cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
11th century BC

The 11th century BC started the first day of 1100 BC and ended the last day of 1001 BC. The events below may have happened in this century.

Events 

 1089 BC: Melanthus, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 37 years.
 1069 BC: Ramses XI dies, ending the Twentieth Dynasty. 
 1068 BC: Codrus, legendary King of Athens, dies in battle against Dorian invaders.
 1050 BC: Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Israel in battle. (Approximate date)
 1048 BC: Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years.
 1046 BC: King Wu of Zhou becomes first king of the Zhou Dynasty.
 1042 BC: King Cheng of Zhou succeeds King Wu as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China,
 1039 BC: Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies.
 c. 1020 BC: Destruction of Troy VIIb2.
 1026 BC: Saul becomes the first king of the Israelites.
 1020 BC: King Kang of Zhou succeeds King Cheng as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China.
 1012 BC: Acastus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years.
 1003 BC: David succeeds Saul.
 1000s BC: Earliest evidence of farming in the Kenya highlands.
 c. 1000 BC: Latins come to Italy from the Danube region.
 1000s BC: Phoenician alphabet invented.
2nd millennium BC

The 2nd millennium BC is the time between the Middle and the late Bronze Age.  

The first half of the millennium saw a lot of activity by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops. Indo-Iranian migration onto the Iranian plateau and onto the Indian subcontinent saw the creation and use of the chariot.  Chariot warfare and population movements lead to violent changes at the center of the millennium.  New order emerges with Greek control of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the start of the Iron Age. World population begins to rise steadily. By 1000 BC, the population of the world reached nearly 50 million.
Scottish highland dance

Highland dancing is a traditional dance which comes from Scotland. Highland dancers need a lot of stamina and strength as they need a good sense of aesthetics.  They execute the traditional dance in solo to the sound of the great highland bagpipe. The highland dances are very precise and need a lot of coordination. There are many competitions for highland dancing organized around the world, mainly in Scotland, United States, Canada and Australia.

Competition judging
Dancers are judged on three elements:    
 Timing: First, dancers have to follow the rhythm of the music. 
 Technique: Secondly, they have to execute the step correctly; the position of the feet, arms and head have to be done precisely.
 Posture: Finally, they are evaluating on their interpretation of the dance. They have to get a good appearance and have to smile like the dance is very easy and natural.
If a dancer does all these three elements perfectly, they have a great advantage over the others.

Highland dances

Here are the main traditional highland dances:
 The Highland fling is traditionally a four or six steps dance performed after a victory in a battle.
 The sword dance is performed around a crossed sword on the bagpipes song Ghillie Calum. It starts with two or more slow steps and ends with one or two quick steps. The aim of the dance is not to displace the sword.
 The Sean Triubhas is a dance that represents a person who lost his pants. In fact, at one time, Scottish could not wear the kilt and was only allowed to wear pants. In 1747, the British law abolished this old law and gave back to Scottish the right to wear their kilt. So in the first part, the dancers mimic a Scottish trying to put on his pants and in the last part, they mimic one who is getting back his right to wear the kilt and his customs.
 The Irish jig is a parody of Irish dancing and is performed with red, black or green hard shoes. An angry house wife, because her husband has taken some money to go to the pub, is waiting him at the halt.

costumes
Woman wear a kilt, a kilt jacket (with or without sleeves), a blouse, ghilies and kilt socks. Men wear a kilt with a sporran, a white shirt with a thin tie, a dark jacket, green or black hose and ghilies shoes. These are only for certain dances (fling, sean triubhas, barracks johnnies, tulloch/half tulloch and highland laddie) There is seperate costumes for other dances, for the flora, scotch measure, lilt and a few others the outfit is called and aboyne. The hornpipe and jig have separate outfits too.

References

Dance types
Scotland
Paulina Porizkova

Paulina Porizkova (born 9 April 1965 in the Czech Republic) is a Czech-American model and actress. At age eighteen, became the first female from Central Europe to be shown on the cover of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue. She was the second female (following Christie Brinkley) to be shown on the cover of the Sports Illustrated multiple times. She has acted in movies and in television shows, including Desperate Housewives.

Other websites 

1965 births
Living people
American models
American movie actors
American television actors
Czech actors
Rich Girl

"Rich Girl" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). Produced by Dr. Dre, the track features American rapper Eve. It is the second time that both Stefani and Eve had done a song together, "Rich Girl" also samples both "Rich Girl" reggae girl group Louchie Lou & Michie One and "If I Were a Rich Man" a song from Fiddler on the Roof.

Track listings

 European CD single
 "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
 "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
 UK and European CD maxi single
 "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
 "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
 "Harajuku Girls" (live) – 4:36
 "Rich Girl" (video) – 4:03

 US 12" single
A1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Mix) – 4:07
A2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Instrumental) – 4:07
B1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Mix) – 3:47
B2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Instrumental) – 4:07
B3. "Rich Girl" (Acappella) – 3:57

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Mark Batson – keyboard bass, keyboards, songwriting
 Greg Collins – recording
 Kara DioGuardi – songwriting
 Dr. Dre – mixing, production, songwriting
 Mike Elizondo – guitar, keyboards, songwriting
 Eve – rap, songwriting

 Francis Forde – assistant engineering
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 Mauricio "Veto" Iragorri – recording
 Rouble Kapoor – assistant engineering
 Chantal Kreviazuk – songwriting
 Jaime Sickora – assistant engineering
 Brad Winslow – assistant engineering

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Reggae songs
R&B songs
The Jerry Springer Show

The Jerry Springer Show is an Americans tabloid talk show. It is hosted by Jerry Springer. It is broadcasted around the world. It is taped in Stamford, Connecticut. The show focuses on family dysfunction, secrecy and infidelity. It began September 30, 1991. It has been controversial for certain subjects.

