cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Swallowing

Swallowing happens when food goes through the mouth of a person or animal into their throat. During swallowing, the food passes through a few organs called the pharynx, esophagus and lastly the stomach.

Reflexes
Physiology
Overweight

Overweight is the condition of a person when they have more fat in their body than is healthy.

Overweight means the person's body is too heavy. To find out if a person is overweight, you can calculate their body mass index. People with a BMI of 25 or more are overweight. Anything above 30 is obese (very overweight). Overweight used to be a BMI of 27 or more. In 1998 this changed.

Being overweight is associated with health problems such as Type 2 diabetes. Obesity is associated with greater health problems than overweight. In 2006  Adams et al. estimated that the risk of death increases by 20 to 40 percent among overweight people. Some people think that being overweight is not as unhealthy as is commonly thought. A 2013 review of 97 Pubmed articles with a sample size of 2.88 million found that overweight is associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality (death) than 'normal' weight. Body fat contains energy that the body can use to heal when it is sick.  
51.3% of overweight adults are metabolically healthy. Metabolically healthy overweight women are no more likely to die or have a heart attack or stroke than metabolically healthy normal weight women.

Doctors often tell overweight people that losing weight would be good for their health. People usually try to lose weight by eating less. This is called 'dieting'. They may exercise too.
Dieting is often ineffective. 41% of dieters weigh more four to five years after the end of the diet than before it began.

Some people might use herbal teas, powders and pills to help to lower their mass.

Animals can also be overweight.

Overweight is not just associated with bad health. People think that being overweight means that a person is lazy or bad. Overweight people are often treated badly by other people for because of this. This is called fatphobia.

More than 1.4 billion adults are overweight in the world. The amount of overweight people is increasing.

Notes

Obesity
Crying

Crying is when tears come out of a person's eyes because of their emotions, such as when they are sad, angry, or very happy.

Animals cannot cry. However, animals can release tears for other reasons, such as intense pain.

When over 300 adults were asked how often they cried, they found out that men usually cry once every month, and women cry five or more times per month.

References 

Physiology
Ichizo Nakata

Ichizo Nakata (born 19 April 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||0||0||||||0||0
|-
|1993||5||0||1||0||3||0||9||0
|-
|1994||14||0||0||0||0||0||14||0
|-
|1995||8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||0||2||0||11||0||37||0
|-
|1997||10||0||0||0||5||0||15||0
|-
|1998||Oita Trinity||Football League||23||1||0||0||0||0||23||1
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|1999||21||0||1||0||2||0||24||0
|-
|2000||26||1||0||0||4||0||30||1
|-
|2001||Oita Trinita||J. League 2||18||1||1||0||2||0||21||1
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||6||0||0||0||2||0||8||0
|-
|2004||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
165||3||5||0||29||0||19||3
165||3||5||0||29||0||19||3
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Mie Prefecture
Fabiano Cezar Viegas

Fabiano Cezar Viegas (born 4 August 1975) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Flamengo||rowspan="5"|Série A||6||0||||||||||6||0
|-
|1995||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1996||16||0||||||||||16||0
|-
|1997||18||0||||||||||18||0
|-
|1998||7||1||||||||||7||1
|-
|1999||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||18||1||||||||||18||1

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||28||2||4||0||6||0||38||2
|-
|2001||19||0||2||0||3||0||24||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||19||0||2||0||7||0||28||0
|-
|2003||23||1||0||0||4||0||27||1

|-
|2004||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||35||0||||||||||35||0
|-
|2005||Flamengo||Série A||17||0||||||||||17||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Goiás||rowspan="2"|Série A||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|2007||1||0||||||||||1||0
143||3||||||||||143||3
89||3||8||0||20||0||117||3
232||6||8||0||20||0||260||6

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Éder Ceccon

Éder Ceccon (born 13 April 1983) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 1||5||1||0||0||5||1
5||1||0||0||5||1
5||1||0||0||5||1

1983 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Txiki Begiristain

Txiki Begiristain (born 12 August 1964) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1982/83||rowspan="6"|Real Sociedad||rowspan="6"|La Liga||16||0||||||||||16||0
|-
|1983/84||33||3||||||||||33||3
|-
|1984/85||31||5||||||||||31||5
|-
|1985/86||29||1||||||||||29||1
|-
|1986/87||42||9||||||||||42||9
|-
|1987/88||36||5||||||||||36||5
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="7"|Barcelona||rowspan="7"|La Liga||38||12||||||||||38||12
|-
|1989/90||37||10||||||||||37||10
|-
|1990/91||33||6||||||||||33||6
|-
|1991/92||34||7||||||||||34||7
|-
|1992/93||27||15||||||||||27||15
|-
|1993/94||20||7||||||||||20||7
|-
|1994/95||24||6||||||||||24||6
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="2"|La Liga||33||2||||||||||33||2
|-
|1996/97||10||2||||||||||10||2

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||15||4||2||0||2||0||19||4
|-
|1998||30||9||3||0||4||2||37||11
|-
|1999||16||3||0||0||4||1||20||4
453||100||||||||||453||100
61||16||5||0||10||3||76||19
514||116||5||0||10||3||529||119
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1988||6||0
|-
|1989||2||1
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||3||3
|-
|1993||4||1
|-
|1994||5||1
|-
!Total||22||6
|}

