cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Tasmannia

Tasmannia is a genus of woody, evergreen flowering plants native to Australia, New Guinea, Celebes, Borneo and the Philippines. Most species have aromatic bark and leaves. Some are used to extract essential oils. Their peppery-flavored fruits and leaves (especially dried) are increasingly used as a condiment in Australia. They have a peppery flavour due to the presence of polygodial. The taste is a cross between chile and peppercorn.

Distribution and habitat
In Australia, the genus ranges from Tasmania and eastern Victoria and New South Wales to southeastern Queensland. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Queensland. There it grows in moist mountain forests and in wet areas in the drier forest and along watercourses to up to 1500 m (5000 ft).

Culinary use
'Tasmanian pepper' or 'mountain pepper' (pictured) was the original pepperbush used by colonial Australians. It was grown in Cornwall in England, to become the 'Cornish pepperleaf' (associated with Cornish cuisine).  It has large, peppery berries which are also high in antioxidants. But due to the presence of safrole, safrole-free strains of mountain pepper are selected for the spice trade. 

Dorrigo pepper (Tasmannia stipitata) was the original pepper bush present in specialty foods restaurants in the 1980s. It is also sold as a spice today. Dorrigo pepper is safrole free and has a strong peppery flavour.

References

Other websites
 Tasmannia purpurascens (Australian National Botanic Gardens)
 Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Tasmanian Pepper
 Diemen Pepper: Plant information

Spices
Magnoliopsida
Tacuinum sanitatis

The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook mainly on health. It is based on the Taqwim al‑sihha  ("Maintenance of Health"), an eleventh-century Arab work an health by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. The text exists in several variant Latin versions. 

It describes in detail the beneficial and harmful properties of foods and plants. It explains the six essential elements for well-being:

sufficient food and drink in moderation,
fresh air,
alternations of activity and rest,
alternations of sleep and wakefulness,
secretions and excretions of humours, and finally
the effects of states of mind.
 
Tacuinum Sanitatis says that illnesses result from imbalance of these elements.

Notes

Other websites
 Tacuinum Sanitatis site on the M. Moleiro Editor website
 The Tacuinum Sanitatis in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Introductory text (Spanish) and some illustrations

Health
Rapa Nui people

The Rapa Nui are the native Polynesian people of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, in the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the Rapa Nui people currently make up 60% of Easter Island's population. Some live in mainland Chile. They speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language and the primary language of the island, Spanish.  At the 2002 census there were 3,304 island inhabitants. Almost all lived in the village of Hanga Roa on the sheltered west coast. 

As of 2011, Rapa Nui's main source of income comes from tourism. Tourists come to see the giant sculptures called Moai. Some fruits are grown for local use. Rapa Nui activists have been fighting for their right of self-determination. They also want control of the island. Recent protests by the Rapa Nui on Easter Island against Chilean rule has led to clashes with the Chilean police.

References 

Ethnic groups in Oceania
Pacific islands
Humorism

Humorism, or humoralism, was a system of medicine about the makeup and workings of the human body. It was a belief that too much or too little of any of four distinct body fluids in a person directly influenced their temperament and health. The humoralist system of medicine is highly individualistic. Each individual patient was made up of their own unique combination of humors.

It resembled an early holistic approach to medicine linking mental and physical processes. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Persian physicians. It became the most commonly held view of the human body among early physicians until the coming of modern medical research in the nineteenth century. It has not been used in medicine since then.

References 

History of medicine
DNA methylation

DNA methylation is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development.

It is a process by which methyl groups are added to DNA.  This suppresses gene transcription.  Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Since adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes, all eukaryote transcription is regulated by suppressing cytosine.

Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.

The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.

To give just one example of how important this is, think about the effect nutrition of a pregnant female has on the baby long after birth.

References 

Cell biology
DNA
Developmental biology
Molecular biology
Epigenetics
Honey bee

A honey bee (or honeybee) is any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They are all eusocial flying insects which live in colonies of various sizes. They are only a small fraction of the 20,000 known species of bee.

They produce and store honey and make perennial, colonial nests from wax. in contrast to the stingless honey bees. 

Honey bees are the only living members of the tribe Apini, all in the genus Apis. There are only seven species of honey bee, with a total of 44 subspecies. Historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized. 

Some other types of  bees produce and store honey, but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees. The study of honey bees is known as 'melittology'.

The first Apis bees appear in the European fossil record at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (34 million years ago). This shows that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin.

No Apis species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of A. mellifera by Europeans. Only one fossil species is known, a single 14-million-year-old specimen from Nevada.

The close relatives of modern honey bees – bumblebees and stingless bees – are also social, but with smaller numbers in their families.

All honey bees (and perhaps all bees) use scent as a way to co-ordinate their activities. Nasonov's gland produces a pheromone used to get worker bees together. The pheromone can attract workers to a settled swarm and draw bees who have lost their way back to the hive.

