cahya/wikipedia-simple-en huggingface dataset:
Gilles Meloche

Gilles Meloche (born July 12, 1950) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Meloche played 1 season for the Verdun Maple Leafs of the QMJHL.

He was drafted with the 70th overall pick by the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1970 NHL Entry draft. Meloche played 2 games with the Black Hawks. Chicago was already strong in goal with Tony Esposito so Meloche was dealt to the California Golden Seals, one of the weakest teams in the league at the time.

Meloche played for the Seals for 5 seasons and stayed with the team when the franchise's relocated to Cleveland, Ohio to become the Cleveland Barons. He would play for the Barons for 2 seasons and stayed with the Barons when they merged with the Minnesota North Stars. Meloche played 7 seasons with the North Stars and had great success with them. He then played 3 seasons with the Pittsburgh Penguins and retired in 1988.

Since retiring from playing hockey, he became the Penguins goaltending coach. He coach the Penguins for 8 seasons and helped the Penguins win three Stanley Cups before resigning in 2013. He currently works as a special assignment scout for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

References

Other websites 

1950 births
California Golden Seals players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
People from Montreal
Pittsburgh Penguins players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Total Eclipse

Total Eclipse is a 1995 biographical-drama movie. This movie is about two 19th century French poets who become romantically involved with one another. Leonardo DiCaprio plays Arthur Rimbaud. The movie got some bad reviews not long after its release.

1990s biographical movies
1990s erotic movies
1995 LGBT movies
1995 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
American independent movies
Movies based on plays
French LGBT movies
French biographical movies
French drama movies
Belgian LGBT movies
Belgian biographical movies
Belgian drama movies
Movies directed by Agnieszka Holland
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies set in Belgium
Philomena

Philomena is a 2013 British drama movie. The movie is about a news journalist who has just lost his job as Labour government adviser. In the movie, Judi Dench plays Philomena Lee and Steve Coogan plays Martin. The movie has gotten positive review by critics.

2013 drama movies
2010s biographical movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
French drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies set in London
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies directed by Stephen Frears
Buenos Aires Convention

The Buenos Aires Convention (or Convention on Literary and Artistic Copyright) is an international copyright treaty. It was signed at Buenos Aires on 11 August 1910. The countries which signed it agreed to respect the copyrights of the other countries. For a document to be covered by this convention, its copyright statement must use the proper wording. Often, the phrase "All rights reserved" (, ) was used. However, the United States only required the name of the writer and the year that the work was published.

The following countries signed the Buenos Aires Convention:

Other websites 

Text of the Convention 

Buenos Aires
1910s treaties
Copyright
1910
20th century in Argentina
1910s in South America
Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction

Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the sixth game in the Ratchet & Clank series of video games. It was released on October 23, 2007 in North America and on November 9, 2007 in Europe.

In this game, Ratchet & Clank save the universe from the Cragmites. Rachet’s species, who were called Lombaxes, disappeared and Rachet is the last of the Lombaxes.The Lombax secret is the last opportunity to save the universe from the Cragmites emperor Tachyon. Rachet’s planet is called Fastoon. Fastoon has a lot of advanced technology. The dimensionator (or Lombax secret) is the most important part of Lombax technology. In the Big War it shot the Cragmites to another dimension. This is the reason why Tachyon wants to destroy Rachet and all the Lombaxes. In their runaway from Polaris Galaxy, Clank meets the Zoni, some extraterrestrial beings who have magical powers. On many occasions Rachet & Clank meet the pirates. The pirates are robots, but they can do what they like. They’ve got a captain who has a lot of space stations and lots of space ships.

Other websites 
Official website

2007 video games
3D platform games
PlayStation 3-only games
Ratchet & Clank
Sébastien Caron

Sébastien Caron (born June 25, 1980) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender that currently plays for Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Caron played 2 seasons in the QMJHL for the Rimouski Oceanic where he won the Memorial Cup with them in 2000. He also won the Hap Emms Memorial Trophy for being the Memorial Cup Outstanding Goaltender.

He was drafted with the 86th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins.

He played 3 seasons with the Penguins and 4 seasons with their AHL affiliate team, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins before having his contract bought out by the Penguins on June 25, 2006. He also played for Saguenay Fjord and Sorel-Tracy Mission during the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

On July 27, 2006, he was signed to a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks and he played 1 game with them before being traded along with Matt Keith and Chris Durno to Anaheim Ducks for P.A. Parenteau and Bruno St. Jacques.

During his time with the Ducks, Caron served as a spare goaltender in the 2007 playoffs. He was not called on to dress during the playoffs but was included in the Stanley Cup winning picture, and has a Stanley Cup ring from when the Ducks won the Stanley Cup. He did not however qualify to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup since he only played one regular season game.

On April 1, 2010, he was signed by the Philadelphia Flyers but never played in net for Philadelphia during his short visit. He was the seventh goaltender acquired the Flyers' for the 2009–2010 NHL season.