References 

1964 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Yasutaka Kobayashi

Yasutaka Kobayashi (born 15 June 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fukushima United.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||Kashima Antlers||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||37||6||0||0||2||0||39||6
|-
|2001||Kashima Antlers||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||6||2||4||2||colspan="2"|-||10||4
|-
|2003||10||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|-
|2004||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||40||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||40||9
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||38||11||2||2||colspan="2"|-||40||13
|-
|2006||35||8||2||1||colspan="2"|-||37||9
|-
|2007||38||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Fagiano Okayama||Football League||31||19||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||19
|-
|2009||J. League 2||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2009||Fukushima United||Regional Leagues||||||||||||||||
243||57||14||6||2||0||259||63
243||57||14||6||2||0||259||63
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture
Fukushima United FC players
Yoshinori Taguchi

is a former Japanese football player.

Biography
Taguchi was born in Saitama on September 14, 1965. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club All Nippon Airways (later Yokohama Flügels) in 1989. He became a regular player as center back from first season. However he was suspended for seven months from October 1991 due to violence against referee. In 1993, he moved to Sanfrecce Hiroshima. However he could not become regular player due to injury before opening season. In 1994, he moved to his local club Urawa Reds and became a regular player. However he was suspended for four months from September 1995 due to violence against supporter after a match. From 1997, he could hardly play in the match in two seasons for injury. Although he came back on October 3, 1998, he receiving a red card. This match became his last match. He retired end of 1998 season.

In 1988, when Taguchi was a University of Tsukuba student, he was selected the Japan national "B team" for 1988 Asian Cup. At this competition, he played 3 games. However, Japan Football Association don't count as Japan national team match because this Japan team was "B team" not "top team".

After retirement, Taguchi became a manager for Nadeshiko League club Urawa Reinas (later Saitama Reinas) in 2001. In 2004, the club won the champions Nadeshiko League and the 2nd place Empress's Cup. He resigned end of 2004 season.

Statistics

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|All Nippon Airways||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||20||1||4||0||3||0||27||1
|-
|1990/91||18||1||2||1||4||0||24||1
|-
|1991/92||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|1992||Yokohama Flügels||J1 League||colspan="2"|-||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1993||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J1 League||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="5"|J1 League||29||1||2||0||2||0||33||1
|-
|1995||36||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||36||4
|-
|1996||24||1||4||1||13||1||41||3
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
139||8||13||2||23||1||175||11
139||8||13||2||23||1||175||11
|}

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Yokohama Flügels players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
1988 AFC Asian Cup players
Graeme Souness

Graeme Souness (born 6 May 1953) is a former Scottish football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971/72||Tottenham Hotspur||First Division||0||0

|-
|1972||Montreal Olympique||NASL||10||2

|-
|1972/73||rowspan="6"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Second Division||9||0
|-
|1973/74||35||7
|-
|1974/75||rowspan="4"|First Division||38||7
|-
|1975/76||35||3
|-
|1976/77||38||2
|-
|1977/78||19||3
|-
|1977/78||rowspan="7"|Liverpool||rowspan="7"|First Division||15||2
|-
|1978/79||41||8
|-
|1979/80||41||1
|-
|1980/81||37||6
|-
|1981/82||35||5
|-
|1982/83||41||9
|-
|1983/84||37||7

|-
|1984/85||rowspan="2"|Sampdoria||rowspan="2"|Serie A||28||5
|-
|1985/86||28||3

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="4"|Rangers||rowspan="4"|Premier Division||25||1
|-
|1987/88||18||2
|-
|1988/89||6||0
|-
|1989/90||1||0
421||60
10||2
56||8
50||3
537||73
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1974||2||0
|-
|1975||1||0
|-
|1976||0||0
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1978||6||0
|-
|1979||6||0
|-
|1980||3||0
|-
|1981||4||0
|-
|1982||9||1
|-
|1983||8||1
|-
|1984||4||1
|-
|1985||7||0
|-
|1986||4||1
|-
!Total||54||4
|}

References

1953 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish football managers
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is the more traditional form of nowadays Judaism. It holds that both the scripture of the Torah and mouth-to-mouth traditions later written down in the Talmud etc., were actually and literally given by God, and that past rabbis handed them over without change and were always faithful in deciding how they applied to reality. Because of this, Orthodox Judaism is very careful in holding to the tradition of past rabbis, and is very conservative on how current rabbis may decide what the law is in new cases. Orthodox Jews consider themselves as the only truly faithful Jews and reject all the new non-Orthodox forms of Jewish thought, religious or secular, that came to be in the last 250 years (since the Jewish community lost its powers to enforce people, and Jews began to be citizens of the modern state). Even so, they are a product of new times just like everyone else: Their community organizations were created so they could separate from other Jews because those stopped being religious. The Orthodox also had to make very new ways of thinking and acting to deal with the big changes.   

As of 2001, Orthodox Jews and Jews affiliated with an Orthodox synagogue, accounted for approximately 50% of Anglo Jewry (150,000), 25% of Israeli Jewry (1,500,000) and 13% of American Jewry (529,000). (Among those affiliated to a synagogue body, Orthodox Jews represent 70% of British Jewry and 27% of American Jewry).