Mating information 
 Queens are produced by mating between females and drones (male), and are fed with royal jelly (honey and pollen). This special feeding is done during the second and third days of the larva's life. One queen per hive is usual. Nurse bees do the care and feeding of the queen and the next generation. They are haploid females.
 Mating takes place between a queen and drones from other colonies.
 A fertilized queen can lay male or female eggs. Eggs laid by the queen are usually unfertilized. They become haploid female workers: the bees seen usually collecting pollen and nectar from flowers are the female workers. 
 The average lifespan of a queen is three to four years. Drones usually die after mating or are expelled from the hive before the winter. Workers live for a few weeks to several months.

References

Related pages 
Beekeeping
Bees
Negev tortoise

The Negev tortoise (Testudo werneri) is a tortoise found mainly in the Negev desert in southern Israel. It was once present in the Sinai Peninsula. In Israel it is protected by law and there are conservation programs. It is currently considered a critically endangered species. 

The Negev is one of the world's smallest tortoises. Unlike other tortoises it does not hibernate in winter. Instead, winter is the breeding season.  In 2010 the IUCN recommended that Israel take additional steps to protect the Negev tortoise including creating a wildlife preserve.

There is some disagreement over whether the Negev tortoise is the same species as the Kleinmann's tortoise.

References

Turtles
Diana Ross (1970 album)

Diana Ross (also re-released as Ain't No Mountain High Enough) is the self-titled debut solo album by American recording artist Diana Ross. It was released on June 19, 1970 by Motown Records. The album was released after Ross left R&B girl group The Supremes, a group Ross had been in since 1959.

Reviews

The album was quite successful and critics felt that the album is one of Ross’ best albums she had released in her career.

Track listing
All tracks written and produced by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, except for "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You", written by Johnny Bristol/Harvey Fuqua/Sylvia Moy and produced by Bristol.

Side A
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)" – 3:02
"Now That There's You" – 3:27
"You're All I Need to Get By" (originally recorded by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell) – 3:24
"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You" (originally recorded by The Velvelettes) – 3:06
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" (originally recorded by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell) – 6:18

Side B
"Something on My Mind" – 2:24 (originally recorded by Syreeta Wright)
"I Wouldn't Change the Man He Is" (originally recorded by Blinky)  – 3:15
"Keep an Eye" (originally recorded by Diana Ross & The Supremes) – 3:12
"Where There Was Darkness" – 3:12
"Can't It Wait Until Tomorrow" – 3:12
"Dark Side of the World" (originally recorded by The Velvelettes) – 3:08

Expanded edition bonus tracks
"Something on My Mind" [live] (Ashford, Simpson) – 2:37
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" [alternate mix] (Ashford, Simpson) – 6:06
"Now That There's You" [alternate vocal version]  (Ashford, Simpson) – 3:08
"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You" [alternate mix] (Bristol, Rose, Fuqua) – 3:13
"Time and Love" (Laura Nyro) – 4:08
"Stoney End" (Nyro) – 3:39
"The Interim" (Cheryl Ernst-Wells)  – 4:49
"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes" (Dorothea Joyce) – 4:02

Personnel
Diana Ross: lead vocals
Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson: producers, background vocals
Johnny Bristol: producer, additional vocals on "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You"
Paul Riser: arranger
The Andantes: background vocals
Jackey Beavers: background vocals
Maxine & Julia Waters: background vocals on "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You"
The Funk Brothers: instrumentation

Singles history
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)" b/w "Dark Side of the World" (Motown 1165, April 1970)
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" b/w "Can't It Wait Until Tomorrow" (Motown 1169, July 16, 1970)

Chart history

Album

Singles

References

1970 albums
Diana Ross
R&B albums
Soul albums
Alanine

Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α-amino acid. It has the chemical formula CH3CH(NH2)COOH. 

The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a non-polar amino acid. 

L-Alanine accounts for 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1,150 proteins. Leucine is the only amino acid which is more common. 

D-Alanine occurs in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics.

References 

Amino acids
Nature reserve

A nature reserve (preserve or (national/nature) conserve) is a protected area. It protects wildlife, flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Reserves may also protect geological features or other special interests. A nature reserve is land that is kept for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.

Nature reserves can be created by government institutions. They can also be created by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that helps countries and others with conservation programs and management.

Related pages
 Marine reserve

References 

Natural resources
Conservation
Protected areas
Wrangell Island

Wrangell Island is an island in the Alaska Panhandle of southeastern Alaska. It is  long and 8–23 km (3–14 miles) wide.  It has a land area of , making it the 29th largest island in the United States. Wrangell is separated from the mainland by the narrow Blake Channel. 