He went on to play for HC Fribourg-Gotteron of the NLA for 3 seasons and was signed to a contract by Traktor Chelyabinsk of the KHL on August 23, 2010.

He played 12 games with Traktor and went back to the NLA to play for HC Lugano. He 14 games with them and returned to the NHL after the Tampa Bay Lightning signed him to a 1-year, one-way contract. He only played 3 games with them and was traded to the Nashville Predators, along with 3 draft picks for Kyle Wilson, Anders Lindback, and one draft pick. Instead of playing, Caron left to play for the Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL.

References

Other websites 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Memorial Cup winners
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Rimouski Océanic players‎
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Jan Purkyně

Jan Evangelista Purkyně  (17 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. In 1839, he coined the term 'protoplasm' for the fluid substance of a cell.

Biography 
Purkyně was born in Bohemia, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now it is in the Czech Republic. In 1818, he graduated with a degree in medicine, and was appointed  Professor of Physiology. He published two volumes  which contributed to experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland), and the world's first official physiology laboratory.

Discoveries 
He is best known for his discoveries of Purkinje cells and Purkinje fibres. Purkinje cells are large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum. Purkinje fibres conduct electrical impulses to all parts of the ventricle of the heart. Other discoveries include Purkinje images, reflections of objects from structures of the eye, and the Purkinje shift, the change in the brightness of red and blue colours as light intensity decreases gradually at dusk. Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells.)

Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829. He also experimented with nutmeg that same year, when he "washed down three ground nutmegs with a glass of wine and experienced headaches, nausea, euphoria, and hallucinations that lasted several days", which remain a good description of today's average nutmeg binge. Purkyně discovered sweat glands in 1833 and published a thesis that recognised nine principal configuration groups of fingerprints in 1823.

Cell theory 
Purkyně was, in the opinion of Henry Harris, the true father of the cell theory. The work of Purkyně and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was "unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9 

Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. However, it was Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the cell theory, despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97

References 

1787 births
1869 deaths
Czech scientists
Biologists
Roger I de Montgomery

Roger I de Montgomery, was the seigneur (lord) of Montgomery and vicomte of the Hiesmois in Normandy.

Career 

Roger was the son of Hugh de Montgomery and his wife Josceline. She was the niece of Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy. Roger held the lands of Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery and Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery. Both had traces of early castles. He became the Viscount of the Heismois about the same time Robert I of Normandy became Duke in 1027. But as the viscount he witnessed a royal charter to the abbey of St. Wandrille . Like Duke Robert, Roger began taking properties that belonged to the church. These included () half the town of Bernay. He took over a woodland at 'Crispus Fagidus' which belonged to Jumièges Abbey. He put an end to a market held by the same abbey and took it into his own domain. Later he seemed to have a change of heart. He returned the market to the abbey and paid restitution for their losses.

After 1035 Roger seems to have lost favor with the young duke William. He signed an early charter of Duke William simply as 'Roger of Montgomery'. He apparently was no longer the viscount. In 1037 when rebellions broke out, Roger was one of the rebels. When he was defeated he fled to the court of Henry I of France. Roger was forced into exile by Osbern the Steward. Osbern was later killed by William de Montgomery, Roger's son. Where and when Roger died is unknown. In 1068 his wife was still holding lands at Bures and Saint-Pair.

Family  

The name of Roger's wife is unknown but he had five sons:

 Hugh de Montgomery
 Robert de Montgomery
 Roger II de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury.
 William de Montgomery killed during the minority of duke William
 Gilbert de Montgomery who in 1063 supposedly poisoned by Mabel de Bellême

Notes

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Normans
Barákapuszta

Barákapuszta is a former village, now a part of Zichyújfalu, Hungary.

Geography 

It currently has a population of around 15 (in 2013). Barákapuszta an area of 0.8 km².

History 
The settlement founded of 17th century.

References 

Villages in Hungary
17th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary
Unknown disestablishments
Chris Clifford

Chris Clifford (born May 26, 1966 in Kingston, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Clifford played 1 season with the Kingston Canadians of the OHL.

He was drafted by the Chicago Black Hawks with the 111th overall pick in the 1984 NHL Entry draft. He played 1 game with them but went back down to the OHL to play with the Canadiens again. He won the Bobby Smith Trophy in 1985-86 and became the first goaltender in Ontario Hockey League history to score a goal.

After spending 3 seasons with the Canadiens, he played for the Saginaw Hawks of the IHL. He played 22 games with them and was called up to play 1 game for the Black Hawks. After that game, he went back down to the IHL to play 7 games with Saginaw and 23 games with the Muskegon Lumberjacks.

He went to the ECHL to play 10 games with the Virginia Lancers and then returned to the Lumberjacks to play 1 season. After his season with the Lumberjacks was over, Clifford played 2 games for the Fort Wayne Komets and left for the ECHL to play for the Louisville Icehawks. After play the 1993-94 season with them, Clifford retired from playing professional ice hockey.