Other websites 

1991 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television talk shows
First run syndicated television programs
Stamford, Connecticut
English-language television programs
Merostomata

Merostomata is a name given to the now extinct sea scorpions (Eurypterida) and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). There are four known species of horsehoe crabs still alive. James Dwight Dana introduced the name to refer to the horseshoe crabs only. Henry Woodward later extended it to refer to both taxa.

Chelicerata
Jack (tool)

A jack is a tool that is used to lift part of a car off the ground. It is used when changing a wheel or tyre.

Tools
Pielinen

Pielinen is the fourth biggest lake in Finland.

Islands
Eteissaari, Hattusaari, Honkasaari (Juuka), Honkasaari (Nurmes), Iso Ristisaari, Kaitasaari, Karhusaari, Kaunissaari, Kertonsaari, Kelvänsaari, Kinahmonsaaret, Kolmassaari, Korppisaari, Koveronsaari, Kuivasaari, Kulkulsaari, Kuusisaari, Kynsisaari, Larinsaari, Laukkalansaari, Lehtosaari, Liklamo, Lokkisaari, Lörsänsaari, Läpsy, Mantina, Mustasaari, Palosaari, Paalasmaa, Patvisaaret, Pieni Ristisaari, Porosaari, Pyysaari, Pääsaari, Rekisaari, Retusaari, Romonsaaret, Rääkky, Satjanko, Sipolansaari, Toinensaari, Turakka, Uramonsaari, Varpo.

Pielinen in art
Syysmaisema Pielisjärveltä (1899) is one of Eero Järnefelt's best known paintings, and was also used on a postage stamp.

Lakes of Finland
Karachi East District

Karachi East District () is in the Karachi Division of Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Sindh
Lake Inari

Lake Inari ( or Inari) is the third largest lake in Finland's Lapland. It covers . The deepest point is . There are over 3,000 islands in the lake. The biggest islands are Kaamassaari, Mahlatti, Viimassaari and Roiro.

Inari's is located to north from Arctic Circle, still, water is not very cold.

References

Other websites 

Lakes of Finland
Oulujärvi

Oulujärvi ("Kainuun meri") is the fifth biggest lake in Finland. Its biggest island is Manamansalo. Other islands are Hevossaari, Iso-Kaattari, Honkinen, Kaarresalo, Karhusaari, Koljolansaari, Kuostonsaari, Käkisaari (toiseksi suurin), Manamansalo, Mulkkusaaret, Reimiluoto, Tevä, Toukka, Uupunut, and Ykspisto ja Ärjä.

Lakes of Finland
Kemijoki

Kemijoki is the longest river in Finland. It is  long. It flows to the Gulf of Bothnia.

Rivers of Finland
Kymijoki

Kymijoki is a river in Finland. It is  long. It flows through the regions Päijänne Tavastia, Kymenlaakso and Uusimaa.

There are many hydroelectric power plants on the river. In the past, the river was an important way to transport wood. 

The river starts from Päijänne and it flows to the Gulf of Finland.

References

Other websites

Rivers of Finland
Siikajoki (river)

Siikajoki (river) is a river in Finland. It is  long. It flows to Bothnian Bay. 

Rivers of Finland
Päijänne

Päijänne is the second largest lake in Finland. It is between the regions of Central Finland and Päijänne Tavastia. It covers . Päijänne flows into the Gulf of Finland through the river Kymijoki.

The quality of the water is good. It improves south of Jämsä.

Päijänne is next to the municipalities of Kuhmoinen, Jämsä, Joutsa, Luhanka, Muurame, Toivakka and Jyväskylä in Central Finland, and Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä in Päijänne Tavastia.

Islands
The lake has 1,886 islands.

Some of the largest islands are Virmailansaari, Salonsaari, Judinsalo, Onkisalo, Paatsalo, Muuratsalo, Haukkasalo and Vuoritsalo.

National Park
In the southern part of Päijänne is Päijänne National Park. This was established in 1993. The park covers about 50 islands. The park is next to the municipalities of Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä. It covers Kelvenne island, which is 8 km long and 50-800 meters wide. The bays in the national park are popular places for boating.

References

Other websites 

 Päijänne National Park page, Finnish 

Lakes of Finland
Näsijärvi

Näsijärvi is a lake in Finland. It covers . The deepest point is . Near Näsijärvi are Tampere, Ylöjärvi and Kuru.

Lakes of Finland
Höytiäinen

Höytiäinen is a lake in Finland. It covers an area of . Its deepest point is . The biggest island is Teerisaari. In 1950, there were 118 people living at the lake. Near Näsijärvi are Juuka, Kontiolahti and Polvijärvi.

References

Lakes of Finland
Kallavesi

Kallavesi is a lake in Finland. It covers . The average depth is . The deepest point is . Kallavesi is close to the city of Kuopio.