Wrangell has been ruled by Russia, Great Britain and the United States. It was visited in 1799 by The Dragon, a ship out of Boston, Massachusetts. They traded with the Stikine Tlingit peoples. It was occupied in 1834 by the Russians. It is named after Ferdinand Wrangel, a German explorer in Russian service. From 1867 to 1877 it was a U.S. military post. Later it was a stopping point for hunters, explorers and miners using the Stikine river route to the Yukon.

The island contains the city of Wrangell, Alaska. Wrangell Island is heavily forested and contains an abundance of wildlife. The only other community is Thoms Place. Wrangell Island's total population was 2,401 at the 2000 census. Fishing and mining are the main jobs. A sawmill closed in the 1990s. The island and surrounding areas contain many recreational areas. It is at the mouth of the Stikine River.

References

Islands of Alaska
University of Chicago sit-ins

The University of Chicago sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois in 1962. It was because of segregation at the university. It was led by future United States senator of Vermont Bernie Sanders.

References

Bernie Sanders
1960s in Chicago
1962 in the United States
Everything is Everything

Everything Is Everything is the second album by Diana Ross, released in 1970. After the huge success of her self-named album and the two singles released from it, Motown rushed the release of Everything is Everything album and therefore the album was released just a few months after it. Like Ross' previous album, the album had two singles released off of it, "I'm Still Waiting" and "Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedbood'ndoo".

Reviews

Track listing

Side A
"My Place" (Hal Davis, Mel Larson, Jerry Marcellino) – 2:46
"Ain't No Sad Song" (Hal Davis, Berry Gordy, Diana Ross) – 2:42
"Everything Is Everything" (Berry Gordy) – 2:27
"Baby It's Love" (Marvin Gaye, Anna Gordy Gaye, Charles Laskey) – 3:09
"I'm Still Waiting" (Deke Richards) – 3:44
"Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoo" (Deke Richards) – 4:52

Side B
"Come Together" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)  – 6:40
"The Long and Winding Road" (Lennon, McCartney)  – 3:26
"I Love You (Call Me)" (Aretha Franklin)  – 3:23
"How About You?" (Deke Richards, Sandra Sanders, David VanDePitte) – 2:47
"(They Long to Be) Close to You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David)  – 4:07

2008 expanded edition bonus tracks
"I Wish I Knew" (Debbie Dean, Deke Richards) – 3:30
"What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" (Marilyn Bergman, Alan Bergman, Michel Legrand) – 3:25
"Something" (George Harrison) – 3:11
"Ain't No Sad Song" (Davis, Gordy, Ross) – 3:16
"Baby It's Love" (Alternate version) (Gaye, Gaye, Laskey) – 3:42
"Come Together" (1982 "Revelations" remix) (Lennon, McCartney) – 4:04
"I'm Still Waiting" (1990 Phil Chill remix) (Richards) – 4:08

Singles

References

1970 albums
Diana Ross
R&B albums
Soul albums
Franco Interlenghi

Franco Interlenghi (29 October 1931 – 10 September 2015) was an Italian actor. He has worked with great directors such as Federico Fellini in I Vitelloni, Michelangelo Antonioni in I Vinti and Luchino Visconti in his stage adaptation of Death of a Salesman.

Interlenghi died on 10 September 2015 in Rome, aged 83.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2015 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Rome
Antonella Lualdi

Antonella Lualdi (born 6 July 1931) is an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French movies in the 1950s and 1960s, notably in Claude Autant-Lara's movie Le rouge et le noir in 1954, opposite Gérard Philipe.

References

Other websites

1931 births
Living people
Italian movie actors
Italian singers
People from Beirut
Luchino Visconti

Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo (2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976), was an Italian theatre, opera and movie director, as well as a screenwriter. He was best known for his movies The Leopard (1963) and Death in Venice (1971).

Visconti died from a stroke in Rome, Italy, aged 69.

Other websites

Biography, Filmography and More on Luchino Visconti  
British Film Institute: "Luchino Visconti" : filmography
Hutchison, Alexander, "Luchino Visconti’s Death in Venice", Literature/Film Quarterly, v. 2, 1974. (In-Depth Analysis of Death in Venice).

1906 births
1976 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Italy
Deaths from stroke
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Carlo Lizzani

Carlo Lizzani (3 April 1922 – 5 October 2013) was an Italian movie director, screenwriter and critic. He was born in Rome. He was known for his movies The Violent Four (1968) and Crazy Joe (1974) or crime-comedy Roma Bene (1971).

Lizzani committed suicide by jumping off the balcony of his house in Rome, aged 91.

References

Other websites

 

1922 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Rome
Italian critics
Italian movie actors
Italian movie directors
Italian movie producers
Italian screenwriters
Italian television actors
Suicides by jumping

Writers from Rome
Whitney Dancin' Special

Whitney Dancin' Special is the first extended play/remix album by American singer Whitney Houston, it was released only in Japan on November 1, 1986 by Arista RecordsIt includes 5 remixed and 1 instrumental versions of songs from Houston's self-titled debut album (1985). The album peaked at #14 in the Japanese charts and sold 19,480 copies there.

