cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
1676



Events 
 January 19 - Feodor III become Tsar of Russia.
 The Polish-Turkish War (1671 - 1676) ended
 King Philip's War (1675 - 1676) ended
 Port-de-Paix, Haiti has its first slave revolt

Births
 August 26 - Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of Great Britain
 September 16 - Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, mother of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, grandmother of Marie Antoinette
 October 8 - Benito Jeronimo Feijoo, Galician scholar
 December 19 - Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, French composer
 Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor

Deaths 
January 14 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (b. 1602)
January 29 – Tsar Alexis I of Russia (b. 1629)
February 14 – Abraham Bosse, French engraver and artist
March 21 – Henri Sauval, French historian (b. 1623)
April 5 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (b. 1606)
April 29 – Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruijter, Dutch admiral (b. 1607)
June 7 – Paul Gerhardt, German writer of church hymns
July 5 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
July 22 – Pope Clement X (b. 1590)
July 25 – François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French writer (b. 1604)
August 11 – Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, German writer
September 10 – Gerrard Winstanley, English religious reformer (b. 1609)
October 28 – Jean Desmarets, French writer (b. 1595)
November 1 – Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (b. 1589)
December 25 – Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1609)
December 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier, politician, and writer (b. 1592)
World's Fair

A world's fair is a large exhibition of industry and culture. They are also called expositions or expos. This type of exhibition occurs since the middle of the 19th century. The Bureau of International Expositions officially takes care of them. The "Bureau of International Expositions" is usually abbreviated BIE, from the organization's name in French: Bureau International des Expositions.

List of official world expositions (BIE): 

Society
Courteney Cox

Courteney Bass Cox (born June 15, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Monica on the television series Friends and for her role in the movie Scream and its sequels. Cox married David Arquette between seasons 5 and 6 of Friends, and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette. She later changed it back in honor of her parents.

Early life
Courteney Cox was raised in Mountain Brook, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham. She is the daughter of businessman Richard Lewis Cox (January 28, 1931 – September 3, 2001) and his wife Courteney (née Bass, later Copeland). She has two older sisters, Virginia and Dottie, and an older brother, Richard, Jr. Her parents divorced in 1974 and her mother then married businessman Hunter Copeland (uncle to music promoter and business manager Ian Copeland). After graduating from Mountain Brook High School, Cox left for Mount Vernon College in Washington, D.C., but did not complete her architecture course. She instead pursued a career in modeling and acting.

Cox is of English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish and German ancestry.

Marriage and family
In 1996, Cox began dating actor David Arquette. The couple married on June 12, 1999. They have one child together, a daughter named Coco Riley Arquette (born June 13, 2004). Coco's godmother is family friend Jennifer Aniston. Cox had seven miscarriages between 2001 and November 2010. She and her husband separated on December 31, 2011. Arquette filed for divorce on June 8, 2012.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Courteney Cox at Tv.com

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
American movie actors
American television actors
Arquette family
UEFA Champions League

The UEFA Champions League, or simply known as the UCL is a football competition organized by UEFA, between some of the top club teams in Europe. The teams are selected because of good performances in their league matches. The teams used to have to win their countries' championship, but more than one team can play in the competition depending on how good their league is. For example: the Spanish League can get 4 Spanish clubs in the competition compared to the Kazakhstan League which can only get one team in the competition.

Real Madrid won the Champions League the first five times it was held, still a record. They have also won the Champions League/European Cup 13 times, which is also a record.

A total of 22 clubs from 10 European countries won the Champions League. 12 clubs won it more than once: Real Madrid, Milan, Bayern, Liverpool, Barcelona, Ajax, Manchester United, Inter Milan, Juventus, Benfica, Porto and Nottingham Forest. The current champions are Chelsea after defeating Manchester City in the final on 29th May 2021 by 1–0.

Records and statistics

Winners and runners-up

By nation

Other websites 

Official website

 
1955 establishments in Europe
Old Trafford

Old Trafford is a football stadium in Manchester in North West England. Its nickname is "The Theatre of Dreams". It is home to the club Manchester United F.C.. It is the biggest club stadium in Great Britain and second biggest stadium in Great Britain, with Wembley Stadium being the biggest. Old Trafford hosted most of England's home matches while Wembley was being built. It was built in 1910. It cost about £60,000,000 to build.

1910 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in England
Football stadiums in England
Sport in Manchester
Disaster

A disaster is something very not good that happens.  Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work.  Disasters can be of different kinds, but most are caused by forces of nature.

