cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Samosa

Samosa is a popular snack originally from Central Asia. It further travelled, with the help of Muslim merchants of trade routes to India. It is famous in the Indian subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, as well as South Africa. 

It is generally prepared  in the shape of a triangle, however, the shape and sizes tend to vary from region to region. It can be either baked or fried and has an outer hard crust made of plain flour. It usually has a filling of potatoes and spices. It is usually eaten with a spicy sauce called chutney.

Etymology
The English word samosa derives from Hindi/Urdu word '',traceable to the Middle Persian word  () or Sagosha means (triangle), and has the meaning of the "triangular pastry".

History
 

The South Asian samosa has a Central Asian and/or Middle Eastern origin.

Regional varieties

India 
The samosa is prepared with an all-purpose flour (locally known as maida) and stuffed with a filling, often a mixture of diced and cooked or mashed boiled potato (preferably diced), onions, green peas, lentils, ginger, spices and green chili.Samosas generally are deep-fried to a golden brown in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with ketchup or chutney (mint, coriander, or tamarind), or are served in chaat, traditionally accompanied by yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala. Shingaras may be eaten as a tea time snack. They can also be prepared in a sweet form. Bengali shingaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas, onions, diced almonds, or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either shingaras or their Indian samosa cousins. Fulkopir shingara (shingara filled with cauliflower mixture) is a popular variation. 

Samosa is also an appetiser in Iran  and Pakistan.

It is commonly available in canteens, sweet shops and is also prepared at home.

Samosa can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian.

Origins

It is believed to have originated from the Central and West Asia.  The word samosa originates from the Persian word sanbosag or Sagoshag means small triangle .

References

Snack foods
Middle Eastern foods
Indian food
Pakistani food
Miss May I

Miss May I is an American metal band from Troy, Ohio. Miss May I has five members in the band; the current band members are Levi Benton, Ryan Neff, Jerod Boyd, Justin Aufdemkampe and B.J. Stead.

The band was formed in 2006. They released an EP titled "Vows for a Massacre" which was later followed by a demo in 2008. They were signed to Rise Records after the release of their debut album, Apologies Are for the Weak, on June 23, 2009. Their song "Forgive and Forget" appeared on the Saw VI: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Their song "Apologies Are for the Weak" which is the title track from the album of the same name was featured in the 2011 video game Saints Row: The Third. The band was announced to appear at the Warped Tour 2012 which started June 16, 2012 and ends on November 10, 2012.

Band members 

Current
Justin Aufdemkampe - lead guitar (2006-present)
Levi Benton - lead vocals (2006-present)
Jerod Boyd - drums (2006-present)
Ryan Neff - bass guitar, clean vocals (2006–2007, 2009–present)
B.J. Stead - rhythm guitar (2006-present)

Former
Josh Gillespie - bass guitar, clean vocals (2007–2009)

Discography 
So far as of 2012, Miss May I have released 3 albums:

Albums
Vows for a Massacre (2007)
Demo 2008 (2008)
Apologies Are for the Weak (2009)
Monument (2010)
At Heart (2012)
Rise of the Lion (2014)

References

Other websites 
Miss May I  on Rise Records
Miss May I on Myspace
Miss May I on Facebook

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Ohio
UEFA Euro 2012 knockout stage

The knockout stage of the UEFA Euro 2012 began on June 21, 2012 and ended on July 1, 2012. Eight teams qualified, two from each group. Poland and the Ukraine failed to qualify for the knockout stage.

Qualified teams

Results

Quarter-finals

Czech Republic vs Portugal

Germany vs Greece

Spain vs France

England vs Italy

Semi-finals

Portugal vs Spain

Germany vs Italy

Final

Spain vs Italy

References 

UEFA Euro 2012
Luigi Pirandello

Luigi Pirandello (Agrigento 28 June 1867 – Rome 10 December 1936) was an Italian playwright, novelist, and short story writer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1934, for his "bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage". Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners for Theatre of the Absurd.

Works 
Una boccata d'aria (A Breath of Air)
 L'Esclusa (The Excluded Woman)
 Il Turno (The Turn)
 Il Fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal)
 Suo Marito (Her Husband)
 I Vecchi e I Giovani (The Old and the Young)
 Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (Serafino Gubbio's Journals)
 Uno, Nessuno e Centomila (One, No one and One Hundred Thousand)
 Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore (Six Characters in Search of an Author)
 Ciascuno a Suo Modo (Each In His Own Way)
 Questa Sera Si Recita a Soggetto (Tonight We Improvise)
 Enrico IV (Henry IV)
 L'Uomo dal Fiore in Bocca (The Man With The Flower In His Mouth)
 La Vita che ti Diedi (The Life I Gave You)
 Il Gioco delle Parti (The Rules of the Game)
 Diana e La Tuda (Diana and Tuda)
 Il Piacere dell'Onestà (The Pleasure Of Honesty)
 L'Imbecille (The Imbecile)
 L'Uomo, La Bestia e La Virtù (The Man, The Beast and The Virtue)
 Vestire gli Ignudi (Clothing The Naked)
 Così è (Se Vi Pare) (So It Is (If You Think So))

Italian playwrights
Italian writers
1867 births
1936 deaths
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Al Harrington

Albert "Al" Harrington (born February 17, 1980 in Orange, New Jersey) is an American professional basketball player.  He plays for the NBA's Denver Nuggets. The forward stands six feet nine inches (2.06 m), and weighs 250 pounds (113 kg).