Other websites 

1966 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Paradox of thrift

The paradox of thrift is the idea that during a recession, people will want to save more money. But if everyone saves money, then the economy can slow down even more, reducing peoples' income as a result. It is often linked with John Maynard Keynes. It is a main theory of Keynesian economics.

It is a kind of prisoner's dilemma: saving benefits each individual but damages the general population. This is a paradox because it is contrary to intuition. Someone might think that what seems to be good for an individual in the economy will be good for the entire population. However, exercising thrift may be good for an individual by enabling that individual to save for a "rainy day", and yet not be good for the economy as a whole.

There is little agreement as to how important this is in a modern economy. Modern economies are huge, and much affected by other national economies. 

Economics
Paradoxes
Mora (ship)

The Mora was William the Conqueror's flagship for his invasion of England in 1066. It served as his personal ship between England and Normandy afterwards. It was the largest and fastest ship in his invasion fleet. The Mora was a gift to William by his wife Matilda of Flanders.

The ship

The Mora was built at Barfleur in Normandy. It was a gift from Matilda of Flanders to her husband  Duke William of Normandy. It was completed in the summer of 1066. Mora was a larger ship that could carry ten to twelve knights with their attendants, weapons and armor. It would also have a crew to sail it. The captain of the ship was Stephen, the son of Airard. Stephen was the captain of the Mora for over twenty years.  Orderic Vitalis described the ship: "it had for its figurehead the image of a child, gilt, pointing with its right hand towards England, and having in its mouth a trumpet of ivory. Mora carried multicolored sails and at the top of the mainmast was the papal banner (Pope's flag), consecrated and sent to William from Rome.<ref>G.H. Preble, 'The "Mora", A.D. 1066', The New York Times, June 3, 1883</ref> The banner was described as "a square white banner charged with a gold cross within a blue border."

 Maiden voyage 

Before sunset on September 27th, according to William of Poitiers, Duke William's invasion fleet left for England. The Mora led the fleet. Mora carried a lantern on her mast so she could be seen in the dark. A horn also let the other ships know where the Mora was. The Mora was much faster than the other ships. By dawn William found himself in mid-channel, alone, with no other ships in sight. While he waited his servants served him breakfast with wine. Once the others were in sight the fleet proceeded to Pevensey in Sussex. According to Elisabeth van Houts, the meaning of the name is not known although there have been several suggestions. It might be named for the Morini, ancient inhabitants of Flanders.  This is where Matilda was from. The Latin word mora has several meanings, none of which seem likely. These range from 'delay' or 'pause' to 'foolish' or 'foolish woman'. Also is the possibility that Mora was an anagram of Amor''.

Notes

References

Ships
History of England
Normandy
1060s establishments
1066 in England
Function space

In mathematics, a function space is a set of functions of a given kind from a set X to a set Y. For example:
In set theory, the set of functions from X to Y may be written X → Y or YX.

Mathematics
Besov space

The Besov space is one of the Banach spaces. It can be used for solving partial differential equations.

Mathematics
Mario and Donkey Kong: Minis on the Move

Mario and Donkey Kong: Minis on the Move is a puzzle video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It is the fifth game in the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series. It was released on Nintendo's eShop service on May 9, 2013 in Europe and North America, and July 24, 2013 in Japan.

In the main game, the player has to place blocks on a grid with the goal of making a path for a Mini (a small walking robot that looks like Mario or another character in the Mario series) to get from a warp pipe to the goal. The player has to avoid obstacles like Shy Guys and spikes. Each level has three colored coins that the player can collect. Collecting all three coins gives the player a star token. Star tokens can be used to unlock more gameplay modes, levels, and toys. There are more than 180 levels in four modes of gameplay. There are also four minigames that can be unlocked.

The game has a level creation mode where the player can create their own levels using pieces from the game. They can also control how often tiles fall. Created levels can be saved and shared using StreetPass after the player is able to complete the level that they have created. The levels can also be shared through Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, where players can download levels created by other players.

References

Other websites
 Official website (North America)
 Offical website (Europe)

2013 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Puzzle video games
Mario video games
Donkey Kong
John Winthrop

John Winthrop (1588–1649) was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop was born in Edwardstone, Suffolk. He was an English lawyer from a rich landowning family. He led a large group of Puritans from England in 1630. Winthrop served as governor to the newly formed Massachusetts Bay Colony and held that position for twelve years. He was one of the chief founders of New England. He saw the colony as a Puritan "City upon a hill" and a model to western Christianity.

References or Sources

Other websites 
 John Winthrop (1588-1649), American Literature Sites, Washington State University

1588 births
1649 deaths
British lawyers
Colonial Americans
Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Politicians from Suffolk
Jacques Cloutier

Jacques Cloutier (born January 3, 1960 in Noranda, Quebec) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. He currently works as the associate coach for the Calgary Flames.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Cloutier played 4 seasons in the QMJHL with the Trois Rivieres Draveurs.

