cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Dominican people (Dominican Republic)

Dominicans () are inhabitants or citizens of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic is a multi-ethnic country in the Caribbean basin which is home to people of many different racial, ethnic, national and cultural backgrounds which has often become a great pride for many Dominicans.

The people and the race
It is estimated that some 894,000 enslaved Africans were brought to Dominican Republic between 1717 and 1870 (and more before 1717). The slaves came from various West African regions, but the majority came from primarily the Congo region (present-day Angola, Congo, Gabon, and Cameroon) and the gold coast/Guinean (present-day Ghana and Guinea).

In addition, many immigrants arrived from other places around the world. After the last smuggled slave ship that arrived in 1898, many Chinese people came to the island due to the Chinese Revolution, along with the Arabs of North Africa (Morocco or Algeria) and Indians. Immigration from Europe, most notably Spaniards, Italians and Germans occurred during the later parts of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth century, mostly settling in Santo Domingo and in rural areas in the Cibao valley alike. During World War II, the Dominican Republic became the only nation to take in Jewish refugees by orders from then president Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Nearly 800 German and Austrian Jews settled in the town of Sosua, Puerto Plata.

Today, much of the contemporary Dominican population is largely Black and Mulatto. The Dominican Republic itself is 45% Mulatto,  40% Black, and 15% White. Studies have indicated that up to 15% of all Dominicans carry maternal Taino-Arawak lineage, figures which are higher in rural areas. Other studies often indicate that the average Dominican is 60% African , 35% European (Mostly Spanish) and 5% Taino-Arawak, but these figures also vary by region as the purest Blacks is lives mostly in the Coastal lowland  regions of the country.

References
Bodo nationalism

Bodo nationalism is an ideology that supports self-determination for the Bodo people. The Bodo people are said to be persecuted and discriminated against by Muslim groups in the Indian state of Assam.

References

Assam
Separatist movements of India
Nationalism
Somme River

The Somme is a river in the north of France, in the  Hauts-de-France region, and gives its name to the department called Somme.

The name of the river is of Celtic origins, and refers to the tranquility of the river over much of its course. The river is known for the Battle of the Somme, which was an important battle of the First World War.

Geography
The Somme river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

Course

The source of the Somme is in the Fonsomme commune (Aisne), at an altitude of about .

The Somme passes through the departments and cities of:
 Aisne : Fonsomme, Saint-Quentin 
 Somme : Ham, Péronne, Corbie, Amiens, Abbeville, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme

The Somme river flows through 49 communes.

Finally, it flows into the English Channel near Saint-Valery-sur-Somme.

Main tributaries
 Left tributaries
 Avre - 66.2 km;
 Selle - 38.9 km;
 Saint-Landon - 13.2 km;
 Airaines - 12.8 km;
 Right tributaries
 Omignon - 32 km;
 Cologne - 23.2 km;
 Tortille - 16.1 km;
 Ancre - 37.4 km;
 Hallue - 15.8 km;
 Nièvre - 22 km;
 Scardon - 12.4 km;

Archaeology
Different archeological finds have been discovered in its valley: The Acheulean culture is named after Saint-Acheul, a suburb of Amiens. Hand axes from the Palaeolithic period were found there, and gave this name to the respective period.

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - MEDDE, «Synthèse de la Banque Hydro»  

Rivers of France
Hauts-de-France
United National Liberation Front

The United National Liberation Front (UNLF) is an insurgent group in the state of Manipur in the North east of the Republic of India. The UNLF wants to make Manipur an independent Socialist state.

Separatist movements of India
Manipur
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Nationalist organizations in India
Ghost Dance

Ghost Dance was a new religious movement among Native Americans. It was active from about 1860 to about 1890. These people had been forced to change their ways of life, and had lost much of their culture and identity. The Ghost Dance promised them that if they performed the "Dance" and lived the right way, they could re-unite the living and the dead, they would again be given most of the things they had lost to the whites, and the people who had caused such misery would be driven away from their land. There were also real dance rituals that they did to represent their spiritual path.

There was a lot of activity twice: the first time around 1860, and the second time around 1890. Around 1860, a Native American (Paiute) called Wodziwob had a vision. He saw that the white people would be driven away, and the people would be reunited with their ancestors' spirits, called "ghosts". He was also told how to do the dance ritual. The movement spread rapidly. Each tribe added its own elements into the Ghost Dance. The first phase ended around 1872, because it did not have success, and Wodzivob said that he was possibly wrong.

The second wave started about twenty years later. A man called Wovoka who worked at an LDS Mormon ranch started it. He was influenced by the new faith, and by some of its ideas, such as sending apostles to spread the faith. This movement spread wider, and was again adapted to each tribe's culture. The Lakota also adopted the idea of a messiah. The Lakota lived on a reservation, and the local authorities saw this as threat, when they saw 25,000 natives dance. This led to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where many Natives were killed.