At only 18 years of age, Al was selected by the Indiana Pacers.  He was the 25th pick of the 1998 NBA Draft.  On July 15, 2004, Harrington was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Stephen Jackson. After the 2005–06 NBA season he became a free agent. For the 2006–07 season he went with the Pacers again.

On January 17, 2007, Harrington was traded to the Golden State Warriors along with teammates Stephen Jackson, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell for Troy Murphy, Mike Dunleavy, Ike Diogu, and Keith McLeod.   On November 21, Harrington was traded to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford.  On July 15, 2010, Al Harrington signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets

References

Other websites
Stats at basketball-reference.com

Indiana Pacers players
Living people
1980 births
Denver Nuggets players
Golden State Warriors players
New York Knicks players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
Andrew Bogut

Andrew Michael Bogut  (born November 28, 1984) is an Australian professional basketball player.  He plays for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

He is 7 feet tall. He went to the University of Utah for college. Bogut was selected first overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2005 NBA Draft. Bogut is the first Australian player to be drafted number one overall. He was also the second Utah player to be drafted number one overall.

On March 13, 2012, Bogut, along with Stephen Jackson, was traded to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Monta Ellis, Ekpe Udoh and Kwame Brown.

References

Other websites
Stats at basketball-reference.com

Australian basketball players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Living people
1984 births
Golden State Warriors players
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Egyptian plover

The  Egyptian plover is a wader.  It is the only member of the genus Pluvianus.

It is sometimes called the crocodile bird.  This is because of a story dating to Herodotus.  In the story the crocodiles lie on the shore with their mouths open.  The plovers fly into the crocodiles' mouths to feed on bits of meat between the crocodiles' teeth.  There is no evidence of this actually happening.

The Egyptian plover lives in tropical sub-Saharan Africa. It breeds on sandbars in large rivers. Its two or three eggs are buried in warm sand.  It feeds by pecking for insects. The call is a high-pitched krrr-krrr-krrr.

References

Other websites
Egyptian plover at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com

Charadriiformes
Clandestine cell system

A clandestine cell system is a way of organising a group of people so that it is kept secret. This is so the group are better able to resist infiltration or discovery by an enemy. If a person only knows the others in the person's cell, then they cannot betray the others outside of his or her cell, either accidentally, or under interrogation. The cell can range from a strict hierarchy of people to a team of people. It is used by spy agencies, criminal organisations and guerilla and terrorist groups.

Terrorism
Military terminology
Secrecy
Espionage
Boston (card game)

Boston is a trick-taking card game played by 4 people.  It is thought to have started in France in the 1770s. The game is similar to Whist.  It is a strategy game.  Each game takes about 25 minutes to play.

American Boston is a different way to play the game.  It is for 4 players in two partnerships with 2 packs of 52 cards.

References

Other websites
the card game at thefreedictionary.com

Card games
Boston Navy Yard

The Boston Navy Yard was one of the oldest shipbuilding places in the United States Navy. It was first called the Charlestown Navy Yard and later Boston Naval Shipyard.  It was started in 1801. It was officially closed as an active naval yard on July 1, 1974.  The USS Constitution is still docked there.  The USS Cassin Young, a World War II-era destroyer, is there and is a museum ship.

References

Other websites
info

Naval transport
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Buildings and structures in Massachusetts
1800 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Gotye

Wouter "Wally" De Backer (born 21 May 1980), better known as Gotye (pronounced  ), is a Belgian-Australian multi-instrumental musician and singer-songwriter.

Gotye's 2011 single "Somebody That I Used to Know" with Kimbra was Number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. He has won 12 ARIA Awards, three Grammys and a nomination for an MTV EMA for Best Asia and Pacific Act. 

Gotye is bilingual, speaking both Dutch and English, and also speaks some Japanese, which he studied at University.

Discography
 Boardface (2003)
 Like Drawing Blood (2006)
 Making Mirrors (2011)

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
more info at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com

1980 births
Living people
Australian drummers
Australian guitarists
Australian rock musicians
Australian singer-songwriters
Belgian musicians
Grammy Award winners
Keyboardists
Multi-instrumentalists
Musicians from Melbourne
People from Bruges
Pick and roll

The pick and roll, also known as a ball screen or screen and roll, is a play in basketball.  A player stops in front of a defender to block, then goes around and receives a pass from a teammate. In the NBA, the play started to be used in the 1990s.  It is now used very often.