References

Other websites

Lakes of Finland
Lake Keitele

Lake Keitele is a lake in Finland. It covers almost . The average depth is . The deepest point is . The quality of the water is very good. Lake Keitele is close to Äänekoski, Viitasaari and municipalities Konnevesi and Vesanto.

Lakes of Finland
Jääsjärvi

Jääsjärvi is a large lake in Finland. It covers . It has many islands. The largest ones are Vehkasalo, Hirtesalo, Kotisalo, Ohrasaari, Urrionsaari and Nautsalo.
 
Municipalities near Jääsjärvi are Joutsa and Hartola. Jääsjärvi flows from the southwestern part via Tainionvirta and into several smaller lakes to Päijänne.

References

Lakes of Finland
Keiko (whale)

Keiko (c. 1976 – December 12, 2003) was a killer whale who played "Willy" in the movie Free Willy in 1993. He was a world-famous whale. He died of pneumonia in 2003.

1976 births
2003 deaths
Cetaceans
Individual animals
Karelian pasty

A Karelian pasty, also called a Karelian pie or Karelian pirog, known in Finnish as karjalanpiirakka, is a traditional Finnish cookie, where inside a thin rye layer is rice pudding, pearl barley pudding, or mashed potatoes. It is often served with a spread made of butter and hard boiled eggs. There are annual baking competitions such as the one at Rääkkylä's Kihaus.

Other websites 
 Juttuverkko-lehti: Karjalanpiirakka - suomalainen herkku (mm. historiaa ja resepti)  (history and receipe Finnish)

Finnish food
Pasquale J. D'Amuro

Pasquale J. "Pat" D'Amuro is an American television analyst  and former intelligence agent. He is an expert on terrorism. D'Amuro is a former Director of FBI in New York. He worked for the FBI for 26 years. After the FBI, he went to work for Giuliani Security & Safety, a New York security consulting company.

Life 
D'Amuro grew up in upstate New York. He earned his Bachelor's degree in Business at the Niagara University.

He bagan working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in May 1979. While working for the FBI, D'Amuro learn much about bank robberies, fraud, organized crime, drug trafficing and similar crimes.

After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, he focused his research on terrorist attacks. After this,  he was involved with the research of the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, the 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden, Yemen, and the attacks on September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. Over time, he became a leading expert on al-Qaeda.

After the attacks of September 11, D'Amuro became the assistant director of the counterterrorism division of the FBI. He made changes  that led to better exchange of information between the FBI, CIA, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense. He is also responsible for the creation of the Terrorism Watch List. It is a combination of the information of many different agencies.

In August 2003, he became director of the FBI office in New York. It is the largest FBI office. At this time, he held the third highest position in the FBI. At this time, he began giving public lectures often on the changes that had been made at the FBI since September 11. In March 2005, he left the FBI after a service of 26 years.

After leaving the FBI, he became director of Nine Thirty Capital Management and chairman of the board of Giuliani Security & Safety. In March 2006 he became a commissary of Mercy College. In April 2008, he became the director of American Defense Systems.

D'Amuro is often on the television network CNN as a senior analyst.

Honors 
D'Amuro has been given several awards. These include the Presidential Rank Award of the FBI. In 2004, he was given an honorary doctorate in law from Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, New York. In 2009, D'Amuro got a Four Freedoms Award in the category Freedom from fear.

References 
Bloomberg Businessweek (November 17, 2012) biography
Government Executive (April 15, 2003) biography

Businesspeople from New York
Civil servants
Directors of intelligence agencies
American television personalities
Terrorism
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Karachi Central District

Karachi Central District () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Sindh
Karachi West District

Karachi West District () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Pakistan
Goa liberation movement

The Goa liberation movement was a political struggle for the independence of Goa during the 20th century. The city had been under the colonial rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years. In 1960, India invaded and annexed the territory.

Separatist movements of India
Nationalism
Colonialism
Goa
Sunamganj District

Sunamganj (, ) is a district in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is part of the Sylhet Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Maulvibazar District

Moulvibazar (, Moulvibazar Zila) is a district of the Sylhet Division in Bangladesh.

Districts of Bangladesh
Habiganj District

Habiganj ( ) is a district in northeastern Bangladesh. It is part of the Sylhet Division.

Districts of Bangladesh
Rotuma

Rotuma is a volcanic island about  south of Fiji. It covers an area of about . It has been a part of Fiji since 1881. While the Fijian Islands are Melanesian, Rotuma is isolated far to the north. Its people and culture are more closely related to Polynesia.

References

Islands of Fiji
Provinces of Fiji
Virmajärvi

Virmajärvi is a small lake in eastern Finland's Ilomantsi region and Russia. An island on lake is the most eastern tectonic part of Finland and the European Union. The nearest village is Hattuvaara.

Lakes of Finland
Shonan Gold

is a variety of Japanese citrus. Its name comes from its "golden" or bright yellow color. The color is inherited from its mother tree, a variety called Ōgonkan or "Golden Orange," which is also bright yellow but smaller. It was hybridized with a variety of Satsuma mandarin orange to obtain an improved variety which was larger (about 77 grams or 2. 7 ounces on average) and easier to peel. The variety was developed at the agricultural experiment station run by Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.agri-kanagawa.jp/nosoken/bulletin/nosoken/145/145-6.pdf

Citrus
Luirojärvi

Luirojärvi is a lake in Finland's Lapland. Luirojoki (a river) flows first to Lokan tekojärvi (reservoir) and continues from that to Kemijoki. At the east side of lake is Sokosti mountain, which is over 700 meters high. Luirojärvi belongs to Urho Kekkonen National Park.