Natural disasters

These may include avalanches (where snow comes down a mountain), cold (where animals and people freeze), diseases (sicknesses), droughts (when there is no water), earthquakes (where the ground moves), famine (where there is not enough food), fire that burns things and people, flood (where rivers grow too big and invade land), hail (hard ice falls like rain), heat that lowers the water supply, hurricanes that break everything, the hyper nova of a star that kills life, an impact event where meteors hit the earth, a limnic eruption (where bad chemicals come from lakes and can kill people), landslides and mudslides (where the top of the ground moves because of extra water), sink holes (where a cave falls in), solar flares (where the sun reaches out at the earth and burns it), storm surge (where water piles up and then suddenly comes on land), thunderstorms (rain with lightning and thunder), tornadoes (currents of wind that break things), tsunami (where a wall of water comes on land), volcanoes (where lava from inside the earth comes out slowly or shoots into the air), a waterspout (like a tornado on water), or winter storms (where snow falls thick and you cannot see).

Human-caused disasters
Disasters caused by humans include aviation (flying) accidents, arson, CBRNs (where a country has a powerful weapon), civil disorder (where people riot or do crimes), power outages (where electricity is interrupted), public relations crises where a company must tell bad news, radiation accidents, disasters in space, a telecommunications outage (not being able to communicate), terrorism (where a group attacks civilians or says they will attack to gain something), and war (fighting with weapons between large groups).

Living through a disaster
To live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance.  This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between. It is recommended to keep a disaster survival kit with canned goods, in the advent of such a disaster.

Related pages
Car accident
Disaster recovery

Other websites 

 Department of Homeland Security 
 London Prepared
 Disaster Psychiatry Outreach
 Preparing an emergency survival kit
 EM-DAT: The International Disasters Database includes information on man-made and natural disasters, basic definitions and a database of disasters occurrence and impact from 1900 to today
 Disasters factsheet
 Assisting Children and Adolescents in Coping with Disasters 

Natural disasters
The Muppet Show

The Muppet Show is a variety television series. It aired from 1976 until 1981. The series starred Jim Henson's Muppet characters. Each episode featured a famous guest star. A revival of the show, Muppets Tonight, aired from 1996 to 1998.

The main characters on the series are Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear and Gonzo the Great.

Performers
 Jim Henson - Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Waldorf, Swedish Chef, Dr. Teeth, Additional Muppets
 Frank Oz - Fozzie Bear, Sam the Eagle, Animal, Additional Muppets
 Richard Hunt - Scooter, Statler, Additional Muppets
 Dave Goelz - Gonzo the Great, Zoot, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Beauregard, Additional Muppets
 Steve Whitmire - Rizzo the Rat, Lips, Additional Muppets

Other websites 

Comedy television series
1976 television series debuts
Muppets
First run syndicated television programs
1981 disestablishments in the United States
1981 television series endings
English-language television programs
Valencia (autonomous community)

Valencia, officially and in Valencian language called Valencian Community (unofficially: Valencian Country, Valencia Region, Region of Valencia, Land of Valencia; and historically: Kingdom of Valencia), is a Spanish autonomous community, in the east of the country. The population is around 5,000,000, and the capital and biggest city is Valencia, with near 800,000. Valencia is also the capital of the Valencia province. The second-largest city is Alicante, with 332,000, capital of the Alicante province. The city of Elche in Alicante, with 230,000, is a very important industrial centre. Castellón, with 180,000, is the capital of the Castellón province.

References
Elx

Elx (in Catalan) or Elche (in Spanish) is the third biggest city in Valencia, and the second in the Alicante province, in eastern Spain. The city has 215,000 inhabitants and is famous for its palm trees and the Mystery of Elx, a theatrical piece.

Cities in Valencia (autonomous community)
Municipalities in Valencia (autonomous community)
Alicante Province
Bhagavad Gita

The Bhagavad Gita is one of the holy books of Hinduism. It was written about five thousand years ago as part of the Mahabharata. It has teachings said to be given by Lord Sri Krishna who is the Supreme God. In the book (Bhagvat Gita), Krishna is talking to Arjuna, an Archer, before the kurukshetra war begins. Krishna tells Arjuna that he must perform his duty (called dharma) and go to fight. Arjuna hesitates because he is fighting his family, but in the end he listens to Krishna. He will not be led into the underworld for ever for his sins because he will not be reincarnated through Moksha.

It is considered to be the manual on which a human should follow his life according to Sanatana Dharma.

References

Other websites 
 Bhagvat Geeta – Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon by Charles Wilkins
Bhagavad Gita Quotes on Myhappybirthdays

Hindu texts
Upanishad

The Upanishads are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people. The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas. They are placed at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom. Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge). Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called texts of Vedanta (veda: of vedas, anta: at the end). Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion. 
Many scholars believe that originally Upanishads are rebellion against Vedas and it has added to Vedas by its unique spiritual quest.
Upanishad means "sit down with" master to learn about the Atman(soul).
The Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period. More than 300 text about Upanishad have been found but we have  108 Upanishad in written.
Geeta which is the most religious book of Hindu's is also a Greatest Upanishad.