References 

Basketball
Sports words
Moral hazard

Moral hazard is a term used in economics.  Nobel laureate Paul Krugman explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the decision about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."

In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk. 
Example: A person buys insurance against automobile theft.  After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car.  If so, this is a kind of moral hazard.  The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the insurance company.  Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy?

"Moral hazard" is a kind of reverse incentive (perverse incentive).

History
The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century.  The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective".  It was not used in a way that has anything to do with ethics.

In the 1960s, economists used the term to describe inefficiencies that occur because of information asymmetry. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.

Related pages
 Conflict of interest
 Feedback
 Game theory
 Unintended consequences

References

Other websites
 PBS.org, Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"

Market failure
Insurance
Tsukushi Province

, also known as , was a very old province of Japan, in the area of Chikuzen and Chikugo provinces.  This province was located within Fukuoka Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Former provinces of Japan
Fukuoka Prefecture
Rate

Rate or rates may be:

 Rate (mathematics), a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other
 Rate of travel, or velocity
 Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel.
 Rate of a ship, a term for a sail ship's firepower in the British Royal Navy
 Bit rate, number of bits that are processed per unit of time
 Rates, a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim

In science and finance
 Rate function, a function used to put a number to the probabilities of a rare event
 Rates (tax), a type of taxation system used to fund local government
 Reaction rate  in Chemistry
 Exchange rate, how much one currency is worth in terms of the other

In human growth
 Birth rate, the childbirths per 1,000 people per year
 Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in some population

As an initialism
 Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, a project of creation geophysics
Ann Rutherford

Therese Ann Rutherford (November 2, 1917 – June 11, 2012), known as Ann Rutherford, was a Canadian-American actress in television, radio and movies. She playied Polly Benedict during the 1930s and 1940s in the Andy Hardy series. She played Scarlett O'Hara's sister in the movie Gone With the Wind (1939).

References

1917 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Vancouver
American movie actors
American television actors
Maurice Papon

Maurice Papon (September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007) was a French civil servant. He led the police in major prefectures and in Paris during the Nazi Occupation of France and into the 1960s.  In 1998 he was convicted of crimes against humanity.  This was because he helped in making more than 1600 Jews move to concentration camps during World War II. He died of congestive heart failure.

1910 births
2007 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from surgical complications
French businesspeople
French criminals
French mayors
French people of World War II
Government ministers of France
Police officers
Politicians from Ile-de-France
Ashikaga shogunate

The , also known as the , was a feudal Japanese feudal military government.  The heads of government were the shoguns. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.

These years are known as the Muromachi period.  The period takes gets its name from the district in Kyoto where the Ashikaga shoguns lived.

History
In 1336, the Ashikaga Takauji and the Ashikaga clan established a military government in Kyoto.

List of Ashikaga Shoguns 

 Ashikaga Takauji, ruled 1338–1358
 Ashikaga Yoshiakira, r. 1359–1368
 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, r. 1368–1394
 Ashikaga Yoshimochi, r. 1395–1423
 Ashikaga Yoshikazu, r. 1423–1425
 Ashikaga Yoshinori, r. 1429–1441
 Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, r. 1442–1443
 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, r. 1449–1473
 Ashikaga Yoshihisa, r. 1474–1489
 Ashikaga Yoshitane, r. 1490–1493, 1508–1521
 Ashikaga Yoshizumi, r. 1494–1508
 Ashikaga Yoshiharu, r. 1521–1546
 Ashikaga Yoshiteru, r. 1546–1565
 Ashikaga Yoshihide, r. 1568
 Ashikaga Yoshiaki, r. 1568–1573

Related pages
 Kamakura shogunate
 Tokugawa shogunate

References

Other websites

 Ashikaga Bakufu from Washington State University website
 Kyoto City Web

History of Japan
Samurai
1336 establishments in Japan
1573 disestablishments
16th-century disestablishments in Japan
Weiyang District

Weiyang District (, pinyin: Wèiyāng Qū) is in the north of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Xianyang Municipality is to the west and north. Lianhu District and Xincheng District are to the south. Baqiao District is to the east. The name is from Weiyang Square. The district covers . As of November 2010, 806,811 people live there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Baqiao District

Baqiao District (, pinyin: Bàqiáo Qū) is a district in the eastern part of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. The main work there is spinning. Its name is from Ba River. It covers . As of November 2010, 595,124 people live there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Dario Fo

Dario Fo (Sangiano 3 March 1926 – 13 October 2016) was an Italian playwright, theatre actor and composer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1997. It highlighted him as a writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".

His plays often depend on improvisation, Commedia dell'arte style. Fo owned and operated a theatre company with his wife, actress Franca Rame. His most famous works are Mistero buffo and Accidental Death of an Anarchist.