Wovoka wrote a letter in 1892 to the other tribes telling them that Jesus had just returned to earth that year, and that if they lived upright lives, they would be getting their lands and culture again some day, and the dead would live. He stayed out of public sight for the rest of his life after giving this message, and lived until the 1930s.

New religious movements
Native American
Suiko period

The Suiko period  was an era of 25 years during the Asuka period of Japanese history.  This period overlaps all but 7 years of Empress Suiko's reign (604-628) or it is used as a synonym for her reign (593-628).

Calendar
The  adoption of the sexegenary cycle calendar (Jikkan Jūnishi) was a significant event in the reign of Empress Suiko.  This pre-dates the system of  which was started in 645.

Events of the Suiko period
 604:  In the 12th year of Suiko's reign, Japan organized its earliest Imperial calendar, also known as the "Suiko period".
 628: In the 35th year of Suiko, the empress abdicated; and the period ended.

Related pages
 Regnal name
 List of Japanese eras

Notes

References
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).  Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 58053128
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).  Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Odai Ichiran).  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
 Tsuchihashi, Paul, S.J. (1952). .  Tokyo: Sophia University. OCLC 001291275
 Zöllner, Reinhard. (2003). Japanische Zeitrechnung: ein Handbuch Munich: Iudicium Verlag. ;  OCLC 249297777

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Ballast tamper

A ballast tamper is a machine used to make railway tracks level. It is like the railway version of a road roller but instead of only squashing the high parts, it also lifts the track out of dips.  Before tamping machines were made, tamping was done by lots of people with shovels. The machines make tamping quicker and the track is more level than if tamping is done by hand. Also, some new tracks and sleepers are too heavy to be lifted by hand, so a tamper has to be used.

New tampers can also move the track from side to side to make it smoother.

References 

Trains
WFMU

WFMU is a listener-supported, radio station based in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. It uses a freeform radio program format. This means each personality or disc jockey who goes on the air, gets to decide what music to play.  WFMU is the longest-running freeform radio station in the U.S.

Other websites
Official Homepage The official site of WFMU.

Jersey City, New Jersey
Radio stations in the United States
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
Christiana Guinle

Christiana Guinle is a Brazilian producer and actress of stage, movies and television. She graduated from the Royal Shakespeare Company.

Career

Theater Actress
 Homer’s Odissey – won Mambembe best actress award
 O Ateneu, by Raul Pompéia - won Mambembe best new actress award
 Medea, by Eurípedes
 LuLu, by Frank Wedekind
 The Blind, by Ghelderode – Shell best actress award nominee
 Raised in Captivity, by Nicky Silver

Theater Actress and Producer
 Hell is Other People, based on Jean-Paul Sartre’s Huis-Clos – Molière best actress award nominee
 O Anjo Negro (The Dark Angel), by Nelson Rodrigues – won A.P.C.A. best actress award
 The Lady from the Sea, by Ibsen – won Shell best actress award
 God, by Woody Allen

Cinema
 A Espera (The Wait), by Luiz Fernando Carvalho – the film won Gramado best film award
 Mil e Uma (One Thousand and One), by Suzana Morais about Marcel Duchamp’s work
 Metalguru, by Flavio Colker – won Berlin’s alternative festival best actress award

Television
 Chiquinha Gonzaga, by Manoel Carlos – television miniseries about the life of Chiquinha Gonzaga (Brazilian composer, pianist, and conductor), broadcast by Rede Globo Network
 A Casa das Sete Mulheres (The House of Seven Women), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
 Um Só Coração (Just One Heart), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
 JK, by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries about the life of Juscelino Kubitschek (President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961),  broadcast by Rede Globo Network

References

Brazilian stage actors
Brazilian television actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Jackie Earle Haley

Jack "Jackie" Earle Haley (born July 14, 1961) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in Little Children, Nightmare on Elm Street, Watchmen, Human Target, Dark Shadows, Lincoln, London Has Fallen and Alita: Battle Angel.

Haley was born on July 14, 1961 in Northridge, California. He was married three times, both ended in divorce. He was married to Amelia Cruz since 2004. He has a son, Christopher, and a daughter, Olivia.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
A Nightmare on Elm Street
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Los Angeles
River Phoenix

River Jude Phoenix (August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, musician, and activist who is known for his roles in The Thing Called Love, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Dark Blood, My Own Private Idaho, I Love You To Death and in Stand by Me. His brother was actor Joaquin Phoenix.