Other websites 
 Philosophia Ultima:Osho commentary on Mandukyopanishad

Hindu texts
Bailiwick of Guernsey

The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou. 

A bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. But Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.

Other rocks and islets 

The Casquets (49°43.′4″N, 2°22.′7″W) are a group of rocks 13 km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.

Lihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49°27′38.16″N, 2°40′4.44″W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.

The country code (also used for internet) is GG.

Other websites 
 "History of Little Lihou" 
 Archeology on Lihou
Alderney

Alderney is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel between England and France.  It forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, but its parliament, The States of Alderney, still has the right to make laws for the island.

The traditional language was Auregnais, but nobody speaks it now.      

During World War II Alderney was used to house four concentration camps by the Germans, who had occupied each of the Channel Islands.

Islands of the Channel Islands
Mirror

A mirror or looking-glass is something that reflects light. One common plane mirror is a piece of special flat glass that a person can look into to see a reflection of themselves or what is behind them.

Sometimes, a flat piece of metal or the surface of water can act like a mirror.

The reason you are able to see yourself in a mirror is because light comes in and gets reflected, and that's how you are able to see your reflection. 

Mirrors can have magnification properties, making images appear smaller or larger than their actual size. They can also be concave (curved inward) or convex (curved outward), making the reflected angle and view to be smaller or larger, respectively. Special mirrors can make a person's appearance look quite strange. 

Also, in a mirror, writing appears backwards, as a "mirror image" of the original writing.

Mirrors are usually made out of glass with metal on the back, called "silvering" even if the metal is not silver.  Some mirrors are made of polished metal, which is less breakable.

Mirrors with a curved surface can make things appear bigger or smaller, like a lens does.

Tools
Space probe

A space probe is an unmanned space mission, usually a small spacecraft sent out to find out information about a planet or other far away thing. As a tool of space exploration a planetary probe may land on the planet, or orbit around it, or merely fly by closely. Probes use radio waves to send information back to Earth or sometimes to a manned spacecraft. A space observatory leaves the Earth to look at distant objects, but does not go near the objects, so it is not called a "probe".

Related pages 
 Exploration of Mars

Probe
Machines
A Beautiful Mind (movie)

A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 biographical movie about the mathematician John Nash and his experiences of schizophrenia. It is set in Massachusetts and New Jersey. It stars Russell Crowe, Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, and Paul Bettany. It was directed by Ron Howard.

The movie is based on a book by Sylvia Nasar.

The movie won four Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture. Connelly won for Best Supporting Actress.

Other websites

References 

2001 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Mental disorders in fiction
Movies about educators
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ron Howard
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies set in universities and colleges
1960s in fiction
1970s in fiction
Academy Award winners
2000s historical movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies composed by James Horner
Movies set in Virginia
2000s mystery movies
2000s psychological movies
Screenplays by Akiva Goldsman
Universal Pictures movies
Claude Monet

Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French impressionist artist.
One of his most famous paintings was called Water Lilies, which he repeated many times in various conditions.

Biography
Monet was born in Paris, France. His father wanted him to help run the family's grocery business. However, Monet wanted to be an artist. When he was young he met the painter Eugène Boudin who taught him to use oil paints, and encouraged him to paint out of doors.

Monet joined the French Army in Algeria for two years from 1860-1862. When he became ill he left the army to study art at university. He did not like the way art was taught, and joined the painter Charles Gleyre in his studio. He met other artists here, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They shared their ideas about painting.

In 1866 Monet had a child with Camille Doncieux, who had been his model. They married in 1870 and had two children, Michel and Joseph. In 1870 he moved to England to escape the Franco-Prussian War, and in 1871 he moved to Argenteuil near Paris where he painted some of his most famous pictures. In 1873 he painted Impression, Sunrise, showing the sea at Le Havre. When this picture was shown in 1874 one critic took its title and called the group of artists "Impressionists". He intended to make fun of the artists, but the name has stuck and this is what people today call this style of painting.

In 1879 Camille died of tuberculosis. Alice Hoschedé decided to help Monet by taking care of his children as well as her own. In 1883 they moved to a house in Giverny where Monet planted a large garden. Monet married Alice in 1892.

Monet found that his garden inspired him to paint pictures of it, particularly the water lilies. Alice died in 1911, and his son Jean was killed in World War I in 1914.