Fo died on 13 October 2016 at a hospital in Milan, Italy from a serious lung disease, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Dario Fo  at Nobelprize.org 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Italian actors
Italian playwrights
Italian writers
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Lianhu District

Lianhu District (, pinyin: Liánhú Qū, meaning Lotus lake District) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the center, a little northwest of Xi'an. Its name is from Lianhu park. The Xi'an government is also here. The district covers . As of November 2010, 698,513 people live there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Perverse incentive

A perverse incentive is an incentive that creates an unplanned and unwanted result.  The outcome is not helpful or contrary to the interests of the incentive makers.  Perverse incentives are a type of unintended consequences.

Select examples 
 In India, the southern provinces had the problem of too many snakes.  The government tried to solve the problem by paying for dead cobras.  This was intended to bring down the number of cobras. Instead, it led to the breeding of cobras.
 In Thailand, the Bangkok police had the problem of too many small mistakes by its officers.  The police tried to solve the problem by using tartan armbands as a badge of shame.  Instead, the armbands were treated as valuable collectables. Since 2007, the Bangkok police has tried using pink armbands with the cute Hello Kitty cartoon character.
 In Vietnam during the colonial period, Hanoi had the problem of too many rats.  The French tried to solve the problem by paying for dead rats.  This was intended to bring down the number of rats. Instead, it led to the breeding of rats.

Related pages
 Cobra effect
 Conflict of interest
 Invasive species
 Moral hazard
 Tragedy of the commons

References

Economics
Flounder

Flounders are a group of flatfish species. The term is used for a number of flatfish who only related by being in the suborder Pleuronectoidei: (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae).

Floinders live at the bottom of coastal lagoons and estuaries of the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.  When flounder are hatched they have one eye on each side of its head. As they grow one eye moves until they have both eyes on the same side of the head.

Industrial overfishing has reduced the population to one-tenth of its original size, and the individuals left are smaller. They rarely have the time to grow to full size.

Taxonomy
Flounder have many species.

Western Atlantic
Gulf Flounder - Paralichthys albigutta
Southern flounder - Paralichthys lethostigma
Summer flounder (also known as fluke) - Paralichthys dentatus
Winter flounder - Pseudopleuronectes americanus

European waters
European flounder - Platichthys flesus

Northwestern Pacific
Olive flounder - Paralichthys olivaceus

Habitat
Flounder feed at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs. They have been found at the bottom of the Mariana trench, the deepest known ocean canyon. Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Don Walsh reached a depth of .  They were surprised to discover flounder about 30 cm long.

A flounder's food is mainly fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish.  Flounder normally grow to a length of , and as large as . Their width is about half their length.

References 

Flatfish
Tecnológico de Antioquia

Tecnológico de Antioquia - University Institution (TdeA), also known as Tecnológico de Antioquia, is an institution of higher education in Colombia, located in the department of Antioquia, which offers technical training programs, technological, professional and advanced training university . Its headquarters are located in the city of Medellín. Currently Tech is considered one of the best colleges of Colombia.

References 

 Tecnológico de Antioquia 
 TdeA-tv
 Tecnológico de Antioquia on Twitter

Colombia
Colleges and universities in South America
Rossendale Valley

The Rossendale Valley (also called the Forest of Rossendale) is an area North West England, in Lancashire. The area is in Rossendale. It is made up of the steep valleys of the River Irwell and its tributaries. These flow from the Pennines. They then go south into Greater Manchester. They cut through the open moorland. The area has a lot of these, even though a long time ago they were called "forests".

There are two Marilyns in the hills. These are Hail Storm Hill and Freeholds Top.

The geology of the area is layers of gritstone, coal and sand and gravel left behind by glaciers. These rocks were cut by rivers, the Irwell and its tributaries, to make steep valleys. These are 600 feet high. Woodland on the steep slopes includes remnants of ancient woodland but other areas are more recently planted.

The Rossendale Valley is recognised by the steep valley of the River Irwell and its tributaries. Textile mills and chimneys and gritstone houses are what most buildings are. Roads are mostly found in the narrow valley.

The valley was part of the medieval Forest of Rossendale. People living there in the Middle Ages would have been in "booths" or farmsteads and movement into the forest would have turned them into small hamlets.

References

Other websites 
 Higher Mill Textile Museum 

Lancashire
Valleys
Herc's Adventures

Herc's Adventures is a puzzle video game released for the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn by LucasArts Entertainment in 1997. While the PlayStation release was international, the Sega Saturn version was exclusive to North America.

PlayStation games
Sega Saturn games
1997 video games
Evolutionary grade

An evolutionary grade is a group of species at the same level of organisation.

It refers to a group of animals or plants which are very similar, but which are not a clade. They have a similar morphological or physiological complexity, and they are often adapted to the same way of life.

The term was coined by Julian Huxley, to contrast with clade, which is a strictly phylogenetic unit. The use of 'grade' as a term in biology was strongly supported by Ernst Mayr, who also pointed out that the term had been used for some time before cladism.

Background 
An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by similarities. These similarities led to their being given a name. But now to be a clade, the whole group from the first known member to the present day must be included.

