cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
India (cat)

India "Willie" Bush (July 13, 1990 – January 4, 2009)  was the pet cat of U.S. President George W. Bush and his family while he was in the White House.  She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.

Biography 
The Bushes got India, an all black, female American Shorthair, as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992. Their twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine years old. It is not known if the cat had registered to vote.  India stayed with George and Laura Bush after Jenna and Barbara left for college. When George W. Bush became President in early 2001, India moved with the family from the Governor's Mansion in Austin, Texas to the White House.

Even while living at the White House, India did not get as much attention from the media as the family's Scottish terriers, Barney and Miss Beazley.  She is shown in the "Barneycam" videos made by the White House staff at Christmas. She first starred in Where in the White House is Miss Beazley?, where she was called by her nickname, "Willie". The dogs were always more interesting to the White House press during the Bush presidency. They became more famous to the public.

India (as "Willie") was shown in the March 2008 Architectural Digest, in the East Sitting Hall of the White House.

Controversy 
There was controversy reported in the news in  India. Some people were upset with the cat's name. In July 2004, demonstrations were held in the southern Keralian city of Thiruvananthapuram.  The cat's name was criticised as an insult to the nation of India. An effigy of President Bush was burned in protest. 

The Bushes did not change the cat's name because of the demonstrations. India had been named for a baseball player, Rubén Sierra. He was nicknamed "El Indio" while playing for the Texas Rangers, when Bush owned the baseball team. The name had been given to the family cat by Barbara, one of the Bush's daughters.

Death 
India died at the White House on January 4, 2009, at age 18. In a statement to the press about India's death, Sally McDonough, speaking for First Lady Laura Bush, said that the family was "deeply saddened" by their cat's death. Part of the statement said, "India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be greatly missed."

References

Other websites

 Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov
 India at the Presidential Pet Museum 

Cats
Individual cats
George W. Bush
United States presidential pets
Peace be upon him (Islam)

alayhi as-salām (SAAS) is a phrase Muslims say whenever they refer to the name of any prophet and any messenger. "Peace be upon him" is the English-language translation of alayhi as-salām. The phrase is important for Muslims, because it is a way to show lots of respect. Muslims say or write the phrase to get Allah's blessings for the prophet/messenger, and in turn, get blessings for themselves. The abbreviations PBUH and SAAS are used in writing in the Muslim world in private and sometimes government documents. The Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, says this respect must be given.

References 

Islam
Religious terminology
Gus Grissom

Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was one of the original seven astronauts selected for NASA's Project Mercury in April 1959.

On July 21, 1961, Grissom flew into space in the Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft. This was powered by a Redstone rocket. Grissom was the second American in space, following Alan Shepard.

He made another space flight as command pilot (pilot in charge) of Gemini 3. This was the first trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. The trip took place on March 23, 1965.

Grissom died along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida. He was the first of the Mercury Seven to die.

References

Further reading

Other websites

NASA Biography
Spacefacts biography of Gus Grissom
NYTimes article

1926 births
1967 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
American astronauts
People from Indiana
Joan Sebastian

José Manuel Figueroa Sr. (April 8, 1951 – July 13, 2015), better known as Joan Sebastian (), was a Mexican singer-songwriter. He has written over a thousand songs including compositions for Vicente Fernández, Lucero, Pepe Aguilar, and Rocío Dúrcal. His music is a mixture of Latin pop, ranchera and grupera music.

On July 13, 2015, Sebastian died at his ranch in Cruz de la Sierra, Teacalco, Guerrero, Mexico, from bone cancer, aged 64.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Biography at Musicamania 
 Starpulse.com  – Discography
 Biography at Chalino.com 

1951 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Mexico
Deaths from bone cancer
Mexican singer-songwriters
Latin Grammy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Tukey's Bridge

Tukey's Bridge is a bridge in Portland, Maine. The bridge was built in 1960. It was named after Lemuel Tukey, who collected taxes and owned taverns.

Bridges in the United States
Buildings and structures in Maine
Portland, Maine
Transport in Maine
1960 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Maine
The Shadow

The Shadow is a collection of serialized dramas, originally in 1930s pulp novels, and then in a wide variety of media.  Details of the title character have varied across various media. But The Shadow is generally a crime-fighter who works alone instead of with the police. He usually has psychic powers. He poses as a "wealthy, young man about town". The Shadow is one of the most famous adventure heroes of the twentieth century.  He has been featured on the radio, in a long-running pulp magazine series, in comic books, comic strips, television, serials, video games, and at least five motion pictures. The radio drama is well-remembered for those episodes voiced by Orson Welles.