Phoenix was born on August 23, 1970 in Madras, Oregon to Arlyn Sharon Dunetz and to John Lee Botton. He was the oldest of four. Phoenix never married and had no children. Phoenix died on October 31, 1993 in West Hollywood, California from a drug overdose and heart failure, aged 23.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1970 births
1993 deaths
Actors from Oregon
American activists
American child actors
American movie actors
American musicians
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from heart failure
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Jewish American actors
Alan Cumming

Alan Cumming OBE (born 27 January 1965) is a Scottish actor who is known for his roles in The Smurfs, Spy Kids, Son of the Mask, and in X2. He won an Drama Desk Award and an Tony Award.

Cumming was born on 27 January 1965 in Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland. He studied at Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Cumming is openly bisexual. He was married to Hilary Lyon from 1985 until they divorced in 1993. He had been in a civil partnership with Grant Shaffer since 2007. Cumming gained American citizenship in 2008; he has been a dual British-American citizen since then.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1965 births
Living people
Actors who played Bond villains
Bisexual people
Drama Desk Award winners
Gay men
LGBT actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish LGBT people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Tony Award winning actors
Tent pegging

Tent pegging (sometimes spelled 'tentpegging' or 'tent-pegging') is a cavalry or equestrian sport of ancient origin.

The sport
In the specific sport of tent pegging a mounted horseman, or at times a team of horsemen, rides at a gallop and uses a sword or a lance to pierce, pick up and carry away a small ground target (a symbolic tent peg) or a series of such small ground targets.

Origins
The origins of tent pegging are ambiguous and subject to some controversy. Some historians and other scholars believe it originated in Arabia, others believe that it might have evolved in Central Asia, while others still believe in its Indian origins. It is believed that people have practised the game of tent pegging since at least the 4th century BC, and over the ages Middle Eastern, Asian and later European empires popularized the game around the world.

The term "tent pegging", however, historically emerged from the attacks by Arabian Muslim cavaliers on enemy camps at dawn or late night, where they would gallop to their tents and pluck out the pegs of their tents, so that these would collapse on them, thus causing havoc and terror in the camp. Several old medieval Arab books give descriptions of such tactics.

Present
Today, tent pegging is practised around the world, but is especially popular in Australia, Pakistan, India, Israel, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Olympic Council of Asia included tent pegging as an official sport in 1982, and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports recognised it as an official equestrian discipline in 2004.

However, it is important to recognize the difference between tent pegging as an 'international sport' and the local, rural version of the sport played by the traditional tribal peoples such as the Bedu in the Middle East and Oman, the Desi horsemen of Pakistani and Indian Punjab and so on. The former is a milder sport, whereas the latter is a fiercer and more commanding contest.

References

Equestrian sports
Middle East
Sport in India
Pakistani culture
Sadequain

Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi  (1930-1987) also referred to as Sadequain Naqqash or simply Sadequain, was a famous Pakistani artist. He is best known for his skills as a calligrapher and a painter.

1930 births
1987 deaths
Pakistani people
Arkalochori Axe

The Arkalochori Axe is a bronze double axe, probably from the 17th century BC. The axe was found in a cave on Crete, in 1934.  Other items were also found together with the axe. Possibly, there was an earthquake which rendered the cave inaccessible, at the end of the period SM I. The axe was probably used for a reliious ritual. The axe is inscribed with fifteen symbols. It has been suggested that these might be Linear A but Professor Glanville Price agrees with Louis Godart that "the characters on the axe are no more than a 'pseudo-inscription' engraved by an illiterate in uncomprehending imitation of authentic Linear A characters on other similar axes." The axe and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Iraklion Archaeological Museum.

Description
The cave where the axe was found was used from about 2500 BC onwards. In 1912, 53 bronze swords, and 19 double axes were found there; one of the axes is made of silver. Such axes often appear on items which have been attributed to the Minoan or Mycenean culture. One example is the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, which has been dated to the 14th century BC.

When the cave was searched again in 1934, a bigger double axe, made of bronze was found. This axe is about 30 centimetres wide. It is special because it bears an inscription. The symbols on the axe are aligned in three columns. These characters have been compared to both Linear A and the stamps on the Phaistos disc. As of 2012, the writing is unreadable.

Together with this axe, hundreds of long swords, knives and double axes were found in the cave. Most of these were given as offerings, but some are usable. There are 25 small double axes made of gold and seven made of silver. Among the axes found, there are a golden axe, and one made of sivler; either axe is only about 5 cm wide. Both axes (ref AR Zf 1 and AR Zf 2) bear the same inscription of a word in Linear A:

   

This has been phonetically transcribed as I-DA-MA-TE. This transcription resembles the name of the goddess Demeter. The four symbols in Linear A also resemble symbols on the bigger bronze axe. The findings  indicate that there probably was a temple to a deity linked to military activity in the cave.