Track listing

References

1986 albums
Remix albums
Whitney Houston albums
Disco albums
Dance albums
R&B albums
James E. Proctor, Jr.

James Edward Proctor, Jr. (June 14, 1936 – September 10, 2015) was an American politician. He represented district 27A in the Maryland House of Delegates from May 1990 until his death.

Proctor was born in Washington, D.C. to an African American family. He lived in Accokeek, Maryland with his wife Elizabeth G. Proctor.

Proctor died from heart disease on September 10, 2015 in Washington, D.C., aged 79.

References 

1936 births
2015 deaths
African American politicians
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
George R. Klare

George R. Klare (Minneapolis, 1922 – The Plains, Ohio, 2006) was a World War II veteran and  a distinguished professor of psychology and dean at Ohio University.

World War II
Klare served as a navigator on a B-17 Flying Fortresss in the Eighth Air Force in England. On December 31, 1944, he was shot down over Germany.  He spent the rest of World War II in German POW camps. He was liberated by advancing Soviet troops from Stalag Luft One on May 1, 1945. He was honorably discharged as a First Lieutenant in December, 1945, receiving the Air Medal, the Purple Heart, European area ribbons and the Prisoner of War medal.

Klare later recounted his experiences as a prisoner of war in a chapter entitled "Questions" in Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, published by Springer in 2004.

In 1978, he was named Distinguished Professor of Psychology. While at Ohio University, he served as chair of the Psychology Department from 1959 to 1963, as acting dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1965–66 and in 1984–85, and as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1966 to 1971. He was also acting associate provost for graduate and research programs from 1986 until his retirement in 1987. in 1981, Klare was elected to the Reading Hall of Fame of the International Reading Association in 1997. He is listed in Who's Who in America.

Main works 
His major contribution was in the field of readability. From the beginning of the 20th century, the assessment of the grade level of texts for different grades of readers was a central concern of reading research. It was well known that without correctly graded texts, readers would not improve their reading skill. There were over 1,000 published studies on this topic.  Klare's contribution to that effort came both in his critical reviews of the studies and his participation in original research.

Klare G.R. & Buck B. 1954. Know your reader: the scientific approach to readability. New York: Hermitage House.
Klare G.R. 1963. The measurement of readability. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
Klare G.R. 1975. A manual for readable writing. Glen Burnie, MD.
Klare G.R. 1984. Readability. In Handbook of Reading Research, (ed) P.D. Pearson. New York: Longman, pp. 681–744.
Klare G.R. 1985. How to write readable English. London: Hutchinson. 
Klare G.R. and Klare R. 2012. The haunting memories of war: a memoir of father and son. Bloomington, Indiana: Lulu Press.

References 

1922 births
2008 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
American psychologists
Educators
Scientists from Minneapolis, Minnesota
List of presidents of Cuba

This is a list of the presidents of Cuba beginning in 1902.

References
Cuba – World Statesmen.org

List
Lists of politicians
Turritopsis dohrnii

Turritopsis dohrnii, the so-called immortal jellyfish, is a species of small jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters off Japan. 

It is the only known case of an animal which can revert completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after it has reached sexual maturity as an individual.

Like most other hydrozoans, T. dohrnii begin life as free-swimming tiny larvae known as a planula. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. 

Jellyfish, also known as medusae, bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form. Eventually they become sexually mature. All the polyps and jellyfish coming from a single planula are genetically identical clones.

Turritopsis dohrnil is a species of jellyfish that apparently does not die of natural causes, because it can revert to the juvenile stage from the adult stage. However, it is not actually immortal. Most Turritopsis are likely to be eaten by predators or die from disease in the adult stage.

Shin Kubota from Kyoto University, has managed to keep these jellyfish for a long time. 
Kubota reported that during a two-year period, his colony rebirthed itself 11 times.

References 

Jellyfish
Cnidarians
Barbara Palvin

Barbara Palvin (, born 8 October 1993) is a Hungarian model and actress. 
She started her career in 2010 by walking the runway for a Prada fashion show. Miuccia Prada chose her to walk exclusively for her brand.

In 2012, she became a spokesmodel for L'Oréal and walked the Victoria's Secret fashion show. 

In 2014, she portrayed Antimache in Hercules.

References

1993 births
Living people
People from Budapest
Models
Stillwater, Minnesota

Stillwater is a city in Washington County, Minnesota. It is on the St. Croix River directly across from the state of Wisconsin. The population was 18,225 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat. Stillwater is part of the Twin Cities Metro Area.

