecithin. Lecithin is in egg yolk and is used for example in making mayonnaise. It ensures a good connection between fats and vinegar. In european food, various E-numbers are used in the series from E400 to E499.

References 

Physical chemistry
N Seoul Tower

The N Seoul Tower (), officially the YTN Seoul Tower and commonly known as Namsan Tower or Seoul Tower, is a large tower in South Korea. It is part of Seoul. The country can be viewed from the tower, making it a tourist attaction. It is  tall. It has cafes and observatories in it.

References

Other websites
 
 

Towers in Asia
Skyscrapers
Buildings and structures in Seoul
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
System administrator

A system administrator is a person hired by a company or organization to control the technical stuff of the company. For example, the system administrator takes care of the server of the company to ensure that it always stays online to allow customers to buy their products online.

The system administrator also takes care of the technical products that the company or organisation purchases. He does maintenance on computers of the company that had broken down.

Related pages 
 System operator

Technology
Conoidasida

Conoidasida is a class of protists, It contains one order, Eucoccidiorida.

Apicomplexa
Coccidia

Coccidia is a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa.

Apicomplexa
Upper Jurassic

The Upper Jurassic is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya. It was followed by the Lower Cretaceous.

Paleogeography
During the Upper Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the spawning of the Atlantic Ocean. However, at this time, the Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow.

Sea level was high, though not so high as during the Upper Cretaceous. The Laurasian landmass was broken up by the rising sea into large islands. The rocks were carbonate limestones and clays. The epoch included the famous Solnhofen limestone lagerstätte, where Archaeopteryx was found.

Organic productivity 
The Upper Jurassic of England and Europe bears a huge amount of the products of life. The Kimmeridge clay is the main source for the huge North Sea oil reserves, and the whole epoch is stuffed full of marine fossils. Many dinosaur remains have also been found. The epoch starts with the Oxford Clay deposited in a shallow seaway of 10 to 50 metres depth.

The first fossils which show small dinosaurs with feathers are found: Anchiornis.

Related pages 
Blue Lias
Lower Jurassic
Middle Jurassic
Jurassic

References 

Jurassic
Mercury(II) sulfate

Mercury(II) sulfate, also known as mercuric sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgSO4. It has mercury and sulfate ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(II) sulfate is a colorless solid. It reacts with hot water to make sulfuric acid and a mercury oxysulfate that does not dissolve. It is an oxidizing agent.

Preparation
Mercury(II) sulfate is made by dissolving a small amount of mercury metal in concentrated sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with sulfuric acid.

Uses
Mercury(II) sulfate is used as a catalyst in making acetaldehyde. Some byproducts of this reaction that have mercury in them are thought to have poisoned many people in Japan (Minamata disease).

Related pages
Mercury(I) sulfate
Mercury(II) chloride

Mercury compounds
Sulfur compounds
Alois Hitler

Alois Hitler (born Alois Schicklgruber, 7 June 1837  3 January 1903) was the father of Adolf Hitler. He was born in Waldviertel. His third marriage, from 1883 until his death, was to Adolf's mother, Klara who was also his niece. He was an Austrian customs official.

Personal life 
He retired to a farm in 1895 and he was a beekeeper which means that he collected bees so that they could produce honey. He died of a stroke in Linz aged 65. He changed his name from Alois Schicklgruber to Alois Hitler.

References 

1837 births
1903 deaths
Beekeepers
Civil servants
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Austria
Hitler family
People from Lower Austria
Austrian Roman Catholics
Ethiopian Empire

The Ethiopian Empire (Ge'ez Script: የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት መንግሥተ, Mängəstä Ityop'p'ya) or simply Ethiopia (,  , , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, , Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ), also known as "Abyssinia" by foreigners, was an old empire. It used to include modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea. When it was biggest, it controlled some parts of Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.

Abyssinia was mentioned in Egyptian records in 980 BC. Its king made the country Christian in the 4th century. The Solomonid dynasty ruled from 1270 to 1974 A.D., when it was overthrown by communists. At the time of its overthrow, it was the longest-lasting government in the world and one of the only two nations that did not get colonized in Africa.

References

Empires
Mark Zuckerberg

Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is a former Harvard University student who created Facebook when he was still studying computer science.  The founding of Facebook made Zuckerberg a billionaire, one of the youngest and richest billionaires of all time according to Forbes.

Besides computer programming, Zuckerberg is also interested in foreign languages, especially Mandarin Chinese. Mark Zuckerberg was born in White Plains, New York but now he lives in California.

His founding of Facebook was portrayed in the movie The Social Network starring actor Jesse Eisenberg in the leading role. In 2010, he said that he was going to give most of his money to charity.

In 2010, he was also named Time's Person of the Year. He was raised Jewish, was an atheist, but thinks different about religion nowadays. In a public Facebook post, Zuckerberg launched the Internet.org project in late August 2013.

He is married to Priscilla Chan.

"Zukenberg wears the same colour t-shirt to avoid the waisting of time in choosing the clothes."

References

Other websites
 
 Mark Zuckerberg - Forbes

1984 births
Living people
American billionaires
American company founders
American computer scientists
American Internet celebrities
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from New York
Jewish American scientists
Jewish billionaires
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish philanthropists
Scientists from New York
Time People of the Year
People from White Plains, New York
Anne Christine of Sulzbach

Anne Christine of Sulzbach (Anne Christine Louise; 5 February 1704 – 12 March 1723), also called Anne of the Palatinate, was the first wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont. She died as a result of giving birth.