The Inscription
Of the fifteen signs, two appear to be unique. The suggestions for comparison with Linear A and Phaistos Disc glyphs are due to Torsten Timm (2004).

Reading right to left, top to bottom, the symbols are as follows.

References

Minoan culture
Blades
National College of Arts

The National College of Arts in  Lahore, Pakistan is usually referred to by its acronym NCA. It is the oldest fine arts training institute in the country and one of the oldest and best in all of Asia.  

The NCA has a rich historical tradition dating back to the days of the British Raj. During the 1860s, it was established in Lahore, in the Punjab region, as the 'Punjab School of Arts' and was then renamed the 'Mayo School of Arts, Lahore', after Lord Mayo, a Viceroy of India. In the 1890s, it moved to its present location next to the Lahore Museum and became the 'Mayo College of Arts' and after Partition and Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was formally designated as the 'National College of Arts'. 

The old Mayo School and College had the unique distinction of having as its first principal and head, Mr John Lockwood Kipling, father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who was also Curator of the Lahore Museum simultaneously.  

Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Lahore
John Lockwood Kipling

John Lockwood Kipling (6 July 1837 – 26 January 1911) was an English art teacher, illustrator, and museum curator, who spent most of his career in British India. He was the father of the famous writer  Rudyard Kipling. Most of the original illustrations for Rudyard's renowned Kim (book) (1901) were made by John Lockwood.

1837 births
1911 deaths
People of British India
British illustrators
Prince Chichibu

Prince Chichibu (Chichibu-no-miya Yasuhito Shinnō) (25 June 1902 – 4 January 1953), also known as Prince Yasuhito, was the second son of Emperor Taishō and a younger brother of the Emperor Shōwa. 

As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of various sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. As an English-speaking prince he played a significant role in post-World War 2 Japan's reconstruction. However, he died tragically early due to Tuberculosis.

The Prince was married to the Princess Chichibu.

1902 births
1953 deaths
People from Tokyo
Princes and princesses
Japanese imperial family
Princess Chichibu

Princess Chichibu (Yasuhito Shinnōhi Setsuko, née Setsuko Matsudaira) ( 9 September 1909 – 25 August 1995) was the wife of Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) of Japan, the second son of Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei. She was, therefore, a sister-in-law of Emperor Shōwa and an aunt of the present Emperor, Akihito. 

After her husband's death from  Tuberculosis in 1953, Princess Chichibu became president of the Japanese Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, honorary president of the Britain-Japan Society, the Sweden-Japan Society, and an honorary vice president of the Japanese Red Cross. She also maintained close links with old friends active in similar social service ventures around the world. 

She died in August 1995 of heart failure.

1909 births
1995 deaths
Guelma

Guelma () is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District. It is in northeastern Algeria, about  from the Mediterranean coast.

History
The town of Guelma was created in 1836; and the modern city was established in 1974.

References

Other websites
 Office de Tourisme de Guelma

Cities in Algeria
Josef Fritzl

Josef Fritzl (born 13 April 1935) is an Austrian criminal and part of the Fritzl case. He held his daughter captive in a basement dungeon that he built under his house. Fritzl made his daughter write letters to him and her mother, saying she had joined a cult. During the 24 years that he had her imprisoned, Fritzl often raped his daughter, and she had seven children by him. One of the baby boys died and Fritzl burned his body. The police eventually found out about his crimes when one of the children became very sick and he took her to the hospital. 

Fritzl was tried and convicted on several charges, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment in a facility for the mentally ill in March 2009. Fritzl could become eligible for release after fifteen years, but he is expected to be in prison until he dies. A forensic psychiatrist diagnosed him with a personality disorder and a sexual disorder.

References

1935 births
Living people
Austrian people
Incest
Kidnappers
People with personality disorders
Prisoners
Rapists
OpenSolaris

OpenSolaris was an open source Unix operating system from Sun Microsystems. It was based based Sun's non-free Solaris operating system. The operating system was known for its ZFS file system. In 2010, Oracle Corporation bought Sun Microsystems and chose to stop making new versions of OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris was later forked into the illumos kernel and the OpenIndiana distribution.

Other websites 
 OpenSolaris (archived)
 OpenIndiana (a fork of OpenSolaris)

Operating systems
Unix
Sun Microsystems
Oracle Corporation
Tyne Daly

Ellen Tyne Daly (born February 21, 1946) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles as Detective Mary Beth Lacey in Cagney & Lacey and as Maxine Gray in Judging Amy. She has won six Emmy Awards, an Tony Award, and an Drama Desk Award.

Daly was born on February 21, 1946 in Madison, Wisconsin. She studied at Brandeis University and at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. She was married to Georg Stanford Brown from 1966 until they divorced in 1990. They had three children. Her brother is actor Tim Daly; her father was actor James Daly.