History

Treaties 
On July 29 and September 29, 1837, treaties were signed between the US government and the local Ojibwa and Dakota nations. They allowed settlement in the St. Croix River Valley. The town was founded by settlers drawn by the area's then-abundant lumber and river traffic. It is one of Minnesota's oldest towns, preceding Minneapolis by several years. Stillwater was officially incorporated as a city on March 4, 1854 (the same day as St. Paul). The city was named for the calm waters of the St. Croix River.

Territorial convention 
Stillwater is often called the birthplace of Minnesota. In 1848, a territorial convention that began the process of establishing Minnesota as a state was held in Stillwater. The convention selected three leading Minnesota cities as locations for three important public institutions. Minneapolis got the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul became the capital, and Stillwater was chosen as the site of the territory's first prison. The Minnesota Territorial Prison was opened in 1853.

Lumbering era 
Lumbering was the main industry in the St. Croix River Valley in the second half of the nineteenth century. For many years logs were sent down the St. Croix river, collected at the St. Croix Boom Site two miles upstream of Stillwater, and processed in Stillwater's many sawmills. Steamboats were used most widely from 1860 to 1890, and a few are still used for entertainment today.

Civil war 
Stillwater sent men of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Company B and the 8th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Company C to fight during the American Civil War.

References 

Cities in Minnesota
County seats in Minnesota
1854 establishments in the United States
Alan Purwin

Alan David Purwin (c. 1962 – September 11, 2015) was an American helicopter pilot, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was known for being the aerial movie operator Transformers, Star Trek, and Jurassic World. Purwin was born in Los Angeles, California.

On September 11, 2015, Purwin died as a passenger in a plane crash near Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia, during the shooting of the movie Mena. He was 53 years old.

References

1962 births
2015 deaths
Aviation deaths
American philanthropists
People from Los Angeles
National Botanic Garden of Israel

National Botanic Garden of Israel (official name: The Botanical Garden for the Native Plants of Israel in memory of Montague Lamport, in ) is a botanic garden located in Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. The garden is dedicated to the plants of Israel.

The botanic garden was opened in 1931 by Otto Warburg and Alexander Eig. They were the founders of the botanic department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. After Mount Scopus was isolated from Israel in 1948, they decided to create a new botanical garden in West Jerusalem, in Givat Ram. The new garden, Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, was opened in 1954.

The National Botanic Garden of Israel is also an archaeological park. It has many Jewish burial caves from the Second Temple period. In the southern part of the garden there is a famous cave called the Tomb of Nicanor. The cave is also burial place of two Zionist activists: Leon Pinsker and Menachem Ussishkin.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 

  National Botanic Garden of Israel 
   National Botanic Garden of Israel at "Botanic Gardens Conservation International" website

Botanical gardens in Israel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Mount Scopus
Willi Fuggerer

Willi Fuggerer (11 September 1941 – September 2015) was a German track cyclist. He was born in Nuremberg. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 2000 m tandem and 1000 m sprint and finished in third and fifth place, respectively.

References

1941 births
2015 deaths
German cyclists
German Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics 
People from Nuremberg
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Antoine Lahad

Antoine Lahad (1927 – 10 September 2015) was a Lebanese general and leader of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) from 1984 until 2000.

Lahad died in Paris on 10 September 2015 from a heart attack, aged 88.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Generals
Lebanese Christians
Lebanese military people
Adrian Frutiger

Adrian Frutiger (May 24, 1928 – September 12, 2015) was a Swiss typeface designer. He was known for typing name of cities and towns on road signs. His most famous signs designs include Univers, Frutiger and Avenir. He was born in Unterseen, Switzerland.

Frutiger died in Bremgarten bei Bern, Switzerland, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Swiss writers
Hudson, Wisconsin

Hudson is a city in and the county seat of St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, its population was 12,719. It is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Hudson is bordered on the north by the village of North Hudson and the Willow River. On the North and East is the township of Hudson. To the south is the township of Troy. It is bounded on the west by the St. Croix River.

History

Hudson was settled in the summer of 1840 by Louis Massey and his brother in-law, Peter Bouchea. William Steets arrived at about the same time. Later that same year, Joseph Sauperson (commonly known as Joe LaGrue) moved there. These four are considered Hudson's original inhabitants. Massey and Bouchea settled at the mouth of the Willow River, near the present-day First and St. Croix Streets. They had been part of the group who lived for some time along the river below Fort Snelling. This appears on some old maps as "Massey's Landing". The 1840s saw a few settlers arriving here — Captain John Page, the Nobles brothers, Dr. Philip Aldrich, Ammah Andrews, Moses Perrin, Colonel James Hughes, Daniel Anderson, and others.

Hudson was originally called "Willow River". It was later named "Buena Vista" by Judge Joel Foster, founder of River Falls. This was after he returned from the Mexican–American War where he fought in the Battle of Buena Vista. In 1852, Alfred D. Gray, Hudson's first mayor, petitioned to change the name of the city to "Hudson", because the bluffs along the St. Croix River reminded him of the Hudson River in his native New York.