Its followers must usually promise the following:
Not to commit murder, idolatry (worship of idols)
Not to engage in certain sexual practices prohibited by the bible
Observe the shabbat. Jews must not work on a shabbat.
Eat only certain things. These dietary laws are known as Kashrut.
 Taharat Hamishpacha, the laws of family purity, restricting sexual relations for a prescribed time around menstruation and after childbirth.
 Circumcision for males.

References

Other websites 

 Your Complete Guide to Brochos
 Origins of Orthodox Judaism
 The different Orthodox Jewish groups 
 The State of Orthodox Judaism Today
 Orthodox Judaism in Israel
 Orthodox Jewish population growth and political changes 
 Information on Orthodox Jewish culture

Jewish denominations
Seeheim-Jugenheim

Seeheim-Jugenheim is a municipality in the Darmstadt-Dieburg district in Hesse, Germany.  It has a population of approximately 17,000.

Seeheim-Jugenheim consists of seven villages:

Balkhausen (population 693)
Jugenheim (population 4,448)
Malchen (population 1,004)
Ober-Beerbach (population 1,269)
Seeheim (population 9,060)
Steigerts (population 81)
Stettbach (population 144)

The municipality was formed on January 1, 1977.  Before there had been the two municipalities of Seeheim and Jugenheim.  Until January 1, 1978 the municipality was known as Seeheim; after that it became known as Seeheim-Jugenheim.

It is famous for its mountain bike trails to the nearby mountain Melibokus.

Seeheim-Jugenheim has been home to several famous residents, including Tsar Nicholas II of Russia as well as writers Georg Kaiser and Helene Christaller.

Industrial and commercial activity in Seeheim-Jugenheim is close to nonexistent; thus, most of its residents work in the nearby cities of Darmstadt, Frankfurt or Heidelberg.

Other websites 
 www.seeheim-jugenheim.de

Municipalities in Hesse
2000 AD

2000 AD is a British science fiction comic that was started in 1977 and is still running as of 2009. Its most famous character is Judge Dredd.

Comic books
Strontium Dog

Strontium dog is a science fiction comic strip that was first published in a British comic called starlord in 1978. The same year it was moved to a comic called 2000 AD. It is set in a future where a war ended long ago and it disfigured people. The main character is one of the disfigured mutants called Johnny Alpha.
In the future where the story is set, there are many mutants, who are discriminated and in order to live, the mutants either must live on the streets, or become a bounty hunter.

Johnny Alpha is a mutant bounty hunter who was given a special gift when he was disfigured. His eyes glow white, and they can let him see through walls, except lead, because radioactive waves cannot pass through lead. They also let him control peoples minds, which helps him in some instances.

Comics
Science fiction
Judge Dredd

Judge Dredd is a comic book character that first appeared in 2000 AD comics in 1977. The comics are set in a dystopian future where 'judges' control everything. A film based on Judge Dredd was made in 1995, starring Sylvester Stallone. A 2012 film starred Karl Urban.

Comics characters
Island of the Blue Dolphins

Island of the Blue Dolphins is an American book written for children by  Scott O'Dell. It came out in 1960 and that same year won the Newbery Medal (a prize given to books for children). It is based on the true story of Juana Maria, the "Lone Woman of San Nicolas", a Native American woman left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island off the California coast before being rescued in 1853. It has been rewritten in 23 languages and was made into a movie by the same name.

O'Dell wrote a sequel to the story called Zia.

Other websites

1960 books
Children's books
Newbery Medal winning books
English-language novels
20th-century American novels
San Nicolas Island

San Nicolas Island is the  farthest from shore of California's Channel Islands. It is part of Ventura County. The 14,562 acre (58.93 km² or 22.753 sq mi) island is used by the United States Navy for a weapons testing and training. The only people who live on the island are about 200 people with the military. The island has a small airport and a big billboard.

History
San Nicolas was once the home of the Nicoleño people, who were probably related to the Tongva of the mainland and Santa Catalina Island. It was named for Saint Nicholas by Spanish sailor Sebastián Vizcaíno after he saw the island on the saint's feast day (December 6) in 1602. Vizcaíno reported that there were a lot of people living on the island. By 1800 the number of people on the island had gone down. In 1811 a group of Kodiak men from Alaska were put on to San Nicholas to hunt otters. They fought with the Nicoleños. When the Kodiaks left there were less than 100 of the original population left. By 1835 the population was about 12. The Nicoleños were taken off the island in the 1835 by the members of the California mission system. Within a few years of leaving the island the Nicoleño all died.

Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island
The most famous person from San Nicolas Island was the "Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island". She was left on the island in 1835 when the rest of the Nicoleños were moved to the missions. She lived on the island alone for 18 years before she was found and brought back to Santa Barbara in 1853. By this time there was no-one left who could speak her language. Her real name was never known, but as she was dying she was named Juana Maria.  She died from dysentery seven weeks later. Her story was used for Scott O'Dell's award winning 1961 novel Island of the Blue Dolphins.  Today, a commemorative plaque about her life has been placed on the back of the east bell tower at Mission Santa Barbara. In 2012 scientists rediscovered a buried cave on the island where they believe the woman lived.