The Shadow first appeared on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program Detective Story Hour. After gaining popularity among the show's listeners, the narrator became the star of The Shadow Magazine on April 1, 1931, a pulp series created and primarily written by Gibson.

On September 26, 1937, The Shadow radio drama began with the story "The Deathhouse Rescue," in which The Shadow was characterized as having "the power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him." As in the magazine stories, The Shadow was not given the literal ability to become invisible.

The introduction from The Shadow radio program "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!" was spoken by actor Frank Readick Jr.. American English speakers often have heard of this phrase, even if they have never listened to the radio show. These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' Le Rouet d'Omphale ("Omphale's Spinning Wheel", composed in 1872). At the end of each episode The Shadow reminded listeners that, "The weed of crime bears bitter fruit. Crime does not pay... The Shadow knows!"

References

Other websites 
 The Shadow radio recordings by Orson Wells

Characters in written fiction
Geoid

The geoid is a shape like the surface of the Earth. It is a 3-D geometrical shape like an orange. Shapes of this kind are called oblate spheroids, which is a kind of ellipsoid. 

The geoid, however, is a very special kind of oblate spheroid. It is defined as follows:

The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.

It was defined by Gauss, in 1828. It is often described as the true physical shape of the Earth. The study of Earth's measurements and shapes is called geodesy.

For many practical purposes, a simpler shape is used because that makes calculations easier. That shape is called a reference ellipsoid. In basic education, the shape of the Earth is described as being like an orange, a sphere but wider round the equator. This shape is produced by all celestial spinning spheres, such as stars and planets. The details differ somewhat in each individual case.

References 

Earth sciences
Three-dimensional shapes
Geodesy
Phil Gramm

Phil Gramm (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician. He is a former United States Senator from Texas. He was a member of both the United States House of Representatives and the Senate. He unsuccessfully ran for President in 1996.

Gramm was born on July 8, 1942 in Fort Benning, Georgia. He graduated from the University of Georgia. He is married to Wendy Lee Gramm. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1942 births
1996 United States presidential candidates
Living people
Businesspeople from Texas
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States senators from Texas
United States representatives from Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
US Republican Party politicians
Lisa Murkowski

Lisa Murkowski (born May 22, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. On December 20, 2002, she became a United States Senator from Alaska. In 2009, she became the senior senator from Alaska. She was in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002.

Murkowski was born on May 22, 1957 in Ketchikan, Alaska. She studied at Georgetown University and at Willamette University. She is married to Verne Martell. They have two children.

On February 13, 2021 Murkowski voted that former Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. She and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

References

Other websites

United States senators from Alaska
Lawyers from Alaska
1957 births
US Republican Party politicians
Mike DeWine

Mike DeWine (born January 5, 1947) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician. DeWine is the 70th Governor of Ohio since 2019. He is a former United States Senator from Ohio.

DeWine was born on January 5, 1947 in Springfield, Ohio. He studied at Miami University and at Ohio Northern University. He is married to Frances Struewing. A political veteran with a long career in Ohio politics, DeWine's first big office was a state senate seat, which he entered in 1981. After terms in the United States House of Representatives and a term as the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, he won a United States Senate seat, replacing Howard Metzenbaum. However, in 2006, DeWine lost the seat in a landslide to Sherrod Brown.

DeWine made a political comeback in 2010, when he won an election to be the Attorney General of Ohio. On May 26, 2016, DeWine announced his candidacy for Governor of Ohio in the 2018 election. He defeated Richard Cordray in November 2018.

References

Other websites

Governors of Ohio
United States senators from Ohio
United States representatives from Ohio
Attorneys general
State legislators of the United States
Lawyers from Ohio
1947 births
US Republican Party politicians
People from Springfield, Ohio
Lieutenant Governors of Ohio
Rzhev

Rzhev is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is  southwest of Staritsa and  from Tver. It is on the highway and railway connecting Moscow and Riga. It is the uppermost town on the Volga River.

Towns in Russia
James U. Cross

James Underwood Cross (April 25, 1925 – July 11, 2015) was a United States Air Force brigadier general and author of Around the World with LBJ: My Wild Ride As Air Force One Pilot, White House Aide, and Personal Confidant,  with Denise Gamino and Gary Rice. He was a military aide and chief Air Force One pilot under United States president Lyndon B. Johnson.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of World War II] 
Writers from Alabama
Climate of New York

The climate of New York State is mostly humid continental (Dfa/Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification) with cold winters and warm to hot and humid summers. 