A large number of settlers arrived in the 1850s and 1860s. Many of were the ancestors of today's residents. The lumber industry was the prime attraction of the area. Over time sawmills were started throughout the St. Croix Valley.

On August 30, 1917 a violent mob of 1,000 held a night rally in front of the armory. They were protesting the attempt by the pacifist People's Council of America to hold a conference in Hudson's prizefighting arena. The crowd then went after the four wiktorganizers in the lobby of their hotel and threatened to hang them. Only after the pleadings of county attorney N. O. Varnum were the four allowed to leave town.

U.S. Highway 12 once crossed the St. Croix River on a toll bridge between Wisconsin and Minnesota, which provided revenue for the town. With the construction of Interstate 94, the toll bridge was removed. The long causeway extending to the former bridge location is now open to the public as a pedestrian walkway.

Hudson has grown as a tourist destination in recent years. There are shops and restaurants on the St. Croix river in its historic downtown, along with hotels and other businesses that serve traffic on Interstate Highway 94.

References 

Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
1840 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Wisconsin Territory
River Falls, Wisconsin

River Falls is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is located mostly within the Town of River Falls in Pierce County. A small part lies within the Town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County. River Falls is the most populous city in Pierce county. The population was 15,000 at the 2010 census. It is divided by 11,851 living in Pierce County, and 3,149 in St. Croix County. It is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin–River Falls.

References 

Cities in Wisconsin
Yamaha DX7

Yamaha DX7 is a digital programmable musical synthesizer. It was first made and released in 1983. The Yamaha DX7 ROM-4A patch "Synthbrass" was heard in the Corey Hart song "Sunglasses at Night".

Versions 
Yamaha TX7 is a keyboardless sound module and rack version of Yamaha DX7 and was made in 1985 and released in 1985-present. Editing cannot be done on the front side but must be done through MIDI using the DX7 Keyboard or a computer. Software such as Unisyn can be used to edit. It has been used by producers like Genesis, Human League and Spice Girls.

References

Electronic musical instruments
Keyboard instruments
Kinnickinnic River (St. Croix River)

The Kinnickinnic River, called the Kinni for short, is a  river in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States.  The Kinni is a cold water fishery supporting a population of native Brook Trout and naturally reproducing Brown Trout. The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I trout stream by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. This means it is a "high quality" trout water that has populations of wild trout. Also, these streams do not need stocking with hatchery trout.

Recreation 
The main recreational activity on the upper part of the Kinnickinnic River is trout fishing.  Nearer to River Falls downtown, walking, hiking, running, mountain biking along the trails are popular activities.  The City is also a Bird City and attracts a number of birders along the river. Kayaking along the lower parts of the river has become popular.

References 

Waterways
Rivers of Wisconsin
Mecca crane collapse

On 11 September 2015, a mobile crawler crane accidentally fell onto the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. At least 118 people were killed and another 394 were injured. The victims were mostly foreigners, among the injured and dead included citizens of Indonesia, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Algeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Morocco, Iraq, Nigeria and the United Kingdom.

References

2015 disasters
Accidental deaths
Mecca
2010s in Saudi Arabia
William French Smith

William French Smith (August 26, 1917 – October 29, 1990) was an American lawyer. He was the 74th United States Attorney General serving from 1981 through 1985.

Other websites
 Appointment of William French Smith as a Member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: February 28, 1985 
 

1917 births
1990 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Lawyers from New Hampshire
United States Attorneys General
Politicians from New Hampshire
Dick Thornburgh

Richard Lewis "Dick" Thornburgh (July 16, 1932 – December 31, 2020) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He served as the 41st Governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1987, and then as the U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991.

Thornburg resigned as Attorney General to run for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania in 1991, but lost to Democratic Harris Wofford.

Thornburgh died on December 31, 2020 in Verona, Pennsylvania at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
The Dick Thornburgh Papers  at the University of Pittsburgh.
 The Dick Thornburgh Forum for Law and Public Policy 
Finding Aid for the Jay C. Waldman Papers, 1968–2003, AIS.2007.10, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
Professional biography, K&L Gates 
Selection of Thornburgh quotes re Puerto Rico
Speaking biography 

Governors of Pennsylvania
United States Attorneys General
US Republican Party politicians
1932 births
2020 deaths
Lawyers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
James G. Watt

James Gaius Watt (born January 31, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as United States Secretary of the Interior from 1981 to 1983. He has been called "anti-environmentalist". He was one of Ronald Reagan's most controversial cabinet appointments.