Rocket experiments
From 1957 and 1973, and in 2004, U.S. rockets were launched from San Nicolas Island.

Plants and animals
There are few kinds of plants and animals on San Nicolas Island. Sheep ate many of the plants before they were taken away in 1943. Even so, there are several plants that can only be found on the island. Three kinds of animals are there and nowhere else: deer mouse, island fox, and island night lizard. The island also has many birds.

References

GlobalSecurity.org: San Nicolas Island
Naval Auxiliary Air Station, San Nicolas Island
Photo of Juana Maria's Whalebone Hut 

Landforms of California
Islands of the United States
Anchises

In Greek mythology, Anchises was a son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus, son of Tros) or Hieromneme, a naiad. He is famous because he was mortal and a lover of the goddess Aphrodite (and in Roman mythology, the lover of Venus).  He was also the father of Aeneas, who is the hero of "The Aeneid."
Anchises, in Greek legend, member of the junior branch of the royal family of Troy: While he was tending his sheep on Mount Ida, the goddess Aphrodite met him and, enamoured of his beauty, bore him Aeneas. For revealing the name of the child’s mother, Anchises was killed or struck blind by lightning. 

Anchises was the son of Capys and Themiste in Greek mythology, father of Aeneas. He was better known as a lover of the goddess Aphrodite, who appeared in front of him disguised as a Phrygian princess. She then seduced him into lovemaking for two weeks. Aphrodite became pregnant with Aeneas, and she appeared in front of Anchises with the newborn, revealing her true identity. She then told him not to boast of their affair to anyone; he did not listen to her, and Zeus hurled a thunderbolt against him, either scorching him or crippling him. He later married Eriopis, with whom he had at least one daughter, Hippodameia. During Troy's fall at the end of the Trojan War, his son Aeneas helped him escape as he was no longer able to walk after Zeus' punishment.

In later legend and in Virgil’s Aeneid, he was conveyed out of Troy on the shoulders of his son Aeneas, whose descendants founded Rome, and he died in Sicily.

People in Greek mythology
The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is an international newspaper published every day by a company called Dow Jones & Company. It is published in New York City with Asian and European editions. In 2007, more than two million people read it daily, and about 931,000 people read in on its website. In the past, it was the most popular newspaper in the United States (the newspaper that the most people read in the country). However, USA Today became the most popular newspaper in November 2003.

This newspaper has won 37 Pulitzer Prizes, including for reporting in 2019, and to Dorothy Rabinowitz for Commentary in 2001.

References 

1889 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
Newspapers in New York City
Racing

Racing is a kind of competition or contest where winning means doing or finishing something before the other contestants do.  

Usually, a race involves people getting from one place to another. Running is a kind of racing where people try to be the first person to run from the where the race started to the goal or finish line. People also race in cars, boats, airplanes and other vehicles, and on animals like horses. Animals and machines can also race without people riding them. Often they race on a race track.

A race can also involve any other type of goal like eating.  An example is a hot dog eating race, where people try to eat more hot dogs than the other contestants.  

Some contests are not races.  

Sports
Erie Canal

The Erie Canal is a canal in New York State. It runs for 365 miles from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.  The State authorized it in 1808, and it was built between 1818 and 1825.  It was the first route between the eastern coast of the United States and the Great Lakes. The Canal caused a burst of population in western New York. It also helped New York City become a large port. Today, the Canal is part of the New York State Canal System.

Other websites
"The Erie Canal"

Transport in New York
Great Lakes
Canals
Coconut crab

The coconut crab (Birgus latro) is a large edible land crab related to the hermit crab. Coconut crabs are found in the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Although they are named the Coconut crab, they don't eat coconuts that often. They mainly eat certain fruits and nuts. Coconut crabs can climb trees. Coconut crab meat has been considered a local delicacy. Coconut crabs are extremely high priced in the national food market. They can live up to 120 years.

Description 
The coconut crab is the largest terrestrial arthropod, and indeed terrestrial invertebrate, in the world. There are different reports on its size:  most sources give a body length up to , a weight up to , and a leg span more than . Males are generally larger than females. The carapace may reach a length of , and a width up to .

Like with other decapots, the body of the coconut crab is divided into a front section (cephalothorax), which has 10 legs, and an abdomen. The front-most pair of legs has large chelae (claws);  the left claw is larger than the right. The next two pairs, as with other hermit crabs, are large, powerful walking legs with pointed tips. This  allows coconut crabs to climb vertical or overhanging surfaces. The fourth pair of legs is smaller with tweezer-like chelae at the end:  young coconut crabs use it to grip the inside of a shell or coconut husk to carry for protection, adults use this pair for walking and climbing. The last pair of legs is very small and is used by females to tend their eggs, and by the males in mating. This last pair of legs is usually held inside the carapace, in the cavity containing the breathing organs. Some difference in color occurs between the animals found on different islands, ranging from orange-red to purplish blue; in most regions, blue is the predominant color, but in some places, including the Seychelles, most individuals are red.