References

Other websites
Tyne Daly's official web site

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Tony Award winning actors
Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre

The Akhundov Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre (Azeri: Axundov adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Akademik Opera və Balet Teatrı) is an opera house in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is used for opera performances and ballet performances. The building was built in 1911 and is in the Art Nouveau style. It is in the center of Baku. It was opened as an opera house in 1920, and in 1927 the opera house was named after the Azerbaijani writer Mirza Fatali Akhundov. The opera house has 600 seats. The opera house was renovated in 1985 but burned just after all the restoratory works were finished. In 1987, the opera house was renovated again, and after all the restoratory works were finished, the opera house finally reopened its doors.

Other websites 

 Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Official Website 

Opera houses
Theatres in Baku
Buildings and structures in Baku
1911 establishments
1910s establishments in Azerbaijan
Liz Smith (journalist)

Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Smith (February 2, 1923 – November 12, 2017) was an American gossip columnist. She was known as The Grand Dame of Dish. She was a journalist for the New York Daily Times.

Smith was born on February 2, 1923 in Fort Worth, Texas. She was raised in New York City. Smith studied at the University of Texas at Austin. She worked for five years at CBS Radio with Mike Wallace. She was married to George Edward until they divorced.

She was bisexual.

Smith died at her Manhattan apartment on November 12, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 copy of transcript of her interview with CNN's  Larry King

1923 births
2017 deaths
American columnists
Bisexual people
Deaths from natural causes in the United States
Journalists from New York City
Journalists from Texas
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from New York City
LGBT people from Texas
Writers from Fort Worth, Texas
Ann Richards

Dorothy Ann Willis Richards (September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Texas. She first obtained national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards served as the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995 and was defeated for re-election in 1994 by George W. Bush. Ann Richards was the second woman governor of Texas.

Richards was born on September 1, 1933 in Lakeview, Texas. Richards was raised in Austin, Texas. She studied at Baylor University. Richards was married to David Richards from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They have four children, including former President of Planned Parenthood Cecile Richards.

Richards died on September 13, 2006 just 12 days after her 73rd birthday from esophageal cancer in Austin, Texas, aged 73.

References

Other websites

Biography of Ann Richards from Northeastern University 

Remembering Ann Richards  by Molly Ivins

1933 births
2006 deaths
American feminists
American teachers
Cancer deaths in Texas
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Governors of Texas
Politicians from Austin, Texas
US Democratic Party politicians
Educators from Austin, Texas
Susannah York

Susannah York (Susannah Yolande Fletcher, January 9, 1939 – January 15, 2011) was an English movie, stage, voice, radio, and television actress. She was known for her role as Alice in They Shoot Horses, Don't They?. She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Alice. She was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.

York was born on 9 January 1939 in Chelsea, London, England. She studied at Marr College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. 

York was married to Michael Wells from 1960 until they divorced in 1976. They have two children. York died on 15 January 2011, six days after her 72nd birthday in a hospital in Chelsea, London, England from multiple myeloma, aged 72.

References

Other websites

1939 births
2011 deaths
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from multiple myeloma
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Robert Goulet

Robert Gerard Goulet (November 26, 1933 – October 30, 2007) was an American singer, movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor.

He was known for his deep voice and for his roles in Beetlejuice, The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear, and in the broadway version of Camelot as Lancelot. He won a Grammy Award and a Tony Award. He was a "lost Canadian".

Goulet was born on November 26, 1933 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He studied at Victoria Composite High School and at The Royal Conservatory of Music.

He was married to Louise Longmore from 1956 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Carol Lawrence from 1963 until they divorced in 1981. Then he was married to Vera Novak from 1982 until his death in 2007.

Goulet died on October 30, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure caused by pulmonary fibrosis, aged 73.

References

Other websites

Robert Goulet official website
 
 

1933 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Singers from Massachusetts
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Tony Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Lucille Bliss

Lucille Theresa Bliss (March 31, 1916 – November 8, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actress. She was known for being the voice of Smurfette in The Smurfs.

Bliss was born on March 31, 1916 in New York City, New York. Her career began in 1935 and lasted until her death in 2012. Bliss died on November 8, 2012 in Costa Mesa, California from natural causes, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 
 

1916 births
2012 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
Actors from New York City
Daws Butler

Charles Dawson "Daws" Butler (November 16, 1916 – May 18, 1988) was an American actor and comedian. He was is known for his voice roles as Yogi Bear, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, and Huckleberry Hound.

Butler was born on November 16, 1916 in Toledo, Ohio. Butler's family later moved to Chicago, Illinois were he was raised. He began his career as an entertainer in Chicago.

Butler was married to Mytris Martin from c. 1940 until his death in 1988. They had four children. Butler died from a heart attack in Culver City, California on May 18, 1988, aged 71.