He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres with the 55th overall pick in the 1979 NHL Entry draft. He played 144 games with Sabres and 136 games with their AHL affiliate, Rochester Americans. After his time with Sabres, he played 2 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks and 58 games with the Quebec Nordiques. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1994.

After retiring, Cloutier became the assistant coach of the Cornwall Aces for 2 seasons, the assistant coach for the goaltending coach for the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche for 12 seasons and is the current associate coach of the Calgary Flames.

References

Other websites 

1960 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Quebec Nordiques players
Trois-Rivières Draveurs players
Bluefish

Bluefish is a kind of fish which occurs in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. It is a pelagic fish, which means that it lives near the surface of the ocean. They can grow to a size of  and reach a weight of . In the wild, they live to be about nine years old. 

Bluefish are predators: they hunt other fish, in small groups. Bluefish are caught commercially, and there is a problem with overfishing. 

Sometimes another species, Rock salmon or Coal fish is erroneously called Bluefish.

References

Perciformes
Economic liberalization

Economic liberalization is a theory about applying the ideas of classical liberalism to the government of a state: In very broad terms, it is about removing as much state control as possible from the economy. The state that follows this path often allows privately owned companies to do some things that governments usually do. 

The state can introduce competition in an economic sector while still controlling a publicly held company. This is the case with many railway systems, for example in France
The state can privatize a publicly held company, and guarantee a monopoly on the services it offers: This has been the case with the ocmpany responsible for transporting electricity in France, called Réseau de Transport d'Électricité (RTE). It is a subsidiary of Électricité de France (EDF).

Economic policy
Spitalfields

Spitalfields is an area in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is near Brick Lane. Many immigrants went to live there in the past.

London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Barcode reader

A Barcode reader or Barcode scanner is an electronic input device which is able to scan and decode barcodes. These devices use optical technology such as infrared light. Some readers use an integrated decoder, others have one unit for reading the barcode, and another one to decode the barcode. A barcode reader, also called a price scanner or point-of-sale ( POS ) scanner, is a hand-held or stationary input device used to capture and read information contained in a bar code . A barcode reader consists of a scanner , a decoder (either built-in or external), and a cable used to connect the reader with a computer. Because a barcode reader merely captures and translates the barcode into numbers and/or letters, the data must be sent to a computer so that a software application can make sense of the data. Barcode scanners can be connected to a computer through a serial port , keyboard port , or an interface device called a wedge . A barcode reader works by directing a beam of light across the bar code and measuring the amount of light that is reflected back. The dark bars on a barcode reflect less light than the white spaces between them. The barcode scanner then converts the reflected light energy into electrical energy, which is converted into data by the decoder and forwarded to a computer.

There are five basic kinds of barcode readers -- pen wands, slot scanners, Charge-Couple Device ( CCD ) scanners, image scanners, and laser scanners.
A pen wand is the simplest barcode reader. It contains no moving parts and is known for its durability and low cost. A pen wand can present a challenge to the user, however, because it has to remain in direct contact with the bar code, must be held at a certain angle, and has to be moved over the bar code at a certain speed.
A slot scanner remains stationary and the item with the bar code on it is pulled by hand through the slot. Slot scanners are typically used to scan bar codes on identification cards.
A CCD scanner has a better read-range than the pen wand and is often used in retail sales. Typically, a CCD scanner has a "gun" type interface and has to be held no more than one inch from the bar code. Each time the bar code is scanned, several readings are taken to reduce the possibility of errors. A disadvantage of the CCD scanner is that it cannot read a bar code that is wider than its input face.
An image scanner, also called a camera reader, uses a small video camera to capture an image of the bar code and then uses sophisticated digital image processing techniques to decode the bar code. It can read a bar code from about 3 to 9 inches away and generally costs less than a laser scanner.
A laser scanner, either hand-held or stationary, does not have to be close to the bar code in order to do its job. It uses a system of mirrors and lenses to allow the scanner to read the bar code regardless of orientation, and can easily read a bar code up to 24 inches away. To reduce the possibility of errors, a laser scanning may perform up to 500 scans per second. Specialized long-range laser scanners are capable of reading a bar code up to 30 feet away.

Machines
Electronics
Barcodes
Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel

The Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel (CBBT) is a combination bridge and tunnel in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is  long. It crosses the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. It connects the Delmarva Peninsula's eastern shore with Virginia Beach and the metropolitan area of Hampton Roads, Virginia.

Sources

Bridges in the United States
Transport in Virginia
1964 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Virginia
1999 establishments in the United States
Diddy Kong Racing

Diddy Kong Racing is a racing video game for the Nintendo 64 game console. It was developed and published by Rareware. It is the first spin-off of the Donkey Kong Country series. It was released on November 14, 1997 in North America, and on November 21, 1997 in Japan and Europe.