The most commonly cited example is that of reptiles. In the early 19th century, tetrapods were put in the four familiar classes of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. In this system, reptiles are defined by traits such as laying cleidoic eggs, having skin covered in scales or scutes, and having a 'cold-blooded' metabolism.

However, we now know that amphibia gave rise to early egg-laying amniotes. These gave rise to sauropsids (the ancestors of reptiles and birds) and synapsids (the ancestors of mammals. 'Reptile' is just a common term for those sauropsids which survived to the present day, minus the birds. As an everyday word, everyone understands it. But as a modern scientific term, it is no longer good, and is less used.

Paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa often represent evolutionary grades. In some cases paraphyletic taxa are united simply by not being part of any other groups, and give rise to so-called wastebasket taxa.

Examples 

 Bryophytes were long considered a natural group, defined as those land plants which lacked vascular systems. Molecular evidence shows that the bryophytes are not monophyletic since mosses, liverworts and hornworts are in fact separate lineages, with mosses closest to vascular plants.  However, the three clades have a similar degree of complexity, and the "bryophyte grade" is a useful benchmark when analysing early plants  it gives information about the status of fossils which cannot always be classified into living groups.
 Fish represent a grade, as they have given rise to the land vertebrates. In fact, the three traditional classes of fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) all represent evolutionary grades. Obviously, everyone will go on using the word fish; this just makes the point that they are not a monophyletic clade.
 Dinosaurs plus birds are a proper monophyletic group. Otherwise they are not.
 Labyrinthodonts are an evolutionary grade, and the group is no longer a term in taxonomy.
 Synapsids cannot be a clade unless the mammals are included.
 Nautiloids. Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group with shared primitive features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are an evolutionary grade which is thought to have given rise to both ammonoids and coleoids.

References 

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
Flag of Belgium

The national flag of Belgium has three equal vertical bands of black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the colours of the Duchy of Brabant.

Belgium
Belgian culture
Kumaso Province

was a very old province of Japan in the area of Hyūga Province on the island of Honshū.  Its boundaries are within Miyazaki Prefecture.

History
Komaso is part of the tale of Yamato Takeru which is recorded in the Kojiki.  The history of Komaso started and ended before the Taihō Code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Notes

Other websites 
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Miyazaki Prefecture
Coat of arms of Belgium

The coat of arms of Belgium has a lion as its charge. It is called the Leo Belgicus, Latin for the Belgian lion.  The colors used are red, yellow and black, the same as on the flag.  The motto is "Unity makes strength".

Belgium
Belgian culture
Government of Belgium
Unity makes strength

"Unity makes strength" (, ; ; ) is the national motto of Belgium.  It was also taken on by Bulgaria and Haiti.

History

Netherlands

The motto was first used in 1550. It came from the Latin phrase "concordia res parvae crescunt" (small states flourish by concord). The new Dutch Republic took over the phrase as its motto. It was on several of its coins and coats of arms. 

The French were in the Netherlands from 1795 to 1813, first as the Batavian Republic then the Kingdom of Holland. Early on the national motto was changed to "Gelykheid, Vryheid, Broederschap" (Equality, Liberty, Fraternity). From 1802 to 1810 'Unity makes strength' was used again. In 1816, it switched to the House of Orange motto 'Je maintiendrai'.

Haiti 
The motto was chosen  by the Republic of Haiti  after  the revolution and subsequent independence of  the  slaves of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1803. The newly created state of Haiti became officially independent on January 1st,1804 following the capitulation of the French troops at the Battle of Vertieres of November 18,1803. The coat of arms of the republic of Haiti carries the french version of the motto  "L'Union fait la force". The Republic of Haiti is often referred to as the world's First Black Republic.

Belgium 

The motto was used by Belgium after its Revolution of 1830.  It was first only in its French form "L'union fait la force".

USA

The motto of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City started by Dutch settlers, is still "Eendraght maeckt maght". The motto Eendragt maakt magt also appears on the badge of the police force of Holland, Michigan.

Bulgaria
After Ferdinand of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took over the throne of the Principality of Bulgaria,  the country started to use Belgium's motto of L'union fait la force (in Bulgarian: Съединението прави силата). Although Unity makes strength meet in various projects on the coat of arms of Bulgaria in the post-liberation years, it officially became part of it only in 1927. After 1948, the motto dropped from the new Dimitrov Constitution, but remained on the facade of the National Assembly. Following the changes in 1989 and the adoption of a new Constitution of Bulgaria in 1991, the motto has been restored.

South African Republic
On 17 January 1852 the United Kingdom, ruler of the Cape Colony, made the South African Republic free. "Eendragt maakt magt" was the motto on the new state's shield. In 1888 the republic decided Dutch was its official language.

Malaysia
An early design of the coat of arms used between 1948 and 1963 used a variation of the motto, "Unity is Strength".  It was in both English and Jawi. After three more states were added into the federation in 1963, the English motto of the arms was replaced by a rough Malay translation, Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu (literally "Unity Improves Quality"). The Jawi motto remained unchanged.