Monet used broad brush strokes to build up his pictures, and painted quite quickly to try and get the idea of the light he could see into his paintings. If you go very close to one of his pictures it is hard to see what it shows, but if you stand back everything becomes clear.

His later paintings include series, in which he paints the same subject in different lights. For example, he painted a series of pictures of haystacks in a field, and another series of pictures of the west front of Rouen Cathedral. There are many paintings of the lilies in his garden at Giverny.

Related pages 
 Impressionism
 List of French painters
 Giverny

References 

Artists from Paris
French painters
Impressionist painters
1840 births
1926 deaths
Paintings by Claude Monet
Video

Video is a technology. It records moving images onto some medium. The recorder may be a separate machine such as a videocassette recorder (also called a VCR) or built into something else such as a video camera. A popular 20th century videotape format was VHS. It was used by many people to record television programmes onto cassettes. This is usually an analog format. In the 21st century digital recording is used more often than analog recording. By extension, a video clip is a short movie. A music video usually stars someone who recorded an (audio) album. One purpose is to promote the album.

Technology
Exodus

Exodus is the second book in the Torah.  Exodus in Hebrew is called Shmowt, which means 'names.'  

Exodus means 'going out' in Latin. It is about how the Hebrew people were led out of Egypt by God. Moses, their leader, hears God's words and then tells the Israelites.  Exodus ends with God's laws and his instructions on how to build a holy container called the Ark of the Covenant.

Summary 
After the Hebrews went to Egypt to get food, the old Pharaoh died, and a new Pharaoh came to power and made each Hebrew a slave. The Pharaoh made the Hebrews work very hard and told his soldiers to throw their babies into the Nile River. One baby, Moses, was put in a reed basket set adrift on the Nile. He was later rescued by an Egyptian princess, grew up in Pharaoh's palace, and later killed an Egyptian slaveowner. Moses escaped from Egypt and lived away from his people in Midian. He lived with Jethro, his father-in-law.

One day, while Moses was tending his flocks, God appeared in a burning bush to Moses and instructed him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. As Moses had no confidence in doing this, God gives him his brother Aaron to help him.  Aaron was good at speaking and helped Moses speak to the Pharaoh.

When he returned to Egypt, Moses asked the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go, but the Pharaoh refused. Through God's power, Moses causes ten plagues to come on Egypt.

The last plague was the death of all the firstborns in Egypt.  Only the Israelites' firstborns were spared, as they had the blood of a young lamb on their door, so God did not let the Angel of Death enter their houses (12:23). The Pharaoh finally decided to let the Israelites go.  

While the Israelites were crossing the Red Sea, the Pharaoh changed his mind and decided to pursue them with his troops. The Israelites passed safely as Moses parted the Sea with his staff by God's power. Once the Hebrews all passed the sea closed, leaving all the Pharaoh's troops to drown.

Later, at Mount Sinai, Moses received the law and the Ten Commandments from God.  But the Israelites sinned against God by worshiping an idol (a golden calf).  Moses broke the first two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments in anger.  God later gave him another two.  He also told Moses how to build the Ark of the Covenant.
Ten Times the Israelites rebeled and tested the L-D during Exodus despite his revealation to them; according to rabbanic literature it was because "..They were still laboring under the slave mentality of the Egyptian bondage."

Media 
The book has been filmed several times, as The Ten Commandments and The Prince of Egypt.

References

Old Testament books
Stretching (body piercing)

Stretching is a word used to describe a kind of body modification. It is when a person widens a pierced hole in their body.

Stretching is usually done a little bit at a time, so the pierced hole would not bleed or get infected.

Stretching methods

There are some common ways used to stretch piercings, of different origins and useful for different people.

 Tapering — The most common way to stretch, tapering uses a taper, a piece of jewelry which is smaller at one end and larger at the other. The taper is covered  with something slippery, like oil or soap, to make it slide through the skin more easily. Then it is pushed through the hole of the piercing until it is almost completely through. Thicker jewelry is then pushed into the piercing. Tapers come in many sizes and are usually sold by the thickness of the large end. Most tapers are about 2 or 3 inches long. 

 Dead Stretching — In dead stretching, jewelry is forced through without trying to widen the piercing hole first. This can hurt the body, and make scars, if it is not ready to hold the new jewelry. Some piercings will stretch a little on their own and larger jewelry can be put in without  injury.

 Teflon Tape Stretching — The jewelry is taken out, and a thin layer of non-sticky teflon tape is wrapped around it to make it thicker. The jewelry is then put back in. If a lot of tape is wrapped around the jewelry, eventually a person's piercing holes can be very wide.

 Weights — Big, heavy jewelry objects can be used to stretch piercings.