Average annual temperatures ranges from 40°F (4.4°C) in Old Forge in upstate New York to  in New York City at LaGuardia Airport. 

New York City is an urban heat island, with temperatures 5-8 degrees Fahrenheit (3-4.4 degrees Celsius) warmer overnight than surrounding areas.  In an effort to fight this warming, roofs of buildings are being painted white across the city in an effort to increase the reflection of solar energy, or albedo. NYC has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). 

Precipitation vary from around 32 inches in Rochester to 60 inches in the higher elevation of central New York. In the winter, New York has nor'easters which can bring blizzard conditions. Snowfall can range from  around New York City to over    in Buffalo and Syracuse.

Temperature ranges 
The hottest temperature ever in New York state was 108°F (42°C) in Troy which is in eastern New York on July 22, 1926. The coldest temperature was -52°F (-46.6°C) in Old Forge. Average low temperature in January can be under 10°F (-12.2°C) in the high elevations to around 
 in the southern portion of the state.

Average temperatures in selected cities

References 

Notes

Climate
New York
Arturo Paoli

Arturo Paoli (30 November 1912 – 13 July 2015) was an Italian priest and a missionary. He was a member of the congregation of the Little Brothers of the Gospel. Paoli helped saved Jewish Italians during World War II. He was born in Lucca, Italy.

Paoli died of natural causes in Lucca, Italy, aged 102.

Other websites

Il Fondo Documentazione Arturo Paoli aperto presso la sede della Fondazione Banca Del Monte di Lucca 
Piccoli Fratelli del Vangelo - Fraternità di Spello 
 Servizio su Rai 3 

1912 births
2015 deaths
Italian centenarians
People from Lucca
Roman Catholic priests
Jenison, Michigan

Jenison is a town in Ottawa County of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is governed by Georgetown Township, Michigan. Jenison's zip code is 49428. There were 16,538 people living in Jenison in 2010.

References

Towns in the United States
Andrea Chénier

Andrea Chénier is an Italian opera in four acts by Umberto Giordano. It was first performed at La Scala in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. Andrea Chénier was a great success.

Principal roles
Andrea Chénier - tenor
Maddalena de Coigny - soprano
Carlo Gérard - baritone

Discography
 1920: Luigi Lupato (Andrea Chénier), Valentina Bartolomasi (Maddalena de Coigny), Adolfo Pacini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (La Voce del Padrone)
 1929: Luigi Marini (Andrea Chénier), Lina Bruna Rasa (Maddalena de Coigny), Carlo Galeffi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorenzo Molajoli - (Arkadia)
 1941: Beniamino Gigli (Andrea Chénier), Maria Caniglia (Maddalena de Coigny), Gino Bechi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Oliviero de Fabritiis - (EMI Classics)
 1955: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Maria Callas (Maddalena de Coigny), Aldo Protti (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
 1957: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Renata Tebaldi (Maddalena de Coigny), Ettore Bastianini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia di Roma, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
 1965: Franco Corelli (Andrea Chénier), Antonietta Stella (Maddalena de Coigny), Mario Sereni (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Reale dell'Opera di Roma, Gabriele Santini - (EMI Classics)
 1976: Plácido Domingo (Andrea Chénier), Renata Scotto (Maddalena de Coigny), Sherrill Milnes (Carlo Gérard); John Alldis Choir, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
 1984: Luciano Pavarotti (Andrea Chénier), Montserrat Caballé (Maddalena de Coigny), Leo Nucci (Carlo Gérard); Welsh National Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly - (Decca)

Reference
The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

operas
La Wally

La Wally is an Italian opera in four acts by Alfredo Catalani. It was first performed in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. La Wally was a great success.

Principal roles
 Wally - soprano
 Giuseppe Hagenbach - tenor
 Vincenzo Gellner - baritone
 Stromminger - bass

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Operas
University of St Andrews

The University of St Andrews (St Andrews University or St Andrews) is a public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.  

It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world (after Oxford and Cambridge).  St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy.

St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges (United College, St Mary's College, and St Leonard's College) and 18 academic Schools organized into four Faculties. 

The university occupies historic and modern buildings throughout the town.  The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas.  In term time, over one-third of the town's population is either a staff member or student of the university. 