Belgian culture
Bulgaria
Haiti
Mottos
Belgians

Belgians are people from the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe.

Related pages
List of Belgians

References

 
Ethnic groups in Europe
Monarchy of Belgium

Monarchy in Belgium is constitutional and popular in nature. The monarch is the head of state.  The Monarch is officially called King of the Belgians. The current leader is Philippe I.  Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the first King of the Belgians.  To date all have belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

List
This is a list of Belgian monarchs since 1831.

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Government of Belgium
Belgium
Prime Minister of Belgium

This is a list of prime ministers of Belgium.

Chairmen of the Cabinet (1831–1918)

Prime Ministers (1918–Present)

References

Belgium
Belgian Federal Parliament

The Belgian Federal Parliament is a bicameral parliament.  It has the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate. It sits in the Palace of the Nation.

Chamber of Representatives 
The number of seats in the Chamber is 150.  They are elected from 11 districts. The districts are divided along linguistic lines: 5 Flemish (79 seats), 5 Walloon (49 seats), and the bilingual district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (22 seats). 

To be elected a person must be at least 21 years old, have Belgium citizenship, and live in Belgium.

Senate 
Till the general elections of 2014, the Senate had 71 members. There were four categories of senators: directly elected senators, community senators, co-opted senators and senators by right. Co-opted senators were 10 representatives elected by the first two groups of senators. Senators by right were the children of the current monarch.

Since 2014, the Senate has 60 members. There are only two categories of senators: community senators (50) and co-opted senators (10).

Eligibility requirements for the Senate are the same as for the Chamber.

Government of Belgium
National legislatures
AFC U-23 Asian Cup

The AFC U-23 Asian Cup is a football competition between the best international under-23 teams in Asia. It is ran by the Asian Football Confederation. The teams are selected based on good performances in the qualification matches.

Format
The competition format in the 2013 tournament is:

 Sixteen teams will play in the final tournament, including the hosts who automatically qualify.
 Teams are seeded based on the result of the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship.
 Three or four stadiums in at most two cities will be needed to host the tournament.

The host country will be rotated by regions: the region for the first tournament will be decided by draw.

Results

References

 
2011 establishments in Asia
Francesco Maria Piave

Francesco Maria Piave (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian writer. He wrote the librettos (the story and words) for many operas. He is most famous for the librettos he wrote for operas composed by Giuseppe Verdi.

Life
Piave was born in Murano, an island in Venice. At first, he studied to be a Catholic priest. He stopped studying to be a priest and went to Rome. In Rome, he studied philosophy and writing. He wrote poems and stories for newspapers  but he is most famous for his opera librettos. He wrote more than 60 librettos. The first one was for Giovanni Pacini's opera,  in 1842. In 1844, he wrote the libretto for Verdi's opera Ernani. Piave and Verdi became very good friends, For twenty years, they wrote many letters to each other. Piave wrote nine more opera librettos for Verdi. The last libretto he wrote for him was .

Piave also worked as a stage director (someone who decides how plays and operas are performed). He worked as a stage director for the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. Later (1859), he worked as a stage director at La Scala in Milan.  In 1867, Piave had a stroke (a problem in the brain caused by lack of blood). He lived for eight more years, but he could not move or speak. Verdi gave money to help Piave's wife and family. In 1876, Piave died in Milan. Verdi paid for his funeral.

Piave's librettos for Giuseppe Verdi
Ernani (1844)
(1844)
Attila (1846)
Macbeth (1847)
 (1848)
 (1850)
Rigoletto (1851)
La traviata (1853)
Simon Boccanegra (1857)
La forza del destino (1862)

Sources
Budden, Julian (2008). Verdi, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.   
. "Piave, Francesco Maria". Treccani 
Phillips-Matz,  Mary Jane (1993). Verdi: A Biography. Oxford University Press. 

Italian writers
Opera
1810 births
1876 deaths
People from Venice
Chang'an District

Chang'an District (, pinyin:Cháng'ān Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the south part of Xi'an. Yanta District and Xianyang Municipality are to the north. Shangluo Municipality and Ankang Municipality are to the north. Lantian County is to the east. Huyi District is to the west. The southeast part of Chang'an District is higher than northwest part. From north to south is , from east to west is . The district covers . As of November 2010, 1,083,285 people lived there.

On June 2, 2002. Chang'an County was renamed to Chang'an District.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Yanliang District

Yanliang District (, pinyin:Yánliáng Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Its name is shortened from "Luyan Liangshan" (闾阎良善, meaning "good for living place"). It is in northeast of Xi'an, and  from the center of Xi'an. Weinan Municipality is to the east and north. Xianyang Municipality is to the west. Lintong District is to the south. It is famous for making airplanes. It is far from center of Xi'an, but its economy is good. The district covers . As of November 2010, 278,604 people lived there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Video game collecting

Video game collecting is the hobby of collecting video games and related things. It may be connected with animation, movies or comic books collecting. Collectors may focus on collecting some type of things, such as retro consoles. Collecting video games differs from other hobbies, because the collectible is interactive. So it can be enjoyed as long as it still functions. Nostalgia plays a large role, as those who grew up with a certain generation of games may have stronger appreciation for them.