Gauges and other measuring systems

Body jewellery is measured in gauges from 20g up to 000g; sizes larger than that are measured in fractions of inches. In Europe they are measured in millimeters.

The table below is not exact, but very close.

Body art
Pripyat

Pripyat (Ukrainian: При́п'ять, Pryp”iat’) is an abandoned city in northern Ukraine. It lies in Kyiv Oblast, near the border with Belarus. It was home to Chernobyl nuclear power plant workers. The city was abandoned in 1986 after the Chernobyl accident, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. Before being abandoned, about 48,000 people lived in the city. The city was founded in the 1970s, when the nuclear power plant opened.
The site today is practically a museum showing the late Soviet era. With entirely abandoned buildings, including abandoned apartment buildings (four of which were yet to be used), swimming pools and hospitals, everything inside remains, from records to papers to children's toys and clothing. Pripyat and the surrounding area will not be safe for people to live there for several centuries. Scientists think that the most dangerous radioactive elements will take up to nine hundred years to decay sufficiently to render the area safe.

The city is entirely accessible and is relatively safe on the road, although it is unsafe to go around the city without a radiation dosimeter that measures exposure. The doors of all the buildings are open to reduce the risk to visitors, although many have accumulated too much radioactive material to be safe to visit.

Related pages
 Chernobyl disaster

Other websites 

 Site about Pripyat created by its former residents. Contains photos from the deserted town of Pripyat and much other useful information
 Pripyat Ghost Town (1970-1986): a tale by Elena Filatova with photos
 Greenpeace pictures with no text 
 Pripyat - Ghost Town II (www.opuszczone.com)

Ghost towns
Nuclear accidents
1970s establishments in Europe
1986 disestablishments
20th-century establishments in Ukraine
Cities in Kyiv Oblast
Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is cancer in the thyroid gland.

Types
There are four types of thyroid cancer:

How is Thyroid Cancer Diagnosed?
Thyroid cancer can be diagnosed in a few different ways:

Basic Tests:
 During a physical exam, a doctor can check for lumps or swelling in the neck; a larger-than-normal thyroid (goiter); and how the patient is feeling in general.
 Blood tests can check for levels of hormones released by other organs in the body.

Special Tests:
 Special scans, like CT scans, PET scans, MRIs, and radioiodine scans. These tests can find out where the thyroid cancer is, how big it is, and how far it has spread.
 Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy: A thin needle, guided by an ultrasound, is put through the skin and into the thyroid. A biopsy is done: a sample of cells is taken out (aspirated) and checked for cancer.
 Ultrasound: If a person has a lump on their thyroid, an ultrasound can measure how big it is.
 Surgical biopsy: A surgeon can take out one side of the thyroid, or the whole thyroid, so it can be tested for cancer. (Sometimes, taking out the whole thyroid is also a treatment for thyroid cancer.)
 Thyroid scan: The patient takes a pill of radioactive iodine. (It is radioactive so the iodine can be seen on the test. The thyroid is supposed to be able to make iodine into thyroid hormones, so if the thyroid cannot do this because of cancer, the test will show it.) A special camera is used to get an image of the thyroid on a computer screen. This test is not used very often, since it is only useful in certain cases.

Notable cases
 2000: 28-year-old Colombian-American actress and model Sofía Vergara was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. She had her thyroid removed, underwent radioiodine therapy, and made a full recovery.
 2012: 27-year-old Russian singer and actress, former part of world-wide famous duo t.A.T.u, Yuliya Volkova was diagnosed with stage I papillary thyroid cancer. She developed some thyroid problems after giving birth to her son Samir in 2007 and she do ultrasounds few times a year ever since to prevent serious health problems and eventually was diagnosed with early stage of cancer when her son was 4. She underwent surgery to the tumor, her thyroid was removed too. She later underwent hormonies treatment. Doctors damaged her voice nerve during the surgery and she lost her voice. She underwent multiple courses of treatments in Russia, Israel and Germany to get her voice back during the next year. She later was able to got her voice back in Korea. As of early April 2016 she was cancer-free.
 2013: Famous movie critic Roger Ebert died after suffering from the disease for nearly eight years. He had part of his lower jaw removed to prevent the cancer spread. However, in late 2012, the cancer spread to parts of his hip and bone.

References

Cancer
Containment building

A containment building is a building with a nuclear reactor in it. It is built around the reactor to keep the radiation from getting out, if something happens to the reactor. The containment building is the last barrier to the radiation getting into the environment. Containment systems for nuclear power reactors are distinguished by size, shape, materials used, and suppression systems. The kind of containment used is determined by the type of reactor, generation of the reactor, and the specific plant needs.