References

Other websites
The Official Daws Butler Website

1916 births
1988 deaths
Actors from Chicago
Actors from Ohio
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Chicago
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Television personalities from Chicago
Lady Garden Park

The Lady Garden Park (originally Ladies' Garden) is a public park in Abbottabad town, Pakistan.

History
The park was established soon after the foundation of Abbotabad town itself (January 1853) by Major James Abbott. As distinct from the Company Bagh (East India Company Park) which was also founded down in the main bazaar for the recreation of "natives", the Ladies Garden was exclusively for the use of European or White ladies and families. It was laid out over a whole block of the urban military cantonment area, opposite to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad. A number of trees and flowers imported from England and other places were also planted here.

While the British Raj in India lasted, this park retained its exclusive character, but after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was opened to all the general public.

Present status
The park is a very popular recreational place for the citizens of Abbottabad. Apart from the general, open area with lawns and walks etc., a section has also been segregated for women and children, with swings, slides, see-saws and so on. A small snack-bar and benches are also placed in a pleasant location, under some fine old trees. A special feature of the park is the copy of the farewell poem written by Major Abbott, the town's founder, which has been carved on a big stone slab beneath a majestic cedar tree. Many tourists come to see and read this and get themselves photographed here (See Link Below for Abbott Poem Text).

In literature
The park has some literary connections, or has been mentioned in some literary works, most notably:

 The Urdu poem "Abar" (Rain-cloud) by the national poet of Pakistan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal was written during a visit to this park in the town during the British period, in the early 20th century (probably in 1904).
 The park is mentioned in passing for its beautiful old trees in a poem by Pakistani poet and writer, Omer Tarin in the collection A Sad Piper, 1st edition, Islamabad, 1994.

References

Other websites
 Text of Abbottabad Poem at English Wikipedia, by Major James Abbott; Retrieved 17 November 2012

Abbottabad
Parks in Pakistan
Commemorative plaque

A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, is a plate made of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material. It is usually placed on a wall or a large stone. It usually has text and sometimes an image in memory of one or more persons, as used for epitaph, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing.  A plaquette is a small plaque. The word plaquette is not usually used for outdoor plaques fixed to walls.

United Kingdom
In England there is the Blue Plaques scheme. Plaques are put on to buildings to commemorate their links with important people or events. The scheme has been run by English Heritage for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world.

Other commemorative plaque schemes are run by local councils and charities throughout the United Kingdom. These use their own rules for deciding when to put up a plaque. A list of schemes in England can be found on the English Heritage website.

Theft
As the price of scrap metal has increased plaques have been stolen by thieves wishing to sell the metal for cash.

Awards
Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, are also given as awards instead of trophies or ribbons. Such plaques usually have text describing the reason for the award and, often, the date of the award.

Examples

References

Other websites

 History of the First World War bronze memorial plaques
 WW I memorial plaques history
 Gallery of Commemorative Plaques carved by lettercutter Ieuan Rees
 Blue Plaque Scheme: English Heritage
 Open Plaques - list of commemorative plaques in UK and elsewhere
Valonia ventricosa

Valonia ventricosa, also known as "bubble algae" and "sailors’ eyeballs", is a species of algae found in oceans throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is one of the largest single-celled organisms. However, although genuinely a single cell, it has more than one nucleus.

Characteristics

Environment
Valonia ventricosa usually grow alone, but sometimes they grow in groups. They appear in the littoral zones and continental shelf of tropical and subtropical areas, like the Caribbean, north to Florida, south to Brazil, and in the Indo-Pacific. Overall, they inhabit most oceans in the world, often living in broken coral.
The deepest water it lives in is about .

Physiology and reproduction
The single-cell organism has a spherical to ovoid (egg-like) shape. The colour varies from grass green to dark green (though in deep dark water they may appear to be silver, teal, or even blackish). This is determined by the number of chloroplasts of the specimen. The surface of the cell shines like glass. The body is a thin-walled, tough, single cell with more than one nucleus. The diameter is usually from  although it may get to  in rare cases. The "bubble" alga is attached to the bottom by fibres: "... anchored to a substrate by minute hair-like appendages called rhizoids that create a surprisingly strong hold". 

Reproduction occurs by cell division, where the multinucleic mother cell makes daughter cells, which become separate from the mother cell.

Studies
Because its cells are so large, Valonia ventricosa has been used to study the permeability of cell membranes.< In studying the cellulose lattice in the cell wall, Valonia ventricosa has undergone extensive X-ray analytical procedures. It has also been studied for its electrical properties, due to its unusually high electrical potential relative to the seawater that surrounds it.