Biography

Anne Christine was born a daughter of Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Eleonore of Hesse-Rheinfels, daughter of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg. 

On 15 March, 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III. He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II and Anne Marie d'Orléans and the heir apparent to the Savoyard throne. The following year, she gave birth to a son who was created the Duke of Aosta. She died a few days later on 12 March 1723 at the age of nineteen in Turin. Her only child died in 1725 in his second year, thus she has no descendants. She was buried at Turin Cathedral and was moved to the Basilica of Superga in Turin in 1786.

Issue
Vittorio Amedeo Theodore of Savoy (7 March 1723 – 11 August 1725), given the title of Duke of Aosta but died in infancy; buried at Superga.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

5 February 1704 – 15 March 1722 Her Serene Highness Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach
15 March 1722 – 12 March 1723 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piedmont

1704 births
1722 deaths
House of Wittelsbach
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Deaths in childbirth
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont

Victor Amadeus of Savoy (Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe; 6 May 1699 – 22 March 1715) was the eldest son of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. He was the Heir apparent of Savoy from his birth and as such was styled as the Prince of Piedmont. He acted as Regent of Savoy from September 1713 till September 1714 in the absences of his father. He died of smallpox at the age of 15.

Biography

He was the fifth child and first son of his parents and was baptised with the names Vittorio Amadeo Giovanni Filippo. The eldest son he would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. Though his parents were not close he also had a close relationship with his mother

The Prince of Piedmont was born in Turin in May 1699. He would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. He was also close to his mother. From birth he was styled as the Prince of Piedmont. He was the brother of the Princess Maria Adelaide and Queen Maria Luisa of Spain. He acted as regent of the duchy of Savoy in 1713.  He was the heir to the Kingdom of Sardinia. There were plans for him to marry Elisabetta Farnese thus linking the duchies of Savoy and Parma by marriage but a union would never take place Elisabetta later marrying Philip V of Spain. Prior to 11 April 1713 the young prince was entitled to the style of "Highness" however after this date he was raised to the style of Royal Highness. 

Piedmont died in Turin on 22 March 1715 having caught smallpox. He was buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista and later moved to the Basilica of Superga outside Turin.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
6 May 1699 – 11 April 1713 His Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]
11 April 1713 – 22 March 1715 His Royal Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]

References

1699 births
1715 deaths
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Deaths from smallpox
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Regents
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Hermannsdenkmal

The Statue of Herman () is a monument in the Southern part of the Teutoburg Forest,  in the district of Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

The monument commemorates the Cherusci war chief Hermann or Armin (Latin: Arminius) and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD when the Germanic tribes under Arminius fought three Roman legions and other troops under Varus. 

The sword has the following inscription:

German unity (is) my strength - my strength (is) Germany's might.

History

The monument is 53.46 m (173.39 ft) tall and was built according to plans by the sculptor Ernst von Bandel.

Building for the  statue was started in 1841, but was not finished until 1875 with the help of a lot of money from the state of Prussia. 

When building was started Germany was made up of lots of small countries.  Most of these were united into the Second German Empire in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War.  The monument was seen as one of those heping to remind people of Germany's history and  national pride.

Tourism
The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 130,000 visitors a year. It is possible to climb up onto the base of the statue to look around the countryside

A similar Hermann Heights Monument exists in New Ulm, Minnesota, a town settled by German immigrants.

Related pages

 Walhalla (Hall of the Slain, Regensburg, Germany)
 Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)
 Befreiungshalle (Hall of Liberation, Kelkheim, Germany)
 Heldenberg Memorial (in Austria)

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Landmarks in Germany
Monuments and memorials in Germany
Mercury(II) bromide

Mercury(II) bromide, also known as mercuric bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgBr2. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(II) bromide is a colorless solid. It is very toxic and similar to mercury(II) chloride. It can form explosive mixtures with potassium. It also reacts violently with indium at high temperatures. It is corrosive.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrobromic acid or by disproportionation of mercury(I) bromide.

Uses
It is used as a reagent in a reaction in organic chemistry. It is also used to test for arsenic. The arsenic is reacted with hydrogen to make arsine, which reacts with mercury(II) bromide to turn it yellow or brown.

Related pages
Sodium bromide
Mercury(II) sulfate

Mercury compounds
Bromine compounds
Babirusa

The babirusas are a genus Babyrousa, in the pig family (Suidae) found in Wallacea, or specifically the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru. They are often called deer pigs. All members of this genus were considered part of a single species until recently the babirusa (B. babyrussa), but following the split into several species, this scientific name is restricted to the Buru babirusa from Buru and Sula, whereas the best-known species, the north Sulawesi babirusa is named B. celebensis. The name "pig-deer" has sometimes also been used in English, and is a direct translation of the Indonesian babi-rusa.

Pigs
Mercury(II) fluoride

Mercury(II) fluoride, also known as mercuric fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgF2. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(II) fluoride is a white solid. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid. It breaks down when heated strongly.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid.

Related pages
Mercury(I) fluoride
Mercury(II) chloride

Mercury compounds
Fluorine compounds