The Chernobyl accident was very bad partly because the Soviet RBMK reactors used at the Chernobyl power plant had no containment buildings. The explosion, however, was so powerful that it is unlikely a containment building would have completely prevented the release of radiation.

Layers of nuclear defense 
The diagram shows the order of defense layers for a nuclear reactor. The first layer of defense is the inert, ceramic quality of the uranium oxide itself. The second layer is the air tight zirconium alloy of the fuel rod. The third layer is the reactor pressure vessel made of steel more than a dozen centimeters thick. The fourth layer is the pressure resistant, air tight containment building. The fifth layer is the exclusion zone around the reactor.

Notes

Buildings and structures
Nuclear energy
Chernobyl

Chernobyl or Chornobyl () is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus.

It was a major communications node and important center of trade and commerce, especially in the 19th century. The city is 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) south by south-east of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, which became known for the Chornobyl disaster. The plant exploded on 26 April 1986; clouds of radioactive particles were released, and the severely damaged containment vessel started leaking radioactive matter. More than 100,000  people were evacuated from the city and other affected areas. Despite the fact that radiation is still being emitted from the nuclear disaster site, the 800-year-old city of Chornobyl survives. As of 2004, government workers still police the zone. They try to clean up radioactive material. Hundreds of people — mostly  the elderly — have decided to live with the dangers and have returned to their homes in the zone's towns and villages.  Their population was highest in 1987, when there were more than 1200 people.  In 2003, there were about 300. There are currently 704 people living in Chornobyl, the houses that have people inside have a sign on the outside saying, Owner of this house lives here.

In 2022, as part of Russia's invasion into Ukraine, Chernobyl has since been under Russian military control.

Establishments in Ukraine
1190s establishments in Europe

Cities in Kyiv Oblast
Sino-Soviet split

The Sino-Soviet split (1960–1989) was a time when the relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union weakened during the Cold War. Eventually, China's leader, Mao Zedong, decided to break the alliance with the Soviet Union.

The Soviet leader, Stalin, wanted to help spread communism in the world, including China. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviets gave weapons and supplies to the Kuomintang, and advised the Communists to ally with them against the Japanese Empire. The Chinese Civil War continued, however. After World War II, Stalin and the Soviet Union helped the Communists. Chinese leaders disliked the Soviet leaders for not helping Mao and the Communists from the start.

The split 

Suddenly, in 1953, Stalin died.  Mao saw Stalin as the leader of Communism, but also had a bad relationship with the Soviet Union throughout his time as leader.   The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was not like Stalin.  He did not want capitalism to collapse like Stalin did.  Mao got angry about this, and he wanted Nikita Khrushchev to help him fight the imperialists.  Khrushchev said no, and then Mao decided that if Khrushchev was not going to cooperate, they would not work with each other anymore.

Later, there was peace between the USSR and China, but they were suspicious of each other.  They were no longer allies, and Mao's supporters said that it had been a victory.

History of the Soviet Union
History of the People's Republic of China
Liu Bei

Liu Bei (161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first Emperor.

Early life 

He went into battle against the Yellow Turban Rebellion rebellion in 184, along with his sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian. 

After Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers—until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all   of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.

Sun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.

Death 

From 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.

After several useless battles against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao chose to make a union with Sun Quan. They attacked Guan Yu with their allied forces and overthrew him in 219. Liu Bei was mad and swore revenge for the death of his brother and the loss of an important part of his empire.

When Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to give up his power. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title Emperor of Wu for himself.

Liu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's arrogance. In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's (a Wu general) great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor.

Reference 

161 births
223 deaths
Emperors of Three Kingdoms era
Cao Cao

Cao Cao (曹操 155-220) was a Chinese general. He managed to control the last Han Emperor Xian and conquered the whole northern China.

Cao Cao gathered an army in 184 to fight against the Yellow Scarves rebellion. After the Dong Zhuo had seized the Emperor Liu Bian in 189 and deposed him in favour of his brother Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), a coalition of local warlords all over the country arose against Dong. It was called by Cao Cao and led by Yuan Shao, and many powerful warriors joined it.
After Dong Zhuo's death through the hands of his foster son Lü Bu, Emperor Xian was controlled by Dong's associates. He fled to Chang'an (the old capital) in 195 but almost starved to death. Cao Cao saved him in 196 and brought him to his own place at Xuchang.

With the emperor under his control, Cao Cao managed to kill most of the minor warlords in Northern China and was even able to defeat Lü Bu and the powerful Yuan Shao at Guandu in 200. He tried to conquer the south, too, but Liu Bei and Sun Quan opposed him and defeated his forces in the Battle at Red Cliffs. Cao Cao led several campaigns against the south, but with fairly low success. Also, he managed to get the famous general Guan Yu killed by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng.