References

Other websites

Algae
Gulab Singh

Maharaja Gulab Singh (1792–1857), Dogra Rajput,  was the founder of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was the second largest princely state in British India.Though he was a man of principles, his descendents especially Hari Singh then turned out to be an autocratic ruler who suppressed the Muslims during his reign.

In 1821, Gulab Singh caprajauri from Azhar Khan and vishwa from raja tej Mohan Singh comma full stop that same year gulab into part in VI who had been leading of revolution against the se Kishore Singh died in 1822 and gulab Singh was confirmed as raja of Jammu by his subject Ranjit Singh afterwards gulab Singh ticket, declaration of sun

References

1792 births
1857 deaths
People of British India
Indian monarchs
Ranjit Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839) was the founder of the Sikh Empire, which came to power in the Indian subcontinent from the 16th-19th century. This was based in the Punjab region, from around 1799 to 1849. The capital was at Lahore.

After Ranjit Singh's death, his successors were weak and divided and the entire Punjab fell to the British East India Company, later to become part of British India. 

1780 births
1839 deaths
Indian monarchs
19th century in India
Punjabi people
Dogra

The Dogra are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. Dogras are mostly believed to be of Rajput origins. They are largely settled in the hilly areas of Jammu, in India. In terms of religion, they are mostly Hindus, with some Sikhs and Muslims too.

Ethnic groups in India
Tiwana

The Tiwana  are a Punjabi  Jatt and Rajput  clan from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The Tiwanas in Indian Punjab are mostly Sikhs, while the Tiwanas of Pakistani Punjab are almost all Muslims. 

The best-known member of this clan was late Malik Sir Khizar Hayat Tiwana who for some time remained Premier of the Punjab in British India, following Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan's demise.

Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Punjabi people
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 15

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 15 is the fifteenth cycle of America's Next Top Model. It premiered on September 8, 2010. The episode titles for this cycle were based on the guest judges. The international destinations for this cycle are Venice, Milan, Verona and Como. The winner was 19-year-old Ann Ward from Dallas, Texas.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

Chelsey's age during on the recap episode, when she turned 23.

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated outside from judging panel

 The contestant won the reward challenge

 The contestant won the reward challenge but was eliminated

 The contestant was eliminated

In episode 1, the pool of 21 girls was reduced to 14 who moved on to the main competition. However, this first call-out does not reflect their performance that first week.
In episode 3, Terra was eliminated after makeovers, and was therefore not present at panel for judging.
Episode 12 was the recap episode.

Photo shoot guide

 Episode 1 photo shoot: Paired up wearing Cynthia Rowley designs (casting)
 Episode 2 photo shoot: Teen bullying
 Episode 3 photo shoot: Fallen angels
 Episode 4 photo shoot: Underwater beauty shots
 Episode 5 photo shoot: Lucha Va Voom
 Episode 6 photo shoot: Walking down Rodeo Drive
 Episode 7 photo shoot: Portraying iconic fashion designers
 Episode 8 commercial: H2T water on roller skates
 Episode 9 photo shoot: Gondola group shoot with a cassanova
 Episode 10 photo shoot: Marble statues coming to life
 Episode 11 motion editorial: Modelli folli ("model madness")
 Episode 13 photo shoot and commercial: CoverGirl Lash Blast Fusion print ad and commercial & beauty In Vogue spread

References

America's Next Top Model
Khizar Hayat Tiwana

Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana KCSI, OBE (7 August 1900 – 20 January 1975) () was a Punjabi politician of British India. He was a member of the Unionist Party (Punjab). He remained Premier of the Punjab region from 1942 to 1947, just before the Partition of India.

He was from a Tiwana Rajput landowning family which had been prominent since the 15th and 16th centuries. His father Malik Sir Umar Hayat Tiwana had also been a faithful vassal of the British Raj and did much to elevate the family further.

1900 births
1975 deaths
People of British India
Punjabi people
Tarar

The Tarar are a Jatt clan of India and Pakistan. They mostly live in the Punjab region in both these countries. Tarars in Indian Punjab are mostly Hindus and Sikhs while those in Pakistani Punjab are all Muslims.

In recent times, the most well-known member of this clan is Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, a former President of Pakistan.

Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Punjabi people
Pahalgam

Pahalgam () is a town in India. It is located in the Anantnag District in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir
Common ivy

Common Ivy (Hedera helix) is a vine. It is evergreen - it does not lose its leaves in winter. Originally, the plant grew on the Macaronesian islands, but it spread  through the Mediterranean and Europe to Asia. All parts of the plant are poisonous. It is often used as a decorative plant in gardens. Ivy is very important for ecology: its nectar and seeds are available when few other plants are. Sometimes ivy is considered to be an invasive species, esp. in North America.