Diddy Kong Racing has gameplay that is similar to Mario Kart 64. It has an adventure mode with several worlds that have several race tracks, a battle stage, and a race against a boss. Players can choose to use a car, a hovercraft, or a plane, although some tracks make the player use one of those. Each track has boosters that make the player go faster, and balloons that give the player an item that they can use during the race. Players can choose from 10 characters. Two of the game's characters, Conker and Banjo, would later star in their own games. Conker went on to star in Conker's Bad Fur Day, while Banjo went on to star in Banjo-Kazooie.

A remake for the Nintendo DS called Diddy Kong Racing DS was released on February 5, 2007 in North America and on April 20, 2007 in Europe. It has better graphics and use of the console's touch screen. Banjo and Conker do not appear in it.

Characters
Diddy Kong
Krunch
Bumper the Badger
Banjo
Conker
Tiptup the Turtle
Timber the Tiger
Pipsy 
Drumstick the Rooster (Unlockable)
T.T. (Unlockable)
Taj the Genie (Playable in DS remake)
Wizpig (Playable in DS remake): Main antagonist
Tricky the Triceratops (Dino Domain Boss)
Bluey the Walrus (Snowflake Mountain Boss)
Bubbler the Octopus (Sherbet Island Boss)
Smokey the Dragon (Dragon Forest Boss)

Non-Playable Characters
Taj

Bosses
Wizpig
Tricky the Triceratops
Bluey the Walrus
Bubbler the Octopus
Smokey the Dragon

References

Other websites
Official Diddy Kong Racing site (Archive)

1997 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Racing video games
Donkey Kong
Polly Scattergood

Polly Scattergood (born 18 October 1986, Colchester, Essex, England), is a British singer-songwriter. She went to the BRIT School.

Career
Her first album, Polly Scattergood, was released by Mute Records in 2009. Her second album Arrows was released in October 2013. It took three and a half years to make. The first single from Arrows, "Wanderlust", was released in April 2013. On January 21 2014 the video for "Subsequently Lost" was posted on Vimeo.  She has remixed "Reunion" by M83 and "You Will Find A Way" by Maps.

References

1986 births
English singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Essex
BRIT School

The London School for Performing Arts & Technology, more commonly known as The BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology, is a school in Croydon, London, England. It opened in 1991. It is the only free performing arts school in the United Kingdom. OFSTED rated it as 'outstanding'.

Notable past students
Amy Winehouse
Adele
Jessie J
Imogen Heap
Kate Nash
Leona Lewis
The Kooks
Rizzle Kicks
Tom Holland

1991 establishments in England
London Borough of Croydon
Performing arts
Schools in London
The Kooks

The Kooks are a English rock band. They formed in Brighton in 2002. In July 2005 they released their first single, "Eddie's Gun". They are signed to Virgin Records.

Albums 
 Inside In/Inside Out (2006)
 Konk (2008)
 Junk of the Heart (2011)

References

Other websites

 
 

British rock bands
Indie rock bands
2000s music groups
Marcello Malpighi

Marcello Malpighi (10 March 1628 – 29 November 1694) was an Italian doctor, who gave his name to several physiological features, like the Malpighian tubule system.

Although the microscope was invented early in the 17th century, it was not much used until Robert Hooke improved the instrument. Then Marcello Malpighi, Hooke, Nehemiah Grew and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek had a virtually untried tool in their hands as they began their investigations.   

Working on frogs and extrapolating to humans, Malpighi demonstrated the structure of the lungs, previously thought to be a homogeneous mass of flesh, and he offered an explanation for how air and blood mixed in the lungs. Malpighi also used the microscope for his studies of the skin, kidneys, and liver. For example, after he dissected the body of a black man, Malpighi made some groundbreaking headway into the origin of black skin. He found that the black pigment was associated with a layer of mucus just beneath the skin.

He was the first to see capillaries in animals, and he discovered the link between arteries and veins. He may have been the first person to see this under a microscope. The microscope let Malpighi discover that the silk worm does not use lungs to breathe, but small holes in their skin called spiracles. This turned out to be true of all insects. 

Because Malpighi had a wide knowledge of both plants and animals, and he made contributions to the study of both. The Royal Society in London published two volumes of his botanical and zoological works in 1675 and 1679.  Another edition followed in 1687, and a supplementary volume in 1697. In his autobiography, Malpighi speaks of his Anatome Plantarum, decorated with the engravings of Robert White (1645–1703) as "the most elegant format in the whole literate world".

References 

1628 births
1694 deaths
Italian biologists
Anatomists
Fellows of the Royal Society
M83

M83 is a French electronic music band. They formed in 2001. The band is named after a spiral galaxy. They have released eight albums. Their seventh album is the soundtrack to the science fiction movie Oblivion.