Cao Cao died in 220, and his son Cao Pi followed him in control of the emperor. He eventually deposed him the same year and became Emperor Wen of Wei, making his father posthumously Emperor Wu of Wei.

Poetry

Cao Cao was a poet. Only some of his poetry can be found today. 

155 births
220 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Chinese poets
Zhang Fei

Zhang Fei (167-221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his brothers Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.

In the battles against the Dong Zhuo, Zhang fended off the enemy general Lü Bu and was greatly rewarded by his then-ally Cao Cao.

Zhang Fei was later killed by his own officers, because after the death of his brother Guan Yu, he became a drunk.

167 births
221 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Dong Zhuo

Dong Zhuo (董卓 139-192) was a reckless general in ancient China. He took control over the imperial court of Han in 189. He was later killed by his own foster son, Lu Bu.

Dong Zhuo had been a successful warrior and general since his youth. Anyway, he was defeated by Yellow Scarves rebels in 184 and demoted. After the death of Emperor Ling, the eunuchs kidnapped the young follower Liu Bian and his brother Liu Xie. Dong Zhuo freed them and intimidated the kidnappers so they committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River. Dong then brought the emperor and his brother back to the capital Luoyang and seized perfect control over the court. Because Liu Bian seemed too stupid to him, Dong deposed him and made his brother Liu Xie emperor instead (Emperor Xian). In 190 he poisoned Liu Bian.

Dong Zhuo became arrogant and violent. He even forced the emperor to move to the city Chang'an as capital instead and burned Luoyang. Because of that, many warlords and Han generals all over the country formed an alliance to destroy Dong's reign. After some fierce battles, Lü Bu knew that his position was lost, and killed his foster father Dong in 192.

Dong's associates Guo Si and Li Jue continued to control the emperor, but they started struggles and the emperor escaped. He was rescued by Cao Cao in 196.

139 births
192 deaths

Three Kingdoms generals
Sun Quan

Sun Quan (孫權 182-252) was an ancient Chinese warlord and founder of Eastern Wu in 222.

As a warlord 
His brother Sun Ce conquered Southeastern China from 197 until his death in 200. Sun Quan was in charge at the age of 18. He continued to expand his empire and drew back the forces of Cao Cao in the Battle at Red Cliffs (along with Liu Bei). To have better opportunities against the north, he gave his Jing Province to Liu Bei so that he could create an empire on his own. Liu Bei conquered the other western territories from 211 to 214 and set his brother Guan Yu in charge of defending Jing.

Now that Liu Bei had his own empire, Sun quan demanded his western province back from him, but Liu Bei declined. In alliance with Cao Cao, Sun Quan's general Lü Meng captured Guan Yu in 219 and slayed him along with his son, Guan Ping.

After Cao Cao's son Cao Pi started the Wei Dynasty in 220, Liu Bei also wanted to be an emperor and declared himself Emperor of Shu Han in 221. He considered himself the righteous heir of the abdicated Han emperor Xian. Sun Quan declared himself King of Wu in 222. Liu Bei found that offensive, and launched a great attack against Sun Quan but failed—due to Lu Xun's great tactics. He died a year later.

Under the regency of the Shu prime minister Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Shu and Wu was renewed. Both empires did not have to worry about their defense in the west/east after that.

As Emperor 
In 229, Sun Quan declared himself Emperor of Wu. His attacks on Wei were all in vain but he managed to develop his country very well. After his son Crown Prince Sun Deng died in 241, he made his now-oldest son Sun He Crown Prince. All along the next nine years, He would have trouble with his brother Sun Ba who wanted to be Crown Prince instead. Their fight even caused the honorable general Lu Xun to die of anger in 245.

In 250, Sun Quan was sick of his sons' struggles and deposed them both as princes. Instead he made his youngest son Sun Liang Crown Prince. Two years later, Sun Quan died at the age of 70. For his follower was too young to rule on his own, the official Zhuge Ke became regent.

182 births
252 deaths
Emperors of Three Kingdoms era
Wavelength

A wavelength is the length of the shortest repeating part of a "sine wave". All waves can be formed by adding up sine waves. That is, every wave is a total of sine waves, which may be identified by Fourier analysis.

Examples of waves 
Waves are everywhere.  Examples of waves include:
 sound
 electromagnetic spectrum including
 radio wave
 light
 water waves such as ocean surface waves
 earthquake waves

"Length" of a sine wave
The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.  As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength decreases Thus, the frequency and wavelength are in inverse proportionality.   

There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.

A symbol used for wavelength most often is the Greek letter lambda (λ).