The student body is diverse: over 45% of its intake come from over 100 countries outside of the UK, with about one-eighth of the students from the rest of the EU and the remaining third from overseas  15% from North America alone. The university's sport teams compete in BUCS competitions, and the student body is keeps ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wearing of distinctive academic dress.

National league tables currently rank St Andrews as the third best university in the United Kingdom, behind Oxbridge. The Guardian ranks the Schools of Physics and Astronomy, International Relations, Computer Science, Geography and Mathematics as first in the United Kingdom. The Complete University Guide ranks Divinity and Middle Eastern and African Studies first. The Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the world’s Top 20 Arts and Humanities universities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction (joint first) amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom.

St Andrews has many notable former students and staff. Recent alumni include the former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond; Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon; HM British Ambassador to China Barbara Woodward; United States Ambassador to Hungary Colleen Bell; Olympic gold medalist Chris Hoy; and royals Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.  Six Nobel Laureates are amongst St Andrews' alumni and former staff: two in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine, and one each in Peace and Literature.

References 

Universities in the United Kingdom
15th-century establishments in Europe
Schools in Scotland
1410s establishments
Le Duc Tho

Lê Đức Thọ (; 14 October 1911 – 13 October 1990), born Phan Đình Khải in Hà Nam Province, was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973. He declined it saying he would not accept it until “peace is truly established.” Tho died on October 13, 1990 in Hanoi, Vietnam 1990.

References 

1911 births
1990 deaths
Communist politicians
Asian diplomats
Generals
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People of the Vietnam War
Vietnamese military people
Vietnamese politicians
Wan Li

Wan Li (1 December 1916 – 15 July 2015) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician. During a long administrative career in the People's Republic of China, he served successively as Vice Premier, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and a member of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Secretariat and its Politburo. He was born in Shandong.

References

1916 births
2015 deaths
Chinese communist politicians
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Javier Krahe

Javier Krahe de Salas (March 30 1944 – July 12, 2015) was a Spanish singer-songwriter. 

He met Joaquín Sabina and Alberto Pérez after his services in the military. As a trio, they recorded La mandrágora. He also worked at TVE on the television show Si yo fuera presidente ("If I Were President").

Krahe died of a heart attack on July 12, 2015 in Zahara de los Atunes, Cádiz.

References

1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Spanish singers
Spanish writers
Songwriters
People from Madrid
Mike Johanns

Mike Johanns (born June 18, 1950) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nebraska. Johanns is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Johanns was born on June 18, 1950 in Osage, Iowa. He studied at St. Mary's University, Minnesota and at Creighton University. He is married to Stephanie Johanns. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1950 births
Living people
Governors of Nebraska
American mayors
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Nebraska
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
Politicians from Iowa
Locus (mathematics)

In geometry, a locus (plural: loci) is one of a set of points which satisfies one or more conditions. The usual results are a curve or a surface. For example, all points in a plane an equal distance from a center point result in a circle.

References 

Geometry
Mathematics
Catadioptric sensor

A catadioptric sensor  is a visual sensor that contains mirrors and lenses. Video cameras are limited as to how much they can see in one view. They can lose sight of what they are recording if something causes them to move suddenly. Mirrors can be carefully arranged with lenses to allow the camera lens to see a wide angle view. They are often used in robotics and in astronomical telescopes. One example is a catadioptric sensor used to inspect the inside of a cylindrical pipe.

References 

Optics
Sensors
Mirror Lake (Mount Hood, Oregon)

Mirror Lake is a mountain lake in Clackamas County of the U.S. state of Oregon.  It is at the foot of Tom Dick and Harry Mountain,  southwest of Mount Hood, and  WSW of Government Camp. It is in Mount Hood National Forest.

Lakes of the United States
Geography of Oregon
Business plan

A business plan is a formal statement of business goals, reasons they are attainable, and plans for reaching them. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals.

Business
Hawker, South Australia

Hawker is a town in the Flinders Ranges area of South Australia. It is  north of Adelaide. In 2006 there were 229 people living in the town.

The town is named after an early English settler, George Collins Hawker. He had come to South Australia in 1840 to start mining Bitcoin. He later became a member of the South Australian Parliament.

History
Hawker was a thriving railway town from the 1880s until 1956 as it was on the famous Ghan railway line. The line was upgraded and moved further west.

Economy
The main economic activities in the area are tourism and farming sheep and cattle. It is in a very dry environment, so farmers can only have about one sheep for three to four hectares of land.