Related pages 
 Collecting
 Video game
 Hobby

Hobbies
Video games
Alexis Reich

Alexis Valoran Reich (born December 11, 1964) is an American trans woman formerly known as John Mark Karr who in 2006 falsely confessed to the murder of JonBenét Ramsey. She used to be a school teacher. In 2010 she went through a hormone-replacement surgery and she transitioned and lives as a woman.

References 

1964 births
Living people
American criminals
American sex offenders
American teachers
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Transgender and transsexual people
Educators from Georgia (US)
Prägraten am Großvenediger

Prägraten am Großvenediger is a village in the district of Lienz in Tyrol in Austria. More than 1,300 People live there. Most of the 180,36 km² large area is mountainous.

References

Other websites 

Settlements in Tyrol (state)
Toyo Province

was an very old province of Japan, in the area of Buzen and Bungo Provinces.  The ancient entity was in what is modern Ōita Prefecture and northeastern Fukuoka Prefecture. It was divided into Buzen and Bungo in 683. It was sometimes called .

History
The history of the province started and ended before the Taihō Code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

According to the Nihongi, the Aka clan was established in Toyo during the reign of Emperor Ankan.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Notes

Other websites 
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Ōita Prefecture
Fukuoka Prefecture
Aristarkh Lentulov

Aristarkh Lentulov  (4 January 1882  15 April 1943) was a major Russian avant-garde artist who also worked on set designs for the theatre. His work shows strong influences of fauvism and cubism.

Biography 
Aristarkh Lentulov was born in Penza Oblast, 625 kilometers (388 mi) southeast of Moscow, into the family of a country priest. He studied art in the Penza and Kiev art schools from 1897 to 1905. Then he went to the private studio of Dmitry Kardovsky in St Petersburg in 1906. 

He lived in Moscow from 1909, and he was one of the founders of the avant-garde Jack of Diamonds group. 

From 1910 to 1911 Lentulov studied at the Le Fauconnier studio and the La Palette Academy in Paris. While there, he met contemporary French painters  such as Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Fernand Léger and Robert Delaunay. He took in the fauvists' and cubists' principles, and developed his own colourful style of painting. Later, after his return to Russia in 1912, he became a big influence on what became Russian futurism. Wassily Kandinsky and Kazimir Malevich were both influenced by him. 

From pre-revolutionary times, Lentulov was actively involved in various theatrical projects. He designed sets for the Kamerny Theatre 1916) and for a production of Scriabin's Prometheus in the Bolshoi Theatre in 1919.

In 1928 Lentulov entered into the Society of Moscow artists, and became chairman of the Society. He also started teaching at the Russian State Art and Technical School.

Lentulov died in Moscow and is buried in the Vagankovo Cemetery.

Related pages 

 Kazimir Malevich

References

Other websites 

Artcyclopedia Links to Lentulov's works
Virtual Museum  Biography

1882 births
1943 deaths
Russian painters
Russian artists
Curve (album)

Curve is the eighth studio album by Canadian alternative rock band, Our Lady Peace. Curve was released on April 3, 2012. Canadian heavyweight boxer George Chuvalo is featured on the cover of the album and vocal excerpts from him are also featured on the album's final track "Mettle". The band started recording the album six months after the release of their seventh studio album, Burn Burn. Curve debuted at #9 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

Songs

References

2012 albums
Our Lady Peace albums
Wimbledon (movie)

Wimbledon is a 2004 British romantic comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Richard Loncraine. It stars Paul Bettany as Peter Colt and Kirsten Dunst as Lizzie Bradbury. They are tennis players who meet at the Wimbledon Championships at which they are both competing. Sam Neill plays Lizzie's father Dennis Bradbury.

Release dates

Other websites 
 
 
 

2004 romance movies
2000s romantic comedy movies
2004 comedy-drama movies
2000s romantic drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
British romantic comedy movies
British romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in London
Forest Whitaker

Forest Steven Whitaker (born July 15, 1961) is an American actor, producer, and director. He has been known to study characters for movies like Bird and Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, and for playing Jon Kavanaugh on The Shield. Whitaker won an Academy Award for playing Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film The Last King of Scotland. Whitaker has also won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Texas
African American actors
African American movie directors
African American movie producers
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1961 births
Living people
Wimbledon

Wimbledon may refer to:

Wimbledon, London, a suburban area of south-west London
The Championships, Wimbledon, a tennis tournament
Wimbledon F.C., a former association football team
AFC Wimbledon, an association football team, founded by former supporters of Wimbledon F.C.
Wimbledon (movie), a 2004 British movie
Wimbledon station, a railway station
Chelsea

Chelsea may refer to:

Chelsea, London
Chelsea, Iowa
Chelsea, Oklahoma
Chelsea Bridge
Chelsea F.C.
Chelsea (name)
David Vamplew

David Vamplew (born 1 September 1987, Fife, Scotland) is a professional poker player. He has earned nearly 3 million dollars in tournaments, with over 4 million total career earnings.  Vamplew lives in Edinburgh, Scotland.  He got a degree in maths from Edinburgh University  in 2009.