Although B. latro is a derived type of hermit crab, only the juveniles use salvaged snail shells to protect their soft abdomens, and adolescents sometimes use broken coconut shells for that purpose. Unlike other hermit crabs, the adult coconut crabs do not carry shells, but instead harden their abdominal terga by depositing chitin and chalk. Not being constrained by the physical confines of living in a shell allows this species to grow much larger than other hermit crabs in the family Coenobitidae. Like most true crabs, Blatro bends its tail underneath its body for protection. The hardened abdomen protects the coconut crab and reduces water loss on land, but must be shedded yearly. Adults moult annually, and dig a burrow up to  long in which to hide while vulnerable. It remains in the burrow for 3 to 16 weeks, depending on the size of the animal. After shedding, 1 to 3 weeks are needed for the exoskeleton to harden, depending on the animal's size, during which time the animal's body is soft and vulnerable, and it stays hidden for protection.

References 

Crabs
Seafood
Plant sap

Plant sap, or just sap, is fluid transported in xylem tubes or phloem cells of a plant. Xylem cells transport water and inorganic nutrients through the plant; phloem cells transport sugary fluids and other biological molecules.

Latex or resin is not plant sap. They are separately produced, with different components and functions.

Types of plant sap

Xylem sap
Xylem sap is mainly water, with plant hormones, mineral elements and other nutrients in a dilute solution. Sap in xylem moves from roots towards the leaves.

Phloem sap

Phloem sap is water, with  manufactured sugars, other biological molecules and mineral elements dissolved in it. It flows from where carbohydrates are produced or stored to where they are used.

A large number of animals, all of the single insect order Hemiptera, feed directly on phloem sap, and make it the primary component of their diet. Phloem sap is "nutrient-rich compared with many other plant products and generally lacking in toxins and feeding deterrents, [but] it is consumed as the sole diet by a very restricted range of animals". Phloem sap is physiologically extreme in terms of animal digestion: it is thought that few animals take direct advantage of this because they lack adaptations to this diet.

Many more consume phloem sap by proxy, feeding on the honeydew (a sweet secretion) of phloem-feeding hemipterans. Honeydew is physiologically less extreme than phloem sap. Others feed on the biomass of insects which have grown on direct ingestion of phloem sap.

Many products are made from plant sap. One of them is maple syrup. Maple syrup is made using sap from sugar maple trees.

Sap colour is different for different plants. 
e.g.:
 Banana – colorless
 members of Myristicaceae – red
 members of Anacardiaceae – black
 members of  Gluciaceae – yellow
 Symphonia globilifera – green

References 

Plant physiology
Threatened species

Threatened species are any species (including animals, plants, and fungi) which might soon become extinct.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) are the experts on threatened species. They put threatened species into three groups, each group in more danger than the next: 
Vulnerable
Endangered
Critically endangered

One way scientists can work out how threatened a species is, is to measure the birth and death rates. If a species becomes small in numbers, it can get to a critical point. This happens when there are not enough individuals left alive to continue the species (critical depensation).

Species that are not a threatened species, but are still a concern, can be put into groups of Near Threatened, Least Concern, and Conservation Dependent. Conservation dependent is no longer used a group. When the species has not been studied, Not Evaluated, or there is not enough information, Data Deficient, the IUCN does not put them on the threatened species list.

Threatened species are also called "red listed" species, because they are in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

United States definition

Under the Endangered Species Act in the United States, "threatened" means any species which is likely to become endangered in the near future, in all, or a large part of its range. The Bay checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis) is an example of a threatened species protected by the Endangered Species Act.

Related pages
IUCN Red List

References

Other websites
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria
Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge

Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge is the second studio album by band My Chemical Romance. It was released on June 8, 2004 through Reprise Records. 
Four singles were released from this album: "Thank You For The Venom", "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)", "Helena" and "The Ghost of You". It has sold over one million copies in the United States.

Track listing

Singles

Notes 
The 11th track It's Not a Fashion Statement it's a Deathwish has the word 'fucking' in the title on the CD itself but it is not shown as having that title on the back of the album.

Staff 

Band
 Frank Iero — guitar
 Matt Pelissier — drums
 Ray Toro — guitar
 Gerard Way — vocals
 Mikey Way — bass

Additional Musicians
 Bert McCracken - Additional vocals on "You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us in Prison"
 Keith Morris - Additional Vocals on "Hang 'Em High"
 Rinat - Additional Vocals on "The Ghost of You"
 Howard Benson - 1958 Hammond B3

Production
 Howard Benson - Producer
 Rich Costey - Mixing
 Howard Benson - Mixing
 Mike Plotnikoff - Recording
 Paul Decarlli - Editing
 Eric Miller - Engineering
 Jon Nicholson - Drum Tech
 Keith Nelson - Guitar Tech
 Tom Baker - MasteringDesign'''
 Photography: Justin Borucki - Photography
 Gerard Way - Art
 Mark Holley - Design Assistance

References 

2004 albums
My Chemical Romance
he:מיי כמיקל רומנס#Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge
Paris, Ontario

Paris is a town in Ontario, Canada. It is where Grand and Nith Rivers come together. It is  west of Toronto. It has a population of over 10,000 people. These people normally work  in the nearby cities such as Kitchener, Brantford and London. 

Paris has a strong agricultural background. There are many farms around the center of the town.  Paris used to have large clothing and furniture factories. Most of the manufacturing sector has disappeared in recent year. 

The town has a strong community spirit. There are many business association that try to find ways to make the town successful and make people want to live there. Several new building projects have brought hundreds of families to the community to live in a town with a strong school system, sports activities and jobs.