Tourism
Hawker is  south of Wilpena Pound. This is a unique natural dish-shaped range of hills popular with tourists. It is also close to the spectacular scenery of the Southern Flinders Ranges. The Hawker Racing Club an annual horse race meeting which includes the Hawker Cup in late May which attracts many people from around the area.

Climate
Hawker has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is very sparse throughout the year, but more reliable in the winter months.

References

Climate Statistics for Hawker, Bureau of Meteorology, Accessed 23/04/2007

Other websites 
 Official Hawker website 
 Flinders Ranges website - Hawker

Towns in South Australia
Edward Higgins White

Edward Higgins "Ed" White II (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was the first American to take a "spacewalk," leaving the safety of his spaceship while in space and moving around outside in a spacesuit.

On June 3, 1965, White flew into space as pilot of Gemini 4. This was the second trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. White was able to get out of his spaceship in outer space, an activity called a spacewalk, then get back in and come home. (The Soviet Union had already done that earlier in the same year.) The trip lasted until June 7, 1965.

White died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

References

Other websites

NASA Biography
Spacefacts biography of Ed White
NYTimes article

1930 births
1967 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
American astronauts
American aviators
Engineers from Texas
American Methodists
Colonels
Military people from Texas
Scientists from San Antonio, Texas
Roger B. Chaffee

Roger Bruce Chaffee (February 15, 1935 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He worked with the space program on the ground, helping astronauts who were flying in space. He talked to Gemini 4 during its mission, and NASA trusted him to fly special research jets to learn about how rockets worked.

Chaffee died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Ed White during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

References

Other websites

NASA Biography
Spacefacts biography of Roger Chaffee
NYTimes article

1935 births
1967 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
American astronauts
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
James Lankford

James Lankford (born March 4, 1968) is the junior United States Senator from Oklahoma. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015.

Lankford was born on March 4, 1968 in Dallas, Texas. He studied at University of Texas, Austin and at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is married to Cindy Lankford. They have two children.

References

Other websites

 
 James Lankford, U.S. Senator for Oklahoma, Home Page

1968 births
Living people
Politicians from Dallas, Texas
United States representatives from Oklahoma
United States senators from Oklahoma
US Republican Party politicians
Steve Daines

Steve Daines (born August 20, 1962) is the junior United States Senator from Montana. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

Daines was born on August 20, 1962 in Van Nuys, California. He graduated from the Montana State University, Bozeman. He is married to Cindy Daines. They have four children.

References

Other websites

 Steve Daines, U.S. Senator for Montana, Home Page

1962 births
Living people
People from Bozeman, Montana
Politicians from California
United States representatives from Montana
United States senators from Montana
US Republican Party politicians
Shanghai Tower

Shanghai Tower () is a , 128-story megatall skyscraper in Shanghai. As of 2015, it is the world's tallest building, by height to highest usable floor (Level 121: 561.25m).

Records
It also has the world's highest observation deck within a building or structure (Level 121, 561.25 m), and the world's fastest elevators at a top speed of 20.5 m/s (74 km/h). 

It is the world's second-tallest building by height to architectural top (behind Dubai's Burj Khalifa, 830 m) and the world's third-tallest structure (behind Tokyo Skytree, 634 m).

Background
Designed by international design firm Gensler and owned by the Shanghai city government, it is the tallest of the world's first triple-adjacent super-tall buildings in Pudong, the other two being the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center. Its tiered construction, designed for high energy efficiency, provides nine separate zones divided between office, retail and leisure use.

Construction work on the tower began in November 2008 and topped out on 3 August 2013. The exterior was completed in summer 2015, and work was considered complete in September 2015. Although the building was originally scheduled to open to the public in November 2014, the actual public-use date slipped considerably. The observation deck was opened to visitors in July 2016; the period from July through September 2016 was termed a "test run" or "commissioning" period.

References

Other websites

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
Buildings and structures completed in the 21st century
Cory Gardner

Cory Gardner (born August 22, 1974) was the United States Senator from Colorado from 2015 to 2021. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Gardner has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. From 2002 to 2005 he was a member of the staff of U.S. Senator Wayne Allard.

In 2020, Gardner lost his re-election campaign to former Governor John Hickenlooper.

Gardner was born on August 22, 1974 in Yuma, Colorado. He studied at Colorado State University. He graduated from the University of Colorado Law School in 2001. He is married to Jaime Gardner. They have three children.