Other websites 
 Official website

2001 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in France
2000s music groups
Electronic music bands
French musical groups
Artisan

An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things with his or her hands. The things artisans make can be either for use or for decoration. Some of the things they make are furniture, sculpture, clothing, jewellery, household items, and tools. 

Sometimes artisans make things by hand that are usually made by machine today. The hand-made items can be called "artisanal". Some of those items are food products, including bread, beverages or cheese.
Ragnar Frisch

Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (3 March 1895 – 31 January 1973) was an Norwegian economist. He won the first Nobel Prize in Economics with Jan Tinbergen in 1969.

Early life
Frisch was born on 3 March 1895 in Christiania, Norway. He studied at the University of Oslo.

Nobel Prize
He was also the co-winner with Jan Tinbergen of the first Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969 for his works with econometrics.

Studies
He is known for having founded the discipline of econometrics, and in 1933 to have created the widely used term pair macroeconomics/microeconomics.

Personal life
Frisch was married to Marie Smedal from 1920 until her death in 1952. Then he was remarried to Astrid Johannessen from 1953 until his death in 1973. Frisch had one daughter with Smedal.

Death
Frisch died on 31 January 1973 in Oslo, Norway from a stroke, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 Autobiography at Nobel e-Museum
 Ragnar Frisch at nobel-winners.com
 IDEAS/RePEc

1895 births
1973 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Norway
Deaths from stroke
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Norwegian economists
Writers from Oslo
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian Nobel Prize winners
Jan Tinbergen

Jan Tinbergen (April 12, 1903 – June 9, 1994) was a Dutch economist. He won the first Nobel Prize in Economics with Ragnar Frisch.

Early life
Tinbergen was born on April 12, 1903 at The Hague. He studied at Leiden University.

Nobel Prize
He was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969. He shared the award with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of  economic processes. Tinbergen was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

Tinbergen's debate
Tinbergen’s econometric picture lead to a debate between other several known economists such as J.M. Keynes, Ragnar Frisch and Milton Friedman. The debate is sometimes called the Tinbergen debate.

Personal life
Tinbergen was never married. He also had no children. He died on June 9, 1994 at The Hague from natural causes, aged 91. Niko Tinbergen is his brother.

Some books
 Business Cycles in the United States, 1919–1932, Geneva, 1939 and New York, 1968
 Business Cycles in the United Kingdom, 1870–1914, Amsterdam, 1951
 On the Theory of Economic Policy. Second edition (1952) is Volume 1 of Contributions to Economic Analysis, Amsterdam: North-Holland.
 Centralization and Decentralization in Economic Policy, Amsterdam, 1954 .
 Economic Policy: Principles and Design, Amsterdam, 1956
 The Element of Space in Development Planning (together with L.B.M. Mennes and J.G. Waardenburg), Amsterdam, 1969
 The Dynamics of Business Cycles: A Study in Economic Fluctuations. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1974. .
 Der Dialog Nord-Süd: Informationen zur Entwicklungspolitik. Frankfurt am Main: Europ. Verlagsanstalt, 1977.
 Economic policy: Principles and Design. Amsterdam, 1978. .

References

Other websites

 TINBERGEN, Jan in: Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland
 Jan Tinbergen College (Dutch website)
 IDEAS/RePEc
 Profile at The International Institute of Social Studies (ISS)

1903 births
1994 deaths
Deaths from natural causes
Dutch academics
Dutch economists
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Writers from The Hague
Richard Stone

Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 – 6 December 1991) was a British economist. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1984.

Early life
Stone was born on 30 August 1913 in London, England. He studied at the Cambridge University.

Career
In 1984, Stone received the Nobel Prize in Economics. He won the Nobel Prize for developing an accounting model that could be used to track economic activities on a national and, later, an international scale. 

He is sometimes known as the 'father of national income accounting', and is the author of studies of consumer demand statistics and demand modeling, economic growth, and input-output.

Personal life
Stone was married to Winifred Mary Jenkins from 1936 until they divorced in 1940. Then he was married to Feodora Leontinoff from 1941 until her death in 1956. Then he was married to Giovanna Croft-Murray Saffi from 1960 until his death in 1991. Stone had one daughter, Caroline Stone.

Death
Stone died on 6 December 1991 in Cambridge, England from pneumonia, aged 78.

Works
 Richard Stone and Giovanna Saffi Stone, Social Accounting and Economic Models (1959)
 Richard Stone and Giovanna Saffi Stone, National Income and Expenditure (1961)

References

Other websites
 Nobel prize page
 Biography
 IDEAS/RePEc

1913 births
1991 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from pneumonia
British economists
Infectious disease deaths in England
Scientists from London
Harry Markowitz

Harry Max Markowitz (born August 24, 1927) is an American economist of Jewish descent. He received the 1989 John von Neumann Theory Prize and the 1990 Nobel Prize in Economics.

Early life
Markowitz was born on August 24, 1927 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Chicago.