Media 
Paris Station

CIII Global Television Network

Other websites
Paris Downtown
Paris Historical Society

Towns in Ontario
Plug and play

Plug and play is the name for a number of technologies used in computing. Technologies that support plug and play allow to connect new devices to a computer. After a short while, these devices can simply be used. When they are no longer needed, they can be disconnected again. Plug and play does not require the user to load a specific device driver to access the device.

Plug and play is used to refer to both the configuration of devices at boot time, as well as to system that support adding a device later on. Examples for  systems that support plug and play are USB and Firewire.

References

Computer hardware
Orai

Orai is small city in Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India. It is famous for kaalajamun (a special type of Indian sweet).

There are few small scale industries in Orai and a unit of Hindustan Unilever also in Orai. Kanpur and Jhanshi are big cities near Orai.

Cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh
Friedrich-Wilhelm Karl

Friedrich Wilhelm Karl (15 September 1911 – 21 August 1970) was a Standartenführer in the Waffen SS during World War II. He was given the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Early life

Friedrich Wilhelm Karl was born on 15 September 1911 in Frankfurt on Oder, Germany. He was one of the first people to join the SS (SS service number 101 983) and the NSDAP (party number 1591713). He was chosen to be an officer and sent to the SS officer school, the SS-Junkerschule at Bad Tölz, in 1934.

World War II

In 1940, Karl was given the Iron Cross medal 1st and 2nd level during the Battle of France. He was part of the 13th Company, SS Infantry Regiment called Germania. They had small-calibre artillery guns.

The SS Regiment Germania was used as the start of the new SS Division, 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland. Karl was given command of the 11th SS Panzer Artillery Regiment. He received the German Cross in Gold in August 1944. He received the Knight's Cross in December 1944.

After the war

From 1945 to 1955, Karl was a prisoner of the Russians. He died on 21 August 1970 in Dortmund, Germany.

References

Further reading

Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945.  Friedburg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas, 2000. .
Mitcham, Jr.Samuel, Retreat to the Reich, Stackpole books 2007. 
Henschler Henri & Fay Will, Armor Battles of the Waffen-SS, 1943-45 Stackpole Books, 2003. 
Mitcham Samuel, The German Defeat in the East, 1944-45, Stackpole Books, 2007. 

1911 births
1970 deaths
Colonels
People from Brandenburg
Recipients of the German Cross
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
1985 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1985 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1985 and ended on November 30, 1985. However storms can form outside these dates for example, Tropical Depression Thirteen formed on December 7. As far as activity goes this was average. This season featured four powerful hurricanes, they include Hurricane Elena, Hurricane Gloria, Hurricane Juan and Hurricane Kate.

Storms
Tropical Storm Ana 
Hurricane Bob 
Hurricane Claudette 
Hurricane Danny 
Hurricane Elena 
Tropical Depression Six 
Tropical Storm Fabian 
Hurricane Gloria 
Tropical Storm Henri 
Tropical Storm Isabel 
Hurricane Juan 
Hurricane Kate 
Tropical Depression Thirteen

Unused names

Retirement
In the spring of 1986 the names Elena and Gloria were retired and replaced by Erika and Grace in 1991.

1985
Atlantic hurricane season
Standartenführer

Standartenführer was a Nazi Party rank that was used in both the S.A. and the S.S..  First started as a rank in 1925, in 1928 the rank became one of the first commissioned Nazi ranks and was given to S.A. and S.S. officers who commanded units known as Standarten which were between three hundred and five hundred men.

In 1929 the rank of Standartenführer was split into two ranks known as Standartenführer (I) and Standartenführer (II).  This idea was given up in 1930 when both the S.A. and S.S. grew their rank systems to allow for more ranks.

By the start of World War II, Standartenführer was widely used as both an SS rank and a rank of the S.A..  In the Waffen-SS, the rank was considered the equivalent of an Oberst (colonel).  

The insignia for Standartenführer was of a single oak leaf worn on both collars and was the first of the S.S. and S.A. ranks to be worn on both collars. From 1938, newer SS uniforms featured the shoulder boards of a German Oberst as well as the oak leaf collar patches.

Related pages
Standartenführer Stirlitz, alias Colonel Isayev - a hero of a popular Russian book series and one of the most famous characters of Russian jokes

Sturmabteilung
SS
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German language: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes, often just Ritterkreuz) was a level of the Iron Cross.  The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was the second highest military order of the Third Reich, second only to the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross.  It was awarded for extreme battlefield bravery or military leadership during World War II. 

Nazi Germany
Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany
Junker (SS rank)

Junker was a Nazi rank that was used by the SS between the years of 1933 and 1945.  The rank was a special rank held by those wanting to become officers in the armed part of the SS, first known as the SS-Verfügungstruppe and later as the Waffen-SS.

The Junkerschule was a officer candidate school in Bad Tölz that trained men to become full SS officers.

Levels

The rank of SS-Junker was split into four levels, those being Junker, Oberjunker, Standartenjunker, and Standartenoberjunker.

The process for an Junker to become an SS officer usually took between 18 to 24 months to complete.