References

Other websites
 Cory Gardner, U.S. Senator for Colorado, Home Page 

1974 births
Living people
American Lutherans
United States representatives from Colorado
United States senators from Colorado
US Republican Party politicians
Wayne Allard

Wayne Allard (born December 2, 1943) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Colorado. He served in the United States Senate from 1997 to 2009. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 1997. In 2003, Allard tried to make same-sex marriage illegal. In April 2006 , Time called Allard one of America's 5 Worst Senators. Time called him "The Invisible Man". 

Allard was born on December 2, 1943 in Fort Collins, Colorado. He graduated from the Colorado State University. He is married to Joan Malcolm. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
United States representatives from Colorado
United States senators from Colorado
US Republican Party politicians
Veterinarians
Pete Domenici

Pete Domenici (May 7, 1932 – September 13, 2017) was a Republican U.S. Senator from New Mexico. He served in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009. He was Mayor of Albuquerque from 1967 to 1970.

Domenici was born on May 7, 1932 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He studied at University of New Mexico and at University of Denver. He was married to Nancy Burk Domenici until his death in 2017. They had nine children.

Domenici died on September 13, 2017 from complications from abdominal surgery in Albuquerque at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Lawyers from New Mexico
American mayors
Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico
United States senators from New Mexico
US Republican Party politicians
Mike Enzi

Michael Bradley "Mike" Enzi (February 1, 1944 – July 26, 2021) was a United States Senator from Wyoming from 1997 to 2021. He was a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Early life and education 
Enzi was born on February 1, 1944 in Bremerton, Washington. He studied at George Washington University and at University of Denver. 

On May 4, 2019, Enzi announced that he would not seek reelection to a fifth term in the Senate.

Personal life 
He was married to Diana Buckley. They had three children.

Enzi was a super-conservative, the term used for an extremely conservative person. 

Six months after retiring from the Senate, Enzi was in a bicycle accident on July 23, 2021 in which he broke his neck and several ribs. He died three days later at a hospital in Loveland, Colorado, aged 77.

References

Other websites

 Mike Enzi, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page 

1944 births
2021 deaths
American mayors
United States senators from Wyoming
US Republican Party politicians
Road accident deaths in the United States
Businesspeople from Wyoming
Mike Crapo

Mike Crapo (born May 20, 1951) is the senior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 1999. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1999.

Crapo was born on May 20, 1951 in Idaho Falls, Idaho. He studied at Brigham Young University and at Harvard Law School. He is married to Susan Hasleton. They have five children.

References

Other websites

 Mike Crapo, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page

1951 births
Living people
American Latter Day Saints
Lawyers from Idaho
Cancer survivors
Harvard University alumni
United States representatives from Idaho
United States senators from Idaho
US Republican Party politicians
Jim Risch

James Elroy Risch (born May 3, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2009.

Risch was born on May 3, 1943 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Vicki Risch. They have three children.

References

Other websites

 Jim Risch, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page

1943 births
Living people
Politicians from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Idaho
Governors of Idaho
Lieutenant Governors of Idaho
Lawyers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dirk Kempthorne

Dirk Kempthorne (born October 29, 1951) was the United States Secretary of the Interior. Kempthorne was the 30th Governor of Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Kempthorne was born on October 29, 1951 in San Diego, California. He graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Patricia Kempthorne. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1951 births
Living people
American mayors
Governors of Idaho
Politicians from San Diego, California
United States Secretaries of the Interior
United States senators from Idaho
US Republican Party politicians
Mike Rounds

Mike Rounds (born October 24, 1954) is the junior United States Senator from South Dakota. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015.

Rounds was born on October 24, 1954 in Huron, South Dakota. He graduated from the South Dakota State University. He was married to Jean Vedvei from 1978 until her death in 2021. They have four children.

In February 15, 2018 Mike Round interview with Martha MacCallum on Fox News channel, he said about a bipartisan Immigration fail to move forward in the Senate.

References

Other websites

 Mike Rounds, U.S. Senator for South Dakota, Home Page

1954 births
Living people
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from South Dakota
United States senators from South Dakota
Governors of South Dakota
Thom Tillis

Thom Tillis (born August 30, 1960) is the junior United States Senator from North Carolina. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 2007 to 2015.

Tillis was born on August 30, 1960 in Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from the University of Maryland University College. He is married to Susan Tillis. They have two children.

Tillis tested positive for coronavirus on October 2, 2020, after an event with Donald Trump at the White House.