Other websites 

Lakes of Finland
Lapland
Lake Ruovesi

Lake Ruovesi is a lake in Finland. It covers . It collects water from Keuruun reitti, Pihlajaveden reitti and Ähtärin reitti. Lake Ruovesi flows to Palovesi.

Lakes of Finland
Lake Lappajärvi

Lake Lappajärvi is a lake in Finland. It is in an impact crater. The biggest island is Kärnänsaari. The lake covers an area of . The deepest point is .

Lakes of Finland
Adrian Smith (architect)

Adrian D. Smith (born August 19, 1944) is an American architect. He has designed skyscrapers including the Burj Khalifa, the Jin Mao Tower, the AT&T Corporate Center, and the Trump International Hotel and Tower, Chicago. He is now building the world's tallest building that is planned to be taller than the Burj Khalifa, the Jeddah Tower.

Smith was born on August 19, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Smith studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago and at the Texas A&M University.

References

Other websites

 Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture - official website
 Burj Dubai website
 Chicago Tribune Article 'Sweet new start for architect Adrian Smith' Feb 24, 2008 

1944 births
Living people
Architects from Chicago
Luc Besson

Luc Paul Maurice Besson (born 18 March 1955) is a French movie director, screenwriter, and producer who is known for his movies such as Léon: The Professional, The Fifth Element, Taken, The Lady, and the entire Arthur and the Invisibles trilogy. He has won an BAFTA Award. 

Besson was born on 18 March 1955 in Paris, France. He was married to Anne Parillaud until they divorced. Then he was married to Maïwenn Le Besco from 1992 until they divorced in 1997. Then he was married to Milla Jovovich from 1997 until they divorced in 1999. He has been married to Virginie Silla since 2004. He has five children.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Luc Besson Official Homepage  at Luc-Besson.com
 Luc Besson Interview, Angel-A 
 JewReview.net video interview with Luc Besson and Rie Rasmussen about Angel-A 
 In-depth interview with Luc Besson

1955 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winning directors
French screenwriters
Movie directors from Paris
Movie producers from Paris
Writers from Paris
Blushing

Blushing is involuntary reddening of the human face. This happens if a person feels embarrassed, uncomfortable in certain situations, or lovestruck. The affected area feels very hot when blushing takes place.

Face
Patricia Wettig

Patricia Wettig (born December 4, 1951 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an television performer and playwright. She starred in the series Thirtysomething. She was also in a few movies.

References

American television actors
Actors from Ohio
1951 births
Living people
San Bernardino County, California

San Bernardino County is a very large county in southeastern California, with a population of over 2 million. Places within the county include the city of San Bernardino, California. In area it is larger than the state of Maryland.

 
1853 establishments in California
The Heroes of Olympus

The Heroes of Olympus is a series of five adventure and fantasy novels written by Rick Riordan, an American author. It follows the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and is followed by The Trials of Apollo series and the new up coming Daughter of the Deep. The stories are based around Greek and Roman mythology, it describes the efforts of seven demigod heroes to prevent the earth goddess Gaea from waking up with their ship called Argo ll.The first book in the series was released on October 12, 2012 and the last one was released on October 7, 2014.

The series begins with The Lost Hero, and ends with The Blood of Olympus. Some characters from the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series return, including Percy Jackson, Annabeth Chase, Clarisse, Chiron, Camp Half-Blood campers, and several others. There are also some new characters. Some are Leo Valdez, son of Hephaestus, Jason Grace, son of Jupiter (Zeus as a Roman) and Piper McLean daughter of Aphrodite and movie star Tristan McLean who is kidnapped in The Lost Hero.

Riordan based some of his series on The Golden Fleece and The Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles by Padraic Colum.

Books in the series 
 The Lost Hero
 The Son of Neptune
 The Mark of Athena
 The House of Hades
 The Blood of Olympus

In addition to these books, Rick Riordan has also written a supplementary book named The Demigod Diaries which was released on August 14, 2012.

Main Characters 
Percy Jackson: A seventeen-year-old Greek demigod and a son of Poseidon.
Annabeth Chase: A seventeen-year-old Greek demigod and a daughter of Athena.
Piper McLean: A fifteen-year-old Greek demigod and a daughter of Aphrodite. She has the power to charmspeak, which means she can talk people into doing things but it does not always work.
Leo Valdez: A fifteen-year-old Greek demigod and a son of Hephaestus. He has the power to manipulate and produce fire.
Jason Grace: A sixteen-year-old Roman demigod and a son of Jupiter. It is revealed in The Lost Hero that he is the brother of Thalia Grace, a Greek demigod.
Frank Zhang: A-sixteen-year-old Roman demigod and a son of Mars. He is also related to Poseidon on his mother's side. He has the ability to change his form.
Hazel Levesque: A thirteen-year-old Roman demigod and a daughter of Pluto. She has the ability to manipulate precious metals and stones.
Gleeson Hedge: A satyr from Camp Half-Blood who is tasked to accompany the seven demigods on their quest.