Career
Markowitz is a professor of finance at the Rady School of Management at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD).  He is best known for his pioneering work in Modern Portfolio Theory, studying the effects of asset risk, return, correlation and diversification on probable investment portfolio returns.

Markowitz won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990.

Personal life
Markowitz now lives in Chicago, Illinois as a retired professor.

References

Other websites
 An Hour with Harry Markowitz: Interviewed by Mark Hebner
 The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1990
 Autobiography, The Nobel Prizes 1990, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1991
 Banquet Speech, December 10, 1990
 Nobel Prize Lecture: Foundations of Portfolio Theory, December 7, 1990 ( PDF format )

1927 births
Living people
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Chicago
Educators from Chicago
Birinus

Birinus († 650), also St. Birinus was a missionary to Wessex and the first Bishop of Dorchester. His feast day is celebrated on December 3rd.

Career 

Birinus may have been a Lombard by birth. He was sent by Pope Honorius I to help convert pagans in Anglo-Saxon England. The pope first sent him to Genoa. There 
Archbishop Asterius of Milan consecrated Birinus as a bishop. Birinus arrived in southern Britain . He had planned to go to the midlands of England to preach there. But when he found the Gewisse in Wessex were completely pagan, he decided to stay with them. He began to convert the Gewisse (West Saxons) to Christianity. In 635 King Cynegils of Wessex was baptized by Birinus and King Oswald of Northumbria agreed to be his Godfather. This may have been a condition of the marriage between Oswald and Cynegils's daughter, Cyneburh. He gave Bishop Birinus the city of Dorchester and several churches so he could convert the pagans in Wessex. 
In  Birinus founded a church at Winchester which later became Winchester Cathedral. Birinus died in 650. He was buried at Dorchester.

Relics of St. Birinus 

After 660 there were no more West Saxon Bishops at Dorchester. Along with part of Berkshire it was taken over by Mercia. The new see for Wessex was now at Winchester. Some time around 690–700 Bishop Hedda of Winchester had the relics (bones) of St. Birinus moved from Dorchester to Winchester. Up to this time Bishop Birinus had been considered a minor saint. In 1223 monks of Dorchester abbey located the tomb of a former Bishop. The body was dressed in the garments and tunic of a bishop so they believed it was St. Birinus. At the time of the discovery miracles were claimed. One claim was that a dumb child could suddenly speak English and French. The monks sent their findings to Rome. The pope wrote to Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury asking him to manage the translation. But a problem caused the ceremony to be delayed. Archbishop Langton discovered the body had already been moved to Winchester . Both Dorchester and Winchester claimed to have the relics of Bishop Birinus. For that reason two feast days were observed for him, December 3rd and 4th. The Catholic Church recognizes December 3rd. A shrine was created for him in the 14th century. It was later destroyed, but it has been rebuilt since.

Notes

References

year of birth unknown
650s deaths
Christian religious leaders
Mechi Zone

Mechi (), is one of the fourteen zones of Nepal and one of the four zones of Eastern Development Region. It is the easternmost zone of Nepal, with its headquarters at Ilam.

Geography
The Mechi Zone has Sikkim and West Bengal (India) to the east, Bihar (India) to the south, the Koshi Zone to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

It is the smallest zone of the Eastern Development Region with an area of  and a population of only 1,422,182 people living there; Its population density is 173.5 persons/km2.

The most important river in the Mechi Zone is the Mechi, tributary of the Mahananda River. Another river is the Tamar River.

In the northern part of the zone, mainly in the Taplejung district that is in the eastern Himalayas, there are several high mountains. The highest is Kanchenjunga () that, with  high, is the third highest mountain of the world; it is on the border with Sikkim and in the Kanchanjungha Conservation Area.

Administrative subdivisions
The zone has 4 Districts and 190 Village Development Committees/Municipalities (VDC - the smallest administrative units):

Main VDCs and municipalities
The VDCs and municipalities with more inhabitants are found in the Jhapa district, mainly the municipalities of Damak (75,102) and Mechinagar (57,545); others in the same district are Anarmani (42,712), Surunga (27,470) and Satasidham (26,171).

In the Ilam district, the main VDCs and municipalities are the municipality of Ilam (18,633), Chulachuli (17,324), Danabari (14,302), Phikal Bazar (11,264).

In the Panchthar district, the only important VCS is Phidim (17,399), and in the Taplejung district is Phungling (14,974).

Related pages
Zones of Nepal
Districts of Nepal
Development Regions of Nepal

References

Other websites

 Map of Nepal: Taplejung District

Zones of Nepal
Kellita Smith

Kellita Smith (born January 15, 1969) is an American actress, voice talent and comedian. She was born in Chicago, Illinois.

References

Other websites 
 

1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Chicago
Actors from Chicago
Jeremy Suarez

Jeremy Steven Suarez (born July 6, 1990) is an American actor. He was born in Burbank, California.