Other websites

Hedera helix  at Weedbusters (New Zealand)
The Know Ivy League at the City of Portland, Park & Recreation Bureau website 

Vines
Macaronesia

The Macaronesian islands, or simply Macaronesia is a modern name for several groups of islands of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe and Africa. They belong to three countries: Portugal, Spain, and Cape Verde.

Origin of name
Macaronesia (Greek: makáron 'blessed', 'happy', nêsoi 'island'; 'blessed/fortunate islands'). This term was used by Ancient Greek geographers for islands to the west of the Strait of Gibraltar.

The modern use of the term Macaronesia goes to the botanist Philip Barker Webb in the 1830s for botanical descriptions. The name is occasionally misspelled "Macronesia" in analogy with Micronesia.

Islands included
The following groups of islands (archipelagos) are commonly counted as being part of the Macaronesia - from north to south:
Portuguese islands
Azores (): area , population 245,746 (2012)
Madeira Islands (): area , population 267,785 (2011)
Spanish islands
Canary Islands (): area , population 2,117,519 (2011)
Independent
Cape Verde (): area , population 523,568 (2013 est.)

Spanish is spoken in the Canary Islands and Portuguese in the rest of the islands. Cape Verde was a colony of Portugal but it is independent since 1975.

Geography and environment

The islands of Macaronesia are volcanic in origin, and are thought to be the product of several geologic hotspots.

The climate of the Macaronesian islands goes from Mediterranean in the Azores and Madeira to arid in Cape Verde. The Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a generally cooler climate and higher rainfall than the Canary Islands and Cape Verde.

Even if the distances between the different groups of islands are large, the plants and animals are similar and there are many endemic plants that are found only in these islands.

The islands have a unique biogeography, and are home to several distinct plant and animal communities. The laurel forests, known as laurisilva, of Macaronesia are a type of mountain cloud forest with species of a vegetation type which originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of the region was more humid and evolved to adapt to island conditions. These forests once covered most of the Azores, Madeira, and parts of the Canary Islands ("Canaries") between 400–1200 m altitude (the eastern Canaries and Cape Verde being too dry).

Conservation issues
Cutting the trees for timber and wood, clearing vegetation for grazing and agriculture, and the introduction of plants and animals by humans has displaced much of the native vegetation. The laurisilva has been reduced to small pockets.  As a result, many of the endemic biota of the islands are seriously endangered or extinct.

Notes

Related pages
Jérôme Petit et Guillaume Prudent, « Macaronésie », Changement climatique et biodiversité dans l’outre-mer européen, UICN/ONERC, 2008, p. 124-137

References

 
Islands of Africa
Islands of Europe
Dhamrai Jagannath Roth

Dhamrai Jagannath Roth is a temple that is actually a chariot, that is located in the city of Dhamrai in Bangladesh. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu God Jagannath. The chariot is carved from wood, with many decorative carvings and paintings, and has six levels with statues inside. It is taken out in a grand procession once a year for a festival called the Roth Jatra (or the Rathyatra or Rathajatra). The Roth Jatra in Dhamrai is one of the most important events for the Hindu community of Bangladesh.

References 

Hindu temples in Bangladesh
Killer Instinct

Killer Instinct is a fighting game published by Nintendo. The game premiered on arcade in November 1994 and onto SNES the following year. Killer Instinct is strongly similar to Street Fighter, except that the characters for this game are different with far more sophistication.

1994 video games
Doc Severinsen

Carl Hilding "Doc" Severinsen (born July 7, 1927) is an American pop and jazz trumpeter.  He is best known for leading the NBC Orchestra on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. He has won a Grammy Award.

Severinsen was born on July 7, 1927 in Arlington, Oregon. He was married to Evonne Nyman from 1964 until they divorced in 1976. He married Emily Marshall in 1980. He has five children.

References

Other websites

 
 Official website
 Doc Severinsen Discography
 Tonight Show Bio 

1927 births
Living people
American jazz musicians
American pop musicians
Trumpeters
American television actors
Actors from Oregon
Grammy Award winners
Warraich

The Warraich or Warraich are found in Pakistan and India. They mostly live in Pakistani Punjab and also in Indian Punjab. They belong to Sikh religion and people left in Pakistan converted to Muslim. Apparently, the roots are all over the Punjab including Pakistan and india.

Religion
The majority of Warraich are muslim. The Warraich from the Pakistani side of Punjab are mostly Muslim, while those from the Indian states of Haryana and Punjab are predominantly Sikh.

Geographical distribution
In Pakistan, the Warraich are mostly found in the districts of Gujrat and Gujranwala. They also live in Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, Dunyapur Tehsil of Lodhran, Faisalabad and Sargodha.
In India, Warraich are mostly found in Haryana, Patiala and the Amritsar District.

References 

Punjabi people
Ethnic groups in Pakistan