References 

Series of books
2010s books
Children's books
John of the Cross

Saint John of the Cross (original name of Juan de Yepes y Álvarez)(1542-1591) was a Spanish Catholic mystic. He belonged to the Carmelite order. He is one of the Doctors of the Church. And He is a patron saint of mystics and contemplatives and of Spanish poets.

Other websites
 Link to St John quotes

1542 births
1591 deaths
Christian mystics
Spanish Roman Catholics
Exmoor pony

The Exmoor pony is a breed of horse. It is native to the British Isles.

Features
The fur is brown, from beige and brown to dark brown and black. The Exmoor pony eats grass and hay. It can be up to  tall and weigh . The breeding time is 336 days. They can become 25 years old.

References

Horse breeds
Cairo spiny mouse

The Cairo spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) is a species of mouse that lives in Africa, the Middle East and Europe.

It eats seeds, fruits and invertebrate animals. The mouse grows to  long and weighs up to . It lives for about four years. The gestation period is about 38 days. The speed of the spiny mouse is up to .

References

Rodents
Harz red mountain cattle

Harz red mountain cattle is a breed of cattle. They come from Harz, in Germany. They can live up to 20 years old. They have fair colored cornets, are beefier built, and have plain fur.

The females are up to  and the males . They are between  high. At birth, they weigh from .
Their main food is grass. They produce milk and are used for meat.

History
The Harz red mountain cattle is from the oldest race of cows. They were bred in the middle of the 19th century. Today, it is an endangered species.

References

Cattle breeds
Consequentialism

Consequentialism is a theory in the field of ethics. It says that the moral value of an action can be judged by looking at the consequences it has. One of the big consequentialist theories is called utilitarianism.

References

Ethics
Philosophical movements and positions
North Karachi

North Karachi () is a suburb of Karachi, in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Pakistan
Karachi
Dravida Nadu

Dravida Nadu () was the name of a proposed sovereign state for the speakers of the Dravidian languages in South Asia. It was also known as Dravidistan or Dravidadesa.

History of Tamil Nadu
Nationalism
Separatist movements of India
Electric bicycle

An electric bicycle is a bicycle that uses electricity as its power. These bikes do not pollute the air. Usually a biker can control how much the motor helps. For example, it can be 50% of the force needed. These kinds of bikes have become more popular. In some cases it is possible to convert a traditional bike to electric using a conversion kit.

Electric vehicles
Kokemäki

Kokemäki is a town in south-west Finland. The city has a population of 7,653 (30 June 2015) and an area of 531,27 km². Through Kokemäki flows the Kokemäenjoki river which is 121 km long.

Other websites

Kokemäki website

Cities in Finland
Laihia

Laihia is a municipality in Finland. About 8,000 people lived there as of 31 August 2013. It covers 508.38 km². Near Laihia is municipalities: Ilmajoki, Isokyrö, Kurikka, Maalahti, Mustasaari and Vähäkyrö.

Other websites

 website

Municipalities of Finland
Spacetime metric

In special relativity, the spacetime metric, also called the Minkowski metric', is the metric tensor that describes the line element in Minkowski spacetime.

The metric
The metric can be described by the following line element:

In units where the speed of light, , is one, then the metric in matrix form is

Relativity
Rautalampi

Rautalampi is a municipality in Finland. The city has 3,451 people (as of 31 August 2012). It covers 761,97 km². Near Laihia are the municipalities Hankasalmi, Konnevesi, Pieksämäki, Suonenjoki, Tervo and Vesanto.

History
History starts from 1561 when Sweden's king Gustav I of Sweden gave order to establish so called "hallintopitäjä" Rautalampi, (Rautalammen hallintopitäjä).

Other websites

 website

Municipalities of Northern Savonia
1560s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Finland
1561 establishments
Disestablishments in Europe
Vaasa

Vaasa () is a city in Ostrobothnia, Finland. The city has a population of 60 622 (31.8.2012) and the area 191,68 km². Vaasa is different compared to the nearest municipalities because so many people there speak Finnish. From Helsinki, it is 419 km to Vaasa.

Neighbouring municipalities are Isokyrö, Laihia, Malax, Korsholm and Vöyri.

Gallery

Other websites
Website

Cities in Finland
Kamakura shogunate

The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕, Kamakura bakufu) was a feudal Japanese feudal military government.  The heads of government were the shoguns. The first three were members of the Minamoto clan.  The next two were members of the Fujiwara clan. The last six were minor Imperial princes.

These years are known as the Kamakura period. The period takes its name from the city where the Minamoto shoguns lived.

After 1203, the Hōjō clan held the office of Shikken.  In effect, the shikken governed in the name of the shoguns.

History
In 1192, Minamoto no Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in  Kamakura.  The shogunate functioned within the framework of the Heian system of Imperial rule.

The Mongols under Kublai Khan attempted to invade Japan.  On 19 November 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month), Kublai Khan's army landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū. The invaders retreated to Korea.  This was called Bun'ei War (Bunei no eki).  There was a second invasion attempt by Mongol forces in 1281 (Kōan 4).  This was called the Kōan War (Kōan no eki).
The shogunate prepared to defend against a third invasion, but it did not come. The costs of defense a weakened the shogunate.