References

Other websites 

1990 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Actors from Burbank, California
African-American movie actors
African-American television actors
African-American voice actors
Camille Winbush

Camille Simoine Winbush (born February 9, 1990) is an American actor, voice talent and comedian. She was born in Culver City, California. She is perhaps best known for acting in The Bernie Mac Show.

References

Other websites 
 

1990 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Actors from Culver City, California
Dee Dee Davis

Dee Dee Davis (born April 17, 1996) is an American actor, voice talent and comedienne. She was born in Culver City, California.

1996 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Culver City, California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Actors from Illinois
Comedians from Illinois
People from Olympia Fields, Illinois
The Bernie Mac Show

The Bernie Mac Show is an American comedy, drama and family television series. It is rated PG. It aired from 2001 to 2006.

Voice cast
 Bernie Mac as Bernie McCullough
 Kellita Smith as Wanda McCullough
 Camille Winbush as Vanessa Thomkins
 Jeremy Suarez as Jordan Thomkins
 Dee Dee Davis as Bryana Thomkins 
 Naya Rivera as donna (11 episodes)
 Meagen Fay as  Joan Lefko (8 episodes)
 Chelsea Handler as Doris Flynt (1 episode)
 Rebecca Corry as Marianne (1 episode)
 Emilia Groth as Brittney (1 episode)
 Ice Cube (1 episode)
 Matt Damon (1 episode)
 Don Rickles (1 episode)
 Chris Rock (1 episode)
 Ellen DeGeneres (1 episode)

Other websites
 
 http://www.tv.com/shows/the-bernie-mac-show/ 

2001 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American sitcoms
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
Keegan-Michael Key

Keegan-Michael Key (born March 22, 1971) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Southfield, Michigan. He and Jordan Peele have a comedy show on MADtv.

References 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Michigan
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Michigan
Jordan Peele

Jordan Peele (born February 21, 1979) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer.

Peele directed and wrote the 2017 horror movie Get Out, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Early Life and Education 
Peele was born on February 21, 1979, in New York City and raised by a single mother on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He graduated from the Calhoun School and attended Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, New York. He dropped out of college after two years to pursue comedy.

Career 
Peele joined the cast of the sketch comedy show Mad TV in 2003. He became friends with fellow cast member Keegan Michael-Key. The two became a comedy duo, and later co-starred in their own sketch show, Key & Peele.

As Filmmaker

References

Other websites 

 MADtv bio 

1979 births
Living people
Academy Award winning writers
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Satellite Award winners
Screenwriters from New York City
Bobby Lee

Robert "Bobby" Lee, Jr. (born September 17, 1971) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, singer, dancer, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his work on MADtv.

He was born in San Diego, California.

Notes and References

Other websites
 
 Official MADtv Website

1971 births
Living people
Actors from San Diego, California
American voice actors
Comedians from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Donkey Kong Jr.

Donkey Kong Jr. is an arcade video game made by Nintendo in 1982. It is the sequel to Donkey Kong. The game was ported to many home video game consoles, including the NES, Atari 2600, Atari 7800, and ColecoVision.  It was released for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2006. It was later released for the Nintendo 3DS from the Nintendo eShop service in 2012.

Gameplay
Donkey Kong Jr. (also called Junior or DK Jr.) has to rescue his father Donkey Kong from Mario. The player has to go through four stages; each of which have a different theme. To move through the stage, DK Jr. can climb vines/chains/ropes. He can go down faster by holding only one vine, or go up faster by holding two of them. He has to avoid enemies that are in each stage. To complete the first three stages, DK Jr. has to reach the key at the top. In the fourth stage, he has to push six keys into locks near the top of the stage. After the player completes all four stages, the game goes back to the first stage and is more difficult.

References

Other websites
Donkey Kong Junior at the Killer List of Videogames
 

1982 video games
Arcade games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Atari 2600 games
Virtual Console games
Donkey Kong
Donkey Kong Barrel Blast

Donkey Kong Barrel Blast, known as Donkey Kong Jet Race in Europe and Australia and as Donkey Kong Barrel Jet Race in Japan, is a racing video game for the Wii game console. It was released in Japan on June 28, 2007, in North America on October 8, 2007, in Europe on January 25, 2008, and in Australia on February 7, 2008. It was originally going to be released on the Nintendo GameCube and was going to use the DK Bongos, but was moved to the Wii.

Gameplay
Donkey Kong Barrel Blast is a racing game where the player controls their character with the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. To move their character, the player has to shake the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, lift them at the same time to jump, and use the controller's motion sensor to beat their opponents and use items. The main mode of play is a Grand Prix like the one seen in the Mario Kart series. There is also a Time Trial mode where players can race on one track without opponents.

References

Other websites
 Official webite
 Donkey Kong: Barrel Blast  at Nintendo

2007 video games
Wii games
Racing video games
Donkey Kong