1938 births
Living people
Lawyers from Wyoming
United States Secretaries of the Interior
Politicians from Wyoming
US Republican Party politicians
Donald P. Hodel

Donald Paul Hodel (born May 23, 1935) is an American politician and businessman. He is the former United States Secretary of Energy and former Secretary of the Interior. He served in the Ronald Reagan cabinet. He is Chairman of the company FreeEats.com/ccAdvertising.

Other websites
 

United States Secretaries of the Interior
United States Secretaries of Energy
US Republican Party politicians
1935 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
Politicians from Portland, Oregon
John Rusling Block

John Rusling Block (born February 15, 1935) is an American politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, during the President Reagan's administration from 1981 through 1986. He later became a lobbyist.

Other websites
John Block profile from a site on Presidents
Essays on John Block from 1977 
Block's Resignation letter to Reagan 
Horatio Alger Award site 
Essay by him
Friends of the World Food Program  United States agency helping raise funds and awareness about global hunger
John Block Reports Archived radio commentary from John Block's weekly radio spot about agriculture and government

1935 births
Living people
American lobbyists
Politicians from Illinois
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
US Republican Party politicians
Richard Edmund Lyng

Richard Edmund Lyng (June 29, 1918 – February 1, 2003) was an American politician. As a Republican, he served as the United States Secretary of Agriculture between 1986 and 1989 under the Ronald Reagan administration.

Lyng died of complications from Parkinson's disease in Modesto, California, on February 1, 2003.

Other websites

1918 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
US Republican Party politicians
Malcolm Baldrige, Jr.

Howard Malcolm "Mac" Baldrige, Jr. (October 4, 1922 – July 25, 1987) was an American businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until his death in 1987.

Baldrige died from injuries he suffered from a rodeo competition in Walnut Creek, California, aged 64.

References

Other websites
Howard M. Baldrige at Find-A-Grave
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom - October 17, 1988 

1922 births
1987 deaths
Deaths in sport
United States Secretaries of Commerce
Businesspeople from Nebraska
Politicians from Nebraska
US Republican Party politicians
William Verity, Jr.

Calvin William Verity, Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was an American administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89.

References

1917 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
United States Secretaries of Commerce
Politicians from Ohio
US Republican Party politicians
Raymond J. Donovan

Raymond James "Ray" Donovan (August 31, 1930 – June 2, 2021) was an American businessman and politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Reagan from 1981 until 1985. Donovan was born in Bayonne, New Jersey.

Donovan died on June 2, 2021 in New Vernon, New Jersey from congestive heart failure at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
  U.S. Department of Labor Biography 
 Raymond J Donovan at NameBase (Archive)

1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
United States Secretaries of Labor
Politicians from New Jersey
US Republican Party politicians
Ann McLaughlin Korologos

Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, is an American politician. She was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989.

Other websites
A Few Good Women... Ann M. Korologos

1941 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Labor
Politicians from New Jersey
US Republican Party politicians
Margaret Heckler

Margaret Mary Heckler (June 21, 1931 – August 6, 2018) was an American Republican politician from Massachusetts.

She served in the United States House of Representatives for eight terms, from 1967 until 1983 and was later the Secretary of Health and Human Services and Ambassador to Ireland under President Ronald Reagan. After her defeat in 1982, no woman would be elected to Congress from Massachusetts until Niki Tsongas in a special election in 2007.

Heckler died at a hospital in Arlington, Virginia from a heart attack on August 6, 2018 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

 Doug Allan. “Speaker of the House: Joe Martin of N. Attleboro.” Providence Journal. 07/26/1999. 
 Jane Anderson. "Two Massachusetts Incumbents Fight for Single Seat in Congress". Miami Herald. 10/17/1982. p. 5D.
 Karen DeYoung. "Margaret Heckler, All Emerald Smiles". Washington Post. 03/18/1987. p. D1.
 David Hoffman. "Heckler Offered Irish Ambassadorship". Washington Post. 10/01/1985. pA1.
 Stephanie Mansfield. "The Heckler Breakup". Washington Post. 10/16/1984. p. B1.
 Donnie Radcliffe. "The Women’s Caucus". Washington Post. 04/27/1978. p. B12.
 Spencer Rich. "Heckler’s Administrative Skills Called Inadequate for Agency". Washington Post. 10/01/1985. A1.
 Eric Scheidler. “Father and Son Rally the Troops on Maryland Truth Tour.” Pro-Life Action News. Fall 2003. 
 Myron Stuck and Sarah Fitzgerald. "Senate Confirms Heckler". Washington Post. 03/04/1983. p. A13.
 U.S. House of Representatives. Office 

1931 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Virginia
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
United States representatives from Massachusetts
Ambassadors of the United States to Ireland
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from New York City
John S. Herrington

John Stewart Herrington (born May 31, 1939) is an American Republican politician.  He served as the United States Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan during his second term.