In the  in 1333 (Genkō 3), forces led by Nitta Yoshisada destroyed the Kamakura shogunate

List of Kamakura shoguns

 Minamoto no Yoritomo, r. 1192-1199
 Minamoto no Yoriie, r. 1202-1203
 Minamoto no Sanetomo, r. 1203-1219
 Kujō Yoritsune, r. 1226-1244
 Kujō Yoritsugu, r. 1244-1252
 Prince Munetaka, r. 1252-1266
 Prince Koreyasu, r. 1266-1289
 Prince Hisaakira, r. 1289-1308
 Prince Morikuni, r. 1308-1333
 Prince Morinaga, r.1333-1334
 Prince Norinaga, r. 1334-1338

List of Kamakura shikken

 Hōjō Tokimasa, r. 1203-1205
 Hōjō Yoshitoki, r. 1205-1224
 Hōjō Yasutoki, r. 1224-1242
 Hōjō Tsunetoki, r. 1242-1246
 Hōjō Tokiyori, r. 1246-1256
 Hōjō Tokimune, r. 1268-1284
 Hōjō Sadatoki, r. 1284-1301
 Hōjō Morotoki, r. 1301-1311
 Hōjō Takatoki, r. 1316-1326

Related pages
 Mongol invasions of Japan
 Ashikaga shogunate
 Tokugawa shogunate

References

Other websites 

History of Japan
Samurai
1192 establishments
1190s establishments in Japan
1330s disestablishments in Japan
1333 disestablishments
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting

The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a school shooting which happened in Connecticut, United States on December 14, 2012. Twenty-eight people were killed in the shooting, including many children and teachers and the perpetrator's mother at home.

The shooter was Adam Lanza. He shot and killed his mother. He then went to Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, and killed twenty children and six staff members as well as injuring two other staff members. He committed suicide before he could be arrested by the FBI.

References

2012 crimes in the United States
2010s in Connecticut
2010s mass shootings in the United States
2010s murders in the United States
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2012
Attacks on schools in the United States

December events
Mass murder in 2012
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Suicides by firearm in the United States
Sysmä

Sysmä is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. It covers about . As of 31 August 2012, 4,232 people lived there. Its population triples during summer. This has made lot of summer happenings.

Neighbouring municipalities are Asikkala, Hartola, Heinola, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka and Padasjoki.

Villages
Joutsjärvi, Karilanmaa, Kinnarila (Skinnarila), Koivisto, Käenmäki (Tikkala), Liikola, Nikkaroinen, Nuoramoinen, Onkiniemi, Otamo, Palvala, Rapala, Ravioskorpi, Saarenkylä, Soiniemi, Suurkylä, Särkilahti, Taipale, Toivola, Valittula, Vintturi, Virtaa, Voipala (Suopelto).

Population growth

References

Other websites

 Official Sysmä website

Municipalities of Päijänne Tavastia
Lee Archer (pilot)

Lee Archer was an American pilot for the United States Air Force. He flew from 1941 during World War II until the year of 1970. He rose until the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

Life 
Archer was born in Yonkers, New York, on September 6, 1919.

He studied at the New York University. After his study he joined the army having the hope to become a pilot. In that era he had to discover that it was not possible for him as an African-American, due to the Jim Crow laws. As a result, he was sent of to Georgia for a communication job. After the army changed its policy, he was accepted to the trainings program for African-American on Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama.

During World War II Archer flew on 169 combat missions for the 302nd Fighter Squadron above Europe, and brought down several hostile planes. During a mission in August 1944 he destroyed six German planes on the ground. On October 12, 1944, he 'landed' in a series of air combats above Hungary, which was occupied territory then by Nazi Germany. Flying a P-51 Mustang he brought down three German fighters.

When he came back in 1945 he discovered that nothing had changed in the American society. When he stepped out of his plane, the first sign he saw demanded ′Colored Troops to the Right, White Troops to the Left′. Archer stayed in the army until 1970. At that moment he was a Lieutenant Colonel.

He continued his career in civil society at General Foods in White Plains, New York, where he was one of the first African-American vice presidents of an American corporation. In 1987 he founded his own company in venture capital, called Archer Asset Management.

Archer died on January 27, 2010, in New York City. Television personality Bill Cosby held a speech for him at his funeral ceremony on February 4.

Honor 
Archer was named Honorary Honoree of the American Fighter Aces Association. He received several military awards, like the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal, and a Presidential Unit Citation.

Furthermore, he was mentioned as an exemplary air force fighter at the presentation of the Freedom Medal as well as in the category of Freedom from fear of the Four Freedoms Awards. Furthermore, he and his fellow Tuskegee pilots were honored with a Congressional Gold Medal in 2007.

Businesspeople from New York
People from Yonkers, New York
American military people
Air force
1919 births
2010 deaths
1289



Events 
 The 5,452 meter (17,887 feet) high volcano Popocatépetl is first ascended by members of the Tecuanipas tribe in present-day Mexico.
 April 27 – Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli (in present-day Lebanon) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.
 Prince Subaru of Japan conquers the province of Saitama.
 June 11 – The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight in the Battle of Campaldino; the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence.
 Construction of Conwy Castle was ordered by King Edward I of England. It was completed in Wales.
 Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou in France.
 Construction of the Belaya Vezha tower in Belarus is completed.
 Pope Nicholas IV creates the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull. This combined various existing schools into a single university.
 In Siena, 23 partners re-create the Gran Tavola bank. It was formerly the most successful European bank. It ceased operations after the death of its creator and manager Orlando Bonsignori in 1273.
 Franciscan friars begin missionary work in China.