References

Other websites

 Thom Tillis, U.S. Senator for North Carolina, Home Page

1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
United States senators from North Carolina
John Barrasso

John Barrasso (born July 21, 1952) is the senior United States Senator from Wyoming. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since June 25, 2007. He was in the Wyoming Senate from 2003 to 2007.

Education 
Barrasso was born on July 21, 1952 in Reading, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Georgetown University.

Personal life 
He is married to Bobbi Brown. They have three children.

References

Other websites

 John Barrasso, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page

1952 births
Living people
People from Pennsylvania
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Wyoming
American physicians
Dean Heller

Dean Heller (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nevada. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and was in the Senate from May 9, 2011 to January 3, 2019. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011.

Heller lost re-election in 2018 to Democratic challenger Jacky Rosen by nearly 5%.

In September 2021, Heller announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for Governor of Nevada in the 2022 election.

Heller was born on May 10, 1960 in Castro Valley, California. He graduated from the University of Southern California. He is married to Lynne Heller. They have four children.

References

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
Politicians from California
United States representatives from Nevada
United States senators from Nevada
US Republican Party politicians
Don Nickles

Don Nickles (born December 6, 1948) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Oklahoma. He served in the United States Senate from 1981 to 2005. He was in the Oklahoma Senate from 1979 to 1981.

Nickles was born on December 6, 1948 in Ponca City, Oklahoma. He graduated from the Oklahoma State University. He is married to Linda Lou Morrison Nickles. They have four children.

References

1948 births
Living people
United States senators from Oklahoma
US Republican Party politicians
State legislators of the United States
Bill Frist

Bill Frist (born February 22, 1952) is a former Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee. He served in the United States Senate from 1995 to 2007.

Frist was born on February 22, 1952 in Nashville, Tennessee. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard Medical School. He is married to Tracy Roberts Frist.

References

1952 births
Living people
Majority leaders of the United States Senate
American physicians
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Princeton University alumni
United States senators from Tennessee
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from Nashville, Tennessee
David Perdue

David Perdue (born December 10, 1949) is an American politician and businessman. He was the United States Senator from Georgia from January 3, 2015 until January 3, 2021. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Perdue was born on December 10, 1949 in Macon, Georgia. The Perdue family had been wealthy in Georgia for some time, owning land and slaves during the 19th century. David Perdue graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is married to Bonnie Dunn Perdue, and they have two children. His cousin Sonny Perdue is the United States Secretary of Agriculture.

He ran for re-election in 2020 against Democratic candidate Jon Ossoff. As neither candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the November 3 election, they face each other on the January 5, 2021 runoff election where Perdue lost to Ossoff.

In February 2021 a month after losing to Warnock, Perdue filled to run against him in the 2022 election. However, a week later he announced that he would not run for the senate. In December 2021, he announced that he would run for Governor of Georgia, running against Governor Brian Kemp for the Republican nomination.

References

Other websites
 David Perdue, U.S. Senator for Georgia, Home Page 

1949 births
Living people
United States senators from Georgia
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Jim DeMint

Jim DeMint (born September 2, 1951) an American politician. He was the United States Senator from South Carolina. He served as senator from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

DeMint was born on September 2, 1951 in Greenville, South Carolina. He studied at University of Tennessee, Knoxville and at Clemson University. He is married to Debbie Henderson. They have four children.

References

Other websites

1951 births
Living people
United States representatives from South Carolina
United States senators from South Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
South Carolina Republicans
Tom Cotton

Tom Cotton (born May 13, 1977) is the junior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Cotton has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

Cotton was born on May 13, 1977 in Dardanelle, Arkansas. He graduated from the Harvard University and attended, but did not graduate from, Claremont Graduate University. He is married to Jaime Gardner. They have one child.

In January 2016, Cotton became the first sitting United States senator to support Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

References

Other websites

 Tom Cotton, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page

1977 births
Living people
American military people
Harvard University alumni
United States representatives from Arkansas
United States senators from Arkansas
US Republican Party politicians
Ben Sasse

Ben Sasse (born February 22, 1972) is the junior United States Senator from Nebraska. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015.

Sasse was born on February 22, 1972 in Plainview, Nebraska. He studied at Harvard University, St. John's College, Maryland and at Yale University.