Other websites
Clean Energy Corp bio
Forbes profile 

1939 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Energy
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from California
People from Los Angeles
Kenneth Duberstein

Kenneth M. Duberstein (born April 21, 1944) is a former American politician and lobbyist. He served as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989.

References

Other websites 

1944 births
Living people
American lobbyists
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from Brooklyn
US Republican Party politicians
White House Chiefs of Staff
David Stockman

David Alan Stockman (born November 10, 1946) is a former businessman and American politician. He served as a Republican U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan (1977–1981) and as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1981–1985) under President Ronald Reagan.

References

1946 births
Living people
American Methodists
Businesspeople from Michigan
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
Harvard University alumni
United States representatives from Michigan
US Republican Party politicians
James C. Miller III

James Clifford Miller III (born   June 25, 1942, in Atlanta, Georgia) is a former U.S. government official and economist. He served as chairman of the Federal Trade Commission between 1981 and 1985 and as Budget Director for President Ronald Reagan between 1985 and 1988.  He also ran for United States Senate in Virginia, losing the Republican nomination at the convention to Oliver North in 1994 and losing the nomination in the primary to John Warner in 1996.

References

1942 births
Living people
American economists
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
US Republican Party politicians
Politicians from Virginia
Joseph Robert Wright, Jr.

Joseph Robert "Joe" Wright, Jr. (born 1938) is an American businessman and politician. He served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1988 through 1989.

Other websites
Jefferson Consulting biography 

1938 births
Living people
Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
US Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Clayton Keith Yeutter

Clayton Keith Yeutter, ONZM (December 10, 1930 – March 4, 2017) was an American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Agriculture under President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1991 before serving as Counselor to the President in 1992. He served as United States Trade Representative from 1985 to 1989 and as Chairman for the Republican National Committee from 1991 until 1992.

Yeutter died from colorectal cancer in Potomac, Maryland on March 4, 2017, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Biography  at the Miller Center of Public Affairs
Profile  at Hogan Lovells
Yeutter's USTR Nomination Hearing on the Senate Finance Committee Website

1930 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in Maryland
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
United States Trade Representatives
Politicians from Nebraska
US Republican Party politicians
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit
William Ruckelshaus

William Doyle Ruckelshaus (July 24, 1932 – November 27, 2019) was an American attorney and government official. He worked during the Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan presidencies. He was known for resigning under the Nixon administration after he refused to carryout Nixon's orders to fire key investigators of the Watergate Scandal.

Ruckelshaus was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He studied at Harvard University and at Princeton University.

He served as the first head of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, was subsequently acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and then Deputy Attorney General of the United States. During 1983 through 1985 he returned as EPA Administrator.

In 1968, he ran for the United States Senate in Indiana, but narrowly lost the election to Birch Bayh with 51.7% to 48.2%.

In November 2015, Ruckelshaus was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama during a ceremony at the White House.

Ruckelshaus died at his home in Medina, Washington on November 27, 2019 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
  
Bio at National Council for Science and the Environment 

C-SPAN Q&A interview with William and Jill Ruckelshaus, January 16, 2005

Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1932 births
2019 deaths
US Republican Party politicians
Lawyers from Indianapolis, Indiana
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Administrators of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Politicians from Indianapolis, Indiana
Businesspeople from Indianapolis, Indiana
United States Deputy Attorneys General
Lee M. Thomas

Lee Muller Thomas (born June 13, 1944) was head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency from 1985 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. He succeeded William Ruckelshaus. He is a Republican.

References

1944 births
Living people
Administrators of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
Politicians from South Carolina
US Republican Party politicians
Anne Gorsuch Burford

Anne Gorsuch Burford (April 21, 1942 – July 18, 2004), also known as Anne M. Gorsuch, was an American attorney and politician. Between 1981 and 1983, while known as Anne M. Gorsuch, she served under President Ronald Reagan as the first female Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). She was born in Casper, Wyoming.

Burford was married to David Gorsuch from 1964 until they divorced in 1982. They had two children, including Judge Neil Gorsuch, who is President Donald Trump's nominee to United States Supreme Court. In 1983, she married Robert Burford. He died in 1993. They had one child.

Burford died in Aurora, Colorado from cancer on July 18, 2004, aged 62.

Other websites
 Washington Post obituary for Anne Gorsuch

1942 births
2004 deaths
Cancer deaths in Colorado
Politicians from Wyoming
People from Casper, Wyoming
Administrators of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
People from Aurora, Colorado
Politicians from Colorado
Lawyers from Wyoming
Lawyers from Colorado
US Republican Party politicians
Beryl Wayne Sprinkel

Beryl Wayne Sprinkel (November 20, 1923 – August 22, 2009) was a member of the Executive Office of the US President and chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) between April 4, 1985 and January 21, 1989, during the Reagan administration.

References

1923 births
2009 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Chicago, Illinois
American economists
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Scientists from Chicago
Businesspeople from Chicago