Births 
 October 4 – King Louis X of France (d. 1316)
 October 6 – King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (d. 1306)
 King Leo IV of Armenia (d. 1307)

Deaths 
 :Category:1289 deaths
 January 16 – Buqa, Mongol minister
 March 12 – King Demetre II of Georgia (b. 1259)
 King Leo III of Armenia
 Petrus de Dacia, Swedish monk and writer
 Ugolino della Gherardesca
 Ippen, Japanese monk (b. 1239)
 Gruffydd Fychan I, last ruling prince of Powys Fadog

References
Brenda Ann Spencer

Brenda Ann Spencer (born in San Diego, California on April 3, 1962) is a convicted American murderer who performed a deadly shooting spree, during which she killed two people at the Cleveland Elementary School in San Diego on January 29, 1979. Another nine got hurt during that incident. Spencer showed no remorse in her crime; her full explanation of her actions was "I don't like Mondays; this livens up the day." Those comments were the inspiration to the song I Don't Like Mondays by  The Boomtown Rats, which reached #1 in the United Kingdom in mid 1979.

References

1962 births
Living people
American murderers
American prisoners
Criminals from California
People from San Diego, California
Mango (airline)

Mango Airlines SOC Ltd, known as Mango, is a South African low-cost airline, founded in 2006 as a subsidiary of South African Airways, that operates domestic scheduled budget services. Mango's main base is OR Tambo International Airport near Johannesburg.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Mango at ATDB: profile, history and events, contacts and management, historical/current/planned aircraft in fleets

2006 establishments
Low-cost airlines
Airlines of South Africa
2000s establishments in South Africa
Oakville, Ontario

Oakville is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The population of Oakville was 182,520 in 2011. The mayor of Oakville is Rob Burton.

Dundas Street was surveyed for a military road in 1793 and was bought by the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in 1805. British immigrants settled the area surrounding Dundas Street as well as on the shore of Lake Ontario in 1807. The Crown bought the area surrounding the waterways in 1820 and the area around the creeks, gave up to the Crown by the Mississaugas, was auctioned off to William Chisholm in 1827.

The towns of Bronte, Palermo, Sheridan, and the remainder of Trafalgar Township merged with Oakville in 1962.

The new Oakville Trafalgar Memorial Hospital at 3001 Hospital Gate is open (as of December 13, 2015).

References

Other websites
Official website

Towns in Ontario
1976 United States presidential election

The 1976 United States presidential election happened on November 2, 1976. Jimmy Carter, the Democratic candidate and former Governor of Georgia, won the election. He defeated the incumbent president, Gerald Ford, who was a Republican. 

Jimmy Carter won the election by 297 electoral votes, compared to incumbent president Gerald Ford, who received 240 electoral votes. A faithless elector from Washington voted for Ronald Reagan, who would win the 1980 election.

This election followed the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974 due to the Watergate scandal. It is the last election to have a Democratic candidate to receive a preferable vote in the American South, which is typically known to be Republican; however, Florida is considered a swing state.

This is the last election where one of the two major candidates is still alive. Jimmy Carter is currently 97 years old, and has been the oldest living former president since George H.W. Bush's death in 2018.

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates
Jimmy Carter, former governor of Georgia
Jerry Brown, governor of California
George Wallace, governor of Alabama
Morris Udall, U.S. representative from Arizona
Henry M. Jackson, U.S. senator from Washington
Frank Church, U.S. senator from Idaho
Robert Byrd, U.S. senator from West Virginia
Sargent Shriver, former U.S. ambassador to France, from Maryland
Fred R. Harris, former U.S. senator from Oklahoma
Birch Bayh, U.S. senator from Indiana
Lloyd Bentsen, U.S. senator from Texas
Terry Sanford, former governor of North Carolina
Milton Shapp, governor of Pennsylvania
Walter Fauntroy, U.S. representative from Washington, D.C.
Ellen McCormack, housewife

Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates
Gerald Ford, President of the United States from Michigan
Ronald Reagan, former governor of California

Candidates gallery

References

presidential election
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
1976
Green Party of Canada

The Green Party of Canada is a federal political party based in Canada. The party holds 2 of 338 seats in the Canadian Parliament.

The party has had both leftist and centrist factions throughout their history. It is currently seen as centrist.

The interim leader of the party is Amita Kuttner. She was voted as leader in November 2021, replacing Annamie Paul.

History 

On 2 May 2011, Elizabeth May was voted in the 2011 Canadian federal election. This made her the first member of the Green Party in history to sit in the House of Commons. On 6 May 2019, Paul Manly was voted in a by-election in the riding of Nanaimo—Ladysmith. He became the second member of the Green Party in history to sit in the House of Commons. In the 2019 Canadian federal election, Jenica Atwin was voted in. She became their first member outside of British Columbia to sit in the House of Commons. On 10 June 2021, Atwin crossed the floor, leaving the Greens to join the Liberals due to internal party disagreements over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

References

Other websites

Green political parties
Political parties in Canada
1983 establishments in Canada
Andrea Yates

Andrea Pia Yates (née Andrea Kennedy, July 2, 1964) is a former Houston resident who took the lives of her five children by drowning them in her home's bathtub on Wednesday, June 20, 2001. She was born in Hallsville, Texas. She had been suffering from severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. She was convicted of murder in 2002 and given life in prison; however, that was later overturned on appeal. In July 2006, a Texas jury declared her not guilty by reason of insanity; Yates was then sent to the North Texas State Hospital near Vernon, Texas.