Sources
 "Loyalty is My Honor, Personal accounts from the Waffen-SS"
 SS service record of Joachim Peiper (National Archives and Records Administration)

SS
Truls Mørk

Truls Mørk (born Bergen, Norway,  25 April 1961) is a Norwegian cellist.

Mørk’s parents were both professional musicians.  His mother began teaching him the piano when he was seven. He also played the violin, but soon changed to the cello, which his father taught him.

When he was 17 Mørk studied with Frans Helmerson, then Heinrich Schiff and the Russian cellist Natalia Schakowskaya.

Mørk won many prizes for his cello playing.  In 1982 he became the first Scandinavian musician to reach the finals of the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow and won 6th Prize.  In 1989 he started giving concerts in many countries in Europe, then in 1994 the United States with the Oslo Philharmonic, including debuts at Carnegie Hall and the Kennedy Center.

He has won prizes for his recordings, especially of Bach's Suites for Solo Cello.  He loves chamber music and he started the International Chamber Music Festival of Stavanger.   

Mørk is a Professor at the Norwegian Academy of Music, Oslo.

Mørk played a cello  made by Domenico Montagnana in Venice in 1723 for more than 30 years.  The cello’s scroll (the bit at the top) was made by Stradivarius.  A Norwegian bank  loaned it to him. The instrument was recently bought by the Dkfm. Angelika Prokopp Privatstiftung, which loans it to cellist Harriet Krigjh

Other websites
 Official website

1961 births
Living people
Norwegian musical entertainers
Cellists
Grammy Award winners
People from Bergen
Stamp Act

A stamp act is a law that puts a tax on the transfer of some documents. Those that pay the tax get an official stamp on their documents. Many products have been covered by stamp acts such as playing cards, patent medicines, cheques, mortgages, contracts and newspapers.  The items often have to be physically stamped at approved government offices following payment of the duty, although other methods with annual payment of a fixed sum or purchase of adhesive stamps are more practical and common. Stamp acts have been made common in many countries, like Australia, China, Canada, Ireland, Malaysia, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The money raised by the tax, called stamp duty, was first used in the Netherlands in 1624 after a public competition to find a new form of tax.  However, it has more been used in Great Britain and its colonies.

The Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765 was upsetting to some American colonists.  Colonists had to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used - ship's papers, legal documents, licences, newspapers and even playing cards were taxed.  It was one of the causes of the American Revolutionary War.

Taxation
Legislation
Sodegaura, Chiba

is a city that is found in Chiba, Japan.  Sodegaura was created on April 1, 1991. About 59,230 people were living in Sodegaura as of 2003.

Other websites 
 Sodegaura official website  in Japanese

Cities in Chiba Prefecture
Gigantopithecus

Gigantopithecus was the largest primate that lived during the Pleistocene Era (1.8 million to 10,000 years ago) when large mammals ruled the Earth. Gigantopithecus is known to have lived in what is now southern China and Indochina (mainland Southeast Asia). He would have risen 3 meters (10 feet) high if he choose to stand up on only his hind legs, and probably weighed about 544 kg (1200 lbs). In comparison, gorillas stand only 152 to 182 centimeters (5 to 6 feet) tall and weighs about 136 to 195 kg (300 to 430 lbs), and the heaviest recorded was 183 centimeters (6 feet) tall and weighed 267 kg (589 lbs).

References

Fossils
Hominids
Ushanka

An ushanka () is a Russian fur cap with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to protect the ears from the cold. Ushanka means "ear-flaps hat", from "ushi" 
(), "ears" in Russian.

Russia
Cutout animation

Cutout animation is a method for creating animations using flat characters, props and backgrounds cut from materials such as paper, card, stiff fabric or even photographs.

Animation
Construction paper

Construction paper or sugar paper is a type of coarse colored paper usually available in large sizes. The feeling of the paper is a little rough, and the surface is not finished. It is often used for art.

Art materials
Paper
Range of motion

Range of motion or (ROM) is the measurement of the achievable distance between the flexed position and the extended position of a particular joint or muscle group.

Physiology
Auburn hair

Auburn is a light brown or reddish-brown hair color. About two percent of people have auburn hair.

Hair
Leathermouth

Leathermouth (also spelled as LeATHERMØUTH) is an American hardcore punk band. The band was started in 2007 by My Chemical Romance's guitarist Frank Iero. On January 2009, the band released their first album, XO.

History
Leathermouth started in 2007 by some friends of My Chemical Romance's rhythm guitarist Frank Iero. Iero heard a few demo songs from the band, and wanted to sign the band to his own independent label. He later joined the band after the first lead singer did not write any lyrics to the songs. As a member of Leathermouth, this is the first band where he writes the lyrics and does lead vocals. Iero uses the band as a way to express about the way he sees the world and also to let out his personal problems with depression and anxiety. Leathermouth played their first shows in the summer of 2008 alongside Warship for the Fall 2008 Reggie and the Full Effect "Farewell Tour". Iero hopes to tour with Leathermouth when he is not working with My Chemical Romance.

In October 2008, Leathermouth signed to Epitaph Records, rather than to Frank Iero's label as originally planned. Iero thought that it would be hard to advertise the album himself if it was released through his own label, with his current responsibilities to My Chemical Romance and the other bands signed to his label. Epitaph Records president, Brett Gurewitz, was impressed with the band's "intensity and songwriting of the music." Leathermouth released their first studio album, XO on January 27, 2009 through Epitaph. Even though the album did not become listed on the Billboard 200, it did reach #21 on the Top Heatseekers chart.