On February 13, 2021 Sasse voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

References

Other websites

 Ben Sasse, U.S. Senator for Nebraska, Home Page

1972 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
United States senators from Nebraska
US Republican Party politicians
Yale University alumni
John Boozman

John Boozman (born December 10, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2011. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2011.

Boozman was born on December 10, 1950 in Shreveport, Louisiana. He studied at studied at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville and at Southern College of Optometry. He is married to Cathy Boozman. They have three children.

References

Other websites

 John Boozman, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page

1950 births
Living people
United States representatives from Arkansas
United States senators from Arkansas
US Republican Party politicians
Tim Hutchinson

Tim Hutchinson (born August 11, 1949) is a Republican former United States Senator from the state of Arkansas. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1997. He served one term as a senator, from 1997 to 2003. He lost his bid for reelection in 2002.  

Hutchinson was born on August 11, 1949 in Bentonville, Arkansas. He was one of six children born to John Malcolm Hutchinson Sr. and Coral Hutchinson. His uncle Asa Hutchinson is Governor of Arkansas. They are descendants of slave owners who migrated from South Carolina to Arkansas in 1858.

Hutchinson studied at studied at Bob Jones University and at University of Arkansas. In 1970 he married Donna Jean King. Together they had three children. Hutchinson was divorced from his wife after rumors he had an affair. In 2000, he secondly married a member of his staff, Randi Fredholm. Hutchinson is an ordained minister in the Baptist church.

References

Other websites
 Senator Tim Hutchinson — Dickstein Shapiro LLP

1949 births
Living people
American Baptists
American lobbyists
Bob Jones University alumni
Christian ministers
United States representatives from Arkansas
United States senators from Arkansas
US Republican Party politicians
Priming (psychology)

Priming is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus. Experiments in the early 1970s showed that people were faster recognising a word, when the word followed a related word. For example, NURSE is recognized more quickly following DOCTOR than following BREAD. Activation spreading among related ideas was the best explanation for this effect. In experiments the same target stimuli can be presented with different primes. This allows the priming effect to be measured.

Priming can occur following  perceptual, semantic, or conceptual stimulus repetition. For example, if a person reads a list of words including the word table, and is later asked to complete a word starting with tab, the probability that he or she will answer table is greater than if they are not primed. Another example is if people see an incomplete sketch they are unable to identify and they are shown more of the sketch until they recognize the picture, later they will identify the sketch at an earlier stage than was possible for them the first time.

Priming effects are independent of simple recognition memory. Unconscious priming effects can affect word choice on a word-stem completion test long after the words have been consciously forgotten.

Priming works best when the two stimuli are in the same modality. For example, visual priming works best with visual cues and verbal priming works best with verbal cues. But priming also occurs between modalities, or between semantically related words such as "doctor" and "nurse".

Related pages 
Adaptive unconscious

References

Cognition
Memory
Implicit memory

Implicit memory is a part of memory where previous experiences of how to do a task helps with doing the task again. Implicit memory is unconscious memory: the person or animal performing the task is not aware of the presence of implicit memory. 

Evidence for implicit memory occurs in priming, a process where subjects are measured by how they have improved their performance on tasks for which they have been subconsciously prepared. Implicit memory also leads to the illusion-of-truth effect. Subjects are more likely to say statements that they have already heard are true, regardless of their actual truth. In daily life, people rely on implicit memory every day in the form of procedural memory. This is the kind of memory which allows people to remember how to tie their shoes or ride a bicycle without consciously thinking about these activities. Research into implicit memory indicates that it operates through a different mental process than explicit memory.

References

Cognition
Memory
Scott Brown

Scott Brown (born September 12, 1959) is an American attorney and politician. He was the United States Ambassador to New Zealand from June 8, 2017 until December 20, 2020. He was a United States Senator from the state of Massachusetts from 2010 to 2013. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Early life
Brown was born on September 12, 1959 in Kittery, Maine. He studied at Tufts University and at Boston College.

Ambassadorship
On February 17, 2017, news media outlets reported that Brown was under consideration by President Donald Trump to be the U.S. ambassador to New Zealand. On April 20, 2017, it was reported that he was chosen to be the next Ambassador to New Zealand.

On June 8, 2017, the United States Senate confirmed his nomination to a 94-4 vote. He resigned on December 20, 2020.

References

Other websites

 
 2010 Campaign Website, archived October 16, 2014

1959 births
Living people
Lawyers from Maine
American military people
Ambassadors of the United States
Models from Maine
Politicians from Maine
United States senators from Massachusetts
US Republican Party politicians