References

People acquitted of murder
People from Texas

1964 births
Living people
Gaia hypothesis

The Gaia hypothesis, also known as Gaia theory or Gaia principle, named after earth goddess Gaia, proposes that living organisms interact with their nonliving inorganic surroundings on Earth to self-regulate the Earth's environment, a complex system that contributes to maintaining the conditions for life on the planet.  The hypothesis was developed in the 1970's by James Lovelock with Lynn Margulis.

Ecology
Bangladesh Premier League

Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in Bangladesh. The first edition of the tournament started on 10 February 2012 with six franchises consisting of players from around the world.

Dhaka Gladiators were the first champions of the BPL. The Bangladesh Premier League was shown on television internationally through ESPN Star Sports who made agreements to broadcast matches every day. The official channel for the BPL was Channel 9.

Cricket leagues
Cricket in Bangladesh
2012 establishments in Asia
21st-century establishments in Bangladesh
Justin Welby

Justin Portal Welby (born 6 January 1956) is the 105th and present Archbishop of Canterbury - the most senior bishop in the Church of England. He replaced Rowan Williams as archbishop in February 2013.

Welby was born in London. His early career was in the oil industry but in 1989, he studied for ordination in Durham, England. After several parochial appointments he became the Dean of Liverpool and was appointed as the Bishop of Durham in 2011.

Welby's theology is reported as representing the evangelical tradition within Anglicanism and he has written about the relationship between finance and religion. On 9 November 2012, it was officially announced that Welby would replace Rowan Williams.

There has been revelations as a result of a released DNA test, showing that, he is in fact the son of Winston Churchill's last private secretary. 

In 2018, he talked about how Brexit would be bad for the United Kingdom and how worried he is of its effects.

References

Other websites 
Official web site

1956 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Anglican archbishops
Anglican priests
Archbishops of Canterbury
English Anglicans
English priests
Members of the House of Lords
People educated at Eton College
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Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Sattar Bahlulzade

Sattar Bahlulzade (; ,  – 14 October 1974) was an Azerbaijani painter. He was born in the village of Amirjan, just outside the Azerbaijani capital Baku.

Sattar Bahlulzade is the founder of modern Azerbaijani landscape painting. He began his professional education at the National Art Institute in Baku (1927–1931). In 1933, he went to Moscow to continue his education in the Drawing Department at the Moscow Fine Arts Institute. There he studied in the studio of the Russian painter V. A. Favorsky. During the summer workshops in Crimea, Russian painter G. Shegal saw some of Sattar's sketches and suggested that he study at the institute's Painting Department, which he did.

Though he experimented in many styles of art, his unique talent was landscape painting. At first, he used to paint nature realistically as he had been taught. But soon he developed his own style. In fact, some of his paintings look like photos of the Earth taken from space. Using a combination of pastel colors and bold strokes, he made nature look more colorful and lively, and sometimes even more fantastic, than it did in reality.

Many of his works show different places of Azerbaijan. For example, "Bazarduzu Outskirts" is about Bazarduzu, the highest mountain in Azerbaijan. Other examples are "Old Shamakhi" and "Autumn in Nakhchivan."

Bahlulzade won many prizes for his art. He won the title of Honored Art Worker of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 1960 and was named People's Artist in 1963.

In 1973, Sattar became extremely ill due to blood poisoning and he died in 1974 in Moscow. When Sattar died, he was not buried in the Avenue of the Honored Ones, unlike other famous Azerbaijani people. Instead, according to his will, he was buried in his native village of Amirjan, next to his mother's grave.

Sattar's legacy includes many works that have been shown all over the world, including personal exhibitions in the USA, England, Turkey and Russia.

Most of his works are shown in museums all over Azerbaijan, particularly in the cities like Baku, Ganja and Nakhchivan.

Some of his most famous works are:
 Gudialchay Valley (1953)
 Evening above Caspian Sea (1959)
 Spring of my Native Land (1967)

Gallery

Other websites
 Sattar Bahlulzade, The Vibrant Pulse of Nature Azerbaijan International Magazine
 View Bahlulzade paintings at AZgallery.org.
 Sattar Bahlulzadeh
 Bahlulzadeh in headlines 

1909 births
1974 deaths
Azerbaijani people
Painters
1956 United States presidential election

The 1956 United States presidential election happened on November 6, 1956. President Dwight D. Eisenhower won reelection to a second term. He defeated former Governor of Illinois Adlai Stevenson in a rematch of the 1952 presidential election.  

Incumbent president Dwight D. Eisenhower won the election by 457 electoral votes. Adlai Stevenson got 73 electoral votes. Walter Burgwyn Jones got one vote by a faithless elector in Alabama.

This was the last election in which Alaska and Hawaii were not states. 

Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 while in Colorado for a vacation. His doctors told him not to run for another election. However, Eisenhower announced his candidacy for re-election on television in early 1956.

References

Other websites 

Presidential election
United States presidential elections