Members
 Frank Iero – Vocals
 Rob Hughes – Guitar
 Ed Auletta - Guitar
 John McGuire - Bass
 James Dewees - Drums

Discography
 2009: XO

References

Other websites
 Leathermouth Official Website
 Leathermouth Official MySpace Page
 FaNATICMOUTH, a LeATHERMOUTH fanpage 

Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 2007
2000s establishments in New Jersey
2007 establishments in the United States
Alternative Press

Alternative Press (also abbreviated as AP) is an American music magazine based in Cleveland, Ohio.

Music magazines
Cleveland, Ohio
Warship (band)

Warship is an American rock band that formed in 2008.

Other websites

 Warship interview on Rockmidgets.com 

American rock bands
Musical groups from New York City
Brett Gurewitz

Brett W. Gurewitz (born May 12, 1962 in Los Angeles, California), nicknamed Mr. Brett, is an American guitarist. He is the guitarist and a songwriter of the punk rock band, Bad Religion. He is also the owner of the music label Epitaph Records. He left and returned to Bad Religion twice and is still with the band today.

1962 births
American guitarists
American punk musicians
Bad Religion
Jewish American musicians
Living people
Musicians from Los Angeles
XO (Leathermouth album)

XO (also spelled XØ) is the first album released by Leathermouth. The album was released through Epitaph Records on January 27, 2009.

Track listing

References

Other websites
Leathermouth Official Website
 Leathermouth Official MySpace Page

2009 albums
Maniche

Maniche (born 11 November 1977) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Köln and Portugal national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1995/96||Benfica||Portuguese Liga||0||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Alverca||rowspan="2"|Liga Honra||23||2
|-
|1997/98||29||5
|-
|1998/99||Portuguese Liga||26||3
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||28||10
|-
|2000/01||26||1
|-
|2001/02||0||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||29||6
|-
|2003/04||31||7
|-
|2004/05||20||3

|-
|2005||Dynamo Moscow||Premier League||12||2

|-
|2005/06||Chelsea||Premier League||8||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||28||4
|-
|2007/08||15||2

|-
|2007/08||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||8||1

|-
|2008/09||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||21||1

|-
|2009/10||Köln||Bundesliga||||
212||37
12||2
8||0
64||7
8||1
0||0
304||47
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||13||4
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||13||3
|-
|2007||6||1
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||53||8
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Sportspeople from Lisbon
Takekazu Suzuki

Takekazu Suzuki (born 8 April 1956) is a former Japanese football player.

References

1956 births
Living people
Footballers from Miyagi Prefecture
Antônio Monteiro Dutra

Antônio Monteiro Dutra (born 11 August 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sport Recife.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="6"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||12||3||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|-
|2002||25||1||2||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||32||2
|-
|2003||28||1||3||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||38||2
|-
|2004||22||0||1||0||4||1||5||2||32||3
|-
|2005||32||1||2||0||4||0||5||1||43||2
|-
|2006||28||2||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||2
147||8||9||1||26||1||10||3||192||13
147||8||9||1||26||1||10||3||192||13
|}

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Kota Yoshihara

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Yoshihara was born in Fujiidera on February 2, 1978. After graduating from Hatsushiba Hashimoto High School, he joined Japan Football League club Consadole Sapporo in 1996. The club won the champions in 1997 and was promoted to J1 League. However the club was relegated to new league J2 League in 1999. He moved to his local club Gamba Osaka in 2000. Although he became a regular player from 2001, his opportunity to play decreased from 2003. He moved to Omiya Ardija in 2006. He moved to Mito HollyHock in 2009. He made an announcement to retire on February 2, 2013, on his 35th birthday.

In June 1999, Yoshihara was selected Japan national team for 1999 Copa América. At this competition, on July 2, he debuted against Paraguay.

Statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="4"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|Football League||24||6||3||1||colspan="2"|-||27||7
|-
|1997||15||8||3||2||2||0||20||10
|-
|1998||J1 League||34||11||3||1||4||1||41||13
|-
|1999||J2 League||32||15||2||0||2||0||36||15
|-
|2000||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J1 League||19||3||3||1||2||0||24||4
|-
|2001||27||11||3||2||2||0||32||13
|-
|2002||27||11||2||1||6||3||35||15
|-
|2003||20||6||2||2||4||1||26||9
|-
|2004||22||5||4||0||5||0||31||5
|-
|2005||19||2||1||0||9||3||29||5
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="3"|J1 League||15||2||1||0||1||0||17||2
|-
|2007||26||5||1||0||5||1||32||6
|-
|2008||19||2||1||0||2||0||22||2
|-
|2009||rowspan="4"|Mito HollyHock||rowspan="4"|J2 League||47||9||1||0||colspan="2"|-||48||9
|-
|2010||24||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||6
|-
|2011||9||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||11||2
|-
|2012||18||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
397||105||33||10||44||9||474||124
397||105||33||10||44||9||474||124
|}

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Gamba Osaka players
Omiya Ardija players
Mito HollyHock players