The first time he won money in a professional tournament was for 106th-place finish in the 2010 World Series of Poker. He earned $2,500. He won the championship of the European Poker Tour in London, 2010. For this win, he earned $1.400,00. The next day, he won the UK & Ireland Poker Tour "Champion of Champions" title.

In the 2013 World Series of Poker, he came 2nd for $342,450 in event 2, losing heads-up to Trevor Pope, 16th in event 45 for $7,697, and 2nd in event 53 for $413,157 losing again heads-up to Brett Shaffer.

References

Other websites
Statistics from Card Player

Poker players
1987 births
Living people
Scottish people
People from Fife
Rikkokushi

, also romanized Rokkokushi, is a general term for Japan's six earliest national histories.   These six books chronicle the mythology and history of Japan from the earliest times to AD 887.

History
The six histories were written at the Imperial court during the eighth and ninth centuries.  These works include
Nihon shoki (Chronicle of Japan, also called Nihongi), 720
Shoku Nihongi (Continued Chronicle of Japan, also called Shokki), 797
Nihon kōki (Later Chronicle of Japan), 840
Shoku Nihon kōki (Continued Later Chronicle of Japan), 869
Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku (True Record of Emperor Montoku of Japan; also called Montoku jitsuroku), 879
Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (True Record of Three Generations [of Emperors] of Japan; also called Sandai jitsuroku), 901

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran

References

Further reading
 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. 

History of Japan
Belgian Revolution

The Belgian Revolution was the secession of the Southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It made an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

The people of the southern part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands were mostly Roman Catholic and the elite was French-speaking.  They did not like the Protestant King William I's rule, or that he had revoked certain special privileges granted to the Catholic Church.

On August 25, 1830 riots started in Brussels and shops were looted. There was an opera playing about liberty of the fatherland, and the theatre-goers joined the rioters. The King sent troops to stop the riots.

A battle took place in Brussels. The French came to support the breakaway province of Belgium.  Belgium won the battle and became an independent country.  Leopold I was made "King of the Belgians" in 1831.  It took until 1839 for the Dutch to say Belgium was independent.  They signed the Treaty of London.

19th century in Belgium
Revolutions
Wars involving Belgium
Wars involving France
Wars involving the Netherlands
Wars of independence
1830
1831
United Kingdom of the Netherlands

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) is the unofficial name used for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  This was after it was first made from part of the First French Empire and before the new Kingdom of Belgium split off from it in 1830. Most of it is still today the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It was made up of the former Dutch Republic to the north, the former Austrian Netherlands to the south, and the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The House of Orange-Nassau were the monarchs.

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ended after the 1830 Belgian Revolution. William I, King of the Netherlands did not recognize a Belgian state until 1839.  He was made to sign the Treaty of London. Only at this time were borders agreed.

1815 establishments in Europe
History of Belgium
1839 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Europe
Alan McDonald

Alan McDonald (Belfast, 12 October 1963 – Lisburn, 23 June 2012) was a Northern Irish footballer and manager. He played in the Northern Ireland national football team, and scored one goal, against Denmark. He died suddenly on 23 June 2012.

Northern Irish footballers
Northern Irish football managers
1963 births
2012 deaths
Game Oriented Assembly Lisp

Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (or GOAL) is a video game programming language developed by Andy Gavin and Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of Jak and Daxter series of games.

GOAL's first use was for the Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy game. Earlier, the Game Oriented Object Lisp (GOOL) was also developed by Andy Gavin for Crash Bandicoot game.

Programming languages
Video game technology
Treaty of London (1839)

The Treaty of London of 1839 was a treaty signed on 19 April 1839 between the European great powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium. It is also known as the First Treaty of London, the Convention of 1839, and the London Treaty of Separation.

This treaty was needed because the Netherlands would not sign the 1831 'Treaty of the XXIV Articles'.  This treaty said that Belgium was its own country.  It confirmed the independence of the German speaking part of Luxembourg. The most important part of the treaty was that Belgium should always be neutral.  Also, those who signed the treaty would have to protect Belgium if it was attacked.

The treaty is said to be a part of the cause of World War I. When the German Empire invaded Belgium in August 1914, the UK (the United Kingdom) declared war only days later on 4th August. All in all there were many countries declaring war on each other.

References

19th century in Belgium
19th century in the Netherlands
History of Luxembourg
London 1839
World War I
1839
1830s in the United Kingdom