Wave physics
Mechanical vibrations
Drum

A drum is a musical instrument that is played with the hands using a drum stick (a stick for hitting a drum). A collection of drums and cymbals is called a drum kit, or drum set. 

Drums are used to keep a steady beat in a song. They give music of many kinds a sense of feeling. For example, to make a song to be slow or fast, the drums play slower or faster.

A drum is a percussion instrument, which means it makes a noise by being hit.  There are many types such as cymbals and bells; even a simple piece of wood can be used as a percussion instrument. 

The drum kit is a group of drums & cymbals to make beats for music. Drum kits are used in most types of popular music, including rock, jazz, country, blues, and many others.

Acoustic Drum 
Acoustic drum kit is a set of drums and cymbals designed to be played as one instrument. A standard drum kit is made from a bass drum, snare drum, set of tom toms, hi hat cymbals, a ride cymbal and a crash cymbal. The sound is produced by striking the drums or cymbals with a drum stick or mallet.

Electric Drum 
Electric drum kit is essentially a collection of sample pads set up in the same way as an acoustic drum kit. The pads themselves are designed to produce little acoustic sound, other than the dead sound of the wooden drum sticks hitting rubber. The drum kit has to be plugged into an amplifier, speaker, or pair of headphones to be heard, which makes them ideal for practice when volume has to be kept to a minimum. Unlike acoustic drums, it is incredibly easy and quick to record electronic drums. There are two main ways to record audio from an electronic kit - Using a USB cable or Using an audio interface. 

Related pages
 Cymbal

References
Pashupatinath Temple

Pashupatinath is one of the most sacred temples of Hinduism. It is in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It is the temple of the Hindu god Shiva.

Hindu temples
Nepal
Invasion

Invasion is a word that comes from Latin. Originally, it meant that something goes in (as in military occupation) of a foreign territory. So far, the following uses are known:

 Military: Getting troops to take control of enemy territory. Often a state invades another to start a war, but invasions can happen anytime during war.
 Others: Sometimes, biologists speak about an invasive species. There might be locust swarms invading, or that some algae spread far more rapidly in new territory.

One of many examples is the importing of rabbits  to Australia. As they had no enemies, they did what rabbits do best. They multiplied. To get rid of them, people then thought about importing foxes as well.

 In psychology invasion is a state where the unconsciousness is a ruler (by C.G.Jung).

Military
Biology
Olive tree

The olive tree  is a small tree. Its scientific name is Olea europaea. A long time ago, it came from  the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean, from Syria and the maritime (next to the sea) parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. It has been farmed for a very long time. The Ancient Greeks were farming it. They spread the trees to the western part of the Mediterranean.  

Olive trees like soil with lots of chalk in it. They grow best on limestone slopes and crags in coastal climate.

Overview
The Wild Olive is a small tree or shrub that grows up to 8–15 m tall with thorny branches. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 1–3 cm wide. The leaves have a dark greyish-green color above and are pale with whitish scales below. The small white flowers, with calyx and corolla divided into four parts, two stamens and bifid stigma, are mostly on the last year's wood, in racemes coming up from the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a small drupe 1–2 cm long, thinner-fleshed and smaller in wild plants than in orchard cultivars.

Uses
Today, olive trees are grown for the following reasons:
The fruit of the tree is used:
For cooking. Directly from the tree the olive does not taste very good (it tastes very bitter). It is put into some liquid that makes it less bitter. When this is done, it can be used in many recipes of Mediterranean cooking.
 To make olive oil, a very important vegetable oil.
The wood of the tree is very hard. It is used to make furniture or articles of everyday use.
The leaves of the tree have some medical uses. It is said that the leaves have a calming effect. They are good for people going to sleep. They are also good for the immune system and to bring down high levels of cholesterol. The oil is good for the cardiovascular system (the heart, and the arteries, etc.) and the circulation of fat in the body.

The numbers behind 
In total, about 17.3 million tons of olives are produced every year. 60% of all olive trees are in the European Union. The top producers are:

Cultural significance 

Very probably, the first olive trees were grown in Syria. From there they spread rapidly. In Ancient Greece, the tree was considered to be holy. Some city states (polis) like Athens punished people for cutting down olive trees.

The branches in the flag of the United Nations are those of an olive tree.

In Christianity, the olive tree can be a sign of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over.

The olive tree is the National tree of Palestine.

References

Other websites 
 
 Olive at Plants for a Future
 International Olive Oil Council Includes studies on health benefits
 The California Olive Oil Council
 Resource portal for olive oil
 Olive Oil Times
 Information about growing olive trees 
 The history and gastronomy of the olive and olive oil in Spain

Trees
Oleaceae